bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stillbirth in developing countries
Authors: McClure E.M. , Nalubamba‐Phiri M. , Goldenberg R.L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on stillbirths in developing countries.Method Review of the English literature for all articles related to stillbirth in developing countries published from 1975 to 2005.Results Because almost half of the deliveries in developing countries occur at home, under‐reporting of stillbirths is a huge problem, and reliable data about rates and causes are difficult to obtain. Hospital stillbirth data are often subject to substantial bias and the ability to generalize from these data is unknown. Nevertheless, at least 4 million stillbirths occur yearly, the vast majority in developing countries, with rates in many developing countries ten‐fold higher than elsewhere. Prolonged and obstructed labor, preeclampsia and various infections, all without adequate treatment, account for the majority of stillbirths.Conclusion Despite the large number of stillbirths worldwide, the topic of stillbirths in developing countries has received very little research, programmatic or policy attention. Better access to appropriate obstetric care, especially during labor, should reduce developing country stillbirth rates dramatically.
Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis: useful diagnostic tool for differentiating between dyschondrosteosis, turner syndrome, and hypochondroplasia
Authors: Laurencikas E. , Sävendahl L. , Jorulf H. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To assess the value of the metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) analysis as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between patients with dyschondrosteosis, Turner syndrome, and hypochondroplasia. Material and Methods: Radiographic and clinical data from 135 patients between 1 and 51 years of age were collected and analyzed. The study included 25 patients with hypochondroplasia (HCP), 39 with dyschondrosteosis (LWD), and 71 with Turner syndrome (TS). Hand pattern profiles were calculated and compared with those of 110 normal individuals. Pearson correlation coefficient ( r) and multivariate discriminant analysis were used for pattern profile analysis. Pattern variability index, a measure of dysmorphogenesis, was calculated for LWD, TS, HCP, and normal controls. Results: Our results demonstrate that patients with LWD, TS, or HCP have distinct pattern profiles that are significantly different from each other and from those of normal controls. Discriminant analysis yielded correct classification of normal versus abnormal individuals in 84% of cases. Classification of the patients into LWD, TS, and HCP groups was successful in 75%. The correct classification rate was higher (85%) when differentiating two pathological groups at a time. Pattern variability index was not helpful for differential diagnosis of LWD, TS, and HCP. Conclusion: Patients with LWD, TS, or HCP have distinct MCPPs and can be successfully differentiated from each other using advanced MCPP analysis. Discriminant analysis is to be preferred over Pearson correlation coefficient because it is a more sensitive and specific technique. MCPP analysis is a helpful tool for differentiating between syndromes with similar clinical and radiological abnormalities.
o n e The Vis Viva Debate Kant's Starting Point
Authors: Schönfeld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the context of Kant’s first and original puzzle: what actually is force? It is an account of the debate over kinetic energy (Leibniz’s “living force” or vis viva) and the historical transition of philosophy of nature to physics. Section 1 summarizes the explorations of energy and force from Galileo to Newton. Section 2 examines the fate and frustrations of the debate over the nature and measurement of dynamic phenomena, a quarrel first between Leibniz and the Cartesians, and next among Leibnizians, Cartesians, and Newtonians. Section 3 describes the historical outcome of the debate-the dual confirmation of the quantities at issue (Descartes’s momentum, and Leibniz’s energy) by d’Alembert and Euler, and their joint integration in Newtonian mechanics.
t e n The Reductio and Collapse of the Precritical Project
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s crisis in the early 1760s and its result, Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (1766). Section 1 discusses Kant’s development after the Prize Essay: the essay on Beautiful and Sublime (1764), the Negative Quantities paper (1764), and the Lecture Announcement (1765). Section 2 examines the context and inspiration of Kant’s treatise — the attack on Swedenborg’s mysticism. Section 3 explores the fallout of Kant’s Swedenborg-attack for the pre-critical project — the acknowledged impossibility of a synthesis of natural science and metaphysics, and the consequent need for a methodological bifurcation between the sensible and the intelligible.
Spirit Revelation and the Unification Church
Authors: Beverley James A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Revelation from God and other spirit beings is a central element in the doctrine and life of the Unification Church. This essay examines the changing patterns of revelation in the history of this new religion, paying particular attention to recent and significant developments in the unfolding of revelation to its founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon. These changes have made the nature and style of Unification doctrine and experience more concrete, explicit, and also more problematic.
Reconstructing Reality
Authors: Moore Rebecca 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines the conspiracy theories that have emerged to explain the mass murder-suicides of People’s Temple members in Jonestown, Guyana, in November 1978. These theories fall into three main categories: those produced by professional conspiracists who tend to see conspiracies everywhere; a subgroup of the professionals, which comprises Internet conspiracy sites; and theories developed by nonprofessionals that concentrate primarily on Jonestown. These theories show that in the absence of a credible narrative, that is, a believable reconstruction of what happened in Jonestown and why, alternative explanations arise. The conspiracy theories attempt to make sense of what appears ultimately senseless: that parents willingly killed their children and their elders, and that they willingly chose a rather painful death. Instead of accepting this possibility, the conspiracy theories provide alternatives that blame conspirators for the deaths.
Aum Shinrikyo and the Aum Incident
Authors: Repp Martin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay presents a systematic overview of Aum Shinrikyo, its historical development, and the significant body of scholarship that has been carried out on the movement. The analyses of Aum Shinrikyo, now called Aleph, must come to grips with explaining the 1995 poison gas attack on the Tokyo subway system; this and other criminal acts became known as the Aum incident. The discussion is built around the question: How did a group that began life as a peaceful yoga group transform into an apocalyptic doomsday religion, capable of acts of terrorism? It is argued that the Aum incident is too complex to be grasped sufficiently by monocausal explanations, and it is the complex interaction of various factors that made it happen as it did.
The Falun Gong
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay examines the historical background and recent developments in the aggressive repression of Falun Gong by Chinese authorities. Falun Gong is essentially a form of qigong, the general name for a set of physical and mental disciplines based loosely on traditional Chinese medical and spiritual discourses, and organized around a charismatic master who teaches his followers specific techniques as well as general moral precepts, with the goal of realizing a physical and moral transformation of practitioners. However, Falun Gong differs from qigong in certain important respects, notably its devotion to the charismatic master and his scriptures, its apocalyptic outlook, and its spiritual aims. Straying from the scientistic and apolitical path outlined by the state, Falun Gong placed itself outside the boundaries of socialist China and thus could not be tolerated.
From Atlantis to America
Authors: Harley Gail M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay examines the practice of channeling — exemplified by the Ramtha School of Enlightenment — as a unique opportunity for asserting feminine spirituality. School founder J. Z. Knight channels Ramtha, a 35,000-year-old warrior and a survivor of a cataclysmic destruction on Lemuria who fled to Atlantis for safety. Knight is placed in the context of women who utilize charismatic leadership to build bridges to the divine. The eclecticism of the Ramtha school is considered, with its use of gnosticism and quantum physics, and its focus on personal transformation; the school is placed within the modern New Age subculture that itself attempts a gender-equal construction. Finally, the controversy of gender is used to analyze society’s validation of women who channel the divine and advocate an immanent God.
Heart and Soul
Authors: Tumminia Diana G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay explores the cultural ethos and uses of meaning in the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (MSIA), a relatively new religion that displays a syncretistic postmodern assortment of religious traditions and spiritual innovation: Christianity, Sant Mat practices, and typical esoteric pursuits found in New Age groups. The controversial side of MSIA lies in its awkward relations with the wider society; as such, the analysis provides an insider’s portrait and outsider’s assessment of what is unproductively labeled a “cult”.
The Raëlian Movement
Authors: Palmer Susan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Raëlian movement appears to be the largest and fastest-growing UFO religion of the decade, claiming to have up to 60,000 members. It is also controversial, like many other successful, evangelistic, and apocalyptic new religions. But closer examination suggests that the source of the notoriety appears to be in their policies regarding the media. Since the early 1990s, the Raëlians have launched a series of publicity campaigns designed to shock, titillate, and capture the media’s imagination. It is argued that by presenting controlled “outrages” with a clear social orientation in publicity campaigns — such as “Operation Condom” in front of Catholic schools and the Baby Eve cloning announcement — they direct the image of the movement in the public space and deflect the more serious charges usually aimed at new religious movements.
Modern Satanism
Authors: Petersen Jesper Aagaard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay begins with a short historical and sociological outline of the Satanic subculture (or movement), followed by a discussion of the connecting themes, beliefs, and practices in an attempt to systematize them. Some common typologies are addressed to establish a general analytical frame of reference, and the various groups and spokespersons are presented to outline the source material available. Discussions cover Anton Szandor LaVey and the Church of Satan, Michael Aquino and the Temple of Set, Satanic Reds, the 600 Club, and the Satanic Media Watch. It is argued that modern religious Satanism is a combination of positive religious and philosophical aspirations centered on individual, negative, and critical anti-authoritarian conviction. All Satanists have a problem with Western secular Christianity and fundamentalists, but the reactions take different shapes according to time, place, and circumstance.
Wittgenstein and Pyrrhonism
Authors: Sluga Hans 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay traces the roots of Wittgenstein’s Pyrrhonism to Mauthner, and argues that Wittgenstein’s later views moved even closer to those of Mauthner, although Wittgenstein never became as thoroughgoing a Pyrrhonian as Mauthner had been. It is argued that Mauthner’s neo-Pyrrhonian view of language was “responsible for the linguistic turn in Wittgenstein’s thinking and thereby indirectly also for the whole linguistic turn in 20th-century analytic philosophy”.
Two False Dichotomies
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay lays out the rationale for two principles — ascent and closure — and shows how they imply further principles of exclusion and of the criterion. These principles lead to the “Pyrrhonian Problematic”, which foundationalism and coherentism attempt to solve, and also to the clash of intuitions between internalists and externalists. It is argued that the kind of knowledge that externalists and foundationalists claim differs from the kind of knowledge that internalists and coherentists claim, and which Pyrrhonists doubt. This distinction between kinds of knowledge is traced back to Descartes’s distinction between cognitio and scientia. If this is correct, externalism and internalism might both be correct, and Pyrrhonism might turn out to be compatible with externalism.
The Skeptics Are Coming! The Skeptics Are Coming!
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay explains a Pyrrhonian skepticism in contrast with Cartesian skepticism, and then argues that what externalists and contextualists oppose is only Cartesian skepticism. It contends that externalists and contextualists actually back themselves into a Pyrrhonist position because externalists give up the search for reasons for belief, and contextualists (exemplified by Keith DeRose) admit that believers have no reasons for their beliefs within epistemological contexts, which is whenever skepticism is at issue.
Contemporary Pyrrhonism
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Fogelin claims that when he and others reflect on how we disregard uneliminated but eliminable defeaters while making knowledge claims in everyday life, our level of scrutiny rises, and we are inclined to give up those claims to know. This essay responds that a Pyrrhonist should resist this inclination and retain everyday knowledge claims. The possibilities which Fogelin classifies as uneliminated but eliminable defeators are actually eliminated by everyday evidence that we possess. As a result, Pyrrhonism is said to depend on other defeaters that are uneliminable, and which do not raise the level of scrutiny or undermine everyday knowledge claims as readily as Fogelin suggests.
Classy Pyrrhonism
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay invokes a technical framework of contrast classes within which Pyrrhonians can accept (or deny) knowledge claims that are relativized to specific contrast classes, but avoid all unrelativized knowledge claims and all presuppositions about which contrast classes are really relevant. Pyrrhonians can then assert part of the content of everyday knowledge claims without privileging the everyday perspective or any other perspective. This framework provides a precise way to understand the central claims of neo-Pyrrhonism while avoiding most, if not all, of the problems and objections raised by its critics.
The Triumph of the State, 1941–1979
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the state formation between 1941 and 1979. It examines key events and actors that determined the balance of power between state and society, development and opposition to it, and the eventual concentration of power in the Pahlavi state between 1954 and 1979. The evolution of various ideologies and their effects on Iranian politics is also discussed.
Mission and Culture
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCulture has a significant impact on how organizations understand and live out their institutional mission. This chapter explores how the components of organizational culture in general, and Catholic institutional culture in particular, interact over time in ways that impact two minimum characteristics of any viable culture: distinguishability and inheritability. Distinguishability is shown to require activities or approaches that are central to the life of the university and to Catholic teaching and practice. Cultural change, cultural consistency, and the various ways in which cultures and subcultures interact are discussed. Effective Catholic colleges and universities manage cultural change to enhance, rather than erode Catholic cultural vibrancy.
Models of Catholic Universities
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines four different models that Catholic colleges and universities adopt with respect to sharing the Catholic heritage. It also examines how the economics of higher education steers Catholic institutions toward one approach rather than another. The four models are: immersion, persuasion, diaspora, and cohort. The models describe the Catholic higher education market, with particular reference to Catholic identity. They also provide a framework for analyzing the comments made by senior administrators and for understanding some of the major challenges these administrators face with respect to Catholic identity. The first part of the chapter examines basic assumptions about goals, and then gradually makes the models more explicit by identifying important activities in various sectors such as the academic program, residential living, student activities and religious activities. A nonsectarian model is developed for comparison purposes.
Faculty and Students Engaging the Catholic Intellectual Tradition
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the first of the major themes to emerge from research data: how senior administrators understand the Catholic intellectual tradition, and the role it plays in the academic life of their institutions across all disciplines. It looks at various issues such as Catholic cultural illiteracy, hiring for mission, and the role of theology and philosophy in the curriculum. Desired characteristics of faculty, be they Catholic or non-Catholic, at Catholic institutions are identified. The heart of a university is academic content and, to be genuinely Catholic, Catholic institutions have to emphasize their academic content in an appropriate way. Philosophy may have been the central content welcomed by students at Catholic institutions in the first half of the 20th century. An important issue is what the modern “Catholic content” ought to be. The major threats to Catholic cultural inheritability and distinguishability in the academic sector are examined. The implications of present practice within all four collegiate models for the vitality of Catholic culture in the academic sector are also explored. Finally, the chapter suggests strategic approaches to enhance distinguishability without posing a market threat to inheritability.
Student Culture
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the theme raised by senior administrators that student culture is both an indicator of and contributor to each Catholic institution’s distinctive Catholic culture and identity. It assesses the claim by administrators that Catholic colleges and universities provide a uniquely inclusive and value-laden education that permeates all aspects of the collegiate experience and transforms the lives of students. The chapter looks at policies and behavioral standards and enforcement mechanisms in a number of areas including alcohol use, sexual intimacy among students, invitations to outside speakers, and the awarding of honorary degrees. It also explores the role of Catholic moral teaching in student culture at Catholic institutions, and offers strategies to enhance the distinguishability and inheritability of religious culture in all four models of Catholic institutions.
Cultural Collapse and Religious Congregations of Women
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a cautionary tale about cultural change that highlights the inherent difficulties in the process. It analyzes one of the biggest success stories in Catholic culture, namely, the achievements of Catholic institutions through the influence of nuns. It briefly recounts the history of religious congregations of women in the United States, giving special emphasis to their process of religious cultural formation designed to produce knowledgeable and committed women who were visible witnesses of the Catholic tradition in the institutions in which they served. In discussing what has happened in religious congregations of women since the Second Vatican Council, the chapter illuminates some of the strategic choices that can ultimately erode, rather than enhance, an organization’s culture. This simultaneously exhilarating and depressing story yields three cautionary principles, and ushers in a discussion about how Catholic colleges and universities should assess their current situation and move forward strategically.
Leadership and Governance
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of leadership in cultural change and provides practical approaches to assessing and enhancing Catholic institutional culture. Two composite types of visionary leaders (connective and directive), as well as two degrees of cultural change (adjustment and correction), are adopted to illuminate important strategic leadership choices and analyze their implications for religious cultural enhancement. The chapter explores the connection between leadership style and cultural context, clarifies the role of boards of trustees in choosing presidents and assessing their performance, and identifies the adoption of effective measurement tools for religious performance as a necessary policy change for Catholic colleges and universities.
Policy Packages
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents policy packages that draw together various recommendations included in the previous theme chapters. These packages include a variety of practical approaches, as well as situation specific plans. For each type of university, two scenarios are considered: one in which minimum standards for Catholic identity are achieved; and a second scenario in which these standards are far from being met. Catholic universities can adopt and adapt these plans in developing their own coordinated strategies to strengthen their institutional Catholic culture. The recommendations and approaches outlined in this chapter address the components of culture, the leadership style of the president and, where appropriate, are articulated according to each of the four models of being a Catholic university. The chapter concludes with the estimated cost of training an adequate number of faculty in the Catholic intellectual tradition.
Did Dogen Go to China?
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive examination of the diverse writings of Dōgen (1200-1253), the founder of Sōtō (C. Ts’ao-tung) Zen Buddhism in Japan. Dōgen is especially known for introducing to Japanese Buddhism many of the texts and practices that he discovered in China. The context of Dōgen’s travels to and reflections on China are reconstructed by means of a critical look at traditional sources both by and about Dōgen. While many studies emphasize the unique features of Dōgen’s Japanese influences versus traditional Chinese models, this book calls attention to the fusion of Chinese and Japanese elements in Dōgen’s religious vision. It reveals many new materials and insights into Dōgen’s main writings, including the multiple editions of the Shōbōgenzō, and how and when this seminal text was created by Dōgen and edited and interpreted by his disciples. This book provides the reader with a comprehensive approach to the master’s life works and an understanding of the overall career trajectory of one of the most important figures in the history of Buddhism and Asian religious thought.