bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synaptic contacts of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 fibres on chemically identified neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat
Authors: Kiss József , Csáki Ágnes , Csaba Zsolt , Halász Béla 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which plays a pivotal role in the control of circadian rhythms, consists of several neuronal subpopulations characterized by different neuroactive substances. This prominent cell group has a fairly rich glutamatergic innervation, but the cell types that are targeted by this innervation are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the afferent glutamatergic axon terminals and the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)‐, arginine‐vasopressin (AVP)‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐positive neurons of the SCN. Glutamatergic elements were revealed via immunocytochemical double‐labelling for vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGluT1) and type 2 (VGluT2), and brain sections were imaged via confocal laser‐scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. Numerous VGluT2‐immunoreactive axons were observed to be in synaptic contact with VIP‐ and GABA‐positive neurons, and only a few synapses were detected between VGluT2 boutons and AVP neurons. VGluT1 axon terminals exhibiting very moderate distribution in this cell group were observed to be in synaptic contact with chemically unidentified neurons. The findings provide the first morphological data on the termination of presumed glutamatergic fibres on chemically identified neurons of the rat SCN, and indicate that all three prominent cell types of the cell group receive glutamatergic afferents.
Using state‐dependency of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate letter selectivity in the left posterior parietal cortex: a comparison of TMS‐priming and TMS‐adaptation paradigms
Authors: Cattaneo Zaira , Rota Federica , Vecchi Tomaso , Silvanto Juha 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe state‐dependency of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to investigate the neural properties of subregions of the stimulated region. The objective of the present study was to determine whether state‐dependency can reveal letter selectivity in the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region known to contain letter‐selective neurons. In two experiments, we used visual priming and adaptation to modulate the initial activation state of the left PPC prior to application of TMS. In the priming experiment, TMS was applied over the left PPC during the delay between the prime and the target stimulus on each experimental trial. Left PPC TMS reversed the effects of priming by facilitating the detection of non‐primed letters, whereas detection of primed letters was unaffected. As neurons tuned to non‐primed letters were less active at the time of TMS application than neurons tuned to the primed letters, this finding demonstrates that TMS preferentially facilitates the detection of attributes encoded by the less active neural populations. A similar facilitation of the less active neural populations was observed when adaptation was used to suppress letter‐selective neurons prior to application of TMS. Our study demonstrates that TMS‐priming and TMS‐adaptation paradigms can reveal letter selectivity in the left PPC and thus be useful in the study of language processes. Our results also show that the state‐dependent TMS effects obtained with visual priming are similar to those found with TMS adaptation: in both cases, attributes encoded by the less active neural populations are preferentially facilitated.
Differential changes in axonal conduction following CNS demyelination in two mouse models
Authors: Bando Yoshio , Takakusaki Kaoru , Ito Shinji , Terayama Ryuji , Kashiwayanagi Makoto , Yoshida Shigetaka 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTransgenic and disease model mice have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of demyelinating diseases. However, less attention has been given to elucidating changes in nerve conduction in these mice. We established an experimental system to measure the response latency of cortical neurons and examined changes in nerve conduction in cuprizone‐induced demyelinating mice and in myelin basic protein‐deficient shiverer mice. Stimulating and recording electrodes were placed in the right and left sensori‐motor cortices, respectively. Electrical stimulation of the right cortex evoked antidromic responses in left cortical neurons with a latency of 9.38 ± 0.31 ms (n = 107; mean ± SEM). While response latency was longer in mice at 7 days and 4 weeks of cuprizone treatment (12.35 ± 0.35 ms, n = 102; 11.72 ± 0.29 ms, n = 103, respectively), response latency at 7 days and 4 weeks after removal of cuprizone was partially restored (10.72 ± 0.45 ms, n = 106; 10.27 ± 0.34 ms, n = 107, respectively). Likewise, electron microscopy showed cuprizone‐induced demyelination in the corpus callosum and nearly complete remyelination after cuprizone removal. We also examined whether the myelin abnormalities in shiverer mice affected their response latencies. But there were no significant differences in response latencies in shiverer (9.83 ± 0.24 ms, n = 103) and wild‐type (9.33 ± 0.22 ms, n = 112) mice. The results of these electrophysiological assessments imply that different demyelinating mechanisms, differentially affecting axon conduction, are present in the cuprizone‐treated and shiverer mice, and may provide new insights to understanding the pathophysiology of demyelination in animal models in the CNS.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorsγ (PPARγ) differently modulate the interleukin‐6 expression in the peri‐infarct cortical tissue in the acute and delayed phases of cerebral ischaemia
Authors: Patzer Andreas , Zhao Yi , Stöck Ivonne , Gohlke Peter , Herdegen Thomas , Culman Juraj 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) exerts neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischaemia but can also exacerbate inflammation and induce neuronal death. The current study investigates the role of cerebral peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor(s) γ (PPARγ) in the regulation of IL‐6 expression in the peri‐infarct cortical tissue in rats exposed to focal cerebral ischaemia. Pioglitazone, a high‐affinity PPARγ ligand, was infused intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) via osmotic minipumps over a 5‐day period before, during and 24 h or 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min followed by reperfusion. The expression of PPARγ and IL‐6 in cortical tissue adjacent to the ischaemic core was studied 24 h and 48 h after MCAO. Pioglitazone augmented the ischaemia‐induced upregulation of PPARγ at both time points. Cerebral ischaemia substantially increased IL‐6 expression in the peri‐infarct cortical tissue. Twenty‐four hours after MCAO, the majority of microglial cells/macrophages showed an intense IL‐6 immunoreactivity. IL‐6 was also localized in neurons, but the distribution of neurons positively stained for IL‐6 at the border of the infarct was very heterogeneous. Pioglitazone effectively decreased the number of IL‐6‐immunoreactive cells and IL‐6 protein levels at 24 h but not at 48 h after MCAO. Pioglitazone treatment reduced the infarct size and improved neurological functions. The present study demonstrates that cerebral PPARγ suppresses the expression of IL‐6 in ischaemic brain tissue during the initial phase of ischaemic stroke, in which the overproduction of IL‐6 may aggravate neuronal damage, but not at later time points, when IL‐6 promotes neuroprotection and inhibits neuronal death.
FREEDOM OF OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCohen endorses the coercive taxation of the talented at a progressive rate for the sake of realizing equality. By contrast, he denies that it is legitimate for the state to engage in the ‘Stalinist forcing’ of people into one or another line of work in order to bring about a more egalitarian society. He rejects such occupational conscription on grounds of the invasiveness of the gathering and acting upon information regarding people's preferences for different types of work that would be required to implement such a policy. More precisely, Cohen maintains that the presence versus the absence of such intrusion explains why such Stalinist forcing of the talented is unacceptable whereas the progressive taxation of their income is legitimate. I argue that Cohen's appeal to invasiveness does not adequately capture the moral repugnance of the state's conscripting people into work at a given occupation. I propose that a right to self‐ownership, and that which explains such a right, provides a better explanation than Cohen's of why Stalinist forcing is objectionable, whereas progressive taxation is not.1
JUSTICE, INCENTIVES AND CONSTRUCTIVISM
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn Rescuing Justice and Equality, G. A. Cohen reiterates his critique of John Rawls's difference principle as a justification for inequality‐generating incentives, and also argues that Rawls's ambition to provide a constructivist defence of the first principles of justice is doomed. Cohen's arguments also suggest a natural response to my earlier attempt to defend the basic structure objection to Cohen's critique, which I term the alien factors reply. This paper criticises the reply, and Cohen's more general argument against Rawls's constructivism.1
Characterization of cosmetic cream with Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plant extract: influence of formulation composition on physical stability and anti‐oxidant activity
Authors: Bouftira I. , Abdelly C. , Sfar S. 
Published: November 2008

SynopsisCosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) was usually used in topical administration, particularly, in fighting against skin ageing and in the protection of the skin against radiation exposure. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is a halophyte plant widely used in the traditional medicine, characterized by the presence of anti‐oxidants enzymes in responses to abiotic stresses. In the present study, we prepared a formulation with M. crystallinum extract characterized by naturally occurring SOD and catalase in association with other anti‐oxidants molecules. The SOD activity was measured by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyldiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide/riboflavin method, catalase by colorimetric method and the total anti‐radical activity was measured by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. Formulations contain a significant SOD activity (8.33 U mg−1), a catalase activity (0.5 × 107 UC) and an anti‐radical activity (30% of DPPH inhibition). The formulation storage (15 days at 4°C) showed a marked loss of total anti‐oxidant capacity. The addition of the M. crystallinum extract induced also a reduction in formulation viscosity and pH.
Chitin–glucan, a natural cell scaffold for skin moisturization and rejuvenation
Authors: Gautier S. , Xhauflaire‐Uhoda E. , Gonry P. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: November 2008

SynopsisTwo clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the tolerance and effects of a copolymer of chitin and beta‐glucan, forming the exoskeleton of fungal cell walls, now supplied for cosmetic applications. A 6‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted on 13 volunteers with sensitive skin to compare with 0.5–2% formulations chitin–glucan applied twice daily. Biometrological evaluations showed that erythema did not develop, the water retention capacity of the stratum corneum increased and the transepidermal water loss moderately decreased. Another 16‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted on 20 men showing signs of ageing skin. A 1.5% chitin–glucan formulation was applied twice daily. Objective biometrological assessments showed a progressive increase in skin firmness and stratum corneum hydration when desquamation and skin roughness decreased. In conclusion, the chitin–glucan formulations appear safe. They significantly mitigate some signs of skin ageing and improve both stratum corneum hydration and skin barrier function.
Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E
Authors: Segall A. I. , Moyano M. A. 
Published: November 2008

SynopsisThe stability of ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate in topical formulations was investigated by direct reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography after sample dilution with a suitable buffer – organic solvent mixture. Ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate are derivatives of ascorbic acid which differ in hydrolipophilic properties. They are widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. According to the results, ascorbyl esters showed significant differences: sodium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate are more stable derivatives of vitamin C than ascorbyl palmitate and may be easily used in cosmetic products.
Factors that influence vocabulary development in two‐year‐old children
Authors: Stokes Stephanie F. , Klee Thomas 
Published: November 2008

Background: This research explored the relative impact of demographic, cognitive, behavioural, and psycholinguistic factors on vocabulary development in two‐year‐old children.Methods: Two hundred and thirty‐two children (24–30 months) were tested on expressive and receptive vocabulary, cognitive development, word learning and working memory skills. Parents completed a British adaptation (Klee & Harrison, 2001) of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI;Fenson et al., 1993), a demographic questionnaire and a questionnaire regarding the child’s social‐emotional behaviour.Results: Several demographic, child and processing variables were significantly correlated with CDI (vocabulary) scores, but the only significant unique predictors of CDI scores were nonword repetition (NWR;R2change = .36), sex (R2change = .05) and age (R2change = .04). Scores were only included when a child completed the entire NWR test (77% of toddlers).Conclusions: The NWR task used in this experiment maximised participation in this group of toddlers, and was a strong predictor of vocabulary ability. Longitudinal research is warranted to explore the independent and reciprocal growth in working memory and language skills in children.
Tim‐2 is the receptor for H‐ferritin on oligodendrocytes
Authors: Todorich Bozho , Zhang Xuesheng , Slagle‐Webb Becky , Seaman William E. , Connor James R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOligodendrocytes stain more strongly for iron than any other cell in the CNS, and they require iron for the production of myelin. For most cell types transferrin is the major iron delivery protein, yet neither transferrin receptor protein nor mRNA are detectable in mature oligodendrocytes. Thus an alternative iron delivery mechanism must exist. Given the significant long term consequences of developmental iron deficiency and the iron requirements for normal myelination, identification of the iron delivery mechanism for oligodendrocytes is important. Previously we have reported that oligodendrocytes bind H‐ferritin and that H‐ferritin binds to white matter tracts in vivo. Recently, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐containing protein‐2 (Tim‐2) was shown to bind and internalize H‐ferritin. In the present study we show that Tim‐2 is expressed on oligodendrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Further, the onset of saturable H‐ferritin binding in CG4 oligodendrocyte cell line is accompanied by Tim‐2 expression. Application of a blocking antibody to the extracellular domain of Tim‐2 significantly reduces H‐ferritin binding to the differentiated CG4 cells and primary oligodendrocytes. Tim‐2 expression on CG4 cells is responsive to iron; decreasing with iron loading and increasing with iron chelation. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that Tim‐2 is the H‐ferritin receptor on oligodendrocytes suggesting it is the primary mechanism for iron acquisition by these cells.
ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMICS OF LANDOWNERSHIP
Authors: THOMAS H. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThere will be an increasing demand for additional capital as the pattern of landownership changes. In the past it was easier t o acquire on the death of a landowner a large block of land but as this land becomes broken up and becomes less homogeneous as far as landownership is concerned, this will give rise t o many social and economic problems.Undoubtedly the dead hand of the past lies heavily on the present and future pattern of British agriculture. There is a need for a change in attitude towards the new class of landowners, and for research on the implication of continuing policies that were initiated in times when there was reaction against landownership held by a few privileged individuals. It is hkely that if attention is not paid to these aspects we are likely to see landownership being transferred to institutional bodies. The past system of landownership on a personal basis will be replaced by various institutional arrangements on a very impersonal basis.Owner‐occupiers (particularly those above 600 S.M.D.) faced with increasing charges for purchasing and servicing of landlord responsibilities will be forced to intensify their production and may demand greater support from government sources. It is suggested that as an immediate measure in addition to collecting information on a net farm income basis, data should be collected on the networth of individual farm businesses as well as of the industry as a whole.Non‐agriculutural presswes en on land values need tc be considered. In the marginal areas part‐time farming, together with tourism, or integration with other pursuits such as afforestation, appear to be sound enough proposals in general, but difficult to implement for the individual. More research work is required to assist us to deal with this problem of change of landownership and its interaction on the competing demands for capital.
LESSONS FROM SWEDISH FARM STRUCTURE POLICY*
Authors: Whitby M. c. 
Published: November 2008

This article considers two basic questions:‐

How successful have Swedish structural policies been?
What light does this shed on the structural policies now The argument is developed in five stages. First the development of structural policies recently operating in Sweden is reviewed and those being introduced in this country are described.

Second, the extent to which structural change can be measured from aggregate data is discussed in general terms and the available data on structural trends in Sweden and the U.K. is reviewed.Thirdly, other forces which affect structural development in Sweden are discussed.Fourth, conclusions as to the past effect of policies on structural change in Sweden are summarised.Finally, some possible results of U.K. structural policies are indicated.
THE IMPACT OF TAXATION ON AGRICULTURE
Authors: Evans Ancrum F. 
Published: November 2008

This paper considers the impact of taxation on British agriculture. Its purpose is to provoke thought into an important aspect of agricultural adjustment which has been largely overlooked, with consequential mis‐direction of thought and effort.consideratio is restricted to the limited number of large farmers who are responsible for the major proportion of production.It is shown that the tax structure inhibits the acquisition and maintenance of personal wealth at the ever‐increasing levels required by modern farming methods and conditions.With the problem accentuated by inflation, there is no solution other than to accept the inevitability of corporation farming.
INVESTMENT IN PRACTICE: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GRANT‐AIDED PRODUCTION OF CROPS UNDER GLASS
Authors: Folley R. R. W. 
Published: November 2008

A pilot study of investment was made on twenty glasshouse‐crop holdings in Kent on which action had been taken under the Horticulture Improvement Scheme. Attention was given to behavioural aspects as well as to financial results, in the expectation that large discrete investments would provide knowledge of investment practice.Most growers in the sample were found not to make a prior evaluation of new investment or to be concerned with its economic efficiency. They paid more attention to technical matters and their own relative eficiency (their comparative standing within the industry).All growers in a financial sub‐sample of nine increased their annual revenue by investment, but the proportionate aggregate increase was very little greater than that in the aggregate value of fixed assets created. In the latest year of the post‐investment period, the average return per invested‐half this investment being two to three years old‐was shown by accounts to be less than 10 per cent.The economic test of rate of return on added capital is shown to be impracticable. It is postulated that major investments may not provide forecast cash flows as quickly or as fully as frequently anticipated. Past forecasts must often have been made without empirical knowledge of post‐investment situations.
THE EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURE IN LAND PLANNING DECISIONS
Authors: Boddington Michael A. B. 
Published: November 2008

Agriculture and urban development are often in direct competition for the more fertile land of the country. This calls for a careful appraisal of alternative development strategies. A method has been developed for assessing the value of agricultural land for cost‐benefit purposes and involves capitalising annual value‐added figures adjusted to allow for the cost of food replacement. Differential capitalisation factors are used according to the projected rate of growth of value added in different classes of farming. But the figures produced at the end of the exercise are still very small in relation to other figures in the cost benefit. What is needed is land use zoning to protect our major agricultural areas from urban infringement.RésuméAPPRÉCIATION DE L'IMPORTANCE DE L'AGRICULTURE DANS LES DÉCISIONS RELATIVES À L'AMÉNAGEMENT DES TERRES.L'agriculture et le développement urbain sont souvent placés en concurrence directe dans l'affectation des terres les plus fertiles du pays. Ce problème réclame une appréciation des plus minutieuses des différentes options en matière de stratégic du développement. Une méthode a été mise au point en vue d'apprécier la valeur des terres agricoles sous l'angle des bénéfices réalisés sur les coûts; cette méthode fait intervenir la capitalisation des chiffres annuels de la valeur ajoutée, ajustés de manière a tenir compte du coût des remplacements alimentaires. Des facteurs de capitalisation différentiels sont utilisés, selon le taux de croissance prévu de la valeur ajoutée dans les différentes catégories de l'exploitation agricole. Mais les chiffres obtenus à la fin de l'exercice restent très faibles par rapport aux autres chiffres dans le bénéfice des coûts. Ce qu'il faudrait faire, ce serait d'organiser l'utilisation des terres en zones déterminées, afin de protéger nos principales régions agricoles des empiètements urbains.ZusammenfassungDIE BEDEUTUNG DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT BEI ENTSCHEIDUNGEN AUF DEM GEBIET DER RAUMPLANUNGLandwirtschaft und Stadtentwicklung stehen oft in direktem Wettbewerb um den fruchtbareren Boden des Landes. Dies erfordert eine sorgfältige Beurteilung alternativer Entwicklungs‐strategien. Man hat eine Methode zur Berechnung des Wertes landwirtschaftlicher Nutzfläche zum Zwecke der Kostenentschädig‐ung entwickelt. Diese umfasst die Kapitalisierung des jährlichen Mehrwerts, welche zur Berücksichtigung der Kosten für Lebens‐mittelersatz angeglichen ist. Ausgleichsfaktoren der Kapitalisierung werden entsprechend der vorausgesagten Wachstumsrate des Mehrwerts auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Landwirtschaft verwendet. Aber die Zahlen, zu denen man am Ende der Berechnungen gelangt, sind immer noch sehr klein im Verhältnis zu anderen Zahlen bei der Kostenentschädigung. Erforderlich ist eine Aufteilung des Landes in Nutzzonen, um unsere grösseren landwirtschaftlichen Gebiete vor zunehmender Verstädterung zu schützen.