bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio economic crisis and mortality. Epidemiological testimony of the financial collapse of Argentina
Authors: Gurfinkel Enrique P , Bozovich Gerardo E , Dabbous Omar , Mautner Branco , Anderson Frederick 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundNatural disasters, war, and terrorist attacks, have been linked to cardiac mortality. We sought to investigate whether a major financial crisis may impact on the medical management and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes.MethodsWe analyzed the Argentine cohort of the international multicenter Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). The primary objective was to estimate if there was an association between the financial crisis period (April 1999 to December 2002) and in- hospital cardiovascular mortality, with the post-crisis period (January 2003 to September 2004) as the referent. Each period was defined according to the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product. We investigated the demographic characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, morbidity and mortality.ResultsWe analyzed data from 3220 patients, 2246 (69.8%) patients in the crisis period and 974 (30.2%) in the post-crisis frame. The distribution of demographic and clinical baseline characteristics were not significantly different between both periods. During the crisis period the incidence of in-hospital myocardial infarction was higher (6.9% Vs 2.9%; p value < 0.0001), as well as congestive heart failure (16% Vs 11%; p value < 0.0001). Time to intervention with angioplasty was longer during the crisis, especially among public sites (median 190 min Vs 27 min). The incidence proportion of mortality during hospitalization was 6.2% Vs 5.1% after crisis. The crude OR for mortality was 1.2 (95% C.I. 0.87, 1.7). The odds for mortality were higher among private institutions {1.9 (95% C.I. 0.9, 3.8)} than for public centers {1.2 (95% C.I. 0.83, 1.79)}. We did not observe a significant interaction between type of hospital and crisis.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the financial crisis may have had a negative impact on cardiovascular mortality during hospitalization, and higher incidence of medical complications.
Take-off and landing forces in jumping frogs
Authors: Nauwelaerts Sandra , Aerts Peter 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYAnurans use a saltatorial (jumping) mode of locomotion. A jumping cycle can be divided into four subphases: propulsion, flight, landing and recovery. We studied the landing phase during locomotion in Rana esculenta by measuring the ground reaction forces during propulsion and landing over a range of distances. Landing performance affects locomotor ability in jumping frogs. Landing and recovery together take up one third of the locomotor cycle. Peak landing forces are on average almost three times larger than propulsive forces. The forelimbs appear to be fully extended when they make contact with the substrate and absorb the first impact peak. The height of this peak varies depending on arm positioning and jumping distance. Since the stiffness of the arms stays constant over the full jumping range, it is possible that this is a limiting factor in the ability of the forelimbs to work as dampers. A spring-dashpot model is used to model the effect of arm angle at touch down. Damping during landing is performed by placing the forelimbs at an optimal angle to cancel frictional forces effectively.
Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hareAplysia californica
Authors: Johnson Paul M. , Kicklighter Cynthia E. , Schmidt Manfred , Kamio Michiya , Yang Hsiuchin , Elkin Dimitry , Michel William C. , Tai Phang C. , Derby Charles D. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYSea hares protect themselves from predatory attacks with several modes of chemical defenses. One of these is inking, which is an active release of a protective fluid upon predatory attack. In many sea hares including Aplysia californica and A. dactylomela, this fluid is a mixture of two secretions from two separate glands, usually co-released: ink,a purple fluid from the ink gland; and opaline, a white viscous secretion from the opaline gland. These two secretions are mixed in the mantle cavity and directed toward the attacking predator. Some of the chemicals in these secretions and their mechanism of action have been identified. In our study,we used western blots, immunocytochemistry, amino acid analysis, and bioassays to examine the distribution of these components: (1) an l-amino acid oxidase called escapin for A. californica and dactylomelin-P for A. dactylomela, which has antimicrobial activity but we believe its main function is in defending sea hares against predators that evoke its release; and (2) escapin's major amino acid substrates - l-lysine and l-arginine. Escapin is exclusively produced in the ink gland and is not present in any other tissues or secretions. Furthermore, escapin is only sequestered in the amber vesicles of the ink glandand not in the red-purple vesicles, which contain algal-derived chromophores that give ink its distinctive purple color. The concentration of escapin and dactylomelin-P in ink, both in the gland and after its release, is as high as 2 mg ml-1, or 30 μmol ml-1, which is well above its antimicrobial threshold. Lysine and arginine (and other amino acids) are packaged into vesicles in the ink and opaline glands, but arginine is present in ink and opaline at &lt;1 mmol l-1 and lysine is present in ink at &lt;1 mmol l-1 but in opaline at 65 mmol l-1. Our previous results showed that both lysine and arginine mediate escapin's bacteriostatic effects, but only lysine mediates its bactericidal effects. Given that escapin's antimicrobial effects require concentrations of lysine and/or arginine &gt;1 mmol l-1, our data lead us to conclude that lysine in opaline is the primary natural substrate for escapin in ink. Furthermore, packaging of the enzyme escapin and its substrate lysine into two separate glands and their co-release and mixing at the time of predatory attack allows for the generation of bioactive defensive compounds from innocuous precursors at the precise time they are needed. Whether lysine and/or arginine are substrates for escapin's antipredatory functions remains to be determined.
Bad me paranoia in early psychosis: A relatively rare phenomenon
Authors: Fornells‐Ambrojo Miriam , Garety Philippa A. 
Published: December 2005

Purpose. The aim of this study was to follow up Trower and Chadwick's (1995) proposal that there are two types of paranoia: poor me paranoia, in which the persecution is believed to be undeserved, and bad me paranoia, in which the persecution is seen as a deserved punishment.Method. A cross‐sectional design was used. A group of 40 participants with early psychosis, who were experiencing persecutory delusions, were assessed using a semi‐structured interview on the content of their beliefs.Results. An extremely low rate of bad me paranoia was found in the sample of participants with early psychosis.Conclusions. People with persecutory delusions who are in the initial stages of their illness do not tend to believe that they are being justifiably punished. Stigma and depression are put forward as tentative explanations of the development of this evaluative belief with time.
A Numerical Method for the Recovery of Local Potentials and Currents Due to Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Kranc SC , Sagüés AA 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDiagnostic electrical measurements intended to quantify the rate of corrosion often prove difficult to interpret due to the distribution of currents within the concrete electrolyte. In this paper an inverse method to recover estimates of local values for the potential and current density at the concrete-steel interface from measurements at the exterior surface is presented. An idealized model system has been investigated in a series of numerical experiments. Several example problems in corrosion diagnostics have been analyzed and the results compared favorably to direct solutions.
Use of Electrochemical Techniques to Assess Performance of Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete Structures—A Review
Authors: Islam M , Daily SF 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Electrochemical methods for controlling corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete involve techniques that interfere with the electrochemical reactions occurring on the embedded steel surface. Included in this category are cathodic protection, electrochemical chloride extraction, re-alkalization (for carbonation damage), and corrosion inhibitors. Assessing and monitoring the performance of these corrosion protection systems for steel in concrete can sometimes be challenging. Several techniques and devices are available. In recent years different electrochemical techniques have been utilized. The present paper discusses the use of the older devices and the more recently developed devices such as the “ladder” probe and the microprocessor controlled electrical resistance probe for evaluating and monitoring the performance of reinforced concrete corrosion protection systems. Remote monitoring options are also discussed.
Use of Broken Charpy V-notch Specimens from a Surveillance Program for Fracture Toughness Determination
Authors: Scibetta M , Lucon E , Chaouadi R , van Walle E , Gérard R 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Broken Charpy specimens from the surveillance program of a Belgian nuclear power plant are used to obtain the fracture toughness in the transition regime using the master curve concept. Two approaches are used. The first one is based on the reconstitution of Charpy specimens that are subsequently precracked and tested in three-point bending. The second approach is an innovative one that makes use of miniature Compact Tension specimens, which are machined from the broken pieces of the original Charpy specimens. Both approaches lead to consistent results. The recently developed miniature Compact Tension design has the advantage to use less material and is less costly in terms of machining operation. For the material investigated in this research, the current regulation, based on a semi-empirical approach to obtain the lower bound fracture toughness, is demonstrated to be conservative as compared to the direct fracture toughness determination.
The History of Instrumented Impact Testing
Authors: Manahan MP , Siewert TA 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Pendulum impact testing is widely known to have a history that extends back to the turn of the 20th century. To many researchers today, instrumentation of the impact test to acquire a load-time history, and thereby to provide important data in addition to absorbed energy, is usually considered to be a relatively recent development. However, our literature review has shown that starting from the earliest test machine development work, researchers have been interested in designing equipment capable of measuring both the energy expended in fracturing the specimen, and the force-deflection and energy-deflection curves. This paper recounts the early history of instrumented impact testing, and shows that it also extends back over 100 years. In fact, the earliest known paper on instrumented impact testing predates the first pendulum test machine publication by one year.
Use of Carbodiimides as Stabilizing Agents to Deliver Water—Labile Active Ingredients in Liquid Systems Including Aqueous Medium—Amitraz as a Case Study
Authors: Narayanan KS , Jon DI , Beestman G 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeveral active ingredients such as sulfonylureas and diimidines (Amitraz) are unstable in water. They undergo hydrolysis producing metabolites that are no longer biologically active. The rate of hydrolysis is a function of several factors, such as the solvent system, access to water, pH, temperature, ionic strength, and the types of emulsifiers used in the liquid matrices. Some of the active ingredients undergo rapid hydrolysis even with the residual water present in the emulsifier system in an organic emulsifiable concentrate formulation. It is therefore difficult to formulate such active ingredients in liquid delivery systems. Use of carbodiimides like Stabaxol I® (bis-2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbodiimide) as a water scavenger to stabilize oil-based formulations for Amitraz is well documented and is commercially practiced. We have found that unique combinations of carbodiimides with specific solvent-emulsifier-polymer blends in a buffered system can produce stable microemulsions of Amitraz in water. Such aqueous formulations with 200–500 ppm Amitraz in &gt;99 % water, were stable with 95 % retention on accelerated storage at 50°C for two weeks. This data translates to greater than two years stability at room temperature. Such formulations may be extended to deliver sulfonylureas. We also observed that the concentrate and the matrix containing Stabaxol I® and emulsifiers can produce gels on storage, adversely affecting physical stability. We have identified several additives and alternatives to prevent gel formation enabling long-term storage stability of the matrix and the concentrate. Examples with supporting data will be provided. A rationale and proposed mechanism for the enhanced stability and potential biological activity will be discussed.
Simulation on the Decrease in Threshold Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) Range due to High Maximum SIF
Authors: Meshii T , Ishihara K , Asakura T 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In this paper, a method is proposed to quantitatively estimate the decrease in threshold stress intensity factor (SIF) range due to high maximum SIF, that is observed for some materials in constant maximum SIF fatigue crack growth tests. The parameters for the simulation were inversely determined from the experimental data of carbon steel, Al and Ti alloys with the aid of genetic algorithm. The set of candidate parameters named as a “generation” were repeatedly generated and evaluated until the experimental data were reproduced by the simulation. A very interesting fact was that though the test conditions for these three materials were different, the obtained simulation parameters seemed to be independent of material. Finally, the proposed method was validated by comparing predictions with experimentally determined values of the decrease in threshold on an embrittled carbon steel.
Analysis of Creep Crack Initiation and Growth in Different Geometries for 316H and Carbon Manganese Steels
Authors: Davies CM , Mueller F , Nikbin KM , O'Dowd NP , Webster GA 
Published: December 2005

AbstractResults obtained from a European collaborative project aimed at producing a draft code of practice for creep crack growth testing are presented. The tests were performed on an Austenitic Type 316H Stainless Steel at 550°C and a carbon manganese steel at 400°C. A range of specimen test geometries has been examined. These are the single edge notched specimen in tension and bending, the double edge notched specimen in tension, the middle cracked specimen in tension, and the C-shaped specimen in tension. The results obtained are compared to those obtained using the standard compact tension specimen following the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Rates in Metals (E 1457). Creep crack creep growth rates and initiation times have been correlated with the fracture mechanics parameter C*. The applicability of the stress intensity factor K to describe the creep cracking behavior is also assessed. Recommendations are made to support the use of different geometries in creep crack growth and/or creep crack initiation testing.
A Novel Method to Evaluate the Influence of Hydrogen on Fatigue Properties of High Strength Steels
Authors: Matsubara Y , Hamada H 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn rolling contact fatigue, hydrogen is believed to contribute to early flaking failures under some conditions. Hydrogen diffuses quickly in steels, even at room temperature, thus resulting in its dissipation into the surrounding atmosphere. This condition presents a uniquely difficult challenge for evaluating the intrinsic fatigue properties related to hydrogen embrittlement. In order to compensate for this, we employed ultrasonic fatigue testing at a loading frequency of 20 kHz, because a high loading frequency offsets the rapid hydrogen loss. In this report, the fatigue properties of hydrogen pre-charged JIS-SUJ2 (SAE52100 equivalent) were assessed. The amount of hydrogen was quantitatively measured by thermal desorption analysis. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen was determined via electrochemical hydrogen permeation testing. These results indicate that the magnitude of fatigue strength reduction is directly proportional to the diffusible hydrogen content. Included with this report is our proposed method for evaluating fatigue strength related to hydrogen embrittlement.
Hochdurchsatz Analyse in den Biowissenschaften durch die Nutzung von Service Oriented Clustering (Proliferating High Throughput Analysis in Life Science by using Service Oriented Clustering)
Authors: Reinhardt Ralf , Blüggel Martin , Stephan Christian , Meyer Helmut E. , Kuhn Michael , Thiele Herbert 
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung
Obwohl man Cluster erfolgreich für Aufgaben wie Protein Identifikation und multiple alignment einsetzt, sind sie dennoch selten Teil des Laboralltags. Hauptgrund ist die schlechte Integrationsfähigkeit aktueller Lösungen in den Arbeitsablauf. Das Konzept Dienste Orientierter Cluster soll dieses Problem beheben.
Streulichtmessungen in Luft zur Strömungsvisualisierung in rotierenden Kammern (Stray Light Measurement in Air for the Visualisation of Air Flow in Rotating Cavities)
Authors: Uffrecht Wieland , Kaiser Erwin 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Die Strömungsmessung in rotierenden Kammern mit hinzugefügten Teilchen der Größenordnung 1 bis 10μm wird durch die Fliehkraft erschwert, sodass Verfahren wie z.B. LDA oder PIV versagen können. Durch Beimischung von Rauch (0,01 bis 1μm) zur Luft in der Rotorkammer wird die Strömung mit Hilfe stroboskopischer Beleuchtung visualisiert. Rauchteilchen sind zu klein und in der Konzentration zu groß für LDA und PIV. Die beschriebene Methode gestattet mit Hilfe von Videotechnik und Bildverarbeitung die Auswertung hinsichtlich der Rauchkonzentration in guter örtlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung für den Rückschluss auf die Strömung in der Kammer.
Das Packaging, der Schlüssel für die praktische Nutzung des piezoresistiven Effektes (Packaging, the Key for Practical Use of Piezoresistive Effect)
Authors: Kaden Günther 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Das piezoresistive Prinzip war mit seiner Entdeckung zunächst nur interessant. Mit den ersten Lösungen für den Einbau piezoresistiver Widerstandselemente in einer Weise, die in technischen Applikationen nutzbar war, entwickelte sich ein Markt. In der Folge war es das ständige Wechselspiel zwischen Anforderungen aus neuen Applikationen und Märkten sowie den Fortschritten im Packaging und der Signalverarbeitung, welches den Fortschritt und die heute erreichte Verbreitung der piezoresistiven Sensorik in den Bereichen des täglichen Lebens, der Medizin, der Industrie, der Umwelttechnik sowie der Luft-und Raumfahrt bestimmte. Auf einige Aspekte des Packaging für den Einsatz piezoresistiver Drucksensorik abseits des zum Alltag gewordenen täglichen Gebrauchs wird in diesem Artikel eingegangen.
Nach mehr als 50 Jahren der Entwicklung piezoresistiver Aufnehmer konnten sich diese in allen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens etablieren und stellen insbesondere in der Anpassung an immer extremere Umgebungsbedingungen Ingenieure noch immer vor hochinteressante Aufgaben.
Characterization and Field‐Emission Properties of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanonails and Nanopencils Fabricated by a Modified Thermal‐Evaporation Process
Authors: Shen G. Z. , Bando Y. , Liu B. D. , Golberg D. , Lee C.‐J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractVertically aligned ZnO nanonails and nanopencils are synthesized on a silicon substrate using a modified thermal‐evaporation process, without using a catalyst or predeposited buffer layers. An adiabatic layer is used to provide an abrupt temperature decrease and high gas concentration for the nanostructures growth. The structure and morphology of the as‐synthesized ZnO nanonails and nanopencils are characterized using X‐ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Raman and photoluminescence properties are also investigated at room temperature. Field‐emission characterization shows that the turn‐on fields for the vertically aligned ZnO nanonails and nanopencils are 7.9 and 7.2 V μm–1, respectively.
Illustration of genetic syndromes in the nursery
Authors: Macnab A.J. , Langlois S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractReading to children and storytelling has documented developmental benefits. Traditional Nursery Rhymes (Mother Goose tales in North America) encapsulate ‘snapshots’ of the people described and chronicle their customs, superstitions, and amusements. Art has long been employed to document the impact of human imperfections and diseases. We investigated whether illustrations accompanying nursery rhymes, suggest that any characters illustrated may have had or been based on recognized morphological abnormalities, and if this literature documents a role for grandmothers as storytellers. Archival materials were reviewed at the Victoria and Albert museum and Mary Evans picture library, and via the web. As early as 1695, Perrault included a frontispiece of a mature woman as storyteller in his book of fairytales. Similar scenes by various artists (Boilly, Cruikshank, Guy, Highmore, Maclise, Richter, and Smith) are found consistently from 1744 to 1908. Many illustrators (Aldin, Caldecott, Cruikshank, Doré, Dulac, Gale, Greenaway, Rackham, Tarrant, and Wood) portray infants, children, and adults who are dwarfed, giant, or whimsically grotesque. Many images certainly suggest genetic syndromes, and in some characters consistency of specific features is evident between artists. Our research confirms the wealth of children's nursery rhyme illustrations suggesting pathology; that an authoritative compilation of the morphologies depicted is lacking; and that historically, grandmothers have a central role as storytellers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: Review of genetics, prenatal diagnosis, and in utero treatment
Authors: Wilson R. Douglas , Hedrick Holly L. , Liechty Kenneth W. , Flake Alan W. , Johnson Mark P. , Bebbington Michael , Adzick N. Scott 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPrenatal identification of lung abnormalities has increased with prenatal surveillance. Treatment usually requires serial ultrasound observation but in rare situations in utero therapy may be required for fetal survival. We review the genetics, prenatal evaluation, and treatment of lung abnormalities with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). Other lung lesions, bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), hybrid lesions involving both malformations, congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), are briefly included as differential diagnosis options. Outcome of fetuses identified to have CCAM lung abnormalities resulting in fetal hydrops and having in utero therapy (thoracoamniotic shunting, fetal thoracotomy, EXIT delivery) are discussed. In the appropriate situation, this maternal fetal surgery approach for CCAM is life‐saving for the affected fetus with acceptable maternal morbidity risks in the present and future pregnancies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical variation of Aarskog syndrome in a large family with 2189delA in the FGD1 gene
Authors: Shalev Stavit A. , Chervinski Elana , Weiner Ehud , Mazor Galia , Friez Michael J. , Schwartz Charles E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe clinical diagnosis of ASS (Aarskog–Scott syndrome or Faciogenital Dysplasia) was made in seven individuals belonging to a large Arabic family, which was supported by molecular studies revealing a 2189delA mutation in exon 15 of the FDG1 gene. The affected individuals in this family demonstrated clinical variability particularly in their cognitive skills, raising the question whether other genetic factors might be involved in the phenotypic evolution of ASS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.