bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faly aux vazaha: Eugène Bastard, Taboo, and Mahafale Autarky in Southwest Madagascar, 1899
Authors: Kaufmann Jeffrey C. 
Published: May 2006

This paper examines a transformation in Mahafale relations with the French at the end of the nineteenth century. The study is based on an analysis of Eugène Bastard's published accounts of his travels among the northern Mahafale, a remnant of the Maroseraña dynasty, in 1899. Rather than disregard Bastard as a mere colonial propagandist, which he was in part, it is worth considering him as a potential source on Mahafale history and ethnography at the beginning of the colonial period. Of central interest is his account of transgressing an old taboo,faly aux vazaha, that had kept all Mahafale territories except the coastal “exterior” closed to Europeans for generations.Removing this idea of “tabooed white foreigners,” which Bastard thought would ease Mahafale submission to the French, was not as easy as he assumed. Each “headman” in the region, and there were many, could negotiate his own position toward this taboo. Moreover,faly aux vazahawas deeply rooted in the structure of Mahafale society, connected with group identity and an ideal of autarky or independence from others. Tampering with this taboo, this vehicle of resistance to external power, heaped new problems on the French. The more militant Mahafale responded with armed resistance, which continued until the French, using biological warfare, finally subdued the last pockets of resistance around 1930. Although Bastard oversimplified the meaning of this taboo and its removal, his reports show Mahafale actors struggling with a central part of their social structure during a turbulent historical period.
Herodotus on the Garamantes: A Problem in Protohistory
Authors: McCall Daniel F. 
Published: May 2006

The Garamantes first come to our notice with Herodotus' Survey of Libya. Hekataeus of Miletus traveled along the Libyan coast over half a century before Herodotus, but his work is preserved only in fragments. Hekataeus may have mentioned the Garamantes, but if so, that part of his work has not survived. TheHistoriesof Herodotus (iv.174) lists the “Garamantes” among the peoples of eastern Libya, giving to each a brief description; and iv.183 refers to them in another list, this one a sequence of stopping places on a desert trail which includes “the country of the Garamantes.”The earlier paragraph had fewer than half a dozen lines and the later one fewer than two dozen; not very much in total, but as Vansina has recently affirmed, the medievalist's axiom also applies to Africa: “the fewer the sources… the more they are treasured and scrutinized.”The intent of this paper is to attempt to determine how the two references, four paragraphs apart, are related to each other; and thereby to prepare the way to extract as much as we can learn from these two references about the Garamantes in the time of Herodotus, the fifth century BC.
The Moravian, Berlin, and Leipzig Mission Archives in Eastern Germany
Authors: Sunseri Thaddeus 
Published: May 2006

The reunification of the Germanies in 1990 has opened up research opportunities for historians of Africa. While research in East German archives was possible for Western scholars during the Cold War, conditions for research were not as easy or affordable as they currently are. Intent on obtaining foreign exchange, East German authorities channeled Western researchers to expensive hotels and limited the number of files a researcher could see in a day in order to prolong the process. Visas had to be obtained well in advance of research trips, and for prescribed durations, curtailing the flexibility one needed if archival materials proved to be especially rich. From the Western side, while the Federal Republic was generous in allocating funds for research in its archives (particularly through DAAD—German Academic Exchange Service—research grants), it prohibited use of those funds for research undertaken in East Germany. Today it is possible to use DAAD funds for travel and research throughout reunited Germany.While federal and state archives in eastern Germany offer valuable resources for researchers interested in the former German colonies, mission archives located in the East have not been widely used by historians of Africa. For the most part these have been content to use published mission histories and newspapers as their sources of information, neglecting diaries, station reports, and correspondence which offer more nuanced and detailed pictures of African life.
Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script
Authors: Tuchscherer Konrad , Hair† P.E.H. 
Published: May 2006

A cornerstone of the Western intellectual heritage is the fervent belief in the power of the written word to transform man and society. In this tradition, the existence of writing serves as a hallmark for civilization and a marker to separate history from prehistory. While a great deal of scholarly work has dispelled many myths about literacy, thus bridging “the great divide” between the written and the oral, our intellectual and emotional attachment to writing persists. This appears to be especially the case in reference to the origins of writing systems, many of the latter being claimed and reputed to have been “independently invented.” For those peoples most involved historically in such developments, the invention and use of original scripts are points of pride, and hence claims for the “authenticity” of the scripts, that is, for their invention and coming into use having been an entirely indigenous undertaking, are passionately guarded.Historians of writing, however, are cautious of claims for independent invention. From ancient to modern times, the history of the development of writing has been characterized by a balance between “independent invention” and “stimulus diffusion.” While epigraphers and paleographers attempt to unravel the inevitably obscure origins of certain ancient scriptspossiblydevised in environments free from external influence, no script devised in the last two thousand years is likely to have emerged totally independent of the stimulus of some diffused knowledge of the previous history of scripts—at the very least, the mere idea of writing. Nonetheless, for many modern observers, any suggestion of an outside stimulus on the development of such scripts is considered virtual heresy, tantamount to an attack on the intellectual ability of the peoples who claim to have single-handedly devised the scripts.
Literate Ethnohistory in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi
Authors: Macola Giacomo 
Published: May 2006

Most precolonial African states were characterized by a manifest disparity of control between center and periphery. This was certainly true of the kingdom of Kazembe, founded as a result of the collapse of the Ruund colony on the Mukulweji River towards the end of the seventeenth century and the subsequent eastward migration of an heterogeneous group of “Lundaized” titleholders. A set of flexible institutions and symbols of power helped the rulers of the emerging kingdom to maintain a degree of influence over much of southern Katanga and the westernmost reaches of the plateau to the east of the Luapula river. But in the lower Luapula valley, the heartland of the polity from about the mid-eighteenth century, eastern Lunda rule impinged more profoundly on the prerogatives of autochthonous communities and hence called for the elaboration of legitimizing devices of a special kind. In this latter context, the production and diffusion of an account of the prestigious beginnings of the Mwata Kazembes dynasty, its early dealings with the original inhabitants of the area, and later evolution served the dual purpose of fostering a dominant and discrete Lunda identity and cementing the links of subordination between foreign conquerors and local lineage or sub-clan leaders. This paper is an extended commentary on Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi, a mid-twentieth century offshoot of this royal tradition and a fine example of vernacular “literate ethnohistory.”Nowadays, Ifikolwe Fyandi is first and foremost the “tribal bible” that shapes the ethnic consciousness of eastern Lunda royals and aristocrats and stifles the emergence of alternative historical discourses. Ifikolwe Fyandi, however, is more than yet another manifestation of the “ubiquity” of “feedback,” for its local hegemony is mirrored by its pervasiveness within the historiography of the eastern savanna of central Africa.
A Cupboard of Surprises: Working in the Archives of the Church of Uganda
Authors: Howell Caroline 
Published: May 2006

I spent a month in Uganda on a ‘fact-finding mission,’ attempting to ascertain the general potential of the archives there for my D. Phil research. I planned to work in the manuscripts section of Makerere University library and in the Uganda National Archives at Entebbe. In addition, since my interest was in church-state relations in the pre-independence period, I was particularly keen to discover what church or mission material might be accessible to me. I knew of no researcher who had used local church records in recent years, and certainly not for the decolonization era.Although I tried to secure institutional affiliation and research clearance prior to my departure (through MISR, the Makerere Institute of Social Research), I still had to climb a mountain of paperwork on arrival. At Makerere University itself, the library archives held some material of interest to me, such as an extensive newspaper collection, local church publications, some of the papers of the major political parties from the 1950s and 1960s, and a number of relevant research dissertations. Nevertheless, due to the prohibition of photocopying and a shutdown of at least two hours for lunch each day, working through it called on reserves of patience and negotiating skills that I did not realize I had!At the Uganda National Archives, Entebbe, although a number of detailed handlists existed for early twentieth-century papers, later material was far less readily accessible. Files from the 1940s, for instance, did not appear to be cataloged at all.
Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Galactose‐Derived Bicyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Mari Silvia , Cañada F. Javier , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Bernardi Anna , Marcou Gilles , Motto Ilaria , Velter Ingrid , Nicotra Francesco , La Ferla Barbara 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo novel galactose‐derived bicyclic acetamides were synthesized. The conformational behavior of these cyclic acetamides in aqueous solution was fully investigated. The NMR spectroscopic data suggests that the pyran ring interconverts between two (4C1, 1S3) or three (4C1, 1S3 and 1C4) conformations and molecular modelling studies allowed the structures’ geometries to be defined. Three different force fields were used (Amber*, MM3* and OPLSAA) and fitting procedures were employed to reproduce the experimental 3JH–H coupling constants and NOE contacts. Evaluation of the results established which of these three well‐known force fields were the most reliable in reproducing the experimental observations and should therefore be used for analogous design studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Vibrational spectra of three new diarsenates containing scandium(III)
Authors: Baran Enrique J. , Schwendtner Karolina , Kolitsch Uwe 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe powder Fourier transform (FT) infrared and Raman spectra of the new isotypic diarsenates RbScAs2O7, TlScAs2O7, and (NH4)ScAs2O7 are discussed with a factor group analysis, on the basis of their known structural characteristics. The spectroscopic behavior clearly reflects all the structural peculiarities and also confirms the rotational quenching of the NH4+ cation in (NH4) ScAs2O7. The crystal structure of TlScAs2O7 is also reported for the first time and is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid MR elastography using selective excitations
Authors: Glaser Kevin J. , Felmlee Joel P. , Ehman Richard L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRapid MR elastography (MRE) techniques using spatially‐selective excitations to reduce acquisition times to a few seconds or less were devised and tested. The techniques included reduced field of view (rFOV) MRE and 1D MRE (beam MRE) using 2D spatially selective RF excitations for gradient‐echo (GRE) applications and intersecting 90° and 180° slice‐selective excitations for spin‐echo (SE) applications. It was shown that scan times could be reduced by a factor of 8 using rFOV MRE, and by 64 using beam MRE, while still obtaining stiffness estimates comparable to full‐FOV MRE. Results were shown in gel phantom experiments as well as in the case of a preserved postmortem breast tissue specimen with a stiff lesion. These methods can be used to more rapidly interrogate regions of interest (ROIs) in tissue to quickly obtain information about the viscoelastic properties of that tissue. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary modal identification utilizing coupled shear–flexural response—implication for multistory buildings. Part I : Theory
Authors: Alimoradi Arzhang , Miranda Eduardo , Taghavi Shahram , Naeim Farzad 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA novel solution of dynamic response of multistory buildings is utilized in an evolutionary system identification algorithm for rapid and robust estimation of dynamic characteristics of instrumented building structures. The empirical characteristics obtained can be used for detection of possible seismic damage and for validating design assumptions with actual recorded structural response. Most structural identification procedures proposed to date only provide some estimates of the modal quantities from which inference to commencement of damage may not be trivial. In this proposed method, besides modal properties such as mode shapes and periods, an overall estimate of the participation of shear to flexural deformations in the lateral response of a building structure is examined. Therefore, any alteration in the mode of response between flexural and shear dominated can be monitored in a time‐varying fashion. The method is fully automated such that it can be used virtually without any delay in the aftermath of an urban earthquake. In a companion paper (Alimoradi and Naeim, 2006), the application of the proposed methodology and its capabilities are exhibited through numerous examples on building structures shaken by multiple earthquakes in their lives; many of them are amongst the most intensively studied instrumented building worldwide. The structural identification work presented here is a component of a comprehensive structural health‐monitoring system for instrumented building structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient Advice and Liaison Services: strengthening the voices of individual service users in health‐care organizations
Authors: Abbott Stephen , Meyer Julienne , Bentley Jane , Lanceley Anne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective  To explore the roles of Patient Advice and Liaison Services (PALS) in their interactions with service users.Context  Every National Health Service health‐care provider in England now has a PALS, which provides service users with information and help in resolving concerns and dissatisfactions with health care.Design  Longitudinal qualitative study, 2002–4. This paper draws on data from 27 semi‐structured interviews.Setting and participants  PALS personnel working in six case study PALS in London.Findings  PALS personnel adopt seven roles in order to support their clients in sorting out problems with health care: information provider; listener; messenger (passing on information from service users to staff); go‐between (passing information forward and back); supporter (helping service users to present their own views); mediator (when two or more parties are in dispute); resource mobilizer (when the support of senior staff or other agencies is necessary to resolve a problem).Conclusions  Though these are not new functions, PALS is a universal service which is better placed than front‐line health‐care staff to offer such support, and increases choice for service users looking for sources of information and advice.
The value of evidence about past abundance: marine fauna of the Gulf of California through the eyes of 16th to 19th century travellers
Authors: Sáenz‐Arroyo Andrea , Roberts Callum M. , Torre Jorge , Cariño‐Olvera Micheline , Hawkins Julie P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEyewitness accounts written by early travellers to ‘the new worlds’ provide valuable insights into how seascapes once looked. Although this kind of information has been widely used to chart human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, it has been greatly overlooked in the marine realm. Here we present a synthesis of 16th to 19th century travellers’ descriptions of the Gulf of California and its marine wildlife. The diaries written by conquerors, pirates, missionaries and naturalists described a place in which whales were ‘innumerable,’ turtles were ‘covering the sea’ and large fish were so abundant that they could be taken by hand. Beds of pearl oysters that are described had disappeared by 1940 and only historical documents reveal the existence of large, widespread, deep pearl oyster reefs, whose ecology and past functions we know little about. Disqualifying the testimonies of early visitors to a region as ‘anecdotal’ is dangerous; it may lead to setting inappropriate management targets that could lead to the extinction of species that are rare today but were once much more abundant. Moreover, it represents unfair historical judgement on the work of early natural historians, scholars and scientists. We suggest that the review and analytical synthesis of reports made by early travellers should become part of the pre‐requisites for deciding how to manage marine ecosystems today.
Type 2 diabetes and risk for periodontal disease: a role for dental health awareness
Authors: Jansson H. , Lindholm E. , Lindh C. , Groop L. , Bratthall G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground: Several studies have found correlations between diabetes and an increased prevalence of periodontitis.Objective: To analyse, in a group of subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), (i) the association between medical characteristics and severe periodontal disease and (ii) dental care habits and knowledge of oral health.Methods: One hundred and ninety‐one subjects with T2D were examined. Based on assessment of marginal bone height in panoramic radiographs, two periodontal subgroups were identified: one periodontally diseased (PD+) and one periodontally healthy (PD−) group. All subjects completed a questionnaire about their medical and oral health.Results: Twenty per cent of the subjects were classified as PD+. This was verified by clinical parameters. PD+ individuals had higher haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (p=0.033) and higher prevalences of cardiovascular complications (p=0.012). They were also less likely to be of Scandinavian origin (p=0.028) and more likely to smoke (p<0.001) than the PD‐ group.The PD+ group rated their oral health as poor (p<0.0001) and believed that T2D had an influence on their oral status (p<0.0001).Conclusion: The best predictor for severe periodontal disease in subjects with T2D is smoking followed by HbA1c levels. T2D subjects should be informed about the increased risk for periodontal disease when suffering from T2D.
Immigration Responses to Global Change in Asia: a Review
Authors: HUGO GRAEME J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere has been a parametric increase in the scale and complexity of global international migration in the last fifteen years. Asia has been prominent in this change with countries in the region being important sources and destinations of migrants. This paper summarises the main developments which are occurring in south‐north migration, student migration, forced migration, north‐north migration and international labour migration. In the transformation of international population movement in the region a most striking feature is the strong pattern of circularity in movement and the networks which are established between origin and destination. It is argued that several global changes have been instrumental in these changes. These include the three ‘Ds’: demography, development and democracy. It is shown that increasing gradients of difference between nations in the pattern of growth (or lack of it), in the workforce, in income and poverty levels and in patterns of governance, have been important drivers of the migration. Moreover they are likely to increase in their impact over the next two decades. In addition, the impact of global environmental change on migration is considered, as are the effects of proliferating social networks and the global migration industry.
Role of Nitrogen and Carbon Transport, Regulation, and Metabolism Genes for
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Survival In Vivo
Authors: Kingsbury Joanne M. , Goldstein Alan L. , McCusker John H. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is both an emerging opportunistic pathogen and a close relative of pathogenic
Candida
species. To better understand the ecology of fungal infection, we investigated the importance of pathways involved in uptake, metabolism, and biosynthesis of nitrogen and carbon compounds for survival of a clinical
S. cerevisiae
strain in a murine host. Potential nitrogen sources in vivo include ammonium, urea, and amino acids, while potential carbon sources include glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and fatty acids. Using mutants unable to either transport or utilize these compounds, we demonstrated that no individual nitrogen source was essential, while glucose was the most significant primary carbon source for yeast survival in vivo. Hydrolysis of the storage carbohydrate glycogen made a slight contribution for in vivo survival compared with a substantial requirement for trehalose hydrolysis. The ability to sense and respond to low glucose concentrations was also important for survival. In contrast, there was little or no requirement in vivo in this assay for any of the nitrogen-sensing pathways, nitrogen catabolite repression, the ammonium- or amino acid-sensing pathways, or general control. By using auxotrophic mutants, we found that some nitrogenous compounds (polyamines, methionine, and lysine) can be acquired from the host, while others (threonine, aromatic amino acids, isoleucine, and valine) must be synthesized by the pathogen. Our studies provide insights into the yeast-host environment interaction and identify potential antifungal drug targets.
The Cambridge Triumvirate and the Acceptance of New Testament Higher Criticism in Britain 1850–1900
Authors: Treloar Geoffrey R. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTBy 1900 the higher critical method of studying the New Testament, once fiercely resisted, had become an acceptable activity for the staff of the ancient universities and representatives of the churches in Britain. Making use of the heuristic and analytical tools furnished by Randall Collins'sThe Sociology of Philosophies, this paper seeks to explain the role of the ‘Cambridge Triumvirate’ of Lightfoot, Westcott and Hort, conceived as a distinct group operating at the centre of a wider intellectual network, to this change. It argues that social process as much as individual and collective achievement furnishes an historical explanation of their contribution to the acceptance of New Testament higher criticism in Britain.
Preparation of Montmorillonite-Organic Intercalation Compounds by Solid-Solid Reactions
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Montmorillonite-organic intercalation compounds were prepared by solid-solid reactions using acrylamide, methacrylamide, and urea as the guest organic molecules. It took only a few minutes to complete the reaction even when dried montmorillonite was used.