bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Epidemiologic Comparison of High School and College Wrestling Injuries
Authors: Yard Ellen E. , Collins Christy L. , Dick Randall W. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: October 2007

Background Wrestling holds worldwide popularity, and large numbers of United States high school and college males participate. However, the sport's arduous nature results in high injury rates. Hypothesis Wrestling injury rates and patterns will differ between high school and college practice and match exposures. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Wrestling-related injury data were collected during the 2005–2006 academic year from 74 nationally representative high schools via High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) and from 15 Division I, II, and III colleges via the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System. Results Certified athletic trainers reported 387 injuries among participating high school wrestlers during 166 279 athlete-exposures, for an injury rate of 2.33 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. Nationally, high school wrestlers sustained an estimated 99 676 injuries and 8741 skin infections during the 2005–2006 season. In college, 258 injuries occurred among participating wrestlers during 35 599 athlete-exposures, for an injury rate of 7.25 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. The injury rate per 1000 athlete-exposures was higher in college than high school (rate ratio [RR] = 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.66–3.64) and was higher in matches than in practice in high school (RR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.73–2.59) and college (RR = 5.07, 95% CI: 3.96–6.50). Diagnoses in greater proportions of college wrestlers included lacerations (injury proportion ratio [IPR] = 5.98, 95% CI: 2.27–15.74) and cartilage injuries (IPR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.26–5.74). Body parts injured in greater proportions of high school wrestlers included elbow (IPR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.66–9.14) and hand (IPR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.21–5.54). Almost half of all injured high school (44.9%) and college (42.6%) wrestlers resumed wrestling within <1 week. Skin infections represented 8.5% and 20.9% of all reported high school and college events, respectively, and frequently affected the head/face/neck (50.0%). Conclusions Rates and patterns of wrestling injury differ between high school and college and between practice and matches.
Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy of History and Physical Examination for Diagnosing Glenoid Labral Tears
Authors: Walsworth Matthew K. , Doukas William C. , Murphy Kevin P. , Mielcarek Billie J. , Michener Lori A. 
Published: October 2007

Background Glenoid labral tears provide a diagnostic challenge. Hypothesis Combinations of items in the patient history and physical examination will provide stronger diagnostic accuracy to suggest the presence or absence of glenoid labral tear than will individual items. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods History and examination findings in patients with shoulder pain (N = 55) were compared with arthroscopic findings to determine diagnostic accuracy and intertester reliability. Results The intertester reliability of the crank, anterior slide, and active compression tests was 0.20 to 0.24. A combined history of popping or catching and positive crank or anterior slide results yielded specificities of 0.91 and 1.00 and positive likelihood ratios of 3.0 and infinity, respectively. A positive anterior slide result combined with either a positive active compression or crank result yielded specificities of 0.91 and positive likelihood ratio of 2.75 and 3.75, respectively. Requiring only a single positive finding in the combination of popping or catching and the anterior slide or crank yielded sensitivities of 0.82 and 0.89 and negative likelihood ratios of 0.31 and 0.33, respectively. Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of individual tests in previous studies is quite variable, which may be explained in part by the modest reliability of these tests. The combination of popping or catching with a positive crank or anterior slide result or a positive anterior slide result with a positive active compression or crank test result suggests the presence of a labral tear. The combined absence of popping or catching and a negative anterior slide or crank result suggests the absence of a labral tear.
Injuries in Young Elite Female Soccer Players
Authors: Le Gall Franck , Carling Christopher , Reilly Thomas 
Published: October 2007

Background Epidemiologic data on injuries in young female soccer players at elite levels are scarce. Purpose The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of soccer-related injuries in young elite female French players. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Injuries sustained by players between 15 and 19 years of age, during 8 seasons, were diagnosed and documented by a sports physician according to type, location, severity, the date the injury occurred, and playing position. Results Altogether 619 injuries were documented for 110 players (92.4%). Of these injuries, 64.6% (4.6/1000 training hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2–5.0) and 35.4% (22.4/1000 match hours; 95% CI, 19.4–25.4) were sustained during training and matches, respectively. The risk of injury was greater in the youngest (under age 15) group compared with the oldest (under 19) group (relative risk 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.3). Traumatic injuries amounted to 536 (86.4%) and 83 (13.4%) were overuse injuries. There were 51.9% minor injuries, 35.7% moderate injuries, and 12.4% major injuries. Most injuries were located at the lower extremities (83.4%), with the majority affecting the ankle (n = 157). The most commonly diagnosed injury was ankle sprain (16.8%). Twelve anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were sustained, with the majority occurring during matches (n = 10; 1.0/1000 match hours; 95% CI, 0.4–1.6). Reinjuries accounted for 4.4% of total injuries, and September was the predominant month for injury (14.2%). Conclusions The results, when compared with those of other investigations on female soccer players, revealed high rates of both traumatic injury and match injury, whereas recurrence of injury was low. Injuries, notably sprains, to the ankle were common, suggesting a need for the implementation of specific injury prevention strategies for this joint.
Early Motion after Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Repairs
Authors: West Jesse L. , Keene James S. , Kaplan Lee D. 
Published: October 2007

Background Complications of immobilization after quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs include decreased patellar mobility, limited flexion, persistent pain, muscle weakness, and patella baja. In contrast, early motion limits muscle atrophy, accelerates tendon healing, and prevents joint stiffness. Hypothesis Quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs protected with a “relaxing suture” are strong enough to safely permit early motion, full weightbearing, and brace-free ambulation. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty quadriceps and 30 patellar tendon ruptures were treated with a primary repair augmented with a single No. 5 Ethibond suture, a postoperative regimen of controlled motion and full weightbearing at 7 to 10 days, and brace-free ambulation at 6 weeks after surgery. At a minimum follow-up of 12 months, results of surgery were assessed with the Lysholm knee rating system. Results Six weeks after surgery, 120° of flexion and brace-free ambulation were the goals and were achieved at a mean of 7.2 and 7.7 weeks, respectively. By 6 months, all patients reached their preinjury levels of activity (eg, basketball, Softball, Rocky Mountain tour guide), 40 had full active extension, and 10 lacked 3° to 10° of active extension. There were no postoperative complications. At a mean follow-up of 4 years (range, 1–12 years), the Lysholm scores averaged 92 points (range, 84–100 points), and there were 35 excellent, 15 good, and no fair or poor results. Conclusion Quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs protected by a relaxing suture were strong enough to safely permit early motion, weightbearing, and brace-free ambulation while producing good and excellent results.
Patterns of intron gain and conservation in eukaryotic genes
Authors: Carmel Liran , Rogozin Igor B , Wolf Yuri I , Koonin Eugene V 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground:The presence of introns in protein-coding genes is a universal feature of eukaryotic genome organization, and the genes of multicellular eukaryotes, typically, contain multiple introns, a substantial fraction of which share position in distant taxa, such as plants and animals. Depending on the methods and data sets used, researchers have reached opposite conclusions on the causes of the high fraction of shared introns in orthologous genes from distant eukaryotes. Some studies conclude that shared intron positions reflect, almost entirely, a remarkable evolutionary conservation, whereas others attribute it to parallel gain of introns. To resolve these contradictions, it is crucial to analyze the evolution of introns by using a model that minimally relies on arbitrary assumptions.Results:We developed a probabilistic model of evolution that allows for variability of intron gain and loss rates over branches of the phylogenetic tree, individual genes, and individual sites. Applying this model to an extended set of conserved eukaryotic genes, we find that parallel gain, on average, accounts for only ~8% of the shared intron positions. However, the distribution of parallel gains over the phylogenetic tree of eukaryotes is highly non-uniform. There are, practically, no parallel gains in closely related lineages, whereas for distant lineages, such as animals and plants, parallel gains appear to contribute up to 20% of the shared intron positions. In accord with these findings, we estimated that ancestral introns have a high probability to be retained in extant genomes, and conversely, that a substantial fraction of extant introns have retained their positions since the early stages of eukaryotic evolution. In addition, the density of sites that are available for intron insertion is estimated to be, approximately, one in seven basepairs.Conclusion:We obtained robust estimates of the contribution of parallel gain to the observed sharing of intron positions between eukaryotic species separated by different evolutionary distances. The results indicate that, although the contribution of parallel gains varies across the phylogenetic tree, the high level of intron position sharing is due, primarily, to evolutionary conservation. Accordingly, numerous introns appear to persist in the same position over hundreds of millions of years of evolution. This is compatible with recent observations of a negative correlation between the rate of intron gain and coding sequence evolution rate of a gene, suggesting that at least some of the introns are functionally relevant.
Global comparative analysis of ESTs from the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Authors: Wang Minghua , Guerrero Felix D , Pertea Geo , Nene Vishvanath M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is an economically important parasite of cattle and can transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to its cattle host during the feeding process. Understanding the biology and genomics of R. microplus is critical to developing novel methods for controlling these ticks.

Results
We present a global comparative genomic analysis of a gene index of R. microplus comprised of 13,643 unique transcripts assembled from 42,512 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), a significant fraction of the complement of R. microplus genes. The source material for these ESTs consisted of polyA RNA from various tissues, lifestages, and strains of R. microplus, including larvae exposed to heat, cold, host odor, and acaricide. Functional annotation using RPS-Blast analysis identified conserved protein domains in the conceptually translated gene index and assigned GO terms to those database transcripts which had informative BlastX hits. Blast Score Ratio and SimiTri analysis compared the conceptual transcriptome of the R. microplus database to other eukaryotic proteomes and EST databases, including those from 3 ticks. The most abundant protein domains in BmiGI were also analyzed by SimiTri methodology.

Conclusion
These results indicate that a large fraction of BmiGI entries have no homologs in other sequenced genomes. Analysis with the PartiGene annotation pipeline showed 64% of the members of BmiGI could not be assigned GO annotation, thus minimal information is available about a significant fraction of the tick genome. This highlights the important insights in tick biology which are likely to result from a tick genome sequencing project. Global comparative analysis identified some tick genes with unexpected phylogenetic relationships which detailed analysis attributed to gene losses in some members of the animal kingdom. Some tick genes were identified which had close orthologues to mammalian genes. Members of this group would likely be poor choices as targets for development of novel tick control technology.
Synthetic xylan-binding modules for mapping of pulp fibres and wood sections
Authors: Filonova Lada , Gunnarsson Lavinia Cicortas , Daniel Geoffrey , Ohlin Mats 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
The complex carbohydrate composition of natural and refined plant material is not known in detail but a matter that is of both basic and applied importance. Qualitative assessment of complex samples like plant and wood tissues requires the availability of a range of specific probes. Monoclonal antibodies and naturally existing carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) have been used in the past to assess the presence of certain carbohydrates in plant tissues. However, the number of natural CBMs is limited and development of carbohydrate-specific antibodies is not always straightforward. We envisage the use of sets of very similar proteins specific for defined targets, like those developed by molecular evolution of a single CBM scaffold, as a suitable strategy to assess carbohydrate composition. An advantage of using synthetic CBMs lies in the possibility to study fine details of carbohydrate composition within non-uniform substrates like plant cell walls as made possible through minor differences in CBM specificity of the variety of binders that can be developed by genetic engineering.

Results
A panel of synthetic xylan-binding CBMs, previously selected from a molecular library based on the scaffold of CBM4-2 from xylanase Xyn10A of Rhodothermus marinus, was used in this study. The wild type CBM4-2 and evolved modules both showed binding to wood sections. However, differences were observed in the staining patterns suggesting that these modules have different xylan-binding properties. Also the staining stability varied between the CBMs, the most stable staining being obtained with one (X-2) of the synthetic modules. Treatment of wood materials resulted in altered signal intensities, thereby also demonstrating the potential application of engineered CBMs as analytical tools for quality assessment of diverse plant material processes.

Conclusion
In this study we have demonstrated the usefulness of synthetic xylan-binding modules as specific probes in analysis of hemicelluloses (xylan) in wood and fibre materials.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat (PXD101) suppresses bladder cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Buckley Michael T , Yoon Joanne , Yee Herman , Chiriboga Luis , Liebes Leonard , Ara Gulshan , Qian Xiaozhong , Bajorin Dean F , Sun Tung-Tien , Wu Xue-Ru , Osman Iman 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
Treatment options for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer are limited, necessitating aggressive exploration of new treatment strategies that effectively prevent recurrence and progression to invasive disease. We assessed the effects of belinostat (previously PXD101), a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, on a panel of human bladder cancer cell lines representing superficial and invasive disease, and on a transgenic mouse model of superficial bladder cancer.

Methods
Growth inhibition and cell cycle distribution effect of belinostat on 5637, T24, J82, and RT4 urothelial lines were assessed. Ha-ras transgenic mice with established superficial bladder cancer were randomized to receive either belinostat or vehicle alone, and assessed for bladder weight, hematuria, gene expression profiling, and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results
Belinostat had a significant linear dose-dependent growth inhibition on all cell lines (IC50 range of 1.0–10.0 μM). The 5637 cell line, which was derived from a superficial papillary tumor, was the most sensitive to treatment. Belinostat (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 5 days each week for 3 weeks) treated mice had less bladder weight (p < 0.05), and no hematuria compared with 6/10 control mice that developed at least one episode. IHC of bladder tumors showed less cell proliferation and a higher expression of p21WAF1 in the belinostat-treated mice. Gene expression profile analysis revealed 56 genes significantly different in the treated group; these included the upregulation of p21WAF1, induction of core histone deacetylase (HDAC), and cell communication genes.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrate that belinostat inhibits bladder cancer and supports the clinical evaluation of belinostat for the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer.
Clicked Interlocked Molecules
Authors: Aprahamian Ivan , Miljanic Ognjen Š , Dichtel William R , Isoda Kyosuke , Yasuda Takuma , Kato Takashi , Stoddart J Fraser 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The CuI-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, popularized as “click chemistry,” is one of the latest acquisitions to the synthetic arsenal for the making of mechanically interlocked molecular compounds. The high efficiency and functional group tolerance of “click chemistry” allows this reaction to be employed at the stoppering step in the “threading-followed-by-stoppering” sequence that produces rotaxanes, and in the macrocyclization step that affords catenanes. The use of this kind of “click chemistry” alleviates some of the drawbacks associated with previous approaches to the template-directed synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecular compounds—approaches such as “clipping;”—and opens up the way to more exotic mechanically interlocked molecules. Employing this new approach, [2]-, [3]-, and [4]rotaxanes and [2]catenanes have all been prepared in a convergent and efficient manner. Their template-directed synthesis relies, in the beginning, on the formation of [n]pseudorotaxanes, which can either (i) be stoppered, affording [n]rotaxanes, or (ii) induced to undergo an intramolecular cyclization, affording [2]catenanes. This new synthetic approach has also been employed in the template-directed synthesis of a self-complexing system as well as a two-station, degenerate [2]rotaxane (molecular shuttle) which was used to measure the energy barrier (15 kcal mol−1) to shuttling by a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring between two identical 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) stations across a 1,2,3-triazole unit. It has also been found that the CuI-salt, employed in the click reaction between an azide and an alkyne, can act as both a catalyst and a template in the formation of [2]rotaxanes. The “click” approach has also been used in the formation of a bistable [2]rotaxane containing a DNP station and a tetrathiafulvalene one. Electrochemical experiments performed on this compound indicate that the presence of the triazole unit does not influence the kinetics or thermodynamics of the redox-controlled switching process. Finally, the synthesis of a liquid-crystalline bistable [2]rotaxane, which shows smectic A phase behavior over a wide range of temperatures, is described.
Theoretical Study on the Kinetic and Mechanism of H+HO2 Reaction
Authors: Mousavipour Seyed Hosein , Saheb Vahid 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of reaction of a hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) with a hydrogen atom on both singlet and triplet surfaces were studied by employing DFT, CCSD, and G3 methods along with the Aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. MC-SCF and CCD methods were used to explore potential energy surfaces. Major end products from different channels were H2O+O, H2+O2, and OH. Formation of chemically activated hydrogen peroxide HOOH was the most exothermic path in this system that dissociates to the ground state OH(2Π) radicals. Another energized transient species was water oxide H2OO, which has local minimum on the singlet potential-energy surface. The energized water oxide rapidly isomerized to hydrogen peroxide HOOH or dissociated to H2O + O(1D). Transition state theory and RRKM theory were used to calculate the rate constants for different channels.
Phase Separation of Aqueous Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Solutions Induced by the Photon Pressure of a Focused Near-Infrared Laser Beam
Authors: Tsuboi Yasuyuki , Nishino Masayuki , Matsuo Yasutaka , Ijiro Kuniharu , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We demonstrate that phase separation of an aqueous poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) solution can be triggered not only by a temperature change but also by photon pressure. A near-infrared continuous wave laser beam (λ=1064 nm) was focused through an objective lens into a heavy water (D2O) solution of PVME. A single PVME microparticle was produced and trapped at the focal point of the laser beam within several hundreds of seconds after switching on the laser. The origin of the microparticle formation (phase separation) is ascribed essentially to the photon force of the laser beam, and not to a rise in the local temperature, since heavy water is transparent at 1064 nm. The structures of the PVME microparticles produced by laser irradiation were studied in detail using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Raman spectra of the microparticles and coiled/globular PVME were observed successfully over a wide wavenumber region. It was confirmed that the phase transition of the polymer chains from coiled to globular states proceeded during microparticle formation. The fundamental mechanism of photo-induced phase separation of PVME is discussed in terms of the interactions between the polymer and the photon force.
Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and pH on the Group-Inclusion Equilibrium in Water Soluble Calixarenes
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Negi Mieko , Kotake Yashige 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated, for the first time, that guest probes having more than one bulky group could produce a pair of bidirectional inclusion complexes with water soluble calixarene (Chem. Lett.2006, 35, 772). The use of unique free radical probes and electron spin resonance has made this finding possible. In this report, we investigated thermodynamic and pH-dependent properties of the group-inclusion complex formation, i.e., the effects of temperature, pressure and the medium pH on group inclusion by p-sulfonatocalixarenes were determined. Temperature-dependence study indicated that enthalpy portions in ΔG play dominant roles in the group-in complexation. Pressure dependence experiments allowed us to calculate the reaction volumes, i.e., intrinsic volume changes related to inclusion into the calixarene cavity, which ranged from −5.1 to −16.3 cm3 mol−1. Data on pH dependence clarified the role of oxyanions in the entrant group of calixarenes. It should be emphasized that pressure-dependent study provided unique information on the structure of the group-inclusion complex.