bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Each Should Tend His Own Garden": Anna Bijns and the Catholic Polemic against the Reformation
Authors: Pollmann Judith 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe schoolmistress and best-selling poet Anna Bijns was one of the few laypeople in the sixteenth-century Netherlands who was prepared publicly to fight for the Catholic cause. This article contends that Bijns's work, exceptional as it was, reflects a "moral" understanding of the problem of heresy that was not unique to her, but that exemplified the way in which many clerics responded to the threat of Protestantism. They equated heresy with sin, and argued that this required a penitential response from all in society. Yet by contending that each "order" in society was best left to fight its own sins, and that "each should tend his own garden" their arguments also created the impression that heresy was first and foremost a clerical problem. This may help explain the "passive" way in which Catholics in the Netherlands, as well as in many other parts of Northwestern Europe, responded to the Reformation.
Modeling the effect of levothyroxine therapy on bone mass density in postmenopausal women: a different approach leads to new inference
Authors: Mohammadi Babak , Haghpanah Vahid , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Larijani Bagher 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of osteoporosis is a national health emergency. Osteoporosis quietly progresses without symptoms until late stage complications occur. Older patients are more commonly at risk of fractures due to osteoporosis. The fracture risk increases when suppressive doses of levothyroxine are administered especially in postmenopausal women. The question is; "When should bone mass density be tested in postmenopausal women after the initiation of suppressive levothyroxine therapy?". Standard guidelines for the prevention of osteoporosis suggest that follow-up be done in 1 to 2 years. We were interested in predicting the level of bone mass density in postmenopausal women after the initiation of suppressive levothyroxine therapy with a novel approach.

Methods
The study used data from the literature on the influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on bone mass density. Four cubic polynomial equations were obtained by curve fitting for Ward's triangle, trochanter, spine and femoral neck. The behaviors of the models were investigated by statistical and mathematical analyses.

Results
There are four points of inflexion on the graphs of the first derivatives of the equations with respect to time at about 6, 5, 7 and 5 months. In other words, there is a maximum speed of bone loss around the 6th month after the start of suppressive L-thyroxine therapy in post-menopausal women.

Conclusion
It seems reasonable to check bone mass density at the 6th month of therapy. More research is needed to explain the cause and to confirm the clinical application of this phenomenon for osteoporosis, but such an approach can be used as a guide to future experimentation. The investigation of change over time may lead to more sophisticated decision making in a wide variety of clinical problems.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of AMG 706, an Oral Multikinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Rosen Lee S. , Kurzrock Razelle , Mulay Marilyn , Van Vugt Andy , Purdom Michelle , Ng Chaan , Silverman Jeffrey , Koutsoukos Antonis , Sun Yu-Nien , Bass Michael B. , Xu Ren Y. , Polverino Anthony , Wiezorek Jeffrey S. , Chang David D. , Benjamin Robert , Herbst Roy S. 
Published: June 2007

Purpose AMG 706 is an investigational, orally bioavailable inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and stem-cell factor receptor. This phase I, dose-finding study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of AMG 706 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods AMG 706 was administered at escalating doses of 50 to 175 mg once daily or 25 mg bid for the first 21 days of a 28-day cycle. The 125-mg once-daily dose was also administered continuously. The maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, tumor response, and serum levels of proangiogenic markers were determined. Results Seventy-one patients received AMG 706. The MTD was 125 mg once daily administered continuously. The most frequent adverse events were fatigue (55%), diarrhea (51%), nausea (44%), and hypertension (42%). Plasma AMG 706 concentrations increased in a dose-proportional manner with no accumulation after multiple doses. Five patients (7%) had a partial response, 35 patients (49%) had stable disease (at least through day 50), and 31 patients (44%) had progressive disease. Changes in tumor size correlated significantly with an increase in placental growth factor (P = .003) and a decrease in soluble kinase domain receptor (P = .001). Conclusion In this study of patients with advanced refractory solid tumors, AMG 706 was well tolerated and displayed favorable pharmacokinetics and evidence of antitumor activity. Additional studies of AMG 706 as monotherapy and in combination with various agents are ongoing.
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Print Materials and Step Pedometers on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Vallance Jeffrey K.H. , Courneya Kerry S. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Yasui Yutaka , Mackey John R. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo determine the effects of breast cancer–specific print materials and step pedometers on physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer survivors.Patients and MethodsBreast cancer survivors (N = 377) were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: a standard public health recommendation for PA, previously developed breast cancer–specific PA print materials, a step pedometer, or a combination of breast cancer–specific print materials and step pedometers. The primary outcome was self-reported moderate/vigorous PA minutes per week. Secondary outcomes were QoL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Breast), fatigue, self-reported brisk walking, and objective step counts. Assessments were conducted at baseline and postintervention (12 weeks).ResultsAttrition was 10.3% (39 of 377). On the basis of linear mixed-model analyses, PA increased by 30 minutes/week in the standard recommendation group compared with 70 minutes/week in the print material group (mean difference, 39 minutes/week; 95% CI = −10 to 89; d = 0.25; P = .117), 89 minutes/week in the pedometer group (mean difference, 59 minutes/week; 95% CI, 11 to 108; d = 0.38; P = .017), and 87 minutes/week in the combined group (mean difference, 57 minutes/week; 95% CI, 8 to 106; d = 0.37; P = .022). For brisk walking minutes/week, all three intervention groups reported significantly greater increases than the standard recommendation group. The combined group also reported significantly improved QoL (mean difference, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 9.6; d = 0.33; P = .003) and reduced fatigue (mean difference, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.0 to 4.7; d = 0.25; P = .052) compared with the standard recommendation group.ConclusionBreast cancer–specific PA print materials and pedometers may be effective strategies for increasing PA and QoL in breast cancer survivors. A combined approach appears to be optimal.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00221221
Understanding Parents’ Approaches to Care and Treatment of Children With Cancer When Standard Therapy Has Failed
Authors: Bluebond-Langner Myra , Belasco Jean Bello , Goldman Ann , Belasco Carmen 
Published: June 2007

Purpose To examine US and United Kingdom (UK) parents’ approaches to care and treatment when standard therapy has failed and consider implications for clinical practice. Methods We conducted a prospective, ethnographic study of parents, patients, and staff, including participant-observation; open-ended, semistructured interviews; and review of medical records at a US and UK pediatric oncology center. Thirty-four children (n = 17 US, 17 UK), whose disease had recurred with less than 30% chance of cure, were enrolled between March 2001 and June 2002 and followed until death (n = 11 US, 14 UK) or close of study in December 2005 (n = 6 US, 3 UK). Results There were no major differences between parents’ approaches in the US and UK despite differences in health care systems, institutions, and parents’ religion or ethnicity. All parents continued to have or request meetings with the oncologist and investigative procedures. No parent initiated discontinuation of cancer- or symptom-directed interventions. In 28 of 34 cases (13 US, 15 UK), parents continued to pursue cancer-directed therapies; in 16 of 28 cases (seven US, nine UK), parents initiated inquires beyond what was offered. Conclusion Understanding parents’ behavior requires attention to the reason and emotion they bring to decision making and their children's care, their unique responsibilities as parents, and what they learn throughout the illness. Parents do not see cancer-directed therapy and symptom-directed care as mutually exclusive, alternative approaches. Parents will not be constrained by what the oncologist offers. Physicians and parents discuss and negotiate care and treatment throughout the illness. Our findings suggest developing integrative care models incorporating cancer-directed, symptom-directed, and supportive care throughout the illness; they are most consistent with parents’ approaches and advances in pediatric oncology.
Referral Patterns, Treatment Choices, and Outcomes in Locoregional Esophageal Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis of Elderly Patients
Authors: Steyerberg Ewout W. , Neville Bridget , Weeks Jane C. , Earle Craig C. 
Published: June 2007

Purpose To determine the impact of demographics and comorbidity on access to specialists' services, treatment, and outcome for patients with locoregional esophageal cancer. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 3,538 patients older than age 65 years who were diagnosed with locoregional esophageal cancer between 1991 and 1999 in one of 11 regions monitored by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor program. We examined linked Medicare claims for assessment by a surgeon, radiation oncologist, or medical oncologist and subsequent treatment with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Logistic regression analyses were performed for seeing a specialist and for undergoing treatment according to age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and presence of comorbidities. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for survival with and without adjustment for treatment received. Results Seeing a cancer specialist depended especially on age and region of diagnosis. These same factors were also related to subsequent treatment decisions, but associations were reversed in some regions, such that treatment depended less on region. Older patients had poorer survival (HR = 2.0 for 85+ v 65 to 69 years), which was partly explained by treatment received (HR decreased to 1.5 when adjusted for treatment). Conclusion Older patients have less intensive treatment of esophageal cancer, which is explained by both a lower rate of seeing a cancer specialist and by less intensive treatment once seen. Referring physicians and treating specialists must ensure that elderly patients are not deprived of the opportunity to consider all of their treatment options.
Cost Effectiveness of Adjuvant Interferon in Node-Positive Melanoma
Authors: Cormier Janice N. , Xing Yan , Ding Meichun , Cantor Scott B. , Salter Kristi J. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Mansfield Paul F. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Ross Merrick I. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo assess the benefits of adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa (HDI) treatment for patients with high-risk melanoma.MethodsWe designed a decision-analytic probabilistic Markov model to simulate the natural history of patients with stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC melanoma and evaluate the outcomes with and without HDI treatment. Outcomes were in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Probability estimates and costs were derived from primary patient level data, while the efficacy of HDI and associated utilities were determined from published reports. The base-case analysis was a cohort of 50-year-old patients.ResultsHDI increased the median life expectancy in patients with stage III melanoma from 3.75 years in the observation cohort to 4.42 years in the HDI cohort. The difference in QALYs ranged from 0.31 years for stage IIIA patients to 0.60 years for stage IIIC patients treated with HDI. HDI was cost effective in patients with stage IIIB and IIIC melanoma, with ICERs of $95,304 and $76,068 per QALY gained, respectively. Using a threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained, HDI was cost effective for all stage III patients younger than 52 years. HDI was not cost effective for patients with stage IIIA disease and for subsets of patients older than 63 years with stage IIIB disease.ConclusionOur model demonstrates that the probability of HDI being cost effective varies substantially by melanoma substage. HDI showed the greatest benefit in terms of QALYs and was most cost effective in patients younger than 60 years with stage IIIC disease.
Enrollment in High-Deductible Health Plans and Incident Diabetes Complications
Authors: McCoy Rozalina G. , Swarna Kavya S. , Jiang David H. , Van Houten Holly K. , Chen Jie , Davis Esa M. , Herrin Jeph 
Published: March 2024

ImportancePreventing diabetes complications requires monitoring and control of hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors. Switching to high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) has been shown to hinder aspects of diabetes care; however, the association of HDHP enrollment with microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications is unknown.ObjectiveTo examine the association between an employer-required switch to an HDHP and incident complications of diabetes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used deidentified administrative claims data for US adults with diabetes enrolled in employer-sponsored health plans between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019. Data analysis was performed from May 26, 2022, to January 2, 2024.ExposuresAdults with a baseline year of non-HDHP enrollment who had to switch to an HDHP because their employer offered no non-HDHP alternative in that year were compared with adults who were continuously enrolled in a non-HDHP.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMixed-effects logistic regression models examined the association between switching to an HDHP and, individually, the odds of myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, lower-extremity complication, end-stage kidney disease, proliferative retinopathy, treatment for retinopathy, and blindness. Models were adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and medications, with inverse propensity score weighting used to account for potential selection bias.ResultsThe study included 42 326 adults who switched to an HDHP (mean [SD] age, 52 [10] years; 19 752 [46.7%] female) and 202 729 adults who did not switch (mean [SD] age, 53 [10] years; 89 828 [44.3%] female). Those who switched to an HDHP had greater odds of experiencing all diabetes complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16 for myocardial infarction; OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09-1.21 for stroke; OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.30-1.41 for hospitalization for heart failure; OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 2.38-2.70 for end-stage kidney disease; OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 2.17-2.29 for lower-extremity complication; OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.21 for proliferative retinopathy; OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 2.18-2.54 for blindness; and OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 2.15-2.41 for retinopathy treatment).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that an employer-driven switch to an HDHP was associated with increased odds of experiencing all diabetes complications. These findings reinforce the potential harm associated with HDHPs for people with diabetes and the importance of affordable and accessible chronic disease management, which is hindered by high out-of-pocket costs incurred by HDHPs.
The Cloke–Wilson Rearrangement
Authors: Reyes Efraím , Prieto Liher , Manzano Rubén , Carrillo Luisa , Uria Uxue , Vicario Jose L. 
Published: March 2024

The Cloke–Wilson rearrangement is a reaction that converts cyclopropanes bearing a carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, or imino group into dihydrofurans, dihydrothiophenes, or dihydropyrroles, respectively, in a transformation that is generally driven by the release of ring strain leading to the formation of significantly less‐strained five‐membered heterocyclic compounds. Although the Cloke–Wilson rearrangement has typically been carried out through thermal activation of the substrate (and very often requires harsh reaction conditions), more recent research has shown that this reaction can also be carried out using Brønsted acids, Lewis acids, Lewis bases, or organometallic complexes as catalysts or promoters. These advances have contributed to broadening the functional‐group tolerance of this transformation, and have allowed the Cloke–Wilson rearrangement to be used in the synthesis of densely functionalized heterocyclic scaffolds.
This chapter covers all the examples reported in the literature in which a Cloke–Wilson rearrangement has been observed, including the standard reaction that involves formyl‐ or acyl‐substituted cyclopropanes that lead to dihydrofurans, and the heteroatom variants such as the aza‐ and sulfa‐Cloke–Wilson rearrangements. In addition, a detailed mechanistic explanation of the different general modes of substrate activation operating with each type of catalyst/promoter has also been included, together with representative examples of practical experimental protocols and some reports in which this reaction has been applied to total synthesis.
A Bodipy‐Based Aggregation‐Induced Emission Nanoagent for Sonodynamic Antibacterial Studies
Authors: Xu Yan , Tang Dongsheng , Li Leijiao , Li Xuan , Chang Qi , Xiao Haihua , Li Wenliang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) has demonstrated significant potential in addressing multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections due to its noninvasive nature and independence from antibiotics and light sources. However, the majority of current sonosensitizers exhibit aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), leading to low reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency. Herein, a novel nonplanar structured sonodynamic (4,4‐difluoro‐4‐boron‐3a,4‐diaza‐indandiene) BODIPY derivative, BODN, with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties, and rapid generation of substantial ROS by ultrasound is introduced. The BODN is co‐assembled with the commercial amphiphilic polymer, mDSPE‐PEG2000, forming BODN nanoparticles (BODN‐NP). Under ultrasound conditions, BODN‐NP demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity and improves the inflammatory response to promote healing wounds infected by both Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This work expands the use of AIE sonodynamic materials in antimicrobial therapy and provides new perspectives for innovative solutions against multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections.
Synergistic Inter‐ and Intramolecular Aggregation of Dimeric Cyanine Dyes Affords Highly Efficient In Vivo Self‐Delivery and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Hou Yanxian , Li Jianwei , Jiang Guanyu , Xia Tianping , Li Zipeng , Gu Hua , Liu Xiaogang , Yao Qichao , Zhang Changyu , Liu Wenkai , Du Jianjun , Sun Wen , Fan Jiangli , Peng Xiaojun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAdvancing photothermal therapy hinges on developing PTAs with robust in vivo delivery and therapeutic efficacy. However, effective molecular design approaches for high‐performance PTAs remain lacking. Herein a strategic design of dimeric heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) molecules is presented, covalently linked via ortho/meta/para‐phenyldithiol. These designs facilitate spontaneous nanoparticle assembly in water, attributed to efficient intermolecular aggregation, enhancing in vivo delivery. Additionally, aggregation between intramolecular Cy7 units promotes superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 74.1% for meta‐dimer. Remarkably, the para‐dimer variant not only achieves a high PCE of 61.1% but also exhibits the most effective pharmacokinetic profile, leading to unparalleled anticancer efficacy in vivo. This dual aggregation strategy, leveraging both inter‐ and intramolecular dynamics, equips dimeric Cy7 with superior self‐delivery and photothermal efficacy, offering a promising approach for the next generation of photothermal therapeutics.
Functional Liquid Metal Polymeric Composites: Fundamentals and Applications in Soft Wearable Electronics
Authors: Liang Fang‐Cheng , Tee Benjamin C. K. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWearable and self‐healing soft electronics have led to a significant emphasis on their potential in creating versatile, conformable, and sustainable electronic modules. Among conductive additives, Liquid metals (LMs), combining both solid and liquid characteristics, have gained widespread attention due to their versatile physical, chemical, and electrical properties as well as self‐healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. The fluidity of LMs facilitates adaptability to various experimental conditions and components for specific applications. Moreover, the oxide shell on LMs exhibits strong compatibility with surface functionalization and polymerization processes, enhancing the development of reliable composite materials. Herein, an in‐depth analysis of the fundamental properties and characteristics of LMs while addressing their current drawbacks, such as unpredictable reactivity and poor surface stability, is presented. To harness the advantages of LMs, their integration is extensively discussed with polymeric materials through various grafting strategies, leading to the development of macromolecular composites with exceptional softness, solubility, surface functionalization, and versatility. Furthermore, the applications of LMs within LM‐elastomer composites, particularly focusing on their relevance in specific fields such as flexible electronics, are investigated. Finally, LMs' future prospects are emphasized by highlighting their compatibility with self‐healing polymers, thereby providing pathways for major breakthroughs of LMs based devices.
Epitaxially Stacked 12‐Layer Perovskite Oxide Heterostructure as a Double‐Level Double‐Gate Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Kim Juhan , Seo Jihoon , Lee Hahoon , Chang Celesta S. , Char Kookrin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPerovskite oxide semiconductor is unique for its capability to form epitaxial heterostructures with both dielectric and metallic perovskite oxides. The study underscores the potential of perovskite oxides for multi‐layer stacking, a key aspect in advancing semiconductor technology as silicon‐based devices evolve toward 3D stacked structures. Fabrication of the first double‐level double‐gate field‐effect transistors (DL DG‐FETs) is demonstrated, where each layer is epitaxially grown using all‐perovskite oxides. This resulted in improvements in subthreshold swing, current drivability, and field effect mobility. This innovation not only highlights the distinctive potential of perovskite oxides but also provides new avenues for integration with other perovskite oxides on Si for more advanced electronic functions.