bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personally speaking … or not? The strategic value of on in face-to-face negotiation
Authors: Stewart Miranda M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe fact that the subject clitic on has such a wide range of referential values has been studied extensively, in particular from a variationist perspective. Quantitative methods have been used (e.g. Laberge and Sankoff, 1980) to establish correlations between, on the one hand, on and its paradigmatic ‘equivalents’ tu and vous and, on the other, a number of linguistic, discoursal and social variables. Indeed, pragmatic factors figure increasingly prominently amongst investigated constraints on use and interpretation. It is the aim of this paper to explore, from a broadly qualitative, non-variationist perspective, and within the context of Brown and Levinson's ‘Politeness Theory’ (1978, 1987), how speakers can exploit the indeterminacy of pronominal reference and in particular that of the French indeterminate pronoun on in the interests of face protection.
Quantitative verse in a Quantity-Insensitive language: Baïf's vers mesurés
Authors: Bullock Barbara E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany Renaissance poets attempted to imitate classical verse metrics in their own vernaculars. This article examines the quantitative metrical verse of the French poet Baïf who is often criticized for producing unscannable verse using an incomprehensible phonetic orthography. This paper argues that the poet's rules for encoding length, while hermetic, are surprisingly consistent. It is demonstrated that Bai¨f's metrics derive largely from a system that is accentual with his orthography permitting the poet to encode quantitative distinctions that coincide with the metre. This article argues that Baïf's metrical verse provides us with a rare example of how prosody and rhythm in sixteenth century France might have been perceived.
Laughing together: laughter as a feature of affiliation in French conversation
Authors: Ellis Yvette 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I propose to show how the analysis of episodes of laughter in French interaction can be approached from the theoretical perspective of Conversation Analysis. Delicate microanalysis reveals how laughter is very carefully placed by participants during the course of their talk to achieve a range of interactional tasks. Using extracts from my corpus of naturally occurring French conversation, I examine how the collaborative construction of episodes of shared laughter contribute to the achievement of affiliation between co-participants. How the laughter is initiated, where it is placed and who joins in that laughter are shown to be significant to the task of constructing and displaying social relationships between the participants.
Analyse morpho-phonologique d'un corpus d'adjectifs dérivés en –esque
Authors: Plenat Marc 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTL'article passe en revue les régularités décelables dans un corpus d'environ 800 adjectifs formés par suffixation de -esque. On y suggère qu'il est plausible que ces régularités découlent de quelques contraintes de surface partiellement contradictoires, les processus qui visent à éviter les configurations dysphoniques (hiatus, répétitions) pouvant être bloqués par la nécessité de conserver à la base une certaine taille. Le corpus utilisé se montre en fin de compte insuffisant pour résoudre toutes les difficultés rencontrées, mais on doute que la seule intuition d'un locuteur isolé eût permis d'atteindre les résultats qui se dégagent de la présente étude.
Awareness of linguistic constraints on variable ne omission
Authors: Coveney Aidan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany quantitative studies have shown that sociolinguistic variables, such as the variable omission ofne, are subject to several linguistic constraints, yet linguists have disagreed as to whether speakers themselves are aware of these constraints. This article reports on an Intuitions Elicitation Test designed to explore whether such awareness does exist, both for native-speakers and non-native advanced learners of French. It is suggested tentatively that the results of the test do indeed indicate some awareness of some linguistic constraints on thenevariable, and that some advanced non-native learners have a particular sensitivity to these constraints.
Subject-clitic inversion and inflectional hierarchies
Authors: Jones Michael A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper attributes the effects of subject-clitic inversion to a reversal of the normal hierarchy between Tense (T) and Mood (M) projections which is induced by certain modal or illocutionary features. The simple inversion pattern results from raising of the verb to M, while the subject raises to Spec TP. This structure provides a position (Spec MP) for the lexical subject in the case of complex inversion, without the need for multiple specifiers or additional functional categories. By raising to this position, the lexical subject binds a surrogate clitic in Spec TP, creating an argument Chain which contains a single theta-position and a single Case position. The implications of this analysis for subject questions and the phenomenon of stylistic inversion are also discussed in some detail.
New developments in pre-eclampsia
Authors: Roberts James M , Taylor Robert N , Friedman Steven A , Goldfien Alan 
Published: October 2008

It is quite clear that pre-eclampsia is not simply pregnancy-induced hypertension; rather, it is a multisystem disease with pathophysiological changes secondary to reduced organ perfusion. This reduction can be explained by vasospasm secondary to increased sensitivity of the vasculature to usual circulating pressors, and vascular occlusion secondary to activation of the coagulation cascade. Although pre-eclampsia becomes clinically evident late in pregnancy, pathological and pathophysiological changes antedate the clinical syndrome by weeks to months. The syndrome occurs only in pregnancy and is cured by the removal of fetoplacental tissues.Based on these findings, we have proposed that the inciting pathophysiological change of preeclampsia is reduced trophoblastic perfusion, which produces an agent that perturbs endothelial cells. The altered endothelial functions associated with this insult increase sensitivity to pressors, activate the coagulation cascade and produce the clinical and pathological findings of preeclampsia. Although we feel this hypothesis could explain pre-eclampsia, it is possible that its major value will be to stimulate others to approach this disorder by considering all facets of its pathophysiology rather than merely its hypertensive component.The appreciation of pre-eclampsia as a disease present from early pregnancy and the potential role of vasodilator prostaglandins have already stimulated therapeutic trials of aspirin in women at very high risk with encouraging results. At present, information is insufficient to determine the risk/benefit ratio of this therapy in lower risk patients, and aspirin therapy should not be used in these women. Another potential modification of therapy, the substitution of phenytoin for magnesium sulphate, does not seem warranted on the basis of either currently available data or on theoretical grounds.Fruitful directions for research in the near future will be the explanation of the abnormal trophoblastic invasion of pre-eclampsia and the determination of how reduced perfusion translates into a multisystem disease. In addition, aspirin therapy or other potential prophylactic therapies would be greatly aided by the development of new tests with reasonable positive predictive values, in order to identify preeclampsia prior to clinically evident disease.
The efficacy of echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Vijayalakshmi Ishwarappa B. , Vishnuprabhu Rajan O. , Chitra Narasimhan , Rajasri Ravindra , Anuradha Thejoor V. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThere is a great need for echocardiographic criterions for accurate diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever.AimTo test the efficacy of proposed echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis.Materials and methodsWe studied 333 patients suspected of having acute rheumatic fever, undertaking detailed clinical examination, laboratory tests and meticulous echocardiography in each case. We used previously established echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis and subclinical valvitis. In 220 cases (66.06%), both the echo criterions, and the Jones’ criterions, gave positive results. In 52 cases (15.61%), we found evidence of subclinical carditis, in that clinically no murmur was heard, meaning the Jones’ criterions were negative, but the echocardiographic evaluation was positive. In 4 patients clinically diagnosed as having carditis, the Jones’ criterions were positive, but echocardiographic evaluation showed them to have congenitally malformed hearts. In another 57 cases (17.11%), the Jones’ criterions were negative, as were the results of echocardiographic evaluation. These patients were taken as control subjects. On this basis, the echocardiographic criterions had sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 93%.ConclusionUsing our echocardiographic criterions, it is possible to make a precise diagnosis of carditis or subclinical valvitis. Hence, echocardiography should, in future, be included as a major criterion in the Jones’ system.
Cognitive Therapy with Children and Families: Treating Internalizing Disorders
Authors: Cartwright-Hatton Sam , Murray James 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInternalizing disorders of childhood and adolescence are common conditions, but until the past decade, had received little scientific scrutiny. This paper overviews the new knowledge that the past decade of research has given us. The early research began by adopting adult models of disorders, and adult-based modes of treatment. This met with moderate success, but the focus now is on testing whether these models are appropriate for younger clients. The good news is that, for adolescents at least, the adult models do seem to be appropriate. The bad news is that, even in well-resourced treatment trials, barely half of all cases remit. In very recent years, there has been a focus on generating developmentally appropriate models of childhood internalizing disorders, and correspondingly, an increasing interest in developing treatment approaches that are appropriate for young people and their families. The paper concludes with our thoughts on the most important questions for research in the next decade.
Functional metagenomics reveals diverse β-lactamases in a remote Alaskan soil
Authors: Allen Heather K , Moe Luke A , Rodbumrer Jitsupang , Gaarder Andra , Handelsman Jo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Despite the threat posed by antibiotic resistance in infectious bacteria, little is known about the diversity, distribution and origins of resistance genes, particularly among the as yet unculturable environmental bacteria. One potentially rich but largely unstudied environmental reservoir is soil. The complexity of its microbial community coupled with its high density of antibiotic-producing bacteria makes the soil a likely origin for diverse antibiotic resistance determinants. To investigate antibiotic resistance genes among uncultured bacteria in an undisturbed soil environment, we undertook a functional metagenomic analysis of a remote Alaskan soil. We report that this soil is a reservoir for β-lactamases that function in Escherichia coli, including divergent β-lactamases and the first bifunctional β-lactamase. Our findings suggest that even in the absence of selective pressure imposed by anthropogenic activity, the soil microbial community in an unpolluted site harbors unique and ancient β-lactam resistance determinants. Moreover, despite their evolutionary distance from previously known genes, the Alaskan β-lactamases confer resistance on E. coli without manipulating its gene expression machinery, demonstrating the potential for soil resistance genes to compromise human health, if transferred to pathogens.
Transcriptome ofGeobacter uraniireducensgrowing in uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments
Authors: Holmes Dawn E , O'Neil Regina A , Chavan Milind A , N'Guessan Lucie A , Vrionis Helen A , Perpetua Lorrie A , Larrahondo M Juliana , DiDonato Raymond , Liu Anna , Lovley Derek R 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo learn more about the physiological state of Geobacter species living in subsurface sediments, heat-sterilized sediments from a uranium-contaminated aquifer in Rifle, Colorado, were inoculated with Geobacter uraniireducens, a pure culture representative of the Geobacter species that predominates during in situ uranium bioremediation at this site. Whole-genome microarray analysis comparing sediment-grown G. uraniireducens with cells grown in defined culture medium indicated that there were 1084 genes that had higher transcript levels during growth in sediments. Thirty-four c-type cytochrome genes were upregulated in the sediment-grown cells, including several genes that are homologous to cytochromes that are required for optimal Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction by G. sulfurreducens. Sediment-grown cells also had higher levels of transcripts, indicative of such physiological states as nitrogen limitation, phosphate limitation and heavy metal stress. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that many of the metabolic indicator genes that appeared to be upregulated in sediment-grown G. uraniireducens also showed an increase in expression in the natural community of Geobacter species present during an in situ uranium bioremediation field experiment at the Rifle site. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to monitor gene expression of a microorganism growing in sediments on a genome scale and that analysis of the physiological status of a pure culture growing in subsurface sediments can provide insights into the factors controlling the physiology of natural subsurface communities.
Prokaryotic diversity, distribution, and insights into their role in biogeochemical cycling in marine basalts
Authors: Mason Olivia U , Di Meo-Savoie Carol A , Van Nostrand Joy D , Zhou Jizhong , Fisk Martin R , Giovannoni Stephen J 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We used molecular techniques to analyze basalts of varying ages that were collected from the East Pacific Rise, 9° N, from the rift axis of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and from neighboring seamounts. Cluster analysis of 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragment polymorphism data revealed that basalt endoliths are distinct from seawater and that communities clustered, to some degree, based on the age of the host rock. This age-based clustering suggests that alteration processes may affect community structure. Cloning and sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes revealed 12 different phyla and subphyla associated with basalts. These include the Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, the candidate phylum SBR1093 in the bacteria, and in the Archaea Marine Benthic Group B, none of which have been previously reported in basalts. We delineated novel ocean crust clades in the γ-Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria that are composed entirely of basalt-associated microflora, and may represent basalt ecotypes. Finally, microarray analysis of functional genes in basalt revealed that genes coding for previously unreported processes such as carbon fixation, methane oxidation, methanogenesis and nitrogen fixation are present, suggesting that basalts harbor previously unrecognized metabolic diversity. These novel processes could exert a profound influence on ocean chemistry.
Assessing English Language Learners: A Perplexing Puzzle
Authors: Gottlieb Margo , Sanchez-Lopez Cristina 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The intersection of language education and special education is not clearly marked for linguistically and culturally diverse students; some qualify as English language learners; others as English language learners with disabilities or specific language impairment; still others with only disabilities or specific language impairment. It is often perplexing to try to decipher which category is most appropriate and, consequently, how best to serve these students. Assessment data, if reliable and valid, coupled with historical information, can help define the pathway to educational success for the fastest growing segment of our school population. This article shares the challenges facing educators of English language learners and attempts to show how proper assessment can guide educational decision making. We pose that for English language learners, assessment must entail the gathering of information from multiple sources on their language proficiency and academic achievement in both English and their native language. In that way, we obtain a comprehensive portrait of the students' full complement of knowledge and skills. Ultimately, English as a Second Language or bilingual teachers working along with speech-language pathologists need to collaborate in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to afford English language learners optimal opportunities for success in school.
Feasibility of Computer-Administered Language Assessment
Authors: Brandone Amanda C. , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Hirsh-Pasek Kathy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe assessment of language in early childhood is essential for the early identification of children with special needs. However, administering traditional language assessments to large preschool populations can be prohibitively time-consuming and complicated. Thus, there is clear value in developing a standardized, norm-referenced, computer-administered language assessment battery that is both time-efficient and fun for children, that yields a meaningful profile of children's specific language competencies, and that can be administered by testers in a consistent manner without extensive training. Here we discuss research undertaken as part of an evaluation of the feasibility of developing such a language assessment tool for use with preschool children. Preschoolers (M = 3.60 years) were tested using a traditional, standardized language assessment (PLS-4) and a computer-administered task assessing (via the use of a touch-screen computer) verb vocabulary and comprehension of plural morphology, negation, and noun-verb agreement. All participants completed the entire test without difficulty. Moreover, analyses revealed significant correlations between performance on the computer-based language assessment, age, and performance on the PLS-4. These data support the notion that a computer-administered language assessment is methodologically feasible and can provide a practical and valid means by which to assess early language abilities.
Assessing Language and Literacy Skills of School-Aged Children
Authors: Garrett Jennifer Walz 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
School-based speech-language pathologists assess students to establish eligibility, collect baselines for treatment goals, determine progress during intervention and verify generalization of skills. Selecting appropriate assessment tools and methods can be challenging due to time constraints, agency regulations, and availability of tests. This article will describe legal considerations, types of assessments, and the factors involved with the selection and use of various assessment procedures and tools. In addition, speech-language pathologists will learn to calculate words correct per minute (WCPM) and perform miscue analysis, which can provide additional language and literacy information about a child's educational needs.
Ethical Implications of Using Outdated Standardized Tests
Authors: Jakubowitz Melissa , Schill Mary Jo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Code of Ethics of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) defines the expected ethical conduct of members and provides guidance to professionals in making appropriate decisions, including those related to ethical clinical practices. This article addresses issues and questions centered on using older versions of standardized tests after newer editions of the test or assessment protocol have been published. If the most recent edition is not available, clinicians need to decide if it is ever appropriate to use the older version, including the factors that must be considered when making such a decision. In addition, the clinician must consider how to interpret and report results and what information must be retained related to the test results. Applicable areas of the ASHA Code of Ethics are identified and discussed, and some suggestions are provided for clinicians to consider when making decision in this area of practice.
Efficacy of percutaneous needle aspiration and open biopsy for sperm retrieval in men with non‐obstructive azoospermia
Authors: HOUWEN JUUL , LUNDIN KERSTI , SÖDERLUND BRITA , BERGH CHRISTINA , KREMER JAN A.M. , EKERHOVD ERLING 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To assess the efficacy of the two most common sperm retrieval procedures, testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) as part of the diagnostic work‐up in men with non‐obstructive azoospermia. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Sample. Three hundred fifty men who underwent diagnostic surgical sperm recovery between January 1997 and December 2006. Methods. A diagnostic TESA was initially performed in 281 men with testes of >12 mm3. If no spermatozoa or an insufficient number of spermatozoa was found, most of the men underwent a diagnostic TESE. Diagnostic TESE was performed as the only surgical procedure in 69 men who had at least one testis ≤12 mm3. Main outcome measures. Success rates of diagnostic TESA and diagnostic TESE. Results. Spermatozoa were found in 129 (45.9%) of the 281 men who underwent TESA. However, in 29 of these men too few spermatozoa were identified for the men to be accepted for IVF/ICSI. The subsequent TESE resulted in 26 additional men being accepted for IVF/ICSI. In men with testes ≤12 mm3 a sufficient number of spermatozoa were found in 27 out of 69 men following TESE. Conclusions. The study shows that in 52% of the men with non‐obstructive azoospermia spermatozoa useful for ICSI can be identified. For at least one‐third of the men with testes >12 mm3 TESA is a sufficient procedure. Sperm retrieval rate is further increased following a subsequent TESE.