bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk‐return paradox for strategic management: disentangling true and spurious effects
Authors: Henkel Joachim 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe concept of risk is central to strategy research and practice. Yet, the expected positive association between risk and return, familiar from financial markets, is elusive. Measuring risk as the variance of a series of accounting‐based returns, Bowman obtained the puzzling result of a negative association between risk and mean return. This finding, known as the Bowman paradox, has spawned a remarkable number of publications, and various explanations have been suggested. The present study contributes to this literature by showing that skewness of individual firm' return distributions has a considerable spurious effect on the empirically estimated mean‐variance relationship. I devise a method to disentangle true and spurious effects, illustrate it using simulations, and apply it to empirical data. It turns out that the size of the spurious effect is such that, on average, it explains the larger part of the observed negative relationship. My results might thus help to reconcile mean‐variance approaches to risk‐return analysis with other, ex‐ante, approaches. In concluding, I show that the analysis of skewness is linked to all three streams of literature devoted to explaining the Bowman paradox. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐Time Tracking of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticle Self‐Assembly
Authors: Siffalovic P. , Majkova E. , Chitu L. , Jergel M. , Luby S. , Capek I. , Satka A. , Timmann A. , Roth S. V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe spontaneous self‐assembly process of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a fast‐drying colloidal drop is observed in real time. The grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) technique is employed for an in situ tracking of the reciprocal space, with a 3 ms delay time between subsequent frames delivered by a new generation of X‐ray cameras. A focused synchrotron beam and sophisticated sample oscillations make it possible to relate the dynamic reciprocal to direct space features and to localize the self‐assembly. In particular, no nanoparticle ordering is found inside the evaporating drop and near‐surface region down to a drop thickness of 90 µm. Scanning through the shrinking drop‐contact line indicates the start of self‐assembly near the drop three‐phase interface, in accord with theoretical predictions. The results obtained have direct implications for establishing the self‐assembly process as a routine technological step in the preparation of new nanostructures.
Trophic ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the ocean: a synthesis of stable isotope research
Authors: Johnson Susan P. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIncreasing interest in the marine trophic dynamics of Pacific salmon has been motivated by the recognition of their sensitivity to changing climate and to the competitive effects of hatchery fish on wild stocks. It has become more common to use stable isotopes to supplement traditional diet studies of salmon in the ocean; however, there have been no integrated syntheses of these data to determine whether stable isotope analyses support the existing conventional wisdom of feeding strategies of the Pacific salmon. We performed a meta‐analysis of stable isotope data to examine the extent of trophic partitioning among five species of Pacific salmon during their marine lives. Pink, sockeye, and chum salmon showed very high overlap in resource use and there was no consistent evidence for chum relying on alternative food webs dominated by gelatinous zooplankton. δ15N showed that Chinook and coho salmon fed at trophic levels higher than the other three species. In addition, these two species were distinctly enriched in 13C, suggesting more extensive use of coastal food webs compared to the more depleted (pelagic) signatures of pink, sockeye, and chum salmon. This paper presents the first synthesis of stable isotope work on Pacific salmon and provides δ15N and δ13C values applicable to research on the fate of the marine derived nutrients these organisms transport to freshwater and riparian ecosystems.
Medical Malpractice and Sinonasal Disease
Authors: Lydiatt Daniel D. , Sewell Ryan K. 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveSinonasal disease is a common diagnosis that is encountered by nearly all specialties. This study examines medical malpractice trends in sinonasal disease.MethodsOne hundred fifty‐two malpractice cases involving sinonasal disease between 1988 and 2005 were obtained from a computerized legal database.ResultsDefendants prevailed in 62 percent of the cases with a median monetary award of $650,000. Younger patients prevailed at a higher rate than did older patients (50% vs 35%), and men had a higher median award than did women ($1.0 million vs $314,000). These results approached but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.09, P = 0.06). Otolaryngologists were the most commonly sued specialty (56%). The most common complications of endoscopic sinus surgery included cerebrospinal fluid leak, orbital trauma, and anosmia. Cancer plaintiffs received the highest median award of $1.5 million.ConclusionsPhysicians must be diligent in forming differential diagnoses, and surgeons must ensure informed consent is obtained and documented. Future studies should continue to identify risk management strategies and areas for malpractice reform.
Rapid Risk Stratification for Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Based on Snoring Severity and Body Mass Index
Authors: Morris Luc G.T. , Kleinberger Andrew , Lee Kelvin C. , Liberatore Lisa A. , Burschtin Omar 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveIt is unclear whether all snoring patients require polysomnography, and there are no highly sensitive clinical predictors of sleep apnea. Our objective was to develop a simple clinical screening test for OSA in snoring patients.Study DesignProspective, IRB‐approved study at a university sleep disorders center.Subjects and MethodsIn 211 patients undergoing polysomnography, snoring severity, Epworth sleepiness scale, body mass index, demographic, and sleep study data were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Pearson correlation were used to develop a sensitive screening test for OSA.ResultsSnoring severity score (SSS) and BMI were the two most accurate predictors of OSA on the ROC curve. A bipartite threshold of SSS = 4 or BMI = 26 carried sensitivity of 97.4%, specificity of 40%, positive predictive value of 82.3%, and negative predictive value of 84.2% for moderate/severe OSA. Patients at high risk were those with BMI ≥32 (89% PPV) or SSS ≥7 (92% PPV).ConclusionsThe statistic most predictive of OSA was snoring severity. Combining this with BMI yielded a highly sensitive screening test for moderate/severe OSA. This clinical assessment may be useful in risk‐stratifying patients for polysomnography and therapy, facilitating deferred work‐up in low‐risk patients and expedited therapy in high‐risk patients.
Virulence, cultivating conditions, and phylogenetic analyses of oomycete parasites in Daphnia
Authors: WOLINSKA J. , KING K. C. , VIGNEUX F. , LIVELY C. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYWe describe the infectivity, virulence, cultivating conditions, and phylogenetic positions of naturally occurring oomycete parasites of Daphnia, invertebrates which play a major role in aquatic food webs. Daphnia pulex individuals were found dead and covered by oomycete mycelia when exposed to pond sediments. We were able to extract 4 oomycete isolates from dead Daphnia and successfully cultivate them. Using the ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, we further showed these isolates to be distinct species. The isolates were experimentally demonstrated to be parasitic and not saprobic. After exposure to the parasites, Daphnia mortality was much higher than that reported for Daphnia infected with other known parasite species. Therefore, it is likely that oomycete parasites are important selective pressures in natural Daphnia populations. Moreover, their close phylogenetic relationship to parasites of fish and algae suggests that the stability of aquatic food webs (i.e. fish–Daphnia–algae) might be influenced by the shared parasite communities.
Cumulative social disadvantage, ethnicity and first-episode psychosis: a case-control study
Authors: Morgan C. , Kirkbride J. , Hutchinson G. , Craig T. , Morgan K. , Dazzan P. , Boydell J. , Doody G. A. , Jones P. B. , Murray R. M. , Leff J. , Fearon P. 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundNumerous studies have reported high rates of psychosis in the Black Caribbean population in the UK. Recent speculation about the reasons for these high rates has focused on social factors. However, there have been few empirical studies. We sought to compare the prevalence of specific indicators of social disadvantage and isolation, and variations by ethnicity, in subjects with a first episode of psychosis and a series of healthy controls.MethodAll cases with a first episode of psychosis who made contact with psychiatric services in defined catchment areas in London and Nottingham, UK and a series of community controls were recruited over a 3-year period. Data relating to clinical and social variables were collected from cases and controls.ResultsOn all indicators, cases were more socially disadvantaged and isolated than controls, after controlling for potential confounders. These associations held when the sample was restricted to those with an affective diagnosis and to those with a short prodrome and short duration of untreated psychosis. There was a clear linear relationship between concentrated disadvantage and odds of psychosis. Similar patterns were evident in the two main ethnic groups, White British and Black Caribbean. However, indicators of social disadvantage and isolation were more common in Black Caribbean subjects than White British subjects.ConclusionsWe found strong associations between indicators of disadvantage and psychosis. If these variables index exposure to factors that increase risk of psychosis, their greater prevalence in the Black Caribbean population may contribute to the reported high rates of psychosis in this population.
The fourth audience
Authors: Hamm Charles 
Published: November 2008

Billy Joel's song ‘It's Still Rock and Roll to Me’, which rose to the top of Billboard magazine's ‘Hot 100’ chart in July of 1980, was intended as entertainment, not criticism. But it makes a more accurate statement about the present state of rock music in the USA than have the writings of certain journalists and critics over the past decade. Against a stripped-down instrumental accompaniment, parodying the ‘minimalism’ of much new wave music, Joel sings,Everybody's talking about the new sound; funny, But it's still rock and roll to me.
Storm blowing from paradise: social protest and oppositional ideology in popular Hawaiian music
Authors: Lewis George H. 
Published: November 2008

In the early 1970s, in the American Island State of Hawaii, popular music began a transformation that was, to some extent, similar in form to what occurred on the American mainland ten to fifteen years earlier, when popular music first merged with the civil rights movement and then with the anti-Vietnam movement. Hawaiian popular musicians, reacting to the commercially slick music of the tourist trade and the Wai Ki Ki nightclubs, reached back to embrace the few ethnic artists still alive and performing. They searched their island past for traditional material and, as the movement consolidated, merged this material with their own pressing social and cultural concerns to create a new type of music – part contemporary, part traditional and all wrapped in a cloak of strong social protest against non-native Hawaiians who they saw as having nearly totally destroyed their culture, their selfidentity, their pride and their sacred land. As Haunai-Kay Trask (1982, p. C2), a spokesperson for the movement, put it:Any society that has experienced the kind of impact the Hawaiian culture and Hawaiian people have experienced wind up being on the bottom because they are inundated with another culture … High rises, fancy clothes, and freeways – that's what United States culture stands for. It's grotesque. They have no feeling for the fragility of life. Or flora or fauna. Part of me hates the haoles with a passion, but part of me doesn't care. They're just stupid and I want them to stay away.
Pity Peggy Sue
Authors: Bradby Barbara , Torode Brian 
Published: November 2008

The sociologist Simon Frith identifies rock and roll as a hybrid music, which emerged in the American South of the mid-1950s as a grafting of puritanical ‘white’ country and western lyrics on to sexually explicit ‘black’ blues rhythms. While acknowledging cross-fertilisation between black and white music ‘since at least the middle of the nineteenth century’, he states that since the Second World War,It is as dance music that black music has developed its meanings for white users. The most obvious feature of dancing as an activity is its sexuality.… Whereas Western dance forms control sexuality with formal rhythms… black music celebrates sex with a directly physical beat and an intense, emotional sound. It makes obvious the potential anarchy of sexual feeling.(Frith 1978, p. 180)Frith appeals to an age-old metaphor: black nature is seen as fundamentally threatening to white culture. In modern popular music, this conflict is played out in terms of the liberation or the repression of sexuality.*
Maternal cereal consumption and adequacy of micronutrient intake in the periconceptional period
Authors: Snook Parrott Meredith , Bodnar Lisa M , Simhan Hyagriv N , Harger Gail , Markovic Nina , Roberts James M 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the adequacy of periconceptional intake of key micronutrients for perinatal health in relation to regular cereal consumption of pregnant women.Design, setting and subjectsLow-income pregnant women (n596) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, who enrolled in a cohort study at <20 weeks’ gestation. These women reported usual dietary intake in the three months around conception on an FFQ. Cereal consumers were women who reported consuming any dry cereal at least three times per week. High risk for nutrient inadequacy was defined as intake less than the Estimated Average Requirement.ResultsAbout 31 % of the women regularly consumed cereal. After adjusting for energy intake, race/ethnicity, marital status, breakfast consumption and supplement use, cereal eaters had significantly higher intakes of folate, Fe, Zn, Ca, fibre and vitamins A, C, D and E (allP< 0·01) and were approximately two to six times more likely to have intakes in the highest third of the distribution for folate, Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamins A and D, and fibre (allP< 0·01) than cereal non-eaters. Cereal consumption was also associated with reductions of 65–90 % in the risk of nutrient inadequacies compared with non-consumption (allP< 0·01).ConclusionsEncouraging cereal consumption may be a simple, safe and inexpensive nutrition intervention that could optimize periconceptional intake for successful placental and fetal development.
Fracture Toughness of Human Solid Cancers
Authors: Ragavendra Nagesh , Klug William , Ju J Woody 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHuman solid cancers typically are harder and firmer than surrounding normal tissue upon clinical palpation. This characteristic has been linked to the presence of abundant collagen in the tumor stroma, referred to as the desmoplastic reaction. Recent evidence indicates that tumor-associated desmoplastic stroma is critical to cancer’s growth and progression. However, how best to measure, interpret, and/or model the mechanical attributes of tumor microenvironment in vivo remain unclear. During routine sonographically-guided fine needle biopsy of solid tumors of the human thyroid gland, it was serendipitously observed by the lead author that the nature and strength of the haptic force feedback cues varied among tumors [See Movie:http://www.jbioleng.org/imedia/6538834542236038/supp1.mov]. Note the apparent ease with which the needle travels through a non-cancerous tumor. In contrast, a cancerous tumor offers substantial resistance to needle insertion and penetration. To further investigate this phenomenon and to assess the relationship between tumor hardness and cytological diagnosis, a clinical study was designed and implemented incorporating the principles of fracture mechanics with haptic modality. In this prospective study, 609 solid thyroid gland tumors were percutaneously probed using standard 25-gauge fine needles, their tissue toughness ranked on the basis of the nature and strength of the haptic force feedback cues, and subjected to standard fine needle biopsy. Ranked tumors were placed in one of two groups: Group 1 [N = 134]: tumors exhibiting penetration resistance with a distinctive force-feedback cue, as if cutting through an unripe pear; and Group 2 [N = 475]: tumors exhibiting no resistance, as if cutting through jelly. The results were dramatic: 64% of Group 1 tumors were cancerous while 95% of Group 2 tumors were noncancerous. This qualitative method, though subject to some operator bias, identifies a previously unreported in vivo approach for characterizing the fracture toughness of human solid tumors that can be correlated with malignancy. Our results when validated by quantitative measurement data are likely to provide a new framework for understanding the mechanical attributes of the tumor microenvironment. We anticipate our method to be a starting point for the development of a mechanical device that can quantify a tumor’s toughness in vivo using the principles of fracture mechanics. [Journal of Biological Engineering 2008;2:12 doi:10.1186/1754-1611-2-12]
Hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Identified in Field Evaluations in Florida
Authors: Slaminko T. L. , Miles M. R. , Marois J. J. , Wright D. L. , Hartman G. L. 
Published: November 2008

Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal organism of soybean rust, was first found on Glycine max in the continental United States in 2004, and subsequently on Pueraria lobata, Desmodium tortuosum, three Phaseolus species, and Erythrina herbacea in the field. The pathogen has been reported to occur on over 150 legume species worldwide, and it is likely to infect native and introduced legume species in the USA. The objective of this study was to determine if USA-native or -naturalized legume species could become infected with P. pachyrhizi in field conditions. A total of 80 accessions representing 52 species in 29 genera were infected in the field trials. Crotalaria retusa, Lathyrus latifolius, Phaseolus angustissimus, P. polystachios, and Robinia hispida are new hosts. This is the first report showing the broad host range of P. pachyrhizi based on field infections in the USA. Some of these hosts grow in the southern USA, and could, like kudzu, overwinter P. pachyrhizi. Accepted for publication 18 August 2008. Published 3 November 2008.
Effect of Soybean Cyst Nematode on Fatty Acid Levels of Soybean Seed
Authors: Beuselinck P. R. 
Published: November 2008

Growing soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) resistant varieties in fields infested with SCN can improve yield, but the impact of SCN on seed quality of lines with modified seed composition is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if SCN resistant or susceptible rootstock influenced the composition of seed of soybean lines developed for desirable elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids (FA). Five soybean lines with modified or normal levels of FA were Y-grafted to generate a 5-×-5 combination of plants with a SCN susceptible (SCNS) or resistant (SCNR) rootstock having a self-grafted branch, a scion (alien) grafted branch, or non-grafted branch; control plants were not grafted. In 2004 and 2005 plants were transplanted into blocks of Asgrow 3302 (SCNR) or Asgrow 3701 (SCNS) verified to be infested with SCN. Seeds were harvested at physiologic maturity (R8) in 2004 and 2005 and analyzed for five unsaturated FA. Differences in FA levels between 2004 and 2005 were significant (P < 0.05), but there were no significant (P = 0.05) block × year effects. Significant differences were observed between the FA levels of seed harvested from non-grafted control plants and self-grafted or non-grafted branches of grafted plants within lines. Seed oleic acid of the mid-oleic line S03-1379-2 was significantly greater when grafted onto an SCNR line than when grafted onto SCNS lines. The low linolenate trait appeared to be insensitive to SCN presence as seed linolenic acid of the low linolenic line IA-3017 was not different when grafted onto SCNR or SCNS lines. SCN can negatively impact the expression of seed quality of soybean if grown where SCN infestations are evident. Accepted for publication 8 September 2008. Published 3 November 2008.
Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in C3, C3-C4, and C4 Species ofFlaveria
Authors: Koprivova Anna , Melzer Michael , von Ballmoos Peter , Mandel Therese , Brunold Christian , Kopriva Stanislav 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The activity of the enzymes catalyzing the first two steps of sulfate assimilation, ATP sulfurylase and adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), are confined to bundle sheath cells in several C4 monocot species. With the aim to analyze the molecular basis of this distribution and to determine whether it was a prerequisite or a consequence of the C4 photosynthetic mechanism, we compared the intercellular distribution of the activity and the mRNA of APR in C3, C3-C4, C4-like, and C4 species of the dicot genusFlaveria. Measurements of APR activity, mRNA level, and protein accumulation in six Flaveria species revealed that APR activity, cysteine, and glutathione levels were significantly higher in C4-like and C4 species than in C3 and C3-C4 species. ATP sulfurylase and APR mRNA were present at comparable levels in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of C4 speciesFlaveria trinervia. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of APR protein in chloroplasts of both cell types. These findings, taken together with results from the literature, show that the localization of assimilatory sulfate reduction in the bundle sheath cells is not ubiquitous among C4 plants and therefore is neither a prerequisite nor a consequence of C4photosynthesis.