bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Chant Du Manchot Empereur Et Sa Signification Adaptative
Authors: Jouventin Pierre , Guillotin Michel , Cornet André 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChez les Sphéniscidés, la reconnaissance individuelle est acoustique mais elle est facilitée par le repère topographique que constitue le nid. Chez le Manchot empereur, l'incubation est itinérante. Aussi son comportement vocal est-il particulièrement intéressant à étudier sous ses multiples aspects : 1) Par conditionnement, il a été mis en évidence que les fréquences audibles allaient de 30 à plus de 12 500 Hz. L'intervalle minimum perçu entre 2 sons a été obtenu par la même méthode: il est inférieur à 15 millisecondes alors que la résolution temporelle chez l'homme est de 50 millisecondes. 2) Par des mensurations de sonagrammes, il a été mis en évidence que les chants d'un même individu sont plus de 10 fois plus stables que ceux de l'ensemble de la population. La fixité du découpage temporel fournit une base physique à l'identification acoustique. 3) Après deux échecs dus aux difficultés du terrain, des expériences de phono-comportement ont pu être effectuées sur le Manchot empereur en vue de préciser le paramètre physique de l'identification vocale. Des enregistrements, certains modifiés, des chants du conjoint ont été diffusés aux mâles couveurs et leurs réactions ont été notées. Les résultats montrent que: l'identification vocale existe; l'identification peut se faire à l'aide seulement d'un fragment du chant du conjoint; la modification du rythme du chant (découpage temporel) empêche toute identification; la modification des fréquences du chant ne gène en rien l'identification. Le découpage temporel est donc bien l'élément déterminant de la reconnaissance individuelle chez le Manchot empereur. 4) Les chants des deux sexes ont été ramenés à des types structurels qui permettent d'ébaucher les régles de syntaxe de ce code. 5) Lorsqu'ils se trouvent à moins de 7 mètres l'un de l'autre, les chanteurs évitent de superposer leur chant. 6) Les couples se tiennent muets jusqu'à la ponte. Il a été montré expérimentalement que ce silence avait une valeur de survie en empêchant la formation de trios qui se formeraient par suite de l'absence de barrière territoriale. 7) Une série d'expérimentations a montré en particulier que les mouvements du poussin déclenchent l'adoption mais que les parents reconnaissent leur poussin par son chant. 8) La méthode de mesure des sonagrammes employée précédemment a permis de montrer qu'au niveau individuel, les chants des poussins sont aussi stables que ceux des adultes. Mais la variabilité au niveau de la population est moins grande ce qui entraine une différenciation moins nette des chants de poussins, en accord avec leur plus faible nombre. 9) Un poussin élevé par l'homme ignorait ensuite ses congénères. L'ontogenèse de son chant et de celui des poussins de la colonie a montré qu'à la différence des Manchots territoriaux, la structure du chant ne se modifiait quasiment pas chez cette espèce de l'éclosion au départ en mer, ce qui semble une autre adaptation à l'absence de territoire.
Cognitive, Developmental and Social Aspects of Responsiveness To Novel Objects in a Family Group of Marmosets (Sag Uinus Fuscicollis)
Authors: Menzel E.W. , Menzel Charles R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA breeding pair of S. fuscicollis and their young (total N=6 in the first experiment and 8 in the other three experiments) were housed in a relatively large and heavily vegetated greenhouse and tested on their reactions to novel, innocuous inanimate objects. Some supplementary data were obtained on another such group of four individuals. The animals seemed to know the nature and relative positions of objects in their home environment ; i.e. to be capable of "cognitive mapping". Thus, for example, they detected a single novel object among up to 30 simultaneously presented test objects; they discriminated changes in an object's location and orientation; they responded more to changes in two or more parameters than to changes in only one parameter; and they showed apparent object constancy. These discriminations could be made at almost any randomly-designated location in the greenhouse, and with inter-trial intervals of 23 hours or more. Many aspects of the animals' behavior, including the order in which the various individuals approached a given object, the amount of time they remained at the object, and the likelihood (and order) of their responding to it again on subsequent trials, were highly predictable from their ages. There was, however, no "true" single linear correlation value between age and responsiveness. With appropriate sampling of one's subjects, objects and stages of group habituation, one could in fact find any correlation one chooses, from + 1.00 to -1.00; and age-response functions (and changes therein) were orderly functions of other variables.
Flock Size and Behaviour in Captive Red-Billed Weaverbirds (Quelea Quelea): Implications for Social Facilitation and the Functions of Flocking
Authors: Lazarus John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAs a consequence of the anti-predator functions of flocking it is predicted that as flock size increases individual birds will (i) spend less time vigilant for predators and more time feeding, and (2) show fewer escape responses. These predictions are corroborated here in experiments with captive flocks of the red-billed weaverbird Quelea quelea varying in size from I to 32 individuals. In Experiment i the presence of companions reduced feeding latency and increased the rate of pecking. Feeding behaviour by the companion(s) was not necessary to produce these effects and did not produce additional facilitation of the rate of pecking, but feeding companions were more potent facilitators of the onset of pecking than non-feeding companions. The number of companions influenced different measures of feeding in different ways but facilitation reached a ceiling with three companions. These and other findings in the social facilitation literature are interpreted in the light of various propositions concerning the functions of flocking behaviour. In Experiment 2 undisturbed birds with companions made less frequent head-turns (possibly vigilant responses), wing-flicks (flight intention movements), hops and flights than birds on their own but the number of companions had no effect on the frequency of these responses. All responses correlated significantly and positively across individuals. Solitary individuals were more often perched, and less often on the ground, than those in flocks, a finding compatible with greater safety in flocks in the normal feeding habitat of the species. These (undisturbed) birds, in flocks of 1, 2 and 4, had lower rates of head-turning than those in another experiment (LAZARUS, 1979), which had been subjected to 10 alarm stimuli; in larger flocks there was no difference in the rate of head-turning. An alternative interpretation of the experimental results is evaluated and a possible reason for the weak effect of flock size considered.
Social Rank and Food Access in Red Deer Stags
Authors: Appleby Michael C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behaviour of a free-living group of male red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on the Isle of Rhum, Scotland, was studied throughout the year to investigate the relations between social dominance and food access. The study is based on the collection of agonistic interactions between members of the study group outside the rutting season. Analysis of these confirmed that dyadic dominance relationships summate to a very clear agonistic hierarchy, while seasonal changes in frequency and type of interactions suggested that rank in the hierarchy may affect access to food through direct feeding interference. This would constitute a selective advantage of the acquisition of high rank. A behaviour pattern in which a stag displaces a subordinate and takes over his feeding-site is proposed as a mechanism of direct feeding interference. It occurs throughout the year, but with a frequency closely related to changes in food availability and quality. The proportion of such interactions that an individual wins is related to his rank, so advantages gained from this behaviour would primarily benefit high-ranking stags. These are likely to consist of improved body condition and winter survival. The importance of high rank in obtaining access to limited food was supported by the results of a simple experiment providing a small area of fertilized grass. Most of the grazing in the area was due to the highest-ranking stag present at any time.
Alerting and Message Components in Songs of Rufous-Sided Towhees
Authors: Richards Douglas G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn numerous species of passerine birds the initial few notes of the song have a narrow frequency range and wide temporal spacing when compared with the rest of the song. This structure is well adapted for high detectability when the song is acoustically degraded during passage through the environment. The song of the rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo eythrophtalmus) consists of relatively tonal introductory syllables followed by a complex rapid trill. The trill is capable of carrying more information than the introduction, but is inherently less detectable at a distance owing to degradation by reverberation, amplitude fluctuation, and frequency-dependent attenuation. Signal detection theory predicts that the detectability of the trill will be increased when it is preceded by the introductory syllables, owing to the removal of uncertainty concerning the time of arrival of the signal. This is alerted detection. I performed field experiments using playback of recorded song to towhees to test the hypothesis that these introductory syllables facilitate detection of conspecific song at a distance. Tape recordings of normal and artificially degraded full songs, introduction, and trills were played to territorial male towhees. Normal songs, degraded songs, and normal trills elicited strong territorial defense responses, indicating recognition as adequate species-specific song, and confirming that sufficient information is contained in the trill for species recognition. Degraded trills alone elicited little response. Both normal and degraded introductions also elicited little response, demonstrating that the increased response to a degraded full song over that to a degraded trill is not due to any species-specific characteristics of the introduction, but rather to its function as an alerting stimulus.
Side-Directed Communication and Agonistic Interactions in Chimpanzees
Authors: De Waal Frans B.M. , Van Hooff Jan A.R.A.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the large colony of chimpanzees in Arnhem Zoo (Netherlands) 70% of the agonistic encounters occurred as part of interactions involving three or more individuals. The present paper treats an example of one such multi-animal interaction. The example serves to illustrate how we analyse and interpret interaction structures, individual roles and strategies. Special attention is paid to side-directed communication: i.e. behaviour that agonistically involved apes show towards non-opponents. A multi-variate analysis of the contexts of this highly variable behaviour indicates that it can be divided into several functional categories; taking refuge; seeking reassurance; enlisting support; begging for support and taking courage. In general, side-directed behaviour facilitates intervention by third parties. But sometimes its function may be to appease potential supporters of the opponent, and thus keep them from interfering.
Responses in Mice To a Novel Object
Authors: Misslin René , Ropartz Philippe 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The responses in mice towards a novel object depend first of all on the extent of the contrast between the object and the configuration of the background. A novel object placed in a familiar environment released avoidance and burying responses, while the same object placed in a novel environment increased contacts with it and reduced burying. However, even when it was placed in a novel environment, novel object continued to be aversive. These responses also depended on rearing: animals reared in a cage with various objects exhibited a higher number of contacts than mice reared in an "impoverished" environment. Furthermore, burying behaviour can be considered as a species - typical defensive reaction towards a novel object in mice, although these responses have probably no single biological function.
Postnatal Consequences of Prenatal Sound Stimulation in the Sheep
Authors: Vince Margaret A. , Armitage Sally E. , SHILLITO WALSER Elisabeth , Reader Margaret 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that prenatal sound stimulation has postnatal effects in sheep. In the first, a group of domesticated ewes was stimulated with an alien sound and their lambs' response to the same sound was compared with that of lambs born to unstimulated mothers. In the second experiment a group of Soay ewes was stimulated with an alien sound and a comparable group stimulated with a series of bleats. Lambs born to these ewes were tested with both sound stimuli. Lambs tested with sound patterns which they had not heard before birth showed more heart rate acceleration during or after stimulation than did lambs tested with sounds which could already have been familiar. This difference was much greater in the response to alien than to species sounds, and it was less consistent on the first than on subsequent trials. There was also a tendency for a marked change in the respiratory pattern, evidenced as a sigh, to occur in response to familiar sound.
Relationships Between Social Structure and Response To Novelty in Captive Jackdaws, Corvus Monedula L., I. Response To Novel Space
Authors: Katzir Gadi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe response of six groups of captive, handreared jackdaws, Corvus monedula L. (Aves), to a novel space was tested. Birds were tested in groups and were free to make contact with the novelty or remain in a familiar area. The individual manner of response was related to the social position of the individual. i) Exploratory behaviour occurred in bouts. Familiarization with the novelty was mostly gradual, but in some groups after an initial delay, the entire group began to explore and then to enter the novel space very rapidly ("avalanche"). ii) In each group one or two birds performed most of the early exploration, and termed "initiators". iii) The initiator in each group was distinguished from all others by duration and by frequency measures. Both for approach and for entering of the novel space (a) birds that scored high on the frequency measure, scored high also on the duration measure, (b) birds that scored high on either measure, for the approach, were the most likely to score high on that measure for the entering. iv) In all six groups the "initiators" were sociall mid or low ranking birds. v) Top ranking birds were distinguished from all others by the combination of two features; (a) they did not act as initiators, and (b) they were not the last to peak in their duration inside the novel space. It is argued that top ranking birds are more conservative, and that it benefits them as they have relatively more to lose and less to gain by being exploratory. The converse is true for mid or low ranking birds, which may benefit by exploiting resources outside the reach of the high ranking birds.
Object Play and Social Treatment of Prey in Bush Dogs and Crab-Eating Foxes
Authors: Biben Maxeen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObject play behaviour in captive parent-raised litters of bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) is investigated. Cerdocyon, an individual hunter, shows a rich repertoire of object play patterns, defends and competes for objects, rarely plays with objects in groups, and spends less time in object play than in non-object-oriented social interactions. Speothos, a group hunter of relatively large prey, shows comparatively few object play patterns, shares rather than competes for objects, and spends as much time in object-oriented social interactions as in non-object-oriented social interactions. These results, and data from the literature on other carnivores, suggest a relationship between treatment of objects during play and later social treatment of prey.
Utilisation De L'Espace Dans Un Groupe De Periplaneta Americana
Authors: Rivault Colette 
Published: April 2008

AbstractL'utilisation de l'espace dans un groupe bisexué de Periplaneta americana présente des caractéristiques particulières liées à l'espèce et à son organisation sociale. Sur une période de 24 h., les femelles passent 60% de leur temps dans les abris situés en haut du terrarium. Les mâles passent 80 à 85% sur les parois libres en haut du terrarium, notamment les zones bordant les abris occupés par les femelles. Les femelles passent un temps relativement long sur le plancher (7%) lors du dépôt des oothèques. La répartition dans l'espace est sensiblement la même en LD: 12-12 et LL. On constate d'autre part, que les mâles dominants passent davantage de temps que les dominés dans les zones à fort indice d'attraction, autour des abris des femelles et restent moins de temps dans les abris en bas du terrarium. Cette utilisation de l'espace est liée à une connaissance précise du milieu et des autres individus du groupe.
Effects of Early Experience and Male Activity On Mate Choice in Mallard Females (Anas Platyrhynchos)
Authors: Kruijt J.P. , Bossema I. , Lammers G.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The sexual preference of mallard females exposed in early life to individuals of either a white or a wild strain was examined in tests in which an individual female was separated by wire from two males, one on either side of the cage. One male was of the same strain as that with which the female was reared (RS male), the second of the other type (NRS male). Inciting to a male by a female was used as the main measure of her preference; inciting to one male was positively correlated with overt aggression directed to the other male. Most females showed a preference for RS males; though this was more often the case with females reared socially with conspecifics than with those which had visual and acoustical contacts only in their early life. Females also tended to prefer the male most interested in her, as expressed by the male's approach, following and staying near. No evidence was obtained that females preferred males belonging to her own strain. Contrary to earlier views it is concluded that early experience influenced the sexual preference of females and that they respond to activity differences of males. Females showed no indications of being able to recognize and respond to the normal nuptial plumage of males independently of such experience. Implications of our findings for pair-formation in nature and the significance of social displays of males for pair-formation are discussed.
The Effects of Male Nuptial Coloration On Stickleback Aggression: a Reexamination
Authors: Rowland William J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Territorial male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, do not always attack an intruder (a dummy) with red undersides more than one lacking this feature even when it is presented within their own territory. Males in this study showed an overall tendency to bite a dummy without red undersides more than one with this feature during both simultaneous and serial presentations. 2. Considerable variation in attack rates exists between individual males, but whether or not a given male attacks the nonred dummy more appears to be unrelated to whether he exhibits high or low attack rates. 3. Males showed an increased attack rate after they acquired eggs in their nest, but the tendency for a male to attack the nonred dummy more than the red one appears to be unchanged after he acquires eggs. 4. It is suggested that the nuptial coloration of male threespine sticklebacks be interpreted more generally as an indicator of the male's social and physiological status, emphasizing its intimidating effects as well as its aggression eliciting effects for rival males. This is consistent with the observation that nuptial coloration is capable of increasing avoidance as well as attack in rival males and increasing sexual attractiveness to females.
Intra- and Interspecific Aggression By the Central American Midas Cichlid Fish, Cichlasoma Citrinellum
Authors: Losey George S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntra- and interspecific aggression by the Central American cichlid fish, Cichlasoma citrinellum, was studied to examine the similarity in aggression toward different species and the degree to which interspecific responses depended on intraspecific cucs. One hour encounters were staged between C. citrinellum focal individuals, and subordinate opponents of the same species, C. zaliosum, Pseudotropheus zebra and Haplochromis polystigma. C. zaliosum is a strikingly similar and sympatric species while P. zebra and H. polystigma are morphologically dissimilar allopatric species. Attention was focussed on the effects of species similarity and feeding cues on interspecific aggression. Analyses were based on the relationship between stimuli from opponents and responses by the focal individual. A "conditional chance" technique was developed for this purpose and its reliability was tested against a computerized agonistic exchange with known parameters. The conditional chance method proved to be more accurate than traditional chi-square or information theoretical measures. At least a portion of the causation of interspecific aggressive response depends on the same cues as intraspecific behavior. The intensity of the aggressive response decreased with increasingly dissimilar opponents, but the qualitative response characteristics remained largely the same. Notable exceptions were a failure to honor an apparent appeasement signal, Lateral Roll, when given by another species and a lack of aggressive response when a strongly dissimilar species withdrew or fled. Differences were found in the aggressiveness of response by different focal individuals. However, focal individuals disagreed most strongly in their response to the similar species, C. zaliosum. Two responsed very aggressively and, while support for the hypothesis is weak, they may have perceived their opponents as odd conspecific fish. The others showed less aggression and their response resembled that shown to dissimilar species. Observing the opponent feed acted as an experiential cue and served to increase the aggressiveness of response to all subsequent stimuli from that opponent. While the duration of this increase and the effects of different feeding types are not known, response to ecological cues such as feeding could help to focus "mistaken-identity" aggression on competitors. This could be a first evolutionary step toward minimizing the maladaptive effects of interspecific aggression without forsaking the defense of resources against competitive species.