bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of solid‐phase enzyme‐lmmunoassay procedure in immunity surveys and diagnosis of rubella
Authors: Vaheri Antti , Salonen Eeva‐Marjatta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the development of optimized micro‐ and macromethods for solid‐phase rubella enzyme‐immunoassay (EIA), the effect of various technical parameters was studied. Special emphasis was placed on elimination of defective polystyrene material, purity and quantity of immobilized antigen, use of reference sera in each microplate or macroprocedure, use of nonionic detergent in washing and diluent buffers, and use of a colourless enzyme substrate. A single serum dilution, analysed in duplicate, was sufficient provided the procedure was standardized. In quantitation of serum rubella antibodies, EIA gave values correlating well with those obtained with the single radial haemolysis test but not with low haemagglutination inhibition titres. The EIA procedure proved to be a useful and reliable serological tool in immunity surveys. When complemented by a rubella IgM test, EIA could also be used in diagnosis of recent rubella infections as a convenient primary serological test.
Relationship between antigenic type of virus and antibody response in female patients with herpes genitalis
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Ohashi Masami , Kimura Edna Matiko , Ishiguro Tatsuya 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antigenic types of virus recovered from genital sites in cases of adult female genital herpes and antibody response in these patients were investigated. Twelve strains were isolated from 23 clinical specimens, and half the number of the isolates was classified as type 1 virus and the remaining half as type 2 virus. The results of serological typing corresponded well to biological differentiation by plaque‐forming ability on chick embryo cultures. The patients with type 1 virus infection had only the complement requiring neutralizing antibody, thus indicating a fresh infection. On the other hand, the noncomplement requiring neutralizing antibody was found in the patients with type 2 virus infection, indicating a later phase of infection.
Detection of antibodies to single‐stranded dna in naturally acquired and experimentally induced viral hepatitis
Authors: Gust Ian D. , Feinstone Stephen M. , Purcell Robert H. , Alter Harvey J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive “Farr” assay, utilizing 125 I‐labelled DNA was developed for detecting antibody to single‐stranded DNA (anti‐ssDNA). The test was shown to be specific and as sensitive as assays using 14C‐labelled DNA, for the detection of antibody in patients with connective tissue diseases.Groups of sera from patients with naturally acquired viral hepatitis and experimentally infected chimpanzees were tested for anti‐ssDNA by the 125I assay and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). No consistent pattern was observed with either technique, indicating that elevated levels of this antibody are not as reliable markers of parenchymal liver damage as had been previously suggested.
Hepatitis b e antigen and antibody: detection by radioimmunoassay in chimpanzees during experimental hepatitis b
Authors: Tabor Edward , Frösner Gert , Deinhardt Friedrich , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti‐HBe) were evaluated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) in weekly serum samples obtained from nine chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In two chimpanzees with HBV infection with detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for less than five weeks, and in one chimpanzee with documented HBV infection with no detectable HBsAg, HBeAg was not detected; in all three, anti‐HBe became detectable early in the infection. In six chimpanzees in which HBsAg was detected for 16 weeks or longer, HBeAg was detected early in the infection; in five, anti‐HBe became detectable and HBeAg unde‐tectable prior to the clearance of HBsAg. The sixth remained HBsAg‐positive and HBeAg‐positive for more than two years and never developed anti‐HBe. These results confirm the sensitivity of this RIA and its value in predicting the course of HBV infections.
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a highly purified vaccine against tick‐borne encephalitis
Authors: Kunz Christian , Heinz Franz X. , Hofmann Hanns 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunogenicity and reactogenicity of a vaccine containing inactivated tick‐borne encephalitis vims prepared by continuous flow zonal ultracentrifugation were compared with those of a previously used, less purified vaccine. Antibody response as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 93% after two vaccinations and 100% after a third dose. The zonally purified vaccine impressively reduced the incidence of side reactions. Pyrexia (> 37.3°C) was recorded in only 4–10% of the vaccinees almost exclusively after first vaccinations compared to 17–68% with the old type of vaccine. When these results are evaluated according to criteria commonly used in the United States (ie, pyrexia> 100°F = 37.8°C), almost no fever would be recorded. The frequency of systemic side reactions was even lower (statistically significant) after second and third vaccinations. This highly purified vaccine therefore represents an effective and well‐tolerated means for the immunoprophylaxis of TBE.
Post‐Transfusion hepatitis: antigen/antibody systems correlated with non‐a, non‐b hepatitis
Authors: Chircu L.V. , Pezzella M. , Lacava V. , Ricci G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn seven patients post‐transfusion hepatitis (PTH) was due to non‐A, non‐B virus(es) (38.9% of all PTH, while 61.1% were due to hepatitis B virus (HBV). No clinical or biochemical differences were observed in non‐A, non‐B PTH when compared with PTH due to HBV, while incubation period was very ample, from 15 days to nine months (generally 45 days to two months). An antigen/antibody system was shared by five of our patients (their sera showed precipitin lines when assayed by immunodiffusion with known sources of antigen or antibody), while in one patient an antigen/antibody system was detected when onset serum was assayed with self‐recovery serum but not when assayed with known sources of antigen and antibodies, nor with sera of the other five patients. Antigen was detected during the first weeks of illness, antibody at recovery, for both systems. The results suggest that there may be at least two antigen/antibody systems correlated to non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, not necessarily linked to incubation period.
Non‐A/Non‐B hepatitis in experimentally infected chimpanzees: cross‐challenge and electron microscopic studies
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , Maynard James E. , Cook E. H. , Ebert James W. , Grave Me Clifton R. , Tsiquaye Kwesi N. , Kessler Harold , Zuckerman Arie J. , Miller Mahlon F. , Ling Chung‐Mei , Overby Lacy R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInoculation of eight chimpanzees with factor VIII, factor IX, or “H” strain plasma resulted in enzymatic and histopathologic evidence of non‐A/non‐B hepatitis in all eight animals. Challenge of two chimpanzees convalescent from factor VIII‐induced disease with either factor IX or “H” strain plasma resulted in non‐A/non‐B hepatitis only in the animal inoculated with factor IX materials. Reciprocal cross‐challenge of a chimpanzee convalescent from factor IX‐induced disease with factor VIII also produced unequivocal enzymatic and histopathologic evidence of non‐A/non‐B hepatitis. Cross‐challenge of a chimpanzee convalescent from “H” strain‐induced non‐A/non‐B hepatitis with factor VIII did not cause a second bout of non‐A/non‐B hepatitis. These findings suggest the factor VIII materials and “H” strain plasma used in these studies share a common etiologic agent (or agents), but that factor VIII and factor IX may contain two distinct agents. Electron microscopic (EM) examination of thin‐sectioned, acute‐phase liver biopsies from all but one of the chimpanzees receiving the primary inocula revealed the presence of abnormal hepatocyte cytoplasmic structures previously shown to be associated with non‐A/non‐B hepatitis. Crystalline structures containing 25 to 30 nm particles were visualized by EM in the cytoplasm of endothelial or Kupffer cells in acute‐phase liver biopsies obtained from three chimpanzees inoculated with either factor VIII materials or “H” strain plasma.
Tubular forms of hepatitis b surface antigen bind with the nucleus of 22‐nm spherical hbsag particles
Authors: Mishiro S. , Imai M. , Gotanda T. , Takahashi K. , Sano T. , Yoshizawa H. , Miyakawa Y. , Mayumi M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpherical hepatitis B surface antigen particles (HbsAg) of 22‐nm diameter were treated with sodium dodecylsulphate in the absence of reducing agents, and their nuclei were exposed. Factors that interact with the nucleus of HbsAg were detected in the serum of HBsAg carriers who were seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen and identified as tubular forms of HBsAg. The other categories of hepatitis B antigen, Dane particles, and 22‐nm spherical HBsAg did not bind with the nucleus of HBsAg. When tubular forms of HBsAg had been treated with a proteolytic enzyme, they lost the reactivity to bind with the nucleus of HBsAg. On the basis of the results obtained, tubular forms of HBsAg bear the receptor of protein nature for the nucleus of 22‐nm spherical HBsAg. The receptor allows rapid determination of tubular forms by a haemagglutination method for the evaluation of their clinical and epidemiological implications.
Antibodies as immunological probes for studying the denaturation of hbsag
Authors: Neurath A. R. , Strick N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRadioimmunoassays were developed for antibodies to denaturated forms of HBsAg (reduced and alkylated in an isotonic buffer (RA‐HBs) or in 8 M urea (RA‐urea‐HBs), or reduced in 8 M urea but not alkylated). These tests revealed that intact HBsAg and RA‐HBs shared common antigenic determinants, termed Re[Imai et al, 1974]. Anti‐Re is elicited in the course of immune response to intact HBsAg in humans and experimental animals. Denaturation in 8 M urea and alkylation causes the appearance of additional antigenic determinants, the specificity of which is affected by the reagent used for alkylation. Reduction in 8 M urea followed by treatment with iodoacetate reveals antigenic sites common for HBsAg and some human serum proteins. Antibodies specific for the Le Bouvier determinants of HBsAg are probably not the appropriate probe for detection of primary translational products of the hepatitis B virus genome.
Contrasting patterns and frequency of antibodies to the surface, core, and e antigens of hepatitis b virus in blood donors and in homosexual patients
Authors: Tedder R.S. , Cameron C.H. , Wilson‐Croome Ruth , Howell D.R. , Colgrove Anne , Barbara J.A.J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to assess the significance of the relatively frequent low‐titre positive reactions in radioimmunoassays for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.Serum specimens negative for surface antigen were assayed for antibodies to the surface, core, and e antigens of the Hepatitis B virus.Two populations were studied—one of low hepatitis B incidence (2000 blood donors) and one of high incidence (200 male patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases).The validity of some singly occurring low‐titre anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc reactions is questioned, and the occurrence of positive reactions unrelated to previous hepatitis B infection inferred.
Hepatitis a antibody in israel defence forces recruits
Authors: Kark Jeremy D. , Bar‐Shani Shulamit 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera drawn from a sample of 1,147 military inductees, representative of the conscript population entering service in the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), in 1977, were examined by radioimmunoassay for hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody. The prevalence of HAV antibody is considerably higher in males of Eastern origin (84.4%) than of Western origin (39.7%) and in females of Eastern origin (79.9%) as compared with those of Western origin (30.3%). The difference between males and females is not statistically significant when level of education is controlled. An inverse association between years of schooling and HAV antibodies is evident both for males and females, but is stronger in Westerners than Easterners. These findings have implications for HAV prevention in the IDF.
Ultrastructural Changes and Virus‐Like Particles Localized in Liver Hepatocytes of Chimpanzees Infected With Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis
Authors: Burk Kenneth H. , Cabral Guy A. , Dreesman Gordon R. , Peters Robert L. , Alter Harvey J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVirus‐like particles have been visualized by electron microscopy in the liver hepatocytes of two out of four chimpanzees inoculated with two different human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis‐implicated plasmas. The first two chimpanzees, which were infected with the same inoculum (inoculum A), developed liver histological features characteristic of mild acute viral hepatitis as well as rises in their serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Clusters of intranuclear particles, 22 ± 2 nm in diameter, were visualized in one of every fifth hepatocytes in one of these two chimpanzees. Intracytoplasmic circular membrane fusions, 100 to 350 nm in diameter, were observed in the hepatocytes of the other chimpanzee receiving inoculum A.The second two animals were infected with a different human plasma containing infectious NANB material (inoculum B). Both animals developed mild increased serum enzyme levels that were variable but generally elevated throughout the course of this study (220 days); minor, equivocal histologic changes were also observed. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic particles, 20 ± 1 nm and 37 nm in diameter, respectively, were visualized in the liver of one of the two chimpanzees infected with inoculum B; intranuclear particles were observed in one of seventy‐five hepatocytes and intracytoplasmic particles were observed less frequently. In this same animal, intracytoplasmic circular membrane fusions, similar, if not identical to those described above, were also noted. The intranuclear particles observed in animals receiving inocula A and B were essentially identical, as were the cytoplasmic membrane fusions. Thus, both inocula produced nuclear and cytoplasmic ultrastructural changes. The intracytoplasmic particle clusters (37 nm) were seen in only one animal and demonstrated a high degree of homogeneity, as evidenced by their presence in highly ordered crystalline arrays. All chimpanzees were screened for and found to be negative for evidence of hepatitis A and B, as well as for Epstein‐Barr virus or cytomegalo‐virus‐induced hepatitis. Previous studies have suggested that nuclear and cytoplasmic ultrastructural changes, similar to those described herein, result from two distinct NANB infectious agents. In contrast, our data suggest that both morphologic changes may be caused by a single agent.
Examination of the immundogical relationship between measles virus and canine distemper virus using monospecific measles antisera
Authors: Gould E. A. , Armstrong Marilyn , Shirodaria P. V. , De'Ornellas D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIndirect immunofluorescence titrations were performed with measles virus, the Rockborn strain of canine distemper virus (CDV), and a large plaque variant of the Onderstepoort strain of CDV (Ond‐LP) using monospecific antisera prepared against either the haemagglutinin (anti‐HA), the haemolysin (anti‐HL), or the ribonucleoprotein (anti‐RNP) of measles virus. Tests with anti‐HA showed that the Rockborn strain of CDV was more closely related to measles virus than Ond‐LP, The ribonucleoprotein antigens of the CDV strains were closely related to each other but were both related to and distinct from measles virus RNP. The use of measles anti‐HL serum demonstrated that CDV possesses an antigenically related acetone‐sensitive component equivalent to the haemolysin of measles virus.Absorption of human convalescent serum with excess quantities of acetone‐fixed CDV antigens had no effect on measles‐specific anti‐HA, HL, or RNP activity in the serum. Absorption with measles antigens on the other hand, totally removed all measles and CDV‐specific HA and RNP activity. CDV was not neutralised by any of the monospecific antisera when tested either as individual antisera or as mixtures.Our results demonstrate the occurrence of antigenic variation between different strains of CDV, they also reveal unique antigenic determinants in both measles virus and CDV.
HBV and HAV infection in chronic hepatitis in argentina
Authors: Tanno Hugo , Fay Oscar H. , Roncoroni Mario , Palazzi Jorge 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera of 1 55 chronic hepatitis (CH) patients in Argentina were tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti‐HBs, anti‐HBc, and anti‐HAV. Our purpose was to define the role that both virus A and B might play in the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition. The patients were divided into two groups: group I (57) HBsAg‐negative; group II (98) HBsAg‐positive. The control group consisted of 1,209 healthy blood donors from Banco Central de Sangre de Rosario; 286/ 1,209 (24%) had viral markers for HBV. In group I, 38/57 (67%) had anti‐HBs and/or anti‐HBc, but none had anti‐HBs alone. Group II showed a higher percentage of males (P < 0.05). We found similar incidence of anti‐HAV among group I, group II, and the control group.
Replication of Human Syncytium‐Forming Virus in Human Cells: Effect of Certain Biological Factors and Selective Chemicals
Authors: Loh Philip C. , Ang Kheng See 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe growth characteristics of the human syncytium‐forming virus (HSFV) were examined in several human cell lines of normal and malignant origins and composing of either fibroblastic or epithelial‐like cells. Virus production occurred only in the fibroblastic diploid cell lines: HEF (human embryonic cells, Flow #5,000) and HFDL #645 (human fetal diploid lung), but not in the epithelial‐like heteroploid cell lines: RA (a continuous line of human amnion), #999 (human bone marrow), and KB (carcinoma of the nasopharynx). While the single‐cycle growth pattern of the virus in HEF and HFDL #645 cell lines were essentially similar, the virus yield per cell was greater in the HFDL #645 cells. Furthermore, the physiological state of the cell had a marked effect on virus production. Subconfluent actively growing HFDL #645 cells produced higher yields of virus than density‐inhibited confluent HFDL #645 cell cultures. The replication of HSFV was inhibited by actinomycin D at concentrations that did not interfere with poliovirus replication (0.001 to 0.01 jug/ml). Pretreatment and posttreatments of infected cell cultures with either the polycation polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) or the synthetic glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone did not enhance HSFV production.
Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay of Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Torfason Einar G. , Källander Clas , Halonen Pekka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA radioimmunoassay (RIA) using polystyrene beads as the solid phase for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen and iodinated immunosorbent purified anti‐human IgG, IgM, and IgA as indicator antibodies was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class‐specific antibodies to CMV. An antigen prepared from extracellular virus was essential for reliable results, and a preparation ultracentrifuged and sonicated twice was better than a crude antigen. The optimal antigen gave low cpm values with a negative reference serum, resulting in cpm ratios of 10 or higher between early convalescent phase serum and negative reference serum.Of six patients with an increase in CMV CF titres, all six had an increase in RIA IgG titres, four had an increase in IgA titres, and all had IgM antibodies. The IgG titres were high, up to 1/64,000. In a group of 17 infants negative in CMV CF test, 14 had CMV IgG antibodies in RIA test, indicating mainly low levels of maternal antibodies. In six of seven patients with CMV isolations from urine specimens, an increase in IgG or IgA titres or the presence of IgM antibodies was found, and only one of these patients had an increase in CMV CF titre. The specificity of the developed CMV RIA test was further demonstrated by detecting no significant increase in RIA titres in serum specimens of patients with primary herpes simplex infection, chickenpox, herpes zoster, or infectious mononucleosis.
Ultrastructural changes in the liver of patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Busachi C. A. , Realdi G. , Alberti A. , Badiali‐De Giorgi L. , Tremolada F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElectron microscopy examination of liver biopsies from 8 patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis revealed ultrastructural changes similar to those previously described in chimpanzees with experimentally induced acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. These changes consisted of intranuclear clusters of electron‐dense, 15–27‐nm particles that were detected in five out of the eight patients and of circular cytoplasmic structures that were present in seven cases. Other cytoplasmic abnormalities found in our patients related to the presence of curved membranes apparently developing from apposition of two cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast with what has been reported in infected chimpanzees, the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were not mutually exclusive in our patients, but coexisted in four of them.
The 30‐ to 54‐nm rotavirus‐like particles in gastroenteritis: Incidence and antigenic relationship to rotavirus
Authors: Payne Claire M. , George Ray C. , Yolken Robert H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 30‐ to 54‐nm rotavirus‐like particles were observed in the stool specimens of 17 children with gastroenteritis. These small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to be antigenically related to the commonly described 68‐nm rotavirus using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Four specimens containing the small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to contain an antigen of a common human rotavirus serotype (type 2). The finding of small rotavirus‐like particles of different diameters sharing a common antigen with rotavirus type 2 cautions against the naming of new candidate viruses based on morphology alone. In addition, the shedding of pure populations of single‐shelled rotaviruses, herein described, could be an unusual phenomenon which may occur only sporadically. The relationship of the smaller rotavirus‐like particles to rotavirus morphogenesis is discussed.
Cellular and antibody response to respiratory syncytial (rs) virus in human colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood
Authors: Scott R. , Scott M. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSamples of colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood from a group of 21 women were examined for the presence of cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus using a transformation assay and for the level of specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies to RS virus by membrane immunofluo‐rescence. Six of the 18 colostral cell cultures and six of the 16 maternal blood cultures gave a significant proliferative response to RS virus antigen, although a positive response in both local and systemic cell cultures was found in only one mother. In addition, one of 18 samples of cord blood gave a proliferative response to RS virus antigen.Detectable titres of IgA antibodies to RS virus were found in 15 of the 20 samples of colostral whey and in 13 of the 17 samples of maternal plasma examined. RS virus‐specific IgG antibodies were detected in 10 of 20 colostral whey samples and in all samples of maternal cord plasma. In this study, it was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between a positive proliferative response of colostral cell cultures to RS virus and the level of specific IgA or IgG antibodies in colostral whey. Similarly, the proliferative response of maternal blood cultures was unrelated to the titre of specific IgA or lgG antibodies in maternal plasma.The relevance of the local cellular proliferative response to RS virus in colostral cell cultures to the protection afforded by breast‐feeding is discussed.