bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather Regime Prediction Using Statistical Learning
Authors: Deloncle A. , Berk R. , D’Andrea F. , Ghil M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Two novel statistical methods are applied to the prediction of transitions between weather regimes. The methods are tested using a long, 6000-day simulation of a three-layer, quasigeostrophic (QG3) model on the sphere at T21 resolution.
The two methods are the k nearest neighbor classifier and the random forest method. Both methods are widely used in statistical classification and machine learning; they are applied here to forecast the break of a regime and subsequent onset of another one. The QG3 model has been previously shown to possess realistic weather regimes in its northern hemisphere and preferred transitions between these have been determined. The two methods are applied to the three more robust transitions; they both demonstrate a skill of 35%–40% better than random and are thus encouraging for use on real data. Moreover, the random forest method allows one, while keeping the overall skill unchanged, to efficiently adjust the ratio of correctly predicted transitions to false alarms.
A long-standing conjecture has associated regime breaks and preferred transitions with distinct directions in the reduced model phase space spanned by a few leading empirical orthogonal functions of its variability. Sensitivity studies for several predictors confirm the crucial influence of the exit angle on a preferred transition path. The present results thus support the paradigm of multiple weather regimes and their association with unstable fixed points of atmospheric dynamics.
Crystal Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Second Harmonic Generation of a Three-Dimensional Pyroelectric Cyano-Bridged Mn–Mo Complex
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Nuida Tomohiro , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A paramagnetic pyroelectric 3-dimensional cyano-bridged assembly, [{MnII(H2O)2}{MnII(pyrazine)(H2O)2}{MoIV(CN)8}]·4H2O (P21) was synthesized. This compound displayed second harmonic generation with a value of 6.0 × 10−11 esu.
Fixation of Natural Furanoeremophilane by Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Iida Kazunori , Mitani Makoto , Kuroda Chiaki 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Diels–Alder reaction of furanoeremophilan-6β-ol (petasalbin) and its synthetic analogue, 4-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran, was studied using N-ethyl- and N-phenylmaleimides as the dienophiles, affording corresponding adducts as mixtures of stereoisomers. The adduct of petasalbin and maleimide was also obtained when the latter compound was added to a crude extracted solution of Petasites japonicus var. giganteus. By using this method, it was estimated that the contents of unstable furanoeremophilan-10β-ol in L. cymbulifera is more than 32% of the extract.
Carbocyclization Reaction of Malonate Derivatives with Allylsilane Moiety Mediated by AlCl3-n-Bu3N
Authors: Imazeki Shigeaki , Kinoshita Ryohiko , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Allylsilane bearing malonate moiety underwent intramolecular carbocyclization reaction by means of AlCl3-n-Bu3N to give silyl-substituted cyclopentanes in good yields.
Monodispersed Fullerene Derivatives Introduced into the Channels of Mesoporous Silica via Chemical Bond Interactions
Authors: Wu Huixia , Lin Yanghui , Tang Jiawei , Gao Dong , Cai Ruifang , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A specific fullerene derivative, C60(CHCOOH)2, was introduced into the matrix network of well-ordered hexagonal mesoporous silica (SBA-15) via a chemical bond interaction. The methods included aminosilylation of the surface silanols within SBA-15 channels by 3-aminopropyl(trimethoxy)silane (APTS) and a subsequent amide reaction between amino groups of APTS/SBA-15 and carboxylic acids of C60(CHCOOH)2. The final material C60(CHCOOH)2/APTS/SBA-15 was confirmed by XRD, TEM, and BET techniques, FT-IR and UV–vis spectra. The [60]fullerene carboxylic derivative molecules were uniformly distributed in the channels of SBA-15, while pure [60]fullerene molecules remained as clusters or larger aggregate states.
Near-Infrared Fluorescent 2,3-Dicyanopyrazines
Authors: Matsui Masaki , Maehashi Takaya , Funabiki Kazumasa 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Novel non-ionic near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent 2,3-dicyanopyrazines were prepared. 5-[6-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5-hexatrienyl]- and 5-[8-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl]-2,3-dicyanopyrazines showed fluorescence maxima (Fmax) at 716 and 751 nm with fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) 0.12 and 0.03 in toluene, respectively. MO calculations showed that these compounds have an intramolecular charge-transfer chromophoric system from the julolidyl to dicyanopyrazine moieties. The calculations also showed that since the HOMO energy level was unstabilized, and at the same time, the LUMO energy level was stabilized by expanding the conjugated system at 5-position, NIR fluorescent derivatives were obtained. They showed clear positive solvatochromism in the fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity drastically decreased in polar solvents.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a Supramolecular Compound Based on Waugh-type Polyanion and Moroxydine
Authors: Cheng Hai-Yan , Liu Shu-Xia , Xie Lin-Hua , Ren Yuan-Hang , Zhang Chun-Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A supramolecular compound Na3(HABOB)(H2ABOB)[MnMo9O32]·5.5H2O (ABOB = moroxydine) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectrum, diffuse reflectance spectrum, room temperature magnetic moment, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and TG analysis. It exhibits a two-dimensional, layered inorganic framework constructed from Waugh-type polyanions [MnMo9O32]6− and Na+ ions linkers. Protonated ABOB molecules are hydrogen-bonded to the left- and right- handed [MnMo9O32]6− enantiomorphs to construct two kinds of infinite organic–inorganic hybrid chains.
Agostic Interaction between Tungsten Center and Cycloalkane: DFT Studies on W(CO)5(cyclo-C3H6)
Authors: Ishikawa Yo-ichi , Xie Ye 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An agostic interaction in W(CO)5(cyclo-C3H6) is investigated using a hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP) with ECPs (LanL2DZ) on W and 6-311+G(2d,p) on C, O, and H atoms. The structure with the minimum energy is confirmed on the basis of the reproducibility of the characteristic frequency shifts in the C–O stretching region observed by a time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy on the coordination of cyclo-C3H6 to “naked” W(CO)5. The C–H bond is found to coordinate to the W atom in η2-form with the bond enthalpy of 5.5 kcal mol−1.
Further Insights in the Mechanisms of Interleukin-1β Stimulation of Osteoprotegerin in Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Lambert Cécile , Oury Cécile , Dejardin Emmanuel , Chariot Alain , Piette Jacques , Malaise Michel , Merville Marie-Paule , Franchimont Nathalie 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The mechanisms of IL-1β stimulation of OPG were studied in more detail. Whereas p38 and ERK activation was confirmed to be needed, NF-κB was not necessary for this regulation. We also found that OPG production after IL-1β stimulation was not sufficient to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells.
Introduction: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a key role in the regulation of bone resorption and is stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1β. Herein, we defined the mechanisms of IL-1β stimulation of OPG focusing on the potential involvement of MAPK and NF-κB. We also examined whether OPG production in response to IL-1β influences TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells.
Materials and Methods: OPG mRNA levels in MG-63 cells were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and protein levels of OPG and IL-6 by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed using the methyltetrazidium salt (MTS) reduction assay. The role of the MAPK pathway was studied by both Western blotting and the use of specific chemical inhibitors. NF-κB function was studied using BAY 11-7085 and by siRNA transfection to inhibit p65 synthesis. Transcription mechanisms were analyzed by transiently transfecting MG-63 cells with OPG promoter constructs. Post-transcriptional effects were examined by using cycloheximide and actinomycin D.
Results: MG-63 cells treatment with IL-1β resulted in the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The use of the specific inhibitors showed that p38 and ERK but not JNK were needed for IL-1β–induced OPG production. In contrast, NF-κB was not essential for IL-1β induction of OPG. We also showed a small transcriptional and a possible post-transcriptional or translational regulation of OPG by IL-1β. Exogenous OPG blocked TRAIL-induced apoptosis, but IL-1β induction of OPG did not influence TRAIL-induced cell death.
Conclusions: IL-1β stimulates OPG production by mechanisms dependent on p38 and ERK. In contrast, NF-κB was not essential for this regulation. Although the relevance of IL-1β stimulation of OPG is still not fully understood, our data showed that IL-1β stimulation of OPG does not modify TRAIL-induced cell death.
Can BMD Assessed by DXA at Age 8 Predict Fracture Risk in Boys and Girls During Puberty?: An Eight-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Flynn Jennifer , Foley Stella , Jones Graeme 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This study reports on the association between DXA at age 8 and subsequent fractures in both male and female children. Bone densitometry at the total body and spine (but not hip) is a strong predictor of fracture (especially upper limb) during puberty.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if prepubertal DXA can predict fracture risk during puberty.
Materials and Methods: We studied 183 children who were followed for 8 yr (1460 person-years). Bone densitometry was measured at the total body, hip, and spine by DXA and reported as BMC, BMD, and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). Fractures were self-reported at age 16 with X-ray confirmation.
Results: There were a total of 63 fractures (43 upper limb). In unadjusted analysis, only total body BMD showed an inverse relationship with upper limb fracture risk (p = 0.03). However, after adjustment for height, weight, age (all at age 8), and sex, total body BMC (HR/SD, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.52–4.02), spine BMC (HR/SD, 1.97: 95% CI, 1.30–2.98), total body BMD (HR/SD, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.18–2.36), total body BMAD (HR/SD, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01–2.37), and spine BMD (HR/SD, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.10, 2.22) were all significantly associated with upper limb fracture risk. Similar, but weaker associations were present for total fractures. There was a trend for overweight/obesity to be associated with increased upper limb fracture risk (HR, 1.53/category; p = 0.08).
Conclusions: Measurement of bone mass by DXA is a good predictor of upper limb fracture risk during puberty. Although we did not measure true BMD, the constancy of fracture prediction after a single measure suggests bone strength remains relatively constant during puberty despite the large changes in bone size.
Modeling the effects of binary mixtures on survival in time
Authors: Baas Jan , van Houte Bart P. P. , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. , Kooijman Sebastiaan A. L. M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In general, effects of mixtures are difficult to describe, and most of the models in use are descriptive in nature and lack a strong mechanistic basis. The aim of this experiment was to develop a process-based model for the interpretation of mixture toxicity measurements, with effects of binary mixtures on survival as a starting point. The survival of Folsomia candida was monitored daily for 21 d during the exposure to six binary mixtures of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a loamy sand soil. The measurements were used to develop a model to describe survival in time. The model consists of two parts: A one-compartment model that describes uptake and elimination of the compounds, and a hazard model describing survival. The model was very successful in describing the data and at finding possible interactions. The mixture of copper and lead showed a slight antagonistic effect, the other mixtures showed no interaction. The model is straightforward in its biological assumptions and does not require a mode-of-action a priori choice of the mixture that might influence the modeled interaction of the components in the mixture. The model requires measurements at intermediate time points, but runs with relatively few parameters and is robust in finding interactions. When mixture effects are considered at only one time point, care should be taken with the assignment of interactions because these may be different for different points during the time course of the experiments.
Initial experience with GLP-1 treatment on metabolic control and myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure
Authors: Thrainsdottir Inga , Malmberg Klas , Olsson Arne , Gutniak Mark , Rydén Lars 
Published: May 2007

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious disease with a poor prognosis. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for CHF, probably in part due to disturbances in myocardial metabolism. Glucagon-like pep-tide-1 (GLP-1) causes glucose-dependent secretion of insulin, improving glycaemic control. In turn, this may improve myocardial metabolism and myocardial function. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility and safety of three days' infusion of recombinant GLP-1 in an open observational study in six patients with type 2 diabetes and CHF. The study included assessment of myocardial function. There were no major complications of the infusion, and all patients completed the study protocol. Some improvement was observed in glycaemic state, and there was an insignificant trend towards improved myocardial function. It is concluded that GLP-1 deserves further evaluation in such patients.
Elevated release of sCD40L from platelets of diabetic patients by thrombin, glucose and advanced glycation end products
Authors: Varo Nerea , Libby Peter , Nuzzo Rebecca , Italiano Joseph , Doria Alessandro , Schönbeck Uwe 
Published: May 2007

The pro-inflammatory CD40/CD40L dyad participates in atherogenesis. Plasma levels of the soluble ligand (sCD40L) predict cardiovascular events and are elevated in diabetic patients. This study compared CD40/CD40L surface expression on platelets and T lymphocytes of diabetic and control subjects, and tested whether glucose and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulate sCD40L release. Constitutive and inducible surface expression of CD40/CD40L on platelets or T lymphocytes did not differ between diabetic patients (n=9) and controls (n=13). Platelets from diabetic patients contained higher intracellular CD40L than controls (p<0.05) and thrombin stimulated greater platelet sCD40L release in diabetic patients (15.11 ± 16.77 ng/ml) compared to controls (3.64 ± 2.03 ng/ml; p<0.05). Glucose and AGEs induced platelet sCD40L release and CD40L expression in mouse megakaryocytes. This study demonstrates elevated CD40L content and inducible release from platelets of diabetic patients, and identifies glucose and AGEs as potential triggers of expression and release accounting for the elevated sCD40L plasma levels in these patients.
Prevalence of microalbuminuria and hypertension in South Asians and white Europeans with type 2 diabetes: a report from the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS)
Authors: Dixon Anthony N , Raymond Neil T , Mughal Shanaz , Rahim Asad , O'Hare J Paul , Kumar Sudhesh , Barnett Anthony H 
Published: May 2007

Microalbuminuria is more common in South Asian individuals compared to white Europeans. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between blood pressure and microalbuminuria in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes in these two ethnic groups. These further data were analysed from 552 patients (311 South Asian patients and 241 white Europeans) who had microalbuminuria screening data collected. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly higher in South Asian compared with white European patients (31% versus 20%, p=0.007). Among patients with normal, untreated blood pressure, the proportion who had microalbuminuria was three times higher among South Asian patients compared with the white European group (30.7% versus 10.1%, p=0.049, relative risk = 3.1 [1.0–9.5]). In addition, despite their higher cardiovascular risk, South Asian patients were less likely to be prescribed a statin or antihypertensive drug treatment. In conclusion, thresholds and targets for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians may need to be lower than those for white Europeans, and targeted intervention will be required to achieve this.
TNF and TNF receptor expression and insulin sensitivity in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue — influence of BMI and adipose distribution
Authors: Good Manuela , Newell Felicity M , Haupt Larisa M , Whitehead Jonathan P , Hutley Louise J , Prins Johannes B 
Published: May 2007

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α is implicated in the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand this association better we (i) profiled gene expression patterns of TNF, TNFR1 and TNFR2 and (ii) investigated the effects of TNF on glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes and adipose tissue explants from omental and subcutaneous depots from lean, overweight and obese individuals. TNF expression correlated with expression of TNFR2, but not TNFR1, and TNF and TNFR2 expression increased in obesity. TNFR1 expression was higher in omental than in subcutaneous adipocytes. Expression levels of TNF or either receptor did not differ between adipocytes from individuals with central and peripheral obesity. TNF only suppressed glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated subcutaneous tissue and this suppression was only observed in tissue from lean subjects. These data support a relationship between the TNF system and body mass index (BMI), but not fat distribution, and suggest depot specificity of the TNF effect on glucose uptake. Furthermore, adipose tissue from obese subjects already appears insulin ‘resistant’ and this may be a result of the increased TNF levels.
Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone while continuing stable statin therapy
Authors: Berhanu Paulos , Kipnes Mark S , Khan Mehmood A , Perez Alfonso T , Kupfer Stuart F , Spanheimer Robert G , Demissie Seleshi , Fleck Penny R 
Published: May 2007

4The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone while maintaining stable statin and other lipid-altering therapies. A total of 305 patients were enrolled in this open-label study. Patients had been taking stable dosages of rosiglitazone and statins for > 90 days. At baseline, patients discontinued rosiglitazone and started pioglitazone 30 mg/day, but continued statins and other lipid-altering therapies. The primary end point was change from baseline in fasting triglyceride levels. At 17 weeks after treatment conversion, patients had significant reductions in triglycerides (-15.2%), total cholesterol (-9.0%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration (-189 nmol/L), and increases in LDL cholesterol (+2.2%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+1.8%), and LDL particle diameter (+0.23 nm). In conclusion, after treatment conversion from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone while maintaining stable statin therapy, patients with type 2 diabetes had marked improvements in lipid profiles along with stable glycaemic control.
Fibrates after the FIELD study: some answers, more questions
Authors: Wierzbicki Anthony S 
Published: May 2007

Fibrates have a long history in cardiovascular disease. These drugs raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, reduce triglycerides and improve small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) so would be expected to have large effects in type 2 diabetes, where this is the typical lipid profile. The general trial results with these agents have been confusing, with varying cardiovascular benefits. The Fenofibrate Intervention and Endpoint Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study recruited a low-risk population with a lipid profile that would be more usually treated with a statin. FIELD showed a non-significant 11% reduction (p=0.16) in the primary end point of coronary events and a significant 11% benefit on the secondary end point of cardiovascular events and procedures (p=0.04). Most of the benefits were seen in primary prevention and non-fatal myocardial events. Fenofibrate had little effect on HDL-C; the effects of the trial are consistent with the LDL-C reducing potential of this drug. FIELD, because of unequal statin drop-in, gives little evidence on statin-fibrate combination therapy but does reinforce the available data on the safety of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy. In addition, fenofibrate showed possible benefits on microvascular disease end points, including albuminuria and retinopathy. On current data fenofibrate and gemfibrozil seem to be reasonable second-line agents in type 2 diabetes or secondary prevention with low HDL-C, respectively, based on outcome evidence. In combination therapy, drug-specific safety considerations will affect the exact choice of agent, especially in combination with statins, but the efficacy of combination therapy still requires validation in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study.
Rosiglitazone increases LDL particle size and buoyancy and decreases C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes on statin therapy
Authors: Yu Dahong , Murdoch Susan J , Parikh Shamik J , Marcovina Santica M , Cobitz Alexander , Chen Hongzi , Brunzell John D 
Published: May 2007

A substantial number of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demonstrate a predominance of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In some cases, sdLDL persists after treatment with a statin to reduce levels of LDL. The effect of the addition of a thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone (RSG) (4 mg/day or 8 mg/day) to statin therapy on LDL phenotype and C reactive protein (CRP) levels was investigated in a 12-week, placebo-controlled study of 72 T2DM patients who were well controlled and on a statin, but who had persistently predominant sdLDL. Addition of RSG 8 mg to statin therapy significantly increased LDL buoyancy (relative flotation +0.014, p=0.003) and LDL particle size (+4.2Å, p=0.001) from baseline and relative to the change with placebo (+0.014 and +3.8Å; p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively), and was associated with a non-significant decrease in sdLDL. RSG 8 mg moderately, but significantly, increased total cholesterol (by 12.2%, p=0.004), LDL-cholesterol (11.2%, p=0.02) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-cholesterol from baseline but did not increase total or LDL apolipoprotein B. RSG 4 mg and 8 mg significantly reduced CRP compared with placebo (-44.9% and-48.0%; p=0.008 and p=0.004, respectively), and significantly reduced insulin resistance and fasting plasma glucose from baseline. Addition of RSG to statin therapy may further reduce cardiovascular risk by improving the LDL phenotype, as well as reducing insulin resistance and CRP levels. However, the increase in IDL may be proatherogenic and must be considered when assessing the benefits of rosiglitazone.