bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soyabean saponins IX.—Studies of their effect on birds, mammals and cold‐blooded organisms
Authors: Ishaaya I. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A. , Tencer Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of soyabean saponins on the growth of chicks, mice, rats and Tribolium castaneum larvae and on the survival time of tadpoles and guppies was studied. Soyabean saponins did not impair growth of chicks when added at five times the concentration in a normal soyabean‐supplemented diet. They had also no effect on the growth response of rats and mice and on the amount of ingested food, but caused slight growth retardation of Tribolium castaneum larvae. Soyabean saponins showed a pronounced detrimental effect on tadpoles and guppies.
Extraction, chemical nature, and properties of soil organic sulphur
Authors: Freney J. R. , Melville G. E. , Williams C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOrganic sulphur in soil appeared to be stable in mildly alkaline solutions at 20°, and thus reagents such as bicarbonate or the sodium form of a chelating resin may be used for the partial extraction of organic sulphur in a chemically unmodified form. More complete extraction of organic sulphur from soil could be achieved by the use of sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 12.6, but degradation of humic acid sulphur to fulvic acid sulphur and conversion of organic sulphur to inorganic sulphur occurred in both hot and cold hydroxide solutions at this pH. A comparison of N : S ratios and percentages of reducible sulphur in soils and extracts suggested that none of the reagents studied extracted a sample of organic matter that was fully representative of the organic matter in soil. The results confirm that most of the sulphur in these surface soils is organic and that there is very little inorganic sulphate present.Sulphur that could be reduced by hydriodic acid occurred in compounds of both high and low molecular weight but data obtained from extraction with bicarbonate and the chelating resin suggested that much of the reducible sulphur occurred in the high molecular weight fraction of soil organic matter.
Tocopherol content of seaweed and seaweed meal: II.—Individual, diurnal and seasonal variations in some fucaceae
Authors: Jensen A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seasonal variation in tocopherol content in four brown seaweeds was followed through a two‐year period. Considerable variation especially in the concentration of δ‐tocopherol was established. The higher concentrations were found during autumn and winter, and low contents in spring. Individual and diurnal variations were also studied. Considerable differences in tocopherol content between various types of tissue were established. Surprisingly high concentrations of tocopherols were found in the older parts of the plants.
Diffusion of organophosphorus insecticides in soils
Authors: Graham‐Bryce I. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiffusion of disulfoton and dimethoate in a silt loam soil was studied over a range of concentrations and moisture contents. Apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated from the distribution of insecticide in a column of soil after diffusion from one half of the column to the other for a known time. The distribution was determined by slicing the column into narrow; sections using a specially constructed diffusion cylinder. Diffusion coefficients varied little with concentration for both insecticides, but increased rapidly with increasing moisture content for dimethoate from 3.31 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 10% volumetric moisture content to 1.41 × 10−6 cm2/sec at 43% moisture content. In contrast, for disulfoton which is more volatile, less soluble and more strongly sorbed than dimethoate, diffusion coefficients were smaller (2.83 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 41% moisture content) but did not change much as the soil became drier (2.74 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 8 % moisture content). The influence of partition between solid, solution and vapour phases in the soil and of the geometry of the pathway‐through the soil pores on the apparent diffusion coefficient is discussed. The likely behaviour of other pesticides is considered in the light of these results.
Reduction and RE‐oxidation of the purothionins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Elton G. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe disulphide bonds of the purothionins have been fully reduced with 2‐mercaptoethanol. Starch‐gel electrophoresis of the products and also of the reduced proteins after blocking with acrylonitrile confirms previous tentative evidence that purothionins a and 0 both consist of single polypeptide chains. Reduced purothionin doublet has been re‐oxidised under various conditions, the major finding being that in dilute solution re‐formation of structure predominates whereas in very concentrated solution, extensive intermolecular cross linking appears to occur.
Determination of molybdenum in biological materials with 2‐amino‐4‐chlorobenzenethiol
Authors: Ssekaalo H. , Johnson R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA routine method has been developed for the determination of molybdenum in biological materials (e.g. rolled oats and whole milk). The sample is wet‐oxidised with hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid, any calcium sulphate precipitate being removed by centrifugation, and molybdenum is separated from phosphate using cupferron (ammonium nitroso‐2‐phenylhydroxylamine). The molybdenum‐cupferron extract (in chloroform) is evaporated to dryness, and the complex is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid. After adjustment to the pH range 2–0–2–2 using ammonium hydroxide‐sulphuric acid, the molybdenum is complexed with 2‐amino‐4‐chorobenzenethiol, the complex is extracted with chloroform, and the optical density is measured at 720 nm. Satisfactory recoveries ( ± 10%) were obtained.
Amino acid content of seeds of orchard crops
Authors: Ekpenyong T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn agreement with previous research it has been found that the most prominent amino acid in seeds of 12 orchard crops was glutamic acid followed by arginine and aspartic acid while the least represented in all cases was methionine. Although correlation figures have not been worked out the results show that the percentage lysine content was highest in the group where the percentage protein content was lowest.
Volatile compounds in dried grapes
Authors: Ramshaw E. H. , Hardy P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile compounds were isolated from fresh Sultana grapes, from pale golden‐brown sultanas prepared by drying on racks after treatment with a commercial dipping solution, and from dark brown sultanas dried in sunlight without dipping. The fresh grape yolatiles were found in the dipped sultanas but not in the undipped sultanas. Undipped sultanas contained considerable amounts of furfural and related compounds which were present in relatively small amounts in the dipped sultanas. It is suggested that these compounds, commonly associated with non‐enzymic browning, may account for the malty, caramel‐like aroma of the undipped sultanas and that their production is inhibited by the drying conditions given to the dipped sultanas. The dipped sultanas contained several carbonyl compounds which were not observed in the undipped sultanas.
Action of A ring‐cleaving oxygenase in preventing oxidative darkening of apple juice
Authors: Kelly S. H. , Finkle B. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevention of browning of apple juice by catechol oxidase was brought about through enzymic cleavage of the aromatic ring of juice‐darkening constituents. Protocatechuate‐3,4‐dioxygenase in the presence of ascorbate oxidatively attacked the catechol compounds in juice, nullifying their darkening capacity.
Investigations on starches from major starch crops grown in Ghana: II.—Swelling and solubility patterns: Amyloclastic susceptibility
Authors: Rašper V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe patterns of progressive swelling and solubilisation of various starches from major Ghanaian starch crops have been evaluated over the range of pasting temperatures to provide evidence of the associative bonding (i.e. hydrogen bonding) within the granules. The swelling patterns were greatly influenced by the species of the starch tested, but all the starches, except those of maize and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), exhibited a single‐stage swelling, reflecting the presence of one set of internal bonding forces. The dissolving action of amylases on granular starches, which provides another means for studying granule structure, was examined by measuring the starch degradation at different enzyme concentration levels and fixed amount of substrate. There was considerable variation in resistance to enzyme action among the starches. With ‘root’ starches, the resistance increased in parallel with increasing size of the granules.
Changes in polyphenols of sapota fruit (Achras zapota L.) during maturation
Authors: Lakshminarayana S. , Mathew A. G. , Parpia H. A. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes in polyphenols of sapota fruit during maturation have been determined by chemical analysis, paper chromatography and taste evaluation. Simple polyphenols are shown to decrease while polymeric leucoanthocyanidins increase with maturation. The reduction in astringency as the fruit develops has been found to be due to polymeric changes, the influence of other constituents such as sugar, and ‘dilution’ of polyphenols by increase in fruit size.
Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilisers on contents of carbohydrates and free amino acids in Italian ryegrass: I.—Effects on growth and soluble‐carbohydrate contents of leaves, stubble and roots
Authors: Nowakowski T. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractItalian ryegrass S22, grown in K‐deficient sandy loam in pots under glass, was given 40,80 and 160 ppm N as ammonium nitrate and 0, 60, 120 and 240 ppm K as potassium chloride. In the absence of K fertiliser, increasing N fertiliser decreased root weights, but with the largest dressing of K, grass which was given high rates of N produced more roots than grass receiving the smallest amount of N. K fertiliser increased root weights and the content of soluble carbohydrates in roots. Irrespective of K supply, roots contained very little fructosan. Adequate K was needed to give maximum amounts of sugars and fructosan in the tops and stubble. Excessive K in relation to N fertiliser was detrimental to the accumulation of fructosan in the stubble. The importance of the effect of K on soluble carbohydrates is briefly discussed.
Mineral balance in grass as influenced by fertility conditions in soil
Authors: Khan D. H. , Ali M. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies on the mineral balance in paragrass, Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf, showed that the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio only once exceeded 1.80 under different fertiliser treatments; this was taken to be due to a relatively high Mg content in the plant tissue. Fertiliser N decreased the K/(Ca+ Mg), K/Mg, and K/Ca ratios in the grass, and the percentage of nitrogen in the tissue was negatively correlated with the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio.
Fermentation studies on lucerne
Authors: Carpemtero M. C. , Holding A. J. , McDonald P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments are reported. In the first, lucerne grown on replicated plots treated with and without nitrogenous fertiliser was ensiled in laboratory silos (capacity 1.2 kg) before and after being wilted for 24 h. The water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of the lucerne decreased significantly after wilting in both treatments, but application of nitrogenous fertiliser did not depress the WSC content. None of the resultant silages was well preserved.In a second experiment using a second cut of lucerne, the following treatments were used: molasses, formic acid, sodium metabisulphite, and wilting. Of these, only material treated with either molasses or formic acid was preserved satisfactorily. In both experiments, changes in organic acids and buffering values are given.
Chemotherapy of fascioliasis: I.—Derivatives of di‐(p‐aminophenyl) methane and p‐aminophenol
Authors: Collins R. F. , Daves M. , Rosenbaum J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDi‐(p‐aminophenyl)methane and certain p‐aminophenyl ethos, known to possess activity against the trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, have been converted into various derivatives in an attempt to enhance their effect on F. hepatica. Other compounds studied include 4‐amino‐7‐chloro‐quinolines and 6‐aminobenz‐l,3‐dioxans.
Isolation and characterisation of a water‐soluble wheat‐flour protein
Authors: Fish W. W. , Abbott Donald C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe main component of the water‐soluble proteins of wheat flour has been isolated in sufficient quantity for chemical and physical characterisation. This was achieved by a combination of ion‐exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and gel filtration through Sephadex G75. The protein isolated was judged to be 90% pure by zone electrophoresis. Sedimentation analysis yielded a single symmetrical peak with an S°20,w value of 2.45. The molecular weight was found to be 19,300 by gel filtration, and the diffusion coefficient estimated by the same method was 10.47 × 10−7. A molecular weight of 16,000 was calculated from sedimentation equilibrium analysis in a dissociating medium. The ultra‐violet spectrum of the isolated albumin exhibited a maximum at 278 nm and from this an E1% 278 value of 13.1 was calculated. No free sulphydryl groups could be detected. Amino acid analysis showed that this protein has a composition similar to those of other soluble wheat‐flour preparations. A molecular weight of 16,300 was calculated from the amino acid analysis. End‐group analysis of the protein showed that serine is the N‐terminal amino acid. The C‐terminal amino acid was found to be resistant to release by both carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B.
Isolation and characterisation of A wheat albumin
Authors: Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA major albumin from Cappelle‐Desprez wheat flour has been isolated by carboxymethyl‐cellulose chromatography in a sufficiently pure state for characterisation. The water‐soluble protein is free from phenylalanine and histidine, and this enables the purity to be estimated as > 95 %. It appears to consist of a single chain with a mol. wt. of 26,000. The absorbance coefficient at 280 nm is 1.9 × 103, the high value being due to 8 tryptophan and 8 tyrosine residues per molecule. There are 10 S. S bonds but no sulphydryl groups or sugar residues in the molecule. Sedimentation studies indicate that the molecules tend to aggregate in 0.2 M‐NaCl. No protease or amylase activity was detectable.
Determination of moisture and oil in the seed of winter rape (Brassica napus): I.‐Comparison of oven methods for the determination of moisture
Authors: Hughes M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe method for estimating moisture in winter rape seed (Brassica napus) by drying at 130° for 1 h gives results significantly higher than methods of drying at 103° and 105°. For the routine estimation of moisture in large numbers of samples a convenient method is to dry 10 g of whole seed for 16 h. This method compares favourably with results obtained on milled samples dried at 103° for 5 h or 105° for 16 h.
Inactivation of α‐Amylase in wheat and flour with acid
Authors: Fuller P. , Hutchinson J. B. , McDermott E. E. , Stewart B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe inactivation of α‐amylase in flour and wheat by hydrochloric acid treatment, followed by neutralisation with ammonia gas, has been investigated. A considerable degree of irreversible inactivation could be achieved by the hydrochloric acid gas treatment of ‘dry’ flour, and the aqueous hydrochloric acid conditioning of wheat. Careful control of the experimental conditions was necessary to minimise deleterious effects on the other flour constituents. The practical possibilities of such processes are considered.
Analysis of minor volatile constituents of wine
Authors: Hardy P. J. , Ramshaw E. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analysis of minor volatile constituents in alcoholic beverages presents difficulties because of the relatively high concentrations of a few higher alcohols. Volatile components were extracted from a freshly prepared Riesling white table wine using the solvent trichlorofluoromethane, and analysed by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The higher alcohols were then removed from the trichlorofluoromethane extracts by treatment with propylene glycol, and the remaining components, mainly esters, were concentrated further. The final concentrate, whose volume represented about 0·01% of that of the wine, was analysed again, and in all, over 40 components were identified. Some of the esters observed, including the mixed ester, 3‐methylbutyl ethyl succinate, have not been reported previously.
Vitamin B content of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata walp) II.–Pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid
Authors: Ogunmodede B. K. , Oyenuga V. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe microbiological estimations of pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid were carried out on thirty varieties of cowpeas. Precautions needed to obtain consistent results for each of the vitamins were recorded.Individual values of the vitamins in the samples were recorded and statistical analyses of the results for both the varieties and the three types of cowpeas are discussed. Varietal differences in the vitamin contents were noted.
Glucosinolate content and amino acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal as affected by sulphur and nitrogen nutrition
Authors: Josefsson E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRapeseed plants have been grown in soil‐free culture with varying amounts of nitrogen fertiliser applied as nitrate, and with 50% of the nitrate‐N exchanged for ammonium. The experiment was performed at two levels of sulphate fertiliser. Yield, protein content, glucosinolate content and amino acid composition were studied. The glucosinolate content was lower and the protein content was higher at a high level of nitrogen fertiliser. Exchange of 50% of the nitrate‐N for ammonium caused no significant change in glucosinolate or protein content. The amount of glucosinolate was higher at the high sulphate level. There were no sulphur‐nitrogen interactions. Content of total aspartic acid increased with nitrogen fertilisation, while total content of other amino acids did not change significantly with fertilisation.The effect of a wide variety of applications of sulphate fertiliser on glucosinolate and total amino acid content have been studied in a separate experiment. Although both protein content and methionine content were reduced at a low sulphate level, glucosinolate content was reduced considerably more.Experiments in the field revealed that although a reduction in glucosinolate content of rapeseed may be obtained from using fertilisers low in sulphur on sandy soils this does not seem possible on heavy soils.
Decomposition of the organic materials from hill soils and pastures I.—Incubation method for studying the mineralisation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: Floate M. J. S. , Torrance C. J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlant materials and sheep faeces from 2 hill sites were used to develop a method suitable for measuring the production of CO2 and mineral N and P during incubation with aqueous soil extract. Variation in sample size (2 or 5 g) and source of the extract inoculum (from A0 or A1 soil horizon) had little effect on the results, but production of mineral N and P was reduced in the absence of any inoculum. Nitrogen was lost during incubation in both open and closed systems, but by absorption of evolved ammonia in 50% sulphuric acid almost complete recovery of nitrogen was achieved in the closed system. More NH3, nitrate‐N and CO2 were produced at 25% moisture‐holding capacity than at 100%, but variation in moisture content had little effect on ammonium‐N production. Lowering the incubation temperature resulted in reduced production of CO2 and mineral‐N and P, but sheep faeces produced most ammonium‐N at 10°.
Evaluation of whisky distillery by‐products IV.—Evaporated spent wash as a supplementary food with low‐quality roughages for cattle
Authors: Sheehan W. , Topps J. H. , Miller T. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvaporated spent wash, a whisky distillery by‐product, has been evaluated as a supplementary food with low‐quality roughage for beef cattle. Three levels of the material were used, the two lower levels with small amounts of barley. None of the supplements produced a marked increase in intake of roughage. Digestibility of the diet was substantially increased when spent wash or spent wash and barley was included and an intake of metabolisable energy of approximately 80% of the animal's maintenance requirement was obtained. The spent wash was found to be rich in nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus and copper but very low in calcium and sodium.
Nutritive value of wheat bran I.—Effects of fine grinding upon bran, and of added bran upon the protein quality of white flour
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Martin H. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe addition of bran to a diet based upon white flour, and thereby deficient in lysine, improved the growth rate and food consumption of weanling rats on this diet, partly because of the supplementary effect of the lysine of the bran upon the protein of the flour.The increasing replacement of flour by bran continued to improve growth rate towards an upper value where much of the flour in the diet had been replaced. However, growth rates were still poor, and well below that attainable if flour without bran is supplemented with small amounts of lysine and threonine. Fine grinding of the bran affected neither growth rate nor food intake significantly in a 50 : 50 mixture of bran and flour, but it slightly depressed the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen of the diet.
Freeze‐dried turkey muscle I.—Changes in nitrogenous compounds and lipids of dehydrated turkey during storage
Authors: Fishwick M. J. , Zmarlicki S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in proteins and lipids were followed during the storage of freeze‐dried turkey breast muscle in air and in nitrogen. Oxidation of sulphydryl groups accounted for part of the oxygen uptake of air‐stored samples, and was accompanied by a decrease in soluble nitrogen greater than in controls stored in nitrogen. The major deteriorative process at low moisture content was a type of ‘lipid’ browning reaction which was dependent on oxygen and caused discoloration and objectionable odours. Autoxidation of lipids catalysed by haem pigments and resulting in rancid flavours was not a major deteriorative process in freeze‐dried turkey muscle. Lipid hydrolysis occurred at water contents of 8·2 and 5·4% but not at 0·8%.
Freeze‐dried turkey muscle II.—Role of haem pigments as catalysts in the autoxidation of lipid constituents
Authors: Fishwick M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study by reflectance spectroscopy of the haem compounds of turkey breast and leg muscle showed that the structure of the main component, myoglobin, changed during the freeze‐drying process to form a low‐spin complex, ferromyochromagen. Ferrimyoglobin, either present in fresh muscle or introduced as an oxidation product during dehydration, forms the corresponding ferrimyochromagen. During storage in the freeze‐dried state the iron complexes do not catalyse the autoxidation of unsaturated lipids. When freeze‐dried muscle is rehydrated to a water content not less than 50% of that of fresh muscle, a proportion of the haem pigment is present in the form of a high‐spin complex, metmyoglobin, which catalyses autoxidation of unsaturated lipids in the rehydrated muscle.