bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Reversible Left Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy on the Metabolic Cost of Locomotion and Peak Aerobic Power in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: EHRLICH PAULA J. , SEEHERMAN HOWARD J. , MORRIS ELISABETH , KOLIAS CYNTHIA 
Published: February 2008

W. ROBERT COOK, BVSc, FRCVSThe effect of left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (LRLN) on the metabolic cost of locomotion (MCL) and peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak) was evaluated in four trained Thoroughbred racehorses. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2), venous lactate concentrations (LAC), and heart rate (HR) were measured during a treadmill exercise test (TET). Each horse performed the exercise test four times, alternating between normal upper airway function and reversibly induced LRLN. Subcutaneous infusion of 2% mepivicaine, a local anesthetic, into the region where the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes caudal to the cricoid cartilage was used to induce LRLN. The induction of LRLN did not alter the relationship between V̇O2and treadmill speed at exercise intensities where V̇O2was less than V̇O2peak (<9 m/sec). However, a 15.3% reduction in V̇O2peak (Normal = 165.3 ± 3.4, LRLN = 140.0 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min ± SE,P<.001) occurred at higher treadmill speeds in horses with induced LRLN. A significant group (Normal v LRLN) by treadmill speed effect was found for LAC and R only at treadmill speeds where V̇O2=V̇O2peak. Peak lactate (LACpeak) did not change after the induction of LRLN. The relationship between HR and treadmill speed increased in horses with induced LRLN at exercise intensities where V̇O2< V̇O2peak. Peak heart rate (HRpeak) remained unchanged. Performance as indicated by the maximum number of speed intervals completed (STEPmax) decreased 7% in horses with induced LRLN (Normal = 9.1 ± 0.04, LRLN = 8.5 ± 0.2 minutes ± SE,P<.04). A comparison of paired exercise test measurements showed no evidence of a training effect, or decreased performance caused by a learned response, over the course of the experiment. The results of this study indicate that alterations in ventilation caused by LRLN cause a significant reduction in V̇O2peak, but do not cause an increase in the metabolic cost of locomotion at exercise intensities where V̇O2is less than V̇O2peak.
The Effects of Wound Lavage Solutions on Canine Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study
Authors: BUFFA EUGENE A. , LUBBE ANTON M. , VERSTRAETE FRANK J. M. , SWAIM STEVEN F. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), sterile tap water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate on wound healing in an in vitro model. Study Design—The effects of PBS, sterile tap water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate on a primary line of canine embryonic fibroblasts were determined. Animals or Sample Population—A primary line of canine embryonic fibroblasts. Methods—The effects of the various lavage solutions were determined by (1) vital staining of the treated cells with a 0.5% trypan blue solution, (2) evaluation of the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released by the treated cells, and (3) cytopathologic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin‐stained monolayers of treated canine fibroblasts. The cells were exposed to the lavage treatments for the following time intervals: 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2.5 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. PBS was used as the control. Results—Sterile tap water significantly damaged canine fibroblasts at all time intervals (P= .05). This was attributed to the alkaline pH, hypotonicity, and presence of numerous cytotoxic trace elements in the tap water used. Cytotoxic effects were noted in fibroblasts after 10 minutes' exposure to normal saline; this may be because of the acidic pH of normal saline and lack of a buffering system. Ringer's lactate did not induce any significant fibroblast injury. Conclusions—PBS and Ringer's lactate do not induce any significant fibroblast injury, whereas normal saline and sterile tap water cause mild and severe cytotoxic effects in vitro. Clinical Relevance—Further clinical investigation is indicated to establish whether Ringer's lactate is the wound lavage solution of choice compared with normal saline. Sterile tap water may cause considerable fibroblast injury.
Paralumbar Fossa Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Horses With Use of Endoloop Ligatures
Authors: BOURÉ LUDOVIC , MARCOUX MARCEL , LAVERTY SHEILA 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purposes of this study were to develop a technique of paralumbar fossa laparoscopic ovariectomy using Endoloop ligatures and to avoid a laparotomy incision for ovary removal by using a 33–mm diameter muscle spreader trocar‐cannula unit.Animals or Sample Population—Seven mares.Methods—Bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed under general anesthesia in two horses and under neuroleptanalgesia and local anesthesia in five standing mares. Ovaries were approached from the ipsilateral paralumbar fossa through two portal sites located in the paralumbar fossa and a third between the 17th and 18th ribs. Insufflation of the abdominal cavity was achieved using an automatic carbon dioxide insufflator. Two Endoloop ligatures were placed on the mesovarium. The cannula, located in the center of the paralumbar fossa, was removed, and a 33‐mm diameter trocar‐cannula unit, with a cone‐shaped muscle spreader extremity, was inserted through the same portal. The mesovarium was transected between the ovary and the ligatures. The ovaries were removed from the abdomen through the 33‐mm diameter cannula. The abdominal wall was closed in a routine manner.Results—No major complications occurred during or after surgery.Conclusion—Paralumbar fossa laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares using Endoloop ligatures and the 33‐mm diameter trocar‐cannula unit was an effective technique for ovariectomy of normal ovaries in this study.Clinical Relevance—Endoloop ligatures provide a viable alternative for laparoscopic ligation of ovarian pedicles in mares.
Evaluation of the Palmaz Stent in the Trachea and Mainstem Bronchi of Normal Dogs
Authors: RADLINSKY MARYANN G. , FOSSUM THERESA W. , WALKER MICHAEL A. , AUFDEMORTE THOMAS B. , THOMPSON JAMES A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the efficacy of the Palmaz balloon expandable intraluminal stent in the trachea and mainstem bronchi of normal dogs. Study Design— Effects of the stent were evaluated by physical examination, thoracic radiography, respiratory tract fluoroscopy and endoscopy, tracheal diameter measurement, postmortem examination, and airway histomorphometry. Animals or Sample Population— Ten normal beagle dogs. Methods— Stent size was estimated from thoracic radiographs in awake dogs. Group I dogs (n = 4) had two stents placed: one in the thoracic trachea (TT) plus a randomly chosen mainstem bronchus (MB). Group II dogs (n = 3) had stents placed in the MB (one stent), TT (one stent), and mid‐ or proximal cervical trachea (CT) (one or two stents). Three dogs were used as sham‐operated controls (group III). Temperature, pulse, respiration, and cough were measured twice daily. Dogs were evaluated at 21 and 49 to 56 days after stent placement, euthanatized, and tissues were collected for histomorphometric analysis of stent integration and epithelial pathology. Results— Mean tracheal diameters of awake (10.5 ±1.7 mm) and anesthetized dogs before stent implantation (13.9 ± 2.0 mm) were significantly different (P <.01). Complications associated with stent placement included acute pulmonary edema (n = 2), stent migration (n = 7), stent collapse (n = 4 CT, 2 TT, and 1 MB), and positive tracheal culture (n = 10). Group II dogs coughed more at rest, exercise, and with tracheal palpation than dogs in other groups (P <.01). Group I dogs coughed more at rest than group III dogs (P <.01). Stent integration ranged from 0 to 91.3%. Squamous metaplasia and epithelial ulceration associated with stents ranged from 0 to 57.5% and 0 to 32.7%, respectively. Conclusions— Determination of stent size should be based on measurements taken on anesthetized dogs because use of inappropriately sized stents may promote stent migration, squamous metaplasia, and/or ulceration. Epithelialization over stent struts may occur if the stent is closely associated with tracheal epithelium. Clinical Relevance— Palmaz stents do not appear to be appropriate for placement in the CT of dogs; however, with technical modifications, application in the TT and MB may be feasible.
Evaluation of Skin Bacterial Flora Before and After Aseptic Preparation of Clipped and Nonclipped Arthrocentesis Sites in Horses
Authors: HAGUE BRENT A. , HONNAS CLIFFORD M. , SIMPSON R. BRUCE , PELOSO JOHN G. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—This study evaluates skin bacterial flora before and after aseptic preparation of clipped and nonclipped arthrocentesis sites in horses.Study Design—The hair over one midcarpal joint and one distal interphalangeal joint on each horse was clipped. The contralateral joint served as the nonclipped comparison.Animals or Sample Population—Twelve adult horses.Methods—A prescrub sample for microbial culture was taken from the dorsal surface of all four joints for each horse. Each site was aseptically prepared with povidone iodine and 70% alcohol, followed by postscrub sampling for microbial culture. Colony forming units (CFUs) were determined for each sample, 24 hours after inoculation of blood agar plates.Results—There was no significant difference (P >.05) in number of postscrub CFUs between clipped and nonclipped skin over the midcarpal or distal interphalangeal joints. Percent bacterial reduction (mean ± SD%) after aseptic preparation differed significantly (P=.02) between clipped (99.8 ±.003%) and nonclipped (96.2 ±.05%) skin at the midcarpal joint, but not at the distal interphalangeal joint (clipped, 98.5 ±.03% and nonclipped, 97.8 ± 0.21%). There was a significant difference (P=.009) in number of prescrub CFUs obtained from clipped and nonclipped skin for the midcarpal joint. There was no significant difference in number of prescrub CFUs between clipped and nonclipped skin at the distal interphalangeal joint. Bacteria isolated from both clipped and nonclipped skin sampled postscrub includedBacillussp, nonhemolyticStaphylococcussp, andMicrococcussp.Conclusions—The presence of hair over the midcarpal and distal interphalangeal joints does not appear to inhibit the ability of antiseptics to effectively reduce bacterial flora to an acceptable level for arthrocentesis.Clinical Relevance—Aseptic preparation of the skin over the midcarpal and distal interphalangeal joints can be accomplished without hair removal in horses.
Intra‐articular Anesthesia of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint Alleviates Lameness Associated With the Navicular Bursa in Horses
Authors: PLEASANT R. SCOTT , MOLL H. DAVID , LEY WILLIAM B. , LESSARD PIERRE , WARNICK LORIN D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— To determine if intra‐articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint could alleviate lameness associated with the navicular bursa in horses.Study Design— Experimental investigation.Animals— Six clinically normal horses.Methods— Lameness was induced in each horse by injecting either the left or right front navicular bursa with 5 mg of amphotericin‐B. Forty‐eight hours later each horse was videotaped walking and trotting before, and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after injecting the distal interphalangeal joint of the treated limb with 5 mL of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride. All video recordings were then rerecorded onto master tapes in a random sequence. Four clinicians, unaware of the animal identity related to observation time or limb treated, independently viewed these tapes and graded the lamenesses.Results— There was a significant reduction in lameness 5 and 30 minutes after anesthetic was injected into the distal interphalangeal joint. Lameness scores 60 minutes after anesthetic administration were not significantly different than baseline values. Gross pathological examination confirmed marked inflammation of the treated navicular bursae and normal appearance of the distal interphalangeal joints.Conclusions— Intra‐articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint can alleviate lameness associated with the navicular bursa.Clinical Relevance— Intra‐articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint is not specific only for lameness originating in the distal interphalangeal joint.
Comparison of Three Methods of Ulnar Fixation in Horses
Authors: HANSON PETER D. , HARTWIG HEATHER , MARKEL MARK D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐This study compares the mechanical properties of three methods of equine ulnar fixation: dynamic compression plating, pins and wires tension band, and a prototype grip system.Study Design‐The mechanical properties of dynamic compression plating, pins and wires tension band, and a prototype grip system repair of equine ulnar fractures were evaluated in a cadaveric osteotomy model.Animals or Sample Population‐Fifteen pairs of the radius and ulna from equine cadavers.Methods‐The three repair techniques were evaluated to mimic the pull of the triceps brachii muscle in single cycle to failure and in cyclic fatigue loading. Single cycle results were evaluated as the axial and angular displacement. Cyclic fatigue results were evaluated as the number of cycles to failure.Results‐Dynamic compression plate fixation and pins and wires tension band had significantly less axial displacement of the proximal fragment than the grip system (P<.05). No significant difference in angular rotation of the proximal fragment was present between the three techniques. Dynamic compression plating had significantly greater fatigue resistance than the grip system (P<.05). Cyclic failure was characterized by screw loosening or breakage and wire breakage.Conclusions‐Dynamic compression plates were better than the other techniques at maintaining compression of a transverse ulnar osteotomy at the level of the anconeal process just proximal to the trochlear notch.Clinical Relevance‐Knowledge of fixation technique mechanical properties is essential for surgeons to select the proper method of fracture repair.
The Effects of Ischemia and Reperfusion on Mucosal Respiratory Function, Adenosine Triphosphate, Electrolyte, and Water Content in the Ascending Colon of Ponies
Authors: McANULTY J.F. , STONE W.C. , DVM B.J. DARIEN 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the biochemical integrity of equine colonic mucosa to assess the relative roles of ischemic‐ and reperfusion‐induced damage.Study Design‐Two hours of no‐flow ischemia experimentally induced by 720° counterclockwise ascending colon volvulus followed by 2 hours reperfusion after derotation.Animals‐Ten ponies.Methods‐Ascending colon biopsies were obtained every hour for measurement of mucosal adenosine triphosphate (ATP), water, sodium, and potassium content. Additional samples were homogenized for assay of mitochondrial respiratory function.Results‐ATP content diminished 92% after ischemia and recovered to only 44% of control levels (P<.001 versus controls) after 2 hours reperfusion. Reperfusion increased mucosal water and decreased sodium and potassium content for the duration of the experiment. Both NADH‐ (pyruvate) and FADH‐linked (succinate) respiration decreased after ischemia and did not recover during reperfusion indicating electron transport chain dysfunction.Conclusions‐Two hours ischemia induced severe metabolic dysfunction in equine colon mucosa which persisted throughout reperfusion. Unequivocal evidence of injury specific to reperfusion was not observed in this study suggesting that much of the damage observed during reperfusion may be a continuation of injury induced during the ischemic period and not specific to reperfusion per se.Clinical Relevance‐This study suggests that greater efforts to metabolically support ischemically injured mucosa may be an important aspect of obtaining improved survival of horses affected by ascending colon volvulus (ACV).
Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Intertrochanteric Osteotomy in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 18 Dogs
Authors: EVERS PETRA , KRAMEK BETTY A. , WALLACE LARRY J. , JOHNSTON GARY R. , KING VICKIE 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐To determine whether intertrochanteric osteotomy (ITO) can prevent the progression of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in dysplastic hip joints.Study Design‐The results of ITO were assessed retrospectively by using owner questionnaires, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation.Animals‐Eighteen client‐owned dogs (29 coxofemoral joints were evaluated).Methods‐Lameness was scored according to a grading system. A scoring system was also developed to assess radiographically evident osteoarthritis on a ventrodorsal projection of the coxofemoral joints in extension.Results‐Twenty‐nine ITO were performed in 18 dogs with varying degrees of hip dysplasia. The dogs were lame on 19 of 29 rear limbs on physical examination before surgery. In 22 of the 29 hip joints, palpation caused signs of pain. The median age at the first and second surgical procedure was 14.5 months and 18 months, respectively. Follow‐up evaluation was performed on average at 9.77 (FU I), 22.52 (FU II), and 47.50 months (FU in) after surgery. Based on the owners' evaluation, there was a tendency toward improvement after surgery. The results of the physical examination at the preoperative examination and at the three follow‐up examinations did not differ significantly. The follow‐up radiographic scores showed significantly worse DJD than the preoperative scores.Conclusions‐ITO does not prevent progression of DJD in the dysplastic hip.Clinical Relevance‐Knowledge of the long‐term effects of ITO is essential for surgeons trying to achieve improvement in dogs with hip dysplasia.
Deep Hypothermic Low Flow Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Small Dogs
Authors: LEW LINDA J. , EGGER CHRISTINE M. , THOMSON DOROTHY J. , ROSIN MARK W. , PHARR JOHN W. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— To evaluate the feasibility of and morbidity and mortality associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using deep hypothermia and low flow perfusion in adult dogs weighing less than 10 kg. Study Design— Prospective, descriptive study. Animals— Two groups of three dogs underwent CPB. Group 1 dogs underwent deep hypothermia (15 to 18°C), 45 minutes of low perfusion flow (20 mL/kg/min) and 1 hour of aortic cross clamp time. In group 2, ultrafiltration of perfusate before discontinuation of bypass was added to the standard treatment. Complete blood counts, serum biochemistry, urine output, ejection fraction, and cardiac output were monitored before and for 7 days after surgery. Results— All dogs were successfully weaned from bypass. Four of six dogs survived, three without major complications. One dog developed and recovered from septic pleuritis. Two dogs died or were eudianatized after surgery because of respiratory or gastrointestinal complications. Minor complications included anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte disturbances. Transfusion requirements and edema formation were reduced by ultrafiltration. Conclusions— The observations in this study support the feasibility of low flow hypothermic CPB. Meticulous tissue handling, precise equipment, ultrafiltration, and aggressive postoperative potassium supplementation are recommended for smaller patients. Clinical Relevance— Increased sensitivity to adverse sequelae of CPB may be associated with small patient size. Further evaluation is necessary before routine clinical application of low flow hypothermic CPB in tMs patient population.
Dissipation of Heat During Polymerization of Acrylics Used for External Skeletal Fixator Connecting Bars
Authors: MARTINEZ STEVEN A. , ARNOCZKY STEVEN P. , FLO GRETCHEN L. , BRINKER WADE O. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— To determine the amount of heat conducted by transfixation intramedullary pins (IP) and Kirschner wires (KW) during polymerization of acrylics used for external skeletal fixator (ESF) connecting bars.Study Design— Thermal conduction was measured using thermistors applied to IP and KW surfaces during the polymerization phase of acrylics.Methods— Type II ESF were created from IP or KW placed into wooden dowels and plastic tubing used to create connecting bars filled with one of two types of acrylic (Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit, Jorgensen Laboratories, Loveland, CO). Thermistors were positioned on the acrylic column surface and on IP or KW surfaces 5 or 10 mm from the acrylic column. Five ESF test groups were created. The maximum temperature (Tmax) of the acrylic column (Tmax‐A), IP (Tmax‐IP), KW (Tmax‐KW), and duration that Tmax‐IP or Tmax‐KW remained greater than or equal to 55°C were calculated.Results— All IP and KW thermistors placed 5 mm from acrylic columns reached mean temperatures greater than 50°C and had peak temperature ranges greater than 55°C compared with all IP and KW thermistors placed 10 mm from the acrylic columns in all groups. Thermistors placed 5 mm from the acrylic column in two groups maintained temperatures greater than 55°C for greater than or equal to 0.5 minutes.Conclusions— Acrylic columns positioned 5 mm from a thermistor on a IP or KW had the potential to reach or exceed temperatures that have been reported to cause thermal necrosis of tissues.Clinical Relevance— Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit acrylic connecting bars used in ESF designs have the potential to cause thermal injury to soft and bony tissue by thermal conduction along transfixation pins or wires.
Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in Beagle Dogs: Evaluation of a Microsurgical Technique
Authors: MEIJ BJÖRN P. , VOORHOUT GEORGE , INGH TED S.G.A.M. VAN DEN , HAZEWINKEL HERMAN A.W. , VERLAAT JOHANNA W. VAN ‘T 
Published: February 2008

Objective— Assessment of a microsurgical technique for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs.Study Design— Prospective study using physical examination, pituitary function testing, computed tomography (CT), and histological examination at autopsy.Animals or Sample Population— Eight laboratory beagle dogs.Methods— Pituitary function was assessed before and at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy by combined administration of four releasing hormones (anterior pituitary), administration of haloperidol (pars intermedia), and infusion of hypertonic saline (posterior pituitary).Results— CT imaging enabled accurate preoperative localization of the pituitary. Appropriate positioning and surgical technique facilitated exposure of the pituitary and its extraction without hemorrhage. Postoperative recovery was generally uncomplicated. None of die eight dogs had somatotropic, gonadotropic, lactotropic, melanotropic, or posterior pituitary responses to stimulation at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy. Four dogs (ACTH nonresponders) also had no cortico‐tropic response and four (ACTH responders) had small but significant responses in the combined anterior pituitary function test. Adrenocortical atrophy was more pronounced in the ACTH nonresponders man in the responders. No residual pituitary tissue was found along the ventral hypothalamic diencephalon but nests of pituitary cells were found embedded in fibrous tissue in the sella turcica.Conclusions— The surgical technique proved to be safe and effective. Microscopic nests of pituitary cells in the sella turcica may be responsible for residual corticotropic response to hypophysiotropic stimulation after hypophysectomy.Clinical Relevance— The surgical technique may be used in the treatment of dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The corticotropic response is the most sensitive criterion in assessing completeness of hypophysectomy in dogs.