bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of palm kernel oil extraction method on the electrical conductance of Nigerian traditional soaps in alcohols
Authors: Adebajo Moses O. , Akanni Michael S. , Frost Ray L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNigerian traditional soaps were prepared using two commercial samples of palm kernel oil (black and pale‐orange oils) that were extracted locally using two different traditional methods. The effect of the oil extraction method on the conductance of soaps in alcohols was then investigated. The conductance of the soaps prepared from the pale‐orange oil was higher than that prepared from the black type. The plots of concentration conductance vs. the square root of concentration for methanolic solutions of the pale‐orange oil soaps were linear, whereas the plots obtained for the black oil soaps were nonlinear. The plots of log10k vs. 1/T were linear for all the soaps in methanol and for potassium soaps in 1‐propanol, whereas they were nonlinear for sodium soaps in 1‐propanol. The activation energy terms for the soaps prepared from pale‐orange oil generally decreased with an increase in concentration, whereas the activation energies for the black oil soaps were less sensitive to changes in concentration. These observations suggest that the purity of the palm kernel oil can have a significant effect on the properties and quality of the traditional soaps and that the pale‐orange oil was probably purer than the black type.
α‐Sulfonato palmitic acid methyl ester‐hexaoxyethylene monododecyl ether mixed surfactant system: Interfacial, thermodynamic, and performance property study
Authors: Patil Sandeep R. , Mukaiyama Tsuneharu , Rakshit Animesh Kumar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterfacial, thermodynamic, and performance properties of aqueous binary mixtures of α‐sulfonato palmitic acid methyl ester, C14H29CH(SO3Na)COOCH3(PES), and hexaoxyethylene monododecyl ether, CH3(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)6OH (C12E6), were investigated with tensiometric, conductometric, fluorimetric, and viscometric techniques. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess, minimum area per molecule of surfactant at the air/water interface, and the thermodynamics of micellization and adsorption were determined. The CMC was very low for mixed systems, indicating probable use as a detergent with less effect on the environment because of surfactant biodegradability and less amount in the environment. The interaction parameter βm, computed by using the theory of Rubingh and Maeda, indicated an attractive interaction (synergism) between the surfactant molecules, which was also confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies in the mixed micelle. The micellar aggregation number (Nagg), determined by using a steady‐state fluorescence quenching method at a total surfactant concentration of about ∼10 mM at 25°C, was almost independent of the surfactant mixture composition. The micropolarity and the binding constant (Ksv) for the C12E6/PES mixed system were determined by the ratio of the intensities (I1/I3) of the pyrene fluorescence emission spectrum, and the local microenvironment inside the micelle was found to be polar. The viscosity of the mixed system at all mole fractions suggested that mixed micelles are nonspherical in nature. The cloud point of oxyethylene group‐containing surfactants was increased by the addition of PES. Foaming was temperature dependent, and a 1∶1 mixed system showed minimum foaming. All performance properties were composition dependent.
Optimization of transparent gels for cosmetic compositions
Authors: Comelles F. , Sánchez‐Leal J. , González J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe necessary conditions were established by which several biocompatible ingredients (phosphated oleyl ether 3 mol ethylene oxide as surfactant, oleic acid as the lipophilic ingredient, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and 1,2‐propanediol as glycols) were combined to formulate transparent gels through dilution with water. This study was carried out at three constant levels of surfactant concentration (5, 10, and 15%), which determined in each case the appropriate ratios between the other three components to give transparent gels. These ratios were expressed as the global ratios between oleic acid and the two glycols together (ranging from 1∶9to 1∶3), whereas the internal ratios between the glycols moved in each case from 1∶0 to 0∶1. The systems with 5% of initial surfactant and a global ratio between oleic acid and the glycols of 1∶7 appeared to be the most effective for minimizing the final surfactant content. They furnished transparent gels at specified levels of water dilution, resulting in final surfactant concentrations in the range of 2–4%. Microscopic observation of the gels through polarized light showed the typical pattern of a lamellar liquid crystal structure. The mild characteristics of these gels, given their low surfactant content and the harmlessness of the other components, in addition to their attractive transparency and the rheological characteristics of plastic fluids make them suitable for application as topical formulations in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical fields.
Influence of glycols on the formation of lamellar liquid crystals with an anionic surfactant, oleic acid, and water
Authors: Comelles F. , Sánchez‐Leal J. , González J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of glycol structures on the formation of lamellar liquid crystals with the physical appearance of transparent gels in formulations composed of an anionic surfactant, oleic acid, and water was investigated. The glycols studied belong to alkyl derivatives of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The relationships between the ingredients of the so‐called basic compositions—surfactant, oleic acid, and glycol—were optimized to form transparent gels when diluted with water. The ranges in which transparent gels existed were compared for the systems with different glycols. The most suitable glycols, as defined by the lowest surfactant content in the final transparent gels, were ethylene glycol methyl ether and especially methyl and ethyl derivatives of diethylene glycol. Formulations with 2–3% surfactant could be prepared with these glycols. These data were correlated with the polarity of the glycol structures described by means of log P (octanol/water partition coefficient). Transparent gel formation occurred for log P values ranging from approximately 0.5 to −0.5, whereas liquid crystal formation did not result from higher or lower values.
Soybean oil microemulsions with oleic acid/glycols as cosurfactants
Authors: Comelles F. , Sánchez‐Leal J. , González J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preparation of biocompatible microemulsions of soybean oil in systems made of anionic surfactant, oleic acid, water, and several glycols was considered. The selected glycols were ether derivatives (methyl, ethyl, dimethyl, and diethyl ether) of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The study was performed using pseudoternary phase diagrams in which the three apexes were occupied by soybean oil, a combination of surfactant/oleic acid, and a combination of water/glycol, respectively. The widest regions of microemulsions were obtained for systems containing methyl ether and especially ethyl ether of both ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The two latter compounds allowed the preparation of oil‐in‐water, bicontinuous, and water‐in‐oil microemulsions with final surfactant contents of 3–4%.
Lipase‐mediated synthesis of alkyl ricinoleates and 12‐hydroxy stearates and evaluation of the surfactant properties of their sulfated sodium salts
Authors: Karuna M. S. L. , Reddy J. R. C. , Rao B. V. S. K. , Prasad R. B. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn efficient and simple lipase‐mediated synthesis of alkyl ricinoleates and 12‐hydroxy stearates was performed by transesterification of methyl ricinoleate/12‐hydroxy stearate and various alcohols in a solvent‐free system without estolide formation. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the temperature, pressure, and dosage of lipase. Sulfates of alkyl ricinoleates/12‐hydroxy stearates were evaluated for surfactant properties such as surface tension, critical micelle concentration, emulsifying properties, foaming power, and calcium tolerance. The surfactant properties of sulfated alkyl ricinoleates were found to be superior to the sulfated alkyl 12‐hydroxy series. The surfactant properties of the above two series of compounds were then compared with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the properties of sulfated dodecyl ricinoleate and sulfated dodecyl 12‐hydroxy stearate were found to be comparable with sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Quaternary methyl carbonates: Novel agents for fabric conditioning
Authors: Earl Gary W. , Weisshaar Duane E. , Paulson Drew , Hanson Michael , Uilk Janelle , Wineinger Dianna , Moeckly Steven 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreparation of quaternary ammonium compounds from various tertiary amines and the (environmentally friendly) alkylating agent dimethyl carbonate (DMC) under conditions within the bounds of industrial production has been carried out. After unsuccessful attempts to catalyze and entrain the process, the reaction has been accelerated by using a 10‐fold excess of alkylating agent. The recovered DMC and solvent have been recycled in up to five subsequent batches without loss of rate or yield. The expected steric hindrance effects on the rate were evidenced by comparison of the half‐lives of dihydrogenatedtallowmethylamine (1 h), tributylamine (4 h), and the ester quat (7.5h). The product methyl carbonate quaternaries have been shown to be noncorrosive to 316 stainless steel for extended periods at elevated temperatures.
Interaction between bisphenol A and micelles of ionic surfactants
Authors: Kosaka Osamu , Sehgal Pankaj , Doe Hidekazu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInteractions between bisphenol A (BPA) and ionic surfactants—cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)—were studied by measuring interfacial tensions and the intensities of pyrene fluorescence. The critical micellar concentrations (CMC) decreased with an increase in the BPA concentration, and the degree of that decrease was greater in HTAB than in SDS. In those micelles, BPA interacted more strongly with HTAB than with SDS. Conversely, BPA adsorbed on the air‐water interface cooperatively with the surfactants, even though almost no adsorption of BPA itself was observed. This cooperative adsorption was more enhanced with HTAB than with SDS. Thus, BPA worked on the surfactants to stabilize the micelles and interfacial adsorption. The stability gained by the addition of BPA was greater on the interface than in the micelle. This was evidence of decreased hydrophilicity of the head group of the ionic surfactant, which interacted with BPA, because this decrease acted on the surface activities of the surfactants more directly than on the micelle stabilities. Pyrene fluorescence measurements yielded identical results for the effect on micelle stabilities. It is noteworthy that the fluorescence intensity of peak 1, l1, decreased with an increase in BPA concentrations at constant concentrations of surfactant greater than the CMC, but the peak ratio, l1/l3, remained almost unchanged. This fact was also related to the interaction of BPA with the hydrophilic head groups in the surfactant micelle.
Surfactant studies of quaternary ammonium compounds: Critical surfactant concentration
Authors: Barney Rocky , Carroll Joseph , Delaet Dru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuaternary ammonium salts (otherwise known as “quats”) commonly form the foundation of formulations in the antimicrobial industry. Although many studies have been conducted on the surfactant and biological aspects of single‐component systems, there are few studies concerning the surfactant or biological efficacy of these compounds in multiple‐component formulations. Preliminary data using simple emulsion studies with decane were determined to be inadequate. Several inexpensive ways to determine critical surfactant concentrations were developed with limited resources.
Surface and thermodynamic parameters of mixed N‐dodecyl N‐trimethylsilane ammonium chloride with isooctyl phenol ethoxylate
Authors: Gad E. A. M. , Omar A. M. A. , Zaki M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIsooctyl phenol ethoxylate was mixed with N‐dodecyl‐N‐trimethylsilane ammonium chloride and N‐hexadecyl‐N‐trimethylsilane ammonium chloride, respectively. The surface tensions of aqueous solutions of cationic‐nonionic mixtures were measured as a function of nonionic concentration at 35°C with constant cationic concentration. By using the Hutchinson method, the surface excess concentrations, surface mole fractions, and interaction parameters of binary surfactant mixtures were calculated. A synergistic effect for reducing surface tension was observed for adsorption at the surface at low concentrations of N‐dodecyl‐N‐trimethylsilane ammonium chloride.
Enhanced propoxylation of alcohols and alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Weerasooriya Upali 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn alkoxylation catalyst consisting of a calcium/aluminum complex partially neutralized in an alcohol ethoxylate base was found to be substantially more active than a conventional potassium hydroxide catalyst in the propoxylation of alcohols and alcohol ethoxylates. With the Ca/Al alkoxide catalyst, propoxylation was faster, required less catalyst, and proceeded at lower temperatures. The latter is desirable since it could help reduce the formation of allyl alcohol and allyl alcohol propoxylate by‐products. The two catalysts produced different oligomer distributions, particularly at higher temperatures, which were found to have a marginal impact on surface chemistry.
Nonsolvent quantitation of anionic surfactants and other inorganic ingredients in laundry detergent products by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Kawauchi Akihiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a method for measuring alkyl‐benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and other inorganic ingredients in laundry detergent products without requiring the use of chlorinated organic solvents such as chloroform. Zeolite is first filtered as a residue on filter paper from an aqueous detergent solution. A calcium solution is then added to the filtrate. Alkyl‐benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and phosphate are precipitated as calcium salts and recovered as residues via filtration. The filters are then subjected to X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) for measuring the levels of zeolite, phosphate, and total anionic surfactant. The remaining filtrate is also subjected to XRF by using the microdroplet preparation for measuring levels of sulfate and silicate. Separately, the level of alkyl‐benzene sulfonates is measured following the same XRF procedure after alkyl sulfates are hydrolyzed using an autoclave. This sample preparation procedure was investigated using XRF and was confirmed to be applicable for simultaneous measurements of alkyl‐benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, zeolite, phosphate, silicate, and sulfate without using any organic solvents. In the method described in this paper, interelement effects between anionic surfactants and phosphate are not negligible. Fluorescent X‐rays of sulfur or phosphorus are absorbed by calcium complexes of phosphate or anionic surfactants. The slope of calibration curves varies with the levels of coexistent elements; external calibration methods cannot be employed for unknown sample matrices. However, for quality assurance purposes, this method is ideal in terms of turnaround time and laboratory hygiene.
Migration behavior of aromatic amines on alumina thin layers developed with water‐in‐oil microemulsion
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Iraqi Eram 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWater‐in‐oil (w/o) microemulsions consisting of surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or N‐Cetyl‐N,N,N‐trimethyl ammonium bromide], water, heptane or hexane, and a cosurfactant (1‐pentanol or butanol) have been used as a mobile phase in combination with alumina, microcrystalline cellulose, silica gel G, silica gel H, and Kieselguhr thin layers to study the retention efficiency of amines. The separation of amines from their ternary and binary mixtures is achieved. Thin layers of alumina as the stationary phase and SDS/water/heptane/1‐pentanol microemulsion as mobile phase is identified as the best chromatographic system for amine analysis. The limits of identification and dilution are reported for amines. Effects of heavy metals, anions, and phenols on the separation efficacy of diphenylamine‐p‐chloroaniline‐p‐nitroaniline have also been examined. The effect of electrolyte in the microemulsion on amine mobility is investigated. The o‐ and p‐isomers move faster compared to the m‐isomer of aniline.
Radiotracer detergency testing in a horizontal‐axis washing machine
Authors: Passwater Deborah K. , Raney Kirk H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProposed regulations by the U.S. Department of Energy have spurred development of energy‐efficient washing machines that utilize less water and operate with lower energy requirements than conventional machines. As a result, major changes in washing machine design are required. Among expected changes are increased use of a horizontal‐axis wash tub, an increase in fabric‐to‐wash liquor ratio, greater surfactant concentration in the wash water, and reduced average washing temperatures. As a result, surfactants used in future detergent formulations will be required to clean effectively in this new regime while producing minimal foam. Detergency test methods utilizing radiotracer techniques have been developed to study the detergency process in energy‐efficient washing machines. Detergency and redeposition of radiolabeled oily soils can be determined in a full‐size horizontal‐axis washing machine through scintillation counting of wash and rinse water samples. Measurements can be made after each wash process step and combined to determine total cycle detergency. This is a distinct advantage over conventional reflectance detergency methods where only total detergency at the end of the entire washing and rinsing process can be conveniently measured. Also, in contrast to indirect reflectance methods, measurements of absolute soil removal are obtained with the radiotracer method. In this study, soil redeposition was determined by measuring residual radioactivity on fabric swatches and then performing a material balance on the oily soil.
Clearning performance and foaming properties of lauroylamidopropylbetaine/nonionics mixed systems
Authors: Tamura Takamitsu , Iihara Tadashi , Nishida Shigeo , Ohta Seiich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLauroylamidopropylbetaine (LPB) has good cleaning and foaming performance with excellent low skin irritation. We have investigated the relationship between cleaning performance and foaming properties of aqueous solutions containing binary and ternary LPB/nonionic surfactant systems. Foaming properties were evaluated by observing dynamic surface tension and aqueous core thickness of a vertical foam film measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The LPB/lauroyldiethanolamide (LDE) system has a positive synergistic effect on cleaning performance and foam stability, estimated from the grease removal test and dishwashing test for a light‐duty detergent. However, this system shows very poor initial foam performance in both the sponge test and Ross‐Miles foam test. This disadvantage of the LPB/LDE system was improved using C12En (polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers). Addition of C12En promoted dynamic surface tension lowering, indicating an improvement in the initial foaming performance, while maintaining cleaning performance and foam durability. Thus, the LPB/LDE/C12En ternary system has an excellent cleaning and foam performance as a light‐duty liquid detergent.
Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the aggregation‐induced conformational changes in secondary alkyl sulfate/sulfonate+phenol system
Authors: Kumar V. V. , Goon Piyali , Das S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany interesting aggregation‐induced conformational changes in sodium salts of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (NaLAS) previously have been reported. Some of these findings include the looping back of one of the hydrocarbon chains toward the palisade layer and the upfield shift of the meta protons of the phenyl ring upon micellization. The objective of this work is to compare the aggregation behavior of sodium salts of secondary alkyl sulfates (NaSAS) and secondary alkane sulfonates (NaSAlkS) in the presence of added phenol with that of NaLAS. The aggregation behavior of commercial NaSAlkS and several pure NaSAS has been studied in the absence and presence of phenol by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In the absence of phenol, the protons belonging to the two terminal methyl groups on the two hydrocarbon chains give rise to one triplet above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), indicating a similar chemical environment. However, separation of the 1H NMR signals of the terminal methyl groups corresponding to the two hydrocarbon chains is noticed when phenol is added to the NaSAS or NaSAlkS micellar solution. These results indicate that phenol inserts itself into the micelle palisade layer and exerts a phenyl ring effect on the sydrocarbon chains. Because the terminal methyl group of the shorter chain is closer to the phenyl ring, it experiences more ring current effect and hence a separation of the two signals. Corresponding chemical‐shift changes in the proton resonances of phenol are also observed when it is incorporated into the micelle. The ortho protons of phenol remain essentially unshifted while meta and para protons shift upfied. The results indicate that ortho protons of phenol experience an aqueous environment while meta and para protons experience a nonpolar environment confirming the insertion of phenol into the surfactant micelles. Based on these studies, it is concluded that NaSAS/phenol and NaSAlkS/phenol systems mimic the NaLAS system in terms of conformational changes. These results also highlight the fact that the presence of a phenyl ring not only within the molecule (as in the case of NaLAS) but also outside the molecule (added phenol) can be effective in exerting phenyl‐ring effects.
Effect of the lupin protein/surfactant ratio on linear viscoelastic properties of oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Raymundo A. , Franco J. M. , Partal P. , Sousa I. , Gallegos C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work studies the influence of a low‐molecular‐weight emulsifier/lupin protein ratio on the linear viscoelastic properties of oil‐in‐water emulsions. With this aim, dynamic viscoelasticity tests, as well as droplet‐size distribution measurements, were done. Four types of low‐molecular‐weight emulsifiers were used. From the results, we conclude that emulsions stabilized by emulsifier blends show, in general, lower values of both the linear viscoelasticity functions and Sauter diameter than those found when lupin protein was used as the only emulsifier. Protein‐free emulsions may have similar parameter values when the surfactant induces a structured gel‐like continuous phase. Evolution of the linear viscoelastic functions with the composition of the mixed emulsifier has been explained on the basis of changes in interdroplet interactions, rheological behavior of the continuous phase, and surface viscoelasticity of the adsorbed emulsifier layer. However, the above‐mentioned behavior cannot be explained from changes in the emulsion droplet‐size distribution.