bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in differently processed soya bean (Glycine max.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) with particular reference to their chemical composition and their mineral and some inherent anti‐nutritional constituents
Authors: Aletor V. A. , Ojo O. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of 3 processing techniques: cooking, roasting and autoclaving on the proximate chemical composition, the mineral content and some inherent toxic factors of soya and lima beans were investigated. The processing techniques generally reduced the crude fibre levels and enhanced the extractable fat in the soya and lima beans. The coefficients of variability for crude fibre and ether extract due to the processing techniques of soya and lima beans were 20.9 %, 16.0 % and 22.3%, 38.1 %, respectively. In parallel with decreased ash content in the cooked bean samples, there was a decrease in the K, Mg, Na and P levels relative to the raw bean and also relative to the other processing techniques. Mineral contents of the autoclaved bean samples were generally similar to those of the raw (unprocessed) samples.Under the processing conditions, roasting caused the highest reduction in thioglucoside content (59%) in soya bean while cooking caused the highest reduction in lima bean (78%). Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) ranged between 0.59 mg/g sample in the cooked soya bean and 11.6 mg/g sample in the raw bean while the corresponding values for lima bean ranged between 0.59 and 6.3 mg/g sample. Cooking and roasting caused over 90% reduction of TIA, while autoclaving caused 64–69% reduction in both bean samples. Under the assay conditions, haemagglutinating activity was not detected in the cooked and autoclaved soya and ha beans. The need to prevent both functional and nutritional damage to food proteins and other nutrients, resulting from excessive heating, was discussed.
Forms of sulphur in sheep excreta and their fate after application on to pasture soil
Authors: Williams Prue H , Haynes Richard J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSheep were fed35S‐labelled grass/clover herbage and the excreta was collected. About 74% of excretal S was in the form of urine and the remainder was in dung. Sulphate‐S accounted for 74% of the urine S and the remainder was in Hi‐reducible form. In dung, 80% of the S was C‐bonded organic S and 20% was present as sulphate‐S.35S‐labelled dung was applied to undisturbed pasture microplots and the degradation and S release followed over a 9 month period under glasshouse conditions. During the first 34 days about 24% of35S was leached from the dung, mainly as sulphate‐S and possibly some labile organic S. The C‐bonded S in the dung was notably resistant to mineralisation. Only 14% of the applied35S was recovered by pasture plants.35S‐labelled urine with either a high (1130 mg S litre−1) or a low S concentration (280 mg S litre−1) was applied in the field and its fate followed over a 10 month period. During the experiment 57 and 79% of the applied35S was recovered in pasture herbage in the high and low urine treatments, respectively.35S was also incorporated into soil organic matter and this reached a peak about 120 days after urine application when 52 and 30% of applied S had been incorporated in the high and low urine S treatments, respectively. With time, these levels declined as about 50% of the organic35S was mineralised and subsequently absorbed by the pasture plants. The results demonstrate that excreted S is recycled rapidly in pasture soils when it originates from urine. However, the bulk of S in dung appears to be relatively inert at least over a 9 month period.
Oxidation of flavonols and flavonol glycosides by a hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme from gamay rouge grape (Vitis vinifera) berries
Authors: Morales M , Pedreño M A , Muñoz R , Barceló A Ros , Calderón A A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of the grapevine hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme B5 to oxidise the flavonols, quercetin and myricetin, and the flavonol glycosides quercetin‐3‐arabinoside, quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside (quercitrin) and myricetin‐3‐rhamnoside (myricitrin), has been studied. The results showed that, whilst the aglycones were good substrates of this peroxidase isoenzyme, their corresponding glycosides were poorly oxidised under the assay conditions. The oxidation of quercetin and myricetin catalysed by the hypodermal peroxidase isoenzyme B5 was strictly dependent on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The kinetic characteristics of the flavonol oxidation were also studied. Whilst the apparent Km values for quercetin and myricetin were roughly equal (38 and 54 μM, respectively), the apparent Km values for H2O2 in each reaction were appreciably different (168 and 8 μM, respectively). Besides, the optimal pH for quercetin oxidation was 4.0 whereas for myricetin it was 6.0‐7.0. The results are discussed in view of the possible involvement of the vacuolar hypodermal B5 isoperoxidase in the turnover of flavonol and flavonol glycosides in grapes.
Characteristics of single and mixed culture fermentation of pito beer
Authors: Demuyakor Bawa , Ohta Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fermentation of Pito, a traditional alcoholic beverage, was done using selected yeast strains or a crude mixed yeast culture collected from traditional breweries and two types of sorghum malt. The fermentation characteristics and product quality of the pure and mixed fermentations were monitored and compared. Significant differences were observed between the mixed culture fermentation and the single culture fermentations. Acid production of the mixed culture fermentations was higher whereas ethanol production and sugar utilisation were lower than those of the pure strain fermentations. Sensory observations and analysis of volatile compounds also indicated differences in the fermentations. The use of pure cultures in fermentations proved to yield more ethanol. The sorghum variety was also observed to have an influence on the fermentation pattern. Utilisation of nutrients from the white sorghum malt extract was greater and faster than those from the red sorghum.
Enzyme‐linked sorbent assay to quantify d‐biotin in blood
Authors: Wellenberg G. J. , Banks J. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked sorbent assay (ELSA) is described to determine quantitatively d‐biotin in blood. This assay utilises the strong binding of streptavidin (as opposed to avidin which gave high background reactions). A competition reaction in a microtitration plate is set up between biotin bound to the plate with biotin in the sample and streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine as a marker. This ELSA can be applied to samples with a d‐biotin concentration of down to 20 ng litre−1. There was a good correlation coefficient of 0·981 between the ELSA and the standard microbiological method for d‐biotin.
Changes in chemical composition during development of three different types of peas
Authors: Daveby Ylva Dandanell , Abrahamsson Maria , Åman Per 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree Swedish pea (Pisum sativum L) cultivars, Timo (dark‐coloured seed), Vreta (light‐coloured seed) and Capella (light‐coloured seed and leafless), were harvested at different stages of seed maturity and dehulled by hand. Changes in chemical composition during growth and maturation were analysed in dehulled seeds and dietary fibre components in the hulls (seed coats). Generally, Capella had the largest seeds, the lowest hull content, the highest yield, and the lowest losses due to pod opening. Timo with dark‐coloured seeds had the highest hull content. The concentration of sucrose and glucose + fructose was high in the young dehulled seeds and decreased rapidly until the starch concentration reached its maximum early during development. Thereafter, the starch concentration decreased somewhat while the concentration of crude protein and oligosaccharides belonging to the raffinose series increased. Glutamic acid (the predominant amino acid in dehulled seeds), arginine, alanine, threonine and methionine had the highest concentrations in the very young dehulled seeds but decreased rapidly. The concentration of the other amino acids, including cyst(e)ine and lysine, was low in the young seeds and thereafter increased. The concentration of dietary fibre and major dietary fibre components in dehulled seeds generally increased during growth and maturation. Dietary fibre concentration in hulls also increased dramatically during growth and maturation. The light‐coloured hulls contained more non‐starch polysaccharides, including glucose, uronic acid and xylose residues as major components, but lower concentrations of Klason lignin compared to the dark‐coloured hulls.
The saponin content and composition of sweet and bitter lupin seed
Authors: Muzquiz Mercedes , Ridout Caralyn L. , Price Keith R. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed of six species of lupin: Lupinus albus (sweet and bitter), L angustifolius (sweet and bitter), L luteus (sweet and bitter), L hispanicus, L consentinii (lagao/faro) and L mutabilis were analysed for total saponin content and sapogenol composition. The saponin content ranged from 0 to 470 mg kg−1 with none being detected in the L albus species; 56·7 and 68·3 mg kg−1 in the L luteus (sweet and bitter respectively); 107·9 mg kg−1 in L mutabilis; 302·7 mg kg−1 in L hispanicus; 216·1 mg kg−1 in the L consentinii and 270·1, 469·5 mg kg−1 in L angustifolius (sweet and bitter, respectively). Three saponins were detected, one containing soyasapogenol B and considered to be identical to soyasaponin 1, the other two being bisdesmosides of soyasapogenol A. The ratio of the two sapogenols in the overall saponin mixture varied between 0·3:1 and 3·1:1.
Time‐related changes in volatile compounds of lean tissue during processing of French dry‐cured ham
Authors: Buscailhon Solange , Berdagué J. L. , Monin G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Biceps femoris muscles from 50 hams were used in the study. Ten samples were taken for analysis on the day after slaughter. Forty hams were drycured and taken for analysis by groups of 10 at days 74, 81, 179 and 273 after the beginning of processing. Volatile compounds were extracted from the middle part of the Biceps femoris muscle by dynamic headspace extraction, then analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than 100 peaks were detected, among which 74 were identified and 52 were quantified. Most identified compounds originated from either lipid oxidation or amino acid degradation. The total quantity of extracted compounds increased dramatically between day 0 and day 74. Propanone was by far the most abundant compound, followed by the other ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons (66·5, 9·9, 9·2 and 8·4% of the total chromatogram area, respectively, at the end of processing). The levels of individual compounds varied greatly during processing. There was some evidence of independence between the reactions producing volatile compounds from lipids and those involving amino acids.
Changes with maturity in fibre composition and levels of extractable polyphenols in Greek browse: Effects on in vitro gas production and in sacco dry matter degradation
Authors: Khazaal K. , Markantonatos X. , Nastis A. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF, ADF), lignin, crude protein (CP), total extractable phenols (TEPH), tannins (TETa), condensed tannins (vanillin assay TECTa; proanthocyanidins TEPAs) in the leaves of spring Phyllirea media (SPRG) or early summer (ESUM) and early autumn (EAUT) Carpinus duinensis, Quercus coccifera and Fraxinus ornus were studied. Gas production (in vitro) and dry matter (DM) degradation (in sacco) were also studied after incubation for up to 96 h. Concentrations of TEPH, TETa, TECTa, TEPAs and the fibre components were variable (P < 0·05) among species and except for CP were not consistently changed with degree of maturity. CP content varied from 70·5 to 132·9 (g kg−1 DM) but was always decreased by 15–25% at maturity, whereas levels of TECTa and TEPAs were increased (P < 0·05) in C duinensis and Q coccifera but not in F ornus (P > 0·05). Concentrations of phenolics were related negatively but more significantly to gas production than to DM degradation (in sacco). Therefore, the gas test was considered to be more efficient than the nylon bag technique for the identification of feeds with antinutritive factors. Based on their phenolic content and gas production or DM degradation, the nutritive value of P media = F ornus (ESUM and EAUT) > C duinensis = Q coccifera (ESUM) > C duinensis = Q coccifera (EAUT). It was concluded that the decline in CP with maturity could make nitrogen the factor limiting intake and digestibility. This would be accentuated with an increase in the concentration of phenolics, particularly tannins.
Increase in low molecular size uronic acid in ripening banana fruit
Authors: Wade Neil L. , Satyan Shashirekha H. , Kavanagh Eve E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUronic acid soluble in ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) increased from 9 ± 1 mg kg−1 fresh weight in pulp of unripe banana fruit. Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’, to 53 ± 13 mg kg−1 fresh weight in fruit ripened for 13 days. This increase began within the first 2 days of ripening. Uronic acid soluble in phenol/acetic acid/water (2:1:1 w/v/v) increased from 15 ± 5 to 86 ± 17 mg kg−1 fresh weight during the first 8 days of ripening, accompanied by a decrease in cell wall uronic acid from 10·2 ± 0·8 to 4·4 ± 0·4 g kg−1 fresh weight. Most or all of the uronic acid in extracts of ripe pulp cochromatographed with monogalacturonic acid. The results were consistent with hydrolysis of cell wall polyuronides by exopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.67).
Effect of foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil on pod yield and quality characteristics of confectionery groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L)
Authors: Dwivedi Sangam L. , Nigam Shyam N. , Subrahmanyam Pala , Jambunathan Ramamurthi , Nagabhushanam Govindu V. S. , Reddy Peddi M. , Raghunath Kooram , McDonald Duncan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil fungicide on pod yield and quality characteristics were studied in 10 confectionery groundnut genotypes at ICRISAT Centre, India, during two rainy seasons. Significant treatment (disease control versus no control), and genotypic effects were observed for pod yield, total biomass, remaining green leaf area, retained leaf area damaged by rust, shelling percentage, 100‐seed mass, oil content, fatty acids, and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid, and polyunsaturated (P)/saturated (S) fatty acid ratios. A significant increase in pod yield and total oil content was observed due to the control of foliar diseases by chlorothalonil; whereas the protein content remained unaffected by it. The foliar diseases control by chlorothalonil affected four fatty acids; linoleic acid content increased whereas stearic, oleic, and behenic acid contents decreased. Of the seed quality characteristics, a significant decrease in O/L ratio, and a significant increase in P/S ratio were observed under the disease control treatment. Response to disease control for pod yield and quality characteristics was influenced by genotypes and years. Correlations among fatty acid contents, in general, remained unaffected by control of foliar diseases with chlorothalonil whereas those of fatty acid contents with pod yield, seed mass, oil and protein contents changed in their significance and magnitude.
Influence of storage temperature on the quality of salted mackerel (Rastrelliger kangurta) and pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus)
Authors: Srikar L. N. , Khuntia B. K. , Reddy G. V. S. , Srinivasa B. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDry‐salted mackerel and pink perch were stored at two temperatures: ambient (26·8 ± 3·3°C) and 2·5 ± 1°C. Changes in moisture content, salt content, water activity (aw), peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid content (FFA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) content, halophilic bacterial count and sensory scores for overall acceptability were studied. Loss of moisture and absorption of salt were considerably higher in the products stored at ambient temperature. The decrease in aw was more pronounced at ambient temperature than at the lower temperature. Although the chemical indices of freshness (PV, FFA and TVBN) and the halophilic counts showed increasing trends, they were considerably lower in the products stored at the lower temperature. Sensory evaluation for overall acceptability indicated that storage at the lower temperature could considerably extend the shelf‐life of salted fish.
A method for the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient in potato drying
Authors: Simal Susana , Berna Angel , Mulet Antonio , Rossell Carmen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of the heat transfer coefficient was proposed for the first falling drying period of potato cubes. During this period, heat and mass transfer were considered as coupled phenomena. Temperature calculation inside the sample was performed using the macroscopic heat transfer balance. The heat transfer coefficient was computed by means of parametric identification, using the Gauss–Newton method. The figure obtained for the heat transfer coefficient shows good agreement with other sources.
Some physicochemical properties of acha (digitaria exilis stapf) and iburu (Digitaria iburua stapf) grains
Authors: Jideani Afam I. , Akingbala Jacob O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome physicochemical properties of two cultivated species of Digitaria (D exilis and D iburua) were studied. Physical properties such as 1000‐kernel weight, kernel size and water absorption rate of the grains were determined. Water absorption by both cereals reached a maximum after 24 h steeping. The starch from both cereals exhibited a two‐stage pattern of swelling and solubility properties similar to other non‐waxy cereal starches. Starch from acha swelled less than iburu, 7·3 compared with 7·8 for iburu. Chemical constituents such as protein, oil, crude fibre, ash, nitrogen‐free extract and amylose were also determined. An amylose content of 280 g kg−1 was obtained for both cereal starches. Brabender amylograms obtained from starch and flour were typical of most normal, non‐waxy cereals. Maize starch had relatively higher hot‐paste and cold‐paste viscosities than starches of the two Digitaria species.
The nutritive value of the residues remaining after oil extraction from seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L)
Authors: Hanczakowski Piotr , Szymczyk Beata , Wolski Tadeusz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition and nutritive value of residues of seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) after oil extraction were determined. Seeds contained 17% fat and 22·2% protein. This protein was rich in sulphur amino acids but poor in lysine (4·9 and 1·8 g per 16 g of N) respectively. Seeds had also high antitrypsic activity (35800 IU). The true digestibility of protein was low (32) but its biological value was high (81). Boiling in water improved the protein digestibility but lowered its biological value (77).
Identification of oilseed turnip (Brassica rapa L var oleifera) cultivar groups by their fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles
Authors: Davik Jahn , Heneen Waheeb K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeeds of oilseed turnip (Brassica rapa L var oleifera) were collected from several different geographic regions extending from the People's Republic of China through India and Europe to Canada. Fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles were generated for each of the 60 entries. A wide variation was found between entries. The fatty acid profiles could be grouped in three main categories: low (< 10%), high (>40%) or intermediate (20–25%) erucic acid content. The corresponding oleic acid contents were high, low or intermediate, respectively. Nine glucosinolates were found. The most abundant were gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. Sinigrin and glucoiberin were not detected and these two components are suggested as possibly specific for the B oleracea group. The 60 entries could be classified into four groups using the unstandardised fatty acid and glucosinolate data, but we were not successful in cultivar identification using the same data. The fatty acid and glucosinolate profiles are too similar to allow any reliable discrimination among cultivars.
Application of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to chemical analysis of heterogeneous and botanically complex grassland samples
Authors: García‐Ciudad Antonia , García‐Criado Balbino , Pérez‐Corona M. Esther , De Aldana Beatriz R. Vázquez , Ruano‐Ramos Ana M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the chemical composition of heterogeneous, botanically complex semi‐natural grassland herbage was assessed. Samples were collected over four consecutive years at different maturation stages and were analysed by chemical and NIRS procedures for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin and cellulose. A subset of samples was selected on the basis of spectral features in order to establish calibration equations, while the other samples were used for validation. The wavelengths selected by using multiple regression were similar to others previously reported. The ranges of correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction, respectively, for the various components when NIRS and chemical procedures were compared were as follows: protein, 0·93‐0·95 and 0·57‐0·70; NDF, 0·92‐0·93 and 2·06‐2·37; ADF, 0·85‐0·87 and 1·42‐1·56; lignin, 0·90‐0·94 and 0·45‐0·59; cellulose, 0·82‐0·86 and 1·27‐1·45. The accuracy of predictions for these chemical components was similar to previously reported values.
Variations in anatomy and ultraviolet microspectrometry between normal and brown midrib mutant maizes possessing different rumen degradabilities
Authors: Goto Masakazu , Sato Takao , Morita Osamu , Takabe Keiji , Inoue Naoto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNormal and brown midrib mutant (bmr) maize (Zea mays L) were examined for variations in their morphological composition. The degradability of the leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem, proportional area of specific tissues in leaf blade, and the ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of cell walls were measured and related to variations in cell wall degradability by rumen microorganisms. The UV and infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the lignins isolated from leaf blades of both types, before and after reduction with sodium borohydride, were recorded. The bmr3 maize had higher dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradabilities for leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem than the normal counterpart. Approximately 35% and 26% of the observed difference in DM degradability was attributed to the difference in DM degradability of stem and leaf blade, respectively, and 39% to the difference in DM composition of stem. Distinct differences in tissue degradation of the leaf blades were observed for mesophyll cell walls in the midrib portion, which were thinner and of greater number in the bmr3 maize. Sclerenchyma cells were present only in the vascular bundles in the bmr3 leaf blade, while in the normal type those cells were underneath the epidermis tissue. The bmr3 plant also had large epidermal cells. UV microspectrometry of mesophyll cell walls of the bmr3 maize showed their lower UV absorbance around 320 nm compared to that of the normal, but not at 280 nm. Considerable increase in the UV absorbance at 280 nm was observed for the isolated lignins after reduction, suggesting a lesser degree of lignification in the bmr3 maize tissues. Lowered UV absorbance of the isolated lignin around 320 nm after reduction was associated with the removal of the IR bands at 1730, 1660, 1600, and 1250 cm−1.