bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conventional Wisdoms of Woody Biomass Utilization on Federal Public Lands
Authors: Becker Dennis R. , McCaffrey Sarah M. , Abbas Dalia , Halvorsen Kathleen E. , Jakes Pamela , Moseley Cassandra 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The appeal of biomass utilization grows as the need for wildfire risk reduction, economic development, and renewable energy generation becomes more pressing. However, uncertainty exists regarding the factors necessary to stimulate use. We draw on in-depth interviews with local industry, agency, community, and tribal representatives from 10 study sites on federal public lands across the United States to examine persistent conventional wisdoms about what hinders biomass use. Findings indicate that the conventional wisdoms were reasonably accurate although the degree to which each impeded progress varied. Their interconnectedness also varied depending on local conditions. Supply guarantees, industry presence, transportation, and the value of the biomass were limiting factors to use, whereas agency budgets and staffing, environmental concerns, and partnerships more aggravated the problem than impeded progress. Understanding the scope and consistency of these accepted truths is important for ensuring that management efforts and ensuing policy effectively targets local use challenges.
Women Owning Woodlands: Understanding Women's Roles in Forest Ownership and Management
Authors: Redmore Lauren E. , Tynon Joanne F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The number of women who own and make decisions about forestland is growing, but ownership has traditionally been viewed as a male domain, with systems (intergenerational transfer, information dispersal, support organizations, and lifestyle responsibilities) mostly designed to support men. This article describes a qualitative study of members of the Women Owning Woodlands network (WOWnet), a forestry extension program in Western Oregon, to learn about women's roles in forest ownership and management. Regardless of their management objectives, WOWnet women consistently emphasized good stewardship for their land now, and effective transfer of their land in the future. Involvement in organizations such as WOWnet and the Oregon Small Woodlands Associations is an important part of their overall awareness of management, standards, and regulations, by supplying information that women in forest management need to know. Results suggest changes that extension and other similar natural resource organizations can make to support these women.
Conducting Seedling Stocktype Trials: A New Approach to an Old Question
Authors: Pinto Jeremiah R. , Dumroese R. Kasten , Davis Anthony S. , Landis Thomas D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seedlings for reforestation and restoration come in many shapes and sizes, i.e., a variety of stocktypes. With so many choices available, land managers commonly ask which stocktype will best meet their management objectives. For years, stocktype studies have been initiated in search of an answer to this question, but few have been done without some degree of confounding. Past studies often confounded seed sources, nurseries, and culturing regimes, and/or failed to address differences in initial seeding quality, which sometimes led to inappropriate conclusions. This article reviews the reasoning behind stocktype studies, reviews common pitfalls of past studies, and suggests some key considerations to making future stocktype studies a viable resource to the practicing forester.
Options for Reducing "Waste" in the Management of Old-Growth Forests
Authors: Hrubes Robert J. , Rensi Giuseppe 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Some critics of the USDA Forest Service's timber management policies claim that retention of old-growth is "wasteful" because replanting to more productive stands is precluded. Such other factors as political feasibility and resource self-sufficiency, however, weigh in favor of not accelerating the rate of old-growth harvesting. Three possible options for resolving the issue are to determine levels of nondeclining yield on a regional basis rather than by smaller local units, to intensify management of young stands, and to accelerate harvest of old growth but release the logs to market at a controlled rate.
World Forestry: Silviculture in Taiwan
Authors: Kao Ching 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest types in Taiwan change with altitudes. Under 1,500 feet, tropical forests cover the land and fast-growing trees are planted by private owners. Between elevations of 1,500 and 6,500 feet, the Taiwan Forestry Bureau operates a large afforestation project. Above 6,000 feet, alpine types are preserved as watershed cover and have to be regenerated naturally.
Red Pine Plantation Biomass Exceeds Sugar Maple on Northern Hardwood Sites
Authors: Frederick Douglas J. , Coffman Michael S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) less than 40 years old and planted on former northern hardwood sites in Michigan produced more volume, dry weight biomass, and mean annual growth than adjacent naturally established sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands approximately twice as old. Intensive management of red pine would increase volume and fiber production on some lands presently supporting second-growth maple.
Douglas-fir Tussock Moth: Did It Affect Private Recreational Businesses in Northeastern Oregon?
Authors: Downing Kent B. , Williams William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey of resort owners, packer-guides, and motel operators in northeastern Oregon revealed little evidence that a recent outbreak of Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDonnough} had influenced recreational business.
Early Infection as a Predictor of Mortality Associated with Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines
Authors: Wells O. O. , Dinus R. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In loblolly and slash pine (Pinus taeda L., P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) provenance plantations observed for 10 to 20 years, stem infections (Cronartium fusiforme Hedgc. & Hunt ex Cumm.) of living trees increased slowly at first, then more rapidly, and finally peaked about 10 years after planting. Rust-associated mortality lagged behind but closely paralleled stem infection. Stem infection 5 years after planting proved a reliable predictor of rust-associated mortality at 10 years. Predictive equations are given for slash pine and for susceptible and resistant loblolly seed sources.
Wetland Classification in the United States
Authors: Cowardin Lewis M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wetland is part of a continuum of land types between deep water and dryland. Only one wetland classification was available for the United States prior to preparation of the new system described here, but numerous regional and special-purpose classifications are in use. The new classification is hierarchical, progressing from five systems (marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, and palustrine) at the most general level to dominance types based on plant or animal communities at the most specific level. The system is currently in use for prototype maps of wetlands of the United States. It is hoped that it may be incorporated into a classification of all land.
Canada's Land Capability Inventory Program
Authors: Lacate D. S. , Romaine M. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Canada Land Inventory was conducted cooperatively by the federal and provincial governments to provide an information base for a variety of land-use planning and rural development activities, including recent applications in assessment of potential environmental impacts. This inventory program comprised a series of interpretive classifications developed for agriculture, forestry, wildlife, and recreation. The land-capability ratings were based on an evaluation of information available in existing soil-landform and vegetation surveys, or obtained through new biophysical land-classification surveys in previously unsurveyed areas.
Income and Employment of SAF Members, 1977
Authors: Thompson Emmett F. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Robie Edward F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1977, median income of members of the Society of American Foresters was $20,500, up from $15,000 in 1972 and $17,000 in 1974. Measured against the Consumer Price Index, the increases did not keep pace with inflation. A positive relationship between level of education and income continued for 1977. While federal employees retained the most favorable financial career ladders, private industry was a close second. State employment continued to rank third. Overall median starting salary increased from $8,990 in 1974 to $11,400 in 1977.
Licensing of Foresters--Pros and Cons
Authors: Walker Laurence C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As of mid-1978, 14 states had adopted laws for the registration and licensing of foresters, and 10 states were considering action. Arguments for and against registration are numerous, but experience indicates that foresters in a given state must reach a supporting consensus if they hope to secure passage of such legislation. The purpose must be to benefit the public.
On the Economics of Timber Damage Appraisal for Public Forests
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Boster Ron S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Damage appraisal is the basis for fire-suppression decisions. Where timber is managed for production of maximum site rent, appraisal is a rather straightforward matter of applying standard financial criteria in a "with and without" procedure. Where the aim is maximum mean annual increment, as it often is on public forests, this procedure may yield seemingly incongruous results: if the goals and constraints guiding management allow prorating a loss by substituting one part of the inventory for another, the value of the damage may be less than the value of the specific resource in the absence of any damage. This is a consequence of maximizing wood rather than value. Ignoring "with and without" in public decisionmaking may result in overexpenditure for fire suppression.
Forestry Literature Access through Computer Systems
Authors: White Linda M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Use of computer systems for bibliographic searching has many advantages for foresters, including time saved in locating references. Many bibliographic systems can give the user a list of published references on his topic, as well as brief abstracts; and some systems reference unpublished reports, statistics, legislation, or research still in progress. Systems differ in the products given users, the subjects covered, the types of documents referenced, and costs charged to users, but all are concerned with facilitating the flow of information.
Computerized Bibliographic Services for USDA Research
Authors: Burton Hilary D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A program of computer-based information services has been developed for scientists in the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). A major component is the Current Awareness Literature Service (CALS), which includes the major data bases relevant to the various research areas in agriculture. The service, which is available to all USDA personnel, provides scientists with periodic bibliographies of citations and abstracts related to their research interests. Full hard copy for retrieved citations is also delivered. Other features include support of personal information systems and facilitation and dissemination of literature reviews.
Shelterbelts on the Great Plains: What's Happening?
Authors: Van Deusen James L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Shelterbelts in many Great Plains states are being removed because they were not properly designed and located, because they are overmature and decadent, or because the land they occupy is wanted for other uses. A symposium held in Colorado during 1976 made clear that field shelterbelts and farmstead Windbreaks are still capable of providing protection, visual variety, and environmental enhancement for man, his crops, livestock, and wildlife. Government programs offer various forms of landowner assistance, and research is seeking to improve plant selection and management practices.
Energy Output/Input Relationships for Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Frazier J. R. , Burkhart H. E. , McMinn J. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Estimates of on-site energy outputs and inputs were calculated for a variety of management alternatives in plantations and direct-seeded stands of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda. Comparisons, in terms of the energy output/input ratios, revealed that plantations were nearly as energy-efficient as direct-seeded stands.
World Forestry: Problems Facing Reforestation in the Philippines
Authors: Durst Patrick B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Reforestation has become a primary concern of resource management and government in the Philippines. Efforts are hampered, however, by a variety of problems that tax not only the technical expertise of Filipino foresters but also their sociological talents. Environmental factors, lack of financing, and a shortage of trained manpower pose serious difficulties. An additional need is for methods that gain the interest and cooperation of local land users.
National Impacts of Softwood Product Price Increases
Authors: McKillop William , Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Under prices projected for the period 1990-2030. U.S. consumption of softwood lumber would average 9 billion board feet per year less than if prices were stabilized at 1977 levels (in constant dollars). Softwood plywood consumption would average 5.5 billion square feet less per year and annual U.S. softwood sawlog consumption some 2 billion cubic feet less. Annual employment in softwood lumber and plywood manufacturing would be lower by 70 thousand man-years (33 percent) and payrolls by $400 million per year on the average. Losses to consumers due to rising prices would average $5 billion (constant 1967 dollars) per year over the 1990-2030 period, and the loss in residential construction activity is estimated to be 86 thousand units (4 percent) per year. If relative prices rise, displacement of wood products by nonrenewable substitutes such as concrete and steel will increase energy needs and create more pollution in the course of their manufacture.
Scleroderris Canker -- The Situation in 1980
Authors: Skilling Darroll D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A European strain of scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina), first recognized in this country in 1975, is well established in New York and Vermont, where it is causing serious losses in red and Scotch pine (Pinus resinosa, P. sylvestris). Although quarantines have been established to prevent its rapid spread, the disease is present also in Maine and in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Quebec, and Newfoundland. To determine the potential for widespread damage, most U.S. native conifers were field-tested for susceptibility. All pines tested proved highly susceptible, and other conifers were susceptible to varying degrees. The best opportunity for control lies in developing genetically resistant conifers.
World Forestry: Response of International Donors to Forestry Problems in Developing Countries
Authors: Christophersen Kjell A. , Wahlgren Harold E. , Whitmore Jacob L. , Zerbe John I. , Laundrie James F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The gap between forestry-related problems in developing countries, deforestation in particular, and what the international aid donor community is doing about them, is widening. Present rates of reforestation must increase by at least a factor of five if projected wood biomass requirements are to be met. Donor-sponsored funding for ongoing and proposed forestry projects, however, is dominated by expansion of industrial capacity which is likely to contribute to deforestation rather than prevent it. The major causes of these problems are related to shifting agriculture, the use of wood for cooking, and industrial cutting of trees. Some donor problems are self-imposed. There is little communication between donors, and they often implement politically expedient projects rather than forestry projects that may be more urgently needed. They may also tend to impose projects on local residents. For optimum project success, local residents must participate in the design and implementation of projects and must feel that some of their needs are being met by that participation.
Investment Alternatives for Black Walnut Plantation Management
Authors: Kurtz W. B. , Garrett H. E. , Kincaid W. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Black walnut plantation management is a financially viable land-use alternative. Management for timber production alone yields a suitable return; the addition of nut production further increases expected gains. Multi-cropping adds yet another dimension of agricultural crop production or livestock grazing to wood and nut production with corresponding increased financial returns. However, multi-cropping brings a greater degree of risk and complexity in management.
Increment Contracts: Southern Experience and Potential Use in the Appalachians
Authors: Zinn Gary W. , Miller Gary W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Increment contracts are long-term timber management contracts in which landowners receive regular payments based on the average annual growth of wood their land is capable of producing. Increment contracts have been used on nearly 500,000 acres of private forests in the South. Southern experience suggests that several changes in the contract would improve its utility: the contract period should be shortened, the percentage of annual growth used to determine payments to landowners, should be reduced, and payments should be based on published stumpage or product price reports. With these changes, there would be opportunities for, and benefits of, using increment contracts in the central Appalachians. In the near future, increment contracts may be used in parts of the Appalachians when competition for stumpage is keen.
Larch -- A Fast-Growing Fiber Source for the Lake States and Northeast
Authors: Einspahr Dean W. , Wyckoff Gary W. , Fiscus Marianne (Harder) 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Preliminary comparisons between Japanese (Larix leptolepis Gord.) and European larch (L. decidua Mill.) plantings indicate that these species, together with their hybrids, will outgrow pine and spruce, particularly on the better Lake States forest soils. Larch has adequate genetic diversity and grows rapidly. It also hybridizes readily, has good wood quality, is resistant to scleroderris canker and spruce budworm, and is adapted to a variety of soils. Recently, the Institute of Paper Chemistry, at Appleton, Wisconsin, established a cooperative larch tree improvement program using seed orchard approach. Pulping studies indicate that 18- to 23-year-old larch and larch hybirds (Larix x eurolepis Henry) can produce higher kraft yields than 50- to 60-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and with pulp strength properties similar to those of jack pine.
Biomass Removal and Nutrient Drain as Affected by Total-Tree Harvest in Southern Pine and Hardwood Stands
Authors: Phillips Douglas R. , Van Lear David H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When all above-stump parts of southern pine trees are harvested, only 16 to 22 percent more biomass is obtained than in conventional harvests. This additional biomass is of low quality because of its high moisture and bark content and low wood specific gravity. In addition, its harvest doubles the removal of certain important soil nutrients. When hardwood stands are total-tree harvested, the additional biomass yield is 30 to 100 percent higher than in conventional harvests, and the quality of biomass for fuel and fiber is above that for pine stands. Nutrient drain for hardwood stands logged by total-tree methods is 2 to 3 times that in conventional harvesting, but the drain may be less critical than for pine stands because rotations are generally longer and soil nutrient reserves are often higher. Total-tree harvesting has made many hardwood stands operable that previously were not, thereby increasing the silvicultural opportunity to improve the stands. Judged by these comparisons, total-tree harvesting would appear to be more attractive, both economically and ecologically, in hardwood stands than in pine.
Building a Forest Plan by Using Issues to Structure the Process
Authors: Williams Robert G. , Matejko Ann 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Targhee National Forest in Idaho has completed a proposed land-management plan by a method in which issues elicited in public meetings became the basis for formulating alternatives. Decision criteria that were subsequently used for selecting a preferred alternative were tied directly to issues. A process called trade-off evaluation procedure was used to compare alternatives. A series of briefing guides set the stage for public meetings, kept the public up to date, and presented results of steps in the process.
Clearcutting and the Biogeochemistry of Streamwater in New England
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Noel Diane S. , Federer C. Anthony 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey shows that clearcutting in New England may increase stream nutrients, including nitrate-nitrogen, calcium, and potassium. The largest increases were found in northern hardwoods in New Hampshire. Stream insect populations, particularly mayflies and true flies, increased in clearcuts in response to increased stream temperature, algal populations, and organic matter. Changes in streamwater chemistry and biology indicate that clearcutting forestlands does affect streams throughout New England. However, the magnitude of differences is such that if erosion and sedimentation are controlled, clearcutting as practiced by foresters today does not drastically change streamwater chemistry or biology.
Using Computer Simulation to Plan a Sustained-Yield Urban Forest
Authors: Bartsch D. , Hook J. , Prince E. , Schrom D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Quantitative, benefit-based forest management goals can be a means to increase public understanding of, and support for, urban tree programs. The city of Palo Alto, California, recently adopted summer pavement shading as a street tree performance standard. The authors developed a method to determine planting and removal rates capable of sustaining street tree populations that shade a specified minimum percentage of public pavement on a block-by-block basis. A mathematical model to simulate street trees in an area was constructed and adapted for use with a microcomputer. The user enters data on extent and geometry of pavement surface, on expected tree performance, and on size and species composition of the urban forest. Outputs are percentage of pavement shaded and annual planting and removal rates by tree type. The model was used to support an increase in Palo Alto's street tree planting from 250 to 1,250 trees per year.
Fire History and Perpetuation of Natural Coast Redwood Ecosystems
Authors: Jacobs Diana F. , Cole Dana W. , McBride Joe R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stump ring counts were used to determine the presettlement fire history of the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.) forest ecosystem in Marin County, California. Data were collected on fire scars and also on fog drip precipitation at two sites logged in the 1850s. The sites, located on the first and third ridges inland from the Pacific Ocean, were selected to bracket the Muir Woods National Monument. The average interval between fires at the more coastal site was 27 years and at the inland site, 22 years. The difference is attributed to varying fire hazards related to a summer fog gradient. Frequency distributions of fire intervals for both sites were highly skewed toward shorter intervals. Skewed distributions indicated a natural pattern of several short intervals followed by one or more long intervals. Prescribed burning treatments should initially be repeated at less than average fire intervals and then at lengthened intervals to recreate natural fire regimes in the coast redwood forest ecosystem.