bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in consumption of sugars by English adolescents over 20 years
Authors: Rugg-Gunn AJ , Fletcher ES , Matthews JNS , Hackett AF , Moynihan PJ , Kelly SAM , Adams J , Mathers JC , Adamson AJ 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveDietary surveys of 11- to 12-year-old Northumbrian children in 1980 and 1990 revealed that consumption of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) was 16–17% of energy intake. This study reports dietary sugars consumption in 2000 and compares it with data collected in 1980 and 1990, using identical methods.DesignA repeat cross-sectional dietary survey of children aged 11–12 years attending the same schools as in the 1980 and 1990 surveys.SettingSeven middle schools in south Northumberland.SubjectsAll children aged 11–12 years old attending the seven schools.MethodFood consumption was recorded using two 3-day diet diaries. Food composition tables were used to calculate energy and nutrient intakes. NMES, and milk and intrinsic sugars were calculated using previously described methods.ResultsThe numbers of children completing the surveys in 1980, 1990 and 2000 were 405, 379 and 424, respectively; ~60–70% of eligible children. Total sugars provided 22% of energy consistently over the three surveys. NMES consumption in 2000 provided 16% of energy compared with 16% in 1980 and 17% in 1990. Sources of NMES changed over the three surveys. NMES from soft drinks doubled from 15 to 31 g day− 1, and from breakfast cereals increased from 2 to 7 g day− 1over the 20 years. Confectionery and soft drinks provided 61% of NMES. Over 20 years, the proportion of energy from fat decreased by 5% and from starch increased by 4%, creating a welcome tilt in the fat–starch see-saw, without an adverse effect on sugars intake.ConclusionsConsumption of NMES in 2000 was substantially higher than recommended, and there has been little change over 20 years. Continued and coordinated efforts are required at a national, community and individual level to reduce the intake of NMES.
Is breakfast consumption related to mental distress and academic performance in adolescents?
Authors: Lien Lars 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between mental distress, academic performance and regular breakfast consumption across gender and immigration status.DesignCross-sectional population-based study. Two four-page questionnaires were filled in during two school sessions.SettingAll junior high schools in Oslo, Norway using the classroom as the setting for the study.SubjectsAll 10th grade students 15–16 years olds in 2000 and 2001. Of 8316 eligible students, 7343 (88.3%) participated in the study.ResultsAll immigrant groups, except the Western countries group, are skipping breakfast more often than Norwegian students, and girls more often than boys (27 versus 19%). After adjustment for possible confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) for being mentally distressed when eating breakfast seldom/never compared with every day was 3.0 (2.0–4.5) for boys, 1.6 (1.2–2.1) for girls and 1.6 (1.5–2.6) for the immigrant group. The comparable OR for having low school grades was similar for boys and girls, 2.0 (1.3–3.0), and 1.6 (1.5–2.6) for the immigrant groups.ConclusionsSkipping breakfast is a common feature among 10th grade students. The implications of skipping breakfast on mental distress and academic performance are stronger for boys than girls and stronger for Norwegians compared with immigrants.
Testing nutrient profile models using data from a survey of nutrition professionals
Authors: Scarborough Peter , Boxer Anna , Rayner Mike , Stockley Lynn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo compare nutrient profile models with a standard ranking of 120 foods.DesignOver 700 nutrition professionals were asked to categorise 120 foods into one of six positions on the basis of their healthiness. These categorisations were used to produce a standard ranking of the 120 foods. The standard ranking was compared with the results of applying eight different nutrient profile models to the 120 foods: Models SSCg3d and WXYfm developed for the UK Food Standards Agency, the Nutritious Food Index, the Ratio of Recommended to Restricted nutrients, the Naturally Nutrient Rich score, the Australian Heart Foundation's Tick scheme, the American Heart Association's heart-check mark and the Netherlands tripartite classification model for foods. Rank correlation was assessed for continuous models, and dependence was assessed for categorical models.ResultsThe continuous models each showed good correlation with the standard ranking (Spearman's ρ = 0.6–0.8). The categorical models achieved high χ2 results, indicating a high level of dependence between the nutrition professionals' and the models' categorisations (P < 0.001). Models SSCg3d and WXYfm achieved higher scores than the other models, implying a greater agreement with the standard ranking of foods.ConclusionsThe results suggest that Models SSCg3d and WXYfm rank and categorise foods in accordance with the views of nutrition professionals.
Nutrition professionals' perception of the ‘healthiness’ of individual foods
Authors: Scarborough Peter , Rayner Mike , Stockley Lynn , Black Alison 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesThis paper describes the development of an online questionnaire for testing nutrition professionals' perceptions of the ‘healthiness’ of individual foods and the results of administering that questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to produce a standard ranking of foods that can be used as a tool for testing nutrient profile models.DesignThe questionnaire asked respondents to categorise 40 foods (from a master list of 120) in one of six positions, ranging from less to more healthy. The 120 foods were selected to be representative of the British diet. The questionnaire was sent via email to nutrition professionals from the British Dietetic Association and the (British) Nutrition Society.ResultsEight hundred and fifty responses were received. These responses were used to rank the 120 foods by the average score which they received from the nutrition professionals. A regression analysis was also carried out to examine the relationship between the scores awarded by the nutrition professionals and various features of the foods: their nutritional content, their average serving size, their frequency of consumption, whether they were drinks or foods, etc. Nearly 50% of the variance in the average scores was explained by the nutritional content of the foods. When other variables were included in the analysis the percentage of variance that was explained increased to 64%.ConclusionsThe average scores of the foods produce a standard ranking, which can be used as a tool for validating and comparing nutrient profile models. The regression analysis provides some information about how nutrition professionals rank the ‘healthiness’ of individual foods.
Associations between deprivation, attitudes towards eating breakfast and breakfast eating behaviours in 9–11-year-olds
Authors: Moore Graham F , Tapper Katy , Murphy Simon , Lynch Rebecca , Raisanen Larry , Pimm Claire , Moore Laurence 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo examine school-level relationships between deprivation and breakfast eating behaviours (breakfast skipping and the healthfulness of foods consumed) in 9–11-year-old schoolchildren and to examine whether attitudes towards eating breakfast mediated these relationships.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingOne hundred and eleven primary schools in Wales.SubjectsYear 5 and 6 pupils within the 111 primary schools. Measures were completed by 4314 children. Analysis was conducted at the group (school) level, with each school representing one group.ResultsDeprivation was positively associated with breakfast skipping and consumption of ‘unhealthy’ items (i.e. sweet snacks, crisps) for breakfast. A significant negative association was found between deprivation and consumption of ‘healthy’ items (i.e. fruit, bread, cereal, milk). Deprivation was significantly inversely associated with attitudes towards eating breakfast. The relationships between deprivation and (1) breakfast skipping and (2) consumption of ‘healthy’ items for breakfast were mediated by attitudes towards eating breakfast. The hypothesis that attitudes mediated the relationship between deprivation and consumption of ‘unhealthy’ breakfast items was unsupported.ConclusionsDeprivation is associated with adverse breakfast eating behaviours amongst children aged 9–11 years, in terms of breakfast skipping and the quality of breakfasts consumed. Socio-economic differences in attitudes towards eating breakfast are apparent amongst this age group, and appear to relate to social gradients in breakfast eating behaviours. Research is needed to examine the causal nature of these trends and to elucidate factors underlying the development of socio-economic differences in eating-related cognitions.
Comparison of diet measures from a food-frequency questionnaire with measures from repeated 24-hour dietary recalls. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study
Authors: Hjartåker Anette , Andersen Lene Frost , Lund Eiliv 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo compare diet measures from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with measures from 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs).DesignThe participants answered an FFQ after completing four, repeated 24HDRs during a year.SettingNorway, nationwide.SubjectsOf 500 women randomly selected from The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (the Norwegian arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition), 286 agreed to participate and 238 completed the study.ResultsOn the group level, the FFQ overestimated absolute intake in seven and underestimated intake in six of 21 food groups. Intakes of energy, fat, added sugar and alcohol were lower in the FFQ than in the 24HDRs, whereas intake of fibre was higher. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ranged from 0.13 (desserts) to 0.82 (coffee) for foods, and from 0.25 (β-carotene) to 0.67 (alcohol) for nutrients. Three per cent of the observations on nutrient intake fell in the opposite quintile when classified according to the FFQ as compared with the 24HDR. The median calibration coefficient, calculated by regression of the 24HDR data on the FFQ data, was 0.57 for foods and 0.38 for nutrients.ConclusionsThe FFQ's ability to rank subjects was good for foods eaten frequently and fairly good for macronutrients in terms of energy percentages. Weaker ranking abilities were seen for foods eaten infrequently and for some micronutrients. The results underline the necessity of performing measurement error corrections.
Review of: A DGGE system for comprehensive mutation screening ofBRCA1andBRCA2: application in a Dutch cancer clinic setting
Authors: Hayes V. M. 
Published: March 2007

Citation of original article:van der Hout AH,et al. A DGGE system for comprehensive mutation screening ofBRCA1andBRCA2: application in a Dutch cancer clinic setting.Human Mutat2006;27(7): 654–666.Abstract of the original article:Rapid and reliable identification of deleterious changes in the breast cancer genesBRCA1andBRCA2has become one of the major issues in most DNA services laboratories. To rapidly detect all possible changes within the coding and splice site determining sequences of the breast cancer genes, we established a semiautomated denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) mutation scanning system. All exons of both genes are covered by the DGGE scan, comprising 120 amplicons. We use a semiautomated approach, amplifying all individual amplicons with the same PCR program, after which the amplicons are pooled. DGGE is performed using three slightly different gel conditions. Validation was performed using DNA samples with known sequence variants in 107 of the 120 amplicons; all variants were detected. This DGGE mutation scanning, in combination with a PCR test for two Dutch founder deletions inBRCA1was then applied in 431 families in which 52 deleterious changes and 70 unclassified variants were found. Fifteen unclassified variants were not reported before. The system was easily adopted by five other laboratories, where in another 3593 families both exons 11 were analysed by the protein truncation test (PTT ) and the remaining exons by DGGE. In total, a deleterious change (nonsense, frameshift, splice-site mutation or large deletion) was found in 661 families (16.4%), 462 inBRCA1(11.5%), 197 inBRCA2(4.9%), and in two index cases a deleterious change in bothBRCA1andBRCA2was identified. Eleven deleterious changes inBRCA1and 36 inBRCA2had not been reported before. In conclusion, this DGGE mutation screening method forBRCA1andBRCA2is proven to be highly sensitive and is easy to adopt, which makes screening of large numbers of patients feasible. The results of screening ofBRCA1andBRCA2in more than 4000 families present a valuable overview of mutations in the Dutch population.
Expression of enzymes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism during the early development of Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Tindall Andrew J. , Morris Ian D. , Pownall Mary E. , Isaacs Harry V. 
Published: March 2007

Background information. There are significant indications that amphibians require TH (thyroid hormones) prior to their involvement in the regulation of metamorphosis and before the development of a functional thyroid.Results. In order to investigate the potential role for TH in pre‐metamorphic Xenopus tropicalis we have cloned cDNAs for, and analysed the expression of, TPO (thyroid peroxidase), 5′DII (type II iodothyronine deiodinase) and 5DIII (type III iodothyronine deiodinase), enzymes involved in TH metabolism. Zygotic expression of TPO was detected in neurula stage embryos. Expression was observed in the notochord and later in the thyroid. The notochord was also a common site of expression for 5′DII and 5DIII. Other sites of 5′DII expression are the otic vesicles, retina, liver, blood‐forming region, branchial arches and brain. 5DIII is also expressed in the brain, retina, liver, developing pro‐nephros, blood‐forming region and branchial arches. Embryos exposed to the TPO inhibitor methimazole showed a distinctive dose‐dependent phenotype of a crimped notochord and shortened axis, together with alterations in 125I− uptake.Conclusions. These data suggest a novel extrathyroidal role for TH during early development, and support the proposal that embryos require thyroid signalling for normal development prior to metamorphosis.
Disassembly of actin filaments by botulinum C2 toxin and actin‐filament‐disrupting agents induces assembly of microtubules in human leukaemia cell lines
Authors: Uematsu Yosuke , Kogo Yasusi , Ohishi Iwao 
Published: March 2007

Background information. C2 toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D ADP‐ribosylates actin monomers and inactivates their polymerization activities. The disassembly of actin filaments by C2 toxin induces a polarization of cultured human leukaemia cell lines.Results. The polarization induced by C2 toxin was temperature dependent and was prevented by nocodazole, a microtubule‐disrupting agent, whereas it was promoted by paclitaxel, a microtubule‐stabilizing agent. The fluorescence staining of polarized cells indicated an increase in microtubule assembly accompanying disassembly of actin filaments. Furthermore, several actin‐filament‐disrupting agents, other than C2 toxin, also induced microtubule assembly and cell polarization, irrespective of their different mechanisms of action. The effects induced by some of the agents, which have lower binding affinities for actin, were reversible in response to the re‐assembly of actin filaments.Conclusions. Thus the disassembly of actin filaments by C2 toxin and actin‐filament‐disrupting agents induces assembly of microtubules followed by polarization of human leukaemia cell lines, indicating that the assembly/disassembly equilibrium of actin filaments influences the dynamics of microtubules, which control cell morphology and, in turn, diverse cellular processes.
Zymosan-induced glycerylprostaglandin and prostaglandin synthesis in resident peritoneal macrophages: roles of cyclo-oxygenase-1 and -2
Authors: Rouzer Carol A. , Tranguch Susanne , Wang Haibin , Zhang Hao , Dey Sudhansu K. , Marnett Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2007

COX [cyclo-oxygenase; PG (prostaglandin) G/H synthase] oxygenates AA (arachidonic acid) and 2-AG (2-arachidonylglycerol) to endoperoxides that are converted into PGs and PG-Gs (glycerylprostaglandins) respectively. In vitro, 2-AG is a selective substrate for COX-2, but in zymosan-stimulated peritoneal macrophages, PG-G synthesis is not sensitive to selective COX-2 inhibition. This suggests that COX-1 oxygenates 2-AG, so studies were carried out to identify enzymes involved in zymosan-dependent PG-G and PG synthesis. When macrophages from COX-1−/− or COX-2−/− mice were treated with zymosan, 20–25% and 10–15% of the PG and PG-G synthesis observed in wild-type cells respectively was COX-2 dependent. When exogenous AA and 2-AG were supplied to COX-2−/− macrophages, PG and PG-G synthesis was reduced as compared with wild-type cells. In contrast, when exogenous substrates were provided to COX-1−/− macrophages, PG-G but not PG synthesis was reduced. Product synthesis also was evaluated in macrophages from cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α)−/− mice, in which zymosan-induced PG synthesis was markedly reduced, and PG-G synthesis was increased approx. 2-fold. These studies confirm that peritoneal macrophages synthesize PG-Gs in response to zymosan, but that this process is primarily COX-1-dependent, as is the synthesis of PGs. They also indicate that the 2-AG and AA used for PG-G and PG synthesis respectively are derived from independent pathways.
Regulation of GLUT4 gene expression by SREBP-1c in adipocytes
Authors: Im Seung-Soon , Kwon Sool-Ki , Kang Seung-Youn , Kim Tae-Hyun , Kim Ha-Il , Hur Man-Wook , Kim Kyung-Sup , Ahn Yong-Ho 
Published: March 2007

Expression of the GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4 isoform) gene in adipocytes is subject to hormonal or metabolic control. In the present study, we have characterized an adipose tissue transcription factor that is influenced by fasting/refeeding regimens and insulin. Northern blotting showed that refeeding increased GLUT4 mRNA levels for 24 h in adipose tissue. Consistent with an increased GLUT4 gene expression, the mRNA levels of SREBP (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein)-1c in adipose tissue were also increased by refeeding. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, insulin treatment increased the mRNA levels of GLUT4 in adipose tissue. Serial deletion, luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay studies indicated that the putative sterol response element is located in the region between bases −109 and −100 of the human GLUT4 promoter. Transduction of the SREBP-1c dominant negative form to differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes caused a reduction in the mRNA levels of GLUT4, suggesting that SREBP-1c mediates the transcription of GLUT4. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that refeeding increased the binding of SREBP-1 to the putative sterol-response element in the GLUT4. Furthermore, treating streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with insulin restored SREBP-1 binding. In addition, we have identified an Sp1 binding site adjacent to the functional sterol-response element in the GLUT4 promoter. The Sp1 site appears to play an additive role in SREBP-1c mediated GLUT4 gene upregulation. These results suggest that upregulation of GLUT4 gene transcription might be directly mediated by SREBP-1c in adipose tissue.
Histone acetyltransferase MOZ acts as a co-activator of Nrf2–MafK and induces tumour marker gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Ohta Kumiko , Ohigashi Megumi , Naganawa Ayako , Ikeda Hiromi , Sakai Masaharu , Nishikawa Jun-ichi , Imagawa Masayoshi , Osada Shigehiro , Nishihara Tsutomu 
Published: March 2007

HATs (histone acetyltransferases) contribute to the regulation of gene expression, and loss or dysregulation of these activities may link to tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that expression levels of HATs, p300 and CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein] were decreased during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas expression of MOZ (monocytic leukaemia zinc-finger protein; MYST3) – a member of the MYST [MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2 and TIP60 (Tat-interacting protein, 60 kDa)] acetyltransferase family – was induced. Although the MOZ gene frequently is rearranged in leukaemia, we were unable to detect MOZ rearrangement in livers with hyperplastic nodules. We examined the effect of MOZ on hepatocarcinogenic-specific gene expression. GSTP (glutathione S-transferase placental form) is a Phase II detoxification enzyme and a well-known tumour marker that is specifically elevated during hepatocarcinogenesis. GSTP gene activation is regulated mainly by the GPE1 (GSTP enhancer 1) enhancer element, which is recognized by the Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45 subunit-related factor 2)–MafK heterodimer. We found that MOZ enhances GSTP promoter activity through GPE1 and acts as a co-activator of the Nrf2–MafK heterodimer. Further, exogenous MOZ induced GSTP expression in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells. These results suggest that during early hepatocarcinogenesis, aberrantly expressed MOZ may induce GSTP expression through the Nrf2-mediated pathway.
Ca2+, NAD(P)H and membrane potential changes in pancreatic β-cells by methyl succinate: comparison with glucose
Authors: Heart Emma , Yaney Gordon C. , Corkey Richard F. , Schultz Vera , Luc Esthere , Liu Lihan , Deeney Jude T. , Shirihai Orian , Tornheim Keith , Smith Peter J. S. , Corkey Barbara E. 
Published: March 2007

The present study was undertaken to determine the main metabolic secretory signals generated by the mitochondrial substrate MeS (methyl succinate) compared with glucose in mouse and rat islets and to understand the differences. Glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism both have key roles in the stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose. Both fuels elicited comparable oscillatory patterns of Ca2+ and changes in plasma and mitochondrial membrane potential in rat islet cells and clonal pancreatic β-cells (INS-1). Saturation of the Ca2+ signal occurred between 5 and 6 mM MeS, while secretion reached its maximum at 15 mM, suggesting operation of a KATP-channel-independent pathway. Additional responses to MeS and glucose included elevated NAD(P)H autofluorescence in INS-1 cells and islets and increases in assayed NADH and NADPH and the ATP/ADP ratio. Increased NADPH and ATP/ADP ratios occurred more rapidly with MeS, although similar levels were reached after 5 min of exposure to each fuel, whereas NADH increased more with MeS than with glucose. Reversal of MeS-induced cell depolarization by Methylene Blue completely inhibited MeS-stimulated secretion, whereas basal secretion and KCl-induced changes in these parameters were not affected. MeS had no effect on secretion or signals in the mouse islets, in contrast with glucose, possibly due to a lack of malic enzyme. The data are consistent with the common intermediates being pyruvate, cytosolic NADPH or both, and suggest that cytosolic NADPH production could account for the more rapid onset of MeS-induced secretion compared with glucose stimulation.