bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic and Mutational Analyses of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Reveal Four Functional Regions
Authors: Bender Florent C. , Samanta Minu , Heldwein Ekaterina E. , de Leon Manuel Ponce , Bilman Elina , Lou Huan , Whitbeck J. Charles , Eisenberg Roselyn J. , Cohen Gary H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Glycoprotein B (gB), along with gD, gH, and gL, is essential for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry. The crystal structure of the gB ectodomain revealed it to be an elongated multidomain trimer. We generated and characterized a panel of 67 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Eleven of the MAbs had virus-neutralizing activity. To organize gB into functional regions within these domains, we localized the epitopes recognized by the entire panel of MAbs and mapped them onto the crystal structure of gB. Most of the MAbs were directed to continuous or discontinuous epitopes, but several recognized discontinuous epitopes that showed some resistance to denaturation, and we refer to them as pseudo-continuous. Each category contained some MAbs with neutralizing activity. To map continuous epitopes, we used overlapping peptides that spanned the gB ectodomain and measured binding by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To identify discontinuous and pseudocontinuous epitopes, a purified form of the ectodomain of gB, gB(730t), was cleaved by α-chymotrypsin into two major fragments comprising amino acids 98 to 472 (domains I and II) and amino acids 473 to 730 (major parts of domains III, IV, and V). We also constructed a series of gB truncations to augment the other mapping strategies. Finally, we used biosensor analysis to assign the MAbs to competition groups. Together, our results identified four functional regions: (i) one formed by residues within domain I and amino acids 697 to 725 of domain V; (ii) a second formed by residues 391 to 410, residues 454 to 475, and a less-defined region within domain II; (iii) a region containing residues of domain IV that lie close to domain III; and (iv) the first 12 residues of the N terminus that were not resolved in the crystal structure. Our data suggest that multiple domains are critical for gB function.
Critical Role of Dendritic Cells in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus In Vivo Infection
Authors: Courreges Maria Cecilia , Burzyn Dalia , Nepomnaschy Irene , Piazzon Isabel , Ross Susan R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a milk-transmitted betaretrovirus that causes mammary tumors in mice. Although mammary epithelial cells are the ultimate targets of MMTV, the virus utilizes components of the host immune system to establish infection. Previous studies indicated that dendritic cells play a role in MMTV infection. Here we show that dendritic cells are the first cells to be infected by MMTV in vivo and that they are capable of producing infectious virus that can be transmitted to other cell types. Moreover, upon contact with the virus, dendritic cells became more mature and migrated in response to the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3β. Finally, we demonstrate that targeted ablation of dendritic cells in vivo dramatically attenuated MMTV infection. These data indicate that MMTV infection of dendritic cells is critical to initial propagation of the virus in vivo.
Hepatitis B Virus Subviral Envelope Particle Morphogenesis and Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Patient Romuald , Hourioux Christophe , Sizaret Pierre-Yves , Trassard Sylvie , Sureau Camille , Roingeard Philippe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is unusual in that its surface proteins (small [S], medium, and large [L]) are not only incorporated into the virion envelope but they also bud into empty subviral particles in great excess over virions. The morphogenesis of these subviral envelope particles remains unclear, but the S protein is essential and sufficient for budding. We show here that, in contrast to the presumed model, the HBV subviral particle formed by the S protein self-assembles into branched filaments in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These long filaments are then folded and bridged for packing into crystal-like structures, which are then transported by ER-derived vesicles to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Within the ERGIC, they are unpacked and relaxed, and their size and shape probably limits further progression through the secretory pathway. Such progression requires their conversion into spherical particles, which occurred spontaneously during the purification of these filaments by affinity chromatography. Small branched filaments are also formed by the L protein in the ER lumen, but these filaments are not packed into transport vesicles. They are transported less efficiently to the ERGIC, potentially accounting for the retention of the L protein within cells. These findings shed light on an important step in the HBV infectious cycle, as the intracellular accumulation of HBV subviral filaments may be directly linked to viral pathogenesis.
Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests
Authors: Edwards Andrew M , Mann Michael E , Marfell-Jones Michael J , Rankin Dean M , Noakes Timothy D , Shillington David P 
Published: February 2007

Objective:To determine whether moderate water loss (∼1.5–2% of body mass (BM)) represents a significant impairment to soccer match-play and the related fitness variables.Methods:11 moderately active male soccer players (mean (SD) age 24.4 (3) years, BM 74.03 (10.5) kg, peak oxygen consumption 50.91 (4.0) ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate. The experimental procedure comprised: (1) a 45 min pre-match period of cycle ergometry exercise (90% of individual ventilatory threshold); (2) the completion of a 45 min soccer match; and (3) the immediate post-match performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. The subjects completed the procedure on three occasions each in a different experimental condition (fluid intake (FL), no fluid (NF) and mouth rinse (MR)) in an individually randomised order. Core temperature (Tc), heart rates, plasma and urine osmolalities, BM, sweat rates and heat storage were all measured.Results:The only condition-dependent difference during the match-play element of the protocol was a significantly increased Tcin the NF condition compared with the FL condition (39.28°C (0.35°C) and 38.8°C (0.47°C), respectively; p<0.05). The immediate post-match performance of a sport-specific fitness test was significantly impaired where FL had been denied (p<0.01). The post-test evaluation of rating of perceived exertion and thirst indicated that the NF condition was perceived to be the most challenging (p<0.05).Conclusions:The condition-dependent differences in match-play and post-match tests demonstrate that moderate dehydration is detrimental to soccer performance. However, it remains unclear whether this could be attributable to water loss in itself or the negative psychological associations derived from a greater perception of effort in that condition.
Use of chaperones in the urology outpatient setting: a patient's choice in a “patient-centred” service
Authors: Sinclair Andrew M , Gunendran Thiru , Pearce Ian 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
The use of a chaperone in the clinical setting is a much debated subject. There have been many guidelines and papers written on this topic, but always from the medical profession's point of view. For the first time, this survey focuses on the opinion of the patient.

Methods
800 consecutive patients attending the urology outpatient clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire on basic patient demographics and their opinions on chaperones.

Results
Of 709 patients who completed the questionnaires, 553 (78%) were male. Overall, 535 (75.5%) patients did not want a chaperone present. Only 66 (42%) females stated a preference for the presence of a chaperone. Of the 174 patients requesting a chaperone, 102 (59%) patients wished the role to be taken by a friend or family member. 90% of these patients attended with the appropriate person.

Conclusions
Most patients do not want a chaperone present for intimate examinations. Most women do not wish to have a chaperone present. Of those who do wish to have a chaperone present, more than half want a family member or friend to fill the role. This would be against current guidelines. However, in a “patient-centred” service, these results should be taken into consideration.
Surgery for morbid obesity
Authors: Bennett John M H , Mehta Samir , Rhodes Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of morbid obesity in the UK population is rising, bringing with it increased levels of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis and early mortality. The overall cost to the health service is high, and is set to increase over the coming decades as the overweight population ages. Dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological interventions offer at best reasonable, short-term weight reduction and often fail. Surgical intervention is a safe and effective means of delivering marked long-term weight reduction. This article compares and contrasts the options available for surgical treatment of morbid obesity based on a review of the current literature.
Importance of red patches diagnosed in cystoscopy for haematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Fernando Herman , Thota Sreenivasa S , Burtt Glyn , Waterfall Nicholas , Husain Imtiaz 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Biopsy of the red patches in the bladder, when found at cystoscopy, is routinely performed in urological practice. This is done to establish the sinister diagnosis of carcinoma-in-situ among other causes.

Objective
To analyse the pathology of the red patches and to determine if routine biopsy of these patches is warranted.

Patients and methods
This was a retrospective study conducted over a period of 36 months, in which 50 patients were identified, who underwent biopsies of their red patches. All patients with a history of bladder carcinoma and obvious bladder tumours were excluded from this study.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 60.8 years. 25 patients had cystoscopy for lower urinary tract symptoms, 21 for haematuria and 4 for recurrent urinary tract infection. Carcinoma in situ was found in 4 (8%) patients, of whom only 2 had positive urine cytology.

Conclusion
It is prudent to perform a biopsy of all incidentally diagnosed red patches because of a major yield rate of carcinoma in situ. This procedure also picks up other important pathologies, which help in further management.
Committee for the Relief of Distressed Seamen: correspondence from the Admiralty in 1818–19
Authors: Cook G C 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The Seamen's Hospital Society, which was to become a great Victorian charity, with the object of caring for both the physical and spiritual health of seafarers (most merchant seamen) in the Port of London, was founded at a meeting on 8 March 1821. However, it is not widely known that it had a temporary predecessor—The Committee for the Relief of Distressed (Destitute) Seamen. Ready cooperation was received from the Admiralty in most of its affairs, but “disposal” of many of these “redundant” mariners proved to be a somewhat difficult matter.
Detailed DNA methylation profiles of the E-cadherin promoter in the NCI-60 cancer cells
Authors: Reinhold William C. , Reimers Mark A. , Maunakea Alika K. , Kim Sohyoung , Lababidi Samir , Scherf Uwe , Shankavaram Uma T. , Ziegler Micah S. , Stewart Claudia , Kouros-Mehr Hosein , Cui Hengmi , Dolginow Douglas , Scudiero Dominic A. , Pommier Yves G. , Munroe David J. , Feinberg Andrew P. , Weinstein John N. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
E-cadherin (E-cad) is a transmembrane adhesion glycoprotein, the expression of which is often reduced in invasive or metastatic tumors. To assess E-cad's distribution among different types of cancer cells, we used bisulfite-sequencing for detailed, base-by-base measurement of CpG methylation in E-cad's promoter region in the NCI-60 cell lines. The mean methylation levels of the cell lines were distributed bimodally, with values pushed toward either the high or low end of the methylation scale. The 38 epithelial cell lines showed substantially lower (28%) mean methylation levels compared with the nonepithelial cell lines (58%). The CpG site at -143 with respect to the transcriptional start was commonly methylated at intermediate levels, even in cell lines with low overall DNA methylation. We also profiled the NCI-60 cell lines using Affymetrix U133 microarrays and found E-cad expression to be correlated with E-cad methylation at highly statistically significant levels. Above a threshold of ∼20% to 30% mean methylation, the expression of E-cad was effectively silenced. Overall, this study provides a type of detailed analysis of methylation that can also be applied to other cancer-related genes. As has been shown in recent years, DNA methylation status can serve as a biomarker for use in choosing therapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(2):391–403]
Temporal and Spatial Growth of Wind Waves
Authors: Stiassnie M. , Agnon Y. , Janssen P. A. E. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A solution of Rayleigh’s instability equation, which circumvents the apparent critical-layer singularity, is provided. The temporal and spatial growth rates of water waves exposed to a logarithmic wind profile are calculated and discussed. The findings are similar to previously published results, except for shear velocity–to–wave celerity ratios larger than 2, where the newly calculated growth rates start to decrease after having reached a distinct maximum. The ratio of the spatial to temporal growth rates is examined. It is shown to deviate by up to 20% from the leading-order value of 2. The implications of the growth rate to the modal distributions of energy input from wind to waves, for young and mature seas, and in temporal/spatial growth scenarios, are analyzed.
Arthroscopically assisted Medial Reefing without Routine Lateral Release for Patellar Instability
Authors: Miller Jennifer R. , Adamson Gregory J. , Pink Marilyn M. , Fraipont Michael J. , Durand Pierre 
Published: February 2007

Background Patellofemoral instability in patients with normal alignment has been effectively treated with medial reefing procedures and a lateral release. Recent research suggests that a lateral release may not be necessary in patients without excessive patellar tilt. Hypothesis Arthroscopically assisted medial reefing without lateral release is as effective as techniques with a lateral release reported in the literature. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-four patients (25 knees) were observed for an average of 60 months. Preoperatively, patients underwent a history, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation. At follow-up, a physical examination and radiographic evaluation were repeated. Preoperative and postoperative Lysholm and Tegner scores were calculated. A subjective questionnaire was also completed. Comparative statistics were used for the preoperative and postoperative scores (P < .05). Results Ninety-six percent (24/25) were satisfied with their results, and all patients would have the same procedure performed again. Subjective symptom scores improved significantly. Lysholm knee scores improved from an average of 54 to 91 (P < .001). Tegner activity level improved from an average of 3.3 to 6.2 (P < .001). Significant improvement was seen in patellar mobility, apprehension, and patellofemoral tenderness with compression. Range of motion, muscle atrophy, and tilt did not change significantly. Congruence angles improved from 4.4° to —2.5° (P = .009), lateral patellofemoral angles improved from 5.5° to 8.7° (P = .011), and lateral patellar displacement improved from 2.0 to 0.2 mm (P < .044). There were no recurrent dislocations or subluxations. Conclusion Arthroscopically assisted medial reefing, without lateral release, is an effective treatment for patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability and normal alignment.
Radiographic Landmarks for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Schöttle Philip B. , Schmeling Arno , Rosenstiel Nikolaus , Weiler Andreas 
Published: February 2007

Background Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament has recently become popular for restoring patellofemoral stability. Femoral insertion site anatomy of the medial patellofemoral ligament has been described. This anatomical insertion has been inferred to be the isometric point in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, but data about radiographic landmarks for a postoperative or intraoperative control are missing. Purpose To determine the radiographic landmarks for control of postoperative and intraoperative femoral medial patellofemoral ligament insertion. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Eight fresh-frozen human knees were dissected, and the medial patellofemoral ligament was exposed. After identification of the femoral medial patellofemoral ligament insertion site, the insertion center was marked with a lead ball of 2-mm diameter. Straight lateral radiographs were taken, and posterior-anterior as well as proximal-distal position were evaluated. Results Six of 8 insertion points were anterior to a line representing an extension of the posterior cortex, 1 point was touching this line, and 1 point was posterior to it. All points were situated distal to the posterior origin of the medial femoral condyle and proximal to the most posterior point of the Blumensaat line. Conclusion A reproducible anatomical and radiographic point, 1 mm anterior to the posterior cortex extension line, 2.5 mm distal to the posterior origin of the medial femoral condyle, and proximal to the level of the posterior point of the Blumensaat line on a lateral radiograph with both posterior condyles projected in the same plane, shows the mean femoral medial patellofemoral ligament center. Clinical Relevance This radiographic point may be useful both intraoperatively and postoperatively.
Neutrophil elastase depends on serglycin proteoglycan for localization in granules
Authors: Niemann Carsten U. , Åbrink Magnus , Pejler Gunnar , Fischer Rikke L. , Christensen Erik I. , Knight Stefan D. , Borregaard Niels 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGranule proteins play a major role in bacterial killing by neutrophils. Serglycin proteoglycan, the major intracellular proteoglycan of hematopoietic cells, has been proposed to play a role in sorting and packing of granule proteins. We examined the content of major neutrophil granule proteins in serglycin knockout mice and found neutrophil elastase absent from mature neutrophils as shown by activity assay, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, whereas neutrophil elastase mRNA was present. The localization of other neutrophil granule proteins did not differ between wild-type and serglycin knockout mice. Differential counts and neutrophil ultrastructure were unaffected by the lack of serglycin, indicating that defective localization of neutrophil elastase does not induce neutropenia itself, albeit mutations in the neutrophil elastase gene can cause severe congenital neutropenia or cyclic neutropenia. The virulence of intraperitoneally injected Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) was increased in serglycin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, as previously reported for neutrophil elastase knockout mice. Thus, serglycin proteoglycan has an important role in localizing neutrophil elastase in azurophil granules of neutrophils, while localization of other granule proteins must be mediated by other mechanisms.
Growth factor independent 1B (Gfi1b) is an E2A target gene that modulates Gata3 in T-cell lymphomas
Authors: Xu Wei , Kee Barbara L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe E2A transcription factors are required for normal T lymphopoiesis and to prevent T-lymphocyte progenitor transformation. Ectopic expression of E2A proteins in E2A-deficient lymphomas results in growth arrest and apoptosis, indicating that these cells remain responsive to the targets of E2A. Here we identify the transcriptional repressor growth factor independent 1B (Gfi1b) as a target of E2A that promotes growth arrest and apoptosis in lymphomas. Gfi1b expression in primary T-lymphocyte progenitors is dependent on E2A and excess Gfi1b prevents the outgrowth of T lymphocyte progenitors in vitro. Gfi1b represses expression of Gata3, a transcription factor whose appropriate regulation is required for survival of lymphomas and T-lymphocyte progenitors. We also show that ectopic expression of Gata3 in lymphomas promotes expression of Gfi1b, indicating that these proteins may function in an autoregulatory loop that maintains appropriate levels of Gata3. Therefore, we propose that E2A proteins prevent lymphoma cell expansion, at least in part through regulation of Gfi1b and modulation of Gata3 expression.
Dasatinib induces significant hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase
Authors: Guilhot Francois , Apperley Jane , Kim Dong-Wook , Bullorsky Eduardo O. , Baccarani Michele , Roboz Gail J. , Amadori Sergio , de Souza Carmino A. , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Hochhaus Andreas , Heim Dominik , Larson Richard A. , Branford Susan , Muller Martin C. , Agarwal Prasheen , Gollerkeri Ashwin , Talpaz Moshe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment options are limited for patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-AP). Dasatinib is a novel, potent, oral, multitargeted kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SRC-family kinases that showed marked efficacy in a phase 1 trial of patients with imatinib-resistant CML. Results are presented for 107 patients with CML-AP with imatinib-resistance or -intolerance from a phase 2, open-label study further evaluating dasatinib efficacy and safety. At 8 months' minimum follow-up, 81%, 64%, and 39% of patients achieved overall, major (MaHR), and complete hematologic responses, respectively, whereas 33% and 24% attained major and complete cytogenetic remission. Of 69 patients who achieved MaHR, 7 progressed. Seventy-six percent of patients are estimated to be alive and progression-free at 10 months. Response rates for the 60% of patients with baseline BCR-ABL mutations did not differ from the total population. Dasatinib was well tolerated: most nonhematologic adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate; no imatinib-intolerant patients discontinued dasatinib because of AEs. Although common (76% of patients with severe neutropenia), cytopenias were manageable through dose modification. In summary, dasatinib induced significant hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with imatinib resistance or intolerance, was well tolerated, and may represent a potent new therapeutic option for CML-AP. Further follow-up is warranted. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #CA180005.