bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nonstructural Approach to Control Salt Accumulation in Ground Watera
Authors: Helweg Otto J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTOne of the more subtle and dangerous areas of pollution is that occurring in ground water from normal irrigation practices. The pollution from salt buildup is presently one of the unsolved problems in managing stream‐aquifer systems. This paper presents several strategies that offer a possibility of controlling this salt buildup. For example, instead of applying irrigation ground water near the site of the well, the ASTRAN Method transfers it downstream to be applied on land where the ground water is a lower quality thereby controlling the increase in salt concentration. Instead of preventing seepage loss in delivery canals, the percolating water is used to maintain ground‐water quality. Finally, timed releases of return flow remove salts without exceeding surface‐water quality constraints.
Improving the Sanitary Protection of Ground Water in Severely Folded, Fractured, and Creviced Limestonea
Authors: Jones Elmer E. , Murray Charles M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe construction of wells yielding safe, sanitary water in areas of severely folded, fractured, and creviced limestone depends on the retention of enough sediment in the transmission paths to restrict the movement of contaminants. The described research has been directed towards two problems–the identification of terrain and hydrologic features that indicate a lack of adequate sanitary protection of ground water in the formation, and means of improving this protection. Intermittent spring‐sinks along streams or in low‐lying areas indicate a reversal of ground‐water flow in the area. When the water level rises above a critical level sediments that have accumulated in the formation over many years may be discharged in a few days, resulting in a loss of filtering ability.Ground‐water levels and bacteriological contamination have been monitored on four wells in Washington County, Maryland, since 1973. Ground‐water quality deteriorated after tropical storm Agnes washed sediments from the formation. Techniques for preventing surface contaminant entry, improving filtering ability of the formation, and providing controlled relief of hydrostatic pressure have been studied as ways of protecting ground water in the formation.
Land and Water Use Impacts on Ground‐Water Quality in Las Vegas Valleya
Authors: Kaufmann Robert F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMarked changes in the occurrence and quality of near‐surface ground water in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada result from urban and industrial land and water use practices. In‐valley recharge has increased tenfold in the period 1943 to 1973 and now amounts to about 40,000 acre‐feet/year (49.3 million m3). Ground‐water flows leaving the Valley have increased from 250 acre‐feet/year to about 12,000 acre‐feet/year.Twenty to 400 tritium units (T.U.) in shallow ground water confirm widespread addition of recent recharge. Trend‐surface analysis of recent water‐quality data for depth intervals or “slices” of 0 to 50, 51 to 100, and 101 to 300 feet (0 to 15.2 m, 15.5 to 39.5 m, 30.8 to 91.4 m) revealed that natural trends below a depth of 50 feet are explainable in terms of broad hydrogeologic conditions. From 0 to 50 feet quality is highly irregular and markedly more influenced by land and water use practices and waste disposal in particular. Chloride, TDS, and nitrate are particularly diagnostic of return flows as is spring development and (or) a rising water table resulting from increased recharge and low vertical permeability. Statistical tests on water‐quality data for the period 1912 to 1968 yielded generally insignificant change with time. However, the extreme paucity of the data base makes any conclusion questionable.More efficient irrigation practices could reduce the present irrigation water demand by 15,000 acre‐feet/year and reduce return flows by 11,000 acre‐feet/year. Return flows by the year 2000 could easily amount to 75,000 acre‐feet/year or about three times the total water budget of the Valley prior to urbanization. Therefore, groundwater problems are likely to worsen and, if present monitoring practices prevail, go unnoticed.
Nitrate and Chloride in Ground Water Under Irrigated Agriculture in Central Wisconsina
Authors: Saffigna P. G. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTResults of this study indicate that the nitrate and chloride concentrations in the ground water of the central Wisconsin sand plains are significantly above background, and that the main source is the irrigated agriculture in the region. Nitrate‐N concentrations ranged from nil to 56 mg/1 and chloride from nil to 68 mg/1. Nitrate‐N concentrations exceeded 10 ppm in 15 of 33 irrigation wells and in 2 of 3 domestic wells. Nitrate‐N and chloride concentrations varied widely between adjacent wells but the CI/NO3‐N ratio was much less variable. This suggests similar relative inputs of nitrogen and chloride presumably from nitrogen and potassium (potassium chloride) fertilizers.The study was conducted at three levels of intensity; a small field during one growing season, a University Experimental Farm over several years, and many local farms during part of a growing season. Differences in concentrations of nitrate‐N and chloride in the surface of the ground water underlying the moderately fertilized potato field closely reflected the fertilizer and irrigation management on different parts of the field during that season. This detailed study of one field showed that solute transit times through the 16 feet (5 m) of unsaturated zone to the surface of the ground water are less than a year.Differences in concentration of nitrate‐N and chloride between irrigation wells on the Experimental Farm closely reflected the irrigation and fertilizer practices on surrounding fields. Nitrate‐N and chloride concentrations in ground water were lower where the adjacent land had been idle for many years and only recently cropped. However, levels were high where fertilizer and irrigation inputs.On a larger scale, the nitrate‐N and chloride concentrations in area farmer irrigation wells were as different between wells on the same farm as farm as between the various farms.
Solute Travel Times to Wellsa,b
Authors: Kirkham Don , Affleck S. B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTheoretical travel times are given for a solute to reach a well from an injection point, for wells that fully penetrate confined aquifers of constant thickness and mainly constant conductivity and porosity. Solute is assumed to move along streamlines with the water in piston flow under steady flow conditions. Three cases are considered.

For a “standard” well of external radius of influence re and well radius rw, the travel time varies approximately directly as the square of the distance r of the injection point from the well, as the ratio f/K of porosity to conductivity, and as ln re/rw.
For a well in which the flow region is divided by radius re into two regions, with the region next to the well clogged and of very low conductivity KI the travel time varies approximately directly as r squared, as KI, and as ln rc/rw.
For a well being fed from a line drive (river) at a distance d from the well, the travel time from a point on the line drive to the well varies as the distance d squared, as f/K, as ln 2d/rw, and as a function of the position of the point along the line drive.

In each case, the travel time is inversely proportional to he ‐ hw, where he is the head at the radius of influence re (or at the line drive) and hw is the head at the well. In the three cases, doubling the pumping rate halves the travel time. Travel times can affect the extent of chemical changes of the solute (contaminant) during its flow to the well.
Water Quality at a Sludge Entrenchment Sitea
Authors: Sikora L. J. , Murray C. M. , Frankos N. H. , Walker J. M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSurface‐water and ground‐water quality were evaluated at a site before and for four years after the area was used for entrenchment of sewage sludge. The soils in the area are sandy and are underlain by a clay barrier. Depth of the water table which in most instances is above the clay barrier is from 1.0 to 13.0 m. Water samples taken from monitoring wells, two drainage tiles located along the perimeter of the sludge trenches, a catchment pond and a nearby stream were analyzed for NO3‐N, NH4‐N, and CI. Increases in Cl concentrations were detected in shallow wells within the trench site perimeter 12 months after sludge entrenchment. Chloride levels peaked approximately 18 months after entrenchment and levels declined but not to background levels four years after entrenchment. Nitrate levels increased in shallow wells located within or near the trench site perimeter at 18 months after entrenchment and peaked at 30 months. Decreases in NO3‐N occurred thereafter but had not reached background levels in some wells. Ammonium increases were also detected in wells recording Cl and NO3‐N increases but NH4‐N increases were inconsistent. Increases in Cl and NO3‐N levels were recorded in wells potentially below the trench area, but these levels were less than those recorded for wells within the trench site perimeter. The data from this study indicate that contamination of ground water by leachate from sludge trenches was within the trench site perimeter with a lesser degree of contamination recorded in wells below the trench site. The drainage tiles and clay barrier may have had a significant effect on the resulting ground‐water data, and caution is advised in extrapolating these results to other locations.
Scavenging of Chromium and Cadmium by Aquifer Material — South Farmingdale‐Massapequa Area, Long Island, New Yorka
Authors: Ku Henry F. H. , Katz Brian G. , Sulam Dennis J. , Krulikas Richard K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA plume of ground water enriched by liquid metal‐plating effluent has formed downgradient from an industrial park in southeast Nassau County, New York. Discharges from the plant to the shallow aquifer began in the 1940's and continue to the present.Core samples of aquifer material from the plume were analyzed by oxalate extraction and dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB) extraction methods for the presence of chromium and cadmium. Results of the extraction indicate that for 1 kilogram of soil, the median concentrations of extracted chromium and cadmium in aquifer material are 7.5 and 1.1 milligrams, respectively, and the maximum concentrations are 19 and 2.3 milligrams, respectively.
Locating Ground Water in the Santa Catherina Area Using Geophysical Methods
Authors: Wachs D. , Arad A. , Olshina A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to locate ground water in an arid, mountainous area in the Santa Catherina region of southern Sinai. A combination of classical geological methods, together with geophysical techniques was found to be particularly useful for the locality studied. It was found that water flow was mainly through the joints of the crystalline basement and that under favorable circumstances, fair ground‐water supplies can be found in alluvial valley fill. It was concluded that recharge of valley fill is derived mainly from the joint system of the bedrock and only partially from flooding.
Sources and Concentrations of Nitrate‐Nitrogen in Ground Water of the Central Platte Region, Nebraskaa
Authors: Gormly J. R. , Spalding R. F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDuring 1976‐1977 nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) concentrations exceeded 10 mg/1 in 183 of the 256 ground‐water samples collected from parts of Buffalo, Hall, and Merrick counties in Nebraska. Comparison of the isotopic values with those of potential nitrate sources suggested that the primary source of contamination in most wells was fertilizer and that a small percentage of the wells contained significant concentrations of NO3‐N derived from animal wastes. A combination of two or more sources of contamination was assumed for those samples for which the source could not be identified. Significant negative correlations between δ15N and NO3‐N (‐0.35 in Buffalo and Hall Counties) and between δ5N and depth to water (–0.55 in Merrick County) indicate that denitrification is the major factor in isotopic fractionation of nitrogen from the nitrate sour
THE SOUTH AFRICAN PHILLIPS CURVE: HOW APPLICABLE IS THE GORDON MODEL?
Authors: Burger P. , Marinkov M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIs there a Phillips curve relationship present in South Africa and if so, what form does it take? Traditionally the method to establish whether or not there is a relationship between the output gap and the change in inflation is merely to regress the latter on the former. This yields the well‐known augmented Phillips curve. However, Gordon has argued that this specification of the Phillips curve produces biased results. Instead, he puts forward and estimates successfully for several industrialised countries his so‐called triangular model that tests for hysteresis and inertia in the behaviour of inflation, as well as the impact on inflation of changes in the output level. This paper considers whether or not Gordon's triangle model is applicable to South Africa, i.e. are hysteresis and inertia present in South Africa? In addition, in an attempt to find a better estimation of the output gap, the paper also experiments with alternative ways to estimate the long‐run output level, including the standard HP‐filter, as well as a production function approach.
DURATION ANALYSIS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE SEARCH FOR SUPERIOR MEASURES
Authors: Van Vuuren Gary , Styger Paul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Macaulay duration is a highly successful tool for measuring and managing interest rate risk. However, it employs restrictive assumptions which constrain its usefulness in a rapidly evolving market. The Basel II implementation and ongoing accounting standard reassessments highlight the requirement for accurate, robust risk measures. Contemporary research has focused on augmenting the existing duration definition. We extend this work by relaxing some input assumptions, describing a different duration measure and applying it to interest rate driven price changes and examining the influence on the duration gap. The economic market value of equity (an important metric for regulators and risk management) is significantly improved.
ON THE OPTIMAL QUANTITY OF PUBLIC GOODS AND RELATED ISSUES
Authors: Agiobenebo Tj 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper seeks to reopen a discussion on what the profession has considered settled and closed, namely the issue of the optimal quantity of a pure public good. We argue that determination of the optimal quantity by the intersection of the collective willingness to pay curve and the supply curve is inappropriate because it exaggerates the aggregate demand for the public good, thus giving rise to misleading supply decisions. The reason lies in the basic properties of pure public goods, in particular that of non‐rival consumption (joint supply). The paper submits that the optimal quantity of a public good is the largest quantity demanded by any single consumer (individually or as a collective). The individual demand curves are required in the analysis only for the purposes of determining the optimal benefit taxes and an equitable cost sharing formula. We show that under such a formula, based on benefit shares, the budget will be balanced, and since the tax burden is smaller than the benefits, less resentment to taxation could be anticipated under this framework.
Coronary-pulmonary artery fistula diagnosed by multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Zeina A-R , Blinder J , Rosenschein U , Barmeir E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Coronary-pulmonary artery fistula is an uncommon cardiac anomaly, usually congenital. Most coronary-pulmonary artery fistulas are clinically and haemodynamically insignificant and are usually found incidentally. This report describes a case of complex coronary-pulmonary artery fistula with two feeding vessels of separate origins: one from the proximal part of the left anterior descending artery and another arising from the right aortic cusp. The complex anatomy of the fistula was shown in detail by multidetector computed tomography using multiplanar reconstruction and 3D volume rendering techniques.
Janus Kinase 2: A Critical Target in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Samanta Ajoy K. , Lin Hui , Sun Tong , Kantarjian Hagop , Arlinghaus Ralph B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase is the causative factor in most chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. We have shown that Bcr-Abl is associated with a cluster of signaling proteins, including Janus kinase (Jak) 2, growth factor receptor binding protein 2–associated binder (Gab) 2, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β. Treatment of CML cell lines and mouse Bcr-Abl+ 32D cells with either Jak2 short interfering RNA or Jak2 kinase inhibitor AG490 inhibited pTyr Gab2 and pSer Akt formation, inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB, and caused the activation of GSK-3β, leading to the reduction of c-Myc. Importantly, BaF3 cells expressing T315I and E255K imatinib-resistant mutants of Bcr-Abl underwent apoptosis on exposure to AG490 yet were resistant to imatinib. Similar to wild-type Bcr-Abl+ cells, inhibition of Jak2 by Ag490 treatment resulted in decrease of pSer Akt and c-Myc in imatinib-resistant cells. These results identify Jak2 as a potentially important therapeutic target for CML. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6468-72)
Valproic Acid–Induced Gene Expression through Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Kawai Yumiko , Arinze Ifeanyi J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used anticonvulsive agent that has profound antiproliferative effects in many cell types, as well as inductive effects on a number of genes. The mechanism of its gene-inducing effect has been reported to involve transcription factors, Sp1 and activator protein-1. Using two well-characterized antioxidant response element (ARE)–driven gene promoters, i.e., mouse heme oxygenase-1 and human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 genes as tools to monitor the transcriptional response to VPA, we show here that VPA-induced gene transcription was abrogated by antioxidants. With the human Gαi2 gene promoter, which was previously used to establish the involvement of Sp1 in the transcriptional action of VPA, we found that VPA-induced gene transcription was also blocked by antioxidants. Mutation of the ARE (5′-TGACtggGC-3′) in this promoter abrogated the transcriptional response to VPA. With such mutants, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, had no effect on VPA-induced transcription. In gel mobility shift assays, VPA-induced binding of nuclear proteins to a DNA probe containing the relevant ARE sequence in the Gαi2 gene promoter was decreased in nuclear extracts from cells pretreated with antioxidants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the prototype redox-sensitive transcription factors, Nrf2, small Maf protein(s), and c-Fos, were recruited to this promoter in VPA-treated cells. Overall, this study reveals that the mechanism of the transcriptional response to VPA includes VPA-induced production of reactive oxygen species which induce the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors that interact with the ARE. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6563-9)
Of Electrum and the Armour of Achilles: Myth and Magic in a Manuscript of Heinrich Khunrath (1560-1605) Zusammenfassung
Authors: Tilton Hereward 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Das Manuskript des Alchemisten und Theosophen Heinrich Khunrath (1560-1605), gerichtet an den Verteidiger der Interessen schwedischer Protestanten, Herzog Karl, beschreibt eine Methode zur Herstellung einer magischen Rüstung und bietet einen Einblick in die praktische Anwendung magischer Konzepte in der Tradition Ficinos, Agrippas, Paracelsus' und Della Portas. Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt detailliert Khunraths Anwendung einer pseudo-paracelsischen magischen Legierung, ebenso wie seine Rezeption der Beschreibungen der magischen Waffen Achills bei Homer und Vergil. Es wird gezeigt, daß Khunraths magische Rüstung gemäß der Ficinischen Prinzipien der “fascinatio” (Behexung) und der Einführung himmlischer Kräfte in Dinge durch die imaginative Kraft des Magus wirkt. Diese Prinzipien werden auf dem Hintergrund der neuplatonischen Kosmologie Khunraths erörtert. Die Frage der Beziehung der euhemeristischen Interpretation des antiken Mythos in diesem Manuskript zum vorherrschend allegorischen Genre der Mythoalchemie wird ebenso behandelt, wie andere Versuche, magische Überlegenheit und Unverletzbarkeit in der Kriegsführung des frühneuzeitlichen Europa zu gewinnen, angesprochen werden.
Root-Water-Uptake Based upon a New Water Stress Reduction and an Asymptotic Root Distribution Function
Authors: Li K. Y. , De Jong R. , Coe M. T. , Ramankutty N. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A water stress–compensating root-water-uptake module was developed based upon a newly proposed water stress reduction function and an asymptotic root distribution function. The water stress reduction function takes into account both soil water pressure head and soil resistance to water flow. It requires only physically based parameters that eliminate the need for empirical calibration. The root-water-uptake module, incorporated into a complete Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) simulation model, was tested for a variety of soil, crop, and climatic conditions across Canada. Both the proposed water stress reduction and the asymptotic root distribution function performed similarly to existing ones, with the maximum difference in normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) between the new and existing water stress reduction function being 0.6%, and between the asymptotic and an exponential root distribution function being 1.2%. The entire root-water-uptake module worked as well as, or better than, published ones. Because the new module uses fewer empirical parameters, it becomes particularly useful in large-scale modeling applications of land surface, hydrology, and terrestrial ecosystems where such parameters are usually not readily available.
Changes in Instruments and Sites Affecting Historical Weather Records: A Case Study
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Kunkel Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
All long historical climate records are based on measurements that experienced shifts in instrumentation, site characteristics, or locations. How such changes affect the quality of past data remains an uncertainty for the thousands of historical records, confounding efforts to assess climate change. Fortunately, one station in Illinois with 118 yr of records has also kept detailed records of all such shifts plus overlapping measurements of temperatures and precipitation, allowing exact measurements of how conditions changed over time. This study examined these data and found varying discontinuities of 0.1°–0.9°C in annual temperatures due to various shifts, but no changes in daily precipitation related to site shifts. However, hourly precipitation amounts from recording rain gauges did undergo a considerable shift due to changes in rain gauge types. Similar studies need to be made of other stations with comparable historical records of station and instrument shifts and with overlapping measurements when shifts were made.
The Control of Living Anionic Polymerization by Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Aida Takuzo , Inoue Shohei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The living polymerization of methacrylic esters initiated with aluminium porphyrins was found to be dramatically accelerated upon the addition of organoaluminium or organoboron compounds as a Lewis acidic monomer activator (high-speed living polymerization). Under appropriate conditions, high-molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylates) (Mn &gt; 500000) having a narrow molecular-weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.1—1.2) were synthesized. The key concept of the high-speed living polymerization is the coexistence of nucleophilic growing species and a Lewis acid without a degradative direct reaction.