bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pre-stack and Post-stack Seismic on Integrated Naturally Fractured Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Ouenes Ahmed , Robinson Gary , Zellou Abdel M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Naturally Fractured Reservoir (NFR) characterization represents an increased focus for oil and gas companies as it becomes more and more admitted that they represent a substantial part of their portfolio. However the complexity of the understanding of fractured reservoirs, in terms of fracturing mechanism, fracture density, orientation, and the complexity of their management issues (i.e. infill drilling, water production, steam injection, to list few of these issues) pushed several service and integrated companies to tackle the fractured reservoir characterization challenge. Moreover the use of integrated approaches with the help of 3D seismic and new technologies are started to show successful results. This paper will present two technologies where 3D seismic attributes along with geologic and engineering data are being used to characterize fractured reservoirs. The first technology will show how the use of post-stack seismic in an integrated approach, involving high resolution seismic inversion, spectral imaging and static geological modeling, provides an accurate fracture reservoir model that can be applied in the reservoir simulation and development stage. The second technology will highlight the use of pre-stack seismic to actually image the fracture distribution. Application of these technologies is presented on two different fields.
Accelerated History Matching Through Process Independent Scale-up Techniques in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Suzuki K. , Asada J. , Yoshida K. , Nomura M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although upscaling has been extensively investigated, a quantitative relationship between the multi-million block geological model and the upscaled flow model is likely to be lost during the history match process, primarily due to parameter modification on an upscaled model. In this paper, we propose a new history match procedure combined with an innovative faster upscaling technique.
In the proposed procedure, after each history run, parameter modification for the next run was done on the detailed geological model in close collaboration with geologist. This loop was made possible with a new faster upscaling technique, distinct against the existing method, by adopting empirical correlations of computing upscaled absolute and relative permeabilities. A capillary-limit upscaling technique was applied for the case study, since a target reservoir is capillary dominant.
In the case study, history match was conducted on a sector of an oil-wet carbonate reservoir under waterflooding for 20 years. In each modification, the revised geological model of three million blocks was upscaled to a flow model of 60 thousand blocks in a process independent manner with a scale-up factor of 50. The CPU speed-up factor was approximately 200: 10 days for the detailed model with massive parallel computing and an hour for the upscaled model with a personal computer.
Even with such significant CPU time reduction, it was confirmed that the upscaled model still maintained the simulation quality of the detailed geological model.
Pressure Transeint Analysis of Horizontal Wells in a Fractured Reservoir; Gridding Between Art and Science
Authors: Al-Thawad Faisal , Agyapong Dominic , Banerjee Raj , Issaka M. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the power of numerical simulation to match pressure data of complex horizontal wells of different types and reservoir heterogeneities. Analyzing large number of horizontal wells has shown that often there are cases that cannot be satisfactorily interpreted using analytical techniques. It requires more detailed investigation to handle several theoretical and practical challenges that are not normally encountered in analyzing vertical wells. The most important of these challenges are (1) the number of flow regimes in case of homogeneous infinite-acting reservoir, are 3 to 4 namely; early radial, linear, late radial and/or sometimes hemiradial and (2) the reservoir heterogeneity encountered while drilling horizontal wells (i.e. layering, faults/fractures, composite systems, …)
Finding the optimum grid settings necessary to model the flow regimes is by far the most critical aspect of the numerical simulation. Without an optimum grid, pressure response that represents numerical artifact, rather than physics of the problem, can be generated.
Three field cases are presented in this paper; a horizontal well intersecting a finite conductivity fracture, a horizontal power water injector well at the edge of the reservoir and a horizontal close to a finite conductivity fault. An integrated approach was used to match the pressure responses.
3D-All-The-Way™ and F6 Further Development
Authors: Alessio Laurent , Bourdon Laurent , Coca Spencer , Everts Arnout J. , MacArthur John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is well established that working in an integrated team is a more valuable and efficient way of working. But how to ensure that the maximum value is harnessed from those multidisciplinary teams? The approach chosen in Shell Malaysia is to turn the typical sequential study flow pattern from seismicstatic-dynamic-development plan into a truly parallel one. This means: integration through iterations, where the end objective is worked from a 50/50 solution iteratively towards the 80/20 or more. This is what 3D-All-The-Way™ is all about! This paper describes a live example of this way of working applied to the further development of F6, one of the largest gas fields operated by Shell Malaysia in Sarawak waters.
The F6 field is located in the Central Laconia carbonate province, some 180 km offshore form Bintulu. The field has been on production since 1987, and over half of the reserves produced have been drained by 11 slightly deviated wells from its own standalone platform facilities. F6 existing well capacity is coming under threat with regional aquifer rise and localised coning around wells. As a result, further development is required to maintain the capacity at the level required from the supply plan, and to ensure that reserves are protected against the un-even rise of the aquifer in the field. This redevelopment study used the most recent data available, ranging from 3D seismic, to pressure and contact surveillance.
The business value of the 3D-All-The-Way™ approach is (1) speed: as the redevelopment plan and supporting studies are executed in a reduced time-frame (2) efficiency: as from an early stage and continuously through the study work unrealistic subsurface realisations and development options are screened out, (3) quality: the overall robustness of the subsurface work is improved, as every discipline are contributing simultaneously, and at each iteration. Finally, as an added bonus, the teamwork is more enjoyable and crossdiscipline learning is enhanced.
The methodology followed by the F6 further development team is being applied to other Field Development Plans within Shell Malaysia E&P, with the same success, saving time, improving the quality of the models and of the decisions.
Effects of Vertical Heterogeneity on Waterflood Performance in Stratified Reservoirs: A Case Study in Bangko Field, Indonesia
Authors: Permadi A. K. , Yuwono I. P. , Simanjuntak A. J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Stratified reservoirs may have different types of heterogeneity in terms of grain size distribution in vertical direction. Geological surveys (i.e. using well logs) have long recognized the existence of fining upward and coarsening upward formations. In this study, such formations refer to as systems with decreasing upward and increasing upward permeability trends, respectively. Many waterflood candidate reservoirs have been found to follow either classification. However, the awareness of including this distribution classification as one of the screening criteria prior to waterflooding has not been established in the oil industry.
A simulation study using a number of conceptual stratified reservoir models has been conducted. The results show that grain size distribution classification should have significant impact on waterflood performance. Each of the two classifications yields different effects on vertical sweep efficiency resulting from different crossflow mechanisms, which consequently gives different waterflood performance. It has been found that the oil recovery from waterflooding a reservoir with coarsening upward formation will always be higher than that from waterflooding exactly the same reservoir but with the opposite classification (i.e. fining upward formation) even though the two reservoirs are of the same level of heterogeneity (i.e. similar values of coefficient of permeability variation). In this study, the degree of heterogeneity effects on recovery were investigated as well as the magnitude of vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio effects. Also, permeability noise was addressed as the reservoir may contain contrast permeability streaks in between the adjacent layers.
A correlation has been derived based on the simulation results and has been proven to be able to predict simulation results with relatively good accuracy. Validations performed by comparison to actual production from a simple injection scheme (one injector and one producer) in Bangko Field, Indonesia, indicate that oil production rates obtained from the correlation show good agreement with those of production history.
A 3-D Seismic Attribute-Based Reservoir Modelling of a Shallow Marine Carbonate Reservoir in West Africa
Authors: Tatsuo Shimatomo , Akira Kato , Hiroshi Fukagawa , Hiroki Arakawa 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive reservoir study performed on a carbonate reservoir located offshore West Africa. Our study uses seismic information with pixel-based geostatistical techniques for the construction of fine-scale geological models. This field has eleven wells in the northern region. The information of the wells reveals that the field comprises some productive areas that have ensured commercial production, however others are less productive. In order to identify those productive areas in undeveloped region, especially southern portion of the reservoir, integration of the 3D seismic information into reservoir descriptions is necessary.
Our approach follows a four-step procedure. First, log data are correlated to core-measured porosity using the Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) algorithm. Second, more than 20 seismic attributes are investigated to specify relationships with well porosity. Third, fine-scale geological models are created based on well data and two seismic attributes with the Markov Bayes and cloud transform techniques. Finally, course-scale flow simulation models are generated by a scaleup technique for history matching purposes. An excellent history matching is achieved without any history match tunings. The prediction results obtained from fifty realizations indicate that the development of the southwestern portion is economically feasible.
Game Theory Application for Hydraulic Fracture Design
Authors: Mars Khasanov , Rinat Khabibullin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Today different methods of calculation and software packages to design well activities properly are at the disposal of petroleum engineers. This does not mean that decision-making in the oil and gas industry has turned into a routine. The most common problem petroleum engineers face is that reservoir parameters used in these calculations are unknown or unreliable. Thus, very often petroleum engineers have to make decisions under uncertainty.
In the past this problem was ignored, but today petroleum engineers increasingly consider uncertainty and risk analysis. From the viewpoint of data quality there are three criteria for making decisions [1]: Under fully deterministic conditions, when all data are known and complete;Under risky conditions, when random data can be described in terms of probability theory; the main criterion is the expectation value of the parameter that determines the quality of the decision;Under conditions of uncertainty, when it is difficult or impossible to classify data by their degree of significance and when it is impossible to apply probability theory methods, as distribution functions or other statistical parameters of these values are unknown.
This specification of terms is relevant as confusion of terms often causes ambiguity. Sometimes uncertainty analysis is conducted by the Monte-Carlo method applying series of random values of some parameters in compliance with given functions of probability distribution. It is obvious that the problem is reduced to risky conditions. In reality, as a rule, distribution functions are unknown, so we have the third type of conditions (under uncertainty) and the Monte Carlo method is not applicable.
In this case the decision-making problems are usually defined in terms of game theory, representing them as a "game with Nature". [1,2]. This paper considers different game criteria, which can be rather useful tools to increase the efficiency of decisions when managing oil and gas production processes under conditions of uncertainty. To make it more illustrative, a specific example of hydraulic fracturing design is used in the subsequent text.
Intelligent Asset Management: Successful Integration of Modelling Tools and Workflow Processes
Authors: Airlie C. J. , Lemanczyk Z. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an almost universal shift of emphasis away from operator functional objectives towards the actual business performance of individual assets, which in turn is highly dependent on the day to day production environment and its evolution. Improvements in production data acquisition and data management technology are not always translated into real and quantifiable productivity gains, due to constraints in manpower, tools and expertise. This paper describes a methodology which can be used to address these issues through an integration of software technology and improved work processes.
A system has been developed which links on-line (realtime and near real-time) downhole, surface and corporate data to ensure that reservoir, well and facilities models are constantly monitored and updated to reflect actual operating conditions. With this "always current" encapsulation of the production system (between reservoir and delivery point) it is possible to perform a wide range of tasks to manage the asset performance: production optimization, facilities design and planning, production forecasting, allocation and loss management, etc.
The system integrates a number of existing software applications, and also streamlines the number of complex engineering tasks which are normally required. The system has been applied in a number of actual operational environments and the results of some of these applications are presented in this paper.
The main technical contributions described in this paper include: –A robust optimization technology which has been technically proven in a large number of field applications.–A workflow solution which automates production data transfer, manipulation and calibration to provide constantly updated well, facilities and network models.–Integration of the system with SCADA/DCS and corporate databases to shorten the field optimization cycle from months to hours.–Use of the technology for loss management, production forecasting and advanced surveillance.
"Why Can't I Just Start with a Map?" - Case Histories for Integrated Asset Management
Authors: Kozman Jess B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Data sharing is an integral component of strategies to support critical decisions during the life of field value chain. Petroleum organizations face major challenges in the integration of legacy database systems to support an effective methodology for maximizing asset value. Case histories are presented that show effective integration of data, information, and knowledge in the asset value chain.
Field Optimization Tool for Maximizing Asset Value
Authors: Bailey William J. , Couët Benoît , Wilkinson David 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A software tool is described that enables optimization for maximizing asset value, both with and without uncertainty. Modular architecture allows examination of different objective functions, optimization schemes and financial models. The method generates an efficient frontier that can be used for risk and decision analysis. The tool is demonstrated in the context of a field example optimizing for Net Present Value (NPV). Valuation of advanced completions is explored along with the returns gained from expanding surface gas handling facilities. The results clearly demonstrate the utility of such a tool for value-maximization in planning both near and long-term time horizons as well as providing the necessary foundation for maximizing asset value.
Developing A Model To Suit Life Cycle Costing Analysis For Assets In The Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Vorarat Suparatchai , Al-Hajj Assem 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper explores the application of LCC (Life Cycle Costing) concepts in the oil and gas industry. The paper details research into the development of a LCC model for using in SAP (System, Application and Products in Data Processing). Information held in the existing system in the oil and gas industry has been investigated in order to determine whether or not it is adequate to support LCC application for assets. The conceptual framework will develop the LCC technique as a tool to carry out costing analysis for new and existing systems. It will ensure that existing systems data are optimized for use in LCC applications and will investigate the feasibility of integrating the LCC model with existing systems. Based on this conceptual framework a LCC model will be developed.
The proposed system model provides a structural breakdown of cost (SBC) that can be applied to any asset at any level, such as super system, system, sub-system and equipment level in its lifecycle. The purpose of this SBC is to act as an aide memoir, as the starting point for developing a project/asset specific SBC that is tailored to the needs of a particular LCC requirement. The overview of SBC is provided to identify the data requirement for estimated cost element and provides a definition for cost element.
Consequently, if SAP-LCC is used for analysis at every, it is possible to identify the level that is the most significant in order to develop or reduce the cost in LCC at that level.
"State-of-the-Art" Integrated Studies Methodologies - An Historical Review
Authors: Breit Vernon S. , Dozzo Joe A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An integrated reservoir study represents the one reservoir modeling technique available to a reservoir management team that incorporates ALL of the information available regarding a petroleum reservoir. As such, the integrated study has the potential to provide the team with the highest resolution most accurate description of their field that is currently available. However, that high resolution comes at the expense of a highly complex, data intensive process. This paper was an attempt to simplify and codify the complex process of performing an integrated reservoir study.
The paper presents an overview of the integrated reservoir modeling process including how that process has changed from the early days of reservoir simulation to the present day. Two models are presented that illustrate the study process for a 1980 time frame multi reservoir study and a 2002 time frame geostatistically based compositional reservoir model‥
Emphasis is placed on the changes in workflows from the early models -- simple mapping of properties and manual digitization of maps to simulation model grids -- to the more complex models of today -- with property distributions based on object modeling and geostatistical analysis to distribute reservoir properties.
Through the examples, the paper illustrates the point that reservoir studies have evolved from a time when the geologists and engineers often knew more about their reservoirs than the available modeling tools would allow them to implement in their models – dual porosity and flow across faults, for example – to the point where today we often have the modeling capability to model more complex phenomena than our knowledge of the reservoir may warrant – for example, object modeling with no data on the characteristics of lithofacies in our reservoir, or dual porosity flow models with no data on fracture spacing and distribution.
Integrating Soft Computing and Hard Computing For Production Performance Prediction of Low Permeability Reservoir
Authors: Yang Qingjun , Guan Zhenliang , Gao Yufu , Jiang Hongxia , Musa Tagwa A. , Tian Genlin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Development of low permeability reservoir is very different from that of normal reservoir. Complicated geological and engineering factors conspire to affect wells production performance. Moreover, these factors vary with the development strategies for different low permeability reservoirs. It is difficult to accurately describe these factors and further predict its production performance. This paper presents a new methodology integrating soft computing and hard computing to predict production performance of low permeability reservoir. Integration of data and knowledge is used for soft computing. Firstly, the knowledge about fluid flow is extracted by numerical simulation (a conventional hard computing technology). Then the knowledge together with corresponding data is input to model production performance by neural network (a popular soft computing technology). Lastly, the trained models are used to predict the production performance. This method is proved to be effective for low permeability reservoir.
A Novel Model for Permeability Prediction in Uncored Wells
Authors: Shokir E. M. El -M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fuzzy model is applied for permeability estimation in heterogeneous oil reservoirs using core porosity and gamma ray logs. Also, the basic concepts of fuzzy model is described, and how to use the constructed model to analyze and interpret the results. Fuzzy logic approach is used to represent a nonlinear relationship as a smooth concatenation of local linear submodels. The partitioning of the input space into fuzzy regions, represented by the individual rules, is obtained through fuzzy clustering. The results from the fuzzy model shows that it is not only accurate but also provides some insight into the nonlinear relationship represented by the model. Whereas, the results of the blind test developed a good agreement between the measured core permeability and the output of the fuzzy model.
Inter-reservoir Communication Detection via Pressure Transient Analysis: Integrated Approach
Authors: Al-Obaid Rashid , Bin Akresh Saud , Al-Ajaji Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a successful integration of pressure transient tests, production, and seismic data to detect inter- reservoir communication between Hanifa and Arab-D reservoirs in the southern dome of Abqaiq field in Saudi Arabia.
Even though Hanifa and Arab-D reservoirs are separated by about 300 feet of impermeable Carbonates, the two reservoirs are in pressure-fluid communication through conductive faults/fractures in the heavily faulted/fractured area of Abqaiq field.
Late time pressure anomalies on the log-log plots were observed on several field examples of transient tests in Hanifa reservoir and some were interpreted as external effects of pressure support from the communicating Arab-D reservoir. Simulation modeling was used to further analyze such pressure responses.
Better reservoir management decisions and more focused development strategies can be achieved through the utilization of the quantitative pressure transient analysis of those tests.