bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Adam Jennifer C. , Hamlet Alan F. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFor most of the global land area poleward of about 40° latitude, snow plays an important role in the water cycle. The (seasonal) timing of runoff in these areas is especially sensitive to projected losses of snowpack associated with warming trends, whereas projected (annual) runoff volume changes are primarily associated with precipitation changes, and to a lesser extent, with changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Regional studies in the USA (and especially the western USA) suggest that hydrologic adjustments to a warming climate have been ongoing since the mid‐twentieth century. We extend the insights extracted from the western USA to the global scale using a physically based hydrologic model to assess the effects of systematic changes in precipitation and temperature on snow‐affected portions of the global land area as projected by a suite of global climate models. While annual (and in some cases seasonal) changes in precipitation are a key driver of projected changes in annual runoff, we find, as in the western USA, that projected warming produces strong decreases in winter snow accumulation and spring snowmelt over much of the affected area regardless of precipitation change. Decreased snowpack produces decreases in warm‐season runoff in many mid‐ to high‐latitude areas where precipitation changes are either moderately positive or negative in the future projections. Exceptions, however, occur in some high‐latitude areas, particular in Eurasia, where changes in projected precipitation are large enough to result in increased, rather than decreased, snow accumulation. Overall, projected changes in snowpack and the timing of snowmelt‐derived runoff are largest near the boundaries of the areas that currently experience substantial snowfall, and at least qualitatively, they mirror the character of observed changes in the western USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulated soil water storage effects on streamflow generation in a mountainous snowmelt environment, Idaho, USA
Authors: Seyfried M. S. , Grant L. E. , Marks D. , Winstral A. , McNamara J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough soil processes affect the timing and amount of streamflow generated from snowmelt, they are often overlooked in estimations of snowmelt‐generated streamflow in the western USA. The use of a soil water balance modelling approach to incorporate the effects of soil processes, in particular soil water storage, on the timing and amount of snowmelt generated streamflow, was investigated. The study was conducted in the Reynolds Mountain East (RME) watershed, a 38 ha, snowmelt‐dominated watershed in southwest Idaho. Snowmelt or rainfall inputs to the soil were determined using a well established snow accumulation and melt model (Isnobal). The soil water balance model was first evaluated at a point scale, using periodic soil water content measurements made over two years at 14 sites. In general, the simulated soil water profiles were in agreement with measurements (P < 0·05) as further indicated by high R2 values (mostly > 0·85), y‐intercept values near 0, slopes near 1 and low average differences between measured and modelled values. In addition, observed soil water dynamics were generally consistent with critical model assumptions. Spatially distributed simulations over the watershed for the same two years indicate that streamflow initiation and cessation are closely linked to the overall watershed soil water storage capacity, which acts as a threshold. When soil water storage was below the threshold, streamflow was insensitive to snowmelt inputs, but once the threshold was crossed, the streamflow response was very rapid. At these times there was a relatively high degree of spatial continuity of satiated soils within the watershed. Incorporation of soil water storage effects may improve estimation of the timing and amount of streamflow generated from mountainous watersheds dominated by snowmelt. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional aspects of integrating irrigation into urban wastewater management: the case of Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Evers Jaap G. , Huibers Frans P. , van Vliet Bas J.M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWastewater flows of metropolitan cities and their downstream use for irrigation are often associated with technical systems. However, an engineering approach on its own will leave questions unanswered at the socio‐technical and institutional level. Research was carried out in Hanoi, Vietnam, on the use of polluted irrigation water in periurban agriculture. Apart from outlining the physical features of the urban wastewater chain, a supply chain approach has been applied. Stakeholders along the management chain of the conventional urban wastewater system resemble “spot markets” (independent actors who act in self‐interest) as described in supply chain management literature. In Hanoi, the conventional approach towards wastewater management consists of a strict separation of urban wastewater management from periurban agricultural use and a neglect of farmers as stakeholders in the chain. It is suggested that the use of wastewater in agriculture should be incorporated into urban water management systems and that farmers should be included as acting stakeholders in the management of the wastewater chain. This paper concludes with suggestions for urban water management that are necessary to combine urban wastewater management with periurban agriculture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative protective effect of N‐acetyl cysteine and tetramethylpyrazine in rats with gentamicin nephrotoxicity
Authors: Ali B. H. , Al–Salam S. , Al‐Husseini I. , Nemmar A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGentamicin (GM) is used against serious and life‐threatening infections, but its use is limited by the occurrence of nephrotoxicity, which involves the generation of free radicals. In this work we tested the effect of a compound with antioxidant properties, tertamethylpyrazine (TMP), a major constituent of the Chinese medicinal plant Lingusticum wallichi, on GM‐induced nephrotoxicity, and compared it with an established anti‐oxidant compound N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC). Six groups of rats were studied: (1) control, treated orally (p.o.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.) with saline; (2) treated i.p. with GM (80 mg kg–1 per day for 6 days); (3) TMP, given p.o. (100 mg kg–1 per day for 10 days) + GM (same dose as above during the last 6 days); (4) NAC, given i.p. (500 mg kg–1 per day for 10 days) + GM as above; (5) TMP (100 mg kg–1 per day for 10 days) + saline; (6) NAC (500 mg kg–1 per day for 10 days) + saline. GM nephrotoxicity was characterized by reduced creatinine clearance, increased creatinine and urea concentrations in plasma, increased urinary excretion of N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and total protein. These functional and structural alterations were prevented or ameliorated by NAC treatment, while TMP had only a slight mitigating effect that was less marked than that produced by NAC. The concentration of GM in the renal cortex of the rats given GM + NAC (but not TMP) was lower than that found in rats treated with GM alone by about 25%. The mechanism by which NAC and, to a lesser extent TMP, protected against GM‐induced nephrotoxicity may be related, at least in part, to the decrease in oxidative stress in renal cortex. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5‐Fluorouracil and its active metabolite FdUMP cause DNA damage in human SW620 colon adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Matuo Renata , Sousa Fabrício Garmus , Escargueil Alexandre E. , Grivicich Ivana , Garcia‐Santos Daniel , Chies José Artur Bogo , Saffi Jenifer , Larsen Annette K. , Henriques João Antonio Pêgas 
Published: December 2008

Abstract5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is an antineoplasic drug widely used to treat cancer. Its cytotoxic effect has been principally ascribed to the misincorporation of fluoronucleotides into DNA and RNA during their synthesis, and the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) by FdUMP (one of the 5‐FU active metabolites), which leads to nucleotide pool imbalance. In the present study, we compared the ability of 5‐FU and FdUMP to induce apoptosis and to influence the cell cycle progression in human colon SW620 adenocarcinoma cells in regards to their genotoxic and clastogenic activities. Our study demonstrates that 5‐FU induces SSB, DSB and apoptosis earlier than FdUMP. Interestingly, while both drugs are able to induce apoptosis, their effect on the cell cycle progression differed. Indeed, 5‐FU induces an arrest in G1/S while FdUMP causes an arrest in G2/M. Independently of the temporal difference in strand breaks and apoptosis induction, as well as the differential cell cycle modulation, both drugs presented similar clastogenic effects. The different pattern of cell cycle arrest suggests that the two drugs induce different types of primary DNA lesions that could lead to the activation of different checkpoints and recruit different DNA repair pathways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isocyanates induces DNA damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Mishra Pradyumna Kumar , Panwar Hariom , Bhargava Arpit , Gorantla Venkata Raghuram , Jain Subodh Kumar , Banerjee Smita , Maudar Kewal Krishan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIsocyanates, a group of low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic compounds containing the isocyanate group (−NCO), are important raw materials with diverse industrial applications; however, pathophysiological implications resulting from occupational and accidental exposures of these compounds are hitherto unknown. Although preliminary evidence available in the literature suggests that isocyanates and their derivatives may have deleterious health effects including immunotoxicity, but molecular mechanisms underlying such an effect have never been addressed. The present study was carried out to assess the immunotoxic response of methyl isocyanate (MIC) on cultured human lymphocytes isolated from healthy human volunteers. Studies were conducted to evaluate both dose‐dependent and time‐course response (n = 3), using N‐succinimidyl N‐methylcarbamate, a surrogate chemical substitute to MIC. Evaluation of DNA damage by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and γ H2AX protein phosphorylation states; measure of apoptotic index through annexin‐V/PI assay, apoptotic DNA ladder assay, and mitochondrial depolarization; induction of oxidative stress by CM‐H2DCFDA and formation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′ deoxy guanosine; levels of antioxidant defense system enzyme glutathione reductase; and multiplex cytometric bead array analysis to quantify the secreted levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐8, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin‐12p70 parameters were carried out. The results of the study showed a dose‐ and time‐dependent response, providing evidence to hitherto unknown molecular mechanisms of immunotoxic consequences of isocyanate exposure at a genomic level. We anticipate these data along with other studies reported in the literature would help to design better approaches in risk assessment of occupational and accidental exposure to isocyanates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:429–440, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20260
Segment‐specific proximal tubule injury in tripterygium glycosides intoxicated rats
Authors: Dan Hong , Peng Ren‐Xiu , Ao Ying , Liu Ying‐Hui 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTripterygium glycosides (TG), extracted from the Chinese herbTripterygium wilfordiiHook. f, is a widely used anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent with definite nephrotoxicity. However, its toxic mechanism remained undiscovered. The aim of this study was to characterize the potential toxicity of TG on segments of proximal tubule in rats. Six hundred and 1200 mg/kg of TG was administered by daily intragastric instillation for 16 days. A significant reduction ofp‐aminohippurate accumulation by renal cortical slices indicated that TG damaged organic anion transporter (OAT) system that localized at the proximal tubule, especially S2segment. A dramatic loss of kidney glutamine synthetase (GS) activity induced by TG reflected S3segment damage. Because mRNA expression of OAT1, OAT3, and GS was decreased substantially, we ascribe the fall ofp‐aminohippurate accumulation and GS activity to alterations at the transcriptional level. A dose‐related diminution of kidney glutathione S‐transferase activity was noted simultaneously, suggesting oxidative stress involvement. Histopathological lesions were observed in the TG intoxicated rat kidney even though there were no obvious changes of serum urea and creatinine at this dose level. In summary, we provided evidences supporting that TG caused segment‐specific dysfunction in the kidney proximal tubule. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:422–428, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20261
PPARγ2 nuclear receptor controls multiple regulatory pathways of osteoblast differentiation from marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Shockley Keith R. , Lazarenko Oxana P. , Czernik Piotr J. , Rosen Clifford J. , Churchill Gary A. , Lecka‐Czernik Beata 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRosiglitazone (Rosi), a member of the thiazolidinedione class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, activates the adipocyte‐specific transcription factor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). This activation causes bone loss in animals and humans, at least in part due to suppression of osteoblast differentiation from marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). In order to identify mechanisms by which PPARγ2 suppresses osteoblastogenesis and promotes adipogenesis in MSC, we have analyzed the PPARγ2 transcriptome in response to Rosi. A total of 4,252 transcriptional changes resulted when Rosi (1 µM) was applied to the U‐33 marrow stromal cell line stably transfected with PPARγ2 (U‐33/γ2) as compared to non‐induced U‐33/γ2 cells. Differences between U‐33/γ2 and U‐33 cells stably transfected with empty vector (U‐33/c) comprised 7,928 transcriptional changes, independent of Rosi. Cell type‐, time‐ and treatment‐specific gene clustering uncovered distinct patterns of PPARγ2 transcriptional control of MSC lineage commitment. The earliest changes accompanying Rosi activation of PPARγ2 included effects on Wnt, TGFβ/BMP and G‐protein signaling activities, as well as sustained induction of adipocyte‐specific gene expression and lipid metabolism. While suppression of osteoblast phenotype is initiated by a diminished expression of osteoblast‐specific signaling pathways, induction of the adipocyte phenotype is initiated by adipocyte‐specific transcriptional regulators. This indicates that distinct mechanisms govern the repression of osteogenesis and the stimulation of adipogenesis. The co‐expression patterns found here indicate that PPARγ2 has a dominant role in controlling osteoblast differentiation and suggests numerous gene‐gene interactions that could lead to the identification of a “master” regulatory scheme directing this process. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 232–246, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interaction of KCTD1 with transcription factor AP‐2α inhibits its transactivation
Authors: Ding Xiaofeng , Luo Chang , Zhou Jianlin , Zhong Yingli , Hu Xiang , Zhou Fangliang , Ren Kaiqun , Gan Lu , He Ailan , Zhu Jiaolian , Gao Xiang , Zhang Jian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAP‐2 is a transcription factor implicated in mammalian development, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. To identify potential AP‐2α‐interacting partners, a yeast two‐hybrid screen was performed in human brain cDNA library. One of the identified clones encodes potassium channel tetramerization domain‐containing 1 (KCTD1). We demonstrated the novel KCTD1–AP‐2α interaction in vitro by GST pull‐down assays and in vivo by co‐immunoprecipitation assays and mapped the interaction domains to the N‐termini of both proteins. In addition, we observed that the two proteins were completely co‐localized in the nuclei of mammalian cells. Transient transfection assays using four promoters containing AP‐2‐binding sites confirmed that KCTD1 significantly repressed AP‐2α‐mediated transactivation through the BTB domain, whereas KCTD1 siRNA strongly relieved KCTD1‐mediated repression of AP‐2α transcriptional activity, and other BTB domain proteins such as PDIP1, KCTD10, and TNFAIP1 did not markedly inhibit the transcriptional activity of AP‐2α, suggesting that KCTD1 specifically acts as a negative regulator of AP‐2α. Finally, we found that KCTD1 interacted with three major members of the AP‐2 family and inhibited their transcriptional activities. Taken together, our results indicate the novel function of KCTD1 as the transcriptional repressor for AP‐2 family, especially for AP‐2α. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 285–295, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of human eosinophil RNase2 by the liver‐enriched hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
Authors: Wang Hsiu‐Yu , Ho Po‐Chun , Lan Chung‐Yu , Chang Margaret Dah‐Tsyr 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHuman eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN, RNase2) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP, RNase3) sequences possess as high as 92% identity in their promoter regions. The major difference within this region is a 34‐nucleotide (34‐nt) segment appeared only in the edn promoter. In addition, six discrete segments existed in the regulatory regions of both edn and ecp. Our previous study indicated that the 34‐nt segment is responsive for higher transcription activity of edn in comparison with ecp, via binding to transcription activator Sp1. In this study, the roles of the six discrete segments in transcription regulation were investigated and the −350/−329 region (ednR2) was shown to be involved in the regulation of edn expression. When the ednR2 segment of edn was replaced with that of ecp, a significant decrease in edn promoter activity was detected. Supershift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and DNA affinity precipitation assays further showed that a transcription factor HNF4 bound to the ednR2 region of edn promoter in vitro. Interestingly, HNF4 overexpression resulted in the reduction of edn promoter activity in HepG2 cells, due to involvement of both ednR2 and the 34‐nt regions, and direct interaction between HNF4 and Sp1, which abolishes Sp1 binging to the 34‐nt segment. Moreover, when the Sp1 was depleted in the cell, overexpressed HNF4 enhanced edn promoter activity. Our results provide novel mechanisms for HNF4 function as an activator to regulate edn promoter activity, which account for differential transcription regulation of human eosinophil RNases. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 317–326, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defects in intracellular trafficking and endocytic/vacuolar acidification determine the efficiency of endocytotic DNA uptake in yeast
Authors: Riechers Sean‐Patrick , Stahl Ulf , Lang Christine 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a standard model system to study endocytosis. Here we describe the examination of a representative subset of deletion mutants to identify and locate steps in endocytic transport, endosomal/lysosomal acidification and in intracellular transport of hydrolases in non‐viral transfection processes. When transport in late endocytosis is inhibited, transfection efficiency is significantly enhanced. Similarly, transfection efficiency is enhanced when the pH‐value of the endosomal/vacuolar system is modified. Transfection efficiency is furthermore elevated when the Na+/K+ transport in the endosomal system is disturbed. Finally, we observe enhanced transfection efficiency in mutants disturbed in the CVT/autophagy pathway and in hydrolase transport to the vacuole. In summary, non‐viral transfection efficiency can be significantly increased by either (i) inhibiting the transport of endocytosed material before it enters the vacuole, or (ii) inducing a non‐natural pH‐value of the endosomal/vacuolar system, or (iii) slowing down degradative processes by inhibiting vacuolar hydrolases or the transport between Golgi and late endosome/vacuole. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 327–336, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of age and gender on WNT gene expression in human bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Shen Longxiang , Zhou Shuanhu , Glowacki Julie 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWNT signaling pathways play important roles in the behavior of human bone marrow stromal cells. Although WNT expression has been examined in human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) with limited numbers of subjects or from commercial sources, there are conflicting results on WNT gene expression in hMSCs. Furthermore, the effects of age and gender on WNT expression in hMSCs are largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated RNA expression of all the WNT genes in hMSCs from 19 subjects, 12 women and 7 men, aged from 36 to 85 years. Analysis of WNT gene expression in young and old groups indicated that WNT7B and 14 were expressed significantly higher in the young group. WNT2 and WNT13 showed a trend of higher expression in young group. WNT7B, 13, and 14 were inversely correlated with age. Further analysis for gender‐specific difference indicated that WNT16 was expressed significantly higher in men than in women. WNT11 showed a trend of higher expression in hMSCs from women. For the hMSCs from women, WNT13 was inversely correlated with age and WNT4 was positively correlated with age. For the hMSCs from men, WNT7B and WNT14 were inversely correlated with age. These data indicated that most of the age‐related WNT genes belong to the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Further, there are gender‐specific differences in the expression of WNT4, 7B, 13, 14, and 16 in hMSCs. Age and gender account for many of the sample‐to‐sample variations in WNT gene expression in human marrow stromal cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 337–343, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.