bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of pencil lead as a matrix and calibrant for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation
Authors: Black Claudie , Poile Chris , Langley John , Herniman Julie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPencil lead is shown to be an effective matrix and calibrant in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Various groups of analytes, including peptides, polymers and actinide metals, can be readily ionised using MALDI when deposited onto a pencil lead matrix. The matrix is seen to have advantages in sample preparation relating to its hydrophobic properties and almost complete suppression of the matrix during analysis. Using pencil lead as a matrix is a quick and convenient method of qualitative analysis and has been shown to be quantitative for the isotope ratio analysis of actinide metals. © Crown copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric studies of some imidazole amidoximes and nitrolic acids and their esters
Authors: Oresmaa Larisa , Aulaskari Paula , Vainiotalo Pirjo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe fragmentations of the [M+H]+ ions of imidazole amidoximes, and nitrolic acids and their esters, were studied by collision‐induced dissociation experiments and by determining the accurate masses of the product ions on an electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The fragmentation pathways of the amidoximes varied with the substituent in the imidazole ring at position 1N, allowing two regioisomers to be distinguished. Nitrolic acids decompose in solution to nitrile oxides, and the studied nitrolic acid behaved in the same way in the gas phase. The esters decompose similarly to their parent compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric study of the gas‐phase stabilities and fragmentation of N‐alkylammonium resorcarenes
Authors: Mäkinen M. , Holopainen S. , Rissanen K. , Vainiotalo P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive N‐alkylated ammonium resorcarene derivatives, differing either in the nitrogen atom or in the lower rim alkyl chain, were studied using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The main purpose was to clarify the fragmentation and the relative stabilities of the protonated molecules by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments. The results indicate that fragmentation of the upper rim alkyl amino substituents at the 2‐position occurs readily. Variation in the gas‐phase stabilities of these molecules was also observed. In addition, the proposed fragmentation pathways are depicted. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An innovative application of Bayesian disease mapping methods to patient safety research: a Canadian adverse medical event study
Authors: MacNab Ying C. , Kmetic Andrew , Gustafson Paul , Sheps Sam 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently developed disease mapping and ecological regression methods have become important techniques in studies of disease epidemiology and in health services research. This increase in importance is partially a result of the development of Bayesian statistical methodologies that make it possible to study associations between health problems and risk factors at an aggregate (i.e. areal) level while taking into account such matters as unmeasured confounding and spatial relationships. In this paper we present a demonstration of the joint use of empirical Bayes (EB) and full Bayesian inferential techniques in a small area study of adverse medical events (also known as ‘iatrogenic injury’) in British Columbia, Canada. In particular, we illustrate a unified Bayesian hierarchical spatial modelling framework that enables simultaneous examinations of potential associations between adverse medical event occurrence and regional characteristics, age effects, residual variation and spatial autocorrelation. We propose an analytic strategy for complementary use of EB and FB inferential techniques for risk assessment and model selection, presenting an EB–FB combined approach that draws on the strengths of each method while minimizing inherent weaknesses. The work was motivated by the need to explore relatively efficient ways to analyse regional variations of health services outcomes and resource utilization when a considerable amount of statistical modelling and inference are required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aesthetics in OR/systems practice: towards a concept of critical imagination as a challenge to systems thinking
Authors: White Leroy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe need to take into account aesthetic values in systems/OR practice is more relevant today where there is an increase in the complexity of the situation where choices need to be made and/or issues surrounding a decision(s) need to be deliberated and considered in the context of multiple perspectives. This paper will introduce the concept of aesthetic in relation to the processes of systems and OR. It will draw on a few case studies and will pay particular attention to the space, values and artefacts uncovered in interventions. The paper will also include an introduction to a mode of understanding of systems and OR practice called critical imagination. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autopoietic Viable System Model
Authors: Tsuchiya Yukihisa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article considers the Viable System Model (VSM) from the viewpoint of autopoiesis. Looking at the lowest recursion level, a VSM prototype can be found; namely, people's interactivities are the source of viability and produce the system. I call the provisional family unit the social autopoietic unit. People's autopoietic activities are essential for organizing; for that, I view VSM as the organization of necessary functions, and as a result, a foundation for autopoietic VSM is obtained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team syntegrity as a learning tool: some considerations about its capacity to promote critical learning
Authors: Mejía D Andrés , Espinosa Angela 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTeam Syntegrity is a systemic protocol designed by Stafford Beer for organising non‐hierarchical and democratic conversations among a set number of participants. Contrary to those of other systemic protocols or methodologies, the rules or restrictions it provides are about the conversational structure, but make no reference to conversational contents. As a study of Paulo Freire's idea of critical consciousness reveals, while structure‐based restrictions can help to properly deal with the views already brought into the conversation by its participants, they cannot guarantee that all the relevant aspects or views will actually be brought in and considered. The specification of some aspects of Team Syntegrity, however, such as the participant selection, and the roles of advocates, critics and facilitators, may still have some effect on the contents that are likely to be taken into account in the conversation. Therefore, they constitute possible sources for this protocol's future improvement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems sensitive dialogue intervention
Authors: Slotte Sebastian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe paper presents a general methodology for dialogue interventions. Systems Sensitive Dialogue Interventions are viewed in the light of Gerald Midgley's general presentation of systemic intervention. By focusing on the dialogue philosophy of Martin Buber and the key elements in two popular dialogue methods it is proposed that (a) enhancing individual participants' sensitivity to the unique human system they form is the primary task of a dialogue intervention, (b) when designing dialogical interventions it is useful to use creatively elements from different available dialogical methods and (c) dialogue interventions should be designed in experiential and existential rather than in metaphysical terms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Novel N‐Benzenesulfonyl‐L‐glutamic Acid‐bridged Manganese(II) Polymer with Double‐Chain Structure
Authors: Ma Lu‐Fang , Wang Yu‐Fang , Wang Li‐Ya , Wang Jian‐Ge , Feng Xun 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFirst N‐benzenesulfonyl‐L‐glutamic acid‐bridged manganese(II) coordination polymer [Mn(bipy)(bs‐glu)]n (bs‐glu = N‐benzenesulfonyl‐L‐glutamic acid dianion, bipy = 2, 2′‐bipyridine) has been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121. The γ‐carboxyl group coordinates to the MnII atom in a chelating mode, while the α‐carboxyl group coordinates in a bidentate‐bridging mode. The complex displays a one‐dimensional double‐chain polymer. Magnetic measurements show that there are weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the adjacent MnII ions in the compound.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two Novel Linear Trinuclear Schiff Base Nickel(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: You Zhong‐Lu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo novel linear trinuclear Schiff base complexes, [Ni{Ni(C17H14Br2N2O2)(NO3)(H2O)}2] · 2MeOH · 2H2O (1), and [Cd{Ni(C25H20N2O2)(CH3COO)}2] (2), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray single crystal determinations. There are three bridges across the Ni‐M atom pairs (M is Ni for 1, and Cd for 2) in each complex, involving two phenolate O atoms of a Schiff base ligand (N,N′‐bis(5‐bromosalicylidene)‐1,3‐propanediaminate (BSPD) for 1 and N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxynaphthylmethenylimino)‐1,3‐propanediaminate (HNPD) for 2), and an O‐N‐O moiety of a μ‐nitrato group for 1 or an O‐C‐O moiety of a μ‐acetato group for 2. In each of the complexes, the central M2+ is located on an inversion center and has an octahedral coordination involving four bridging O atoms from two Schiff base ligands in the equatorial plane and one O atom from each bridging nitrate or acetate group in the axial positions. The coordination around the terminal Ni2+ ions is also octahedral for 1, but square pyramidal for 2. The nitrate or acetate bridges linking the central and terminal metal ions are mutually trans. The Ni···M distances are 3.006(2) Å in 1, and 3.175(2) Å in 2.
Inverse Perovskites (Eu3O)E with E = Sn, In – Preparation, Crystal Structures and Physical Properties
Authors: Kirchner M. , Schnelle W. , Niewa R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cubic inverse Perovskites (Eu3O)In and (Eu3O)Sn were prepared from the metals and Eu2O3 or SnO2, respectively. For (Eu3O)In the crystal structure analysis was performed on single crystal X‐ray diffraction data (space group $Pm{\bar 3}m$, a = 512.79(3) pm, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.022, wR(F2) = 0.044). The data indicated full occupancy on all sites and a fully ordered structure. According to magnetic susceptibility measurements and X‐ray absorption spectroscopic data at the Eu LIII edge both compounds contain europium in the 4f7 (Eu2+) electronic state. (Eu3O)In orders ferromagnetically at 185(5) K, (Eu3O)Sn shows antiferromagnetic order at 31.4(2) K. Both compounds behave as metallic conductors in electrical resistivity measurements. However, (Eu3O)In may be classified a metal, while (Eu3O)Sn is more likely a heavily doped degenerated semiconductor or semimetal according to the absolute values of the resistivity.
Solvent‐controlled Syntheses and Crystal Structures of a Pair of Novel Thiocyanate‐bridged Copper(II) Complexes Constructed from 4‐Bromo‐2‐(cyclopropyliminomethyl)phenolate
Authors: You Zhong‐Lu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA pair of novel thiocyanate‐bridged polynuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(BCP)2(NCS)2]n (1) and [Cu2(BCP)2(MeOH)(NCS)2]2 (2) [BCP = 4‐bromo‐2‐(cyclopropyliminomethyl)phenolate], have been obtained from an identical synthetic procedure and starting materials using solvents as the only independent variable. Complex 1 was synthesized and crystallized using EtOH as the solvent, while complex 2 was synthesized and crystallized using MeOH as the solvent. Both complexes show novel self‐assembled supramolecular structures in their crystals as elucidated by X‐ray analyses. The polymeric dinuclear complex 1 contains [Cu2(BCP)2(NCS)2] units as the building blocks, crystallizes in the Pbca space group. The monomeric tetranuclear complex 2 contains [Cu2(BCP)2(MeOH)(NCS)2] units as the building blocks, crystallizes in the P21/n space group.
Crystal Structure of Ba3ZrRu2O9 – a New 6H‐(cch)2 Perovskite
Authors: Schüpp‐Niewa Barbara , Shlyk Larysa , Prots Yurii , Niewa Rainer , Krabbes Gernot 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSingle crystals of the new 6H‐perovskite Ba3ZrRu2O9 have been grown from BaCO3 and RuO2 in presence of BaCl2 on ZrO2 bars. Ba3ZrRu2O9 crystallizes in the space group P63/mmc (No. 194) with a = 5.7827(2) Å and c = 14.2509(5) Å (Z = 2, R1 = 0.037, wR2 = 0.078). The structure consists of pairs of face‐shared RuO6 octahedra forming [Ru2O9] units, which are interconnected by corner‐sharing ZrO6 octahedra. The structural relationships of the title compound and of the already known barium‐zirconium‐ruthenate Ba4ZrRu3O12, 4H‐ and 9R‐BaRuO3 and BaZrO3 are discussed.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Copper(II) and Copper(I) dpp Complexes, [Cu(dpp)Br2] and [Cu(dpp)2][CuBr2] (dpp = 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline)
Authors: Wu Biao , Yang Peiju , Huang Xiaojuan , Liu Yanyan , Liu Xiaofei , Xia Chungu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe complexes [Cu(dpp)Br2] (1) and [Cu(dpp)2][CuBr2] (2) (dpp = 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Reaction of copper(II) bromide with the dpp ligand in dichloromethane at room temperature afforded 1, which is a rare example of non‐square planar four‐coordinate copper(II) complexes. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 15.352(3), b = 13.192(3), c = 11.358(2) Å, β = 120.61(3)°, V = 1979.6(7) Å3, Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.865 g cm−3. The coordination geometry about the copper center is distorted about halfway between square planar and tetrahedral. The Cu‐N distance is 2.032(2) Å and the Cu‐Br distance 2.3521(5) Å. Heating a CH2Cl2 or acetone solution of 1 resulted in complex 2, which consists of a slightly distorted tetrahedral [Cu(dpp)2]+ cation and a linear two‐coordinate [CuBr2]− anion. 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 10.445(2), b = 11.009(2), c = 18.458(4) Å, α = 104.72(3), β = 94.71(3), γ = 103.50(3)°, V = 1973.3(7) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.602 g cm−3. The four Cu(1)‐N distances are between 2.042(3) and 2.067(3) Å, the distance of Cu(2)‐Br(1) 2.2268(8) Å, and the disordered Cu(3)‐Br(2) distances are 2.139(7) and 2.237(4) Å, respectively. Complex 2 could also be prepared by directly reacting CuBr with dpp in CH2Cl2.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure Determination, and Physical Properties of Ag5IO6
Authors: Kovalevskiy Anton , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe silver iodate(VII), Ag5IO6, was obtained by reacting a stoichiometric mixture of Ag2O and KIO3, at elevated oxygen pressure, adding a small portion of distilled water. The synthesis was done at 673 K and 270 MPa of oxygen pressure. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods based on single crystal diffraction data ($R{\bar 3}{\rm c}$, Z = 6, a = 5.9366(1), c = 32.1471(6) Å, 323 independent reflections, R1 = 2.31 %). According to conductivity measurements, Ag5IO6 is semiconducting with a specific resistance of 0.08 Ωcm at 300 K. The activation energy was determined as 7.4(1) meV in the temperature range of 220 – 300 K, and 4.3(1) meV in the temperature range of 90 – 180 K. The optical band gap for Ag5IO6 is 1.4 eV. Ag5IO6 is diamagnetic with a magnetic susceptibility of −4.4×10−4 emu/mol.
Ce2[SeO3]3 and Pr2[SeO3]3: Non‐Isostructural Oxoselenates(IV) of the Light Lanthanoids
Authors: Wontcheu Joseph , Schleid Thomas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe crystal structures of Ce2[SeO3]3 and Pr2[SeO3]3 have been refined from X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction data. The compounds were obtained using stoichiometric mixtures of CeO2, SeO2, Ce, and CeCl3 (molar ratio 3:3:1:1) or Pr6O11, SeO2, Pr, and PrCl3 (molar ratio 3:27:1:2) heated in evacuated sealed silica tubes at 830 °C for one week. Ce2[SeO3]3 crystallizes orthorhombically (space group: Pnma), with four formula units per unit cell of the dimensions a = 839.23(5) pm, b = 1421.12(9) pm, and c = 704.58(4) pm. Its structure contains only a single crystallographically unique Ce3+ cation in tenfold coordination with oxygen atoms arranged as single‐face bicapped square antiprism and two different trigonal pyramidal [SeO3]2− groups. The connectivity among the [CeO10] polyhedra results in infinite sheets of face‐ and edge‐sharing units propagating normal to [001]. Pr2[SeO3]3 is monoclinic (space group: P21/n) with twelve formula units per unit cell of the dimensions a = 1683.76(9) pm, b = 705.38(4) pm, c = 2167.19(12) pm, and β = 102.063(7)°. Its structure exhibits six crystallographically distinct Pr3+ cations in nine‐ and tenfold coordination with oxygen atoms forming distorted capped square antiprisms or prisms (CN = 9), bicapped square antiprisms and tetracapped trigonal prisms (CN = 10), respectively. The [PrO9] and [PrO10] polyhedra form double layers parallel to (111) by edge‐ or face‐sharing, which are linked by nine different [SeO3]2− groups to build up a three‐dimensional framework. In both compounds, the discrete [SeO3]2− anions (d(Se4+–O2−) = 166–174 pm) show the typical Ψ1‐tetrahedral shape owing to the non‐bonding “lone‐pair” electrons at the central selenium(IV) particles. Moreover, their stereochemical “lone‐pair” activity seems to flock together in large empty channels running along [010] in the orthorhombic Ce2[SeO3]3 and along [101] in the monoclinic Pr2[SeO3]3 structure, respectively.
Fisheries bioeconomics: why is it so widely misunderstood?
Authors: Clark Colin W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany fisheries management systems, even when based on apparently sound science, have failed to prevent severe overfishing. And even when successful in this sense, such systems have frequently resulted in a large degree of excess fishing capacity. The reason for these failures can often be found in a lack of consideration of the economic incentives affecting fishermen. Specifically, when forced to compete for a fixed total annual catch quota (TAC), fishermen are motivated to fish at high intensity, and to expand the fishing power of their vessels. Individual fishing quotas (IFQs) are being increasingly used as a method of altering economic incentives in a desirable way. IFQ systems, however, can also suffer severe shortcomings, unless substantial fees are extracted for the exclusive right to exploit a publicly owned resource. When combined with appropriate fees, or royalties, IFQs can indeed result in sustainable, profitable fisheries. There still remains the fundamental question of risk management, but this is also now beginning to be addressed. Thus there is now a strong hope for the future success of marine fisheries, at least within 200‐mile coastal zones.
Cannabinoids and cancer: pros and cons of an antitumour strategy
Authors: Bifulco Maurizio , Laezza Chiara , Pisanti Simona , Gazzerro Patrizia 
Published: February 2006

In the last two decades, research has dramatically increased the knowledge of cannabinoids biology and pharmacology. In mammals, compounds with properties similar to active components ofCannabis sativa, the so called ‘endocannabinoids’, have been shown to modulate key cell‐signalling pathways involved in cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis. To date, cannabinoids have been licensed for clinical use as palliative treatment of chemotherapy, but increased evidences showed direct antiproliferative actions of cannabinoid agonists on several tumour cellsin vitroand in animal models. In this article, we will review the principal molecular pathways modulated by cannabinoids on cancer and summarizeprosandconsevidence on the possible future use of endocannabinoid‐based drugs in cancer therapy.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 123–135. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706632
[3H]GR205171 displays similar NK1 receptor binding profile in gerbil and human brain
Authors: Griffante Cristiana , Carletti Renzo , Andreetta Filippo , Corsi Mauro 
Published: February 2006

In this study, [3H]GR205171 (3(S)‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐(5‐trifluoromethyltetrazol‐1‐yl)‐phenylmethylamino)‐2(S)‐phenylpiperidine), a potent and selective NK1 receptor antagonist, was characterised in autoradiographic studies in gerbil brain and in binding experiments on homogenates from gerbil and human brain cortex and striatum.
In autoradiographic studies in gerbil brain, highest levels of [3H]GR205171 binding sites were observed in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala and intermediate levels were detected in the hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, septum, and cortex.
Saturation experiments in homogenates of brain striatum from gerbil showed that [3H]GR205171 binds to a single receptor population with a pKd value of 10.8±0.2 and a Bmax value of 607±40 fmol mg−1. A lower number of NK1 receptor sites was found in cortex, where a Bmax of 94±6 fmol mg−1 protein was obtained. Saturation experiments performed on homogenates from brain striatum of two human subjects and brain cortex of three human subjects showed that [3H]GR205171 binds with pKd values not different from gerbil and Bmax values ranging from 318±51 to 432±27 fmol mg−1 protein in striatum and from 59±1 to 74±21 fmol mg−1 protein in cortex. The natural ligand [3H]Substance P (SP) bound with sub‐nanomolar affinity to 15 and 6% sites compared to [3H]GR205171 in gerbil and human striatum, respectively.
In competition binding experiments, GR205171 and the NK1 receptor antagonists aprepitant (MK‐869), L‐733,060 and NKP‐608 bound with similar pKi values in gerbil and human striatum, irrespective of the use of [3H]GR205171 or [3H]SP as radioligand. The following rank order was found in terms of pKi values: GR205171>aprepitantL‐733,060>NKP‐608. In homologous displacement experiments in gerbil and human striatum, SP showed nanomolar affinity, whereas in [3H]GR205171 competition experiments SP bound with pIC50 values in the micromolar range and Hill slopes significantly lower than one.
It is concluded that the similarities of [3H]GR205171 binding characteristics and pharmacology between gerbil and human in cortex and striatum support the use of gerbil in preclinical models to study the effects of NK1 receptor antagonists in the central nervous system.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 39–45. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706697