bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On sets not belonging to algebras
Authors: Grinblat L. Š. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLet be a finite sequence of algebras of sets given on a set with more than pairwise disjoint sets not belonging to It was shown in [4] and [5] that in this case Let us consider, instead a finite sequence of algebras It turns out that if for each natural i ≤ l there exist no less than pairwise disjoint sets not belonging to then But if l ≥ 195 and if for each natural i ≤ l there exist no less than pairwise disjoint sets not belonging to then After consideration of finite sequences of algebras, it is natural to consider countable sequences of algebras. We obtained two essentially important theorems on a countable sequence of almost σ-algebras (the concept of almost σ-algebra was introduced in [4]).
Applications of Kolmogorov complexity to computable model theory
Authors: Khoussainov Bakhadyr , Semukhin Pavel , Stephan Frank 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper we answer the following well-known open question in computable model theory. Does there exist a computable not ℵ0-categorical saturated structure with a unique computable isomor-phism type? Our answer is affirmative and uses a construction based on Kolmogorov complexity. With a variation of this construction, we also provide an example of an ℵ1-categorical but not ℵ0-categorical saturated -structure with a unique computable isomorphism type. In addition, using the construction we give an example of an ℵ1-categorical but not ℵ0-categorical theory whose only non-computable model is the prime one.
The settling-time reducibility ordering
Authors: Csima Barbara F. , Shore Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTo each computable enumerable (c.e.) setAwith a particular enumeration {As}s∈ωthere is associated a settling functionmA(x), wheremA(x) is the last stage when a number less than or equal toxwas enumerated intoA. One c.e. setAis settling time dominated by another setB(B>stA) if for every computable functionf, for all but finitely manyx, mB(x) >f(mA(x)). This settling-time ordering, which is a natural extension to an ordering of the idea of domination, was first introduced by Nabutovsky and Weinberger in [3] and Soare [6]. They desired a sequence of sets descending in this relationship to give results in differential geometry. In this paper we examine properties of the <stordering. We show that it is not invariant under computable isomorphism, that any countable partial ordering embeds into it. that there are maximal and minimal sets, and that two c.e. sets need not have an inf or sup in the ordering. We also examine a related ordering, the strong settling-time ordering where we require for all computablefandg, for almost allx, mB(x) >f(mA(g(x))).
The Effect of “Parental Loss” under 18 on Developing “MDD” in Adult Age
Authors: Noorikhajavi Morteza , Afghah Susan , Dadkhah Asghar , Holakoyie Kourosh , Motamedi Seyyed Hadi 
Published: December 2007

Objective: The aim of the study has been to search for the relations between Parental Loss in Childhood and Adolescence, and developing Major Depressive Disorder in Adulthood. Method: The Study had chosen the “Retrospective Case Control” method carried out over 64 patients admitted in University Hospitals of Tehran, who were suffering from MDD (matching DSM-IV-TR criteria), as the “Case Group” and 68 non-depressive admitted patients as the “Control Group.” Results: The study found that 19 out of 64 members of the “case group” (29.7%), and 7 out of 68 members of the “control group” (10.3%), has lost at least one parent under the age of 18. In other words, the prevalence of “parental loss” under 18 shows a meaningful increase in MDD among the “case group” in comparison with the “control group.” Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a noticeable statistical relationship between the variants of “parental loss during childhood and adolescence” and the “MDD during adult age.”
Status of exploited Baltic flounder stocks in the southern Baltic area (ICES SD 26)
Authors: Draganik B. , Ivanow S. , Tomczak Maciej , Maksimov B. , Psuty-Lipska I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Flounder is the target of directed fisheries in coastal waters and is a bycatch of cod fishing. Flounder were fished in the Baltic region ICES Subdivision 26 (SD 26) by Polish and Soviet fleets until 1991. Since that time political and economic changes have altered the exploitation structure of that area, leading to increased fishing effort and flounder catches. This report, which is based on Polish, Russian and Lithuanian data, presents a review of long term changes in flounder fisheries in SD 26, and describes the current status of flounder exploitation there. The eXtended Survival Analysis (XSA) method was used to assess the stock. The results indicate that the flounder stock in SD 26 is in good condition and that the spawning stock biomass (SSB) is at a consistently high level. However, the estimated mean fishing mortality (Fbar), with reference to Biological Reference Points, indicates that the stock is being exploited too intensely to be sustainable.
Seasonal variability of hydrodynamics in the Vistula Estuary in 1994
Authors: Robakiewicz Małgorzata 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Vistula Estuary is a coastal water body boasting free connection with the open sea, where mixing processes of marine and fluvial waters are maintained by local conditions. Based on results from a hydrodynamic model, applied to represent conditions in the year 1994, and using salinity as a tracer, it was found that fluvial water has a tendency to spread westward from the river mouth. This is in contradiction with the dominant wind direction in the region. Model results confirmed field observations of specific hydrological and meteorological conditions required to transport fluvial water northward, towards the Hel Peninsula.
Ice deformation in the vicinity of the ice-core site at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, and a derived accumulation rate history
Authors: Morse David L. , Waddington Edwin D. , Rasmussen L.A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractKnowledge of ice flow and strain rate in the vicinity of the Taylor Dome (East Antarctica) ice-core site enhances interpretation of the paleoclimate information from the ice core. We measured surface ice motion by repeated optical and GPS surveys of a network of 253 markers. We developed a robust data reduction method that uses least squares based on singular value decomposition, to simultaneously calculate positions and velocities of these markers in a geocentric coordinate system. Constrained by these surface velocities, we used a finite-element model to compute the modern ice velocity field at depth. As the geometry of Taylor Dome appears to have been steady through the Holocene, we used particle paths from a steady-state model to track ice particles to the ice core from their points of origin on the surface. By removing the effects of path-dependent vertical strain, we derived past accumulation rates at the origin points of those particle paths from measured layer thicknesses in the ice core. Comparison with accumulation rates estimated from concentrations of10Be and SO4in the core suggests that significant amounts of snow were lost by wind scouring during the Last Glacial Maximum and at ~50kyr BP.
Bulk chemicals from biomass
Authors: Haveren Jacco van , Scott Elinor L. , Sanders Johan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGiven the current robust forces driving sustainable production, and available biomass conversion technologies, biomass‐based routes are expected to make a significant impact on the production of bulk chemicals within 10 years, and a huge impact within 20–30 years. In the Port of Rotterdam there is a clear short‐term (0–10 year) substitution potential of 10–15 % of fossil oil‐based bulk chemicals by bio‐based bulk chemicals, especially for oxygenated bulk chemicals, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, iso‐propanol and acetone, butylene and methylethylketone and for the replacement of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) by ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). Glycerin, as a byproduct of biodiesel production, is a very favorable short‐term option for the production of ethylene and propy‐lene glycols in the Port of Rotterdam. In the mid‐term (10–20 years) there is clear potential for a bio‐based production of ethylene, acrylic acid and N‐containing bulk chemicals such as acrylonitrile, acrylamide and ε‐caprolactam. Technologies involving direct isolation of aromatic building blocks from biomass, or the conversion of sugars or lignin to aromatics are still in their infancy. Biorefineries that are being started up today will form the stepping stones toward the chemicals mentioned above if we learn to upgrade their side streams. For main ports like the Port of Rotterdam, these developments imply that it has to consider in much closer detail those facilities it has to offer for a more bio‐based chemistry and economy. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The new forestry biofuels sector
Authors: Pu Yunqiao , Zhang Dongcheng , Singh Preet M. , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSociety's increasing demand for transportation fuels has assured a viable future for the development of renewable fuels. Although first‐generation biofuels are dependent on starches, sugars and vegetable oils, the need to generate higher volumes of biofuels at lower cost has shifted the research focus to cellulosic ethanol. The utilization of lignocellulosics for the sustainable manufacturing of biofuels is critically dependent on the chemical constituents of the starting biomass and the desired fuel properties. This review examines the major chemical constituents of biomass and the recent advances in their conversion to biofuels, with a special emphasis on the forest residues and woody‐energy crops to bioethanol. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Olfactory sensory neuron‐specific and sexually dimorphic expression of protocadherin 20
Authors: Lee Wooje , Cheng Ting‐Wen , Gong Qizhi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOlfactory sensory axons navigate from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb and sort from among 1,000 different odorant receptor‐expressing types to converge upon the same two or three glomeruli. To achieve this task during development, it is likely that multiple classes of regulatory molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, are involved. Cell adhesion molecules have been shown to be important in controlling axon guidance, fasciculation, and synapse formation. To gain further understanding of the involvement of adhesion molecules in olfactory circuitry development, we examined the dynamic and cell type specific expression of a novel protocadherin, PCDH20, in the olfactory system. PCDH20 is specifically expressed in newly differentiated olfactory sensory neurons and their axons during development. PCDH20 expression is down‐regulated in the adult olfactory system, except in a small olfactory sensory neuron population. These small, discrete numbers of PCDH20‐positive glomeruli in the adult olfactory bulb are consistently clustered in the ventral‐caudal region in both male and female mice. However, adult males have higher numbers of PCDH20‐positive glomeruli with a broader distribution, whereas adult females have fewer PCDH20‐positive glomeruli with a more restricted distribution. The gender difference in PCDH20 expression may reflect olfactory receptor expression differences for gender‐specific social discrimination. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1076–1086, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurons controlling jumping in froghopper insects
Authors: Bräunig Peter , Burrows Malcolm 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe neurons innervating muscles that deliver the enormous power enabling froghopper insects to excel at jumping were revealed by backfilling the nerves from those muscles. The huge trochanteral depressor muscle (M133) of a hind leg consists of four parts. The two largest parts (M133b,c) occupy most of the metathorax and are innervated by the same two motor neurons that have small, laterally placed somata in the metathoracic ganglion and axons in nerve N3C2. They are also supplied by three dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons with the largest diameter somata in the central nervous system. A small metathoracic part of the muscle (M133d) is supplied by two motor neurons with lateral somata and by common inhibitory motor neuron CI1, all with axons in nerve N3C3 The motor neuron with the larger soma has a thick primary neurite that projects across the midline of the ganglion so that its branches overlap those of its symmetrical counterpart,innervating the same muscle of the other hind leg. The fourth coxal part of the muscle (M133a) is innervated by two motor neurons (one with a ventral and the other with a dorsal and lateral soma), by CI1, and by a DUM neuron with a small soma. All have axons in nerve N5A. The two trochanteral levator muscles of a hind leg are contained within the coxa and are separately innervated by nerves N3B and N4, respectively. The properties of the different motor neurons are discussed in the context of the neural patterns that generate jumping. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1065–1075, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angle differential‐QAM scheme for resolving phase ambiguity in continuous transmission system
Authors: Hwang Jeng‐Kuang , Chiu Yu‐Lun , Liao Chia‐Shu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn angle differential quadrature amplitude modulation (ADQAM) scheme is proposed to solve phase ambiguity problem in non‐data‐aided continuous transmission system with square QAM constellation. Starting from the 16‐ADQAM case, we derive differential encoding and decoding schemes in terms of two differential angles and use a solar system analogy for explanation. The 16‐ADQAM system incurs only about 0.5‐dB performance degradation compared with the coherent 16‐QAM system under AWGN channel. Generalization of flat fading channel and higher‐level ADQAM is straightforward. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How hypoglycaemia can affect the life of a person with diabetes
Authors: Frier Brian M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHypoglycaemia is the commonest side‐effect of insulin treatment for diabetes, and is the single greatest barrier to achieving and maintaining good glycaemic control. Severe hypoglycaemia (requiring assistance for recovery) is associated with significant morbidity and is feared by most people with type 1 diabetes and their families. It causes stress and anxiety and may influence self‐management and glycaemic control. The annual prevalence of severe hypoglycaemia is around 30% in people with type 1 diabetes, and is higher in those with risk factors such as strict glycaemic control, impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and increasing duration of diabetes. It is also common during sleep (nocturnal hypoglycaemia). Neurological manifestations include coma, convulsions, transient hemiparesis and stroke, while reduced consciousness and cognitive dysfunction may cause accidents and injuries. Cardiac events may be precipitated such as arrhythmias, myocardial ischaemia and cardiac failure. Hypoglycaemia can affect all aspects of life, including employment, driving, recreational activities involving exercise, and travel, and measures should be taken in all of these situations to avoid this potentially dangerous side‐effect of insulin therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate hypoglycaemia after learning does not affect memory consolidation and brain activation during recognition in non‐diabetic adults
Authors: Warren Roderick E. , Sommerfield Andrew J. , Greve Andrea , Allen Kate V. , Deary Ian J. , Frier Brian M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIntroductionSome aspects of memory performance are impaired during acute hypoglycaemia. The hippocampus is critical to formation of long‐term memory, and may be particularly sensitive to hypoglycaemia. This study examined whether moderate hypoglycaemia occurring after learning would disrupt the consolidation process, and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify accompanying changes in brain activation.MethodsSixteen non‐diabetic subjects each underwent two glucose clamp studies. During euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/L), subjects tried to memorize a series of words and a series of pictures of faces. Then, either hypoglycaemia (2.5 mmol/L) was induced for one hour, or euglycaemia was maintained. During subsequent uncontrolled euglycaemia, subjects' recognition of the word and face stimuli was tested, with simultaneous fMRI to measure brain activation during recognition.ResultsFace identification scores were 67.2% after euglycaemia and 66.9% after hypoglycaemia (p = 0.895). Word identification scores were 78.0 and 77.1% respectively (p = 0.701). Analysis of the fMRI identified two foci where activation was altered after hypoglycaemia compared with euglycaemia, but these were not in regions associated with memory, and were probably statistical artefacts.ConclusionsOne hour of hypoglycaemia at 2.5 mmol/L induced 20–40 min after learning did not disrupt memory consolidation. fMRI did not show evidence of altered brain activation after hypoglycaemia. Consolidation may be relatively resistant to hypoglycaemia, or may have been complete before hypoglycaemia was induced. The study was powered to detect a large effect, and provides some reassurance that moderate hypoglycaemia does not cause major disruption of previously learned memories in people with insulin‐treated diabetes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Diversity and Modulation of Coordination Architectures with Flexible Dithioether or Disulfoxide Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1/2008)
Authors: Li Jian‐Rong , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows the complex constructions of flexible dithioether and disulfoxide ligands and the structural diversity of these complexes. Recent investigations from our and other laboratories have given compelling experimental evidence that flexible dithioether and disulfoxide ligands exhibit rich coordination chemistry towards metal ions and have great potential in constructing metal complexes with various interesting structures. Such results are reviewed, with the attempt to elucidate: (1) the coordination chemistry of the two types of ligands, (2) the structural diversities of these complexes, (3) structural modulation by finely modifying the ligands, selecting metal ions, and controlling other factors such as the solvents, reagent ratios, counterions. Details are presented in the Microreview by J.‐R. Li and X.‐H. Bu on p. 27 ff.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Rigid 1,4‐Benzodiazepine‐2,5‐dione Chimeric Scaffolds
Authors: Araújo Ana C. , Nicotra Francesco , Airoldi Cristina , Costa Barbara , Giagnoni Gabriella , Fumagalli Pietro , Cipolla Laura 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNovel, conformationally constrained 1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2,5‐diones containing both a monosaccharide, fructose, and a proline moiety have been synthesized as chimeric scaffolds; preliminary biological evaluation as GABAA receptor ligands is reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Application of a Square‐Wave Potential Program for Time‐Dependent Amperometric Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Hooper Stephanie E. , Roach David , Anderson Mark R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUse of a square‐wave potential program for time‐dependent amperometric detection of analyte zones in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is described. Electrochemical detection for CE requires that the separation field be isolated from that of the electrochemical detection. This is generally done by physically separating the CE separation field from that of the detection. By applying a time variant potential program to the detection electrode, the detector current has a time dependence that can be used to help isolate the electrochemical detection current from that of the separation. When using a 20 μm inner‐diameter capillary, we find that a square‐wave potential program decreases the RMS baseline current from 4.5×10−10 A, found with a constant potential amperometric detection, to 1.1×10−10 A when using a square‐wave potential program. With a 75 μm inner‐diameter capillary, the improvement is even more dramatic, from 2.3×10−9 A with amperometric detection to 2.06×10−10 A when using a 1 Hz square‐wave potential program. When not using the time‐dependent detection with the 75 μm capillary, the analyte zones were beneath the S/N for the system and not detected. With the square‐wave potential program and time‐dependent detection, however, the analyte zones for an electrokinetic injection of 200 μM solution of 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were observed with the 75 μm inner‐diameter capillary. The improvement in the ability to discriminate the analytical signal from the background found experimentally is consistent with modeling studies.
Characteristics of the adaptive response in cultured salmon cells exposed to ionizing radiation
Authors: Kilemade Michael , Lemon Jennifer , Boreham Douglas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of “priming” doses of ionizing irradiation on salmon cell survival in vitro prior to being challenged with subsequent higher doses. A radiation‐induced adaptive response (AR) was examined in the Chinook salmon embryo cell line (CHSE‐214). Cells were initially irradiated with a range of priming (conditioning) doses of 60Co γ (gamma) rays (0.25–0.75 Gy), followed by a challenge dose of 7.50 Gy at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hr. The AR was assessed using a colony‐forming assay. Cell survival was determined by counting the number of colonies (viable clones) after 40 days of culture. This study revealed that cells that received a priming dose of 0.50 Gy before delivering the higher challenge dose became more radiation resistant with an increase in cell survival of 29% over cells receiving the challenge dose alone. The cells showed maximum resistance to ionizing radiation when the priming dose was given 72 hr prior to the higher challenge dose. This study is one of the first to demonstrate an AR using an in vitro piscine system, and is generally consistent with other studies of both in vitro and in vivo systems across the taxa. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The social environment and the epigenome
Authors: Szyf Moshe , McGowan Patrick , Meaney Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe genome is programmed by the epigenome. Two of the fundamental components of the epigenome are chromatin structure and covalent modification of the DNA molecule itself by methylation. DNA methylation patterns are sculpted during development and it has been a long held belief that they remain stable after birth in somatic tissues. Recent data suggest that DNA methylation is dynamic later in life in postmitotic cells such as neurons and thus potentially responsive to different environmental stimuli throughout life. We hypothesize a mechanism linking the social environment early in life and long‐term epigenetic programming of behavior and responsiveness to stress and health status later in life. We will also discuss the prospect that the epigenetic equilibrium remains responsive throughout life and that therefore environmental triggers could play a role in generating interindividual differences in human behavior later in life. We speculate that exposures to different environmental toxins alters long‐established epigenetic programs in the brain as well as other tissues leading to late‐onset disease. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.