bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape optimization of two dimensional bodies by boundary changing method and thickness changing method
Authors: Hasegawa Akira 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWhen we use FEM as a structural analyser, we have two methods for the optimization of two dimensional bodies. The first method is the boundary changing method in which the co‐ordinates of nodes should be changed to the optimum location without changing the thickness of elements. The second method is the thickness changing method in which the thickness of elements should be changed to the optimum values without changing the co‐ordinates of nodes. In this paper, we study the two optimum methods in the condition of uniform stress distribution, and the element area distribution method, which is one of the boundary shape changing methods, has been developed.
Multicriteria optimization of pin‐jointed structures with overall stability constraints
Authors: Kacianauskas Rimantas , Kutas Remigijus , Maciulevicius Daumantas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe optimization problem of elastic pin‐jointed structures for overall stability conditions is presented in this paper. Two optimality criteria, the minimum of volume and the maximum of critical load, are taken into account. The optimization problem is presented as a non‐linear multicriteria mathematical programming problem.Dimensional analysis enables natural division of the problem into two stages: optimization in space of non‐dimensional variables with following specification of final dimensions.The sensitivity analysis and incremental solution scheme are used for the discription and solution of the optimization problem. Two sets of examples illustrate given models and a compromise solution. In the first sample of problems the optimization of the cross‐sectional areas of the structure is considered while shape optimization is given in the second sample. Mathematical models of both examples are illustrated by numerical results. The shape optimization problem is characterized by a multiplicity of buckling modes and leads to complicated non‐convex mathematical programming problems. Given examples are representative of complexities associated with practical problems.
Sensitivity analysis—the basis for optimization
Authors: Kibsgaard Steen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present paper contains a numerical study on semi‐analytical design sensitivity analysis. The paper describes the dissimilarities of sensitivities due to mesh refinement for a total of five different plane stress elements. Furthermore, we discuss which mesh relocation technique to use in order to perform an efficient sensitivity analysis, i.e. whether a relocation of nodes on the entire domain is necessary, or whether we can fulfil the accuracy requirements by only relocating the boundary nodes.
Design sensitivity coefficients for elasto‐viscoplastic problems by boundary element methods
Authors: Zhang Q. , Mukherjee S. , Chandra A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper is concerned with accurate and efficient determination of design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs) for solid mechanics problems with small strains and rotations, but with material non‐linearities present (elasto‐plastic or elasto‐viscoplastic problems). This approach is based on direct differentiation (DDA) of the relevant derivative boundary element method (DBEM) formulation of the problem. Analytical differentiation of the DBEM equations leads to singular integral equations for the DSCs with weakly (logarithmically for 2‐D) singular kernels which are easy to deal with. Also, stress components and their sensitivities are obtained on the boundary of a body with great accuracy. These quantities are typically difficult to obtain accurately from finite element methods (FEM).A computer program for general two‐dimensional (plane strain and plane stress) problems has been developed based on the above formulation. Numerical results are presented for some sample problems and these are compared against direct solutions. The agreement between the DBEM and direct solutions is excellent for these examples.
a posteriori Error estimation for triangular and tetrahedral quadratic elements using interior residuals
Authors: Baehmann Peggy L. , Shephard Mark S. , Flaherty Joseph E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA reliable and accurate a posteriori error estimator for quadratic triangular and tetrahedral elements is presented. Its application in an automated, adaptive finite element modelling system for elasticity problems demonstrates its ability to accurately estimate the error in the energy norm. A local version of this error estimator is also used to determine the multiple level h‐refinement necessary to improve the finite element mesh.
An integrated approach for automated generation of two/three dimensional finite element grids using spatial occupancy enumeration and delaunay triangulation
Authors: Ramakrishnan C. V. , Ramakrishnan S. , Kumar Ashish , Bhattacharya Marina 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe paper describes the development of an automated triangulation algorithm for arbitrary domains. The method involves octree decomposition and subdomain meshing using Delaunay triangulation. Extension to three dimensional objects involving curved boundary surfaces is briefly described.
Conjugate direction methods for helmholtz problems with complex‐valued wavenumbers
Authors: Paulsen Keith D. , Lynch Daniel R. , Liu Weiping 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe convergence behaviour of conjugate direction methods for Helmholtz problems with complex‐valued wavenumbers is studied. The model problem is a Galerkin discretization of the scalar Helmholtz equation on square arrays of 2D and 3D, C° linear elements. A series of controlled experiments is performed which use the dimensionless wavenumber and the algebraic size of the system of equations to completely characterize the iterative performance of the solvers. The effects of algebraic size are examined as functions of both mesh refinement and mesh extension within the limits of present‐day workstation computing environments. A comparison is drawn between the conjugate direction methods investigated and the equivalent time‐domain solution obtained through explicit time‐stepping.
Configuration design sensitivity analysis of built‐up structures part I: Theory
Authors: Twu Sung‐Ling , Choi Kyung K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA continuum based configuration design sensitivity analysis method is developed for built‐up structures that include truss, beam, plane elastic solid and plate design components. The configuration design variation of a structural component can be characterized by changes in the domain shape and in the orientation of the component. A variational approach is then used to incorporate both shape and orientation effects in the same energy equation. A continuum shape design sensitivity analysis method that utilizes the material derivative idea of continuum mechanics is employed to account for effects of shape variation. An approach that is similar to the continuum shape design sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper to account for the effect of orientation variation. Variations of energy bilinear and load linear forms, with respect to both shape and orientation design variables, are derived for each structural component. Using the adjoint variable or direct differentiation method, configuration design sensitivity results for built‐up structures are obtained in terms of the design velocity fields. Configuration design sensitivity analyses of both static and eigenvalue responses are considered.
On the consideration of unilateral contact and friction in cracks. The boundary integral method
Authors: Theocaris P. S. , Panagiotopoulos P. D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe scope of the present paper is the study of cracks having a given geometry by taking into account unilateral contact and friction phenomena between the two sides of the crack. The arising problem is highly non‐classical because of the inequality relations describing the unilateral contact and friction interface conditions. The indirect BIEM is extended appropriately in order to treat this problem. Numerical examples concerning the calculation of stress intensity factors under the unilateral contact and friction interface conditions illustrate the developed method.
Dexamethasone Alleviates Meconium‐Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Lung Inflammation in Rabbits
Authors: Mokry Juraj , Mokra Daniela , Antosova Martina , Bulikova Janka , Calkovska Andrea , Nosalova Gabriela 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe effects of dexamethasone on in vitro airway reactivity associated with lung inflammation were investigated in rabbits with meconium aspiration. Oxygen‐ventilated adult rabbits received an intratracheal bolus of 4 ml/kg body weight of saline (Sal, n = 4) or human meconium (25 mg/ml). Thirty minutes later, meconium‐instilled animals intravenously received 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone (Dexa, n = 6), or were left without treatment (Meco, n = 5). The animals were ventilated for a further 5 hr and then sacrificed. The left lungs were lavaged with saline, and the white blood cell (WBC) count was estimated. Tracheal and right‐lung tissue strips were placed into organ chambers with Krebs‐Henseleit solution. Cumulative doses of histamine (10−8–10−3 mol/l) and acetylcholine (10−8–10−3 mol/l) were added to the chambers, and recordings of contractions were made after a 30‐min loading phase with a tension of 4 grams, and another 30‐min adaptation phase with a tension of 2 g. Tracheal smooth muscle in vitro reactivity to histamine was higher in the Meco than in the Sal group, and dexamethasone decreased the reactivity compared to the Meco group (P < 0.05). Lung tissue in vitro reactivity to histamine was slightly higher in the Meco than in the Sal group (P > 0.05), and dexamethasone decreased the reactivity compared to both the Meco and Sal groups (P < 0.05). No between‐group differences were observed in tracheal or lung in vitro reactivity to acetylcholine (P > 0.05). In the Meco group, blood WBC (P > 0.05) and neutrophil (P < 0.05) counts were lower than in the Sal and Dexa groups. Lung neutrophils and eosinophils were higher in both the Meco and Dexa groups than in the Sal group (P < 0.01). Dexamethasone decreased neutrophils (P < 0.05) compared to the Meco group. Meconium‐induced airway hyperreactivity to histamine and lung inflammation were alleviated by dexamethasone. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of corona treatment decay on print quality in water‐borne flexographic printing of low‐density polyethylene‐coated paperboard
Authors: Mesic Behudin , Lestelius Magnus , Engström Gunnar 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe decrease in the corona treatment effect with time and its influence on the flexographic printability of low‐density polyethylene‐coated paperboard were studied. After corona treatment, sheets were stored in different ways. Some sheets were stored in a laboratory atmosphere, while others were protected from exposure to light, air, moisture and dust in polyethylene bags. The tendency for ink to spread on the surfaces was studied using contact angle measurements. Printability was evaluated as print density, dot gain, uncovered (white) and mottling. The results obtained show that the surface energy of the protected sheets decreased with time, but not as much and not as quickly as that of the unprotected sheets. In the case of the protected sheets, the percentage uncovered areas and mottling remained constant, but for the unprotected sheets they increased with increasing time after the corona treatment. No significant differences were seen in the other print quality measures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EDXRF determination of impurities in potassium dihydrogenphosphate single crystals and raw materials
Authors: Belikov K. N. , Mikhailova L. I. , Spolnik Z. M. , Van Grieken R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA fast and simple preconcentration procedure for recovering various cation impurities from potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KDP) single crystals and raw materials, followed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF), is described. The technique is based on the adsorption of metal 8‐hydroxyquinoline complexes from aqueous solutions of KDP on activated carbon, separation of the concentrate on a Nuclepore filter and subsequent determination by EDXRF. To fix activated carbon powder on a filter surface, an amount of 1‐hexadecanol is added to the KDP solution during the preconcentration procedure. The optimum conditions for the best recovery of the impurities were established. It was shown that a preconcentration factor of 100 can be achieved and the detection limit for a number of elements was down to 0.01 µg g−1. The relative standard deviations were 6–17% for element concentrations of 0.2 µg g−1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Ti and Bi in KDP single crystals and raw materials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference points and management strategies: lessons from quantum mechanics
Authors: Schnute Jon T. , Haigh Rowan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Fisheries management often relies heavily on precautionary reference points estimated from complex statistical models. An alternative approach uses management strategies defined by mathematical algorithms that calculate controls, like catch quotas, directly from the observed data. We combine these two distinct paradigms into a common framework using arguments from the historical development of quantum mechanics. In fisheries, as in physics, the core of the argument lies in the technical details. We illustrate the process of designing a management algorithm similar to one actually used by the International Whaling Commission. Reference points and surplus production models play a conceptual role in defining management strategies, even if marine populations do not obey such simplistic rules. Physicists have encountered similar problems in formulating quantum theory, where mathematical objects with seemingly unrealistic properties generate results of great practical importance.
Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease: Etiology and Management
Authors: Friedman Aaron , Batra Pete S. , Fakhri Samer , Citardi Martin J. , Lanza Donald C. 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the diagnosis and management of isolated sphenoid sinus disease by using the current rhinologic standard of care.STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective chart review.RESULTS:Fifty sequential, symptomatic patients were studied. Presenting symptoms included headache or facial pain (88%), rhinorrhea (46%), and nasal congestion (26%). All patients underwent CT imaging, demonstrating bony changes or dehiscences (42%), a mass (24%), or complete opacification of the sphenoid sinus (22%). Eighty percent required surgical intervention. The most frequent diagnoses were as follows: sinusitis (38%), fungal ball (20%), neoplasm (16%), and mucocele (12%). Treatment resulted in clinical or endoscopic improvement or resolution in 87% of the patients.CONCLUSION:The presenting symptoms of isolated sphenoid sinus disease can be nonspecific and may result in an inordinate delay in diagnosis. Nasal endoscopy and radiologic imaging are central to making an accurate and timely diagnosis. Medical treatment or minimally invasive surgical techniques can successfully manage the majority of patients with persistent or refractory symptoms.
15,000-yr Pollen Record of Vegetation change in the High Altitude Tropical Andes at Laguna Verde Alta, Venezuela
Authors: Rull Valentí , Abbott Mark B. , Polissar Pratigya J. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Bezada Maximiliano , Bradley Raymond S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPollen analysis of sediments from a high-altitude (4215 m), Neotropical (9°N) Andean lake was conducted in order to reconstruct local and regional vegetation dynamics since deglaciation. Although deglaciation commenced ∼15,500 cal yr B.P., the area around the Laguna Verde Alta (LVA) remained a periglacial desert, practically unvegetated, until about 11,000 cal yr B.P. At this time, a lycopod assemblage bearing no modern analog colonized the superpáramo. Although this community persisted until ∼6000 cal yr B.P., it began to decline somewhat earlier, in synchrony with cooling following the Holocene thermal maximum of the Northern Hemisphere. At this time, the pioneer assemblage was replaced by a low-diversity superpáramo community that became established ∼9000 cal yr B.P. This replacement coincides with regional declines in temperature and/or available moisture. Modern, more diverse superpáramo assemblages were not established until ∼4600 cal yr B.P., and were accompanied by a dramatic decline in Alnus, probably the result of factors associated with climate, humans, or both. Pollen influx from upper Andean forests is remarkably higher than expected during the Late Glacial and early to middle Holocene, especially between 14,000 and 12,600 cal yr B.P., when unparalleled high values are recorded. We propose that intensification of upslope orographic winds transported lower elevation forest pollen to the superpáramo, causing the apparent increase in tree pollen at high altitude. The association between increased forest pollen and summer insolation at this time suggests a causal link; however, further work is needed to clarify this relationship.
Ecological traits of declining amphibians in upland areas of eastern Australia
Authors: Hero Jean‐Marc , Williams Stephen E. , Magnusson William E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCatastrophic declines of amphibian populations have been reported from upland areas around the world, yet within regions not all species have been affected. Herein, we examine the relationships between conservation status and ecological traits for over 60 amphibian species from upland areas of eastern Australia. Among the 24 phylogenetic groups examined, eight groups contained only declining species, eight groups contained both declining and non‐declining species and eight groups had no declining species, suggesting species declines are influenced by their evolutionary history. Declines have been reported for only one species (Philoria frosti) of 20 species (i.e. from genera Assa, Cophixalus, Austrochaperina and remaining Philoria/Kyaranus) with direct development in the terrestrial environment. Of the remaining 40 species that include an aquatic stage in the life history, species‐specific traits associated with declines suggest species with stream‐dwelling tadpoles are more likely to be declining than species that breed in ephemeral and isolated ponds. However, low ovarian clutch size is the most important ecological trait significantly associated with the tendency for a species to be declining (independent of phylogeny). Species with restricted geographic ranges are also more likely to be declining than widespread species (independent of phylogeny). While ovarian clutch size and geographic range are correlated they are both good predictors for the likelihood of decline for upland species independent of their phylogenetic history. We propose that low ovarian clutch size is an index of low fecundity, and indicates a reduction in population resilience, making those species more susceptible to population declines and extinction than highly fecund species. This provides the first ecological explanation for why some species are declining while other sympatric species are not. Geographic range provides an easily applied tool that can be used to predict the likelihood of species decline in other regions. These results support the hypothesis that a causal factor may be affecting all species of frogs, yet only those species with naturally low population resilience are susceptible to declines.
Improving disulfide connectivity prediction with sequential distance between oxidized cysteines
Authors: Tsai Chi-Hung , Chen Bo-Juen , Chan Chen-hsiung , Liu Hsuan-Liang , Kao Cheng-Yan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Predicting disulfide connectivity precisely helps towards the solution of protein structure prediction. In this study, a descriptor derived from the sequential distance between oxidized cysteines (denoted as DOC) is proposed. An approach using support vector machine (SVM) method based on weighted graph matching was further developed to predict the disulfide connectivity pattern in proteins. When DOC was applied, prediction accuracy of 63% for our SVM models could be achieved, which is significantly higher than those obtained from previous approaches. The results show that using the non-local descriptor DOC coupled with local sequence profiles significantly improves the prediction accuracy. These improvements demonstrate that DOC, with a proper scaling scheme, is an effective feature for the prediction of disulfide connectivity. The method developed in this work is available at the web server PreCys (prediction of cys–cys linkages of proteins).Availability: Contact: cykao@csie.ntu.edu.twSupplementary information: Supplementary data, detailed results, tables and information are available at
The Relationship of Work Stress and Family Stress to the Self‐Rated Health of Women Employed in the Industrial Sector in Korea
Authors: Kim Gwang Suk , Cho Won Jung , Lee Chung Yul , Marion Lucy N. , Kim Mi Ja 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Objective:
To identify the relationship of work stress and family stress to the health of women in Korea. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Sample: Three hundred and thirty‐one married women working in 14 manufacturing companies in Korea. Methods: Subjects responded to a questionnaire that included items on work stress, family stress, social support, and general characteristics. Perceived health status (PHS) was assessed with the Short Form‐36. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between social support and PHS, but significant negative relationships were found between PHS and work stress as well as family stress. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis explained the health status of married working women by four categories: personal, work related, family related, and social support, and accounted for 45.4% of the variance. When family‐related factors were added to the model, the power of explanation was increased by 17.9% compared with the explained variance. Family stress was a major variable not only for explaining the variance but also for correlating with health status. Conclusions: Both work stress and family stress should be considered together when addressing the health of working women in the industrial sector in Korea.
The Experience of Quarantine for Individuals Affected by SARS in Toronto
Authors: Cava Maureen A. , Fay Krissa E. , Beanlands Heather J. , McCay Elizabeth A. , Wignall Rouleen 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of home quarantine during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto in 2003. Design: Qualitative descriptive design. Sample: Stratified random sampling techniques were used to generate a list of potential participants, who varied in terms of gender and closeness of exposure to someone with suspected SARS (contact level). Twenty‐one individuals participated in the study. Measurements: All interviews were audiotaped and followed a semistructured interview guide. Participants were invited to describe their experience of quarantine in detail including their advice for Public Health. Results: The experience followed a trajectory of stages beginning before quarantine and ending after quarantine. Despite individual differences, common themes of uncertainty, isolation, and coping intersected the data. Conclusions: Public Health has a dual role of monitoring compliance and providing support to people in quarantine. This study has implications for public health policy and practice in planning for future public health emergencies in terms of the information and the resources required to mount an effective response.