bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Health Concerns: A Comparison of Adolescent and Health Care Provider Perceptions
Authors: Kowpak Marcine 
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to ascertain adolescent perceptions of health concerns and to contrast the health care provider perceptions of adolescent concerns. The student sample consisted of 179 students from the 9th, 10th, and 11th grade in a 2,000‐student suburban high school. The health care provider sample consisted of 74 physicians, nurse practitioners, and school nurses.The largest number of students reported concerns about AIDS, schoolwork, making friends, sex, discrimination, and dental problems. Additionally, menstruation, violence, rape, abuse, pregnancy, sadness, and obesity were of concern to a greater number of female than male students. Homosexuality, sex, auto accidents, and low weight were of concern to a greater number of male than female students.The findings of this study support the following conclusions: (a) Adolescents have more diverse health concerns with greater magnitude than expected by health care providers; (b) health care providers underestimate adolescent psychological and social health concerns; (c) female adolescents were more concerned about their health and more concerned about gender‐specific and violent issues than males; (d) women's health care providers are unaware of female adolescent concern about violent acts against women.
Diagnosing and Managing Unstable Angina
Authors:   Angina Guideline Panel
Published: May 2007

This Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians contains recommendations on the care of patients with unstable angina based on a combination of evidence obtained through extensive literature reviews and consensus among members of a private‐sector, expert panel. Many patients suspected of having unstable angina can be discharged home after adequate initial evaluation. Further outpatient evaluation may be scheduled for up to 72 hours after initial presentation for patients with clinical symptoms of unstable angina judged at initial evaluation to be at low risk for complications. Patients with acute ischemic heart disease judged to be at intermediate or high risk of complications should be hospitalized for careful monitoring of their clinical course. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy should not be administered to patients without evidence of acute myocardial infarction. Assessment of prognosis by noninvasive testing often aids selection of appropriate therapy. Coronary angiography is appropriate for patients judged to be at high risk for cardiac complications or death based on their clinical course or results of noninvasive testing. Coronary artery bypass surgery should be recommended for almost all patients with left main disease and many patients with three‐vessel disease, especially those with left ventricular dysfunction. The discharge care plan should include continued monitoring of symptoms; appropriate drug therapy, including aspirin; risk‐factor modification; and counseling.This guideline describes principles of patient care derived from systematic analysis of scientific literature and from opinions of the expert panel when evidence was lacking. Diagnostic and management strategies recommended are as reasonable and safe as possible, given the current state of medical knowledge. Descriptions of usual approaches to care are expected to provide starting points for management of individual patients. However, adherence to this or any other guideline will not ensure perfect medical outcomes. Even the most careful application of current medical knowledge and procedures cannot eliminate all risk in the management of patients with unstable angina. This Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians contains excerpts from the Clinical Practice Guideline, Unstable Angina: Diagnosis and Management. Practitioners should review the Clinical Practice Guideline carefully to become familiar with the diagnosis and treatment options for patients with unstable angina and then use the Quick Reference Guide to help them remember major decision points.
Risk factors associated with allergic and non‐allergic asthma in adolescents
Authors: Janson Christer , Kalm‐Stephens Pia , Foucard Tony , Alving Kjell , Nordvall S. Lennart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroduction:  Risk factors for asthma have been investigated in a large number of studies in adults and children, with little progress in the primary and secondary prevention of asthma. The aim of this investigation was to investigate risk factors associated with allergic and non‐allergic asthma in adolescents.Methods:  In this study, 959 schoolchildren (13–14 years old) answered a questionnaire and performed exhaled nitric oxide (NO) measurements. All children (n = 238) with reported asthma, asthma‐related symptoms and/or increased NO levels were invited to a clinical follow‐up which included a physician evaluation and skin‐prick testing.Results:  Asthma was diagnosed in 96 adolescents, whereof half had allergic and half non‐allergic asthma. Children with both allergic and non‐allergic asthma had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (20.8 and 20.7 vs. 19.8 kg/m2) (p < 0.05) and a higher prevalence of parental asthma (30% and 32% vs. 16%) (p < 0.05). Early‐life infection (otitis and croup) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.99 (1.02–3.88) and 2.80 (1.44–5.42), respectively], pets during the first year of life [2.17 (1.16–4.04)], window pane condensation [2.45 (1.11–5.40)] and unsatisfactory school cleaning [(2.50 (1.28–4.89)] was associated with non‐allergic but not with allergic asthma.Conclusion:  This study indicates the importance of distinguishing between subtypes of asthma when assessing the effect of different risk factors. While the risk of both allergic and non‐allergic asthma increased with increasing BMI, associations between early‐life and current environmental exposure were primarily found in relation to non‐allergic asthma.Please cite this paper as: Janson C, Kalm‐Stephens P, Foucard T, Alving, K and Nordvall SL. Risk factors associated with allergic and non‐allergic asthma in adolescents. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007;1:16–22.
Viral Abundance, Decay, and Diversity in the Meso- and Bathypelagic Waters of the North Atlantic
Authors: Parada Verónica , Sintes Eva , van Aken Hendrik M. , Weinbauer Markus G. , Herndl Gerhard J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

To elucidate the potential importance of deep-water viruses in controlling the meso- and bathypelagic picoplankton community, the abundance, decay rate, and diversity of the virioplankton community were determined in the meso- and bathypelagic water masses of the eastern part of the subtropical North Atlantic. Viral abundance averaged 1.4 × 10
6
ml
−1
at around 100 m of depth and decreased only by a factor of 2 at 3,000 to 4,000 m of depth. In contrast, picoplankton abundance decreased by 1 order of magnitude to the Lower Deep Water (LDW; 3,500- to 5,000-m depth). The virus-to-picoplankton ratio increased from 9 at about 100 m of depth to 110 in the LDW. Mean viral decay rates were 3.5 × 10
−3
h
−1
between 900 m and 2,750 m and 1.1 × 10
−3
h
−1
at 4,000 m of depth, corresponding to viral turnover times of 11 and 39 days, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprints obtained from the viral community between 2,400 m and 4,000 m of depth revealed a maximum of only four bands from 4,000 m of depth. Based on the high viral abundance and the low picoplankton production determined via leucine incorporation, we conclude that the viral production calculated from the viral decay is insufficient to maintain the high viral abundance in the deep North Atlantic. Rather, we propose that substantial allochthonous viral input or lysogenic or pseudolysogenic production is required to maintain the high viral abundance detected in the meso- and bathypelagic North Atlantic. Consequently, deep-water prokaryotes are apparently far less controlled in their abundance and taxon richness by lytic prokaryotic phages than the high viral abundance and the virus-to-picoplankton ratio would suggest.
Unexpected Mechanism of Symbiont-Induced Reversal of Insect Sex: Feminizing
Wolbachia
Continuously Acts on the Butterfly
Eurema hecabe
during Larval Development
Authors: Narita Satoko , Kageyama Daisuke , Nomura Masashi , Fukatsu Takema 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

When the butterfly
Eurema hecabe
is infected with two different strains (
w
HecCI2 and
w
HecFem2) of the bacterial endosymbiont
Wolbachia
, genetic males are transformed into functional females, resulting in production of all-female broods. In an attempt to understand how and when the
Wolbachia
endosymbiont feminizes genetically male insects, larval insects were fed an antibiotic-containing diet beginning at different developmental stages until pupation. When the adult insects emerged, strikingly, many of them exhibited sexually intermediate traits in their wings, reproductive organs, and genitalia. The expression of intersexual phenotypes was strong in the insects treated from first instar, moderate in the insects treated from third instar, and weak in the insects treated from fourth instar. The insects treated from early larval instar grew and pupated normally but frequently failed to emerge and died in the pupal case. The dead insects in the pupal case contained lower densities of the feminizing
Wolbachia
endosymbiont than the successfully emerged insects, although none of them were completely cured of the symbiont infection. These results suggest the following: (i) the antibiotic treatment suppressed the population of feminizing
Wolbachia
endosymbionts; (ii) the suppression probably resulted in attenuated feminizing activity of the symbiont, leading to expression of intersexual host traits; (iii) many of the insects suffered pupal mortality, possibly due to either intersexual defects or
Wolbachia
-mediated addiction; and hence (iv) the feminizing
Wolbachia
endosymbiont continuously acts on the host insects during larval development for expression of female phenotypes under a male genotype. Our finding may prompt reconsideration of the notion that
Wolbachia
-induced reproductive manipulations are already complete before the early embryonic stage and provide insights into the mechanism underlying the symbiont-induced reversal of insect sex.
Probiotics Affect Virulence-Related Gene Expression in
Escherichia coli
O157:H7
Authors: Medellin-Peña Maira Jessica , Wang Haifeng , Johnson Roger , Anand Sanjeev , Griffiths Mansel W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The attachment of enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 (EHEC O157) to host intestinal epithelial cells is essential for the development of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. Genes involved in attachment are carried within a pathogenicity island named the locus of enterocyte effacement (
LEE
), known to be directly activated by quorum sensing (QS). In the present study, we investigated autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production and the expression of several virulence-related genes in EHEC O157 grown in the absence and presence of a
Lactobacillus acidophilus
-secreted molecule(s). Transcription of important EHEC O157 virulence-related genes was studied by constructing promoter-reporter fusions and reverse transcriptase PCR. Shiga toxin (Stx) production was assayed by an enzyme immunoassay. When EHEC O157 was grown in the presence of chromatographically selected fractions of
L. acidophilus
La-5 cell-free spent medium, we observed a significant reduction of both extracellular AI-2 concentration and the expression of important virulence-related genes, although no significant difference in Stx production was observed. We show here that
L. acidophilus
La-5 secretes a molecule(s) that either acts as a QS signal inhibitor or directly interacts with bacterial transcriptional regulators, controlling the transcription of EHEC O157 genes involved in colonization.
Effective Heat Inactivation of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in Raw Milk Contaminated with Naturally Infected Feces
Authors: Rademaker Jan L. W. , Vissers Marc M. M. , te Giffel Meike C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of high-temperature, short holding time (HTST) pasteurization and homogenization with respect to inactivation of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
was evaluated quantitatively. This allowed a detailed determination of inactivation kinetics. High concentrations of feces from cows with clinical symptoms of Johne's disease were used to contaminate raw milk in order to realistically mimic possible incidents most closely. Final
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
concentrations varying from 10
2
to 3.5 × 10
5
cells per ml raw milk were used. Heat treatments including industrial HTST were simulated on a pilot scale with 22 different time-temperature combinations, including 60 to 90°C at holding (mean residence) times of 6 to 15 s. Following 72°C and a holding time of 6 s, 70°C for 10 and 15 s, or under more stringent conditions, no viable
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
cells were recovered, resulting in >4.2- to >7.1-fold reductions, depending on the original inoculum concentrations. Inactivation kinetic modeling of 69 quantitative data points yielded an

E
a

of 305,635 J/mol and an ln
k
0
of 107.2, corresponding to a
D
value of 1.2 s at 72°C and a
Z
value of 7.7°C. Homogenization did not significantly affect the inactivation. The conclusion can be drawn that HTST pasteurization conditions equal to 15 s at ≥72°C result in a more-than-sevenfold reduction of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
.
Identification of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and an Additional Gene for Resistance to the Antituberculosis Drug Capreomycin
Authors: Felnagle Elizabeth A. , Rondon Michelle R. , Berti Andrew D. , Crosby Heidi A. , Thomas Michael G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Capreomycin (CMN) belongs to the tuberactinomycin family of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics that are essential components of the drug arsenal for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Members of this antibiotic family target the ribosomes of sensitive bacteria and disrupt the function of both subunits of the ribosome. Resistance to these antibiotics in
Mycobacterium
species arises due to mutations in the genes coding for the 16S or 23S rRNA but can also arise due to mutations in a gene coding for an rRNA-modifying enzyme, TlyA. While
Mycobacterium
species develop resistance due to alterations in the drug target, it has been proposed that the CMN-producing bacterium,
Saccharothrix mutabilis
subsp.
capreolus
, uses CMN modification as a mechanism for resistance rather than ribosome modification. To better understand CMN biosynthesis and resistance in
S. mutabilis
subsp.
capreolus
, we focused on the identification of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster in this bacterium. Here, we describe the cloning and sequence analysis of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster from
S. mutabilis
subsp.
capreolus
ATCC 23892. We provide evidence for the heterologous production of CMN in the genetically tractable bacterium
Streptomyces lividans
1326. Finally, we present data supporting the existence of an additional CMN resistance gene. Initial work suggests that this resistance gene codes for an rRNA-modifying enzyme that results in the formation of CMN-resistant ribosomes that are also resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin. Thus,
S. mutabilis
subsp.
capreolus
may also use ribosome modification as a mechanism for CMN resistance.
Glutathione Reductase from
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
: Contribution to Oxygen Tolerance and Thiol Exchange Reactions in Wheat Sourdoughs
Authors: Jänsch André , Korakli Maher , Vogel Rudi F. , Gänzle Michael G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The effect of the glutathione reductase (GshR) activity of
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
on the thiol levels in fermented sourdoughs was determined, and the oxygen tolerance of the strain was also determined. The
gshR
gene coding for a putative GshR was sequenced and inactivated by single-crossover integration to yield strain
L. sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
Δ
gshR
. The gene disruption was verified by sequencing the truncated
gshR
and surrounding regions on the chromosome. The
gshR
activity of
L. sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
Δ
gshR
was strongly reduced compared to that of the wild-type strain, demonstrating that
gshR
indeed encodes an active GshR enzyme. The thiol levels in wheat doughs fermented with
L. sanfranciscensis
DSM20451 increased from 9 μM to 10.5 μM sulfhydryl/g of dough during a 24-h sourdough fermentation, but in sourdoughs fermented with
L. sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
Δ
gshR
and in chemically acidified doughs, the thiol levels decreased to 6.5 to 6.8 μM sulfhydryl/g of dough. Remarkably, the GshR-negative strains
Lactobacillus pontis
LTH2587 and
Lactobacillus reuteri
BR11 exerted effects on thiol levels in dough comparable to those of
L. sanfranciscensis
. In addition to the effect on thiol levels in sourdough, the loss of GshR activity in
L. sanfranciscensis
DSM20451
T
Δ
gshR
resulted in a loss of oxygen tolerance. The
gshR
mutant strain exhibited a strongly decreased aerobic growth rate on modified MRS medium compared to either the growth rate under anaerobic conditions or that of the wild-type strain, and aerobic growth was restored by the addition of cysteine. Moreover, the
gshR
mutant strain was more sensitive to the superoxide-generating agent paraquat.
High Abundances of Aerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria in the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Lami Raphaël , Cottrell Matthew T. , Ras Joséphine , Ulloa Osvaldo , Obernosterer Ingrid , Claustre Hervé , Kirchman David L. , Lebaron Philippe 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Little is known about the abundance, distribution, and ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, particularly in oligotrophic environments, which represent 60% of the ocean. We investigated the abundance of AAP bacteria across the South Pacific Ocean, including the center of the gyre, the most oligotrophic water body of the world ocean. AAP bacteria,
Prochlorococcus
, and total prokaryotic abundances, as well as bacteriochlorophyll
a
(BChl
a
) and divinyl-chlorophyll
a
concentrations, were measured at several depths in the photic zone along a gradient of oligotrophic conditions. The abundances of AAP bacteria and
Prochlorococcus
were high, together accounting for up to 58% of the total prokaryotic community. The abundance of AAP bacteria alone was up to 1.94 × 10
5
cells ml
−1
and as high as 24% of the overall community. These measurements were consistent with the high BChl
a
concentrations (up to 3.32 × 10
−3
μg liter
−1
) found at all stations. However, the BChl
a
content per AAP bacterial cell was low, suggesting that AAP bacteria are mostly heterotrophic organisms. Interestingly, the biovolume and therefore biomass of AAP bacteria was on average twofold higher than that of other prokaryotic cells. This study demonstrates that AAP bacteria can be abundant in various oligotrophic conditions, including the most oligotrophic regime of the world ocean, and can account for a large part of the bacterioplanktonic carbon stock.
Development and Application of Real-Time PCR Assays for Quantification of
erm
Genes Conferring Resistance to Macrolides-Lincosamides-Streptogramin B in Livestock Manure and Manure Management Systems
Authors: Chen Jing , Yu Zhongtang , Michel Frederick C. , Wittum Thomas , Morrison Mark 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Erythromycin and tylosin are commonly used in animal production, and such use is perceived to contribute to the overall antimicrobial resistance (AR) reservoirs. Quantitative measurements of this type of AR reservoir in microbial communities are required to understand AR ecology (e.g., emergence, persistence, and dissemination). We report here the development, validation, and use of six real-time PCR assays for quantifying six classes of
erm
genes (classes A through C, F, T, and X) that encode the major mechanism of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLS
B
). These real-time PCR assays were validated and used in quantifying the six
erm
classes in five types of samples, including those from bovine manure, swine manure, compost of swine manure, swine waste lagoons, and an Ekokan upflow biofilter system treating hog house effluents. The bovine manure samples were found to contain much smaller reservoirs of each of the six
erm
classes than the swine manure samples. Compared to the swine manure samples, the composted swine manure samples had substantially reduced
erm
gene abundances (by up to 7.3 logs), whereas the lagoon or the biofilter samples had similar
erm
gene abundances. These preliminary results suggest that the methods of manure storage and treatment probably have a substantial impact on the persistence and decline of MLS
B
resistance originating from food animals, thus likely affecting the dissemination of such resistance genes into the environment. The abundances of these
erm
genes appeared to be positively correlated with those of the
tet
genes determined previously among these samples. These real-time PCR assays provide a rapid, quantitative, and cultivation-independent measurement of six major classes of
erm
genes, which should be useful for ecological studies of AR.
The
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Cdc7 Protein Kinase Required for Septum Formation Is a Client Protein of Cdc37
Authors: Liang Jun , Fantes Peter 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Cdc37 is an essential molecular chaperone found in fungi and metazoa whose main specificity is for certain protein kinases. Cdc37 can act as an Hsp90 cochaperone or alone; in yeasts, the interaction with Hsp90 is weak and appears not to be essential for Cdc37 function. Numerous genetic interactions between Cdc37 and likely client proteins have been observed in yeasts, but biochemical confirmation has been reported in only a few cases. We and others have generated and characterized temperature-sensitive
cdc37
alleles in
S. pombe
and have used them to investigate the cellular roles of Cdc37: previous work has shown that mitotic Cdc2 is a major client. In this paper, we describe a screen for mutations synthetically lethal with a
cdc37ts
mutant with the aim of identifying genes encoding further client proteins of Cdc37. Ten such strains were isolated, and genomic libraries were screened for rescuing plasmids. In one case, a truncated
cdc7
gene was identified. Further experiments showed that the mutation in this strain was indeed in
cdc7
. Cdc7 is a protein kinase required for septum initiation, and we show that its kinase activity is greatly reduced when Cdc37 function is impaired. Cdc7 normally locates to the spindle pole body during mitosis, and this appears to be unaffected in the
cdc37ts
mutant. Other evidence suggests that, in addition to mitosis and septum initiation, Cdc37 may also be required for septum cleavage.