bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with ventilator‐associated pneumonia by gel‐assisted digestion and 2‐D‐LC/MS/MS
Authors: Lu Yen‐Ta , Han Chia‐Li , Wu Chien‐Liang , Yu Tien‐Min , Chien Chih‐Wei , Liu Ching‐Lung , Chen Yu‐Ju 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDevelopment of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) imposes a significant financial burden to the health care system, yet the therapeutic decisions rely on the conventional, less sensitive microbiological examination. Characterization of proteins secreted into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) provides an opportunity for discovery of diagnostic marker candidates for accurate therapeutic decision‐making. We report the first global description of the BALF proteome from patients with VAP. Our approach combining gel‐assisted digestion followed by SCX fractionation and nano‐LC‐MS/MS effectively overcame the interference of high salt concentrations in BALF. Semi‐quantitative analysis by a simple, label‐free approach based on chromatographic peak area intensity revealed that the protein constituents were dramatically different between the non‐VAP controls and the VAP group. To our knowledge, the 206 identified proteins present the most comprehensive global proteome map of BALF. The expression of four selected proteins with unique roles, including gelsolin, serum amyloid P‐component, vitamin D‐binding protein and pyruvate kinase, were significantly higher in BALF from patients with VAP (p <0.05). We demonstrate that this proteomic approach provides in‐depth profiling of the BALF proteome, which comprises proteins functionally associated with the pathogenesis of VAP, including those expressed due to stress‐induced injury and host immune response to local inflammation.
Combustion Characteristics of a Novel Grain‐Binding High Burning Rate Propellant
Authors: Guo Xiaode , Li Fengsheng , Song Hongchang , Liu Guanpeng , Kong Lingrui , Li Miaomiao , Chen Weifan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe novel grain‐binding high burning rate propellant (NGHP) is prepared via a solventless extrusion process of binder and spherical propellant grains. Compared with the traditional grain‐binding porous propellants, NGHP is compact and has no interior micropores. During the combustion of NGHP, there appear honeycomb‐like burning layers, which increase the burning surface and the burning rate of the propellant. The combustion of NGHP is a limited convective combustion process and apt to achieve stable state. The larger the difference between the burning rate of the binder and that of the spherical granular propellants exists, the higher burning rate NGHP has. The smaller the mass ratio of the binder to the spherical granular propellants is, the higher the burning rate of NGHP is. It shows that the addition of 3 wt.‐% composite catalyst (the mixture of lead/copper complex and copper/chrome oxides at a mass ratio of 1 : 1) into NGHP can enhance the burning rate from 48.78 mm⋅s−1 in the absence of catalyst to 56.66 mm⋅s−1 at P=9.81 MPa and decrease the pressure exponent from 0.686 to 0.576 in the pressure range from 9.81 to 19.62 MPa.
Esterase isoenzymes and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis populations from the south‐east region of Spain
Authors: López‐Soler Neus , Cervera Amelia , Moores Graham D , Martínez‐Pardo Rafael , Garcerá M Dolores 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is among the most important crop pests in the south‐east region of Spain; its increasing resistance to insecticides constitutes a serious problem, and understanding the mechanisms involved is therefore of great interest. To this end, F. occidentalis populations, collected from the field at different locations in south‐east Spain, were studied in terms of total esterase activity and esterase isoenzyme pattern.RESULTS: Individual thrips extracts were analysed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and stained for esterase activity with the model substrate α‐naphthyl acetate. Significant correlations were found between resistance to the insecticides acrinathrin and methiocarb and the presence of a group of three intensely stained bands, named Triplet A. For each individual thrips extract, total esterase activity towards the substrates α‐naphthyl acetate and α‐naphthyl butyrate was also measured in a microplate reader. Insects possessing Triplet A showed a significantly higher α‐naphthyl acetate specific activity and α‐naphthyl acetate/α‐naphthyl butyrate activity ratio. This observation allowed a reliable classification of susceptible or resistant insects either by PAGE analysis or by total esterase activity determination.CONCLUSION: The PAGE and microplate assays described can be used as a monitoring technique for detecting acrinathrin‐ and methiocarb‐resistant individuals among F. occidentalis field populations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Systemic properties of myclobutanil in soybean plants, affecting control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Authors: Kemmitt Gregory M , DeBoer Gerrit , Ouimette David , Iamauti Marilene 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide myclobutanil can be an effective component of spray programmes designed to control the highly destructive plant pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd., causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Myclobutanil is known from previous studies in grapevines to be xylem mobile. This study investigates the mobility profile of myclobutanil in soybean as an important component of its effective field performance.RESULTS: Over a 12 day period under greenhouse conditions, a constant uptake of myclobutanil from leaflet surfaces into the leaflet tissue was observed. Once in the leaflet, myclobutanil was seen to redistribute throughout the tissue, although no movement out of leaflets occurred owing to a lack of phloem mobility. The ability of myclobutanil to redistribute over distance within the soybean plant was revealed when visualizing movement of the compound to foliage above the point of application on the plant stem. An efficacy bioassay demonstrated that the systemic properties of myclobutanil allow control of disease at a point remote from the initial site of compound application.CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the high degree of xylem systemicity displayed by myclobutanil in soybean foliage is a contributory factor towards its commercial effectiveness for control of Asian soybean rust. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Acute lethal and behavioral sublethal responses of two stored‐product psocids to surface insecticides
Authors: Guedes Raul Narciso C , Campbell James F , Arthur Frank H , Opit George P , Zhu Kun Yan , Throne James E 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. entomophila (Enderlein) (Liposcelididae) are emerging pests of stored products. Although their behavior, particularly their high mobility, may contribute to the reported relatively low efficacy of insecticides against them, studies to investigate this have not been conducted. The present study aimed to assess the label rate efficacy of three commercial insecticides (β‐cyfluthrin, chlorfenapyr and pyrethrins) applied on concrete surfaces against L. bostrychophila and L. entomophila, and also their sublethal effect on the mobility of these species.RESULTS: The synthetic insecticides β‐cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr showed high short‐term efficacy (LT95≤15 h) against both psocid species, unlike the natural pyrethrins (LT95 ≥ 4 days). Liposcelis bostrychophila was slightly more tolerant (≥1.2×) than L. entomophila to all three insecticides. Behavioral assays with fully sprayed and half‐sprayed concrete arenas indicated that the insecticides reduced the mobility of both species. Pyrethrins seem to elicit weak repellence in L. bostrychophila.CONCLUSION: β‐Cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr were effective against both psocid species, but not pyrethrins. The mobility of both species does not seem to play a major role in the differential selectivity observed, but the lower mobility of L. bostrychophila may be a contributing factor to its higher insecticide tolerance. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the CsMgH3, Cs2MgH4 and Cs4Mg3H10 complex hydrides from first‐principles
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Zhong , Wang Yu‐Fei , Tang Bi‐Yu , Zeng Xiao‐Qin , Ding Wen‐Jiang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTheoretical investigation of structure, reaction enthalpies and electronic properties of the CsMgH3, Cs2MgH4, and Cs4Mg3H10 compounds were performed using the first‐principles method within generalized gradient approximation. The obtained lattice constants and position coordinates of atoms for the systems were in good agreement with experimental results. The calculated reaction enthalpies for CsMgH3, Cs2MgH4, and Cs4Mg3H10 showed that the ternary hydrides can be synthesized thermodynamically by direct reaction between Cs and Mg in hydrogen atmosphere and by appropriate combination of binary hydrides. The energy band structure and electronic density of states revealed that all of the compounds are wide‐band‐gap insulators. The electronic DOS together with charge‐density redistribution implied the significant charge transfer leading to Cs+ ions and negatively charged [MgH6]4– complex, and the dominant ionic character with noticeable covalence between Mg and H in the [MgH6]4– anionic complexes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and tribology studies of annealed fullerene‐like WS2 nanoparticles
Authors: Späth B. , Kopnov F. , Cohen H. , Zak A. , Moshkovich A. , Rapoport L. , Jägermann W. , Tenne R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe time dependent chemical changes occurring at the surface of inorganic fullerene‐like (IF) nanoparticles of WS2 were investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and compared to those of bulk powder, 2H‐WS2. It was possible to follow the long term surface oxidation and carbonization occurring at defects on the outermost surface (0001) molecular layers of the inorganic fullerene‐like nanoparticles. Vacuum annealing was shown to remove most of these contaminants and bring the surface close to its pristine stoichiometric composition. In accordance with previous measurements, further evidence was obtained for the existence of water molecules, which were entrapped in the hollow core and interstitial defects of the fullerene‐like nanoparticles during the synthesis. These water molecules were also shown to be removable by the vacuum annealing process. Chemically resolved electrical measurements (CREM) in the XPS showed that the IF samples had become less p‐type after the vacuum annealing. Finally, tribological measurements showed that the vacuum annealed IF samples performed better as an oil additive than the non‐annealed IF samples and the 2H‐WS2 powder. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanowire–quantum‐dot–polymer solar cell
Authors: Nadarajah A. , Word Robert C. , VanSant Kaitlyn , Könenkamp R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report first results on a new solar cell structure which incorporates n‐type ZnO nanowires, an undoped CdSe layer, obtained from quantum dot precursors, and a p‐type polymer layer as the main components. In the fabrication process the quantum dot layer is converted to a conformal ∼30 nm thick polycrystalline film. The fabrication of the cell occurs in lab air at temperatures below 100 °C. Several intermittent annealing steps raise the energy conversion efficiency to approximately 1%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Charge and magnetic order in the spin‐one‐half Falicov–Kimball model with Hund coupling in two dimensions
Authors: Cˇencˇariková Hana , Farkašovský Pavol , Tomašovicˇová Natália , Žonda Martin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe spin‐one‐half Falicov–Kimball model with spin‐dependent on‐site interaction between localized (f) and itinerant (d) electrons is studied by small‐cluster exact‐diagonalization calculations and a well‐controlled approximative method in two dimensions. The results obtained are used to categorize the ground‐state configurations according to common features (charge and spin ordering) for all f ‐ and d ‐electron concentrations (nf and nd ) on finite square lattices. It is shown that only a few configuration types form the basic structure of the charge phase diagram in the nf –nd plane. In particular, the largest regions of stability correspond to the phase segregated configurations, the axial striped configurations and configurations that can be considered as mixtures of chessboard configurations and the full (empty) lattice. Since the magnetic phase diagram is much richer than the charge phase diagram, the magnetic superstructures are examined only at selected values of f ‐ and d ‐electron concentrations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The diluted mixed spin‐1/2 and spin‐3/2 Ising model in a longitudinal random field
Authors: Liang Ya‐Qiu , Wei Guo‐Zhu , Song Guo‐Li 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe diluted mixed spin Ising system consisting of spin‐1/2 and spin‐3/2 with a longitudinal random‐field is studied by the use of effective‐field theory with correlations (EFT). The equations are derived using a probability distribution method based on the use of Van der Waerden identities. The phase diagrams and thermal behaviors of magnetization are investigated numerically for the honeycomb lattice (z = 3) when the random field is trimodally distributed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of cooling on electrical conductivity of TiO2
Authors: Sheppard L. R. , Nowotny M. K. , Bak T. , Nowotny J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe present work reports the effect of cooling on the electrical conductivity of undoped and Nb‐doped TiO2 in the temperature range 1273–300 K in the gas phase of controlled oxygen activity. It is shown that the character of the electrical conductivity changes during cooling depends critically on the processing conditions at elevated temperatures before cooling and the related defect disorder. It is shown that processing in reductive conditions results in the imposition of electronic charge compensation leading, in consequence, to higher values of electrical conductivity at room temperature for both undoped TiO2 and Nb‐doped TiO2. It is shown that the “dynamic” activation energy of the electrical conductivity during cooling differs from that determined in equilibrium. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonprecious metal catalysts for the molecular oxygen‐reduction reaction
Authors: Feng Yongjun , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis review covers the electrocatalytic activities, the corresponding influence factors and the synthesis methods of nonprecious‐metal electrocatalysts towards oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel‐cell systems. In particular, the chalcogenides and the macrocycles containing Co or Fe metals have been focused upon. Due to the scarcity of Pt metal, the Co‐ and Fe‐based chalcogenides are potentially interesting substitutes of Pt although they still show lower catalytic activities for ORR and lower electrochemical and chemical stability in the present fuel‐cell electrolytes. Compared to Pt electrocatalysts, the Co‐ and Fe‐based macrocycles, such as TMPP, TPP, Pc and TAA, are among the most promising substitutes for Pt because of their comparable catalytic activities towards ORR and the higher insensitivity to methanol (in direct methanol fuel cells – DMFC) although they still have some drawbacks, namely lower stability and shorter durability. Novel catalyst synthesis methods, modification techniques of catalysts as well as supporting substrates are expected to be developed in the future to satisfy the requirements of commercial fuel cells. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Engineering the line up of electronic energy levels at inorganic–organic semiconductor interfaces by variation of surface termination and by substitution
Authors: Mayer Thomas , Hunger Ralf , Klein Andreas , Jaegermann Wolfram 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the Anderson model the alignment of electronic energy levels follows from the assumption that the vacuum‐levels of the contacting phases are at equal height. Engineering of the line up may be attempted by changing the ionization energy of the substrate and/or of the adsorbate. We report on the variation of the Si(111) ionization energy by induced surface dipoles of –CH3, –H, and –GaSe terminations and the induced variation of the HOMO line up of PTCDA and ZnPc layers. In addition the variation of the line up by changing the organic molecule ionization energy is exemplified by F substitution in ZnPc. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The determination of charge‐carrier lifetime in silicon
Authors: Klein D. , Wuensch F. , Kunst M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractContactless measurements of the photoconductance for the electrical characterization of silicon are discussed. The different techniques are presented and discussed. The theory for the interpretation of the measurements is given. By some exemplary experiments it is shown which information can be obtained from these measurements. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of Bulbus allii macrostemi on clinical outcomes and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and plasminogen in unstable angina/non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Lei , Liu Yun‐Fang , Yan Fang‐Fang , Zhao Yu‐Xia 
Published: August 2008

AbstractUnstable angina (UA)/non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac death and an efficacious drug with few side effects is necessary. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bulbus allii macrostemi (B. macrostemi) on UA/NSTEMI patients as well as to elucidate possible mechanisms. 79 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the trial group received B. macrostemi plus baseline therapy, the control group was given placebo plus baseline therapy. The trial lasted 8 weeks. The evaluation involved main clinical symptoms, changes of electrocardiogram and biochemical examination. After treatment, the trial group showed more significant improvement on clinical manifestation. The plasma oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) level decreased significantly in the trial group (p < 0.01); the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) level decreased in both groups and it decreased more significantly in the trial group (p < 0.01). In contrast, the activity of plasminogen (PLG) increased in both groups and the change was more marked in the trial group (p < 0.01). The results suggested that B. macrostemi combined with baseline therapy could improve clinical symptoms of UA/NSTEMI patients by decreasing the ox‐LDL and PAI‐1 levels and enhancing the activity of PLG. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ertel potential vorticity inversion using a digital filter initialization method
Authors: Arbogast Philippe , Maynard Karine , Crepin Fabien 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA new Ertel‐potential‐vorticity inversion method is proposed and tested in the framework of a low‐order model as well as in Météo France's operational primitive‐equation spectral model, ARPÈGE. The potential‐vorticity (PV) inversion procedure is designed so that its result lies within the subspace of model solutions, without the use of any explicit balance condition. The inversion is based on a variational problem in which one minimizes simultaneously the distance to the dynamical initialized solution following a digital‐filter method and the PV to be inverted. Since the inverted solution results from model backward and forward integrations, and not from a set of algebraic equations, it possesses a strong dynamical consistency. In the framework of a low‐order model, it is found that for small Rossby number, digital‐filter initialization lies between nonlinear normal‐mode initialization and quasi‐geostrophic methods. The method has also been successfully used to rebuild the non‐divergent flow, the temperature, and a significant part of the divergent flow, knowing only the three‐dimensional PV field and a boundary condition. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Search‐based refactoring: an empirical study
Authors: O'Keeffe Mark , Cinnéide Mel Ó 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObject‐oriented systems that undergo repeated addition of functionality commonly suffer a loss of quality in their underlying design. This problem must often be remedied in a costly refactoring phase before further maintenance programming can take place. Recently search‐based approaches to automating the task of software refactoring, based on the concept of treating object‐oriented design as a combinatorial optimization problem, have been proposed. However, because search‐based refactoring is a novel approach it is yet to be established as to which search techniques are most suitable for the task. In this paper we report the results of an empirical comparison of simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithms (GAs) and multiple ascent hill‐climbing (HCM) in search‐based refactoring. A prototype automated refactoring tool is employed, capable of making radical changes to the design of an existing program in order that it conforms more closely to a contemporary quality model. Results show HCM to outperform both SA and GA over a set of five input programs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Processing on Slowly Digestible Starch and Resistant Starch in Potato
Authors: Mishra Suman , Monro John , Hedderley Duncan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe effect of a number of laboratory‐scale pretreatments on the proportions of rapidly digested (RDS), slowly digested (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) in raw and cooked potato has been examined using an in vitro digestion procedure. Potatoes of the variety Frisia were prepared in three states: raw, cooked, and cooked followed by a cold treatment (4°C, two days). Each preparation was then subjected in triplicate to freeze‐drying, coarsely mincing, pasting, freezing, dry‐milling after freeze‐drying, in 22 different combinations, before digesting. In raw potato, very little RDS and SDS (<5% total starch (TS)) were present, and the mechanical treatments of the potato did not affect the amounts of RDS and SDS. Cooking resulted in an almost complete conversion to RDS (>95% TS) in freshly‐cooked potato, but after post‐cooking cold treatment much of the RDS transformed to SDS, which reached a maximum of about 45% TS. SDS formation was independent of the degree of tissue disruption after cooking, and was generally associated with formation of RS, however, freezing after cooking allowed SDS formation without prolonged cold treatment and with very little associated RS (SDS 35% and RS 4% of TS). Freeze‐drying caused an increase in RS in most treatments of the cooked potatoes. The observed effects provided guidance for sample handling in potato research, but also suggested several approaches to the enrichment of SDS and/or RS, with a concurrent reduction in RDS, that could be used to improve the nutritional profile of potato products by decreasing RDS (lowered glycaemic impact), and increasing SDS (more sustained energy availability) and RS (prebiotic benefits).