bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FERTILITY AND MATING BEHAVIOUR OF ANDROGENIZED MICE
Authors: PETERS HANNAH , SØRENSEN I. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Female Bagg mice injected with 1 mg testosterone propionate when 5 days old (androgenized mice) were sterile when they were mated at the age of 3 months. It was shown that the sterility was not due to a failure to ovulate but rather to aggressive behaviour towards the male which apparently prevented sexual consummation. The results of this study are compared with those of an earlier study (Peters & Sørensen, 1970) in which androgenized Bagg mice were mated immediately after weaning at the age of 1 month. These animals showed reduced fertility, but were not sterile. Fighting in this group of mice was only moderate and copulation and impregnation took place throughout maturity.
The possible reasons for the different fertility and behaviour towards the male in androgenized mice that are mated at different ages are discussed. Androgenized females housed with males from the time of weaning, however, behave in a manner similar to that of mice which have been reared together: they fight rarely and then only moderately. It is thought that in androgenized mice a stimulus (probably a pheromone) activates their brain, previously programmed for aggression, when their first contact with a male is in adulthood: they do not become sensitive to the stimulus if they remain in constant contact with a male from the time they are weaned.
Consequently, androgenized mice that are first mated when they are adult, fight their male mates, preventing insemination: those reared with a male accept and permit sexual contact when they are adult.
CHRONIC MEDIAN EMINENCE LESIONS AND OVARIECTOMY: EFFECTS ON FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE SECRETION IN THE RAT
Authors: CRAMER E. B. , TRAUM R. E. , D'ANGELO S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pituitary and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were determined by the Steelman—Pohley ovarian augmentation bioassay method in normal adult rats and in rats subjected to ovariectomy and/or electrolytic lesioning of the tuberal hypothalamus 10, 30 or 90 days previously. Ovariectomy resulted in a rapid, significant increase in FSH concentration of the adenohypophysis. Pituitary FSH concentrations were increased sixfold 10 and 30 days after ovariectomy and by 90 days were increased by 700%. (Hormone stores in the adenohypophysis increased correspondingly.) Serum FSH levels in ovariectomized rats also increased but at a slower rate. Ten days after ovariectomy, serum FSH levels were still normal. Thirty and ninety days postoperatively, serum FSH titres were doubled and quintupled, respectively. Chronic median eminence lesions eventually caused obesity, a marked atrophy of the reproductive system and significant increase in the FSH concentration of the adenohypophysis. Follicle-stimulating hormone was not detected in the sera of rats with short-term lesions but serum hormone levels were in the normal range 30 and 90 days after the lesions were made.
Complete destruction of the median eminence in ovariectomized rats was associated with further increase in pituitary FSH concentration and content. Ninety days after simultaneous lesioning and ovariectomy, FSH concentration of the adenohypophysis was almost twice that of the ovariectomized control and the hormone content was about 14 times that in the normal pituitary. In contrast, the raised FSH serum levels observed after long-term ovariectomy were significantly reduced (50%). It is concluded that chronic median eminence lesions which induce obesity and ovarian atrophy in rats differentially affect synthesis and release of FSH by the adenohypophysis.
THE 'FACILITATORY'EFFECT ON OVULATION OF THE RETROSTEROID 1,6-DEHYDRO-6-CHLORO-RETROPROGESTERONE (Ro 4–8347)
Authors: KALRA PUSHPA SETH , MARTINI L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The 'facilitatory' activity of the retroprogesterone derivative 6-chloro-9β,10α-pregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione (Ro 4-8347) on ovulation induced by pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin in immature Sprague—Dawley rats was studied. This retrosteroid is significantly more active in this test than progesterone, dydrogesterone (9β,10α-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione) or chlormadinone (6-chloro-17α-acetoxy-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione).
INTERACTION BETWEEN THYROTROPHIN, CORTICOTROPHIN AND GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN MAN
Authors: BESSER G. M. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , KILBORN J. R. , ORMSTON B. J. , HALL R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thyrotrophin (TSH) release in response to intravenous synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was unaltered by simultaneous corticotrophin (ACTH) and growth hormone secretion induced by hypoglycaemia or methylamphetamine in normal subjects. Secretion of growth hormone was the same whether or not TSH was secreted. While the increments in plasma corticosteroids and ACTH after methylamphetamine administration were not different whether TRH or a control injection was given, they rose more during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia when TRH was given as well. This could have been due to a slightly greater degree of stress after TRH + insulin than insulin alone. Overnight dexamethasone suppression of basal ACTH secretion did not alter the TSH response to TRH. Unlike the rat, there is no evidence suggesting competition between pituitary mechanisms involved in ACTH, growth hormone and TSH release in man.
THE ROLE OF THE MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE IN MEDIATING ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES TO NEUROGENIC STIMULI
Authors: FELDMAN S. , CONFORTI N. , CHOWERS I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of ether stress and of photic and acoustic stimulation on adrenocortical responses were studied in normal rats and in rats with bilateral lesions in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). While the response to ether stress was slightly reduced, the neurogenic stimuli produced much lower plasma corticosterone levels in the lesioned animals compared with intact rats. The neural pathways and the role of the MFB in mediating adrenocortical responses to neurogenic stimuli are discussed.
The present results demonstrate that the MFB is the main final afferent pathway through which neural impulses to the hypothalamus are propagated, thus activating the secretion of adrenocorticotrophin.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR OXYTOCIN: THE EXTRACTION OF OXYTOCIN FROM URINE AND DETERMINATION OF THE EXCRETION RATE FOR EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS OXYTOCIN IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: BOYD N. R. H. , JACKSON D. B. , HOLLINGSWORTH STELLA , FORSLING MARY L. , CHARD T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for the extraction and concentration of oxytocin from urine, satisfactory for the radioimmunoassay of this peptide. The recovery of added oxytocin was 64·8 ± 12·6 (s.d.)% from urine samples with an osmolality less than 770 mosm./kg, and 44·9 ± 13·5% for urine samples of greater osmolality. Infusions of oxytocin at a rate of 1 mu./min into male and female volunteers showed a direct relationship between the volume of urine and the total amount of oxytocin excreted during any 1-h period. Extracts of normal male urine contained an immunoreactive material which behaved identically with synthetic oxytocin in two systems of chromatography.
OESTROGEN SYNTHESIS FROM [4-14C–1,2-3H]TESTOSTERONE BY PLACENTAL MICROSOMES FROM BABOONS
Authors: MILEWICH L. , AXELROD L. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Washed, lyophilized placental microsomes from baboons were incubated with [4-14C–1,2-3H]testosterone and NADPH in air; labelled oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, androstenedione, 19-hydroxytestosterone, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione and unchanged substrate were isolated from the incubations by paper chromatography and were further characterized by crystallization to constant specific activity. When NADPH was omitted, androstenedione was the only metabolite and its yield was greatly diminished. Oestrone and 17β-oestradiol had similar 3H: 14C ratios and the amount of tritium retained in these metabolites was about 28% of that present in the substrate. The amount of tritium retained in oestrone and 17β-oestradiol suggest that aromatization by the baboon placenta proceeds through the same pathway as that demonstrated for the human placenta. A slight decrease in the 3H:14C ratio was observed in androstenedione, 19-hydroxytestosterone and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione. The recovered substrate had an unchanged ratio.
STEROID AND PHYTO-OESTROGEN BINDING TO SHEEP UTERINE RECEPTORS IN VITRO
Authors: SHUTT D. A. , COX R. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding affinities and receptor specificity of sheep uterine cytosol for steroid oestrogens and also for weak plant oestrogens of the isoflavone and coumestan groups and some synthetic compounds were studied. The binding affinities of the weak oestrogens fall within a range which has usually been neglected. Relative molar binding (RMB) affinities for the steroid oestrogens confirmed the importance of the phenolic 3-hydroxyl group and the influence of substitutions at C-16 and C-17, as seen with uterine cytosols from other species. Relative molar binding affinities were very much lower when the oestrogens were present as sulphate esters, glucosiduronate and methyl ether derivatives; acetates showed similar RMB affinities to their parent compounds. Phyto-oestrogens were found to compete with oestradiol for binding sites. Coumestrol and miroestrol had the highest RMB affinities of about 5 (oestradiol-17β = 100) when incubated at 25 °C, and values for genistein, equol, daidzein and O-desmethylangolensin lay between 1 and 0·05. The mono-methoxy compounds, biochanin A, formononetin and 4′-methoxy-coumestrol had RMB affinities of less than 0·01. Incubation at 37, 25 and 4 °C showed that RMB affinities were greater at the lower temperatures.
Relative molar binding affinities of the phyto-oestrogens in vitro compared with their oestrogenic potencies in vivo showed that the ranking of most of the compounds by these two criteria was similar. Structure-activity correlations were deduced from the results. A similar relationship of RMB affinity to biological potency was also noted for the steroid oestrogens and a homologous series of stilbenediols. The results obtained are relevant to competitive protein-binding analyses and to the mechanism of action of oestrogens and phyto-oestrogens.
PROLONGED GESTATION IN EWES INGESTING VERATRUM CALIFORNICUM: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE ENDOCRINE ORGANS OF CYCLOPIC LAMBS
Authors: VAN KAMPEN K. R. , ELLIS L. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Prolonged gestation associated with cyclopia in offspring of ewes ingesting Veratrum californicum is described. In single or multiple pregnancies where all foetuses are cyclopic, foetal hypophysial aplasia, foetal thyroidal and adrenal hypoplasia, and foetal gonadal hypertrophy were associated with prolonged gestation. Cyclopic foetuses that were twins to normal foetuses were delivered at term and, with the exception of hypophysial aplasia, other endocrine organs (thyroid, adrenal and gonads) showed no morphologic abnormalities.
In sheep, during prolonged gestation, comparative studies of the ability of maternal and foetal endocrine glands to synthesize steroids indicated that the foetal ovary was capable of transforming more substrates (pregnenolone and progesterone) into steroid metabolites than the maternal ovary, even though the same group of metabolites is formed by foetal and maternal ovaries. Foetal adrenals produced more testosterone than maternal adrenals, but synthesized very little cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone. Foetal adrenals were incapable of forming water-soluble steroids although the ovaries from cyclopic foetuses and maternal adrenals possessed this capability.
TELEOST CAUDAL NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM: SPERM DUCT CONTRACTION INDUCED BY UROPHYSIAL MATERIAL
Authors: BERLIND A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Extracts of the urophysis of the teleost Gillichthys mirabilis and material released from intact cells induced contraction of the Gillichthys sperm duct in vitro. Acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine also caused sperm-duct contraction, but specific blocking substances left the response to urophysial material unaltered. Adrenaline and noradrenaline inhibited the response of the sperm duct to urophysis extracts. The active factor was destroyed by trypsin, and had similar chromatographic properties to the peptidic teleost bladder-contracting factor also found in the urophysis. A role of this agent in spawning or other aspects of reproduction is suggested.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLUSHINGS FROM RAT UTERI WITH AND WITHOUT INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES
Authors: BREED W. G. , PEPLOW P. V. , ECKSTEIN P. , BARKER S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Saline flushings from the uterine horns of rats with unilateral silk sutures (IUD's) were obtained at pro-oestrus, oestrus and on Day 5 of pseudopregnancy, and examined chemically.
Protein and reducing sugar were invariably present and significantly increased in horns containing an IUD. The number of protein bands identified by disc electrophoresis varied between individual animals, but showed no marked differences between the experimental and control horns at either pro-oestrus or oestrus.
Among enzymes, amylase activity was consistently raised on the IUD side compared with the control side; it was also significantly higher in the IUD horn during pseudopregnancy than in the control horns at pro-oestrus and oestrus. Lysozyme activity was found at pro-oestrus in IUD horns but not in the control horns; at oestrus and during pseudopregnancy little activity was measurable. Proteinase activity, using haemoglobin as substrate, was significantly increased in IUD horns at acid pH, but undetectable at pH 7·7; with casein as substrate at pH 7·7, activity was usually present but did not vary significantly between the two sides. Trypsin activity was also measurable at pH 7·7, but was unchanged in the presence of an IUD. Ribonuclease and phosphatase were usually detectable at pro-oestrus and oestrus, but their activities were not significantly altered by an IUD; on Day 5 of pseudopregnancy, however, much lower levels were found in both horns. Neither hyaluronidase nor neuraminidase could be detected in any flushings assayed.
The possible biological implications of these findings are discussed.
PROLACTIN TURNOVER IN RAT ADENOHYPOPHYSES IN VIVO: ITS EVALUATION AS A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SECRETION RATES
Authors: SWEARINGEN KAREN C. , NICOLL C. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The kinetics of prolactin turnover were investigated in female rat adenohypophyses in vivo. The animals received an intravenous injection of [3H]leucine and groups were killed at various times thereafter. The prolactin in their adenohypophyses was separated and measured by disc electrophoresis and densitometry. The hormone band was cut from the gel columns and counted by liquid scintillation procedures. The specific activity data (c.p.m./μg) were fitted to single or double exponential functions by the method of least squares, using a computer program. The slow component of the double exponential, or the single component of the single exponential were assumed to represent secretion and their rate constants were multiplied by the hormone content of the gland to obtain an estimate of secretion rate. The assumptions involved in this method of estimating secretion rates are discussed and evaluated.
The rate constant for prolactin in oestrogen + reserpine-treated females (0·10–0·08 h−1) was higher than that obtained in rats treated with oestrogen alone (0·05–0·06), and approximately three times that in rats treated with reserpine only (0·03). The prolactin concentration in the adenohypophysis was highest in reserpine-treated rats (8·2 μg/mg) while in glands from oestrogen-treated (4·1–6·0 μg/mg) and oestrogen + reserpine-treated animals (5·0–6·2 μg/mg) it was similar. The average prolactin secretion rates in oestrogen-treated (0·26 μg/mg/h) and reserpine-treated (0·25 μg/mg/h rats were similar, while the average rate in reserpine + oestrogen-treated rats (0·54 μg/mg/h) was twice as high. The results with reserpine-treated animals (low rate constant, high gland content), with oestrogen + reserpine-treated animals (high rate constant), and of those previously obtained by us in ectopic adenohypophysial transplants (high rate constant, low gland content) are discussed in terms of possible involvement of a prolactin stimulating factor. It is concluded that this method provides useful estimates of secretion rates as well as information on the intrapituitary turnover of prolactin.
PLASMA AND PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND PERIPHERAL PLASMA OESTRADIOL CONCENTRATION DURING EARLY PREGNANCY AND AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTATIONAL STEROIDS IN THE RAT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. , CORKER C. S. , NAFTOLIN F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were already lower on Day 2 of pregnancy than at the same time after the preceding ovulation in the non-pregnant rat, and fell progressively up to Day 16 of pregnancy. No evidence was obtained of any increase at the time when the ovulatory surge of LH would have occurred if the animal had not become pregnant. Pituitary LH concentration was lower in mated rats on the morning of Day 0 of pregnancy than in unmated controls on the morning of the day of oestrus. Subsequently it increased slowly to reach a level higher than at any stage of the oestrous cycle by Day 8 of pregnancy and remained high until at least Day 16 of pregnancy. Peripheral plasma oestradiol concentration increased late on Day 2 of pregnancy and was still raised on Day 4 but was never more than about one fourth of the peak concentration seen on the morning of prooestrus during the oestrous cycle. There were similar changes in plasma LH and oestradiol concentrations in the 48 h after a single injection of 2·5mg progesterone on the morning of the day of dioestrus, a procedure that delays ovulation by 1 or 2 days. Administration of a synthetic progestational compound (medroxyprogesterone acetate) to pregnant rats delayed blastocyst implantation and the delay was associated with a marked decrease in peripheral plasma LH to levels below those of normal pregnancy.
IDENTIFICATION AND METABOLIC CLEARANCE OF CORTISOL AND CORTISONE IN A MARINE TELEOST, THE SEA RAVEN HEMITRIPTERUS AMERICANUS GMELIN (FAMILY SCORPAENIDAE)
Authors: OWEN W. H. , IDLER D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cortisol and cortisone were identified and their levels determined in sea raven plasma by a double isotope derivative assay involving acetylation with [1-3H]acetic anhydride, purification by thin-layer and paper chromatography, followed by recrystallization to constant 3H: 14C ratios. The mean level of cortisol in four plasma samples was 7·2±1·0 μg/100 ml (range 4·0–9·2) and the mean level for cortisone in three samples was 1·1 ± 0·2 μg/100 ml (range 0·7–1·5).
Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) were determined for both corticosteroids by the method of continuous infusion over an 8-h period. The mean MCR for cortisol in five fish was 126 ± 17 ml/kg/h, and for cortisone 449 ± 48 ml/kg/h in six fish. The mean percentage conversion of [1,2-3H]cortisol to cortisone was 9·4 ± 2·9%. There was no evidence of any significant conversion of cortisone to cortisol.
IDENTIFICATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α IN UTERINE FLUID FROM THE NON-PREGNANT SHEEP WITH AN AUTOTRANSPLANTED OVARY
Authors: HARRISON F. A. , HEAP R. B. , HORTON E. W. , POYSER N. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In four sheep with an autotransplanted ovary, cyclic oestrous behaviour was abolished due to the persistence of a corpus luteum in the transplant. Fluid recovered from the uterus was viscous, odourless and sterile, and was present in amounts of 10 to 1900 ml. Uterine fluid contained prostaglandin F2α, the total amount recovered ranging from 150 ng to 7·6 mg (15–4000 ng/ml). The identity of prostaglandin F2α was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No prostaglandins of the E series were found.
Biopsy specimens of the uterine wall showed that the uterine and glandular epithelium comprised tall, columnar cells typical of the luteal phase of the normal cycle. The uterine glands were considerably distended and stromal oedema was appreciable.
These findings are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that the uterine luteolytic factor (luteolysin) is prostaglandin F2α.
PERINIDATORY OVARIAN OESTROGEN SECRETION IN THE PREGNANT RAT, DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION
Authors: NIMROD A. , LADANY SHOSHANA , LINDNER H. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A sensitive and specific method is described for the determination of oestradiol-17β and oestrone in blood by gas-liquid chromatography with the use of an electron capture detector. The rate of secretion of these steroids into the ovarian venous blood of rats was determined on the day of pro-oestrus (six animals) and at various times during the first 8 days of pregnancy (240 animals). Oestradiol output (pg/ovary/30 min, mean ± s.e.m.) was low during day 1 (the day sperm were present in the morning vaginal smear) and until 11.00 h on day 2 (59 ± 13), but rose rapidly and significantly on the afternoon of day 2 (299 ± 46). From day 3 to day 8 an increased secretion rate was maintained (451 ± 26), though this was well below the level found on the day of pro-oestrus (mean 8·8 ng oestradiol and 1·2 ng oestrone/ovary/30 min). Oestradiol secretion during early pregnancy tended to be higher in the afternoon than in the morning.
Oestrone output roughly paralleled that of oestradiol, but was only about one third as high. No distinct peak in the rate of secretion of either steroid was demonstrable on day 4. The results strengthen the view that ovarian oestrogen secretion has an essential role in ovum implantation in the rat, but are incompatible with the hypothesis that the time of uterine receptivity to the blastocyst and of uterine sensitivity to atraumatic deciduoma induction is determined by a discrete discharge of oestradiol or oestrone from the ovary on the afternoon of the 4th day post coitum — the so-called 'oestrogen surge' theory.
CLOMIPHENE CITRATE IN MEN: INCREASE OF CORTISOL, LUTEINIZING HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE AND STEROID-BINDING GLOBULINS
Authors: MARSHALL J. C. , ANDERSON D. C. , BURKE C. W. , GALVAO-TELES A. , FRASER T. RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of clomiphene citrate were studied in nine normal men, in three patients with partial panhypopituitarism, and in four patients with isolated gonadotrophin deficiency. The administration of this drug to the normal subjects in a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day for 10 days resulted in a mean rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) of 107%, in plasma 17β-hydroxyandrogens (17-OHA) of 114%, and in plasma total cortisol of 86%. The rise of testosterone concentration in normal subjects was associated with a doubling of the non-protein bound fraction, and also with increased binding of testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). In contrast, plasma non-protein bound and urinary unconjugated cortisol remained unchanged. The percentage of plasma cortisol not bound to protein fell, indicating that the rise in total plasma cortisol was secondary to increased protein binding. This was confirmed by finding increased binding of both cortisol and testosterone to their specific binding globulins at 1 °C, due apparently to increased concentrations of SHBG and corticosteroid-binding globulin after clomiphene administration. All the responses to clomiphene were prevented by simultaneous administration of fluoxymesterone in two normal subjects.
All the hypopituitary patients showed no rise of LH, 17-OHA or cortisol. The hypogonadotrophic patients, however, showed a normal total cortisol rise.
It is suggested that clomiphene has two actions. First, it interferes with the hypothalamic feed-back mechanisms for testosterone, resulting in increased LH secretion, and secondly it has an oestrogen-like effect in stimulating production of steroid-binding globulins.