bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Certifying Examination of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Authors: Grier R.L. , Donawick W.J. , Griener T.P. , Keown G.H. , McCurnin D.M. , Nelson A.W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe admission requirements and the examining process for applicants for admission to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons are described. Sample questions from the 1976 written examination are included along with the areas of veterinary surgery covered by the examination.
Dorsal Diaphragmatic Hernias in the Dog: Surgical Repair
Authors: Boothe Harry W. , Hobson H.P. , Stavern Neil Van , Hurov L.I. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThree cases of tearing of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragm are described. Comparisons have been drawn between dorsal diaphragmatic hernias. In all three cases the right dorsal aspect of the diaphragm was involved in the tear. Two cases also had the right diaphragmatic crus torn. The paracostal abdominal approach is recommended to enable adequate visualization and repair of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragm.
IN VIVO STRAIN ANALYSIS OF CANINE LONG BONES AND ITS APPLICATION TO INTERNAL FIXATION
Authors: Daly W.R. , Mills E.I. , Hohn R. Bruce 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSingle element foil type strain gages have been bonded to the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral aspects of the canine femur, tibia, and humerus at mid‐diaphysis. When clinically normal locomotion had returned following surgery, recordings of the characteristic deformation patterns were made. Analysis of the data indicated that the tension band sides of the femur and tibia are anterolateral and that of humerus is anteromedial. The limitations of using foil type strain gages in making these assumptions have been discussed.
Repair of Comminuted Fractures of the Proximal Ulna and Olecranon in Young Horses Using Tension Band Plating
Authors: COLAHAN PATRICK T. , MEAGHER DENNIS M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA report of the successful surgical repair of 3 ulnar fractures in young horses is presented and the adaptation of dynamic compression plating to the treatment of these fractures is discussed.
Comparison of Hypothermic and Normothermic Spinal Cord Perfusion in the Dog
Authors: SWAIM STEVEN F. , VANDEVELDE MARC , SAMMONS WILLIAM C. , BAINE LINDA , McGUIRE JOHN A. 
Published: February 2008

Lumbar dorsal laminectomies were performed on 24 dogs, and exposed spinal cords were subjected to various time‐temperature combinations of perfusion according to the following schedule: 1) 30 minutes of hypothermic perfusion—6 dogs; 2) 30 minutes of normothermic perfusion—6 dogs; 3) 120 minutes of hypothermic perfusion—6 dogs; and 4) 120 minutes of normothermic perfusion—6 dogs.Surgery, cord perfusion, and exposure of the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to the epaxial musculature for 5 days following surgery produced histopathologic changes in the dorsal aspects of the cord, especially around the dorsal root area. Hypothermic spinal cord perfusion for 120 minutes produced a marked deleterious effect on normal spinal cord function and spinal cord tissue. Spinal cords exposed to 30 minutes of hypothermic or normothermic perfusion or 120 minutes of normothermic perfusion had less severe clinical and histopathologic changes than those exposed to 120 minutes of hypothermic perfusion. Hypothermic perfusion for 30 minutes and 120 minutes affected not only dorsal aspects of the cord, but also the grey matter. The most severe change in grey matter occurred in cords perfused for 120 minutes.
A Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Tissue Reaction of Four Antiseptics on Canine Wounds
Authors: AMBER E. I. , HENDERSON R. A. , SWAIM S. F. , GRAY B. W. 
Published: February 2008

Three concentrations of povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, and a pluronic polyol were tested for antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction in wounds inoculated with Staphyloccocus aureus.Five paired incisions were created on the back of each of 16 dogs in four treatment groups. Five wounds were inoculated with beta‐hemolytic, coagulase positive S. aureus (109 organisms); the contralateral wounds were not inoculated. After two hours, three wounds on each side were irrigated with antiseptic in low, medium, or high concentrations; another was irrigated with physiological saline; and one was left untreated. One hundred ml of solution was applied in each instance with a syringe and needle at approximately 8 psi.Tissue bacteria were quantitated immediately following irrigation. The wounds were sutured with 5/0 monofilament stainless steel and bandaged. After 48 hours, the dogs were euthanized and signs of wound infection were recorded. Wound bacteria were quantitated again, and sections of the wounds were removed for examination by light microscopy.Antiseptics were significantly effective (p < 0.01) in reducing the bacterial population in contaminated wounds when compared to control wounds on the same dog. High antiseptic concentrations were more effective than low concentrations. At 48 hours, the bacterial population was significantly lower in wounds treated with chlorhexidine or benzalkonium chloride compared with povidone iodine or pluronic polyol. The antiseptics caused no significant difference (p < 0.01) in tissue reaction in noninoculated wounds. Chlorhexidine (0.5 or 1.0%) was the most effective antiseptic under the conditions used.
Multiple Intramedullary Wire Fixation of a Radial Fracture in a Dog
Authors: MATTHIESEN DAVID T. 
Published: February 2008

Multiple intramedullary wire fixation infrequently can be used as an alternative technique to plating, transfixation devices, single intramedullary pinning, or external coaptation for some radius and ulna fractures.This report describes a comminuted fracture of the radius and ulna with fissures and comminution extending too far into the proximal radius for effective application of a bone plate or Kirschner‐Ehmer apparatus. Resulting fracture instability and collapse prohibited effective use of external coaptation as a primary means of fixation. The radial fracture was repaired and stabilized with full cerclage wires and multiple intramedullary Kirschner wires. The dog was using the leg normally 12 months following surgery.
Sacroiliac Fracture‐Separation in the Dog: A Study of 92 Cases
Authors: DECAMP CHARLES E. , BRADEN TERRANCE D. 
Published: February 2008

The case records of 92 consecutive dogs that suffered sacroiliac fracture‐separation were examined. Seventy‐seven per cent (71 of 92) had unilateral sacroiliac injury and 23% (21 of 92) had bilateral sacroiliac injury. Of the unilateral cases, 93% (66 of 71) of the dogs had associated acetabular, ilial, femoral, or tibial fractures; coxofemoral luxations; or cruciate injuries. Eighty‐five per cent (78 of 92) of the dogs had either bilateral sacroiliac injury or unilateral sacroiliac injury and other orthopedic injuries of the opposite limb, thus disabling both hind limbs.Sixty‐five per cent (60 of 92) of the dogs received lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Of 29 dogs that were re‐radiographed on an average of 437 days following fixation, 38% (11 of 29) showed evidence of loosening of the lag screw fixation.aScrews that were placed in the body of the sacrum in some dogs resulted in the fewest loosened fixations (12%, 2 of 17), compared to other locations of screw placement. The fixation had loosened in 7% (1 of 14) of dogs that had a cumulative screw depth/sacral width of 60% or more, compared with 48% of dogs (10 of 21) where cumulative screw depth was less than 60%. The number of screws per fixation and whether the separation was fully reduced or not did not affect whether the fixation loosened.
The Use of Prophylactic Penicillin in Orthopedic Surgery: A Clinical Trial
Authors: HOLMBERG DAVID L. 
Published: February 2008

Thirty dogs presented for open surgical repair of fractures were treated with prophylactic penicillin. Thirty other dogs with fractures were not given antibiotics. Each animal was monitored by clinical signs and deep aspiration culture, and followed for 6 months or until the fracture had healed and the implants had been removed.No statistically significant difference was found in the number of clinical infections or positive bacterial cultures for each group. Differences in results between categories, such as type of injury, implants used, and surgeon, also were not statistically significant.
Inclination and Anteversion Angles of the Femoral Head and Neck in the Dog Evaluation of a Standard Method of Measurement
Authors: MONTAVON P. M. , HOHN R. B. , OLMSTEAD M. L. , RUDY R. L. 
Published: February 2008

The inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in 30 mongrel dogs were determined using a radiographic biplanar technique. The angle of anteversion of the 30 necropsy specimens was measured directly and compared with the in vivo radiographic measurements.The average value for the angles of anteversion, inclination, and corrected real angles of inclination were 31.3°, 148.8°, and 144.7°, respectively. Graphs were established using existing trigonometric relations to facilitate the analysis. The method used was found to be simple, reliable, and accurate. The mean difference between the indirect radiographic biplanar technique and direct measurements on isolated bones was ° 1.5°. The difference between the mean values of anteversion angles determined after radiographic biplanar technique and direct bone measurements was not significant (p > 0.05).
Incarceration of Small Intestine Through Rents in the Gastrosplenic Ligament in the Horse
Authors: YOVICH JOHN V. , STASHAK TED S. , BERTONE ALICIA L. 
Published: February 2008

Incarceration of the small intestine through a rent in the gastrosplenic ligament was diagnosed in five horses. Three affected horses were mature males and two were mature females. Persistent moderate to severe abdominal pain, elevated heart rate, congested mucous membranes, serosanguineous peritoneal fluid, and distended small intestine on rectal examination were consistent findings.Exploratory celiotomy or gross necropsy examination showed the incarcerated intestine to be distal jejunum or ileum. In all horses, the intestine had herniated cranially through the rent in the gastrosplenic ligament. The incarcerated intestine was situated lateral to the stomach and craniolateral to the spleen. Three horses underwent exploratory celiotomy, and the incarcerated small intestine was reduced by gentle traction and then resected. Two of these horses were alive more than 2 years postoperatively without recurrence of signs of abdominal pain, and one was euthanized because of dehiscence of the abdominal incision. Two horses were euthanized without surgical intervention, and necropsy examination revealed a recent rent in the gastrosplenic ligament. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of small intestinal strangulation and obstruction in the horse.
Open Abdominal Drainage in the Treatment of Generalized Peritonitis in 25 Dogs and Cats
Authors: WOOLFSON JOEL M. , DULISCH MARY L. 
Published: February 2008

The case records of 20 dogs and 5 cats that were managed by open peritoneal drainage for generalized peritonitis were reviewed. Although the underlying causes varied, diffuse septic peritonitis was present in all animals. The abdominal incision was closed loosely at the time of the first surgical procedure, and a sterile abdominal wrap was maintained throughout the postoperative period. The abdomen was closed completely in a second surgical procedure performed 2 to 9 days later.The overall mortality rate was 48%. Most deaths occurred before secondary closure of the abdomen was performed. Complications of open peritoneal drainage were hypopro‐teinemia and nosocomial contamination.
Effects of Immobilization on Cartilage Formation after Periosteal Grafting in the Rabbit Stifle
Authors: ROUSH JAMES K. , MANLEY PAUL A. , WILSON JAMES W. 
Published: February 2008

Autogenous periosteal grafts were harvested and placed in the trochlear grooves of the stifles of 32 rabbits. Postoperative immobilization periods of 0, 7, and 14 days were compared. Grafted areas were evaluated for gross appearance, histologic morphology, attachment of cartilage to subchondral bone, cartilage depth, chondrocyte density, proteoglycan presence, collagen fiber orientation, and mitotic activity. Nonimmobilized stifles had increased gross coverage of subchondral bone, better histologic quality, increased safranin 0 stain uptake, and more normal collagen fiber orientation at 60 days than stifles immobilized for 7 or 14 days. Postoperative immobilization did not affect attachment of the graft to the subchondral bone.SummaryIn this investigation, postoperative immobilization for 7 and 14 days did not enhance attachment of periosteal grafts to subchondral bone. Postoperative joint immobilization for 7 and 14 days, in fact, decreased the production and maturation of neocartilage formed by day 60. Histologic quality of the neocartilage at day 60 was directly correlated with safranin O staining, collagen fiber orientation, and gross appearance of the neocartilage. Although the beneficial aspect of early joint mobility on neocartilage formation must have occurred before day 7, it was not evidenced by increased chondrocyte mitotic activity, increased degree of graft attachment, enhanced collagen fiber orientation, or differences in safranin O staining at days 7 or 14.
Enterocystoplasty with Cystectomy and Subtotal Intracapsular Prostatectomy in the Male Dog
Authors: FRIES CINDY L. , BINNINGTON ALLAN G. , VALLI VICTOR E. , CONNOLLY JOHN G. , HOLMBERG DAVID L. , PENNOCK PAUL 
Published: February 2008

Urinary diversion by implantation of the ureters into an isolated segment of jejunum was evaluated in eight clinically normal male dogs. Total cystectomy and subtotal intracapsular prostatectomy were performed, and the intestinal loop was sutured to the prostatic remnant. General health, renal function, acid‐base balance, urinary tract infection, and urinary continence were monitored during observation periods of 4 to 30 weeks.All dogs survived the observation period and seven were in excellent general health at the time of euthanasia. Six of the 16 ureterointestinal anastomoses were complicated by complete ureteral obstruction. Absorption of urea from the intestinal loop was speculated as the reason for significant increases in serum urea nitrogen concentrations in all of the dogs. Serum creatinine concentrations generally remained within the normal range, but were significantly increased from preoperative baseline values by week 30. There was dilation of 12 renal pelves and ureters in seven dogs. Urine bacterial cultures were positive in six dogs, but histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was present in only five kidneys. Ejaculation was not affected by the procedure, but epididymitis was present in five dogs. The dogs could urinate consciously and did not dribble urine continuously; however, they urinated hourly. While the procedure was well tolerated by the dogs, the frequency of urination makes this technique unacceptable for most household pets.
Endoscopic Examination of Normal Paranasal Sinuses in Horses
Authors: RUGGLES ALAN J. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , FREEMAN DAVID E. 
Published: February 2008

The frontal, caudal maxillary, and rostral maxillary sinuses of 10 equine cadavers were examined endoscopically, and the findings were confirmed by sinusotomy. Similar endoscopic examinations were performed in five conscious, adult horses by using sedation and local anesthesia. Useful portals of entry for the arthroscope in adult horses were: for the frontal sinus, 60% of the distance in a lateral direction from midline to the medial canthus and 0.5 cm caudal to the medial canthus; for the caudal maxillary sinus, 2 cm rostral and 2 cm ventral to the medial canthus; and for the rostral maxillary sinus, 50% of the distance from the rostral end of the facial crest to the level of the medial canthus and 1 cm ventral to a line joining the infraorbital foramen and the medial canthus.The frontal sinus portal was most useful for examination of the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses. The caudal maxillary sinus portal was most useful for examining the sphenopalatine sinus. Structures in the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses could be approached surgically by viewing them through the frontal sinus portal and guiding an instrument to them through the caudal maxillary sinus portal. Tooth root identification was reliable for the second and third upper molars in animals older than 5 years, but was more difficult for the rostral teeth and in younger animals.Endoscopy was not difficult to perform and was well tolerated in standing, sedated horses. The only complication of this procedure was mild, local subcutaneous emphysema that resolved spontaneously within 14 days.
Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Dogs with Experimental Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: DAVIDSON JACQUELINE R. , LANTZ GARY C. , SALISBURY S. KATHLEEN , KAZACOS EVELYN A. , BOTTOMS GERALD D. 
Published: February 2008

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) was created experimentally and maintained for 90 minutes in 16 anesthetized, mixed‐breed dogs. After the GDV was corrected, normal saline solution (0.044 mL/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to eight dogs (controls), and flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV) was administered to eight dogs. Microspheres labeled with radioactive cobalt, scandium, tin, or niobium were injected intravenously at baseline (before GDV) and minutes 90, 100, and 270, respectively, to determine tissue blood flows. Plasma endotoxin and prostacyclin were measured at the same intervals.Electrocardiogram, mean arterial pressure, portal pressure, and cardiac output were recorded continuously. Dogs were euthanatized at minute 270 and necropsied. There was no significant difference between treatment groups for any measured variable at any time. Endotoxin levels increased significantly during GDV. Prostacyclin levels were lower in dogs treated with flunixin meglumine than in controls at minutes 210 and 270.Histopathologic findings were similar for all dogs and consistent with those associated with endotoxemia. Flunixin meglumine treatment did not alter cardiac indices or tissue blood flows significantly. However, elevation of prostacyclin was inhibited by flunixin meglumine, which suggested that continued effects of endotoxic damage might be attenuated or inhibited.
Resection of Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Surgical and Perioperative Management in Seven Dogs
Authors: KOMTEBEDDE JAN , ILKIW JAN E. , FOLLETTE DAVID M. , BREZNOCK EUGENE M. , TOBIAS ANTHONY H. 
Published: February 2008

Open heart surgery was performed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to surgically correct subvalvular aortic stenosis in seven dogs. After initiation of total CPB, cardiac arrest was induced by antegrade and retrograde administration of blood cardioplegia. The subvalvular fibrous stenosis was resected through a transverse aortotomy. Intraoperatively and postop‐eratively, dobutamine, nitroprusside, lidocaine, blood(‐products), and crystalloid solutions were used to manage hypotension and optimize cardiac index.Aortic cross‐clamp time varied from 73 to 166 minutes, and duration of CPB varied from 130 to 210 minutes, latrogenic incision into the mitral valve in two dogs was the most significant introperative complication. Postoperative complications included: hypoproteinemia (n = 7), premature ventricular depolarization (n = 6), increased systemic vascular resistance index (n = 5), increased O2 extraction (n = 3), pulmonary edema (n = 2), and decreased cardiac index (n = 1). All seven dogs were discharged alive and in stable condition. Six dogs are alive and in stable condition after a mean follow up of 15.8 months.This is the first detailed report of CPB in a series of clinical veterinary patients. Using the techniques described in this paper, open heart surgery of considerable duration can be performed successfully in dogs with significant myocardial hypertrophy and endomyocardial fibrosis secondary to subvalvular aortic stenosis.
Reduction in Plate Strain by Addition of an Intramedullary Pin
Authors: HULSE DON , HYMAN WILLIAM , NORI MEERA , SLATER MARGARET 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the strain sparing effect of a bone plate and rod system compared with a bone plate alone. Study Design—Mathematical analysis and in vitro modeling of implant‐bone constructs. Implants were instrumented with uniaxial strain gauges. Animals or Sample Preparation—Five pairs of canine femurs. Methods—Bone plates were instrumented with two 350‐ohm strain gauges. The bone plates were used to bridge a simulated fracture gap in five pairs of canine femurs. In one femur of each pair, a bone plate alone was used to bridge the gap; in the opposite femur, a bone plate and intramedullary rod combination was used. Each specimen was mounted on a custom jig and loaded in an axial servohydraulic testing machine. A constantly increasing compressive load was applied at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. Strains at 400.5 N were recorded and analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Mathematical modeling was done using parallel beam theory. Results—Stress reduction in the plate and rod system was twofold compared with the plate alone (P= .059). As important, based on stress reduction in the plate, the fatigue life of the plate/rod system increased 10‐fold over the plate system alone and was greater than 10‐fold at higher absolute stress values. Mathematical analysis of the plate/rod system was similar to that seen with the in vitro analysis. Conclusions—The combination of a bone plate and intramedullary pin was superior in reducing plate stress when compared with the plate alone and functioned as two beams acting in concert. Clinical Relevance—Stabilization of comminuted fractures by bridging the zone of fragmentation with a bone plate without anatomic reduction of each fragment is a useful method of managing this type of injury. Addition of an intramedullary pin reduces the stress applied to the plate and thereby extends the fatigue life of the bone plate.
Laparoscopic Adhesiolysis in a Horse
Authors: BLEYAERT HELGA F. , BROWN MURRAY P. , BONENCLARK GREGORY , BAILEY JAMES E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this report was to describe the use of laparoscopy as a method of treatment for abdominal adhesions in the horse.Clinical Report—Unilateral ovariectomy for removal of a granulosa cell tumor was performed through a diagonal paramedian approach in a 14‐year‐old Arabian mare. Progressive incisional swelling and hemorrhage culminated in acute incisional dehiscence with herniation of ileum on the sixth postoperative day. Septic peritonitis that responded to parenteral antibiotic therapy was identified 7 days after hernia repair. Seven days later, the mare had signs of abdominal pain, and adhesions of small intestine to the paramedian incision were identified on rectal palpation. Transrectally assisted laparoscopic adhesiolysis was performed. No further complications occurred.Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic adhesiolysis may provide better observation of adhesions and reduced postoperative morbidity compared with laparotomy.