bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution to Thunberg's Method of Estimating Citric Acid On the “Systematic Deviation” of the Ci‐curve and the Estimation of the Ci‐value from the Cu
Authors: HAGELSTAM LARS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Having demonstrated in an earlier work that an artificial colloidal solution causes a systematic deviation in the THUNBERG Ci‐curve, the author poses the question: is the influence of the colloid content determined by a law, and does such a law concern also the Ci‐estimation in blood serum? Solutions of alb. ovi pulv. gummi arab. and gall of swine to which was added 10 γ/ml of Ci caused a systematic deviation of the Ci‐curve. The systematic deviation increased if the concentration of a given colloidal solution was increased. Different colloidal solutions in the same concentration caused systematic deviations of unequal degree. The figure for the expression the level line of the X‐curve/the level line of the standard curve called the level quotient, determines which tubes ought to be considered when estimating the Ci‐content of the X‐solution. By a higher figure of the level quotient the point for the exact value is regularly displaced upwards on the curve. Simultaneously the for the estimation of the Ci‐value best combination of several consecutive tubes is displaced upwards on the curve. The systematic deviation of the Ci‐curve is due to an acceleration of the reaction process in the upper part of the curve and a simultaneous retardation of the process in its lower part. A change in the colloidal properties of a given colloidal solution affects the degree of the systematic deviation.Parallel estimations of Ci in blood serum according to THUNBERG and according to PSV show that the same laws rule the systematic deviation in artificial colloidal solutions and in blood serum. This shows that the systematic deviation of the serum curve is due to the serum colloids.Parallel Ci‐estimations with the THUNBERG and PSV methods on venous blood of man gave almost identical results.
Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Glutamic and Aspartic Acid in Mixtures of Different Amino Acids
Authors: DARLING. SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.On the basis of previously reported works by TURBA and WIELAND a chromatographic method for the quantitative separation and determination of glutamic acid and aspartic acid in a mixture of amino acids has been outlined. The method allows the determination of 5–30 micromols amino acids with the same accuracy as a micro‐Kjeldahl determination. The method is especially apt for series analyses.
Electrical Impedance Properties of Surviving Gastric Mucosa of the Frog
Authors: TEORELL TORSTEN , WERSÄLL RICHARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The alternating current impedance of the isolated, surviving stomach mucosa from frog was examined over the frequency range 10–13,000 c/s. The results were expressed in terms of impedance locus diagrams according to GILDEMEISTER‐LULLIESCOLE.In general it was found that different states of activity and external conditions had a marked influence on the impedance quantities such as the “parallel resistance” and the “polarization angle”. On the whole, it was found that strong stimulation (in connection with secretion, or electrical current flow) or injury (mechanical or chemical) in particular affected the parallel resistance.Impedance quantities related to the polarization properties of the mucous membrane, i. e. the “polarization angle” and the “characteristic frequency”, were sensitive to the exchange of sodium ions against potassium ions (“potassium effect”).The observations are discussed according to some current hypotheses. It is emphasized that great caution must be exercised when attempting to interpret the impedance quantities in terms of cell and tissue permeability.
Studies on the Lymphocyte Production. Investigations on the Nucleic Acid Turnover in the Lymphoid Organs
Authors: ANDREASEN ERIK , OTTESEN JENS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The importance of the various lymphoid organs as a source of blood lymphocytes is studied by determinations of the rate of desoxyribose nucleic acid formation in the organs under examination. The rate of formation of nucleic acid is estimated by means of the radioactive indicator method. The animal material is normal albino rats in different age groups.A large nucleic acid turnover is observed in the lymphoid organs. The greatest renewal takes place in the thymus, the rate of renewal in mature animals being 5–6 per cent during the 3 hours' experimental period. The corresponding figures for the lymph nodes and the spleen are only 1–2 per cent.Various considerations lead to the assumption that the desoxyribose nucleic acid turnover affords an estimate of the lymphocyte production in the different lymphoid organs. According to this conception, calculations show that the thymus must be the most important lymphocytopoietic organ except in old age when the weight of the organ is markedly reduced. Compared with the high thymic activity the other lymphoid organs possess only a slight lymphocytopoietic function.
Studies on Dietary Gizzard Ulcers in Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , SEGAL HARRY L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The highly unsaturated fraction of the fatty acids from hog liver fat (iodine value about 200) counteracts the development of gizzard ulcers in chicks reared on ulcer‐producing artificial diets. The moderately unsaturated fraction (i. v. 90) and the largely saturated fraction (i. v. 2.5) have little or no effect respectively. The active fraction can be converted into methyl esters without losing its potency and is relatively stable to heat.Cod liver oil or oleic acid does not possess anti‐ulcer effect; lard and commercial soy‐bean oil are much less effective than hog liver fat.Vitamin E in the form of d, l‐alpha‐tocopherol acetate delays to some extent the development of gizzard ulcers produced by an artificial diet without cinchophen.The salt content of the diet also has some influence on the tendency to the development of ulcers.Cholic acid is without effect when added to ulcer‐producing diets without cinchophen but enhances the ulcer‐producing effect of cinchorhen‐containing artificial diets.Cartilage, pasteurized cream and dried alfalfa give some protection against gizzard ulcers. Dried calf brain offers a degree of protection somewhat comparable to that of hog liver.Cerophyl, canned sterilized cream and ventriculin are largely inactive.Evidence of increased acidity of the fasting stomach juice of chicks receiving ulcer‐producing diets is not present.Feeding of heated cod liver oil enhances the tendency to gizzard ulcers in ducklings.Rats fed the same diets used for the production of ulcers fail to develop ulcers within 94 days.
On the Synthesis of Choline in the Animal Body
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.From in vitro experiments evidence is gathered that muscle and liver tissue in the rat are able to catalyse the methylation of ethanol amine to choline, the methyl groups being furnished by methionine which is in turn demethylated to homocysteine. Some of the properties of the enzyme system in question are investigated.
Bilirubin in Urine and Other Secretions apart from the Bile and in the Cereorospinal and Eye Liquors
Authors: WITH TORBEN K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In patients with pronounced jaundice the sweat, tears, saliva and gastric juice were found to be bilirubin‐free. The behavior of milk in pronounced jaundice is yet unknown. The renal threshold for bilirubin is in the adult about 5 mg. per 100 ml. of serum (3–7 and occasionally as high as 11). The bilirubin clearance is very low (0.1–0.5) and does not show any close correlation to the urea clearance. The excretion of bilirubin in the kidneys seems to take place by secretion by the tubular epithelia only and the ability of the kidneys to excrete bilirubin is very limited. The individual variations of the renal threshold and the clearance for bilirubin are considerable.The cerebrospinal and eye liquors are entirely bilirubin‐free in most cases of jaundice. Only in cases of pronounced and longstanding jaundice may traces of bilirubin (below 1% of the serum concentration) be found.
On the Presence in Extracts of Leaves and Plants of a Factor Interfering with the Chemical Determination of Thiamin by the Method of Melnick and Field
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A factor which interferes with the chemical determination of thiamin as carried out by the method of MELNICK and FIELD has been isolated from extracts of aspen leaves. The factor is an electroneutral, low‐molecular substance, probably with reducing properties and not containing sulphur, phosphorus or nitrogen. The general occurrence of the factor in leaves from plants and trees and in vegetables has been investigated.The writer is indebted to the Ferrosan Corporation for a grant which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges his thanks to Miss Ahlquist and Mr. Eklund for valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
Influence of Synthetic Polysaccharid Sulfuric Acid Esters on the Thrombocytes in vivo and in vitro.
Authors: PIPER JØRGEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is demonstrated that some synthetic anticoagulants of the polysaccharid sulfuric acid ester group (chitin, cellulose and starch sulfuric acid esters) on intravenous injection in rabbits produce an agglutination of the thrombocytes and reduce the number of circulating platelets. This effect is of rather short duration and completely reversible. The toxicity of these substances reported by some authors may be due to the phenomenon demonstrated here.The mucoitin polysulfuric acid ester (heparin) found in the animal organism does not have the same effect on the thrombocytes.
Concluding Studies on the Conducting Properties of Human Skin to Alternating Current.
Authors: ROSENDAL THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe dielectric constant D of pulverized, dry stratum corneum is found to be 9.1–9.65 for frequencies between 400 and 10,000 cycles. The phase angle is about 88° in the same frequency range.Determinations of capacity and resistance of 6 cm2 of the stratum corneum show that it has, immediately after the preparation, a capacitive conductivity which is 230–300 times greater than after it has been dried for several days in air to constant weight, the drying being accompanied by a loss in moisture of about 20% of the weight of the stratum corneum.The high capacitive conductivity with a lag angle of about 10° is associated with the moisture (water or electrolyte) content of the corneous layer which has not been dried.On the basis of the resemblance between the frequency dependence of the corneous layer and that of a series of polarization cells, as well as between the frequency independence of the phase angle for both systems and the magnitude of this angle, the a. c.‐conduction through the stratum corneum is explained by electrolytic polarization.Experiments involving the soaking of a membrane prepared by compression of pulverized, dry stratum corneum make it seem probable that the polarization is dependent upon the stratified structure of the corneous layer.
Some Remarks on the Kinetics of the Carotene Loss in Dried Vegetables.
Authors: PETERSEN EIGIL ETTRUP , SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn dried carrots, spinach, kale and alfalfa, stored at constant temperature and in desiccators with constant degree of moisture in order to keep the water content of the dried materials approximately constant at different levels, it is shown that the carotene loss procecds according to a first‐order reaction scheme; hence it seems rational to calculate the half decomposition time for carotene and use this value as a measurc of the stability of carotene under varying conditions. It is shown that under identical conditions the half decomposition times for the dried green vegetables: spinach, kale and alfalfa are of the same order of dimension, apparently greatest however, for spinach. to0.5 for carotene in carrots is materially smaller than for the above mentioned green vegetables. In dried carrots the stability of carotene depends greatly upon the water content, the greatest stability being found at a water content of about 18 per cent.
On the Affinity of Pig Pancreas Lipase for Tricaproin in Heterogeneous Solution
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe affinity of pig pancreas lipase towards tricaproin in heterogeneous mixtures has been determined at 30° C in the presence of sodium taurocholate and calcium chloride with constant shaking, (250 double oscillations per min.), the initial velocity of the reaction of hydrolysis in the lipid phase being calculated in relation to the initial surface of the lipid phase. In the investigated tricaproin emulsions with increasing amounts of tricaproin a normal and approximately uniform frequency distribution was found with regard to the logarithm of the diameters of the fatty particles. A conversion factor is computed from the relation between the total surface and the total volume of the particles and by means of this factor the total initial surface of the lipid phase in each enzymatic hydrolysis experiment can be calculated. – By the calculation of the affinity, FREUNDLICH'S adsorption isotherm has been applied to the adsorption of the enzyme in the surface layer of the lipid phase. The reciprocal value of k, where k is measure of the affinity of lipase towards undissolved tricaproin, is under the given experimental conditions equal to 130 cm2 per 250 cc reaction mixture.
The Reabsorption of Glycine and Other Amino Acids in the Kidneys of Man
Authors: USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Methods are described for the estimation of total amino‐N, glycine, leucine + valine and histidine in blood plasma and urine. The amino‐N determination method is a modification of FOLIN'S method. Glycine is estimated from the fall in amino‐N on repeated adsorptions on carbon.For the determination of leucine + valine in urine a method is described modifying a method previously worked out by the author for the determination of the sum of these amino acids in small tissue samples.Histidine is partly isolated from urine by adsorption on carbon and eluation with 50% acetic acid.2. The content of different amino acids in plasma and urine from human subjects is examined. It is found that glycine is not the all dominating amino acid, neither in plasma nor in urine.Moreover it is found that the concentration index for glycine (possibly + other little adsorbed amino acids) is somewhat higher than that for total amino‐N. Leucine and valine are very efficiently reabsorbed compared with for instance glycine and histidine.3. The effect of glycine ingestion in human subjects is examincd. It is found that the taking of 20–25 g glycine may increase the amino acid content in the urine up to 14 times. The excess excretion is, however, shown to consist of glycine only, the excretion of histidine and tyrosine remaining at the fasting level.4. The results are discussed and a working hypothesis is set forth to explain the apparent independent reabsorption of glycine and other amino acids.
The Purification and Properties of Aminopolypeptidase from the Hog's Pyloric Mucosa. I.
Authors: AGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In cataphoretical analysis the aminopolypeptidase of the hog's pyloric‐duodenal mucosa behaves as a compound with its isoelectric point close to pH 4.6. After inactivation by dialysis at pH 3.8–4.3 the enzyme can be reactivated by addition of a dialysable factor.
Reflex Motor Discharges in Single Nerve Fibres of the Frog in Strychnine Poisoning and in other Convulsive States
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The maximal frequency (at room temperature) of reflex impulsation in single nerve fibres of the frog was examined. It was found to vary in different conditions being lowest (up to 125 imp/sec.) in normal reflexes of a spinal frog, probably somewhat higher in brain‐stem and chloralose frogs and distinctly higher in convulsive states especially in strychnine cramps viz. up to 300 imp/sec.The peculiar form of activity in single fibres under strychnine and cold convulsions was also investigated. It could be stated that during fully developed strychnine and cold cramps the single fibre neurogram consisted of high frequency outbursts of impulses appearing 5–10 times per sec., the groups being separated from each other by a more or less distinct silent period. The impulse groups in different fibres showed a considerable synchronism.In the discussion it is pointed out that increased irradiation of reflexes e. g. in brain‐stem or strychnine frogs compared with spinal, normal frogs usually corresponds to a raised “functional” frequency maximum of the motor nerve cell. As it is known that strychnine as well as cooling of the cord partly abolishes the one‐way conduction in synapses leading to maximal irradiation of reflexes, the possibility to explain some other phenomena in convulsive states on this basis was considered. According to GESELL the number of impinging signals and of activated synapses at the dendritic part of the neuromembrane causes a potential gradient between the dendritic and axon hillock parts of the neurone, that determines the degree of activity of a nerve cell. If this theory is applied on the strychnine effects, it might be possible to interpret the excitatory action of strychnine on motor cortex and the strychnine reversing of inhibitory reflexes to excitatory as results of the failure of one‐way conduction in the cord caused by strychnine.
Gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Äther und Kohlendioxyd in der Atmungsluft.
Authors: LINDE PAUL 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird eine gasvolumetrische Methode beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, Äther und Kohlendioxyd bei gleichzeitigem Vorkommen in einer Luftprobe, z. B. bei Narkosen, quantitativ zu bestimmen. Es ist auch gezegt worden, dass bei der üblichen Kohlendioxydabsorptionsanalyse mit Kalilauge zu hohe Werte erhalten werden, wenn Äther in der Luftprobe vorhanden ist.
The Significance of Diffusion and Convection for the Distribution of Solutes in the Interstitial Space
Authors: KRUHØFFER POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In experiments on nephrectomized rabbits inulin and sucrose have been found to have at least very nearly the same definite volume of distribution viz. slightly less than 20% of the body weight. Both materials must be assumed to distribute themselves only in the extracellular space.As sucrose diffuses about 3 times as rapidly as inulin, sucrose is more suitable for determinations of the extracellular space and must at present be considered the most appropriate substance for such determinations on nephrectomized animals and individual tissues, however complete distribution is not obtained till 4–6 hours after intravenous injection.An experimental procedure is described which makes it possible to decide whether convection or diffusion is the most important factor in the distribution of solutes in the interstitial spaces. The method is based on determinations of the so called curves of distribution for inulin and sucrose after simultaneous intravenous injection on nephrectomized rabbits.From the results of experiments of this kind it is concluded that diffusion completely dominates the distribution.
Microdetermination of pH in Saliva
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN BODIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A method is reported for determinations of pH in saliva from the parotid and mandibular glands. A micro quinhydron electrode according to BILLMANN is used. A technique is described by which loss of CO2 during both collecting and measureing of the sample is avoided.Determinations are caried out to show the accuracy of this method in comparison with methods used by former investigators.
On the Purification of the Thiamin‐Inactivating Fish Factor II
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By cataphoretic separation and dialysis the thiamin‐destroying fish factor has been further purified about 10 times, in all about 100 times. The activity seems to be associated with a colourless protein.The author is indebted to the Astra Corporation for a grant which supported the present investigation. He further expresses his thanks to Mr. Eklund for valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
In what Form does Histamine Occur in Plasma?
Authors: COLLDAHL H. , HOLMBERG CARL G. , LAURELL C. ‐B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Two types of experiments have been performed, both of which indicate that histamme is present in plasma in bound, inactive form.The possibility is discussed that histamine might be set free during the sampling of blood through, the action of thrombokinase.
Study on Ph. Broemser's Manometer Theory for Oscillations in the Aorta
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , PORJÉ I. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Frank‐Broemser's manometer theory regarding oscillations in the aorta has been studied, and the following results have been obtained.

“The fundamental (self) oscillation time” of the arterial pulse, as computed for 18 healthy subjects, aged 20–40 years, with different methods, gives the same values for each subject, regardless of the combinations of computation.
BROEMSER'S supposition that the “manometer” has a constant damping factor is not correct.
Glycerol Oxidation and Muscular Exercise
Authors: LUNDSGAARD EINAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The fall in the glycerol concentration in the blood after oral administration of glycerol is slowed down during muscular work.This effect is assumed to be due to the liberation of glycerol from the fats metabolized during the work.If triglycerides are broken down in the working muscles, then at any rate the glycerol component is not directly oxidized in the muscles.The presence of ethyl alcohol in the blood causes a marked depression in glycerol oxidation, a further indication of the close relationship between the metabolism of the two compounds.
On the Action of a Factor Interfering with the Chemical Determination of Thiamin by the Method of Melnick and Field. II
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The highly purified material from aspen leaves contains a substance or substances with reducing properties and phenol‐like character which seem to interfere with the chemical determination of thiamin by the reaction of MELNICK and FIELD. The vitamin is apparently reduced to a state which is biologically active. Thiamin which has interacted with cysteine, vitamin C or the phenol‐like leaf factor can be determined with the thiochrome method. Cysteine gives a faint blue fluorescence in the thiochrome test.
Sympathomimetic Activity in Extracts of Normal Human and Bovine Blood.
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , SCHMITERLÖW C. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Alcoholic extracts of whole blood from cattle and normal human subjects produce a rise of blood pressure and tachycardia in the cat, after adsorption of depressor constituents with Fuller's earth. The active substance is inactivated by iodine in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions.The pressor action is enhanced by cocaine, and inhibited or abolished but not reversed by a dose of dihydro‐ergotamine sufficient to reverse the action of an equipressor amount of adrenaline.The evidence presented supports the assumption that the normally occurring pressor agent in bovine and human blood is chiefly nor‐adrenaline (sympathin).The amount of sympathin found in bovine and human whole blood corresponds to some 2–4 μg dl‐nor‐adrenaline hydrochloride per 100 ml blood.This work has been supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to one of us (U. S. v. E.) which is gratefully acknowledged.