bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism, Anxiety and Depression
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , MONTEIRO MARISTELA G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper discusses diagnostic and treatment approaches for dealing with patients who present with two or more psychiatric disorders. We emphasize the relationship between depressive and anxiety syndromes on one hand, and alcohol abuse on the other. Some reasons for diagnostic confusion are noted, such as the need to distinguish between drinking and alcoholism, sadness and depression, and anxiety feelings and major anxiety disorders. Because symptoms of sadness or anxiety and excessive drinking frequently overlap, a working hierarchy must be established–the approach suggested here is the determination of the primary disorder based on the chronology of development of symptoms. The authors point out some clinical guidelines for use in evaluating patients with primary alcohol abuse and secondary anxiety or depression. Using the data from the literature as well as clinical experience, it is concluded that alcoholism, major affective disorder and major anxiety disorder are distinct illnesses with different prognoses and treatments. Some implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Television Advertisements for Alcoholic Drinks Do Reinforce Under‐age Drinking
Authors: AITKEN P. P. , EADIE D. R. , LEATHAR D. S. , MCNEILL R. E. J. , SCOTT A. C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIndividual interviews were conducted with 433 Glasgow children aged between 10 and 17. The findings were consistent with previous research in indicating that children are much more aware and appreciative of alcohol advertising than adults realize. They were particularly appreciative of television commercials for mass‐produced lagers. This is consistent with previous research in indicating that commercials for alcoholic drinks aimed at older teenagers and young adults present qualities that younger teenagers find attractive. There were consistent and important differences between under‐age drinkers and non‐drinkers. Under‐age drinkers were more adept at recognising and identifying brand imagery in alcohol commercials. This suggests they tend to pay more attention to alcohol commercials. Under‐age drinkers also tended to be more appreciative of television advertisements for alcoholic drinks. This suggests they get more pleasure out of alcohol commercials. In other words, television alcohol commercials are reinforcing under‐age drinking.
Follow‐up of Heroin Addicts in Spain (EMETYST Project): results 1 year after treatment admission
Authors: SÁANCHEZ‐CARBONELL JAVIER , CAMI JORDI , BRIGOS BLANCA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe EMETYST (Estudio Multicéntrico de Evaluación de Tratamientos y Seguimiento de Toxicómanos) project describes demographic characteristics and history of drug abuse in a sample of 311 heroin addicts, who began treatment for addiction between the months of March and July 1985 in 16 different outpatient drug‐free clinics in Spain. The outcome of these patients was studied prospectively at 6 and 12 months after the onset of treatment. Drug use, psychological status, occupational status, and legal status were the main areas of interest. At 12 months, 51% of patients had discontinued heroin use (p < 0.01). Ten per cent of patients remained on treatment for 1 year of more. As previously reported in other studies, treatment decreased heroin use and improved psychological status. Predictive factors of the patient's status at 12 months were duration of therapy, pretreatment criminal history, and results obtained at 6‐month follow‐up.
Drug Taking, Crime and the Illicit Supply System
Authors: BEAN PHILIP T. , WILKINSON CHRISTINE K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe links between drug taking and crime are examined in terms of three main questions: to what extent does drug use lead to crime, to what extent does crime lead to drug use, and to what extent does crime and drug use emerge from a common set of circumstances? The results give little to support the two propositions but much to support the third if it is defined in terms of the drug users position on and contact with the illicit supply system. Data is presented to show that the drug users relationship to that illicit supply system account for much current crime.
Alcohol in Pregnancy: patterns and association with socio‐economic, psychological and behavioural factors
Authors: HELLER J. , ANDERSON H. R. , BLAND J. M. , BROOKE O. G. , PEACOCK J. L. , STEWART C. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study investigated alcohol consumption during pregnancy and its relationships with socio‐economic, psychological and behavioural factors in 1463 women. Information about alcohol consumption in the preceding 7 days was obtained by structured interview at booking, 28 and 36 weeks gestation. The prevalence of current drinking was about 50% at each interview. Combining the three interviews, the cumulative prevalence of drinking was 71%. Six per cent reported drinking l00g/wk or more at at least one interview, a level of consumption which has been reported to be associated with adverse foetal outcome. Higher proportions of drinkers than non‐drinkers were married, better educated, of higher social class and financial status. These factors were also associated with higher levels of consumption amongst those who drank. There was little evidence of an association between drinking and psychiatric state. Smoking was not associated with drinking status but was strongly related to the amount drunk by drinkers. Cluster analysis of heavier drinkers indicated the presence of a small sub‐group of socially disadvantaged women. These findings carry implications for both prevention and perinatal epidemiology.
Clinical Utility of Rapid Clonidine‐naltrcxone Detoxification for Opioid Abusers
Authors: VINING EUGENIA , KOSTEN THOMAS R. , KLEBER HERBERT D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryClonidine hydrochloride (an alpha‐2 adrenergic agonist) and naltrexone hydrochloride (an opioid antagonist), given in combination, provide a safe and effective treatment of abrupt opioid withdrawal over 4 or 5 days in an outpatient/day setting. Following a naloxone challenge test to verify and quantify opioid dependence, 14 of 17 (82%) heroin users successfully withdrew from opioids and attained maintenance levels of naltrexone. Eight of 9 (89%) successfully completed the 4‐day study in which naltrexone therapy was begun on day I. Three to 5 days of clonidine hydrochloride treatment with a peak mean dose of 0.6 mg/day on day 2 for the patients in the S‐day study, and 0.5 mg on days 1 and 2 for patients in the 4‐day study, attenuated the withdrawal inducing effects of naltrexone. Both groups received naltrexone in single morning doses which were rapidly increased from 12.5 mg on the first day of naltrexone therapy to SO mg on the third day. Clonidine significantly decreased blood pressure in both groups without producing clinical problems. This study has improved the availability of the clonidine‐naltrexone combination by developing a single dose per day naltrexone regimen with naltrexone doses generally available to any opioid treatment facility.
Changing Trends in Drug Use: an initial follow‐up of a local heroin using community
Authors: FRASER ANDREW , GEORGE MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA cohort of 101 heroin users and suppliers involved in a local community network were monitored over an 18 month period by staff at two community drug treatment agencies. The relative impact of police action and therapeutic intervention on this network is detailed and discussed. Few (7%) were still known to be using exclusively heroin after this time with many moving their dependency to other drugs, including alcohol, alone or in combination.Analysis of events suggests that the disruption of the social centre which had come to be associated with the use and supply of drugs has had a major effect on the dissolution of the heroin network equal in importance to the apprehension of larger dealers or the expansion of treatment services.
The Effect of Introducing a New Light Beer in Norway: substitution or addition?
Authors: SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this paper the question is raised if total alcohol consumption may be reduced by introducing new alcoholic beverages with low alcohol content. May such beverages substitute stronger ones, or will they be added to existing habits? It is argued that this issue deserves more attention in the future. The effects of introducing a new light beer in Norway are analysed from this perspective. The point estimates indicate a substitution, but the effect is not statistically significant.
Types of Male Alcohol‐ and Drug‐abusing Incareerated Offenders
Authors: HODGINS DAVID C. , LIGHTFOOT LYNN O. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo provide a parsimonious description of prisoners with alcohol and drug use histories, a clustering algorithm was applied to a set of treatment‐relevant psychosocial variables obtained from a survey of 269 male incarcerated Canadian offenders. A stable five group solution was uncovered. The groups are differentiated mainly in terms of the seriousness of their alcohol and drug problems but each group has its own particular constellation of other features: one group was relatively problem‐free; one abused drugs other than alcohol and seemed to be leading a generally criminal lifestyle; the third group abused only alcohol and was more socially stable; and the final two groups abused both alcohol and other drugs differing in that one reported needing more emotional assistance and the other showing signs of organic deficits.
Consequences of Increasing Off‐premise Wine Outlets in Iowa
Authors: MULFORD H. A. , FITZGERALD J. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBefore/after survey data and beverage alcohol sales records were used to investigate the effect that increasing the number of off‐premise wine outlets in Iowa might have had on the consumption and purchase of wine, beer and distilled spirits, and also the effect on heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Monthly wine sales surged immediately following the increase in outlets, and the prevalence of self‐reported wine purchasers was significantly higher when measured some 9 months later. However, the number of self‐reported wine drinkers, per capita consumption and per capita purchases were virtually unchanged. Consistent with this evidence of stable consumption, monthly wine sales soon declined again to levels commensurate with those prevailing prior to the increase in outlet numbers. The self‐reported consumption and the sale of both spirits and beer were unaffected by the wine outlet increase. Also the self‐reported total alcohol consumption was unchanged as were heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Neither the sales nor survey data supported the Distribution of Consumption Prevention Model prediction that the increased wine availability would produce a significant and lasting increase in wine consumption, and in the prevalence of heavy drinkers and problem drinkers.
The Evaluation of a ‘Co‐operative Counselling’ Alcohol Service Which Uses Family and Affected Others to Reach and Influence Problem Drinkers
Authors: YATES F. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA previous study of normal drinking by the author found that problems experienced by other people's drinking were more commonly reported than worry about a personal drink problem. A new counselling service was set up to test the practical application of these findings to manage drink problems in the community. The aim was to use ‘affected others’ as agents to reach the person at an early stage in their drink problem. Natural preventive strategies were explored and applied to reduce drinking. This experimental ‘Co‐operative Counselling Service’ was tested over 6 months and I5 cases received extended help. Only three of the 15 problem drinkers associated with these cases had been treated for their drinking before. Of the 10 cases for which 3 month outcomes were available, five were reported to have reduced their drinking. Eight case studies are presented to indicate the nature of the client work.
Singapore: a study of university students' drinking behaviour
Authors: ISRALOWITZ RICHARD , HONG ONG TECK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is a study of drinking behaviour among 1160 college students in Singapore. There were 767 Chinese, 127 Malay and 185 Indian students in the randomly selected sample. The Engs & Hanson questionnaire was used for researching the students' alcohol behaviour patterns and attitudes. Findings show very few of the students use alcohol on a regular basis or exhibit negative behaviour associated with its use. When data were compared with findings from the United States and Israel, Singapore students show a dramatically lower rate of alcohol‐related problem behaviour than their counterparts from the other countries.
What Children Know About Alcohol and How They Know it
Authors: CASSWELL S. , GILMORE L. L. , SILVA P. , BRASCH P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn an interview study New Zealand children aged 8 and 9 years revealed clear concepts, mostly negative, about alcohol. Most of the children associated drinking alcohol with getting drunk, and few were unable to describe any effects of alcohol or what being drunk meant. Television was a source of information for 37% of the sample, parents or siblings for 26%; 21% had witnessed the effects they described. More than half the sample said they did not know their friends' feelings about alcohol use. When television was a communication source, especially if health promotion advertisements had been seen, drink‐driving dangers were more likely to be described. Children judged aware of alcohol problems in their immediate environment who had witnessed the effects they described mentioned vomiting and silliness as alcohol effects more often than others.
The Sex Industry, Alcohol and Illicit Drugs: implications for the spread of HIV infection
Authors: PLANT MOIRA L. , PLANT MARTIN A. , PECK DAVID F. , SETTERS JO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA review is presented of the association between the sex industry and the use and misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs. It is concluded that both the latter are associated with “high risk“ sexual activities and that heavy drinking and illicit drug use are commonplace amongst prostitutes and their clients. Outside Africa evidence suggests that in some, though by no means all, areas prostitutes have low or zero levels of HIV seropositivity. It is concluded that far more information is needed on the patterns of AIDS‐related knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours amongst male and female prostitutes and their clients. Vigorous policies are needed to increase levels of knowledge about AIDS risks amongst prostitutes and their clients and to foster the adoption of 'safer sex’practices.
Success and Failure at Inpatient Heroin Detoxification
Authors: SAN LUIS , CAMÍ JORDI , PERI JOSÉ M. , MATA ROSA , PORTA MIQUEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPredictors of either detoxification success or failure were evaluated during an inpatient trial that compared the efficacy of methadone, clonidine and guanfacine for rapid heroin detoxification. The analysis of such predictors was stimulated by the fact that in order to achieve 90 patients who completed the study (30 in each group), a total of 170 patients had to be included. Of 80 detoxification failures, 10 occurred in the methadone group, 32 in the guanfacine group, and 38 in the clonidine group. Voluntary request for discontinuation of the detoxification schedule was the first cause of failure. There were not statistically significant differences with regard to sociodemographic characteristics and pattern of drug consumption among patients in the three groups who completed detoxification with success or failure. The treatment drug, the type of schedule and the score obtained from the Symptom Checklist‐90/Revised (SCL‐90/R) were the only predictors of either detoxification success or failure. Inpatient opioid detoxification would be a useful strategy for patients with more severe psychological symptoms.
Ethanol, Acetaldehyde and Cardiac Protein Synthesis: the relation to cardiomyopathy
Authors: SCHREIBER SIDNEY S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe occurrence of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism has been well documented, but the cause of the myopathy is still unclear. Some of the mechanisms described have included accumulation of triglycerides, altered fatty acid extraction1,2, membrane alterations with decreased response to Ca2+ and to catecholamines 3,4 and alterations in cardiac protein synthesis.5 The present article briefly reviews the effects of ethanol or its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, on cardiac protein synthesis and possible relation to cardiomyopathy.
The Diet of Steady Drinkers with Special Reference to Social Variables
Authors: Price JOHN , Kerr RAY , WILLIAMS GAIL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe influence of a number of variables on the diets of 65 steady drinkers from alcohol rehabilitation units on Merseyside, United Kingdom was investigated. All drank principally beer or spirits. Social variables studied included age, sex, living alone or with others, employment status and socio‐economic status. Alcohol‐related variables included quantity consumed and preferred beverage. Dietary outcome was assessed in terms of the variety of foods and the number of meals eaten per week. Living alone proved by far the most important determinant of reduced diet. Spirit drinkers ate more meals than beer drinkers, but only if living with others. Increased alcohol consumption related modestly to fewer foods and meals being consumed. Drinkers living alone constitute a much larger proportion of those entering rehabilitation programmes in Queensland, Australia than in the United Kingdom. The present findings may help to explain the high incidence in Queensland of thiamin deficiency syndromes including the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome.
Undergraduate Training in Substance Abuse in the United Kingdom
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDuring 1987 thirteen departments in each of 28 medical schools were surveyed about the training their undergraduate medical students received in substance abuse. There was a 70% response rate, and of the departments that responded, 54% provided formal teaching (lectures, seminars, symposia), on average 14 hours over the 5 year training. Forty‐three per cent of the major clinical specialities provided clinical exposure to addiction problems, but only 21% of clinical and non‐clinical departments ensured that students were examined on the topicThere is a need to focus teaching in addiction behaviour either by co‐ordinated effort over all departments, or by integration within departments. It is pressing to review and revise the medical curriculum because of the escalation of substance abuse, the need for resources, the pivotal role of the medical profession and the relation of drug abuse to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.The development of a‘core’curriculum which demarcates key topics, and which encompasses and links pre‐clinical and clinical training in addiction behaviour would be valuable.
Health Authority Policies for the Prevention of Alcohol Problems
Authors: ANDERSON PETER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough national policy has a major influence in preventing alcohol problems, much can be done at a local level. In addition national policy can either be made or at least influenced from the local level, and local communities are well placed to change attitudes and influence key processes, thus creating a climate for appropriate national debates and policy developments. This paper addresses why a local policy is needed for the prevention of alcohol problems, and then considers a number of the components of such a policy, how such a policy might be implemented, and how such a policy might be evaluated.
Decreases in Alcohol Problems and Increased Alcoholics Anonymous Membership
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , MANN ROBERT E. , ANGLIN LISE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this study, the impact of changes in rates of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership and per capita consumption of alcohol on changes in rates of cirrhosis, drinking‐driving charges and liquor act charges are examined for the 10 provinces of Canada over the period 1974–1983. Neither measure was significantly related to changes in cirrhosis rates. However, AA membership and consumption changes were associated, in an interactive manner, with changes in drinking‐driving and liquor act charges.
The Comparability of Solicited Versus Clinic Subjects in Alcohol Treatment Research
Authors: PEARLMAN SHELDON , ZWEBEN ALLEN , LI SELINA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe increasing use of media advertisements to recruit subjects in alcohol treatment research has raised concerns about the comparability of such solicited subjects and subjects drawn from more traditional clinic populations. This paper, based on a study that involved both solicited and clinic subjects, identifies differences between the two types of subjects in terms of sociodemographic variables; pre‐treatment drinking and marital adjustment; several dimensions of ‘self‐definition’ and three outcome measures. These findings suggest that there may be significant differences between solicited and clinic subjects and that these differences should be taken into account in the design of studies utilizing solicited subjects in order to determine the generalizability of the results.
Managing Drug Use
Authors: WHYNES DAVID K. , BEAN PHILIP T. , GIGGS JOHN A. , WILKINSON CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study of Class A drug users in Nottingham identifies a local drug economy with specific demand and supply characteristics. With reference to demand, data are presented on users’purchasing power and purchasing behaviour, including drug re‐sales and the use of credit. Crude elasticity relationships are discussed. The analysis of the supply side includes an examination of the dealing system and pricing methods. Following the integration of these two themes by way of summary the paper concludes with a discussion of the implication of its findings for public policy aimed at managing drug use.
Commercial Butane Abuse: a disturbing case
Authors: MATHEW B. , KAPP ELINOR , JONES T. RYLAND 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe case report discusses a 16‐year‐old girl with a history of commercial butane gas abuse over a year. As the patient had collected the empty cannisters, it was possible to calculate the quantity abused which is not usually possible due to lack of co‐operation and lack of evidence. Other aspects discussed are the mode of inhalation, accessibility, and psychological consequences.
Alcohol, Tobacco and Public Policy: the contribution of economics
Authors: HARTLEY KEITH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article shows the contribution of economics to debates about prevention policy. The arguments used by various pressure groups favouring or opposing more effective prevention policies need to be subject to critical scrutiny and empirical testing. The market failure case for state intervention in alcohol and tobacco markets is assessed and an alternative public choice approach is outlined. The supply side of the market in the form of the alcohol and tobacco industries is analysed using a structure‐performance framework. Consideration is given to how firms might respond to prevention policies through, say, lobbying or shifting higher taxes to suppliers or by diversifying into new markets.