bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of a two‐stage dark fermentative system producing hydrogen and methane continuously
Authors: Kyazze G. , Dinsdale R. , Guwy A.J. , Hawkes F.R. , Premier G.C. , Hawkes D.L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe performance of a mesophilic two‐stage system generating hydrogen and methane continuously from sucrose (10–30 g/L) was investigated. A hydrogen‐generating CSTR followed by an upflow anaerobic filter were both inoculated with anaerobically digested sewage sludge, and ORP, pH, gas output, %H2, %CH4 and %CO2 monitored. pH was controlled with NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH)2. Using NaOH as alkali with 10 g/L sucrose, yields of 1.62 ± 0.2 mol H2/mol hexose added and 323 mL CH4/gCOD added to the hydrogen and methane reactors respectively were achieved. The overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was 92.6% with 0.90 ± 0.1 g/L sodium and 316 ± 40 mg/L residual acetate in the methane reactor. Operation at 20 g/L sucrose and NaOH as alkali led to impaired volatile fatty acid (VFA) degradation in the methane reactor with 2.23 ± 0.2 g/L sodium, 1,885 mg/L residual acetate, a hydrogen yield of 1.47 ± 0.1 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 294 mL/gCOD added and an overall COD reduction of 83%. Using Ca(OH)2 as alkali with 20 g/L sucrose gave a hydrogen yield of 1.29 ± 0.3 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 337 mL/gCOD added and improved the overall COD reduction to 91% with residual acetate concentrations of 522 ± 87 mg/L. Operation at 30 g/L sucrose with Ca(OH)2 gave poorer overall COD reduction (68%), a hydrogen yield of 1.47 ± 0.2 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 138 mL/gCOD added and residual acetate 7,343 ± 715 mg/L. It was shown that sodium toxicity and overloading are important issues for successful anaerobic digestion of effluent from biohydrogen reactors in high rate systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 759–770. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ordered Arrays of Organometallic Iridium Complexes with Long Alkyl Chains on Graphite
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Tokimoto Tsubasa , Noda Yuki , Yano Tomohiro , Hasegawa Takeshi , Chen Xiaoming , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIridium(III) fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridine) fac‐[Ir(ppy)3] complexes equipped with long alkyl chains were prepared to examine their capability to form organized arrays on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The molecules form lamellar arrays at the 1‐phenyloctane/HOPG interface. From the analysis of the STM images, it was concluded that the molecules align with alkyl chains being interdigitated. Similar lamellar arrays were also obtained at the air/HOPG interface upon drop‐casting of toluene solutions. The lamellar structure at the molecular level leads to rectangular two‐dimensional crystalline domains a few hundred nanometers long (nanoslips). Infrared external reflection spectroscopy suggested that the adsorbed alkyl chains adopt the trans‐zigzag conformation in the nanoslip, although the orientations of the zigzag plane of the alkyl groups are mixed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates fast electron transfer between the adsorbed molecules and the substrate and significant intermolecular electronic interactions. It was found that annealing at high temperatures is an effective method to prepare ordered assemblies more than a few micrometer scale (microslips). The orientations of the nanoslips prepared from the racemic mixture exhibited an apparent 12‐fold symmetry, while its optically active enantiomer resulted in more irregular domains with a six‐fold symmetry, implying an important role of chirality on packing at the molecular level and on the orientation of the domains at larger scales. When drop‐cast from more concentrated solutions than a few hundreds of micromolar, multilayers were obtained, in which the alkyl chains in the molecules are more or less perpendicular to the surface. This structure can be transformed into the nanoslips upon standing.
From Trifluoroacetate Complex Precursors to Monodisperse Rare‐Earth Fluoride and Oxyfluoride Nanocrystals with Diverse Shapes through Controlled Fluorination in Solution Phase
Authors: Sun Xiao , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Du Ya‐Ping , Yan Zheng‐Guang , Si Rui , You Li‐Ping , Yan Chun‐Hua 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report the first systematic synthesis of monodisperse rare‐earth (RE=La to Lu, Y) fluoride and oxyfluoride nanocrystals with diverse shapes (trigonal REF3 triangular, truncated‐triangular, hexagonal, and polygonal nanoplates; orthorhombic REF3 quadrilateral and zigzag‐shaped nanoplates; cubic REOF nanopolyhedra and nanorods) from single‐source precursors (SSP) of [RE(CF3COO)3] through controlled fluorination in oleic acid (OA)/oleylamine (OM)/1‐octadecene (ODE). To selectively obtain REF3 or REOF nanocrystals, the fluorination of the REO bond to the REF bond at the nucleation stage was controlled by finely tuning the ratio of OA/ODE or OA/OM, and the reaction temperature. For phase‐pure REF3 or REOF naocrystals, their shape‐selective syntheses could be realized by further modifying the reaction conditions. The two‐dimensional growth of the REF3 nanoplates and the one‐dimensional growth of the REOF nanorods were likely due to the selective adsorption of the capping ligands on specific crystal planes of the nanocrystals. Those well‐shaped nanocrystals with diverse geometric symmetries (such as D3h, D6h, C2h, Oh, and Dnh) displayed a remarkable capability to form self‐assembled superlattices. By manipulating the solvent–substrate combination, the plate‐shaped REF3 nanocrystals could form highly ordered nanoarrays by means of either the face‐to‐face formation or the edge‐to‐edge formation. By using this SSP strategy, we also obtained high‐quality LaF3:Eu and LaF3:Eu/LaF3 triangular nanoplates that showed photoluminescent red emissions of Eu3+ ions sensitive to the surface effect.
The Design of Inhibitors for Medicinally Relevant Metalloproteins
Authors: Jacobsen Faith E. , Lewis Jana A. , Cohen Seth M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA number of metalloproteins are important medicinal targets for conditions ranging from pathogenic infections to cancer. Many but not all of these metalloproteins contain a zinc(II) ion in the protein active site. Small‐molecule inhibitors of these metalloproteins are designed to bind directly to the active site metal ions. In this review several metalloproteins of interest are discussed, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), anthrax lethal factor (LF), and others. Different strategies that have been employed to design effective inhibitors against these proteins are described, with an effort to highlight the strengths and drawbacks of each approach. An emphasis is placed on examining the bioinorganic chemistry of these metal active sites and how a better understanding of the coordination chemistry in these systems may lead to improved inhibitors. It is hoped that this review will help inspire medicinal, biological, and inorganic chemists to tackle this important problem by considering all aspects of metalloprotein inhibitor design.
Safety and efficacy of repeat administration of samarium Sm‐153 lexidronam to patients with metastatic bone pain
Authors: Sartor Oliver , Reid Robert H. , Bushnell David L. , Quick Donald P. , Ell Peter J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Samarium Sm 153 lexidronam (Sm‐153) is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for painful bone metastases. The purpose of the analysis was to assess the safety and efficacy of repeated doses of Sm‐153 in patients with metastatic bone pain.METHODS.Data were collected prospectively for 202 patients administered 1.0 mCi/kg of Sm‐153. Particular emphasis was placed on analysis of data from 55 patients receiving ≥2 doses. Pain scores, adverse events, and hematologic parameters were assessed after each dose.RESULTS.Mild, transient suppression of platelets and white blood cell counts was the most common adverse event after treatment. Nadirs were approximately half of baseline at 4 weeks after dosing with recovery by Week 8 in 90% of patients. Temporary grade 3 thrombocytopenia occurred in 11%, 12%, and 17% of patients after the first, second, and third drug administration, respectively. Grade 3 leukopenia occurred in less than 7% of patients independent of the number of administrations. Significant decreases in pain scores (P < .001) were observed at Week 4 after each of the first 3 doses and maintained at Week 8 after the first 2 doses (P < .003) but not the third. Decreases in pain scores were observed in 70%, 63%, and 80% of patients, respectively, at Week 4 after the first 3 administrations.CONCLUSIONS.Repeated dosing of 1.0 mCi/kg of Sm‐153 was both safe and effective and is a reasonable treatment option in patients whose bone pain responds and then recurs after an initial dose provided that adequate hematologic function is present at the time of drug administration. Cancer 2007;109:637–643. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Partial volume tolerance of the spinal cord and complications of single‐dose radiosurgery
Authors: Ryu Samuel , Jin Jian‐Yue , Jin Ryan , Rock Jack , Ajlouni Munther , Movsas Benjamin , Rosenblum Mark , Kim Jae Ho 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Spine radiosurgery causes a rapid dose fall‐off within the spinal cord. The tolerance of partial volume of the spinal cord may determine the extent of clinical application. The study analyzed the partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord to single fraction radiosurgery.METHODS.A total of 230 lesions with spine metastases in 177 patients were treated with radiosurgery with single fraction of 8 to 18 Gy, prescribed to the 90% isodose line that encompassed the target volume. Spinal cord volume was defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target volume. Spinal cord dose was calculated from the radiation dose/spinal cord volume histogram and correlated with clinical/neurological status and radiographic studies. Median follow‐up was 6.4 months (range, 0.5–49 months). The 1‐year survival rate was 49%.RESULTS.The average spinal cord volume defined at the treated spinal segment was 5.9 ± 2.2 mL. The average dose to the 10% spinal cord volume was 9.8 ± 1.5 Gy, calculated from the dose‐volume histogram in the group of 18 Gy prescribed dose. The spinal cord volume that received higher than 80% of the prescribed dose was 0.07 ± 0.10 mL, which represented 1.3 ± 1.8% of the cord volume. Among the 86 patients who survived longer than 1 year there was 1 case of radiation‐induced cord injury after 13 months of radiosurgery. There were no other cases of spinal cord sequelae.CONCLUSIONS.Whereas the maximum spinal cord tolerance to single‐dose radiation is not known, partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord is at least 10 Gy to 10% of the spinal cord volume defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target. Cancer 2007;109:628–636. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Variables that influence diagnosis and treatment of the eating disorders within primary care settings: A vignette study
Authors: Currin Laura , Schmidt Ulrike , Waller Glenn 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective:This study examined the influence of clinical and nonclinical features of case presentation on the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in primary care.Method:Family physicians from a defined region of the UK were provided with two vignettes, characterizing eating disorder presentations in primary care. Case gender, ethnicity, weight status, and diabetes history were experimentally manipulated. Outcome variables included the primary diagnosis and the treatment course selected for each case.Results:Female cases were more likely to receive an eating disorder diagnosis, even when their symptoms were identical to those of males. Nonclinical demographic variables also influenced treatment decisions. Weight status and physical comorbidity had a limited influence on treatment pathways.Conclusion:Nonclinical features of case presentations are used when making eating disorder diagnoses and in selecting treatment. Decision‐making in primary care does not reflect recommendations from clinical guidance, and this disparity might increase the risk of complications in the care of sub‐groups of eating‐disordered patients. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Access point selection strategy in IEEE802.11E WLAN networks toward load balancing
Authors: Takeuchi Shojiro , Sezaki Kaoru , Yasuda Yasuhiko 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIEEE802.11 WLAN (Wireless LAN) has been widely used in enterprises and public spaces such as airports. In these large WLAN networks, RRM (Radio Resource Management) is necessary for efficient use of radio resources, and also load balancing among APs (Access Point) has to be taken into account. Since, in IEEE802.11, STA (Station) has the right to select an AP with which it will associate, the AP selection mechanism implemented in STA is important for load balancing. This paper proposes an association mechanism called HRFA (High‐Rate First Association) in order to achieve load balancing and efficient use of radio resources. Furthermore, IEEE802.11e was developed by Task Group E of the IEEE802.11 working group and specified a MAC protocol to provide QoS in the MAC layer and to support real‐time traffic over WLAN. In order for WLAN to be more widely used, the functionalities of IEEE802.11e must be provided in WLAN devices. Our proposed HRFA can be applied to WLANs compliant with IEEE802.11e. Since the HRFA can be implemented without any modifications in the IEEE802.11 and IEEE802.11e standards, it is useful from the implementation‐cost and compatibility point of views. Simulation results show that HRFA can efficiently utilize radio resources and can also achieve load balancing in IEEE802.11e WLAN networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(4): 35–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20347
Specification execution model for detecting feature interactions
Authors: Shimokura Masayuki , Kawada Sachiko , Kawauchi Shizuko , Ohta Tadashi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWhile independent provision of service results in normal operation, operation in tandem with other services causes defective operation to occur. These defects are called ‘feature interactions.’ Our investigation of the international benchmark for detection of feature interactions revealed that feature interactions not occurring in real systems (called ‘lsquo;seeming interactions’) were being detected. Analysis of the cause showed that a conventional state transition model was being used unchanged for the service specification execution model. Seeming interactions are an important issue for increasing the man‐hours used to solve feature interactions. In this paper, we propose a trigger point model that clarifies the service specification trigger point as the specification execution model. Through use of this model, we were able to eliminate as seeming interactions about 60% of the feature interactions listed in the international benchmark, confirming the validity of the proposed model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(4): 23–34, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20349
Warped‐TSP: An acoustic measurement signal robust to background noise and harmonic distortion
Authors: Morise Masanori , Irino Toshio , Banno Hideki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTSP (Time‐Stretched Pulse, lin‐TSP afterwards) and logarithmic TSP (log‐TSP) are commonly used in impulse response measurements of audio systems and room acoustics. But the optimal test signal for each environment is different. It is necessary to choose an appropriate test signal for each environment to achieve a better SNR in the measured impulse response. A new acoustic measurement signal that is a hybrid signal of lin‐TSP and log‐TSP is proposed. The proposed signal, called “warped‐TSP,” achieves an SNR higher than that obtained by lin‐TSP and log‐TSP. It also provides a means to eliminate harmonic distortion due to the reproduction system. In this paper, the definition and features of warped‐TSP are introduced in comparison with lin‐TSP and log‐TSP. We also present the relations between the parameters of warped‐TSP, the amplitude frequency characteristics of warped‐TSP, and the effects on the representation components due to harmonic distortion. Based on these discussions, a method of selecting the optimal parameters of warped‐TSP for a specific measuring environment is given. A series of impulse response measurements performed under different ambient noise conditions revealed that the proposed method outperformed lin‐TSP and log‐TSP under all conditions in terms of the SNR of the measured impulse response. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(4): 18– 26, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20260
A note on the improvement of a fast correlation attack on stream ciphers
Authors: Hosobuchi Satoshi , Saito Tomohiko , Matsushima Toshiyasu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe stream cipher, a type of secret‐key cipher, gives the key to a pseudorandom number generator and generates a pseudorandom sequence called the key sequence, and generates the ciphertext sequence taking the exclusive‐or of this sequence and the plaintext sequence. A nonlinear combiner generator is a type of pseudorandom number generator used by stream ciphers and is configured from multiple linear‐feedback shift registers (LFSRs) and one nonlinear function. A correlation attack is a method for attacking this type of pseudorandom number generator. The correlation between the output sequence of an LFSR and the key sequence is used to estimate the initial state of the LFSR. However, a conventional attack method attacks a single LFSR and is used only to estimate a portion of the multidimensional correlations of the multiple LFSR sequences and the key sequence. Therefore, we propose an algorithm that improves the attack method using the belief propagation (BP) algorithm of Mihaljević and colleagues and simultaneously attacks multiple LFSRs using the multidimensional correlation. By increasing the information used in the estimation, an improvement in the decoding success rate is expected. In addition, the computational load of the estimation increases, but this increase can be suppressed by an approximation based on the parallel BP algorithm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(4): 9 – 17, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20270
A possible role for dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in the formation of benzo[a]pyrene‐DNA adducts in lung cancer cells and tumor tissues
Authors: Cheng Ya‐Wen , Tsai Horng‐Jyh , Wu Jeng‐Yuan , Hsu Yi‐Feng , Chen Chih‐Yi , Hao Nina‐Jyu , Lee Huei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEpidemiological studies indicate that there is a gender difference in the susceptibility to tobacco and environmental carcinogens, and this gender difference is suspected to result in a higher risk for lung cancer among women. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism remain unclear. In the present study, we have evaluated the roles of CYP1A1 and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH) in the formation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) DNA adducts in various lung cancer cell lines. Among six lung cancer cell lines tested, higher adduct levels were observed in CL‐3 and CL1‐1 cells, which had relatively high expression of both CYP1A1 and DDH isoform 1 (DHH1). To determine whether a reduction in DDH expression changed the adduct levels, an siRNA was used to knock down DDH1 expression in CL‐3 cells. The BaP adduct levels in siDDH‐CL‐3 cells increased 1.4–2.2‐fold relative to that of the parental CL‐3 cells. We also examined BaP‐like DNA adducts, and CYP1A1 and DDH1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 120 lung tumors. Detection of DNA adducts correlated with CYP1A1‐positive tumors (P = 0.023), but not with DDH1‐positive tumors. In addition, 28 of 33 tumors (85%) that were CYP1A1‐positive and DDH1‐negative contained detectable levels of DNA adducts, a proportion that was higher than for tumors from the other three categories of CYP1A1 and DDH1 expression (P = 0.012). Finally, a greater proportion of adduct‐positive tumors from females were CYP1A1‐positive/DDH1‐negative (45.3%) than were tumors from males (27.3%). These results suggest that the reduction of DDH expression in lung tumors may contribute to an increase in DNA adduct levels, which may be partly responsible for the higher susceptibility of female lung cancer patients to DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term culture and γH2AX flow cytometry determine differences in individual radiosensitivity in human peripheral T lymphocytes
Authors: Hamasaki Kanya , Imai Kazue , Nakachi Kei , Takahashi Norio , Kodama Yoshiaki , Kusunoki Yoichiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHistone H2AX, a subfamily of histone H2A, is phosphorylated and forms proteinaceous repair foci at the sites of DNA double‐strand breaks in response to genotoxic insults, such as ionizing radiation. This process is believed to play a key role in the repair of DNA damage. In this study, we established a flow cytometry (FCM) system for measuring radiation‐induced phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) in cultured human T lymphocytes to evaluate individual radiation sensitivity in vitro. Irradiation of short‐term (∼7 days) cultured T lymphocytes exhibited significant interindividual, but not interexperimental, differences in the cellular content of γH2AX 6 hr after 4 Gy of X‐irradiation in three independent experiments using peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy donors. However, these differences were not as marked in uncultured lymphocytes, or lymphocytes that were cultured for a prolonged period (∼13 days). The variation of γH2AX focus formation in lymphocytes of individuals was reproducible, with differences reaching about 1.5‐fold following 7 days of culture. Therefore, the FCM‐based γH2AX measurement appeared to reflect both the temporal course and the amount of DNA damage within the irradiated lymphocytes. Further, we confirmed that the differences in residual lymphocyte subsets were not involved in individual radiosensitivity. These results suggest that the FCM‐based γH2AX assay using cultured T lymphocytes might be useful for the rapid and reliable assessment of individual radiation sensitivity involved in DNA damage repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor coregulators and their involvement in the development and progression of prostate cancer
Authors: Chmelar Renée , Buchanan Grant , Need Eleanor F. , Tilley Wayne , Greenberg Norman M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe androgen receptor signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, function and homeostasis of male urogenital structures including the prostate gland although the mechanism by which the AR axis contributes to the initiation, progression and metastatic spread of prostate cancer remains somewhat enigmatic. A number of molecular events have been proposed to act at the level of the AR and associated coregulators to influence the natural history of prostate cancer including deregulated expression, somatic mutation, and post‐translational modification. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence for deregulated expression and function of the AR and associated coactivators and corepressors and how such events might contribute to the progression of prostate cancer by controlling the selection and expression of AR targets. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.