bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Foliar Ethanol Application on Septoria Leaf Blotch in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivitm L.)
Authors: Peltonen S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFoliar applications of alcohols have been reported to have remarkable benefits on yields of several crops. The toxifying characteristics of alcohols for many microorganisms may also potentially be of use in crop protection. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine if foliar‐applied ethanol was effective against Septoria nodorum, the causal agent of leaf and glume blotch in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ethanol (30 % and 60 %) decreased the disease symptoms on the leaves of wheat significantly when applied one day after the inoculation, although reductions in disease seventy were still observed until 4 days after the inoculation. In contrast, ethanol treatments before inoculation did not affect, or occasionally even enhanced, the disease development. On agar plate assay, the average sensitivity of S. nodorum on ethanol was high, as no reduction in its growth was observed at incubation times less than 10 or 20 min in 60% or 30% ethanol, respectively. Ethanol treatments did not damage the treated leaves, but a slight reduction in the leaf chlorophyll content as measured by SPAD values was observed. Ethanol application whether alone or with inoculation did not increase wheat kernel weights.
Effects of Stem‐injected Sucrose on Grain Production, Dry Matter Distribution, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Field‐grown Corn Plants
Authors: Zhou X. M. , Dutilleul P. , MacKenzie A. F. , Madramootoo C. A. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long‐term exogenous sucrose supply on aspects of corn plant physiology and development during the grain filling period. Concentrated sucrose solution was supplied to corn (Zea mays L.) stems by an injection technique. This injection technique delivered pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. The pressure was applied to the syringe plunger with ceramic construction bricks. Solutions containing sucrose at 0, 150, and 300 g L−1 were injected over a 32 day period encompassing the duration of the active grain filling period. The primary ears of plants injected with sucrose produced approximately 50% more kernels and 30% more grain weight than those injected with distilled water. The injected internode was also considerably heavier (56%) for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L−1 than plants receiving distilled water. For all measured variables, plants injected with distilled water were either not different from or had larger values than the non‐injected controls. After one week sucrose injection caused photo‐synthetic inhibition (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence) in the leaf just above the ear and the ear leaf, and this was more severe for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L−1 than for those receiving 150 g sucrose L−1. For sucrose injected plants, the increased size of the primary ear was concomitant with a large decrease in grain production by the secondary ear and an overall decrease in per plant grain production. These results suggest that the mechanisms for signalling between sinks (the primary and secondary ears) and the primary sink and the source (leaves) are different.
Development of Eco‐friendly and Non‐hazardous Weed Control Technology for Lowland Rice by Smothering through LDPE Film
Authors: Khan A. R. , Ghorai A. K. , Srivastava R. C. , Singh S. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntensive use of chemical herbicides and pesticides has raised serious concern about their effect on non‐target organisms, plants, human bodies and the environment. Hence there is a continuous search for benign, harmless, non‐hazardous and eco‐friendly technology to control the growth of weeds which compete with crops for water, nutrients, light and space; thus reducing crop yield significantly. An attempt was made to control the weeds through smothering. This controls the weeds by cutting off light from the photosynthetic portion of weed plants by using black polyethylene sheets (LPDE film) which inhibit the top growth. Experiments to control the weeds in a lowland rice field through smothering were conducted in the high rainfall coastal region of eastern India wth eight treatments including smothering and conventional methods like hand/mechanical weeding and herbicides, etc. The treatment of smothering for one week + puddling + transplanting proved to be better than other conventional methods and may replace herbicide and hand/mechanical weeding totally with a better rice yield.
Breaking Uniculm Growth Habit of Spring Cereals at High Latitudes by Crop Management. I. Leaf Area Index and Biomass Accumulation
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Peltonen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpring cereals are commonly sown at high rates in Finland with the result that, under long day conditions, tillering is suppressed. If the apical dominance maintained by the shoot apex can be broken through altered crop management the possibility exists that the increased tillering allows a reduction in seeding rate. The objective of our study was to assess the effects of mechanical and chemical treatments, aimed at breaking the uniculm growth habit, on changes in green leaf area and consequently on biomass accumulation and partitioning in two spring oat, two spring barley, and two spring wheat cultivars. Results indicated that single applications of gibberellic acid (GA3), chlormequat chloride (CCC), and urea had no overall, persistent, advantageous effect on crop growth, even though occasional, temporary increases in LAI, and accumulation and partitioning of biomass, were recorded. Changes in crop structure, however, did not solely result from the increased contribution of tillers; treatments also accelerated main shoot growth. Following damage to the main shoot caused by mechanical treatments in particular, one of the tillers rapidly replaced the main shoot. Therefore, a low seeding rate associated with treatments aiming at breaking apical dominance cannot substitute for a high seeding rate at high latitudes. This was particularly the case in 1992 when early summer drought—prevalent in southern Finland ‐ resulted in peak values of LAI as low as ≤ 2 for wheat and ≤ 3 for oats and barley.
Chemical Composition of Pea Seeds as Related to Seed Yield under Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Environments
Authors: Al‐Karaki G. N. , Ereifej K. I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle has been published on the chemical composition of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds and its relationship to seed yield. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between seed protein, lipid, starch and sugars content of pea with seed yield under arid and semiarid Mediterranean environments. Twenty pea genotypes were grown at an arid (JUST) and semiarid (Maru) locations in northern Jordan. With the exception of glucose and fructose, the variation in protein, lipid, sucrose and starch was caused by environmental conditions. Pea grown at the semiarid location exhibited higher yield and the lower protein, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents than those grown at the arid location. Except for lipid and starch, high seed yields of genotypes were associated with low contents of protein and sugars, indicating that one‐sided selection for high seed yield tends to reduce the nutritional quality of pea seed.
Effects of Population Density on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced‐stature Maize in Short‐season Areas
Authors: Begna S. H. , Hamilton R. I. , Dwyer L. M. , Stewart D. W. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMaize hybrids which yield well, mature earlier and tolerate higher population densities better than the currently available hybrids would be more suitable for production in short‐season areas. Leafy reduced‐stature maize hybrids, which have only recently become available, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (50000, 100000, 150000, and 200000 plants ha−1) on the yield and yield components of one leafy reduced‐stature (LRS), one non‐leafy reduced‐stature (NLRS), and two conventional control hybrids (Pioneer 3979, <2500 CHU; and Pioneer 3902, 2600–2700 CHU) at two locations. All hybrids had the highest kernel number per row and single plant grain yields at the lowest population densities, however, as plant density increased these variables decreased more in the conventional hybrids than the LRS and NLRS hybrids, which demonstrates the greater tolerance of the latter to the stresses associated with higher plant densities. Grain yield was highest for all hybrids, except for NLRS, at 100 000 plants ha−1 with the LRS hybrid and Pioneer 3902 having the highest yields (11.4 vs. 9.8; 12.0 vs. 10.4) at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The LRS hybrid matured before either of the conventional hybrids and out yielded Pioneer 3979 at both sites. Harvest index was not affected by population density and this value was not different among the NLRS and conventional hybrids. However, the harvest index of the LRS hybrid was greater than the others. LRS and NLRS hybrids had lower moisture contents and earlier maturities than conventional hybrids. Rapid growth of the first ear, a higher yield per unit leaf area, and a higher harvest index are indications that LRS hybrids should be more tolerant of higher population densities than the conventional hybrids.
Effects of 2,4‐D and Azospirillum brasilense on Nitrogen Fixation, photosynthesis and Grain Yield in Wheat
Authors: Elanchezhian R. , Panwar J. D. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of 2,4‐D with or without Azospirillum hra‐iiknse (Sp7) on nodulation of wheat (cv HD2428) have been investigated under hydropooical conditions. In the nutrient medium, varying concentrations of N and 2,4‐D were used for growing wheat seedlings, N free Hoaglatid solution along with 2,4‐D (0.5 ppm) was found to be the best concentration for noduiation and growth of the seedings, The nilrogenase activity (acetylene reduction y was relatively higher in plants treated with 2,4‐D artd Azospirillum ihan with Azospirillum alone. This seemed to be due to the formation of nodule like stiucture serving as mche for azospirilla to protect it from oxygen. These results confirmed tlie nitrogenase activity of Azospirillun brasiknse in association with the 2,4‐D induced nodules of wheat. Plants inoculated with Azospirillum either alone or with 2,4‐D were transplanted info pols. The photosynthctic rate, chlorophyll content. NRA, grain yield and N content were found to be higher in inoculated plants. The translocation of current photo‐synthates (14C sucrose studies) towards roots was higher in these treatments. Thtss the growth of Azospirilfum and nodule formatioo depend on availability of current photosynthatcs of hosl plants.
Effects of Waterlogging Followed by a Salinity Peak on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Boem F. H. Gutierrez , Lavado R. S. , Porcelli C. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDue mainly to alterations in plant metabolism, lack of oxygen and excess salts are disturbances that affect crop yields. In different parts of the world crops are subjected t o those disttirbances, simultaneously or successively. Our objective was to determine the effects of a winter waterlogging followed by a spring salt peak on rapeseed yield, A pot experiment, combining waterlogging and salinization was carried out. The waterlogging duration was: 0 (control), 3, 7 and 14 days and the sahnity treatments were peaks of Electrical Conductivity of 5 and 8 dSm−1 and the control. The yield started decreasingfrotn 3 days during waterlogging, mainly due to the lower number of seeds per plant. The salt peak from 5 dSm−1 affected the yield only in plants which had suffered a waterlogging lower than 7 days, showing interaction between salinity and waterlogging, Only salinity reduced oil content. The saline peak affected the K, Ca and Na concentration in plant tissues, but the effect of salinity on rapeseed could be more related to soil water potential than specific ion toxicities or imbalance.
Effects of Two Planting Systems on Soil Structure and Root Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Sidiras N. , Kendristakis E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn 1994 two planting systems of maize—rotary hoe‐sowing (RS) and plough (2 diskings) sowing (PDS)—were compared in the field with respect to their influence on the root growth of maize and on selected physical properties. Roots were sampled at the five‐leaf stage (S:5) and the milk stage of the maize seeds (S:MS).Generally, in the PDS planting system the roots were richer compared to the RS. At the S:5 stage the correlation coefficient between the physical properties and the toot system was considerably higher, while at the S:MS stage the corresponding correlation coefficient was much lower.In the RS planting system, at 15 cm and 30 cm distances from the sowing rows, far fewer roots were observed than in the PDS one.
Leaf Area Duration of Oat at High Latitudes
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractContribution of leaf area duration (LAD) to grain yield during the short growing season characteristic of northern latitudes may differ from the marked impact it has at lower latitudes. Three experiments (exps) were carried out at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60° 13′N) to compare associations between main shoot and tiller LAD with grain yield, yield components and morpho‐physiological traits characterizing plant stand structure. This was done using correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) for data from trials conducted during 1993–1995. Exp I included three N fertilizer rates (80, 120, 160 kg N ha−1), three seeding rates (250, 500, and 750 seeds m−2), and tall, moderate, semi‐dwarf, and dwarf oat lines. Exp II incorporated two N fertilizer rates (80 and 120 kg ha−1), three seeding rates (400, 600, and 800 seeds m−2), and naked and hulled oat lines, and exp III, foliar applications of plant growth regulators [control, chlormequat chloride (CCC), and ethephon], and dwarf, naked, and conventional oat lines. LAD for main shoots and tillers [calculated as ∫ LAI d T, where T is cumulated degree days from seedling emergence to yellow ripening (dd °C)] and 12 morpho‐physiological traits were measured. Oat was not able to benefit from high main shoot LAD if drought occurred at grain‐fill, but in the absence of severe drought or if it occurred at pre‐anthesis, high LAD favoured yield formation. Tiller LAD had a negative impact, if any, on grain yield in cases of an inverse relationship between tiller LAD and yield components on main shoots was recorded. Use of low seeding rates resulted in improved ability of total LAD to contribute to dry‐matter production, but was not associated with grain yield. Low seeding rates enhanced formation of high tiller LAD, which was not able to compensate for grain yield reduction caused by fewer main shoots. Foliar application of CCC and ethephon tended to increase the proportion of LAD production by tillers at the expense of grain yield, which can be attributed to lower post‐anthesis precipitation. Oat types differed in main shoot and tiller LAD. Disadvantageous characteristics of naked oat, such as low single groat weight, were not associated with insufficient main shoot LAD. High tiller LAD in naked lines and the Minnesota‐adapted dwarf line that was not associated with high tiller grain yield in naked lines, in particular, indicates that tiller growth was enhanced at the expense of grain yield production. Application of N fertilizer at various rates did not have any effect on LAD.
Effect of Progressive Drought on Endoproteolytic Activities and Water Status of Brassica napus Leaves
Authors: Ilami G. , Contour‐Ansel D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) is known to display adaptive responses under drought stress, especially in leaves. The aim was to study the influence of water deficit on endoproteolytic activities and water status of leaves developed before (L3 leaf) or after the onset of water stress (L2 and L3 leaves). Although the impact of senescence on proteolytic activities is well known, little information is available on the effect of water deficit on such activities. Seedlings of rapeseed were submitted to controlled progressive drought. Soil water potential (T) and soil dry weight humidity (H) were measured daily in the dark. Endoproteolytic activities were assayed both on control and water‐stressed plants using azocasein as substrate after partial purification of the extracts, Two zones of maximal activity were detected, the first between pH 4.5 and 6.0 and the second at pH 8.0 as a sharp peak, in control as well as in drought stressed‐plants. While LI leaf was very sensitive to water stress and wilted when ψ reached −2.8 to −3.2 MPa, L2 leaf began to display signs of senescence for this value whereas L3 leaf which showed the lowest endoproteolytic activities, remained turgid, hardened and developed a typical bluish coloration. The relation between the acquired resistance of young leaves, the low endo‐proteolytic activity and the induction of a 22 kDa protein under progressive drought is discussed.
A Pot Technique to Screen Pigeonpea Cultivars for Resistance to Waterlogging
Authors: Chauhan Y. S. , Silim S. N. , Rao J. V. D. K. Kumar , Johansen C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo develop a preliminary screening procedure for waterlogging resistance, a waterlogging resistant ICP 8379 and a waterlogging susceptible cultivar ICP 7035 were grown i n pots using different growth media and subjected to 6 days of waterlogging. Waterlogging caused a significant reduction in root dry mass of both cultivars which was greater in ICP 7035 than tn ICP 8379, The reduction i n shoot dry mass was comparatively small. The most conspicuous differences between the two cultivars occurred in terms of plant survival. In different soil treatments, ICP S379 showed 0–38 % mortality and ICP 7035 showed 63–100% mortality. The variation in mortality occurred in response to differences in growth medium. Using the growth medium that gave maximum differences, eight additional cultivars were compared along with ICP 7035 and JCP 8379. Significant differences m plant mortality among different cultivars were observed, A number of cultivars showed similar low mortality as ICP 8379, Therefore, there appears to be a potential t o use this method for preliminary screening of a large number of pigeonpea cultivars for waterlogging resistance.
Effect of Irrigation and N‐Fertilization (Fertigation) Scheduling on Tomato in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Deek J. M. , Battikhi A. M. , Khattari S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv. Petopride) is the most important vegetable crop in Jordan; its production is characterized by inadequate irrigation and fertilization practices, especially under open field conditions. A field study was carried out to determine the effect of different irrigation intervals and different N‐fertilizer doses on water use, tomato yields and residual soil nitrogen.Results indicated significant differences in water use and tomato yields between irrigation treatments. Highest yield (51.4 ton ha−1) was obtained under three irrigations per week with 504 mm total water supply, whereas under irrigation once a week 35.3 ton ha−1were produced with 353 mm total water supply. There were no significant differences in yield between fertigation with ten equal time intervals and fertigations with intervals as per crop requirements, the yields were 47.1 ton ha−1 and 44.5 ton ha−1, respectively. However, yield was significantly lower with three fertigations at equal intervals and equal doses (35.8 ton ha−1) throughout the season. There were no significant differences between mineral nitrogen forms in terms of yield effects. Significant irrigation effects were observed on total soil nitrogen. Residual soil N was 0.052% in the surface layer (0–30 cm), and 0.030% in the subsurface layer (30–60 cm).
Agronomical Performance Among Farro Species and Durum Wheat in a Drought‐Flat Land Environment of Southern Italy
Authors: Troccoli A. , Codianni P. , Ronga G. , Gallo A. , di Fonzo N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomical performance of old unhuUed wheat species (farro) in comparison with an old cultivar of durum wheat, selected for morphological and rusticity characteristics similar to farro, in a drought‐flat land environment of southern Italy. The trials were carried out during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 growing seasons. Agronomical responses concerned the behaviour of the different species to weeding treatment (diclofop‐methyl, 568 g a.i, ha−1) and to three (0%, 50%, 100%) artificial weed levels with Avenafatua and Phalaris arundinacea with respect to grain yield and its components, plant morphological aspects and two qualitative characters. In all of the species the weeding treatment increased the mean values of almost all the parameters analysed except for days to head and grain protein content which remained constant. The effect of weed treatment on the characters considered was a general decrease of mean values when weed level was increased. The grain protein content showed an opposite trend. As far as the grain yield alone is concerned, yielding differential in medium and large farro decreased by 3% whereas in small farro it increased by 4.3% vs, durum wheat when no weeding and weeding treatments were compared. Small and large farro resulted more susceptible than medium farro and durum wheat to weed treatment. In fact, these latter showed, at the maximum weed level, the same grain yield loss as small and large farro at the 50% weed level. Small farro was the most susceptible species, while Triticum dicoccum showed similar affinity and behaviour to durum wheat.
Effect of Irrigation on Winter‐Sown Chickpea in a Mediterranean Environment*
Authors: Malhotra R. S. , Singh K. B. , Saxena M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the dry Mediterranean environments of the West Asia and North Africa region, irrigation is frequently used to supplement rainfall to increase crop productivity and yield stability. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important pulse crop of the region, often suffers from drought and can benefit from such a practice. To investigate the response of chickpea to irrigation, experiments were conducted in the field at Tel Hadya, Syria, from 1985 to 1988 using 24 improved chickpea genotypes sown in winter. Irrigation scheduling was done using the daily water balance computed from rainfall and pan evaporation data. Yearly rainfall was 316, 358, and 504 mm and supplemental irrigation amount was 130, 120, and 80 mm in 1985–86, 1986–87, and 1987–88, respectively. Irrigation increased seed yield by 916 kg ha−1 (44.0%) over the 3‐year period. Irrigation requirement for chickpea coincided with flowering and seed development period. The top 10 highest‐yielding genotypes under irrigated conditions were ILC 464, ILC 1272, ILC 237, ILC 613, ILC 95, ILC 4291, ILC 142, ILC 147, ILC 295, and ILC 3256. Their mean seed yields ranged from 3877 to 3208 kg ha−1. Among these four genotypes, ILC 464, ILC 1272, ILC 3256, and ILC 4291 with mean seed yields of 3877, 3726, 3208, and 3266 kg ha−1, respectively, were with predictable response to favourable conditions. Aboveground biomass contributed 49% of the total increase in seed yield from irrigation followed by plant height (26%) and early maturity (16%). These results indicate that it may be possible to breed chickpea for improved response to irrigation, and irrigation can enhance the yields of winter‐sown chickpea grown in the lowland Mediterranean drylands.