bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐frequency patterns in abundance of larval Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, and rockfish, Sebastes spp., at a single fixed station off central California
Authors: SAKUMA KEITH M. , RALSTON STEPHEN , ROBERTS DALE A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStandard CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) ichthyoplankton bongo net sampling was conducted every 2 h over 11 days at a single fixed station off central California in February 1995. A conductivity, temperature, and depth cast was completed after each tow to record corresponding hydrographic information. Larval Pacific hake, shortbelly rockfish, and other rockfish were enumerated and length measurements were recorded. Time–depth contours of water density showed a clear boundary, defining the mixed layer along the σ = 25.0 isopycnal, that appeared to fluctuate vertically on a 12‐h cycle centered around 50 m depth. Temperature–salinity plots showed a distinctly different pattern in the mixed layer when compared with water below the pycnocline. Length–frequency distributions plotted by survey day indicated a relatively continuous input of small rockfish larvae into the survey area rather than a resident population growing progressively larger each day. Catches of rockfish larvae were much higher in nighttime tows and varied by survey day, but were unaffected by the depth of the 25.0 isopycnal. In contrast, catches of Pacific hake did not vary significantly on a diel basis, but were significantly variable by survey day and were influenced by the depth of the mixed layer. Catches of Pacific hake larvae were significantly higher during warm‐saline periods (spicy water), while shortbelly rockfish were significantly less abundant under these conditions. Spectral analysis showed a clear 12‐h cycle in the depth of the 25.0 isopycnal and a 24‐h cycle in the catches of rockfish larvae, while Pacific hake catches and spiciness of the mixed layer appeared to have lower frequency cycles in excess of 48 h.
Outcomes following a programme for lifestyle changes with people with hypertension
Authors: Drevenhorn Eva , Kjellgren Karin I , Bengtson Ann 
Published: June 2007

Aim.  The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of using a structured nursing intervention programme in hypertension care.Background.  Counselling on lifestyle changes to address hypertension helps patients reduce risk factors such as smoking, high alcohol consumption, overweight, dyslipidemia, negative stress and physical inactivity.Design.  The study was performed as a pre‐test–post‐test study.Methods.  All 177 patients diagnosed with hypertension visiting a health centre in Southern Sweden were invited to be counselled by a public health nurse about hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors and non‐pharmacological treatment with 15 months follow up.Results.  One hundred patients participated in the study. Systolic blood pressure decreased overall (p < 0·01), three patients with high alcohol consumption were identified, two smokers stopped smoking, two new diabetics were discovered, physical activity increased (p = 0·035) and one‐third of the patients changed their medication.Conclusion.  The level of exercise increased and a reduction in systolic blood pressure and in women's weight were the most obvious results of this intervention study. The study elucidates the challenge of executing health behaviour changes.Relevance to clinical practice.  Counselling following a hypertension programme gives hypertensive patients a chance to execute lifestyle changes and have their medication adjusted to achieve goals for blood pressure control. Further prospective studies in this area, with well‐defined intervention approaches and several years of follow up, are necessary.
Coping and caring: support for family caregivers of stroke survivors
Authors: Chow Susan KY , Wong Frances KY , Poon Christopher YF 
Published: June 2007

Aims and objectives.  This study examines the physical and emotional burden experienced by caregivers of stroke survivors, compared with caregivers of patients having neurological diseases.Background.  Stroke survivors have residual neurological impairment, which requires long‐term support and care. Anxiety, depression and poor physical health are common sequelae among family caregivers of stroke survivors. There is a reasonably consistent association between patients’ levels of disability and emotional state and the emotional distress of their caregivers.Design.  A convenience sample of 47 families was recruited: of the 47 families, 23 had a member who suffered from stroke and 24 had a member with neurological disease.Method.  Two interviews were conducted at three and six months after the occurrence of the index stroke or neurological disease.Results.  When the two groups of caregivers were compared for anxiety, depression and physical health status after care giving, the caregivers of stroke patients demonstrated higher levels of anxiety and depression than their counterparts in the neurological disease group (p < 0·001). However, there was no significant difference in physical health status between the two groups. Educational attainment, patient group and physical and cognitive impairment of the patients were the predictors of anxiety and the depressive status of the caregivers, while their age and level of depression contributed significantly to their physical health status.Conclusion.  The physical and emotional well‐being of two groups of family caregivers in a neurosurgical unit were compared in the caring context. The caregivers of stroke survivors are at a greater risk of developing poor physical and emotional health than the caregivers of patients having neurological diseases.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results illustrated that enhanced discharge planning and nurse follow‐up sessions are considered essential in maintaining the well‐being of the stroke caregivers and bridging the gap between the hospital and the community.
Fatigue in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: development of an assessment tool
Authors: Trendall Judith , Esmond Glenda 
Published: June 2007

Aim.  To develop a tool that would allow a fatigue assessment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients that nurses could use irrespective of the level of response available from the patient.Background.  It is important that nurses are able to undertake a full assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients before determining care. However, no suitable tools are available to assess fatigue in patients that are acutely unwell and dyspnoeic with difficulty speaking.Design and method.  Qualitative research methods were used to allow new areas of knowledge to be explored and to gain fresh perspectives on care. Participants were identified using snowball sampling amongst experienced nurses who regularly cared for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The interview schedule was developed using defining attributes of fatigue according to the literature.Results.  Two pilot and nine main semi‐structured interviews were conducted which were tape recorded and transcribed. Data analysis used techniques of content analysis which took into account a three stage analysis; data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. Four main themes emerged; interest in surroundings, physical capacity, personality and mental state and physical appearance. The themes and categories from the analysis were used to develop the fatigue tool.Conclusions.  Nurses caring for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients should be able to assess for the presence, characteristics, severity and effects of fatigue and require assistance to differentiate it from other symptoms. The first stage in the development of a tool to achieve this has been completed.Relevance to clinical practice.  The fatigue tool is intended to be used by nurses to assess fatigue levels either in conjunction with the patient and as a vehicle for discussion about how they feel and experience fatigue, or through observation of the patient. Assessment can therefore be undertaken even when the patient may be too ill to respond verbally.
Does the capacity for energy utilization affect the survival of post‐smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during natural outbreaks of infectious pancreatic necrosis?
Authors: Rørvik K‐A , Alne H , Gaarder M , Ruyter B , Måseide N P , Jakobsen J V , Berge R K , Sigholt T , Thomassen M S 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIf osmotic stress and reduced seawater tolerance are predisposing factors for infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) outbreaks in farmed Atlantic salmon, increased survival by enhancing access to energy would be expected. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to increase energy access in 1‐year old Atlantic salmon after sea transfer by increasing the level of dietary fat, by exchanging some of the dietary oil with more easily oxidized medium chain triacylglycerols, or by dietary supplementation of potentially energy enhancing additives such as clofibrate and tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA). A natural outbreak of IPN occurred 8 weeks after sea transfer, and a significant dietary effect explaining 76% of the variation in mortality was observed. Relative percentage survival for the fish fed TTA in sea water was 70% when compared with the unsupplemented control, reducing mortality from 7.8 to 2.3%. Muscle fat content and plasma chloride were related to IPN mortality, suggesting that reduced hypoosmoregulatory capacity might be a predisposing factor to the onset of an IPN outbreak. Based on the observation of a threefold increase in white muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidizing activity by TTA, it is suggested that TTA has resulted in a re‐allocation of dietary fatty acids from storage to energy producing oxidation.
Characterization of the TrmB‐like protein, PF0124, a TGM‐recognizing global transcriptional regulator of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Lee Sung‐Jae , Surma Melanie , Seitz Sabine , Hausner Winfried , Thomm Michael , Boos Winfried 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe characterization of the transcriptional regulator TrmBL1 of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, homologous to TrmB (transcriptional regulator of the maltose system), was studied. The genome of P. furiosus contains three TrmB paralogues. One of the TrmB‐like proteins (TrmBL), PF0124 (TrmBL1), was analysed in more detail. It regulated the expression of the genes encoding enzymes of the glycolytic pathway as well as the maltodextrin (MD) ABC transporter. By molecular sieve chromatography, purified TrmBL1 behaved at ambient temperature as a tetramer of 148.8 kDa. In the presence of 1 mM maltotriose or 5 mM maltose TrmBL1 formed octamers. As shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) TrmBL1 was found to bind the MD (maltodextrin ABC transport genes) promoter DNA with sixfold higher binding affinity (Kd 0.2 μM) than to the trehalose/maltose ABC transporter (TM) promoter (Kd 1.2 μM). Maltotriose and maltose interfered in these assays indicating inducer function. In vitro transcription assays using purified transcription components corroborated the data obtained with EMSA and showed inhibition of transcription of the MD promoter by TrmBL1. Recently, van de Werken et al. (FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 260: 69–76) identified TGM, a conserved sequence (Thermococcales‐Glycolytic‐Motif) upstream of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and the MD ABC transporter. The position of TGM is invariably located downstream of the BRE‐TATA box and overlapping the transcription start site on each promoter. By footprint analysis TrmBL1 was found to recognize the TGM sequence in several TGM‐containing promoter sequences. We identified the recognition helix in TrmBL1 revealing tyrosine (Y49) to be essential for target DNA binding. However, the TGM motif was not essential for TrmBL1 binding. We conclude that TrmBL1 is a global sugar‐sensing transcriptional regulator controlling the genes of transport systems and of sugar‐metabolizing enzymes.
Ubiquitin‐Yop hybrids as probes for post‐translational transport by the Yersinia type III secretion pathway
Authors: Quenee Lauriane E. , Schneewind Olaf 
Published: June 2007

Summary Yersinia enterocolitica uses type III secretion to transport Yop proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells. Previous work generated hypotheses for both co‐ and post‐translational transport mechanisms in the Yersinia type III pathway. Here, we used ubiquitin (Ub) and UBP1, the Ub‐specific protease, to examine whether Yops can be secreted when synthesized prior to recognition by the type III machinery. Fusion of Ub to the N‐terminus of Yops blocked substrate recognition and secretion of hybrids generated with YopE, YopQ or YopR. UBP1 removed Ub from the N‐terminus of these hybrids and allowed YopE, YopQ or YopR cleavage products to enter the secretion pathway. Following the release of Ub, Yersinia type III machines also transported the YopE cleavage product into the cytosol of tissue culture cells. Minimal secretion signals were also examined with the Ub/UBP1 system and some, but not all, of these signals promoted type III secretion even after polypeptides had been freed from Ub. These results suggest that recognition and secretion of Yop substrates by the type III machinery can occur by a post‐translational mechanism.
Immunology in Brazil: historical fragments
Authors: Sant'Anna O. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInspired by the pioneers Adolfo Lutz, Vital Brazil and Carlos Chagas, Brazilian Immunology was born and became extremely broad and multidisciplinary, always in partnership with other disciplines such as Parasitology, Biochemistry, Physiopathology or Genetics, and constituting an important branch of what is now called Toxinology. Today, the general scenario of Immunology in Brazil represents an example that is perhaps unique in the world of integrations with other areas of knowledge.
Constitutive expression of CIR1 (RVE2) affects several circadian‐regulated processes and seed germination in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Xiangbo , Chen Yanhui , Wang Zhi‐Yong , Chen Zhangliang , Gu Hongya , Qu Li‐Jia 
Published: June 2007

SummaryCircadian clocks are endogenous auto‐regulatory mechanisms that allow organisms, from bacteria to humans, to advantageously time a wide range of activities within 24 h environmental cycles. Here we report the identification and characterization of an MYB‐related gene, designated Circadian 1 (CIR1), that is involved in circadian regulation in Arabidopsis. Expression of CIR1 is transiently induced by light and oscillates with a circadian rhythm. The rhythmic expression of CIR1 is controlled by the central oscillator. Constitutive expression of CIR1 resulted in a shorter period length for the rhythms of four central oscillator components, and much lower amplitude for the rhythms of central oscillator components CCA1 and LHY. Furthermore, CIR1 over‐expression severely affected the circadian rhythms of its own RNA and those of the slave oscillator EPR1 and effector genes Lhcb and CAT3. Plants that constitutively expressed CIR1 displayed delayed flowering, longer hypocotyls and reduced seed germination in the dark. These results suggest that CIR1 is possibly part of a regulatory feedback loop that controls a subset of the circadian outputs and modulates the central oscillator.
Validation of microtubule‐associated Tobacco mosaic virus RNA movement and involvement of microtubule‐aligned particle trafficking
Authors: Boyko Vitaly , Hu Quanan , Seemanpillai Mark , Ashby Jamie , Heinlein Manfred 
Published: June 2007

SummaryFunctional studies of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection using virus derivatives expressing functional, dysfunctional, and temperature‐sensitive movement protein (MP) mutants indicated that the cell‐to‐cell transport of TMV RNA is functionally correlated with the association of MP with microtubules. However, the role of microtubules in the movement process during early infection remains unclear, since MP accumulates on microtubules rather late in infection and treatment of plants with microtubule‐disrupting agents fails to strongly interfere with cell‐to‐cell movement of TMV RNA. To further test the role of microtubules in TMV cell‐to‐cell movement, we investigated TMV strain Ni2519, which is temperature‐sensitive for movement. We demonstrate that the temperature‐sensitive defect in movement is correlated with temperature‐sensitive changes in the localization of MP to microtubules. Furthermore, we show that during early phases of recovery from non‐permissive conditions, the MP localizes to microtubule‐associated particles. Similar particles are found in cells at the leading front of spreading TMV infection sites. Initially mobile, the particles become immobile when MP starts to accumulate along the length of the particle‐associated microtubules. Our observations confirm a role for microtubules in the spread of TMV infection and associate this role with microtubule‐associated trafficking of MP‐containing particles in cells engaged in the cell‐to‐cell movement of the TMV genome.
CUTANEOUS AMEBIASIS IN MEXICO
Authors: Erancisco Biagi F , ALfonso Martuscelli Q. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryEleven cases of cutaneous amebiasis, observed at various hospitals in Mexico City, are reported. Three of these patients were infants. The external genitalia were the most commonly involved site.A previous history of diarrhea or dysentery was not frequently present in our adult cases; however, bloody diarrhea was present in the infants. The ulcers were characterized by fast growth, well‐delineated edges surrounded by a red rim, hemopurulent exudate and intense pain.In nine cases the diagnosis was made by direct examination of the exudate; biopsies from the edges of the ulcers were obtained in the other two. Skin infection was the result of external factors, external self‐infection, open hepatic abscesses or colonic surgery. Cures were obtained, in most cases in which adequate follow‐up was possible, with the use of emetine.RésuméNous présentons le compte rendu de onze cas d'amébiase cutanée observés dans de différents hôpitaux de Mexico City. Trois de ces patients étaient des nourrissons. La région la plus souvent atteinte était celle des organes génitaux externes. Dans nos cas d'adultes, la préexistence d'une histoire de diarrhée ou de dysenterie n'était pas fréquente; cependant, une diarrhée sanguinolente était presente chez les nourrissons. Les ulcères étaient caractérisés par une croissance rapide, des contours bien dessinés, entourés d'un bord rouge, un exsudat sanguino‐purulent, et par une douleur intense.Dans neuf cas le diagnostique a été fait par l'examen direct de l'exsudat; dans les deux autres cas, on a effectué la biopsie des bords des ulcéres. L'infection cutanée était le résultat de facteurs externes, d'auto‐infection externe, d'abcès hépatiques ouverts ou d'intervention chirurgicale du colon. Dans la plupart des cas qui ont pu être suivis convenablement, on a obtenu la guérison á la suite d'administration d'émétine.ResumenSe comunican once casos de amibiasis cutánea observados en diversos hospitales de la Ciudad de México. Tres de ellos eran niños de corta edad. Los genitales externos fueron las regiones más comúnmente afectadas.El antecedente de diarrea O disentería no fue un hecho frecuente en nuestros pacientes adultos; en los niños, en cambio, se presentó diarrea sanguinolenta. Las ulceraciones se caracterizaban por su rápido desarrollo, bordes delineados rodeados por un anillo rojo, exudado hemopurulento y dolor intenso.En nueve casos el diagnóstico se hizo por medio del examen directo del exudado; en los dos enfermos restantes, mediante biopsias de los bordes de las ulceraciones. La infeccióin cutánea fue la resultante de factores extrínsecos, autoinfección externa, abscesos hepáticos abiertos, O bien intervenciones quirúrgicas sobre el colon.En la mayoría de los Casos que pudieron ser observados adecuadamente se logró la curación administrando emetina.
MIASIS CUTANEAS A PERMATOEIA HOMINIS Experiencias Obtenidas en Zonas Rurales de Venezuela
Authors: Dao Luis 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA discussion of human myiasis due to the fly, Dermatobia hominis, is presented in this paper. The distinguishing characteristics and the life cycle of Dermatobia hominis are described.The legs, arms, scalp and face were the most commonly affected sites in 156 cases of human myiasis seen in rural areas of Venezuela.The symptomatology of myiasis of the skin and various forms of treatment are described.RésuméCet article présente une discussion sur la myiase humaine causée par la mouche Dermatobia hominis. Les caractéres distinctifs ainsi que le cycle vital de la Dermatobia hominis sont décrits.Dans les 156 cas de myiase humaine observés dans les régions rurales du Vénézuéla, les jambes, les bras, le cuir chevelu et la face étaient les endroits les plus fréquemment atteints.L'article décrit en outre la symptomatologie de la myiase de la peau ainsi que les différentes formes de son traitement.
In vitro susceptibilities of Aspergillus spp. causing otomycosis to amphotericin B, voriconazole and itraconazole
Authors: Kaya Ayse Demet , Kiraz Nuri 
Published: June 2007

SummaryOtomycosis is worldwide in distribution and most commonly caused by Aspergillus species. Amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole are used for the treatment of aspergillosis, but recently an increase in resistance to these agents has been reported. We aimed at investigating the in vitro activities of amphotericin B, voriconazole and itraconazole against Aspergillus isolates causing otomycosis. Mycological analysis of samples from the ear canals of patients was performed by culturing onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and by evaluating microscopically. Aspergillus species were identified with colony morphology and microscopic appearance, and tested for susceptibilities to amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole by the CLSI reference broth microdilution method (M38‐A document). A total of 120 isolates from 120 patients, comprising 57 Aspergillus niger, 42 Aspergillus fumigatus, nine Aspergillus flavus, six Aspergillus nidulans and six Aspergillus terreus strains were tested. No resistance was determined against amphotericin B and voriconazole, while six A. fumigatus and three A. niger isolates were resistant to itraconazole. In vitro data obtained in this study showed the resistance to itraconazole, while all of the isolates were susceptible to voriconazole and amphotericin B. Voriconazole seemed to be an alternative in the treatment of infections related to Aspergillus spp. but further studies are needed to learn more about the antifungal resistance of different species of Aspergillus to different agents.