bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for error due to misclassification of exposures in case–control studies of gene–environment interaction
Authors: Zhang Li , Mukherjee Bhramar , Ghosh Malay , Gruber Stephen , Moreno Victor 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe consider analysis of data from an unmatched case–control study design with a binary genetic factor and a binary environmental exposure when both genetic and environmental exposures could be potentially misclassified. We devise an estimation strategy that corrects for misclassification errors and also exploits the gene–environment independence assumption. The proposed corrected point estimates and confidence intervals for misclassified data reduce back to standard analytical forms as the misclassification error rates go to zero. We illustrate the methods by simulating unmatched case–control data sets under varying levels of disease–exposure association and with different degrees of misclassification. A real data set on a case–control study of colorectal cancer where a validation subsample is available for assessing genotyping error is used to illustrate our methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latest technical trend of arc plasma, electrical contacts, and their applications
Authors: Kaneko Eiji , Iwata Mikimasa , Onchi Toshiyuki , Kajino Hiroki , Sato Takashi , Mori Tadashi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractArc plasma generated by arc discharges is used in various fields because of its extraordinary characteristics such as very high temperature and high energy density. On the other hand, the principle of current interruption by extinguishing the arc discharge between electrical contacts is practical and useful in many types of circuit breakers. Arc discharge and electrical contacts have been well investigated, and numerous procedures have been developed. In this review paper, we introduce the recent technical trends in arc plasma treating wastes, synthesizing new materials, and the latest circuit breakers equipped with arc plasma and electrical contact techniques. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What's Wrong with the Theory of Racial Inequality: Toward a More Effective Theory of Racial Inequality in Economic Life
Authors: Swinton David H. 
Published: September 2007

Explaining or resolving the apparent incompatibility between traditional economic theory and the persistence of racial inequality or discrimination in economic life has been the most significant motivation for conventional studies of race and economics. The conventional theory that resulted from this interest, however, has been of limited utility in advancing understanding of racial inequality in economic life. This essay discusses an alternative to the conventional theory that is intended to facilitate a better understanding of racial inequality. It is also designed to provide a more effective tool for the evaluation and design of policy. The alternative model takes the existence of racially distinct groups and initial racial difference in the ownership of resources as given and exogenous. It is specified in a manner that allows the evolution of racial inequality over time to be explained. The structure of the model responds to challenges posed by Robert S. Browne to develop viable economic theories useful in the study of the interaction of race and economics.
Technical news feature
Authors: Yao J. J. , Wei L. S. , Steinberg M. P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSoybeans from different maturation stages were tested for their chemical composition and storage stability. Maturation was arrested at specified times by spraying paraquat on the plant. The same level of trypsin inhibitor activity was found regardless of maturation. However, the lipoxygenase activity and phytate content were significantly lower in immature beans. Crude oil and protein contents were similar, regardless of maturation. The crude oils from immature samples were greener in color and higher in free fatty acid content than those from mature ones. Both yield of isolated soy protein and ratio of 7S to 11S protein in immature soybeans were lower than that from mature soybeans. During storage, lipoxygenase activity decreased independently of maturation but free fatty acid content in the crude oil increased at a faster rate in immature beans than that from mature ones.
Computer modeling of theoretical structures of monoacid triglyceride α‐forms in various subcell arrangements
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSix theoretical triarachidin space‐filling α‐form structures were examined using a computer modeling technique that simulated restricted oscillations of carbon zigzag planes in synchronous and nonsynchronous modes. Intermolecular minimization procedures determined best‐fit positions around a centralized molecule, which enabled calculation of total lattice energy values for nine different hexagonal subcell arrangements. Subcell arrangement had a greater effect on the energy of the system than did the configuration of the triglyceride. The analysis thus far indicates several equally preferred structure‐sub cell arrangement combinations for triglyceride α‐forms rather than a single crystalline entity.
Synthesis of sulfur‐Containing derivatives from olefinic fatty esters
Authors: Husain S. Rafat , Ahmad F. , Ahmad M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe reaction of 3‐mercaptopropan‐l,2‐diol with methyl 10‐undecenoate (Ib) yielded three products, methyl 11‐(3′‐mercaptopropan‐l′,2′‐diacetoxy) undecanoate (II, 48.9%), methyl 11‐(1‐oxapropan‐2′‐acetoxy‐3′‐mercaptoacetyl) undecanoate (III, 27.4%) and methyl 10‐(3′‐mercaptopropan‐1′‐acetoxy‐2′‐ol) undecanoate (IV, 23.0%) along with hydrolyzed starting material (Ia, 5.4%). The same reaction with methyl 9‐octadecenoate (Vb) gave an isomeric product, 9(10)‐(3′‐mercaptopropan‐l′‐acetoxy‐2′‐ol) octadecanoic acid (VI, 78.5%) and oleic acid (Va, 21.4%). Reaction withtrans‐2‐octadecenoic acid (VII) afforded 2(3)‐(3′‐mercaptopropan‐l′‐acetoxy‐2′‐ol) octadecanoic acid (VIII, 85.7%).
The Virtual Law Library – a Portal in Progress for Legal Information in Germany!?
Authors: Vogel Ivo , Haug Jochen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article by Ivo Vogel and Dr Jochen Haug of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin describes an ambitious project to build a portal to a huge legal information resource covering German primary and secondary legal sources currently available on the internet. It will act as the first port of call for all legal researchers and it is hoped to extend the project to include hard copy sources eventually.
Moving the Corporate Library: a Practical Approach to Preventing Worry and Embracing Change
Authors: Coles Anne , Gifford Davina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this very practical and useful Checklist, Anne Coles and Davina Gifford of LG guide us through the steps involved in moving a corporate library to a new building, whilst at the same time re-branding the information service. They highlight the most important issues to consider at the pre-planning and planning stages; the move itself and after the move. The most important message is not to enter unwinnable battles and to prepare as thoroughly as possible.
THE GREAT BALTIMORE FIRE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter gives new information about the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, which destroyed more than 140 acres and left 35,000 Baltimoreans jobless. The event ranks with the Chicago fire of 1871 and the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 as among the great disasters of American history. The press was hurt most among all the city's industries, but was the first to recover. One of the newspapers cited for their contributions during the crisis was Mencken's Baltimore Herald. The Baltimore Fire also bound Mencken more strongly to the city of his birth and determined the future course of his career, away from writing poetry and fiction and to the choice he had been struggling to make for himself.
POLEMICS AND PREJUDICES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the many contradictions in Mencken's character, taking apart his prejudices that are revealed privately and in public. Although Mencken said and wrote nothing about the Jews in Germany upon his return, it was clear that he was troubled. It was not until Kristallnacht, in November 1938, that Mencken publicly spoke about their persecution. Just as he did during the Maryland lynchings, Mencken castigated Franklin D. Roosevelt for doing nothing. Going against the prevailing anti-Semitic mood of the country, Mencken wrote columns calling for the United States to open its doors to German Jewish refugees. Privately, he sponsored the entry of Jewish families into the US. Jewish intellectuals also questioned why Mencken, as a champion of civil liberties, had not done more.
TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the spring of 1939, as the world hurtled towards war, Mencken warned his fellow journalists to be aware of the dangers that executive power and war would have on freedom of the press. Mencken had experienced this during World War I, and it influenced his newspaper column, which became increasingly controversial. In 1941, in almost an exact parallel to what he experienced in 1915, Mencken quit his long standing association with the Baltimore Sun.
MENCKEN AND THE GUILD
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although no longer writing for the Sun, Mencken remained a prominent board member. His relationship with the Newspaper Guild reflected the contradiction in his role as a free speech advocate: he refused to recognize the difference between an employee with no economic power advocating membership, and management officials, like himself, who pressured employees against their right to join unions. Mencken clung to the belief that a man's individual efforts must speak for him.
THE GREAT UPSET OF 1948
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter details Mencken's role at the first televised national political convention, his views of politicians, and his view on the detrimental power of television over print. In 1948, Mencken experienced a resurgence of interest in his work and his glory. He became an American institution; his publisher Alfred Knopf labeled him a force in the Republic. In the midst of all these, Mencken suffered from a cerebral stroke.
“For Young Revolutionists”
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores how proletarian or revolutionary children's literature produced under the aegis of the Communist Party set precedents for popular children's literature produced in the 1940s and later by leftists. Building on models imported from the Soviet Union and Europe, as well as literature written early in the 20th century for Socialist Sunday Schools and often incorporating themes, principles, and aesthetics from progressive education, proletarian children's literature was limited in its audience because of its sectarian tone. However, it represents a conscious attempt to make children's literature part of a radical party program, and it often foregrounded scientific, historical, and anti-racist themes that would recur in later, more mainstream work by radicals. The chapter gives particular attention to the magazine of the Communist Young Pioneers, the New Pioneer, which published the work of several individuals who would later become writers or illustrators of popular books for children, among them Syd Hoff (writing here as A. Redfield), Helen Kay, Ben Appel, William Gropper, Myra Page, and Ernest Crichlow. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Popo and Fifina, Children of Haiti, by Langston Hughes and Arna Bontemps, a book that was arguably proletarian in its subject matter but written for a popular audience.
The Tools of Science
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter takes as its point of departure the launch of the Soviet satellite, Sputnik, in 1957 and the subsequent passage of the National Defense Education Act, which, as part of its program of strengthening math and science education in the United States, also provided libraries with funds for purchasing books in these areas. Although designed to fortify the United States against the Communist menace, the Act helped foster a major market for books by people who were strongly critical of the Cold War, and, in some cases, were Marxists or even current or former Communist Party members. This chapter traces the development of science education and scientific literature for children as these intersected with interest in science among Socialists, Communists, and other Marxists, as well as radicals in general, starting in the early 20th century and continuing through the Cold War. In a repressive cultural climate, scientific themes had the advantage of seeming value-neutral, but in practice proved fertile ground for teaching children to think critically, to question received authority (especially on racial matters), and to feel empowered to influence and change the world around them. The chapter also suggests ways in which Marxism's logic influenced scientific thought and translated into scientific children's literature.
A World of Pastures and Pounds
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores livestock husbandry in New England, where colonists relied on their domestic animals for local use and sale, especially to the West Indies. Once again, colonists altered English husbandry practices by adopting free-range husbandry, bringing their animals home only during the winter months. The chapter argues that despite local regulations regarding supervision of livestock, the animals were not always fully under human control.
A Prophecy Fulfilled
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines how towards the end of the 17th century, efforts on the part of Indians and colonists to resolve problems caused by livestock gave way to conflict. It argues that the colonists' growing populations and burgeoning herds placed great pressure on Native Americans and led to appropriations of Indian land. At the same time, Indians frustrated by the colonists' inability to control their animals sought revenge by killing livestock. Tensions over livestock contributed to King Philip's War in New England and Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia.
Introduction
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews why standard methods for plant diversity studies have been slow to develop. It provides specific examples why plant diversity studies are inherently difficult due to issues of taxonomy, phonology, and species rarity. In addition, it shows that designing plant diversity studies also is hampered by plant-to-plant neighborhood scale variability, landscape-to-regional scale variability, and long-term changes in plant diversity brought about by immigration, particularly plant species invasions from other countries.
Case Study on Multiphase and Multiscale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOnly a small portion of any landscape can be affordably sampled. Estimating the patterns of plant diversity in the much larger, unsampled landscape is important and challenging. For example, many national and state parks, national forests, wildlife refuges, and nature reserves require detailed information at multiple scales to evaluate the status and trends of native plant species, non-native plant species invasions, and the effects of grazing and fire on plant diversity. In this case study, the methods were based on: remote sensing of homogenous and heterogeneous vegetation types, and small areas suspected of having unique species; random selection of plot locations in each type; multi-scale sampling of plant diversity; determination of species composition overlap within and among vegetation types; and assessment of native and non-native plant species patterns in the landscape.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPaired-plot designs are commonly used to compare the effects of fire, grazing, or other disturbances. Plots are placed in treated (or disturbed) and untreated (or control) sites, and measured differences are meant to infer the direct effects of the treatments. As this next case study shows, such simple approaches are never as simple and straightforward as planned, but they do provide insightful information. This chapter is a case study designed to: (1) examine several aspects of plant assemblages at multiple spatial scales in long-term grazed and ungrazed sites in several management areas; (2) determine the relative roles of grazing, soil characteristics, and climate in determining patterns of species richness; and (3) develop broad generalizations about the effects of grazing and cessation of grazing on plant diversity in typical grasslands in the Rocky Mountains.
transition
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of photography and film in the little magazine transition and in the Revolution of the Word announced in it. It focuses particularly on the Readie project of Bob Brown, which was intended to produce a machine for reading poems and stories from strips of film. The utopian hopes of both the magazine and the Readie project are mocked by the appearance in many of the Readies of prejudicial, even racist material.
An Eyeminded People
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the Camera Eye sections of Dos Passos's trilogy — which turn out to be a great deal less visual than is commonly supposed — as a key to the trilogy as a whole. What Dos Passos seems to find interesting in the camera is not some kind of visuality, but rather a certain sort of experience — brief and atomized. Oddly, he disapproves of the political effects of this kind of experience while using cinematic techniques in his fiction. The chapter suggests that Dos Passos finds a way for his scattered literary episodes to touch and mutually inform one another, up to a limit determined by racial and sexual indeterminacy.
Responding to Resistance in Teaching about New Religious Movements
Authors: Gallagher Eugene V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStudents frequently come to classes about new religious movements disinclined to take them seriously as legitimate religions. Borrowing from literature about race and diversity in the classroom and using Peter Elbow's description of methodological doubt and methodological belief as analytical tools, this chapter discusses strategies for overcoming student resistance to taking NRMs seriously as religions. It is argued that the rigorous cultivation of methodological belief as an approach to the study of NRMs offers an effective way to dissipate some negative effects of stereotypes of NRMs and develop adequate descriptions of them. Advocating a rhetorical model of teaching, the chapter provides examples of active learning assignments and offers suggestions about course design that can make the politics of representation of NRMs a continuing topic for class discussions.
Altruistic Love and Physical Health
Authors: Koenig Harold G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the associations between altruistic or unconditional love and physical health. It looks at the mind–body relationship and reviews recent research on the effects of negative emotions on medical outcomes, forming the basis for a model by which altruistic activities could indirectly influence physical health by modulating emotions. It then reviews research on the relationship between altruism and physical health, examines the relationship between altruism and religion, and explores whether the increasingly recognized effects of religion on physical health might be partly mediated by altruism. Finally, the chapter considers the implications of these findings for clinical practice and suggests directions for future research in this area.
Why Intelligent Design Is Not Science
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough strongly supported by multiple lines of evidence and relevant to many “real world” problems, Darwinian evolution remains a battleground in the culture wars. A variant of creationism, known as intelligent design (ID), recently gained ground in political circles even as new research more firmly established the validity and vitality of Darwin's framework. This chapter explores the ID movement — especially that led by the Discovery Institute — showing how it is without scientific merit. ID backers contend that many biological systems show irreducible complexity, and thus cannot evolve by Darwinian evolution. This is not the case; systems like blood clotting and eyes that appear irreducibly complex can indeed evolve through stepwise Darwinian evolution. This chapter also addresses several issues of the philosophy of science, as well as the relationship between science and religion.
Balancing Selection and Disease
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Some forms of selection, called “balancing selection” can maintain variation. Human beta-hemoglobin is an example of a gene under balancing selection. Individuals having two copies of the sickle variant often die at an early age due to sickle cell anemia, but individuals with one copy of the sickle variant and one copy of normal hemoglobin do not get the anemia and have an increased resistance to malaria. This chapter discusses uses of tests applied to DNA sequence data to detect the action of balancing selection. Many of the examples of balancing selection involve disease, such as cystic fibrosis and AIDS.
Who Were the Neanderthals?
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
How close were the Neanderthals to modern humans? Are Neanderthal genes in our gene pool? This chapter explores recent studies analyzing the DNA from Neanderthal fossils to provide a framework to address these and related questions. Based on these fossil DNA studies, it appears that little if any gene flow occurred between Neanderthals despite many centuries of these groups living in proximity. For this reason, Neanderthals and modern humans are likely separate species.
Islam and the Republic
Authors: Hervieu‐Léger Danièle 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the problem of the assimilability of Islam in France, artificially represented as an immutable, monolithic whole, in the very abstract environment of laïcité (secularism). It argues that the future of laïcité depends on its capacity to develop — beyond the institutional issue of religion that was its historical reference — a robust public sphere in which new forms of individual and collective religious identity and practice can unfold within a democratic context. From this point of view, Islam is not an absurd case requiring a specific solution. It is the foremost test of the ability of our institutions and political culture to face the challenges of religious modernity.
Theorizing Power
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The issue of power surfaces throughout feminist theological writings, particularly in discussions of structural or social sin. There is a tendency among feminist theologians to inscribe potentially restrictive essentialisms about women as victims in relation to systems of oppressive power construed too monolithically. Michel Foucault's poststructuralist theory of the disciplinary and productive effects of power and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's postcolonial notion of strategic essentialization will be used to reconceptualize social sin in an effort to retain the ethical and political force of appeals to a subaltern oppressed standpoint, but without static essentialisms. Part two of this chapter carves out theoretical space for seeing how oppressive Christian symbols (the cross and the maleness of Jesus as the Christ) might be deployed as what Foucault calls technologies for the care of the self.