bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Démographie et écologie en Afrique orientale à la fin du XIXe siècle : une crise exceptionnelle ?
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chretien— Demography and Ecology in East Africa at the End of the icth Century : An Exceptional Crisis?
Recent publications on East Africa in the 19th century and surveys on the history of the plains bordering lake Tanganyika in Burundi permit to critieize the stereo-typed opinion opposing a 'traditional' demographie standstill to a progress due to colonization. A relative prosperity is, indeed, broken off by a both demographie and economie crisis which reaches its peak between 1890 and 1930: the insecurity created by the Arab slave trade and European expeditions combines with droughts, locust invasion, cattle-plague, smallpox and sleeping sickness. It might be that the population of some regions then decreased by at least fifty per cent. Other crises probably affected East Africa (in about 1830 and 1870-1880), but their importance and impact can only be assessed through a cautious interpretation of scattered and indirect sources (hydrographical data, oral traditions...) which should be system-atically put back in their geographical and ecological setting. The history of societies and that of landscapes are closely linked.
Where is the Real Thing? Psychoanalysis and African Mythical Narratives
Authors: Mudimbe Valentin Y. 
Published: October 2008

V. Y. Mudimbe — Où est la chose réelle ? Psychanalyse et récits mythiques africains.
A partir d'une lecture de l'ouvrage de Luc De Heusch, Le Roi ivre ou l'origine de l'État (1972) cet article essaie de cerner dans une mémoire africaine un cauchemar originel dont la violence ne paraît ni mineure, ni différente, face à celle qui, dans le capitalisme, marque et accompagne les figures d'Œdipe ou d'Electre.
La pensée politique kikuyu et les idéologies du mouvement mau-mau
Authors: Lonsdale John L. 
Published: October 2008

J. M. Lonsdale — Kikuyu Political Thought and the Ideologies of Mau Mau.
This article questions the conventional social-science dichotomy between the categories 'class' and 'ethnicity', by reference to the political history of the Kikuyu people in colonial Kenya. It is argued that Kikuyu ethnicity was created by a form of nationalism comparable with those of nineteenth-century Europe. The idea of the Kikuyu nation was conceived and articulated by a new clerical and commercial elite; their nationalism legitimized their consolidation into a middle class which was opposed not only to alien rule but also to many of the practices of the old society. Mau Mau was conceived by a younger generation who feared lest their incipient proletarianization might deprive them of their ethnicity, which alone could guarantee them local rights of land usage. They could have acted as a working class, but did not; to do so would have required first that they have some conception of the State. Instead, they tried, by initiation into Mau Mau, to reactivate in their own interests some of the basic concepts of Kikuyu citizenship.
Un historien et anthropologue sénégalais : Shaikh Musa Kamara.
Authors: Robinson David 
Published: October 2008

D. Robinson — A Senegalese Historian and Anthropologist : Shaikh Musa Kamara.
The author draws the historical background and the geographical setting of Shaikh Musa Kamara's life and regrets that, notwithstanding his being a prolific historian of the Fuuta Tooro, he be so unrecognized. Robinson recounts his life and divides it in three large periods: the thirty initial years, with a studious youth and three marking influences; the time at the beginning of the colonial period, which is not very well known; and the twenty-five last years when he took up writing. The article presents Kamara's works, their characteristics and topics. A complete list of his manuscripts and a detailed table of contents of his materpiece, the Zuhur, are appended.
Le pouvoir sur scène : contorsions politico-religieuses dans le théâtre de Soyinka.
Authors: Fioupou Christiane 
Published: October 2008

C. Fioupou—Power on Stage: Political and Religious Contorsions in Soyinka's Dr amas.
The major themes, identified herein, of Wole Soyinka's theatrical works take the form of allegories of good and evil, and of cruelty. As Soyinka's whole work centers around the political and religious contorsions of African leaders, it turns out to be an extremely fierce satire of the powers that be. Though deahng exclusi-vely with Africa, Soyinka uses Western theatrical schemata, borrowed in particular from Genet and Brecht. Beyond the purely literary aspects of his theater, a clear statement is made about politics in sub-Saharan Africa.
Gudur : Chefferie ou royaume ?
Authors: Jouaux Catherine 
Published: October 2008

C. Jouatjx — Gudur: A Complex Political System.
Given the dimculty of precisely and pertinently qualifying the Gudur political System, it is necessary to start by describing political reality there. The Gudur foundation myth is used to analyze the basis and legitimation of political power in this society. Defining the status of the Gudur chief-priest (Bay) and describing how he exercises power leads to distinguishing " power zones": the Gudur mountain range where this officiai dwells; the "brother" ranges that recognize real bonds of kinship with Gudur; and the ranges in Mofu-Gudur areas. There may even have been a fourth zone covering the neighboring peoples who made pilgrimages to the Gudur area, but the Bay's power there was more symbolic than real. Although his power had a religious essence and was fully displayed in the religious sphere, it intervened concretely in the social, juridical and economie management of dependent communities. Its reality keeps us, when trying to classify the Gudur political institution as either a "reinforced chiefdom" or kingdom, from establishing a parallel with sacred kingships such as the Bemba's where only "ritual actions" ensure unity.
Le roi chronophage. La construction d'une conscience historique dans le Maroc postcolonial.
Authors: Valensi Lucette 
Published: October 2008

L. Valensi — The Chronophagous King. The Construction of an Historical Consciousness in Postcolonial Morocco.
This essay on the construction of collective memory in new states presents a case study of Morocco after it became independent in 1956. Based on a study of Moroccan newspapers, it shows how the free market of national symbols that prevailed in the early years of independence was enventually transformed into a monopoly of the monarch who used the past as one of the devices for his self celebration.
So Who Was Elias Kuzwayo? Nationalism, Collaboration and the Picaresque in Natal.
Authors: La Hausse Paul 
Published: October 2008

P. La Hausse — Nationalisme, collaboration et « picaresque » au Natal : à propos de la vie d'Elias Kuzwayo.
Bien que le point de départ de cet article ait trait à la carrière relativement obscure d'Elias Kuzwayo — criminel de petite envergure et escroc —, son objet principal est relatif aux questions plus larges que son existence soulève. On tente de montrer que la notion de « picaresque », lorsqu'elle est soutenue par des données historiques suffisantes, peut non seulement aider à éclairer les points nodaux de la présentation publique que Kuzwayo donne de lui-même, mais sert également à définir des personnages analogues ainsi que les crises historiques auxquelles ils ont été confrontés. On suggère également que l'ambiguïté morale que Kuzwayo élabore de façon picaresque, non seulement nous informe sur l'émergence de certains styles de leadership africain après 1940 mais attire également l'attention sur les sources culturelles de l'autorité politique populiste et sur certaines formes de collaboration entretenues vpar des membres de l'élite colonisée africaine avec l'état de l'Apartheid. À cet égard, la notion de « picaresque » fournit un mode d'accès au domaine largement inexploré du nationalisme ethnique et conservateur zoulou dans les années 1940 et 1950.
L'évolution foncière de la rive droite du fleuve Sénégal sous la colonisation (Mauritanie)
Authors: Leservoisier Olivier 
Published: October 2008

O. Leservoisier — Changes in Land Tenure on the Northern Shore of the Senegal River during the Colonial Period (Mauritania).
Some scholars have tended to minimize the effects of colonization on land tenure. Herein, this impact is shown in four ways: the resettlement of the Senegal River's northern shore following pacification, which affected control over the land; the colonizer's policy of redistributing land; the increasing number of conflicts over land, which cannot be reduced to a mere ethnie opposition between Moors and Haalpulaar'en; and the introduction of ground rent (rempeccen) in the land tenure System. Similar to the failed application of colonial land legislation, changes in land tenure have more often corne out of indirect than direct measures..
From Pastoralist to Politician : The Problem of a Fulbe « Aristocracy ».
Authors: Burnham Philip , Last Murray 
Published: October 2008

P. Burnham & M. Last — Des pasteurs aux dignitaires : la question de l'aristocratie fulбe.
Le terme « aristocrate » est souvent utilisé pour distinguer les Fulbe qui gouvernaient les émirats et les lamidats du Califat de Sokoto au XIXe siècle de leurs parents restés pasteurs. Cet article tente de montrer que cette distinction est inadéquate. En effet, nombre de détenteurs de charge loin d'être des aristocrates étaient choisis parmi les peuples vassalisés ou asservis connus sous le nom de haade. Il n'existait donc aucune « caste » aristocratique au sein de laquelle auraient été recrutés les dignitaires. Ce n'est que dans les États anciens, comme Kano, que des conditions propices à l'épanouissement d'une telle aristocratie furent réunies et, même dans ce cas, l'ethos musulman entrava l'apparition des marqueurs requis pour délimiter une catégorie sociale de ce type.
Gbahié Koudou Jeannot. Le prophète annonciateur de la crise
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Au milieu des années 1980, tandis que le « miracle ivoirien » s'estompait, le combat du prophète Gbahié Koudou Jeannot contre ce qu'il appelait « le fétichisme et la sorcellerie » rencontra une très large adhésion et eut un grand retentissement national.
Bien qu'on puisse la considérer comme un nouvel avatar d'un phénomène prophétique qui n'a jamais cessé de hanter l'histoire de la Côte-d'lvoire, la geste de Gbahié Koudou force le commentaire sous deux aspects essentiels. D'un côté, elle rappelle l'épopée de W. W. Harris qui, de 1913 à 1915, mena un combat similaire et fut au départ des prophétismes ivoiriens, indiquant ainsi qu'à soixante-dix ans de distance, et malgré l'ampleur des changements, l'histoire du pays se répétait singulièrement. Mais, de l'autre, elle s'inscrit profondément dans son époque en en révélant les principales contradictions et, mieux encore, en anticipant la crise socio-politique du tournant des années 1990 qui ébranlera le règne d'Houphouët-Boigny et provoquera le retour au multipartisme.
Edouard Glissant. Naissance d'une anthropologie antillaise au siècle de l'assimilation
Authors: Fonkoua Romual Blaise 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Edouard Glissant: The Birth of Anthropology in the French Antilles during the Century of Assimilation. — The anthropology of the French Antilles is yet to be done, because of the assimilation experienced by these societies. Through essays, poems and novels, Edouard Glissant has undertaken this endeavor. He has discovered: the possibility of philosophical anthropology; the need to construct a vocabulary for a cultural anthropology by epistemologically criticizing several European ethnologists; and the urgency of inventing a social anthropology of the Antilles. His approach is a mixture of concepts and theories often borrowed without any precise references to contradictory disciplines. But its interest lies in the works he has selected to use with the legitimate consciousness of taking a special look at a unique reality. Instead of an affirmed, recognized scientific method, E. Glissant has invented an "ethnopoetics", a literary endeavor with anthropological aims. According to him, this represents the only way to tackle the complexity of Antillean society.
Résistance, Politics of Protest, and Mass Nationalism in Colonial Malawi, 1950-1960. A Reconsideration
Authors: Kalinga Owen J.M. 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Résistance, contestation politique et nationalisme de masse au Malawi (1950-1960). Une réévaluation. — Cet article conteste l'idée reçue selon laquelle la résistance au pouvoir britannique au Malawi, à la fin de la période coloniale, aurait été en grande partie l'œuvre de nationalistes occidentalisés, c'est-à-dire de ceux qui s'engageaient dans le combat pour l'indépendance au début des années 1950. Sans sous-estimer la contribution inestimable de ces « jeunes Turcs » à la cause nationaliste, l'auteur montre qu'une approche centrée sur l'élite est trompeuse, car elle tend à minimiser le rôle déterminant des classes paysanne et ouvrière urbaine. L'auteur souligne également que puisqu'il reste de nombreuses preuves de l'existence d'une agitation anticoloniale croissante au sein des communautés rurales ainsi que différentes formes de luttes sourdes sur les lieux de travail, il est nécessaire de reconsidérer, entre autres choses, les relations entre le programme politique et les activités des leaders occidentalisés et des autres élites, d'une part, et les relations entre les paysans et les travailleurs, de l'autre. Ce faisant, il devient possible d'oeuvrer dans le sens d'une histoire totale qui prend en compte les différentes strates de la société et laisse de côté celle qui va du sommet vers la base de la hiérarchie sociale. Dans le contexte de l'assouplissement du climat politique au Malawi, une telle réévaluation est actuellement envisageable.
The Younger Brother and the Stranger : In Search of a Status Discourse for Mande
Authors: Jansen Jan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article examines different categories of expression (genealogies, family histories, themes from the Sunjata epic, principles of segmentation, labour division) in Mande, and proves that they ail develop along lines of predictability, and are therefore products of the same discourse, lt is argued that genealogies are artificial kinship constructions which represent status daims. Any genealogy in Mande is operative only in a specifie context, as an argument in a struggle for interpretation, and thus the usual positivist, chronological interpretation of genealogies is contested. The relationship oldest/youngest in particular serves to express unity and tension in diplomatie relations between social groups, and relationship has been articulated politically in a functional way in relation to other oppositions such as mobile/immobile, interior/exterior. This status discourse is illustrated by the discussion on the position of the rulers of Kangaba, the alleged ancient capital of the Mali empire.
The Unraveling of a Neglected Source : A Report on Women in Francophone West Africa in the 1930s.
Authors: Lydon Ghislaine 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In October 1937, the Governor-General of AOF appointed Denise Moran Savineau to head a mission of inquiry into the social and economic situation of women and the family in the French West African colonies. Moran, one of the rare women to be employed by the French colonial administration, produced a remarkable study. This article attempts to place her document in its historical context. Attention is paid to the economic and social conditions of the 1930s and the French colonial policy of the 1936 Popular Front government. In the second part of the article, the document in question is examined by themes: women and production, trade, employment, rural and forced labor (especially the case of the Office du Niger), slavery and pawnship, women and the colonial justice System, education and medical facilities.
Secrets and Lies : Context, Meaning, and Agency in Mande
Authors: Hoffman Barbara G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article explores the agency of Mande social actors and the profusion of perspectives at play in the production of meaning through language. It follows the interpretations of Bakhtin, Volosinov, Goody and Douglas in conceptualizing how humans communicate through categories such as truth and falsehood, accuracy and equivocation. Varying interpretations by the same person at different times of a single proverb or a single set of events illustrate significant differences between Western literate and Mande oral ways of thinking about these issues, as well as issues of the categorization of knowledge, and of access to it by Western researchers. The polysemy of Mande languages and the implications for research are explored, taking into consideration issues of veracity and proof in worlds of orality, particularly with regard to research on the speech of griots, for whom "the meaning" of an utterance may be very different from what the Western researcher expects.
La circoncision en pays maasai et borana. Guerre, procréation et virilité en Afrique orientale
Authors: Hazel Robert 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Tant chez les Maasai que chez les Borana, deux ethnies respectivement nilotique et couchitique qui ont marqué l'histoire de l'Afrique orientale, la circoncision vient « dévoiler » la virilité des hommes à un moment crucial de leur existence. Faisant l'objet d'annonces pré-figuratives, elle est ensuite revécue à l'occasion de mises en scène réitératives qui constituent autant d'étapes le long du processus de « masculinisation » auquel sont soumis les membres de toute nouvelle classe d'âge. Vu son importance, la circoncision évoque culturellement une variété de significations. Certaines d'entre elles sont propres à chaque groupe du fait, notamment, que le rite n'intervient pas au même point dans la carrière masculine.
L'Afrique naturalisée
Authors: Dias Nélia 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
II est communément admis que les modes d'exposition des objets dans l'espace des musées ethnographiques nous renseignent tout autant sur les cultures représentées que sur les époques et la culture productrices de ces représentations.
Deux techniques expositives dominent de nos jours la présentation des objets africains dans l'espace des musées : le souci de contextualisation avec une dimension ethnographique (musée de l'Homme) et l'approche esthétique (fondation Dapper, musée des Arts africains et océaniens). Cependant, et au-delà de la dichotomie objet ethnographique/objet d'art, force est de constater que dans certains musées, notamment au musée de la Chasse et de la Nature à Paris, nature et culture semblent aller de pair dans la salle d'Afrique. Ainsi, des lances, des armes, des masques et des sculptures sont exposés à côté de têtes d'animaux, d'animaux empaillés, de cornes d'éléphant en ivoire, de peaux d'animaux, le tout présenté sous forme de trophées de chasse. Si nature et culture sont étroitement liées pour ce qui est de l'Afrique, en revanche la salle d'Asie contient essentiellement des objets de culte. À la fin du XXe siècle les objets africains semblent occuper une position inégale face aux productions matérielles des autres régions géographiques : ce sont quelques-uns des aspects de cette situation que cet article entend examiner.
Des mises en scène de curiosités aux chefs-d'œuvre mis en scène. Le Musée royal de l'Afrique à Tervuren : un siècle de collections
Authors: Bouttiaux Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
From Displaying Curious to Showing Masterpieces: the Musee Royal de l'Afrique In Tervuren, Belgium, a Century of Collecting. — For a century now, the ethnological section of the Royal Museum of Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium, has managed a vast collection of objects. At the start, sculptures were exhibited for neither aesthetic nor scientific purposes; they merely served as an exotic decor for colonial propaganda. Over time, some of these sculptures have attained recognition as "masterpieces", whereas others have been catalogued as the material evidence of given cultures. The way these objects have acquired status in a museum with many other sections of natural and human sciences is described.
Musées et colonisation en Afrique tropicale
Authors: Gaugue Anne 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Museums and Colonization in Tropical Africa. — The first museums in tropical Africa, created in the early 20th century by Portuguese and British colonists, were designed as showcases for the colonization and development of the conquered lands. As of the 1940s, museums became centers for research on African cultures and history with the aim to better understand local peoples and thus facilitate colonial policies. The image of Africa diffused in exhibitions differed from colony to colony. Basically defined as a place of research, museums in French and Belgian colonies presented colonial ethnography's view of ethnie divisions. In the British colonies of the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria, as independence seemed inevitable in the late 1950s, plans were made to open museums in Accra and Lagos as places for promoting the African heritage; these museums were thus destined to favor the emergence of a national conscience. In settlers' colonies in southern Africa (Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe), museums were used to display the superiority of European civilization.
L'ethnologue « gênant », ou les vicissitudes du projet de création du Musée national du Cameroun
Authors: Pompeo Francisco 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Les vicissitudes du projet pour la création du Musée national du Cameroun, racontées à travers l'expérience directe de l'auteur, mettent en relief une série de paradoxes et de contradictions. La dimension spécifique de la mise en œuvre du musée, dans le cadre de la politique nationale, montre un « refoulement » des catégories ethniques ainsi que leur rôle dans l'histoire tourmentée du pays africain, à travers une approche écologique et en faisant référence à l'ethnographie classificatoire.
Quel passé pour les Khoisan ? Représentations, mémoire, héritages
Authors: Fauvelle-Aymar François-Xavier 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
À partir de quelques ouvrages récents portant sur la représentation des Khoisan (dans la muséographie, les collections photographiques et folkloristes), on s'interroge ici sur la résurgence d'un intérêt pour le passé de ces populations longtemps évacuées de l'histoire sud-africaine. À l'heure où s'affichent de nouveaux enjeux, la critique du regard permet de reposer la question de l'historicité des formations ethniques. Elle est aussi une invitation à s'interroger sur les conditions de production des savoirs et des représentations, et à enquêter sur les modes de diffusion et de fixation des images produites.
Métamorphoses d'un continent. L'Afrique des Annales de Géographie, de 1919 au début des années 1960
Authors: De Suremain Marie-Albane 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A Continent's Metamorphoses: The Africa of Annales de Geographie from 1919 to the early 1960s. — The space reserved for Africa and the way this continent was presented in the Annales de Geographie (the official publication of the Vidalian "French School of Geography") from WW I to the 1960s reflects the image that the community of French geography professors had of this continent. Though separated from the colonial lobby, this journal remained dependent on colonial sources till WW II. To a large extent, it reproduced the stereotypes of the times, namely: Africa as the "dark continent". Right after the war however, the journal presented Africa's new place in epistemological debates in geography and in the definition of the relations between geography and the other socials sciences. This scientific interest in Africa entailed changes in the subjects at the center of African studies.