bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Population Health Approach in Historical Perspective
Authors: Szreter Simon 
Published: December 2008

The origin of the population health approach is an historic debate over the relationship between economic growth and human health. In Britain and France, the Industrial Revolution disrupted population health and stimulated pioneering epidemiological studies, informing the early preventive public health movement. A century-long process of political adjustment between the forces of liberal democracy and propertied interests ensued. The 20th-century welfare states resulted as complex political mechanisms for converting economic growth into enhanced population health. However, the rise of a “neoliberal” agenda, denigrating the role of government, has once again brought to the fore the importance of prevention and a population health approach to map and publicize the health impacts of this new phase of “global” economic growth.
Adolescent Health in the Caribbean: Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Blum Robert W. , Halcón Linda , Beuhring Trish , Pate Ernest , Campell-Forrester Sheila , Venema Anneke 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study sought to identify, among youths, factors associated with characteristics such as poor health status, substance use, and suicide risk and to explore the extent to which the risk and protective factors identified cut across health-compromising behaviors. Methods. A survey was administered to representative samples of young people from 9 Caribbean countries. Results. Physical/sexual abuse and having a friend or relative who had attempted suicide were associated with an increased prevalence of health-compromising behaviors. Connectedness with parents and school and attendance at religious services were associated with fewer health risk behaviors. Conclusions. When the identified risk and protective factors were compared with those seen among young people in the United States, similarities as well as important differences were found.
Chevron v Echazabal: Public Health Issues Raised by the “Threat-to-Self” Defense to Adverse Employment Actions
Authors: Barnes Mark , Cleaveland Kimberlee A. , Florencio Patrik S. 
Published: December 2008

In June of 2002, the US Supreme Court upheld a regulation that allows employers, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, to make disability-related employment decisions based on risks to an employee’s own personal health or safety. Previous judicial decisions had allowed employers to make employment decisions based on the threat that a worker’s medical condition posed to others but had not addressed the issue of risk posed to an employee’s health by his or her own disability.The authors comment on the potential effects of the court’s decision for occupational health practitioners charged with assessing the degree of risk and harm of a particular workplace environment and for public health efforts aimed at curbing workplace injury and sickness.
Chevron v Echazabal: Protection, Opportunity, and Paternalism
Authors: Daniels Norman 
Published: December 2008

The Supreme Court, in Chevron v Echazabal, ruled that risks to a disabled worker, if established by an individualized medical assessment, can disqualify the worker from protections offered by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This decision rejected the antipaternalist position of ADA advocates that workers with disabilities should be able to determine, through their own consent, the risks they will take. Such strong antipaternalism may not be compatible with the underlying justification for the protection of workers against health hazards. Stringent regulation of workplace hazards involves restricting the scope of consent to risk. Resolution of this conflict will depend on more careful examination of the degree to which individualized medical assessments avoid stereotyping and bias.
Altria Means Tobacco: Philip Morris’s Identity Crisis
Authors: Smith Elizabeth A. , Malone Ruth E. 
Published: December 2008

Philip Morris Companies, the world’s largest and most profitable tobacco seller, has changed its corporate name to The Altria Group. The company has also embarked on a plan to improve its corporate image. Examination of internal company documents reveals that these changes have been planned for over a decade and that the company expects to reap specific and substantial rewards from them. Tobacco control advocates should be alert to the threat Philip Morris’s plans pose to industryfocused tobacco control campaigns. Company documents also suggest what the vulnerabilities of those plans are and how advocates might best exploit them.
Reconsidering Community-Based Health Promotion: Promise, Performance, and Potential
Authors: Merzel Cheryl , D’Afflitti Joanna 
Published: December 2008

Contemporary public health emphasizes a community-based approach to health promotion and disease prevention. The evidence from the past 20 years indicates, however, that many community-based programs have had only modest impact, with the notable exception of a number of HIV prevention programs. To better understand the reasons for these outcomes, we conducted a systematic literature review of 32 community-based prevention programs. Reasons for poor performance include methodological challenges to study design and evaluation, concurrent secular trends, smaller-than-expected effect sizes, limitations of the interventions, and limitations of theories used. The effectiveness of HIV programs appears to be related in part to extensive formative research and an emphasis on changing social norms.
Have Health Conditions Associated With Latex Increased Since the Issuance of Universal Precautions?
Authors: McCall Brian P. , Horwitz Irwin B. , Kammeyer-Mueller John D. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study explored whether the prevalence of latex-related health conditions has increased among individuals employed in medical occupations relative to those employed in nonmedical occupations since the issuance of universal precautions in 1987. Methods. Data derived from the 1983 to 1994 versions of the National Health Interview Survey were used to obtain odds ratios comparing prevalence rates of latex-related symptoms over time. Results. No statistical evidence was found that the universal precautions resulted in increased prevalence rates of latex-related health conditions among medical workers relative to those employed in nonmedical occupations. Conclusions. Increased use of latex gloves among health care personnel subsequent to the implementation of universal precautions appears to have had no effect on latex allergic reactions experienced by these workers.
Changes of Attitudes and Patronage Behaviors in Response to a Smoke-Free Bar Law
Authors: Tang Hao , Cowling David W. , Lloyd Jon C. , Rogers Todd , Koumjian Kristi L. , Stevens Colleen M. , Bal Dileep G. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined patron responses to a California smoke-free bar law. Methods. Three telephone surveys measured attitudes and behavior changes after implementation of the law. Results. Approval of the law rose from 59.8% to 73.2% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 2.40). Self-reported noncompliance decreased from 24.6% to 14.0% (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.30, 0.85). Likelihood of visiting a bar or of not changing bar patronage after the law was implemented increased from 86% to 91% (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.29, 2.40). Conclusions. California bar patrons increasingly support and comply with the smoke-free bar law.
Primary Care: Is There Enough Time for Prevention?
Authors: Yarnall Kimberly S. H. , Pollak Kathryn I. , Østbye Truls , Krause Katrina M. , Michener J. Lloyd 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine the amount of time required for a primary care physician to provide recommended preventive services to an average patient panel.Methods. We used published and estimated times per service to determine the physician time required to provide all services recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), at the recommended frequency, to a patient panel of 2500 with an age and sex distribution similar to that of the US population.Results. To fully satisfy the USPSTF recommendations, 1773 hours of a physician’s annual time, or 7.4 hours per working day, is needed for the provision of preventive services.Conclusions. Time constraints limit the ability of physicians to comply with preventive services recommendations.
The Gender Gap in Heart Disease: Lessons From Eastern Europe
Authors: Weidner Gerdi , Cain Virginia S. 
Published: December 2008

Why are men more susceptible to heart disease than women? Traditional risk factors cannot explain the gender gap in coronary heart disease (CHD) or the rapid increase in CHD mortality among middle-aged men in many of the newly independent states of Eastern Europe. However, Eastern European men score higher on stressrelated psychosocial factors than men living in the West. Comparisons between the sexes also reveal differences in psychosocial and behavioral coronary risk factors favoring women, indicating that women’s coping with stressful events may be more cardioprotective. Men’s greater susceptibility to heart disease, particularly observable in many Eastern European countries, poses unique threats to public health and points to solutions in the behavioral and social arena.
The Health Status of American Indian and Alaska Native Males
Authors: Rhoades Everett R. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study summarizes current health status information relating to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) males compared with that of AI/ANfemales.Methods. I analyzed published data from the Indian Health Service for 1994 through 1996 to determine sex differences in morbidity and mortality rates and use of health care facilities.Results. AI/AN males’ death rates exceed those of AI/AN females for every age up to 75 years and for 6 of the 8 leading causes of death. Accidents, suicide, and homicide are epidemic among AI/AN males. Paradoxically, AI/AN males contribute only 37.9% of outpatient visits, versus 62.1% for females, and only 47% of hospitalizations excluding childbirth.Conclusions. AI/AN males suffer inordinately from a combination of increased burden of illness and lack of utilization of health care services. Programs targeted to anomie, loss of traditional male roles, and violence and alcoholism are among the most urgently needed.
Receipt of Preventive Care Among Adults: Insurance Status and Usual Source of Care
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Fryer George E. , Phillips Robert , Green Larry 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study ascertained the separate and combined effects of having insurance and a usual source of care on receiving preventive services. Methods. Descriptive and multivariate analyses of 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data were conducted. Results. Receipt of preventive services was strongly associated with insurance and a usual source of care. Significant differences were found between insured adults with a usual source of care, who were most likely to have received services, compared with uninsured adults without regular care, who were least likely to have received services. Those with either a usual source of care or insurance had intermediate levels of preventive services. Conclusions. Having a usual source of care and health insurance are both important to achieving national prevention goals.
Markers of Access to and Quality of Primary Care for Aboriginal People in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Shah Baiju R. , Gunraj Nadia , Hux Janet E. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated primary care accessibility and quality for Ontario’s aboriginal population. Methods. We compared a defined aboriginal cohort with nonaboriginal populations with analogous geographic isolation and low socioeconomic status. We determined rates of hospitalization for the following indicators of adequacy of primary care: ambulatory care–sensitive (ACS) conditions and utilization of referral care–sensitive (RCS) procedures from administrative databases. Results. ACS hospitalization rates, relative to the general population, were 2.54, 1.50, and 1.14 for the aboriginal population, the geographic control populations, and the socioeconomic control populations, respectively. The relative RCS procedure utilization rates were 0.64, 0.91, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusions. The increased ACS hospitalization rate and reduced RCS procedure utilization rate suggest that northern Ontario’s aboriginal residents have insufficient or ineffective primary care.
Sex Without Disclosure of Positive HIV Serostatus in a US Probability Sample of Persons Receiving Medical Care for HIV Infection
Authors: Ciccarone Daniel H. , Kanouse David E. , Collins Rebecca L. , Miu Angela , Chen James L. , Morton Sally C. , Stall Ron 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We estimated the proportion of HIV-positive adults who have any sexual contact without disclosure and the proportion of their sexual partnerships that involve unprotected sex without disclosure. Methods. We drew participants from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (n = 1421). Interviews assessed disclosure and sexual activities with up to 5 recent partners. Results. Overall, 42% of the gay or bisexual men, 19% of the heterosexual men, and 17% of all the women reported any sex without disclosure, predominately within nonexclusive partnerships (P < .001). Across all groups, 13% of serodiscordant partnerships involved unprotected anal or vaginal sex without disclosure, with no significant difference between groups. Conclusions. Risky sex without disclosure of serostatus is not uncommon among people with HIV.
Malaria Films: Motion Pictures as a Public Health Tool
Authors: Fedunkiw Marianne 
Published: December 2008

I offer a historical examination of a group of malaria motion pictures, a subset of a larger genre of public health films. The majority of these more than 100 films were produced or coproduced by American and British agencies or production companies since 1940. The material is divided into 5 chronological periods, which include World War II, the postcolonial or DDT era (1946–1961), and the past 2 decades. The films themselves, I argue, represent a unique record of preventive measures, clinical techniques, and sociocultural biases, all within the context of a history of one of the greatest continuing challenges in public health. The malaria films, as a group, represent a large body of work that has not yet been brought together or analyzed as historical sources.
Violence Against Women in Mexico: A Study of Abuse Before and During Pregnancy
Authors: Castro Roberto , Peek-Asa Corinne , Ruiz Agustin 
Published: December 2008

Objective. We identified the prevalence and types of violence experienced by pregnant women, the ways victimization changed during pregnancy from the year prior to pregnancy, and factors associated with violence during pregnancy. Methods. We interviewed 914 pregnant women treated in health clinics in Mexico about violence during and prior to pregnancy, violence during childhood and against their own children, and other socioeconomic indicators. Results. Approximately one quarter of the women experienced violence during pregnancy. The severity of emotional violence increased during pregnancy, whereas physical and sexual violence decreased. The strongest predictors of abuse were violence prior to pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, parental violence witnessed by women in childhood, and violence in the abusive partner’s childhood. The probability of violence during pregnancy for women experiencing all of these factors was 61%. Conclusions. Violence is common among pregnant women, but pregnancy does not appear to be an initiating factor. Intergenerational violence is highly predictive of violence during pregnancy.
Childhood Residential Stability and Health at Midlife
Authors: Bures Regina M. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the association between 2 dimensions of adults’ self-rated health and residential stability in childhood. Methods. Using data from the nationally representative survey Midlife in the United States, I assessed the impact of neighborhood and family stability on positive perceptions of global health and mental health in midlife. Results. Neighborhood stability in childhood is associated with a significant increase in the likelihood that an individual will rate his or her global health highly in midlife. Both neighborhood and family stability are positively associated with good mental health in midlife. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that both childhood family stability and adult social context are associated with health outcomes later in life. (Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1144–1148)
Income Inequality, Household Income, and Health Status in Canada: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: McLeod Christopher B. , Lavis John N. , Mustard Cameron A. , Stoddart Greg L. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study sought to determine whether income inequality, household income, and their interaction are associated with health status. Methods. Income inequality and area income measures were linked to data on household income and individual characteristics from the 1994 Canadian National Population Health Survey and to data on self-reported health status from the 1994, 1996, and 1998 survey waves. Results. Income inequality was not associated with health status. Low household income was consistently associated with poor health. The combination of low household income and residence in a metropolitan area with less income inequality was associated with poorer health status than was residence in an area with more income inequality. Conclusions. Household income, but not income inequality, appears to explain some of the differences in health status among Canadians.
Income Inequality, Illiteracy Rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil
Authors: Messias Erick 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. The link between income disparities and health has been studied mostly in developed nations. This study assesses the relationship between income disparities and life expectancy in Brazil and measures the impact of illiteracy rates on the association. Methods. The units of analysis (n = 27) are all the Brazilian states and the federal capital. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed to measure the association between income disparity, measured by the Gini coefficient, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and illiteracy rate. Data came from publicly available sources at the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results. Income disparities and illiteracy rates were negatively associated with life expectancy in Brazil. GDP per capita was positively associated with life expectancy. The inclusion of illiteracy rates in the regression model removed the effect of income disparities. Conclusions. Illiteracy rate is strongly associated with life expectancy in Brazil. This finding is in accord with reports from the United States and has implications for health policy and planning for both developed and developing countries.
A Medicaid Population’s Use of Physicians’ Offices for Dental Problems
Authors: Cohen Leonard A. , Manski Richard J. , Magder Laurence S. , Mullins C. Daniel 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study evaluated how the elimination of Medicaid reimbursement to dentists for the treatment of adult dental problems affected patients’ visits to physicians.Methods. Data tapes describing physicians’ claims for adult Medicaid patients were obtained from the Maryland Medicaid Management Information System. The database contains information on all claims made to Maryland Medicaid, including date, provider, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Manual code, and payments.Results. A total of 5334 individuals made physician’s office claims related to dental problems sometime during the 4-year study period. The rate of dental-related claims by physicians decreased by 8% after the policy change.Conclusions. Visits to physicians’ offices decreased even though an increase might have been expected because of the elimination of access to dentists in private practice. Patients might have assumed that if visits to dentists would no longer be paid for, neither would visits to physicians’ offices.
Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Eastin Matthew , Hofschire Linda , Lachlan Ken , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the distribution and individual characteristics of body types on prime-time television. Methods. Five episodes of each of the 10 top-rated prime-time fictional programs on 6 broadcast networks during the 1999–2000 season were quantitatively analyzed. Results. Of 1018 major television characters, 14% of females and 24% of males were overweight or obese, less than half their percentages in the general population. Overweight and obese females were less likely to be considered attractive, to interact with romantic partners, or to display physical affection. Overweight and obese males were less likely to interact with romantic partners and friends or to talk about dating and were more likely to be shown eating. Conclusions. Overweight and obese television characters are associated with specific negative characteristics.
The Intersection of Urban Planning, Art, and Public Health: The Sunnyside Piazza
Authors: Semenza Jan C. 
Published: December 2008

Deteriorating physical features of urban environments can negatively influence public health. Dilapidated environments and urban blight tend to promote alienation and can be associated with social disorder, vandalism, crime, drug abuse, traffic violations, and littering, which in turn affects health and well-being. In the late 1990s, the Sunnyside neighborhood in Portland, Ore, was plagued by many of these problems. In an attempt to invigorate neighborhood stewardship, the community organized and created a public gathering place; together, they painted a gigantic sunflower in the middle of an intersection and installed several interactive art features. As a result of these collective actions of “place-making,” social capital has increased, thus revitalizing the community, and expanded social networks among residents have stimulated a sense of well-being.
Creating Healthy Communities, Healthy Homes, Healthy People: Initiating a Research Agenda on the Built Environment and Public Health
Authors: Srinivasan Shobha , O’Fallon Liam R. , Dearry Allen 
Published: December 2008

Mounting evidence suggests physical and mental health problems relate to the built environment, including human-modified places such as homes, schools, workplaces, parks, industrial areas, farms, roads and highways. The public health relevance of the built environment requires examination.Preliminary research demonstrates the health benefits of sustainable communities. However, the impact of mediating and moderating factors within the built environment on health must be explored further. Given the complexity of the built environment, understanding its influence on human health requires a community-based, multilevel, interdisciplinary research approach.The authors offer recommendations, based upon a recent conference sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), for research and policy approaches, and suggest interagency research alliances for greater public health impact.