bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal, 1487–1807
Authors: Chapman A. B. Wallis 
Published: March 2007

Roughly speaking the modern history of Anglo-Portuguese commerce falls into two distinct parts, the period before and after the momentous treaty of 1654.From the end of the fifteenth century up to 1580 the commercial interests of England and Portugal were overshadowed by their rivalry for the trade of Africa, As yet, England put forward little claim to a share in the riches of the East. Henry VIII. did, indeed, attempt to bargain with the Portuguese king for a part in one of the Portuguese expeditions to India. His overtures were rejected, however, and the English concentrated their attention on the trade with Africa. But the Portuguese guarded their possessions in Barbary and Guinea as jealously as their treasure-house in the East. By the middle of the sixteenth century the question grew acute. Philip and Mary forbade their subjects to trade in places under the king of Portugal's government. The merchants ingenuously pleaded that they did no such thing; they merely lay in their ships off the coast, and the natives came to them in boats and traded with them: but even this innocent performance was forbidden by Queen Mary, under the influence of Philip, the natural champion of colonial monopoly.
The Norse Settlements in the British Islands
Authors: Bugge Alexander 
Published: March 2007

I Esteem it a very great honour indeed to be allowed to lecture before this learned Society, which among its members numbers so many eminent men.You will probably think that my subject lies far out of the way and is only of very small importance to the study of English history.—But it is my proud conviction that the Norsemen, my ancestors, also have contributed to the moulding of the English nation and of the British Empire. These times, however, lie far back. It is now nearly 900 years ago since Vikings' fleets used to land on the shores of the British Islands and many centuries since the tongue of the Norsemen was spoken here, except in the far away Orkneys and Shetland. Nearly everything that could remind us of them has disappeared. Those times are long ago forgotten when the Scandinavian peoples were feared by other nations, and were of some consequence in European politics. Since then the British nation has spread its sway all over the world, and its destinies lie not in Europe only, but beyond the seas. It is therefore not to be wondered that the English have forgotten their Norse ancestors. There was, however, a time when the fortunes of the British Islands were closely intertwined with those of Northern Europe, a time when these Islands and Denmark, Norway and Sweden seemed destined to form part of one great empire and had comparatively little to do with the outside world.
The Cattle Trade between Wales and England from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Skeel Caroline 
Published: March 2007

Early in the Civil War some North Welsh gentlemen addressed to the King a petition, the draft of which is preserved in the National Library at Aberystwyth:“ To the King's most excellent ma'tie. The humble petition of yo'r Ma'ties Loyall subjects subscribed for and on the behalfe of themselues and the rest of the inhabitants of yo'r Ma'ties six counties of North Wales, Sheweth, That the sale of yo'r petitioners' cattle and Welch cottons being the principall and most considerable commodities of these countries, cottons usuallie vented in Shrewsbury and our cattle driven and sould in most parts of England, hath bin and is the onelie support of yo'r petitioners' being and livelihood, among whom there (be) many thousand families in the mountainous part of this countrey who sowing little or noe corne at all, trust merely to the sale of their cattle, wooll and Welch cottons for provision of bread.”
The Authenticity of the ‘Lords’ Journals' in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Pollard A. F. 
Published: March 2007

In a brilliant chapter in the ‘Cambridge Modern History’ the late Professor Maitland, dealing with the circumstances of the passage of Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity through the House of Lords, remarks: ‘Unfortunately, at an exciting moment there is a gap, perhaps a significant gap, in the official record, and we cease to know what lords were present in the House.’ This is a summary of a more detailed examination contributed by Maitland to the English Historical Review which reads as follows:—‘It is well known that the Journal of the House of Lords becomes suddenly silent at the most exciting moment of this momentous session. It leaps from Saturday, April 22, to Monday, May 1; in other words, it leaps over the days on which the Supremacy Bill (No. 3) and the Uniformity Bill were receiving the assent of the House of Lords. Is this due to accident or is it due to fraud? The question springs to our lips, for we have every reason to believe that the journal ought to have recorded the fact that not one lord spiritual voted for these bills, and that every prelate who was present voted against them. This fact might indeed be notorious; but notoriety is not evidence, and in the then state of constitutional doctrine the Queen's ministers may have wished to deprive their adversaries of the means of “averring by matter of record” that the first estate of the realm was no party to the religious settlement. With some slight hope that the handwriting might be more eloquent than print, I obtained permission to see the original journal. It made no disclosure. In the first place, the work is so neat and regular that it looks, not like a journal kept day by day, but like a fair text made at the end of the session from notes that had been taken as the session proceeded. In the second place, the practice was to devote one page—or rather one side of a page—to every day, whether there was much or little to record. The session of Saturday, April 22, is described on the back of a page and ends with an adjournment to the next Tuesday; the session of Monday, May 1, is described on the front of the next page. Even if the book were unbound it would, I fear, reveal no more; for, as we apparently have to deal with a clean text made at the end of the session, any inference that we might be disposed to draw from the distribution of quires and sheets would be highly precarious, and “This may or may not have been an accident” would have to be our last word.’
Free Trade in Land: An Aspect of the Irish Question
Authors: Burn W. L. 
Published: March 2007

In 1811 the Solicitor-General of Ireland was prosecuting at Clonmel some members of two agrarian societies of the Ribbon type, the Caravats and the Shanavests.What (he asked) is the first object of these savage associations, to enforce the commands of which you are nightly plundered of your arms? It is the regulation of landed property and its produce, it is the vain and idle attempt to fix a maximum for rent and to prescribe the price of labour, it is the frantic project to prevent the transfer of property and to frustrate the exertions of industry. The nature of things, still more than the operation of positive law, has decreed that property should find its own level; and it is the first principle of a commercial country, and the first consequence of national prosperity, that property should be in a state of perpetual transfer and circulation.
The Duchy of Lancaster Council and Court of Duchy Chamber The Alexander Prize Essay
Authors: Somerville R. 
Published: March 2007

The origin of that court of equity which sat at Westminster as the court of duchy chamber has prompted more than one guess, but none of the guesses has reached the truth. Their authors, in applying the Lucretian principle ex nihilo nihil fit and by searching for a definite act of creation, have forgotten an equally profound truth so well emphasised in medieval English history, that few of our great institutions were created all at once, or sprang into life completely armed like Pallas Athene from the head of Zeus. Most of these writers have seen in Henry IV's accession to the throne a sharp dividing line in the history of the duchy of Lancaster, which in fact it was not. The charter by which Henry IV regulated the status of the duchy in 1399 expressly provided for a continuance of the existing administration.Another factor in obscuring the origin of this court has been a confusion with the chancery court of Lancashire. This chancery was set up by a definite act in the middle of the fourteenth century and revived soon after; in the course of time it acquired an equity jurisdiction similar to that exercised by the royal chancery. But its jurisdiction was, and still is, limited to Lancashire, whereas the court of duchy chamber had a much wider range. This confusion is apparent in legal works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Coke continued the misconception, with the result that even modern writers of repute have been led astray.
The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations, 1390–1396. The Alexander Prize Essay
Authors: Palmer J. J. N. 
Published: March 2007

The most surprising feature of the Anglo-French negotiations of this period was that they ended in failure. The English king's enthusiasm for peace is too well-known to require comment. It is less often recognized that the French were equally eager. In an official memorandum drawn up for their ambassadors in 1390 it was stated that:… en traictie de paix dentre si grans princes que les roys de france et dangleterre communement toutes rancunes et offences sont remises dune part et dautre, et retourne chacun en son ancien heritage.
The Career of a Political Bishop: Adam de Orleton (c. 1279–1345)
Authors: Usher G. A. 
Published: March 2007

Thomas Fuller summarized our subject with brisk and depres-sing confidence:’This is he so famous in history for cutting off the life of King Edward the Second…he made much bustling in the land, passing through the bishoprics of (Hereford), Worcester and Winchester, and died at last, not much lamented, July 18th, 1345.’
The Formation of the Coalition Cabinet of 1852
Authors: Stuart C. H. 
Published: March 2007

‘Quel grand ministère!’ wrote Princess Lieven to Lord Aberdeen on 26 December 1852. ‘Mais quel curieux spectacle, vous, Lord John, Lord Palmerston! Qui est le fou qui eût osé prédire cette trinité?’The princess's surprise at this alliance was shared by her contemporaries, among whom the old Tory Lord Londonderry could hardly contain his indignation, writing of it to Clarendon as ‘this grandissima Coalition-Composition (which either seems to have dropped from the skies or been conjured in the regions below)’, and adding that ‘so utterly meretricious … and apparently indelicate and inexplicable alliance was never before contemplated, much less seen’. It is true that some form of alliance had long been expected as the logical solution to the problem of weak minority government that had persisted since 1846, but it was not envisaged in the form, which it ultimately took in December 1852, of an all-embracing union of the Whigs and the former followers of Peel. As late as February 1852 Gladstone had spoken of union with the Whigs as the ‘least natural position’ for Peel's followers, and his opinion was shared by others.
East Anglia and the Danelaw
Authors: Davis R. H. C. 
Published: March 2007

IT has been, and still is, the considered opinion of many scholars that the freemen and sokemen who figure so prominently in the Domesday Survey of the northern and eastern counties of England were the descendants of the rank-and-file of the Danish armies of the ninth century. The theory is not based on any precise knowledge of Scandinavian peasant-society in the ninth century, but on the geographical distribution of the free peasantry in England. It was first propounded by E. W. Robertson in 1862:In the Danelage, … omitting Yorkshirefrom the calculation, between a third and a fourth of the entire population were classified either as liberi homines or as socmen. … Free Socage, the very tenure of which is sometimes supposed to have been peculiarly a relic of Anglo-Saxon liberty, appears to have been absolutely unknown except among the Danes.
Great Britain and the Coming of the Pacific War, 1939–1941
Authors: Lowe Peter 
Published: March 2007

In a mood of understandable frustration, the British minister in Bangkok sent a telegram to the head of the Far Eastern department of the Foreign Office in June 1941, referring to the tedious economic discussions he was conducting with the Thai government, saying:I am disturbed by the contradictory tone of the telegrams sent to me from His Majesty's Foreign Office … Some of them breathe that broad and statesmanlike spirit which I have learnt to respect and admire over a period of nearly forty years. Others strike a shrill and petulant note which is new to me … I have an uneasy feeling that you people in Downing Street live in an ivory tower as regards Thailand …
Reflections on Entrepreneurship and Culture in European Societies
Authors: Pollard Sidney 
Published: March 2007

The theme which I have been asked to consider refers to the whole of Europe, but the terms on which it has been defined made it clear that the focus of interest was still to lie in Britain. I shall bear that focus in mind.After a brief review of the debate relating to entrepreneurship and culture in Britain in the late Victorian and Edwardian period, the period with which I shall be more specifically concerned, and a similarly cursory examination of the role of entrepreneurship in economic theory and in the writings of economic historians in recent decades, I shall turn to the main theme, entrepreneurship and its cultural setting in the decades before World War I in the rest of Europe. A return to the British problem will complete the paper.
Social Class and Social Observation in Edwardian England
Authors: McKibbin R. I. 
Published: March 2007

In 1887 Charles Booth addressed the Royal Statistical Society on the condition and occupations of the inhabitants of the Tower Hamlets, after which Leone Levi, a well-known statistician of the hard school, posed a testing question:‘Who was a poor man? … The author [Andrew Mearns, writer of The Bitter Cry of Outcast London] had not mentioned the causes of poverty … His own impression was that poverty proper in the district which had been described was more frequently produced by vice, extravagance and waste, or by unfitness for work, the result in many cases of immoral habits, than by real want of employment or low wages.’
‘His Special Friend’ ? The Settlement of Disputes and Political Power in the Kingdom of the French (Tenth to Mid-Twelfth Century)
Authors: Martindale Jane 
Published: March 2007

‘Failing help from God and Saint Martin, the canons found it necessary to renew their complaint before the lord Hugh, their abbot and count’.‘For almost six years’, the canons of Saint-Martin de Tours had been trying to regain possession of land in the neighbouring diocese of Poitiers. They complained that through ‘the cupidity of Frankish men’ they had been deprived of two estates; and, because ‘they could never get justice for their claim’, they were asking their lay-abbot, Hugh, for his advice. Hugh counselled them ‘to go again and put their claim to the lord Count Ebles, his special friend’ and to Ebles' own faithful men (iterum ad domnum Ebolum comitem, suum specialem amicum, et praescriptos suos fideles). Where God and his saint had not come to the canons' aid, cooperation between the two most powerful laymen of these regions broke this judicial deadlock: after intervention by Counts Hugh and Ebles, the viscounts of Thouars recognised that they had unjustly deprived Saint Martin of his property, and the two estates could be returned to the community of Saint-Martin once diey had renounced their possession of thevillaeof Curçay and Antogné.
Thatcherism: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Green E. H. H. 
Published: March 2007

Margaret Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative party in November 1990, but both she and the political ideology to which her name has been appended continue to fascinate pundits and scholars. Indeed, since Thatcher's resignation in November 1990, curiosity about her political legacy has, if anything, increased, fuelled in part by the memoirs produced by the ex-premier herself and a large number of her one-time Cabinet colleagues. Since the early 1980s the bulk of work that has appeared on Thatcherism has been dominated either by what one might describe as the ‘higher journalism’ or by political science scholarship, both of which have been most exercised by the questions of what Thatcherism was and where it took British politics and society. In this essay I want to look at Thatcherism from an historical perspective and thus ask a different question, namely where did Thatcherism, and in particular the political economy of Thatcherism, come from?Given that Margaret Thatcher became leader of the Conservative party in 1975 this might seem a logical starting-point from which to track Thatcherism's origins. Some have argued, however, that Thatcher's election in itself was of little importance, in that the Conservative party's leadership contest in 1975 was a competition not to be Edward Heath, and that Thatcher won because she was more obviously not Edward Heath than anyone else. This emphasis on the personal aspects of the leadership issue necessarily plays down any ideological significance of Thatcher's victory, a point often reinforced by reference to the fact that key elements of the policy agenda that came to be associated with Thatcherism, notably privatisation, were by no means clearly articulated in the late 1970s and did not appear in the Conservative Election Manifesto of 1979.
Thermal and photochemical degradation of PPO/HIPS blends
Authors: Saron Clodoaldo , Sanchez Elisabete M. S. , Isabel Felisberti Maria 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn general, polymer blends show a degradation behavior different from a simple combination of the individual components, making any forecast difficult without experiments. Interactions between polymers can sensibilize or stabilize the blend against degradation. In this work, the thermal and photooxidative degradation of blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) have been studied under accelerated conditions. The extent of degradation was accompanied by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (FT‐Raman) and impact resistance and strain–stress testing followed its influence on the macroscopic properties of the blends. The results showed that HIPS and the blend containing 60 wt % of PPO are more susceptible to thermal and photochemical degradation, while the blends containing 40 and 50 wt % of PPO are more stable. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic analyses showed that the degradation of HIPS and its blends is caused not only by degradation of the polybutadiene phase. Effects of interactions, such as exchange of energy in excited state between the PPO and PS components of the polymeric matrix may also be responsible for the degradation and loss of mechanical properties of the PPO/HIPS blends. The chemical degradation directly affects the mechanical properties of the samples with photodegradation being more harmful than the thermal degradation at 75°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and molecular weight and structural determinations of (polyvinylpyrrolidone)‐ oximate‐silico‐benzoyl glycine copolymer with IR and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Singh Man , Chauhan Sushila 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐oximate‐silico‐benzoyl glycine (POSBG) copolymer has been prepared taking PVP and benzoyl glycine with tetraethylorthosilicate as binder. Average viscosity molecular weights (Mv) each of PVP‐oxime and POSBG were determined with dilute aqueous solutions. For molecular weights primarily a calibration curve between intrinsic viscosities [η] and different molecular weights of polyvinyl alcohol (marker) has been obtained to determine Mv of oxime as 42,042 g mol−1. Similarly the Mv of POSBG as 80,297.13 g mol−1 was determined with [η] of lysozyme (molecular weight = 24,000 g mol−1) egg albumin (40,000 g mol−1) and BSA (65,000 g mol−1). For structural illustration, IR spectra of PVP‐oxime and copolymer were recorded in Nujol, which do not depict band frequency of OH group of binder. The 1602, 1688, 1182, and 1127 cm−1 stretching vibration frequencies noted in spectra infer presence of CN, CO, SiOSi, and SiOC groups, respectively, in POSBG. Structures of PVP‐oxime unit of POSBG are supported with Proton NMR. The work is aimed to develop new valuable biosensor and conducting copolymer molecule to serve as useful biochip and a biocompatible template. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Dynamically cured polypropylene/Novolac blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride‐g‐polypropylene
Authors: Cui Limei , Wang Shifeng , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article, the dynamic vulcanization process was applied to polypropylene (PP)/Novolac blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (MAH‐g‐PP). The influences of dynamic cure, content of MAH‐g‐PP, Novolac, and curing agent on mechanical properties of the PP/Novolac blends were investigated. The results showed that the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blend had the best mechanical properties among all PP/Novolac blends. The dynamic cure of Novolac improved the modulus and stiffness of the PP/Novolac blends. The addition of MAH‐g‐PP into dynamically cured PP/Novolac blend further enhanced the mechanical properties. With increasing Novolac content, tensile strength, flexural modulus, and flexural strength increased significantly, while the elongation at break dramatically deceased. Those blends with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a curing agent had good mechanical properties at HMTA content of 10 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blends had finer domains than the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/Novolac blends. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the incorporation of Novolac into PP could improve the thermal stability of PP. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Reduction of joint pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis who have received monthly telephone calls from lay personnel and whose medical treatment regimens have remained stable
Authors: René Jonathan , Weinberger Morris , Mazzuca Steven A. , Brandt Kenneth D. , Katz Barry P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective. We previously reported that monthly telephone contact by lay personnel, to promote self‐care for patients with osteoarthritis (OA), was associated with improved joint pain and physical function after 1 year of followup. The present study was a secondary analysis to determine whether improvement was contingent on intensified medical treatment.Methods. We reanalyzed control/treatment group differences in all 40 subjects with radiographically confirmed knee OA who had had no changes in antirheumatic drug therapy or institution of physical therapy during the period of observation.Results. Group differences in measured pain remained significant (effect size [ES] = 0.65 SD, P < 0.01). The same trend was observed for physical function (ES = 0.53 SD, P not significant).Conclusion. The findings in this reanalysis suggest that periodic telephone support interventions are effective enough to be regarded as an adjunctive treatment for OA.