bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF SPRAY‐DRIED PRODUCT QUALITY USING TWO SIMPLE DRYING KINETICS MODELS
Authors: PATEL KAMLESH C. , CHEN XIAO DONG 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT Increasing attention has been given to spray drying because of its popularity in the manufacturing of various powders with prerequisite quality. A large number of theoretical and experimental studies have been published during the last five decades to study spray‐drying operations. Despite this progress, there is still lack of information on the selection of an accurate and simple drying kinetics model to characterize the droplet drying process. This article has particularly focused on the comparison of two simple and effective drying kinetics models: the characteristic drying‐rate curve and reaction‐engineering approach (REA) models. This article reported mathematical models that can be used to design the spray‐drying operation and to predict the particle's characteristics for realistic dryer‐wide situations. Both the physical and biochemical quality attributes were investigated regarding their sensitivity to the model parameters used in the two drying kinetics models. The REA model was found to deliver more realistic predictions during the modeling of the droplet drying process for all the sets of conditions tested.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR TUNNEL DRIER FOR DRYING JACKFRUIT BULBS AND LEATHER
Authors: BALA B.K. , ASHRAF M.A. , UDDIN M.A. , JANJAI S. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT This article presents the field performance of a solar tunnel drier for drying jackfruit bulbs and leather. The drier consists of a transparent plastic‐covered flat‐plate collector and a drying tunnel connected in series to supply hot air directly into the drying tunnel using two direct‐current fans operated by a photovoltaic module. The drier has a loading capacity of 120–150 kg of fruits. Sixteen experimental runs were conducted for drying jackfruit bulbs and leather (eight runs each). The use of a solar tunnel drier led to a considerable reduction in drying time and dried products of better quality in comparison to products dried under the sun. A multilayered neural network approach was used to predict the performance of the solar tunnel drier. Using solar drying data of jackfruit bulbs and leather, the model has been trained using backpropagation algorithm. The prediction of the performance of the drier was found to be excellent after it was adequately trained. It can be used to predict the potential of the drier for different locations, and can also be used in a predictive optimal control algorithm.
Understanding parental motivators and barriers to uptake of child poison safety strategies: a qualitative study
Authors: Gibbs L , Waters E , Sherrard J , Ozanne-Smith J , Robinson J , Young S , Hutchinson A 
Published: December 2005

Objectives:To develop an understanding of factors acting as barriers and motivators to parental uptake of child poison safety strategies.Design:A qualitative study involving semistructured interviews and focus groups. A grounded theory approach was used for the collection and analysis of data.Participants:Sixty five parents of children under 5 years of age, some of whom had experienced an unintentional child poisoning incident.Results:A range of knowledge based, environmental, and behavioral barriers to comprehensive parental uptake of poison safety practices were identified. As a result there tended to be only partial implementation of safety initiatives in the home. Selection of safety practices was often guided by the interests and behaviors of the child. This made the child vulnerable to changes in the home environment, inadequate supervision, and/or shifts in their own behavior and developmental ability. Personal or vicarious exposure of a parent to a child poisoning incident was a significant motivator for parental review of safety practices.Conclusion:Environmental measures targeting child resistant containers, warning labels, and lockable poisons cupboards will support parents’ efforts to maintain poison safety. Additional education campaigns using stories of actual poisoning incidents may help to increase awareness of risk and encourage increased uptake.
Attributable risk of alcohol and other drugs for crashes in the transit industry
Authors: Cunradi C B , Ragland D R , Greiner B , Klein M , Fisher J M 
Published: December 2005

Objective:To estimate the impact of employee alcohol and drug use on crashes in the transit industry from 1995–2000.Design:Secondary analysis of federally mandated post crash and random alcohol and drug testing results.Setting:The US transit industry.Subjects:Transit industry employees.Main outcome measures:Relative risk (RR), population attributable risk (PAR), and population attributable risk percentage (PAR%).Results:For alcohol testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.02% (1999) to 0.03% (1995). For drug testing, the estimated PAR% ranged from 0.38% (1998) to 0.67% (1997). Based on these calculations, the estimated number of crashes per 1000 crashes attributable to alcohol was less than one during 1995–2000, and the number attributable to drugs ranged from about four to about six. The number of crashes attributable to either alcohol or drugs did not vary greatly from 1995–2000. Estimated rates of crashes attributable to alcohol or drugs were substantially lower in 1995, the first year of testing, than had been projected based on previous estimates, and did not show substantial change from 1995–2000.Conclusions:Approaches to transit safety based on reducing employee use of alcohol and other drugs have modest potential for reducing number of fatalities, injuries, and crashes.
The global burden of non-conflict related firearm mortality
Authors: Richmond T S , Cheney R , Schwab C W 
Published: December 2005

Objective:Understanding global firearm mortality is hindered by data availability, quality, and comparability. This study assesses the adequacy of publicly available data, examines populations for whom firearm mortality data are not publicly available, and estimates the global burden of non-conflict related firearm mortality.Design:The design is a secondary analysis of existing data. A dataset of countries, populations, economic development, and geographic regions was created, using United Nations 2000 world population data and World Bank classifications of economic development and global regions. Firearm mortality data were obtained from governmental vital statistics reported by the World Health Organization and published survey data. A qualitative review of literature informed estimates for the 15 most populous countries without firearm death data. For countries without data, estimates of firearm deaths were made using quartiles of observed rates and peer reviewed literature.Main outcome measures:Non-conflict related firearm deaths.Results:Global non-conflict related firearm deaths were estimated to fall between 196 000 and 229 000, adjusted to the year 2000. 162 800 firearm deaths adjusted for the year 2000 came from countries reporting data and represent 35% of the world’s 186 countries. Public data are not available for 122 of these 186 countries, representing more than three billion (54%) of the world’s population, predominately in lower and lower middle income countries. Estimates of firearm death for those countries without data range from 33 200 to 66 200.Conclusions:This study provides evidence that the burden of firearm related mortality poses a substantial threat to local and global health.
Injury prevention practices as depicted in G and PG rated movies: the sequel: Table 1
Authors: Ramsey L T , Ballesteros M F , Pelletier A R , Wolf J 
Published: December 2005

Objective:To determine whether the depiction of injury prevention practices in children’s movies released during 1998–2002 is different from an earlier study, which found that characters were infrequently depicted practicing recommended safety behaviors.Methods:The top 25 G (general audience) and PG (parental guidance suggested) rated movies per year from 1998–2002 comprised the study sample. Movies or scenes not set in the present day, animated, documentary, or not in English were excluded; fantasy scenes were also excluded. Injury prevention practices of motor vehicle occupants, pedestrians, bicyclists, and boaters were recorded for characters with speaking roles.Results:Compared with the first study, the proportion of scenes with characters wearing safety belts increased (27%v35%, p<0.01), the proportion of scenes with characters wearing personal flotation devices decreased (17%v0%, p<0.05), and no improvement was noted in pedestrian behavior or use of bicycle helmets.Conclusions:Despite a modest increase in safety belt usage, appropriate injury prevention practices are still infrequently shown in top grossing G and PG rated movies. The authors recommend that the entertainment industry incorporate safe practices into children’s movies. Parents should call attention to the depiction of unsafe behaviors in movies and educate children to follow recommended safety practices.
When one is not enough: prevalence and characteristics of homes not adequately protected by smoke alarms
Authors: Peek-Asa C , Allareddy V , Yang J , Taylor C , Lundell J , Zwerling C 
Published: December 2005

Objective:The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has specific recommendations about the number, location, and type of smoke alarms that are needed to provide maximum protection for a household. No previous studies have examined whether or not homes are completely protected according to these guidelines. The authors describe the prevalence and home characteristics associated with compliance to recommendations for smoke alarm installation by the NFPA.Design, setting, and subjects:Data are from the baseline on-site survey of a randomized trial to measure smoke alarm effectiveness. The trial was housed in a longitudinal cohort study in a rural Iowa county. Of 1005 homes invited, 691 (68.8%) participated.Main outcome measures:Information about smoke alarm type, placement, and function, as well as home and occupant characteristics, was collected through an on-site household survey.Results:Although 86.0% of homes had at least one smoke alarm, only 22.3% of homes (approximately one in five) were adequately protected according to NFPA guidelines. Fourteen percent of homes had no functioning smoke alarms. More than half of the homes with smoke alarms did not have enough of them or had installed them incorrectly, and 42.4% of homes with alarms had at least one alarm that did not operate. Homes with at least one high school graduate were nearly four times more likely to be fully protected. Homes that had multiple levels, a basement, or were cluttered or poorly cleaned were significantly less likely to be fully protected.Conclusion:These findings indicate that consumers may not be knowledgeable about the number of alarms they need or how to properly install them. Occupants are also not adequately maintaining the alarms that are installed.
Informal medicine: ethical analysis
Authors: Leavitt F J , Peleg R , Peleg A 
Published: November 2005

Context:Doctors have been known to treat or give consultation to patients informally, with none of the usual record keeping or follow up. They may wish to know whether this practice is ethical.Objective:To determine whether this practice meets criteria of medical ethics.Design:Informal medicine is analysed according to standard ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, distributive and procedural justice, and caring.Setting:Hospital, medical school, and other settings where patients may turn to physicians for informal help.Conclusion:No generalisation can be made to the effect that informal medicineisoris notethical. Each request for informal consultation must be considered on its own merits.Guidelines:Informal medicine may be ethical if no payment is involved, and when the patient is fully aware of the benefits and risks of a lack of record keeping. When an informal consultation does not entail any danger to the patient or others, the physician may agree to the request. If, however, any danger to the patient or others is foreseen, then the physician must insist on professional autonomy, and consider refusing the request and persuading the patient to accept formal consultation. If a reportable infectious disease, or other serious danger to the community, is involved, the physician should refuse informal consultation or treatment, or at least make a proper report even if the consultation was informal. If agreeing to the request will result in an unfair drain on the physician’s time or energy, he or she should refuse politely.
Tobacco document research reporting
Authors: Carter S M 
Published: November 2005

Objective:To understand the use of internal tobacco industry documents in the peer reviewed health literature.Design:Interpretive analysis of published research.Sample:173 papers indexed in Medline between 1995 and 2004 that cited tobacco industry documents.Analysis:Information about year published, journal and author, and a set of codes relating to methods reporting, were managed in N*Vivo. This coding formed the basis of an interpretation of tobacco document research reporting.Results:Two types of papers were identified. The first used tobacco documents as the primary data source (A-papers). The second was dedicated to another purpose but cited a small number of documents (B-papers). In B-papers documents were used either to provide a specific example or to support an expansive contention. A-papers contained information about purpose, sources, searching, analysis, and limitations that differed by author and journal and over time. A-papers had no clear methodological context, but used words from three major traditions—interpretive research, positivist research, and history—to describe analysis.Interpretation:A descriptive mainstream form of tobacco document reporting is proposed, initially typical but decreasing, and a continuum of positioning of the researcher, from conduit to constructor. Reporting practices, particularly from experienced researchers, appeared to evolve towards researcher as constructor, with later papers showing more complex purposes, diverse sources, and detail of searching and analysis. Tobacco document research could learn from existing research traditions: a model for planning and evaluating tobacco document research is presented.
Use of nicotine replacement therapy and the risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and death
Authors: Hubbard R , Lewis S , Smith C , Godfrey C , Smeeth L , Farrington P , Britton J 
Published: November 2005

Objective:To determine whether nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, or death.Design:Self control case series analysis of data from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) to estimate the relative incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in four 14 day periods before and after the first prescription for NRT.Setting:THIN is a computerised general practice database.Subjects:Patients contributing data to THIN.Interventions:Observational study of NRT.Main outcomes:Acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, and death.Results:33 247 individuals had been prescribed NRT, of whom 861 had had a myocardial infarction and 506 a stroke. There was a progressive increase in the incidence of first myocardial infarction in the 56 days leading up to the first NRT prescription (overall incidence ratio 5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.42 to 6.98), but the incidence fell after this time and was not increased in the 56 days after starting NRT (incidence ratio 1.27, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.97). The results were similar for second myocardial infarction and stroke, and for subgroups of people with pre-existing angina and hypertension. There were 960 deaths in our cohort during a mean follow up period of 2.6 years after starting NRT, with no evidence of an increased mortality in the 56 days after the NRT prescription (incidence ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.23).Conclusions:The use of NRT is not associated with any increase in the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death.
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars
Authors: Mulcahy M , Evans D S , Hammond S K , Repace J L , Byrne M 
Published: November 2005

Objective:To investigate whether the Irish smoking ban has had an impact on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures for hospitality workers.Design, setting, and participants:Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n  =  35) from a sample of city hotels (n  =  15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. Additionally, a random sample (n  =  20) of city centre bars stratified by size (range 400–5000 square feet), were tested for air nicotine concentrations using passive samplers before and after the ban.Main outcome measures:Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (μg/cubic metre).Results:Cotinine concentrations reduced by 69%, from 1.6 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml median (SD 1.29; p < 0.005). Overall 74% of subjects experienced decreases (range 16–99%), with 60% showing a halving of exposure levels at follow up. Self reported exposure to SHS at work showed a significant reduction from a median 30 hours a week to zero (p < 0.001). There was an 83% reduction in air nicotine concentrations from median 35.5 µg/m3to 5.95 µg/m3(p < 0.001). At baseline, three bars (16%) were below the 6.8 μg/m3air nicotine significant risk level for lung cancer alone; at follow up this increased to 10 (53%).Conclusions:Passive smoking and associated risks were significantly reduced but not totally eliminated. Exposure to SHS is still possible for those working where smoking is still allowed and those working where smoke may migrate from outdoor areas. Further research is required to assess the true extent and magnitude of these exposures.
Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill
Authors: Apollonio D E , Malone R E 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To describe the tobacco industry’s relationships with and influence on homeless and mentally ill smokers and organisations providing services to them.Methods:Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents and journal articles.Results:The tobacco industry has marketed cigarettes to the homeless and seriously mentally ill, part of its “downscale” market, and has developed relationships with homeless shelters and advocacy groups, gaining positive media coverage and political support.Discussion:Tobacco control advocates and public health organisations should consider how to target programmes to homeless and seriously mentally ill individuals. Education of service providers about tobacco industry efforts to cultivate this market may help in reducing smoking in these populations.
Detection of Mesoscale Seasonal and Interannual Variation in the Vegetation of the Amazon Basin
Authors: Logsdon Miles G. , Weeks Robin , Smith Milton , Richey Jeffery E. , Ballester Victoria , Shimabukoro Yosio 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
In the Amazon basin, seasonal and interannual spectral changes measured by satellites result from anthropogenic disturbance and from the interaction between climate variation and the surface cover. Measurements of spectral change, and the characterization of that change, provide information concerning the physical processes evident at this mesoscale. A 17-yr sequence of daily Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) global area coverage (GAC) images were analyzed to produce a monthly record of surface spectral change encompassing El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Monthly cloud-free composite images from daily AVHRR data were produced by linear filters that minimized the finescale spatial variance and allowed for a wide range analysis within a consistent mathematical framework. Here the use of a minimized local variance (MLV) filter that produced spatially smooth images in which major land-cover boundaries and spatial gradients are clearly represented is discussed. Changes in the configuration of these boundaries and the composition of the landscape elements they defined are described in terms of quantitative changes in landscape pattern. The time series produced with the MLV filter revealed a marked seasonal difference in the pattern of the landscape and structural differences over the length of the time series. Strikingly, the response of the region to drier El Niño years appears to be delayed in the MLV series, the maximum response being in the year following El Niño with little or no change seen during El Niño.
Migration inhibitory factor up-regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via Src, PI3 kinase, and NFκB
Authors: Amin M. Asif , Haas Christian S. , Zhu Kui , Mansfield Pamela J. , Kim Michael J. , Lackowski Nicholas P. , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCell adhesion molecules are critical in monocyte (MN) recruitment in immune-mediated and hematologic diseases. We investigated the novel role of recombinant human migration inhibitory factor (rhMIF) in up-regulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and their signaling pathways in human MNs. rhMIF-induced expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 was significantly higher compared with nonstimulated MNs. rhMIF induced MN VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner (P < .05). Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and inhibitors of Src, PI3K, p38, and NFκB significantly reduced rhMIF-induced MN VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression (P < .05). However, Erk1/2 and Jak2 were not involved. Silencing RNA directed against MIF, and inhibitors of Src, PI3K, NFκB, anti–VCAM-1, and anti–ICAM-1 significantly inhibited rhMIF-induced adhesion of HL-60 cells to human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) or an endothelial cell line, HMEC-1, in cell adhesion assays, suggesting the functional significance of MIF-induced adhesion molecules (P < .05). rhMIF also activated MN phospho-Src, -Akt, and -NFκB in a time-dependent manner. rhMIF induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 up-regulation in 12 hours via Src, PI3K, and NFκB as shown by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. MIF and MIF-dependent signaling pathways may be a potential target for treating diseases characterized by up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules.