bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION WITH DEXAMETHASONE OF THE PROCESSES WHICH MODERATE IMMUNITY AGAINST THE NEMATODE, HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS, IN SHEEP
Authors: Adams David B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTreatment of sheep with the corticosteroid, dexamethasone, was used to investigate some properties of the immunoregulatory process which dampens the expression of protective responses against the abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, and which may occur as an adaptation for evasion of host immunity by this parasite. The protective responses released by giving dexamethasone early in infection operated during a series of superimposed infections. Accordingly, they may also operate during field exposure to the parasite. Dexamethasone‐released protective responses acted earlier than 7 days after infection. Accordingly, there is no reason to suggest that they are distinct from the responses which usually produce refractoriness to infection. Results from two consecutive but not superimposed infections show that activity of the immunoregulatory process identified by dexamethasone treatment can persist for a month. This implies that there is memory for immunoregulation in infection by H. contortus.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN C57BL MICE. HUMORAL RESPONSES TO POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE
Authors: Price Patricia , Turner KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryInfection with Trichuris muris eggs or Nematospiroides dubius larvae (orally administered) did not affect IgG or IgM antibody responses to 0·2 μg polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or 20 μg PVP (i.p.) in C57BL mice. However, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 subcutaneously (s.c.) and N. dubius L3 (i.v.) significantly increased responses to PVP (i.p.) so migrating larvae are probably responsible. Similar enhancement was obtained when extracts of N. brasiliensis worms or N. dubius larvae were administered i.p. The activity of N. brasiliensis extract was trypsin‐insensitive and unaffected by heat (1 h, 60°). Extracts of A. suum did not cause significant enhancement and BALB/c mice were not affected by N. brasiliensis extract. The possible roles of regulatory T‐cells, non‐specific mitogenesis and macrophage activation are discussed.
GROWTH AND GLIOTIC RESPONSE OF ASTROCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Lolait Stephen J , Harmer Jennifer H , Dahl Doris , Toh Ban‐Hock 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe investigated the development of astrocytes in mechanically dissociated primary cultures of foetal and neonatal rat brain grown in different culture media using immunofluorescence and antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP‐positive cells developed at a time corresponding to the 16th day of embryonic development and initially grew more slowly in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) than in Medium 199 (M199) or Modified Eagle's Medium (MEM), but as the cultures matured a greater proportion of GFAP‐positive cells was obtained in DMEM, resulting in relatively pure populations of GFAP‐positive cells after 1–2 months in vitro. GFAP‐positive cells comprised process‐bearing and fibroblastoid cell types and cells with intermediate morphology. Cultures in DMEM were also characterized by the appearance after 8–18 days in vitro of thick long bands of glial processes surrounding cyst‐like spaces. The morphological change may represent a gliotic reaction to necrosis in vitro.
GROWTH OF ORGAN‐CULTURED FOETAL MOUSE PANCREAS GRAFTS IN SYNGENEIC DIABETIC AND NON‐DIABETIC RECIPIENTS
Authors: Mandel TE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryOrgan‐cultured foetal mouse pancreatic islets can reverse streptozotocininduced diabetes in syngeneic mice. Tissue from one donor is enough to produce and maintain euglycaemia in each recipient, but even smaller amounts of donor tissue may be sufficient and less than one third of a foetal pancreas frequently suffices. Insulin extracted from grafts removed after some months in situ shows that their insulin content is proportional to the amount of tissue transplanted, and suggests that the grafted foetal islets have a finite capacity for growth. In organ culture some loss of potential islet tissue may occur, and larger grafts are obtained when small pieces of tissue are cultured, thereby minimizing losses of tissue in vitro. The growth of the graft in situ also depends on the diabetic state of the host, and greater and more prolonged mitotic activity is seen in grafts in diabetic than in non‐diabetic recipients, A degree of hyperglycaemia in the recipient may enhance graft growth.
STABILIZATION OF ISLET ALLOGRAFTS BY TREATMENT OF RECIPIENTS WITH ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED DONOR SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Agostino Michael , Prowse Stephen J , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCulture of mouse pancreatic islets in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere before transplantation facilitates long‐term allograft survival without the use of immunosuppression. A comparison of the capacity of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated and live spleen cells of donor origin to induce allograft rejection showed that UV‐irradiated spleen cells were not immunogenic: live spleen cells were immunogenic and their injection triggered allograft rejection. Following treatment with irradiated spleen cells from about day 30 post‐transplantation, recipient animals were able to withstand subsequent challenges with 106 and 107 viable donor spleen cells. Untreated animals rejected their graft when challenged with 106 donor spleen cells. That is. treatment with UV‐irradiated cells stabilized the islet allograft by inducing a state of tolerance. Subsequent transplantation of stabilized animals with uncultured thyroids of both donor origin and from a third party strain demonstrated that the tolerance was specific. In vitro test of immune reactivity showed this tolerance was not due to the deletion of antigen reactive cells.
THE EFFECT OF CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HYPOTHALAMO‐NEURO‐HYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM OF THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL. THE SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI
Authors: Loesch Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe results of ultrastructural studies of thc nucleus supraopticus (SON) and n. paraventricularis (PVN) of male mongolian gerbils subjected to experimental cerebral ischemia induced by 10 min bilateral occulsion of the common carotids are reported. Marked alterations concerned endocrine neurons. some neurosecretory axons and synaptic terminals as well as astroglia cells. Basing on the electron density of cytoplasmic ground, two varieties of endocrine neurons, that is ‘light’ and ‘intermediate’, were designated in both SON and PVN nuclei. These findings suggest that during cerebral ischemia the SON and PVN neurons become activated (Golgi complex and granular endoplasmic reliculum enlargement) and that they represent different phases of secretory cycle of a single cell type. However, in SON nucleus some neurons were probably damaged because they had the appearance of decidedly ‘dark’ cells. With respect to some neurosecretory axons, the finding of externally lying lamellar whorls indicates ischemic injury of the axons. Similar significance may be attributed to some synaptic terminals which showed an increased polymorphism of synaptic vesicles and vesicular aggregation. There was marked swelling of perivascular astroglia cells and change of their cytoplasm in both SON and PVN nuclei. Moreover, the swollen astroglia cells contacted those ‘dark’ neurons in SON nucleus. The present study indicates that SON and PVN nuclei are highly sensitive to application of cerebral ischemia. At the same time perivascular injury may suggest involvement of astroglia cells in the production of subsequent changes in the SON and PVN neuropil.
RECEPTOR‐MEDIATED 125I‐LABELLED INSULIN DEGRADATION IN THE RAT HEPATOCYTE. STUDIES USING CHLOROQUINE
Authors: Bonser Anne M , Garcia‐webb Peter , Bhagat Chotoo I 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDegradation of insulin during incubation with target cells occurs via receptor‐mediated processes. In this study, receptor‐mediated degradation of 125I‐labelled insulin was investigated in rat hepatocytes, using the agent chloroquine.Chloroquine increased specific cell‐associated 125I‐labelled insulin at 37°. The increased radioactivity with chloroquine was intracellular (53.3 ± 1.2% of initially bound label was displaced by excess cold insulin; in control cells 67.0±2.1 % was displaced. P<0.005). The effect of chloroquine was prevented by adding label at 15° or by pre‐treatment with 5 mM KCN, 5 mM NaN3 or 1 g/1 bacitracin, which indicated a post‐internalization site of action. Chloroquine had no effect on degradation of 125I‐labelled insulin in buffer alone or in buffer previously incubated with cells. Specific studies of receptor‐mediated degradation at 37° showed that more 125I‐labelled insulin remained associated with hepatocytes when chloroquine was present (P<0.0005 after 60 min). Analysis of chloroquine's effect on the intactness of 125I‐labelled insulin released during processing of surface‐bound label at 37° showed that chloroquine‐sensitive mechanisms accounted for at least 50% of receptor‐mediated insulin degradation in rat hepatocytes.
INTERACTIONS OF PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION, MALARIA INFECTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Bhatia A , Aggarwal A , Sehgal S , Chakravarti RN , Vinayak VK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe course of parashaemia and certain immune responses in prolein or calorie‐deficient albino rats infected with Piasmodium berghei (NICD) were studied. Wide variations observed in the course of parasitaemia in protein‐deficient animals were (a) prolonged prepatent period, short patent period with low para‐silaemia (50% of animals), (b) short prepatent period and an inability to resolve the infection (14% of animals) and (c) no patent parasitaemia at any stage of observation (23. 5% of animals). The calorie‐deficienl animals had significantly lower parasitaemia (P<0.05) compared with well fed animals. Protein deficiency resulted in depression of T‐dependent immune responses in uninfected as well as P. berghei‐infected animals. The outcome of the parasitaemia in protein‐ as well as calorie‐deficient animals seems to be the combined result of deficiencies of certain essential nutrients, proteins and calories in the diet as well as the immune responses of the host.
THE LOCATION OF ANTIGENIC SITES ON THE SURFACE OF THE NEMATODE PARASITE STRONGYLOIDES RATTI REACTIVE TO ANTIBODY‐DIRECTED CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY FROM BOTH MACROPHAGES AND EOSINOPHILS FROM THE NATURAL HOST
Authors: Tam ND , Papadimitriou J , Keast D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHeat‐treated and untreated sera from rats immune to Strongyloides ratti are capable of arming both immune and non‐immune macrophages and eosinophils in vitro. These cells are capable of killing larvae of the parasite. Electron microscopy has indicated multi‐point attachment of the cells to the epicuticular transverse grooves of the larvae within 4 and 24 h of incubation at 37°.
LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN THE SPLEEN OF ALBINO RATS, MICE AND MASTOMYS NATALENSIS DURING PLASMODIUM BERGHEI INFECTION
Authors: Saxena JK , Khare S , Srivastava AK , Sen AB , Ghatak S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryActivities of certain acid hydrolases of the spleen were followed in three different rodents during the course of Plasmodium berghei infection. In albino rats where sterile immunity against the infection develops, the specific activities of a few acid hydrolases first declined then increased from day 7 and showed a several‐fold increase over control values when there were no detectable parasites in peripheral circulation. In contrast, in Mastomys natalensis and albino mice which succumb to infection the levels of these enzymes were reduced throughout the course of infection. These results indicate a close correlation between host resistance to infection and the level of lysosomal enzymes in spleen.
PANCREATIN‐EDTA TREATMENT AFFECTS BUOYANCY OF CELLS IN COHN FRACTION V PROTEIN DENSITY GRADIENTS WITHOUT RESIDUAL EFFECT ON CELL SIZE
Authors: Sheridan JW , Simmons RJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe buoyancy of suspension‐grown Mastocytoma P815 X‐2 cells in albumin‐rich Cohn fraction V protein (CFVP) density gradients was found to be affected by prior incubation of the cells in pancreatin‐EDTA salt solution. Whereas in pH 5·2 CFVP, pancreatin‐EDTA treated cells behaved as if of reduced density when compared with the control ‘undigested’ group, in pH 7·3 CFVP they behaved as if of increased density. By contrast, pancreatin‐EDTA treatment had no effect on the buoyancy of mastocytoma cells in polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated colloidal silica (PVP‐CS, Percoll T.M.) density gradients of either pH 5·2 or pH 7·3. As cell size determinations failed to reveal alterations in cell size either as a direct result of pancreatin‐EDTA treatment or as a combined consequence of such treatment and exposure to CFVP either with or without centrifugation, a mechanism involving a change in cell density other than during the centrifugation process itself seems unlikely. Binding studies employing 125I‐CFVP, although indicating that CFVP bound to cells at 4°, failed to reveal a pancreatin‐EDTA treatment‐related difference in the avidity of this binding. Although the mechanism of the pancreatin‐EDTA‐induced buoyancy shift in CFVP remains obscure, the absence of such an effect in PVP‐CS suggests that the latter cell separation solution may more accurately be used to determine cell density.
BINDING OF MURINE IgM AND MONOCLONAL IgM/A (κ) HYBRID ANTI‐TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE (SIII) ANTIBODIES TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A
Authors: Kearney R 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEvidence is produced to show that two specific subclasses of IgM antibodies are formed during the primary immune response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) in mice. The IgM proteins can be divided into two groups based on different reactivities with protein‐A. As with human IgM subclasses, it is proposed to call the two IgM subclasses IgM1 and IgM2, where the latter is defined by the ability to react with protein‐A of Staphylococcus aursus. Only the IgM molecule which reacted with protein‐A produced passive haemolysis in the presence of guinea‐pig complement. Results also show that the IgA anti‐SIII activity in serum of SIII‐immune mice on day 5 of the primary response is due lo hybrid IgM/A(κ) antibody which is undetected by conventional methods for enumerating antibody‐forming cells because cells producing IgM/A antibody develop direct plaques with guinea‐pig complement. A monoclonal IgM/A(κ) anti‐SIII produced from spleen cells 5 days after injection of 10 μg SIII plus pertussis vaccine exhibited similar properties to molecules with μ and α‐determinants in serum. The IgM/A hybrid antibody reacted strongly with protein‐A and produced passive haemolysis of SIII‐coated erythrocytes in the pretence of guinea‐pig, but not mouse, complement Despite its specificity for the capsular antigen of Type III pneumococci, the IgM/A hybrid antibody conferred only temporary immunity in mice challenged with viable pneumococci. The nature and properties of IgM/A antibodies as well as those of the subclasses of IgM may give important clues lo the genetic regulation and expression of antibody production. These findings may provide an explanation for some of the anomalies in various areas of immunological research.
Abundance and Composition of Zooplankton (Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera) in Lake Taal: Potential Impact of Intensive Size-Selective Predation by the Freshwater Sardine, Sardinella tawilis (Herre 1927)
Authors: Papa Rey Donne , Pagulayan Roberto , Pagulayan Alicia Ely 
Published: August 2007

AbstractZooplankton are considered to be important members of the lake ecosystem. The abundance and composition of which are due to several factors, for example, the impact of intensive size-selective predation by planktivorous fishes residing in the lake. In this study, the abundance and composition of zooplankton found in the vicinity of Isla Napayun - a known fishing ground of the freshwater sardine, Sardinella tawilis (Herre 1927) was analyzed using samples taken from vertical plankton tows from the 10 and 20 m depths in 2 sampling sites from the said area. These were then compared with the stomach contents of S. tawilis taken during the same period. Results show that there were 4 genera of Copepoda, 4 genera of Cladocera and 2 genera of Rotifera found in the plankton tows that were analyzed. Of these, the nauplius larvae of the copepods were noted to be the most abundant followed by the rotifer Brachionus spp. Analysis of the stomach contents of the collected S. tawilis samples revealed a zooplankton diet that was composed of 90% Copepoda with the remaining 10% being made up of the Cladocera and Rotifera. These results indicate that small-bodied organisms dominate the lake. This is indicative of intensive size-selective predation by the S. tawilis on the zooplankton population of the area. This is further validated by the high preference of S. tawilis for Copepoda, which is the largest of the 3 groups (in terms of size) in the samples that were analyzed in spite of the fact that small-bodied zooplankton dominate the zooplankton community during the entire sampling period. The zooplankton found in this particular area of Lake Taal has been observed to be highly influenced by intensive size selective preference of planktivores such as the S. tawilis for bigger zooplankton.
Recent Books in ≡ Islamic Studies
Authors: Thomas David 
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:N. Robinson, Islam: A Concise IntroductionJ. Renard, Responses to 101 Questions on IslamJ. Bowker, What Muslims BelieveB. Abrahamov, Islamic Theology: Traditionalism and RationalismE. Sirriyeh, Sufis and Anti‐Sufis
Identification of TSH receptor mutations in three families with resistance to TSH
Authors: Tonacchera Massimo , Di Cosmo Caterina , De Marco Giuseppina , Agretti Patrizia , Banco Mariaelena , Perri Anna , Gianetti Elena , Montanelli Lucia , Vitti Paolo , Pinchera Aldo 
Published: August 2007

SummaryObjective  Genetic analysis of the TSH receptor gene in seven subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), in whom the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease had been excluded by laboratory and instrumental techniques currently available.Patients  Three families where different members (2 children and 5 adults) affected by SH were studied.Genetic analysis  Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and the entire coding sequence of the TSHr gene was sequenced. pSVL‐TSHr construct harbouring a Q8fsX62 insertion was obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis. COS‐7 cells transfected with wild‐type and mutant receptor were used for binding studies, flow cytometry, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) determination.Results  A four base pair (bp) duplication in position 41 (41TGCAins), leading to a premature stop of translation at codon 62 (Q8fsX62), was found to be heterozygous in the proband, the father and the sister in Family 1. In Family 2 the proband and the sister were heterozygous for the mutation D410N. In Family 3 the proband and the father were heterozygous for the mutation P162A. After transfection in COS‐7 cells, the mutant receptor Q8fsX62 displayed a low expression at the cell surface, and a reduced response to bovine TSH (bTSH) in terms of cAMP production.Conclusions  We identified TSH receptor mutations in seven members of three families with subclinical hypothyroidism.
THE TRANSFIGURATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Authors: NUSSBAUM MARTHA 
Published: August 2007

After more than forty years I still warmly recall the edifying conversations that I had in the episcopal palace in Bergamo with my revered bishop. Msgr. Radini Tedeschi. About the persons in the Vatican, from the Holy Father downwards, there was never an expression that was not respectful, no, never. But as for women or their shape or what concerned them, no word was ever spoken. It was as if there were no women in the world. This absolute silence, this lack of any familiarity with regard to the other sex, was one of the most powerful and profound lessons of my young life as a priest, and even today I thankfully keep the excellent and beneficial memory of that man who raised me in this discipline.Spiritual Diary of John XXIII, quoted in Uta Ranke‐Heinemann, Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven: the Catholic Church and Sexuality (1990)
RELATIVISM AND NORMATIVE NONREALISM: BASING MORALITY ON RATIONALITY
Authors: CARSON THOMAS L. , MOSER PAUL K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNormative nonrealism denies (a) that some things are good or bad or right or wrong independently of facts about the attitudes of moral agents, and (b) that attitude‐independent normative facts determine what is rational. An influential nonrealist approach to rationality comes from Richard Brandt's account of rationality in terms of “full information.” Using Brandt's account as illustrative, this paper identifies a serious problem for nonrealist normative theories based on theories of rationality. The paper argues that nonrealist accounts of rationality that oppose relativism cannot successfully handle the most serious threat from relativists: namely, a threat from a ‘Why care?’ open‐question argument that stems from the question why one should care about being rational in a certain respect or sense. The paper identifies the bearing of ‘Why care?’ questions on the conflict between internalism and externalism regarding practical reasons. The main lesson is that ‘Why care?’ questions wreak havoc for nonrelativist nonrealist approaches to rationality and reason‐based morality.
NATURALISM RADICALIZED*
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐ALCÁZAR JAVIER 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper I distinguish two ways of using the expression ‘epistemological naturalism’. In one sense, naturalism amounts to a denial that epistemology should be understood as a kind of first philosophy providing the foundations for science from outside. In a second sense, naturalism holds that human knowledge is a natural phenomenon and that epistemology should be seen as a chapter of natural science. Moreover, naturalism in this second sense usually incorporates some additional specifications that build up a very restrictive concept of science. Two different projects for naturalizing epistemology lie behind these two meanings of ‘naturalism’, and the two projects, although sometimes seen as complementary or even equivalent, are not necessarily so. After drawing this distinction, I set out the difficulties faced by those naturalistic stances that do not discriminate sharply enough or do not establish the appropriate hierarchical relationship between both projects. Finally, I argue for a conception of epistemology which is best described as a radical antilfoundntionnlism. This conception sticks to the requirements that follow from naturalism when understood in the first sense above, and takes the cluster of theses that give birth to the second as subsidiary and revisable.
HETEROLOGY: A POSTMODERN THEORY OF FOUNDATIONS
Authors: FAIRLAMB HORACE L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEpistemology has traditionally sought to discover the foundations of knowledge. Recently, anti‐foundational philosophers have construed epistemo‐logy's failure to discover an ultimate ground to indicate the bankruptcy of foundational theory. On closer examination, however, the history of epistemology reveals the aim of foundational theory to be different both from the reductive ideal of its traditional defenders and from the unsystematic relativism that its recent critics offer instead. An alternative history of foundational theory reveals a progress toward multiple necessary foundations which is the task of epistemology to articulate.