bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPREHENSION OF ENGLISH SYNTAX BY PROFOUNDLY DEAF CHILDREN
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYSeventy‐nine profoundly deaf 8 to 12‐year‐olds were tested for comprehension of spoken, written and signed (Paget‐Gorman Sign System, PGSS) English grammatical contrasts. Understanding of spoken language was below the 4‐year‐old level, with few deaf children understanding enough vocabulary to attempt the test. On written and signed forms, many children responded to content words with little understanding of grammar. Others would interpret word order sequentially, producing characteristic errors. PGSS can provide a viable communication channel and does not hinder oral or written language acquisition, but it does not overcome the grammatical problems of deaf children.
CHILDHOOD SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Kosky Robert 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwenty children under 14 years of age who were admitted to hospital following a suicide attempt were compared to 50 psychiatrically ill non‐suicidal inpatients of similar age. Suicidal behaviour was associated with mostly the male sex, personal experiences of significant losses, academic under‐achievement, marital disintegration among the parents and past intrafamilial violence, including physical abuse of the index child. Although suicide behaviour was not a prerogative of a particular social class, a number of factors producing high risk for poverty were present among a proportion of the families. In both samples there was a high incidence of ongoing illness in the families and a high incidence of perinatal difficulties concerning the index child were reported. Suicidal children did not have a past history of antisocial behaviour and their classroom behaviour was unremarkable.
CHILDREN IN LESBIAN AND SINGLE‐PARENT HOUSEHOLDS: PSYCHOSEXUAL AND PSYCHIATRIC APPRAISAL
Authors: Golombok Susan , Spencer Ann , Rutter Michael 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThirty‐seven school‐age children reared in 27 lesbian households were compared with 38 school‐age children reared in 27 heterosexual single‐parent households, with respect to their psychosexual development and their emotions, behaviour and relationships. Systematic standardized intervews with the mothers and with the children, together with parent and teacher questionnaires, were used to make the psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. The two groups did not differ in terms of their gender identity, sex role behaviour or sexual orientation. Also, they did not differ on most measures of emotions, behaviour and relationships‐although there was some indication of more frequent psychiatric problems in the single‐parent group. It was concluded that rearing in a lesbian household per se did not lead to atypical psychosexual development or constitute a psychiatric risk factor.
EVIDENCE FOR AN INDEPENDENT SYNDROME OF HYPERACTIVITY
Authors: Trites R. L. , Laprade Ken 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIt has recently been suggested that hyperactivity and an aggressive conduct disorder cannot exist independently in children. The results of a factor analysis of the Conners Teacher Rating Scales of over 9000 children provided preliminary evidence to the contrary; a hyperactivity factor emerged as explaining the greatest proportion of the variance. Because of the large size of our data‐set, it was deemed necessary to investigate the heuristic value of this finding. Using norms calculated on composite factor scores, a contingency analysis was performed to determine the proportions of children who were above a two‐standard deviation criterion of deviance on all factors and combinations of factors. The use of different degrees of statistical control produced prevalence estimates comparable to those reported in the literature. These findings raise the possibility diat studies reporting different prevalences of hyperactivity may, in fact, be exercising different degrees of conservatism in classification. Also, when the extent of overlap along each of our factor dimensions was examined, a group of children who appeared to be hyperactive but not conduct‐disordered emerged. These findings provide evidence for an independent syndrome of hyperactivity in a sample of Canadian children.
SLEEP PATTERNS IN CHILDREN OF SUPERIOR INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Busby K. , Pivik R. T. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTo examine the relationship between superior intellectual functioning and physiological patterns and events during sleep, male children (8–12 years old) of superior (x̄ IQ: 133.3) and average (x̄ IQ: 111.0) intelligence were recorded for five consecutive nights using standard electrographic measures.Compared to normal controls, superior IQ subjects had greater amounts of TST, stage 2, stage 3, total NREM sleep, a longer average NREM cycle length and significantly less average REM density. In addition, significant negative relationships were obtained between full‐scale IQ and REM density, and between verbal IQ and REM density.The results suggest that patterns and amounts of sleep stages in superior IQ children do not differ in any dramatic fashion from those of children with average IQ. However, the negative correlations between IQ measures and eye movement density during REM sleep are consonant with previous notions relating eye movement density to waking information processing strategies and suggest a carry‐over of such strategies from wakefulness to sleep.
THE TEMPERAMENT OF DOWN'S SYNDROME TODDLERS: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Gunn P. , Berry P. , Andrews R. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA toddler temperament questionnaire was completed by the mothers of fifteen Down's syndrome children who had been assessed two years earlier with the Carey infant temperament questionnaire. The results suggest that infants who have been scored as showing signs of difficult temperament move towards the easier signs on the toddler scale. If these temperament questionnaires are biased by maternal perceptions, this move may reflect a reduced level of maternal anxiety.
FAMILY AND SCHOOL INFLUENCES ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFamily and school influences on cognitive development are reviewed in terms of the empirical research findings on (i) variations within the ordinary environment; (ii) family intervention studies; (iii) the effects of abnormal environments; (iv) extreme environmental conditions; (v) variations within the ordinary school environment; and (vi) preschool and school intervention studies. It is concluded that environmental effects on IQ are relatively modest within the normal range of environments, but that the effects of markedly disadvantageous circumstances are very substantial. Cognitive development is influenced both by direct effects on cognition and by indirect effects through alterations in self‐concept, aspirations, attitudes to learning and styles of interaction with other people.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE MOTHER‐CHILD INTERACTIONS OF HYPERACTIVE BOYS: EFFECTS OF TWO DOSE LEVELS OF RITALIN*
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Karlsson Jennifer , Pollard Susan , Murphy Jerome V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe mother‐child interactions of 60 hyperactive children subdivided equally into five age levels (years 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) were studied during free play and task periods in a double‐blind drug‐placebo evaluation of two dose levels of Ritalin® (0.3 and 0.7 mg/kg bid.) on these interactions. No effects for age or drug condition were found during free play. In contrast, age effects were significant in the task period with the children increasing their compliance and sustained attention with age. In response, mothers decreased their direction and control while increasing their passive observation of the children. Several drug effects were found during the task period, indicating that only the high dose of Ritalin produced improvements in child compliance. However, both doses resulted in decreases in mothers controlling reactions to the child's compliance and off‐task behavior as well as in ratings of home behavior problems. Drug effects were essentially the same across all five age levels. The interaction patterns of hyperactive children are similar to those found in younger normal children in previous research, apparently reflecting a chronic lag in this pattern in hyperactive children that may be improved with stimulant medication.
THE EFFECT OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL FEEDBACK ON THE CONTINGENCY LEARNING OF 6‐ AND 12‐MONTH‐OLD NORMAL AND PERINATALLY COMPROMISED INFANTS*
Authors: Millar W. Stuart 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAcquisition of a manipulative response under proximal and distal contingent feedback was examined in 6‐ and 12‐month‐old normal infants, and infants who in the perinatal period had experienced either CNS‐related risk or non‐CNS‐related risks. Both risk groups experienced marked difficulty with the proximal and distal contingency tasks. With proximal feedback 6‐month‐old CNS‐related risk and non‐CNS‐related risk groups failed to learn to control the contingency, whereas at 12 months all groups learned. The distal feedback task also differentiated between the normal and atypical groups, though only at the 12‐month level. The findings also revealed a lag in the performance of the 12‐month CNS‐related risk group. The results are discussed in terms of attentional factors and the possible use of contingency procedures for investigating the effects of compromise in early infancy is noted.
THE EFFECTS OF FATHER INVOLVEMENT IN PARENT TRAINING FOR CONDUCT PROBLEM CHILDREN
Authors: Webster‐Stratton Carolyn 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThirty families who received parent training for conduct‐disordered children were divided into two groups, father‐involved families and father‐absent families. Immediately post‐treatment both groups reported significant improvements in their children's behaviors. Behavioral data showed significant increases in mother praises and reductions in mother negative behaviors, child non‐compliance and deviancy. One year later the children continued to show reductions in non‐compliance and deviance. However, significantly more of the mother‐child dyads who maintained behavioral improvements came from father‐involved families.
THE CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION SCALE. A STUDY OF ITS VALIDITY
Authors: Rotundo N. , Hensley V. R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe validity of the Children's Depression Scale and of its parent‐report version were examined on a sample of normal and clinically referred adolescents. The CDS and CDS‐A discriminated adequately between clinical and non‐clinical Ss, as well as between depressed and non‐depressed. Only the CDS discriminated between depressed and ‘sad”, i.e. parental report did not discriminate between these two groups. A high correlation was found between the CDS and the Children's Depression Inventory. Internal consistency of the scale was found to be adequate. However, no support was found for the subscale structure of the CDS as proposed by its authors.
A DEVELOPMENTAL DOSE‐RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON THE PEER INTERACTIONS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERED BOYS
Authors: Cunningham Charles E. , Siegel Linda S. , Offord David R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMixed dyads of 42 normal and 42 ADD boys were videotaped in free play, co‐operative task, and simulated classrooms. ADD boys received placebo, 0.15 mg/kg, and 0.50 mg/kg of methyl‐phenidate. ADD boys were more active and off task, watched peers less, and scored lower on mathematics and visual‐motor tasks. Older boys interacted less, ignored peer interactions and play more frequently, were less controlling, and more compliant. In class, methylphenidate improved visual motor scores, and reduced the controlling behaviour, activity level, and off task behaviour of ADD boys. Normal peers displayed reciprocal reductions in controlling behaviour, activity level, and off task behaviour.
THE TEMPERAMENT OF DOWN'S SYNDROME TODDLERS AND THEIR SIBLINGS
Authors: Gunn P. , Berry P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Toddler Temperament Scale was completed by mothers of 37 Down's syndrome children. Questionnaires were also completed for 13 siblings. Comparisons with standardization scores on the difficult dimensions suggested that the Down's syndrome children were more rhythmic, less intense and of more positive mood than children of the same CA. In addition, they were less withdrawn and more adaptable than children of similar MA. The siblings were more rhythmic than the standardization sample and more persistent than the Down's syndrome children. There was no trend for Down's syndrome ratings to be strongly associated with own‐sibling ratings.
PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY IN A SAMPLE OF 1510 TEN‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN–I. PREVALENCE
Authors: Vikan Arne 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYPrevalence estimates of psychiatric disorder in 10‐yr‐old rural Norwegian children were based on responses to symptom checklists for parents and teachers. The parents' index showed highest validity, and was used as a basis for prevalence estimates. Properties of the index were shown to be sample specific, and a validity test should consequently always be administered to representative subsamples in psychiatric epidemiological studies based on symptom checklists. Prevalence of functional problems of a primarily psychological nature was calculated by proportional extrapolations from the validity test results. The prevalence rate for the total sample was 5%, and corrected prevalence when emigrants were excluded was 4.6%.
ON RESOURCE STRATEGY LIMITATIONS IN HYPERACTIVITY: COGNITIVE IMPULSIVITY RECONSIDERED
Authors: Sergeant Joseph A. , Scholten C. A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYOveractive and distractible (hyperactives), normoactive and distractible, and normoactive and attentive (controls) children were administered a high‐speed visual search task. The display load was manipulated and all subjects were administered the task in three instruction conditions: speed, ‘normal’ and accuracy. Speed‐accuracy trade‐off curves indicated that the controls and distractibles conformed to the fast guess model, which relates speed and accuracy. Hyperactives partially conformed to this model. It is concluded that a structural process deficit is not indicated by these data in hyperactivity. Rather, the evidence suggests that a resource strategy defect may be characteristic of hyperactivity.
ON DATA LIMITATIONS IN HYPERACTIVITY
Authors: Sergeant Joseph A. , Scholten G. A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThree groups of children rated firstly as overactive and distractible, secondly as distractible and thirdly as low on both activity and distractibility were examined in a visual search task with three levels of display load: two, three and four items. The children were tested twice in two conditions of stimulus visibility to examine the encoding stage of the model used here.The experimental results reject the hypothesis that an encoding deficit or data limitation may explain the attentional performance of either hyperactive or somewhat hyperactive subjects. They suggest, rather, that a trade‐off in speed and accuracy may be evident in (the) hyperactives.
IQ, SCHOLASTIC PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SIBS RAISED IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Dumaret Annick , Stewart John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMedium and long‐term effects of types of placement of the offspring of lower class families have been studied. The progeny of 28 mothers was reconstituted. The subjects were divided into three groups: 35 children abandoned and adopted early in privileged environments (A), 46‘biological mother‐reared’ children remaining in their disadvantage social environments (B) and 21 children raised in institutions or foster homes (C). Analyses focused on IQ, scholastic performance and behaviour. Results show that the social environment has important effects: the differences between the three groups are very significant. For A and B groups tested in the schools, comparisons were made with the classmates. For the C group the effects of long‐term emotional deprivation are superimposed on the effects of the social environment.
THE NATURE AND QUALITIES OF PARENTING PROVIDED BY WOMEN RAISED IN INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Dowdney Linda , Skuse David , Rutter Michael , Quinton David , Mrazek David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA repeated pattern of difficulties in parenting is often found in successive generations of the same families. That finding, together with a concern to identify potential adverse influences upon child behaviour and development, was the focus of this study into the parenting provided by women who were raised within institutions. Relationships with their 2‐ to 3‐year‐old infants were assessed using complementary interview and naturalistic observational techniques. Differences in parenting styles between the case and comparison groups were on the whole subtle. Ex‐care women were relatively less sensitive to their children's cues and, in response to their demands and opposition, exercised control by confrontation rather than by circumvention.
CONTINUITIES IN SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS: PATTERNS OF AGGRESSION AND FRIENDLINESS
Authors: Stillwell Robin , Dunn Judy 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThirteen girls and 12 boys who had been observed at home as 2‐ to 3‐year‐olds with their mothers and infant siblings were interviewed as 6‐year‐olds about their relationship with their siblings; their mothers also were interviewed. The marked individual differences found among the 2‐ to 3‐year‐olds in comments about their siblings were correlated with differences in the children's comments about their siblings 3–4 years later, and the differences in their behaviour towards their siblings as 2‐ to 3‐year‐olds were correlated with differences in their mothers' accounts of the sibling relationship at the 6‐year visits.
THE PREVALENCE OF BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS IN THREE TYPES OF PRESCHOOL GROUP
Authors: McGuire Jacqueline , Richman Naomi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The behaviour of 637 2–4 year olds attending three types of preschool group setting was assessed, using a screening questionnaire. Significantly more children in day nurseries than nursery classes or playgroups were identified with behavioural problems.It was also found that boys, those with speech or severe health problems, and younger children in day nurseries, were more likely to have behaviour difficulties. There was only a limited overlap between behaviour difficulties at home and in the group setting.The implications of the results for the training of nursery staff and the organisation of preschool services are discussed.
ASPECTS OF SIZE, SHAPE AND TEXTURE IN TOUCH: REDUNDANCY AND INTERFERENCE IN CHILDREN'S DISCRIMINATION OF RAISED DOT PATTERNS
Authors: Millar Susanna 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Children discriminated tactual dot patterns by size or form and by texture. Adding irrelevant, easy, correlated texture cues improved size and form discrimination while orthogonzil irrelevant texture cues interfered. Facilitation and interference could be reversed by reversing dimensional difficulty, but were found also when the two dimensions were equally accurate, for both blindfolded sighted and for blind children.The theoretical implication with regard to age effects, and practical implications for using dot numerosity and dot density differences for Braille learning were discussed.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A SELF‐RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IN CHILDHOOD (DEPRESSION SELF‐RATING SCALE)
Authors: Birleson Peter , Hudson Irene , Buchanan Diana Gray , Wolff Sula 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The many conceptual and methodological difficulties involved in evaluating depression rating scales for children arc discussed.A clinical validation of the Depression Self Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) is described. The instrument is easy to use and has a predictive value comparable with that of a psychiatric global rating of depressed appearance and history of depression obtained at interview. There was confirmation that the: DSRSC can tap an internal dimension of depression and that children are able lo evaluate their feeling stales. An examination of misclassified children pointed to diagnostic overlap and some unreliability of diagnosis by clinicians.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN ATTENTIONAL TEST FOR HEAD INJURED CHILDREN—1. INFORMATION PROCESSING CAPACITY IN A NORMAL SAMPLE
Authors: Johnson David A. , Roethig‐Johnston Karen , Middleton Judith 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The Children's Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (CHIPASAT) was developed to assess the capacity and rate of information processing in children. This basic aspect of attention underlies many abilities, and is impaired following head injury in adults. Similar impairment may occur in children after head injury or other CNS dysfunction.A sample (N= 315) of normal school children was assessed with the CHIPASAT to establish normative data, and relationships between age, arithmetic ability, general intellectual (g) ability and information processing capacity. The results suggest that the age and, to a lesser extent, the arithmetic ability of a child have a significant influence on information processing capacity. The children's general intellectual ability (g) and sex were unrelated to CHIPASAT performance.
Development of Personality and Intelligence in Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Kramer H. H. , Awiszus D. , Sterzel U. , van Halteren A. , Claßen R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract One hundred and twenty‐eight children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and 89 healthy controls were compared according to their development of personality and intelligence. Presence of physical disability in daily life was the independent variable for dividing children with CHD into two groups: children with physical handicap due to CHD (n=77) have lower IQ scores than healthy children. Unexpectedly, in the parents' opinion they show MO difference in behaviour patterns. On introspective examination, these cardiac patients showed an increased Fueling of inferiority and of basic anxiety and a more impetuous behaviour as their way of self‐protection, but reduced need for independence due to parental overprotection was not confirmed.None of these observations could be detected with children with CHD who are physically fit. (n= 51).
Autistic Children's Ability to Interpret Faces: A Research Note
Authors: Tantam Digby , Monaghan Liza , Nicholson Helen , Stirling John 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Ten autistic children were compared with 10 non‐autistic children matched for chronological age and performance IQ on two tests of finding the odd face out of a set of photographs of faces, two tests of labelling photographs of fates, and a test of labelling photographs of common objects. The autistic children were significantly worse than the non‐autistic children at finding the odd person out and the odd facial expression of emotion out, and at labelling facial expressions of emotion. They did no worse than the non‐autistic children at labelling upside down faces or at labelling objects.The results, which replicate the findings of Hobson (J. Child Psychol. Psychiat.27, 321–342, 671–680, 1986; Communication, 20, 12–17, 1986) are consistent with other evidence for a specific perceptual abnormality in at least some children with autism, the nature of which is discussed.