bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘A lasting and salutary warning’: Incendiarism, Rural Order and England's Last Scene of Crime Execution
Authors: POOLE STEVE 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAgricultural incendiarism was a perennial factor in social relations in some areas of nineteenth-century rural England and is often understood by historians as an expression of ‘covert’ social protest. However, such categorisation risks oversimplifying what may be diverse and locally specific factors. In 1830, the high sheriff of Somerset presided over England's last ever scene of crime execution at the Somerset village of Kenn following the conviction of three labourers for incendiarism. This requires explanation. Crime scene executions were not only anachronistic and rare, but unfashionably brutal and expensive by this time, and were not undertaken lightly; moreover arson was soon to be removed from the list of capital statutes. Yet, oddly, the case was not obviously connected to the agenda of ‘social protest’ characterised by Swing as it emerged just months afterwards; indeed understanding the behaviour of the county authorities here requires an appreciation of a considerably more specific and parochial set of concerns and conditions. The Kenn incendiaries, it is argued here, were put to death at the scene of their crime to protect and uphold the principle of informing in a rural community whose dysfunctional social relations made the practice a judicial necessity.
Keeping the Wheels of the Farm in Motion: Labour Shortages in the Uplands during the Great War
Authors: CROWE HILARY 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRevision of the early estimates of the extent of labour shortages in agriculture during the Great War suggest that, for England and Wales, labour was more plentiful than contemporaries asserted. However national averages disguise important regional variations. Using newly discovered material from a District Committee of the Westmorland County Agricultural Executive, supplemented with contemporary commentary and reports, this article investigates farm labour shortages in the uplands. It considers labour supply and shows that assumptions about the level of recruitment of farmers and their families and about the availability of substitutes as used in revisionist estimates cannot be supported here. It then shows that the ‘plough up campaign’ imposed by Government increased labour demand in the uplands to a greater extent than in other regions. This combination of reduced supply and increased demand served to exacerbate existing labour shortages and resulted in labour shortages that were more severe than is suggested by the revisionist figures for England and Wales.
Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union in the United Nations Commission of Investigation in Greece, January – May 1947
Authors: Sfikas Thanasis D. 
Published: September 2008

(The Melians to the Athenians, 416/15 BC)We see that you have come prepared to judge the arguments yourselves.… If we surrender, then all our hope is lost at once, whereas, so long as we remain in action, there is still a hope that we may yet stand upright.… We put our trust … in the help of men – that is of the Spartans.
On Subgraph Sizes in Random Graphs
Authors: Calkin Neil , Frieze Alan , McKay Brendan D. 
Published: September 2008

For a graph G with m edges let its Range of Subgraph Sizes (RSS)ρ(G) = {t : G contains a vertex-induced subgraph with t edges}.G has a full RSS if ρ(G) = {0, 1, …, m}. We establish the threshold for a random graph to have a full RSS and give tight bounds on the likely RSS of a dense random graph.
The Harmonious Chromatic Number of Almost All Trees
Authors: Edwards Keith 
Published: September 2008

A harmonious colouring of a simple graph G is a proper vertex colouring such that each pair of colours appears together on at most one edge. The harmonious chromatic number h(G) is the least number of colours in such a colouring.For any positive integer m, let Q(m) be the least positive integer k such that ≥ m. We show that for almost all unlabelled, unrooted trees T, h(T) = Q(m), where m is the number of edges of T.
POETIC: A system for gathering and disseminating traffic information
Authors: Evans R. , Gaizauskas R. , Cahill L. J. , Walker J. , Richardson J. , Dixon A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Portable Extendable Traffic Information Collator (POETIC) is an information extraction system that extracts traffic information from free text occurring in police incident logs and initiates (simulated) broadcasts of traffic bulletins to motorists when appropriate. POETIC is a second stage prototype system; the initial prototype (TIC, see Evans and Hartley 1990) was limited to the practices and requirements of a single police force. In POETIC, the architecture and data representations have been generalised to make the system tailorable to many different police force ‘domains’. In this paper we describe these developments, and report on tests of the system on authentic input data from three police domains.
Habitat use and the effect of shrimp trawling on fish and invertebrate communities over the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf
Authors: Wells R. J. David , Cowan James H. , Patterson William F. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Wells, R. J. D., James H. Cowan Jr, and William F. Patterson III. 2008. Habitat use and the effect of shrimp trawling on fish and invertebrate communities over the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1610–1619. The goals of this study were to characterize habitat-specific fish and invertebrate community structure over sand, shell-rubble, and natural reef substrata, and to assess the effects of trawling on the sand and shell-rubble habitats and their associated communities during quarterly trawl surveys over a 2-year period. Fish and invertebrate communities differed significantly among habitat types [analysis of similarities (ANOSIM); Global R = 0.436, p < 0.001), and with respect to trawling exposure (ANOSIM; Global R = 0.128, p < 0.001). Habitat characteristics were quantified from video transects sampled with a remotely operated vehicle, and included percentage coverage of tubeworms, bryozoans, anemones, corals, and algae, significantly affecting fish community structure. Diversity indices differed among habitats, with the highest Shannon diversity (H′) and Pielou's evenness (J′) over shell-rubble, specifically non-trawled shell-rubble. In addition, higher values of H′ and J′ were found over trawled sand relative to non-trawled sand habitats. Length frequency distributions of several abundant fish species showed truncated size distributions over trawled and non-trawled habitats and were both habitat- and species-specific. The study describes habitat-specific differences in community structure, highlighting the differences between trawled and non-trawled areas on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf.
First Report of Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora on Cotoneaster dammeri cv. Skogholm in Croatia
Authors: Križanac I. , Vukadin A. , Ðermić E. , Cvjetković B. 
Published: September 2008

In July of 2007, fire blight symptoms were observed on Cotoneaster dammeri cv. Skogholm in a nursery near Županja, Vukovarsko-Srijemska County, in eastern Croatia. In this region, the first outbreak of fire blight was noted on apple in 1995 (2). Symptoms on cotoneaster were necrotic shoots and petioles. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with polyclonal antibodies (Loewe Biochemica GmbH, Sauerlach, Germany) was performed on extracts from blighted C. dammeri cv. Skogholm shoots and were found to be positive for Erwinia amylovora. Round, mucoid, whitish colonies were isolated from extracts of plant tissues with symptoms of fire blight spread on King's medium B and incubated for 2 days at 28°C. Bacterial ooze and necrosis of the inoculation site were observed on immature pear fruits inoculated with a 106 CFU/ml suspension of the isolate. Bacteria were reisolated and the species identity was confirmed by PCR and primers targeting pEA29 DNA (1). E. amylovora was previously reported only on native Cotoneaster spp. (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of fire blight on C. dammeri cv. Skogholm from a commercial ornamental nursery in Croatia. References: (1) S. Bereswill et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3522, 1992. (2) B. Cvjetković et al. Glas. zaštite bilja 1:13, 1996. (3) E. Halupecki et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 114:435, 2006.
First Report from Syria of Citrus tristeza virus in Citrus spp.
Authors: Kubaa R. Abou , Djelouah K. , D'Onghia A. M. , Addante R. , Jamal M. 
Published: September 2008

During the spring of 2006, the main Syrian citrus-growing areas of Lattakia (Jableh, Aledyye, Eseelya, Siano, and Hresoon provinces) and Tartous (Almintar, Aljammase, Karto, Majdaloonelbahr, Yahmour, Amreet, Althawra, and Safita provinces) were surveyed to assess the presence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Eight nurseries (approximately 130 plants per nursery), two budwood source fields (approximately 230 trees per field), and 19 groves (approximately 60 trees per grove) containing the main citrus varieties were visually inspected and sampled for serological assays. The hierarchical sampling method was carried out in each selected grove (2). Infected samples were collected from two nurseries, two budwood source fields, and six groves. Stems and leaf petioles from nursery trees and flower explants from the groves were collected and analyzed for CTV by direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) with the commercial kit from Plantprint (Valencia, Spain). Of 2,653 samples tested, 89 (4%) CTV-infected plants were detected. Five citrus varieties were found to be infected and Meyer lemon (Citrus limon ‘Meyer’) had the highest incidence at 16%. Numerous sweet orange varieties (Citrus sinensis L.) were found to be highly infected in the field, but only the Washington navel sweet orange was found to be infected in the nurseries. No clear CTV symptoms were observed during the survey. Samples that were positive for CTV by DTBIA were also positive by biological indexing on Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia) and immunocapture-reverse transcription-PCR as described by Nolasco et al. (3). Coat protein gene sequences obtained from five selected clones of a Syrian CTV isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU626555) showed more than 99 and 98% nucleotide sequence identity to a Jordanian CTV isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY550252) and the VT isolate (GenBank Accession No. U56902), respectively. Almost all infected samples induced moderate vein clearing symptoms when grafted to Mexican lime. Symptoms of vein clearing, leaf cupping, stunting, and stem pitting on Mexican lime were induced by graft transmission of CTV from one Valencia sample from the Tartous area. The viral inoculum is widely and randomly distributed in commercial groves, especially in the southern Tartous area and in some nurseries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CTV in Syria. However, CTV was reported from the neighboring citrus-growing countries of Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan (1), and the severe seedling yellows strain is present in this area, which poses a potential threat to Syrian citriculture. References: (1) G. H. Anfoka et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 44:17, 2005. (2) G. Hughes and T. R. Gottwald, Phytopathology 88:715, 1998. (3) G. Nolasco et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:293, 2002.
Capsicum chlorosis virus (Genus Tospovirus) Infecting Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in India
Authors: Krishnareddy M. , Rani R. Usha , Kumar K. S. Anil , Reddy K. Madhavi , Pappu H. R. 
Published: September 2008

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important spice crops in India. In October of 2006, symptoms indicative of tospovirus infection were noticed in several commercial fields of chili pepper near Bangalore in Karnataka State. Chlorotic and necrotic spots and rings on leaves, apical necrosis, and leaf distortion were observed. Disease incidence was more than 20%. Mechanical inoculation with sap extracts from these symptomatic plants showed that the host range and symptomatology of the virus was similar to those described for Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) (1,3). The virus reacted with antisera specific to Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) and Watermelon silver mottle virus of serogroup IV tospoviruses in antigen-coated plate ELISA. It did not react with antisera specific to Tomato spotted wilt virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, or Iris yellow spot virus in double-antibody sandwich-ELISA. Immunosorbent electron microscopy of infected sap using GBNV antiserum revealed the presence of strongly decorated quasi-spherical virus particles. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was conducted to further identify the virus. No amplification was observed from extracts of symptomatic plants (n = 10) by RT-PCR using GBNV-specific primers (4), indicating that the diseased chili was not infected with GBNV. However, a DNA fragment of approximately 850 bp was amplified by using primers specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene of CaCV (CaCF 5′-CTATAGAWGTACTAGGCTTTGAGC-3′ and CaCR 5′-CATGTCTAACGTCAGGCAACTTAC-3′). Direct sequencing of the amplicon (GenBank Accession No. EF625227) revealed a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 85.5% with isolates from Thailand (GenBank Accession Nos. AY846366, AY647437, and AF134400) and China (GenBank Accession No. DQ355974) to 98.1% with isolates from Australia (GenBank Accession Nos. AY036057 and AY036058). Phylogenetic analysis of the N protein sequences showed that the chili pepper isolate from India formed a cluster with those from Australia. This cluster was distinct from the one formed by the peanut isolates from Thailand and a tomato isolate from India (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CaCV infection of chili pepper in India. The potential impact of CaCV on tomato and chili pepper production in India remains to be seen. References: (1) D. Knierim et al. Arch. Virol. 90:377, 2006. (2) S. Kunkalikar et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1204-01-BR. Plant Health Progress, 2007. (3) L. A. Mc Michael et al. Aust. Plant Pathol. 31:231, 2002. (4) K. Umamaheswaran et al. Indian Phytopathol. 56:168, 2003.
First Report of Anthracnose of Lycium barbarum Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in China
Authors: Sun G. Y. , Cui J. Q. , Wang S. F. , Zhang R. , Gleason M. L. 
Published: September 2008

Barbary wolfberry (Lycium barbarum, Solanaceae) is an important Chinese traditional medicine that is widely planted in northwestern China (6.7 × 104 ha under cultivation, including Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). After a recent, large increase in the planting area and density, anthracnose has become more damaging. In China, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was assumed to be the sole causal agent of anthracnose on L. chinense (wolfberry) (3), whereas in Korea, C. dematium was reported to cause anthracnose on wolfberry (4). During the summer and autumn of 2007, 29 barbary wolfberry fruit samples were collected from three orchards in Zhongning County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Conidia were 8.5 to 16.5 × 2.5 to 4 μm and fusiform or pointed at one or both ends. Slow-growing colonies on potato dextrose agar were white to orange or pink; sclerotia and setae were absent. The morphological traits were identical to those of C. acutatum and clearly distinct from those of C. gloeosporioides (conidia cylindrical with both ends rounded, gray colony color) or C. dematium (conidia falcate, sclerotia and setae abundant) (2–4). Koch's postulates were performed to verify that the isolates were capable of causing anthracnose on wolfberry. Six wolfberry fruits were surface sterilized with 70% alcohol, allowed to dry 1 min, then wounded with a sterile needle, and dipped in 6 ml of spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml). Anthracnose symptoms were observed on inoculated fruit after 3 days, whereas control fruits inoculated with sterile water did not develop symptoms. The pathogenicity test was performed three times; in each trial, fungi reisolated from symptomatic tissue were morphologically identical to those that had been used as inoculum. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA with primers ITS1 and ITS4 resulted in bands of approximately 600 bp. The sequences of both isolates were compared with sequences deposited in the GenBank database and demonstrated 99% similarity to C. acutatum isolate DQ286123. PCR amplification of the ITS region was also carried out using species-specific primer CaInt2 in conjunction with the universal primer ITS4 (1). A DNA fragment of approximately 500 bp was amplified from all isolates, whereas no amplification products were obtained from reference cultures of C. gloeosporioides and C. dematium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum causing anthracnose on L. barbarum. References: (1) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996. (2) B. C. Sutton. Page 523 in: The Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1980. (3) X. M. Wang and J. Y. Li. Acta Mycol. Sinica 6:211, 1987. (4) S. H. Yu. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 2:31, 1986.
First Detection of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 in Chilean Grapevines
Authors: Escobar P. F. , Fiore N. , Valenzuela P. D. T. , Engel E. A. 
Published: September 2008

Grapevine leafroll is one of the most widespread and economically relevant viral diseases of grapevines. At least nine distinct Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs), all members of the Closteroviridae family, have been associated with this disease in grapevine. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4), currently classified as a Closteroviridae member under the Ampelovirus genus, was initially described in California. To determine if GLRaV-4 was present in Chilean grapevines, in addition to the previously reported GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -7, and -9 (1,2), 35 dormant cane samples from 12 different cultivars were collected from different regions of Chile and screened by reverse transcription-PCR. Two of the 35 samples (both cv. Thompson Seedless) collected from the III and VI regions of Chile were found to be infected with GLRaV-4 using two different pairs of GLRaV-4 specific primers. The first pair of primers, HSPV-F: 5′- ACA TTC TCC ACC TTG TGC TTT T -3′ and HSPC-R: 5′- CAT ACA AGC GAG TGC AAT TAC -3′ (3), was used to amplify a 321-bp fragment corresponding to a partial region of the HSP70h gene. The sequence (GenBank Accession Nos. EU746618 and EU746619) from both positive samples shared 98.4% nucleotide identity and approximately 99% identity with the corresponding fragment of a Californian GLRaV-4 isolate (GenBank Accession No. AF039553). Since there are no commercial antibodies available for GLRaV-4 detection, a second pair of primers, LR4CPINT-F: 5′- GAG AGT GAC AAG CAC CAG GTG C -3′ and LR4CPFIN-R: 5′- TCA CCT CCT GTT GCC CA -3′ (4), that amplified a 492-bp fragment of the coat protein gene was also used. The sequences of the 492-bp fragment from both Chilean samples (GenBank Accession Nos. EU746620 and EU746621) shared 99.6% nucleotide identity with one another and had 96.5% identity with an Israeli GLRaV-4 isolate (GenBank Accession No. AM176759). To our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-4 in Chile. Further studies will help to establish the effects and incidence of this virus in Chilean grapevines. References: (1) E. Engel et al. Plant Dis. 92:1252, 2008 (2) N. Fiore et al. J. Plant Pathol. 90:125, 2008. (3) F. Osman et al. J. Virol. Methods 141:22, 2007. (4) P. Saldarelli et al. J. Plant Pathol. 88:203, 2006.
Interferon‐γ‐mediated activation of enterocytes in immunological control of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection
Authors: CHOUDHRY N. , KORBEL D. S. , ZAALOUK T. K. , BLANSHARD C. , BAJAJ‐ELLIOTT M. , MCDONALD V. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARY The microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis develops within intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes) and is an important opportunistic diarrhoeal pathogen associated with AIDS. Little is known about the protective immune response against the parasite although in mice IFN‐γ is involved and is required to prevent dissemination of the infection to other organs. The present study was designed to establish a suitable short‐term in vitro culture technique for E. intestinalis that would enable studies of the role of cytokines such as IFN‐γ in the effector phase of immunity. Encephalitozoon intestinalis reproduced considerably better in the murine enterocyte cell line CMT‐93 than in the three human enterocyte cell lines Caco‐2, HT29 and HCT‐8. Treatment of CMT‐93 cells with IFN‐γ significantly reduced parasite reproduction in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. IFN‐γ also inhibited development of the parasite in Caco‐2 cells. Neither production of NO nor Fe deprivation appeared to be involved in IFN‐γ‐mediated parasite killing. However studies suggested that tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase played an important part in inactivation of E. intestinalis.
The Mhc class II DRB genotype of Macaca fascicularis does not influence infection by simian retrovirus type 2
Authors: Mee E. T. , Murrell C. K. , Sauermann U. , Wilkinson R. C. , Cutler K. , North D. , Heath A. , Ladhani K. , Almond N. , Rose N. J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSimian retrovirus type 2 (SRV‐2) is a natural pathogen of Macaca fascicularis. Although SRV‐2 may be endemic in macaque colonies, it is not necessarily detected in all individuals suggesting differential susceptibility to SRV‐2; factors contributing to this susceptibility are not fully understood. We have investigated the role of host genetic origin on virus susceptibility. We have shown that high levels of anti‐SRV‐2 antibodies correlate with failure to establish persistent virus infection, thus we targeted our genetic analysis of virus susceptibility with an investigation of the role of the polymorphic macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus. DRB genotypes, both novel and previously characterised, were identified in individuals and family groups. A discordance with SRV‐2 infection status suggests that an Mhc II DRB genotype is not overtly associated with the outcome of viral infection.
Intradermal CD30‐positive mononuclear cells in superficial fungal infections of the skin
Authors: Murphy Michael 
Published: September 2008

SummaryCD30 protein expression was initially considered a reliable marker for the identification of CD30‐positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. Subsequently, CD30 expression has also been found in cutaneous pseudolymphoma and increasing numbers of cutaneous non‐neoplastic inflammatory disorders. This paper describes two cases of superficial fungal infection of the skin that demonstrate prominent expression of CD30 within the dermal inflammatory infiltrates. This is the first report of CD30 expression associated with superficial cutaneous fungal infections.