bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carotenoids and other pigments as natural colorants
Authors: Mortensen Alan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Food colorants may be classified into synthetic, nature-identical, inorganic, and natural colorants. Natural colorants for food are made from renewable sources. Most often, the colorants are extracted from plant material, but other sources such as insects, algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi are used as well. Natural colorants are usually extracted and concentrated using either water or lower alcohols for water-soluble pigments and organic solvents for lipophilic pigments. Legislation restricts which colorants are allowed, what sources may be used for that particular colorant, what solvents may be used to extract it, and the purity of the pigment. Colorants are formulated to make them more suitable for a variety of foods and drinks (e.g., lipophilic pigments for use in beverages) and to increase their stability. The natural colorants allowed in the EU and the USA are presented. Many of these colorants are also allowed in most parts of the world. A few colorants that are not allowed in the EU and the USA, but are important food colorants in other parts of the world, are also presented.
Structures and functions of carotenoids bound to reaction centers from purple photosynthetic bacteria
Authors: Hashimoto Hideki , Fujii Ritsuko , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Kusumoto Toshiyuki , Gardiner Alastair T. , Cogdell Richard J. , Roszak Aleksander W. , Issacs Neil W. , Pendon Zeus , Niedzwiedski Dariusz , Frank Harry A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoprotective function of 15,15'-cis-carotenoids bound to the photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) of purple bacteria has been studied using carotenoids reconstituted into carotenoidless RCs from Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain R26.1. The triplet-energy level of the carotenoid has been proposed to affect the quenching of the triplet state of special-pair bacteriochlorophyll (P). This was investigated using microsecond flash photolysis to detect the carotenoid triplets as a function of the number of conjugated double bonds, n. The carotenoid triplet signals were extracted by using singular-value decomposition (SVD) of the huge matrices data, and were confirmed for those having n = 8 to 11. This interpretation assumes that the reconstituted carotenoids occupy the same binding site in the RC. We have been able to confirm this assumption using X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of carotenoidless, wild-type carotenoid-containing, and 3,4-dihydro-spheroidene-reconstituted RCs. The X-ray study also emphasized the importance of the methoxy group of the carotenoids for binding to the RCs. Electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of the carotenoid on the electrostatic field around P. This electrostatic field changed by 10 % in the presence of the carotenoid.
β-Carotene interference with UVA-induced gene expression by multiple pathways
Authors: Wertz Karin , Seifert Nicole , Buchwald Hunziker Petra , Riss Georges , Wyss Adrian , Hunziker Willi , Goralczyk Regina 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
UVA exposure causes skin photoaging by singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We assessed whether β-carotene, a carotenoid known as 1O2 quencher and retinoic acid (RA) precursor, interferes with UVA-induced gene regulation and prevents UVA-induced gene regulation in HaCaT human keratinocytes. HaCaT cells accumulated β-carotene in a time- and dose-dependent manner. UVA irradiation massively reduced the cellular β-carotene contents. β-Carotene suppressed UVA induction of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-10 - three major MMPs involved in photoaging. HaCaT cells produced weak retinoid activity from β-carotene, as demonstrated by mild up-regulation of retinoid receptor RARβ and activation of an RARE-dependent reporter gene. Of the 568 UVA-regulated genes, β-carotene reduced the UVA effect for 143, enhanced it for 180, and did not interact with UVA for 245 genes. The pathways regulated β-carotene in interaction with UVA were characterized by genes involved in growth factor signaling, stress response, apoptosis, cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tanning, and inflammation.
In conclusion, β-carotene at physiological concentrations interacted with UVA effects by multiple mechanisms that included, but were not restricted to, 1O2 quenching. With our results, we provide a mechanistic basis for the long-known and clinically established photoprotective effects of β-carotene in human skin.
When spectroscopy fails: The measurement of ion pairing
Authors: Hefter Glenn 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques such as UV/vis, NMR, and Raman are powerful tools for the investigation of chemical speciation in solution. However, it is not widely recognized that such techniques do not always provide reliable information about ion association equilibria. Specifically, spectroscopic measurements do not in general produce thermodynamically meaningful association constants for non-contact ion pairs, where the ions are separated by one or more solvent molecules. Such systems can only be properly quantified by techniques such as dielectric or ultrasonic relaxation, which can detect all ion-pair types (or equilibria), or by traditional thermodynamic methods, which detect the overall level of association. Various types of quantitative data are presented for metal ion/sulfate systems in aqueous solution that demonstrate the inadequacy of the major spectroscopic techniques for the investigation of systems that involve solvent-separated ion pairs. The implications for ion association equilibria in general are briefly discussed.
Ionic liquids: A most promising research field in solution chemistry and thermodynamics
Authors: Heintz Andreas , Wertz Christiane 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Modern room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) consisting of large and asymmetric organic cations and small inorganic anions exhibit a special class of recently developed liquids unifying the property of the liquid state and strong Coulomb interactions acting as the prevailing intermolecular interactions in the liquid state. Several selected examples of the most promising chemical and technical applications of ILs are presented, which underline the importance of thermophysical properties of ILs and their role of being particular solvents in catalytic and separation processes as well as in special fields of electrochemistry.
Serum Free Light Chains: An Alternative to the Urine Bence Jones Proteins Screening Test for Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Hill Peter G , Forsyth Julia M , Rai Baldeep , Mayne Stewart 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: Retrospective analyses have established the role of quantitative serum free light chains (FLCs) in the diagnosis of monoclonal light chain disorders. The aims of this study were to assess (a) whether the addition of serum FLCs to serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) identified additional patients with monoclonal gammopathies; (b) whether serum FLC measurements could replace urinalysis for Bence Jones protein (BJP); and (c) the cost/quality implications of routinely measuring serum FLCs.
Methods: Serum FLCs were added to consecutive requests for SPEP from August to November 2004 and measured by automated immunoassay.
Results: Seventy-one of 923 patients had abnormal serum FLC ratios. Seven patients with monoclonal gammopathies and 1 patient with malignant lymphoma (but no monoclonal band) were detected among 43 patients with negative SPEP but positive serum FLC ratios. Thirty-five patients with negative SPEP had false-positive serum FLC ratios. The false-positive rate for a ratio &gt;1.65 was higher than previously described and associated with polyclonal increases in immunoglobulins and renal impairment. Serum FLC ratios were normal in 2 of 13 patients with low-level persistent urine BJP. However, no significant pathology would have been missed by replacing BJP with serum FLCs. Revenue and manpower savings offset 60% of the costs of serum FLCs.
Conclusions: Additional diagnostic information is gained by adding serum FLCs to SPEP as first-line tests for investigating possible B-cell disorders. The quality of the diagnostic service is enhanced by more confident exclusion of light chain disorders and improved interpretive assessment of SPEP and immunofixation electrophoresis.
Identification of Novel Brain Biomarkers
Authors: Laterza Omar F , Modur Vijay R , Crimmins Dan L , Olander Jitka V , Landt Yvonne , Lee Jin-Moo , Ladenson Jack H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: The diagnosis of diseases leading to brain injury, such as stroke, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease, can often be problematic. In this study, we pursued the discovery of biomarkers that might be specific and sensitive to brain injury.
Methods: We performed gene array analyses on a mouse model to look for biomarkers that are both preferentially and abundantly produced in the brain. Via bioinformatics databases, we identified the human homologs of genes that appeared abundant in brain but not in other tissues. We then confirmed protein production of the genes via Western blot of various tissue homogenates and assayed for one of the markers, visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1), in plasma from patients after ischemic stroke.
Results: Twenty-nine genes that were preferentially and abundantly expressed in the mouse brain were identified; of these 29 genes, 26 had human homologs. We focused on 17 of these genes and their protein products on the basis of their molecular characteristics, novelty, and/or availability of antibodies. Western blot showed strong signals in brain homogenates for 13 of these proteins. Tissue specificity was tested by Western blot on a human tissue array, and a sensitive and quantitative sandwich immunoassay was developed for the most abundant gene product observed in our search, VLP-1. VLP-1 was detected in plasma of patients after stroke and in cerebrospinal fluid of a rat model of stroke.
Conclusions: The use of relative mRNA production appears to be a valid method of identifying possible biomarkers of tissue injury. The tissue specificity suggested by gene expression was confirmed by Western blot. One of the biomarkers identified, VLP-1, was increased in a rat model of stroke and in plasma of patients after stroke. More extensive, prospective studies of the candidate biomarkers identified appear warranted.
Multicapillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Sequence Variations in the Deoxycytidine Kinase Gene
Authors: Szantai Eszter , Ronai Zsolt , Sasvari-Szekely Maria , Bonn Günther , Guttman András 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: Investigation of the genetic background of complex traits is the focus of recent interest, as several common diseases or the individual response to treatments of various illnesses have not yet been explored. These studies require the development and implementation of reliable and large-scale genotyping methods. In this report, we introduce an efficient technique based on PCR–restriction fragment length sequence variation technique for the analysis of the −360CG and −201CT single-nucleotide sequence variations in the deoxycytidine kinase gene.Methods: A multicapillary gel electrophoresis instrument was used for the size determination of the generated DNA fragments. A healthy Hungarian population of 100 individuals was investigated to determine allele and genotype frequencies for the 2 sequence variations of interest.Results: We found that the occurrence of the minor allele is rather low, i.e., the frequency of both the −360G and −201T variants is 1%.Conclusions: Our technique can readily facilitate the analysis of these important sequence variations in other ethnic groups to clarify the role of these sequence variations in conjunction with arabinosylcytosine treatment in acute myeloid leukemia.
Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Youth
Authors: Shortt Alison L. , Spence Susan H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRisk and protective processes and mechanisms associated with depression in youth are discussed within a developmental–ecological framework. Risk factors at the individual (genetics, biology, affect, cognition, behaviour) and broader contextual levels (e.g., family, school, community) are proposed to interact, leading to the development of depression in youth. Transactions between these individual and contextual factors are suggested to be dynamic and reciprocal, and these transactions are expected to change over time and developmental course. The ‘best bet’ for the prevention of depression may be multicomponent and multilevel interventions that address the multiple risk and protective factors associated with depression. Preventive interventions need to focus on building protective factors within young people themselves, as well as creating health-promoting environments at home and at school. These interventions likely need to be long term and geared towards assisting youth across successive periods of development.
A Controlled Evaluation of an Enhanced Self-Directed Behavioural Family Intervention for Parents of Children With Conduct Problems in Rural and Remote Areas
Authors: Markie-Dadds Carol , Sanders Matthew R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFew studies have examined the impact of parenting interventions for families in rural and isolated areas who have children with conduct problems, where access to professional services can be difficult. The present investigation compared the effects of three conditions, two levels of self-directed behavioral family intervention: an enhanced self-directed program that combined a self-help program using written materials and a weekly telephone consultation (ESD), a self-help program (SD) and a waitlist control group (WL). At postintervention the ESD group reported significantly lower levels of disruptive behaviour, and lower levels of dysfunctional parenting than the SD and WL controls, and higher levels of consumer satisfaction. At 6 months follow-up the main effects for the ESD group had been maintained. The SD group continued to evidence improvement from postintervention to follow-up such that 65% of children in the ESD condition and 57% of children in the SD condition showed clinical reliable change on measures of disruptive behaviour. Implications of findings and directions for future research are discussed.
On Boundaries
Authors: Fischer Eric 
Published: July 2006

In judging a boundary from a geographer's point of view many physical as well as human aspects come under consideration. Stress has shifted from one aspect of the problem to another according to the particular bias of the times.At the time of the Paris peace conferences, geographers shared the general opinion that the linguistic factor should receive the greatest consideration in determining boundaries between national states. Language was regarded as the best criterion for drawing boundaries which would recognize what was called at that date “the right of self-determination.” It was a new factor in diplomatic negotiations. Shift of emphasis from physical features to cultural characteristics as bases for boundary lines reflected the popular swing toward self-determination.
Paris from EDC to WEU
Authors: Leites Nathan , de la Malène Christian 
Published: July 2006

On July 28, 1949, the French parliament ratified the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a week before, it had given its assent to the treaty establishing the Council of Europe. On May 9, 1950, M. Robert Schuman proposed the creation of a European coal and steel community.None of these arrangements for the defense of the free world and the unification of Europe altered France's status as one of the “big three” of the West: her sovereignty was not going to be substantially reduced by the institutions then created or planned.
West German Rearmament
Authors: Onslow C. G. D. 
Published: July 2006

Probably the most consistent feature of the policy of the three Western powers—the United States, Great Britain, and France—towards the defeated Germany, from the time of Potsdam until a few months ago, was the emphasis on the need for the disarmament and demilitarization of the Germany of the future; and when it was decided, in 1949, to establish the Federal Republic of Western Germany, this policy was endorsed once more.In June 1949, the Foreign Ministers of the three powers met in Paris, and on the twentieth of that month the High Commission charter was signed. At a second meeting held early in November of the same year, also in Paris, it was agreed that certain wider powers should be granted to the Federal Republic through the High Commissioners. Nevertheless when, on November 22, the definitive Occupation Statute, sometimes known as the Petersberg agreement, came to be signed by Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of the new Republic, and by the three High Commissioners at the Petersberg Hotel in Bonn, the headquarters of the High Commission, it contained the following significant clause:
American Policy Toward Russia
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: July 2006

I Believe that much historical data can be assembled to support the following propositions:(1) The trend of power politics is toward a bipolar world, and such a world tends toward increasing rivalry, suspicion, and tension between the two leading states, making them develop into garrison states in a continuous relationship of cold or hot war.(2) A state actively preparing for war in time of peace tends to become over-centralized, intolerant, and aggressive; to encourage other states to gang up against it; and, when war eventuates, to win the first battles but to lose the war.
Quasi-War between Japan and the U.S.S.R., 1937–1939
Authors: Tinch Clark W. 
Published: July 2006

The scale and intensity of the fighting in Korea have been such as Americans have, before 1950, associated only with full-fledged war. How such a conflict could fail to develop into World War III they only dimly understand. They had assumed that in the twentieth century war, or at least wars involving great powers, had to be total.To the extent that this assumption is incorporated in the expectations of the ruling elite of either of two or more contending powers, it is likely to be true; to the extent that war is made an end in itself, is conceptually divorced from the political ends it in fact seeks to achieve, the organized violence of warring great powers must be not only totally organized, but totally applied, while the consequences go hang. The weapons and techniques of the last war when handled non-politically produced, therefore, as might have been anticipated, conditions singularly unpropitious to the realization of what were professed to have been the aims for which the war was fought.
Lands Athwart the Nile
Authors: Whittlesey Derwent 
Published: July 2006

Over a period of many months, both before and since the abdication of King Farouk, responsible heads of government in Egypt have been voicing a claim to the entire Nile Basin, although practical measures to convert the claim into control have been pointed chiefly toward that part of the Basin included in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.It is the fashion nowadays, especially in the United States, to assume that river basins are coherent, nature-given units of the earth's surface, without questioning their fitness for unified political administration or sovereignty. According to that fashion, even the extreme Egyptian claim seems cogent. The Nile Basin is a drainage unit and clearly appears so on the map (Fig. 1)
Civilians, Soldiers, and American Military Policy
Authors: Fox William T. R. 
Published: July 2006

Intensive study of factors affecting the relative power position of states “in the long run”—location, human and material resources, level of economic development and rate of capital formation, national solidarity, etc.—is no substitute for consideration of certain other factors which operate in the short run and determine the extent to which a state's power potential is utilized to achieve specific foreign policy objectives. Wars are fought or threatened and diplomatic settlements or impasses reached in the short run. So are decisions affecting all these grave matters, and sometimes with long-range consequences.The main link between a state's long-run power potential and its government's achievement of present-day policy objectives are decisions taken regarding the level and character of military preparedness. Power potential is not a complete substitute for fighting capacity, especially when wars may begin with thermonuclear attacks which destroy the potential or prevent its being mobilized in time to influence the outcome of the war. Nor is it a substitute for the particular kinds of fighting capacity most efficient in deterring and localizing war.
Kashmir and Hyderabad
Authors: Talbot Phillips 
Published: July 2006

Both India and Pakistan have made long strides toward stability since winning their freedom from British rule in 1947. What are the prospects for stability in the immediate future, and for their exerting a steadying influence throughout Southeast Asia?Despite the disorganization and bitterness that accompanied the partition of India, the two young Dominion Governments have thwarted severe early threats to their internal security and have restrained their respective extremists from precipitating a war on the sub-continent. They have each proceeded with political reorganization of the largest populations extant—since the disintegration of China—in non-Communist Asia. Other Asian nations have tentatively accepted the leadership of India in such international issues as Indonesia. In an Asia hard-pressed to adjust to new conditions, the future roles of India and Pakistan may have critical importance.
The International Civil War
Authors: Neumann Sigmund 
Published: July 2006

This is the age of revolutions. No longer are they the domain of the theorizer or the peripheral plotter. They have moved into the center of the average man's daily thought. They are on everybody's mind and in every newspaper's headline.No continent is exempted. The whole of Europe is in upheaval. Her political parties are aligned in the name of, or in opposition to, revolution. China's four decades of civil war, India's final attainment of independence, the awakening nationalism of the Near East and South Eastern Asia spell not only the end of historical empires, but also call into action socio-revolutionary forces that break the frame of established society. Even those areas that are not engulfed by revolution are confronted with its threat. Fascism and National Socialism, though they proved in the test of history to be mere pseudo-revolts, were nourished by grievances of modern society that are not overcome by military defeat and—as long as they remain unanswered—still represent a challenge to our democratic world.
In Defense of Diplomacy
Authors: Sprout Harold 
Published: July 2006

Publication of Politics Among Nations is another important milestone in the development of systematic studies of international political phenomena into an established and recognized branch of higher learning.Comparison of this impressive treatise with any work published before 1914 reveals in dramatic fashion how much ground has already been covered. Before World War I, as Grayson Kirk has described, the study of international relations was largely carried on in the sterile atmosphere of international law and conventionalized diplomatic history. The crusade for the League of Nations opened up a new field and gave great impetus to the study of world organization. This newcomer practically stole the show during the 1920's. But the course of world events did not fulfill the bright hopes fostered by schemes for disarmament, outlawry of war, collective security, judicial settlement of disputes, and codification of international law. Teachers and writers, however, continued to play the same old records, which sounded more and more unconvincing as the dictators prepared the stage for another world war.