bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stricken by Infection: Art and Adultery in Anna Karenina and Kreutzer Sonata
Authors: Herman David 
Published: April 2006

Resentment proceeds from powerlessness, said Rousseau. How true! A man is spiteful when he wants to do what is not in his power–he encounters obstacles and grows resentful. (57:136)Lev Tolstoi had originally intended to open Anna Karenina with a scene in Princess Betsy’s salon, later moved to part 2 of the novel, in which the work’s central themes are all touched on in the conversation of the gathered guests. This introductory discussion primarily concerns illicit liaisons, but alongside the talk of adultery, one guest states, “The theme is everything. Once one has a theme, it is easy to embroider on it” (121). These words obliquely acknowledge a debt to one of the novel’s sources, Aleksandr Pushkin’s “Egyptian Nights,” a story about improvisation in which that art is conceived not merely as the instantaneous or impromptu invention we usually think of, but even more importantly as the appropriation of someone else’s topic. Anna Karenina, and some of Tolstoi’s later works as well, make important borrowings from Pushkin’s story about borrowing, employing both themes from “Egyptian Nights” and therefore the methods of the Italian improvisor in it.
On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Daly Jonathan W. 
Published: April 2006

Not one inhabitant is shielded from theproizvol[arbitrary power] of gendarmes.—St. Petersburg Governor, 1906We are incapable of imagining a governor who cannot, according to his discretion and without a trial, summarily arrest, exile and impose ruinous fines.—Vladimir Gessen, 1908Commentators on the imperial Russian polity have regarded the Security Law of 14 August 1881, which invested administrative officials with broad discretionary powers, as the keystone of the developing Russian police state, the virtual cause of the 1905 revolution, even “Russia's de facto constitution.” In truth, it merely codified and, in many respects, actually limited the powers granted by emergency measures adopted in the late 1870s, at the height of the terrorist campaign to murder Alexander II. The Judicial andZemstvoReforms of 1864 had marked the beginning of the development of the rule of law and a respect for civil rights in Russia, and the emergency legislation adopted between 1866 and 1881 was an only partially successful attempt by administrative Russia to return to traditional patterns of arbitrariness, orproizvol. Late imperial Russia's emergency legislation, in other words, was not a turning point on the path toward a modern “police state“ but a sign of that country's uneasy transition from an absolutist to a constitutional order.
The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Postconflict Societies
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. 
Published: April 2006

The central question of postconflict societies remains political: how to construct a stable form of domestic power sharing and governance. Adversaries mutually exhausted by conflict will still set an adequate degree of influence and voice in future political arrangements as the price of terminating the conflict. Where adversarial identities have become all-encompassing or the war has gone on for too long, the only available solutions may be more radical, including autonomy or partition.The task of international mediators is to help the parties assess the available forms of sharing power. In the dominant view of the United Nations community and international financial institutions, the available choice set is the various forms of representative government—for both idealistic and practical reasons. Democracy has become the dominant political philosophy of the multilateral community, even where it is not always observed in practice, and its breadth of participation may be likeliest to placate former adversaries. But any social engineer or planner must also take into account the practical problems that democracy will probably encounter in the aftermath of conflict, including the conditions necessary for its stability and prestige. In addition, the portfolio of democracy has varied structures that may give greater confidence to both sides and persuade the combatants to lay down their arms.
Inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis in the yellow pitcher plant,Sarracenia flava(Sarraceniaceae), in Virginia
Authors: Sheridan Philip M. , Karowe David N. 
Published: April 2006

The yellow pitcher plant,Sarracenia flava, is an insectivorous plant restricted to fire‐maintained wetland ecosystems in southeastern Virginia. Only four natural sites remain in the state totaling fewer than 100 clumps. Plants from sites located in Dinwiddie, Greensville, Prince George, Sussex counties, and the city of Suffolk were tested for the effects of self‐pollination, intrasite outcrossing, and intersite outcrossing on offspring quantity (total seed number and total seed mass) and offspring quality (avarage seed mass, germination, and growth).Self‐pollination resulted in significantly lower offspring quantity and quality. Total seed number and total seed mass for self‐pollinated capsules were approximately one‐fourth that of outcrossed capsules. Germination, survivorship, and growth over 5 yr were also significantly lower for offspring from self‐pollinated capsules. Together, these results suggest strong inbreeding depression in this species.Relative to offspring from intrasite crosses, offspring from intersite crosses were significantly larger after 5 yr of growth. This suggests that restoration efforts for VirginiaS. flavawill be most successful when plants from multiple sites are used.
Streletz, Kesslerand Krenz v. Germany and K.-H W. v. Germany
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Rudolf Beate 
Published: April 2006

Streletz, Kessler and Krenz V. Germany. App. Nos. 34044/96,35532/97, & 44801/98.49 ILM 811 (2001), available at <http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm>.K.-H. W. V. Germany. App. No. 37201/97. 49 ILM 773 (2001), available at <http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm>.European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, March 22, 2001.In a landmark judgment, Streletz, Kesslerand Krenz v. Germany, die European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) unanimously held that criminal prosecution of the leaders of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) for ordering to kill individuals attempting to flee the GDR is compatible with the principle nullum crimen sine lege and consequently with the prohibition on retroactive criminal laws under the European Convention on Human Rights. In a second judgment, K.-H. W. v. Germany, with three of the seventeen judges dissenting, the Court affirmed this holding as applied to the criminal responsibility of a low-ranking soldier.
Non-Utopian Euthanasia: An Italian Report, c. 1554
Authors: Graziani René 
Published: April 2006

The Utopian custom of euthanasia used, quite rightly, to be discussed in terms of classical sources and generally turned on whether Sir Thomas More advocated it personally or not. The fruitfulness of such discussion has its limits, and I find that More scholars have largely dropped the subject. Some new evidence has come to light, however, which raises the question whether More's apparently speculative projection had not in fact some basis in actual practice. An Italian diplomat who visited England during the reign of Mary in 1554, that is twenty-eight years after Utopia was published, stated unequivocally that euthanasia (he does not use the term, of course) was customary among some people in England. He thought it a primitive survival.I have found two main sources for the text of the report: (1) the various copies of an anonymous manuscript usually called ‘Ritratti del Regno d'lnghilterra’ (2) a book by the Ferrarese diplomat Giulio Raviglio Rosso, I Successi d'lnghilterra dopo la morte di Odoardo sestofno al giunta in quel Regno del Sereniss.
The Textual History of Ficino's De Amore
Authors: Devereux James A. 
Published: April 2006

Students of Renaissance thought and letters have long recognized the importance of Marsilio Ficino's Commentarium in Convivium Phtonis De Amore. Thanks to the edition of M. l'Abbé Raymond Marcel, we also know for certain the date and the manner of its origin, and, in outline, the history of the manuscript tradition. The purpose of this note is to summarize and confirm Marcel's account and to add to it some details which have recently come to light.To begin with, Marcel has laid to rest forever the thesis of A. della Torre that Ficino composed two versions of the De Amore but for religious reasons allowed only one to survive. There was only one Commentarium, occasioned, at least, by the conversation at a real banquet which Ficino and his friends held at Careggi on November 7, 1468, to celebrate the birthday of Plato.
Preserving Property: History, Genealogy, and Inheritance in “Upon Appleton House”*
Authors: Patton Brian 
Published: April 2006

“I hope that they may live to see the power of the King and the Lords thrown down, that yet may live to see property preserved.”— Colonel Petty at Putney, 28 October 1647 (Woodhouse, 61)The famous army debates held at Putney in 1647 provide us with some remarkable insights into the misgivings of the men who were soon to bring about the trial and execution of their king. Their very practical need to placate the then powerful “Leveller” faction within the army drew the “Grandees” into talks which clearly reveal the limits of their revolutionary aspirations. The principal objection of both Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton to the proposals of the Levellers is also the most telling: both men saw in the proposed Leveller constitution, The Agreement of the People, a threat to the current economic order, an order based upon the ownership of property by a relatively small number of men.
Magdalen's Skull: Allegory and Iconography in Heptameron 32
Authors: Rigolot François 
Published: April 2006

Skulls. Finalities. They emerge towards new beginnings.Charles TomlinsonFew readers of Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron will easily forget the sinister scene in novella 32, where a young, beautiful but unfaithful woman is forced by her vengeful husband to drink out of her dead lover's skull. Although equally cruel analogues could be found in Boccaccio's Decameron, Marguerite's strikingly macabre scene seems to be unique in Renaissance literature. Representations of human skeletons are, of course, plentiful in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century iconography, a period often characterized by its obsession with death. Certainly Marguerite may have been influenced by the pervading vanitas and memento morimotifs. At the same time, the whole scene could be viewed as a staged perversion of relic worship, a practice much frowned upon in evangelical circles favored by Marguerite.
“Concludo che non vidi max la più bella casa in Italia”: The Frescoed Decorations in Francesco II Gonzaga's Suburban Villa in the Mantuan Countryside at Gonzaga (1491-1496)*
Authors: Brown Clifford M. 
Published: April 2006

“Universae Italiae Liberatori.” On the 500th Anniversary of the Battle of Fornovo and the completion of theMadonna della Vittoria(1495/96 - 1995/96).Scholarly discussion of late Quattrocento art patronage in Mantua has largely been confined to projects associated with Isabella d'Este (1474-1539, marchesa from 1490 and dowager marchesa from 1519). And yet in 1494 her husband wrote that “painting delights us not a little and by its pleasures we often relax and console our mind from the various occupations, anxieties, and cares in which it is involved.” Francesco II Gonzaga's effulgent praise of the visual arts suggests that he (1466-1519, marquis from 1484) was rather more consequential for the cultural life of the state than has usually been allowed.
The Dreamer's Path: Descartes and the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Keefer Michael H. 
Published: April 2006

[Descartes] ne croioit pas qu'on dût s'étonner si fort de voir que les Poëtes, même ceux qui ne font que niaiser, fussent pleins de sentences plus graves, plus sensées, & mieux exprimées que celles qui se trouvent dans les écrits des Philosophes. Il attribuoit cette merveille à la divinité de l'Enthousiasme, & à la force de l'lmagination.— Adrien Baillet,Vie de Monsieur Des-Cartes(1691), paraphrasing Descartes'sOlympicamanuscript of 1619-20Methode ist Umweg.— Walter Benjamin, “Epistemo-Critical Prologue,”The Origin of German Tragic DramaJacques Derrida begins a recent reflection upon Descartes'sDiscours de la méthodeby remarking upon the metaphor of the path, way, or road contained within the etymology of the word “method”: “methodos, metahodos, c'est-à-dire ‘suivant la route,’ suivant le chemin, en suivant le chemin, en chemin.”
What did the Renaissance Patron Buy?
Authors: Gilbert Creighton E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper is generated by the widespread opinion that Renaissance patrons usually kept creative control over works they commissioned. It analyzes two of the few instances usually cited and adds many more, some involving single works and some implicating a wide spectrum. A considerable range emerges. At one end artists, not only famous ones, can be deferred to as better experts on how themes are shown. At the other, patrons retain tight control of such unique themes as their family histories. A conclusion speculates on possible reasons for the strength of this opinion, in view of its fairly limited basis.
TheArtesand theArs moriendiin Late Renaissance Venice: The Professions in Fabio Glissenti'sDiscorsi morali contra il dispiacer del morire, detto Athanatophilia(1596)
Authors: McClure George W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn his voluminous Moral Discourses Against the Displeasure of Dying (1596), the Venetian physician Fabio Glissenti describes the tenacious revolt against death that permeates virtually all of society. Though important in itself as a major humanistic treatment of death in the vernacular, Glissenti's treatise has an unusual significance that lies not so much in its patent purpose - to recommend the acceptance of death - but rather in its countervailing undercurrent - to probe the psychology of work. In novellas and dialogues among interlocutors drawn from the gamut of professional types in Venice, Glissenti presents testimonials of professional art or pride, exchanges concerning professional morality, and Dantesque catalogues of punishments for professional sins. This study examines the professional ethos suffusing the Discorsi morali as a reflection of moral and psychological attitudes toward work in early modern culture.
The Jew as Renaissance Man
Authors: Berek Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Jew available to be known in England in the 1590s is a Marrano - a covert figure whose identity is self-created, hard to discover, foreign, associated with novel or controversial enterprises like foreign trade or money-lending, and anxiety-producing. By and large, non-theatrical representations of Jewishness reveal less ambivalence than does Marlowe's Barabas. In the plays of Marlowe and then of Shakespeare, the Jew becomes a figure which enables the playwright to express and at the same time to condemn the impulse in both culture and theatre to treat selfhood and social role as a matter of choice. By becoming theatrical, the anxiety about identity and innovation implicit in the Marrano state gains explicitness and becomes available to the culture at large. Marlowe and Shakespeare play a central role in creating - not imitating - the frightening yet comic Jewish figure which haunts Western culture. But the immediate impact of their achievement is felt in the theatre, and is barely visible in non-theatrical discourse about Jews in the decades after their plays.
Pythagoras in the Renaissance: The Case of Marsilio Ficino*
Authors: Celenza Christopher S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the manner in which Ficino employs the figure of Pythagoras and various aspects of the Pythagorean tradition in the philosophical areas of psychology, moral philosophy, and ontology. It also argues that the figure of Pythagoras as prophet was particularly appealing to a Ficino situated in the cultural environment of late fifteenth-century Florence. Text, culture, and ideology interacted in a complex way: spurred on by his early appreciation of Iamblichus's soteriological presentation of Pythagoras, Ficino helped create an ideology in Florence which was receptive to a prophetic figure. The piece thus suggests that Ficino viewed a certain segment of the history of thought through late ancient, Iamblichean eyes.
Machiavelli's Art of War: A Reconsideration*
Authors: Colish Marcia L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMachiavelli's Art of War contains an unexplored and unexplained paradox: the dialogue's chief interlocutor is Fabrizio Colonna, a condottiere in the employ of Ferdinand of Aragon, who played a critical role in the Spanish conquest of northern Italy and in the collapse of the Florentine republic led by Piero Soderini, in which Machiavelli worked as a civil servant. Yet, Machiavelli chooses Fabrizio to defend the superiority of the citizen militia, which he associates with republican civic virtue, over mercenary troops. This paradox has remained unaccounted for because literary scholars have ignored the historical background underlying the text's assorted political subtexts, while historians have ignored the nature of Quattrocento dialogue, as a literary genre, in contextualizing the work. Once these historical and literary dimensions of the Art of War are brought together, it can be seen why Fabrizio Colonna would have been perceived, by Machiavelli and his audience, as the ideal representative of a military position which he espoused neither in theory or in practice.
Denial of residence status to alien on grounds of genocide—application of Refugee Convention— duty to extradite under Genocide Convention—use ofNGO reports and experts in municipal proceedings
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Schabas William A. 
Published: April 2006

Mugesera v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration.Immigration and Refugee Board (Appeal Division) of Canada, November 6, 1998.In its landmark ruling of September 2, 1998, in the Akayesu case, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) reviews the background of genocide in that country, noting in particular the role that hate propaganda played in preparing the tens of thousands of “willing executioners” who participated in the crimes of April to July, 1994. According to the Rwanda Tribunal, the “most notorious” propaganda agent was “a certain Leon Mugesera,” an extremist pamphleteer who gave a public speech in November 1992 calling for the extermination of the Tutsi. Mugesera fled Rwanda in the weeks following die incident. With the help of a network of aid workers, academics and diplomats that he had nurtured over many years, he was able to flee to Canada and obtain permanent resident status there.
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act—denial of immunity for extrajudicial killing—Cuban liability for shooting down civil aircraft—punitive damages—retroactive application of statute recognizing cause of action for human rights violations
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Schnably Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba. 996 F.Supp. 1239.U.S. District Court, S.D. Fla., December 17, 1997.On February 24, 1996, the Cuban Air Force deliberately shot down two unarmed civil aircraft piloted by members of the Miami-based organization Brothers to die Rescue. The incident resulted in the loss of four lives and evoked widespread international condemnation. It prompted Congress to enact the controversial Helms-Burton Act on March 12, 1996, tightening the U.S. embargo against Cuba in effect since 1962.
‘Most Fit for a Wounded Conscience” The Place of Luther's “Commentary on Galatians” in Grace Abounding*
Authors: Camden Vera J. 
Published: April 2006

After a score of years, filled with fear and trembling and temptations, which were so terrible that — note well! — scarcely one individual in each generation experiences… this as Luther did.— KierkegaardMany critics of John Bunyan's Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, perhaps “embarrassed by the rawness and repetitive misery of his lived experience,” have structured Bunyan's obsessive vacillations between hope and despair through identifying conventional stages in his autobiography, as if the intensity of Bunyan's narrative might be contained by placing him within a set of literary or theological conventions. Patricia Caldwell questions this critical focus on “thought” and doctrine, noting that “it is almost as if the literary people themselves are taking their cue from the Puritans themselves” by denying the affective power of a text which appears to follow conventional stages.
Epstein‐Barr virus reactivation in a patient treated with anti‐thymocyte globulin for severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Calistri Elisabetta , Tiribelli Mario , Battista Marta , Michelutti Angela , Corbellino Mario , Viale Pierluigi , Fanin Renato , Damiani Daniela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection and reactivation is an increasing complication in immune deficient patients, particularly after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Therapy with anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) is associated with higher incidence of EBV‐related disease in HSCT patients, but this risk is not documented in patients receiving ATG for severe aplastic anemia (SAA). We describe the case of a patient who developed an EBV infection, with the clinical features of an infectious mononucleosis, after immune suppression with cyclosporine and two courses of ATG for SAA. Am. J. Hematol. 81:355–357, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clustered incidence of acute promyelocytic leukemia during gefitinib treatment for non‐small‐cell lung cancer: Experience at a single institution
Authors: Matsuo Keitaro , Kiura Katsuyuki , Tabata Masahiro , Uchida Akiko , Hotta Katsuyuki , Niiya Daigo , Kubonishi Shiro , Ogino Atsuko , Fujiwara Yoshiro , Nakajima Hiromi , Shinagawa Katsuji , Ishimaru Fumihiko , Ueoka Hiroshi , Tanimoto Mitsune 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown a significant activity for recurrent non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), its long‐term adverse effect with its continuous usage has hitherto not been clearly elucidated. Subjects were 108 consecutive NSCLC cases who were treated with gefitinib between November 2001 and December 2004 at our single institution. A crude incidence rate ratio was calculated by ratio of crude incidence rate in our subject to population‐based incident rate of all leukemia (ICD: C91‐95) in the same region. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based upon a Poisson distribution. Three cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) occurred during gefitinib treatment, and these patients' past treatment histories are presented herein. No other malignancy was identified. All of the cases were diagnosed at the stage of mild‐to‐moderate cytopenia, especially thrombocytopenia, without disseminated intravascular coagulation. All presented a normal karyotype with positive PML‐RARα in RT‐PCR, indicating submicroscopic translocation. They responded well to APL treatments, including all‐trans‐retinoic acid. The crude incident rate ratio was 639.9 (95% confidence interval: 131.6–1,878.9, P < 0.0001) when the APL incidence in this cohort was compared to all leukemia cases in the general population in the same district in Japan. Thus we had three cases of secondary APL patients within the gefitinib‐treated NSCLC cohort. Although we cannot exclude an effect of past exposure of other cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy as a cause of APL, APL inducibility of gefitinib should be clarified in the further study. Am. J. Hematol. 81:349–354, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.