bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Is Predictive of Future Glycemic Status and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Forouhi Nita G. , Luan Jian'an , Cooper Andrew , Boucher Barbara J. , Wareham Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Accumulating epidemiological evidence suggests that hypovitaminosis D may be associated with type 2 diabetes and related metabolic risks. However, prospective data using the biomarker serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are limited and therefore examined in the present study.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 524 randomly selected nondiabetic men and women, aged 40–69 years at baseline, with measurements for serum 25(OH)D and IGF-1 in the population-based Ely Study, had glycemic status (oral glucose tolerance), lipids, insulin, anthropometry, and blood pressure measured and metabolic syndrome risk (metabolic syndrome z score) derived at baseline and at 10 years of follow-up.
RESULTS—Age-adjusted baseline mean serum 25(OH)D was greater in men (64.5 nmol/l [95% CI 61.2–67.9]) than women (57.2 nmol/l [54.4,60.0]) and varied with season (highest late summer). Baseline 25(OH)D was associated inversely with 10-year risk of hyperglycemia (fasting glucose: β = −0.0023, P = 0.019; 2-h glucose: β = −0.0097, P = 0.006), insulin resistance (fasting insulin β = −0.1467, P = 0.010; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]: β = −0.0059, P = 0.005), and metabolic syndrome z score (β = −0.0016, P = 0.048) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, BMI, season, and baseline value of each metabolic outcome variable. Associations with 2-h glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR remained significant after further adjustment for IGF-1, parathyroid hormone, calcium, physical activity, and social class.
CONCLUSIONS—This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation.
Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Kim Sun H. , Reaven Gerald M. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Recently, it has been suggested that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can exist in isolation and have differential impacts on cardiovascular disease (CVD). To evaluate this suggestion, we assessed the degree of discordance between insulin sensitivity and insulin response in a healthy, nondiabetic population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Insulin sensitivity was quantified by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during an insulin suppression test in 446 individuals. The integrated insulin response was calculated after a 75-g oral glucose challenge. We analyzed the correlation between insulin resistance and insulin response in addition to quantifying the proportion in quartiles of insulin response by quartiles of insulin sensitivity. Then we compared CVD risk factors between individuals within the same insulin sensitivity quartile but within different insulin response quartiles to evaluate the differential clinical impact of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
RESULTS—Insulin resistance and insulin response were highly correlated (r = 0.76, P &lt; 0.001). A majority (95%) of the most insulin-resistant individuals (top SSPG quartile) were either in the highest insulin response quartile (71%) or second highest (24%). Similarly, 92% of the most insulin-sensitive individuals (lowest SSPG quartile) were in the lowest two insulin response quartiles. There were minimal differences in CVD risk factors between individuals with different insulin responses but within the same insulin sensitivity quartile.
CONCLUSIONS—Although not perfectly related, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia rarely exist in isolation in a nondiabetic population. It is difficult to discern an independent impact of hyperinsulinemia on CVD risk factors associated with insulin resistance.
Metabolic Syndrome and Incident Diabetes
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Li Chaoyang , Sattar Naveed 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Our objective was to perform a quantitative review of prospective studies examining the association between the metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using the title terms “diabetes” and “metabolic syndrome” in PubMed, we searched for articles published since 1998.
RESULTS—Based on the results from 16 cohorts, we performed a meta-analysis of estimates of relative risk (RR) and incident diabetes. The random-effects summary RRs were 5.17 (95% CI 3.99–6.69) for the 1999 World Health Organization definition (ten cohorts); 4.45 (2.41–8.22) for the 1999 European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance definition (four cohorts); 3.53 (2.84–4.39) for the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program definition (thirteen cohorts); 5.12 (3.26–8.05) for the 2005 American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute definition (five cohorts); and 4.42 (3.30–5.92) for the 2005 International Diabetes Federation definition (nine cohorts). The fixed-effects summary RR for the 2004 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association definition was 5.16 (4.43–6.00) (six cohorts). Higher number of abnormal components was strongly related to incident diabetes. Compared with participants without an abnormality, estimates of RR for those with four or more abnormal components ranged from 10.88 to 24.4. Limited evidence suggests fasting glucose alone may be as good as metabolic syndrome for diabetes prediction.
CONCLUSIONS—The metabolic syndrome, however defined, has a stronger association with incident diabetes than that previously demonstrated for coronary heart disease. Its clinical value for diabetes prediction remains uncertain.
Too Much Glucagon, Too Little Insulin
Authors: Brown Rebecca J. , Sinaii Ninet , Rother Kristina I. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—To determine the time course of changes in glucagon and insulin secretion in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glucagon and C-peptide concentrations were determined in response to standard mixed meals in 23 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 9.4 ± 4.6 years, beginning within 6 weeks of diagnosis, and every 3 months thereafter for 1 year.
RESULTS—Glucagon secretion in response to a physiologic stimulus (mixed meal) increased by 37% over 12 months, while C-peptide secretion declined by 45%. Fasting glucagon concentrations remained within the normal (nondiabetic) reference range.
CONCLUSIONS—Postprandial hyperglucagonemia worsens significantly during the first year after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and may represent a distinct therapeutic target. Fasting glucagon values may underestimate the severity of hyperglucagonemia. The opposing directions of abnormal glucagon and C-peptide secretion over time support the link between dysregulated glucagon secretion and declining β-cell function.
Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cederholm Jan , Eeg-Olofsson Katarina , Eliasson Björn , Zethelius Björn , Nilsson Peter M. , Gudbjörnsdottir Soffia ,   on behalf of the Swedish National Diabetes Register
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Risk prediction models obtained in samples from the general population do not perform well in type 2 diabetic patients. Recently, 5-year risk estimates were proposed as being more accurate than 10-year risk estimates. This study presents a diabetes-specific equation for estimation of the absolute 5-year risk of first incident fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetic patients with use of A1C and clinical characteristics.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The study was based on 11,646 female and male patients, aged 18–70 years, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register with 1,482 first incident CVD events based on 58,342 person-years with mean follow-up of 5.64 years.
RESULTS—This risk equation incorporates A1C, as in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine, and several clinical characteristics: onset age of diabetes, diabetes duration, sex, BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive and lipid-reducing drugs. All predictors included were associated with the outcome (P &lt; 0.0001, except for BMI P = 0.0016) with Cox regression analysis. Calibration was excellent when assessed by comparing observed and predicted risk. Discrimination was sufficient, with a receiver operator curve statistic of 0.70. Mean 5-year risk of CVD in all patients was 12.0 ± 7.5%, whereas 54% of the patients had a 5-year risk ≥10%.
CONCLUSIONS—This more simplified risk equation enables 5-year risk prediction of CVD based on easily available nonlaboratory predictors in clinical practice and A1C and was elaborated in a large observational study obtained from the normal patient population aged up to 70 years.
Association of C-Reactive Protein With Reduced Forced Vital Capacity in a Nonsmoking U.S. Population With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Lee Hwa Mu , Le Truc Vy , Lopez Victor A. , Wong Nathan D. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—A relationship between inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), and forced vital capacity (FVC) in diabetes or metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been established. We investigated whether high CRP is related to reduced FVC in MetS and diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined the association of MetS/diabetes and CRP (normal ≤3 mg/l, high &gt;3 mg/l) with predicted FVC in 4,272 nonsmoking U.S. adults aged 18–79 years without lung disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression examined odds of FVC &lt;80% by CRP and MetS/diabetes.
RESULTS—Mean FVC in individuals with MetS and high CRP (95.7%) and those with diabetes and high CRP (93.7%) was lower than in those with no MetS/diabetes and normal CRP (101.7%) (P &lt; 0.01) and was lower in those with MetS and high CRP (95.7%) than in those with MetS and normal CRP (98.5%) (P &lt; 0.01). The odds ratio (95% CI) of FVC &lt;80% was highest in individuals with MetS and high CRP (odds ratio 4.26 [95% CI 2.08–8.73], P &lt; 0.01) compared with those with no MetS/diabetes and normal CRP.
CONCLUSIONS—Elevated CRP is associated with lower FVC in people with MetS.
Changes in Triglyceride Levels Over Time and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Men
Authors: Tirosh Amir , Shai Iris , Bitzur Rafael , Kochba Ilan , Tekes-Manova Dorit , Israeli Eran , Shochat Tzippora , Rudich Assaf 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—The association between changes in triglyceride concentrations over time and diabetes is unknown. We assessed whether two triglyceride determinations obtained 5 years apart can predict incident type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Triglyceride levels at baseline (time 1) and 5 years later (time 2), followed by subsequent follow-up of 5.5 years, were measured in 13,953 apparently healthy men (age 26–45 years) with triglycerides &lt;300 mg/dl (&lt;3.39 mmol/l).
RESULTS—During 76,742 person-years, 322 cases of diabetes occurred. A multivariate model adjusted for age, BMI, total cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio, family history of diabetes, fasting glucose, blood pressure, physical activity, and smoking status revealed a continuous independent rise in incident diabetes with increasing time 1 triglyceride levels (Ptrend &lt; 0.001). Men in the lowest tertile of time 1 triglyceride levels who progressed to the highest tertile over follow-up (low-high) exhibited a hazard ratio (HR) of 12.62 (95% CI 3.52–31.34) compared with those remaining in the lowest tertile at both time points (reference group: low-low). Whereas men who were at the top triglyceride level tertile throughout follow-up (high-high) had a HR for diabetes of 7.08 (2.52–14.45), those whose triglyceride level decreased to the lowest tertile (high-low) exhibited a HR of 1.97 (0.67–6.13). Alterations in triglyceride levels during follow-up were associated with changes in BMI, physical activity, and eating breakfast habit (P &lt; 0.05), but remained an independent modifier of diabetes risk even after adjustment for such changes.
CONCLUSIONS—Two measurements of fasting triglyceride levels obtained 5 years apart can assist in identifying apparently healthy young men at increased risk for diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors and of associated changes in BMI and lifestyle parameters.
Postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of neostigmine alone or in combination with morphine in ovariohysterectomized dogs
Authors: Marucio Rodrigo L. , Luna Stelio P. L. , Neto Francisco J. Teixeira , Minto Bruno W. , Hatschbach Eduardo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate analgesic effects of epidurally administered neostigmine alone or in combination with morphine in dogs after ovariohysterectomy.
Animals—40 healthy bitches.
Procedures—After acepromazine premedication, anesthesia was induced. Dogs randomly received 1 of the following 4 epidural treatments 30 minutes before ovariohysterectomy (n = 10/group): saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), neostigmine (10 μg/kg), or morphine-neostigmine (0.1 mg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively). Analgesia was assessed for 24 hours after surgery by use of a visual analogue scale (VAS; scale of 0 to 10) or numeric descriptive scale (NDS; scale of 0 to 24) and by the need for supplemental analgesia (morphine [0.5 mg/kg, IM] administered when VAS was ≥ 4 or NDS was ≥ 8).
Results—Significantly more control dogs (n = 8) received supplemental analgesia, compared with the number of neostigmine-treated dogs (1); no dogs in the remaining groups received supplemental analgesia. Compared with values for the control dogs, the NDS scores were lower for morphine-neostigmine–treated dogs (from 2 to 6 hours and at 12 hours) and for morphine-treated dogs (all time points). The NDS scores were lower for morphine-treated dogs at 3, 12, and 24 hours, compared with values for neostigmine-treated dogs. The VAS was less sensitive than the NDS for detecting differences among groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidurally administered neostigmine reduced the use of supplemental analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. However, analgesic effects were less pronounced than for epidurally administered morphine or morphine-neostigmine. Adding neostigmine to epidurally administered morphine did not potentiate opioid-induced analgesia.
Composition and electrophoretic mobility of plasma lipoproteins of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Asadi Farzad , Shahriari Ali , Asadian Peyman , Pourkabir Malihe , Samadaei Mahzyar 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the lipid composition and electrophoretic pattern of plasma lipoproteins in samples obtained from healthy 1-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius).
Animals—34 healthy camels raised under similar farming and dietary conditions.
Procedures—Plasma samples were subjected to density-gradient ultracentrifugation for separation of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Purity of the separation was assessed by use of polyacrylamide gel disk electrophoresis. Concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were measured in each lipoprotein fraction, and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were determined in plasma samples.
Results—Phospholipid was the major constituent of VLDL (mean ± SD concentration, 10.62 ± 1.2 mg/dL), LDL (24.66 ± 3.12 mg/dL), and HDL (38.08 ± 0.76 mg/dL). Low-density lipoprotein, VLDL, and HDL were important plasma lipoprotein carriers for cholesterol (67.94 ± 9.51%), triglyceride (55.83 ± 7.81%), and phospholipid (51.91 ± 1.55%), respectively. On the basis of electrophoresis results, relative percentages of α- and β-lipoproteins were 31.72 ± 4.88% and 68.3 ± 4.68%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The lipoprotein profile in 1-humped camels differed substantially from that of other ruminants. Results may be useful in the evaluation of metabolic disorders in camels.
Quantitative analysis of scintigraphic findings in tibial stress fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Valdés-Martínez Alejandro , Seiler Gabriela , Mai Wilfried , Bolt David M. , Mudge Margaret , Dukti Sarah A. , Hubert Jeremy D. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To develop a quantitative method of interpreting tibial scintigrams of Thoroughbred racehorses with tibial stress fractures that may facilitate diagnosis of fractures and to provide prognostic information regarding future performance of affected horses.
Animals—35 Thoroughbred racehorses.
Procedures—Static bone-phase scintigrams of tibial stress fractures were quantitatively analyzed by use of ratios of the mean radionuclide counts per pixel in a region of interest (ROI) drawn around the area of increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical to mean counts per pixel in a second ROI drawn around an apparently normal area of the tibial diaphysis. In horses with unilateral fractures, ratios for the contralateral tibia were determined by use of 2 ROIs drawn at the same positions as the ROIs in the fractured tibia. Ratios were compared between fractured versus apparently normal tibias, between horses that returned to racing versus those that did not, and among horses with various grades of lameness. The association between ratios for fractured tibias and intervals between diagnosis and return to racing was also assessed.
Results—Mean ratio of ROIs in apparently normal tibias was 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 1.50); that in tibias with stress fractures was 3.55 (95% CI, 2.50 to 4.60). These ratios were significantly different. None of the associations between ratios for fractured tibias and grades of lameness or performance outcomes were significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tibial stress fracture scintigrams can be quantitatively analyzed. A prospective study with a controlled rehabilitation period is necessary to evaluate the possible applications of this method.
Comparison of mean bone densities of three preparations of the distal portion of the equine third metacarpal bone measured by use of quantitative computed tomography
Authors: Drum Marti G. , Les Clifford M. , Park Richard D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Kawcak Christopher E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether cutting equine subchondral bone to demarcate specific regions of interest (ROIs) influences the mean density for that bone as measured via quantitative computed tomography (QCT).
Sample population—2 metacarpophalangeal joints from equine cadavers.
Procedures—The distal portion of the third metacarpal bone of each intact metacarpophalangeal joint was scanned via CT to simulate in vivo conditions. Each joint was subsequently disarticulated and dissected, and the distal portion of the dissected third metacarpal bone in air was scanned. Then, six 1-cm2 areas representing ROIs were cut into the distal condylar surfaces to depths of approximately 1 cm, and the bone was scanned again. Three-dimensional CT models of the 3 bone preparations were generated for each third metacarpal bone on the basis of data from each set of scan images, and densities of the 6 ROIs were measured. Mean bone densities for the 6 ROIs were compared among models of intact, dissected, and cut third metacarpal bone scans.
Results—Mean bone density was significantly lower in cut bone preparations, compared with that in intact or dissected bone. Differences between mean bone densities for intact and dissected bone preparations were not significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cutting subchondral bone to demarcate specific ROIs prior to CT imaging significantly lowered mean bone density as measured via QCT and thus introduced substantial artifacts. These findings have direct implications on techniques for CT modeling of equine subchondral bone in the characterization of joint diseases in horses.
Herd characteristics and management practices associated with seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds
Authors: Tavornpanich Saraya , Johnson Wesley O. , Anderson Randall J. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To investigate herd characteristics and management practices associated with a high seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) in dairy herds in central California.
Sample Population—60 randomly selected cows from each of 21 dairy herds.
Procedures—Sera of selected cows were tested for antibodies against MAP by use of an ELISA test kit. Cows with a test sample-to-positive control sample (S:P) ratio of ≥ 0.25 were considered seropositive, and herds with ≥ 4% seropositive cows were considered high-seroprevalence herds. Data on herd characteristics and management practices were collected via interviews with owners. Bayesian logistic regression was used to model the predictive probability of a herd having a high seroprevalence on the basis of various herd characteristics and management practices.
Results—9 of 21 (43%) herds were classified as high-seroprevalence herds. Five variables (history of previous signs of paratuberculosis in the herd, herd size, exposing cattle to water from manure storage lagoons, feeding unsalable milk to calves, and exposing heifers ≤ 6 months old to manure of adult cows) were included in the predictive model on the basis of statistical and biological considerations. In large herds, the predictive probability of a high seroprevalence of MAP infection decreased from 0.74 to 0.39 when management changed from poor to good practices. In small herds, a similar decrease from 0.64 to 0.29 was predicted.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The seroprevalence of MAP infection in California dairies may be reduced by improvements in herd management practices.
Associations between health and productivity in cow-calf beef herds and persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus, antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus, or antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves
Authors: Waldner Cheryl L. , Kennedy Richard I. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To measure associations between health and productivity in cow-calf beef herds and persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), antibodies against BVDV, or antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus in calves.
Animals—1,782 calves from 61 beef herds.
Procedures—Calf serum samples were analyzed at weaning for antibodies against type 1 and type 2 BVDV and IBR virus. Skin biopsy specimens from 5,704 weaned calves were tested immunohistochemically to identify persistently infected (PI) calves. Herd production records and individual calf treatment and weaning weight records were collected.
Results—There was no association between the proportion of calves with antibodies against BVDV or IBR virus and herd prevalence of abortion, stillbirth, calf death, or nonpregnancy. Calf death risk was higher in herds in which a PI calf was detected, and PI calves were more likely to be treated and typically weighed substantially less than herdmates at weaning. Calves with high antibody titers suggesting exposure to BVDV typically weighed less than calves that had no evidence of exposure.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BVDV infection, as indicated by the presence of PI calves and serologic evidence of infection in weaned calves, appeared to have the most substantial effect on productivity because of higher calf death risk and treatment risk and lower calf weaning weight.