bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A support theorem for quasianalytic functionals
Authors: Heinrich Tobias , Meise Reinhold 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor a weight functionωand an open setGin ℝNdenote by ℰ(ω)(G) (resp.E{ω}(G)) theω‐ultradifferentiable functions of Beurling (resp. Roumieu) type onG. Using ideas of Hörmander it is shown that the functionalsuin ℰ′(ω)(G) and ℰ′{ω}(G) can be embedded into the realanalytic functionals on ℝNand that there is a smallest supporting set foruin the corresponding class which coincides with the realanalytic (hyperfunction) support ofu. Moreover, ifωis quasianalytic and if a compact subsetKofGis the union of the compact setsK1andK2then eachu∈ ℰ′{ω}(G) which is supported byKcan be decomposed asu=u1+u2, whereujis supported byKjforj= 1, 2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Number of children and risk of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Frigerio Roberta , Breteler Monique M. B. , de Lau Lonneke M. L. , Sanft Kevin R. , Bower James H. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Grossardt Brandon R. , Mariza de Andrade  , Maraganore Demetrius M. , Rocca Walter A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigated the association between number of children and Parkinson's disease (PD) in two independent studies. In a case–control study, we identified all subjects who developed PD in Olmsted County, MN, from 1976 through 1995, and matched them individually by age (±1 year) and sex to population controls (193 cases and 193 controls). The replication study was a population‐based cohort study of 6,341 subjects from Rotterdam, the Netherlands (2,610 men). In the Olmsted County study, men who fathered at least one child had an increased risk of PD (unadjusted OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–6.1; P = 0.02), and the risk increased with increasing number of children. The findings in women were not significant. In the Rotterdam Study, the risk of PD increased significantly with increasing number of children in men (test for linear trend, unadjusted; P = 0.04), but not in women. The findings from both studies remained consistent in direction but reduced in magnitude of the association, and lost significance after simultaneous adjustment for education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee consumption. The independent replication in two distinct populations and using different epidemiologic study designs may suggest a link between the number of children and PD restricted to men. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Simple clinical tests may predict severe oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lam Kuen , Kwai Yi Lam Florence , Kwong Lau Kwok , Kay Chan Yiu , Yee Ling Kan Elaine , Woo Jean , Kee Wong Fat , Ko Andrew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: To determine if simple screening tests can predict severe oropharyngeal dysphagia in subjects with Parkinson's disease. Methodology: Forty‐five subjects (26 females) of average age 75 (range: 65–94) who were classified as Modified Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 5 were enrolled. The presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia was assessed by a symptom questionnaire, 50 ml water swallowing test and videofluroscopic swallowing study. Results: Six of the subjects had severe oropharyngeal dysphagia in videofluroscopic swallowing study. Subsequent multivariate analysis showed that 3 factors could independently predict severe oropharyngeal dysphagia. These included higher Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage (P = 0.042), low Body mass index (P = 0.014), and increased difficulty in keeping food or drink in the mouth (P = 0.047). The regression model had a positive predictive power of 96% (sensitivity: 83.3%, specificity: 97.4%). Conclusion: A combination of 3 simple clinical parameters may be useful for screening for severe oropharyngeal dysphagia as shown radiologically in subjects with Parkinson's disease. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Isolated frontal disequilibrium as presenting form of anti‐Hu paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Compta Yaroslau , Valldeoriola Francesc , Urra Xabier , Gómez‐Ansón Beatriz , Rami Lorena , Tolosa Eduardo , Graus Francesc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnti‐Hu encephalomyelitis is one of the most frequent paraneoplastic syndromes, classically presenting with diffuse neurological involvement. We report a 69‐year‐old man presenting with a three‐month isolated, progressive gait disorder with normal neurological examination, except for loss of balance and gait failure reminding frontal disequilibrium, only accompanied by a very mild rigidity of his right foot. MRI of the brain showed hyperintensities in both amygdale and left putamen. EMG study showed no abnormal continuous spontaneous fiber activity. Because of fast progression and MRI findings, anti‐Hu antibodies were tested, resulting positive. Mediastinal biopsy of two adenopathies detected by body‐PET, confirmed an oat‐cell carcinoma. The patient received oral steroids and oncological therapy. One year later, the tumor is in remission. His gait and abnormal posture of right leg are normal. Only mild residual hyperintensities persist on follow‐up MRI. A paraneoplastic syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute, fast progressive gait disorders. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Genetic variation at the tau locus and clinical syndromes associated with progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Williams David R. , Pittman Alan M. , Revesz Tamas , Lees Andrew J. , de Silva Rohan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA number of different clinical syndromes have been associated with progressive supranuclear (PSP) tau pathology. Previous reports have suggested that atypical clinical phenotypes of PSP occur in familial disease, and might be associated with mutations of MAPT. We examined the association of PSP‐susceptibility tau haplotypes in pathologically diagnosed PSP, separated according to initial clinical features into classic PSP and atypical PSP groups (PSP‐Parkinsonism, PSP‐P). These patients were screened for mutations in exons 1 and 10 of MAPT. No mutations were found in 75 patients (21 PSP‐P), and H1c was associated with both Richardson's syndrome and PSP‐P compared with controls. Routine screening for MAPT mutations in atypical PSP is not recommended. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Phytosterols as anticancer compounds
Authors: Bradford Peter G. , Awad Atif B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhytochemicals have been proposed to offer protection against a variety of chronic ailments including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. As for cancer protection, it has been estimated that diets rich in phytochemicals can significantly reduce cancer risk by as much as 20%. Phytosterols are specific phytochemicals that resemble cholesterol in structure but are found exclusively in plants. Phytosterols are absorbed from the diet in small but significant amounts. Epidemiological data suggest that the phytosterol content of the diet is associated with a reduction in common cancers including cancers of the colon, breast, and prostate. The means by which dietary phytosterols may be achieving these effects is becoming clearer from molecular studies with tumorigenic research models. Phytosterols affect host systems potentially enabling more robust antitumor responses, including the boosting of immune recognition of cancer, influencing hormonal dependent growth of endocrine tumors, and altering sterol biosynthesis. In addition, phytosterols have effects that directly inhibit tumor growth, including the slowing of cell cycle progression, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor metastasis. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the anticancer effects of phytosterols.
TRPV1 is involved in stretch‐evoked contractile changes in the rat autonomous bladder model: a study with piperine, a new TRPV1 agonist
Authors: Gevaert Thomas , Vandepitte Joachim , Hutchings Graham , Vriens Joris , Nilius Bernd , De Ridder Dirk 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAimVanilloids like capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (RTX) have been used for more than a decade in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Recently, the vanilloid molecule piperine (PIP) has been shown to have similar pharmacological properties as these drugs. In this study, we looked at PIP‐effects on autonomous bladder contractile activity, with particular interest for its selectivity for the transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPV1) receptor. Additionally, we studied the role of TRPV1 in volume‐induced contractile changes using selective and non‐selective TRPV1 antagonists.MethodsThe acute and prolonged effects of PIP were studied on rat bladders. Each bladder was excised and placed in a heated organ bath, where intravesical pressures were measured. In acute experiments, PIP was added directly to the bathing solution. For prolonged effects, animals were pre‐treated intravesically with vehicle (ethanol 5%) or PIP (10−4M) and sacrificed 72 hr later. The effects of selective (capsazepine (CZP)) and non‐selective (ruthenium red (RR)) TRPV1 antagonists on volume‐evoked contractile parameters were also studied.ResultsAcute administration of PIP 10−4M significantly increased amplitude of bladder contractions (P < 0.05). These effects were significantly antagonized (P < 0.05) by the TRPV1‐selective antagonist CZP (10−5M) and the non‐selective TRP‐antagonist RR (10−5M). Intravesical pre‐treatment with PIP induced shorter contractions with more periods of non‐activity (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Inhibition of TRPV1 with CZP and RR significantly reduced the volume‐evoked rise in contractile amplitude in isolated bladders (P < 0.05).ConclusionWe found evidence for acute and prolonged effects of PIP on bladder contractility, which seem to be mediated through TRPV1. Furthermore, we found evidence for involvement of TRPV1 in afferent signaling of mechanical stimuli. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:440–450, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoarthritis revisited: a contemporary review of aetiology
Authors: Weiss E. , Jurmain R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOsteoarthritis is among the most common pathological conditions in skeletal collections and is the most frequent musculoskeletal disorder in contemporary populations. Jurmain (1991) has previously published in this journal a brief review of skeletal perspectives on osteoarthritis. Subsequent studies by osteologists and medical researchers have added considerably to understanding of the aetiology and patterning of osteoarthritis. Thus, it is timely to present an updated review that expands and supports conclusions discussed in the earlier review. In short, osteoarthritis aetiology is multifactorial, with age being the main influence on the onset and severity of osteoarthritis. Genetic influences also play a large role in the severity of osteoarthritis, especially in the lower limbs. Weight, although playing a significant role for modern populations, seems to have had very minimal effects on prehistoric populations. Sex differences may often be a consequence of hormones, body size and anatomy, rather than activity related. Finally, intense activity starting at a young age still may influence osteoarthritis, especially in the upper limbs. Future directions discussed include within‐body comparisons, animal studies, and examining patterns in large populations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a unique epigenetic sub‐microenvironment in prostate cancer
Authors: Rodriguez‐Canales J , Hanson JC , Tangrea MA , Erickson HS , Albert PS , Wallis BS , Richardson AM , Pinto PA , Linehan WM , Gillespie JW , Merino MJ , Libutti SK , Woodson KG , Emmert‐Buck MR , Chuaqui RF 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe glutathione S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene promoter is methylated in tumour cells in more than 90% of prostate carcinomas. Recently, GSTP1 promoter methylation was identified in tumour‐associated stromal cells in addition to the tumour epithelium. To define the extent and location of stromal methylation, epigenetic mapping using pyrosequencing quantification of GSTP1 promoter methylation and an anatomical three‐dimensional reconstruction of an entire human prostate specimen with cancer were performed. Normal epithelium and stroma, tumour epithelium, and tumour‐associated stromal cells were laser capture‐microdissected from multiple locations throughout the gland. As expected, the GSTP1 promoter in both normal epithelium and normal stromal cells distant from the tumour was not methylated and the tumour epithelium showed consistently high levels of promoter methylation throughout. However, tumour‐associated stromal cells were found to be methylated only in a localized and distinct anatomical sub‐field of the tumour, revealing the presence of an epigenetically unique microenvironment within the cancer. Morphologically, the sub‐field consisted of typical, non‐reactive stroma, representing a genomic alteration in cells that appeared otherwise histologically normal. Similar epigenetic anatomical mapping of a control prostate gland without cancer showed low background methylation levels in all cell types throughout the specimen. These data suggest that stromal cell methylation can occur in a distinct sub‐region of prostate cancer and may have implications for understanding tumour biology and clinical intervention. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small pituitary size in children with Fanconi Anemia
Authors: Sherafat‐Kazemzadeh Rosa , Mehta Sanjeev N. , Care Marguerite M. , Kim Mi‐Ok , Williams David A. , Rose Susan R. ,   and the Fanconi Anemia Comprehensive Care Center
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundFanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies, bone marrow failure, and pituitary hypofunction including hypogonadism, thyroid dysfunction, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency.ProcedureAmong 44 patients with FA referred to Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) between 1975 and 2005, 33 had neuroimaging studies, including 11 cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs). Two separate measurements per patient from these MRIs were used to evaluate pituitary height compared to on‐site control data of similar measurements of cranial MRIs on 22 age and gender‐matched children without any pathology involving the hypothalamic‐pituitary system. Growth pattern and endocrine studies were reviewed to assess potential correlation with pituitary size.ResultsWhen compared to the age‐gender matched on‐site control sample, the mean pituitary height of FA patients was significantly smaller (P < 0.0001; mean ± SE from mixed effects model with age and gender as covariates: 3.96 ± 0.32 vs. 5.76 ± 0.24). Upon further adjusting for the effect of the small head size by including bi‐parietal diameter (BPD) as a covariate, the difference remained statistically significant (P = 0.0013). Findings on the growth pattern and endocrinological measurements are as follows: 50% of patients with small pituitary gland were short. GH and adrenal function tests were normal in all tested patients. Thyroid, pubertal status, and glucose regulation were abnormal in 30, 50, and 75% of patients tested.ConclusionsChildren with FA tend to have unsuspected small pituitary glands beyond what is expected from the effects of their stunted growth. Further studies are required to reveal the clinical implications of this finding. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:166–170. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between the α‐ and β‐relaxation processes in amorphous polymers: Insight from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of 1,4‐polybutadiene melts and blends
Authors: Smith Grant D. , Bedrov Dmitry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAmorphous polymers exhibit a primary (glass, or α‐) relaxation process and a low‐temperature relaxation process associated with polymer backbone motion usually referred to as the β‐relaxation process. The latter process can be observed below the glass transition temperature of the polymer and usually merges with the α‐relaxation process at temperatures somewhat above the glass transition temperature. While it is widely held that both the α‐relaxation and β‐relaxation processes are engendered by localized (segmental) motions of the polymer backbone, and that there is a strong mechanistic connection between them, the molecular mechanisms of the α‐relaxation and β‐relaxation processes in amorphous polymers are not well understood. Recently, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of melts and blends of 1,4‐polybutadiene have provided insight into the relationship between the α‐ and β‐relaxation processes in glass‐forming polymers and an improved understanding of their molecular origins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 627–643, 2007
Ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in patients with cancer
Authors: Alici‐Evcimen Yesne , Breitbart William S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIfosfamide is a chemotherapy agent commonly used in the treatment of several solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Common ifosfamide toxicities are bone marrow suppression, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. Less common, but striking, are the rare but dramatic neuropsychiatric toxicities with discrete neurological symptoms and delirium. We report here a case of ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity which presented with an isolated psychotic disorder with delusions, and was successfully treated with methylene blue. Current literature on treatment and prophylaxis of this clinically challenging chemotherapy‐induced complication is presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere
Authors: Brewer A. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInformation is now available regarding the vertical distribution of water vapour and helium in the lower stratosphere over southern England. The helium content of the air is found to be remarkably constant up to 20 km but the water content is found to fall very rapidly just above the tropopause, and in the lowest 1 km of the stratosphere the humidity mixing ratio falls through a ratio of 10—1.The helium distribution is not compatible with the view of a quiescent stratosphere free from turbulence or vertical motions. The water‐vapour distribution is incompatible with a turbulent stratosphere unless some dynamic process maintains the dryness of the stratosphere. In view of the large wind shear which is normally found just above the tropopause it is unlikely that this region is free from turbulence.The observed distributions can be explained by the existence of a circulation in which air enters the stratosphere at the equator, where it is dried by condensation, travels in the stratosphere to temperate and polar regions, and sinks into the troposphere. The sinking, however, will warm the air unless it is being cooled by radiation and the idea of a stratosphere in radiative equilibrium must be abandoned. The cooling rate must lie between about 0.1 and 1.1°C per day but a value near 0.5°C per day seems most probable. At the equator the ascending air must be subject to heating by radiation.The circulation is quite reasonable on energy considerations. It is consistent with the existence of lower temperatures in the equatorial stratosphere than in polar and temperate regions, and if the flow can carry ozone from the equator to the poles then it gives a reasonable explanation of the high ozone values observed at high latitudes. The dynamic consequences of the circulation are not considered. It should however be noted that there is considerable difficulty to account for the smallness of the westerly winds in the stratosphere, as the rotation of the earth should convert the slow poleward movement into strong westerly winds.
A potential‐theory formulation of radiant‐heat transfer
Authors: King Jean I. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe radiant‐heat flux in a homogeneous atmosphere constitutes an irrotational vector field. As a consequence, the flux can be represented as the gradient of a suitably‐defined radiant‐heat potential. This potential is shown to be a functional of the product of the radiant‐source function at all points in the atmosphere and an attenuation factor to allow for the absorption of the intervening medium.The formalism is independent of the choice of coordinate system. The familiar equations of radiant transfer, such as the Milne‐Schwarzschild equilibrium equation, are deducible as special cases for the particular geometry of the plane‐parallel atmosphere. Most importantly, the radiant heating at an arbitrary point is expressed as a functional of the second derivative of the Planck intensity. This radiant‐heat flow equation will form the basis for the construction of a new atmospheric radiation chart.
Secular changes of east‐coast rainfall regimes
Authors: Kraus E. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mean rainfall along the east coasts of North America and Australia is shown to have decreased abruptly at the end of the 19th century, in conformity with results for the tropics obtained in an earlier paper. A simultaneous decrease of the rainfall in the semi‐arid western parts of New South Wales also conforms to conditions in other dry regions such as Arabia. In terms of seasons, the change appears to have been largest in autumn and summer for North America and in autumn and spring for Australia. Reasons for this are discussed.A sudden decrease of rainfall at the end of the last century may have occurred also in East Asia and on the east coast of South Africa though it was much less pronounced than in Australia and North America. In South America the amplitude of the change was large, but did not extend far south of the Equator.Dynamic causes and possible implications for research into long‐range forecasting are discussed in a concluding section.
Some measurements of heat flux at large negative Richardson number
Authors: Taylor R. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome measurements of heat flux, H, at large negative Richardson number confirm and add precision to the conclusion of Priestley (1955) that heat is transported effectively by a process of free convection over a wide range of conditions. In this range H ∝ (∂θ/∂z)3/2 and the measurements lend weight to the suggestion that this regime exists when —RI1.5 m exceeds about 0.02.