bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity Conversion of Viscometer Viscosity to Macroscopic Flow Viscosity of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Authors: Liu Mingxin , Shen Pingping , Shi Bingbo , Guo Tongcui , Zhu Bing 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In porous media, fluid flows through mesh structure made up of micro-braided capillary. Its flow state is similar to the flow in capillary. For Non-Newtonian fluid, we considered viscosity changes with shear strain rate (transformed to pressure difference) in reservoir simulator. It directly uses rhelogical relationship measured by viscometers, but it doesn't consider flow factor in micro-pore. Therefore for Non-Newtonian fluid we educed viscosity transfer relationship between macro- viscosity (viscometer rhelogical formula) and apparent viscosity (flow in capillary), it can be used in reservoir simulator, and it can reflect the difference between micro-flow and the normal flow.
Application of EOR Technology by Means of Polymer Flooding in Bohai Oil Fields
Authors: Han Ming , Xiang Wentao , Zhang Jian , Jiang Wei , Sun Fujie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery by means of polymer flooding is considered as an important technology for the strategic development of offshore oilfields in China. The implementation of polymer flooding in the offshore oilfields requires overcoming several major technical problems caused largely by the absence of a fresh water source and limited space on the platform. A pilot test of polymer flooding was conducted in SZ36-1 Oilfield located in Bohai Bay, China. The problems mentioned above were solved through the development of (1) a hydrophobically associating polymer tolerant to salts in the brine and produced water and (2) a portable automatic injection unit. The significant incremental oil and decrement of water cut were observed after 8 months of polymer injection. The successful implementation of polymer flooding makes three breakthroughs: (1) the first polymer flooding pilot test in offshore oilfields in China; (2) initial application of a hydrophobically associating polymer as the driving agent in the field; (3) significant increment of oil in the trail of a single well injection of polymer. The practice illustrates the feasibility of polymer flooding under current production conditions of offshore oilfields that lead to applications in a larger scale.
Enterprise e-Information Level and Maturity Analysis
Authors: Zhang Dongping , Pen Wei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
By giving a definition of general enterprise's e-information structure model, each level in the structure is described. A real enterprise's e-information is analysed corresponding to those levels. Based on a standard Information Maturity Model (IMM) that is used in IT industry currently, the special characteristics of five levels in IMM are discussed in detail. According to those features, a real enterprise's information maturity status is introduced. Compared with the theory of IMM, a full-scale analysis is bringing up for this enterprise, such as information maturity, personnel training, traditional thinking, management, IT service, consultant service and evaluation. The highest level in IMM can be achieved in the future if more attention to be paid and existing problems to be resolved.
Maximizing Drilling Performance With State-of-the-Art BHA Program
Authors: Chen David C.-K. , Wu Min 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a state-of-the-art bottomhole assembly (BHA) program using the industry's first generic algorithm based on Lubinski's equations. The strengths of the new algorithm are flexibility and accuracy, as compared to the conventional finite-element based BHA programs. The new algorithm enables several critical features for directional drilling, such as optimal BHA design for maximum directional steerability, bending moment calculations for fatigue analysis, deflection calculations to improve MWD/LWD data quality, BHA sag corrections to improve survey quality, and predict ahead with bit/formation model. In addition to static analyses, the new program incorporates the finite-element method to perform a steady-state dynamic analysis to calculate the critical rotary speeds of the BHA. As a result, users can run static and dynamic models in the same application. This paper describes the significance of applying these features in a user-friendly application to maximize drilling performance.
Porosity and Permeability Estimation by Gradient-Based History Matching Using Time-Lapse Seismic Data
Authors: Dadashpour M. , Kleppe J. , Landrø M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method based on the Gauss-Newton optimization technique for continuous model updating with respect to 4D seismic data is presented. The study uses a commercial finite difference black oil reservoir simulator and a standard rock physics model to predict seismic amplitudes as a function of porosity and permeabilities. The main objective of the study is to test the feasibility of using 4D seismic data as input to reservoir parameter estimation problems.
The algorithm written for this study, which was initially developed for the estimation of saturation and pressure changes from time-lapse seismic data, consists of three parts: the reservoir simulator, the rock physics petro-elastic model, and the optimization algorithm. The time-lapse seismic data are used for observation purposes. In our example, a simulation model generated the seismic data, then the model was modified after this the algorithm was used to fit the data generated in the previous step.
History matching of reservoir behavior is difficult because of the problem is not unique. More than one solution exists that matches the available data. Therefore, empirical knowledge about rock types from laboratory measurements are used to constraint the inversion process.
The Gauss-Newton inversion reduces the misfit between observed and calculated time-lapse seismic amplitudes. With this method, it is possible to estimate porosity and permeability distributions from time-lapse data. Since these parameters are estimated for every single grid cell in the reservoir model, the number of model parameters is high, and therefore the problem will be underdetermined. Therefore, a good fit with the observation data is not necessary for a good estimation of the unknown reservoir properties. The methods for reducing the number of unknown parameters and the associated uncertainties is discussed.
Evolutionary Well-Construction Method That Challenges Convention
Authors: Howlett P. D. , Wardley M. T. , Black C. , Reed D. , Begg G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will describe the development, prototype testing, full well system test and the first field trial of an evolutionary slender well construction system. The system is a method of constructing oil and gas wells from close-clearance flush-jointed cemented liners from top to bottom to form the entire well.
Significant technical hurdles were overcome in the development of a system that is safe and practical to deploy whilst at the same time allowing drilling and completions engineers to plan the wells using accepted oil and gas well engineering methods. The paper will describe the technical hurdles to overcome to enable this method of well construction to become accepted.
This evolutionary method of constructing oil and gas wells has the potential to compete favorably with conventional techniques and other new technology methods already being deployed and could be used in a wide variety of well types.
In its full well construction format of four or more close-clearance liners, the cost of constructing the well can be reduced significantly, perhaps by more than 50%, whilst at the same time enhancing safety and reducing environmental impact. In its partial format of one to three close-clearance liners during a sidetrack or well extension, the available flow area across the zone of interest can be increased by 100% as a result of an increased tubular size deployed at total depth compared with convention. Figure 1 shows a comparison of the system to conventional techniques for full wells and Figure 2 shows the flow area increase of the system in its partial format.
Risk Analysis for Water Injection in a Petroleum Reservoir Considering Geomechanical Aspects
Authors: Rodrigues L. G. , Cunha L. B. , Chalaturnyk R. , Cunha J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Economic and risk analysis are important tasks in a petroleum engineering study. This work considers the analysis of the results obtained from a real Brazilian offshore field simulation study in which the decision making process for field development is discussed considering geomechanical aspects. The focus is on the evaluation of uncertainties of geomechanical parameters that may influence the response of a petroleum reservoir submitted to seawater injection for secondary recovery. A decision tree has been built and solved using utility theory and the expected monetary value (EMV) concept. A sensibility analysis for different discount rates and oil prices has been also performed.
First, this work identifies if the reservoir is a candidate for a deeper analysis using a matrix approach consisting of important geomechanical parameters. Second, lab stress information is used and the results obtained compared with the traditional reservoir simulation, which considers compressibility invariant with time. Third, a decision tree is constructed and solved. Based on the assumptions chosen for these analyses, it is concluded that coupled reservoir-geomechanics simulations should be applied in order to more precisely forecast reservoir performance.
Verification and Proper Use of Water/Oil Transfer Function for Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Balogun A. , Kazemi H. , Ozkan E. , Al-Kobaisi M. , Ramirez B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate calculation of multi-phase fluid transfer between the fracture and matrix in naturally fractured reservoirs is a very crucial issue. In this paper, we will present the viability of the use of a simple transfer function to accurately account for fluid exchange resulting from capillary and gravity forces between fracture and matrix in dual-porosity and dual-permeability numerical models. With this approach, fracture and matrix flow calculations can be decoupled and solved sequentially, improving the speed and ease of computation. In fact, the transfer function equations can be easily used to calculate the expected oil recovery from a matrix block of any dimension without the use of a simulator or oil recovery correlations.
The study was accomplished by conducting fine-grid simulation of a typical matrix block and comparing the results with those obtained with the use of a simple transfer function for a water-oil system. This study was similar to a previous study (Alkandari, 2002) we had conducted for a gas-oil system.
The transfer functions of this paper are specifically for the sugar-cube idealization of a matrix block, which can be extended to simulation of a match-stick idealization in reservoir modeling. The basic data required are: matrix capillary pressure curves, densities of the flowing fluids, and matrix block dimensions.
UniTong Combined Tong for Drilling Operations
Authors: Halse Helge-Ruben 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper gives a short introduction to the first field tested, multi power tong capable of handling drill pipe, tubing and casing using the same tong and crew. The tong is called UniTong and lets one operator handle all tubulars from 2 7/8" to 22" casing, without the need for dedicated casing or tubing tongs.
What makes this tong unique is its capability to be parked concentrically on the well centre. Drilling, tripping and casing operations can be performed through the centre of the UniTong. No movement to and from the rotary table is required, as with traditional equipment, and associated crane operations for equipment movement to and from the rig floor are greatly reduced. The UniTong is completely remotely operated, eliminating manual handling by rig crews; operations are conducted from the safety of the driller's cabin. This has a significant impact on well site safety.
Incorporated as an integrated part of the tool is a mudbucket, dope applicator and thread wash system. These applications are also remote operated and can be automatically sequenced.
To switch between drillpipe, tubing and casing modes only the clamp houses have to be replaced, in three intervals 2 7/8"-9 ½", 9 ½"-16" and 18"-22".
The closed concentric design of the tong makes it very robust and durable. All clamp forces are absorbed into the drive ring and the metal fatigue normally experienced with traditional casing/ tubing and iron roughneck tongs is eliminated.
The tong can exert extremely high torques of up to 150 000 ft/lbs (210 000Nm). Existing casing tongs lack this high torque capacity and as a result have difficulty handling dopeless connections, crucial to the zero-pollution goal set by a number of oil companies.
In 2005, the UniTong design was awarded the prestigious "Woelfels Best Mechanical Engineering Achivement Award" in Houston, Texas.
Simultaneous Estimation of Aquifer Parameters and Original Hydrocarbons In Place from Production Data using Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transform
Authors: El-Khatib Noaman 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new method is presented for the simultaneous estimation of original hydrocarbons in place OHIP and aquifer parameters for a circular aquifer surrounding a hydrocarbon reservoir. Water influx data are represented by the van-Everdingen and Hurst (VEH) unsteady state solution. In addition to the initial oil and/or gas in place, the aquifer parameters are also estimated. These parameters include the water influx constant B, the relative aquifer size ReD, and the time adjustment factor c which transforms real time t into dimensionless time tD.. The parameters B and c can be used to estimate the storativity h ϕCt and the transmissibility kh/μ of the aquifer.
The method of least squares is applied to the material balance equation to estimate the parameters resulting in a non-linear regression problem. Because the solution in Laplace space is simpler than the solution in the real time domain, numerical inversion of Laplace transform was used to obtain the partial derivatives of the VEH solution with respect to aquifer parameters needed for least squares method. Nonlinear regression analysis using numerical inversion of Laplace transform is applied. The Levenberg method was used for parameter estimation to guarantee convergence when the initial guess is not close enough to the correct solution..
The model is linear with respect to original hydrocarbons in place N, Gi, and the water influx constant B, but is nonlinear with respect the dimensionless aquifer size ReD and time adjustment factor c which transforms real time t into dimensionless time tD.. Assuming the values for c and ReD enables the calculation of N, Gi, and B and hence the estimation of the sum of squares of the residuals .Maps of the sum of squares of the residuals are generated and displayed to show regions of maxima and minima in the aquifer parameters space. Maps explain the non-uniqueness of the solution usually encountered in nonlinear least squares. The knowledge of the approximate values of some of the aquifer parameters from geological and engineering data will help choosing the proper initial guess to achieve convergence to the correct solution
Step Changes Needed To Modernize T&D Software
Authors: Mason Colin J. , Chen David C. -K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Torque and drag (T&D) modeling is regarded as an invaluable process to assist in well planning and to predict and prevent drilling problems. Although T&D software has existed for over 20 years, some confusion still exists over the validity of the models used to characterize drilling and completion operations. This paper provides an assessment of current limitations of the various T&D models (soft-string and stiff-string) and appraises their validity. Field data from various operations is used to illustrate certain limitations. The paper defines future requirements for what is considered to be the next generation of T&D models. Probably the most important technical requirement is a more realistic stiff-string model to correctly account for the impact of tubular stiffness, hole clearance and tortuosity effects.
Combining Acid- and Hydraulic-Fracturing Technologies Is the Key to Successfully Stimulating the Orito Formation
Authors: Rozo Rafael , Paez Javier , Mendoza Alberto , Milne Arthur , Soler Diego 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Orito field in the south of Colombia was initially put on production in 1969 and has produced continuously since then. The most prolific reservoir, is the Caballos Formation, a thick (250 ft avg.) laminated sandstone located at a depth of 6100 to 7500 ft that has produced (30 to 45 °API crude) for over 35 years, with production peaking at 66,000 BOPD. The permeability varies from 20 to 200 mD with streaks exceeding one Darcy. At different times in the past, attempts were made to hydraulically fracture one or more of the sands, using a variety of different (water- and oil-based) fluids. However, many of the wells indicated positive skin factors following the fracture treatments, irrespective of the fluid system used. In at least one case, a well stopped producing after being treated.
A core study revealed that despite the relatively low clay content in the formation the critical velocity was less than one cc/min. Moreover, the retained matrix permeability after performing a static leakoff test (500-psi differential for 30 minutes) was less than 5%, regardless of the fluid used. From this testing it was concluded that the reduction in the permeability was due to the mechanical plugging of the kaolinite or disrupted mica in the pore throats. This reduction in the matrix permeability creating a very high fracture face skin that would account for the higher skin factors following fracture treatments.
To eliminate the fracture face skin created during the fracture treatment a new treatment incorporating a pre-pad of acid viscosified with a solids free visco-elastic surfactant was developed. By incorporating this stage into the fracturing treatments, the retained matrix permeability was increased to +/- 30%, resulting in a negligible fracture face skin. The productivity of fracturing treatments performed using this technique resulted in negative skin factors and production ratios that exceeded expectations.
Application of Novel Technology Improves Drilling Performance in Multilateral Field Development Offshore West India—Reducing Risk and Increasing Production
Authors: Jaggi Anil , Gera Sanjeev , Upadhyay Sunil , Gupta Manoj , Thorat Ashok , Ruszka Jon , Tatake Sandeep 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Panna Field is located offshore West India and is operated by BG Exploration and Production India Limited. The reservoir is a tight limestone which is drained using multilateral wells. There are significant drilling challenges. Firstly, the well trajectories are complex to reach the reservoir and the laterals are three dimensional profiles requiring precise steering control to maintain position in the productive zones. Secondly, total fluid losses to the fractured limestone are frequently encountered. Thirdly, high levels of vibration and high drilling torque threaten the integrity of the drillstring and ultimately limit the reach to which the lateral sections can extend. A rotary closed loop drilling system had been use to successfully drill the wells, but the desire to improve gross drilling performance, reduce the risk to drillstring and extend the reach of the laterals prompted introduction of a new drilling system which was being tested in the North Sea. This new system integrates a high performance drilling motor with high speed rotary closed loop system to improving overall drilling performance in challenging areas, reduce stress on the drillstring and enable wells to extend past prior reach limits.
On the first well; rate of penetration increased by 46%, the distance drilled per BHA increased by over 300% and the longest ever lateral in the field was successfully drilled. Based on the performance noted on the initial well, the new system was used on a further six Panna tri-laterals – completing the drilling campaign ahead of schedule.
This paper discusses challenges drilling to and through the Panna field reservoir with the reasoning behind mobilization of the new drilling system to the area at an early phase of its introduction. The overall results of drilling the tri-laterals are then presented.
Managing Production in Maturing Assets: Increasing Intervention Success by Combining Production Logging with Nodal Analysis
Authors: North R. , Lenn C. P. , Stowe I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new processing workflow has been engineered to combine reservoir deliverability, defined by production logging (PL) measurements, with nodal analysis evaluation. This allows the effects of various completion modifications to be quantitatively modeled, predicting the resulting changes in well production prior to intervention.
A graphical computer interface is used to implement the workflow and facilitate comparisons of the effect on production of multiple completion/recompletion scenarios, using "drag and drop" icons for placing simulated plugs, patches, perforations, etc. on the base profile. Beginning with the flow profile and formation pressure, the process defines zonal reservoir parameters in terms of the productivity index, water cut, and gas/oil ratio. These data are passed transparently to a nodal analysis package that automatically creates a model to match the measured rates and pressures as closely as possible to allow production computations.
The process is designed to significantly decrease workover decision time and risk. This technique provides opportunities to compare and recommend formation evaluations, profile modifications, various artificial lift options, and stimulation activities to maximize production. The modified completion is then passed to the nodal analysis engine and a new predicted production profile is computed and displayed. Outputs include graphic and ASCII format log data, ASCII format tables, and data files, which can be used for further studies.
In this paper, the use of the workflow is demonstrated by one example and two case studies, including a selective inflow performance analysis of a gas well and a successful water shutoff operation in an oil well.
PL answers provide an opportunity to evaluate the downhole flow performance of multizone completions. Nodal analysis techniques provide a method to model the effects of the fluid properties and completion configuration as the fluids are produced to the surface. Combining PL answers seamlessly with nodal analysis provides unique insight into the reservoir completion performance and production improvement potential.