bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the reinforcement and toughening of acrylate resin/CaCO3 nanoparticles on rigid poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Quan Ying , Yang Mingshan , Liang Tongxiang , Yan Qin , Liu Deshan , Jin Riguang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNovel composite particles based on nanoscale calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) as the core and polyacrylates as the shell were first synthesized by in situ encapsulating emulsion polymerization in the presence of the fresh slush pulp of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles. Subsequently, these modified nanoparticles were compounded with rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (RPVC) to prepare RPVC/CaCO3 nanocomposites. At the same time, the effects of the reinforcement and toughening of these modified nanoparticles on RPVC were investigated, and the synergistic effect of modified nanoparticles with chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was also studied. The results showed that in the presence of nano‐CaCO3 particles, the in situ emulsion polymerization of acrylates was carried out smoothly, and polyacrylates successfully encapsulated on the surface of nano‐CaCO3 to prepare the modified nanoparticles, breaking down nano‐CaCO3 particle agglomerates, improving their dispersion in the matrix, and also increasing the particle–matrix interfacial adhesion. Thus, the effects of the reinforcement and toughening of these modified nanoparticles on RPVC were very significant, and the cooperative effect of the nanoparticles with CPE occurred in the united modification system. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that large‐fiber drawing and network morphologies coexisted in the system of joint modification of nanoparticles with CPE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3940–3949, 2007
Biodegradable blend films based on two polysaccharide derivatives and their use as ibuprofen‐releasing matrices
Authors: Yi Ju‐Zhen , Zhang Li‐Ming 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FTIR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and viscosity methods were used to examine the miscibility, interaction, and degradability of cationic guar gum (GG) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) in their blend films. The experiment results prove that there exist electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between GG and NaCMC. Blend films degrade quicker than pure GG or NaCMC film. Furthermore, the degradation rate of blend films is related to the interactions between GG and NaCMC. Based on the research of blend films as the drug carriers for Ibuprofen, it is found that the blend composition, initial drug concentration, and pH value affect the drug release and the GG/NaCMC blend films have good sustained release performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3553–3559, 2007
Morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Boukerrou Amar , Duchet Jannick , Fellahi Said , Kaci Mustapha , Sautereau Henry 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. An ultrasonicator was used to apply external shearing forces to disperse the silicate clay layers in the epoxy matrix. The first step of the nanocomposite preparation consisted of swelling MMT in a curing agent, that is, an aliphatic diamine based on a polyoxypropylene backbone with a low viscosity for better diffusion into the intragalleries. Then, the epoxy prepolymer was added to the mixture. Better dispersion and intercalation of the nanoclay in the matrix were expected. The organic modification of MMT with octadecylammonium ions led to an increase in the initial d‐spacing (the [d001] peak) from 14.4 to 28.5 Å, as determined by WAXS; this indicated the occurrence of an intercalation. The addition of 5 phr MMTC18 (MMT after the modification) to the epoxy matrix resulted in a finer dispersion, as evidenced by the disappearance of the diffraction peak in the WAXS pattern and TEM images. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties were improved for both MMT and MMTC18 nanocomposites, but they were more pronounced for the modified ones. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 103: 3547–3552, 2007
Optimum parameters for production of chitin and chitosan from squilla (S. empusa)
Authors: Shrinivas Rao Mukku , Aye Nyein Kyaw , Si Trung Trang , Stevens Willem F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChitin and chitosan of high quality were produced from squilla, a by‐catch of Indian Ocean fisheries, by demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. Optimum conditions for the production of chitin and chitosan were determined. The quality of chitin was assessed from its ash and protein content. Ash content was below 1% after treatment with 4% HCl for 12 h at 50°C. A protein content of less than 1% could be achieved by treatment with 4% NaOH in 12 h but only at a temperature of 70°C or higher. Production of chitin was also tested by a three‐stage treatment with altering sequence of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid (HCl–NaOH–HCl or NaOH–HCl–NaOH). This three‐step treatment appeared to be successful to achieve a mineral content and protein content below 1% within 30 h and at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The chitin obtained under optimum conditions was tested for deacetylation using NaOH concentrations of 40 and 50% for 12–44 h at 30, 50 and 70°C. The chitosan obtained had a degree of deacetylation of 77–86%, a viscosity of 8.2–16.2 × 102 cps, solubility of 98%, and molecular weight of ˜ 1 × 106 dalton. The data show that processing of squilla waste can lead to a high quality chitosan, useful for a broad range of applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 103: 3694–3700, 2007
Electrochemical investigations on the effect of dispersoid in PVA based solid polymer electrolytes
Authors: Rajendran S. , Sivakumar M. , Subadevi R. , Wu N.‐L. , Lee J.‐Y. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVarious compositions of TiO2 dispersed PVA‐PMMA‐LiBF4‐EC based electrolytes were prepared using solution casting technique. The prepared electrolytes were characterized using AC impedance, XRD, SEM, FTIR, etc. The ionic conductivity value is increased with the increase in filler content (up to 8 wt %) and then decreased with the increase in filler content. The results are described using Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher theory. The thermal and transport properties of the electrolyte exhibiting maximum conductivity have also been studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3950–3956, 2007
Synthesis of silver (nano)particle under hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s
Authors: Sun Youyi , Wang Ding , Gao Jiangang , Zheng Zhi , Zhang Qijin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAg colloidal particles stabilized by poly (N,N′‐methylene bis‐acrylamide N‐aminoethyl piperazine) (MBA‐AEPZ) were prepared. The Ag+ ion concentration and reaction temperature were studied on the size and size distribution of Ag colloidal particles, which were determined from the ultraviolet (UV) plasmon absorption band and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses. The data show that poly(MBA‐AEPZ) behaves like lower molecular mass stabilizers; some polymers surround the surface of the Ag colloidal particles and the particle size can be controlled by a change in the Ag+ ion concentration and reaction temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3701–3705, 2007
Investigation of electrorheological properties of kaolin suspensions under DC fields
Authors: Yilmaz Hasim , Yilmaz Ummihan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study, the electrorheological (ER) behavior of suspensions prepared from d50 = 7 μm kaolin particulate, dispersed in insulating silicone oil (SO) medium, was investigated. ER activity of all the suspensions was observed to increase with increasing electric field strength (E), concentration (c), and decreasing shear rate ($ {\dot{\gamma}} $). Shear stress ($ {\dot{\gamma}} $) of kaolin suspensions increased linearly with increasing concentrations of the particles and with the applied electric field strength. The viscosity (η) of all suspensions was decreased sharply with increasing shear rate and showing a typical shear thinning non‐Newtonian viscoelastic behavior. It was observed that kaolin/silicone oil system studied in the present work was sensitive to high temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3798–3802, 2007
Synthesis of N‐aryl azetidine‐2,4‐diones and polymalonamides prepared from selective ring‐opening reactions
Authors: Dai Shenghong A. , Juang Tzong‐Yuan , Chen Chih‐Ping , Chang Hsin‐Yu , Kuo Wen‐Jang , Su Wen‐Chiung , Jeng Ru‐Jong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractImproved high‐yield synthesis of N‐aryl azetidine‐2,4‐dione has been achieved. The azetidine‐2,4‐dione undergoes ring‐opening reactions with aliphatic primary amines to form malonamide linkages. More importantly, this compound exhibits a high reactivity toward primary aliphatic amine group over alcohols or secondary amines. This selective end‐group functionalization is useful for preparing useful polymer intermediates. In this study polymalonamides were synthesized by fast addition reaction of aliphatic diamine and azetidine‐2,4‐dione. In the meantime, further application for structure‐controlled reaction also has been demonstrated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3591–3599, 2007
Miscibility and physical properties of conducting poly(urea‐urethane) thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Liu Jia‐Yi , Yang Chao‐Chen , Wang Yen‐Zen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of amine‐terminated polyaniline oligomer (OPA)‐based conducting poly(urea‐urethane) thermoplastic elastomers (PUUs) was synthesized by two‐stage solution polymerization and characterized by FTIR. Various percentages of OPA were introduced into PUUs as chain extenders to form hard segments of PUUs with urea‐linkages. Spectroscopic and differential scanning calorimetry, as well as dynamic mechanical analysis, were conducted to elucidate the interaction and degree of miscibility between hard and soft segments, which were related to the stress–strain properties of PUUs. The hydrogen bonding index (HBI) measured by FTIR was employed to show the degree of interchain hydrogen bonding. Copolymer films with higher OPA content exhibit higher HBI and the degree of miscibility is significantly improved. The resultant conducting copolymers have higher tensile strength, higher Young's modulus, and lower elongation at break, because of the long rigid structure of OPA and the increase in the number of hydrogen bonds among the copolymers blocks. Incorporating OPA in PUUs increases the mass of the residue at temperatures over 600°C, according to thermogravimetric analysis. The conductivity of PUUs is found to range from 0.83 S/cm for neat OPA to 6.11 × 10−5 S/cm for PUUs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3803–3810, 2007
Viscoelastic properties of crosslinked LLDPE films biaxially oriented at temperatures below melting point
Authors: Bobovitch A. L. , Unigovski Y. , Gutman E. M. , Kolmakov E. , Vyazovkin S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCreep and stress‐relaxation of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) crosslinked with β‐irradiation was studied as a function of irradiation dose. It was shown that both storage modulus and α‐relaxation are influenced by irradiation. An influence of relatively low gel content on stress relaxation was detected. However, the creep results showed an increase of the creep strain when the polymer is irradiated with a dose below 4 Megarad (MR) in comparison with a nonirradiated film. This increase corresponded to the disorientation in the amorphous phase, which takes place as a result of the film heating during irradiation. This disorientation was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 103: 3718–3723, 2007
Synthesis and properties of hydrogenated natural rubber
Authors: Inoue Shin‐ichi , Nishio Tomohiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of hydrogenated natural rubbers, HNRs, were prepared by homogenous hydrogenation using H2 gas with a rhodium catalyst (chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium) in toluene. The HNRs were linear polymers with molecular weights greater than 800,000. These rubbers were vulcanized using sulfur and peroxide compounds. Vulcanized 100% HNR has a low glass transition temperature (Tg = −43°C) and excellent abrasion resistance, and is resistant to oxidation and ozonolysis ageing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3957–3963, 2007
Comparison of two approaches to grafting hydrophilic polymer chains onto polysulfone films
Authors: Tian Meng , Zhong Rui , Sun Shudong , Zhao Changsheng , Huang Xiaohua , Yue Yilun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo reduce the surface protein adsorption of polysulfone (PSf) film, we improved the hydrophilicity of this film by photochemical grafting of methoxypoly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG) derivatives on its surface. Grafting was achieved with both the simultaneous method and the sequential method. Surface analysis of the grafted film by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the PEG chains had successfully grafted onto the surface of the film. The grafting efficiencies by simultaneous and sequential methods were 20.8% and 10.2%, respectively. With an atomic force microscope (AFM), the surface topography of PEG‐grafted films by these two methods was compared. Static water contact angle measurement indicated that the surface hydrophilicity of the film had been improved. Protein adsorption measurement showed that the surface protein adsorption of the modified film was significantly reduced compared with that of the unmodified PSf film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3818–3826, 2007
Polystyrene nanocomposite materials by in situ polymerization into montmorillonite–vinyl monomer interlayers
Authors: Akelah Ahmed , Rehab Ahmed , Agag Tarek , Betiha Mohamed 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA different series of new polystyrene–clay nanocomposites have been prepared by grafting polymerization of styrene with vinyl‐montmorillonite (MMT) clay. The synthesis was achieved through two steps. The first step is the modification of clay with the vinyl monomers, such as N,N‐dimethyl‐n‐octadecyl‐4‐vinylbenzyl‐ammonium chloride, n‐octadecyl‐4‐vinylbenzyl‐ammonium chloride, triphenyl‐4‐vinylbenzyl‐phosphonium chloride, and tri‐n‐butyl‐4‐vinylbenzyl‐phosphonium chloride. The second step is the polymerization of styrene with different ratios of vinyl‐MMT clay. The materials produced were characterized by different physical and chemical methods: (1) IR spectra, confirming the intercalation of the vinyl‐cation within the clay interlayers; (2) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showing higher thermal stability for PS–nanocomposites than polystyrene (PS) and higher thermal stability of nanocomposites with of phosphonium moieties than nanocomposites with ammonium moieties; (3) swelling measurements in different organic solvents, showing that the swelling degree in hydrophobic solvents increases as the clay ratio decreases; (4) X‐ray diffraction (XRD), illustrating that the nanocomposites were exfoliated at up to a 25 wt % of organoclay content; and (5) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a complete dispersion of PS into clay galleries. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nanosize spherical particles of ∼ 150–400 nm appearing in the images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3739–3750, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of styrene‐butyl acrylate polymers, varying feed composition in a semicontinuous emulsion process
Authors: Jasso‐Gastinel Carlos F. , López‐Ureta Luz C. , González‐Ortiz Luis J. , Reyes‐González Ignacio , López‐Dellamary T. Fernando A. , Manero‐Brito Octavio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo‐stage polymerization has been used to improve properties of two‐component polymers. In this work, a semicontinuous emulsion process varying feed composition along the reaction is used to produce copolymer chains of different composition as conversion proceeds. Polymer composition and evidence of branching were determined by 1H‐NMR. Polymer molecular weight values determined by GPC are beyond the range where mechanical properties depend on molecular weight. Mechanodynamic properties show a copolymer type behavior with a synergistic effect around the 50/50 styrene/butyl acrylate composition ratio. For such composition, mechanical performance superiority of variable composition copolymer with respect to two‐stage polymer was confirmed with stress–strain tests carried out at several temperatures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3964–3971, 2007
Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/sugarcane Bagasse composites
Authors: Ramaraj B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo determine the possibility of using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste as reinforcing filler in the thermoplastic polymer matrix, SCB‐reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared. The PP and SCB composites were prepared by the extrusion of PP resin with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % of SCB filler in a corotating twin screw extruder. The extruded strands were cut into pellets and injection molded to make test specimens. These specimens were tested for physicomechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, Izod, and Charpy impact strengths, density, water absorption, and thermal characteristics, namely, heat deflection temperature (HDT), melt flow index, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the flexural strength increased from 23.66 to 26.84 MPa, Izod impact strength increased from 10.499 to 13.23 Kg cm/cm, Charpy impact strength increased from 10.096 to 13.98 Kg cm/cm, and HDT increased from 45.5 to 66.5°C, with increase in filler loading from 5 to 20% in the PP matrix. However, the tensile strength and elongation decreased from 32.22 to 27.21 MPa and 164.4 to 11.20% respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3827–3832, 2007
New synthesis methods for polypropylene‐co‐ethylene‐propylene rubber
Authors: Thanyaprueksanon Satit , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this research, the reinforcement of polypropylene (PP) was studied using a new method that is more practical for synthesizing polypropylene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐propylene) copolymer (PP‐co‐EP), which can be used as a rubber toughening agent. This copolymer (PP‐co‐EP) could be synthesized by varying the feed condition and changing the feed gas in the batch reactor system using Ziegler–Natta catalysts system at a copolymerization temperature of 10°C. The 13C‐NMR tested by a 21.61‐ppm resonance peak indicated the incorporation of ethylene to propylene chains that could build up the microstructure of the block copolymer chain. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results also confirmed these conclusions. Under these conditions, the morphology of copolymer trapped in PP matrix could be observed and the copolymer Tg would decrease when the amount of PP‐co‐EP was increased. DMA study also showed that PP‐co‐EP is good for the polypropylene reinforcement at low temperature. Moreover, the PP‐co‐EP content has an effect on the crystallinity and morphology of polymer blend, i.e., the crystallinity of polymer decreased when the PP‐co‐EP content increased, but tougher mechanical properties at low temperature were observed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3609–3616, 2007
Synthesis and luminescence studies of poly(vinyl acetate)–Eu (III) coordination compound
Authors: Wu Zhichuan , Wang Xueqian , Tao Tingxian , Zhang Yudong , Liu Yi , Fong Hao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this research, the polymeric coordination compound of PVAc–Eu (III) was synthesized, and the formation of coordination bonding between Eu (III) and the carbonyl oxygen in PVAc was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The luminescent characteristics/properties of the prepared PVAc–Eu (III) were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). The results indicated that (1) the interaction/association between PVAc and Eu (III) in the prepared PVAc–Eu (III) was coordination bonding instead of weak physical adsorption, and (2) the photoluminescence intensity of PVAc–Eu (III) was approximately three times that of EuCl3. This research provided a theoretical foundation for the potential use of PVAc–Eu (III) as an innovative polymeric luminescent material, particularly for the applications in areas such as adhesives, coatings, textiles and others, the areas in which PVAc is an important raw material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3617–3622, 2007
Morphologies and properties of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) matrix ultrafiltration membranes with entrapped TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Li Jin‐Bo , Zhu Jie‐Wu , Zheng Mao‐Sheng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPoly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a newly developed membrane material with superior thermal stability and comprehensive properties. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)‐entrapped PPESK ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were formed by dispersing uniformly nanosized TiO2 particles in the casting solutions. Initially, the inorganic nanoparticles were organically modified with silane couple reagent to overcome the aggregation and to improve the dispersibility in organic solvent. The membranes were prepared through the traditional phase inversion method. The effects of inorganic TiO2 nanoparticles on the membrane surface morphology and cross section structure were investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle (CA) measurement was conducted to investigate the hydrophilicity and surface wettability of the membranes. The influence of TiO2 on the permeability, antifouling, and tensile mechanical properties of the PPESK membranes were evaluated by UF experiments and tensile tests. The experimental results showed that the obtained TiO2‐entrapped PPESK UF membranes exhibit remarkable improvement in the antifouling and mechanical properties because of the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3623–3629, 2007
Semiinterpenetrating polymer networks of chitosan and L‐alanine for monitoring the release of chlorpheniramine maleate
Authors: Kumari Kamlesh , Kundu P. P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn vitro studies have been carried on semiinterpenetrating polymer network (IPN) beads of chitosan–alanine as carrier for the controlled release of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) drug. A viscous solution of chitosan–alanine was prepared in 2% acetic acid solution, extruded as droplets by a syringe to NaOH–methanol solution and crosslinked using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The swelling behavior of crosslinked beads in different pH solutions was measured at different time intervals. The swelling behavior was observed to be dependent on pH and degree of crosslinking. The structural and morphological studies of beads were carried out by using a scanning electron microscope. The drug release experiments of different drug loading capacity beads were performed in solutions of pH 2 and pH 7.4 using CPM as a model drug. The concentration of the released drug was evaluated using UV spectrophotometer. The results suggest that chitosan–alanine crosslinked beads are suitable for controlled release of drug. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3751–3757, 2007