bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL OF MAPROTILINE (LUDIOMIL®) AND AMITRIPTYLINE IN DEPRESSED OUTPATIENTS
Authors: Weissman M. M. , Lieb J. , Prusoff B. , Bothwell S. 
Published: August 2007

The results of a double‐blind trial of a tetracyclic antidepressant, maprotiline (Ludiomil®) and a conventional tricyclic, amitriptyline (Elavil®), in 67 ambulatory depressives are reported. hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was the main outcome criterion.No statistically significant differences were found between the drugs in onset of action, efficacy, side effects or predictors of response. Patients on either drug showed a significant reduction in symptoms after 1 week of treatment and at the end of the trial. Both drugs were tolerated well. A review of double‐blind comparisons of maprotiline and tricyclic antidepressants, spanning 13 countries, and including over 900 patients, both ambulatory and inpatient, shows essentially similar results. The main outcome criterion in all these studies was manifest psychopathology assessed on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression by the treating physician. The absence of additional types of outcome criteria or assessment techniques, which may have detected differences in motor activity or drive as originally postulated, may have obscured results which were expected to be subtle.
A TWO‐GENE MODEL FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH THE POSSIBILITY TO DETECT CARRIERS OF THE MODIFIER GENE
Authors: Maricq H. R. 
Published: August 2007

A two‐gene model for the hereditary transmission of schizophrenia is presented involving two pairs of autosomal alleles Ss and Pp. It is hypothesized that the recessive gene can produce schizophrenia in homozygous state with a penetrance of .40. In the presence of the gene P schizophrenia can occur in the heterozygote Ss, resulting in a more serious form of the disease and having a manifestation rate of .70. The population frequencies best fitting the available data are estimated to be approximately .03 for P and .07 or .08 for s. It is also hypothesized that the reproductive fitness is .80 in manifest schizophrenics with genotype ss pp and .50 in overt schizophrenics carrying the modifier gene P. The model is proposed to cover only the so‐called “process” or “nuclear” type of schizophrenia. The remaining schizophrenics of “reactive” and other types may belong to different genotypes or consist in phenocopies.The model is discussed in relation to literature observations and our own previous studies. The possibilities for increased fitness of non‐schizophrenic carriers of P and s are also discussed.
A PSYCHIATRIC‐PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF XYY MALES FOUND IN A GENERAL MALE POPULATION
Authors: Zeuthen E. , Hansen M. , Christensen A.‐L. , Nielsen J. 
Published: August 2007

The psychological test results of five XYY males found in a population study showed an intellectual level within the normal range but with a mean full scale IQ and educational level lower than expected. The cognitive as well as emotional function was characterized by immaturity, manifested in passivity, unreflectiveness and emotional lability, in three resulting in uncontrolled aggressive outbursts. Conflict material also appeared immaturely resolved, centering around unfulfilled needs of contact and insecure masculine identification. The defence mechanisms used were generally rather weak, but only in one subject did the anxiety level seem to be excessively low.All five males differed to a certain extent from their siblings; three of them were hyperactive, restless, hot‐tempered and impulsive at school and four of them had difficulties at school. Three learned a trade, but only one stayed in his trade, and one was applying for disablement pension on account of personality deviation. Two of the five had a criminal record.It is concluded that the presence and degree of the above‐mentioned characteristics of XYY males varied. It is evident that environmental factors play as great a role for the development of personality and behaviour in males with karyotype 47, XYY as in males with a normal chromosome constitution.
DEPRESSION: INFLUENCE ON TIME ESTIMATION AND TIME EXPERIENCE
Authors: Bech P. 
Published: August 2007

Time studies are partly concerned with time estimation partly with time experience. In a study of depression both principles were applied. Depression did not influence time estimation, but, on the other hand, the patients did report a slowing down of time (change in time experience).An item analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that the disturbance in time experience accompanies items referring mainly to mood changes, only to a small extent to somatic symptoms, and not at all to changes in the psychomotor activity.
A PSYCHOSOMATIC APPROACH TO THE GLOBUS HYSTERICUS SYNDROME
Authors: Lehtinen V. , Puhakka H. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty patients with lump in the throat as their main subjective symptom, were examined otorhinolaryngologically, radiographically, and psychiatrically with special attention to psychosomatic aspects. The control materials consisted of matched sample subjects of the total population, and of the total patient material treated at a general hospital.A considerably greater number of psychic disturbances were found in globus patients than in the matching control material. The personality picture of the patients was markedly obsessive possibly suggesting a psychosomatic syndrome rather than a pure hysterical conversion syndrome, at least in part of the patients.The globus patients could be divided into two groups, equal in size, according to the presence or absence of psychic disturbances. The group with manifest psychic disturbances had often experienced some significant life incident prior to the appearance of the globus syndrome; they also displayed few somatic findings, which, on the other hand, were abundant in psychically healthy patients.
Investigation of the orthostatic reaction after intravenous administration of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine‐N‐oxide
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Bake B. 
Published: August 2007

Three age‐ and sex‐matched groups of 10 patients were treated intravenously with imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine‐N‐oxide, respectively, in increasing doses from 25 mg to 150–175 mg given as single daily infusions during 1 hour. No systemic changes of heart frequency and blood pressure were found during the infusions in spite of the high dosage of tricyclic antidepressants given in such a short period as 1 hour.The patients were examined regarding orthostatic reactions as well as ECG changes before, after 4–5 infusions and after 8–10 infusions. There were more orthostatic abnormalities and ECG changes in the patients treated with imipramine than in those treated with imipramine‐N‐oxide and there were practically no changes in the chlorimipramine group. However, no statistically significant orthostatic changes were found.
Psychopathology, feelings of confinement and helplessness in the dental chair, and relationship to the dentist in patients with disproportionate dental anxiety (DDA)
Authors: Seeman K. , Molin C. 
Published: August 2007

Nineteen individuals with inordinate fear of dental treatment are presented and discussed with respect to their psychopathology and those aspects of their fear involving feelings of confinement and helplessness in the dental chair, and a negative relationship with the dentist. This material is part of a comprehensive investigation previously reported by the authors into the components and factors contributing to this kind of fear, and the personality and emotional reactions of the individuals suffering from it. The data presented are based on single structured interviews of each patient.Analysis of the patient population suggests division into four major categories: those in whom fear of dental treatment was associated with feelings of inferiority in bodily appearance or function (the largest category); those in whom the fear was associated with neurotic disturbance in which disturbance in body image is not apparent; those in whom the fear was a reflection of a schizophrenic or schizoid process; and those in whom no overt psychopathology was found. The patients in the first category were those who tended most to be afraid of dental treatment due to feelings of confinement or helplessness in the dental chair, or due to a negative relationship with the dentist.
THE INFLUENCE OF REDUNDANCY ON PATTERNS OF INFORMATION
Authors: Mellergård M. 
Published: August 2007

A model of clinical decision according to Bayes's formula is described and the problem of redundant informations is evaluated. It is postulated that a definitory and a syndromatic redundancy are unavoidable, which is why it is necessary to develop a correction factor. A series of indicants is investigated in two populations, and it is shown that correction for redundancy results in far‐reaching changes in the patterns of information. The permissible syndrome is defined: a subset of informations containing the necessary and sufficient predictive capacity.The methods described may be used for an evaluation of common syndromes and may enable comparisons of information patterns, related to identical or different criteria.
Demographic aspects of functional psychoses in Canada
Authors: Bland R. C. 
Published: August 2007

Canadian national data for functional psychoses (classified as schizophrenia, affective psychoses, paranoid states and reactive psychoses) are analyzed for age, sex, marital status, expectancy for first admissions and length of stay for discharges. Differences are found such that each psychosis can be distinguished from the others, thus providing indirect evidence supporting the use of the different diagnoses.The demographic characteristics of reactive psychoses from North American data have not been previously described, and are found to be similar to Scandinavian descriptions.Sex ratios for subgroup diagnoses show similarities between catatonic schizophrenics, manic (bipolar) affectives, and reactive psychoses. Schizoaffective psychoses resemble affectives more than schizophrenia, and paraphrenia is similar to affectives.Total expectancies for functional psychosis (4.4 % for males, 5.5 % for females) are similar to Scandinavian figures, but the distribution by diagnosis differs, perhaps representing different diagnostic practices, but generally similar sex ratios and high rates in single persons are found.
Loxapine versus haloperidol parenterally in acute psychosis with agitation
Authors: Fruensgaard K. , Korsgaard S. , Jørgensen H. , Jensen K. 
Published: August 2007

A comparison of loxapine and haloperidol parenterally in acute psychotic, agitated patients was carried out as a randomized double‐blind trial. The trial covered 15 patients in each group, and the diagnoses were psychogenic psychosis (18 cases) and acute schizophrenia (12 cases). The patients received 25–50 mg loxapine or 2.5–5 mg haloperidol combined with biperiden 2.5–5 mg every 6–12 hours over a 72‐hour period. The average daily dose was 130 mg loxapine or 12 mg haloperidol.Sedation, agitation/excitement and aggressive behavior were scored prior to treatment and at specified time intervals after the first two injections. As far as sedation is concerned a significantly stronger effect and a more rapid onset of action were seen in the loxapine group when compared with the haloperidol group. The differences were most accentuated in cases of acute schizophrenia. Furthermore there was a tendency to a better control of agitation/excitement and aggression in the loxapine group. Scores on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression scale showed no significant differences between the two groups.In spite of prophylactic treatment with biperiden, seven of 15 patients in the haloperidol group experienced extrapyramidal side effects. The most frequent side effect in the loxapine group was atypical dizziness.Loxapine i.m. appears to be a valuable drug in cases of acute psychosis where strong sedation as well as strong antipsychotic effect are necessary for behavioral control.
The early life of Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy
Authors: Demerdash A. M. 
Published: August 2007

Sixty‐eight Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy were compared with 54 non‐psychiatric patients. The patients showed a greater preponderance of negative feelings towards their fathers and the opposite towards their mothers. Parental loss and disharmony were not significant contributory factors. More control subjects slept alone between the ages of 7 and 12 years. More patients slept with their brothers and sisters during the same interval. The rank distribution showed that the eldest first males figured prominently among the patients.The sexually inadequate patients showed a higher incidence of neurotic symptoms during childhood. A positive family history of mental illness did not differentiate patients from control subjects. The relevance of these findings in relation to cultural factors is discussed.
Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic patients
Authors: Wode‐Helgodt B. , Fyrö B. , Gullberg B. , Sedvall G. 
Published: August 2007

Levels of HVA, MOPEG and 5‐HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from psychotic men and women with a schizophrenic symptomatology were measured by mass fragmentography. Measurements were made before, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) which was given randomly in doses of 200, 400 or 600 mg per day.Before treatment there were positive correlations between the levels of HVA and 5‐HIAA in both sexes. During CPZ treatment HVA was significantly elevated, whereas MOPEG and 5‐HIAA were reduced. There was a tendency towards tolerance to CPZs effect on HVA during treatment but a significant effect persisted after 4 weeks. No indication of tolerance to the effects on MOPEG or 5‐HIAA was found. There were the same tendencies for the elevations of the HVA/MOPEG and HVN5‐HIAA ratios. The changes in HVA, MOPEG, 5‐HIAA, HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5‐HIAA were related to dose of CPZ in men but not in women.The bidirectional change of the different metabolites in CSF during CPZ treatment excludes a general and non‐specific mechanism for the metabolite changes. The HVA elevations is in accordance with previous results in animals and man, and is pesumably related to blockade of central dopamine receptors. Possible mechanisms for the effects on MOPEG and 5‐HIAA are discussed.
Pneumoencephalographic and clinical findings of the XYY syndrome
Authors: Hakola H. P. A. , Iivanainen M. 
Published: August 2007

In order to approach the hitherto unknown brain involvement in the XYY syndrome five adult patients with this syndrome were studied clinically and pneumoencephalographically. Clinical manifestations included delayed difficulties of speech and learning, clumsiness, mild intention tremor, muscular hypotonia, convulsions, hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsiveness, weak mental control, psychosexual disturbances and a slight defect of intelligence. All five had committed crimes. Pneumoencephalograms showed general ventricular enlargement of mild or moderate degree. The enlargement of lateral ventricles was unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle was uniformly enlarged. Small cerebellum and enlarged fourth ventricle were the abnormal findings in the posterior fossa. No cortical abnormalities were found.The clinical and pneumoencephalographic findings suggest a slight non‐progressive developmental disorder of the brain resembling the so‐called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. The XYY syndrome appears to be one cause of the male preponderance in minimal brain dysfunction syndrome and criminal psychopathy.
Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam given during labour*
Authors: TOMSON G. , LUNELL N. ‐O. , SUNDWALL A. , RANE A. 
Published: August 2007

The transfer across the placenta and the maternal and neonatal kinetics of oxazepam and its conjugate was studied in 12 patients and their newborns.Oxazepam was readily absorbed and peak plasma concentrations were similar to those in healthy non‐pregnant volunteers. When meperidine was given within one hour of the dose of oxazepam the absorption was delayed but the bioavailability did not decrease.In the newborns the umbilical vein plasma concentration of oxazepam usually exceeded that of the conjugate. The reverse was true for all subsequent plasma samples from the newborn. The half‐life of oxazepam in the newborn averaged 22 hours as compared to 6.5 hours in the mothers. A significant rise of the plasma concentration of oxazepam conjugate was noted in three newborns during the first 6–10 hours of extrauterine life. This shows that the newborn is able to conjugate oxazepam. The Apgar score values were normal.
Communication in the family of the asthmatic child
Authors: Wikran R. , Faleide A. , Blakar R. M. 
Published: August 2007

The literature is reviewed in order to see what support, direct or indirect, was to be found for adopting a communication perspective in gaining insight into childhood asthma.A study is presented on the communication (pattern and efficiency) of parents having an asthmatic child in a standardized communication situation in which a communication conflict is induced. Parents of children with severe chronic heart disease were used as control couples. As expected, the parents having asthmatic children proved to be a heterogeneous group with respect to communication efficiency. Two‐thirds of the couples showed a communication as efficient as that of the control couples, whereas one third demonstrated an extremely inefficient communication in that they failed totally to cope with the experimentally induced communication conflict.
Three years' maintenance neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia – before and beyond
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Frankenberg K. , Lepp M. , Lindberg D. , Malm U. 
Published: August 2007

A group of patients with schizophrenia, initially 67 patients, was studied over a period of 3 years. After three years 36 out of 67 patients were still on the same depot neuroleptic. The main aim was to describe and compare maintenance neuroleptic therapy using two depot neuroleptics, fluphenazine decanoate and pipotiazine palmitate, given monthly.Before the outpatient care the patients had participated in the department's comprehensive hospital treatment including depot neuroleptic medication. After a 1‐year clinical trial with frequent assessments of the patients, significant symptom reductions were found on all rating scales. During the last 2 years of the study only drug therapy was given. Improvement concerning social function in the community and work level as well as the low‐rated psychopathology noted at the start of study also persisted at the 3‐year follow‐up. The side effects were low in frequency and quality.These results show the clinical value of long‐term maintenance treatment with depot neuroleptics. The results also confirm that the favourable effects of the hospital treatment demonstrated before the start of the clinical trial could be maintained. The possibilities of further improving aftercare and outpatient treatment beyond medication alone are discussed.
Motivation for corss‐dressing in heterosexual transvestism
Authors: Buhrich N. 
Published: August 2007

The literature concerning the motivation for corss‐dressing in heterosexual transvestism is briefly reviewed. Thirty‐three members of a club estiblished for hetersexual transvestities were interviewed. The sensations they derived fro cross‐dressing and the importance of compulsive and nacissistic aspects in their transvestite behaviour were assessed and compared with those reported by 24 transsexual subjects.While cross‐dressed, transvesitite and transsexula subjects frequently reorted feeling relaxed, comfortable and relieved of masculine demands. Transvestite subjects showed significantly more compulsive and nacrissistic aspects in their transvestite behaviour than transsexula subjects. Fetishistic pleasure was infrequently given as a motivation for cross‐dressing.
Non‐regressive schizophrenia
Authors: Nyman G. E. , Nyman A. K. , Nylander B. I. 
Published: August 2007

Two series of first adissions ‐ mental hospital patients from the years 1964–67 ‐ have been followed up after 5–8 year with regard to social prognosis, and (in male index cases) heredity. One group was, according to case records of the first stay, diagnosed as surfering from classical, regressive schizophrenia (n= 56), with all seemingly atypical cases excluded. A second group (n= 54) had exhibited the picture of non‐regressive (pseudoneurotic) schizophrenia.A detailed account of the syptomatology of non‐regressive schizophrenia is presented, with special emphasis laid on the phenomenon of paraoxysmal or enduring, increased perceptual intensity, or dishabituation of various modalities of subjective experience, incluiding audition, smell, exprience of cutaneous pressure, motor feedback, vision, and stream of thought. No signs of objecttive motor disturbance or of regressive congnitive functioning (dominance of primary process, predicative and autistic thinking, condensation) and other schizopohrenic signs among those given by Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schenider were present during the first stay in these states.Comparisons between the two groups have similar distribution as to age at first admission, sex, and social functioning at follow‐up. Marriage rate for each sex and fertility were similarly low. The age‐corrected incidence of regressive schizophrenia among first degree relatives of the male non‐regressive index cases (n= 32) was 1.6% (parents) and 8.3% (sibs), all secondary cases of mental disease (n= 6) having fallen ill before the adission of the respective index cases. No first degree relatives of the regressive schizophrenic index cases had been treated for mental illness. Therefore, possible sources of threshold and diagnostic bias are discussed. Relatives of an extended group (n= 87) of regressive schizophrenia during the same sampling period showed the risk figures 1.8% (parents) and 50% (sibs).The similarity of age and sex distributions, and of social prognosis in classical schizophrenic cases as compared with non‐regressive ones from a parallel series, as well as the hereditary pattern of the non‐regressive males are taken as indicants of a nosological identity between the two diagnostic groups, in spite of thier differing clinical pictures during their initial hospital stays.
Clinical effects and drug concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in psychotic patients treated with fixed doses of chlorpromazine
Authors: Wode‐Helgodt B. , Borg S. , Fyrö B. , Sedvall G. 
Published: August 2007

The clinical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered in accordance with a double‐blind design in one of three doses (200, 400 or 600 mg) were examined in 44 psychotic patients. The relationships between the effects and the CPZ concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. The antipsychotic and side effects were rated according to the CPRS and the Simpson and Angus scale. CPZ concentrations were measured by a mass fragmentographic method. Treatment with CPZ resulted in a significant reduction of morbidity scores, without any clear dose relation. The final outcome was more favourable in women than in men. Extrapyramidal side effects but not somnolence were positively dose related.The antipsychotic effects tended to be positively related to the dose of CPZ in mg/kg as well as the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. The greatest number of significant correlations between the CPZ concentration in CSF and the morbidity scores were seen after 2 weeks of treatment. The results indicated marked clinical improvement with CPZ concentrations above 1 ng/ml in CSF and 40 ng/ml in plasma. After 4 weeks of treatment the correlations between the CPZ concentrations and the clinical improvement were still positive but the coefficients were lower than at 2 weeks and only occasionally significant. Extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. Somnolence was significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in CSF.