bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening of pesticides for use on established grassland to improve herbage yield
Authors: Clements Robert O. , Henderson Ian F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPest damage to temporary grassland in lowland England is widespread. It can be controlled by pesticide treatment, but the use of chemicals is restricted by the short intervals between successive harvests. Twenty‐one pesticides, of limited persistence or low mammalian toxicity, were tested in field experiments to assess their effectiveness and suitability for use on established grassland. The synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, was the most promising of the materials tested.
Leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox, and their uptake in soils by sugarbeet plants
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Steurbaut Walter , Melkebeke Guy , Kips René H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox in soils (sandy loam, silt loam and sandy clay loam), and their uptake by sugarbeet plants were studied. Three irrigation levels were maintained: half, normal and double dose. The residues were determined as the sum of the insecticidal metabolites (parent compound + sulphoxide+ sulphone) for both pesticides. Leaching was greatly influenced by the amount of water added and the soil type. Under normal conditions, leaching seemed to proceed very slowly, keeping the chemicals available for uptake by the root systems for a long time. The concentration of insecticide in the leaves was highest in beets grown on sandy loam and lowest in those grown on sandy clay loam. The quantity of irrigation did not influence the residue concentration in the leaves greatly, although its influence was obvious on the total residue present (μg per plant). Increasing the water dose always resulted in a higher total residue, and a greater plant weight. The breakdown in the soils was directly related to the water dose. The experiments show that thiofanox was more stable than aldicarb and was taken up by sugarbeet to a greater extent.
The microbial formation of the 23‐keto derivative from avermectin B2a in soil
Authors: Gullo Vincent P. , Kempf August J. , Macconnell John G. , Mrozik Helmut , Arison Byron , Putter Irving 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nematicide avermectin B2a, as the [5‐3H]‐labelled compound, formulated on attapulgite clay and mixed into pots of moist soil, had a half‐life of between 2.5 and 3 days in sandy loam soil under greenhouse conditions. A major metabolite, the 23‐keto derivative, was identified and shown to be much more persistent than the parent compound. This metabolite is responsible for the prolonged nematicidal activity of avermectin B2a applied to soil.
The joint action of mixtures of insecticides, or of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on susceptible and diflubenzuron‐resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd
Authors: El‐Guindy Mohsen A. , Abdel‐Sattar Mostafa M. , El‐Refai Abdel Rahman M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe joint action of insecticides, or of mixtures of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on the susceptible (S) strain and diflubenzuron‐resistant (Rd) strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was investigated. The joint action of the insecticides and/or insect growth regulator mixtures was determined by mixing them in proportion to their activity equivalents at the LD25 or ED25 levels. A total of 15 mixtures of two synthetic pyrethroids, two organophosphorus, one carbamate and one organochlorine insecticides, were applied to the fourth‐instar larvae of the S and Rd strains. The insecticide mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl and cypermethrin/endrin exhibited high and moderate levels of synergism on the S strain, respectively. However the mixtures chlorpyrifos/methomyl, phosfolan/methomyl, and phosfolan/endrin produced antagonism, while the other mixtures showed varying levels of additive effects. The response of the fourth‐instar larvae of the S strain, to the joint action of diflubenzuron/juvenoid, diflubenzuron/insecticide, or insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, revealed that diflubenzuron produced high levels of synergism when combined with methoprene and progressively less with fenvalerate, methomyl and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the mixture diflubenzuron/triprene was antagonistic. Fenvalerate with the two juvenoids produced synergism while methomyl showed an additive effect with methoprene. However, the mixtures cypermethrin/methoprene, cypermethrin/triprene and methomyl/triprene produced antagonism. The mixtures that produced potentiation on the fourth‐instar larvae of the S strain lost their high potency when tested against the Rd strain. The results also indicated that insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, when applied on 2‐day‐old pupae of the S strain, were synergistic, except in the case of cypermethrin/methoprene and methomyl/triprene mixtures, for which additive effects were observed. When the mixtures that had synergistic effects on the S strain were tested on the Rd strain, the results revealed that their synergistic effects were apparently reduced. This was attributed to the fact that the generalised levels of tolerance in the Rd strain towards various compounds may have influenced the several defence mechanisms to act against the synergistic action of the chemical mixtures.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XIV: Selectivity of pyrethroid insecticides between Ephestia kuhniella and its parasite Venturia canescens
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Stevenson John H. , Walters John H. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRelative potencies for 20 pyrethroids against the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuhniella, and its hymenopterous parasite Venturia canescens, show a wide range of selectivity factors (2‐140), indicating the possibility of identifying compounds with selectivity favouring the survival of beneficial parasites rather than pest hosts.
Photolysis of fluotrimazole
Authors: Clark Terence , Watkins David A. M. , Weerasinghe Deepthi K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe major product identified in the photochemical degradation of fluotrimazole, in aqueous suspension, as a thin film on glass, and sprayed on barley leaves, was 3‐(trifluoromethyl)triphenylmethanol. This was also detected after photolysis in methanol, although methyl 3‐trifluoromethyltrityl ether was the major product. Moreover, under all these conditions, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)triphenylmethane was also present. 3‐Trifluoromethylbenzophenone was produced only by irradiation of an aqueous suspension. The photolysis products, in contrast to fluotrimazole, were inactive at 1 mmol against barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis).
Histological damage by the microbial metabolite and chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin to the silk and salivary glands of the mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Mothes‐Wagner Ursula , Seitz Karl‐August 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe action of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on the silk and salivary glands of Tetranychus urticae (Acari, Tetranychidae) was examined with the electron microscope. Histological defects after nikkomycin treatment included a swelling of the cisterna of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subsequent defects were vacuolation, resulting from globular ER vesicles, and damage to the secretory grana of all the glands studied (the silk gland and the anterior and dorsal podocephalic glands). The consequences of the histological changes on the salivary secretions and the production of webs are discussed.
Pyrethroid insecticides derived from substituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols
Authors: Plummer Ernest L. , Cardis Angeline B. , Martinez Anthony J. , Vansaun William A. , Palmere Raymond M. , Pincus David S. , Stewart Robert R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of mono‐ and disubstituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethyl esters of 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid is described. The bioactivity of these compounds against Spodoptera eridania, Epilachna varivestis, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Acrythosiphon pisum and Tetranychus urticae is presented and discussed. Substitution of fluorine, chlorine and methyl groups in the 2‐position of the biphenyl ring generally led to an increase in activity over the unsubstituted parent biphenyl ester. In addition, pyrethroid esters derived from these 2‐substituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols appeared to have a broader spectrum of activity than ‘classical’ pyrethroids. For example, the (1RS)‐cis‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopro‐panecarboxylic acid ester of 2‐methylbiphenyl‐3‐ylmethanol was acaricidal, while maintaining a level of activity against other insects that was equal to or greater than cis‐permethiin. Biological data on other esters of this novel alcohol are also presented.
Methods of assessing the efficacy of non‐volatile nematicides
Authors: Hague Nigel G. M. , Damadzadeh Mahmoud , Garabedian Sahag K. , Radwan Kamal H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn‐vivo tests of non‐volatile nematicides using a fungal‐feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae were shown to be more reliable than in‐vitro tests. Phoxim and carbofuran were as effective as thionazin against the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in preventing eggs being laid, but they did not prevent nematodes from migrating from treated plants. Aldicarb and phoxim delayed the emergence of second‐stage juveniles from cysts of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis; phoxim at 8 mg kg−1 of soil gave the same results as aldicarb at 2 mg kg−1 of soil and both chemicals altered the sex ratio in the final population. A simple pot‐test with G. rostochiensis in foul soil types was used to demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of non‐volatile nematicides.
Effects of phthalimide fungicides on the accumulation of fenarimol by Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: De Waard Maarten A. , Van Nistelrooy Johannes G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhthalimide fungicides (captafol, captan and folpet) enhanced the accumulation of fenarimol by the mycelium of a wild‐type strain and a fenarimol‐resistant strain of Aspergillus nidulans. The accumulation is ascribed to inhibition of active efflux of fenarimol from the mycelium. It is assumed that the synergistic action observed between the phthalimide fungicides and fenarimol with respect to fungitoxicity, was caused by the increased accumulation of fenarimol.
Cross‐resistance to pyrethroids and other insecticides in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Chadwick Peter R. , Slatter Robin , Bowron Marcus J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo substrains of Aedes aegypti, already resistant to DDT and pyrethroids, were further selected using either DDT or permethrin by mass exposure of the females only. DDT selection over 14 generations raised the resistance to DDT so far that no accurate LC50 values could be determined. Selection with permethrin raised the tolerance to an irregular plateau 7–10 times the original. DDT selection in the adults raised the DDT resistance of the larvae, but this could be partly overcome using a dehydrochlorinase inhibitor. The resistance to pyrethroids was increased but tolerance of dieldrin, malathion and propoxur compounds was little changed. Permethrin selection of the adults raised resistance to pyrethroids more than DDT selection but also increased DDT resistance. Similar patterns were found for the larval insects. A strain from Demerara in Guyana showed both DDT and pyrethroid resistance, including strong resistance to pyrethrins together with dieldrin and propoxur. It was concluded that two major independent resistance mechanisms existed in the selected strains, a dehydrochlorinase affecting DDT alone, and an unknown mechanism, probably nerve insensitivity (kdr) affecting both DDT and pyrethroids.
Resistance mechanisms to DDT and transpermethrin in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Brealey Clive J. , Crampton Peter L. , Chadwick Peter R. , Rickett Frank E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPenetration, metabolism and excretion of [14C]DDT and [3H]transpermethrin were studied in three strains of Aedes aegypti L. after topical application of 10 nl of a solution of the insecticide in 2‐ethoxyethanol. The standard susceptible strain was compared with a DDT‐selected strain (BKS) and a permethrin‐selected strain (BKPM). No significant penetration resistance was observed in either resistant strain, but both showed high DDT‐dehydrochlorinase activity which contributed to the DDT resistance. A non‐metabolic factor was also involved. Rates of transpermethrin metabolism were very similar in all three strains and substantially higher internal concentrations of transpermethrin were required to produce toxic effects in both BKS and BKPM mosquitoes. By analogy with other insect species, it is concluded that transpermethrin resistance in these strains is of the kdr type, while the DDT resistance is a mixture of kdr and DDT‐dehydrochlorinase.
Observations on the antisporulant activity of imazalil (enilconazole)
Authors: Van Gestel Jef F. E. , Van De Ven Marie‐Anne A. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImazalil, incorporated in a solid nutrient medium, had no effect on the sporulation of Penicillium italicum at concentrations that did not strongly inhibit mycelial growth. However, when the fungus was grown submerged in liquid culture, sporulation of P. italicum appeared to be more affected than vegetative growth; at 33 nM, imazalil completely prevented the formation of penicilli without adverse effects on growth. Imazalil was able to prevent sporulation in the vapour phase as shown by scanning electron microscopy on P. italicum and Aspergillus niger; the vapours of the compound were found to affect different stages of the sporulation process, depending on the timing of the experiment. Thus, in order to show antisporulant activity, imazalil had to reach the target site by means other than migration within the fungus.
Effects of ingested diflubenzuron on the longevity and the peritrophic membrane of adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.)
Authors: Soltani Noureddine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen fed to adults of Tenebrio molitor, diflubenzuron reduced the longevity, the weight of the adults and the thickness of the post‐ecdysial adult cuticle. It also affected the production of the peritrophic membrane. The loss of weight and the decrease of longevity of the treated adults may have been because of alterations to the peritrophic membrane, caused by the inhibition of chitin biosynthesis by diflubenzuron.
The fungicidal activity of substituted 1, 4‐naphthoquinones. Part II: Alkoxy, phenoxy and acyloxy derivatives
Authors: Clark Nigel G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA representative group of 1, 4‐naphthoquinone derivatives, bearing alkoxy, phenoxy and acyloxy substitutents in the 2‐position, has been synthesised and assayed against Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium fulvum and Venturia inaequalis. The alkoxy compounds exhibited moderate activity, which was enhanced by the presence of a 3‐chloro and, to a lesser extent, a 3‐bromo substituent. 2‐Chloro‐3‐phenoxy derivatives were highly active, but diphenoxy compounds were inactive. Acyloxy derivatives possessed only weak activity unless a halogen atom was present in the 3‐position; benzoyloxy compounds, however, were generally poor fungicides.
Comparison of package cushioning materials to protect post‐harvest impact damage to apples
Authors: Jarimopas B. , Singh S. P. , Sayasoonthorn S. , Singh Jagjit 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDamage to fruits and vegetables continues to be a big challenge as global markets become a reality. Worldwide distribution of sensitive produce is faced with various levels of impacts from shipping and handling. Despite a variety of packaging options available today, bruising damage is commonplace for post‐harvest apples throughout the supply chain. The major sources of bruising are compression, impact or vibration forces. Understanding where these forces occur can help reduce this type of mechanical damage to apples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact characteristics of foam net and corrugated board when applied as wrapping for individual apples. Two grades (count numbers 80 and 100) of “Fuji” cultivar apples imported to Thailand from China were studied. A simple ballistic pendulum test device was developed to measure bruise volume to impact energy relationship. A linear relationship for both types of apples was observed. Bruise volume occurrence probability and impact energy relationship fitted by linear regression were created for cushioned and bare apples. Absorbed energy of various cushioning materials was also calculated under compressive forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaffold‐Hopping: How Far Can You Jump?
Authors: Schneider Gisbert , Schneider Petra , Renner Steffen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFinding new isofunctional chemotypes with the aim of identifying new lead candidates remains a challenging task in medicinal chemistry. Different virtual screening techniques have been shown to be useful for this scaffold‐hopping process. We have compiled recent examples of scaffold‐hops that were achieved by virtual screening. Most of these techniques rely on some sort of similarity estimation between known reference molecules and screening compounds, some include receptor‐structure information and scoring of the ligand–receptor interaction. In this review, we discuss current scaffold‐hopping strategies and pinpoint potential future directions. Challenges for future research lie in the identification of an appropriate level of abstraction from an atomistic molecule representation to allow for the detection of isofunctional chemotypes, the rational design of chemotype diversity in screening libraries, and an understanding of the distribution of similarity scores for a given screening library.
Halide Abstraction from Organic Solvents in Reactions of a Copper(I) Alkoxide: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of [Cu5(dppm)(dppm−)2(OtBu)Cl2] and [Cu3(dppm)3Br2][CuBr2]
Authors: Anson Christopher E. , Ponikiewski Lukasz , Rothenberger Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and structures of the two CuI halide complexes [Cu5(dppm)(dppm−)2(OtBu)Cl2] and [Cu3(dppm)3Br2][CuBr2] (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2, dppm− = [Ph2PCHPPh2]−) are reported. The compounds were obtained by treating reaction mixtures of [CuOtBu] and dppm with dichloromethane or dibromomethane.
Structural Systematics of Rare Earth Complexes. XXII 4‐Methylpyridinium Salts of Diverse Complex Aqua/Chloro/Lanthanoid(III) Species
Authors: Semenova Lioubov I. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract4‐Methylpyridinium cations, mpyH+, crystallized with complex aqua/chloro/lanthanoid(III) species for the gamut of the rare earth series, have ‘domains of existence’ defined for the following forms:

The triclinic $P{\bar 1}$ series (mpyH)2[{(H2O)3Cl3Ln(μ‐Cl)(2|2)}2], previously defined for the Ln = La–Nd members (those for La, Pr characterized by full structure determinations);
The triclinic $P{\bar 1}$ series (mpyH)2[(H2O)3LnCl4]Cl, previously defined for the Ln = Eu, Ho members by full structure determinations, is here augmented by the Ln = Nd, Sm examples (full structure determinations, the latter a new ‘light’ Ln extremum);
A new monoclinic C2/c series (mpyH)2[(H2O)4LnCl3]Cl2, defined for the Ln = Er–Yb extrema (full structural characterizations for the Ln = Er, Tm, Yb members); the lanthanoid‐containing entity (which, with the cations, exhibits some disorder) is a neutral molecule of a new type. For the Ln = Lu case, a fully ordered derivative monoclinic C2 form has been obtained in a cell one half the size.
Other types have also been characterized, thus:

For Ln = La, (mpyH)8[{(H2O)3Cl3La(μ‐Cl)(2|2)}2]‐[{(H2O)4Cl2La(μ‐Cl)2La(OH2)2Cl2(μ‐Cl)(2|2)}2]Cl4·6H2O·mpy has been defined by a full structural determination; the binuclear anion is similar to that in (a), albeit with some disorder, with the tetranuclear anion derivative of it.
For Ln = Lu, (mpyH)2[(H2O)5LuCl2]Cl3 is defined by a full structure determination.
For Ln = Y, (mpyH)2[(H2O)7YCl]Cl4 is defined by a full structure determination; here, and in (ii), the complex component is cationic.
Synthese, Charakterisierung und Magnetische Eigenschaften eines tetranuklearen, Thiacalix[4]aren‐stabilisierten Mangankomplexes
Authors: Zeller Jürgen , Hewitt Ian J. , Radius Udo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of a Tetranuclear, Thiacalix[4]aren stabilized Manganese ComplexSynthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of the compound [(TCA)(TCAH)Mn4(acac)] (1) are reported, the first tetranuclear thiacalix[4]aren stabilized manganese complex synthesized under conventional conditions.
Vielseitige Koordinationschemie von Vanadium(V): Substitutionsreaktionen, Umlagerungen und Kondensationsreaktionen von Oxovanadium(V)‐Komplexen des tripodalen Sauerstoffliganden LOMe− = [η5‐(C5H5)Co{P(OMe)2(O)}3]−
Authors: Kläui Wolfgang , Schäfer Stefan , Peters Wilfried , Wunderlich Hartmut 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMultifaceted Coordination Chemistry of Vanadium(V): Substitution, Rearrangement Reactions, and Condensation Reactions of Oxovanadium(V) Complexes of the Tripodal Oxygen Ligand LOMe− = [η5‐(C5H5)Co{P(OMe)2(O)}3]−The octahedral oxovanadium(V) complex [V(O)F2LOMe] of the tripodal oxygen ligand LOMe− = [η5‐(C5H5)Co{P(OMe)2(O)}3]− reacts with alcohols and phenol with substitution of one fluoride ligand to form alkoxo complexes [V(O)F(OR)LOMe], R = Me, Et, i‐Prop, Ph. In the presence of water, however, both fluoride ions are substituted and a complex with the composition VO2LOMe can be isolated. The crystal structure shows that the oxo‐bridged trimer [{V(O)(LOMe)O}3] was synthesized. In the presence of BF3 the fluoride ligand in the alkoxo‐complex [V(O)F(OEt)LOMe] can be exchanged for pyridine to yield [V(O)(OEt)pyLOMe]BF4. Analogous attempts to exchange the fluoride ligand for tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile induces a rearrangement reaction that leads to the vanadium complex [V(O)(LOMe)2]BF4. The crystal structure of this compound has been determined. Its 1H and 31P‐NMR spectra show that it is a highly fluxional vanadium complex at ambient temperature in solution. The two tripodal ligands LOMe− coordinate the vanadium centre as bidentate or tridentate ligands. The exchange bidentate/tridentate becomes slow on the NMR time scale below about 200 K.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 2,2,4,4–Tetrakis(tri–tert–butoxysilanethiolato)–1,3,2,4–dithiadistannetane – Crystal and Molecular Structures of Two Polymorphic Forms
Authors: Kloskowska Magdalena , Konitz Antoni , Wojnowski Wiesław , Becker Barbara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe title compound, [Sn(μ–S){SSi(OtBu)3}2]2 (1), containing four–coordinated tin(IV), crystallizes in two polymorphic modifications. The orthorhombic 1a–form has been obtained in the reaction of (tBuO)3SiSH and Et3N with SnCl2, whereas the triclinic 1b–form in the reaction with SnCl4 as substrate. The crystal and molecular structures of both polymorphs (1a as a redetermination) have been determined by a single–crystal X–ray diffraction study at room temperature. The title compound was shown to react with ammonia and ammonia complexes of some d–block metal cations giving products of Sn–S bond cleavage.