bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Evolutionary Trajectories of European Avian-Like and Classical Swine H1N1 Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Dunham Eleca J. , Dugan Vivien G. , Kaser Emilee K. , Perkins Sarah E. , Brown Ian H. , Holmes Edward C. , Taubenberger Jeffery K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
In 1979, a lineage of avian-like H1N1 influenza A viruses emerged in European swine populations independently from the classical swine H1N1 virus lineage that had circulated in pigs since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. To determine whether these two distinct lineages of swine-adapted A/H1N1 viruses evolved from avian-like A/H1N1 ancestors in similar ways, as might be expected given their common host species and origin, we compared patterns of nucleotide and amino acid change in whole genome sequences of both groups. An analysis of nucleotide compositional bias across all eight genomic segments for the two swine lineages showed a clear lineage-specific bias, although a segment-specific effect was also apparent. As such, there appears to be only a relatively weak host-specific selection pressure. Strikingly, despite each lineage evolving in the same species of host for decades, amino acid analysis revealed little evidence of either parallel or convergent changes. These findings suggest that although adaptation due to evolutionary lineages can be distinguished, there are functional and structural constraints on all gene segments and that the evolutionary trajectory of each lineage of swine A/H1N1 virus has a strong historical contingency. Thus, in the context of emergence of an influenza A virus strain via a host switch event, it is difficult to predict what specific polygenic changes are needed for mammalian adaptation.
Incorporating setup into load and resistance factor design of driven piles in sand
Authors: Yang Luo , Liang Robert 
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive database is developed for the setup for piles driven into sand. Based on the compiled pile-testing data, pile setup is significant and continues to develop for a long time after pile installation. The statistical analysis shows that a logarithm-normal distribution can be used to describe the probabilistic characteristics of the predicted setup capacity using the Skov and Denver equation. The main objective of this paper is to incorporate the setup effect into a reliability-based load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of driven piles in sand. The first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to derive separate resistance factors that would account for different degrees of uncertainties associated with measured short-term capacity and predicted setup capacity. The incorporation of setup effects in the LRFD helps improve the prediction of total capacity of driven piles, resulting in more economical design. A practical design procedure within the LRFD framework to incorporate the pile setup effects is outlined.
25 years of movement monitoring on South Peak, Turtle Mountain: understanding the hazard
Authors: Froese Corey R. , Moreno Francisco , Jaboyedoff Michel , Cruden David M. 
Published: March 2009

In 1981, an Alberta Government project upgraded the monitoring of South Peak, Turtle Mountain, on the south margin of the 1903 Frank Slide. The monitoring program aimed at understanding the rates of deformation over large, deep fractures encompassing South Peak and predicting a second large rock avalanche on the mountain. The monitoring program consisted of a complement of static ground points and remotely monitored targets measured periodically, and climatic, microseismic, and deformation data collected automatically on daily intervals and archived. In the late 1980s, developmental funding for the monitoring program ceased and some of the installations fell into disrepair. Between May 2004 and September 2006, readings from the remaining functional monitoring points were compiled and interpreted. In addition, readings compiled previously were re-interpreted based on a more recent understanding of short-term movement patterns and climatic influences. These observations were compared with recent observations from an airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation model and field photographs to give more precise estimates of the overall rates, extent, and patterns of motion for the past 25 years.
Ocean Heat Transport, Sea Ice, and Multiple Climate States: Insights from Energy Balance Models
Authors: Rose Brian E. J. , Marshall John 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Several extensions of energy balance models (EBMs) are explored in which (i) sea ice acts to insulate the atmosphere from the ocean and (ii) ocean heat transport is allowed to have some meridional structure controlled by the wind, with minima at which the ice edge can rest. These new models support multiple stable ice edges not found in the classical EBM and a hysteresis loop capable of generating abrupt warming as the ice edge “jumps” from mid- to high latitudes. The new equilibria are demonstrated in two classes of model, in which the wind stress is either specified externally or generated interactively. Wind stress is computed by introducing a dynamical constraint into the EBM to represent the simultaneous meridional transport of energy and angular momentum in the atmosphere. This wind stress is used to drive ocean gyres, with associated structure in their meridional heat transport, so that the atmosphere and ocean are coupled together both thermally and mechanically.
Acoustic Tomography for Scalar and Vector Fields: Theory and Application to Temperature and Wind Estimation
Authors: Jovanović Ivana , Sbaiz Luciano , Vetterli Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAcoustic tomography is a type of inverse problem. The idea of estimating physical quantities that influence sound propagation by measuring the parameters of propagation has proven to be successful in many practical domains, including temperature and wind estimation in the atmosphere. However, in most of the previous work in this area, the algorithms used have not been proven mathematically to provide the correct solution to the inverse problem.This paper considers the problem of reconstructing 2D temperature and wind fields by using acoustic tomography setups. Primarily, it shows that the classical time-of-flight measurements are not sufficient to reconstruct wind fields. As a solution, an additional set of measurements related solely to the parameters of sound propagation—more precisely, to the angles of departure/arrival of sound waves—is suggested. To take the full benefit of this additional information, the bent-ray model of sound propagation is introduced. In this work, it is also shown that, when a temperature and a source-free 2D wind field are observed on bounded domains, the complete reconstruction is possible using only measurements of the time of flight. Conversely, the angles of departures/arrivals are sufficient to reconstruct a temperature and a curl-free 2D wind fields on bounded domains. Further, an iterative reconstruction algorithm is proposed and possible variations to the main scheme are discussed. Finally, the performed numerical simulations confirm the theoretical results, demonstrate fast convergence, and show the advantages of the adopted bent-ray model for sound propagation over the straight-ray model.
Quality Control of Meteorological Data for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
Authors: Liljegren James C. , Tschopp Stephen , Rogers Kevin , Wasmer Fred , Liljegren Lucia , Myirski Michael 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program Meteorological Support Project ensures the accuracy and reliability of data acquired by meteorological monitoring stations located at seven U.S. Army chemical weapons depots where storage and weapons destruction (demilitarization) activities are ongoing. The data are delivered in real time to U.S. Army plume dispersion models, which are used to plan for and respond to a potential accidental release of a chemical weapons agent. The project provides maintenance, calibration, and audit services for the instrumentation; collection, automated screening, visual inspection, and analysis of the data; and problem reporting and tracking to carefully control the data quality. The resulting high-quality meteorological data enhance emergency response modeling and public safety.
AERONET-OC: A Network for the Validation of Ocean Color Primary Products
Authors: Zibordi Giuseppe , Mélin Frédéric , Berthon Jean-François , Holben Brent , Slutsker Ilya , Giles David , D’Alimonte Davide , Vandemark Doug , Feng Hui , Schuster Gregory , Fabbri Bryan E. , Kaitala Seppo , Seppälä Jukka 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ocean color component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-OC) has been implemented to support long-term satellite ocean color investigations through cross-site consistent and accurate measurements collected by autonomous radiometer systems deployed on offshore fixed platforms. The AERONET-OC data products are the normalized water-leaving radiances determined at various center wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. These data complement atmospheric AERONET aerosol products, such as optical thickness, size distribution, single scattering albedo, and phase function. This work describes in detail this new AERONET component and its specific elements including measurement method, instrument calibration, processing scheme, quality assurance, uncertainties, data archive, and products accessibility. Additionally, the atmospheric and bio-optical features of the sites currently included in AERONET-OC are briefly summarized. After illustrating the application of AERONET-OC data to the validation of primary satellite products over a variety of complex coastal waters, recommendations are then provided for the identification of new deployment sites most suitable to support satellite ocean color missions.
Integrin-linked kinase associated with integrin activation
Authors: Honda Shigenori , Shirotani-Ikejima Hiroko , Tadokoro Seiji , Maeda Yusuke , Kinoshita Taroh , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Miyata Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPlatelet integrin αIIbβ3 activation is tightly controlled by intracellular signaling pathways, and several molecules, including talin, have been identified as critical for αIIbβ3 activation. However, the whole pathway associated with αIIbβ3 activation remains to be determined. To address this issue, we established a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (parental cells) that expresses constitutively activated chimeric integrin αIIbα6Bβ3, and then obtained mutant cells expressing inactivated αIIbα6Bβ3 by genome-wide mutagenesis. We have performed expression cloning to isolate signaling molecules responsible for integrin activation in the mutant cells. We show that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) complements defective integrin activation in the mutant cells. ILK mRNAs in the mutant cells contained 2 nonsense mutations, R317X and W383X, in a compound heterozygous state, resulting in a complete loss of ILK expression. Moreover, the mutant cells showed partially impaired activation of endogenous β1 integrins. Knockdown of ILK in parental cells significantly suppressed the activated state of αIIbα6Bβ3. However, ILK overexpression did not rescue the impaired integrin activation in talin knocked-down parental cells, whereas overexpression of talin-F3, a subdomain of the talin head domain, restored the function. Our present data suggest that ILK contributes to inside-out integrin activation.
Spatiotemporal association of DNAJB13 with the annulus during mouse sperm flagellum development
Authors: Guan Jikui , Kinoshita Makoto , Yuan Li 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
The sperm annulus is a septin-based fibrous ring structure connecting the midpiece and the principal piece of the mammalian sperm flagellum. Although ultrastructural abnormalities and functional importance of the annulus have been addressed in Sept4-null mutant mice and a subset of human patients with asthenospermia syndrome, little is known about how the structure is assembled and positioned to the midpiece-principal piece junction during mammalian sperm flagellum development.

Results
By performing immunofluorescence and biochemical approaches with antibodies against DNAJB13 and an annulus constituent SEPT4, we report here a spatiotemporal association of DNAJB13 with sperm annulus during mouse sperm flagellum development. DNAJB13 co-localized with SEPT4 to the annulus, and both were first able to be detected in step 9 spermatids. As spermiogenesis proceeded, the annular DNAJB13 immunosignal increased until the annulus reached the midpiece-principal piece junction, and then gradually disappeared from it in late spermiogenesis. In contrast, the SEPT4 immunosignal was relatively unaltered, and still present on annulus of mature spermatozoa. In Sept4-null mouse spermatids lacking the annulus structure, the annulus-like DNAJB13 immunosignal was still able to be detected, albeit weaker, at the neck region of the flagella. In vitro DNAJB13 was co-localized and interacted with SEPT4 directly.

Conclusion
The direct interaction of DNAJB13 with SEPT4 in vitro and its spatiotemporal association with the annulus during sperm flagellum development, and even its annulus-like appearance in the annulus-deficient spermatids, suggest that DNAJB13 may be involved in assembling the annulus structure and positioning it towards the midpiece-principal piece junction.
Yeast Sgf73/Ataxin-7 serves to anchor the deubiquitination module into both SAGA and Slik(SALSA) HAT complexes
Authors: Lee Kenneth K , Swanson Selene K , Florens Laurence , Washburn Michael P , Workman Jerry L 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a physically devastating, genetically inherited disorder characterized by abnormal brain function that results in the progressive loss of the ability to coordinate movements. There are many types of SCAs as there are various gene mutations that can cause this disease. SCA types 1–3, 6–10, 12, and 17 result from a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the DNA-coding sequence. Intriguingly, recent work has demonstrated that increased trinucleotde expansions in the SCA7 gene result in defect in the function of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex. The SCA7 gene encodes a subunit of the SAGA complex. This subunit is conserved in yeast as the SGF73 gene. We demonstrate that Sgf73 is required to recruit the histone deubiquitination module into both SAGA and the related SliK(SALSA) complex, and to maintain levels of histone ubiquitination, which is necessary for regulation of transcription at a number of genes.
On the Emergence of the Progressive and other Aspectual Formations in Irish and Celtic
Authors: Corráin Ailbhe Ó 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the evolution of aspectual formations in Insular Celtic. It is argued that the emergence of these formations and their unusual morphosyntactic structure have been determined by internal systemic factors. It is also suggested that the manner in which these formations developed is of importance for our understanding of the processes involved in the emergence of grammatical subsystems in general. It is demonstrated that the Celtic aspectual system evolves in a manner reminiscent of the concept of developmental stratification and, significantly, that it evolves in a remarkably coherent and ordered fashion. The inexorable and structured nature of this evolution would seem to provide evidence for the claim that there may exist within languages a certain teleological impulse; in other words, that rather than being simply random, language change is in some fundamental and meaningful sense goal-directed.
Defining User Access to the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas
Authors: Embleton Sheila , Uritescu Dorin , Wheeler Eric S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Romanian Online Dialect Atlas (RODA) provides a digitized version of an extensive hard-copy atlas of the Crişana region of Romania (Stan & Uritescu, Noul Atlas lingvistic român. Crişana Vol. I, 1996, Stan & Uritescu, Noul Atlas lingvistic român. Crişana Vol. II, 2003). The set of tools we are now developing permits us to access data on a range of questions that would have been difficult to answer otherwise, and to visualize the results with dynamically generated maps.
Latvian in Siberia: The Present and Prospects
Authors: Stafecka Anna 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with the language used in Latvian settlements in Siberia. It is based on the author's observations and on data gathered during three ethnolinguistic expeditions to Lejas Bulana, in the Krasnoyarsk District, in 1991 and 2004, as well as to Timofejevka, in the Novosibirsk District, in 2006.
An analysis was carried out to assess the extent of the Latvian language in these areas, which are separated from their ethnic territory. The study focussed on the language skills of different generations, depending on their education, religious identity and amount of communication with Latvia. The situation is better in Lejas Bulana, where in recent years teachers have been coming from Latvia. However, this community is losing its young generation to big cities, where their exposure to Latvian culture is lost, and thus little by little they begin to forget the Latvian language
Influence of Loading Rate on the Deformation and Ductile Fracture of A533B Steel at 70C
Authors: Smith DJ , Garwood SJ 
Published: March 2009

Many engineering materials exhibit rate- or time-dependent inelastic deformation. This phenomenon is generally associated with the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. The main objective of the work described in this paper is to examine the influence of loading rate on the deformation and ductile fracture of a reactor pressure vessel steel, A533B Class 1, at 70C.
The reported experimental work is in three parts, examining the behavior of (1) uniaxial specimens, (2) small-scale notched bend specimens, and (3) large-scale notched plate specimens (wide plates). The tests on the notched bend and the plate specimens were part of an earlier test program conducted at The Welding Institute. To complement the previous experimental work, the rate dependence of plastic deformation was examined using uniaxial specimens. The observed rate dependence of the flow stress is shown to agree with collated data from the literature. The amount of creep deformation under sustained loading is shown to be large.
A detailed examination of earlier small-scale notched bend experiments shows that there is an influence of applied loading rate on the material's resistance to continuing ductile fracture in terms of J and crack-tip opening displacement. However, the data obtained are of a limited nature. A distinction is drawn between locally controlled displacement rates and globally controlled loading conditions. For the latter case, the resistance curve obtained is considered to be a locus through a series of resistance curves obtained from locally controlled bend tests.
The wide-plate tests have also been examined in detail. The plate deformations during sustained loading are shown to be extensive. Furthermore, clear evidence of crack growth during the load hold periods has been found. The resistance curves for the large-scale specimens are shown to be significantly influenced by the creep deformation.
The effect of loading rate on the resistance curves for A533B steel at 70C is shown to be marginal and in agreement with the weak strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress. However, the wide-plate specimens, which exhibit less constraint than bend specimens, are more likely to creep under uncontained yielding conditions than to exhibit continuing ductile crack growth.
A Sealant Applicator's Viewpoint
Authors: Grenadier G 
Published: March 2009

The author pioneered the use of exotic sealants in the construction industry. The experience dates back to 1952 with the advent of curtain wall structures as we know them today.
The article is concerned with a positive approach to minimizing and hopefully eliminating some basic problems encountered in the sealant field.
There is a dominant reference to the training of applicator personnel. It is interesting to note that since this article was written, a school has been organized under the joint sponsorship of both contractors and a labor union. Considerable progress has been made and the venture is highly successful. The labor union initially was most negative and is now enthusiastically supporting it.
The role of sealant compounders and general contractors is pointed to and exposed. Their contribution to “incidents in the field” is detailed critically and constructively.
Mobile Bioassay Laboratories
Authors: Gerhold RM 
Published: March 2009

Mobile laboratories with flow-through systems utilize actual receiving waters with their unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics which are known to influence the toxicity of environmental contaminants. Mobile bioassay laboratories have definite advantages over fixed laboratories with reference to data collection for enforcement of water-quality standards, for pest-control studies, and for pollution-engineering and research. Such laboratories may also be used to investigate the tainting of edible aquatic organisms.
A survey of mobile bioassay equipment was provided, with a listing of informational sources.
Greater use can be made of the mobile bioassay concept in research applied to pollution abatement than has been previously done. The equipment should be designed for maximum versatility consistent with the objectives of the study and with the budgetary limitations. In many instances, mobile or semi-permanent streamside or floating laboratories can be used to gain basic understanding of the environmental factors affecting the growth, development, reproduction, and behavior of aquatic organisms. This information is needed to better understand the long-term effects of pollutants on these organisms.
Problems in Sampling Ferroalloys with Emphasis on Ferrosilicon
Authors: Cline JC 
Published: March 2009

This discussion is limited to the problems involved in obtaining a representative sample for chemical analysis of silicon alloys and L. C. Fe Cr alloys. The problems of segregation of elements within a product are discussed and comparative analysis as taken at the furnace, shipment preparation, and spot checks after preparation are given. The problems of taking samples by the customer and the related problem of processing them is also covered.
Results of segregation studies and the significance of the lack of homogeneity within a given heat and also within a lot or composite of several heats are discussed. Supporting data shows that a proper sample can only be taken at one phase in the production—customer usage process.