bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerization in Nanocrystalline Diamond Films by Oxygen Incorporation
Authors: Teii Kungen , Ikeda Tomohiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Structure and resistivity of nanocrystalline diamond films deposited using microwave Ar‐rich/O2/CH4 plasmas have been examined as a function of the O2/CH4 ratio from 0 to 0.53. Addition of O2 to Ar‐rich/CH4 plasmas likely reduced the density of C2 radicals due to loss reactions of O atoms with CH4 and CHx radicals. The Raman peak of diamond at 1 332 cm−1 was overlapped by the D peak of sp2‐bonded, disordered carbon and its intensity was a little enhanced by the O2 addition, while the average size of sp2‐bonded carbon clusters in nondiamond phases was increased. Oxygen was incorporated into the films in forms of CO bonds, which bridged the carbon clusters themselves, and formed polymer‐like, large‐unit structures. The resistivity of the films was drastically increased from the order of 10−4 up to 104 Ω · m with a small O2 addition (1.2 vol.‐% in total pressure), providing novel sensor and storage applications based on oxygen incorporation and desorption.Decomposition of a Raman spectrum showing the diamond, D and G modes of amorphous carbon, and trans‐polyacetylene peaks. The insert represents a typical SEM image showing a film surface.imageDecomposition of a Raman spectrum showing the diamond, D and G modes of amorphous carbon, and trans‐polyacetylene peaks. The insert represents a typical SEM image showing a film surface.
Particulate Matter Removal from Diesel Exhaust Gases by a Combination of Corona Discharge and Water or Oil Bath
Authors: Yoshioka Yoshio , Tashiro Yasuhiro , Ueda Takashi , Ota Yukihiro , Nakano Koichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: As an efficient PM removal method from diesel exhausts, we developed a new method using a combination of a DC corona discharge and oil or water trays. The PM removal device generates DC corona discharges on oil or water filled in trays, thereby creating charges on the PMs, which can then be accelerated by an electric field towards the oil or water bath. The amount of PM absorbed in oil is determined by measuring light transmission. The discharge current on water is higher than that on oil. The difference of these discharge currents is considered to be due to the difference in ion mobility of the two liquids. An equation for PM removal characteristics is proposed. Using the equation, the PM removal by our device is estimated to be more than 85%.Experimental system for PM removal from diesel engine exhaust gas.imageExperimental system for PM removal from diesel engine exhaust gas.
Transient Barrier Discharge Characteristics of Parallel‐Plate‐Type, Packed‐Bed, Non‐Thermal Plasma Reactor Under High‐Humidity Conditions
Authors: Chang Jen‐Shih , Uchida Yoshihisa , Urashima Kuniko , Taylor Roy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Barrier discharge has been used for ozone generation for water treatments and pollutant gas removal. An experiment has been conducted to observe transient barrier discharge characteristics of parallel‐plate‐type, 3 mm diameter, spherical glass beads packed‐bed, non‐thermal plasma reactors under high‐humidity conditions. The results show that: 1) steady operation of the reactor requires 5 to 10 min of operation under an initial 20 to 80% relative humidity at 20 °C in air, as a result of the desorption of water from the packed materials, 2) the usual method to determine discharge power using a Q‐V Lissajous figure may be distorted by adsorption/desorption of water vapor from the surface, and 3) since the surface of the packed material is heated to 50 to 160 °C, the mechanism of desorption may be a result of pure thermal effects.Change in reactor surface temperature with time.imageChange in reactor surface temperature with time.
Contribution of Plasma Control Technology for Aerodynamic Applications
Authors: Moreau Eric , Louste Christophe , Artana Guillermo , Forte Maxime , Touchard Gérard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: During these past ten years, plasma actuators have been envisaged to control air flows. Usually, two main kinds of plasma actuators are available: the DC discharge actuator and the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator, but also some combinations of both systems are now being studied. In this paper we present the results obtained with these different kinds of actuators. The control parameters, the electrical behaviors, and the mechanical efficiencies of the actuators are given. Aerodynamic experiments have been made in several wind tunnels using Particle Image Velocimetry (P.I.V.), visualization, Laser Dopler Velocimetry and special “Pitot” tube techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of each actuator are discussed, and finally some aerodynamic applications are shown.Effect of a discharge on the airflow around a NACA body.imageEffect of a discharge on the airflow around a NACA body.
A case study of a TFE explosion in a PTFE manufacturing facility
Authors: Reza Ali , Christiansen Erik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA 1999 explosion in the purification area of a fluorinated polymer manufacturing plant in the United States caused fatal injuries to three employees. Another employee was severely injured. The affected plant personnel were attempting to locate a suspected polymer plug in lines containing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer upstream of the polymerization plant. In an attempt to dislodge a possible plug in an elbow leading off a pressure vessel, one of the employees rapidly actuated a manually operated ball valve. High‐pressure TFE upstream of the valve rushed into the downstream piping, which likely contained air at subatmospheric pressure. Adiabatic compression against a blind flange created temperatures sufficient to ignite a TFE/air mixture. The initial deflagration provided ample energy for a self‐sustaining decomposition reaction to propagate within the TFE line into the upstream pressure vessel. Liquid TFE had been collecting in the pressure vessel as the result of a deliberate increase in the flow of cooling brine associated with a separate process. This allowed the decomposition to continue, causing a rapid increase in pressure inside the vessel, sufficient for the bolts on the upper flange to fail. The four employees were exposed to burning TFE sprayed from the pressure vessel and were also injured by shrapnel created by the explosion.Exponent Failure Analysis Associates was retained to conduct an engineering investigation of the incident, including a technical analysis of the conditions leading to the explosion. We also reviewed the HAZOP performed by the employer that failed to note critical parameters that contributed to the incident. This article discusses findings from the investigation as well as lessons on handling TFE that can be learned from the incident. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
A model for estimating the probability of missile impact: Missiles originating from bursting horizontal cylindrical vessels
Authors: Pula Ravi , Khan Faisal I. , Veitch Brian , Amyotte Paul R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPast explosion events in process facilities have centered attention on the fact that missiles generated as the result of vessel fragmentation pose significant risk to personnel and process equipment and can trigger knock‐on or domino effects in industrial accidents. To promote the design of inherently safer facilities—and to enable more effective mitigation and control measures with respect to missile risks—it is necessary to perform missile risk analysis studies at the early design phase. To aid in such an analysis and to predict domino scenarios, it is essential to have models that can quantify (1) the probability of a missile impact on a target and (2) the consequences of the probable impact.In the present work, we propose a model to quantify the probability of missiles that originate from bursting horizontal cylinders, having an impact on spherical target vessels located in a process area. Although previous investigations on the quantification of missile impact probability were based on a single‐scenario approach, the current model is based on two credible scenarios. The model is built on the concept of a vulnerable area (VA), defined as the probable impact zone sketched around the target object. The concept of an effective range interval (ERI) was adopted and was extended by introducing an effective trajectory interval (ETI) and effective orientation interval (EOI). The uncertainties in the model parameters were addressed by means of Monte Carlo sampling approach. A case study is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The case study uses a grid‐based approach (GBA) to provide interactive contour plotting of the missile impact probabilities over a defined process area. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Lack of cross‐resistance to Mtx1 from Bacillus sphaericus in B. sphaericus‐resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Wei Suzhen , Cai Quanxin , Cai Yajun , Yuan Zhiming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicities of Mtx1 toxin against dipteran and lepidopteran species have been evaluated in this study. It was shown that Mtx1 has little or no toxicity to the tested lepidopteran species, but has moderate‐level toxicity to Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) and high‐level toxicity to both susceptible and binary toxin‐resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). The LC50 values of Mtx1 against a susceptible C. quinquefasciatus colony SLCq and two resistant colonies RLCq1/C3‐41 and RLCq2/IAB59 selected in the laboratory with Bacillus sphaericus (Mayer & Neide) strains C3‐41 and IAB59 respectively were 0.508, 0.854 and 0.675 mg L−1 respectively. The data indicate that Mtx1 has a different mode of action from the binary toxin, and that it could be an alternative toxin to delay or overcome resistance development to binary toxin in C. quinquefasciatus. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of Sn concentration on the physical properties of CdO:Sn thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Vigil‐Galán O. , Sánchez‐González Y. , Arias‐Carbajal A. , Contreras‐Puente G. , Tufiño‐Velázquez M. , Ruiz C. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSn doped cadmium oxide thin films were prepared on glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis (SP) method from a cadmium acetate aqueous solution. The Sn (IV) concentration in the solution was varied up to 2 wt%, keeping constant the other growth parameters. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the films were studied as a function of Sn concentration. The best results were obtained for CdO films doped with 1% Sn nominal concentration. The properties of these films are influenced by the air annealing performed at 450 °C for 30–120 min. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast coloration in sputtered gasochromic tungsten oxide films
Authors: Shanak H. , Schmitt H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThin films of WO3 were deposited with different thickness in a mixed atmosphere of O2 and Ar gas from a high purity target of 99.99% tungsten using reactive DC‐sputtering technique. Same amount of the Pt catalyst was sputtered from a high purity target of 99.99% platinum in Ar atmosphere onto the top of the WO3 films with different thickness. Coloration takes place in hydrogen and bleaching in oxygen gases. During the coloration/bleaching process several optical parameters were determined. The velocity of coloration process increases with increasing the thickness of the films. The change of the transmission in the visible and near infrared regions was measured during coloration and bleaching process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of TSC measurements performed on PbI2 samples prepared in different ways
Authors: Ponpon J. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe role of preparation and growth on the presence of energy levels in the band gap of lead iodide crystallized material has been investigated by means of thermally stimulated current measurements. The most significant difference is concerned with the defect introduced by the lead vacancy: the associated energy levels are always present when the material has experienced a molten state at any step of its preparation. Conversely, it does not appear or at a very low concentration in samples fabricated at low temperature from chemically synthesized powder. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetotransport characterization of AlGaN/GaN interfaces
Authors: Tauk R. , Tiberj A. , Lorenzini P. , Bougrioua Z. , Azize M. , Sakowicz M. , Karpierz K. , Knap W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMagnetotransport studies of high quality AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions are reported. The transport and quantum lifetimes were respectively deduced from low temperature mobility and Shubnikov de Haas measurements as a function of carrier density in metal organic vapor phase epitaxy grown AlGaN/GaN/sapphire heterostructures. It is found that contrary to theoretical predictions both quantum and transport lifetimes have the same bell shape behavior versus carrier density. We determined experimental ratio of quantum to transport lifetime varying from 9 to 16 for carrier densities in 1–9 × 1012 cm–2 range. We show that the quantum lifetime is very sensitive to interface scattering at high carrier density. Therefore, our work shows how Shubnikov de Haas experiments can be used to characterize the quality of AlGaN/GaN interfaces used in modern light emitting devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of Synacthen in human plasma using immunoaffinity purification and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Bredehöft Michael , Geyer Hans , Kamber Matthias , Delahaut Philippe , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynacthen is a synthetic analogue to human adrenocorticotropin, which plays an important physiological role by stimulating production of cortisol. In sports, corticosteroids as well as releasing factors (corticotropins) are prohibited according to the regulations of the World Anti‐Doping Agency, and the misuse of Synacthen has been reported several times. Hence, an assay enabling the detection of Synacthen in doping control samples has been developed using immunoaffinity chromatographic isolation of Synacthen from human plasma combined with a concentration of collected fractions using solid‐phase extraction. Unambiguous determination of the target analyte was accomplished using microbore liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Diagnostic product ions such as m/z 223 were characterized using high‐resolution/high‐accuracy Orbitrap mass spectrometry and employed for triple quadrupole MS/MS analysis. The established assay requiring 2 mL of plasma allowed a lower limit of detection (LLOD) at 100 fmol/mL, a recovery of 97% and a precision at the LLOD <20%. Authentic plasma samples obtained from a patient undergoing a standard short Synacthen test were used to prove the applicability of the developed procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralized adaptive scheduling using consensus variables
Authors: Moore Kevin L. , Lucarelli Dennis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we present a new approach to decentralized adaptive scheduling, using recent results on the control of consensus variables in graphs with nearest‐neighbour communication topologies. First, existing results for single consensus variables are extended to include the cases of forced consensus, when one of the negotiating agents is driven by a setpoint, and of constrained consensus, where multiple consensus variables are required to be separated by a fixed amount. Next, we consider a class of adaptive scheduling problems, whereby a set of decentralized coordinators should cooperate to adapt shared schedule times in response to disturbances or changes in the system. Our approach is to choose task timings to be the consensus variables in the system. The utility of these ideas is illustrated using the example of a synchronized strike mission. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lur'e Lyapunov functions and absolute stability criteria for Lur'e systems with multiple nonlinearities
Authors: Yang Chunyu , Zhang Qingling , Zhou Linna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the absolute stability problem of Lur'e systems with multiple nonlinearities is investigated. Popov‐type absolute stability criteria are surveyed and classified by distinguishing the Lur'e Lyapunov function upon which the criteria are based. A modified Lur'e Lyapunov function is presented. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the Lyapynov function to guarantee the absolute stability of Lur'e systems are derived. By these conditions, LMI‐based stability criteria are presented. The obtained criteria are expected to be less conservative than the existing ones. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the advantages and effectiveness of our results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen 3D‐distribution and the kinetics in a Ti/H system studied by micro‐ERDA, NRA and XRD
Authors: Wang T. S. , Grambole D. , Herrmann F. , Peng H. B. , Wang S. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe micro kinetics of titanium hydrogenation is studied by measuring the three‐dimensional hydrogen distribution in titanium subsurfaces by elastic recoil detection analysis with a heavy ion micro‐beam, 1H(15N, αγ) 12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis and X‐ray diffraction. The hydrogen rich layers in the titanium subsurface region are formed by mechanical polishing and hydrogen ion implantation. An inhomogeneous hydrogen distribution is found in the subsurface region. The inhomogeneity varies with hydrogen concentration and depth. The hydrogen loaded by surface polishing distributes roughly homogeneously in the near surface with a high concentration up by 60 at.%, whereas the implanted hydrogen distributes inhomogeneously inside the sample with a lower concentration. Nevertheless, the inhomogeneity changes with the implantation fluence; the higher the fluence, the better the homogeneity. This phenomenon is considered to be affected by complications such as the hydrogen ingression process, hydrogen states, titanium grain size and orientation, etc. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence and functions of free D‐aspartate and its metabolizing enzymes
Authors: Yamada Ryo‐Hei , Kera Yoshio , Takahashi Shouji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractD‐Aspartate is one of a few D‐amino acids that attracted attention at an early date, since it was detected in various tissues of mammals as a protein component. The occurrence of free D‐aspartate in nature was recognized a little later, and raised questions about its physiological functions and metabolism. This amino acid has been gradually accepted, based on various experimental observations, to be a physiological substrate of D‐aspartate oxidase, whose role had been considered enigmatic since its early discovery in the 1940s. Mammalian enzymes that serve to liberate D‐aspartyl residue in proteins have been identified. One enzyme hydrolyzes peptide bond at the amino side of D‐aspartyl residue in a dipeptide and another enzyme hydrolyzes that at the carbonyl side of the residue in proteins. The first pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent aspartate racemase has been purified and cloned from a bivalve species. The enzyme supports the high contents of D‐aspartate comparable to those of L‐aspartate in the bivalve, and the enantiomers are consumed when hypoxia is imposed on the bivalve. In some yeast species, assimilation of D‐aspartate has been found to depend on inducible D‐aspartate oxidase, which also serves to detoxify acidic D‐amino acids. (c) 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 259–266; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20089
Is D‐dimer a Predictor of Strangulated Intestinal Hernia?
Authors: Icoz Gokhan , Makay Ozer , Sozbilen Murat , Gurcu Baris , Caliskan Cemil , Firat Ozgur , Kurt Zahide , Ersin Sinan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was to assess the relevance of serum D‐dimer measurement as a possible reliable marker for the diagnosis of strangulated intestinal hernia.MethodsConsecutive patients admitted with nontraumatic acute abdominal gastrointestinal disorders were recruited prospectively in a tertiary referral hospital. The study was conducted in 159 patients between August 2002 and April 2004. D‐dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, serum amylase, and international normalized ratio (INR) levels were tested in the emergency room prior to surgical intervention. For each patient, 15 variables, including D‐dimer, were available for analysis.ResultsThirty‐three (20.7%) of the 159 patients had intestinal ischemia, and 28 (85%) of these 33 patients had D‐dimer level > 300 ng/ml. Plasma levels of D‐dimer in patients with intestinal ischemia were significantly higher than in patients without ischemia (P < 0.05). There were 29 (18.2%) patients in the hernia group with incarceration (n = 22) or strangulation requiring resection (n = 7). D‐dimer levels in patients requiring intestinal resection were insignificantly higher than in patients without resection (P > 0.05). Six (85%) of the 7 hernia patients requiring resection had D‐dimer levels > 360 ng/ml. The D‐dimer variable correlated best with the leukocyte count in patients with hernia requiring resection. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase, serum amylase, and INR did not show any correlation with D‐dimer levels.ConclusionsTo help predict ischemic events, the increasing use of the D‐dimer assay in clinical practice could be extended to patients presenting with intestinal emergencies. An elevated D‐dimer level on admission had a high sensitivity for identifying patients with intestinal ischemia, although it had a low specificity. Whether it is predictive or preventive for resection in strangulated intestinal hernia patients still remains a question.
Survival of Early Gastric Cancer in a Specialized European Center. Which Lymphadenectomy Is Necessary?
Authors: Degiuli Maurizio , Calvo Fabio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurposeA clinicopathological study of early gastric cancer has been carried out in a single experienced surgical unit to identify prognostic indicators for survival and factors related to lymph nodes metastasis and document a survival benefit of D2 gastrectomy.MethodsA retrospective review of our database from January 1990 to December 2004 revealed 189 patients with early gastric cancer undergoing surgical resection with either D1 or D2 lymph node dissection. Clinicopathological factors analyzed included Lauren’s histological type, histological differentiation, size, mucosal versus submucosal invasion, venous invasion, number of lymph node involved, and extent of nodal dissection performed. Factors related to increased risk of nodal metastases and predicting 5‐ and 10‐year disease‐specific survival were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsMedian follow‐up time was 77 months. Lymph node involvement was documented in 21.1% of patients. A D2 gastrectomy was performed in 56% of patients. The cumulative 10‐year survival rate was 92.5%; it was strictly related to nodal metastases (p =. 0014). Poor differentiation, size larger than 2 cm, and submucosal depth of invasion were related to increased risk of nodal metastases but not to decreased survival. Overall, 10‐year survival after D2 gastrectomy was higher than after D1 gastrectomy (95 versus 87.5%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p =. 80). No survival benefit was documented for D2 gastrectomy in subsets of patients with increased risk of nodal metastasis.ConclusionIn this retrospective analysis a survival benefit of D2 gastrectomy was not documented either in the overall population or in subset analyses of patients with increased risk of nodal metastasis.