bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐tetrazole and 5‐[(Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐1H‐tetrazole: Proline Surrogates with Increased Potential in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Limbach Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCatalytic enantioselective methodology has dramatically been enriched by the re‐discovery of the simple amino acid proline as a chiral catalyst in the year 2000. Although no catalyst offers such a simple and broad access to quite complex reaction products, as does proline, its synthetic potential is not unrestricted, what is especially connected to its poor solubility in organic media. Exchange of the carboxylic moiety by a tetrazole unit leads to proline surrogates, that by far outperform proline with respect to yield, enantioselectivity, reaction time, substrate and solvent scope, catalyst loading, and stoichiometry of the compounds used in excess. These factors are discussed and critically compared with selected representative proline‐catalyzed reactions.
A Novel Type of Membrane Based on Cholesteryl Phosphocholine, Cholesteryl Phosphate, or Sitosteryl Phosphate, and Dimyristoylglycerol
Authors: Gotoh Mari , Ribeiro Nigel , Michels Bernard , Elhabiri Mourad , Albrecht‐Gary Anne‐Marie , Yamashita Jun , Hato Masakatsu , Ourisson Guy , Nakatani Yoichi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMixtures of amphiphilic cholesteryl phosphate (CP), sitosteryl phosphate (SP), or cholesteryl phosphocholine (CPC) with the nonphosphoryl diacyl lipid dimyristoylglycerol (DMG) or with cholesterol give self‐organized systems (giant vesicles) in a wide range of pH, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The water permeability of a 1 : 1 molar mixture of CPC and DMG was also measured by a stopped‐flow/light‐scattering method. The novel self‐organized systems are akin to natural eukaryotic ones, the only difference being the site of the phosphate‐containing head‐group, located on cholesterol instead of DMG. They might be present in some organisms not yet studied for the composition of their membranes.
Distal embolic protection during femoropopliteal atherectomy
Authors: Suri Rajeev , Wholey Michael H. , Postoak Darren , Hagino Ryan T. , Toursarkissian Boulos 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report on a series of 10 consecutive cases of superficial femoral and popliteal artery atherectomy with the SilverHawk device, carried out for the treatment of peripheral vascular atherosclerosis. All cases were done with the use of a distal embolic protection device. Debris were retrieved in the filter in each case. Implications are discussed, along with a review of the available literature on this device. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guidewire navigation in coronary artery stenoses using a novel magnetic navigation system: First clinical experience
Authors: Tsuchida Keiichi , García‐García Héctor M. , van der Giessen Willem J. , McFadden Eugène P. , van der Ent Martin , Sianos Georgios , Meulenbrug Hans , Ong Andrew T.L. , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of guidewire navigation across coronary artery stenoses using magnetic navigation system (MNS) versus conventional navigation. The MNS is a novel option to facilitate access to target lesions, particularly in tortuous vessels. In an experimental study using a challenging vessel phantom, magnetic‐navigated guidewire passage has been reported to reduce fluoroscopy and procedure time significantly. Both magnetic and manual guidewire navigation were attempted in 21 consecutive diseased coronary arteries. The study endpoint was defined as an intraluminal wire position distal to the stenosis. Procedural success was defined as successful guidewire passage without procedural events. Procedure time, amount of contrast, fluoroscopy time, and radiation dose/area product (DAP) were evaluated. There were no procedural events related to either guidewire. Although the lesions attempted had relatively simple and straightforward characteristics, significantly shorter procedure and fluoroscopy time were observed for manual guidewire navigation compared to MNS (median, 40 vs. 120 sec, P = 0.001; 38 vs. 105 sec, P = 0.001, respectively). Contrast amount and DAP were higher in MNS than in conventional method (median, 13 vs. 9 ml, P = 0.018; 215 vs. 73 Gym2, P = 0.002, respectively). The magnetic wire did not cross in two vessels. Guidewire navigation using MNS presented a novel, safe, and feasible approach to address coronary artery lesions. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the potential benefit of the MNS in more complex coronary lesions and tortuous anatomy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modified crush technique with double kissing balloon inflation (sleeve technique): A novel technique for coronary bifurcation lesions
Authors: Jim Man‐Hong , Ho Hee‐Hwa , Miu Raymond , Chow Wing‐Hing 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report a modified crush technique with double kissing balloon inflation (the sleeve technique) in an attempt to increase the success rate of final kissing balloon inflation, which has been shown to improve the angiographic outcomes of side branch in bifurcation lesions. A stent was advanced across the side branch with protrusion of 3–5 mm of proximal stent segment into the main vessel. At the same time, a size‐matched balloon with length long enough to cover the bifurcation as well as the protruding stent segment was placed in the main vessel. The side‐branch stent is deployed first, the wire and stent balloon are removed. This is followed by balloon inflation in main vessel at high pressure to crush the protruding stent segment against vessel wall. The side branch is then rewired, two balloons are advanced to the main vessel and side branch, and the bifurcation is kissed with balloons the first time. The side branch is now like a new sleeve. The balloon and wire of the side branch are removed. Another stent was positioned and then deployed in the main vessel. The side branch is rewired the second time, two balloons are advanced to the main vessel and side branch again, followed by final (second) kissing balloon inflation of the bifurcation. The sleeve technique has been employed in six consecutive patients with 100% success rate of final kissing balloon inflation. There was no major adverse cardiac events or stent thrombosis encountered within 30 days of percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy in juvenile mitral stenosis—comparison of long term results of Inoue balloon technique and metallic commissurotomy
Authors: Harikrishnan S. , Nair Krishnakumar , Tharakan J.M. , Titus T. , Kumar V.K. Ajith , Sivasankaran S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectives:To compare the immediate and long term results of percutaneous mitral valvotomy using metallic commissurotome and Inoue balloon in juvenile mitral stenosis.Background:Inoue balloon technique for mitral commissurotomy (IBMC) is well established and carried out worldwide in the treatment of juvenile mitral stenosis. Percutaneous mitral metallic commissurotomy (PMMC) is reported to be a cheaper and effective alternative to balloon mitral commissurotomy.Methods:Thirty‐three patients aged less than 20 years, who underwent PMMC, were compared with 33 age and sex matched control patients who underwent IBMC. Success of valvotomy, procedure related complications, and follow‐up events of the two techniques were compared.Results:Basal echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were similar in both groups. Procedural success was similar in both groups, 31/33. Complications like cardiac tamponade and mitral regurgitation (requiring or not requiring mitral valve replacement) were similar in both groups. On follow‐up of more than 3 years, both groups had comparable hemodynamic parameters and restenosis rates.Conclusions:Both IBMC and PMMC are successful in providing relief from severe juvenile mitral stenosis in terms of gain in valve area and reduction in transmitral gradient. Both techniques have similar procedural success and complication rates. The long term follow‐up results are comparable at follow‐up of more than 3 years. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compensatory alteration of inhibitory synaptic circuits in cerebellum and thalamus of γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1 subunit knockout mice
Authors: Kralic Jason E. , Sidler Corinne , Parpan Franziska , Homanics Gregg E. , Morrow A. Leslie , Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTargeted deletion of the α1 subunit gene results in a profound loss of γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors in adult mouse brain but has only moderate behavioral consequences. Mutant mice exhibit several adaptations in GABAAreceptor subunit expression, as measured by Western blotting. By using immunohistochemistry, we investigated here whether these adaptations serve to replace the missing α1 subunit or represent compensatory changes in neurons that normally express these subunits. We focused on cerebellum and thalamus and distinguished postsynaptic GABAAreceptor clusters by their colocalization with gephyrin. In the molecular layer of the cerebellum, α1 subunit clusters colocalized with gephyrin disappeared from Purkinje cell dendrites of mutant mice, whereas α3 subunit/gephyrin clusters, presumably located on dendrites of Golgi interneurons, increased sevenfold, suggesting profound network reorganization in the absence of the α1 subunit. In thalamus, a prominent increase in α3 and α4 subunit immunoreactivity was evident, but without change in regional distribution. In the ventrobasal complex, which contains primarily postsynaptic α1‐ and extrasynaptic α4‐GABAAreceptors, the loss of α1 subunit was accompanied by disruption of γ2 subunit and gephyrin clustering, in spite of the increased α4 subunit expression. However, in the reticular nucleus, which lacks α1‐GABAAreceptors in wild‐type mice, postsynaptic α3/γ2/gephyrin clusters were unaffected. These results demonstrate that adaptive responses in the brain of α10/0mice involve reorganization of GABAergic circuits and not merely replacement of the missing α1 subunit by another receptor subtype. In addition, clustering of gephyrin at synaptic sites in cerebellum and thalamus appears to be dependent on expression of a GABAAreceptor subtype localized postsynaptically. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:408–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronal organ of ascidians and the evolutionary significance of secondary sensory cells in chordates
Authors: Manni Lucia , Mackie George O. , Caicci Federico , Zaniolo Giovanna , Burighel Paolo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new mechanoreceptor organ, the coronal organ, in the oral siphon of some ascidians belonging to the order Pleurogona has recently been described. In contrast to the known mechanoreceptor organs of ascidian atrium that consist of sensory neurons sending their own axons to the cerebral ganglion, coronal sensory cells are secondary mechanoreceptors, i.e., axonless cells forming afferent and efferent synapses with neurites of neurons located in the ganglion. Moreover, coronal cells exhibit an apical apparatus composed of a cilium accompanied or flanked by rod‐like microvilli (stereovilli). Because of the resemblance of these cells to vertebrate hair cells, their ectodermal origin and location in a linear array bordering the bases of the oral tentacles and velum, the coronal organ has been proposed as a homologue to the vertebrate acousticolateralis system. Here we describe the morphology of the coronal organs of six ascidians belonging to the suborders Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia (order Enterogona). The sensory cells are ciliated, lack typical stereovilli, and at their bases form synapses with neurites. In two species, the sensory cells are accompanied by large cells involved in synthesis and secretion of protein. We hypothesize that the coronal organ with its secondary sensory cells represents a plesiomorphic feature of ascidians. We compare the coronal organ with other chordate sensory organs formed of secondary sensory cells, i.e., the ventral lip receptors of appendicularians, the oral secondary sensory cells of cephalochordates, and the acousticolateralis system of vertebrates, and we discuss their homologies at different levels of organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:363–373, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanistic insights into the direct antioxidant effects of estrogens
Authors: Prokai Laszlo , Prokai‐Tatrai Katalin , Perjési Pál , Simpkins James W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFree‐radical scavenging by estrogens has been implicated as one of their non‐genomic (estrogen‐receptor independent) mechanisms of cytoprotection. This activity is associated with the presence of the phenolic A‐ring in the structure of these molecules, thus rendering them members of the class of compounds called phenolic antioxidants. Direct oxyradical‐scavenging by estrogens has been thought to cause interruption of free‐radical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, and to prevent free‐radical induced oxidative damage to biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins. These antioxidant effects are determined not only by chemical reactivities toward reactive oxygen or reactive nitrogen species, but also by the mobility and/or distribution of estrogens in the biological microenvironment and by the fate of the estrogen‐derived radicals. Recent results have highlighted the importance of investigations aimed at understanding mechanistic details of the underlying chemistry, especially with a focus on estrogen neuroprotection. Such fundamental studies have facilitated the discovery of a previously unrecognized antioxidant cycle for estrogens in which estrogen‐derived quinols are key intermediates. Additionally, the use of these quinols as prodrugs in animal models has revealed a significant reduction of side effects compared to treatment directly with the feminizing hormones. Drug Dev. Res. 66:118‒125, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of protective effect of estrogens on cerebral Aβ levels in intact female and male APP transgenic mice
Authors: Chakrabarti Enakshi , Wang Jennifer , Claire‐Olsen Julia , Smith Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn previous experiments, treatment with either 17β‐estradiol or 17α‐estradiol decreased cerebral β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) levels in ovariectomized female APPSWE transgenic mice, a mouse model for Alzheimer disease‐like pathology. However, no effect of ovariectomy itself on cerebral Aβ levels was observed. In the current study, intact female and male APPIND,SWE transgenic mice were treated chronically with oral 17β‐estradiol or 17α‐estradiol. These treatments did not reduce cerebral Aβ levels or amyloid plaque counts vs. vehicle treated mice. In fact, 17β‐estradiol treatment of the intact female mice led to a significant increase in cerebral Aβ levels. Drug Dev. Res. 66:136–141, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicon wire waveguiding system: Fundamental characteristics and applications
Authors: Yamada Koji , Tsuchizawa Tai , Watanabe Toshifumi , Takahashi Jun‐Ichi , Fukuda Hiroshi , Takahashi Mitsutoshi , Shoji Tetsufumi , Uchiyama Shingo , Tamechika Emi , Itabashi Sei‐Ichi , Morita Hirofumi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate a remarkable improvement in the waveguiding characteristics of silicon wire waveguides, and show their application to functional optical devices. Applying a novel spot‐size converter consisting of an ultrathin silicon taper and a SiON waveguide, coupling losses between silicon wire waveguide and optical fiber were greatly reduced to just 0.5 dB/coupling. Propagation losses were also reduced to less than 3 dB/cm, by smoothing the surface of the waveguide core. Some functional devices, such as photonic crystals, ring resonators, and lattice filters, were tested and showed superior optical characteristics. Enhancement of nonlinear phenomena due to a high power density effect was also observed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(3): 42–55, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20210
Wavelength tunable laser using silica double ring resonators
Authors: Ishizaka Masahige , Yamazaki Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA wavelength tunable laser having a wide tuning range is a key device in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems and has been studied by many research institutes. Recently, compared to WDM with the objective of expanding the transmission capacity, methods such as Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing (ROADM), Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS), and wavelength routing with the objective of improving network flexibility have been studied extensively. Wavelength tunable lasers are widely recognized as fulfilling the important role of lowering the costs and advancing the functions of these systems. Today, wavelength tunable lasers having various methodologies and configurations have been proposed, but each has its advantages and disadvantages. We studied a configuration using a silica double ring optical resonator and a semiconductor amplifier as a simpler methodology with a simple configuration and lower costs. Using this configuration, we achieved 45‐nm wavelength tunable operation capable of covering the C‐band or the L‐band in WDM optical communications with sufficient margin by combining an external planar lightwave circuit (PLC) resonator and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in several milli‐squares. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(3): 34–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20212
Scattering of TM plane wave from a finite periodic surface
Authors: Kashihara Aya , Nakayama Junichi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractScattering of a TM plane wave from a finite periodic surface is studied by the spectral formalism. First, the diffraction beam, the optical theorem, the total scattering cross section and the relative power of diffraction beam are defined. By use of the principle of reflection, it is shown that the spectrum of the scattered wave can be written by the boundary value only on the corrugated part of the surface. Expanding such boundary value into a Fourier series, the integral equation determining the boundary value is transformed into a matrix equation of the Fourier coefficients, which is solved numerically. Then the total power of scattering and the relative power of diffraction beam are calculated against the angle of incidence. Wood's anomaly, the beam width of a diffraction beam, and the singularity of the spectrum of the scattered wave are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(3): 10–19, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20217
Hopping height control for hopping robots
Authors: Ohashi Eijiro , Ohnishi Kouhei 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn recent years, legged robots have progressed and are able to walk just like human beings. Hopping offers a possibility of moving faster and avoiding larger obstacles than walking. Thus, hopping becomes more significant. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.In this paper, to take account of torque limits of motors, we propose the method of controlling the hopping height by changing the leg length at bottom. Considering an actual environment, the environment will change as the robot moves around. Therefore, we describe a way to estimate the actual thrust force. Using the estimated thrust force, command value of leg length in the landing phase is determined. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation and experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 64–71, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20172
Theoretical study on synchronization phenomena of wind turbines in a wind farm
Authors: Katayama Norihide , Takata Go , Miyake Masatoshi , Nanahara Toshiya 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses the synchronization phenomena of wind turbines in a wind farm. The phenomena illustrate the situation where a blade revolution of a wind turbine is pulled into phase with that of the other turbines in a wind farm. If blades of many turbines simultaneously pass in front of their towers, output power fluctuations of the turbines due to tower shadow effects also become synchronized. This causes voltage fluctuation to increase and may give rise to voltage flicker problems.The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomena theoretically. Obtaining a differential equation that describes the phenomena with output power, voltage, and slip fluctuations of a wind turbine, we examine dependence of the phenomena on the related parameters. We also prove the validity of the equation through simulation analyses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 9–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20201
Proposal of a Hamming distance detector using neuron MOS transistors
Authors: Fukuhara Masaaki , Yoshida Masahiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA neuron MOS transistor has been proposed which operates more “intelligently” than a conventional MOS transistor. In this paper, we propose a Hamming distance detector with a large noise margin using the neuron MOS transistors. The proposed circuit accepts two bitstreams to be compared in parallel, and makes it possible to determine if the two bitstreams are identical (“exact match”) or if the Hamming distance between the two bitstreams is within a certain range (“near match”). Moreover, the “acceptable” range of the Hamming distance (in the case of “near match”) can be soft‐programmed. The operating characteristics of the circuit are also analyzed in detail. Furthermore, these analyses are fully confirmed by simulation using the circuit analysis program HSPICE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 44–51, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20223
On using expert opinion in ecological analyses: a frequentist approach
Authors: Lele Subhash R. , Allen Kristie L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany ecological studies are characterized by paucity of hard data. Statistical analysis in such situations leads to flat‐likelihood functions and wide confidence intervals. Although, there is paucity of hard data, expert knowledge about the phenomenon under study is many times available. Such expert opinion may be used to strengthen statistical inference in these situations. Subjective Bayesian is one approach to incorporate expert opinion in statistical studies. This approach, aside from the subjectivity, also faces operational problems. Elicitation of the prior is the most difficult step. Another is the lack of a precise quantitative definition of what characterizes an expert. In this paper, we discuss a different approach to incorporating subjective expert opinion in statistical analyses. We argue that it is easier to elicit data than to elicita prior. Such elicited data can then be used to supplement the hard, observed data to possibly improve precision of statistical analyses. The approach suggested here also leads to a natural definition of what constitutes a useful expert. We define a useful expert as one whose opinion adds information over and above what is provided by the observed data. This can be quantified in terms of the change in the Fisher information before and after using the expert opinion. One can, thus, avoid the real possibility of using an expert opinion that adds noise, instead of information, to the hard data. We illustrate this approach using an ecological problem of modeling and predicting occurrence of species. An interesting outcome of this analysis is that statistical thinking helps discriminate between a useful expert and a not so useful expert; expertness need not be decided purely on the basis of experience, fame, or such qualitative characteristics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.