bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unknown Human Infant
Authors: Odent Michel 
Published: March 2007

What is physiological? It is often difficult to answer this kind of question in the field of human reproduction. That is why we propose to take, as a reference, a population of one hundred infants whose lifestyle is, in many respects, different from the standard Western norm. They were born at home without any drugs, share the mother's bed, were breastfed for more than a year, and so on. This study raises questions such as: - Is the neonatal loss of weight physiological? - What are the physiological sleep-wake patterns of the human infant? - Are the transitional phenomena normal stages of human development? - Why are some infants ill when their mother loses weight?
Visual Manifestations of Occipital Lobe Infarction in Three Patients on a Geriatric Psychiatry Unit
Authors: La Mancusa Joseph C. , Cole Alan R. 
Published: March 2007

The authors present three cases of hospitalized patients on a geriatric psychiatry floor who were found to have previously undiagnosed occipital lobe infarctions associated with visual manifestations. The manifestations discussed are visual field defects, visual hallucinations, and color anomia. The incidence of undiagnosed occipital lobe infarctions and the contribution of these infarctions to visual perception changes in this patient population are unknown. The authors suggest that for patients who present with visual perception changes, a high index of suspicion for occipital lobe infarction should be maintained. Careful visual field testing is an essential part of the admitting work-up for hospitalized geriatric patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:231-234).
I. Austrian Methodology
Authors: Engelhard Peter , Fehl Ulrich , Geue Heiko 
Published: March 2007

The search for a foundation of true and valid theory implies the use of logical deduction. This method, however, only ensures the transfer of the 'truth-value' (Wahrheitswert) already present in the premises, but not the 'truth-value' of the premises themselves. The point is how to ensure the truth of the initial premises. This paper analyses the methodology of Menger and Mises who both try to solve the problem in a particular way. Menger establishes a methodological dualism in theory by combining inductive and deductive reasoning. However he provides no clear-cut criterion for securing the validity of the theory as a whole. Thus, his dualistic theory is not fully satisfactory. It is Mises's conception of praxeology which tries to escape this problem. In order to establish his system of praxeology Mises starts with the fundamental axiom of human action as a real a priori category. The ultimate truth of this basic axiom is ensured by reflexive introspection. All synthetical propositions have to be derived from this axiom. With the term 'quasi-formal' science the intention is to grasp two properties of human action: as the notion 'quasi-formal' suggests, praxeology allows a strict derivation of propositions, i.e. theorems, as in the formal sciences but contrary to that the validity of the propositions extends not only to the formal procedure but also to fundamental aspects of reality. This information is introspectively true and real because the category of human action is part of man's mental structure, as it was formed in the course of evolution. Thus, the implications of praxeology are independent of personal experience—i.e. ontogenetically a priori. Nevertheless they are coined by reality over aeons in a historical process. In other words, they are phylogenetically a posteriori.
Euralille
Authors: Newman Peter , Thornley Andy 
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with how far largely US- based literature about pro-growth politics can be applied in European circumstances. It does this by examining the political context for the development of the Euralille project. Changing transport networks have given Lille a new centrality in Europe. Local elites have sought to capitalize on new transport investment by promoting a large commercial property development around the new TGV inter change at the heart of the conurbation. The project has sought and gained an international reputation. A range of US literature attempts to explain 'civic boosterism' and property development-led urban policy. Recently some attempts have been made to translate the experience of US cities to the different circumstances of Europe. The article builds on this literature and explores issues in the Europeanization of the theory of urban regimes. The Euralille case does not reveal a 'growth coalition' according to the US model but a public sector-organized project, managed by a semi-autonomous public-private devel opment agency. Integrated political leadership and the powerful role of technical elites in the project con firm a common interpretation of French local politics. However, the project has also to be understood as a product of specific local political circumstances. The strong political and technical leadership of the project and its institutional form contribute to its success in attracting development resources and international prestige. Political change and the property recession, however, raise some doubts about the future of this model of urban governance.
Living Organizations and Dead Bureaucracies
Authors: Ivergaard Toni B.K. 
Published: March 2007

This paper covers a few preliminary notes about analysis and design of organizations related to some of the basic Buddhist concepts and meditation. The paper is an unofficial spin-off from the studies I carried out, as part of a Swedish Bits/SIPU project, combined with my own studies and practice of meditation and Buddhism. The object of the Bits/SIPU project was to develop a macro manpower plan for the Thai Civil Service for the year 2004. In this paper I draw parallels between, on the one hand, Buddhism and its method for self- improvement, i.e., meditation and, on the other, modern organizations and their methods for improving their functions such as the concepts of learning organizations and Total Quality Manage ment.1 This is not a formal scientific examination of the parallels, but a subjective comparison of similarities.
Athletic Participation and Status of Alberta High School Girls
Authors: Buhrmann Hans G. , Bratton Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between athletic participation and status measures of girls in six rural and small town Alberta high schools. The data was gathered in May/June 1970 from school files and personally administered question naires and athletic rating sheets. An athlete was defined as a girl who had participated in at least one interscholastic sport in the 1969/1970 school year. The results reveal that girl athletes are considerably more popular with their male and female peers and are more frequently members of the leading crowd as perceived by their peers and teachers than non-athletes. Quality and amount of athletic performance are highly and positively related to status measures. The socio-cultural and educational characteristics of athletes are very similar to those received by students who had status with their peers. As far as the investigated Alberta high schools are concerned, athletic participation serves as an important medium of status achievement for the adolescent high school girl.
The Institutionalization of Sport Forms
Authors: Pearson Kent 
Published: March 2007

The institutionalization of sport forms is normally seen as involving such pro ceses as (increasing) bureaucratization and formalization; leading to the characteriza tion of sport in terms such as "technical efficiency" and generally ''instrumental orientations" on the part of those involved. However there is nothing logically ine vitable in institutionalization processes leading sport progressively in these direc tions. Cases can be found — even in compleN industrial societies — in which value patten,s emphasizing non-competitivveness and rejecting high degrees of formaliza tion and organization are institutionalized. This article discusses the institutionalization of sport in terms of two contrasting types of sport subculture; play-sport subcultures and athletic-sport subcultures. Certain conditions are identified which are conducive to the development of each of these "types" of sport.
Sport and Social Development
Authors: Wohl Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

The author presents an analysis of the concept social development, in con nection with the development of a certain phenomenon, namely sport. Here he distinguishes quantitative changes that are taking place in a dual sense: as chan ges in the structural sphere and changes in the functional sphere, occurring more or less parallely. According to the author these changes are accompanied by pro cesses of structural and functional disintegration as well as integration on a new, higher level. He points to the phenomenon of apparent changes and also irregula rities that always accompany development. The next developmental stage are changes of the qualitative type, leading through structural and functional changes to changes of the features of sport of the model type. All this jointly exerts its influence on changes in mutual relation between sport and the social system. Thus one finds an increasingly greater role played by awareness in the shaping of these relations. In conclusion the author formulates certain laws, permitting to forecast the development of sport as a so cial phenomenon.
An Exploratory Analysis of the Scholarly Productivity of North American Based Sport Sociologists
Authors: Loy John W. 
Published: March 2007

This study identified 100 North American based authors who have contributed 658 publications to the sociology of sport literature during the past decade. An analysis of the productivity patterns of these authors produced a perfect Bradford Distribution comprising ten core authors having fifteen or more publications each and accounting for over forty percent of all published work surveyed. In conclusion, findings of this study: 1. Provide insight into the emergence and development of sport sociology in North America, and raise several implications regarding its future growth, especially with respect to the problem of adequate critical mass. 2. Suggest that the literature related to the sociology of sport in North America provides an adequate data set for testing Brookes' formulation of Bradford's Law relating to journal distribution and author productivity. 3. Suggest the need, rationale and method for conducting comparative studies of the productivity patterns of authors and periodicals in the speciality of sport sociology in other areas of the world and, 4. Demonstrates the importance of identifying key authors and publications in the sociology of sport for purposes of comprehensive bibliographical searches.
The Social Structure and Development of Tennis in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Timm Waldemar 
Published: March 2007

The article shows, basing itself on tennis, the influence of the changing social attitudes regarding the rank and development of sports disciplines. The question is examined whether tennis in the Federal Republic of Germany has changed from the sport for an élite of the past into a present sport for all. On the basis of extensive statistical data, being the result of a large-scale empirical survey of the situation in German gymnastics and sports associations an analysis is made of the present social structure of tennis associations. The results indicate that tennis, despite quite obvious structural changes, is still being practiced above all by certain strata of the population. As far as the age and sex structures are concerned it is quite clear that tennis is especially favoured by people between 21 and 45 years, who are often lost for other sports associations and in this manner continue actively to go in for sport, but above all tennis gives women access to sports activity. A further analysis of tennis practiced within associations deals with "active" and "passive" sports attitudes, interest in information and spectator sport, sociabili ty, participation in the work of the association as elements of the attitude of the members. The last part concentrates on the structural distribution of tennis associations in the Federal Republic of Germany and the developmental trends for the coming years. One can clearly notice that as far as tennis is concerned it does not follow the general trend towards very large associations. The costs involved when practicing tennis, first of all investment and organi zational expenditures, connected with a policy conducted by official authorities to promote sport and which in a traditional manner give preference to certain sports disciplines, lead to a situation, where also in the future tennis will continue to belong rather to expensives types of sport. Nevertheless it turns out that the trend towards development of tennis continues, even if obstacles continue to exist and therefore tennis is bound in the near future to become a genuine sport for the people in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Demystifying Sport Superstition
Authors: Neil Graham I. 
Published: March 2007

The available information from sociology, anthropology, psychology and phys ical education as well as popular sport literature was studied in an attempt to throw light on the topic of superstition in sport. The paper attempts to summa rize the work done on the topic and, from the available facts, go on to suggest logical extensions of these ideas. It points out unanswered questions and raises doubts formerly unchallenged "facts". All indications are that superstition, in a variety of forms, is very common in sport although not always as obvious as some of the incidents described in sports columns might suggest. There are problems in investigating the subject and very little scientific research has been conducted. It appears that superstitions are natural psychological mechanisms helping the athlete to cope with the stress of the competitive situation and to perform at his best under pressure. There are theoretical answers as to where and how sports superstitions origi nate and under what conditions they persist. The level and extent of involvement of the athlete in his sport emerges a key determinant of the prevalence and seriousness with which superstition is endorsed. There are variations in super stition from one sport to another, and even with the roles assumed within a sport. There is some evidence of sex differences as well. Some good work has been done, but to date the research and theorizing on the topic has raised as many questions as it has answered.
Japanese Top-Athletes' Attitudes toward Their Sports Careers
Authors: Komuku Hiroshi 
Published: March 2007

The author presents an analysis of the attitudes of the Japanese top-athletes (pros and amateurs) toward their sports careers. Japanese athletes were likely to rate high on the beat orientation (to beat your opponents) in their childhood, but when they had become pros or top amateur athletes, they stressed the best orientation as their primary orientation. There were tendencies that their primary orientation was changed from the beat to the best in their maturity. Japanese athletes were more competitive than Canadian athletes in their attitudinal orientation. The professional athletes were likely to rate higher on the beat than amateurs at both life stages. More than eighty per cent of the athletes were satisfied with their sports careers. Comparing the satisfaction quotient of both amateurs and pros toward their careers, pros were likely to rank high in classification. Since they can make big money and have a high reputation in the society, they seem to be satisfied with their sports careers as occupation. However, the percentage of the pros who have worries about their future life exceeded that of amateurs. More than sixty-five per cent of the total sample were worried about a break in their careers due to injuries, and about their second careers after retirement. Though approximately sixty per cent of the respondents enjoyed their sports careers, the percentage of pros was lower than that of amateurs. In professional sports, athletes are likely to be restricted in freedom or autonomy in their sport activities and sports careers. And this might be one reason of lower enjoyment of the professional athletes.
A Prediction Model For Participation in Sport
Authors: Fasting Kari 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to locate which variables are the best predictors of participation in sport. Based on the assumption that many factors interact and decide whether a person is going to be physically active or not, a prediction model is presented. The model include the following predictors: Sex, age, marital status, children, education, occupation, working-hours, physical activity in connect ion with work, the environment's involvement in sport, grade of urbanization, trade area and number of recreational and sport facilities in the neighbourhood. The analysis is based on data from a nationwide survey among the Norwe gian population. Altogether 3,098 individuals, from 15 to 87 years of age, took part in the study. The statistical analysis used were Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) and Automatic Interaction Dectection (AID). The prediction model explains 20% of the variance. The strongest predictors were the environment's involvement in sport, geographical area and occupation. The first predictor alone explained al most half of the variance. At the end of the article implication for further re search is discussed. The author suggest that new predictors should replace some of those with low predictive values. Psychological as well as other sociological variables are suggested.
Commercialism as a Dominant Factor in the American Sports Scene: Sources, Developments, Perspectives
Authors: Lobmeyer Hans , Weidinger Ludwig 
Published: March 2007

Among the most important factors which made a commercialization of sports in the U.S. possible are the unique legal standing of the professional sports leagues and the heavy involvement of the media. In order to enable the professional leagues to survive the U.S. government freed them from certain legal restrictions. The leagues are allowed to function as monopolies without breaking the antitrust laws. The strong connection between TV and sport came about primarily through the growing trend towards passive sports intake. The TV stations can afford to pay the increasingly more expensive broadcasting rights due to the high sums they can command for commercial spots. Naturally, the popular professional sports of football, basketball, and boxing are clearly profit orientated and show a remarkable financial breadth. However, other athletic domains are steadily becoming more commercialized; many Division I universities rely heavily on television broadcasts to finance their sports departments, the "amateur" Olympic Games are now a huge money making venture, and the sports boom in the U.S. has opened up a massive market for sports clubs, equipment and clothes. The development of the commercialism can be traced back to the societal structure in the U.S. A liberal attitude and enormous urbanization in the 19th century helped create a society which was conducive to a profit-orientated sports system. A final comparison of the commercialism in the U.S. and Germany shows that the biggest differences lie in the structure and practices of the media.
Report of the 1977 Teaching Methodology & Concepts Committee
Authors: Gootnick David E. 
Published: March 2007

The theme of the 1977 Teaching Methodology & Concepts Committe was, "Freewheeling in Business Communication." Guided by one principle—to contribute to the improvement of instruction in business communication—members of the group were set free to pursue different and interesting areas of concern. The five papers which resulted cover a variety of subjects: career planning, minutes of meetings, overcoming defensive bar riers to communication with transactional analysis, oral presentations, and business communication in Michigan. We hope you gain helpful insights from these papers and welcome your comments.
Motivating Business Communication Students: an Introductory Handout
Authors: Skarzenski Donald , Stine Donna 
Published: March 2007

The business communication instructor faces some serious motivational problems early each term. Students often are a little fearful of English or writing courses in general, but, worse, sometimes feel any such course is generally abstract, "artsy," and worthless. We constructed the following handout to break down this resistance, and to show our students that our course is a practical preparation for their careers. This handout—which supplements a de tailed syllabus—not only introduces students to the course and its basic requirements, but also quotes practicing business managers on the real-world value of the skills the course teaches.
Psychometric properties of measures of behavioral inhibition with preschool-age children: Implications for assessment of children at risk for ADHD
Authors: Floyd Randy G. , Kirby Edward A. 
Published: March 2007

Measures of behavioral inhibition offer promise in research with young children with ADHD. This study investigated the factorial validity, ecological validity, and temporal reliability of five performance-based measures of behavioral inhibition in a sample of 70 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor that accounted for 45% of the variance in the analysis. This factor was found to significantly correlate with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention and was found to differentiate both between sexes and between older and younger children. Several individual measures of behavioral inhibition demonstrated statistically significant correlations with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention. Adequate 1-to 2-week test-retest reliability was demonstrated for only two measures. Some limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
Analysis of Menu Trends in Fast Food Industry
Authors: Parsa H.G. , Khan Mahmood A. 
Published: March 2007

The development of fast food industry is critically dependent upon the main product it offers. At the end of growth phase, responding to the first shake out, fast food organizations experienced menu diversification, leading to the differentiation of the "core menu" from the "secondary menu. "Better understanding of various menu trends, past and present, provides useful information needed in planning menus of tomorrow which in turn enhances competitive position of an organization. Upon analysis of the data, four distinctphases were identified: pre-introductory phase, introductoryphase, growth phase, and maturityphase. The Pre-introductory phase in represented by "all you can eat"specials, breakfastbars, snack shops, and introduction of hamburgers. The introductory phase is noted by limited menu and limited service restaurants, equipment refinements, convenience foods. The growth phase is highlighted by theme restaurants, ethnic concepts, nationwide chains, specialized children's and dessert menus, drive-thru service, and menu diversifica tions. The maturity phase is marked by low calorie menus, salad bars and food bars, rich desserts, frozen yogurt, improved sanitation practices, home delivery and spill resistant cups for drive-thru convenience. Lastly, some of the emerging trends are fresh sea food, special menus forsenior citizens, menu simplifications to save labor, gourmet take-out and promotional and seasonal menus. Some of the contributing factors for these changes were/are Prohibition Act of the 1919, highwayconstruction, World Warll, "truth in menu"legislation, high unem ployment of teenagers, customerawareness of nutritional needs, increase in senior citizen population, labor shortages, increase in number of women in work force, legislation on franchise practices, international expansion, personal computers and hospitalityeducation programs.