bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I programmi per la scuola elementare dal 1923 al 1985 : universo mitico e microscene semantiche
Authors: Bondioli Anna 
Published: October 2008

Anna Bondioli, I programmi per la scuola elementare dal 1923 al 1985 : universo mitico e microscene semantiche, p. 355-381.

A partire dall'idea che il tratto distintivo di ogni discorso pedagogico è l'essere orientato verso una meta connotata in termini di positività, apprezzabilità, valore, si è voluto, in questo lavoro, studiare i programmi ministeriali perla scuola primaria italiana degli ultimi settant'anni, dal 1923 al 1985, come espressione di «dover essere». Sul corpus costituito dalla premesse di sei testi programmatici si sono tentati due tipi di analisi testuali, a partire dall'individuazione previa di alcuni particolari argomenti di discorso (topics) costituiti dai personaggi, pedagogicamente connotati, che figurano nelle scene testuali : la scuola, lo Stato, il maestro, l'allievo, il fanciullo, la società, ecc. Attraverso la prima, di ispirazione greimasiana, che considera il testo come una messa in gioco di figure che assumono ruoli attanziali, il
(v. retro) «dover essere» dei programmi viene a delinearsi in relazione a ciò che viene cercato come «bene», agli agenti, ai mandanti, ai beneficiari di tale ricerca evidenziandone così la natura mitico-ideologica. La seconda, di ispirazione fillmoriana, considera più in dettaglio i microruoli proposizionali rivestiti dai due protagonisti centrali di ogni situazione didattica : il maestro e l'alunno. Pur partendo da prospettive testuali diversificate, rispettivamente macro e micro-sistemiche, i risultati delle due analisi mostrano che le due griglie utilizzate possono contribuire alla messa in luce sia delle peculiarità del discorso pedagogico sia delle sue idiosincrasie, rivelatrici queste ultime delle sue determinazioni ideologiche.
Images et représentations figurées du petit enfant : pour une problématique renouvelée de l'histoire de l'enfance (XVe-XIXe siècle
Authors: Morel Marie-France 
Published: October 2008

Marie-France Morel, Images et représentations figurées du petit enfant :pour une problématique renouvelée de l'histoire de l'enfance, p. 465-483.

Depuis le livre de Philippe Ariès, paru en 1960, l'histoire de l'enfance a annexé les images comme une source à part entière. Mais trop souvent, elles sont utilisées mal à propos, sans souci de méthode ou comme de banales illustrations dans de nombreux ouvrages récents, qu'il s'agisse de livres d'art à destination du grand public, de recherches historiques ou d'études d'histoire de l'art. Cer article voudrait rappeler la nécessité d'un certain nombre de précautions à prendre pour utiliser ces représentations qui ne sont pas aussi immédiatement lisibles qu'elles le paraissent : il convient en particulier d'analyser avec précision leur signification profonde, le contexte de leur production et leur relation aux autres sources d'histoire de l'enfance. Après le rappel d'un certain nombre de règles générales de prudence et de méthode, l'article
(v. au verso) insiste sur l'intérêt de trois corpus spécialisés : les Vierges à l'Enfant des XVe-XVIIe siècles, la peinture hollandaise du XVIIe siècle et les ex-voto germaniques des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles.
L'idolatria come frontiera dalla missione nell'America latina, sec. XVI
Authors: Henkel Willi 
Published: October 2008

Willi Henkel, L'idolatria come frontiera della missione nell'America Latina, sec. XVI, p. 747-755.

Riflettendo sull'esperienza missionaria, i sinodi e concili missionari provinciali menzionano la continuazione della pratica delle religioni non cristiane dopo la conversione al cristianesimo. In un primo tempo, i missionari sostituirono gli idoli con immagini cristiani. I sinodi proibirono il culto non cristiano. Inoltre, il terzo concilio provinciale di Messico (1555) chiese l'aiuto degli ufficiali statali per sradicare il culto pagano. Anche il secondo concilio provinciale di Lima (1567) emise decreti per la repressione del culto pagano pubblico. Il Terzo Concilio Provinciale di Lima (1582-1583) rinnovò tali decreti. Malgrado le proibizioni l'idolatria continuò, spesso di nascosto. Le difficoltà dei neo-cristiani provenivano dall'affetto e dalla paura, che gli dèi potessero vendicarsi per l'abbandono della reli-
(v. retro) gione pagana. Il catechismo di Lima (1584) tratta espressamente dell'idolatria. Il libro di J. Arriaga sull'idolatria (1621) conferma la pratica dei riti pagani, ne esamina le cause e propone dei rimedi da adottare. Spesse volte troviamo accahto al cristianesimo «una religión yuxtapuesta».
Centralité romaine et frontières missionnaires
Authors: Prudhomme Claude 
Published: October 2008

Claude Prudhomme, Centralité romaine et frontières missionnaires, p. 487-504.

La volonté de la papauté d'exercer un contrôle direct et exclusif sur l'activité missionnaire est à l'origine de la fondation de la congrégation De propaganda fide en 1622. Mais il faut attendre le XIXe siècle pour que Rome dispose des moyens nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de son projet. Dès lors, le processus de centralisation aboutit à la diffusion d'un même modèle catholique romain et latin dans toutes les missions. Le dispositif mis en place pour décider, réguler, contrôler l'activité missionnaire n'a cependant pas réglé tous les problèmes soulevés par la délimitation des frontières, tant dans les relations avec les États qu'au sein des Églises naissantes.
Confrontée aux intérêts des États, la Propagande doit en permanence mener des négociations et ménager sa politique d'indépendance religieuse.
(v. au verso) Mise en présence des réalités du terrain, elle découvre l'impératif de l'adaptation. Selon les contextes et les lieux, elle apparaît tour à tour vouée à la défense de la reproduction du modèle ou capable d'imposer certaines évolutions et innovations.
L'armée de Maurétanie Tingitane
Authors: Rebuffat René 
Published: October 2008

René Rebuffat, L'armée de la Mauritanie Tingitane, p. 193-242.

Quatre études d'épigraphie :
Les Astures à Thamusida propose d'identifier l'ala iii asturum plutôt que la cohors ii asturum ou que la cohors asturum et collaecorum sur une inscription funéraire.
Les Hamiens de Tanger tente de reconstituer, à partir d'une inscription lacunaire, la carrière d'un cavalier d'aile qui a pu en particulier commencer dans un numerus de Garmaniciens de Syrie Commagène. Le frère du défunt n'a certainement pas accompagné l'empereur Maximien pendant sa campagne d'Afrique. Les Bretons à Tamuda ajoute au dossier de la garnison de ce camp le timbre sur briques inédit d'une ala quinta. Une inscription militaire de Volubilis est consacré à un soldat anonyme mort à l'ennemi, très probablement lors des opérations de l'armée romaine de 40 à 42 au Maroc, qui ont vu l'intervention de la Xe légion Gemina. La stèle a été érigée sur le tumulus qui portait déjà celles des notables de l'époque maurétanienne.
La Segreteria di Stato e la Germania : il fondo degli Archivi per gli affari straordinari. Uno strabismo documentario : ricognizione di un campione significativo
Authors: Fattorini Emma 
Published: October 2008

Emma Fattorini, La Segreteria di Stato e la Germania : il fondo degli Archivi per gli affari straordinari. Uno strabismo documentario : ricognizione di un campione significativo, p. 545-551.

Una sorta di strabismo documentario caratterizza i materiali contenuti nell'Archivio per gli affari straordinari: da una parte una documentazione giuridico-formale e dall'altra commenti politici e di costume sulle realtà in cui si trovano ad operare le rispettive nunziature. Il campione che viene qui presentato è relativo alla Germania dal 1917 al 1922 e nonostante gli anni siano relativamente pochi esso è molto indicativo : oltre ad una documentazione sui grandi awenimenti (rivoluzione bolscevica e dei consigli, Repubblica di Weimar, trattative di pace, trattato di Versailles), vi si trovano molti spunti che possono arricchire la biografia del futuro Pio XII (pensiamo, ad esempio, alle minacce subite per opera dei rivoluzionari che ci restituiscono la natura dell'antibolscevismo e dell'«antisemitismo» di Pacelli).
Infine una ricchissima e inaspettata fonte si trova a proposito delle violenze subite dalle donne tedesche ad opera delle truppe di colore durante l'occupazione della Ruhr, a riprova della varietà del materiale che abbraccia temi sociali e di costume assai significativi circa i prodromi della questione razziale che esploderà in Europa di li a poco.
État de nos connaissances concernant le traitement et la consommation du poisson dans l'Antiquité, à la lumière de l'archéologie. L'exemple de Rome
Authors: De Grossi Mazzorin Jacopo 
Published: October 2008

Jacopo De Grossi Mazzorin, État de nos connaissances concernant le traitement et la consommation du poisson dans l'Antiquité à la lumière de l'archéologie. L'exemple de Rome, p. 155-167.

Parmi les activités vivrières, la pêche ne figure que de façon sporadique dans les différents habitats du Latium antique. À notre connaissance, les témoignages directs ou indirects d'activités halieutiques documentées, sur les sites archéologiques de Rome ou de ses environs immédiats, sont rares pour la période proto-historique. En revanche, on relève une sensible augmentation de la quantité de ce type de vestiges concomitante à l'explosion démographique que la Ville a connue au cours des phases plus tardives d'urbanisation, et notamment pendant l'Empire.
La découverte d'une épine pectorale de poisson-chat de l'espèce Clarias présente un grand intérêt. Ces espèces (Claridae) sont actuellement répandues dans toute l'Afrique mais la diffusion géographique de l'une d'elles, le Clarias gariepinus s'étend au Moyen-Orient. La présence de l'épine d'un poisson-chat à Rome amène naturellement un certain nombre de questions et notamment pour quelles raisons et de quelle manière ce résidu est-il arrivé dans ce contexte?
Fili notarili e tracce corporative : la ricomposizione di un mosaico (Roma, secc. XVII-XVIII)
Authors: Groppi Angela 
Published: October 2008

Angela Groppi, Fili notarili e tracce corporative : la ricomposizione di un mosaico (Roma, secc. XVI-XVIII), p. 61-78.

L'articolo ricostruisce il ruolo svolto dai notai nel mondo delle corporazioni di mestiere romane in età moderna. Ne risulta che la storia delle Arti romane, pur non emergendo come quadro compatto dagli archivi di université e confraternité, in gran parte perduti, si configura come un mosaico le cui tessere sono in gran parte contenute negli atti dei numerosi notai che nella Roma papale agirono al servizio di singoli individui, di magistrature e di organismi collettivi.
Rispetto alla conoscenza del mondo del lavoro romano, gli atti notarili non svolgono una funzione meramente supplettiva, di cui bisogna accontentarsi in mancanza di altre fonti. I protocolli dei notai delle Arti hanno costituito in passato, e costituiscono oggi per gli studiosi, parte essenziale dell'archivio dei corpi per conto dei quali i notai rogavano; grazie ai loro molteplici fili rossi essi rendono meno gravi le lacune documentarie che affliggono le corporazioni di mestiere romane, cosi come i loro storici.
Qui financera les reprises ?
Authors: Sigogne Philippe , Fouet Monique , Milewski Françoise 
Published: October 2008

The rescheduling of external debt, which has marked 1983, has imposed greater restraint on many LDCs, thus reducing their imports. The consequent fall in world demand could be partly offset by the recovery in US imports, the impact of the federal budget being reinforced in the short term by the present easing in monetary policy. The mounting US current deficit is to be set against surpluses in Japan and Germany. Should this trend continue the dollar, by and large strong, will temporarily loose ground. Continuing caution in monetary policy should bring about an increase in personal saving rates in those countries where it has recently dropped sharply.
France has been brought to consider the fight against inflation as a precondition for future growth, as most of its trading partners already had. The measures taken in order to reduce the external deficit lead to a further reduction in personal income. Consumer goods and services are beginning to feel the fall in demand which already affects the housing sector. Production is therefore likely to decline until the spring. The continued improvment in visible trade will be insufficient to bring the current account back into the black. Despite falling demand, investment should pick up in those sectors where modernisation is most essential and public backing is available.
L'économie française en 1981 et 1982 : une analyse économétrique
Authors:   Département d'économétrie de l'OFCE, Sterdyniak Henri , Boudier Marie-Annick , Boutillier Michel , Bucher Anne , Charpin Françoise , Topol Richard 
Published: October 2008

For certain fundamental economic behaviour, comparing 1981 and 1982 economic evolutions with those of econometric equations tested on past comportments allows one to discern stability and discontinuity of behaviour. It also allows a better understanding of what is explained and what is unexpected in the observed situation : it further permits a better evalution of the impact of political decisions in the economic sphere.
Among the most noticable facts is that the drop in purchase of housing leads to a rise in consumption and not to a rise in investment. Firm level investment has remained at high levels with regard to the drop in profit and the stagnation in production. More directly than ever before, the rise in the domestic demand has given rise to a larger external deficit. The evolution of salaries has been relatively moderate, but in spite of that the slow-down of inflation has weighed upon firms.
L'inadéquation actuelle des politiques keynésiennes
Authors: Jeanneney Jean-Marcel 
Published: October 2008

In the current situation, growth in overall demand can no longer be used as the principal remedy to fight against unemployment ; nor can its contraction be used to fight inflation effectively.
The international integration of world economies means that isolated attempts at starting up a given national economy again might provoke a large commercial balance deficit ; it will probably lead to a too large exportation of capital as well. Public and private debt are to a point where they can no longer be enlargened. The production apparatus responds poorly to new demand, and the various anticipations of different economic actors all contribute to the end result of making Keynesian polices miss their targets. On the other hand strong contraction of demand leads to serious problems While they should be attentive to the variations in global demand in order to moderate them national governments ought to adopt revenue policies to act directly on costs and to stimulate and facilitate the proper initiatives to let the supply side grow and adapt to the rapid changes in techniques and needs
L'ouverture du marché monétaire. Vers une politique libérale des taux d'intérêt ?
Authors: Guillaumont Jeanneney Sylviane 
Published: October 2008

Depuis le 18 décembre 1985 les entreprises peuvent émettre des titres à court terme négociables ; d'autre part depuis le début de 1986 tous les agents économiques peuvent acquérir des bons du Trésor en comptes courants, réservés jusqu'à présent aux institutions financières.
Ces innovations financières ont deux objectifs liés : améliorer le fonctionnement du marché des capitaux en diversifiant la panoplie des actifs financiers, « ouvrir le marché monétaire » aux entreprises et aux particuliers et permettre ainsi à la Banque de France de mener efficacement une politique d'open market axée sur les taux d'intérêt.
Pour que la politique d'open market puisse se substituer au contrôle quantitatif du crédit, comme cela est prévu pour 1987, une série de décisions complémentaires sont indispensables, relatives notamment à la libération des conditions créditrices des banques, à la mobilisation des bons du Trésor et à l'abandon de la politique sélective du crédit.
A long terme, pour que l'action par les taux d'intérêt demeure l'instrument permanent de la politique monétaire française quelle que soit la conjoncture, il serait en outre nécessaire d'autoriser l'indexation de la valeur des créances à plus d'un an sur le niveau général des prix et de renforcer l'autonomie du gouverneur de la Banque de France vis-à-vis du pouvoir politique.
Rationalité, monnaie et activité
Authors: Grossman Herschel I. 
Published: October 2008

This article discusses recent analyses of the real effects of monetary aggregates. Monetarists, at first, then proponents of the New Classical Economics, in a more extreme fashion, have contended that systematic monetary policies have no influence on production or employment. However empirical studies do not support this proposition : A relation between money and activity is indeed observed. Real business cycle theories cannot convincingly account for such a relation, which is closer to what Keynesian theory predicts. But this theory implies that agents do not exhaust perceived gains from trade.
How then can economic rationality be reconciled with monetary disequilibrium ? The paper offers a review of the various attempts to give this approach orthodox foundations. Its conclusion is that near- rationality seems, for now, to be the most useful « as-if » assumption in explaining macro-economic fluctuations.
Le recul du mariage
Authors: Forsé Michel 
Published: October 2008

The decline of marriage, both massive and historically unprecedented goes with an important rise of cohabitation, illegitimate births, celibacy and divorces, in fact less and less followed by a remarriage. Thus a marked increase in the number of single-headed families. Is married couple be condemned eventually to disappear ? So far nothing allows to think so. It is more a diversification of conjugal life styles.
Values and norms changes, tending to give the priority to the autonomy of individuals in the couple, and the generalization of the women's work are partly responsable for the decline of marriage.
In fact the meaning of marriage has changed. Traditionnally feelings and institution have been distinct ; marriage standed to assure the stability of couples and to bequeath patrimony. Today couples are founded upon affection but the strong homogamy of married or cohabitant couples are at least as strong as in the past. The patrimonial stakes have simply become more « cultural » and from this point of view the decline of marriage does not alter the bequest and the reproduction of wealth between generations.
The socio-economic consequences are others : a decline of natality, a more stable labor supply, a demand for more dwellings, a welfare system more or less costly according to cases, a loss of tax receipts, etc. but above all the appearance of new life styles which affect consumption patterns.
Vers une monnaie commune en Europe ?
Authors: Mathieu Catherine , Sterdyniak Henri 
Published: October 2008

European monetary union has again been the subject of debate in recent months. The supporters are mainly French, the reasons being that France wishes, on the one hand, to assert its will to manage a strong national currency and, on the other hand, to limit the monetary leadership of West Germany. The latter would be in favour of monetary unification only if monetary policy would meet the standard of the German one.
Three kinds of processes can be distinguished. First, those favouring the development of a European parallel currency competing with national currencies. Second, those opting for the progressive shift of monetary powers from national monetary authorities to an autonomous European institution. The third is completion of the union without any transitory stage.
Whichever process is considered, the gains — such as easier capital flows within the Community and a decrease in French interest rates — cannot be assessed without taking into account the potential dangers — monetary authorities that would pursue a price stability objective rather than economic growth — as well as the uncertainties due to the fact that monetary union, depending on its institutional characteristics, could mean that budgetary policies would be more autonomous or, conversely, would be more constrained by a monetary discipline.
Pour une monnaie européenne
Authors: Jeanneney Jean-Marcel 
Published: October 2008

A european currency would increase the mobility of the factors of production between the countries involved. It would also offset the power of the dollar and the yen. It is, therefore, desirable.
The ecu must not be just another currency being used at the same time as national currencies, whose values would probably take different courses. It must take their place and be unique. It will be defined neither as a permanently weighted average of the national currencies nor as a weight of gold. Its value will be determined once and for all on the basis of the national currencies just before they vanish. As it will be legal tender, it will be used as a means of payment. Furthermore it will be accepted as a reserve currency if the European central bank managed it adequately. This Bank must be independent of governments and unable to grant loans to the states. It must enforce identical short-term credit conditions in all the countries using its currency.
Creating the écu as a genuine currency is a matter of urgency. The EMS certainly has advantages, but its drawbacks are considerable as exchange rates can be reviewed and the French franc is subordinated to the DM. The alternative solution consists recurrent devaluations of the franc either in the frame work of the EMS or out of it would be counterproductive for the french economy.
It is true that accepting the ecu on the face of it implies giving up national monetary sovereignty. But this sovereignty has always been more or less illusory, and would in fact be stronger should it be delegated and shared in the Framework of a European institution.