bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applicability of equilibrium and kinetic models on the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxyacetic acid adsorption on bituminous shale
Authors: Ayar Nihat , Bilgin Binay , Atun Gülten 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Adsorption characteristics of herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been evaluated using bituminous shale (BS) as a model adsorbent-containing solid organic matter in a mineral matrix. The adsorption of MCPA on BS has been studied with varying concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, using batch technique. Adsorption ability of BS increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pH in the studied concentration range of (0.6–4.0) × 10−4 M. Theoretical curves calculated from Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Langmuir and Temkin isotherm equations show a two-step isotherm shape. The results could be explained by assuming the presence of two-type sites with different affinity on adsorbent surface. Adsorption process is endothermic and entropy controlled at the first stage, and exothermic and enthalpy controlled at the second stage. The mechanism proposed based on surface ionization and complexation model is consistent with the pH dependent experimental results. Kinetic data fit well to both Paterson’s and Nernst Planck model based on homogeneous solid phase diffusion (HSPD). The values of particle diffusion coefficients (D p ) predicted from both models are comparable each other and independent of temperature and concentration.
Elution of Ti during solvent extraction of coal and the transformation of eluted Ti upon combustion
Authors: Zhang Lian , Takanohashi Toshimasa , Saito Ikuo , Wang Qunying , Ninomiya Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSolvent extraction of coal is an effective method for removing coal ash, thereby generating the ultraclean fuel that can be directly combusted in gas turbine. Due to their organic affinity, a few inorganic elements can be extracted as well. Ti in coal extract, its elution from raw coal as well as the transformation of eluted Ti during coal extract combustion, have been investigated. Two coals of the U.S. and their acid‐washed samples were extracted under 1 MPa N2 (cold) at 360°C. The solvents used include nonpolar 1‐methynaphthalene and its mixtures with polar indole. The results indicate that, Ti in coal extracts is mainly composed of nanoparticles including TiO2 (anatase) and Ti associated with quartz. These particles are insoluble in any acids, having a fine dispersion into coal matrix. Upon coal fragmentation at 360°C, they could be librated, and, hence, traversed the filter for isolating coal extracts. The organo‐Ti was preferentially extracted as well, which is most likely in a form of Ti porphyrin or Ti chelated with phenol‐oxygen. These findings also have implications for revealing the modes of occurrence of Ti in the raw coals. Combustion of coal extract at 1,000°C resulted in the formation of nanometric TiO2 polymorphs and much complex compound like FeZnTiO4. The former species could be mainly formed by the phase change of TiO2 (anatase) at high‐temperatures, while formation of the latter one could involve the capture of metallic vapors like Zn on TiO2 polymorphs. The resultant nanoparticles may escape the conventional pollution control devices, causing environmental concern. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Live birth prevalence of Down syndrome in Tottori, Japan, 1980–1999
Authors: Takeuchi Ariko , Ehara Hiroaki , Ohtani Kyoichi , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Nanba Yukiko , Nagata Ikuo , Toyoshima Mitsuo , Kondo Akiko , Nakai Shoji , Takeshita Kenzo , Ohno Kousaku 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOne hundred sixty‐four patients with Down syndrome (DS) were confirmed in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, from 1980 to 1999. The sex ratio of 1.52 (99 males and 65 females) was comparable to that reported in previous studies. The live birth prevalence per 1,000 was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.29–1.75) from 1980 to 1999, with a prevalence of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.05–1.63) recorded between 1980 and 1989, and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.37–2.11) between 1990 and 1999. There was no statistically significant change between these two decades (χ2‐test). Live birth prevalence in these two decades showed a significant increase (χ2‐test, P < 0.005) compared with that recorded in 1969–1978 in Tottori Prefecture (0.803, 95% CI: 0.677–0.929). Mean ages of mothers at the birth of a DS patient were 31.0 years in 1980–1989 and 32.4 years in 1990–1999 (t‐test, no significant difference). Dispersion analysis on the mean age of mothers at birth for patients born between 1969–1978, 1980–1989, and 1990–1999 showed a significant difference (t‐test, P < 0.005), while comparing the mean age of mothers in 1969–1978 to those in 1990–1999 also revealed a significant difference (t‐test, P < 0.001). Live birth prevalence has increased due to the rise in fertility rates among older women, although maternal age‐specific risk rates remain unchanged. The widespread introduction of induced abortion following prenatal diagnosis decreased live birth prevalence of DS largely in European (and a few Asian) countries after 1990, or kept prevalence steady, despite increasing fertility rates among women aged 30 and over. In contrast, all published studies have reported an increase in live birth prevalence of this syndrome in Japan, probably resulting from the fact that prenatal diagnoses are used only exceptionally in this country (due to the negative attitude toward selection of life in Japanese culture). © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypical XX male with the SRY gene located at the long arm of chromosome 1 and a 1qter microdeletion
Authors: Queralt Rosa , Madrigal Irene , Vallecillos M. Angeles , Morales Carme , Ballescá José‐Luis , Oliva Rafael , Soler Anna , Sánchez Aurora , Margarit Ester 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale individuals with a 46,XX karyotype have been designated as XX males. In 80% of the cases, the presence of Yp sequences, including the male sex‐determining gene, SRY, has been demonstrated by molecular and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. In most cases, Yp sequences are located on the short arm of the X chromosome, resulting from unequal recombination between Yp and Xp during paternal meiosis. Much less frequent in XX males is the localization of the SRY gene to an autosome. Here we report on the genetic investigation of an atypical XX male in which the SRY gene was located at the end of the long arm of chromosome 1. The patient, with a normal male phenotype, was referred for azoospermia. Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed a 46,XX karyotype. Molecular‐cytogenetics (FISH) and molecular (PCR and MLPA) studies identified not only Yp‐specific sequences located on the distal long arm of chromosome 1 but also the deletion of the subtelomeric 1qter region. A specific phenotype has been reported for a deletion of the 1qter region associated with mental retardation. The molecular investigation of the 1qter region showed that in our patient the microdeletion is more telomeric than in patients reported with mental retardation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a XX male with the Yp region transferred to the terminal long arm of chromosome 1. This is also the first microdeletion of the subtelomeric 1qter region not associated with mental retardation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Implications for novel therapeutics
Authors: Mathew Sanjay J. , Price Rebecca B. , Charney Dennis S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnxiety disorders are a highly prevalent and disabling class of psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on new directions in neurobiological research and implications for the development of novel psychopharmacological treatments. Neuroanatomical and neuroimaging research in anxiety disorders has centered on the role of the amygdala, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, and, most recently, alterations in interoceptive processing by the anterior insula. Anxiety disorders are characterized by alterations in a diverse range of neurochemical systems, suggesting ample novel targets for drug therapies. Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) concentrations are elevated in a subset of anxiety disorders, which suggests the potential utility of CRF receptor antagonists. Pharmacological blockade of the memory‐enhancing effects of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids and noradrenaline holds promise as a preventative approach for trauma‐related anxiety. The glutamatergic system has been largely overlooked as a potential pharmacological target, although convergent preclinical, neuroimaging, and early clinical findings suggest that glutamate receptor antagonists may have potent anxiolytic effects. Glutamatergic receptor agonists (e.g., D‐cycloserine) also have an emerging role in the treatment of anxiety as facilitators of fear extinction during concurrent behavioral interventions. The neuropeptides substance P, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, orexin, and galanin are each implicated in anxiety pathways, and neuropeptide analogs or antagonists show early promise as anxiolytics in preclinical and/or clinical research. Each of these active areas of research holds promise for expanding and improving evidence‐based treatment options for individuals suffering with clinical anxiety. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 1‐n‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide on the properties of polypropylene
Authors: Ding Yunsheng , Tang Haiou , Zhang Xiaomin , Wu Shuying , Xiong Renyan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this study, 1‐n‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C14mim]Br), one kind of imidazolium ionic liquids (imi‐IL), was incorporated into polypropylene (PP) via melting blend. The structure and properties of PP/[C14mim]Br blend were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC results show that the [C14mim]Br has effects on the melting and crystallization process so that PP and PP/[C14mim]Br blends (weight ratio is 100/3) have different melting and crystallization temperature. Results of DMA show that the [C14mim]Br has the effects on the plasticization and crystallization of PP, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PP decreases around 11°C when 3 weight shares of [C14mim]Br were incorporated into 100 weight shares of PP. Moreover, both tensile strength and impact strength of PP have been improved reasonably in this situation. TGA also shows the thermal stability of PP is not affected by the [C14mim]Br, which was incorporated into it though its molecule is small. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cure‐reaction kinetics of amine‐blocked polyisocyanates with alcohol using hot‐stage Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sankar Govindarajan , Nasar A. Sultan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCure reaction between a series of N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates, based on 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), poly(tetrahydrofuran) and several substituted N‐methylanilines, and n‐decanol has been studied. The solid‐state isothermal cure reaction was carried out using hot‐stage FTIR spectroscopy, in the temperature range of 125–145°C. The urea carbonyl absorption band of blocked polyisocyanate moiety was used to monitor the conversion of blocked polyisocyanate into polyurethane. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using normalized conversion curves. The overall order of cure reaction, for each of the blocked polyisocyanates was found to be first order. Based on the results of kinetics and reaction conditions used in this study, the elimination‐addition (SN1) mechanism was suggested for the cure reaction between N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates and n‐decanol. The effect of substituents present in the blocking agents on the cure reaction of N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates was investigated and found that the cure reaction of N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates was retarded by electron‐donating substituents and facilitated by electron withdrawing substituents. The observed high negative entropy of activation value supports the formation of a four‐centered, intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded ring structure during transition state of the cure reaction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Comparative analysis of desizability and retrogradation behavior of various sizing materials
Authors: Behera B. K. , Gupta R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe advent of high‐speed shuttleless looms has increased the importance of sizing. Starch has been the most popular and economic size material. Synthetic binders are also being blended with starch to improve weaving loom efficiency. Some synthetic size materials have restrictions in use mainly because of ecological reasons. In the recent years, many modifications have come up in the starch as a sizing agent. Different modifications can give different properties, which can suit to particular application. In this study, different varieties of natural starch, modified starch, and synthetic size materials are evaluated, and properties like retrogradation and desizability were studied to investigate their potential for modern weaving conditions. Comparison is made between various materials and it is observed that paste characteristics and film properties of certain modified starches are better than the natural starch. The experiment was also designed to check the properties of blend constitution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The research of preparation of polyvinyl acetate with lower polydispersity index
Authors: Feng Haike , Jiang Long , Dan Yi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this study, the way of preparing polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) with lower polydispersity index (PDI) was studied. By adding small amount of monomer with polar group, such as acrylic acid (AA), α‐methacrylic acid (MAA), or acrylamide (AM), as modulation monomer, the polymerization was carried out at 65°C with a mechanical agitator using AIBN as initiator under N2 atmosphere. Effects of the mol ratio of modulation monomer/VAc and structure of the modulation monomer on the polymerization conversion, the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymers were investigated through 1H NMR, gravity method, and gel permeation chromatography. The results show that by adding modulation monomer into the reactive system the PVAc with lower PDI could be got. With the increase of the modulation monomer amount, the conversion and the molecular weight decrease, and the PDI of the obtained polymer is lower. When the mol ratio of AA/VAc is 3 : 100, the PDI of the obtained polymer is 1.84. When the mol ratio of AM/VAc is 1 : 100, the PDI of the obtained polymer is 1.68, which is narrower than that without AM. All researches we have done laid a foundation for further study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Archival ethics: The truth of the matter
Authors: Cox Richard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay explores the question of whether records professionals are as aware of the ethical dimensions of their work as they should be. It consider first the historical and professional context of archival ethics, then examines a recent case about business archives involving the author that suggests the need for renewed attention to professional ethics, and concludes with a discussion about how archivists might reconsider the ethical dimensions of their work.The task of the philosopher is neither to belittle truth nor to exalt it, neither to deny it nor to defend it, but to explain why we need the concept and what it is to possess it. (Dummett, 2004, p. 116)
The principle of distribution
Authors: Reed G.M. , Sanders J.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article introduces a normative principle for the behavior of contemporary computing and communication systems and considers some of its consequences. The principle, named the principle of distribution, says that in a distributed multi‐agent system, control resides as much as possible with the individuals constituting the system rather than in centralized agents; and when that is unfeasible or becomes inappropriate due to environmental changes, control evolves upwards from the individuals to an appropriate intermediate level rather than being imposed from above. The setting for the work is the dynamically changing global space resulting from ubiquitous communication. Accordingly, the article begins by determining the characteristics of the distributed multi‐agent space it spans. It then fleshes out the principle of distribution, with examples from daily life as well as from Computer Science. The case is made for the principle of distribution to work at various levels of abstraction of system behavior: to inform the high‐level discussion that ought to precede the more low‐level concerns of technology, protocols, and standardization, but also to facilitate those lower levels. Of the more substantial applications given here of the principle of distribution, a technical example concerns the design of secure ad hoc networks of mobile devices, achievable without any form of centralized authentication or identification but in a solely distributed manner. Here, the context is how the principle can be used to provide new and provably secure protocols for genuinely ubiquitous communication. A second, more managerial example concerns the distributed production and management of open‐source software, and a third investigates some pertinent questions involving the dynamic restructuring of control in distributed systems, important in times of disaster or malevolence.
Faserbewehrte Putze auf hochdämmenden Untergründen
Authors: Schrepfer Thomas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie heute gebräuchlichen, hochdämmenden Außenwandkonstruktionen (z. B. WDVS, porosiertes Mauerwerk) führen zu einer erhöhten thermisch‐hygrischen Beanspruchung der Putzschicht. Eine Bewehrung der spröden Putzschicht zur dauerhaften Aufnahme der auftretenden Zug‐ und Biegezugspannungen ist zwingend erforderlich. Der nachstehende Beitrag beschreibt die Materialeigenschaften sowie die Verwendungsmöglichkeiten faserbewehrter Leichtputze. Bei Zugabe einer ausreichenden Menge hochfester Fasern wird aus der spröden Putzmatrix mit sehr geringen Zugbruchdehnungen ein “duktiler” Werkstoff mit einem elastisch‐plastischen Materialverhalten. Die thermisch‐hygrischen Einwirkungen auf die Putzoberfläche infolge der natürlichen Bewitterung führen zu großen Zwangsbeanspruchungen der Putzschicht. Großversuche mit künstlicher Bewitterung der Außenwandkonstruktion sowie FEM‐Berechnungen zeigen, dass nur überkritisch faserbewehrte Putze in der Lage sind, einen ausreichenden Witterungsschutz der Außenwand zu gewährleisten.
Wie könnte ein Bauingenieur einen Menschen bauen? Natürlich nur theoretisch.
Authors: Maerker Bernd 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDer folgende Beitrag beschreibt keine wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis, sondern eine Hypothese. Sie kann falsch sein oder es ist etwas Richtiges daran, was sich aber im Moment nicht nachweisen lässt. Das kann aber ein Bauingenieur allein nicht nachweisen, ebenso wenig ein Mediziner, ein Biologe, ein Messtechniker oder ein Elektroniker. Aber alle zusammen können daran wirken, in Richtung der hier gestellten Fragen Antworten zu finden. Deswegen ist dieser Beitrag nicht das Ergebnis einer Arbeit, sondern eine Anregung zur Diskussion.
Effect of short‐range forces on the length distribution of fibrous cytoskeletal proteins
Authors: Popp David , Gov Nir S. , Iwasa Mitsusada , Maéda Yuichiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe length distribution of cytoskeletal filaments is an important physical parameter, which can modulate physiological cell functions. In both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells various biological cytoskeletal polymers form supramolecular structures due to short‐range forces induced mainly by molecular crowding or cross linking proteins, but their in vivo length distribution remains difficult to measure. In general, based on experimental evidence and mathematical modeling of actin filaments in aqueous solutions, the steady state length distribution of fibrous proteins is believed to be exponential. We performed in vitro TIRF‐ and electron‐microscopy to demonstrate that in the presence of short‐range forces, which are an integral part of any living cell, the steady state length distributions of the eukaryotic cytoskeletal biopolymer actin, its prokaryotic homolog ParM and microtubule homolog FtsZ deviate from the classical exponential and are either double‐exponential or Gaussian, as recent theoretical modeling predicts. Double exponential or Gaussian distributions opposed to exponential can change for example the visco‐elastic properties of actin networks within the cell, influence cell motility by decreasing the amount of free ends at the leading edge of the cell or effect the assembly of FtsZ into the bacterial Z‐ring thus modulating membrane constriction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 711–721, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Reversible derivatization to enhance enzymatic synthesis: Chemoenzymatic synthesis of doxorubicin‐14‐O‐esters
Authors: Cotterill Ian C. , Rich Joseph O. , Scholten Marc D. , Mozhaeva Lyudmila , Michels Peter C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn efficient three‐step, chemoenzymatic synthesis of unprotected doxorubicin‐14‐O‐esters from doxorubicin hydrochloride salt is described. The key step is a lipase‐catalyzed regioselective transesterification/esterification using commercially available acyl donors and doxorubicin reversibly derivatized with N‐alloc to improve substrate loadings. The overall yield is ca. 60% and chromatographic purification is not required, thereby making the process more amenable to scale‐up. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 435–440. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel catheter positioning technique for atretic pulmonary valve perforation
Authors: Asnes Jeremy D. , Fahey John T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPercutaneous pulmonary valve perforation in selected neonates with pulmonary valve atresia and intact ventricular septum has been well established as a therapeutic option. Pulmonary valve perforation is associated with significant risks including perforation of the right ventricle. Optimal catheter positioning is crucial to the success of the procedure. This report describes a novel technique for accurate positioning of a guiding catheter during perforation of an atretic pulmonary valve. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.