bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of monodispersed water‐in‐oil emulsions using polymer microchannels
Authors: Liu Haijie , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Kimura Toshinori 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMonodispersed water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions were prepared using new fabricated acrylic polymer microchannel (MC) plates. Acrylic plate MC‐A1 was 20 μm wide, 10 μm deep, and 120 μm long; and MC‐A2 was 40 μm wide, 20 μm deep, and 120 μm long with respect to MC sizes. Both MC plates had a terrace length of 30 μm. Monodispersed waterin‐triolein emulsions with average diameters of 42 to 60 μm (MC‐A1) and 62 to 98 μm (MC‐A2) were prepared successfully using tetraglycerin condensed ricinoleic acid ester (CR310) as a surfactant. The CV for droplets produced was less than 10%, demonstrating monodispersity. When we used decane (which is less viscous than triolein) as the continuous phase and CR310 and hexaglycerin pentaoleate (PO500) as surfactants, the average diameters and CV of the droplets became smaller, and the pressure ranges for stable droplet formation were much wider than for the water/triolein system. For comparison, a silicon MC plate (MC‐Si) with dimensions similar to the polymer MC‐A1 was tested and exhibited little significant difference in the average diameter and CV of droplets between MC‐A1 and MC‐Si.
Effects of perfluorochemical evaporative properties on oxygenation during partial liquid ventilation
Authors: JENG MEI‐JY , YANG SHYH‐SHENG , HWANG BETAU , WOLFSON MARLA R. , SHAFFER THOMAS H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground:  The physical‐chemical properties of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids have been shown to influence physiological and cellular responses during partial liquid ventilation (PLV). The aim of this study is to compare the relationship between patho‐physiological endpoints and the physical properties of three PFC liquids used in treating acute lung injury.Methods:  A total of 18 juvenile rabbits were randomized into conventional mechanical ventilation or PLV groups after lung saline lavages. Three PFC liquids, including Flutec perfluoro‐1,3,5‐trimethylcyclohexane (PP4; vapor pressure, 28.8 mmHg at 37°C), Perfluorodecalin (PFD; vapor pressure, 13.6 mmHg at 37°C), and Perflubron (PFB; vapor pressure, 10.4 mmHg at 37°C) were used for PLV with no replacement for 4 h. A thermal detector was used to measure PFC loss rate. Physiological measurements and evaporative loss rate of PFC were done every 30 min, and lung histology was examined.Results:  The mean evaporative loss rate was significantly higher in the PP4 group (4.75 ± 0.24 mL/kg per h) than in either the PFD (1.43 ± 0.11 mL/kg per h) or the PFB (1.18 ± 0.05 mL/kg per h) group (P < 0.05). The oxygenation of PFD and PFB was maintained good for 4 h, however, the PP4 group showed a fast deterioration since 2 h post‐treatment due to fast dropping of the residual PP4 amount in lungs. Histology showed good alveolar integrity in the PFD and PFB groups.Conclusions:  The effects of PLV are directly influenced by the evaporative property of the PFC liquid. With no replacement over 4 h, PLV effects could be maintained with utilizing a PFC liquid with low, rather than high, vapor pressure. PFC with high vapor pressure has a high loss rate and low residual volume that causes poor maintenance on oxygenation during PLV. Therefore, measuring PFC loss rate is important in future studies and clinical application of PLV.
Study of 24 cases with congenital esophageal atresia: What are the risk factors?
Authors: SUGITO KIMINOBU , KOSHINAGA TSUGUMICHI , HOSHINO MAYUMI , INOUE MIKIYA , GOTO HIROSHI , IKEDA TARO , HAGIWARA NORITSUGU 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Recovery from esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) has improved markedly over the years. But postoperative complications, however, have remained. This study evaluates recovery, preoperative, and postoperative status of patients with EA/TEF.Methods: A retrospective study review was undertaken in 24 patients with EA/TEF after primary anastomosis (January 1975 through September 2003).Results: There were no patients who had major cardiac anomalies or trisomy 18. In total, 17 of 24 (70.8%, group A) patients have survived and seven (29.2%, group B) have died. Birthweight and Apgar Scores in group A were significantly higher than in group B. The ratio of GAP (the distance of the location of the blind pouch from the ends of the upper and lower esophagus) to body length in group B was significantly higher than in group A. The birthweight and Apgar Scores in group A were significantly higher than in group B. When the authors compared their sample of cases by means of the Waterston classification, the Montreal classification and the Spitz classification, there were statistically significant differences between the results using the Waterston classification and the results using to the Spitz classification.Conclusion: For the cases of EA surgery that were examined, the authors concluded that bodyweight at birth and the existence of pre‐surgery respiratory system complications have a significant effect on post‐surgery recovery, and that results appear to indicate the importance of classification using the Waterston classification and Spitz classification as a means of assessing the degree of risk. Results also appeared to indicate that the control of Respiratory Distress Syndrome throughout both the pre‐surgery and post‐surgery periods is critical.
Supply response in Ethiopia: accounting for technical inefficiency
Authors: Abrar Suleiman , Morrissey Oliver 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFew empirical studies of supply response using the profit function have accounted for technical inefficiency. Using farm‐level panel data from Ethiopia, this study examines the effect of incorporating technical inefficiency in estimating the supply response of peasant farmers. Two systems of output supply and input demand equations are estimated and compared: the conventional model in which technical efficiency is assumed and another in which technical inefficiency is explicitly incorporated. The model with technical inefficiency is preferred on grounds of theoretical consistency and improved estimates, although model comparison tests are not conclusive. Incorporation of inefficiency generally increases the magnitudes and the statistical significance of own price elasticities, substantially so in the case of fertilizer and fertilizer‐intensive crops, and alters the priority attached to nonprice factors. An important result is that only the specification with inefficiency reveals a significant effect of access to extension services on output. Only this specification finds that output increases with household size, which one expects as the farms in the sample are largely subsistence and producing for own consumption. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that farmers' response to incentives is considerably restricted by inefficiency, suggesting that the traditional model would overstate response by excluding the efficiency variable.
Intellectual property piracy in a North–South context: empirical evidence
Authors: Goldsmith Peter , Ramos Gabriel , Steiger Carlos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) has been a contentious issue for more than 20 years. Industrialized nations have moved to knowledge‐based economies, and simultaneously, trade barriers have fallen, making intellectual property (IP) vulnerable. Adding to this vulnerability are conflicting international institutional environments, belief systems, and economic realities. The debate over IPR protection has become a significant global trade issue pitting the net‐technology producing “North” against the net‐technology consuming “South.” With this in mind, there has been much debate about the impact of alternative IPR regimes (tight or loose) on the welfare of Southern economies. Policy makers, in both the South and the North, search for arguments to convince recalcitrant Southern countries to follow the Northern model of strict IPR regimes. The South, faced with a dilemma, searches for arguments to justify looser regimes or convince its populace that tighter regimes are in the best interest of the nation. The objective of this research is to add empirical clarity about the welfare impacts of weak IPR on the firm and host country. To this end, we employ a novel methodological design and unique context. The research design is deductive, in that we use the empirical setting of Pioneer‐Argentina, S.A., a seller of bioengineered agricultural seeds, to test the existing theory of weak IPR impacts in a North–South context.
Rapid Emergence of Resistance to Linezolid during Linezolid Therapy of an
Enterococcus faecium
Infection
Authors: Seedat Jamela , Zick Günther , Klare Ingo , Konstabel Carola , Weiler Norbert , Sahly Hany 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We report the emergence of linezolid resistance (MICs of 16 to 32 mg/liter) in clonally related vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant
Enterococcus faecium
isolates from an intensive care unit patient after 12 days of linezolid therapy. Only linezolid-susceptible isolates of the same clone were detected at 28 days after termination of linezolid therapy.
Comparative Bactericidal Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Glycopeptide-Intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(GISA) and Heterogeneous GISA Isolates
Authors: Wootton Mandy , MacGowan Alasdair P. , Walsh Timothy R. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
strains from the U.S. SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2002-2003, glycopeptide-intermediate
S. aureus
(GISA) strains, and heterogeneous GISA (hGISA) strains were used to compare bactericidal activities of daptomycin and vancomycin using MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations. Glycopeptide-susceptible
S. aureus
and hGISA strains were further studied by using time-kill curves. For all isolates, the daptomycin MIC
50
and MIC
90
are four times lower and the log drops in viable counts at 6 h and 24 h are significantly greater than those for vancomycin.
Resistance Mechanisms in an In Vitro-Selected Amoxicillin-Resistant Strain of
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Co Edgie-Mark A. , Schiller Neal L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We investigated the β-lactam resistance mechanism(s) of an in vitro-selected amoxicillin-resistant
Helicobacter pylori
strain (AmoxR). Our results demonstrated that resistance is due to a combination of amino acid substitutions in penicillin binding protein 1 (PBP1), HopB, and HopC identified in AmoxR, resulting in decreased affinity of PBP1 for amoxicillin and decreased accumulation of penicillin.
Fragile Histidine Triad Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions
Authors: Kujan Omar , Oliver Richard , Roz Luca , Sozzi Gabriella , Ribeiro Noel , Woodwards Robert , Thakker Nalin , Sloan Philip 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Pupose: Fragile histidine triad (FHIT) expression in precursor oral lesions (POL) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) was studied with regard to (a) the frequency of loss of FHIT expression, (b) whether loss of FHIT expression correlates with degree of dysplasia in POLs, (c) whether FHIT loss predicts high-risk POLs that are more likely to transform, and (d) whether FHIT loss in OSCCs correlates with survival.
Experimental Design: Ninety-four POLs and 86 OSCCs were immunostained for FHIT. Survival analysis was done for cases with validated clinical outcomes.
Results: By optimizing the immunostaining protocol, we found that FHIT is expressed in a distinctive strong nuclear and weak cytoplasmic pattern in oral tissues. Loss of FHIT expression was found in 42 of 94 (45%) POLs and in 66 of 86 (77%) OSCCs. We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between frequency of FHIT loss and increasing grade of dysplasia (χ2 = 13.8; degrees of freedom = 4; P = 0.008). Loss of FHIT expression in POLs that progressed to malignancy was more frequent than in those that did not [17 of 25 (68%) versus 12 of 29 (41.4%), respectively]. This difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 3.8; degrees of freedom = 1; P = 0.046). In OSCCs, loss of FHIT staining indicated a worse prognosis (survival rate, 36.2%) than when positive FHIT staining was observed (survival rate, 50%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.546, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank).
Conclusions: FHIT seems to localize to both nuclear and cytoplasmic domains. FHIT inactivation occurs early in oral carcinogenesis and may be useful molecular marker for progressive dysplastic oral lesions.
Down-Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor Activity by NVP-AEW541 Has an Antitumor Effect on Neuroblastoma CellsIn vitroandIn vivo
Authors: Tanno Barbara , Mancini Camillo , Vitali Roberta , Mancuso Mariateresa , McDowell Heather P. , Dominici Carlo , Raschellà Giuseppe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurpose: Signaling through insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) is important for growth and survival of many tumor types. Neuroblastoma is sensitive to IGF.Experimental Design: We assessed the ability of NVP-AEW541, a recently developed small molecule that selectively inhibits IGF-IR activity, for neuroblastoma growth effects in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that, in a panel of 10 neuroblastoma cell lines positive for IGF-IR expression, NVP-AEW541 inhibited in vitro proliferation in a submicromolar/micromolar (0.4-6.8) range of concentrations.Results: As expected, NVP-AEW541 inhibited IGF-II–mediated stimulation of IGF-IR and Akt. In addition to growth inhibition, the drug also induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of NVP-AEW541 (50 mg/kg twice daily) inhibited tumor growth of neuroblastoma xenografts in nude mice. Analysis of tumors from the drug-treated animals revealed a marked apoptotic pattern and a decrease in microvascularization compared with controls. Interestingly, quantitative real-time PCR detected both in vitro and in vivo a significant down-regulation of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) caused by NVP-AEW541. In addition, in Matrigel-coated chambers and in severe combined immunodeficient mice tail vein injected with neuroblastoma cells, tumor invasiveness was significantly reduced by this agent. Analysis of IGF-IR expression in a series of 43 neuroblastoma primary tumors revealed IGF-IR positivity in 86% of cases.Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that NVP-AEW541 can be considered as a novel promising candidate for treatment of neuroblastoma patients.
QW-1624F2-2, a synthetic analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, enhances the response to other deltanoids and suppresses the invasiveness of human metastatic breast tumor cells
Authors: Sundaram Sujatha , Beckman Matthew J. , Bajwa Amandeep , Wei Jeffrey , Smith Kathleen M. , Posner Gary H. , Gewirtz David A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The enzyme 24-hydroxylase, also known as CYP24, metabolizes 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and is an established marker of vitamin D activity. Our studies evaluated the influence of a low-calcemic 1,25(OH)2D3 analogue, QW-1624F2-2 (QW), on the regulation of CYP24 expression in MKL-4 cells, a metastatic mammary tumor cell model. 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogue, EB 1089, stimulated CYP24 induction at both protein and transcript levels. In contrast, QW failed to produce a sustained stimulation of CYP24, due, in large part, to a reduction in the stability of the CYP24 message. QW enhanced the capacity of 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB 1089 to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by ∼2-fold. QW also blocked the sustained induction of CYP24 expression by 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB 1089, increased the potency of 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB 1089, and inhibited breast tumor cell proliferation and invasion. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2806–14]
Identification of SK3 channel as a new mediator of breast cancer cell migration
Authors: Potier Marie , Joulin Virginie , Roger Sébastien , Besson Pierre , Jourdan Marie-Lise , LeGuennec Jean-Yves , Bougnoux Philippe , Vandier Christophe 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Potassium channels have been involved in epithelial tumorigenesis but the role of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels is unknown. We report here that small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels are expressed in a highly metastasizing mammary cancer cell line, MDA-MB-435s. Patch-clamp recordings showed typical small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel–mediated currents sensitive to apamin, 4-aminopyridine, and tetraethylammonium. Moreover, the cells displayed a high intracellular calcium concentration, which was decreased after 24 hours of apamin treatment. By regulating membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentration, these channels were involved in MDA-MB-435s cell migration, but not in proliferation. Only SK3 protein expression was observed in these cells in contrast to SK2, which was expressed both in cancer and noncancer cell lines. Whereas small interfering RNA directed against SK3 almost totally abolished MDA-MB-435s cell migration, transient expression of SK3 increased migration of the SK3-deficient cell lines, MCF-7 and 184A1. SK3 channel was solely expressed in tumor breast biopsies and not in nontumor breast tissues. Thus, SK3 protein channel seems to be a new mediator of breast cancer cell migration and represents a potential target for a new class of anticancer agents. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2946–53]
Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity results in down-regulation of Survivin following irradiation
Authors: Kim Kwang Woon , Mutter Robert W. , Cao Carolyn , Albert Jeffrey M. , Shinohara Eric T. , Sekhar Konjeti R. , Lu Bo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and Survivin are constitutively up-regulated in various human tumor cells. We previously found Survivin to be significantly reduced in response to radiation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) but not in tumor cell lines. In this study, we examined the effect of Stat3 on Survivin expression in irradiated HUVECs and breast cancer cells. We also studied how inhibition of Stat3 and Survivin activity affects cell survival and angiogenesis following irradiation. We determined that Survivin was significantly increased by overexpression of an active Stat3 (Stat3-C). Following irradiation, the level of phospho-Stat3 Tyr705, but not phospho-Stat3 Ser727, was reduced in HUVECs, whereas it remained unchanged in irradiated breast cancer cells. Correspondingly, Stat3 DNA-binding activity following irradiation was specifically down-regulated in HUVECs but not in breast cancer cells. Mutation of Tyr705 abolished radiation-induced down-regulation of Survivin. Clonogenic and endothelial cell morphogenesis assays suggested that DN-Stat3 and DN-Survivin together resulted in the greatest radiosensitization of MDA-MB-231, decreasing angiogenesis and cell survival. In summary, Stat3 modulates Survivin, and both are potential therapeutic targets for radiation sensitization in breast cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2659–65]
Isoginkgetin inhibits tumor cell invasion by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt–dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression
Authors: Yoon Sang-Oh , Shin Sejeong , Lee Ho-Jae , Chun Hyo-Kon , Chung An-Sik 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a key role in tumor invasion. Inhibitors of MMP-9 were screened from Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Dawn redwood) and one potent inhibitor, isoginkgetin, a biflavonoid, was identified. Noncytotoxic levels of isoginkgetin decreased MMP-9 production profoundly, but up-regulated the level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, an inhibitor of MMP-9, in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. The major mechanism of Ras-dependent MMP-9 production in HT1080 cells was phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Expression of dominant-active H-Ras and p85 (a subunit of PI3K) increased MMP-9 activity, whereas dominant-negative forms of these molecules decreased the level of MMP-9. H-Ras did not increase MMP-9 in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, and a NF-κB inhibitor, SN50. Further studies showed that isoginkgetin regulated MMP-9 production via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, as evidenced by the findings that isoginkgetin inhibited activities of both Akt and NF-κB. PI3K/Akt is a well-known key pathway for cell invasion, and isoginkgetin inhibited HT1080 tumor cell invasion substantially. Isoginkgetin was also quite effective in inhibiting the activities of Akt and MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinomas and B16F10 melanoma. Moreover, isoginkgetin treatment resulted in marked decrease in invasion of these cells. In summary, PI3K/Akt is a major pathway for MMP-9 expression and isoginkgetin markedly decreased MMP-9 expression and invasion through inhibition of this pathway. This suggests that isoginkgetin could be a potential candidate as a therapeutic agent against tumor invasion. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2666–75]
C35 (C17orf37) is a novel tumor biomarker abundantly expressed in breast cancer
Authors: Evans Elizabeth E. , Henn Alicia D. , Jonason Alan , Paris Mark J. , Schiffhauer Linda M. , Borrello Melinda A. , Smith Ernest S. , Sahasrabudhe Deepak M. , Zauderer Maurice 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Identification of shared tumor-specific targets is useful in developing broadly applicable therapies. In a study designed to identify genes up-regulated in breast cancer, a cDNA clone corresponding to a novel gene C35 (C17orf37) was selected by representational difference analysis of tumor and normal human mammary cell lines. Abundant expression of C35 transcript in tumors was confirmed by Northern blot and real-time PCR. The C35 gene is located on chromosome 17q12, 505 nucleotides from the 3′ end of the ERBB2 oncogene, the antigenic target for trastuzumab (HerceptinTM) therapy. The chromosomal arrangement of the genes encoding C35 and ERBB2 is tail to tail. An open reading frame encodes a 12-kDa protein of unknown function. Immunohistochemical analysis detected robust and frequent expression of C35 protein, including 32% of grade 1 and 66% of grades 2 and 3 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast (in contrast to 20% overexpressing HER-2/neu), 38% of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (typically HER-2/neu negative), as well as tumors arising in other tissues. C35 was not detected in 38 different normal human tissues, except Leydig cells in the testes and trace levels in a small percentage of normal breast tissue samples. The distinct and favorable expression profile of C35 spanning early through late stages of disease, including high frequency of overexpression in various breast carcinoma, abundant expression in distant metastases, and either absence or low level expression in normal human tissues, warrants further investigation of the relevance of C35 as a biomarker and/or a target for development of broadly applicable cancer-specific therapies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2919–30]
Judeophobia in Context: Anti-Semitism among Modern Palestinians
Authors: Flores Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe article is a critical assessment of the claim that anti-Semitic attitudes are widespread among modern Palestinians and that they are to a large extent the cause of their hostility towards Israel. In an overview of the development of the Palestine conflict, the contribution shows that this hostility can easily be explained by the nature of the conflict itself. In their perception of the conflict, Palestinians at times clearly distinguished between Zionism (or Israel) and Jews, but there also were instances of non-distinction which allowed for the spread of general enmity towards Jews. Before the Palestinians massively suffered from the results of the conflict and from the harm it caused, European-style anti-Semitism hardly existed among them. Further developments show a clear connection between the intensity of the conflict and the spread of anti-Semitic attitudes. Hence, reducing the scope of these attitudes appears to depend on political steps towards a settlement of the conflict and on an improved situation for the Palestinians.