bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased susceptibility of white spot syndrome virus‐infected Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio campbellii
Authors: Phuoc L. H. , Corteel M. , Nauwynck H. J. , Pensaert M. B. , Alday‐Sanz V. , Van den Broeck W. , Sorgeloos P. , Bossier P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe concept of polymicrobial disease is well accepted in human and veterinary medicine but has received very little attention in the field of aquaculture. This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio campbellii on development of disease in specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The juvenile shrimp were first injected with WSSV at a dose of 30 SID50 shrimp−1 (SID50 = shrimp infectious dose with 50% endpoint) and 24 h later with 106 colony‐forming units (cfu) of V. campbellii shrimp−1. Controls receiving just one of the pathogens or negative inocula were included. In the treatment with WSSV only, shrimp started to die at 48–108 h post injection (hpi) and cumulative mortality reached 100% at 268–336 hpi. In the treatment with only V. campbellii injection (106 cfu shrimp−1), cumulative mortality reached 16.7%. Shrimp in the dual treatment died very quickly after V. campbellii injection and 100% cumulative mortality was obtained at 72–96 hpi. When WSSV‐injected shrimp were given sonicated V. campbellii instead of live V. campbellii, no synergistic effect was observed. Density of V. campbellii in the haemolymph of co‐infected moribund shrimp collected 10 h after V. campbellii injection was significantly higher than in shrimp injected with V. campbellii only (P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in WSSV replication between shrimp inoculated with WSSV only compared with dually inoculated ones. This study revealed that prior infection with WSSV enhances the multiplication and disease inducing capacity of V. campbellii in shrimp.
Tapping Deep Pockets: The Role of Resources and Social Capital on Financial Capital Acquisition by Biotechnology Firms in Biotech–Pharma Alliances
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Shanthi , Scillitoe Joanne L. , Santoro Michael D. 
Published: July 2008

abstractStrategic alliances with pharmaceutical firms allow small biotechnology firms to acquire needed financial capital in exchange for sharing new, cutting‐edge technologies. This study draws from aspects of resource‐based view and social capital theory to examine the factors that influence the extent of financial capital biotech firms acquire when forming an alliance with pharmaceutical firms. Using a sample of 184 alliances from the period 1995–2000, we found that alliances where the pharmaceutical firm has greater management control are associated with greater acquisition of financial capital by the biotech firm. We also found that the credibility of the pharmaceutical firm is positively associated with the extent of financial capital acquired by the biotechnology firm and that the number of patents that the biotech firm has is negatively associated to the financial capital the biotech firm receives. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory, research, and management practice.
Validity and reliability of measures of television viewing time and other non‐occupational sedentary behaviour of adults: a review
Authors: Clark Bronwyn K. , Sugiyama Takemi , Healy Genevieve N. , Salmon Jo , Dunstan David W. , Owen Neville 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTime spent in non‐occupational sedentary behaviours (particularly television viewing time) is associated with excess adiposity and an increased risk of metabolic disorders among adults; however, there are no reviews of the validity and reliability of assessing these behaviours. This paper aims to document measures used to assess adults' time spent in leisure‐time sedentary behaviours and to review the evidence on their reliability and validity. Medline, CINAHL and Psych INFO databases and reference lists from published papers were searched to identify studies in which leisure‐time sedentary behaviours had been measured in adults. Sixty papers reporting measurement of at least one type of leisure‐time sedentary behaviour were identified. Television viewing time was the most commonly measured sedentary behaviour. The main method of data collection was by questionnaire. Nine studies examined reliability and three examined validity for the questionnaire method of data collection. Test–retest reliabilities were predominantly moderate to high, but the validity studies reported large differences in correlations of self‐completion questionnaire data with the various referent measures used. To strengthen future epidemiological and health behaviour studies, the development of reliable and valid self‐report instruments that cover the full range of leisure‐time sedentary behaviour is a priority.
Motivators and Inhibitors for University Faculty in Distance and e‐learning
Authors: Cook Ruth Gannon , Ley Kathryn , Crawford Caroline , Warner Allen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article reports on four United States studies of how rewards systems, extrinsic and intrinsic, could play an important role in providing incentives for university faculty to teach (or remain teaching) electronic and distance education courses. The first three studies conducted prior to 2003 reported faculty were inherently motivated to teach e‐learning and distance education. The fourth study in 2003 reported key findings that differed from the earlier studies. Using a principal components analysis, the researchers found nine indicators of motivation to participate or not participate in electronic or distance education. The implications from the fourth study indicated that, while faculty members were inherently committed to helping students, faculty members wanted their basic physiological needs met by university administration through extrinsic motivators, such as salary increases and course releases.
Multinationals and Exports in a Large and Protected Developing Country
Authors: Cinquetti Carlos A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper examines an industry‐level model developed to analyze the impact of affiliates of multinational firms (MNFs) on the host country's revealed comparative advantages (RCAs), which predicts that the referred impact is given by both technology service and industry orientation. Based on Brazilian manufacturing industries during the import‐substitution industrialization, panel data estimates show that MNFs negatively affected RCA, which is explained by location advantages in industries presenting comparative disadvantages, as reinforced by a location model. Two other important results are: (i) import protection had a stronger anti‐export effect on multinationals than on national firms; (ii) MNFs were concentrated in industries with lower world‐export growth.
The Second Phase of US Welfare Reform, 2000–2006: Blaming the Poor Again?
Authors: Daguerre Anne 
Published: July 2008

Abstract This article examines the evolution of the programme Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) since 1996. In 1996, the transformation of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) marked a watershed in American social policy. AFDC was the main US public assistance programme for single parents. By the mid‐1990s, it was also the most unpopular social programme in the United States, which explained why Bill Clinton promised to ‘end welfare as we know it’ during his presidential campaign in 1996. TANF ended automatic individual entitlement to public assistance, established a five‐year time limit for receiving cash assistance, and promoted a punitive approach towards welfare recipients, who were in theory increasingly required to work in exchange for benefits. This approach is known as the Work First Approach. Cash assistance was temporary, and granted as a favour to low‐income mothers, who were required to comply with various behavioural requirements. TANF was hailed as a tremendous success on both sides of the political spectrum. This bipartisan consensus explains why the new Republican administration (G. W. Bush became President in January 2001) wanted to build upon the existing programme.
Retrenchment, Expansion and the Transformation of Mexican Social Protection Policies
Authors: Dion Michelle 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Social protection policies in Mexico have been transformed since 1988 through partial retrenchment of social insurance and significant expansion of targeted or means‐tested social assistance. These changes reflect a substantial redefinition of social protection through incremental changes in policy. The changes reflect the abandonment of the goal of developing an employment‐based, universal welfare regime, which had been pursued by Mexican governments as late as the 1970s. Instead, recent administrations have moved towards the redefinition of Mexico's welfare regime into a residual, means‐tested model with significant private provision of benefits and services. This shift in social protection is consistent with the change in Mexico's overall economic development strategy and increasing political competition in the process of democratization.
A High‐Frequency Investigation of the Interaction between Volatility and DAX Returns
Authors: Masset Philippe , Wallmeier Martin 
Published: July 2008

Abstract One of the most noticeable stylised facts in finance is that stock index returns are negatively correlated with changes in volatility. The economic rationale for the effect is still controversial. The competing explanations have different implications for the origin of the relationship: Are volatility changes induced by index movements, or inversely, does volatility drive index returns? To differentiate between the alternative hypotheses, we analyse the lead‐lag relationship of option implied volatility and index return in Germany based on Granger causality tests and impulse‐response functions. Our dataset consists of all transactions in DAX options and futures over the time period from 1995 to 2005. Analyzing returns over 5‐minute intervals, we find that the relationship is return‐driven in the sense that index returns Granger cause volatility changes. This causal relationship is statistically and economically significant and can be clearly separated from the contemporaneous correlation. The largest part of the implied volatility response occurs immediately, but we also observe a smaller retarded reaction for up to one hour. A volatility feedback effect is not discernible. If it exists, the stock market appears to correctly anticipate its importance for index returns.
Effect of early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy on CD4 cell count and HIV‐RNA viral load trends within 24 months of the onset of acute retroviral syndrome*
Authors: Voirin N , Routy J‐P , Smith D , Baratin D , Trépo C , Cotte L , Touraine J‐L , Livrozet J‐M , Cooper DA , Ritter J , André P , Vanhems P 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivesThe effect of starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) early after the onset of acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) on CD4 and HIV‐RNA trends was studied over a 2‐year follow‐up period.MethodsFour groups of HIV‐infected patients stratified according to the time interval from ARS onset to HAART initiation and a control group of untreated patients were compared.Results
The results indicated that the earlier the start of HAART, the faster was the rate of CD4 increase and HIV‐RNA decrease. However, this difference did not seem to persist at 24 months.ConclusionsThe optimal treatment strategy for HIV‐infected patients needs to be explored further.
Potential health risks of complementary alternative medicines in HIV patients
Authors: Ladenheim D , Horn O , Werneke U , Phillpot M , Murungi A , Theobald N , Orkin C 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and purpose of complementary alternative medicines (CAMs) use in people receiving treatment for HIV infection. To identify and quantify potential health risks of CAM use in this population and to explore options for improved pharmacovigilance.MethodsCross‐sectional questionnaire survey of 293 patients receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy at three specialist HIV out‐patient clinics in central London, UK. The use of herbal medicines and supplements was explored, and potentially adverse side effects or significant drug interactions with conventional therapies were identified.ResultsOf the 293 patients included, 61% (n=179) were taking herbal remedies or supplements and 35% (n=103) were using physical treatments. Twenty‐seven per cent (n=80) used a combination of both. Twenty per cent (n=59) potentially compromised their HIV management through using CAM therapy. Ten per cent (n=29) were advised to stop their CAMs and 15% (n=43) were made aware of potential drug interactions and adverse effects and were advised to monitor their care.ConclusionsThere are potentially significant health risks posed by the concomitant use of CAMs in patients taking ARV therapy. Medical practitioners need to be able to identify CAM use in HIV‐positive patients and recognize potential health risks. Patients should be encouraged to disclose CAM use to their clinicians and other healthcare professionals.
Prediction of phenotypic susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs using physiochemical properties of the primary enzymatic structure combined with artificial neural networks
Authors: Kjær J , Høj L , Fox Z , Lundgren JD 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivesGenotypic interpretation systems extrapolate observed associations in datasets to predict viral susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for given isolates. We aimed to develop and validate an approach using artificial neural networks (ANNs) that employ descriptors of physiochemical properties for mutations in HIV‐1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) to predict phenotypic susceptibility to all currently approved ARVs.MethodWe extracted pairs of PR and RT gene sequences (n=1507; 98.5% sub‐type B) and their corresponding exact phenotype values (PhenoSense only, n=10 132) from the Stanford HIV database. All amino acid positions and mixture codes were accounted for. For each ARV, an ANN was trained with 10‐fold internal cross‐validation. The predictive abilities of these trained ANNs were validated on separate datasets.ResultsCorrelation coefficients between observed and predicted phenotype values in the 10‐fold cross‐validation ranged from: 0.75 (tenofovir) to 0.94 [lamivudine (3TC)] for nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs); 0.82 [efavirenz (EFV)] to 0.83 [nevirapine (NVP)] for non‐nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs); and 0.83 (atazanavir) to 0.92 (ritonavir) for PR inhibitors (PIs). For the validation set the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.76 (didanosine) to 0.96 (3TC) for NRTIs; 0.68 (EFV) to 0.81 (NVP) for NNRTIs; and 0.88 (amprenavir) to 0.95 (saquinavir) for PIs. For C sub‐type predictions, with ANNs trained on sub‐type B data, the correlation coefficient was 0.89.ConclusionsANNs, based on the physiochemical properties of the PR and RT amino‐acid sequences, predict phenotypic susceptibility to ARVs inhibiting these enzymes to an extent that is comparable to routine phenotypic susceptibility testing. These ANNs can also be used to predict resistance to C sub‐types.
MRI in the classical MM1 and the atypical MV2 subtypes of sporadic CJD: an inter‐observer agreement study
Authors: Krasnianski A. , Kallenberg K. , Collie D. A. , Meissner B. , Schulz‐Schaeffer W. J. , Heinemann U. , Varges D. , Summers D. M. , Kretzschmar H. A. , Talbot T. , Will R. G. , Zerr I. 
Published: July 2008

Background and purpose:  To establish radiological features in the atypical MV2 subtype of sCJD compared with the classical MM1 subtype, as well as region‐ and sequence‐dependent inter‐observer correlation.Methods:  MRI hyperintensity of basal ganglia (BG), cortex and thalamus was evaluated in 31 MM1 and 32 MV2 patients. Each MR scan was analyzed independently by two neuroradiologists blinded to PRNP genotype/prion protein type.Results:  Cumulative T2‐sensitivity for BG hyperintensity was higher in the MV2 subtype (84% for both observers versus 61% in observer 1/42% in observer 2 in MM1 patients). Significant inter‐observer agreement was found for BG and thalamus on T2, FLAIR, PD and DWI, but for cortex only on DWI. Thalamic changes were significantly more frequent in MV2 than in MM1 patients (cumulative sensitivity 86% vs. 12.5% on DWI).Discussion:  The high frequency of thalamic hyperintensity in the MV2 subtype allowed differentiation from MM1 patients. Good inter‐observer agreement was found for BG and thalamus in all sequences. DWI showed the highest inter‐observer correlation independent of the investigated brain region and was therefore not only highly sensitive but also relatively independent of investigator bias. Since inter‐observer correlation for cortical hyperintensity in T2, FLAIR and PD is relatively low, the cortical changes should not be over‐interpreted with these sequences.
Pruritus is a common and significant symptom of acne
Authors: Lim YL , Chan YH , Yosipovitch G , Greaves MW 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground  Acne is a common condition in both adolescents and adults. Characteristics of acne are well described, but itch is rarely mentioned as a clinical feature. Pruritus could be a significant contributory factor to the burden of disability in patients with acne.Objective  We examine the prevalence of pruritus and its clinical attributes in patients with acne in an outpatient clinic.Study design  Descriptive study over a 15 month period from October 2005 to December 2006.Patients and methods  120 consecutive patients with acne attending an outpatient clinic at National Skin Centre, Singapore were recruited. Pruritus was evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Severity of acne was determined using FDA Global Acne Grading.Results  84 patients (70%) reported itch in acne. Patients who experienced itch in acne tended to be slightly older (p = 0.05). Majority of patients (83%) reported itch at noon and most experienced itch on a transient nature. The most common descriptor of itch was tickling (68%). Severity of pruritus in acne was comparable to mosquito‐bite and it significantly affected patients’ mood (55%). Common aggravating factors for the pruritus were sweat (71%), heat (62%) and stress (31%). A significant proportion of patients with itch (52%) had scratched or rubbed the affected area while 37% would wash the area to find relief.Conclusion  Our results suggest that itch is a common and significant symptom in acne. Acne patients experienced considerable disability due to the associated pruritus.
Persons with Disabilities as Parents: What is the Problem?
Authors: Reinders Hans S. 
Published: July 2008

Background  This paper discusses the recent debate on parenting by people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands. By and large this debate has been dominated by disastrous examples of child abuse and neglect in families where one or both parents have a disability. Feeding on horror stories the media have construed the issue as one of moral and legal constraint: should people with disabilities be allowed to have children? In view of this construal, many professionals in the field have rejected the debate as irrelevant. In their view the issue is about support, not about constraint.Aim  The national organization for self‐advocacy in The Netherlands has claimed the right to parenting based on the principle of equal citizenship. This paper aims at (1) reconstructing and (2) evaluating the positions taken in the Dutch debate since its incipience in 2002, particularly with regard to this principle.Method  A philosophical reconstruction of how the moral principle of equal citizenship structured the Dutch debate on parenting by people with intellectual disabilities, in particular with regard to the nation of ‘good enough parenting’.Conclusion  The analysis shows how the principle of equal citizenship guided research in The Netherlands and how it is crucial in criticizing negative responses that depend on stereotyping of people with intellectual disabilities as parents. It indicates how in at least two instances, these responses can be shown to constitute a case of discrimination against these people.
Mothering with Intellectual Disabilities: Relationship Between Social Support, Health and Well‐Being, Parenting and Child Behaviour Outcomes
Authors: Aunos Marjorie , Feldman Maurice , Goupil Georgette 
Published: July 2008

Background  There is a general agreement in the literature that no systematic correlation exists between parental intellectual disability per se and parenting performance. Yet, a few studies in the field of parents and parenting with intellectual disability have explored other potential determinants of parenting and child outcomes. In this study, we examined the relationship between maternal social support, psychological well‐being, parenting style, quality of the home environment and child problem behaviours.Materials and Methods  The sample included 32 mothers recruited through agencies that offer services exclusively to persons with intellectual disabilities and their families, and each mother’s oldest child in the 2‐ to 13‐year age range. In a series of semi‐structured interviews, participating mothers completed a demographic and social support questionnaire, the SF‐36 (health measure), the Parenting Stress Index, the HOME Inventory and the Child Behavior Checklist. Parenting style was assessed using the Canadian National Longitudinal Study on Children and Youth parenting questionnaire.Results  On an average, the participating mothers reported poorer physical and mental health compared with population norms. However, a few reported clinically significant levels of parenting stress. Overall, the target children did not have significant problem behaviours, but these were more common in older children. Main findings include a significant correlation between parenting stress, parenting style and perceived child problem behaviours.Conclusion  Global assessment, including health status (mental and physical) and level of parenting stress, as well as everyday life and parenting skills is recommended as basis for designing individualized supports and services for mothers with intellectual disabilities.
The ‘Mother’ behind the Mother: Three Generations of Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities and their Family Support Networks
Authors: Traustadóttir Rannveig , Sigurjónsdóttir Hanna Björg 
Published: July 2008

Background  Given appropriate supports mothers with intellectual disabilities can successfully raise their children. Historically, this support has been provided by extended family members while support from formal services is a recent development. This paper examines the role of extended family members in assisting mothers with intellectual disabilities to keep and raise their children.Methods  Qualitative methods were used to study three generations of mothers with intellectual disabilities and their children over half a century (1950–2005). Eighteen mothers were key participants in this study. Data were collected through participant observation and in‐depth interviews with mothers, their children, partners, extended family members and professionals.Results  Despite the development of formal support services, the importance of assistance from extended family continues to be crucial in determining whether mothers with intellectual disabilities retain custody of their children. In‐depth examination of the support offered by family members reveals that women relatives referred to as ‘mothers’ played the most important role. The ‘mother’ was a non‐disabled woman who provided practical and emotional assistance and advocated on behalf of the disabled mother and her family. If successful, the ‘mother’s’ advocacy was found to play a crucial role in facilitating the maintenance of the custody of the children by their birth mothers.Conclusions  This study indicates that provision of formal services has changed the nature of help needed from extended family members with advocacy and assistance in dealing with the service system becoming increasingly important.