bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of conjucntival swab by mass spectrometry
Authors: MCGILLIGAN V , GRAHAM JE , MOORE JE , MCMULLAN G , GRAHAM RLJ , BEIRNE RO , DOWNES SC , MOORE CBT 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify proteins present in the tears and mucosal epithelium of the ocular surface. Methods: A cotton swab was rubbed across the anaesthetized inferior conjunctiva of a dry eye patient. Protein was extracted and subjected to 1D gel electrophoresis. After excision and trypsinisation, protein profiles from swab samples were identified using mass spectrometry carried out on a 3200 Q‐TRAP Hybrid ESI Quadropole linear ion trap. Protein identification was performed using MASCOT software against a human database extracted from NCBI. Curation of the protein list was achieved using the bioinformatics tool PROVALT, which also calculated false‐discovery rates. Results: In total 75 validated proteins were identified including the tear proteins, lactotransferrin, lysozyme, and proline rich proteins as well as a number of proteins not previously associated with the tear proteome. Proteins identified had a wide range of physio‐chemical properties and included structural and functional proteins. Conclusions: Use of a simple swab combined with a GeLC‐MS proteomic protocol led to unequivocal identification of a large range of proteins associated with the ocular surface proteome. This may allow a better characterisation of the ocular surface environment and discrimination between various eye conditions. Tear collection using capillaries can be tedious and may discourage clinicians from performing such a test. Use of a swab that can be frozen for analysis may encourage the use of this methodology. Analysis of this proteome offers huge clinical potential for investigation of ocular surface biomarkers for the development of novel diagnostic tools and monitoring of ocular disease.
The effect of post‐operative antibiotics on the ocular surface bacterial flora in cataract patients
Authors: MOORE JE , GRAHAM JE , BEIRNE RO , DOWNES SC , MOORE CBT 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To study the nature of the preoperative bacterial conjunctival flora using real‐time PCR and to assess whether there was any alteration in the flora due to phacoemulsification and a three week course of combination Tobramycin and dexamethasone drops. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing routine cataract surgery were recruited to a prospective study. Posterior lid margin and inferior conjunctival swab samples were taken preoperatively from both the eye to be operated upon and the adjacent eye as a control. These swabs were analyzed by real‐time PCR for a range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria recognised to often reside upon the ocular surface. Repeated sampling and analysis was performed three weeks postoperatively while patients were taking topical drops. Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis was the only bacteria demonstrated using this technique. Postoperatively a statistically significant increase was noted in the level of bacteria in the treated eyes (p<0.001) with 72% of operated eyes having higher bacterial levels than preoperatively. Overall the control eyes demonstrated higher levels of S. epidermidis postoperatively compared to preoperative eyes p<0.05. Conclusions: S. epidermidis is one of the most common causes of endophthalmitis. Postoperative cataract drops are commonly used to reduce inflammation and as prophylaxis against endophthalmitis. This study questions the value of some commonly used prophylactic antibiotic preparations. It also demonstrates the potential for use of real‐time PCR for rapid preoperative assessment of the conjunctival microbial flora in high risk cases.
Macular function in severe disbinocular amblyopia
Authors: SHAMSHINOVA AM , SLYSHALOVA NN , KHVATOVA NV , SITNIKOVA DN 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the mechanisms of the visual function impairment in severe disbinocular amblyopia (SDA). Methods: 41 children with SDA 5‐17 years old; visual acuity 0,03‐0,1; parafoveal, paramacular, peripheric fixation were examined. Mixed, pattern, macular multifocal ERG examination (MBN Moscow and Roland Consult Germany) and topography, contrast, colour sensitivity and spatial contrast sensitivity were performed. Results: The impairment of the color sensitivity to unsaturated red, green and blue was found. The most changes were found for the green in of 7º from the macula. No changes in the mixed, macular and flicker 30 Hz ERG was found. Although some patients showed a supernormal a‐wave of the macular ERG as well as a subnormal b‐wave, supernormal flicker 30 Hz ERG and moderately subnormal pattern ERG. Mf ERG showed the decreased rates of retinal density in the 1st and 2nd ring with normal rates of N1 and P2 in all central hexagons. SDA with non‐central fixation in 2D display is manifested with the zone of maximal bioelectric activity noticeably shifted from the fixation point. Together with the stable central fixation there is a near‐to‐the‐norm retinal density in central rings as well as with the eccentricity, while the maximal bioelectric activity at the non‐central fixation coincides with the presumed projection. Conclusions: Changes in the color and contrast sensitivity and in the retinal bioelectric activityin SDA has a functional character. Rate of the found changes differs from those in other retinal and optic nerve pathologies and retrochiasmial changes in children. There might exist an abnormality of photoreceptor and neuronal interactions among other mechanisms of visual function impairment in ADA.
Thrombophlebitis and bilateral visual loss and in Behçet’s disease
Authors: DORE S , DEVILLA L , SALVO M , DESSOLE L , PATTERI P 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To describe an unusual case of Behçet’s disease characterized by bilateral ocular involvement and thrombophlebitis in the right leg. Methods: A 37‐year‐old man was referred with a two‐month history of progressive, severe visual loss in both eyes. He had had thrombophlebitis in his right leg following an insect bite a month before. Visual acuity was R.E.: light perception and L.E.: 20/400. Fundus examination disclosed bilateral papillitis and retinal vasculitis and a macular pucker in the right eye. Results: Fluorescein angiography showed occlusive arteritis with periphlebitis in both eyes. TC and MR imaging and laboratory tests for toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease, syphilis, HIV, HSV, and Rickettsia conorii infection were negative. Conversely, ESR, PCR and HLA‐B51 were found to be positive. Treatment with systemic steroids produced no improvement. Conclusions: Ocular Behçet’s disease is occasionally not associated with the classic systemic signs, such as oral aphtous lesions, skin lesions, and genital lesions. In this report, the retinal lesions followed an episode of thrombophlebitis caused by an insect bite.
IL‐8 vitreous levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: GLOBOCNIK PETROVIC M , KOSNIK M , KOROSEC P , HAWLINA M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the levels of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the role of IL‐8 as a marker of visual prognosis after vitrectomy. Methods: Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitreoretinal surgery from 71 patients with diabetes type 2 and PDR, and from 17 age‐matched non‐diabetic patients with a macular hole (control group). PDR was classified as active and inactive, and subdivided according to the extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration. The cytokine levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. To determine the role of IL‐8 as visual prognostic marker after vitrectomy we investigated whether the vitreous levels of IL‐8 were associated with poor visual outcome. Poor outcome was defined by visual acuity less than 20/200 at least 8 months after vitrectomy. Clinical and preoperative eye characteristics (visual acuity, iris neovascularisation, vitreous hemorrhage, macular detachment, macular edema, active neovascularisation, neovascularisation of the disk, and the presence of panretinal photocoagulation) were additionally analyzed. Results: The vitreous levels of IL‐8 were significantly higher in patients with PDR in comparison to the control (P<0.001), in eyes with higher extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration (P<0.001) and was not significantly higher in eyes with active neovascularisation (P=0.9). After multiple logistic regression analysis, vitreous level of IL‐8 (P=0.028) and macular detachment (P=0.039) were predictors for the poor visual outcome after vitrectomy. Conclusions: The vitreous level of IL‐8 was associated with the higher extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration and with the poor visual outcome after vitrectomy.
Pseudophakic dysphotopsia associated with the implantation of intraocular lenses
Authors: SKUNCA J , PETRIC VICKOVIC I , LACMANOVIC LONCAR V , BEDNAR I , DOKO MANDIC B , MANDIC Z 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the incidence of unwanted light images after cataract surgery and the relationship between various intraocular lens (IOL) types. Methods: Prospective study included 50 patients who filled up a written questionnaire where reported on incidence of glare, light sensitivity and unwanted images. Patients were included in the study only if they had uneventful cataract surgery and no additional ocular pathology. They were excluded if they had refractive errors which could cause similar phenomena. The study was performed in three month postoperative period. Results: A significant number of patients reported symptoms. Patients with acrylic IOL were at increased risk. At last control more than 1/3 of symptoms resolved spontaneously. No one reported negative dysphotopsia and there was no IOL exchange. Conclusions: Intraocular lenses can introduce stray light artifacts into the eye. While positive dysphotopsia has been largely attributed to edge effects of the implant, negative dysphotopsia appears to be more related to the patient's anatomical structure than to specific lens designs or materials.
Comparison of chromatic macular ERG and multifocal ERG in diabetic macular edema
Authors: ARAKELYAN MA , BORDEEVA YUN , RYABTSEVA AA , SHAMSHINOVA AM 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the degree of macular function disturbances in patients with diabetes mellitus and high glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Methods: 11 patients with type II diabetes were included in our study. In 6 patients a clinically significant macular edema was detected; other 5 patients showed slight vascular changes and absence of macular pathology. All patients had much too high (8‐10%) or extremely high (above 10%) levels of HbA1c and underwent a chromatic macular ERG test to red, green and blue stimuli (MBN, Russia). A RETIScan system for multifocal ERG was also used (Roland Consult, Germany). Results: Patients with macular edema and long duration of the disease had significant reduction of a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes of macular ERG, whereas those with short duration of diabetes showed slight decrease of macular ERG amplitude. The density of photoreceptors in multifocal ERG and amplitudes of N1 and P1 components were analyzed in area of 15° of visual angle: the mean of 3 central rings’ values was calculated. Correlation between mf‐ERG data and macular ERG amplitudes were found. In patients without macular edema and duration of the disease from 7 to 10 years who had background diabetic retinopathy no significant changes of function testing of the macula were revealed. The amplitude values were close to lower normal data. Conclusions: Macular function in diabetic patients is mainly safe in spite of high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin. The complexity of pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy along with functional tests is still the subject of an investigation.
Definition & classification of dry eye
Authors: BRON AJ 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To provide a contemporary definition and comprehensive classification of dry eye disease. Methods: A literature search and a consensus process involving members of the Definition and Classification subcommittee and the DEWS membership. Results: A new definition of dry eye was developed, reflecting the current understanding of dry eye disease. The committee recommended a three part classification comprising i. Aetiology ‐ accommodating the multiple causes of dry eye, ii. Mechanism, indicating how the several causes of dry eye may act through a common pathway, and, iii. Severity, offering a rational basis for therapy in an individual case. In the course of discussions certain principles were established, such that ocular surface health is maintained by a functional unit whose integrity is essential for surface homeostasis. Interruption of the regulatory feedback loops, for instance by reducing the sensory drive to lacrimal secretion, is a potential risk factor for dry eye. Further, it was stressed, that any form of dry eye may interact with and exacerbate any other forms of dry eye, as part of a vicious circle, and that, in time, a change in tissue reactivity may be established leading to a disease which is self‐perpetuating in the absence of its original trigger. Conclusions: The guidelines presented are not intended to override the clinical assessment and judgment of an expert clinician but should prove helpful in the conduct of in clinical practice and research.
Management & therapy
Authors: LEMP MA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The members of the Management and Therapy Subcommittee assessed current dry eye therapies. Methods: Each member wrote a succinct level of evidence‐based review on an assigned aspect of the topic, and the final report was written after review by and with consensus of all subcommittee members and the entire DEWS membership. In addition to its own review of the literature, the Subcommittee reviewed the Dry Eye Preferred Practice patterns of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the International Task Force (ITF) Delphi Panel on dry eye disease. Results: The Subcommittee favored the approach taken by the ITF, whose recommended treatments were based on level of disease severity. Conclusions: The recommendations of the Subcommittee are based on a modification of the ITF severity grading scheme, and suggested treatments were chosen from a menu of therapies for which convincing evidence of therapeutic effect had been presented.
Ocular response analyzer findings in keratoconic eyes undergoing Cross Linking procedure
Authors: ALBE E , VINCIGUERRA P , ROSETTA P 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of corneal collagen Cross Linking on IOP, corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Methods: 20 keratoconic eyes underwent cross linking procedure after epithelium removal.Eyes were studied by means of Ocular Response Analyzer before cross linking, after epithelium removale, after cross linking and at 3 months follow up. IOPcc, IOPg, CH and CRF were analyzed. Results: At 3 months follow up mean IOPcc was found to be 15,78 mmHg, significantly higher than the mean IOPg, which was found to be 11,13 mmHg. Corneal Resistance Factor and Corneal Hysteresis were found to be significathly low after epithelium removal and higher than the preoperative value after cross Linking procedure. Conclusions: The device allows us to study corneal biomechanical properties before and after cross linking and to follow over time the effect of corneal photodynamic therapy in strengthening the stromal collagen fibrillae.
Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients
Authors: ROMANET JP , PALOMBI K , NOEL C , CHIQUET C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Intraocular pressure (IOP) varies and depends on many factors. Intraocular pressure variations throughout the nycthemeron (the full 24‐period of a night and a day) are the most interesting for studying. Methods: With present techniques, it is impossible to measure continuously without waking the subject up. Thus, IOP must be hourly measured during 24 hours with a portable tonometer which allows short measurements in any posture, without requiring the subjects or patients to rise during the night. Results: Intraocular pressure depends on a nyctohemeral rhythm, being higher at night than during the day in healthy subjects, with a nocturnal peak value (acrophase). In the same normal individual, several 24‐hour monitorings are identical. Each individual has his own 24‐hour pattern of IOP.In glaucoma patients, however, the 24‐hour rhythm of IOP was reversed, with values being higher during the day (a midday peak in IOP) than during the night. Conclusions: The time course of the nyctohemeral curve of intraocular pressure is considered to play a role in the prognosis of glaucoma and allows to classify the type of glaucoma (POAG, NTG). Lowering of IOP is still the only option that is available for treating patients with glaucoma. Variations encountered in the individual’s nyctohemeral IOP pattern must be taken into consideration to manage the most efficient treatment.
The relevance of nocturnal dip of diastolic blood pressure and the perfusion pressure of the optic nerve to glaucomatous disease progression
Authors: COLLIGNON N , COLLIGNON J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Although age, genetics and intraocular pressure (IOP) help to define the risk of glaucoma progression, there also exists glaucoma in which the pathogenesis is mainly the results of vascular disorders. To investigate the combined IOP and arterial pressure fluctuations risk factors for the glaucoma disease progression. Methods: The 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure and round‐the‐clock curve of the intraocular pressure were recorded in seventy patients : 51 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 19 normal tension glaucoma (NTG). The mean systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure (DOPP ; DOPP=DBP‐IOP) were calculated along with the nocturnal dip of systolic pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Two‐years disease progression were assessed for all patients by means of retrospective analysis of visual fields defects on repeated perimetries. We performed statistical analyses on the readings to study the relative risk of the disease progression Results: Abnormal (absence or increased) nocturnal dip of the diastolic blood pressure, large IOP fluctuations, circadian DOPP fluctuations were significantly associated with disease progression in POAG and NTG patients whereas no significant correlation was found for the others risks factors envisaged (i.e.,myopia,heredity,vasospasm,..). Conclusions: Circadian DOPP fluctuations was the most significant clinical risk factor for the glaucoma disease progression. Our data are in line with several population‐based epidemiologic studies that will be presented during the talk.By monitoring this DOPP that does not require either sophisticated or invasive investigations, it would be wise to take this factor into account in the clinical evaluation of our glaucoma patients
Which glaucoma treatments best flatten the IOP fluctuations?
Authors: ORZALESI N , FOGAGNOLO P 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Conclusions: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma and its progression. Since the beginning of its medical treatment, reducing IOP has been the only way of treating the majority of glaucoma cases.The role of IOP fluctuations as an independent risk factor for glaucoma progression is controversial, even if data on the beneficial effect of a stable circadian IOP control have accumulated in the recent literature. The circadian evaluation of IOP is therefore an useful complement of the appropriate diagnosis and follow‐up of glaucoma.After many years of medical treatment of glaucoma based almost exclusively on the effect of beta‐blockers in reducing the production of aqueous humour, other molecules with different mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics have been introduced in large number.In most cases, different classes of drugs are characterized by different duration of their effect, with variable timing of peaks and troughs and, as a consequence, different dosage. Moreover, some drugs may show reduced efficacy during the 24 hours, as is the case for beta‐blockers during the night. Taking this into consideration may help to control IOP fluctuations, thus improving the control of glaucoma and reducing progression. Combining different drugs with different mechanisms of action may add further advantages.The aim of the presentation will be to review recent studies aimed at evaluating the role of medical, laser and surgical treatments in the control of IOP fluctuations in glaucoma patients.
Radiologic pitfalls in neuro‐ophthalmology
Authors: MILEA D 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Although standard neuro‐imaging methods have a major contribution to appropriate diagnosis in neuro‐ophthalmology, they do not represent «one size fits all» procedures. Structural lesions can sometimes escape detection, mainly because of suboptimal clinical information for the radiologists. Methods: This presentation will illustrate some common errors in prescription or interpretation of neuroimaging in neuro‐ophthalmology. Results: Several protocols are used by each center depending on the explored pathology (multiple sclerosis, aneurysms, carotid dissection) or the anatomical location of the condition (orbit, cavernous sinus, sella, etc). When an MRI is indicated, application of intravenous contrast is not routine, especially if the expected lesion is supposed to be large enough. Contrast injection may be mandatory for detection of small lesions, even though this increases study acquisition time and is more expensive. Fat suppression is critical for detection of small lesions located in areas containing fat, such as orbits, or neck. Multiple, thin, coronal images are very useful for visualization of the chiasm, cavernous sinus and the possible sourounding compressive structures (i.e. pituitary adenoma, small meningioma). Specially dedicated sequences explore the white matter in multiple sclerosis or can find abnormalities in early ischemic events, while standard MRI can overlook these lesions. One can not perform all these protocols in every patient, the choice being dependent on the clinical information, the technical availability and the local expertise. Conclusions: Appropriate neuro‐imaging can result only from clear, informative clinical indications about symptoms with localizing value, whenever possible.
Topical 5‐fluorouracil treatment and topical interferon alpha‐2b treatment for conjunctival epithelial malignant lesions
Authors: MIDENA E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To review the indications and limits of topical chemotherapy with 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) and topical interferon alpha‐2b (INF) in the treatment of squamous cell neoplasia of the ocular surface. Methods: The Author reports the data of his long term prospective studies where 5‐FU (or INF) wrere applied as primary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of squamous cell tumors of the conjunctiva. Clinical, cytological and more recently confocal microscopy data are presented and critically analyzed. Results: 5 FU represents the first choice topical chemotherapy for squamous cell tumors of the conjunctiva (including the entire spectrum of this disease) as sole treatment (in multifocal tumors, recurrent neoplasia or selected cases) or adjuvant treatment (following surgery and reconstruction with amniotic membrane). INF may be also used, when tumors are less agggressive Conclusions: Topical chemotherapy is becoming the standard in the intergrated therapeutic approach to conjunctival squamous cell tumors, limiting the indications for more aggressive therapies (radiotherapy).