bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a nonionic surfactant on the behavior of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α‐amylase in the hydrolysis of malto‐oligosaccharide
Authors: Hoshino Eiichi , Tanaka Atsushi , Kanda Takahisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene mono‐N‐dodecyl‐ether (Brij 35; number of units of ethylene oxide moieties, 23), on the behavior of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α‐amylase in the hydrolysis of maltoheptaose were studied at 25°C and pH 7.0. The addition of the surfactant to the enzyme‐substrate system increased the amount of reducing sugars during the hydrolysis. A high‐performance liquid chromatography technique was used for the determination of the hydrolysis products. During the hydrolysis, the concentration of maltose was increased by the addition of the surfactant, whereas the concentrations of other products were unchanged. Therefore, the increase in the amount of reducing sugars was thought to be due to the increase of the maltose fragment. Because the transglycosylation of hydrolyzed maltose takes place during the hydrolysis, the suppression of transglycosylation accelerates the production of total reducing sugars. The interaction between the maltose fragment and micelle surface might induce the release of this fragment from the enzyme active site and then suppress the transglycosylation. The bindings of the enzyme, the substrate, and/or the products to the micelle surface may affect the hydrolytic behavior including both the hydrolysis and transglycosylation catalytic conversions.
Models and methods for studying behavior in polyunsaturated fatty acid research
Authors: Mostofsky David I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis report examines a range of models and procedures applicable to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) research and considers their relative merits. Considerations pertaining to cost, efficiency, and scientific rigor are of particular interest. parallel activities in other areas of behavioral neuroscience, such as behavioral pharmacology and toxicology, that have profitably exploited various behavior designs for the study of human and animal cognition are noted. Special attention is given to the utility of operant conditioning models and schedules of reinforcement, which are currently underrepresented in PUFA research. Investigations of analogs of complex human behavior as well as implications for generalizing laboratory results to clinical phenomena are addressed.
Stereochemistry of the hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation of CLA methyl ester in the presence of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Hämäläinen Taina I. , Sundberg Susanna , Hase Tapio , Hopia Anu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe initial steps in the autoxidation of CLA methyl ester are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the stereochemistry of the hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation of CLA methyl ester in the presence of a good hydrogen atom donor. For this purpose, 9‐cis, 11‐trans CLA methyl ester was autoxidized in the presence of α‐tocopherol under atmospheric oxygen at 40°C in the dark. The CLA methyl ester hydroperoxides were isolated, reduced to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives, and separated by HPLC. The stereochemistry of seven hydroxy‐CLA methyl esters was investigated. The position of the hydroxy group was determined by GC‐MS. The geometry as well as the position of the double bonds in the alkyl chain was determined by NMR. In addition, the 13C NMR spectra of six hydroxy‐CLA methyl esters were assigned using COSY, gradient heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, gradient heteronuclear single quantum correlation, and total correlation spectroscopy experiments. The autoxidation of 9‐cis, 11‐trans CLA methyl ester in the presence of a good hydrogen atom donor is stereoselective in favor of one geometric isomer, namely the 13‐(R,S)‐hydroperoxy‐9‐cis, 11‐trans‐octadecadienoic acid methyl ester. Three types of conjugated diene hydroperoxides are formed as primary hydroperoxides: trans,trans hydroperoxides (12‐OOH‐8t,10t and 9‐OOH‐10t,12t), a cis,trans hydroperoxide with the trans double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide‐bearing carbon atom (13‐OOH‐9c,11t), and a new type of cis,trans lipid hydroperoxide with the cis double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide‐bearing carbon atom (8‐OOH‐9c,11t). In addition, three nonkinetic hydroperoxides (13‐OOH‐9t,11t, 8‐OOH‐9t,11t, and 9‐OOH‐10t,12c) are formed. This study supports the theory that CLA methyl ester autoxidizes at least partly through an autocatalytic free radical reaction. The complexity of the hydroperoxide mixture is due to formation of two different pentadienyl radicals. Moreover, the stereoslectivity in favor of one geometric isomer can be explained by the selectivity of the two previous steps: the preferential formation of a W‐conformer of the pentadienyl radical over the Z‐conformer, and regioselectivity of the oxygen addition to the pentadienyl radical.
Antihypertensive effects of a dietary unsaturated FA mixture in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Bellenger‐Germain S. , Poisson J. ‐P. , Narce M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether a mixture of dietary n−6 and n−3 PUFA could lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of different ages. In addition, we studied how such a treatment could normalize the FA composition of plasma TAG and cholesterol esters (CE), and of red blood cell (RBC) total lipids. SHR (ages 4, 19, and 50 wk) were fed a normal diet (control groups) or a semisynthetic diet containing a mixture of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), EPA, and DHA (experimental groups). Systolic blood pressure was measured at regular intervals. After 11 wk of consuming this diet, plasma TAG and CE were separated by TLC and analyzed for their FA composition. Total FA composition of RBC was also determined. The degree to which blood pressure was elevated was reduced in SHR after 11 wk of diet. The largest decrease was obtained with the oldest animals. In RBC, EPA and DHA contents increased. In plasma TAG and CE, EPA, DHA, and GLA increased whereas arachidonic acid decreased. The n−6 and n−3 unsaturated FA mix slowed the development of hypertension in young SHR and decreased blood pressure in adult and aged SHR. In addition, the present treatment altered the n−3 and n−6 PUFA content of SHR lipids to that seen in normotensive rats.
LDL binding to lipid emulsion particles: Effects of incubation duration, temperature, and addition of plasma subfractions
Authors: Chanson Nathalie F. , Lontie Jean‐Francois , Gulik Annette , Férézou Jacqueline , Carpentier Yvon A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition interact with lipoproteins leading to exchanges of lipids and acquisition of several apolipoproteins (apo). It has been previously observed that, during in vitro incubation of emulsions with purified LDL, a variable fraction of LDL binds to TG‐rich emulsion particles. The purpose of this study was to better characterize such an interaction. Two emulsions containing 20% soybean oil (Endolipid®, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany) or fish oil were incubated with LDL, either alone or in the presence of various plasma subfractions, for different durations and at different temperatures. The fraction named M‐LE (containing TG‐rich particles modified after incubation) was separated by ultracentrifugation or gel filtration chromatography, and the apoB content was measured as an index of LDL binding to TG‐rich emulsion particles. The formation of such complexes was visualized by freeze‐fracture electron microscopy. LDL binding was not influenced by the method used for M‐LE isolation. Binding occurred quickly, did not increase with prolonged incubation, was inversely related to increasing incubation or ultracentrifugation temperature, and withstood 40 h of ultracentrifugation at 163,000×g. The presence of glycerol or excess phospholipids in the emulsion did not markedly affect the formation of the complexes. In contrast, adding very small amounts of lipoprotein‐poor plasma (d>1.210 g/mL) or HDL markedly reduced the process, and albumin had no effect. The TG composition of the emulsion influenced the binding of LDL to TG‐rich particles, since more apoB was found in M‐LE from fish oil than from soybean oil emulsion.
Effects of intermittent cycle exercise on intramyocellular lipid use and recovery
Authors: White Lesley J. , Robergs Robert A. , Sibbitt Wilmer L. , Ferguson Michael A. , McCoy Sean , Brooks William M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to compare intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) changes in skeletal muscle in nine moderately trained subjects after 45 min of interval cycling and through 1 h of recovery. The exercise session was continous with alternating cycling intensity achieving 50 (3 min) and 110% (2 min) of ventilatory threshold. Spectra from the vastus lateralis were acquired before, immediately after, and 60 min following exercise using a 1.5 T Signa whole‐body magnet (point‐resolved spectroscopy sequence, echo time 60 ms, transverse relaxation time 2000 ms, 128 acquisitions, and 20 mm3 voxel). Immediately following exercise, IMCI concentration decreased 38% compared to pre‐exercise levels (P<0.05). Fitness level and baseline IMCL were not correlated with changes in IMCL following exercise (P>0.05). In the 60‐min recovery, IMCL was reduced 30% compared to baseline (P<0.05) and did not recover. In contrast, a nonexercising control group showed no change in IMCL. Our results suggest that IMCL decreased significantly following 45 min of interval cycling, with little recovery in the hour following.
Protective action on human LDL against oxidation and glycation by four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic
Authors: Ou Chu‐chyn , Tsao Shyh‐ming , Lin Ming‐cheng , Yin Mei‐chin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHuman LDL were used to study the protective action of four organosulfur compounds (diallyl sulfide, DAS; diallyl disulfide, DADS; S‐ethylcysteine, SEC; N‐acetylcysteine, NAC) derived from garlic against oxidation and glycation. The four organosulfur compounds significantly inhibited superoxide production by xanthine‐xanthine oxidase (P<0.05) and showed marked copper‐chelating capability. DAS and DADS exhibited greater antioxidant activities against copper‐ and amphotericin B‐induced LDL oxidation (P<0.05) than SEC and NAC. However, SEC and NAC were more effective in sparing LDL α‐tocopherol (P<0.05). When oxidation was minimized, SEC was the most powerful agent against LDL glycation (P<0.05); however, DADS was superior to other agents in suppressing both oxidation and glycation when LDL oxidation occurred simultaneously with glycation. These results suggest that the four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic are potent agents for protecting LDL against oxidation and glycation, and that they may benefit patients with diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases by preventing complications.
Effect of temperature and addition of α‐tocopherol on the oxidation of trilinolein model systems
Authors: Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Martín‐Polvillo Manuel , Dobarganes Carmen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of temperature and addition of α‐tocopherol were evaluated in trilinolein model systems through quantification of oxidized TAG monomers, dimers, and polymers following oxidation at different temperatures. Samples of trilinolein without and with 250 and 500 mg/kg α‐tocopherol added were stored at 25, 60, and 100°C. Quantification of oxidized monomers, dimers, and polymers by a combination of adsorption and exclusion chromatography provided a useful measurement for studying the evolution of oxidation. Results showed that the amounts of primary oxidation compounds (trilinolein oxidized monomers) that accumulated during the induction period decreased as the temperature increased, indicating that the slope of the initial linear stage of oxidation depended on temperature. The end of the induction period was marked by a sharp increase in the levels of total oxidation compounds, the initiation of polymerization, and the loss of α‐tocopherol. Addition of α‐tocopherol did not prevent, but rather delayed, formation of trilinolein oxidized monomers and the initiation of polymerization.
Antagonism of croton oil inflammation by topical emu oil in CD‐1 mice
Authors: Yoganathan Subbiah , Nicolosi Robert , Wilson Thomas , Handelman Garry , Scollin Patrick , Tao Richard , Binford Paul , Orthoefer Frank 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEmu oil is derived from the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), which originated in Australia, and has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory properties. Inflammation was induced in anesthetized CD‐1 mice by applying 50 μL of 2% croton oil to the inner surface of the left ear. After 2 h, the area was treated with 5μL of emu, fish, flaxseed, olive, or liquified chicken fat, or left untreated. Animals were euthanized at 6 h postapplication of different oils, and earplugs (FP) and plasma samples were collected. Inflammation was evaluated by change in earlobe thickness, increase in weight of EP tissue (compared to the untreated ear), and induction in cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1α and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in EP homogenates. Al‐though reductions relative to control (croton oil) were noted for all treatments, auricular thickness and EP weights were, significantly reduced (−72 and −71%, respectively) only in the emu oil‐treated group. IL‐1α levels in homogenates of auricular tissue were significantly reduced in the fish oil (−57%) and emu oil (−70%) groups relative to the control group. The cytokine TNF‐α from auricular homogenates was significantly reduced in the olive oil (−52%) and emu oil (−60%) treatment groups relative to the control group. Plasma cytokine levels were not changed by croton oil treatment. Although auricular thickness and weight were significantly correlated with each other (r=0.750,P<0.003), auricular thickness but not weight was significantly correlated with cytokine IL‐1α (r=0.750,P<0.006) and TNF‐α (r=0.690,P<0.02). These studies indicate that topical emu oil has anti‐inflammatory properties in the CD‐1 mouse that are associated with decreased auricular thickness and weight, and with the cytokines IL‐1α and TNF‐α.
Phospholipid hydroperoxides are detoxified by phospholipase A2 and GSH peroxidase in rat gastric mucosa
Authors: Miyamoto Sayuri , Dupas Coralie , Murota Kaeko , Terao Junji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the metabolic fate of phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOH) in rat gastric mucosa. Here we report evidence concering the mechanism for PLOOH detoxification in gastric mucosa homogenate. Analysis by the TLC blot technique showed that the gastric mucosa has the highest potential to eliminate 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐linoleoyl‐phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PL‐PtdChoOOH) compared with the intestinal mucosa and liver. Major products detected after incubation with gastric mucosa were the partially reduced linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LAOOH) and lysophosphatidylcholine, indicating the involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the elimination pathway. Using unilamellar vesicles, we demonstrated that gastric mucosal PLA2 does not distinguish between PLOOH and intact phospholipids. Although gastric mucosal PLA2 activity efficiently eliminated excess amounts of PLOOH, the complete reduction of LAOOH was dependent on the supply of exogenous GSH. In a separate experiment, administration of egg yolk PtdChoOOH to rats for 6 d significantly elevated GSH peroxidase (GPx) activity in the gastric mucosa. We concluded that excess amounts of PLOOH are efficiently eliminated through the hydrolysis by PLA2, and the subsequent reduction of FA hydroperoxide by GPx is the critical step for complete detoxification of oxidized phospholipids in the stomach.
Tissue deposition of n−3 FA pathway intermediates in the synthesis of DHA in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R. , Porter Alexander E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tissue distribution of newly synthesized 22∶6n‐3 and intermediate PUFA was examined in rainbow trout to further our understanding of the metabolism of this EFA in fish. Rainbow trout were fed a pulse of deuterated linoleic acid (D5−17,17,18,18,18−18∶3n‐3), and the tissue distribution of deuterated anabolites was determined at interval up to 35 d post‐dose by GC‐negative chemical ionization MS of the pentafluorobenzyl derivatives. D5−22∶6n‐3 was the major deuterated FA in liver and cecal mucosa 2 and 5 d post‐dose. All the n−3 FA pathway intermediates were found in liver, cecal mucosa, and blood including D5−24∶5n‐3 and D5−24∶6n‐3. Brain and eyes also contained the full suite of intermediate deuterated FA, but with a different profile from liver when analyzed over a longer time course up to 35 d. D5−20∶5n‐3 was the major component in brain up to 7 d, after which D5−22∶6n‐3 became predominant, but D5−22∶5n‐3 constituted ca. 20% of FA throughout the time period. The pattern in eyes was similar but less pronounced. In visceral adipose tissue there was a much greater accumulation of the initial substrate, D5−18∶3n‐3, with D5−18∶4n‐3 and D5−22∶6n‐3 the predominant deuterated FA at all time points. There was a similar though less pronounced trend in eye socket adipose tissue. The C24 PUFA were not detected in visceral fat and barely detected in eye socket fat. The results show that the kinetics of accumulation and depletion of the various n−3 PUFA differ between tissues. The presence of pathway intermediate FA provides evidence that liver and ceca possess the full metabolic pathway for synthesis of 22∶6n‐3, whereas brain and eyes are less active, with an accumulation of pentaene intermediate FA, and adipose tissue is inactive.
Lipase‐catalyzed methanolysis of triricinolein in organic solvent to produce 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein
Authors: Turner Charlotta , He Xiaohua , Nguyen Tasha , Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Wong Rosalind Y. , Lundin Robert E. , Harden Leslie , McKeon Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to find the optimal parameters for lipase‐catalyzed methanolysis of triricinolein to produce 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein. Four different immobilized lipases were tested, Candida antarctica type B (CALB), Rhizomucor miehei (RML), Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL), and Penicillium roquefortii (PRL). n‐Hexane and diisopropyl ether (DIPE) were examined as reaction media at three different water activities (aw), 0.11, 0.53, and 0.97. The consumption of triricinolein and the formation of 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein, methyl ricinoleate, and ricinoleic acid were followed for up to 48 h. PRL gave the highest yield of 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein. Moreover, this lipase showed the highest specificity for the studied reaction, i.e., high selectivity for the reaction with triricinolein but low for 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein. Recoveries of 93 and 88% DAG were obtained using PRL in DIPE at aw of 0.11 and 0.53, respectively. Further, NMR studies showed that a higher purity of the 1,2(2,3)‐isomer vs. the 1,3‐isomer was achieved at higher aw (88% at aw=0.53), compared to lower aw (71% at aw=0.11). The DAG obtained was acylated by the DAG acyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, this enzymatic product is a useful enzyme substrate for lipid biosynthesis. Accordingly, the use of PRL in DIPE at aw 0.53 is considered optimal for the synthesis of 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein from triricinolein.
Intramuscular injection of antigens and adjuvant preferentially decreases 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 in pig neck muscle
Authors: Bazinet Richard P. , Douglas Holly , McMillan Ewen G. , Wilkie Bruce N. , Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLinoleic (18∶2n−6) and α‐linolenic acids (18∶3n−3) have many important physiological functions including immunomodulation. We tested how immunization influences the metabolism of 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 in the neck muscle of pigs. At 35 d old, pigs received either an intramuscular neck injection containing hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Freund's complete adjuvant (immunized) or PBS (control). At 49 d old, immunized pigs received a booster injection of HFWI and Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and the control pigs received PBS into the neck. At 56 d old, all pigs received an intradermal injection of Mycobacterium bovis into the hind leg to induce a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. At 57 d old, immunized pigs had a twofold increase in serum haptoglobin, a 10‐fold increase in antibodies to HEWL, and the skinfold at the DTH reaction site was 10 times thicker than the controls. Both 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 (% composition) were approximately 25% lower in muscle IG, 40% lower in FFA, 50% lower in phospholipids, but not different in cholesteryl esters of the neck muscle of immunized pigs. The antigens in this model induce an increased response in the innate (haptoglobin), humoral (antibodies), and cellular (DTH) immune systems as well as a preferential decrease of 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 in the inflamed neck muscle. It appears that 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 are preferentially metabolized (possibly β‐oxidized) in response to antigens.
Ingestion of plasmalogen markedly increased plasmalogen levels of blood plasma in rats
Authors: Nishimukai Megumi , Wakisaka Takuya , Hara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlasmalogens, a subclass of phospholipids, are widely distributed in human and animals, and are taken into the body as food. However, no data exist on the intestinal absorption or fate of ingested plasmalogen. Here, we determined whether dietary plasmalogen is absorbed and whether blood and tissue concentrations increased in normal male Wistar rats by using four separate experiments. Phospholipids containing more than 20 wt% of plasmalogen extracted from the bovine brain were incorporated into test diets (10–15 wt%). In experiment 1, we estimated the absorption rate by measuring the plasmalogen vinyl ether bonds remaining in the alimentary tract of rats after the ingestion of 2 g of test diet containing 91 μmol plasmalogen. The absorption rate of plasmalogen was nearly 80 mol% after 4 h, comparable to the total phospholipid content in the test diet. In experiment 2, we observed no degradation of the plasmalogen vinyl ether bonds under in vitro conditions simulating those of the stomach and small intestinal lumen. In experiment 3 we confirmed a comparable absorption (36 mol%) by using a closed loop of the upper small intestine in anesthetized rats 90 min after injecting a 10 wt% brain phospholipid emulsion. Feeding a test diet containing 10 wt% brain phospholipids for 7 d increased plasmalogen concentration threefold in blood plasma and by 25% in the liver; however, no increases were seen in blood cells, skeletal muscle, brain, lungs, kidneys, or adipose tissue (experiment 4). We concluded that dietary plasmalogen is absorbed from the intestine and contributes to a large increase in plasmalogen levels in blood plasma.