bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a commercial dose of L‐tryptophan on plasma tryptophan concentrations and behaviour in horses
Authors: NOBLE G. K. , BROCKWELL Y. M. , MUNN K. J. , HARRIS P. A. , DAVIDSON H. P. B. , LI X. , ZHANG D. , SILLENCE M. N. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryReasons for performing the study: L‐tryptophan is a common ingredient in equine calmative products, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated in horses.Hypothesis: To determine whether a commercial dose of L‐tryptophan increases plasma tryptophan and alters behaviour in horses fed a roughage or concentrate meal.Methods: L‐tryptophan (6.3 g) or placebo (water) was administeredper osin a cross‐over design, to 12 Thoroughbred horses (503 ± 12.1 kg bwt), just before a meal of lucerne hay or oats. Plasma tryptophan was measured by gas chromatography. Horse behaviour was observed in an empty enclosure, then in the presence of an unfamiliar person and a novel object.Results: Total plasma tryptophan increased 3‐fold in both studies, peaking 1.5‐2 h after dosing. After the peak, tryptophan remained high for several hours if the horses had been fed hay, but fell sharply if fed oats, consistent with the glycaemic responses to these meals. However, the ratio of tryptophan to 4 large neutral amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine and isoleucine) increased in the tryptophan‐treated horses to a similar extent and for a similar duration, with both diets. The presence of a stranger or novel object increased heart rate (P<0.05), but caused no behavioural effects that were altered by tryptophan, regardless of the diet.Conclusions: Plasma tryptophan increases when tryptophan is administered at a dose used in some commercial products, but this is not reflected by marked behavioural changes in the horse.Potential relevance: Further work is required to refine behavioural tests and identify an effective dose of L‐tryptophan in the horse.
Treatment of equine cheek teeth by mechanical widening of diastemata in 60 horses (2000–2006)
Authors: DIXON P. M. , BARAKZAI S. , COLLINS N. , YATES J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary Reason for performing study: Cheek teeth (CT) diastemata are a significant cause of painful dental disease in horses and limited factual information is available on the treatment of this disorder. Objective: To assess the response to mechanical widening in the treatment of diastema. Method: Details of the presenting signs and treatment of cases of CT diastema by widening were recorded and the response to treatment of these cases assessed by re‐examinations and by obtaining follow‐up information from owners. Results: Sixty horses of various breeds, median age 9 years, with clinically significant CT diastemata were classified as having primary (inadequate rostro‐caudal CT compression: n = 29) and secondary (to other dental abnormalities: n = 31) diastemata. Quidding was present in 82% of cases, weight loss in 35%, halitosis in 17% and bitting disorders in 12%; 85% of the identified CT diastemata involved mandibular CT and 15% maxillary CT, with caudal CT more commonly affected. Of 273 identified diastemata in the 60 horses, 207 were deemed to have significantly associated periodontal food pocketing and were widened to 4.5‐5.5 mm diameter on their occlusal surface using a mechanical burr. The 29 horses with primary diastemata received a median of 1.3 treatments each and at 10 months following their last treatment 72% showed complete remission of signs and 28% showed good improvement. The 31 horses with secondary diastemata received a median of 2.2 treatments each and, at mean 9 months following their last treatment, 48% showed full improvement, 42% good improvement, 6% slight improvement and 3% no improvement. Inappropriate areas of the clinical crown were removed from 4 CT without causing pulpar exposure; one case was reported to have a transient oral infection post treatment and another developed an apical infection in a treated tooth that was unrelated to the diastema widening. Conclusion: Diastema widening is an effective treatment of periodontal pocketing in CT diastemata Potential relevance: The described treatment of CT diastema widening by trained personnel is an effective and safe treatment, but repeated treatments are often necessary, especially with secondary diastemata.
Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis
Authors: OLSTAD K. , YTREHUS B. , EKMAN S. , CARLSON C. S. , DOLVIK N. I. 
Published: December 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Pathological changes in the blood supply to growth cartilage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC) in horses, but have not been reported using vascular perfusion techniques. Objective: To describe the developmental pattern of cartilage canal vessels in the distal tibial epiphysis and talar growth cartilage of foals. Methods: Nine foals bred from parents with OC were sacrificed between the ages of 0 and 7 weeks to undergo a barium perfusion procedure. The distal end of the tibia and the entire talus were cleared in methyl salicylate and perfused vessels studied in the intact bones. Slabs with a thickness of 4–5 mm from 3 predilection sites for OC were examined in the stereomicroscope and with light microscopy. Results: Cartilage canals were present for a limited period of growth. Perfused vessels initially entered canals from the perichondrium. Vessels in the proximal portion of canals retained their perichondrial arterial source throughout. With time, the ossification front advanced to incorporate the mid‐portion of canals; and anastomoses formed between canal vessels and subchondral vessels. A shift occurred and vessels in the distal terminus of canals came to use subchondral vessels as their arterial source. Twelve histological lesions were found in 7 foals. All contained necrotic vessels surrounded by necrotic growth cartilage and 3 caused macroscopically visible delay in endochondral ossification. Lesions were located where vessels traversed the ossification front to enter the distal terminus of canals. Conclusion: Cartilage canal vessels are particularly susceptible to failure at the point where they cross the ossification front, with consequences for the viability of those chondrocytes that depend on them. Potential relevance: A better understanding of how lesions of OC arise may improve the ability to identify, monitor, prevent and treat this disorder. Involvement of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of equine tarsal OC plausibly explains several clinical features of this disease.
The effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone on spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses without clinical signs
Authors: SULLIVAN K. A. , HILL A. E. , HAUSSLER K. K. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Common methods used to treat back problems in horses need to be assessed objectively.Objectives: To measure spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and evaluate the effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone, compared with active and inactive control groups.Methods: Baseline MNTs at 7 sites within the thoracolumbar and sacral regions were measured in 38 healthy mature horses exhibiting no clinical signs of lumbar pain. Horses were assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: instrumentassisted chiropractic treatment, therapeutic massage and phenylbutazone; or 2 control groups: ridden exercise (active control) or routine paddock turnout with no ridden exercise (inactive control). MNT measurements were repeated at 1, 3 and 7 days post treatment. The percentage change from baseline MNT values was calculated within groups.Results: On Day 7, the median MNT had increased by 27, 12 and 8% in the chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone groups, respectively. MNT changes of <1% were seen within the active and inactive control groups.Conclusions: Chiropractic treatment and massage therapy increased spinal MNTs within horses not exhibiting signs of lumbar pain.Potential relevance: Pressure algometry provides an objective tool to evaluate the effects of commonly used, but currently unproven treatment modalities on spinal MNTs. Future studies need to evaluate combined treatment effects and longer‐term MNT changes in horses with documented back pain.
Neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle: Surgical implications
Authors: CHEETHAM J. , RADCLIFFE C. R. , DUCHARME N. G. , SANDERS I. , MU L. , HERMANSON J. W. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryReason for performing study: Studies are required to define more accurately and completely the neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle as a prerequisite for developing a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.Objective: To describe the anatomy, innervation, fibre types and function of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle.Methods: Thirty‐one larynges were collected at necropsy from horses with no history of upper airway disease and 25 subjected to gross dissection. Thereafter, the following preparations were made on a subset of larynges: histochemical staining (n = 5), Sihler's and acetylcholinesterase staining for motor endplates (n = 2). An additional 6 larynges were collected and used for a muscle stimulation study.Results: Two neuromuscular compartments (NMC), each innervated by a primary nerve branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, were identified in all larynges. Stimulation of the lateral NMC produced more lateral displacement of the arytenoid cartilage than the medial NMC (P<0.05). The medial NMC tended to rotate the arytenoid cartilage dorsally. Motor endplates were identified at the junction of the middle and caudal thirds of each NMC. If fibre type grouping was present it was always present in both NMCs.Conclusions: The equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle has 2 distinct muscle NMCs with discrete innervation and lines of action. The lateral NMC appears to have a larger role in increasing cross‐sectional area of therima glottidis.Potential relevance: This information should assist in planning surgical reinnervation procedures and development of a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
Lower respiratory tract disease in Thoroughbred racehorses: Analysis of endoscopic data from a UK training yard
Authors: RAMZAN P. H. L. , PARKIN T. D. H. , SHEPHERD M. C. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: There has been much research directed at potential causative agents and the epidemiology of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD), but few reports of the clinical progression and outcome.Objectives: To define clinical features of LRTD in racehorses, including association with age and average duration of disease, through the analysis of endoscopic data.Methods: A retrospective analysis of records from a single training yard of endoscopic examinations undertaken over a 2‐year period was performed. Horses were subjected to regular endoscopic examination for a variety of reasons, and all horses placed on antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract disease were rescoped following treatment. Data analysed included a 0–8 tracheal mucus score based on visible endoscopic mucus and gross tracheal lavage turbidity, as well as age and treatment duration and type.Results: A total of 522 endoscopic examinations undertaken on 123 horses and tracking 169 episodes of lower respiratory tract disease were recorded. Mean duration of disease episode was 15.5 days (median = 11 days, range = 4–61 days). Horses age 2 years were significantly more likely than those age ≥3 years to have at least one episode of respiratory disease (P<0.001). There was a direct association between initial tracheal mucus score and rescope score after treatment.Conclusions: Lower respiratory tract disease was more common in 2‐year‐olds than in older horses. Affected horses had endoscopic evidence of increased tracheal mucus accumulation for an average of 15.5 days per episode, a considerably shorter period than that suggested by previous studies.Potential relevance: Endoscopic examinations permit longitudinal tracking of lower respiratory tract disease in Thoroughbred racehorses. A prolonged duration of disease, sometimes extending for months, can be expected in a small proportion of cases, some of which appear to be refractory to treatment. There is a clear need for evidence‐based analysis of treatment regimes to assist clinicians in decision making when managing disease in both individual and group situations.
Effects of a calm companion on fear reactions in naive test horses
Authors: CHRISTENSEN J. W. , MALMKVIST J. , NIELSEN B. L. , KEELING L. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: In fear‐eliciting situations, horses tend to show flight reactions that can be dangerous for both horse and man. Finding appropriate methods for reducing fearfulness in horses has important practical implications. Objectives: To investigate whether the presence of a calm companion horse influences fear reactions in naive subject horses. Hypotheses: The presence of a habituated (calm) companion horse in a fear‐eliciting situation can reduce fear reactions in naive subject horses, compared to subject horses with a nonhabituated companion (control). Methods: Minimally handled (n = 36), 2‐year‐old stallions were used, 18 as subjects and 18 as companions. Companion horses (n = 9) were habituated to an otherwise frightening, standardised test stimulus (calm companions), whereas the rest (n = 9) of the companion horses remained nonhabituated (control companions). During the test, unique pairs of companion and subject horses were exposed to the test stimulus while heart rate and behavioural responses were registered. Subsequently, subject horses were exposed to the stimulus on their own (post test). Results: Subject horses, paired with a calm companion horse, showed less fear‐related behaviour and lower heart rate responses compared to subject horses with control companions. Results from the post test suggest that the difference between treatment groups remained in the subsequent absence of companion horses. Conclusions and potential relevance: It appears possible to reduce fear reactions in young, naive horses by allowing them to interact with a calm companion horse in fear‐eliciting situations.
Equine travellers to the Olympic Games in Hong Kong 2008: A review of worldwide challenges to equine health, with particular reference to vector‐borne diseases
Authors: HERHOLZ C. , FUSSEL A.‐E. , TIMONEY P. , SCHWERMER H. , BRUCKNER L. , LEADON D. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe past 10–20 years have seen exponential growth in the volume of trade in horses and equine germplasm; and the extent of global horse movements has increased significantly in the last 4 years. In preparing for the transport of elite Olympic horses to Hong Kong in 2008, it will be very important to be as fully informed as possible of the disease situation in both the exporting and importing country, import and re‐entry requirements, as well as having a vaccination strategy to protect against particular diseases. In this context the review describes the equine vector‐borne disease situation in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America and provides estimates of the number of horse movements between these countries, as well as information on import requirements and vaccination strategies.Risks of introducing diseases into hitherto free zones
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assays Using Traditional and Fluorescent Substrates
Authors: Paradise Elsa , Chaturvedi Prasoon , Ter‐Ovanesyan Elena 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA key liability in transitioning a new chemical entity (NCE) to a development candidate is NCE‐related inhibition (or induction) of cytochrome P450 enzymes, a superfamily of heme‐containing oxygenases that are the major route of first‐pass metabolism for the majority of marketed drugs. The drawback of a drug/NCE that modulates CYP450 enzyme activity occurs when the compound is co‐administered with another drug that relies on the same P450 enzyme for its metabolism. This could result in overdose of the second drug in the case of inhibition, or more rapid metabolism of one or both drugs accompanied by loss of efficacy in the case of enzyme induction. Screening for the inhibition of CYP450 enzymes is now routine in the early stages of evaluating NCEs. This unit describes two inhibition assays using traditional and fluorescent substrates.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 39:7.11.1‐7.11.12. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Mitochondria‐Associated Membrane Fractions from Transfected Cells and from Human Cytomegalovirus‐Infected Primary Fibroblasts
Authors: Bozidis Petros , Williamson Chad D. , Colberg‐Poley Anamaris M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIncreasingly mechanistic virology studies require dependable and sensitive methods for isolating purified organelles containing functional cellular sub‐domains. The mitochondrial network is, in part, closely apposed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The mitochondria‐associated membrane (MAM) fraction provides direct physical contact between the ER and mitochondria. Characterization of the dual localization and trafficking of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 proteins required establishing protocols in which the ER and mitochondria could be reliably separated. Because of its documented role in lipid and ceramide transfer from the ER to mitochondria, a method to purify MAM from infected cells was also developed. Two robust procedures were developed to efficiently isolate mitochondria, ER, and MAM fractions while providing the substantial protein yields from HCMV‐infected primary fibroblasts and from transfected HeLa cells. Moreover, this unit includes a protocol that allows visualization of the mitochondria network disruption that occurs in permissively infected cells by their optimal resolution in Percoll gradients. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 37:3.27.1‐3.27.23. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualization of RNA Using Fluorescence Complementation Triggered by Aptamer‐Protein Interactions (RFAP) in Live Bacterial Cells
Authors: Valencia‐Burton Maria , Broude Natalia E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis unit describes a method allowing RNA visualization in live cells. The method is based on fluorescent protein complementation regulated by RNA‐aptamer/RNA‐binding protein interactions. Based on these two principles, a fluorescent ribonucleoprotein complex is assembled inside the cell only in response to the presence of the aptamer sequence on the target RNA. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 37:17.11.1‐17.11.20. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphonic acid functionalized polyethylene glycol and derivatives
Authors: Essahli Mohamed , Ganachaud François , In Martin , Boutevin Bernard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article describes the functionalization of polyethylene glycol, mono or bifunctional, and a nonionic surfactant by phosphonic acids without the need for protection of the functional group. The functionalization is performed in two steps, first an esterification by thioglycolic acid, secondly a radical addition of vinyl phosphonic acid on the thiol group. All products were obtained quantitatively and characterized by 1H‐, 13C‐, 31P‐NMR spectroscopy techniques, MALDI, and step‐by‐step chemical titrations. Enhanced thermal properties were found while phosphonylating polyethylene glycol, particularly when the sulfur atom was oxidized into a sulfone group. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Subjective relative income and lottery ticket purchases
Authors: Haisley Emily , Mostafa Romel , Loewenstein George 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDespite a return of only $.53 on the dollar, state lotteries are extremely popular, especially among the poor, who play the most but can least afford to play. In two experiments conducted with low‐income participants, we examine how implicit comparisons with other income classes increase low‐income individuals' desire to play the lottery. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to purchase lottery tickets when they were primed to perceive that their own income was low relative to an implicit standard. In Experiment 2, participants purchased more tickets when they considered situations in which rich people or poor people receive advantages, implicitly highlighting the fact that everyone has an equal chance of winning the lottery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid‐Crystalline Ternary Rare‐Earth Complexes
Authors: Knyazev Andrey A. , Galyametdinov Yury G. , Goderis Bart , Driesen Kris , Goossens Karel , Görller‐Walrand Christiane , Binnemans Koen , Cardinaels Thomas 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe thermal behavior of the metallomesogens [Ln(C12C16dbm)3(phen)] (Ln = La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Yb; C12C16dbm = 1‐(4‐dodecyloxyphenyl)‐3‐(4‐hexadecyloxyphenyl)propane‐1,3‐dionate; phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) was investigated. The complexes of the light lanthanides (Ln = La, Nd) are not mesomorphic, whereas the complexes of the heavy lanthanides (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Yb) exhibit a monotropic smectic A phase (SmA). A model for themolecular organization of the molecules in the smectic A phase is proposed. The luminescence properties of the complexes [Eu(C12C16dbm)3(phen)], [Er(C12C16dbm)3(phen)], and [Yb(C12C16dbm)3(phen)] were investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Cortical dysfunction in patients with Huntington's disease during working memory performance
Authors: Wolf Robert C. , Vasic Nenad , Schönfeldt‐Lecuona Carlos , Ecker Daniel , Landwehrmeyer Georg Bernhard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPrevious functional neuroimaging studies on executive function suggested multiple functionally aberrant cortical regions in patients with Huntington's disease (HD). However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory (WM) function in this patient population. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of WM in HD patients. We used event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a parametric verbal WM task to investigate cerebral function during WM performance in 16 healthy control subjects and 12 mild to moderate stage HD patients. We excluded incorrectly performed trials to control for potential accuracy‐related activation confounds. Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was used to control for confounding cortical and subcortical atrophy. We found that HD patients were slower and less accurate than healthy controls across all WM load levels. In addition, HD patients showed lower activation in the left dorso‐ and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the left inferior parietal cortex, the left putamen, and the right cerebellum at high WM load levels only. VBM revealed gray matter differences in the bilateral caudate nucleus and the thalamus, as well as in inferior parietal and right lateral prefrontal regions. However, volumetric abnormalities in the patient group did not affect the activation differences obtained during WM task performance. These findings demonstrate that WM‐related functional abnormalities in HD patients involve distinct WM network nodes associated with cognitive control and subvocal rehearsal. Moreover, aberrant cortical function in HD patients may occur in brain regions, which are relatively well preserved in terms of brain atrophy. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.