bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investitations of the ongoing stressful situations among those with chronic illness
Authors: Zautra Alex J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines methods of adaptation among those faced with stress from chronic health problems. Studies of disabled older adults and those with muscular‐skeletal disorders are described with special emphasis on the role of everyday life events, and the threats to well‐being imposed by chronic stressors. Attention is paid not only to psychological distress as outcome of a failure to adapt, but also to indices of psychological well‐being which provide evidence of the benefits for those who cope successfully with chronic illness. The paper examines evidence for the proposition that everyday stressors can influence physiological processes linked to disease course. The implications of these findings for social interventions are discussed from community and health psychology perspectives.
Identifying population units that comply with capture‐recapture assumptions in an open community of alpine grasshoppers
Authors: White E. G. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPopulation units which are homogeneous with respect to capture‐recapture assumptions are identified by applying 11 contingency table tests to grasshopper data according to various site, species, growth stage and sex groupings. The results of 2337 contingency table analyses have permitted a definition of the biological, spatial and temporal characteristics of those groupings which were found to be homogeneous. The same analyses suggest that dispersal rates and dispersal patterns pose the greatest single difficulty in defining population homogeneity within an open community. The effects of failures in capture‐recapture assumptions are discussed in relation toJolly's 1965 stochastic model.A more detailed presentation of the study is available from the author on request.
Fluctuations of grasshopper populations on a Miscanthus sinensis grassland
Authors: Nakamura Kazuo , Nakamura Masako , Matsumoto Tadao , Itô Yosiaki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPopulation densities of the three grasshopper species on Miscanthus sinensis grassland in the Kawatabi IBP Area, Japan, Parapleurus alliaceus, Mongolotettix japonicus and Chorthippus latipennis, were estimated principally by the release‐and‐recapture method for five years from 1968 to 1972.The total number of individuals of all three grasshopper species was about 42 per 100m2 in August. The number of individuals of P. alliaceus adult, the dominant species on this grassland, showed a tendency to decline during the five years, though the amplitude was not so large. The number of eggs laid was, however, nearly constant and the mortality from the second nymphal instar to adult was relatively low and constant during the survey period. The weather conditions during the periods of egg and the first instar, such as snowfall and temperature decreasing, are suggested to be one of the factors causing variation in numbers.
An ecological assessment of community‐based interventions for prevention and health promotion: Approaches to measuring community coalitions
Authors: Goodman Robert M. , Wandersman Abraham , Chinman Matthew , Imm Pam , Morrissey Erin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPresented an ecological assessment of a community coalition to prevent alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse, and related risks. Ecological assessment is defined as occurring at multiple social levels and along a continuum of stages of coalition readiness. The assessment is aided by the triangulation, or combining of assessment methods and strategies. Measures used to assess the coalition's formation, implementation of community initiatives, and production of community impacts are described, along with the triangulation strategies used to enhance the assessment findings.
Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior
Authors: Simons Ronald L. , Johnson Christine , Beaman Jay , Conger Rand D. , Whitbeck Les B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsed a sample of 207 single‐parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional well‐being of girls. Proportion of single‐parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems. It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers. Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.
Physical characteristics of residential psychiatric and substance abuse programs: Organizational determinants and patient outcomes
Authors: Timko Christine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDescribed the Physical and Architectural Characteristics Inventory (PACI), which assesses the physical characteristics of hospital‐ and community‐based psychiatric and substance abuse residential treatment programs for adults. Developed using data from 94 representative programs, the PACI has 7 dimensions that assess community accessibility, physical features that add convenience, aid recreation, and provide support for patients, and space for patient and staff functions. In comparison to community‐based programs (n=63), hospital programs (n=31) had more social‐recreational and prosthetic aids, safety features, staff facilities, and space. The PACI dimensions were also related to other organizational features, such as facility ownership and program size and staffing level. Programs with more physical amenities had patients who were more involved in self‐initiated and community activities and were more likely to successfully complete the program and be discharged to independent living situations and paid jobs. Programs with more social‐recreational and prosthetic aids, space, and access to community resources also had better patient outcomes. In addition, PACI dimensions were related to observers' ratings of facility attractiveness. Potential applications of the PACI and the full inventory of which it is a part are discussed.
The long‐term outcome of a personal network‐oriented HIV prevention intervention for injection drug users: The SAFE study
Authors: Latkin Carl A. , Mandell Wallace , Vlahov David , Oziemkowska Maria , Celentano David D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSocial influence processes have been found to affect numerous drug and health‐related behaviors. We postulated that by using a network‐oriented intervention it may be possible to capitalize on social influence processes to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors. The present study used an experimental study design for delivering a psychoeducational acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) preventive intervention to injection drug sharing networks. Participants were recruited from the ALIVE study, an epidemiological study in Baltimore. In the present paper we examine the self‐reported behavioral outcomes of 117 injection drug users 18 months after the baseline interview. HIV seronegative experimental participants reported significantly less frequent needle sharing and less injecting of heroin and cocaine than controls. In multiple logistic regression models of HIV seronegative participants, there was a significant negative association between assignment to the experimental group and the HIV‐related behaviors of needle sharing and sharing of cookers in the prior 6 months; controls were 2.8 times more likely than experimentals to report needle sharing and were 2.7 times more likely to report sharing cookers. The results of this 18‐month follow‐up suggest that among injection drug users network‐oriented interventions may be a promising approach to HIV prevention.
Age specificity of inbreeding depression during a life cycle of Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinari 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAge‐specific effects of inbreeding on fecundity were assayed for adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis by comparing inbred lines and their cross. Four consecutive full‐sib matings reduced only 10.3 percent in total fecundity, and did not decrease early fecundity at all until third day from the onset of reproduction. It is suggested that recessive detrimental genes have been eliminated from the early period of adult life span when reproductive value is high. There was a slight tendency that inbreeding depression increased as age proceeded though not statistically significant.
Temporal and spatial relationships between an herbivorous lady beetle Epilachna niponica and its predator, the earwig Anechura harmandi
Authors: Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe relationships between egg predation of an herbivorous lady beetle Epilachna niponica (Lewis) and its predator, the earwig Anechura harmandi (Burr), were examined in both time and space. In spite of little annual, changes in egg densities, egg mortality due to predation varied considerably. There was no, clear relationship between the earwig density and the proportionate predation over the five years. The seasonal occurrence of earwig nymphs on thistle plants, however, was closely synchronized with that of egg predation. Predator attacks on the beetle occurred in a time‐restricted manner. Thus, later cohorts mostly escape from heavy predatory pressure. No spatially density‐depent egg predation was detected at the level of either thistle plants or thistle patches. Furthermore, there was no indication of aggregative behaviour of the earwig in response to local egg density. The earwig density was more likely to be associated with particular localities with sandy deposits available for its nest site.
A graphical model of disruptive selection on offspring size and a possible case of speciation in freshwater gobies characterized by egg‐size difference
Authors: Kishi Yuji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe graphical technique devised bySmith andFretwell (1974) to construct a model of the optimal offspring size was applied to the case where disruptive selection might work on offspring size. On this basis, a possible case of speciation in freshwater gobies characterized by egg‐size difference was discussed.
Studies on the population dynamics of a thistle‐feeding lady beetle, Henosepilachna pustulosa (Kôno) in a cool temperature climax forest
Authors: Nakamura Koji , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: October 2006

Summary
A field study was carried out on the population dynamics of a thistle‐feeding lady beetle, Henosepilachna pustulosa (Kôno) living in a cool temperature climax forest in northern Kyoto Prefecture, central Japan.
Intensive marking, release and recapture program was carried out to estimate the adult population parameters by usingJolly‐Seber method.
Sampling ratio was around 50%. Marking ratio rapidly rised as the census progressed and approached to 100%.
Sex ratio (% ♀) was 63–69% in both overwintered and new adults.
Daily survival rate was as high as 0.95 or more and constant throughout the season. Adult longevity in the spring was longer than 40 days.
Reproductive rate i. e., the ratio of the number of newly emerged adults in a given generation to that of overwintered adults in the preceding generation, is very small, ranging 1–3, whereas winter survival is higher than 50%, consequently the size of populations in the study area remain in a remarkably constant size and it never reached a level where intraspesific competition occurred.
The population characteristics of H. pustulosa are compared with those of the two closely related species, H. vigintioctopunctata and H. vigintioctomaculata, which are the pests of Solanaceous crops. Hp is more K‐strategic than the two pest species.
Aspects of interspecific interaction between Reithrodontomys megalotis and Microtus montanus in one acre enclosures
Authors: Pitcher Edward J. , Keller Barry L. 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Two one acre enclosures were cleared of all resident rodents, and then, one enclosure was seeded with founder populations of Reithrodontomys megalotis (grid M) and the other with Reithrodontomys megalotis plus Microtus montanus (grid I). Founder populations consisted of eight animals for each species introduced and a sex ratio of 1∶1.
Five parameters were measured for a period of one year. Data collection was started in September 1971, and ended in September 1972; enumeration was conducted twice a month for three days.
The five parameters measured were: (1) population density through time and individual growth rates; (2) reproduction; (3) survival of age and sex classes; (4) sex ratio; and (5) sizes of home ranges.
There were no significant differences in three out of the five parameters studied. Density estimates along with individual growth rates were not significantly different between the grids. Reproduction, including breeding season and efficiency of reproductive effort, showed no or very little variation due to interspecific interaction. Home range sizes did not appear to be significantly different between the grids. Survival of juvenile males on grid I seemed lower and juvenile males from grid I were significantly smaller although possibly younger than those of grid M. The sex ratio of grid I was significantly different from the expected 1∶1 ratio.
It is postulated that Reithrodontomys megalotis may regulate their density by alteration of their sex ratios.
Functional response to host density in a parasitic wasp, with reference to population regulation
Authors: Takahashi Fumiki 
Published: October 2006

Summary
The functional response to, and preference for, the host density in a parasite were examined experimentally using an icheumon wasp, Exidechthis canescens, and its host Cadra cautella under controlled conditions.
Wasps were more active in host‐searching at higher than lower host densities. Percent parasitism increased rapidly with initial increments in host density and then tended to increase more slowly at higher host densities. A sigmoid functional response curve is indicated, which implies that the parasite is able to control its host even at low densities.
Wasps actively selected areas of high host density in which to concentrate host‐searching behavior.
Host‐searching by E. canescens is stimulated by the odor of the host when present, and by food in which hosts have developed but have been removed.
Both the functional response and the host‐density preference of the parasite are mediated by its host‐searching behavior. This relationship is discussed in the context of population regulation.
Do all epistaxis patients with a nasal pack need admission? A retrospective study of 116 patients managed in accident and emergency according to a peer reviewed protocol
Authors: Van Wyk F C , Massey S , Worley G , Brady S 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: Epistaxis is the most common nasal emergency and if nasal packing is required this commonly results in admission.Methods: A literature search could find no published (UK) protocols for the management of this common condition in accident and emergency (A&E) departments. This paper presents a retrospective review of 116 patients with epistaxis, following implementation of the new peer reviewed protocol in June 2004.Results: Apart from cautery, 62 had nasal packing inserted. Only 17 required admission. Forty-six patients were discharged with nasal packing in situ and only seven (16 per cent) returned due to bleeding. The overall return rate was 11 per cent.Discussion: We feel this is a safe and logical protocol. Compared to mandatory admission after nasal pack insertion, we saved 39 admissions in five months. There were also the added benefits to patients of being able to recuperate at home rather than in hospital and avoidance of the risk of hospital acquired infection.
Enhancement of Cellulose Pellicle Production by Constitutively Expressing Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin in Acetobacter xylinum
Authors: Chien Liang‐Jung , Chen Hsiao‐Ting , Yang Pei‐Fen , Lee Cheng‐Kang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene driven by the constitutive bla promoter was expressed in the cellulose‐producing Acetobacter xylinum. The expressed VHb was biochemically active and could enhance cell growth in a shaken culture containing cellulase. VHb‐expressing A. xylinum (VHb+) exhibited a specific growth rate 50% higher than that of the host strain (VHb−). Probably because of its faster growth rate, the size of tentacled cellulose beads produced by VHb+ was about 20% of that produced by VHb− after 2 days cultivation in a shake‐flask. When cultured statically, the amount of cellulose pellicle produced by VHb+ could be 2‐fold that produced by VHb−. Cellulose pellicle concentration of 11 g/L was obtained for VHb+, whereas 6 g/L was obtained for VHb− after 6 days of microaerobic incubation.
Identification and Ablation of Three Types of Ventricular Tachycardia Involving the His‐Purkinje System in Patients with Heart Disease
Authors: LOPERA GUSTAVO , STEVENSON WILLIAM G. , SOEJIMA KYOKO , MAISEL WILLIAM H. , KOPLAN BRUCE , SAPP JOHN L. , SATTI S. DINAKAR , EPSTEIN LAURENCE M. 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) with involvement of the His‐Purkinje system (HPS) can be difficult to recognize in patients with heart disease, but it may be particularly susceptible to ablation targeting the HPS. This study defines the incidence and types of HPS involvement in VT. Methods and Results: Involvement of the HPS was sought during electrophysiologic study with catheter mapping in 234 consecutive patients referred for catheter ablation of recurrent VT associated with heart disease. HPS VT was observed in 20 (8.5%) patients (mean ejection fraction 29%± 17%); in 9 (11%) of 81 patients with nonischemic heart disease and 11 (7.1%) of 153 patients with coronary artery disease (P = NS). Three types of HPS VT were observed: 16 patients (group 1) had typical bundle branch reentry, 2 patients (group 2) had bundle branch reentry and interfascicular reentry, and 2 patients (group 3) had VT consistent with a focal origin in the distal HPS. In all three groups, the VT QRS had morphologic similarity to the sinus rhythm QRS. Ablation of HPS VT was successful in all patients in whom it was attempted but produced high‐degree AV block in 6 (30%). In 12 patients (60%), other VTs due to reentry through scar also were inducible. Conclusion: Involvement of the HPS in VT associated with heart disease has three distinct clinical forms, all of which are susceptible to ablation. Ablation often is not sufficient as the sole therapy due to other induced VT's and conduction abnormalities, requiring pacemaker and/or defibrillator implantation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 52‐58, January 2004)
Shock‐Induced Epicardial and Endocardial Virtual Electrodes Leading to Ventricular Fibrillation via Reentry, Graded Responses, and Transmural Activation
Authors: EVANS FREDERICK G. , GRAY RICHARD A. 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: The mechanism of ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction by T wave shocks has been attributed to reentry, propagated graded responses (PGR), and triggered activity. The limitation of recording transmembrane potential (Vm) from only a single surface has hampered efforts to elucidate the relative role of these phenomena and their relationship to shock‐induced virtual electrodes. Methods and Results:
Vm patterns from epicardial and endocardial surfaces of isolated sheep right ventricles were recorded with two CCD cameras for monophasic (M) and biphasic (B) shocks delivered at various coupling intervals (CI) from a unipolar mesh electrode on the epicardium. VF was induced via (1) the formation of reentry following make or break excitation; (2) propagated graded responses during apparent isoelectric window; and (3) breakthrough activation patterns coincident with endocardial‐to‐epicardial gradients in Vm. M shocks depolarized both surfaces at long CIs and polarized epicardial and endocardial surfaces oppositely at short CIs. At intermediate CIs, postshock Vm patterns could lead to reentry on one surface or endocardial‐to‐epicardial gradients resulting in breakthrough. B induced VF less than M for short and intermediate CIs due to more homogeneous end‐shock Vm patterns. However, at long CIs these homogeneous patterns resulted in more VF induction because B left the tissue closer to the Vm threshold for propagation. Conclusion: Postshock activity occurred either immediately via epicardial or endocardial reentry, or after a delay caused by transmural propagation or propagated graded responses. These findings could explain the isoelectric window and focal activation patterns observed on the epicardium following VF induction shocks. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 79‐87, January 2004)
Phenotypic Characterization of a Large European Family with Brugada Syndrome Displaying a Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome Mutation in SCN5A:
Authors: HONG KUI , BERRUEZO‐SANCHEZ ANTONIO , POUNGVARIN NARAVAT , OLIVA ANTONIO , VATTA MATTEO , BRUGADA JOSEP , BRUGADA PEDRO , TOWBIN JEFFREY A. , DUMAINE ROBERT , PIÑERO‐GALVEZ CARLOS , ANTZELEVITCH CHARLES , BRUGADA RAMON 
Published: October 2006

Introduction: Brugada syndrome is characterized by sudden death secondary to malignant arrhythmias and the presence of ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V3 of patients with structurally normal hearts. This ECG pattern often is concealed but can be unmasked using potent sodium channel blockers. Like congenital long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) and sudden unexpected death syndrome, Brugada syndrome has been linked to mutations in SCN5A. Methods and Results: We screened a large European family with Brugada syndrome. Three members (two female) had suffered malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Ten members showed an ECG pattern characteristic of Brugada syndrome at baseline, and eight showed the pattern only after administration of ajmaline (total 12 female). Haplotype analysis revealed that all individuals with positive ECG at baseline shared the SCN5A locus. Sequencing of SCN5A identified a missense mutation, R367H, previously associated with sudden unexpected death syndrome. Two of the eight individuals who displayed a positive ECG after the administration of ajmaline, but not before, did not have the R367H mutation, and sequencing analysis failed to identify any other mutation in SCN5A. The R367H mutation failed to generate any current when heterologously expressed in HEK cells. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that (1) sudden unexpected death syndrome and Brugada syndrome are the same disease; (2) male predominance of the phenotype observed in sudden unexpected death syndrome does not apply to this family, suggesting that factors other than the specific mutation determine the gender distinction; and (3) ajmaline may provide false‐positive results. These findings have broad implications relative to the diagnosis and risk stratification of family members of patients with the Brugada syndrome. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 64‐69, January 2004)