bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current concepts in neuroradiological diagnosis of acoustic neuromas
Authors: Mikhael Michael A. , Wolff Allan P. , Ciric Ivan S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo hundred twenty‐one cases with clinical suspicion of a cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and/or internal auditory canal (IAC) lesions were evaluated in our hospital in the last 2 1/2 years by various radiological modalities. Fifty‐two tumors were diagnosed and surgically removed; 48 were acoustic neuromas (33 large tumors and 15 intracanalicular small tumors) and 4 meningiomas.Polytomography detected 10 lesions out of 15 (66.7%) with 5 false‐negative (33.3%) and 4 false‐positive (26.7%) studies. Routine CT scan visualized large and enhancing lesions (37 out of 52), but missed the small intracanalicular tumors (15 tumors) which were only visualized by CT scan combined with cisternography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI diagnosed 23 lesions out of 23 (100%) with no false‐positive or negative studies, including 8 intracanalicular small tumors missed on the routine CT scans. MRI is far more reliable in the radiological diagnosis of CPA and IAC lesions.
Efficacy of acoustic otoscope in detecting middle ear effusion in children
Authors: Oyiborhoro John M. A. , Olaniyan Sunday O. , Newman Craig W. , Balakrishnan Saidapet L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe sensitivity and specificity of the acoustic otoscope in detecting middle ear effusion (MEE) was determined for 200 children. Based upon results from otoscopy, tympanometry, pure tone audiometry, and myringotomy, 100 of the children (175 ears) had MEE. The remaining 100 (200 ears) had no MEE. Using acoustic otoscope reflectivity (AOR) units 4 through 9 to indicate pathologic ears, its sensitivity and specificity were found to be 93.14% and 83%, respectively. These findings led to the conclusion that the acoustic otoscope may provide a simple and cost‐effective way of detecting MEE in children. Suggestions are provided for improving the effectiveness of this new device as a clinical tool.
Laser applications in the trachea and bronchi: A comparative study of the soft tissue effects using contact and noncontact delivery systems
Authors: Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA comparative study of laser soft tissue effects using carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and neodymiumyttrium aluminum garnet (Nd‐YAG) lasers in contact and noncontact endoscopic delivery systems was done in the canine tracheobronchial tree to determine the best laser system for the specific disease. The CO2 laser bronchoscopic coupler, CO2 laser waveguide, Nd‐YAG laser fiber, and Nd‐YAG laser contact probe were used. A 5 mm diameter soft tissue injury exposing tracheal cartilage was made, and the power density for each laser modality was measured. Soft tissue effects were documented histologically using routine techniques and scanning electron microscopy acutely and at 1 week and 2 weeks after injury. The effects were similar with the CO2 laser coupler and the CO2 laser waveguide with comparable power densities. Compared with the CO2 laser, the Nd‐YAG laser fiber caused more extensive and more difficult to control thermal damage in tissue. The Nd‐YAG laser contact probe was capable of precise soft tissue ablation with minimal surrounding tissue damage and was associated with the most rapid healing.This study concluded that high power density with short exposures is desirable when treating benign disorders, such as tracheal stenosis, making the CO2 laser or Nd‐YAG laser contact probe application a good choice. On the other hand, malignant turmores with a potential for hemorrhage are best treated with the Nd‐YAG laser noncontact fiber system because of its superior coagulative effects.
A study of potential vestibulotoxic effects of once daily versus thrice daily administration of tobramycin
Authors: Proctor Leonard , Thakor Ruchira , Glackin Robert , Shimizu Hiroshi , Petty Brent , Lietman Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTobramycin 5.1 mg/kg/day was administered for 9 days to 20 healthy human volunteers to determine the potential vestibulotoxicity of once daily versus thrice daily treatment regimens. Vestibular function was tested carefully before, during, and following drug administration, using a battery of postural and caloric tests.Although subjects receiving the once daily regimen performed better on the postural tests, we feel this does not necessarily indicate an adverse effect in either group. The caloric test was the primary measure of vestibular function in this experiment, and this test appeared to demonstrate a slight adverse effect during drug administration of equal magnitude in both treatment groups.The results of this experiment indicate that there is no significant difference in the risk of adverse vestibular effects between once daily and thrice daily tobramycin administration.
Prognostic value of vocal cord fixation with respect to treatment in cancers of the supraglottis and pyriform sinus
Authors: Spaulding Cynthia A. , Gillenwater Ann , Hahn Seung Shin , Constable William C. , Ronald Kersh C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVocal cord fixation in supraglottic and pyriform sinus cancers has, in the past, precluded management by radiotherapy alone. Ninety‐eight patients were reviewed to determine the prognostic effect of vocal cord fixation. The predictive value of cord mobility status after 50 Gy was evaluated with respect to treatment modality.For patients treated with radiotherapy alone, cord mobility status was predictive of recurrence, yielding 3 year recurrence rates of 33.3% (mobile) versus 80% (fixed) [p = 0.04]. Mobile cords after 50 Gy had similar recurrence rates (33.3% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.60) whether treated by radiotherapy or radiotherapy/surgery.Radiotherapy alone may be used in cases when fixed cords become mobile after 50 Gy without compromising cure rates or laryngeal function. Combined modality provides the best results when cords remain fixed.
Total pharyngolaryngectomy and cervical esophagectomy with jejunal autotransplant reconstruction: Complications and results
Authors: Ferguson Jonathan L. , Desanto Lawrence W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEighteen patients underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a free jejunal autotransplant in a one‐stage procedure after circumferential resection for cancer of the pharynx and cervical esophagus. Of these, six had minor complications (fistulas) and six had major complications including abdominal bleeding, cervical bleeding, graft failure, and one surgical death. The mean survival was 427 days after resection and reconstruction (range, 120 to 866 days). Ten patients died of their disease, and four died of other causes. The site of failure was local in five and distant in five. In view of this high complication rate and unimpressive survival rate, the use of other lower‐morbidity reconstructive options or staged procedures may need to be considered in poor surgical candidates.
Tissue expansion and cutaneous blood flow
Authors: Goding George S. , Cummings Charles W. , Trachy Ron E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of controlled skin expansion in blood flow was investigated using the dermofluorometer. Twenty‐eight subcutaneous pockets in seven pigs were divided into three groups. Group 1: subcutaneous pockets with a gradually inflated 200‐cc tissue expander over 12 days, then deflated and observed for 6 days. Group 2: subcutaneous pockets with a noninflated 200‐cc tissue expander. Group 3: subcutaneous pockets elevated without placement of a tissue expander.Measurements taken 30 to 45 minutes after partial inflation of the tissue expander showed a decrease in blood flow while blood flow was increased 30 to 45 minutes after deflation of the tissue expander. The increase in blood flow, however, was not evident 6 days after the expander in group 1 was deflated.
Elective resection of the internal carotid artery without reconstruction
Authors: De Vries Egbert J. , Sekhar Laligam N. , Schramm Victor L. , Janecka Ivo P. , Horton Joseph A. , Eibling David E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCurability of skull base tumors is related to the ability to achieve a complete resection. Resection of the internal carotid artery with the tumor puts the patient at risk for catastrophic cerebral injury. Autogenous vein grafting is not always technically or physiologically possible.We present eight patients with tumors eroding the cranial base who underwent safe resection or occlusion of the internal carotid artery as predicted by three tests: 1. carotid arteriography, 2. temporary balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and 3. xenon computerized tomography cerebral blood flow mapping. No patient suffered permanent central nervous system injury.
Gastroesophageal reflux as an etiologic factor in laryngeal complications of intubation
Authors: Gaynor Edward B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSignificant complications are encountered in some patients as a result of prolonged endotracheal intubation. The finding of low gastric pH values at postmortem examination in patients whose larynx was severely traumatized after endotracheal intubation suggested that gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of these problems.To evaluate the occurrence and character of GER as well as its effects upon the larynx and trachea of intubated patients, clinical observations and several animal models were employed. Monitoring of pH values for GER was performed in intubated patients both in the operating room and the intensive care unit with a 40% incidence of GER in ICU patients not receiving antacid therapy. After exposure to gastric juice, marked inflammation and necrosis were observed in the larynx of rabbits, and a significant reduction of mucociliary flow was found to occur in the dog's trachea. The physiology and mechanisms of these events are discussed and indicate that GER may play an important role in the development of permanent laryngeal and tracheal injury in the intubated patient.It is recommended that pharyngeal pH be monitored in intubated patients because their altered state of consciousness may predispose to gastric reflux. When GER is encountered, initiation of treatment should be undertaken because prevention is considerably more effective than subsequent treatment.
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenesis of otitis media
Authors: Jung Timothy T. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong the various inflammatory mediators of otitis media (OM), metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) such as prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. In an effort to investigate the role of AA metabolites on the pathogenesis of otitis media, concentrations of AA metabolites were measured in middle ear effusion (MEE) from human and paralleling animal models of otitis media and the effects of inhibitors of AA metabolism, antibiotics, and tympanostomy tube (TT) on the outcome of animal models of OM were studied.Concentrations of AA metabolites in MEE were higher in the younger age group. Levels of PGE and LTB in MEE seem to represent the degree of inflammation of OM best. Lipoxygenase products seem to be associated with the mucoid type of MEE. In the study of animal models of OM, combined models and ears with TT showed more inflammation than single models and ears without TT. Study of the therapeutic use of inhibitors of AA metabolism, penicillin, and TT showed that lipoxygenase products may be more important in the pathogenesis of OM than the cyclo‐oxygenase products, and that the use of a combination of penicillin and corticosteroid produces the best results.It is clear from these studies that arachidonic acid metabolites are important inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
Motor‐evoked potentials of facial musculature in dogs
Authors: Estrem Scott A. , Dvm Siavash Haghighi , Wertheimer Richard , Levy Walter J. , Kendall Mary 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMotor responses of limb musculature have been elicited by transcranial brain stimulation using electrical and magnetic stimulation. Recording from muscles innervated by cranial nerves has not previously been reported.A unilateral hemispheric craniotomy was performed in 24 dogs. An electric stimulus was delivered directly to the exposed motor cortex via surface electrodes. Evoked electromyographic responses to motor cortex stimulation were recorded from the contralateral orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles.Preliminary investigation into the use of magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex is compared to direct electrical cortical stimulation. This study demonstrates the potential for magnetic stimulation in the intraoperative and outpatient clinical evaluation of facial nerve disorders. It appears possible, for the first time using magnetic stimulation, to noninvasively stimulate these nerves proximal to the point of injury and to evaluate more central conduction pathways.
Submandibular gland excision
Authors: Crabtree Gary M. , Yarington C. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review of 107 submandibular gland excisions was made to determine the relative frequency of neoplastic versus non‐neoplastic disease. The results show a preponderance of non‐neoplastic pathology. Benign tumors were found in 6% of glands, primary glandular and metastatic carcinoma in 3%. Timely treatment of a submandibular gland mass is indicated due to the relatively aggressive behavior of malignancies originating in this location.
Use of bacitracin for neurotologic surgery
Authors: Kartush Jack M. , Cannon Steven C. , Graham Malcolm D. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Schmaltz Steven , Kemink John L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWound infection, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and meningitis are serious potential complications of neurotologic procedures that transgress the posterior cranial fossa dura. A study of 236 patients was made to determine the effect of perioperative intravenous antibiotics and topical bacitracin irrigation on the incidence of these complications. Of the 236 patients, 170 (72%) underwent translabyrinthine resection of acoustic tumors, while 66 (28%) underwent retrolabyrinthine vestibular nerve section. Patients were divided into four groups: those who received no antibiotics, those who received perioperative intravenous antibiotics only, those who received topical bacitracin irrigation only, and those who received a combination of perioperative intravenous antibiotics and topical bacitracin irrigation.There were no untoward effects of either perioperative intravenous antibiotics or topical bacitracin. The results indicate that bacitracin irrigation reduced the incidence of wound infection from 9% to 2% (p<0.05); of cerebrospinal fluid leak from 12% to 5% (p<0.04); and of all targeted complications combined from 22% to 9% (p<0.006). Furthermore, the topical bacitracin irrigation only group showed a statistically significant reduction in wound infections compared to the perioperative intravenous antibiotic only group (p<0.02). The incidence of meningitis was statistically unaffected by any of our treatment protocols.
Superficial extending carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Sulfaro Sandro , Volpe Rachele , Querin Francesco , Comoretto Roberto , Barzan Luigi , Lutman Mario , Carbone Antonino 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSuperficial extending carcinoma of the hypopharynx is a recently recognized form of carcinoma regarded as a possible pharyngeal counterpart to early gastric cancer and superficial esophageal carcinoma. In this study we report the radiological, clinical, and pathological features of three carcinomas of the larynx, which show architectural and histopathological features similar to those previously described in superficial extending carcinoma of the hypopharynx. These cases were singled out from a series of 37 consecutive laryngectomy specimens of primary infiltrating laryngeal carcinomas that were uniformly studied by means of a whole‐organ sections technique. Pathologically, these cases showed a clearly invasive growth through the basal membrane into the lamina propria and an entire or predominant, extensive, superficial type of spread; infiltration of underlying muscle or gland structures was restricted to a few microscopic foci, regardless of the presence of lymph node metastases. The present study demonstrates that infiltrating carcinomas with a preferential superficial type of growth may also be encountered in the larynx. Differences between the histological features of these carcinomas of the larynx and the histopathologic spectrum of so‐called early laryngeal cancer are emphasized.
Endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery: Indications and considerations
Authors: Schaefer Steven D. , Manning Scott , Close Lanny G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecently, American otolaryngologists have become increasingly interested in endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery. This trend has been beneficial, because it has enhanced the understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the sinuses. However, as with the introduction of any new surgical technique, it takes both time and experience to acquire the skills necessary to perform this procedure. To evaluate the state of endoscopic sinus surgery, we analyzed the experience of one of the authors with 100 consecutive patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic sinus surgery over 23 months. With an average follow‐up of 5 months (range: less than 1 month to 20 months), 14 patients had minor complications. The most common complication was synechia between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall (six patients), resulting in revision surgery in four patients. Eighty‐three patients were judged as having significantly improved after surgery, while ten were improved but had one episode of sinusitis postoperatively. The results of this series suggest that endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery is an efficacious advance in the treatment of sinusitis, given the limitations discussed in this report.
Space‐occupying orbital lesions: Can critical increases in intraorbital pressure be predicted clinically?
Authors: Stanley Robert J. , Mccaffrey Thomas V. , Desanto Lawrence W. , Offord Kenneth P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThirteen cadaver orbits were studied to determine whether noninvasive clinical measurements of globe excursion could be used to predict intraorbital pressure. Intraorbital pressure measurements, exophthalmometry, and orbitonometry (which measures resistance to globe retrodisplacement) were performed at 1‐ml increments to 12 ml of added orbital volume. Orbitonometry, performed with forces of 100, 200, and 300 g, yielded both E (global position) and Y (retrodisplacement) values. Plots of orbital pressure against percentage of excursion, a function of orbital retrodisplacement (that is, orbital pressure versus [(E0 ‐ E300)/E0] × 100), for 131 paired values over all orbits yielded a function with low percentage of excursion values associated with high intraorbital pressures. This relationship reflected both the proptosis and the increased orbital tension produced by added volumes. Comparison of clinical oribtonometry data with such experimental data may allow predictions about which patients are threatened by critical intraorbital pressure levels and may benefit from orbital decompression surgery to preserve vision.
Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis
Authors: Brown Orval E. , Manning Scott C. , Myer Charles M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCongenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is an unusual and previously undescribed cause of nasal airway obstruction in the newborn. The nasal pyriform aperture is narrowed due to bony overgrowth of the nasal process of the maxilla. This anomaly may produce signs and symptoms of nasal airway obstruction in newborns and infants similar to those seen in bilateral posterior choanal atresia. Computed tomography confirms the diagnosis and delineates the anomaly. A series of six patients with nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is presented. Four patients were treated with surgical enlargement of the nasal pyriform aperture via a sublabial approach. One patient was repaired via a transnasal approach, and one patient did not undergo surgical intervention. Follow‐up reveals normal nasal airway and facial growth in all patients. Mildly symptomatic patients with congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis may be treated expectantly, while severely symptomatic patients benefit from repair via the sublabial approach.
Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Is Involved in 2-Methoxyestradiol—Mediated Cell Death of Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Shogren Kristen L , Turner Russell T , Yaszemski Michael J , Maran Avudaiappan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We studied the involvement of interferon-regulated, PKR on 2-ME–mediated actions in human osteosarcoma cells. Our results show that PKR is activated by 2-ME treatment and is necessary for 2-ME–mediated induction of osteosarcoma cell death.
Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor and most frequently develops during adolescence. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a metabolite of 17β-estradiol, induces interferon gene expression and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. In this report, we studied the role of interferon-regulated double-stranded (ds)RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) protein on 2-ME–mediated cell death in human osteosarcoma cells.
Materials and Methods: Western blot analyses were used to measure PKR protein and phosphorylation levels. Cell survival and apoptosis assays were measured using trypan blue exclusion and Hoechst dye methods, respectively. A transient transfection protocol was used to express the dominant negative PKR mutants.
Results and Conclusions: PKR was increased in 2-ME–treated MG63 cells, whereas 17β-estradiol, 4-hydroxyestradiol, and 16α-hydroxyestradiol, which do not induce cell death, had no effect on PKR protein levels. Also, 2-ME treatment induced PKR kinase activity as indicated by increased autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of the endogenous substrate, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2α. dsRNA poly (I).poly (C), an activator of PKR protein, increased cell death when osteosarcoma cells were treated with a submaximal concentration of 2-ME. In contrast, a serine-threonine kinase inhibitor SB203580 and a specific PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2-AP) blocked the 2-ME–induced cell death in MG63 cells. A dominant negative PKR mutant protein conferred resistance to 2-ME–induced cell death to MG63 osteosarcoma and 2-ME–mediated PKR regulation did not require interferon gene expression. PKR protein is activated in cell free extracts by 2-ME treatment, resulting in autophosphorylation and in the phosphorylation of the substrate eIF-2α. We conclude from these results that PKR is regulated by 2-ME independently of interferon and is essential for 2-ME–mediated cell death in MG63 osteosarcoma cells.