bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations Related to the Performance of Erosion Control Products Combined with Soil Bioengineering Techniques
Authors: Di Pietro P , Brunet G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The combined use of erosion control products (commonly referred to as “inert materials”) and live plants for the restoration of waterways requires standardization of terminology, material function, and design criteria for each system. This will yield the combination of a correct engineering approach with the appropriate best management practices to produce the desired long-term performance. This paper will focus on combining soil bioengineering techniques with sound engineering practices when dealing with soil erosion or overall instability problems. The performance will be discussed with a proposed multidisciplinary approach, in order to achieve the desired environmental effect. The concept of “Minimum Energy Level” will also be discussed to identify the best environmentally compatible solution, typically ranging from simple to complex design scenarios. Due to the combined presence of inert materials and living plants, the field performance of the various solutions will evolve over time. This contributing factor will require testing the product strength characteristics both in the short and long term, in close relationship with the field performance criteria, in order to understand their function in waterways. The dynamics of the project site and the overall structural stability are greatly affected by these decisions.
Development of a Methodology for Evaluating Subsurface Concentrations of Pollutants Using Electrical Polarization Technique
Authors: Mohamed AMO , Said RA , AlShawawreh NK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The study involves the introduction of an electrical polarization technique to in situ analysis of subsurface pollutants by measuring and analyzing the variation of soil-pollutant dielectric properties as a function of concentration of the pollutant in the soil. The developed system was modeled using transmission line theory, and the electrical parameters were optimized using the electrical circuit simulation software (Circuit Maker™) and the experimental results. Also, a methodology was developed to evaluate soil pore fluid concentrations via the use of two important electrical properties for the medium, which are resistance and capacitance.
Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt
Authors: Asi IM , Al-Abdul Wahhab HI , Baghabra Al-Amoudi OS , Khan MI , Siddiqi Z 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Foamed asphalt technology has increasingly gained acceptance as an effective and economical soil improvement and stabilization technique, mainly because of its improved aggregate penetration, coating capabilities, and handling and compaction characteristics. This laboratory research program was carried out to investigate the feasible use of foamed asphalt technology in Saudi Arabia to improve the prevalent dune sands for possible use as a base or subbase material. Several variables were investigated to evaluate the relative improvement of dune sand as well as to permit the development of design procedures for the future use of foamed asphalt technology in the harsh climatic conditions of eastern Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis of the results was employed to verify the effects of emulsified asphalt and foamed asphalt treatment, with and without the addition of Portland cement, on the strength characteristics of the treated mixes. The results displayed significant improvement in the performance of dune sand foamed asphalt mixes, as compared to that of the emulsified asphalt mixes.
Bidimensional Swell Effect on Accuracy of Footing Heave Prediction
Authors: Abdullah WS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The direct method (the Texas Highway Department Method TEX-124-E) and the Jennings and Knight “Double Oedometer Method” are widely used by practicing engineers for heave prediction of footings located on expansive soils. These methods are simple to use and yet simulate field conditions too. These two methods, however, are characterized by overpredicting the value of footing heave. The degree to which these methods overpredict heave is dependent on the soil conditions, as well as the applied footing pressure. The present work studied the influence of footing pressure on the precision of the two mentioned methods. It was found that the factor needed to adjust the predicted footing heave by these methods (“Heave Reduction Factor Rf”) decreases markedly with increasing footing pressure. The heave reduction factor Rf decreased from 0.92 and 0.88 to 0.62 and 0.53 for the direct method and the double oedometer method, respectively, as the footing pressure increased from 25 to 50 kPa. Soil strength depends upon the level of soil suction. Soil wetting contributes to reduction in soil suction, and consequently, to a loss in bearing capacity. Therefore, a test experiment with footing pressure of 100 kPa suffered bearing capacity failure after about one day since the beginning of the test experiment.
Improved Complex Permittivity Measurement and Data Processing Technique for Soil-Water Systems
Authors: Scholte JW , Shang JQ , Rowe RK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The complex permittivity of soil-water systems is a function of a number of soil properties. By measuring the complex permittivity, one could quantitatively evaluate the soil behavior under existing conditions in the field, as well as identify changes in the environment. This paper describes the improvement of a measurement and data processing technique for the analysis of the complex permittivity of soil. A sample holder described in a previously published study is modified to reduce errors from sample handling and to increase the measurement accuracy and capacity. A modular unit is designed to measure the static conductivity and the complex permittivity of the soil simultaneously. The data processing technique is also presented, including the identification of the frequency for data analysis and extraction of the static conductivity from the measured loss factors. The results of the complex permittivity measurements on a compacted natural clayey till are presented to demonstrate the typical relationships of the soil complex permittivity as they are related to the soil volumetric water content, bulk density, and salinity.
Foundations on Rock, Second Edition
Authors: Pincus HJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the author's introduction to the first edition of this book, published in 1992, he states that the book's main purpose is “. . .to assist the reader in the identification of potentially unstable rock foundations, to demonstrate design methods appropriate for a wide range of geological conditions and foundation types, and to describe rock construction methods.” The intended reader, he says, is the design professional in geotechnical engineering. In his introduction to the second edition, the author states that design and construction practices have not changed since the writing of the first edition, hence the reason for writing the second edition is to include updated technical material and to “. . .add information on new projects where valuable experience on rock foundations has been documented.” The coverage in the second edition fulfills the author's stated intentions.
Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Related Microstructural Parameters for Airframe Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Liao Min , Chisholm Kyle , Mahendran Mario 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of statistical analysis of the fatigue related microstructural parameters, mainly on constituent particles and pores, in 7050-T7452 aluminum forging materials. The statistical distributions of the particle and pore area data, which were obtained from the metallographic measurements on polished surfaces, were fitted well with three-parameter lognormal functions. Comparative studies were carried out for the particle and pore size distributions between the core and periphery materials, and between the hand and die forging materials. An extreme value theory-based model was investigated to correlate the overall material particle distribution with the fatigue crack-nucleating particle distribution. The results indicated that the particle size is not the only parameter affecting the fatigue process; other parameters, such as grain size and grain orientation, are also important parameters for microstructure-based fatigue modeling. Therefore, orientation image microscopy (OIM) analyses were carried out on pristine 7050 samples, on different planes, to determine the grain orientation distributions. Finally, a preliminary OIM analysis was performed on a fractured sample to measure the misorientation angles between the grains near the crack nucleation and short crack regions. It is expected that the test observations and quantitative microstructural data could help to understand the effects of microstructure on the fatigue process and develop a microstructure-based fatigue modeling.
The Contribution of Materials Technology to Power Generation
Authors: Gemmill MG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The scientific principles governing metal behavior will be considered in regard to creep, fracture, and corrosion processes as they relate to the successful development of materials for high temperature engineering applications.
In the past decade the emphasis in the design and development of land power plants has shifted from the aim of higher thermal efficiency to one of greater plant component reliability. This has brought about a corresponding need to understand existing materials more thoroughly, rather than to seek new material compositions. The consequence of this will be examined in the context of fossil fueled boilers, nuclear reactors of various types, and steam and gas turbines.
Present Status of ASTM Tracking Test Methods
Authors: Mitchell GR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Three standard tracking test methods have been developed, which are in active use in evaluating materials for medium voltage applications of electrical insulation. A fourth method, intended for evaluation of materials for low voltage applications, is in the interlaboratory development stage. A fifth method is being developed specifically for outdoor medium voltage insulation applications. Each of the test methods exhibits different advantages and disadvantages. Test methods must be selected based on testing objectives.
Modified Centrifuge Technique for Hydrolytic Stability of Neopentyl Polyol Ester Lubricants
Authors: Pace JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A modification of the ASTM Test for Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic Fluids (Beverage Bottle Test Method) [D 2619-67 (1972)] is proposed to permit the application to fluids with specific gravities near to that of water. Data obtained in applying this modification to MIL-L-23699 “Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Turbine Engine, Synthetic Base” are presented.
Estimation of Skid Numbers from Surface Texture Parameters in the Rational Design of Standard Reference Pavements for Test Equipment Calibration
Authors: Britton SC , Ledbetter WB , Gallaway BM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Accurate measurement of highway skid resistance has required the application of appropriate reference standards for the calibration of locked wheel skid trailers [ASTM Test for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire (E 274-70)] used as test equipment. This investigation was concerned with the development of criteria needed for the design of primary standard reference pavement surfaces.
A review of previous research indicated that the pavement variables influencing tire-pavement friction should be expressed in terms of six surface texture parameters. Pavement macrotexture, with characteristic dimensions between 2 and 16 mm, was expressed in terms of asperity size, spacing, and shape. The remaining three parameters, which described asperities with characteristic dimensions less than 2 mm, were expressed as microtexture size, spacing, and shape. Published studies indicated that surface texture influenced wet tire-pavement friction through water drainage, hysteresis losses in the tire, and adhesion in the tread contact area. Published equations relating pavement texture and firction have been derived on the basis of oversimplified models and, thus, required considerable experimental support to be applicable to the design of reference pavement surfaces. In particular, the theory treating the effect of surface microtexture on the adhesion component of friction was found to be incomplete, both analytically and experimentally.
A parametric study of the effect of pavement texture on skid number, comprising laboratory experiments with model pavement surfaces, offers new insight to a solution of the problem.
Sampling of Maintenance Dredgings
Authors: Hummel PL , Krizek RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The sampling of polluted maintenance dredgings during the different stages of a typical dredging and disposal operation presents a variety of difficult problems, and the results of tests on so-called representative samples must be evaluated with due regard for the manner in which the samples ere obtained. Described in this paper are the techniques employed and the special equipment developed to sample bottom sediments, materials from the hopper of a dredge, slurries from a discharge pipe, and soft materials from a partially consolidated hydraulic landfill; of special interest is the experience with lightweight, manually operated piston samplers in soft fills. Some appreciation for the variability of samples is given, and suggestions for improvements are advanced.
Acoustic Emission Response of Dry Soils
Authors: Lord AE , Koerner RM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An investigation into the acoustic emission response of a series of axially stressed dry soil samples is presented in this study. The correlation between acoustic emissions and strain is noted and strongly suggests that acoustic emission monitoring of soil masses may lead to a nondestructive field evaluation technique.
Preliminary insight into the fundamental mechanism of acoustic emissions in dry soils is presented. It is seen that granular soils yield higher accumulated emission counts than fine-grained soils. The summary curves which are presented show this clearly defined trend and can be regarded as laboratory calibration curves for the soils which were tested.
An Unconfined Direct Tension Test for Compacted Clays
Authors: Ajaz A , Parry RHG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Although problems associated with total stress tension arise in soil structures such as earth embankments and multilayer pavements, no standard tension test for soils exists. An unconfined direct tension test, either strain controlled or load controlled, is described, which can be used to determine the tensile (total) stress-strain characteristics of compacted clays. The overall tensile strains in the specimen are determined by observing the displacement of two surface markers spiked into the specimen with a displacement measuring optical device (DMOD) capable of measuring to one-micrometer displacement. An alternative radiographic technique of monitoring strains has shown that the distribution of average tensile strains in the specimens is substantially uniform. Moreover, the failure of the tension specimen occurs in midsection, indicating a uniaxial transmission of tensile force to the specimen. Comparison of standard triaxial unconfined compression tests with unconfined tension tests shows that elastic moduli are not equal in compression and tension for compacted clays at a given moisture content.
Strain Measurement Techniques for Fiber Modulus Determination
Authors: Moore RL , Lepper JK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two techniques were employed to measure the tensile strain of Kevlar-49® organic fiber in an epoxy matrix. One, a direct averaging strain method, uses two linearly variable differential transformers whose hollow cores are supported by glass beads bonded to the fiber strand specimens. The other method is an indirect method using specimens of several gage lengths. The crosshead displacement for selected loads was determined for each gage length and the data were fit to a straight line by a least squares method and the unit strain calculated for each load.
The tensile modulus of the Kevlar-49® fiber strands was determined to be 20 × 106 psi (138 × 106 kPa). The variation of the averages between methods and within methods between specimens was less than five percent.
Heat Transmission in Cellulosic Fiber Insulation Materials
Authors: Tye RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Measurements of heat transmission in a number of different loose fill cellulosic insulations have been made by heat flow meter and guarded hot plate methods. Effect of temperature and density have been studied together with a limited investigation on moisture effects. Variations of up to 18 percent occur in the same nominal materials from different sources. This fact indicates that the raw materials and their processing can have a significant influence on the heat transmission properties.
For the optimum density range of 35 to 40 kg/m3 and above, the different materials have a very similar temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity. Lower density materials have a significant radiation contribution to their total heat transmission characteristics.
New Reference Radiographs for Magnesium Alloy Castings
Authors: Lagowski B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
With the introduction and increased use of magnesium alloys containing zirconium, rare earth metals, and thorium, predominantly in castings for aircraft and spacecraft applications, it became evident that the existing reference radiographs included in ASTM E 155-64 would require updating to include radiographs for discontinuity types peculiar to these alloys. AFS Committee 2-D was assigned to undertake this project in cooperation with ASTM Section E07.02.02, which was reactivated for that purpose.
Attempts to collect a suitable range of samples for specific reference radiographs from rejected production castings were unsuccessful, and it became obvious that these samples would have to be produced artificially. The metallurgical structure and characteristics of various discontinuities and their radiographic appearance are described. The discontinuity types examined were the following: graded series—(1) eutectic segregation—microshrinkage type, (2) gravity segregation—Zr, Mn, and (3) reacted sand inclusions; and single examples, for identification purposes only—(1) eutectic segregation—hot-tear type, (2) eutectic segregation—pipe-shrink type, and (3) flow line—eutectic depletion.
A Note on Selecting the Better Material in a Paired Comparison Test Program
Authors: Little RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This note deals with the problem of selecting the better material using a sequential paired comparison test program for the case where individual comparisons are qualitative rather than quantitative (namely, where the test outcome for each paired comparison is stated in terms of a preference for A versus B, or vice versa). A simple K series test method strategy is suggested for the selection procedure, and a table is given for the probability that the better material is indeed selected using this strategy. The application of the probability table to the selection of the better material for the cases of nonsequential qualitative paired comparisons and quantitative paired comparisons is also discussed.
Effect of Hydrogen on Iron-Nickel-Cobalt Sealing Alloys
Authors: Thompson AW , Posey WN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two commercial sealing alloys (Kovar® and Ceramvar® were tested in high pressure hydrogen, or after exposure to hydrogen gas for up to 17,500 h. All hydrogen pressures were 69 MPa. In no case was any ductility loss observed. It was therefore concluded that these alloys are probably safe for use in gas handling systems which contain hydrogen.
Fatigue of Nickel-Plated Copper
Authors: McKinnon EA , Sandor BI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fatigue life of nickel-plated copper depends upon the thickness of the nickel coating. Increases in life from 150 to 450 percent were obtained by increasing the thickness of the nickel from 0.0001 to 0.00025 in. (0.00254 to 0.00635 mm). A further increase in thickness to 0.005 in. (0.0127 mm) resulted in an increase in life of 200 percent. Interrupting the current during electroplating produces interfaces within the coating and increases the fatigue life for a given thickness. Increases in life of 110 percent were obtained by applying a 0.0005-in. thick coating in five layers, rather than in a single layer.
Strain Fatigue and Tensile Behavior of Inconel® 718 from Room Temperature to 650°C
Authors: Brinkman CR , Korth GE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Results of tensile and fully reversed strain-controlled fatigue tests, conducted on three heats of Incone® 718 that had been subjected to different solution annealing and aging treatments, are presented. Tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 22 to 650°C, with fatigue tests defining behavior over the cyclic range from 102 to 106 cycles to failure. Average best fit equations defining true stress-strain, strain-controlled fatigue, and cyclic stress-strain behavior are given for the two heat treatments characterized. Heat-to-heat variations in the elevated temperature tensile and fatigue behavior were found. Fatigue lifetime was seen to be dependent upon grain size, particularly at lower strain ranges.
A Study of Cement and Concrete Correlation
Authors: Weaver WS , Isabelle HL , Williamson F 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
American specifications for portland cement require the crushing of mortar cubes for compressive strength of cement and the breaking of cylinder specimens for compressive strength of concrete. It has been assumed that there is a reasonable correlation of mortar and concrete strengths. This has been questioned. A preliminary study of sixty samples showed a significant correlation but indicated a very low order of confidence. A more extensive research was undertaken, which is reported in this paper.
This research involved 42 job cement samples and twelve repetitions of a monitor cement. Each of the cements in mortar was subjected to the standard 3, 7, and 28-day strength tests, a repeat of the 28-day test, and two accelerated strength tests. The corresponding cements were tested in cylinders of ready-mixed concrete, sampled at both the batching plant and at the job site. Test specimens of these concretes were broken at seven days and at 28 days. Concrete from the job site was also tested after autogenous curing for two days. The same cements were used in two additional concrete batches at the research laboratory, the first using job mix proportions and the second using a standard formulation. Both batches for each cement used job sand and gravel. These latter concretes were tested after standard curing for 7 and 28 days, and other cylinders after accelerated curing under two different sets of conditions.
Much information was obtained concerning the cements, the five mortar tests, the five concrete tests, and their many relationships—mortar/mortar, concrete/concrete, and mortar/concrete. Results were subjected to recognized statistical analysis. The paper includes 25 tables of data, 13 tables of processed information, and 18 figures.
An evaluation of the testing laboratories indicated an acceptable level of competency; an analysis of the cement and concrete variations showed normal good levels of operation. These two factors provided limitations but also gave validity to the conclusions that have been drawn from the research.