bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal control of hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor say: Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) on wheat and barley in cyprus
Authors: Walker P. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHessian fly was controlled to a maximum of 95% with organophosphate insecticides, in terms of the number of puparia and percentage tiller infestation at harvest.Granules: phorate at 1.68 kg/ha (1 1/2 lb/acre) as 10% granules in the seed furrow was most effective on durum wheat in 1967–8, with 69–92%, control, of tillers infested. 1.12 kg/ha gave 74–89% control, 0.56 kg/ha in the seed furrow 35–54%. Seed furrow treatment was more effective than band or broadcast treatment over young plants, although granules broadcast over young barley at 1.68 kg/ha of phorate gave 74% control in 1967–8. Fonofos (Dyfonate) granules at 1.55 kg fonofos/ha were most effective on barley in 1968–9, with 66% control. After fonofos and phorate, disulfoton at 1.68 kg disulfoton/ha was next in effect, with up to 86%, control in 1967‐8 and 24% in 1968–9, but variable and not much more effective than at 0.56 kg/ha. Other insecticides were less effective.Seed dressings: disulfoton was the most effective, giving 79% control in 1967‐8 on wheat and 77% on barley at a high rate of application that was phytotoxic in 1968–9. Diazinon, bromophos and ethion gave 15–38%, control and chlorfenvinphos and dimethoate less. Carbaryl dust at 1.12 kg carbaryl/ha gave 32% control.Yields were poor, but grain yield was increased by up to 33% in wheat in 1967‐8, averaging about 15%. Barley yield was increased by 7% in 1967–8, and from 9–23% in 1968‐9 by fonofos and phorate granules. Insect control reduced the number of tillers, increased the number of heads and increased the grain weight per head.In observation plots, chlormequat (CCC) spray alone at the 5‐leaf stage reduced infestation of wheat by between 22% and 43%, but CCC with fertilizer, and fertilizer alone had no conclusive effect. High fly populations are partly due to leaving crop residues in the field at harvest. When these can be ploughed in, infestation should decrease. The use of insecticides may not be economic unless more consistent increases in yield can be obtained.
Automatic recording of uptake of pesticides and related compounds by small plant parasites I. Description of the method
Authors: Haverkate F. , Brevoord J. W. , Verloop A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique is described for the automatic recording of the uptake of pesticides and related compounds by viable, small organisms suspended in aqueous solution. The relation of time to uptake thus determined allows the study of the kinetics and the characterisation of the uptake processes.The technique is based on a recycling of the incubation vessel fluid, obtained by a simple filtration process, through the flow cell of a spectrophotometer. The rate of uptake of compounds, which need to have sufficient absorption in the visible and u.v. region, is followed spectrophotometrically by repetitive measurement of spectra or of absorbance values at a single wavelength. Uptake processes are studied under controlled conditions of temperature and atmosphere. The method has proved to be applicable to yeast cells, fungal spores, nematodes, insect eggs and algae, so that it can be used to good advantage in pesticide research.However, the technique is not suitable for very small organisms such as bacteria and for easily deformable cells, e.g. erythrocytes.The utility of the method has been demonstrated in the uptake of 2‐chloro‐6‐phenylpyridine by nematodal larvae (Anguina tritici) which sorb the compound reversibly, and in the uptake of 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐nitrobenzonitrile by fungal spores (Fusarium culmorum) which is converted into the corresponding amino compound. These examples illustrate that the technique is very useful for the study of uptake processes which can be interpreted in terms of accumulation or conversion or both.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds V. toxicity of the methylbenzyl chrysanthemates to houseflies (Musca domestica) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae)
Authors: Elliott M. , Farnham A. W. , Ford M. G. , Janes N. F. , Needham P. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activities to houseflies and to mustard beetles of the 19 methylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemates were measured to establish the patterns of substitution that produce the greatest toxicities to these insects. The two species of insect differ in their responses to the various compounds in the series. The most active compounds to houseflies and mustard beetles are, respectively, 2,4,6‐and 2,3,6‐trimethylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemates.
Determination of residues in apples and pears following treatment with the acaricide fenazaflor I. Routine method for fenazaflor and major metabolites
Authors: Crofts M. , Harris R. J. , Whiteoak R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the determination of residues of fenazaflor (I), its hydrolysis product 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (II) and the metabolite 5,6‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (III) in apples and pears. These chemicals may be present in the crop as a result of the application of the acaricide fenazaflor, formulated as a wettable powder and known by the trade name ‘Lovozal’.Total residues of I and II are determined as II, and III is determined after methylation, both by GLC with electron capture detection. The limit of detection for each compound is 0.02parts/million (based on a 50 g sample weight). Recoveries are over 80%.Using apples sprayed with radio‐labelled fenazaflor it was shown that approximately 20% of the total radioactivity present in the fruit was not extracted by the routine method. Further investigation showed much of this to be present as trifluoroacetic acid in a tightly bound form.No problems were encountered with interference from a number of commonly used orchard pesticides.
Determination of residues in apples and pears following treatment with the acaricide fenazaflor II. Method for individual residues of fenazaflor and its hydrolysis product
Authors: Crofts M. , Harris R. J. , Whiteoak R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe occasional need for separation of residues of fenazaflor and its hydrolysis product, instead of determination of the total residue by the routine method, is satisfied by partition of the extract between hexane and acidified aqueous methanol. Both residues are subsequently determined as the hydrolysis product by GLC with electron capture detection, after hydrolysis of fenazaflor.
Direct gas chromatographic determination of methomyl (lannate®) with microcoulometric nitrogen detection
Authors: Williams I. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA microcoulometric method is described for the direct determination of nanogram amounts of methomyl (S‐methyl‐N‐[(methylcarbamoyl)‐oxy]thioacetimidate). An all‐glass gas chromatographic system coupled to a microcoulometer with a nitrogen‐specific cell was used. The column was packed with a mixture of 6% OV210 and 4% OV101 on Gas Chrom Q, as was the glass transfer tube which connected the chromatographic column to the pyrolysis furnace. Some loss occurred but response was linear from 125 to 20 ng and sensitivity was such that 20 ng of methomyl could be readily measured.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada II—1970
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Sandi E. , Leduc R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComposites of food representing the Canadian diet were analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. Thirteen organochlorine and three organophosphorus pesticides were found. Residues were consistently low and would contribute to the diet approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 30 μg arsenic per person per day.
The insecticidal action of some components of wood preservatives
Authors: Baker J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of liquid insecticide formulations for prevention and eradication of attack by common wood‐boring insects is discussed and some methods of testing and assessing effectiveness described. Gamma‐BHC and dieldrin prevent attack when present at 20 g/m3 of softwood while a number of stomach poisons are effective at from 1 to 10 kg/m3. The important part played by the organic solvent in an eradicant formulation is considered.Anobium punctatum in confined spaces can also be controlled by annual use of plastic strips emitting dichlorvos vapour. At 0.015 to 0.05 μg/l in air, dichlorvos virtually prevents initiation or spread of attack by this insect.
The breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine in wheat and potatoes grown under indoor conditions in treated soils
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Stoydin G. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine (“BLADEX”,a 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) has been studied in spring and winter wheat and potatoes grown under indoor conditions in soils treated at planting with up to 1.5 kg/ha of the radiolabelled herbicide.Breakdown products were mainly those formed by hydrolysis of the cyano group to give an amide (II) and an acid (III) followed by hydrolysis of the chlorine to hydroxyl (IV). De‐N‐alkylation reactions also occurred although these were less evident in soils. In wheat the chloro acid (VII) formed by the des‐ethylation of (III) was more evident than in previous studies with maize.In all of the crops at harvest the residues were mainly of the hydroxy acids (IV) and (VIII); (IV) 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethyl‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine; (VIII) 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine, respectively.In potatoes and spring wheat they were present in both free and conjugated forms whereas in winter wheat they were almost entirely in conjugated forms.The compounds (IV) and (VIII) are of a low order of toxicity to animals and are not herbicidal. They are unlikely to present a residue hazard if present in field crops.
The fate of sodium 2‐phenylphenate and biphenyl applied to citrus fruit in wax coatings
Authors: Rajzman Anna , Heller Hana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of the fungicide in stored citrus fruit treated with wax coatings containing either sodium 2‐phenylphenate (SOPP) or biphenyl was studied. The 2‐phenylphenol content of SOPP—treated fruits was virtually unchanged during storage, was localised in the peel and could not be detected in the vapour phase. The persistence of this fungicide on fruit is in accord with the satisfactory results obtained with SOPP waxes. Biphenyl volatilised from biphenyl‐waxed fruit at rates reflecting the conditions of storage. The volatilisation of biphenyl accounts for the protective action of biphenyl‐waxes and their time limited effect.
Toxicological studies with the insecticide tetrachlorvinphos
Authors: Walker A. I. T. , Brown V. K. H. , Stevenson D. E. , Thorpe E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcute and long‐term mammalian toxicity studies have been made with the organophosphorus insecticide tetrachlorvinphos. The acute oral LD50 values for technical material were greater than the maximum dose which could be administered to guinea‐pig and domestic fowl (5000 and 1500 mg/kg respectively). For formulations, the figures range from about 500 to >5000 mg/kg, those containing phenol having the lowest values. In 13‐week feeding studies, most changes occurred at dietary concentrations of 800 parts/million or greater with inhibition of plasma cholinesterase appearing to be the most sensitive indicator of exposure. 200 parts/million was considered to be without toxicological effect in rats and dogs after 3 months feeding. In a two‐year study in rats 125 parts/million produced no changes of toxicological significance.
Effects of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) on gooseberries
Authors: Costin J. J. , Kenny T. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolutions of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) up to 480 parts/million concentration were applied as foliar sprays to gooseberries (cv. Careless). Harvesting consisted of shaking the bushes by hand and collecting the dropped fruit. With increasing CEPA level pre‐harvest fruit abscission increased and amount of fruit finally left on the bushes decreased. Splitting the application had the effect of reducing pre‐harvest abscission. Berry size and total yield were not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Taste‐panels did not detect any off‐flavours in treated fruit. At hard green fruit stage, analyses for shear value, colour, acidity and soluble solids did not show any marked treatment effects. At ripe fruit stage, softening, yellowing and decrease in acidity were significantly greater for the 480 parts/million CEPA level than for the other treatments. There were no signs of phytotoxic or carry‐over effects due to CEPA.
Factors affecting the activities of nitrophenol fungicides III. The influence of substituents on the hydrogen bonding characteristics of nitro‐ and halogeno‐phenols
Authors: Brown D. , Clifford D. R. , Watkins D. A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrogen bonding characteristics of alkyl, halogeno‐ and cyanonitrophenols and some halogenophenols were determined from a study of their i.r. spectra. Relative strengths of inter‐ and intramolecular bonds are quoted.
Influence of cuticular waxes on penetration of pear leaf cuticle by 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid
Authors: Norris Robert F. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRemoval of waxes from the upper pear leaf cuticle by chloroform extraction greatly increased sorption of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) into the cuticle. Penetration of NAA through isolated upper pear leaf cuticle was likewise increased following wax removal by chloroform extraction. Plating pear leaf wax back onto dewaxed cuticle surfaces reduced sorption and penetration.
Factors affecting the performance of granular insecticides applied to field beans
Authors: Graham‐Bryce I. J. , Stevenson J. H. , Etheridge P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFactors influencing the performance of various granular formulations of disulfoton and phorate after foliar application to field beans were investigated by bioassay in controlled environment rooms. Frequent rainfall and high temperature increased activity considerably but humidity had little effect. With disulfoton formulation on pumice rather than fuller's earth, and toxicant concentrations of 7.5% rather than 10% increased toxicity, but effects of formulation were small with phorate. The influence of rainfall and formulation were confirmed in a field experiment. There was evidence for an initial fumigant effect, particularly for phorate, in both laboratory and field experiments. The detailed effects of the various factors at different intervals after applying the granules are discussed in relation to the physical properties of the insecticides and granular carriers. It is suggested that the possibilities of controlling performance by influencing release rates from granules are limited for chemicals such as phorate and disulfoton which are appreciably adsorbed by soil.
Slow release pirimicarb granular formulations: Measurements of release rate under field conditions
Authors: Seaman D. , Warrington R. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious granular formulations based on a non‐disintegrating granular carrier of the aphicide, pirimicarb, were tested for release rate under natural conditions by placing the granules in small bags made of a non‐woven fabric in various soils and analysing the contents at monthly periods. There was complete release from the control formulation within 1 month. The other formulations contained slow release additives. These slowed down the release rate but half of the active ingredient was still released in the first month from the formulation with the slowest release rate. It appears that if very slow rates of release are required than a different type of granule is needed.Laboratory release rates bear some relationship to field results justifying the use of laboratory tests as a method for selecting a short list of formulations for testing in the field.
Endosulfan residues on alfalfa hay exposed to drying by sunlight, ultraviolet light and air
Authors: Archer T. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEndosulfan residues on alfalfa hay exposed to drying by sunlight, ultraviolet light and air under controlled conditions were investigated using g.l.c. and t.l.c. Maximum loss of total endosulfan and related residues calculated as endosulfan occurred approximately 7 days after application and exposure on Lot 1 (dark) and 5 days on Lot II (ultraviolet light) and 6 days on Lot III (sunlight). Maximum losses of residues on Lot I, Lot II and Lot HI were 48.3, 66.7 and 81.9%, respectively. No endosulfan lactone was detected in any of the samples exposed to the different light treatments. In all Lots the endosulfan sulphate percentage of the total residue increased but most dramatically in the dark drying experiment. The endosulfan a‐hydroxy ether residues increased in Lot III (sunlight) up to day 7.
Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non‐orchard areas
Authors: Muir D. C. G. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMilk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non‐orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non‐orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′‐DDT and 2‐, 3‐, 7‐ and 15‐fold morepp′‐DDE, pp′‐TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma‐BHC and pp′‐TDE olefin [1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.
Resynthesis of multiple resistance to organophosphorus insecticides from strains with factors of resistance isolated from the SKA strain of house flies
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIndividual factors of resistance to insecticides attributable to chromosomes II, III and V of the SKA strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L) were combined in pairs to determine how their presence affects resistance. The re‐synthesised strains with resistance factors on chromosomes II and V, and on chromosomes III and V, were tested with several organophosphorus insecticides and DDT. The penetration delaying mechanism Pen on chromosome III, which alone gives little or no resistance, slightly increased the resistance of flies with the microsomal detoxifying factor Ses on chromosome V to diazinon and malaoxon‐ethyl (c. × 1.5), but was more effective in increasing resistance to DDT (× 6). There was no effect on the response to other insecticides tested. The combined effect of the mechanisms of resistance on chromosome II (glutathione S‐ethyl transferase and phosphatase) and on chromosome V (microsomal detoxication) approximated to the product of the resistance conferred by each of these mechanisms singly, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance on the two chromosomes act independently. Therefore, most of the strong resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the SKA strain results from the interaction between delayed penetration (chromosome III) and the factors of resistance on chromosome II, and the independent action of the resistance factors on chromosomes II and V.
Perfusion studies with bromoxynil octanoate in soil
Authors: Collins R. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of bromoxynil octanoate in 5 different soil types has been studied in a soil perfusion apparatus using herbicide labelled with 14C either in the cyano group or in the aromatic ring. Even when applied at rates equivalent to 5 to 25 times those used commercially, the herbicide was fairly rapidly and extensively degraded at 15°. After 12 to 13 weeks, up to 80% of the radioactivity in the 14CN group and up to 63 % of the 14C in the ring were liberated as carbon dioxide. A small proportion (16 to 19%) of the radioactivity from ring‐labelled herbicide remained attached to the soil, probably not as the original herbicide, but in a form not readily leached. Only trace quantities of 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxy‐benzamide (0.5%) and 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (0.1%) were detectable during these soil perfusions.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. XX. The activity of substituted 1,4‐naphthohydroquinone esters and substituted 1,4‐naphthoquinones against powdery mildews
Authors: Fieldgate Diana M. , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEleven 2‐n‐alkyl‐, ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐ and ten 2‐n‐alkyl‐2,3‐epoxy‐3‐hydro‐1,4‐naphthoquinones, together with eighteen 1,4‐naphthohydroquinone esters were tested as protectant fungicides against the apple and cucumber powdery mildews (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha and Sphaerotheca fuliginea respectively). In.general the former pathogen was more susceptible to compounds from all four series, the lowest 105ED50(M) being 0.7 for 2‐n‐octyl‐2,3‐epoxy‐3‐hydro‐1,4 naphthoquinone.
Field susceptibility of the cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis haglund (heteroptera) to some new insecticides
Authors: Eguagie W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo groups of insecticides were screened against the cacao mirid, S. singularis in small‐scale field trials from September 1969 to January 1972. In first group 0.05% promecarb, 0.04% phosphamidon and 0.02% monocrotophos were equally effective and superior to 0.05% mecarbam in the three days after spraying but 0.05% promecarb was most toxic to bugs by the seventh day. In the 0.15 to 0.2% range, all four insecticides showed similar toxicity within 3 days of spraying but only 0.15% mecarbam and 0.2% promecarb maintained control to the seventh day. For mecarbam, phosphamidon and monocrotophos, control at 0.15% was better than at 0.05, 0.04 and 0.02% respectively 7 days after spray whilst 0.2% was superior to 0.05% promecarb 2 days after spray and not afterwards.At either 0.21 or 0.33 lb/acre insecticides in the second group (pirimiphos methyl, HOE 2960, CA 6900 and dicrotophos) gave identical level of control of mirids and control at the latter dosage rate was not better than at the former. There was no significant difference between 3 and 4 oz a.i./10 gal water/200 trees in toxicity to mirids and the insecticides gave equally good control of the bugs at both dosage levels till 35th day after spray. On the basis of efficacy and safety of use, promecarb CA 6900 and pirimiphos methyl were deemed suitable for further (large scale) trials.
Zones of exudation along plant roots and spatial distribution of micro‐organisms in the rhizosphere
Authors: Rovira Albert D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of 14C‐labelling of plants in short‐term studies has established that the major zone of release of carbon‐containing materials from roots is the zone of elongation. Much of this material is in an insoluble form, comprising sloughed‐off root cap cells and polysaccharide material, and remains in the immediate vicinity of the root.Electron microscopy of ultra‐thin sections of the root‐soil interface of wheat plants has shown that colonisation by micro‐organisms of the rhizosphere is relatively sparse in the young parts of roots. In the older parts of roots, evidence was obtained that bacteria lyse the walls of the outer root cells and this is followed by dense colonisation of these moribund outer cells by bacteria.