bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐temperature stability of alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Evetts Sam , Kovalski Cynthia , Levin Marc , Stafford Michele 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oxidative stability of alcohol ethoxylates during storage and handling is studied. Realistic conditions are modelled by heating in quiescent air. More rigorous, extensively aerated conditions are modelled by thermogravimetry with mass spectrometric detection and differential scanning calorimetry with vapor‐phase sampling.In quiescent air, C12–15 alcohol with an average of 7 moles ethylene oxide (EO) is discolored at 204°C, with some increase in aldehydes, but there is no change in the EO distribution of the sample. Under extensively aerated conditions, increased oxidation occurs above 150°C, with a loss of one EO unit on average, and increases in CO and CO2 occur in the vapor phase above the sample. High‐temperature oxidation under extensive aeration is not affected by an antioxidant or by raising the pH of the sample from 6.4 to 7.5.
Role of alkanols in micellar growth: A viscometric study
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kirti  , Kumari Krishna , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have measured the viscosity of solutions of 0.3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) + 0.3 M NaBr +n‐alkanols as a function of [alkanol] and temperature. When propanol was added, the viscosity of micellar solutions remained almost constant and then decreased, whereas it continuously increased with hexanol. However, with butanol or pentanol, depending upon the added concentration, increases followed by decreases in viscosity were observed. This behavior has been discussed in light of solubility of alkanols in various soluble phases of the micellar system with a resultant change in the Mitchell‐Ninham parameter of the “effective surfactant” (i.e., SDS +n‐alkanol). An increase in temperature caused a decrease in viscosity, which is related to micellar breakdown. Activation parameters (ΔG* and ΔH*) were computed from the temperature dependence data. ΔH* Covered almost the total contribution to ΔG*.
A correlation for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations and temperatures of polyols in aqueous solutions
Authors: Alexandridis Paschalis , Holzwarth Josef F. , Alan Hatton T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn empirical correlation is presented for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations (CMC) and critical micellization temperatures (CMT) for poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(propylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers in aqueous solutions. The CMC and CMT are expressed as a function of the polyol molecular weight, composition, and temperature (for CMC determination) or concentration (in the case of CMT). The correlation was developed from experimental CMT data for a set of 12 polyols that covered a wide range of molecular weights (2900–14600) and poly(ethylene oxide) contents (30–80 wt%) and is based on a simple expression for the standard free energy of micellization. Such a correlation should be useful to practitioners of the field as it allows easy prediction of CMC and CMT for a wide range of polyols with a minimal number of input parameters.
Nonbleach process for the purification of palm C16–18 methyl ester sulfonates
Authors: Sherry Alan E. , Chapman Benjamin E. , Creedon Michael T. , Jordan James M. , Moese Rosa L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere has long been interest in methyl ester sulfonates (MES) derived from natural or renewable sources, such as palm oil, with considerable effort focused on process development. A major drawback with current process technology is the formation of dark brown impurities that create aesthetic and odor issues in the final product. These issues are usually addressed by bleaching rather than by chemical purification. This paper reports on a simple yet highly effective nonbleach, two‐step process for purifying palm C16–18 potassium methyl ester sulfonates. The first step comprises addition of water to the impure surfactant mixture. Preferably, the temperature of the system is maintained above the Krafft point of the surfactant, thereby completely solubilizing the surfactant and associated impurities. Once completely dissolved, the surfactant mixture is allowed to cool, and the potassium‐neutralized methyl ester sulfonate precipitates out selectively. In the second step, the purified surfactant is recovered by gravity‐ or pressure‐filtration or by centrifugation, followed by drying. The process significantly improves C16–18 MES analytical purity and color without raising safety or environmental concerns. It also allows for the purification of products derived from lower‐grade methyl esters, resolves odor issues, and does not require use of substantial amounts of solvent such as methanol.
Content and distribution oftrans‐18:1 acids in ruminant milk and meat fats. Their importance in european diets and their effect on human milk
Authors: Wolff Robert L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThetrans‐18:1 acid content and distribution in fats from ewe and goat milk, beef meat and tallow were determined by a combination of capillary gas‐liquid chromatography and argentation thin‐layer chromatography of fatty acid isopropyl esters. Thetrans isomers account for 4.5 ± 1.1% of total fatty acids in ewe milk fat (seven samples) and 2.7±0.9% in goat milk fat (eight samples). In both species, as in cow, the main isomer is vaccenic (trans‐11 18:1) acid. The distribution profile oftrans‐18:1 acids is similar among the three species. The contribution of ewe and goat milk fat to the daily intake oftrans‐18:1 acids was estimated for people from southern countries of the European Economic Community (EEC): France, Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. It is practically negligible for most of these countries, but in Greece, ewe and goat milk fat contributeca. 45% of the daily consumption oftrans‐18:1 acids from all dairy products (0.63 g/person/day for a total of 1.34 g/person/day). Thetrans‐18:1 acid contents of beef meat fat (ten retail cuts, lean part) and tallow (two samples) are 2.0 ± 0.9% and 4.6%, respectively, of total fatty acids (animals slaughtered in winter). Here too, the main isomer is vaccenic acid. Othertrans isomers have a distribution pattern similar to that of milk fat. Beef meat fat contributes less than one‐tenth of milk fat to thetrans‐18:1 acid consumed. The daily per capita intake oftrans‐18:1 acids from ruminant fats is 1.3–1.8 g for people from most countries of the EEC, Spain and Portugal being exceptions (ca. 0.8 g/person/day). In France, the respective contributions of ruminant fats and margarines to the daily consumption oftrans‐18:1 acids are 1.7 and 1.1 g/person/day (60 and 40% of total, respectively). These proportions, based on consumption data, were confirmed by the analysis of fat from milk of French women (ten subjects). The mean content oftrans‐18:1 acids in human milk is 2.0 ± 0.6%, with vaccenic acid being the major isomer. Based on the relative levels of thetrans‐16 18:1 isomer, we could confirm that milk fat is responsible for the major part of the daily intake oftrans‐18:1 acids by French people. The daily individual intake oftrans‐18:1 isomers from both ruminant fats and margarines for the twelve EEC countries varies from 1.5 g in Spain to 5.8 g in Denmark, showing a well‐marked gradient from the southwest to the northeast of the EEC.
Stereospecific analysis and mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols fromarabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. columbia seed
Authors: Taylor David C. , Giblin E. Michael , Reed Darwin W. , Hogge Lawrence R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractArabidopsis thaliana continues to be an excellent model organism for studying plant molecular genetics and biochemistry. In particular, the generation and analysis of mutant lines has facilitated the study of fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid bioassembly and the regulation of these processes. In view of its importance in understanding the pathways specific to seed storage lipid biosynthesis, we report here, for the first time, stereospecific and mass spectral analyses of the triacylglycerols present inA. thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia wild‐type seed. The use of NH4+‐chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry is described as a powerful technique in analyzing even trace amounts of individual triacylglycerol species.
Mode of oleic acid adsorption on rice hull ash cristobalite
Authors: Proctor A. , Adhikari C. , Blyholder G. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the adsorption of oleic acid (OA) onto dry rice hull ash (RHA) silica. Adsorption partially occurred by surface hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic acid. There was also formation of carboxylate ions by reaction of OA with residual potassium oxide. These ions were strongly bound by the ash. Isopropanol inhibited OA adsorption by H‐bonding and encouraged desorption of H‐bonded OA, but without itself being significantly bound. RHA with 40% moisture also adsorbed a small amount of OA by H‐bonding and reacted with OA to form and adsorb carboxylate ions.
Factice from oil ofPutranjiva roxburghii
Authors: Nag A. , Chaki T. K. , De K. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPreparation and characterization of factice by vulcanization of oil extracted fromPutranjiva roxburghii, a fairly abundant plant of the tropical Indian subcontinent, is presented. This information serves as a processing aid for substituting commercially available factices. Mechanical and thermal studies of this new type of factice, blended with rubber, showed higher thermal stability and improved processing characteristics during extrusion and calendering operations compared to rubber without factice.
Effect of ingestion of isomeric fatty acids on cholesterol and lipids of serum and liver
Authors: Tidwell Herbert C. , McPherson James C. , Gifford Patricia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of the ingestion of large amounts of thetrans, trans isomer of linolein upon the cholesterol and lipid levels of the blood and liver was investigated using hypercholesterolemic rats. The serum levels of esterified fatty acids and cholesterol of rats fed the diets containing 30% oftrans, trans linoleic acid glycerides and safflower oil were 15 and 25%, respectively, lower than those fed coconut oil. However, a weight loss associated with less intake of thetrans isomer as compared with a gain with the other two fats must be considered. The serum levels of labeled cholesterol of rats administered radioactive cholesterol along with thetrans isomer were intermediate in maximum value as compared to the levels obtained with coconut and safflower oils. These results suggest that thetrans isomers are not as effective as thecis isomers in lowering the cholesterol and lipids of the blood. The livers of the former group had a lower fat content than the latter which might be accounted for in part by the lower fat intake
Autoxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in aqueous colloidal suspension
Authors: Norcia L. N. , Janusz W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of the cholesteryl moiety of cholesteryl linoleate stabilized in aqueous colloidal suspension with sodium dodecyl sulfate has been studied at 85C. The overall rate of this oxidation is more rapid than that for unesterified cholesterol and oxidation also occurs to a greater extent for the linoleate ester. These results are in contrast to those for more saturated fatty acyl esters of cholesterol which show diminished susceptibility to attack by oxygen in such a system. Autoxidation of cholesteryl linoleate by an intramolecular free‐radical mechanism is considered.
Field study of the removal of linear alkylate sulfonate detergents by the activated sludge process
Authors: Knopp P. V. , Uhren L. J. , Rohlich G. A. , Nichols M. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractField evaluation of the removal of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) detergents by the activated sludge process was carried out at the Kettle Moraine Boys舗 School near Plymouth, Wisconsin. The procedures and controls afforded by the school舗s central supply system along with its new and well‐operated 舠extended aeration舡 activated sludge plant, provided an excellent arrangement for controlled field comparison of the removal of LAS and ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate) material. In addition, the sewage treatment plant was operated intentionally to produce poor results in order to observe the effects of such conditions on removals.Previous work showed that, with products containing ABS in use at the school, removals of methylene blue active substance could be expected to fall in the region of 75 to 85%. Removals with LAS material in use at the school were shown to be from 95 to 99% as long as the plant was operated satisfactorily. Further, the results showed that there was a strong correlation between LAS removal and BOD removal with a one to one slope.The results support the conclusion that for biological treatment processes, the removal of LAS material corresponds to the removal of BOD.
Alkaline cleavage of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids. I. Ricinoleic acid and lesquerolic acid
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of temperature and media on the fusion of ricinoleic and lesquerolic acid derivatives with concentrated aqueous alkali were examined. Improved yields of३‐hydroxy acids were obtained by use of excess 2‐octanol. The effect of excess 2‐octanol is discussed in relation to a recently proposed reaction mechanism.
Preparation of methyl malvalate fromSterculia foetida seed oil
Authors: Fogerty A. C. , Johnson A. R. , Pearson Judith A. , Shenstone F. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl malvalate has been prepared from mixed methyl esters ofSterculia foetida seed oil fatty acids by reversed‐phase liquid‐liquid partition chromatography, and confirmatory evidence adduced for its structure.
Refining of oils and fats
Authors: Sullivan Frank E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe technique of continuous refining of oils and fats has steadily improved since the first commercial installation some 30 years ago. Refining is the most important economic factor in the overall processing of an oil from the crude to the finished product.Crude oil handling, reagent selection, mixing, heating, and centrifugal separation are all critical when an attempt is made to obtain the maximum refining efficiency. The agronomist, scientist, control laboratory and operating personnel, along with the equipment manufacturers, have all aided in obtaining more efficient and economical processing methods.In a discussion of the over‐all refining process, soapstock handling must also be considered. In recent years several successful continuous soapstock acidulation plants have been installed. With this addition to a refinery, the refining operation can now truly be considered as a continuous process. Like most industrial processes, this has been an evolution from the batch system to a semicontinuous system up to the present continuous treatment of soapstock and wash water to produce a high‐purity acid oil on an economical basis.Details of the various factors in refining and aeidulation on a commercial basis, along with control methods, are discussed.
Emulsifiers: Processing and quality control
Authors: Macdonald Ira A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractI. Characterization and ProcessingEmulsifiers are surface‐active agents (surfactants) which are added to an emulsion to increase its stability by interfacial action. They are divided into two broad categories, ionic or nonionic, according to the character of their colloidal solutions in water. As an eclectic guide to emulsifiers considered pertinent to the AOCS, greatest emphasis is placed on the description and processing of the nonionic type and only representative examples of the three classes of ionic surfactants, i.e., anionic, cationic, and amphoteric will be considered.Nonionic types discussed in more detail include: polyol‐fatty acid esters of glycol, glycerol, polyglycerol, tetritol and pentitol, hexitol, anhydro hexitols, and sugar, as well as the polyethanoxy and polylpropanoxy esters and ethers.II. ControlsCommon analytical procedures, i.e. acid number, saponification number, hydroxyl number, etc. and their significance are described.A combined statistical‐chemical control program plays an important role in assuring batch to batch emulsifier uniformity. Consistent emulsifier performance is obtained by mating raw material acceptance plans, in‐process control, and final product qualification. All of these elements are required for an effective program. Statistical Q.C. techniques maximize control benefits of chemical analysis. Newer analytical methods such as automated GLC increase the sensitivity of control decisions.
A system for rating the performance of laboratories in analytical check series
Authors: Perrin C. H. , Glucker E. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe system described rates the accuracy of the analyses of laboratories participating in meat, oil, feed and fertilizer check series but it has a much broader application. It is based upon the assumption that the relative quality of such analytical work may be judged by comparing the normalized deviations of the reported analyses from the best estimates of their respective correct values. A computer program was written to carry out the required calculations and comparisons. We follow the concept of accuracy expressed so well by Eisenhart (1), Murphy (2), Youden (3) and recommended by ASTM Committee E‐11 (4). Thus the accuracy of a measuring process is its freedom from total error. The total error is described by presenting estimates of the error of imprecision of the process and of its bias error relative to a suitable reference value. It is understood that the apparent accuracy of a measuring process is conditioned by the particular population of experimenters using it.
Regional differences of lipid composition in morphologically distinct fatty tissues: III. Peanut seeds
Authors: Fedeli E. , Favini G. , Camurati F. , Jacini G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipids extracted from three different parts of peanut seeds (cotyledons, germs, and hulls) have been examined for glyceride, fatty acid, and unsaponifiable composition. Notable differences have been shown, as expected, the unsaponifiable material being more abundant in germs than other parts of the seed. Germ oil, in turn, appears as more unsaturated.The presence of minor components, not detected when studying the unsaponifiable material from the whole oil, has been demonstrated. Besides qualitative distribution, the quantity of components of the unsaponifiable material has been shown to vary over wide limits in morphologically distinct parts of the seeds.
The solubility of water in edible oils and fats
Authors: Hilder M. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe solubilities of water in rapeseed oil, coconut oil, and a palm‐coconut oil mixture were determined at temperatures of 60C, 80C, and 100C.Oil samples were equilibrated with water vapor under conditions of constant temperature and humidity. The equilibrium water content was determined by means of the Karl Fischer titration method.The solubility was found to be independent of the type of oil when expressed in terms of the mole fraction. An equation relating solubility and temperature is given.
Human erythrocyte phosphoglycerides. II. Diet and lecithin structure
Authors: Farquhar J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLecithins (separated on basic silicic acid columns) were obtained from humans fed three different diets: eitherad‐libitum or diets containing 40% of calories from linoleic acid (as corn oil) or from oleic acid (as triolein). Four lecithin subfractions were studied from each dietary group. Lecithin fractions eluting earliest (and apparently the least polar) contained the highest molar ratios of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest proportion of C‐20 to C‐22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A slight increase in proportions of diunsaturated molecules occurred in corn oil and triolein groups. However, over 90% of lecithins of each dietary group were maintained as themonosaturated ‐ monounsaturated type. Therefore, in contrast to human adipose tissue triglycerides, the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of lecithins of the erythrocyte membrane is largely unaffected by immense increases in dietary unsaturated fatty acid. Major shifts of oleic and linoleic acid occurred but proportions were unaltered of longer chain length (>C‐18) polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relevance of these findings to membrane structure and function and to glycerophosphatide biosynthesis is discussed.
Tracer experiments to assess metabolic conversions of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Mohrhauer Hans , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFifteen groups of rats were maintained on diets free of fat or supplemented with different levels of linoleate, arachidonate or linolenate. After 100 days on the diets the rats were sacrificed and liver slices were incubated with acetate‐1‐14C. The individual fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography and their radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The C20 esters were separated by GLC, collected, and the structures of the components were determined by ozonolysis. The acetate incorporation into the various polyunsaturated fatty acids was influenced by the previous dietary conditioning. The distributions of radioactivity indicated that metabolic reactions taking place in the rat liver are modified by dietary supply of essential fatty acids.
Fabric bleaching with sodium perborate
Authors: Murray L. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPresently two classes of fabric bleaching agents, the chlorine and oxygen types, are employed in home laundering. Although these two classes of bleaches are employed, there is a vast difference in their effectiveness. The chlorine bleaches function well under most time and temperature conditions practiced in fabric laundering in the United States, but equivalent effectiveness with the oxygen type can only be obtained under longer time or higher temperature use conditions.This paper represents a review of the relative performance and cost of the two classes and concentrates on the considerable research activity of the last 20 years, directed toward finding routes to increased bleaching effectiveness with sodium perborate. The chemistry of these approaches, consisting primarily of the use of the so‐called organic activators and metal ion catalyst systems, is discussed along with a discussion of effectiveness, cost, and potential utility.