bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education's Inequity: Opposition to Black Higher Education in Antebellum Connecticut
Authors: Moss Hilary J. 
Published: January 2007

New Haven, thou hast rashly done a deed,Which shrouds thy glory in a black eclipse;Whereof in view the hearts of good men bleed,The friend, yet, strange to tell, the foe of light!Preceptor of the age, yet dost denyTo Brethren—countrymen—the common rightTheir empty minds with knowledge to supply!Encourager of learning-science-artsYet hostile to a race who fain would learn!When from the dust a sable brother starts,Suffering thy cheeks with angry fire to burn!Would I might give the honors of Old Yale,To blot from history's page this most disgraceful tale.—William Lloyd Garrison, October 8, 1831.In the late 1820s, African Americans’ access to primary and religious instruction expanded significantly throughout the urban Northeast, yet barriers to their higher education remained firm. Segregated in public “African” schools, blacks were also barred from most private academies. Collegiate education similarly remained out of reach. In response, an alliance of black and white abolitionists launched a campaign to build a separate “African” college in 1831. Two ministers, one black, Peter Williams from New York, the other white, Simeon Jocelyn from New Haven, led the endeavor. After much consideration, they selected New Haven, Connecticut to house the new institution, believing that in “no place in the Union” is the “situation [of blacks] more comfortable, or the prejudices of a community weaker against them.” On September 5, 1831, Williams and Jocelyn announced their intentions. Their timing could not have been worse.
Thermally and Dynamically Induced Pressure Features over Complex Terrain from High-Resolution Analyses
Authors: Bica Benedikt , Knabl Thomas , Steinacker Reinhold , Ratheiser Matthias , Dorninger Manfred , Lotteraner Christoph , Schneider Stefan , Chimani Barbara , Gepp Wolfgang , Tschannett Simon 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Within the Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis (VERA) Climatology (VERACLIM) project, the complex influence of topographic structures on the spatial distribution of meteorological parameters has been investigated and evaluated climatologically. VERACLIM is aimed to generate a set of high-resolution analyses (lower meso-β-scale) of various meteorological parameters on a climatological basis. It tried to combine both the high spatial resolution provided by the VERA scheme that was used and the high temporal resolution of a comprehensive synoptic dataset of the last two decades, which was retrieved from ECMWF’s Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System (MARS). In the present study, the interpolated fields of reduced pressure of 3-hourly synoptic data over the Alpine region are evaluated climatologically. Using high temporal and spatial resolution, the authors were able to investigate both thermally and dynamically induced mesoscale pressure phenomena such as “Stau,” associated with trans-Alpine flows, blocking by the Alps, and local pressure extrema, as well as thermal lows and thermal high pressure zones. Comparisons are made between the mean course of reduced pressure at given grid points and the averaged divergence of the 10-m wind field in the Alpine region. It is shown that, climatologically, Alpine pumping and thermally induced pressure patterns have a similar frequency and intensity. For the latter ones, the buildup and cutback processes are described. Moreover, the frequency and intensity of pressure-related mesoscale features in the Alpine region over the last decades are investigated.
An Approach of Radar Reflectivity Data Assimilation and Its Assessment with the Inland QPF of Typhoon Rusa (2002) at Landfall
Authors: Xiao Qingnong , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Sun Juanzhen , Lee Wen-Chau , Barker Dale M. , Lim Eunha 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A radar reflectivity data assimilation scheme was developed within the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The model total water mixing ratio was used as a control variable. A warm-rain process, its linear, and its adjoint were incorporated into the system to partition the moisture and hydrometeor increments. The observation operator for radar reflectivity was developed and incorporated into the 3DVAR. With a single reflectivity observation, the multivariate structures of the analysis increments that included cloud water and rainwater mixing ratio increments were examined. Using the onshore Doppler radar data from Jindo, South Korea, the capability of the radar reflectivity assimilation for the landfalling Typhoon Rusa (2002) was assessed. Verifications of inland quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) of Typhoon Rusa (2002) showed positive impacts of assimilating radar reflectivity data on the short-range QPF.
Assessment of Hydrometeor Collection Rates from Exact and Approximate Equations. Part II: Numerical Bounding
Authors: Gaudet Brian J. , Schmidt Jerome M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Past microphysical investigations, including Part I of this study, have noted that the collection equation, when applied to the interaction between different hydrometeor species, can predict large mass transfer rates, even when an exact solution is used. The fractional depletion in a time step can even exceed unity for the collected species with plausible microphysical conditions and time steps, requiring “normalization” by a microphysical scheme. Although some of this problem can be alleviated through the use of more moment predictions and hydrometeor categories, the question as to why such “overdepletion” can be predicted in the first place remains insufficiently addressed. It is shown through both physical and conceptual arguments that the explicit time discretization of the bulk collection equation for any moment is not consistent with a quasi-stochastic view of collection. The result, under certain reasonable conditions, is a systematic overprediction of collection, which can become a serious error in the prediction of higher-order moments in a bulk scheme. The term numerical bounding is used to refer to the use of a quasi-stochastically consistent formula that prevents fractional collections exceeding unity for any moments. Through examples and analysis it is found that numerical bounding is typically important in mass moment prediction for time steps exceeding approximately 10 s. The Poisson-based numerical bounding scheme is shown to be simple in application and conceptualization; within a straightforward idealization it completely corrects overdepletion while even being immune to the rediagnosis error of the time-splitting method. The scheme’s range of applicability and utility are discussed.
Anomalous Wind Circulation Observed during 1997/98 El Niño Using Indian MST Radar
Authors: Rao V. V. M. Jagannadha , Babu A. Narendra , Rao S. Vijaya Bhaskara , Rao D. Narayana 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Unique facility of measuring vertical winds using Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar along with horizontal winds enables the study of the atmospheric circulation over Gadanki, India. Several important features are noted while analyzing the wind field. A tropical easterly jet stream of 35 m s−1 strength is seen around 16 km during monsoon season. Relatively strong jetlike northward motion (southerlies) of 5–7 m s−1 is seen around 14 km during winter months. These two maxima in zonal and meridional wind patterns, even though they differ in strength greatly, occur in two contrasting seasons. Downward motion combined with upper-level northward and lower-level southward motion observed during winter in normal years indicates the signature of tropical Hadley circulation over the study region. During the 1997/98 El Niño event, however, an anomalous pattern of winds is seen and Hadley circulation is observed to be weakened.
Effect of Dewfall and Frostfall on Nighttime Cooling in a Small, Closed Basin
Authors: Whiteman C. David , De Wekker Stephan F. J. , Haiden Thomas 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeries of tethered balloon soundings of temperature and humidity in Austria’s Gruenloch basin (floor elevation 1270 m MSL) on two June days showed that the water vapor mixing ratio fell by 2–3 g kg−1 overnight as dew or frost formed in the basin. After sunrise, the basin atmosphere remoistened as higher humidity was brought down into the basin from above and as evapotranspiration occurred from the basin floor and sidewalls. The latent heat released at night by the dewfall/frostfall was 33%–53% of the overall observed basin sensible heat loss, illustrating the important role of dew and frost formation on the nighttime heat budget of the basin atmosphere. An energy budget equation illustrates the decreasing importance of the latent heat release on the overall basin heat budget as ambient temperatures fall from summer to winter. Because the diurnal temperature range is frequently larger than the late-afternoon dewpoint depression, fog and clouds often form in this basin. The extreme temperature minima that have been previously observed in this basin are expected to be attained only if such cloud moisture is removed. Calculations show that several cloud moisture removal processes may be effective in removing this moisture.
Dual Orbital Effects in N-Philic Cyclizations of Silyl Radicals onto Imines
Authors: Wille Uta , Mucke Eva-Katrin 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Density functional studies revealed that nucleophilic silyl radicals are able to mask as electrophiles by cyclizing with high preference onto the more electron-rich nitrogen atom of imine C=N double bonds. This remarkable behavior is a result of a combination of SOMO–π* and lone pair (LP)–σ* interactions during the reaction. If the LP is not available due to steric reasons, attack of the Si-radical occurs with slight preference at the carbon atom. This indicates that “dual orbital” interactions are directing the regioselectivity of silyl radical cyclizations.
Solubilization of [60]Fullerene in Water by Aquatic Humic Substances
Authors: Terashima Motoki , Nagao Seiya 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The solubilization of [60]fullerene (C60) in water in the presence of aquatic humic substances (HSs) was investigated by means of a batch method. The apparent water solubility of C60 in the presence of HSs was 8–540 times higher than that in the blank solution. The size fractionation of C60 in aqueous solutions of HSs showed that the solubilization was due to the dispersion of C60 aggregates as a result of the adsorption of HSs. These results demonstrate that HSs can play a fundamental role in the solubilization of C60 in natural waters.
The Role of Pleiotropy in the Maintenance of Sex in Yeast
Authors: Hill Jessica A , Otto Sarah P 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
In facultatively sexual species, lineages that reproduce asexually for a period of time can accumulate mutations that reduce their ability to undergo sexual reproduction when sex is favorable. We propagated Saccharomyces cerevisiae asexually for ∼800 generations, after which we measured the change in sexual fitness, measured as the proportion of asci observed in sporulation medium. The sporulation rate in cultures propagated asexually at small population size declined by 8%, on average, over this time period, indicating that the majority of mutations that affect sporulation rate are deleterious. Interestingly, the sporulation rate in cultures propagated asexually at large population size improved by 11%, on average, indicating that selection on asexual function effectively eliminated most of the mutations deleterious to sporulation ability. These results suggest that pleiotropy between mutations' effects on asexual fitness and sexual fitness was predominantly positive, at least for the mutations accumulated in this experimental evolution study. A positive correlation between growth rate and sporulation rate among lines also provided evidence for positive pleiotropy. These results demonstrate that, at least under certain circumstances, selection acting on asexual fitness can help to maintain sexual function.
Concerted Evolution Within the Drosophila dumpy Gene
Authors: Carmon Amber , Wilkin Marian , Hassan Jana , Baron Martin , MacIntyre Ross 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We have determined by reverse Southern analysis and direct sequence comparisons that most of the dumpy gene has evolved in the dipteran and other insect orders by purifying selection acting on amino acid replacements. One region, however, is evolving rapidly due to unequal crossing over and/or gene conversion. This region, called “PIGSFEAST,” or PF, encodes in D. melanogaster 30–47 repeats of 102 amino acids rich in serines, threonines, and prolines. We show that the processes of concerted evolution have been operating on all species of Drosophila examined to date, but that an adjacent region has expanded in Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, and Tribolium castaneum, while the PF repeats are reduced in size and number. In addition, processes of concerted evolution have radically altered the codon usage patterns in D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, and D. virilis compared with the rest of the dumpy gene. We show also that the dumpy gene is expressed on the inner surface of the micropyle of the mature oocyte and propose that, as in the abalone system, concerted evolution may be involved in adaptive changes affecting Dumpy's possible role in sperm–egg recognition.
Single-Gene Detection and Karyotyping Using Small-Target Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization on Maize Somatic Chromosomes
Authors: Lamb Jonathan C , Danilova Tatiana , Bauer Matthew J , Meyer Julie M , Holland Jennifer J , Jensen Michael D , Birchler James A 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Combined with a system for identifying each of the chromosomes in a genome, visualizing the location of individual genetic loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) would aid in assembling physical and genetic maps. Previously, large genomic clones have been successfully used as FISH probes onto somatic chromosomes but this approach is complicated in species with abundant repetitive elements. In this study, repeat-free portions of sequences that were anchored to particular chromosomes including genes, gene clusters, large cDNAs, and portions of BACs obtained from public databases were used to label the corresponding physical location using FISH. A collection of probes that includes at least one marker on each chromosome in the maize complement was assembled, allowing a small-target karyotyping system to be developed. This set provides the foundation onto which additional loci could be added to strengthen further the ability to perform chromosomal identification in maize and its relatives. The probes were demonstrated to produce signals in several wild relatives of maize, including Zea luxurians, Z. diploperennis, and Tripsacum dactyloides.
The Hsp40 Molecular Chaperone Ydj1p, Along With the Protein Kinase C Pathway, Affects Cell-Wall Integrity in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wright Christine M , Fewell Sheara W , Sullivan Mara L , Pipas James M , Watkins Simon C , Brodsky Jeffrey L 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMolecular chaperones, such as Hsp40, regulate cellular processes by aiding in the folding, localization, and activation of multi-protein machines. To identify new targets of chaperone action, we performed a multi-copy suppressor screen for genes that improved the slow-growth defect of yeast lacking the YDJ1 chromosomal locus and expressing a defective Hsp40 chimera. Among the genes identified were MID2, which regulates cell-wall integrity, and PKC1, which encodes protein kinase C and is linked to cell-wall biogenesis. We found that ydj1Δ yeast exhibit phenotypes consistent with cell-wall defects and that these phenotypes were improved by Mid2p or Pkc1p overexpression or by overexpression of activated downstream components in the PKC pathway. Yeast containing a thermosensitive allele in the gene encoding Hsp90 also exhibited cell-wall defects, and Mid2p or Pkc1p overexpression improved the growth of these cells at elevated temperatures. To determine the physiological basis for suppression of the ydj1Δ growth defect, wild-type and ydj1Δ yeast were examined by electron microscopy and we found that Mid2p overexpression thickened the mutant's cell wall. Together, these data provide the first direct link between cytoplasmic chaperone function and cell-wall integrity and suggest that chaperones orchestrate the complex biogenesis of this structure.
The Role Of Nonhomologous End-Joining Components in Telomere Metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Carter Sidney D , Iyer Shilpa , Xu Jianing , McEachern Michael J , Åström Stefan U 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The relationship between telomeres and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is paradoxical, as NHEJ proteins are part of the telomere cap, which serves to differentiate telomeres from DNA double-strand breaks. We explored these contradictory functions for NHEJ proteins by investigating their role in Kluyveromyces lactis telomere metabolism. The ter1-4LBsr allele of the TER1 gene resulted in the introduction of sequence altered telomeric repeats and subsequent telomere–telomere fusions (T–TFs). In this background, Lig4 and Ku80 were necessary for T–TFs to form. Nej1, essential for NHEJ at internal positions, was not. Hence, T–TF formation was mediated by an unusual NHEJ mechanism. Rad50 and mre11 strains exhibited stable short telomeres, suggesting that Rad50 and Mre11 were required for telomerase recruitment. Introduction of the ter1-4LBsr allele into these strains failed to result in telomere elongation as normally observed with the ter1-4LBsr allele. Thus, the role of Rad50 and Mre11 in the formation of T–TFs was unclear. Furthermore, rad50 and mre11 mutants had highly increased subtelomeric recombination rates, while ku80 and lig4 mutants displayed moderate increases. Ku80 mutant strains also contained extended single-stranded 3′ telomeric overhangs. We concluded that NHEJ proteins have multiple roles at telomeres, mediating fusions of mutant telomeres and ensuring end protection of normal telomeres.
DPL-1 DP, LIN-35 Rb and EFL-1 E2F Act With the MCD-1 Zinc-Finger Protein to Promote Programmed Cell Death inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Reddien Peter W , Andersen Erik C , Huang Michael C , Horvitz H Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe genes egl-1, ced-9, ced-4, and ced-3 play major roles in programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. To identify genes that have more subtle activities, we sought mutations that confer strong cell-death defects in a genetically sensitized mutant background. Specifically, we screened for mutations that enhance the cell-death defects caused by a partial loss-of-function allele of the ced-3 caspase gene. We identified mutations in two genes not previously known to affect cell death, dpl-1 and mcd-1 (modifier of cell death). dpl-1 encodes the C. elegans homolog of DP, the human E2F-heterodimerization partner. By testing genes known to interact with dpl-1, we identified roles in cell death for four additional genes: efl-1 E2F, lin-35 Rb, lin-37 Mip40, and lin-52 dLin52. mcd-1 encodes a novel protein that contains one zinc finger and that is synthetically required with lin-35 Rb for animal viability. dpl-1 and mcd-1 act with efl-1 E2F and lin-35 Rb to promote programmed cell death and do so by regulating the killing process rather than by affecting the decision between survival and death. We propose that the DPL-1 DP, MCD-1 zinc finger, EFL-1 E2F, LIN-35 Rb, LIN-37 Mip40, and LIN-52 dLin52 proteins act together in transcriptional regulation to promote programmed cell death.
Identification of an Alternative Oxidase Induction Motif in the Promoter Region of the aod-1 Gene in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Chae Michael S , Lin Colin C , Kessler Katherine E , Nargang Cheryl E , Tanton Lesley L , Hahn Leanne B , Nargang Frank E 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The nuclear aod-1 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes the alternative oxidase and is induced when the standard cytochrome-mediated respiratory chain of mitochondria is inhibited. To study elements of the pathway responsible for alternative oxidase induction, we generated a series of mutations in the region upstream from the aod-1 structural gene and transformed the constructs into an aod-1 mutant strain. Transformed conidia were plated on media containing antimycin A, which inhibits the cytochrome-mediated electron transport chain so that only cells expressing alternative oxidase will grow. Using this functional in vivo assay, we identified an alternative oxidase induction motif (AIM) that is required for efficient expression of aod-1. The AIM sequence consists of two CGG repeats separated by 7 bp and is similar to sequences known to be bound by members of the Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster family of transcription factors. The AIM motif appears to be conserved in other species found in the order Sordariales.
Kin Recognition inAleochara bilineataCould Support the Kinship Theory of Genomic Imprinting
Authors: Lizé Anne , Cortesero Anne Marie , Atlan Anne , Poinsot Denis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGenomic imprinting corresponds to the differential expression of a gene according to its paternal or maternal origin. The kinship theory of genomic imprinting proposes that maternally or paternally inherited genes may be in conflict over their effects on kin differently related along the paternal or maternal line. Most examples supporting the kinship theory of imprinting deal with competition between offspring for maternal resources. However, genomic imprinting may also explain differential behavioral expression toward kin whenever sibs are more related to each other via one parental sex than the other. Unfortunately, nothing is currently known about imprinting associated with a behavioral phenotype in insects. Here we report the first evidence of such a maternally imprinted behavior. We show that the solitary parasitoid larvae of Aleochara bilineata Gyll (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae), which avoid superparasitizing their full sibs, also avoid their cousins when they are related to them through their father, but not when they are related to them through their mother. A genetic kin recognition mechanism is proposed to explain this result and we conclude that genomic imprinting could control the avoidance of kin superparasitism in this species and have a profound influence on decision-making processes.