bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry
Authors: Serdar B , Tornero-Velez R , Echeverria D , Nylander-French L A , Kupper L L , Rappaport S M 
Published: June 2006

Objective:To identify demographic and work related factors that predict blood levels of styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) in the fibreglass reinforced plastics (FRP) industry.Methods:Personal breathing-zone air samples and whole blood samples were collected repeatedly from 328 reinforced plastics workers in the Unuted States between 1996 and 1999. Styrene and its major metabolite SO were measured in these samples. Multivariable linear regression analyses were applied to the subject-specific levels to explain the variation in exposure and biomarker levels.Results:Exposure levels of styrene were approximately 500-fold higher than those of SO. Exposure levels of styrene and SO varied greatly among the types of products manufactured, with an 11-fold range of median air levels among categories for styrene and a 23-fold range for SO. Even after stratification by job title, median exposures of styrene and SO among laminators varied 14- and 31-fold across product categories. Furthermore, the relative proportions of exposures to styrene and SO varied among product categories. Multivariable regression analyses explained 70% and 63% of the variation in air levels of styrene and SO, respectively, and 72% and 34% of the variation in blood levels of styrene and SO, respectively. Overall, air levels of styrene and SO appear to have decreased substantially in this industry over the last 10–20 years in the US and were greatest among workers with the least seniority.Conclusions:As levels of styrene and SO in air and blood varied among product categories in the FRP industry, use of job title as a surrogate for exposure can introduce unpredictable measurement errors and can confound the relation between exposure and health outcomes in epidemiology studies. Also, inverse relations between the intensity of exposure to styrene and SO and years on the job suggest that younger workers with little seniority are typically exposed to higher levels of styrene and SO than their coworkers.
Influence of the Sea Ice Thickness Distribution on Polar Climate in CCSM3
Authors: Holland Marika M. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Hunke Elizabeth C. , Lipscomb William H. , Schramm Julie L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The sea ice simulation of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) T42-gx1 and T85-gx1 control simulations is presented and the influence of the parameterized sea ice thickness distribution (ITD) on polar climate conditions is examined. This includes an analysis of the change in mean climate conditions and simulated sea ice feedbacks when an ITD is included. It is found that including a representation of the subgrid-scale ITD results in larger ice growth rates and thicker sea ice. These larger growth rates represent a higher heat loss from the ocean ice column to the atmosphere, resulting in warmer surface conditions. Ocean circulation, most notably in the Southern Hemisphere, is also modified by the ITD because of the influence of enhanced high-latitude ice formation on the ocean buoyancy flux and resulting deep water formation. Changes in atmospheric circulation also result, again most notably in the Southern Hemisphere.
There are indications that the ITD also modifies simulated sea ice–related feedbacks. In regions of similar ice thickness, the surface albedo changes at 2XCO2 conditions are larger when an ITD is included, suggesting an enhanced surface albedo feedback. The presence of an ITD also modifies the ice thickness–ice strength relationship and the ice thickness–ice growth rate relationship, both of which represent negative feedbacks on ice thickness. The net influence of the ITD on polar climate sensitivity and variability results from the interaction of these and other complex feedback processes.
The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3)
Authors: Collins William D. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Blackmon Maurice L. , Bonan Gordon B. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Carton James A. , Chang Ping , Doney Scott C. , Hack James J. , Henderson Thomas B. , Kiehl Jeffrey T. , Large William G. , McKenna Daniel S. , Santer Benjamin D. , Smith Richard D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled climate model with components representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface connected by a flux coupler. CCSM3 is designed to produce realistic simulations over a wide range of spatial resolutions, enabling inexpensive simulations lasting several millennia or detailed studies of continental-scale dynamics, variability, and climate change. This paper will show results from the configuration used for climate-change simulations with a T85 grid for the atmosphere and land and a grid with approximately 1° resolution for the ocean and sea ice. The new system incorporates several significant improvements in the physical parameterizations. The enhancements in the model physics are designed to reduce or eliminate several systematic biases in the mean climate produced by previous editions of CCSM. These include new treatments of cloud processes, aerosol radiative forcing, land–atmosphere fluxes, ocean mixed layer processes, and sea ice dynamics. There are significant improvements in the sea ice thickness, polar radiation budgets, tropical sea surface temperatures, and cloud radiative effects. CCSM3 can produce stable climate simulations of millennial duration without ad hoc adjustments to the fluxes exchanged among the component models. Nonetheless, there are still systematic biases in the ocean–atmosphere fluxes in coastal regions west of continents, the spectrum of ENSO variability, the spatial distribution of precipitation in the tropical oceans, and continental precipitation and surface air temperatures. Work is under way to extend CCSM to a more accurate and comprehensive model of the earth's climate system.
Sensitivity of late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials to threat of electric shock and the sedative drugs diazepam and diphenhydramine in human volunteers
Authors: Scaife J. C. , Groves J. , Langley R. W. , Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E. 
Published: June 2006

Late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials are sensitive to some centrally acting drugs and to certain psychological interventions. In this experiment we compared the effects of acute doses of a benzodiazepine, diazepam and an H1 histamine receptor-blocking sedative, diphenhydramine, on auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials within the latency range 100–500ms in a fear conditioning paradigm. Twelve healthy males (18–30 years) participated in three sessions at weekly intervals in which they received diazepam 10mg, diphenhydramine 75mg and placebo in a balanced, double-blind, crossover protocol. One hundred and twenty min after diphenhydramine or 60min after diazepam, they underwent an 8min recording period in which auditory evoked potentials elicited by 40ms, 95dB[A], 1kHz tones, and somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by a mildly painful electric shock (1.8mA, 50ms) were recorded at Cz (vertex). Each session consisted of four blocks of trials in which either the sound pulse or the shock was presented. Alternate blocks were designated SAFE or THREAT (‘context’ conditions); in THREAT blocks subjects were warned that shocks would be delivered via electrodes placed on the wrist (electrodes were removed during SAFE blocks). In one SAFE and one THREAT block, the sound stimuli and shocks (shocks were delivered only in the THREAT block) were preceded by a 2s conditioned stimulus (CS: a red light) (‘cue’ condition). Diazepam, but not diphenhydramine, reduced the amplitude of the P2 auditory evoked potential. The THREAT context was associated with increased N1 and reduced N2 potential amplitudes. The CS had no effect on the amplitudes, but markedly reduced the latencies of the N1, P2 and N2 potentials under the THREAT condition. Diazepam reduced the amplitudes of the somatosensory potential evoked by the shock; the CS shortened the latencies of the later components of the response. Diazepam and diphenhydramine were approximately equi-sedative in the doses used in this experiment, as judged by visual analogue self-rating scales. The results indicate that the suppression of late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials by diazepam is not simply a reflection of sedation. Late-latency evoked potentials can be modified by an aversive CS, but the components that are sensitive to the CS are different from those that are sensitive to diazepam.
Clonal analysis of thymus-repopulating cells presents direct evidence for self-renewal division of human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Yahata Takashi , Yumino Shizu , Seng Yin , Miyatake Hiroko , Uno Tomoko , Muguruma Yukari , Ito Mamoru , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Kato Shunichi , Hotta Tomomitsu , Ando Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo elucidate the in vivo kinetics of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), CD34+CD38– cells were infected with lentivirus vector and transplanted into immunodeficient mice. We analyzed the multilineage differentiation and self-renewal abilities of individual thymus-repopulating clones in primary recipients, and their descending clones in paired secondary recipients, by tracing lentivirus gene integration sites in each lymphomyeloid progeny using a linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy. Our clonal analysis revealed that a single human thymus-repopulating cell had the ability to produce lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells in the primary recipient and each secondary recipient, indicating that individual human HSCs expand clonally by self-renewal division. Furthermore, we found that the proportion of HSC clones present in the CD34+ cell population decreased as HSCs replicated during extensive repopulation and also as the differentiation capacity of the HSC clones became limited. This indicates the restriction of the ability of individual HSCs despite the expansion of total HSC population. We also demonstrated that the extensive self-renewal potential was confined in the relatively small proportion of HSC clones. We conclude that our clonal tracking studies clearly demonstrated that heterogeneity in the self-renewal capacity of HSC clones underlies the differences in clonal longevity in the CD34+ stem cell pool.
Host MHC class II+ antigen-presenting cells and CD4 cells are required for CD8-mediated graft-versus-leukemia responses following delayed donor leukocyte infusions
Authors: Chakraverty Ronjon , Eom Hyeon-Seok , Sachs Jessica , Buchli Jennifer , Cotter Pete , Hsu Richard , Zhao Guiling , Sykes Megan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFollowing bone marrow transplantation, delayed donor leukocyte infusions (DLIs) can induce graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These antitumor responses are maximized by the presence of host hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the time of DLI. Using a tumor-protection model, we demonstrate here that GVL activity following administration of DLIs to established mixed chimeras is dependent primarily on reactivity to allogeneic MHC antigens rather than minor histocompatibility or tumor-associated antigens. CD8+ T-cell–dependent GVL responses against an MHC class II–negative tumor following delayed DLI require CD4+ T-cell help and are reduced significantly when host APCs lack MHC class II expression. CD4+ T cells primed by host APCs were required for maximal expansion of graft-versus-host reactive CD8+ T cells but not their synthesis of IFN-γ. In contrast, the GVL requirement for CD4+ T-cell help was bypassed almost completely when DLI was administered to freshly irradiated recipients, indicating that the host environment is a major factor influencing the cellular mechanisms of GVL.
A zebrafish screen for craniofacial mutants identifies wdr68 as a highly conserved gene required for endothelin-1 expression
Authors: Nissen Robert M , Amsterdam Adam , Hopkins Nancy 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background
Craniofacial birth defects result from defects in cranial neural crest (NC) patterning and morphogenesis. The vertebrate craniofacial skeleton is derived from cranial NC cells and the patterning of these cells occurs within the pharyngeal arches. Substantial efforts have led to the identification of several genes required for craniofacial skeletal development such as the endothelin-1 (edn1) signaling pathway that is required for lower jaw formation. However, many essential genes required for craniofacial development remain to be identified.

Results
Through screening a collection of insertional zebrafish mutants containing approximately 25% of the genes essential for embryonic development, we present the identification of 15 essential genes that are required for craniofacial development. We identified 3 genes required for hyomandibular development. We also identified zebrafish models for Campomelic Dysplasia and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. To further demonstrate the utility of this method, we include a characterization of the wdr68 gene. We show that wdr68 acts upstream of the edn1 pathway and is also required for formation of the upper jaw equivalent, the palatoquadrate. We also present evidence that the level of wdr68 activity required for edn1 pathway function differs between the 1st and 2nd arches. Wdr68 interacts with two minibrain-related kinases, Dyrk1a and Dyrk1b, required for embryonic growth and myotube differentiation, respectively. We show that a GFP-Wdr68 fusion protein localizes to the nucleus with Dyrk1a in contrast to an engineered loss of function mutation Wdr68-T284F that no longer accumulated in the cell nucleus and failed to rescue wdr68 mutant animals. Wdr68 homologs appear to exist in all eukaryotic genomes. Notably, we found that the Drosophila wdr68 homolog CG14614 could substitute for the vertebrate wdr68 gene even though insects lack the NC cell lineage.

Conclusion
This work represents a systematic identification of approximately 25% of the essential genes required for craniofacial development. The identification of zebrafish models for two human disease syndromes indicates that homologs to the other genes are likely to also be relevant for human craniofacial development. The initial characterization of wdr68 suggests an important role in craniofacial development for the highly conserved Wdr68-Dyrk1 protein complexes.
Hormonal exposures and the risk of intracranial meningioma in women: a population-based case-control study
Authors: Custer Brian , Longstreth WT , Phillips Leslie E , Koepsell Thomas D , Van Belle Gerald 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe role of exogenous hormone exposures in the development of meningioma is unclear, but these exposures have been proposed as one hypothesis to explain the over-abundance of such tumors in women.MethodsThe association between oral contraception (OC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and intracranial meningioma in women was investigated using a population-based, matched case-control study. Exposures for 143 cases and 286 controls matched on age within five years were obtained by interview. Diagnoses were confirmed histopathologically and estrogen and progesterone receptor assays conducted.ResultsAlthough risk of meningioma appeared modestly elevated in past OC users (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.8 – 2.7), and in current users (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.5 – 12.6), the confidence intervals were wide. No significant association between meningioma risk and duration of OC use was found. Likewise, risk of meningioma was only weakly associated with past use of HRT (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.4 – 1.3), and not at all with current use of HRT (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5 – 2.2). Of 142 available specimens, 2 (1%) expressed estrogen receptors, whereas 130 (92%) expressed progesterone receptors (PR). OC use was associated with increased risk of a meningioma expressing less rather than more PR (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.3 – 8.0). Overall, in post menopausal women, HRT use appeared to confer a non-significant protective effect, and was not associated with low or high PR expressing meningiomas.ConclusionThis study found little evidence of associations between meningioma and exogenous hormone exposures in women but did suggest that some hormonal exposures may influence tumor biology in those women who develop meningioma.
Mental health consultations in a prison population: a descriptive study
Authors: Kjelsberg Ellen , Hartvig Paal , Bowitz Harald , Kuisma Irene , Norbech Peder , Rustad Aase-Bente , Seem Marthe , Vik Tom-Gunnar 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
The psychiatric morbidity among prison inmates is substantially higher than in the general population. We do, however, have insufficient knowledge about the extent of psychiatric treatment provided in our prisons. The aim of the present study was to give a comprehensive description of all non-pharmacological interventions provided by the psychiatric health services to a stratified sample of prison inmates.

Methods
Six medium/large prisons (n = 928) representing 1/3 of the Norwegian prison population and with female and preventive detention inmates over-sampled, were investigated cross-sectionally. All non-pharmacological psychiatric interventions, excluding pure correctional programs, were recorded. Those receiving interventions were investigated further and compared to the remaining prison population.

Results
A total of 230 of the 928 inmates (25 %) had some form of psychiatric intervention: 184 (20 %) were in individual psychotherapy, in addition 40 (4 %) received ad hoc interventions during the registration week. Group therapy was infrequent (1 %). The psychotherapies were most often of a supportive (62 %) or behavioural-cognitive (26 %) nature. Dynamic, insight-oriented psychotherapies were infrequent (8 %). Concurrent psychopharmacological treatment was prevalent (52 %). Gender and age did not correlate with psychiatric interventions, whereas prisoner category (remanded, sentenced, or preventive detention) did (p < 0.001). Most inmates had a number of defined problem areas, with substance use, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders most prevalent. Three percent of all inmates were treated for a psychotic disorder. Remand prisoners averaged 14 sessions per week per 100 inmates, while sentenced inmates and those on preventive detention averaged 22 and 25 sessions per week per 100 inmates, respectively. Five out of six psychiatric health services estimated the inmates' psychiatric therapy needs as adequately met, both overall and in the majority of individual cases.

Conclusion
Our results pertain only to prisons with adequate primary and mental health services and effective diversion from prison of individuals with serious mental disorders. Given these important limitations, we do propose that the service estimates found may serve as a rough guideline to the minimum number of sessions a prison's psychiatric health services should be able to fulfil in order to serve the inmates psychiatric needs. The results rely on the specialist services' own estimates only. Future studies should take other important informants, including the inmates themselves, into consideration.
Topical Alprostadil Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Authors: Kielbasa Luba A , Daniel Karen L 
Published: June 2006

Objective: TO review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of topical alprostadil in the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–May 2006), EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts with the search terms alprostadil, female, and sexual dysfunction/drug therapy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All published and unpublished clinical trials and abstracts involving the efficacy and safety of topical alprostadil use in women were reviewed. Data on file with the manufacturer were also included. Data Synthesis: Topical alprostadil is a vasodilatory agent under development for the treatment of FSAD. In-clinic application of alprostadil increases genital vasocongestion, vaginal erythema, transudates, and some patient-assessed indices of sexual arousal; however, these effects have not been consistently superior to placebo. Three of 4 trials investigating at-home use of topical alprostadil have demonstrated improvements in achievement of satisfactory levels of sexual arousal and successful sexual encounters in patients with FSAD. Adverse events appear to be mild and localized and consist of burning and itching at the application site. Conclusions: Two formulations of topical alprostadil are in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of FSAD. Initial results of clinical trials have demonstrated some beneficial effects on arousal success rates and other subjective measures of sexual arousal; however, these results have been inconsistent and not reproducible in all trials. The results of ongoing clinical studies are needed to further define the role of topical alprostadil in the treatment of FSAD.
Revising the British Occupational Hygiene Society Asbestos Standard: 1968–1982
Authors: Greenberg Morris 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn 1968 the British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) published a chrysotile asbestos hygiene standard. As a consequence of acknowledged inadequacies of the data, it underestimated the risks of exposure, but its influence was international and operated for longer than it merited. Five years later, BOHS reported the standard not to be in need of amending, despite its own doubts and no cognizance having been taken of the cancer hazard. Within months, stung by criticism from Dr. Irving J. Selikoff, industry required it to review the standard, which BOHS continued to do for a number of years before giving up.MethodsMaterial obtained for the American Courts by means of legal discovery from an asbestos company's archive, provided information on the membership of the new BOHS committees, and on its operation.ResultsAlterations in the composition of the new committees included importantly the introduction of certain independent scientists, whose rigor militated against the ready production of a new hygiene standard acceptable to industry.ConclusionsThere was a time in Britain when a learned society might with impunity omit to consult the views of workers or their representatives when making value judgments about their health and safety, but consider it proper to accede to industry's decision as to what hygiene standard it would accept. Health and Safety at Work legislation in 1974, established an organization on which industry and labor were represented, with the onus for recommending hygiene standards. For several years the BOHS Asbestos Sub‐Committee continued attempting to reconcile the interests of industry, until finally abandoning hygiene standard setting as its mission. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:577–604, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.