bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The capitate of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe capitates of Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐lw and AL 333–40) and A. africanus (TM 1526) have the identical combination of modern pongid, modern hominid, and unique characteristics. These traits include the combination of a length that is proximodistally shortened (Homo sapiens‐like), a facet for the second metacarpal that is distolaterally facing (unique), the reduced styloid process on the third metacarpal (pongidlike), a dorsally placed trapezoid facet (pongidlike), mediolaterally constricted metacarpal III facet (pongidlike), a prominent palmar beak (pongidlike), a single elongated facet for the second metacarpal (H. sapiens‐like), a waisted neck (pongidlike), and a reduced amount of “cupping” in the third metacarpal facet (H. sapiens‐like).In overall shape the bones are more like H. sapiens than other extant hominids, although they are uniquely different. The two A. afarensis capitates provide no evidence that there are two postcranial morphotypes at Hadar. Available evidence shows that A. afarensis and A. africanus are strikingly similar postcranially. The morphological differences between the capitate of Australopithecus and H. sapiens may relate to the retention of climbing ability and an absence of certain grip capabilities in these early hominids.
Assessment of race from the pelvis
Authors: Işcan M. Yaşar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRacial assessment of human postcranial skeletal remains has been a major concern for forensic and skeletal anthropologists. Materials (N = 400) of the present study are from the Terry Collection and consist of 100 black and white American pelves of both sex with known age and race. Measurements were taken from the articulated pelves. Results of discriminant function analysis indicate classificatory accuracy may be as high as 88%. Transverse pelvic breadth contributes more to the function than biiliac breadth and antero‐posterior height. The females are more easily assessed racially than males. Although a highly reliable classification is produced, the results of the study should be employed with caution, as samples were of questionable nutritional status and of low socioeconomic class.
Genetic differentiation in Dogrib Indians: Serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme variation
Authors: Szathmary Emoke J. E. , Ferrell R. E. , Gershowitz H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFourteen polymorphic and 24 monomorphic serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems were studied in Dogrib Indians living in three villages in the Northwest Territories of Canada. New information on the subtypes of Gc is provided, as is the description of a new variant at the galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) locus. Maximum European admixture in the Dogrib is 8.7%. Contingency chi‐square analysis indicates significant genetic differentiation among the villages. Nei's (1973) GST = .0083 ± .0022 over 36 systems, including blood groups. This compares favorably with GST obtained for three Macushi subdivisions, but appears to exceed that observed among the Xavante Indians of South America.
Age changes in dental arch dimensions of Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Brown Tasman , Abbott Amanda H. , Burgess Vivian B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBreadths and depths of the dental arches were measured from standardized photographs of serial casts of Australian Aboriginals enrolled in a longitudinal growth study. The data were obtained from 1161 sets of casts representing 111 boys and 86 girls ranging in age from 6 to 19 years. Age changes in the arch dimensions conformed to previously described patterns in Caucasian children, namely, an increase in breadth and a decrease in depth. Corresponding dimensions and dimensional changes in the maxilla and mandible were strongly correlated, but breadth and depth changes were relatively independent. The disparity in size between arches increased with age, particularly in the breadth dimension of boys. Marked disparity in arch breadths characterizes an occlusal feature of this population that has been termed alternate intercuspation.
A critique of some regression adjustments used in allometric size “correction” in numerical taxonomy
Authors: Hartman Steve E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractResiduals from an allometric regression line fitted in log–log space between linear measurements and a size variable are frequently used in numerical taxonomy as “size‐adjusted” variables. Two forms that these residuals can take are: (1) log observed – log expected and (2) following conversion back to original scale, (observed – expected)/expected. Clustering and ordination procedures are used to demonstrate that summaries of morphometric affinities can be influenced by choice of residual. The discrepancy is predicted to be greater when some objects of study have predominantly positive or negative residuals. This situation may be more likely when many variables are functionally related. An argument is made for use of log residuals. Among the many other size “corrections” employed in multivariate morphometrics are those of Corruccini (1972,1975a, 1978). These are examined and are shown to give undesirable results.
The allometry of relative cusp size in hominoid mandibular molars
Authors: Hills M. , Graham S. H. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe crown area (MCBA) and cusp areas of mandibular molars of Homo sapiens (M1 = 131; M2 = 71), Gorilla (M1 = 25) and Pongo (M1 = 24) were studied to determine whether the relative size of the mesial and distal cusps are related to overall crown size. Allometric trends were assessed by examining the correlation between relative cusp areas and MCBA and by calculating the slope of the regression line of log cusp area and log MCBA. With the exception of the metaconid in the Homo sapiens M2s, the results of the intraspecific analyses provide little evidence of an allometric trend for relative reduction of the mesial cusps with increasing crown size. None of the samples provide consistent or reliable evidence of such a trend for the protoconid, nor do the M1 samples provide evidence for such a trend for the metaconid. The evidence from the distal cusps is also mixed: positive allometry for the entoconid for the Homo sapiens M2s and for the hypoconulid for the Homo sapiens M1s, with no departure from isometry in either Gorilla or Pongo. The interspecific data provide no evidence of any trend for the mesial cusps to decrease or the distal cusps to increase in importance in larger teeth.If one accepts the proposition that the static allometric trends observed in this study are reasonable analogues for any allometric relationships within, or between, fossil hominid taxa, then the evidence presented above does not support the hypothesis that the reduction of the trigonid, which is observed in the “robust” australopithecines, is an allometric phenomenon.
Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of finger ridge‐count inheritance: II. Association arrays in parent‐offspring and sib‐sib pairs
Authors: Karlin Samuel , Williams Paul T. , Chakraborty Ranajit , Mathew Susan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFamilial similarity of the dermatoglyphic trait values of finger ridge‐count scores and pattern intensity index is examined for 125 nuclear families from the Velanadu Brahmin population of Southern India by the method of association arrays. This methodology assesses parent‐offspring and sibship similarity through a collection of measures of dependence that is sensitive to a variety of nonlinear trends and stochastic relationships between trait values. The method is used in conjunction with various weights to determine the relationship between family size and the level and form of dependence. These analyses reveal that siblings are most strongly associated for ridge‐counts of the middle digit and less associated for the thumb and fifth digit ridge‐counts. Further, sibship similarity for ridge‐counts increases with family size for the thumb and fifth digit but remains relatively constant over all family sizes for the middle finger. Family size effects are also observed for total ridge‐counts of the left hand, right hand, and both hands combined, and for the pattern intensity index. These effects of family size may be due to the most pronounced changes occurring in the amniotic environment between the first and second pregnancy, which are most strongly manifested in the sibship associations of smaller families.
Electron microprobe analysis of elemental distribution in excavated human femurs
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Simpson Sharon Vlasak , Buikstra Jane E. , Hanson Douglas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElemental distributions have been determined for femur cross sections of eight individuals from the Gibson and Ledders Woodland sites. The analyses were obtained by x‐ray fluorescence with a scanning electron microscope. Movement of an element from soil to bone should give rise to inhomogeneous distributions within the bone. We found that the distributions of zinc, strontium, and lead are homogeneous throughout the femur. In contrast, iron, aluminum, potassium, and manganese show clear buildup along the outer surface of the femur and sometimes along the inner (endosteal) surface, as the result of postmortem enrichment. The buildup penetrates 10–400 μm into the femur. The major elements calcium and sodium show homogeneous distributions, but considerable material could be lost by leaching (10–15%) without causing a palpable effect on the electron maps. Magnesium shows buildup on the outer edge of some samples. These results suggest that diagenetic contamination may exclude Fe, Al, K, Mn, and probably Mg from use as indicators of ancient data. The homogeneous distributions of Zn, Sr, and Pb suggest that these elements are not altered appreciably and may serve as useful dietary indicators.
Climate and the evolution of brachycephalization
Authors: Beals Kenneth L. , Smith Courtland L. , Dodd Stephen M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSignificant associations of cranial shape for 82 ethnic groups and seven climate variables are described. Variation among current populations is partially attributed to cold adaptation throughout the Pleistocene. Application of data files tabulated by the authors is described for a number of problems. Temporal distribution of 115 specimens indicates a geometric trend (CI = 76.7 – 1.96 log time × 103). Cranial indices are summarized within alternative taxonomic models and between climatic ecotypes. Evidence supports the hypothesis of cold adaptation among “Classic” Neandertals. Limitations of the thermodynamic model are discussed. It is probable that a decrease of the cranial index occurs from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. During the Holocene, the index increases under all climatic conditions.
Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters)
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo F. , Valera Jose , Rodriguez Luis , Vega Amalia , Guerra‐Garcia Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStature and weight of native children, adolescents, and adults at Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters), were measured in 1977, 1978, and 1982 and compared with mean statures and weights reported in previous studies. The data indicate that in Huancayo there has been a secular increment in child stature, sitting height, and weight from 1937 to 1978–1982. The observed changes in stature are related to a proportionally greater increment in leg length relative to trunk length. It is concluded that the observed secular increase in body size reflects changes in the standard of living and a greater influx of nonnative populations, which are usually characterized by greater stature than natives.
Ontogenetic and interspecific organ weight allometry in Old World monkeys
Authors: Larson Susan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe importance of allometry as an analytic tool is well recognized in the literature of primate morphology. However, a number of recent studies have illustrated how interpretive difficulties can arise when researchers confound different types of allometric data. Such confusion is due less to carelessness than to uncertainty about how different types of allometry are related. The present study examines the relationship between two types—ontogenetic and interspecific allometry–in the case of organ weight scaling in six species of Old World monkeys. Accepting the interpretation of interspecific allometry as a reflection of functional scaling constraints, the results of this analysis indicate how ontogenetic patterns have been modified in different‐sized species to maintain compliance with these constraints. Specifically, for the heart and lungs it appears that vertical transpositions of individual species' ontogenies are dictated by isometric interspecific allometry, while in the case of the kidneys and liver, the relation of negative allometry across species entails alteration of the relative growth coefficients of the individual species. While these conclusions can at present only be applied to organ weight scaling, the approach of examining interspecific patterns in light of developmental differences between species should prove very helpful in our efforts to understand the phenomena of size and scaling.
Estimation of total water and fatness from weight and height: Inaccurate for lean women
Authors: Scott Eugenie C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMellits and Cheek have provided a regression equation which predicts total water, and by extension, fat, from weight and height of women. The equation has been used by many researchers as a convenient means to estimate fat when more complicated body composition estimation techniques are not possible. It is an essential component of evidence provided by Frisch for the critical fat hypothesis. The equation has not been validated on another sample, however, and has a large standard error. I test the Mellits and Cheek equation on five samples of young women, two of which show a normal range of heights and weights. The other three are athletic samples composed of lean women. In the normal samples mean fat percent determined by density (from underwater weighing) is closely approximated by the weight and height equation but not in the lean samples. When measured fat is regressed on estimated fat, correlations are low, and standard errors are high, suggesting that the Mellits and Cheek equation predicts poorly the body fat percentage of individual females. In summary, the Mellits and Cheek equation is moderately useful for the prediction of group means for body composition on samples with normal ranges of height and weight. It does not produce acceptable results on groups selected for extreme leanness or obesity. It is not recommended for fat prediction of individuals.
Principal‐components analysis of prehistoric South Asian crania
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth A. R. , Chiment John , Disotell Todd , Meyers David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrincipal‐components analysis is used as an investigative procedure for establishing temporal, spatial and evolutionary‐developmental changes in Homo sapiens skeletal specimens from prehistoric sites in South Asia. It is concluded that cranial variables which cluster hunter‐gatherers within the sample are related to facial architecture with respect to robusticity and size. Older models presumably reflecting genetic affinities and racial classifications of prehistoric South Asians which were based upon univariatebivariate statistical analyses are not supported by the results of this principal‐components analysis.
Graduate education and the role of the physical anthropologist in biomedical teaching and research
Authors: Burr David B. , Haines Duane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is a place for the physical anthropologist in biomedical teaching and research because of the special and unique skills possessed by this individual. However, eventual success in the health sciences environment requires the student to obtain the knowledge and background for functionally oriented teaching and research. Students interested in a biomedical teaching and research career must prepare themselves methodologically and theoretically. This requires: (1) teaching qualifications, (2) an increased emphasis on methodology and technology, (3) an increased emphasis on research and experimental design, (4) appropriate interdisciplinary courses which provide the background for both teaching and research, (5) increased interaction with graduate faculty active in research, and (6) the latitude to adapt the graduate program to meet these specific needs. Students who finish their graduate training with a marketable skill, and who can apply their unique talents to a specialized area, will have broad appeal in the job market and will considerably strengthen their career opportunities.
The relationship between cranial metric and nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T. , Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study addresses the relationship between cranial metric variables and nonmetric traits using the skeletal sample of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago. Discriminant function analysis is used to study the metric differences between macaque crania grouped according to the presence or absence of nine nonmetric traits. The computation of total structure coefficients from the discriminant function analyses provides information regarding how closely each metric variable is related to the discriminant functions derived. Total structure coefficients have not been used previously in the study of the relationship between metric and nonmetric traits. The results of the analysis are interpreted using an explicit approach to cranial morphogenesis—functional cranial analysis. It is concluded that the relationship between cranial metric and nonmetric traits is explicable in terms of a common developmental pathway shared by the two types of traits. Identification of the specific etiology of nonmetric traits depends on future anatomical studies of organisms throughout the period of nonmetric trait development.
Demographic components of gene frequency change in free‐ranging macaques on Cayo Santiago
Authors: Ober Carole , Olivier Thomas J. , Sade Donald S. , Schneider Jon M. , Cheverud Jim , Buettner‐Janusch John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGene frequency profiles from January 1973 to January 1977 for three polymorphic loci were examined in Cayo Santiago rhesus social groups. The effects of demographic components (i.e., births, deaths, immigrations, emigrations, and group fission and fusion) on total change in gene frequencies are assessed. Allelic frequencies at the carbonic anhydrase II, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and transferrin loci were analyzed in four social groups. In the two groups that underwent fission and fusion during the study period, the timing of these processes was related to the largest short‐term changes in gene frequences. However, immigration and emigration had the greatest effect on total change in gene frequency in all groups during the study period. The relative importance of births and deaths in producing gene frequency change varied among the social groups. These results suggest that the relative importance of the demographic components of gene frequency change in primate populations is determined by behavioral patterns and ecological conditions specific to the population considered.
Effects of X chromosome on size and shape of body: An anthropometric investigation in 47,XXY males
Authors: Varrela Juha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of an extra X chromosome on size and shape of body and head were studied in 47,XXY males; 25 anthropometric measurements were recorded from 29 adult 47,XXY males and compared with those of male relatives and control males. In stature, arm length, leg length, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold 47,XXY males were larger and in biacromial diameter, bideltoid breadth, wrist breadth, and in most head dimensions smaller than normal males. Arm length was increased less than leg length. Increase in stature seemed to be caused solely by increased leg length, and the somewhat feminine proportions in trunk were caused by decrease in biacromial diameter. Correlations of the body and head dimensions between 47,XXY males and their male relatives were found to be normal.The present findings support the earlier proposals that X chromosome carries genes which influence linear growth. It is suggested that the reduction in biacromial diameter is caused by lowered plasma testosterone level which may also have affected sitting height. The control of body and head dimensions seems to be maintained relatively normal.
Sex‐related differences in transmission of hepatitis B infection in a Melanesian population
Authors: Langendorfer Alexandra , Davenport William , London W. Thomas , Blumberg Baruch S. , Mazzur Scott 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFactors involved in the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the largely Melanesian population (N = 909) of Graciosa Bay, Ndeni, are examined. Based upon cultural information from Ndeni and ways in which HBV is spread in other populations, certain practices and interactions, predicted as effective routes of HBV infection, are analyzed. Most significant are father‐to‐son transmission and older‐brother‐to‐younger‐sibling transmission, indicating that males are instrumental in the transmission of HBV on Ndeni. Other possible routes of HBV transmission that are not shown to be significant on Ndeni are significant modes of disease spread in other cultures. Cross‐cultural differences are discussed with regard to behavior, age of infection, and persistence of HBeAg (an antigen linked to HBV infection). Particularly with regard to maternal transmission, it is clear that the average age of infection combined with the degree of HBeAg persistence limits the number of infective mothers in this population. Cultural practices, however, may explain the disproportion of male carriers over 30 implicating a largely extinct set of culturally sanctioned practices involving very early exposure to HBV in boys and their age‐related inability to make antibody to the virus.
Population genetic studies in three Chinese minorities
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Benkmann H.‐G. , Kriese L. , Bogdanski P. , Ruofu Du , Liangzhong Chen , Meiying Cui , Yida Yuan , Jinjin Xu , Shizhe Li , Yongfa Wang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree minority ethnic groups from China (Mongolians, Koreans, Zhuang) were examined with respect to the genetic markers GLO, GPT, ACP, ESD, 6‐PGD, PGM1 subtypes, C3, and TF. Significant variations were noted for the gene frequencies of GLO, GPT, ESD, sub PGM1 between Zhuang and Mongolians; for GPT, ACP, ESD, sub PGM1 between Zhuang and Koreans; and for GLO between Mongolians and Koreans.
Family resemblance for neuromuscular performance in a Kansas Mennonite community
Authors: Devor Eric J. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFamilial phenotypic resemblance for six quantitative neuromuscular performance traits is analyzed by path analysis using data from the Mennonite community of Goessel, Kansas. Of the six traits only one, dominant hand strength, shows no evidence of parent‐offspring transmission (t2 = 0.001) and only one, trunk flexibility, shows evidence of a high degree of transmissibility (t2 = 0.662). The four remaining traits display low to moderate levels of transmissibility (t2 = 0.073 to t2 = 0.245). A substantial residual sibling resemblance due to shared environmental effects is seen for all six traits. It is suggested that the high heritabilities found for many of these traits by other methods result from the inability of these methods to account for the shared nongenetic effects.