bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transruminal Palpation and Surface Projection of the Abomasum in the Permanently Fistulated Dairy Cow
Authors: McCarthy P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The techniques and findings of transruminal palpation of the abomasum in the permanently fistulated dairy cow are described. A method is given whereby a projection of the abomasum can be made on the surface of the cow’s abdomen. The value of being able to monitor the position, size, consistency, and shape of the abomasum of the live cow is considered.
In Vitro Phagocytosis and Killing of Coliforms by Bovine Mammary Leukocytes
Authors: Ward G. E. , Sebunya T. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four coliform isolates derived from cows with bovine mastitis—1 serum-sensitive (ss) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 intermediate serum-sensitive (is) K pneumoniae, 1 is Escherichia coli, and 1 serum-resistant (sr) E coli—were studied in vitro to determine factors associated with their phagocytosis and killing by leukocytes of mammae. The ss coliform was most easily phagocytosed, whereas the sr coliform was the least phagocytosed, and is coliforms were ingested at an intermediate rate.
The ss coliform was more readily killed in freshly collected serum alone, than by leukocytes and freshly collected serum or heat-inactivated serum. The is coliforms were killed more readily by leukocytes with freshly collected serum, than by freshly collected serum alone or leukocytes and heat-inactivated serum. The extent of the killing of sr strain was equal for leukocytes with either freshly collected serum or heat-inactivated serum. The differences in killing of various coliforms in serum alone were not as great in a system including serum and leukocytes.
Efficacy of Praziquantel Against Immature Echinococcus multilocularis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Andersen Ferron L. , Crellin John R. , Cox Danny D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given im at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight) against immature Echinococcus multilocularis was studied in 18 experimentally infected dogs and 22 experimentally infected cats. There were no worms recovered at necropsy from any of the treated hosts. However, whereas E multilocularis worms were recovered from all nontreated control dogs (n = 9; min-max 15-1,840, mean 483), such tapeworms were recovered from only 6 of the 11 nontreated control cats (min-max 2-820; overall mean 123.4). The study demonstrates 100% clearance of E multilocularis by praziquantel in experimentally infected dogs and cats, and shows that cats are not as suitable as experimental hosts for this parasite as are dogs.
Prevalence of Bluetongue Viral Antibodies in Louisiana Goats
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Potter Marylou T. , Pearson Nancy J. , Hagstad Harry V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 504 goat sera collected from October 1979 through October 1980 in Louisiana were tested for bluetongue viral antibodies by an immunodiffusion test Seropositive goats were found in 7 of the 38 (18.4%) herds included in the serosurvey. Antibodies were detected in 14 (2.8%) of the goat sera.
Isolation of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, Pseudorabies Virus, and Porcine Enterovirus from Pharyngeal Swabs Taken from Market-Weight Swine
Authors: Kemeny L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharyngeal swab samples were collected at a central Iowa abattoir from 6,010 market-weight slaughter hogs from September 1, 1979 to August 31,1980. The swab samples were examined for cytopathic viruses by inoculation of monolayer cultures of a continuous line of swine testicular cells. Of the 6,010 swab samples tested, transmissible gastroenteritis virus was isolated from 91 (1.51%), pseudorabies virus was isolated from 431 (7.17%), and porcine enterovirus was isolated from 21 (0.35%). Although all 3 viruses were identified throughout the year, transmissible gastroenteritis and pseudorabies viruses were found more frequently during the winter and early spring. In contrast, porcine enterovirus was detected more frequently during the spring and summer.
Exercise in the Dog with Dirofilaria immitis Infection
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cardiopulmonary function in Beagles that had been infected 18 months previously with 100 infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae was studied before and after an exercise program. The treadmill exercise program lasted for 2.5 months at 5 days per week until the dogs were running for 20 minutes at 11.3 km/hr up a 9% grade. Although the Beagles had mild pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure before training of 26.8 ± 2.2 [sd] mm of Hg) and radiographic signs of cardiopulmonary disease, the dogs tolerated the program without signs of congestive heart failure or further development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial pressure was not increased during the 20-minute exercise period when measured at the completion of the 10-week exercise program.
Protective Immunity Against Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Dairy Goats Vaccinated with Hammondia hammondi and Hammondia heydorni
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii, twelve 2- to 3-month-old goats were inoculated orally with 1,000 to 100,000 infective oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii. Four of 4 goats inoculated with 100,000 oocysts, 4 of 4 goats inoculated with 10,000 oocysts, and 2 of 4 inoculated with 1,000 oocysts died (or became moribund) of acute toxoplasmosis 7 to 26 days after inoculation.
Goats vaccinated with Hammondia hammondi or H heydorni were challenge exposed with 10,000 or 100,000 oocysts (10 or 100 median lethal doses). Four of 4 goats vaccinated with H hammondi survived after challenge exposure with 10,000 T gondii oocysts, whereas only 2 of 4 goats survived challenge exposure with 100,000 T gondii oocysts. Of 4 goats vaccinated with H heydorni, 3 died or were euthanatized 13, 14, and 26 days after challenge exposure with 10,000 T gondii oocysts. Goats vaccinated with H hammondi developed low levels of Sabin-Feldman dye test antibodies (≤ 1:64) to T gondii antigen, whereas H heydomi-v&ccmated goats generally remained seronegative.
The results indicate that goats may be a model to investigate immune protection after vaccination with H hammondi against clinical toxoplasmosis in animals.
Partial Characterization of Procomplementary Activity of Porcine Serum and Its Relationship to the Fifth Component of Complement
Authors: Jensen Mark T. , Stone Stanley S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The procomplementary factor (pcf) of porcine serum, a component that enhances the hemolytic activity of guinea pig complement, was purified by precipitation with methanol and then by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. The pcf substituted for the 5th complement component (C5) in the complement cascade in tests with functionally purified guinea pig complement components. In contrast to human C5, pcf is heat stable at 56 C.
Reproductive Performance of Gilts Exposed to Porcine Parvovirus at 56 or 70 Days of Gestation
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Paul Prem S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 18 pregnant gilts, which were free of antibody for porcine parvovirus (ppv), were exposed oronasally to ppv on either the 56th day (9 gilts) or 70th day (9 gilts) of the gestation to determine whether infection at these times would affect their reproductive performance. The gilts were either necropsied late in gestation or allowed to farrow, and their fetuses and pigs were tested for evidence of infection.
Gilts remained clinically healthy throughout the experiment, and none farrowed prematurely. Litters of 7 of 9 gilts exposed to ppv at 56 days of the gestation were infected transplacentally, and ppv caused death of fetuses in 5 of the infected litters. These litters comprised 29 dead fetuses (2 to 12/litter) and 31 live fetuses or pigs (1 to 10/litter). In addition, ppv may have been directly or indirectly responsible for an increased frequency of stillbirth and neonatal death, but the role of ppv in these conditions was difficult to assess. Litters of 6 of 9 gilts exposed to ppv at 70 days of the gestation also were infected transplacentally, but in contrast to earlier infection, ppv did not cause fetal death in these litters.
Efficacy of Ivermectin Against Inhibited Larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Williams J. C. , Knox J. W. , Baumann B. A. , Snider T. G. , Kimball M. G. , Hoemer T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of ivermectin against inhibited early 4th-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract was determined in naturally infected yearling beef cattle. The time when large numbers of inhibited larvae were acquired was determined by monthly slaughter of monitor cattle, beginning in January. In April, 12 animals were removed from pasture and maintained free of further helminth exposure until slaughter (21 days). At 9 days after the cattle were removed from pasture, ivermectin was administered to the principals by subcutaneous injection (200 μg/kg); the other 6 animals were given subcutaneous injections of the ivermectin vehicle. Both groups were killed and necropsied at 12 days after treatment. Mean numbers of O ostertagi in the 6 controls were: adults, 41,906; developing 4th stage, 73,813; and early 4th stage, 334,965. The mean proportion of early 4th-stage larvae was 73.7%. In the 6 principals (treated with ivermectin), the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults, 100%; developing 4th stage, 99.8%; and early 4th stage, 99.9%. Small numbers of dead and degenerated O ostertagi of all developmental stages were recovered from abomasal washings before fixation; few viable worms were recovered.
Chemoprophylaxis of Vector-Borne Anaplasmosis with Sustained-Release Boluses
Authors: Byford Ronnie L. , Riner J. L. , Kocan K. M. , Stratton L. G. , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sustained-release oxytetracycline boluses (20%) delivering 145 to 150 mg/bolus/day were administered to complement-fixation test-negative cattle at dosages of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/kg of body weight. Subsequent challenge exposure of cattle with Dermacentor andersoni Stiles infected with Anaplasma marginale Theiler indicated that treatment with the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg prevented clinical anaplasmosis and that treatment with the dosage of 3.0 mg/kg prevented disease infection.
Serologic and Molecular Comparisons of Several Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Strains
Authors: Turtinen L. W. , Allen G. P. , Darlington R. W. , Bryans J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The molecular and serologic relatedness of 2 recent respiratory tract isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1, designated T1 and T2, were compared with the Army 183, Kentucky-A hamster-adapted (KyA-ha), and L-M cell-adapted (KyA-LM) strains. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed differences in virion structural proteins among 4 purified strains. Seven envelope glycoproteins (molecular weight of 93,000, 65,000, 62,000, 60,000, 36,000, 20,000, and 18,000) corresponding to vinon proteins 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26a, respectively, found in both the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains had slightly different molecular weight counterparts in both the T1 and T2 isolates, which had identical structural protein profiles. Virion protein 19 (58,000 daltons), a nonglycosylated protein, was present in reduced amounts in the respiratory tract isolates, whereas virion protein 8a (200,000 daltons) was absent. Virion protein 8a, an envelope glycoprotein, was only present in the KyA-ha strain. The T1 and T2 isolates were not neutralized by equine herpesvirus type 2 antiserum and revealed little cross-neutralization with the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains in plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of viral DNA revealed a similar, but not identical, number and size of DNA fragments between T1 and T2 isolates. Likewise, DNA profiles of Army 183, KyA-ha, and KyA-LM were also similar to each other, but vastly different from the respiratory tract isolates.
Responses of Shorn and Full-Fleeced Lambs Given Two Levels of Feed Intake and Exposed to Warm and Cold Temperatures
Authors: Horton G. M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies on the effect of fleece length (5 and 85 mm) and feed intake (1 and 2 kg/day) were conducted in 9-to 10-month-old wether lambs kept at 2 environmental temperatures (–12.3 and 17.8 C). Digestion coefficients were lower (P < 0.05) at the high level of intake and in cold-exposed lambs. Rectal temperature was lower (P < 0.05) in lambs kept at –12.3 C. Respiration rate increased (P < 0.05) with increasing environmental temperature and higher feed consumption. Blood glucose and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were not affected by feed intake level or fleece length. Glucose was higher (P < 0.05) and plasma urea was lower (P < 0.05) in lambs at low temperatures. Serum-free fatty acids were increased (P < 0.05) in lambs given the low feeding level and kept at the low temperature. Plasma thyroxine and protein-bound iodine concentrations were lower (P < 0.10) in full-fleeced lambs and were higher (P < 0.05) at the low temperature.
Plasma and Tissue Concentrations of Oxytetracycline in the Horse After Intravenous Administration
Authors: Larson Vaughn L. , Stowe C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxytetracycline (otc) was administered iv to 3 clinically normal horses at a dosage of 10 mg of otc/kg of body weight. Plasma otc concentrations were determined at 30-minute intervals until postinjection minute (pim) 240. At pim 240, the mean otc concentration in pulmonary tissue was 3.96 μg/g of tissue (wet weight) and in renal tissue was 25.47 μg/g. Diluted bronchial fluid had a mean concentration of 0.288 μg of otc/ml at pim 240. The data demonstrated that otc has adequate tissue distribution in horses.
Bacteriologic Examination of Equine Fecal Flora as a Diagnostic Tool for Equine Intestinal Clostridiosis
Authors: Wierup M. , DiPietro J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The fecal flora of 56 clinically healthy and 23 sick horses were examined bacteriologically for counts of Clostridium perfringens, molds, coli-forms, α- and β-hemolytic streptococci, and microbes belonging to genus Bacillus, as well as for the presence of Salmonella spp. Of the healthy horses, 85.7% had a C perfringens count < 101 colony-forming units/g of feces. Of the healthy horses, lowest counts were found in race horses. Of the sick horses, equine intestinal clostridiosis was diagnosed in 2 horses with large C perfringens counts (104 to 107 colony-forming units/g) and with acute diarrhea. The 7 isolates of C perfringens were identified as serotype A. Salmonella spp were not detected from any of the horses. The study indicated that diagnosing equine intestinal clostridiosis based on the determination of the fecal C perfringens count was suitable.
Cytotoxic Activity of Pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis in Turkey Tracheal Organ Cultures
Authors: Gray J. G. , Roberts J. F. , Dillman R. C. , Simmons D. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Turkey tracheal organ cultures were used to study the virulence of Alcaligenes faecalis isolants that have been shown to be pathogenic for turkey poults. Viable infected and noninfected tracheal rings were examined by phase-contrast microscopy, and fixed stained sections were examined by light microscopy. Alcaligenes faecalis at concentrations of 108 and 109 colony-forming units/ml caused ciliostasis, hydropic degeneration (characterized by blebbing of the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, and cytoplasmic vacuolation), and eventual sloughing of the ciliated epithelium. Only ciliated epithelial cells appeared affected. For comparison, other bacterial isolants not pathogenic for turkeys were tried in this system. These bacterial isolants included 3 isolants of A faecalis from human beings and isolants of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and A faecalis from turkeys. Inoculation of each of these bacterial cultures onto tracheal organ cultures failed to produce the lesions described.
Induction of Immunologic Memory by a Lipopolysaccharide-Protein Complex Isolated from Fusobacterium necrophorum: Humoral Response
Authors: Hodges G. F. , Regan K. M. , Foss C. L. , Teresa G. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The serum antibody response in BALB/c mice to a lipopolysaccharide-protein (lps-p) complex was monitored by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutination, and radial immunodiffusion. Dose-response analyses demonstrated that suitable primary doses of lps-p injected iv or im induced substantial concentrations of specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. Moreover, these values were greatly enhanced with small-dose booster injections. Inoculation of mice with a suitable primary im dose of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated lps-p-induced specific IgM and IgG amounts that were detectable for 120 days. An enhanced secondary response to antigen booster injections was generated 105 days after primary inoculation, providing direct evidence that lps-p can induce immunologic memory. Similar results were obtained for iv inoculations of lps-p, although the primary IgG response was not as persistent. Seemingly, the memory response to lps-p was largely dependent on the protein component of the molecule.
Endotoxin-Induced Change in Hemograms, Plasma Enzymes, and Blood Chemical Values in Anesthetized Ponies: Effects of Flunixin Meglumine
Authors: Fessler J. F. , Bottoms G. D. , Roesel O. F. , Moore A. B. , Frauenfelder H. C. , Boon G. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was made of flunixin meglumine (fm), an analgesic agent with antiprostaglandin activity, in the management of endotoxin-induced changes in ponies. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: A—controls, B—nontreated ponies with endotoxin-induced shock, and C—ponies with endotoxin-induced shock treated with fm. Shock was induced in anesthetized ponies with iv injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Disruption of glucose homeostasis, insulin levels, hemograms, aerobic metabolism, and cell damage as indicated by plasma enzymes were observed.
Treatment with fm (5 minutes) after shock was induced did not prevent general tissue damage as indicated by plasma enzymes, but separation of creatine phosphokinase into its 3 isoenzymes revealed a significant increase in the amount of the creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme bb in group B ponies, but not in fm-treated ponies (group C). The source of this isoenzyme is believed to be brain tissue.
Acidosis as indicated by lactic acid and venous pH was less in fm-treated ponies than in nontreated (group B) ponies. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations changed in both groups B and C (endotoxin-induced shock), but the patterns of change were different. The only effect of fm on hematologic values was a significant decrease in blood platelet counts.
The results of these experiments indicate that fm improved cellular metabolism and reduced brain damage. These effects were believed to be the result of the maintenance of mean arterial blood pressure and enhanced perfusion of vital organs by preventing extensive vasodilation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Erythrocyte Volume Distribution Analysis in Healthy Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Dairy Cows
Authors: Weiser M. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte volume distribution curves (erythrograms) were determined on a total of 300 blood samples from healthy dogs, cats, horses, and cattle (dairy cows). An index of anisocytosis was determined for these animals. Erythrograms were highly reproducible, and the mean corpuscular volumes determined from erythrograms compared well with those determined from hemograms. Bovine and equine erythrocyte volumes were found to be stable after the blood was stored at 4 C for 24 hours. Under the same conditions, canine and feline erythrocytes increased slightly in volume. After incubation of blood diluted in isotonic cell counting solution, bovine erythrocytes had stable cell volume, whereas feline, equine, and canine erythrocytes had greater volume.
The Role of Pressure Damage in Pathogenesis of the Downer Cow Syndrome
Authors: Cox V. S. , McGrath C. J. , Jorgensen S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental downer cows were produced by maintaining healthy cows in sternal recumbency for 6, 9, or 12 hours with the right pelvic limb positioned under the body. Halothane anesthesia was used to create this artificial parturient paresis-like position. In 8 of 16 experiments, cows were able to stand within 3 hours after anesthesia, but the others remained recumbent until death or euthanasia. There was no correlation between duration of the treatment and ability to stand after enforced recumbency. The appearance of the right pelvic limb of downer cows resembled the injured limbs of human patients with compartmental/crush syndrome, as well as the limbs of clinical downer cows. The affected limbs were swollen and held in rigid extension. Some animals which were able to stand also had swollen right pelvic limbs. Systemic signs of crush syndrome included dark yellow or brown urine suggestive of myoglobinuria, and marked elevation of serum creatine kinase enzyme levels. Highest creatine kinase levels were observed at 24 hours in the ambulatory group and at 48 hours in the downer group.
Necropsy of downer animals revealed ischemic necrosis of the caudal thigh muscles and inflammation of the sciatic nerve caudal to the proximal end of the femur. Evidence of peroneal nerve damage was observed in at least 9 animals.
Applications of Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Staining Technique for Detection of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus in Pigs
Authors: Chu Redman M. , Li Nan-Jon , Glock Robert D. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) staining technique was used for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in small intestines of tgev-infected 8-week-old pigs and in infected McClurkin pig testicle cells by means of light microscopy. The specific-positive reaction was characterized by the presence of many brown granules of various sizes in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Nonspecific granules caused by endogenous peroxidases in the cytoplasm of eosinophils stained by pap were darker, larger, more round, and more uniform in size than were specific granules. Acetone fixation was superior to fixation with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde or 10% formalin. Our results indicate that the pap staining technique is a sensitive, specific technique for detection of tgev in the small intestines of pigs.
Experimental Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis from Bobcats (Lynx rufus) to Domestic Cats (Felis domesticus)
Authors: Kier A. B. , Wagner J. E. , Morehouse L. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Freshly collected blood and/or spleen homogenate from an experimentally infected Florida bobcat (Lynx rufus floridanus), which had died of feline cytauxzoonosis, was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats had clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis and died within 2 weeks after they were inoculated.
Similar material collected from an eastern bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus) carrying an experimentally infected Cytauxzoon felis parasitemia was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats developed a parasitemia, but none developed clinical signs of disease and none died of the disease. Cats subinoculated with parasitemic cat blood also developed parasitemias and they too did not develop clinical signs of infection nor died. After carrying the blood phase of Cytauxzoon felis for various periods, the domestic cats were then challenge exposed with proven lethal Cytauxzoon inoculum of domestic cat origin. All cats died of cytauxzoonosis.