bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation and seismic effects in the ice cover of Lake Baikal
Authors: Ruzhich V.V. , Psakhie S.G. , Chernykh E.N. , Bornyakov S.A. , Granin N.G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mechanics of the ice cover of Lake Baikal has been studied through monitoring of its deformation and seismic effects and full-size uniaxial compression and shear tests in 2005–2007. We measured the shear strength of ice specimens and large in situ blocks (σ = 0.2−1.9 MPa) and investigated it as a function of air temperature and ice structure. Deformation was analyzed in terms of various natural controls, such as air temperature and pressure, wind, sub-ice currents, and local earthquakes. Precise strain measurements along ice cracks were used to explore the strain behavior of ice, including the cases of dynamic failure (ice shocks). Measurements by seismic station Baikal-12 were used to monitor diurnal background microseismicity variations and to record an ice quake with its magnitude (M = 0.3–0.8; E = 104–105 J) comparable to a medium-size rock burst or a small earthquake. Ice quakes were studied in terms of their nucleation, dynamics, and aftereffects, as well as the strain and seismic responses of the ice, using sub-ice explosions in the latter case. The natural conditions of deformation in the elastoviscoplastic Baikal ice are similar to lithospheric processes and thus can be employed in tectonophysical modeling with scientific and practical implications for hazard mitigation.
Gold in the weathering crust at the Suzdal’ deposit (Kazakhstan)
Authors: Kalinin Yu.A. , Kovalev K.R. , Naumov E.A. , Kirillov M.V. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comparative analysis of morphology and geochemistry was made for gold from the primary ores and weathering crust of the Suzdal’ gold deposit, Eastern Kazakhstan. The deposit is localized in Carboniferous carbonaceous-terrigenous strata and is of gold-sulfide type. Study of gold from primary ores showed that it occurs mainly in two species: free and so-called invisible. Free gold is crystallomorphic segregations and irregular-shaped grains up to tens of microns in size; it occurs in intergrowths with sulfides, quartz, carbonate, and mica-chlorite aggregate. Most of gold particles have a fineness of 930–980‰, with some grains showing wide variations in composition. Invisible gold (probably chemically combined) is present in fine-acicular arsenopyrite and, less frequently, pyrite.
Being transported to the weathering crust, all this gold served as a source for “neogenic” gold of diverse morphologic forms. We recognized crystalline (isometric, prismatic, acicular, and tabular) particles and drusoid gold aggregates in the form of exotic intergrowths of crystallomorphic and sinter-shelly grains. The grains tend to coarsen from bottom to top of the weathering crust. Several generations of gold of different granulometric classes are observed. We have revealed seed and layer growth and dissolution structures in crystals of early generations overgrown with fine grains. All these gold varieties are associated with hypergene minerals. Most of this gold is of high fineness (on the average, 995‰). The hypergene gold particles are chemically homogeneous high-grade, without rims.
The results of studies suggest that the high-grade hypergene gold formed in the weathering crust as a result of the dissolution of invisible gold of sulfides and its local redistribution and deposition in oxidizing media. This is also evidenced from the tendency of gold to coarsen from bottom to top of the weathering crust. A distinctive feature of secondary gold is well-expressed crystals and their great diversity.
Applying the transmission line theory to study ungrounded horizontal loop self-transients
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ungrounded horizontal loop responses at low frequencies and/or late times can be modeled in terms of an equivalent circuit with lumped elements, but a loop in a general case is a distributed system. At high frequencies and/or early times, the wire in combination with the underlying earth makes a transmission line in which current behaves according to the wave equation. Solving the equation for current turn-off is quite difficult because the primary parameters of the wire–earth system depend, in an intricate way, on earth conductivity (resistivity) and frequency (or time). In modeling the current turn-off process, the loop was simulated as a symmetrical combination of two identical transmission lines with shorted outputs. Modeling was performed in the frequency domain with subsequent transformation into the time domain. Comparison of measured and computed transient self responses showed that good fit requires taking into account (1) interaction of each line with its own image current, (2) mutual inductance of the two lines, and (3) skin effect in the wire. As a result of mutual inductance, the parameters of the lines and, hence, of the whole loop depend on local conductivity, which, at least in principle, may allow one to infer the resistivity of shallow subsurface from current turn-off responses. A real ungrounded horizontal loops lacks symmetry at early times and its magnetic field differs from that predicted by the conventional methods of induction soundings.
Phonological awareness and early reading development in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
Authors: McNeill B. C. , Gillon G. T. , Dodd B. 
Published: February 2009

Background: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is associated with phonological awareness, reading, and spelling deficits. Comparing literacy skills in CAS with other developmental speech disorders is critical for understanding the complexity of the disorder.Aims: This study compared the phonological awareness and reading development of children with CAS and children with inconsistent speech disorder (ISD).Method & Procedures: Participants included twelve children with CAS aged 4–7 years. Their performance was compared with twelve children with ISD (and normal speech motor planning) and twelve children with typical development on tasks measuring phonological awareness, letter–sound knowledge, real and non‐word decoding, and access to underlying phonological representations of words. There was no significant difference in the age, gender, socio‐economic status, and receptive vocabulary of the groups. The two groups with speech disorder were matched for severity and inconsistency of their speech impairment.Outcomes & Results: The results indicated that the CAS group had inferior phonological awareness than the ISD and typical development groups. The CAS group had a greater proportion of participants performing below their expected age level than the comparison groups on phonological awareness, letter–sound knowledge and decoding tasks. There was no difference in the performance of the CAS and ISD groups on the phonological representation task.Conclusions & Implications: Children with CAS are particularly susceptible to phonological awareness and reading delay. Intervention for children with CAS must facilitate skills underlying reading development in addition to resolving speech deficits in order to improve the spoke and written language outcomes of this population.
Diets of aquatic birds reflect changes in the Lake Huron ecosystem
Authors: Hebert Craig E. , Weseloh D. V. Chip , Idrissi Abde , Arts Michael T. , Roseman Edward 
Published: February 2009

Human activities have affected the Lake Huron ecosystem, in part, through alterations in the structure and function of its food webs. Insights into the nature of food web change and its ecological ramifications can be obtained through the monitoring of high trophic level predators such as aquatic birds. Often, food web change involves alterations in the relative abundance of constituent species and/or the introduction of new species (exotic invaders). Diet composition of aquatic birds is influenced, in part, by relative prey availability and therefore is a sensitive measure of food web structure. Using bird diet data to make inferences regarding food web change requires consistent measures of diet composition through time. This can be accomplished by measuring stable chemical and/or biochemical “ecological tracers” in archived avian samples. Such tracers provide insights into pathways of energy and nutrient transfer.
In this study, we examine the utility of two groups of naturally-occurring intrinsic tracers (stable isotopes and fatty acids) to provide such information in a predatory seabird, the herring gull (Larus argentatus). Retrospective stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analysis of archived herring gull eggs identified declines in gull trophic position and shifts in food sources in Lake Huron over the last 25 years and changes in gull diet composition were inferred from egg fatty acid patterns. These independent groups of ecological tracers provided corroborating evidence of dietary change in this high trophic level predator. Gull dietary shifts were related to declines in prey fish abundance which suggests large-scale alterations to the Lake Huron ecosystem. Dietary shifts in herring gulls may be contributing to reductions in resources available for egg formation. Further research is required to evaluate how changes in resource availability may affect population sustainability in herring gulls and other waterbird species. Long-term biological monitoring programs are required to identify ecosystem change and evaluate its ecological significance.
Biodiversity and conservation of Lake Huron’s islands
Authors: Kraus Dan , Henson Bonnie , Ewert Dave 
Published: February 2009

Lake Huron has the largest collection of freshwater islands in the world. These islands are a significant contributor to the biodiversity of the region. In this paper, we give preliminary results of a project that assembles mapping of over 23,000 islands and island groups and provides the most comprehensive biodiversity assessment of islands in Lake Huron to date. The number, extent and configuration of many islands, particularly small, low-lying systems, is very dynamic depending on lake-levels. Islands in Lake Huron can be divided into three general groups: 1) limestone and dolostone islands associated with and surrounding Manitoulin and Drummond Islands and the Bruce Peninsula, 2) dense archipelagos of small nearshore Precambrian Shield islands in eastern Georgian Bay and the North Channel and, 3) small groups of low-erodible islands in Saginaw Bay.
All three of these island groups are important for supporting colonial nesting waterbirds, endemic species and communities, and migratory birds. Lake Huron islands have been somewhat buffered from anthropogenic change due to their isolation and therefore support a rich and diverse sets of species and communities. Primary threats to island communities include development and invasive species. Threats are generally greater in many of the southern island regions where fewer islands are protected. Results from this project can be used to set priorities for conservation of key sites with high biodiversity values and conservation urgency.
Biodiversity in protected coastal wetlands along the west coast of Lake Huron
Authors: Burton Thomas M. , Uzarski Donald G. 
Published: February 2009

Lake Huron protected (barrier-protected) wetlands occur within 1 km of the lake, in swales, interdunal ponds, and other shallow depressions. These wetlands are not directly connected via surface water to Lake Huron, although their hydrology is influenced by lake levels. Biodiversity in them has not been well documented. We compiled plant and animal species occurrence data from published and unpublished sources for the U.S. coast of Lake Huron. Many data sources were reports written by the authors and/or by scientists of the Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Species occurrence data were supplemented with data from published wetlands literature and dissertations and theses. We did not do a thorough compilation for Canadian wetlands and only added limited Canadian data from the “Ontario Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands Atlas”.
We estimate that total species richness exceeds 1400 species with about an equal number of plants and animals (600–700 species each). We documented the occurrence of 466 macrophytes in Lake Huron’s protected marshes, fens, and swamps and estimated total plant species richness to be &gt; 600. Invertebrate species richness was estimated to be 500–600 with more than half of these being macroinvertebrates (&gt; 0.5 mm) and the remainder being microinvertebrates (&lt; 0.5 mm).
Vertebrate species richness was estimated to be &gt; 200 as follows. Fish species richness was estimated to be &lt; 10 because of low oxygen, periodic dry periods, and lack of surface water connection to Lake Huron. Amphibian species richness was estimated to be &gt; 20 with 10 frogs and toads and 7 salamander species documented. Reptile species richness was estimated to be &gt; 20 based on very limited data and published distribution maps with &gt; 10 turtle species and &gt; 10 snake species but no lizards in Lake Huron marshes (although 4–5 lizard species occur on sandy ridges near swale marshes). More than 50 mammal and 80 bird species were estimated to occur in protected wetlands. Occasional additional use by birds and other species combined with the addition of rare species as additional sampling occurs are likely to increase the number of vertebrate species to &gt; 200.
Client‐centred therapy for severe childhood abuse: A case study
Authors: Murphy David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAims: This case study demonstrates the experience of client change in non‐directive client‐centred therapy for a client (‘Mac’) who had experienced severe and repeated childhood abuse within an institutional care setting and shows how complex post‐traumatic stress involving difficulties in identity, problems forming and maintaining non‐abusive interpersonal relationships were encountered within the therapy. Method: The data were taken from the detailed notes of 160 sessions of client‐centred therapy. Following detailed reading and re‐reading a phenomenological analysis of the data produced four emergent themes. Results: The four themes were labelled: post‐traumatic distress, acceptance and understanding, new meaning‐accurate symbolisation and growth and relationship. Conclusion: The findings suggest that following severe trauma the experience of being in a client‐centred therapeutic relationship was related to a reduction in post‐traumatic distress. In turn, new meaning was created through accurate symbolisation of previously denied and/or distorted traumatic experience. Additionally, the client displayed growth in the development of a small number of non‐abusive relationships that improved his quality of life. It is proposed that client‐centred therapy can help client adjustment to the consequences of severe and traumatic childhood abuse.
Long‐term collective assistance for the bereaved following a disaster: A Scandinavian approach
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Straume Marianne , Sari Salli 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: This paper describes an approach where disaster‐bereaved families gather over three weekends to process and learn about grief together (a collective approach). Method: The article is based on experience related to several disasters in Norway and Finland, using a maritime disaster in which 16 persons lost their lives as a case example. Conclusions: This approach provides an opportunity to help numerous persons simultaneously. It facilitates support, communality and help within a group setting, provides access to self‐help methods and allows screening of those in need of further help. Three weekend gatherings were held during the first year following loss of family members. Using plenary sessions, small groups and rituals during weekends, important themes within normal grief reactions over time were addressed.
Searching for a new evidence base about repetitions. An exploratory survey of patients’ experiences of traumatic dreams before, during and after therapy
Authors: Gardner Sharon E. , Ørner Roderick J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives:Counselling trauma survivors typically involves addressing repetitive dreams of what happened. No consensus exists about effective responses to these evoked reactions. In part, this is attributable to a scarcity of studies on trauma survivors’ own dream experiences, types of dream work that promote change and patients’ perspectives on outcomes.Method:This was a retrospective, qualitative exploratory study of survivor's experiences of dreaming and dream work.Results:Before starting therapy dreams of trauma exacerbated adjustment difficulties by reinforcing debilitating fears. Therapeutic change occurred in association with developing dream narratives that were not emotionally overwhelming, collaborating with therapists in interpretation of dream material, jointly making links between repeating dream images and features of patients’ current day to day life that furnish reminders of the trauma. Dreams persisted at end of therapy but with reduced frequency having largely lost their capacity to evoke fear.Conclusion:The centrality of memory is emphasised in a new conceptualisation of persistent repetition phenomena that progresses our understanding of growth following adversity.
Vicarious traumatisation in practitioners who work with adult survivors of sexual violence and child sexual abuse: Literature review and directions for future research
Authors: Chouliara Zoë , Hutchison Craig , Karatzias Thanos 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrimary objective: The authors sought to summarise and evaluate evidence regarding vicarious traumatisation (VT) in practitioners working with adult survivors of sexual violence and/or child sexual abuse (CSA). Methods and selection criteria: Relevant publications were identified from systematic literature searches of PubMed and PsycINFO. Studies were selected for inclusion if they examined vicarious traumatisation resulting from sexual violence and/or CSA work and were published in English between January 1990 and June 2008. Critical analysis and results: Ten studies met the criteria of the present review. In summary, VT levels in the field of sexual violence/CSA are high with negative effects, but do not appear to exceed those reported by professionals working with non‐sexual violence or with sexual offenders. Further investigation is needed into predisposing and mediating factors before clear conclusions can be drawn. Conclusions: Previous research has suffered a number of methodological limitations regarding definitions, sampling, comparison groups, support arrangements and measurement. These factors compromise not only the rigour and generalisability of findings but also our ability to define VT as a useful concept. These limitations are discussed and recommendations made for a future research agenda.
Seevolution: visualizing chromosome evolution
Authors: Esteban-Marcos Andrés , Darling Aaron E. , Ragan Mark A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: Genome evolution underpins all of biology, yet its principles can be difficult to communicate to the non-specialist. To facilitate broader understanding of genome evolution, we have designed an interactive 3D environment that enables visualization of diverse genome evolution processes. The system can intuitively and interactively animate mutation histories involving genome rearrangement, point mutation, recombination, insertion and deletion. Multiple organisms related by a phylogeny can be visualized simultaneously. As methods to infer evolutionary histories of genomes become increasingly complex, visualization of the evolutionary process will not only be useful for communication, but will also serve as an exploratory tool for discovering new patterns of genome evolution.
Availability: The software is licensed under the GNU GPL and available for download from http://seevolution.org.
Contact: aarondarling@ucdavis.edu
microPred: effective classification of pre-miRNAs for human miRNA gene prediction
Authors: Batuwita Rukshan , Palade Vasile 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: In this article, we show that the classification of human precursor microRNA (pre-miRNAs) hairpins from both genome pseudo hairpins and other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is a common and essential requirement for both comparative and non-comparative computational recognition of human miRNA genes. However, the existing computational methods do not address this issue completely or successfully. Here we present the development of an effective classifier system (named as microPred) for this classification problem by using appropriate machine learning techniques. Our approach includes the introduction of more representative datasets, extraction of new biologically relevant features, feature selection, handling of class imbalance problem in the datasets and extensive classifier performance evaluation via systematic cross-validation methods.
Results: Our microPred classifier yielded higher and, especially, much more reliable classification results in terms of both sensitivity (90.02%) and specificity (97.28%) than the exiting pre-miRNA classification methods. When validated with 6095 non-human animal pre-miRNAs and 139 virus pre-miRNAs from miRBase, microPred resulted in 92.71% (5651/6095) and 94.24% (131/139) recognition rates, respectively.
Availability: The microPred classifier, the datasets used, and the features extracted are freely available at http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/people/ManoharaRukshan.Batuwita/microPred.htm.
Contact: manb@comlab.ox.ac.uk; vasile.palade@comlab.ox.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contrasting effects of steroids and angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors in a mouse model of dystrophin‐deficient cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bauer Ralf , Straub Volker , Blain Alison , Bushby Kate , MacGowan Guy A. 
Published: February 2009

AimsDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is associated with progressive cardiomyopathy. Oral corticosteroids are the gold standard for the treatment of skeletal muscle weakness; however, the effects of steroids on cardiac function have not been prospectively studied. In addition, the early role of ACE‐inhibitors (ACE‐I) is controversial. We aimed to determine the effects of steroids and ACE‐I on development of left ventricular dysfunction in the mdx mouse, a model for dystrophin‐deficient cardiomyopathy.Methods and resultsOrally administered captopril or prednisolone was given for 8 weeks to 16‐week‐old, male mdx mice. In vivo pressure–volume loops, fibrosis, in vivo myocyte sarcolemmal injury, and cytokine expression were assessed in treated and untreated mdx mice and age‐matched controls. Untreated mdx mice showed compensated cardiomyopathy with reduced myocardial contractility, patchy myocardial fibrosis but preserved stroke volume. Captopril treatment resulted in indirect myocardial effects of reduced afterload and direct effects of increased contractility. Prednisolone caused acute sarcolemmal injury, increased expression of myocardial TNF alpha and fibrosis, resulting in left ventricular dilatation and diastolic dysfunction.ConclusionIn a mouse model of dystrophin‐deficient cardiomyopathy, ACE‐I produced haemodynamic benefit, whereas steroids accelerated progression of cardiomyopathy. Although mouse models may not entirely replicate the human condition, comprehensive monitoring of cardiac function with these therapies is essential.