bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and formulation of detergent tablets
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Herrick A. B. , Story J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTests were developed to evaluate the following tableting characteristics of detergent tablets: compressive strength, impact strength, and break‐up rate. The reproducibility of these tests was determined. Criteria and requirements for satisfactory commercial tablets were established.The three tests were applied to evaluate the following variables: manufacturing conditions, formulations, and tablet shapes. The tests were sufficiently sensitive to determine the effects of these variables quantitatively. Details on the test methods and examples of their use in determing the effects of some of these variables are given.
Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. III. Effects of absence or presence of fatty vehicle
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Langan John , Markowitz Jack , Berry James F. , Turner David A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree separate experiments show that cholesterol administered to rabbits in the absence of added fat is more atherogenic than cholesterol fed together with corn oil. When cholesterol is dissolved in the corn oil (by heating) prior to mixing with the diet, it is more atherogenic than when it is suspended in the oil. In every case the lowest serum and liver cholesterol levels were observed in the group not receiving corn oil.Gas chromatography of the fatty acids of the serum cholesterol esters of pooled sera suggest that there are smaller amounts of unsaturated C18 fatty acids in the cholesterol‐no fat group. Deficiency in these unsaturated acids may be the cause of the high atherogenicity of the cholesterol‐no fat diet. There is also a lower proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides of this group.Heating of corn oil 10 min, at 160–200(°C.) causes an increase of titratable fatty acid in the oil (0.005 m‐equiv./g. to 0.088 m‐equiv./g. or 0.14% FFA to 2.5% FFA). The relatively large amounts of free unsaturated fatty acids in the heated oil may be the cause of the greater atherogenicity of the solution, as compared to the suspension, of cholesterol in corn oil.
The complex nature of castor sensitivity
Authors: Layton Laurence L. , Moss Lloyd K. , DeEds Floyd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe castor seed antigen CB‐1A, prepared by the basic lead acetate method of Spieset al., has been subjected to column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Antigenic differences between fractions were found by the, Schultz‐Dale technique, which indicated the possible existence of six antigenic or allergenic components.Cross‐reactions between castor pollen, castor blossoms, and castor seed meal were indicated by the Schultz‐Dale method.It would appear that allergy to castor pomace may actually be sensitivity to any one or more of the antigenic components of the pomace, including both pollen and female blossoms.
The effect of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive characteristics of herring meal
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J. , Goudie C. , Claggett F. , Tarr H. L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive properties of herring meal were studied. The following observations were made:
Low‐temperature (−20°C.) storage promoted more rapid decrease in ether extractability and in iodine value of the ether extract than did storage at 25.5°C.
Antioxidant treatment prevented the decrease both in ether extractability and iodine value of the extract.
Binding of the lipid into a complex from which the lipid was extractable with acetone only after HC1 treatment occurred early in the storage period. After six weeks the amount of lipid in this fraction decreased, presumably as a result of further oxidation and polymerization into more refractory compounds.
Pepsin digestibility tests showed that BHT‐treated meal contained the lowest amounts of undigestible nitrogen. Meals subjected to −20°C. contained the most undigestible nitrogen.
All meals were similar in nutritive value as protein or vitamin‐B supplements in chick diets, composed of natural ingredients, even after storage for nine months. As the sole source of protein in a purified diet, the meal kept at −20°C. from time of processing promoted slower growth than the other meals.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. V. Comparison of natural, interesterified, and synthetic cocoa butter
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe glyceride structure of cocoa butter is of considerable practical importance and of particular theoretical interest Countereurrent distribution, gas chromatography, and isotopic dilution methods are employed in its study. The observed fractionation of glycerides is acounted for by assuming that palmitie and stearic acids are randomly esterified on the 1 and 3 positions of glycerol and that oleic is on the 2 position, as demonstrated by other workers. Complete randomization of the specifie structure of cocoa butter through the application of interesterification eatalysts greatly alters its physical A glyceride synthesized according to the “1,3 random palmitostearo‐2‐olein” concept has properties similar to natural cocoa butter.
Bleaching of off‐colored cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Kuck James C. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of fixed red pigments from refined off‐colored cottonseed oil by several adsorbents is described by the empirical Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Numerical values for the coefficient and the exponent in the Freundlich equation were determined for several oils and several adsorbeuts. Activated alumina was found to be a superior adsorbent for removing the red color bodies. It was observed that the variations from oil to oil in the numerical values of the coefficient and the exponent of the Freundlich equation were smaller for the several aluminas than they were for the other adsorbents studied. The particle size and moisture contents of the alumina, and the temperature of activated adsorption were of importance in determining the effectiveness with which the red color bodies were removed from the oils. The conditions required for optimum bleaching with alumina had no detectably adverse effect on oil quality.
The determination of the true iodine numbers of oils containing conjugated double‐bond systems
Authors: Klee Leo , Harvey Benham G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe modified Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn procedure, as described by Benham and Klee, has been applied to conjugated systems. The only difference is that the 1‐minute reaction time is extended to 30–120 minutes depending upon sample weight and excess reagent. Such a procedure gives true iodine numbers and has been investigated for various tung oils, oiticica oil, isomerized fatty acids, and dehydrated castor oil.
Physical properties of fatty acids. I. Some dilatometric and thermal properties of stearic acid in two polymorphic forms
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Ward T. L. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Purified stearic acid (freezing point 69.20°C., melting point 69.5°C.) when slowly crystallized from benzene at room temperature, yielded transparent monoclinic crystals exhibiting an X‐ray diffraction pattern (long spacing) corresponding to the B‐form of the acid. Crystallization of stearic acid from hot glacial acetic acid resulted in a product exhibiting an X‐ray diffraction pattern (shorter spacing) corresponding to the C‐form of the acid.

Rapid chilling of a melted sample of stearic acid likewise yielded a product exhibiting the diffraction pattern characteristic of the C‐forms of the acid.

The specific volume, expansion in both solid and liquid states, and melting dilation of stearic acid in both B‐and C‐forms were calculated from dilatometric data.

The irreversible transition of stearic acid from the B‐ to the C‐form was rapid and visible at 52.9°C. but also occurred at 35.2°C. when sufficient time was allowed for the transition to occur.

The form of stearic acid which was obtained was found to be dependent upon the temperature at which crystallization occurred. When crystallization was carried out at temperatures below the transition point of the acid, the B‐form was obtained, and above the transition point only C‐form of the acid was obtained, irrespective of the solvent used for crystallization.

The specific heat of stearic acid was determined, and equations developed for expressing the specific heat of the acid in both solid and liquid states. From the calorimetric data, the heat of fusion, and the entropy of stearic acid were calculated.
Effect of randomization on the oxidation of corn oil
Authors: Lau F. Y. , Hammond E. G. , Ross P. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRandomized corn oil and corn oil methyl esters both oxidized three to four times faster than natural corn oil. The difference in rate could not be attributed to pro‐ or antioxidants. Thin layer chromatography of the oxidized oils and methyl esters after reduction with hydrogen iodide revealed two bands moving slower than the original esters. One was shown to be a mixture of scission products; the other was monohydroxy‐triglyceride. There was three times more scission products from randomized than natural corn oil. Glyceride structure seems not to affect the rate of oxidation of triglycerides by altering substrate availability. The difference in yield of scission products suggests that glyceride structure may affect the rate of initiation.
Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by copper‐proteins
Authors: Tappel A. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCopper‐proteins formed by the binding of copper ions to conalbumin, serum albumin, or caseinate are more effective catalysts for linoleate oxidation than is copper alone. The main product is conjugated diene linoleate hydroperoxide. Hemocyanin shows similar catalytic activity.The increase in linoleate oxidation catalysis of copper‐proteins compared to ionic copper is ascribed to increased ease of formation and increased stability of the intermediate complex of linoleate peroxide‐copper‐protein.
Fractionation and structure of soybean glycerides
Authors: Dutton Herbert J. , Lancaster Catherine R. , Brekke Ordean L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe glyceride composition of soybean oil has been calculated according to even and random distribution patterns and has been compared with experimental fractionations obtained by adsorption analysis, liquid‐liquid extraction, and crystallization. Evidence is presented which indicates that soybean oil does not follow the elementary conception of even distribution. Fractions have been isolated by these three methods with iodine values lower than that permitted under the rule of even distribution. Further data indicate the occurrence of di‐saturates and dilinolenin, neither of which is permitted under the rule of even distribution.The ultimate proof of the distribution pattern existing in soybean oil, whether random or partial random, must await the development and application of more efficient methods of fractionation. At the present time separation of soybean triglycerides appears limited by the efficiency of fractionation procedures rather than by the pattern of fat acid distribution.
Principles of performance testing of laundry detergents
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Suter H. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLaboratory performance tests for laundry detergents can fill important needs in laboratory development programs and in control testing, in which cases full scale practical testing is inapplicable. It has been found to be unnecessary and undesirable to attempt close simulation of practice conditions. In order to be most useful to the experimental investigator or the manufacturer of detergents the soil removal and whiteness retention properties should be measured by separate tests.A soil removal test has been devised in which the soil, which consists essentially of carbon black, is applied to the test fabric from aqueous medium. Soiling from aqueous medium has advantages with respect to reproducibility in tenacity and in variation and susceptibility to removal by detergents having different degrees of effectiveness. The quantity of soil removed is measured directly by means of light transmission measurements on the soiled detergent solution. This eliminates uncertainties and limitations inherent in the reflectance method and permits the use of high soil loads in the test cloth, which minimizes redeposition effects. Multiple wash tests are not required.The whiteness retention property is determined by agitating unsoiled swatches in the detergent solution containing carbon black dispersion and measuring the reflectance change of the swatches.The results of both tests are expressed in relative terms, reference detergents being used as controls.The precision of the soil removal tests is approximately ±3.4% in terms of mean deviation and that of the whiteness retention test approximately ±5.1%. Both tests have been used over a period of several years for research and control purposes and have been successfully correlated with actual results in commercial laundries.
Compatibility of derivatives of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid and 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanol with some commercial polymers
Authors: Knight H. B. , Koos R. E. , Jordan E. F. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA study of compatibility with some commercial polymers is reported for some alkyl and alkenyl esters of low‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, 9,10 (10,9)‐alkoxyhydroxyoctadecanols, esters of 9,10(10,9)‐alkoxyhydroxystearic acids, and two series of previously unreported compounds, namely, esters of the isomeric 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids with ether‐alcohols and polymeric plasticizers prepared by the reaction of selected members of this group of new esters with phthalic anhydride.The most promising materials are methyl 9,10‐(10,9)‐methoxyhydroxystearate, esters of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid with ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, and the polymeric plasticizers. The last‐named group is compatible with polymers which differ widely in chemical structure.
A rapid procedure for the determination of chlorophyll in rapeseed by reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Daun J. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a new, rapid procedure, the chlorophyll content in rapeseed was estimated by reflectance spectroscopy. The seed was ground in a specially designed grinder. The reflectance of the ground seed was read at 630, 670, and 710 nm. Corrected absorbance at 670 nm was used to determine the chlorophyll content of the seed by using a calibration curve. The accuracy of the procedure was±1.2 ppm when compared to another published procedure.
Studies on brain sterols in normal and pathological conditions
Authors: Paoletti R. , Fumagalli R. , Grossi E. , Paoletti P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDesmosterol (24‐dehydrocholesterol), a normal constituent of developing brain, rapidly disappears during the prenatal and postnatal development, according to the degree of maturation, in all species considered (chicken, mouse, rat, guinea pig, man).During brain maturation, desmosterol concentrations are sensitive to treatments with drugs interfering with sterol synthesis (Triparanol) or with nervous tissue differentiation (thyroxine and propylthiouracil).Desmosterol has been also detected in some experimental and human glial tumors, and the concentra. in the tumor may be specifically increased in the tumoral tissue by the administration of Triparanol.
Determination of ricinoleic acid by differentiating titrations
Authors: Barona Narses , Prengle H. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA technique based on a method of differentiating titrations was developed for the resolution of mixtures of ricinoleic, sulfuric and ethylsulfuric acids. The total and partial acid values were determined by potentiometric titration with a glass‐calomel electrode using aqueous sodium hydroxide as titrant. For the determination of the total acid value the mixture was diluted with ten times its volume of ethanol and completely neutralized with the titrant. For the partial acid value the solvent used was methyl ethyl ketone; sulfuric and ethylsulfuric acids were completely neutralized.When rapid determinations are needed, thymol blue and bromophenol blue can be used as indicators.
Effect of processing on crystal structure
Authors: Hoerr C. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe performance of fats in many of their uses in food products is directly dependent on their crystal structure. Fats exist in several crystal modifications, each of which exhibits physical properties that influence the behavior of the fat differently in various applications. The crystal forms in which fats exist and their rates of transformation from one modification to another are dependent upon their molecular composition and configuration. Processing procedures such as blending, hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation, etc., markedly alter the molecular composition and configuration. Other processing, such as votating and tempering practices, directly affect the crystal structure of the products. Thus, through judicious choice of processing procedures, the crystal characteristics of products can be governed to obtain the desired performance in specific applications.
Twenty years of research in oils at Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Authors: Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch conducted at the Northern Laboratory on vegetable oils during the past two decades includes polymerization, isomerization, flavor stability, and structure. Some early accomplishments—dimeric fatty acids and their derivatives, conjugated oils and their aftertack as well as the use of citric acid to inactivate iron in soybean oil—and more recent accomplishments—aldehyde oils, cyclic fatty acids, and tests for hidden oxidation and hydrazine reduction—are among the subjects reviewed.
The effect of relative concentrations on the efficiency of separation of polar and nonpolar lipids by alumina column chromatography
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , Mes J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractColumns were packed with aluminas from various sources and of low and high adsorptive power. Polar and nonpolar lipids were eluted from them with strong and weak solvents, and the fractions were tested for phosphorus, nitrogen, sterols, and triglycerides. The conditions used by the 1956 Technical Committee of the N.S.P.A. for the chromatography of linseed oil gave the most complete separation of polar from nonpolar lipids when the former were present in low concentration. When the lipid phosphorus load approached 0.4 mg./gm. alumina however, none of the alumina systems tried was satisfactory although silicic acid columns resolved the mixtures completely.Gamma alumina had greater resolving power thanalpha alumina monohydrate. Brockmann Grade I alumina with a strong solvent system gave better speration than weaker aluminas with weaker solvent systems.
The comparative value of heated ground unextracted soybeans and heated dehulled soybean flakes as a source of soybean oil and energy for the chick
Authors: Carew L. B. , Hill F. W. , Nesheim M. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExperiments were conducted to evaluate heated unextracted soybean fractions as sources of soybean oil and protein for the growing chick. Heated dehulled unextracted soybean flakes produced growth rate and feed efficiency equal to that obtained with the combination of soybean oil meal and degummed soybean oil while heated ground unextracted soybeans were less satisfactory in this respect. The poorer results obtained with ground unextracted soybeans were shown to be related to a poorer absorbability of the oil in them. Flaking the soybeans markedly improved the absorbability of the oil by the chick, probably by causing a greater disruption of cellular structure than was obtained by the grinding of the soybeans. The metabolizable energy of ground unextracted soybeans was substantially less than that of unextracted soybean flakes. Most of the differences in metabolizable energy were accounted for by differences in absorbability of the oil.Soybean hulls at a level equivalent to that contained in soybeans were found to have no effect on growth rate and only a slight effect on feed efficiency. Autoclaving soybean oil did not lower its value for the chick. The relationship between the poorer growth obtained with ground unextracted soybeans and the low absorbability of the oil in them was discussed.To obtain maximum efficiency in the use of unextracted soybean products in chick rations, some such means as flaking must first be employed to increase the availability of the oil.
Solvent‐blown rigid urethane foams from castor‐based polyols
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe preparation of trichlorofluoromethane‐blown rigid urethane foams using toluenediisocyanate and castor oil‐derived polyols was investigated. The castor‐based polyols included castor oil, hydroxylated castor oil, technical glycerol‐, penta‐erythritol‐, and sorbitol monoricinoleates, and N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ricinoleamide.The last of these yielded the best foams when used as the sole polyol component added to the prepolymer. However better foams were obtained by using, as the polyol component, a mixture of a castor oil‐derived polyol and a lower‐molecular‐weight polyol with a higher hydroxyl content. These polyol mixtures yielded more highly cross‐linked polymers and hence foams with higher compressive strengths and less tendency to shrink after foaming.The effect of catalyst, silicone surfactant, and trichlorofluoromethane content was also investigated. An empirical relationship between density and compressive strength in a given foam system was derived.
Polyesteramides from linseed and soybean oils for protective coatings: Diisocyanate‐modified polymers
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , McManis G. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew polymeric coating materials have been prepared by a triethylenediamine‐catalyzed reaction of hydroxyl‐terminated polyesteramides (HTPA) from soybean or linseed oils with diisocyanates. Eight dibasic acids or anhydrides were reacted with excess N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amide to yield HTPA; those containing 10 mole per cent excess gave isocyanate‐modified polymers with best overall film properties. Reactivity of four diisocyanates with a linseed‐HTPA was measured by disappearance of the isocyanate band in the infrared. Depending on chemical composition, structure and curing conditions, films prepared from these polymers have a wide range of drying characteristics, hardness and chemical resistance. Drying times of linseed HTPA‐urethane polymer films varied from 0.3 to 48 hr, hardness values (Sward) were from 4 to 70, alkali resistance ranged from 2 to 126 min and the hydrochloric acid and xylene resistances were good to excellent. Impact resistance exceeded 160 in.‐lb for all films except two. The soybean‐derived polymer films likewise exhibited a wide range of properties; they chiefly differed from linseed‐derived films in having greater flexibility and improved alkali resistance.