bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the magnetic disturbance of January 26, 1903, and general considerations regarding magnetic changes
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

Among the very notable advances made with regard to the origin and formation of magnetic storms, must be counted the experimental and observational results of Birkeland and the mathematical work of his colleague, Störmer. Birkeland's recently published volume1 presents a wealth of material to the student of terrestrial magnetism.At present, however, Birkeland's results and deductions must be regarded chiefly as qualitative. While he makes very plausible that the cause of our magnetic storms is chiefly to be referred to cathode rays originating in the Sun and coming within reach of the Earth's magnetic field, there are a great many questions left open which will require answering before full acceptance can be given to the theory. And no one appears to be better aware of this fact than Birkeland himself. I am sure, therefore, that he will welcome any additional light that may be shed.
On precursors of magnetic storms
Authors: Faris R. L. 
Published: February 2008

In the issue of “Nature” of April 28» 1910 (p. 254), the Rev. J. de Moidrey, director of the magnetic observatory at Zi‐ka‐wei, China, gives some notes on what he has termed the “precursor” of magnetic storms observed by him on the records of his observatory as preceding the magnetic storms which have sudden beginnings. As he asks for further information on the subject from other observatories these notes are submitted.In defining what he terms “precursors,” de Moidrey states “that disturbances with a ‘sudden start’ very generally have a kind of ‘preliminary tremor’ some hours before the start; the curve, which we suppose to be quite smooth, is interrupted by a short movement, which lasts but for the remaining hours. The tremor may be very small indeed, but the two characteristics, to be found on a smooth curve, and to be of very short duration, make it very easy to point out and tell the time.”
Magnetic observations at the Tucson Magnetic Observatory for 1909 and 1910
Authors: Wallis W. F. 
Published: February 2008

The buildings for this observatory were completed in October, 1909. The magnetographs previously in operation at Baldwin, Kansas, were removed to Tucson and installed at the new observatory.The variation building is a wooden structure, entirely above ground. Temperature insulation is secured by means of air spaces and sawdust packing. Immediately surrounding the instrument room is a 15‐inch space filled with sawdust; then a 26‐inch air space (corridor); next a 6‐inch dead‐air space; then a 40‐inch space filled with sawdust; and finally a 6‐inch free‐air space between the studding. Within the instrument room the daily range of temperature is about 0.°1C., and the annual range about 15°. The instruments are D, H and Z variometers of the Eschenhagen pattern.
On a new method for determining the Earth's horizontal magnetic forces
Authors: Schuster Arthur 
Published: February 2008

Since Gauss first introduced the present method of measuring magnetic forces, magneticians have been trying to obtain the increased accuracy required in modern physical measurements by refining details and introducing a number of corrections. The limit of such a procedure—which in this case has perhaps already been overstepped—is reached when the amount of added labor ceases to lead to a corresponding gain. It becomes necessary then to consider whether the method itself should not be abandoned.Electric currents can now be measured so accurately, and so much experience has been gained in winding standard coils, that it is worth enquiring whether magnetic forces cannot be conveniently measured by using artificially prepared magnetic fields as standards of comparison. To me it appears to be beyond doubt that greater accuracy can be obtained in this way with far less expenditure of labor, and, as far as fixed observatories are concerned, the time seems ripe to make the change.
On the non‐cyclic change
Authors: Steiner L. 
Published: February 2008

In the following paragraphs is given a short account of the investigations, which I have made, concerning the non‐cyclic change. Although the investigations are of a somewhat fragmentary character, yet it seemed worth while to publish the results, as they contribute something, at least, to our knowledge of this non‐cyclic change.1. The non‐cyclic change, as defined by Doctor Chree, is the difference of the two consecutive midnight‐values of the magnetic elements on a quiet day. Instead of taking the difference of the midnight‐values, I have taken the difference of the daily means on two consecutive quiet days. I have chosen the observations at the magnetic observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the uniformity in the selection of the quiet days for the different places being thus, I assumed, best secured. The geographical positions of these places are:Latitude Longitude(North) (West of Greenwich)° ′ ° ′Sitka........................................57 03 135 20Baldwin..................................38 47 95 10Cheltenham............................38 44 76 51Honolulu................................21 19 158 04Vieques, Puerto Rico..............18 09 65 26 (old location.)
Summary of results of the Aurora‐Borealis expedition of 1913 to Bossekop, Norway
Authors: Störmer Carl 
Published: February 2008

In this Journal I have published preliminary reports on the results of the Aurora‐Borealis Expedition undertaken by me in the spring of 1913 to Bossekop, in the northern part of Norway. I now propose to give a summary of the chief results.Altitude and situation of auroras.
On the influence of lunar declination on the lunar‐diurnal variation of magnetic declination at Zikawei
Authors: Chapman S. 
Published: February 2008

Having read with much interest Father J. de Moidrey's investigation of the influence of lunar declination on the lunar‐diurnal variation of magnetic declination at Zikawei,1 and desiring to see how far theory could account for his results, I decided to calculate the Fourier coefficients of the first two harmonic components of the variations: (a) for the whole saros 1890–1908; (b) for the days when the Moon was at or near its nodes; and (c, d) for the epochs of maximum north and south declination, respectively. The results are given in Table 1.As regards order of magnitude, the results for the saros may be compared with similar data obtained, from other periods of years and by other methods of computation, by Dr. van Bemmelen2 and the present writer.3 Dr. van Bemmelen dealt with the period 1890–1900, while my own data refer to the years 1897–1903. The three sets of figures are given in Table 2, which refers to the annual mean lunar‐diurnal variation of the various elements over terms of several years.
Observations at the Lukiapang Magnetic Observatory during the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

I beg to transmit a copy of our magnetograms during the eclipse of June 8, 1918, Greenwich civil mean time.The scale values are for one millimeter of ordinate: 0′.48 (Declination); 1.87γ (horizontal intensity) and 5.5 to 4.8γ (vertical intensity).
A comparative study of magnetic declination at Agincourt and Meanook during 1917
Authors: Jackson W. E. W. 
Published: February 2008

In July of 1916 there was established at Meanook, Alberta, a magnetic observatory for the purpose of securing a continuous photographic record of the magnetic declination. The record for the first calendar year was completed on December 31, 1917 and a preliminary analysis of the results obtained is here presented together with a comparative analysis of the results obtained at Agincourt. The Meanook station is located in longitude 113° 21′W and latitude 54° 37′ N, and the Agincourt station in longitude 79° 16′ W and latitude 43° 47′ N.At Meanook 105th. mean time is used and at Agincourt, 75th. mean time; the time‐clocks are compared daily with chronometers whose errors are allowed to accumulate and whose rates are determined weekly by telegraph. By the addition or subtraction of small weights to the pendulum of the time‐clocks they are kept within a few seconds of the true standard time, and they are provided with electrical contrivances to mark the hours on the photographic records.
Similarities between the Earth current observed at Jersey, England, and an electric tide derived from the ocean tide
Authors: Deschevrens Marc 
Published: February 2008

In my second note on the natural electric current observed under ground at Jersey, England, I showed that its diurnal variation obeyed a law similar to that which governs the ocean tide and that it may be concluded that there exists in the soil an electric tide which is the counterpart of the ocean tide. Pursuing further this interesting investigation, I have found that these two tides should be considered as related to each other even to such an extent that the first may be regarded as derived from the second. My opinion is based on the following points:1. The two tides present a common form of diurnal variation which is not a double regular sinusoid, since the intervals of the phases are not equal.
Concerning procedure at magnetic observatories
Authors: Chree C. 
Published: February 2008

If I rightly follow Mr. Hazard (pages 145–148), the diurnal inequalities published of late years at the observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for the five quiet days a month are derived from 24‐hour periods which commence at 0h G.M.T. of the international quiet days; also an approximate correction has been applied for non‐cyclic change. This is so far satisfactory. But I venture to express a hope that an exact, not an approximate, non‐cyclic correction may be applied in future, and that it will be extended to all diurnal inequalities.For those who have no fondness for mental arithmetic, I would recommend the use of a table of non‐cyclic corrections. Using a table, it is just as easy to apply the exact correction at each hour to the nearest 0.01 or 0.1, as the case may be, as it is to apply the approximate correction described by Mr. Hazard. The use of zonal time instead of L.M.T. is obviously advantageous for international term days. It has always been the practice for such purposes to use G.M.T. at all the British magnetic observatories. It undoubtedly facilitates the intercomparison of curves. When diurnal inequalities are analyzed in Fourier series, there are advantages in referring the phase angles to local time. But the difference between the phase angles calculated for Local and Greenwich time is constant, being determined by the difference of longitude. Thus the phase angles referred to local time can be derived at once from those calculated using Greenwich or Zonal time.
Values of the magnetic elements at the observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at the time of the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
Authors: Hazard D. L. 
Published: February 2008

In order to supply data for a comparison of the magnetic condition of the Earth within and outside the eclipse belt at the time of the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, values of the declination, horizontal intensity and vertical intensity have been derived from the magnetograms of the five magnetic observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for every five minutes of the period from 10h to 16h30m Greenwich mean time. In reading the ordinates a graphical integration was made, so that a tabular value is approximately the average value for the 5‐minute period of which the tabular time is in the middle.Tables are given showing the diurnal variation of the magnetic elements for selected quiet days: May 29 to June 7 for Puerto Rico, Cheltenham and Sitka; May 28–30, June 1–7 for Tucson; May 27–31 for declination and vertical intensity, and May 8, 16, 29, 30, 31 for horizontal intensity for Honolulu. A plus sign indicates eastward deflection of the north end of the needle, or increasing intensity.
Observations in the Azores, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: Chaves Col. F. A. 
Published: February 2008

Special magnetic observations were made in this Island of S. Miguel (Azores) during the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, in accordance with the program of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.In the garden of my house I have, since 1899, a pier on which I make absolute measurements of the magnetic elements, to compare with those observed at the Magnetic Observatory of S. Miguel, established near Ponta Delgada, under my general direction. In this garden I have also a Mascart declinometer, with which on May 29, during the interval of 9h 58m to 16h 32m, Greenwich civil mean time, were made at every minute observations of the declination. Since the results of these eye‐readings of the declination agree perfectly with those of the eye‐readings, made with a similar instrument at the Magnetic Observatory, only the results of the latter observations are given here. [Table 1 contains the five‐minute means.]
Magnetic observations at Pilar, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: Bigelow F. H. 
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains for the Pilar Magnetic Observatory, Argentina, the five‐minute means of magnetic declination, D, derived from the magnetometer values for every minute from 9h 58m to 16h 32m, Greenwich civil mean time May 29, 1919, and of the corresponding magnetograph values on May 28 and 30, all referred to the mean base‐line 7° 35′.92. The bracketted quantities indicate that occasionally one (or more) of the single‐minute values of the five, from which the mean was to be taken, was missed. At 14h 49m, G. M. T., May 30, the base‐line was displaced +1′.0 by an earthquake, and the corrected base‐line of 7° 36′.92 was used accordingly, to reduce the subsequent readings.The geographic coordinates are: latitude, 31° 40′ S.; longitude, 63° 53′ or 4h 15m.5 W. [Besides the magnetic observations complete meteorological data for May 28–30, as also solar‐radiation observations for May 28 and 29, were supplied. — Ed.]
Magnetic observations at Antipolo, May 29, 1919
Authors: Masó M. Saderra 
Published: February 2008

The values of H (horizontal intensity) and of Z (vertical intensity), given in Table 1, have been corrected for the range in temperature in the magnetograph room. May 29 was one of the quietest days (magnetic character 0). The values of the magnetic elements follow very closely the normal diurnal variation.Before the prescribed observation‐hours the weather remained irregularly, cloudy and calm, with lightning in different directions. The air temperatures are tabulated for each hour.
On vertical electric currents and the relation between terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

1. To what extent the magnetic forces as observed on the surface of the Earth can be referred to a potential, is a subject of paramount interest. The solution of the problem is of great importance, both as regards the constitution of the so‐called permanent magnetic field of the Earth and the systems giving rise to the manifold variations to which the terrestrial magnetic field is continually subject.2. Any electric currents circulating above or below the Earth's surface in concentric layers, i. e., parallel to the surface, will give rise to magnetic forces which may be represented by a potential. Electric currents, on the other hand, cutting the Earth's surface, produce, in general, a mixed magnetic system: the horizontal components of such currents give rise to a magnetic potential, whereas, the vertical components cause magnetic forces which cannot be referred to a potential. As is well known, the test of the existence of a potential is the vanishing of the line‐integral of the magnetic force taken around a closed curve, or circuit, on the Earth's surface. If the line‐integral does not vanish and its departure from zero cannot be explained by error of observation, or local magnetic disturbances in the region of the circuit, then the existence of a non‐potential is revealed; from the magnitude and sign of the integral we may then determine the strength and direction of the electric currents passing perpendicularly through the surface of the region enclosed by the circuit.
Preliminary results of ocean magnetic observations on the Carnegie from Apia to Balboa and Washington, July‐November, 1921
Authors: Ault J. P. 
Published: February 2008

NOTES ON TRIP FROM APIA, SAMOA, TO BALBOA, CANAL ZONE.We sailed from Apia in the afternoon of July 25, 1921, and upon rounding the Island of Savaii found the wind to the north of east which enabled us to weather the Tonga Islands. Light winds and calms prevailed for the first twelve days during which the average daily run was only 75 miles. The engine was used for 95 hours between July 25 and August 6.
Periodicity of activity in terrestrial magnetism and the rotation of the Sun
Authors: Angenheister G. 
Published: February 2008

The methods by which researches into the physical causes of magnetic storms have been made are essentially as follows:(I) It has been attempted to determine the geographic distribution of magnetic storms over the Earth. In this way the influence of the Earth's permanent magnetic field, on the geographic arrangement of the disturbance field, has been recognized, and it was made probable that there is an extra‐terrestrial cause of disturbance, solar radiation, acting upon this permanent field. We have learned to distinguish several different properties of these storms, such as that some of them are chiefly local in their character, whereas others range over the whole Earth. The known pulsations also belong to the latter.
Some experiments on the penetrating γ radiation present in the atmosphere
Authors: Marsden E. 
Published: February 2008

The present note deals with an experiment on the magnitude of the ionization due to penetrating radiation in a closed can on Mount Ruapehu (latitude 39°.25S.; longitude 175°.6E.; height, 9,200 feet = 2,800 meters).According to Kolhörster,1 the ionization in a closed ionization vessel, in free air, at an altitude of 2,800 meters is 4 ions per c.c. greater than that at sea level. Kolhörster's experiments were made with air in a zinc (?) ionization‐vessel.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, January to December, 1923
Authors: Wallis W. F. , Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

The storm of September 26 started with a sudden commencement, which is plainly shown in all three elements, the horizontal intensity increasing 11γ within six minutes.The exact times of beginning and ending of the storm of October 15 are rather difficult to define. Within the whole duration of the disturbance there are periods of comparative quiet, greater activity being shown between October 15, 12h and 20h, and October 16, 11h and 21h G.M.T.
Information on magnetic work in the Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics
Authors: Weinberg Boris 
Published: February 2008

1. The Observatory of Zuja (near Irkutsk) has recently renewed its regular functioning.2. The Observatory at Matochkin Shar (Nova Zembla; Lat., 73° 15′ N; Long., 56° 23.′8 E) was working with short intervals during the whole winter. A new building for it should be finished now and thus a regular magnetic service is assured for the future. Mean magentic values for 1924 are D = 20° 35′ E, I = 80° 03′, II = 0.0952 C. G. S.
Correlations between solar activity and atmospheric electricity*: Concluded
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

(For additional results, not given in the Abstract on page 23, the interested reader is referred to the summary of Chief Conclusions on page 186.)19. The atmospheric‐electric observations at Brussels, as shown by curves 2 and 3 of Fig. 3, were made from 1844 to 1877 with a Peltier electrometer “at noon every day,” and as Quetelet7 states, “with all the precautions which the determination of an element so difficult to measure as electricity requires.” Beginning with the middle of 1844, it would seem that the electrometer was mounted at an invariable height above the ground and protected as far as possible from disturbing influences. In calculating the mean results for any period Quetelet “avoided the use of negative values observed during abnormal periods.” While he at various times made a thorough discussion of his observations and investigated relationships between atmospheric electricity and meteorology, he does not appear to have considered, as I had been led to believe by an erroneous reference, any relationship with sun‐spottedness. If he had done so, he would probably have found difficulty in harmonizing the annual course of his results for the period 1845 to 1856 with that for the period beginning with 1856. Excepting for the irregularity in the Brussels8 annual values of P for the period 1871 to 1875, it will be seen from curves 1, 2, 6, and 7 of Fig. 3 that for the period 1855 to 1877, 22 years, increased potential gradient corresponded in general as well with increased sun‐spottedness as did increased magnetic activity (curves 6 and 7). The same fact is true with regard to the curve (No. 3) of “Average Departures of the Annual Variation of the Potential Gradient at Brussels.”
Circular regarding sudden commencements of magnetic storms
Authors: Tanakadate A. 
Published: February 2008

At the Madrid Meeting of the Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, it was decided that a systematic investigation of “Sudden Commencements of Magnetic Storms” be made; and the Executive Committee appointed me to act as the Reporter of different views on the subject. I have, consequently, the honor to submit for your consideration the following questionnaire, and I will ask you kindly to inform me of your views, if possible, before May 31, 1925, using the address given below.It is understood that after the Report has been submitted to the Bureau of the Section, a decision will be made in the following September to take steps for constructing the instruments.
Summary of magnetic observations for the year 1924 at the Apia Observatory, Western Samoa
Authors: Thomson Andrew , Westland C. J. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 13° 48′.4S.; longitude, 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.lW. of Greenwich.)The results given below for 1924 are the means of the hourly values of the magnetic elements for all the days in the calendar month.
Report on magnetic and electric observations by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in connection with the total solar eclipse of January 24, 1925
Authors: Ault J. P. , Mauchly S. J. , Goddard R. H. 
Published: February 2008

A temporary magnetic and electric observatory was established at Greenport, Long Island, by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in order to determine any possible variations in the Earth's magnetic and electric fields due to a total eclipse of the Sun. Photographic registrations of changes in magnetic declination, horizontal and vertical intensities, and in the electric potential‐gradient of the atmosphere were obtained during the period January 12 to February 5, 1925. In addition, during the period 12h to 17h G.M.T. on January 22 to 28 eye‐readings of the variations in the electric potential‐gradient, positive and negative conductivity, and positive and negative ionic‐content were made.In general, the eclipse, magnetic effects, as far as can be determined from a preliminary discussion, agree with those observed during previous eclipses. Unfortunately, January 24 was somewhat disturbed magnetically. The eclipse electric effects were of the same nature as found during previous eclipses, but were smaller and showed some irregularities.
Records of principal magnetic storms and of earthquakes at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, January to September, 1925
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 30° 19.′1S.; Longitude, 115° 52′.6 or 7h 44m.E. of Greenwich.)There were no notable magnetic disturbances recorded during the first quarter. The following notes give in more detail some of the features of the storms listed in the table.