bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Emergency Response Management in a Third World Setting
Authors: Okorocha Uche 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Medical Emergency Response is usually effective if standard guidelines and protocols are followed. However, in a third-world setting with numerous challenges, effective response to medical emergencies demands more than standard guidelines and protocols. This paper outlines the peculiar challenges for effective medical emergency response (MER) and the approach an oilfield service company has adopted in one less-developed setting, Nigeria, for MER planning and execution.
Through risk prevention and minimization strategies, our company has appreciably reduced the likelihood of medical emergencies. A dynamic and flexibly managed MER plan has proved to be effective in utilizing the best of what is available to achieve appropriate response to medical emergencies. The result has been a 6-year period of zero fatality and many successfully executed medical emergency responses and evacuations.
The Effect of Hypertension and Other Risk Factors to the Development of Sensorineural Hearing Loss to Workers Who are Exposed to Noise and Chemical Hazards in Oil Company A
Authors: Waskito Heru 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Health Law no 23 of 1992 states that health means physical, mental and social health that makes everyone able to live productively in terms of social and economical aspects. To be healthy is the right of every worker.
The effect of noise and chemical hazards to the development of hearing loss are well known, but the effect of chronic hypertension to the development of sensorineural hearing loss has not been adequately studied.
General objectives: Study the relationship between hypertension history and development of sensorineural hearing loss.
Special objectives: –Identify proportional distribution of sensorineural hearing loss and hypertension among the workers who are exposed to noise and chemical hazards in Company A. Identify the effect of hypertension and other risk factors to the development of sensorineural hearing loss.
Research location: Oil Company A in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Research subject: Workers exposed to noise and chemical hazards.

Method
Case Control Study on independent variables of Hypertension History and other independent variables, such as body mass index, smoking habit, and total blood cholesterol content in the blood. The study data is secondary data which is environmental measurement data and dosimetry of noise and chemical hazards, and annual medical checkup data. Hearing loss is based on 2003 annual medical check up data and based on the retrospective history on the hypertension and other risk factors history.

Results
The result of noise dosimetry measurement is 87.12 dBA (150.98%) on average which is TWA 12 hours. The environmental measurement and BTX dosimetry data is still below threshold limit of ACGIH 2005. Sensorineural hearing loss was found on 30 subjects (18.8%) from 160 research subjects. Based on multivariate analysis, the sensorineural hearing loss has been affected by hypertension, length of service &gt; 20 years, smoking habit, total cholesterol content in blood &gt; 200 mg %.

Conclusion
Sensorineural hearing loss was found on 30 subjects (18.8%), hearing loss with hypertension on 10 subjects (33.33%). Hypertension affects is linked with development of sensorineural hearing loss.
Other risk factors affecting development of hearing loss are length of service &gt; 20 years, smoking habit, total cholesterol content in blood &gt; 200 mg %.
Coral Transplantation, an Innovative Measure in the Frame of Environmental Impact Mitigation
Authors: Hirst Robert , Sutton Catherine , Chaîneau Claude-Henri 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper commences by describing Yemen LNG's approach to the control of impacts on marine biodiversity, which mirrors its general 3-tier approach to managing social and environmental impacts. The paper recognises that some minor physical damages to corals may occur during the construction of a new LNG terminal in a sensitive coastal environment, in which detailed surveys have found the coral and fish populations to be particularly sensitive and diverse. The paper then discusses a unique and innovative approach which Yemen LNG has adopted to mitigate impacts to corals. Yemen LNG is working with internationally recognised coral transplantation experts to transplant sensitive corals away from the areas of construction activities, to new areas nearby, to promote new populations and new growth on natural substrata. The scale of this exercise is larger than has ever been attempted and the corals which have been transplanted represent particularly sensitive and diverse species. The largest coral transplanted so far has been recorded at 4000kg, believed to be the largest coral ever transplanted successfully. It is believed that this is the largest and most successful exercise in coral transplantation ever attempted by an energy company. The paper describes the positive results from this innovative transplantation project in which transplanted coral colonies of differing sensitive genus are regularly monitored and found to be healthy and repopulating on natural substrate. The paper also records the positive effect on fish populations whereby demersal species are seen to relocate to the new coral areas thus creating new and sustainable biomass. The conclusion is reached that coral transplantation, on a larger scale than has ever before been attempted, can be a successful mitigation measure when dealing with potential construction impacts. This offers a positive way forward when constructing installations in sensitive coastal marine environments.
Enhancing Environmental Performance through Common Process-From 20 EMS's to One
Authors: Taylor Erica , Burry Cheryl G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
BP Group requires all major operating sites to be verified to the ISO14001 international standard. In 2001 BP Exploration and Production North Sea operations had 20 sites with individual Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) certified by different verifiers with different approaches. There was little consistency or knowledge sharing. Following a series of reorganisations and rationalisation, by 2003 there were seven verified EMSs across the UK, Norway and Netherlands. Restructuring of assets rendered this arrangement unsustainable therefore in 2005 the project to consolidate the assets’ EMSs began in earnest.
The BP organisation philosophy is for the business to utilise common processes. This project evaluated the EMS structures within the UK, Norway and Netherlands with the objective to identify and implement the most effective way to deliver consistency and further continuous environmental improvement.
The project followed a BP internal project process, engaged key individuals, including Norway and the Netherlands and sought input from BP Group, regulators and other operators.
The decision was taken to move to country specific EMSs as this was the simplest option to implement and maintain, given language, legislation and contractor capability. The implementation began on completion of a management of change exercise.
At this point the major focus of the project was to transform the existing EMSs operating in the UK into one and find a suitable verifier: The requirement was that they should have existing organisational capability for the range and location of BP UK assets with personnel qualified for both onshore and offshore activities and be experienced in using a risk based approach. Several companies tendered and following evaluation a verifier was selected for their alternative approach.
At the same time work was ongoing to simplify and rationalise the EMS documentation and improve its accessibility, resulting in a high level framework with limited site specific requirements.
Following a period of intensive internal and external auditing the UK North Sea EMS was certified to ISO14001 in November 2006.
Driving Monitors—The Ultimate Behavior Based Safety Tool?
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Driving and motor vehicle safety has proven to be a consistent area of importance for all companies in the Exploration and Production (E&P) industry, particularly because it is often an unsupervised task and drivers are left to their own devices. In an effort to reduce driving incidents, driving monitors have been used by several companies to monitor driver behavior and performance. They have proven so successful in reducing the number of undesirable driving behaviors and vehicular incidents that the International Association for Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) has recommended their use as a ‘best practice’ for achieving safer driving behavior in the workplace.
A large number of companies have started introducing Behavior Based Safety (BBS) programs into their workplaces in an effort to identify ‘at risk’ behaviors through ‘observations’ and to intervene before an incident occurs. What is not widely recognized is that driving monitors operate with a similar intent, but have the capability to provide immediate information regarding specified key behaviors at all times while driving, rather than ‘one-off’ brief observations provided for in a BBS program. This paper will review a driving monitor case study to describe how significant individual and site level behavioral changes have occurred and been sustained after driving monitors are installed and managed correctly.
This paper will compare the operating model for driving monitors to contemporary BBS observation models. The similarities and differences in application of both systems will be identified to determine respective strengths and weaknesses. Lessons learned from the implementation of a driving monitor program will also be discussed as a possible model for the successful integration of driving monitors into a BBS program in an organization.
Driving monitors and BBS programs have both proven to be very effective systems for achieving rapid behavioral change in our most challenging operating environments. This paper will highlight the significant lessons to be learned from the application of driving monitors and propose methods for how they can be used as another form of observation data in a wider BBS program. The linking of driving monitor data into an organizational BBS program can readily complement the program and assist in achieving a new level of true behavior based safety in the industry's most dangerous activity - driving.
Engineered Wetland Design for On-Site Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Groundwater and Wastewater
Authors: Wallace Scott , Davis Brian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Engineered wetlands are an emerging technology for the on-site bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated water. The engineering optimization of natural treatment processes shows that engineered wetlands are a viable alternative to mechanical remediation systems.
An engineered wetland incorporates a horizontal subsurface flow gravel bed reactor, lined with an impermeable liner and equipped with a forced bed aeration system to enhance oxygen delivery. Design parameters include biodegradation rate coefficients for petroleum hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), flowrate, hydraulic residence time, and influent and required effluent concentrations.
Three field-scale applications of this technology in North America are presented. The first application is at a pipeline terminal with contact wastewater containing BTEX and ammonia. A horizontal subsurface flow engineered wetland with forced bed aeration and a design flowrate of 1.5 m3/d treats BTEX and ammonia to non-detect concentrations at 40% and 80% of the gravel bed length, respectively. The second application is at a former refinery where a cascade aerator and surface flow wetland (for iron removal) and horizontal subsurface flow engineered wetland with forced bed aeration was constructed in 2003 to treat 6,000 m3/d of BTEX-contaminated extracted groundwater. This system reduces benzene concentrations from 300 μg/L (influent) to &lt;10 μg/L (effluent), and is incorporated into a Robert Trent Jones-designed golf course. The third application is at a former refinery where high ferrous iron concentrations (40 mg/L) favor an alternative design. This system, currently under construction, will treat 1,060 m3/d of iron and BTEX-contaminated extracted groundwater using a cascade aerator, sedimentation pond, surface flow wetlands, and vertical flow limestone drains. Engineered wetlands are achieving performance goals in field-scale applications, and are a robust and sustainable alternative to mechanical remediation systems.
Developing Rigorous GHG Forecasts for E&P Operations: GHG Forecast Tool
Authors: Edwards John , Watson Andrew , Guinee Mike 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper describes the development and application of an innovative tool to produce accurate GHG forecasts in E&P operations.
BP has made a number of long term external commitments on climate change and GHG reduction. However monitoring progress towards meeting these commitments, and judging what interventions are necessary, relies on being able to produce accurate forecasts of future GHG emissions from both existing operations and new projects in development.
To support facilities make accurate annual forecasts in a consistent manner, BP worked with consultant partners to jointly develop a tool to provide these forecasts.
The tool can also be used to model and aggregate different operational scenarios e.g. varying flow profiles within a year, ambient temperature variation, part operation on diesel as well as fuel gas, use of spinning reserve generation etc.
The tool combines generic and equipment specific modules to produce a model of the facility. By entering the flow profiles of the major fluids handled by the facility, e.g. gas exported, it is possible to proceed from flowrates to equipment loading, efficiency and power requirement from a motor or turbine and then on to fuel gas requirement and GHG emissions, all quickly and effectively at the click of a button.
This paper discusses the initial development and validation of the tool's ability to provide accurate GHG forecasts to the realisation that it could be developed to provide many other benefits. Examples of its use are for optimising new facility design, and evaluating the financial implications of different operating scenarios such as changing gas turbine model or the number of compression trains. Results indicate that substantial savings in GHG emissions can be realised in a manner not available previously with such ease.
All of these sensitivities for existing operations and new developments shall be examined in its deployment across BP's E&P operations to provide accurate 5 year GHG forecasts and so provide sustainable excellence.
The Provision and Use of Flame Retardent Clothing During Ancillary Tasks Such as Asbestos Removal Operations on Offshore Oil and Gas Installations
Authors: Stear D. , Smallman H. , Vaughan N. , Mogridge R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the offshore oil and gas industry, the processing of hydrocarbons presents an increased risk of fire during normal operations, consequently flame retardant (FR) clothing is worn during normal operations. During the inspection of an asbestos removal operation on a production platform it was noted that disposable non-FR coveralls were being worn whilst working in a hazardous area. There is a risk that trades such as asbestos removal and others wearing this type of coverall would not be protected in the event of an incident. The need for coveralls with FR properties did not appear to have been addressed. A project was initiated with the Health and Safety Laboratory to assess the effect of adding a disposable coverall over the top of a FR coverall with respect to flame spread. The reports main findings were: Disposable FR coveralls do not appear to adversely affect the protection offered by a non-disposable FR coverall when worn over the top.Any other combination of FR and non-FR coveralls does not appear to offer adequate protection, whether disposable or not.A disposable FR coverall on its own does not continue to burn, but it also does not offer any protection to the user. Use in this way would also contravene the manufacturer's instructions.
The study concluded that dual layers of coveralls (disposable worn over non-disposable) should not be worn in areas where flame retardant clothing is required unless BOTH coveralls are flame retardant; disposable FR coveralls should not be worn as the only means of protection and the manufacturer's instructions on how coveralls should be deployed should be followed at all times. Additionally, consideration needs to be given to decontamination/disposal of the FR coveralls in asbestos abatement situations.
Microhabitat Protection during Geophysical Exploration in High Diversity Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Thurber Mark William , Valdivieso Sebastian , Noboa Gabriel , Silva Francisco 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Areas of petroleum exploration in the upper Amazon basin of Ecuador have a high diversity of fauna, which is attracted to and depends on dispersed microhabitats such as clay licks (geophagy), nesting areas, animal dens, watering and bathing holes, fruiting trees and leave-cutter ant and termite nests for feeding, watering, and reproduction. Environmental control of geophysical acquisition activities in and near these sensitive microhabitats historically has not been effective. Seismic lines, heliports, camps and DZs have been inadvertently constructed within or near these microhabitats by survey and cutting crews resulting in partial destruction of the habitat, disturbance and consequent flight of fauna, and post-project hunting by locals. Andes Petroleum Ecuador Ltd., Walsh and biologists from Ecuadorian universities developed and executed a plan for offsets to protect these biologically sensitive areas (BSAs) in Yasuni National Park before and during the execution of a seismic campaign. Criteria was developed by biologists to define these BSAs in the field based on size of BSA, number and abundance of fauna species using the BSA, and functional importance to each species. No human entry buffers were established for each BSA. Procedures were established for early identification of BSAs so that biologists working with the survey crews could direct line cutting and other clearing activities outside the buffer areas prior to intervention. Ecuador biologists were effectively incorporated into decision-making process in the field. The seismic biological team identified and protected 49 BSAs (primarily clay licks and bathing areas) during a seismic campaign in 165 km2 of mature rainforest in 2006. The baseline information on location and characteristics of BSAs is providing an important resource for university research. Technical staff and contractors from the petroleum company along with biologists from universities and foundations were brought together in making important real time design decisionsin the field. This participatory biodiversity management system is a model for protection of BSAs in other high sensitivity rainforest.
Implementing Tuberculosis Screening Programs in Difficult to Access Worker Populations
Authors: Lawhorn E. G. , Dockins R. O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
For more than 90 years the best test available to identify people with TB infections has been the tuberculin skin test (TST). This test requires intra-dermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) derived from the TB bacteria followed by observation of the injection site by a trained skin test reader between 48 and 72 hours after injection. Two clinical visits are required in a 72 hour period and for many petroleum workers in remote locations (precisely those areas where TB prevalence is highest) this is impractical. As a result, many workers who have skin tests are advised on how to "self-read" the results – a practice without any proven reliability or validity. Self-assessments of tuberculin test results, if accurate, could enhance tuberculosis screening efforts by reducing the need for follow-up visits for skin test reading (1). The TST also has other limitations, including false positive test results in individuals who were vaccinated with BCG and in individuals who have infections not related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2), digit preference by TST readers, and false negative results in people with immune systems disorders like HIV, diabetes, and those on treatment with systemic steroid medications.
In 2001 the QuantiFERON – GOLD test (QFT-G) [manufactured by Cellestis Limited, Carnegie, Victoria, Australia] was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an aid in detecting latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (3) and the current QFT-G test (using ESAT-6 and CFP-10) was approved in May 2005. In addition, the U.S. Centers for Disease control recommended the QFT-G be used in all circumstances where the TST is currently used (4). This test uses two specific highly antigenic proteins derived from the TB bacteria (as opposed to the hundreds of antigens in PPD preparations) to stimulate white cells in people infected with TB to produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ). This test requires only a single clinic visit, does not have the same problems with false positive and negative tests and can much more easily be implemented as a TB screening test in worker populations for which limited clinical access is possible.
This paper reports on the experience with TB screening in a population of business travelers, offshore workers and workers in remote locations and compares the validity of results between the workers screened using TST and the QFT-G test.
Making HSE Management Systems Real
Authors: Hinton J. Jack 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Having an HSE Management System is a globally accepted requirement. Unfortunately many exist in paper or electronic form only. Some are used only as marketing or promotional tools, with little real use in the workplace. Thus, the real power of an HSE Management system is rarely realized. Internal HSE Audits, the expectation of customers, clients and regulatory authorities anticipate the Management System to be real and active. The INTEQ Division of Baker Hughes used a creative approach to turn the ideals and expectations of the enterprise's HSE Management System into simple workable applications that effectively identify and have produced top performance in standard HSE Performance Metrics. Where the application has been applied, operations undergoing HSE Audits have met all corporate HSE management and application expectations and received the highest ranking in audit results. The application tools are described which turn the expectations of the HSE Management System into practical, value-added activities.