bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct, Mild, and Selective Synthesis of Unprotected Dialdo‐Glycosides
Authors: Angelin Marcus , Hermansson Magnus , Dong Hai , Ramström Olof 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA direct and highly convenient organocatalytic method for the preparation of 1,5‐dialdo‐pyranosides and 1,4‐dialdo‐furanosides is presented. The method relies on the chemoselective properties of TEMPO in combination with trichloroisocyanuric acid under very mild, basic conditions. Unprotected glycosides are prepared in a single step in high yields and are efficiently purified with the use of solid‐phase imine capture. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Stereoselective Glycosylations Using (R)‐ or (S)‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)benzyl Chiral Auxiliaries at C‐2 of Glycopyranosyl Donors
Authors: Kim Jin‐Hwan , Yang Hai , Khot Vishal , Whitfield Dennis , Boons Geert‐Jan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe stereoselective introduction of a glycosidic bond presents the greatest challenge to complex oligosaccharide synthesis. Important developments such as automated polymer‐supported oligosaccharide synthesis will not realize their full potential until this problem is addressed. In this paper, a novel approach for stereoselective glycosylations is described whereby a chiral auxiliary at C‐2 of a glycosyl donor controls the anomeric outcome of a glycosylation. It was found that participation of an (S)‐ethoxycarbonylbenzyl auxiliary led to the formation of 1,2‐cis glycosides, probably through a trans‐fused dioxolenium ion intermediate. On the other hand, the use of an auxiliary with (R) configuration gave 1,2‐trans glycosides, and this glycosylation proceeds through a cis‐fused dioxolenium ion intermediate. The auxiliary could conveniently be removed by Birch reduction. Computational studies support the formation of the proposed ethoxy‐carbonium ion intermediate with all pseudo‐equatorial substituents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Photochemical Reactions of 1,3,3‐Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.2]octa‐5,7‐dien‐2‐ones
Authors: Chang Shi‐Yi , Huang Shih‐Lin , Villarante Nelson R. , Liao Chun‐Chen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe photochemistry of 1,3,3‐trimethylbicyclo[2.2.2]octa‐5,7‐dien‐2‐ones 1a–f containing multiple chromophoric moieties under various conditions is described. Upon direct irradiation, dienones 1a–f in benzene, acetonitrile, and methanol were found to aromatize through photoelimination of dimethylketene, which was trapped with 3‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ol (12). Triplet sensitization of dienone 1a in acetone and in acetone/acetophenone mixed solvents afforded aromatic compound 2a, whilst bicyclic systems 1b–c were found to be unreactive on sensitization. In the cases of dienones 1d–f in acetone, aromatic compounds 2d–f and di‐π‐methane (DPM) photoproducts 3d–f and 4f were observed, but in the acetone/acetophenone mixed solvent system only DPM photoproducts were detected. Plausible mechanisms for these photochemical reactions are described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The Implication of Electrocatalysis in MCR Strategy: Electrocatalytic Multicomponent Transformation of Cyclic 1,3‐Diketones, Aldehydes and Malononitrile into Substituted 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐4H‐Chromenes
Authors: Elinson Michail N. , Dorofeev Alexander S. , Feducovich Sergey K. , Gorbunov Sergey V. , Nasybullin Ruslan F. , Miloserdov Fedor M. , Nikishin Gennady I. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe electrochemically induced catalytic multicomponent transformation of cyclic 1,3‐diketones, aldehydes and malononitrile in alcoholic solvents results in the formation of substituted 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐chromenes in 85–95 % yields. The reaction is performed in an undivided cell in the presence of sodium bromide as an electrolyte. The application of this efficient electrocatalytic method to the formation of tetrahydro‐4H‐chromenes is beneficial for diversity‐oriented large‐scale processes. The novel concept of an electrocatalytic multicomponent reaction is also ecologically sound. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Anorexia nervosa: an evolutionary puzzle
Authors: Gatward Nicholas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) has proven difficult to explain and is especially so from an evolutionary perspective. It is widespread, has probably existed for centuries and includes a genetic component but leads to starvation, infertility and sometimes death. An attempt to explain AN will be made using a synthesis of evolutionary ideas about responses to threat. Dietary restriction is described as a response to perceived threats of exclusion from the group, which would once have been dangerous. This can develop into AN only where the weight loss sets off an ancient adaptive response to the threat of famine. Eating again and weight gain would mean re‐entering the competition for status and belonging and are therefore felt as threatening. This synthesis can explain the unusual mix of features found in AN that are otherwise resistant to explanation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Evolution of self‐concept deficits in patients with eating disorders: the role of family concern about weight and appearance
Authors: Senra Carmen , Sánchez‐Cao Elizabeth , Seoane Gloria , Leung Freedom Y. K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of this study were to analyse the influence of family concern about appearance on self‐concept deficits in patients under treatment for eating disorders, and to identify predictors of eating attitudes and behaviours in control and clinical groups.MethodThe participants were 123 women with diagnoses of DSM‐IV‐TR eating disorders and 124 female university students. All completed the eating attitudes test (EAT‐40), the body dissatisfaction of the eating disorders inventory (EDI‐BD), the Rosenberg self‐esteem (RSE), the fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and the family concern about appearance scale (FCAS). Patients were administered with these instruments at admission and after 6 and 12 months of treatment.ResultsANOVAs indicated that family concern about appearance had no influence on the evolution of self‐concept deficits during treatment. Multiple regression analyses showed that the best predictor of eating attitudes in controls was FCAS score, while among patients the best predictor of how the disorder will evolve after 12 months of treatment was EAT‐40 at admission.ConclusionFamilies may transmit eating concerns, but this is not enough for the emergence of an eating disorder. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
How important are motivation and initial Body Mass Index for outcome in day therapy services for eating disorders?
Authors: Jones Alysun , Bamford Bryony , Ford Haelli , Schreiber‐Kounine Christa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the impact of initial Body Mass Index (BMI) and motivation for recovery on a 12‐week day therapy programme for Eating Disorders. Outcome was assessed by changes in eating disorder symptomology, mood and self‐esteem. A battery of assessment questionnaires was given to 34 eating disorder clients on admission to and completion of the programme. This study found that BMI at admission did not affect treatment outcome directly. Only patient self‐rated motivation directly affected treatment outcome with more highly motivated clients making more significant changes to their eating disorder symptomology across the programme. However, motivation, BMI and duration of illness influenced how likely a patient was to complete the 12 weeks and completion of the programme had a direct effect on eating disorder symptomology, mood and self‐esteem. BMI and motivation can therefore be seen to indirectly effect the outcome of treatment via the ability to complete the programme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Cognitive predictors of functional decline in vascular dementia
Authors: Jefferson Angela L. , Cahn‐Weiner Deborah , Boyle Patricia , Paul Robert H. , Moser David J. , Gordon Norman , Cohen Ronald A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined changes in cognitive‐functional relationships in vascular dementia (VaD) over the course of one year.MethodsTwenty‐four patients with probable VaD were administered the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Caregivers completed an informant‐based measure of instrumental (IADL) and basic activities of daily living (BADL). Follow‐up assessment was conducted one‐year post‐baseline.ResultsLogistic regression revealed that changes in the DRS Initiation/Perseveration and DRS Memory subscales were significantly associated with declines in IADLs and BADLs, respectively.ConclusionsAmong patients with VaD, longitudinal changes in IADLs and BADLs are most strongly associated with changes in executive functioning and memory abilities, respectively. Findings suggest that different cognitive functions subserve complex instrumental and rote, habituated basic functional activities, and neuropsychological screening measures are useful in the prediction of such functional changes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological processes underlying delusional thinking in late‐onset psychosis: a preliminary investigation
Authors: McCulloch Yvonne , Clare Linda , Howard Rob , Peters Emmanuelle 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground and aimsIt has been suggested that delusions may serve as a defence against negative self‐representations. The present study investigated general psychological well‐being and evidence for defensive emotional processes among people with late‐onset psychosis.MethodThe performance and responses of older people with late‐onset psychosis (n = 13), older people with depression (n = 15), and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 15) were compared in a cross‐sectional design. Participants rated their own levels of depression and self‐esteem, and completed an emotional Stroop task to establish whether there was evidence of implicit depression in the absence of explicit acknowledgement. Participants rated themselves on a number of personal attributes in relation to two life stages to generate discrepancies in ‘actual’, ‘ideal’ and ‘other’ self‐concepts, and completed measures of their perceptions of current and past psychological well‐being.ResultsPeople with late‐onset psychosis showed no evidence of overt depression or low‐self esteem. All three groups showed an attentional bias to depression‐related and age‐related words, although response times overall were faster for controls. The psychosis group showed no discrepancies between either their past or their current ‘actual’ and ‘other’ self‐concepts, suggesting that they do not have more negative views about how others see them.ConclusionsEvidence from this study does not support the application of the ‘delusion‐as‐defence’ model to late‐onset psychosis, but methodological constraints must be borne in mind when interpreting the findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling hourly and daily open‐water evaporation rates in areas with an equatorial climate
Authors: Tan Stephen Boon Kean , Shuy Eng Ban , Chua Lloyd Hock Chye 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEvaporation rate estimation is important for water resource studies. Previous studies have shown that the radiation‐based models, mass transfer models, temperature‐based models and artificial neural network (ANN) models generally perform well for areas with a temperate climate. This study evaluates the applicability of these models in estimating hourly and daily evaporation rates for an area with an equatorial climate. Unlike in temperate regions, solar radiation was found to correlate best with pan evaporation on both the hourly and daily time‐scales. Relative humidity becomes a significant factor on a daily time‐scale. Among the simplified models, only the radiation‐based models were found to be applicable for modelling the hourly and daily evaporations. ANN models are generally more accurate than the simplified models if an appropriate network architecture is selected and a sufficient number of data points are used for training the network. ANN modelling becomes more relevant when both the energy‐ and aerodynamics‐driven mechanisms dominate, as the radiation and the mass transfer models are incapable of producing reliable evaporation estimates under this circumstance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroclimatic teleconnection between global sea surface temperature and rainfall over India at subdivisional monthly scale
Authors: Maity Rajib , Kumar D. Nagesh 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is well established that sea surface temperature (SST) plays a significant role in the hydrologic cycle in which precipitation is the most important part. In this study, the influence of SST on Indian subdivisional monthly rainfall is investigated. Both spatial and temporal influences are investigated. The most influencing regions of sea surface are identified for different subdivisions and for different overlapping seasons in the year. The relative importance of SST, land surface temperature (LST) and ocean–land temperature contrast (OLTC) and their variation from subdivision to subdivision and from season to season are also studied. It is observed that LST does not show much similarity with rainfall series, but, in general, OLTC shows relatively higher influence in the pre‐monsoon and early monsoon periods, whereas SST plays a more important role in late‐ and post‐monsoon periods. The influence of OLTC is seen to be mostly confined to the Indian Ocean region, whereas the effect of SST indicates the climatic teleconnection between Indian regional rainfall and climate indices in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distributive consequences of machismo: a simulation analysis of intra‐household discrimination
Authors: Cuesta José 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEmpirical evidence questions the unitary allocation model of the household that underpins the standard measurement of monetary poverty and inequality. Intra‐household gender discrimination has been widely shown to shape expenditure decisions, nutrition status, and human capital accumulation of household members. However, conventional poverty and inequality analyses are conducted for the household as a whole, which might lead to different conclusions compared with studies based on individuals. Using recent developments in intra‐household bargaining modelling, this paper constructs non‐cooperative allocation rules dominated by gender discrimination among household members. Estimates for Chile show a substantial worsening of poverty and inequality under such allocation rules. This suggests that intra‐household discrimination deserves some of the attention typically directed to extra‐household discrimination in labour markets, access to public services or political participation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models of Irregular Hyperbranched Polymers: Topological Disorder and Mechanical Response
Authors: Koslowski Thorsten , Jurjiu Aurel , Blumen Alexander 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: We study the impact of topological disorder on the mechanical response of hyperbranched macromolecules from a theoretical and numerical perspective. The polymer models are generated using a bond switching algorithm, and the emerging systems are described within the Zimm and Rouse pictures of macromolecular dynamics. The topological disorder is manifest in the frequency‐dependent dynamic moduli, $G^*(\omega)$. These are clearly distinct from that of regular hyperbranched fractals of the same size, and they do not obey simple scaling rules. The dynamic moduli reflect the short‐range order inherent in the model, and we thus suggest that the extent of disorder in branched tree‐like polymers may be well‐estimated experimentally using $G^*(\omega)$.Model of an irregular hyperbranched polymer.magnified imageModel of an irregular hyperbranched polymer.
Vulnerable options in supply chains: Effects of supplier competition
Authors: Babich Volodymyr 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConcerned with the risk of supplier default, a firm may choose to diversify its orders among multiple suppliers. Furthermore, the discrepancy in production lead‐times among suppliers furnishes a firm with a valuable option to defer ordering decisions until uncertainty has been partially resolved. The suppliers also have an option: to defer their pricing decisions. Using a single‐period, multi‐stage model of a two‐echelon supply chain with competing risky suppliers and a single manufacturer, this paper investigates how the supplier default risk and default co‐dependence affect manufacturer procurement and production decisions, supplier pricing decisions, firms profits, and the deferment option value and how the introduction of the deferment option alters supplier competition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Topology optimization of material‐nonlinear continuum structures by the element connectivity parameterization
Authors: Yoon Gil Ho , Kim Yoon Young 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe application of the element density‐based topology optimization method to nonlinear continuum structures is limited to relatively simple problems such as bilinear elastoplastic material problems. Furthermore, it is very difficult to use analytic sensitivity when a commercial nonlinear finite element code is used. As an alternative to the element density formulation, the element connectivity parameterization (ECP) formulation is developed for the topology optimization of isotropic‐hardening elastoplastic or hyperelastic continua by using commercial software. ECP varies the stiffness of zero‐length linear elastic links that connect design domain‐discretizing finite elements. Unloading was not considered. But the advantages of ECP in material‐nonlinear problems were demonstrated: considerably simple analytic sensitivity calculation using a commercial code and simple link stiffness penalization regardless of nonlinear material behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategy for input estimation with sensitivity analysis
Authors: Nordström Lars J. L. , Johansson Håkan , Larsson Fredrik 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe estimation of unknown excitation or input signals from measured response is essentially the solution of an optimization problem; a function representing the input is sought such that the discrepancy between measured and simulated response is minimized. From the view of optimization it is convenient to consider the general situation where the governing differential equations may be time‐variant and non‐linear. Moreover, the choice of parameterization for the sought input, sampling instances of measurement data and discretization of the state problem are all decoupled, in contrast to standard methods such as Dynamic Programming.In this paper, the optimization problem is solved by seeking a stationary point of the pertinent Lagrangian functional, resulting in a Newton‐type iterative algorithm. Moreover, the sensitivity of the solution with respect to measurement noise may also be estimated from a perturbation analysis of the optimality conditions. Two numerical examples show that the approach produces results in agreement with those of standard methods, however, with the additional advantage the numerical properties of the considered problem may be investigated. In particular, such knowledge may be used for choosing a proper amount of regularization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two possible cases of brucellosis from a Clarist monastery in Alcácer do Sal, southern Portugal
Authors: Curate F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Convent of Nossa Senhora de Aracoelli was a Clarist monastery located in Alcácer do Sal, southern Portugal, founded at the end of the 16th century and abandoned during the 19th century. This paper considers the presence of brucellosis in two lumbar vertebrae originating from an ossuary recovered at the Chapter House of the Convent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A palaeopathological study of Colles' fracture
Authors: Mays S. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis work is an osteological study of four cases of Colles' fracture from a 3rd–4th century AD British archaeological site. Each case was from an elderly female. Investigation of the degree of malunion suggests lack of effective reduction for these fractures. The poor anatomical outcome appears generally to have resulted in poor functional outcome; detailed anatomical study provided evidence for impairment of function of the distal radioulnar joint, ulnocarpal abutment and scapholunate diastasis, conditions which would probably have caused long‐term residual disability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete discrepancy between abnormal fetal karyotypes predicted by QF‐PCR rapid testing and karyotyped cultured cells in a first‐trimester CVS
Authors: Waters Jonathan J. , Walsh Sally , Levett Lisa J. , Liddle Stuart , Akinfenwa Yinka 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA chorion villus sample (CVS) biopsied at 11 weeks' gestation for raised nuchal translucency, revealed monosomy X (presumptive 45,X karyotype) by QF‐PCR for rapid aneuploidy testing for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. Long‐term culture gave the karyotype: 47,XY,+ 21[66]/49,XYY,+ 21,+ 21 [22]. This discrepancy prompted redigestion of the combined residual villus fragments from the original QF‐PCR assay. The repeat QF‐PCR assay identified the presence of trisomy 21 and a Y chromosome consistent with a 47,XY,+ 21 karyotype. A double non‐disjunction event early in embryogenesis in a 47,XY,+ 21 conceptus with subsequent cell lineage compartmentalisation of the three observed cell lines (45,X; 47,XY,+ 21 and 49,XYY,+ 21,+ 21) would account for these results. This is the first reported case to describe complete discrepancy at diagnosis between abnormal karyotypes detected by QF‐PCR rapid aneuploidy testing and a cultured karyotype in the same CVS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐mosaic trisomy 22: a report of 2 cases
Authors: Mokate T. , Leask K. , Mehta S. , Sharif S. , Smith A. , Saxena A. , Mahmood T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNon‐mosaic trisomy 22 is a common cause of first trimester miscarriage and has a livebirth incidence of 1 in 30 000–50 000. Consequently there is a paucity of information for counselling parents. Detection in the second trimester is rare. It is commonly associated with severe growth retardation and multiple structural abnormalities. Oligohydramnios is frequently seen and can make detection of other abnormalities difficult. The outlook is uniformly poor and survival beyond the first trimester may present management dilemmas. A thorough fetal assessment including high‐resolution cytogenetics with or without FISH is required for counselling. Careful plans for intrapartum and neonatal management may be necessary. The recurrence risk is thought to be low but information is very limited as there have been no reported cases of recurrence. We present two case of non‐mosaic trisomy 22 including the first to be diagnosed subsequent to investigation for a high serum screening Down's risk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.