bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appropriateness of the Darroch Estimator for Monitoring Adult Chum Salmon on the Middle Yukon River, Alaska
Authors: Underwood Tevis J. , Gordon Judith A. , Millard Michael J. , Lubinski Brian R. , Klosiewski Steve P. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
From 1996 to 1999, a Darroch two-sample stratified capture–recapture experiment was conducted on adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the Yukon River, Alaska. Annual release of marked chum salmon ranged from 8,527 to 18,631 fish. At the recovery site, 15,581–45,232 fish were examined for marks annually. The percentage of tagged fish among those examined for marks ranged from 2.8% to 6.4%. Abundance estimates ranged from 189,742 (SE = 6,967) to 654,296 (SE = 21,921) fish during the four study years. Weekly estimates ranged from 6,796 to 126,268 fish. The assumption of a closed population was evaluated in light of life history and other data. One closure violation due to sample starting and ending dates was mitigated using migration times. We used statistical analysis and modeling to evaluate assumptions of (1) equal probability of capture, (2) equal probability of movement, and (3) random mixing of fish. Logistic regression suggested that the probability of recapture was not independent of length and gender in 8 of 32 weeks among years. Modeling changes in the probabilities of movement and capture indicated that differences in movement would cause little bias in population estimates relative to differences in capture. However, length- and gender-stratified and unstratified population estimates showed little difference (e.g., in 1997: length-stratified estimate = 351,138 fish, gender-stratified estimate = 333,842 fish, unstratified estimate = 333,057 fish). Three explanations were offered for these results: violations were due to changes in the probability of movement, statistical tests were overly sensitive, or the estimator was robust to the assumption violations. Probability of recapture was related to bank orientation (i.e., nonrandom mixing) only in 1999. Annual estimates during the study documented a decline in the spawning population. Weekly estimates indicated that run timing was inconsistent among years. The estimates compared favorably with other assessments of the run. We concluded that the Darroch estimator was reasonably applied to data collected via fish wheels for this population.
A Regional and Geomorphic Reference for Quantities and Volumes of Instream Wood in Unmanaged Forested Basins of Washington State
Authors: Fox Martin , Bolton Susan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We collected field data on instream wood quantities and volumes from 150 stream segments draining unmanaged basins within Washington State to develop reference conditions for restoration and management. The wood loads in these streams provide a reference for management since it is assumed that they incorporate the range of conditions to which salmonids and other species have adapted. We also used these data to evaluate existing standards for large wood in streams. Large wood is an important component of salmonid habitat, and stream channel assessments and restoration and enhancement efforts often associate habitat quality for salmon Oncorhynchus spp. with the quantity and volume of woody debris; however, the wood targets currently used to assist resource managers typically do not account for variations in quantity or volume owing to differences in geomorphology, forest zones, or disturbance regimes. For restoring the appropriate range of conditions in salmon habitat, we offer a percentile wood distribution of natural and unmanaged wood-loading ranges based on regional and geomorphic variation for the purpose of reestablishing central tendencies. We recommend that streams in a degraded state (e.g., below the 25th percentile) be managed for an interim target at or above the 75th percentile until the basin-scale wood loads achieve these central tendencies. Based on the sample distribution, these reference conditions are applicable to streams with bank-full widths between 1 and 100 m, gradients between 0.1% and 47%, elevations between 91 and 1,906 m, drainage areas between 0.4 and 325 km2, glacial and rain- or snow-dominated origins, forest types common to the Pacific Northwest, and several other distinguishing physical and regional classifications.
Natural Landscape and Stream Segment Attributes Influencing the Distribution and Relative Abundance of Riverine Smallmouth Bass in Missouri
Authors: Brewer Shannon K. , Rabeni Charles F. , Sowa Scott P. , Annis Gust 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Protecting and restoring fish populations on a regional basis are most effective if the multiscale factors responsible for the relative quality of a fishery are known. We spatially linked Missouri's statewide historical fish collections to environmental features in a geographic information system, which was used as a basis for modeling the importance of landscape and stream segment features in supporting a population of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Decision tree analyses were used to develop probability-based models to predict statewide occurrence and within-range relative abundances. We were able to identify the range of smallmouth bass throughout Missouri and the probability of occurrence within that range by using a few broad landscape variables: the percentage of coarse-textured soils in the watershed, watershed relief, and the percentage of soils with low permeability in the watershed. The within-range relative abundance model included both landscape and stream segment variables. As with the statewide probability of occurrence model, soil permeability was particularly significant. The predicted relative abundance of smallmouth bass in stream segments containing low percentages of permeable soils was further influenced by channel gradient, stream size, spring-flow volume, and local slope. Assessment of model accuracy with an independent data set showed good concordance. A conceptual framework involving naturally occurring factors that affect smallmouth bass potential is presented as a comparative model for assessing transferability to other geographic areas and for studying potential land use and biotic effects. We also identify the benefits, caveats, and data requirements necessary to improve predictions and promote ecological understanding.
The Prevalence of Apraxia Characteristics in Patients with Velocardiofacial Syndrome as Compared with Other Cleft Populations
Authors: Kummer Ann W. , Lee Linda , Stutz Lindsay Schaadt , Maroney Adam , Brandt Jennifer Weidenbach 
Published: March 2007

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the oral-motor function of children with a history of cleft lip and palate, cleft palate only, velocardiofacial syndrome, and children with normal oral structures to determine if children with velocardiofacial syndrome have more apraxia characteristics than the other populations have. Design: The Apraxia Profile (Hickman, 1997) was administered to all participants in a prospective study. Setting: The investigation was conducted at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Participants: In this study, 10 children with cleft lip and palate, 10 with cleft palate only, 7 with velocardiofacial syndrome, and 47 with normal structures were tested. Results: This study revealed that when compared with children with normal structures, children with cleft lip and palate did not demonstrate significant apraxia characteristics, children with cleft palate only demonstrated some apraxia characteristics, and children with velocardiofacial syndrome demonstrated the most apraxia characteristics. Conclusions: There appears to be a high prevalence of apraxia characteristics in the speech of patients with velocardiofacial syndrome. This information has implications for the type of treatment recommended. Further investigation is warranted with a larger patient population and a focus on the association of abnormal brain structure with apraxia in this population.
Drug Treatment during Pregnancy and Isolated Orofacial Clefts in Hungary
Authors: Puhó Erzsébet H. , Szunyogh Melinda , Métneki Júlia , Czeizel Andrew E. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To evaluate the possible association between all kinds of drug treatments during pregnancy and isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and posterior cleft palate (PCP) in the offspring. Setting: The dataset of the large population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996, was evaluated. Participants: One thousand three hundred seventy-four cases with isolated CL/P and 601 with PCP, plus 38,151 population controls (without birth defects) and 20,868 malformed controls with other defects. Intervention: In this observation case-control study the data collection was based on prospective medical records particularly prenatal logbook, retrospective maternal data via a self-reported questionnaire, and home visits of nonresponding mothers. Main outcome measures: Isolated CL/P and PCP associated with drug treatments during pregnancy. Results: An increased risk for isolated CL/P was found in cases born to mothers treated with amoxicillin, phenytoin, oxprenolol, and thiethylperazine during the second and third month of pregnancy, i.e., the critical period of isolated CL/P. Risk of isolated PCP was increased in mothers with oxytetracycline and carbamazepine treatment during the third and fourth month of pregnancy, i.e., the critical period of PCP. Conclusions: This study confirmed the orofacial cleft (OFC) inducing effect of phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxytetracycline, and thiethylperazine and suggested a possible association between OFCs and oxprenolol and amoxicillin. However, drugs may have only a limited role in the origin of isolated OFCs.
The Relationship between Orofacial Clefts and Material Deprivation in Wales
Authors: Durning P. , Chestnutt I. G. , Morgan M. Z. , Lester N.J. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between material deprivation and the incidence of orofacial clefts (OFC) in South, West, and Central Wales, U.K. Design and Setting: The South, West, and Central Wales Orofacial-Cleft Register served as the primary data source for the study. Data on all children born with an orofacial cleft between 1982 and 2003 were geocoded to one of 844 geographic wards. National census data, similarly geocoded, served as the population denominator. Townsend's index of material deprivation was used to assign wards to one of seven levels of deprivation. This permitted investigation of the association of orofacial clefts with material deprivation. Results: Between 1982 and 2003, there were 831 babies born with an orofacial cleft, equating to 109 clefts per 100,000 live births. The incidence of orofacial clefts ranged from 82 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [C.I.] 64 to 102 per 100,000) in babies born to mothers residing in the least deprived areas to 127 per 100,000 (95% C.I., 112 to 144 per 100,000) in those living in the most deprived areas, a significant linear trend being apparent (p < .001). A statistically significant risk of 1.55 (95% C.I., 1.18 to 2.04) for orofacial clefts was apparent between most and least deprived septiles of deprivation. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence of an association between material deprivation and orofacial clefts. Further work is required to elicit the degree to which potential risk factors contribute to this association and to determine how deprivation predisposes to orofacial clefts.
Who Needs the Surgical Headlight?
Authors: Okoro Stanley A. , Patel Tarak H. , Wang Peter T. H. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: The use of surgical headlights may lead to awkward posture and limit the mobility and visibility of the operating team. Despite the vast availability of fiber-optic instruments, many surgeons continue to use the surgical headlight, which may be harmful to their health and career. We report the use of the Lumitex LightMat surgical illuminator instead of the conventional surgical headlight in cleft palate surgery. Methods: The LightMat is a disposable single-use device that is bright, flexible, and malleable and attaches easily to most retractors. Twenty cleft palate and five pharyngeal flaps cases were performed in which the LightMat was attached to the Dingman mouth retractor with biocompatible two-sided adhesive tapes. Results: The LightMat was successfully used in all 25 cases. No cases required the surgeon to put on additional lighting such as a headlight. In addition, no cases required the LightMat surgical illuminator to be replaced. Conclusion: The LightMat provides excellent surgical light for cleft palate surgery and pharyngeal procedures. It affords the surgeon several advantages: it provides a cool operative light, flexibility in surgical position, and improved visibility and mobility; the surgeon avoids the delay in obtaining an appropriate working headlight; and, more importantly, it may prevent postural problems that could lead to spinal sprain and disability.
Relation Between Neighborhood Median Housing Value and Hypertension Risk Among Black Women in the United States
Authors: Cozier Yvette C. , Palmer Julie R. , Horton Nicholas J. , Fredman Lisa , Wise Lauren A. , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined the relation between median housing value and hypertension risk among US Black women. Methods. We gathered data from the Black Women’s Health Study, a prospective follow-up of 59000 Black women aged 21 to 69 years in 1995. Median housing value from US census data was used to measure neighborhood socioeconomic status. Cases of hypertension were identified through postal questionnaires mailed in 1997, 1999, and 2001. Clustered survival regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios. Results. During 180294 person-years of observation, 3780 cases of hypertension were reported. A significant inverse, graded association was found between median housing value and hypertension. The incidence rate ratio for women living in low median housing value neighborhoods relative to high was 1.29 (95% confidence interval=1.14, 1.45) after adjustment for individual risk factors. The association was evident even at higher individual levels of income and education. Conclusions. Median housing value is inversely associated with hypertension in Black women, independent of individual risk factors. Lowering hypertension risk in Black women will require a greater understanding of the underlying social inequalities that adversely affect health.
Small-Area Estimation of Health Insurance Coverage for California Legislative Districts
Authors: Yu Hongjian , Meng Ying-Ying , Mendez-Luck Carolyn A. , Jhawar Mona , Wallace Steven P. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. To aid state and local policymakers, program planners, and community advocates, we created estimates of the percentage of the population lacking health insurance in small geographic areas of California. Methods.Finally, calibration ensured the consistency and stability of the estimates when they were aggregated. Results. Health insurance coverage among nonelderly persons varied widely across assembly districts, from 10% to 44%. The utility of local-level estimates was most apparent when the variations in subcounty uninsured rates in Los Angeles County (19%–44%) were examined. Conclusions. Stable and useful estimates of health insurance rates for small areas such as legislative districts can be created through use of multiple sources of publicly available data.
Integrating Public Health Policy, Practice, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research: The School Health Action Planning and Evaluation System
Authors: Cameron Roy , Manske Stephen , Brown K. Stephen , Jolin Mari Alice , Murnaghan Donna , Lovato Chris 
Published: March 2007

The Canadian Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute of Canada have charged their Centre for Behavioral Research and Program Evaluation with contributing to the development of the country’s systemic capacity to link research, policy, and practice related to population-level interventions. Local data collection and feedback systems are integral to this capacity. Canada’s School Health Action Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) allows data to be collected from all of a school’s students, and these data are used to produce computer-generated school “health profiles.” SHAPES is being used for intervention planning, evaluation, surveillance, and research across Canada. Strong demand and multipartner investment suggest that SHAPES is adding value in all of these domains. Such systems can contribute substantially to evidence-informed public health practice, public engagement, participatory action research, and relevant, timely population intervention research.
Prevalence of Obesity and Its Metabolic Correlates Among the Circumpolar Inuit in 3 Countries
Authors: Young T. Kue , Bjerregaard Peter , Dewailly Eric , Risica Patricia M. , Jørgensen Marit E. , Ebbesson Sven E. O. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We investigated the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic correlates of different levels of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference among the Inuit in 3 countries. Methods. Data from 4 surveys of Inuit in Canada, Greenland, and Alaska conducted during 1990–2001 were pooled, with a total sample size of 2545 participants. These data were compared with data from a Canadian population of predominantly European origin. Results. Using the World Health Organization criteria for overweight and obesity, we found that the crude prevalence of overweight among Inuit men and women was 36.6% and 32.5%, respectively, and obesity was 15.8% and 25.5%, respectively. Inuit prevalences were similar to those of the highly developed countries of Europe and North America. As levels of obesity increased, as measured by BMI or waist circumference, the mean values of various metabolic indicators—lipid, glucose, and insulin levels and blood pressure—also increased. However, at each level of BMI or waist circumference, the Inuit had lower blood pressure and lipid levels than did Euro-Canadians. Conclusions. Our data indicate that universal criteria for obesity may not reflect the same degree of metabolic risk for populations such as the Inuit and suggest that ethnic-specific criteria are needed.
The Effect of School on Overweight in Childhood: Gain in Body Mass Index During the School Year and During Summer Vacation
Authors: von Hippel Paul T. , Powell Brian , Downey Douglas B. , Rowland Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. To determine whether school or nonschool environments contribute more to childhood overweight, we compared children’s gains in body mass index (BMI) when school is in session (during the kindergarten and first-grade school years) with their gains in BMI when school is out (during summer vacation). Methods. The BMIs of 5380 children in 310 schools were measured as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort. We used these measurements to estimate BMI gain rates during kindergarten, summer, and first grade. Results. Growth in BMI was typically faster and more variable during summer vacation than during the kindergarten and first-grade school years. The difference between school and summer gain rates was especially large for 3 at-risk subgroups: Black children, Hispanic children, and children who were already overweight at the beginning of kindergarten. Conclusions. Although a school’s diet and exercise policies may be less than ideal, it appears that early school environments contribute less to overweight than do nonschool environments.
The Effectiveness of Vaccine Day and Educational Interventions on Influenza Vaccine Coverage Among Health Care Workers at Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Kimura Akiko C. , Nguyen Christine N. , Higa Jeffrey I. , Hurwitz Eric L. , Vugia Duc J. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined barriers to influenza vaccination among long-term care facility (LTCF) health care workers in Southern California and developed simple, effective interventions to improve influenza vaccine coverage of these workers. Methods. In 2002, health care workers at LTCFs were surveyed regarding their knowledge and attitudes about influenza and the influenza vaccine. Results were used to develop 2 interventions, an educational campaign and Vaccine Day (a well-publicized day for free influenza vaccination of all employees at the worksite). Seventy facilities were recruited to participate in an intervention trial and randomly assigned to 4 study groups. Results. The combination of Vaccine Day and an educational campaign was most effective in increasing vaccine coverage (53% coverage; prevalence ratio [PR]=1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.24, 1.71, compared with 27% coverage in the control group). Vaccine Day alone was also effective (46% coverage; PR= 1.41; 95% CI=1.17, 1.71). The educational campaign alone was not effective in improving coverage levels (34% coverage; PR=1.18; 95% CI=0.93, 1.50). Conclusion. Influenza vaccine coverage of LTCF health care workers can be improved by providing free vaccinations at the worksite with a well-publicized Vaccine Day.
Management Academy for Public Health: Creating Entrepreneurial Managers
Authors: Orton Stephen , Umble Karl , Zelt Sue , Porter Janet , Johnson Jim 
Published: March 2007

The Management Academy for Public Health develops public health managers’ management skills. Ultimately, the program aims to develop civic entrepreneurs who can improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of their organizations. With help from a coach, teams write public health business plans to meet needs in their communities. An external evaluation found that 119 teams trained during the first 3 years of the program generated more than $6 million in enhanced revenue—including grants, contracts, and fees through their business plans—from $2 million in program funding. Approximately 38% of the teams expected to generate revenue from an academy business plan or a spin-off plan. Action-learning methods can help midcareer managers transfer their training to the workplace and build entrepreneurial skills.
Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Vartanian Lenny R. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: March 2007

In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, we examined the association between soft drink consumption and nutrition and health outcomes. We found clear associations of soft drink intake with increased energy intake and body weight. Soft drink intake also was associated with lower intakes of milk, calcium, and other nutrients and with an increased risk of several medical problems (e.g., diabetes). Study design significantly influenced results: larger effect sizes were observed in studies with stronger methods (longitudinal and experimental vs cross-sectional studies). Several other factors also moderated effect sizes (e.g., gender, age, beverage type). Finally, studies funded by the food industry reported significantly smaller effects than did non–industry-funded studies. Recommendations to reduce population soft drink consumption are strongly supported by the available science.