bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radon Emanation And Transect Studies
Authors: Macias-Chapa Luis , Semprini Lewis , Kruger Paul 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Laboratory and field experiments are underway to determine the source and transport properties of radon in geothermal systems. Data are available on laboratory emanation studies and field transect experiments which are useful in studying transport and physical properties of geothermal reservoirs.
The emanation studies examine the "source" term for radon transport in geothermal fluids. The emanating power of radon from radium-bearing formation rock is dependent on rock type, rock size, pore fluid density, reservoir temperature and pressure. Initial experiments have shown emanation dependence on rock structure and pore fluid density. The data also suggest that emanation in geothermal reservoirs is also controlled by annealing conditions. Experiments are being run to examine the extent of hysteresis in reservoir rock annealing processes.
Radon transect experiments involve short term measurement of concentration gradients along a line of geothermal wells of known formation structure. Experiments have been conducted at The Geysers vapor-dominated reservoir. Radon concentrations along the transect are correlated to reservoir temperature and pressures. The results are used to study changes in emanation conditions in the reservoir. Fluid transport under constant emanation conditions also results in radon concentration changes due to radioactive decay. Thus the ratio of radon to stable gas component gradients along the transect provides temporal data on the reservoir transport phenomena. Constant ratios are observed in The Geysers tests.
Hydrothermal High Temperature Cements For Potential Geothermal Applications
Authors: Roy D. M. , Langton C. A. , Grutzek M. W. , White E. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New cementing materials with favorable physical properties are being developed for potential use at temperatures up to 400°C and pressures up to at least 70 MPa in geothermal well applications. One area of interest (in the lime-magnesia-silica-water system) involves the xonotlite-chrysotile join, and another area lies near the anorthite composition (in the lime-alumina-silica-water join), between about 45–65 weight percent silica. Phase formation and compatibility in the temperature region up to 300–400°C with pressures up to 69 MPa (10,000 psi) have been investigated, and the properties of the cementitious mixes formed have been evaluated. Replicate studies were made with different sources of starting materials, but commercially available starting materials were always included as an option. Mixes were evaluated primarily by means of measurements of compressive strength, water permeability, bond strength, and high temperature phase stability.
Maintenance of pumpability at temperatures up to 177°C (350°F) has been demonstrated for magnesium-containing mixes. Detailed studies were made of the effects of alkalies (sodium and potassium) in the mixes upon the phases formed and stabilities of the cements. The magnesian compositions were found to be relatively stable, and any new phases formed did not have deleterious effects.
Composite Equilibrium Vaporization Ratios for Separation Calculations
Authors: Latham James A. , Campbell John M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A set of composite equilibrium vaporization ratios is presented that may be used to predict the quantity and composition of all components in separation calculations with a degree of accuracy that is satisfactory for normal field separation processes. The values presented have been obtained from a statistical analysis of seven most commonly used sets of equilibrium values and combined into one set which has more general application than any one of the individual sets from which the values were derived. These charts, therefore, offer a convenient and consistent set of values for use throughout the normal range of separation for the components of methane through heptanes-plus.

Introduction
When equilibrium vaporization ratios, or K-values, are used for calculations, the results are dependent upon the values selected. An arbitrary application of one particular set of K-values to all separation problems will produce correct results for some fluids and incorrect results for other fluids. In general, a non-selective application of one set of values will give erroneous results.
An examination of existing equilibrium data indicates that the engineer has a wide choice in the selection of K-values that he can apply to separation calculations. He frequently has to use several sets of correlations for different ranges of temperatures and pressures and/or various correction factors to correct for certain discrepancies. These discrepancies have often been a source of difficulty in routine field separation problems, company negotiations, and in the prediction of yields for proposed unitizations. Therefore, a need exists for a single set of K-values that would be sufficiently accurate for all normal separation problems.
The purpose of this investigation, therefore, has been to examine existing equilibria data statistically and prepare a series of charts that may be used to solve routine oil and gas separation problems.
Equations of Motion for a Linear Miscible Displacement
Authors: Gardner G.H.F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Equations for the motion of miscible fluids are considered which are based on a single hypothesis, namely, the fractional flow of the invading fluid depends in a known way on its saturation and saturation gradient. They are similar in form to the equations of the Buckley-Leverett theory.
The differential equation satisfied by the fractional flow, considered as a function of the saturation and the time, is derived. A similar equation may also be obtained in the Buckley-Leverett theory for immiscible displacements. This equation, because of its simple form, is susceptible to well-known numerical methods and makes the computation of the history of a displacement a reasonable project.
A comparison of the implications of the equations with some of the published data is made. While it seems possible to reconcile some of the apparently incompatible interpretations which have been given on the ground that the techniques employed affect the nature of the motions, several differences still remain.
For a horizontal drive, in which gravity segregation enters, it is shown that a motion may exist in which the planes on which the saturation of the invading fluid is constant are inclined at a constant angle with the direction of motion.

Introduction
Many investigations have been made into the behavior of a fluid while being displaced from a porous medium by a miscible fluid. On only one occasion, however, have equations been suggested as descriptive of the motion. For this reason an account is given here of the consequences which follow from some simple hypotheses about the movement of miscible fluids. The equations are similar in form to those of the Buckley-Leverett theory for immiscible displacements and differ from them only in detail. Consequently, the method outlined here for discussing them is equally applicable to the Buckley-Leverett theory and provides a simple way of explaining and computing the formation or nonformation of a stabilized zone in that theory due to the interaction of gravity and capillary forces.
The interpretation ascribed to the many experiments on miscible flooding does not, at first sight, present a consistent picture. The dependence of the length of the mixing zone on rate, viscosity and pore structure is explained in a different way by the various authors.
Prolog – An Interactive Digital Wellsite Formation Evaluation
Authors: Frost Elton , Fertl Walter H. , Atlas Dresser 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
PROLOG is a computerized wellsite log analysis program package. The programs in PROLOG are designed to enhance the information obtained from Dresser Atlas Computerized Logging Service (CLS) Units.
PROLOG is based upon two basic analysis packages, Wellsite CRA for complex reservoir analysis and Wellsite SAND for clastic sediment sequences. Both CRA and SAND present detailed formation evaluation in a 4-track format supported by depth shift routines, a true vertical depth option, data edit routines including borehole (washout) and environmental (invasion) log response corrections, and crossplot routines (frequency, Pickett6, Hingle4, histograms, etc.)
The present paper provides a general discussion of the PROLOG programs along with several field examples.
Design and Operation of Micellar-Polymer Pilot Project Facilities Bell Creek Field, Montana
Authors: Belden William M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1975 Gary Energy Corporation, as operator of the Bell Creek Field, entered into a cost sharing contract with ERDA (now DOE) to develop a 160 acre (6.5 × 105 m2) micellar-polymer pilot project in the Bell Creek Muddy Sand Unit "A". This paper reviews the micellar process used, design of the pilot facilities, and operation of these facilities in the successful injection of the necessary chemicals at this pilot project.
An Analysis of Pressure Transient Behavior in an Infinite Two-Layered Heterogeneous System With a Vertical Fracture
Authors: Sarabian A. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The analytical solution to the diffusivity equation for an infinite two-layered reservoir with a vertical fracture is obtained for the case where the initial pressure of each layer is unequal.
The equations derived in this method are used to determine the length of the fracture of the two zones, if the initial pressure of each layer is known. Additionally, this analysis determines the reservoir parameters of vertically fractured reservoir.
The solution of the diffusivity equation for this study with the proper boundary conditions for an infinite two-layered system with a vertical fracture is given in the Appendix.
FERC Filing and Gas Price Determination
Authors: Soule John G. , Buch Sandra B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses briefly the role of the Railroad Commission of Texas (hereinafter RRC) in the category determination process under the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, The category determination process ultimately determines the ceiling price at which first sales of natural gas can be made. It was not possible to relate the paper solely to the Cotton Valley. However, special emphasis has been placed on Section 107 (tight sand) gas because it is anticipated that at least portions of the Cotton Valley formation will qualify for incentive pricing under that section.
Status of Alaskan Gas Reserves and Their Potential Impact on the United States and Canada
Authors: Simasko Donald 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ALASKA HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A STOREHOUSE OF VAST MINERAL WEALTH. WHAT STARTED OUT AS "SEWARDS FOLLY" IN 1867, MAY VERY WELL BE THE ELEMENT WHICH WILL SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNITED STATES ABILITY TO MAINTAIN ITS PRESENT LEVEL OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND CONTINUE A LIFESTYLE FORESEEN BY ITS FOUNDERS AND FOSTERED THROUGH MORE THAN TWO HUNDRED YEARS IF ITS EXISTENCE. AMONG THE MANY ITEMS IN THE STOREHOUSE OF THE NORTH ARE PROVEN AND POTENTIAL RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS.
THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION ESTIMATES THAT PROVED RESERVES OF GAS IN THE UNITED STATES AT YEAR-END, 1979, WERE 194.9 TRILLION CUBIC FEET. AS OF JANUARY 1, 1979, THE ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION ESTIMATES THAT THERE ARE AT LEAST 33.7 TRILLION CUBIC FEET OF PROVEN RECOVERABLE GAS RESERVES IN THE STATE OF ALASKA (SEE PLATE 1). THE TABULATION PREPARED BY THE COMMISSION WAS COMPUTED FROM DATA COMPILED LAST NOVEMBER AND WAS ADJUSTED TO REFLECT ESTIMATED REMAINING RECOVERABLE RESERVES AS OF JANUARY 1, 1979.
IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 85% OF THE PROVEN GAS RESERVES IN ALASKA ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE PRUDHOE BAY FIELD.IN ADDITION TO RESERVES CONTAINED IN THE PRUDHOE BAY FIELD, RESERVES CONTAINED IN THE KAVIK AND KEMIK FIELDS ARE ALSO LOCATED ON THE ARTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA. THE RESERVES FROM THESE FIELDS ARE UNDETERMINED BY THE ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION SINCE SUFFICIENT BASE DATA HAS NOT BE ADEQUATELY DEVELOPED DUE TO LACK OF IMMEDIATE MARKET. RELIABLE SOURCES, HOWEVER, INDICATE THAT THE VOLUME OF RESERVES AVAILABLE FROM THESE TWO FIELDS COULD BE LARGE ENOUGH THAT NEARLY 90% OF THE PRESENTLY PROVEN RESERVES OF GAS IN THE STATE ARE LOCATED IN THE ARCTIC SLOPE BASIN.
Effect of Flow Rate and Wettability on Water-Oil Relative Permeabilities and Capillary Pressure
Authors: Labastie Alain , Guy Maurice , Delclaud Jean P. , Iffly Rene 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In order to properly account for wettability and oil trapping, laboratory waterflood experiments need to be carried out with reservoir fluids and at reservoir flooding velocities.
An interpretation procedure has been defined for such measurements with the help of phenomenological experiments conducted under laboratory conditions with an apparatus allowing direct measurements of saturation and pressure in each phase at different points in the core. Experiments can be interpreted with no ambiguity.
They indicate that relative permeabilities are independent of flow rate except near the residual oil saturation. Capillary pressures however depend on flow rate and porous medium wettability: –in some porous media (mainly sandstones), the imbibition capillary pressure always remains positive and changes very little with the flow rate;–in other media (mainly carbonates) the capillary pressure, which is generally positive during the initial oil drainage phase, becomes negative immediatly behind the water front. The higher the waterflooding rate the more negative the capillary pressure. This makes it impossible to correctly interpret waterflooding experiments using static capillary pressure data.
As direct measurement of dynamic capillary pressure is not feasible for experiments carried out under reservoir conditions, a procedure, based on the preceding conclusions was developped to interpret such experiments. By combining the results of experiments at high velocity and at low velocity it is possible to determine relative permeabilities, residual oil saturation, dynamic capillary pressure and accordingly wettability.
Electromagnetic Propagation Logging: Advances in Technique and Interpretation
Authors: Wharton Russell P. , Hazen Gary A. , Rau Rama N. , Best David L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Electromagnetic Propagation Tool (EPT*) is a downhole microwave instrumentation device which channels 1.1 GHz energy into the formation and measures the travel time and attenuation of the microwave signal as it propagates through the invaded zone. The relevant electromagnetic field theory, the basic measurement technique, and the tool block diagram are reviewed. The present interpretation techniques are then discussed, followed by several log examples which show the utility of the EPT. Specifically, the EPT-derived porosity, when compared with neutron/density porosity, allows one to distinguish between hydrocarbon-bearing and water-bearing zones in formations having varying lithologies and water salinities.
Predicting the Hydraulically Created Fractures in the Cotton Valley Formation of East Texas
Authors: Brown Russell O. , Forgotson James M. , Forgotson James M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The tight gas sandstones of the Cotton Valley Formation of East Texas require massive hydraulic fracture treatments to achieve economic rates of production. Engineering data indicate a well will efficiently drain a maximum of 160 acres. Optimization of well spacing will require a knowledge of induced fracture orientation. At the present time there is no reliable method whereby this orientation can be measured.
Oriented caliper data obtained from dipmeter logs run in fifty wells were used to investigate the borehole geometry through the Cotton Valley sandstones. It was found that quite often the sandstones when drilled through would "spall" or "wash-out" and that the borehole would be elliptical in shape with the major axis always oriented in a NW/SE direction. The opinion of the authors is that the consistency in orientation is due to in-situ stresses within the rock, and a prediction can be made that hydraulically induced fractures in the Cotton Valley sandstones of East Texas will be oriented in a NW/SE direction.
Flexibility - A Requisite For Successful Change
Authors: Hosford E. 
Published: December 2007

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in on of the two SPE magazines with the paper.
Today we are living in a world where change is expected - the frequency and rapidity with which it happens has been astounding and, to some perhaps, alarming. The recent trips into space, the evolution of nuclear energy, and the application of electronics are only a few of the most recent developments which are affecting our lives. Possibly not as spectacular as these but contributing as much as these, but contributing as much to our living standards, and certainly of more significance to those assembled here today, are the changes which have been and are occurring in the petroleum industry.
Every great change has had behind it some strong motivation. The change that came after Spindletop was motivated by an availability of oil that was suited to be used as fuel. Prior to that time, only a small portion of the oil had been consumed as a fuel.
The great change in the "30's" came about as a result of a demand for conservation and the end of wasteful practices.
Today's change is the direct result of competition.
The Availability of Water for Oil Shale Development in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: McDonald J. William 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is estimated that the water demands of an oil shale industry of about 1.5 million bbl/day, as well as the water demands of the associated growth,2 could be satisfied from surface supplies without having to significantly reduce other existing or projected consumptive uses in the Upper Colorado River Basin (see fig. 1). This conclusion is premised, however, on four major qualifiers.
First, surface water supplies can be made available for the development of oil shale only if: water not presently under contract is purchased from existing U.S. Bureau of Reclamation reservoirs; and/ornew reservoir, pipeline, and pumping facilities are constructed in order to capture, store, and transport the water.
For a 1.5 million bbl/day industry, a crude estimate of the capitalized cost of developing the necessary surface water supplies is $1 billion. This would be not more than 1 or 2 percent, if that much, of the capitalized costs of constructing and operating the oil shale facilities proper.
Post Fracturing Behavior of Fracturing Gels and its Influence on Fracture Closure and Proppant Distribution
Authors: Hannah Robert R. , Harrington Larry J. , Potter John S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper reports on a series of tests performed on crosslinked fracturing gels. The purpose of the test series was to measure certain effects of oxidizing breaking agents on these fluids. Specifically, we hope to find: The effect of breaking agents on the fluid’s rheological properties.How these agents affected the fluid’s ability to support proppants.Do oxidizing breakers change the fluid loss coefficient of crosslinked fracturing gels?
The equipment used in these experiments included a Fann Model 50C viscometer, a Fann Model 39 viscometer, and a modified Baroid fluid loss cell.
The findings of this study are: As expected, breakers have an adverse effect on the rheological properties of these gels over and above normal thermal and shear degradation.The perfect proppant support of these fluids is shortened and is broadly related to some lower limit rheological properties but is more specifically related to the breaker concentration in lb breaker/lb polymer/1000 gal. No specific relation was found to polymer concentration as long as equivalent breaker loadings were used.These agents had very definite effects on the fluid loss characteristics of these gels. The test series demonstrated that in prolonged testing of fluid loss versus the square root of time that slope changes occurred at least once and in longer tests, twice. In the series of tests where two changes of slope occurred, the final slope possibly signals a change from wall control (CIII) to viscosity control (CI).
All tests in this series were run at a temperature of 180°F (82°C).
Characterization of Hassi R’Mel Reservoir Rocks by an Unconventional Method Using Well Logs and Core Analysis Data
Authors: Ghalem Tahar , Blanc Georges , Sabathier Jean-Claude , Rocca Marc 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A good reservoir description is the necessary first step before building a reservoir simulation model.
This paper describes an unconventional method of rock reservoir characterization in which open-hole logs and core analysis are conjointly taken into account.
The method allows to split up all reservoirs rocks encountered in the giant HASSI R’MEL gas field into thirteen LOG FACIES classes or clusters which are identified by their log readings (the selected log suite is composed of CNL, FDC and Gamma Ray logs).
The geological and the petrophysical meaning of each class has been cross-checked with lithological observations, core analysis data and conventional log interpretation.
Based on seven key wells in the first step, the method was then extended to 129 wells for which the same log suite was available.
The use of mean petrophysical figures (porosity, shaliness and water saturation) for each log facies led to a reservoir evaluation well by well in terms of gross and net thickness, porosity and gas in place.
The areal characterization of each reservoir level was then studied on the basis of the vertical location of non reservoir classes.
This method which is operating through the CLASL0G computer system is quite general and could be applied to any other field.
The Role of Well Logs in Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Raymer L. L. , Burgess K. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Wireline well-logging measurements are one of the richer sources of petrophysical data for input into and control of reservoir simulators. Besides providing many of the petrophysical parameters required in the design of reservoir models, logs complement, expand and verify data from other sources; afford insight into geological characteristics: and provide acceptable estimates of reservoir parameters normally obtainable elsewhere but not always readily available.