bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEAT PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY CHANGES OF INDIAN MACKEREL (RASTRELLIGER KANAGURTA) CANNED IN BRINE AT DIFFERENT RETORT TEMPERATURES
Authors: SREENATH P.G. , ABHILASH S. , RAVISHANKAR C.N. , ANANDAN R. , SRINIVASA GOPAL T.K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIndian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) was processed in brine in indigenous polymer‐coated tin‐free steel cans to a common lethality value of 8 min at three different retort temperatures, namely 115, 121 and 130C. All the three batches were found to be commercially sterile upon testing using sodium thioglycollate broth. The heat penetration parameters were found to be significantly influenced by the retort temperature. The lag factor of heating (jhvalue) decreased, whereas the lag factor of cooling (jcvalue) increased with increase of retort temperature (P < 0.05). The heating rate index (fhvalue) showed a decreasing trend with increase of retort temperature. The total process time (TPT) taken to attain the targeted lethality decreased with increase in retort temperature. At 115, 121 and 130C, the targeted lethality value could be attained in 60, 33 and 15 min, respectively. Thermal processing mackerel at 121 and 130C helped in reducing the TPT by 45 and 75% as compared to those processed at 115C. Cook value (CV) maintained an inverse relationship with retort temperature. At 121 and 130C, the CV recorded was 36 and 55% lower than at 115C. CV toF0value ratios at 115, 121 and 130C were 15.25, 9.75 and 6.88, respectively. Mackerel samples processed at three retort temperatures were analyzed for their sensory qualities employing subjective and objective methods. Statistical analysis indicated the significance of retort temperature on the color and texture profile attributes, and the sensoryqualities of mackerel (P < 0.05). Analysis of Commission Internationale d’Eclairage lab values show that theL*value increased, while thea*value decreased with increase of retort temperature. Theb*value did not show much difference with retort temperature. Instrumental analysis of texture showed that texture profile attributes and Warner–Bratzler shear force of mackerel muscle reduced with precooking and subsequent thermal processing. Among the thermally processed samples, better textural attributes were associated with samples processed at higher temperature. Sensory analysis revealed that all the sensory attributes except flavor are significantly affected by the retort temperature (P < 0.05).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work describes the effect of three different retort temperatures on heat penetration characteristics, instrumental color, texture and sensory attributes of mackerel canned in brine to a common lethality value. The study indicates that processing at higher temperature helps in reducing the duration of exposure of the product to heat treatment, which ultimately yielded a product with better color, texture and sensory attributes in comparison to products processed at lower temperatures. The reduction in processing time has its implications on the economics of production in case of commercial operation.
ULTRAVIOLET‐C LIGHT PROCESSING OF GRAPE, CRANBERRY AND GRAPEFRUIT JUICES TO INACTIVATE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: GUERRERO‐BELTRÁN JOSÉÁNGEL , WELTI‐CHANES JORGE , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Two “Infinity” liquid disinfection systems were coupled in a serial arrangement to assemble one Ultraviolet‐C disinfection unit. Two inner mercury lamps (intensity, 25 mW/cm2) were used as germicidal sources. Pasteurized grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, inoculate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were processed by Ultraviolet (UV) light at six flow rates (0.073–1.02 L/min) and six UV light doses (75–450 kJ/m2). The first order kinetics modeling for S. cerevisiae inactivation proved that Duvvalues (i.e., ultraviolet decimal reduction time) ranged from 61.7 to 113.7 (R2 > 0.900), 12.2 to 40.7 (R2 > 0.930) and 12.5 to 20.7 (R2 > 0.860) min for grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, respectively. The maximum log reduction (cfu/mL) was 0.53, 2.51 and 2.42 for yeast count in grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, respectively, after 30 min of UV light treatment at the maximum flow rate (1.02 L/min). The total color difference (ΔE*) in the three fruit juices tested increased as UV light treatment time increased.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUltraviolet (UV) light processing of liquid food products is an emerging nonthermal technology that can be used to treat liquid food products. Fruit juices and nectars used to be thermally treated to deliver microbiologically safe fruit products. However, thermal treatment can produce some sensory changes in fruit products. Changes such as caramelization of sugar may darken the food and consequently give a light bitter flavor to the product. Liquid fruit products can be UV light treated to obtain a commercially sterile product that is ready to drink. UV light processing equipment can be built in a serial arrangement to apply the dosage needed to obtain a microbiologically safe liquid fruit product with adequate sensory characteristics. An added advantage to UV processing is that compared to thermal treatment, less energy is required to obtain liquid food products similar to fresh products.
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF CANTONESE SAUSAGE
Authors: WU YANTAO , ZHAO MOUMING , YANG BAO , SUN WEIZHENG , CUI CHUN , MU LIXIA 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Cantonese sausage is one of the traditional meat products in China. In the present study, eight Cantonese sausage samples from different manufacturers were collected. Their microbial and textural properties were characterized. The chemical compositions were determined as follows: moisture, 15.18 ± 3.40%; protein, 33.75 ± 7.26% (expressed in dry matter); fat, 42.12 ± 6.64% (expressed in dry matter); total carbohydrates, 9.11 ± 3.73%; sodium chloride, 6.13 ± 0.41%; and sodium nitrite, 35.55 ± 6.69 mg/kg. The pH was determined to be 6.22 ± 0.14, while the acid value was 2.02 ± 0.71 mg potassium hydroxide/g lipid, and the peroxide value was 0.03 ± 0.04 g potassium iodide/100 g lipid. The total viable counts were 5.55 ± 1.48 log10 cfu/g, lactic acid bacteria were 3.59 ± 0.68 log10 cfu/g, staphylococci/micrococci were 3.96 ± 0.54 log10 cfu/g and yeasts/molds were 3.55 ± 0.47 log10 cfu/g. Staphylococci/micrococci were the dominant microbial group in Cantonese sausage. This was different from other sausages. The textural profiles of Cantonese sausage were determined as follows: average values of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were 3,066.56 g, 0.96 mm, 0.57, 1,736.76 g and 1,658.26 g × mm, respectively. Analysis of between‐variable relationships indicated that the pH value of Cantonese sausage was significantly correlated to its microbial and textural properties.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCantonese sausage has gained much popularity and acceptance in China and many other countries. Commercial products from different manufacturers were collected in this work. The microbiological and textural characteristics of Cantonese sausage as well as the chemical compositions were evaluated. It is helpful to understand this type of sausage in order to improve its quality.
Ultraviolet Radiation Reduces the Photoprotective Capacity of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae, Heterokontophyta)
Authors: Halac Silvana , García‐Mendoza Ernesto , Banaszak Anastazia T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis study demonstrates that UV radiation (UVR) reduces the photoprotective capacity of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by affecting xanthophyll cycle (XC) activity. The short‐term reduction of photosystem II (PSII) maximum efficiency of charge separation (Fv/Fm) in cells exposed to UVR could be explained mainly by a reduced photoprotective capacity under this condition. Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells acclimated to two different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensities, high light (HL, 200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) and low light (LL, 50 μmol quanta m−2 s−1), were exposed to saturating irradiance (1100 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) in the presence (PAR + UVR) and absence of UVR (PAR). HL cells exhibited a greater reduction in Fv/Fm in PAR + UVR when compared with the PAR treatment that was related to a reduction in the de‐epoxidation of XC pigments. In contrast, in LL cells, UVR did not considerably affect XC de‐epoxidation even though the reduction in Fv/Fm was greater than in HL cells. The negative effect of UVR on photoprotection was more pronounced in HL cells because they synthesized more XC pigments than LL cells. This was confirmed when XC activity was blocked with dithiothreitol and when PSII repair was inhibited with chloramphenicol (CAP). The differential reduction of Fv/Fm between PAR + UVR and PAR treatments disappeared when XC was blocked in HL cells. A higher reduction and an incomplete recovery of Fv/Fm were observed in cells incubated with CAP in the presence of UVR. Such responses confirm that UVR had a negative effect on photoprotective mechanisms causing an enhancement of damage by PAR, especially in HL‐acclimated cells in which heat dissipation is important for PSII regulation.
The epidemiology of ankle injuries occurring in English Football Association academies
Authors: Cloke D J , Spencer S , Hodson A , Deehan D 
Published: December 2008

Objective:To ascertain the epidemiology of ankle injuries in elite youth football.Design:Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected injury data from English Football Association (FA) academies.Setting:Forty-one FA football academies, between 1998 and 2006.Participants:For the complete seasons studied, a total of 14 776 players was registered from U9 to the U16 age category, a mean of 2463 players per year. All ankle injuries of sufficient severity to miss 48 h or more of training were studied, 2563 injuries in total.Main Outcome Measure:The incidence and burden of ankle injuries in this population and factors associated with injury.Results:There was a mean incidence of one ankle injury per player per year, and a mean of 20 training days and two matches were missed per ankle injury. Increased injury rates were seen in older players, in competition and later in each half of match time. Peaks in injury were observed early in the season and after the winter break. In competition, more injuries were associated with a contact situation than in training. Eighty-eight injuries (3.4%) required a lay-off of 3 months or more and in 18 (0.7%) cases the player failed to return to training. In total, 52 290 training days and 5182 match appearances were lost through ankle injury. The majority of injuries were sprains, but more severe injuries occurred accounted for 3.9% of the total.Conclusions:Ankle injuries are common in young football players and are often severe, with prolonged loss of training time. This has potential far-reaching implications, both on and off the field.
Hyperosmolar non-keto-acidotic diabetic coma
Authors: Martin Anthony 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Three further cases of hyperosmotic non-keto-acidotic and non-lactic-acidotic diabetic coma have been described. A favourable outcome in these patients emphasizes the importance of recognizing this condition in its early stages. This may be difficult as there is no ketosis and no hyperventilation—features that one normally associates with diabetic coma. The signs are those of increasing drowsiness, gross dehydration, and occasionally of circulatory collapse, focal seizures and abdominal pain.
Once diagnosed, vigorous treatment must be instituted with large doses of parenteral insulin and intravenous fluids, preferably normal saline initially, followed by mixtures of hypotonic saline and dextrose once the blood sugar has fallen significantly, together with adequate amounts of potassium. In this way it should be possible to reduce the previously high mortality rate.
Thyroid carcinoma and its treatment
Authors: Taylor Selwyn 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Thyroid cancer is a rare disease. Aetiological factors are increased secretion of TSH and exposure of the growing gland to ionizing radiation. Pathological classification is in two main groups: differentiated and undifferentiated. Differentiated is subdivided into papillary, follicular and medullary.
Papillary and medullary carcinomas occur in young patients, grow slowly, spread by lymphatics. Treatment is surgical excision of thyroid and affected nodes plus thyroid hormone replacement. Follicular carcinoma spreads by blood to lungs and bones. Treatment is total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy of the metastases followed by thyroid hormone replacement.
Undifferentiated tumours occur in old patients. They are identified by drill biopsy and treated with radiotherapy.
Calcitonin
Authors: Foster G V 
Published: December 2008

Summary
In 1962 Copp proposed the existence of a hypocalcaemic hormone. Subsequent studies have shown him to be right.
Calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. By its action it lowers systemic blood calcium. It is secreted in response to hypercalcaemia by a distinct endocrine system within the thyroid in mammals and within the ultimobranchial bodies in fish, amphibia and reptiles. The active principle from pig has now been isolated and found to be a polypeptide composed of thirty-two amino acid residues. Together with parathyroid hormone, the hormone provides precise regulation of calcium concentration in the blood and controls bone remodelling and mineral turnover. Calcitonin in man may be secreted in excessive amounts by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In addition, aberrations in its secretion may play a role in pseudohyper-parathyroidism and ostepetrosis.
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia complicating methyldopa therapy
Authors: Surveyor Ivor , Saunders K C , Evans Byron , Parry T E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Ten out of fifty-seven patients on methyldopa therapy were found to have a positive direct Coombs’ test, the antibody being in all cases of the IgG type. Four of these had an autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and in spite of associated diseases all four showed rapid haematological improvement when the drug was stopped.
The incidence of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to methyldopa may be higher than has previously been suggested, but since the haemolytic process is reversible it seems reasonable at present, in view of its effectiveness as a hypotensive drug, to continue its use under adequate haematological control.
Sickle-cell disease in pregnant immigrants
Authors: Buckle A E R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Thirteen pregnancies in nine patients with sickle-cell disease, sickle-cell/haemoglobin C disease and sickle-cell/thalassaemia are reported. There was one maternal death and one stillbirth. Crises occurred in three of the four patients with sickle-cell disease but in only one of the three patients with sickle-cell/haemoglobin C disease.
The Westminster Hospital coronary unit—experience with 260 patients admitted consecutively with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Thurston J G B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
In successive years since the opening of a Coronary Care Unit at Westminster Hospital the mortality has been 26 and 20% and for the first 4 months of 1968, 5·3%. Overall mortality for 260 patients was 20%.
Resuscitation has been successful in 59% of cardiac arrests within the unit and in 27% of those outside the unit caused by myocardial infarction. Seventeen patients left hospital alive and well who presumably would not have survived had they been treated at home.
Given efficient nursing staff and a resuscitation team, there can no longer be any justification for the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction anywhere other than in a coronary care unit, where such facilities are made available, providing admission is arranged within 3 days of the infarcting episode. The disadvantage of an ambulance journey to a patient with a recent infarct after this period of time may outweigh the advantage incurred by the coronary care unit.
The Peel Coronary Prognostic Index remains a very useful guide to prognosis in spite of this author’s attempts to demonstrate any inaccuracies in its predictions.
A high (20%) ‘misdiagnosis’ rate must be accepted if some patients with bona fide myocardial infarction are not to be excluded from the unit.
The occurrence of 435 deaths reported to Her Majesty’s Coroner for Westminster in the relevant period due to myocardial infarction suggests that the time may be ripe for a ‘flying squad’ resuscitation service in London.
Non-rheumatic mitral incompetence and papillary muscle dysfunction
Authors: Zoob Max 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Non-rheumatic mitral incompetence may be caused by a variety of conditions affecting the relationships between the papillary muscles, chordae tendineae and mitral valve cusps. Among the commonest of these conditions are ventricular dilatation, ischaemia, congenital and familial abnormalities, senile atrophy of the muscles and spontaneous rupture. There is a very wide range of severity of the resultant clinical syndromes. Some patients are asymptomatic, others are moderately or severely incapacitated, while the severest cases may have acute pulmonary oedema which may be rapidly fatal. The diagnosis is strongly suggested by a late systolic murmur which may be initiated by a mid-systolic click while in others there is the unusual combination of an ejection-type systolic murmur with a quick-rising pulse. The diagnosis can be conclusively established by cineangiography and severe cases can be greatly helped by replacement of the mitral valve with a prosthesis.
Tissue hypoxia and metabolic acidosis—significant factors?
Authors: Stewart J S S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
In very rare cases severe metabolic acidosis may cause hypotension, respiratory depression and cardiac arrest. Although rare this cause of shock is important because correction of the metabolic acidosis may be life-saving.
Mild metabolic acidosis is relatively common in cases of hypoxia and shock, and is an index of the severity of these. Recurrent metabolic acidosis, which reflects failure of the therapy to control the cause of the acidosis, is a gloomy prognostic sign.
Coagulation disturbances in shock
Authors: Lasch H G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Hypocirculation causes hypercoagulability with an increase of Factors V and VIII, and a diminished platelet count. In shock hypercoagulability is followed by hypocoagulability due to loss of Factors I, II, V, VIII and XIII together with thrombocytopaenia and qualitative alterations in platelet properties. This reversal is caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation consuming clotting factors and platelets—consumptive coagulopathy.
Fibrin deposits occur in the peripheral vasculature of the viscera and are associated with a rising oxygen debt, and, in clinical situations, with haemorrhagic diathesis, visceral necrosis and irreversible shock. Localization of the microthrombi is under the influence of catecholamines, ACTH and aldosterone.
Administration of heparin in clinical shock may prevent the development of consumptive coagulopathy, but is without effect if disseminated intravascular coagulation is already present.
Anti-fibrinolytic therapy is contraindicated whereas streptokinase-induced fibrinolysis has experimental and clinical justifications.
The insulin response to glucose in patients with pancreatic disease
Authors: McKiddie M T , McBain G C , Buchanan K D , Bell G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The insulin response to glucose was studied in twenty-five patients with pancreatic disease, of whom twelve had chronic pancreatitis, five developed glycosuria following an attack of acute pancreatitis and eight had a carcinoma of the pancreas.
A low insulin response was found in subjects with frank diabetes mellitus but in the majority of those with chronic pancreatitis the insulin response was prolonged and of normal degree. This suggests that glucose intolerance in these patients is not due to simple insulin deficiency but may be due to the release of an abnormal insulin or to insulin antagonists.
All eight patients with carcinoma of the pancreas had a low insulin response to glucose.
Anti-anginal drugs
Authors: Goldbarg Alberto , Paxinos James , Miller Russell R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
This review of studies on anti-anginal agents and their use in the anginal syndrome shows nitroglycerin to be unsurpassed in clinical effectiveness. It has a rapid onset of action. Its duration of action is relatively short but the need for a more prolonged effect has not been demonstrated. Most anginal attacks subside upon resting and the requirement for relief is immediate rather than prolonged. A long-acting anti-anginal agent would have some value if it could prevent precipitation of an anginal episode but there is no convincing evidence to indicate that these drugs have this capability. In general, clinical experience with long-acting nitrites is relatively unsatisfactory.
A 6-year survey of resistance patterns of urinary tract pathogens in general practice
Authors: Robertson M H 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A survey of resistance patterns of urinary pathogens causing infections in general practice over the period 1964-69, including 3100 cases of which 2718 were caused by Bacterium coli, Proteus species or coliform organisms has been made. The resistance patterns of the enterobacteria have been examined and reveal a rise in incidence of sulphonamide-resistant strains from 1964 to a peak of 61·3% in 1967 followed by a symmetrical fall to return to 24·9% in 1969. Ampicillin and nalidixic acid were the only two drugs of twelve to show a constant rise in incidence of resistant strains although the figures are much lower reaching peaks of 11·1% in 1969 for ampicillin and 3·2% in 1969 for nalidixic acid. The other drugs surveyed show less definite change; tetracycline constantly shows an incidence of about 30% resistance and nitrofurantoin varies between 2·7% and 8·7%. Low incidences of resistance against trimethoprim-sulphonamide mixture are recorded: 1·5% in 1968 and 2·0% in 1969. Proteus strains, treated separately, frequently show resistance to tetracycline, 90·3% in 1969, and to nitrofurantoin, 37·8% in 1969.
The incidence of multiple resistance is also increasing. Fifty-three percent of strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 6% to three or more in the period 1964-67 and 57·3% show resistance to at least one drug and 10·3% to three or more in the period 1967-69.
Presensitization and kidney transplant failures
Authors: Terasaki P I , Kreisler M , Mickey R M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Over 1000 kidney transplant patients were tested for cytotoxic antibodies before transplantation.
It was found that patients with preformed antibodies had a significantly poorer outcome than those without antibodies in terms of clinical ranks and survival. This effect was over and above the instances of hyperacute failures previously shown to be associated with preformed cytotoxins.
Among patients who received second transplants from cadaver donors, an extremely high failure-rate was observed in patients who had developed antibodies following the first graft, whereas if antibodies were not present, the failure-rate was comparable with that of first transplants done in patients without antibodies.
By analysis of survival curves using logarithmic plots, it is postulated that pre-immunization has its greatest effect in the early 3-6 month high risk period and magnifies incompatibilities which occur with unrelated cadaver donors.