bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of 1‐olefins by programmed temperature gas chromatography
Authors: Poe R. W. , Kaelble E. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas chromatography has been extremely valuable for the analysis of materials used in the manufacture of surfactants. Temperature programming, which makes possible the efficient separation of wide boiling range mixtures, has extended the usefulness of the technique.In the work described, mixtures of 1‐olefins from C8蜢C18 in chain length were completely separated on a silicone rubber column in 17 min. The peaks were sharp, symmetrical and almost evenly spaced. A flame ionization detector was used.Using synthetic mixtures, it was found that over the C8蜢C18 range, peak area percent agrees very closely with weight percent. On a large number of measurements, the average deviation between area percent and weight percent was 0.5% absolute, with a range of ŷ2%. No bias in instrument response was observed with respect to chain length. Average carbon numbers calculated from chromatographic data were accurate to within ŷ0.2 units.Chromatographic results were compared with mass spectrometer data and were found to be significantly more precise and accurate. Furthermore, olefins could be detected in concentrations low enough that they were missed by the mass spectrometer (0.1%).
The application of gas‐liquid chromatography to the determination of vitamins E and K
Authors: Nair P. P. , Turner D. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe separation and quantitation of vitamins E and K wave been made possible by gas‐liquid chromatography, using a mixture of two different silicone rubber polymers as the liquid stationary phase. ॅ‐Tocopherolquinone and ॅ‐Tocopherolhydroquinone could be separated from the original ॅ‐tocopherol by this technique. Crude lipid extracts from mammalian tissues contain an unknown component which converts ॅ‐tocopherolquinone to ॅ‐tocopherol during chromatography. The implications of this observation is discussed in the light of biological processes. A group of derivatives, with the trimethylsilyl ether link was prepared and characterized by gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry.
The new method for grading collaborators in the smalley check sample series
Authors: Baumann Lewis A. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsSome of the more important advantages of the new method over previous methods used in grading the Smalley series are as follows:

The new method can be applied uniformly to each of the series.
The calculations involved are simple and are not based on empirical interpretations.
No penalty points, based on predetermined tolerances for the variations around the means, are used. Thus each laboratory is scored according to its proficiency tion is making the richest area ever known to the whaling industry virtually uneconomic. It is said that it will take eight years to regenerate the stock of whale in this area, dependent on a complete ban on all whaling for that period of time. It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good!
Nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether by vinyl transetherification. Preparation procedure
Authors: Brekke O. L. , Kirk L. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn improved procedure is described for preparing nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether monomer by transetherification of linseed alcohol with ethyl vinyl ether. By use of a mercuric acetate‐oxalic acid catalyst mixture, an excess of ethyl vinyl ether, a reaction temperature of 45°C., and an evaporation, water‐extraction procedure for continuous removal of by‐product ethanol as the reaction proceeds, 91% of the linseed alcohol was converted to the fatty vinyl ether in 6 1/2 hrs. When mercuric acetate was used alone, more catalyst was required; at 90°C, and above, the over‐all rate and yield were reduced by partial deactivation of the catalyst. This reduction was attributed to a side reaction wherein the mercuric salt was added to the fatty acid radical at points of unsaturation. All the various methods that were compared for purifying the linseed monomer produced a product of polymerization quality. While vacuum distillation, followed by an alumina adsorption treatment, gave a monomer of the highest purity, a monomer, vacuum‐distilled only, should be of suitable polymerization quality for many purposes.
Analysis of complex lipid mixtures by thin‐layer chromatography and complementary methods
Authors: Malins Donald C. , Mangold Helmut K. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionFurther work has been done on the application of thin‐layer adsorption chromatography to the fractionation of complex lipid mixtures into classes.New methods, the use of siliconized silicic acid plates and the application of thin‐layer adsorption chromatography combined with the complementary techniques of gas‐liquid chromatography and paper chromatography, are presented for the resolution of classes of lipids into their constituents.In contrast to such elaborate conventional techniques as column chromatography, analyses using the methods reported in this paper can be performed rapidly in large numbers on a routine basis.
The temperature dependence of micellar solubilization
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe temperature dependence of micellar solubilization was determined in the 180°–140°F. temperature range by using a dye solubilization technique with built and unbuilt solutions of three high‐eloud point, commereial surfactants, one anionic of the alkylaryl sulphonate type and two types of nonionic agents. It was found that the logarithm of solubilization in both built and unbuilt solutions was directly proportional to temperature (solubilization was an exponential function of temperature) and that the log solubilization‐temperature slopes of the built and unbuilt solutions of each surfactant were approximately parallel.
Reactivation of alumina used in bleaching of off‐colored cottonseed oils
Authors: Kuck J. C. , Pons W. A. , Frampton V. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSpent alumina recovered from bleaching cottonseed oil with activated alumina can be reactivated by simple incineration at 400–700°C. and remoistening to at least 10% moisture content. The cycle of bleaching and regeneration may be repeated indefinitely with only nominal mechanical losses of alumina. Losses of refined oil by entrainment in activated alumine need be only 0.5%.
An emulsifier system for experimental intravenous fat emulsions
Authors: Singleton W. S. , White J. L. , DiTrapani L. L. , Brown M. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn emulsifying system for a fat emulsion which has been very satisfactory for intravenous administration to dogs has been developed. The emulsion contained cottonseed oil (15%), polyethylene glycol monopalmitate (1.2%), tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (0.3%), and polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene (0.3%), in isotonic dextrose solution. The polyethylene glycol monopalmitate was isolated from laboratory and commercial esterification reaction mixtures of monoester, diester, and nonreacted polyethylene glycol. Washing with NaCl solution removed nonreacted glycol, and fractionation in acetone separated the mono‐ and di‐esters, the diester separating as a solid. Analytical methods were applied to characterize all fractions, and to determine the reproducibility of composition of successive batches. The monopalmitates from both laboratory and commercial preparations were similar in properties. The tartaric ester of monoglycerides was washed with NaCl solution and fractionated in acetone. The liquid portion was recovered and used for emulsification. Emulsions prepared with the fractionated emulsifiers appear to give satisfactory physiologic results when infused in dogs.
Studies on lipolytic molds. Comparative study of lipases obtained from molds grown on oil seeds
Authors: Ramakrishnan C. V. , Banerjee B. N. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA. niger andA. flavus isolated from oil seed source show an appreciable amount of lipolytic activity.The optimum pH of the mold lipase varies to a certain extent with the nature of the substrate and buffer used.In the experiments carried out the optimum buffer concentration is 2 cc., the optimum substrate concentration is 1–2 cc., and the optimum temperature is 35–37°C. for hydrolysis of peanut oil by mold lipases.Sodium taurocholate, managanese sulphate, KH2PO4, sodium acetate, etc., accelerate the activity of the mold lipase.The change in activity of acetone‐dried sample of mold lipase with time is negligible.The synthetic activity of the mold lipase is higher than that of seed and cake lipases.A definite relation between the vitamin contents and the lipolytic activity of the molds could not be found.Peanut cake medium appears to be a good source to grow the lipolytic molds on a large scale.
Effect of heat on solvent‐extracted soybean oil meal
Authors: Burnet George , Arnold Lionel K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAs a result of this investigation it appears that if the relationship between the nutritional value of soybean oil meal and its protein glutelin fraction is confirmed for a wider range of processing conditions than those reported on by Evans and St. John (5), there then exists a simple, reliable, and reproducible analytical means of further relating nutritional value to plant processing conditions. For the range of processing conditions normally employed in plant practice, a maximum glutelin fraction percentage is consistently attained with the application of either dry or moist heat, beyond which additional heat treatment results in a decrease, completing a pattern with heating similar to that normally followed by the nutritional value of the meal. In all cases where moist heat was employed, the activity of both the urease and lipoxidase enzyme systems was reduced to a level satisfactory for feeding prior to the point where the maximum glutelin protein fraction was attained. This is in agreement with numerous poultry feeding tests relating feed value to processing conditions.
The fatty acids of cottonmouth moccasin depot fat
Authors: Pollard C. B. , McLaughlin Joseph 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFrom the investigation of the moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) fat it is found that it is intermediate between the composition of fish oil and mammalia fats for the fatty acids present. The amount of saturated fatty acids in moccasin snake oil is more than that present in fish oils while the amount of unsaturated fatty acids present in moccasin snake oil is less than that for fish oil. It might be pointed out that at least two separate methods were used to determine the percentages of each fatty acid present.The authrs wish to express their thanks to Ross Allen of Ross Allen's Reptile Institute, Silver Springs, Florida, for the moccasin fat lobes used in this investigation.
Volatile cleavage products of autoxidized methyl linolenate
Authors: Kawahara F. K. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryVolatile cleavage products of autoxidizing methyl linolenate have chromatographically separated and the aldehydes have been isolated as 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. Acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and α‐pentenal have been identified. A six‐carbon atom dialdehyde has been isolated as its hydrazone and is postulated to be hexene‐3‐dial‐1,6.
The pancreatic hydrolysis of natural fats. IV. Some exotic seed fats
Authors: Coleman M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEight exotic seed fats (karanja, kusum, neem and aceituno oils, malabar tallow, kokum butter and mowrah and dika fats) have been subjected to pancreatic hydrolysis. From the original fatty acid compositions, and those of the monoglycerides produced by hydrolysis, the fatty acid distributions have been determined, and their probable glyceride compositions calculated.The significance of the observed fatty acid distributions is discussed; and an expression relating the glyceride composition to the overall fatty acid composition is shown to give satisfactory agreement with the calculated values, for these, and other vegetable fats.
Nutritive value of heated vegetable oils
Authors: Raju N. V. , Narayana Rao M. , Rajagopalan R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPeanut, sesame and coconut oils were heated at 270C for 8 hr, in an open iron pan. These fats were fed to albino rats at 15% level in otherwise adequate diets. All rats fed heated fats showed a growth depression. Livers of rats receiving heated oil were congested and showed extensive periportal fatty infiltration. Rats on heated peanut oil showed i) reduced B‐vitamin storage in the liver, ii) increased glucose and cholesterol levels in the blood and iii) a disruption in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
Performance characteristics of sucrose ester detergents
Authors: Schwartz Anthony M. , Rader Charles A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStandard heavy duty household laundering formulations were prepared from a series of well‐characterized sucrose ester surfactants. The detergency and redeposition performance of these formulations was measured by the soil accumulation method, using for comparison standard formulations based on sulfated and sulfonated surfactants. Also measured were the lime soap dispersing power, and the tendency to leave residual adsorbed deposits on the fabric. The sucrose ester series as a whole performed at least as well in detergency as the standard anionics, and retained their effectiveness at lower concentrations. They showed about the same, or slightly less, tendency than the anionic controls to build up organic residues on the fabric, both series being much superior to soap in this respect. In redeposition performance and lime soap dispersion the sucrose esters were outstandingly better than any of the standard anionic controls. Within the sucrose ester series, the C18 esters gave generally better performance than the shorter chain esters, and the saturated esters tended to be better than the unsaturated.
An interlaboratory study of test methods
Authors: Rohloff A. C. , Houle R. J. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsOur aim has been to construct a simple method of scoring consistent with the objectives of the study and to present the results in a manner that does not require too much statistical sophistication. However, if realistic estimates of the precision of test methods are to be obtained, the interlaboratory tests must be more thoughtfully designed and the statistical analysis will tend to be somewhat more complicated as in the components of variance analysis we have presented.
Some characteristics of kidney and liver lipids from the American antelope
Authors: Miller Glenn J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe percentages of total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the kidney and liver of pregnant antelope are reported. The iodine values of the total lipids in these two organs are also listed. By the use of three collections of the antelope made about one month apart during the latter part of the gestation period, it was shown that there were no significant changes in the above lipid values during this period.
The catalyzed condensation of phenol with stearone and methyl heptadecyl ketone
Authors: Morriss F. V. , Bechtle G. F. , Byerley T. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe condensation of phenol with stearone and methylheptadecyl ketone has been studied. The bisphenols and other products thus produced were identified by hydroxyl equivalents, molecular weight, infrared spectra, elemental analysis, and preparation of characteristic derivatives.The commercial potential of this family of fatty derivatives was examined briefly from two approaches. Polymerization with formaldehyde, epichlorohydrin, and phosgene, was investigated, and several fluids were prepared and screened as potential high‐temperature lubrieants.
Estimation of conjugated octadecatrienes in edible fats and oils
Authors: Yurawecz Martin P. , Molina Ana Astrid , Mossoba Magdi , Ku Yuoh 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInterest in conjugated‐diene fatty acids in foods has recently been increased by discovery of their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Conjugated octadecatrienes (COTs), members of another group of fatty acids, are also present in foods. COTs are formed during the processing of vegetable oils as the result of the dehydration of secondary oxidation products of linoleic acid. Little information is available concerning the occurrence and nutritional properties of COTs in edible oils. Levels of COTs, determined in 27 vegetable oils by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, ranged from not detected (<0.001) to 0.2%. Determination of COTs by gas chromatography of the methyl esters, obtained by transesterification at room temperature with sodium methoxide/methanol, gave lower levels (not detected, 0.051%) than did determination by UV spectroscopy. Methylation with boron trifluoride produced COTs from naturally occurring moieties in the oils and, therefore, is not recommended.
Enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a continuous reactor
Authors: Forssell P. , Parovuori P. , Linko P. , Poutanen K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe optimum conditions for enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a fixed‐bed reactor were studied. No solvent was used in the reaction mixture. A small amount of water was dissolved in the substrate mixture to maintain the activity of the enzyme at as high a level as possible. For maximum yield, the transesterification was performed with a residence time of about 20 min at a water content in the range of 0.1 to 0.2% and at the lowest possible temperature.
1,3‐specific lipolysis ofLesquerella fendleri oil by immobilized and reverse‐micellar encapsulated enzymes
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree types of reaction systems, all batch‐mode, were employed for production of hydroxy (lesquerolic and auricolic) fatty acidsvia 1,3‐specific lipolysis ofLesquerella fendleri oil: “Free”Rhizopus arrhizus or immobilizedRhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme™) in reverse micelles (System 1), Lipozyme suspended in lesquerella oil/isooctane mixture (System 2) and a suspension of water and freeR. miehei lipase in lesquerella oil/isooctane (System 3). The objective was to find the system that best maximized yield (i.e., percent hydrolysis), the proportion of hydroxy acids among the free acids liberated (hydroxy acid “purity”), and recovery/reuse of lipase activity, and that could be easily adapted into a large‐scale process. System 1 provided the largest percent hydrolysis (55%) and hydroxy acid purity (85%), but of the three systems would be the most difficult to scale up. Thus, System 1 would be the most desirable reaction system only when small batch sizes are to be processed. System 3 yielded 47.2% hydrolysis, but the hydroxy acid purity was at most 73%, making it the least desirable of the three systems to employ. System 2 yielded moderate extents of hydrolyses (30–40%) and large hydroxy acid purity initially (80–83%), but the purity decreased slightly in the latter stages of the reaction due to acyl migration. System 2 was the system most easily adaptable to a large‐scale process, making it the method of choice. For System 2 reactions, only when the medium was initially saturated with water and water consumed by the reaction was continuously replaced could 30–40% hydrolysis be achieved. External mass transfer limitations for Lipozyme‐catalyzed reactions were not present when the solution’s water content was not above saturation, and its kinematic viscosity, controlled by the temperature and the proportion of isooctane, was below 41 centistokes.
A new batch solvent‐extraction pilot plant
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Molaison H. J. , Pollard E. F. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA new improved batch solvent extraction plant and its versatility of design have been described. Data have been given on the cost and initial test operations. The performance of the plant has been tested, and its value as a research tool has been demonstrated by the production of free gossypol and meals low in gossypol for use in research. Simplicity of operation is borne out by the fact that only one operator is needed. A limited number of detail drawings of the plant are available on written request from the Southern Regional Research Laboratory.
Separation of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Monick J. A. , Treybal R. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTernary‐equilibrium data were obtained at 60°C. for mono‐ and dilaurin, and di‐ and trilaurin with aqueous alcohols. Distribution between phases and solvent selectivity are shown graphically. Variation of solvent polarity by water addition caused a shift in the phase boundary curve so that either Type 1 or Type 2 diagrams could be obtained.Pure mono‐, di‐, and trilaurin mixtures, and commercial monoglycerides were studied as quaternary systems for monoglyceride distribution with 50 wt.‐% aqueous ethanol. Pure and commercial systems showed similar distribution tendencies even with differences in molecular weight and degree of unsaturation.Solvent selectivity data (β) for quaternary systems were predicted from ternary systems studied with a common solvent.Aqueous ethanol will separate mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides by selective liquid‐liquid extraction; however the literature favors more complex systems based on two immiscible solvents.Continuous countercurrent extraction of commercial monoglycerides by 40% aqueous ethanol solution in a four‐stage agitated column gave a 15% over‐all stage efficiency. Cooling the extract to 0°C. precipitated 96.6% of the extract solids.Flow diagrams were prepared for batch and continuous extraction processes.
Acetylenic compounds. II. Preparation and properties of stearolic acid and the related substances
Authors: Khan N. A. 
Published: May 2007

Summary
9,10‐Dibromostearic acid has been prepared in different grades of purity through urea‐inclusion compounds from natural sources of fatty acids. This facilitated preparation of stearolic acid.
The degree of separation of stearolic acid from other fatty acids and polymers by means of ureainclusion compounds was ascertained.
The attempts at preparation of behenolic acid by dehydrobromination of 13,14‐dibromobehenic acid ended in failure.
Stearolic acid could not be reduced by sodium in liquid ammonia. Debromination of 9,10‐dibromooleic acid yielded stearolic acid whereas reduction of 3, hexyne and debromination of 3,4‐dibromohexene resulted in the formation oftrans, 3‐hexene. Hence a reaction sequence involving debromination of vinylic dibromides and subsequent reductive hydrogenation has been proposed.
The measurement of lime‐soap dispersion
Authors: Becher Paul 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new titrimetric method for the measurement of lime‐soap dispersion is described. This method differs from previously reported ones in that it is a practical method,i.e., it measures lime‐soap dispersion for formulations over a range of water hardness. It is specifically designed for the study of toilet‐bar formulations but may be applied to any soap‐dispersant formulation. This method also makes manifest the coagulant (as opposed to dispersant) properties of anionic agents at high use concentrations, which may explain why dispersants reported satisfactory by previous tests have been found unsatisfactory in practice. The test is also capable of demonstrating the effect of composition of the formulation and the structure of the dispersant on the lime‐soap dispersion.