bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence from the Rio Bayo valley on the extent of the North Patagonian Icefield during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene Transition
Authors: Glasser Neil F. , Harrison Stephan , Ivy-Ochs Susan , Duller Geoffrey A.T. , Kubik Peter W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper presents data on the extent of the North Patagonian Icefield during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene transition using cosmogenic nuclide exposure age and optically stimulated luminescence dating. We describe geomorphological and geochronological evidence for glacier extent in one of the major valleys surrounding the North Patagonian Icefield, the Rio Bayo valley. Geomorphological mapping provides evidence for the existence of two types of former ice masses in this area: (i) a large outlet glacier of the North Patagonian Icefield, which occupied the main Rio Bayo valley, and (ii) a number of small glaciers that developed in cirques on the slopes of the mountains surrounding the valley. Cosmogenic nuclide exposure-age dating of two erratic boulders on the floor of the Rio Bayo valley indicate that the outlet glacier of the icefield withdrew from the Rio Bayo valley after 10,900 ± 1000 yr (the mean of two boulders dated to 11,400 ± 900 yr and 10,500 ± 800 yr). Single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of an ice-contact landform constructed against this glacier indicates that this ice mass remained in the valley until at least 9700 ± 700 yr. The agreement between the two independent dating techniques (OSL and cosmogenic nuclide exposure age dating) increases our confidence in these age estimates. A date obtained from a boulder on a cirque moraine above the main valley indicates that glaciers advanced in cirques surrounding the icefield some time around 12,500 ± 900 yr. This evidence for an expanded North Patagonian Icefield between 10,900 ± 1000 yr and 9700 ± 700 yr implies cold climatic conditions dominated at this time.
Why Do Countries Privatize?
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins by framing the theoretical debate about the legitimacy and efficiency of state ownership of business enterprises, and then examines the empirical evidence for and against state ownership. Since the evidence overwhelmingly indicates that state ownership is less efficient than private ownership in most real industrial settings, the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by measures short of privatization, such as exposing state enterprises to competition or imposing hard budget constraints is assessed. While some economic reforms can be effective in their own right, the question of whether these reforms would be more effective if coupled with a shift to private ownership remains unanswered. Thus, many countries have decided to launch large-scale privatization programs. The fiscal and macroeconomic impact of these programs on the public finances of divesting countries are examined.
How Do Countries Privatize?
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the practical aspects of privatizing state-owned enterprises (SOEs). It identifies the key issues that governments must confront in determining which SOEs to divest, and then describes the steps involved in commercializing and preparing a state-owned enterprise for privatization. Governments wishing to privatize one or more state enterprises must follow a fairly standardized process of first preparing the company for sale, then deciding on the optimal method of sale and the offering price, and finally actually selling the firm to private investors. Each step in this process has its own challenges and hazards, and is almost always steeped in controversy.
Empirical Evidence on Privatization's Effectiveness in Nontransition Economies
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of privatization on nontransition economies by surveying existing studies on privatization’s economic effectiveness. These studies employ many different empirical methodologies, cover many different regions and time periods, and vary greatly with respect to the type and quality of data employed. The chapter considers studies that examine how privatization impacts the financial and operating performance of divested firms by comparing the pre- versus post-privatization values of several accounting and real output measures. The 87 studies from nontransition economies offer at least limited support for the proposition that privatization is associated with improvements in the operating and financial performance of divested firms. Most offer strong support for this proposition, and only a handful document outright performance declines after privatization. Nearly all studies that examine post-privatization changes in output, efficiency, profitability, capital investment spending, and leverage report significant increases in the first four measures and significant declines in leverage.
Empirical Evidence on Privatization in Transition Economies
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of privatization on transition economies. It looks at how the 26 countries that emerged from the former Soviet bloc adapted to the new era of political freedom and market economics that rose after 1989, and the privatization experience of China. All 26 countries that emerged from the Soviet bloc have begun the political and economic process of transition, but the process has been painful and incomplete. In contrast, China’s transition experience has been immensely successful. Over the past quarter-century, China has enjoyed rapid and almost uninterrupted economic growth, and has attracted more foreign direct investment than any country in the world except the United States.
The Structure and Investment Performance of Privatization Share Offerings
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the structure and investment performance of share issue privatizations (SIPs). SIPs differ from private-sector share issues in almost all respects, except that both use the same financial instrument. SIPs were the first truly large share offerings of any type in most countries, so privatizations effectively inaugurated those nations’ investment banking industries. Even in the handful of countries (Britain, Japan, Canada, the United States, and a few continental European countries) where significant share offerings were already established, SIPs transformed the size and efficiency of both that country’s investment banking industry and its stock market.
Privatization's Impact on Financial Market Development
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of share issue privatizations (SIPs) on the growth of world capital markets, especially stock markets. It also studies privatization’s impact on the pattern of share ownership by individuals and institutional investors. It begins by documenting the increasing importance of capital markets and the declining role of commercial banks in corporate financial systems around the world. It shows that privatization programs, particularly those involving public share offerings, have had a dramatic impact both on the development of non-US stock markets and the participation of individual and institutional investors in those markets. The components of a nation’s corporate governance system are described, and how privatization programs can promote the development of an effective corporate governance system is discussed.
Privatization Industry Studies
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of how state ownership of telecommunications evolved during the 20th century. It details the key regulatory issues governments face when privatizing its telecom provider, and offers policy recommendations based on the experiences of countries that have privatized their telecommunications service providers. The two basic methods used to divest telecom ownership stakes and empirical evidence on the effectiveness of telecom privatization are discussed.
Privatization Industry Studies
Authors: Megginson William Leon 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the privatization histories and regulatory regimes adopted for oil and companies, electric utilities, and national airlines. The first section details the history of oil and gas sales by governments, and presents estimates of the value of retained government stakes and the value of national oil companies that remain wholly state-owned. The second section provides a similar treatment of electric utility privatizations, though this section also delves much more deeply into the regulatory challenges that arise naturally when governments decide to sell off operating companies in their electric service industries. The final section describes the history of airline privatizations and assesses the current and likely future prospects for further sales of state-owned airlines.
Saving Souls, Serving Society
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe political controversy surrounding the role of religion in public life calls for more objective attention to the faith factor in social activism. What does it mean for a community-serving program to be “faith-based”? How do churches and other religious organizations express their religious identity or convey a religious message in the context of social services? Drawing on case studies of fifteen Philadelphia-area Protestant churches with active community outreach, Saving Souls, Serving Society introduces a new vocabulary for describing the religious components and spiritual meanings embedded in social action, and provides a typology of faith-based organizations and programs. This analysis yields a framework for Protestant mission orientations that makes room for the diverse ways that churches interrelate spiritual witness and social compassion. In particular, the debate over faith-based initiatives has highlighted a small but growing segment of churches committed to both saving souls and serving society. The book illuminates the public engagement of these “;conversionist” churches, exploring how they navigate the tension between their spiritual mission and the constraints on evangelism in the context of social services. The closing chapters explicate the potential contribution of religious dynamics to social outcomes, assess the relationship between mission orientations and social capital, present recommendations for research on faith-based social services, and draw implications for a constructive approach to church-state relations. Openness to a fresh perspective can equip policy makers, scholars and practitioners to respond wisely to the evolving complexities of the religious contours of social ministry.
Introduction
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReligious entities play a vital though limited role in our social safety net. The majority of congregations engage in community-serving activities, though their commitments tend to be shallow. Four currents in the broader political and social setting have particular implications for understanding faith-based social services: devolution, faith-based initiatives, changing norms for religion in public life, and ambivalence toward evangelism. Shifting patterns in church-state relations have generated both opportunities and uncertainties. This dynamic context invites a fresh conceptual framework for interpreting churches' public engagement. In particular, new language is needed to describe the “faith factor” that has meaning outside of the religious community, but does not reduce faith to a product of other social variables
The Churches and Their Ministries
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter introduces fifteen diverse Protestant churches noted for their community outreach, in the context of their Philadelphia religious ecology. The 237 programs sponsored by these case study churches are analyzed based on definitions of the key terms “social action” and “evangelism”. Social action includes four basic categories: relief services, personal development, community development, and systemic change. While individualistic, immediate aid tends to predominate over structural approaches to social problems, the amount and type of social ministry to emerge at a given church defies easy prediction. Among the churches studied, a strong emphasis on evangelism does not necessarily preclude involvement in social concerns.
Case Studies of Faith in Action
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter highlights eight of the case study churches selected from the Philadelphia area. The narratives focus on how these churches define their mission, particularly in terms of the relationship between social action and evangelism, and put their theological beliefs into action through community outreach. As a complement to their stories, the chapter presents survey data on church members' motivations and beliefs relevant to outreach, as well as their reported rates of actual practices of evangelism, informal acts of compassion and civic involvement.
Perceptions of Spiritual Meaning in Faith-Based Social Action
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractActs of compassion are not unique to people of faith, but faith makes these actions uniquely meaningful. Even ostensibly secular good works may be saturated with personal religious significance. The ascription of spiritual meaning to social action is part of the larger religious enterprise that Peter Berger refers to as “world-building”. Among Protestant Christians, these meanings fall into four domains: religion mandates social action; divine agency empowers social change; social activism reflects or enhances one's inner spiritual state; and social ministry is intended to enhance the spiritual life of others. It is the selection and combination of these four modalities—dutiful, empowered, devotional, and evangelistic—that gives a faith-based social service program its distinctive character.
Religious Elements of Faith-Based Social Programs
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSome faith-based social service programs incorporate specifically religious content, intended to expose beneficiaries to religious resources, messages, or activities. Religious program elements include religious references in program self-descriptions, religious objects in the program environment, invitations to religious activities, prayer, use of sacred texts, worship, sharing of personal testimonies, religious teachings, and invitations to a personal faith commitment (proselytizing). Seven variables further describe the style or format of these religious elements, particularly whether they are mandatory, and how they are structured into the program methodology. From this follows five general strategies for incorporating a religious dimension into social services: implicit, invitational, relational, integrated-optional, and mandatory.
A Typology of Faith-Based Organizations and Programs
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe term “faith-based organizations” is inadequate because no clear definition exists of what it means to be “faith-based”. This chapter proposes an inductively derived typology to capture the religious characteristics of social service organizations and programs. The analysis focuses on the tangible, overt ways that religion may be manifest in a nonprofit entity, yielding six types: faith-permeated, faith-centered, faith-affiliated, faith-background, faith-secular partnership, and secular. The model is multidimensional, recognizing that the religious characteristics of an institution may differ from the specific programs it operates. Examples are drawn from the Philadelphia area to illustrate each type of organization and program.
Defining Mission Orientations
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA mission orientation frames a moral order for a congregation's activity and identity. This chapter focuses on the ways that churches organize the spiritual and social dimensions of their public mission. In place of the traditional dichotomy between social activism and evangelism, a more nuanced set of orientations classifies churches as dominant social action, dual-focus, holistic, dominant evangelism, and inward-focused. This spectrum of types indicates that the religious impulses to serve and to save are not always polarized drives; rather, churches interrelate these two imperatives in their community outreach in a range of adaptable, and sometimes rather sophisticated, ways.
Influences on Congregational Mission
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA church's mission orientation may be shaped by a mosaic of influences, including culture, theology, structures of authority, resources, and social context. Congregations do not invent their mission orientation afresh; they draw on established ethnic, denominational and historical scripts of how to conduct outreach, while adding their own innovations. A brief history of the relationship between evangelism and social action, focusing on Anglo American evangelicalism, highlights the legacy of the split between religious conservatives and advocates of the social gospel. This divide does not represent an unchangeable given, but a historic phenomenon that is being actively renegotiated, giving rise to new ministry patterns.
Does Faith Work?
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMany supporters of faith-based initiatives claim that a religious approach is better at solving social problems. Without purporting to evaluate these claims, this chapter describes the ways Christian activists explain a link between faith and social efficacy, in the form of five postulates: Being faith-based expands social service program capacity; people of faith serve more effectively; a religious perspective enhances program content; spiritual conversion empowers beneficiaries to achieve socioeconomic goals; and church-based programs offer beneficiaries the support of the faith community. While ministry practitioners disagree whether faith is necessary to social outcomes, seldom do they claim it is sufficient. The potential of faith-based approaches may be limited by a disconnect between the ideals of religious practitioners and actual praxis.
Social Capital and Spiritual Capital
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCongregations represent a significant source of energy for social action because of their unique capacity to mobilize a constituent network for collective ends. Congregations translate their social capital into public good by sponsoring organized action, by empowering the civic involvement of members, by sharing resources within the congregation's relational network, and by harnessing religious cultural capital to social concerns. An evangelistic mission may strengthen a church's social capital, particularly if the church adopts a relational, holistic mission orientation, sharing its faith both in word and deed. This potential may be limited, however, by the challenges of connecting with people across racial, cultural or socioeconomic class lines, and by the lack of a social vision.
Conclusion
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractResearch on the “faith factor” in solving social problems should take into account the complexity of the religious dynamics of social action. More nuanced understandings of the role of religion in public life are needed for accurate assessments of the risks and rewards of faith-based initiatives—shifting the focus from whether to how government should partner with faith-based social services. Well-crafted public policy can expand the civic contributions of religious groups with a public mission to serve society. As some Christians emphasize social service as a vehicle for evangelism, it is important to learn whether conversionist, socially engaged churches represent a growing movement. The “both-and” paradigm of a holistic mission orientation bridges the conservative-liberal dualism that has long characterized American Protestantism.
Fast Friends—Virtuality and Social Capital
Authors: Lesser Eric L. , Cothrel Joseph 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter surveys the current thinking on social capital, with an eye to the challenges organizations face in promoting its creation and preservation. It explores the ways virtual communication technologies help address these challenges, while introducing new challenges of their own. A case from Ace Hardware Company is presented as an example of how companies are using virtual technologies to create, maintain, and exploit their social capital.
Trust and Knowledge Sharing: A Critical Combination
Authors: Levin Daniel Z. , Cross Rob , Abrams Lisa C. , Lesser Eric L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of trust in supporting effective knowledge sharing, highlighting the importance of both competence and benevolence in developing trustworthy relationships with others. It discusses a survey of 138 employees from three companies: a division from a US pharmaceutical company, a division of a British bank, and a large group within a Canadian oil and gas company. All three groups were composed of people engaged in knowledge-intensive work. Respondents were asked to consider a recent project they had worked on, and to rate the usefulness of the knowledge they received from those whom they had sought out advice on that project. The results of the survey, which were similar across the three companies, identified some actionable recommendations for companies looking to share knowledge more effectively across their organizations.
Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks
Authors: Cross Rob , Parker Andrew , Prusak Laurence , Borgatti Stephen P. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how four important drivers — awareness, access, engagement, and safety — influence how knowledge travels across informal networks. It describes a research program to determine the means for improving employees' ability to create and share knowledge in important social networks. In the first phase of the research, characteristics of relationships that forty managers relied on for learning and knowledge sharing in important projects were assessed. In the second phase, social network analysis was employed to map these dimensions of relationships among strategically important networks of people in various organizations. Working with a consortium of Fortune 500 companies and government organizations, empirical support for relational characteristics that facilitate knowledge creation and sharing in social networks was developed as well as insight into social and technical interventions to facilitate knowledge flow in these networks.
Making Invisible Work Visible: Using Social Network Analysis to Support Strategic Collaboration
Authors: Cross Rob , Borgatti Stephen P. , Parker Andrew 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines how social network analysis can be used as a diagnostic technique for better understanding myriad organizational challenges, ranging from improving communication between functional organizations to identifying key knowledge-sharing roles and responsibilities. A research program is described that aims to determine how organizations can better support work occurring in informal networks of employees. Working with a consortium of Fortune 500 companies and government agencies, collaboration and work in over forty informal networks from twenty-three different organizations was assessed. In all cases, the networks studied provided strategic and operational value to the embedding organization by enabling employees to effectively collaborate and integrate disparate expertise.