bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legacy of Idealism in the Philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of Hegel's work in relation to three influential successors — Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard — who accept much of his general story of the stages of the history of philosophy but believe, for different reasons, that it has an all too idealistic shape. Feuerbach feels a need to stress the importance of sensory experience, and he goes into much more psychological detail than Hegel in explaining the structures of the phenomenon of unhappy consciousness, that is, alienated religiosity, especially in dogmatic Christianity. Hegel's and Feuerbach's notion of alienation is thematized by Marx in terms of the concrete economic (capitalist) phenomenon of forfeiting our ‘species being’, that is, our capacity for acts of unfettered production for the sake of humanity as a whole. Kierkegaard seems implicitly willing to accept much of the historical and teleological story that Hegel has to tell about traditional philosophy as such, but he is most interested in something that this story leaves out: the concern with individual freedom and the possibility of a relationship to a personal God that dominates traditional Christianity and the work of figures such as Kant, Hamann, Jacobi, and the later Schelling (whose final lectures Kierkegaard briefly attended in Berlin).
1 A Fine, Well-Ordered Country
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes Catalonia a the height of its power in the 15th century. The principality was bounded to the north by France, to the east by Aragon and Castile, and by the kingdom of Valencia on its southern flank. It had a total area of about 37,000 square kilometers and a population of about 375,000. Catalonia owed its prosperity mainly to its association with the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca.
4 A Clamorous Peasantry
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses unrest among Catalonia's peasantry, who were chafing under the burdens imposed by lay and clerical landlords. Most resented were the mals usos borne by peasants known as remensas. These remensa peasants who numbered between 15,000 and 20,000 and who were found mainly in northern Catalonia, were tied to the land and subjected by their lords to a host of exactions, restrictions, and obligations known as the mals usos, which had been introduced by the Catalan Corts in 1283 to check flight into the towns.
14 The Portuguese Saviour
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Catalan's Portuguese saviour, Pedro. In late November 1462, Pedro arrived in Barcelona, a Portuguese lawyer bearing a message from Dom Pedro, constable of Portugal. His father, the Infante Pedro, had married Isabel, daughter of that other Catalan icon, Jaume of Urgell, defeated by the Trastámar Fernando in his bid for the Aragonese throne at Caspe and in his subsequent rebellion. With these impeccable credentials Pedro declared himself a candidate for the vacant throne. He was then told that Enrique of Castile, who had a better claim, had already filled it, and ‘but should need arise we shall make use of your lordship’. No one among the rebels could then have dreamt that within a year they would spontaneously be begging him to take the crown.
Gilbert Murray, Bertrand Russell, and the Theory and Practice of Politics
Authors: Bruneau William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to Murray's involvement in politics, and focuses particularly on his friendship with Bertrand Russell. Gilbert Murray and Bertrand Russell met in February 1901 at Newnham College, Cambridge, where Murray was giving a reading of part of his translation of the Hippolytus of Euripides. Russell was cousin to Murray's wife, Lady Mary Howard, and had known of Murray's classical studies and research on that account. At this point they began an epistolary friendship that lasted until Murray's death in 1957. There are two ways of seeing how the Murray-Russell friendship continued and flourished despite occasional political differences. There is, first, the matter of their ‘fundamental’ liberalism. Second, the correspondence between the two, along with their published output, suggests they agreed fundamentally about ‘philosophy’, and understood each other broadly.
Socially responsible investment
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Socially responsible investment (SRI) or ethical investment is a phrase which covers diverse approaches to investment strategy. An ethical investment policy or SRI may involve looking for companies which demonstrate best practice in areas like environmental protection, employment, and human rights, or those whose businesses contribute directly to a cleaner environment or healthier society. Institutions in Oxford and Cambridge expect their managers to factor in the SRI implications in their investment decisions. By simply following the guidelines set out by the Charity Commissioners many colleges fulfill their SRI obligations.
8 Introduction
Authors: Bassanini Andrea , Booth Alison , Brunello Giorgio , Brunello Giorgio , Paola Maria De , Leuven Edwin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introduction to the second part of the book examines workplace training in Europe in a comparative perspective. Compared to training in general, workplace training is received while in employment, and is usually, but not exclusively, provided by the employer. This is an important area to consider, not only because company training covers a substantial part of education after labour market entry, but because of the perception — rather widespread in the documents by the European Commissions on the Lisbon Strategy — that European employers do not spend enough on increasing the skills and competences of their employees. The discussion starts by looking at the facts, including the differences in average training incidence across European countries, Anglo-Saxon countries and some countries of Eastern Europe, R&D investment and training, product market regulation and training, and temporary workers and training.
THE CAUCHY PROBLEM FOR QUASILINEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter obtains local solutions for Hs-data when this space is contained in the differentiable functions. The proof proceeds from a contraction mapping principle. The stability is obtained in Hs, thanks to the linear estimates of Chapter 2 and to Moser estimates, while the contraction is established in the L2-norm. The Hs regularity is a little bit elaborate. Smooth solutions usually blow-up in finite time. The chapter recalls blow-up or continuation criteria. The analysis beyond blow-up requires the system to be given in the form of conservation laws. The chapter then recalls the notions of weak entropy solution, shock waves, and the Rankine-Hugoniot relations.
Tunneling Matrix Elements
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents systematic methods to evaluate the tunneling matrix elements in the Bardeen tunneling theory. A key problem in applying the Bardeen tunneling theory to STM is the evaluation of the tunneling matrix elements, which is a surface integral of the wavefunctions of the tip and the sample, roughly in the middle of the tunneling gap. By expanding the tip wavefunction in terms of spherical harmonics and spherical modified Bessel functions, very simple analytic expressions for the tunneling matrix elements are derived: the tunneling matrix elements are proportional to the amplitudes or the corresponding x-, y-, or z-derivatives of the sample wavefunction at the center of the tip. Two proofs are presented. The first proof is based on the Green's function of the Schrödinger's equation in vacuum. The second proof is based on a power-series expansion of the tip wavefunctions.
Nanomechanical Effects
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the effect of force and deformation of the tip apex and the sample surface in the operation and imaging mechanism of STM and AFM. Because the contact area is of atomic dimension, a very small force and deformation would generate a large measurable effect. Three effects are discussed. First is the stability of the STM junction, which depends on the rigidity of the material. For soft materials, hysterisis is more likely. For rigid materials, the approaching and retraction cycles are continuous and reproducible. Second is the effect of force and deformation to the STM imaging mechanism. For soft material such as graphite, force and deformation can amplify the observed corrugation. For hard materials as most metals, force and deformation can decrease the observed corrugation. Finally, the effect of force and deformation on tunneling barrier height measurements is discussed.
3 Reading and Reception
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon defining a particular reception-based approach to understanding changing interpretations of Cicero. Most readers stress the dogmatic ambitions of Cicero's philosophy over his Academic approach, seeking to establish what Cicero thought about Rome and to make his own interests appear central to Rome. This critical tradition is the result of a particular manner of reading that developed from a decline in the reputation of rhetoric, and in the popularity of sceptical philosophy, after the Enlightenment. A case study is Cicero's reworking of material from Timaeus in De republica: the ambiguities of Plato seem unnecessarily elaborate when applied to Cicero. It is argued that a dogmatic reading of Cicero is a misreading, which emerged as a result of the crucial role of Cicero in the establishment of all post-Renaissance models of civic education.
5 History with Rhetoric, Rhetoric with History: De oratore and De legibus
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The main focus of this chapter is De oratore, and Cicero's exploration of the idea that the work of the orator is central to Rome's political functioning and history. The discussion of different routes to political success in Pro Murena is examined, before De oratore itself. In that work, conflicting versions of Rome are presented, which differ in the degree to which rhetoric is seen as integral to the political process. The historical setting of the dialogue is discussed. Integrating rhetoric as necessary to the effective functioning of public life at Rome is presented as a historical, as well as a theoretical process. The discussion of historiography in De oratore 2 and the opening of De legibus are examined. The chapter concludes that Cicero observes the need to integrate rhetoric into the Roman political process, but that his presentation is sceptical, rather than validatory.
Presupposition
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Someone may express a claim within a system of presuppositions held by his hearers. The presuppositions are however not part of the claim, and the truth-value of the claim does not depend on the truth-value of the presuppositions. The presuppositions of a culture also act to limit the range over which type sentences have clear meanings. A statement being true is a matter of its truth — conditions being satisfied to the degree of accuracy appropriate in the context.
The Need for Revelation
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Humans need propositional revelation from God in order to know better what God is like, what he has done for us (e.g., become incarnate and made atonement for our sins), and will do for us (e.g., provide an after-life), and also in order to know moral truths. Some moral truths are independent of the will of God, but God may command us to do certain actions and his command will make those actions obligatory when they would not be so otherwise. The revelation would probably be expressed within the presuppositions of the culture to which it was originally delivered; and so there needs to be a continuing church which can interpret the original revelation for new cultures.
The Church
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
For there to be a meaningful relationship between the early Church and the present day Church, there needs to be a sense of connectedness and continuity of organization, and connectedness and continuity of aim. The early Church was formed around the twelve apostles and its aims centrally included proclamation of the teachings of Jesus. So to claim a direct connection with this Church, the modern day Church has to maintain an organization similar to and continuous with that of the apostolic church, and must concentrate on teaching the implications of the original revelation. Defining these implications involves more than deducing doctrine from the ‘deposit of faith’, the core of which is the Bible; interpretation of that deposit in the light of the Church's prior teaching is also necessary.
Theological Definitions
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Christian doctrinal definitions (e.g., creeds) try to state doctrines in as precise a way as possible, using words — as far as possible — in literal senses. But they incorporate presuppositions which need to be siphoned off, for example, the Nicene Creed's presupposition that the Universe consists of ‘the sky’ (Heaven) and the Earth. And they often use words in analogical and metaphorical senses. Examples of the latter in the Nicene creed are its description of the relation of the Son to the Father as ‘light from light’, and of Jesus ‘sitting’ ‘at the right hand of the Father’.
The Bible
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Bible consists of small units, woven together into ‘books’ which were put together into the two Testaments, which were put together into one Bible. The meaning of the sentences of a unit depends on its context, including the identity of its author. When a unit is put into a book and the book eventually put into one Bible, the meanings of its sentences change since the context changes. The meaning of a sentence regarded as a sentence of the whole Bible depends crucially on who is the author of the whole Bible. If God inspired its compilation, then he is its ultimate author; and in that case passages of the Bible must be understood to have the meaning they would have if he had written it. For example all its sentences must be understood in such a way as to be consistent with each other, and with everything else God knows (for example the truths of science and history, and doctrinal truths certified by the Church). Our only grounds for believing the Bible to contain revealed truth are that the church declared that God authorized it.
4 Mediation in Athanasius of Alexandria
Authors: Robertson Jon M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Athanasius — as desirous of holding to a true monotheism as were others of his day — located the ‘oneness’ demanded by monotheism in the Godhead (or θέ οτης) within which a plurality of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit exists. This view substantially differed from that of Eusebius of Caesarea and was a considerable theological issue at stake in the ‘Arian’ controversy; an issue which affected liturgy, worship, and the very identification of Christianity as a type of monotheism. The chapter begins by inspecting an early argument for the divine unity proffered by Athanasius in the Contra Gentes. It then analyses Athanasius' view of the unity of the ‘Godhead’ (θέ οτης) in Contra Arianos I, II, and III.
2 Recruitment, Background, and Education of the Clergy
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the process of recruitment, selection, and examination of ordination candidates by bishops and their advisers. It examines the social and geographical backgrounds from which the clergy were drawn. It describes the education of clergy at grammar and free schools and at the universities. It examines the specific training for ordination that was provided for them and how provision was made for poor candidates — mostly from geographically remote areas — unable to attend one of the universities, and new developments in training during the 1830s. The means by which prospective clergy secured their first posts is discussed, and the means provided to encourage them to continue their theological studies.
4 Pluralism and Non-Residence
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the definition of pluralism (the holding of more than one ‘cure of souls’ simultaneously), and its relationship to non-residence (not residing in the parsonage house of the parish of which one has the cure of souls). It considers the extent of pluralism and non-residence in the established Church, and regional variations of its incidence in England and Wales, and the attempts made by successive archbishops and bishops to monitor and manage pluralism and non-residence, and to eliminate pluralism and non-residence. The reasons for the relatively high incidence of pluralism and non-residence are investigated, and the emerging patterns of pluralism and non-residence arising from small endowments for parishes, and consequent risk of poverty among the clergy, are examined. The impact of pluralism and non-residence of incumbents of parishes on their pastoral efficiency in their parishes is also discussed.
9 Morphology and semantics
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe semantic interpretation of complex words is governed by the general principle of compositionality. The semantic scope of morphosyntactic properties of words may be larger than the word on which they are marked. Polysemy is a pervasive phenomenon on the domain of word formation, and can be explained through general mechanisms of meaning extension such as metaphor and metonymy.
Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Hume talks of our ‘gilding and staining’ natural objects, and of the mind's propensity to ‘spread itself’ on the world. This has led commentators to use the metaphor of ‘projection’ in connection with his philosophy. This book spells out its meaning, the role it plays in Hume's work, and examines how, if at all, what sounds ‘projective’ in Hume can be reconciled with what sounds ‘realist’. In addition to offering some original readings of Hume's central ideas on God and the Self among other things, this book offers a detailed examination of the notion of projection and the problems it faces.
Realism, Meaning and Justification: The External World and Religious Belief
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the parallel between Hume's treatment of religious belief and the external world belief. Different kinds of threat to realism are considered, and it is argued that there is a crucial difference in Hume's treatment of the two topics. This difference allows us to read Hume as a realist about the external world, but a non-realist about religion.
Chapter 7 Cross‐Cohort Differences in Health on the Verge of Retirement
Authors: Manchester Joyce , Weaver David , Whitman Kevin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how Baby Boomers compare to prior groups on the verge of retirement. Specifically, it evaluates the stock of health which Early Boomers bring to retirement and compares it to two prior cohorts at the same point in their life cycles. In the Health and Retirement Study, it appears that Boomers on the verge of retirement are in poorer health than their counterparts a dozen years ago. Boomers indicate they have relatively more difficulty with everyday physical tasks in addition to having more pain, more chronic conditions, more drinking and psychiatric problems, than their HRS earlier counterparts.
On a Clear Day, You Can See the Coase Theorem
Authors: Nalebuff Barry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Coase theorem states that with zero transaction costs, private and social costs will be equal and the value of production will be maximized. Absence of transaction costs means the world is a single economic unit. The Coase theorem gives us a good insight into local level problems. Assigning property rights to one of the parties (it does not matter whether it is to the polluter or the pollutee) results in efficient allocation. However, some problems may arise when the theorem is applied on a grander scale, such as in the cases of water pollution, acid rain, even depletion of the ozone layer. When applied on a global scale, although assigning property rights leads to a socially efficient outcome in the absence of transaction costs, the transaction costs at this scale could be so enormous as to outweigh the original externality problem. Some implications are considered.
Common-Property Resource-Management in Traditional Societies
Authors: Noronha Raymond 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers four examples of ‘common property resources’: Kerala in southern India, the Sudan, southern Bahia in Brazil, and forest dwellers. ‘Traditional’ systems of management appear to be confined only to economically marginal segments of national populations. In all cases, the groups are relatively small. Within the groups, there was comparative homogeneity and relative equality of economic activity. With the exception of the Kerala case, the ‘management’ systems were outside the formal legal framework of society. Are traditional societies exemplars par excellence of conservation? Romanticism can lead to a ‘museum pieces’ approach with four elements (or assumptions): that people in such societies have knowledge of their physical environments and resources; the life of these societies is ‘adapted’ to their respective environments; there is ‘care’ of natural resources; and this care results in economic systems that are ‘sustainable’. These are examined with reference to the four cases, and some inferences are drawn.
The Environment and Net National Product
Authors: Dasgupta Partha , Kriström Bengt , Mäler Karl-Göran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents net national product (NNP) as a measure of social well-being. When certain technical restrictions are met, for any conception of social well-being and for any set of appropriate constraints, there exists a set of accounting prices of goods and services that can be used in the estimation of NNP. Provided the set of accounting prices is unaffected, an improvement in the index caused by an alteration in economic activities (from small investment projects) reflects an increase in social well-being. NNP should be thought of as the criterion function on the basis of which social cost-benefit analyses of economic policies ought to be conducted. Accounting prices could be computed in a number of ways. One possibility is to use prices that sustain an optimal plan; an alternative would be to use ‘local’ prices that households actually face when making consumption decisions.
Choice under Uncertainty: Problems Solved and Unsolved
Authors: Machina Mark J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of a model of individual choice under uncertainty, namely, the expected utility model of preferences for lotteries. A number of problems are examined from the perspective of linearity in the probabilities: the ‘Allais’ paradox or fanning out of indifference curves, the common-ratio effect for negative pay-offs, the effect of risk aversion, preference reversal, and framing effects (i.e., where systematic differences occur in choice due to alternative means of representing probalistically equivalent choice problems). The final section of the chapter discusses how private-sector decision analysts, government agencies, and environmental policy makers should adjust their prescriptive (normative) decision practices in the light of these findings.