bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nature of the late positive complex within the olfactory event‐related potential (OERP)
Authors: PAUSE BETTINA M. , SOJKA BERNFRIED , KRAUEL KERSTIN , FERSTL ROMAN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe olfactory event‐related potential (OERP) has been described as being dependent on exogenous stimulus features, but no effect has been made to examine possible endogenous determinants. We wanted to separate exogenous and endogenous components of the OERP by using an olfactory oddball paradigm. A high concentration of citral was used as the target stimulus, and a low concentration was used as the standard stimulus. Odors were presented within a constantly flowing air stream. We found that the early components of the OERP (N1, P2) are modulated by the stimulus concentration, whereas the late positive components (P3‐1, P3‐2) vary depending on the subjective stimulus significance and stimulus probability. It is concluded that the positive component of the OERP, which has been formerly explained by chemical and physical stimulus features, is actually determined by endogenous processes.
Mixture analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia
Authors: ROSS DAVID E. , OCHS ALFRED L. , PANDURANGI ANAND K. , THACKER LEROY R. , KENDLER KENNETH S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goal of this study was to replicate and extend previous findings indicating that the eye movement data of schizophrenic patients is best represented by the mixture of two groups, one of which has distinctly poor performance. Forty‐nine schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls had their smooth pursuit eye movements quantified by calculating the root mean square (RMS) deviation between the target and eye waveforms. Based on the finding of mixture in the distribution of RMS error, the patients were divided in to low (better tracking) and high (worse tracking) RMS error subgroups. The high RMS error patient had abnormally decreased gain. Both patient subgroups had abnormally increased frequency of catch‐up saccades and increased phase lag. Distinguishing between these two subgroups may be useful in clarifying the pathophysiology of abnormal pursuit and its relationship to heterogeneity in schizophrenia.
Social support and hostility interact to influence clinic, work, and home blood pressure in Black and White men and women
Authors: BROWNLEY KIMBERLY A. , LIGHT KATHLEEN C. , ANDERSON NORMAN B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of hostility and social support support on clinic, work, and home systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were evaluated in 129 healthy adults. High hostility was related to higher SBP and DBP in Whites; low hostility was related to higher SBP and DBP in Blacks. These relationships were significant for men at home and at work and for women at screening. The relationship between low hostility and higher BP in Blacks was largely due to Black men who reported low hostility plus high anger‐in (suggesting suppressed hostility). In contrast, high hostile Black men with high tangible support tended to exhibit lower BP than all other Black men. In White women, high belonging support was related to lower BP, independent of hostility, and low tangible support plus high hostility was related to higher clinic BP. In high hostile subjects, regardless of ethnicity or gender, high appraisal support was related to lower overall BP. These data suggest that the adverse BP effects of hostility and the beneficial effects of social support interact in a complex manner, reflecting contextual, ethnic, and gender specificities.
Pupillary responses index cognitive resource limitations
Authors: GRANHOLM ERIC , ASARNOW ROBERT F. , SARKIN ANDREW J. , DYKES KAREN L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCognitive task‐evoked pupillary responses reliably index information‐processing loads. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the nature of the pupillary response when processing demands approach or exceed available processing resources. This condition was examined in 22 normal undergraduates by using pupillometric recordings during a digit span recall task, with 5 (low load), 9 (moderate load), and 13 (excessive load) digits per string. Pupillary responses increased systematically with increased processing load (to‐be‐recalled digits) until the limit of available resources (memory capacity of 7 ± 2 digits), when they reached asymptote and then declined with resource overload (>9 digits). These findings suggest that pupillary responses increase systematically with increased processing demands that are below resource limits, change little during active processing at or near resource limits, and begin to decline when processing demands exceed available resources.
Activation in novice and expert parachutists while jumping
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Breivik Gunnar , Jørgensen Per Erik , Hofmann Stefan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeart and respiration rates were measured ambulatorily in 16 novice and 25 expert (>380 delayed free‐fall jumps) sports parachutists while making a static‐line jump. Self‐reported anxiety and heart rate peaked near the point of jumping in both groups rather than earlier in experts, as reported by Fenz, and Epstein (1967, Psychosomatic Medicine, 29, 33–51). While sitting in the airplane 1 min before exit, mean heart rate was 124 bpm in novices and 102 in experts and increased during jumping to 170 and 145, respectively. The almost identical rise in the two groups could be accounted for largely by physical exertion, replicated with jumps from a training model on the ground. Exercise testing at a different location showed that experts were more fit. Respiration rate was higher in the airplane than at baselines, especially for novices. In conclusion, out results are more compatible theoretically with extinction of anticipatory anxiety than with learned anxiety inhibition.
Autonomic response patterns during voluntary facial action
Authors: Boiten Frans 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of six voluntarily adopted emotional facial expressions on heart rate, respiration, emotional report, and effort ratings were examined. The results indicate that the facial expressions that were most difficult to produce (anger, fear, and sadness) showed larger cardiac accelerations than those that were easy to produce (disgust and surprise); the happiness expression fell somewhere in between. Emotional self‐report revealed that in the majority of the facial configuration trials subjects experienced ones moderate or no emotion at all. In addition to the emotional configurations, a nonemotional expression was examined. Post hoc comparisons showed that the heart rate data of the nonemotional face were not significantly different from any of the other emotional expulsions. With respect to respiration, the production of facial expressions induced an increase in functional residual capacity, a decrease in tidal volume, shortened inspirators and expiratory phase duration, and an increase in inspiratory pause duration. These effects were most pronounced during the facial expressions that were difficult to produce. We conclude that changes in heart rate are not the consequence of the capacity of facial activity to recruit emotion‐specific autonomic activity but instead are modulated by effort‐related changes in respiration.
An ERP developmental study of repetition priming by auditory novel stimuli
Authors: CYCOWICZ YAEL M. , FRIEDMAN DAVID , ROTHSTEIN MAIRAV 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials were recorded from participants 5–7, 9–11, 14–16, and 22–28 years old during an auditory novelty oddball task. In this task, stimuli about which the participant is not instructed (i.e., novel or uncategorized) typically elicit a more frontally oriented P3 scalp topography (novelty P3). In contrast, stimuli to which the participant must respond (i.e., target or precategorized) elicit a P3 with a more posterior scalp topography. Repetition of identical novel stimuli led to a similar reduction in novelty P3 amplitude for all age groups. Moreover, with repetition the shift in scalp topography of the novelty P3 to a more parietally oriented distribution was similar in children and adults. A second component, the P32(assumed to be an analog of the P3b), exhibited a repetition priming effect in both the adults and the youngest children. The fact that age‐related differences induced by novel repetition were small and not systematic indicates that the processing of novel information is similar across a wide age range.
Autonomic interactions and chronotropic control of the heart: Heart period versus heart rate
Authors: QUIGLEY KAREN S. , BERNTSON GARY G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAutonomic control of the heart varies more linearly with heart period than with rate. Relative linearity confers a greater independence of basal autonomic activation and heart period changes. Thus, heart period appears to be more appropriate for characterizing cardiac phenomena such as autonomic interactions that involve significant baseline shifts. Simulated and published empirical data were used to demonstrate the importance of the chronotropic metric for characterizing autonomic interactions. Simulations revealed a significant autonomic interaction when heart rate, but not heart period, was the chronotropic metric. Published heart rate data also show a substantial autonomic interaction, whereas heart period data do not. These findings suggest that the choice of chronotropic metric can overstate the extent of autonomic interactions on cardiac chronotropic function.
Magnetic fields elicited by tones and vowel formants reveal tonotopy and nonlinear summation of cortical activation
Authors: DIESCH EUGEN , LUCE THOMAS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA long‐latency response component (N1m) and the sustained field (SF) of the auditory evoked magnetic field elicited by two composite stimuli (a two‐tone combination and a two‐formant vowel) and their individually presented components (a 600‐Hz and a 2100‐Hz pure tone and two single‐vowel formants with formant frequencies matched to the tone frequencies) were recorded using a 37‐channel magnetometer. The response to the composite stimuli differed from the linear sum of the responses to the respective components in latency, equivalent dipole moment, and equivalent dipole location, suggesting an interaction among the processes elicited by the constituents of composite stimuli. Nlm and SF source locations were more medial for the response to the high tone than to the low tone and more medial for the response to the high vowel formant than to the low vowel formant. The Nlm formant sources were more lateral than the Nlm tone sources. These findings suggest that, at the level of the auditory cortex, vowels are represented in terms of both the spectral pitches determined by their most prominent harmonics and, within the latency range of the Nlm, the virtual pitch determined by the spacing of the harmonics.
Effects of foreperiod duration on reflexive and voluntary responses to intense noise bursts
Authors: SOLLERS JOHN J. , HACKLEY STEVEN A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe question of whether a common mechanism underlies the facilitation of voluntary and reflexive reactions by a warning stimulus was investigated in two experiments. In both studies, the foreperiod preceding an intense noise burst was manipulated within and between blocks of trials. Previous reaction time experiments have shown that individuals respond fastest at the shortest foreperiod for between‐block manipulations and fastest at the longest foreperiod when foreperiod duration is varied unpredictably from trial to trial. In the present research, this pattern was found for voluntary hand‐grip responses, but acoustic startle blinks were facilitated at long foreperiods for both within‐ and between‐block manipulations. Invariance of the trisynaptic postauricular reflex across foreperiod conditions was evidence against any general activation of low‐level motor pathways by warning stimuli. Analyses of nonreflexive lid movements subsequent to startle blink suggested that inhibition of spontaneous blinking during the foreperiod may have contributed to the unexpected divergence between voluntary reactions and eyeblink reflexes.
An ERP study of visual spatial attention and letter target detection for isoluminant and nonisoluminant stimuli
Authors: WIJERS ALBERTUS A. , LANGE JAN J. , MULDER GIJSBERTUS , MULDER LAMBERTUS J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe event‐related potential (ERP) effects of visual spatial attention and letter target detection for stimuli presented against a (nonisoluminant) dark background or against an isoluminant grey background were investigated. The goal was to study how the perceptual variable of luminance would influence early ERP reflections of selective attention. Such effects could further substantiate the claim that selective attention operates at the level of early perceptual processing and could provide evidence regarding the role of different visual routes in selective attention. Isoluminance increased the peak latency of the early ERP deflections (NP80, PI, and NI) by 40–50 ms. The ERP effects of spatial attention. consisting of PI and NI amplitude enhancements, were similarly delayed by isoluminance. supporting the idea that early selective processing is strongly dependent on bottom‐up perceptual processing. P300 latency and reaction time were delayed by 70–75 ms, the additional delay probably reflecting that isoluminance affected decision processes in addition to perceptual processes. Isoluminance left the scalp topographies of the early ERP deflections largely unaffected, although a slight shift of the NI topography in the isoluminant condition toward more inferior lateral posterior regions of the scalp could have reflected an increased contribution from ventral (occipitotemporal) brain areas. Relative to nontarget letters, targels presented at both attended and unattended spatial positions elicited an early contralaterally dominant lateral occipitotemporal negativity (N2pc). This ERP component is proposed to reflect an early, partly automatic process of template matching, consistent with indications from spatiotemporal dipole modelling that the N2pc was generated in inferior occipitotemporal brain regions.
Defensive hostility and anger expression: Relationship to additional heart rate reactivity during active coping
Authors: LARSON MARK R. , LANGER ALAN W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to assess the relationship between defensive hostility (high hostility/high defensiveness) and additional heart rate reactivity during active coping and (b) to determine if the construct of anger‐out might lend additional, sensitivity to the predictive power of the defensive hostility model. Forty individuals were randomly assigned to complete a mental arithmetic task with or without the threat of shock. Participants also completed the Cook‐Medley Hostility Inventory (Ho), the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC), and the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale. Defensive hostile subjects (high Ho/high MC) were significantly more reactive than any other subgroup. In addition, the combination of low Ho/high anger‐out scores yielded a subgroup significantly less reactive than any other subgroup. These findings clarify the complex relationship of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity.
The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues?
Authors: JAMES RICHARD BLAIR ROBERT , JONES LAWRENCE , CLARK FIONA , SMITH MARGARET 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the psychophysiological responsiveness of psychopathic individuals to distress cues and to threatening and neutral stimuli. Eighteen psychopathic individuals and 18 incarcerated control individuals, identified using the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (Hare, 1991, The Hare Pscyhopathy Checklist‐Revised, Toronto: Multi‐Health Systems), were shown slides of these three types of stimuli, and their electrodermal responses were recorded. The psychopathic individuals showed (relative to the controls) reduced electrodermal responses to the distress cues. In contrast, the two groups did not differ in their electrodermal responses to the threatening stimuli and to the neutral stimuli. The results are interpreted within the Violence Inhibition Mechanism model (Blair, 1995, Cognition, 57, 1–29) of the psychopathic individual.
45‐Hour continuous quintuple‐site actimetry: Relations between trunk and limb movements and effects of circadian sleep‐wake rhythmicity
Authors: MIDDELKOOP HUUB A. M. , VAN DAM ELLEN M. , SMILDE‐VAN DEN DOEL DINI A. , VAN DIJK GERT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDiurnal and nocturnal trunk and limb motor activity of 20 healthy individuals was evaluated by actimetry for 45 consecutive hours. Sleep was assessed by sleep logs. Overall, motor activity significantly (p < .05) decreased in the order wrist, ankle, and trunk. There was significantly more motor activity in the dominant wrist during the diurnal period. Motor activity was significantly affected by the 24‐hr sleep‐wake cycle, with lower levels and prolonged immobility during the night. Time series analyses revealed different but significant correlations between motor activity at all sites. These data imply that (a) motor activity should be recorded at the dominant wrist when the highest level of motor activity is of importance, (b) recordings at the nondominant wrist are better indicators of trunk movement than are dominant wrist recordings, and (c) sites other than the conventional nondominant wrist recording site should be evaluated to improve the validity of motor activity‐based sleep‐wake scoring.
A comparison of methods for the analysis of event‐related potentials in deception detection
Authors: ALLEN JOHN J. B. , IACONO WILLIAM G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe previously reported that a Bayesian‐based event‐related potential memory assessment procedure (Allen, lacono, & Danielson. 1992, Psychophysiology. 29, 504‐522) was highly accurate at identifying previously learned material, regardless of an individual's motivational incentive to conceal information. When a bootstrapping procedure (Harwell & Donchin, 1991. Psychophysiology, 2ft, 531‐547) is applied to these same data, greater motivational incentives appear to increase the accuracy of the procedure. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine these two procedures and a new procedure. ROC curves indicated that all three methods produce extremely high rates of classification accuracy and that the sensitivity of the bootstrapping procedure to motivational incentive is due to the particular cut points selected. One or the other method may be preferred depending upon incentive to deceive, the cost of incorrect decisions, and the availability of extra psychophysiological data.
When syntax meets semantics
Authors: GUNTER THOMAS C. , STOWE LAURIE A. , MULDER GUSBERTUS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree experiments concerning the processing of syntactic and semantic violations were conducted. Event related potentials (ERPs) showed that semantic violations elicited an N400 response, whereas syntactic violations elicited two early negativities (150 and 350 ms) and a P600 response. No interaction between the semantic and early syntactic ERP effects was found sentence complexity and violation probability (25% vs 75%) affected only the P600 and not the early negativities. The probability effect was taken as evidence that the P600 resembles the P3B, The temporal order of word processing in a sentence as suggested by the data was such that a more automatic syntactic analysis was performed (earlier syntactic‐related negativities) in parallel with a semantic analysis 9N400), after which a syntactic reanalysis was performed (P600). A reanalysis interpretation of the P600 could explain why the extent of the reanalysis differed with syntactic complexity and probability of ungrammaticality.
Effects of attentional and stressor manipulations on the P50 gating response
Authors: WHITE PATRICIA M. , YEE CINDY M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe decline in amplitude of the P50 component of the event‐related potential to the second of paired clicks has been suggested as a measure of preattentional gating. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of attention and .a psychological stressor on P50. Experiment 1 included two choice reaction time tasks designed to direct attention selectively to the first or second click in each pair. Results suggest that the NIOO component was responsive to attentional manipulations, whereas P50 was not affected. Experiment 2 examined the impact of a brief psychological stressor on the P50 response Parallel mental arithmetic tasks were administered silently and orally. Self‐report and measures of autonomic activity were used to assess the level of stress occurring during the performance of the mental arithmetic tasks Results indicate that P50 suppression was sensitive to the acute stressor, the oral mental arithmetic task Implications of these findings for studies ofP50 suppression in schizophrenia are discussed.
Attentional modulation of the cardiac defense response in humans
Authors: VILA JAIME , PÉREZ MARÍA NIEVES , DEL CARMEN FERNÁNDEZ MARÍA , PEGALAJAR JOAQUÍN , SÁNCHEZ MARÍA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow cardiac components of the defense reaction are modulated by attentional factors related to sensory intake versus sensory rejection was examined. Forty‐eight men participated in a test of the heart rate response to three presentations of an intense auditory stimulus while performing one of three attentional tasks during the 80 s following stimulus onset: (a) internal (rejection) task, (b) external (intake) task, and (c) no task. Results showed a potentiation of the defense response only under the external attention condition. We concluded that defensive reactions, far from provoking the rejection of the aversive stimulus, require allocation of attention to processing that stimulus in detail.
Relationships between startle and cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: GAUTIER CLARA H. , COOK EDWIN W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough startle and cardiovascular reactivity have been studied extensively, little is known about their relationship. In the present study, we examined cardiovascular responses and affective startle modulation in 112 normotensive individuals varying in self‐reported fearfulness and parental cardiovascular health history. An initial intense noise burst elicited a phasic cardiac acceleration that was larger for fearful individuals. Startle blink responses were larger during aversive than during pleasant relaxing imagery but did not differ with fear group. Cognitive challenge tasks elicited heart rate and blood pressure increases that were unrelated to fearfulness or parental health history. However, greater startle potentiation by aversive imagery predicted larger pressor responses to cognitive challenge, especially among men. The observed relationship between startle and cardiovascular reactivity suggests a common mechanism for their affective modulation.