bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect on Dough Functional Properties of Partial Fractionation, Redistribution, and In Situ Deposition of Wheat Flour Gluten Proteins Exposed to Water, Ethanol, and Aqueous Ethanol
Authors: Robertson G. H. , Cao T. K. , Orts W. O. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe application of the cold‐ethanol laboratory fractionation method to the bulk separation of wheat starch and gluten is accompanied by incidental dissolution, removal, or redeposition of a small part of the functional gliadin protein. The new distribution resulting from process incidental redeposition of soluble components or by purposeful add‐back of soluble and leached components can lead to differences in functionality and more difficult recovery of native properties. To assess this issue, we exposed several wheat flour types to ethanol and water (50–90% v/v) solutions, water, and absolute ethanol at 22°C and –12°C. The exposure was mass conserving (leached components returned to substrate by evaporation of the solvent without separation of phases) or mass depleting (leached components not returned to substrate). The result of the mass‐conserving contact would be flour with altered protein distributions and intermolecular interactions. The result of the mass‐depleting contact would also include altered protein content. Furthermore, the mass‐conserving contact would model an industrial outcome for a cold‐ethanol process in which leached components would be added back from an alcohol solution. The leaching result was monitored by mixography of the flour, nitrogen analysis, and capillary zone electrophoresis of extracts. Although dough rheology was generally like that of the source flour, there were notable differences. The primary change for mass‐conserving contact was an increase in the time to peak resistance and a decrease in the rate of loss of dough resistance following peak resistance. These changes were in direct proportion to the amount of protein mobilized by the solvent. Leaching at 22°C, prevented dough formation for most aqueous ethanol concentrations and greatly reduced gliadin protein content. Minimal changes were noted for solvent contact at –12°C regardless of the ethanol concentration. The data suggested that 1) the conditions applied in cold‐ethanol enrichment of protein from wheat will generally preserve vital wheat gluten functionality, 2) functionality losses can be recovered by returning the solubilized fractions, and 3) the flour to which the gluten is added may require more mixing.
Physical and Sensory Properties of Regular and Reduced‐Fat Pound Cakes with Added Amaranth Flour
Authors: Capriles Vanessa Dias , Almeida Eveline Lopes , Ferreira Reinaldo Eduardo , Arêas José Alfredo Gomes , Steel Caroline Joy , Chang Yoon Kil 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe sum of wheat flour and corn starch was replaced by 10, 20, or 30% whole amaranth flour in both conventional (C) and reduced fat (RF) pound cakes, and the effects on physical and sensory properties of the cakes were investigated. RF presented 33% fat reduction. The increasing amaranth levels darkened crust and crumb of cakes, which decreased color acceptability. Fresh amaranth‐containing cakes had similar texture characteristics to the controls, evaluated both instrumentally and sensorially. Sensory evaluation revealed that replacement by 30% amaranth flour decreased C cakes overall acceptability scores, due to its lower specific volume and darker color. Amaranth flour levels had no significant effect on overall acceptability of RF cakes. Hence, the sum of wheat flour and corn starch could be successfully replaced by up to 20% amaranth flour in C and up to 30% in RF pound cakes without negatively affecting sensory quality in fresh cakes. Moisture losses for all the cakes were similar, ≈1% per day during storage. After six days of storage, both C and RF amaranth‐containing cakes had higher hardness and chewiness values than control cakes. Further experiments involving sensory evaluation during storage are necessary to determine the exact limit of amaranth flour replacement.
FTIR and Raman Signatures of Wheat Grain Peripheral Tissues
Authors: Barron C. , Rouau X. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTHand‐dissection of mature grains from three common wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.: Caphorn, Crousty, and Recital) and one durum wheat (T. durum Desf., Ardente) was performed to obtain pure samples of aleurone layer, hyaline layer, outer pericarp, and a composite layer made up of testa+inner pericarp. Vibrational spectral signatures were collected on both sides of the layers by ATR‐FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Spectra were compared with biochemical analysis on the same samples which allowed identification of specific composition patterns in each tissue regardless of the cultivar. Considering the low penetration depth of ATR‐FTIR signal, the cuticles were evidenced on the external sides of outer pericarp, hyaline layer, and testa. Spectra from testa of red and white wheats were clearly distinguished. FTIR spectroscopy, combined with statistical analysis, was successful in identifying the specific spectral signature for each peripheral tissue of wheat grains. In the 1500–800 cm‐1 spectral region, multivariate models allowed accurate prediction of the histological origin of the pericarp, hyaline, and aleurone layers regardless of the analyzed side, and the testa but with a lower performance.
Content and Molecular Weight Distribution of Oat β‐Glucan in Oatrim, Nutrim, and C‐Trim Products
Authors: Kim Sanghoon , Inglett George E. , Liu Sean X. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe soluble fiber, β‐glucan, in oat products is an active hypolipidemic component that is responsible for lowering plasma lipids. Quantitative analysis of β‐glucan in oat hydrocolloids such as Oatrim, Nutrim, and C‐Trim was performed to measure the total β‐glucan content and molecular weight distribution. For the measurement of total β‐glucan content, both modified flow‐injection analysis (FIA) method and the standard AACC enzymatic method were employed. FIA method uses the enhanced fluorescence produced when β‐glucan forms complexes with Calcofluor. Experimental results of both the modified FIA method and the standard AACC enzymatic method revealed very good coincidence with each other. This result confirms the applicability of either technique for the quantitative evaluation of β‐glucan in hydrocolloids. Molecular weight (MW) distribution of β‐glucan was determined by size‐exclusion chromatography with postcolumn detection. Experimental results revealed that the molecular weight of β‐glucan in the Trim products was decreased during the manufacturing process. This result was ascribed to the rigorous processing condition of jet‐cooking.
Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution
Authors: Bagot Catherine N. , Arya Roopen 
Published: September 2008

SummaryVirchow’s triad describes three factors that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis: hypercoagulability, stasis and endothelial injury. Yet, extensive review of the historical literature casts doubt on the existence of a triad described by Virchow in the form it is currently quoted throughout contemporary medical literature. Certainly his work involved extensive study of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, with these two terms being coined by Virchow, but a triad of factors relating to the development of venous thrombosis is elusive. Interestingly, Virchow only began to be routinely credited with this triad one hundred years after publication of his work on venous thrombosis. This acknowledgement coincided with the accumulation of experimental evidence for the role these factors play in thrombogenesis. Controversial as the origins of Virchow’s triad might be, it is apt given his substantial contribution to our knowledge of venous thromboembolism, and the fact that the triad continues to be clinically relevant today that a triad pertaining to Virchow should remain.
History of bloodletting by phlebotomy
Authors: Parapia Liakat Ali 
Published: September 2008

SummaryBloodletting by phlebotomy has been an obsession with medical practitioners for thousands of years, causing countless suffering to patients, initially for unproven indications and more recently for diagnoses. The approach to medical evidence‐based phlebotomy has been a triumph for scientifically inclined practitioners. Progress, primarily achieved since the nineteenth century, has been in spite of considerable opposition from the medical establishment. The evaluation of phlebotomy as a useful tool continues and no doubt further myths will be dispelled. The history of bloodletting remains one of the greatest stories of medical progress, not because of new discoveries but mainly by persistent unbiased audit.
High third generation/second generation PTH ratio in a patient with parathyroid carcinoma: clinical utility of third generation/second generation PTH ratio in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Caron Philippe , Maiza Jean Christophe , Renaud Claire , Cormier Catherine , Barres Béatrice Herbault , Souberbielle Jean Claude 
Published: September 2008

SummaryBackground  Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is caused by parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia, and occasionally by parathyroid carcinoma. Recently a high third generation/second generation PTH ratio has been observed in some patients with parathyroid carcinoma.Patients and methods  We report the case of a 60‐year old woman who was presented a fourth episode of PTH‐related hypercalcaemia due to a parathyroid carcinoma. Serum PTH levels were measured using a second generation assay and a third generation assay before, 4 and 7 months after the fourth surgery. Then, PTH levels were measured in 294 osteoporotic normocalcaemic patients as well as in 30 consecutive PHP patients.Results  Before surgery of the patient with parathyroid carcinoma, second generation PTH was 229 pg/ml, third generation PTH was 675 pg/ml and third generation/second generation PTH ratio was 2·95. Four and 7 months after surgery the third generation/second generation PTH ratio was 0·70 and 0·66, respectively. All osteoporotic patients had a normal third generation/second generation PTH ratio (0·585 ± 0·118) whereas only one patient (3·3%) with PHP had a third generation/second generation PTH ratio > 1 (1·54).Conclusion  A high third generation/second generation PTH ratio could be observed in patients with parathyroid carcinoma, is uncommon in benign PHP and is absent in osteoporotic patients without PHP. Therefore, PTH level can be measured using second and third generation assays in some PHP patients, and a specific surgical protocol for possible parathyroid carcinoma could be discussed in patients with a high third generation/second generation PTH ratio.
Coupling ecosystem and individual‐based models to simulate the influence of environmental variability on potential growth and survival of larval sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) in the North Sea
Authors: DAEWEL UTE , PECK MYRON A. , KÜHN WILFRIED , ST. JOHN MICHAEL A. , ALEKSEEVA IRINA , SCHRUM CORINNA 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo investigate the impact of changing environmental conditions in the North Sea on the distribution and survival of early life stages of a marine fish species, we employed a suite of coupled model components: (i) an Eulerian coupled hydrodynamic/ecosystem (Nutrients, Phyto‐, Zooplankton, Detritus) model to provide both 3‐D fields of hydrographical properties, and spatially and temporally variable prey fields; (ii) a Lagrangian transport model to simulate temporal changes in cohort distribution; and (iii) an individual‐based model (IBM) to depict foraging, growth and survival of fish early life stages. In this application, the IBM was parameterized for sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) and included non‐feeding (egg and yolk‐sac larval) stages as well as foraging and growth subroutines for feeding (post‐yolk sac) larvae. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the angle of visual acuity, assimilation efficiency and the maximum food consumption rate were the most critical intrinsic model parameters. As an example, we applied this model system for 1990 in the North Sea. Results included not only information concerning the interplay of temperature and prey availability on larval fish survival and growth but also information on mechanisms underlying larval fish aggregation within frontal zones. The good agreement between modelled and in situ estimates of sprat distribution and growth rates in the German Bight suggested that interconnecting these different models provided an expedient tool to scrutinize basic processes in fish population dynamics.
Movement and behaviour of large southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the Australian region determined using pop‐up satellite archival tags
Authors: PATTERSON TOBY A. , EVANS KAREN , CARTER THOR I. , GUNN JOHN S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on 52 large (156–200 cm length to caudal fork) southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the western Tasman Sea during the austral winters of 2001–2005. Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) were resident in the Tasman Sea for up to 6 months with movements away from the tagging area occurring at highly variable rates. The data indicated a general tendency for SBT to move south from the tagging area in the Western Tasman Sea. Four individuals migrated west along the southern continental margin of Australia and into the Indian Ocean. Three individuals moved east into the central Tasman Sea, with one individual reaching New Zealand. We also describe the first observed migration of an SBT from the Tasman Sea to the Indian Ocean spawning grounds south of Indonesia. Individuals spent most of their time relatively close to the Australian coast, with an estimated 84% of time spent in the Australian Fishing Zone. SBT favored temperatures between 19 and 21°C, adjusting their depth to the vertical temperature distribution. Distinct diurnal diving patterns were observed and adjustment of depth to maintain constant ambient light levels over a 24‐h period. The findings of this study are a significant advance toward greater understanding of the spatial dynamics of large SBT and understanding the connectivity between distant regions of their distribution.
Establishing climate–growth relationships for yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) in the northeast Pacific using a dendrochronological approach
Authors: BLACK BRYAN A. , BOEHLERT GEORGE W. , YOKLAVICH MARY M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe applied dendrochronology (tree‐ring) methods to develop multidecadal growth chronologies from the increment widths of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) otoliths. Chronologies were developed for the central California coast, a site just north of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and at Bowie Seamount west of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. At each site, synchronous growth patterns were matched among otoliths via the process of cross‐dating, ensuring that the correct calendar year was assigned to all increments. Each time series of growth‐increment measurements was divided by the values predicted by a best‐fit negative exponential function, thereby removing age‐related trends. These detrended time series were averaged into a master chronology for each site, and chronologies were correlated with monthly averages of sea surface temperatures, upwelling, the Northern Oscillation Index, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The two northern growth chronologies positively correlated with indices of warm ocean conditions, especially from the prior summer through the spring of the current year. During the same period, the California chronology positively correlated with indices of cool ocean conditions, indicating an opposing productivity regime for yelloweye rockfish between the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. Overall, this study demonstrates how tree‐ring techniques can be applied to quickly develop annually resolved chronologies and establish climate–growth relationships across various temporal and spatial scales.
Density‐independent and density‐dependent factors affecting temporal changes in spatial distributions of eastern Bering Sea flatfish
Authors: SPENCER PAUL D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe general warming of the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) and the wide range of abundance exhibited by several eastern Bering Sea flatfish motivated an examination of how density‐dependent and density‐independent factors may influence the spatial distributions of EBS flatfish. In this study, EBS trawl survey data from 1982 to 2006 were used to examine how temporal changes in the distributions of six flatfish species groups [yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera), rock sole (Lepidopsetta sp.), flathead sole (Hippoglossoides sp.), Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes sp.), and Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)] are related to temporal changes in the location of the ‘cold pool’ (bottom water < 2°C), and how the area occupied by flatfish are related to the cold pool and population abundance. Rock sole and flathead sole distributions have generally moved northwest since 1982 and are significantly correlated with the movement of the cold pool, whereas arrowtooth flounder avoid the cold pool and their area occupied is inversely related to the size of the cold pool. The area occupied by arrowtooth flounder and rock sole are also significantly related to stock abundance. Multivariate statistical models indicate that the location of rock sole is more strongly related to stock abundance than to the cold pool, whereas the area occupied by arrowtooth flounder is more strongly related to the area of the cold pool rather than abundance. The temperatures occupied by several flatfish stocks indicate a substantial variability in suitable temperatures. These results suggest that a complex suite of density‐dependent and density‐independent factors may determine the response of EBS flatfish spatial distributions to increasing temperatures.
Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) mortality in relation to the winter mixed layer depth in the Kuroshio Extension region
Authors: NISHIKAWA HARUKA , YASUDA ICHIRO 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA drastic population change in Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) has been noted as being related to winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio Extension region. The former studies suggest two possible explanations. One is that temperature itself affects sardine. The other is that SST represents the environmental change of the Kuroshio Extension region and other causes directly affecting sardine. In this study, we found that sardine mortality from post‐larva to age 1 negatively correlated with the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Kuroshio Extension region from 1979 to 1993. During the period of a deep winter mixed layer (during the early 1980s), sardine mortality was low, whereas mortality was high when the winter mixed layer was shallow (during the late 1980s to early 1990s). By using a lower trophic‐level ecosystem model forced by the observed time series of MLD, SST, light intensity and nutrient data, we found that the estimated spring zooplankton density drastically varies from year to year and has a significant negative correlation with sardine mortality. The inter‐annual variation of spring zooplankton density is caused by the winter MLD variation. During the deep winter mixed layer years, a phytoplankton bloom occurs in spring, whereas during the shallow winter mixed layer years, the bloom occurs in winter. The results of our study suggest that the decline in the Japanese sardine population during the late 1980s to early 1990s was due to an insufficient spring food supply in the Kuroshio Extension region where sardine larvae and juvenile are transported.
Subepithelial apoptosis in normal caecal biopsy specimens is primarily an age‐related phenomenon
Authors: Wong N A C S , Jenkins R , Reid G J 
Published: September 2008

Aims:  To determine whether prominent subepithelial apoptosis in otherwise normal caecal endoscopic biopsy specimens has any clinical significance.Methods and results:  Calculating the average number of subepithelial apoptotic bodies per intercrypt space [i.e. a subepithelial apoptotic index (SAI)] was found to reflect accurately and reproducibly the density of subepithelial apoptosis in a colonic biopsy specimen. The SAIs of 124 histologically normal caecal biopsy specimens from adult patients showed a positively skewed normal distribution without bimodality. The clinical details of patients with specimens in the top quartile of this distribution were compared with those of patients in the bottom quartile. Patients in the top quartile were found to be older and more likely to suffer with ulcerative colitis than those in the bottom quartile. However, controlling for age removed the association between SAI and ulcerative colitis. The SAIs of 144 caecal biopsy specimens (including 20 paediatric cases) showed a positive correlation with patient age.Conclusions:  Subepithelial apoptosis in normal caecal biopsy specimens appears to be an age‐related phenomenon with no demonstrable clinical significance.
High frequency of RASSF1A and RARb2 gene promoter methylation in morphologically normal endometrium adjacent to endometrioid adenocarcinoma
Authors: Arafa M , Kridelka F , Mathias V , Vanbellinghen J‐F , Renard I , Foidart J‐M , Boniver J , Delvenne P 
Published: September 2008

Aims:  To identify a DNA methylation signature of endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium (EEC) in the early stages of endometrial carcinogenesis.Methods and results:  Archival biopsy specimens of 39 EECs, 14 cases of atypical hyperplasia (AH), 11 histologically normal endometrial tissues adjacent to EECs and 24 normal control endometrial samples were retrieved. The cases were tested by quantitative methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction with primers hybridizing in the promoter regions of five genes frequently methylated in human cancer (RASSF1A, RARb2, P16, MGMT and GSTPi). Twenty‐nine of 39 (74%) EECs and 7/14 (50%) AHs were methylated for the RASSF1A gene, whereas 17/39 (44%) EECs and 6/14 (43%) AHs were positive for the methylation of the RARb2 gene. No significant results were obtained for the other genes (P16, MGMT and GSTPi). Interestingly, 4/11 (36%) and 6/11 (55%) histologically normal endometrial tissues adjacent to EEC showed, respectively, RASSF1A and RARb2 gene methylation. Furthermore, these 11 specimens were microsatellite stable and showed similar proliferative, cell cycle and apoptotic mean labelling indices as the normal endometrial control tissues.Conclusions:  Promoter region methylation of RASSF1A and RARb2 genes is an early event in endometrial carcinogenesis.
New insights into intra‐ and intermolecular interactions of immunoglobulins: crystal structure of mouse IgG2b‐Fc at 2·1‐Å resolution
Authors: Kolenko Petr , Dohnálek Jan , Dušková Jarmila , Skálová Tereza , Collard Renata , Hašek Jindřich 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe structure of the Fc fragment of monoclonal antibody IgG2b from hybridom M75 of Mus musculus has been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. This is the first report of the structure of the murine immunoglobulin isotype IgG2b. The structure refined at 2·1 Å resolution provides more detailed structural information about native oligosaccharides than was previously available. High‐quality Fourier maps provide a clear identification of α‐l‐fucose with partial occupancy in the first branch of the antennary oligosaccharides. A unique Fc:Fc interaction was observed at the CH2‐CH3 interface.