bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion-Exchange Properties of Cellulosic Polyanions
Authors: Lawton J.B. , Phillips G.O. 
Published: March 2008

Thermodynamic parameters have been determined for the ion exchange of inorganic cations with sodium ions on cellulosic polyanions which contain carboxyl, carboxymethyl, phosphate, or sulphate groups. These polyanions show similar properties to both ion-exchange resins and biological polyelectrolytes with respect to their ion-binding character istics. Thus both cellulose sulphate (—SO2-) and cellulose phosphate (=PO2-) bind potassium ions in preference to sodium ions, whereas with oxycellulose (—COO-) and carboxymethylcellulose (—CH2COO-) the order is reversed. The order of binding for copper(II) ions when exchanged for sodium ions is carboxymethyl > carboxyl > sulphate. For binding to carboxymethyl groups, the order of binding for divalent ions is Cu2+> Mn2+> Ca2+, but at sulphate groups the order is Mn2+> Ca2+> Cu2+.This behavior is here explained on the basis of two postulates: (1) that the ions are bound in the hydrated form to -SO2- and = PO2- groups, and (2) that at -CH3COO-and —COO-groups the effective radii of the ions are in order of their crystal radii. The cause of this difference in behavior is held to be the effective radius of the anionic group. A theory of ion-exchange selectivity is advanced which gives quantitative expression to these ideas and allows calculation of free-energy changes that are in good agreement with the experimental values.
Studies on the Thermal Degradation of Phosphorus-Containing Polymers
Authors: Katsuura Kakuji , Inagaki Norihiro 
Published: March 2008

Information is given to explain how phosphorus compounds contribute to flame retardance of cotton. The fabric treated with the following retardants can be expected to have effective flame retardance: (1) Phosphorus compounds are in ester-linkage with cellulose chains or are able to esterify with cellulose during pyrolysis. (2) The phosphorus ester groups introduced into cellulose chains are eliminated readily and conjugated double bonds are formed. The ease of formation of double bonds is due to the electron density in the phosphoryl group. The effect of the increase of its electron density leads to an increase of efficiency of flame retardance.
A Mathematical Model for Spinning Molten Polymers and Conditions of Spinning
Authors: Prastaro Agostino , Parrini Paolo 
Published: March 2008

The equations of spinning of molten polymers in the stationary non-isothermal state have been solved by an analytical numerical method so as to obtain temperature T(z) and section A (z) profiles along the spinning axis z. T(z) and A(z) are thus correlated with the molecular parameters of the molten polymer: viscosity, density, and specific heat at constant pressure, and with the cohditions of spinning: extrusion speed, take-up speed, air temperature, extrusion temperature, and polymer mass-flow rate. Furthermore, the correlation has been obtained between fiber quality and steady-state solutions. A critical collection rate and the critical extrusion output have been deduced from such correlations. Above such critical values, breakage of the molten polymer takes place.
Contribution to the Study of the Influence of Turbine Cleanliness on the Properties of Cotton and Blend Open-End Yarns
Authors: Barella A. , Vigo J.P. , Tarrés F.J. 
Published: March 2008

In this report the influence of the impurities (trash, dirt, etc. eventually accumulated in the turbines of the open-end machine) on the properties of yarns spun from cotton, blends, and man-made fibers is studied. It has been observed that, apart from an increase in end-breakage, parameters such as abrasion resistance, tensile strength, and resistance to repeated extensions decrease, and that yarn irregularity and yarn hairiness increase. It is also worth mentioning that the yarn presents periodic irregularities of varying wavelength, depending on the zone of the turbine where impu rities accumulate. Either continuous cleaning of the turbine in machines with a device intended to do so, or periodic cleaning by the operator, tends to avoid inconveniences from accumulation of impurities, which can in turn cause yarn deterioration . and fabric faults. Generally, the phenomenon is dependent on the degree of fiber cleanliness, and it is more frequent in cotton spinning than in spinning of man-made fibers and their blends.
Modification of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers by Dimethyldichlorosilane
Authors: Varma D.S. , Bandyopadhyay B.N. 
Published: March 2008

Polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVA) were treated with dimethyldichlorosilane (DMCS) in anhydrous condition and in air and nitrogen atmospheres. The effects of different reaction conditions and solvents on the extent of reaction were investigated. The percent weight gain of PVA increased as the molar ratio of silane to yarn was increased. An increase in the reaction temperature or time resulted in an increase in the weight gain. The percent gain in weight in air is slightly less than in nitrogen atmosphere, and in dimethylformamide (DMF) it is much higher than in benzene. The effect of these different reaction conditions on the extent of reaction has been explained in terms of accessibility of reaction sites. Physical properties of these chemically modified fibers were also investigated. Moisture regain, density, and bire fringence were reduced due to DMCS treatment. Compared to the parent fibers, the mechanical properties of the modified fibers were also impaired. The elastic recovery increased considerably, indicating the possibility of an inter moleculer crosslinking reaction. The thermal stability data revealed that at lower percent weight gain (<2%) the stability of the modified fibers was lower than that of the parent. However, above 2% weight gain an improvement in thermal stability behavior was observed.
Quantitative Determination of Dyes in Textile Fibers
Authors: Kissa Erik 
Published: March 2008

The quantitative determination of nonionic dyes in polyester substrates by extraction with organic solvents has been studied. Highly accurate and precise results are obtained by extraction of the fabric or yarn (0.1 to 0.3 g sample) with dimethylformamide (DMF) containing a free radical inhibitor (5 to 20 g/l. 2,6-di- t-butyl-4-methylphenol) and a non volatile acid (p-toluenesulfonic acid) to lower the apparent pH of the solvent to 4.0. One extraction with this solvent at 140°C removes usually over 90% of the dye in 2 to 3 minutes. Most dyes are removed completely from the fiber by three extractions (3 min each). The method is also applicable to the quantitative determination of disperse dyes in polyamide, acrylic, and acetate fibers and DMF soluble nonionic dyes in cellulosic fiber. It is shown that extraction with hot DMF can give erroneous results unless a free-radical inhibitor is added and the acidity of the extraction solvent controlled to stabilize the solvent and the dye. Stabilized DMF or dimethylacetamide (DMAC) are more effective extraction solvents than chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, dimethyl o-phthalate, methyl ethers of polyethylene glycols, acetic acid, or chloroform.
Differential Response of Cottons to Slack Mercerization
Authors: Rajagopalan A. , Venkatesh G.M. , Dweltz N.E. 
Published: March 2008

Fiber bundle strength at 1/8-in. test length of cottons of low and intermediate maturity is found to improve on slack swelling in 10% solution (w/w) of NaOH. At a concentration of 16% there is a marginal further improvement in the tenacity values of these cottons, and beyond 16% the tenacity levels off. Cottons of very high maturity differ from the above in that the tenacity values of these cottons are unaffected by the slack swelling treatment with 10% NaOH, and further, on treatment with 16% solution the tenacity values register a decline and then level off at higher concentrations. The causes of such a differential response of cottons of different maturities towards slack swelling in alkali of different concentrations are discussed on the basis of morphological and structural changes which the fibers have undergone, namely: change in linear density, removal of strain, and change in percent crystallinity and orientation of the amorphous phase of the cellulose material.
The Radiation Grafting of Silicone onto Vinylon and Tetoron
Authors: Nishide Shinko , Shimizu Harumichi 
Published: March 2008

The radiation grafting of silicone onto Vinylon or Tetoron was carried out in air at room temperature, and the water repellency of silicone-grafted samples was measured by the spray rating test with the following results: 1) The rate of grafting of Vinylon is 0.91%/h. The grafting is accelerated markedly by heating after irradiation. It is concluded that most of the grafting of this system is based on the radicals formed by the thermal decomposition of peroxide. 2) On the silicone-Tetoron system, grafting proceeds rapidly by irradiation above 3 Mrad while little grafting occurs below 3 Mrad. The degree of grafting in air is equal to that in N2. Consequently, the grafting in this system is the result of direct reaction of radicals formed during irradiation. 3) The silicone-graft-Vinylon and -Tetoron possess water repellency that is highly durable to dry cleaning and abrasion. The water repellency of grafted Vinylon increases with increasing irradiation dosage, but that of grafted Tetoron becomes constant at about 1 Mrad. Tetoron is better than that of Vinylon with regard to water repellency.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Detergency
Authors: Kissa Erik 
Published: March 2008

Mechanisms of detergency are discussed from the kinetic point of view. In general, soil removal involves (a) an in duction period during which soil removal is slow; (b) a rapid soil-removal period, during which the amount of soil in the substrate decreases linearly with the increasing logarithm of the washing time; and (c) a final period during which the amount of soil retained does not decrease significantly. Since soil removal usually involves several mechanisms, the kinetics of detergency are too complex to be described unequivocally by a simple rate equation. It is shown that the empirical linear relationship between the soil content and the logarithm of washing time can approximate several con ventional rate expressions. Soil removal is either spontaneous or requires mechanical work, resulting in hydrodynamic flow, cavitation, flexing of the fabric, etc. Spontaneous release of oily soil is related to absorption and diffusion of water in the swollen fiber or soil-release polymer and hydration of the interface between the soil and the fiber or the soil-release polymer. Soil-release agents facilitate the diffusion of water into the substrate and hydration of the soil-polymer interface. Detergency of oily soil from hydrophobic fibers and particulate soil requires mechanical work; it is facilitated by the smooth surfaces of synthetic fiber.
The Effect of Dry-Cleaning and of Laundering With and Without Fabric Softeners on the Thermal Properties of Blankets1
Authors: Baker Marjorie Wann , Reagan Barbara M. 
Published: March 2008

The effects of repeated dry-cleanings and launderings with and without fabric softeners on the thickness, air perme ability, dimensional stability, and thermal insulative properties of two blanket fabrics were evaluated in this study. One of the two softeners used in laundering was added to the rinse, and the other was added to the dryer. Changes in the thermal-transmittance properties of the test fabrics were determined with a guarded hot/cold plate. After repeated dry-cleanings and launderings, the blanket fabrics exhibited a significant reduction in thickness. Fabric dimensions were altered sifinificantly during the first few washings. Laundering and dry-cleaning also significantly changed the air permeability of the blanket fabrics: the permeability increased for one blanket fabric and decreased for the other. There was no significant change, however, in the thermal conductivity of the blanket fabrics after repeated launderings with or without fabric softeners or after repeated dry-cleanings. Thus, the thermal insulative properties of the blanket fabrics were not affected by repeated cleanings or by the use of fabric softeners during the washing or drying cycle of laundering._
The Influence of Adsorbed Dyes on the Yield Stress of Nylon Filaments
Authors: Suganuma Keiko 
Published: March 2008

The effects of different dyes on the yield stress of nylon filaments have been studied, and inferences have then been made attributing the observed effects to the operations of different molecular forces in different instances ( e.g. ionic interactions, nonpolar van dcr Waal's forces, and hydrogen honds). Several acid and disperse azo dyes were selected together with those anthraquinone dyes with similar parent chemical structure. They were applied to drawn nylon monofilaments. The stress-strain curves of dyed and undyed filaments were measured, and their yield-strcss values were obtained. Acid dyes attached to amine ends or amide groups of nylon by ionic interactions made the yield-stress increase, whereas disperse dyes attached by hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces; and dipole-dipole forces had little effect on it. It should be noted that the resistance to bond-rotation of amide groups of nylon is stronger when acid dyes are adsorbed. In this work, acid azo dye had a little more effect than acid anthraquinone dye.
Mass Transfer in a Laboratory Washing Machine
Authors: Ganguli K.L. , Van Eendenburg J. 
Published: March 2008

Rinsing of loosened soil from textiles into an agitated bath is one of the essential steps in washing. This paper describes a rinsing model, its measurements, and further applications. A textile is an inhomogeneous porous medium. The liquid from the bath easily flows into the large pores. In these regions the soil is dispersed mainly by convection. The small pores are occupied by stagnant liquid. Consequently, the supply of detergents and the transport of loosened soil take place by diffusion. A piece of textile is therefore regarded as a porous slab having diffusion and convective regions. The length of each region depends on agitation, cloth/liquor ratio, textile porosity, and tem perature. Using the diffusion length as a characteristic parameter, the agitation and the influence of detergents in fabric cleaning can be investigated and optimized in washing machines of various types and dimen sions.
Crystallinity, Crystallite Size, and Physical Properties of Native Egyptian Cotton
Authors: Hindeleh A.M. 
Published: March 2008

Crystallinity and crystallite size of eight types of native Egyptian cotton have been measured by the multipeak-resolution method of Hindeleh and Johnson. Remarkable variations in crystallinity were found—it ranges between 69 and 53%—while the crystallite size normal to the 002 planes ranges between 4.1 and 3.6 nm. A sample that possesses higher values of crystallinity and birefringence is characterized by higher values of breaking tenacity and stiffness and by a lower value of breaking elongation. The finest fiber (Guiza 45) has the best structural parameters and tensile properties. Although the crystallinity and birefringence are highly correlated with the physical properties, the birefringence correlation is more significant.
Wool/Polymer Interactions
Authors: Bateup Brett O. , Souren Illa 
Published: March 2008

Two methods were investigated for measuring the adhesion between single Lincoln fibers and a polyurethane elastomer. The importance of viscoelastic properties on the measured adhesive force was shown at low speeds of testing where the wool/polymer adhesive force increased with speed, parallel to the tearing energy of the elastomer. Estimates of the surface component of adhesion, θ0, were consistent with the conclusion that θ0» W0, where Wo is the calculated wool/polymer thermodynamic work of adhesion, assuming only van der Waals' bonding across the interface. Covalent bonding at the wool/polymer interface and/or me chanical interlocking of polymer under the scale edges could account for the large values of θ 0 as well as the mixed-mode (i.e. interfacial and cohesive) failure observed from scanning-electron-microscope studies.
Pulmonary Function Response to Dust from Standard and Closed-Boll-Harvested Cotton 1
Authors: Boehlecke Brian , Cocke Joseph , Bragg Kenneth , Hancock John , Petsonk Edward , Picirillo Richard , Merchant James 
Published: March 2008

Twenty-six volunteers with normal pulmonary function were exposed to cotton dust in a model card room. Exposures were carried out on alternate days, and spirometry was performed before and after six hours of exposure. Dust levels were measured with vertical elutriators and adjusted by varying carding rate and exhaust veritilation. "Standard" cotton was harvested and prepared for carding in the usual manner. "Closed-boll" (CB) cotton was harvested before the bolls had opened; the bolls were washed in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and then allowed to open under controlled conditions. Bract was manually removed prior to opening on one-half of this cotton. CB cotton was obtained from Stoneville, Mississippi and Lubbock, Texas. Four exposures to standard cotton from Stoneville were carried out, but only one exposure was carried out for each type of CB cotton due to the small quantities available. Results were analyzed for statistical significance. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV,) rose slightly over the day with no exposure and fell slightly after rayon exposure. Both changes were significantly different from the average fall of 5% after standard cotton exposure. Mississippi CB cotton, with or without bract, and Texas CB cotton without bract caused significantly smaller declines in FEV 1 than standard cotton. These declines were not significantly different from each other or from that associated with rayon exposure. The Texas CB cotton with bract caused a 10% decline in FEV,, which was significantly greater than that for standard cotton. In normal volunteers, airway response is less to dust from closed-boll cotton without bract than to standard cotton dust. Differences in response to dust from CB cotton with bract from Mississippi and Texas are to be studied further.
What is Byssinosis? A Review1
Authors: Rooke G.B. 
Published: March 2008

The pattern of the disease we now know as byssinosis has been established over the years in medical literature. It is not the same as mill fever, mattress-maker's fever, or weaver's cough, which are caused by contaminated batches of fiber. It is distinguish able from bronchitis in its earlier stages, and some disabled byssinotics may never develop sputum. The pathological findings are not those of an extrinsic allergic alveolitis such as farmer's lung, and emphysema is not an invariable finding. It seems unlikely therefore that bacterial endotoxins or allergy play a part in the etiology of the disease. A direct pharmacological effect on the smooth muscle of the airways by water-soluble substances appears likely. Although a fall in FEV 1 over the first shift of the week may occur in a high proportion of byssinotics, it cannot be used as a diagnostic tool in individual cases. The diagnosis of byssinosis for compensation purposes is entirely dependent on the symptomatic history. Smoking certainly aggravates the effect of cotton dust. The proportion of those who develop the early grades of byssinosis and go on to disabling disease does not appear to be large when assessed from compensation cases.
A Microprocessor-Based Sliver-Unevenness Analyzer
Authors: De Sadhan K. 
Published: March 2008

Unevenness (the variation in mass per-unit-length) of a sliver (textile strand) is considered a very important parameter for the quality control of textiles. A single index of unevenness, usually in the form of the statistical parameter CV (coefficient of variation), is hardly adequate for current quality-control requirements. A need exists, therefore, for an instrument capable of producing more detailed information quickly. The instrument described in this paper will print-out accurate data for variance- length curve-one of the important methods of unevenness analysis. A prototype model of the instrument has been built using a unit for converting the linear density into an electrical signal, a 990 prototyping system (TMS 9900 microprocessor), and an A/D converter module as the interface. The performance of the prototype instrument has been tested and the results are reported.
Mechanisms of Soil Release
Authors: Kissa Erik 
Published: March 2008

The detergency mechanisms for oily (liquid) soils and particulate soils are different. The functioning of a soil-release finish depends therefore on several of its properties. Oily-soil detergency involves diffusion of water to the soil-fiber interface and roll-up of soil. Other mechanisms (solubilization, emulsification, soil penetration, etc.) usually do not determine the rate of soil removal. Soil-release agents increase the hydrophilic ity of the fiber surface and enhance diffusion of water and hydration of the soil-fiber interface. Detergency of particulate soil is not dominated by the hydrophilicity of the fibers but depends on the location of the particle and its adhesion to the fiber surface. Soil-release agents can facilitate removal of particulate soil by decreasing adhesion of the soil particles and enhancing diffusion of water and detergent into the particle-fiber interface. Nondurable release agents also release particulate soil by a sacrificial flaking or dissolution mechanism. Problems encountered with soil removal from durable-press finished cotton and possible solutions are discussed.
Hydrolytic Effects on the Modulus of Polyester Fibers
Authors: Behery Hassan M. , Hayes Kenneth 
Published: March 2008

The effect of temperature and time of exposure in water on the initial modulus of various types of polyester fibers was investigated. Polyester filaments were tested in a constant-temperature water bath on the Instron tester. Various temperatures and times of exposure were used, and tests were made immediately upon attaining the desired time of exposure and after allowing the water bath to cool to equilibrium conditions. Within the experimental range of this study, the initial modulus of the polyester fibers decreased markedly above the second-order transition temperature of the polyester. An added decrease in initial modulus occurred after the fibers were exposed at this temperature for two hours. These were not found to be permanent effects.
The Interaction of Positively Charged Polymer Particles with Wool Fibers
Authors: Fleischfresser Barry E. 
Published: March 2008

The adsorption of positively charged polymer particles onto wool fibers from an aqueous dispersion has been investigated under various conditions. The effects of pH, electrolyte, and non-ionic and charged surfactants on the rate of adsorption are reported. Desorption of polymer particles under the influence of surfactants and pH changes has also been studied. The results of both adsorption and desorption experiments are explained in terms of the DLVO theory of heterocoagulation together with steric effects arising from the presence of adsorbed surfactant molecules.
The Effects of Projectile Geometry on the Performance of Ballistic Fabrics
Authors: Montgomery T.G. , Grady P.L. , Tomasino C. 
Published: March 2008

A ballistic laboratory was designed and built to accommodate the impact of . Kevlar® woven fabric of varying ply levels, while manipulating the geometrical shape, weight, and impact velocity of the projectile. A chronograph system was used to measure the striking and residual velocities of the missile. Empirical relations were determined between the experimental data and the quantity 1/√L, where L is the ogive length of the projectile. This quantity was found to be useful in characterizing projectile geometrical effects on the impact performance of woven fabric systems. The effects of projectile shape on the number of fabric plies, velocity loss data, and thus V50 values are characterized by the empirical relations.