bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasserting the public in public service delivery: The de-privatization and de-marketization of education in China
Authors: Painter Martin , Mok Ka Ho 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In the last two decades, China has experienced significant economic transformations and social changes. The economic reforms started in the late 1970s have unquestionably enabled some social groups to become wealthy but the same processes have also widened the gap between the rich and the poor and intensified regional disparities in China. Most significant of all, embracing the market economy has inevitably challenged the way socialism is practiced in China, especially through the growing prominence of neo-liberal ideas and strategies in reforms, not only in the economic sector but also in public sector management and social policy delivery. After pursuing marketization of public service delivery in the last few decades, a process of re-appraisal has begun, with new thinking evident concerning the role of government in financing and provision of public services. This has been prompted in large part by growing social unrest over the financial burdens experienced in accessing user-pays services in education, health and housing. While market principles and a low level of state investment in public services are now deeply entrenched, the Chinese leadership has called for a new social policy paradigm by reasserting the public in public service delivery. This paper explores current reforms in education and discusses the coping strategies and the policy implications for launching a new public service delivery model in the next few years.
Calibration of mammoth (Mammuthus) dispersal into North America using rare earth elements of Plio-Pleistocene mammals from Florida
Authors: MacFadden Bruce J. , Hulbert Richard C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe first appearance of mammoth (Mammuthus) is currently used to define the beginning of the Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age at about 1.4 Ma. Thereafter, mammoth fossils are common and widespread in North America until the end of the Pleistocene. In contrast to this generally accepted biochronology, recent reports have asserted that mammoth occurs in late Pliocene (ca. 2.5 Ma) alluvium from the Santa Fe River of northern Florida. The supposedly contemporaneous late Pliocene fossil assemblage from the Santa Fe River that produced the mammoth specimens actually consists of a mixture of diagnostic Blancan (late Pliocene) and late Rancholabrean (latest Pleistocene) species. Fossil bones and teeth of the two mammalian faunas mixed together along the Santa Fe River have significantly different rare earth element (REE) signatures. The REE signatures of mammoth are indistinguishable from those of Rancholabrean mammals, yet they are different from those of diagnostic Blancan vertebrates from these same temporally mixed faunas of the Santa Fe River. Thus, no evidence for late Pliocene mammoth exists in Florida, and mammoth fossils remain reliable biochronological indicators for Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean terrestrial sequences throughout mid- and lower-latitude North America.
Climate deterioration in the Eastern Mediterranean as revealed by ion microprobe analysis of a speleothem that grew from 2.2 to 0.9 ka in Soreq Cave, Israel
Authors: Orland Ian J. , Bar-Matthews Miryam , Kita Noriko T. , Ayalon Avner , Matthews Alan , Valley John W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAnalysis of oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) by ion microprobe resolves a sub-annual climate record for the Eastern Mediterranean from a Soreq Cave stalagmite that grew between 2.2 and 0.9 ka. In contrast to conventional drill-sampling methods that yield a total variation of 1.0‰ in δ18Ocalcite values across our sample, the methods described here reveal up to 2.15‰ variation within single annual growth bands. Values of δ18O measured by ion microprobe vary in a regular saw-tooth pattern that correlates with annual, fluorescent growth banding where calcite grades from light to dark fluorescence. Modern records of precipitation and of cave dripwater indicate that variable δ18Ocalcite values record regular seasonal differences in δ18Orainfall modified by mixing in the vadose zone. Large differences in δ18O values measured across a single band (i.e., between the dark and light fluorescent calcite, or Δ18Odark-light) are interpreted to indicate wetter years, while smaller differences represent drier years. Oxygen isotopes record: 1) month-scale growth increments, 2) changes in Δ18Odark-light that represent seasonality, 3) a systematic, long-term decrease in maximum Δ18Odark-light values, and 4) an overall increase in average δ18Ocalcite values through time. These results suggest a drying of regional climate that coincides with the decline of the Roman and Byzantine Empires in the Levant region.
Late PleistoceneBison antiquusfrom Orcas Island, Washington, and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island
Authors: Wilson Michael C. , Kenady Stephen M. , Schalk Randall F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractABison antiquuscranium and partial skeleton from Ayer Pond wetland on Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, date to 11,760 ± 7014C yr BP. They lay in lacustrine sediments below peat, unconformably above emergent Everson Glaciomarine Drift (> 12,00014C yr BP). Several bison finds in similar contexts on Orcas and Vancouver Islands dating between 11,750 and 10,80014C yr BP indicate an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor with reduced water barriers between mainland and islands. New bison dates and published shell dates allow estimation of early postglacial relative sea-level trends for the San Juans, with a drop below modern datum ∼ 12,00014C yr BP, and assist in evaluation of marine reservoir corrections. Emergence by ∼ 60 m is suggested by data from nearby areas. A tundra-like or meadow community and succeeding open pine parkland before 11,00014C yr BP supported bison but horn-core reduction suggests suboptimal forage or restricted habitat. Expanding mixed-conifer forests after 11,00014C yr BP contributed to bison extirpation. Dispersing ungulates such as bison must have influenced island vegetation establishment and early succession. Possible evidence for butchering by early coastal people adds significance to the Ayer Pond discovery, given its pre-Clovis age.
On Communication Strategies: Focus on Interaction
Authors: Labarca Angela , Khanji Rajai 
Published: November 2008

Although previous work has analyzed the communication strategies (CS) of L2 learners (e.g., Faerch & Kasper, 1983; Tarone, 1980, 1977), this research is an attempt at studying CS used by both 12 speakers and their interviewers during a videotaped interview. Fifty-three beginning French learners were interviewed and the videotape was analyzed for CS used by both interactants; learners' performance was also rated (ACTFL, 1982). Subjects were instructed either by Total Physical Response (Asher, 1977, 1969) or Strategic Interaction (SI) (Di Pietro, 1982, 1979).Data were subjected to correlational and MANOVA analyses. Significant differences were detected between groups. In general, the higher the proficiency rating, the lower was the use of CS. The method of instruction appeared to have an important bearing on amount and kind of CS used and on proficiency ratings received. SI students and their interviewers used fewer CS; SI learners also received higher ratings.It appears that SI facilitated students' development of at least two underlying competencies, linguistic and interactional (Palmer, 1979; Canale & Swain, 1980). It is also posited that SI students' diminished use of CS indicates a higher degree of control over the activity, as proposed by the Vygotskian paradigm (Vygotsky, 1962).
On the capacity of the circular disc condenser at small separation
Authors: Leppington Frank , Levine Harold 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA pair of identical circular discs, held at equal and opposite potentials, forms a condenser whose capacityCdepends on the ratio ε of separation against diameter. The determination of an asymptotic expansion forCwhen ε is small poses an axisymmetric boundary-value problem for harmonic functions that has engaged the attention of numerous investigators over a long span of time. It is a simple matter to construct a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for the charge density ± σ on the discs, in terms of which the potential field and the capacity are implicitly determined, but the equation is unsuitable if ε ≪ 1. Integral equations of the second kind and of the dual variety have also been proposed as a means of securing a more manageable formulation of the boundary-value problem. An elementary approximation follows from the hypothesis that the charge density is almost the same as though the discs were of infinite extent, except for a region close to the edges, and leads to the resultC∼ l/8ε as ε → 0. Kirchhoff considerably improved on this crude estimate by suggesting a plausible edge correction which yields two further terms forC, of orders log ∈ and a constant, respectively, and his results have been rigorously established by the more refined analysis of Hutson. In the present work an integral equation of the first kind for the distribution of potential off the discs is derived and utilized to obtain an approximation forCwhen ε is small, reproducing the result of Kirchhoff and Hutson. Furthermore, an estimate of the error provides explicit details regarding the next term in the asymptotic expansion ofC, which is of the order ε(log ε)2.
Elliptic inclusions in a stressed matrix
Authors: Bhargava R. D. , Radhakrishna H. C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper treats an extension of the problem considered by the authors in a recent paper (1). The minimum energy principle of the classical theory of elasticity was used in the above paper for evaluating the elastic field when an elliptic region (the inclusion, which could be of a material different from the rest) undergoes spontaneous dimensional change in an otherwise unstrained infinite medium (the matrix). By modification of this method, it has been possible to deal with the case when the inclusion is spherical or circular and the matrix is under uniform tension at infinity (2). The present paper deals with the much more general case when the matrix is under tension, at infinity, inclined at any angle to the major axis of the elliptic inclusion. The solution has been possible by the combination of the complex variable method coupled with minimum energy principle and superposition methods of linear elasticity theory. As a consequence we immediately derive almost without further calculation many particular cases, viz. (i) the inclusion problem in a matrix under axial tension parallel to either of the axes, (ii) under all round uniform tension (or pressure) etc. It is obvious that the results for the respective cases of a circular inclusion can be deduced from these results.It also solves the problem of composite sections under external forces at infinity because of the complete freedom in choosing the elastic constant of the inclusion which can be different from that of the matrix. As a corollary, it solves the problem of a cavity under stress at infinity.
Equicontinuity and -recursive transformation groups
Authors: Allsbrook Janet , Bagley R. W. 
Published: November 2008

In this paper we obtain results on equicontinuity and apply them to certain recursive properties of topological transformation groups (X, T, π) with uniform phase space X. For example, in the special case that each transition πt is uniformly continuous we consider the transformation group (X,Ψ,ρ), where Ψ is the closure of {πt|t∈T} in the space of all unimorphisms of X onto X with the topology of uniform convergence (space index topology) and p(x, φ) = φ(x) for (x, φ)∈ X × Ψ. (See (1), page 94, 11·18.) If π is a mapping on X × T we usually write ‘xt’ for ‘π(x, t)’ and ‘AT’ for ‘π(A × T)’ where A ⊂ X. In this case we obtain the following results:I. If (X, T, π) is almost periodic [regularly almost periodic] and πxis equicontinuous, then (X,Φ,ρ) is almost periodic [regularly almost periodic]II. Let A be a compact subset of X such that. If the left and right uniformities of T are equal and (X, T, π) is almost periodic [regularly almost periodic], then (X, T, π) is almost periodic [regularly almost periodic].
On the solution of an equation occurring in quantum mechanics
Authors: Grubb M. Anthea 
Published: November 2008

The following equation arose in a study of the evolution of a one-dimensional quantum system:where α and κ are positive constants, andIt will be shown that this system provides an example of exactly exponential decay. This is of interest in view of recent papers discussing the validity of the exponential decay law (see, for example, Khalfin (1)and Martin (2)).
The Photoelectric Absorption of Gamma Rays
Authors: Gray L. H. 
Published: November 2008

No satisfactory formula has so far been derived theoretically for the photoelectric absorption of X-rays and γ-rays. The empirical lawhas hitherto been generally accepted as giving approximately the variation of the photoelectric absorption coefficient per electron, with atomic numberZand wave length λ for X-rays of wave length greater than 100 X.U., and the validity of this law has often been assumed for γ-rays also.
On groups of linear substitutions which contain irreducible metacyclical subgroups
Authors: Burnside W. 
Published: November 2008

If G is a group of finite order which contains an operation P of prime order p, permutable only with its own powers, the order of G must, by Sylow's theorem, be of the form (1 + kp) pś, where s is a factor of p – 1. The greatest subgroup of G, which contains self-conjugately {P};, the subgroup generated by P, must be a metacyclical subgroup {S, P}, wherewhile g is a primitive root of the congruence gs = 1 (mod. p).
Notes on the electrical counter
Authors: Emeléus K. G. 
Published: November 2008

1. The brush discharges from a counting point have been examined with the microscope.2. Magnetic fields have been shown not to affect counting under certain conditions.3. The function of the series resistance has been further studied.4. An approximate measurement has been made of the mechanical reaction on the electrodes.5. An attempt has been made to detect hysteresis in the discharge, with negative results.6. An effect of intense ionization has been noted.
On Young's criteria for the convergence of Fourier series and their conjugates
Authors: Sargent W. L. C. 
Published: November 2008

1. Young's criterion for the convergence of a Fourier series may be stated in the following form:The integraltends to zero as ω → ∞ whenever(A) ø(t) is absolutely integrable in (0, a),(B) ø(t) → 0 in mean as t → 0,(C) tø(t) is of bounded variation to the immediate right of t = 0 and, as t → 0,
An analogy for beams of particles of a reciprocal optical theorem due to Helmholtz
Authors: Fowler R. H. 
Published: November 2008

There is a theorem in geometrical optics due to Helmholtz which states that if a ray of light (1) after any number of refractions and reflections at plane or nearly plane surfaces gives rise (among others) to a ray (2) whose intensity is a certain fraction f12 of the intensity of the ray (1), then on reversing the path of the light an incident ray (2)′ will give rise, among others, to a ray (1)′ whose intensity is a fraction f21 of the ray (2)′, such thatThe surfaces if not plane must be such that their radius of curvature is large compared with the lateral extent of the ray and this lateral extent must itself be large compared with the wave-lengths in the ray. In view of the many recent studies of reflection and transmission (refraction) of beams of electrons at potential walls, it seems worth while to ask whether there exists an analogy of the optical theorem for beams of electrons (or other particles). It is easy to see that the analogy must exist by using the principle of detailed balancing required by an assembly in statistical equilibrium. But a direct “dynamical” proof is also easy and may prove of sufficient practical interest to put on record here.
The mean value of the fluctuations in pressure and pressure gradient in a turbulent fluid
Authors: Taylor G. I. 
Published: November 2008

In the general systems of vortices represented by (1) the mean variation in pressureiswhereKis a number which varies between 1 and √2. When the vortices are confined to cubical partitions, the case most nearly analogous to that of free turbulence,K= 1·06, so that the conjecture which I made some years ago, thatwould be equal tois probably nearly correct.
Superlattice formation of the type AB in alloys with applications to the theory of adsorption
Authors: Chang T. S. 
Published: November 2008

Calculations are made to investigate the behaviour of ordering near the critical temperature for alloys with a superlattice of the type AB for various compositions. No fluctuation among the sites of the same kind, which may lead to the possible existence of some other types of superlattice, say, AB3, is considered. Results showing the change of ordering with T near Tc are plotted.The theory is also applied to the adsorption of gases upon a solid surface, where the sites of accommodation are regularly arranged. It is shown that under certain conditions, a superlattice formation in the adsorbed layer is possible.
Note to the preceding paper by C. V. H. Rao
Authors: Baker H. F. 
Published: November 2008

If (a1, b1, c1), (a2, b2, c2), (a3, b3, c3) be three sets of numbers subject to the six relations such as and with a positive determinant, then the four tetrahedra, M, M1, M2, M3, whose angular points have coordinates given by the rows of the four matricesare such that every two are mutually inscribed. The sixteen points so arising are the nodes of a Kummer surface having for one form of its equation
Rectilinear flow of non-Bingham plastic solids and non-Newtonian viscous liquids. II
Authors: Oldroyd J. G. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe equation of steady rectilinear motion of a material of variable viscosity is transformed, when the pressure gradient vanishes, into a second-order differential equation which is linear in the dependent variable. A general solution of the linearized equation can be obtained in the case of a wide class of plastic solids and viscous liquids. By making use of the idealized materials which lend themselves to this method of solution, a theoretical comparison can be made of the behaviour of plastic solids of different types under the same conditions. As an illustration, a plastic solid which yields very sharply when the yield point is first exceeded is compared with one which yields only gradually at the same yield value; the flow caused by the longitudinal motion of an (approximately) elliptic cylinder in an infinite mass of material is investigated in each case.
On a theorem of S. Bernstein
Authors: Chang Shih-Hsun 
Published: November 2008

S. Bernstein (see(l), pp. 198–204) has proved that ifis an entire function of genus zero, then the seriesis convergent. By considering the most unfavourable case, when all the (βn) are positive real numbers, and writingwhich is convergent by hypothesis, he proved that.
The long-wave paradox in the theory of gravity waves
Authors: Ursell F. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe theory of long waves in shallow water under gravity employs two different approaches, which have given rise to a well-known paradox remarked by Stokes, but hitherto not fully resolved. On the one hand it was shown by Airy (1) that, if the pressure at any point in the fluid is equal to the hydrostatic head due to the column of water above it, then no wave form can be propagated without change hi shallow water of uniform depth; on the other hand, it was shown by Rayleigh's theory (8) of the solitary wave that this conclusion may be incorrect. In the present paper an attempt is made to elucidate the paradox. Waves of small amplitude η0 and large horizontal wave-length λ (compared with the depth h of the water) are studied, and it is shown that Airy's conclusion is valid if η0λ2/h3 ia large, whereas the solitary wave has η0λ2/h3 of order unity. Equations of motion are derived corresponding to large, moderate and small values of η0λ2/h3; these can be summarized in a single equation for the profile η(x, t):due to Boussinesq (3).It is also shown that the linearized theory of surface waves is valid only if η0/λ and η0λ2/h3 are both small. Some remarks are made on the generation of the solitary wave, and on the breaking of waves on a shelving beach.
Classical electrodynamics as a distribution theory
Authors: Taylor J. G. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper a precise distribution-theoretic formalism for the description of point charges interacting through a classical electromagnetic field is given. The distribution solutions of the Maxwell equations are shown to reduce to the Lienard–Wiechert fields, which are summable over the whole of space-time. It is not possible to obtain directly a unique field intensity, on the world lines, from these distribution solutions. A brief analysis shows that analytic continuation methods also do not give a unique field intensity on the world lines. The energy tensor for the field is a distribution which can only be rigorously defined in terms of the motions of the charges. Thus only the value of the field energy or momentum residing in any finite region of space-time can be given any meaning. Equations of motion for the charges may be derived from the field energy tensor, using the principle of conservation of total energy and momentum for the system. These equations agree with those obtained previously by Dirac (2). Also any canonical formalism in which the field potentials and the particle variables enter in an equivalent manner is not possible. The difficulty of the definition of products of distributions in the stress tensor does not occur.
A theory of the propagation of bores in channels and rivers
Authors: Abbott M. R. , Lighthill M. J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA theory is presented of the non-linear propagation of waves and bores in channels of varying cross-section with a basic steady flow governed by frictional resistance; this corresponds to the flow in tidal rivers. The theory provides a condition on the tidal range required to produce a bore, in terms of the geometry and friction parameters of the river, and the propagation of such a bore is then described. The theory is applied to the River Severn and the results agree satisfactorily with observation. The results for the special case of waves moving into still water in a channel of varying section are also noted in detail.
A consistency condition for electron wave functions
Authors: Eliezer C. Jayaratnam 
Published: November 2008

Dirac's wave equation of an electron enables one to solve for the wave function of an electron moving in an electromagnetic field. The wave function ψ has 4 components ψ1, ψ2, ψ3, ψ4, and the electromagnetic field is described by a four-vector Aμ, consisting of a scalar potential φ and a vector potential A.In the usual problem, we solve for the wave function ψ when the potential Aμ is given. By doing so, we obtain the wave function of an electron which moves in a given electromagnetic field. It is of some interest to consider the reverse question: given the wave function ψ, what can we say about the electromagnetic potential Aμ, which is connected with ψ by Dirac's equation? Is Aμ uniquely determined, and if not, what is the extent to which it is arbitrary ?