bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buried Plastic Pipe Technology: 2nd Volume
Authors: Eckstein D 
Published: March 2009

Description
An update in the technology of buried plastic pipe. 17 peer-reviewed papers in sections on Field Testing, Design and Installation, Rehabilitation, Laboratory testing, and Trenchless Construction.
Topics include: • effects of acid environment on PVC pipe • analysis of rehabilitation techniques • three-dimensional visoelastic finite-element model to predict circumferential stress and strain in HDPE pipes • design methodology for buried HDPE manholes that accounts for both the rind-directed and axially-directed effects of applied earth pressure • new test for studying behavior for buried plastic pipes in hoop compression.
Biomechanics of Ulnar Osteotomies and Plate Fixation
Authors: Rayhack JM , Gasser SI , Milne EL , Latta LL 
Published: March 2009

Osteotomies to shorten the ulna have proven to be an effective procedure for ulnar positive wrist syndrome. However, the procedure has been fraught with a number of mechanical problems which have limited its clinical and biological success. This work proposes a solution for some of these mechanical problems and tests this hypothesis in the laboratory and the clinical setting.
Twenty pairs of human ulnas (5 pairs in each group) had shortening osteotomies performed. One side had conventional transverse, “free-hand” cuts, coaptation by hand and compression and neutralization by a standard A0 3.5 mm, 7-hole DCP Plate. The contralateral ulna had a fixture attached to the bone to control the cutting saw and the bone fragments throughout the 45° osteotomy cuts and controlled coaptation and compression with an intrafragmentary lag screw and neutralization with a 2.5 mm, low profile, 7-hole plate. After the co-aptation, compression and neutralization were complete, the fixture was removed, and each ulna was elastically tested for bending (in two planes) and torsion stiffness, and for strength in apex volar bending. Bending stiffness of both plate designs was also measured.
Structural stiffness was clearly greater in torsion testing for the oblique osteotomy at a significance level of P &lt; .04. No biomechanical difference was identified in the AP and lateral bending tests despite the fact that the low profile plate was only half the bending rigidity of the standard plate.
In a clinical trial, twenty-three transverse osteotomies were compared to seventeen oblique osteotomies using the described instruments. The healing rate and consistency was improved for the oblique osteotomy group compared to the transverse osteotomy group by 10.9 versus 20.6 weeks to healing in 100% versus 96% completely healed cases, respectively.
The osteotomy instrumentation system not only provided the surgeon with a means of reducing operative time, post-operative complications, ease of implementation and reduced hardware bulk in the subcutaneous region, but also improved the mechanical and clinical performance for short and long term due to the precision and configuration of the construct, requiring less mechanically demanding hardware.
Vehicle-Road Interaction
Authors: Kulakowski BT 
Published: March 2009

Description
Most of the problems associated with the safety, economy, and overall quality of road transportation are affected by the characteristics of both roads and vehicles and by the manner in which these two dynamic systems interact. Unlike other publications that deal with either vehicles or roads, STP 1225 places equal emphasis on the vehicle and the roadway.
16 peer-reviewed papers written by top researchers in the field cover:
• Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Vehicle-Road Dynamic Interaction
• Laboratory and Field Tests of Vehicle-Induced Pavement Ladings
• Tire Characteristics
• Ride Quality and Road Roughness
• Advances in Vehicle Suspension Design and Dontrol
• Noise Emission due to Vehicle-Tire-Road Interaction
• and Fuel Efficiency and Rolling Resistance.
Reactor Dosimetry
Authors: Farrar H , Lippincott EP , Williams JG , Vehar DW 
Published: March 2009

Description
Presents the most up to date research available from the world's leading experts in neutron and gammaray physics and dosimetry. This state-of-the-art review features over 85 peer-reviewed papers on such wide-ranging subjects as:
Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry -- 17papers, including review papers on the current status of surveillance standards, several papers on the status of surveillance programs in central and eastern European countries, and a number of papers on handling uncertainties in surveillance data.
Passive and Active Neutron Dosimetry Techniques -- two sections containing papers that describe some of the newest techniques in neutron metrology.
Benchmarks -- includes papers describing the analysis of benchmark neutron environments for verification and validation of measurement and calculational results.
Gamma-Ray Dosimetry Techniques -- 5 papers describing some of the latest techniques for determining gamma-ray fluences in reactor environments.
Radiation Damage Evaluation and Measurements-- contains papers correlating various aspects of radiation damage with fluence.
Radiation Field Characterization -- 8 papers describe analyses in a wide variety of neutron environments, ranging from neutron fields in light-water moderated research reactors to photoneutron fields produced by an electron accelerator.
Nuclear Data -- papers on evaluations of specific cross sections important for dosimetry applications, as well as evaluation and testing of updated dosimetry cross-section libraries. In addition, this section includes 2 papers on the evaluation and testing of the most recent multigroup cross-section libraries used for neutron and gamma-ray transport calculations.
High-Energy Neutron Dosimetry -- 5 papers that support research in fusion energy.
Three keynote presentations and summaries of nine workshop meetings are also included in this comprehensive edition.
Automation in Fatigue and Fracture: Testing and Analysis
Authors: Amzallag C 
Published: March 2009

Description
Broad range of topics describe how advancements in digital computer hardware and software have opened up new opportunities in mechanical testing, modeling of physical processes, data analysis and interpretation, applications in engineering environments.
40 peer-reviewed papers from developers of testing methodology, researchers and scientists who evaluate and predict materials response, and engineers who apply the results to current day challenges in industry.
Science and Technology of Building Seals, Sealants, Glazing, and Waterproofing: 3rd Volume
Authors: Myers JC 
Published: March 2009

Description
The latest information on sealant reversion, updated data on sealant weathering and durability, design guidance for expansion joins in deck waterproofing, guidance for sealant selection, and research on silicon adhesion. 7 peer-reviewed papers in 3 sections: Durability • Design • Testing.
Inelastic Shear Response of Unidirectional Composites from Torsion of Solid Bars
Authors: Chatterjee SN , Yen CF , Kessler JA , Adams DF 
Published: March 2009

Results of torsion tests on solid circular and rectangular bars for the determination of the shear response of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites are reported. Such tests have been used by some investigators for determining the shear modulus. Determination of nonlinear shear response from torque-twist (or shear strain) data is, however, a difficult task. It is a common practice to determine the shear stress distribution by the use of linear elasticity theory even when the shear response is highly nonlinear.
In this study, the inelastic stress states in solid circular and rectangular bars are considered. A simple procedure is used for analyzing the data for circular bars. For rectangular specimens it is assumed that the material is elastoplastic, showing strain hardening such that the shear stress-strain response is of the Ramberg-Osgood type. A method is suggested for backing out the RambergOsgood parameters from test data for rectangular bars. Representative data from tests on both types of bars are compared with data from other tests. The results compare well with Iosipescu and two-rail shear data up to a shear strain level of 3%. Responses obtained from specimens of different cross-section or dimensions and lengths are presented. Failure mechanisms and reasons for low ultimate strains (as compared to Iosipescu and two-rail shear tests) are discussed. Based on analytical studies of end effects and observed failure mechanisms, suggestions are made regarding choice of specimen dimensions for obtaining reliable data. It appears that torsion tests provide a useful simple method for determining nonlinear shear response of unidirectional composites, especially when other methods may not be suitable due to special types of product forms like pultruded bars or thick sections.
Compression of “Thick” Composites: Two Test Methods
Authors: Goeke EC 
Published: March 2009

Because several uses of “thick” composites have become important to the armed forces, a need to characterize the compression properties of such materials was evident. A literature review did not uncover a test specimen that was adequate. Two programs to explore compression specimens will be discussed.
The Navy specimen is an end-loaded coupon with tabs and clamping blocks. Its use was studied with glass epoxy and carbon epoxy materials.
The Army specimen is a prism. Several materials have been tested with it. The observed failures and consistency of data indicate that it is a useful compression specimen.
Elastic Constants of Isotropic and Orthotropic Composite Materials from Plate Vibration Test Data
Authors: Ayorinde EO , Gibson RF , Wen Y-F 
Published: March 2009

In a separate paper, the first two authors have described a method for deriving the elastic constants of an orthotropic composite material from resonance frequencies and mode shapes obtained in a modal analysis of a completely free plate. In this paper, the method is customized for isotropic materials. This much faster version, which presumes isotropy, is used to predict the elastic constants of square-plate specimens of aluminum and a nearly isotropic glass/polyester sheet molding compound (SMC). The results are compared to those from the full orthotropic method.
The paper examines the relative accuracies of the methods for obtaining frequencies. It also examines the effects on the predicted elastic constants of two different methods for simulating the free edge boundary condition: suspension by nylon filaments and placement on a soft cotton pad. The inverse method is used to obtain the properties of the SMC plate and of a rectangular graphite/epoxy plate cushioned on the cotton pad. The rectangular-plate graphite/epoxy results are compared to results for the same plate suspended by nylon filaments, and to those from the suspended square plate of the same material.
These results indicate that the method proposed by the authors has potential for rapidly and economically estimating the elastic constants of isotropic and orthotropic materials.
Experimental Determination of the Effect of Hole Interaction on Stress Concentrations in Angle Ply Graphite/Epoxy Composite Panels
Authors: Sorem JR , Glaessgen EH , Tipton SM 
Published: March 2009

Although laminated plates have gained acceptance for use in primary aircraft structural components, their behavior is still not completely understood. The need to include multiple holes for fasteners, weight reduction, and access greatly complicates design processes developed for unnotched plates. In this paper, experimentally measured strains and calculated stress concentration factors are reported for “three hole” combinations representative of geometries found in composite aerostructures. Reasonable correlation is observed between measured strains and strain determined from finite element analyses.
Three different stacking sequences are considered, each representative of a bound on equivalent elastic constants for in-plane loading found in common design practice. The stacking sequences include (0/ + 45/-45/0)2s, (0/ + 45/-45/90)2s and (90/ + 45/ - 45/90)2s. After fabrication, a central hole and two symmetric “influencing” holes were cut in the panels. Strain gages were then applied to the inside of the central hole and in a region away from the holes to provide free field strains. During tensile loading, strains at both locations were recorded and scaled using a modified secant method to obtain the strain concentration factors. Material orientation was then considered in the computation of stress concentration factors. The experimentally obtained results presented in this paper represent design criteria for several geometries. Additional results from extensive finite element analyses are being compiled for publication as a family of design curves.
Design and Testing of Composite Laminates for Optimum Extension-Twist Coupling
Authors: Armanios EA , Hooke D , Kamat M , Palmer D , Li J 
Published: March 2009

A constrained optimization scheme is used to determine the stacking sequence that maximizes the extension-twist coupling in a composite laminate while maintaining its hygrothermal stability. The results are compared with the hygrothermally stable laminates obtained by stacking a set of rotated [0/90] plies. It is found that the laminate configurations resulting from the optimization scheme have improved coupling. Their coupling magnitude, however, is very sensitive to changes in fiber angle.
Eight sets of laminates with varying extension-twist coupling were fabricated and tested using a custom loading transducer designed to allow the laminate end to twist while undergoing extension. Test results were compared with analytical predictions.
Laser Weld Reconstitution of Conventional Charpy and Miniaturized Notch Test (MNT) Specimens
Authors: Manahan MP , Williams J , Martukanitz RP 
Published: March 2009

As nuclear power plants approach end-of-license (EOL) and consideration is given to license renewal, there is an ever increasing need to expand the amount of data obtainable from the original surveillance specimens. A laser welding technique to reconstitute broken Charpy specimens is being developed to produce both conventional and miniaturized Charpy specimens. This paper reports on early laser welding development efforts and summarizes previous proof-of-principle experiments on a 1/16 scale miniaturized Charpy test. In order to benchmark the laser welding procedure, the laser-reconstituted specimen data have been compared with the original specimen data. In addition, the microstructure after welding has been examined to ensure that the material in the vicinity of the notch is essentially unchanged after the welding process. Data which characterize the thermal transient during welding are obtained by attaching thermocouples to the specimens. Other important considerations include perturbation of the stress field near the notch, dynamic stress waves, and contact of the weld region with the tup.
Precise control of welding parameters has been demonstrated, heat-affected zones as small as 0.25 mm can be achieved, and sufficient penetration depth can be obtained to enable welding thick sections (1T or greater) to yield conventional Charpy specimens or fracture toughness specimens and thin sections (̃5 mm) to yield Miniaturized Notch test (MNT) specimens.
Application of Micromechanical Material Models for the Evaluation of the Fracture Toughness of Primary Circuit Steel Components
Authors: Schmitt W , Blauel JG 
Published: March 2009

The safety assessment of nuclear components requires that fracture mechanics material data or curves are available. These data must be measured with suitable specimens of the original material for the given condition, i.e., temperature and irradiation. Especially for reactor pressure vessel (RPV) weld material, fracture mechanics specimens are not available within the irradiation surveillance programs in sufficient number, or, if available, the performance of accurate fracture mechanics tests in hot cell facilities is extremely difficult.
New developments in the field of micromechanical material models taking into account the ductile damage process characterized by nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids make it possible to determine micromechanical material parameters from tension tests and finite element analyses of notched and smooth specimens. If, in addition, a characteristic length, lc,is considered, the ductile fracture resistance behavior of fracture mechanics specimens and, hence, J-resistance curves may be predicted.
Here, the modified Gurson model is applied to calculate a static J-resistance curve for irradiated weld material from the results of smooth static tension tests out of the irradiation surveillance program of a specific nuclear power plant. Since original material was not available in sufficient quantity for fracture mechanics tests, a verification program was conducted comprising tests and analyses of smooth tension specimens and side-grooved compact (CT) and wedge opening loading (WOL) X-type specimens of two unirradiated and one irradiated weld materials. In every case, the predicted resistance curves are in good agreement with the measured curves.
Following the successful evaluation of static material tests, the first experimental and numerical steps are presented towards the evaluation of dynamic J-R curves from the results of instrumented Charpy tests.
On the Development of a Fracture Toughness Test Procedure Using a Notched Disk Specimen
Authors: Bernard M , Provan JW , Lakshminarayana HV 
Published: March 2009

The research reported in this paper provides validation of a notched disk M(N) specimen geometry for both static and dynamic fracture toughness testing. More specifically, the work verifies the proposed procedure for the determination of the fracture toughness of materials most commonly used in plate-like configurations and extends its application to the dynamic case. The notched disk M(N) specimen has an axisymmetric notch machined on one of its faces, is clamped on its periphery, and is loaded axisymmetrically in a direction normal to its plane for both the precracking and loading-to-failure portions of the test. The advantage of this specimen geometry is that it is free from the adverse edge effects that exist in the standard C(T) specimen. Furthermore, a uniform plane strain state along the crack front induces a triaxial tensile stress and a small plastic zone. Finally, the specimens may be manufactured without difficulty.
Also reported in this paper are the findings of finite element analyses of both the 3-mm and 4-mm notch specimen geometries. Parametric studies emphasize the influence on the stress intensity factors of the notch location with respect to the clamped boundary. Stress intensity factors are evaluated for different crack lengths and orientations by the crack opening displacement method, the modified crack closure integral approach, and the virtual crack extension technique. The results, presented as normalized stress intensity factors, are essential for a reliable reduction of the test data.
Fracture toughness testing of an A17075-T651 aluminum alloy was performed using 3-mm notch depth M(N) plate specimens. For dynamic fracture toughness testing, the 4-mm notch depth specimens, manufactured from polystyrene resins, were used.
Using the procedure fully detailed in the body of this_paper, the static fracture toughness of A17075-T651 was determined as KIc = 31.4 MPa √m, while the dynamic fracture toughnesses of polystyrene using the M(N) specimen geometry were between 0.73 and 0.99 MPa √m. These values indicate that the M(N) specimen geometry testing capabilities are substantiated.
Miniaturized Fracture Toughness Testing During the Plant Life Extension Period
Authors: Manahan MP 
Published: March 2009

It is desirable to obtain plane strain fracture toughness data in support of plant refurbishment and plant life extension (PLEX) efforts. These data may be needed for pressurized thermal shock (PTS) analyses, low upper shelf energy analyses, and to verify shifts in the KIR curve. A major impediment to the development of plant-specific fracture toughness data is the specimen size requirement and the fact that many surveillance capsule programs do not include fracture toughness specimens.
A new test has been developed to resolve these difficulties. An experimental modification, referred to as stress field modification, enables testing using specimens substantially thinner than those currently required by ASTM. Examination of the stress field modified specimen fracture surface demonstrates that plane strain conditions were achieved in the miniature specimens. The miniature specimens were machined from a nuclear-grade ASTM A508 steel used in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory pressurized thermal shock study. The miniature specimen data lie within the experimental scatter of the 6-in. (15.24 cm) vessel data. The development of this new fracture test enables plane strain testing of materials from surveillance programs (broken Charpy specimens) and from material cut from in-service components.
Development of a Miniature-Disk Bending Fatigue Specimen
Authors: Rao GR , Chin BA 
Published: March 2009

A miniature-disk bending fatigue specimen was earlier developed for testing materials to be used for fusion reactor applications. The specimen is based on a 3-mm-diameter transmission electron microscope disk. A second larger rectangular specimen was also developed, with dimensions of 30.16 by 4.76 by 0.76 mm. The specimens, made from annealed type 316 stainless steel, were tested using a specialized bending fatigue machine at temperatures of 25, 550, and 650°C. In the current study, the results are compared against standard full-size specimen results.
Strain ranges were calculated using an analytical technique based on specimen geometry and material properties. For the rectangular specimen, strains were also measured using strain gauges attached to the gauge region. The calculated strains were then modified using a calibration factor based on the measurement. The rectangular specimen results were in good agreement with ASTM full-size specimen results. The miniature-disk specimen data fell below the other results, indicating that the analytical technique underestimates strain values. No clear temperature dependence was evident for the miniature-disk specimen, unlike larger specimens which show a degradation of fatigue properties with increasing temperature. The miniature-disk specimen results also show a greater scatter about the best-fit curve, which was attributed to greater sensitivity to misalignment.
Two Micro Fatigue Test Methods for Irradiated Materials
Authors: Nunomura S , Noguchi S , Okamura Y , Kumai S , Jitsukawa S 
Published: March 2009

This paper demonstrates two miniature fatigue test methods in response to the requirements of the fusion reactor wall materials development program. It is known that the fatigue strength evaluated by the axial loading test is independent of the specimen size, while that evaluated by the bend test or torsion test is dependent upon the size of specimen. The new type of gripping system for the axial, tension-tension, fatigue testing of TEM disk5-size specimens that has been developed is described in this paper. An alignment tool assists in gripping the miniature specimen. The miniature tension-tension fatigue test method seems to provide reliable S-N curves for SUS304 and SUS316L stainless steels.
An indentation method has also been developed to determine fatigue properties. A hard steel ball or ceramic ball was used for cyclically loading the specimen, and an S-N curve was subsequently obtained. The merit of this method is primarily simple handling. S-N curves obtained from four materials by this indentation method compared well with those obtained from the rotary bend fatigue test employing a standard-size specimen.