bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Block copolymerization of poly(diethylene glycol phthalic anhydride) and methyl methacrylate initiated by potassium diperiodatonickelate(IV)
Authors: Liu Yinghai , Bai Libin , Zhou Weiqi , Liu Yuanwei , Li Yanxiang , Deng Kuilin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBlock copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(diethylene glycol Phthalic Anhydride) (PPAG) was synthesized using a novel redox system—potassium diperiodatonickelate(IV) [DPN]/PPAG system in an alkaline medium. Block copolymers with high percentage of blocking were obtained, which indicated that DPN/PPAG redox system was an efficient initiator for this blocking. Effects of different factors on the blocking parameters were examined. The overall activation energy of this blocking was calculated to be 55.12 kJ/mol. The structure of the block copolymer was determined by infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A mechanism is proposed to explain the generation of radicals and the initiation of block copolymerization. The block copolymer was used as the compatibilizer in blends of PMMA and Nylon6. The SEM photographs show that the block copolymer greatly improved the compatibility of the blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1312–1317, 2006
Methacrylic acid and dodecyl methacrylate (MAc‐DMA) hydrogel for enhanced catalytic activity of lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC‐6375
Authors: Kanwar Shamsher S. , Chauhan Ghansham S. , Chimni Swapandeep S. , Chauhan Sandeep , Rawat Gajendra S. , Kaushal Rajeev K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn alkaline thermotolerant bacterial lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC‐6375 was purified and immobilized on a methacrylic acid and dodecyl methacrylate (MAc‐DMA) hydrogel. The lipase was optimally bound to the matrix after 20 min of incubation at 55°C and pH 9 under shaking conditions. The matrix‐bound lipase retained approximately 50% of its initial activity at 70–80°C after 3 h of incubation. The immobilized lipase was highly active on medium chain length p‐nitrophenyl acyl ester (C: 8, p‐nitrophenyl caprylate) than other p‐nitrophenyl acyl esters. The presence of Fe3+, NH4+, K+, and Zn2+ ions at 1 mM concentration in the reaction mixture resulted in a profound increase in the activity of immobilized lipase. Most of the detergents partially reduced the activity of the immobilized lipase. The immobilized lipase performed ∼62% conversion in 12 h at temperature 55°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1420–1426, 2006
Alanine containing porous beads for mercury removal from artificial solutions
Authors: Şenel Serap , Kara Ali , Karabakan Abdülkerim , Denizli Adil 
Published: January 2006

AbstractN‐methacryloyl‐(L)‐alanine (MALA) was synthesized by using methacryloyl chloride and alanine as a metal‐complexing ligand or comonomer. Spherical beads with an average diameter of 150–200 μm were obtained by suspension polymerization of MALA and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) conducted in an aqueous dispersion medium. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads were characterized by SEM, swelling studies, surface area measurement, and elemental analysis. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads have a specific surface area of 68.5 m2/g. Poly(HEMA–MALA) beads with a swelling ratio of 63%, and containing 247 μmol MALA/g were used in the removal of Hg2+ from aqueous solutions. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in about 60 min. The adsorption of Hg2+ ions onto PHEMA beads was negligible (0.3 mg/g). The MALA incorporation into the polymer structure significantly increased the mercury adsorption capacity (168 mg/g). Adsorption capacity of MALA containing beads increased significantly with pH. The adsorption of Hg2+ ions increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau value at around pH 5.0. Competitive heavy metal adsorption from aqueous solutions containing Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ was also investigated. The adsorption capacities are 44.5 mg/g for Hg2+, 6.4 mg/g for Cd2+, 2.9 mg/g for Pb2+, and 2.0 mg/g for Cu2+ ions. These results may be considered as an indication of higher specificity of the poly(HEMA–MALA) beads for the Hg2+ comparing to other ions. Consecutive adsorption and elution operations showed the feasibility of repeated use for poly(HEMA–MALA) chelating beads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1222–1228, 2006
Mineralization of hydroxyapatite on a polymer substrate in a solution supersaturated by polyelectrolyte
Authors: Iwatsubo Takashi , Kusumocahyo Samuel P. , Kanamori Toshiyuki , Shinbo Toshio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this article, a new method to construct composites of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and polymer material is introduced. A previously developed method for mineralization of CaCO3 on a polymer substrate was applied to HAP. A solution that contained Ca2+, PO43–, and OH‐ ions was supersaturated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) that, at the same time, formed a polymer complex with the substrate, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, at the substrate surface. In this thin surface layer, nucleation of HAP took place. Subsequently, the disklike domains of HAP that were generated spread until they covered the PVA film surface. By regulating the pH of the supersaturated solution at around 7.4, the domain size decreased and the quantity of deposited material increased. Approximately 20 mg of HAP coating was obtained on a PVA film of 1 cm radius when the film was soaked in single 200 mL batch of the supersaturated solution for 21 days. The junction between HAP layer and PVA substrate film was found to be very firm. When a crosslinked PVA/PAA was used as the substrate, the film swelled in the supersaturated solution to form a hydrogel. Then mineralization took place within the gel, and a transparent monolithic composite of HAP and the polymer network was obtained. In 13 days, the weight increase was 29 mg, which corresponded to a 71 wt % HAP mineralization ratio of the composite. By changing crosslinking degree and HAP mineralization ratio, the flexibility of composite will be controlled in a wide range. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1465–1470, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposite fibers: Thermo‐mechanical properties and morphology
Authors: Chang Jin‐Hae , Mun Mu Kyung 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNanocomposites of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with the organoclay C12PPh‐MMT were prepared using in situ intercalation polymerization. Hybrids with various organoclay contents were processed for fiber spinning to examine their thermal behavior, tensile mechanical properties, and morphologies for various draw ratios (DRs). The thermal properties (Tg, Tm, and TDi) of the hybrid fibers were found to be better than those of pure PBT fibers and were unchanged by variation of the organoclay loading up to 2 wt %. However, these thermal properties remained unchanged for DRs ranging from 1 to 18. Most clay layers were dispersed homogeneously in the matrix polymer, although some clusters were also detected. The tensile properties of the hybrid fibers increased gradually with increasing C12PPh‐MMT content at DR = 1. However, the ultimate strengths and initial moduli of the hybrid fibers decreased markedly with increasing DR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1247–1254, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene‐co‐trimethylene terephthalate)s
Authors: Wei Gaofu , Wang Liuyang , Chen Guokang , Gu Lixia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTaking advantage of a melt polycondensation process, a series of copolyesters composed of pure terephthalate acid (PTA), ethylene glycol (EG), and 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PDO) were synthesized. The component, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and thermal properties of the copolymers were characterized. The results show that the contents of trimethylene terephthalate (TT) units in the resulting copolyesters are higher than PDO compositions in original diol. Oligomer content in the copolyesters varies with the compositions and attains a minimum value when the TT ingredient is 49.52 mol %. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolyesters varies from 78.5°C for PET (polyethylene terephthalate) to 43.5°C for PTT (polytrimethylene terephthalate) and decreases monotonically with the components. The copolyesters are amorphous copolymers when TT content is in the range of 32.4–40.8 mol %, as calculated from the melting enthalpy (ΔHm) measured via differential scanning calorimetry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1511–1521 2006
Ethylene and 1‐hexene sorption in LLDPE under typical gas‐phase reactor conditions: Experiments
Authors: Novak Antonin , Bobak Marek , Kosek Juraj , Banaszak Brian J. , Lo Dennis , Widya Tomy , Harmon Ray W. , de Pablo Juan J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe sorption of ethylene and 1‐hexene and their mixture in three poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐hexene) samples is measured gravimetrically at temperatures 70, 90, and 150°C and pressures 0–30 bar. Gravimetric sorption measurements are supplemented with microscopic observations of swelling of polyethylene particles caused by sorption and the extent of swelling is found to be significant. Experimental data are compared with predictions of PC‐SAFT (perturbed chain—‐statistical associating fluid theory) equation of state. Comparison of sorption data in semicrystalline polymer (measured at 70 and 90°C) and amorphous polymer (at 150°C) demonstrates the constraining effect of semicrystalline structure. Solubilities of penetrants in investigated samples are not observed to depend on the content of 1‐hexene in copolymers. The solubility of the mixture of ethylene and 1‐hexene is smaller than the sum of solubilities of individual components at 70 and 90°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1124–1136, 2006
Influence of poly(ethylene glycol)‐containing additives on extrusion of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene blend
Authors: Xie Meiju , Liu Xiaolong , Li Huilin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe influence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐containing additives on the extrusion behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene (UHMWPE/PP) blend was studied. It was found that the addition of small amounts of PEG to UHMWPE/PP blend resulted in significant reduction of die pressure and melt viscosity, and obvious increase of the flow rate at a given die pressure, while PEG/diatomite binary additives enhanced the improvement in the processability of UHMWPE/PP blend. When pure HDPE was extruded with the die through which UHMWPE/PP/PEG blend was previously extruded, the extrusion pressure of HDPE increased with the extrusion time gradually. This meant that PEG might migrate to the die wall surface and coat it in the extrusion of UHMWPE/PP/PEG blend. FTIR spectra and SEM micrographs of the UHMWPE/PP/PEG extrudates indicated that PEG located not only at the surface but also in the interior of the extrudates. So, the external lubrication at the die wall, combined with the internal lubrication to induce interphase slippage of the blend, was proposed to be responsible for the reduction of die pressure and viscosity. In addition, an ultrahigh molecular weight polysiloxane and a fluoropolymer processing aid were used as processing aids in the extrusion of UHMWPE/PP as control, and the results showed that only minor reduction effects in die pressure and melt viscosity were achieved at their suggested loading level. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1282–1288, 2006
New dinitroxide for stable free radical polymerization of styrene
Authors: Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin , Zhu Jian , Cheng Zhenping , Lu Jianmei 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA new dinitroxide (1,4‐di (1‐oxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidin‐4‐yl)‐xylene) (DTPX) was synthesized and successfully used in stable free radical polymerization of styrene. The results of the polymerizations showed that the DTPX was a suitable mediating agent for stable free radical polymerization of styrene. However, it was found that the dinitroxide mediating process resulted in a higher level of decomposition of the internal bisalkoxyamine linkage in the polymer chain, which resulted in polymers possessing a terminal alkoxyamine and an adjacent hydroxylamine, and the decomposition became more obvious at high conversion through monitoring the change of molecular weights with the conversion by gel permeation chromatography and the polymer structure by 1H‐NMR. The reaction temperature showed obvious effects on the polymerization, and the polymerization of styrene at 110°C led to a better controlled polymerization than that at 125°C with narrower molecular weight distributions and slight decomposition of the nitroxide up to monomer conversions of 76.7%, however, the rate of the polymerization was decreased and an induction period appeared at 110°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1137–1145,2006
Morphology and mechanical properties of blends of linear low density polyethylene and poly(ethene‐propene‐1‐butene)
Authors: Quental A. C. , Felisberti M. I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBlends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethene‐propene‐1‐butene copolymer (t‐PP) were obtained through mechanical mixing using a single‐screw extruder with different compositions: 20, 40, 50, 60, and 80 wt % of t‐PP. For this, two types of polyethylene were used: 1‐hexene comonomer and 1‐octene comonomer based. The same blends were prepared in a batch mixer and the torque and temperature were analyzed. The torque showed a decrease with increasing t‐PP content, indicating better processability of the mixture in comparison with LLDPE. The morphology of the blends was analyzed by SEM and showed a composition dependence. The mechanical properties of the blends were evaluated by tensile tests. The results revealed that the best properties were obtained in a 20% t‐PP blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1255–1261, 2006
Intermolecular interactions between bovine serum albumin and certain water‐soluble polymers at various temperatures
Authors: Kavlak Serap , Güner Ali 
Published: January 2006

AbstractViscometric behaviors of dextran (Dx), poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solutions have been studied at 25, 30, and 35°C. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity have been experimentally measured for the polymer/water and polymer/BSA/water systems by classical Huggins equation. Measurements of reduced viscosities of the Dx, PVP, and PEO in water have been calculated and all intrinsic viscosities of PEO([η]PEO) are larger than that of Dx([η]Dx), and PVP([η]PVP) in aqueous solutions, at all temperatures. The intrinsic viscosities of PVP, PEO, and Dx were found to be dependent on the concentration of BSA. The presence of BSA (0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 wt %) led to a decrease in the intrinsic viscosities of polymers, at 25, 30, and 35°C. The concentration difference of BSA (Δ[BSA]) is most effective in decreasing the intrinsic viscosities of Dx at 25°C and PEO at 30 and 35°C. In other words, Δ[η] (%) order followed as Dx > PEO > PVP at 25°C and PEO > Dx > PVP at 30 and 35°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1554–1560, 2006
Characteristics of methacrylic acid‐grafted polyethylene films prepared by photografting in the presence of polyfunctional monomers
Authors: Kubota Hitoshi , Kojima Masako , Kuroda Shin‐ichi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPhotografting of methacrylic acid (MAA) on low‐density polyethylene film (thickness = 30 μm), on which xanthone photoinitiator was coated earlier, in the presence of polyfunctional monomers such as N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and trimethylol propane triacrylate was examined at 60°C in water/acetone (3:1 v/v) mixture solvent. The photografting was retarded at the earlier stage of polymerization, and then accelerated when small amounts of the polyfunctional monomers (1–3 mol % of MAA monomer used) were added to the system. Addition of the polyfunctional monomers did not affect distribution of the grafted chains in the cross section of the resultant MAA‐grafted PE film, which was measured by electron probe microanalysis. The MAA‐grafted samples were subjected to adsorption of cupric ions at 25°C for 24 h in the system of pH = 5. The adsorption was considerably suppressed for the grafted samples prepared at the earlier stage of polymerization in the system with the polyfunctional monomers. The phenomenon was discussed in terms of the formation of crosslinked and branched structures in the MAA‐grafted chains depending on the polymerization stage in the system with polyfunctional monomers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1262–1268, 2006
Surface modification of monodisperse‐crosslinked polymeric microspheres using a redox initiation system
Authors: Jung Mi‐Ok , Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Park Jin‐Gyu , Jun Jung‐Bae , Suh Kyung‐Do 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe surface modification of monodisperse‐crosslinked polymeric microspheres was carried out by introducing hydroxyl groups on the surface and utilizing the redox initiation system. The emulsions of the second monomer mixture were swollen into the monodisperse PS seed particles. The hydroxyl groups were introduced by hydrolysis of the acetate groups on the surface of microspheres. Ceric ammonium sulfate in sulfuric acid solution was employed to graft the acrylic monomer onto the polymeric microspheres. The surface characteristics of the surface‐modified particles were confirmed by FTIR, SEM, and TGA measurements. From the FE‐TEM image, a uniform coating layer was confirmed on the surface of microsphere. In DSC analysis, only an exothermal peak appeared when high content of DVB was used in the seeded polymerization, while, Tgs emerged after hydrolysis and graft polymerization using the low content of DVB in the second monomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1349–1356, 2006
Acidic hydrolysis of a poly(vinyl acetate) matrix by the catalytic effect of Ag nanoparticles and the micellization of Ag‐metal‐containing polymer
Authors: Huang Chueh‐Jung , Shieu Fuh‐Sheng , Hsieh Wen‐Pin , Chang Teh‐Chou 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this study, we conveniently obtained Ag(0)–polymer nanocomposites by reacting AgNO3 with commercial poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) in the absence of a special reducing agent. The formation of Ag(0) metal was detected after formic acid (HCOOH) was added to a PVAc–AgNO3 complex system, and some of the acetate groups of the PVAc backbone were hydrolyzed to form hydroxyl groups (OH) under the catalytic effect of the reduced Ag(O) metal. Here, the structure of the partially hydrolyzed PVAc backbone was represented as PVOH‐PVAc. X‐ray diffraction spectra showed that the Ag(0) metal generated in this method was in the form of Ag crystals. The structure of the Ag(0)–polymer was analyzed by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The micellization of the Ag(0)–polymer was also investigated by the addition of an inducing solvent to the formic acid solution of Ag(0)–polymer. The image showed that the morphology of the Ag micelles in the H2O‐induced solvent was a Ag corona with a Ag shell, and that in the p‐xylene induced solvent showed a Ag cluster core structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1457–1464, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylic‐based superabsorbents crosslinked with divinylbenzene
Authors: Huang Jian , Huang Zhi‐Ming , Bao Yong‐Zhong , Weng Zhi‐Xue 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of superabsorbent polymers were synthesized by an inverse suspension polymerization, with potassium persulfate as the initiator, Span60 as the dispersant, and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) and divinylbenzene (DVB) as multiple crosslinkers. The synthesis conditions, including the amount of dispersant, concentration of crosslinkers, oil‐to‐water phase ratio (O/W) of the polymerization system, total monomer concentration, and acrylamide (AM) content were studied. The results indicated that there were optima for the following properties: BIS crosslinker concentration (0.075 wt %), O/W (3 : 1), total monomer concentration (37.5 wt %), and AM content (5 wt %). In addition, the particle size had a significant influence on the absorption speed, and the absorption speed increased with decreasing particle size. In comparison with the conventional sample crosslinked only by BIS, the superabsorbent with the same particle size but crosslinked by multiple crosslinkers had the higher absorption rate because of surface crosslinking. It also showed that the salt resistance and antihydrolyzing property of the superabsorbent crosslinked by multiple crosslinkers (BIS and DVB) were enhanced, which was also attributed to surface crosslinking by DVB. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1594–1600, 2006
Poly(silyl ester)s: A new route of synthesis via the condensation of Di‐tert‐butyl ester of dicarboxylic acid with dichlorosilane
Authors: Liu Zonglin , Han Nianfeng , Dong Jian 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(silyl ester)s were synthesized by a new route via the condensation of di‐tert‐butyl ester of dicarboxylic acid with dichlorosilane by the elimination of tert‐butyl chloride as a driving force. Three new poly(silyl ester)s with molecular weights typically ranging from 2000 to 5000 amu were produced by the condensation of di‐tert‐butyl adipate with 1,5‐dichloro‐1,1,5,5‐tetramethyl‐3,3‐diphenyl trisiloxane and di‐tert‐butyl fumarate with 1,5‐dichloro‐1,1,5,5‐tetramethyl‐3,3‐diphenyl trisiloxane or 1,3‐dichlorotetramethyl disiloxane. Each polymer was characterized with infrared, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. This new approach showed several advantages. First, it did not require a catalyst or solvent. Second, the tert‐butyl chloride byproduct was volatile and was easily eliminated. Third, there was no reaction between the growing poly(silyl ester)s and the condensation byproduct, tert‐butyl chloride. Fourth, the monomers could be readily purified. Finally, the polymerization could be performed at relatively low temperatures and in a short time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1378–1384, 2006
Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate by 2,2′‐dithiodiethanol: Effect of reaction conditions
Authors: Baruah Smriti Rekha , Kakati Dilip Kumar 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) through the use of a novel disulphide, 2,2′‐dithiodiethanol (DDE), was studied. This photoinitiator is of special interest because of its possible use in the synthesis of polyurethane macrophotoinitiator. The photopolymerization was carried out in the Heber multilamp photochemical reactor (COMPACT‐LP‐MP88) at 254 nm. The effects of reaction conditions on the polymerization of MMA were studied. It was observed that the percentage conversion and molecular weight increased with the increases of monomer concentration and reaction time. However, for the initiator to monomer molar ratio, there was a critical molar ratio for maximum conversion. The results suggested the living radical nature of the photoinitiator, which was further investigated by the preparation of block copolymer with acrylonitrile. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1601–1606, 2006