bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NICE guidance and mental health: Supporting change
Authors: Leng Gillian. , Baillie Nick. , Raj Thara. 
Published: August 2008

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to give those in the psychology and psychotherapy fields an overview of the work the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is doing to encourage change in response to its guidance.Methods. A summary is provided of the work NICE undertakes to motivate others to use guidance and the practical support that is made available. Findings of selected studies are highlighted that demonstrate some of the successes and challenges relating to the uptake of NICE guidance.Results. Key aspects of NICE work include liaison with partners at a national level to ensure work programmes are aligned and provision of practical support, such as the commissioning guide on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). A range of studies show that there have been successes in increasing the provision of psychological therapies but there are still variations which present challenges.Conclusions. NICE provides a substantial programme of support for the implementation of guidance which impacts on psychologists and psychotherapists. Successes in the uptake of guidance can be demonstrated but it is acknowledged that this is challenging area. NICE is keen to provide the most effective support possible for implementation so continually evaluates and seeks feedback on its implementation programme.
Preliminary evidence for a fronto‐parietal dysfunction in able‐bodied participants with a desire for limb amputation
Authors: Blanke Olaf. , Morgenthaler Florence D. , Brugger Peter. , Overney Leila S. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Reports of able‐bodied participants with the persisting desire for limb amputation raise legal and ethical questions that are partly due to insufficient empirical knowledge about the condition. Here, we searched for potential neurological mechanisms in participants with desire for limb amputation in order to help develop adequate nosological classifications, diagnosis, and treatment.Methods. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 20 participants who self‐identified themselves as able‐bodied individuals desiring amputation of a limb.Results. The results suggest that amputation desire is not unspecific, but in most cases specific for a circumscribed part of the body. Most frequently affected was the leg, mostly on the left, non‐dominant side. Left‐sidedness and limb specificity was associated with elementary and complex somatosensory disturbances of the affected limb akin to those reported by neurological patients. The most frequent neurological co‐morbidity was migraine headache.Conclusions. These results document the existence of an unusual condition in able‐bodied participants characterized by a person's desire for the amputation of one or more particular limbs. Left‐sidedness, limb specificity and somatosensory disturbances of the affected limb are suggestive of abnormal brain mechanisms in right fronto‐parietal cortex. Based on this association we suggest that desire for limb amputation may be conceptualized as asomatognosia due to disturbed integration of multi‐sensory information of the affected body parts into a coherent cerebral representation of the own body. This suggestion has to be regarded with caution as we did not perform any neurological examination.
Analysis of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Fine-Needle Aspirates Can Classify Benign and Malignant Tissues
Authors: Szafranska Anna E , Doleshal Martina , Edmunds Hayward S , Gordon Stuart , Luttges Jutta , Munding Johanna B , Barth Richard J , Gutmann Edward J , Suriawinata Arief A , Marc Pipas J , Tannapfel Andrea , Korc Murray , Hahn Stephan A , Labourier Emmanuel , Tsongalis Gregory J 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including those related to human cancers. The aim of this study was to determine, as a proof of principle, whether specific candidate miRNAs could be detected in fine-needle aspirate (FNA) biopsies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and could accurately differentiate malignant from benign pancreatic tissues.
Methods: We used TaqMan® assays to quantify miRNA levels in FNA samples collected in RNARetain (n = 16) and compared the results with a training set consisting of frozen macrodissected pancreatic samples (n = 20).
Results: Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis confirmed that miRNA levels are affected in PDAC FNAs and correlate well with the changes observed in the training set of frozen pancreatic samples. Analysis of the amounts produced for a few specific miRNAs enabled identification of PDAC samples. The combination of miR-196a and miR-217 biomarkers further improved the ability to distinguish between healthy tissue, PDAC, and chronic pancreatitis in the training set (P = 8.2 × 10−10), as well as segregate PDAC FNA samples from other FNA samples (P = 1.1 × 10−5). Furthermore, we showed that miR-196a production is likely specific to PDAC cells and that its incidence paralleled the progression of PDAC.
Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the diagnostic potential of miRNAs in a clinical setting and has shown that miRNA analysis of pancreatic FNA biopsy samples can aid in the pathologic evaluation of suspicious cases and may provide a new strategy for improving the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.
‘News media’-media events: Terrorist acts as media events
Authors: Nossek Hillel 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Based on longitudinal research on the media coverage of terrorist attacks, this article suggests a model of how the coverage of these attacks may be conceptualized as a media event and explores the function this serves within society. The main assumption of the model is that journalists change their ritual of news coverage when dealing with exceptional terrorist attacks; they abandon their usual normative professional frame that encompasses such activities as critical scrutiny of governmental actions, and assume a national-patriotic coverage frame that seeks to reestablish normality and restore order. The model can be useful in clarifying the media's role following terror event. While media run the risk of reinforcing the terror event by giving it the public stage its perpetrators seek, by acting as patriots and not as professionals, journalists subvert the message of the terrorists, so that instead of passing on a message of terror, dread, and alarm, the media give the attacked country and society a message of solidarity, partnership, and stubborn endurance against the terrorist threat. The model may also be useful for understanding media coverage of other crisis situations apart from massive terror attacks.
Mediated events in political communication: A case study on the German European Union Council Presidency 2007
Authors: Hahn Julia , Mok Kathrin , Roessler Patrick , Schmid Michaela , Schwendemann Nicolas 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This case study provides a multi-perspective view on the power of political events as a strategy to influence public opinion-building regarding the European Union and the European Idea. To achieve this purpose, it examines one prominent political issue of 2007, namely the German Presidency of the Council of the EU. Looking at three different groups of actors, the German Government, the media, and the audience, the public perception of events is analyzed according to their varying degree of mediatization. The case study compares the three main objectives of the German Presidency on the actors' agendas and describes how issues were framed during three different time periods. The findings suggest that the media agenda was heavily influenced by the government's scheduled events. Regarding the frames identified in the public sphere, the media offered different interpretations, somewhat varying from the political leaders' intentions and from the citizens' perceptions.
Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Allozyme Differences between Inland and Coastal Rainbow Trout
Authors: Brunelli Joseph P. , Thorgaard Gary H. , Leary Robb F. , Dunnigan James L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNative inland populations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri, particularly resident populations, often hybridize with introduced populations of the widely cultured coastal form of the species, O. m. irideus. The inland and coastal subspecies differ genetically from each other by allozyme polymorphisms at the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH‐B2*) and superoxide dismutase loci (sSOD‐1*) that can be detected using protein electrophoresis. Fewer laboratories, however, are now using allozyme technology, and most genetic studies from wild organisms are now being conducted using DNA rather than protein analyses. We have identified the single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences responsible for the protein variations by sequencing the complementary DNA for the LDH‐B2* and sSOD‐1* genes in a large number of individuals whose genotypes were also determined by protein electrophoresis. The genetic differences causing the allozyme polymorphisms have been converted into SNP allelic discrimination assays. This should allow simple, efficient tests to be conducted in a large number of laboratories as an aid to assessing the level of hybridization between inland and coastal rainbow trout. It should also allow DNA studies to be more directly related to previous allozyme studies. High variability was also found at other sites in the superoxide dismutase gene.
Oxidative stress and DNA damage in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) seedlings induced by thallium
Authors: Radić Sandra , Cvjetko Petra , Glavas Katarina , Roje Vibor , Pevalek-Kozlina Branka , Pavlica Mirjana 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a metal of great toxicological concern because it is highly toxic to all living organisms through mechanisms that are yet poorly understood. Since Tl is accumulated by important crops, the present study aimed to analyze the biological effects induced by bioaccumulation of Tl in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) as well as the plant's antioxidative defense mechanisms usually activated by heavy metals. Thallium toxicity was related to production of reactive oxygen species in leaves and roots of broad bean seedlings following short-term (72 h) exposure to thallium (I) acetate (0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L) by evaluating DNA damage and oxidative stress parameters as well as antioxidative response. The possible antagonistic effect of potassium (K) was tested by combined treatment with 5 mg/L of Tl (Tl+) and 10 mg/L of potassium (K+) acetate. Accumulation of Tl+ in roots was 50 to 250 times higher than in broad bean shoots and was accompanied by increase in dry weight and proline. Despite responsive antioxidative defense (increased activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and pyrogallol peroxidase), Tl+ caused oxidative damage to lipids and proteins as evaluated by malondialdehyde and carbonyl group levels, and induced DNA strand breaks. Combined treatment caused no oxidative alternations to lipids and proteins though it induced DNA damage. The difference in Tl-induced genotoxicity following both acellular and cellular exposure implies indirect DNA damage. Results obtained indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of Tl toxicity and that the tolerance of broad bean to Tl is achieved, at least in part, through the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Nonadditive effects in the partitioning behavior of various aliphatic and aromatic molecules
Authors: Goss Kai-Uwe , Arp Hans Peter H. , Bronner Guido , Niederer Christian 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Predicting the partition behavior of bifunctional molecules from their molecular structure is a challenge because the combination of two or more functional groups often has nonadditive effects. Data presented here and in the literature reveal that isomers of bifunctional compounds can exhibit partition constants that differ by several orders of magnitude. These effects are not limited to compounds with intramolecular H-bonds. For aliphatic molecules, large effects are found for diones and diesters but not for dioles. For aromatic molecules, large effects are found for compounds with intramolecular H-bonds and also for p-isomers with a strong delocalisation of π-electrons over both functional groups as in p-nitroaniline and p-nitrophenol. Interestingly, these nonadditive effects apply not only to the specific interactions but also to the van der Waals interactions of a molecule. This diversity of possible nonadditive effects makes it difficult to predict partitioning of such polyfunctional molecules. Our results suggest that successful models require either an extensive number of correction factors or a quantum chemical approach. Predicting partitioning of bifunctional molecules to environmental systems might face an additional complication. Unlike with solvents, steric limitations of natural phases may prevent them from forming multiple H-bonds with bifunctional molecules. Our experimental results, however, indicate that this situation does not occur, as the H-bond-interaction behavior of bifunctional molecules in humic matter and on quartz was the same as it was in various solvent systems.
Sprint Training Increases Muscle Oxidative Metabolism During High-Intensity Exercise in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Harmer Alison R. , Chisholm Donald J. , McKenna Michael J. , Hunter Sandra K. , Ruell Patricia A. , Naylor Justine M. , Maxwell Lyndal J. , Flack Jeff R. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—To investigate sprint-training effects on muscle metabolism during exercise in subjects with (type 1 diabetic group) and without (control group) type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Eight subjects with type 1 diabetes and seven control subjects, matched for age, BMI, and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak), undertook 7 weeks of sprint training. Pretraining, subjects cycled to exhaustion at 130% V̇o2peak. Posttraining subjects performed an identical test. Vastus lateralis biopsies at rest and immediately after exercise were assayed for metabolites, high-energy phosphates, and enzymes. Arterialized venous blood drawn at rest and after exercise was analyzed for lactate and [H+]. Respiratory measures were obtained on separate days during identical tests and during submaximal tests before and after training.
RESULTS—Pretraining, maximal resting activities of hexokinase, citrate synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase did not differ between groups. Muscle lactate accumulation with exercise was higher in type 1 diabetic than nondiabetic subjects and corresponded to indexes of glycemia (A1C, fasting plasma glucose); however, glycogenolytic and glycolytic rates were similar. Posttraining, at rest, hexokinase activity increased in type 1 diabetic subjects; in both groups, citrate synthase activity increased and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity decreased; during submaximal exercise, fat oxidation was higher; and during intense exercise, peak ventilation and carbon dioxide output, plasma lactate and [H+], muscle lactate, glycogenolytic and glycolytic rates, and ATP degradation were lower in both groups.
CONCLUSIONS—High-intensity exercise training was well tolerated, reduced metabolic destabilization (of lactate, H+, glycogenolysis/glycolysis, and ATP) during intense exercise, and enhanced muscle oxidative metabolism in young adults with type 1 diabetes. The latter may have clinically important health benefits.
Normal Glucose Values Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Bruno Alberto , Gregori Dario , Caropreso Antonio , Lazzarato Fulvio , Petrinco Michele , Pagano Eva 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemia is a common condition in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between glycemia upon admission and mortality in a heterogeneous group of adult patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The 3-year records released from a general hospital were associated with a plasma glucose dataset of its general laboratory. A matched case-control study was implemented (3,338 case-control subject pairs). All-patient refined diagnosis–related groups and the relative risk of death were the matching criteria. A multivariate conditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations between death and glycemia.
RESULTS—Higher in-hospital mortality was associated with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, whereas lower risk was observed for values between 78 and 101 mg/dl.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data confirm the relation between glycemia upon admission and mortality and suggest that slightly increased or decreased plasma glucose can be linked with increased mortality risk.
Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemia Alters the Response to Orthostatic Stress in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Madden Kenneth M. , Tedder Gale , Lockhart Chris , Meneilly Graydon S. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Insulin has opposing influences on blood pressure by simultaneously increasing adrenergic activity and vasodilatating peripheral blood vessels. In this study, we sought to determine whether hyperinsulinemia affects tilt table responses in older adults with type 2 diabetes not complicated by orthostatic hypotension.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty-two older adults (mean age 71.7 ± 1.1) with diet-controlled or oral hypoglycemic drug–controlled type 2 diabetes were recruited. All subjects with orthostatic hypotension, diabetic nephropathy, and sensory neuropathy were excluded. Subjects underwent euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and placebo “sham clamp” sessions. Sequential euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed for 2 h at 40 mU · m−2 · min−1 (low dose) and 2 h at 80 mU · m−2 · min−1 (high dose), and each was followed by a head-up tilt table test at 70°C for 10 min.
RESULTS—There were no incidents of presyncope during the sham clamp, whereas there were four presyncopal events during both the low-dose and high-dose tilts. Although the low-dose clamp showed no difference in the response between sessions (two-way ANOVA), subjects demonstrated a significantly larger decrease in mean arterial pressure (P = 0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.08) during the high-dose tilt. Doppler measures of middle cerebral artery velocity were no different between the two sessions at either dose.
CONCLUSIONS—The vasodilatory response to insulin can unmask orthostatic intolerance in older adults with type 2 diabetes, resulting in presyncopal symptoms. This could contribute to orthostatic hypotension in combination with other factors such as hyperthermia, hypovolemia, and adverse effects from medications.
High‐Performance Organic Transistor Memory Elements with Steep Flanks of Hysteresis
Authors: Wu Weiping , Zhang Hongliang , Wang Ying , Ye Shanghui , Guo Yunlong , Di Chongan , Yu Gui , Zhu Daoben , Liu Yunqi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHigh‐performance organic transistor memory elements with donor‐polymer blends as buffer layers are presented. These organic memory transistors have steep flanks of hysteresis with an ON/OFF memory ratio of up to 2 × 104, and a retention time in excess of 24 h. Inexpensive materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate), ferrocene and copper phthalocyanine are used for the device fabrication, providing a convenient approach of producing organic memory transistors at low cost and high efficiency.
Epidemiology, risk and prognostic factors in mesenteric venous thrombosis
Authors: Acosta S , Alhadad A , Svensson P , Ekberg O 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Epidemiological reports on risk and prognostic factors in patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) are scarce.

Methods
Patients with MVT were identified through the inpatient and autopsy registry between 2000 and 2006 at Malmö University Hospital.

Results
Fifty-one patients had MVT, diagnosed at autopsy in six. The highest incidence (11·3 per 100 000 person-years) was in the age category 70–79 years. Activated protein C resistance was present in 13 of 29 patients tested. D-dimer at admission was raised in all five patients tested. Multidetector row computed tomography (CT) in the portal venous phase was diagnostic in all 20 patients investigated, of whom 19 were managed conservatively. The median length of resected bowel in 12 patients who had surgery was 0·6 (range 0·1–2·2) m. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 20 per cent; intestinal infarction (P = 0·046), treatment on a non-surgical ward (P = 0·001) and CT not done (P = 0·022) were associated with increased mortality. Cancer was independently associated with long-term mortality: hazard ratio 4·03, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·03 to 15·85; P = 0·046.

Conclusion
Portal venous phase CT appeared sensitive in diagnosing MVT. As activated protein C resistance was a strong risk factor, lifelong anticoagulation should be considered.
Getting involved: Testing the effectiveness of a volunteering intervention on young adolescents' future intentions
Authors: Wilson Anne E. , Allen James W. , Strahan Erin J. , Ethier Nicole 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPast research has identified a host of benefits associated with volunteering and community involvement, yet involvement appears to be on the decline in recent years. We tested the effectiveness of an intervention designed to encourage involvement. We provided young adolescents with information about volunteer opportunities, benefits and ways to overcome barriers to involvement. Adolescents who participated in the volunteering intervention reported greater involvement intentions than control participants. In addition, mediation analyses indicated that adolescents in the volunteering intervention based their self‐worth to a greater degree on virtuous behaviour, which in turn predicted their involvement intentions, especially in the helping domain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on a Potential Targeting Drug Delivery System Consisting of Folate, Mitoxantrone and Human Serum Albumin
Authors: ZHOU Qiu‐Ju , BI Ya‐Jing , XIANG Jun‐Feng , TANG Ya‐Lin , YANG Qian‐Fan , XU Guang‐Zhi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA potential targeting drug delivery system consisting of folate (FA), the targeting molecule, human serum albumin (HSA), the carrier, and mitoxantrone (MTO), the medicine, has been designed. Data obtained by UV absorption, fluorescence, and NMR techniques indicated the formation of ternary complexes and possible application to building a targeting drug delivery system by using FA, MTO and HSA. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assay indicated that the toxicity of the FA‐HSA‐MTO against PC‐3 cell line was 79.95%, which was much higher than that of free MTO tested in totally the same conditions. About 30% increase of the toxicity should be owed to the targeting effect of FA. Thus, the feasibility and validity of a novel targeting drug delivery system, FA‐HSA‐MTO, was confirmed.
Effect of Cadion 1B on the Spectrum of Mercaptoacetic Acid‐stabilized CdTe Quantum Dots
Authors: WEN Li‐Qun , ZHOU Xing‐Wang , LÜ Jian‐Quan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe effect of cadion 1B (4‐nitro‐benzene‐diazo‐amino‐azobenzene) on the fluorescent and absorption spectroscopy of mercaptoacetic acid‐stabilized CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QD) in aqueous media was studied. Surfactant, medium, dosages of the cadion 1B, pH and thermodynamics parameters were also examined. The experimental results showed that when cadion 1B was added into the CdTe QD solution, a new absorption peak was observed, and the fluorescence of CdTe QD was quenched to some extent, suggesting that there exist an interaction between cadion 1B and CdTe QD. The apparent equilibrium constant at room temperature was calculated to be 1.095×106 L·mol−1, and the coverage ratio of cadion 1B on the surface of CdTe QD was estimated as 45%. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that the interaction was a spontaneous process in which electrostatic interactions play a major role.