bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change
Authors: DONNER SIMON D. , SKIRVING WILLIAM J. , LITTLE CHRISTOPHER M. , OPPENHEIMER MICHAEL , HOEGH‐GULDBERG OVE 
Published: November 2005

AbstractElevated ocean temperatures can cause coral bleaching, the loss of colour from reef‐building corals because of a breakdown of the symbiosis with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Recent studies have warned that global climate change could increase the frequency of coral bleaching and threaten the long‐term viability of coral reefs. These assertions are based on projecting the coarse output from atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (GCMs) to the local conditions around representative coral reefs.Here, we conduct the first comprehensive global assessment of coral bleaching under climate change by adapting the NOAA Coral Reef Watch bleaching prediction method to the output of a low‐ and high‐climate sensitivity GCM. First, we develop and test algorithms for predicting mass coral bleaching with GCM‐resolution sea surface temperatures for thousands of coral reefs, using a global coral reef map and 1985–2002 bleaching prediction data. We then use the algorithms to determine the frequency of coral bleaching and required thermal adaptation by corals and their endosymbionts under two different emissions scenarios.The results indicate that bleaching could become an annual or biannual event for the vast majority of the world's coral reefs in the next 30–50 years without an increase in thermal tolerance of 0.2–1.0°C per decade. The geographic variability in required thermal adaptation found in each model and emissions scenario suggests that coral reefs in some regions, like Micronesia and western Polynesia, may be particularly vulnerable to climate change. Advances in modelling and monitoring will refine the forecast for individual reefs, but this assessment concludes that the global prognosis is unlikely to change without an accelerated effort to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
Distributions of tree species along point bars of 10 rivers in the south‐eastern US Coastal Plain
Authors: Robertson Kevin M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim  To determine the degree to which rivers within the south‐eastern US Coastal Plain show a predictable spatial distribution of floodplain tree species along each point bar of river bends in relation to elevation and/or soil texture, as seen on the Bogue Chitto River, Louisiana, USA. Also, to understand spatial patterns of tree species on land created during river‐bend migration, and to interpret which physical characteristics of rivers predict this pattern of vegetation.Location  The south‐eastern US Coastal Plain.Methods  Ten randomly selected rivers within a portion of the region were studied. At each of 10 river bends per river, a census of trees and shrubs was taken and elevation and soil texture were measured at upstream, mid‐ and downstream locations along the forest–point bar margin. To identify physical characteristics of rivers that are predictive of patterns of tree species along point bars, aerial photographs, hydrographs and field data were analysed.Results  Tree species composition varied predictably among the three point bar locations, corresponding to an elevation gradient on each bar, on seven of 10 rivers. Species occupying a given point bar location on one river usually occupied the same location on other rivers, in accordance with species‐elevation associations identified in past studies of floodplain forests. Multivariate analysis of river characteristics suggested that rivers failing to show the expected pattern were those with relatively low stream energy and geomorphic dynamics and/or those with hydrological regimes altered by upstream dams.Main conclusions  A distinct pattern of streamside forest community structure is related to fluvial geomorphic processes characterizing many rivers within the south‐eastern US Coastal Plain. Characteristics of rivers required to promote the predicted pattern of tree species include a single, meandering channel with point bars; an intermediate level of stream energy; a natural hydrological regime; and location in a biome where a large number of tree species are capable of colonizing point bars.
Proximate sources of marine biodiversity
Authors: Briggs John C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWhen temperature and other kinds of barrier divide formerly continuous populations and confine them to more restricted geographical areas, there is an evolutionary reaction that will, over time, result in the formation of endemic species. In such cases, an allopatric speciation process is considered to have taken place because reproductive isolation was caused by physical means instead of by natural selection. In contrast, when populations exist in a very high‐diversity area and remain undivided by physical events, they exhibit a tendency to speciate by means of sympatry (or parapatry). This process, sometimes called competitive or ecological speciation, does involve reproductive isolation by means of natural selection. Populations that exist in geographical provinces bounded by physical barriers add to the overall diversity through the production of endemic species. This increase by species packing is relatively slow due to the very gradual tempo of the allopatric speciation process. Populations existing in centres of origin add to the general diversity through the production of species that are dominant in terms of their ability to spread over large parts of the world. It is proposed that such species are usually formed by sympatric speciation, a process that can bec.20 times faster than species formation by allopatry. It is not suggested that sympatry is exclusive to centres of origin, nor that allopatry is confined to peripheral provinces. Both processes are widespread, but there do appear to be distinctive geographical concentrations. Considering that numbers of widespread species produced by centres of origin may eventually become subdivided by barriers, and thus give rise to descendants by allopatry, it is difficult to say how much of our present species diversity has come from one source or the other. Both speciation by sympatry from centres of origin and speciation by allopatry in peripheral provinces appear to be important sources of marine biodiversity.
The austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brong.: its taxonomy, biogeography and natural history
Authors: Bortolus Alejandro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim  During the last 20 years, the austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora has been recorded aggressively invading estuarine environments in the USA, Spain and Morocco. Whereas this species is one of the three most widely distributed worldwide, it is among the least studied within the genus. The objective of this work is to integrate baseline information about the taxonomy, global distribution, centre of origin, and general ecology of S. densiflora in native and invaded marshes worldwide in order to help to strengthen management efforts currently directed at controlling or eradicating it from locations where it has been introduced.Location  World‐wide.Methods  I review, update and discuss relevant information about S. densiflora published in peer‐reviewed papers, including those in journals with limited international distribution. I also review theses and major technical reports containing critical up‐to‐date information.Results  This work indicates that, although S. densiflora remains in need of thorough scientific attention, key information on its taxonomy, distribution and invasive biology has been overlooked because it was published in languages other than English, and/or in journals with restricted distribution.Main conclusions  Spartina densiflora seems to have originated along the east coast of South America; today, however, many other regions worldwide serve as donors for this invasive species, including Chile, the USA, Spain and Morocco. Spartina densiflora is a bioengineer organism, tolerant of a broad spectrum of environmental conditions and able to re‐shape the structure of invaded communities not just in mudflats, but also on sandy, muddy, and rocky shores as well as on cobble beaches. Only by integrating local‐scale research conducted in different geographical regions will we be able to understand the between‐site variations of its biological cycle, which in turn will aid in the design of more effective conservation strategies.
A spontaneous genomic deletion in Listeria ivanovii identifies LIPI‐2, a species‐specific pathogenicity island encoding sphingomyelinase and numerous internalins
Authors: Domínguez‐Bernal Gustavo , Müller‐Altrock Stefanie , González‐Zorn Bruno , Scortti Mariela , Herrmann Petra , Monzó Héctor J. , Lacharme Lizeth , Kreft Jürgen , Vázquez‐Boland José A. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryListeria ivanovii differs from the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in that it specifically affects ruminants, causing septicaemia and abortion but not meningo‐encephalitis. The genetic characterization of spontaneous L. ivanovii mutants lacking the virulence factor SmcL (sphingomyelinase) led us to identify LIPI‐2, the first species‐specific pathogenicity island from Listeria. Besides SmcL, this 22 kb chromosomal locus encodes 10 internalin (Inl) proteins: i‐InlB1 and ‐B2 are large/surface‐associated Inls similar to L. monocytogenes InlB; i‐InlE to –L are small/excreted (SE)‐Inls, i‐InlG being a tandem fusion of two SE‐Inls. Except i‐inlB1, all LIPI‐2 inl genes are controlled by the virulence regulator, PrfA. LIPI‐2 is inserted into a tRNA locus and is unstable – half of it deleting at ≈10−4 frequency with a portion of contiguous DNA. The spontaneous mutants were attenuated in vivo in mice and lambs and showed impaired intracellular growth and apoptosis induction in bovine MDBK cells. Targeted knock‐out mutations associated the virulence defect with LIPI‐2 genes. The region between the core genome loci ysnB‐tRNAarg and ydeI flanking LIPI‐2 contained different gene complements in the different Listeria spp. and even serovars of L. monocytogenes, including remnants of the PSA bacteriophage int gene in serovar 4b, indicating it is a hot spot for horizontal genome diversification. LIPI‐2 is conserved in L. ivanovii ssp. ivanovii and londoniensis, suggesting an early acquisition during the species’ evolution. LIPI‐2 is likely to play an important role in the pathogenic and host tropism of L. ivanovii.
Deglycosylation of human glycoconjugates by the sequential activities of exoglycosidases expressed by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: King Samantha J. , Hippe Karen R. , Weiser Jeffrey N. 
Published: November 2005

Summary Streptococcus pneumoniae produces three surface‐associated exoglycosidases; a neuraminidase, NanA, a β‐galactosidase, BgaA, and a β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase, StrH. the proposed functions of NanA, which removes terminal sialic acid, include revealing receptors for adherence, affecting the function of glycosylated host clearance molecules, modifying the surface of other bacteria coinhabiting the same niche, and providing a nutrient source. However, it is unclear whether following desialylation S. pneumoniae can further deglycosylate human targets through the activity of BgaA or StrH. We demonstrate that NanA, BgaA and StrH act sequentially to remove sialic acid, galactose and N‐acetylglucosamine and expose mannose on human glycoproteins that bind to the pneumococcus and protect the airway. In addition, both BgaA and NanA were shown to contribute to the adherence of unencapsulated pneumococci, to human epithelial cells. Despite these findings, triple exoglycosidase mutants colonized mice as well as their parental strains, suggesting that any effect of these genes on colonization and disease may be host species‐specific. These studies highlight the importance of considering the complete ability of S. pneumoniae to deglycosylate human targets and suggest that in addition to NanA, BgaA and StrH also contribute to pneumococcal colonization and/or pathogenesis.
Fossil fluid reservoir beneath a duplex fault structure within the Central Range of Taiwan: implications for fluid leakage and lubrication during earthquake rupturing process
Authors: Chan Yu‐Chang , Okamoto Kazuaki , Yui Tzen‐Fu , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Chu Hao‐Tsu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn order to understand the kinematics which likely facilitated the speedy rupturing process of the 1999 Mw 7.6 Taiwan Chi‐Chi earthquake, we examined exposed rocks in the Taiwan Slate belt, where the pressure and temperature conditions most resembled the hypocentre of the Chi‐Chi earthquake, i.e. sub‐greenschist facies. Field observations and composition analyses of the silicified vein‐rich zones beneath the duplex structure suggest that impermeable slate layers may serve as cap rocks for confining deep‐seated fluids. These fluids most likely come from the Taiwan metamorphic complex at deeper depths by the dehydration and decarbonation reactions (or partial melting). In addition, the gouge zone of a link fault above the detachment also indicates the presence of overpressured fluids during faulting. It is probable that episodic leakage of the confined fluid reservoirs may provide essential fluids for fault lubrication during earthquake ruptures.
Have volcanoes already passed their zenith influencing the ozone layer?
Authors: Halmer Martina M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEarth's ozone layer is only a very small part of the atmosphere, but its intact abundance is most important to the vitality of human beings. Observations have shown that especially after the plinian eruption of Pinatubo volcano in 1991 the ozone layer showed a dramatic depletion. Could a similar hypothetic eruption in the future cause an equal effective destruction of ozone while considering the increasing reduction of man‐made halogens in the stratosphere after the Montreal protocol in 1987?
Evidence for remnants of ancient ice‐rich deposits: Mangala Valles outflow channel, Mars
Authors: Levy Joseph S. , Head James W. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHigh‐resolution spacecraft data reveal the presence of a distinctive unit on the upper reaches of the floor of Mangala Valles, an ancient outflow channel on Mars. In contrast to abundant evidence for scour, intense erosion, and hydrodynamic shaping typical of the floors and margins of Mangala and other outflow channels, this unit is smooth‐surfaced, has cuspate margins, is superposed on the scoured valley floor, and is extensively pitted. We interpret this unit to be the sublimation lag deposit derived from an ice thermal boundary layer on the aqueous flood that formed the outflow channel system, and the remnant of floodwaters trapped in channel lows. This interpretation further supports the likelihood that climate conditions at the time of emplacement were similar to the hyper‐arid cold desert conditions of today. Frozen floodwaters from the ancient martian subsurface could still be preserved in these deposits, representing attractive and accessible exobiological exploration objectives.
Bottom‐simulating reflections and geothermal gradients across the western Svalbard margin
Authors: Vanneste Maarten , Guidard Stéphanie , Mienert Jürgen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSeismic reflection data reveal prominent bottom‐simulating reflections (BSRs) within the relatively young (<0.78 Ma) sediments along the West Svalbard continental margin. The potential hydrate occurrence zone covers an area of c. 1600 km2. The hydrate accumulation zone is bound by structural/tectonic features (Knipovich Ridge, Molloy Transform Fault, Vestnesa Ridge) and the presence of glacigenic debris lobes inhibiting hydrate formation upslope. The thickness of the gas‐zone underneath the BSR varies laterally, and reaches a maximum of c. 150 ms. Using the BSR as an in‐situ temperature proxy, geothermal gradients increase gradually from 70 to 115 °C km−1 towards the Molloy Transform Fault. Anomalies only occur in the immediate vicinity of normal faults, where the BSR shoals, indicating near‐vertical heat/fluid flow within the fault zones. Amplitude analyses suggest that sub‐horizontal fluid migration also takes place along the stratigraphy. As the faults are related to the northwards propagation of the Knipovich Ridge, long‐term disturbance of hydrate stability appears related to incipient rifting processes.
Palaeoenvironmental turnover across the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary at the Stratotype section in Dababiya (Egypt) based on benthic foraminifera
Authors: Alegret Laia , Ortiz Silvia , Arenillas Ignacio , Molina Eustoquio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Palaeocene/Eocene (P/E) boundary was defined at Dababiya Quarry (Egypt) at the base of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE). We present the first detailed analysis of Palaeocene–Eocene benthic foraminifera from Dababiya, in order to infer the palaeoenvironmental turnover across the P/E boundary. At Dababiya, the CIE coincides with a major turnover in foraminiferal assemblages; the last occurrence of Angulogavelinella avnimelechi, at the base of the CIE, may be correlated to the main phase of extinction of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera. Benthic foraminifera indicate that stressful conditions such as oxygen deficiency, carbonate dissolution, and changes in food supply, persisted at the sea floor over most of the CIE interval. The main phase of recovery of benthic foraminifera is recorded c. 250 cm above the P/E boundary, and it may be linked to increased productivity and oxygenation at the sea floor.
Unusual occurrence of glauconite in a shallow lagoonal environment (Lower Cretaceous, northern Aquitaine Basin, SW France)
Authors: El Albani Abderrazzak , Meunier Alain , Fürsich Franz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSome minerals are considered to be representative of specific natural environments. Among them glauconite is considered to be formed in marine deep platform conditions. However, the term glauconitic is misused to designate green minerals formed in marine outer‐shelf environments. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analyses of individual green materials were carried out leading to the identification of glauconite in the Purbeckian facies. Green glauconite grains predominantly occur as burrow fills and occasionally as faecal pellet replacements. Two depositional environments have been identified from bottom to top of the succession: (1) an argillaceous dolomitic lagoonal sediment formed in saline, shallow water; (2) a marl‐limestone alternation deposited in a brackish water estuary. The crystallochemical properties of the glauconites change abruptly. These findings show that glauconite may form in coastal environments and not only in mid‐shelf to upper deep water platform environments as classically assumed. Moreover, the glauconite composition changes with the chemical conditions imposed by the local environment.
Fluid‐mediated modification of garnet interiors under ultrahigh‐pressure conditions
Authors: Perchuk Alexei L. , Burchard Michael , Maresch Walter V. , Schertl Hans‐Peter 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe report the results of a novel experimental study on eclogitic garnets with abundant inclusions of clinozoisite, quartz and rutile subjected to temperatures (T) of 800–1100 °C and a pressure (P) of 4 GPa, representative of ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terranes such as the Kokchetav massif, Saxonian Erzgebirge, etc. The experiments reveal extremely rapid recrystallization and partial melting of garnet interiors controlled by fluids liberated from the breakdown of the hydrous mineral inclusions. The traditional assumption that inclusions of minerals and primary fluid inclusions should be representative of the peak or even earlier metamorphic history cannot be strictly applied in this case. We argue that inclusions in UHP garnets may mirror P–T conditions postdating growth of the host crystal or even P–T conditions never actually experienced by the rock itself. The above modification of garnet interiors produces a typical patchy microstructure that occurs in natural eclogitic garnet from the diamond‐bearing UHP Kokchetav massif.
Protein‐ and energy‐mediated targeting of chloroplast outer envelope membrane proteins
Authors: Hofmann Nancy R. , Theg Steven M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryWhile the import of nuclear‐encoded chloroplast proteins is relatively well studied, the targeting of proteins to the outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope is not. The insertion of most outer membrane proteins (OMP) is generally considered to occur without the utilization of energy or proteinaceous components. Recently, however, proteins have been shown to be involved in the integration of outer envelope protein 14 (OEP14), whose outer membrane insertion was previously thought to be spontaneous. Here we investigate the insertion of two proteins fromPhyscomitrella patens, PpOEP64‐1 and PpOEP64‐2 (formerly known as PpToc64‐1 and PpToc64‐2), into the outer membrane of chloroplasts. The association of PpOEP64‐1 with chloroplasts was not affected by chloroplast pre‐treatments. Its insertion into the membrane was affected, however, demonstrating the importance of measuring insertion specifically in these types of assays. We found that the insertion of PpOEP64‐1, PpOEP64‐2 and two other OMPs, OEP14 and digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (DGD1), was reduced by either nucleotide depletion or proteolysis of the chloroplasts. Integration was also inhibited in the presence of an excess of an imported precursor protein. In addition, OEP14 competed with the insertion of the OEP64s and DGD1. These data demonstrate that the targeting of several OMPs involves proteins present in chloroplasts and requires nucleotides. Together with previous reports, our data suggest that OMPs in general do not insert spontaneously.
The BME3 (Blue Micropylar End 3) GATA zinc finger transcription factor is a positive regulator of Arabidopsis seed germination
Authors: Liu Po‐Pu , Koizuka Nobuya , Martin Ruth C. , Nonogaki Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2005

SummaryIn many plant species, seed dormancy is broken by cold stratification, a pre‐chilling treatment of fully imbibed seeds. Although the ecological importance of seed response to cold temperature is well appreciated, the mechanisms underlying the physiological changes during cold stratification is unknown. Here we show that the GATA zinc finger protein expressed in Arabidopsis seeds during cold stratification plays a critical role in germination. Characterization of an enhancer‐trap population identified multiple lines that exhibited β‐glucuronidase (GUS) expression in the micropylar end of the seed (named Blue Micropylar End, BME lines). One of these lines, BME3, had a T‐DNA insertion site in the 5′ upstream region of a GATA‐type zinc finger transcription factor gene (termed BME3‐ZF). The BME3‐ZF mRNA accumulated in seeds during cold stratification. Characterization of the BME3‐ZF promoter indicated that this gene was activated specifically in the embryonic axis, which was still enclosed by the endosperm. The zinc finger gene knockout plants produced seeds exhibiting deeper dormancy, which showed reduced response to cold stratification. The ungerminated knockout seeds exhibited testa rupture, but failed to penetrate the endosperm layer. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3) rescued impaired germination of knockout seeds without cold stratification, indicating that the normal GA signal transduction pathway is present in the knockout mutants. Expression of GA20‐oxidase and GA3‐oxidase genes was greatly reduced in the knockout seeds, suggesting the potential involvement of the zinc finger protein in GA biosynthesis. These results suggest that the GATA zinc finger protein is a positive regulator of seed germination.