bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF X‐IRRADIATION ON ANTIGEN LOCALIZATION IN LYMPHOID FOLLICLES
Authors: Jaroslow BN , Nossal GJV 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of whole body X‐irradiation before or after the injection of 125I‐labelled Salmonella flagellar antigens on (a) antibody production and (b) antigen distribytion through the lymphoid system were investigated.Whole body X‐irradiation (450 R) caused marked depression of both γM and γG responses if given one day before antigen. With a high dose of the strongest antigen, but not with a low dose or with the weaker antigen, two further observations were made: (a) colchicine could restore antibody‐forming capacity, and (b) X‐ray given after antigen actually caused an enhanced immune response.X‐irradiation caused subtle but important changes in antigen localization. The anatomical structure, presumably cytoplasmic fibrils, in the lymphoid follicles responsible for antigen trapping was remarkably radioresistant. Little damage could be observed with doses less than 1250 R, and it took 8000 R to destroy the structure completely. However, the follicular mechanism was not functionally intact. Spleen antoradiographs and whole organ counts showed a lowered capacity of the web to retain antigen. Lymph node autoradiographs showed abnormal persistence of labelling in a subsinus rim of cortical phagocytes. This was interpreted to indicate an X‐ray induced Interference with antigen migration.X‐irradiation had no observable effect on the sinus macrophages of the lymph node medulla. This once again suggests that their function is less specialized than that of the follicular antigen‐retaining cells.
THE MEASUREMENT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN ADRENAL VEIN BLOOD OF SHEEP
Authors: Coghlan JP , Wintour Marelyn , Scoggins BA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA double isotope dilution derivative method for determination of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone in adrenal vein blood of sheep is described.14C‐labelled steroids are used as the indicator and 3H‐acetic‐ anhydride as the reagent for the formation of the labelled derivative.Experimental data accumulated from six years' use of the method are discussed with special emphasis on specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision.Mean secretion rates of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone from sodium replete and sodium deficient sheep with autotransplanted adrenals are presented.
REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA
Authors: Kakulas BA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe reversal of the nutritional myopathy of the captive Rottnest quokka (Setonix brachyurus) with vitamin E provided a model for the study of regenerative processes in skeletal muscle. Seventeen quokkas recovering from myopathy following treatment with α‐to opherol were studied by means of 2 to 7 serial biopsies from each animal. As the debris within necrotic muscle fibres was removed by macrophages, proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei occurred. Cells with basophilic cytoplasm, due to a high content of ribonucleic acid (RNA), appeared and showed mitotic activity. Myofibrillar markings identified these cells as myoblasts. Later in the sequence multi‐nucleated masses and young muscle fibres developed, probably by fusion of myoblasts. Cross striations became obvious and the sarcoplasm eosinophilic, due to increased content of protein. Lastly, sarcolemmal nuclei centrally or randomly distributed underwent marginal migration and the muscle fibre became fully reconstituted. With acrolein‐Schiff staining necrotic fibres were rarefied, due to loss of protein, but during maturation staining became deeper as the protein content increased. The early phases occupied several days, while complete restoration required 5 to 8 weeks. There were many features of similarity between the morphology of regeneration in vivo and the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscle in vitro. Regenerative activity is prominent in the histopathological lesion of human polymyositis, and increased attention has been recently given to regenerative phenomena in case of human progressive muscular dystrophy, so that clarification of this property of muscle may improve understanding of these diseases.
DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATING MYCOPLASMAS IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: Cross GF , Goodman Margaret R , Shaw Elizabeth J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAspects of the problem of mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures have been examined. Particular attention has been paid to the effective eradication of mycoplasma contaminants. The effects of tylosin, a new antibiotic, are examined in detail.The work also describes attempts to eradicate a particularly resistant strain of M. orale type I, which has been isolated from contaminated cell lines in this laboratory.
HYDATID LATEX AGGLUTINATION WITH SCOLEX AND CRUDE POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS
Authors: Fischman A , Allen JL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryLatex suspensions coated with scolex extracts give sensitive and specific serum reactions in hydatid disease. Fractions from hydatid fluid, containing crude polysaccharide, react with antibody in the sera from proven cases as demonstrated by latex agglutination and complement fixation techniques, but not by the indirect haemagglutination test.
PLASMA ANGIOTENSINASE ACTIVITY ON ANGIOTENSIN II AND ANALOGUES
Authors: Doyle AE , Loius WJ , Osborn EC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of plasma angiotensinase activity on α‐aspartyl‐angio‐ tensin II and three analogues have been studied. All the compounds exhibited biological activity with parallel dose response curves. The pressor responses to each were of similar form and duration. Cross tachyphylaxis exists between all four compounds.In spite of the similarities in biological effects, α‐aspartyl‐angiotension was inactivated much more rapidly in vitro by plasma angiotensinase than the other three componnds, suggesting that the major enzyme present in plasma is an aminopeptidase.Studies utilising a radioactive analogue of angiotensin ([35S] PTC‐angiotensin) suggest that an endopeptidase of low activity may also be present in plasma.
DETECTION AND TITRATION OF ANTIBODY TO INTRINSIC FACTOR BY A MODIFIED CHARCOAL METHOD
Authors: Ungar Berta 
Published: December 2007

SummaryWith conventional charcoal methods false positive results for intrinsic factor antibody were obtained in 4 out of 94 patients with pernicious anaemia These false positive results were due to high serum levels of free vitamin B12.A simple modification of the charcoal assay for the detection and titration of antibody to intrinsic factor is described. This consists of the preliminary adsorption of the serum with albumin‐coated charcoal to remove free vitamin B12.The simple modification presented increases the reliability and versatility of tests for antibody to intrinsic factor.
CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EMBRYONIC CHICK LIVER DURING MORPHOGENESIS
Authors: Pollak JK , Shorey CD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryChanges in the ultrastructure of embryonic chick liver were examined between the 5th and 16th day of incubation.It was demonstrated that in 5‐ day embryonic live practically no endoplasmic reticulum was present. As development progressed, first smooth and later rough endoplasmic reticulum was formed. On the other hand, the free osmiophilic granules which were abundant at early developmental stages decreased with increasing developmental age, Furthermore, in spite of the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the total osmiophilic granule content of the cell appeared to decreaseThe significance of these findings was discussed, with particular reference to the biosythesis of the endoplasmic reticulum and its dynamic stateOther change in the ultrastructure of developing chick liver were also described, such as the decreasing variability of the distances between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and the two laminae of the nuclear envelope.
HAEMOLYSIN PRODUCTION FROM BOVINE STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Frost AJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryStrains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk were examined for production of alpha, beta and delta haemolysins. Of 1,066 strains tested 81·3% produced all three lysins and all other patterns were noted. There was no difference in the occurrence of the lysins in strains from acute mastitis, sub‐clinical mastitis and normal quarters.
THE INITIATION OF SKIN TUMOURS IN MICE BY HOMOLOGUES AND N‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF ETHYL CARBAMATE
Authors: Pound AW 
Published: December 2007

SummarySeveral homologues and N‐substituted derivatives of ethyl carbamate have been examined for tumour‐initiating properties by injection into mice followed by promoting treatment with croton oil. The LD50 of the compounds was also determined. The tumour‐initiating potencies were ranked in descending order ethyl carbamate, ethyl N‐methylcarbamate, ethyl N‐ethylcarbamate butyl carbamate; n‐propyl and isopropyl carbamates with doubtful effect; and ethyl N‐n‐propylcarbamate, ethyl N,N‐dimethylcarbamate, ethyl N,N‐diethyl‐ carbamate and methyl carbamate without significant effect. The LD50 of homologous series decreased exponentially with increasing molecular weight. It was deduced that the tumour‐initiating properties do not vary with the toxic properties of the carbamates nor with their molecular weight but appear to depend on structural features of the molecule, namely the nature of the ester group, the presence of a free hydrogen in the amide position and the nature of a single substituent in the amide position.
A REOVIRUS‐SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN MURINE LYMPHOMA 2731/L AND IN CULTURED BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA CELLS
Authors: Stanley NF , Keast D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryComplement‐fixation tests have shown that the reovirus‐induced murine lymphoma 2731/L shares an antigen with a cultured line of Burkitt's lymphoma and reovirus 3. This antigen is not present in a continuous cell culture from the leucocytes of a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia, nor in a murine lymphoma developed following a graft‐versus‐host reaction. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the aetiology of Burkitt's lymphoma and it is suggested that this communication presents further evidence supporting the reovirus 3 aetiology of Burkitt's lymphoma and the murine lymphoma 2731/L.
HYDROLYSIS OF PEPTIDES BY SNAKE VENOMS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Tu AT , Toom PM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPeptidase substrate specificities of 9 venoms of poisonous snakes of Australia and New Guinea were investigated. Thirty‐four peptides (29 dipeptides and 5 tripeptides) were used as substrates. The peptides Gly‐L‐Asp, Gly‐L‐Glu, Gly‐L‐Pro, L‐Leu‐L‐Phe, DL‐Leu‐DL‐Val, L‐Lys‐Gly, and L‐Pro‐Gly were not hydrolyzed by any of the venoms. All other dipeptides with the exception of L‐Phe‐L‐Phe were hydrolyzed by all of the venoms investigated. Although the glycylphenylalanine linkage of the tripeptide Gly‐L‐Phe‐L‐Phe Was hydrolyzed by each of the venoms investigated, the phenylalanyl‐phenylalanie bond was only split by the venoms of N. scutatus scutatus, O. scutellatus scutellatus, and O. scutellatus canni. In like manner, L‐Phe‐L‐Phe was also hydrolyzed only by the venoms of N. scutatus scutatus, O. scutellatus canni, and O. scutellatus scutellatus.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY XIII. THE ANTIGEN CONTENT OF SINGLE ANTIBODY‐FORMING CELLS EARLY IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Nossal GJV , Williams GM , Austin Caroline M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study was performed on the question of whether antibody‐forming cells taken at the earliest stages of primary and secondary immune responses contain significant antigen within them. Rats were immunized via the hind foot pads with 125I‐labelled Salmonell adelaide flagella, antibody‐forming cells were identified and isolated by micromanipulation techniques and their content of 125I was determined by quantitative autoradiography.In contrast to previous findings on the late IgG phase of the primary response, a significant minority of the young cells studied here contained detectable antigen‐derived material. In the popliteal node, 18/165 cells in the primary response and 57/114 cells in the secondary response were labelled. In lymphoid organs more remote from the antigen depot site smaller proportions of cells were labelled, and again labelling was more extensive in the secondary response. However, when free‐floating cells from thoracic duct lymph were examined, none of 186 antibody‐forming cells were labelled.The biggest single factor influencing the proportion of labelled antibody‐formers was the antigen dose. With doses smaller than 1 μg., only 1 in 53 popliteal node cells was labelled, even though the population studied contained mainly primitive cells.Preferred sites for the occurrence of label were the very surface of the cell and the nucleus. However, about half the cells showed diffusely scattered label. Cells judged to be immature by cytological criteria were more frequently labelled than mature plasma cells.The results did not allow us to decide whether the antigen in and on certain antibody‐forming cells was playing an inductive role or whether it represented simply an epiphenomenon reflecting the close contact between lymphoid cells and antigen depot sites in lymphoid tissue.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY LYMPHOCYTES FROM HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Smith JL , Lawton JWM , Forbes IJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryLymphocyte suspensions were obtained from human venous blood by elution from cotton wool columns. These suspensions contained only lymphocytes and erythrocytes.Evidence was presented to show that the incorporation of 14C‐leucine into protein was due solely to the activity of the lymphocytes and that this could be‐ inhibited by low concentrations of puromycin and actinomycin D.Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids provided a plasma‐free, chemically defined medium of constant composition, suitable for studying the influence of plasma factors and drugs on lymphocytes. Protein synthesis diminished rapidly after 12 hr. in plasma‐free medium, whereas it continued for 24 hr. in medium containing autologous plasma.Most of the soluble protein synthesized by the lymphocytes was retained within the cells, and only a small proprotion was released into the medium. A greater proportion was released by cells in plasma‐free medium. In addition to soluble protein, lymphocytes synthesized insoluble protein associated with the cell‐debris.Phytohaemagglutinin stimulated the synthesis of soluble and insoluble protein. Synthesis may also be stimulated by a small contamination with poly‐ morphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes.Actinomycin D prevented the initiation of the response to phytohaemagglutinin and the maintenance of the established response.The newly synthesized proteins were analysed by autoradiography of immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) patterns. Proteins including the immunoglobulins, α and β globulins were labelled. Albumin was not labelled.Evidence was obtained showing that lymphocytes from a patient with Hashimoto's disease synthesized specific antibody to thyroglobulin.
SPONTANEOUS PEPTIC ULCERS IN MICE
Authors: Williams A Wynn , Howie JB , Helyer BJ , Simpson LO 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA high incidence of duodenal ulcers has been observed in the inbred mouse strain NZB. The ulcers bear a striking similarity to humman peptic ulcers. Although the mice develop various manifestations of autoimmune disease, the aetiology and pathogenesis of the ulcers is at present uncertain.
THE PERISTALTIC REFLEX IN THE ISOLATED GUINEA‐PIG ILEUM DURING DRUG‐INDUCED SPASM OF THE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
Authors: Gregory JE , Bentley GA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe guinea‐pig isolated ileum, when contracted by various drugs, is known to undergo rhythmic lengthening when peristalsis is induced by distension. The mechanism of this lengthening was examined. Lengthing was always associated with circuler muscle contractios, was not prevented by guanethidine, was not observed in parts of the ileum adjacent to parts undergoing peristalsis and could be produced by contracting the circular muscle in preparations blocked with procaine. When the shortening of the circular muscle was mechanically limited, the lengthening of the longitudinal muscle was decreased. It was concluded that this lengthening is a direct mechanical consequence of circular muscle contraction.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M , Plackett P , Shaw Elizabeth J , Marmion BP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe complement fixing and gel‐precipitating activity of chloroform‐ methanol extracts of Mycoptasma pneumoniae is heat stable, resistant to lipase and protease. The extract is of low antigenicity in guinea‐pigs and rabbits.Treatment with alkali in aqueous media and alkaline methanolysis caused some diminution of serological activity. Treatment with sodium metaperiodate and with a crude carbohydrase caused a substantial drop in serological activity. The heat stability, resistance to protease and sensitivity to periodate and carbo‐ hydrase suggest the presence of carbohydrate determinants in the lipid hapten.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND TOLERANT RATS TO SALMONELLA ADELAIDE FLAGELLIN IN FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT
Authors: Lind Patricia E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAntibody production in the rat in response to the injection of Salmonella adelaide flagellin was considerably enhanced if the antigen were Injected In emulsion with Freund's complete adjuvant. Peak titres of antibody Were 1000‐fold higher than those obtained following the injection of antigen alone. However the minimal dose of flagellin. which would stimulate antibody production was found to be of the order of 10 ng. (10−8 g.) regardless of whether it were injected in adjuvant or in aqueous solution. Simultaneous injection of flagellin and adjuvant into opposite sides of the body resulted in only a very moderate enhancement of the antibody response.Rats which had been given a ten‐week course of bi‐weekly injections of flagellin starting in the neonatal period, and which were virtually unresponsive to subsequent challenge with flagellin, broke tolerance and produced high titres of antibody when challenged with the same dose of flagellin in adjuvant.These results have been interpreted in terms of the ability of antigen injected in Freund's complete adjuvant to be retained in the body for a considerable period of time where it remains available to stimulate both cells which “escape” the state of immune unresponsiveness and newly recruited antigen‐ sensitive cells whose proliferation is accelerated by the presence of the adjuvant.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINISING HORMONE USING PAPER CHROMATO‐ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Burger HG , Oliver JR , Davis Jennifer , Catt KJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of human pituitary luteinising hormone in small volumes of unextracted plasma. The 2nd International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausul Gonadotrophin and a preparation of purified human pituitary luteinising hormone have been used as the assay standards, and the latter has been radioactively labelled with 131I and 125I for use as the tracer antigen. Separation of bound and free labelled antigen has been achieved by the technique of paper chromato‐electrophoresis, and an internal standard has been used to reduce variability between assays.Data are presented bearing on the specificity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the method. Normal values in plasma were found to be as follows:(a) in 46 eugonadal males 2·25 ± 0·16 International Units (I.U.) per 100 ml. (mean ± standard error);(b) in normal females during the menstrual cycle the mean level during the follicular phase was 2·0 International Units per 100 ml, during the luteal phase 1·5 International Units per 100 ml, ami at mid‐cycle 8·1 International Units per 100 ml. (4 subjects);(c) in 14 post‐menopausal females, 7·0 ± 1·2 International Units per 100 ml.;(d) in 25 prepubertal children, < 0·3 to 1·3 International Units per 100 ml.
VASCULAR REACTIVITY STUDIES IN HYPERTENSION
Authors: Scroop GC , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe reactivity of the hand blood vessels to local intra‐arterial infusions of angiotensin and noradrenaline was studied in patients with primary, renovascular and malignant hypertension and correlated with plasma renin activity.In nineteen patients with primary hypertension and normal plasma renin activity the angiotensin and noradrenaline responses were within normal limits.In three patients with renovascular hypertension, each of whom had elevated plasma renin activity, there was a marked reduction in the reactivity of the hand vessels to angiotensin, whereas that to noradrenaline was at the upper limit of the normal range. One of these patients had a unilateral nephrectomy and following this her plasma renin activity, blood pressure and vascular reactivity to angiotensin returned to normal levels.In two patients with malignant hypertension plasma renin activity was elevated but the vascular reactivity to angiotensin and noradrenaline was normal.
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Reade Peter C 
Published: December 2007

SummaryTwo species of invertebrates, Parachaeraps bicarinatus, a freshwater crayfish, and Helix pomatia, a garden snail, were examined for the presence of cells which could phagocytose particulate material introduced into their vascular systems. By means of blood clearance studies and histological techniques, it was demonstrated that there existed a highly active system of such cells, mainly associated with the liver‐like digestive diverticula of both species. The rate of clearance of particles from the blood was slower in snails, although these animals exhibited a much more widespread system of cells which apparently contributed in a minor way to the uptake of particles introduced by a vascular route.
EFFECT OF NEONATAL THYMECTOMY AND THIOTEPA ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF POXVIRUSES
Authors: Subrahmanyan TP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryNeonatal thymectomy or treatment with the cytotoxic drug Thiotepa increased the susceptibility of regular adult mice to attenuated ectromelia virus, probably because of their effects on the immune response. Neonatal thymectomy had no effect on the susceptibility to ectromelia virus of low pathogen mice or mice fed broad spectrum antibiotics, suggesting that enteric organisms play an important part in determining the resistance to ectromelia virus. The ability of adult mice to resist the lethal effects of subcutaneously injected cowpox virus was not affected by neonatal thymectotny or Thiotepa treatment. The treated mice surviving cowpox virus infection did not show hypersensitive footpad responses to ectromelia virus challenge, but they nevertheless resisted challenge.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEIN ACROSS THE GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM OF THE MAMMARY GLAND DURING INVOLUTION
Authors: Mackenzie DDS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn the present paper then movement of protein across the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland during involution has been studied. The movement of protein from the gland was followed by infusing [131I]‐labelled protiens into the mammary gland and measuring either the concentration of labelled protein remaining in the gland or the amount of labelled protein appearing in the efferent mammary lymph. The protein composition of the secretion in the mammary gland at different stages of involution was studied by immunoelectrophoresis and by separating the secretion on Sephadex G‐200 or DEAE Sephadex. The results of the absorption experiments have been discussed in relation to the changes observed in the concentration of the serum proteins in the secretion during involution.