bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a negative outcome
Authors: Kathrani A. , Steiner J. M. , Suchodolski J. , Eastwood J. , Syme H. , Garden O. A. , Allenspach K. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:To investigate whether elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (CPLI) concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a worse clinical outcome.Methods:Serum CPLI assays were performed on serum stored from cases diagnosed with IBD. Thirty‐two dogs with CPLI results within the reference range were designated as the control group and 15 dogs had CPLI above the reference range. Clinical signs, age, serum lipase and amylase activities, serum albumin and cobalamin concentrations, abdominal ultrasound examination, histopathology on small intestinal biopsies, management of IBD and outcome were compared between the two groups.Results:No significant differences were found in clinical activity score (P=0·54), number of antibiotic‐responsive disease cases (P=0·480), number of steroid‐responsive disease cases (P=0·491), serum amylase activity (P=0·058), serum cobalamin concentration (P=0·61), serum albumin concentration (P=0·052), abdominal ultrasound score (P=0·23) and histopathology scores for IBD (P=0·74) between the two groups. Dogs with increased CPLI concentration were significantly older and had a higher serum lipase activity than dogs with a CPLI concentration within the normal reference range (P=0·001, P=0·001, respectively). Moreover, dogs with increased CPLI concentration responded poorly to steroid treatment (P=0·01) and were significantly more likely to be euthanased at follow‐up (P=0·02).ClinicalSignificance:CPLI should be measured in cases of canine IBD as elevated CPLI was associated with a worse outcome.
Serum lipid concentrations in dogs with tail chasing
Authors: Yalcin E. , Ilcol Y. O. , Batmaz H. 
Published: March 2009

Objective:To characterise lipid profile in dogs with tail chasing.Methods:Fifteen dogs with tail chasing were included in this study. A behavioural diagnosis was made for each dog on the basis of the dog’s behavioural history, clinical signs and results of other medical assessments. None of the dogs had concurrent medical disease that would account for compulsive tail chasing. Blood samples were taken from each dog after a fasting period of 12 to 16 hours to measure total cholesterol, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Fifteen control dogs were also enrolled on the basis of normal physical examination results, complete blood count and serum biochemistry profiles.Results:Dogs with tail chasing had significantly higher total cholesterol (P<0·01), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0·05) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0·001) compared with control dogs. Very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not differ significantly between the groups.ClinicalSignificance:Tail chasing may be associated with serum cholesterol elevations in dogs. High serum cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be used as biochemical parameters of compulsive tail chasing in clinical settings.
Behavioral ontogeny in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calves during their residence in Hawaiian waters
Authors: Cartwright Rachel , Sullivan Matthew 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ontogeny of behavior in young offspring is a key component of a species life history, influencing short‐term survival and life‐long future fitness. In this study, we examine the behavioral ontogeny of humpback whale calves during their natal season on the winter breeding grounds. Behavioral data were collected during focal follows for 69 calves. Their relative age was estimated based on the degree of unfurling of the dorsal fin, and analysis of their time budgets revealed that behavior changed as the calves matured. Among the youngest group of calves (n= 27), persistent travel accounted for median 85% (interquartile range 34%) of the calves' time budget, they spent little time alone at the surface and the breathing regime included frequent intermittent breaths. Within the oldest group of calves (n= 26), time spent traveling dropped to a median 47% (IQR 42%) of the time budget, they spent more time at rest, surfaced alone more frequently, and the breathing regime more closely resembled that of adult humpbacks. We suggest potential functions for these and other components of calf behavior during this period, and review our findings in light of recent discussions on the role of predation pressure as a driving force in mysticete migration.
Landmarks in the History of Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Greenwald Peter , Dunn Barbara K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The application of epidemiology to cancer prevention is relatively new, although observations of the potential causes of cancer have been reported for more than 2,000 years. Cancer was generally considered incurable until the late 19th century. Only with a refined understanding of the nature of cancer and strategies for cancer treatment could a systematic approach to cancer prevention emerge. The 20th century saw the elucidation of clues to cancer causation from observed associations with population exposures to tobacco, diet, environmental chemicals, and other exogenous factors. With repeated confirmation of such associations, researchers entertained for the first time the possibility that cancer, like many of the infectious diseases of the time, might be prevented. By the mid-20th century, with antibiotics successfully addressing the majority of infectious diseases and high blood pressure treatment beginning to affect the prevalence of heart disease in a favorable direction, the focus of much of epidemiology shifted to cancer. The early emphasis was on exploring, in greater depth, the environmental, dietary, hormonal, and other exogenous exposures for their potential associations with increased cancer risk. The first major breakthrough in identifying a modifiable cancer risk factor was the documentation of an association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. During the past four decades, epidemiologic studies have generated population data identifying risk factors for cancers at almost every body site, with many cancers having multiple risk factors. The development of technologies to identify biological molecules has facilitated the incorporation of these molecular manifestations of biological variation into epidemiologic studies, as markers of exposure as well as putative surrogate markers of cancer outcome. This technological trend has, during the past two decades, culminated in emphasis on the identification of genetic variants and their products as correlates of cancer risk, in turn, creating opportunities to incorporate the discipline of molecular/genetic epidemiology into the study of cancer prevention. Epidemiology will undoubtedly continue contributing to cancer prevention by using traditional epidemiologic study designs to address broad candidate areas of interest, with molecular/genetic epidemiology investigations honing in on promising areas to identify specific factors that can be modified with the goal of reducing risk. [Cancer Res 2009;69(6):2151–62]
Brain Accumulation of Dasatinib Is Restricted by P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) and Can Be Enhanced by Elacridar Treatment
Authors: Lagas Jurjen S. , van Waterschoot Robert A.B. , van Tilburg Vicky A.C.J. , Hillebrand Michel J. , Lankheet Nienke , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. , Schinkel Alfred H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Imatinib, a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a substrate of the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) and ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein), and its brain accumulation is restricted by both transporters. For dasatinib, an inhibitor of SCR/BCR-ABL kinases, in vivo interactions with P-gp and ABCG2 are not fully established yet.
Experimental Design: We used Abcb1a/1b−/−, Abcg2−/−, and Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice to establish the roles of P-gp and ABCG2 in the pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation of dasatinib.
Results: We found that oral uptake of dasatinib is limited by P-gp. Furthermore, relative brain accumulation, 6 hours after administration, was not affected by Abcg2 deficiency, but absence of P-gp resulted in a 3.6-fold increase after oral and 4.8-fold higher accumulation after i.p. administration. Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice had the most pronounced increase in relative brain accumulation, which was 13.2-fold higher after oral and 22.7-fold increased after i.p. administration. Moreover, coadministration to wild-type mice of dasatinib with the dual P-gp and ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar resulted in a similar dasatinib brain accumulation as observed for Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice.
Conclusions: Brain accumulation of dasatinib is primarily restricted by P-gp, but Abcg2 can partly take over this protective function at the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, when both transporters are absent or inhibited, brain uptake of dasatinib is highly increased. These findings might be clinically relevant for patients with central nervous system Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia, as coadministration of an inhibitor of P-gp and ABCG2 with dasatinib might result in better therapeutic responses in these patients.
Meta-analysis of individual patient data versus aggregate data from longitudinal clinical trials
Authors: Jones Ashley P , Riley Richard D , Williamson Paula R , Whitehead Anne 
Published: March 2009

Background In clinical trials following individuals over a period of time, the same assessment may be made at a number of time points during the course of the trial. Our review of current practice for handling longitudinal data in Cochrane systematic reviews shows that the most frequently used approach is to ignore the correlation between repeated observations and to conduct separate meta-analyses at each of a number of time points. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show the link between repeated measurement models used with aggregate data and those used when individual patient data (IPD) are available, and provide guidance on the methods that practitioners might use for aggregate data meta-analyses, depending on the type of data available. Methods We discuss models for the meta-analysis of longitudinal continuous outcome data when IPD are available. In these models time is included either as a factor or as a continuous variable, and account is taken of the correlation between repeated observations. The meta-analysis of IPD can be conducted using either a one-step or a two-step approach: the latter involves analysing the IPD separately in each study and then combining the study estimates taking into account their covariance structure. We discuss the link between models for use with aggregate data and the two-step IPD approach, and the problems which arise when only aggregate data are available. The methods are applied to IPD from 5 trials in Alzheimer's disease. Results Two major issues for the meta-analysis of aggregate data are the lack of information about correlation coefficients and the effect of missing data at the patient-level. Application to the Alzheimer's disease data set shows that ignoring correlation can lead to different pooled estimates of the treatment difference and their standard errors. Furthermore, the amount of missing data at the patient level can affect these estimates. Limitations The models assume fixed treatment effects across studies, and that any missing data is missing at random, both at the patient-level and the study level. Conclusions It is preferable to obtain IPD from all studies to correctly account for the correlation between repeated observations. When IPD are not available, the ideal aggregate data are model-based estimates of treatment difference and their variance and covariance estimates. If covariance estimates are not available, sensitivity analyses should be undertaken to investigate the robustness of the results to different amounts of correlation. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 16—27. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
Confronting challenges in intervention research with ethnically diverse older adults: the USC Well Elderly II Trial
Authors: Jackson Jeanne , Mandel Deborah , Blanchard Jeanine , Carlson Mike , Cherry Barbara , Azen Stanley , Chou Chih-Ping , Jordan-Marsh Maryalice , Forman Todd , White Brett , Granger Douglas , Knight Bob , Clark Florence 
Published: March 2009

Background Community-dwelling older adults are at risk for declines in physical health, cognition, and psychosocial well-being. However, their enactment of active and health-promoting lifestyles can reduce such declines. Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the USC Well Elderly II study, a randomized clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle program for elders, and document how various methodological challenges were addressed during the course of the trial. Methods In the study, 460 ethnically diverse elders recruited from a variety of sites in the urban Los Angeles area were enrolled in a randomized experiment involving a crossover design component. Within either the first or second 6-month phase of their study involvement, each elder received a lifestyle intervention designed to improve a variety of aging outcomes. At 4—5 time points over an 18—24 month interval, the research participants were assessed on measures of healthy activity, coping, social support, perceived control, stress-related biomarkers, perceived physical health, psychosocial well-being, and cognitive functioning to test the effectiveness of the intervention and document the process mechanisms responsible for its effects. Results The study protocol was successfully implemented, including the enrollment of study sites, the recruitment of 460 older adults, administration of the intervention, adherence to the plan for assessment, and establishment of a large computerized data base. Limitations: Methodological challenges were encountered in the areas of site recruitment, participant recruitment, testing, and intervention delivery. Conclusions The completion of clinical trials involving elders from numerous local sites requires careful oversight and anticipation of threats to the study design that stem from: (a) social situations that are particular to specific study sites; and (b) physical, functional, and social challenges pertaining to the elder population. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 90—101. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Single-molecule Visualization of Binding Modes of Helicase to DNA on PEGylated Surfaces
Authors: Yokota Hiroaki , Han Yong-Woon , Allemand Jean-François , Xi Xu Guang , Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Ito Yoshihiro , Harada Yoshie 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Binding modes of helicase to various DNA substrates were visualized by single-molecule fluorescence imaging on silicate coverslips coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) which minimizes the background noise from nonspecific protein adsorption. The results clearly show that the helicase has higher affinity for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) tail than that without one and that multiple helicases can bind to 4.7-kilonucleotide (knt) ssDNA. The study reported here will enhance the capabilities of single-molecule fluorescence studies on DNA–protein interactions.
The Rate of Excited-state Proton Transfer to Solvent from Trifluoromethylphenols in Water
Authors: Kaneko Shigeo , Yoshihara Toshitada , Tobita Seiji 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The proton-transfer reactions to solvent from electronically excited o-, m-, and p-(trifluoromethyl)phenols (TFOHs) in water have been investigated by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The rate constants for the proton dissociation of o-, m-, and p-TFOH are obtained to be 2.2×109, 8.6×108, and 2.5×108 s−1, respectively. On the basis of the rate constants, the effects of substituent and deuterium isotope effects on the proton-transfer reactions are revealed.
Effect of Charge-transporting Molecules on Electrophosphorescence in a Device Fabricated Using Third-generation Dendrimer Encapsulated Tris[2-benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylpyridyl]iridium Complex
Authors: Jung Kyung Moon , Lee Tae Wan , Kim Kyung Hwan , Cho Min Ju , Jin Jung-Il , Choi Dong Hoon 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We have synthesized a new deep-red light-emitting phosphorescent third-generation dendrimer with hole-transporting carbazole dendrons. The new dendrimer is highly efficient when used as a solution-processable emitting material and when used in an electrophosphorescent light-emitting diode system. We selected 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) and 2-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) as guest molecules in order to manipulate the carrier transport and carrier confinement in the emissive layer. We fabricated a dendrimer light-emitting diode (DLED) whose configuration is represented as ITO/PEDOT:PSS (40 nm)/dendrimer containing guest molecules (55 nm)/BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenylphenanthroline) (10 nm)/Alq3 (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) and investigated the device performance. The luminance of the multilayered devices fabricated using the PBD-containing dendrimer was 381 cd/m2 at 52.42 mA/cm2 (20 V) for the dendrimer bearing PBD, which was slightly better than that of a device fabricated using dendrimer alone.
Condylomata gigantea in a male transsexual
Authors: Yang C , Liu S , Xu K , Xiang Q , Yang S , Zhang X 
Published: March 2009

Summary As the incidence of genital warts increases, warts arising in the mouth, throat and other sites can occasionally be seen. Condyloma gigantea in genital sites are often reported, but literature on genital warts in transsexuals is rare. We present a case of C. gigantea in a 23-year-old male-to-female transsexual, whose warts arose on the transplanted skin of a neovagina and in the perianal region. We conclude that although C. gigantea can occur in transsexuals, the best way to treat it is not clear.
Utilization of HIV point-of-care testing clinics in general practice and genitourinary medicine services in south-east London
Authors: Surah S , O'Shea S , Dunn H , Mitra R , Fitzgerald C , Ibrahim F , Sethi G 
Published: March 2009

Summary We compared the utilization of HIV point-of-care testing (POCT) clinics in a general practice and a genitourinary (GU) medicine service. Retrospective case-note review of patients attending the general practice HIV POCT clinic from February 2005 to July 2007 was undertaken. Those attending the GU medicine service over the same period were used as a comparator group. HIV POCT clinics in general practice when compared with GU medicine services were significantly more likely to be utilized by those of Black ethnicity (Black African 61/370 [16.5%] vs. 107/1231 [8.7%], P < 0.001; Black Caribbean 19/370 [5.1%] vs. 11/1231 [0.9%], P < 0.001 and Black Other 20/370 [5.4%] vs. 26/1231 [2.1%], P = 0.001, respectively). Fewer men who have sex with men attended for HIV POCT in general practice than in GU medicine; 82/238 (34.5%) vs. 337/816 (41.3%), P = 0.058. We have demonstrated that HIV POCT clinics in primary care and GU medicine attract different ‘at-risk’ groups and provide increased opportunity for testing.
Predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from nevirapine to efavirenz in HIV-infected patients who developed nevirapine-associated skin rash
Authors: Kiertiburanakul S , Malathum K , Watcharananan S , Sathapatayavongs B , Sungkanuparph S 
Published: March 2009

Summary Skin rash associated with nevirapine (NVP) is common and efavirenz (EFV) is often used as a substitute. We aimed to determine the predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from NVP to EFV. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected patients who developed rash after taking NVP. There were 109 patients with a mean standard deviation (SD) age of 36.6 (7.4) years and 45% were males. Median (interquartile range) CD4 cell count and HIV RNA at the time of NVP initiation were 163 (50–273) cells/mm3 and 4.6 (1.7–5.4) log copies/mL, respectively. Twenty (18.3%) patients subsequently developed EFV-associated rash. By logistic regression, history of drug allergy apart from NVP (odds ratio [OR] 11.42) and CD4 cell count <100 cells/mm3 (OR 6.14) were significant predicting factors for EFV-associated rash. Two predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from NVP to EFV were found. Patients who have these factors need to have a close follow-up if EFV is substituted.
Minimally invasive approach to median arcuate ligament syndrome in a patient with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Mirkia K , Subin B 
Published: March 2009

Summary Mesenteric ischaemia is most commonly caused by atherosclerotic disease, but extrinsic compression on the coeliac axis (CA) can also lead to similar symptoms as mesenteric ischaemia. This is usually created by the pressure of the fibrous diaphragm on the CA, which can cause abdominal pain and weight loss referred to as ‘median arcuate ligament syndrome’. This syndrome is not typically associated with any underlying disease process. This is the first case describing median arcuate ligament syndrome in a young man with a history of HIV/AIDS, who successfully underwent minimally invasive procedure as a therapeutic modality for his condition.
A literature review and case reports series on the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction
Authors: Foster R , Mears A , Goldmeier D 
Published: March 2009

Summary The term ‘female sexual dysfunction’ (FSD) encompasses a number of different disorders, and while their aetiologies are not fully understood, the sub-classifications of this broad umbrella term are increasingly becoming more established and accepted. However, there is less consensus regarding the optimal treatment of these conditions. While it is known that phosphodiesterase (PDE5) is involved in the female sexual response, the clinical and research evidence supporting the unlicensed use of PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) in women is inconclusive and at times contradictory. In this article we explore this further by means of a comprehensive literature review on the use of PDE5i in the treatment of FSD and we also present our clinical experience of using these drugs in this context.
The impact of pharmacogenetics on HIV therapy
Authors: Mahungu T W , Johnson M A , Owen A , Back D J 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV infection has resulted in significant reductions in mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, there is considerable interindividual variability in patient outcomes in terms of drug disposition, drug efficacy and adverse events. The basis of these differences is multifactorial, but host genetics are believed to play a significant part. To date, most attempts to explain this variability have focused on isolated single nucleotide polymorphisms. The most exciting development to date is the discovery of human leukocyte antigen subtype B*5701 (HLA B*5701) as a strong predictor of the abacavir hypersensitivity reaction. There is a gradual move away from single candidate gene analyses towards a high throughput whole genome approach. These studies must be performed on well characterized cohorts and reported associations must be validated in independent, ethnically diverse populations.
Reviews
Authors: Burrows Donald , Pollard Laura , Lovensheimer Jim 
Published: March 2009

The Incomparable Hester Santlow: A Dancer-Actress on the Georgian Stage, Moira Goff (2007) [Performance in the Long Eighteenth Century: Studies in Theatre, Music, Dance]Aldershot: Ashgate, x + 189pp., ISBN 978-0-7546-5805-4 (hbk), 50.00The Total Work of Art: From Bayreuth to Cyberspace, Matthew Wilson Smith (2007)New York: Routledge, 226 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-97796-8 (pbk), 17.99The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, Thomas S. Hischak (2007)Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 384 pp., ISBN 978-0-313-34140-3 (hbk), 47.95