bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNALTERED STIMULATION OF PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN SECRETION BY CORTICOTROPHIN‐RELEASING FACTOR FOLLOWING SODIUM VALPROATE ADMINISTRATION IN A PATIENT WITH NELSON'S SYNDROME
Authors: GOMI M. , IIDA S. , ITOH Y. , MORIWAKI K. , KANAYAMA S. , NAMBA M. , TARUI S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 53‐year‐old woman with Nelson's syndrome was treated with 600 mg sodium valproate daily. Her plasma ACTH was effectively decreased, whilst the response of plasma ACTH to corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) was unaltered. The result of the CRF test suggested that sodium valproate, at least in the present patient, acted at the hypothalamic level.
PROLACTIN AND TSH RESPONSES TO BOTH DOMPERIDONE AND TRH IN NORMAL AND HYPERPROLACTINAEMIC WOMEN AFTER DOPAMINE SYNTHESIS BLOCKADE
Authors: GHIGO E. , GOFFI S. , MOLINATTI G. M. , CAMANNI F. , MASSARA F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA study of the effect of α‐methyl‐1‐tryosine (metyrosine) blockade (2 g/d for 2 d) of dopamine (DA) synthesis on the PRL and TSH response to domperidone (DOM) and TRH in normal women and subjects with pathological hyperpro‐lactinaemia is reported.In the normal subjects, there was a marked increase in basal PRL (51·7 ± 11·1 vs 5·7 ± 1·0 ng/ml) and the PRL and TSH responses to DOM were abolished. The PRL response to TRH was also reduced.In the hyperprolactinaemic subjects, metyrosine had no effect on basal PRL nor on the virtually non‐existent PRL response to DOM, whereas it abolished the exaggerated TSH response.The conclusion is drawn that the response of both PRL and TSH to DA receptor blockers is really dependent upon DA inhibitory tone. A fall in this tone can also be postulated as responsible for the hyporesponsiveness of PRL to DOM frequently observed in pathological hyperprolactinaemia. In addition, the fact that metyrosine also abolished the exaggerated TSH response to DOM shows that the latter is totally dependent on enhanced DA inhibition of the thyrotrophs. Lastly, the reduced PRL response to TRH after metyrosine indicates that DA partly determines the ability of the lactotrophs to respond to TRH.
SOMATOSTATIN AND WATER EXCRETION IN MAN: AN INTRARENAL ACTION
Authors: WALKER B. J. , EVANS P. A. , FORSLING M. L. , NELSTROP G. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIntravenous infusion of somatostatin in six water loaded normal human subjects produced a prompt reduction in urine flow accompanied by a rise in urine osmolality and a decrease in free water clearance. Plasma AVP levels did not change. Somatostatin would seem to exert an antidiuretic effect directly on the kidney.
EFFECT OF LOW‐DOSE DOPAMINE INFUSION ON BASAL AND STIMULATED TSH AND PROLACTIN CONCENTRATIONS IN MAN
Authors: CONNELL J. M. C. , BALL S. G. , BALMFORTH A. J. , BEASTALL G. H. , DAVIES D. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDopamine (DA) infused at pharmacological doses in man inhibits thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion, although the physiological significance of this observation is unclear. The effect of low‐dose DA infusion (0·1 μg/kg/min) on TSH and prolactin (PRL) concentrations during stimulation with thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) in normal male subjects is reported. Six subjects were given intravenous DA or placebo infusions for 165 min on separate days. A bolus of TRH (7·5 μg) was given at +90 min, followed by infusion of the tripeptide (750 ng/min) for 45 min during both DA and placebo studies. In all subjects TRH administration caused a small rise in TSH which was partially inhibited by DA (peak 5·73 ± 0·85 mU/1 vs 4·58 ± 1·09, P > 0·05). PRL response to TRH was almost totally inhibited by DA (620·164 mU/1 vs 234·96, P > 0·05); integrated TSH and PRL responses to TRH were similarly inhibited by DA. Circulating plasma DA concentration during infusion of the catecholamine was 3·46 ± 1·00 ng/ml, which is within the range reported in pituitary stalk plasma of other species. These data support the hypothesis that DA is a physiological modulator of TSH secretion in normal man. Major differences in the time course of TSH and PRL responses to TRH, and in the suppressive effect of DA on these responses suggest that there are fundamental differences in stimulussecretion coupling for TRH and the lactotroph and thyrotroph.
PROLACTIN AND GROWTH HORMONE DYNAMICS IN EPILEPTIC PATIENTS RECEIVING PHENYTOIN
Authors: ELWES R. D. C. , DELLAPORTAS C. , REYNOLDS E. H. , ROBINSON W. , BUTT W. R. , LONDON D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYResting growth hormone and prolactin levels and dynamic responses to bromocriptine and metoclopramide have been measured in epileptic patients before treatment, and compared with a matched group taking phenytoin alone. Mean resting levels of prolactin were higher in patients taking phenytoin (untreated patients 204 mU/1, phenytoin treated patients 302 mU/1), but dynamic responses to metoclopramide and bromocriptine were unaffected. Mean resting levels of growth hormone were also higher in patients taking phenytoin (untreated patients 1·4 mU/1, phenytoin treated patients 6·0 mU/1) and paradoxical suppression was seen following bromocriptine. Phenytoin is unlikely to have any major action on the D2 receptor present on the lactotroph. The abnormalities in growth hormone may explain the well recognized effects of phenytoin on connective tissue.
THE INTERACTION OF HUMAN PANCREATIC GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR 1–44 WITH SOMATOSTATIN IN VIVO IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: DAVIES R. R. , TURNER S. J. , ØRSKOV H. , JOHNSTON D. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe interaction between the stimulatory effects of hpGRF 1–44 and the inhibitory effects of somatostatin on GH release have been investigated in six normal male subjects receiving continuous 4 h infusions of these peptides alone and in combination. hpGRF 1–44 0·3 μg/kg/h alone produced a peak GH response of 27·0 ± 7·6 mU/1 (mean ± SEM). Somatostatin 1·0 μg/kg/h markedly inhibited the GH response to hpGRF 1–44 with mean levels > 4·0 mU/1 during the infusion, though a rebound rise in GH levels to 26·1 ± 9·0 mU/1 was observed at the end of the infusion period. Somatostatin 0·2 μg/kg/h inhibited the GH response to hpGRF 1–44 to a lesser degree (peak GH during the infusion 11·7 ± 2·5 mU/1) and the rebound rise in GH levels (maximum 13·2 ± 4·3 mU/1) was less than that observed with high dose somatostatin. During somatostatin 1·0 μg/kg/h alone GH levels were suppressed > 1·0 mU/1 followed by a rebound at the end of the infusion in only two subjects. These data demonstrate a dose‐dependent inhibition of hpGRF 1–44 by somatostatin in vivo in man.
LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE H2‐RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ON SERUM PARATHYROID HORMONE IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: FIORE C. E. , LUNETTA M. , KANIS J. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe assessed the effects of ranitidine and cimetidine (histamine H2‐receptor antagonists) on the serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in 22 patients with end‐stage chronic renal failure. Treatment for 3 months induced a significant decrease in serum concentrations of PTH determined by radioimmunoassay directed at the mid portion of the PTH molecule. In contrast, significant increases were noted using an assay directed at the aminoterminal portion, whereas no change was noted with a carboxy‐terminal assay. No significant changes in serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were noted after treatment with either agent, but serum concentrations of osteocalcin increased significantly. We conclude the H2‐receptor antagonists do not favourably influence the natural history of hyperparathyroid bone disease in patients with end‐stage chronic renal failure.
LACK OF EFFECT OF THE TRH RELATED DIPEPTIDE HISTIDYL‐PROLINE DIKETOPIPERAZINE ON TSH AND PRL SECRETION IN NORMAL SUBJECTS, IN PATIENTS WITH MICROPROLACTINOMAS AND IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: PETERS J. , FOORD S. , DIEGUEZ C. , SALVADOR J. , HALL R. , SCANLON M. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied the effects of the TRH related dipeptide histidyl‐proline diketopiperazine [cyclo (His‐Pro)] on basal and stimulated TSH and PRL secretion in normal volunteers, in patients with microprolactinomas and in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Cyclo (His‐Pro), 400 μg intravenously did not alter basal TSH or PRL levels in normal males and females and was also without effect upon the elevated basal TSH and PRL levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism and microprolactinomas respectively. The same dose of cyclo (His‐Pro) did not affect the TSH or PRL response to TRH (100 μg i.v.) in normal male volunteers. These data indicate that cyclo (His‐Pro) does not affect TSH and PRL secretion in man at this dosage. It is also unlikely that this molecule will be of any therapeutic benefit in states of hyperprolactinaemia.
OESTROGEN‐RELATED CHANGES IN SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN LEVELS DURING NORMAL AND GONADOTROPHIN‐STIMULATED MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Authors: DOWSETT M. , ATTREE S. L. , VIRDEE S. S. , JEFFCOATE S. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPrevious studies have identified no consistent change in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels during normal menstrual cycles. This is despite marked cyclical changes in plasma oestradiol concentration, and the observation that SHBG level increases in pregnancy, and after administration of exogenous gonadotrophin or synthetic oestrogens. The level of SHBG was measured in 19 normal females at 2 d intervals from day −8 to + 10 where the preovulatory peak of oestradiol was designated as occurring on day 0. SHBG levels increased by a mean 15%±4 (SEM) between the follicular and luteal phases (P>0·001) and this was due entirely to an increment between day 0 and + 2. The change in SHBG levels was correlated with the change in oestradiol levels between days −8 and 0 (P>0·001). Fifty‐six infertile patients were also studied. Twenty‐seven received Pergonal alone whilst the other 29 received Pergonal after a preceding 5 d on Clomid. In both groups peak preovulatory oestradiol levels were < 3 times higher than in normal cycles. SHBG levels showed no change in the follicular phase but rose markedly during the luteal phase. These increases were significantly correlated with peak preovulatory oestradiol concentration but showed no relationship with mid‐luteal progesterone concentration. We conclude that supranormal levels of oestradiol cause marked increases in SHBG binding capacity and increases in SHBG level of a lower order occur shortly after the preovulatory peak of oestradiol in the normal menstrual cycle.
SUPPRESSION OF PARATHYROID SECRETION AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF WR‐2721 IN A PATIENT WITH PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: HIRSCHEL‐SCHOLZ S. , JUNG A. , FISCHER J. A. , TRECHSEL U. , BONJOUR J.‐P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWR‐2721 is an organic thiophosphate, known as a radioprotective agent, which also inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and reduces the plasma calcium level in euparathyroid animals and human subjects. In this study we present evidence that WR‐2721 is also able to reduce an abnormal PTH secretion in a case of parathyroid carcinoma. The intravenous infusion of a single dose (750 mg/m2) of WR‐2721 was followed within 3 h by a reduction in the plasma concentration of PTH by 60%, and of Ca by about 0·45 mmol/l. These changes were associated with a diminution in urinary cAMP excretion. Based on this observation it appears that WR‐2721 merits further investigation as a possible agent for the medical treatment of hyperparathyroidism.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHANGES IN SERUM THYROID HORMONE LEVELS AND PROTEIN STATUS DURING PROLONGED PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTED CALORIC DEPRIVATION
Authors: KAPTEIN ELAINE M. , FISLER JANIS S. , DUDA MARYSIA J. , NICOLOFF J. T. , DRENICK E. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe relationship between the changes in serum thyroid hormone levels and nitrogen economy during caloric deprivation were investigated in ten obese men during a 40 d, 400 kcal protein‐supplemented weight‐reducing diet. This regimen induced increases in the serum levels of total T4, free T4 and total rT3, and decreases of total T3, while serum TSH remained unchanged. There were progressive decreases in total body weight and urinary losses of total nitrogen and 3‐methylhistidine, with the early negative nitrogen balance gradually returning towards basal values during the 40 days. Subjects with the largest weight loss had the most increase in the serum levels of total T4 and free T4 index and the greatest decrease in T3. The magnitude of the increase of the nitrogen balance from its nadir was correlated with the extent of the reduction of T3 and increase of T3 uptake ratio and free T4 levels. The decrease in the urinary excretion of 3‐methylhistidine correlated with the increase in free T4 and rT3 levels. Nadir serum transferrin values were directly related to peak rT3 values, and the lowest albumin concentrations occurred in subjects with the highest total T4 and free T4 index values. Further, the maximum changes in the serum thyroid hormone levels preceded those of the nutritional parameters. These relationships suggest that: (1) increases in serum rT3 and free T4 and reductions in T3 concentrations during protein supplemented weight reduction may facilitate conservation of visceral protein and reduce muscle protein turnover; and (2) the variation in the magnitude of these changes may account for the heterogeneity of nitrogen economy.
VARIATION IN OSMOREGULATION OF ARGININE VASOPRESSIN DURING THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: SPRUCE B. A. , BAYLIS P. H. , BURD J. , WATSON M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOsmoregulation of vasopressin secretion was studied in eight healthy women in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Basal plasma osmolality in the luteal phase was significantly lower than in the follicular period (282·4±0·6, 285·6 ± 1·1 mmol/kg, respectively, P<0·05). Plasma AVP (pAVP) and plasma osmolality (pOsm) were measured during the infusion of 850 mmol/1 saline in both phases of the cycle, and linear regression analyses of these data gave the following regression equations (i) follicular, pAVP = 0·43 (pOsm‐284), r=+0·93, (ii) luteal, pAVP = 0·31 (pOsm‐279), r=+0·95. Both the slope and abscissal intercept were significantly different (P<0·01). Osmotic threshold for thirst sensation in the luteal phase was lower than the follicular (293±2, 297±1 mmol/kg, P<0·005). We conclude that, in the luteal phase, the threshold for AVP release and the gain or sensitivity of the osmostat are reduced together with lowering of the thirst threshold, which account for the lower basal luteal plasma osmolality.
GONADOTROPHIN‐SECRETING PITUITARY TUMOUR: REPORT AND REVIEW
Authors: WHITAKER M. D. , PRIOR J. C. , SCHEITHAUER B. , DOLMAN L. , DURITY F. , PUDEK M. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 34‐year‐old male with a pituitary adenoma was investigated and demonstrated to have hypersecretion of both gonadotrophins in the basal state. Immunocytochemical staining and electron microscopic examination were positive for tumour cells secreting FSH and LH. Presenting symptoms included visual disturbances, loss of libido, impotence, cold intolerance, frontal headaches, change in skin pigmentation and excessive weight gain. The patient denied alteration in hair distribution, had no acral features, galactorrhoea or gynaecomastia. Surgical extirpation resulted in complete amelioration of his symptoms over a three year follow‐up period. Basal and stimulated pituitary function testing results returned to normal post‐operatively. A review of the literature documents six other cases of pituitary tumour secreting both LH and FSH in the basal state. More commonly, the pituitary adenoma secretes FSH only. The literature is reviewed with regard to both types of tumour.
EVIDENCE FOR THE PARTICIPATION OF ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS IN THE SYMPATHOADRENAL RESPONSE TO HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: BOULOUX P‐M. G. , GROSSMAN A. , LYTRAS N. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of the long acting met‐enkephalin analogue d‐Ala2‐MePhe4‐met‐enkephalin‐O‐ol (DAMME) and the opiate antagonist naloxone on the plasma catecholamine responses to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia have been investigated in two separate studies. DAMME depressed basal noradrenaline and adrenaline at 15 min, and blunted both the noradrenaline and adrenaline responses to hypoglycaemia. Naloxone did not alter basal plasma catecholamines, but caused a significant enhancement of the adrenaline response to hypoglycaemia. Neither DAMME nor naloxone altered the blood glucose response to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. These data are consistent with an inhibitory modulation of endogenous opioids in the sympathoadrenal response to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia in man.
EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERING DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY IN CHILDHOOD‐ OR ADULT‐ONSET OBESITY
Authors: CATANIA ANNA , CANTALAMESSA L. , VENEGONI EMANUELA , ORSATTI ALESSANDRA , BALDINI MARINA , ZANUSSI C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to investigate dopaminergic activity in two types of human obesity, childhood‐ and adult‐onset, we have studied the responses of plasma TSH and prolactin to domperidone, a dopamine receptor antagonist, in 12 patients obese since early childhood, 12 patients with adult‐onset obesity, and in 12 lean controls. All subjects were females. In childhood‐onset obese patients the responses of plasma prolactin and TSH to antidopaminergic stimulation were lower than those of adult‐onset obese patients and lean controls. Conversely, the stimulus elicited a normal response of plasma prolactin and an exaggerated response of plasma TSH in adult‐onset obese patients. These data indicate the presence of differing dopaminergic tone in the two types of human obesity.
END‐ORGAN RESPONSES TO THYROXINE THERAPY IN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: BELL G. M. , TODD W. T. A. , FORFAR J. C. , MARTYN C. , WATHEN C. G. , GOW S. , RIEMERSMA R. , TOFT A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe studied variables known to change with thyroid hormone status in 18 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism before and during treatment with thyroxine in a dose sufficient to restore the plasma TSH response to TRH to normal. There was an associated increase in both plasma total T4 and free T4 within the normal range but plasma total T3 and free T3 were unchanged. As a result of thyroxine treatment there was a small but significant increase (P < 0.05) in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with maximal exercise but no significant changes in LVEF at rest and moderate exercise, continuously monitored mean sleeping heart rate, day/night ratios of urinary sodium excretion, peripheral nerve conduction velocities, fasting serum triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins (HDL) or TC/HDL ratios. On this evidence we do not consider that thyroxine replacement therapy is indicated in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
PITUITARY FUNCTION FOLLOWING MEGAVOLTAGE THERAPY FOR CUSHING'S DISEASE: LONG TERM FOLLOW UP
Authors: SHARPE G. F. , KENDALL‐TAYLOR P. , PRESCOTT R. W. G. , ROSS W. M. , DAVISON C. , WATSON M. J. , COOK D. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEight patients who had received megavoltage therapy for Cushing's disease 5–12 years previously have been reviewed. The long term response to this therapy was assessed with respect to efficacy of treatment in inducing continued remission and disturbance of hypothalamic‐pituitary function. One patient showed clear evidence of relapse of Cushing's disease. One patient had unequivocal hypopituitarism. Basal levels of growth hormone (GH), TSH, LH, and FSH were not statistically different from controls, but provocative testing revealed significant abnormalities of response of cortisol/ACTH, GH, prolactin and LH. Six out of eight patients had absent diurnal cortisol variation and five patients had elevated serum prolactin levels. Thus, in this group of patients normal pituitary‐adrenal function has not been satisfactorily restored. It is clear that significant disturbances of hypothalamic‐pituitary function follow mega‐voltage therapy and these may progress to overt hypopituitarism.
BROMOCRIPTINE THERAPY IN ACROMEGALY: EFFECTS ON PLASMA GH LEVELS, SOMATOMEDIN‐C LEVELS AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: NORTIER J. W. R. , CROUGHS R. J. M. , THIJSSEN J. H. H. , SCHWARZ F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐one patients with active acromegaly were treated with 10–20 mg bromocriptine daily for a period of 6–9 months. The clinical response was evaluated both by a subjective ‘score of symptoms’, and by a combined subjective and objective ‘clinical and metabolic improvement score’(c‐m score). The biochemical response was evaluated both by measurement of the mean of four plasma growth hormone (GH) determinations during the day and by measurement of plasma somatomedin‐C (Sm‐C) concentration. The clinical response as assessed by both methods showed a better correlation with changes in plasma GH levels (respectively r= 0·33; r= 0·50) than with changes in Sm‐C levels (r= 0·20; r= 0·36). The study confirms that in some patients clinical improvement is not accompanied by a decrease of plasma GH concentration. However, it is not possible to identify a subgroup of patients who showed clinical improvement with a decrease of Sm‐C levels, but whose plasma GH levels remained constant. It is concluded that measurement of plasma GH levels still appears to be the most useful biochemical assessment of disease activity in bromocriptine‐treated acromegaly.
IN‐VIVO METABOLITES OF SPIRONOLACTONE AND POTASSIUM CANRENOATE: DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL ANTI‐ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY BY A MOUSE KIDNEY CYTOSOL RECEPTOR ASSAY
Authors: ARMANINI D. , KARBOWIAK ISABELLA , GOI ANNA , MANTERO F. , FUNDER J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have established a sensitive and specific radioreceptor assay for androgen receptor active materials in plasma, using tritiated methyltrienolone ([3H]R 1881) as tracer, and spayed mouse kidney cytosol receptor as the binding species. On radioreceptor assay, plasma from mice chronically administered spironolactone contained ˜ 10 times higher levels of androgen receptor active material than from mice administered potassium canrenoate. In parallel bioassays (antagonism of the effect of testosterone on seminal vesicle weight), spironolactone was >4 times as potent an antiandrogen as potassium canrenoate. Administered potassium canrenoate circulates as canrenoic acid, in equilibrium with its lactonized congener canrenone. Since over 80% of administered spironolactone is irreversibly converted to canrenone/canrenoic acid, its much higher anti‐androgen activity on radioreceptor assay and bioassay may point to the generation of unidentified, minor metabolites with very high affinity for androgen receptors and/or a very long plasma half‐life.
DEMONSTRATION OF SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN IN HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: FÄSSLER R. , SCHWARZ S. , POHL P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis study demonstrates the existence of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by means of a highly sensitive radioligand saturation assay that has been recently described by us for measurement of SHBG in human plasma. The molecular similarity of this 5α‐dihydrotestoster‐one binding protein with plasma‐SHBG was substantiated by a number of experiments in which the CSF‐protein displayed the same properties as plasma‐SHBG with respect to thermolability, affinity, specificity and sedimentation rate. SHBG levels in the CSF of normal women were found to be 0·139 ± 0·04 nmol/l (mean ± standard deviation), and in normal men to be 0·083 ± 0·03 nmol/l respectively. CSF‐SHBG in patients with a variety of neurological diseases associated with different degrees of a blood‐CSF barrier disturbance, showed a good correlation with commonly determined parameters such as CSF‐albumin and CSF‐IgG that are known to be of plasma origin. The concept of CSF‐SHBG originating from plasma by restricted diffusion is strongly supported by the finding that the CSF/plasma ratio of SHBG is independent of the plasma‐SHBG concentration in the entire physiological range. Possible diagnostic and pathophysiological implications of this so far undetected CSF‐constituent are discussed with regard to neurological and endocrine abnormalities.