bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digestion in vitro of Italian and perennial ryegrasses, red clover, white clover and lucerne
Authors: WILMAN D. , KOOCHEKI A. , LWOGA A. B. , SAMAAN S. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHerbage at various stages of growth from three field experiments, one with Italian ryegrass, one with perennial ryegrass and one with white clover, red clover and lucerne, was incubated for 0, 24 or 48 h in rumen liquor followed by 48 h in acid‐pepsin.The proportion of cell content OM in herbage (measured by pepsin) declined with advancing stage of growth more quickly in the legumes than in Italian ryegrass. At a high level of digestibility the legumes had a higher proportion of cell content OM than Italian ryegrass, but the position tended to be reversed at a low level of digestibility.Decline in proportion of cell content and decline in digestibility of cell wall were both major contributors to the decline in digestibility of Italian ryegrass with advancing maturity, whereas in white clover the decline in proportion of cell content was entirely responsible for the decline in digestibility. Lucerne and red clover occupied intermediate positions.At an early vegetative stage rate of digestion appeared to be higher in Italian than in perennial ryegrass. Rate of digestion was higher in the legumes than in the ryegrasses, the difference being largest at an advanced stage of growth.
Comparison of two in vitro procedures using rumen liquor‐pepsin or pepsin‐cellulase for prediction of forage digestibility
Authors: TERRY R. A. , MUNDELL D. C. , OSBOURN D. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeventy‐three samples of grass and legume herbage of known in vivo digestibility were used to compare an in vitro procedure comprising incubation with pepsin followed by cellulase (Jones and Hayward, 1975) with the Tilley and Terry (1963) procedure using rumen liquor followed by pepsin. The results obtained using the pepsin‐cellulase method proved to be highly repeatable. On the basis of the residual standard deviation of the regression of in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) on dry matter digested in vitro (g/100 g DM), the pepsin‐cellulase method was shown to be only slightly less accurate than the rumen liquor‐pepsin method for combinations of both primary growth and regrowth of grasses (r.s.d. ±1.80 and ±1.46 respectively). However, the pepsin‐cellulase method was noticeably less accurate than the rumen liquor‐pepsin method when used on legume herbages (r.s.d. ±3.17 and ±1.91) or on grass and legume herbages combined (r.s.d. ±3.80 and ±1.60). For the rumen liquor‐pepsin method one regression equation predicting DMD having the form, Y= 1.02 X− 0.41, was permissible. For the pepsin‐cellulase method separate regression equations were necessary for grasses (species and growth stages combined) having the form, Y = 0.56 X+ 34.7, and for each legume species. It was concluded that the pepsin cellulase method was of value for grass samples, and, within species, for legumes because of its accuracy and precision and its speed and convenience relative to the rumen liquor‐pepsin procedure; however, for legume species combined, and presumably for grass‐legume mixtures, it was not sufficiently accurate.
The effect of propionic acid on the storage losses of hay
Authors: DAVIES M. H. , WARBOYS I. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStorage losses in moist hay treated with propionic acid were compared with those occurring in untreated moist hay in two experiments and with field‐cured hay in three experiments. Dry matter losses in treated hays ranged from 41 to 8.6% and from 1.7 to 12.6% in untreated hays. Digestible organic matter losses in both treated and untreated hays were generally greater than dry matter losses. Only in one experiment did propionic acid application significantly reduce nutrient losses in moist hays.Nutrient losses, and water‐soluble carbohydrate losses in particular, were shown to be correlated with maximum and cumulative bale temperatures during storage in two of the experiments. The rise in hale temperatures during storage was reduced in all three experiments, to a greater or lesser extent, by application of the additive.Loss of propionic acid from the hay during and after application was very large. In the three experiments 86.2, 85.3 and 85.6% of the acid applied was lost by the end of the storage period. Acid distribution studies indicated that variation in acid concentration within bales was as great as between bales. It was concluded that more research is needed into applicator design and position on the baler and into alternative application methods if the benefits of propionic acid as a moist hay preservative are to be fully exploited.
Further studies on palatability of grasses to horses
Authors: ARCHER MARYTAVY 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe palatability of twelve grasses to horses was assessed by measuring the height of grass before and after grazing. The grasses were grazed on seven occasions between September 1974 and November 1975 by ponies, Thoroughbreds and hunters. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) between the palatahHity of the grasses, the most palatable being creeping red fescue (Festuea rubra) and tall fescue (Festuea arundinacea). The least palatable grasses were perennial ryegrass(Loliumperenne) and Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). There was some evidence that the amount of grass consumed was negatively correlated with the calcium concentration in the herbage.
The effects of variation in sward characteristics upon the ingestive behaviour and herbage intake of calves and lambs under a continuous stocking management
Authors: JAMIESON W. S. , HODGSON J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGroups of calves and lambs grazed on plots of S23 perennial ryegrass, in successive periods of 2, 2 and 3 weeks, at stocking rates which resulted in a slow change in herbage mass on each plot and measurements were made of ingestive behaviour (biting rate, bite size and grazing time) and herbage intake.As the green herbage mass was progressively reduced from approx. 3000 to 1000 kg OM per ha between periods, biting rate and grazing time increased, but insufficiently to offset the rapid fall in bite size so that herbage intake declined by 24% and 39% for calves and lambs respectively. Patterns of response were similar in calves and lambs, though in all parameters except biting rate the lambs appeared to be more sensitive than the calves to changes in sward conditions and there was no evidence that lambs were better adapted to grazing on short swards than calves.Intake increased in both calves and lambs up to levels of 2500–3000 kg green OM per ha, though this response may have been attributable in part to the reinforcing effects of increasing herbage mass and diet digestibility. Lambs consistently selected a more digestible diet than calves.Both calves and lambs increased grazing time substantially in response to limiting sward conditions, in contrast to results in earlier strip‐grazing trials with calves, thus supporting the suggestion that the lack of response under strip‐grazing is a characteristic of the management imposed.
Effects of variation in herbage sodium levels and salt supplementation on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass for sheep
Authors: MOSELEY G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSix groups of five 18‐month‐old wether sheep received a diet of dried grass ad libitum with a pelleted ground barley/oat supplement containing various levels of salt for 30 d. The first group received grass of high Na concentration (7·3 g per kg DM) with no added salt in the supplement, a second group received low sodium grass (4·2 g per kg DM) with no salt additions, and the other four groups received the low sodium grass with varying levels of salt added to the supplement to provide a final dietary Na concentration ranging from 7·0 to 18·0 g per kg DM.Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes were significantly reduced for groups receiving salt supplementation. The digestibilities of DM and OM were reduced for all groups on the low sodium grass diets compared with the high sodium grass diet, but were not affected by salt supplementation.No consistent changes were observed in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid, but N availability and retention were higher for the animals on the high sodium grass diet.The high sodium grass diet gave a better apparent availability and retention of minerals than the low sodium grass diets and, while addition of salt tended to improve the availability of minerals, the urinary loss of minerals increased with salt addition to the diet.There were no changes in plasma Na levels, and plasma K changes were inconsistent. However, plasma Ca concentration was reduced significantly for salt‐supplemented diets with a Na concentration above 7·0 g per kg DM, and plasma Mg was significantly depressed at dietary Na concentrations above 15·0 g per kg DM.
The effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring on swards of ryegrass sown with four cultivars of white clover
Authors: LAIDLAW A. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 30,60 and 90 kg N ha‐1 in March 1976, 1977 and 1978 to plots containing perennial ryegrass cv. Barlenna sown either alone or with white clover cv. Blanca, Sabeda, Olwen and S100 in four replicated blocks.Dry matter (DM) yield of all swards responded positively to N with the response being highest in the no‐clover swards in two of the three years. Annual DM yields were lower in the no‐clover than in the mixed swards at any given N level. The higher levels of N reduced DM yield in mixed swards at some harvests in midsummer.Swards of S100 were consistently among the lower yielding mixed swards, whereas the other three clover cultivars varied in their relative yields. There were no N x cultivar interactions for white clover yields; irrespective of cultivar, N application reduced annual white clover yield by similar amounts.It is concluded that it is beneficial to apply moderate amounts of N fertilizer to mixed swards in spring and that under these conditions the yield differences between swards including medium‐large and smaller leaved white clover cultivars are similar to differences between the inherent yield potential of these cultivars in mixed swards receiving no N.
Length of life of grass roots
Authors: TROUGHTON ARTHUR 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe length of life of the root axes of a plant was taken as the interval between the prevention of the plant from producing any further axes and the death of the shoot. Of the cultivated species studied Lolium perenne had the shortest lived roots and Dactylis glomerata the longest with Phleum pratense, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis and F. rubra intermediate. Holcus lanatus and Nardus stricta had long lived roots comparable with Dactylis glomerata. The ranked order of species is in general agreement with the observations reported in the literature.
The effect of ammoniation using urea on the intake and nutritive value of chopped barley straw
Authors: HADJIPANAYIOTOU M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChopped barley straw was sprayed with a 10% urea solution at the rate of 400 ml kg‐1 straw and stored in sealed containers. Two experiments were conducted with this straw.In experiment 1 the effect of ensiling periods of 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 d on the in vitro digestibility, total N and free NH3‐N of straw were examined. In vitro digestibility reached a maximum 45 d post‐treatment and remained constant thereafter; the overall increase in digestibility of treated over untreated straw was 0·21 units. Forty‐four% of the added N was retained in the straw and free NH3‐N accounted for 31% of the total N. In experiment 2 when straw was given alone the voluntary intake and crude fibre (CF) and DM digestibilities of urea‐treated straw were increased by 47, 40 and 26% respectively over the untreated straw. The digestibilities of the diets were similar when either treated or untreated straw formed 20% of the diets. The CF digestibility of the two high‐concentrate diets was similar to that of the untreated straw. Treatment of straw with urea increased the digestible energy value of straw by up to 20%. Feeding urea‐treated straw resulted in a significant increase of ruminal NH3‐N concentration without any change of rumen pH.
Viable grass seeds in herbivore dung from a semi‐arid grassland
Authors: WICKLOW D. T. , ZAK J. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFaeces of cattle, pronghorn and rabbit were collected from the Central Plains Experimental Range, Colorado, 6, 18 and 30 months after being excreted. The faecal material was placed in moistened potting soil and seedling emergence observed. Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama grass) and Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand drop seed), emerged in abundance from cattle dung. Emergence of B. gracilis decreased with increasing period of exposure before collection, but emergence of S. cryptandrus increased with exposure. Forbs dominated the seedling populations in pronghorn dung, and few seedling populations of any species emerged from rabbit dung. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of large herbivores on the establishment of species from seed in rangeland.
Nitrogen studies in Lolium perenne grown for seed. IV. Response of amenity types and influence of a growth regulator
Authors: HAMPTON J. G. , CLEMENCE T. G. A. , HEBBLETHWAITE P. D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn field trials in 1979–81, perennial ryegrass cultivars Royal and Majestic (amenity) and Morenne (agricultural) produced maximum seed yields at levels of applied N ranging from 40 kg ha−1 to 160 kg ha−1. Available soil N levels were estimated at 55 kg ha−1; hence maximum seed yields were obtained at total nitrogen levels of 95–135 kg ha−1 in Royal, 95–215 kg ha−1 in Morenne, and 175–215 kg ha−1 in Majestic.Applied N at rates above 120 kg ha−1 either reduced or did not significantly increase seed yield, decreased seed numbers per unit area and decreased spikelets per tiller and seeds per spikelet.The use of a growth regulator increased seed yields by preventing lodging, but did so irrespective of nitrogen application rate. It is suggested that failure to increase seed yield at high N rates is a result not of poor pollination because of lodging, but seed abortion as a consequence of competition for assimilate supply by secondary vegetative tillers.
Use of pesticides to determine relative importance of pest and disease factors limiting establishment of sod‐seeded lucerne
Authors: DOWLING P. M. , LINSCOTT D. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe most likely reasons for seeding failures of sod‐seeded lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were determined from eight field experiments, where the effects of a range of pesticides on the establishment of and damage to lucerne were compared. The experiments were conducted during 1979–80 at four sites near Ithaca, N.Y., USA. Pesticides evaluated were: methyl bromide (MeBr), carbofuran, acylalanine (1979, 1980); fonofos, diazinon, methiocarb, metaldehyde and combinations of carbofuran with methiocarb or metaldehyde (1980). Seeded areas were pretreated with glyphosate for vegetation control.In 1979 seedling losses were decreased by carbofuran and methyl bromide whereas in 1980 seedling losses were decreased by methyl bromide at two sites and by methiocarb at all sites. Methiocarb was the only pesticide to reduce defoliation damage. The effect of combining methiocarb and metaldehyde each with carbofuran tended to be additive in terms of reducing seedling numbers and damage, and increasing yield. Treatment effects on lucerne yield were still apparent up to 12 months after seeding. Based on the consistent results of methiocarb, it was concluded that molluscs were probably the main factor limiting the establishment of sod‐seeded lucerne but an arthropod component also appeared to be involved.
Silage and milk production: studies with diets containing white clover silage
Authors: CASTLE M. E. , REID D. , WATSON J. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn three separate feeding experiments using a total of twenty‐six individually‐housed Ayrshire cows, three wilted silages made from Blanca white clover were offered ad libitum with either different supplements or different proportions of grass silage. The clover silages contained 680 g white clover kg−1 on a DM basis, and had a mean DM concentration of 263 g kg−1 with 231 g CP kg−1 DM and 91 g ammonia‐N kg−1 N. The pH values averaged 4·16 and the DOMD concentrations 611 g kg−1. In experiment 1 the daily intake of clover silage given alone was 15.2 kg DM per cow, i.e. 30·1 g kg−1 live weight, and decreased by 0·76 kg DM kg−1 barley DM and by 0·66 kg DM kg−1barley plus soybean meal DM when these feeds were offered as supplements. Milk yield and fat concentration were higher on the supplement treatments than on the clover silage‐only treatment. In experiments 2 and 3 the intakes of silage and total DM increased as the weight of clover in the diet increased from 0 to 700 g kg−1 with parallel increases in milk yield. The effects on milk composition were small and generally non‐significant. Although white clover silages with excellent fermentations were made, it is concluded that the main role of white clover in a silage system will be in mixed swards with grass to reduce the input of fertilizer N and to increase the voluntary intake of silage.
Variation in the epicuticular wax content of white and red clover leaves
Authors: MOSELEY G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere was a three‐fold variation in epicuticular wax content between populations of white clover and a five‐fold variation between populations of red clover. The mean for all populations of red clovers was twice that of white. There was also a two‐ to three‐fold variation within each population.The epicuticular wax content of white and red clovers grown in the field showed an increase with age. Thin layer chromatography showed no qualitative differences in the epicuticular waxes extracted either between populations or with sampling date.The higher levels of epicuticular wax found in some clovers were considered to be of possible significance as a source of antifoaming compounds in bloat‐inducing pastures.
The future of sainfoin in British agriculture: an economic assessment
Authors: DOYLE C. J. , THOMSON D. J. , SHEEHY J. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn view of the revived interest in sainfoin, an economic assessment of the prospects for an expansion of its area in Britain has been attempted. It is estimated that potentially it could be grown on 950 × 103 ha of the agricultural area of England and Wales, though it is unlikely in the near future that it would exceed 20 × 103 ha, even if economic conditions were favourable. Comparison of the energy and protein yields of sainfoin, red clover and lucerne under conservation management indicates that one of the attractions of sainfoin is its high protein content. However, an assessment of the costs of production and utilization of sainfoin indicate that, for it to be a more widely used legume, sustainable dry matter (DM) yields would need to be increased by 35% to about 11.5 × 103 kg DM ha−1. At the same time, although growing sainfoin as a mixture with grass appears to improve the economic attractiveness of the crop, silage production costs (kg DM)−1 are still about 15% lower on pure grass swards. However, trials in the UK, Canada and Rumania have shown that, compared to current UK levels, sainfoin yields can be significantly increased.
An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage
Authors: WOOLFORD M. K. , SAWCZYC M. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one strains of lactic acid bacteria were subjected to a range of tests based on established criteria to ascertain their suitability for use as inoculants for silage. The tests included a monitor of their growth in the presence of representatives of the microflora of forage crops with which they might have to compete for substrate, and their ability to effect rapid acidification and achieve a low pH in conditions which simulate low and high ensiling potential. In addition, their ability to produce acid from sugars and their action against organic acids found in forage crops, together with their tolerance of acid, elevated temperatures and conditions of low moisture availability (e.g. in wilted material) and possible proteolytic and amylolytic activities were examined. None or these cultures satisfied all of these criteria. However, three strains (Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus, str. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6) had a greater potential than the others.
An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage
Authors: WOOLFORD M. K. , SAWCZYC M. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractForage‐harvested crops of perennial ryegrass (200 g DM kg−1) and red clover (163 g DM kg−1) were inoculated with cultures of Streptococcus durans str. 1024, Lactobacillus acidophilus sir. 2356 and Lactobacillus plantarum str. 6, and 1:1 mixtures of the Streptococcus and each of the lactobacilli, at rates of 106 and 106 (g fresh weight)−1 and ensiled in laboratory silos for up to 128 d. The possible influence of these bacteria on fermentation was examined in relation to formic acid at rates of application of 0 and 2.3 g(kg fresh weight)−1, None of the cultures or culture mixtures, either at the low or high rate of application, had any notable influence on microbial development, the rate of acidification or promotion of the homolactic fermentation; they tended to exacerbate loss of insoluble nitrogen and deamination. All silages were well‐preserved with no butyric acid being detected, in spite of pH increase during storage. Only formic acid had any consistent and desirable effect on preservation.
Silage and milk production: a comparison between supplements of barley and soybean meal offered with white clover silage
Authors: CASTLE M. E. , REID D. , WATSON J. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSilage made from Blanca white clover was offered ad libitum to four Friesian cows in a 12‐week changeover experiment. The silage contained 990 g white clover DM (kg DM)−1 with 254 g DM kg−1 and 243 g CP (kg DM)−1 The pH was 3.98 and the in vitro DOMD concentration 680 g kg−1. The silage was the sole feed in the control treatment; in the other three treatments it was supplemented with barley, soybean meal, and a mixture of these feeds supplying 8.1, 2.7 and 7.8 kg DM per cow respectively. The daily intakes of silage DM were 19.3, 13.5, 17.5 and 13.5 kg per cow, and the daily milk yields were 26.3, 28.0, 28.6 and 27.6 kg per cow on the control, barley, soybean and barley plus soybean treatments respectively. It is concluded that the white clover silage had an excellent fermentation and a large potential for milk production.