bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlated response in yolk testosterone levels following divergent genetic selection for social behaviour in Japanese quail
Authors: Gil Diego , Faure Jean‐Michel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMaternal effects are a powerful tool that parents can use to modify the phenotype of their offspring. In birds, the amount of androgens that females deposit in their eggs has been shown to influence early development and adult behavioural phenotypes. Differences in such behavioural strategies have been used as the target of artificial selection programmes with a view to improve animal welfare. In this study, we tested whether artificial selection for divergent social behaviour in Japanese quail had resulted in correlated changes in yolk androgen levels. We used lines that had been selected at the chick stage for high and low motivation to regain contact with a group of conspecific chicks. This procedure has led to important behavioural differences in the high and low line in a suite of behavioural correlates of sociality. We found that eggs laid by the line selected for high motivation for social reinstatement contained more than twice the amount of yolk testosterone of eggs laid by females from the low line, while the unselected line laid eggs with intermediate levels. This finding strongly suggests a functional link between these two traits, and underlines the possible role of yolk androgen modulation in promoting the evolution of behavioural syndromes. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:91–94, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) of rat brain after systemic administration of MnCl2: Changes in T1 relaxation times during postnatal development
Authors: de Sousa Paulo L. , de Souza Sandra L. , Silva Afonso C. , de Souza Ricardo E. , de Castro Raul Manhães 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo measure regional T1 changes in the postnatal rat brain following systemic administration of the contrast agent manganese chloride (MnCl2).Materials and MethodsMnCl2 (120 mM) was administered intravenously (i.v.) at 1.25 mL/hour to a dose of 175 mg/kg body weight. MRI experiments were performed on anaesthetized animals (32 male Wistar rats, postnatal days (PDs) 11, 16, 21, and 31) at 2.0 T. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in sagittal slices and placed over five brain regions: olfactory bulb, cerebellum, cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The signal intensities of each ROI were measured and fitted to a three‐parameter function to estimate T1 values.ResultsIn the brains of animals who did not receive the contrast agent (control group), we observed a consistent age‐dependent decrease in T1 values. In the brains of manganese‐infused animals (manganese group), however, T1 values were significantly lower than in the control group, indicating the uptake of manganese, but no dependence of T1 on age was found.ConclusionOur T1 measurements indicate that the relative Mn2+ concentrations are higher in neonates and decrease with brain development. An estimate of the relative cortical concentration of manganese shows a two‐fold drop from PD 11 to PD 31. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel alternatively spliced endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the cytoplasmic loop of Proteolipid Protein‐1
Authors: Southwood Cherie , Olson Kevin , Wu Chia‐Yen , Gow Alexander 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIncreased awareness about the importance of protein folding and trafficking to the etiology of gain‐of‐function diseases has driven extensive efforts to understand the cell and molecular biology underlying the life cycle of normal secretory pathway proteins and the detrimental effects of abnormal proteins. In this regard, the quality‐control machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a major mechanism by which cells ensure that secreted and transmembrane proteins either adopt stable secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures or are retained in the ER and degraded. Here we examine cellular and molecular aspects of ER retention in transfected fibroblasts expressing missense mutations in the Proteolipid Protein‐1 (PLP1) gene that cause mild or severe forms of neurodegenerative disease in humans. Mild mutations cause protein retention in the ER that is partially dependent on the presence of a cytoplasmically exposed heptapeptide, KGRGSRG. In contrast, retention associated with severe mutations occurs independently of this peptide. Accordingly, the function of this novel heptapeptide has a significant impact on pathogenesis and provides new insight into the functions of the two splice isoforms encoded by the PLP1 gene, PLP1 and DM‐20. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heavy‐metal displacement in chelate‐treated soil with sludge during phytoremediation
Authors: Liphadzi M. Stanley , Kirkham M. B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHeavy metals (HMs) in domestic sewage sludge, applied to land, contaminate soils. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean‐up toxic HMs from soil. Chelating agents are added to soil to solubilize the metals for enhanced uptake. Yet no studies report the displacement of HMs in soil with sludge following solubilization with chelates. The objective of this work was to determine the uptake or leaching of HMs due to a chelate added to a soil from a sludge farm that had received sludge for 25 y. The soil was placed in long columns (105 cm long; ∅︁ 39 cm) in a greenhouse. Columns either had a plant (hybrid poplar; Populus deltoides Marsh. × P. nigra L.) or no plant. After the poplar seedlings had grown for 144 d, the tetrasodium salt of the chelating agent EDTA was irrigated onto the surface of the soil at a rate of 1 g per kg of soil. Drainage water, soil, and plants were analyzed for three toxic HMs (Cd, Ni, Pb) and four essential HMs (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). At harvest, extractable and total concentrations of each HM in the soil with EDTA were similar to those in soil without EDTA. The chelate did not affect the concentrations of HMs in the roots or leaves. With or without plants, EDTA mobilized all seven HMs and increased their concentrations in drainage water. Lower concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn in leachate from columns with EDTA and plants compared to columns with EDTA and no plants showed that poplars can reduce groundwater contamination by intercepting these HMs in the soil. But the poplar plants did not reduce Pb and Mn in the leachate from columns with EDTA. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in the leachate mobilized by EDTA remained above drinking‐water standards with or without plants. The results showed that a chelate (EDTA) should not be added to a soil at a sludge farm to enhance phytoremediation. The chelate mobilized HMs that leached to drainage water and contaminated it.
A dynamic stress analyzer for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based on Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xue Chenyang , Zheng Lina , Zhang Wendong , Zhang Binzhen , Jian Aoqun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a new type of dynamic stress analyzer for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based on Raman spectroscopy. The technique uses a combination of high‐frequency modulation and Raman spectroscopic techniques; the dynamic stress analyzer is designed on the basis of the two techniques mentioned above, combined with signal multiplexing. The error of the analyzer is about 10 MPa. Using the analyzer, the dynamic stress at a certain point at the base of a microresonator was measured. The dynamic stress decreases in a linear fashion with increasing values of the driving voltage, and is sinusoidal when the resonator is driven by a sinusoidal signal. The result of the measurement is in agreement with the theory and indicates that this analyzer can perfectly meet the needs of dynamic stress measurement in MEMS devices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovation lock‐in: unlocking research and development path dependency in the Australian wine industry
Authors: Aylward David 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Innovation within the Australian wine industry is at a crossroads. More specifically, under the influence of fundamental change, the objectives, extension and uptake of research and development (R&D) within the industry's current innovation framework are being subjected to rather schizophrenic forces.

At one level, industry organizations are directing the R&D agenda from within a national, ‘Brand Australia’ context. At another level, the firms being serviced by these organizations are demanding region‐specific R&D extension in response to global pressure for differentiation and products at higher price‐points.

This paper explores these contradictory forces and the degree to which they signal an emergence of innovation lock‐in within the industry. It also proposes a model for the effective distribution of R&D at a regional or local level.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite aqueous microgels: an overview of recent advances in synthesis, characterization and application
Authors: Pich Andrij Z , Adler Hans‐Juergen P 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the last decade there has been a steady increase in the number of publications describing the synthesis, characterization and applications of hybrid particles. Colloidal aqueous microgels form an important subdivision of polymer colloids used for the deposition of different functional materials. Due to their numerous attractive properties, microgel particles have been used as templates for the synthesis, storage and transportation of nanostructured materials. This paper reviews the important developments in the area of composite microgels over the last decade, and is limited to microgel particles operating in aqueous media. The patent literature is not included in the review. Different synthetic approaches as well as some properties and applications of composite microgels are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and properties of ZnS/ polyimide nanocomposite films
Authors: Lü Xiaodan , Lü Na , Gao Junfang , Jin Xin , Lü Changli 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of ZnS/polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films with different ZnS contents have been successfully fabricated by incorporating ZnS nanoparticles with a diameter of 2–5 nm into polyamic acid, followed by a stepwise thermal imidization process. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm the successful introduction of ZnS particles into PI matrix. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the ZnS nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix without aggregation. The incorporation of ZnS nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites, while the thermal degradation temperature of nanocomposites decreases with increasing ZnS content. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry Society of Chemical Industry
Cyclin I and p53 are differentially expressed during the terminal differentiation of the postnatal mouse heart
Authors: Liu Ye , Tang Mei Kuen , Cai Dong Qing , Li Ming , Wong Wan Man , Chow Pak Ham , Lee Kenneth K. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study, we have used Ki‐67 and MF20 mAb to determine how extensively cardiomyocytes proliferate in the postnatal mouse heart. It was established that the cardiomyocytes divided rapidly in 2‐day‐old hearts. However, at 13 days, the majority of cardiomyocytes had entered into terminal growth arrest and differentiation. We exploited this finding in order to identify proteins that were associated with cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation. The protein profiles of 2‐ and 13‐day‐old hearts were established by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and compared. Seventeen protein spots were found to be differentially expressed at day 13. Eight of them were up‐regulated while the remaining nine protein spots were down‐regulated. We focused our attention on 2 of the proteins identified by MALDI‐TOF MS, cyclin I and p53, because they are both believed to be involved in cell cycle regulation. Western blot analysis confirmed that both proteins were positively up‐regulated in the 13‐day‐old postnatal heart. To determine directly whether these proteins were associated with cell proliferation, we examined their expression patterns in H9c2 cardiomyocytes maintained in vitro. We established that cyclin I expression was low during the growing phase of H9c2 culture and high during the growth arrest/differentiation phases. In contrast, p53 expression was unchanged during both phases. The various growth phases were confirmed by the presence of cyclin A and growth arrest‐specific 1 proteins. We investigated whether silencing cyclin I expression using cyclin I‐siRNA could promote an increase in H9c2 cell proliferation. It was determined that silencing cyclin I could enhance a small, but significant, increase in H9c2 cell division. Similar results were obtained for cardiomyocytes extracted from 13‐day‐old hearts. These results imply that the reason why cardiomyocytes in 13‐day‐old hearts increased cyclin I expression was probably associated with terminal growth arrest. However, the increase in p53 expression was probably associated with cardiomyocyte differentiation, rather than growth arrest.
Novel polymers based on atom transfer radical polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate
Authors: Bednarek Melania , Jankova Katja , Hvilsted Søren 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been employed in the polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) initiated by ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate in bulk or in toluene solution at 90–95 °C with the catalytic systems Cu(I)Br/PMDETA or HMTETA. Kinetics investigations revealed that ATRP of MEA proceeds in a controlled manner with a first‐order plot of monomer consumption, an almost linear molecular weight evolution and polydispersities < 1.29 in the entire conversion range. Well‐defined diblock copolymers with PMMA, PMEA‐b‐PMMA have been produced by use of both PMEA and PMMA macroinitiators, however, for the latter the controlled conditions were somehow difficult to maintain. The amphiphilic behavior of the diblock copolymers lead to phase separation resulting in two glass transition temperatures as detected by DSC. Contact angle (Θ) investigations with water on PMEA, PMMA, and diblock copolymers surfaces reveal PMEA as an intermediate hydrophilic with Θ ∼ 50°, whereas PMMA and the diblock copolymers all fall in the hydrophobic region with Θ > 70°. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part Polym Chem45: 333–340, 2007
Ring‐opening polymerization of substituted ε‐caprolactones with a chiral (salen) AlOiPr complex
Authors: Breteler Mark R. Ten , Zhong Zhiyuan , Dijkstra Pieter J. , Palmans Anja R. A. , Peeters Joris , Feijen Jan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL), 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (4‐MeCL), and 6‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (6‐MeCL) with a single‐site chiral initiator, R,R′‐(salen) aluminum isopropoxide (R,R′‐[1]), was investigated. The kinetic data for the ROP of the three monomers at 90° in toluene corresponded to first‐order reactions in the monomer and propagation rate constants of kε‐CL > k4‐MeCL ≫ k6‐MeCL. A notable stereoselectivity with a preference for the R‐enantiomer was observed in the ROP of 6‐MeCL with R,R′‐[1], whereas for 4‐MeCL, no stereoselectivity was found. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 429–436, 2007.
Steiner minimal trees, twist angles, and the protein folding problem
Authors: Smith J. MacGregor , Jang Yunho , Kim Moon K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Steiner Minimal Tree (SMT) problem determines the minimal length network for connecting a given set of vertices in three‐dimensional space. SMTs have been shown to be useful in the geometric modeling and characterization of proteins. Even though the SMT problem is an NP‐Hard Optimization problem, one can define planes within the amino acids that have a surprising regularity property for the twist angles of the planes. This angular property is quantified for all amino acids through the Steiner tree topology structure. The twist angle properties and other associated geometric properties unique for the remaining amino acids are documented in this paper. We also examine the relationship between the Steiner ratio ρ and the torsion energy in amino acids with respect to the side chain torsion angle χ1. The ρ value is shown to be inversely proportional to the torsion energy. Hence, it should be a useful approximation to the potential energy function. Finally, the Steiner ratio is used to evaluate folded and misfolded protein structures. We examine all the native proteins and their decoys at http://dd.stanford.edu. and compare their Steiner ratio values. Because these decoy structures have been delicately misfolded, they look even more favorable than the native proteins from the potential energy viewpoint. However, the ρ value of a decoy folded protein is shown to be much closer to the average value of an empirical Steiner ratio for each residue involved than that of the corresponding native one, so that we recognize the native folded structure more easily. The inverse relationship between the Steiner ratio and the energy level in the protein is shown to be a significant measure to distinguish native and decoy structures. These properties should be ultimately useful in the ab initio protein folding prediction. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooperative folding mechanism of a β‐hairpin peptide studied by a multicanonical replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yoda Takao , Sugita Yuji , Okamoto Yuko 
Published: December 2006

AbstractG‐peptide is a 16‐residue peptide of the C‐terminal end of streptococcal protein G B1 domain, which is known to fold into a specific β‐hairpin within 6 μs. Here, we study molecular mechanism on the stability and folding of G‐peptide by performing a multicanonical replica‐exchange (MUCAREM) molecular dynamics simulation with explicit solvent. Unlike the preceding simulations of the same peptide, the simulation was started from an unfolded conformation without any experimental information on the native conformation. In the 278‐ns trajectory, we observed three independent folding events. Thus MUCAREM can be estimated to accelerate the folding reaction more than 60 times than the conventional molecular dynamics simulations. The free‐energy landscape of the peptide at room temperature shows that there are three essential subevents in the folding pathway to construct the native‐like β‐hairpin conformation: (i) a hydrophobic collapse of the peptide occurs with the side‐chain contacts between Tyr45 and Phe52, (ii) then, the native‐like turn is formed accompanying with the hydrogen‐bonded network around the turn region, and (iii) finally, the rest of the backbone hydrogen bonds are formed. A number of stable native hydrogen bonds are formed cooperatively during the second stage, suggesting the importance of the formation of the specific turn structure. This is also supported by the accumulation of the nonnative conformations only with the hydrophobic cluster around Tyr45 and Phe52. These simulation results are consistent with high ϕ‐values of the turn region observed by experiment. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of azinphos‐methyl to various development stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Reuveny Haim , Cohen Ephraim 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe response to azinphos‐methyl of different life‐stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) was studied. A similarity in response to azinphos‐methyl (LC50, LC90) was observed in neonate larvae obtained from the first and second generations of field populations. Mortality rates for neonate larvae of a field population cross‐bred with a laboratory colony were lower (by a factor of 1.2–2.2) in comparison with field neonate larvae. The mortality rate of larvae from a laboratory colony exposed to artificial diet containing azinphos‐methyl gradually decreased at older instars. The mortality rates of fifth‐instar larvae were remarkably low when exposed to artificial diet mixed with azinphos‐methyl or when topically treated with the insecticide. One‐ to three‐day‐old females were more sensitive than males of the same age, whereas the opposite was observed in 14–to 17‐day‐old adults. Mortality rates of 14‐ to 17‐day‐old adults were higher than those under 10 days old. No significant difference in sensitivity to the organophosphorus compound was noticed between the sexes of 7‐ to 10‐day‐old adults. Neonate larvae of the codling moth can serve as a target life‐stage for various groups of pesticides, and the importance of using such a stage as a standardized methodology for monitoring resistance in the codling moth is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and online detection of aromatic alkaloids in the ascidian Lissoclinum cf. badium by liquid chromatography/UV detection mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Gao Hao , Namikoshi Michio , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Mangindaan Remy E. P. , Wang Naili , Yao Xinsheng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA detection method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet diode‐array detection and electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐UV‐ESI‐MS/MS) was developed to investigate the total alkaloids prepared from the ascidian Lissoclinum cf. badium. The aromatic alkaloids possessing polysulfide structures are the major bioactive constituents isolated from ascidians of the genera Lissoclinum, Eudistoma, and Polycitor. These compounds presented various important biological activities. The ESI‐MS fragmentation behavior of this kind of alkaloids was studied, and the fragmentation was characterized by elimination of the NH(CH3)2 moiety. The use of reversed‐phase HPLC/UV‐ESI‐MS allowed the online separation and detection of 25 aromatic alkaloids. This approach provided data that can be used for detection of biologically active aromatic alkaloids from marine organisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stigma
Authors: Penn David L. , Judge Abigail , Jamieson Patrick , Garczynski Joyce , Hennessy Michael , Romer Daniel 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to propose methods for reducing stigmatization of mental illness in adolescents. It begins with a brief summary of community attitudes toward persons with mental illness, including a discussion of a recent nationwide survey of young people. We argue that addressing stigma in adolescence is important for two primary reasons. First, stigma appears to have an adverse effect on the course of mental illness once the person has been diagnosed with a disorder. Second, concerns about stigma may delay the seeking of and continuing in treatment. This section is followed by a discussion of factors that contribute to stigma and methods for reducing it. We conclude by recommending strategies for addressing mental illness stigma in adolescents.
Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven. 30 May 1908–2 April 1995
Authors: Pease R. S. , Lindqvist S. 
Published: December 2006

Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven was born in Norrkoping, Sweden, the son of Johannes Alfven (1878–1944) and Anna–Clara Romanus (1874–1947). Both his parents were practising physicians; they settled in the industrial town of Norrkoping because of their interest in social work. Hannes had one sister Anne–Marie (b. 1913), who became a librarian.
His father, who grew up in Stockholm, had a strong interest in science and especially psychiatry. One of his father's many brothers was also a physician, Andrew Alfven; he was politically radical and devoted much of his time to giving evening lectures at worker's institutes. Another uncle, Gosta Alfven, was an agronomist with concern for environmental issues; he also took a private interest in astronomy, keeping a daily journal of luminosity of the stars. A third uncle, Hugo Alfven (1872–1960) was a musician, famous both as a conductor and composer.