bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in UK tax‐effective giving: implications for donor fundraising strategies
Authors: Morgan Gareth G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStrategies for fundraising from committed donors in the UK have long placed considerable emphasis on tax‐efficient giving, in particular the use of deeds of covenant and gift aid which enables charities to recover tax paid by the donor and thus increase the value of a donor's gift.However, recent developments and proposed developments in UK legislation and Inland Revenue procedures are about to make radical changes to this regime. Although in general the changes are beneficial to charities, the precise implications will, in many cases, require a significant change in fundraising strategies to make effective use of the new giving environment.This paper seeks to analyse the nature of those changes and the consequence for fundraising strategies. In relation to three main strategies some approaches to further research are proposed, which a charity may wish to apply in order to assess whether and to what extent new approaches to committed donor fundraising are required.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers Convention (Academic Stream) in July 1999, but it has been substantially changed to take account of further government announcements made in November, 1999. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Lifecycle‐based donor performance analysis
Authors: Miller Bryan , Wyk Jon van 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith charities of all sizes now having the ability to collect and store very large quantities of data about their donors on in‐house database systems, detailed donor performance analyses have an increasingly essential role to play in the effective planning and management of fundraising. If, however, such activities are to support fully the work of fundraisers then it is important that they are undertaken from the perspective of the fundraiser rather than of the specialist data analyst. This paper introduces an approach to donor performance analysis that is founded on what is termed a ‘donor lifecycle model’. The aim of this is to provide a formal analysis methodology that provides end results that can be more easily interpreted by nonspecialists and so more effectively used in support of the efficient planning of fundraising programmes. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of poly(L‐lactic acid) with 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Authors: Li Bo‐Hsin , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this study, the thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLA) were improved by reacting with 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The resulting PLA samples were characterized with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR). The glass transition (Tg) and decomposing (Td) temperature of the resulting products were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The tensile properties were also measured with a tensile tester. The results show that when the molar ratio of NCO to OH was 2:1, the Tg value can be increased to 64°C from the original 55°C, and the tensile strength increased from 4.9 to 5.8 MPa. This demonstrated that by reacting PLA with MDI at an appropriate portion, both the thermal and mechanical performance of PLA can be increased. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrepancies between medication records of anticoagulation clinics and pharmacy records
Authors: Schalekamp Tom , Smit Carolien , van Geest‐Daalderop Johanna H. H. , de Vries‐Goldschmeding Hanneke , de Boer Anthonius 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether there were discrepancies between with coumarin anticoagulants interacting medications recorded in medical files of anticoagulation clinics (AC‐records) and computerized records of community pharmacies (pharmacy records).MethodsA descriptive study was conducted at two Dutch anticoagulation clinics (AC's). Records of with coumarin anticoagulants interacting drugs at the AC's were compared with the pharmacy records. A drug registered in the pharmacy records but not in the AC‐records, was recorded as a discrepancy, while a drug registered in AC‐records as well as in pharmacy records, was recorded as a match.ResultsOf the 117 identified interacting drugs registered in pharmacy records 32 (27%) were not registered in the AC‐records. In four out of seven patients of whom the use of a pharmacokinetically interacting drug was not registered in the AC‐records, several INR‐values exceeded the upper therapeutic range.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that a substantial percentage of drugs of which an interaction with coumarin anticoagulants can be expected, is not registered in the medical files of anticoagulation clinics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model of local‐minima distribution on conformational space and its application to protein structure prediction
Authors: Li Hongzhi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA quantitative two‐parameter model is developed to describe local energy minima distribution. On a conformational space measured by least‐square‐fitting root‐mean‐squared distance (RMSD), the number of local minima in a r RMSD region is proposed to be proportional to exp(−1/r). As part of the model derivations, the minimum RMSD of decoys from the largest cluster, the number of decoys in the largest cluster, and the RMSD distribution of the decoys have inner connections with each other. The model is successfully verified on a 49 helix‐packing decoy set and a 30 loop‐prediction decoy set, as well as both knowledge‐based potential (DFIRE) and physical force‐fields (OPLS and CHARMM). One of the model's applications is predicting behaviors of a large amount of decoys (e.g., minimum RMSD of 40,000 decoys) by generating only a small number of decoys (e.g., 500). It may be applied to structure predictions guided by any Lennard‐Jones‐like potential functions and can be extended to other sampling methods guided by simple energy terms. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear intersubband optical absorption of Si δ‐doped GaAs under an electric field
Authors: Yıldırım Hasan , Tomak Mehmet 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe study the nonlinear intersubband optical absorption of a single Si δ‐doped GaAs sheet placed in the middle of a GaAs quantum well and subjected to an electric field. The Schrödinger and Poisson equations are solved self‐consistently for various electric field strengths. The self‐consistent solutions provide us with the correct confining potential, the wave functions, the corresponding subband energies and the subband occupations. The nonlinear optical intersubband absorption spectra are discussed within the framework of the density matrix formulation for various electric field strengths, well widths, and sheet thicknesses in which Si atoms are distributed uniformly. We include both the depolarization and exciton shifts in calculations. The depolarization effect not only shifts the peak value but also makes the nonlinear absorption spectrum strongly asymmetric with the increasing intensity of the optical field. The blue‐shift associated with the depolarization shift is decreased when the intensity is increased. The absorption line shape becomes more asymmetric at smaller well widths and thicker doping layers. The electric field restores the symmetry of the absorption line shape at larger well widths and thinner doping layers, but it decreases the peak value of the line shape. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent control of exciton–biexciton beats: direction selectivity of four‐wave‐mixing signals in experiment and microscopic theory
Authors: Voss Tobias , Rückmann Ilja , Gutowski Jürgen , Axt Vollrath Martin , Kuhn Tilmann 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn experiments and simulations based on a microscopic theory the optical coherent control of exciton–biexciton beats in coherent four‐wave‐mixing signals from a semiconductor quantum well is demonstrated. It is found that a reduction of the beat amplitude for one four‐wave‐mixing direction may at the same time coincide with a large beat amplitude for the other direction. The results can be understood by considering that at least two‐photon processes are required to coherently excite biexcitonic transitions which are responsible for the occurrence of the beat structure in the four‐wave‐mixing signals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of a DC Fiske current by coupling of Bloch and in‐plane cyclotron oscillations in a semiconductor superlattice
Authors: Kosevich Yu. A. , Hummel A. B. , Roskos H. G. , Köhler K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe coherent coupling between electron Bloch and in‐plane cyclotron oscillations in semiconductor superlatttices in tilted electric and magnetic fields induces a unidirectional quasi‐DC current in analogy to the DC Fiske effect observed when a superconductor Josephson junction or a superfluid weak link is coupled to an electromagnetic respectively an acoustic resonator. In all cases, the coupling opens an elastic rectifying transport channel. We explore the effect for the case of a superlattice both experimentally and theoretically, and specifically address the influence of the coupling on the frequency of the magneto‐Bloch oscillations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon‐induced disentanglement of confined excitons
Authors: Roszak Katarzyna , Machnikowski Paweł , Jacak Lucjan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe show that phonon‐induced pure dephasing of excitons in quantum dots, which leads only to partial decay of system coherence, may completely erase entanglement between two excitons. We also discuss the role of the distance between the subsystems for this disentanglement process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The normal and cancerous living cell
Authors: Ladik Janos 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe do not have a definition of the living and cancerous states; we can give only their main characteristics at the different levels of organization: cell, organ, and organism. A simple model is proposed for a normal eukaryotic cell based on Prigogine's equation of chemical kinetics with diffusion. In this model, possibly only a few hundred key biochemical reactions should be selected together with their rate and diffusion constants. To solve these coupled nonlinear partial differential equation systems, it is proposed that the model cell be subdivided into compartments and that the problem be worked out always for one compartment (finite element method). This is possible, since the most important biochemical reactions and reaction cycles occur in different parts of the cell. The solutions (concentrations) obtained in one compartment can be used as input to the other compartments (together with the components entering from the environment). As an example, the problem of 10 reactions and 3 compartments has been solved by discretizing the space coordinates and choosing time steps. The solutions obtained by solving the 10 differential equations directly and by the compartmentalization agree very well. The main obstacles to further progress lie in the right choice of reactions and compartments, as well as in the correct estimation of the rate and diffusion constants, which were measured in only a few cases. If such a model cell can be obtained, the solutions should be investigated to determine (i) for their stability (homeostasis); (ii) whether changing the input concentrations to a larger degree one would obtain a new stationary state showing the characteristics of a precancerous state; and (iii) a method of extracting those input concentrations, or functions of them, which are the most important regulatory parameters. If successful, this would provide a scientific definition of the living state in the normal and cancerous states, respectively, at least at the cell level. Finally, outline is provided showing how the model might be extended to multicellular cases, as well as the main difficulties of such a process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Dissociation of the fluorine molecule: CASCCSD method and other many‐particle models
Authors: Ivanov Vladimir V. , Adamowicz Ludwik , Lyakh Dmitry I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe recently developed CAS(n,m)CCSD method is applied to describe the difficult case of the dissociation of the fluorine molecule, F2. The results of the CASCCSD calculations are compared with the results obtained using the CR‐CCSD method, the RMR‐CCSD method, and other approaches. We demonstrate that among the methods compared CAS(n,m)CCSD provides the most accurate solution for the whole dissociation path in comparison with the full CI (FCI) results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Empirical analysis of eco‐industrial development in China
Authors: Geng Yong , Haight Murray , Zhu Qinghua 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe increasing resource and environmental pressures have impeded China's efforts to quickly promote its people's quality of life, while protecting its natural environment. Due to lack of resources, technologies and capital, China needs to seek a more integrated development strategy. Industrial ecology (IE) may be one solution as it aims at optimizing the use of materials and energy in products, processes, industrial sectors and economies by systemically mimicking natural systems in an industrial setting. The relevant practices and experiences in the developed world have proved that there is a degree of effectiveness and efficiency to development through the application of IE. It is even more critical to apply the principles of IE in China, where resources are scarce. However, compared with developed nations, China faces different environmental, economic and social constraints. Therefore, China has to adopt different approaches to implement the concept of IE. In this paper, we first review the current practices in eco‐industrial development in China. Then the advantages and barriers to applying IE in China are analyzed and recommendations are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Integration of wind power in the liberalized Dutch electricity market
Authors: Ummels B. C. , Gibescu M. , Kling W. L. , Paap G. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWind power is becoming a large‐scale electricity generation technology in a number of European countries, including the Netherlands. Owing to the variability and unpredictability of wind power production, large‐scale wind power can be foreseen to have large consequences for balancing generation and demand in power systems. As an essential aspect of the Dutch market design, participants are encouraged to act according to their energy programs, as submitted day‐ahead to the system operator. This program responsibility shifts the burden of balancing wind power away from the system operator to the market. However, the system operator remains the responsible party for balancing any generation/load imbalances that may still be arising in real time. In this article, features that are unique for the Dutch market design are presented and their implications on the system integration of wind power are investigated. It is shown that the Dutch market design penalizes the intermittent nature of wind power. A discussion of opportunities and threats of balancing wind power by use of market forces is provided. Last, an outline is given of future work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for power system stabilization
Authors: Jauch Clemens , Cronin Tom , Sørensen Poul , Jensen Birgitte Bak 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article the design of a fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for a fixed speed, active‐stall wind turbine, which is used for power system stabilization, is presented. The system to be controlled, which is the wind turbine and the power system to which the turbine is connected, is described. The advantages of fuzzy logic control when applied to large‐signal control of active‐stall wind turbines are outlined. The general steps of the design process for a fuzzy logic controller, including definition of the controller inputs, set‐up of the fuzzy rules and the method of defuzzification, are described. The performance of the controller is assessed by simulation, where the wind turbine's task is to dampen power system oscillations. In the scenario simulated for this work, the wind turbine has to ride through a transient short‐circuit fault and subsequently contribute to the damping of the grid frequency oscillations that are caused by the transient fault. It is concluded that the fuzzy logic controller enables the wind turbine to dampen power system oscillations. It is also concluded that, owing to the inherent non‐linearities in a wind turbine and the unpredictability of the whole system, the fuzzy logic controller is very suitable for this application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Seven cases of Pompe disease from Greece
Authors: Kroos M. , Manta P. , Mavridou I. , Muntoni F. , Halley D. , van den Helm R. , Zaifeiriou D. , van der Ploeg A. , Reuser A. , Michelakakis H. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe present seven cases of Pompe disease (McKusick 232300; glycogen storage disease type II; acid maltase deficiency) from Greece. The onset of symptoms varied from early childhood to late adulthood, and the patients had quite variable duration of disease. All but one of them had muscle weakness and all had mildly to highly elevated serum creatine kinase. The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by the finding of acid α‐glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3/20) deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts. Thirteen mutant alleles were identified and nine different pathogenic mutations were encountered. Four were new: c.2071_2072insAGCCG leads to frameshift and total loss of function; c.1856G > A (p.Ser619Asn) leads to 90–95% loss of function; and the splice‐site mutations c.1552−3C > G and c.2331+4A > G reduce the number of correct splicing events by more than 90%. The splice‐site mutation c.‐32‐13T > G (IVS1‐13T > G) was encountered four times and seems equally common among Greek and other caucasians. The other mutations: c.925G > A (p.Gly309Arg), c.[307T > G; 271G > A] (p.Cys103Gly; Asp91Asn), c.271del and c.1655T > C (p.Leu552Pro) have been reported earlier. Our study highlights the heterogeneity of Pompe disease in Greece and provides tools for diagnosis and carrier detection.
The socialization of adolescent coping behaviours: Relationships with families and teachers
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Locke Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA motivational theory of children's coping identified aspects of relationships—involvement, structure and autonomy support—that are expected to determine whether coping will be characterized by approach (active) or avoidance. Associations between adolescents’ (, Age ) relationships with families and teachers, and coping behaviours were examined. Whether a Family Primacy Model or a Context‐Specific Model best explained the findings was also determined. A Family Primacy Model received predominant support; adolescents with more positive family relationships used more active coping with problems at home and school. Positive relationships with teachers predicted more active coping behaviours, especially at school.
The relationship between maternal and paternal psychological symptoms and ratings of adolescent functioning
Authors: Renk Kimberly , Oliveros Arazais , Roddenberry Angela , Klein Jenny , Sieger Karin , Roberts Rex , Phares Vicky 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFamilies with an adolescent between the ages of 11 and 18 years participated in a study examining the relationship between parental depressive and anxiety symptomatology and parental ratings of adolescents’ functioning. This study indicated that mothers, fathers, and adolescents exhibited significant cross‐informant correspondence (i.e. correlations) and very few significant differences in ratings of adolescents’ functioning. After controlling for demographic variables and the ratings of other informants, mothers’ depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of mothers’ ratings of adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and competence. With regard to fathers’ ratings, fathers’ depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents’ internalizing behavior problems and competence, whereas fathers’ depressive and anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents’ externalizing behavior problems. The findings of this study suggested the importance of considering maternal and paternal depressive symptomatology when parents are asked to provide ratings of their adolescents’ functioning.
Associations between COMTVal158Met polymorphism and cognition: direct or indirect effects?
Authors: Krabbendam Lydia , Isusi Pilar , Galdos Paloma , Echevarria Elena , Bilbao José Ramón , Martin-Pagola Ainhoa , Papiol Sergi , Castaño Luis , Van Os Jim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground:Previous work suggests that reaction time variability (RTV) in attentional tasks, as a measure of cognitive stability, is associated with degree ofValloading in COMTVal158Metgenotype, and that this association may be relevant for the aetiology of schizophrenia. This study examined (i) to what degree RTV pertaining to tasks of varying cognitive complexity would be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and (ii) to what degree this would be mediated byValloading.Methods:COMT genotyping was investigated in a sample of 23 patients with schizophrenia, 33 first-degree relatives, and 21 controls. All participants performed the Flanker continuous performance test.Results:Schizophrenia liability was associated with number of correct trials of the Flanker test, but not with RTV, and this association was not mediated by COMTVal158Metgenotype. Similarly,Metloading was associated with number of correct trials and with RTV, but this was not mediated by schizophrenia liability.Conclusions:Associations between COMTVal158Metgenotype and RTV do not appear to reflect transmission of schizophrenia liability in families. Differential associations withValandMetalleles across studies suggest indirect effects through gene–gene interactions or the influence of a functional polymorphism near COMTVal158Met.
Applying an alternative method of echo-integration
Authors: Aksland Magnar 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Estimators of mean Echo Value Constant (the ratio between echo abundance and the number of fish) in an alternative echo-integrating method were tried with the SIMRAD EK 60 split-beam echosounder. The mean fish-density estimates of NE Arctic cod were compared with corresponding estimates by the classical echo-integration method; the two methods gave similar results. The alternative method uses integrated single-fish echoes, and a new algorithm to extract and integrate single-target echoes is introduced and used. This algorithm uses echo shape and angle stability, not echo amplitude, to test for the presence of single-target echoes. Apparent single-target echoes with a dynamic range of 60 dB in integrated echo intensity were extracted.