bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practical Approach to Operational Safety Programs
Authors: Berge B. K. , Landra T. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most offshore safety programs are too overwhelming and complicated for the workforce to understand. The programs are usually developed onshore and look good on paper, but often forget that the offshore workforce uses them on a daily basis in an operational environment.
This paper gives a practical approach on how to build elements of a safety program with the workforce in mind. The subject is approached from the viewpoint of offshore operations in the oil and gas industry.
The key focus of any safety program is to get the workforce to become stakeholders and feel it owns the program. This paper describes how to get workforce buy-in, set specific goals that can be measured, and how to analyze specific events and statistics.
The paper expands on the following key areas for implementing a successful safety program: Leadership EngagementSafety VisionGoalsSafety RulesHousekeepingEvent Reporting and Analysis
The paper also presents the results from implementing a program like this where the H-value (number of Lost-Time- Accidents per million work hours) have been reduced from eight to zero.
Managing the Relationship Between the Offshore Oil Industry and Frontier Regions
Authors: Shrimpton M. , Storey K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil industry is seen as presenting a number of opportunities and threats to the residents of frontier regions when it first shows an interest in exploring off their shores. Based on experience dealing with the socio-economic effects of such activity in such temperate frontier regions as Atlantic Canada, British Columbia, the Faroe Islands, the Falkland Islands and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, this paper discusses the nature and reasons for initial responses, the learning process, and means of facilitating it. In doing this, it reviews the expectations and responses of various coastal state stakeholders and means by which they learn about the industry, its effects and their management.
Reaching out to the People of the Niger Delta in Time of Crisis: A Case Study
Authors: KPIASI Omatsola 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Organizations operate to their optimal capacity in an environment that is stable. Social-economic instability or political violence can adversely affect the growth and productivity of an organization.
Chevron Nigeria Limited/Nigeria National Petroleum Company (NNPC) explores for petroleum in Niger Delta area of Nigeria, for about three decades. The past three years have recorded ethnic unrest and violence that have never been experienced.
Chevron's policy of maintaining a Mutually Beneficial Relationship with Host Communities has encouraged social development. In this regard, Chevron worked with communities to provide basic social amenities that were lacking in the area such as schools, educational equipment, hospitals, portable water and electricity.
The recorded inter-ethnic violence have made people homeless, villages burnt down, diminished food production, no logistics for food distribution, no potable water supply, properties lost, human suffering especially women and children, lives lost and problems of orphans now and in the future - the fabric for community participation severely disrupted. The war like situation has resulted in a crisis with people needing help, but assistance never came. Hostage taking is common.
Chevron, a neighbour, reacted to the emergency by providing shelter for the homeless, food, water, clothing, medical supplies and personnel to treat the wounded and illness. Spiritual and emotional support was made available to those in need. Displaced people whose homes and property have been burnt were airlifted from the disaster area to a safety. In a single operation 2,360 people (two thousand, three hundred and sixty) were evacuated from the disaster area to Warri.
This paper reveals how Chevron reached out to people in times of crisis and recommends and inter-sector collaboration between credible organizations in achieving peace and sustainable development in the area.
Health Impact Assessment for Forcados Terminal Integrated Project
Authors: DeValk R. , Ikuru E. B. , Omotosho O. E. , Akinmoladun O. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) as part of Environmental Impact Assessment commenced in SPDC in 1998 with the pilot HIA of Forcados Terminal Integrated Project (FTIP). A review of the health status (with a focus on infectious diseases), hazards and services was made to set a baseline for monitoring changes over time, assess the impact and develop control strategies thereby contributing to sustainable development. Results indicate that monitoring, health surveillance and education, waste management and follow-ups are necessary to ensure effective health management through proactive impact elimination and or mitigation. The main findings of the study show that environmental health systems were poor. Health care is purely curative. The most prevalent infectious diseases are malaria, respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhoea and skin infections. Positive health impacts include enhanced social economics, improved nutrition, water and electricity, improved quality of life and better medical care. The health impacts identified in this study are controllable, preventable or curable. Following this study, HIA's for 3 other projects were commenced in 1999 including assessment of possible physical and chemical exposures from the projects.
As a policy, HIA is now an integral part of EIA.
Downhole Production Testing, a Cost Effective, Safe and Environmentally Friendly Well Test Method.
Authors: Woie R. , Hegre T. M. , Gravem T. , Berger P. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well testing is important for reservoir formation and fluid characterisation. Well testing is, however, omitted in many instances due to the high cost, risks and environmental restrictions associated with a well test. The Downhole Production Testing (DPT) method1 will have a significant impact on safety, environment and cost aspects compared to conventional production testing or drill stem testing (DST).
The Downhole Production Test method allows all the produced reservoir test fluid to be re-injected into another zone within the well bore while flow rate, pressure and temperature data are monitored and controlled from surface. In situ fluid samples are taken during the flow period. After penetration of a zone of interest, an injection zone is selected at a depth which allows a sufficient injection rate. The drilling fluid acts as the primary pressure barrier during the test. The production and injection zones are isolated from the drilling fluid by a packer arrangement.
No fluid flows to surface during the test, so the entire surface processing equipment normally associated with well testing is no longer required. This significantly reduces the onshore and offshore logistics operation. Even more important is that hydrocarbons will not flow to surface under high pressure during the test. This significantly improves the risk and safety aspects of conducting a well test. High-risk operations in deep water related to discharge during emergency disconnect or hydrate formation during testing are also eliminated.
A "zero emission" goal is achieved by no burning and no hydrocarbon flows to surface.
This paper describes the method and the environmental implications of this new testing method. Included also is a detailed discussion of the safety and risk elements involved in different operating scenarios. Furthermore, this paper discusses some of the preliminary design parameters and possible implementation of the concept. It describes potential cost benefits for various applications and demonstrates that this new technology reduces cost and improves the environment, safety and risk while allowing test objectives to be met.
Gravel-Pack Shutoff Using Deep Penetrating Squeeze Cement System in the Gullfaks Field
Authors: Johannessen Rolf , Karlstad Simen , Piot Bernard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Excessive water production is an increasing environmental problem in mature oil fields in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Throughout the past 10 years, several mechanical and chemical water-shutoff solutions have been developed and implemented with variable success. For chemical water shutoff, the two major challenges have been placement optimization and choice of a technically feasible system. A cement squeeze is traditionally the most usual means for permanent isolation of a naturally perforated section. Cement is often the preferred solution because of its well-established properties and proven performance. An increasing problem has been water production in gravel-packed wells. Chemical shutoff in a proppant pack cannot easily be achieved with standard cement slurries or specialized squeeze slurries because of the risk of bridging and incomplete placement. A polymeric system can be easily placed in a proppant pack, but there is a concern regarding the systems ability to withstand high differential pressure following onset of production.
A water-shutoff treatment utilizing deep penetrating squeeze cement slurry is presented for the isolation of a highly permeable gravel pack. The objective of the treatment was to eliminate the negative impact on the environment caused by production from a formation with 100% water cut and to initiate new production from an oil-saturated layer immediately above the producing formation. To access the desired interval, one would have to perforate through a section of blank pipe in the existing gravel pack. The perforation could be easily achieved; the challenge was to prevent continued production influx from the gravel pack producing with 100% water cut prior to the water-shutoff treatment.
The evaluation of the treatment has provided valuable information and qualified a new technique for water shutoff in gravel-packed completions. Benefits from this treatment are reduced negative impact on the environment through reduction in the volume of produced water and increased oil recovery.
Europipe II Natural Gas Pipeline - The Importance of the EIA in Route Selection and Approval
Authors: Eldøy Steinar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) played an important role both in the Statoil internal planning and route selection process, and in achieving the necessary authority approvals for Europipe II pipeline. The EIA process was an integral part of the project development from the very beginning of the pipeline planning. Early dialogue with fishery authorities and organisations and nature conservation and cultural history authorities were essential for a successful EIA process. Potential conflicts with fishery interests were identified at an early stage, and the EIA process was used actively to find an acceptable compromise. Furthermore, Statoil proposed a change of the routing to avoid an area of high priority for landscape protection and archaeological interests (Ognøy) as a result of the public hearing of the EIA document. When approving the Plan for Installation and Operation (PIO), the Norwegian Parliament commented positively on this change in routing. However, at a later stage the coastal authorities denied to accept the modified route, arguing that the new routing would cross an area which they considered suitable for future establishment of a regional anchoring area (Falkeidflæet). A supplemental EIA document was prepared considering six different alternatives, including the route crossing the potential anchoring area. This additional EIA clearly documented that the modified main route was the preferable alternative both from a technical, economical and environmenal point of view, and the EIA was an important instrument in achieving the final approval for this route. The EIAs contributed significantly in reducing investment costs by several hundred million NOK.
Internal CO2 Emission Trading – Arrangements and Recent Experience
Authors: Fjellså Olav 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
BP Amoco has set a target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions of some 30 million tonnes over the period to 2010 on a business as usual projection.The target is a commitment which must be met. How it is met, is left open in order to encourage individuals and businesses throughout the BP Amoco Group to use their ingenuity and experience to deliver the commitment in the most effective way possible. This is where emission trading comes in. It offers the incentive and the opportunity to fulfil the obligation in a commercial and efficient manner. That is why BP Amoco has decided to use a system of group-wide emissions trading as a central tool to deliver this target in the most cost-effective way possible. The system started on January 1st 2000. This paper explains current thinking on the application of the emission trading system within BP Amoco and the lessons learned so far for the implementation of the emission trading system.
Assessing Risk in the Selection of Drilling and Production Concepts in the Caspian
Authors: Holgate M. J. M. , Davies G. J. , de Meyer T. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA number of different engineering and operational options are available to an operator when starting a new project or modifying an existing development. Each option will generate different disturbances, waste streams and pollutants to different environmental compartments such as the air, sea, rivers, seabed and land.However, for example, an option that reduces the amount of pollution to the sea at the expense of increasing air emissions should not be supported if there is an overall increase in the level of environmental harm. To be successful at managing risk, operators need to identify the main sources of risk as early as possible in the life of the project and to manage the individual elements that contribute to risk in a way that optimises overall performance. The assessment of the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) is a process that aims to achieve this optimal approach.This paper will demonstrate how a BPEO methodology has been applied to the evaluation of environmental issues in the planning of two developments in the Caspian. The first example is taken from a project to expand an existing production facility, the second is from the evaluation of concepts for possible appraisal drilling for Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company (OKIOC) in Kazakhstan.The methodology uses predefined categories to describe the levels of risk associated with different factors and concentrates on using monetary values wherever possible. Routine environmental impacts and health, safety and environmental risks from accidental events are ranked alongside other issues such as compliance with future regulation, reputation, lifecycle costs, project scheduling and technical feasibility.This approach can be used as a risk-screening tool to:highlight the most important issues that need to be addressed during the design process; assist in selecting the best overall option.
Nenets Environmental Database - A Tool for Regional Environmental Management
Authors: Kotsepalov A. P. , Dahle S. , Bambulyak A. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nenets Autonomous Area in Russia houses vast areas of untouched Arctic nature, which supports a unique flora and fauna. Large hydrocarbon deposits are discovered here and exploitation has begun. The initiative to create "Nenets Environmental Database" (hereafter "NED") arose from worries of nature protection institutions and local population about possible negative environmental influence and impacts from the increasing activities of oil and gas industries in the region, both on land - the largest tundra in Europe, and offshore - the Pechora bay of The Barents Sea. The main goal for creating NED is to make a tool to be used by the local authorities responsible for environmental management, as well as research and industrial institutions in their daily work. NED is one of the first Russian experience on creating a regional environmental database, which is linked to available environmental data from different sources, and oriented to help authorities, industry and population to minimise the environmental impact of future resource exploitation and avoid conflicts between growing up petroleum industry and fragile Arctic nature.
Seismic Acquisition in Sensitive Desert Environment
Authors: Peach Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deserts, often seen as ideal places to explore for oil, have sensitive eco systems, which require protection. Petroleum Development Oman's (PDO) concession area covers a number of areas of ecological importance. Special attention is required while conducting seismic acquisition in such areas. The issues to be considered include minimising disturbance, preventing damage to sites of archaeological importance, minimising (visual) pollution and maintaining communication with the authorities. Special management and operational controls are sometimes required to ensure that environmental concerns are addressed and surveys are conducted with minimal environmental damage.
This paper describes the environmental aspects of seismic surveys executed in parts of PDO concession area. 3 case studies are shown which highlight some of the issues, operational controls applied, and the resulting impacts.
Fluid Leak-off Under Dynamic and Static Conditions Utilizing the Same Equipment
Authors: Sinha B.K. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Previous studies have indicated a substantial difference in fluid leak-off behavior of fracturing fluids under dynamic and static conditions. The present study is an attempt to determine the factors that contribute to this difference and to improve the ability to predict fluid leak-off behavior of well predict fluid leak-off behavior of well completion fluids. This paper describes two equipment designs developed and results obtained by using this equipment to test several types of fracturing fluids.
For a given fluid there appears to be an optimum fluid velocity along the core surface for minimum leak-off. Contrary to previous studies, fluid leakoff under dynamic conditions is usually less than or approximately equal to that obtained under static conditions. This may be attributed to the quick, effective sealing or plugging of pores on the core surface by the correct size of particles. Particles that may cause bridging (thus, Particles that may cause bridging (thus, inefficient sealing) are removed from the core surface by gravity action or fluid motion in the equipment described.
Leak-off behavior of fluids in the two equipment designs described depends upon whether the test fluid falls under the category of gel, suspension, or colloid.

Introduction
The phenomenon of fluid leak-off through porous media occurs in the process of drilling, cementing and process of drilling, cementing and stimulating a well. The standard procedures recommended by API for evaluating fluid leak-off characteristics of fracturing fluids, drilling fluids and cement slurries are basically static in nature, although the actual phenomenon takes place under dynamic conditions. Here place under dynamic conditions. Here the term dynamic refers to fluid motion along the core surface and static refers to the lack of motion along the core surface. The validity of the static leak-off test is often questioned. But the reasons for continuing a static test are its simple operational features and procedures. Also, lack of a simple and procedures. Also, lack of a simple and better standardized dynamic fluid leakoff device that can be used on a routine basis is another reason for continued usage of the static test.
Several studies have been published related to static and dynamic behavior of fracturing fluids and drilling fluids. Significant differences in the results have been reported, depending upon the nature of fluid tested and the particular dynamic equipment used. particular dynamic equipment used. This paper describes two separate equipment layouts, each of which can be used to study static and dynamic fluid leak-off characteristics of different fluids.
Environmental Priorities of Re-Injection and Land Based Handling of Drilled Cuttings and Affiliated Fluids
Authors: Saasen A. , Paulsen J. E. , Holthe K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Re-injection of drilled cuttings into a subsurface formation has become a common practice for handling oil wet cuttings during drilling operations in the North Sea areas. Currently, re-injection is technically a straightforward process both on fixed installations and subsea developments. Furthermore, it is feasible to re-inject cuttings into the same well as being drilled.
Environmentally, cuttings re-injection is currently considered as an optimum solution. Emission of CO2 and further unfavourable environmental effects associated with the introduction of heavy and sophisticated equipment on the rigs compromises the priority. The paper outlines the emissions of CO2 from offshore re-injection operations and onshore treatment in the North Sea area. The rationale behind the priorities governing best handling option is critically addressed. It is shown that emissions to air are significantly reduced when cuttings is re-injected as opposed to treatment on land. This is even more expressed when 12 ¼"-sections are drilled since these operations require additional boats to handle increased volumes of drilled cuttings. If seabed deposition of oil wet cuttings was an accepted alternative, it is shown that the CO2 emissions would be significantly reduced.
Oily Drill Cuttings - From Waste to Resource
Authors: Sørheim R. , Amundsen C. E. , Kristiansen R. , Paulsen J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Discharge of drill cuttings generated offshore while drilling with oil-based drilling fluids in the North Sea areas was banned in 1994. This paper outlines how oily drill cuttings may be used in soil, and presents results of a meso-scale growth experiment where fresh oily cuttings were used in plant growth media.
Growth experiments were performed at meso-scale. A standard test species, Rye gras, was grown in pots containing oily cuttings mixed with different soils, and peat in varying ratios. The physical conditions of the oily drill cuttings were generally within current accept criteria for soil meant for agricultural purposes. Measured concentrations of heavy metals and organic components complied with current environmental standards. Analyses included crop yield, assimilation of heavy metals, soil chemistry, and toxicological tests in selected blends of materials. The collected data provide a basis in evaluation of alternative applications of the technology, and issues that should be addressed when environmental impacts in general are discussed.
The experiments suggest that oily drill cuttings is applicable as a constituent of growth media, preferably used for cultivation of plants used for other purposes than consumption. Cuttings may be added in significant proportions to natural soils. Thus it should be considered as a viable alternative for final disposal of oily drill cuttings.
Chemical and Toxicological Characterisation of Water Accommodated Fractions Relevant for Oil Spill Situations
Authors: Hokstad J. N. , Faksness L. -G. , Daling P. S. , Buffagni Melania 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The laboratory methodology and main findings from a characterisation study of Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) from crude oil / oil products are presented.
The study emphasises a tight connection between chemical and toxicological characterisation of WAF. The WAF solutions were prepared in standardised, closed, low energy systems with oil/seawater. WAF is of special interest because it has a high bioavailability to marine organisms, and is relevant both in connection with accidental oil spills and release of produced water.
The results have identified large variations in the composition and toxicity of WAF solutions, depending on the type of oil, oil loading rate and weathering degree of the oils.