bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis for following the biodegradation of hydrotropes
Authors: Setzkorn E. A. , Huddleston R. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe standard methylene blue colorimetric method for the analysis of ppm concentrations of anionic detergents is sensitive to the chain length of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule. The response to this method is not quantitative among alkylbenzene sulfonates when the alkyl chain is shorter than about eight carbon atoms, and becomes essentially zero with the sulfonates of benzene, toluene and xylene.Although these low molecular weight aromatic sulfonates have few detergency properties, their function and substantial commercial use as solubilizers in detergent formulations lend some importance to a study of their biodegradability.Ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis was successfully applied to the study of the biodegradation of these compounds both in a synthetic medium‐sewageinoculated system and in the well‐known river die‐away procedure.Sensitivity to below 1 ppm was obtained from absorption bands between about 220 and 230 mƁ. Bands were also utilized near 260舑270 mƁ for those compounds having significant absorption in this region. Information concerning changes in functional group substitution and aromatic degradation was obtained from monitoring these two band systems during the biodegradation period.
Volatile products from mild oxidation of methyl linoleate. Analysis by combined mass spectrometry‐gas chromatography
Authors: Horvat R. J. , McFadden W. H. , NG Hawkins , Black D. R. , Lane W. G. , Teeter R. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe volatile products from autoxidation of methyl linoleate have been analyzed by combined mass spectrometry‐gas chromatography. The principal components were pentanal, hexanal, amyl formate, methyl octanoate, and substituted dioxolanes. Minor components included esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and acetals. Certain unsaturated carbonyl compounds, previously reported, were not detected.
The oxygenated fatty acid of calendula seed oil
Authors: Badami R. C. , Morris L. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe seed oil ofCalendula officinalisl. contains a monohydroxy acid amounting to some 5% of its component acids. This acid has been isolated and shown to be D‐(+)‐9‐hydroxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid, probably 10‐trans,12‐cis.
Anatomical variation in fatty acid composition and triglyceride distribution in animal depot fats
Authors: Chacko G. K. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition and glyceride distribution of fatty acids in pork, beef and lamb depot fats from different localities within the same animal were determined by a combination of gas liquid chromatography and lipase hydrolysis techniques. The glyceride distribution was calculated according to the method of Vander Wal, based on the 1, 3‐random and 2‐random distribution pattern. Both fatty acid composition and glyceride structure were found to vary depending on the position within the animal from which the depot fat was obtained.
Competitive inhibitions in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids studied via the composition of phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters of rat tissues
Authors: Garcia Pilar Teresa , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMale rats which had been kept on fat‐free diet and which were deficient in essential fatty acids were divided into ten groups. All ten groups received 0.8% of calories of linolenate, and nine received one of three levels of either linoleate, े‐linolenate or arachidonate for a period of six days. The rats were sacrificed, the livers, kidneys and testes were extracted, and the phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters were separated by thin‐layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The inhibition of the metabolism of linolenic acid by linoleate, े‐linolenate and arachidonate was evidenced in all three lipid classes and in all tissues. The activities in suppressing linolenate metabolism were in the order 20:4 >18:3 >18:2.
Effect of internal distributors in a packed column on the steam stripping of hexane from soybean oil
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Schutter Ray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInternal distributors were designed and installed in a 6‐in. diameter column with an 8‐ft bed of 1/2‐in. berl saddles. The distribution pattern of a liquid (water) flowing down the column was first determined. The distributors picked up the water from the wall of the column and redistributed it towards the center producing definitely better distribution across the column than obtained without them. Steam stripping of hexane from soybean oil was next carried out in the column both with and without the distributors. The residual hexane in the oil varied exponentially with the steam‐oil ratio. Under the experimental conditions 18% less steam was required for comparable stripping with the distributors in the column than without them.
Sesame oil. X1. The stability of vitamin A in sesame oil and in margarine stock containing sesame oil
Authors: Murray Mildred D. , O'Connor Robert T. , Carlos Suarez C. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA study has been made of three groups of samples fortified with a vitamin A concentrate—sesame oil, margarine stock, and a mixture of 95% margarine stock and 5% sesame oil—to determine the stability of vitamin A in the presence of sesame oil. The samples were stored at two temperatures and their vitamin A content was measured periodically throughout a period of 42 weeks by an ultraviolet absorption method.The results show no evidence of vitamin A instability in the three groups of samples after storage at 32°F. for 42 weeks, or in the margarine stock and margarine stock‐sesame oil mixture after storage for the same period of time at 78°–80°F. However the pure sesame oil showed a significant change in vitamin A content at the end of 42 weeks of storage at 78°–80°F. The trend toward instability became evident after 13 to 26 weeks of storage.
Identification of 2‐ethylhexyl hydrogen sebacate in bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sebacate synthetic oils
Authors: Dismukes Edward B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe acid monoester 2‐ethylhexyl hydrogen sebacate has been identified in bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sebacate oils by carrying out a partial separation of components with the solvents Skellysolve C and acetonitrile‐methanol and by examining the infrared spectrum of the fraction contained in the acetonitrile‐methanol phase for the characteristic 1,710‐ and 1,740‐cm.−1 absorption peaks of the monoester.
Production methods for the manufacture of crude tall oil and its subsequent processing
Authors: Barnes E. O. , Potts R. H. , White F. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe source of crude tall oil and methods to produce the oil have been described. These include acidulation of sulfate pulp, black liquor skimmings, and gravity settling as well as centrifugal means of separation to reduce the lignin content of the product.Subsequent processing of the crude tall oil into fractionated fatty acids and rosin has been outlined with suggestions for consideration in all stages of the distillation section of the plant.
Thioesterification of platelet proteins with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Laposata Michael , Muszbek Laszlo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have demonstrated that more than 20 platelet proteins can be acylated with fatty acids via thioester linkages. These include the glycoprotein IX beta chain of glycoprotein Ib, components of the von Willebrand factor receptor on the platelet surface, P‐selectin, and α subunits of Gz, Gq, and Gi. Our studies have shown that platelet proteins can be posttranslationally acylated in thioester linkages not only with palmitate but with myristate and also with the eicosanoid precursor fatty acids arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate. Thioesterification of platelet proteins with fatty acids other than palmitate may have significant functional consequences for reversible binding of proteins to membranes.
n‐3 fatty acids decrease colonic epithelial cell proliferation in high‐risk bowel mucosa
Authors: Huang Yun‐Ching , Jessup J. Milburn , Forse R. Armour , Flickner Stacy , Pleskow Douglas , Anastopoulos Harry T. , Van Ritter  , Blackburn George L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe n‐3 fatty acids (C20∶5, eicosapentaenoic acid; C22∶6, docosahexaenoic, acid) may be important in the development, growth, and metastasis of colon cancer, a leading cause of death in North America. Patients who have had a bowel neoplasm have a high risk of developing a second neoplasm, and this risk is associated with a high percentage of cells correspond to the S phase of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labeling in mucosal epithelial cells. To determine the effect of n‐3 fatty acid supplementation on DNA synthesis of rectal mucosa, patients with stage 1 or stage 2 colon carcinoma or adenomatous polyps were randomized to consume either 9 g/d n‐3 fatty acid capsules or 9 g/d placebo capsules. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid analysis and proctoscopic mucosal biopsies were performed at baseline, 3, and 6 mon. Colonic crypts were isolated from the mucosa, disassociated with enzymes, and incubated with BrdUrd, and %S phase was measured by flow cytometry. The plasma phospholipid n‐6/n‐3 ratio was determined by gas chromatography. Supplement compliance was assessed by plasma phospholipid n‐6/n‐3 ratio. Mean capsule consumption in these two group was 82%. Prior to supplementation, there were no significant differences in the %S phase and the plasma n‐6/n‐3 ratio between these groups. Patients whose colonic epithelial cells indicated hyperproliferation at baseline showed a strongly positive correlation to the %S phase of BrdUrd uptake and the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. There was no significant change after n‐3 treatment in patients with low baseline. Those in the placebo group showed no significant difference in n‐6/n‐3 ratio, although there was an increase in the %S phase of BrdUrd uptake at 6 mon. The n‐3 group did not have significant side effects, and polyps were not found after completing 12 mon of n‐3 fatty acid supplementation. This study suggests that n‐3 fatty acid may be a useful chemopreventive agent in some patients as reflected in a plasma biomarker of colon tumor growth and metastasis. A low plasma phospholipid n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio may serve as a nutritional marker that is associated with colonic epithelial cell hyperproliferation in the n‐3‐supplemented group as compared with the placebo group. Characteristics of mucosal proliferation at baseline may be a crucial factor for the effect of n‐3 fatty acid supplementation.
Coulometric determination of organic acids
Authors: Crisler Robert O. , Conlon Ralph D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA system has been devised for the coulometric titration of organic acids in a non‐aqueous medium. The solvent system is benzene‐methanol, 1蝘1, containing LiCl as the electrolyte. The acid is titrated by reducing hydrogen ion at a platinum cathode. The anode reaction involves the formation of AgCl on silver. The endpoint is detected by an antimony‐glass electrode pair and the derivative of the electrode output is used to effect automatic current shut‐off. Alternative reference electrodes are discussed. Usual sample size titrated is 0.01 meq but the method can be applied to both larger and smaller amounts.The method has been applied to the determination of acid value and free fatty acid in fatty materials. The advantages of the coulometric determination are: 1) No standard solutions are required. 2) The titration is conducted without analyst attention. 3) The technique is simple and rapid.
Foam generation method for evaluating biodegradability
Authors: Bacon Leslie R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMechanization of a simple laboratory test for foam generation capacity has resulted in a sensitive research tool and a valuable method for investigating biodegradation of surfactants. By standardizing energy input, temperature and other parameters, very acceptably reproducible foam generation capacity and foam decay measurements are obtained.The method is suitable for organic materials capable of producing foams in aqueous solutions at very low concentrations such as 0.2舑30 mg/liter. It is particularly suitable for individual or mixed surfactants and detergent formulations but has broader scope. It is fully adaptable to River Dieaway and Shake Flask Culture biodegradation test procedures and probably to others. The working range of concentrations is substantially that of interest in studies of water pollution by surfactants, and extends well below that for which most physical and chemical methods are suited. The method is broader in application and in information gained than an analytical method alone can be. The two may but do not necessarily yield parallel results. Both examinations are desirable.
Preparation of the vinyl ester of the diels‐alder adduct of petroselinic acid and hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Authors: Moreau J. P. , Holmes R. L. , Sumrell G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVinyl 5‐(1,4,5,6,7,7‐hexachloro‐3‐undecylbicyclo [2.2.1]‐5‐hepten‐2‐yl)‐pentanoate [I] was prepared by the vinylation of the Diels‐Alder adduct ofcis‐6‐octadecenoic (petroselinic) acid and hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD). The HCCPD adduct of methyl petroselinate was also prepared, and distilled.
Analysis of α‐branched fatty acids by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Heller P. , Dooley C. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized in combination to identify isomeric α‐branched chain fatty acid methyl esters. In a given isomeric series equivalent chain length, values decreased with increase in the number and size of α‐alkyl substituents. Mass spectra of the α‐monoalkyl derivatives are characterized by prominent McLafferty rearrangement ion peaks, whereas those of the α,α‐dialkyl isomers contain the former ions plus an α‐cleavage ion.
Synthesis of 1,5‐dimethylalkanes, components of insect hydrocarbons
Authors: Sonnet P. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo general routes to 1,5‐dimethylalkanes were developed. One of these uses 5‐hydroxy‐2‐pentanone, the other 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, as a starting material. Although overall yields are only fair, the chemicals employed are inexpensive and the procedures are easily reproduced, thus making such compounds available for study.
Soap‐based detergent formulations. XVI. Surface active sulfosuccinimides
Authors: Micich T. J. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of sodium N‐alkylsulfosuccinimides and N‐acyloxymethylsulfosuccinimides were prepared by reaction of the corresponding N‐alkylmaleimides and N‐acyloxymethylmaleimides with sodium bisulfite in aqueous ethanol. The N‐alkylmaleimides were prepared by dehydration of N‐alkylmaleamic acids with acetic anhydride and fused sodium acetate. The N‐acyloxymethylmaleimides were obtained by reaction of an acyl chloride with N‐methylolmaleimide in a pyridine‐acetone solvent. The surface active properties of the sulfonated derivatives showed them to be efficient lime soap dispersing agents with good calcium ion stability but relatively high Krafft points. The 2 types of compounds exhibited similar detergency characteristics under the conditions employed and were generally comparable to the control on a cotton‐polyester blend when used alone and in a ternary formulation with soap and silicate builder on cotton test cloths.
Flavor and oxidative stability of northern‐grown sunflower seed oil
Authors: List G. R. , Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlavor and oxidative stabilities of a northern‐grown sunflower seed oil were investigated. Taste panel and oxidative evaluations were made on alkali‐refined, deodorized, unbleached samples treated with commercial antioxidant mixtures, phenolic antioxidants, metal scavengers and added trace metals. Similar evaluations were conducted on a sample of the same oil after bleaching. Commercial antioxidant mixtures containing both phenolic antioxidants and a metal scavenger improve the flavor and oxidative stabilities of refined unbleached oil. Although phenolic antioxidants alone improve oxidative stability as measured by the active oxygen method test, flavor stability did not improve significantly for antioxidant‐treated refined, unbleached samples after accelerated storage. Conversely, alkali‐refined and bleached sunflower oil responded to treatment with certain phenolic antioxidants. Although iron and copper are deleterious to oil stability at concentrations of 0.1 ppm, such metal‐inactivating agents as citric acid are effective in improving flavor stability.
The oxidation of 9:10 diketostearic acid by peracetic acid (baeyer and villiger reaction)
Authors: Grindley D. N. , El Sarrag S. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDiketostearic acid 9:10 is readily and speedily oxidized by peracetic acid, at low temperatures to high yields of azaleic acid and nonanoic acids.
Interpretation of various assays for vitamin a in margarine
Authors: Lehman Robert W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen margarine is fortified with all‐trans vitamin A the assay result, whether obtained by colorimetry or spectrophotometry, should be the same as the biological potency. This paper reports the effects to be expected on each method of assay by some commercial sources of vitamin A that containcis‐isomers. In most cases the biological potencies are less than the potencies predicted by physicochemical procedures. Methods are presented to calculate the extent of assay differences introduced by thesecis‐isomers. Different commercial sources of vitamin A, in an amount required for 15,000 舠biological舡 units, would give values ranging from 15,200 to 20,800 units by 舠blue‐color舡 assay, from 15,100 to 19,000 units by uncorrected extinction coefficient, and from 15,000 to 18,000 units by the USP XVI assay.
Nonlinear Transport of Wigner Solid on Superfluid 3He–A
Authors: Ikegami Hiroki , Kono Kimitoshi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Electrons trapped on the surface of liquid helium form the Wigner solid accompanied with the periodic surface deformation (dimple lattice). Because of the soft surface, the Wigner solid shows unique nonlinear transport properties. Here we present the results of the nonlinear transport measurements of the Wigner solid on the superfluid 3He A phase at temperatures down to 200 μK in a magnetic field of 0.363 Tesla. The transition from linear to nonlinear behavior is observed as increasing the driving voltage. This behavior is very similar to those previously observed in the B phase and normal phase, and attributable to the deformation of the dimple shape caused by the strong damping of liquid 3He.
ATF5 promotes cell survival through transcriptional activation of Hsp27 in H9c2 cells
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Lin Guiting , Zhang Zhiwen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe activating transcription factor (ATF) family comprises a group of basic region‐leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, which have roles in development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Here we described that ATF5 could promote cell survival in heat shock stress and identified that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as one of its target gene related to cell survival. The ectopic expression of ATF5 could significantly increase cell tolerance to elevated temperature and the CRE motif played an important role in upregulating Hsp27 gene promoter activity by ATF5. Also, inhibition of Hsp27 expression by RNAi could increase cell death in ATF5 ectopic expressing cells, indicating that Hsp27 involved in ATF5 mediated cell survival. Taken together, our results indicated that ATF5 promoted H9c2 cell survival in heat shock stress at least through activation of Hsp27.
Physician observations and perceptions of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A multinational, cross-sectional survey
Authors: Lecrubier Yves , Perry Richard , Milligan Gary , Leeuwenkamp Oscar , Morlock Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurposeTo describe physicians' observations and perceptions of patients with schizophrenia and to obtain information about antipsychotic prescribing practices.MethodsPsychiatrists in the United States and five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) who prescribed antipsychotics for ≥15 patients with schizophrenia within the preceding 3 months provided data on their patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and their antipsychotic prescribing practices and drug attributes influencing treatment choice.ResultsData were collected from 872 physicians on 6523 patients (85% European, 15% US). Most patients were aged 25–44 years, 63% were men, and 66% were outpatients. About 50% of patients were moderately to grossly dysfunctional; about 50% were unemployed; 34% and 75% were taking conventional or atypical antipsychotics, respectively. Frequently identified positive symptoms included delusions (73%), disordered thought (59%), and hallucinations (59%); common negative symptoms included social withdrawal (54%), impoverished thought (39%), and blunted affect (38%). Reasons for antipsychotic selection included efficacy for positive (90%) or negative symptoms (62%) and tolerability (47%). Inadequate control was reported more frequently for negative (71–77%) than positive (47–60%) symptoms. Adverse events included sedation, weight gain, and extrapyramidal symptoms.ConclusionsIn this large, multinational, cross-sectional survey, physicians reported that positive symptoms were more common than negative symptoms. Treatment for positive symptoms was more successful than that for negative symptoms, with physicians considering treatment inadequate for >70% of patients with negative symptoms.
Haem and non-haem iron intake through 17 years of adult life of a British Birth Cohort
Authors: Johnston J. , Prynne C. J. , Stephen A. M. , Wadsworth M. E. J. 
Published: May 2007

An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of haem and non-haem Fe of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5-d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total Fe, haem and non-haem Fe, by year, gender and food source. There were significant changes in total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe intake over the three time points. Total Fe intake was significantly higher in 1989 than in 1982 or 1999 for both men and women but haem Fe was significantly lower in 1999 mainly due to a 40 % fall in haem Fe from beef during this period. Haem Fe from processed meats fell by more than 50 % between 1989 and 1999 but that from poultry rose by more than 50 %. Cereal foods remained the most important source of non-haem Fe and the contribution from breakfast cereals rose relative to that of bread over the 17 years. Several factors could be responsible for these changes, particularly the importance of the epidemic of BSE from 1990. The possible advantages of a lower haem Fe intake in older subjects are discussed.
Angiomyoma of buccal vestibule: a rare case with a normal karyotype
Authors: Manor E , Sion-Vardy N , Nash M , Bodner L 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAngiomyoma is an uncommon, benign, soft tissue tumour characterised by bundles of smooth muscle cells intermixed with numerous vascular channels, which usually develops in the lower extremities. Oral manifestations are quite rare. Most oral cases occur in the lips and tongue; angiomyoma affecting the buccal vestibule is very rare. A case of angiomyoma in the buccal vestibule with a normal karyotype is reported.