bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a genetic cline in earwax types in the Middle East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. , Pingle Urmila , Petrakis Steven J. , Petrakis Susan L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData obtained on cerumen types in the Middle East and Southeast Asia indicate frequencies for the dry allele that are intermediate between previously reported high values in the northern Orient and low values in Caucasian and Negro populations. This evidence in combination with previously existing data reveals a genetic cline in earwax types in this part of the world.
New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya. II
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEight specimens, attributed to Homo, from East Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include two well preserved mandibles and a smaller mandibular fragment, a maxillary fragment, an associated talus and tibial fragment and collections of isolated teeth. Each specimen is described and the important ones are illustrated. These descriptions are not intended to be exhaustive; comparative studies and the results of more detailed examination of the material will be published in a monograph.
Maximum aerobic power and body composition in healthy East African older male and female subjects
Authors: Davies C. T. M. , Van Haaren J. P. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship of body size and composition to maximum aerobic power output during work on a bicycle ergometer has been examined in older African subjects divided into three groups: Active men and inactive men and women. Comparison is made with similar data obtained on young African subjects (Davies, Mbelwa, Crockford and Weiner, '73).The results show that in the older men and women, in contrast to the young African subjects, there was complete lack of association between physiological function and body size and structure. In this latter group max was completely independent of body weight, lean body mass, and estimates of leg muscle volume. These findings confirm and extend the work of Davies ('72b) on Europeans and suggest that the main determinant of aerobic power output in older men irrespective of ethnic origin is more closely related to transport and utilization of O2 within a given active muscle mass than to the total quantity of muscle available to perform the work.
Gm and Inv allotypes of some Sidamo Ethiopians
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne hundred and forty serum samples from Ethiopians from three tribes of the Sidamo group were tested for their Gm and Inv phenotypes. The Gm antigens 1,2,3,5,6,13,14,21 were determined on all samples, and Gm(15) and Gm(16) were determined on selected samples. All samples were tested for Inv(1), and those positive for Inv(1) were tested for Inv(3).The samples fall into 18 Gm phenotypes and require seven haplotypes to explain them. The data indicate that these Ethiopians have Negroid, Caucasoid, and Bushmanoid ancestry, with the latter constituting a relatively small proportion of the ancestry and the former two contributing about equally to the remainder.The data are consistent with the conclusions of cultural anthropologists.
Violence and behavior: A Symposium on the origins of man's inhumanity to man
Authors: Paddock John , Genovés Santiago 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological and social scientists met to consider violence as a form of human behavior. Rather than conflicting conclusions, what emerged was a set of hypotheses — some of long standing, others new — that tended to fit together and form a coherent, if still far from complete, picture in spite of the striking diversity of disciplines and methods represented. Not for the first time, but with unusual force, the old idea of heredity versus experience as determing behavior was exposed as now quite useless. In its place are specific new formulations of how heredity and experience interact in determining human behavior, violent or not.
The fossil evidence of anthropoid brain evolution
Authors: Radinsky Leonard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe endocast of Aegyptopithecus, a 27 million year old ape, reveals that its brain was advanced over that of prosimians and comparable to that of modern anthropoids in relative size and in having expanded visual cortex, reduced olfactory bulbs, and a central sulcus separating primary somatic sensory and motor cortex. The early appearance of those features suggests that they may have been among the adaptations responsible for the evolution of anthropoids from prosimian ancestors. The frontal lobe was relatively smaller in Aegyptopithecus than in modern anthropoids. An endocast of Dolichocebus, one of the oldest known New World monkeys (25–30 million years old), reveals visual cortex expanded as in modern anthropoids. The 19 million year old Napak frontal bone displays a hominoid rather than cercopithecoid sulcal pattern. An 18 million year old endocast of the ape Dryopithecus (Proconsul) was neither monkey‐like nor primitive, as originally described, but rather apelike and essentially modern in all observable features. The oldest undoubted Old World monkey endocast, from nine million year old Mesopithecus, reveals that the brain was modern in sulcal pattern and proportions. The sulcal pattern was like that of modern colobines, but that appears to be the more primitive condition, from which features characteristic of modern cercopithecine brains have evolved. The brain of six million year old Libypithecus was similar to that of Mesopithecus. A two million year old endocast of “Dolichopithecus” arvernensis displays a modern cercopithecine sulcal pattern.
Some metric aspects of the permanent and deciduous dentition of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Johanson D. Carl 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA search of the literature reveals that odontological data on the pygmy chimpanzee is almost completely lacking. The great usefulness of such data for the interpretation of fossil pongids is recognized.This investigation presents some basic descriptive statistics of five crown dimensions of the permanent and deciduous teeth of the pygmy chimpanzee. A sample of 140 individuals (composed of males and females of all ages) was investigated.No marked degree of sexual dimorphism was noted in any of the measurements of the deciduous dentition. Only the permanent canine exhibited a significant degree of sexual dimorphism. In individuals showing pronounced dental wear it was observed that mesiodistal tooth dimensions were reduced as a result of dental wear.Statistical comparisons of dental dimensions between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes suggest significantly larger teeth for the latter species.
Connective tissue responses in Negroes in relation to disease
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that Negroes have a tendency toward overgrowth of those connective‐tissue components concerned with two functions—protection against infection (macrophages and plasma cells) and repair after injury (fibroblasts and their products). Thus, adaptation to the tropical environment in Africans may have involved a tendency toward connective‐tissue overgrowth, as well as hypertrophy of the pigmentary apparatus. Both tendencies may have consequences in terms of: (1) susceptibility to certain chronic diseases; and (2) responses to disease processes or drug therapies. Some of these possible consequences are discussed.
Child growth and adult physique in Brazilian Xingu Indians
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B. , Salzano F. M. , De Lima P. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on stature, sitting height, biacromial width, and some other body measurements on 267 children and 363 adults of the Xingu Indians of Brazil have been analyzed. Adult height shows no significant decrease with age over an age range of 20–50 years, thus indicating the absence of secular changes. The average Xingu child seems to be around the twenty‐fifth to fiftieth centile for height of British children (if our age estimates are correct) until about ten years in girls and 14 years in boys, but ends at below the third British centile as an adult. In sitting height, however, the Indians show substantially lower values, with children being at about the fifteenth centile until ten years in girls and 14 years in boys, while the adults are considerably below the British third centile. Other comparisons show that the Xingu are taller than Surinam Indians although of similar shoulder width.The lack of anthropometric data concerning South American Indian adults, and more especially children has been stressed. Investigations of these populations facing rapid acculturation and possible assimilation will form a baseline for the future work in public health as contacts with non‐Indians increase.
Observations on the dentition of the Indriidae
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA review of the literature reveals a long history of disagreement on the interpretation of the lower deciduous and permanent dentition of the Indriidae. This disagreement has centered on the existence and/or replacement of a canine as a member of the indriid toothcomb. The presence of a pair of canines in the toothcomb of lemurids and lorisids has rarely been questioned, and there is no evidence to indicate that this interpretation is incorrect. There has, however, been no consistency nor substantiating evidence presented for any interpretation of the indriid toothcomb.By comparing the morphology of the teeth of the lemurid, lorisid, and indriid toothcomb, both deciduous and permanent, comparing the mode of dental development in these three families, identifying the indriid lower deciduous dentition, and by relating the data to an ontogenetic and phylogenetic framework, this study proposes: (1) in all three families, the lateral teeth of the toothcomb are canines, (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 1.1.4, (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 1.1.2.3, and (4) that decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was most likely I1 to I2 to I3.
Population studies on Southwestern Indian Tribes. IV. The Zuni
Authors: Workman P. L. , Niswander J. D. , Brown K. S. , Leyshon W. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Zuni Indians of west‐central New Mexico have been relatively isolated since their foundation by an amalgamation of individuals from different southwestern cultural areas during the Regressive Pueblo period (c.1200–1350 A.D.). Genetic analysis revealed a high frequency of blood type B in both young (0.06) and old (0.05) Zuni, but at 14 other blood group and serum protein loci, allelic frequencies including A (0.011) and Rh negative (0.001) were generally similar to those of other relatively unmixed southwestern Indian tribes. Consideration of Zuni history and demography since Spanish contact in 1540, together with genetic analyses, suggest that the high B frequency probably derives from intermixture with a small number of B, Rh positive non‐Indians in the early post contact period. Genetic differentiation among four southwestern tribes, Zuni, Pima, Papago and Maricopa, was summarized by kinship analysis. Approximately 70% of the inter‐tribal genetic variation could be explained by the geographic distances among these groups showing that isolation by distance has been the most important factor in determining the pattern of regional genetic differentiation.
Physical growth and development, neurological maturation, and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. II. PTC Taste sensitivity and neurological maturation
Authors: Greene Lawrence S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPTC (phenylthiocarbamide) taste sensitivity was correlated with a measure of visual‐motor maturation in children six to 15 years of age in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and cretinism are endemic. The children in one population received injections of iodine in oil IM in 1966 while the children in the other population did not.The correlations between PTC taste sensitivity and visual‐motor maturation were significant in both sex groups in the non‐iodized population, but not in the iodized population. There was also a significant increase in taste sensitivity with age in the non‐iodized, but not the iodized, population. The data support the hypothesis that the sensitive “tasters” of PTC limit their ingestion of naturally occurring goitrogens and are at an adaptive advantage with respect to the less sensitive “tasters” and “non‐tasters” in this area in which iodine intake is low and the consumption of food crops containing naturally occurring goitrogens is high.
Blood groups of Roms (Gypsies) in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Bernasovský I. , Suchý J. , Bernasovská K. , Vargová T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood groups in 2,935 Roms (Gypsies) of East Slovakia show the following frequencies of phenotypes and genes: A1A2BO phenotypes: A1 — 32.91%, A2 — 2.42%, B — 25.21%, O — 30.15%, A1B — 8.45%, A2B — 0.85%, A1 — 0.2363, A2 — 0.0217, B — 0.1929, O — 0.5491. MN phenotypes: M — 27.16%, MN — 51.60%, N — 21.23%; m — 0.5297, n — 0.4703. RH phenotypes: Rh positive — 89.54%, Rh negative — 10.46%; Rh – (D) — 0.6766, Rh (d) 0.3234. The frequencies are contrasted with those of other inhabitants, non‐Roms of East Slovakia.
Functional patterns of molar occlusion in platyrrhine primates
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Kinzey Warren G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMechanico‐functional features of molar form were studied in Callithrix, Alouatta, Pithecia and Cebus. Molars of Callithrix and Alouatta are adapted to loading foods under relatively high occlusal pressure; those of Pithecia and Cebus, under relatively low occlusal pressure. General functional considerations suggest that these taxa are adapted to insectivorous, folivorous, frugivorous and omnivorous diets, respectively. The physical properties of foods, principally mechanical strength and deformability, determine the selective pressures involved in the evolutionary adaptation of molar form. A dietary classification based upon percentages of foods eaten does not always reflect morphological adaptations. Homologous parts of teeth and homologous parts of the masticatory cycle do not always subserve equivalent functions. The relevance of functional occlusal analysis for deciphering phylogeny and explaining evolutionary grades is stressed.
Wear striations on the incisors of ceropithecid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference
Authors: Walker Phillip L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWear striations on the incisors of Old World monkeys were examined in order to determine associations between the distributions of striations, diet, and habitat preference. Significant differences exist between the Cercopithe‐cinae and the Colobinae in respect to the orientation of incisor wear striations. In the Colobinae striations are oriented in a predominantly mesiodistal direction. In the Cercopithecinae striations usually have a labiolingual orientation. Comparisons of terrestrial and arboreal genera indicate that significant differences exist between the two groups in respect to the density of striations on the oc‐clusal wear facets of maxillary central incisors. Arboreal and terrestrial monkeys also differ in the frequency of individual incisor wear facets completely devoid of wear striations.
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
Authors: Himes John H. , Martorell Reynaldo , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Yarbrough Charles , Malina Robert M. , Klein Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while girls have greater age specific mean cortical thickness and percent cortical area than boys. When the effects of stature, weight and age are removed boys still have significantly larger periosteal and medullary diameters and less cortical thickness and percent cortical area than girls. These differences between boys and girls therefore cannot be explained by sex differences in body size. However, no sex differences in cortical area remain after accounting for differences in stature, weight and age.
The Caribou Eskimo: General and specific disease
Authors: Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReported here are two forms of skeletal pathology identified in an inclusive sample of Caribou Eskimo skeletons. Harris Lines, nonspecific indicators of stress, show marked periodicity in approximately one‐half of the observable adults. This pattern is interpreted as the result of a recurrent, annual stress cycle, perhaps attributable to late winter famine.A second form of pathological change comprises resorptive lesions primarily localized in the spinal column and infrequently found on articular surfaces of the appendicular skeleton. Differential diagnosis is developed utilizing attributes of lesion form, lesion distribution, and epidemiology. Emphasis is placed upon deriving objective models which reflect disease in the absence of modern medical intervention. Major forms of pathology known to produce vertebral lesions are included. The model which best fits the Caribou Eskimo data is that of tuberculosis.
New hominids from East Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThirty‐five new fossil hominid specimens are described. They were recovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Turkana (formerly Lake Rudolf). They include cranial and mandibular parts, teeth, and postcranial bones of upper and lower limbs. Parts of a single skeleton are also described.All of the specimens are described in anatomical detail and selected measurements are given. Some of the specimens are illustrated. It is proposed that they should be attributed to the family Hominidae, with genus and species undetermined until detailed comparative studies have been undertaken.
Digital dermatoglyphics of three caste groups of Mysore
Authors: Basu Arabinda 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis of digital pattern types and digital ridge counts was made for samples of three endogamous Mysore castes, viz., Lingayat, Vokkaliga and Adi Karnataka. The pattern types exhibit significant variations between Lingayat and Vokkaliga, and between Adi Karnataka and Vokkaliga, though, in general, distributional trend of the three principal pattern types are of the same order in all the three castes, having high frequency of loops, moderate whorls and low arches. In pattern types, differences between sexes are highly significant.The total ridge count (TRC) in both males and females is lower in the Adi Karnataka than in the Lingayat and Vokkaliga and the same holds good for the counts on each hand. Bimanual differences among the groups are small, and left hand counts in almost all the digits are consistently smaller than those of the right hand in all the castes irrespective of sex. TRC differences between sexes are not significant.It is striking that by contrast with the pattern type frequency data very little difference among the three Mysore castes emerges from the analysis of finger quantitative features, i.e., in total ridge count and pattern intensity index. Overall finger pattern frequencies of the present caste samples fit generally with those observed in other caste groups of Mysore but differ from the frequencies in Madras samples.
The phylogeny and ontogeny of humeral torsion
Authors: Krahl Vernon E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a series of specimens extending from fossil material through recent vertebrates including man there occurs a gradual phylogenetic increase in the degree of humeral torsion. A further (ontogenetic) torsion is superimposed upon the phylogenetic one in man which increases from birth until the proximal epiphysial cartilage of the humerus disappears and bony fusion occurs. There is a distinct correlation between the calculated strength of humeral rotator muscles inserting above and below the proximal epiphysis; this suggests that they provide the forces involved in the production of humeral torsion. It is shown that ontogenetic or secondary torsion occurs proximally and not along the shaft of the bone.Differences in the degree of humeral torsion in either sex of adult Whites and Negroes are given and discussed.
Anterior femoral curvature: Its probable basis and utility as a criterion of racial assessment
Authors: Gilbert B. Miles 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) indicated that while the metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature alone will not always differentiate between Whites, American Negroes, and North American Indians, it was very useful as a racial criterion in combination with observed traits such as torsion, pilastry, and cross‐sectional shape.Seven additional North American Indian groups reported here, representing both pre‐Columbian and post‐contact times, upheld the observation that anterior femoral curvature is a useful feature of racial assessment for Negroes, Whites and North American Indians. However, two South American groups studied (Ecuador and Peru) were only slightly more curved than American Negroes, and were less curved than Whites and North American Indians. The metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature therefore is not a useful feature of racial assessment for separating these two South American Indian groups from Whites and American Negroes.Femora of American Negro and White individuals with low ponderal indices were found to be less bowed than the norms for their race; individuals with high ponderal indices were more bowed than the norm for their race. The assumed genetic basis for expression of anterior femoral curvature suggested by Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) seems to be a feature of human plastic response to body weight rather than to temporal, clinal, postural or equestrian influences.
Postpleistocene evolution of the brain?
Authors: Schwidetzky I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe number of extraneurons (Nc) has been calculated with the formulae of Jerison ('63) for prehistoric population samples to check the hypothesis that Nc may not only increase by increasing of cranial capacity but also by decreasing of body‐weight (gracilisation). Body weight of skeletal populations has been estimated by the formula of Debetz ('67).Samples from the Western part of Europe and Egypt support the hypothesis, but Eastern europoid samples display opposite relations: Nc increases with robusticity. It seems (as Jerison already suggested) that Nc is no measurement of the level of behavior in the populations of H. sapiens; but it may point towards allometric differences between West and East, which are also known for other characters.