bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian Velocity Correlations and Absolute Dispersion in the Midlatitude Troposphere
Authors: Sukhatme Jai 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Employing daily wind data from the ECMWF, passive particle advection is performed to estimate the Lagrangian velocity correlation functions (LVCF) associated with the midlatitude tropospheric flow. In particular, the velocity field is decomposed into time mean and transient (or eddy) components to better understand the nature of the LVCFs. A closely related quantity, the absolute dispersion (AD), is also examined.
Given the anisotropy of the flow, meridional and zonal characteristics are considered separately. The zonal LVCF is seen to be nonexponential. In fact, for intermediate time scales it can either be interpreted as a power law of the form τ−α with 0 &lt; α &lt; 1 or as the sum of exponentials with differing time scales—both interpretations being equivalent. More importantly the long time correlations in the zonal flow result in a superdiffusive zonal AD regime. On the other hand, the meridional LVCF decays rapidly to zero. Before approaching zero the meridional LVCF shows a region of negative correlation—a consequence of the presence of planetary-scale Rossby waves. As a result the meridional AD, apart from showing the classical asymptotic ballistic and diffusive regimes, displays transient subdiffusive behavior.
Mesoscale Modeling of Springtime Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratiform Clouds Using a New Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme
Authors: Morrison H. , Pinto J. O. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A new two-moment bulk microphysics scheme is implemented into the polar version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate arctic mixed-phase boundary layer stratiform clouds observed during Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE). The microphysics scheme predicts the number concentrations and mixing ratios of four hydrometeor species (cloud droplets, small ice, rain, snow) and includes detailed treatments of droplet activation and ice nucleation from a prescribed distribution of aerosol obtained from observations. The model is able to reproduce many features of the observed mixed-phase cloud, including a near-adiabatic liquid water content profile located near the top of a well-mixed boundary layer, droplet number concentrations of about 200–250 cm−3 that were distributed fairly uniformly through the depth of the cloud, and continuous light snow falling from the cloud base to the surface. The impacts of droplet and ice nucleation, radiative transfer, turbulence, large-scale dynamics, and vertical resolution on the simulated mixed-phase stratiform cloud are examined. The cloud layer is largely self-maintained through strong cloud-top radiative cooling that exceeds 40 K day−1. It persists through extended periods of downward large-scale motion that tend to thin the layer and reduce water contents. Droplet activation rates are highest near cloud base, associated with subgrid vertical motion that is diagnosed from the predicted turbulence kinetic energy. A sensitivity test neglecting subgrid vertical velocity produces only weak activation and small droplet number concentrations (&lt;90 cm−3). These results highlight the importance of parameterizing the impact of subgrid vertical velocity to generate local supersaturation for aerosol-droplet closure. The primary ice nucleation mode in the simulated mixed-phase cloud is contact freezing of droplets. Sensitivity tests indicate that the assumed number and size of contact nuclei can have a large impact on the evolution and characteristics of mixed-phase cloud, especially the partitioning of condensate between droplets and ice.
Atmospheric Factors Governing Banded Orographic Convection
Authors: Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Durran Dale R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of shallow orographic convection is investigated through simulations performed with a cloud-resolving numerical model. In moist flows that overcome a given topographic barrier to form statically unstable cap clouds, the organization of the convection depends on both the atmospheric structure and the mechanism by which the convection is initiated. Convection initiated by background thermal fluctuations embedded in the flow over a smooth mountain (without any small-scale topographic features) tends to be cellular and disorganized except that shear-parallel bands may form in flows with strong unidirectional vertical shear. The development of well-organized bands is favored when there is weak static instability inside the cloud and when the dry air surrounding the cloud is strongly stable. These bands move with the flow and distribute their cumulative precipitation evenly over the mountain upslope.
Similar shear-parallel bands also develop in flows where convection is initiated by small-scale topographic noise superimposed onto the main mountain profile, but in this case stronger circulations are also triggered that create stationary rainbands parallel to the low-level flow. This second dominant mode, which is less sensitive to the atmospheric structure and the strength of forcing, is triggered by lee waves that form over small-scale topographic bumps near the upstream edge of the main orographic cloud. Due to their stationarity, these flow-parallel bands can produce locally heavy precipitation amounts.
Downward Control from the Lower Stratosphere?
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus-Peter 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The concept of downward control proposes a mechanism for the impact of the stratospheric circulation on the troposphere. Momentum forcing at upper-stratospheric levels induces a meridional circulation that eventually reaches the surface. So far, a lack of sufficiently accurate data hindered an observational test of this downward propagation. The concept is extended in this paper by looking at the effect of angular momentum forcing in prescribed regions in the lower stratosphere on the tropospheric circulation. In that case, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Project (ERA) data can be used to investigate the atmospheric response to forcing in a prescribed domain. It is found that these forcing events are quite short lived and that angular momentum flux convergence in the prescribed domain is highly correlated with convergence outside this forcing area. Typically, these fields of convergence and also divergence extend to the surface in a quasibarotropic manner outside the Tropics. This structure of the forcing is not compatible with the assumptions of the downward control concept. The observed related meridional circulation therefore differs widely from that predicted. In particular, there is no obvious descent of the circulation to the ground. Even so, such forcing events are accompanied by an intensive exchange of angular momentum between stratosphere and troposphere. The confinement of the forcing to the selected forcing domain is reasonably strict in the Tropics. A relatively narrow tongue of angular momentum is growing at the equator underneath the forcing area. Frictional torques play a role in this development. Altogether, the forcing events as selected involve a strong angular momentum exchange between stratosphere and troposphere but are not suited for a test of the downward control concept. Alternatives are discussed.
The Structure and Evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part I: Symmetric Intensification
Authors: Corbosiero Kristen L. , Molinari John , Black Michael L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
One of the most complete aircraft reconnaissance and ground-based radar datasets of a single tropical cyclone was recorded in Hurricane Elena (1985) as it made a slow, 3-day anticyclonic loop in the Gulf of Mexico. Eighty-eight radial legs and 47 vertical incidence scans were collected aboard NOAA WP-3D aircraft, and 1142 ground-based radar scans were made of Elena’s eyewall and inner rainbands as the storm intensified from a disorganized category 2 to an intense category 3 hurricane. This large amount of continuously collected data made it possible to examine changes that occurred in Elena’s inner-core symmetric structure as the storm intensified.
On the first day of study, Elena was under the influence of vertical wind shear from an upper-tropospheric trough to the west. The storm was disorganized, with no discernable eyewall and nearly steady values of tangential wind and relative vorticity. Early on the second day of study, a near superposition and constructive interference occurred between the trough and Elena, coincident with upward vertical velocities and the radial gradient of reflectivity becoming concentrated around the 30-km radius. Once an inner wind maximum and eyewall developed, the radius of maximum winds contracted and a sharp localized vorticity maximum emerged, with much lower values on either side. This potentially unstable vorticity profile was accompanied by a maximum in equivalent potential temperature in the eyewall, deeper and stronger inflow out to 24 km from the eyewall, and mean outflow toward the eyewall from the eye.
Within 6–12 h, intensification came to an end and Elena began to slowly weaken. Vorticity and equivalent potential temperature at 850 hPa showed indications of prior mixing between the eye and eyewall. During the weakening stage, an outflow jet developed at the eyewall radius. A strong 850-hPa updraft accompanied the outflow jet, yet convection was less active aloft than before. This feature appeared to represent a shallow, outward-sloping updraft channel associated with the spindown of the storm.
The Sensitivity of Simulated Storm Structure, Intensity, and Precipitation Efficiency to Environmental Temperature
Authors: McCaul Eugene W. , Cohen Charles , Kirkpatrick Cody 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPrior parameter space studies of simulated deep convection are extended to embrace shifts in the environmental temperature. Within the context of the parameter space study design, shifts in this environmental temperature are roughly equivalent to changes in the ambient precipitable water (PW). Two series of simulations are conducted: one in a warm environmental regime that is associated with approximately 60 mm of precipitable water, and another with temperatures 8°C cooler, so that PW is reduced to roughly 30 mm. The sets of simulations include tests of the impact of changes in the buoyancy and shear profile shapes and of changes in mixed- and moist layer depths, all of which have been shown to be important in prior work. Simulations discussed here also feature values of surface-based pseudoadiabatic convective available potential energy (CAPE) of 800, 2000, or 3200 J kg−1, and a single semicircular hodograph having a radius of 12 m s−1, but with variable vertical shear.The simulations reveal a consistent trend toward stronger peak updraft speeds for the cooler temperature (reduced PW) cases, when the other environmental parameters are held constant. Roughly comparable increases in updraft speeds are noted for all combinations of mixed- and moist layer depths. These increases in updraft strength evidently result from both the reduction of condensate loading aloft and the lower altitudes at which the latent heat release by freezing and deposition commences in the cooler, low-PW environments. As expected, maximum storm precipitation rates tend to diminish as PW is decreased, but only slightly, and by amounts not proportionate to the decrease in PW. The low-PW cases thus actually feature larger environment-relative precipitation efficiency than do the high-PW cases. In addition, more hail reaches the surface in the low-PW cases because of reduced melting in the cooler environments. Although these experiments were designed to feature specified amounts of pseudoadiabatic CAPE, it appears that reversible CAPE provides a more accurate prediction of updraft strength, at least for the storms discussed here.
On Ensemble Prediction Using Singular Vectors Started from Forecasts
Authors: Leutbecher Martin 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The impact on the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System of using singular vectors computed from 12-h forecasts instead of analyses has been studied. Results are based on 34 cases in November–December 1999 and 28 cases in September 2003. The similarity between singular vectors started from a 12-h forecast and singular vectors started from an analysis is very high for the extratropical singular vectors in each of the 62 cases and for both hemispheres. Consistently, ensemble scores and spread measures show close to neutral impact on geopotential height in the extratropics. The sensitivity of the singular vectors to the choice of trajectory is larger in the Tropics than in the extratropics. However, the spread in tropical cyclone tracks is not significantly decreased if singular vectors computed from 12-h forecasts are used.
The computation of singular vectors from forecasts could be used to disseminate the ensemble forecasts earlier or to allocate more resources to the nonlinear forecasts. Furthermore, it greatly facilitates the implementation of computationally more demanding configurations for the singular-vector-based initial perturbations.
Evaluation of Surface Sensible Weather Forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the Western United States
Authors: Cheng William Y. Y. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
An evaluation of the surface sensible weather forecasts using high-density observations provided by the MesoWest cooperative networks illustrates the performance characteristics of the Cooperative Institute for Regional Prediction (CIRP) Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and the Eta Models over the western United States during the 2003 warm season (June–August). In general, CIRP WRF produced larger 2-m temperature and dewpoint mean absolute and bias errors (MAEs and BEs, respectively) than the Eta. CIRP WRF overpredicted the 10-m wind speed, whereas the Eta exhibited an underprediction with a comparable error magnitude to CIRP WRF. Tests using the Oregon State University (OSU) Land Surface Model (LSM) in CIRP WRF, instead of a simpler slab-soil model, suggest that using a more sophisticated LSM offers no overall advantage in reducing WRF BEs and MAEs for the aforementioned surface variables. Improvements in the initialization of soil temperature in the slab-soil model, however, did reduce the temperature bias in CIRP WRF. These results suggest that improvements in LSM initialization may be as or more important than improvements in LSM physics. A concerted effort must be undertaken to improve both the LSM initialization and parameterization of coupled land surface–boundary layer processes to produce more accurate surface sensible weather forecasts.
Galectin-3 interacts with naïve and primed neutrophils, inducing innate immune responses
Authors: Nieminen Julie , St-Pierre Christian , Sato Sachiko 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe neutrophil is the first line of defense against infection. As a part of the innate immune response, neutrophils start to emigrate from blood to an affected site and their state is altered from passively circulating naïve to primed, and then to fully activated. The extent of neutrophil activation and their subsequent response varies depending on the stimuli and environment that neutrophils encounter. Because neutrophils can also induce deleterious effects on host tissues, tight regulation of recruitment and functions of neutrophils is required for efficient recovery. Galectin-3, a soluble β-galactoside binding protein, of which expression is up-regulated during inflammation/infection, is suggested to be involved in various inflammatory responses. However, the precise roles of this lectin in innate immunity remain unknown, while it has been demonstrated that galectin-3 binds to naïve and primed neutrophils. Here we report that galectin-3 can induce L-selectin shedding and interleukin-8 production in naïve and primed neutrophils. These activities were shown to be dependent on the presence of the C-terminal lectin domain and the N-terminal nonlectin domain of galectin-3, which is involved in oligomerization of this lectin. We also found that, after galectin-3 binds to neutrophils, primed but not naïve neutrophils can cleave galectin-3, mainly through elastase, which results in the formation of truncated galectin-3 lacking the N-terminal domain. Together, these results suggest that galectin-3 activates naïve and primed neutrophils, and galectin-3-activated primed neutrophils have an ability to inactivate galectin-3.
Social fragmentation, deprivation and urbanicity: relation to first-admission rates for psychoses
Authors: Allardyce Judith , Gilmour Harper , Atkinson Jacqueline , Rapson Tracey , Bishop Jennifer , McCreadie R. G. 
Published: October 2005

BackgroundSocial disorganisation, fragmentation and isolation have long been posited as influencing the rate of psychoses at area level. Measuring such societal constructs is difficult. A census-based index measuring social fragmentation has been proposed.AimsTo investigate the association between first-admission rates for psychosis and area-based measures of social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/rural index.MethodWe used indirect standardisation methods and logistic regression models to examine associations of social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/rural categories with first admissions for psychoses in Scotland for the 5-year period 1989–1993ResultsAreas characterised by high social fragmentation had higher first-ever admission rates for psychosis independent of deprivation and urban/rural status. There was a dose–response relationship between social fragmentation category and first-ever admission rates for psychosis. There was no statistically significant interaction between social fragmentation, deprivation and urban/ rural index.ConclusionsFirst-admission rates are strongly associated with measures of social fragmentation, independent of material deprivation and urban/rural category.
Heroin dependence in an English town: 33-year follow-up
Authors: Rathod Nehkant H. , Addenbrooke W. Mary , Rosenbach Alan F. 
Published: October 2005

BackgroundThere has been no long-term study of people addicted to injected heroin who have been treated without the prescribing of substitute opioids.AimsTo investigate the outcome for patients treated for injected heroin addiction 33 years after they were first seen, and 26 years after they were first followed up, in terms of sustained abstinence, continuing maintenance on methadone and deaths.MethodEighty-six people with heroin addiction first seen in 1966–1967 in a small town in the south-east of England were located and their clinical state assessed using multiple sources, including personal interviews with a proportion of the cohort.ResultsForty-two per cent of the cohort had been abstinent for at least 10 years; 10% were taking methadone and were classified as addicted; and 22% had died. Eight per cent of the cohort could not be located.ConclusionsResults proved favourable in the above three parameters compared with other long-term studies.
Adherence to guidelines for treatment of depression in in-patients
Authors: Schneider Frank , Härter Martin , Brand Silke , Sitta Petra , Menke Ralph , Hammer-Filipiak Ursula , Kudling Ralf , Heindl Andrea , Herold Kurt , Frommberger Ulrich , Elmer Olivier , Hetzel Günter , Witt Gabriele , Wolfersdorf Manfred , Berger Mathias , Gaebel Wolfgang 
Published: October 2005

BackgroundAdherence to treatment guidelines enhances treatment outcome. However, in clinical practice many patients with depression do not receive appropriate treatment.AimsTo evaluate the treatment of depression in in-patients of German psychiatric hospitals with respect to treatment outcome and adherence to guidelines.MethodWe recruited 1202 in-patients with depression from ten different hospitals. Quality data concerning treatment were collected at admission, during the treatment course and at discharge.ResultsThe level of depression was significantly decreased and most patients were satisfied with treatment. Many aspects of the treatment routine adhered to guideline recommendations. Adherence to guidelines could be improved with respect to adjustment of antidepressant dosage, reduction of benzodiazepine prescription, enhanced use of electroconvulsive therapy and wider use of interpersonal therapy.ConclusionsThe study reveals a high standard of psychiatric treatment of in-patients with depression. Nevertheless there is still room for improvement. Differences between hospitals in adherence to guidelines indicates the need for individual application of quality management tools.
Naturalistic audit of NICE criteria for the use of cholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Simpson Steve , Beavis Diane , Leddy Adrian , Ball Sue , Johnson Ian 
Published: October 2005

Aims and MethodIn 2001 the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) produced guidance for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. NICE encourages the withdrawal of medication when the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score reaches 12 and advises against the treatment of patients with cholinesterase inhibitors if the MMSE score is below 12. Most health authorities have rigorously enforced these guidelines, which has put old age psychiatrists in a difficult position. Our prospective 12 week audit of consecutive patients examines the response to treatment of patients treated both in accordance with and outside of NICE criteria. We also investigated the effect of stopping the medication according to NICE's recommendation.ResultsOur results suggest that patients outside the NICE criteria respond better than those within the criteria. More disturbingly, when the medication was stopped owing to the MMSE score falling below 12, we found a very high mortality rate (5 out of 25, 20%) or acute deterioration (12 out of 25, 48%). This suggests that the medication is beneficial in the later stages and should not be stopped purely because of the stage of dementia.Clinical ImplicationsIf we are to prevent unnecessary suffering, greater freedom is needed by old age psychiatrists in the use of these antidementia drugs. Patients with severe dementia may benefit from acute treatment. The withdrawal of medication in line with NICE guidance is poor clinical practice and likely to have adverse outcomes in a large proportion of cases.
Characterization of Non-Native Heme Coordination Structures Emerging upon Guanidine Hydrochloric Acid-Induced Unfolding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ferricytochrome c551
Authors: Tai Hulin , Nagatomo Shigenori , Mita Hajime , Sambongi Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The non-native heme coordination structures emerging upon guanidine hydrochloric acid (GdnHCl)-induced unfolding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferricytochrome c551 were characterized by absorption, circular dichroism, paramagnetic NMR, and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Hexacoordinated high-spin ferriheme bearing axial His and H2O ligands, and pentacoordinated high-spin ferriheme with an axial His ligand were identified in the presence of GdnHCl concentrations ≥ 1.5 M (M = mol dm−3). These non-native species were rapidly interconverted to each other through cleavage/formation of the Fe–H2O coordination bond, and were also in dynamic equilibrium, at a rate of &lt; 2 × 104 s−1, with the native species. Thus, the present study demonstrated the presence of dynamic equilibrium through cleavage/formation of a Fe–H2O coordination bond in an unfolding intermediate. These results provide a deeper insight into structure transitions of the heme active site upon folding and unfolding of cytochrome c.