bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY CLEFT AND COLLOID CYSTS IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE RAT. CHANGES AFTER GONADECTOMY AND ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: FERRER JAIME 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Pituitaries of normal, adrenalectomized and castrated male rats have been studied using the freeze-drying technique.
2. The pituitary cleft is surrounded anteriorly by an endothelioid fenestrated epithelium and posteriorly by a cubical or cylindrical epithelium. In the latter colloid droplets can be seen in the cytoplasm, and evaginations containing colloid droplets occur at the apical poles of the cells and project into the lumen of the cleft.
3. The histological picture suggests that the colloid contained in the cleft might be formed by: (a) destruction of the basophilic and eosinophilic cells of the pars distalis, (b) transudation of plasma from capillaries in the anterior wall of the cleft, (c) mucus discharged by goblet cells in the anterior epithelium, and (d) apocrine secretion and the secretion of colloid from the posterior epithelium.
4. Changes in the height, the amount of cytoplasmic colloid and the apocrine secretion of the posterior epithelium occur after adrenalectomy and castration.
5. There are two types of cyst in the adenohypophysis, one having a mucinous content and covered with a mucous epithelium, and the other a flattened epithelium and a colloid content. The latter, in addition to the pituitary cleft, might play some part in secretory processes.
THE EXCRETION OF URINARY PREGNANEDIOL AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: KLOPPER A. , MICHIE EILEEN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The recovery of urinary pregnanediol after the injection of progesterone was studied in seventeen women and four men.
In non-pregnant subjects less than 20% of the injected progesterone was recovered as urinary pregnanediol. The recovery did not increase significantly when progesterone was given to pregnant women, to women in the luteal phase of the cycle or after prolonged administration to postmenopausal women. The 'progesterone priming' effect described by Sommerville & Marrian [1950] was not observed.
AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLES OF OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND RELAXIN IN PRODUCING RELAXATION OF THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE, USING THE TECHNIQUE OF METACHROMATIC STAINING WITH TOLUIDINE BLUE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In uninjected ovariectomized mice, the matrix of the symphysial cartilage, like that outside the symphysis, is strongly metachromatic. Following nine daily injections of 1·5 μg oestradio, metachromasia disappeared from the caudal part of the symphysis and decreased in the cranial part, accompanied by swelling of the matrix. Cartilage outside the symphysis was not affected. Hyaluronidase banished metachromasia from both symphysial and extrasymphy. sial cartilage but did not cause swelling of the matrix. Disappearance of metachromasia is attributed to depolymerization or breakdown of the molecules of chondroitin sulphate, resulting in a more pliable ground substance. Swelling is tentatively attributed to uptake of water.
2. One injection of relaxin at the end of such pretreatment produced, by lateral displacement of the two halves of the pelvis, a gap in the middle of the cartilage. Subsequent injections increased this displacement which, it is suggested, may be an indirect effect of relaxin acting through tensile forces mediated in some way as yet unknown.
3. When large doses of progesterone were given simultaneously, oestradiol was less effective in abolishing metachromasia.
4. It is suggested that during pregnancy, oestrogens, perhaps through local liberation of an enzyme, break down the polysaccharides of the symphysial cartilage and make the matrix sufficiently pliable to respond to tensions set up by relaxin during the last week of pregnancy.
5. Separation of the innominates, produced by prolonged treatment with oestradiol alone, is a different process brought about by resorption of bone on either side of the symphysis and not involving lateral displacement of the two bones.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS. IV. THE PROGESTATIONAL ACTIVITY OF 17α-METHYLDEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: ENGEL Ch. R. , NOBLE R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The progestational activity of 17α-methyldeoxycorticosterone acetate in the immature rabbit was investigated. The substance was found to exhibit high luteoid activity, equalling that of progesterone.
NUMBER AND VIABILITY OF YOUNG FROM PREGNANCIES CONCURRENT WITH LACTATION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: BRUCE HILDA M. , EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In many rodents, including the rat and the mouse, implantation of the fertilized ovum fails to take place at the normal time if the female is lactating. The delay in implantation tends to be longer the larger the litter suckling, and pregnancy may be prolonged for several days. Observations carried out on normal mice showed that when pregnancy was of normal length in spite of a large suckling litter many of the young were stillborn and there was a reduction in litter size. The stillbirth rate of litters carried during a concurrent lactation was within normal limits only when the delay in implantation was at least 4 days.
Litter size at birth from delayed pregnancies was normal.
Lactation was unaffected by the presence of a second litter in utero.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING AND INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONES IN THE URINE OF WOMEN WITH AMENORRHOEA
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Urinary gonadotrophins from amenorrhoeic patients were assayed. The results provide preliminary evidence that FSH and ICSH exist as separate entities in human urine. Cortisone treatment appeared to cause a rise in the excretion of FSH relative to ICSH. The reverse effect was caused by treatment with 0·5 mg of stilboestrol daily. Supplementary experiments suggested that prolactin and oestrogen had not interfered in the assays.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVARY CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: INGRAM D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ovaries of rats and mice ranging in age from foetal life to sexual maturity have been cultured and observed in vitro. Structures which had some resemblance to oocytes were seen among the epithelial cells which grew out from the ovarian tissue, but it is concluded that they were not oocytes. No evidence for the neoformation of oocytes was obtained.
Serial sections of ovaries, which had been fixed after various periods of culture, were examined for signs of oogenesis. Numerous oocytes in the prophase of cell division were seen in foetal and neonatal material, but not in cultures of adult, or even prepubertal material.
THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE OLFACTORY BULBS ON THE GONADS OF MICE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ovaries and uteri of mature female mice rendered anosmic by removal of the olfactory bulbs were significantly smaller than those of control animals. Corpora lutea were absent or atrophic, and the vagina was closed in most of these animals.
2. No effect on the testes of anosmic males was observed. The accessory glands were lighter and contained less secretion, but the epithelium appeared unchanged.
3. Body weights of both male and female mice were reduced.
A TRICHLORACETIC ACID REAGENT FOR THE DETECTION OF PREGNANE-3α:17α:20-TRIOLS ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: DE COURCY CONSTANCE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Pregnane-3α:17α:20-triols give a blue fluorescent spot after heating a chromatogram sprayed with approximately 25% trichloracetic acid in ethanol. A spot containing 2 μg may be detected by this reaction. Out of forty-eight steroids examined only atiocholanediol gave a similar fluorescence. Certain other steroids give different characteristic colours and fluorescence.
2. The test has been successfully used to detect pregnanetriol in the non-ketonic fraction of urine extracts from a normal male and from a patient with adrenal hyperplasia. It has been used to detect the production of pregnanetriol by in vitro reduction of pregnane-3α:17α-diol-20-one.
3. The identity of the substances which gave this reaction and which were obtained from urine and from in vitro reduction was confirmed by isolation and characterization.
THE ADRENOCORTICAL CONTROL OF SODIUM METABOLISM
Authors: DALE R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The urinary sodium output in adrenalectomized rats maintained on DCA and cortisone varies closely with the intake of sodium, in spite of a constant level of hormone administration.
2. There was evidence of lack of control of body sodium and potassium at both high and low extremes of sodium intake used.
3. It is argued that the results presented are evidence of (a) extra-adrenocortical control of sodium metabolism, and (b) increased adrenocortical secretion following sudden changes in dietary sodium.
THE VAGINAL RESPONSE OF THE SPAYED EWE TO REPEATED INJECTIONS OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE GIVEN ALONE OR PRECEDED BY PROGESTERONE
Authors: MOORE N. W. , ROBINSON T. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Seventy-two spayed Suffolk cross-bred ewes were used in a series of six trials, conducted at intervals of 16 days and designed to determine the quantitative vaginal response to oestradiol benzoate (ODB) when injected either alone or alternated with progesterone given at the rate of 10 mg/day for 12 days.
The vaginal response to ODB when alternated with progesterone did not differ significantly from trial to trial. The vaginal response to ODB given alone showed a highly significant decline, with successive treatments, from a hypersensitive to a hyposensitive condition, clearly suggesting the development of a refractory state.
It appears, therefore, that in addition to its role in maintaining a constant and highly sensitive state of psychic reactivity to ODB, progesterone is involved in the maintenance of a uniform vaginal sensitivity to this hormone.
FATE OF SPERMATOZOA IN THE UTERUS OF THE MOUSE AND RAT
Authors: AUSTIN C. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uterine fluid of mice killed 2–6 hr after coitus and ovulation amounted to about 0·1 ml. and contained about 20 million spermatozoa and virtually no leucocytes. By 14–18 hr after coitus the leucocytes had increased to about 25 million and the spermatozoa had decreased to about 11 million, most of which were undergoing phagocytosis. Approximately 20 hr after coitus the uterine contents are apparently evacuated, in spite of the continued presence of a copulation plug. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa was also observed in rats but was much less extensive; this is considered to be because evacuation takes place sooner after ovulation, though still about 20 hr after coitus. The phagocytes were nearly all polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Leucocytic invasion of the uterine lumen seems to occur mainly because of the distension of the uterus with fluid and not because spermatozoa are present. No evidence was obtained that either spermatozoa or leucocytes pass from the lumen into the uterine wall.
A STUDY ON THE CYTOLOGY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE DOG
Authors: PURVES H. D. , GRIESBACH W. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five specific types of cell were recognized in the pars distalis of the dog's hypophysis after staining by Crossmon's modification of the Mallory stain, either alone or in combination with aldehydefuchsin.
Orange acidophils are similar in appearance in mature and immature animals and are considered to secrete somatotrophin.
Red acidophils are almost absent in immature animals and are strongly stimulated by oestrogen. They are considered to secrete lactogenic hormone.
Blue basophils, present in both mature and immature animals, are sensitive to alterations in thyroxine supply and are considered to secrete thyrotrophin.
Purple basophils are not fully developed in immature animals.
Pale cells contain small numbers of basophilic granules composed of water soluble glycoprotein and are considered to be basophils of low granule content. They are, like the purple basophils, relatively undeveloped in the immature animal. Purple and pale basophils are considered to be gonadotrophic in function.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF MOTHER AND FOETUS IN THE RAT
Authors: CHRISTIANSON MARGARET , JONES I. CHESTER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The work was designed to investigate maternal/foetal adrenocortical interrelationships and, in particular, to answer three questions, namely: (i) what are the factors which control the growth of the foetal adrenal gland; (ii) does the foetal adrenal secrete hormones which have a biological action, similar to adult corticosteroids, on water and salt-electrolyte metabolism; and (iii) is the improved health of the adrenalectomized pregnant rat, compared with that of the adrenalectomized non-pregnant rat, occasioned by the presence of foetuses with their adrenals, or by the secretion of progesterone accompanying pregnancy?
Various categories of experimental animals were considered, including the following: normal non-pregnant and pregnant animals; normal and adrenalectomized non-pregnant animals injected with progesterone; pseudopregnant and adrenalectomized pseudopregnant animals; adrenalectomized non-pregnant and pregnant animals and those with the foetuses removed; animals in which ACTH injections were made into adrenalectomized mothers or directly into foetuses; hypophysectomized non-pregnant and pregnant animals; hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized pregnant animals; normal and adrenalectomized mothers with decapitated foetuses.
Adult and foetal body and adrenal weights and foetal pituitary weights were recorded, and the adrenals in both examined histologically. The sodium and potassium content of adult and foetal plasma and muscle, and the water content of muscle, were determined. The variations in body weight and of food and water intakes of animals in the different experimental categories were observed.
It was concluded that enlargement of the foetal adrenal after adrenalectomy of the mother was due to activity of the foetal pituitary. There was no evidence that either normally or under special circumstances the foetal adrenal secreted hormones which influenced water and salt-electrolyte metabolism. The sodium content of foetal plasma followed fairly closely that of maternal plasma in the various groups. The foetal plasma potassium content (which was about twice that of the adult), the foetal muscle sodium content (which was about eight times that of the adult) and the foetal muscle potassium content (which was similar to that of the mother), did not vary greatly, nor did they seem to be conditioned hormonally.
The presence of foetuses in adrenalectomized mothers did not alter the salt-electrolyte changes usually occurring in cortical insufficiency. While progesterone had a beneficial effect on appetite and body weight in adrenalectomized animals, it tended to produce an increased potassium content of muscle but did not change the salt-electrolyte content of plasma, so that the nature of its action is not clear.
EFFECTS OF OESTRONE AND PROGESTERONE ON MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , GOLDZVEIG S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three experiments are described on the effects of oestrone and progesterone over wide dose ranges on the development of the mammary gland in the ovariectomized guinea-pig. Factorial designs were used so that the responses to both steroids could be studied simultaneously. The degree of mammary development was assessed by objective and by subjective methods.
The observation of previous workers that complete mammary development could be evoked in the guinea-pig by oestrogen alone was not confirmed. Over a wide dose range of oestrone better development of the gland was obtained if progesterone was also administered. On some dose levels of oestrone the synergistic effects of progesterone were very marked.
Maximal mammary development was observed with a daily dose of 10–50 μg oestrone in combination with 1000 μg progesterone. Considerable lobule-alveolar development was observed with progesterone alone when the daily dose was sufficiently high (2400 μg). No histological abnormalities were observed in the glands except in those developed on the lowest dose of oestrone to give significant growth effects (0·1 μg), in which there was some evidence of cystic changes.
The significance of the progesterone: oestrogen ratio in mammary development is discussed.
URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND OESTRIOL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: CAMERON C. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol has been estimated by a chemical technique in nine men and three women with chronic liver disease.
Combined oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol excretion was above normal limits in only two patients, both men. One excreted more than normal amounts of all three oestrogens; the other excreted more oestriol only. In addition, four men and one woman excreted more oestriol than normal, but this was not sufficient to increase the combined excretion of these three oestrogens beyond levels found in healthy controls. These findings are contrary to many published conclusions based on bioassay.
Oestrogen excretion has been contrasted with the clinical findings. There was no correlation between increased oestrogen excretion and gynaecomastia. There was, however, a suggestive association of increased oestriol excretion, testicular atrophy, and a history of alcoholism. No association was established between an increased excretion of any oestrogen and the presence of ascites, jaundice, spider naevi and palmar erythema.
Some implications of these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREGNANCY IN THE MOUSE
Authors: DEWAR A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenalectomy in mice with retained placentae does not precipitate the loss of the body weight gained during pregnancy, which does not occur until after delivery of the placentae, as in intact animals. It is concluded that the adrenals play no significant part in the weight increase of pregnancy in the mouse.
INCREASED ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE SERA OF ACUTELY SCORBUTIC GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , HAMMANT JOYCE E. , ARMITAGE P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In the Sayers test for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), serum obtained from normal guinea-pigs was not active. Serum from guinea-pigs with severe scurvy caused ascorbic acid (AA) depletion and behaved as though it contained ACTH. The response increased with increasing dosage, and a valid assay was obtained with it and with authentic ACTH dissolved in serum from normal animals. Both normal serum and that from scorbutic animals sometimes possessed the property of increasing the slope of the response curve above that obtained for ACTH in saline.
2. 100 ml. of a sample of pooled sera from guinea-pigs with severe scurvy was estimated to possess the activity of 41 mU ACTH, but the fiducial limits were wide.
3. When guinea-pigs, given a small daily supplement of AA, were pair-fed with animals developing scurvy, no activity was detected in their sera. Activity was reduced and perhaps abolished in the sera of animals with acute scurvy by treatment in the terminal stages with AA, cortisol, cortisone or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), but not with progesterone, oestradiol or testosterone.
4. During the development of scurvy the urinary 17-ketosteroids (KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids (KG) rose steadily, but in animals pair-fed with them and receiving a small supplement of AA each day, the increase in KS was less and KG showed little change.
THE INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of weight on reproductive function is examined in a representative group of fertile women for whom data were recorded during pregnancy and for 2 years after delivery. The indices used were (a) the weight at the first antenatal examination (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation), and (b) an index of body build derived from the observed regression of the adjusted antenatal weight on height.
Menstruation was recorded during the 12 months after delivery. Mean duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (Table 1) and mean cycle length (Tables 4–6) decreased with increasing body weight and with increasing degree of obesity. The incidence of menstrual irregularity appears to be unrelated to both indices (Table 3).
Duration of gestation (Table 7), of labour (Table 8) and of lactation (Table 10), and the incidence of abortions, stillbirths and infant deaths in previous pregnancies (Table 9) were not consistently related to weight or body build.
Birth weight of offspring increased with increasing degree of maternal obesity (Table 13) and was more closely associated with maternal weight than with maternal height (Table 11). The coefficient of correlation between birth weight and mother's weight (corrected for mother's height) is 0·20, and between birth weight and mother's height (corrected for mother's weight) is 0·09 (Table 12).
It is concluded that the only evidence of variation with increasing degree of obesity in these features of reproductive function in a group of fertile women is a slight increase in frequency of menstruation and an increase in birth weight of offspring. The relation between weight and fertility was not examined and will be considered in a later communication.
FACTORS INFLUENCING OVARIAN SENSITIVITY TO GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A study was made of the ovarian reaction to pregnant mares' serum (PMS) in adult thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized/adrenalectomized, adrenalectomized and intact rats.
2. Thyroidectomized animals responded more vigorously than did any other group. Adrenalectomized animals hardly responded at all. Animals that had been both thyroidectomized and adrenalectomized reacted almost as strongly as did non-adrenalectomized thyroidectomized animals, and slightly more than intact controls.
3. A histological analysis confirmed that thyroidectomy is associated with hypersensitivity to both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and that adrenalectomy in the adult is associated with an impaired response to FSH but not to LH. The ovaries of thyroidectomized/adrenalectomized animals contained more large Graafian follicles and more large corpora lutea than did those of adrenalectomized litter-mates.
4. The results appear to imply that the mechanisms mediating the changes in ovarian sensitivity to PMS after thyroidectomy and after adrenalectomy are independent of each other.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF THREE TESTOSTERONE DERIVATIVES INCLUDING 17α-ETHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE
Authors: McSWINEY R. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The protein anabolic properties of three derivatives of testosterone have been investigated.
2. 17α-methyl-Δ5-androstene-3β: 17β-diol and 17α-methyl androstane-3α: 17β-diol produced nitrogen retention in doses approaching those reported as androgenic by other investigators.
3. The third compound, 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone (17-ENT), which was studied in greatest detail, produced nitrogen retention in moderate dosage. Other metabolic effects were a fall in urinary calcium and, usually, a fall in faecal calcium. Phosphorus balance agreed with that calculated from nitrogen and calcium balance. Plasma calcium showed no consistent variation, while plasma phosphorus fell. 17-ENT also brought about marked changes in weight, and in fluid, sodium, potassium and chloride balances which are probably due partly to the retention of nitrogen and corresponding intracellular fluid, and partly to increased sweating. When given to two patients with osteoporosis due to prolonged steroid therapy, and receiving prednisone, the compound appeared to aid the restoration of a positive calcium balance. 17-ENT was found to have definite androgenic effects, but their intensity requires further study.