bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Cumulative Experience On Responses To Novel Objects in Young Isolation-Reared Chimpanzees
Authors: Menzel Emil W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Reactions toward small novel objects were studied in two highly cautious isolation-reared chimpanzees. 2. In Experiment I the subjects were presented with 75 different objects. Grasping increased from near-zero-level to high levels, and stereotyped, autistic activities decreased over the 25 test days. At the close of the experiment the subjects spent most of their time in object-contact. This transition from caution to play was more rapid for objects preexposed 16 hrs vs completely novel objects, and for objects constructed of wood vs objects constructed of other materials. 3. Experiment 2 tested whether responsiveness would now be maintained at different levels by different classes of stimuli. It was found that the subjects would grasp a stuffed toy almost incessantly and stereotype infrequently; but with a wood block, grasping decreased and stereotypy increased across several daily trials. The latter decrease of grasping and increase of stereotypy can be interpreted as a "satiation effect". 4. Experiment 3 tested whether specific types of manipulatory reaction would now vary as a function of specific objects; the familiar stuffed toy and wood block were contrasted with three other, novel objects. It was found that behaviour patterns were somewhat different for each object; e.g., the familiar stuffed toy received the highest scores for grasping and draping, a novel stuffed toy received the highest score for hitting, and a novel wood block with holes drilled in it received the highest score for poking. 5. The "innate response" to novelty in these animals thus consisted of a protracted sequence of behaviour patterns, which was determined by interactions between the properties of stimuli and the subject's experience with the same or similar stimulus objects. 6. Over all three experiments, grasping and stereotypy were reciprocally related to each other. With simple objects such as wood blocks, both measures appeared to be curvilinear functions of experience.
Interference in Learning in Octopus Vulgaris
Authors: Parriss J.R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1) Octopuses were trained to make two different visual discriminations, the one following the other. They were then re-trained on the first discrimination. 2) The shapes to be discriminated were chosen with regard to the ratio of their horizontal to vertical extents. For the first group of animals this ratio was greater than one for the positive figure and less than one for the negative figure in both discriminations. For the second group of animals this ratio was greater than one for the positive figure and les than one for the negative figure in the f i r s t discrimination and less than one for the positive figure, greater than one for the negative figure, in the s e c o n d discrimination. 3) The first group of animals showed improved scores during the re-learning of the first discrimination. The second group showed lower scores. The first group also learned the second discrimination better, and the second group worse, than a control group of animals trained under normal conditions. 4) These findings are discussed in relation to YOUNG'S histological description ot dendritic orientation in the optic lobe and SUTHERLAND'S theory of shape discrimination.
Responsiveness To Objects in Free-Ranging Japanese Monkeys
Authors: Menzel Emil W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Responsiveness to inanimate objects was studied in feral M. fuscata by: (a) observing reactions to naturally occurring objects, (b) placing novel toys along paths and on rocks, and (c) presenting novel dolls in conjunction with food, as in a conflict test. 2. Spontaneous manipulation seemed less frequent and less persistent than in laboratory primates. Children accounted for a vast majority of such activity. The dominant modes of reaction to novel objects were cautious in nature, albeit avoidance was often impossible to observationally distinguish from indifference, especially in adult males. Emotional displays were rare, presumably because of Ss' ability to make spatial adjustments and thus control the effective intensity of stimulation. 3. The larger a doll, or the closer it was to a food kettle, the fewer and the farther the approaching monkeys. With time more Ss began to approach, but adaptation was slow. 4. The data were discussed in relation to problems of social behavior and instrumentation, and to the general problem of measuring responsiveness in the laboratory and the field.
A Qualitative Study of Courtship and Reproductive Behavior in the Pearl Gourami, Trig'Hogaster Leeri (Bleeker)
Authors: Hall Darrell D. , Miller Rudolph J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An ethological study of courtship and reproductive behavior of the anabantoid fish, Trichogaster leeri (Bleeker), was conducted on 6 breeding pairs in aquaria. Sexual behavior in this species is characterized by stereotyped behaviors and a distinct temporal pattern of activities that presumably aids in species isolation. Data were taken on form and structural features of bubble-nests, colors of male and female, and behaviors occurring during daily or twice-daily 15-minute observation periods over a period of approximately one year. Spawning sequences usually last 2 to 5 hours in this species and are characterized by several different bout types (interactions between male and female), which may be initiated by either male or female. The major phases observed were: (1) prespawning preparatory phase (2) courtship phase (3) clasp (4) swimming inhibition (5) postspawning aggression and (6) interval between bouts. The prespawning phase in males is generally characterized by establishment of a nest-territory, development of breeding color, and elongation of dorsal and anal fin soft-rays. This phase in females is usually marked by increased abdominal plumpness and changes in color and body-markings. Strictly speaking, only the latter parts of this phase occur during spawnings. Spawning bouts (stages 2, 3, and 4 of the ethogram) comprise approximately 7% of all bouts and many of these do not follow an "ideal" pattern. Spawning bouts usually last 50-55 seconds with courtship requiring 12-15 seconds, the clasp about 25 seconds, swimming inhibition 2-5 seconds, and postspawning aggression 3-6 seconds. Female courtship butting precedes almost all spawnings and appears to release leading-to-the-nest, lateral spread display, and curving in sexually responsive males. Spawning bouts generally contain fewer female courtship butts than most other sexual bouts and a conspicuous difference exists between female courtship butting means in spawning and pseudospawning bouts. Although reproductive behavior in T. leeri is stereotyped, variation in form, sequence, and duration of components is evident. Flexibility and adaptability are common so that variation within certain limits may be tolerated and/or compensated for. Hyperaggressiveness, physiological condition, low sexual motivation, mechanical problems, and previous experience appear to be important factors in determining the success of sexual bouts in T. leeri. Reproductive color changes, body-marking changes, and sexual dimorphism provide visual stimuli that may aid in the synchronization of reproductive behavior.
The Effect of Hormone Treatment Upon the Duration of Incubation in the Bengalese Finch
Authors: Eisner Erica 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNormal incubation behaviour, in particular its onset and termination, is discussed. The effects of treatment with prolactin, progesterone and oestrogen during the middle part of the incubation period are then described. While progesterone may interrupt incubation, oestrogen treatment tends to prolong this behaviour beyond the normal time of termination. It is suggested that oestrogen treatment stimulates prolactin secretion, and that prolactin plays an important role in maintaining incubation.
Ontogeny of the Orienting-Jump Response of the Rabbit
Authors: Fox M.W. , Apelbaum J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ontogeny of a defensive-threat posture of the adult rabbit, designated the orienting-jump response, was studied in New Zealand white rabbits from birth by stimulating one side of the body with a blunt probe. A number of components of this response were found to develop at different rates postnatally: oriented jump towards side of stimulation; hind limb thrust; vocalization; fore-limb stab; bite-attack; directed escape; striking ground with hind-limb (appel). It was shown therefore, that several components become incorporated during ontogeny into a complex species-specific response, which might, in the absence of ontogenetic evidence, be thought to be a simple fixed action pattern. It is hypothesized that the tendency to escape from and to orient towards a noxious stimulus (such as a predator) might contribute to the erratic zig-zag escape pattern in this species.
Individual Voice Production in Gannets
Authors: White Sheila J. , White R.E.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLanding calls of known individual male gannets were recorded over a period of a month. The calls were subsequently analyzed using a sonograph with an amplitude display attachment. Changes in the amplitude envelope in time appeared to be the only measure which readily exhibited consistent individual features. Each sequence of landing calls which was given on a single occasion was reduced by averaging to a single 'profile' or pattern of numbers. Three such profiles were obtained for each of 10 males. One of each male's profiles was set into a computer as one of 10 reference sources; the remaining profiles were tested against them. The matching procedure consisted in cross-correlating the sample profiles with the reference patterns and identifying the sample with the reference which gave the highest correlation. The identification was usually correct. The same procedure was repeated using progressively less information from the sounds to see how much of a sound was necessary for correct identification. It was found that sometimes as little as one quarter of the sound profile was sufficient. The limitations of the technique and the implications of the results are discussed.
Habituation of Conspecific Aggressive Responses in the Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta Splendens)
Authors: Peeke Harman V.S. , Peeke Shirley C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMature male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) were presented with a conspecific male confined in a clear plastic tube for either 15 minutes per day for 20 days (group E 15) or 60 minutes per day for 5 days (group E 60). A third group was presented with this aggression eliciting conspecific male stimulus for 15 minutes on days 1 and 2 and again on days 19 and 20. This group (group C 15) was designed to control for post-stimulation waning of aggressive behaviors independent of constant stimulation and also to control for response decrement as a simple function of time. Two components of the aggressive display and frequency of biting were recorded. It was found that with groups E 15 and E 60 all aggressive behaviors habituated. In general, habituation was more rapid with the short stimulation periods than with the longer ones, although qualitative differences were also found and described. Comparisons of groups E 15 and C 15 showed that repeated daily exposures to the aggression eliciting stimulus were necessary to obtain habituation and that two days of 15 minute stimulation followed by 16 days of no stimulation did not result in response decrement on any of the measures recorded.
Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods
Authors: Altmann Jeanne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeven major types of sampling for observational studies of social behavior have been found in the literature. These methods differ considerably in their suitability for providing unbiased data of various kinds. Below is a summary of the major recommended uses of each technique: In this paper, I have tried to point out the major strengths and weaknesses of each sampling method. Some methods are intrinsically biased with respect to many variables, others to fewer. In choosing a sampling method the main question is whether the procedure results in a biased sample of the variables under study. A method can produce a biased sample directly, as a result of intrinsic bias with respect to a study variable, or secondarily due to some degree of dependence (correlation) between the study variable and a directly-biased variable. In order to choose a sampling technique, the observer needs to consider carefully the characteristics of behavior and social interactions that are relevant to the study population and the research questions at hand. In most studies one will not have adequate empirical knowledge of the dependencies between relevant variables. Under the circumstances, the observer should avoid intrinsic biases to whatever extent possible, in particular those that direcly affect the variables under study. Finally, it will often be possible to use more than one sampling method in a study. Such samples can be taken successively or, under favorable conditions, even concurrently. For example, we have found it possible to take Instantaneous Samples of the identities and distances of nearest neighbors of a focal individual at five or ten minute intervals during Focal-Animal (behavior) Samples on that individual. Often during Focal-Animal Sampling one can also record All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, for the whole social group, for categories of conspicuous behavior, such as predation, intergroup contact, drinking, and so on. The extent to which concurrent multiple sampling is feasible will depend very much on the behavior categories and rate of occurrence, the observational conditions, etc. Where feasible, such multiple sampling can greatly aid in the efficient use of research time.
Aggressive Behaviour in the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia GuttataI. Fighting Provoked By Male and Female Social Partners
Authors: Caryl Peter G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the domesticated Zebra Finch, unpaired males behaved sociably towards one another, but could be provoked to fight by the sight of a female nearby; the amount of fighting shown depended on the distance to the female. Qualitatively similar aggressive behaviour was provoked between males by the sight of a male, and between a male and female by the sight of another female. However, males were less effective than females in provoking fighting between females, and pair-bonded females were more effective than non-bonded females in provoking fighting in mixed or male dyads. Homosexual pair bonds had a similar effect to heterosexual ones in stimulating attacks on a male, but had not effect on aggressive behaviour towards a female. The aggressive behaviour seen could not be due to redirection of aggression, since the stimulus properties which were necessary to provoke attack on another individual were those relevant to sexual behaviour, and were different from those necessary to elicit attack on the individual itself. It is shown that in other cases of apparent redirection of aggression in sexual contexts, a similar conclusion can be drawn, indicating a link between the motivational systems controlling sexual and aggressive behaviour. Since stimuli from an individual may both sensitize a bird to respond aggressively to stimuli from other individuals, and elicit attack by the bird on the individual itself, a distinction between these modes of action (similar to TINBERGEN'S distinction between releasing and motivational effects) is necessary.
A Developmental Study of Interactions Between Young and Adult Guinea Pigs (Cavia Porcellus)
Authors: Berryman Julia C. , Fullerton Clare 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo studies examining the interactions between adults and young guinea pigs were reported. Both studies were of the same design, and consisted of a series of time-sampling observations of the social behaviour of a litter of young guinea pigs and their mother, housed in a single cage with either an adult virgin female (in the first experimental condition) or an adult male (in the second experimental condition). Daily observations were also made, after the infant animals had been removed from their cage for a few hours each day, on reintroducing them to the two adult guinea pigs. It was found that although infant animals interacted with the non-lactating adult, in particular the adult male, these social interactions tended to be unlike those between the young and their mother. Responses such as suckling and all other physical contact were directed predominantly to the mother, whereas near responses (remaining near an adult but not in contact with it) occurred more often in relation to the other adult. It was found that infants could distinguish the adults by distal cues, and in the reintroduction study the mother was preferred to the other cohabitant adult on all behavioural measures. It was suggested that infant animals may recognise classes of adults (for example, male, lactating female, non-lactating female) at a distance, but individuals may only be distinguished by proximal cues, since an earlier study has found that infants did not distinguish their mother from another lactating female at a distance. In general, no sex differences in behaviour were found in the infant animals. It was concluded that the infant guinea pig plays a somewhat larger part in enforcing mother-young interactions than was previously thought, and it was suggested that observations on a colony of guinea pigs would be of great value in further investigating this whole area of research.
Temporal Patterning of Grooming in Three Lines of Mice: Some Factors Influencing Control Levels of a Complex Behaviour
Authors: Northup L.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTemporal patterning of limb movements during grooming in mice was studied for the purpose of analyzing mechanisms of control of behaviour. Patterns of limb movement were determined from frame-by-frame analysis of grooming film taken at 32 or 64 frames per second under several different test situations. Grooming was filmed while mice were isolated in a 5 X 5 X 18 cm. chamber. The mice were (1) placed directly into the chamber from the home cage, or (2) put into the chamber after a one-minute forced swim, or (3) observed in the chamber after unilateral attachment of a weight to the right forelimb under light ether anaesthesia. Grooming was also filmed while mice were exploring a double T-maze. The cerebellar mutant mouse nr (nervous), and control littermates from three lines (inbred BALB, F2 (BALB X DBA)-hybrid, and the backcross of the F2-hybrid to BALB) were used as subjects. The effect of presence of the nr gene, strain differences, and test situation on grooming patterns was evaluated from film analysis. Parameters studied were: (1) trajectories of individual face-grooming limb movements, (2) sequential linkage of individual grooming movements, as measured by information analysis, (3) relative integrity and (4) patterns of connection of "unit patterns" consisting of observer-defined temporal clusters of individual face-grooming movements, and (5) the relative connectivity of face-grooming to body-grooming. Parameter (1) was evaluated only for the effect of the nr gene. Test situation had important effects on all other levels of control of face-grooming. Strain differences were most evident in parameter (5): hybrid mice linked face- and body-grooming together more often than did BALB mice. The nr gene had significant effects on individual stroke trajectories, and on the stability of unit patterns during grooming with a weighted limb. Stroke trajectories were more irregular, and pattern stability was weakened, in nr mice. The results of film study preclude analysis of control of face-grooming temporal patterns in terms of a first-order Markovian model. Also, neither a simple "reflex" peripheral control model nor a pure "central motor program" model are satisfactory explanations for control of temporal patterns of grooming. Peripheral feedback interacts in some unknown fashion with levels of organization, such as unit patterns, that are determined without direct reference to movement-to-movement linkages.
Sons and Lovers : the Functional Significance of Sexual Dichromism in a Fish, Neoheterandria Tridentiger (Garman)
Authors: McPhail J.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale Neoheterandria tridentiger typically display a conspicuous, black mid-lateral spot under two conditions: as losers in fights, and when attempting to copulate with females. Mature females display this mid-lateral spot only as loscrs in fights. Juveniles display the spot continuously. Experimental and observational evidence suggests the mid-lateral spot inhibits agonistic behaviour in Neoheterandria. The spot apparently evolved as a juvenile species recognition mark and subsequently became an adult appeasement display.
Vocal Communication Between Laughing Gull Parents and Chicks
Authors: Beer C.G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstracti. To playback of calls of one of their chicks and calls of a foreign chick, parent Laughing Gulls responded by orientation towards the sound, approach, and calling in reply. They showed no discrimination between calls of their own chick and calls of the foreign chick. Response to the playback waned during testing when all the parent's chicks were absent, but not when one was present. 2. When gulls were tested by having one of their own chicks and a foreign chick placed in covered boxes near the nest, they responded more to their own chick than to the foreigner. This appeared to be because their own chick called more than did the foreigner. The results were consistent with the possibility that individual recognition of the parent's voice by a chick causes the chick to behave in ways that tell the parent whether the chick belongs to it or not. 3. The parents' behaviour in response to chick calls in these two sets of tests differed between families of different ages in ways that exemplified the natural progression in patterns of parent-chick interactions, and suggested some speculation about the course of social development in this species.
Rape in the Lesser Snow Goose
Authors: Mineau Pierre , Cooke Fred 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRape attempts were found to be a consistent feature of Lesser Snow Goose biology. In the light of attendant male behaviour in response to a rape attempt on his mate as well as rapist behaviour and chronology of rapes relative to nesting, it is suggested that rape is part of the overall reproductive strategy of the male and therefore, evolutionarily relevant.
Male Singing Ability and Territory Integrity in Red-Winged Blackbirds (Ageliaus Phoeniceus)
Authors: Smith Douglas G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring the breeding seasons of 1974 and 1976 three territorial male Red-winged Blackbirds were devocalized utilizing a technique which involved cutting the membrane of the interclavicular air sac. As a result, males were devocalized or muted for a period ranging between 14 and 21 days, after which time they regained their ability to sing typical song. One sham operated male and 10 "undisturbed" neighbouring residents served as control males. The frequency and length of intrusions by a devocalized male's neighbours increased markedly during a male's mute period. Sidling, a highly visual and apparently aggressive behavior, increased dramatically during the time a male was muted. After the experimental males regained their ability to sing species typical song they were successful in regaining territory boundaries which approached or exceeded the pre-operative dimension. It was concluded that 1) under the conditions of this study muted males were not as effective in excluding potential or actual intruders from their territories as when they could produce song; 2) visual dispalys (sidling) are utilized more frequently by devocalized males because of the persistence of intruding males on devocalized males' territories.