bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of supersingular integrals: second‐order boundary derivatives
Authors: Moore M. N. J. , Gray L. J. , Kaplan T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe boundary integral representation of second‐order derivatives of the primary function involves second‐order (hypersingular) and third‐order (supersingular) derivatives of the Green's function. By defining these highly singular integrals as a difference of boundary limits, interior minus exterior, the limiting values are shown to exist. With a Galerkin formulation, coincident and edge‐adjacent supersingular integrals are separately divergent, but the sum is finite, while the individual hypersingular integrals are finite. Moreover, the cancellation of the supersingular divergent terms only requires a continuous interpolation of the surface potential, and there is no continuity requirement on the surface flux. The algorithm is efficient, the non‐singular integrals vanish and the singular integrals are computed entirely analytically, and accurate values are obtained for smooth surfaces. However, it is shown that a (continuous) linear interpolation is not appropriate for evaluation at boundary corners. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photophysical properties and morphology of fluorene‐alt‐benzene based conjugated polymers
Authors: Yang Gui‐Zhong , Chen Peng , Liu Tianxi , Wang Min , Huang Wei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA series of fluorene‐alt‐benzene based conjugated main chain polymers attached chemically with different lengths of alkyl side chains on phenylene rings were designed and synthesized by a palladium catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, thermal stability of spectral property, phase transition behavior and morphology of the synthesized polymers were investigated. With increasing the length of the alkyl side chain, the UV and fluorescence spectra exhibit obvious blue shift compared with those of the unsubstituted polymer. The alkyl substitution improves the thermal stability of the spectra due to the steric hindrance of the alkyl side chains and thus the effective separation of the main chain backbones. The phase transition behavior is closely related to the length of alkyl side chains attached on the phenylene rings. The annealed polymer films display characteristic nematic liquid crystalline texture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicate that solvent‐cast thin deposits of all the polymers show typical fibrillar morphology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly soluble diphenylfluorene‐based cardo copolyimides containing perylene units
Authors: Xu Shengang , Jin Yuxia , Yang Mujie , Bai Fenglian , Cao Shaokui 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo series of novel ternary copolyimides containing perylene and fluorene units in the backbone were synthesized by one‐step polycondensation of diamine (4,4′‐(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylidene)bisphenylamine, FBPA) with perylene dianhydride (3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, PTCDA) and a comonomer [4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride, 6FDA or 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, BDTA]. The polymers were named as PFFx (PTCDA‐FBPA‐6FDA) and PFBx (PTCDA‐FBPA‐BTDA), respectively, and their chemical structures were identified by FT‐IR spectra and elemental analyses. Perylene contents in the copolyimides were determined through a quantitative UV‐vis spectroscopy method, which are in agreement with the values calculated from the added raw materials both for PFFx and PFBx. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurement suggested that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is in the range 2.1–5.09 × 104 and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) is 1.86–2.72 for PFFx, and those for PFBx are 2.64–4.73 × 104 and 2.44–2.92, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements showed that the copolyimides are very thermally stable with a temperature of 10% weight loss (T10) in the range 546–563°C for PFFx, and 538–548°C for PFBx. The copolyimides also have good solubility in common organic solvents such as chloroform and tetrahydrofuran. These unique properties can be attributed to the existence of the bulky diphenylfluorene moieties in the polymer backbone. All the copolyimides can emit strong fluorescence both in solution and in films, which make them possibly be used as thermostable light‐emitting materials for organic light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rituximab for treatment of opsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome in neuroblastoma
Authors: Burke Michael J. , Cohn Susan L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOpsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs in 2%–3% of patients with neuroblastoma. The cause of this syndrome is believed to be immune mediated, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There is an urgent need to improve our current strategies for treating patients with OMS, as many patients have significant long‐term neurologic deficits and behavior disorders with current treatment approaches. Therapies that have shown to improve symptoms in these patients have ranged from ACTH and corticosteroids, to intravenous gammaglobulin and plasmapheresis. We report our experience with Rituximab in a patient with neuroblastoma and OMS. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:679–680. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phase 2 trial of all‐trans‐retinoic acid in combination with interferon‐α2a in children with recurrent neuroblastoma or Wilms tumor: A Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI and Children's Oncology Group Study
Authors: Adamson Peter C. , Matthay Katherine K. , O'Brien Michelle , Reaman Gregory H. , Sato Judith K. , Balis Frank M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe combination of the antiproliferative and differentiation‐inducing effects of retinoids together with the antiproliferative, immunostimulatory, and differentiation‐potentiating effects of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) were the basis for the development of this combination in pediatric patients with refractory neuroblastoma or Wilms tumor.ProcedureA phase 2 trial of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), administered orally at a dose of 90 mg/m2/day in three divided doses for 3 consecutive days per week, and IFN‐α2a, administered subcutaneously daily at a dose of 3 × 106 U/m2/day for 5 consecutive days per week, in 4 week cycles was performed. A two‐stage design was used for each disease stratum.ResultsSeventeen patients (16 evaluable) with neuroblastoma, median age 9 years, and 15 patients (14 evaluable) with Wilms tumor, median age 6 years, were enrolled. Overall, the combination was well tolerated, with headache being the most common toxicity observed. There were no complete or partial responses. The median number of cycles administered was 1 (range 1–9). Four patients with neuroblastoma had stable disease for 12 or more weeks.ConclusionsThe combination of ATRA and IFN‐α2a was inactive in children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor. The lack of activity with this combination in children with refractory neuroblastoma is similar to the disappointing phase 2 results of single agent 13‐cis‐retinoic‐acid (13cRA) and does not support further development of ATRA for children with relapsed neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:661–665. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register—Opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research and experience from the first six months
Authors: Wettermark Björn , Hammar Niklas , MichaelFored C. , Leimanis Andrejs , Otterblad Olausson Petra , Bergman Ulf , Persson Ingemar , Sundström Anders , Westerholm Barbro , Rosén Måns 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurposeTo describe the content and potentials of the new Swedish national register on prescribed and dispensed medicines.MethodsThe Swedish Prescribed Drug Register contains information about age, sex and unique identifier of the patient as well as the prescriber's profession and practice. Information regarding drug utilization and expenditures for prescribed drugs in the entire Swedish population was extracted from the first six months July–December 2005 and compared with total drug sales in the country including OTC and hospital use.ResultsThe total quantity of drugs sold in Sweden was 2666 million DDDs, corresponding to 1608 DDD/1000 inhabitants daily. The total expenditures were 1.6 billion Euro. The prescribed drugs, included in the register, accounted for 84% of the total utilization and 77% of the total expenditures. About half of all men and two‐thirds of all women in the country purchased drugs. The proportion increased by age. The most common drugs for chronic treatment were diuretics among women (8.8% of the population) and antithrombotic agents among men (7.6%). Psychotropic drugs, corticosteroids and analgesics were more common among women, while men used antithrombotic agents, antidiabetic drugs, lipid lowering agents and ACE inhibitors to a greater extent.ConclusionsThe new register provides valuable data on exposure to drugs and is useful to study patterns of drug utilization. The possibilities for record linkage to other health registers gives from an international perspective good opportunities to explore drug and disease associations and the risks, benefits, effectiveness and health economical effects of drug use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative assessment of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk‐benefit of celecoxib compared to individual NSAIDs at the population level
Authors: Varas‐Lorenzo Cristina , Maguire Andrew , Castellsague Jordi , Perez‐Gutthann Susana 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the net cardiovascular (CV) (coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure), and gastrointestinal (GI) (peptic ulcer complications) risk‐benefit public health impact of the use of celecoxib compared to non‐selective NSAIDs in the arthritis population.MethodsWe applied discrete event simulation models to data from the US National Health Surveys, CV risk‐prediction models from the Framingham Heart Study, and population‐based studies. Models took into account the multifactorial effect of risk factors, comorbidity, and competing risk of mortality. We simulated the natural history of CV and GI disease in the U.S. arthritis population over 1 year, through the individual baseline cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risk profile. This model was modified with relative risks associated with the use of each treatment. The mean number of events was estimated for each end‐point in each model: natural history, celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen. The number of events for celecoxib was compared with each NSAID.ResultsThe evaluation included 1% of the U.S. population with arthritis. Celecoxib, when applied to 100 000 patients over 1 year, resulted in 570 (range from sensitivity analysis: 440–691), 226 (124–313), and 746 (612–868) fewer ulcer complications than diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen, respectively. There were 20 (16–25), 8 (4–12), and 27 (22–32) fewer deaths from ulcer complications, respectively. No increase in cardiovascular events or all cause mortality was observed for celecoxib versus the other individual NSAIDs.ConclusionResults from these simulations suggest a gastrointestinal benefit for celecoxib not offset by increased cardiovascular events or mortality. The methodology used here provides a risk‐benefit assessment framework for evaluating the public heath impact of drugs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of amino acid‐functionalized norbornene derivatives
Authors: Sutthasupa Sutthira , Terada Kayo , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAmino acid‐derived novel norbornene derivatives, N,N′‐(endo‐bicyclo[2.2.1] hept‐5‐en‐2,3‐diyldicarbonyl) bis‐L‐alanine methyl ester (NBA), N,N′‐(endo‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2,3‐diyldicarbonyl) bis‐L‐leucine methyl ester (NBL), N,N′‐(endo‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2,3‐diyldicarbonyl) bis‐L‐phenylalanine methyl ester (NBF) were synthesized and polymerized using the Grubbs 2nd generation ruthenium (Ru) catalyst. Although NBA, NBL, and NBF did not undergo homopolymerization, they underwent copolymerization with norbornene (NB) to give the copolymers with Mn ranging from 5200 to 38,100. The maximum incorporation ratio of the amino acid‐based unit was 9%, and the cis contents of the main chain were 54–66%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5337–5343, 2006
Para‐linked and meta‐linked cationic water‐soluble fluorene‐containing poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Conformational changes and their effects on iron–sulfur protein detection
Authors: Huang Yan‐Qin , Fan Qu‐Li , Li Sheng‐Biao , Lu Xiao‐Mei , Cheng Fan , Zhang Guang‐Wei , Chen Yi , Wang Lian‐Hui , Huang Wei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFour para‐linked or meta‐linked cationic water‐soluble fluorene‐containing poly(aryleneethynylene)s (PAEs) were synthesized to investigate the solvent‐induced π‐stacked self‐assembly. These PAE backbones are composed of fluorenylene and phenylene units, which are alternatively linked by ethynylene bonds. UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra were used to study their conformational changes as solvent was gradually changed from MeOH to H2O. In pure water, with gradually increased meta‐phenylene content (0, 50, and 100%), they underwent a gradual transition process of conformation from disordered aggregate structure to helix structure, which was not compactly folded. Moreover, the polymer with an ammonium‐functionalized side chain on the meta‐phenylene unit appeared to adopt a more incompact or extended helix conformation than the corresponding one without this side chain. Furthermore, the conformational changes of these cationic PAEs in H2O were used to study their effects on biological detection. Rubredoxin (Rd), a type of anionic iron–sulfur‐based electron transfer protein, was chosen to act as biological analyte in the fluorescence quenching experiments of these polymers. Preliminary results suggest that they all exhibit amplified fluorescence quenching, and that the polymer with more features of helix conformation tends to be quenched by Rd more efficiently. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5424–5437, 2006
Synthesis and properties of low‐dielectric‐constant polyimides with introduced reactive fluorine polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Ye Yun‐Sheng , Chen Wen‐Yi , Wang Yen‐Zen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA high‐performance, low‐dielectric‐constant polyimide (PI) nanocomposite from poly(amic acid) (PAA) cured with a reactive fluorine polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) isomer was successfully synthesized. The features of this reactive fluorine POSS isomer [octakis(dimethylsiloxyhexafluoropropylglycidyl ether)silsesquioxane (OFG)] provided two important approaches (containing fluorine or being porous in the polymer matrix) of reducing the dielectric constant of PI. This reactive POSS isomer had an average of four epoxy groups and four fluorine groups on the POSS cage, and the epoxy groups could be cured with PAA to form a network framework of a PI/POSS nanocomposite. The PI/OFG nanocomposite had a high crosslinking density, high porosity (24.3%), high hydrophobicity, and low polarizability. These properties enhanced the thermal (glass‐transition temperature ∼ 362 °C) and dielectric (dielectric constant ∼2.30) properties of PI more than other POSS derivatives introduced into the PI backbone. A large number of small POSS particles (<10 nm) were embedded inside the PI matrix when the OFG content was low, whereas interconnected POSS aggregation domains were observed when the OFG content was high. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5391–5402, 2006
Evaluation of the Mechanical Resistance of a Powder‐powder Coating by Modulated Dry Feed Particle Size Analysis
Authors: Vilela Ana , Concepcion Lucia , Accart Philippe , Chamayou Alain , Baron Michel , Dodds John A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDry powder coating is a powerful method for modifying the surface properties of particles whilst retaining their essential bulk properties. The coating of a host powder by guest particles can be achieved via different means ranging from simple stirring together of the two components, to high energy impact coating in devices such as a Nara Hybridizer or Turbula Mixer. The quality of the powder coating resulting from such methods is an important parameter, which depends both on the force of the mechanical action used, and also the physico‐chemical interactions between the host and guest particles. Here, a method for evaluating the strength of host‐guest interactions based on particle size analysis using a standard Malvern Mastersizer with dry powder feed is presented. Basically, the liberation of small guest particles from host particles can be achieved by increasing the air pressure, and the presence of liberated fine particles mixed with guest particles can be detected from differences in volume and number distributions. Complementary examination is undertaken using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This technique has been used to evaluate the interaction strength of a coating of hydrophobic magnesium stearate on a herbal extract (Harpagophytum). It is shown that effective coating can be achieved by three different means: simple stirring, a Turbula Mixer and by using a Nara Hybridizer. The respective strength of the coatings is greater with increasing mechanical force used for the process. The method is proposed as a simple means of evaluating powder‐powder coating processes.
In‐line Comparison of Particle Sizing by Static Light Scattering, Time‐of‐Transition, and Dynamic Image Analysis
Authors: Saveyn Hans , Thu Tran Le , Govoreanu Ruxandra , Van der Meeren Paul , Vanrolleghem Peter A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractParticle size analysis is important in both process and quality control. Different techniques are currently available. In this contribution, the characteristics of three techniques, based on Static Light Scattering (SLS), Time‐of‐Transition (TOT), and Dynamic Image Analysis (DIA), are compared using various aqueous dispersions. Hereby, the techniques were connected in series, so that simultaneous measurements could be performed on the same sample. The experimental results demonstrated that each of the investigated techniques has its strengths and limitations. Thus, SLS results may be largely affected by the choice of the refractive index of the dispersed particles as well as by the choice of the inversion algorithm to convert the angular spectrum to a particle size distribution. As neither TOT or DIA require information concerning the (complex) refractive index of the particles and are based on the detection of individual particles, these techniques are claimed to be very useful for measuring particles in the micrometer size range, although the measurement can be heavily affected by the particle transparency and concentration. Furthermore, all the techniques appear more suited to discerning small particles within a population of large particles than to detecting large particles within a population of small particles. Finally, TOT is much less sensitive towards submicron particles, as compared to SLS. The latter technique does not only have a broader dynamic range, which extends down to the submicron range, but also produces reliable results at higher sample concentrations as compared to TOT and DIA.
Protein and Nanoparticle Characterisation Using Light Scattering Techniques
Authors: Kaszuba Michael , Connah Malcolm T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe technique of dynamic light scattering is well suited to the measurement of the size of colloidal dispersions. Traditionally, measurements of large particle sizes or particles that are highly scattering would require high dilution of the sample in order to avoid multiple scattering effects. Conversely, measurement of very small and/or poorly scattering particles or samples that are very dilute are difficult unless high‐powered lasers are used. These problems have been addressed in a light scattering instrument incorporating novel non‐invasive backscatter optics (NIBS). This novel optic arrangement maximises the detection of scattered light while maintaining signal quality. In addition to the increased size and concentration range for DLS applications, the increased sensitivity obtained from this optical arrangement also allows for the determination of absolute molecular weight using static light scattering measurements. Accurate molecular weight measurements can be achieved at a single scattering angle for molecules that do not show any angular dependence in their scattering intensity. This paper describes the advantages of using backscatter optics and illustrates the capabilities of the technology by reporting results of measurements from various applications.
Size and Structure Characterization of Dye Flocs during Coagulation of Reactive Black 5 Dye
Authors: Janeczko Marta , Gaydardzhiev Stoyan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper deals with results from laboratory scale experiments with model dye effluents comprising of the commercially used textile diazo dye, CI “Reactive Black 5”, coagulated with ZETAG type primary coagulants. Size and structure analysis of flocs in coagulated dye sludge was undertaken in order to evaluate their separation abilities. The particle size distribution was estimated by use of a Galai CIS‐100 particle counting system working on a time‐of‐transition principle, while their fractal dimension was obtained from laser scattering instrument in LALS mode. An image analysis of the flocculated dye‐sludge has also been carried out. In parallel to the flocs characterization, the measurement of surface charge density of coagulated dye sludge was performed with the aim of linking surface charge data with the floc characteristics, and on this basis, to outline the predominant mechanism of color removal. It was found that flocs produced at optimal dosage are characterized by large sizes and a high value of fractal dimension, which is manifested in a very good level of color removal by sedimentation. The evident correlation between the surface charge density progression of coagulated dye flocs and color removal, suggests adsorption and charge neutralization as the predominant mechanism of dye destabilization.
Single Particle Detection and Size Analysis with Statistical Methods from Particle Imaging Data
Authors: Wessely Benno , Gabsch Stephan , Altmann Justus , Babick Frank 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe application of imaging techniques for particle characterization in the micrometer range is often advantageous under process conditions. Particle imaging analysis of disperse systems not only allows the evaluation of the particle size, but also the concentration of particles and particle shape. Under process conditions online imaging techniques have to deal with high particle concentrations and sometimes with high velocities. Two general principles for the evaluation of particle images are discussed in this paper: particle analysis by means of object identification and a statistical method to analyze overlapping clusters of particles.
Raman spectroelectrochemistry of index‐identified metallic carbon nanotubes: The resonance rule revisited
Authors: Kavan Ladislav , Kalbáč Martin , Zukalová Markéta , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRaman spectroelectrochemistry of HiPco single‐walled carbon nanotubes was studied at conditions, when the radial breathing modes can be assigned to defined tubes or to families of tubes. The particular tubes exhibit a varying sensitivity to electrochemical doping, monitored as an attenuation of the RBM intensities. Tubes in optimum resonance with the exciting laser show the strongest doping‐induced drop of the RBM intensity while those out of resonance have only a week response to doping. Our “resonance rule” is particularly important for metallic tubes, which cannot be indexed similarly to semiconducting tubes using photoluminescence data. This paper is focused on metallic tubes, which are resonance enhanced through the E 11M optical transition. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)