bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R): design and field procedures
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Berglund Patricia , Chiu Wai Tat , Demler Olga , Heeringa Steven , Hiripi Eva , Jin Robert , Pennell Beth‐Ellen , Walters Ellen E. , Zaslavsky Alan , Zheng Hui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R) is a survey of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the US that was carried out between February 2001 and April 2003. Interviews were administered face‐to‐face in the homes of respondents, who were selected from a nationally representative multi‐stage clustered area probability sample of households. A total of 9,282 interviews were completed in the main survey and an additional 554 short non‐response interviews were completed with initial non‐respondents. This paper describes the main features of the NCS‐R design and field procedures, including information on fieldwork organization and procedures, sample design, weighting and considerations in the use of design‐based versus model‐based estimation. Empirical information is presented on non‐response bias, design effect, and the trade‐off between bias and efficiency in minimizing total mean‐squared error of estimates by trimming weights. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Clinical calibration of DSM‐IV diagnoses in the World Mental Health (WMH) version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI)
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Abelson Jamie , Demler Olga , Escobar Javier I. , Gibbon Miriam , Guyer Margaret E. , Howes Mary J. , Jin Robert , Vega William A. , Walters Ellen E. , Wang Philip , Zaslavsky Alan , Zheng Hui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn overview is presented of the rationale, design, and analysis plan for the WMH‐CIDI clinical calibration studies. As no clinical gold standard assessment is available for the DSM‐IV disorders assessed in the WMH‐CIDI, we adopted the goal of calibration rather than validation; that is, we asked whether WMH‐CIDI diagnoses are ‘consistent’ with diagnoses based on a state‐of‐the‐art clinical research diagnostic interview (SCID; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV) rather than whether they are ‘correct’. Consistency is evaluated both at the aggregate level (consistency of WMH‐CIDI and SCID prevalence estimates) and at the individual level (consistency of WMH‐CIDI and SCID diagnostic classifications). Although conventional statistics (sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's κ) are used to describe diagnostic consistency, an argument is made for considering the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) to be a more useful general‐purpose measure of consistency. In addition, more detailed analyses are used to evaluate consistency on a substantive level. These analyses begin by estimating prediction equations in a clinical calibration subsample, with WMH‐CIDI symptom‐level data used to predict SCID diagnoses, and using the coefficients from these equations to assign predicted probabilities of SCID diagnoses to each respondent in the remainder of the sample. Substantive analyses then investigate whether estimates of prevalence and associations when based on WMH‐CIDI diagnoses are consistent with those based on predicted SCID diagnoses. Multiple imputation is used to adjust estimated standard errors for the imprecision introduced by SCID diagnoses being imputed under a model rather than measured directly. A brief illustration of this approach is presented in comparing the precision of SCID and predicted SCID estimates of prevalence and correlates under varying sample designs. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Multilevel investigation of variation in HoNOS ratings by mental health professionals: a naturalistic study of consecutive referrals
Authors: Ecob R. , Croudace T.J. , White I. R. , Evans J. E. , Harrison G. L. , Sharp D. , Jones P. B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEpisodes of mental healthcare in specialist psychiatric services often begin with the assessment of clinical and psychosocial needs of patients by healthcare professionals. Particularly for patients with complex needs or severe problems, ratings of clinical and social functioning at the start of each episode of care may serve as a baseline against which subsequent measures can be compared. Currently, little is known about service variations in such assessments on referrals from primary care. We set out to quantify variability in initial assessments performed by healthcare professionals in three CMHTs in Bristol (UK) using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). We tested the hypothesis that variations in HoNOS total and sub‐scale scores are related to referral source (general practices), healthcare assessor (in CMHTs) and the assessor's professional group. Statistical analysis was performed using multilevel variance components models with cross‐classified random effects. We found that variation due to assessor substantially exceeded that due to referral source (general practices). Furthermore, patient variance differed by assessor profession for the HoNOS – Impairment scores. Assessor variance differed by assessor profession for the HoNOS – Social scores. As HoNOS total and subscale scores show much larger variation by assessor than by referral source, investigations of HoNOS scores must take assessors into account. Services should implement and evaluate interdisciplinary training to improve consistency in use of rating thresholds; such initiatives could be evaluated using these extensions of multilevel models. Future research should aim to integrate routine diagnostic data with continuous outcomes to address selection effects (of patients to assessors) better. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Continuation and long‐term maintenance treatment with Hypericum extract WS® 5570 after successful acute treatment of mild to moderate depression – rationale and study design
Authors: Kasper S. , Dienel A. , Kieser M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUnipolar major depression is often a chronic disease that may require lifelong prophylaxis. Recovery from an acute episode is followed by 4‐6 months of relapse prevention. After that, long‐term maintenance treatment is administered to avoid recurrence.We present the rationale and design of an ongoing double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial investigating the efficacy of Hypericum extract WS® 5570 in relapse prevention in recurrent unipolar depression. An estimated sample of 425 adults with recurrent, mild to moderate major depression (ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV criteria), ≥3 previous episodes (last 5 years) and a total score ≥20 points on the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) will be included. After a one‐week wash out patients receive 3 × 300 mg/day WS® 5570 single‐blind for 6 weeks. Responders are randomized to 26 weeks of double‐blind continuation treatment with 3 × 300 mg/day WS® 5570 or placebo. Patients completing continuation treatment without relapse enter 52 weeks of double‐blind maintenance treatment, where those treated with WS® 5570 are re‐randomized to 3 × 300 mg/day WS® 5570 or placebo. The primary outcome measure is the time to relapse during continuation treatment (HAMD ≥16, clinical diagnosis of depression, or premature treatment termination for inefficacy).Hypericum extract, with its favourable tolerability profile, could be an interesting option for long‐term prophylaxis. The trial was designed according to current consensus and guidance. Notably, it includes long‐term prophylactic treatment with the same drug and the same therapeutic dose applied during acute treatment, uses well‐defined outcome measures and provides a clear distinction between relapse and recurrence. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES)
Authors: Heeringa Steven G. , Wagner James , Torres Myriam , Duan Naihua , Adams Terry , Berglund Patricia 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the probability sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES): the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R), the National Study of American Life (NSAL) and the National Latino and Asian American Study of Mental Health (NLAAS). The multi‐stage sample design and respondent selection procedures used in these three studies are based on the University of Michigan Survey Research Center's National Sample designs and operations. The paper begins with a general overview of these designs and procedures and then turns to a more detailed discussion of the adaptation of these general methods to the three specific study designs. The detailed discussions of the individual study samples focus on design characteristics and outcomes that are important to analysts of the CPES data sets and to researchers and statisticians who are planning future studies. The paper describes how the expected survey cost and error structure for each of these surveys influenced the original design of the samples and how actual field experience led to changes and adaptations to arrive at the final samples of each survey population. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Methodological innovations in the National Survey of American Life
Authors: Jackson James S. , Neighbors Harold W. , Nesse Randolph M. , Trierweiler Steven J. , Torres Myriam 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the conceptualization and methods used in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). The objectives of the NSAL are to investigate the nature, severity, and impairment of mental disorders among national samples of the black and non‐Hispanic white (n = 1,006) populations in the US, including African American (N = 3,570), and Afro‐Caribbean (N = 1,623) immigrant and second and older generation, populations. National multi‐stage probability methods were used in generating the samples and race/ethnic matching of interviewers and respondents were employed in the largely face‐to‐face interview, lasting on average 2 hours and 20 minutes. Two methodological approaches are described for addressing sampling coverage of individuals attached to, but not residing in, selected households at the time of the study. The paper also describes two approaches used to address concerns about the interpretations of standard symptom probe information in assessing serious mental disorders. This included a clinical reappraisal study designed to ascertain differences in symptom responding and ascertainment of cases (N = 677) in a subset of the same NSAL respondents. Finally, an abbreviated, novel method for estimating the prevalence of mental disorders in first‐degree family members is described and the preliminary results from this new approach are reported. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Instrumental variable methods for effectiveness research
Authors: Sturm Roland 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMany research questions, such as quality of specific providers or guideline‐concordant care in typical practices, are commonly studied in an observational setting. These analyses face the risk that covariates related to both an outcome of interest and the probability of treatment are unobserved or uncontrolled. The resulting biases can easily overwhelm true effects or create apparent effects, and small changes in the analytic approach can yield contradictory results, which is demonstrated for antidepressant medication and counselling.An econometric method, instrumental variable estimation (IV), provides a possible solution and permits causal inferences under certain conditions. The central element of IV is the observation that some variables are related to outcomes only through their effect on treatment and have no independent direct effect. The main difficulty of using IV is to identify appropriate instrumental variables and to assure that the sample size is sufficiently large to provide acceptable statistical power, which is substantially lower in IV than in standard regression models. These issues are discussed in the context of determining the effectiveness of depression treatment and illustrated using data from the depression panel of the medical outcomes study. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Methodological studies of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the US national comorbidity survey (NCS)
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Abelson Jamie M. , Mcgonagle Katherine , Schwarz Norbert , Kendler Kenneth S. , Knäuper Bärbel , Zhao Shanyang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the results of methodological studies carried out in conjunction with the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) to evaluate Version 1.0 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). These studies relied on recent survey data collection methodology literature to investigate problems regarding question comprehension, instruction comprehension, respondent motivation to report accurately, and regarding the limits of respondent ability to report accurately. Insights and strategies developed by survey methodologists were used to modify the CIDI in an effort to address these problems. The paper describes these strategies and methodological studies that evaluated their effects, including a clinical reappraisal study and a field experiment that evaluated the impact of question modifications on prevalence estimates. The paper closes with a discussion of remaining methodological problems with the CIDI and potentially useful future studies that might be able to develop solutions to these problems. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire (IPDEQ): preliminary data on its utility as a screener for anxious personality disorder
Authors: Slade Tim , Peters Lorna , Schneiden Vivienne , Andrews Gavin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present study assessed the utility of the International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire (IPDEQ) as a screener for ICD‐10 personality disorders in a sample of 76 subjects attending treatment for an anxiety disorder. The performance of the IPDEQ at different cut‐off points was compared to IPDE diagnoses of personality disorder using receiver operating characteristic analysis. As the majority of positive diagnoses were of ICD‐10 anxious (DSM‐IV avoidant) personality disorder the six IPDEQ items relating to anxious personality disorder were analysed. Sensitivities were very high and specificities were moderate indicating that the IPDEQ items relating to anxious personality disorder are good at discriminating between those with and those without anxious personality disorder. Furthermore, a cut‐off point of four or more anxious personality disorder items yielded the highest specificity given maximum sensitivity, a condition necessary for a screening instrument to be effective. Thus, at a cut‐off point of four or more screening items the IPDEQ appears to be a valid screening instrument for the detection of anxious personality disorder. The limitations of the study, including the generalizability of the results to other personality disorders and/or other samples, are discussed. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Depression, dysthymia and substance use disorders: sources of dissonance between ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV
Authors: Andrews Gavin , Slade Tim 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the diagnostic concordance between ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV in the depressive disorders, dysthymic disorder and substance dependence and substance harmful use/abuse disorder. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 1504 people, in a sample derived from community and clinic cases, and discrepant diagnoses were identified for ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV. The diagnostic concordance for the depressive disorders, dysthymic disorder and substance dependence disorder was excellent (kappa = 0.89, 0.93, and 0.86, respectively). Diagnostic agreement in the substance harmful use/abuse disorder category was considerably lower (Kappa = 0.44). The small number of discrepancies in diagnoses of the depressive disorders, dysthymic disorder and substance dependence disorder are a reflection of minor but real differences in the diagnostic criteria. Discrepancies in the diagnosis of substance harmful use/abuse disorder are explained by different concepts proposed to define each disorder. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder assessment with a structured interview: reliability and concordance with a standardized clinical interview
Authors: Breslau Naomi , Kessler Ronald , Peterson Edward L 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEpidemiologic studies of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have used the PTSD module of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview (DIS) in its various editions and modifications. Although the diagnoses of numerous disorders made by the DIS or the WHO – Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), which is modelled on the DIS, have been compared to clinical diagnoses, little is known about the performance of these instruments in diagnosing PTSD. In this study, we examine the test–retest reliability of a modified version of the PTSD section of the DIS‐IV and the CIDI 2.1 and compare it with an independently conducted clinical interview in the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma, an epidemio‐logical study of a representative sample of 2181 persons. A blind readministration of the structured interview was conducted by a lay interviewer 12–18 months after the initial interview, on 32 respondents classified as PTSD cases in the initial interview and on 23 non‐cases who reported exposure to trauma. The clinical reappraisal was conducted blindly by two psychiatric social workers, using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM‐IV (CAPS‐DX). The data were weighted to adjust for the oversampling of cases and the differential probabilities of selection of traumatic events across respondents with different numbers of events. The test–retest consistency of the structured interview was a kappa of 0.62 and an odds ratio of 42.5. The comparison of the structured interview with the clinical reappraisal showed agreement in 81% of the assessed sample. Positive predicted value was 0.75, negative predictive value was 0.97, and the odds ratio was 94.8 (all weighted values). Discrepant cases were mostly ‘false positives’ and, of these, the majority were subthreshold cases missing only one symptom in the CAPS‐DX. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Validation of the Impulsivity Rating Scale and relationship with anxiety in healthy French adolescents
Authors: Caci Hervé , Askenazy Florence , Frequelin Nathalie , Nadalet Liliane , Myquel Martine , Staccini Pascal , Cherick Faredj , Boyer Patrice 
Published: March 2006

AbstractImpulsivity is common among adolescents and adults, and can be assessed by specific or personality questionnaires. The clinical evaluation of impulsivity is not easy. The authors report the psychometric characteristics of a recently developed specific seven‐item hetero‐assessment instrument: the Impulsivity Rating Scale (IRS). Ninety‐one 14–16‐year‐old non‐depressed and non‐anxious adolescents were interviewed in high schools. While females score higher than males, the total score is independent of Spielberger's Trait‐Anxiety. The scale has a good reliability (a = 0.766), and PCA reveals a clear two‐factor solution: ‘Lack of control’ and ‘Lack of planification’. There is a moderate convergent validity with the Impulsivity subscale of the EPI. The IRS is a reliable easy‐to‐use instrument for assessing impulsivity in our sample. Nevertheless, more work is needed to generalize these results to the adolescent population. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An index of validity that corrects for chance agreement
Authors: Newman Stephen C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCohen's (1960) kappa coefficient, κ, is a well‐known index of reliability that corrects for chance agreement. The maximum and minimum values of kappa are examined. Using kappa as a theoretical framework, an index of validity is derived for the case of binary outcomes that summarizes sensitivity and specificity. This index is shown to be identical to the coefficient derived by Youden (1950). Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Analysing violent incidents and other events
Authors: Rabe‐Hesketh S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe paper discusses the analysis of recurrent events such as violent incidents in psychiatric hospitals. Many methods used to analyse such data fail to take account of length of follow‐up, individual differences between patients and correlations between events linked to the same patient. Random effects Poisson models and other methods that may be used to address these issues are described. All proposed methods are illustrated by applying them to a previously published dataset. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The measurement properties of a French language adaptation of the National Adult Reading Test
Authors: Mackinnon A. , Ritchie K. , Mulligan R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn item response theory model was used to investigate the measurement properties of a French‐language adaptation of the National Adult Reading Test (fNART) in a sample of 388 community‐dwelling and institutionalized elderly persons. The test was found to be essentially unidimensional and to discriminate over a range of ability. A number of items were found to have poor discriminatory power or other undesirable measurement characteristics and were eliminated from the item pool to form a 33‐item test. Although a large sample calibration of the test against the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales is desirable, the fNART shows considerable promise as a means of estimating ability premorbid to cognitive decline in French‐speaking individuals. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Improving accuracy of major depression age‐of‐onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey
Authors: Knäuper Bärbel , Cannell Charles F. , Schwarz Norbert , Bruce Martha L. , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a series of questions designed to improve the accuracy of age‐of‐onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and empirically evaluates the impact of these questions on reports about age of onset of major depressive episodes. The logic underlying the series of question is traced to cognitive psychological research on autobiographical memory. Data are presented showing that the new question series yielded more substantively plausible age‐of‐onset reports than those obtained a decade earlier in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. The test–retest consistency of age‐of‐onset reports was also higher in the NCS than the ECA. Despite these improvements, considerable inconsistency in age‐of‐onset reports remains in the NCS test‐retest data. The paper closes with a discussion of potentially promising future directions to improve retrospective age‐of‐onset reports in new psychiatric epidemiological surveys. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.