bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Escape Does Not Always Explain the Transient Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Viremia in Adenovirus-Boosted and DNA-Primed Mamu-A*01-Positive Rhesus Macaques
Authors: McDermott Adrian B. , O'Connor David H. , Fuenger Sarah , Piaskowski Shari , Martin Sarah , Loffredo John , Reynolds Matthew , Reed Jason , Furlott Jessica , Jacoby Timothy , Riek Cara , Dodds Elizabeth , Krebs Kendall , Davies Mary-Ellen , Schleif William A. , Casimiro Danilo R. , Shiver John W. , Watkins D. I. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTAdenovirus 5 (Ad5) vectors show promise as human immunodeficiency virus vaccine candidates. Indian rhesus macaques vaccinated with Ad5-gagcontrolled simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P viral replication in the absence of Env immunogens that might elicit humoral immunity. Here we immunized 15 macaques using either a homologous Ad5-gag/Ad5-gag(Ad5/Ad5) or a heterologous DNA-gag/Ad5-gag(DNA/Ad5) prime-boost regimen and challenged them with a high dose of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239. Macaques vaccinated with the DNA/Ad5 regimen experienced a brief viral load nadir of less than 10,000 viral copies per ml blood plasma that was not seen in Mamu-A*01-negative DNA/Ad5 vaccinees, Mamu-A*01-positive Ad5/Ad5 vaccinees, or vaccine-naive controls. Interestingly, most of these animals were not durably protected from disease progression when challenged with SIVmac239. To investigate the reasons underlying this short-lived vaccine effect, we investigated breadth of the T-cell response, immunogenetic background, and viral escape from CD8+lymphocytes that recognize immunodominant T-cell epitopes. We show that these animals do not mount unusually broad cellular immune response, nor do they express unusual major histocompatibility complex class I alleles. Viral recrudescence occurred in four of the five Mamu-A*01-positive vaccinated macaques. However, only a single animal in this group demonstrated viral escape in the immunodominant Gag181-189CM9 response. These results suggest that viral “breakthrough” in vaccinated animals and viral escape are not inextricably linked and underscore the need for additional research into the mechanisms of vaccine failure.
Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by TRIM-CypA Occurs with Rapid Kinetics and Independently of Cytoplasmic Bodies, Ubiquitin, and Proteasome Activity
Authors: Perez-Caballero David , Hatziioannou Theodora , Zhang Fengwen , Cowan Simone , Bieniasz Paul D. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
TRIM-CypA is an owl monkey-specific variant of the retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5α. Here, we exploit its modular domain organization and cyclosporine sensitivity to probe the kinetics and mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction. Time of addition/withdrawal experiments reveal that inhibition of incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsids by TRIM-CypA occurs within minutes of their delivery to the target cell cytoplasm. However, while TRIM-CypA restriction is partly dependent on a RING domain, restriction occurs independently of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Moreover, tagged TRIM-CypA proteins can be fully active as restriction factors without forming cytoplasmic bodies.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Can Coinfect the Same Hepatocyte in the Liver of Patients with Chronic HCV and Occult HBV Infection
Authors: Rodríguez-Íñigo E. , Bartolomé J. , Ortiz-Movilla N. , Platero C. , López-Alcorocho J. M. , Pardo M. , Castillo I. , Carreño V. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
In this work, we have shown that hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can coexist in the same hepatocyte using double fluorescent in situ hybridization in liver biopsy samples from patients with chronic HCV infection with occult HBV infection. Digital image analysis of hybridization signals showed that the HBV DNA levels in coinfected hepatocytes were lower than those in cells infected only with HBV. This finding supports the hypothesis of inhibition of HBV replication by HCV. Furthermore, HCV RNA levels were lower in coinfected cells than in cells infected only with HCV, suggesting that HBV may also inhibit HCV replication.
Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristic changes in high school athletes: a plyometric versus basic resistance program
Authors: Lephart S M , Abt J P , Ferris C M , Sell T C , Nagai T , Myers J B , Irrgang J J 
Published: November 2005

Background:In order to improve neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristic deficits in female athletes, numerous injury prevention programs have been developed and have successfully reduced the number of knee ligament injuries. However, few have investigated the neuromuscular and biomechanical changes following these training programs. It is also largely unknown what type of program is better for improving the landing mechanics of female athletes.Objectives:To investigate the effects of an 8 week plyometric and basic resistance training program on neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics in female athletes.Methods:Twenty seven high school female athletes participated either in a plyometric or a basic resistance training program. Knee and hip strength, landing mechanics, and muscle activity were recorded before and after the intervention programs. In the jump-landing task, subjects jumped as high as they could and landed on both feet. Electromyography (EMG) peak activation time and integrated EMG of thigh and hip muscles were recorded prior to (preactive) and subsequent to (reactive) foot contact.Results:Both groups improved knee extensor isokinetic strength and increased initial and peak knee and hip flexion, and time to peak knee flexion during the task. The peak preactive EMG of the gluteus medius and integrated EMG for the gluteus medius during the preactive and reactive time periods were significantly greater for both groups.Conclusions:Basic training alone induced favourable neuromuscular and biomechanical changes in high school female athletes. The plyometric program may further be utilised to improve muscular activation patterns.
Effects of dietary carbohydrate on delayed onset muscle soreness and reactive oxygen species after contraction induced muscle damage
Authors: Close G L , Ashton T , Cable T , Doran D , Noyes C , McArdle F , MacLaren D P M 
Published: November 2005

Background:Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs after unaccustomed exercise and has been suggested to be attributable to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have shown increased ROS after lengthening contractions, attributable to invading phagocytes. Plasma glucose is a vital fuel for phagocytes, therefore carbohydrate (CHO) status before exercise may influence ROS production and DOMSObjective:To examine the effect of pre-exercise CHO status on DOMS, ROS production, and muscle function after contraction induced muscle damage.Method:Twelve subjects performed two downhill runs, one after a high CHO diet and one after a low CHO diet. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of malondialdehyde, total glutathione, creatine kinase, non-esterified fatty acids, lactate, glucose, and leucocytes. DOMS and muscle function were assessed daily.Results:The high CHO diet resulted in higher respiratory exchange ratio and lactate concentrations than the low CHO diet before exercise. The low CHO diet resulted in higher non-esterified fatty acid concentrations before exercise. DOMS developed after exercise and remained for up to 96 hours, after both diets. A biphasic response in creatine kinase occurred after both diets at 24 and 96 hours after exercise. Malondialdehyde had increased 72 hours after exercise after both diets, and muscle function was attenuated up to this time.Conclusions:Downhill running resulted in increased ROS production and ratings of DOMS and secondary increases in muscle damage. CHO status before exercise had no effect.
Application of Adjoint-Derived Forecast Sensitivities to the 24–25 January 2000 U.S. East Coast Snowstorm
Authors: Kleist Daryl T. , Morgan Michael C. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The 24–25 January 2000 eastern United States snowstorm was noteworthy as operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) guidance was poor for lead times as short as 36 h. Despite improvements in the forecast of the surface cyclone position and intensity at 1200 UTC 25 January 2000 with decreasing lead time, NWP guidance placed the westward extent of the midtropospheric, frontogenetically forced precipitation shield too far to the east.
To assess the influence of initial condition uncertainties on the forecast of this event, an adjoint model is used to evaluate forecast sensitivities for 36- and 48-h forecasts valid at 1200 UTC 25 January 2000 using as response functions the energy-weighted forecast error, lower-tropospheric circulation about a box surrounding the surface cyclone, 750-hPa frontogenesis, and vertical motion. The sensitivities with respect to the initial conditions for these response functions are in general very similar: geographically isolated, maximized in the middle and lower troposphere, and possessing an upshear vertical tilt. The sensitivities are maximized in a region of enhanced low-level baroclinicity in the vicinity of the surface cyclone’s precursor upper trough. However, differences in the phase and structure of the gradients for the four response functions are evident, which suggests that perturbations could be constructed to alter one response function but not necessarily the others.
Gradients of the forecast error response function with respect to the initial conditions are used in an iterative procedure to construct initial condition perturbations that reduce the forecast error. These initial condition perturbations were small in terms of both spatial scale and magnitude. Those initial condition perturbations that were confined primarily to the midtroposphere grew rapidly into much larger amplitude upper-and-lower tropospheric perturbations. The perturbed forecasts were not only characterized by reduced final time forecast error, but also had a synoptic evolution that more closely followed analyses and observations.
U.S. West Coast Surface Heat Fluxes, Wind Stress, and Wind Stress Curl from a Mesoscale Model
Authors: Haack T. , Burk S. D. , Hodur R. M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Monthly averages of numerical model fields are beneficial for depicting patterns in surface forcing such as sensible and latent heat fluxes, wind stress, and wind stress curl over data-sparse ocean regions. Grid resolutions less than 10 km provide the necessary mesoscale detail to characterize the impact of a complex coastline and coastal topography. In the present study a high-resolution mesoscale model is employed to reveal patterns in low-level winds, temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature as well as surface fluxes, over the eastern Pacific and along the U.S. west coast. Hourly output from successive 12-h forecasts are averaged to obtain monthly mean patterns from each season of 1999. The averages yield information on interactions between the ocean and the overlying atmosphere and on the influence of coastal terrain forcing in addition to their month-to-month variability.
The spring to summer transition is characterized by a dramatic shift in near-surface winds, temperature, and relative humidity as offshore regions of large upward surface fluxes diminish and an alongshore coastal flux gradient forms. Embedded within this gradient, and the imprint of strong summertime topographic forcing, are small-scale fluctuations that vary in concert with local changes in sea surface temperature. Potential feedbacks between the low-level wind, sea surface temperature, and the wind stress curl are explored in the coastal regime and offshore waters. In all seasons, offshore extensions of colder coastal waters impose a marked influence on low-level conditions by locally enhancing stability and reducing the wind speed, while buoy measurements along the coast indicate that sea surface temperatures and wind speeds tend to be negatively correlated.
Low-Level Kinematic, Thermodynamic, and Reflectivity Fields Associated with Hurricane Bonnie (1998) at Landfall
Authors: Schneider Rebecca , Barnes Gary M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDuring 11 h on 26 August 1998, two NOAA WP-3D aircraft deployed 85 Global Positioning System (GPS) dropwindsondes within 2° of latitude of the circulation center of Hurricane Bonnie as it made landfall in North Carolina. About 75% of the sondes successfully collected data, which were used to create a series of storm-relative horizontal maps of kinematic and thermodynamic variables from 10 m to 2 km. Reflectivity fields were analyzed from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dopplers (WSR-88Ds) located at Wilmington and Morehead City, North Carolina, and the tail and lower fuselage radars aboard the WP-3Ds.GPS sonde performance and deployment spacing is adequate to identify several aspects of the vortex. These include 1) warm, dry, stable air in the offshore flow that results in reduced equivalent potential temperatures entering the southern portion of the eyewall, 2) cooler air collocated with the upwelled water in the right-rear quadrant and under the eyewall, and 3) an atypical radial wind pattern with strong inflow southwest of the circulation center and outflow northeast of the center. The strongly asymmetric structure found at 10 m becomes much more homogeneous by 2-km altitude.No intense rainbands developed over land in the onshore flow nor did the bands in the onshore flow undergo any significant changes once they made landfall. Beyond the eyewall the offshore flow contained much less precipitation than the onshore portion of the storm.Characteristics beyond the eyewall appear to have been modulated by the proximity to land but hurricane intensity did not vary. The authors infer that the lower energy content of the inflow was offset by the contraction of the eyewall.
Arthroscopic Transtibial Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Preservation of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Fibers
Authors: Ahn Jin Hwan , Yang Hyoung Seop , Jeong Woong Kyo , Koh Kyoung Hwan 
Published: November 2005

Background The transtibial technique for posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions can potentially lead to poor clinical outcomes due to the “killer turn” effect. Hypothesis Preserving the original posterior cruciate ligament fibers in the reconstruction will contribute significantly to the posterior stability of the knee joint, healing of the graft, and prevention of graft failure. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Sixty-one patients (45 men and 16 women; mean age, 30.4 years) underwent transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with preservation of the cruciate ligament fibers; they were reviewed at a mean period of 40.8 months. All patients were assessed with the Lysholm knee score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective and objective evaluations, and KT-2000 arthrometry. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 40 patients; images were assessed for graft continuity, thickness, and signal intensity. Second-look arthroscopy was performed in 42 patients. Results The mean Lysholm score improved from 65.8 to 92.9. The final International Knee Documentation Committee subjective evaluation rated all patients as normal or nearly normal, and the objective evaluation showed normal or nearly normal in 59 patients (97%) and abnormal in 2 patients (3%). The mean side-to-side difference on the KT-2000 arthrometer was 2.79 mm. All patients showed well-preserved graft continuity on magnetic resonance images. Mean graft thickness was 9.9 mm in the sagittal plane and 12.3 mm in the coronal oblique plane. Images for all patients revealed homogeneously low signal intensity in the distal portion of the graft, with complete healing of the graft and original posterior cruciate ligament fibers as one ligament. Graft loosening or graft tear by the killer turn effect was not detected in any patients. Second-look arthroscopy revealed complete healing and graft integration, with the original posterior cruciate ligament fibers in all patients. Conclusion In transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, poor outcomes from the killer turn effect may be reduced by preserving the original posterior cruciate ligament fibers.
Aplastic Anemia: Management of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Guinan Eva C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAplastic anemia is a term describing the common findings of pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia arising from a variety of disease states, including acquired aplastic anemia and a variety of congenital marrow failure states. The management of children with these disorders has been confounded by difficulties of diagnosis. The availability of molecular testing has assisted in partial resolution of this problem but has raised new issues, such as the potential of genetic predisposition and the management of asymptomatic individuals with molecular markers. Longitudinal data from large cohort studies and disease registries are providing a rational basis for making more informed treatment decisions for children with these disorders. In particular, the ability to subset patients more accurately has improved triage of treatments. Approaches to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), using both conventional and alternative donors, are changing rapidly, and the long-term sequelae of newer approaches are not entirely clear. Improved diagnosis and longer survival have fostered an understanding of the multidisciplinary approach necessary to manage both the underlying problems and the significant sequelae of treatment in both acquired and congenital disease.
Red Cell Membrane Disorders
Authors: Gallagher Patrick G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDisorders of the erythrocyte membrane, including hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, and hereditary stomatocytosis, comprise an important group of inherited hemolytic anemias. These syndromes are characterized by marked clinical and laboratory heterogeneity. Recent molecular studies have revealed that there is also significant genetic heterogeneity in these disorders. This is particularly true for the spherocytosis syndromes where each kindred has a private mutation in one of the spherocytosis genes.Treatment with splenectomy is curative in most patients. Splenectomy via a laparoscopic approach has become the surgical method of choice. Growing recognition and understanding of the long-term risks and complications of splenectomy, including cardiovascular disease, thrombotic disorders, and pulmonary hypertension, and the emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci, a concern for infection in overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, have led to reevaluation of the role of splenectomy. Recent management guidelines acknowledge these important considerations when entertaining splenectomy and recommend detailed discussion between health care providers, patient, and family.
The Molecular Pathology of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Licht Jonathan D. , Sternberg David W. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) involves an array of molecular alterations that disrupt almost every facet of cell transformation. These processes include the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, self-renewal, survival, cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair and chromatin stability, and cell dissemination. Normal regulatory networks are disrupted or usurped by these leukemogenic insults, and the understanding of these alterations is guiding the design of new therapeutic strategies. This overview describes some of the critical molecular alterations and implicates the rogue leukemogenic proteins in the onset and progression of AML.
Role of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Current Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Cornelissen Jan J. , Löwenberg Bob 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has been established as an effective consolidation therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first or subsequent remission. Although it effectively prevents relapse, treatment-related mortality (TRM) associated with alloSCT may compromise that beneficial effect. As a result, alloSCT may be restricted to patients with a relatively high risk of relapse. Here, we review studies that identify categories of AML patients who may specifically benefit from alloSCT. In addition, we discuss recent developments with respect to alternative donors, stem cell sources, and supportive care. Finally, we highlight recent results obtained with reduced-intensity alloSCT, which already significantly influence our therapeutic strategy in elderly patients with AML.
Management of Early Stage Disease
Authors: Deininger Michael W.N. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMore than 80% of newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase will achieve a complete cytogenetic response (CCR) with the standard dose of 400 mg imatinib daily. The probability of progression free survival is tightly correlated with the level of response, approaching 100% in those patients who achieve a reduction of BCR-ABL mRNA by at least 3-log at 12 months. High Sokal risk predicts poorer outcome, but on-treatment response parameters generally override pretherapeutic prognostic variables. Standard disease monitoring includes full blood counts, cytogenetics and quantitative RT-PCR for BCR-ABL mRNA but must be tailored to the level of response attained by a given patient. Conservative therapeutic milestones include a complete hematologic response at 3 months, a minor cytogenetic response at 6, a major cytogenetic response at 12 and CCR at 18, but a more aggressive approach may be justified in specific circumstances. Failure to achieve any of these milestones should trigger a re-assessment of the therapeutic strategy. Most patients with CCR remain positive by RT-PCR, and discontinuation of drug is usually followed by relapse, suggesting that imatinib fails to eradicate leukemic stem cells. The mechanisms underlying disease persistence are not well understood. Evidence is accumulating that early therapy intensification using high doses of imatinib (800 mg daily) or imatinib in combination with cytarabine or interferon-alpha may induce higher rates of RT-PCR negativity. Large studies will be required to determine whether this translates into improved progression free and overall survival.
Neurovisceral Porphyrias: What a Hematologist Needs to Know
Authors: Bonkovsky Herbert L. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The acute or inducible hepatic porphyrias comprise four inherited disorders of heme biosynthesis. They usually remain asymptomatic for most of the lifespan of individuals who inherit the specific enzyme deficiencies but may cause life-threatening attacks of neurovisceral symptoms. Failure to consider the diagnosis frequently delays effective treatment, and inappropriate diagnostic tests and/or mistaken interpretation of results may lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The four disorders are ALA dehydratase deficiency porphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and variegate porphyria. Other conditions that clinically and biochemically may mimic acute porphyria include lead poisoning and hereditary tyrosinemia type I. The diagnosis of one of these acute porphyric syndromes should be considered in many patients with otherwise unexplained abdominal pain, severe constipation, systemic arterial hypertension, or other characteristic symptoms. Critical to the rapid diagnosis of the three most common of these disorders is demonstration of markedly increased urinary porphobilinogen (PBG) in a single-void urine specimen. The treatment of choice for all but mild attacks of the acute porphyrias is intravenous hemin therapy, which should be started as soon as possible. Intravenous glucose alone is recommended only for mild attacks (no weakness or hyponatremia) or until hemin is available.