bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria as targets for cancer therapy
Authors: Ralph Stephen J. , Neuzil Jiri 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMitochondria have recently emerged as intriguing targets for anticancer drugs. A variety of compounds have been now identified that act via mitochondria. These compounds, termed mitocans (an acronym for mitochondria and cancer), destabilise mitochondria and cause apoptosis, which is, at least in some cases, selective for cancer cells. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, providing it with energy, as well as the source of important mediators of apoptosis. Recent findings show that individual types of cancers are complex and can differ considerably in their array of DNA mutations, harbouring different sets of genetic causes. This indicates that it will be very unlikely to cure cancer by drugs targeting only a few gene products or single pathways that are essential for tumour survival. What is needed then is an invariant target, common to all cells, but which is predominantly only affected by drugs when delivered inside the cancer cells. Such targets appear to be mitochondria, with very rare mutations, and mitocans can be expected to be very efficient drugs of choice for a number of different types of the neoplastic disease.
Experience with a Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi rheumatology telephone helpline
Authors: Kumar Kanta , Deeming Alison , Gordon Caroline , Nightingale Peter , Raza Karim 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives: To investigate what proportion of patients attending a rheumatology unit in Birmingham, UK, require interpretation services and to assess the use of an Asian language telephone helpline we have established for those who find it easier to communicate in Punjabi, Urdu or Hindi than in English.Methods: Our patients' requirement for interpretation services and their ability to read the script of the language they preferred to communicate in was assessed. A second survey assessed the use of an Asian language helpline we had established. All calls were recorded over 18 months. The reasons for the calls were categorized and compared with those made to our English helpline.Results: 171 of 512 patients (33%) stated that they required interpretation services. 128 (25%) were not able to read the script of their preferred language. In the second survey, 101 calls to the Asian language helpline were assessed and were compared with calls to the English helpline. The reasons for the calls differed between the helplines.Conclusions: A large proportion of patients attending our rheumatology unit required interpretation services to communicate effectively with their healthcare professional. Most of these patients were unable to read the script of the language they could speak, casting some doubt over the utility of translated written information. Patients of South Asian origin who preferred to communicate in Punjabi, Urdu or Hindi made use of a helpline operating in these languages, suggesting that this may be an effective strategy to facilitate communication with this group of patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between urodynamic function and 3D cat scan anatomy in neobladders: Does it exist?
Authors: Crivellaro S. , Mami E. , Wald C. , Smith J.J. , Kocjancic E. , Stoffel J. , Bresette J. , Libertino J.A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIntroductionWe compared the functional and anatomical differences among three different orthotopic neobladders, utilizing video urodynamics and 3D CT to determine what parameters, if any, correlate to function.Materials and MethodsThirty‐four patients were able to participate in the evaluation of their neobladder by 3D CT and video urodynamics. Three different orthotopic neobladders were identified (12 ileal, 7 ileocecal, 15 sigmoid). Multiple measurements, observations and functional data have been obtained. Statistical analysis for this study employed a linear regression test and an odds ratio calculation (using StatSoft V. 5.1).ResultsIn comparing three different neobladders, no significant differences were noted. Looking at the entire population, the following association was statistically significant in linear correlation: the maximal capacity and the neobladder volume; the pressure at the maximal capacity and the distance from the symphysis, the pressure at maximal flow and both the distance from the symphysis and the thickness of the neobladder. The distance from the left femoral head was directly correlated with the post void residual and inversely correlated with the maximal flow. The Odds ratio calculation revealed (with significant P < 0.05) that the further the center of the neobladder is from the right femoral head, the higher risk of incontinence.ConclusionsThe study seems to show no significant anatomical or functional difference among the three different types of neobladders. A possible correlation between the position of the neobladder and urinary incontinence is suggested, recognizing further study in a larger population is required. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:236–240, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of metabolic changes in the striatum of a rat model of parkinsonism: an in vivo1H MRS study
Authors: Kickler N. , Lacombe E. , Chassain C. , Durif F. , Krainik A. , Farion R. , Provent P. , Segebarth C. , Rémy C. , Savasta M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease induces an abnormal activation of the glutamatergic neurotransmission system within the basal ganglia network and related structures. The aim of this study was to use proton MRS to show metabolic changes in the striatum of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats, a rodent animal model of Parkinson's disease. Animals were examined before and after extensive lesioning of the nigral dopaminergic neurons and after acute administration of L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine. No significant alterations in glutamate concentrations, assessed by the MR signal dominated by glutamate with minor contributions from glutamine and γ‐aminobutyric acid, could be measured. The total choline/total creatine ratio was found to be reduced in the striatum of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schlagkräftige Physik. Kampfsport
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn vielen Kampfsportarten verhilft ein geschicktes Umsetzen physikalischer Kräfte zum Sieg. Judoka versuchen den Partner zu Fall zu bringen, indem sie mit seiner Bewegung arbeiten. Liegt er auf dem Boden, dann klemmen sie gerne seinen Arm so ein, dass er durch den für ihn ungünstigen Hebel nicht mehr freikommt. Boxen hat das Ziel, den Gegner k.o. zu schlagen. Manche Kopftreffer beschleunigen das Gehirn so erheblich, dass sie Schäden verursachen. Karatekas können tatsächlich ohne Tricks verblüffend dicke Holzbretter und Betonstücke mit der bloßen Hand durchschlagen.
Vom Dunkel zum Licht. Sternentstehung
Authors: Launhardt Ralf , Henning Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSterne entstehen durch den Gravitationskollaps dichter Bereiche innerhalb von Wolken aus molekularem Wasserstoff. Dies geschieht in den Spiralarmen von Galaxien. Dabei spielen die abschirmende Wirkung des interstellaren Staubes sowie Energieabstrahlung durch Moleküllinien eine wichtige Rolle. Beim Akkretionsprozess bilden sich zirkumstellare Scheiben und polare Jets heraus, die Drehimpuls abtransportieren. Die Scheiben sind gleichzeitig die Geburtsstätten von Planetensystemen. In den kommenden Jahren erwarten wir von neuen Beobachtungsinstrumenten wichtige Antworten auf bisher ungelöste Fragen des Sternentstehungsprozesses.
Vermessung einzelner Nanoinseln. Bestimmung von Halbleiterstrukturen mit Röntgenbeugung
Authors: Stangl Julian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRöntgenbeugung ist eine gängige Methode in der Materialphysik, um Verzerrungen atomarer Gitter zu bestimmen. Bei inhomogenen Materialien, zum Beispiel Halbleiterbauelementen mit Kontakten, Kanälen etc., ist jedoch eine Analyse oft unmöglich. Der zu wenig fokussierte Strahl erfasst alle unterschiedlichen Strukturen der Probe zugleich. Der Detektor kann also ihre verschiedenen Streusignale nicht mehr trennen. Die hier vorgestellte Methode löst das Problem mit einem “scharfen” Röntgenstrahl, der auf wenige Mikrometer fokussiert ist. Am Beispiel von einzelnen, 3 μm großen Halbleiterinseln wird die Analysemethode erläutert. Sie ermöglicht zudem eine Kombination der Röntgenbeugung mit anderen mikroskopischen Verfahren an derselben Nanostruktur. Damit lassen sich Halbleiter‐Nanostrukturen in Zukunft detailliert analysieren.
Extrasolare Planeten werden sichtbar
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMehr als 300 extrasolare Planeten haben Astronomen in den vergangenen 13 Jahren entdeckt. Bislang ließen sich diese lichtschwachen Sternbegleiter jedoch nur indirekt nachweisen. Kürzlich ist es gleich drei Gruppen gelungen, massearme Begleiter zu fotografieren, bei denen es sich vermutlich um Planeten handelt.
Monolayer and multilayer compact film formations on different substrates by physical deposition
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Lin , He Yan‐Dong , You Li‐Yan , Lu Zhong‐Yuan , Li Ze‐Sheng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDissipative particle dynamics simulations are applied to investigate the monolayer and multilayer film formations on different solid substrates by physical deposition. The influences of the polymer concentration, the polymer chain length, the solvent quality, and the interactions between the polymer solution and the solid substrate surface on the film formation dynamics and the mechanism are studied in detail. The results are analyzed in terms of the thickness and the shape of the deposited film, the kinetics of phase separation in the polymer solution, and the contact angle formed between the polymer aggregations and the substrate surface. Moreover, we suggest two strategies, designing a deposition process analogous to “chemical titration” and physically blocking interlayer diffusion by a simple crosslinked network barrier, to deposit the compact monolayer and multilayer films with better quality, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 353–365, 2009
Conductivity of crosslinked low surface energy epoxy coatings
Authors: Yuan Ming , Brokken‐Zijp José C. M. , De With Gijsbertus 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new and straightforward method has been studied to prepare crosslinked low surface energy semiconductive epoxy coatings. The low surface energy is obtained by adding a small amount of partially fluorinated bifunctional primary amine Jeffamine D230 crosslinker and the conductivity is achieved by adding a small amount of semiconductive nanosized Cobalt(III) phthalocyanine particles. The use of partially fluorinated crosslinker strongly influences the conductivity, the conductive particle network structure, and the network distribution in the coatings. Compared to coatings that are free of fluorine, variations in fractal dimension, percolation threshold, particle‐containing layer thickness, and conductivity level are observed as the amount of fluorinated species is varied. These differences can be explained by (local) differences in effective Hamaker constant, viscosity, curing rate, evaporation of the solvent, and presence or absence of polymer matrix between the particles in the network. Our results suggest that other crosslinked semiconductive low surface energy epoxy coatings can be realized in a similar manner, but careful optimization of processing conditions is required to obtain the desired conductivity levels at low filler concentration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Chem 47: 366–380, 2009
Molecular orientation and mechanical anisotropy of polypropylene sheet containing N,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxamide
Authors: Uchiyama Yohei , Iwasaki Shohei , Ueoka Chiaki , Fukui Takashi , Okamoto Kenzo , Yamaguchi Masayuki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEffect of mixing and processing conditions at T‐die extrusion on the structure and mechanical properties is studied for isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a small amount of β‐form nucleating agent, N,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxamide. It is found that trigonal β crystals are predominantly formed in the extruded samples containing the nucleating agent irrespective of the mixing and processing conditions, leading to the marked mechanical toughness. On the contrary, the molecular orientation is significantly affected by the mixing and processing conditions. In particular, it should be noted that PP molecules in the extruded sheet which was mixed at high temperature (260 °C) and extruded at low temperature (200 °C) orient perpendicular to the applied flow direction. As a result, the sheet shows anomalous mechanical anisotropy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 424–433, 2009
Poly(L‐lactide) Substrates with Tailored Surface Chemistry by Plasma Copolymerisation of Acrylic Monomers
Authors: García Cristina González , Ferrus Llorenç Latorre , Moratal David , Pradas Manuel Monleón , Sánchez Manuel Salmerón 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe wettability of PLLA substrates was modified by plasma copolymerising on its surface thin films based on EA and HEA. The composition of the reactive gas inside the plasma chamber was that of the corresponding liquid mixture of the comonomers. The surface of the substrates was investigated by AFM, which showed that the plasma film was ≈100 nm thick. The WCA decreases monotonically with decreasing HEA content in the mixture. The fraction of hydroxyl groups has been calculated from XPS. The local mechanical properties of the plasma‐polymerised surfaces were estimated by nanoindentation experiments performed using the AFM tip, which turns out to be a method sensitive to the composition of the copolymerised plasma film on the PLLA surface.magnified image
How to make single small holes with large aspect ratios
Authors: Föll Helmut , Gerngroß Mark‐Daniel , Cojocaru Ala , Leisner Malte , Bahr Jörg , Carstensen Jürgen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn many areas of research a need for single small holes with diameters from a few nm to several μm and large aspect ratios exists that is hard to meet with existing technologies. In a proof of principle it is shown that suitable single holes or specific arrays of some single holes can be made by first etching a very large number of small and deep holes or pores into semiconductors like Si or InP by established electrochemical means, followed by masking the desired holes and filling all others with, e.g., a metal in a galvanic process. The potential and limitations of this technique is briefly discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of three graph parameters for random trees
Authors: Banderier Cyril , Kuba Markus , Panholzer Alois 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe consider three basic graph parameters, the node‐independence number, the path node‐covering number, and the size of the kernel, and study their distributional behavior for an important class of random tree models, namely the class of simply generated trees, which contains, e.g., binary trees, rooted labeled trees, and planted plane trees, as special instances. We can show for simply generated tree families that the mean and the variance of each of the three parameters under consideration behave for a randomly chosen tree of size n asymptotically ∼μn and ∼νn, where the constants μ and ν depend on the tree family and the parameter studied. Furthermore we show for all parameters, suitably normalized, convergence in distribution to a Gaussian distributed random variable. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Temperature driven morphological changes of hydrothermally prepared copper oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Neupane Madhav Prasad , Kim Yu Kyoung , Park Il Song , Kim Kyoung A , Lee Min Ho , Bae Tae Sung 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe size and shape of nanocrystals have a strong effect on the optical, electrical and catalytic properties. Therefore, controlling the size, shape and structure of nanocrystals is technically important. The controlled synthesis of CuO nanostructures was achieved using a hydrothermal process by simply controlling the precipitation reaction temperature between copper nitrate trihydrate and sodium hydroxide. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), EDS, XRD, and FTIR analysis revealed that the synthesized product at 200 °C is of pure copper oxide particles. From Scherrer formula, the prepared CuO particles varied approximately 3–7 nm in size simply by varying the reaction temperature. The synthesized particles exhibited a regular flake like morphology and had a uniform size distribution. The morphology and size depend on the reaction conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of bidentate phosphoryl compounds on soil particulates using SIMS
Authors: Groenewold Gary S. , Gresham Gary L. , Avci Recep , Deliorman Muhammedin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe presence of organic compounds as surface contaminants on particles can provide valuable data about the particles environment, but identification can be analytically challenging. This is true particularly for compounds that have the potential for strong surface binding, such as compounds capable of multidentate attachment. Direct analysis using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was evaluated for characterization of soil particles contaminated with low concentrations of two bidentate organophosphoryl compounds, diphenyl‐N,N‐di‐n‐butylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide and tetraphenylmethylene diphosphine dioxide. Molecular ions were formed by cationization with H+ and alkali elements Na+ and K+ that are indigenous to the particle surface chemistry. Spectra generated from a contaminated calcareous soil were dominated by K+‐containing ions, whereas spectra from a sandy loam had more abundant Na+‐species. Cation‐bound dimers were also formed which favored incorporation of K+, and a unique aluminosilicate‐phosphoryl conjugate cation was also formed when the diphosphoryl ligand was present on the surface. The phosphoryl ligands also underwent fragmentation reactions, the course of which varied depending on the cation that was bound. Minimum detectable surface concentrations were evaluated and were in the 0.04–0.2 monolayer range, depending on the compound and soil particle matrix they was bound to. The ion signature was detected on soil particle surfaces for time periods exceeding six months, suggesting that the characterization approach could be used for environmental exposure history at times well beyond initial exposure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating and sustaining successful knowledge management in purposeful communities‐summary of key experiences from pioneers
Authors: Albinsson Lars , Curtin Gregory , Forsgren Olov , Wall Maria 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBased on research organized as a number of workshops, case studies and interviews with experienced practitioners as well as academics, we present in this report the most important findings on how to create and sustain successful knowledge management in a community environment. The cases, workshops and interviews deal specifically with the Microsoft Solutions Sharing Network (SSN) program, but the findings, conclusions and preliminary recommendations can be applied more generally to the development of any knowledge management community. A key conclusion is that the bulk of efforts toward creating successful knowledge management communities focus on less technical, or softer aspects like leadership, culture, social settings and value of participation. However, these are essential, but not sufficient, ingredients for success. Technical issues, issues regarding development and customization of the tools used to facilitate knowledge management (for example, the SSN web portal), and emerging legal issues surrounding the sharing of intellectual property (IP) may be perceived as somewhat less important to the participants, but are nevertheless key factors in the long term success of these communities. It is also concluded that the foundation for successful collaboration is primarily laid in the initial phases of community development. A community must make a positive impression on its participants from the very beginning because most people will not give it a second chance. In this report we have highlighted three important areas to consider when establishing portals for knowledge management: Leadership, Purpose and Process/Infrastructure. A leadership with high credibility in the subject is needed to lead the participants in the right direction, manage the cultural processes and to make sure that relevant content can be found. Initially it is the content that brings people to a specific community. Thus, there has to be some common purpose that not only needs to be in congruence with the professional role of the participants but also be inspiring for them as well. Additionally, the community should have some sort of process that the participants can understand and suits the way they would like to interact. Face‐to‐face meetings and networking activities create trust which is important to get the process started. Language, IT platform, support and rules governing the contribution, creation and sharing of ‘knowledge’ for the community are other concerns that need to be considered within the process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometrische Ersatzimperfektionen für Tragfähigkeitsnachweise zum Biegeknicken von Druckstäben
Authors: Kindmann Rolf , Wolf Christian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIm Mittelpunkt des Aufsatzes stehen Untersuchungen zum Biegeknicken von Druckstäben aus gewalzten I‐Profilen. Nach der Klärung des generellen Tragverhaltens werden erforderliche geometrische Ersatzimperfektionen für Stäbe mit Drucknormalkraft und planmäßiger Biegung ermittelt und mit den Werten der aktuellen Regelwerke verglichen. Für Druckstäbe ohne planmäßige Biegung werden für Biegeknicken um die starke Achse geometrische Ersatzimperfektionen angegeben, mit denen sich bis zu 12% höhere Tragfähigkeiten ergeben als bisher (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Untersuchungen über das Trag‐ und Dehnungsverhalten des Betongurtes bei Verbundanschlüssen
Authors: Odenbreit Christoph , Hahn Christoph , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAufgrund des steigenden Kostendrucks im Bauwesen ist es besonders wichtig, bereits bei der Planung effiziente Berechnungsmethoden heranzuziehen, die zu einer wirtschaftlichen Bauweise führen. In der Stahl‐ und Verbundbauweise kann dabei die Anwendung der Fließgelenktheorie zu guten Ergebnissen führen, da sowohl Querschnitts‐ als auch Systemreserven nahezu vollständig ausgenutzt werden. Beim gewöhnlichen Verbunddurchlaufträger führt dies zu einer Umlagerung des Stützmomentes hin zum Feld. Diese Umlagerung bedingt eine Zunahme der Rotation im Anschluss. Die hier vorgestellten Versuche zeigen, wie die Art und Menge der Bewehrung Einfluss auf die Rotationskapazität des Verbundanschlusses ausübt. Den erhöhten Rotationsanforderungen von Verbundanschlüssen im Bereiche von Fließgelenken sollte bereits bei der konstruktiven Ausbildung der Anschlüsse Rechnung getragen werden (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tragverhalten von Schrauben in Scher‐Lochleibungs‐Verbindungen mit ungenau hergestellten Schraubenlöchern
Authors: Hölbling Wolfram , Misiek Thomas , Saal Helmut 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUnplanmäßige Lagen und Ausführungen der Löcher für Scher‐Lochleibungs‐Verbindungen können sich sowohl auf die Montage des Stahltragwerks als auch auf das Tragverhalten und die Tragfähigkeit desselben nachteilig auswirken. Die Effekte dieser Abweichungen können nur durch die Duktilität der Verbindung, also durch große Formänderungen infolge Lochleibung und/oder Schraubenbiegung ausgeglichen werden. Hierzu stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die zum Ausgleich der Effekte dieser Abweichungen erforderliche plastische Biegung bei hochfesten Schrauben der Festigkeitsklasse 10.9 oder 8.8 mit großen Durchmessern gegeben ist (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)