bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Booking Reserves
Authors: Ross J.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Inconsistency in approaches used for booking reserves, whether for internal or external reporting requirements, represents a significant problem for the industry. Despite all the efforts made in attempting to establish a broadly acceptable set of reserve definitions and the guidelines published by various regulatory bodies, there are many areas where different interpretations are adopted and, therefore, the key requirement of any system - consistency - is not achieved. Inconsistency occurs at two fundamental levels: firstly, in the interpretation as to what is meant by "reserves", particularly with respect to commerciality; and, secondly, what volumes should be booked in specific circumstances (e.g. under production-sharing contract terms, where non- hydrocarbons are present, where hydrocarbons are used on-site for fuel, etc.).
The first problem may be addressed by an integrated resource reporting system which ensures that reserves are seen in their correct context as discovered, commercial, recoverable, remaining resources, while the new SPE/WPC definitions provide a basis for the system, additional definitions and guidelines are required to ensure an acceptable level of consistency is achieved. The second area of difficulty is related to the actual volumes that are booked. This is an issue which has not been addressed adequately to-date. A series of "guiding principles" are proposed as the basis for discussion and debate, in the hope that it may lead to an improved understanding of the problem and, ultimately, much greater consistency in the booking of reserves.
P. 561
Characterization of a Vertically Compartmentalized Reservoir in a Supergiant Field, Burgan Formation, Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait; Part 1: Stratigraphy and Water Encroachment
Authors: Kirby Robert H. , Carr Brian S. , Al-Humoud Jamal , Safar Ahmed I. , Al-Matar Dawood , Naser Waleed 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This is the first of two papers which describe a comprehensive multidisciplinary effort toward reservoir characterization in the Greater Burgan field. In early 1995 a team of geologists and engineers began reviewing and evaluating Greater Burgan data in order to build an integrated reservoir model. This paper describes the interpreted depositional history of the Burgan formation, relates water encroachment in the reservoir to the stratigraphic architecture, and discuss the potential for oil migration between the main reservoir units.
P. 509
Analyzing Well Production Data Using Combined Type Curve and Decline Curve Analysis Concepts
Authors: Agarwal Ram G. , Gardner David C. , Kleinsteiber Stanley W. , Fussell Del D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents new production decline curves for analyzing well production data from radial and vertically fractured oil and gas wells. These curves have been developed by combining Decline curve and Type curve analysis concepts to result in a practical tool which we feel can more easily estimate the gas (or oil) in place as well as to estimate reservoir permeability, skin effect, fracture length and conductivity, etc. Accuracy of this new method has been verified with numerical simulations and the methods have been used to perform analyses using production data from several different kinds of gas wells. Field and simulated examples are included to demonstrate the applicability and versatility of this technology.
Decline curve analysis methods, in a variety of forms, have been used in the petroleum industry for more than fifty years to analyze production data and forecast reserves. Type curve analysis methods have become popular, during the last thirty years, to analyze pressure transient test (e.g. buildup, draw-down) data.
Pressure transient data can be costly to obtain and may not be available for many wells, while well production data is routinely collected and is even available from industry data bases. In the absence of pressure transient data, a method that cause readily available well production data to perform pressure transient analysis would be very beneficial. The result is the development of these new production decline type curves.
These new production decline type curves represent an advancement over previous work because a clearer distinction can be made between transient and boundary dominated flow periods. The new curves also contain derivative functions, similar to those used in the pressure transient literature to aid in the matching process. These production decline curves are, to our knowledge, the first to be published in this format specifically for hydraulically fractured wells of both infinite and finite conductivity. Finally, these new curves have been extended to utilize cumulative production data in addition to commonly used rate decline data.
P. 585
Well Evaluation Using Early Time Post-Stimulation Flowback Data
Authors: Crafton James W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate measurement of all produced fluids and solids during the post-stimulation flowback following an acid or hydraulic fracturing stimulation, and the flowing wellhead pressure on a frequent basis provide the data necessary to assess several valuable reservoir, completion and stimulation parameters. The qualitative and quantitative analysis is performed using the Reciprocal Productivity Index procedures. Most flowback data sets will have sufficient quality to provide good estimates of the contributing effective permeability-thickness, the apparent fracture half-length or effective wellbore radius and unusual reservoir pressure conditions. Qualitatively, the evaluation provides information on effective or damaging flowback management strategies, such as the effect of shut- ins, or excessive drawdown during flowback and the duration of flowback necessary for maximum clean-up. It also provides a means of assessing multi-stage stimulation results and productivity profiles within the well. Although downhole data is always desireable, the method is effective when only surface data is available because of risk or cost issues. Examples are provided to demonstrate several of these situations, in addition to a brief discussion of causative factors.
P. 599
Design of a Cased-Hole-Density Logging Tool Using Laboratory Measurements
Authors: Moake G.L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Density tools provide valuable information required to locate gas and evaluate formations. Although 200 Tcf of gas resources are estimated to exist behind pipe in the U.S. alone, present-generation density tools are unable to deal with the magnitude of cement thickness that is typically encountered in a cased borehole. Thus, use of these tools is generally restricted to open boreholes.
This paper describes the design study, partially funded by Gas Research Institute, to be used in developing a density tool capable of providing consistent, reliable measurements in a cased-hole environment without prior knowledge of the casing or cement properties. A special laboratory tool was constructed to acquire data used to develop the design.
In studying the variables relevant to a cased-hole density measurement, it was noted that the density and composition of steel casings are very uniform and thus do not need to be addressed. Also, measurements with normal and hematite-loaded cement showed that the composition of the cement is not significant. Similarly, the elemental composition (lithology) of the formation is expected to be unimportant. Consequently, the tool response is determined primarily by four variables: formation density, casing thickness, cement thickness, and cement density.
Analysis of measured gamma-ray spectra indicated that the spectral shape contains little information about the variables that is not contained in the total count rate. Therefore, four detectors are required to evaluate the four variables when the variables are independent. When cement thickness is small, the four primary variables are not independent, and only three detectors are required to determine the formation density. However, analysis of an optimized three-detector tool indicated that such a tool would not be accurate for cement thicknesses much greater than an inch. On the other hand, analysis of an optimized four-detector tool indicated that the design would make quality measurements through up to two inches of cement. A cobalt-60 logging source, which is more penetrating than cesium- 137, is used to improve precision and depth of investigation.
P. 565
Need Stress Relief? A New Approach to Reducing Stress Cycling Induced Proppant Pack Failure
Authors: Rickards Allan , Lacy Lewis , Brannon Harold , Stephenson Chris , Bilden Dean 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Stress cycling of proppant packs often occurs during well production operations and is known to be a major contributing factor to proppant pack failure. Proppant crushing occurs due to increasing closure stress as a well is drawn down. The fines generated by such crushing can cause significant damage to proppant pack porosity and fracture conductivity. Additionally, the incidence of proppant flowback (fines and whole proppant) has been reported to be exacerbated by stress cycling.
The addition of deformable beads to the proppant pack has been observed to alleviate both problems and may significantly improve well performance. Testing of various mixtures of the deformable beads and proppant has demonstrated significant reductions in the amount of fines generated and accompanying improvements in proppant pack permeability. Furthermore, the initiation of proppant flowback was observed to require much higher flow rates than in the absence of the beads.
It is thought the process of bead deformation serves to "cushion" the proppant particles from the full brunt of the stress. New laboratory facilities and procedures have been established to study and quantify, proppant flowback, and conductivity as a function of proppant, temperature, flow rate. fracture width, closure stress, and cycle frequency.
P. 659
Successful Application of High GOR ESPs in the Lekhwair Field
Authors: Brinkhorst J. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Lekhwair Field, producing from a hydrostatic pressured carbonate reservoir, containing a light under-saturated oil, has been developed using gas-lift as the primary lift method. As process facilities have recently become gas constrained the use of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs), as an alternative lift method to reduce compression requirements, has been proposed and trialled. The production conditions require free gas volumes of up to 80% to be handled by the pump down-hole. To achieve this it is essential that an effective gas separator is installed below the pump. Several ESP vendors (REDA, Centrilift and ESP Inc.) have been approached for their preferred solution. Three different ‘ESP / gas separator configurations’ have since been successfully installed in 6 wells. Establishing the right well design criteria and well productivities up front is essential for the successful application of High Gas Oil Ratio (HGOR) ESPs, guaranteeing a long run-life. This paper discusses the main design criteria applied, compares the performances of the actual pumps installed and discusses the various conditions of influence on pump behaviour.
Field Advanced Water Control Techniques Using Gel Systems
Authors: BAYLOCQ P. , FERY J. J. , GRENON A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past few years, gel treatments have been considered to have an interesting potential for water shut off applications and improvement of the near wellbore injection profiles. This paper describes different applications using several types of gels, and details the lab and field procedures to ensure an efficient treatment.
Polyacrylamide crosslinked gels have been successfully used to seal a water zone in a sandstone allowing the production of a bottom gas layer or to improve the conformance of the near wellbore injection profile in naturally fractured carbonates. Silicate gels were also used in the Middle East to shut off, during the drilling phase, several high pressure water flooded layers in order to avoid any crossflow between layers during the cement setting and the production phase.
This paper describes some of the gel evaluation laboratory tests and different field applications. Procedures and recommendations for a proper formulation selection and an efficient gel placement are also presented.
Zadco Experience In Stimulating Multi-Lateral Wells Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Hassan M. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The result of horizontal trial programme adopted by Zakum Development Company (ZADCO) during 1989 was encouraging from operational and reservoir management viewpoints. Subsequently, most of the wells have been drilled as dual/ multi-lateral wells and barefoot completed with dual tubing strings. Hydrochloric acid (15%) was used to remove the formation skin damage and restore the natural permeability of the reservoir. The acid was pumped into the lateral holes using two types of diversion techniques:
Controlled Diverting Chemicals (CDC) which is a linear gelled system that works on pH value.
Gelled Foam Water (GFW) which depends on the presence of foam bubbles that create a multiple film face in the well bore.
This paper presents the different completion methods where the setting depth of the production casing is important for better stimulation jobs.
Also, it highlights in details the stimulation design, technique and procedure along with the evaluation of acid jobs based on surface measurement, well's production performance and production logging results.
Appraisal of the HORSE CREEK Air Injection Project Performance
Authors: Clara C , Zelenko V. , Schirmer P. , Wolter Tom 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper gives a current evaluation of the Horse Creek air injection project. The field, located in North Dakota, USA, is operated by TOTAL MINATOME CORPORATION, the US subsidiary of TOTAL. This light oil reservoir (32° API) has an OOIP of 46 MMBBLS. It was produced under natural depletion from 1972. Air injection started up in May, 1996. At this time, the oil production was at the low level of 300 bbl/d (after having reached 1600 bbl/d in 1984). But 16 months later, in September, 1997, production was increased to 700 bbl/d thanks to air injection.
The paper explains how air injection was decided in Horse Creek as a secondary recovery process. The principle of the air injection process into light oil reservoirs is also discussed. The project evaluation based on a geological review, numerical simulations and laboratory experiments is presented. The production data from the start-up of the air injection in May, 1996 to December, 1997 are given and the field performance appraised. A simulation update, performed in January, 1998, and integrating production data from 20 months of air injection, is finally presented.
PNC-Logging with Data Interpretation Approach to Characterize a Stratified Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Sultan A. Junaid , Iqbal Ghulam , Furuya Masayuki 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In layered carbonate reservoirs where high permeability streaks are present, it becomes challenging to keep track of injected water front movement. Pulsed Neutron Capture (PNC) surveys, in addition to other surveillance programs, served as a valuable tool to characterize premature water breakthrough in these heterogeneous reservoirs.
In this field, in many observation wells, time lapsed PNC log-interpretations have effectively been used to detect water encroachment in high permeability sub-zones. Time lapsed results also helped in developing a few type-logs, which show water front advancement in different sub-zones of various regions.
PNC interpretation results revealed behind casing water communication in certain wells. The findings assisted in carrying out reservoir management decisions.
PNC-log results were integrated with data obtained from Cores, PLT, and RPT to understand and identify water movement in different layers of the reservoirs. Water encroachment detected in different layers was also compared with the water saturation estimated in the layers based on simulation study.
A Rapid Standard Test for Screening Foam-Forming Surfactants
Authors: Zhong L. , Siddiqui S. , El-Hardalo S. , Islam M. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new method is proposed for screening surfactants suitable for foam diversion purposes. Surfactant screening is an important task in the processes that involve the use of foam. Several screening methods have been developed, including static tests and porous media tests. However, they are neither dependable nor standard. Six different surfactants are tested in this study. These surfactants were selected among a foray of ‘best-performing’ surfactants supplied by six service- and chemical companies.
The new technique requires an inexpensive setup, a simple experimental procedure, and simple calculations. A new surfactant screening technique was developed in which optimum values of parameters such as ultimate liquid recovery, recovery at breakthrough, cumulative liquid produced to cumulative air produced (L/A) ratio, maximum blocking pressure, liquid mobility ratio (P2/P1) and breakthrough time during the porous media tests, were used to select the surfactants that are most likely to help diversion.
A series of coreflood tests, both in a single core and a dual-core, was conducted in order to compare the ranking that was obtained following the high-permeability porous media tests. The results are in excellent agreement. Also, bottle tests were conducted and it was demonstrated that the bottle test results do not match the results of high-pressure core flood tests. Some porous media tests were conducted in the presence of residual oil in the system. Results indicate that for screening of surfactants, it is not necessary to have oil in the system. This observation was supported by dual-core diversion tests conducted in the presence of oil. Similarly, there is no need to use acid during the screening process.
The proposed screening method can be applied in both foam acidization as well as enhanced oil recovery processes. The method uses porous media and standardizes the surfactant screening procedure.
ADCO's Environmental Performance
Authors: Al Habshi A H , Munger J ? , Walker C ? 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
ADCO's commitment towards the field of HSE activities, and specifically in protecting the environment, was reinforced by the implementation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) in 1996. Critical to the success of that system, environmental objectives and targets were set. Progress was measured monthly and reported quarterly through the use of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI's) that were precisely developed for the purpose of tracking the improvement of ADCO's environmental performance. Complementary to that EPI reporting system, ADCO conducted both a Waste Inventory and an Air Emissions Inventory which were completed in 1997. HSE was further enhanced with the introduction of a drilling wastes management system.
The paper will present and discuss the environmental performance indicators; the result of it's Air Emission Inventory; the reduction in waste water disposal in ADCO's operational areas; and, highlights from waste management in drilling operations.
New Techniques in Wireline Formation Testing in Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Parkes R. , Carnegie A. , Neville T. , Hookway S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Some of the main measurement objectives of wireline formation testing are to obtain data on formation pressures and gradients, fluid types and contacts and formation permeability profiles. Tight reservoirs pose many difficult problems when frying to achieve these objectives. The most notable problem is the supercharging effect which often invalidates reservoir pressures taken by the traditional technique of taking a small volume pretest (&lt; 20 cc's). Another crucial objective is to perform measurements safely and cost effectively. This can be difficult to achieve since pressures in tight reservoirs can often require long periods of time to obtain, thereby increasing the costs of rig time, and the probability of tool sticking.
The key to advancing wireline formation pressure testing in tight reservoirs is to understand the fundamental causes of the problems, and to use this knowledge to develop methodologies and tools to solve them. Much progress has been recently been made in many areas. For example, the important mechanisms causing supercharging have been identified, and the associated effects have been successfully reduced or eliminated by recently developed methodologies and tools.
This paper discusses the problems of wireline formation testing in tight reservoirs, presents recently developed solutions to these problems and shows examples of where they have been applied. The major portion of the discussion will be devoted to supercharging. However, brief consideration will be given to some of other problems of tight reservoirs.
P. 419
Laboratory Development of a Novel, Simultaneous Cake-Cleanup and Gravel-Packing System for Long, Highly-Deviated or Horizontal Open-Hole Completions
Authors: Parlar M. , Tibbles R. J. , Chang F. F. , Fu D. , Morris L. , Davison M. , Vinod P. S. , Wierenga A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The cleanup of the filter-cakes formed by reservoir drilling fluids is a challenging task in long, horizontal open-hole completions. Although various mechanical and/or chemical diversion techniques may be used, it is difficult to ensure contact of the breaker with the filter-cake throughout the whole interval when the reaction between the breaker and the filter-cake is relatively fast as in acid/CaCO3 reactions.
In this paper, we present novel, surfactant-based carrier fluids in a breaker (an acid, enzyme or an optimized chelant) solution which ensures contact of the breaker with the filter-cake throughout the whole interval when used in conjunction with shunt tubes for gravel packing open hole horizontal completions. The shunt tubes ensure complete packing of horizontal wells by allowing an alternate path for bypassing bridges that may form due to high leak-off rates. The surfactant/breaker carrier fluid ensures contact of the breaker with the filter-cake throughout the whole interval during gravel packing.
It is shown that the rate of cake removal depends strongly on the conditions under which the cake is formed, and it can be controlled to a large extent by varying the type of cleanup fluid. Several new fluid formulations are proposed for use as either single-step carrier/cleanup fluids in open-hole gravel packing or cleanup fluid in standalone screen completions. The effects of temperature, permeability, overbalance, surfactant concentration, and pH are investigated. A new much less corrosive carrier/cleanup fluid that attacks both CaCO3 and starch is proposed. This new fluid offers an order of magnitude lower cake removal rates compared to those with conventional acid systems. The low reaction rates promote a more uniform cake cleanup and should result in higher production rates. Laboratory data indicate that the rate of cake removal is essentially mass-transfer-controlled. Diffusion appears to be the limiting mechanism in most cases of practical interest, although convective mass transfer is also important with cakes formed over short-time periods and/or soaks with higher overbalances. Implications of the laboratory results on field applications are also discussed.