bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synoptic Forcing of Precipitation over Greenland: Climatology for 1961–99
Authors: Schuenemann Keah C. , Cassano John J. , Finnis Joel 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Analysis of the synoptic climatology and precipitation patterns over the North Atlantic region allows for a better understanding of the atmospheric input to the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. The self-organizing map (SOM) technique was applied to the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) daily sea level pressure (SLP) data from 1961 to 1999 to objectively identify synoptic SLP patterns over the North Atlantic region. A total of 35 different SLP patterns were identified. Patterns common to the winter season are characterized by deep low pressure systems that approach Greenland through an active North Atlantic storm track, whereas patterns most common to the summer months are generally weaker and approach the ice sheet from the west through Baffin Bay. The blocking, splitting, and intensification of cyclones by the high elevations of the Greenland ice sheet were identified in this analysis.
Analysis of ERA-40 precipitation associated with each SLP pattern revealed that the largest precipitation events were associated with passing cyclones that created onshore flow, allowing the air to be lifted orographically by the steep margins of the ice sheet. The ERA-40 annual mean precipitation over Greenland from 1961 to 1999 was 35.8 cm yr−1. Greenland was divided into five subregions, and the preferred synoptic patterns for receiving precipitation in each region include cyclones positioned to allow dynamic and orographic lift in each region. Annual precipitation contributions from each SLP pattern were isolated to reveal that half of the annual mean precipitation over Greenland comes from only 11 of the 35 identified synoptic patterns (31.4%), highlighting the importance of studying Greenland precipitation on an event-by-event basis on a daily time scale.
Dynamics and Predictability of a Heavy Dry-Season Precipitation Event over West Africa—Sensitivity Experiments with a Global Model
Authors: Meier Florian , Knippertz Peter 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In January 2002 the Cape Verde region in tropical West Africa was hit by an exceptionally heavy precipitation event. Rain rates of up to 116 mm (48 h)−1 caused harmful impacts on the local population. The rainfall was triggered by a series of two upper-level disturbances penetrating from the extratropics to the West African coast. This study investigates the dynamics and predictability of this event on the basis of simulations with the global model Global Model Europe (GME) of the German Weather Service [i.e., Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)] initialized by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis data. Free forecasts satisfactorily reproduce the upper-level disturbances and the precipitation up to a lead time of 7 days. Several sensitivity experiments are conducted to unveil the reasons for this comparably high predictability and to identify dynamical precursors. The relevance of the upper-level wave structure in the extratropics is examined by modifications of the initial conditions using a quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (PV) inversion technique. While a reservoir of high PV over the North Atlantic and a PV ridge over Europe are found to be crucial for the upper-level wave amplification and the rainfall over West Africa, latent heating over the North Atlantic affects the event rather little in contrast to previous case studies. Surface properties like orography and sea surface temperature anomalies modify the precipitation quantity, but appear not to be essential for the occurrence of the extreme event on the simulated time scale.
The Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour of Schizophrenic Patients in Cambodia
Authors: Coton Xavier , Poly Sin , Hoyois Philippe , Sophal Chhit , Dubois Vincent 
Published: July 2008

Aims: To understand the patterns of the schizophrenic patients' healthcare-seeking behaviour (HCSB) in the context of a post-conflict country where psychiatric facilities are scarce. Methods: Cross-sectional survey assessing schizophrenic patients and their caregivers who consulted for the first time in four different outpatient psychiatric departments. Results: One hundred and four schizophrenic patients were selected: 56.7% began the HCSB with traditional medicine; 22.1% with western medicine, psychiatry included, and 20.2% with religious medicine; 77.3% did not begin the HCSB with psychiatry because they did not know it was a mental problem or because they did not know mental health services existed. The patients' education was the only factor that significantly influenced the HCSB. Conclusion: In Cambodia, traditional and religious medicine are the first pathway to mental healthcare when patient and caregiver decide to seek help due to psychotic symptoms. The lack of knowledge on mental health and facilities appears the main reason to explain the schizophrenic patients' HCSB. This suggests that the development of psychiatry in Cambodia will be facilitated by a better spreading of knowledge on mental health and will have to take traditional and religious medicine into account.
Measuring Acculturation and Symptoms of Depression of Foreign Immigrants in the Athens Area
Authors: Madianos M.G. , Gonidakis F. , Ploubidis D. , Papadopoulou E. , Rogakou E. 
Published: July 2008

Background: Acculturation is the phenomenon that results when a group with one culture comes into continuous contact with a host culture and changes occur in the original culture of either one or both groups. Acculturation has also been linked with stress-related psychological disorder and depression. Aims: This article investigates the acculturation process and the depressive state of foreign immigrants living in the greater Athens area. Methods: All consecutive cases of 157 foreign immigrants who visited a non-governmental organization (NGO) providing consultative services to immigrants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire including the Immigrant Acculturation Scale (IAS) and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies — Depression (CES-D) scale. Results: Factor analysis of IAS yielded a three-factor solution and 17 items with loadings ranging from 0.74 to 0.41. This scale was also tested and proven to be reliable. The main finding is that the higher the acculturation level of the immigrant individual, the lower the CES-D scale score; the fewer the depressive symptoms are self-reported. Length of stay, existence of family in Greece, legal status of residence and employment were also found to have an effect on depressive symptomatology. Conclusion: Acculturation could be seen as a beneficial mechanism protecting the individual to be exposed to stressful non-adaptive behaviour.
Undertaking a systematic review: the road to successful completion
Authors: Shuldham Caroline , Fleming Sharon , Yorke Janelle 
Published: July 2008

Abstract The systematic review is an important research method that allows for the critical analysis of the results from a range of existing studies to answer research questions. The findings can be used to inform clinical decisions, as well as the development of protocols and guidelines. The aim of this paper is to explore the steps involved in undertaking a Cochrane systematic review and to encourage more nurses to participate in this world wide collaboration to answer questions that are relevant to nursing practice. The first stage of a review involves initiating a focussed clinical question in which the patient group or problem is identified as are the intervention, comparison and outcome, which will become the focus of study. Each review is guided by a protocol that is subject to peer review and followed by a structured search of the worldwide literature on the subject. Quality assessment and data extraction are done systematically and subject to cross-checking. The results are analysed using statistical methods, including meta-analysis. Publication is electronic in the Cochrane Library and many will also be published in other journals. As with all research, findings should be presented in a way that enables the reader to assess whether the review can be applied to their patient.
On the constitution and status of ‘evidence’ in the health sciences
Authors: Murray Stuart J , Holmes Dave , Rail Geneviève 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Drawing on the philosophy of Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, this paper interrogates the constitution of ‘evidence’ that defines the evidence-based movement in the health sciences. What are the current social and political conditions under which scientific knowledge appears to be ‘true’? Foucault describes these conditions as state ‘science’, a regime that privileges economic modes of governance and efficiency. Today, the Cochrane taxonomy and research database is increasingly endorsed by government and public health policy makers. Although this ‘evidence-based’ paradigm ostensibly promotes the noble ideal of ‘true knowledge’ free from political bias, in reality, this apparent neutrality is dangerous because it masks the methods by which power silently operates to inscribe rigid norms and to ensure political dominance. Through the practice of critique, this paper begins to expose and to politicise the workings of this power, ultimately suggesting that scholars are in a privileged position to oppose such regimes and foremost have the duty to politicise what hides behind the distortion and misrepresentation of ‘evidence’.
Carboxypeptidase A5 identifies a novel mast cell lineage in the zebrafish providing new insight into mast cell fate determination
Authors: Dobson J. Tristan , Seibert Jake , Teh Evelyn M. , Da'as Sahar , Fraser Robert B. , Paw Barry H. , Lin Tong-Jun , Berman Jason N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMast cells (MCs) play critical roles in allergy and inflammation, yet their development remains controversial due to limitations posed by traditional animal models. The zebrafish provides a highly efficient system for studying vertebrate hematopoiesis. We have identified zebrafish MCs in the gill and intestine, which resemble their mammalian counterparts both structurally and functionally. Carboxypeptidase A5 (cpa5), a MC-specific enzyme, is expressed in zebrafish blood cells beginning at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). At 28 hpf, colocalization is observed with pu.1, mpo, l-plastin, and lysozyme C, but not fms or cepbα, identifying these early MCs as a distinct myeloid population arising from a common granulocyte/monocyte progenitor. Morpholino “knock-down” studies demonstrate that transcription factors gata-2 and pu.1, but not gata-1 or fog-1, are necessary for early MC development. These studies validate the zebrafish as an in vivo tool for studying MC ontogeny and function with future capacity for modeling human MC diseases.
The molecular basis of color vision in colorful fish: Four Long Wave-Sensitive (LWS) opsins in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are defined by amino acid substitutions at key functional sites
Authors: Ward Matthew N , Churcher Allison M , Dick Kevin J , Laver Chris RJ , Owens Greg L , Polack Megan D , Ward Pam R , Breden Felix , Taylor John S 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundComparisons of functionally important changes at the molecular level in model systems have identified key adaptations driving isolation and speciation. In cichlids, for example, long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsins appear to play a role in mate choice and male color variation within and among species. To test the hypothesis that the evolution of elaborate coloration in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is also associated with opsin gene diversity, we sequenced long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin genes in six species of the family Poeciliidae.ResultsSequences of four LWS opsin genes were amplified from the guppy genome and from mRNA isolated from adult guppy eyes. Variation in expression was quantified using qPCR. Three of the four genes encode opsins predicted to be most sensitive to different wavelengths of light because they vary at key amino acid positions. This family of LWS opsin genes was produced by a diversity of duplication events. One, an intronless gene, was produced prior to the divergence of families Fundulidae and Poeciliidae. Between-gene PCR and DNA sequencing show that two of the guppy LWS opsins are linked in an inverted orientation. This inverted tandem duplication event occurred near the base of the poeciliid tree in the common ancestor ofPoeciliaandXiphophorus. The fourth sequence has been uncovered only in the genusPoecilia. In the guppies surveyed here, this sequence is a hybrid, with the 5' end most similar to one of the tandem duplicates and the 3' end identical to the other.ConclusionEnhanced wavelength discrimination, a possible consequence of opsin gene duplication and divergence, might have been an evolutionary prerequisite for color-based sexual selection and have led to the extraordinary coloration now observed in male guppies and in many other poeciliids.
Factors associated with lack of postnatal care among Palestinian women: A cross-sectional study of three clinics in the West Bank
Authors: Dhaher Enas , Mikolajczyk Rafael T , Maxwell Annette E , Krämer Alexander 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Only about one-third of women in Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) obtain postpartum care. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess factors associated with lack of postnatal care, women's reasons for not obtaining postnatal care, and their attitudes towards its importance.

Methods
In early 2006, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at three clinics run by the Ministry of Health providing Mother and Child Health Care in West Bank, Palestine. A total of 264 postpartum women attending the clinics were interviewed face-to-face, using a structured questionnaire.

Results
Although the majority of women considered postnatal care necessary (66.1%), only 36.6% of women obtained postnatal care. The most frequent reason for not obtaining postnatal care was that women did not feel sick and therefore did not need postnatal care (85%), followed by not having been told by their doctor to come back for postnatal care (15.5%). Based on a multivariable analysis, use of postnatal care was higher among women who had experienced problems during their delivery, had a cesarean section, or had an instrumental vaginal delivery than among women who had a spontaneous vaginal delivery. Use of postnatal care was also higher among women who delivered in a private hospital as compared to those who delivered in a public hospital. In addition, we found regional differences.

Conclusion
The higher use of postnatal care among high-risk women is appropriate, but some clinically dangerous conditions can also occur in low-risk women. Future efforts should therefore focus on providing postnatal care to a larger number of low-risk women.
From the Outcasts' Point of View: The Memoirs of the French Who Fought for Hitler
Authors: Carrard Philippe 
Published: July 2008

From the Outcasts' Point of View: The Memoirs of the French Who Fought for Hitler
A few among the French who volunteered to fight alongside the Germans on the eastern front during World War II have written their memoirs. Those texts, like all memoirs, pose problems of authenticity, veracity, and writing: Was the witness “really” there? If so, is he reliable? What conventions of representation does he use when he “writes up” his experience? After answering these questions, the article examines how the volunteers justify their decisions to enlist and especially to testify. Finally, the article describes the peculiar “outcast memory” that unites these texts: the memory of people who were forced out of the French community and refused to make the gestures that could have led to their reintegration, that is, refused to express remorse or admit implication in the crimes of the Third Reich.
Du point de vue des exclus: Les mémoires des Français qui ont combattu pour Hitler
Quelques-uns des volontaires français qui ont combattu pour l'Allemagne durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale ont écrit leurs mémoires. Ces textes, comme tous les mémoires, posent des problèmes d'authenticité, de véracité et d'écriture: le témoin était-il « vraiment là » ? S'il était là, est-il digne de confiance ? Et quelles conventions de représentation utilise-t-il pour textualiser ce qu'il a vécu ? Après avoir répondu à ces questions, l'article examine comment les volontaires justifient leurs décisions de s'engager et plus particulièrement de témoigner. Finalement, l'article analyse la « mémoire des exclus » qui unit ces textes: la mémoire d'hommes qui ont été bannis de la communauté française et qui ont refusé d'accomplir les gestes qui auraient pu conduire à leur réintégration, c'est-à-dire refusé d'exprimer des remords et de reconnaître une responsabilité dans les crimes du Troisième Reich.
A Patron of Progress: Juana Catarina Romero, the Nineteenth-Century Cacica of Tehuantepec
Authors: Chassen-López Francie R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Despite the fact that women were barred from voting and holding public office, by 1895 Juana Catarina Romero (1837–1915) had emerged as the major textile importer, sugar refiner, and “modernizing” political boss (cacica) of the city of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico. This article traces Romero’s breathtaking transformation from humble cigarette vendor to culturally assimilated entrepreneur and behind-the-scenes politician, which paralleled and intertwined with three crucial periods of Mexican history: the Liberal Reform, the Porfiriato, and the Revolution. Her life illuminates the many ways in which women participated directly and indirectly in the construction of the nation-state and a capitalist economy, revealing how they negotiated elite efforts at gender, ethnic, and class containment in a provincial setting. The article attributes Romero’s success to her political acumen and tenacious accumulation of economic and social influence and not to a supposed early love affair with Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz, as previous historians have suggested. Once in power and aligned with Díaz’s goals of “order and progress” and the ideals of social Catholicism, Romero sought to regulate and discipline Tehuantepec, hoping to create a more orderly, productive, and beautiful urban space. Through her influence on Tehuano dress and local fiestas, she attempted to bring local customs into line with the ideals of Porfirian modernization and mestizo identity. Her attention to education, hygiene, health, and urban reforms evidenced her role in the diffusion of national culture and the ideological reproduction of the authoritarian brand of liberalism that dominated Mexico during the Porfiriato.
Learning to Serve: Intimacy, Morality, and Violence
Authors: da Cunha Olívia Maria Gomes 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Based on the administrative records of the Escola Doméstica Nossa Senhora do Amparo and trials involving cases of violence between bosses and maids in domestic space, this essay discusses the emergence of a moral consciousness and a pedagogic discourse about domestic work linked to varied representations of emancipation in Rio de Janeiro in the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth. The article discusses the ways in which slave emancipation and the preparation for free labor drew the attention of religious educators and families from the elite of the imperial city of Petrópolis, and how the nature of workplace relations in the domestic sphere constituted a central point of reference for the formulation of a nascent feminist rhetoric. These new rhetorics and practices, which engaged in defining and controlling the slow transformation of a complex landscape of domestic hierarchies, emerged in intimate articulation with slavery’s official end.
After describing the project of domestic education carried out by the Catholic Church in Petrópolis, I focus on various attempts to use the force of law to interpret, regulate, and order work performed in private homes, aiming to reveal how domesticity became a site of power that was subject to the interference and control of various voices and institutions of the nascent republican state.
Why Did the Cultural Revolution End?
Authors: Shaogong Han 
Published: July 2008

This article was written as a preface to Chen Yi'nan's book Qingchun wuhen—yige gongren de shinian wenge [Traceless youth—A worker's ten years in the Cultural Revolution], which is published by the Hong Kong Chinese University Press.
The editor is grateful to Professor Wang Shaoguang for his help with identifying some of the references in this essay.
Heterogeneous Gold Nanoparticles Stabilized by Collagen and Their Application in Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol
Authors: Tang Rui , Liao Xue-Pin , Shi Bi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Heterogeneous catalyst containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was prepared by direct precipitation of collagen of type I as the stabilization reagent. The composite is fibrous and the AuNPs are found to form patterns of long wires, short wires, and dispersed patterns on collagen. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by NaBH4 in the presence of the composite was satisfactory.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from Alcohols and 2-Sulfanylbenzothiazole Using Aryl Diphenylphosphinite and Azide Compounds by a New Type of Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Kuroda Kiichi , Maruyama Yuji , Hayashi Yujiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The preparation of alkyl aryl sulfides from alcohols and 2-sulfanylbenzothiazole using phenyl diphenylphosphinite and azide compounds by a new type of oxidation–reduction condensation is described. The chiral secondary and tertiary alcohols are converted into the corresponding chiral sulfides with almost complete inversion of configurations under mild and neutral conditions.
Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Transfer Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene Induced by γ-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Zhou Guangtian , Ma Yi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene (St) induced by γ-ray irradiation has been successfully performed in miniemulsion using 2-phenylprop-2-yl phenyldithioacetate (PPPDTA) as chain-transfer agent (CTA). The results show that the polymerization bears all the characteristics of controlled/living free-radical polymerizations, such as the number-average molecular weight (Mn) increasing linearly with monomer conversion, molecular weight (MW) being controlled and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) being narrow (polydispersity index (PDI) ≤ 1.30). Moreover, this system does not show a significant decrease in polymerization rate as compared to a conventional miniemulsion polymerization.