bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTINUING DEBATE AND NEW APPROACHES IN COLD WAR HISTORY
Authors: HOPKINS MICHAEL F. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe Cold War lasted for almost fifty years and ended nearly twenty years ago. A vast historiography continues to grow. In explaining the past and continuing debate, this article is necessarily selective. It has three aims. The first is to locate the main phases and trends in the debate about the Cold War. The second is to analyse the growing literature on the end of the Cold War. Thirdly, it attempts to identify a number of major themes by looking beyond geopolitical issues to various aspects of the cultural Cold War, to espionage and intelligence, and to the economic dimension. The review has three main conclusions. First, diplomacy and strategic issues have been extensively explored, though more is needed on the Soviet Union and especially on China. Secondly, analysis of the economic and intelligence dimension has improved, though, again, knowledge of the Soviet Union and China remains thin. Lastly, the growing coverage of cultural issues has deepened our understanding but needs to be integrated into political and strategic narratives.
THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA IN THE IMPERIAL AND POST-COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRANCE
Authors: DUECK JENNIFER M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe imperial and post-colonial history of France has inspired an ever-growing body of literature in the last decade. Moving well beyond traditional political and economic narratives, these histories present a rich portrait of the policies, peoples, and perceptions that shaped the colonial and post-colonial experience in France and overseas. This article looks at how Arab communities and nations figure within the historiography on the period since the First World War. The first of three sections examines works devoted to culture and imperialism that span the twentieth century, with special emphasis on the differences between the scholarship emerging from French and Anglo-Saxon milieus. The second section looks at how recent histories have used the interwar years as a unit of analysis for understanding French colonialism in the Middle East and North Africa. Algeria, as the cornerstone of the empire and the theatre of the bloodiest colonial war for independence, forms the basis of the third section, which considers new conceptions of nationalism and decolonization.
MEN’S SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CONTRACEPTION IN GHANA
Authors: AVOGO WINFRED , AGADJANIAN VICTOR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn this paper, longitudinal data from northern Ghana is used to assess the effects of encouragement to use family planning that men receive from their personal network partners on the adoption of modern contraception by their wives. The study tests a conceptual model that, in addition to the effect of men’s network encouragement, incorporates the effect of encouragement to use family planning that women receive from their respective network partners and the effect of spousal communication on reproductive matters and approval of family planning. Results show that encouragement received by men from their social networks significantly increases the likelihood of subsequent contraceptive use by their wives but this effect operates primarily by galvanizing spousal communication on reproductive matters. The effect of encouragement received by women from their respective network partners is largely independent from the effect of male network encouragement but it influences contraceptive adoption both directly and through spousal communication.
ATTITUDE AND PREFERENCES OF NIGERIAN ANTENATAL WOMEN TO SOCIAL SUPPORT DURING LABOUR
Authors: MORHASON-BELLO I. O. , OLAYEMI O. , OJENGBEDE O. A. , ADEDOKUN B. O. , OKUYEMI O. O. , ORJI B. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis was a hospital-based cross-sectional study of 224 randomly selected antenatal women receiving care at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study aimed to seek the attitude and preferences of respondents about social support during childbirth and also identify variables that may influence their decisions. Seventy-five per cent of respondents desired companionship in labour. Approximately 86% preferred their husband as companion while 7% and 5% wanted their mother and siblings as support person respectively. Reasons for their desire for social support were emotional (80·2%), spiritual (17·9%), errands (8·6%) and physical activity (6·8%). Socio-demographic variables found to be statistically significant on logistic regression analysis for the desire of a companion in labour were nulliparity (OR 3·57, 95% CI 1·49–8·52), professionals (OR 3·11, 95% CI 1·22–7·94) and women of other ethnic groups besides Yoruba (OR 2·90, 95% CI 1·02–8·26), which is the predominant ethnic group in the study area. Only those with post-secondary education were found to want their husbands as doula (OR 2·96, 95% CI 1·08–8·11). More than half of the respondents wanted information about labour prior to their experience. It is important that Nigerian women are allowed the benefit of social support during childbirth, particularly as there is a lack of one-to-one nursing care and other critical services, including epidural analgesia in labour, at many of the health care facilities in Nigeria. Men could play a pivotal role in the process of introducing support in labour so as to improve the outcome for both the mother and her newborn.
Social judgement in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and healthy relatives: behavioural evidence of social brain dysfunction
Authors: Baas D. , van't Wout M. , Aleman A. , Kahn R. S. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia have been found to display abnormalities in social cognition. The aim of the study was to test whether patients with schizophrenia and unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients display behavioural signs of social brain dysfunction when making social judgements.MethodEighteen patients with schizophrenia, 24 first-degree unaffected relatives and 28 healthy comparison subjects completed a task which involves trustworthiness judgements of faces. A second task was completed to measure the general ability to recognize faces.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia rated faces as more trustworthy, especially those that were judged to be untrustworthy by healthy comparison subjects. Siblings of schizophrenia patients display the same bias, albeit to a lesser degree.ConclusionsThe pattern of more positive trustworthiness judgements parallels the results from studies of patients with abnormalities in brain areas involved in social cognition. Because patients and siblings did not differ significantly from controls in their general ability to recognize faces, these findings cannot be dismissed as abnormalities in face perception by itself.
Heritability of borderline personality disorder features is similar across three countries
Authors: Distel M. A. , Trull T. J. , Derom C. A. , Thiery E. W. , Grimmer M. A. , Martin N. G. , Willemsen G. , Boomsma D. I. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBackgroundMost of our knowledge about borderline personality disorder features has been obtained through the study of clinical samples. Although these studies are important in their own right, they are limited in their ability to address certain important epidemiological and aetiological questions such as the degree to which there is a genetic influence on the manifestation of borderline personality disorder features. Though family history studies of borderline personality disorder indicate genetic influences, there have been very few twin studies and the degree of genetic influence on borderline personality disorder remains unclear.MethodData were drawn from twin samples from The Netherlands (n=3918), Belgium (n=904) and Australia (n=674). In total, data were available on 5496 twins between the ages of 18 and 86 years from 3644 families who participated in the study by completion of a mailed self-report questionnaire on borderline personality disorder features.ResultsIn all countries, females scored higher than males and there was a general tendency for younger adults to endorse more borderline personality disorder features than older adults. Model-fitting results showed that additive genetic influences explain 42% of the variation in borderline personality disorder features in both men and women and that this heritability estimate is similar across The Netherlands, Belgium and Australia. Unique environmental influences explain the remaining 58% of the variance.ConclusionGenetic factors play a role in individual differences in borderline personality disorder features in Western society.
Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Weiser M. , Werbeloff N. , Vishna T. , Yoffe R. , Lubin G. , Shmushkevitch M. , Davidson M. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundBeing a small and culturally different minority, or having a different appearance, has been invoked to account for the increased prevalence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. The majority of the Jewish Israeli population are first- or second-generation immigrants from Europe, North Africa or Asia, and during the late 1980s and 1990s, 885 000 persons immigrated to Israel from the former Soviet Union and 43 000 immigrated from Ethiopia. These Ethiopian immigrants came from a very different culture compared to the rest of the population, and have a distinct appearance. To further understand the association between immigration and schizophrenia, we compared risk for later schizophrenia between adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia with risk among the other immigrant groups, and with native-born Israelis.MethodOf 661 792 adolescents consecutively screened by the Israeli Draft Board, 557 154 were native-born Israelis and 104 638 were immigrants. Hospitalization for schizophrenia was ascertained using a National Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry. All analyses controlled for socio-economic status (SES).ResultsRisk for schizophrenia was increased among both first- [hazard ratio (HR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.22] and second-generation immigrants [HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.95 (one immigrant parent) and HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.11–2.0 (two immigrant parents)]. When risk for schizophrenia was calculated for each immigrant group separately, immigrants from Ethiopia were at highest risk of later schizophrenia (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.88–4.65).ConclusionThis comparison between diverse groups of immigrants supports the notion that immigrants who differ in culture and appearance from the host population are at increased risk for schizophrenia.
Functioning status of adult children of depressed parents: a 23-year follow-up
Authors: Timko C. , Cronkite R. C. , Swindle R. , Robinson R. L. , Turrubiartes P. , Moos R. H. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundWe compared adult offspring of depressed or control parents who were followed for 23 years. Comparisons were on depression symptoms, physical functioning and disability, social functioning, and utilization of help and coping. Also examined was whether the parent's course of depression (stably remitted, partially remitted, non-remitted) was associated with offspring functioning.MethodDepressed parents successfully followed at 23 years (n=248, 82%) identified 215 adult offspring; 67% returned questionnaires. Matched control parents successfully followed (n=235, 79%) identified 261 adult offspring; 68% completed questionnaires.ResultsAdult offspring of depressed parents were more impaired than adult offspring of controls (with gender and education controlled) in the domains of depression and disability, and obtained more help for mental health problems. They also reported more severe recent stressors and relied more on active cognitive coping and seeking alternative rewards to cope. Adult offspring of depressed and control parents were comparable in a number of domains: psychiatric and behavioral problems other than depression, physical functioning and pain, social functioning, and hospitalizations and medication use for depression. Adult offspring of parents with a non-remitted course of depression were the most likely to show impaired functioning compared with controls.ConclusionsHaving a parent with depression is associated with more depression and disability in adulthood, but does not have debilitating effects in other life domains. Nonetheless, it may be important for offspring of depressed parents, particularly offspring of parents with a non-remitting depression course, to recognize their elevated risk of depression and potential need for help.
Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area
Authors: Kirkbride J. B. , Boydell J. , Ploubidis G. B. , Morgan C. , Dazzan P. , McKenzie K. , Murray R. M. , Jones P. B. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundSocial capital has been considered aetiologically important in schizophrenia but the empirical evidence to support this hypothesis is absent. We tested whether social capital, measured at the neighbourhood level, was associated with the incidence of schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20).MethodWe administered a cross-sectional questionnaire on social capital to 5% of the adult population in 33 neighbourhoods (wards) in South London (n=16 459). The questionnaire contained items relating to two social capital constructs: social cohesion and trust (SC&T) and social disorganization (SocD). Schizophrenia incidence rates, estimated using data from the Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (AESOP) study, provided the outcome. We used multi-level Poisson regression to test our hypothesis while controlling for individual- and neighbourhood-level characteristics.ResultsWe identified 148 cases during 565 576 person-years at-risk. Twenty-six per cent of the variation in incidence rates was attributable to neighbourhood-level characteristics. Response from the social capital survey was 25.7%. The association between SC&T and schizophrenia was U-shaped. Compared with neighbourhoods with medial levels of SC&T, incidence rates were significantly higher in neighbourhoods with low [incidence rates ratio (IRR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.3] and high (IRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–4.8) levels of SC&T, independent of age, sex, ethnicity, ethnic density, ethnic fragmentation and socio-economic deprivation.ConclusionNeighbourhood variation in SC&T was non-linearly associated with the incidence of schizophrenia within an urban area. Neighbourhoods with low SC&T may fail to mediate social stress whereas high SC&T neighbourhoods may have greater informal social control or may increase the risk of schizophrenia for residents excluded from accessing available social capital.
Unhappiness, health and cognitive ability in old age
Authors: Rabbitt P. , Lunn M. , Ibrahim S. , Cobain M. , McInnes L. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundTo test whether scores on depression inventories on entry to a longitudinal study predict mental ability over the next 4–16 years.MethodAssociations between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and on tests of intelligence, vocabulary and memory were analysed in 5070 volunteers aged 49–93 years after differences in prescribed drug consumption, death and drop-out, sex, socio-economic advantage and recruitment cohort effects had also been considered.ResultsOn all cognitive tasks Beck scores on entry, even in the range 0–7 indicating differences in above average contentment, affected overall levels of cognitive performance but not rates of age-related cognitive decline suggesting effects of differences in life satisfaction rather than in depression.ConclusionsA new finding is that, in old age, increments in life satisfaction are associated with better cognitive performance. Implications for interpreting associations between depression inventory scores and cognitive performance in elderly samples are discussed.
Hierarchical sensor fusion for building a probabilistic local map using active sensor modules
Authors: Kim Gon Woo , Kim Ji Min , Kwak Nosan , Lee Beom Hee 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYAn algorithm for three-level hierarchical sensor fusions has beenproposed and applied to environment map building with enhanced accuracy and efficiency. The algorithm was realized through the two new types of sensor modules, which are composed of a halogen lamp-based active vision sensor and a semicircular ultrasonic (US) and infrared (IR) sensor system. In the first-level fusion, the US and IR sensor information is utilized in terms of the geometric characteristics of the sensor location. In the second-level fusion, the outputs from the US and IR sensors are combined with the sheet of halogen light through a proposed rule base. In the third-level fusion, local maps from the first- and second-level fusion are updated in a probabilistic way for a very accurate environment local map. A practical implementation has been carried out to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed hierarchical sensor fusion algorithm in environment map building.
Effect of fixed or changing temperatures during prolonged storage on the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis inoculated artificially into shell eggs
Authors: OKAMURA M. , KIKUCHI S. , SUZUKI A. , TACHIZAKI H. , TAKEHARA K. , NAKAMURA M. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe fate of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) in whole, unbroken eggs was monitored during storage at fixed or changing temperatures after inoculation with 20–47 c.f.u. of SE. Eggs stored at 10°C and 20°C showed little or no bacterial growth over 6 weeks, while egg storage at 30°C increased the percentage of the eggs that contained >106 c.f.u. after 3 weeks. Egg storage at 20°C for 5 days followed by 10°C caused only a few eggs with >106 c.f.u. after 2 weeks, whereas storage at 22–30°C or 27–35°C for 5 days followed by 25°C induced a rapid increase of eggs that contained >106 c.f.u. after 1 or 2 weeks, respectively. Therefore, egg storage at 10°C and 20°C can control SE growth, although the temperature during egg storage and transportation from farm to table should also be taken into consideration.
Development of a Method Using Image Analysis for the Measurement of Cellulose‐Binding Domains Adsorbed onto Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Pinto Ricardo , Amaral António L. , Carvalho Joana , Ferreira Eugénio C. , Mota Manuel , Gama Miguel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe surface concentration of CBD‐FITC conjugates, adsorbed on cellulose fibers, was determined by image analysis. The program consists of two scripts, the first dedicated to the elaboration of the calibration curve. The emission of fluorescent light, detected by image analysis, is correlated with the concentration of CBD solutions. This calibration is then used (second script) to determine the concentration of CBDs adsorbed on cellulosic fibers. This method allows the direct estimation of the surface concentration of adsorbed CBDs, which usually is not accurately calculated from depletion studies, since the surface area is hardly known. By observing different spots in the surface of the fibers, site‐specific information is obtained. It was verified that the physically heterogeneous fibers exhibit different amounts of adsorbed CBDs.
Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: have we caught them all?
Authors: Teske Andreas , Sørensen Ketil B 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Deep marine subsurface sediments represent a novel archaeal biosphere with unknown physiology; the sedimentary subsurface harbors numerous novel phylogenetic lineages of archaea that are at present uncultured. Archaeal 16S rRNA analyses of deep subsurface sediments demonstrate their global occurrence and wide habitat range, including deep subsurface sediments, methane seeps and organic-rich coastal sediments. These subsurface archaeal lineages were discovered by PCR of extracted environmental DNA; their detection ultimately depends on the specificity of the archaeal PCR 16S rRNA primers. Surprisingly high mismatch frequencies for some archaeal PCR primers result in amplification bias against the corresponding archaeal lineages; this review presents some examples. Obviously, most archaeal 16S rRNA PCR primers were developed either before the discovery of these deep subsurface archaeal lineages, or without taking their sequence variants into account. PCR surveys with multiple primer combinations, revision and updates of primers whenever possible, and increasing use of PCR-independent methods in molecular microbial ecology will contribute to a more comprehensive view of subsurface archaeal communities.
Archaeal diversity analysis of spacecraft assembly clean rooms
Authors: Moissl Christine , Bruckner James C , Venkateswaran Kasthuri 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
One of the main tasks of NASA's planetary protection program is to prevent the forward contamination of extraterrestrial environments with Earth life, and in turn preserve other planets and the integrity of future life detection missions. Despite information regarding bacterial diversity in NASA's clean rooms, little is known about the presence of Archaea. Archaeal community analysis of spacecraft-associated surfaces is important, as they are considered by some to represent terrestrial life most capable of surviving on Mars. The first insights into the archaeal diversity of clean rooms where spacecraft assembled are attempted. Nucleic acid sequences clustering with uncultivable Archaea within the Eury- and Crenarchaeota were retrieved from 8 of 26 samples collected from several spacecraft assembly clean rooms. Due to their potential capability to survive and proliferate in Martian conditions, screening for Archaea on spacecraft surfaces and instruments that are associated with future life detection missions may be necessary.
Rintact: enabling computational analysis of molecular interaction data from the IntAct repository
Authors: Chiang Tony , Li Nianhua , Orchard Sandra , Kerrien Samuel , Hermjakob Henning , Gentleman Robert , Huber Wolfgang 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Motivation: The IntAct repository is one of the largest and most widely used databases for the curation and storage of molecular interaction data. These datasets need to be analyzed by computational methods. Software packages in the statistical environment R provide powerful tools for conducting such analyses.
Results: We introduce Rintact, a Bioconductor package that allows users to transform PSI-MI XML2.5 interaction data files from IntAct into R graph objects. On these, they can use methods from R and Bioconductor for a variety of tasks: determining cohesive subgraphs, computing summary statistics, fitting mathematical models to the data or rendering graphical layouts. Rintact provides a programmatic interface to the IntAct repository and allows the use of the analytic methods provided by R and Bioconductor.
Availability: Rintact is freely available at http://bioconductor.org
Contact: huber@ebi.ac.uk