bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurogenetic interactions and aberrant behavioral co-morbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): dispelling myths
Authors: Comings David E , Chen Thomas JH , Blum Kenneth , Mengucci Julie F , Blum Seth H , Meshkin Brian 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, commonly referred to as ADHD, is a common, complex, predominately genetic but highly treatable disorder, which in its more severe form has such a profound effect on brain function that every aspect of the life of an affected individual may be permanently compromised. Despite the broad base of scientific investigation over the past 50 years supporting this statement, there are still many misconceptions about ADHD. These include believing the disorder does not exist, that all children have symptoms of ADHD, that if it does exist it is grossly over-diagnosed and over-treated, and that the treatment is dangerous and leads to a propensity to drug addiction. Since most misconceptions contain elements of truth, where does the reality lie?

Results
We have reviewed the literature to evaluate some of the claims and counter-claims. The evidence suggests that ADHD is primarily a polygenic disorder involving at least 50 genes, including those encoding enzymes of neurotransmitter metabolism, neurotransmitter transporters and receptors. Because of its polygenic nature, ADHD is often accompanied by other behavioral abnormalities. It is present in adults as well as children, but in itself it does not necessarily impair function in adult life; associated disorders, however, may do so. A range of treatment options is reviewed and the mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of standard drug treatments are considered.

Conclusion
The genes so far implicated in ADHD account for only part of the total picture. Identification of the remaining genes and characterization of their interactions is likely to establish ADHD firmly as a biological disorder and to lead to better methods of diagnosis and treatment.
Hormone replacement therapy and false positive recall in the Million Women Study: patterns of use, hormonal constituents and consistency of effect
Authors: Banks Emily , Reeves Gillian , Beral Valerie , Bull Diana , Crossley Barbara , Simmonds Moya , Hilton Elizabeth , Bailey Stephen , Barrett Nigel , Briers Peter , English Ruth , Jackson Alan , Kutt Elizabeth , Lavelle Janet , Rockall Linda , Wallis Matthew G , Wilson Mary , Patnick Julietta 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Current and recent users of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have an increased risk of being recalled to assessment at mammography without breast cancer being diagnosed ('false positive recall'), but there is limited information on the effects of different patterns of HRT use on this. The aim of this study is to investigate in detail the relationship between patterns of use of HRT and false positive recall.

Methods
A total of 87,967 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years attending routine breast cancer screening at 10 UK National Health Service Breast Screening Units from 1996 to 1998 joined the Million Women Study by completing a questionnaire before screening and were followed for their screening outcome.

Results
Overall, 399 (0.5%) participants were diagnosed with breast cancer and 2,629 (3.0%) had false positive recall. Compared to never users of HRT, the adjusted relative risk (95% CI) of false positive recall was: 1.62 (1.43–1.83), 1.80 (1.62–2.01) and 0.76 (0.52–1.10) in current users of oestrogen-only HRT, oestrogen-progestagen HRT and tibolone, respectively (p (heterogeneity) < 0.0001); 1.65 (1.43–1.91), 1.49 (1.22–1.81) and 2.11 (1.45–3.07) for current HRT used orally, transdermally or via an implant, respectively (p (heterogeneity) = 0.2); and 1.84 (1.67–2.04) and 1.75 (1.49–2.06) for sequential and continuous oestrogen-progestagen HRT, respectively (p (heterogeneity) = 0.6). The relative risk of false positive recall among current users appeared to increase with increasing time since menopause, but did not vary significantly according to any other factors examined, including duration of use, hormonal constituents, dose, whether single- or two-view screening was used, or the woman's personal characteristics.

Conclusion
Current use of oestrogen-only and oestrogen-progestagen HRT, but not tibolone, increases the risk of false positive recall at screening.
Intronic Polymorphisms within TFAP2B Regulate Transcriptional Activity and Affect Adipocytokine Gene Expression in Differentiated Adipocytes
Authors: Tsukada Shuichi , Tanaka Yasushi , Maegawa Hiroshi , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Kawamori Ryuzo , Maeda Shiro 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe have identified a gene encoding transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein-2β (TFAP2B) as a candidate for conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Although we have also found that TFAP2B was preferentially expressed in adipose cells in a differentiation-dependent manner, the mechanisms by which the gene and gene polymorphisms contribute to conferring susceptibility to the disease have not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the polymorphisms within the TFAP2B gene on conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. We identified that a 300-bp DNA fragment in intron 1 of TFAP2B had significant enhancer activity, and the variations of this region affected this enhancer activity in differentiated adipocytes. In an experiment using adenovirus vectors encoding TFAP2B, the expression of TNF-α gene was shown to be elevated in the TFAP2B overexpressing cells compared with those in control cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of TFAP2B was increased in the adipose tissues of subjects with the disease-susceptibility allele, and the plasma levels of TNF-α and high sensitivity C-reactive peptide were significantly elevated in the patients with the disease-susceptibility allele. These results suggest that TFAP2B may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes through regulation of adipocytokine gene expression, and that TFAP2B may be a promising target for treatment or prevention of this disease.
pH-Dependent Dissociation of Carbohydrate Ligand Polycations from DNA Ternary Complexes
Authors: Asayama Shoichiro , Sekine Takashi , Kawakami Hiroyoshi , Nagaoka Shoji 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Here, we have demonstrated that carbohydrate ligand polycations are pH-dependently dissociated from DNA polyion complexes. In response to pH, DNA ternary complexes have dissociated the ligand polycations, resulting in DNA binary complexes. Namely, the ternary complexes of DNA, a poly(l-histidine) modified with aminoethyl groups, PLH-NH2, and a poly(l-lysine) conjugated with lactose molecules, PLL-Lac, at pH 7.5 have dissociated the PLL-Lac polycations by the protonation of imidazole groups of PLH-NH2 at pH 6.0. The pH-dependent dissociation of the ligand polycations from DNA polyion complexes at endosomal pH is expected to offer unique design for DNA delivery systems.
The Product-catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement of Silyl Enolates Generated from α-Allyloxy Ketones
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy ketones proceeded smoothly in DMF by the promotion of a catalytic amount of metal alkoxides such as sodium benzylate to afford the corresponding rearrangement product in good yields at room temperature, which indicated that the oxygen anion initially formed in the above product effectively catalyzed the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement as a Lewis base.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Studying Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Simulated Concrete Environments—Red Mud Used as Rebar Corrosion Inhibitor
Authors: Collazo A , Cristóbal MJ , Nóvoa XR , Pena G , Pérez MC 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Red mud is the main by-product of the Bayer process for alumina extraction from bauxite. Rich in iron, aluminum and silicon oxides, it is believed to have corrosion protection properties. Some are studied in the present paper. The corrosion behavior of steel rebars in chlorine containing solutions and mortars is studied and compared with the same systems containing red mud in suspension (case of solutions) or added as powder to the mix (case of mortars). The results in solution show that red mud is able to maintain steel passivity for more than 90 days in highly chlorinated alkaline solutions while in NaOH and Ca(OH)2 solutions having the same pH pit formation is observable at 25 and 55 days, respectively. Additions of red mud to mortar as powder representing 2 % by weight of cement are able to block chloride depassivation. EIS data allow understanding the protecting mechanism and comparing the behavior in mortar and in solution.
Low Strain-Rate Microstructural Deformation Behavior in 316 Stainless Steel Irradiated in EBR-II
Authors: Cole JI , Allen TR , Tsai H , Yoshitake T , Yamagata I , Akasaka N , Nakamura Y 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In order to better understand the influence of the radiation-induced defect microstructures on changes in stainless steel deformation behavior, the microstructures of irradiated 12 % cold-worked 316 stainless steel were examined following slow-strain-rate tensile testing. Tensile samples were fabricated from two hexagonal ducts that were irradiated in the outer rows of the Experimental Breeder Reactor. The samples were irradiated at temperatures ranging from approximately 383 to 443°C and doses up to approximately 41 displacements per atom. The tensile tests were conducted at a strain rate of 1 × 10−7 s−1 and test temperature of ∼430°C. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to quantify the defect microstructures of three pairs of samples, each pair having been exposed to similar irradiation conditions. One sample of each pair was taken from the gauge section of a tested tensile sample, and the other was untested. The influence of the defect microstructure on the deformation and fracture behavior is evaluated and results are discussed in light of current theories of deformation behavior in irradiated metals.
Using Dynamic Rheology to Measure Cement-Admixture Interactions
Authors: Chen C-T , Struble LJ , Zhang H 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of water-reducing admixtures on the flow behavior of cement pastes using small-amplitude oscillatory rheology. In this technique, a small shear force is applied to the specimen, the strain response is measured, and rheological parameters are calculated. Gelled suspensions exhibit high elastic modulus and yield stress values and dispersed suspensions exhibit low values. The high-range water-reducing admixture based on carboxylic acrylate ester (CAE) fully dispersed the four portland cements used in this study, while the admixture based on sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) dispersed only one of the cements and caused the other three to gel. Such gelation indicates cement-admixture incompatibility. At the same dosage, the CAE gave greater dispersion and more retardation of stiffening than the SNF when mixed with the same cement, but stiffening behaviors were more similar when the admixture dosages were adjusted to provide a similar initial elastic modulus. The incompatible cement-admixture combinations were dispersed when the admixture addition was delayed by a few minutes. Dispersion was also enhanced by increasing the shearing when mixing the paste.
Different Approaches for the Verification of Force Values Measured with Instrumented Charpy Strikers
Authors: Lucon E , Chaouadi R , van Walle E 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Charpy test plays a fundamental role in the nuclear field for evaluating the neutron embrittlement of the reactor pressure vessel, specifically in the framework of the so-called Enhanced Surveillance Approach, developed at SCK·CEN and aimed at extracting as much information as possible from Charpy impact tests performed with an instrumented striker. Careful analysis of the instrumented force/deflection traces allows defining important parameters which can help investigate material characteristics such as flow properties, microcleavage fracture stress, crack arrest behavior and alternative characteristic (index) temperatures. For this advanced approach to be successfully applied, confidence in the quality of instrumented force values must be high; as a consequence, extensive research has been performed in order to establish an optimal procedure for the verification of instrumented Charpy strikers. Various approaches will be described in this paper and their applicability and effectiveness discussed. A procedure based on the comparison between yield stresses measured from tensile tests and calculated from instrumented Charpy curves has recently been adopted at SCK·CEN as the recommended in-house procedure for verifying instrumented strikers. This method has shown that for all strikers investigated, the so-called “dynamic” calibration (based on the equalization of dial and calculated energies) yields the most accurate results.
Damping Behavior of AI6061/Albite MMCs
Authors: Seah KHW , Sharma SC , Krishna M 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
AI6061 based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were prepared with 2, 4, and 6 % by weight of albite particulates, respectively, using the liquid metallurgical technique. Sample specimens of dimensions 70 mm by 10 mm by 2 mm were machined from the prepared ingots. The damping properties of the unreinforced matrix alloy and the MMCs were studied over a temperature range of 50° C to 500°C using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The damping capacity of the composites was observed to increase with the increase in temperature whereas the dynamic modulus was found to decrease with increase in temperature. The damping capacity at a lower temperature may be attributed to the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch induced dislocations and intrinsic damping of the matrix alloy whereas damping capacity at a higher temperature may be attributed to the matrix/reinforcement interface. Theoretical calculations accurately predicted the damping capacities of the specimen materials only up to the eutectic temperature of the matrix material (200°C). Above this temperature, the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental values increased sharply with increase in temperature. An explanation for this phenomenon is proposed in this paper.
Relationship Between Indentation Hardness and Water to Cement Ratio of Hardened Mortar and Concrete
Authors: Cong DX , Reed MH , Powers LJ , Shotwell BL , Brown BD 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Accurately estimating the water-to-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) of hardened concrete is one of the most difficult tasks frequently requested of concrete petrographers. Different methods have been developed and implemented with varying degrees of success. To increase the reliability of estimated w/cm, the indentation hardness of laboratory prepared specimens of neat paste, mortar, and concrete was evaluated using a Buehler semi-automatic testing machine. Preliminary results indicate good correlations between the average indentation hardness measured on the Rockwell HRL scale and the w/cm of the specimens. The data demonstrate a potential for using these correlations to estimate the w/cm of hardened concrete. Testing protocols, sample preparation requirements, and the effects of aggregate and of the composition of concrete mixtures (portland cement and fly ash content) are illustrated. Directions for future work are also discussed.
Effect of Tightening Speed on Thread and Under-Head Coefficient of Friction
Authors: Oliver MP , Jain VK 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Applying torque to a fastener creates friction as well as clamp-load. Friction and clamp-load are inversely proportional: as friction increases, the amount of clamp-load generated decreases. The speed at which a fastener is tightened has a pronounced affect on the magnitude of friction, and thereby clamp-load generated in a metal joint. This paper examines the relationship between the tightening speed with friction and clamp-load. The applied torque, clamp-load, and under-head torque were measured as the fastener was tightened within a torque/tension load cell. The corresponding thread torque, under-head and thread coefficients of friction values were calculated from equations given in both the DIN946 and ISO16047 standards. One bolt, one washer, and one nut (all of similar hardness) were used for all trials of this study. Two different anti-seize lubricants were used (one composed of molybdenum-disulfide and graphite and the other of mineral oil, nickel, and graphite). Lubricant was applied to both the thread and under-head regions of the bolt prior to torquing. Further trials were executed with the bolt, washer, and nut in the dry, or plain, condition (all of similar hardness). The results of this investigation indicated that the thread and under-head coefficients of friction decreased as speed increased. The programmed speeds ranged from 25 to 700 r/min, with a torque target of 28 N·m. Since the friction coefficients decreased, the amount of clamp-load generated at target torque increased with increasing speed. The average difference in clamp-load from minimum to maximum speed was determined to be 6.3 kN for both lubricants and 1.2 kN for the unlubricated condition.
Influence of Cold Rolling Threads Before or After Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Resistance of High Strength Coarse Thread Bolts for Multiple Preload Conditions
Authors: Stephens RI , Bradley NJ , Horn NJ , Arkema JM , Gradman JJ 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
SI class 12.9 high strength steel bolts were used to investigate the fatigue behavior of bolt threads rolled before/after heat treatment using five different preload values. Bolts were 3/8 UNRC-16 (coarse) and preloads were taken as 1, 50, 75, 90, and 100 % of roll before heat treatment proof stress. Since proof stress was lowered 10 % for roll after heat treatment, these preloads for roll after heat treatment bolts were then actually 1.1, 55, 83, 100, and 110 %. The tests produced a range of R-ratios between 0.03 and 0.92. Maximum near surface residual compressive stresses, obtained via X-ray diffraction, ranged from −600 to −1000 MPa. Axial loads were applied through the nut and all fatigue failures occurred at the first thread of the nut/bolt interface with crescent-shaped cracks dominating in most tests. SEM evaluation indicated all fatigue crack growth regions contained multiple fatigue facets, while final fracture regions contained ductile dimples. Cyclic creep/ratcheting was monitored and little, or none, was observed for preload tests equal to or less than 75 %. The fatigue resistance of the threads rolled after heat treatment with preload stresses of 1 % caused a 147 % increase in 107 cycles fatigue strength compared to roll before heat treatment. This is in agreement with other roll before/after low R-ratio results. However, with higher preload stresses, the roll after heat treatment fatigue strength did not increase. Constant life Haigh diagrams at 105 and 107 cycles were not always in agreement with VDI 2230 bolt preload guidelines.
3D FEA Simulations to Assess Residual Stresses in Riveting Processes
Authors: Atre A , Johnson WS 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Multiple site damage (MSD) in aircraft structures can be defined by the presence of numerous minute cracks arising at different locations such as rivet holes in lap joints. One source of initiation can be due to residual stresses induced in the lap joints during the riveting process. This paper describes a finite element methodology of a quasistatic, displacement controlled riveting process to capture the local geometry features representative of service hole quality for accurate simulation of residual stresses in riveted lap joints. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model that takes into account material, geometric, and contact non-linearities is developed using ABAQUS/Standard 6.4-1 to simulate the joining process. The interest of FE simulations is to conduct parametric studies to observe effects of varying hole clearance, misaligned holes, friction, and presence of debris on the residual stress state in the skin. Based on studies conducted, comments are made regarding any observed variation in tensile hoop stress, which is the primary source of fatigue cracks in riveted lap joints. A relation between the rivet-head deformation ratio and rivet-head height with applied displacement is developed using the finite element model, as a means of controlling the rivet-head deformation.
Analysis of Charpy Impact Verification Data: 1993–2003
Authors: Splett JD , McCowan CN 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIndirect verification tests used to verify the performance of Charpy impact machines according to ASTM Standard E23 were evaluated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the data from these tests are collected in a database. The data include the capacity and the pendulum design of the impact machine, the energy obtained for each specimen tested, the reference energy for the specimen lot tested, and the test date. The principal use of this data is to track the performance of individual impact machines. However, the data also provide an opportunity to evaluate existing and proposed requirements for the indirect verification of Charpy impact machines. The results of more than 16 000 verification tests are used to compare the current verification requirements of ASTM Standard E23 with those of ISO Standard 148–2. Discussions focus on the identification of reasonable, practical, and meaningful verification requirements that might be proposed for use in both documents.
Anomalous Fatigue Crack Growth Data Generated Using the ASTM Standards
Authors: Forth SC , Newman JC , Forman RG 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe ASTM standard for fatigue crack growth, E 647, was co-developed by industry and government in the late 1970s to define a standard procedure for generating material crack growth behavior under a variety of loading conditions. The standard specifies tolerances on laboratory procedures, specimen configurations to generate material characterization information of a high integrity. Recent research developing fatigue crack growth rate data has uncovered significant issues with the standard test method and specimen configurations. The data generated has been largely dependent on specimen configuration, i.e., M(T) and C(T) specimens produce very different crack growth rate curves; C(T) specimens of different sizes do not generate the same material response; and finally, the development of steady-state, as defined using constant ΔK testing, does not agree with the data generated with the standard ASTM test method. Therefore, in this paper the authors present data that does not lend confidence in the integrity of the standard C(T) specimen tested using the ASTM standard method and investigate causes for the observed anomalous crack growth rate behavior.