bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Broder Hillary L. , McGrath Colman , Cisneros George J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:  The Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) was designed to assess oral‐facial well‐being in school‐age children as reported by the child and via proxy report from a caregiver. This article describes the development of the COHIP using a multi‐staged impact approach recommended by Guyatt et al. (Quality of life and pharmacoeconomics in clinical trials. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott‐Raven; 1996. p. 41).Methods:  There were multiple phases to the development of the questionnaire: (i) initial pool of items developed from the literature and expert review; (ii) face validity of items; (iii) impact evaluation of the initial item pool; (iv) development of positive items and face validity of new items; (v) impact evaluation of the revised questionnaire and (vi) factor analysis and final revision of the questionnaire. Factor analysis was completed on the final questionnaire using data from the impact evaluation in order to evaluate whether the COHIP measured independent conceptual domains.Results:  Factor analysis identified five domains: oral health, functional well‐being, social/emotional well‐being, school environment and self‐image. Readability was calculated using the Flesch‐Kinkaid readability score that was finalized at a 3.5 grade reading level. Finally, two response sets, and a revised format (e.g., including pictures, increasing font size, and shading every other item) were implemented to decrease respondent fatigue and increase accuracy of participant responses.Conclusions:  The final questionnaire consisted of 34 items and five conceptually distinct subscales: oral health, functional well‐being, social/emotional well‐being, school environment and self‐image. Subsequent papers present the validity and reliability of the COHIP.
Oral health care for children attending a malnutrition clinic in South Africa
Authors: Gordon N 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Most health problems dealt with at a primary care level have an oral health impact, making it vital for oral health services to find means to integrate with other facility‐based programmes at primary health care (PHC) centres.Aim:  1) To determine the oral status of the children attending a facility‐based nutrition programme and the oral health knowledge, attitude and practices of their parents/caregivers; and 2) To develop a framework for an oral health component to complement this programme.Method:  A descriptive study of children and their parents/caregivers attending a facility‐based nutrition programme (n = 60 children). A structured, administered questionnaire for parents/caregivers and an oral examination for the children was used for data collection.Findings:  The response rate was 82% (n = 49). Most parents start cleaning their children’s mouths between 12 and 24 months (64%), add sugar to food and feeding bottles, and visit a dentist only when the child is symptomatic. These factors clearly place this group at risk for developing dental caries and gingivitis. Their malnutrition status/history increases their risk of oral diseases. The oral examination found plaque deposits, gingivitis, caries and ‘white spots’.Conclusion:  This study clearly shows the need for an oral health component for children attending the facility‐based nutrition programme. Promotion, prevention and therapeutical oral care can be maximized by the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders and an interdisciplinary approach. This shows an expanded role for the dental team with specific reference the oral hygienist in such an environment.
Poetry, Fame and Scandal: The Cases of Byron and Landon
Authors: Knowles Claire 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExplorations of romantic‐era literary celebrity have become increasingly popular in recent years. Byron, regarded by many as the first truly ‘modern’ literary celebrity, is often deployed as a key figure in these studies. However, rather than focussing entirely on Byron, in this article I compare aspects of his experiences of poetic celebrity with those of Letitia Elizabeth Landon. I argue that gender often plays a significant role in the way in which contemporary fame translates into posthumous reception. Both Landon and Byron died young, exiled (to a greater or lesser extent) from England. But while Byron becomes a hero in death and is incorporated wholeheartedly into the traditional romantic canon, Landon is imagined as a mythical victim of female poetic fame who cannot transcend the limitations of her problematic and scandalous body.
A Simple Analogous Model for the Determination of Cyclic Plasticity
Parameters of Thin Wires to Model Wire Drawing
Authors: Schenk T. , Seifert T. , Brehm H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Cyclic stress-strain measurements have to be performed in order to determine the cyclic plasticity parameters of material models describing the Bauschinger effect. For thin wires, the performance of tensile tests is often not possible due to necking of the specimen on exceeding the yield stress, whereas compression tests are uncritical. This paper presents an approach to determine the cyclic plasticity parameters by performance of compression tests for wires before and after drawing. Here, a simple analogous model is used instead of finite-element (FE) simulations. This approach has been applied for two different integration time steps in order to evaluate their influence on the fit and the accuracy of the integration. It is shown that good accuracy can be obtained for the cyclic plasticity parameters. For FE simulations using larger integration time steps, large deviations have been noted. However, there the analogous model could also be adopted in order to find appropriate model parameters. In general, it is the intention of this paper to show that searching an analogous model can be a very time- and cost-saving task.
Tick Acquisition of
Ehrlichia canis
from Dogs Treated with Doxycycline Hyclate
Authors: Schaefer John J. , Needham Glen R. , Bremer William G. , Rikihisa Yasuko , Ewing S. A. , Stich R. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Doxycycline generally alleviates clinical monocytic ehrlichiosis, but its efficacy in the control of monocytotropic ehrlichial pathogens requires further investigation. In this study,
Ehrlichia canis
was detected in dogs treated with doxycycline for 14 days and in ticks fed on these dogs, suggesting that treated dogs can remain reservoirs for
E. canis
.
Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Rapid Detection of Nevirapine in Plasma Samples from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Authors: Cressey Tim R. , Nangola Sawitree , Tawon Yardpiroon , Pattarawarapan Mookda , Lallemant Marc , Tayapiwatana Chatchai 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWe report a novel one-step immunochromatographic strip test for the rapid, qualitative detection of nevirapine in plasma samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The sensitivity was 100% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 97.8 to 100%), and the specificity was 99.5% (95% CI, 97.2 to 99.9%). The limit of detection was 25 ng/ml. Immunochromatographic strip tests are simple, rapid, and cheap assays that could greatly facilitate drug level monitoring in resource-limited settings.
A Nonsense Mutation in
agrA
Accounts for the Defect in
agr
Expression and the Avirulence of
Staphylococcus aureus
8325-4
traP
::
kan
Authors: Adhikari Rajan P. , Arvidson Staffan , Novick Richard P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

TraP is a triply phosphorylated staphylococcal protein that has been hypothesized to be the mediator of a second
Staphylococcus aureus
quorum-sensing system, “SQS1,” that controls expression of the
agr
system and therefore is essential for the organism's virulence. This hypothesis was based on the loss of
agr
expression and virulence by a
traP
mutant of strain 8325-4 and was supported by full complementation of both phenotypic defects by the cloned
traP
gene in strain NB8 (Y. Gov, I. Borovok, M. Korem, V. K. Singh, R. K. Jayaswal, B. J. Wilkinson, S. M. Rich, and N. Balaban, J. Biol. Chem. 279:14665-14672, 2004), in which the wild-type
traP
gene was expressed in
trans
in the 8325-4
traP
mutant. We initiated a study of the mechanism by which TraP activates
agr
and found that the
traP
mutant strain used for this and other recently published studies has a second mutation, an adventitious stop codon in the middle of
agrA
, the
agr
response regulator. The
traP
mutation, once separated from the
agrA
defect by outcrossing, had no effect on
agr
expression or virulence, indicating that the
agrA
defect accounts fully for the lack of
agr
expression and for the loss of virulence attributed to the
traP
mutation. In addition, DNA sequencing showed that the
agrA
gene in strain NB8 (Gov et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2004), in contrast to that in the
agr
-defective 8325-4
traP
mutant strain, had the wild-type sequence; further, the
traP
mutation in that strain, when outcrossed, also had no effect on
agr
expression.
Ubiquitination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Is Highly Dependent on Gag Membrane Association
Authors: Jäger Stefanie , Gottwein Eva , Kräusslich Hans-Georg 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Ubiquitin is important for the release of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and several other retroviruses. All major domains of the HIV-1 Gag protein are monoubiquitinated, but the modifying machinery and the function of HIV-1 Gag ubiquitination remain unclear. Here, we show that the induction of a late budding arrest by mutation of the HIV-1 PTAP motif or by specific inhibition of selected ESCRT components leads to an increase of Gag-ubiquitin conjugates in cells, which coincides with an accumulation of detergent-insoluble, multimerized Gag at the plasma membrane. Membrane flotation experiments revealed that ubiquitinated Gag is highly enriched in membrane-bound fractions. Based on these findings, we propose that a blocking of virus release results in increased Gag ubiquitination as a consequence of its prolonged membrane association. Consistent with this, ubiquitination of a membrane-binding-defective (G2A)Gag mutant was dramatically reduced and the ubiquitination levels of truncated Gag proteins correlated with their abilities to bind to membranes. We therefore propose that membrane association and multimerization of HIV-1 Gag proteins, rather than a specific motif within Gag, trigger recognition by the cellular ubiquitination machinery.
Alpha Interferon Enhances TRIM5α-Mediated Antiviral Activities in Human and Rhesus Monkey Cells
Authors: Sakuma Ryuta , Mael Amber A. , Ikeda Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Dominant, constitutively expressed antiretroviral factors, including TRIM5α and APOBEC3 proteins, are distinguished from the conventional innate immune systems and are classified as intrinsic immunity factors. Here, we demonstrate that interferon alpha (IFN-α) treatment upregulates TRIM5α mRNA in rhesus monkey cells, which correlates with the enhanced TRIM5α-mediated pre- and postintegration blocks of human immunodeficiency virus replication. In human cells, IFN-α increases the levels of TRIM5α mRNA, resulting in enhanced antiviral activity against N-tropic murine leukemia virus infection. These observations indicate that the TRIM5α-mediated antiviral effects can be orchestrated by the conventional innate immune response. It is conceivable that TRIM5α plays an essential role in controlling both the initial retroviral exposure and the subsequent viral dissemination in vivo.
Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Peripheral Blood Predominantly Takes Place in CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kaiser Philipp , Joos Beda , Niederöst Barbara , Weber Rainer , Günthard Huldrych F. , Fischer Marek 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription is subject to substantial fluctuation during the viral life cycle. Due to the low frequencies of HIV-1-infected cells, and because latently and productively infected cells collocate in vivo, little quantitative knowledge has been attained about the range of in vivo HIV-1 transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). By combining cell sorting, terminal dilution of intact cells, and highly sensitive, patient-specific PCR assays, we divided PBMC obtained from HIV-1-infected patients according to their degree of viral transcription activity and their cellular phenotype. Regardless of a patient's treatment status, the bulk of infected cells exhibited a CD4+phenotype but transcribed HIV-1 provirus at low levels, presumably insufficient for virion production. Furthermore, the expression of activation markers on the surface of these CD4+T lymphocytes showed little or no association with enhancement of viral transcription. In contrast, HIV-infected T lymphocytes of a CD4−/CD8−phenotype, occurring exclusively in untreated patients, exhibited elevated viral transcription rates. This cell type harbored a substantial proportion of all HIV RNA+cells and intracellular viral RNAs and the majority of cell-associated virus particles. In conjunction with the observation that the HIV quasispecies in CD4+and CD4−/CD8−T cells were phylogenetically closely related, these findings provide evidence that CD4 expression is downmodulated during the transition to productive infection in vivo. The abundance of viral RNA in CD4−/CD8−T cells from viremic patients and the almost complete absence of viral DNA and RNA in this cell type during antiretroviral treatment identify HIV+CD4−/CD8 T cells as the major cell type harboring productive infection in peripheral blood.
Fusion of Cyclophilin A to Fv1 Enables Cyclosporine-Sensitive Restriction of Human and Feline Immunodeficiency Viruses
Authors: Schaller Torsten , Ylinen Laura M. J. , Webb Benjamin L. J. , Singh Shalene , Towers Greg J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
TRIM5α is a potent intracellular antiviral restriction factor governing species-specific retroviral replication. In the New World species owl monkey the coding region for the viral binding B30.2 domain of TRIM5α has been replaced by a cyclophilin A (CypA) pseudogene by retrotransposition. The resultant TRIM5-CypA fusion protein restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), as well as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), by recruitment of the CypA domain to the incoming viral capsids. Infectivity is rescued by agents such as cyclosporine that disrupt CypA binding to its substrates. Mice encode an antiviral restriction factor called Fv1 (for Friend virus susceptibility gene 1), which is active against murine leukemia virus and related to endogenous gag sequences. Here we show that fusing CypA to Fv1 generates a restriction factor with the antiviral specificity of TRIMCyp but the antiviral properties of Fv1. Like TRIMCyp, Fv1-Cyp restricts HIV-1 and FIV and is sensitive to inhibition by cyclosporine. TRIM5α is known to have a short half-life and block infectivity before viral reverse transcription. We show that Fv1-Cyp has a long half-life and blocks after reverse transcription, suggesting that its longer half-life gives the restricted virus the opportunity to synthesize DNA, leading to a later block to infection. This notion is supported by the observation that infectivity of Fv1-Cyp restricted virus can be rescued by cyclosporine for several hours after infection, whereas virus restricted by TRIMCyp is terminally restricted after around 40 min. Intriguingly, the Fv1-Cyp-restricted HIV-1 generates closed circular viral DNA, suggesting that the restricted virus complex enters the nucleus.
Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006
Authors: Siebenga J. Joukje , Vennema Harry , Renckens Bernadet , de Bruin Erwin , van der Veer Bas , Siezen Roland J. , Koopmans Marion 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Noroviruses are the causative agents of the majority of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. During the past 15 years, noroviruses of genotype GGII.4 have caused four epidemic seasons of viral gastroenteritis, during which four novel variants (termed epidemic variants) emerged and displaced the resident viruses. In order to understand the mechanisms and biological advantages of these epidemic variants, we studied the genetic changes in the capsid proteins of GGII.4 strains over this period. A representative sample was drawn from 574 GGII.4 outbreak strains collected over 15 years of systematic surveillance in The Netherlands, and capsid genes were sequenced for a total of 26 strains. The three-dimensional structure was predicted by homology modeling, using the Norwalk virus (Hu/NoV/GGI.1/Norwalk/1968/US) capsid as a reference. The highly significant preferential accumulation and fixation of mutations (nucleotide and amino acid) in the protruding part of the capsid protein provided strong evidence for the occurrence of genetic drift and selection. Although subsequent new epidemic variants differed by up to 25 amino acid mutations, consistent changes were observed in only five positions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each variant descended from its chronologic predecessor, with the exception of the 2006b variant, which is more closely related to the 2002 variant than to the 2004 variant. The consistent association between the observed genetic findings and changes in epidemiology leads to the conclusion that population immunity plays a role in the epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus strains.
Attention switching after dietary brain 5-HT challenge in high impulsive subjects
Authors: Markus C. Rob , Jonkman Lisa M. 
Published: July 2007

High levels of impulsivity have adverse effects on performance in cognitive tasks, particularLy in those tasks that require high attention investment. Furthermore, both animal and human research has indicated that reduced brain serotonin (5-HT) function is associated with increases in impulsive behaviour or decreased inhibition ability, but the effects of 5-HT challenge have not yet been investigated in subjects vulnerable to impulsivity. The present study aimed to investigate whether subjects with high trait impulsivity perform worse than low impulsive subjects in a task switching paradigm in which they have to rapidly shift their attention between two response rules, and to investigate the influence of a 5-HT enhancing diet. Healthy subjects with high ( n = 19) and low ( n = 18) trait impulsivity scores participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. All subjects performed the attention switch task in the morning following breakfast containing either tryptophan-rich alpha-lactalbumin (4.8 g/100 g TRP) or placebo protein (1.4 g/100 g TRP). Whereas there were no baseline differences between high and low impulsive subjects in task switching abilities, high impulsive subjects made significantly more switch errors and responded slower after dietary 5-HT stimulation, whereas no dietary effects were found on task switching performance in low-impulsive subjects. The deterioration in task switching performance induced by the 5-HT enhancing diet in high impulsive subjects was suggested to be established by general arousal/attention-reducing effects of 5-HT, which might have a larger impact in high impulsive subjects due to either different brain circuitry involved in task switching in this group or lower baseline arousal levels.
Postarthroscopic Glenohumeral Chondrolysis
Authors: Hansen Brent P. , Beck Charles L. , Beck Elizabeth P. , Townsley Robert W. 
Published: July 2007

Background Recent reports have noted the appearance of postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis. Although this devastating process has been identified, no cause has been directly identified. Hypothesis A cause of postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis will be associated with a specific factor (ie, implanted device, surgical technique, etc), and this factor can be identified by a review and comparison of cases seen in the senior author's office. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Analyze possible etiologic factors with imaging studies, demographics, history, and physical examinations of 10 patients (12 shoulders) with postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis, and then compare perisurgical information with a focused chart review and comparison with the rest of the 177 arthroscopic shoulder surgeries in the same period of time. Results There were 12 cases of postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (all were the senior author's patients). Four common factors were identified, and only high-flow intra-articular pain pump catheters filled with bupivacaine and epinephrine were a new addition to years of shoulder surgery by the senior author; 177 shoulders underwent arthroscopy in the identified time frame, and only 19 shoulders, of 30 with capsular procedures, had intra-articular pain pump catheters filled with bupivacaine and epinephrine. Of these, 12 have been identified with chondrolysis. Conclusion Use of intra-articular pain pump catheters eluting bupivacaine with epinephrine appear highly associated with postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis. Clinical Relevance Intra-articular pain pump catheters, especially those eluting bupivacaine with epinephrine, should be avoided until further investigation.
Effects of different alloying concepts of new hot work tool steels on the hardness profile after nitriding
Authors: Schneider R. , Schweiger H. , Reiter G. , Strobl V. 
Published: July 2007

Hot work tool steels contain several strong nitride forming elements such as Cr, V and Si that affect the nitriding of steels for many applications. The present paper presents the effects of different alloy compositions of hot work tool steels, including standard grades, new vacuum remelted high performance grades and some model alloys, on the hardness profile after nitriding. The effect of the content of different elements (Cr, Mo, V, Si and Al) on the maximum hardness level and the nitriding depth were investigated. Reducing the silicon content enhances the nitriding performance, resulting in a higher nitriding depth or shorter nitriding duration. Aluminium reduces the nitriding depth slightly but leads to a strong increase in the surface hardness. Furthermore, aluminium significantly improves the thermal stability of the nitrided layer under operating conditions. The results can be used to aid the selection of hot work tool steels and appropriate nitriding parameters.
Intensive chemotherapy regimen (LMB86) for St Jude stage IV AIDS-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: a prospective study
Authors: Galicier Lionel , Fieschi Claire , Borie Raphael , Meignin Véronique , Daniel Marie-Thérèse , Gérard Laurence , Oksenhendler Eric 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrognosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related non-Hodgkin lymphoma has improved since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Burkitt lymphomas (BLs) still have poor outcome in patients with bone marrow (BM) or central nervous system (CNS) involvement when treated with standard-dose chemotherapy. We have prospectively evaluated the LMB86 regimen in 63 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients with stage IV (BM and/or CNS involvement) BL consecutively recruited between November 1992 and January 2006. At BL diagnosis, the median CD4 cell count was 239 × 106/L (range, 16-1188 × 106/L). BM and CNS involvement were present in 55 (80%) and 48 (76%) patients, respectively. Forty-four patients (70%) achieved complete response. Seven treatment-related deaths occurred and all patients experienced severe BM toxicity. With a median follow-up of 66 months (range, 6-165 months), 11 patients relapsed. The estimate 2-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 47.1% (95% CI, 34-59.1) and 67.8% (95% CI, 51-80), respectively. We identified 2 poor prognosis factors: low CD4 count and ECOG more than 2. Patients with 0 or 1 factor had good outcome (2-year survival: 60%) contrasting with patients with 2 factors (2-year survival: 12%). We conclude that LMB86 regimen is highly effective in advanced HIV-related BL and should be proposed for patients with CD4 count higher than 200 × 106/L or ECOG of 2 or less.