bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indexing process evaluation
Authors: Bernier Charles L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe process of subject indexing is difficult to describe and evaluate. The indexer provides guides to subjects reported to authors. The result is an index to subjects—a subject index. He selects subjects, paraphrases and chooses guides to them, and translates the guides into standard index language. The concept of “subject” is elusive. The author controls the number of complexity of subjects and, thus, the indexing density. Guidance among index entries is by cross references. Qualifications of indexers are education in the subject and training in indexing. Differentiation between generalization for brevity and that warranted by the author is important in indexing to the maximum specificity. Weighting of terms in manipulative systems enables increased selectivity upon retrieval. The most common rules for indexing are listed. Teaching and mechanics of indexing are described. Alternatives are contrasted with subject indexing. Indexer‐computer collaboration can lead to improved indexing.
Attitudes of scientists toward a specialized information center
Authors: Feinler E. J. , Cook C. J. , Heinz O. , Bourne C. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractData were obtained from more than 300 atomic and molecular physicists in the U. S. concerning their use of existing information sources. A discussion of their information needs and preferences is presented. An attempt is made to define the attitude of this group toward a specialized information center in the light of their responses.
Imprecision in meaning measured by inconsistency of indexing
Authors: Tinker John F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMeaning is defined as the relevance of a word to the concept it labels. Following Hillman, meaning is tetradic: the relation of a word and a concept, to a degree, within a corpus, indexers, in choosing or assigning all words strongly associated with concepts of a document, assert that the document means the word; therefore, consistency of indexing measures the precision with which meaning is understood by the indexers. From an indexing experiment designed to avoid all judgments of truth or correctness of indexing, the following results were obtained: (1) When descriptors are freely chosen, the more descriptors assigned to a document, even when relatively few are assigned, the more difficult is the retrieval of it. (2) By restricting the descriptors used in searching, the disadvantage noted in (1) can be overcome. (3) Possibly, older words are used more frequently and less precisely than newer words. (4) A graph of the total number of applications of a descriptor versus the ranked document serial number lucidly illustrates the precision of meaning of the descriptor; a precisely understood word gives a rectangular curve; a less precise one, an S‐shape. Many words have imprecise meanings even to specialists in scientific fields.
On the optimum number of frames per microfiche
Authors: Kuebler Wolf 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is shown that, in reducing a collection of documents to microfiche, the efficiency of the microfiche‐microframe system has an optimum value. This optimum depends on the page distribution of the collection. For example, the optimum for the NASA and DOD collections is 63 frames per microfiche. The ratio of pages to frames is then 0.57, and the ratio of documents to microfiche 0.72. The existence of such an optimum suggests that further significant filming reduction ratio should be accompanied by a corresponding reduction of microfiche size.
Comprehensive dissemination of current literature
Authors: Sage C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA résumé of the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System is presented and its potential for future generation computers is discussed. The system is compared with other operational SDI systems with particular emphasis on the design differences. The Ames Laboratory system's adaptability to different input tape compositions and subject coverage is shown through a study of the results of 26 production runs made from two distinct document sources. A detailed analysis of the Ames Laboratory SDI System is made for a 40‐run period in 1965, including a discussion of shortcomings of the system and suggested solutions to eliminate certain areas of “noise”.
PICS: The pharmaceutical information control system of merck sharp and dohme research laboratories
Authors: Kolb Margaret C. , Maddock Jerome T. , Weaver Barbara N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Pharmaceutical Information Control System (PICS), developed at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, provides centralized control and methodology for a series of decentralized information areas in the Division. It is compatible with and instrumental in total data processing and analysis of research information. Serving as a Core Index to all information resources of the Research Laboratories, it also processes, stores, and retrieves research project information for the staff members for planning and retrospective searches. A register of all domestic and international clinical research information on experimental and in‐line products of Merck & Co., Inc., is provided by the system.An eight‐digit dual‐faceted classification code was developed based on a companywide program identification scheme. This code of two mutually exclusive facets enables us to identify a product with a field of research. This code has been adopted for use in administrative planning, cost accounting, time allocation, and internal reporting. The uniform use of this information code within the Research Division minimizes the vocabulary barrier between the user and information system and provides the system with a self‐indexing device for internal reports.Incoming mail is copied and registered by the information center prior to transmittal to the addressee. Copies of all outgoing mail and intramural correspondence are directed to the center. An information scientist analyzes each document and selects the project code and document descriptors. This information is punched into 80‐column cards. The documents are filed by code and the cards are filed alphabetically by name, term, and by date. Output forms include information, documents, printouts of document citations, and reports to drug regulatory agencies. Continuous system evaluation results in reduced I/O time, better utilization of personnel, and improved user feedback and contact.
Biological dictionary preparation, control, and maintenance
Authors: Weinstein S. Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA description of the working processes involved in preparation, control, and maintenance of a biological dictionary or thesaurus is given. The actual use of the dictionary by the abstractor‐indexer is illustrated by sample coding sheets and examples from the dictionary of cross references, instructions, and scope notes. The use of specific authorities such as the World Health Organization Classification of Diseases is cited. Emphasis is placed on firm control by one person trained in biological science, especially in the matter of synonyms and of family or generic entries. Without this control, a great many pertinent references can easily be lost when a search is made. Non‐thesaurus, uncontrolled indexing is very wasteful and unreliable.
Classification Systems and Their Subjects. A General Analysis of Different Kinds of Classification Systems Characterized by Different Types of Subject
Authors: Wåhlin Ejnar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze different types of classification systems characterized by different types of subjects. The most important types of subjects in documentation are documents and terms, but other systems for other subjects are discussed. Systems of science are dealt with as an introduction to document systems. Every system ought to have a structure that will fit the subjects. The hierarchies for documents and terms are not the same. If we try to classify a category of subjects in a system made for another category of subjects (for example, classifying terms or technical products according to a document system) we will always meet with difficulties.We should not be bound for the future to now existing systems, but for each type of subject we have to create the best possible system or variant. Our aim should be to get a system of systems, where every individual system as far as possible—without distortion of its primary function—has common features with the other systems. Principles for designing a modern universal document system based on concepts and adapted to technology and a universal term system are advanced.
The use of second order descriptors for document retrieval
Authors: Libbey Miles A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is proposed that one way to increase the efficacy of document retrieval is to define to the computer the descriptors used to index the file. A computer program written in COMIT to implement the proposal and to facilitate testing its capabilities is described. Definitions are given to the computer as a string of terms called a “definitor.” These terms, which act as “second order descriptors,” are not normally those used as file descriptors. Their introduction provides a controllably broader base for link‐finding and matchcounting operations by the computer. It also makes possible such things as introducing new terminology and biasing existing descriptor indexes towards special interests or languages without having to re‐index the file. The program computes a “pseudometric distance” between a query and each document and prints an ordered list of those documents closer to the query than some chosen cut‐off value. (Large files would probably require some preselection, such as that which would result from use of a concordance.) It then substitutes for each descriptor its definitor and repeats the above process. The result is that the subjective human judgment required to evaluate the efficacy of introducing the definitors is reduced to a statement as to which list would be considered more useful. Use of the program to date has been only as a demonstration so no conclusions can be stated other than that the demonstration results would seem to indicate that testing on a serious scale should be undertaken. (This paper is a result of work sponsored by The MITRE Corporation's Educational Assistance Program).
A film system for the duplication of termatrex cards
Authors: Baker C. W. , Haefele C. R. , Reckhow W. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Termatrex information retrieval system marketed by the Jonkers Business Machines, Inc., uses large plastic cards containing drilled holes. Duplicating the plastic cards to make identical copies for distribution requires multiple drilling and is costly, time‐consuming, and error‐prone. The Eastman Kodak Company has developed a method of photographing the plastic cards on cut sheet film approximately one‐half the dimensions of the Termatrex cards. The film sheets can be manipulated in the same manner as the original plastic cards. The problems of supplying duplicate decks is easily handled by photographic copies of one original Termatrex deck.
Coding and tabulating machine processing of physical signs in toxicity tests
Authors: Reichardt R. W. , Sher S. P. , Ford R. , Anderson R. B. , Vogin E. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system utilizing relatively simple machine methods is described for processing physical signs occurring in subacute and chronic toxicity tests in dogs and rats. Signs are coded by organ system and specific sign within organ systems. These codes are then entered on IBM cards. Signs that are not included in the code notation are entered in natural language. At the termination of the experiment, signs are printed out by sign and dosage group or by animal and dosage group. The system has simplified the analysis of the experiments and aided in evaluating the dose relationship of signs.
Distribution of indexing terms for maximum efficiency of information transmission
Authors: Zunde Pranas , Slamecka Vladimir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by the number of postings. This makes it possible to transmit information with maximum efficiency. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term groups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure for evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as information transmission channel.
A documentation training model
Authors: Batty C. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis contribution reports on the design and development of a series of model information retrieval and library systems. These are designed to allow documentation students access to a variety of basic files, permit lecture demonstrations, enable comparisons (since all files relate to the same collection), and to serve as the depository for the input assignments of advanced students.Comments are provided as to the choice of systems made, and their potential applications for research.
An experimental system for automatic identification of personal names and personal titles in newspaper texts
Authors: Borkowski Casimir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNatural language seems to contain various special‐purpose subsystems, e.g., personal titles, personal names, dates, street addresses, place names—each with its own structure which relative to the total structure of language is rather simple.An ability to identify automatically words and word strings belonging to various special‐purpose linguistic subsystems (akin to some thesaurus classes) may prove to be very useful since they play an important role in the making of indexes and in various systems for extracting and distributing information.This article describes some of the main problems involved in automatic identification in newspaper texts of words and word strings belonging to two important linguistic subsystems, viz., personal titles and names; lists some of the major rules of an algorithm designed to perform this task; presents statistics concerning the algorithm's accuracy and exhaustiveness obtained in manual application of the algorithm to texts; and suggests some applications for computer programs capable of recognizing personal titles and names.The results obtained indicate that an automatic system capable of accurate and exhaustive identification of personal titles and names in texts requires recognition procedures which are rather complex.It is therefore suggested that along with researching and developing methods for high‐quality automatic classification of words in texts, it may be advisable to set up efficient procedures for manual classification and tagging of words in texts, and automatic extraction of data from texts which were recognized either manually or automatically.Such action seems appropriate since automatic extraction of information from manually recognized texts would probably constitute a valuable service, and, when automatic procedures for identifying dates, personal names, personal titles, trade names, company names, chemical formulas, numbers and measure words, and so forth become competitive with manual ones, the data‐processing profession will be already in possession of operational computer programs capable of extracting data from recognized exts.
The Japan information center of science and technology (JICST): Its organization and function
Authors: Fukudome Takao 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) was established in 1957, with initial funds from the Japanese Government and private industry. The organization now has a full‐time staff of nearly 260 people of which 25 percent consists of subject specialists. In addition, there are more than 2,000 outside cooperators for abstracting and translating. JICST's services include current bibliographic publications, photocopy, current content‐sheet, translation, and literature search. The charges for these services give partial support for the activities of JICST. “JEIPAC” is a special purpose electronic computer designed for JICST's information handling, which was installed in 1961. JICST has been engaged in developing information retrieval systems in several subject areas by using this machine and it is being used in practice for metallurgical literature search. Although JICST is Japan's central organization for the dissemination of scientific and technical information, its services do not cover the fields of the life sciences because of economic limitations. The present services of JICST are mainly concerned with foreign literature relating to the physical sciences.
The relationship of natural and social sciences to social problems and the contribution of the information scientist to their solutions
Authors: Hoffer Joe R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSocial problems have multiple causes, and their solutions accordingly require a multidiscipline approach, which is facilitated by the fact that technology, the natural sciences, and the social sciences are closely interrelated (a point of view that is making itself increasingly felt in educational theory). The deterioration of the inner city is an example of a typical complex social problem that will yield only before such a unified attack. Solutions to social problems have been suggested by findings from such varied fields as astrophysics, sensory psychophysics, and population studies, as well as the more theoretical social sciences, whose influence can be seen in their application to problems of urban development. Although information specialists have hardly yet developed a full‐fledged body of knowledge, they can contribute much towards the solving of social problems by: (1) organizing and disseminating information to those broad‐gauged individuals and groups that are working on problems that defy solution by a fragmented approach; (2) controlling the rapidly mushrooming body of pertinent technical literature; (3) developing periodical indexes for the field of social welfare; and (4) assisting in the compilation of state‐of‐the‐art papers on social problems, basing their work on a value‐oriented extracting technique derived from a model created by the National Association of Social Workers.
The interpretation of SDI data
Authors: Savage T. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of important data needed for evaluation. We describe some of the defects common to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor.
A comparison of the relevance of key‐word‐in‐context versus descriptor indexing terms
Authors: Rosenberg Kenyon C. , Blocher Charles L. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report describes a technique for measuring the relevance of indexing terms per se to the subject of their source document. It is then postulated that the average relevance value of indexing terms and their distribution provides a basis for the evaluation of the relative merits of two indexing systems; for example, System A is better than System B if the average relevance value of its indexing terms is higher than that of System B. To demonstrate the method, 100 randomly selected DDC (Defense Documentation Center) technical documents (representative of the literature) previously indexed by the methods of KWIC (i.e., Key Word in Context) and of DII (i.e., Descriptor Indexing) are used. The relevance values of the index terms derived by each method are compared, analyzed, and reported.
Expected search length: A single measure of retrieval effectiveness based on the weak ordering action of retrieval systems
Authors: Cooper William S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA measure of document retrieval system performance called the “expected search length reduction factor” is defined and compared with indicators, such as precision and recall, that have been suggested by other workers. The new measure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents in the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired number of relevant documents could be found. Its advantages are: (1) it provides a single index for the property it attempts to measure; (2) it allows for gradations of retrieval status, through the mathematical concept of a “weak ordering”; (3) it evaluates retrieval performance relative to random searching; and (4) it takes into account the amount of relevant material desired by the requester.
On the need for role indicators in postcoordinate retrieval systems
Authors: Lancaster F. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA summary of the findings of various evaluations of role indicators is given. In general, the results have been negative in that little real evidence for the value of these devices has been presented. The need for roles in various subject fields and in very large systems, is discussed. They can only be justified on purely economic grounds—if the added cost involved in their use is offset by substantial reduction in the amount of output screening that must be done by the end user.
Scientists meet the KWIC index
Authors: Adams Wm. Mansfield , Lockley Laurence C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA KWIC Cumulative Index to the first 53 years of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America has been produced and distributed to the members of the Society. There are only about 1,000 members of this group. This paper reports the reactions of this group of scientists to the novel index. Temporal variation of the preference is studied both as a simple Markov process and as a birth and death model. The findings are extrapolated to predict the stable level of preference. By the birth and death model, about 75% of the respondents would eventually prefer the KWIC index over the traditional subject index. Authors provided a large percentage of the respondents so they were treated separately. About 80% of the authors would eventually prefer the KWIC index, assuming no change in the environment. The simple Markov process gave slightly lower values. Because of the rapid change in information retrieval techniques, these results may not remain valid very long, nor for groups in different environments.
Offset printing from typescript as a substitute for microfilming of dissertations
Authors: Harris Jessica L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMost universities, since conventional printing of doctoral dissertations became prohibitively expensive, have switched to the University Microfilms plan, whereby typewritten copies are deposited with UM, microfilmed, and abstracts published in Dissertation Abstracts. However, in the last few years, newer printing methods, especially photo‐offset, have made short‐run publication an economic possibility for this purpose. Estimated costs of editions of 25 to 500 copies, produced by various methods, are presented here. The methods include microfilm and 5.5 × 8.5 in. Xerox Copyflo reproductions available from University Microfilms, short‐run photo‐offset at 31% and 50% reduction, single‐spaced short‐run photo‐offset at 50% reduction, full‐size Xeroxing on the new Xerox 2400, and photo‐offset from full‐size masters produced on the Xerox 914. It is shown that the cost of true publication of doctoral dissertations no longer need be prohibitive, even if the candidate were forced to pay all costs himself.