bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Equitably Resilient City
Authors: Lamb Zachary B. , Vale Lawrence J. 
Published: February 2024

Twelve global planning and urban design interventions—and what they reveal about equity-centered urban resilience in the face of climate change.
Hillside favelas in South America imperiled by landslides. Flood-threatened mobile home parks on the American Gulf Coast. Canal-side settlements facing eviction in megacities in Southeast Asia. Too often the places most vulnerable to climate change are the ones that are home to people with the fewest economic and political resources. And while some leaders are starting to take action to reduce climate risks, many early adaptation schemes have actually made preexisting inequalities worse. In The Equitably Resilient City, Zachary Lamb and Lawrence Vale ask how cities can adapt to climate change and other threats while also doing right by disadvantaged residents.
Lamb and Vale's model for the equitably resilient city includes four central domains: (1) environmental safety and vitality; (2) security from displacement; (3) stable and dignified livelihoods; and (4) enhanced self-governance. These principles represent the four LEGS (Livelihoods, Environment, Governance, and Security) of equitable resilience. To illustrate these core principles, the book draws on 12 case studies from settlements facing a range of hazards across diverse geographies in the Global North and South, from heat stress in Paris to drought in Bolivia to floods in Bangkok and New Orleans. Offering concrete strategies in the form of planning, community action, and design interventions, Lamb and Vale show that equitable urban resilience is not a pipe dream nor an abstract ethical proposition but an achievable reality grounded in struggle and solidarity.
The Open Dynamics of Braitenberg Vehicles
Authors: Hotton Scott , Yoshimi Jeff 
Published: February 2024

An introduction to dynamical systems theory, a detailed mathematical analysis of pairs of Braitenberg vehicles, and a look at how these results apply to the study of physical and biological organisms.
Powering the concept of a Braitenberg vehicle, developed in 1984 by the Italian-Austrian cyberneticist Valentino Braitenberg, is the idea that simple systems can produce complex behaviors. A pair of interacting Braitenberg vehicles is simple, but they can meander, wind around, and follow each another in a number of ways. In this book, Scott Hotton and Jeff Yoshimi show how dynamical systems theory—in particular the theory of open dynamic systems—can be used to analyze pairs of these vehicles in great detail. The result of the authors' long-standing collaboration at the intersection of mathematics, philosophy, cognitive science, and biology, The Open Dynamics of Braitenberg Vehicles offers a rigorous mathematical foundation for embodied cognition, especially when it comes to two-way interactions between an agent and its environment.
Following an introduction to dynamical systems theory, and the most detailed mathematical analysis of Braitenberg vehicles to date, Hotton and Yoshimi discuss how their results can be applied to the study of physical and biological systems. They also describe their work's relevance to debates in the philosophy of embodied cognitive science. Combining the best features of embodied and representational approaches to cognitive science, complete with code and simulations, The Open Dynamics of Braitenberg Vehicles provides an extremely accessible and visually rich look into the workings and applications of open dynamical systems.
Monumental Graffiti
Authors: Schacter Rafael 
Published: February 2024

What graffiti says about contemporary society, and why it demands our urgent attention as a form of civic expression.
What is graffiti—vandalism, ornament, art? What if, rather than any of those things, we thought of graffiti as a monument? How would that change our understanding of graffiti, and, in turn, our understanding of monument? In Monumental Graffiti, curator and anthropologist Rafael Schacter focuses on the material, communicative, and contextual aspects of these two forms of material culture to provide a timely perspective on public art, citizenship, and the city today. He applies monument as a lens to understand graffiti and graffiti as a lens to comprehend monument, challenging us to consider what the appropriate monument for our contemporary world could be.
Monumental Graffiti unpacks today's iconoclastic moment, showing us why graffiti demands our urgent attention as a form of expression that challenges power structures by questioning whose voices are included in—and whose are excluded from—public space. Written from twenty years of embedded research on graffiti, the book includes works from graffiti writers such as 10Foot, Delta, Egs, Honet, Mosa, Petro, Revok, and Wombat, alongside those of artists such as Francis Alÿs, Jeremy Deller, Thomas Hirschhorn, Jenny Holzer, Klara Liden, Gordon Matta-Clark, William Pope.L, Cy Twombly, and many more.
Richly illustrated, this study of graffiti as monument and monument as graffiti is as fascinating as it is ethnographically expansive.
Optimizing Play
Authors: Paul Christopher A. 
Published: February 2024

An unexpected take on how games work, what the stakes are for them, and how game designers can avoid the traps of optimization.
The process of optimization in games seems like a good thing—who wouldn't want to find the most efficient way to play and win? As Christopher Paul argues in Optimizing Play, however, optimization can sometimes risk a tragedy of the commons, where actions that are good for individuals jeopardize the overall state of the game for everyone else. As he explains, players inadvertently limit play as they theorycraft, seeking optimal choices. The process of developing a meta, or the most effective tactic available, structures decision making, causing play to stagnate. A “stale” meta then creates a perception that a game is solved and may lead players to turn away from the game.
Drawing on insights from game studies, rhetoric, the history of science, ecology, and game theory literature, Paul explores the problem of optimization in a range of video games, including Overwatch, FIFA/EA Sports FC, NBA 2K, Clash Royale, World of Warcraft, and League of Legends. He also pulls extensively from data analytics in sports, where the problem has progressed further and is even more intractable than it is in video games, given the money sports teams invest to find an edge. Finally, Paul offers concrete and specific suggestions for how games can be developed to avoid the trap set by optimization run amok.
Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Togelius Julian 
Published: February 2024

How to make AI capable of general intelligence, and what such technology would mean for society.
Artificial intelligence surrounds us. More and more of the systems and services you interact with every day are based on AI technology. Although some very recent AI systems are generalists to a degree, most AI is narrowly specific; that is, it can only do a single thing, in a single context. For example, your spellchecker can't do mathematics, and the world's best chess-playing program can't play Tetris. Human intelligence is different. We can solve a variety of tasks, including those we have not seen before. In Artificial General Intelligence, Julian Togelius explores technical approaches to developing more general artificial intelligence and asks what general AI would mean for human civilization.
Togelius starts by giving examples of narrow AI that have superhuman performance in some way. Interestingly, there have been AI systems that are superhuman in some sense for more than half a century. He then discusses what it would mean to have general intelligence, by looking at definitions from psychology, ethology, and computer science. Next, he explores the two main families of technical approaches to developing more general artificial intelligence: foundation models through self-supervised learning, and open-ended learning in virtual environments. The final chapters of the book investigate potential artificial general intelligence beyond the strictly technical aspects. The questions discussed here investigate whether such general AI would be conscious, whether it would pose a risk to humanity, and how it might alter society.
Serendipity
Authors: Pievani Telmo 
Published: February 2024

From the bestselling author of Imperfection, a theory of uncertainty as the very core of the scientific method—and the essence of its wonder.
How many times have we looked for something and found something else? A partner, a job, an object? The same thing often happens to scientists: they design an experiment and discover the unexpected, which usually turns out to be very important. This fascinating phenomenon is called serendipity, which takes its name from the mythical Serendip, a place from which, according to a Persian fable, three princes set off to explore the world, making chance discoveries along the way. In Serendipity, the award-winning author of Imperfection Telmo Pievani returns to weave a compelling story about the unexpected in science and its fascinating role in our understanding of the world.
Going far beyond the usual examples of penicillin, X-rays, the microwave oven, and Christopher Columbus, Pievani shows that the most surprising stories of serendipity in the history of science reveal profound aspects of the logic of scientific discovery. In this book, he presents for the first time: an archaeology of the idea; a taxonomy of serendipitous discoveries; an “ecology of serendipity” (the surrounding conditions and factors that can promote it); and lastly, a theory of serendipity (why it occurs so frequently in so many sciences). From Zadig to Sherlock Holmes, Pievani shows that such great discoveries are not just the product of luck. Instead, serendipity comes from a mix of cunning, curiosity, sagacity, imagination, and accidents caught on the fly. Serendipity illuminates how much we don't know and how much we don't even know we don't know. Above all, Pievani reminds us that the human brain is of a piece with the world it is investigating—a world so much bigger than our knowledge—and it has also evolved within that world, adapting as it has to.
Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Online Home Office of Enterprise Employees under the COVID-19 Epidemic
Authors: Zhang Xiaobing , Zhao Zhuofu , Dong Qinkang , Zhao Yanyu , Ge Hanfei 
Published: February 2024

Online home office refers to a new type of office model in which the public uses a network system to perform and process work tasks at home in specific circumstances. During the COVID-19, employees’ online home office work provided guidance for enterprises’ resumption of work and production. This mode can provide more time for production work, balance employees’ work and life, and improve work efficiency to a certain extent, but still exposed some problems. On the basis of introducing the concept of online home work for enterprise employees and the literature review, this paper mainly adopts the questionnaire survey and video interview method, and distributes questionnaires to employees of small and medium-sized enterprises in Jiangsu Province of China from November 8, 2022 to March 8, 2023. 304 effective questionnaires and descriptive responses from three interviewees were returned. With processing the data, independent variables, such as difficult to achieve physical management, immature enterprise security technology, reduced communication among employees, reduced enterprise cohesion, and imperfect legal system and dependent variables worked from home online are significantly correlated at the 0.01 level. The paper analyzes the problems existing in online home work for enterprise employees, and proposes management suggestions and countermeasures to solve the problems in online home work practice for enterprise employees.
Efficient Luminescence from Rare‐Earth Fluoride Nanoparticles with Optically Functional Shells
Authors: Lezhnina M. M. , Jüstel T. , Kätker H. , Wiechert D. U. , Kynast U. H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRare‐earth fluorides are a class of materials with considerable potential in optical applications. Fluoride lattices typically permit high coordination numbers for the hosted rare‐earth ions, and the high ionicity of the rare‐earth‐to‐fluorine bond leads to a wide bandgap and very low vibrational energies. These factors make rare‐earth fluorides very useful in optical applications employing vacuum ultraviolet and near‐infrared excitation. The preparation of nanometer‐sized particles has opened the door for new properties and devices if the performance of their macroscopic counterparts can be conserved in the nanometer regime. However, at small particle sizes, defect surface states and adhering water reduce the optical efficiency. These shortcomings can be reduced by applying protective shells around the luminescent cores, which can also be involved in the luminescent process.
Electric‐Field‐Induced Pattern Morphologies in Thin Liquid Films
Authors: Voicu N. E. , Harkema S. , Steiner U. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLiquid‐polymer films sandwiched between two electrodes develop a surface instability caused by the electric field, giving rise to polymer structures that span the two plates. This study investigates the development of the resulting polymer morphologies as a function of time. The initial phase of the structure formation process is a sinusoidal surface undulation, irrespective of the sample parameters. The later stages of pattern formation depend on the relative amount of polymer in the capacitor gap (filling ratio). For high enough filling ratios, the final morphology of the pattern is determined by the partial coalescence of the initial pattern. The introduction of lateral‐field heterogeneities influences the initial pattern formation, with columns nucleated at locations of highest electric field (isolated points or edges). The subsequently formed secondary columns have higher degree of lateral symmetry compared to the pattern formed in a homogeneous field. The nucleation of individual columns or plugs also dominates the pattern formation in the presence of an electrode consisting of an array of lines. The results of this study therefore allow us to draw the conclusion that the accurate replication of structured electrodes typically proceeds by the initial nucleation of individual columns, followed by a coalescence process that yields the polymer replica.
Double‐Inverse‐Opal Photonic Crystals: The Route to Photonic Bandgap Switching
Authors: Ruhl T. , Spahn P. , Hermann C. , Jamois C. , Hess O. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhotonic crystals with a complete bandgap can stop the propagation of light of a certain frequency in all directions. We introduce double‐inverse‐opal photonic crystals (DIOPCs) as a new kind of optical switch. In the DIOPC, a movable, weakly scattering sphere is embedded within each pore of the inverse‐opal photonic crystal lattice. Switching between a diffusive reflector and a photonic crystal environment is experimentally demonstrated. Theory shows that a complete bandgap can be realized that can be opened or closed by moving the spheres. This functionality opens up new possibilities for the control of light emission and propagation. The close link and interaction between the chemical synthesis and the computational design and analysis underlines the interdisciplinary focus of this report.
Siloxane surfactants in polymer nanoparticles formulation
Authors: Racles Carmen , Hamaide Thierry , Ioanid Aurelia 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCarbohydrate‐modified cyclosiloxanes were synthesized by hydrosilylation reactions of protected allyl‐monosaccharides and subsequent deprotection with a gel‐type ion exchanger. They were characterized by 1H and 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR, GPC and surface tension measurements. These compounds, as well as other water soluble, carboxylate‐based siloxanes were tested as stabilizers in nanoparticle formulations, with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and UDEL polysulfone (PSF) as polymer cores. Owing to their low critical micelle concentrations (cmc), small amounts of surfactants were required. The particle size and granulometric distribution were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Electron microscopy confirmed the DLS results and revealed aggregation phenomena in dry state, depending on the polymer core. In the tested conditions, the glass transition temperature of the polymer seems to be the driving force for the stability of dry nanoparticles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A brief survey on the copper‐catalyzed allylation of alkylzinc and Grignard reagents under Barbier conditions
Authors: Erdik Ender , Koçoğlu Melike 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe same regioselectivity can be obtained in the CuI catalyzed allylic coupling ofn‐butylzinc reagents prepared by either pre‐transmetallation orin situtransmetallation of Grignard reagents in the presence of allylic partner and catalyst.n‐Butylzinc bromide and di‐n‐butylzinc undergo γ‐selective allylation whereas tri‐n‐butylzincate gives preferential α‐selectivity. The regioselectivity obtained in the reaction ofn‐butyl bromide andE‐crotyl chloride in the presence of Mg and CuCN is parallel to the coupling of preformedn‐butylmagnesium bromide. It is remarkable that the regiochemical outcome of copper catalyzed alkyl‐allyl coupling can be controlled by using Grignard reagents prepared under Barbier conditions and alkylzincs prepared byin situtransmetallation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of solid epoxy resins base on BPC II and bisphenol A using conventional heating equipment and microwave
Authors: Brzozowski Zbigniew K. , Staszczak Sylwia K. , Hadam Lukasz K. , Rupinski Slawomir , Bogdal Dariusz , Gorczyk Jaroslaw 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew solid state epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ether of 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2 bis (4‐hydroxyphenyl), ethylene (BPC) and BPA epoxy resins in the reaction with BPC and BPA were developed. Solid epoxy resins were synthesised by the use of two different heating methods: conventional and microwave reactor. The use of microwave radiation as novel heating medium as an alternative to the conventional methods, which provide a quicker and more effective synthesis. The solid epoxies have high melting points higher than 100°C and the polycondensation degree remains between n = 4–12. Epoxy value stays low and occurs around 0,02–0,1. BPA epoxy resins and diglycidylether of BPC II were compared in terms of reaction speed. It can be seen that the reaction of BPC diglycidylether occurs approximately 20% quicker given the same reaction conditions of temperature, and balance of catalyst. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3850–3854, 2006
Effects of activation temperature on the properties and structure of PAN‐based activated carbon hollow fiber
Authors: Sun Junfen , Wang Qingrui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fibers were pretreated with ammonium dibasic phosphate, then further oxidized in air, carbonized in nitrogen, and activated with carbon dioxide. The effects of activation temperature of a precursor fiber on the microstructure, specific surface, pore‐size distribution, and adsorption properties of PAN‐based activated carbon hollow fibers (PAN‐ACHF) were studied in this work. After the activation process, the BET surface area of the PAN‐ACHF and surface area of mesopores in the PAN‐ACHF increased very remarkably and reached 1422 m2 g−1 and 1234 m2 g−1, respectively, when activation temperature is 1000°C. The adsorptions to creatinine and VB12 of PAN‐ACHF were much high and reached 99 and 84% respectively. In PAN‐ACHF which went through the activation at 700°C and 800°C, the micropore filling mainly occurred at low relative pressures, multimolecular layer adsorption occurred with the increasing of relative pressure, and the filling and emptying of the mesopores by capillary condensation occurred at high relative pressures. But in PAN‐ACHF which went through the activation at 900°C, a mass of mesopores resulted in the large pore filling by capillary condensation. The dominant pore sizes of mesopores in PAN‐ACHF are from 2 nm to 5 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3778–3783, 2006
Study of poly(vinyl chloride) interfaces using slow positron beams
Authors: Mostafa N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractElemental and X‐ray fluorescence analyses were performed to determine the chemical compositions of insulator and jacket poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement was performed to determine their glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) and melting points. The effect of additives on the two investigated samples, as well as on a pure PVC sample, was studied using Doppler‐broadening energy spectra coupled with the slow positron beam technique. Significant variation in the S parameter as a function of positron implantation energy and depth from the surface to the bulk was observed in all samples. The S parameter increased at a very low positron energy (< 1 keV), saturated to about 6 keV, and then decreased up to 27 keV. The S parameter (ΔS) changed to the extent of the change in the breadth of the distribution of free‐volume defects, which was larger in the jacket PVC sample, which had more additives, than in the insulator PVC sample. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3789–3793, 2006
Crystallization behavior of carbon nanotubes‐filled polyamide 1010
Authors: Wang Biao , Sun Guangping , Liu Jingjiang , He Xiaofeng , Li Jing 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe nanocomposites of polyamide1010 (PA1010) filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by melt mixing techniques. The isothermal melt‐crystallization kinetics and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of CNTs/PA1010 nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The peak temperature, melting point, half‐time of crystallization, enthalpy of crystallization, etc. were measured. Two stages of crystallization are observed, including primary crystallization and secondary crystallization. The isothermal crystallization was also described according to Avrami's approach. It has been shown that the addition of CNTs causes a remarkable increase in the overall crystallization rate of PA1010 and affects the mechanism of nucleation and growth of PA1010 crystals. The analysis of kinetic data according to nucleation theories shows that the increment in crystallization rate of CNTs/PA1010 composites results from the decrease in lateral surface free energy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3794–3800, 2006
Reactivity ratios of acrylamide–vinyl pyrrolidone copolymerization system obtained by sequential sampling
Authors: Akyüz Ali , Paril Ahmet , Giz Ahmet 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFree‐radical copolymerization of vinyl pyrrolidone and acrylamide was performed in water at 60°C. Their copolymerization reactions were continued up to high conversions and reaction mixture sampled sequentially during the reaction. The compositions of the aliquots were measured by UV spectroscopy, and their polymer contents were obtained by gravimetry. Data are evaluated by a recent error in variables method developed for sequential sampling. Reactivity ratios are found as rA = 2.03 ± 0.14, rVP = 0.09 ± 0.02. Analysis of the data up to 45% conversion by the Extended Kelen Tüdös method gave consistent results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3822–3827, 2006
Fractal model of the heat conductivity for carbon fiber‐reinforced aromatic polyamide
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Burya A. I. , Dolbin I. V. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt is shown that the heat conductivity of carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced aromatic polyamide on the basis of phenylone can be described within the framework of a fractal model. Depending on the dimension of filler fibers network (system), such description can be obtained by the application of two limiting cases: random network of resistors (RNR) or random superconducting network (RSN). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3828–3831, 2006