bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending the Scope of Singlet‐State Spectroscopy
Authors: Sarkar Riddhiman , Ahuja Puneet , Moskau Detlef , Vasos Paul R. , Bodenhausen Geoffrey 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDifferent decoupling sequences are tested—using various shaped radio‐frequency (RF) pulses—to achieve the longest possible lifetimes of singlet‐state populations over the widest possible bandwidths, that is, ranges of offsets and relative chemical shifts of the nuclei involved in the singlet states. The use of sinc or refocusing broadband universal rotation pulses (RE‐BURP) for decoupling during the intervals where singlet‐state populations are preserved allows one to extend the useful bandwidth with respect to prior state‐of‐the‐art methods based on composite‐pulse WALTZ decoupling. The improved sinc decoupling sequences afford a more reliable and sensitive measure of the lifetimes of singlet states in pairs of spins that have widely different chemical shifts, such as the two aromatic protons H5 and H6 in uracil. Similar advantages are expected for nucleotides in RNA and DNA. Alternative approaches, in particular frequency‐modulated decoupling sequences, also appear to be effective in preserving singlet‐state populations, even though the profiles of the apparent relaxation rate constants as a function of the offset are somewhat perturbed. The best decoupling sequences prove their utility in sustaining longer lifetimes of singlet states than previously achieved for the side‐chain tyrosine protons in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) at 600 MHz (14.1 T), where the differences of chemical shifts between coupled protons are a challenge.
The inpatient management of physical activity in young people with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Davies Sarah , Parekh Komal , Etelapaa Kaisa , Wood David , Jaffa Tony 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the management of physical activity in young inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Through telephone interviews and postal surveys inpatient units across the UK were asked about written documents regarding physical activity management, how they viewed healthy exercise, how they assessed physical fitness to engage in activity, the management approaches taken, provision of education and support around this issue and range of activities provided. Results indicated that a variety of approaches were taken, with little consensus between units, although the majority of approaches did involve some form of restriction, frequently determined by weight criteria. There were few substantial written documents to guide practice and a range of interpretations of healthy exercise. The findings are discussed and suggestions made for research to explore this area further and to inform the development of effective interventions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A new computational framework for multi‐scale ocean modelling based on adapting unstructured meshes
Authors: Piggott M. D. , Gorman G. J. , Pain C. C. , Allison P. A. , Candy A. S. , Martin B. T. , Wells M. R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA new modelling framework is presented for application to a range of three‐dimensional (3D) multi‐scale oceanographic problems. The approach is based upon a finite element discretization on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh which is optimized to represent highly complex geometries. Throughout a simulation the mesh is dynamically adapted in 3D to optimize the representation of evolving solution structures. The adaptive algorithm makes use of anisotropic measures of solution complexity and a load‐balanced parallel mesh optimization algorithm to vary resolution and allow long, thin elements to align with features such as boundary layers. The modelling framework presented is quite different from the majority of ocean models in use today, which are typically based on static‐structured grids. Finite element (and volume) methods on unstructured meshes are, however, gaining popularity in the oceanographic community. The model presented here is novel in its use of unstructured meshes and anisotropic adaptivity in 3D, its ability to represent a range of coupled multi‐scale solution structures and to simulate non‐hydrostatic dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and usability testing of an operating manual for a hair‐braiding machine
Authors: You Heecheon , Young Ronda , Lee Myun W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present study applied the concepts and techniques of usability testing to the development of an operating manual for a hair‐braiding machine. A preliminary version of the manual was developed in four stages: (1) profiling user characteristics, (2) defining design features of the manual, (3) preparing contents, and (4) designing the format and layout of the manual. In each development stage, design factors, such as user characteristics and operating instructions, were identified and relevant methods, such as user profile analysis and hierarchical task analysis, were applied. The preliminary manual was evaluated by 5 cosmetology students (age, 18 to 25 years; training, 60 to 700 hours) by using various performance and preference measures and surveying opinions of the participants regarding likes, dislikes, and suggestions. Based on the test results, recommendations were made for better usability of the manual and revisions were made accordingly. The design and evaluation process of an operating manual presented in the study would help practitioners to develop a user‐friendly manual. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a job‐aiding tool in inspection systems
Authors: Tetteh Edem , Jiang Xiaochun , Mountjoy Daniel , Seong Younho , McBride Maranda 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVisual inspection plays a very important role in ensuring quality in the manufacturing and service industries. Two determinants of inspection performance are visual search and decision‐making. Improvement in any one of the components will have an impact on system performance. Job‐aids, accompanied by training, have proven to be effective in enhancing accuracy and reducing search time in visual inspection systems. This article aims to investigate the effects of search strategy along with task complexity and pacing on inspection performance using a job‐aiding tool. To facilitate the experiments, an enhanced job‐aiding tool in a simulated visual inspection environment was developed. This tool enables an inspector to track his or her search path in visual inspection systems. A pilot study and two experiments were conducted using this tool. The pilot study examined the effectiveness of the job‐aiding tool. The first experiment studied the effect of search strategy and task complexity on inspection system performance and the second experiment studied the impact of search strategy, task complexity, and pacing on system performance. Results from this research can be used to better design an inspection system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in central nervous system and their modification after vanadium inhalation
Authors: Colín‐Barenque L. , Martínez‐Hernández M. G. , Baiza‐Gutman L. A. , Avila‐Costa M. R. , Ordóñez‐Librado J. L. , Bizarro‐Nevares P. , Rodriguez‐Lara V. , Piñón‐Zarate G. , Rojas‐Lemus M. , Mussali‐Galante P. , Fortoul T. I. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVanadium (V) derivatives are well‐known environmental pollutants and its toxicity has been related with oxidative stress. Toxicity after vanadium inhalation on the substantia nigra, corpus striatum, hippocampus and ependymal epithelium was reported previously. The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP‐2) and 9 (MMP‐9) in the changes observed in brain tissue after chronic V inhalation. Mice were exposed to vaporized, vanadium pentoxide 0.02 m in deionized water for 1 h twice a week, and killed at 1 h, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after exposure. The brain was removed and the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were dissected and the MMP content was obtained by zymography. The results showed that MMP‐9 increased in all the structures at the end of the exposure, although in the hippocampus this increment was evident after 1 week of exposure. When MMP‐2 was analysed in the olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex it remained unchanged throughout the whole exposure, while in the hippocampus it increased at week 4, while in the striatum MMP‐2 increased from the second week only, through the whole experiment. These results demonstrate that V increased MMPs in different structures of the CNS and this change might be associated with the previously reported modifications, such as dendritic spine loss and neuronal cell death. The modifications in MMPs could be related with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption which was reported previously. Oxidative stress might also be involved in the activation of these gelatinases as part of the different mechanisms which take place in V toxicity in the CNS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The USNS MERCY's Southeast Asia Humanitarian Cruise: The Perioperative Experience
Authors: Troup Linda 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTMANY PEOPLE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA are in desperate need of medical attention, but because of poverty, remoteness, and inadequate medical services, they do not receive this care.BEGINNING IN APRIL 2006, a diverse group of health care professionals from around the world served for five months aboard the USNS MERCY, a 1,000‐bed, US Navy hospital ship.DESCRIPTIONS OF PROCEDURES performed, local health conditions, and the experiences of volunteers during this humanitarian mission are detailed in this article. AORN J 86 (November 2007) 781–790.
Prospective, Controlled, Cross-Over Trial of Alcohol-Based Hand Gel in Critical Care Units
Authors: Rupp Mark E. , Fitzgerald Teresa , Puumala Susan , Anderson James R. , Craig Rita , Iwen Peter C. , Jourdan Dawn , Keuchel Janet , Marion Nedra , Peterson Delayne , Sholtz Lee , Smith Valerie 
Published: December 2007

Background.There are limited data from prospective studies to indicate whether improvement in hand hygiene associated with the use of alcohol-based hand hygiene products results in improved patient outcomes.Design.A 2-year, prospective, controlled, cross-over trial of alcohol-based hand gel.Setting.The study was conducted in 2 medical-surgical ICUs for adults, each with 12 beds, from August 2001 to September 2003 at a university-associated, tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods.An alcohol-based hand gel was provided in one critical care unit and not provided in the other. After 1 year, the assignment was reversed. The hand hygiene adherence rate and the incidence of nosocomial infection were monitored. Samples for culture were obtained from nurses' hands every 2 months.Results.During 17,994 minutes of observation, which included 3,678 opportunities for hand hygiene, adherence rates improved dramatically after the introduction of hand gel, increasing from 37% to 68% in one unit and from 38% to 69% in the other unit (P< .001). Improvement was observed among all groups of healthcare workers. Hand hygiene rates were better at higher workloads when hand gel was available in the unit (P= .02). No substantial change in the rates of device-associated infection, infection due to multidrug-resistant pathogens, or infection due toClostridium difficilewas observed. Culture of samples from the hands of nursing staff revealed that an increased number of microbes and an increased number of microbe species was associated with longer fingernails (ie, more than 2 mm long), the wearing of rings, and/or lack of access to hand gel.Conclusions.The introduction of alcohol-based gel resulted in a significant and sustained improvement in the rate of hand hygiene adherence. Fingernail length greater than 2 mm, wearing rings, and lack of access to hand gel were associated with increased microbial carriage on the hands. This improvement in the hand hygiene adherence rate was not associated with detectable changes in the incidence of healthcare-associated infection.
Transparency in the Foreign Exchange Market and the Volume of International Trade
Authors: Broll Udo , Eckwert Bernhard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper we study the impact of more transparency in the foreign exchange market on the ex ante expected volume of international trade. Transparency is measured by the informational content of publicly observable signals. These signals convey information about the use of policy instruments which affect the future exchange rate. We find that a higher level of transparency may increase or decrease the volume of international trade. In particular, the impact of greater transparency depends on the curvature of the firms’ marginal cost function. Furthermore, the firms’ex ante expected profits are higher when the foreign exchange market is more transparent.
Exchange Rate Regimes and Currency Crises: an Evaluation using Extreme Value Theory*
Authors: Haile Fasika Damte , Pozo Susan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe test whether the exchange regime in place has an impact on the vulnerability of countries to currency crises. Our paper is distinguishable from others (i) in its use of extreme value theory to identify currency crisis periods and (ii) in using two separate designations for the exchange regime in place. The first is the self‐reported or announced exchange rate system. The second classification scheme, by Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger, is based on the relative movements of international reserves and exchange rates. The Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger procedure is intended to reveal the actual as distinct from the “legal” exchange arrangement. We find, interestingly, that the announced exchange regime has an impact on the likelihood of currency crises, while the “true” or observed regime does not. Announced pegged exchange regimes increase the risk of currency crisis even if, in reality, the exchange rate system in place is not pegged.
Tariffs vs Quotas in a Model of Trade with Capital Accumulation*
Authors: Calzolari Giacomo , Lambertini Luca 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the equivalence among price‐modifying and quantity‐fixing international trade policies in a differential game. We employ two well‐known capital accumulation dynamics for firms, due to Nerlove and Arrow and to Ramsey, respectively. We show that, in both cases, open‐loop and closed‐loop Nash equilibria coincide. Under the former accumulation the tariff‐quota equivalence holds, while, in general, it does not under the latter. Moreover, in the Ramsey model, the country setting the trade policy (weakly) prefers a quantity‐equivalent import quota to the adoption of the tariff. These results are not a consequence of the equilibrium concept we adopt (with and without market power), but directly follow from the interplay between market power and the properties of accumulation dynamics.
Foreign Aid under Quantitative Restrictions: Welfare Effects and International Factor Mobility
Authors: Bezmen Trisha 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUsing a two‐country, general‐equilibrium model of international trade, this paper incorporates pre‐existing quantitative trade restrictions and international factor mobility into the transfer problem analysis. The effects of foreign aid on the welfare of both the donor and recipient nations are identified under each form of quantitative trade restriction: quotas and voluntary export restraints (VERs). In doing so, this paper identifies conditions under which international transfers are strictly Pareto‐improving (i.e. increase global welfare). A central result of this analysis is the direct welfare effect of a transfer received by a nation with quota‐constrained (VER‐constrained) imports is enhanced (may be enhanced) by a worsening of the recipient’s terms of trade.
Modes of Collective Decision-Making: Eight Criteria for Evaluation of Representatives, Referenda, Participation and Surveys
Authors: Clark Terry Nichols 
Published: December 2007

This short paper seeks more to raise questions than provide answers. It differs from most recent work on measuring citizen preferences in the range of questions posed. Indeed, most such work, we argue, represents what economists term suboptimizing. The major studies on social welfare functions deserve our respect for their mathematical elegance. But how is this tradition to be linked to more general concerns, such as assessing legislative decision-making versus citizen participation versus surveys? This paper outlines a framework that might be applied in a general benefit-cost approach. If its answers, in the form of entries in Table 1, are only most tentative, it still points to a distinctive set of questions for future work, In the meantime, policy makers and their consultants must reach decisions regarding the relative merits of such things as citizen surveys. This framework may serve minimally as a structure for assessment of alternatives.
Table 1 lists four decision-making modes and eight criteria for their evaluation. The remainder of the paper comments briefly on the various cells of Table 1.
The four modes in Table 1 are singled out because of their empirical frequency.
A matter of looks: The framing of obesity in four Swedish daily newspapers
Authors: Sandberg Helena 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article reports on a study done in Sweden on how the daily press covers the theme of overweight/obesity. It deals with two questions: (1) How is overweight framed in the media? and (2) Which consequences can these framings have on public perceptions of overweight/obesity? The study is limited to media content in Swedish daily newspapers, 1997–2001. In all 1 925 articles from four different papers have been analysed. The study points out that overweight/obesity is most frequently presented as a health problem, however the dominating frame in the news papers is overweight presented as a beauty dilemma. The two ways of constructing overweight comes along with different kind of information that leaves the potential reader with diverse impressions and solutions. The first frame appeals to reason and rationality, the latter mobilizes emotions and affect. When the reporters reduce the health problem to a matter of looks they underestimate the seriousness of this social problem, which might have undesirable effects on public perception of overweight. There are considerable gender dimensions in the coverage and overweight is mostly presented as a female problem. In the articles obese people are often stigmatized and gender stereotypes are frequently reproduced. There is on top of that and abundance of paradoxes in the material, which also makes it hard for the reader to orient herself in the crossfire of messages and gives little advice upon how to solve the problem of overweight.
Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of densified Sitka spruce fabricated in an airtight atmosphere with high-temperature steam
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi , Nobusue Kyohei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mode I and Mode II initiation fracture toughness was examined by DCB (double cantilever beam) and 3ENF (three-point bend end notched flexure) tests on specimens of compressed Sitka spruce. The compressed wood was fabricated by varying the compression ratio, and the effectiveness of the compression treatment was examined in view of improving the fracture mechanics properties. In both cases, the fracture toughness did not show a significant increase after the compression treatment. Thus, it would be necessary to develop a new compression treatment method to improve the fracture mechanics properties.
Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds
Authors: Weigenand Oliver , Humar Miha , Daniel Geoffrey , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An amino-silicone (AS; amino-polydimethylsiloxane) micro-emulsion was tested for its suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment and in a test according to the European standard (1996) EN 113. Decay resistance was assessed against the white rot fungi Trametes versicolor, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and Hypoxylon fragiforme, as well as the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana, Antrodia vaillantii, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Serpula lacrymans. Pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with AS emulsions at solute concentration levels of 2%, 5% and 15%. The mini-blocks treated with 15% concentrations of AS resisted decay by T. versicolor and C. puteana over a long time (12 weeks), while samples treated with low and moderate concentrations underwent considerable mass losses. Accordingly, microscopic studies revealed a high degree of colonisation by the white rot fungus and loss of cell wall integrity (brown rot) in samples treated with 2% AS. At high AS content (15%), no or only initial stages of decay could be observed. In the European standard (1996) test EN 113, the mass loss in all fungal cultures except for the white rot ascomycete H. fragiforme was below 5%, when the samples were treated with 15% AS. The effect of low and moderate AS concentration on the decay resistance was dependent on the fungal strain. The mode of action of AS treatment against basidiomycete decay is discussed.
The ambivalence over the Levantinization of Israel: “David Levi” jokes
Authors: Salamon Hagar 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present article focuses on David Levi jokes—an Israeli joke cycle—as a catalyzing agent in the evolution of Israeli identity. Although the manifest referent in the jokes is a concrete political and ethnic figure, the article argues that the actual referent is the whole of Israeli society.The cumulative effect of composing, hearing, recalling and especially repeating these elements, all in a spirit of self-mockery, enables mediation of national ambivalences and vulnerabilities. Through these jokes, an Israeli Levantine identity is internalized as teller and listener “try on” aspects of the Levantine national self through imagery, language, and gesticulation. Characteristic of these jokes are riddles conveyed through a meta-linguistic device. The joke-telling event is thus in effect a mimetic model of the interaction between the linguistic and the social, which enacts certain relationships pertaining to belonging and identity; as such, it is a unique prism for exploring the cultural matrix within which the construction of identity is carried out.
Production of microporous resins for heavy‐metal removal. II. Functionalized polymers
Authors: Cardoso Judith , Ortiz‐Palacios Jesús , Manero Octavio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIon‐exchange polymers were used successfully in water‐treatment operations. In this study, three ion‐exchange resins based on 4‐vinylpyridine and divinylbenzene functionalized with N‐oxide groups were obtained. Their ion‐adsorption properties were measured in solutions containing chromium at concentrations of 4 and 500 ppm with column and batch equilibrium techniques. The removal efficiency of the chromium ions with HCl was observed to increase after the protonation of the N‐oxide groups. The resins could be reused after 10 cycles with the metal removal efficiency maintained at higher than 95%. These studies evidenced a strong correlation between the morphology and ionic group content in the resin and its chromium ion sorption capability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008