bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of antibodies to metallothionein isomers and development of a simple enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Chan Hing Man , Pringle Gordon A. , Cherian M. George 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of metallothionein (MT) in tissues and body fluids has been developed. The ELISA employs the IgG fraction of a rabbit antiserum to rat liver Cd‐MT‐2 polymer, a biotinylated secondary antibody, and peroxidase conjugated avidin. With a 1:4000 dilution of the immunoglobulins, typical standard curves (logit‐log regression) provide a linear range of 0.1–100 ng for MT‐2 and 10–1000 ng for MT‐1. Fifty percent inhibition is accomplished with 15 ng and 250 ng for MT‐2 and MT‐1, respectively. Rat liver MT‐1 and MT‐2 containing different metals (Ag, Cu, and Zn) inhibited the antibodies as effectively as CdMT. However, the antibodies exhibited greater affinity for both Apo‐MT isoforms. Previously reported discrepancies between results obtained by metal binding assays (e.g., Ag‐hem binding) and radioimmunoassay for MT levels in tissues have been largely resolved. By addition of 1% Tween 20 to samples, the ELISA routinely estimated the total MT in samples of rat, mouse, and human liver and kidney at 88% of the value obtained by the silver‐hem binding assay. Specific antibodies to MT‐2 were purified from our anti‐serum by affinity purification using CH‐Sepharose 4B coupled with rat liver MT‐1. Estimation of MT in samples using purified MT‐2 antibodies provided slightly lower values (72%) for MT in tissues as compared to the Ag‐hem method. The predominant form of MT in tissues of control animals was found to be MT‐2. Therefore, the MT‐2 specific antibodies may be useful for the study of the functions of MT isoforms. Levels of total MT in tissues and biological fluids of rats injected with CdCl2 (0.3 mg Cd/kg) and Cd‐MT (0.3 mg Cd/kg) were estimated by ELISA. The results suggest urinary MT levels may be related to kidney damage.
Specific induction of hepatic cytochrome p4501a‐2 in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice treated with 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ)
Authors: Nerurkar Pratibha V. , Anderson Lucy M. , Snyderwine Elizabeth G. , Park Sang Shin , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Rice Jerry M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe food mutagen/carcinogen amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ) is activated by cytochrome p4501a‐2 via N‐hydrox‐ylation; various P450s may contribute to detoxification via ring hydroxylation. Alterations in P450 levels by IQ treatment might therefore influence its toxicity. To examine the role of Ah locus genotype on the biochemical effects of IQ, C57BL/6 (AhbAhb; p450Ia‐½ inducible) and DBA/2 (AhdAhd, noninducible) mice of both sexes were given IQ at varying doses, with different vehicles and routes of administration. Livers taken after 24 hours were assessed for total cytochrome p450 and activities of ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD, a p4501a‐l activity, inducible in Ahb mice), meth‐oxyresorufin‐O‐demethylase (MROD, a p4501a‐2 activity), and benzyloxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase (BzROD, an activity of p4502b). There was little effect on total cytochrome p450, but all three enzyme activities were often induced, a maximum of 2.5‐fold, in both sexes and in DBA/2 as well as C57BL/6 mice. However, Western immunoblot analysis with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated an increase only in p4501a‐2 protein. p4501a‐l remained undetectable. A monoclonal antibody to p4502‐b recognized one protein band in liver mi‐crosomes from males and two bands in female mice of both strains. Amounts of these proteins were not altered by IQ treatment. Thus, IQ specifically, if moderately, induces its activating enzyme, p4501a‐2, in a process that was not clearly related to Ah responsiveness.
Characterization of the acyl‐CoA: Amino acid N‐acyltransferases from primate liver mitochondria
Authors: Kelley Michael , Vessey Donald A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe acyl‐CoA:amino acid N‐acyl‐transferases were partially purified from human liver mitochondria. The aralkyl transferase (ArAlk) had glycine conjugating activity toward the following compounds: benzoyl‐CoA > butyryl‐CoA, salicylyl‐CoA > heptanoyl‐CoA, indoleacetyl‐CoA. Its kinetic properties and responses to salt were very similar to those of bovine ArAlk. Further, its molecular weight was found to be similar to that of the bovine enzyme, in contrast to reports from other laboratories. Thus, it was concluded that the human and bovine ArAlk are not significantly different.The human arylacetyl transferase (AAc) had glutamine conjugating activity toward phenylacetyl‐CoA, but only 3–5% as much activity toward indoleacetyl‐CoA or 1‐naphtylacetyl‐CoA, respectively. While this was similar to the bovine AAc, the two forms differed in several respects. First, the human liver AAc was insensitive to salts. Second, glycination of phenylacetyl‐CoA by human AAc could only be detected at a high concentration of glycine (50 mM), and the rates were <2% of the rate of glutamination. In contrast, glycine conjugation predominates with bovine AAc. Kinetic analysis of the glutamination of phenylacetyl‐CoA by human AAc revealed a KD for phenylacetyl‐CoA of 14 μM and a Km for glutamine of 120 mM. These values indicate that the human AAc is not more efficient at glutamination than the AAc from bovine liver. An AAc was purified from rhesus monkey liver and found to have similar kinetic constants to the human form. This indicates that nonprimate enzymes do not have a defect in glutamine conjugation. Rather, it is the primate forms that are defective in that they have lost glycine conjugation, not increased the efficiency of glutamine conjugation.
Choline derivatives and sodium fluoride protect acetylcholinesterase against irreversible inhibition and aging by DFP and paraoxon
Authors: Dehlawi Mohamed S. , Eldefrawi Amira T. , Eldefrawi Mohyee E. , Anis Nabil A. , Valdes James J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA light addressable potentiometric sensor was used to measure acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in order to evaluate the protective effects of quaternary compounds and NaF against enzyme phosphorylation and aging by two organophosphates. The use of the immobilized AChE made possible the quick removal of reagents (i.e., organophosphate, 2‐pralidoxime, and protectant), thereby permitting accurate determination of AChE activity before and after phosphorylation and aging. Paraoxon was 15‐fold more potent in inhibiting AChE than DFP, while the percent aging following phosphorylation by diiso‐propylfluorophosphate (DFP) was much higher. Sodium fluoride (NaF), the most effective protectant against phosphorylation and aging, and the quaternary ammonium compounds reduced significantly AChE inhibition by DFP and paraoxon, to similar degrees. Even though the percent AChE activity that was lost to aging was reduced by these agents, aging as a percent of phosphorylated AChE was not reduced. Thus, their major effect was in reducing the percent AChE phosphorylation, which consequently resulted in reduction of total aged AChE. The finding that quaternary ammonium compounds protect against phosphorylation is consonant with the proposed presence of the active site of AChE in an aromatic gorge.
The modulating effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody on ricin‐induced oxidative stress in mice
Authors: Muldoon D. F. , Bagchi D. , Hassoun E. A. , Stohs S. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrevious studies in our laboratory have shown that the protein toxin ricin induces an oxidative stress in mice, resulting in increased urinary excretion of malondialdehyde (MDA), formaldehyde (FA), and acetone (ACON). Other toxicants have been shown to induce oxidative stress by macrophage activation with subsequent release of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). Therefore, the ability of TNF‐α antibody to modulate ricin‐induced urinary carbonyl excretion as well as hepatic lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and DNA single‐strand breaks was assessed. Ricin‐induced urinary MDA, FA, and ACON were reduced significantly in mice receiving antibody (15,000 U/kg) 2 hours before treatment with ricin (5 μ/kg). At 48 hours following ricin treatment, MDA, FA, and ACON concentrations in the urine of TNF antibody‐treated mice decreased 25.7, 53.2, and 64.5%, respectively, relative to ricin‐treated mice receiving no antibody. In addition, anti‐TNF‐α (1500 U/kg) significantly decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA single‐strand breaks, induced by 5 μg ricin/kg, by 49.3 and 44.2%, respectively. The results suggest that macrophage activation and subsequent release of TNF‐α are involved in ricin toxicity.
Gender differences in hepatic expression of flavin‐containing monooxygenase isoforms (FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5) in Mice
Authors: Falls J. Greg , Blake Bonnie L. , Cao Yan , Levi Patricia E. , Hodgson Ernest 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHepatic flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity of microsomes from adult CD‐1, Swiss‐Webster, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice was found to be significantly higher in females than in males. Based on protein and mRNA levels in CD‐1 mice, FMO forms responsible for the gender difference in FMO activity were FMO1 and FMO3. FMO1 expression was two to three times higher in female mice compared with males; FMO3, however, which was expressed at levels equivalent to FMO1 in female mice, was not detected in males. The expression of FMO5 was approximately equal in both sexes. FMO2 and FMO4 transcripts were not evident in hepatic mRNA from mice. Protein and mRNA levels appear to be coregulated with regard to gender‐selective or gender‐specific expression of FMO1 or FMO3, respectively. FMO5, which demonstrates no gender‐selective expression in mice, may be regulated by different mechanisms. Examination of protein levels among Swiss‐Webster, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 strains revealed a gender‐dependent expression of FMO isozymes identical to the CD‐1 strain.
Some aspects of the role of cytochrome P‐450 isozymes in the n‐oxidative transformation of secondary and tertiary amine compounds
Authors: Hlavica Peter , Lehnerer Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIndirect evidence of the participation of cytochrome P‐450 (P‐450) in the microsomal N‐oxygenation of secondary and tertiary nitrogen functions is presented by studies employing diagnostic modifiers of the hemoprotein system as well as antibodies directed toward the diverse P‐450 isoforms and NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase. Experiments with recombinant hemoproteins or P‐450 isozymes directly purified from the tissues of various animal species support the results obtained by the inhibitor assays. Although the intermediacy of aminium radicals is thought to be restrictive to P‐450‐catalyzed N‐oxygenation of secondary and tertiary amine groups bearing accessible hydrogens on the α‐carbon, numerous exceptions to this rule are documented. It is proposed that aminium radicals partition between oxygen rebound and α‐hydrogen abstraction to yield a finite level of N‐oxygenated product in all P‐450‐mediated amine oxidations, the partition ratio depending on the amine structure and particular P‐450 isozyme operative. In some instances, N‐oxygenation appears to proceed by peroxidatic mechanisms. The relative contribution of P‐450 to the N‐oxygenation of secondary and tertiary amines in crude preparations or live animals, where competition with the flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO) occurs, seems to be a function of the relative amounts and catalytic capacities of the two enzyme systems. Both parameters are species and tissue dependent. Accordingly, the extent to which P‐450 contributes to total N‐oxidative turnover of the amine substrates varies from minor to major. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The laterophysic connection and swim bladder of butterflyfishes in the genus Chaetodon (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae)
Authors: Webb Jacqueline F. , Smith W. Leo , Ketten Darlene R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe laterophysic connection (LC) is an association between bilaterally paired, anterior swim bladder extensions (horns) and medial openings in the supracleithral lateral line canals that diagnoses butterflyfishes in the genus Chaetodon. It has been hypothesized that the LC makes the lateral line system sensitive to sound pressure stimuli that are transmitted by the swim bladder horns and converted to fluid flow into the lateral line system via a laterophysic tympanum. The purpose of this study was to define variation in the morphology of the LC, swim bladder and swim bladder horns among 41 Chaetodon species from all 11 Chaetodon subgenera and a species from each of four non‐Chaetodon genera using gross dissection, histological analysis as well as 2D or 3D CT (computed tomographic) imaging of live, anesthetized fishes. Our results demonstrate that the lateral line system appears rather unspecialized with well‐ossified narrow canals in all species examined. Two LC types (direct and indirect), defined by whether or not the paired anterior swim bladder horns are in direct contact with a medial opening in the supracleithral lateral line canal, are found among species examined. Two variants on a direct LC and four variants of an indirect LC are defined by combinations of soft tissue anatomy (horn length [long/short] and width [wide/narrow], number of swim bladder chambers [one/two], and presence/absence of mucoid connective tissue in the medial opening in the supracleithrum). The combination of features defining each LC variant is predicted to have functional consequences for the bioacoustics of the system. These findings are consistent with the recent discovery that Chaetodon produce sounds during social interactions. The data presented here provide the comparative morphological context for the functional analysis of this novel swim bladder‐lateral line connection. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanobiomaterial applications in orthopedics
Authors: Christenson Elizabeth M. , Anseth Kristi S. , van den Beucken Jeroen J.J.P. , Chan Casey K. , Ercan Batur , Jansen John A. , Laurencin Cato T. , Li Wan‐Ju , Murugan Ramalingam , Nair Lakshmi S. , Ramakrishna Seeram , Tuan Rocky S. , Webster Thomas J. , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAdvancements in nanobiotechnology are revolutionizing our capability to understand biological intricacies and resolve biological and medical problems by developing subtle biomimetic techniques. Nanocomposites and nanostructured materials are believed to play a pivotal role in orthopedic research since bone itself is a typical example of a nanocomposite. This article reviews current strategies using nanobiomaterials to improve current orthopedic materials and examines their applications in bone tissue engineering. Preliminary investigations support the potential of nanobiomaterials in orthopedic applications; however, significant advancements are necessary to achieve clinical use. Overall, current trends in nanobiotechnology foreshadow a bright future through the use of nanobiomaterials in the orthopedic domain. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:11–22, 2007
Communication regimes: A conceptual framework for examining IT and social change in organizations
Authors: Meyer Eric T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper defines and extends Kling's concept of a communication regimes by identifying the concept's origins and offering a definition that will allow further research using this framework. The terminology used here originates in political science; in translating these concepts for information science, however, much of the original meaning can be maintained and fruitfully applied. The paper outlines the definition and illustrates it using examples from photojournalism as a communication regime undergoing change. A communication regime is: 1) a loosely coupled social network in which the communication and the work system are highly coupled; 2) a system with a set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision‐making procedures around which actors' expectations converge; 3) a system in which the types of communication are tightly coupled to the production system in which they are embedded; 4) a system with institutions which help to support and to regulate the regime; and 5) a system within which there are conflicts over control, over who enforces standards, over who bears the costs of change and who reaps the benefits of change. This example suggests other areas where a communication regime framework may help understand the relationship between IT and social change.
Cross‐cultural issues in user learning and the design of digital interfaces
Authors: Bilal Dania , Bachir Imad , Caidi Nadia , Komlodi Anita , Dalbello Marija , Mehra Bharat 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHall (1976) believes that culture is a selective screen through which we see the world and that the basic differences in the way members from different cultures perceive reality are responsible for the mis‐communications of the most fundamental kind. Hofstede (1997) notes that cultural orientations are deeply embedded in cultures over hundreds and thousands of years and modern media have not dislodged these cultural orientations. Indeed, cultural norms, assumptions, values, and orientations remain crucial for understanding people from various cultures. This understanding extends to designing a variety of information retrieval systems for international access and use, including Web‐based digital libraries. Since the Web is international in nature, Web design should embed ‘cultural attractors” (e.g., colors, metaphors, language cues, navigation controls, and other visual elements) that should create the’ look and feel” to match the cultural expectations of the users of a local culture (Smith, et al., 2004). The speakers will address the various roles culture plays in the design and use of system interfaces, in general, and of digital libraries in particular. They will present analyses from their current research findings on culture and its impact on information seeking, interface design, and digital library development. They will discuss methods of bridging the gap between various cultures through both providing effective user‐centered system design and educating information professionals.
Metadata characteristics as predictors for editor selectivity in a current awareness service
Authors: Krichel Thomas , Bakkalbasi Nisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRePEc is a large digital library for the economics community. “NEP: New Economics Papers” is a current awareness service for recent additions to RePEc. The service is run by volunteer editors. They filter new additions to RePEc into subject‐specific reports. The intended purpose of this current awareness service is to filter papers by subject matter without any judgment of their academic quality. We use binary logistic regression analysis to estimate the probability of a paper being included in any of the subject reports as a function of a range of observable variables. Our analysis suggests that, contrary to their own claims, editors use quality criteria. These include the reputation of the series as well as the reputation of the authors. Our findings suggest that a current awareness service can be used as a first step of a peer‐review process.
Motivations and uses: An evaluation of users' use of a chat reference service
Authors: Luo Lili , Pomerantz Jeffrey 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis poster presents an evaluation of NCknows, a state‐wide chat reference service in North Carolina, to explore users' motivation for using this service and how they use the information provided to them in real life situations, which reflects the value of the service to them. Users were interviewed by email or telephone two weeks after their chat sessions with NCknows. The findings suggest that most users were motivated by tasks or projects with which they were involved or by some aspect of their personal life. Over sixty percent of users reported they used the information provided to them to fulfill the information needs that motivated them to use the service. Non‐use or partial use cases were also categorized for a better understanding of how the service aided users.
Automatic subject heading assignment for online government publications using a semi‐supervised machine learning approach
Authors: Hu Xiao , Jackson Larry S. , Deng Sai , Zhang Jing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs the dramatic expansion of online publications continues, state libraries urgently need effective tools to organize and archive the huge number of government documents published online. Automatic text categorization techniques can be applied to classify documents approximately, given a sufficient number of labeled training examples. However, obtaining training labels is very expensive, requiring a lot of manual labor. We present a real world online government information preservation project (PEP) in the State of Illinois, and a semi‐supervised machine learning approach, an Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm‐based text classifier, which is applied to automatically assign subject headings to documents harvested in the PEP project. The EM classifier makes use of easily obtained unlabeled documents and thus reduces the demand for labeled training examples. This paper describes both the context and the procedure of such an application. Experiment results are reported and other alternative approaches are also discussed.
Knowledge management practices in organizations undergoing fundamental change
Authors: Edgar Bill , Detlor Brian , Mackenzie Maureen , Turnbull Don 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis session combines individual presentations with a group discussion. The focus of this session and the expertise of this panel bring together the information‐related issues of organizational change, managing knowledge, enabling technology and the role of senior management. This session reflects the interests of SIG‐MGT membership and aligns with the ASIST 2005 theme of “Bringing Research and Practice Together.”
Recent developments in electronic resource management
Authors: Kasprowski Rafal , Anderson Ivy , Weir Barbara , Fons Ted 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe management of electronic resources relies increasingly on the effective uses of technology and the ability to integrate the processes involved and standardize the ways in which they are performed. Topics of interest in this field include licensing, resource administration, user authentication, resource sharing, and usage data collection. Recently attempts have been made to integrate these functions into single packages (electronic resource management systems), as open‐source and usage‐data standards are being developed. The session on electronic resources management organized by SIG‐LT will provide insight into the challenges of this branch of librarianship and present its recent progresses.
Interrupted cognition in an undergraduate programming course
Authors: Wijekumar Kay , Meidinger Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractComputer and Information Science courses are frequently taught in networked computer laboratories where students have access to advanced development environments, connectivity, communications, and multi‐media capabilities. Advanced connectivity and communications can have positive or negative effects on learning. One cause for concern can be interruptions from emails, cell phones, and instant messages. This paper presents a theoretical foundation for Technology Interrupted Cognitive processes with examples of how learners' cognitive schemas maybe positively or negatively affected by the interruptions specifically from instant messages. The paper also presents findings from a research study to document the frequency and prevalence of instant messaging use by students. Results document the approaches that the students participating in the study use and how their cognitive structures are affected by instant messaging interruptions. Finally the paper also recommends guidelines for reducing the negative effects of interruptions on cognitive processes.