bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface functionalization with phosphazene substrates—part VII. Silicon‐based materials functionalized with hexachlorocyclophosphazene
Authors: Boscoletto Angelo Boscolo , Gleria Mario , Milani Roberto , Meda Laura , Bertani Roberta 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates by means of XPS analysis the surface functionalization of soda‐lime and fused quartz glass substrates with hexachlorocyclophosphazene (HCCP), obtained by simple immersion in solutions of phosphazene in anhydrous solvents. Several experimental parameters like reaction solvent, temperature and treatment duration were studied, together with the influence of physisorbed water on the surface of the substrates. Phosphazene‐derived deposits resistant to tetrahydrofuran (THF) washing and vacuum drying were obtained. They presented P:N:Cl stoichiometric ratios close to 1:1:1 when the reaction and the final drying of the samples were performed at room temperature; use of higher temperatures resulted in lower nitrogen and chlorine content. The chemical nature of the films was studied by XPS peaks deconvolution which enabled us to propose a possible, temperature‐enhanced hydrolytical degradation mechanism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative studyof heat‐treated Ag:SiO2 nanocomposites synthesized by cosputtering and sol‐gel methods
Authors: Sangpour P. , Babapour A. , Akhavan O. , Moshfegh A. Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this work, we compared formation and properties of heat‐treated Ag nanoparticles in silica matrix synthesized by RF‐reactive magnetron cosputtering and sol–gel methods separately. The sol–gel and sputtered films were annealed at different temperatures in air and in a reduced environment, respectively. The optical UV‐visible spectrophotometry have shown that the absorption peak appears at 456 and 400 nm wavelength indicating formation of silver nanoparticles in SiO2 matrix for both the sol–gel and sputtering methods at 100 and 800 °C, respectively. XPS measurements showed that the metallic Ag0 nanoparticles can be obtained from both the techniques at these temperatures. According to XPS and AFM analysis, by increasing annealing temperature, the concentration of the Ag nanoparticles on the surface decreased and the nanoparticles diffused into the substrate for the sol–gel films, while for the films deposited by cosputtering method, the Ag surface concentration increased by increasing the temperature. Based on AFM observations, the size of nanoparticles on the surface were obtained at about 25 and 55 nm for sputtered and sol–gel films, respectively, supporting our optical data analysis. In comparison, the sputtering technique can produce Ag metallic nanoparticles with a narrower particle size distribution relative to the sol–gel method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Present status and further developments
Authors: Bijlaard Frans 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTogether with standards for fabrication and erection and harmonized product standards, the structural Eurocodes form the basis for the design of structures and structural products. From April 2010 onwards, the Eurocodes are obligatory for the design of structures and the national design codes have to be withdrawn.Eurocode3 covers design of steel structures. This paper gives an overview of the context in which Eurocode 3 exists and of the accompanying codes. The various individual parts of Eurocode3 are mentioned. Attention will be paid to the safety elements such as the partial safety factors for strength and stability. The National Annexes are discussed. Furthermore, corrections and amendments are mentioned and finally an opinion is presented on the possibilities and difficulties the practitioners will experience when using Eurocode 3 and on the future developments that are needed.
The Free Form Design (FFD) in steel structural architecture – aesthetic values and reliability
Authors: Majowiecki Massimo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractToday, the influence of powerful surface and solid geometrical modelling algorithms allows an unprecedented morphology freedom (FFD) that hardly anybody could have imagined in the world of architectural conceptual design. The FFD's fast dissemination and the associated applications: the Free Form Buildings (FFB), some of them representative of a new trend in the current history of architecture, has brought an “innovation concern” into the traditional design methodology of structural engineering, generating process uncertainties in reliability assessment in general and structural safety warnings in particular.On the other hand, imitation and originality at any cost, achievable thanks to FFD's user‐friendly facilities, lead to ethical problems of sustainability in the technical, cultural and economics fields. FAST (Function Analysis System Technique) may help to obtain the best value index design solution.
Steel beam‐columns subjected to fire
Authors: Knobloch Markus , Fontana Mario , Frangi Andrea 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe flexural and lateral‐torsional buckling resistance of steel beam‐columns subjected to fire is strongly affected by the decreasing stiffness during heating and the non‐linear stress‐strain relationship of steel at elevated temperatures. This paper analyses the spatial buckling behaviour of steel members subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending moments with both uniform and non‐uniform bending moment distributions. The results of a parametric study using the finite element approach are presented as temperature‐dependent non‐dimensional M‐N interaction curves and compared to results according to the current European fire design rules as well as a simple calculation model based on the Method1 and 2 approaches currently used for the European ambient temperature design. The comparative study shows that the Method1 and 2 approaches cannot be directly adapted for the fire design of steel beam‐columns in combined axial compression and biaxial bending. The interaction and plasticity factors must be further developed to take advantage of using similar interaction formulae for ambient temperature and fire design.
A study of cylindrical shells under global bending in the elastic‐plastic range
Authors: Chen Lei , Doerich Cornelia , Rotter J. Michael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMany thin cylindrical shells are used in structural applications in which the dominant loading condition is global bending. Key examples are chimneys, wind turbine towers, tubular piles and tall silos. These structures are generally much thinner than pipelines and tubular structural members, but are often much thicker than the highly imperfection‐sensitive, very thin shells used in tanks and squatter silos. Their thickness lies in an uncomfortable range which is extremely thin for the structural tube community and very thick for the shell buckling community. The buckling strength of these structures is dominated by extensive plasticity, but the fully plastic state is usually far from being attained.There has been much controversy over the appropriate definition of strengths for these shells in the last few years, caused by the mismatch between design rules used by different communities and attempts to harmonise all rules into a single generic description. This paper explores the buckling strength of imperfect thin cylindrical shells under bending in this elastic‐plastic range, and shows how the capacity curve of the new Eurocode EN 1993‐1‐6 (2007) can be used to express the behaviour accurately and safely. It is assumed that the shell is held circular by rings or boundaries at reasonable intervals, effectively restraining ovalisation. It is hoped that these results will make a useful contribution towards resolving the misunderstandings and controversy that has been evident in this field in recent times.
Seismic design of a steel‐concrete hybrid cable‐stayed bridge – the Shin‐Minato bridge
Authors: Yoshinaga Hiroshi , Ymanouchi Tetsuya , Goto Yoshio , Nagai Masatsugu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractToyama New Port is an important international port in the Hokuriku area facing the Sea of Japan, which is located near Toyama city, Toyama prefecture. Toyama city has a population of around 400000, and is an important city in the Hokuriku area from the economic, culture and politics viewpoints. The port is an international multipurpose terminal and provides the berth for passenger ships and cargo ships transporting raw materials such as timber, coal etc. In order to attain smooth distribution of products from this international multipurpose terminal, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure & Transport is now in charge of constructing a harbor road connecting the east and west sides of the port.This harbor road links the left bank (Kaiou‐machi, Izumi city) and the right bank (Kairyu‐machi, Izumi city) of Toyama New Port (see Fig. 1). The Shin‐Minato Bridge, a cable‐stayed structure, is located on the middle section of this road. In order to ensure safe navigation for large ships, a clearance exceeding 270 m wide and 47 m high is necessary. Therefore, a continuous cable‐stayed bridge with steel‐concrete hybrid main girder and steel towers was chosen. The center span of this cable‐stayed bridge is 360 m long and the towers rise 127 m above sea level. The central span between the towers is a twin‐box‐type steel girder with an orthogonally stiffened steel deck; each side span girder comprises a three‐cell PC box girder. Since the side spans are relatively short, a steel‐concrete hybrid system was selected.This paper describes design issues relating to earthquake‐resistant or earthquake‐control design.
New Phosphides La5Zn2−xP6 and Ce5Zn2−xP6 – the n = 4 Members of the REZn2P2·n(REP) Series
Authors: Lincke Hannes , Nilges Tom , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe new phosphides La5Zn2−xP6 and Ce5Zn2−xP6 were synthesized from the rare earth metals, LaZn and CeZn precursor compounds, Zn, and red phosphorous in NaCl/KCl salt fluxes. They crystallize with a new rhombohedral structure type: $R{\bar 3}m$, Z = 3, a = 422.11(6), c = 6220(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0369, 356 F2 values, 23 variables for La5Zn1.69P6 and a = 417.05(6), c = 6162(1), wR2 = 0.0343, 286 F2 values, 23 variables for Ce5Zn1.75P6. The P3− phosphide anions show an h2c4 stacking sequence in which the RE3+ and Zn2+ cations fill 5/6 and 1/6 of the octahedral and tetrahedral voids in an ordered manner, respectively, leading to a layer of condensed ZnP4 tetrahedra and quintupled layers of condensed REP6 octahedra. The structures of La5Zn2−xP6 and Ce5Zn2−xP6 belong to a larger family of phosphides which are intergrowth variants of CaAl2Si2 and NaCl related slabs according to REZn2P2·n(REP) with n = 4 for the present phosphides.
Synthesis and Characterization of Intercluster Compounds Consisting of Various Gold Clusters and Differently Charged Keggin Anions
Authors: Schulz‐Dobrick Martin , Jansen Martin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe crystal structures of five intercluster compounds consisting of gold clusters and Keggin anions have been determined by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction: [Au9(PPh3)8][PMo12O40] (P4/n, Z = 2, a = 24.0195(13), c = 13.6818(10) Å), [Au9(PPh3)8][HSiMo12O40] (P4/n, Z = 2, a = 24.270(3), c = 13.752(2) Å), [Au9(PPh3)8][H3CoW12O40] (P4/n, Z = 2, a = 24.4776(16), c = 13.7759(13) Å), [Au8(PPh3)8]2[SiMo12O40] (Pbca, Z = 4, a = 36.269(4), b = 24.488(3), c = 38.612(4) Å) and (nBu4N)[Au9(Ptol3)8][SiMo12O40] (Cc, Z = 4, a = 24.832(5), b = 24.955(5), c = 40.096(8) Å, β = 106.744(3)°). In these compounds, the charges of the building blocks were varied. Altering the charge on the Keggin anion in combination with the [Au9(PPh3)8]3+ cluster gave rise to isostructural compounds as the charge is compensated by protonation of the polyoxometalate anion. Varying the charge or the ligand type of the gold cluster led to compounds with a completely different packing principle.
Palladium‐, Platin‐ und Dieisenkomplexe mit Isocyanacetat: Ringschluß, säureinduzierte Ringöffnung, Diprotonierung
Authors: Schrölkamp Stephan , Völkl Alfons , Lügger Thomas , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Beck Wolfgang , Fehlhammer Wolf Peter 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPalladium, Platinum, and Diiron Complexes with Isocyanoacetate: Ring Closure, Acid‐Induced Ring Opening, DiprotonationSubstitution by isocyanoacetate (CNCH2CO2−) of one chloro ligand in trans‐[MCl2(PPh3)2] (M = Pd, Pt) results in the Δ2‐oxazolin‐5‐on‐2‐ato complexes 4a, b, i.e. immediate cyclization occurs in contact with these metal(II) species. In contrast, the open‐chain form of the functional isocyanide is retained in [K(18‐crown‐6][Fe2Cp2(CNCH2CO2)(CO)3] (16) in which it occupies a terminal position. Protonation (alkylation) of the platinum complex 4b proceeds with ring cleavage and formation of isocyano acetic acid 11 (ethyl isocyanoacetate 12) stabilized by metal ion coordination. Protonation of 16 requires two equivalents of acid to yield the aminocarbyne‐bridged complex [{μ‐C=N(H)CH2CO2H}Fe2Cp2(CO)3](BF4) (17) as the only isolable product. Here isocyanoacetate displays a third kind of reactivity pattern in addition to that at PdII/PtII and that at Cr0/W0 where the primary species [M(CO)5CNCH2CO2]− and [M(CO)5CNCH2CO2H] proved to be the most stable. All of the proposed structures are substantiated by analytical and the usual spectroscopic (IR, NMR{1H, 13C, 31P}, FAB‐MS) data, that of 4b also by an X‐ray structure determination which reveals a practically perpendicular arrangement of the coordination and the ring plane, and a long C2‐O bond as the predetermined breaking point of the heterocycle.
Phase Width and Site Preferences in the EuMgxGa4−x Series
Authors: You Tae‐Soo , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of EuMgxGa4−x compounds were synthesized using high temperature, solid‐state methods and characterized by both powder and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. All compounds crystallize in the tetragonal BaAl4‐type structure (space group I4/mmm, Z = 2, Pearson symbol tI10) with full occupancy of Ga at the apical atom (4e) site and mixed‐occupancy of Mg and Ga at the basal atom (4d) site. Six compositions were analyzed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction: EuMg0.21(1)Ga3.79(1), EuMg0.91(1)Ga3.09(1), EuMg1.22(1)Ga2.78(1), EuMg1.78(1)Ga2.22(1), EuMg1.84(1)Ga2.16(1), and EuMg1.94(1)Ga2.06(1). As the larger Mg atoms increasingly replace Ga atoms at the basal site in EuMgxGa4−x, the a‐axis lengths at first decrease and then increase, while the c‐axis lengths increase monotonically along the series. The phase width of the BaAl4‐type EuMgxGa4−x series is identified to be 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.94(1), a range which corresponds to 12.06(1)‐14 valence electrons per formula unit, and can be understood by their electronic structures using density of states (DOS) curves calculated by tight‐binding calculations. Mg substitution for Ga at the basal site is consistent with the site preferences for mixed metals on the three‐dimensional framework of the BaAl4‐structure based on both electronegativities and sizes, and provides the rationale for the unusual behavior in lattice parameters. The observed site preference was also rationalized by total electronic energies calculated for two different coloring schemes.
SiC Nanowires Synthesized by Rapidly Heating a Mixture of SiO and Arc-Discharge Plasma Pretreated Carbon Black
Authors: Wang Feng-Lei , Zhang Li-Ying , Zhang Ya-Fei 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
SiC nanowires have been synthesized at 1,600 °C by using a simple and low-cost method in a high-frequency induction furnace. The commercial SiO powder and the arc-discharge plasma pretreated carbon black were mixed and used as the source materials. The heating-up and reaction time is less than half an hour. It was found that most of the nanowires have core-shell SiC/SiO2nanostructures. The nucleation, precipitation, and growth processes were discussed in terms of the oxide-assisted cluster-solid mechanism.
Composition, Physical Properties and Drying Characteristics of Seed Oil of Momordica charantia Cultivated in Sri Lanka
Authors: Prashantha M. A. B. , Premachandra J. K. , Amarasinghe A. D. U. S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractKarawila (Momordica charantia), also known as bitter gourd, is widely used as a food and a medicine in Asian countries. Representative samples of the seeds of the most abundant cultivar (MC43) in Sri Lanka were collected. The kernel represented 60 ± 4.7% of the seed by dry weight basis. The oil content of the dry kernel was 40.45 ± 3.12%. The seed oil was rich in α‐eleosteric acid (50.04 ± 4.80%) and three other geometrical isomers of 9,11,13‐octadecatrienoic acid that constituted 6.55%. The acid value, the saponification value and the iodine value were 2.73 ± 0.876, 190.70 ± 1.82 mg/g and 115.96 ± 3.46 cg/g, respectively. The set‐to‐touch drying time of 3 h observed for the seed oil of MC43 was significantly less than that of linseed oil (13 h). The presence of a high amount of conjugated octadecatrienoic acids, low acid value, high saponification value, moderate iodine value and the low set‐to‐touch drying time are promising indicators of the potential of karawila seed oil as a good drying oil for the paint and coating industry.
Comparative Analysis of Rice Genome Sequence to Understand the Molecular Basis of Genome Evolution
Authors: Wu Jianzhong , Mizuno Hiroshi , Sasaki Takuji , Matsumoto Takashi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Accurate sequencing of the rice genome has ignited a passion for elucidating mechanism for sequence diversity among rice varieties and species, both in protein-coding regions and in genomic regions that are important for chromosome functions. Here, we have shown examples of sequence diversity in genic and non-genic regions. Sequence analysis of chromosome ends has revealed that there is diversity in both sequences and distribution in the region of telomere repeat arrays, from chromosome to chromosome, within a plant. Detailed study has allowed us to speculate the mechanism of generation of these arrays. Sequence analysis using various cultivated and wild rice of the sd1 gene, which contributed to the “Green Revolution” in rice varieties and their wild progenitors, has also demonstrated sequence diversity, which is correlated with taxonomic classification. These results indicate that detailed analysis of sequence diversity and comparison might give us a clue in elucidating mechanism of the evolution of rice genome.
Is REP a measure of “objective support”?
Authors: Farris James S. , Goloboff Pablo A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGrant and Kluge have recently stated that Bremer support and their own REP (“relative explanatory power”), are the only objective measures of group support. This paper discusses their claim, showing that their philosophical arguments have no basis, and that their own numerical examples actually serve to illustrate shortcomings of REP.
Structural and functional investigation of a secreted chorismate mutase from the plant‐parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii in the context of related enzymes from diverse origins
Authors: VANHOLME BARTEL , KAST PETER , HAEGEMAN ANNELIES , JACOB JOACHIM , GRUNEWALD WIM , GHEYSEN GODELIEVE 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYIn this article, we present the cloning of Hscm1, a gene for chorismate mutase (CM) from the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. CM is a key branch‐point enzyme of the shikimate pathway, and secondary metabolites that arise from this pathway control developmental programmes and defence responses of the plant. By manipulating the plant's endogenous shikimate pathway, the nematode can influence the plant physiology for its own benefit. Hscm1 is a member of the CM gene family and is expressed during the pre‐parasitic and parasitic stages of the nematode's life cycle. In situ mRNA hybridization reveals an expression pattern specific to the subventral and dorsal pharyngeal glands. The predicted protein has a signal peptide for secretion in addition to two domains. The N‐terminal domain of the mature protein, which is only found in cyst nematodes, contains six conserved cysteine residues, which may reflect the importance of disulphide bond formation for protein stabilization. The C‐terminal domain holds a single catalytic site and has similarity to secreted CMs of pathogenic bacteria, classifying HsCM1 as an AroQγ enzyme. The presumed catalytic residues are discussed in detail, and genetic complementation experiments indicate that the C‐terminal domain is essential for enzyme activity. Finally, we show how the modular design of the protein is mirrored in the genomic sequence by the intron/exon organization, suggesting exon shuffling as a mechanism for the evolutionary assembly of this protein.
Skin tests, T cell responses and self‐reported symptoms in children with allergic rhinitis and asthma due to house dust mite allergy
Authors: Moed H. , Gerth van Wijk R. , De Jongste J. C. , Van Der Wouden J. C. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground
In allergic responses, a distinction is made between an early‐phase response, several minutes after allergen exposure, and a late‐phase response after several hours. During the late phase, eosinophils and T cells infiltrate the mucosa and play an important role in inflammation.Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between allergen‐induced late‐phase skin responses and in vitro T cell reactivity. In addition, the relationship between allergen‐induced skin or T cell responses and the severity of self‐reported symptoms was studied in children with house dust mite allergy.Methods
A total of 59 house dust mite‐allergic children (6–18 years) were recruited in general practice. These children or their parents rated their nasal and asthma symptoms on diary cards during 1 month. Allergen skin tests were performed and read after 15 min (early phase) and 6 h (late phase). Allergen‐specific T cell proliferation was determined, and Th2 cytokine (IL‐5 and IL‐13) secretion was analysed.Results
The size of the late‐phase skin response correlated with in vitro T cell proliferation (rs=0.38, P=0.003) but not with Th2 cytokine secretion (rs=0.16, P=0.2 for both IL‐5 and IL‐13). Moreover, the late‐phase skin response and T cell proliferation correlated with asthma symptoms (rs=0.30, P=0.02 for skin response and rs=0.28, P=0.03 for T cell proliferation) but not with nasal symptoms (rs=0.19, P=0.15 for skin response and rs=0.09, P=0.52 for T cell proliferation). The early‐phase skin response correlated with the nasal symptom score (rs=0.34, P=0.01) but not with asthma symptom scores (rs<0.005, P=0.97).Conclusion
In this study, the late‐phase skin test response correlated with in vitro T cell proliferation but not with Th2 cytokine secretion. We found weak or no correlations between late‐phase skin responses and symptoms of asthma or rhinitis in children with house dust mite allergy. This suggests that late‐phase skin responses reflect certain T cell properties but are of limited value for the evaluation of airway symptoms in atopic children.