bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Monensin Against Bovine Coccidiosis in Young Holstein‐Friesian Calves*
Authors: FITZGERALD PAUL R. , MANSFIELD M. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISMonensin, an anticoccidial antibiotic, was incorporated into pelleted feed and given to 10‐week‐old Holstein‐Friesian calves at 0.25 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, or 2.0 mg/kg of body weight. Inoculated calves were inoculated by drenching with 500,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Other calves served as inoculated or uninoculated controls. Observations were recorded on oocyst discharge in the feces, clinical signs, weight gain, food consumption, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total serum protein, sodium and potassium content of the serum, and differential white cell counts.Calves in the inoculated control group developed severe infections, discharged large numbers of oocysts, developed clinical signs and 1 of 5 died. Uninoculated, untreated control calves were essentially free of coccidia. A few calves in the groups which received monensin developed light infections but none of them had clinical signs of coccidiosis. Calves which received the highest and the lowest dosages of monensin gained weight less rapidly than did the uninoculated controls or the animals which received monensin at 1.0 mg/kg of body weight. Inoculated control calves with severe infections had reduced food intake and a significant reduction in weight which was not regained during the experimental period.The only other significant change in any of the parameters measured was a reduction in the total serum protein of inoculated, nonmedicated control calves. The level returned to normal 5 weeks after clinical signs first appeared.
Response of Fresh‐Water Protozoan Artificial Communities to Metals*
Authors: RUTHVEN JEANNE A. , CAIRNS JOHN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISAn artificial fresh‐water protozoan community was subjected to different concentrations of Zn and Cu in a test system consisting of Plexiglas troughs through which pond water flowed continuously. Although the % survival of colonizing species exposed to Cu or Zn fluctuated greatly at each concentration, the range of toxicity for each compound allowed comparison of protozoa with other organisms with respect to resistance to heavy metal toxicity. Individual protozoan species also were exposed for 3 hr to Zn, Cu, Cr, phenol, Pb, Mn, Co, HNO3, acetic acid, Al, Sn, and HCl to derive time to death curves. Protozoa tested appeared to be more resistant than Daphnia to phenol, K2C2O7, and Cu; however, some species were more sensitive than Daphnia to Zn, nitric acid, and HCl. This suggests that the sensitivity of protozoa to toxicants may be either more or less than that of macroinvertebrates and that information does not suffice to predict sensitivity. Moreover, the relative sensitivity of protozoa to various toxicants will not always be the same, i.e. species X may be twice as tolerant to a toxicant as species Y but its relative sensitivity may be quite different for another toxicant.
Trypanosomatidae Isolated from Zelus leucogrammus (Perty, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), with a Discussion on Flagellates of Insectivorous Bugs*
Authors: CARVALHO AURORA L. M. , DEANE MARIA P. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe insectivorous bug Zelus leucogrammus (Perty, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) was found to harbor several species of trypanosomatids of the genera Leptomonas, Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Blastocrithidia. However, laboratory bred nymphs given sterile food were infected only by Blastocrithidia, the other flagellates appearing in their intestinal tract when they were fed on other insects.The Blastocrithidia was thought to belong to a single species and to be a parasite proper of Z. leucogrammus (and possibly other Hemiptera), producing luxuriant infections in the intestinal tract of the bugs captured in nature and spreading easily among isolated populations through cannibalism and ingestion of cysts; it was also abundant in the genital tract of gravid females but transovarian transmission was not proved. This Blastocrithidia experimentally infected Triatoma infestans and is very close to B. triatomae Cerisola, del Prado, Rohwedder and Bozzini, 1971.The other trypanosomatids, never numerous in naturally infected Z. leucogrammus, are acquired by the bug from many different insects, chiefly Diptera, on which it was seen to feed. Herpetomonas muscarum and C. luciliae, the common trypanosomatids among several muscoid Diptera, were isolated both from flies and from the bugs fed on them.
Kudoa cerebralis sp. n. (Myxosporidea, Chloromyxidae) from the Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)*
Authors: PAPERNA I. , ZWERNER D. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISKudoa cerebralis sp. n. is described from connective tissue of the nervous system in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), from the southern Chesapeake Bay area. This is the first time the genus Kudoa has been found in association with the nervous system. The polar view mean diameter of the spores was 7.0 μm and the polar capsule mean length was 3.7 μm.
Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Alaskan Moose (Alces americana), Musk‐Ox (Ovibos moschatus) and Dall Mountain Sheep (Ovis dalli)*
Authors: DEHORITY B. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTotal numbers, generic distribution and percentage species distribution were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents obtained from Alaskan moose (Alces americana), musk‐ox (Ovibos moschatus) and Dall mountain sheep (Ovis dalli). The musk‐ox has a fauna somewhat similar to that previously observed in reindeer and caribou. In contrast, only protozoa in the genus Entodinium were observed in moose, while Dall mountain sheep have a fauna unique among Alaskan ruminants studied to date. Other than Entodinium exiguum which was common to all animals, only 2 additional species of Entodinium, observed in the moose and musk‐ox, occurred in more than one animal species. Four new species of protozoa are described, Entodinium dalli sp.n., Entodinium constrictum sp.n. and Polyplastron alaskum sp.n. from the Dall mountain sheep and Entodinium alces sp.n. from moose.
Study of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps & Dobell I. Electronmicroscopic Observations of the Binucleate Stages II. Taxonomic Position and Revision of the Genus*
Authors: CAMP RUSSELL R. , MATTERN CARL F. T. , HONIGBERG B. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISLight‐ and electronmicroscopic observations on Dientamoeba fragilis strain A (Bi) 1 dealing primarily with the binucleate (arrested telophase) stages, predominant in all populations, revealed the microtubular nature of the extranuclear spindle which extends between the 2 polar complexes each adjacent to one of the nuclei. The spindle microtubules originate in paired, nonperiodic structures apparently homologous to the “atractophores” described from hypermastigotes. To the external surface of the atractophores are applied periodic elements, which extend laterally as the parabasal filaments. Extensive Golgi complexes overlie the filaments, these structures corresponding to the components of the parabasal apparatus known from trichomonads and hypermastigotes. The 2‐layered structures, consisting of the atractophores and periodic layers, together with the proximal parts of the Golgi complex and the spindle microtubules constitute the polar complex. No kinetosome‐ or centriole‐like organelles have been found in the polar complexes or elsewhere in the organism. The extranuclear spindle is composed of 2 microtubule bundles, each with ∼30‐40 microtubules. One of the bundles always appears at some distance from the nucleus; the other is juxtanuclear and is seen often to course within a groove of the nuclear envelope. A 3rd bundle of ∼35‐45 microtubules is seen on occasion to arise from the atractophores and to pass toward the nucleus at a wide angle to the other parts of the spindle. In some instances these microtubules traverse the nucleus within channels delimited by the nuclear envelope. The double‐layered nuclear envelope contains numerous pores. Two morphologic types of rounded inclusions, one microbody‐like, and the other with a more electron‐translucent matrix, as well as digestive vacuoles containing rice starch, bacteria, and/or myelin configurations are distributed in the cytoplasm, which abounds also in glycogen granules.The fine structure of Dientamoeba is compared with those of trichomonads and of Entamoeba spp. The taxonomic position of Dientamoeba is discussed and emended; in view of its affinities, this genus is placed among trichomonads in the family Dientamoebidae Grassé, emend.
Nutritional Study of Three Strains of Naegleria gruberi*
Authors: O'DELL WILLIAM D. , BRENT MORGAN M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISNaegleria gruberi strains cloned from amebas isolated from a Vero cell culture (“TS”), a sewer drainage ditch (“PD”), and an established laboratory line (“S”) were morphologically identical except for differences in size and flagellate transforming ability. Cultivation on a Trypticase‐yeast extract‐glucose medium (“TYG”) fortified with autoclaved E. coli resulted in increased cell size of 2 strains. Differences also were noted in growth rates and optimal growth temperatures. The autoclaved E. coli in TYG medium was replaceable with serum only for strains TS and PD. A basal salts medium + autoclaved E. coli supported growth of all 3 strains, but the basal salts medium + serum would not support growth of any of the strains.
Light and Electron Microsopic Observations on the Pathogenesis of Naegleria fowleri in Mouse Brain and Tissue Culture
Authors: VISVESVARA G. S. , CALLAWAY C. S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTwo strains of pathogenic Naegleria were employed to infect mice and monkey kidney (Vero line) cell cultures. Mice were infected intranasally. Moribund mice were sacrificed and their brains processed for light and electron microscopy. The normal architecture of the infected brain was completely destroyed; the olfactory lobes and the cerebral cortex showed the heaviest damage. The inflammatory response was mainly in the form of neutrophil polymorphs (PMN) and was confined to the olfactory lobes and the superficial regions of cerebral cortex. Numerous amebas were seen interspersed with the degenerating neurons, glial processes, and PMN. Most conspicuous were the food vacuoles which contained host tissue in various stages of digestion. Amebas in the brain tissue also produced many micropinocytotic vesicles from the surface of the plasma membrane. These vesicles are interpreted as vehicles of transport of nutritive materials from the host tissue. The infected cell culture showed the characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE). The CPE was chiefly in the form of cell shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis and discontinuity of cell sheet. Amebas were often seen in an intracellular location. The Vero cells produced many fuzzy pinocytotic vesicles at these loci where the ameba plasma membrane and Vero cell membrane were in close apposition; the probable significance of this is discussed. Most impressive, however, were the pseudopodial formation and capturing of the host material which indicated the great phagocytic activity of the amebas. This was confirmed further by the presence of large numbers of food vacuoles containing host material in various stages of digestion. These observations show that the amebas invade and destroy the brain tissue by active phagocytosis.
Selectivity of Ingestion and Digestion in the Chrysomonad Flagellate Ochromonas malhamensis
Authors: DUBOWSKY NATHAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISOchromonas malhamensis cells were allowed to feed on autoclaved Aerobacter aerogenes, biochemically inert polystyrene latex particles of comparable size, shape and density, or a combination of these to determine if this protozoan is capable of phagotrophic selectivity under defined experimental conditions. Electron microscopic examination of Gomoristained food vacuoles indicated that the type of particle ingested was determined entirely by the type available. Apparently the biochemical or physical configuration of the particle surface is not decisive in particle selection. Gomori acid‐phosphatase reaction product, which indicates digestive enzyme activity, was present in all particle‐containing vacuoles, suggesting that digestive activity in O. malhamensis is due to the presence of particulate material in the vacuole, but not necessarily to the nature of the particle.
Cell Division in Gonyaulax catenella, A Marine Catenate Dinoflagellate*
Authors: TOMAS RONALD N. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISMitosis and cytokinesis are described and illustrated for the first time in the mesokaryotic, catenate dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella. A structure similar to the central body of G. tamarensis and G. monilata is shown by light and electron microscopy to be situated intranuclearly near the arms of the U‐shaped interphase nucleus, and is suggested to function in the segregation of daughter chromosomes. This structure has the fine structure of a nucleolus, and it is suggested that the term central body be replaced by persistent nucleolus (= endosome). The time required for the completion of mitosis is 4–6 hr, while cytokinesis requires at least 2 hr. Cytokinesis begins during the mitotic cycle, and the plane of fission is perpendicular to the mitotic plane of division. Parental fission moieties are retained and shared by the daughter cells while either a new antero‐sinistral moiety or a posterodextral moiety is synthesized by the dividing cell.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Plasmodium berghei Sporozoite Antigens Prepared by Freeze Thawing and Heat Inactivation*
Authors: JAKŠTYS BIRUTE P. , ALGER NELDA E. , HARANT JOYCE A. , SILVERMAN PAUL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISUltrastructural analysis was performed on freeze‐thawed and heat inactivated Plasmodium berghei NK65 sporozoite preparations, which in parallel studies served as the immunogens against a malarial infection in A/J mice. Sporozoites in the freeze‐thawed sample appeared severely damaged with most of their cytoplasmic contents lost. The heat inactivated sporozoites remained intact and closely resembled the untreated controls.
Biochemical Cytology of Trichomonad Flagellates. II. Subcellular Distribution of Oxidoreductases and Hydrolases in Monocercomonas sp.*
Authors: LINDMARK DONALD G. , MÜLLER MIKLÓS 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA primitive trichomonad, Monocercomonas sp. (strain NS‐1:PRR) from Natrix sipedon, was grown axenically in Diamond's medium. Activity of NADH oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) and of the anaerobic enzymes, pyruvate synthase and hydrogenase as well as of several hydrolases was demonstrated in homogenates. The subcellular distribution of these activities was studied by means of analytical differential and isopycnic centrifugation of homogenates prepared in 0.25 M sucrose. NADH oxidase and malate dehydrogenase are in the nonsedimentable part of the cytoplasm. Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), pyruvate synthase, and hydrogenase are associated with a large particle which equilibrates at density 1.22. In its properties, this particle corresponds to the microbody‐like hydrogenosomes of Tritrichomonas foetus. The 5 hydrolases studied are associated with at least 2 different particle populations: a large particle population equilibrating at densities from 1.10 to 1.16 is the exclusive location of 3 enzymes (β‐galactosidase, protease and β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase), 2 of which have a pH optimum close to neutrality. These particles contain part of the acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase. Another part of these 2 enzymes is associated with a separate population of smaller granules with equilibrium densities of 1.16 to 1.18. The 2 types of hydrolase‐carrying particles are also biochemically very similar to their counterparts in T. foetus.
Delayed in vitro Utilization of Glucose by Leishmania tropica Promastigotes*
Authors: MUKKADA ANTONY J. , SCHAEFER FRANK W. , SIMON MICHAEL W. , NEU CAROL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISLeishmania tropica promastigotes do not utilize glucose provided in the medium until late log phase. Rapid depletion of glucose from the medium, however, occurs during late log and stationary phases. At about the same time, the cells show maximal rates of glucose uptake as well as peak levels of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities. The glucose analog, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose inhibits glucose transport. Incorporation of this analog in the growth medium results in inhibition of growth. The hexokinase of L. tropica phosphorylates 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose. Pyruvate kinase is activated by fructose‐1, 6‐diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate.
Une Anomalie de la Sporulation de la Coccidie des Oiseaux: Isospora lacazei (Eimeriidae)
Authors: ČERNÁ ŽOFIC 
Published: May 2007

RESUMELors de l'examen de 50 spécimens d'oocystes sporulés de l'intestin des moineaux [Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus)] avec des oocystes sporulés d'Isospora contenant les 2 habituels sporocystes, ont été trouvés des oocystes de même grandeur mais dont la sporulation correspond à celle d'oocystes du genre Caryospora, c'est‐à‐dire avec 1 seul sporocyste à 8 sporozoïtes. Or, entre ces deux types extrêmes, des oocystes “intermédiaires” contiennent des sporocystes de différentes grandeurs avec un seul sporocyste, mais associés à une formation annexe qui semble être le reliquat d'un 2‐ème sporocyste. Par ses implications dans la systématique, l'irrégularité de la sporulation du genre Isospora est à retenir.SYNOPSISSome of the oocysts Isospora lacazei from Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus) in Prague, Czechoslovakia, were found upon sporulation to resemble Caryospora, having a single sporocyst containing 8 sporozoites. Some others were intermediate between the normal I. lacazei oocysts and those resembling Caryospora; they contained single sporocysts of various sizes associated with a structure that seemed to be the remnants of a 2nd sporocyst.
Effects of Promastigote Growth Phase, Frequency of Subculture, and Host Age on Promastigote‐initiated Infections with Leishmania donovani in the Golden Hamster*†
Authors: GIANNINI M. SUZANNE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISPromastigotes of Leishmania donovani, 3S strain, were cultured from homogenized infected hamster spleen incubated at 25 C in a particle‐free modification of Tanabe's (1923) medium, and were subcultured in this medium from 1 to 4 times. Promastigotes were inoculated intracardially to golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).Promastigotes that were subcultured frequently by transfer from log phase of growth retained their infectivity for hamsters, as assayed by numbers of amastigotes in the liver at 16 days post infection. Promastigotes that were subcultured infrequently by transfer from stationary phase declined in infectivity. The extent of the decline was roughly proportional to the length of the incubation periods of the primary culture plus 1st subculture.Promastigotes harvested from log phase of growth were significantly less infective for hamsters than those harvested from stationary phase of growth, in that numbers of amastigotes found in the liver after 16 days were lower, and times to death longer, when log phase organisms were used to infect hamsters.The age of the hamster at the time of inoculation was found to affect the apparent infectivity of promastigotes from a 1st or 2nd subculture. When weanling (age 4 weeks), juvenile (age 8 weeks) and adult (age 24 to 32 weeks) hamsters received the same numbers of promastigotes, the weanlings had the highest numbers of liver amastigotes at 16 days, and shortest times to death, of the 3 groups; juveniles were intermediate between weanlings and adults; and adults had the lowest numbers of parasites and longest times to death of the host. Differences were statistically significant only between weanlings and adults. Responses of weanling and adult hamsters to infection with promastigotes could be rendered indistinguishable if the promastigotes were inoculated on the basis of 105 promastigotes per g of host body weight.
Determination of the Volume and Surface Area of Tetrahymena pyriformis, and their Relationship to Endocytosis*
Authors: RICKETTS T. R. , RAPPITT ANGELA F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISMethods are described for the determination of the mean cellular volume and surface area of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL by direct microscopic measurement or by Coulter counter. The results are compared and discussed. It is suggested that the latter is the more accurate method of estimation. Fed cells showed a bimodal size distribution by Coulter counter determination and had a mean volume of 10,000–11,000 μM3, whereas cells which had been starved for 1 or 2 days showed a unimodal distribution and had mean cellular volumes of ∼ 1,600 and 1,200 μ3 respectively. The corresponding mean surface areas were ∼ 1,900, 550 and 450 μM2 respectively. The discrepancy between the results of the 2 methods of estimation was greater with starved than with fed cells because of the greater asymmetry of the former. Continued cell division during the early part of the starvation period had a considerable reducing effect upon the mean cellular volume, but other unidentified factors were also important in producing the observed diminution in volume. Comparison of the mean surface areas of starved cells with previously recorded rates of membranous utilization in endocytosis upon refeeding indicate that insufficient cell membrane was present to maintain the rates of vacuole formation observed.
In vitro Transcription of Kinetoplast and Nuclear DNA in Kinetoplastida*†
Authors: HILL GEORGE C. , BONILLA CARLOS A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. DNA‐dependent RNA polymerases have been solubilized from homogenates of Crithidia fasciculata using gentle extraction procedures. RNA polymerase I and II are separated on DEAE cellulose at 0.07M (NH4)2SO4 and 0.13M (NH4)2SO4 respectively. RNA polymerase II is inhibited 80% by α‐amanitin (25 μg/ml). Both RNA polymerases require DNA as a template, ribonucleoside triphosphates and Mn2+. The synthesis of RNA as a product is inhibited by DNase. RNase, pronase and actinomycin D.Purified kinetoplast and nuclear DNA can serve as templates for the RNA polymerases. Denatured DNA templates are preferred. The synthesis of RNA continues for at least an hour and is inhibited by trypanocidal drugs including suramin. antrycide, acriflavine, ethidium bromide and berenil.Complementary RNA synthesized in vitro from C. fasciculata kinetoplast DNA hybridizes with C. fasciculata kinetoplast DNA but not with C. fasciculata nuclear DNA or Blastocrithidia culicis kinetoplast DNA, Escherichia coli, T4 or calf thymus DNAs. The complementary RNA synthesized in vitro from C.fasciculata kinetoplast DNA sediments at 4–5S.