bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subchronic inhalation toxicity of benzene in rats and mice
Authors: Ward C. O. , Kuna R. A. , Snyder N. K. , Alsaker R. D. , Coate W. B. , Craig P. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA subchronic inhalation toxicity study of benzene was conducted in CD‐1 mice and Sprague‐Dawley rats. Four groups of animals consisting of 150 mice and 50 rats/sex each were exposed to concentrations of 1, 10, 30, and 300 ppm benzene vapor, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Additional groups of mice and rats, of equal size, were exposed under similar conditions to filtered air and served as control groups. Thirty mice and 10 rats/sex in each group were sacrificed after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 91 days of treatment. Criteria used to evaluate exposure‐related effects included behavior, body weights, organ weights, clinical pathology, gross pathology, and histopathology. Fifty animals per sex of each species were exposed concurrently for cytogenetic studies. In addition, blood serum was obtained for immunological assays. The results of these two studies will be reported separately.No consistent exposure‐related trends were seen in the clinical observations and body weight data. Exposure‐related clinical pathology changes were seen in the high‐level (300 ppm) animals of both species. In the mice, these changes included decreases in hematocrit, total hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, platelet count, myeloid/erythroid ratios, and percentage of lymphocytes. Mean cell volume, mean cell homoglobin, glycerol lysis time, and the incidence and severity of red cell morphologic changes were increased in the mice. In the rats, decreased lymphocyte counts and a relative increase in neutrophil percentages were the only exposure‐related clinical pathology alterations. Histophathologic changes were present in the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, ovaries, and testes of mice exposed to 300 ppm and in most cases the incidence and severity of the lesions were greater in the males. These changes in the testes and ovaries at 300 ppm were also seen at lower concentrations, but they were of doubtful biological significance. In rats, the only exposure‐related lesion consisted of slightly decreased femoral marrow cellularity in the animals exposed to 300 ppm.
Benzene myeloclastogenicity: A function of its metabolism
Authors: Gad‐El‐Karim Mohy Morris , Ramanujam V. M. Sadagopa , Ahmed Ahmed E. , Legator Marvin S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing the micronucleus test we have found no significant difference between germ‐free and conventional (non‐germ‐free) male CD‐1 mice gavaged twice with 440 or 880 mg benzene/kg. Hence, the higher myeloclastogenicity observed previously with the p.o. (4‐6 times) than with the i.p. route of benzene administration was ruled out as being due to the involvement of gut flora in benzene biotransformation. Pretreatment of males with 3‐methylcholanthrene or β‐naphthoflavone, inducers of P‐448 monooxygenase, but not phenobarbital, an inducer of P‐450, significantly enhanced the myeloclastogenic effect of a single oral dose of benzene (440 mg/kg). Single oral doses of phenol, catechol, or hydroquinone (250, 150, and 200 mg/kg, respectively) failed to reproduce the potent myeloclastogenic effect of benzene. In fact, only hydroquinone was mildly clastogenic. The relation between benzene's myeloclastogenicity and metabolism is discussed.
A longitudinal study of pulmonary function in coal miners in Lorraine, France
Authors: Bates D. V. , Pham Q. T. , Chau N. , Pivoteau C. , Dechoux J. , Sadoul P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA longitudinal study of pulmonary function and radiological change has been conducted on 141 nonsmoking coal miners and 256 smoking coal miners from Lorraine, France. At the time of the first examination occasioned by radiological change or shortness of breath, the men averaged between 46.6 years and 50.9 years of age, and they retired approximately 8 years after entering the study. They have been followed for average periods of about 18 years and a mean of five FEV1 observations per man were made over that period. Changes in radiological category have been documented. Average rates of decline of FVC and FEV1 were similar, and varied between −47 ml/yr in nonsmoking miners still alive, to −78 ml/yr in deceased smoking miners. These accelerated rates were similar before and after retirement from the mine.
Concentration of ethylene oxide in the alveolar air of occupationally exposed workers
Authors: Brugnone F. , Perbellini L. , Faccini G. , Pasini F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEthylene oxide was tested in environmental air and in the alveolar air of 10 workers employed in a hospital sterilizer unit at hourly intervals during the work shift. Alveolar ethylene oxide concentrations (Ca) were correlated with environmental concentration (Ci) in all the workers studied (r = 0.89–0.99). The ratio between alveolar and environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) given by the slope of the regression line obtained for all the data collected was 0.24. This means that the alveolar retention of ethylene oxide, expressed as 1 ‐ (Ca/Ci), corresponded, on average, to about 75% of the environmental concentration.
Occupational deafness: The continuing challenge of early German and Scottish research
Authors: Atherley Gordon , Noble William 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSystematic studies in occupational deafness were first carried out in the late 19th century, in America, Germany, Russia, and Scotland. The studies by Gottstein and Kayser, in 1881 in Germany, and by Barr, in 1886 in Scotland, are identified as the two principal landmarks. The physicians who carried them out should be seen as occupying a place in the mainstream of development of industrial medicine.Gottstein and Kayser's study of personnel in a railway works reflected a contemporary concern about railway safety; Barr's, of boilermakers, a feeling for the difficulties in hearing in the everyday world experienced by the victims of occupational deafness. Barr's evaluation of such difficulties through self‐report, we argue, reveals more of the quality of hearing handicap than the present century's apparently objective tests.Both studies relied on occupation‐based epidemiology, which was able to identify occupational deafness, distinguish its etiology, and locate the site of its pathology. We argue that occupation‐based epidemiology has since been neglected in favour of dose‐response epidemiology to the detriment of research in occupational deafness and in industrial medicine generally. Dose‐response epidemiology seems the more scientific but, in practice, it is afflicted by even more uncertainty than occupation‐based epidemiology. To compound the uncertainty, there are two incompatible mathematical expressions for the dose‐response relation for noise, both separately enshrined in legislation in various parts of the world.We conclude by advocating more secondary research in industrial medicine. Barr points us to a further topic for such research, the place of temporary threshold shift in the development of knowledge about occupational deafness as a problem for industrial medicine.
Evaluation of occupational exposure to carbon disulphide by blood, exhaled air, and urine analysis
Authors: Campbell L. , Jones A. H. , Wilson H. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper compares three analytical methods that may be considered for monitoring workers who are exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2). An estimate of the uptake of CS2 was assessed by the measurement of “bound” CS2 in blood, CS2 in expired alveolar air, and 2‐thiothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (TTCA), in urine. The concentration of TTCA in end‐of‐shift urine samples was related to exposure and appears to be a good measure of uptake of CS2.
Safety and health in boatbuilding and repair
Authors: Brigham Christopher R. , Landrigan Philip J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBoatbuilding is a complex, chemically intensive industry which employs approximately 43,000 workers in the United States, 77% of them in shops with fewer than 20 workers. Boatbuilders and repairers are at high risk of occupational injury from falls, lacerations, low back trauma, repetitive motion, noise, burns, fires, and explosions. Also they are at risk of acute and chronic illness, including dermatitis, toxic hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic encephalopathy as a result of their occupational exposures to such materials as styrene, resins, solvents, paints, welding fumes, and coating systems. Boatbuilders also are exposed to toxic woods and to lead. Hazard recognition is the first step toward reduction of injury and disease in boat building. Control of recognized hazards is achieved through engineering controls, ventilation in particular, and through medical surveillance. Strong programs for injury preventiuon and for health and safety education will produce significant health and economic benefit in the boatbuilding industry.
An analysis of exposure to styrene in the reinforced plastic boat‐making industry
Authors: Crandall Michael S. , Hartle Richard W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo evaluate patterns of occupational exposure to styrene monomer in the boat‐building industry, we conducted industrial hygiene surveys in seven fiberglass‐reinforced plastic boat‐fabrication plants. A total of 397 personal breathing zone air samples were collected on workers in four key job categories: gel coating and hull, deck, and small‐parts lamination. We found that exposure to styrene in 234 (59%) of the personal samples exceeded the NIOSH‐recommended time‐weighted average (TWA) standard of 50 parts per million (ppm), and 96 (24%) of these samples exceeded the OSHA eight‐hour TWA permissible exposure limit of 100 ppm. From highest to lowest average exposure potential, the job categories ranked in the following order: hull lamination (range 2–183 ppm, mean 78 ppm), deck lamination (range 12–160 ppm, mean 73 ppm), gel coating (range 5–94 ppm, mean 48 ppm), and small‐parts lamination (range 9–130 ppm, mean 45 ppm). The former two categories composed a higher‐exposure group, and the latter two tended to form a lower‐exposure group. Exposures in these jobs appear to be proportional to resin consumption. Statistical analyses indicated that the parameter that most affects exposure potential is job category. Within a job category, part size, configuration, and surface area are important determinants of exposure. The principal reason for high exposures was the absence of control technologies and, in particular, the absence of adequate ventilation.
Mortality patterns among styrene‐exposed boatbuilders
Authors: Okun Andrea H. , Beaumont James J. , Meinhardt Theodore J. , Crandall Michael S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that leukemia and lymphoma may be associated with exposure to styrene, cause‐of‐death patterns were studied at two reinforced plastic boatbuilding facilities. There were 5,021 workers who met the criterion of having worked at the two plants between 1959 and 1978. Based on industrial hygiene surveys conducted at the two plants, 2,060 individuals were determined to have worked in departments classified as having high exposure to styrene. There were 176 deaths observed among the total cohort, in comparison to 195.3 deaths expected (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 90). Among the high styrene exposure group, 47 deaths were observed in comparison to 41.5 deaths expected (SMR = 113). No leukemia or lymphoma deaths were observed in either the high exposure group or the total cohort. An excess of accidental deaths among the high exposure group (18 observed vs 12.4 expected) did not appear to be due to styrene's acute central nervous system effects, since none of the individuals were employed at the facilities at the time of their death. However, the possibility of a chronic effect could not be dismissed. While leukemia and lymphoma did not appear to be related to styrene exposure, the study had little statistical power to detect excesses of these diseases, due to the short length of observation and the young age of most cohort members. It was concluded that the cohort should provide increasingly useful information on chronic styrene toxicity as the population ages and the observation period increases.
The neurotoxicity of industrial solvents: A review of the literature
Authors: Baker Edward L. , Smith Thomas J. , Landrigan Philip J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOrganic solvents, particularly stryrene, are used widely in boatbuilding. They may be absorbed by workers either through the respiratory tract or the skin. Uptake is influenced by level and duration of exposure, work load, and specific physicochemical features of each solvent, as well as by work practices and use of protective equipment. Kinetics of metabolism and excretion kinetics are highly variable among compounds. Metabolites can be measured in blood, urine, or exhaled breath and may serve as indirect indices of absorption.Acute high‐dose exposure to organic solvents can produce a transient narcotic effect on the central nervous system. This effect occurs in proportion to brain dose, which in turn is determined by intensity and duration of exposure. Additionally, chronic exposures to organic solvents have been reported to produce an increased frequency of neurologic signs and symptoms. These findings include peripheral neuropathies and toxic encephalopathies. The latter are characterized by alterations in affect, memory loss, and impaired cognition. Concern exists that prolonged excessive exposure to organic solvents may lead to premature and persistent dementia in certain workers.
Repeated mechanical trauma to the skin: Occupational aspects
Authors: Samitz M. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany of today's jobs involve repetitive tasks, often resulting in mechanical trauma to the skin. Trauma from pressure, pounding, friction, vibration, and penetration of foreign materials produce a great variety of skin lesions. Mechanical insults contribute directly or indirectly to a number of distinctive problems that are work related, viz, infections, contact dermatitis, occupational skin stigmata, reactions to unabsorbable materials, vibration effects, dermatoses among athletes, the Koebner phenomenon in palmar psoriasis, pressure urticaria, and cutaneous neoplasms arising in burns and scars.
The chronic effects of mechanical trauma to the skin: A review of the literature
Authors: Susten Allan S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the findings of a NIOSH reported entitled “The Chronic Effects of Repeated Mechanical Trauma to the Skin: A Description of the Problem in the Workplace” (the Trauma Report). Medical literature and U.S. health statistics (population surveys and occupational health reports) were reviewed to determine the long‐range impact of repeated mechanical trauma sustained in the workplace. Trauma was rarely recognized as contributing to dermatological disorders. Conventional sources of information were found to be inadequate for precise estimation of costs. A minimal estimate of the annual cost of cutaneous disorders resulting from repeated mechanical trauma to the skin is $15 million.
Juvenile plantar dermatosis: A report of 80 cases
Authors: Lachapelle J. M. , Tennstedt D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile plantar dermatosis (JPD) is a skin disease found mainly in children between the ages of 3 and 14 years old. External factors having a role in the development of the disease include: mechanical trauma, occlusive footwear (shoes and socks), and perhaps the seasons of the year. Data on gender, seasonal patterns, and listing of atopy are presented for 80 consecutive cases of JPD.
Mechanical trauma and urticaria
Authors: Black Anne Kobza 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUrticarial responses in skin may be elicited in different ways, viz, stroking (dermographism), after sustained pressure (delayed pressure urticaria), and after vibration (vibratory angio‐oedema). Pressure may localise lesions of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Trauma may exacerbate hereditary angio‐oedema. The extent of the morbidity caused by trauma‐induced urticaria among workers is unknown.
Effects of pressure on contact dermatitis
Authors: Gollhausen Rainer , Kligman Albert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn human volunteers, firm pressure was applied to deformable plastic chambers containing (1) chemical irritants, (2) glass fibers, and (3) selected allergens to which the subjects were sensitive.Pressure variably intensified irritant dermatitis and strikingly enhanced fiberglass dermatitis. Pressure did not influence allergic contact dermatitis.Pressure is one of several mechanical factors that can aggravate nonallergic contact dermatitis.
Promotion of epidermal carcinogenesis by repeated damage to mouse skin
Authors: Argyris Thomas S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemically induced epidermal carcinogenesis is usually divided into two stages: initiation, which involves the conversion of some epidermal cells into latent neoplastic cells; and promotion, which results in tumors. The hallmark of chemical promoters is epidermal hyperplasia. The hyperplasia caused by a strong promoter, such as 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), differs morphologically from that caused by weak promoters, such as acetic acid and mezerin.The epidermal regeneration that follows abrasion results in a hyperplastic epidermis that resembles the effects of strong promoters. Repeated mechanical injuries are capable of enhancing papillomas and carcinomas in mouse skin initiated with 7,12‐dimethylben‐zanthracene (DMBA). Thus, a regenerative epidermal hyperplasia appears to be a precondition for tumor promotion.It is highly probable that many epidermal cells are initiated during the lifetime of man. In the work place, repeated mechanical injury could predispose to epidermal neoplasms.
Skin effects of occupational kneeling
Authors: Tanaka Shiro , Halperin William E. , Smith Alexander B. , Lee Shiu T. , Luggen Michael E. , Hess Evelyn V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo evaluate chronic knee trauma associated with kneeling, we conducted a cross‐sectional questionnaire survey among floorlayers and tilelayers, two trades that require kneeling. Bricklayers and millwrights were studied for comparison. Approximately 28% of the 432 questionnaire respondents volunteered for a subsequent medical examination. Ultimately, data were analyzed for 112 floorlayers, 50 tilesetters, and 235 “comparison” workers.We found that the history of past skin infection in the knee area was about four times more prevalent among floorlayers (7.1%) than among workers in the other two categories combined (1.8%). Unilateral or bilateral patellar skin thickening and erythema were found to be more prevalent among those who kneel: 79% of floorlayers and 98% of tilelayers vs 35% of the control group were found to have skin thickening; 52% of floorlayers and 49% of tilelayers vs 24% of the control group were found to have erythema on the frontal aspect of the knee.
Hand eczema among hard‐metal workers
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Rystedt Ingela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeven hundred seventy‐six of 800 workers in a hard‐metal factory were investigated. The prevalence of hand eczema and irritant reactions of the hands was 10% and 15% respectively. Of 1,006 workers who had left the industry during the previous ten years, 87 had had hand eczema. The cumulative incidence of hand eczema for these ten years was estimated to be 17%. Fifty‐two percent of the hand eczemas and 67% of the irritant reactions started during the first year of work. The majority of both the hand eczemas and the irritant reactions first appeared in grinding activities. Wet grinding and oil grinding entailed the highest risks of hand eczema. Hand eczema was significantly more common in individuals with an atopic background. Eighteen percent of the individuals with present or previous hand eczema had positive patch‐test reactions. Positive patch tests were equally common among individuals with irritant reactions and those with normal skin.
Vibration syndrome in industry: Dermatological viewpoint
Authors: Taylor James S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLong‐term use of hand‐held vibratory tools has been implicated in the development of a clinical condition known under several names including occupational Raynaud's phenomenon, vibration‐induced white finger (VWF) disease, and “dead” or “wax” finger. The syndrome is characterized in its early stages by tingling, numbness, or blanching of the finger tips provoked usually by exposure to cold temperatures; later these symptoms may extend to the base of all of the digits on both hands. As vibration exposure continues, the attacks become more frequent and cause manual impairment and social disability. This complex of VWF and associated arterial and related complications is now termed vibration syndrome (VS).Although epidemiologic studies indicate that large percentages of the population of workers at greatest risk are affected, the acceptance of VS as an industrial disease is only recent. This paper reviews some of the salient features of VS from the point of view of the dermatologist, since he may be the first health professional to see patients with this syndrome. Terminology, risk factors, preventative measures, therapy, and occupational guidelines are discussed.
Occupational health reporting systems—USA
Authors: Frazier Todd M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe three‐fold purpose of this paper is to (1) describe the occupational hazard and health effect information systems used by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), (2) highlight the parts of these data systems that are relevant to the topic of this dermatologic disease and chronic trauma workshop, and (3) to note the inadequacies of existing data systems in the United States.
Occupational health reporting systems in Sweden
Authors: Fregert Sigfrid 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLegislation covering worker's compensation influences occupational health reporting and data gathering. Five programs recently enacted in Sweden are outlined and discussed. These include: 1) Labour Market No‐Fault Liability Insurance, 1974; 2) The National Sickness Insurance Act, 1977; 3) The Work Injury Insurance Act, 1977; 4) The Work Environment Act, 1977; 5) The Occupational Injury Information System, 1979.
Mechanical trauma as a factor in skin infections
Authors: Maibach Howard I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe role of mechanical trauma in the development of skin infections caused by viruses, fungi, and bacteria is discussed. Speculations are made on why there exists a paucity of published information on this topic. Questions are raised regarding procedures to be used to protect workers from skin infections. The need is expressed for epidemiologic studies to accurately define the role of trauma in these disorders.
Mortality among rubber workers: IX. Curing workers
Authors: Delzell Elizabeth , Monson Richard R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis research examined mortality among 1,152 white male production workers employed in the tire‐curing department of a large rubber manufacturing plant. To determine whether these men had any cause‐specific mortality excesses, their experience was compared with that of both the U.S. white male general population and a group of production workers at the same plant who had not worked in the curing division. Both types of comparisons indicated that the curing workers experienced excess mortality from lung cancer. There were 45 deaths from lung cancer among curing workers compared to 24.6 expected based on the age‐ and calendar period‐specific rates of other rubber workers. In addition, the mortality rate ratio for pneumonia was 2.2 for curing relative to noncuring workers. These findings are consistent with the results of other studies and suggest that occupational exposures may have contributed to the development of pulmonary disease among curing workers.