bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF BASIC TASTE SOLUTIONS AND SELECTED VEGETABLE ACCOMPANIMENTS ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF PORK
Authors: AASLYNG M.D. , FRØST M.B. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT Different food items are often combined into a meal in culturally meaningful combinations. However, very little research has been carried out to elucidate the effects of different meal components on each other. This study investigated the food–food sensory interactions. The experiment was organized as a model sequential tasting experiment investigating the effect of four of the five basic tastes on the sensory properties of pork, followed by an investigation of two different vegetables characterized by the actual basic taste. Bitter and sour accompaniments, in particular, influenced the flavor of the patties by increasing their own basic taste in the patties but reducing other flavors (sourish, piggy, metallic/liver). Salt accompaniment only reduced the bitter taste and increased the sourish flavor. Sweet accompaniment had no real influence on the flavor of the pork. The work can be seen as a tool for designing meals including pork with known sensory quality. However, the results should be demonstrated in future experiments including a wider variety of pork and with interaction between several basic tastes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSThis study investigated the sensory interaction in a whole meal with pork. The results have a very practical relevance in product development as they can be used as a tool for combining different accompaniments with a certain pork quality. For example, minced pork from one part of the carcass can be characterized by a more piggy flavor compared with minced pork from other parts of the pig. Against the background of these results, a slightly sour accompaniment can be recommended as it reduces the undesirable piggy flavor.In addition to the very practical use of the results, some basic information about food–food interactions was gained. This information has not previously been described and can therefore be seen as an inspiration for further studies.
Introduction to Hydromechanical Well Tests in Fractured Rock Aquifers
Authors: Schweisinger Todd , Svenson Erik J. , Murdoch Lawrence C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article introduces hydromechanical well tests as a viable field method for characterizing fractured rock aquifers. These tests involve measuring and analyzing small displacements along with pressure transients. Recent developments in equipment and analyses have simplified hydromechanical well tests, and this article describes initial field results and interpretations during slug and constant‐rate pumping tests conducted at a site underlain by fractured biotite gneiss in South Carolina. The field data are characterized by displacements of 0.3 μm to more than 10 μm during head changes up to 10 m. Displacements are a hysteretic function of hydraulic head in the wellbore, with displacements late in a well test always exceeding those at similar wellbore pressures early in the test. Displacement measurements show that hydraulic aperture changes during well tests, and both scaling analyses and field data suggest thatTchanged by a few percent per meter of drawdown during slug and pumping tests at our field site. Preliminary analyses suggest that displacement data can be used to improve estimates of storativity and to reduce nonuniqueness during hydraulic well tests involving single wells.
Biased Monitoring of Fresh Water‐Salt Water Mixing Zone in Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Shalev Eyal , Lazar Ariel , Wollman Stuart , Kington Shushanna , Yechieli Yoseph , Gvirtzman Haim 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn coastal aquifers, significant vertical hydraulic gradients are formed where fresh water and underlying salt water discharge together upward to the seafloor. Monitoring boreholes may act as “short circuits” along these vertical gradients, connecting between the higher and the lower hydraulic head zones. When a sea tide is introduced, the fluctuations of both the water table and the depth of the mixing zone are also biased due to this effect. This problem is intensified in places of long‐screen monitoring boreholes, which are common in many places in the world. For example, all approximately 500 boreholes of the fresh water‐salt water mixing zone in the coastal aquifer of Israel are installed with 10 to 50 m long screens. We present field measurements of these fluctuations, along with a three‐dimensional numerical model. We find that the in‐well fluctuation magnitude of the mixing zone is an order of magnitude larger than that in the porous media of the actual aquifer. The primary parameters that affect the magnitude of this bias are the anisotropy of the aquifer conductivity and the borehole hydraulic parameters. With no sea tide, borehole interference is higher for the anisotropic case because the vertical hydraulic gradients are high. When tides are introduced, the amplitude of the mixing zone fluctuation is higher for the isotropic case because the overall effective hydraulic conductivity is greater than the conductivity in the anisotropic case. In the aquifer, the fresh water‐salt water mixing zone fluctuations are dampened, and tens of meters inland from the shoreline, the fluctuations are on the order of few centimeters.
PRO‐GRADE: GIS Toolkits for Ground Water Recharge and Discharge Estimation
Authors: Lin Yu‐Feng , Wang Jihua , Valocchi Albert J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPRO‐GRADE is an ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 plug‐in package that consists of two separate toolkits: (1) thepatternrecognitionorganizer forgeographicinformationsystem (PRO‐GIS) and (2) theground waterrechargeanddischargeestimator for GIS (GRADE‐GIS). PRO‐GIS is a collection of several existing image‐processing algorithms into one user interface to offer the flexibility to extract spatial patterns according to the user’s needs. GRADE‐GIS is a ground water recharge and discharge estimation interface using a mass balance method that requires only hydraulic conductivity, water table, and bedrock elevation data for simulating two‐dimensional steady‐state unconfined aquifers. PRO‐GRADE was developed to assist ongoing assessments of the water resources in Illinois and Wisconsin, and is being used to assist several ground water resource studies in several locations in the United States. The advantage of using PRO‐GRADE is to enable fast production of initial recharge and discharge maps that can be further enhanced by using a follow‐up ground water flow model with parameter estimation codes. PRO‐GRADE leverages ArcGIS to provide a computer‐assisted framework to support expert judgment in order to efficiently select alternative recharge and discharge maps that can be used as (1) guidelines for field study planning and decision making; (2) initial conditions for numerical simulation; and (3) screening for alternative model selection and prediction/parameter uncertainty evaluation. In addition, PRO‐GRADE allows for more easy and rapid correlation of those maps with other hydrologically relevant geospatial data.
Re‐equitizing Corporate Balance Sheets: Choosing Among the Alternatives
Authors: Draho Jason 
Published: September 2008

Companies are generally reluctant to issue new equity because it can be expensive capital. Among the largest costs of an equity offering are so‐called “market‐impact” costs. To the extent the typically negative market reaction to a stock offering causes an issue to be underpriced, such underpricing dilutes the value of current shareholders.Despite such costs, many companies—particularly financial institutions—are raising equity capital to “delever” balance sheets that have been squeezed by the credit crunch and economic slowdown. And far from transferring value from existing shareholders, these offerings can preserve and even increase the value of highly leveraged companies by shoring up their capital bases and providing the flexibility to get through a difficult period. According to recent studies, announcements of equity offerings by distressed companies have been accompanied by positive stock returns in excess of 5 %.The challenge for CFOs is to determine why and when issuing equity is the value‐maximizing strategy. The kinds of companies that are most likely to benefit from equity offerings are those that score low on credit metrics, have experienced cyclical declines in operating performance, and have growth opportunities as part of their recovery.There are a number of options for raising equity capital, but no set rules for identifying the optimal one. Nevertheless, the author offers a number of suggestions designed to help CFOs make smarter decisions:Communicate clearly to investors the intended uses of the proceeds from the equity offering and how they are expected to create value;Consider judicious cuts to the dividend to preserve capital;Involve current shareholders to minimize dilution, perhaps by considering a rights offering, and strengthen their commitment;Seek out “smart money” such as private equity or SWFs as long‐term investors;Get the offer size right the first time so a second offering can be avoided; andMonetize volatility in uncertain markets by issuing convertible securities.
SPACs: An Alternative Wav to Access the Public Markets
Authors: Berger Robert 
Published: September 2008

Lost amidst the news of the real estate crisis, soaring oil prices, undercapitalized banks, and falling stock prices is a trend that has been quietly building in the U.S. capital markets. Instead of doing traditional IPOs, companies are increasingly going public by merging with Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, commonly known as SPACs.SPACs are publicly traded pools of capital formed for the sole purpose of merging with an operating company. Since the beginning of 2007, they have raised nearly $16 billion in U.S. markets, capital that is now being channeled into billion dollar‐plus mergers. Hedge funds, which provide the bulk of this capital, invest in SPACs as a way to create a customized portfolio of securities that provide private equity‐like exposure but also liquidity and the right to vote on the proposed acquisition. Frequently formed by well‐known sponsors such as Thomas Hicks and Nelson Peltz, SPACs now feature prominently in corporate discussions of strategic options.Companies that consider merging with SPACs often face complicated circumstances, require a major recapitalization, operate in a niche sector that lacks an institutional following, or have no obvious strategic buyers. The author describes how SPACs, by means of privately‐negotiated, tailored transactions, provide companies with access to the public markets in ways that a traditional IPO often cannot. The article includes case studies of three companies in unusual circumstances that, instead of doing IPOs, established access to public markets by merging with a SPAC.
Competition and Cooperation among Exchanges: Effects on Corporate Cross‐Listing Decisions and Listing Standards
Authors: Chemmanur Thomas J. , He Jie , Fulghieri Paolo 
Published: September 2008

In recent years, many European companies have listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and companies from emerging market countries such as Israel, China, and India have listed not only on the NYSE, but on various other American and European exchanges such as the Nasdaq and the London Stock Exchange (LSE). At the same time, growing competition among exchanges has led to consolidation of the industry through mergers and alliances. In this article, the authors explore the main factors in corporate listing decisions as well as the expected effects on listing standards of both the growing competition and the recent wave of alliances and mergers among exchanges.When choosing an exchange, corporate issuers are likely to consider the listing requirements and reputations of the exchanges, as well as the sophistication of investors who trade on those exchanges and the extent of their knowledge of the firm's industry and business. As a general rule, value‐maximizing companies can be expected to list on the most reputable exchange they can, but may also choose listings (in some cases, dual or multiple listings) on less reputable (typically local) exchanges with more investors who are familiar with the issuer's industry or products.When setting their listing standards, publicly traded exchanges devote considerable attention to finding the optimal listing and disclosure standards, and may consider adjusting them to changes in circumstances. The setting and enforcement of the appropriate listing standards are the main determinant of an exchange's reputation, which in turn determines the kinds of companies that will choose to list on it. Exchanges with the highest listing standards and reputations are likely to work hard to maintain them, while exchanges with lesser reputations will seek to carve out niches by making opportunistic use of lower (though not too low) listing standards while possibly seeking alliances or mergers.But if less reputable exchanges use their lower listing standards (and fees) as a means of competing for listings with other exchanges, this will not necessarily lead to a “race to the bottom” in listing standards. Moreover, a merger between two exchanges is likely to result in a higher listing standard for the combined exchange than for (at least one of) the pre‐merger exchanges.
Callable Bonds: Better Value Than Advertised?
Authors: Kalotay Andrew 
Published: September 2008

Callable bonds allow issuers to manage interest rate risk in the sense that if rates decline, the bonds can be redeemed and replaced with lower‐cost debt. Investors demand a coupon premium for giving issuers this option; and when deciding whether to issue callable or noncall‐able bonds, the issuing companies must determine whether it's worth paying the coupon premium.This article addresses two main questions about the structuring and refunding of callable bonds. The first concerns the value of the call option: At the time of issuance, does it make sense to accept the coupon premium for the option being acquired? The second concerns the optimal timing of a refunding: At refunding, do the cash flow savings provide adequate compensation for the option that is being exercised and hence given up?In perfect markets with no taxes or transactions costs, the average corporate issuer should be indifferent between issuing callable bonds or their noncallable equivalent. But corporate taxes, together with risk management considerations, can lead some issuers to prefer callable bonds, possibly with coupons that otherwise would be unacceptably high.Refunding decisions should be made using the concept of “call efficiency,” which compares the savings (net of transactions costs) from calling to the loss of option value. The latter should also account for any option that is built into the replacement issue.Transaction costs that occur when refunding diminish the value of the call option, and their effect should be factored in at the time of issuance. One way of avoiding such costs is to issue “ratchet” bonds—essentially one‐way floaters that automatically reset lower when rates decline, thus delivering the benefits of callable bonds while eliminating transaction costs.
The Normal and Radiological Anatomy of the Hip Joint of the Dog*
Authors: SMITH R. N. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— The components of the hip joint are described relative to their importance in interpreting radiographs. The appearance of these structures on radiographs is discussed and attention is drawn to some of the effects of the position of the animal during the exposure. The methods used as guides to the normal depth of the acetabulum are outlined.Résumé— A ľaide de radiographics, on décrit ľimportance des différents composants de ľarticulation coxo‐fémorale du chien. On discute ľaspect radiologique de ces structures, et on attire ľattention sur certains effets dus à la position de ľanimal au moment de la prise du cliché. On décrit les méthodes permettant de déterminer la profondeur normale de la cavité cotyloide.Zusammenfassung— An Hand von Röntgenaufnahmen wird die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Teile des Hüftgelenks besprochen. Das Erscheinungsbild dieser Strukturen auf Röntgenbildern wird erörtert, und es wird auf einige Effekte hingewiesen, die mit der Haltung des Tieres im Augenblick der Aufnahme in Zusammenhang stehen. Es werden Methoden beschrieben, wie man die normale Tiefe des Acetabulums bestimmen kann.
The Royal Veterinary University
Authors: BARBER‐LOMAX J. W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A description is given of a little known proposal in 1875 to alter the name of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to the Royal Veterinary University. The background to this proposal and its ultimate rejection are documented.Résumé— En 1875, on a déposé une demande, peu connue ?ailleurs, de changer le nom du Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons en celui de Royal Veterinary University. Les raisons qui ont conduit à cette demande et son refus ultèrieur sont documentès.Zusammenfassung— Es wird über einen im Jahre 1875 eingebrachten, wenig bekannten Antrag berichtet, den Namen des Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in Royal Veterinary University zu ändern. Es werden Unterlagen über die Hintergründe dieses Antrags und seine Ablehnung beigebracht.
Dislocation of the Hip in Dogs
Authors: DOBBELAAR M. J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— When closed reduction of dislocations of the hip in dogs fails, the following surgical procedure may yet produce complete correction of the dislocation. In this procedure, the acetabulum is dissected out carefully and particular attention is paid to maintaining reduction of the dislocation. Reduction is maintained by implanting strong cortical bone grafts at the site at which the head of the femur has slipped over the margin of the acetabulum when dislocation occurred.These grafts will prevent redislocation of the head of the femur, will in no way interfere with the performance of movements and will dissolve in course of time. When the bone grafts have disappeared, both the joint capsule and the ligamentum teres femoris will have healed completely. The operation is also practicable in field conditions.Résumé— Quand la réduction non‐chirurgicale de la luxation de la hanche chez le chien ne donne pas de bons résultats, la technique chirurgicale suivante peut néanmoins permettre de corriger la luxation de façon complète. Dans cette technique ľacétabulum est soigneusement disséqué et ľon s'efforce tout particulièrement de maintenir la réduction de la luxation. La réduction est maintenue par ľimplantation ?importants fragments de greffes osseuses au niveau de ľendroit où la těte du fémur s'est déplacée audessus du bord de ľacétabulum au moment de la luxation.Cette greffe prévient la récidive, ne reduit en rien la mobilityé de ľarticulation et se résorbe au bout ?un certain temps. Lorsque la greffe aura été résorbée la capsule de ľarticulation, ainsi que le ligament de la těte du fémur, seront entièrement rétablis. ľintervention peut également ětre réalisée en dehors de la salle ?opération.Zusammenfassung— Wenn bei Hüftgelenksverrenkung bei Hunden die nichtoperative Einrenkung erfolglos bleibt, kann das folgende chirurgische Verfahren eine völlige Korrektur der Verrenkung bewirken. Bei diesem Verfahren wird das Azetabulum sorgfältig freigelegt, und besonderes Augenwerk wird darauf gerichtet, eine erneute Verrenkung zu verhindern. Zu diesem Zweck erfolgt eine Kortikal knockentransplantation an die Stelle, wo der Oberschenkelkopf bei der Verrenkung über den Rand des Azetabulums gerutscht ist.Durch diese Transplantation wird eine erneute Verrenkung des Oberschenkelkopfs verhindert, ohne dass die Bewegungsfreiheit in irgend einer Weise beeinträchtigt wird. Die übertragenen Knochenteile verzehren sich mit der Zeit. Wenn die übertragenen Teile verschwunden sind, ist sowohl die Gelenkkapsel als auch das Ligamentum Teres Femoris völlig geheilt. Die Operation lässt sich auch unter häuslichen Verhältnissen ausführen.
British Chinchilla Industry Survey
Authors: Ortony E. J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A report is presented of a survey conducted over a 5‐month period amongst chinchilla ranch owners in the British Isles. Data is provided on the birth rates and litter sizes for paired and polygamous units. Death rates and causes are reviewed together with the diseases reported; alimentary diseases were indicated as the most serious cause of loss and malocclusion was also found to show a high incidence.Résumé— Le rapport est présenté ?une étude s'étendant sur une période de 5 mois, effectué chez les éleveurs de chinchillas en Grande Bretagne. Des chiffres sont présentés se rapportant aux taux de naissance et à ľimportance des portées pour des unités monogames et polygames. Les taux et les causes de mortalité sont passés en revue, ainsi que les maladies recontrées; les maladies alimentaires se sont révélées ětre la cause la plus importante de perte ?animaux et le nombre de cas de malocclusion était également élevé.Zusammenfassung— Bericht uber eine Erhebung, die über einen Zeitraum vom 5 Monaten unter Besitzern von Chinchilla‐Farmen auf den britischen Inseln durchgeführt wurde. Er enthält Angaben tiber Geburtenzahlen und Wurfgrösse bei gepaarten und polygamen Einheiten. Im Zusammenhang mit den vorkommenden Krankheiten wurd auf Sterblichkeitsziffern und Todesursachen eingegangen; Verdauungskrankheiten wurden als häufigste Ursache von Verlusten angegeben, und Malokklusion trat ebenfalls häufig auf.
The clinical diagnosis of renal disease in the dog*
Authors: McEWAN A. D. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTA review has been made of the presenting clinical signs and of the laboratory analyses and investigative procedures which aid in the diagnosis of renal disease in the dog.Résumé. On passe en revue les signes cliniques qui se présentent, les analyses de laboratoire et les sondages et recherches qui facilitent le diagnostic des maladies rénales chez le chien.Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Übersicht uber die sich darbietenden klinischen Zeichen, die Laboratoriumsanalysen und die Untersuchgsverfahren gegeben, welche zur Diagnose von Nierenerkrankungen des Hundes beitragen.