bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of racemization in optically active drugs development
Authors: Ali Imran , Gupta Vinod K. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Singh Prashant , Sharma Bhavtosh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractU.S. Food and Drug Administration issues certain guidelines for marketing of optically active drugs as some enantiomers racemize into human body, leading to the generation of other antipodes, which may be toxic or ballast to the human beings. Moreover, racemization reduces the administrated dosage concentration as optically active enantiomer converted into its inactive counter part. Therefore, the study of racemization of such type of drugs is an important and urgent need of today. This article describes in vitro and in vivo racemization of optically active drugs. The racemization process of various optically active drugs has been discussed considering the effect of different variables i.e. pH, temperature, concentration of the drug, ionic concentration, etc. Attempts have also been made to discuss the mechanisms of racemization. Besides, efforts have been made to suggest the safe dosages of such type of drugs too. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NHC‐containing chiral bidentate ligands: Synthesis and evaluation in enantioselective copper‐catalyzed conjugate addition
Authors: Clavier Hervé , Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Mauduit Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNew chiral phosphine‐, thiolate‐, mesylate‐, and tosylate‐containing N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands have been synthesized in fair to excellent yield. These bidentate ligands have been evaluated in enantioselective copper‐catalyzed conjugate addition to both cyclic and acyclic enones and displayed good catalytic activities and poor to good enantiomeric excesses (up to 80%). Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimierung einer auf dem Verfahren der mechanischen Brüdenverdichtung basierenden Meerwasserentsalzungsanlage
Authors: Diezel L. L. , Fröba A. P. , Lukić N. , Leipertz A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEine Betrachtung des weltweiten Meerwasserentsalzungsmarktes zeigt, dass das Verfahren der mechanischen Brüdenverdichtung trotz seiner technischen Zuverlässigkeit und der Realisierung einer autarken dezentralen Betriebsweise nur einen geringen Marktanteil einnimmt. Der Grund hierfür liegt insbesondere im hohen spezifischen Trinkwasserpreis für dieses Verfahren. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Verbesserung der Effizienz des Verfahrens über die Ionenimplantation der wärmeübertragenden Flächen zur Intensivierung des Kondensations‐ und Verdampfungsprozesses vorgeschlagen. Dazu wird zunächst ein Modell entwickelt, das die notwendigen Wärmetransportmechanismen im Bereich der Verdampfer‐/Kondensatoreinheit für die Prozessenergien beschreibt.
Adsorption und Reaktion von NO an unterschiedlichen Aktivkohlen und ‐koksen
Authors: Klose W. , Rincón S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDie Vorgänge, die bei der Adsorption und Reduktion von NO an Aktivkohle bzw. ‐koks ablaufen, werden von einer Vielzahl von Variablen beeinflusst. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen konnten keine Abhängigkeiten zwischen den physikalischen Eigenschaften der Aktivkohlen und ‐kokse und den ablaufenden Prozessen ermittelt werden. Die chemischen Eigenschaften der Oberfläche der Aktivkohle bzw. ‐kokse spielen eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoffkomplexen und die katalytischen Effekte der mineralischen Komponenten der Asche sind für den Ablauf der Prozesse entscheidend.
Modell zur Berechnung des Wärmeüberganges in Rohren und Kanälen mit technischen Profilrauigkeiten
Authors: Pöhlmann M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBeschrieben wird ein Modell zur Berechnung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten und Reibungsbeiwerten in Rohren bzw. Kanälen mit künstlichen technischen Profilrauigkeiten. Ausgehend von einer allgemeinen Darstellung des Wärmeüberganges werden schrittweise die Modellgleichungen hergeleitet. Die Darstellung berechneter Verläufe gegenüber Messwerten zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse.
Anwendung hydrodynamisch erzeugter „Superkavitation”︁ in der Belüftungstechnik
Authors: Schmid A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEin neu entwickeltes System zur feinblasigen Belüftung durch Lufteintrag bei „Superkavitation”︁ ist deutlich leistungsfähiger als herkömmliche bekannte Belüfter auf Basis des Strahlpumpenprinzips und vergleichbar mit Sauerstoffeintragswerten von Membran‐ und Folienplattenbelüftern. Der eingebaute Prototyp (Superkavitationsbelüfter) in einer Kläranlage weist einen um ca. 1/3 geringeren Lufteintrag im Gegensatz zum substituierten Strahlpumpensystem auf. Trotz dieser geringeren Lufteintragsleistung reduzierte sich der tägliche Reinsauerstoffbedarf des zusätzlich installierten Membranbelüftungssystems um ca. 49 % und dies über einen Versuchszeitraum von mehr als sieben Monaten. Durch Einsatz dieses neuen Belüfters konnten bereits während der ersten Versuchsphase von drei Monaten mehr als 10 000 € durch Reduzierung des Reinsauerstoffbedarfs eingespart werden.
Mathematical solution of the problem of roll‐waves in inclined opel channels
Authors: Dressler Robert F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to obtain solutions which are periodic with respect to distance, describing the phenomenon called “roll‐waves,” for water flow along a wide inclined channel, and to discuss the behavior of the mathematical solutions. The basic idea presented in Part I is that discontinuous periodic solutions can be constructed by joining together sections of a continuous solution through shocks (or “bores”). It is shown first that no continuous solutions can be periodic and that only one special continuous solution can be used as the basis for constructing discontinuous periodic solutions. The analysis is based upon the non‐linear partial differential equations of the “shallow water theory,” augmented by the Cheay formula to allow for turbulent resistance. The Bresse profile equation is obtained in a form applicable for progressing wave flows. Shock conditions are derived for the case of an arbitrary continuous channel bed and for a flow subject to a resisting force. The special continuous solution is explicitly obtained and analyzed. Branches of it are then joined together through shocks. It is proved that roll‐waves cannot occur either if the resistance is zero or if the resistance exceeds a certain critical value. As the resistance decreases, the size of the waves decreases also; and if the resistance becomes too large, the profiles reverse their direction and can no longer be joined by shocks. This critical value is reached when the (dimensionless) resistance coefficient equals one‐fourth the value of the channel slope. The presence of a resistance force which varies merely with velocity is not sufficient to permit the construction of periodic solutions; the resistance must also act in such a manner that it decreases as the water depth increases. The analysis proves that the ratio of wave height to wave length of roll‐waves is always independent of the speed of the waves. Explicit expressions for water height and shock height as functions of wave length are derived. The investigation studies the static discharge rate as a function of the wave speed, and asymptotic formulas for the wave speed in terms of the average discharge rate are derived. Twelve sets of curves arc presented, based on the equations obtained here, to illustrate the quantitative behavior of roll‐waves; these may be used to check this theory against observed data. For prescribed values of slope, resistance, and wave speed, there is a one‐parameter family of roll‐wave solutions. If the wave length is also prescribed, the solution will then be unique.
New Types of Brönsted Acid–Base Ionic Liquids‐Based Membranes for Applications in PEMFCs
Authors: Fernicola Alessandra , Panero Stefania , Scrosati Bruno , Tamada Masahiro , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of ionic liquids (ILs) are prepared by neutralizing tertiary amines with N,N‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HTFSI). As demonstrated by thermal and electrochemical characterizations, these ILs have very good temperature stability and a high ionic conductivity, that is, of the order of 10−2 S cm−1. By incorporating these ILs into a poly(vinylidenfluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) polymer matrix, membranes with a high melting temperature, high decomposition point and with an ionic conductivity of about 10−2 S cm−1 at 140 °C, are obtained. These IL‐based, proton‐conducting membranes are proposed as new polymer electrolytes for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).
Conflict within the structure of peer mediation: An examination of controlled confrontations in an at‐risk school
Authors: Nix Chris L. , Hale Claudia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the research reported in this article was to examine the conflict mediation process among middle school students through critical observations and by addressing the disputants' perceptions of their experiences. The interactions and mediations that were observed are examined by the ways in which mediators' adherence to, and deviation from, the mediation script influenced the mediation and the disputants' perceptions of their mediation experience.
My professor is so unfair: Student attitudes and experiences of conflict with faculty
Authors: Harrison Tyler R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA survey of 308 students revealed that student–faculty conflict is widespread, with approximately one‐third of all students reporting a conflict they have pursued. In assessing student knowledge of ombuds processes as an option to resolve conflicts, approximately half of all students had heard of the ombuds office at their institution but had limited understanding of the functions of the office, and virtually none of those surveyed had used the office.
Inhibiting effect of minocycline on the regeneration of peripheral nerves
Authors: Keilhoff Gerburg , Langnaese Kristina , Wolf Gerald , Fansa Hisham 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of minocycline on nerve regeneration was studied in a rat model of acute sciatic nerve injury, in which the injury was caused by resection and reimplantation of the right sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods, as well as morphometric and electron microscopic techniques, were used. Compared with uninjured and PBS‐treated injured nerves, the minocycline‐treated injured nerve showed: (i) a decrease in macrophage recruitment and activation, probably resulting from inhibition of blood‐brain‐barrier break‐down via reduced MMP2 and MMP9 induction, inhibition of revascularization via additional reduction of VEGF induction, and inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; (ii) reduced activation of phagocytic Schwann cells, probably by inhibition of iNOS, MMP2 and MMP9 expression; (iii) a slowed Wallerian degeneration; and subsequently, (iv) a diminished nerve regeneration. Macrophages, especially their function in the removal of cellular debris and formation of a microenvironment beneficial for nerve regeneration, are strongly implicated in constructive events after nerve injuries. Therefore, we suggest that additional research into optimizing minocycline intervention for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is needed before further clinical trials are performed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Anti‐Müllerian hormone and 11 β‐hydroxylase show reciprocal expression to that of aromatase in the transforming gonad of zebrafish males
Authors: Wang X.G. , Orban L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring development all zebrafish males first develop a “juvenile ovary” that later degenerates and transforms into a testis. In this study, individuals undergoing gonadal transformation were identified from a vas::egfp transgenic line and used for gene expression analysis of anti‐Müllerian hormone (amh), ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1a) and 11β‐hydroxylase (cyp11b, also known as P45011β) by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. In the “normal (i.e., nontransforming) juvenile ovary” cyp19a1a was expressed around the oocytes, but cyp11b and amh could not be detected. During gonadal transformation cyp19a1a was down‐regulated and could not be detected anymore; in contrast amh was up‐regulated and highly expressed at similar regions where cyp19a1a had been expressed earlier. Furthermore, the normalized transcript levels of cyp19a1a and amh showed a reciprocal picture, i.e., the higher was the level of amh, the lower was that of cyp19a1a. Expression of cyp11b was also up‐regulated but later than amh, and its localization was not related to the position of degenerating oocytes. These data indicate that amh is a candidate gene down‐regulating cyp19a1a, leading to “juvenile ovary‐to‐testis” transformation. Whereas, cyp11b or its product, 11‐ketotestosterone, is unlikely to be the inducer of zebrafish gonad transformation, as proposed earlier for some protogynous hermaphroditic fish species. Developmental Dynamics 236:1329–1338, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and spatial and temporal expression of the zebrafish dopamine D1 receptor
Authors: Li Ping , Shah Sitar , Huang Luoxiu , Carr Aprell L. , Gao Yan , Thisse Christine , Thisse Bernard , Li Lei 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDopamine plays important roles in the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) development and functions. In vertebrates, two families of dopamine receptors, collectively known as dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, have been identified. Recently, dopamine receptors have been targeted by pharmacological and therapeutic studies of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we report a study on the molecular characterization of dopamine D1 receptor in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We cloned the full‐length cDNA of a zebrafish dopamine D1 receptor, designated as drd1. The sequence of drd1 shares high homology to the sequences of dopamine D1 receptors in mammalian, amphibian, and other fish species. drd1 is expressed in the CNS. The first drd1 expression was observed at approximately 30 hours postfertilization, at which time the expression was seen in the developing diencephalon and hindbrain. In developing retinas, the expression of drd1 was detected in the inner nuclear layer with the exception of the marginal zones. In adult retinas, drd1 expression was detected in most cell types in the inner and outer nuclear layers as well as ganglion cell layer. Differential expression of drd1 in developing and adult retinas may play various roles in regulating visual system functions. Developmental Dynamics 236:1339–1346, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
whitesnake/sfpq is required for cell survival and neuronal development in the zebrafish
Authors: Lowery Laura Anne , Rubin Jamie , Sive Hazel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOrganogenesis involves both the development of specific cell types and their organization into a functional three‐dimensional structure. We are using the zebrafish to assess the genetic basis for brain organogenesis. We show that the whitesnake mutant corresponds to the sfpq (splicing factor, proline/glutamine rich) gene, encoding the PSF protein (polypyrimidine tract‐binding protein‐associated splicing factor). In vitro studies have shown that PSF is important for RNA splicing and transcription and is a candidate brain‐specific splicing factor, however, the in vivo function of this gene is unclear. sfpq is expressed throughout development and in the adult zebrafish, with strong expression in the developing brain, particularly in regions enriched for neuronal progenitors. In the whitesnake mutant, a brain phenotype is visible by 28 hr after fertilization, when it becomes apparent that the midbrain and hindbrain are abnormally shaped. Neural crest, heart, and muscle development or function is also abnormal. sfpq function appears to be required in two distinct phases during development. First, loss of sfpq gene function leads to increased cell death throughout the early embryo, suggesting that cell survival requires functional PSF protein. Second, sfpq function is required for differentiation, but not for determination, of specific classes of brain neurons. These data indicate that, in vertebrates, sfpq plays a key role in neuronal development and is essential for normal brain development. Developmental Dynamics 236:1347–1357, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of a buck converter with new control scheme using a triangle waveform modulated by output voltage
Authors: Zhao Jinbin , Sato Terukazu , Nabeshima Takashi , Nakano Tadao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose a new control scheme in which the output voltage is fed back into a triangle waveform of a control circuit to improve the transient response of a switching converter. The circuit structure of the proposed system is very simple and will therefore reduce the size and weight of the apparatus and have reduced production costs. Also, because an error amplifier is not used, the circuit is not affected by switching noise or the like and the circuit is easy to design. In this paper, the proposed system is applied to a synchronous rectifying buck converter; the basic properties are analyzed and the system is verified experimentally. As a result, it was confirmed that the proposed scheme has superior regulation properties and transient response characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 52–59, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20256
A delta representation scheme for updating between versions of mobile phone software
Authors: Kiyohara Ryozo , Kurihara Mariko , Mii Satoshi , Kino Shigenori 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn recent years the amount of software running on mobile phones has increased dramatically due to the start of data network connection services for mobile phones. As a result it has sometimes become necessary to repair defects in such products after they have been shipped to market. In this context, services have been launched that enable software to be updated after a terminal has been sold. The time taken for software to be updated is made up of the time taken to transmit the data to the handset via a mobile network or from a PC (which in turn depends on the amount of data being transmitted) and the time taken to overwrite the data on flash memory. A standard method for making the amount of data that needs to be transmitted to the handset small, is to only send delta data corresponding to those parts of the new version of the software that differ from the old version; it is generally necessary to make this delta as small as possible. Following a description of existing techniques for extracting deltas, in this paper we make multiple proposals regarding delta extraction schemes that are designed with the structure of mobile phone software particularly in mind with a view to making the delta data transmitted to the handset when updating software as small as possible; we then describe results of evaluations with actual mobile phones immediately prior to shipping. Both of the schemes that we propose are shown to allow a reduction of approximately 30 percent in the size of the delta when compared with standard delta representation mechanisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 26–37, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20348
Stability design for on‐board distributed power system
Authors: Abe Seiya , Hirokawa Masahiko , Zaitsu Toshiyuki , Ninomiya Tamotsu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecently, on‐board distributed power systems consisting of bus converter and POL have usually been used for IT infrastructure equipment. However, even if each converter has stable operation, the bus voltage may oscillate and the system may be unstable, depending on the bus converter design; this has been a serious problem in recent years. Solution of the issue is highly desirable, and in order to improve the system stability various techniques have been discussed. This paper investigates the improvement of the system stability by the control method. The availability of full‐regulated bus converter is especially examined. It is determined that the full‐regulated method is the optimal control method for the bus converter because a full‐regulated bus converter can reduce bus voltage oscillation and adjust to input voltage variations flexibly by regulation. A stability design process is proposed for an on‐board distributed power system using a full‐regulated bus converter. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 18–25, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20356
A study of the application of mobile IP to IP‐VPN and the development of mobile foreign agent
Authors: Hata Hiraki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMobile IP is a protocol which provides a function by which a mobile node (MN) continuously retains a single IP address and continues to use the same IP address, even if the MN moves from the network to which it originally connected (Home Network) to another network. This paper is a study of the advantages of IPsec for MIP applied to IP‐VPN, with a small number of terminals per node and where the subject devices are integrated devices such as non‐personal computer terminals. In order to apply MIP to such an IP‐VPN, a new MFA mode is proposed, in addition to the FA mode and CoA mode which have previously been provided to Mobile IP. In the MFA mode, both the MN and MFA move together. Furthermore, it is proposed to include an autoconfiguration function as well. This can be expected to result in reduced terminal shipping costs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 9–17, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20385
Injection signal controlled active phased arrays without mode jumps
Authors: Sanagi Minoru , Fujimori Kazuhiro , Nogi Shigeji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn examination is made of phased array operation, by injecting signals with different phases into both ends of a coupled microwave oscillator system and controlling that phase, as a system for an active phased array antenna using frequency locking. This system has multiple operating modes, but by causing a slight deviation of only the free‐running frequency of the end oscillator from the frequency of the injection signal, mode jumps can be suppressed and the phase difference between the oscillators made large. The effectiveness of this method can be numerically confirmed by finding the conditions for single mode operation with an approximation analysis of the governing equation. Using an active integrated antenna constructed of a patch antenna and serial‐feedback FET oscillators, an experiment was performed by scanning the radiation beams of two‐, three‐, and five‐element antenna arrays to demonstrate that the scan range in the radiation direction was extended with single mode operation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(4): 34–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20293