bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of Causal Redundancy
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCausal redundancy arguments allege that all the causal work attributed to ordinary macroscopic objects is really performed (jointly) by their microscopic parts, making ordinary objects epiphenomenal. Trenton Merricks holds that this shows there are no such things, since, if there were ordinary objects such as baseballs, they would be causally efficacious. It is argued, however, that Merricks' argument is either invalid or unsound, depending on how one understands “overdetermination”. This chapter makes the case that standard prohibitions against overdetermination do not apply where there are analytic entailments between the causal claims, so we can accept the causal claims of, for example, a baseball and of simples arranged baseballwise, without them being rivals in claims to causal efficacy or yielding redundant “double causation”.
Identity, Persistence, and Modality
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe hybrid theory of reference developed in Chapter 2 has important consequences for our understanding of metaphysical claims about identity, persistence, and modality, which are drawn out in this chapter. Specifically, it leads to the view that the most basic conditions of existence, identity, and persistence for the objects we refer to are discoverable by a kind of conceptual analysis, and the most basic claims about these conditions are analytic. This in turn leads to the conceptualist view that the most basic modal claims are likewise analytic. Conventionalist views are often said (e.g., by Michael Rea and Crawford Elder) to lead to objectual anti-realism, but it is argued that modal conceptualism clearly does not. Moreover, modal conceptualism is independently appealing, since it can help soften epistemic and ontological worries about modality.
The World We Want
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book compares the future world that Enlightenment intellectuals had hoped for with the world as it really is. It explores the ways the two worlds differ, and why are they so different; to what extent our world is or isn't the world such intellectuals desired, and the extent to which we still want their world. Unlike previous philosophical critiques and defenses of the Enlightenment, this study focuses extensively on the relevant historical and empirical records first, by examining carefully what kind of future Enlightenment intellectuals actually hoped for; second, by tracking the different legacies of their central ideals over the past two centuries. But in addition to documenting the significant gap that still exists between Enlightenment ideals and current realities, the book also attempts to show why the ideals of the Enlightenment still elude us. What does our own experience tell us about the appropriateness of these ideals? Which Enlightenment ideals do not fit with human nature? Why is meaningful support for these ideals, particularly within the US, so weak at present? Which of the means that Enlightenment intellectuals advocated for realizing their ideals are inefficacious? Which of their ideals have devolved into distorted versions of themselves when attempts have been made to realize them? How and why, after more than two centuries, have we still failed to realize the most significant Enlightenment ideals? In short, what is dead and what is living in these ideals?
Aggressive Nationalism
Authors: Ellis Richard E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book examines the public debate that took place over Chief Justice John Marshall's famous decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). It sheds new light on how the case came before the US Supreme Court. It also examines many of the key issues involved in the case that John Marshall either slighted or totally ignored: the private profit-making nature of the Second Bank of the United States (2 BUS); the power of the 2 BUS to create branches in the states without their consent, which many people viewed as a direct assault upon the sovereignty of the states and which they feared would lead to the creation of other privately controlled profit-making national corporations that could operate within a state and yet be beyond its control; and the differences between a tax levied by a state for the purposes of raising revenue and one which was meant to destroy the operations of the branches of the 2 BUS. These issues are particularly important to understand because they were at the heart of Ohio's unwillingness to abide by the Supreme Court's decision and which eventually led to Osborn et. al. v. Bank of the United States (1824) and formed the basis for Andrew Jackson's famous veto for the rechartering of the 2 BUS in 1832. The book also examines the relationship between McCulloch v. Maryland and the creation of a federal program of internal improvements.
Renowned Goddess of Desire
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The role of women and ideas of gender are fundamental components of all religious traditions. Tantric traditions in particular offer a unique perspective on women's participation in religious traditions since they frequently incorporate worship of Goddesses, along with ordinary women as participants in religious rites. This book examines the representations of women within Tantra using a case study of a selection of Hindu Tantric texts from the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries in Northeast India. Arguing for a nuanced perspective of women in Tantra, this book presents evidence for women's enhanced status in some traditions of Tantra, with women in the roles of guru and initiate. This book also addresses images of women within the Tantric rite of sexual union, arguing for multiple versions and motivations for this notorious practice. Especially this book addresses issues of discourse and speech, women's speech and speech about women, suggesting the imbrication of women's bodies within ideas of women's speech. This book examines a number of Tantric texts that have so far not been translated into Western languages. One appendix delineates the historical context for fifteenth through eighteenth century in the Northeast region of India and also surveys images of women found across a wide range of Tantric texts. The second appendix gives a chapter by chapter synopsis of the primary text used for this study, the Bṭhannīla Tantra, “The Great Blue Tantra,” a long and so far untranslated Tantric text.
Knowing and Naming in Theology and Science
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 3 addresses the question of how theology in dialogue with science authentically expresses insights concerning the ineffable mystery of God and suffering. Because neither science nor theology can speak uncritically as if a one‐to‐one correspondence existed between the meaning of their words and the realities to which they refer, nor can they speak instrumentally as if their words were simply useful fictions, each discipline must speak in terms of a critical or skeptical realism. In so doing, each employs certain concepts, analogies, metaphors, or models to signify something akin to the entity to which its words refer. This approach to scientific and theological language leads to the methodology of inference‐to‐the‐best‐explanation. This methodology aims not at certainty but at intelligibility, not at finality but at fecundity, not at immutability but at emergence with regard to its metaphors and models.
Divine Being and Becoming
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 4 examines the impact of Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary cosmology, biology, epistemology, and methodology on Christian theology and demonstrates how these insights come to fruition in an understanding of a Triune God. A particular model concerning the God‐world relationship emerges from the interaction of these insights. The model is panentheism, which denotes that the Being of God includes and penetrates the whole universe—a universe pervaded by pain, suffering, and death—but is not exhausted by the universe itself. Within this panentheistic paradigm, the Triune God is conceived as the transcendent Ground of Being who is immanently creative under the groaning of the cosmos and who becomes incarnate in the cruciformity of the cosmos with its ubiquitous suffering. It concludes with an analysis of Peacocke's proposals using fourfold criteria of intelligibility: fit with data, simplicity, fecundity, and pastoral efficacy.
Semantics as a Mentalistic Enterprise
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins by couching the questions of semantic theory in mentalistic terms, so that semantics can be compatible with generative grammar. It contrasts this position with a number of other views of what semantics is about. The chapter also addresses the putative distinction between linguistic meaning and ‘world knowledge’, arguing that various ways of making this distinction do not serve the intended purpose. Rather, if there is a special ‘linguistic semantics’, it is the theory of the interface components between meaning and linguistic expression.
Syntactic Categories and Semantic Relativity
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRadical Construction Grammar, like other construction grammars, treats constructions as pairings of form and meaning, and like typology, uses meaning as the basis for crosslinguistic comparison. Semantic or linguistic relativity poses a potential problem for Radical Construction Grammar, because it hypothesizes that meaning varies depending on the formal constructions used. This chapter argues that arguments for semantic relativity contain several hidden assumptions which are implausible: contrast across languages implies contrast within a language; semantic analyses always involve monosemy, not polysemy; linguistic analyses must avoid syntagmatic semantic redundancy; and one can only posit a relativistic analysis of one part of a construction by assuming a universal analysis of another part of the construction (the Semantic Uncertainty Principle). Instead, grammatical differences are the result of different patterns of semantic extension and grammaticalization, and semantic change eventually reasserts the universal semantics of particular situation types.
A Radical Approach to Syntactic Relations
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe central argument of this chapter is that a construction grammar, in which syntactic structures are paired with their semantic interpretations, can and should dispense with syntactic relations between the syntactic units (hence, syntactic units are joined together only by virtue of the role each holds in the entire construction). All the necessary information for the correct inference of the meaning of an utterance is found in a construction without syntactic relations. If there were syntactic relations, one would expect that they would consistently map onto semantic relations (iconicity). But a wide range of putative syntactic relations are not iconic. Also, one or more elements of a syntactic relation are frequently absent (e.g., ‘agreement’ does not agree with any syntactic unit). Instead, the linguistic evidence allegedly justifying syntactic relations (such as agreement and case marking) actually expresses symbolic relations linking the syntactic unit to its semantic counterpart in the construction.
Harmonic morphisms with one-dimensional fibres
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows that a harmonic morphism from a manifold of dimension n+1 to a manifold of dimension n is, locally or globally, a principal bundle with a certain metric. When n = 3, in a neighbourhood of a critical point, a harmonic morphism behaves like the Hopf polynomial map; when n &gt; 3, there can be no critical points. A factorization theorem and a circle action are obtained in all cases, leading to topological restrictions. Given a nowhere-zero Killing field V, it is shown how to find harmonic morphisms with fibres tangent to V. Harmonic morphisms of warped product type are discussed; these are related to isoparametric functions. These two types are the only types that can occur on a space form or on an Einstein manifold when n &gt; 3. When n = 3, a third type of harmonic morphism is found related to the Beltrami fields equation of hydrodynamics.
Harmonic morphisms between semi-Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis final chapter discusses how the main definitions and results need to be modified in the semi-Riemannian case. In this context, harmonic maps include the strings of mathematical physics. Weakly conformal and horizontally weakly conformal maps are discussed; care is taken with the definitions as the subspaces of the tangent spaces involved may be degenerate. It is shown that with appropriate definitions, the characterization of harmonic morphisms as horizontally weakly conformal harmonic maps carries over to the semi-Riemannian case. Certain harmonic morphisms are simply null solutions of the wave equation. The chapter concludes with an explicit local description of all harmonic morphisms between Lorentzian 2-manifolds. In the ‘Notes and comments’ section, the connection with the shear-free ray congruences of mathematical physics is described.
Time Lags in Terrestrial and Marine Environments
Authors: Post Eric 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Temporal lags in the response of populations to climatic variation associated with the NAO are widespread in both terrestrial and marine environments. The existence of both immediate and lagged responses to climate presents conceptual and analytical challenges to the study of the ecological consequences of large-scale climatic variability, as well as to the ability to forecast population responses to future climatic change. This chapter discusses the influence of atmospheric processes, life history, and trophic interactions on time lags. It argues that the existence of time lags in a multitude of systems can be exploited to one obvious advantage: prediction. Hence, an empirically-derived basis for improving conceptual and analytical understanding of lagged responses to climate should prove valuable in the pursuit of scientifically robust predictions of population and community response to future climate changes.
Ancestry
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Tedford Richard H. , Van Valkenburgh Blaire , Wayne Robert K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the evolutionary history, molecular systematics, and evolutionary ecology of canids. Topics covered include the Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae subfamilies; morphological and molecular phylogenies; and iterative evolution of hypercarnivory.
Society
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Creel Scott , Mills Michael G. L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of why some canids live in groups, while others do not, and asks what shapes their societies. The behavioural and ecological selective pressures of group living are discussed. It is argued that while behavioural benefits may favour sociality in wild canids, ecological factors create the framework within which behavioural pressures operate, and dictate the balance of costs and benefits between group membership and dispersal.
Management
Authors: Sillero-Zubiri Claudio , Reynolds Jonathan , Novaro Andrés J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines why canids often find themselves in conflict with humans, and how managers and conservationists have tackled these conflicts. The biological basis for conflict, attacks on humans and disease transmission, livestock predation, predation on games species, and conflict with threatened wildlife species are discussed. Approaches to solving conflict between canids and people are presented.
Infectious disease
Authors: Woodroffe Rosie , Cleaveland Sarah , Courtenay Orin , Laurenson M. Karen , Artois Marc 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of infectious disease in the conservation of wild canids. Canid diseases cause concern for two reasons. First, widespread species such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) may carry infections such as rabies, leishmaniasis, and hydatid disease that can be transmitted to people and livestock. Second, populations of threatened canids such as Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis), African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), and island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) may be at risk of extinction through the effects of virulent infections such as rabies and canine distemper, sometimes needing management to protect them from infection.
Tools
Authors: Boitani Luigi , Asa Cheryl S. , Moehrenschlager Axel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the rapidly evolving canid conservation tools that use recent advances in several fields of conservation biology and take into account sociological aspects. It considers the use of conservation tools in (1) assessing the status of wild canid populations; (2) limiting canids that become too numerous; (3) restoring canids that are threatened; (4) protecting canids in an ecosystem context; and (5) influencing socio-political change for canid conservation.
Swift and kit foxes
Authors: Moehrenschlager Axel , Cypher Brian L. , Ralls Katherine , List Rurik , Sovada Marsha A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSwift foxes and kit foxes are found in the relatively flat, arid regions of North America. Swift and kit foxes are phenotypically similar, although kit foxes have slightly longer, less rounded ears and weigh less. Although early morphometric comparisons and protein-electrophoresis suggested that these foxes constitute the same species, recent multivariate morphometric analyses as well as mitochondrial DNA restriction-site and sequence analyses showed that they are separate species. This chapter compares swift and kit foxes to determine whether morphological and genetic differences might also be indicative of differences in life history, ecology, or population threats.
Blanford's foxes
Authors: Geffen Eli 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhile the morphology typical of canids adapts them to endurance running, and consequently to life in open habitats, a few species have specialized to other habitats such as rainforests, or even to climbing trees or cliffs. The cliff-dwelling Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana) is one of these exceptional canid species. This chapter presents an overview of the Blanford's fox's phylogeny and taxonomic status, recent distributional changes, the behavioural ecology of a population studied in Israel, and its conservation status.
Bat-eared foxes
Authors: Maas Barbara , Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study of bat-eared foxes in the Serengeti in order to shed light on the questions: how does their behaviour differ from that of other canids, and why? Topics discussed include group composition, dispersal, and philopatry; litter size, sex ratio, and reproductive success; energetics of female reproduction; rabies and mortality; and resources and sociality.
Ethiopian wolves
Authors: Sillero-Zubiri Claudio , Marino Jorgelina , Gottelli Dada , Macdonald David W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), at about 20 kg, differs from such typical, medium-size canids as the coyote (Canis latrans) in its unusually long legs and a long muzzle. Restricted to rodent-rich Afroalpine habitat within the Ethiopian highlands, its diurnal habits and distinctive coat render this species conspicuous. Field studies of Ethiopian wolves began in 1988, with a focus on the Bale Mountains. Conservation and research activities continue in Bale and have recently expanded to other populations in Ethiopia. This chapter analyses data previously presented.
INTRODUCTION TO MARKOV CHAINS
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter contains a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of Markov chains, including classification of states, irreducible classes, first passage times, stochastic complementation and censoring, and stationary distributions, for both discrete and continuous time processes. The chapter ends with properties of non-negative matrices and the Perron-Frobenius theorem.
ELASTIC REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces elastic registration using the general framework introduced in Chapter 8. A physical motivation for this particular regularizer is given. The two images are viewed as two different observations of an elastic body, one before and one after deformation. The displacement (or transformation) of the elastic body is derived using a linear elasticity model. In order to introduce different boundary conditions and for later reference, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Navier-Lame operator are computed. It is shown that the Navier-Lame equations can be derived from the general framework. The continuous Euler-Lagrange equations are discretized and the discretized partial differential operator can be diagonalized using Fast-Fourier type techniques. The Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse of the discrete Navier-Lamé operator is explicitly given. Registration results for academic as well as real life problems are presented.
Secondary defences
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSecondary defences act after predators have successfully detected and recognized prey; they seek to dissuade the predator from attacking and/or increase the likelihood of the prey surviving the attack. These defences are generally physical (armour, spines, thorns) or chemical (toxins, venom, irritants). This chapter examines on the costs of different defences and how these toxins are likely to impact on the evolution of defences.
The initial evolution of warning displays
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the mechanisms by which aposematic signals might evolve and be maintained. Of particular importance are the roles of spatial aggregation and kin selection in the evolution of such signals, and the co-evolution of defence and signals of that defence. The initial evolution of aposematism is particularly interesting and challenging, since aposematic signals are expected to be more effective when they are commonplace, thus an initial rare mutant might be expected to be at a disadvantage.
The evolution and maintenance of Batesian mimicry
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIf an undefended species (the mimic) were to adopt the same warning signal as a defended species (the model), then it might be able to gain protection from predators without investing in defence. This Batesian mimicry may weaken the protection which the signal gives individuals of the defended species, since the predator experiences a less clear relationship between signal and defence as it samples both models and mimics. This chapter examines both the theory of this phenomenon and the empirical evidence for it. The outstanding questions and controversies in this area are addressed.
Other forms of adaptive resemblance
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the phenomenon of automimicry, where individuals within a population may share the same warning signal but differ in their investment in defence. It seeks to explain the evolution of this variability and how the predator’s continued appropriate response to the warning signal can be maintained in the face of this potential decrease in signal reliability. It also considers the use of mimicry by predators (aggressive mimicry), floral mimicry that attracts pollinators, and intraspecific sexual mimicry.