bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods and applications of diffusion imaging of vertebral bone marrow
Authors: Raya José G. , Dietrich Olaf , Reiser Maximilian F. , Baur‐Melnyk Andrea 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) is an MRI technique that is sensitive to random water movements at spatial scales far below typical MRI voxel dimensions. DWI is a valuable tool for the diagnoses of diseases that involve alterations in water mobility. In the spine, DWI has proven to be a highly useful method for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant compression fractures. In these pathologies, the microscopic structure of bone marrow is altered in a very different ways, leading to different water mobility, which can be depicted by DWI. Most of the pulse sequences developed for MRI can be adapted for DWI. However, these DWI‐adapted sequences are frequently affected by artifacts, mostly caused by physiological motion. Therefore, the introduction of additional correction techniques, or even the development of new sequences is necessary. The first part of this article describes the principles of DWI and the sequences used for DWI of the spine: spin echo (SE), turbo spin echo (TSE), single‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI), and steady‐state free precession (SSFP) sequences. In the second part, clinical applications of DWI of the spinal bone marrow are extensively discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human fetal neural stem cells grafted into contusion‐injured rat spinal cords improve behavior
Authors: Tarasenko Yevgeniya I. , Gao Junling , Nie Linghui , Johnson Kathia M. , Grady James J. , Hulsebosch Claire E. , McAdoo David J. , Wu Ping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGrafted human neural stem cells (hNSCs) may help to alleviate functional deficits resulting from spinal cord injury by bridging gaps, replacing lost neurons or oligodendrocytes, and providing neurotrophic factors. Previously, we showed that primed hNSCs differentiated into cholinergic neurons in an intact spinal cord. In this study, we tested the fate of hNSCs transplanted into a spinal cord T10 contusion injury model. When grafted into injured spinal cords of adult male rats on either the same day or 3 or 9 days after a moderate contusion injury, both primed and unprimed hNSCs survived for 3 months postengraftment only in animals that received grafts at 9 days postinjury. Histological analyses revealed that primed hNSCs tended to survive better and differentiated at higher rates into neurons and oligodendrocytes than did unprimed counterparts. Furthermore, only primed cells gave rise to cholinergic neurons. Animals receiving primed hNSC grafts on the ninth day postcontusion improved trunk stability, as determined by rearing activity measurements 3 months after grafting. This study indicates that human neural stem cell fate determination in vivo is influenced by the predifferentiation stage of stem cells prior to grafting. Furthermore, stem cell‐mediated facilitation of functional improvement depends on the timing of transplantation after injury, the grafting sites, and the survival of newly differentiated neurons and oligodendrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamics and micellar properties of some surface active cobalt(III) metallosurfactants in nonaqueous medium
Authors: Santhakumar K. , Kumaraguru N. , Arunachalam S. , Arumugham M. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration (CMC) of four kinds of metallosurfactants of the type halogeno(dodecyl/cetylamine)‐bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) has been studied in n‐alcohol and in formamide at different temperatures by electrical conductivity method. Specific conductivity data (at 293–313 K) served for the evaluation of temperature‐dependent CMC and the thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG), enthalpies (ΔH), and entropies (ΔS) of micelle formation. CMCs have also been measured as a function of percentage concentration of alcohol added. It is suggested that alcohol addition leads to increase in formamide penetration into micellar interface that depends on the alcohol chain length. The results have been discussed in terms of increased hydrophobic effect (solvophobic interaction), dielectric constant of the medium, and the chain length of the alcohols, the surfactant in the solvent mixture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 22–31, 2007
On the Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene/Polyamide Blends by Melt Processing in the Presence of an Ethylene/Acrylic Acid Copolymer and of New Phosphazene Compounds
Authors: Scaffaro Roberto , Mistretta Maria Chiara , La Mantia Francesco Paolo , Gleria Mario , Bertani Roberta , Samperi Filippo , Puglisi Concetto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Samples of HDPE and PA6 have been melt‐processed in the presence of two new phosphazene compounds, CP‐2EPOX and CP‐2OXA together with an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer. The blends have been prepared in an industrial twin‐screw extruder by using PA6 and PE in weight ratios of 25/75 and 75/25. When used, 5 phr of EAA and 0.2 phr of CP have been added. The materials have been completely characterized from a rheological, morphological, and mechanical point of view. The results indicate that the additives used caused an increase in the rupture tensile properties, of the impact strength and viscosity especially in the PE‐rich blend in the presence of CP‐2EPOX. This result can be attributed both to a chain extension reaction on EAA and PA6 phases and on compatibilization effect due to the possible formation of EAA‐g‐PA6 copolymers. This latter occurrence is suggested by an improved adhesion between the phases and by an increased turbidity observed in the Molau tests. Between the two compatibilizers, the CP‐2EPOX displays the overall best results, especially for the PE‐based blends.SEM micrograph of the PA6‐based binary blend.magnified imageSEM micrograph of the PA6‐based binary blend.
Large‐scale chromatin remodeling in germinal vesicle bovine oocytes: Interplay with gap junction functionality and developmental competence
Authors: Lodde Valentina , Modina Silvia , Galbusera Cristina , Franciosi Federica , Luciano Alberto M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn mammals, oocyte acquires a series of competencies sequentially during folliculogenesis that play critical roles at fertilization and early stages of embryonic development. In mouse, chromatin in germinal vesicle (GV) undergoes dynamic changes during oocyte growth and its progressive condensation has been related to the achievement of developmental potential. Cumulus cells are essential for the acquisition of meiotic competence and play a role in chromatin remodeling during oocyte growth. This study is aimed to characterize the chromatin configuration of growing and fully grown bovine oocytes, the status of communications between oocyte and cumulus cells and oocyte developmental potential. Following nuclear staining, we identified four discrete stages of GV, characterized by an increase of chromatin condensation. GV0 stage represented 82% of growing oocytes and it was absent in fully grown oocytes. GV1, GV2, and GV3 represented, respectively, 24, 31, and 45% of fully grown oocytes. Our data indicated a moderate but significant increase in oocyte diameter between GV0 and GV3 stage. By dye coupling assay the 98% of GV0 oocytes showed fully open communications while the number of oocytes with functionally closed communications with cumulus cells was significantly higher in GV3 group than GV1 and GV2. However, GV0 oocytes were unable to progress through metaphase II while GV2 and GV3 showed the highest developmental capability. We conclude that in bovine, the progressive chromatin condensation is related to the sequential achievement of meiotic and embryonic developmental competencies during oocyte growth and differentiation. Moreover, gap‐junction‐mediated communications between oocyte and cumulus cells could be implicated in modulating the chromatin remodeling process. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 740–749, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of the superconvergent patch recovery technique by the use of constraint equations: the SPR‐C technique
Authors: Ródenas J. J. , Tur M. , Fuenmayor F. J. , Vercher A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe superconvergent patch recovery (SPR) technique is widely used in the evaluation of a recovered stress field σ* from the finite element solution σfe. Several modifications of the original SPR technique have been proposed. A new improvement of the SPR technique, called SPR‐C technique (Constrained SPR), is presented in this paper. This new technique proposes the use of the appropriate constraint equations in order to obtain stress interpolation polynomials in the patch σ that locally satisfy the equations that should be satisfied by the exact solution. As a result the evaluated expressions for σ will satisfy the internal equilibrium and compatibility equations in the whole patch and the boundary equilibrium equation at least in vertex boundary nodes and, under certain circumstances, along the whole boundary of the patch coinciding with the boundary of the domain. The results show that the use of this technique considerably improves the accuracy of the recovered stress field σ* and therefore the local effectivity of the ZZ error estimator. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of circulating blood dendritic cell subsets DC123+ (Lymphoid) and DC11C+ (myeloid) in prostate adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Alessandro Sciarra , Miriam Lichtner , AnnaMaria Autran Gomez , Claudio Mastroianni , Raffaella Rossi , Fabio Mengoni , Cristiano Cristini , Alessandro Gentilucci , Vincenzo Vullo , Franco Di Silverio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPURPOSEWe verified whether prostate adenocarcinoma produces specific modifications in DC subsets count.METHODSTwenty‐one untreated prostate adenocarcinomas were divided on the basis of clinical stage in localized and metastatic disease. As control we used a population of 18 healthy male subjects. For DCs enumeration, peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained in all cases. A single‐platform flow cytometric assay based on Tru‐COUNT was used for the enumeration of the two DCs subsets, myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs).RESULTSWe showed a statistically significant reduction in pDCs count in prostate cancer population when compared to healthy controls (P = 0.002). Comparing each clinical stage with healthy controls, significant differences were found between controls and the metastatic group in both pDCs and mDCs (P = 0.005 and P = 0.023 respectively) but not between controls and the localized group (P = 0.055 and P = 0.829 respectively).CONCLUSIONSWe showed that DCs count in PB is significantly affected by prostate adenocarcinoma progression in a metastatic disease. Prostate 67:1–7, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of interlayer interaction on Tc with number of layers in high Tc cuprate superconductors
Authors: Khandka Sarita , Singh P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of interlayer interaction on transition temperature (Tc) with number of layers (n) has been investigated in layered high Tc superconductors within the BCS theory, irrespective of the pairing mechanism. The expression for interlayer correlation (γ) has been obtained and its implications have been studied. Tc has been calculated numerically for n = 1, 2 and 3. Interlayer interactions have been found crucial for superconductivity and enhancing Tc. It is also found that mere addition of layers does not increase Tc, but the density of states (N0) should also increase with addition of layers. The results are in general agreement with experiments and explain the trend of Tc with n satisfactorily. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of waveguide modes on stimulated emission from ZnO nanorods
Authors: Hauschild R. , Lange H. , Urban A. , Kalt H. , Klingshirn C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTime resolved spectroscopy carried out on ZnO nanorods shows luminescence and transient stimulated emission related to free carries at the highest pump fluences and at low temperatures. ZnO nanorods have a much higher index contrast with respect to air than optical fibers therefore providing excellent lateral confinement. Consequently, even in relatively thin nanorods higher order waveguide modes become important. The mode structure of guided modes is analyzed numerically by solving the Helmholtz equation for the case of a hexagonal waveguide. Two aspects of the influence of higher order modes, namely the suppression of p‐band emission in thin nanorods and the transition from single mode lasing to multimode lasing in thick rods, are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coexistence of free and self‐trapped excitons in disordered J‐aggregates
Authors: Malyukin Yuri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCoexistence of free and self‐trapped exciton in amphi‐PIC J‐aggregates is proved by the numerous experimental data presented and analyzed. The self‐trapping states are shown to originate from delocalized exciton states exhibiting collective nature of polaronic relaxation. The strong correlation between the efficiency of exciton self‐trapping and static disorder degree in J‐aggregates has been shown. In amphi‐PIC J‐aggregates the polaronic state formation found out to require the overcoming an energy barrier which appears for quasi‐one‐dimension system as a result of combination of one‐dimensional exciton motion and three‐dimension lattice deformation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Excitons in pristine silver iodide crystals
Authors: Mochizuki Shosuke , Fujishiro Fumito 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe prepared the film and bulk specimens of chemically‐pure pristine silver iodide and their crystal structures were investigated by the x‐ray diffraction method. The photoluminescence properties of these specimens were measured at different temperatures under different excitation powers. The luminescence due to the radiative decay of free exciton is observed at about 2.936 eV. Several specimen‐dependent luminescence components (which increase sublinearly in intensity with increasing excitation power) are also observed and they are discussed in the light of the x‐ray diffraction data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EPR of anatase titanium dioxide under uv light irradiation
Authors: Sekiya T. , Takeda H. , Kamiya N. , Kurita S. , Kodaira T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEPR spectra on a colorless single crystal of anatase titanium dioxide have sextuplet signals under irradiation of ultra violet (uv) light at temperatures of 100‐40 K. The sextuplet is assigned to a paramagnetic species of S = 1/2 interacting with I = 5/2. The angular dependence of the sextuplet signals reveals anisotropic g ‐values of gxx = 2.026, gyy = 2.002 and gzz = 2.015. The intensities of the sextuplets reduce gradually with decrease in temperature. Only one signal can be observed at temperatures lower than 30K. This signal will originate from Ti3+ in bulk. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: parallels with the design of randomized trials
Authors: Rubin Donald B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor estimating causal effects of treatments, randomized experiments are generally considered the gold standard. Nevertheless, they are often infeasible to conduct for a variety of reasons, such as ethical concerns, excessive expense, or timeliness. Consequently, much of our knowledge of causal effects must come from non‐randomized observational studies. This article will advocate the position that observational studies can and should be designed to approximate randomized experiments as closely as possible. In particular, observational studies should be designed using only background information to create subgroups of similar treated and control units, where ‘similar’ here refers to their distributions of background variables. Of great importance, this activity should be conducted without any access to any outcome data, thereby assuring the objectivity of the design. In many situations, this objective creation of subgroups of similar treated and control units, which are balanced with respect to covariates, can be accomplished using propensity score methods. The theoretical perspective underlying this position will be presented followed by a particular application in the context of the US tobacco litigation. This application uses propensity score methods to create subgroups of treated units (male current smokers) and control units (male never smokers) who are at least as similar with respect to their distributions of observed background characteristics as if they had been randomized. The collection of these subgroups then ‘approximate’ a randomized block experiment with respect to the observed covariates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fission yeast spindle orientation checkpoint: a model that generates tension?
Authors: Gachet Yannick , Reyes Céline , Goldstone Sherilyn , Tournier Sylvie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn all eukaryotes, the alignment of the mitotic spindle with the axis of cell polarity is essential for accurate chromosome segregation as well as for the establishment of cell fate, and thus morphogenesis, during development. Studies in invertebrates, higher eukaryotes and yeast suggest that astral microtubules interact with the cell cortex to position the spindle. These microtubules are thought to impose pushing or pulling forces on the spindle poles to affect the rotation or movement of the spindle. In the fission yeast model, where cell division is symmetrical, spindle rotation is dependent on the interaction of astral microtubules with the cortical actin cytoskeleton. In these cells, a bub1‐dependent mitotic checkpoint, the spindle orientation checkpoint (SOC), is activated when the spindles fail to align with the cell polarity axis. In this paper we review the mechanism that orientates the spindle during mitosis in fission yeast, and discuss the consequences of misorientation on metaphase progression. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene Ontology annotation status of the fission yeast genome: preliminary coverage approaches 100%
Authors: Aslett Martin , Wood Valerie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this review, we present an overview of the Gene Ontology (GO) structure and describe how the GO is implemented for Sz. pombe and made available via Sz. pombe GeneDB (http://www.genedb.org/genedb/pombe/). We give a detailed progress report of Sz. pombe GO annotation, providing the current status of both manual and automatic annotations. Fission yeast has at least one GO annotation for 98.3% of its genes (excluding annotations to ‘unknown’ terms), greater than the current percentage coverage for any other organism. Approximately 65% (3225 gene products) have at least one annotation to each of the three ontologies (biological process, cellular component and molecular function). Approximately 30% (1443 gene products) have GO terms derived directly from small‐scale experiments in fission yeast, supporting the validity of fission yeast as a model eukaryote and a reference organism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industrial Land Use, Externalities, and Residential Location
Authors: Burnell James D. 
Published: October 2006

Studies using individual housing units as the observation base have not supported the hypothesis that certain nonresidential land uses have a negative impact on housing values. Basically, externalities associated with these land uses have very localized effects. Other studies, using municipalities as the observation base, have found that nonresidential land uses do reduce housing values, and suggest that there may be municipality-wide or nonlocalized externality effects. This paper extends these analyses, of nonlocalized externality effects and test the hypothesis that residential locational choice is also affected by the nonlocalized nature of externalities associated with nonresidential land use, distinguishing between the localized versus nonlocalized externalities associated with industrial land use. An empirical model is used to test this hypothesis. The results show that the concentration of industrial activity has a positive effect on housing values but that municipalities with major air polluting industries have significantly lower housing values. This suggests that the type of industrial activity, especially in relation to the type of externalities being generated, as well as the concentration of activity should be included in models determining the effectiveness of zoning.
Toward an Evaluative Framework for Land Use Policy in Industrial Districts of the Urban Core: A Qualitative Analysis of the Exclusionary Zoning Approach
Authors: Heikkila Eric , Hutton Thomas A. 
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a preliminary analysis of costs and benefits associated with exclusionary zoning, a policy vehicle which seeks to preserve or promote industry in the urban core especially (where competition for land resources is typically the greatest), by prohibiting the incursion or encroachment of 'higher uses.' The paper examines arguments commonly advanced pertaining both to alleged 'costs' of exclusionary zoning (e.g., relating to efficiency arguments, impacts on urban economic adaptability, and municipal revenues); and also to perceived 'benefits' (diversification of the economic base and urban employment structure, efficiency of public service provision, the restriction of negative externalities, etc.). It is observed that for both costs and benefits, basic underlying arguments have in some cases been over-stated, or have failed to critically examine all relevant factors. It is suggested that in general, exclusionary zoning may be appropriate if applied in a selective manner; but that expectations as to outcome should be tempered in the light of possible costs, and also by an understanding of serious limitations associated with that approach.