bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
γδ T cells increase with gastric mucosal interleukin (IL)‐7, IL‐1β, and Helicobacter pylori urease specific immunoglobulin levels via CCR2 upregulation in Helicobacter pylori gastritis
Authors: FUTAGAMI SEIJI , HIRATSUKA TETSURO , SUZUKI KENJI , KUSUNOKI MASANORI , WADA KEN , MIYAKE KAZUMASA , OHASHI KAZUSHI , SHIMIZU MASUMI , TAKAHASHI HIDEMI , GUDIS KATYA , KATO SHUNJI , TSUKUI TAKU , SAKAMOTO CHOITSU 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  The purpose of this study was to investigate possible factors that could impact on γδ T cell accumulation in the gastric mucosa.Method:  Subjects were 22 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)‐free and 75 H. pylori‐infected mucosa biopsies classified into grades I∼III gastritis as per our previous study. The number of γδ‐ and 45 RO‐positive T cells were determined by immunostaining. Gastric mucosal anti‐H. pylori urease specific antibodies and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, 4, 7, 10 and IL‐12 levels were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression levels, migration, and cytokine production in γδ T cells stimulated by H. pylori urease were also evaluated.Results:  The γδ T cell count was significantly higher in grade III gastritis which exhibits strong immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG responses to H. pylori urease with lymphoid follicles than in other groups. γδ T cell count was significantly correlated with IL‐1β and interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) levels in the gastric mucosa. H. pylori urease immunoreactivity was detected in lamina propria of grade III gastritis, along with many γδ T cells. After H. pylori eradication therapy, the γδ T cell count in grade III gastritis significantly decreased. H. pylori urease stimulated significant increases in CCR2 expression levels, although to a lesser degree than those induced by IL‐7 stimulation in both peripheral and mucosal γδ T cells. Interferon (IFN)‐γ and IL‐10 production was also stimulated by H. pylori urease in peripheral γδ T cells.Conclusions:  Gastric mucosal increases in IL‐7 and IL‐1β closely corresponded to the accumulation of γδ T cells in gastric mucosa. An association was also seen between γδ T cell accumulation and H. pylori urease‐specific Ig levels.
Antiproliferative effects of 5‐fluorouracil and interferon‐alpha in combination on a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line in vitro and in vivo
Authors: KOJIRO SAKIKO , YANO HIROHISA , OGASAWARA SACHIKO , MOMOSAKI SEIYA , TAKEMOTO YUMI , NISHIDA NAOYO , KOJIRO MASAMICHI 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  We investigated the antiproliferative effects of interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in combination on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line.Method:  In the in vitro study, IFN‐α and/or 5‐FU was added to the culture of the poorly differentiated‐type HCC cell line, HAK‐1B, and their antiproliferative effects and additional or synergic effects in combination treatment were examined. In the in vivo study, HAK‐1B cells were transplanted into nude mice and the changes in tumor volume and weight, apoptosis, BrdU and cyclin A positive cells, and artery‐like blood vessels were investigated. Expressions of angiogenesis factors and IFN‐α receptor (IFNAR‐2) were examined in the developed tumors.Results:  In vitro growth of HAK‐1B cells was suppressed dose‐dependently to 5‐FU, but the addition of IFN‐α did not induce additional or synergic effects. In vivo growth in terms of tumor diameter and weight was suppressed at most in the IFN‐α + 5‐FU (combination) group, that is, the tumor volume became 29.3% and the tumor weight became 54.7% of the control. In the combination group, numbers of BrdU‐positive S‐phase cells and cyclin A positive cells increased together with the increase in apoptotic cells, but there was no significant relation between the tumor shrinkage effects and angiogenesis factors or artery‐like blood vessels. In the combination group, INFAR‐2 decreased significantly in comparison to the other groups.Conclusion:  The synergic growth‐suppression effects in the current in vivo study using the combination treatment are attributable to the enhanced induction of S‐phase arrest and of apoptosis.
Polymorphism of CD14 gene but not the mutation of TLR4 gene is associated with colorectal cancer in Chinese patients
Authors: GUO QIUSHA , ZHU JIANBO , XIA BING 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectives:  Toll‐like receptor 4 and CD14 are components of the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex. Our study aimed to investigate an association between TLR4 Asp299Gly and CD14‐260 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.Method:  By a method of polymerase chain reaction–based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP), we genotyped TLR4 Asp299Gly and CD14‐260 polymorphisms in 110 unrelated patients with colorectal cancer and 160 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population.Results:  We found significant differences in CD14 genotypes between healthy controls and patients with colorectal cancer. The frequency of the C/C genotype in healthy controls (15.6%) was significantly lower than in the group of colorectal cancer patients (32%). The frequency of the C/T genotype in healthy controls (48.1%) was significantly higher than that in the group of colorectal cancer patients (31%). No TLR4 Asp299Gly mutation was detected in any patients or healthy controls in the Chinese Han population.Conclusions:  These findings indicated that the polymorphism of CD14 but not TLR4 Asp299Gly mutation was associated with Chinese patients with colorectal cancer, and the CD14 gene may contribute to the predisposition to colorectal cancer. Screening for the CD14 C‐260T genotype is likely to be a useful tool for risk assessment or prognostication for colorectal cancer in the Chinese Han population.
Biliary excretion of sulfated bile acids and organic anions in zone 1‐ and zone 3‐injured rats
Authors: SASAMOTO TAKAHIRO , SANO NAOYO , TAKIKAWA HAJIME 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  There are several reports on the biliary excretion of bile acids and organic anions in zone 1‐ and zone 3‐injured rat liver, but the results are controversial. In order to dissolve the discrepancy between previous works about the role of hepatic zonation on the hepatic handling of the substrates of multidrug resistance protein 2, the biliary excretion of sulfated bile acids, pravastatin and phenolphthalein glucuronide was studied in zone 1‐ and zone 3‐injured rats.Methods:  Zone 1 and zone 3 injury were caused by allyl alcohol and bromobenzene, respectively. Bile acid sulfates, pravastatin and phenolphthalein glucuronide were administered i.v. to bile duct‐cannulated rats, and their biliary excretion was studied.Results:  The biliary excretion of a tracer dose of taurolithocholate‐3‐sulfate and its excretory maximum were unchanged in zone 1 injury, but were diminished in zone 3 injury, whereas the biliary excretion of taurochenodeoxycholate‐3‐sulfate was unchanged in zone 1 and zone 3 injury. The biliary excretion of pravastatin and phenolphthalein glucuronide was markedly decreased only in zone 3 injury, whereas the excretory maximum of phenolphthalein glucuronide was decreased in both zone 1 and zone 3 injury.Conclusions:  These findings indicate that zone 3 is important for the biliary excretion of substrates of multidrug resistance protein 2.
Rodent nutritional model of steatohepatitis: Effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and tumor necrosis factor alpha deficiency
Authors: KIRSCH RICHARD , CLARKSON VIVIAN , VERDONK ROBERT C , MARAIS ADRIAN D , SHEPHARD ENID G , RYFFEL BERNARD , DE LA M HALL PAULINE 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Intestinal endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) is thought to contribute to liver injury in both alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is an important mediator of this process and is considered central to the inflammatory response in NASH. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide on liver injury in the methionine choline deficient (MCD) nutritional model of NASH, and to determine if TNFα is required for the development of steatohepatitis in this model.Method:  Male C57/BL6 mice received a MCD diet for 4 weeks, whilst a control group received an identical diet supplemented with 0.2% choline bitartrate and 0.3% methionine. At 4 weeks, mice received either an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (0.5 µg/g body mass) or sterile saline, and were killed 24 h thereafter. In a separate study, TNFα knockout and wild type C57BL/6 mice received either MCD or control diets for 4 weeks. Serum transaminase levels, liver histology (steatosis, inflammation and apoptosis), hepatic triglyceride concentration and hepatic lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances, free and total) were evaluated.Results:  Intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide augmented serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P < 0.02), hepatic inflammation (P < 0.025), apoptosis (P < 0.01) and free thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P < 0.025) in MCD mice. TNFα knockout mice fed the MCD diet developed steatohepatitis with histological and biochemical changes similar to those seen in wild type counterparts.Conclusions:  Lipopolysaccharide augments liver injury in MCD mice, and TNFα is not required for the development of steatohepatitis in MCD mice.
Long‐term prognosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is pharmacological therapy actually necessary?
Authors: CINAR KUBILAY , COBAN SAHIN , IDILMAN RAMAZAN , TUZUN ALI , SARIOGLU MUSTAFA , BEKTAS MEHMET , ERDEN ESRA , BOZKAYA HAKAN , OZDEN ALI 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a wide spectrum of liver injury, ranging from steatosis and steatohepatitis to cirrhosis. Reasons for the different natural course in individuals with NAFLD are still unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the natural course of disease in individuals with NAFLD who did not receive pharmacological therapy.Methods:  A total of 27 individuals with NAFLD (male/female ratio: 10/17, mean age 49.7 years) were prospectively enrolled. Management after diagnosis consisted of establishment of an appropriate diet and exercise (walking and jogging) program, treatment of associated metabolic conditions such as diabetes and dyslipidemia, and discontinuation of potentially hepatotoxic drugs if the patient was taking these. Liver tests were performed at diagnosis and at 3‐month intervals during the follow‐up period. Mean follow‐up period was 43.3 months (range 36–49 months).Results:  From baseline to the end of the follow‐up period, although there was no significant difference observed in terms of the mean body mass index, serum aminotransferase levels significantly improved (48.8 ± 29.9 U/L to 31.6 ± 16.0 U/L for aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and 66.3 ± 38.3 U/L to 39.6 ± 22.9 U/L for alanine aminotransferase [ALT]; P < 0.05). No significant differences in platelet counts, serum albumin level or prothrombin time were observed (P > 0.05). No patient developed signs of advanced liver disease during the follow‐up period.Conclusion:  A treatment strategy comprising diet, exercise and management of associated metabolic conditions is associated with improvement in aminotransferases among patients with NAFLD. Further investigation is needed to examine the long‐term efficacy of this approach on liver histology and clinical outcomes.
Effect of exercise and dietary modification on serum aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: BABA CHALAMALASETTY SREENIVASA , ALEXANDER GEORGE , KALYANI BIKKASANI , PANDEY RAKESH , RASTOGI SUJATA , PANDEY AMARESH , CHOUDHURI GOURDAS 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is commonly associated with overweight and insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise is known to reduce insulin resistance. We studied the effect of regular aerobic exercise on serum aminotransferase levels in patients with NASH.Methods: Sixty‐five (mean age 38.7 ± 9.5 years; 46 [78%] males) out of 94 patients diagnosed with NASH participated in the study. Each patient was advised regular aerobic exercise for 30 min duration per day, and trained to achieve a heart rate of 60–70% of his/her maximal heart rate for at least 5 days a week. In addition, those with a high body mass index (BMI) were advised a moderately energy‐restricted diet. Patients were followed up monthly for at least 3 months by BMI, waist‐hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Results: Forty‐three (72.8%) patients had a high BMI. Central obesity (WHR ≥0.90 cm in men and ≥0.85 cm in women) was present in 58 (98.3%) patients and metabolic syndrome in 12 (20.3%) patients. In the 44 patients who complied regularly with the exercise program, serum ALT normalized in 20 (45%;P < 0.05), and mean AST and ALT values declined from 70.5 and 104.0–41.5 (P < 0.001) and 63.2 (P < 0.001), respectively. Overweight patients lost a mean 3.1 kg (range 0–13 kg) weight and showed a decline in BMI (28.7vs27.5;P < 0.001) and WC (99.4 cmvs96.1 cm;P = 0.001). Serum ALT did not normalize in any of the 15 patients who failed to comply with the exercise program; their pre‐ and post‐AST (82.8 and 81.2, respectively) and ALT (98.0 and 96.1, respectively) levels, BMI (27.5 and 27.6, respectively) and WHR (0.99 cm and 0.99 cm, respectively) did not show any significant change at 3 months, and also for an extended mean follow‐up period of 5.3 months.Conclusion: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise helps in normalizing ALT levels in patients with NASH.
Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on gastric emptying measured using the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test and the acetaminophen method
Authors: Kachi Masaaki , Shirasaka Daisuke , Aoyama Nobuo , Ebara Shigeyuki , Miki Ikuya , Morita Yoshinori , Tamura Takao , Kasuga Masato 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:  The relationship between Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric emptying has been reported; however, the effect of eradication therapy on gastric emptying is still unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between three gastric emptying techniques, the scintigraphic technique, the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test, and the acetaminophen method, measured simultaneously, and the effect of H. pylori eradication therapy on gastric emptying and abdominal symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia who were H. pylori positive.Methods:  Fifty‐three consecutive patients with positive H. pylori infection were enrolled in this study. In the first 14 patients, gastric emptying was measured using the three gastric emptying techniques. In 42 patients cured of H. pylori infection, the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test and the acetaminophen method were performed before and 3 months after eradication.Results:  Significant correlations were found between the scintigraphic technique, the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test, and the acetaminophen method. Gastric emptying determined by the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test and the acetaminophen method was not changed after eradication, on average. In 14 (33.3%) patients a decrease in symptom score after eradication was observed. In four (9.5%) patients, accelerated gastric emptying after eradication may have led to a reduction in the abdominal symptoms.Conclusions:  The 13C‐octanoic acid breath test and the acetaminophen method are appropriate for investigating gastric emptying. A causal relationship between improvement of symptoms and accelerated gastric emptying was not found, and the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia was minimally exhibited.
Incidence, impact on the family and cost of gastroenteritis among 4 to 6‐year‐old children in South Australia
Authors: Heyworth Jane S , Jardine Andrew , Glonek Gary , Maynard Edward J 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:  Gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity in both adults and children worldwide. Although the burden of morbidity and mortality is highest in developing countries, gastroenteritis is still a significant cause of morbidity in Australia, particularly in young children. The aims of the present study were to determine the incidence of gastroenteritis among 4–6‐year‐old children in South Australia, to describe the impact on daily activities of the child and caregiver and estimate the cost of gastroenteritis in this population.Methods:  A diary study of drinking water consumption and gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms was undertaken among 965 rural children in South Australia over a 6‐week period during February–May 1999. Data on the response to gastrointestinal episodes were collected by telephone surveys midway and at the end of the 6‐week period. Costing was based on the methods of Hellard et al.Results:  The incidence of community gastroenteritis among 4–6‐year‐old children was 5.53 episodes per child‐year (95% confidence interval: 4.87–5.80). The costs associated with childhood gastroenteritis were estimated to be between $AU16 858 360 and $AU22 477 814 per annum.Conclusions:  The incidence of community gastroenteritis among the 4–6‐year‐olds in the South Australian population is high and it costs the community a significant amount of money in terms of direct medical costs and time lost by parents and carers looking after their ill children.
Clinical study of 31 patients with primary gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Hu Chuangying , Yi Cuiqiong , Dai Xiaobo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:  The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the clinical, endoscopic and histological features of 31 patients with gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma to enable correct, early stage diagnosis.Methods:  A retrospective study was undertaken of 31 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma. The cases were examined immunohistologically with anti‐CD20CY and CD45RO antibodies for further diagnosis. Helicobacter pylori infection was also detected with modified Giemsa staining.Results:  Patients with MALT lymphoma were aged between 22 and 73 years (mean, 45.0 years), and the male : female ratio was 11:20. The patients presented with non‐specific symptoms, but chronic epigastric pain was the common symptom in a large proportion of the cases. The gastric smaller curvature was involved in 83.9% of cases (26/31) and in 13/31 cases (41.9%) it was confined the antrum. Under endoscopy, large and deep ulcers were similar to cancers in the majority of patients. Only 29.0% of patients were diagnosed by endoscopy on first examination. CD20CY were expressed in all cases and CD45RO expressed in only one case among 10 cases of indefinite diagnosis. Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 87.1% of patients.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that primary gastric MALT lymphoma has unique clinical, endoscopic and histological features. The diagnosis for primary gastric MALT lymphoma was delayed not only due to the non‐specific symptoms but also due to lack of attention to its features. Endoscopy and submucosal multiple biopsy were the principal diagnostic tools in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma. CD20CY and CD45RO immunological staining are recommended, especially for patients with indefinite diagnosis of gastric MALT lymphoma.
Spectrum of histopathologic findings in patients with achalasia reflects different etiologies
Authors: Gockel Ines , Bohl Juergen R E , Doostkam Soroush , Eckardt Volker F , Junginger Theodor 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:  The etiology of achalasia is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to illucidate its underlying pathologies and their chronology by investigation of esophageal specimens in patients undergoing surgery (esophageal resection or myotomy) for achalasia.Methods:  In 17 patients with achalasia, histopathologic examinations of the esophageal wall focussing on the myenteric plexus were performed. Preoperative diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation, esophagogastroscopy, barium esophagogram in all, and esophageal manometry in eight patients. The median age at the time of surgery was 54 years (range: 14–78 years). In eight cases, the complete esophageal, body and in nine cases a smooth muscle biopsy including parts of the myenteric plexus from the distal part of the esophagus (high pressure zone) was available. The tissue specimens were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The staining procedures were hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Elastica van Gieson (EvG), and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed with antibodies against B and T ymphocytes, neurofilament, protein gene‐related product (PGP 9.5), S‐100 protein, myosin, desmin, smooth muscle actin and substance P.Results:  In 13 of 17 patients, a significant reduction of the number of intramural ganglion cells was present. Common findings were a severe fibrosis of the smooth muscle layer (10/17) and obvious myopathic changes of the smooth muscle cells (5/17). Staining for B and T lymphocytes found signs of inflammation in mucosal and muscular areas. Three patients exhibited a marked invasion of eosinophilic granulocytes of the muscularis propria (eosinophilia). Esophageal carcinoma had developed in three patients (squamous cell carcinoma in two and carcinoma in situ in another patient with Barrett's esophagus and high‐grade dysplasia). Severe inflammatory reactions (neural, eosinophilic and mucosal) dominated in patients with a longstanding history of achalasia (>10 years) as well as a marked endomysial fibrosis.Conclusions:  The histopathological investigations of the esophageal wall in 17 patients undergoing esophageal resection or myotomy for achalasia suggest that the reduction of intramural ganglion cells might be a secondary change, probably due to inflammation triggered by autoimmune mechanisms or a chronic degenerative process of the central and/or peripheral part of the vagal nerve. The primary lesion could also be a severe myopathy of the smooth muscle cells.
Age and size are the major covariates for prediction of levobupivacaine clearance in children
Authors: CHALKIADIS GEORGE A. , ANDERSON BRIAN J. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryBackground : We aimed to identify and quantify major factors describing the variability of levobupivacaine clearance in children.Methods : Data from three published studies were used to estimate population pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine in children who were given epidural regional blockade. Covariate analysis included weight and postnatal age (PNA). Time–concentration profile analysis was undertaken using nonlinear mixed effects models. A one‐compartment linear disposition model with first order input and first order elimination was used to describe the data.Results : There were 86 children (weight 9.4, sd 5.5, range 1.9–23 kg; PNA 16.1, sd 22.7, range 0.6–98 months). The population parameter estimate for volume of distribution (V) was 189 l·70 kg−1. Clearance (CL) was 5.8 l·h−1·70 kg−1 at 1‐month PNA and increased with a maturation half‐time of 2.3 months to reach 80% of the mature value (22.1 l·h−1·70 kg−1) by 6‐month PNA. The between subject variability (BSV) for V and CL were 48.5% and 35.2%. Overall, 85.7% of the variability of CL was predictable. Weight alone explained 62.4% and the addition of PNA a further 23.3%. Overall, 69.2% of the variability of V was predictable and attributable to weight; V did not change with age in this cohort. The absorption half‐time decreased from 0.36 h at 1‐month PNA to 0.14 h (CV 48.1%) at 6‐month PNA with a maturation half‐time of 0.8 months.Conclusions : Size and PNA are the major contributors to clearance variability in children. These covariates should be considered when establishing safe epidural infusion regimens. Reduced clearance and slower absorption half‐time contribute to delayed Tmax in neonates and young infants.