bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulp Vitality in Teeth Suffering Trauma during Orthodontic Therapy
Authors: Bauss Oskar , Röhling Johannes , Meyer Karen , Kiliaridis Stavros 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To examine pulpal vitality in teeth suffering dental trauma during orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances.
Materials and Methods: Pulpal condition was evaluated in 59 teeth that had suffered dental trauma during orthodontic treatment (TO-group), in 800 orthodontically treated teeth without previous dental trauma (O-group), and in 193 orthodontically untreated teeth with previous dental trauma (T-group). Pulpal vitality was examined clinically and with radiographs. Degree of pulp obliteration was rated as absent, partial, or total. All teeth in the TO-group showed a positive sensibility test prior to resumption of orthodontic therapy.
Results: Teeth in the TO-group revealed a significantly higher frequency of pulp necrosis than teeth in the O-group or teeth in the T-group (P &lt; .001, respectively). In the TO-group, teeth with extrusive or lateral luxation (P = .031) and teeth with intrusive luxation (P = .015) injuries showed a significantly higher rate of pulp necrosis than teeth with fracture of enamel. In addition, teeth with total pulp obliteration showed a significantly higher frequency of pulp necrosis than teeth without pulp obliteration (P = .013).
Conclusion: Teeth with severe periodontal injury during orthodontic therapy and subsequent total pulp obliteration have an increased risk of pulp necrosis during additional orthodontic treatment stages.
Success Rate of Second-Generation Palatal Implants
Authors: Jung Britta A. , Kunkel Martin , Göllner Peter , Liechti Thomas , Wehrbein Heinrich 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To analyze the clinical outcome of a prospective two-center study of second-generation palatal implants 6 months after functional loading.
Material and Methods: From 2005 to 2006, 30 patients aged 12 to 41 years were included in the study. In all patients, orthodontic treatment required stationary anchorage. The palatal implants (Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) were placed in the median region of the anterior palate.
Results: All implants were initially stable at the time of placement. However, two (6.7%) were lost during the unloaded healing period. The remaining 28 (93.3%) were subjected to functional loading after a mean healing period of 12 weeks. Typical signs of slight superficial inflammation were observed in the peri-implant mucosa (n = 28). During the orthodontic loading phase, the implants were equipped with either a modified pendulum appliance for distalization or a transpalatal arch for stationary anchorage to the posterior teeth. No implant loosening or loss was registered during the active treatment period.
Conclusions: The failure rate of palatal implants of the second generation was low (6.7%). Slight inflammatory reactions of peri-implant tissue caused neither implant loss nor pain.
Water and Saliva Contamination Effect on Shear Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded with a Moisture-Tolerant Light Cure System
Authors: Vicente Ascensión , Mena Ana , Ortiz Antonio José , Bravo Luis Alberto 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of water and saliva contamination on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with a moisture-tolerant light cure system.
Materials and Methods: Brackets were bonded to 240 bovine lower incisors divided into 12 groups. Four bonding procedures were evaluated, including (1) TSEP/Transbond XT, (2) TMIP/ Transbond XT, (3) TSEP/Transbond PLUS, and (4) TMIP/Transbond PLUS, each under three different bonding conditions: without contamination, with water contamination, and with saliva contamination. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. The adhesive remnant on the teeth was quantified with the use of image analyzing equipment.
Results: Without contamination, bond strengths for the four procedures were similar (P &gt; .05). TSEP/Tranbond PLUS and TMIP/Transbond PLUS left significantly less adhesive on the teeth after debonding than TSEP/Transbond XT and TMIP/Transbond XT (P &lt; .008). Bond strength and adhesive remaining for TMIP/Transbond XT contaminated with water or saliva showed significantly worse performance than the other procedures evaluated (P &lt; .008). Contamination (with water or saliva) did not affect either bond strength or adhesive remaining on the teeth for TSEP/ Transbond XT, TSEP/Transbond PLUS, or TMIP/Transbond PLUS (P &gt; .017), although for TMIP/ Transbond XT, both variables showed significant reductions after contamination (P &lt; .017).
Conclusion: TSEP/Transbond PLUS, TMIP/Transbond PLUS, and TSEP/Transbond XT showed greater tolerance to wet conditions than was shown by TMIP/Transbond XT.
Distal Movement of Maxillary Molars Using Miniscrew Anchorage in the Buccal Interradicular Region
Authors: Yamada Kazuyo , Kuroda Shingo , Deguchi Toru , Takano-Yamamoto Teruko , Yamashiro Takashi 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To quantify the treatment effects of interradicular miniscrew anchorage and to confirm the validity of the clinical usage of interradicular miniscrews in the distal movement of maxillary molars in nonextraction treatment.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four maxillary molars were moved to the distal using miniscrews placed in the interradicular space between the second premolar and the first molar at an oblique angle of 20 to 30 degrees to the long axis of the proximal tooth. The teeth were evaluated as to how the molars were moved to the distal with the use of lateral cephalograms and dental casts.
Results: Maxillary molars were moved to the distal by 2.8 mm with distal tipping of 4.8 degrees and intruded by 0.6 mm. Maxillary incisors were moved to the distal by 2.7 mm with palatal tipping of 4.3 degrees. Molar extrusion and/or consequent mandibular rotation was not observed in any patient.
Conclusion: Miniscrews placed in the maxillary interradicular space provide successful molar distal movement of 2.8 mm without patient compliance and with no undesirable side effects such as incisor proclination, clockwise mandibular rotation, or root resorption.
Structure, Composition, and Mechanical Properties of Australian Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Pelsue Brian M. , Zinelis Spiros , Bradley T. Gerard , Berzins David W. , Eliades Theodore , Eliades George 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the surface morphology, structure, elemental composition, and key mechanical properties of various sizes and tempers of Australian wires.
Materials and Methods: Three types of Australian wire were used: 0.016″ regular, 0.018″ regular+, and 0.018″ special+ (A.J. Wilcock, Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia). Each type of wire was subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) investigation, Vickers hardness testing, and tensile testing. The modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength were determined. Hardness, modulus, and strength data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey testing at the .05 level of significance.
Results: All three types of Australian wire were found to possess considerably rough surfaces with striations, irregularities, and excessive porosity. All three wire types had high levels of carbon and a similar hardness, which ranged within 600 VHN (Vickers hardness number), and a similar modulus of elasticity (173 to 177 GPa). The 0.018″ special+ had a significantly lower tensile strength (1632 MPa) than the 0.016″ regular and the 0.018″ regular+ wire (2100 MPa).
Conclusions: Australian wires did not show variation implied by the size or temper of the wires.
Bond Strength of Metallic Brackets After Dental Bleaching
Authors: Patusco Virna Cavalcante , Montenegro Gil , Lenza Marcos Augusto , Alves de Carvalho Adilson 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the action of at-home and in-office vital bleaching on the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with composite resin 24 hours after bleaching.Materials and Methods: Forty-five human upper premolars were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control, (2) 10% carbamide peroxide at-home bleached, and (3) 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleached. Twenty-four hours after bleaching the teeth were pumiced, bonded with metallic brackets, and stored in distilled water. One day after bonding the shear bond strength of the brackets was determined.Results: The mean shear bond strength of Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (carbamide peroxide bleached) were not statistically different. Group 3 (hydrogen peroxide bleached) had a significantly lower mean shear bond strength than Group 1 and Group 2.Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching does not significantly alter shear bond strength values. On the other hand, use of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly reduces these values and diminishes the amount of resin remnant on the tooth surface after bracket debonding.
Adhesives for Fixed Orthodontic Bands
Authors: Millett Declan , Mandall Nicola , Hickman Joy , Mattick Rye , Glenny Anne-Marie 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of adhesives used to attach bands to teeth during fixed appliance treatment.
Material and Methods: Electronic databases, conference proceedings and the Internet were searched. There was no restriction with regard to publication status or language of publication. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) (including split-mouth studies) of adhesives used to attach orthodontic bands to molar teeth were selected. Patients with full arch fixed orthodontic appliance(s) who had bands attached to molars were included. All review authors were involved in study selection, validity assessment, and data extraction. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Comparisons were made between the main types of adhesive.
Results: Five RCTs and three CCTs were identified, all of split-mouth design. Four trials compared chemically cured zinc phosphate and chemically cured glass ionomer; three trials compared chemically cured glass ionomer cement with light-cured compomer; and one trial compared chemically cured glass ionomer with a chemically cured glass polyphosphonate. Data analysis was often inappropriate within the studies. Meta-analysis was not feasible.
Conclusions: There is insufficient high-quality evidence with regard to the most effective adhesive for attaching orthodontic bands to molar teeth. Further RCTs are required.
Relationships between Dental Roots and Surrounding Tissues for Orthodontic Miniscrew Installation
Authors: Hu Kyung-Seok , Kang Min-Kyu , Kim Tae-Won , Kim Kyung-Ho , Kim Hee-Jin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective: To elucidate relationships between the dental roots and surrounding tissues in order to prevent complications after placement of a miniscrew.Materials and Methods: Twenty human mandibles and maxillas were used for this study. In the 200 sections of each mandible and maxilla, nine items were measured to investigate the relationships between the dental roots.Results: The interroot distance increased from anterior to posterior teeth and from the cervical line to the root apex in both the maxilla and the mandible. In the maxilla, the greatest interroot distance was between the second premolar and the first molar. In the mandible, the greatest interroot distance was between the first and second molars. The maxillary buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between canine and first premolar), 5 mm (between second premolar and first molar), and 4 mm (between first and second molars) above the cervical line. The mandibular buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between second premolar and first molar) and 4 mm (between first and second molars) below the cervical line.Conclusions: The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the maxilla was between the second premolar and the first molar, from 6 to 8 mm from the cervical line. The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the mandible was between the first and second molars, less than 5 mm from the cervical line.
Dental Arch Widths of Southern Chinese
Authors: Ling John Y. K. , Wong Ricky W. K. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the dental arch width of the Southern Chinese across buccal cusps, central fossae, or lingual cusps and compare these values with study findings in different populations and using different definitions.
Materials and Methods: The dental arch dimensions of study casts of an unselected sample from a 12-year-old Hong Kong Oral Health Survey of 12-year-old children (n = 358; 210 boys and 148 girls) were measured.
Results: When compared with Caucasians, the Southern Chinese were characterized by a wider dental arch width. However, variations were great. All maxillary and mandibular male arch widths were significantly larger than female arch widths, except at the incisor regions.
Conclusion: This study yielded a database about dental arch widths by which different studies on these widths can be compared.
Friction between Archwires of Different Sizes, Cross-Section and Alloy and Brackets Ligated with Low-Friction or Conventional Ligatures
Authors: Tecco Simona , Tetè Stefano , Festa Felice 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no statistically significant difference in frictional resistance is noted when round or rectangular archwires are used in conjunction with low-friction ligatures (small, medium, or large) or conventional ligatures.
Materials and Methods: A total of 10 stainless steel brackets, a 0.022-in slot, and various orthodontic archwires, ligated with low-friction ligatures or conventional ligatures, were tested to compare frictional resistance. The archwires employed were 0.014-in and 0.016-in nickel titanium (NiTi), 0.018-in stainless steel (SS), 0.016 × 0.022-in NiTi, 0.016 × 0.022-in SS, 0.017 × 0.025-in titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA), 0.017 × 0.025-in NiTi, 0.017 × 0.025-in SS, 0.019 × 0.025-in SS, and 0.019 × 0.025-in NiTi. Each bracket/archwire combination was tested 10 times in the dry state at an ambient temperature of 34°C.
Results: Low-friction ligatures with round archwires showed statistically significantly lower frictional resistance than did conventional ligatures. When coupled with 0.016 × 0.022-in NiTi and SS, no statistically significant difference was observed among the four groups. When coupled with 0.017 × 0.025-in archwires, low-friction ligatures showed statistically significantly greater frictional resistance than was seen with conventional ligatures. When coupled with 0.019 × 0.025-in NiTi, low-friction ligatures showed statistically significantly greater frictional resistance than did conventional ligatures, but no difference among the four groups was observed with the 0.019 × 0.025-in SS. No significant difference was assessed among low-friction ligatures of different sizes.
Conclusion: Low-friction ligatures show lower friction when compared with conventional ligatures when coupled with round archwires, but not when coupled with rectangular ones.
Orthodontic Treatment in a Patient with Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Authors: Farronato Giampietro , Maspero Cinzia , Farronato Davide , Gioventù Silvia 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Cleidocranial dysostosis is a rare congenital skeletal disorder, associated with clavicular hypoplasia or aplasia, delayed closure of cranial fontanels, brachycephalic skull, delayed exfoliation of primary dentition, eruption of permanent teeth, and multiple supernumerary and morphologic abnormalities of the maxilla and mandible. The disorder is caused by mutation in the CBFA1 gene, on the short arm of chromosome 6p21. The prevalence of cleidocranial dysostosis is estimated one per million, without sex or ethnic group predilection. The purpose of this paper is to describe the orthodontic treatment in a patient with cleidocranial dysostosis. Therapy may include removal of supernumerary teeth, surgical exposure of impacted teeth, and orthodontic treatment.
Analysis of Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption Using Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT)
Authors: Wierzbicki Tom , El-Bialy Tarek , Aldaghreer Saleh , Li Guang , Doschak Michael 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To establish a protocol for assessing orthodontically induced tooth root resorption (OITRR) in human premolars using micro-computed tomography.
Materials and Methods: Ten extracted maxillary first premolars were obtained from eight healthy adolescent patients; five of these premolars were extracted before any orthodontic movement was applied to them, and the other five premolars were involved in nonextraction orthodontic treatment for 1 year before treatment plan modification lead to extraction treatment. Using reconstructed scanned images, we measured several key resorption lacunae parameters, including the number, volume, and depth on each surface, as well as its extension coronoapically.
Results: Orthodontic treatment resulted in a significantly greater tooth root resorption lacunae volume, number, maximum depth, and coronoapical extension as well as in areas of dentin demineralization subjacent to the resorption lacunae than in normal premolars.
Conclusions: We have established a protocol to evaluate OITRR quantitatively and have provided a method to predict further resorption based on dentine demineralization.
Pain Experience during Initial Alignment with a Self-Ligating and a Conventional Fixed Orthodontic Appliance System
Authors: Fleming P. S. , DiBiase A. T. , Sarri G. , Lee R. T. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To test the hypotheses that (1) there is no difference in the pain experience during the week following initial placement of two orthodontic appliances (SmartClip™ and Victory™; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif); and (2) there is no difference in the pain experience during removal and insertion of orthodontic archwires with these brackets.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-six consecutive patients were treated with a self-ligating bracket system (SmartClip™) or a conventional appliance (Victory™) on the basis of computer-generated random allocation. After appliance placement and engagement of a 0.016″ nickel-titanium archwire, pain experience was recorded after 4, 24, and 72 hours and after 7 days with the use of a visual analog system (VAS) questionnaire. At a subsequent visit, participants documented pain experiences during removal and insertion of 0.019 × 0.025″ archwires on an additional 100 mm VAS questionnaire. Independent t-tests and analyses of covariance were used to analyze normally distributed data; the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for skewed distributions.
Results: Forty-eight (72.2%) and fifty-one (77.3%) subjects completed the first and second parts of the study, respectively. Bracket type had no influence on pain experience at 4 hours (P = .958), 24 hours (P = .289), 72 hours (P = .569), and 7 days (P = .756) following appliance placement. However, bracket type significantly influenced pain experience during archwire removal (P = .001) and insertion (P = .013).
Conclusions: Hypothesis 1 cannot be rejected. The bracket type had no effect on subjective pain experience during the first week after initial placement of two preadjusted orthodontic appliances. Hypothesis 2 was rejected. Significantly greater discomfort was experienced during archwire insertion and removal with the SmartClip™ appliance.
Effect of dexamethasone supplementation on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Stewart Allison A. , Byron Christopher R. , Pondenis Holly C. , Stewart Matthew C. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether expansion of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by use of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) prior to supplementation with dexamethasone during the chondrogenic pellet culture phase would increase chondrocytic matrix markers without stimulating a hypertrophic chondrocytic phenotype.
Sample Population—MSCs obtained from 5 young horses.
Procedures—First-passage equine monolayer MSCs were supplemented with medium containing FGF-2 (0 or 100 ng/mL). Confluent MSCs were transferred to pellet cultures and maintained in chondrogenic medium containing 0 or 10−7M dexamethasone. Pellets were collected after 1, 7, and 14 days and analyzed for collagen type II protein content; total glycosaminoglycan content; total DNA content; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; and mRNA of aggrecan, collagen type II, ALP, and elongation factor-1α.
Results—Treatment with FGF-2, dexamethasone, or both increased pellet collagen type II content, total glycosaminoglycan content, and mRNA expression of aggrecan. The DNA content of the MSC control pellets decreased over time. Treatment with FGF-2, dexamethasone, or both prevented the loss in pellet DNA content over time. Pellet ALP activity and mRNA were increased in MSCs treated with dexamethasone and FGF-2–dexamethasone. After pellet protein data were standardized on the basis of DNA content, only ALP activity of MSCs treated with FGF-2–dexamethasone remained significantly increased.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dexamethasone and FGF-2 enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, primarily through an increase in MSC numbers. Treatment with dexamethasone stimulated ALP activity and ALP mRNA, consistent with the progression of cartilage toward bone. This may be important for MSC-based repair of articular cartilage.
Development of a technique for quantification of reticulocytes and assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds
Authors: Johns Jennifer L. , Shooshtari Mahrokh P. , Christopher Mary M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To develop a reticulocyte classification scheme, optimize an avian reticulocyte staining protocol, and compare the percentages of reticulocyte types with polychromatophil percentage in blood samples from birds.
Sample Population—Blood samples from a red-tailed hawk and 31 ill birds.
Procedures—A single blood sample obtained from a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was used to optimize the staining protocol. For optimization of the staining protocol, 4 dilutions of whole blood with new methylene blue stain and 4 incubation times were evaluated. From samples submitted for avian CBCs, EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood samples from 31 ill birds were randomly selected and examined to compare polychromatophil and reticulocyte percentages. Reticulocyte staining was performed in all samples by use of a 1:3 (whole blood to new methylene blue) dilution with incubation for 10 minutes at room temperature (approx 22°C); reticulocytes were assessed as a percentage of 1,000 RBCs by 2 independent observers. In Wright-Giemsa–stained blood smears, a polychromatophil percentage was similarly determined.
Results—4 avian reticulocyte types were defined: ring-form reticulocytes, aggregate reticulocytes, and 2 subcategories of punctate reticulocytes. A reticulocyte-staining protocol was optimized. Interobserver and intraobserver variations in assessment of reticulocyte and polychromatophil percentages were not significant. A strong positive correlation (Spearman coefficient of rank correlation [ρ] = 0.978) was identified between the percentage of polychromatophils and the percentage of ring-form reticulocytes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that quantification of ring-form reticulocytes provides an accurate assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds.