bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing and geomorphometric assessment of topographic complexity and erosion dynamics in the Nanga Parbat massif
Authors: Bishop M. P. , Shroder J. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The dynamic mountains of the western Himalaya are the result of complex interactions involving tectonic, structural, lithological, climatic and surface processes. The multi-scale dynamics of surface processes in this region are largely unknown. This paper assesses the spatial complexities of the topography at Nanga Parbat, as we seek to understand erosion dynamics, differential denudation and the geodynamics of uplift and denudation. Spatial analysis of a high resolution digital elevation model and three-dimensional terrain simulations using satellite imagery indicate that the topographic complexity of Nanga Parbat is highly scale-dependent and exhibits a hierarchical order that is reflective of erosion dynamics. Observations and analyses reinforce prior understandings of rapid rates of uplift and high rates of surficial denudation. Results indicate that climate controls the topographic complexity of the massif, although a tectonic influence is present and is largely masked by the overprinting of surface processes with time. Consequently, Nanga Parbat is seen to owe its origin to erosionally induced tectonic uplift and rapid surficial denudation. Rapid uplift altered erosion dynamics and further accelerated erosion resulting in extreme relief. Nonetheless, the differential denudation resulting from erosion dynamics does not appear to be in spatial balance with the regional scale tectonic mass flux. Systematic integration of dynamic models that account for the scale-dependencies of subsurface and surface processes are required to study the nature of this complex system and explain topographic evolution.
Tracing the origins of the western Himalaya: an isotopic comparison of the Nanga Parbat massif and Zanskar Himalaya
Authors: Whittington A. , Harris N. B. W. , Ayres M. W. , Foster G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNew Sr and Nd isotope data for basement gneisses and leucogranites are presented from two contrasting areas of the western Himalaya; the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif (NPHM) and Zanskar. Sr-isotope systematics of metapelites and anatectic migmatites from the Zanskar Himalaya are characterized by εSrof 515–930, typical of the High Himalayan Crystalline unit as exposed for more than 2000 km along strike. Moreover, Zanskar leucogranites are typical of the belt of Early Miocene granites intruding the High Himalayan Crystallines across the orogen (mean εSr= 834). In contrast, the NPHM leucogranites show an elevated average εSrof 2400, and basement samples show a wide range in εSrfrom 1850 to 8150. Errorchrons for the metasedimentary gneisses indicate isotopic homogenization of the basement atc.500 Ma for the Zanskar samples compared withc.1800 Ma from the NPHM, confirming that the two terrains have experienced contrasting pre-Himalayan histories.Nd isotopic data from the NPHM indicate model ages from 2300 to 2800 Ma, indicating the mean crustal formation ages of the protoliths from which the sediments were derived. A compilation of published Nd data from the Himalaya indicates average protolith formation ages of 2640 ± 220 Ma for the Lesser Himalaya lithologies, compared with 1940 ± 270 Ma for the High Himalaya unit.Gneissic lithologies from Zanskar and the NPHM have previously been correlated with the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, since both display high-grade Himalayan metamorphism and are intruded by syn- to post-tectonic tourmaline-bearing leucogranites. Isotopic systematics in the Zanskar region confirm this correlation. In contrast, the NPHM basement rocks are better correlated with Lesser Himalayan lithologies, exposed south of the Main Central Thrust. We conclude that the NPHM represents either a lower structural level of the Lesser Himalaya Series, or its protolith.
From buckling to asymmetric folding of the continental lithosphere: numerical modelling and application to the Himalayan syntaxes
Authors: Burg J.-P. , Podladchikov Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The eastern and western Himalayan syntaxes are large-scale, coeval antiforms developed late in the history of India-Asia collision. We use two-dimensional finite element models of lithospheric folding to develop a mechanically plausible structural interpretation. The models mimic the coeval development of adjacent synformal basins, analogous to the Peshawar and Kashmir basins on either side of and adjacent to the western syntaxis. Pure-shear thickening and symmetric buckling accommodate shortening until, at a certain strain, an asymmetric thrust-like flow pattern occurs on a crustal to lithospheric scale. Similarities between geological data and calculated models suggest that lithospheric buckling is a basic response to large-scale continental shortening. To generalize these results, we suggest that a typical shortening history would include: (1) locking of an early thrust system in hinterland regions, followed by (2) pure shear shortening and symmetric buckling of the shortened lithosphere, and (3) loss of symmetry leading to the formation of an asymmetric fold in which a new thrust system will nucleate.
Geological evolution of the Hindu Kush, NW Frontier Pakistan: active margin to continent-continent collision zone
Authors: Hildebrand P. R. , Searle M. P. , Shakirullah  , Khan Zafarali , Van Heijst H. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A geological map of the eastern Hindu Kush, northwest of Chitral, Northern Pakistan, is presented. The lithologies are placed into two main categories, divided by the Tirich Mir Fault Zone. To the northwest, the units of the eastern Hindu Kush are dominated by monotonous sequences of graphite-rich pelitic rocks. Southeast of the fault, the phyllites and diamictites are thought to be lateral equivalents of the Northern Sedimentary Belt of the Karakoram. A structural analysis of the area studied identifies a major, early deformation phase which is usually characterized by tight to isoclinal folding with a well developed axialplanar schistosity. This deformation is thought to have been related to the northward-directed subduction and accretion beneath the southern margin of Asia during the Mesozoic, and may have taken place over a considerable period of time. A major phase of crustal melting at
c.
24 Ma generated migmatites and biotite + muscovite ± garnet ± tourmaline leucogranites (including dykes and the Gharam Chasma pluton). This age is comparable to that of the Baltoro pluton in the Karakoram to the east, confirming the regional importance of crustal melting along the southern margin of the Asian plate during the earliest Miocene. The crustal melting was associated with thrusting and folding of the earlier schistosity. Subhorizontal stretching lineations indicate a phase of strike-slip deformation that is thought to have been associated with anticlockwise rotation of the regional foliation strike from E to NE and N after the emplacement of the Gharam Chasma pluton at
c.
24 Ma. This deformation and rotation was probably a direct result of the northward-moving Indian plate forcing Kohistan to indent into Asia, resulting in a left-lateral transpressional tectonic environment which remains today. The anomalous height of the Tirich Mir massif, relative to other peaks in the Hindu Kush and the nearby Hindu Raj, may be accounted for by the onset of this transpression.

Intensely active seismicity to depths of 300 km beneath the Hindu Kush is associated with seismic shear wave velocities that are significantly faster than those beneath Tibet, where earthquake occurrence is restricted to the upper crust, and previous geophysical studies indicate elevated thermal conditions and possible crustal melts. U-Pb ages suggest that post-India-Asia collision crustal melting beneath the Hindu Kush is restricted to
c.
24 Ma, whereas in the Karakoram, the record is both more voluminous and more continuous from
c.
37 to
c.
9 Ma. These observations reflect major differences in the thermal histories of these regions, where the relatively cooler conditions beneath the Hindu Kush are associated with continental subduction-related seismicity.
Timing of magmatic and metamorphic events in the Jijal complex of the Kohistan arc deduced from Sm-Nd dating of mafic granulites
Authors: Yamamoto H. , Nakamura E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Mafic to ultramafic granulites in the northeastern part of the Jijal complex include two-pyroxene granulite, garnet-clinopyroxene granulite and garnet hornblendite. Field and textural relations indicate that two-pyroxene granulite is a relict left after formation of the garnet-clinopyroxene granulite and garnet hornblendite was an originally intrusive rock which dissected the protoliths of mafic granulites. Sm-Nd mineral isochron ages of 118 ± 12 Ma, 94.0 ± 4.7 Ma and 83 ± 10 Ma were determined for two-pyroxene granulite, garnet-clinopyroxene granulite and garnet hornblendite respectively. These ages, together with previously reported chronological data, led to the following tectonic implications: (1) crystallization of the granulite protoliths predates, or is coeval with, the tectonic accretion of the Kohistan arc to the Asian continent; (2) crustal thickening related to the accretion was probably responsible for the high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the Jijal complex; (3) formation of the garnet hornblendite assemblage was probably after crystallization of garnet-clinopyroxene granulite.
Exotic conglomerates of the Neogene Siwalik succession and their implications for the tectonic and topographic evolution of the Western Himalaya
Authors: Abbasi I. A. , Friend P. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Published information on the Siwalik Group (Neogene) conglomerates in the Sub-Himalayan belt of Himachal Pradesh, India, and the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan, is used as the basis of a model that recognizes two types of conglomerates with different relationships to the linear Himalayan mountain front. The two types are: (1) foothills-fed conglomerates, widespread along the mountain front, that mark the appearance in the basinal succession of sediments derived from within the Sub-Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt or the neighbouring Lower Himalaya; these Upper Siwalik conglomerates provide information about relatively young frontal fault activity and the growth of local river systems that transferred the sediment generated; and (2) high-mountain-fed conglomerates, with restricted lateral extent along the front, that mark the presence of large trunk rivers, draining the Lower and Higher zones of the Himalaya; these Middle and Upper Siwalik conglomerates provide information about the extent of older incision in the high mountains, and the position in the basin of the major drainage paths.
Our work on the Janak (formerly Indus) Conglomerate Formation, outcropping near the present Indus River, shows that it is a high-mountain-fed conglomerate, and was deposited by a large braided system (channels up to 15 m deep) that drained southwards from the High Himalaya of northernmost Pakistan. The conglomerate was deposited between 9 and 1 Ma, and is preserved as a formation 1.5 km thick and 25 km wide, perpendicular to flow. This conglomerate marks the position of the Palaeo-Indus in this part of the foreland basin. The syntaxial position of the present Indus in the mountain front, and the remarkable route of the upper Indus, have resulted from drainage evolution during the later stages of transpressive indentation of the western margin of the Indian block. Our interpretation of the Janak Conglomerate implies that this special role of the Indus must have already started by 9 Ma.
The advent of archaeoseismology in the Mediterranean
Authors: Jones R. E. , Stiros S. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

This paper presents a brief historical overview of the development of archaeoseismology from the observations of Lanciani at ancient sites in Rome, of Kritikos in Athens, Evans at Knossos and Blegen at Troy, to the emergence in the last years of the twentieth century of archaeoseismology as a distinct sub-discipline of palaeoseismology. Some current issues are explored, beginning with major seismic events such as that in
AD
365 in the Eastern Mediterranean whose effects were geographically widespread but uneven in their destructive severity; generalizations are hard to come by, and each case has to be examined on its own merits. The need to examine the suitability of building methods and materials in areas of seismic risk is emphasized. Finally, the contribution of seismic events to destruction horizons in two contrasting cases in the prehistoric Aegean is considered: at Mycenaean centres in the Argolid in the 13th–12th centuries
BC
, and in the Peloponnese at the end of Early Bronze II.
The eruption of the Santorini volcano and its effects on Minoan Crete
Authors: Driessen Jan , MacDonald Colin F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Sometime in the course of the second millennium
BC
, an earthquake appears to have triggered a massive eruption of the Santorini volcano. The immediate consequences of the earthquake closely followed by the eruption for Cretan society during the Late Minoan I period are rather difficult to characterize, although physical evidence in the form of Theran ash has shown up at an increasing number of sites. Certain features of the archaeological record, taken in isolation, have hardly been noticed in the past. The long-term effects of the eruption, however, have recently become more comprehensible thanks to a reconsideration of old and new archaeological evidence. The combined picture gives the impression of a period of societal stress following these events. Changes in architecture, storage and food production, artisan output, the distribution of prestige items, administrative patterns and ritual manifestations can be pinpointed archaeologically. These may and should be interpreted as disturbances in the political, economic, cult and security-related domains. It is argued that the inability of the Minoan palatial centres to adapt to changing circumstances caused by a double disaster, an earthquake followed by the eruption of Santorini, led to an increase in crisis-related situations, culminating in the widespread fire destructions which brought this palatial phase of Minoan civilization to an end and opened the way for mainland Mycenaean domination of the Aegean.
A geographical information system for the archaeological area of Pompeii
Authors: Pareschi M. T. , Stefani G. , Varone A. , Cavarra L. , Giannini F. , Meriggi A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The increasing degradation of archaeological evidence in the circumvesuvian area requires a suitable and exhaustive census of all the archaeological features of the area that are accessible now or that have come to light at some time in the past. The high population density of the area demands a conservation policy based on appropriately planned prevention, rather than on occasional intervention with the criterion of ‘saving what can be saved’. Here we present a geographical information system (GIS) of the archaeological data in their territorial environment for the circumvesuvian area, with the aim of providing a useful tool for archaeological feature management. The database includes the following:

(1)

Current information on the circumvesuvian area (18 council districts with a total area coverage of about 250 km
2
). The database consists mainly of vector data at the original scale of 1:5000 (although raster images are also included), and it is updated to the period 1988–1995, depending on the zone. The digital information includes natural and man-made features: roads, buildings, railways, spot heights, etc.

(2)
Archaeological sites. The ‘objects’ are organized in three main ‘layers’: areas with building constraints, buried elements (of uncertain and certain location), visible constructions (e.g. aqueduct, amphitheatre, honorary arch, forum, harbour structures, theatre, temple, roads, villas, etc.). The census is at present under development. To date, about 300 structures have been included in the GIS in the area of interest.
Apulian Bronze Age pottery as a long-distance indicator of the Avellino Pumice eruption (Vesuvius, Italy)
Authors: Cioni Raffaello , Levi Sara , Sulpizio Roberto 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

During the Bronze Age, Vesuvius had a Plinian eruption whose deposits are known as the Avellino Pumice. The eruption spread a blanket of white and grey pumice across southern Italy, and there was a severe impact on proximal areas. Assessment of volcanological factors for the Plinian phase gives intensities of 5.7 × 10
7
kg s
−1
for the white pumice phase and 1.7 × 10
8
kg s
−1
for the grey pumice phase, corresponding to column heights of 23 and 31 km, respectively. Volume (magnitude) calculations using the crystal concentration method (CCM) give respectively 0.32 and 1.25 km
3
of deposit, in a total minimum period of about 3 h. Archaeometric studies on Bronze Age domestic pottery from several settlements in Apulia (SE Italy) reveal the presence of pumice fragments mixed with the clay, and petrological and chemical criteria suggest that these pumices are from the Avellino eruption. This relationship allows us to fix precise correlations between different archaeological facies of the Italian Bronze Age. To explore the possibility of an extensive use of pumices in these distal regions (about 140 km from Vesuvius), we calculated the possible thickness of the tephra blanket. We propose a method to extrapolate proximal data on the deposit to calculate its minimum distal thickness. Such a method could also be used in volcanic hazard studies to assess the distal impact of large past eruptions.
The archaeology of a Plinian eruption of the Popocatépetl volcano
Authors: Plunket Patricia , Uruñuela Gabriela 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The northeastern flank of the Popocatépetl volcano in western Puebla, Mexico, has been subject to intense and destructive volcanic activity since the Terminal Preclassic period (100
BC-AD
100), and it is still one of the highest-risk sectors in the region. Between
AD
50 and 100 the communities that dotted this slope, an area known locally as Tetimpa, were abruptly buried by a pumice-fall deposit that preserved the buildings, activity areas and agricultural fields but devastated the settlements and made the region uninhabitable for generations to come. It is probable that this violent eruption had an important social and ideological impact on the emerging urban centre at Cholula 15 km to the east. The Preclassic occupation of the region can be divided into the Early (700–200
BC
) and Late (50
BC-AD
100) Tetimpa phases. These appear to be separated by a short period of abandonment that might reflect an intensification of volcanic activity. This paper deals primarily with the Late Tetimpa phase, the occupation that was destroyed by a Plinian eruption in the second half of the first century. Excavations by the Universidad de las Américas-Puebla have uncovered agricultural fields with hand-made furrows interspersed with households consisting of two or three rooms on low stone platforms around an open patio. At the centre of the patio is a small shrine or altar; the themes of these shrines vary but they include volcano effigies. Architecture is simple but household patterning reflects strict adherence to rules for generating the domestic environment. Houses show little or no modification or renovation, suggesting a very short occupation. This is further supported by the fact that no burials have been located in the nine domestic areas explored to date. The evacuation of the settlement appears to have been abrupt, as many household goods, particularly large or heavy items, were left behind. We have not found any human remains under the collapsed roofs of the houses, and it would seem that the majority of the population took refuge at nearby towns and villages on the valley floor.
Volcanic disasters and cultural discontinuities in Holocene time, in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Torrence Robin , Pavlides Christina , Jackson Peter , Webb John 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An evaluation of the relationship between culture change and the history of volcanic activity from the Witori and Dakataua volcanoes in West New Britain province, Papua New Guinea, demonstrates the importance of studies focusing on long time spans to an understanding of cultural adaptation to volcanic disasters. Using a chronostratigraphy based on several techniques for matching tephras, the cultural responses to five volcanic events are compared and contrasted between the Willaumez Peninsula and Yombon, areas whose environment and proximity to the volcanoes vary significantly. Archaeological analyses of material show that human groups did not immediately adjust to the effects of the most severe volcanic events but abandoned both regions. In contrast, adaptation on a long-term basis may be indicated by the occurrence of a punctuated trend in lithic technology inferred to reflect a decrease in mobility and an increase in the intensification of subsistence practices. This pattern, combined with limited radiocarbon dating, suggests that the length of abandonment decreased after each eruption, probably because of changes in social organization and subsistence practices. The paper demonstrates the value of collaboration between archaeology and geology in the study of long-term human responses to natural hazards.
Forward stratigraphic modelling of forced regressions: evidence for the genesis of attached and detached lowstand systems
Authors: Ainsworth R. B. , Bosscher H. , Newall M. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA complex series of interactions between subsidence, eustasy and sediment supply determine whether a forced regressive shoreface will be physicallyattachedto underlying sandy deposits, ordetachedand encased in marine mudstone. Using a Shell-developed and proprietary forward stratigraphic modelling system, these interactions of controls on clastic depositional geometries can be simulated. Upper Cretaceous subsurface and outcrop data from the Western Interior Basin of Canada form the basis of this study. The outcrop data suggest that high frequency (200 000 years), relatively low amplitude (8 m) relative sea-level changes occurred during deposition of the studied succession. When these parameters are convolved with the Haq third-order eustatic sea-level curve and a constant rate of subsidence and sediment supply, a series of attached lowstand, forced regressive shorefaces are generated by the forward stratigraphic modelling system. In order to generate a detached lowstand shoreface a relatively large magnitude, high frequency eustatic fall or a high frequency tectonic uplift is required. The modelling studies also suggest that (i) forced regressive deposits preferentially develop as attached lowstand systems, (ii) detached lowstand systems in most cases initially develop as attached lostand systems which are subsequently detached by transgressive-regressive wave erosion, (iii) if the sequence boundary is picked below the sharp-based, forced regressive shoreface (attached and detached lowstand systems tract interpretation) or above it (falling-stage systems tract interpretation) it must remain in that position relative to the correlative down-dip, sharp-based shoreface sandbodies regardless of whether those bodies are attached or detached and (iv) the role of sediment supply as a controlling parameter in the generation of forced regressions appears to be a secondary one.