bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Practice of Management—Marketing
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMarketing is a key area for developing economies of scale and scope. This chapter focuses on the Coasian argument about the nature of transaction costs, with British industry tending to look to externalization rather than internalization and the development of a corps of marketing managers. Due to the relatively small scale nature of most firms, it paid entrepreneurs to operate their market relationships through intermediaries in a system generally known as merchanting, rather than have a direct relationship with the market. Moreover, anti-competitive practices were rife until the 1960s, so that there was no strong requirement for sophisticated competitive marketing. A further aspect was the outsourcing of key marketing functions, mainly to advertising agencies. These features resulted in a lack of substantial central offices for coordination and resource allocation, which would have been desirable for effective strategic marketing.
Default Semantics
Authors: Jaszczolt K. M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The book offers an original theory of meaning in discourse that combines a dynamic representation of discourse with an intentional explanation of processing. It contains an exposition of a theory of default semantics and its application to a range of language constructions. Default semantics provides cognitive foundations of discourse interpretation and does so in a broadly conceived truth-conditional framework where truth conditions are applied to utterances. The theory combines the subject matter of post-Gricean ‘truth-conditional pragmatics’ with the formalism and semanticization of meaning found in discourse representation theory (DRT). It is assumed that pragmatic information can contribute to the truth-conditional representation of an utterance. This information can have the form of (i) conscious inference, or it can have a form of default interpretation conceived of as (ii) cognitive defaults and (iii) social-cultural defaults. From DRT, it borrows the idea of dynamic semantics as context change implemented in semantic representation and the idea that meaning in discourse will, somehow or other, turn out to be compositional, that is, it will turn out to be a function of the parts and the structure. In short, default semantics combines two seemingly incompatible assumptions that (i) pragmatic input contributes to the truth conditions and (ii) the theory of meaning of utterances and discourses is a compositional, semantic theory. Such semantic representations are called merger representations in that they combine (merge) information from word meaning, sentence structure, pragmatic inference, and various kinds of defaults. Predicating compositionality of such merger representations aided by using an extended and amended language of DRT allows for the semanticization of the account of discourse meaning. The book is divided into two parts. Part I contains theoretical foundations and addresses the questions of the semantics/pragmatics boundary, underspecification, logical form, levels of representation, default meanings, and ‘pragmatic’ compositionality of merger representations. Part II contains some applications of the theory, including definite descriptions, propositional attitude reports, temporality, presupposition, sentential connectives, and number terms.
Josephus in the Diaspora
Authors: Rajak Tessa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter lays out the evidence for the continued importance of Josephus’ personal connections with diaspora ‘Ioudaioi’ in the years after he had settled in Rome. First, Josephus needs to be related to the large diaspora community in Rome itself. Furthermore, he most likely maintained connections in various parts of the eastern Mediterranean (his second wife was from Alexandria; his third wife was from the diaspora Jewish community on Crete; he also had some dealings with the diaspora community in Cyrene, and he may well have returned to Judaea to visit his estates and possibly the emerging Rabbinic centre at Jamnia). In short, Josephus — despite his Roman citizenship, his obvious links to the Flavian emperors, as well as the importance of Graeco-Roman literary traditions to his development as a historian — still retained a strong Jewish identity.
The Sack of the Temple in Josephus and Tacitus
Authors: Barnes T. D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractComparing Josephus’ and Tacitus’ (lost) account of the sack of the Temple in Jerusalem from Histories Book 5, this chapter underlines the importance of the Jewish War as a central defining event (or even a ‘foundation myth’) for the Flavian dynasty. There was not one, but in fact three successive versions of this foundation myth; the first, developed in the 70s, glorified Vespasian, the second gave much greater prominence to Titus, while the third integrated Domitian into the story. Josephus may well have used as a source the (lost) histories of Pliny the Elder, which probably ended by describing the triumphal procession of 71. As a result, there is some evidence for Josephus using a Latin historian and, more generally, for his conscious reworking of such material to suit the particular situation in which he found himself while writing the Jewish War.
TheFiscus Iudaicusand Gentile Attitudes to Judaism in Flavian Rome
Authors: Goodman Martin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe disappearance of the Jerusalem Temple provided a context for Vespasian to devise what became for Jews the most hated symbol of their subjugation to Rome following their revolt. The institution of the ‘Jewish Treasury’ (the fiscus Iudaicus) to support the cult of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitol served to commemorate the Flavian victory in Judaea just as effectively as the monuments erected in Rome that recalled that event. Domitian was particularly punctilious in collecting this tax, thus associating himself by proxy with the campaigns his father and older brother had waged, but from which he had been excluded. Indeed, for Goodman one of the defining features of the Flavian dynasty was its hostility to Jews. Later on, some coins issued in 96 and 97 (FISCI IUDAICI CALUMNIA SUBLATA) may refer to a temporary abolition by Nerva of the fiscus Iudaicus.
Spectacle in Josephus'Jewish War
Authors: Chapman Honora Howell 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the importance of vivid narrative in history-writing by probing the importance of spectacle in the Judaean War. It focuses in particular on two spectacles narrated by Josephus: first, his description of his own capture by the Romans at Jotapata, where he makes a historiographical spectacle of his own body, and second, the detailed and vivid account of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, where the temple becomes a central spectacle in his narrative. The rhetorical emphasis that marks these episodes served to focus the reader’s or listener’s attention and allowed the historian to underscore key themes of the entire work: celebrating the power of his Flavian patrons, damning the rebels for their conduct during the rebellion, enhancing his own reputation as general and priest, and finally, highlighting the former grandeur of Jerusalem and its temple, and the tragedy of their destruction.
Information Systems and Global Diversity
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
It is often assumed that the implementation and the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) will or should be the same in all situations with little regard to the particular social or cultural context of their use. Drawing on research in different societies (Europe, Latin America, etc.), this book explains the nature of organizational diversity in which ICT innovation takes place, and develops a conceptual approach to account for it. The book draws from institutionalist concepts of organizations, the sociology of technology, current debates on globalization, and critiques of the rationality of modernity. The theoretical perspective is supported empirically by four international case studies. This book shows how the processes of ICT innovation and organizational change reflect local aspirations, concerns, and action, as well as the multiple institutional influences of globalization.
Cinders of Philosophy, Philosophy of Cinders: Derrida and the Trace of the Holocaust
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that Jacques Derrida's work was also greatly influenced by responding to the Holocaust, and that Levinas's idea of the ‘trace’ plays a central role in this. This is argued by following the idea of the trace from Derrida's early work, including Of Grammatology, through Levinas's work in Totality and Infinity and Otherwise than Being, and then to its use in Derrida's later work, including Cinders. This not only shows the importance of the Holocaust for Derrida, but also illumines a range of issues in Holocaust studies, including the debate over uniqueness. More than this, to see Derrida's work as ‘a philosophy of cinders’ brings out his challenge to the tradition of philosophy in relation to history, contemporary discourse, and the thought of the ‘to come’, and illuminates Derrida's work in an original way.
Conclusion
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe conclusion argues that postmodernism — centrally the post-phenomenological work of Levinas and Derrida — is the most profound attempt to respond to the Holocaust. In literature, it asserts the singularity of testimonial texts; in history, the limits of historical explanation and assumptions; in philosophy, the limits of reason and role of ethics. In each, it attends especially to a renewed conception of ethical, existential truth. The conclusion then turns to questions of the continuing development of memory, the role of the Holocaust in contemporary culture, and the relationship between the Holocaust and other, often colonial, genocides before and after the Third Reich. It is argued that responding to the Holocaust has been done most significantly at the level of the form and structure of our thinking, and that in this way, we are best reminded of the tiny shudder or hesitation that is hope, and that in the triumphs we achieve, we stand on cinders.
Surface generalizations
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSince the earliest days of generative grammar, there has existed a strong tendency to consider one construction in relation to a particular rough paraphrase. Initially, this was a result of the emphasis on transformations that derived one pattern from another. While today there exist many non-derivational theories for which this motivation no longer exists, the traditional outlook has not completely lost its grip, as can be seen from continuing focus on partial or incomplete generalizations such as the ‘dative’ construction or the ‘locative’ alternation. This chapter argues that it is profitable to look beyond alternations: to consider each surface pattern on its own terms. It is observed that when considering instances of the same surface pattern involving different words, similarities should be attributed to the surface pattern and differences to the different verbs and arguments involved. A derivational proposal is critiqued in order to demonstrate that what appear to be arguments in favour of derivations are often in fact arguments in favour of attention to surface structure instead.
Item-specific knowledge and generalizations
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLanguage contains both large generalizations and idiosyncratic facts, and therefore we unavoidably find those who favour lumping and those who favour splitting. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma: the approach allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. In particular, constructionist approaches are generally usage based: facts about the actual use of linguistic expressions, such as frequencies and individual patterns that are fully compositional are recorded alongside more traditional linguistic generalizations. This chapter consolidates evidence that such a usage based model is required to account for the synchronic state of grammar. Relevant findings in the non-linguistic category literature are also reviewed.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains why the book mingles the chapters on the history of classical studies with those on the history of Athenian religion. Written by a historical anthropologist, the book pays particular attention to the influence of ideas inherited from 19th-century evolutionist anthropology on current interpretations of Greek ritual. For 19th-century thinkers, Greek ritual was to be explained by appealing to anthropology as a survival of early beliefs, while Greek thought prefigured modern university disciplines. This dichotomy between religion (as traditional and unchanging) and rational thought is misleading as a basis for understanding Greek culture, incompatible with premodern European history, and disastrous for relations with other cultures. The book emphasizes that religion is an intellectual enterprise, and that Athenian religious ideas and ritual practice constantly changed in response to their historical context.
Metamorphoses of Tradition: the Athenian Anthesteri
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter gives a radically new account of the history of this festival. It is usually represented as a traditional ritual with origins in celebrations of new wine and an ancient All Souls’ Day. Here it is suggested that rites symbolizing renewal and new beginnings were constantly reinterpreted and modified as Athenian culture became more urban, attitudes to drunkenness changed, and Dionysus became more closely associated with the theatre. Because Athenians themselves saw the Anthesteria as ‘traditional’, the festival attracted learned speculation about culture history, the origins of drama, and the Flood as the beginning of human history. Some elements taken by modern scholars as part of age-old tradition may be late (return and expulsion of souls of the dead) or purely textual (the Aiora as a rite of swinging). The aim of this narrative is to startle readers into re-examining unquestioned assumptions.
Corporate Governance for Crooks? The Case for Corporate Virtue
Authors: Osterloh Margit , Frey Bruno S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter highlights some important unintentional adverse consequences of mechanisms that are commonly recommended for improving CG. It argues that the circle of reinforcement of monitoring, sanctions and incentives in response to scandals configures a ‘governance for crooks’ that tends to worsen the very problem it is designed to solve. It highlights that one important underlying mechanism explaining this adverse consequence is the ‘crowding out effect’, whereby an excess of extrinsic motivation crowds out intrinsic motivation and undermines corporate virtue. The chapter offer a stylized model of the phenomenon and draws implications for human resource management — HRM — (personnel selection and reward policies).
Flat Structure
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSimpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been seen as the basis for semantic interpretation. However, at several points in the history of MGG, this position has mutated into the stronger position that there is a covert syntactic structure that is virtually equivalent to semantic interpretation. This chapter adopts the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH) and investigates whether the resulting theory has less overall complexity in syntax and the syntax-semantics interface combined. It is argued that the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat: headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure, but not more.
Semantic Subordination Despite Syntactic Coordination
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Ray Jackendoff 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores syntactic constructions in which the syntactic connection between clauses does not match their semantic connection. The construction of concern is coordination with a so-called ‘left-subordinating’ and (LS-and or and LS). It is shown that there is at least one use of asymmetric conjunction which is coordinate in syntactic structure, just the way it looks, in conformance with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, but which corresponds explicitly to subordination at the level of CS.
What Is Language Like? Moving On
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study proposed a substantial revision of the basic organization of language laid out by mainstream generative grammar. Many aspects of the revision have been in currency in one or another of the alternative frameworks such as LFG, HPSG, Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, and Autolexical Syntax. There is a sense of an implicit consensus among the alternative frameworks — not a monolithic consensus by any means, but one with more of a family resemblance character. This chapter presents a summary of conclusions, highlighting the important elements of this consensus.
3 Late Liberalism and Contemporary Christian Thought
Authors: Waters Brent 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines three theological responses to the late liberal accounts of the family depicted in the preceding chapter. The first response, as seen in the works of James Nelson and Adrian Thatcher, attempts to reformulate Christian teaching on marriage and family in light of key liberal claims regarding individual fulfilment. The second response resists any changes suggested by late liberalism as reflected in the works of John Paul II and Germain Grisez. The third response, represented by such authors as Don Browning, Rodney Clapp, and David Matzko McCarthy, critically adapts selected liberal tenets — such as mutuality and reciprocity — while preserving key theological teachings on marriage and family. In each of these responses, the moral and religious significance of the relation between singleness and marriage emerges as a major theme.
Romantic Indians
Authors: Fulford Tim 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book considers the views that Britons, colonists, and North American Indians took of each other during a period in which these people were in a closer and more fateful relationship than ever before or since. It is, therefore, a book about exploration, empire, and the forms of representation that exploration and empire gave rise to — in particular the form called Romanticism, in which ‘Indians’ appear everywhere. It is not too much to say that Romanticism would not have taken the form it did without the complex and ambiguous image of Indians that so intrigued both the writers and their readers. Most of the poets of the Romantic canon wrote about them — not least Southey, Wordsworth, and Coleridge; so did many that have only recently been brought back to attention — including Bowles, Hemans, and Barbauld. Yet Indians' formative role in the aesthetics and politics of Romanticism has rarely been considered. This book aims to bring that formative role to our attention, to show that the images of native peoples that Romantics writers received from colonial administrators, politicians, explorers, and soldiers helped shape not only these writers' idealizations of ‘savages’ and tribal life, but also their depictions of nature, religion, and rural society. The romanticization of Indians soon affected the way that real native peoples were treated and described by generations of travellers who had already, before reaching the Canadian forest or the mid-western plains, encountered the literary Indians produced back in Britain. Moreover, in some cases, Native Americans writing in English turned the Romanticization of Indians to their own ends. This book highlights their achievement in doing so — featuring discussions of several little-known but brilliant Native American writers.
The Management of Managerial Careers
Authors: Butler Peter , Collings David , Peters René , Quintanilla Javier 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter sheds light on the nature of managerial resourcing in US multinationals. Hitherto there has been a strong reliance on the use of internal labour markets (ILMs) as the principal means of sourcing managerial talent. In several instances, however, enhanced competition has triggered the necessity for the rapid importation of new skill sets eroding the primacy of ILMs. Over and above such supply side change, some organizations were similarly moving away from seniority based promotion towards a more meritocratic model, less sheltered from the vicissitudes of market pressures. Consistent with the theoretical focus of this volume, it is nevertheless demonstrated that headquarters did not have a totally free hand. The partial dismantling of ILMs was subject to local constraints and contestation, giving rise to new and significant tensions. More specifically, the emphasis upon tight performance standards was often met with stiff opposition suggesting local norms remain influential.
Intention
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that the occurrence of the to-infinitive after verbs expressing meanings like ‘intend’ or ‘want’, or the negative counterparts ‘fear’ or ‘avoid’ represents an innovation. Unlike the verbs discussed in the previous chapter, these verbs never occurred with a to-prepositional phrase, so that the presence of the to-infinitive requires a different explanation. The best predictor for the distribution of a to-infinitive after verbs of this group in Old English is that of the subjunctive þæt-clause. As subjunctive þæt-clauses and to-infinitives had occurred side by side as expressions of the adjunct of purpose and of the GOAL-argument, this may have led them to be analysed as each other’s equivalents, as if the to-infinitive had come to be regarded as a non-finite subjunctive clause. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the only environment in which bare infinitive and to-infinitive occur side by side: verbs with the meaning ‘begin’.
Commanding and permitting
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter identifies a second set of ditransitive verbs: the verbs of commanding and permitting. Unlike the verbs of persuading and urging discussed in the Chapter 3, which have a thematic structure of AGENT, THEME, and GOAL, the verbs of commanding and permitting have a thematic structure of AGENT, RECIPIENT, and THEME. The different roles are clear from the different cases that express them: THEMES are expressed by accusative NPs, and RECIPIENTS by dative NPs. Verbs of commanding and permitting have two ‘variants’, a three-place and a two-place one. This is not an accidental, idiosyncratic lexical property of these verbs, but a structural feature connected with the basic meanings of this group. It is precisely this structural feature of the verbs of commanding and permitting that is responsible for the appearance of the first to-infinitival ECMs in Middle English.