bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Unusual Response Regulator Influences Sporulation at Early and Late Stages inStreptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Tian Yuqing , Fowler Kay , Findlay Kim , Tan Huarong , Chater Keith F. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWhiI, a regulator required for efficient sporulation septation in the aerial mycelium ofStreptomyces coelicolor, resembles response regulators of bacterial two-component systems but lacks some conserved features of typical phosphorylation pockets. Four amino acids of the abnormal “phosphorylation pocket” were changed by site-directed mutagenesis. UnlikewhiInull mutations, these point mutations did not interfere with sporulation septation but had various effects on spore maturation. Transcriptome analysis was used to compare gene expression in the wild-type strain, a D27A mutant (pale gray spores), a D69E mutant (wild-type spores), and a null mutant (white aerial mycelium, no spores) (a new variant of PCR targeting was used to introduce the point mutations into the chromosomal copy ofwhiI). The results revealed 45 genes that were affected by the deletion ofwhiI.Many of these showed increased expression in the wild type at the time when aerial growth and development were taking place. About half of them showed reduced expression in the null mutant, and about half showed increased expression. Some, but not all, of these 45 genes were also affected by the D27A mutation, and a few were affected by the D69E mutation. The results were consistent with a model in which WhiI acts differently at sequential stages of development. Consideration of the functions ofwhiI-influenced genes provides some insights into the physiology of aerial hyphae. Mutation of sevenwhiI-influenced genes revealed that three of them play roles in spore maturation.
A Single Residue Change in
Vibrio harveyi
Hemolysin Results in the Loss of Phospholipase and Hemolytic Activities and Pathogenicity for Turbot (
Scophthalmus maximus
)
Authors: Sun Boguang , Zhang Xiao-Hua , Tang Xuexi , Wang Shushan , Zhong Yingbin , Chen Jixiang , Austin Brian 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Vibrio harveyi
hemolysin, an important virulence determinant in fish pathogenesis, was further characterized, and the enzyme was identified as a phospholipase B by gas chromatography. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a specific residue, Ser153, was critical for its enzymatic activity and for its virulence in fish.
A Novel Two-Component Signaling System That Activates Transcription of an Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
Effector Involved in Remodeling of Host Actin
Authors: Reading Nicola C. , Torres Alfredo G. , Kendall Melissa M. , Hughes David T. , Yamamoto Kaneyoshi , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157:H7 is responsible for worldwide outbreaks of bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. After colonizing the large intestine, EHEC forms attaching and effacing (AE) lesions on intestinal epithelial cells. These lesions cause destruction of the microvilli and elicit actin rearrangement to form pedestals that cup each bacterium individually. EHEC responds to a signal produced by the intestinal microbial flora, autoinducer-3 (AI-3), and the host hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate transcription of the genes involved in AE lesion formation. These three signals, involved in interkingdom communication, are sensed by bacterial sensor kinases. Here we describe a novel two-component system, QseEF (
q
uorum-
s
ensing
E. coli
regulators E and F), which is part of the AI-3/epinephrine/norepinephrine signaling system. QseE is the sensor kinase and QseF the response regulator. The
qseEF
genes are cotranscribed, and transcription of
qseEF
is activated by epinephrine through the QseC sensor. A
qseF
mutant does not form AE lesions. QseF activates transcription of the gene encoding EspFu, an effector protein translocated to the host cell by the EHEC, which mimics a eukaryotic SH2/SH3 adapter protein to engender actin polymerization during pedestal formation. Expression of the
espFu
gene from a plasmid restored AE lesion formation to the
qseF
mutant, suggesting that lack of
espFu
expression in this mutant was responsible for the loss of pedestal formation. These findings suggest the QseEF is a two-component system involved in the regulation of AE lesion formation by EHEC.
Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Mathews C J , Kingsley G , Field M , Jones A , Weston V C , Phillips M , Walker D , Coakley G 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the existing evidence on the diagnosis and management of septic arthritis in native joints.

Design
Systematic review.

Data sources
Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, National Electronic Library for Health, reference lists, national experts.

Review methods
Systematic review of the literature with evaluation of the methodological quality of the selected papers using defined criteria set out by the Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit of the Royal College of Physicians.

Results
3291 citations were initially identified. Of these, 189 full text articles were identified for potential selection. Following review of these full text articles, 80 articles were found to fulfil the inclusion criteria and were included in the final list. Conclusions were drawn on the diagnosis, investigation and management of septic arthritis.

Discussion
Little good quality evidence exists to guide the diagnosis and management of septic arthritis. Overall, no investigation is more reliable in the diagnosis of septic arthritis than the opinion of an experienced doctor. Aspiration and culture of synovial fluid is crucial to the diagnosis, but measurement of cell count is unhelpful. Antibiotics are clearly required for a prolonged period, but there are no data to indicate by which route or for how long. Key unanswered questions remain surrounding the medical and surgical management of the infected joint.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of non-pancreatic lesions: an institutional experience
Authors: Anand Dipti , Barroeta Julieta E , Gupta Prabodh K , Kochman Michael , Baloch Zubair W 
Published: January 2007

Background:Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) has proven to be an effective diagnostic modality for the detection and staging of pancreatic malignancies. In recent years EUS-FNA has also been used to diagnose lesions of non-pancreatic sites such as structures in close proximity to the gut wall within the mediastinum, abdomen, pelvis and retro-peritoneum.Aims:To evaluate experience with EUS-FNA of non-pancreatic sites at a large university medical centre.Methods:The study cohort included 234 patients who underwent EUS-FNA of 246 lesions in non-pancreatic sites (122 peri-pancreatic and coeliac lymph nodes; 9 peri-pancreatic masses; other sites: mediastinum 12, gastric 25, liver 27, oesophagus 17, duodenum/colon/rectum 15, retro-peritoneum 8, lung 7, miscellaneous 4).Results:The cytology diagnoses were classified as non-neoplastic/reactive in 82 (33%), atypical/suspicious for malignancy in 25 (10%), malignant in 86 (35%) and non-diagnostic in 53 (22%) cases. Surgical pathology follow-up was available in 75 (31%) cases. Excluding the non-diagnostic cases there were 7 false negative and 3 false positive cases. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of EUS-FNA in the diagnosis of lesions of non-pancreatic sites was 92%, 98% and 97%, respectively.Conclusions:EUS-FNA can be effectively used as a diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of lesions from non-pancreatic sites.
Quality control of thermally modified timber: Interrelationship between heat treatment intensities and CIE L*a*b* color data on homogenized wood samples
Authors: Brischke Christian , Welzbacher Christian R. , Brandt Karin , Rapp Andreas Otto 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the durability, dimensional stability, and strength properties of thermally modified timber products. Appropriate standards and test methods for industrial-scale quality control are needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of CIE L*a*b* color measurements for implementation in industrial quality control. Good linear correlation was found between a cumulated measure of L* and b* data and the heat treatment intensity for spruce (Picea abies Karst.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Wood samples homogenized by milling revealed less variation in color values compared to wood surface measurements. Thus, measurements on milled wood are recommendable to obtain results with high statistical significance. Color measurements are rapid, precise, and highly reproducible. Based on the strong correlation between color data and heat-treatment intensities, color measurements could easily be implemented for quality control of thermally modified timber.
Material properties and their interrelation in chemically modified clear wood of Scots pine
Authors: Epmeier Hannah , Johansson Marie , Kliger Robert , Westin Mats 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The mechanical and physical properties of modified wood were assessed experimentally. Timber studs with a cross-section of 45 mm×70 mm were modified on a semi-industrial scale by four different methods: 1) acetylation (AC) with acetic anhydride; 2) modification with methylated melamine formaldehyde resin (MMF); 3) heat treatment in vegetable oil (HT); and 4) furfurylation (FA). Sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) with test specimen dimensions of 10×10×200 mm3 was investigated. A total of 2449 specimens were included in the study. The following properties and their correlations were studied: density, modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) measured dynamically, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and swelling behaviour. The properties were measured at humidity levels of 30%, 65%, and 90% RH, while the temperature was kept constant at 23°C. Significant changes in material properties took place. AC increased the density and reduced MOEdyn, EMC and swelling strain. FA increased the density and the swelling coefficient and reduced EMC and swelling strain. HT reduced the EMC, while MMF modification increased it.
The complexities of reading capital in two Puerto Rican families
Authors: COMPTON‐LILLY CATHERINE 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTSTwo case studies of adult GED (General Education Diploma) students and their kindergarten‐aged children are presented. The construct of “capital,” as described by Pierre Bourdieu (1986), is applied specifically to the children's and adults' reading practices. These case studies are analyzed in terms of various forms of official “reading capital” and locally valued reading and schooling practices. The results suggest that children and families possess rich resources that are often ignored, devalued, or denied in schools. The findings of this study challenge the applicability of Bourdieu's description of capital to local communities.Se presentan dos estudios de caso de estudiantes adultos del GED y sus hijos en edad de asistir al preescolar. El concepto de “capital”, como lo describe Pierre Bourdieu (1986), se aplicó específicamente a las prácticas de lectura de los niños y los adultos. Estos estudios de caso se analizan en términos de varias formas de “capital de lectura” oficial y prácticas de lectura y escolaridad valoradas localmente. Los resultados sugieren que los niños y las familias poseen ricos recursos que a menudo se ignoran, devalúan o niegan en las escuelas. Los hallazgos de este estudio presentan un desafío a la validez de aplicar la descripción de capital de Bourdieu a las comunidades locales.Zwei Untersuchungsstudien von Studenten der Erwachsenenausbildung GED (General Education Development) und ihren im Kindergartenalter befindlichen Kindern werden vorgestellt. Der Begriff von „Kapital,” wie durch Pierre Bourdieu (1986) beschrieben, ist bewußt auf Lesepraktiken von Kindern und Erwachsenen angewandt. Diese Untersuchungsstudien sind in Begriffen verschiedener Formen offiziellen „Lesekapitals” analysiert und in Lese‐ und Unterrichtspraktiken lokal geschätzt. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, dass Kinder und Familien reichliche Ressourcen besitzen, die in Schulen oft ignoriert, abgewertet oder vorenthalten werden. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie fordern die Anwendbarkeit von Bourdieus Beschreibung von Kapital für ortsgebundene Gemeinschaften heraus.Ce texte présente deux études de cas portant sur des adultes préparant le diplôme de GED (Développement général en éducation) et leurs enfants d'âge préscolaire. Le concept de « capital », tel qu'énoncé par Pierre Bourdieu (1986), est appliqué spécifiquement aux pratiques de lecture des enfants et des adultes. Ces études de cas sont analysées en fonction des différentes formes du « capital lecture » officiel, de la lecture telle qu'elle est valorisée localement, et des practiques scolaires. Les résultats suggèrent que les enfants et les familles possèdent des ressources qui sont souvent ignorées, dévaluées ou niées au sein l'école. Les résultats de cette étude constituent un défi pour l'applicabilité de la description du capital de Bourdieu à des communautés locales.
Learning for non‐stationary Dirichlet processes
Authors: Quinn A. , Kárný M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Dirichlet process prior (DPP) is used to model an unknown probability distribution, F. This eliminates the need for parametric model assumptions, providing robustness in problems where there is significant model uncertainty. Two important parametric techniques for learning are extended to this non‐parametric context for the first time. These are (i) sequential stopping, which proposes an optimal stopping time for on‐line learning of F using i.i.d. sampling; and (ii) stabilized forgetting, which updates the DPP in response to changes in F, but without the need for a formal transition model. In each case, a practical and highly tractable algorithm is revealed, and simulation studies are reported. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Improved Optical Method for Determining the Order Parameter in Thin Oriented Molecular Films and Demonstration of a Highly Axial Dipole Moment for the Lowest Energy π–π* Optical Transition in Poly(9,9‐ dioctylfluorene‐co‐bithiophene)
Authors: Gather M. C. , Bradley D. D. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the complex interplay between the 3D structural hierarchy within thin films of conjugated polymers and the properties of devices based thereon is starting to be recognized as an important challenge in the continued development of these materials for a range of applications. As a result, for example, accurate measurements of molecular orientation and elucidation of its influence on optical characteristics are of significant interest. Here we report an improved optical method to determine both the order parameter and the angle between the polymer backbone director and the optical transition dipole moment for the lowest energy π–π* absorption peak in uniaxially aligned thin films of conjugated polymers. The method uses a combination of polarized Raman spectroscopy and UV‐vis spectroscopy and is based on a general theoretical treatment to describe the expected Raman and optical absorption anisotropies of such films. It is applied to study the orientation within thermotropically aligned films of the electroluminescent fluorene‐based copolymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐bithiophene) (F8T2). A more highly axial transition dipole moment is found for the dominant long wavelength absorption peak of F8T2 compared to that of other fluorene‐based (co)polymers. The angle between the polymer backbone director and the transition dipole is estimated to be β ≤ 3°, a deduction that helps to explain the relatively large optical dichroism for aligned films of F8T2 and that offers the prospect of highly polarized electroluminescence from F8T2‐based light‐emitting diodes.
Growth of Heteroepitaxial ZnO Thin Films on GaN‐Buffered Al2O3 (0001) Substrates by Low‐Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis at 90 °C
Authors: Kim J. H. , Kim E.‐M. , Andeen D. , Thomson D. , DenBaars S. P. , Lange F. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeteroepitaxial ZnO films are successfully grown on nondoped GaN‐buffered Al2O3 (0001) substrates in water at 90 °C using a two‐step process. In the first step, a discontinuous ZnO thin film (ca. 200 nm in thickness) consisting of hexagonal ZnO crystallites is grown in a solution containing Zn(NO3)·6 H2O and NH4NO3 at ca. pH 7.5 for 24 h. In the second step, a dense and continuous ZnO film (ca. 2.5 μm) is grown on the first ZnO thin film in a solution containing Zn(NO3)·6 H2O and sodium citrate at ca. pH 10.9 for 8 h. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Hall‐effect measurement are used to investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the ZnO films. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that ZnO is a monocrystalline wurtzite structure with an epitaxial orientation relationship of (0001)[11$ \bar 2 $0]ZnO∥(0001)[11$ \bar 2 $0]GaN. Optical transmission spectroscopy of the two‐step grown ZnO film shows a bandgap energy of 3.26 eV at room temperature. A room‐temperature photoluminescence spectrum of the ZnO film reveals only a main peak at ca. 380 nm without any significant defect‐related deep‐level emissions. The electrical property of ZnO film showed n‐type behavior with a carrier concentration of 3.5 × 1018 cm–3 and a mobility of 10.3 cm2 V–1 s–1.
Fetal and maternalMTHFR C677Tgenotype, maternal folate intake and the risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts
Authors: Chevrier Cécile , Perret Claire , Bahuau Michel , Zhu Huiping , Nelva Agnès , Herman Christine , Francannet Christine , Robert‐Gnansia Elisabeth , Finnell Richard H. , Cordier Sylvaine 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe association between maternal folate intake and risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts has been studied among many populations with conflicting results. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR)plays a major role in folate metabolism, and several polymorphisms, includingC677T, are common in European populations. Data from a French study (1998–2001) let us investigate the roles of maternal dietary folate intake and theMTHFRpolymorphism and their interaction on the risk of cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CP). We used both case‐control (164 CL/P, 76 CP, 236 controls; 148, 59, 168 of whom, respectively, had an available genotype) and case‐parent (143 CL/P and 56 CP families) study designs and distinguished the role of the child's genotype and maternally mediated effects on risks. This study observed a beneficial effect of mothers' dietary folate intake on their offspring's risk (odds ratio (OR)≤230 µg/day = ref; for CL/P, OR[230–314 µg/day] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval = 0.3–0.9, OR>314 µg/day = 0.64, 0.4–1.1; for CP, OR[230–314 µg/day] = 1.15, 0.6–2.2, OR>314 µg/day = 0.70, 0.3–1.4). We observed a reduced risk associated with theTTgenotype of the child in the case‐control analysis (ORCC = ref; for CL/P, ORTT = 0.54, 0.3–1.1; for CP, ORTT = 0.33, 0.1–1.0); this genotype, either fetal or maternal, was not statistically significant in the case‐parent analysis. A frequency ofTTgenotype higher in our control group than previously reported in France can partly explain the risk reduction observed in case‐control comparison. Interactions were not statistically significant. Stratified case‐parent analysis showed, however, slight heterogeneity in the role ofTTgenotype according to folate intake. The modest sample size limits this study, which nonetheless provides new estimate of the possible impact of dietary folate intake andMTHFRpolymorphism on oral clefts. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Maziade Michel , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Mérette Chantal , Roy Marc‐Andre , Joober Ridha , Palmour Roberta 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDespite its initial promise, there has been both progress and some set backs in genetic studies of the major psychiatric disorders of childhood and adulthood. Finding true susceptibility genes may be delayed because the most genetically informative phenotypes are not being used on a regular basis in linkage analysis and association studies. It is highly likely that using alternative phenotypes instead of DSM diagnostic categories will lead more rapid success in the search for these susceptibility genes. The objective of this paper is to describe the different types of informative phenotypes that can be employed in psychiatric genetic studies, to clarify their uses, to identify several methodologic issues the design and conduct of linkage and association studies that use alternative phenotypes and finally to suggest possible solutions to those difficulties. This is a conceptual review with a focus on methodological issues that may arise in psychiatric genetics and examples are taken from the literature on autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“No one else sees the difference: ”family members' perceptions of changes in persons with preclinical Huntington disease
Authors: Williams Janet K. , Hamilton Rebekah , Nehl Carissa , McGonigal‐Kenney Meghan , Schutte Debra L. , Sparbel Kathleen , Birrer Emily , Tripp‐Reimer Toni , Friedrich Rose , Penziner Elizabeth , Jarmon Lori , Paulsen Jane 
Published: January 2007

AbstractManifestations of Huntington disease (HD) prior to clinical diagnosis are not well understood. This study documents adult family members' perceptions of changes and their attempts to manage these changes in persons who had received a positive predictive molecular HD test prior to clinical diagnosis. Data were obtained from 19 adult family members in six focus groups in the US and Canada and one individual interview in the US. Changes reported by family members included problems in cognition and behavior, which are consistent with prior reports. In addition, family members observed changes in motor functioning, the ability to complete usual activities at work or at home, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends. Family members attempted to manage these changes by taking on new responsibilities and preparing for future caregiving. Lack of information about preclinical HD, difficulty in understanding changes that may represent early stages of HD, and efforts to maintain secrecy of the preclinical HD situation contribute to compromising the abilities of family members to respond to changes in the person with preclinical HD. Findings provide insights into alterations in cognition, behavior, and functioning observed by the family members prior to clinical diagnosis. Findings further support the need for a more comprehensive assessment and management of early HD symptoms as well as support for family members. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.