bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): II. Separation of saturated and Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐ and tetraenoic fatty esters
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Emken E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPartial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) was used to separate a mixture of saturated and monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic and tetraenoic fatty esters. A series of columns containing XN1010 sulfonic acid resin silvered in the range of 17~91% of theoretical (meaning 17~91% of the sulfonic acid protons were replaced by silver ions) were prepared and were used to correlate the percentage silver with the separation and the retention times of unsaturated fatty esters.cis‐Trienoic and tetraenoic fatty esters were eluted with methanol on PARC columns containing 36 and 17% silver. Partial silvering of the resin improved peak shapes while sample elution time and elution volume were reduced. Application of PARC to the separation of mixtures of fatty acids and mixtures of triglycerides was investigated and found to be not feasible with the present system.
Effect of alkyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylate as an additive on emulsion stability
Authors: Shimada H. , Yamazaki K. , Ueno M. , Meguro K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlkyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylates (R‐PCA), the derivatives of higher alcohols, were prepared and their properties as emulsion stabilizers were estimated using surface tension meter and Multiple Drop methods in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and were compare to those of another system containing a series of edly reduced the interfacial tension compared to a higher alcohol system, and the interfacial tensions for both R‐PCA and higher alcohol systems decreased with the increase of carbon chain length. The stability of oil drops increased greatly by addition of R‐PCA compared to higher alcohol system. In the higher alcohol system, the stability of oil drop showed the minimum at carbon 12. In the R‐PCA system, the stability of oil drops increased greatly with the increase of carbon chain length. A series of R‐PCA was found to be useful as emulsion stabilizers.
Triacylglycerol structure of an african peanut oil
Authors: Sempore G. , Bezard J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTriacylglycerols were isolated from an African peanut oil, then fractionated by unsaturation into classes, and the triacylglycerol structure was determined on these classes using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Fatty acid analysis of monoacylglycerols and, in some cases, of 1 or 2 classes of diacylglycerols, allowed the proportions of 84 isomers to be calculated. The oil had a high oleic acid content (60.3%) and contained nearly 25% of trioleoylglycerol, the major triacylglycerol. The 4 most abundant isomers together represented more than one‐half of the total triacylglycerols. In 30 isomers, the 2‐position was occupied by linoleic acid, and in 39 isomers, by oleic acid. The very long‐chain saturated fatty acids (20:0, 22:0, 24:0) that formed 5.1% of the fatty acid content of the oil, were not found in the 2‐position. In most cases, each was associated with 2 molecules of an unsaturated fatty acid. The placement of fatty acids, respectively, at the 1,3‐position and the 2‐position was relatively close to a l,3‐random‐2‐random distribution, except for trioleoylglycerol (24.7% instead of 21.7% by the random hypothe‐sis).
The kinetics of the esterification reaction between castor oil and oleic acid
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Dandik L. , Kabasakal O. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, esterification of castor oil with oleic acid was investigated in view of the reaction kinetics under various conditions. Potassium hydroxide,p‐toluenesulfonic acid and tin chloride (SnCl22H2O) were used as catalysts. Reaction was carried out at 200°C, 225°C and 250° C by using equivalent proportions of the reactants. For tin chloride, experimental data fitted the second‐order rate equation, while for the other catalysts the obtained data fitted the third‐order rate equation.
Chlorophyll and β‐carotene pigments in moroccan virgin olive oils measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Rahmani M. , Csallany A. Saari 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChlorophyll and β‐carotene concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in virgin olive oils, which were press‐extracted from green and semi‐black olives. Pheophytin A was found to be the major chlorophyll isomer in all oil samples. The occurrence of this pigment at higher concentrations in oil extracted from green olives is a possible indication of its time‐related destruction during olive ripening. Some evidence for thein vivo existence of pheophytin A is also presented. Beta‐carotene concentration in oils was found to decrease during olive ripening.
A study on the adsorption of dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Okumura O. , Ohbu K. , Yokoi K. , Yamada K. , Saika D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study was made on the structure, adsorption behavior toward fabrics and dependence upon particle size of an aqueous dispersion of di(hydrogenated tallow)dimethyl ammonium chloride (purified Arquad 2HT), the most widely used softener base. From the results of analyses by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy, it was found that the dispersed phase of Arquad 2HT dispersion consisted of hydrated particles having a similar structure to that of the multilayered liposomes (or vesicles) of phospholipids and that these particles were adsorbed onto fabrics by softening treatment It was also found that finely dispersed particles showed better softening and antistatic performances in addition to a superior storage stability, due to their higher rate and uniformity of adsorption compared to roughly dispersed particles.
Effect of heat treatments on canola press oils. I. Non‐ triglyceride components
Authors: Prior Elizabeth M. , Vadke Vivekenand S. , Sosulski Frank W. 
Published: July 2007

Increasing heat treatment given to canola seed prior to pressing resulted in press oils with progressively increasing contents of non‐triglyceride components. Phosphorus and chlorophyll contents ranged from 13 ppm and 7 ppm, respectively, in cold press oil to 64 ppm and 68 ppm, respectively, in oil from heated seeds. Refining reduced the amount of these components to 19 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively, in degummed oil and to 4 ppm and 11 ppm, respectively, in bleached oil. Oil with the lowest amount of non‐triglyceride material was obtained by cold pressing and/or bleaching.The major sterols wereβ‐sitosterol (55%), campesterol (35%) and brassicasterol (10%), and the major tocopherols were y (60%), α (30%) and δ (10%). The content of sterols and tocopherols ranged from 620 to 773 mg/100 g and from 47 to 64 mg/100 g, respectively, in the press oils. The total content of sterols was reduced by 15% and a further 1% on degumming and bleaching, respectively. The total tocopherol content was reduced by 20% and 60% on degumming and on subsequent bleaching. Refining had no effect on the sterol isomer ratio, but there was a significant relative loss ofα‐tocopherol on bleaching.
Effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid on the conversion and oxidation of13C‐α‐linolenic acid
Authors: Vermunt Susanne H. F. , Mensink Ronald P. , Simonis Marianne M. G. , Hornstra Gerard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of a diet rich in α‐linolenic acid vs. one rich in oleic acid on the oxidation of uniformly labeled13C‐α‐linolenic acid and its conversion into longer‐chain polyunsaturates (LCP) were investigatedin vivo in healthy human subjects. Volunteers received a diet rich in oleic acid (n=5) or a diet rich in α‐linolenic acid (n=7; 8.3 g/d) for 6 wk before and during the study. After 6 wk, subjects were given 45 mg of13C‐α‐linolenic acid dissolved in olive oil. Blood samples were collected att=0, 5, 11, 24, 96, and 336 h. Breath was sampled and CO2 production was measured each hour for the first 12 h. The mean (±SEM) maximal absolute amount of13C‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in plasma total lipids was 0.04 ±0.01 mg in the α‐linolenic acid group, which was significantly lower (P=0.01) than the amount of 0.12±0.03 mg13C‐EPA in the oleic acid group. Amounts of13C‐docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and13C‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) tended to be lower as well. The mean proportion of labeled α‐linolenic acid (ALA) recovered as13CO2 in breath after 12 h was 20.4% in the ALA and 15.7% in the oleic acid group, which was not significantly different (P=0.12). The cumulative recovery of13C from13C‐ALA in breath during the first 12 h was negatively correlated with the maximal amounts of plasma13C‐EPA (r=−0.58,P=0.047) and13C‐DPA (r=−0.63,P=0.027), but not of13C‐DHA (r=−0.49,P=0.108). In conclusion, conversion of13C‐ALA into its LCP may be decreased on diets rich in ALA, while oxidation of13C‐ALA is negatively correlated with its conversion into LCP. In a few pilot samples, low13C enrichments of n−3 LCP were observed in a diet rich in EPA/DHA as compared to oleic acid.
A high‐fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers
Authors: Cuevas Ada M. , Guasch Viviana , Castillo Oscar , Irribarra Veronica , Mizon Claudio , Martin Alejandra San , Strobel Pablo , Perez Druso , Germain Alfredo M. , Leighton Federico 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction is associated with atherogenesis and oxidative stress in humans. In rat and rabbit blood vessels, wine polyphenol antioxidants induce vascular relaxationin vitro through the NO‐cGMP pathway. To assess the effect of a regular high‐fat diet (HFD) and moderate red wine consumption on endothelial function (EF), a study was performed in healthy male volunteers. EF was measured as flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, employing high‐resolution ultrasound after an overnight fast. Other clinical and biochemical parameters related to EF were also measured. Six volunteers received a control diet, rich in fruits and vegetables (27% calories as fat) and five volunteers received an HFD (39.5% calories as fat). Measurements were done twice on each volunteer: after a period of 30 d with diet plus 240 mL of red wine/d, and after a period of 30 d with diet, without wine. In the absence of wine, there is a reduction of EF with HFD when compared to the control diet (P=0.014). This loss of EF is not seen when both diets are supplemented with wine for 30 d (P=0.001). Plasma levels ofn−3 fatty acids (R2=0.232,P=0.023) and lycopene (R2=0.223,P=0.020) show a positive correlation with individual EF measurements, but they do not account for the significant differences observed among dietary groups or after wine supplementation. These results help elucidate the deleterious effect of a high‐fat diet and the protective role of wine, n−3 fatty acids and dietary antioxidants in cardiovascular disease.
Octadecadienoic acids of shortenings and margarines
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Brown J. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA scheme is described to separate the fatty acids of shortenings and margarines into four fractions, the final filtrate of which contains most of the polyunsaturated acids. The nature of the unsaturated acids in these fractions is discussed. It is observed that these fats contain 25–40% oftrans monoethenoic acids and 2–8% of linoleic acid and considerable proportions of both 9,12‐cis, trans ortrans,cis and isolatedcis,trans isomers of linoleic acid.
Urease activity in soybean meal products
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Belter Paul A. , Anderson Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA method which uses direct titration of ammonia as a measure of urease activity was modified for use in the assay of raw and of slightly denatured soybean meal. The modifications which were adopted were the use of glutathione, a presoaking of the sample for 30 min. at 40°C., and making of the assay at 40°C. Data on the urease activity of several varieties of soybeans, and for immature and frost‐damaged soybeans were determined.
Frying performance of palm oil liquid fractions
Authors: Bracco U. , Dieffenbacher A. , Kolarovic L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPalm oil liquid fractions were used as frying media in household and industrial fryers and were compared to standard edible oils and fats, such as soybean, groundnut, sunflower, rapeseed and tallow. The analytical evaluation covered free fatty acids, viscosity, smoke and flame points, oxidized fatty acids, nonelution material (NEM), UV differential spectra, polymers and foam index. These values measure the extent of the oil degradation, i.e., oxidation, hydrolysis, splitting and polymerization. Moreover, they were combined with other analytical procedures (fatty acid composition, keeping qualities such as the time necessary for an oxygen‐absorbing sample to reach a ‐0.5 psi pressure in a closed system) in order to have a large analytical control during the frying processes. The data collected show the suitability of edible oils and fats for frying purposes and indicate that palm oil liquid fractions perform satisfactorily as frying media. They have low degradation and produce fried foods with acceptable keeping qualities.
Biological evaluation of hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Nolew G. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA 91‐day feeding study evaluated soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated superglycerinated soybean oil and fully hydrogenated superglycerinated rapeseed oil at 7.5% of the diet in rats; a 16‐wk feeding study evaluated soybean oil and the three rapeseed oils or fats at 15% of the diet. Each fat was fed to 40 rats as a mixture with soybean oil making up 20% of a semi‐synthetic diet. No significant differences in body weight gains or diet‐related pathology were seen in the 91‐day study although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had slightly heavier hearts, kidneys and testes than the others. The rats fed the four fully hydrogenated fats ate more feed and had lower feed efficiencies than those fed oils but no differences were seen among the four hydrogenated fats. In the 16‐wk feeding study, no pronounced pathology related to the diet was seen although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had a slightly higher incidence of histiocytic infiltration of cardiac muscle than the rats in the other groups. The female rats fed the three rapeseed oil fats gained significantly less weight and the females fed liquid rapeseed oil had enlarged hearts compared to the other groups. The absorbabilities of the six fats were measured in the 91‐day study when fed as a mixture with soybean oil and as the sole source of dietary fat in a separate 15‐day balance study. The four fully hydrogenated fats were poorly absorbed and the absorption of behenic acid from the two hydrogenated rapeseed oils was found to be 12% and 17% in the balance study and 8‐40% in the feeding study. The adverse biological effects of unhydrogenated rapeseed oil containing erucic acid as reported in the literature do not occur with fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil. In addition, the low absorbability of the fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil is an added factor in its biological inertness.
High performance reversed‐phase chromatography of natural triglyceride mixtures
Authors: El‐Hamdy A. H. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHigh performance reversed‐phase chromatography (HPRC) is an efficient and powerful tool gaining momentum in the separation of triglycerides and other lipid components. In the present study the effect of different variables in triglyceride separation has been studied. It was found that a longer hydrocarbon chain bonded to silica gel as well as the percent coverage improved the separation. Smaller particle size packing increased triglyceride resolution. A decrease in mobile phase polarity by increasing the acetone content resulted in a decrease in the retention time and resolution of triglyceride.
Separation of conjugated methyl octadecadienoate and trienoate geometric isomers by silver‐resin column and preparative gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Emken E. A. , Scholfield C. R. , Davison V. L. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSilver‐resin column chromatography, preceded by preparative gas‐liquid chromatography to remove unconjugated esters, has been used to separate conjugated methyl octadecadienoates intocis,cis‐, cis,trans‐, andtrans,trans‐ isomers, also methyl eleostearate into a‐ and ॆ‐isomers in 91 to 100% purity.
Spectrophotometric determination of saturated and alpha, beta‐unsaturated carbonyl in complex systems at a single wavelength
Authors: Jordan Donald E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe simultaneous determination of trace concentrations of saturated and a,ॆ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in simple or complex systems at a single wavelength is described. From the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the alkaline carbonyl‐2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone determined at a precise time‐interval, the total carbonyl, percentage of saturated carbonyl, and ॖg C = O/Absorbance unit are then subsequently calculated from previously determined trilinear parameters. These parameters are calculated from the relative response of known concentrations of pure (99.6+%) saturated anda,ॆ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds prepared by large‐scale high resolution GLC. The method is applicable in simple or complex systems, such as hydrocarbon, aromatic or aliphatic, oxygenated ester, acid, alcohol or ether systems as well as kerosenes and petroleum distillates.
Nonionic detergent degradation. i. thin‐layer chromatography and foaming properties of alcohol polyethoxylates
Authors: Patterson Stella J. , Scott C. C. , Tucker K. B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe thin‐layer Chromatographic method for determination of nonionic detergents has been used for the chemical assessment of alcohol polyethoxylates and material derived from them during degradation under simple laboratory conditions. Foaming capacity during degradation was also measured on a representative selection of the materials under test. With one exception (a material with a highly branched alkyl chain) the disappearance of all the alcohol‐ethoxylates tested was rapid; a small increase in time required for complete disappearance was observed with the more highly ethoxylated materials, and with the materials which had some slight branching in the alkyl chain. Residues of the polyethylene glycol type, which were generally more persistent than the original materials, were observed to build up as the original materials disappeared, increasing ethoxylation present in the original material giving rise to increasing quantities of residues. The foaming capacity at every stage of the degradation, that is, foam formation alone or synergistic effect on foam formation because of other detergents, could be closely correlated with the results obtained by using the thin‐layer Chromatographic procedure.
An improved mixed anhydride technique for fatty amide synthesis
Authors: Applewhite T. H. , Binder JANE S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAmides of fatty acids normally prepared in fair‐to‐good yield and purity by conventional mixed carboxylic‐carbonic anhydride techniques can be prepared in higher yield and improved purity by use of a modified method called “inverse addition.” By reversal of the classical order of mixing of the reactants and, with the use of excess alkyl chlorocarbonate, side reactions are suppressed and yields are improved.
Calorimetric studies of the heat of melting of milk fat by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Yoncoskie R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA differential thermal analysis calorimeter was used in determining the heat of melting of milk fat. The heat of melting values for milk fat, studied on samples conditioned at different temperatures, varied from 20.4 cal/g (average value) to 25.1 cal/g (average value).
On the extraction of oil from raw comminuted cottonseed kernels with the acetone‐hexane‐water azeotrope
Authors: Frampton Vernon L. , Pepperman Armand B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of particle size on the rate of ex‐traction of oil from raw comminuted cottonseed kernels with the acetone‐hexane‐water azeotrope were examined. Five samples of cottonseed of different average particle sizes and three extrac‐tion times were used in the investigation. The particles were comminuted in such a manner as to be, as a first approximation, essentially spher‐ical in shape; the concentration gradient of oil in the particles was found to follow the relationship L =r‐A +B where L is the oil content of the extracted seed, r is the particle radius, and A and B are constants. The establishment of the concentration gradient was extremely rapid (within 10 seconds), and the constants A and B assume the same values for each of the three extraction times employed. These two facts in‐dicate that mass oil movement in the particles is a dilatation and occurs too rapidly for diffusion phenomena to be evident.
The effect of dietary fat on fatty acid synthesis in cell‐free preparations of lactating mammary gland
Authors: Coniglio John G. , Bridges Raymond 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCell‐free preparations of lactating mammary gland of rats maintained during lactation on a fat‐free diet incorporated C14‐acetate into fatty acids to a greater degree than preparations made from rats fed a similar diet containing 20% fat. The type of fat used did not affect the degree of inhibition of synthesis. C14‐acetate was incorporated mainly into dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids although labeling was observed in fatty acids from 8–18 carbons. The pattern of labeling was not significantly different in the various groups except for slightly decreased amounts of C14 in the shorter chain fatty acids of preparations made from glands of rats on the fat‐free or coconut oilcontaining diet. The fatty acids characteristic of the fed fat became prominent components of the microsomes and mitochondria as well as of the fat floating on the centrifuged homogenates (presumably milk fat).
Heat treatment of vegetable oils III. GC‐MS characterization of cyclic fatty acid monomers in heated sunflower and linseed oils after total hydrogenation
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , LeQuere J. L. , Morin O. , Vatele J. M. , Grandgirard A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFractions of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) were isolated from linseed oil heated at 275°C for 12 hr under nitrogen, at 240°C for 10 hr under nitrogen and at 240°C for 10 hr under air. Cyclic fatty acid monomers fractions were also isolated from a sunflower oil heated at 275°C for 12 hr under nitrogen and at 200°C for 48 hr in a commercial fryer. The CFAM fractions were hydrogenated and their composition studied by gas liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The CFAM in the fraction isolated from heated linseed oil samples were a mixture (1:1) ofcis andtrans cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl isomers, while the CFAM in the fractions isolated from heated sunflower oils were mostly cyclopentyl isomers. The major cyclopentyl isomers weretrans andcis methyl 7‐(2′‐hexylcyclopentyl) ‐heptanoate, methyl 9‐(2′‐butyl‐cyclopentyl)‐nonanoate and methyl 10‐(2′‐propylcyclo‐pentyl)‐decanoate. The major cyclohexyl isomers were thetrans andcis methyl 9‐(2′‐propylcyclohexyl)‐nonanoate which represented about 50% of the CFAM isomers isolated from heated linseed oil samples.
Synthesis of O‐Acyl‐L‐Homoserine by lipase
Authors: Nagao Akihiko , Kito Makoto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLipases (EC 3.1.1.3) fromCandida cylindracea andRhizopus delemar were found to catalyze O‐acylation of L‐homoserine or L‐serine with free fatty acids or with fatty acids from triacylglycerol. The active pH range of the reation for O‐acylation was from 7.0 to 8.5. Emulsifying activity of O‐oleoyl‐L‐homoserine was higher than those of conventional surfactants.