bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Torsional Interaction of Wire and Polyester Fibre Ropes Used for Offshore Moorings
Authors: Bradon J , Ridge I , Chaplin R 
Published: June 2006

Oil rig mooring lines have traditionally consisted of chain and wire rope. As production has moved into deeper water it has proved advantageous to incorporate sections of fibre rope into the mooring lines. However, this has highlighted torsional interaction problems that can occur when ropes of different types are joined together. This paper describes a method by which the torsional properties of ropes can be modelled and can then be used to calculate the rotation and torque for two ropes connected in series. The method uses numerical representations of the torsional characteristics of both the ropes, and equates the torque generated in each rope under load to determine the rotation at the connection point. Data from rope torsional characterization tests have been analysed to derive constants used in the numerical model. Constants are presented for: a six-strand wire rope; a torque-balanced fibre rope; and a fibre rope that has been designed to be torque-matched to stranded wire rope. The calculation method has been verified by comparing predicted rotations with measured test values. Worked examples are given for a six-strand wire rope connected, firstly, to a torque-balanced fibre rope that offers little rotational restraint, and, secondly, to a fibre rope whose torsional properties are matched to that of the wire rope.
Hexagonal Liquid-crystalline Nanoparticles in Aqueous Mixtures of Glyceryl Monooleyl Ether and Pluronic F127
Authors: Barauskas Justas , Johnsson Markus , Nylander Tommy , Tiberg Fredrik 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A liquid-crystalline nanoparticles with internal reversed hexagonal structure has been prepared by use of a single lipid system. The obtained particles are essentially monocrystalline nanoporous hexagonal prisms with the size of about 200 nm.
(Z)-1,2,3,4-Tetraboryl-2-butene: A Reagent for Stereoselective One-pot Triple Aldehyde Addition
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Shimono Katsuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
(Z)-1,2,3,4-Tetraboryl-2-butene reacted with three molecules of 2,3-dialkylidene-1,5-alkanediol as a single stereoisomer. Preparation and triple addition of the butene can be effected in a single operation.
Iron–Sulfur Carbonyl Compounds with Unique Terminal Thioether Ligation Modeling for the Active Site of [Fe]-only Hydrogenases
Authors: Hu Ming-Qiang , Ma Cheng-Bing , Zhang Xiao-Feng , Chen Feng , Chen Chang-Neng , Liu Qiu-Tian 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Model compounds of the H-cluster of the [Fe]-only hydrogenase, Fe2{μ-S(CH2)3S}(CO)5S(CH2CH3)2, Fe2{μ-S(CH2)3S}(CO)5{S(CH2CH3)C6H5}·0.5THF, and Fe2{μ-S(CH2)3S}(CO)5{S(CH2CH3)CH2CH2Cl} have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Organic thioethers were introduced by simple method as terminal S-ligation to simulate the cystine-S linkage between the 2Fe unit and cuboidal [4Fe4S] moiety.
Efficient Thermal Conversion of Poly(pyridinediylbutadiynylene)s to Nitrogen-containing Microporous Carbon
Authors: Kijima Masashi , Oda Takayuki , Yamazaki Takahisa , Tazaki Yasunori , Nakamura Junji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Poly(pyridinediylbutadiynylene)s, a conjugated polymer alternatively consisted of the pyridine and butadiyne units, were synthesized by oxidative polycondensation of diethynylpyridine with the Hay catalyst. They converted to microporous carbons in high yields with a high efficiency of fixation of nitrogen by heating up from room temperature to 900 °C under flowing of argon.
End-to-end Assemblies of Gold Nanorods Adsorbed on a Glass Substrate Modified with Polyanion Polymers
Authors: Honda Kanako , Niidome Yasuro , Nakashima Naotoshi , Kawazumi Hirofumi , Yamada Sunao 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine-passivated gold nanorods (NRs) adsorbed on polyanion-modified glass substrates. The NRs on glass substrates formed end-to-end assemblies showing red-shifted and broaden longitudinal surface plasmon (SP) bands. Addition of aminohexanethiol (AHT) induced dumping of SP bands but increased the density of NRs on glass surfaces. Thiol groups of AHT were effective to change the properties of NR assemblies on glass surfaces.
Fluorescence Lifetimes Study of α‐Tocopherol and Biological Prenylquinols in Organic Solvents and Model Membranes
Authors: Kruk Jerzy , Myśliwa‐Kurdziel Beata , Jemiola‐Rzemińska Malgorzata , Strzalka Kazimierz 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWe have found that for biological prenyllipids, such as plastoquinol‐9, α‐tocopherol quinol, and α‐tocopherol, the shortest fluorescence lifetimes were found in aprotic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate) whereas the longest lifetimes were those of ubiquinonol‐10 in these solvents. For all the investigated prenyllipids, fluorescence lifetime in alcohols increased along with an increase in solvent viscosity. In a concentrated hexane solution, the lifetimes of prenylquinols considerably decreased. This contrasts with methanol solutions, which is probably due to the self‐association of these compounds in aprotic solvents. We have also found a correlation of the Stokes shift of prenyllipids fluorescence with the orientation polarizability of the solvents. Based on data obtained in organic solvents, measurements of the fluorescence lifetimes of prenyllipids in liposomes allowed an estimation of the relative distance of their fluorescent rings from the liposome membrane surface, and was found to be the shortest for α‐tocopherol quinol in egg yolk phosphatidyl‐choline liposomes, and increased in the following order: α‐tocopherol in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes < α‐tocopherol < plastoquinol‐9 < ubiquinol‐10 in egg‐yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes.
DNA‐Assisted Monolayer Immobilization of 2D Opaline Arrays
Authors: Kim S. , Yang B. , Hou S. , Lee J. , Papadimitrakopoulos F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDNA supramolecular recognition is employed for the immobilization of 2D photonic crystals of monodisperse colloidal microspheres. Amine‐terminated DNA oligomers are covalently attached to carboxy‐decorated microspheres and substrates while preserving their colloidal stability and organization properties. Following a capillary‐force‐assisted organization of DNA‐decorated microspheres into close‐packed 2D opaline arrays, the first monolayer is immobilized by DNA hybridization. Various parameters affecting the long‐range order of such opaline arrays are investigated, including surface hydrophobicity and the relative strengths of the specific versus nonspecific interactions. The type and concentration of salt and the process temperature are also optimized for the hybridization between microspheres and substrate. The selective removal of non‐specifically bound multilayers is accomplished by carefully passing an air/liquid interface over these arrays. DNA hybridization was found to play an important role in immobilizing the first monolayer of 2D opaline arrays while preserving its long‐range order, with an approximate binding strength three times higher than that of non‐specific interactions.
Inside Front Cover: Photonic Crystal Structures as a Basis for a Three‐Dimensionally Interpenetrating Electrochemical‐Cell System (Adv. Mater. 13/2006)
Authors: Ergang N. S. , Lytle J. C. , Lee K. T. , Oh S. M. , Smyrl W. H. , Stein A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe inside cover shows an SEM image of a 3D‐interpenetrating electrochemical cell with submicrometer features, as reported by Stein and coworkers on p. 1750. The pores of an inverse‐opal carbon electrode are coated with a conformal layer of a polymer separator and infiltrated with vanadia to form the opposite electrode after lithiation. The idealized scheme illustrates lithium‐ion transport between the electrodes through the polymer membrane.
In‐situ measurements of temperature distributions in a microwave‐heated cavity
Authors: Finegan Timothy , Laibinis Paul E. , Hatton T. Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe application of microwave heating technology to chemical processes outside of the food industries has been limited by an incomplete understanding of the temperature distributions formed within a microwave‐heated cavity. A fluorescence‐based optical method of thermometry is described for the in situ measurement of temperature distributions during microwave heating processes. Highly nonuniform, two‐dimensional (2‐D) temperature‐distribution profiles were measured by resolving spatial variations in the fluorescence response of a temperature sensitive dye, Rhodamine B. The dye was excited by illuminating a slice within the sample cell using a planar expanded laser beam. Significant variations in the heating profiles of water and of salt (NaCl) solutions of different concentrations were observed, consistent with the influence of salt concentration on the dielectric properties of the solutions. The experimentally observed spatial variations in temperature before the onset of convection were in good agreement with predictions using a simple model to describe the electric field distributions in the microwave cavity. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Commensalistic cultures with kinetic feedback—Static and dynamic behavior
Authors: Parulekar Satish J. , Ingle Parag A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSteady state and dynamic behavior of continuous mixed cultures of two cell species with commensalistic interaction and kinetic feedback is investigated. The generation of the substrate required for growth of the host cell species from a primary resource is catalyzed by extracellular enzymes produced by the cell species, providing thereby, a kinetic feedback. The steady states are divided into three types. For the form of kinetics considered, the reactor can operate at up to seven steady states, including up to four steady states in which the cell species coexist. Conditions for admissibility and stability of different steady states are derived analytically. Admissibility of cyclic states is investigated. The specific example considered pertains to anaerobic digestion of complex insoluble organics by acid generating and methane generating bacteria. For a specific kinetic parameter set, the operating parameter space is divided into multiple regions based on admissibility of various steady states and dynamic characteristics. Startup policies to reach desired steady states are discussed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The Italian surveillance system for occupational cancers: Characteristics, initial results, and future prospects
Authors: Crosignani Paolo , Massari Stefania , Audisio Roberto , Amendola Plinio , Cavuto Silvio , Scaburri Alessandra , Zambon Paola , Nedoclan Giovanni , Stracci Fabrizio , Pannelli Franco , Vercelli Marina , Miligi Lucia , Imbriani Marcello , Berrino Franco 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundOccupational cancer monitoring is important for cancer prevention and public health protection. A surveillance system for identifying occupational cancer risks and cancer cases in Italy that are likely to be of occupational origin using information available in the Italian Social Security archives was created and assessed. Persons employed in the private sector, the employing company, its industrial sector, and years of employment are available in these archives.MethodsA method to find known occupational hazards was first tested using a case‐control approach. Cases were from six Italian cancer registries (CRs) and controls were sampled from source populations and as “exposure” the economic sector of the employing company was used. The potential of using hospital discharge records as case sources was subsequently assessed: these cover larger populations and are available more quickly than CR case series.ResultsIn the CR‐based study many known occupational cancer risks related to specific industrial sectors were identified. By using cases from hospital discharge records many industries at risk were identified, as well as cases of recent diagnosis likely to be of occupational origin. However, for some industrial sectors (e.g., the chemical industry) the approach was unable to detect any excess risk. Furthermore, information on employees in important areas like agriculture, self‐employment, and the public sector is not available in the Social Security archives.ConclusionsThis approach appears to be a promising low‐cost method for occupational cancer surveillance, at least for some industries, and can be easily implemented in other countries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetrische heterogene Katalyse
Authors: Heitbaum Maja , Glorius Frank , Escher Iris 
Published: June 2006

AbstractKnapper werdende Rohstoffe und ein zunehmender Bedarf an enantiomerenreinen Verbindungen machen die Katalyse und insbesondere die heterogene asymmetrische Katalyse zu einer Schlüsseltechnologie. Von den Anfängen, der Verwendung chiraler Biopolymere wie Seide als Träger für Metallkatalysatoren, zu den modernen Forschungsfeldern hat sich das Gebiet rasant entwickelt. Mesoporöse Träger, nichtkovalente Immobilisierung, metall‐organische Katalysatoren, chirale Modifikatoren: viele Gebiete sind im Aufbruch. Dass hierbei von den Katalysatoren mehr geleistet wird, als nur leichte Abtrennung und Wiederverwendung zu ermöglichen, zeigt dieser Aufsatz. So können z. B. bessere Aktivitäten und Selektivitäten als bei der homogenen Katalyse und zudem neuartige, effiziente Reaktionsmechanismen erhalten werden. Besonders spektakulär ist aber der Ausblick auf hochgeordnete metall‐organische Katalysatoren, die “rational” entwickelt, synthetisiert und strukturell eindeutig charakterisiert werden können, um maßgeschneiderte Katalysatoren zu erhalten.
Characterization and possible agricultural application of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate crosslinked hydrogels prepared by ionizing radiation
Authors: Abd El‐Rehim Hassan A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPolyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAAm/Na‐alginate) crosslinked copolymers were prepared by using electron beam irradiation. The gel content and the swelling behavior of the obtained copolymers were investigated. The thermal and morphological properties of the prepared copolymers were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of PAAm significantly changed when mixed with Na‐alginate. The addition of PAAm/Na‐alginate copolymer in small quantities to sandy soil increased its ability to retain water. The growth and other responses of the faba bean plant cultivated in a soil treated with PAAm and PAAm/Na‐alginate copolymer were investigated. The growth of the bean plant cultivated in a soil containing PAAm/Na‐alginate was better than that cultivated in soil treated with PAAm. The most significant difference between the PAAm and its alginate copolymer is that the latter partially undergoes radiolytic and enzymatic degradation to produce oligo‐alginate, which acts as a plant growth promoter. The increase in faba bean plant performance by using PAAm/Na‐alginate copolymer suggested its possible use in the agriculture field as a soil conditioner, providing the plant with water as well as oligo‐alginate growth promoter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3572–3580, 2006
Preparation of ion exchange membranes by preirradiation induced grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene into crosslinked PTFE films and successive sulfonation
Authors: Li Jingye , Ichizuri Shogo , Asano Saneto , Mutou Fumihiro , Ikeda Shigetoshi , Iida Minoru , Miura Takaharu , Oshima Akihiro , Tabata Yoneho , Washio Masakazu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIon exchange membranes (IEMs) were prepared by preirradiation induced grafting of styrene with or without divinylbenzene (DVB) into crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (RX‐PTFE) films and successively sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid. The effects of the DVB concentration and solvent on the kinetic of the graft polymerization were studied. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) values of the prepared membranes ranging from 1.5 to 2.8 mequiv/g were obtained. The degree of swelling increased with the increase in the degree of grafting, while higher crosslinking density of both the RX‐PTFE matrices and the grafts suppressed the degree of swelling. The chemical stabilities of the IEMs were tested by recording the weight of the membranes being soaked in hot H2O2 solutions. The weight‐time curves of the prepared membranes showed one‐step quick decrease due to the decomposition of the poly(styrene‐sulfonic acid) (PSSA) grafts. Higher crosslinking density in both the RX‐PTFE matrices and the grafts improved the chemical stability of the IEMs. The ionic conductivity of the IEMs increases with the increase in the IEC values. The IEMs with IEC values higher than 2.2 mequiv/g hold the higher ionic conductivity than that of Nafion® 112 membrane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3587–3599, 2006
Structure and properties of composite films prepared from cellulose and nanocrystalline titanium dioxide particles
Authors: Zhou Jinping , Liu Shilin , Qi Jianing , Zhang Lina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractComposite films were successfully prepared from cellulose and two kinds of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles in a NaOH/urea aqueous solution (7.5 : 11 in wt %) by coagulation with H2SO4 solution. The structure, morphology, and properties of the films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, TGA, tensile testing, UV–vis spectroscopy, and antibacterial test. The results indicated that TiO2 particles in a cellulose matrix maintained the original nanocrystalline structure and properties. TiO2(I) (anatase) and TiO2(II) (the mixture of anatase and rutile) particles exhibited a certain miscibility with cellulose. The tensile strength of two kinds of composite films was higher than 70 and 75 MPa, when the content of TiO2(I) and TiO2(II) was 4 and 11 wt %, respectively. The cellulose composite films containing nanocrystalline TiO2 particles displayed distinct antibacterial abilities and excellent UV absorption. This work provides a potential way for preparing functional composite materials from cellulose and inorganic nanoparticles in a NaOH/urea aqueous solution, without a destruction of the structure and properties of the particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3600–3608, 2006
The preparation and physical properties of UP/montmorillonite nanocomposite by UV radiation curing
Authors: Kim Ho‐Gyum , Han Dong‐Hee , Lim Jeong‐Cheol , Oh Dae‐Hee , Min Kyung‐Eun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article describes the preparation and properties of unsaturated polyester (UP)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite by UV radiation. Benzildimethylketal and 1‐hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK) as a photoinitiator in UP were photolyzed under nitrogen condition. Analysis of X‐ray diffraction patterns of the composites shows that the interlayer spacing of MMT is substantially increased. The type and amount of photoinitiator affects the level of improvement in mechanical properties, and our results suggest that HCPK is a more efficient photoinitiator of UP curing reaction. The interaction between photoinitiators and MMT should be considered to acquire the reinforcement effect of the dispersed MMT nanolayers. The properties of nanocomposite are dependent upon the amount of MMT. The effect of MMT concentration on thermal and dielectric properties is also investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3609–3615, 2006
Barrier properties of chlorobutyl nanoclay composites
Authors: Sridhar V. , Tripathy D. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractElastomeric materials are used as barriers to protect workers against exposure to chemicals. The effectiveness of a polymer as a chemical protective material depends on the rate of permeation of chemicals through it. The permeation rate is dependent on the type and amount of fillers added into the polymer matrix. In this study, Chlorobutyl nanoclay composites were prepared by addition of organically modified and unmodified nanoclays at different filler loadings. The nanocomposites were swollen in three solvents of varying cohesive energy density until equilibrium and desorption experiments were carried out. The data obtained from desorption experiments was used to determine the diffusion coefficients. The concentration‐dependent diffusion coeffecient (D) was calculated at high and low concentration regions and it was found that D is one‐order less in lower concentration region than in the higher concentration range. The aspect ratio of the nanoclay fillers in the composite was calculated by assuming square and disc shapes and it was found to vary with the type of solvent and the used and filler loading. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3630–3637, 2006
Preparation and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrid composites based on multiepoxy silsesquioxane and cyanate resin
Authors: Lu Tingli , Liang Guozheng , Guo Zhian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA multiepoxy cubic silsesquioxane was prepared by the hydrolysis and polycondensation of trifunctional monomer (γ‐glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in a solvent mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone and anhydrous ethanol with a tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution acting as the catalyst, and it was successfully introduced into a cyanate resin and formed highly crosslinked organic–inorganic hybrid composites on a molecular level via a mutual cure reaction. The properties of the multiepoxy cubic silsesquioxane/bisphenol A dicyanate ester resin composites were investigated, and the results showed that introducing the cubic silsesquioxane unit into the cyanate resin successfully modified the local structure of the molecule, made the chain more rigid, restricted the chain mobility, and eventually improved the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3652–3658, 2006
Synthesis of well‐defined poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization in a microemulsion
Authors: Kai Pan , Yi Dan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWell‐defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with an α‐isobutyronitrile group and an ω‐bromine atom as the end groups was synthesized by the microemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 70°C with a 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile/CuBr2/2,2′‐bipyridine system. The conversion of the polymerization reached 81.9%. The viscosity‐average molecular weight of PMMA was high (380,000), and the polydispersity index was 1.58. The polymerization of MMA exhibited some controlled radical polymerization characteristics. The mechanism of controlled polymerization was studied. The presence of hydrogen and bromine atoms as end groups of the obtained PMMA was determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The shape and size of the final polymer particles were analyzed by scanning probe microscopy, and the diameters of the obtained particles were usually in the range of 60–100 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3670–3676, 2006