bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transobturator tape (TOT): Two years follow‐up
Authors: Juma Saad , Brito C. Gilberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study is to report the functional results, patient satisfaction, and morbidity of the Transobturator tape procedure (TOT) in the treatment of stress incontinence (SUI).MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients were prospectively evaluated with history, physical examination, quality of life questionnaire including Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), urogenital distress inventory (UDI), and analog global satisfaction scale (GSS), and urodynamic studies.ResultsOne hundred and seventeen patients (90%) had history of SUI, and 78 (60%) had urge incontinence. Pads/day (PPD) used was 2.48 ± 2.42, and the score of IIQ 16.13 ± 7.86, UDI 10.95 ± 3.4, and GSS 1.41 ± 1.67. All patients underwent TOT using the ObTape™. Hospital stay was 0.84 ± 0.76 days and catheter duration was 1.42 ± 2.08 days. At a follow‐up of 16.85 ±  4.68 months, 13 patients (10%) have recurrent SUI, 21 (16.15%) persistent urge incontinence, and 1 (1.92%) de novo urge incontinence. The mean PPD is 0.15 ± 0.56, IIQ 1.47 ± 5.14, UDI 3.28 ± 3.09, and GSS 8.29 ± 1.64. Two patients (1.52%) developed urethral obstruction, five (3.84%) had vaginal extrusion of the tape, and two (1.52%) had intra‐operative bladder perforation.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the TOT. The short hospitalization and catheterization, low incidence of de novo urge incontinence and obstructive voiding offers a distinct advantage over existing techniques. No significant difference in outcome between patients with VLPP ≤60 cm H2O, and patients with VLPP >60 cm H2O was observed. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of cytokinins on isoflavone and anthocyanin synthesis in red clover seedlings
Authors: Dedio W. , Clark K. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKinetin and N‐6‐benzyladenine stimulated isoflavone production in red clover, particularly if applied at an early stage in the nutrient solution. The cytokinins induced a reduction in yield and moisture content and an increase in anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanin also appeared in mature red clover leaves when petioles were girdled but isoflavone level remained unchanged, suggesting that certain enzymes synthesising isoflavones may become inactive during maturation of the leaf. The anthocyanin was tentatively identified as cyanidin‐3‐bioside. Isoflavone leaching was retarded from red clover discs when these were floated on kinetin, benzyladenine or benzimidazole solution.
Persistence of organochlorine insecticides on different substrates under different environmental conditions. I. The rates of loss of dieldrin and aldrin by volatilisation from glass surfaces
Authors: Phillips F. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe losses of dieldrin and aldrin by volatilisation from crystalline deposits on glass surfaces in different environments were studied by using these insecticides labelled with the radioactive isotope 36CL as a tracer.Volatilisation rates were very sensitive to changes in temperature and to a lesser extent to air movement, but not to change in relative humidity (the effect of which was measurable only on porous glass surfaces).All rates of loss from glass surfaces could be described mathematically in terms of single or double exponential equations, although many were better described by simple sigmoid (logistic) equations.
The breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine in soils and maize
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Stoydin G. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRadioisotope techniques have been used to study the breakdown products that are formed from the herbicide cyanazine (BLADEX)a, 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethyl‐amino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine, in soils and in maize grown in the soils under indoor conditions.In soils of different types cyanazine broke down mainly by conversion of the nitrile group to amide (II) and then to an acid (III) followed by hydrolysis of the ring chlorine to hydroxyl (IV). Dealkylation reactions occurred to only a limited extent in soils.In maize plants grown in treated soils the hydrolysis products, the amide (II) and the hydroxy acid (IV) were detected as well as appreciable quantities of products (VI) and (VIII) formed from these by loss of the N‐ethyl group. In plants the hydroxy acids (IV) and (VIII) were present in the free form and there was also evidence for conjugates which were not identified but could be converted to these hydroxy acids, (IV) and (VIII), on treatment with acids.In these indoor studies the major residues appear to be the hydroxy acid (IV) in soils and (IV) and its dealkylated analogue (VIII) in plants grown in treated soils. These compounds are not herbicides and are of a low order of toxicity to mammals.
Residue levels and cholinesterase activities in sheep poisoned experimentally with diazinon
Authors: Machin Antony F. , Anderson Peter H. , Hebert C. Nancy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSheep were dosed orally with diazinon at 450 and 600 mg/kg: residues of diazinon were determined in the blood, brain, liver, kidney cortex and medulla, muscle, fat and rumen contents at intervals after dosing, and cholinesterase activities in the erythrocytes and the brain were determined at the same intervals. The relations between residues, cholinesterase activity and clinical symptoms are discussed from the points of view of their diagnostic value and the possibility of undesirable residues occurring in poisoned animals. Rough estimates of the residues of two metabolites, hydroxydiazinon and dehydro‐diazinon, in one sheep are also discussed. The oxygen analogue of diazinon was not detected although it was specifically sought.
Infrared spectra of the complexes of malaoxon with some anhydrous metal chlorides
Authors: Chopra S. L. , Arora C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTreatment of malaoxon with the anhydrous chlorides of zinc (II), manganese (II) copper (II) and iron (III) in carbon tetrachloride below 10° yielded solid compounds corresponding to a (1:1) composition. The infrared spectra of these compounds show coordination through the P = O bond.
Some characteristics of the egg shells of quail fed gamma‐BHC
Authors: Whitehead C. C. , Downie J. N. , Phillips J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of feeding a diet containing gamma‐BHC at a level of 200 mg/kg on various aspects of egg production and egg shell quality of the Japanese quail were studied. No adverse effects were observed on rate or pattern of egg production, egg size, shell thickness, calcium content, shearing strength or structure as seen through the scanning electron microscope.
A method for determining the volatility of active ingredients used in plant protection II. Applications to formulated products
Authors: Gücke Walter , Rittig Falk R. , Synnatschke Gotthard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe process of volatilisation of solvents and active ingredients from solid and liquid formulated products has been investigated. Plotting the amount of active ingredient volatilised from a carrier against the square root of time resulted in a linear curve. A simple method of determining the volatility of an active ingredient from layers of its formulated product is also described.
The accumulation and distribution of pp′DDT and related compounds in an apple orchard .I. residues in the soil
Authors: Stringer Austin , Pickard John A. , Lyons Clive H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoils from an orchard sprayed annually (1953‐1969) with technical DDT (77% pp′DDT and 22 % pp′DDT) were analysed for residues from 1964 until 1969. The amount of DDT found after 17 years was 21 %pp′DDTout of 27.1 kg/ha applied, and 7 % of pp′DDT out of 7.6 kg/ha. The vertical distribution of residues (pp′DDT, pp′DDE, pp′TDE and pp′DDT) showed a linear relationship between log amount and depth, with approximately 80% in the top 10 cm of soil. At depths from 50 to 210 cm, residue values were too small to be determined (i.e. < 1 ng/g dry wt). The surface distribution in the orchard showed a systematic pattern of circular areas of residues, with maximum values centred at each trunk (7.5 μg/g) and decreasing rapidly to each alley (1.9 ug/g). The levels of pp′DDT had reached a steady state (3‐4 kg/ha) and the half‐life time was calculated as 3.0 j′ears. pp′DDE (1.8 kg/ha) was the main metabolite of pp′DDT. Small amounts of pp′TDE were also found, pp′DDT was less persistent than pp′DDT, with a half‐life time of 1.5 years.
Potential metabolites of phenolic disinfectants: Preparation and odour properties of some anisoles
Authors: Gee Malcolm G. , Griffiths Nerys M. , Fenwick Roger G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs some chlorophenols present in wood shavings have been shown to be microbiologically methylated to form anisoles, which have caused taint in broiler chickens, the anisoles from a number of phenols used in formulations of broiler house disinfectants were prepared. The sensory properties of these compounds were investigated in order to determine their potential for producing taint. None of these anisoles were found to be likely to cause taint if formed within the broiler house.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. xxii. substituted cyclopentylphenols
Authors: Fieldgate Diana M. , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐two substituted 2‐ and 4‐ cyclopentylphenois were prepared and tested against apple powdery mildew, highest activity being shown by 2‐cyclopentyl‐6‐iodo‐4‐nitrophenol. The cyclopentyl compounds were only marginally superior to the corresponding cyclohexyl analogues.
Further studies with additives: Effects of phosphate esters and ammonium salts on the activity of leaf‐applied herbicides
Authors: Turner David J. , Loader Marcus P. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicity of glyphosate applied to the leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and several woody species was enhanced by mixed butyl acid phosphates (BAP, a technical mixture of dibutyl hydrogen and butyl dihydrogen phosphates) or ammonium sulphate. Tributyl phosphate, or the mixed sodium salts of BAP, similarly increased the activity of aminotriazole. This type of effect did not occur with mixtures of this herbicide and inorganic ammonium salts or the ammonium salts of BAP. Neither phosphate esters nor ammonium salts enhanced the activity of paraquat. Ammonium BAP was more effective than sodium BAP as an activator for leaf‐applied picloram or MCPA salts. While phosphate esters and ammonium salts probably have separate modes of action they have similar effects in mixture with many water‐soluble herbicides and for many purposes may be regarded as alternative activators. Ammonium salts, particularly ammonium sulphate, have obvious advantages because of their cheapness and low mammalian toxicity.
Studies on the breakdown of p‐chlorophenyl methylcarbamate. II. In cultures of a soil Arthrobacter sp.
Authors: Westmacott Donald , Wright S. John L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractp‐Chlorophenyl methylcarbamate (PCMC) underwent spontaneous hydrolysis in aqueous solution to p‐chlorophenol with concomitant loss of ability to inhibit hydrolysis of the phenylcarbamate isopropyl phenylcarbamate (propham). A phenylcarbamate‐degrading soil Arthrobacter sp. had no direct effect on PCMC itself but formed 4‐chlorocatechol during the metabolism of p‐chlorophenol.
Effect of soil‐injected benomyl on resident earthworm populations
Authors: Black William M. , Neely Dan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoils pressure‐injected with benomyl (36 g/m2) ¼ 1, 2 or 3 years previously or at 18 g/m2 4 years previously were examined to determine the earthworm populations. Earthworms that emerged within 20 min following a soil drench with formalin were counted. A significant reduction in the earthworm population occurred soon after benomyl treatment; however, within months the earthworm population increased substantially. The earthworm populations in plots treated with benomyl one or more years previously did not differ significantly from untreated plots.
Influence of some biologically active compounds on microbial activity and on the availability of plant nutrients in soils. II. Nitrapyrin, dazomet, 2‐chlorobenzamide and tributyl‐3‐chlorobenzylammonium bromide
Authors: Smith Margaret S. , Weeraratna C. Stanley 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (2‐chloro‐6‐trichloromethylpyridine), the soil partial sterilant dazomet (tetrahydro‐3,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,5‐thiadiazine‐2‐thione), the quaternary ammonium growth retardant tributyl‐3‐chlorobenzylammonium bromide, and the pre‐emergent herbicide 2‐chlorobenzamide on total microbial activity and available plant nutrient content of an acid and an alkaline soil during an incubation period of 6 weeks under aerobic conditions has been studied in comparison with untreated soils. The compounds were incorporated with the soils at normal application rates. At intervals determinations were made of carbon dioxide liberated, the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and of some available plant nutrient mineral elements. All four compounds were found to influence these quantities. Nitrapyrin increased carbon dioxide production throughout and dazomet did so after initial depression. 2‐Chlorobenzamide and the growth retardant reduced carbon dioxide liberation especially in the early stage of incubation. All the compounds retarded nitrification in both soils; an increase in ammonium nitrogen resulted in treated soils except in the alkaline soil containing the growth retardent, where ammonification was also reduced. A reduction in the content of available mineral nutrient elements was usually found suggesting interference with the biological oxidation of these elements to less available forms. However, available manganese was increased by dazomet, as were available iron and manganese by the growth retardent and 2‐chlorobenzamide.
Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .II. Simazine and linuron in long‐term experiments
Authors: Walker Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of degradation of simazine and linuron were measured in soil from plots not treated previously with these herbicides. Degradation of both compounds followed first‐order kinetics and soil temperature and soil moisture content had a marked effect on the rate of loss. With linuron, half‐lives increased from 36 to 106 days with a reduction in temperature from 30° to 5°C at 4% soil moisture, and from 29 to 83 days at 12% soil moisture. Similar temperature changes increased the half‐life of simazine from 29 to 209 days and from 16 to 125 days at soil moisture contents of 4 and 12% respectively. A computer program which has been developed for simulation of herbicide persistence was used in conjunction with the laboratory data and the relevant meteorological records for the years 1964 to 1968 in order to test the model against previously published field persistence data for the two herbicides. The results with simazine showed a close correspondence between observed and predicted residue levels but those for linuron, particularly in uncropped plots, were satisfactory for limited periods only.
Spray drift from a tractor‐powered field sprayer
Authors: Byass John B. , Lake John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmounts of spray drifting downwind from a field sprayer applying picloram or paraquat were determined and compared with the damage done to bean and barley plants. Measurements downwind of a stationary spray‐boom showed that drift increases rapidly with both wind speed and boom height. It was concluded that it is possible to set a safe distance downwind for the application of a herbicide which affects plants only in the wetted areas but with a sensitive crop and many growth‐regulating materials this will be very difficult.
Genetics of resistance of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) to pyrethroids. I. Knock‐down resistance
Authors: Farnham Andrew W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKnock‐down resistance in Musca domestica, which provides cross‐resistance between DDT and pyrethroids, has been genetically separated from three different resistant populations. After careful purification of each factor, the cross‐over rates between them and the visible mutants brown body and green eye were estimated. This indicated that these factors are probably identical. The influence and implications of the knock‐down resistance factor, kdr, on the total resistance of populations that include it are briefly discussed.
The degradation of methazole in soil. II. Studies with methazole, methazole degradation products and diuron
Authors: Walker Allan , Roberts Michael G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]‐Labelled methazole, 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐methylurea (DCPMU), 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU), and diuron were incubated in soil at 20°C and field capacity soil moisture content. Decomposition followed first‐order kinetics; half‐lives for degradation of these four compounds were 2.4, 144, 30 and 108 days respectively. The amount of DCPMU and DCPU that could be extracted decreased with time and the decrease was accompanied by the generation of an equivalent amount of 14CO2. This was not so in the studies with diuron and methazole, however, and the decrease in the concentrations of radioactivity extracted from soil treated with these compounds could not be entirely accounted for as carbon dioxide. It is concluded that the unextractable radiochemical that was present was DCPMU. Methazole appeared to be degraded through DCPMU to 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA) with the production of only traces of DCPU.
The activation of triadimefon and its role in the selectivity of fungicide action
Authors: Gasztonyi Maya , Josepovits Gyula 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake and metabolism of triadimefon by mycelia of fungi, sensitive or resistant to triadimefon, were studied. In the mycelia the triadimefon content accumulated to 20‐40‐fold of the external concentration, irrespective of the sensitivity of the fungus. In the course of the metabolism a highly fungitoxic product, triadimenol, was formed. In mycelia of sensitive fungi this transformation was at a high rate whereas it could not be demonstrated or only to a low extent in resistant types. The material produced by the sensitive fungi was effective also against fungi basically resistant to triadimefon. Based on these observations, triadimefon has to be regarded as the precursor of triadimenol. In the species investigated, selectivity may be related mainly to the rate of activation. In higher plants the metabolism of triadimefon showed a similar pattern, but was slower than with fungi. As the transformation into triadimenol (activation) begins thus early in the host tissues, the systemic fungitoxic effect is also influenced by the host plant itself. Regarding the speed of activation differences were found between the four plant species investigated.
A comparison of the mechanisms of action of vinclozolin, procymidone, iprodione and prochloraz against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Pappas Athanasios C. , Fisher David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms of action against Botrytis cinerea of the dicarboximide fungicides vinclozolin (I), procyrnidone (II), iprodione (III) and the less closely related compound prochloraza (IV) have been compared. They all inhibited mycelial growth much more than spore germination. None of the compounds affected respiration, membrane permeability or RNA production but III inhibited DNA synthesis and IV inhibited protein synthesis. Although chitin biosynthesis was inhibited by all the fungicides it was barely affected at the ED50 concentrations (the concentration required to reduce the growth or germination of the test species by 50%) and is thus unlikely to be the primary target. The fungicides altered fungal lipid composition. I and II inhibited triglyceride production but III had no effect on it; III and IV reduced sterol biosynthesis. No common primary mode of action was found.
Mode of action of thiocyanates and iodides in aminotriazole formulations
Authors: Cook Gordon T. , Duncan Henry J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmmonium thiocyanate (I) was shown to inhibit the oxidation of aminotriazole (3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) in two free‐radical generating systems: (a) riboflavin photo‐sensitised oxidation; and (b) oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. Evidence from in‐vitro studies is presented to show that I could enhance aminotriazole performance by being preferentially oxidised within the leaf, thereby preventing aminotriazole free‐radical formation and subsequent conjugation with amino acids and other compounds. This opens up the possibility of a whole new range of additives which could enhance translocation by inhibiting free‐radical reactions. A comparison of possible inhibitors revealed that cyanides, iodides and perhaps bromides may be of use in this respect. In addition to inhibiting free‐radical reactions, I and potassium iodide (II) were shown to have a considerable effect on the uptake of aminotriazole by bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Canadian Wonder). In the absence of additives, uptake of aminotriazole was negligible (1.8%); in the presence of a 1:1 molar ratio of I or II, uptake of aminotriazole was increased to 36.6% and 54.2% respectively. At a 3:1 molar ratio of additive:aminotriazole, the respective figures were 63.5% and 81.0%. II appeared to be the more efficient of the two additives at higher humidity. However, the results and observations indicated that the situation may be reversed under low‐humidity conditions.
A new pyrethroid‐type ester with strong knockdown activity
Authors: Hirano Masachika , Itaya Nobushige , Ohno Isao , Fujita Yoshio , Yoshioka Hirosuke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirteen pyrethroid‐type esters of substituted 1(or 3)‐hydroxymethylimidazolidine‐2, 4‐dione were synthesised and their knockdown activities against houseflies, mosquitoes and cockroaches were examined. Knockdown activities of 2,4‐dioxo‐1‐prop‐2‐ynylimidazolidin‐3‐ylmethyl esters in oil solutions were higher than those of known knockdown pyrethroids; three of the compounds also possessed strong knockdown and flushing‐out activities against cockroaches.
Evaluation of chemical fungicides for control of onion white rot
Authors: Utkhede Rajeshwar S. , Rahe James E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNine chemicals in 1976 and six in 1977 were evaluated in a five × five simple lattice design for control of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk., the causal agent of white rot of onions. The trial was conducted on organic muck soil in Burnaby, British Columbia, with uniform high levels of added (1976) or natural (1977) inoculum. The percentage of white rot infection, weight of healthy bulbs harvested and percentage of emergence were measured. There were significant differences, according to treatment, in the percentage of white rot infection of onion at harvest. Two chemicals, vinclozolin and iprodione, provided promising results as broadcast treatments on organic muck soils. A comparison of the results, in relation to differences in the distribution of inoculuin between the 1976 and 1977 trials, suggested that the major point of control may have been against mycelial growth through soil from sclerotia, remote to onion seedlings and/or from infected plants to healthy plants.
Structure—activity relationships for some organotin molluscicides
Authors: Smith Peter J. , Crowe Alan J. , Das V. G. Kumar , Duncan John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBioassay data are reported for 12 organotin compounds, R3SnX, against the adult snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host of schistosomiasis. The relationship between the molluscicidal activity and the nature of the R and X groups in the organotin compounds is discussed, as well as the possible mode of toxic action of these compounds.