bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integrative review of Canadian childhood obesity prevention programmes
Authors: Conroy S. , Ellis R. , Murray C. , Chaw‐Kant J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTo examine successful Canadian nursing and health promotion intervention programmes for childhood obesity prevention during gestation and infancy, an integrative review was performed of the literature from 1980 to September 2005. The following databases were used: PubMed; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Controlled Trials Register; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; ACP Journal Club; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Scopus; Sociological Abstracts; Sport Discus; PsycInfo; ERIC and HealthStar. MeSH headings included: infancy (0–24 months), gestation, gestational diabetes, nutrition, prenatal care, pregnancy, health education, pregnancy outcome, dietary services with limits of Canadian, term birth. Of 2028 articles found, six Canadian childhood obesity prevention programmes implemented during gestation and/or infancy were found; three addressed gestational diabetes with five targeting low‐income Canadian urban and/or Aboriginal populations. No intervention programmes specifically aimed to prevent childhood obesity during gestation or infancy. This paucity suggests that such a programme would be innovative and much needed in an effort to stem the alarming increase in obesity in children and adults. Any attempts either to develop new approaches or to replicate interventions used with obese adults or even older children need careful evaluation and pilot testing prior to sustained use within the perinatal period.
Plasma lipid concentrations after 1.5 years of exposure to nevirapine or efavirenz together with stavudine and lamivudine
Authors: Van Leth F , Hall DB , Lange JMA , Reiss P 
Published: July 2006

ObjectivesTo assess long‐term changes in lipids and lipoproteins concentrations associated with exposure to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.MethodsLong‐term analysis of plasma lipid concentrations was performed in patients starting first‐line antiretroviral therapy with stavudine (d4T) and lamivudine, and either nevirapine or efavirenz.ResultsConcentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides continued to increase, while high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a slight decrease compared with earlier reported increases after 48 weeks.ConclusionsChanges in body fat distribution expected to occur with continued exposure to d4T could offer a potential explanation for these findings.
The value of serum albumin in pretreatment assessment and monitoring of therapy in HIV/AIDS patients
Authors: Olawumi HO , Olatunji PO 
Published: July 2006

ObjectivesWe sought to examine the utility of serum albumin measurement in staging AIDS and monitoring patients' response to therapy.MethodsThe possible importance of serum albumin measurement in assessing AIDS stage and in monitoring the response to highly active antiretroviral therapy using CD4 cell count and body weight as parameters was examined in 185 consecutive HIV‐infected, therapy‐naïve individuals who were recruited for antiretroviral therapy at the university of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. The regimen included lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine. The diagnosis of AIDS was established through a combination of clinical features and HIV seropositivity using two different enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Serum albumin level was determined by the Bromocresol green method, while the CD4 lymphocyte count was obtained using the Dynal T4 count method. Body weight was measured in kilograms with light clothes on.ResultsThere were significant positive correlations between pretreatment albumin and both pretreatment CD4 cell count and pretreatment weight, and between post‐treatment albumin and both post‐treatment weight and post‐treatment CD4 cell count up to a count of 700 cells/μL. There were also significant positive correlations between increase in serum albumin and both increase in body weight and duration of treatment.ConclusionsWe conclude that, in developing countries where many patients may not be able to afford to pay for CD4 cell counts and viral load tests, which are the traditional markers for HIV disease, serum albumin would be a very useful surrogate test for predicting severity of HIV infection and for clinical monitoring of response to antiretroviral therapy.
Influence of a monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mutated allele on the response to protease inhibitor‐based antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Coll B , Alonso‐Villaverde C , Parra S , Rabassa A , Martorell L , Joven J , Masana L 
Published: July 2006

BackgroundAntiretroviral drug efficacy has been widely studied in relation to viral factors. Mutations in the HIV co‐receptors and their natural chemokines, however, may be critical in HIV infection and treatment response. We compared the efficacy of protease inhibitor (PI) treatment among PI‐naïve patients grouped according to whether they carried the chemokine CC motif receptor 2 (CCR‐2) 64I and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1)–2518G alleles.Methods and resultsHIV‐infected patients who were PI‐naive were selected for the study (n=164) but there was no restriction on lymphocyte CD4 count or plasma HIV viral load. Follow‐up was for the first 24 months of treatment. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained every 3 months. All the participants were genotyped for the MCP‐1–2518G, CCR‐2 64I, CCR‐5Δ32 and stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1) 3′A mutated alleles. The results indicated that patients carrying the mutated allele of MCP‐1 had a higher mean CD4 cell count throughout the follow‐up period than those with the common allele (P=0.01). Also, patients with the MCP‐1 and CCR‐2 mutated alleles were more likely to continue to have an undetectable viral load following treatment (P=0.05).ConclusionA better response to PI treatment appears to be conferred by mutations in the host MCP‐1 and CCR‐2 genes, and may be related to the cellular axis‐of‐entry used by the retrovirus.
Incidence and risk factors of rash associated with efavirenz in HIV‐infected patients with preceding nevirapine‐associated rash
Authors: Manosuthi W , Thongyen S , Chumpathat N , Muangchana K , Sungkanuparph S 
Published: July 2006

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and risk factors of rash associated with efavirenz in HIV‐infected patients with preceding nevirapine‐associated rash.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV‐infected patients diagnosed with nevirapine‐associated rash who subsequently received efavirenz between July 2003 and January 2005. Patients were followed up for 3 months after receiving efavirenz. Possible risk factors, including demographics, previous opportunistic infections, CD4 cell count, viral load, severity of nevirapine‐associated rash and concurrent drugs, were studied and compared between those who had (group A) and did not have (group B) rash associated with efavirenz.ResultsA total of 122 patients (52.5% male) were included in the study, with a mean age of 38.2 years. Median (and interquartile range) CD4 cell count and viral load were 55 (20–167) cells/μL and 86 150 (35 321–700 750) HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, respectively. Of the 122 patients, 10 (8.2%) developed rash associated with efavirenz and all required discontinuation of efavirenz. The baseline characteristics of group A (10 patients) and group B (112 patients) were similar. Median (and interquartile range) time from nevirapine discontinuation to efavirenz initiation was 12 (9–21) days in group A and 11 (7–21) days in group B (P=0.765). None of the risk factors investigated was associated with developing rash associated with efavirenz. The preceding development of severe nevirapine‐associated rash had a trend towards a higher rate in group A than in group B (20.0% vs 10.7%; odds ratio=2.08; 95% confidence interval 0.39–10.97; P=0.322).ConclusionsThe majority (>90%) of HIV‐infected patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL who had preceding nevirapine‐associated rash could tolerate efavirenz well. Efavirenz may be an option for subsequent use in these patients, particularly in those who had preceding nevirapine‐associated rash.
The Significance of Property Restitution to Sustainable Return in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Williams Rhodri C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe restitution of property to refugees and displaced persons (RDPs) who fled their homes during the 1992 to 1995 conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been highly successful on its own terms. After getting off to a slow start in the immediate post‐war years, this process saw the return of more than 200,000 claimed properties to their pre‐war residents by mid‐2004. Although property restitution has facilitated durable solutions for RDPs who have benefited from it, these durable solutions have not exclusively taken the form of voluntary and permanent return. In many cases, RDPs have chosen instead to sell, exchange, or lease their restituted homes in order to finance voluntary internal resettlement in parts of the country other than their pre‐war places of residence. In all cases, however, property restitution has been crucial to the viability and sustainability of either return or resettlement, facilitating free and informed choices by RDPs regarding their future. Property restitution in Bosnia and Herzegovina has often been held up as a model for other post‐conflict settings characterized by mass‐displacement. However, the utility of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an example must be assessed in light of favourable domestic and international factors that are unlikely to be repeated in other contexts. This paper argues that these factors should not disqualify Bosnia and Herzegovina as an example, but should instead underscore the importance that lessons learned in Bosnia and Herzegovina be incorporated early in the planning of other peace missions and implemented consistently. One of the foremost of these lessons was the efficacy of shifting the focus from the highly politicized concept of return to a more impartial “rule of law” approach, connoting an emphasis on individuals' rights to their former homes. The unusual level of resources that allowed the international community to correct its own early mistakes would not have been enough to guarantee property restitution in the absence of this successful implementation strategy.
Housing and Property Restitution and IDP Return in Kosovo1
Authors: Smit Anneke Rachel 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe establishment of the Housing and Property Directorate (HPD) and Claims Commission (HPCC) in Kosovo has reflected an increasing focus internationally on the post‐conflict restitution of housing and property rights. In approximately three years of full‐scale operation, the institutions have managed to make a property rights determination on almost all of the approximate 30,000 contested residential properties. As such, HPD and HPCC are being looked to by many in other post‐conflict areas as an example of how to proceed. While the efficiency of the organizations is commendable, one of the key original goals – the return of displaced persons to their homes of origin – has to a large degree been left aside. The paper focuses on two distinct failures of the international community with respect to the functioning of HPD/HPCC and its possible effect on returns: a failure of coordination between HPD/HPCC and other organizations working on returns, and the isolation of residential property rights determinations from other aspects of building a property rights‐respecting culture in Kosovo.
Homes in the Making: Property Restitution, Refugee Return, and Senses of Belonging in a Post‐war Bosnian Town
Authors: Stefansson Anders H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe return of displaced populations is regarded by the international community as essential to peace processes in war‐torn societies, with housing and property restitution increasingly seen to constitute a pre‐condition for the success of such return movements. A decade after the end of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina the property restitution process is close to full implementation while the rate of return remains relatively low.This paper explores the relationship between property restitution and patterns of return and relocation, as well as between house and the sense of home in the aftermath of the violent conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is based on research among three distinct groups of displaced Bosnians within and from the town of Banja Luka (repatriates, “transnational” refugees, and IDPs). The paper shows that although repossession of pre‐war housing was perceived by the displaced as important for reasons of morality, justice, and economic rehabilitation, sustainable return usually also demanded access to jobs and other sources of livelihood, often located in transnational space. This, however, meant that in many cases “return” was temporary rather than permanent, and that for other displaced Bosnians “sustainable relocation” had eventually come to be the desired goal.Yet the option of permanent resettlement in new parts of the country has not received much backing from the international organizations operating in Bosnia because of the emphasis on ethnic minority return as the central objective of post‐war reconstruction. At the same time, the sustainability of return has to some extent been jeopardized by the international prioritization of “small home” politics, i.e. property restitution, at the expense of “big home” politics, that is, efforts to normalize the political and socio‐economic structures beyond the confines of private homes. The paper argues that displaced persons may (re)create livelihoods and a full sense of home only when a positive relationship starts to develop between housing and the surrounding local and national environment.
Microsphere embolism‐induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression mediates disruption of the blood–brain barrier in rat brain
Authors: Han Feng , Shirasaki Yasufumi , Fukunaga Kohji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrosphere embolism (ME)‐induced up‐regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells of brain microvessels was observed 2–48 h after ischemia. eNOS induction preceded disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) observed 6–72 h after ischemia. In vascular endothelial cells, ME‐induced eNOS expression was closely associated with protein tyrosine nitration, which is a marker of generation of peroxynitrite. Leakage of rabbit IgG from microvessels was also evident around protein tyrosine nitration‐immunoreactive microvessels. To determine whether eNOS expression and protein tyrosine nitration in vascular endothelial cells mediates BBB disruption in the ME brain, we tested the effect of a novel calmodulin‐dependent NOS inhibitor, 3‐[2‐[4‐(3‐chloro‐2‐methylphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl]‐5,6‐dimethoxy‐1‐(4‐imidazolylmethyl)‐1H‐indazole dihydrochloride 3.5 hydrate (DY‐9760e), which inhibits eNOS activity and, in turn, protein tyrosine nitration. Concomitant with inhibition of protein tyrosine nitration in vascular endothelial cells, DY‐9760e significantly inhibited BBB disruption as assessed by Evans blue (EB) excretion. DY‐9760e also inhibited cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase as a marker of the apoptotic pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Taken together with previous evidence in which DY‐9760e inhibited brain edema, ME‐induced eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells likely mediates BBB disruption and, in turn, brain edema.
Sequential phosphorylation of tau protein by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and SAPK4/p38δ or JNK2 in the presence of heparin generates the AT100 epitope
Authors: Yoshida Hirotaka , Goedert Michel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrotubule‐associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated state is the major component of the filamentous lesions that define a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease, argyrophilic grain disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP‐17). Previous work has established that the phosphorylation‐dependent anti‐tau antibody AT100 is a specific marker for filamentous tau in adult human brain. Here we have identified protein kinases that generate the AT100 epitopein vitroand have used them, in conjunction with site‐directed mutagenesis of tau, to map the epitope. We show that the sequential phosphorylation of recombinant tau by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the stress‐activated protein kinases SAPK4/p38δ or JNK2 generated the AT100 epitope and that this required phosphorylation of T212, S214 and T217. Tau protein from newborn, but not adult, mouse brain was weakly labelled by AT100. Phosphorylation by PKA and SAPK4/p38δ abolished the ability of tau to promote microtubule assembly, but failed to influence significantly the heparin‐induced assembly of tau into filaments.
Differential effects of haloperidol and olanzapine on the expression of erythropoietin and its receptor in rat hippocampus and striatum
Authors: Pillai Anilkumar , Mahadik Sahebarao P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCompared with first‐generation antipsychotics (FGAs), second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) seem to be neuroprotective and trigger neuroplasticity. Because neuroplasticity is regulated by a variety of neurotrophic factors we studied differential effects of haloperidol (HAL, a FGA) and olanzapine (OLZ, a SGA) on temporal expression of erythropoietin (EPO), a potent neuroprotective factor and its receptor (EPOr) in rat brain. Rats (8–10/group) were treated with HAL or OLZ for 14 days (HAL‐14 or OLZ‐14) or 45 days (HAL‐45 or OLZ‐45). Animals were killed by decapitation or by perfusion to collect brains for immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis respectively. In hippocampus, the levels of both EPO and EPOr were significantly increased in HAL‐14 (p < 0.001) and OLZ‐14 (p < 0.001) groups. Their levels decreased in HAL‐45 compared with levels in HAL‐14 (EPO, p < 0.001; EPOr, p < 0.05), whereas the levels were further increased (EPO, p < 0.05) in OLZ‐45 compared with OLZ‐14. In striatum, the levels of both EPO and EPOr were unchanged in HAL‐14 and EPO levels significantly decreased in HAL‐45 (p < 0.05), whereas their levels were significantly increased in OLZ‐14 and OLZ‐45 compared with the vehicle‐treated control (p < 0.001). Both EPO and EPOr were primarily expressed by neurons and endothelial cells. These data suggest that SGAs such as OLZ may have neuroprotective effects through expression of EPO that may be clinically relevant for long‐term safe and beneficial management of psychotic patients.
gmconvert: file conversion for genemapper output files
Authors: FAIRCLOTH BRANT C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract gmconvert is a platform‐independent program provided in GUI (for Apple OS X and Windows XP) and command‐line versions (for other platforms). gmconvert allows rapid reformatting of microsatellite data from output files produced by Applied Biosystems genemapper software (version 3.x). The program will re‐array data into three formats commonly used in downstream analysis: genepop, cervus, and gerud. gmconvert will greatly increase the speed of data preparation prior to analysis and aid in reducing transpositional errors associated with manual re‐arraying and reformatting steps. gmconvert is available from http://gallus.forestry.uga.edu/software/.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Fangzheng silver crucian carp,Carassius auratus gibelio(Bloch), and cross‐amplification in the closely related species crucian carp,Carassius auratus auratus(Linnaeus)
Authors: JIA ZHI‐YING , SUN XIAO‐WEN , LIANG LI‐QUN , LU CUI‐YUN , LEI QING‐QUAN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe report the development of 20 microsatellite markers for Fangzheng silver crucian carp,Carassius auratus gibelio(Bloch). Nineteen out of 20 showed polymorphism with alleles ranging from two to 14. These loci were screened to amplify the closely related species crucian carp,Carassius auratus auratus(Linnaeus) and all of them can amplify DNA with the size similar to the former. The origin of silver crucian carp is in issue and the population genetic structure is still unclear. Microsatellite markers isolated from the silver crucian carp and their utility in the crucian carp will be useful for these researches.
Measuring Physical and Social Environments in Nursing Homes for People with Middle‐ to Late‐Stage Dementia
Authors: Slaughter Susan , Calkins Margaret , Eliasziw Michael , Reimer Marlene 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate measures of dementia care environments by comparing a special care facility (SCF) with traditional institutional facilities (TIFs).DESIGN: A cross‐sectional comparative study of nursing home environments conducted as part of a longitudinal study on quality of life for residents with dementia.SETTING: Twenty‐four traditional nursing homes and one special care facility.PARTICIPANTS: One SCF with six distinct environments, 24 TIFs with 45 distinct environments, and 88 family members.MEASUREMENTS: Therapeutic Environment Screening Scale—2+ (TESS‐2+); Special Care Unit Environmental Quality Scale (SCUEQS), a subset of the TESS‐2+ items; Composite Above Average Quality Score (CAAQS), a composite score of all items on the TESS‐2+; and Models of Care Instrument (MOCI).RESULTS: The SCUEQS did not detect a significant difference between the SCF and the TIFs (30.0 vs 27.2, P=.28). The CAAQS detected a significant difference between the SCF and the TIFs, whereby the SCF environments were rated as having above‐average quality in 71.4% of the domains, compared with 57.3% for the TIF environments (95% confidence interval (CI) for difference=2.6–25.6%, P=.02). Using the MOCI, SCF families were 1.8 times as likely to rate the SCF as a home or resort versus a hospital as TIF families rating TIFs (95% CI for odds ratio=1.5–2.1, P<.001).CONCLUSION: The TESS‐2+ CAAQS differentiated between physical environments better than the more established SCUQES. The MOCI distinguished between environments using a more holistic approach to measurement. The availability of environmental measures that are able to discriminate between specialized and traditional long‐term care settings will facilitate future outcome‐based research.
High Interest in Screening and Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dale William , Hougham Gavin W. , Hill Emily Kay , Sachs Greg A. 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVES: To assess interest of older adults in screening and treatment for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, in‐person pilot survey with a convenience sample.SETTING: Two university‐based geriatrics clinic waiting rooms in Chicago.PARTICIPANTS: Healthy adults aged 35 and older without cognitive impairment (n=149).MEASUREMENTS: Following a description of MCI extracted from the Alzheimer's Association Website “Fact Sheet,” questions concerning willingness to be screened and treated for MCI.RESULTS: Ninety‐eight percent of respondents would be willing to be tested for MCI if a family member suggested they had memory problems, 99% were willing to take a medication if it would cut the risk of conversion from MCI to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in half, and 92% would take a medication to delay the conversion from MCI to AD by 1 year. If a family member suggested memory problems, African Americans were more willing than whites to be screened for MCI (75% vs 57%; P=.05).CONCLUSION: Older adults expressed high interest in screening and treatment for MCI. Interest in screening is even stronger in African Americans than in whites. Such high interest is potentially troubling, given the current state of knowledge about MCI.