bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tritiated Etorphine and Naloxone Binding to Opioid Receptors in Caudate Nucleus in Schizophrenia
Authors: Owen F. , Bourne R. C. , Poulter M. , Crow T. J. , Paterson S. J. , Kosterlitz H. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOpioid receptor binding sites were assessed in membrane preparations of caudate nucleus from post-mortem brains of controls and of patients with schizophrenia. There was no difference between the two groups in the total specific binding of3H-etorphine or in its ‘μ’ and (‘δ+χ’) components. Similarly, the binding of3H-naloxone did not differ between patients and controls. It is concluded that a previous report of reduced opioid receptors in caudate of schizophrenics is unlikely to prove a consistent finding and that the results of the present study offer no support to the claim that there is a general disturbance in opiate mechanisms in schizophrenia.
The Nottingham ECT Study
Authors: Gregory S. , Shawcross C. R. , Gill D. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty nine patients took part in a double-blind study to investigate the efficacy of bilateral, unilateral, and simulated ECT in the treatment of depressive illness. The findings suggest that both bilateral and unilateral ECT are highly effective treatments for depression and are significantly superior to simulated ECT. There was also evidence that patients receiving bilateral ECT recovered more rapidly than those receiving unilateral ECT and required significantly fewer treatments. The relevance of these findings to clinical practice is discussed.
The Medical and Psychological Investigation of Psychogenic Polydipsia: A Case Study
Authors: Kulkarni J. , McLachlan R. , Copolov D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe case of a 17 year-old female with psychogenic polydipsia is reported; 13 out of 18 members of her maternal family were known to have had polydipsia and polyuria, but only two had undergone endocrine investigations—one had diabetes insipidus and one also had psychogenic polydipsia. There are probable contributions of non-genetic family factors including imitation and identification to the development of this patient's condition. Detailed family and developmental histories may be of particular assistance in the understanding of the psychogenesis of the disorder in some patients.
Stable Abnormalities in the Lateralisation of early Cortical Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Cooper J. E. , Andrews H. , Barber C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring the investigation of somatosensory evoked cortical potentials arising from a complex vibro-tactile stimulus to the forefingers, an abnormal lack of lateralisation of response was found in 10 out of 21 schizophrenic patients. Eight patients with severe affective illness all had the expected degree of lateralisation of cortical potentials, as did 12 out of 15 normals. Three normals and 3 schizophrenic patients had a loss of lateralisation of the evoked response on stimulation of one hand but a normal lateralisation on stimulation of the other. The considerable technical problems of this and related techniques are discussed, but it is suggested that further exploration of this technique is justified. At this stage, no conclusion can be drawn about the cause of the abnormalities.
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and Mania in an Adolescent
Authors: Bleich Avraham , Bernout Edna , Apter Alan , Tyano Sam 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe case is presented of a twelve-year-old boy suffering simultaneously from Tourette Syndrome (TS) and a manic episode. The problems of this unique clinical association are discussed from the point of view of differential diagnosis, treatment, and possible biochemical basis. The case also illustrates the usefulness of the expanded concept of TS as a neuropsychiatric disorder with dys-regulation of perceptual, motor, and cognitive functioning.
Regional Density and Survival in Senile Dementia
Authors: Colgan John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryComputed cranial tomography was performed on 48 patients with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) who have since been followed up in a continuing prospective study. At six-months follow-up, ten patients had died; these did not differ significantly from the survivors either in mean age or duration of dementia, although the latter tended to have been shorter in the deceased. Despite having shorter histories, the deceased had performed worse on initial testing with several cognitive measures, and this was significant for the mental test score; this suggests some patients may have a more rapidly progressive form of SDAT. In a comparison between the CT scan of the deceased and survivors, the deceased were found to have significantly lower mean attenuation densities in the parietal, occipital, and left thalamic regions. The hypothesis that low attenuation density in the parietal regions of the CT scan in SDAT is associated with a more rapid demise is supported for the present period of follow-up.
How Likely is it that a District Health Authority can Close its Large Mental Hospitals?
Authors: Levene L. S. , Donaldson L. J. , Brandon S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA cross-sectional survey assessed all 1,087 patients who were in psychiatric beds provided by a large district health authority. The elderly predominated in all length of stay categories, and a high proportion of them had levels of social and physical incapacity which made it unlikely that they could be cared for other than in residential care. A substantial minority of younger patients with a length of stay between one and two years had levels of incapacity which suggested the need for major treatment, rehabilitation, or training efforts. The findings have major implications for Government policy to replace large mental hospitals.
Family Management in the Prevention of Morbidity of Schizophrenia: The Adjustment of the Family Unit
Authors: Falloon Ian R. H. , Pederson Jean 
Published: August 2008

SummaryChanges in the functioning of family members were assessed during a randomly controlled study of community management of schizophrenia. Eighteen families who completed two years community management based upon behavioural family therapy were compared with 18 families who received patient oriented management with family support. Families receiving family management reported less disruption of activities, reductions in physical and mental health problems, and less subjective burden than those receiving the patient oriented approach. It is concluded that the benefits of family management extend beyond the reduction in clinical and social morbidity of the index patient to beneficial effects for the family as a whole.
The Role of Meals as a Reinforcing Event in a Token Economy Programme
Authors: Higson P. J. , Woods P. A. , Tannahill M. M. , Ellis N. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryItems such as meals have frequently been used as back-up events in Token Economy Programmes (TEPs) because of their supposed reinforcing effectiveness. However, despite the dubious ethical questions that this raises, there is little research evidence to support the necessity for their use in TEP's with hospitalised chronic mentally ill patients. The effects of introducing meals as a ‘free’ item on patients' performance of a number of target behaviours were investigated in a TEP where they had previously been scheduled as a back-up event. While ‘free’ meals produced a slight increase in the actual number of meals eaten, there were no systematic effects on patients' performance of the target behaviours.
A Double-Blind Out-Patient Trial of Indalpine vs Mianserin
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Martin B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIndalpine 150 mg per day and mianserin 60 mg per day were compared in a double-blind study of 65 depressed out-patients: 52 patients completed the 4-week trial. At the end of four weeks there was no significant difference in antidepressant effect between the two drugs; but in the first two weeks, improvement in the mianserin-treated group was significantly greater than that in the indalpine group. The mianserin-treated group reported more side-effects of sedation (eg. drowsiness, clumsiness, heaviness of limbs etc.) and one patient on indalpine developed a mild leucopenia.
Prevalence of mutations in TSHR, GNAS, PRKAR1A and RAS genes in a large series of toxic thyroid adenomas from Galicia, an iodine-deficient area in NW Spain
Authors: Palos-Paz F , Perez-Guerra O , Cameselle-Teijeiro J , Rueda-Chimeno C , Barreiro-Morandeira F , Lado-Abeal J , _ _ , Araujo Vilar D , Argueso R , Barca O , Botana M , Cabezas-Agrícola J M , Catalina P , Dominguez Gerpe L , Fernandez T , Mato A , Nuño A , Penin M , Victoria B 
Published: August 2008

ObjectiveToxic thyroid adenoma (TA) is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. Mutations in the TSH receptor (TSHR) gene, and less frequently in the adenylate cyclase-stimulating G alpha protein (GNAS) gene, are well established causes of TA in Europe. However, genetic causes of TA remain unknown in a small percentage of cases. We report the first study to investigate mutations in TSHR, GNAS, protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type I alpha (PRKAR1A) and RAS genes, in a large series of TA from Galicia, an iodine-deficient region in NW Spain.Design and methodsEighty-five TA samples were obtained surgically from 77 hyperthyroid patients, operated on for treatment of non-autoimmune toxic nodular goitre. After DNA extraction, all coding exons of TSHR, GNAS and PRKAR1A genes, and exons 2 and 3 of HRAS, KRAS and NRAS were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Previously unreported mutants were cloned in expression vectors and their basal constitutive activities were determined by quantification of cAMP response element (CRE)-luciferase activity in CO7 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant plasmids.ResultsTSHR gene mutations were found in 52 (61.2%) samples, GNAS gene mutations in 4 (4.71%) samples and no PRKAR1A or RAS mutations were found. Only three previously unreported mutations were found, two affecting the TSHR, A623F and I635V, and one affecting the G-protein α-subunit (Gsα), L203P. All mutant proteins showed higher CRE-luciferase activity than their wild-type counterparts.ConclusionsTA in a hyperthyroid population living in Galicia, a Spanish iodine-deficient region, harbours elevated frequencies of TSHR and GNAS mutations activating the cAMP pathway. However, the genetic cause of TA was undetermined in 34% of the TA samples.
Optimal Intramuscular Needle-Penetration Depth
Authors: Lippert William C. , Wall Eric J. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has needle-length recommendations for intramuscular vaccinations in the thigh and shoulder on the basis of the age of the child. Underpenetration of the intramuscular layer with short needles has been documented; however, few studies have focused on the risk for overpenetration of the intramuscular level with needles that are too long. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal needle length for intramuscular vaccination of children of various ages and sizes at the shoulder and thigh levels by using MRI and computed tomography scan measurements.METHODS. A total of 250 MRI and computed tomography scans of shoulders and thighs of children who were 2 months to 18 years of age at a large children's hospital were reviewed. The thicknesses of the subcutaneous fat tissue and muscle layers were measured. Measurements were correlated with age and weight, and regression analysis was performed.RESULTS. Use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommended 1- and 1 ¼-in needles for intramuscular vaccination in the thigh of children ≥1 year of age would result in 11% (11 of 100) and 39% (34 of 88) overpenetration, respectively, with a minimal risk for underpenetration at 2% (2 of 100). Patients with vaccinations in the shoulder with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({5}/{8}\) \end{document}-, \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({7}/{8}\) \end{document}-, and 1-in needles would experience 11% (16 of 150), 55% (83 of 150), and 61% (92 of 150) overpenetration, respectively.CONCLUSIONS. There is a substantial risk for overpenetration of the intramuscular layer when using current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for vaccination needle lengths. We recommend a revision of the needle-length guidelines for thigh and shoulder injections to minimize the risk for needle overpenetration on the basis of the variability observed in the fat thickness.
Self‐Assembly in Evaporated Polymer Solutions: Patterning on Two Scales
Authors: Bormashenko Edward , Whyman Gene , Pogreb Roman , Stanevsky Oleg , Hakham‐Itzhaq Mordechai , Gendelman Oleg 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSelf‐assembly processes in intensively evaporated polymer solutions, based on chlorinated solvents and amorphous polymers, have been investigated under low and high humidity. Patterning on two scales, mesoscopic and microscopic, has been revealed. The strong dependence of the characteristic size of a mesoscopic pattern on the polymer solution concentration is revealed and studied. Various possible mechanisms of patterning on the two scales are discussed. It has been shown that the widespread hypothesis of micro‐patterning induced with water droplets needs further justification. The influence of substrate defects on the mesoscopic patterning is also investigated.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Iron Ore Sinter Properties
Authors: Donskoi Eugene , Manuel James R. , Clout John M. F. , Zhang Yimin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe quality of iron ore sinter is a critical factor determining the productivity of blast furnaces for iron‐making. CSIRO has therefore been developing capabilities for predicting sinter characteristics, which enables sinter quality to be improved/optimized and preliminary assessments to be made of the suitability of specific ores or ore blends for sinter production.An extensive database of pilot‐scale sintering experimental results has been used to create mathematical models for predicting different sinter properties. In addition to size distribution and other physical and chemical characteristics usually used for sinter quality prediction, the mineralogical and textural characteristics of iron ores intended for sintering have also been taken into account. This approach has been quite successful, the variation of sinter reduction degradation index (RDI) that is accounted for by explanatory variables (R‐Sq) being 87%, for example.Optimization criteria have been developed that take into account several sinter characteristics simultaneously, and optimization of different iron ore blends to produce target sinter characteristics has been carried out. Modeling results and their preliminary validation are discussed.
The comparison of cultures, widal agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool in typhoid fever
Authors: Devrim Ilker , Ergünay Koray , Kara Ates , Tezer Hasan , Yiğitkanl Inci , Bülent Cengiz Ali , Ceyhan Mehmet , Gür Deniz , Seçmeer Gülten , Ustaçelebi Şemsettin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and B, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of S. typhi is essential for early diagnosis of typhoid fever and effective therapy. In this study 45 febrile patients who were suspected to have enteric fever were enrolled, and the results of blood cultures, widal agglutination tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction in these cases were evaluated. Group I consisted of 11 patients with diseases other than salmonella infections, group II represented 6 patients with positive cultures, and group III represented 28 patients with negative blood cultures negative but who were clinically suspected cases that had a medical history of using variable antimicrobial agents. Two positive PCR results were present; one of them was in culture positive group (16,6%) and the other was in culture negative group (3,5%). In our study widal agglutination tests and cultures were found not to be helpful in differential dignosis. Although PCR based detection of S. typhi is reported to be a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of enteric fever, in our study the benefit of this method in the diagnosis of especially patients who were treated with antimicrobial therapy was not clearly determined. Other methods to increase sensitiviy and specificity to levels such as those of real time PCR should be developed and large-scaled studies should be done in endemic and non-epidemic regions.
The influence of plastic instabilities on the mechanical properties of a high-manganese austenitic FeMnC steel
Authors: Allain Sébastien , Cugy Philippe , Scott Colin , Chateau Jean-Philippe , Rusinek Alexis , Deschamps Alexis 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The serrations observed on the stress–strain curves of a Fe-22Mn-0.6C wt.% steel present all the phenomenological features associated with dynamic strain ageing, including negative strain rate sensitivity and thermal activation. We show that the activation energy is, however, inexplicably low and that the dynamic strain ageing contribution to work-hardening is limited, i. e. mechanical twinning is the dominant strain hardening mechanism. Finally, novel in-situ experiments are used to study the dynamic behaviour of intense strain localisation bands which form on tensile samples. In spite of the localisation behaviour seen in tensile tests, stamped parts do not present any surface defects.
Experimental study of the phase equilibria of the Ni – Zr system
Authors: Wang Na , Li Changrong , Du Zhenmin , Li Jingbo , Wang Fenge , Wang Fuming 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The eutectic reaction between the NiZr and NiZr2 compounds in the Ni – Zr binary phase diagram was evaluated according to the previous experimental measurements and thermodynamic calculations. A discrepancy between the calculations and the measurements exists. In order to determine definitely this eutectic temperature, Ni – Zr alloys of the compositions 65, 68, 72 and 74 wt.% Zr were prepared by melting in an arc furnace under a purified argon atmosphere. The phase transformation temperature was measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry using both alumina and zirconia crucibles. At heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 K min− 1, the eutectic temperature between the NiZr and NiZr2 compounds was determined consistently to be 1022 ± 5 °C. Zirconia crucibles can be used in Differential Scanning Calorimetry measurements of zirconium-containing alloys but only below 1170 °C.
Role of surface texture and roughness parameters in friction and transfer layer formation under dry and lubricated sliding conditions
Authors: Menezes Pradeep L. , Kishore  , Kailas Satish V. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Surface texture influences friction and transfer layer formation during sliding. In the present paper three well-defined surface textures, namely unidirectional, 8-ground, and random, were employed on steel plates. Experiments were conducted on a tribological couple – zinc pin against steel plate – using an inclined pin-on-plate sliding tester. It was observed that the occurrence of stick-slip motion, the transfer layer formation and the value of coefficient of friction as well as its two components, namely adhesion and plowing, depend primarily on surface texture. The effect of surface texture on coefficient of friction was attributed to the variation of the plowing component of friction for different surfaces. The plowing component of friction was highest for the surface texture that promotes plane strain conditions while it was lowest for the texture that favors plane stress conditions at the interface. Dimensionless quantifiable roughness parameters were formulated to describe the degree of plowing and hence the plane strain/stress type deformations taking place at the asperity level.
Diffusion bonding of the Mo-base alloy TZM with interlayers
Authors: Bhanumurthy Karanam , Schmid-Fetzer Rainer 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Molybdenum-base alloys have excellent high temperature mechanical properties and joining of these alloys as heat sink materials is envisaged in many structural applications of fusion reactors. TZM is an important Mo-base alloy and diffusion bonding experiments were carried out in a hot vacuum press by sandwiching interlayers, Ti, Ni, Mo and Ta between two pieces of the TZM alloy in the temperature range 900 to 1200 °C. Detailed metallurgical analysis was carried out using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and by electron probe microanalyser. All the sandwiched diffusion couples consisting of TZM/X/TZM, (X = Ti, Ni, Mo, Ti) showed defect-free microstructures at the bonded interface at the optimised bonding conditions. Ti seems to be a more suitable interlayer compared to other interlayers in terms of bonding temperature and applied pressure. The TZM/Ni interface was marked by the presence of the intermetallic compound NiMo. The concentration profiles for diffusion couples TZM/Ti were asymmetric, whilst TZM/Mo and TZM/Ta were symmetric about the Matano Interface. The interdiffusion coefficients calculated using the Boltzmann–Matano method for TZM/Ti diffusion couples showed decreases in the values with increase in the Mo concentration.
Effect of trace Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AM50 alloy
Authors: Wang Q. D. , Lin J. B. , Liu M. P. , Ding W. J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The effect of trace additions (0 – 0.1 wt.%) of titanium on the microstructure, mechanical properties and creep resistance of an AM50 alloy have been studied. The microstructure was examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the microstructures of AM50 alloy were obviously refined by trace Ti addition, although the actual content of Ti was only about 0.0025 – 0.0079 wt.%. The refining ability of titanium was ascribed to its large growth restriction factor, and it can be described as a constitutional undercooling driven mechanism. As-cast samples were subjected to tensile tests at room temperature, 150 °C and 200 °C. A considerable increase in tensile properties was observed due to grain refinement, especially the ultimate tensile strength and elongation. In addition, the creep resistance of AM50 alloy was dramatically increased by Ti addition.