bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurocranial morphology and ageing—a longitudinal roentgen cephalometric study of adult finnish women
Authors: Tallgren Antje 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMorphological changes in the adult neurocranium were studied on lateral head films of 32 Finnish women aged 20–73 years, the interval between the first and last observation being 15 years. The measurements were computed from x‐ and y‐coordinates of 21 neurocranial reference points obtained directly on the films with a D‐Mac Pencilfollower.The findings revealed no significant changes in measurements of the cranial vaults and the cranial base over the observation period. The constancy of the neurocranial dimensions with mean changes ranging from −0.14 mm to 0.20 mm indicated that no appreciable changes in external or internal size of the calvarium had occurred with increasing adult age. Nor was there any marked evidence of increases or decreases in skull thickness.
Genetic studies in Paraguay: Blood group, red cell, and serum genetic patterns of the Guayaki and Ayore Indians, Mennonite settlers, and seven other Indian tribes of the Paraguayan chaco
Authors: Brown Stephen M. , Gajdusek D. Carleton , Leyshon Webster C. , Steinberg Arthur G. , Brown Kenneth S. , Curtain Cyril C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic studies of 540 Paraguayan Indians from nine tribal groups and 51 Mennonites are presented for ABO, MNSs, P1, Rh, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Diego; for serum immunoglobulins and haptoglobins, G6PD‐deficiency, and thalassemia trait.Group O gene frequencies for all Indian groups were 1.00; for r (cde), 0.00.Tapiete, Lengua, Toba, and Sanapana Rz (CDE) frequencies were among the highest ever reported.N frequencies were high for Ache Kwera (Guayaki), Lengua, Cheroti, Guarayu, Tapiete; N and s low for Ayore. MS frequencies were high for Sanapana, Lengua, Ayore; Ns for Tapiete. Diego was notably absent for Toba, Lengua, Guarayu, Tapiete, Ayore. Homogeneous frequencies for Fya (1.000) occurred among Guarayu and Tapiete, and for P1 among Guayaki. Inv(a) frequencies were low for Cheroti, Chulupi, Guayaki. Hp 1 among Guayaki (Ache Kwera 0.15) is lowest ever reported.G6PD deficiency and abnormal hemoglobins were uniformly absent from all groups.Mennonite results were homogeneous and point toward Dutch origins.Differences among groups studied, and between Paraguayan and other Amerinds emphasize importance of genetic drift and founder principle. Abandonment of their tribes by mixed‐blood offspring is partly responsible for apparent genetic purity and homogeneity of groups.
Male advancement in prenatal hand development
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMale advancement in the developing hand was evidenced by 66 grossly and microscopically normal embryos in the 15–75 mm crown‐rump range. Male advancement was particularly pronounced in the younger (15–30 mm) embryos, both in the proximal hand region including the round bones of the wrist and in the distal hand region, comprising the metacarpals and phalanges. Thirty‐four additional embryos, abnormal in implantation or development or representing spontaneous abortion similarly evidenced male advancement in the early hand skeleton.
Vertical growth of the anterior face and cranium in inner city Negro children
Authors: Richardson Elisha R. , Malhotra Shyam K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA longitudinal cephalometric study was conducted on the vertical growth of the cranium and anterior face on 60 inner city American Negro children, an equal number of boys and girls from four to nine years. Three vertical measurements were used for the purpose of this study. The head height was measured from sellion to bregma, bony nasal height from nasion to anterior nasal spine, and lower facial height from anterior nasal spine and lower facial height from anterior nasal spine to menton. The data were analyzed at annual ages and observations made relative to the growth trends. The findings of this study were compared with those on Caucasian children. No significant statistical difference was found in the mean head (cranial vault) height between the Negro and Caucasian children. The mean bony nasal height expressed as a percentage of subnasal height was found to be less in the Negro children. The difference decreased with age. The annual increment of growth in head height was greater from four to seven years than from seven to nine years. The findings are considered to imply that severe malnutrition may influence child growth.
The relationship of the pre‐auricular groove of the llium to pregnancy
Authors: Houghton Philip 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo forms of pre‐auricular groove may be distinguished on the iliac bone. One form occurs in both male and female, and marks the attachment of the inferior part of the ventral sacro‐iliac ligament. The second form is found only in some female pelves. It resembles the markings of pregnancy and childbirth on the posterior aspect of the public symphysis, and like them is a result of the physiological and pathological changes occurring at the site of attachment of the pelvic joint ligaments during this time. However, because of the greater strain borne by the sacro‐iliac joints, the pre‐auricular groove, in conjunction with the marking of the interosseous ligament of the joint, is a more sensitive indicator of past pregnancy and childbirth than is the pubic bone.
Multivariate analysis of craniofacial measurements in twin and family data
Authors: Nakata Minoru , Yu Pao‐Lo , Nance Walter E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThirty‐three cephalometric variables and height have been measured on each of 630 individuals (316 male and 314 female) from 157 families. After age and sex differences were adjusted for each measurement, a rotated factor analysis was undertaken to account for the variation by a limited number of linear combinations of the adjusted measurements. It was found that most of the variation could be explained by nine independent factors. Finally, correlation coefficients were computed on twins, siblings and parent‐offspring data for factor scores. The results suggest that each factor which is measured by a linear combination of a set of variables could result from the interaction of independent sets of genes with the environment.
The prevalence of cleft uvula in an inuit population
Authors: Heathcote Gary M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe prevalence of cleft uvula, a palatal cleft microformation, is reported for an Inuit population. The etiology of this congenital anomaly is discussed and cross‐populational frequencies inventoried. Since cleft uvula frequencies are ordinarily high in East Asian and East‐Asian‐derived populations, factors accounting for some relatively low Inuit prevalences are suggested.
An anthropometric device for automatic data selection and data recording
Authors: Erickson J. David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new concept in anthropometry, that of automatic electronic data selection, is presented and a labor‐saving device using this concept is described. It was constructed for applications with dental models and the detailed descriptions of the system algorithms reflect that. It should be emphasized, however, that the concept is much more general than is the device described and given a few hardware modifications, the procedure may be applied to any irregular bounded surface from which measurements at regular intervals are desired.
Genetic, acclimatizational and anthropometric factors in hand cooling among North and South Chinese
Authors: So Joseph K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe left hands of unacclimatized North Chinese (N = 16) and South Chinese (N = 13) were exposed to 5°C water for 30 minutes followed by a 10 minute recovery period. Significant differences independent of body composition were found between the two samples on mean 30 minute temperature during immersion, time and temperature of the onset of initial CIVD (cold‐induced vasodilation) at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 levels respectively. The result suggests the presence of a genetic component in the cold responses of Continental Asian populations and the possibility of the presence of a clinal distribution of cold response in Asia.
Arthritis in the prehistoric Southeastern United States: Biological and cultural variables
Authors: Hudson Charles , Butler Ronald , Sikes Dennis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent research shows that a bacterial life form, Erysipelothrix insidiosa, can produce rheumatoid arthritis in deer, swine, and dogs, and that a number of animals, including man, birds, and fish, may be infected by the organism. Examination of the archaeological record suggests that both cultural and biological variables may be interrelated in the maintenance of some forms of arthritis over long periods of time in geographically disparate populations. Re‐examination of Cherokee folk beliefs concerning arthritis suggests that they had some recognition of this connection, and it also suggests that the term “magical” may relate more to the world view of the observer than to any actual inability of preliterate peoples to draw causal relations on the basis of their own intimate knowledge of their environments.
Evolutionary dental changes
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Thompson G. W. , Popovich F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the evolution of primates there has been a tendency towards reduction in jaw length and prognathism, mandibular canine size and first molar cusp number, and third molar presence. These oral structures were contrasted, and compared with cranial size, body height and weight, and finger length in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. Body weight was significantly related to canine width and to jaw length and prognathism. These relationships were stronger in the males than in the females. The evolutionary reduction in these dental dimensions may result from an evolutionary reduction in genetically determined body size. In the males the number of molar cusps was related to finger length and cranial height. Agenesis of third molars was related to the length of the maxilla in both sexes. In the females, canine width was related to the number of cusps of the first molars, agenesis of third molars, and length of a finger. Simultaneous reductions in dental structures were more frequent in the females.
Comparative anatomy of the larynx in man and the chimpanzee: Implications for language in Neanderthal
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing the larynges of the newborn human and chimpanzee as models, Lieberman and Crelin ('71) and Lieberman, Crelin and Klatt ('72) have reconstructed the larynx of the “classic” Neanderthal La Chapelle aux Saints. The authors used their reconstructed vocal tract to generate linguistic functions which led them to conclude that Neanderthal lacked the ability to produce fully articulate human speech. In this paper, it is shown that their reconstruction of the larynx of Neanderthal is based on a placement of the hyoid bone of La Chapelle which is too high. The reconstructed hyoid bone has been placed in a position unlike that occupied by hyoid bones of newborn humans, adult humans, stillborn chimpanzees or adult chimpanzees. In any laryngeal reconstruction, the function of swallowing must be taken into account. The ability of the reconstructed Neanderthal to swallow is discussed in light of a comparative analysis of swallowing in man and the chimpanzee. It is concluded that the statement that Neanderthal was less than fully articulate remains unsubstantiated because it rests on a questionable reconstruction of the larynx.
The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth
Authors: Kay Richard F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements were taken on the upper and lower molars of 37 species of primates and one tupaiid to assess the relative importance of shearing, crushing and grinding features.Significant correlations were found between pairs of allometrically standardized dimensions which measure the same molar function (shearing, crushing, or grinding). Correlations between pairs of dimensions which do not measure the same function are not significant.Second molar adaptations for shearing, crushing, and grinding, as well as the length of the second lower molar, and the total surface of the post‐canine dentition are negatively allometric with respect to metabolic rate.Species which take different proportions of fruit, leaves, and insects in their diets have different molar structure. Frugivores have small teeth for their adult body size with poorly developed shearing, crushing, and grinding features on their molars. By contrast, leaf‐eating species tend to have large teeth for their adult body size with well developed shearing, crushing, and grinding. The second molars of insectivorous species were found to parallel closely those of leaf‐eating species. The two groups are clearly distinguishable from the former on the basis of body size alone: the smallest living primate leaf‐eater is on order of magnitude larger than the largest living primate insectivore.
The application of biomechanical motion analysis to aspects of green monkey (Cercopithecus a. sabaeus) locomotion
Authors: Wells James P. , Wood Graeme A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA cinematographic method of biomechanical motion analysis is presented which permits the determination of body segment forces and joint moments of force, and thereby dominant muscle action. An analysis of the horizontal leap of Cercopithecus is used as an example of the utility of this approach in the area of functional morphology. Kinematic and kinetic data are presented and discussed in terms of the biomechanical requirements of this form of locomotion. The importance of a consideration of inertial as well as gravitational forces in an analysis of positional behavior involving body motion is stressed.
The human mandible: Lever or link?
Authors: Hylander William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mammalian mandible, and in particular the human mandible, is generally thought to function as a lever during biting. This notion, however, has not gone unchallenged. Various workers have suggested that the mandible does not function as a lever, and they base this proposition on essentially two assertions: (1) the resultant of the forces produced by the masticatory muscles always passes through the bite point; (2) the condylar neck and/or the temporomandibular joint is unsuited to withstand reaction forces during biting.A review of the electromyographic data and of the properties of the tissues of the temporomandibular joint do not support the non‐lever hypothesis of mandibular function. In addition, an analysis of the strength of the condylar neck demonstrates that this structure is strong enough to withstand the expected reaction force during lever action.Ordinarily the human mandible and the forces that act upon it are analyzed solely in the lateral projection. Moments are then usually analyzed about the mandibular condyle; however, some workers have advocated taking moments about other points, e.g., the instantaneous center of rotation. Obviously it makes no difference as to what point is chosen since the moments about any point during equilibrium conditions are equal to zero.It is also useful to analyze the forces acting on the mandible in the frontal projection, particularly during unilateral biting. The electromyographic data suggest that during powerful unilateral molar biting the resultant adductor muscle force is passing between the bite point and the balancing (non‐biting side) condyle. Therefore, in order for this system to be in equilibrium there must be a reaction force acting on the balancing condyle. This suggests that reaction forces are larger on the balancing side than on the working side, and possibly explains why individuals with a painful temporomandibular joint usually prefer to bite on the side of the diseased joint.
Amylase iso‐enzymes in primates of the families Lemuridae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae
Authors: Hraško Pavel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the first data in the alpha‐amylase isoenzymes in primates of the families: Lemuridae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae.By means of agar‐gel electrophoresis of urine samples from 33 individuals belonging to ten species of the above mentioned families a total of 14 different variants of amylase heterogeneity were found.
A new pelvic fragment from swartkrans and the relationship between the robust and gracile australopithecines
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recently discovered hominid pelvic fragment from Swartkrans (SK 3155) is described in detail with particular reference to the relationship of the two presently recognized forms of australopithecines in South Africa. Results of this examination and metrical analysis indicate that the acetabulum and iliac blade of the early hominids are similar to Homo sapiens except for a unique pattern of traits: a relatively small sacral articular surface, a relatively small acetabulum, a relatively large iliac fossa, and wide lateral splaying of the iliac blades. The new Swartkrans fossil expresses these traits more strongly than does the gracile australopithecine (Sts 14) and is therefore somewhat less similar to Homo sapiens but it is very unlike any pongid.
Multivariate analysis of early hominid pelvic bones
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate analyses of the acetabular and iliac parts of fossil hominid and extant hominoid pelvic bones show that (1) the best preserved fossil from Swartkrans (SK 3155) is more similar to the Sterkfontein pelvis (Sts 14) than either fossil is to any extant hominoid species; (2) of the living hominoids, all of the fossils are closer to modern Homo sapiens than to the apes; and (3) the robust and gracile forms of South African australopithecines are somewhat different from one another, the gracile form falling nearer to Homo sapiens, but neither form demonstrably closer to the pongids.
Taxonomic congruence in Eskimoid populations
Authors: Zegura Stephen L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study compares distance relationships in Eskimoid populations based on metric and attribute data with linguistic relationships based on structural and lexicostatistical data. Taxonomic congruence and the non‐specificity hypothesis are investigated by matrix correlations and by a clustering procedure. The matrix correlation approaches employed are the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank‐order correlation coefficient. An unweighted pair‐group clustering procedure provides a visual comparison of biological and linguistic relationships. Data consist of 74 craniometric measurements and 28 cranial observations taken on 12 Eskimoid populations. Mahalanobis' D2 and Balakrishnan and Sanghvi's B2 were used to compute the metric and attribute distances, respectively.The results indicate that a strict adherence to the non‐specificity hypothesis is untenable. Also, there is better concordance between the sexes for metric distances than for attribute distances, and the metric data are more concordant with linguistic relationships than are the attribute data.
A‐B‐O and Rh affinities between highland and lowland Quechua‐speaking Peruvian populations
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Klayman Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAccording to the accounts of the Spanish chronicles and various historical analyses the Quechua‐speaking population inhabiting the Province of Lamas in the Eastern Tropical Lowlands of Peru are descendants of the Chanca Tribes that migrated from the highlands about 500 years ago. The results of the present study indicate that in terms of the A‐B‐O and Rh systems the lowland Quechua‐speaking population from the Province of Lamas and the highland Quechua population from the Province of Junin are more similar to each other than to other tropical tribes. Therefore, it is quite possible that the present lowland Quechua‐speaking population from the Province of Lamas may be descendants of Andean populations.
Mid‐sagittal dimensions of cervical vertebral bodies
Authors: Katz Paul R. , Reynolds Herbert M. , Foust David R. , Baum Janet K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of lateral radiographs of the cervical spinal column was evaluated in order to determine vertebral body dimensions. The sample included males (N = 30) and females (N = 31) 18 to 24 years old, comprising three stature percentile ranges (1–20; 40–60; 80–99) of the U. S. adult population. A two‐dimensional analysis of vertebral body height (average distance between superior‐inferior surfaces), depth (average distance between anterior‐posterior surfaces), and area (average height × average depth) revealed minimal effects due to stature. In all subjects, average depth exceeded average height for vertebral bodies C3 through C7. Upon combining stature groups, both sexes revealed maximum average values for these dimensions at the seventh cervical vertebral body. Minimum average height occurred at C5 whereas minimum average depth was found at C3. Significant correlation (α < 0.05) was found for males between ponderal index and height and depth of the C7 vertebra. Male head weight correlated significantly with C3, C4, C5 and C6 vertebral body height and with C3, C5 and C6 vertebral body depth. For females, C7 height and C6 depth correlated significantly with ponderal index and head weight respectively. Probable biomechanical relationships of specific cervical vertebral bodies are noted.
Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal‐phalangeal rankings and proportions
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J. , Stinson Sara 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in 56 human embryos and fetuses between 15 and 104 mm in crown‐rump length, “adult” metacarpal‐phalangeal length rankings are attained by the seventh intrauterine week and near‐adult bone‐to‐bone ratios or proportions by the thirteenth week. Micrometric measurements of optically‐projected histological hand sections show relative elongation of the distals between the 15–29 mm and 30–44 mm crown‐rump range, and relative reduction to radiogrammetrically‐determined adult proportions by the 90–104 mm CRL.
The relationship of tooth size to body size in a population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lauer Carol 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth areas correlate significantly with long bone measurements in a skeletal population of rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago. Correlations are relatively large for the troop as a whole, as well as for males and females separately. Femur and humerus length measurements show the highest correlations with tooth size.
Mandibular precedence in the prenatal development of four permanent teeth
Authors: Burdi Alphonse R. , Garn Stanley M. , Superstine Jerome N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in 62 pairs of dental opponents from 32 grossly normal human fetuses in the 75–378 mm crown‐rump range, mandibular precedence is the rule for 11, 12, C and M1, a trend in agreement with mandibular precedence for deciduous teeth through dm1 and in the gingival emergence of the same permanent teeth during postnatal development.
Age and secular factors in the stature of adult Zapotec males
Authors: Himes John H. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge and secular factors in adult stature were investigated in a sample of 111 Zapotec‐speaking males from Oaxaca, Mexico. Comparisons with earlier studies showed no clear evidence of a secular trend. The increase in stature due to age and secular factors was approximately 0.07 cm per year (significant, p < 0.05). When stature was adjusted for the estimated age effects, the estimated secular increase was 0.03 cm per year (not significant). By this analysis a secular trend in adult stature of the magnitude noted for industrialized countries apparently does not occur in developing areas.