bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chronology of Anaxagoras' Athenian Period and the Date of His Trial
Authors: Mansfeld J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the first part of this paper, I shall argue that Apollodorus of Athens, in his Chronica, dated Anaxagoras' arrival at Athens to 456/5, following Demetrius of Phalerum (Record of Archons). Rejecting the divergent opinion of others, he also followed Demetrius' estimation of the Athenian period as having lasted 20 years, which makes 437/6 Anaxagoras' last year at Athens 1). In the second part I shall argue that the trial of Anaxagoras, about which no information survives in the remains of Apollodorus but which is reported by several other sources, should probably be dated to 437/6. This second argument is independent of the first; both run counter to the view, still rather popular among historians of ancient philosophy, which favours a date for the trial either immediately preceding or even following upon the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (spring 431 B.C.), as well as to the communis opinio according to which the Athenian period lasted 30 years. What is common to both parts of this inquiry is a refusal to study the chronology of Anaxagoras' career in isolation. In part I, which is chiefly concerned with an analysis of the relevant passage in Diogenes Laertius qua specimen of Apollodorean reasoning, the problem is discussed against the background of Apollodorus' synchronistic matrices. In part II, the trial and the decree of Diopeithes which made it possible are studied in connection with the plot against Pericles and certain members of his circle.-A suggestion regarding the date of 'publication' of Anaxagoras' treatise will be appended to part II.
Shifting Boundaries: Gender in Pinhua Baojian
Authors: Starr Chloe 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGender transformations in Pinhua baojian reveal a much broader examination of gender and sexuality than allowed for by discussions of the work as a homosexual novel. This paper examines some of the complexities of the gendered representations of boy actors in the novel, seen in their marriage unions, in cross-dressing episodes, and particularly in parallels with female prostitutes of other nineteenth-century courtesan fiction. The coerced adoption of a feminine gender identity and homosexual sexual role by the boy actors, together with their gradual remasculination during the course of the novel, expose masculinity and femininity as highly socialized constructions and act as comment on the wider nineteenth-century marriage economy.
But i nEver Learned To Waltz: the "Real" and Imagined Education of a Courtesan in the Late Qing
Authors: Zamperini Paola 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article illustrates the complex web of agency, voice, compliance, and resistance that men and women alike wove and unraveled in (re)presenting fictional and nonfictional versions of the education and the life-cycle of courtesans at the turn of last century. On the one hand, it shows how Chinese male novelists appropriate the long-standing cliche of the courtesan to expand (albeit in a limited way) and exoticize the horizons of female subjectivity. On the other hand, it reveals how, thanks to the explosive development of print culture begun in the late nineteenth century, the courtesan herself could step in to redefine those horizons and to problematize her role as a "modern" heroine.
The Dragon and the Dog: Two Symbols of Time in Nahuatl Religion
Authors: Neumann Franke J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWorking where possible from the known to the unknown, I have attempted to discuss two symbols that relate to time in Nahuatl religion: the "dragon" and the dog. In so doing it was possible, indeed necessary, to point out a series of interlocking complexes which comprise both representations. I have tried to show that the "dragon" or earth monster as a symbol goes far beyond its more obvious association with the surface of the earth, and is in fact connected with many other related kinds of symbols-in particular those having to do with such ideas as beginning, creation, the East, and (as the serpents Quetzalcóatl and Xiuhcoatl) with both time and the cosmos. Similarly, in the case of the dog, the series of complexes included such things as the underworld, the night sun, fire and movement, the Pleiades, and the West. I have suggested that the Quetzalcóatl/Xiuhcoatl serpents are connected with both the solar year and the sacred calendar round of 260 days, and that the figure of Quetzalcóatl/Xólotl indicates yet a further connection with the cycles involving the planet Venus. We have thus explored, albeit in somewhat brief compass, two ways in which the sense of time has manifested itself in Nahuatl culture: the structure of that meaning, and the response to it.
When Biographical Narratives Disagree: the Death of Krsna Caitanya
Authors: Stewart Tony K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe conflicting death narratives of Krsna Caitanya (1486-1533), who was the inspiration for the Vaisnava movement of Bengal, provide insights into the way members of a believing community reveal historical information about themselves and the way that they think, rather than about their ostensible subject. According to the mainstrean theologians of this group, it is improper to speak of Caitanya's death because he is Krsna, svayam bhagavān, and as such he only descends to earth and ascends back to heaven. Four of the hagiographers underscore this by refusing to speak of the event, making clear that it carries no soteriological significance. Fourteen other authors, however, provide four alternatives: Caitanya disappears into the temple of Jagannātha, into the temple of Gopīnātha, or into the waters of the sea, or he dies from a foot infection. In spite of the obvious differences, the surface narratives follow a distinct pattern of action: devotional action, transition or separation in the locale of an axis mundi, and reintegration to heaven. The pattern, in turn, parallels basic Gaudiya Vaisnava conceptions of ontology, the steps of devotional sādhana, and the progression of devotional consciousness, which suggests that the tripartite structure is more than a coincidence, that it is endemic to their conceptual worlds. Because all of these explicit narratives curtail Caitanya's divinity by depicting his death, they are theologically heterodox, yet the underlying pattern demonstrates that their vision is conditioned by conceptualizations consistent with orthodox thought.
Protecting Strangers: Establishing a Fundamental Value in the Religions of the Ancient Near East and Ancient Greece
Authors: Auffarth Christoph 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(1) In the current discussions about the rights of asylum on one hand there is urgency for decisions and actions of the politicians, on the other hand these actions must not erode the human right of asylum. It is not a question of the quantity of applicants but of the quality of their rights. Religionists are asked for the foundation of the rights of strangers, because the roots of these rights reach into the archaic past, when there was not yet a state with institutionalized laws ("Rechtsstaat"). The treatment of the stranger was both in (2) Ancient Israel and (3) Ancient Greece the test of the righteousness of the people. Not the exact and continuing performance of the cult of the Gods demonstrates the piety of the people, but the treatment of the poor and weak. In pre-state societies the right of the strongest does not rule. However, the pride of the citizens and the token of the richness of a city is the granting of protection to outcasts. The sacrality of the holy place ("sanctuary") does not automatically grant protection. The talk of divine protection enables the protectors to gain the advantage of wide acceptance which compensates for a deficit of actual power. (4) Human rights have to be defended against attempts of political administrations to cut them short, that is, in consequence: to take away an individual's right to enjoy asylum.
Vivekananda's Ramakrsna: an Untold Story of Mythmaking and Propaganda
Authors: Sil Narasingha P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe author argues that the familiar Vedantin and messiah image of Rāmakrsna Paramahamsa was created deliberately by his great disciple Svāmā Vivekananda. The Svāmī's global Hindu evangelical mission called for the master's respectable image. Hence he rejected the sincere rendering of the Paramahamsa's biographies by others and, in place of the rustic ecstatic but authentic Gadadhar, fabricated the awesome figure of a modern messiah-the Vedantin Paramahamsa. This paper documents the history of this purposive distortion.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Pet Facilitated Therapy Program in a Nursing Home Setting
Authors: Perelle Ira B. , Granville Diane A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the past twenty years Pet Facilitated Therapy (PFT) has been used, apparently successfully, with several populations, including nursing home residents. Studies report positive behavior changes as a result of PFT intervention, but little effort has been made to quantify such behavior changes. This study presents the results of a PFT program in a nursing home setting. Results were positive, and were measured using the Patient Social Behavior Scale, designed for this study. Nursing home residents showed an increase of social behaviors from pretest to midpoint and from midpoint to post test, but these behaviors declined four weeks after post test. Although both males and females showed an increase in social behaviors, males' and females' response patterns differed.
The Ambiguous Terrain of Petkeeping in Children's Realistic Animal Stories
Authors: Johnson Kathleen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA content analysis of 48 children's realistic animal stories shows an emphasis on pets and petkeeping that can both challenge and support traditional human-animal boundaries. The genre's sympathetic portrayal of pet animals and the condemnation of theirmistreatment invite the reader to challenge such boundaries. Yet the genre's stereotypical portrayal of these animals also constrains our conceptualization of the human-animal bond. The author discusses these and other narrative elements which render this form of popular culture ambiguous terrain for negotiating an ethic of respect for nonhuman others which goes beyond most contemporary arrangements.
Child-Animal Interaction: Nonverbal Dimensions
Authors: MyersOlin Eugene 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExamples of child-animal interactions from a year-long ethnographic study of preschoolers are examined in terms of their basic nonverbal processes and features. The contingency of interactions, the nonhuman animal's body, its patterns of arousal, and the history of child-animal interactions played important roles in determining the course of interactions. Also, the children flexibly accommodated their interactive capacities to the differences in these features which the animals presented. Corresponding to these observable features of interaction, we argue that children respond to variations in animals' agency, coherence, affectivity, and continuity. Recent research shows infants also respond to these dimensions in interactants. The implications are that for the young child, animals are social others that present intrinsically engaging degrees of discrepancy from human social others; and that the child's sense of self takes shape in the available interspecies community. Interacting with animals may be more primary than human-centered factors (such as cultural meanings, anthropomorphism, social facilitation, or psychodynamic processes) in the child's experience and developing understanding of self and animal other. Implications for the theories of social development are discussed.
Exploring the Gender Gap in Young Adults' Attitudes about Animal Research
Authors: Pifer Linda K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYoung adults' attitudes toward the use of animals in scientific research were examined by using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSA Y). A structural equation model was estimated using LISREL8 to examine the development of these attitudes. Gender was found to have the greatest total effect on opposition to animal research, while feminist attitudes had the second greatest total effect. Feminist attitudes, 10th grade science achievement, adult scientific literacy, general attitudes toward science, partisan affiliation, anda numberof early home influences each explained part, but not all of the gender difference in attitudes about scientific research.
The Loss of Animal Companions: A Humanistic and Consumption Perspective
Authors: Stephens Debra Lynn , Hill Ronald Paul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis research project examines the dispossession of animal companions by loving owners. The results of two data collections reveal six highly interrelated themes: Love and Friendship, Joy in Life versus Sorrow in Death, Pets as Family Members, Vividness of Unexpected Death, Good-bye Rituals, and Return to Nature. The article closes with a brief discussion of the implications of these themes for service providers and for the education of potential pet owners.
Socially Constructing Pacific Salmon
Authors: Scarce Rik 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhat does "nature" mean? This general question, central to the social construction of nature, is addressed here by examining one of nature's particulars, Pacific salmon, and by looking at how one group of people, salmon biologists, imbue the fish with meaning. Based upon historical, comparative, and qualitative data, it appears that nature is socially constructed through both cognitive and physical processes. "Salmon"- and indirectly nature - emerges not as a monolithic, timeless, certain entity, but rather as one that is manipulable, fleeting, and the product of a variety of social relations. In particular, public policy and economics appear to have profoundly influenced salmon biologists' cognitive and physical constructions of salmon.
Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck Shooting as a Social Problem
Authors: Munro Lyle 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAustralia's Coalition Against Duck Shooting (CADS) sees duck-shooting as a social problem and as an injustice with moral, legal and environmental consequences. The small animal liberationist group has succeeded in dramatically reducing the numbers of duck shooters in Victoria, which is the home of duck-shooting in Australia. The Coalition's framing work with the public via the electronic media involves three parts: a diagnosis (assembling claims), a prognosis (presenting claims) and a motivational frame (contesting claims), all of which construct hunting as a cruel, antisocial blood sport that ought to be banned. In this article, television news bulletins and feature stories from the 1993 and 1994 campaigns are analyzed to show how CADS makes and sustains its claims. In addition to 90 pages of transcripts of news commentaries and descriptive accounts of the visuals, the data include tape-recorded interviews with some of the duck liberationists involved in the campaign.
Issues for Veterinarians in Recognizing and Reporting Animal Neglect and Abuse
Authors: Patronek Gary J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article discusses issues relevant to recent efforts to increase veterinary reporting of cases of animal mistreatment in the USA. These issues include mandatory vs. voluntary reporting, client confidentiality obligations, the legal definitions of animal cruelty, abuse, and neglect in state laws, ethical conflicts between a veterinarian's obligations to animals and clients, perceived vs. real barriers to reporting, the circumstances under which a veterinarian is likely to encounter animal mistreatment in practice, and the lack of accepted diagnostic criteria for the "battered pet."
Attitudes and Dispositional Optimism of Animal Rights Demonstrators
Authors: Galvin Shelley L. , Herzog Harold A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMail-in surveys were distributed to animal activists attending the 1996 March for the Animals. Age and genderdemographic characteristics of the 209 activists who participated in the study were similar to those of the 1990 March for the Animals demonstrators. Most goals of the animal rights movement were judged to be moderately to critically important, although beliefs about their chances of being realized varied considerably. Movement tactics judged to be least effective included the liberation of laboratory animals and the harassment of researchers. Education was seen as being a particularly important instrument of future social change. Demonstrators' scores on the Life Orientation Test - a measure of dispositional optimism - were significantly greater than scores of comparison groups of college students and of patients awaiting coronary bypass surgery. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of optimism and activists' perceptions of the achievement of movement objectives.
Have a Heart: Xenotransplantation, Nonhuman Death and Human Distress
Authors: Woods Tania 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn increasing shortage of transplant donor organs currently results in an escalating number of preventable human deaths. Xenotransplantation. the use of animal organs for transplantation into humans, is now heralded as medicine's most viable answer to the urgent and insurmountable human organ scarcity. Although claimed to be a biomedical prerogative, xenotransplantation is a cultural phenomenon - a procedure engaging both the physical and symbolic manipulation of human and nonhuman bodies, thereby transforming corporeality, identity, and culture. Biomedical and scientific discourses about xenografts have obscured issues related to nonhuman animals and also could be distressful to human organ recipients, revealing that the xenograft may not be widely embraced.
Animal Domestication in Geographic Perspective
Authors: Anderson Kay 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhat, exactly, makes humans human? A close look at nonhuman animal domestication practices reveals how people came to view their own uniqueness in western cultural process. The study of domestication across time shows the multiple human impulses underlying acts of animal enclosure and domestication. Animals can be beloved companions or eaten for a meal. These impulses involve contradictory moralities-a rich subject for inquiries into the dynamics of power and possession, at scales ranging from local to global.
Kangaroos: The Non-Issue
Authors: Thorne Lorraine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe international trade in kangaroo skin and meat has been contested on ecological and ethical grounds for several decades. Yet, it continues unabated. This article reviews the constitutive practices of the kangaroo network, drawing on Actor Network Theory to provide insights into why and how this trade continues. Questions of agency, network, and space are explored in this account, which looks at the real and imagined geographies of the kangaroo trade.
Race, Place, and the Bounds of Humanity1
Authors: Elder Glen , Wolch Jennifer , Emel Jody 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe idea of a human-animal divide as reflective of both differences in kind and in evolutionary progress, has retained its power to produce and maintain racial and other forms of cultural difference. During the colonial period, representations of similarity were used to link subaltern groups to animals and thereby racialize and dehumanize them. In the postcolonial present, however, animal practices of subdominant groups are typically used for this purpose. Using data on cultural conflicts surrounding animal practices collected from media sources, we show that such practices have become a key aspect of the human-animal boundary due to the radically changing time-space relations of postmodernity. Drawing on Spivak's notion of "wild practice, " we propose a radical democracy that includes animals as well as subaltern peoples, and argue for the rejection of dehumanization as a basis for cultural critique, given its role in perpetuating racialization and violence toward both human and non-human animals.
Poetic Animals and Animal Souls
Authors: Malamud Randy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMesoamericans' rich spiritual beliefs about the importance of animals and about the correlation between the well-being of animals and that of human beings contrast with a diminutive respect accorded to animals in industrialized cultures. Some vestige of a parallel sensibility, however - granting animals an aura of dignity relatively independent of anthropocentric constructions - may be detected in the animal poetry of selected Western writers including Marianne Moore, Gary Snyder, and José Emilio Pacheco. Such animal poetry, although possessing no explicit links to Mesoamerican spirituality, may represent an ethos extant (albeit rare) in industrial-world culture that quietly celebrates - as Mesoamerican culture does more unabashedly - the sanctity and parity of nonhuman animals.
Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) Loans in Chinese
Authors: Strecker David , Haudricourt André G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNote d'introduction par Jacques Gernet André G. Haudricourt faisant allusion ici à un article que j'ai publié en 1952,1 il me paraît utile d'indiquer ce qui, trente-huit ans plus tard, pourrait en être retenu: 1°) l'importance de l'élevage et tout spécialement de l'élevage du mouton dans l'économie et la vie des ancêtres des populations han, importance démontrée par les restes d'animaux trouvés dans les fouilles, le nombre des graphies sur os et écailles relatives à l'élevage et plus particulièrement au mouton et à l'élevage du mouton (le Shuowen conserve encore nombre de caractères de ce type qui sont sortis de l'usage), ainsi que par les traditions historiques relatives aux époques les plus anciennes; 2°) l'opposition de sens entre un ensemble de caractères d'écriture-ensemble déjà remarqué par Wolfram Eberhard-du type yi , shan , mei qui comportaient la graphie du mouton et ont conservé une signification morale positive et deux caractères à signification morale négative (li et si ) qui comportaient la graphie des céréales, ce qui semblerait impliquer une distinction sociale liée aux genres de vie, une morale du don, propre à une société d'éleveurs, s'opposant aux comportements d'agriculteurs plus soucieux d'économie. D'après l'article ci-dessous, les termes pour acheter et vendre auraient précisément été empruntés à des populations de riziculteurs. Du point de vue de l'histoire des techniques, on notera que, s'il n'est question anciennement en Chine du Nord que de la culture du millet (Setaria italica et Panicum miliaceum attestés dès les environs de -6000), les ancêtres des han ont dû entrer très tôt en contact avec des populations de riziculteurs dans la région du bas Yangzi, les espèces Oryza sativa indica et japonica ayant été retrouvées dans cette région dès les environs de -5000.2
Indigenous Traditions and Ecological Ethics in Earth's Insights
Authors: Grim John A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUsing the term, lifeway, this article emphasises the cosmology-cum-economy coherence of indigenous traditions. It explores the role of indigenous traditions in the formation of a global ecological ethic as put forward by J. Baird Callicott in his work, Earth's Insights. Recommending a cosmological approach, the article makes connections to advocacy issues. Finally, the significance of ordinary life in indigenous societies is foregrounded as the arena for teaching local ecological ethics.