bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albacora Manifold Hydrate Plug Formation:Cause And Solution
Authors: Teixeira Guilherme , Terry Artur Pader , Vieira Leonardo , Spinelli Geraldo 
Published: October 2008

Summary
The platform PETROBRAS 25 (P-25) is operating at Albacora field, located at the northeast portion of Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, about I 10 Km from the coast, in a water depth that varies from 230 to 1600 m. This unit, originally a drilling platform, was converted into a production floating system with process capacity of 100,000 bpd of oil and 3,000,000 m3/d of gas, P-25 is moored in a water depth of 520 m, receiving the production from 13 satellite wells and 2 diverless subsea production manifolds (MSPDL-I e MSPDL-2), with 8 wells each. These 2 manifolds were considered the deepest in the world at that time, installed in 500 and 620 m, and are improved with features like multiplex control pod and vertical connection. To reach this important mark, a lot of things have been done, including operational procedures to prevent hydrate formation. Nevertheless, seven months after the unit started producing, a total blockage in two wells in each manifold caused by hydrates occurred. The purpose of this paper is to describe how hydrate formation took place and the actions taken to unblock the manifold and restore the production.

Introduction
Historically, the hydrate formation in petroleum multiphase flow lines occurs after a shutdown or when the well went on stream. One classic example is, after an emergency shutdown in the unit, the down-hole safety valve (DHSV) of the well closes. Then could occur some gas segregation right down the DHSV and some free water right over it. When the well is open, the contact gas-water on a high pressure and low temperature ambient occurs around the DHSV, creating conditions to hydrate formation and, as a consequence, the production line is plugged. To avoid hydrate formation in P-25, the following procedure was adopted: Before open any well, we circulated diesel on the wellhead, flowing by the gas-lift line and keeping WI, W2 and XOV valves open. We calculated the gas-lift and production lines volume and filled them with diesel. Whenever it was possible, we launched a low-density foam pig, lead by the diesel flow, cleaning completely the lines. Then, we equalized the pressure over the DHSV valve, pumping diesel and keeping the MI valve open and WI valve closed, When, there was a diesel injection right through the DHSV, we pressurize the hydraulic line to open this valve. After the confirmation of the DHSV opening, we put the well on stream.

Problem Detection
The start-up of the wells AB-43 (MSPDL I) and AB-38 (MSPDL2) follows the procedure that was described before, with some changes, because these wells are connected to the subsea production manifolds. As we can see in the P-25 submarine system diagram (figure I), connecting each manifold to the platform, there are a main production line (10 in at MSPDL-I and 8 in at MSPDL-2), a main gas-lift injection line (4 in for both manifolds), a test production line (4 in for both manifolds) and a service line (8 in for both manifolds) used to individual measurement of the gas-lift injection.
Using Cell‐ID 1.4 with R for Microscope‐Based Cytometry
Authors: Chernomoretz Ariel , Bush Alan , Yu Richard , Gordon Andrew , Colman‐Lerner Alejandro 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis unit describes a method for quantifying various cellular parameters (e.g., volume, total and subcellular fluorescence localization) from sets of microscope images of individual cells. It includes procedures for tracking cells over time. One purposefully defocused transmission image (sometimes referred to as bright‐field or BF) is acquired to locate each cell. Fluorescent images (one for each of the color channels to be analyzed) are then acquired by conventional wide‐field epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. This method uses the image processing capabilities of Cell‐ID (Gordon et al., 2007) and data analysis by the statistical programming framework R (R‐Development‐Team, 2008), which we have supplemented with a package tailored to analyze Cell‐ID output. Both programs are open‐source software packages. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 84:14.18.1‐14.18.27. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualization of Microscopy‐Based Spectral Imaging Data from Multi‐Label Tissue Sections
Authors: Mansfield James R. , Hoyt Clifford , Levenson Richard M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCombining images taken with light of specific wavelengths can dramatically enhance light‐microscopic images. This technology is enabled by the availability of programmable filters that can be set to transmit light only of particular wavelengths. Spectral imaging technologies have become an important part of microscopy, and are particularly useful for analyzing samples that have been labeled with multiple (two or more) molecular markers. The most commonly used methodology for separating the markers from each other is linear unmixing, which results in a quantitative image of the location and amount of each marker present in the sample. The very complexity of these multilabel samples requires a high degree of sophistication in methods to visualize the results of unmixing. This article describes a wide range of useful visualization tools designed to better enable discrimination of different features in multilabeled tissue or cell samples. These commercially available tools can be attached to the standard laboratory light microscope to significantly enhance the power of light microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 84:14.19.1‐14.19.15. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunophenotyping and DNA Content Analysis of Acetone‐Fixed Cells
Authors: Mancaniello Debora , Carbonari Maurizio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe flow acetone staining technique (FAST) allows one to concurrently study physical cell features revealed by light‐scatter analysis, surface/nuclear phenotypes, and cellular DNA content. Thus, diverse subpopulations of proliferating cells can be identified in heterogeneous populations by their immunophenotype and their cell cycle status, and DNA ploidy can be assessed. Acetone, a coagulant (precipitating) fixative that also has the ability to permeabilize cell membranes, is widely used in static cytometry, but rarely in flow cytometry because of its undesirable effects, namely causing cell shrinkage. Nevertheless, when employed under proper temperature conditions (∼8°C), it preserves cellular physical features and immunophenotype well, and is compatible with stoichiometric DNA staining and accurate measurement of DNA content. Due to these virtues of FAST, the method provides useful approaches for cell biology and hematology/oncology studies. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 46:9.26.1‐9.26.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
From material to tissue: Biomaterial development, scaffold fabrication, and tissue engineering
Authors: Kretlow James D. , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe need for techniques to facilitate the regeneration of failing or destroyed tissues remains great with the aging of the worldwide population and the continued incidence of trauma and diseases such as cancer. A 16‐year history in biomaterial scaffold development and tissue engineering is examined, beginning with the synthesis of novel materials and fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds. Exploring cell‐scaffold interactions and subsequently cellular delivery using biomaterial carriers, we have developed a variety of techniques for bone and cartilage engineering. In addition to delivering cells, we have utilized growth factors, DNA, and peptides to improve the in vitro and in vivo regeneration of tissues. This review covers important developments and discoveries within our laboratory, and the increasing breadth in the scope of our work within the expanding field of tissue engineering is presented. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Electrodialysis‐based separation technologies: A critical review
Authors: Xu Tongwen , Huang Chuanhui 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo support a sustainable industrial growth, chemical engineering today faces a crucial challenge of meeting the increasing demand for materials and energy. One possible solution is to decrease the equipment size/productivity ratio, energy consumption, and waste generation via process integration and optimization. This review focuses on the integration of electrodialysis with traditional unit operations and other membrane separations. Such integrations, due to their diversity and practicability, can be versatile tools to meet specific needs from chemical, biochemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
DNA Binding, Photocleavage, and Topoisomerase Inhibition of Functionalized Ruthenium(II)‐Polypyridine Complexes
Authors: Gao Feng , Chao Hui , Ji Liang‐Nian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe interaction of ruthenium(II)‐polypyridyl complexes with DNA has attracted considerable interests during the past two decades. This paper presents some recent progresses in our laboratory on the interaction of RuII‐polypyridyl complexes with DNA. The first part describes the effect of modulating the intercalative ligand on the DNA‐binding behaviors of the complexes, such as DNA‐binding affinity, DNA‐binding enantioselectivity, DNA molecular ‘light switch’ effect, and DNA sequence selectivity. The second part focuses on the DNA photocleavage by the complexes and its mechanism. In the final part, we discuss the topoisomerase inhibition and its mechanism, as well as the antitumor activity of the RuII‐polypyridyl complexes.
Cyclic Peptides from Oldenlandia affinis DC. Molecular and Biological Properties
Authors: Gran Lorents , Sletten Knut , Skjeldal Lars 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new isolation procedure for Kalata polypeptides from the tropical plant Oldenlandia affinis DC is described. Fractions were screened by thin‐layer chromatography, and Van Urk positive fractions were tested for oxytocic activity in estrogenized rat uteri. By using this procedure, we were able to isolate and characterize three macrocyclic polypeptides with uterine activity. Their amino acid sequence and biological effects have been analyzed, and their NMR spectra were compared with those of the earlier ones. All three peptides showed hemolytic activity on human blood, and were tested for antibiotic effect against E. coli, Staphylococccus aureus, and Hemophilus influenzae.
X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Cuprous‐Thiolate Clusters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metallothionein
Authors: Zhang Limei , Pickering Ingrid J. , Winge Dennis R. , George Graham N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCopper (Cu) metallothioneins are cuprous‐thiolate proteins that contain multimetallic clusters, and are thought to have dual functions of Cu storage and Cu detoxification. We have used a combination of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density‐functional theory (DFT) to investigate the nature of Cu binding to Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein. We found that the XAS of metallothionein prepared, containing a full complement of Cu, was quantitatively consistent with the crystal structure, and that reconstitution of the apo‐metallothionein with stoichiometric Cu results in the formation of a tetracopper cluster, indicating cooperative binding of the Cu ions by the metallothionein.
Gaussian basis functions for chemometrics
Authors: Kärnä Tuomas , Corona Francesco , Lendasse Amaury 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHigh‐dimensional data are becoming more and more common, especially in the field of chemometrics. Nevertheless, it is generally known that most of the commonly used prediction models suffer from curse of dimensionality that is the prediction performance degrades as data dimension grows. Therefore it is important to develop methodology for reliable dimensionality reduction. In this paper, we propose a method that is based on functional approximation using Gaussian basis functions. The basis functions are optimised to accurately fit the spectral data using nonlinear Gauss—Newton algorithm. The fitting weights are then used as training data to build a least‐squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) model. To utilise the reduced data dimension, relevant variables are further selected using forward‐‐backward (FB) selection. The methodology is experimented with three datasets originating from the food industry. The results show that the proposed method can be used for dimensionality reduction without loss of precision. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic and Vibronic Contributions to Two‐Photon Absorption in Donor–Acceptor–Donor Squaraine Chromophores
Authors: Ohira Shino , Rudra Indranil , Schmidt Karin , Barlow Stephen , Chung Sung‐Jae , Zhang Qing , Matichak Jon , Marder Seth R. , Brédas Jean‐Luc 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany squaraines have been observed to exhibit two‐photon absorption at transition energies close to those of the lowest energy one‐photon electronic transitions. Here, the electronic and vibronic contributions to these low‐energy two‐photon absorptions are elucidated by performing correlated quantum‐chemical calculations on model chromophores that differ in their terminal donor groups (diarylaminothienyl, indolenylidenemethyl, dimethylaminopolyenyl, or 4‐(dimethylamino)phenylpolyenyl). For squaraines with diarylaminothienyl and dimethylaminopolyenyl donors and for the longer examples of 4‐(dimethylamino)phenylpolyenyl donors, the calculated energies of the lowest two‐photon active states approach those of the lowest energy one‐photon active (1Bu) states. This is consistent with the existence of purely electronic channels for low‐energy two‐photon absorption (TPA) in these types of chromophores. On the other hand, for all squaraines containing indolinylidenemethyl donors, the calculations indicate that there are no low‐lying electronic states of appropriate symmetry for TPA. Actually, we find that the lowest energy TPA transitions can be explained through coupling of the one‐photon absorption (OPA) active 1Bu state with bu vibrational modes. Through implementation of Herzberg–Teller theory, we are able to identify the vibrational modes responsible for the low‐energy TPA peak and to reproduce, at least qualitatively, the experimental TPA spectra of several squaraines of this type.
Sichtstrukturen des Chemieunterrichts von Förderschullehrkräften einer Sprachheilschule – Auswertung einer Videostudie
Authors: Yahya Liane , Bader Hans Joachim 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird über Ergebnisse des Forschungsfeldes „Chemieunterricht in der Förderschule”︁ berichtet. In einem ersten Aufsatz stellten wir auf der Basis einer umfassenden Erhebung die äußerst problematische Situation des naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts an hessischen Förderschulen dar [1]. Bereits dort wurden Maßnahmen diskutiert, um die vorgefundenen Probleme wie Unterrichtsausfall und fachfremd erteilten Unterricht zu reduzieren. Auch wurden in diesem ersten Aufsatz die unterschiedlichen Förderschwerpunkte hessischer Förderschulen dargelegt und deren differenzierte Lehrplanvorgaben erläutert. Im Zeitraum von 2004 – 2006 wurden von uns in erheblichem Umfang Lehrerfortbildungen für fachfremd unterrichtende Förderschullehrerinnen und ‐lehrer entwickelt und erprobt; der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den Schulformen Sprachheilschule und Schule für Lernhilfe [2, 3]. Um Kenntnisse über die Auswirkungen der Fortbildungsmaßnahmen zu erlangen, wurde eine Analyse von Unterrichtseinheiten der von uns fortgebildeten Lehrkräfte in Form einer Videostudie durchgeführt deren Schwerpunkt die Erfassung der Gestaltungsmerkmale des jeweiligen Unterrichts war. Die Ergebnisse werden hier vorgestellt.
Verkaterte Weihnachten
Authors: Czieslik Wolfgang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDas Theaterspiel übt seit eh und je eine große Faszination auf junge Leute aus. Es ist spannend, in die Rolle einer anderen Person zu schlüpfen und sich auszuprobieren. Die Chemie gilt als geheimnisvoll, manchmal auch als mystisch und ist vielleicht gerade deswegen für viele Menschen, vor allem auch junge Menschen, faszinierend. Was liegt da näher als Theater und Chemie zueinander zu bringen.
An information‐theoretic primer on complexity, self‐organization, and emergence
Authors: Prokopenko Mikhail , Boschetti Fabio , Ryan Alex J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractComplex Systems Science aims to understand concepts like complexity, self‐organization, emergence and adaptation, among others. The inherent fuzziness in complex systems definitions is complicated by the unclear relation among these central processes: does self‐organisation emerge or does it set the preconditions for emergence? Does complexity arise by adaptation or is complexity necessary for adaptation to arise? The inevitable consequence of the current impasse is miscommunication among scientists within and across disciplines. We propose a set of concepts, together with their possible information‐theoretic interpretations, which can be used to facilitate the Complex Systems Science discourse. Our hope is that the suggested information‐theoretic baseline may promote consistent communications among practitioners, and provide new insights into the field. Published 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Pleomorphic adenoma: Cytologic variations and potential diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Handa Uma , Dhingra Neerja , Chopra Rajan , Mohan Harsh 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe diverse morphological features encountered in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) may cause diagnostic errors in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The present study was performed to evaluate the variations in the cytological features of pleomorphic adenoma and to assess the efficacy of FNAC in its diagnosis. Fifty cases diagnosed as PA on FNAC were retrieved from the records of the Pathology Department. Cytologic smears and sections were reviewed and the cytologic diagnoses were compared with the definitive histologic diagnoses. In cases correctly diagnosed on aspiration, morphological variables like patterns of the epithelial component, type and extent of the mesenchymal matrix, metaplastic cells, hyaline globules, cystic change, giant cells, crystalline deposits, nuclear inclusions/grooves, and nuclear atypia were evaluated. The extreme diversity in morphologic features seen in histologic sections was reflected in the smears of PA. Metaplastic changes were observed more frequently in sections, while nuclear changes like inclusions/grooves were more commonly seen in smears. Other morphological features like cylindromatous pattern, giant cells and crystalline deposits were observed with equal frequency in smears and sections. Cytohistologic agreement was present in 45 of the 50 cases (90%). In 5 cases diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma on FNAC, the histology revealed 1 case each of schwannoma, perineurioma, ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor of tongue, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. FNAC is a fairly accurate pre‐operative procedure for the diagnosis of PA. The cytopathologist needs to be aware of the cytologic variations in pleomorphic adenoma so as to avoid diagnostic errors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic metastasis as an initial manifestation of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: Cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Deshpande Archana H. , Kelkar Arundhati A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAdenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the salivary glands. It is slow growing and is characterized by the delayed development of distant metastasis, which may develop even a decade or more after initial treatment of the primary tumor. We present the case of a 68‐year‐old male with complaints and radiological findings suggestive of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. However, fine‐needle aspiration findings showed metastasis of adenoid cystic carcinoma. A retrospective clinical and ultrasound examination of the patient revealed a small asymptomatic enlargement of the submandibular salivary gland that was aspirated and showed features of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐23 promotes osteoclast formation by up‐regulation of receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK) expression in myeloid precursor cells
Authors: Chen Li , Wei Xiao‐Qing , Evans Bronwen , Jiang Wenguo , Aeschlimann Daniel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInflammation‐mediated bone loss is a major feature of various bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and advanced periodontitis. Enhanced osteoclast development or activity at the inflammation site results in bone resorption. IL‐23 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL‐6/IL‐12 family that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and demonstrated to play a role in osteoclastogenesis via stimulation of IL‐17 production. In this study we investigated whether IL‐23 contributes to the regulation of osteoclast differentiation independent of the IL‐17 pathway. We show that IL‐23 dose‐dependently up‐regulates receptor activator of NF‐κB expression in primary murine bone marrow macrophages and RAW264.7 cells and thereby promotes commitment of myeloid precursor cells to receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand‐mediated osteoclastic differentiation. However, IL‐23 by itself is insufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis. Increased osteoclastic differentiation of cells was associated with enhanced cathepsin K expression and dentine resorption indicating enhanced formation of functional osteoclasts. IL‐17 was not detectable in culture supernatants and when added to cultures, did not promote differentiation of RAW264.7 cells. These results demonstrate that IL‐23 can act directly on myeloid precursor cells in addition to indirectly stimulating receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand production in osteoblasts and explains its potency in driving osteoclast development in inflammation‐mediated bone pathology.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Boronic Acids and Ethyl Glyoxylate: Synthetic Access to Mandelate Derivatives
Authors: Francesco Irene Notar , Wagner Alain , Colobert Françoise 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of arylboronicacids with ethyl glyoxylate provides a straightforward method for the synthesis of mandelic esters. Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 in combination with 2‐di‐tert‐butylphosphanylbiphenyl as the catalytic system and Cs2CO3 as the base were used. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalized boronicacids. Mandelic esters were isolated in good‐to‐excellent yields with a variety of neutral, slightly electron‐rich, and slightly electron‐poor substituents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Practical and Efficient Approach to PNA Monomers Compatible with Fmoc‐Mediated Solid‐Phase Synthesis Protocols
Authors: Porcheddu Andrea , Giacomelli Giampaolo , Piredda Ivana , Carta Mariolino , Nieddu Giammario 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA straightforward synthesis of orthogonally protected PNA monomers is described. Protected aminoethylglycine (Aeg) monomers were efficiently prepared by reductive amination of N‐Fmoc‐glycinaldehyde with glycine methyl ester and the subsequent acylation of the free amine with N‐bis‐Boc‐protected nucleobase acetic acids. The exocyclic amine group of the nucleobases, including the notoriously difficult‐to‐protect guanine nucleobase, was protected with a bis‐Boc carbamate group; this increased the solubility of the nucleobases in the most common organic solvents. The current protocol allows all Aeg monomers to be prepared on both the micro‐ and macroscale, which avoids or minimizes the use of toxic reagents or solvents, and moreover, cheap starting materials are used. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)