bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bathymetric and geographic population structure in the pan‐Atlantic deep‐sea bivalve Deminucula atacellana (Schenck, 1939)
Authors: ZARDUS JOHN D. , ETTER RON J. , CHASE MICHAEL R. , REX MICHAEL A. , BOYLE ELIZABETH E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe deep‐sea soft‐sediment environment hosts a diverse and highly endemic fauna of uncertain origin. We know little about how this fauna evolved because geographic patterns of genetic variation, the essential information for inferring patterns of population differentiation and speciation are poorly understood. Using formalin‐fixed specimens from archival collections, we quantify patterns of genetic variation in the protobranch bivalve Deminucula atacellana, a species widespread throughout the Atlantic Ocean at bathyal and abyssal depths. Samples were taken from 18 localities in the North American, West European and Argentine basins. A hypervariable region of mitochondrial 16S rDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced from 130 individuals revealing 21 haplotypes. Except for several important exceptions, haplotypes are unique to each basin. Overall gene diversity is high (h = 0.73) with pronounced population structure (ΦST = 0.877) and highly significant geographic associations (P < 0.0001). Sequences cluster into four major clades corresponding to differences in geography and depth. Genetic divergence was much greater among populations at different depths within the same basin, than among those at similar depths but separated by thousands of kilometres. Isolation by distance probably explains much of the interbasin variation. Depth‐related divergence may reflect historical patterns of colonization or strong environmental selective gradients. Broadly distributed deep‐sea organisms can possess highly genetically divergent populations, despite the lack of any morphological divergence.
Identifying loci under selection across contrasting environments inAvena barbatausing quantitative trait locus mapping
Authors: GARDNER KYLE M. , LATTA ROBERT G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe constructed recombinant inbred lines of a cross between naturally occurring ecotypes ofAvena barbata(Pott ex Link), Poaceae, associated with contrasting moisture environments. These lines were assessed for fitness in common garden reciprocal transplant experiments in two contrasting field sites in each of two years, as well as a novel, benign greenhouse environment. An AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) linkage map of 129 markers spanned 644 cMin 19 linkage groups, which is smaller, with more linkage groups, than expected. Therefore parts of theA. barbatagenome remain unmapped, possibly because they lack variation between the ecotypes. Nevertheless, we identified QTL (quantitative trait loci) under selection in both native environments and in the greenhouse. Across years at the same site, the same loci remain under selection, for the same alleles. Across sites, an overlapping set of loci are under selection with either (i) the same alleles favoured at both sites or (ii) loci under selection at one site and neutral at the other. QTL under selection in the greenhouse were generally unlinked to those under selection in the field because selection acted on a different trait. We found little evidence that selection favours alternate alleles in alternate environments, which would be necessary if genotype by environment interaction were to maintain genetic variation inA. barbata. Additive effect QTL were best able to explain the genetic variation among recombinant inbred lines for the greenhouse environment where heritability was highest, and past selection had not eliminated variation.
The Effect of Body Condition on Ovarian Activity of Free Ranging Tropical Jennies (Equus asinus)
Authors: Lemma A. , Bekana M. , Schwartz H. J. , Hildebrandt T. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySerial ultrasonography was performed on seven jennies to study the effect of seasonally fluctuating body condition on ovarian activity during the dry, short rainy and long rainy seasons. Kendall Tau correlations and differences of least square mean values were compared. A distinct seasonal pattern was observed both in body condition and ovarian activity. The mean (±SD) Body Condition Score (BCS) was lowest during the dry season 2.6 ± 0.45 when compared with 3.5 ± 0.52 and 3.9 ± 0.58 during the short and long rainy seasons, respectively. The mean (±SD) number of total follicles was also proportionally low 7.3 ± 1.6 during the dry season compared with 9.6 ± 2.4 and 11.3 ± 3.3 found during the short and the long rainy seasons, respectively. The BCS was positively correlated to the total number of follicles and the diameter of the largest follicle during all seasons. Periods of increasing BCS and transition between seasons with both increasing and decreasing body conditions were strongly correlated to the number and size of ovarian follicles. Seasonal fluctuation in the body condition was found to be the result of variation in feed resource and ovarian activity was also closely following this seasonal pattern. The improvement in body condition has generally, a positive impact on emergence of small growing follicles there by having influence on the total count of ovarian follicles.
Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma of Sheep in Slovenia
Authors: Svara T. , Gombac M. , Vrecl M. , Juntes P. , Kostanjsek R. , Pogacnik A. , Pogacnik M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryClinicopathological and electron microscopical findings of eight cases of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep, diagnosed solely in one big flock in Slovenia between years 2001 and 2003 are described. All affected sheep were female, their mean age was 4.5 ± 1.5 years and they either belonged to the Istrian pramenka breed (five sheep) or were crossbreeds (three sheep). Tumours that arose from the ethmoid area of the nasal cavity were unilateral in six cases (75%) and bilateral in two cases (25%). All tumours were classified as adenocarcinomas by histopathological examination and they displayed either a combination of tubular and papillary growth or less often solely tubular proliferation. No metastases were detected in regional lymph nodes, brain or other organs. Electron microscopical studies performed on the reprocessed paraffin‐embedded tissues revealed the presence of the virus‐like particles with an average diameter between 70 and 90 nm.
Effect of Parasitism on the Pharmacokinetic Disposition of Ivermectin in Lambs
Authors: Pérez R. , Palma C. , Cabezas I. , Araneda M. , Rubilar L. , Alvinerie M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism on plasma availability and pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin (IVM) in lambs. Fourteen greyface Suffolk lambs (26.8 ± 2.2 kg body weight) were selected for this study. Seven pairs of lambs were allocated into two groups in order to obtain an approximately even distribution. Group I (non‐parasitized) was pre‐treated by three repeated administrations of 5 mg/kg of fenbendazole (Panacur®), in order to maintain a parasite‐free condition. The lambs in group II (parasitized) did not receive any anthelmintic treatment and the natural infection was sustained by an oral inoculation of infective stages of nematode parasites. After the 85‐day pre‐treatment period both groups of animals were treated with IVM (200 μg/kg, Ivomec®) by subcutaneous injection in the shoulder area. Both groups of animals were maintained under similar conditions of feeding and management. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture at different times between 0.5 h and 25 days post‐treatment. After plasma extraction and derivatization, samples were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A computerized kinetic analysis was performed and data were compared using the unpaired Student's t‐test. The parent molecule was detected in plasma between 30 min and either 12 (parasitized) or 20 (no parasitized) days post‐IVM treatment. The area under the curve values of the parasitized group (75.2 ± 15.5 ng × d/ml) were significantly lower that those observed in the parasite‐free group (134.3 ± 15.7 ng × d/ml). The mean residence time (MRT) of the parasitized group (2.93 ± 0.16 days) was significantly lower than the MRT of healthy group (3.93 ± 0.29 days). The results of this study have shown that a change in body condition followed by a parasitic infection is associated with significant changes in plasma disposition of IVM when it is administered subcutaneously to parasitized lambs. Therefore, variations in the condition induced by parasitism should be considered when these anthelmintics are used for treating parasitized animals.
The Distribution of Salmonella Serovars in Chicken and Humans in Lithuania
Authors: Pieskus J. , Milius J. , Michalskiene I. , Zagrebneviene G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWe studied serovars of Salmonella strains isolated from chicken and humans in Lithuania over the period from 2000 to 2004. Salmonella strains were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by International Organisation for Standardization (Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuff – Horizontal Method for the Detection of Salmonella, 1998, ISO, Geneva). The per cent of infected flocks with Salmonella in separate years was between 1.01% and 3.2% during the period of investigation. The contamination rate of broiler legs and breasts was higher (2.36% and 4.25%) than that of wings (0.82%). Eighteen serovars of Salmonella were identified from the total 300 isolated samples. The most prevalent serovars in chicken were Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Typhimurium. Other serovars such as Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Djugu, Salmonella Isangi, Salmonella Bovismorbificans, Salmonella Mbankada, Salmonella Hadar were detected only in one to two samples. In general, similar serovars of Salmonella were found in humans and chicken (S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium), although distinct serovars were found only in humans or only in chicken. Analysis of the distribution of Salmonella serovars in humans during the seasons of the year indicated that the highest incidence of Salmonella was in Summer and in the beginning of Autumn. Analysis of the distribution of serovars during the study period indicated that there is a shift over time in both humans and chicken.
Abundant transcripts of malting barley identified by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE)
Authors: White Jessica , Pacey‐Miller Toni , Crawford Allison , Cordeiro Giovanni , Barbary Daniel , Bundock Peter , Henry Robert 
Published: January 2006

SummarySerial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was applied to the major cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare) to characterize the transcriptional profile of grain during the malting process. Seven SAGE libraries were generated from seed at different time points during malting, in addition to one library from dry mature seed. A total of 155 206 LongSAGE tags, representing 41 909 unique sequences, was generated. This study reports an in‐depth analysis of the most abundant transcripts from each of eight specific time points in a malting barley time course. The 100 most abundant tags from each library were analysed to identify the putative functional role of highly abundant transcripts. The largest functional groups included transcripts coding for stress response and cell defence, ribosomal proteins and storage proteins. The most abundant tag represented B22EL8, a barley metallothionein, which showed significant up‐regulation across the malting time course. Considerable changes in the abundance profiles of some of the highly abundant tags occurred at 24 h post‐steeping, indicating that it may be an important time point for gene expression changes associated with barley seed germination.
FISCAL POLICY, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND FINITE HORIZONS
Authors: Andrés Javier , Doménech Rafael , Leith Campbell 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper we analyse the stabilisation properties of distortionary taxes in a new‐Keynesian model with overlapping generations of finitely lived consumers. In this framework, government debt is part of net wealth and this adds a number of interesting channels through which fiscal policy could affect output and inflation. Output volatility, in the presence of technology shocks, is not substantially affected by the operation of automatic stabilisers, but we find interesting composition effects. While the presence of finitely lived households strengthens the stabilisation performance of distortionary taxes through the reduction of the volatility of consumption, it does so at the cost of more volatile investment and real money balances.
THE PRICE LEVEL, THE QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY, AND THE FISCAL THEORY OF THE PRICE LEVEL
Authors: Gordon David B. , Leeper Eric M. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines price‐level determination from the perspective of portfolio choice. Arbitrages among money balances, bonds, and investment goods determine their relative demands. Returns to real balance holdings and after‐tax returns to investment goods determine the relative values of nominal and real assets. Because expectations of government policies ultimately determine the expected returns to both nominal and real assets, the price level depends on interactions among current and expected future monetary and fiscal policies. The quantity theory and the fiscal theory emerge as special cases produced by restricting both the margins and the policies considered.
SOME WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF OPTIMAL STABILISATION POLICY IN AN ECONOMY WITH CAPITAL AND STICKY PRICES
Authors: Damjanovic Tatiana , Nolan Charles 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper we review and extend some of the key lessons that seem to be emerging from the Ramsey‐inspired theory of dynamic optimal monetary and fiscal policies. We construct measures of the key distortions in our economy; we label these ‘dynamic wedges’. Inflation, actual or anticipated, distorts these wedges in the present period, shrinks the tax base and increases the deadweight loss. We show that, if possible, labour as well as capital ought to be subsidised in steady state. We point to a number of extensions to the Ramsey literature that may help in the formulation of actual policy.
The epidemiology of onychomycoses in Crete, Greece, between 1992 and 2001
Authors: Ioannidou DJ , Maraki S , Krasagakis SK , Tosca A , Tselentis Y 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Onychomycosis represents the most frequently encountered nail disease, which is difficult to eradicate with drug treatment. Epidemiological studies concerning onychomycosis have been performed in many countries worldwide. Differences in the incidence of onychomycosis have been reported not only for various geographical areas, but also for different regions of the same country.Objective  This survey was undertaken to determine the epidemiology of onychomycosis in the population of Crete, Greece.Methods  In a prospective study, the fingernails and toenails of all new patients presenting to the outpatient Dermatology Department of the University Hospital of Crete were examined by certified dermatologists. If they appeared abnormal, nail material was obtained for mycologic examination.Results  A total of 23 477 patients were examined during the study period (1992–2001). Of them, 19 556 (83.3%) participated in the investigation. Clinical abnormal nails were observed in 2098 (10.7%) patients, 36.7% males and 63.3% females. Mycologically confirmed onychomycosis was detected in 511 (24.3%). Toenail onychomycosis was found in 283 (55.4%) patients, fingernail onychomycosis in 210 (41%), and both toenail and fingernail onychomycosis in 18 (3.6%). In the toenail infections, dermatophytes were most frequently isolated (52%), followed by yeasts (24.7%) and moulds (15.5%); 7.8% of the infections were mixed. In the fingernail infections, yeasts were most often isolated (82.9%), followed by dermatophytes (10%), and moulds (1.9%); 5.2% of the infections were mixed.Conclusion  Because the pattern of onychomycoses in a country is changing with time, epidemiological studies are necessary for determining the prevalence and the causative agents of the infection.
Three cases of severe Rhus dermatitis in an English primary school
Authors: Gach JE , Tucker W , Hill VA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe report three paediatric cases of severe allergic contact dermatitis caused by a Japanese lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua), which is a rare specimen plant in the UK. The diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis produced by plants that are not indigenous to a particular country is more likely to be delayed, as well as mistaken for cellulitis.
Eruptive vellus hair cysts: an effective extraction technique for treatment and diagnosis
Authors: Kaya TI , Tataroglu C , Tursen U , Ikizoglu G 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Eruptive vellus hair cysts are uncommon developmental anomalies of vellus hair follicles that are observed in young patients. Two patients were evaluated for asymptomatic flesh‐coloured papules appearing on the chest, abdomen and axillae. Lesions of both patients were diagnosed histologically as eruptive vellus hair cyst, which is a disorder with no standard treatment option.Objective  To introduce an alternative treatment and diagnostic technique for eruptive vellus hair cysts and to evaluate this technique's effectiveness histopathologically.Materials and methods  We treated the lesions by using cautery and a standard dissecting forceps under topical anaesthesia. After puncturing the overlying skin in the centre using the sharp‐tipped cautery point, we grasped the base of the cyst using a standard dissecting forceps and we extracted the cysts out. In patient 1, extracted cysts were sent for histopathological examination; in patient 2, microscopic examination of the extracted material was performed in potassium hydroxide preparations.Results  Over 150 cysts were extracted with this technique in two patients. The technique was simple, quick and tolerated well. No lesion recurrence was observed after 4 months. On histopathological examination, extracted cysts were observed to have cyst walls. In patient 2, the diagnosis was made within minutes by microscopic examination of the potassium hydroxide preparations of the extracted material.Conclusion  Our extraction technique is a simple and effective treatment option for these cysts. It can be regarded as curative since the cyst walls were also extracted. Microscopic examination of the potassium hydroxide preparation of the extracted cysts suggests that this technique can also be used as a simple diagnostic procedure.
2‐Deoxyglucose and NMDA inhibit protein synthesis in neurons and regulate phosphorylation of elongation factor‐2 by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Maus M. , Torrens Y. , Gauchy C. , Bretin S. , Nairn A. C. , Glowinski J. , Premont J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCerebral ischaemia is associated with brain damage and inhibition of neuronal protein synthesis. A deficit in neuronal metabolism and altered excitatory amino acid release may both contribute to those phenomena. In the present study, we demonstrate that both NMDA and metabolic impairment by 2‐deoxyglucose or inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration inhibit protein synthesis in cortical neurons through the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF‐2), without any change in phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF‐2α. eEF‐2 kinase may be activated both by Ca2+‐independent AMP kinase or by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+. Although NMDA decreases ATP levels in neurons, only the effects of 2‐deoxyglucose on protein synthesis and phosphorylation of elongation factor eEF‐2 were reversed by Na+ pyruvate. Protein synthesis inhibition by 2‐deoxyglucose was not as a result of a secondary release of glutamate from cortical neurons as it was not prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist 5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo‐(a,d)‐cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine hydrogen maleate (MK 801), nor to an increase in cytosolic‐free Ca2+. Conversely, 2‐deoxyglucose likely activates eEF‐2 kinase through a process involving phosphorylation by AMP kinase. In conclusion, we provide evidence that protein synthesis can be inhibited by NMDA and metabolic deprivation by two distinct mechanisms involving, respectively, Ca2+‐dependent and Ca2+‐independent eEF‐2 phosphorylation.
In vivo post‐transcriptional regulation of GAP‐43 mRNA by overexpression of the RNA‐binding protein HuD
Authors: Bolognani Federico , Tanner Daniel C. , Merhege Melissa , Deschênes‐Furry Julie , Jasmin Bernard , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHuD is a neuronal‐specific RNA‐binding protein that binds to and stabilizes the mRNAs of growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) and other neuronal proteins. HuD expression increases during brain development, nerve regeneration, and learning and memory, suggesting that this protein is important for controlling gene expression during developmental and adult plasticity. To examine the function of HuD in vivo, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human HuD under the control of the calcium–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα promoter. The transgene was expressed at high levels throughout the forebrain, including the hippocampal formation, amygdala and cerebral cortex. Using quantitative in situ hybridization, we found that HuD overexpression led to selective increases in GAP‐43 mRNA in hippocampal dentate granule cells and neurons in the lateral amygdala and layer V of the neorcortex. In contrast, GAP‐43 pre‐mRNA levels were unchanged or decreased in the same neuronal populations. Comparison of the levels of mature GAP‐43 mRNA and pre‐mRNA in the same neurons of transgenic mice suggested that HuD increased the stability of the transcript. Confirming this, mRNA decay assays revealed that the GAP‐43 mRNA was more stable in brain extracts from HuD transgenic mice than non‐transgenic littermates. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HuD overexpression is sufficient to increase GAP‐43 mRNA stability in vivo.
Sites in TM2 and 3 are critical for alcohol‐induced conformational changes in GABAA receptors
Authors: Jung Sangwook , Harris R. Adron 
Published: January 2006

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are molecular targets for alcohols. Previous work suggests that S270 and A291 residues in the transmembrane (TM) 2 and 3 domains of the GABAA receptor α subunit are components of an alcohol‐binding pocket, and S270I and A291W mutants abolished ethanol potentiation. Our results showed that A295C and F296C residues in the TM3 of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit are accessible to hexylmethanethiosulfonate (HMTS) in the alcohol‐bound state, but not in the resting state. Thus, the A295C and F296C sites become water‐accessible as a result of alcohol‐induced conformational changes. If S270 or A291 residues are sites of alcohol binding, then S270I or A291W mutations should prevent alcohol‐induced conformational movements within the TM3 domain. To investigate this question, the accessibility of HMTS reagent to double mutants (A291W/A295C, A291W/F296C, S270I/A295C or S270I/F296C) in the presence of ethanol or hexanol was tested. The A291W or S270I mutations markedly reduced the accessibility of HMTS to all the double mutants in the ethanol‐bound state, and to S270I/F296C, A291W/A295C and A291W/F296C double mutants in the hexanol‐bound state, suggesting that the A291 or S270 residues are critical sites for alcohol binding and alcohol‐induced conformational changes.