bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Effects of Large Unloading Cycles on the Ductile Tearing Toughness of HSLA Steel
Authors: Joyce JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes part of an ongoing project to study the effects of interactions between intense fatigue cycling and ductile tearing on the fatigue crack growth rate demonstrated by structural steels. Earlier work has utilized a cyclic J integral approach to characterize the cyclic crack growth rate and a relatively standard J-resistance curve approach to characterize the material ductile tearing toughness. This work has shown that a relatively simple superposition can be used to predict specimen life when a combination of tensile fatigue cycling and ductile tearing is applied. The results are far from perfect but seem to offer a scheme which is conservative and hence much more desirable than an LEFM approach which invariably gives nonconservative life estimates.
This new work looks at the effect of complete unloadings and of complete crack opening displacement reversals on the subsequent ductile tearing toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance. Initial data show that the effect of a complete unloading cycle can be predicted using the baseline cycle J crack growth rate data of the test material. A complete COD reversal, however, produces a much greater crack growth step than would be predicted using an extrapolation of the standard cyclic J method. To account for this effect a cyclic J resistance curve is developed and compared with the measured data. Fractographic SEM work is also used to support the unloading compliance measurements and the use of a ductile tearing procedure to predict the crack growth during these intense compression cycles.
Probability, Confidence, and Sample Size in Fatigue Testing
Authors: Parida N , Das SK , Gope PC , Mohanty ON 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The sample size necessary for a statistically significant life test has been determined, and a comparison of actual and predicted lives has been made for a desired probability of survival with a given confidence level, statistical error, and coefficient of variation at different stress levels. This approach has been used for cases where data follow a log-normal distribution. On the basis of this approximation, it is possible to estimate the lower tolerance limit using a minimum number of samples. It has also been concluded that, whatever the sample size, the estimate always results in some error, R0, which mainly depends on confidence level, probability of survival, and stress level, and that, beyond a specified sample size, fatigue life estimation is independent of sample size.
Durability Assessment Based on Initial Material Quality
Authors: Magnusen PE , Hinkle AJ , Kaiser WT , Bucci RJ , Rolf RL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
New U.S. Air Force durability design philosophies are aimed at minimizing evolution and growth of structural cracks to sizes affecting readiness and life cycle repair costs. Durability design requires attention to material quality and manufacturing quality, since both can be sources of in-service cracking problems. Improvement in the quality of Al-Zn-Cu-Mg, 7050 alloy, thick plate through reductions in microporosity has been correlated with increased smooth-coupon fatigue lives. Consequently, in commercial production, the smooth fatigue test is now employed as a lot release test to warrant initial metal quality. This work is aimed at translating results of smooth fatigue quality-screening tests to aircraft component performance in the context of new durability methodologies. For this purpose, a fracture mechanics analysis is used to convert the smooth coupon lifetimes to an equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) distribution, which then becomes the starting point for probabilistic crack growth assessment in a component. The EIFS distribution back-extrapolated from life data is shown to be in good agreement with the distribution of crack initiating microflaws determined by more labor-intensive post-test fractography. Consequently, the fracture mechanics back-calculation enables cost-effective conversion of coupon lifetimes, a simple measurement, into a “material characteristic,” initial flaw size population, which can then be utilized analytically for durability design trade studies. A hypothetical component study performed in this manner for materials of varying initial quality is used to demonstrate how material quality differentiated at the coupon level can be translated into a performance advantage under representative in-service loading conditions.
A Simplified Method for Determining Relaxation Time and Electrical Resistivity from Eddy-Current Decay Measurements
Authors: Richards GL , Hartwig KT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple method of calculating the relaxation time (τ) from a direct-current eddy-current decay signal is developed. The solution for τ: τ=Δtln[V1−V2V2−V3] requires only that the three voltage (V)-time (t) sets be separated by equal time intervals (Δt), and be within the simple exponential region of the decay curve. The result is useful for electrical resistivity measurements taken by the eddy-current decay method.
AIDS and Intravenous Drug Use: Future Directions for Community-Based Prevention Research
Authors: McGlone FB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The scope of this book has clearly defined the problem and, by dissemination of information, will educate the community regarding the characteristics of AIDS. It is hoped that the information herein will help to point the way to community AIDS prevention. The book would seem to be useful especially for students, field workers, and general interest readers. The information provided does not represent new research but presents new ideas as a result of a survey of existing knowledge. The monograph is factual and presents very useful information regarding the relationship of AIDS and substance abuse to social problems. It presents a balanced viewpoint with very little editorial material. The factual information presented will, it is to be hoped, lead to an increase in education and prevention. The book is well written and well organized. It is clear and concise. It points out the tremendous challenge that AIDS presents and stresses the urgency for AIDS pervention initiatives.
Predicting the Durability of Paving Bricks
Authors: Winslow D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The pore size distributions of approximately 110 bricks removed from existing pavements were measured using mercury intrusion. These distributions were used to calculate a Durability Factor using the method of Maage. This Durability Factor was then correlated with the observed durability performance of the pavements. It was found that all bricks with a Durability Factor greater than 90 exhibited no freeze/thaw durability problems. Further, with very few exceptions, all bricks with a Durability Factor less than 90 were suffering freeze/thaw failures. This procedure is both more accurate and faster for selecting potentially durable bricks than the current use of absorption measurements.
A New Method for Burst Testing of Low Strength Materials
Authors: Goodwin FE , Nguyen-Duy P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new technique for burst testing of low strength materials has been developed. A viscous organosilicate compound with rheopectic flow characteristics is compressed inside a hollow cylinder of the material to be tested. The compressive load is transmitted using a conventional tensile testing machine. The technique allows easy measurement of critical burst values and also intermediate values of tangential and radial stresses which provide further insight into the behavior of the test material near its bursting load.
What Constitutes a Reference Material and How Is It Certified?
Authors: Ridsdale PD , Meeres RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
There has been much discussion in recent years regarding the definitions of Reference Material (RM) and Certified Reference Material (CRM). The authors give their interpretations of the definitions given in the Guides published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as applied to the metals analysis laboratory.
The objective of the paper is to help users of RMs make their own assessment of the status of an RM by a critical evaluation of the certificate, or other document, which is issued by the certifying body. Information is also given regarding the procedures generally in use by producers of CRMs for the metals industry to ensure the accuracy and precision of the CRM.
The certification procedure includes the planning of the project, the selection of participating laboratories, and the issue of detailed instructions for the certification analysis. Procedures for the technical and statistical evaluation of the results are also discussed, together with the resolution of any discrepancies between the results obtained in different laboratories.
The authors' views are based on many years of experience in the preparation of CRMs for the metals industry, both on a U.K. national basis and more recently on a European basis.
Development of Methodology for Qualifying Safety Critical A286 Threaded Fasteners
Authors: Hsieh C , Hendrickson J , Bamford R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nondestructive inspection and proof test are the principal flaw screening methods used to ensure the integrity of fracture critical fasteners. However, because of the limitations of various nondestructive inspection methods and the simplicity of the proof test, the latter method has been identified as a preferred method for flaw screening of fasteners.
A test program was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to experimentally determine the cyclic fatigue life of pre-cracked A286 stainless steel fasteners which just survived a proof test to a prescribed fraction of their ultimate tensile strength.
The functional dependency of the cyclic fatigue life of a fastener on the fatigue stress (mean and alternating stresses), fastener size, material tensile strength, and proof load was formulated using the NASA/FLAGRO computer program. It was found that proof load has the strongest effect on fatigue life, while the mean stress has the least effect. The fastener size only has a minor effect, but the alternating stress range has a strong influence on the fatigue life of fasteners. Limited experimental verification of the hypothesized functional relationship is provided in this program for the effect of proof load and fastener size in addition to the analytic verification.
The Influence of Friction on the Compliance and Crack Work Rate of an End Notched Flexure Specimen
Authors: Gradin PA , Gustafson CG , Hojo M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe influence of friction on the compliance and crack work release rate of an end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is investigated. The analysis includes asymmetric ENF configurations (i.e., when the crack is not on the specimen center line).The contact problem (i.e., the problem of determining the contact stress distribution between the cracked parts of the specimen) is solved using the assumption that Euler beam theory is applicable (i.e., transverse shear is not accounted for) and that friction is fully developed whenever acting. The numerical results from an analysis carried out on a realistic specimen geometry indicate that for this model the friction has a minor influence on both the compliance and the crack work rate.
Prediction of the Strength of Ceramic Tubular Components: Part I—Analysis
Authors: Jadaan OM , Shelleman DL , Conway JC , Mecholsky JJ , Tressler RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develop the analytical background for test methodologies that will enable accurate prediction of the strength distribution of ceramic tubular components from the strength distributions of simple specimens. Four simple specimen configurations and two tubular configurations were selected for this purpose. The simple specimen configurations were (1) four-point bend, (2) C-ring tested in compression, (3) C-ring tested in tension, and (4) O-ring tested in diametral compression. In addition, a short tube tested by axially compressing rubber inside the tube and a long tube subjected to internal pressure were analyzed. These specimen configurations were for the most part selected in a tubular shape in order to simulate the shape of tubular structural components. The prediction of the strength distribution of one specimen from that of another was based on Weibull statistical theory. Effective volume and area expressions, necessary for failure prediction, were derived for these specimen configurations.
Effects of Microcracks and Artificial Surface Cracks on Fracture Ductility of a Torsional Prestrained Specimen
Authors: Makabe C , Kaneshiro H , Itokazu M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The diminution of fracture ductility of smooth specimens and small cracked specimens on surfaces subjected to torsional prestrains was investigated. For smooth specimens, the transition of tensile fracture ductility after a critical torsional prestrain is independent of the existence of microcracks and attributed to the embrittlement of the layers of the specimen surfaces due to the formation of anisotropic helical structures. For cracked specimens, the degree of fracture ductility depends on the crack area and the magnitude of torsional prestrain. Where torsional prestrain is lower than a critical value, the surface crack starts in the direction close to the maximum shear stress, and ductility is somewhat lost from virgin state. If the torsional prestrain exceeds a critical value, the specimen is broken in a brittle manner, and the crack extension shows a helical pattern. This behavior is due to the embrittlement of the specimen surface layer.
Condom Inflation Testing: Strain Distribution During Test
Authors: Gerofi JP , Shelley GA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The quality of condoms has assumed greater importance with the spread of AIDS. Many national standards have incorporated an inflation test, which stretches a substantial portion of the condom. This test has been found useful in monitoring condom quality in storage, and also indicates quality of new condoms. The spatial strain pattern as a function of volume is discussed and related to the pattern of condom breakage found in use. It is concluded that the closed end of the condom remains unstrained until the condom volume is substantial. Additional tests on the closed end of the condom, or changes in the method of evaluation of the existing test, would increase the value of the test.
Change in Mass of Copper Coupons as a Measure of Severity of Environments in Accelerated Aging Tests for Electrical Contacts
Authors: Sproles ES 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA round-robin study of two coupon cleaning methods as implemented by five different laboratories has been completed. The results show that measuring the change in mass of copper coupons is an effective and practical technique for quantifying the reactivity of test chamber environments. Since the coupon cleaning and preparation method appears to affect the gravimetric data, a well defined and consistent method is required to obtain useful results.
Static and Impact Flexural Properties of Common Wire Nails
Authors: Loferski JR , McLain TE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To implement yield theory into design specifications for engineered nailed connections, some practical estimates of nail yield strength and other properties are needed. This short-term study sampled 1170 nails in five sizes from four locations in the United States. Twelve different manufacturers were represented in the sample. All nails were tested in centerpoint bending and their mechanical properties were determined. MIBANT angle, commonly used for quality control in the pallet nail industry, was also measured.
The results showed that: (a) The pennyweight system of classification is inadequate for identifying nail properties for engineering purposes. (b) Nail yield stress decreases as diameter increases, but elastic modulus is reasonably constant. (c) Variation in yield stress between manufacturers is less than 13% coefficient of variation (COV) for any one size nail, which is generally much greater than the variation found for samples from an individual manufacturer. (d) A normalized MIBANT angle may provide a way to insure a minimal level of nail quality for engineering purposes, but additional research is needed.
Direct Measurements of Displacements in the Inner Roller Span of Four-Point-Bending Creep Tests
Authors: Fett T , Keller K , Martin G , Rosenfelder O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Creep tests on ceramic materials are often performed in four-point-bending. With conventional procedures of evaluating such tests a number of assumptions must be made to allow the calculation of the displacements in the inner roller span—the range of the constant bending moment—from displacement measurements containing the part between the outer and the inner rollers where the bending moment changes linearly from zero to its maximum value. A test apparatus is described that allows direct measurements in the interesting part of the bending specimen. Creep curves obtained with different methods are compared.
Glossary (German/English, English/German) of Specialized Plastics Testing Terminology
Authors: Meraw LJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, plays an important role within CEN/CENELEC (European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), which develops standards and works towards European harmonization. European Community (EC) standards coupled with the entire realm of testing and certification are of prime interest to U.S. manufacturers desiring access to the EC market.
This specialized two-part glossary (German/English and English/ German) of plastics testing terminology has been developed to benefit those involved in the processes of harmonization and mutual recognition of standards and specifications.
Physical Acoustics: Vol. 18
Authors: Sachse W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It has been known for the more than a beam of light striking a material generates vibrations and acoustic waves in it. The common focus of this book is a review of the physics, measurement techniques and applications of recent developments of this phenomenon. Today, pulsed or modulated beams of lights or other radiations incident on a specimen are used to excite thermal or acoustic waves in the materials. In photothermal measurements the signals are detected by a sensor at the surface of the material, while in photoacoustic measurements the signals are detected by a sensitive microphone in the gas surrounding a specimen. The analysis of such thermally generated signals can be used to investigate the nature of the source, the material in the region of the source, or the material between the source and detector.
Time-Saver Standards for Building Types: 3rd Edition
Authors: Chusid M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The 1st Edition of Time-Saver Standards for Building Types has been an important part of my professional library since its publication in 1973. As stated in its preface: “It is intended to give basic design criteria for each major type of building. It will give those unfamiliar with a specific building type a talking or working knowledge of its functions, organization, and major components.” Over the years, I have referred to Time-Saver frequently for planning and design guidelines for building types such as gymnasiums, airport terminals, and police stations. But as the 1st Edition is now 17 years old and much of it is based on other even older versions of Time-Saver Standards, I have begunto find the book inadequate for contemporary design practice.The past two decades have been a period of profound change for building planning and design. Many building requirements have changed and entire new categories of buildings have evolved. It was with enthusiasm that I looked forward to the 3rd Edition; which the publisher promised would be “revised, expanded, and completely brought up to date.” I am greatly disappointed with the result. While the 3rd Edition has been expanded to approximately 1400 pages, nearly a third more than the 1st Edition, little of the original material has been revised and the updating has been insufficient.
A Cantilever-Type Bend Test Technique for Formability Analysis of Strip/Plate Metals
Authors: Selçuk A , Rawlings RD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The minimum bend radius-to-thickness ratio (R/t), determined by the conventional 90° bend test for strip materials, has been found insensitive to changes in formability of Cu-Be-Co alloys with thermo-mechanical treatment. In an attempt to improve the 90° bend tests, an alternating-current potential drop (ACPD) measurement technique was incorporated. The ACPD modification was successful in monitoring the onset of crack formation under laboratory conditions, but it is considered unsuitable for more widespread use such as in quality control.
A new cantilever-type bend test apparatus has been designed and used to measure the maximum bend angle, θM, at which the sample cracks during bending in angular rotation up to 135°. The reproducibility of the apparatus was good and the sensitivity such that changes in θM as small as 3 to 4° could be detected. The θM value was found to be dependent on sample thickness. However, a thickness correction procedure, which was developed from an analytical model, allowed a corrected maximum bending angle, θCM, to be easily calculated. The θCM data have been successfully used to investigate the effect on bendability of thermo-mechanical treatment of Cu-Be-Co alloys and of both testing orientation and thermo-mechanical treatment on Al-Mg-Mn alloys. Results from Al-Mg-Mn alloys have shown that the apparatus is capable of testing samples with thicknesses up to 5 mm.
Fatigue Predictions for Components under Biaxial Reversed Loading
Authors: Lee Y-L , Chiang YJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fatigue failure under out-of-phase loading is a fairly common type of damage mode. For the reliable design of mechanical components under such loading, there is a strong need for the development of a compatible fatigue life prediction criterion. Many multiaxial fatigue theories have been developed since the early 1900s, and most of them are limited to proportional loading cases. Although some can be extended for out-of-phase loading, additional work must be done for general applicability. In this paper, data are correlated using an empirically modified approach which attempts to be more general. Modified from Findley's formula, this approach incorporates three mathematical expressions for the effects of out-of-phase loading, mean bending stress, and mean torsional stress on fatigue behavior. The reliability of this approach is evaluated by comparing analytically predicted results with experimental data from various publications.
An Assessment of the Effects of Treatment, Time, and Heat on the Removal of Erasable Pen Marks from Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabrics
Authors: Moore MA , Eddleman VL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study investigated the removal of marks made by “erasable” marking pens on cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics. Data obtained from color difference measurements were analyzed using analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) procedures. Results indicated that removal of pen marks was easier from the cotton/polyester fabrics than from the 100% cotton fabrics. The most effective treatment for removal of marks for all fabric types was laundering, instead of following pen manufacturers' instructions. Best results were achieved by removing the marks 48 h after application as compared to 24 h or six weeks.