bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SunSafe in the Middle School Years: A Community-wide Intervention to Change Early-Adolescent Sun Protection
Authors: Olson Ardis L. , Gaffney Cecelia , Starr Pamela , Gibson Jennifer J. , Cole Bernard F. , Dietrich Allen J. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Rising rates of skin cancer associated with early-life sun exposure make it important to improve adolescent sun-protection practices. Our study objective was to determine if a multicomponent community-wide intervention could alter the decline in sun protection that begins in early adolescence.METHODS. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 10 communities to assess the impact of the SunSafe in the Middle School Years program. The intervention sought to (1) educate and activate adults and peers to role model and actively promote sun-protection practices and (2) create a pro–sun protection community environment. It targeted school personnel, athletic coaches, lifeguards, and clinicians and enlisted teens as peer advocates. Annual observations of cross-sectional samples of teens at community beach/pool sites were used to assess the impact of 1 and 2 years of intervention exposure compared to grade-matched controls. The outcome was percent of body surface protected by sunscreen, clothing, or shade.RESULTS. Observers determined the sun protection level of 1927 adolescents entering 6th to 8th grades. After 2 years of intervention exposure, adolescents at the beach/pool in intervention communities were significantly better protected than those in control communities. Over 2 years, the percent of body surface area protected declined by 23% in the control arm but only 8% in intervention arm. After intervention, the average percent of body surface protected at intervention sites (66.1%) was significantly greater than control sites (56.8%). Teens in intervention communities reported sun-protection advice from more adult sources, were more likely to use sunscreen, and applied it more thoroughly than control-site teens.CONCLUSIONS. Our multicomponent model addressing adolescent sun protection shows the power of engaging teens and adults from across the community as role models and educators. This new ecological approach shows promise in changing adolescent sun protection behaviors and reducing skin cancer risks.
Accuracy and Interpretation of Rapid Influenza Tests in Children
Authors: Grijalva Carlos G. , Poehling Katherine A. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Weinberg Geoffrey A. , Staat Mary A. , Iwane Marika K. , Schaffner William , Griffin Marie R. 
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND. Influenza rapid antigen detection (rapid tests) can provide timely identification of infection and aid in clinical decision-making. Although the interpretation of test results depends on test characteristics and influenza prevalence, this information is limited in routine clinical practice.
OBJECTIVE. We sought to assess the times at which rapid tests are most predictive of influenza infection.
METHODS. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network enrolled children aged &lt;5 years who were hospitalized with respiratory symptoms or fever from October 2000 through September 2004. Nasal and throat swabs were obtained, and influenza virus was detected by culture and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Provider-ordered rapid influenza tests were compared with the criterion standard (culture and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) to determine their sensitivity and specificity. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network also enrolled children in outpatient settings during the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 influenza seasons and determined the weekly influenza prevalence among symptomatic children. Trends in weekly predictive values of the rapid tests were estimated over the influenza seasons.
RESULTS. Rapid influenza tests had an overall sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 97%. In 2002–2003, the prevalence of influenza in symptomatic outpatient children peaked at 21% and stayed above 10% for ∼4 weeks. In contrast, in 2003–2004, influenza prevalence peaked at 60% and remained above 20% for ∼6 weeks. The positive predictive value of the rapid tests approached 80% when influenza prevalence was ≥15% but decreased to &lt;70% when influenza prevalence was &lt;10%.
CONCLUSIONS. Influenza prevalence varies between and within seasons. On the basis of our estimates, rapid tests are of limited use when prevalence is &lt;10%. The appropriate interpretation of rapid influenza tests requires local influenza surveillance and timely communication of this information to the practitioners.
Prevention of Rotavirus Disease: Guidelines for Use of Rotavirus Vaccine
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: January 2007

This Policy Statement was retired July 2010.
On February 3, 2006, a bovine-based pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq, Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ) was licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in infants in the United States. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine immunization of infants with 3 doses of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine administered orally at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The first dose should be administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age; immunization should not be initiated for infants older than 12 weeks of age. Subsequent doses should be administered at 4- to 10-week intervals, and all 3 doses of vaccine should be administered by 32 weeks of age. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine can be coadministered with other childhood vaccines. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine is contraindicated for infants with a serious allergic reaction to any vaccine component or to a previous dose of vaccine.
Solid–solid reaction kinetics: Formation of tricalcium aluminate
Authors: Ghoroi Chinmay , Suresh A. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTricalcium aluminate is an important constituent of Portland cement, apart from having other applications. It is formed by a solid–solid reaction between CaO and Al2O3, themselves formed by solid‐state decompositions of CaCO3 and Al(OH)3, respectively. There is no unanimity in the literature about the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of its formation. In this article we report experimental studies on this system with a view to identifying the reasons for these discrepancies and to present reproducible kinetic information under a well‐defined set of conditions. The experiments cover a temperature range of 1100–1300°C and use CaCO3 and Al(OH)3 gel powder as the starting materials. Reactions have been carried under a variety of conditions in an attempt to identify the experimental variables that influence the observed kinetics. The results show that mechanochemical activation can profoundly influence rates. The most reproducible and consistent results were obtained under conditions of good interparticle contact, with controlled pretreatment to define the physical structure of the reacting entity. Further, the results throw light on the sequential nature of the reaction and establish the nature of the intermediate phase. The data, when interpreted in the traditional manner, show consistent trends with the literature, but the deficiencies of such interpretation have been analyzed and the need for new models has been advanced. Because solid–solid reactions are generally less well understood than their fluid counterparts, our results argue in favor of a comprehensive modeling framework for such series reaction networks in the solid phase. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Dipping characteristics of layered silicates–natural rubber latex nanocomposites
Authors: Mathew Shera , Varghese Siby , Rajammal G. , Thomas P. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe dipping characteristics of prevulcanized natural rubber latex containing three different types of silicates (fluorohectorite, bentonite, and English Indian clay) were studied using a semiautomatic dipping machine. The effect of variation in the speed of immersion and withdrawal of the glass former, dwell time, and concentration of the coagulant, etc. on the thickness of the latex deposit were investigated. Characterization of the composites was done using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The viscosities of these compounds were measured using a Brookfield viscometer. The results of the studies showed that the deposit thickness depends on the withdrawal speed of the glass former, the concentration of the coagulant, dwell time, and the viscosity of the latex compound. Higher film thickness was noticed for the bentonite clay‐filled composites. This was believed to be due to the formation of clay network formation in the composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Lamellar and Three‐Dimensional Hybrid Compounds Formed by Cyclohexene‐ and Cyclohexanedicarboxylates of Pb, La, and Cd
Authors: Rao K. Prabhakara , Thirumurugan A. , Rao C. N. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo establish factors that determine the formation of three‐dimensional hybrid structures of metal dicarboxylates involving metal–oxygen–metal linkages, we have investigated metal dicarboxylates derived from 1,2‐cyclohexene as well as 1,2‐, 1,3‐, and 1,4‐cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids. Thus, we have synthesized a 1,2‐cyclohexenedicarboxylate of Cd, [Cd(1,2‐CHeDC)(H2O)] (I), a 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate of Pb, [Pb(1,2‐CHDC)] (II), and three 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylates of La [La2(1,4‐CHDC)3(H2O)4] (III), [La3(1,4‐HCHDC)2(1,4‐CHDC)5(H2O)2]⋅H2O (IV) and [La2(1,4‐CHDC)3(H2O)]⋅2.5 H2O (V) under hydrothermal conditions and determined their structures. A mixed dicarboxylate involving both 1,3‐ and 1,4‐cyclohexenedicarboxylates of Pb, [Pb3O(1,3‐CHDC)(1,4‐CHDC)]⋅0.5 H2O (VI) and a 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate of Pb, [Pb6O2(1,4‐CHDC)3(1,4‐HCHDC)2], have also been synthesized and characterized. While the 1,2‐dicarboxylates have layered structures, the 1,4‐dicarboxylates and the mixed dicarboxylates possess three‐dimensional structures. Interestingly, both the 1,2 and 1,4‐dicarboxylates are true hybrid compounds composed of infinite M‐O‐M linkages. The equatorial–equatorial (e,e) conformation is adopted commonly in all these compounds, although less stable conformations are encountered occasionally. The formation of the layered and the three‐dimensional structures can be understood based on the relative disposition of the two carboxylic groups, the 1,4‐isomer favoring the three‐dimensional structure. Based on the results of the present study along with the available literature, we conclude that in order to obtain three‐dimensional hybrid structures with metal–oxygen–metal networks, it appears necessary to make use of the 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.
Reactions of carbanions with 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene leading to stable heptatrienide moieties
Authors: Gololobov Yuri G. , Linchenko Olesya A. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Starikova Zoija A. , Garbuzova Irina A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReactions of NCCH2COOMe 1a and CH2(CN)2 1b with 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene 2 at the presence of Et3 N result in deeply colored crystalline stable salts 4a,4b with anions that contain a system of conjugated bonds. Similar reaction of 2 with phosphorus‐containing zwitterion 6 bearing ethoxy‐ and cyano‐groups at the carbanion center is the first example of the reaction leading to the formation of P‐zwitterion 9 with a negatively charged heptatriene moiety. This reaction proceeds via a new route of decomposition of the intermediate σ‐complex 7 occurring with formation of ethylfluoroformate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:108–115, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20267
Secondary metabolism of olive secoiridoids. New microcomponents detected in drupes by electrospray ionization and high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Di Donna Leonardo , Mazzotti Fabio , Napoli Anna , Salerno Raffaele , Sajjad Ashif , Sindona Giovanni 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOlive drupe tissues have been selected as a possible source of information about the secondary metabolism of oleaceae secoiridoids. The structures of a number of new microcomponents, detected and isolated by a combined high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐fraction collector/ultraviolet electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UV/ESI‐MS) apparatus, can be inferred from the data obtained by high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry in a QqTOF instrument. Some of them (1, 2, 3 and 4) are closely correlated to oleuropein. Others, such as neo‐nuzhenide (5) and 2″‐hydroxyoleuropein (6), typical of other oleaceae families, have never been found in olive tissues. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The accuracy of first trimester ultrasound in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole
Authors: Kirk E. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Condous G. , Bottomley C. , Bourne T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have examined ultrasound findings in histopathologically confirmed cases of hydatidiform mole. The aim of this study was to assess the first‐trimester ultrasonographic findings in all women suspected of having hydatidiform mole on ultrasound and those subsequently diagnosed with hydatidiform mole after histological examination of removed products of conception after surgical evacuation of the uterus. The aim was to obtain a true sensitivity and positive predictive value for ultrasound in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of all cases of sonographically suspected hydatidiform mole and histologically proven hydatidiform mole presenting to the Early Pregnancy Unit of an inner city hospital over a 4‐year period. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasound in the detection of histologically proven hydatidiform mole was calculated.ResultsThe study group consisted of 90 women; 56 were suspected of having hydatidiform mole on ultrasound, and of these 27 (48%) had hydatidiform mole confirmed after histopathological examination of the products of conception, while no changes suggestive of hydatidiform mole were present in the other 29 cases. Overall, 61 women had hydatidiform mole confirmed on histology—41 (67%) partial hydatidiform moles (PHM) and 20 (33%) complete hydatidiform moles (CHM). The ultrasound findings in the 34 cases not suspected of hydatidiform mole were an empty sac in 8/34 (24%) women and a delayed miscarriage in the other 26/34 (76%). The overall sensitivity and positive predictive value for the ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole was 44% and 48%, respectively. For PHMs the respective values were 20% and 22% and for CHMs they were 95% and 40%.ConclusionUltrasonography is more reliable for diagnosing CHMs than for PHMs. Overall, the sensitivity of ultrasound for accurately predicting hydatidiform mole is 44%, and one in two women with an abnormal scan will have the disease confirmed on histology. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of measuring endometrial thickness and volume on transvaginal ultrasound scan for the diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage
Authors: Sawyer E. , Ofuasia E. , Ofili‐Yebovi D. , Helmy S. , Gonzalez J. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo identify ultrasound measurements that are the best predictors of the presence of retained products of conception (RPOC) within the uterine cavity in women with clinical diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study, set in a dedicated early pregnancy assessment unit in a London teaching hospital. Endometrial thickness and the volume of suspected retained products of conception were measured by transvaginal ultrasound scan preoperatively. Indications for surgical intervention were heavy vaginal bleeding or continuous bleeding lasting > 7 days. The main outcome measure was histological evidence of chorionic villi in surgical specimens.ResultsAmong the patients, 109 (85%) had evidence of chorionic villi on histology, whilst decidua was only found in the remaining 19 (15%). There was no identifiable cut‐off for endometrial thickness or volume that could be used to differentiate between retained products of conception and decidua.ConclusionMeasurements of endometrial thickness or volume on ultrasound scan are not good tests for diagnosing an incomplete miscarriage. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Finale of Mahler's Fifth Symphony: Long-Range Musical Thought
Authors: Baxendale Carolyn 
Published: January 2007

It is clear that all the experience I had gained in writing the first four symphonies completely let me down in this one- for a completely new style demanded a new technique.Twenty-Five years ago a prominent Mahler enthusiast could describe the finale of Mahler's Fifth Symphony as ‘a windy, uninspired stretch of note-spinning, literally scraping the barrel in search of music’. Few people nowadays would subscribe to this view: indeed the upsurge of interest in the work of other ‘late Romantic’ composers has perhaps served to sharpen our admiration for Mahler's exceptional powers of invention and his no less extraordinary mastery of large-scale form. Yet we are not really any closer to explaining just how such extended works are held together and given shape, particularly in the absence of specific extra-musical concepts such as those of the ‘Wunderhorn’ symphonies.
Calvin's First Psalter, 1539
Authors: Terry Richard R. 
Published: January 2007

After the very erudite paper on the Genevan Psalter which was read before this Association (in June, 1918) by Dr. Woodward, there is very little ground left for me to cover.The whole question of metrical psalmody has been so thoroughly ventilated by so many authorities that but for the little book we are to discuss this afternoon, I doubt if I should have had anything fresh to say to you.
The Music of Philip Hart (c. 1676–1749)
Authors: Dawes Frank 
Published: January 2007

Philip Hart has been hitherto not so much underrated as overlooked. Indeed, if one were to compile an anthology of Hart criticism prior to 1965, when I published what I would now describe as a preliminary survey of the Hart corpus, one would be hard pressed to enlarge upon the one sentence written by Louisa M. Middleton in 1891: ‘As a composer, Hart was no more than respectable’. A few words of Hawkins might find a place, though they are more historical than critical. They refer to Hart's last published composition:… the Morning Hymn from the fifth book of the Paradise Lost, which latter work he published in March, 1728–9. Mr. Galliard had set this hymn, and published it by subscription in 1728; and it is said that Mr. Hart meant to emulate him by a composition to the same words; but if he did, he failed in the attempt, for Mr. Galliard's hymn is a fine and elegant composition, admired at this day, whereas that of Mr. Hart is forgotten.
What Does “Explained Variance“ Explain?: Reply
Authors: Achen Christopher H. 
Published: January 2007

Two quite different statistical specifications lead to conventional regression computations. Under the first, usually called unconditional regression, the independent variables are assigned a distribution, and the sampling distributions of parameters are computed over it, not just over the variation in the disturbance. Then the multiple squared coefficient of correlation, R2, is a substantively meaningful quantity with a population value. In such cases, it is certainly meaningful to estimate R2 and to use the resulting estimate for the usual descriptive and inferential purposes.The nature of most social scientific work, however, generates data poorly described by the first specification. The second specification, conditional regression, is usually more helpful, and for that reason, it overwhelmingly predominates in econometric textbooks. Under it, sampling distributions are conditioned on the observed values of the independent variables. Then, R2 is a purely descriptive quantity with little substantive content. It is not a parameter, and it will vary meaninglessly across samples even when the underlying statistical law is unchanged. By contrast, the standard error of estimate (SEE) lacks these difficulties, and is a far better statistic for assessing goodness of fit.Lewis-Beck and Skalaban are persuasive where unconditional regression is concerned. But their argument encounters serious difficulties in the far more common situation in which conditional regression applies. Their blurring of the distinction between the two situations explains why their seemingly persuasive logic leads them astray.
Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton soudanense mimicking bacterial folliculitis
Authors: Ghilardi A. , Massai L. , Gallo A. , Paccagnini E. , Romano C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe report the case of a 36‐year‐old Senegalese male with non‐scarring alopecia of the scalp, including nodules and pustules, diagnosed as tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton soudanense. This dermatophyte is endemic in Central Africa and is becoming more frequent in Europe because of immigration. It has seldom been isolated in Italy. Tinea capitis is common in childhood and it is rare in adults, in which female sex is preferred. In adults, alopecic patches have to be distinguished from those due to other dermatoses inducing alopecia.
Tinea circinata manus due to Microsporum gypseum in a HIV‐positive boy in Uganda, east Africa
Authors: Nenoff P. , Gräser Y. , Kibuka‐Serunkuma L. , Muylowa G. K. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA 15‐year‐old HIV‐positive Ugandan boy suffered from several dry and hyperkeratotic lesions of his left hand and forearm with circinated, erythematous and scaly morphology. Microsporum gypseum could be isolated as causative agent of this ringworm. Species differentiation was confirmed and specified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA. Successful topical treatment of the tinea manus was started with clotrimazole‐containing ointment.
Atypical favic invasion of the scalp by Microsporum canis: report of a case and review of reported cases caused by Microsporum species
Authors: Krunic Aleksandar L. , Cetner Aaron , Tesic Vera , Janda William M. , Worobec Sophie 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFavus is an uncommon pattern of dermatophytic infection of the scalp, glabrous skin and nails. We report the first documented case of favus of the scalp caused by Microsporum canis in an immunocompetent 8‐year‐old girl. The classic and various atypical clinical presentations of favus are discussed, as well as a brief review of the literature given.