bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Development of a Human Model to Study Homing Behavior of Immune Cells into Decidua and Placental Villi Under Ex Vivo Conditions
Authors: Heinzelmann Joana , Enke Uta , Seyfarth Lydia , Schleussner Ekkehard , Malek Antoine , Markert Udo R. 
Published: December 2008

Problem  Homing of lymphocytes and NK cells into the decidua and its regulation has been very controversially discussed. Therefore, we aimed to establish an in vivo simulation method for analysis of homing behavior, which might be also useful for other cells such as stem or tumor cells.Method of study  A human term placenta has been perfused with medium to elute blood and then with maternal autologous carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)‐labeled peripheral blood lymphocytes for 3 hr and rinsed for another 2 hr. Tissue was analysed histologically for detection of labeled cells. Labeled lymphocytes and beads in perfusate have been identified and counted by flow cytometry.Results  At the moment of tissue fixation for histology, the perfusate was free of labeled cells. Labeled perfused lymphocytes have been found adhered and integrated in vessel wall structures, in decidual stroma and as colonies in individual villi.Conclusion  Placenta perfusion with a lymphocyte suspension is feasible without plugging the tube system. Time is sufficient for cells to adhere and to migrate into the stroma. Also some villi have been infiltrated which might be caused by inflammatory stimuli. The perfusion system might be useful to test substances for their capacity to influence homing of lymphocytes or other cells.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Cellular Interaction Regulates Interleukin‐8 Secretion by Granulosa‐Lutein Cells and Monocytes/Macrophages
Authors: Połeć Anna , Tanbo Tom , Fedorcsák Peter 
Published: December 2008

Problem  Peri‐ovulatory migration of leukocytes towards the follicle plays an important role during corpus luteum formation. In this study, we examined the secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin (IL)‐8 by ovarian GL cells and the role of monocytes in IL‐8 secretion.Method of study  Granulosa‐lutein cells were isolated from the pre‐ovulatory follicle. After depletion of contaminating leukocytes, GL cells were co‐cultured with the myelo‐monocytic cell line THP‐1. Intracellular IL‐8 accumulation, IL‐8 secretion, and chemotactic activity of cell culture media were examined.Results  Intracellular IL‐8 was predominantly localized in the endoplasmatic reticulum‐Golgi both in GL cells and in THP‐1 cells. In co‐cultured cells, intracellular IL‐8‐specific immunofluorescence and IL‐8 secretion were increased compared with either GL cells or THP‐1 cells that were cultured alone. Conditioned cell culture media from GL cells and THP‐1 cells induced directed cell migration by neutrophils.Conclusion  Human GL cells constitutively synthesize IL‐8. An increased IL‐8 secretion by co‐cultured GL cells and THP‐1 cells suggest that GL cells and monocytes mutually induce chemokine secretion. An initial interaction between GL cells and ovarian leukocytes may therefore contribute to an increased chemokine release and leukocyte recruitment to the forming corpus luteum.
The invisible fat
Authors: Pietrobelli Angelo , Malavolti Marcella , Fuiano Nicola , Faith Myles S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChildhood and adolescence are decisive periods in human life. Body composition and psychological changes determine nutritional requirements as well as eating and physical activity behavior variability.Aims of the present paper are to discuss recent advances in measurements for quantifying total body and regional adiposity, and for mapping adipose tissue distribution in order to evaluate metabolic risk factors in children.Among the new methods available for assessing pediatric body composition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can serve as a reference method for measuring tissue and organ volumes because estimates is reliable independent of age. MRI is the method of choice for calibrating field methods designed to measure adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo and is the only method available for measurement of internal tissues and organs.MRI can be used to validate measures of important molecular level components such as fat measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and bioimpedance analysis. Moreover, the large gap in available information for certain topics makes MRI measurement a dynamic and growing scientific area of body composition investigation.
Physical activity—key issues in treatment of childhood obesity
Authors: Nowicka P , Flodmark C‐E 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChanges in physical activity with the aim of increasing energy expenditure are usually an important component of childhood obesity treatment. Physical activity also has several other aspects that are positive for the obese child's health, such as improving the metabolic profile and psychological well being. The aim of this paper is to give a short review of what we know about physical activity in paediatric obesity treatment. In addition, practical recommendations will be presented which a health care provider can suggest to obese children and their families with a special focus on daily activity, participation in physical education classes and sports, sedentary behaviours, active commuting to school and how to get family and friends involved in supporting the child.
Seasonality of a Diverse Beetle Assemblage Inhabiting Lowland Tropical Rain Forest in Australia
Authors: Grimbacher Peter S. , Stork Nigel E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOne of the least understood aspects of insect diversity in tropical rain forests is the temporal structuring, or seasonality, of communities. We collected 29,986 beetles of 1473 species over a 4‐yr period (45 monthly samples), with the aim to document the temporal dynamics of a trophically diverse beetle assemblage from lowland tropical rain forest at Cape Tribulation, Australia. Malaise and flight interception traps were used to sample adult beetles at five locations at both ground and canopy levels. Beetles were caught throughout the year, but individual species were patchy in their temporal distribution, with the 124 more abundant species on average being present only 56 percent of the time. Climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation) were poorly correlated with adult beetle abundance, possibly because: (1) seasonality of total beetle abundance was slight; (2) the peak activity period (September–November) did not correspond to any climatic maxima or minima; or (3) responses were nonlinear owing to the existence of thresholds or developmental time‐lags. Our results do not concur with the majority of tropical insect seasonality studies suggesting a wet season peak of insect activity, perhaps because there is no uniform pattern of insect seasonally for the humid tropics. Herbivores showed low seasonality and individual species’ peaks were less temporally aggregated compared to nonherbivores. Canopy‐caught and larger beetles (> 5 mm) showed greater seasonality and peaked later in the year compared to smaller or ground‐caught beetles. Thus seasonality of adult beetles varied according to the traits of feeding ecology, body size, and habitat strata.
Multilingualism in Educational Contexts: Ideologies and Identities
Authors: Fuller Janet M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is a growing body of research that addresses the sociolinguistics of multilingual classrooms. Three themes within the research can be identified. The first is classroom discourse strategies; these studies address the interactional functions of language choice. Another theme is how power relations in the larger society influence language use in the school and classroom. The third theme in this body of research is the construction of social identity by students in bilingual settings. These three intertwining areas of research are a reflection of the themes of interest in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology in general: language ideologies, social identities, and the mapping of linguistic forms on to interactional functions. Educational implications of these studies include challenging perspectives on multilingualism as exceptional and creating policies that encourage multilingual practices.
Supply and Demand: Prostitution and Sexual Trafficking in Northern Thailand
Authors: Roby Jini L. , Tanner Jacob 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn northern Thailand poverty, political turmoil, sex tourism and cultural dynamics converge to create a booming sex industry. The purpose of this article is to examine how the dynamics of supply and demand feed into prostitution in that region, with attention to available information on human trafficking. While the line separating prostitution and sex trafficking is difficult to establish, there is ample evidence that both co‐exist in the region. Understanding this phenomenon requires an exploration of both the demand and supply sides as well as their interaction. Such an exploration, it is hoped, will contribute to the positive development of policy and practice.
Transnationalism Unbound: Detailing New Subjects, Registers and Spatialities of Cross‐Border Lives
Authors: Collins Francis Leo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe emergence of transnationalism as a central focus in the study of migration in the early 1990s marked a significant departure in scholarly understandings of cross‐border movements and their consequences. Indeed, the recognition that migrants do not simply follow linear pathways of departure, settlement and assimilation or return has both highlighted the importance of and provided an empirical base for reconfiguring conceptualisations of nations, societies and cultures in the light of globalising processes. Initially, this emergent cross‐disciplinary field was dominated by anthropologists, sociologists and political scholars and less so by geographers, resulting in a reduced concern for the spatial characteristics and consequences of transnationalism. More recently, however, geographers have taken significant interest in both the theoretical and empirical study of transnationalism and have made a significant contribution to understandings of different subjects, registers and spatialities of this phenomenon. This article examines the different ways that geographers have engaged with issues relating to transnationalism. In particular, I argue that the work of geographers has served to unbind the study of transnationalism from its concern only with sustained forms of transnational activity, as well as the latent representational fixes and limited geographical foci of the field. Latent gaps within and future possibilities for the study of transnationalism within geography are also outlined.
Atrazine biodegradation in the lab and in the field: enzymatic activities and gene regulation
Authors: Govantes Fernando , Porrúa Odil , García‐González Vicente , Santero Eduardo 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAtrazine is an herbicide of the s‐triazine family that is used primarily as a nitrogen source by degrading microorganisms. While many catabolic pathways for xenobiotics are subjected to catabolic repression by preferential carbon sources, atrazine utilization is repressed in the presence of preferential nitrogen sources. This phenomenon appears to restrict atrazine elimination in nitrogen‐fertilized soils by indigenous organisms or in bioaugmentation approaches. The mechanisms of nitrogen control have been investigated in the model strain Pseudomonas sp. ADP. Expression of atzA, atzB ad atzC, involved in the conversion of atrazine in cyanuric acid, is constitutive. The atzDEF operon, encoding the enzymes responsible for cyanuric acid mineralization, is a target for general nitrogen control. Regulation of atzDEF involves a complex interplay between the global regulatory elements of general nitrogen control and the pathway‐specific LysR‐type regulator AtzR. In addition, indirect evidence suggests that atrazine transport may also be a target for nitrogen regulation in this strain. The knowledge about regulatory mechanisms may allow the design of rational bioremediation strategies such as biostimulation using carbon sources or the use of mutant strains impaired in the assimilation of nitrogen sources for bioaugmentation.
Regulating Industrial Stormwater: State Permits, Municipal Implementation, and a Protocol for Prioritization1
Authors: Cross Lindsay M. , Duke L. Donald 
Published: December 2008

Abstract: This research evaluated the effectiveness of regulations for stormwater pollutants originating from industrial facilities. Industrial facilities discharging stormwater are subject to General Permits implemented by state and federal agencies, which require facility operators to identify themselves and to implement pollution prevention measures. An overlying system of permits require Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System operators to identify and inspect facilities in their jurisdictions capable of discharging substantial pollutant loads into stormwater conveyances, introducing more active regulation and strategic prioritization, but with unequal implementation in different urban regions. This research evaluated the interaction between the regulations and ways in which the regulations succeed, or fail, at protecting water quality. The research evaluated potential for pollutant discharges at 136 industrial facilities in Pinellas County, Florida, using telephone interviews; off‐site facility visits; and on‐site facility inspections, targeting four industrial categories: wood products; stone, clay, glass, and concrete products; fabricated metal products; and electronic products. Results documented that a large proportion of facilities subject to General Permits conduct few or no activities likely to produce stormwater pollutants, indicating that the regulations’ equal treatment of all facilities may constitute overregulation. The research developed a methodology to assess facilities using intensity of industrial activities exposed to stormwater, a rational measurement that could regularize municipal agencies’ requirements and prioritize implementation toward facilities with the potential to impact receiving water quality.
Adaptive Management and Watersheds: A Social Science Perspective1
Authors: Allan Catherine , Curtis Allan , Stankey George , Shindler Bruce 
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Adaptive management is often proposed as the most effective way to manage complex watersheds. However, our experience suggests that social and institutional factors constrain the search for, and integration of, the genuine learning that defines adaptive management. Drawing on our work as social scientists, and on a guided panel discussion at a recent AWRA conference, we suggest that watershed‐scale adaptive management must be recognized as a radical departure from established ways of managing natural resources if it is to achieve its promise. Successful implementation will require new ways of thinking about management, new organizational structures and new implementation processes and tools. Adaptive management encourages scrutiny of prevailing social and organizational norms and this is unlikely to occur without a change in the culture of natural resource management and research. Planners and managers require educational, administrative, and political support as they seek to understand and implement adaptive management. Learning and reflection must be valued and rewarded, and fora established where learning through adaptive management can be shared and explored. The creation of new institutions, including educational curricula, organizational policies and practices, and professional norms and beliefs, will require support from within bureaucracies and from politicians. For adaptive management to be effective researchers and managers alike must work together at the watershed‐scale to bridge the gaps between theory and practice, and between social and technical understandings of watersheds and the people who occupy and use them.
Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1
Authors: Zhou Guoyi , Sun Ge , Wang Xu , Zhou Chuanyan , McNulty Steven G. , Vose James M. , Amatya Devendra M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract: It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.
Nitrate Removal in a Restored Spring‐Fed Wetland, Pennsylvania, USA1
Authors: Woltemade Christopher J. , Woodward Jinnieth 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT: In 2001, the 1.04‐ha Hornbaker wetland in south‐central Pennsylvania was restored by blocking an artificial drainage ditch to increase water storage and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A primary goal was to diminish downstream delivery of nitrate that enters the wetland from a limestone spring, its main source of inflow. Wetland inflow and outflow were monitored weekly for two years to assess nitrate flux, water temperature, pH, and specific conductivity. In Year 2, spring discharge was measured weekly to allow calculation of nitrate loads and hydraulic retention time. Surface runoff was confirmed to be a small fraction of wetland inflows via rainfall‐runoff modeling with TR‐55. The full dataset (n = 102) was screened to remove 13 weeks in which spring discharge constituted < 85% of total inflows because of high precipitation and surface runoff. Over two years (n = 89), mean nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations were 7.89 mg/l in inflow and 3.68 mg/l in outflow, with a mean nitrate removal of 4.19 mg/l. During Year 2 (n = 47), for which nitrate load data were available, the wetland removed an average of 2.32 kg N/day, 65% of the load. Nitrate removal was significantly correlated with HRT, water temperature, and the concentration of nitrate in inflow and was significantly greater during the growing season (5.36 mg/l, 64%) than during the non‐growing season (3.23 mg/l, 43%). This study indicates that hydrologic restoration of formerly drained wetlands can provide substantial water quality benefits and that the hydrologic characteristics of spring‐fed wetlands, in particular, support effective nitrogen removal.
Efficacy of Pradofloxacin in Cats with Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Disease due toChlamydophila felisorMycoplasmaInfections
Authors: Hartmann A.D. , Helps C.R. , Lappin M.R. , Werckenthin C. , Hartmann K. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) of cats is caused by a number of pathogens, includingChlamydophila felisandMycoplasmaspp. For effective treatment of both infections, doxycycline and enrofloxacin are recommended, but adverse effects limit their use in cats.Hypothesis:That the fluoroquinolone pradofloxacin is effective againstC. felisandMycoplasmainfection in cats with URTD or conjunctivitis.Animals:Thirty‐nine cats with signs of URTD or conjunctivitis.Methods:Placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial. Cats were randomly entered into 1 of 2 treatment groups: treated PO with either 5 mg/kg pradofloxacin q24h or 5 mg/kg doxycycline q12h for 42 consecutive days. Changes in health status and clinical scores were evaluated. The presence ofC. felisandMycoplasmaspp. was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR of conjunctival swabs, respectively.Results:At the beginning of the study,C. felisandMycoplasmaspp. were detected in 23 and 20 cats, respectively. Cats of both groups responded rapidly with a marked improvement in clinical signs within the 1st week. During treatment with either drug,C. felisDNA copy number declined quickly. Complete elimination ofMycoplasmaspp. was achieved in both groups; however, whereas all cats receiving doxycycline eliminatedC. felis, 4 cats treated with pradofloxacin remained PCR‐positive.Conclusion and Clinical Importance:This study demonstrates that both pradofloxacin and doxycycline have good efficacy againstC. felisandMycoplasmaspp., resulting in a marked improvement of clinical signs. However,C. felisDNA remained in some cats after treatment with pradofloxacin, suggesting that infection might not have been eliminated.
Amantadine in a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen for Alleviation of Refractory Osteoarthritis Pain in Dogs
Authors: Lascelles B.D.X. , Gaynor J.S. , Smith E.S. , Roe S.C. , Marcellin‐Little D.J. , Davidson G. , Boland E. , Carr J. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not always provide sufficient pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).Hypothesis:The use of amantadine in addition to NSAID therapy will provide improved pain relief when compared with the use of nonsteroidal analgesics alone in naturally occurring OA in dogs.Animals:Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs with pelvic limb lameness despite the administration of an NSAID.Methods:The study was randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled with parallel groups (days 21–42). On day 0, analgesic medications were discontinued. On day 7, all dogs received meloxicam for 5 weeks. On day 21, all dogs received amantadine (3–5 mg/kg once daily per os) or placebo for 21 days, in addition to receiving meloxicam. Assessments were performed before the study and on days 7, 21, and 42. Primary outcome measures were blinded owner assessments of activity using client‐specific outcome measures (CSOM) on days 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed by a mixed model approach.Results:For CSOM activity, there was a significant time by treatment effect (P=.009). On the basis of the planned post hoct‐tests of postrandomization means, there was a significant difference between treatment groups on day 42 (P=.030), with the amantadine group being more active.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:In dogs with osteoarthritic pain refractory to an NSAID, physical activity is improved by the addition of amantadine. Amantadine might be a useful adjunct therapy for the clinical management of canine osteoarthritic pain.