bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐stress effects of DHA
Authors: Hamazaki Tomohito , Itomura Miho , Sawazaki Shigeki , Nagao Yoko 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDHA is abundant in the brain. Deficiency of DHA changes behavior in animals. The purpose of the present studies was to clarify the effect of DHA intake on hostility and plasma catecholamines. In study 1, forty‐one students took either DHA‐rich oil capsules containing 1.5–1.8 g DHA/d (17 females and 5 males) or control oil capsules containing 97% males) for 3 mon in a double blind fashion. They took a psychological test (P‐F Study) at the start and end of the study. Study 1 started at the end of summer vacation and ended in the middle of mental stress of final exams. In the control group, hostility measured by P‐F Study was significantly increased at the end of the study as compared with that measured at the start (+58%) was not significantly changed in the DHA group (‐14%) double blind two‐mon study (study 2), we measured plasma catecholamines and cortisol of students (3 females and 4 males for the DHA group and the same numbers for the control) at the start and end of the study. In study 2 the students were under a continuous stress of final exams that lasted for two mon throughout the whole study period. The plasma cortisol did not change in either group, but the norepinephrine concentration was significantly decreased in the DHA group (‐31%) group. These effects of DHA intake may be applied to people under psychological stress.
Absorption, metabolism and antioxidative effects of tea catechin in humans
Authors: Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGreen tea is consumed as a popular beverage in Japan and throughout the world. During the past decade, epidemiological studies have shown that tea catechin intake is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease [1,2]. In vitro biochemical studies have reported that catechins, particularly epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCg), help to prevent oxidation of plasma low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) [3–5]. LDL oxidation has been recognized to be an important step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent cardiovascular disease [6].Metabolic studies have shown that EGCg supplement is incorporated into human plasma at a maximum concentration of 4400 pmol/mL [7–10]. Such concentrations would be enough to exert antioxidative activity in the blood stream. The potent antioxidant property of tea catechin may be beneficial in preventing the oxidation of LDL. It is of interest to examine the effect of green tea catechin supplementation on antioxidant capacity of plasma in humans by measuring plasma phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) as a marker of oxidized lipoproteins.
Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea polyphenols based on inhibition of TNF‐α expression
Authors: Suganuma Masami , Sueoka Eisaburo , Sueoka Naoko , Okabe Sachiko , Fujiki Hirota 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAmong various biochemical and biological activities of tea polyphenols, we believe inhibition of the expression and release of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is crucial, since our study with TNF‐α‐deficient mice has revealed that TNF‐α is an essential factor in tumor promotion. We found that EGCG dose‐dependently inhibited AP‐1 and NF‐κB activation in BALB/3T3 cells treated with okadaic acid, resulting in inhibition of TNF‐α gene expression. Furthermore, treatment with 0.1% gene expression as well as TNF‐α protein level in the lung of TNF‐α transgenic mice; and IL‐1β and IL‐10 gene expression in the lung was also inhibited by treatment with green tea extract, indicating that green tea inhibits both TNF‐α and the cytokines induced by TNF‐α in organs. We recently found synergistic effects of EGCG and cancer preventive agents such as tamoxifen and sulindac, on cancer preventive activity. Taken together, the results show that green tea is efficacious as a non‐toxic cancer preventive for humans.
Tea catechins and related polyphenols as anti‐cancer agents
Authors: Isemura Mamoru , Saeki Kouichi , Kimura Takashi , Hayakawa Sumio , Minami Takeshi , Sazuka Masaki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEpigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and theaflavins, a major constituent of green tea infusion and the constituents of black tea, respectively, were found to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are intimately associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. EGCg and related polyphenols exhibited apoptosis‐inducing activity for several cancer cell lines including human stomach and colon cancer cells. Comparison of the activity of these compounds revealed the importance of the number and the steric disposition of hydroxyl groups. A pyrogallol‐type structure in a molecule is a minimum requirement for apoptosis induction of catechin compounds and that in the B ring has an important role in the activity. These data would provide useful information for designing anti‐cancer agents on the basis of anti‐inhibitory activity for MMPs and/or apoptosis‐inducing activity.
Cancer prevention by natural carotenoids
Authors: Nishino Hoyoku , Tokuda Harukuni , Murakoshi Michiaki , Satomi Yoshiko , Masuda Mitsuharu , Onozuka Mari , Yamaguchi Shino , Takayasu Junko , Tsuruta Jun , Okuda Masato , Khachik Frederick , Narisawa Tomio , Takasuka Nobuo , Yano Masamichi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVarious natural carotenoids were proven to have anticarcinogenic activity. Epidemiological investigations have shown that cancer risk is inversely related to the consumption of green and yellow vegetables and fruits. Since β‐carotene is present in abundance in these vegetables and fruits, it has been investigated extensively as possible cancer preventive agent. However, various carotenoids which co‐exist with β‐carotene in vegetables and fruits also have anti‐carcinogenic activity. And some of them, such as α‐carotene, showed higher potency than β‐carotene to suppress experimental carcinogenesis. Thus, we have carried out more extensive studies on cancer preventive activities of natural carotenoids in foods; i.e., lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin and β‐cryptoxanthin. Analysis of the action mechanism of these natural carotenoids is now in progress, and some interesting results have already obtained; for example, β‐cryptoxanthin was suggested to stimulate the expression of RB gene, an anti‐oncogene, and p73 gene, which is known as one of the p53‐related genes. Based on these results, multi‐carotenoids (mixture of natural carotenoids) seems to be of interest to evaluate its usefulness for practice in human cancer prevention.
Proanthocyanidins and human health: Systemic effects and local effects in the gut
Authors: Scalbert Augustin , Déprez Stéphanie , Mila Isabelle , Albrecht Anne‐Marie , Huneau Jean‐François , Rabot Sylvie 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProanthocyanidins share common properties with other polyphenols, in particular their reducing capacity and ability to chelate metal ions. However, their polymeric nature clearly makes them different. They have a high affinity for proteins and their absorption through the gut barrier is likely limited to the molecules of low polymerization degree and to the metabolites formed by the colonic microflora, as suggested by in vitro experiments. The nutritional significance of proanthocyanidins is discussed in relation to their physico‐chemical properties and bioavailability.
Chemistry and function of vegetable polyphenols with high molecular weights
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Hatano Tsutomu , Ito Hideyuki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStructure and function of polypehnols with high molecular weights (tannins) were briefly reviewed to better understand the significance of polyphenol‐rich foods and beverages. In a survey of bioactive ellagiannins with a macrocyclic structure and/or a gluconic acid core, some new oligomeric ellagitannins (eucarpanins and elaeagnatins) have been found in species of Myrtaceae and Elaeagnaceae, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Cytotoxic activity against human oral tumor cell lines and antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori have been evaluated for the ellagitannins obtained from both plants, and related compounds. The macrocyclic dimers, oentothein B, camelliin B and woodfordin C showed a remarkable cytotoxicity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma, but not against normal cells. These active tannins induced apoptosis of tumor cells. A potent antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori was exhibited by monomeric ellagitannins such as tellimagrandin I and stricitinin.
Black and green tea and heart disease: A review
Authors: Vinson Joe A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTea is the second most consumed beverage around the world behind water. Epidemiological evidence points to both green and black tea consumption being protective with respect to heart disease. However, epidemiological evidence does not prove cause and effect and is potentially flawed by confounding variables. The recent evidence with respect to teas' beneficial effects from in vitro and in vivo studies in both animals and humans will be covered in this review. The comparative benefits of green vs. black tea will be considered. Articles published through December, l999 will be included.
Affinity of polyphenols for lipid bilayers
Authors: Nakayama Tsutomu , Hashimoto Toshihiko , Kajiya Katsuko , Kumazawa Shigenori 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInteraction of tea catechins with lipid bilayers has been investigated with liposome systems. Epicatechin gallate had the highest affinity for lipid bilayers, followed by epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate in the surface of lipid bilayer perturbed the membrane structure.
Antioxidant factors in plant foods and selected oilseeds
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of dietary factors on health promotion and disease prevention has been an issue of interest since antiquity and has become a subject of renewed research activity in recent years. Many of the components involved are antioxidative in nature and include phenolic compounds. These phenolics exist in the free, esterified, glycosylated and polymeric forms. Scrutiny of the source materials, their subsequent extraction under optimized conditions and evaluation of activity, followed by fractionation and structure elucidation of active components is generally necessary. Meals obtained from oilseeds, such as canola, mustard, flax, borage, and evening primrose, after oil extraction, contained a variety of antioxidative factors. The antioxidative effect of source materials, their extracts or fractions thereof, depended on the seed type, the content and chemical nature of their active components.
Cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in the elderly: Results of epidemiological studies
Authors: Berr Claudine 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCognitive impairment is a major component of age‐related dementing diseases and it has been suggested that it could share the same pathological pathways with neurodegenerative processes and cerebrovascular lesions. The free radical theory of ageing could be one of these pathways. Implication of free radical damage in processes related to cerebral ageing is a good argument in favour of the hypothesis that antioxidants may protect against cognitive impairment.Observational studies (mostly cross‐sectional) of relationships between cognitive impairment and antioxidant status are based on the evaluation of dietary intake or on the levels of carotenoids, selenium and vitamins A, C and E in plasma or red blood cells. More convincing results were obtained on vitamin C and carotenoids. Despite some limitations, the comparison between results obtained in various populations is becoming increasingly informative and these studies argue for a protective effect of antioxidants on cognitive performance.
Anti‐tumor and anti‐carcinogenic activities of triterpenoid, β‐boswellic acid
Authors: Huang Mou‐Tuan , Badmaev Vladimir , Ding Yu , Liu Yue , Xie Jian‐Guo , Ho Chi‐Tang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBoswellin (BE), a methanol extract of the gum resin exudate ofBoswellia serrata, contains naturally occurring triterpenoids, β‐boswellic acid and its structural related derivatives, has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and arthritic diseases. Topical application of BE to the backs of mice markedly inhibited 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced increases in skin inflammation, epidermal proliferation, the number of epidermal cell layers, and tumor promotion in 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐initiated mice. Feeding 0.2% BE in the diet to CF‐1 mice for 10–24 weeks reduced the accumulation of parametrial fat pad weight under the abdomen, and inhibited azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by 46%. acid, 11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid or 3‐O‐acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (Fig. 1) to human leukemia HL‐60 cell culture inhibited DNA synthesis in HL‐60 cells in a dose‐dependent manner with IC50values ranging from 0.6 to 7.1 μM. These results indicate that β‐boswellic acid and its derivatives (the major constituents of Boswellin) have anti‐carcinogenic, anti‐tumor, and anti‐hyperlipidemic activities.
The determination of metabolites of garlic preparations in breath and human plasma
Authors: Rosen Rober T. T. , Hiserodt Richard D. , Fukuda Elaine K. , Ruiz Reginald J. , Zhou Zhengyi , Lech Joseph , Rosen Sharon L. , Hartman Thomas G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC‐ MS) was the major technique used to determine various metabolites after consumption of dehydrated granular garlic and an enteric‐coated garlic preparation, in breath, plasma, and simulated gastric fluids. A special short‐path thermal desorption device [1] was used as an introduction technique for the gas chromatograph for the determination of volatiles. These garlic preparations release allicin, which decomposes in stomach acid or with time in the intestine to release allyl sulfides, disulfides and other volatiles, some of which are postulated to be metabolized by glutathione and/or S‐adenosylmethionine to form allyl methyl sulfide, the main sulfur containing volatile metabolite.S‐Allylcysteine, a non‐volatile bioactive component of aged garlic preparations, was determined in human plasma and urine by HPLC‐MS using the negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (APcI)‐ MS. The technique of selected ion monitoring was used for quantitation. A synthetic internal standard of deuterated S‐allylcysteine was added to the plasma or urine to ensure recovery and to obtain reliable quantitative data.
Antithrombotic and antineoplastic effects of phyto‐organosulfur compounds
Authors: Ariga Toyohiko , Tsuji Kentaro , Seki Taiichiro , Moritomo Tadaaki , Yamamoto Jun‐Ichiro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe antiplatelet activity of methyl allyltrisulfide (MATS), a component commonly present in steam‐distilled garlic oil, has been demonstrated by the authors. MATS inhibits arachidonic acid cascade at the reaction site with PGH synthase. However, this enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions, from arachidonic acid to PGG2, and from PGG2 to PGH2. The present study revealed that MATS inhibited the latter reaction. In addition, our recent findings that to a promyelocytic leukemia cell HL60, Allium oils shows marked anti‐neoplastic effects representing both growth suppression and differentiation activities are described. The garlic oil and onion oil showed almost equal ability in inducing the proliferation, which measured either by nitroblue‐tetrazolium reducing activity assay or by flow cytometry for detecting CD11b expression. The combination use of one of these oils with all‐trans retinoic acid or with dimethyl sulfoxide lead to the marked differentiation of the cells, and their effects were estimated to be synergistic.
Thermochemical transformation of sulfur compounds in Japanese domestic Allium, Allium victorialis L
Authors: Nishimura Hiroyuki , Takahashi Tomonari , Hanny Wijaya C. , Satoh Atsushi , Ariga Toyohiko 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSulfur compounds contributed to the health promotion in Allium species are produced via enzymic and thermal reactions. Potent antithrombotic agents which have been identified as allyl trisulfides, dithiins, and ajoene in garlic (A. sativum) and caucas (A. victorialis) are thermochemically transformed from allicin (allyl 2‐propenethiosulfinate). The leaves and stems of Japanese domestic {Allium plant, A. victorialis L. which is widely distributed in the northern part of Japan, under the name “Gyoja‐ninniku” is a nutritious vegetable. The significant flavor compounds of caucas are methyl allyl disulfide (Chinese chive odor), diallyl disulfide (garlic‐like odor), and dimethyl disulfide and methyl allyl trisulfide (pickles‐like odor) among more than 85 peaks on the gas chromatogram. 2‐Vinyl‐4H‐1,3‐dithiin and 3,4‐dihydro‐3‐vinyl‐1,2‐dithiin as platelet aggregation inhibitors were found eliminated in dichloromethane extract of caucas. The significant health promoting factors, allyl trisulfides and dithiins were relatively increased when caucas was cooked on a frying pan.
Selenocysteine incorporation directed from the 3′UTR: Characterization of eukaryotic EFsec and mechanistic implications
Authors: Berry Marla J. , Tujebajeva Rosa M. , Copeland Paul R. , Xu Xue‐Ming , Carlson Bradley A. , Martin Glover W. , Low Susan C. , Mansell John B. , Grundner‐Culemann Elisabeth , Harney John W. , Driscoll Donna M. , Hatfield Dolph L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe mechanism of selenocysteine incorporation in eukaryotes has been assumed for almost a decade to be inherently different from that in prokaryotes, due to differences in the architecture of selenoprotein mRNAs in the two kingdoms. After extensive efforts in a number of laboratories spanning the same time frame, some of the essential differences between these mechanisms are finally being revealed, through identification of the factors catalyzing cotranslational selenocysteine insertion in eukaryotes. A single factor in prokaryotes recognizes both the selenoprotein mRNA, via sequences in the coding region, and the unique selenocysteyl‐tRNA, via both its secondary structure and amino acid. The correponding functions in eukaryotes are conferred by two distinct but interacting factors, one recognizing the mRNA, via structures in the 3′ untranslated region, and the second recognizing the tRNA. Now, with these factors in hand, crucial questions about the mechanistic details and efficiency of this intriguing process can begin to be addressed.
Evidence that selenium deficiency results in the cytoplasmic decay of GPx1 mRNA dependent on pre‐mRNA splicing proteins bound to the mRNA exon‐exon junction
Authors: Maquat Lynne E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStudies of transcripts for the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) have provided remarkable evidence for the coupling of pre‐mRNA splicing in the nucleus and mRNA translation in the cytoplasm. Such evidence derives from the initial finding that GPx1 mRNA is a natural substrate of nonsense‐mediated decay. Here, recent work on GPx1 RNA metabolism is reviewed and future directions of study are defined.
Stability of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase mRNA in selenium deficiency depends on its 3′UTR
Authors: Wingler Kirstin , Müller Cordula , Brigelius‐Flohé Regina 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSelenoproteins decrease upon selenium‐deprivation according to their hierarchical ranking. Whereas classical glutathione peroxidase (cGPx) responds to decreased selenium supply with a complete loss of protein and a marked reduction of mRNA levels, gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GI‐GPx) remains detectable and its mRNA is stable. The impact of the 3′UTR on cGPx and GI‐GPx mRNA stability was studied in stably transfected HepG2 cells with combinations of mutually exchanged coding regions and 3′UTRs of human cGPx and GI‐GPx. Stability of chimeric mRNAs was measured by competitive RT‐PCR. We found that GI‐GPx 3′UTR is sufficient to stabilize its own mRNA but not that of cGPx.
Utilization of selenocysteine as a source of selenium for selenophosphate biosynthesis
Authors: Lacourciere Gerard M. , Stadtman Thressa C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSelenophosphate synthetase (SPS), the selD gene product from Escherichia coli, catalyzes the biosynthesis of monoselenophosphate from selenide and ATP. Characterization of selenophosphate synthetase revealed the determined Km value for selenide is far above the optimal concentration needed for growth and approached levels which are toxic. Selenocysteine lyase enzymes, which decompose selenocysteine to elemental selenium (Se0) and alanine, were considered as candidates for the control of free selenium levels in vivo. The ability of a lyase protein to generate Se0 in the proximity of SPS maybe an attractive solution to selenium toxicity as well as the high Km value for selenide. Recently, three E. coli NifS‐like proteins, CsdB, CSD, and IscS, were characterized. All three proteins exhibit lyase activity on L‐cysteine and L‐selenocysteine and produce sulfane sulfur, S0, or Se0 respectively. Each lyase can effectively mobilize Se0 from L‐selenocysteine for selenophosphate biosynthesis.
Evolution of selenocysteine‐containing proteins: Significance of identification and functional characterization of selenoproteins
Authors: Gladyshev Vadim N. , Kryukov Gregory V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the genetic code, UGA serves as either a signal for termination or a codon for selenocysteine (Sec). Sec rarely occurs in protein and is different from other amino acids in that much of the biosynthetic machinery governing its incorporation into protein is unique to this amino acid. Sec‐containing proteins have diverse functions and lack a common amino acid motif or consensus sequence. Sec has previously been considered to be a relic of the primordial genetic code that was counter‐selected by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere. In the present report, it is proposed that Sec was added to the already existing genetic code and its use has accumulated during evolution of eukaryotes culminating in vertebrates. The more recently evolved selenoproteins appear to take advantage of unique redox properties of Sec that are superior to those of Cys for specific biological functions. Further understanding of the evolution of selenoproteins as well as biological properties and biomedical applications of the trace element selenium requires identification and functional characterization of all mammalian selenoproteins.
Glutathione peroxidase‐1 gene knockout on body antioxidant defense in mice
Authors: Lei Xin Gen 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo determine the in vivo role of cellular glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9, GPX1), we challenged the GPX1 knockout [GPX1(‐/‐)], the GPX1 overexpressing [GPX1(+)], and their respective wild‐type (WT) mice of different Se and vitamin E status with acute oxidative stress. After these mice were injected with pro‐oxidants paraquat or diquat at 12 to 125 mg/kg of body weight, their survival rate and time were a function of their GPX1 activity levels. The GPX1 protection was associated with attenuation of NADPH and NADH oxidation, protein carbonyl and F2‐isoprostanes formation, and alanine transaminase release in various tissues, and was irreplaceable by high levels of dietary vitamin E or other selenoproteins. The GPX1 expression was also protective against moderate oxidative stress induced by low levels of paraquat or diquat, particularly in the Se‐deficient mice. Alteration of GPX1 expression showed no impact on the expression of other selenoproteins and antioxidant enzymes in unstressed mice. Total Se content in liver of the Se‐adequate GPX1(‐/‐) mice was reduced by 60% the WT controls. In conclusion, normal expression of GPX1 is essential and overexpression of GPX1 is beneficial to protect mice against acute oxidative stress.