bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Evaluation of Clonal Evolution During Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Untreated Early-Stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Shanafelt Tait D. , Witzig Thomas E. , Fink Stephanie R. , Jenkins Robert B. , Paternoster Sarah F. , Smoley Stephanie A. , Stockero Kimberly J. , Nast Danielle M. , Flynn Heather C. , Tschumper Renee C. , Geyer Susan , Zent Clive S. , Call Tim G. , Jelinek Diane F. , Kay Neil E. , Dewald Gordon W. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Retrospective studies suggest cytogenetic abnormalities detected by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can identify patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who will experience a more aggressive disease course. Other studies suggest that patients may acquire chromosome abnormalities during the course of their disease. There are minimal prospective data on the clinical utility of the widely used hierarchical FISH prognostic categories in patients with newly diagnosed early-stage CLL or the frequency of clonal evolution as determined by interphase FISH. Patients and Methods Between 1994 and 2002, we enrolled 159 patients with previously untreated CLL (83% Rai stage 0/I) on a prospective trial evaluating clonal evolution by FISH. Patients provided baseline and follow-up specimens for FISH testing during 2 to 12 years. Results Chromosomal abnormalities detected by FISH at study entry predicted overall survival. Eighteen patients experienced clonal evolution during follow-up. The rate of clonal evolution increased with duration of follow-up with only one occurrence in the first 2 years (n = 71; 1.4%) but 17 occurrences (n = 63; 27%) among patients tested after 5+ years. Clonal evolution occurred among 10% of ZAP-70–negative and 42% of ZAP-70–positive patients at 5+ years (P = .008). Conclusion This clinical trial confirms prospectively that cytogenetic abnormalities detected by FISH can predict overall survival for CLL patients at the time of diagnosis, but also suggests that many patients acquire new abnormalities during the course of their disease. Patients with higher ZAP-70 expression may be more likely to experience such clonal evolution. These findings have important implications for both clinical management and trials of early treatment for patients with high-risk, early-stage CLL.
Adsorption Kinetics for the Removal of Nitrite Ions from Aqueous Solutions by an Ion-Exchange Resin
Authors: Kobya Mehmet , Demirbaş Erhan , Yeşilot Serkan , Başkaya Ruhtan 
Published: September 2006

The adsorption kinetics of nitrite ions in aqueous solutions onto an anion-exchange resin A-250 was explored in a well-stirred tank. The capacity of the ion-exchange resin for the removal of nitrite ions from aqueous solution was investigated under different conditions, viz. initial concentration (10–50 mg/l), pH (2–8), particle size (565–850 μm) and resin dosage (2–8 g/l). A number of kinetic models such as those of external and intraparticle diffusion were applied to the results from this study in order to identify the adsorption mechanism. The results correlated well with the intraparticle diffusion model. The experimental parameters had an effect on the effective pore and surface diffusivities. Adsorption of nitrite ions onto the resin showed that the latter could be used as an efficient adsorbent material for the removal of nitrite ions from aqueous solutions.
The cytologic diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: O'Keefe John J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSUMMARY. Primary bronchogenic carcinoma is reviewed. A summation of its characteristics is presented, and the generally accepted methods of diagnosis are examined. The most recently developed diagnostic procedure, cytologic study of bronchoscopically removed secretions, is clinically evaluatedAn effort is made to show that this method is efficient in obtaining a positive diagnosis of lung cancer in a large percentage of cases, and that it adds an appreciable margin of positive results in otherwise negative casesFurther, it is shown that diagnoses obtained before bronchial deformities occur increase the possibility of operability and indicate a more favorable prognosis
Developing identities and attitudes in musicians and classroom music teachers
Authors: Hargreaves David J. , Purves Ross M. , Welch Graham F. , Marshall Nigel A. 
Published: September 2006

Background.The Western classical training of many secondary music specialist teachers may be inappropriate for the demands of the contemporary secondary school classroom, leading to a conflict between their self‐concepts as ‘musicians’ and as ‘teachers’.Aims.To undertake a short‐term longitudinal comparison of the developing identities and the attitudes of a group of intending specialist secondary music teachers, during the transition into their first teaching post, with a group of music students from university and conservatory backgrounds.Sample.Twenty‐nine trainee music teachers completed Phases 1 and 2 of the study during their final weeks of training and during the second term of their teaching career, and a comparison group of 29 final‐year undergraduate music students did so in the first and last terms of their final year.Method.A specially devised composite Musical Careers Questionnaire gathered information in both phases about self‐efficacy in music and in teaching, identification with professional groups in these two domains, and attitudes towards important skills for musicians and teachers.Results.A series of ANOVAs comparing the student groups' scores in each of the two phases revealed no significant main effects or interactions for either of the self‐efficacy measures, a significant group effect for professional group identification, and some changes in the attitude measures.Conclusion.Although participants' views of their own general effectiveness as teachers and as musicians changed very little over the period of the study, their attitudes towards music teaching and perceptions of the skills required showed some changes.
Seismic Performance of Two-Side Structural Silicone Glazing Systems
Authors: Memari AM , Chen X , Kremer PA , Behr RA 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the results of the first phase of an experimental research program on simulated seismic performance of structural silicone glazed (SSG) curtain wall systems. Full-scale, two-side SSG mockups made up of three side-by-side glass panels were tested under cyclic racking displacements to determine serviceability and ultimate behavior responses. Variables were glass type (annealed and fully tempered) and panel configuration (monolithic, laminated, and insulating glass). In the experiments carried out, damage states such as gasket deformation/pullout, sealant failure (e.g., adhesion/cohesion, etc.), glass cracking glass and fallout were identified and their corresponding drift levels were determined. The extent of damage to silicone sealant was determined through air leakage tests.
Bioacoustics of Fishes of the Family Sciaenidae (Croakers and Drums)
Authors: Ramcharitar John , Gannon Damon P. , Popper Arthur N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe teleost family Sciaenidae, collectively known as the croakers and drums because of their propensity for making sound, includes roughly 70 genera and 270 species worldwide. Although many other groups of fish also communicate using sound, the sciaenids are unique in the diversity of their sound production mechanisms, variety of sounds produced, and structural variation in sound‐detecting structures. This paper reviews the bioacoustics of sciaenid fishes, including mechanisms involved in the production and reception of sound, the types of sounds produced, and the functions of these sounds. We propose the hypothesis that the unusual diversity in the design of the structures associated with sound production and detection is correlated with a similar diversity in how these structures function. Production and detection of sound appear to be important aspects of sciaenid behavior. But despite the vast literature on sciaenid sound production, we know relatively little about the biological significance of their sounds. This lack of understanding leaves plenty of room for research by physiologists, bioacousticians, behavioral ecologists, and fisheries scientists.
Predicting Postrelease Survival in Large Pelagic Fish
Authors: Moyes Christopher D. , Fragoso Nuno , Musyl Michael K. , Brill Richard W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSharks, turtles, billfish, and marine mammals are frequently caught accidentally in commercial fisheries. Although conservationists and fisheries managers encourage the release of these nontarget species, the long‐term outcome of released animals is uncertain. Using blue sharks Prionace glauca, we developed a model to predict the long‐term survival of released animals based on analysis of small blood samples. About 5% of the sharks were landed in obviously poor condition (lethargic and unresponsive to handling); these moribund sharks were sampled and euthanized. A subset of the remaining sharks was sampled and tagged with pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs). Each of the PSATs that reported data (11 tags) showed that the sharks roamed at sea for at least 3 weeks postrelease. Five variables differentiated moribund sharks from survivors: Plasma Mg2+ (moribund, 1.57 ± 0.08 mM; survivor, 0.98 ± 0.05 mM; P < 0.00001), plasma lactate (moribund, 27.7 ± 4.1 mM; survivor, 5.80 ± 2.96 mM; P < 0.001), erythrocyte heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) mRNA (relative levels: Moribund, 3.96 ± 0.53; survivor, 1.00 ± 0.29; P < 0.005), plasma Ca2+ (moribund, 3.70 ± 0.14 mM; survivor, 3.13 ± 0.11; P < 0.005), and plasma K+ (moribund, 7.01 ± 0.66 mM; survivor, 5.12 ± 0.44 mM; P < 0.05). These analyses were used to develop logistic regression models that could “predict” the long‐term survival of captured sharks, including a larger group of sharks that we sampled but did not tag. The best logistic model, which incorporated Mg2+ and lactate, successfully categorized 95% of fish of known outcome (19 of 20). These analyses suggest that sharks landed in an apparently healthy condition are likely to survive long term if released (95% survival based on biochemical analyses; 100% based on PSATs).
Exploring Notions of Freedom In and Through Young Adult Literature
Authors: Bean Thomas W. , Harper Helen J. 
Published: September 2006

This article offers teachers a critical framework for use and adaptation in organizing class discussions focused on notions of freedom in young adult literature. The authors open by discussing the notion of freedom, including concepts related to negative and positive freedom and to arguments advocating critical discussion of common assumptions surrounding individual freedom and collective responsibility. Examples of classroom questions drawn from a critical literacy framework center on two award‐winning young adult novels, The Breadwinner by Deborah Ellis and The Other Side of Truth by Beverly Naidoo.Classrooms offer a community where notions of freedom depicted in young adult novels located in war zones can be considered through a critical literacy lens. In addition to the novels discussed in the article, the authors provide a list of other young adult literature for teachers to consider for use in their classrooms.
Three Foci of an Effective High School Generation 1.5 Literacy Program
Authors: Forrest Scott N. 
Published: September 2006

There is an increasing amount of research and discussion about the characteristics and learning needs of “Generation 1.5.” These learners share characteristics of both first‐ and second‐generation immigrants; they have grown up and been educated in the United States, but live in homes where English is not the primary language. They often have considereable fluency in social English but less fluency in academic language.To date, most research focused on the Generation 1.5 population has considered college and adult levels. However, the needs of Generation 1.5 high school students must be considered in light of how curriculum, learning strategies, and teaching strategies affect their literacy development. This article presents recommendations as a framework through which to develop a high school literacy program that meets the needs of the Generation 1.5 population. The nine recommendations are categorized within three areas of focus: curriculum centered, learner centered, and educator centered.
Access and Benefits: Assistive Technology in Adult Literacy
Authors: Silver‐Pacuilla Heidi 
Published: September 2006

Through access to assistive technology, adult students with learning disabilities can improve their literacy skills and goal attainment as a supplement to regular adult basic education classes.This article describes a project that investigated whether increased engagement with text‐to‐speech and speech‐recognition software could improve participants' foundational literacy skills. Data were gathered through careful observations as well as reflective dialogue with the learners. Three layers are explored:
The underlying framework of dialogic research
Thematic analysis of students' interactions with the equipment
Thematic analysis of the role of the coach
Through a series of snapshots of students' approaches to literacy learning with assistive technology and a cross‐case analysis, possibilities and complexities are revealed in the intersection of literacy and technology.
Persistent Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and the Likelihood of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Flick Louise H. , Cook Cynthia A. , Homan Sharon M. , McSweeney Maryellen , Campbell Claudia , Parnell Lisa 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We examined the association between psychiatric disorders and tobacco use during pregnancy. Methods. Data were derived from a population-based cohort of 744 pregnant African American and White low-income women living in urban and rural areas. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to assess women for 20 different psychiatric disorders. Results. In comparison with nonusers, persistent tobacco users (women who had used tobacco after confirmation of their pregnancy) and nonpersistent users (women who had used tobacco but not after pregnancy confirmation) were 2.5 and 2 times as likely to have a psychiatric disorder. Twenty-five percent of persistent users had at least 1 of the following diagnoses: generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar I disorder, oppositional disorder, drug abuse or dependence, and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. Conclusions. In this cohort study, 5 diagnoses were more prevalent among persistent tobacco users than among nonusers, suggesting that several psychiatric disorders contribute to difficulty discontinuing tobacco use during pregnancy. Smoking cessation efforts focusing on pregnant women may need to address co-occurring psychiatric disorders if they are to be successful.
Consumption of Soft Drinks and Hyperactivity, Mental Distress, and Conduct Problems Among Adolescents in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Lien Lars , Lien Nanna , Heyerdahl Sonja , Thoresen Magne , Bjertness Espen 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We examined whether high levels of consumption of sugar-containing soft drinks were associated with mental distress, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among adolescents. Methods. A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted with 10th-grade students in Oslo, Norway (n = 5498). We used the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess mental health outcomes. Results. There was a J-shaped dose–response relationship between soft drink consumption and mental distress, conduct problems, and total mental health difficulties score; that is, adolescents who did not consume soft drinks had higher scores (indicating worse symptoms) than those who consumed soft drinks at moderate levels but lower scores than those with high consumption levels. The relationship was linear for hyperactivity. In a logistic regression model, the association between soft drink consumption and mental health problems remained significant after adjustment for behavioral, social, and food-related variables. The highest adjusted odds ratios were observed for conduct problems among boys and girls who consumed 4 or more glasses of sugar-containing soft drinks per day. Conclusions. High consumption levels of sugar-containing soft drinks were associated with mental health problems among adolescents even after adjustment for possible confounders.
Employee and Customer Injury During Violent Crimes in Retail and Service Businesses
Authors: Peek-Asa Corinne , Casteel Carri , Kraus Jess F. , Whitten Paul 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We sought to compare the frequency and risk factors for employees and customers injured during crimes in retail (convenience, grocery, and liquor stores) and service businesses (bars, restaurants, motels). Methods. A total of 827 retail and service businesses in Los Angeles were randomly selected. Police crime reports (n=2029) from violent crimes that occurred in these businesses from January 1996 through June 2001 were individually reviewed to determine whether a customer or an employee was injured and to collect study variables. Results. A customer injury was 31% more likely (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.11, 1.51) than an employee injury during a violent crime. Customer injury was more frequent than employee injury during violent crimes in bars, restaurants, convenience stores, and motels but less likely in grocery or liquor stores. Injury risk was increased for both employees and customers when resisting the perpetrator and when the perpetrator was suspected of using alcohol. Customers had an increased risk for injury during crimes that occurred outside (relative risk [RR]=2.01; 95% CI=1.57, 2.58) and at night (RR=1.79; 95% CI=1.40, 2.29). Conclusions. Security programs should be designed to protect customers as well as employees.
Trends in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services at the Nation’s Community Health Centers: 1998–2003
Authors: Druss Benjamin G. , Bornemann Thomas , Fry-Johnson Yvonne W. , McCombs Harriet G. , Politzer Robert M. , Rust George 
Published: September 2006

Objective. We examined trends in delivery of mental health and substance abuse services at the nation’s community health centers. Methods. Analyses used data from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Bureau of Primary Care’s (BPHC) 1998 and 2003 Uniform Data System, merged with county-level data. Results. Between 1998 and 2003, the number of patients diagnosed with a mental health/substance abuse disorder in community health centers increased from 210 000 to 800 000. There was an increase in the number of patients per specialty mental health/substance abuse treatment provider and a decline in the mean number of patient visits, from 7.3 visits per patient to 3.5 by 2003. Although most community health centers had some on-site mental health/substance abuse services, centers without on-site services were more likely to be located in counties with fewer mental health/substance abuse clinicians, psychiatric emergency rooms, and inpatient hospitals. Conclusions. Community health centers are playing an increasingly central role in providing mental health/substance abuse treatment services in the United States. It is critical both to ensure that these centers have adequate resources for providing mental health/substance abuse care and that they develop effective linkages with mental health/substance abuse clinicians in the communities they serve.
Childhood Trauma and Women’s Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population
Authors: Messina Nena , Grella Christine 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence of childhood traumatic events among incarcerated women in substance abuse treatment and to assess the relation between cumulative childhood traumatic events and adult physical and mental health problems. Methods. The study was modeled after the Adverse Childhood Events study’s findings. In-depth baseline interview data for 500 women participating in the Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program evaluation were analyzed. Results. Hypotheses were supported, and regression results showed that the impact of childhood traumatic events on health outcomes is strong and cumulative (greater exposure to childhood traumatic events increased the likelihood of 12 of 18 health-related outcomes, ranging from a 15% increase in the odds of reporting fair/poor health to a 40% increase in the odds of mental health treatment in adulthood). Conclusions. Our findings suggest a need for early prevention and intervention, and appropriate trauma treatment, within correctional treatment settings.
Water Treatment
Authors: Singley J. E. , Robinson James ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Most surface waters contain varying amounts of suspended solids, including silt, clay, bacteria, viruses, etc. It is necessary to remove these prior to distribution to domestic or industrial customers. Abundant supplies of fresh water are essential to the development of industry. Enormous quantities are required for the cooling of products and equipment, for process needs, for boiler feed, and for sanitary and potable water supply. Sedimentation and filtration are the principal treatment processes for both municipal and industrial water. These are discussed in detail. Also discussed is the removal of colloidal particles by coagulation and flocculation. Lime and lime‐soda processes, and ion exchange are used to control hardness of water. Data on taste and odor control methods, as well as removal of organic compounds, nitrates, arsenic, and radionuclides iron and manganese, which impact on potable water quality, are given. This article also gives details on the various impurities found in water and how the water is treated to make it acceptable for industrial use. Clarification, precipitation, settling, filtration, ion exchange, and membrane processes are all detailed. Particular attention is given to corrosion control in boilers. Condensate systems can be chemically treated to reduce metal corrosion, especially important in cooling systems. Types of corrosion, eg, pitting, galvanic corrosion, are discussed. Deposit accumulations in cooling systems, biofouling and microfouling organisms are also summarized.
Reactor Technology
Authors: Mann Uzi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the phenomena and mechanisms that are encountered in the operations of chemical reactors and of the concepts and methods used to describe them. The primary theme of the commentary is the wide spectrum of chemical reactor applications and operating conditions, and the multitude of diverse factors that affect reactor operations. Chemical reactions are classified according to common characteristics (single phase, multiple‐phase, solid‐phase catalytic, etc). Chemical reactors are classified according to their operating mode, configuration, and the way multi‐phase reactants are contacted. Fundamental principles, both physical and chemical, are reviewed and the underlying limitations in applying them are identified and discussed. The design equations of idealized reactor configurations are presented and methods for solving them simultaneously with the energy balance equations are discussed. Common engineering practices that are applied over the entire scope of chemical reactor development are reviewed, including experimental reactors, selection of reactor configuration and operating conditions, and diagnostics. Selected examples of industrial reactors are described.