bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐color pump–probe experiments on silicon inverse opals
Authors: Becker C. , Linden S. , von Freymann G. , Tétreault N. , Vekris E. , Kitaev V. , Ozin G. A. , Wegener M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present time‐resolved pump–probe experiments in a transmission geometry using off‐resonant excitation on very high‐quality silicon inverse opals. We show that the nonlinear optical response can drastically be modified by tempering of the sample. The as‐grown samples are dominated by an absorptive response with recovery times as short as one picosecond. For the tempered samples, both the relaxation and the scattering times increase, leading to a prominent dispersive response. The data reveal a transient blue‐shift of the fundamental stop band on the order of 150 nm with transmission changes as large as a factor of five. Based on simple calculations using the Drude model we estimate corresponding refractive index changes as large as Δn = –0.5 + i0.07. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High resolution spectroscopy of excitons in Cu2O
Authors: Fröhlich D. , Brandt J. , Sandfort C. , Bayer M. , Stolz H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe lowest ortho‐ and paraexcitons of Cu2O are studied by high‐resolution spectroscopy. After a detailed description of the experimental setup, the quadrupole polariton is extended to a two‐oscillator resonance. As an example, the group velocity of the M = ±1 orthoexciton components in a magnetic field of 0.1 T is measured and fitted to a two‐oscillator model with f (oscillator strength) as the only fit parameter. The paraexciton resonance is measured in a magnetic field of 10 T. Its oscillator strength is by almost a factor 200 lower than the oscillator strength of the orthoexciton. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theory of strong electron–phonon coupling for ultrafast intersubband excitations
Authors: Butscher S. , Knorr A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe impact of the electron–phonon interaction onto semiconductor intersubband transitions is investigated in a strong coupling regime. We show that a non‐Markovian description of the electron–phonon interaction is necessary in order to obtain an asymmetric broadening of the line shape as observed in recent experimental measurements. The equations of motions are obtained through a second order time convolutionless density matrix method. Furthermore, we demonstrate for linear spectra, that the applied method contains electron–phonon processes of higher order. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers
Authors: Bashir Samra , Janbaz Khalid H , Jabeen Qaiser , Gilani Anwar H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe aqueous‐ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers (Co.Cr) was studied for its possible spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects in isolated gut preparations. In rabbit jejunum, Co.Cr caused a dose‐dependent (0.03–3.0 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous and K+‐induced contractions, suggestive of calcium channel blockade (CCB). In a few preparations, a mild non‐reproducible spasmogenic effect was observed at lower doses, followed by relaxation. The CCB effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the jejunum preparations with Co.Cr produced a dose‐dependent rightward shift in the Ca++ dose‐response curves, similar to that of verapamil. Activity‐directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic activity of the plant was concentrated in its organic fractions. The aqueous fraction exhibited a marked atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect but was found to be devoid of any spasmolytic effect. These data indicate that the crude extract of Calendula officinalis flowers contains both spasmolytic and spasmogenic constituents, exhibiting these effects through calcium channel blocking and cholinergic activities and this study provides a scientific base for its traditional use in abdominal cramps and constipation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulatory effects of extract prepared from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia blume on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Hee , Choi Eun‐Mi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe ethanol extract from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CCE) was tested for estrogenic activity. CCE (4–60 µg/mL) significantly induced the growth of MCF‐7 cells, an ER‐positive human breast cancer cell line, over that of untreated control cells (p < 0.05). In the ER competitive binding assay, CCE showed higher affinity with ERβ compared with ERα. To investigate the bioactivities of CCE, which act on bone metabolism, the effects of CCE on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells and the production of local factors in osteoblasts were studied. CCE (4–60 µg/mL) dose‐dependently increased the survival of MC3T3‐E1 cells. In addition, CCE (10 and 50 µg/mL) increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen synthesis and osteocalcin secretion in MC3T3‐E1 cells. Treatment with CCE (10 and 50 µg/mL) prevented apoptosis induced by TNF‐α (10−10 m) in osteoblastic cells. In the presence of TNF‐α, culture with CCE (10–100 µg/mL) for 48 h inhibited the production of IL‐6 and nitric oxide in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. These results suggest that Cinnamomum cassia has a direct stimulatory effect on bone formation in vitro and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and inflammatory bone diseases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Microfibers Sheathed with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes: Towards Multidimensional, Multicomponent, and Multifunctional Nanomaterials
Authors: Qu Liangti , Zhao Ye , Dai Liming 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMulticomponent and multifunctional hybrid structures based on microsized carbon fibers sheathed with aligned carbon nanotubes and their derivatives have been successfully prepared, and have been demonstrated to be an effective means for connecting nanoscale entities to the outside world and to possess interesting electrochemical properties attractive for a wide range of potential applications, including in methanol direct fuel cells and highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors. Judicious modification of the carbon‐fiber‐supported aligned carbon nanotubes with various functional moieties could lead to a class of novel multidimensional, multicomponent, and multifunctional materials of practical significance.
The effects on maternal anxiety of two‐dimensional versus two‐ plus three‐/four‐dimensional ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities: a randomized study
Authors: Leung K. Y. , Ngai C. S. W. , Lee A. , Chan H. Y. , Leung W. C. , Lee C. P. , Tang M. H. Y. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the use of two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasonography with three‐dimensional/four‐dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasonography can reduce anxiety to a greater extent in women at risk of having a fetus with congenital abnormalities than the use of 2D ultrasonography alone.MethodsA total of 124 women attending the prenatal diagnostic clinic of a teaching hospital were randomized into the intervention group (2D ultrasonography followed by 3D/4D ultrasonography) or control group (2D ultrasonography alone). The primary outcome was maternal anxiety levels, which were assessed by the Spielberger state–trait anxiety inventory. We measured the anxiety levels in all women at the first visit, at around 18 weeks' gestation (immediately after ultrasound examinations) and at 28 weeks' gestation.ResultsA short‐term reduction of the state‐anxiety score (by around 2 points) from the first visit to after ultrasound examinations was observed in both the intervention group and the control group. Unexpectedly, a small increase in the state‐anxiety score from the first visit to 28 weeks' gestation was observed in the intervention group but not in the control group, though there was no significant difference in the changes between the two groups. Repeated measures ANOVA (analysis of variance) also showed that there was no significant interaction effect between groups and time of assessment on the state‐anxiety scores (F = 1.072 and P = 0.344). About 80% of women reported a better understanding that their baby was normal after viewing 3D rather than 2D images.ConclusionThis randomized study indicates that the addition of 3D/4D ultrasound does not cause a significant reduction in maternal anxiety in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities compared with conventional 2D ultrasound alone. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abscheidung, Charakterisierung und Anwendung von Plasma‐Polymerschichten auf HMDSO‐Basis
Authors: Jacoby B. , Bock W. , Haupt M. , Hilgers H. , Kopnarski M. , Molter J. , Oehr C. , Rühle T. , Wahl M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHochwertige siliziumorganische Schichten lassen sich mittels plasmachemischer Gasphasenabscheidung unter Verwendung des Monomers Hexamethyldisiloxan (HMDSO) herstellen. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden abscheidungstechnische, analytische und anwendungsrelevante Aspekte der HMDSO/O2‐Plasmabeschichtung vorgestellt. Anhand von XPS‐Untersuchungen wird aufgezeigt, dass sich durch geeignete Wahl von Plasmaleistung und Gasmischungsverhältnis der organische bzw. anorganische Charakter der Schichten einstellen lässt. Somit können insbesondere anwendungstechnisch interessante Gradienten‐ und Wechselschichtsysteme hergestellt werden. Mit der Sekundärneutralteilchen‐Massenspektrometrie kann die Zusammensetzung dieser Schichten tiefenabhängig gemessen werden. Rasterkraftmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Oberflächenrauheiten der Schichten durch das Auftreten halbkugelförmiger Agglomerate bestimmt werden. Diese treten umso deutlicher in Erscheinung, je glasartiger die Schichten sind. Als Applikationsbeispiel wird eine HMDSO‐Plasmabehandlung von Elastomeren vorgestellt. Durch eine geeignete Prozessführung kann das tribologische Verhalten von Elastomerbauteilen deutlich verbessert werden. Die vorgestellten Arbeiten sind im Rahmen des BMBF‐Verbundprojektes “Nano‐Funktionalisierung von Grenzflächen für Daten‐, Textil‐, Gebäude‐, Medizin‐, Bio‐, und Raumfahrttechnik” durchgeführt worden.
Plasmalichtquellen – Stand und Ausblick
Authors: Hess Hemlut , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPlasmalampen können derzeit alle Anforderungen der Allgemeinbeleuchtung mit hoher Effizienz erfüllen. Eine weitere Erhöhung der Lichtausbeute und eine hohe Flexibilität bezüglich der Farbtemperatur bei gleichzeitigem Ersatz von Quecksilber als Füllmaterial sind möglich. Halbleiterlichtquellen können erst in einigen Jahren ernsthafte Konkurrenten für bestimmte Gruppen von Plasmalampen werden
Plasmachemische Gasphasenabscheidung und Plasmaätzen bei Atmosphärendruck
Authors: Dani Ines , Hopfe Volkmar , Rogler Daniela , Lopez Elena , Mäder Gerrit 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPlasmaprozesse werden für eine Vielzahl von Oberflächenmodifizierungen eingesetzt, typische Beispiele sind Beschichtungen für einen verbesserten Korrosions‐ und Kratzschutz oder die Oberflächenreinigung und ‐texturierung. Da diese Prozesse jedoch in der Regel im Vakuum ablaufen, sind sie für viele großflächige industrielle Anwendungen nicht anwendbar. Plasmagestützte CVD‐Prozesse bei Atmosphärendruck (AP‐PECVD) ermöglichen die Herstellung von Bauteilen und Halbzeugen mit Funktionsschichten im Durchlaufverfahren ohne kostenintensiven Einsatz von Vakuumanlagen. Durch Integration in in‐line‐Produktionsprozesse reduzieren sich Substrathandhabungs‐ und Beschichtungskosten.Eine thermische Plasmaquelle, basierend auf einer linear ausgedehnten DC‐Bogenentladung bei Atmosphärendruck, wurde für einen kontinuierlichen PECVD‐Prozess zur Abscheidung von Siliziumnitrid bei Substrattemperaturen unterhalb von 300 °C sowie zum plasmachemischen Ätzen und Texturieren von Silizium untersucht.
Geschichte der Gefriertrocknung bis 1910
Authors: Bürger Heinz‐Dieter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGefriertrocknung ist keine Erfindung des 20. oder 19. Jh., wie viele glauben. Asiatische Völker haben die Sublimationstrocknung bei Normaldruck vermutlich bereits vor über 10.000 Jahren gekannt. Die Methode ist offenbar auch bis zu den Indianern “diffundiert”, und sie wird beim Zubereiten von Pemmikan, aber auch für die in Südamerika bekannten “cuno”‐Kartoffeln noch heute verwendet. Vakuum‐Gefriertrocknung wäre, von den erreichbaren Enddrücken her gesehen, ab 1782 möglich gewesen. Die Versuche mit dem Cryophorus von Wollaston demonstrierten die erste Sublimation von Wasserdampf aus Eis. Die erste Gefriertrocknung nach moderner Definition führte der Leipziger Anatomie‐Professor Richard Altmann 1890 durch.
Hip protectors in the elderly: lack of effectiveness or just suboptimal implementation?
Authors: Meyer G. , Mühlhauser I. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Hip protectors seemed to be the only non-pharmacological intervention to effectively prevent hip fractures in high-risk populations. In contrast, recently published trials did not find hip fracture reduction through hip protector interventions. An updated Cochrane review concluded that the device is ineffective for community-dwelling elderly and of uncertain effectiveness for institutionalised elderly. However, some primary studies used suboptimal implementation of hip protectors, which has led to low adherence and ineffectiveness of the intervention. Shortcomings in implementation techniques have not been assessed by the Cochrane review. Therefore, reviewers should explicitly assess whether the intervention was well planned and competently administered. As a checklist cannot adequately assess individual, study-specific implementation flaws, we suggest narrative expert review and feedback to the authors of the primary study.
Waves of agitation inside anchovy schools observed with multibeam sonar: a way to transmit information in response to predation
Authors: Gerlotto François , Bertrand Sophie , Bez Nicolas , Gutierrez Mariano 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Most pelagic fish live in schools. To allow fast reactions, for instance to predator attacks, these collective structures require behavioural mechanisms authorizing fast, coordinated movements. Considering the large number of individuals constituting a school of small pelagic fish, a crucial premise to coordinated movements and school reorganization is an ability to transfer quickly and efficiently information across the whole collective structure. We observed anchovy school movements and reactions to sea-lion attacks while the ship was drifting in Peruvian waters. The main process of information transfer we could observe was that of waves of agitation crossing large anchovy schools. The average speed of these waves (7.45 m s−1) was much greater than the average 0.3 m s−1 school speeds measured during this experiment. The internal organization of each school modified dramatically after the waves of agitation had crossed them. Changes in school external morphology and internal structure were described and measured using geostatistics. Our results show that information transfer is a crucial process for the cohesion and plasticity of schools. As such, it allows efficient reactions of schools of pelagic fish to variations in their immediate environment in general, and to predation in particular.
Age characteristics of walleye pollock school echoes
Authors: Kang Myounghee , Honda Satoshi , Oshima Tatsuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of identifying the age of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) using acoustic information. Acoustic data targeting walleye pollock were collected at 38 and 120 kHz from 16 June to 12 July 2000 in the Pacific, off Hokkaido, Japan. To complement these data 33 trawl hauls were made and the species and age of the sample fish were accurately examined. The echoes of walleye pollock schools according to age were used to determine the morphological and bathymetric characteristics such as mean height, maximum length, centre depth, seabed depth, and distance from the seabed, as well as the frequency characteristics, this latter being the difference of mean volume backscattering strengths at 38 and 120 kHz, respectively (ΔMVBS). The ΔMVBS method is elaborated using MVBS (mean volume backscattering strength) from an integration cell of optimal size, the cell being examined by means of various integration periods to highlight the characteristics of the walleye pollock schools resulting in 20 pings (120 m), and by applying this method only in a common observation range for two frequencies. The ages of the schools are identified by a combination of morphological and bathymetric characteristics, and ΔMVBS characteristics. Age-0 groups are easy to distinguish from other age groups because they exist in distinct, small schools, are close to the coast, and have a narrow range of ΔMVBS regardless of time of day. Age-1 schools are low in height and very long, are distributed close to the sea floor, and have an ΔMVBS range of −1 to 8 dB, with most between 3 and 5 dB. These characteristics of age-1 schools are distinct from other age groups. As age-2 and age-5 schools have similar maximum length and distribution depth, it is almost impossible to identify these two by just morphological and bathymetric characteristics. However, the ΔMVBS of age-2 and age-5 schools show characteristic patterns that can be used as a means of identification. The pattern of ΔMVBS, which reflects an internal structure (swimming angles) of a school, is different for each age class, and is essential in the identification of the age of a walleye pollock school.
Matching plant flexibility and supplier flexibility: Lessons from small suppliers of U.S. manufacturing plants in India
Authors: Avittathur Balram , Swamidass Paul 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a study about the flexibility of manufacturers and their small suppliers; a subject of growing interest today (Swafford, P.M., Ghosh, S., Murthy, N., 2006. The antecedents of supply chain agility of a firm: Scale development and model testing, Journal of Operations Management 24 (2), 170–188.) The study is based on empirical data collected from U.S. manufacturing plants operating in India and their small suppliers. While globalization is causing hundreds of multinational firms from developed countries to locate manufacturing facilities in developing countries such as China and India, the supply chain environment in China and India is different from domestic supply chains environments familiar to U.S. manufacturers venturing to such countries. For global ventures of multinationals to succeed, multinational firms must strive to understand the supply environment and practices in countries such as China and India.The literature on supply chain has two shortcomings. First, studies have not investigated the result of matched plant and supplier flexibility. Second, although, supply chain in the U.S. has been investigated by numerous researchers, the same is not true about the supply chains in developing countries such as China and India. This paper strives to fill these two voids.A survey of U.S. manufacturing plants in given SIC classifications found that U.S. plants preferred the following: (1) stable JIT suppliers and (2) proximate flexible suppliers. An Additional finding was that suppliers were engaged in: (1) JIT material supply and (2) automated material supply.Our regression model explains up to 38% of the variance in profitability (power = 0.7). A notable finding about fit is that profitability is highest when an inflexible plant uses small inflexible suppliers. Profitability is above average when a flexible plant uses flexible small suppliers. In contrast, if there is a mismatch of plant flexibility with supplier flexibility, the profitability is below average. The regression model for WIP inventory explains over 44% of the variance (power = 0.9). Lower levels of WIP inventory were associated with JIT practices of small suppliers. The mismatch between factory and supplier flexibility is associated with lower WIP inventory, a finding that deserves further investigation. This study demonstrates one practical method of studying the fit between a factory and its suppliers.Methodological contributions of this paper are twofold. First, it demonstrates how to select and use appropriate research tools to conduct scientific studies using borderline samples. This is a useful contribution to the OM area when OM empirical research is routinely shying away from borderline samples. Second, interaction effects are investigated at great depth using methods not seen in OM literature.
Role of mitomycin C in reducing adhesion formation following endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Gupta M , Motwani G 
Published: August 2006

Objective: To study the role of mitomycin C in reducing adhesion formation following endoscopic sinus surgery.Study design: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.Setting: Tertiary care referral centre.Patients: Thirty patients were selected suffering long-term problems with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis, with no relief obtained from medical therapy. Patients requiring revision sinus surgery or having acute upper respiratory tract infection were excluded.Interventions: Diagnostic nasal endoscopies and non-contrast computerized tomography of nose and paranasal sinuses were undertaken and, following confirmation of the diagnosis, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was carried out bilaterally using the Messerklinger technique. On completion of the surgery, a cotton wick soaked in mitomycin C was placed in one or other side of the nose in the middle meatus. Follow up was for three months and patients were assessed for subjective and objective improvement in their symptoms.Results: Post-operatively, of the 11 (36.6 per cent) patients complaining of persistent nasal obstruction, nine had complaints limited to the control side only (p=0.005). Out of the nine (30 per cent) patients complaining of recurrent nasal discharge, eight had complaints on the control side and only one reported discharge from both sides (p=0.006).Conclusion: Mitomycin C may be topically applied in post-operative FESS cases to reduce adhesion formation and hence the need for revision surgery.
Cocaine versus tetracaine in septoplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Drivas E I , Hajiioannou J K , Lachanas V A , Bizaki A J , Kyrmizakis D E , Bizakis J G 
Published: August 2006

Background: Successful local anaesthesia is of critical importance for the success of septoplasty, and many surgeons prefer to use cocaine for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cocaine 4 per cent solution, compared with tetracaine 2 per cent plus adrenaline, as a local anaesthetic for patients undergoing septoplasty.Methods: From December 2002 to February 2005, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. One hundred and eight patients underwent septoplasty under local anaesthesia. Patients were randomly classified into group A and group B, in which was used respectively cocaine 4 per cent solution and tetracaine 2 per cent solution plus adrenaline. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate the severity of patients' pain during their procedure.Results: Group B (tetracaine; mean rank=43.77) reported significantly less pain (p<0.001) compared with group A (cocaine; mean rank=65.23).Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, we recommend tetracaine as the first choice anaesthetic for nasal septoplasty; the use of cocaine should be limited.