bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Health and Safety Management - A World Class Perspective
Authors: Seabrook Kathy A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A global environmental health and safety (EH&S) management system is designed to identify risk, provide risk control resources and create a work environment where team work and continuous improvement are rewarded. Through this process, corporate health and safety goals as well as corporate values and results are achieved. This paper outlines a proactive approach to global environmental safety and health management, where corporate leadership empowers local non-US business units and the EH&S management system is integral to the business process and aligned with the corporate strategic plan.
A Reassessment of the Gas Supply and Demand Situation
Authors: Linden Henry R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Primary energy requirements forecasts are reconciled with an independent forecast of natural gas demand to arrive at a firm basis for assessing supply deficiencies. Gross additions to proved reserves in the lower 48 states are projected by means of the updated IGT model of natural gas discovery and production, and by a simpler technique. These projections give an average range of gross additions of 15 to 20 Tcf through 1980 and show a decrease to an average level of about 15 Tcf in 1990 and 10 Tcf in 2000. This compares to a current need of about 35 Tcf of lower 48 reserve additions. It is clearly shown that it is a lower 48 states resource base of, at best, 1,000 Tcf, compounded by insufficient economic incentives to fully develop even this limited resource base, which is responsible for this gas supply problem. Thus, after allowing for reasonably optimistic projections of imports of pipeline gas from projections of imports of pipeline gas from Canada and Mexico, and liquefied natural gas from Africa and South America, and for pipeline transport of Alaskan gas, natural gas supply defficiencies in the lower 48 states still increase by about 1 to 1.5 Tcf each year beginning in 1972 to 1973. This assumes a minimum average reserves to production ratio of 10 years. Since no competitive or technological factors are apparent which would reduce gas demand, these supply deficiencies, which would reach about 10 Tcf in 1980, 20 Tcf in 1990 and 35 Tcf in 2000, will either be filled by less attractive energy sources or, partially, by synthetic pipeline gas from coal. Assuming development of pipeline gas from coal. Assuming development of commercial processes from existing technology at the fastest practical rate, synthetic pipeline gas from coal production, beginning in 1980 and reaching 5 Tcf/year in 1990, appears feasible at costs competitive with any other known sources of supplemental pipe-line-quality gas.

Introduction
In 1970, on the basis of preliminary statistics, net production of natural gas in the lower 48 states was about 22 Tcf, an increase of roughly 6 percent over 1969, and total demand for natural gas from all sources also increased to nearly 22 Tcf, or more than 7 percent. Thus, in 1970, as an absolute minimum, gross additions to proved reserves in the lower 48 states should have been 34 Tcf: 22 Tcf to replace net 1970 production plus 12 Tcf to support the 1.2 Tcf increase over 1969 with a 10-year reserve life. Instead, drilling activity continued to decline and actual lower 48 additions in 1970 were only 11.1 Tcf, following equally disappointing lower 48 additions of 12.0 and 8.3 Tcf in 1968 and 1969, respectively. Thus the decline from the 1953 to 1967 average of 19 Tcf/year appears to be, by far, more persistent than earlier temporary setbacks and has resulted in a drop in the lower 48 proved reserves to production ratio of less than 12 years. production ratio of less than 12 years.
Total Quality Environmental Management: Integrating Environmental and Quality Management Systems
Authors: Carley Judith A. , Kubala Gregory , Hudson Tommy , Gibbons Mike , Lawson V. Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As the oilfield industry strives to globally sustain continuous improvement of environmental and quality performance, companies have come to realize Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM) is essential in product research, development, manufacturing and services. As our industry endeavors to continuously improve, more emphasis is being placed upon the management systems we apply such as ISO 14000 and ISO 9000. These standards are tools for improving environmental and quality performance, meeting customer requirements, and increasing profitability.
This paper presents actual examples of the successful integration of environmental and quality management systems into an operational TQEM system. Also presented are pilot- study evaluations of the draft ISO 14000 standards by two certified ISO 9000 facilities. Examples of continuous improvement and cross-functional teams as means to merge environment and quality management into the functions of process control, corrective and preventive action, document control, and waste management are presented.
Results and improvements from facilities involved with TQEM are discussed along with their strategies and progress in consolidating the environmental and quality programs into a single, viable management system. The case histories from various facilities demonstrate the implementation of TQEM and how TQEM promotes a cleaner environment, reduces costs, conserves energy and raw materials, minimizes pollutants and wastes, and reduces redundant paperwork.
Oil Spill Fingerprinting - The Practical Benefits For The Operator
Authors: Sinclair J. W. , Grigson S. J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil company operates North Sea Oil Production Platforms which have several subsea developments connected by subsea pipelines.
A specialist research institute was contracted by the company to obtain reference crude oil fingerprints for each subsea oil pipeline and store this information in a specially constructed computer database and fingerprint matching system.
Both crews from the platform's stand-by vessels were then trained in the correct procedures for sampling small slicks at sea, with laboratory validation of samples collected during the training exercise. Subsequently, during two incidents of leaking subsea pipelines, oil spill samples were taken by stand-by vessel crews. Analysis of the samples onshore, followed by computer comparison of their fingerprints to those of the reference oils in the database, allowed early identification of the leaking pipeline prior to confirmation by ROV inspection.
Oil spill fingerprinting proved a highly cost effective tool, ensuring optimum use of expensive DSV/ROV mobilisation and use. It also permitted pipelines not implicated in the leak to be rapidly put back into operation.
Laboratory and Field Measurements of Vapors Generated by Organic Materials in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Candler John , Churan Marc , Conn Lee 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn an era of increasing awareness of worker health issues one of the key concerns in exploration activities is the exposure of wellsite personnel to vapors generated by organic materials in drilling fluids. Areas on the drilling location with the highest exposure potentials are the shale shakers and mud pits. These areas are often enclosed in rooms and ventilated to prevent unhealthy levels of vapors from accumulating. In continuing efforts to minimize health risks, new products are evaluated to minimize the volatility of organic materials used in drilling fluids.This study presents a laboratory technique for measuring vapors generated from organic materials in drilling fluids. Using this technique, data will be presented comparing the volume of vapors generated from diesel oils, mineral oils, synthetic fluids and a water-miscible glycol. Field data collected from the shaker and mud pit areas of drilling operations will be used to validate the laboratory study to field conditions. The potential health effects of the collected vapors will be reviewed.
An Overview of Oil and Grease Determination in Produced Water
Authors: Johnson S. J. , Steen A. E. , Reitsema L. A. , Bansal K. M. , Curtice S. , Khatib Z. , Ray J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Produced water discharges are monitored under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, and one of its provisions limits oil and grease concentration in the water. This paper summarizes the results of studies conducted by EPA and API to compare results obtained using different solvents (Freon or n-hexane) in the gravimetric technique for EPA reporting as specified in Method 413.1 (current compliance method, Freon extraction) and Method 1664 (proposed new method, n-hexane extraction) and discusses the impact of the new method. The outline of an ongoing API project on techniques for measuring oil and grease content of produced water for overboard disposal will also be discussed.
Hydrocarbons and Surfactants: Ecotoxicology in a Marine Pelagic Food Chain
Authors: Skadsheim A. , Hoivangli V. , Labes-Carrier C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accidental spills and production lead to discharges of petroleum hydrocarbons and surface active agents to the sea. The Norwegian government has set guidelines adopted from the OSPAR commission for assessment and studies of the environmental load from these discharges. The free water masses are poorly studied compared to the benthic processes in this context and we question how oil and surfactants might bioaccumulate in a simplified marine pelagic food chain comprised of algae, crustaceans and fish.
When test methods and species recommended for initial water based acute toxicity studies are to be implemented in more comprehensive studies like assessment of bioaccumulation various problems arose. An improvement of the OSPAR method for the production of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) of oil is presented. Emphasis is on control of oil concentration and distribution in water, and on applicability for studies where larger volumes of WAF are required than for the demand in acute toxicity tests. Acute toxicity assessments of one oil, Blended Arabian Light topped at 150°C, and two non-ionic dispersants, hexa-etoxyparanonylphenol and a sophorolipid, were conducted on OSPAR recommended species. The toxicity responses were in line with observations made by others. At a given concentration the oil particle size during WAF preparation might influence subsequent expression of toxic effects. The same applied for the presence of emulsified oil particles in the WAFs where the organisms were exposed. Reasons for selecting other test organisms than those officially recommended for continued studies on bioaccumulation are presented and discussed.
The Offshore Supervisor's Role in Safety Management: Law Enforcer or Risk Manager
Authors: Fleming Mark T. , Flin Rhona H. , Mearns Kathryn , Gordon Rachael P. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a project (sponsored by the UK oil industry and Offshore Safety Division of the HSE) which is designed to examine the role of the supervisor in safety and to identify best supervisory practice in offshore work site risk management. To date there has been no in-depth investigation of the offshore supervisor's safety and risk management skills. Research in a number of other industries (e.g. construction, transport and mining) has demonstrated the importance of the supervisor in the management of safety. The safety responsibilities of the offshore supervisor in the UKCS have changed due to the recent extension of onshore legislation to offshore installations. This legislative change has caused a shift away from prescriptive safety legislation to a regime based on risk assessment, placing a legal requirement on supervisors to assess and control the risks to which their work group are exposed. The supervisors role in safety management has been examined by carrying out semistructured interviews with offshore supervisors. The Critical Incident Technique (C1T) has been used as the basis for the interviews that have been carried out to date. The CIT involved getting individual supervisors to describe two recent hazardous operations that their work group had performed, one that had gone as planned and one where there were some difficulties. The initial phase of interviews has identified the formal and informal risk assessment techniques currently being used by supervisors. The differences between supervisors who manage safety effectively and those who are less effective will be identified. How the results of the above and future interviews might be used to establish best supervisory risk management practices will be described.
Assessing the Human Factors Causes of Accidents in the Offshore Oil Industry
Authors: Gordon Rachael P.E. , Flin Rhona H. , Mearns Kathryn , Fleming Mark T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past, industrial accidents were reported mainly in terms of technological malfunctions and the human element in accident causation tended to be ignored. Since the frequency of technological failures has diminished, the role of human error has become much more obvious. Preliminary investigations into the accident reporting forms used by some UKCS oil companies indicated that the human factor accident coding systems vary from company to company. The question which remains is: Do these systems adequately cover the human factor problems specific to the oil and gas industry? Data from both the oil industry and other industries regarding human factors causes of accidents should enable the development of a more comprehensive human factor coding category for accident reporting systems.
The present paper briefly reviews the international accident research in various industrial settings such as the nuclear, mining, marine and oil industries. A compilation of the human factors causes of accidents from these source - forms the basis for the assessment of accident reporting systems used on oil and gas installations on the UKCS. A review of the current accident coding systems used by 30 offshore oil operating and contracting companies in the UK will be presented. From this review, further examples are given for a comprehensive human factors coding system for use in the oil industry. It is intended that human factors coding categories are used for accident reporting, safety training and for raising awareness of the human factors causes of accidents.
Heavy Metals in Water Base Drilling Muds used in Several Locations of Oil Fields in Indonesia
Authors: Mulyono M. , Desrina R. , Priatna R. , Sudewo B. , Sawolo M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Heavy metals are parameters to be considered among oilier parameters such as pH, salts, hydrocarbons, culling and fluids when water base muds are to be disposed. In most cases reducing or eliminating heavy metals, either as additives or contaminants, wilt reduce the problems associated witli disposal. Even if all heavy metals are elcminaled from the additives placed in a mud system, however, these contaminants can still become incorporated into the mud from the formation that is bccing drilled.
In Indonesia, drilling muds arc classified as hazardous material according to the Governmental Regulation PP 19/1994. This paper try lo investigate the concentration of some of heavy metals in drilling muds used in several locations of oil fields in Indonesia using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extracted with several acids and other extracting agents. "Total heavy metals" content as released through refluxing in strong acids are also determined to correlate between Total Heavy Metals and Extractable Heavy Metals, in order to examine the type of compounds which could be considered as potential pollutants.
Modeling and Implementation of a Database for Multiphase Flow Experiments
Authors: Borthne Gunnar , Johannessen Oddmund , Hedne Paal 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the modeling, development, and implementation of a database for multiphase flow data from a large-scale research laboratory.
The outdoor laboratory facilities include a total of 1000 m pipe connected to fluid processing utilities, liquid pumps, and a 700 kW gas compressor operating at system pressures up to 90 bar. Normally, approximately 100 physical and virtual instruments are used, and at the moment more than 400000 measurements have been logged, processed, and stored in the database. The database communicates with systems for data acquisition and analysis, and researchers can access data from their workstations.
The database is implemented in a relational database management system (RDBMS) with SQL interface. Before the implementation of a database can start, it is important to develop a data model which represents the selected part of the real world in a way that satisfies the system requirements. The different aspects of the data model are treated thoroughly and include (1) experiment, (2) geometry, (3) instruments, (4) measurements, (5) fluids and fluid composition, and (6) project related data.
Entity-Relationship diagrams of the model are presented and explained. Timeseries are stored in the database using a specially developed C function. Other functionality is handled by database triggers and procedures stored in the database itself (written in a procedural extension to SQL), and UNIX shell scripts. Problems and advantages of data redundancy and reuse are discussed, as well as the need to avoid destroying the "history" in the database. The communication with the systems for data acquisition, analysis, and presentation is described.
A Horizontal Well Model Considering Multiphase Flow and The Presence Of Perforations
Authors: Gonzalez-Guevara J. A. , Camacho-Velazquez R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recently, Landman and Goldthorpe1 presented a single-phase flow model for a horizontal well, coupling the steady-state flow through each perforation with the momentum equations for pipe flow.
In this paper we present a model based on that of Landman and Goldthorpe1, but including the following three improvements. Multiphase steady-state flow is allowed in the reservoir, including the option of considering non-laminar flow toward the perforations. The modifications of the friction factor due to the presence of perforations, suggested by Su and Gudmundsson2 and Asheim et. al3. are incorporated to have a more realistic wellbore model. And finally, it is used the mechanistic model of Xiao etal.4, to compute the pressure drop and void fraction along the horizontal well.
With the proposed model, specifying the pressure at the heel of the wellbore we investigate the influence of using different methods for the friction factor evaluation, density and position of perforations, presence of inertial effects in the reservoir, gas-oil ratio, well diameter, oil viscosities, and pressure level at the wellbore heel. The infinite-conductivity and uniform flux assumptions are analyzed under multiphase flow conditions.
Studying Vugular Rocks By-Constant-Rate Mercury Injection
Authors: Gaulier C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Constant-pressure stages are used for determining capillary pressures by mercury injection (Purcell's method). However, this does not always reveal the existing vugs. In practice, knowing the degree of vugular porosity practice, knowing the degree of vugular porosity is extremely useful when an immiscible drive recovery method is used.
This paper describes an automatic device for measuring neck radius size and distribution as well as for determining vugular volumes. The method consists of injecting mercury at a constant rate into a rock sample. The pressure and injected volumes are recorded simultaneously and the data are numerically processed.
The injection rate must be sufficiently slow for the pressure loss caused by flow inside the rock to be negligible in the face of capillary pressure variations occuring at the interfaces pressure variations occuring at the interfaces moving inside the rock.
Before reaching a vug the pressure increases to a high enough value for the free surface of the mercury to cross through the vug neck. Then when the mercury arrives in a vug, the diameter of the meniscus gets larger and the pressure decreases according to Laplace's law. When the vug is filled up, pressure returns to its initial value. The difference between the volumes injected just before the pressure drop and the volumes after pressure has returned to its initial value, determines the volume injected into a vug or group of vugs controlled by a given neck radius. In this way a distinction can be made between vugular saturation and matrix saturation, and thus vugular saturation distribution can be determined versus both the total saturation and the neck radii.
The device used for this is described. The relative importance of pressure levels (capillary pressure and pressure loss) used is discussed pressure and pressure loss) used is discussed The method of interpreting the curves is explained, and results obtained with different samples are presented.

Introduction
In all oil recovery methods, the texture of the rock matrix is certainly of great importance even though its knowledge is still limited. In particular, it is known that the displacement of one fluid by another is different in a homogeneous and in a heterogeneous rock. Nevertheless, the present lack of sufficiently sophisticated forecasting methods to account for heterogeneities should not prevent measurement techniques from being developed, for providing a better definition of porous-medium providing a better definition of porous-medium geometry.
Deep-Well Disposal of Steel Pickling Acid
Authors: Bayazeed A.F. , Donaldson E.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Several aspects of subsurface disposal of waste pickle liquor (WPL) are presented from a survey conducted by Bureau of Mines engineers. Both hydrochloric and sulfuric acid waste pickle liquors are being injected into deep wells. These wastes require that acid-resistant material be used in storage, filtering, and pumping operations. In Illinois and Indiana, WPL is injected into the Cambrian age Mt. Simon sandstone formation. The Mt. Simon sandstone in these States ranges up to 1,800 ft thick and has an effective porosity of 12 percent and an absolute permeability ranging from 75 to 400 md. The average depth of WPL disposal wells is 4,000 ft, and injection is usually by gravity flow at rates as high as 2,000 BPD.
Completion of the disposal wells deviates from standard petroleum engineering practice in several ways. Extra strings of practice in several ways. Extra strings of casing are cemented to the surface to offer greater protection of fresh water zones, water is pumped through the annulus of the injection tubing and casing for protection against corrosion, and electrodes are used at the bottom of the casing to monitor the acidity of the fluid in the annulus.

Introduction
The steel industry has adapted the petroleum technology of subsurface disposal petroleum technology of subsurface disposal of brines to the disposal of waste steel pickling acid. The underground injection pickling acid. The underground injection of waste pickle liquor (WPL) by the steel manufacturing companies commenced in 1965 as the cost of surface treatment and emphasis on surface pollution from waste chemicals increased. Prior to 1965, the WPL was treated by neutralization, sedimentation, and sludge disposal. Many acres of valuable company land had to be used for sludge disposal. The steel companies that have turned to subsurface waste disposal to solve their waste acid disposal problem are located in the North central and Eastern states as shown in Fig. 1.
Hartman states that subsurface disposal of WPL has proved to be economically feasible for the steel industry. The capital investments maintenance, and operating costs of subsurface injection systems are each one-third to one-fifth the cost of surface treatment and disposal. When properly designed, maintenance is negligible and the system can be operated under automatic control for an indefinite period. In addition, very little plant area is required for subsurface waste disposal systems.