bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 The Structure and Chronology of De Trinitate
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses the structure and chronology of Hilary's De Trinitate. It is argued that Hilary decided to compose De Trinitate before he started to write Book Seven. Toward that end, he revised his earlier treatises, De Fide (books two and three) and Adversus Arianos (books four to six), by writing new prefaces for them and adding new exegetical and theological arguments to reflect his mature understanding of the Trinity. Moreover, Hilary chose to write at this time Book One and affix it to the beginning of De Trinitate. In addition to determining when Hilary made his revisions, this chapter addresses the reasons, as revealed in his text, that led Hilary to make these changes.
6 Book Three of De Trinitate
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Three of De Trinitate. In 358, Hilary drastically altered the presentation of the original contents of Book Three by attaching a new preface that re-contextualized the book's argument and addressed two concerns that seem to have been raised against the original presentation of his faith in De Fide (III.1-4). Following the preface, Hilary inserted an extended exegetical discussion of Jesus' high priestly prayer in John 17 (III.8-17) and added a brief summary of his mature position that aggressively denounced the Homoian position (III.22-23).
Conclusion
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGenuine conflicts of fundamental rights are unavoidable because of the very texture of our liberty. We are constantly struggling for its expansion, and yet that very expansion may lead to the contraction of someone else's liberty. In an ideal situation, we could perhaps all agree on what we take to be a harmonious society. However, in a liberal, pluralistic society the challenge of any given conception of harmony is regarded as a necessary feature of any evolving community — and that is probably the very core of liberty, and its paradox.
Constituent Power and Reflexive Identity: Towards an Ontology of Collective Selfhood
Authors: Lindahl Hans 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyses the nature of collective identity implicit in the notion of a political community. Taking the debate between Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt on the competing claims to priority of the legal-normative and the political as exemplary of influential and opposing positions in constitutional theory, it argues (against both) that collective identity is reflexive identity, that self-constitution is constitution both by (political) and of (legal-normative) a collective self, and that the paradoxical relation of constituent power and constitutional form — of democracy and legality — is in a certain sense specious. The chapter sets a frame for addressing the arguments of the papers that follow.
People and Elites in Republican Constitutions, Traditional and Modern
Authors: McCormick John P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUtilising the works of the early 16th century Florentine republicans, Guicciardini and Machiavelli, this chapter focuses on a critical distinction between traditional and modern constitutions. In traditional constitutions ‘the people’ signifies not only the body politic but also the common people with a distinctive interest in ensuring their freedom from oppression by the patrician class who invariably exerted a disproportionate influence in government. In modern constitutions, by contrast, ‘the people’ is invariably treated as a unitary entity of formally equal citizens, with class-blind representative forms that tend to shield from view the reality of elective oligarchy. The chapter acknowledges the necessity of maintaining within contemporary constitutional arrangements the tension between the instituted power of elected (patrician) rulers and the powers of the common people to check their more reckless or restrictive projects.
Constitutionalism's Post-Modern Opening
Authors: Carrozza Paolo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the radical potential of contemporary constitutionalism, whereby constituent power is neither colonized by nor in symbiosis with the legal. This potential is illustrated in the work of Negri, in which it remains a latent revolutionary possibility which lies behind the legally constituted authority of the polity. It is argued that this radical potential need no longer be seen in terms of a revolutionary paradigm. Rather, under conditions of fragmented or multi-level authority in which the state is no longer the dominant level, constitutional form continues to structure but no longer determines political possibilities nor entirely controls the ways in which political movements approach and utilize legally constituted authority.
‘We the Peoples’: Constituent Power and Constitutionalism in Plurinational States
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the challenge to state authority from the perspective of sub-state nationalism. It develops the argument in relation to such ‘plurinational’ states as Belgium, Canada, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and asks how sub-national movements might find constitutional voice, whether such voice is likely to affirm or compromise their ‘constituent’ autonomy, and, more generally, whether and in what circumstances the relationship between the constituent potential of sub-state and state demoi might be conceived in either zero-sum or positive-sum terms.
The Normativity of Instrumental Reason
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMost philosophers think it uncontroversial that practical reason requires us to take the means to our ends, but have been silent about the normative foundation of this requirement. The interesting question, almost everyone agrees, is whether practical reason requires anything more, such as a principle of morality or prudence. This chapter examines the question what makes instrumental reason normative. It articulates the answers implicit in the rationalist and empiricist traditions, criticizing the former for its inability to explain how we can be motivated by the instrumental principle, and the latter for its inability to explain how we can be guided by it. It argues that the normativity of instrumental reason, like that of moral reason, must be grounded in the agent's autonomy, and also that there can be no requirement to take the means to our ends unless there are also required ends.
Self‐Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPlato and Kant advance a “Constitutional Model” of the soul, in which reason and passion have different functional roles in the generation of motivation, as opposed to Hume's “Combat Model” in which they are portrayed as independent sources of motivation struggling for control. The Constitutional Model makes it possible to explain what makes an action different from an event. What makes an action attributable to a person and therefore what makes it an action, is that it issues from the person's constitution and therefore from the person as a whole, rather than from some force working on or in the person. This implies an account of what makes an action good: it is chosen in a way that unifies the person into a constitutional system. Platonic justice and Kant's categorical imperative are shown to be normative standards for action because they are internal standards of action.
From Duty and for the Sake of the Noble: Kant and Aristotle on Morally Good Action
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAristotle believes that an agent lacks virtue unless she enjoys the performance of virtuous actions, while Kant claims that the person who does her duty despite contrary inclinations exhibits a moral worth that the person who acts from inclination lacks. Despite these differences, this chapter argues that Aristotle and Kant share a distinctive view of the object of human choice and locus of moral value: that what we choose, and what has moral value, are not mere acts, but actions: acts done for the sake of ends. Morally good actions embody a kind of intrinsic value that inspires us to do them from duty (in Kant) or for the sake of the noble (in Aristotle). The chapter traces the difference in their attitudes about doing one's duty with pleasure to a difference in their attitudes towards pleasure itself: Aristotle sees it as a perception of the good, while Kant thinks of it as mere feeling.
The General Point of View: Love and Moral Approval in Hume's Ethics
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHume thinks moral judgments are based on sentiments of approval and disapproval we feel when we contemplate someone from a “general point of view.” But why do we take up the general point of view? Hume argues that we take up the general point of view in order to avoid contradictions in our moral judgments, but this argument does not work because we do not make moral judgments until we take up the general point of view. This chapter proposes a different account. Hume argues that approval is a calm form of love, love of character, which sets a normative standard for other forms of love. The chapter argues that character, as a form of causality, is constructed from the general point of view. We take up the general view to view people as agents with characters, that is, as possible objects of love.
Host–parasite relations of bacteria and phages can be unveiled by Oligostickiness, a measure of relaxed sequence similarity
Authors: Ahmed Shamim , Saito Ayumu , Suzuki Miho , Nemoto Naoto , Nishigaki Koichi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: The recent metagenome analysis has been producing a large number of host-unassigned viruses. Although assigning viruses to their hosts is basically important not only for virology but also for prevention of epidemic, it has been a laborious and difficult task to date. The only effective method for this purpose has been to find them in a same microscopic view. Now, we tried a computational approach based on genome sequences of bacteria and phages, introducing a physicochemical parameter, SOSS (set of oligostickiness similarity score) derived from oligostickiness, a measure of binding affinity of oligonucleotides to template DNA.
Results: We could confirm host–parasite relationships of bacteria and their phages by SOSS analysis: all phages tested (25 species) had a remarkably higher SOSS value with its host than with unrelated bacteria. Interestingly, according to SOSS values, lysogenic phages such as lambda phage (host: Escherichia coli) or SPP1 (host: Bacillus subtilis) have distinctively higher similarity with its host than its non-lysogenic (excretive or virulent) ones such as fd and T4 (host: E.coli) or phages gamma and PZA (host: B.subtilis). This finding is very promising for assigning host-unknown viruses to its host. We also investigated the relationship in codon usage frequency or G+C content of genomes to interpret the phenomenon revealed by SOSS analysis, obtaining evidences which support the hypothesis that higher SOSS values resulted from the cohabitation in the same environment which may cause the common biased mutation. Thus, lysogenic phages which stay inside longer resemble the host.
Contact: koichi@fms.saitama-u.ac.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
TGFβ inhibits GM‐CSF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and MEK in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines via inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐k)
Authors: Montenegro D. E. , Franklin T , Moscinski L. C. , Zuckerman K. S. , Hu X.‐T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Activation of SMAD‐independent p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) signalling by TGFβ has been recently reported in various cell types. However, the mechanisms for the linkage between the SMAD‐dependent and ‐independent pathways are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether TGF‐β activates the ERK pathway and how TGFβ communicates with the MAP kinase signals induced by a mitogen, in human myeloid leukaemia cells.Materials and methods and results:  TGFβ dramatically suppressed proliferation of MV4–11 and TF‐1 cells without detectable phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 for the duration of 48 h, as detected by MTT assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. In contrast, GM‐CSF induced rapid and transient phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 and up‐regulated cell proliferation. Both GM‐CSF‐induced ERK1/2 activation and cell proliferation were significantly inhibited by TGFβ. GM‐CSF also induced transient phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3‐kinase. Corresponding to this change, phosphorylated p85 was found to bind to the GM‐CSF receptor‐α subunit, as detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. PD98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK, blocked GM‐CSF‐induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK but not p85. However, TGFβ and LY294002, a potent inhibitor of PI3‐kinase, significantly inhibited phosphorylation of both p85 and ERK1/2.Conclusions:  These studies thus indicate that TGFβ does not activate the ERK pathway but turns off the GM‐CSF‐induced ERK signal via inhibition of the PI3‐kinase‐Akt pathway, in these human laeukemia cells.
Capacity of robot handling for Epstein‐Barr virus transformation
Authors: Chang I.‐C. , Ko H.‐W. , Hwang S.‐M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) transformation has been described as a routine method to establish human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Each established lymphoblastoid cell line represents one unique genetic information carrier and can produce unlimited quantities of DNA materials available for downstream applications and research. Undoubtedly, it is of great value to human clinical and experimental genetic studies. However, the current process of EBV transformation requires much manpower in the routine renewal of medium, which is time‐consuming. This situation can become a serious problem especially when establishing a human B lymphoblastoid cell bank. A modified and cost‐effective protocol for EBV transformation should be considered.Materials and methods:  In the present study, process in EBV transformation was modified to fit the requirements of robot handling.Results:  1 mL of whole blood was demonstrated to be sufficient to perform EBV transformation. Additionally, EBV transformation can performed in 96‐deep‐well plates that are directly and widely used with automatic work platforms.Conclusions:  Based on these facts, a process of EBV transformation can be modified to fit the requirements of robot handling.
Manufacturing ghost fathers: the paradox of father presence and absence in child welfare
Authors: Brown Leslie , Callahan Marilyn , Strega Susan , Walmsley Christopher , Dominelli Lena 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTFathers exist in the lives of women and children involved with child welfare authorities, and yet, they are rarely seen by child welfare. This invisibility exists whether or not fathers are deemed as risks or as assets to their families. Using an analysis of fundamental child welfare policies and practices and relevant literature, the paper examines how ‘ghost’ fathers are manufactured, and how this phenomenon affects families and professionals in child welfare. An analysis of gender, class, race and culture of child welfare discourses shows how these fathers are seen as deviant, dangerous, irresponsible and irrelevant, and even further, how absence in child welfare is inextricably linked to blaming mothers. In failing to work with fathers, child welfare ignores potential risks and assets for both mothers and children.
Developing congruent children's services to improve child well‐being
Authors: Axford Nick 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores whether different concepts of child well‐being call for different ‘service styles’ and, if so, whether these styles can dovetail together to form a congruent pattern of children's services. The first part draws on the distinguishing features of five approaches to conceptualizing well‐being – need, rights, poverty, quality of life and social exclusion – and their empirical manifestations (‘conditions’) to identify different emphases or ‘styles’ in service provision. The second, more discursive part of the paper explores potential contradictions between these service styles, for example, between needs‐led and rights‐based approaches or between policies to tackle poverty and combat social exclusion. The third part examines whether and how such contradictions can be minimized to achieve greater congruence and discusses the need to consider the orientation of children's services in respect of interpretations of child well‐being.
Numbers of children looked after in England: a historical analysis
Authors: Rowlands John , Statham June 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper is an analysis of the relationship between policy, practice and the rates of children looked after by local authorities in England. It examines the trends in the numbers of children looked after by local authorities in England over a period of approximately 40 years. The increase in children looked after in the decade after 1994 is shown to be the result of fewer children entering care, but those that do tend to stay longer. This two‐part dynamic appears to have been the underlying determinant of the care population over a long period of time. The fact that time spent in care is such a key factor suggests that planning for children who are already looked after is a crucial determinant of the numbers in care. However, it is argued that poorly developed family support services limit current options for reducing the size of the care population. A range of effective family support services could potentially have an impact on the number of children in care in three ways: by helping to maintain more children within their families; by identifying those children who need care earlier; and by improving the chances of some children being successfully returned home.
Protein biochip array technology to monitor rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Fabre S , Guisset C , Tatem L , Dossat N , Dupuy A M , Cohen J D , Cristol J P , Daures J P , Jorgensen C 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIn rheumatoid arthritis (RA) there are currently no good indicators to predict a clinical response to rituximab. The purpose of this study was to monitor and determine the role of peripheral blood cytokine profiling in differentiating between a good versus poor response to rituximab in RA. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 3 months from 46 RA patients who were treated with rituximab. Responders are defined by the presence of three of four American College of Rheumatology criteria: ≥ 20% decrease in C-reactive protein, visual analogical score of disease activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and improvement of the disease activity score (28) (four values) by ≥ 1·2 obtained at 3 months. Twelve cytokines were measured from serum collected on days 0 and 90 by proteomic array, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-8, interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, epidermal growth factor and vascular growth factor. We showed that C-reactive protein and IL-6 levels decrease significantly at 3 months in the responder group compared with baseline. At day 90 we identified a cytokine profile which differentiates responders and non-responders. High serum levels of two proinflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and epidermal growth factor, were significantly higher in the responder group at day 90 compared with non-responders. However, we were not able to identify a baseline cytokine profile predictive of a good response at 3 months. These findings suggest that cytokine profiling by proteomic analysis may be a promising tool for monitoring rituximab and may help in the future to identify responder RA patients.
Host kairomone learning and foraging success in an egg parasitoid: a simulation model
Authors: DAUPHIN GUILLAUME , COQUILLARD PATRICK , COLAZZA STEFANO , PERI EZIO , WAJNBERG ÉRIC 
Published: January 2009

Abstract 1. Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an egg parasitoid that recognises chemical residues left by its host the green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as kairomone signals, enabling it to find egg masses in which to lay eggs.2. Kairomones are usually present as patches deposited by N. viridula females, and recent results (Peri et al., Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 3629–3635, 2006) indicated that females of T. basalis are able to learn the features of their foraging environment and to adjust accordingly the amount of time spent on the patches of kairomones they are visiting, depending on whether or not host eggs are found.3. In order to assess the impact of this learning ability, a Monte Carlo, spatially explicit and individual‐based simulation model was built to quantify the foraging efficiency of T. basalis females in environments with different levels of host abundance and distribution. In all cases, the present study compared the foraging efficiency of simulated T. basalis females having the ability to learn with those lacking this ability.4. Learning females always visited a higher number of kairomone patches and attacked a higher number of hosts than non‐learning females, especially when there was a high density of kairomone patches in the environment.5. Learning ability globally appears to allow the maintenance of efficient foraging success, especially when there is a low probability for the kairomone patches to contain discoverable hosts.6. The increase in foraging efficiency for learning females appears to depend on the characteristics of the habitat in which they are foraging. Results thus suggest that significant variation in learning ability is likely to occur in natural wasp populations facing different environments with different host spatial distributions.
Fast free surface multiples attenuation workflow for three‐dimensional ocean bottom seismic data
Authors: Traub Bärbel , Nguyen Anh Kiet , Riede Matthias 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTWater multiples can be very strong and contaminate the primary reflections. This can cause problems in the processing flow and the interpretation of the subsurface image. Hence, multiples suppression is an important part of the preprocessing flow. We present a fast workflow for attenuation of free surface related multiples for 2D and 3D ocean bottom seismic data based on the wave equation approach. Included in the workflow are: 1. Calibration of the pressure and vertical velocity components by using wavefield splitting. 2. Data interpolation by using offset projection. 3. Fast Radon transform by using fast fractional Fourier transform. Advantages of this workflow are that it is fast, efficient and the only requirements are the recording of both pressure and vertical particle components at some point below the source in the water column.