bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazilian Mu‘allaqa
Authors: Hassan Waïl S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Alberto Mussa (b. 1961) is the author of the novel O enigma de Qaf (2004, The Riddle of Qaf) and the translator of pre-Islamic poetry. Narrated by a Brazilian of Arab descent, the novel is set in the late fifth or early sixth century Arabia and tells the story of a fictional poet who is supposedly the author of a lost classical ode. The novel draws on The Book of a Thousand and One Nights and Tupi mythology to construct a parable of cultural mixture and hybridization. Premised on the idea of Oriental wisdom, Mussa’s literary project represents a conscious attempt both to discover his cultural roots as a Brazilian of mixed Arab and Indigenous descent and to establish a dialogue between Arabic and Brazilian literatures through translation and fictional creation.
Building Gender-Inclusive Democracies
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the core arguments of the book and lays out recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and gender equality advocates. It describes several steps that bilateral and multilateral donors can take to improve their policy frameworks and financing, such as increasing targeted funding for women’s political empowerment, channeling more resources directly to women’s rights organizations, and expanding their in-house gender expertise. Shifting the focus to organizations responsible for designing and implementing aid programs, it proposes specific strategies to strengthen second-generation approaches to women’s political empowerment. It emphasizes the importance of building on past legal gains, revamping capacity-building programs, advancing gender-sensitive institutional reforms, and engaging men as stakeholders and allies. Finally, it examines how practitioners and advocates can respond to several critical challenges, including the persistence of discriminatory gender norms, inequalities between women, and democratic erosion. We conclude by identifying avenues to improve learning in the field going forward.
Disciplinary Power and Feminism
Authors: Monyani Margaret , Wefwafwa Allan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Kenyan women’s resistance to disciplinary power, which is intended to train and control them. Women’s resistance strategies include avoiding and rearticulating discourses to destabilize the status quo. The chapter conceptualizes disciplinary power as a form of cyberbullying in which government and society establish laws and norms to regulate female nudity because it corrupts public morals. The chapter uses Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power to illustrate how power functions as the reference point for feminist resistance utilizing nudity. With Kenya as a case study, the chapter argues that information communication technology (ICT) enhances women’s ability to advance the feminist agenda through nude self-images packaged to assert feminist resistance. Utilizing technological determinism and qualitative content analysis, this chapter examines how women use nude photographs to assert feminism in public spaces and to pursue economic and political gain.
Information Technology and Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how information technology changes the quality of subversion as established in the previous chapter. It shows that information technology offers new opportunities but also new challenges for the projection of power. Importantly, technological change does not overcome the subversive trilemma between speed, intensity, and control. The analysis starts by showing the subversive nature of cyber operations, which produce outcomes by exploiting and manipulating computer systems. It shows that cyber operations involve greater opportunities to expand the scale of effects compared to traditional subversion but face additional challenges in producing more intense effects against a given set of targets. Examining the specific challenges and trade-offs involved reveals that the scale advantage of cyber operations also comes with a heightened risk of control loss, however, limiting or forfeiting potential strategic gains. Meanwhile, cyber operations face steeper hurdles to produce physical effects than traditional subversion. The final section thus concludes that technological change does not fundamentally alter the quality of subversion. Rather than revolutionizing conflict, cyber operations constitute an evolution in techniques of subversion. Finally, it discusses the strategic limitations and formulates expectations for empirical analysis.
How Neurons Work
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the brain’s approximately 86,000,000,000 neurons communicate with each other through a process known as synaptic transmission. The chapter reviews how neurons communicate both chemically and electrically, and discusses how human behavior arises from the complexity of these neuronal connections and interactions. The chapter also explains how nerve impulse transmission is improved by a substance called myelin, which is impaired in diseases like multiple sclerosis. The chapter discusses legally relevant aspects of brain development, including how early life adversity can affect connections between neurons, the extent to which plasticity (the ability of the brain to modify its connections) continues throughout the lifespan for different circuits, and the extent to which plasticity depends on critical periods (the limited period in which a given brain development may occur) and sensitive periods (when development is more easily achieved). The chapter concludes with brief descriptions of the major functions of four key neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and oxytocin.
Introduction
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the gender gap in property rights, provides a brief history of the elevation of property rights in international law, including within the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and outlines this book. The CEDAW Committee’s General Recommendations, Concluding Observations in response to periodic state reports, Views in response to communications filed by individuals or groups as well as Reports on Inquiries have interpreted CEDAW’s property provisions over time. This book describes that jurisprudence (chapter 2), puts it in the context of criticisms of CEDAW and international human rights (chapters 3 and 4), and compares CEDAW’s interpretation of property rights to that generated under the international investment regime (chapter 5) and the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights (chapter 6). A final chapter assesses the CEDAW regime’s approach and suggests reasons why it matters.
Further Thoughts
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This essay describes Thomas Nagel’s later thoughts about how to respond to the problem posed by “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” It suggests that the most promising path forward for the mind-body problem, if one accepts the irreducible subjectivity of consciousness, is to seek a necessary connection between mental and neurophysiological states through a more fundamental type of state which is neither mental nor physical but necessitates them both as essential aspects—in other words, a state that is physical from the outside and mental from the inside, just as we are. This would be a form of monism, requiring the formation of new concepts, since our present concepts of the mental and the physical do not entail such a necessary connection. The essay explains why the relation between the mental and the physical may be necessary, even though our present concepts make it appear contingent.
What Is a “Garden”?
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1—“What Is a ‘Garden’?”—first explores and critiques recent definitions of the term. It then proposes and assesses a variety of ways to approach defining the term. Guided by the thought that theory should follow practice, it provides a comprehensive inventory of garden types. This inventory is organized within six categories: identity and style gardens, preservation and collection gardens, destination gardens, “function-forward” gardens, setting and framing gardens, and personal gardens. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what does not count as a garden.
Can We Interpret Gardens?
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7—“Can We Interpret Gardens?”—examines arguments for gardens being interpretable, or being bearers of meaning, and arguments that claim that gardens cannot or do not possess meaning. Some of the arguments against interpreting gardens do not focus on the impossibility of gardens bearing meaning, or garden enthusiasts finding meaning in gardens, but rather that gardens are simply not particularly good about bearing or conveying meaning and that there are more profitable ways to appreciate gardens. More has been written on this topic in garden philosophy than perhaps any other, and so a full chapter is devoted to exploring the topic. Our view is that if a garden can be a work of art, and works of art are typically interpretable, then a garden that is a work of art should be interpretable, as well.
Gardens and Value
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9—“Gardens and Value”—begins with the question: do gardens have only positive value? After discussing this topic and examining arguments for and against, it considers whether ethical considerations are relevant to gardens. Following this, it discusses a range of different ethical issues relevant to gardens, including issues of colonization, ownership, guerilla gardening, the dominion and deception problems, and problems connected to gardens and resource use. The chapter concludes with consideration of the question: can the value of one garden be compared with that of another? It examines arguments for and against.
Elements of Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Global politics in the twenty-first century is complicated by dense interdependencies, rapid technological innovation, and fierce security competition. How should governments formulate grand strategy in this complex environment? Many strategists look to deterrence as the answer, but there are doubts about how much we can expect from deterrence. Classical deterrence theory developed in response to the distinctive circumstances of the Cold War. Since then, strategists have sought to apply deterrence theory to a range of threats on the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains, with varying degrees of success. If war is the continuation of politics by other means, then the diversity of technologies in modern war suggests a diversity of political effects. Some military forces or postures are particularly useful for “winning” wars. Other military and non-military tools are more adept at “warning” adversaries of consequences or demonstrating resolve. Still others may accomplish these objectives at a reduced political cost, or with greater strategic stability. As such, deterrence is not a single, coherent strategy or objective, but a complex bundle of relationships between and among several ends and means. This book presents findings from a decade-long research program on “cross-domain deterrence.” Through a series of theoretical and empirical studies, it explores fundamental trade-offs that have always been implicit in practice but that have yet to be synthesized into a general theory of decision making under constraint and in the pursuit of peace. It integrates newly revised and updated versions of published work alongside new work into a holistic framework for understanding how deterrence works—or fails to work—in multiple domains.
Populist Politics in Latin America and Europe
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter extends the framework of crises of representation, appeals to the brokenness and restoration of the moral contract, and types of populist politics to cases in Europe and Latin America. It argues that Latin America tends to experience reordering populisms, with some exceptions, because party systems are fragile and unrepresentative. It explores Mexico as a modal case for reordering populism, with AMLO evoking the brokenness of the moral contract associated with the revolution, promising restoration and transforming the party system. In Europe, the institutionalization of party systems tends to yield quotidian and additive populisms, though with exceptions. The chapter then explores the additive national populist mobilizations in Hungary and Turkey as mobilizations against establishments perceived as corrupt.
Revolutions That Changed the World (Wide Web)
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter Four explores American 1990s technological advances that changed the world. NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope that transformed exploration of the universe. Bill McKibben published the first book on global warming, The End of Nature, and Al Gore published Earth in the Balance, books that eventually resulted in international action to confront man-made climate change. US government scientists initiated the Human Genome Project to map human genes with the goal of treating and curing disease. The laptop computer race continued between IBM and Steve Jobs of Apple, while Bill Gates dominated operating systems at Microsoft. The World Wide Web appeared, but surfing the internet was laborious until 1995, when Netscape launched its web browser Navigator. That quickly stimulated a million new websites—the dot.com revolution. Soon, digital corporations changed business, from Google to Amazon to Hotmail to Facebook, along with new devices such as smart cell phones.
Fin de Siècle @ Anything Goes America
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter Five concerns the last few years of the century, when cultural values changed rapidly, resulting in Anything Goes America. Obscenity, sex, violence, Viagra, hip-hop, even the F-word were amplified on radio talk shows, reality and animated television, and the internet. Satellite DIRECTV, and the Dish Network began operations, resulting in many new channels—arts, food, college sports. Clinton’s second term is examined, including four years of balanced budgets, Roth IRA, and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Foreign policy concerned Iraq, Kosovo, the expansion of NATO, and mounting Islamic terrorism spearheaded by Osama bin Laden. At home the nation focused on Anything Goes Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky, special prosecutor Kenneth Starr, the impeachment and trial. The 2000 election ends the chapter with Democrat Al Gore facing Republican George W. Bush and spoiler Ralph Nader, which was the first election decided by the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore.
Introduction
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction describes the events and circumstances leading up to the authors’ decision to collaborate on the design of a college course at the University of Missouri in the aftermath of the killing of Michael Brown in 2014. It relates the process by which the course was created, the content of the course readings, and the uniqueness of the course relative to other courses on race in American colleges and universities. It explains the authors’ reasons for choosing to focus on the discussion of primary historical sources relating to the history of race in the United States. Weaving together aspects of their personal stories with their academic expertise, Shonekan and Seagrave highlight crucial features of the Race and the American Story course. They reflect on the significance of the course for higher education and for American society.
Two Experiences, One Nation
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors reflect on the ways in which various institutional and social contexts, such as schools, neighborhoods, legal frameworks, and political systems, contribute to shape very different experiences for white and Black Americans. They connect this phenomenon to the global history of European colonialism and its effects in Nigeria, Trinidad, and elsewhere. Shonekan draws on her experience studying African and African American literature and music, particularly the music of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and his analysis of the psychological impact of colonialism. Seagrave provides an extended commentary on the question of whether American institutions, including the Constitution itself, are racist. These discussions provide a combination of the authors’ lived experiences with insights gained from their academic expertise.
Knowledge and Ignorance
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the authors’ insights into the ways in which ignorance and knowledge influence the existence and perpetuation of racism in the United States. Shonekan relates her experience participating in a predominantly white book club in Naperville, Illinois, as well as her son’s experience as a Black male college student in Sunderland, Massachusetts. Seagrave relates his experiences teaching about African American history and learning from his African American students at Northern Illinois University, the University of Missouri, and Arizona State University. Each of the authors’ transitions from ignorance to knowledge uncovers important truths of the American experience. They reveal both the ongoing effects of widespread ignorance about race and the possibilities for coming to knowledge and achieving understanding.
China’s Impact on the Global Iron Ore Market
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines China’s impact on the global iron ore market. China emerged as the number one importer of iron ore in 2003, overtaking Japan. At the time, and for many decades prior, the global iron ore market had operated under a negotiated benchmark pricing regime where prices were determined in annual closed-door negotiations between the three main iron ore producers and the Japanese importers. Only four years after Baosteel took over the negotiations, in 2010, the benchmark pricing regime fell apart and a spot-pricing regime emerged in its stead. Chinese stakeholders’ position of market vulnerability in the face of powerful iron ore exporters led to fragmented behavior and the unintended liberalization of the global pricing regime. In contrast, when Japan emerged as the highly coordinated number one importer in the 1960s, it established a stable negotiated pricing regime, the very benchmarking regime China would rise to disrupt fifty years later.
The Composition of Thoughts
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly , May Robert 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Are Fregean thoughts compositionally complex and composed of senses? This chapter argues that, in Begriffsschrift, Frege took ‘conceptual contents’ to be unstructured, but that he quickly moved away from this position, holding just two years later that conceptual contents divide of themselves into ‘function’ and ‘argument’. This second position is shown to be unstable, however, by Frege’s famous substitution puzzle. For Frege, the crucial question the puzzle raises is why “The Morning Star is a planet” and “The Evening Star is a planet” have different contents, but his second position predicts that they should have the same content. Frege’s response to this antinomy is of course to distinguish sense from reference, but what has not previously been noticed is that this response also requires thoughts to be compositionally complex, composed of senses. That, however, raises the question just how thoughts are composed from senses. We reconstruct a Fregean answer, one that turns on an insistence that this question must be understood as semantic rather than metaphysical. It is not a question about the intrinsic nature of residents of the third realm but a question about how thoughts are expressed by sentences.
Faith
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that we have practical grounds for thinking of ourselves as the agents of our thinking: it is an article of faith. It draws on Kant’s account of our moral faith in God to provide an account of the distinction between theoretical and practical grounds for assent and argues that we have practical grounds for assenting to the claim that we are the agents of our thinking because assent in the claim is a condition on self-conscious subjects settling questions about the propriety of their perspective on the world, something which we are required to do in virtue of being self-conscious.
Empirical focus and proposal
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 offers a succinct description of the patterns of definiteness that can be observed in Balkan Romance, for each possible binary combination between a noun on the one hand and, on the other, a pre-nominal or post-nominal modifier, a pre-nominal or post-nominal demonstrative, a cardinal, a weak or strong quantifier, a complement, and a pre-nominal or post-nominal possessive. The chapter also identifies the possible sources of the variation in definiteness patterns across Balkan Romance: the specific morphosyntactic features of various heads within the DP in each language (including EPP and discourse-related features), and the scope of the proposed Spell-Out rule, which can extend to all the [def] bearing heads that are accessible to D, or be limited to only the closest accessible head bearing [def]. The last part of Chapter 3 discusses the previous literature on definiteness in Balkan Romance languages.
Other Fortran 2023 enhancements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Numerous minor changes to the standard are described. There are a number of new intrinsic procedures. An array or allocatable object may have a coarray component. Simple procedures, which provide more scope for optimization, have been added. New enumeration types have been added. Conditional expressions now provide control flow within expressions. Limits on line length and statement size have been greatly increased. Leading zeros on floating-point output can now be controlled. Minor improvements to C interoperability are added.
The public interest context of the VMDR
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis considers public interest and opinion regarding people with mental disorders, criminal offenders, and the mentally ill offender. After an introductory section about the concepts of cultural literacy and other ‘literacies’ (health, mental health, and crime/criminology), the chapter reviews the empirical studies of public attitudes and beliefs about various facets of the vice/mental disorder relationship. The public interest is examined from several perspectives: public attitudes about the relationships between crime and mental illness and research into stigma toward mentally ill people, criminal offenders, and mentally ill offenders. The author then examines the empirical associations between crime and mental illness as a contrast with public attitudes and beliefs. Not surprisingly, the prevailing majority of the public holds the false belief that mental illness and crime are commonly linked. This conclusion leads to the related issue about why the public holds such misconceptions. The latter question is examined through a review of the empirical literature on media portrayals of crime, criminal offenders, and people with mental illness.