bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Royalist Scourge or Liberator of the Patria? Agustín de Iturbide and Mexico's War of Independence, 1810–1821
Authors: Archer Christon I. 
Published: October 2008

Agustin de Iturbide was a pivotal figure in the epoch of Mexican independence and as he became emperor of his independent nation. He is less well known for his earlier roles in the army of New Spain and as an effective though controversial counterinsurgency commander in the provinces of Guanajuato where he became captain general. Iturbide maintained a high profile with the viceroys and senior commanders and he was particularly hard on the insurgent leaders and their followers. He developed rough counterinsurgency techniques and unlike most royalist commanders, he kept detailed journals of his exploits that illustrate the nature of the brutal and lengthy war. Iturbide also abused royalists who got in his way and he appeared to profit significantly from his campaigns. In 1816, he came under severe criticism from the Cura of Guanajuato for his abuses and for over three years he lived in Mexico City as a sort of internal exile. Iturbide received a new lease on life in 1820 as a counterinsurgency commander and in 1821 as a liberator who issued the Plan de Iguala and established a new government with the Treaty of Córdoba. The present study traces Iturbide's career and different roles from 1810 to 1821.
Agustin de Iturbide fue una figura fundamental en la época de la independencia mexicana cuando se hizo emperador de la nación independiente. Él es menos conocido por su participación anterior en el ejército de la Nueva España, como un eficaz aunque controvertido comandante de la contrainsurgencia en las provincias de Guanajuato, donde ocupó el cargo de capitán general. Iturbide mantuvo un rol importante con los virreyes y los comandantes mayores y fue particularmente duro con los líderes insurgentes y sus seguidores. Desarrolló técnicas de contrainsurgencia ásperas y a diferencia de la mayor parte de los comandantes monárquicos, mantuvo diarios detallados de sus acciones que ilustran la naturaleza de esa guerra brutal y larga. Iturbide también abusó de los monárquicos que se metieron en su camino ya que pareció sacar considerable ganancia de sus campañas. En 1816, fue criticado severamente por el Cura de Guanajuato por sus abusos; durante más de tres años vivió en la Ciudad de México en una especie de exilio interno. Iturbide recibió un nuevo impulso a su vida en 1820 como comandante de la contrainsurgencia, y en 1821 como un libertador que proclamó el Plan de Iguala y estableció un nuevo gobierno con el Tratado de Córdoba. El presente estudio recorre la trayectoria de Iturbide y sus diferentes roles, de 1810 a 1821.
Orígenes federales del republicanismo en México, 1810–1824
Authors: Chust Manuel , Frasquet Ivana 
Published: October 2008

El republicanismo en México tuvo diversos orígenes ideológicos. Se alimentó de diferentes fuentes teóricas, ideológicas y políticas. Una de ellas, y la que le dotará de singularidad, es la surgida desde las Cortes de Cádiz hasta el periodo de Iturbide. En las Cortes de Cádiz los diputados novohispanos se sintieron representantes de sus provincias en un congreso nacional, de tal forma que conjugaron una doble soberanía, la provincial y la nacional. Esta doble soberanía provocó un posicionamiento del liberalismo peninsular hacia posturas centralistas y, en segundo lugar, la reacción visceral del sector absolutista y, especialmente, del propio monarca en contra de los derechos de igualdad americanos. Tras la reacción absolutista de mayo de 1814 y la posterior represión, el autonomismo americano se fue reafirmando en que sus derechos se truncaban sistemáticamente por la oposición del monarca, por lo que las reivindicaciones federales fueron progresivamente adscribiéndose a las tesis republicanas por el antagonismo que tenía hacia la monarquía. Esta problemática se volvió a repetir, tanto en las Cortes de 1820 y 1821 en Madrid como en las del México independiente. De esta forma, la lucha por el federalismo se tornó en una lucha por la república, dado que ni la monarquía absolutista ni la constitucional de Fernando VII, ni el imperio de Iturbide fueron capaces de garantizar un estado federal.
The ideological origins of Mexican republicanism were diverse and included a variety of theoretical, ideological, and political sources. One of them, a unique source, emerged in the Cortes of Cádiz and continued into the Iturbide period. The novohispano deputies to Cortes of Cádiz considered themselves to be representatives of their provinces in a national congress and therefore assumed a double sovereignty, that of their province and that of the nation. That double sovereignty caused Peninsular deputies to embrace centralism. It also provoked a visceral reaction from absolutists and particularly from the monarch against the American quest for equality. The absolutist reaction of May 1814 and the subsequent repression convinced American autonomists that their rights would be systematically reduced by the monarch's opposition. As a result, the federalist tendencies of the Americans increasingly changed to republicanism as the only way to achieve their goal. This trend continued both in the Cortes of 1820 and 1821 in Madrid and subsequently in independent Mexico. Therefore the drive for federalism became a struggle for a republic since neither the absolutist and the later constitutional monarchy of Fernando VII nor Iturbide's empire were willing to accept a federal state.
Las finanzas públicas de México en el primer Imperio y la República federal (1821–1835). Una revisión historiográfica
Authors: Santiró Ernest Sánchez 
Published: October 2008

El artículo presenta la producción historiográfica más actual sobre las finanzas públicas de México en el período 1821–1835, momento en el que se asentaron las características básicas del régimen fiscal mexicano hasta los años sesenta del siglo XIX, a las puertas del régimen porfiriano. Se da cuenta del creciente volumen de dicha historiografía y de su diversificación temática, espacial y temporal. Así, a los rasgos básicos ya conocidos—el carácter confederal del fisco mexicano desde 1824, que habría generado un Estado fiscalmente débil, el peso medular de los impuestos sobre el comercio exterior en los ingresos federales, el uso del crédito interno y externo para financiar el déficit y la relación de dependencia que se estableció entre la Hacienda federal y los agiotistas—se ha añadido el conocimiento más amplio de las finanzas públicas de los estados, así como el de los diversos proyectos de reforma fiscal liberal, ejemplificados en la aplicación de las contribuciones directas.
This article evaluates the most recent historiography about Mexican public finances during the period 1821–1835, a time during which the basic characteristics of Mexico's fiscal system were established and lasted until the decade of the 1860's. The work notes the growing volume of that historiography and its thematic, spatial, and temporal diversification. In addition to the well known basic aspects of Mexican finances—its confederal nature since 1824, which resulted in a fiscally weak state, its dependence on taxes on foreign trade, its reliance on internal and external loans to finance federal deficits, and the federal Treasury's relation of dependence on agiotistas—the article considers the new research on the public finances of the states of the Mexican confederation as well as the liberal efforts to reform public finances, such as the introduction of direct taxes.
La prevención frente al despotismo. El primer liberalismo en Nueva España y México, 1808–1834
Authors: Galante Mirian 
Published: October 2008

Este artículo aborda el proceso de definición del liberalismo mexicano desde la crisis monárquica de 1808 hasta 1834, poniéndolo en estrecha relación con la consolidación progresiva, a lo largo del desarrollo emancipador, del principio de soberanía popular como el fundamento legítimo del poder y del gobierno representativo como el mejor sistema para hacer efectiva dicha soberanía. Si hasta entonces el objetivo del liberalismo era la prevención frente a la tiranía de uno, la ampliación del cuerpo político derivada de las abdicaciones de Bayona producirá la reacción de algunos políticos que temían especialmente el despotismo de los muchos, esto es, el establecimiento de la democracia. En esta tensión se expresaron diversas estrategias constitucionales que en definitiva tendían a incrementar, controlar o reducir el número de agentes, instituciones o mecanismos fiscalizadores implicados en la toma de decisiones.
This article is concerned with the process of defining Mexican liberalism from the time of the 1808 crisis of the Spanish Monarchy until 1834. It emphasizes the progressive consolidation of the principle of popular sovereignty as the foundation of legitimate authority and of representative government as the best system to assure that sovereignty. Initially, liberalism was concerned with preventing the tyranny of one individual. However, the abdications of the Spanish Monarchs at Bayonne, which resulted in the expansion of the body politic, led some political leaders to fear the despotism of the many, that is, the establishment of democracy. As a result, they pursued constitutional strategies that were meant either to increase the control or to reduce the number of individuals, institutions and oversight mechanisms involved in the decision-making process.
Reducing the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Child Care and Changing Provider Practices: Lessons Learned From a Demonstration Project
Authors: Moon Rachel Y. , Calabrese Trisha , Aird Laura 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate, through an American Academy of Pediatrics demonstration project, the effectiveness of a curriculum and train-the-trainer model in changing child care providers' behaviors regarding safe infant sleep practices.
METHODS. Participating licensed child care centers and family child care homes were assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. Observers performed an initial unannounced visit to each site, to watch infants being placed for sleep, to inventory sleep policies, and to administer questionnaires to center staff members. Trainers then used the American Academy of Pediatrics curriculum in educational sessions at intervention sites. Three months later, observers conducted a follow-up observation at each site, and staff members completed a questionnaire about logistic barriers encountered in implementation of safe sleep recommendations.
RESULTS. A total of 264 programs and 1212 providers completed the study; the care of 1993 infants was observed. Provider awareness of the American Academy of Pediatrics infant supine sleep position recommendation increased from 59.7% (both groups) to 64.8% (control) and 80.5% (intervention). Exclusive use of the supine position in programs increased from 65.0% to 70.4% (control) and 87.8% (intervention). Observed supine placement increased from 51.0% to 57.1% (control) and 62.1% (intervention).
CONCLUSIONS. A sudden infant death syndrome risk reduction curriculum using a train-the-trainer model is effective in improving the knowledge and practices of child care providers. Perceived parental objections, provider skepticism about the benefits of supine positioning, and lack of program policies and training opportunities are important barriers to implementation of safe sleep policies. Continued education of parents, expanded training efforts, and statewide regulations, mandates, and monitoring are critical to ongoing efforts to decrease further the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in child care.
Effect of Antibiotic Pretreatment on Cerebrospinal Fluid Profiles of Children With Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Nigrovic Lise E. , Malley Richard , Macias Charles G. , Kanegaye John T. , Moro-Sutherland Donna M. , Schremmer Robert D. , Schwab Sandra H. , Agrawal Dewesh , Mansour Karim M. , Bennett Jonathan E. , Katsogridakis Yiannis L. , Mohseni Michael M. , Bulloch Blake , Steele Dale W. , Kaplan Ron L. , Herman Martin I. , Bandyopadhyay Subhankar , Dayan Peter , Truong Uyen T. , Wang Vince J. , Bonsu Bema K. , Chapman Jennifer L. , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the American Academy of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of antibiotic administration before lumbar puncture on cerebrospinal fluid profiles in children with bacterial meningitis.METHODS. We reviewed the medical records of all children (1 month to 18 years of age) with bacterial meningitis who presented to 20 pediatric emergency departments between 2001 and 2004. Bacterial meningitis was defined by positive cerebrospinal fluid culture results for a bacterial pathogen or cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with positive blood culture and/or cerebrospinal fluid latex agglutination results. Probable bacterial meningitis was defined as positive cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain results with negative results of bacterial cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Antibiotic pretreatment was defined as any antibiotic administered within 72 hours before the lumbar puncture.RESULTS. We identified 231 patients with bacterial meningitis and another 14 with probable bacterial meningitis. Of those 245 patients, 85 (35%) had received antibiotic pretreatment. After adjustment for patient age, duration and severity of illness at presentation, and bacterial pathogen, longer duration of antibiotic pretreatment was not significantly associated with cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count, cerebrospinal fluid absolute neutrophil count. However, antibiotic pretreatment was significantly associated with higher cerebrospinal fluid glucose and lower cerebrospinal fluid protein levels. Although these effects became apparent earlier, patients with ≥12 hours of pretreatment, compared with patients who either were not pretreated or were pretreated for &lt;12 hours, had significantly higher median cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels (48 mg/dL vs 29 mg/dL) and lower median cerebrospinal fluid protein levels (121 vs 178 mg/dL).CONCLUSIONS. In patients with bacterial meningitis, antibiotic pretreatment is associated with higher cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels and lower cerebrospinal fluid protein levels, although pretreatment does not modify cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count or absolute neutrophil count results.
Medical Emergencies Occurring at School
Authors:   Council on School Health
Published: October 2008

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057987.
Children and adults might experience medical emergency situations because of injuries, complications of chronic health conditions, or unexpected major illnesses that occur in schools. In February 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a policy statement titled “Guidelines for Emergency Medical Care in Schools” (available at: http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;107/2/435). Since the release of that statement, the spectrum of potential individual student emergencies has changed significantly. The increase in the number of children with special health care needs and chronic medical conditions attending schools and the challenges associated with ensuring that schools have access to on-site licensed health care professionals on an ongoing basis have added to increasing the risks of medical emergencies in schools. The goal of this statement is to increase pediatricians' awareness of schools' roles in preparing for individual student emergencies and to provide recommendations for primary care and school physicians on how to assist and support school personnel.
Bevacizumab Reduces the Growth Rate Constants of Renal Carcinomas: A Novel Algorithm Suggests Early Discontinuation of Bevacizumab Resulted in a Lack of Survival Advantage
Authors: Stein Wilfred D. , Yang James , Bates Susan E. , Fojo Tito 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background.
To hasten cancer drug development, new paradigms are needed to assess therapeutic efficacy. In a randomized phase II study in patients with renal cell carcinoma, 10 μg/kg bevacizumab (Avastin®; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA) administered every 2 weeks resulted in a longer time to progression but a statistically significant difference in overall survival could not be demonstrated.

Methods.
We developed a novel two-phase equation to estimate concomitant rates of tumor regression (regression rate constant) and tumor growth (growth rate constant). This method allows us to assess therapeutic efficacy using tumor measurements gathered while a patient receives therapy in a clinical trial.

Results.
The growth rate constants of renal cell carcinomas were significantly lower during therapy with 10 μg/kg bevacizumab than those of tumors in patients receiving placebo. In all cohorts the tumor growth rate constants were correlated with survival. That a survival advantage was not demonstrated with bevacizumab appears to have been a result of early discontinuation of bevacizumab.

Conclusions.
Single-agent bevacizumab significantly affects the growth rate constants of renal cell carcinoma. Extrapolating from the growth rate constants, we conclude that the failure to demonstrate a survival advantage in the original study was a result of premature discontinuation of bevacizumab. The mathematical model described herein has applications to many tumor types and should aid in evaluating the relative efficacies of different therapies. Quantitating tumor growth rate constants using data gathered while patients are enrolled in a clinical trial, as in the present study, may streamline and assist in drug development.
Intracellular Angiotensin II Production in Diabetic Rats Is Correlated With Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiac Fibrosis
Authors: Singh Vivek P. , Le Bao , Khode Renu , Baker Kenneth M. , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Many of the effects of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated through specific plasma membrane receptors. However, Ang II also elicits biological effects from the interior of the cell (intracrine), some of which are not inhibited by Ang receptor blockers (ARBs). Recent in vitro studies have identified high glucose as a potent stimulus for the intracellular synthesis of Ang II, the production of which is mainly chymase dependent. In the present study, we determined whether hyperglycemia activates the cardiac intracellular renin-Ang system (RAS) in vivo and whether ARBs, ACE, or renin inhibitors block synthesis and effects of intracellular Ang II (iAng II).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Diabetes was induced in adult male rats by streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with insulin, candesartan (ARB), benazepril (ACE inhibitor), or aliskiren (renin inhibitor).
RESULTS—One week of diabetes significantly increased iAng II levels in cardiac myocytes, which were not normalized by candesartan, suggesting that Ang II was synthesized intracellularly, not internalized through AT1 receptor. Increased intracellular levels of Ang II, angiotensinogen, and renin were observed by confocal microscopy. iAng II synthesis was blocked by aliskiren but not by benazepril. Diabetes-induced superoxide production and cardiac fibrosis were partially inhibited by candesartan and benazepril, whereas aliskiren produced complete inhibition. Myocyte apoptosis was partially inhibited by all three agents.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes activates the cardiac intracellular RAS, which increases oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis. Renin inhibition has a more pronounced effect than ARBs and ACE inhibitors on these diabetes complications and may be clinically more efficacious.
Respiratory alkalosis and primary hypocapnia in Labrador Retrievers participating in field trials in high–ambient-temperature conditions
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Wright James C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether Labrador Retrievers participating in field trials develop respiratory alkalosis and hypocapnia primarily in conditions of high ambient temperatures.
Animals—16 Labrador Retrievers.
Procedures—At each of 5 field trials, 5 to 10 dogs were monitored during a test (retrieval of birds over a variable distance on land [1,076 to 2,200 m]; 36 assessments); ambient temperatures ranged from 2.2° to 29.4°C. For each dog, rectal temperature was measured and a venous blood sample was collected in a heparinized syringe within 5 minutes of test completion. Blood samples were analyzed on site for Hct; pH; sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, glucose, lactate, bicarbonate, and total CO2 concentrations; and values of PvO2 and PvCO2. Scatterplots of each variable versus ambient temperature were reviewed. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature (≤ 21°C and > 21°C) on each variable.
Results—Compared with findings at ambient temperatures ≤ 21°C, venous blood pH was increased (mean, 7.521 vs 7.349) and PvCO2 was decreased (mean, 17.8 vs 29.3 mm Hg) at temperatures > 21°C; rectal temperature did not differ. Two dogs developed signs of heat stress in 1 test at an ambient temperature of 29°C; their rectal temperatures were higher and PvCO2 values were lower than findings in other dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When running distances frequently encountered at field trials, healthy Labrador Retrievers developed hyperthermia regardless of ambient temperature. Dogs developed respiratory alkalosis and hypocapnia at ambient temperatures > 21°C.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety for use of two sedation and analgesia protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation of healthy dogs
Authors: Ethier Michael R. , Mathews Karol A. , Valverde Alexander , Kerr Carolyn , Bersenas Alexa M. , Nykamp Stephanie G. , Davis Clive 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effectiveness and safety of 2 sedative-analgesic protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation in healthy dogs.
Animals—12 healthy dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Mean dosages for protocol 1 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3 dogs]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), morphine (0.6 mg/kg/h [6]), and medetomidine (1.0 μg/kg/h [6]). Mean dosages for protocol 2 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), fentanyl (18 μg/kg/h [6]), and propofol (2.5 mg/kg/h [6]). Each dog received the drugs for 24 consecutive hours. All dogs were mechanically ventilated with adjustments in minute volume to maintain normocapnia and normoxemia. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. A numeric comfort score was assigned hourly to assess efficacy. Mouth care, position change, and physiotherapy were performed every 6 hours. Urine output was measured every 4 hours.
Results—Use of both protocols maintained dogs within optimal comfort ranges > 85% of the time. The first dog in each group was excluded from the study. Significant decreases in heart rate, oxygen consumption, and oxygen extraction ratio were evident for protocol 1. Cardiac index values in ventilated dogs were lower than values reported for healthy unsedated dogs. Oxygen delivery, lactate concentration, and arterial base excess remained within reference ranges for both protocols.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of both protocols was effective for facilitating mechanical ventilation. A reduction in cardiac index was detected for both protocols as a result of bradycardia. However, oxygen delivery and global tissue perfusion were not negatively affected.