bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ““Juice of a Few Flowers””: Gerald and Sara Murphy's Life of Beautiful Things
Authors: price kathryn 
Published: May 2007

Gerald and Sara Murphy were friends to scores of the twentieth century's leading artists, writers, and composers including Picasso, Lééger, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Stravinsky, among others. The Murphys created a life of beautiful things for themselves, their three children, and their circle of friends. Trans-Atlantic Americans, the Murphys took great joy in entertaining especially at their home in Antibes, which they named Villa America. Gerald was famous for preparing his legendary signature drinks, including one he called the "Juice of a Few Flowers." He was an extremely talented artist - although short-lived - and one of his few paintings, Cocktail, depicts all the accoutrements that would be found on a bar tray.
Gerald and Sara often hosted their famous friends at parties that included F. Scott Fitzgerald's drunken outbursts. They drank sherry with the Hemingways in Pamplona and ate ranch food with them in Montana. Always accommodating, they kept recipes of friends' favorite foods to serve at their intimate gatherings. Through their warmth and ability to entertain, the Murphys created a life of beautiful things for themselves and everyone around them.
Demographic and Evolutionary Consequences of Selective Mortality: Predictions from an Eco‐Genetic Model for Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Dunlop Erin S. , Shuter Brian J. , Dieckmann Ulf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe use an individual‐based eco‐genetic model to examine the demographic and evolutionary consequences of selective mortality on a species with parental care, the smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Our analyses are grounded in a long‐term (1936‐2003) empirical study of the dynamics of two populations that differ widely in both density and life history. The model we construct extends previous approaches by including phenotypic plasticity in age and size at maturation, by permitting density‐dependent somatic growth, and by analyzing how costs associated with parental care alter model predictions. We show that, first, additional mortality on age‐0 individuals applied for 100 years causes reduced population abundance and biomass, faster somatic growth rates, and phenotypic plasticity toward slightly larger sizes at maturation. Second, mortality on individuals above a minimum size limit, also applied for 100 years, has a small influence on population abundance and somatic growth, causes a reduction of biomass, and substantial evolution of the probabilistic maturation reaction norm, leading to younger ages and smaller sizes at maturation. Third, the incorporation of body‐size‐dependent survival costs associated with parental care (i.e., by reducing the number of small breeding adults at high population densities, increasing the mortality of parents that breed at small body sizes, or increasing the mortality of offspring originating from small‐sized parents) reduces the amount of evolution predicted to occur within 100 years. Together, these results underscore that selective harvest can cause both phenotypically plastic responses and rapid evolution; however, the rate and magnitude of the evolved changes are sensitive to a species' life history characteristics.
An Interpretation of the EBCTCG Data
Authors: Lewis Jerry P. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Published data and figures from the Early Breast Cancer Clinical Trialists' Collaborative Group are explored and interpreted as supporting a concept that the prime impact of adjuvant hormonal and polychemotherapy therapy is on soon-to-emerge tumors, with the timing of benefit accrual being mostly limited to the time of drug administration. Nevertheless, once benefit in reducing recurrence occurs, the benefit is maintained for years. Depending on how this is viewed, there may or may not be a carryover effect of these therapies in the setting of adjuvant breast cancer.
Determining the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Subjected to Retraction Forces in Sliding Mechanics
Authors: Sia Sheau Soon , Koga Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Noriaki 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine the location of center of resistance and the relationship between height of retraction force on power arm (power-arm length) and movement of anterior teeth (degree of rotation) during sliding mechanics retraction.
Materials and Methods: Three human subjects with maxillary protrusion were selected for this study. Initial tooth displacements of maxillary right central incisor under sliding mechanics with various heights of retraction forces were measured in vivo using a two-point three-dimensional displacement magnetic sensor device. By calculating the angle of rotation from the displacements measured, the location of the center of resistance was determined.
Results: The results suggested that different heights of retraction forces could affect the direction of anterior tooth movement. The higher the retraction force was applied, the lower the degree of rotation (crown-lingual tipping) would be. The tooth rotation was in the opposite direction (from crown-lingual to crown-labial) if the height of the force was raised above the level of the center of resistance.
Conclusion: The location of the center of resistance of the maxillary central incisor was approximately 0.77 of the root length from the apex. During anterior tooth retraction with sliding mechanics, controlled crown-lingual tipping, bodily translation movement, and controlled crown-labial movement could be achieved by attaching a power-arm length that was lower, equivalent, or higher than the level of the center of resistance, respectively. The power-arm length could be the most easily modifiable clinical factor in determining the direction of anterior tooth movement during retraction with sliding mechanics.
Unspecific postevent information, attribution of responsibility, and eyewitness performance
Authors: Köhnken Günter , Brockmann Claudia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA large number of experiments have demonstrated that misleading postevent information may result in distortions of eyewitness performance. However, most studies have employed a quite specific piece of misinformation (the colour of a car, a type of a road sign) rather than more general postevent information. In the present experiment subjects viewed a film depicting a traffic accident and were subsequently informed that the car driver had or had not committed hit‐and‐run behaviour and that the motorcyclist had or had not been drinking. An additional control group received no information. In a subsequent interrogation subjects were asked to rate the amount of cause, responsibility and guilt attributable to the car driver and motorcyclist. Results showed that responsibility and guilt and the statements on the accident‐related behaviour were influenced by the postevent information. In general, subjects who had received negative information about one of the persons involved attributed higher amounts of responsibility and guilt to them and provided more negative statements concerning their behaviour. However, details that were not closely related to the accident were not significantly influenced by postevent information. The results are discussed in terms of schematic memory reports.
Face recognition: Effects of study to test maintenance and change of photographic mode and pose
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Laughery Kenneth R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFacial recognition performance was examined as a function of changes in the target between initial exposure (study) and a subsequent recognition test. Photographic mode (colour vs. black and white) was changed in Experiments 1 and 2 and pose (front vs. profile) was changed in Experiment 2. The predictions of three information quantity models and of encoding specificity were contrasted. The information hypotheses predict that colour photographs will be better recognized when presented in colour than in black and white; the more specific predictions differ depending on the modes at study and test. Encoding specificity predicts recognition performance will be better when study and test modes are the same. The results of Experiment 1 showed that performance was highest when pictures remained in the same mode from study to test, and decreased when the mode was changed. Change of mode was particularly detrimental when the faces were studied in black and white and tested in colour. Experiment 2 showed a pattern of results also in accord with encoding specificity. The photographic mode and pose effects did not interact. Change of pose had a greater effect than change of photographic mode. Experiment 2 did not replicate the transformation asymmetry found in Experiment 1. The results indicate that for facial recognition memory, change lowers recognition, but the magnitude of the effect depends on the kind of change.
Effects of time of day and medium of presentation on immediate recall of violent and non‐violent news
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Gunter Barrie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA sample of 103 subjects from a technical training college were randomly assigned to nine groups and presented with a sequence of violent and non‐violent news stories either audiovisually (via television), in audio‐only, or in print at three different times of day (morning—9.30 am, early afternoon—1.30 pm, and later afternoon—5.30 pm). Subjects were tested for immediate cued recall of story content immediately after presentation. There were significant main effects of presentation modality, time of day and news content. Memory for news was best from print and worst from the audiovisual presentation. Memory performance was best in the morning and worst in the evening. Violent news was recalled better than non‐violent news in all media and at all times of day. There were also some interactions. Recall of violent news presented in audiovisual and audio‐only modalities deteriorated more from morning to afternoon than did non‐violent news recall. Non‐violent news recall from these two media declined more rapidly in the second half of the day. With print, recall of both violent and non‐violent news dropped off more in the late afternoon than in the morning. Practical implications of the findings for news presentation are discussed.
Kinematic information feedback and task constraints
Authors: Newell K. M. , Quinn J. T. , Carlton M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe experiments were designed to examine the effect of task constraints on the influence of kinematic information feedback to facilitate the acquisition of discrete arm movements. The findings of Experiments 1 and 3 revealed that when the criterion kinematic trajectory was an increasing acceleration function, the most effective control space representation for kinematic feedback (i.e. position‐time; velocity‐position) was the one that matched the error criterion to be minimized. Furthermore, in Experiment 1 the velocity‐position feedback condition led to greater performance error than the discrete knowledge of results of movement time or integrated position‐time error. Experiment 2 showed that kinematic information feedback of the movement trajectory (position‐time; velocity‐position) did not facilitate acquisition of a constant velocity criterion, in contrast to knowledge of results of movement time or integrated velocity‐position error. Collectively the findings suggest that the interaction of task and organismic constraints dictates the nature of the information feedback required to facilitate the acquisition of skill. The augmented information available must match the degrees of freedom requiring constraint in the movement sequence.
Memories of statements spoken in everyday contexts
Authors: Goldsmith Lynn R. , Pillemer David B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined personal memories of statements spoken in everyday contexts. Eighty college students completed a questionnaire in which they recounted the first spoken statement to come to mind, and statements made by a parent, teacher, sibling and friend. Respondents also provided information about the speakers and the circumstances of transmission. Content analyses identified six primary statement types: rules, evaluations, speaker information, pronouncements, unusual phrases and everyday speech. The incidence of different statement types varied across speakers. Memorability of a specific verbalization appears to be related to the statement's communicative function, the listener's reactions to the utterance, the speaker's gender, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener.
Origins of the misplaced confidence effect in collaborative recall
Authors: Stephenson Geoffrey M. , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies have shown that dyads and groups place significantly more confidence in wrong answers to questions about a jointly witnessed event than do individuals. This experiment was designed to discover whether this misplaced confidence is influenced by prior free collaborative recall of the events in question. The results clearly indicated that prior group remembering lessens the effect, and improves the testimonial validity of both individual and group answers to questions about a jointly witnessed event. Taken in conjunction with other studies, the results imply that two or more witnesses of an event may profitably discuss what happened, but that they may best be interrogated separately in order to maximize the information available to the interrogator and to minimize misplaced confidence.
Test expectancy and question answering in prose processing
Authors: May Richard B. , Thompson Janny M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of expectanices about test format (recall versus recognition) upon the retention of information from prose. In each study subjects expecting recall recalled better than those expecting a multiple‐choice test. Serial position analysis in Experiment 1 suggested differential use of study time in groups expecting different types of test. Examination of study time use in Experiment 2 indicated that subjects expecting multiple‐choice showed greater variability in the use of time spent reading prose segments. They were also more likely to employ idiosyncratic orders of reading segments. In general the results seem compatible with the theoretical model of Gillund and Shiffrin (1984) emphasizing the ratio of two types of coding.
Rehearsal of faces and details in action events
Authors: Don Read J. , Hammersley Richard , Cross‐Calvert Susan , McFadzen Eileen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationship between mental rehearsal and facial identification accuracy was explored in two experiments involving either a staged classroom event or a video scenario. The results suggest that when subjects rehearsed immediately following an event, compared to subjects in non‐rehearsal conditions, identification accuracy was increased when the target face was unchanged in appearance but was reduced when the face was changed slightly in appearance from viewing to test. However, when rehearsal of the event was delayed 10 minutes, identification accuracy was improved even when the face had changed in appearance. Immediate rehearsal, in contrast, led to a reduction in identification performance. In short, in some circumstances the gains in specific memory brought about by mental rehearsal serve to reduce than improve identification accuracy. The relevance of these findings to memory theory and everyday eyewitness testimony is discussed.
The effects of memory load and delay on facial recognition
Authors: Podd John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis experiment examined the effects of memory load over three periods of delay. Following presentation of 20, 35, or 50 targets, subjects were required to select these from an equal number of distractors 10 min, 1 week, or 2 weeks later. Increased target load (independent of increases in recognition load) decreased accuracy mainly by decreasing hit rate. Increasing delay decreased accuracy largely as a result of an increased false alarm rate. Most individual ROC curves, plotted on z‐coordinates, had slopes < 1. Implications of this finding for the use of d' are discussed.
Chess expertise in children
Authors: Horgan Dianne D. , Morgan David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports several studies of chess expertise in children who play competitive chess. The first study examines (1) the relationship between experience and skill among 113 school‐age children (grades 1 through 12); and (2) the relationship between chess skill and scores on various spatial and logical abilities tests among the top 15 players. Improvement in skill is related to experience, and chess players score higher than average on the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Also, scores on a chess‐specific test, the Knight's Tour, correlate with scores on the Raven's. The second study reports three experiments with 59 Ss involving chess‐specific tasks in memory, perception, and similarity judgements. The first two experiments replicated and extended Chase and Simon (1973). The third experiment, which asked Ss to judge similarities of chess positions, demonstrated that similarity judgements become more global and abstract with increased skill. The final section describes qualitatively how children's chess expertise compares to that of adults. Drawing upon Anderson (1985), we focus on some distinctive features of children's chess play and on some successful techniques in coaching young players.
Spoken and written recall of visual narratives
Authors: Bekerian D. A. , Dennett J. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study is concerned with the effects of recall mode on memory for visual narratives. Subjects were shown a series of slides depicting an auto‐pedestrian accident. They were then asked to free‐recall all information they could remember. Half were asked to speak their free recalls. The other half were asked to write down their free recalls. The results showed that spoken recall was more accurate. These data were compared with previous studies using visual and textual narratives.
An investigation of people's metamemories for naturally occurring events
Authors: Shlechter Theodore M. , Herrmann Douglas J. , Toglia Michael P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree studies investigated the role of event salience in the validity of metamemory reports for naturally occurring events. Two studies investigated metamemory for daily forgetting behaviours as recorded on memory diaries for either 10 days (Study 1) or a month (Study 2). A third study examined metamemory for remembering recent events (consisting of the first day of class, the most recent weekend, and the first experimental session). The results indicated that metamemory validity was higher for the more salient memory events, e. g. rote memory failures and memory of the first day of class.
The ‘Notice to Detained Persons’, PACE Codes, and reading ease
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper looks at the reading ease of the ‘Notice to Detained Persons’ and the PACE Codes of Practice. The documents were analysed by using the Flesch formula for reading ease (Flesch, 1948). The results indicate that the leaflet of Notice, given to arrested persons at police stations in order to advise them of their legal rights, would be fully understood by fewer than one in four of the general population. The Codes of Practice are even more complicated, and require substantially above‐average intelligence and comprehension. An exploratory study into the comprehension complexity of the Notice to Detained Persons was carried out on 15 offenders with IQ values below 100. The results support the findings obtained by the Flesch formula, indicating that the Notice is far too complicated for the intellectually disadvantaged to understand their rights fully as outlined in the document. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Imagery skill and preference in bilinguals
Authors: Ransdell Sarah Ellen , Fischler Ira 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of studies have reported differences in the performance of bilinguals and monolinguals in verbal tasks. It has been suggested that one source of this difference is a greater tendency among bilinguals to use non‐verbal ways of representing events, because of the potential for confusions between their two verbal codes. In the present study, bilingual and monolingual college students were compared on three dimensions of self‐reported aspects of imagery—control, vividness and preference—as well as on a performance measure of spatial manipulation skill. When these tasks were preceded by a nominally verbal activity (prose comprehension), there were no group differences on the self‐report or objective imagery measures. In contrast, when they were preceded by an imagery rating task, some evidence of a compensatory reliance on spatial codes among bilinguals was obtained. Implications of these task induction effects on both subjective and performance measures of a skill were discussed.
The effect of type of practice on motor learning in children
Authors: Wulf Gabriele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present investigation was concerned with the variability‐of‐practice hypothesis of Schmidt's schema theory of motor learning; i. e. it was sought to determine if there is an optimal way to structure the variable practice session with regard to schema formation. Furthermore, children's motor recognition (movement evaluation) was examined, in addition to recall (movement production), since apparently no such studies had been done within the context of schema theory before. Eighty‐eight girls and boys with a mean age of 11.3 years were tested on a throwing task. Three groups of subjects practised under variable conditions (different target distances and weights) that differed with regard to contextual interference and sequential organization of task variations; another group received constant throwing practice. Following practice trials with knowledge of results, the four treatment groups and a control group without prior practice were required to produce and evaluate a novel response (novel target distance and weight) without vision and knowledge of results. The results supported the variability‐of‐practice hypothesis, in that variable practice in general facilitated recall and recognition on the novel task. Furthermore, variable practice with the highest level of contextual interference (random order of tasks) produced most effective transfer performance, suggesting that the structure of the variable‐practice session in fact plays a role with regard to the effectiveness of motor schema development. Contrary to the ‘organization hypothesis’ (Gentile and Nacson, 1976) a hierarchical organization of movement variations was not more beneficial to schema formation than random practice.
Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys
Authors: Krosnick Jon A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes that when optimally answering a survey question would require substantial cognitive effort, some repondents simply provide a satisfactory answer instead. This behaviour, called satisficing, can take the form of either (1) incomplete or biased information retrieval and/or information integration, or (2) no information retrieval or integration at all. Satisficing may lead respondents to employ a variety of response strategies, including choosing the first response alternative that seems to constitute a reasonable answer, agreeing with an assertion made by a question, endorsing the status quo instead of endorsing social change, failing to differentiate among a set of diverse objects in ratings, saying ‘don't know’ instead of reporting an opinion, and randomly choosing among the response alternatives offered. This paper specifies a wide range of factors that are likely to encourage satisficing, and reviews relevant evidence evaluating these speculations. Many useful directions for future research are suggested.