bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operation of an industrial steam reformer under severe condition: A simulation study
Authors: Shayegan J. , Hashemi M. M. Yousef Motamed , Vakhshouri K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA rigorous two‐dimensional model is developed for simulating the operation of a less‐investigated type steam reformer having a considerably lower operating Reynolds number, higher tube diameter, and non‐availability of extra steam in the feed compared with conventional steam reformers. Simulation results show that reasonable predictions can only be achieved when certain correlations for wall to fluid heat transfer equations are applied. In all cases, strong radial temperature gradients inside the reformer tubes have been found. Furthermore, the results show how a certain catalyst loading profile will affect the operation of the reformer.
Electrodeposition of Cobalt in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte at Ambient Temperature
Authors: AN Mao‐Zhong , YANG Pei‐Xia , SU Cai‐Na , NISHIKATA Atshushi , TSURU Tooru 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe codeposition behavior of Co and Zn in an ionic liquid was investigated. In the cyclic voltammogram of a ZnCl2‐EMIC‐CoCl2 ionic liquid, three reduction peaks appeared at 250 mV (peak c1), 50 mV (peak c2) and −200 mV (peak c3) (vs. Zn2+/Zn). According to the component analysis by means of EDS (energy disperse spectroscopy), peaks c1, c2 and c3 correspond to the electrodeposition of Co, the underpotential deposition of Zn on the electrodeposited Co coating and the codeposition of Co‐Zn alloy, respectively. The potentiostatic deposition showed that the electrodeposited coating of high‐pure Co was obtained when the cathodic potential was controlled at 100 mV (vs. Zn/Zn2+). The electrodeposition was carried out at a galvanostatic mode, and when the current density was controlled at about 85 µA/cm2, the electrodeposited coating of high‐pure Co was also obtained. Studies on the mechanism of codeposition of Co and Zn showed that the electrodeposition process of Co and the underpotential deposition process of Zn on the electrodeposited Co coating were all diffusion controlled.
Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Chitosan‐gold Nanoparticle Composite Film on Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Its Biosensing Application
Authors: SHENG Qing‐Lin , SHEN Yu , ZHANG Hong‐Fang , ZHENG Jian‐Bin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on a composite matrix based on chitosan (CHIT) and Au nanoparticles (Au NP) underlying on a glassy carbon electrode was achieved. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified electrode. In deaerated buffer solutions, the cyclic voltammetry of the composite films of GOx‐Au NP‐CHIT showed a pair of well‐behaved redox peaks that were assigned to the redox reaction of GOx, confirming the effective immobilization of GOx on the composite film. The electron transfer rate constant was estimated to be 15.6 s−1, indicating a high electron transfer between the GOx redox center and electrode. The combination of CHIT and Au NP also promoted the stability of GOx in the composite film and retained its bioactivity, which might have the potential application to glucose determination. The calculated apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant was 10.1 mmol·L−1. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor could be used for the determination of glucose in human plasma samples.
Synthesis of p‐tert‐Butylcalix[10]crowns
Authors: ZHAN Jun‐Yan , LI Hai‐Bing , HUANG Shao‐Wei 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of calix[10]crowns were synthesized for the first time. By reacting p‐tert‐butylcalix[10]arene with ethylene glycol ditosylate or polyethylene glycol ditosylates in a system of K2CO3/toluene or Cs2CO3/acetone, a series of calix[10]crowns such as 1,2‐calix[10]crown‐4, 1,3‐calix[10]crown‐2, 1,2‐calix[10]crown‐3, 1,3‐calix[10]crown‐3, 1,4‐calix[10]crown‐4 and 1,6‐calix[10]crown‐4 were obtained.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐(11R,12S)‐Mefloquine Hydrochloride
Authors: XIE Zhi‐Xiang , ZHANG Lu‐Zhong , REN Xiao‐Juan , TANG Shi‐Yang , LI Ying 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe asymmetric synthesis of (+)‐(11R,12S)‐mefloquine hydrochloride, an antimalarial drug, was accomplished from commercially available 2‐trifluoromethylaniline, ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate and cyclopentanone in 7 steps with a 14% overall yield. The key steps were proline‐catalyzed asymmetric direct aldol reaction and Beckmann rearrangement. The absolute configuration was assigned by a Mosher's method.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐(3S,6R)‐3,6‐Dihydroxy‐10‐methylundecanoic Acid and Its Trimer
Authors: ZHANG Xian‐Shu , DA Shi‐Jun , JIAO Yang , LI Hui‐Zhi , XIE Zhi‐Xiang , LI Ying 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe asymmetric total synthesis of (3S,6R)‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐10‐methylundecanoic acid and its trimer was accomplished from commercially available 1‐bromo‐3‐methylbutane in 11 steps in a 27.5% overall yield and 14 steps in a 24.5% overall yield, respectively. The key steps were asymmetric allylboration via allyldiisopinocampheylborane and Yamaguchi's esterification reaction.
Isolation and Characterization of Three Siderophores from Marine Bacteria
Authors: YOU Mei‐Xian , ZHANG Hui‐Ping , HU Chang‐Qi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOne new siderophore (3) along with the previously reported nocardamine (1) and schizokinen A (2) were isolated from the culture broth of three bacteria isolated from unidentified marine sponges. The minimal active concentrations of the compounds by chrome azurol S (CAS) liquid assay are 5, 4 and 156 µg/mL, respectively.
Synthesis of Some Novel Phenyl Substituted Oxothiazolidin‐1′′,3′′,4′′‐thiadiazolo‐[3′,4′‐b]thiazoline of 3β‐Substituted Cholestane
Authors: SHAMSUZZAMAN  , SIDDIQUI Tabassum , ALAM Mohammad Gulfam 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThree title compounds 4a–4c have been synthesized by the cyclodehydration of 1′‐benzylidine‐4′‐(3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestane‐6‐yl)thiosemicarbazones 2a–2c with thioglycolic acid followed by the treatment with cold conc. H2SO4 in dioxane. The compounds 2a–2c were prepared by condensation of 3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestan‐6‐one‐thiosemicarbazones 1a–1c with benzaldehyde. These thiosemicarbazones 1a–1c were obtained by the reaction of corresponding 3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestan‐6‐ones with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of few drops of conc. HCl in methanol. The structures of the products have been established on the basis of their elemental, analytical and spectral data.
„Das an Schülervorstellungen orientierte Unterrichtsverfahren”︁
Authors: Petermann Karin , Friedrich Jens , Oetken Marco 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDer vorliegende Artikel stellt ein Unterrichtsverfahren vor, das von den Autoren bereits auf der Fortbildungs‐ und Vortragstagung der GDCh‐Fachgruppe Chemieunterricht am 17.09.2007 in Ulm präsentiert und legitimiert wurde.Im Schulunterricht wird bei der Beschäftigung mit naturwissenschaftlichen Inhalten recht schnell klar, dass ein Verständnis von Schülern als Tabula rasa weit gefehlt ist, weil sie bereits zahlreiche Vorstellungen über naturwissenschaftliche Phänomene mit in den Unterricht bringen. Häufig lassen sich die Vorstellungen der Schüler jedoch nicht in Einklang mit den modernen naturwissenschaftlichen Denkweisen bringen, weshalb beim Erlernen von Naturwissenschaften tief greifende Lernschwierigkeiten auftreten. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Unterrichtsverfahren vorgestellt, in dem Schülervorstellungen eine besondere Berücksichtigung erfahren und gezielt thematisiert werden. Außerdem werden die methodisch‐didaktische Konzeption sowie die unterrichtspraktische Umsetzung dieses Verfahrens exemplarisch an einer Unterrichtseinheit zum „Gesetz der Erhaltung der Masse”︁ illustriert. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zum Massenerhalt bei chemischen Reaktionen wird aufgezeigt, wie eine intensive inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung mit empirisch gefundenen Schülervorstellungen im Unterricht erfolgen kann.
Serological Evidence for the Association of Bartonella henselae Infection with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: H. Fischer Andreas , van der Loo Bernd , M. Shär Gertrud , Zbinden Reinhard , Duru Firat , Brunckhorst Corinna , Rousson Valentin , Delacrétaz y Etienne , Stuber Thomas , Oechslin Erwin N. , Follath Ferenc , Jenni Rolf 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an important cause of sudden death in young adults. On the basis of histopathological findings its pathogenesis may involve both a genetic origin and an inflammatory process. Bartonella henselae may cause endomyocarditis and was detected in myocardium from a young male who succumbed to sudden cardiac death.HypothesisWe hypothesized that chronic infection with Bartonella henselae could contribute to the pathogenesis of ARVC.MethodsWe investigated sera from 49 patients with ARVC for IgG antibodies to Bartonella henselae. In this study, 58 Swiss blood donors tested by the same method served as controls.ResultsSix patients with ARVC (12%) had positive (>1:256) IgG titres in the immunofluorescence test with Bartonella henselae. In contrast, only 1 elevated titre was found in 58 controls (p ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, all patients with increased titres had no familial occurrence of ARVC.ConclusionsFurther studies in larger patient cohorts seem justified to investigate a possible causal link between chronic Bartonella henselae and ARVC, in particular its sporadic (nonfamilial) form. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COD Evaluation of Hospital Effluent by Means of UV‐Spectral Deconvolution
Authors: Martins Ayrton F. , Arsand Daniel R. , Brenner Carla B. , Minetto Luciane 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is an important parameter for the evaluation of the oxidizable matter in water and effluent in general. Although laborious and time‐consuming, the Standard Method for COD determination employs very toxic pollutants, i. e., dichromate and mercury, which are now being gradually avoided or replaced. In general, the organic load of effluents usually shows absorbance in the UV‐visible region, as a result of the presence of absorbing groups in its organic constituents, e. g., in the case of aromatic compounds, they show the well‐known UV fingerprint. In this study, an attempt has been made to find a deconvolution correlation between the COD values of effluent samples from the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM) and their integrated UV‐absorbances. Experimental procedures reveal a correlation of +0.567, classified as moderate positive and with a significancy of 0.0001, between the estimated and the determined values. Hence, a COD‐estimation for hospital effluents is proposed, through a simple spectrophotometric measurement of the integrated absorbance in the 285–295 nm range.
Perceptions of cancer‐related information among cancer survivors: A report from the American Cancer Society's Studies of Cancer Survivors
Authors: McInnes D. Keith , Cleary Paul D. , Stein Kevin D. , Ding Lin , Mehta C. Christina , Ayanian John Z. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Sources of cancer‐related information are rapidly increasing, but little is known about whether the health information available to cancer survivors meets their needs.METHODS.The authors surveyed 778 Massachusetts cancer survivors 3, 6, or 11 years after their diagnosis for 6 common cancers. They analyzed their views about 5 types of cancer‐related information, the quality of that information, barriers to getting it, their experiences with physicians providing cancer care, and the quality of their cancer care.RESULTS.Among 462 (61%) respondents who reported needing cancer information, many gave unfavorable ratings (fair or poor) of the quality of cancer information regarding cancer support groups (38%), long‐term side effects (36%), experiences of other cancer patients (26%), and cancer physicians (26%). About 20% of respondents reported sometimes experiencing barriers to obtaining cancer information, although fewer than 10% usually or always experienced barriers. For both men and women, worse physical and mental functioning was associated with greater need for information, worse ratings of information quality, and more barriers to obtaining information (all P<.01). Cancer survivors who were black or had lower incomes reported more problems obtaining needed information, and younger women had greater information needs than older women (all P <.01).CONCLUSIONS.Opportunities exist to improve the quality, content and delivery of cancer‐related information to survivors, especially for those who are racial/ethnic minorities, have low incomes, or are in worse physical or mental health. Providing information more effectively to cancer survivors may improve their care and health outcomes. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Consistent concepts of self‐organization and self‐assembly
Authors: Halley Julianne. D. , Winkler David A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe critically review concepts of self‐organization and self‐assembly, and extract from this analysis consistent and workable definitions of both concepts that are applicable across many scientific disciplines. In essence, we distinguish self‐organization from self‐assembly on a thermodynamic basis, where self‐organization implies a nonequilibrium process and self‐assembly is reserved for spontaneous processes tending toward equilibrium. This discrimination is consistent with early uses of both terms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.
Mitochondrial biogenesis in the axons of vertebrate peripheral neurons
Authors: Amiri Mandana , Hollenbeck Peter J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMitochondria are widely distributed via regulated transport in neurons, but their sites of biogenesis remain uncertain. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, and evidence has suggested that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication occurs mainly or entirely in the cell body. However, it has also become clear that nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial proteins can be translated in the axon and that components of the mitochondrial replication machinery reside there as well. We assessed directly whether mtDNA replication can occur in the axons of chick peripheral neurons labeled with 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). In axons that were physically separated from the cell body or had disrupted organelle transport between the cell bodies and axons, a significant fraction of mtDNA synthesis continued. We also detected the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 in neurons by immunofluorescence or expression of GFP‐Drp1. Its presence and distribution on the majority of axonal mitochondria indicated that a substantial number had undergone recent division in the axon. Because the morphology of mitochondria is maintained by the balance of fission and fusion events, we either inhibited Drp1 expression by RNAi or overexpressed the fusion protein Mfn1. Both methods resulted in significantly longer mitochondria in axons, including many at a great distance from the cell body. These data indicate that mitochondria can replicate their DNA, divide, and fuse locally within the axon; thus, the biogenesis of mitochondria is not limited to the cell body. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
Isolation and expression of Pax6 and atonal homologues in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Blackburn David C. , Conley Kevin W. , Plachetzki David C. , Kempler Karen , Battelle Barbara‐Anne , Brown Nadean L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPax6 regulates eye development in many animals. In addition, Pax6 activates atonal transcription factors in both invertebrate and vertebrate eyes. Here, we investigate the roles of Pax6 and atonal during embryonic development of Limulus polyphemus rudimentary lateral, medial and ventral eyes, and the initiation of lateral ommatidial eye and medial ocelli formation. Limulus eye development is of particular interest because these animals hold a unique position in arthropod phylogeny and possess multiple eye types. Furthermore, the molecular underpinnings of eye development have yet to be investigated in chelicerates. We characterized a Limulus Pax6 gene, with multiple splice products and predicted protein isoforms, and one atonal homologue. Unexpectedly, neither gene is expressed in the developing eye types examined, although both genes are present in the lateral sense organ, a structure of unknown function. Developmental Dynamics 237:2209–2219, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired hair placode formation with reduced expression of hair follicle‐related genes in mice lacking Lgr4
Authors: Mohri Yasuaki , Kato Shigeki , Umezawa Akihiro , Okuyama Ryuhei , Nishimori Katsuhiko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe observed that Lgr4K5 KO mice had sparse head hair and focal alopecia behind their ears, as observed in tabby (Eda) and downless (Edar) mice, which are models of the human genetic disorder hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED). Lgr4‐deficient mice showed partial impairment in hair follicle development with reduced expression of Edar, Lef1, and Shh, which were essential for hair follicle morphogenesis, in the epidermis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Lgr4−/− mice epidermis using shh antibody showed reduced numbers of hair placodes, and we also detected higher phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, which is required to suppress normal hair follicle induction. We suspected that Lgr4 might be a novel gene class regulating the development of hair follicles. Developmental Dynamics 237:2235–2242, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transesterification of rapeseed oil catalyzed by liquid organic amine in supercritical methanol in a continuous tubular‐flow reactor
Authors: Tang Zhiyong , Wang Lianyuan , Yang Jichu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe catalytic activity of four liquid organic amines, triethylamine (TEA), diethylamine (DEA), ethylenediamine (EDA) and monoethanolamine (MEA), in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil in supercritical methanol was studied in this paper. The results showed that the order of the catalytic activity was DEA > TEA > MEA > EDA. The effect of the molar ratio of methanol to oil on the reaction was involved. Further, with TEA as the catalyst, the effect of the reaction pressure on this reaction was investigated. Pressure had a positive effect on this reaction. Additionally, the efficiency of the co‐solvent, including ethyl acetate, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexanone, was studied, showing that ethyl acetate had a positive effect on this reaction. The overall results suggested that the methyl ester yield in a continuous reactor was inferior to that in a batch reactor, mainly because of the poor mutual solubility between the oil and methanol. Furthermore, possible mechanisms for this amine‐catalyzed reaction were proposed.
The evolution of enzymatic interesterification in the oils and fats industry
Authors: Holm Hans C. , Cowan David 
Published: July 2008

AbstractImmobilised lipases have now become accepted as a mainstream technology for fat modification. This paper presents the development of this technology in particular for the production of trans‐free fats. One of the factors influencing this development has been concern for health, which has made trans fats a major issue for food manufacturers and consumers. Enzymatic interesterification is a relatively new method for producing trans‐free alternatives for fats used in conventional margarines and shortenings. The development of this technology is examined from the perspective of an eventual industrial application rather than operation only at the laboratory scale. This paper also covers the practical means of operating immobilised enzyme columns and gives examples of how formulations can be adapted to match existing specifications. There are environmental benefits when choosing enzyme technology in comparison with chemical‐based routes. Life cycle assessments have been used to quantify the differences in environmental impact of this new technology. The final process is both capable of providing fats with the correct melting properties but without trans fats and of reducing the environmental impact of fat processing. Finally, the future developments that are anticipated in the applications of this technology are considered.
When being disadvantaged grows into vengeance: The effects of asymmetry of interest and social rejection in social dilemmas
Authors: Stouten Jeroen , De Cremer David , van Dijk Eric 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn public good dilemmas, group members often differ in the extent to which they benefit from provision of the public good (asymmetry of interest). In the current paper, we argue that people may readily accept such financial differences in interest when their social needs are met by being accepted by the others. When people are socially rejected, however, members having a low rather than a high interest in the public good may display negative emotional and retributive reactions. This reasoning was supported by the findings of a first experimental study in which we manipulated people's interest in the public good and social rejection. These effects were replicated in a second experimental study and it was further shown that this two‐way interaction between social rejection and interest in the public good was moderated by people's social value orientation. The negative reactions to low interest (vs. high interest) in the public good when being socially rejected were especially prominent among group members with a proself orientation. Taken together, the current studies illustrate the importance of studying how financial and social needs interact to determine emotional and retributive actions in social dilemmas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pros and cons of using the mental health act for severe eating Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Ayton Agnes , Keen Catherine , Lask Bryan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundIn England and Wales the compulsory treatment of young people with severe eating disorders is controversial. There is a concern that such treatment may impair patient autonomy and negatively influence the outcome. In this study, based in a specialist hospital, we compared patients treated under parental consent with those detained under the Mental Health Act: their characteristics and outcome up to 12 months after discharge.Results34 patients were informal (treated under parental consent) (age: 16.2 ± 1.3 years) and 16 were treated under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act (age: 16.2 ± 1) in a 3‐year period. Detained patients had an earlier age of onset (12.2 ± 5 vs. 14.3 ± 1.8) and more previous hospitalisation. On admission, their psychosocial functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale (C‐GAS): 13.6 ± 2 vs. 26.9 ± 9; Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents (HONOSCA): 41.7 ± 5 vs. 31.9 ± 5) were worse than voluntary patients', they had a higher level of co‐morbid depression (BDI: 38.1 ± 15.6 vs. 26.6 ± 12.4) and a higher rate of suicidal behaviour. All physical and psychosocial measures improved substantially and clinically significantly by discharge and there was no statistically significant difference at this stage between the two patient groups. Two informal patients died within a year after discharge (6.3%), but there were no deaths amongst the detained patients.CommentsIn contrast with previous findings in adults, the outcome for detained patients was similar to that for informal patients, despite the former having more severe presentation on admission. There was no evidence of higher mortality in the detained group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.