bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sacrificial Iconography: Creating History, Making Myth, and Negotiating Ideology on the Ara Pacis Augustae
Authors: Armstrong Gail 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAugustus, first emperor of Rome, invented a new genealogy, myth of origins, and history for himself and for Rome as he negotiated for authority with the Roman senate. As part of these negotiations the senate dedicated the Ara Pacis Augustae on the Campus Martius in 9 B.C.E. The function, location, and iconography of the monument participated in Augustus's attempts to link his present with the prehistory of Rome. In order for power and authority to be negotiated and legitimized, and for a history and myth to be invented, audience participation is required. This essay argues that the Ara Pacis Augustae was a symbol of the senate's participation and acceptance of Augustus's status, as well as a statement of its own power vis-à-vis that of the emperor.
Beyond Anthropocentricity – Botho/Ubuntu and the Quest for Economic and Ecological Justice in Africa
Authors: LenkaBula Puleng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis essay suggests that the anthropocentric interpretations of the concept of botho/ubuntu in African intellectual scholarship, whether religious, theological and social sciences, limit the potential of botho/ ubuntu in the quest for the fullness of life, and the affirmation of the integrity of creation, wholeness and wellbeing. The essay suggests therefore that when the expanded and creative interpretation of botho which acknowledges its socio-economic, political, and ecological scope or horizon is utilised, it has the potential to become a resource, principle and norm for overcoming ecological degradation and economic injustices in the world today. The essay thus posits botho/ubuntu as a vibrant, vital and ecologically and economically viable principle and norm for the wellbeing of humanity and of the integrity of creation.
A Low-Order Model Investigation of the Analysis of Gravity Waves in the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Neef Lisa J. , Polavarapu Saroja M. , Shepherd Theodore G. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The behavior of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is examined in the context of a model that exhibits a nonlinear chaotic (slow) vortical mode coupled to a linear (fast) gravity wave of a given amplitude and frequency. It is shown that accurate recovery of both modes is enhanced when covariances between fast and slow normal-mode variables (which reflect the slaving relations inherent in balanced dynamics) are modeled correctly. More ensemble members are needed to recover the fast, linear gravity wave than the slow, vortical motion. Although the EnKF tends to diverge in the analysis of the gravity wave, the filter divergence is stable and does not lead to a great loss of accuracy. Consequently, provided the ensemble is large enough and observations are made that reflect both time scales, the EnKF is able to recover both time scales more accurately than optimal interpolation (OI), which uses a static error covariance matrix. For OI it is also found to be problematic to observe the state at a frequency that is a subharmonic of the gravity wave frequency, a problem that is in part overcome by the EnKF. However, error in the modeled gravity wave parameters can be detrimental to the performance of the EnKF and remove its implied advantages, suggesting that a modified algorithm or a method for accounting for model error is needed.
Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on Different Spatiotemporal Scales: A Mechanism for Intraseasonal Instabilities
Authors: Zhou Lei , Murtugudde Raghu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The possibility of interactions between oceanic and atmospheric oscillations with different temporal and spatial scales is examined with analytical solutions to idealized linear governing equations. With a reasonable choice for relevant parameters, the mesoscale oceanic features and the large-scale atmospheric oscillations can interact with each other and lead to unstable waves in the intraseasonal band in the specific coupled model presented in this study. This mechanism is different from the resonance mechanism, which requires similar temporal or spatial scales in the two media. Instead, this mechanism indicates that even in the cases in which the temporal and spatial scales are different but the dispersion relations (i.e., functions of frequency and wavenumber) of the oceanic and atmospheric oscillations are proximal, instabilities can still be generated due to the ocean–atmosphere coupling.
Distinguishing Aerosol Impacts on Climate over the Past Century
Authors: Koch Dorothy , Menon Surabi , Del Genio Anthony , Ruedy Reto , Alienov Igor , Schmidt Gavin A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Aerosol direct (DE), indirect (IE), and black carbon–snow albedo (BAE) effects on climate between 1890 and 1995 are compared using equilibrium aerosol–climate simulations in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model coupled to a mixed layer ocean. Pairs of control (1890)–perturbation (1995) with successive aerosol effects allow isolation of each effect. The experiments are conducted both with and without concurrent changes in greenhouse gases (GHG). A new scheme allowing dependence of snow albedo on black carbon snow concentration is introduced. The fixed GHG experiments global surface air temperature (SAT) changed by −0.2°, −1.0°, and +0.2°C from the DE, IE, and BAE. Ice and snow cover increased 1% from the IE and decreased 0.3% from the BAE. These changes were a factor of 4 larger in the Arctic. Global cloud cover increased by 0.5% from the IE. Net aerosol cooling effects are about half as large as the GHG warming, and their combined climate effects are smaller than the sum of their individual effects. Increasing GHG did not affect the IE impact on cloud cover, however they decreased aerosol effects on SAT by 20%, and on snow/ice cover by 50%; they also obscure the BAE on snow/ice cover. Arctic snow, ice, cloud, and shortwave forcing changes occur mostly during summer–fall, but SAT, sea level pressure, and longwave forcing changes occur during winter. An explanation is that aerosols impact the cryosphere during the warm season but the associated SAT effect is delayed until winter.
A Surface Energy Perspective on Climate Change
Authors: Andrews Timothy , Forster Piers M. , Gregory Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A surface forcing response framework is developed that enables an understanding of time-dependent climate change from a surface energy perspective. The framework allows the separation of fast responses that are unassociated with global-mean surface air temperature change (ΔT), which is included in the forcing, and slow feedbacks that scale with ΔT. The framework is illustrated primarily using 2 × CO2 climate model experiments and is robust across the models. For CO2 increases, the positive downward radiative component of forcing is smaller at the surface than at the tropopause, and so a rapid reduction in the upward surface latent heat (LH) flux is induced to conserve the tropospheric heat budget; this reduces the precipitation rate. Analysis of the time-dependent surface energy balance over sea and land separately reveals that land areas rapidly regain energy balance, and significant land surface warming occurs before global sea temperatures respond. The 2 × CO2 results are compared to a solar increase experiment and show that some fast responses are forcing dependent. In particular, a significant forcing from the fast hydrological response found in the CO2 experiments is much smaller in the solar experiment. The different fast response explains why previous equilibrium studies found differences in the hydrological sensitivity between these two forcings. On longer time scales, as ΔT increases, the net surface longwave and LH fluxes provide positive and negative surface feedbacks, respectively, while the net surface shortwave and sensible heat fluxes change little. It is found that in contrast to their fast responses, the longer-term response of both surface energy fluxes and the global hydrological cycle are similar for the different forcing agents.
Outflow of Arctic Ocean Sea Ice into the Greenland and Barents Seas: 1979–2007
Authors: Kwok R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Twenty-nine years of Arctic sea ice outflow into the Greenland and Barents Seas are summarized. Outflow is computed at three passages: Fram Strait, between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land (S–FJL), and between Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya (FJL–SZ). Ice drift at the flux gates has been reprocessed using a consistent and updated time series of passive microwave brightness temperature and ice concentration (IC) fields. Over the record, the mean annual area outflow at the Fram Strait is 706(113) × 103 km2; it was highest in 1994/95 (1002 × 103 km2) when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was near its 29-yr peak. The strength of the “Transpolar Drift Stream” (TDS) was high during the late 1980s through the mid-1990s. There is no statistically significant trend in the Fram Strait area flux. Even though there is a positive trend in the gradient of cross-strait sea level pressure, the outflow has not increased because of a negative trend in IC. Seasonally, the area outflow during recent summers (in 2005 and 2007) has been higher (&gt; 2σ from the mean) than average, contributing to the decline of summer ice coverage. Without updated ice thickness estimates, the best estimate of mean annual volume flux (between 1991 and 1999) stands at ∼2200 km3 yr−1 (∼0.07 Sv: Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Net annual outflow at the S–FJL passage is 37(39) × 103 km2; the large outflow of multiyear ice in 2002–03, marked by an area and volume outflow of 141 × 103 km2 and ∼300 km3, was unusual over the record. At the FJL–SZ passage, there is a mean annual inflow of 103(93) × 103 km2 of seasonal ice into the Arctic. While the recent pattern of winter Arctic circulation and sea level pressure (SLP) has nearly reverted to its conditions typical of the 1980s, the summer has not. Compared to the 1980s, the recent summer SLP distributions show much lower SLPs (2–3 hPa) over much of the Arctic. Overall, there is a strengthening of the summer TDS. Examination of the exchanges between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors shows a long-term trend that favors the summer advection of sea ice toward the Atlantic associated with a shift in the mean summer circulation patterns.
Projected Changes to the Southern Hemisphere Ocean and Sea Ice in the IPCC AR4 Climate Models
Authors: Sen Gupta Alexander , Santoso Agus , Taschetto Andréa S. , Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Trevena Jessica , England Matthew H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Fidelity and projected changes in the climate models, used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), are assessed with regard to the Southern Hemisphere extratropical ocean and sea ice systems. While individual models span different physical parameterizations and resolutions, a major component of intermodel variability results from surface wind differences. Projected changes to the surface wind field are also central in modifying future extratropical circulation and internal properties. A robust southward shift of the circumpolar current and subtropical gyres is projected, with a strong spinup of the Atlantic gyre. An associated increase in the core strength of the circumpolar circulation is evident; however, this does not translate into robust increases in Drake Passage transport. While an overarching oceanic warming is projected, the circulation-driven poleward shift of the temperature field explains much of the midlatitude warming pattern. The effect of this shift is less clear for salinity, where, instead, surface freshwater forcing dominates. Surface warming and high-latitude freshwater increases drive intensified stratification, and a shoaling and southward shift of the deep mixed layers. Despite large intermodel differences, there is also a robust weakening in bottom water formation and its northward outflow. At the same time the wind intensification invigorates the upwelling of deep water, transporting warm, salty water southward and upward, with major implications for sequestration and outgassing of CO2. A robust decrease is projected for both the sea ice concentration and the seasonal cycling of ice volume, potentially altering the salt and heat budget at high latitudes.
Evaluation of CMORPH Precipitation Products at Fine Space–Time Scales
Authors: Zeweldi Dawit A. , Gebremichael Mekonnen 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In this study, a comparison of the spatial patterns of high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique (CMORPH), which is a satellite-only product, and gauge-adjusted Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) rainfall observations is performed using a variety of statistical techniques for the Little Washita watershed region in Oklahoma for a 3-yr period. Results show that 1) the performance statistics of CMORPH show tremendous variability from one hour to the next, suggesting that the performance statistics are dynamic in time, and therefore each satellite rainfall product should be accompanied by an error product to make it more meaningful; 2) CMORPH is positively biased in summer and negatively biased in winter, consistent with the findings of previous studies; 3) CMORPH spatial fields tend to be smoother than NEXRAD output; 4) the errors are temporally correlated, in particular within the range from 1 to 6 accumulation hours, implying that averaging CMORPH products over these time scales does not reduce the errors significantly; and 5) the errors become less correlated in time as the averaging time scale increases to the range from 6 to 24 h.
An Assessment of National Weather Service Warning Procedures for Ice Storms
Authors: Call David A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Ice storms cause substantial damage to the United States every winter season, and the costs have increased in recent years. Accurate prediction and timely dissemination of warnings are effective ways to reduce the effects, because institutions and individuals can take actions to reduce the impacts. The National Weather Service (NWS) is the U.S. government agency charged with issuing warnings of impending ice storms. A survey of NWS warning coordination meteorologists was conducted to assess their awareness of the ice storm hazard, procedures followed to warn for ice storms, and level of contact with members of the community. Several warnings issued in advance of a recent ice storm were also examined. The findings of this research are twofold. First, most meteorologists with the NWS perceive the ice storm hazard with a level of seriousness consistent with climatology. Most follow established procedure and actively engage in warning specific groups before a storm. The second finding was that individual offices maintain a high level of autonomy. While this offers valuable flexibility and the opportunity to try new approaches, there is significant variation in the length and tone of ice storm warnings themselves. Additionally, several offices do not contact outsiders or offer general educational products, which may underserve constituents in their forecast areas. To solve these problems, it is suggested that NWS management encourage and support proactive communication policies. The NWS should also analyze the audience of their warning products and consider guidelines regarding intended audience, tone, and length.
Arthroscopic Second-Generation Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Compared with Microfracture for Chondral Lesions of the Knee
Authors: Kon Elizaveta , Gobbi Alberto , Filardo Giuseppe , Delcogliano Marco , Zaffagnini Stefano , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: December 2008

Background Various approaches have been proposed to treat articular cartilage lesions, which are plagued by inherent limited healing potential. Purpose To compare the clinical outcome of patients treated with second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation implants with those treated with the microfracture repair technique at 5-year follow-up. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Eighty active patients (mean age, 29.8 years) and grade III to IV cartilage lesions of the femoral condyles or trochlea were treated with arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation Hyalograft C or microfracture (40 patients per group). Patients achieved a minimum 5-year follow-up and were prospectively evaluated. Results Both groups showed statistically significant improvement of all clinical scores from preoperative interval to 5-year follow-up. There was a significant improvement for the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score from preoperative to 5-year follow-up (Wilcoxon test, P < .001). In the microfracture group, the International Knee Documentation Committee objective score increased from 2.5% normal and nearly normal knees before the operation to 75% normal and nearly normal knees at 5-year follow-up, and the subjective score increased from 41.1 ± 12.3 preoperatively to 70.2 ± 14.7 at 5-year follow-up. In the group treated with Hyalograft C, the International Knee Documentation Committee objective score increased from 15% normal and nearly normal knees before the operation to 90% normal and nearly normal knees at 5-year follow-up, and its subjective score increased from 40.5 ± 15.2 preoperatively to 80.2 ± 19.1 at 5-year follow-up (Wilcoxon test, P < .001). When comparing the groups, better improvement of the International Knee Documentation Committee objective (P < .001) and subjective (P = .003) scores was observed in the Hyalograft C group at 5-year follow-up. The return to sports at 2 years was similar in both groups and remained stable after 5 years in the Hyalograft C group; it worsened in the microfracture group. Conclusion Both methods have shown satisfactory clinical outcome at medium-term follow-up. Better clinical results and sport activity resumption were noted in the group treated with second-generation autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
Plantar Loading Comparisons between Women with a History of Second Metatarsal Stress Fractures and Normal Controls
Authors: Queen Robin M. , Abbey Alicia N. , Chuckpaiwong Bavornrit , Nunley James A. 
Published: December 2008

Background Stress fractures are common in athletics and are more prevalent in women. The current literature has not identified a reason for this gender difference. Hypothesis Women with a history of a second/third metatarsal stress fracture will demonstrate differences in loading in the middle forefoot. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Fifteen men, 15 control women, and 9 women with a history of a second/third metatarsal stress fracture were asked to run at 3.3 m/s ± 5% along a 10-m runway. Plantar loading parameters were recorded using a Pedar-X system. Results The women with fractures demonstrated a decrease in contact area and maximum force beneath the middle forefoot when compared with the female controls. Men demonstrated a decreased contact area in the medial and middle forefoot when compared with the control women. In addition, the women with fractures had decreased maximum force in the middle forefoot when compared with the control women. Conclusions The decrease in maximum force in the middle forefoot in patients with a previous stress fracture could have resulted from gait alterations after the fracture. Therefore, prospective studies need to be completed to better understand the loading differences that could be used to predict stress-fracture injury risk. Clinical Relevance It is unclear whether plantar loading can be used as a predictor of stress-fracture injury risk as these patients were tested after a stress fracture.
The graft-versus-leukemia effect using matched unrelated donors is not superior to HLA-identical siblings for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ringdén Olle , Pavletic Steven Z. , Anasetti Claudio , Barrett A. John , Wang Tao , Wang Dan , Antin Joseph H. , Di Bartolomeo Paolo , Bolwell Brian J. , Bredeson Christopher , Cairo Mitchell S. , Gale Robert P. , Gupta Vikas , Hahn Theresa , Hale Gregory A. , Halter Jorg , Jagasia Madan , Litzow Mark R. , Locatelli Franco , Marks David I. , McCarthy Philip L. , Cowan Morton J. , Petersdorf Effie W. , Russell James A. , Schiller Gary J. , Schouten Harry , Spellman Stephen , Verdonck Leo F. , Wingard John R. , Horowitz Mary M. , Arora Mukta 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDo some patients benefit from an unrelated donor (URD) transplant because of a stronger graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect? We analyzed 4099 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) undergoing a myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from an URD (8/8 human leukocyte antigen [HLA]–matched, n = 941) or HLA-identical sibling donor (n = 3158) between 1995 and 2004 reported to the CIBMTR. In the Cox regression model, acute and chronic GVHD were added as time-dependent variables. In multivariate analysis, URD transplant recipients had a higher risk for transplantation-related mortality (TRM; relative risk [RR], 2.76; P < .001) and relapse (RR, 1.50; P < .002) in patients with AML, but not ALL or CML. Chronic GVHD was associated with a lower relapse risk in all diagnoses. Leukemia-free survival (LFS) was decreased in patients with AML without acute GVHD receiving a URD transplant (RR, 2.02; P < .001) but was comparable to those receiving HLA-identical sibling transplants in patients with ALL and CML. In patients without GVHD, multivariate analysis showed similar risk of relapse but decreased LFS for URD transplants for all 3 diagnoses. In conclusion, risk of relapse was the same (ALL, CML) or worse (AML) in URD transplant recipients compared with HLA-identical sibling transplant recipients, suggesting a similar GVL effect.
Differentiation stage–specific expression of microRNAs in B lymphocytes and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Malumbres Raquel , Sarosiek Kristopher A. , Cubedo Elena , Ruiz Jose W. , Jiang Xiaoyu , Gascoyne Randy D. , Tibshirani Robert , Lossos Izidore S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
miRNAs are small RNA molecules binding to partially complementary sites in the 3′-UTR of target transcripts and repressing their expression. miRNAs orchestrate multiple cellular functions and play critical roles in cell differentiation and cancer development. We analyzed miRNA profiles in B-cell subsets during peripheral B-cell differentiation as well as in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Our results show temporal changes in the miRNA expression during B-cell differentiation with a highly unique miRNA profile in germinal center (GC) lymphocytes. We provide experimental evidence that these changes may be physiologically relevant by demonstrating that GC-enriched hsa-miR-125b down-regulates the expression of IRF4 and PRDM1/BLIMP1, and memory B cell–enriched hsa-miR-223 down-regulates the expression of LMO2. We further demonstrate that although an important component of the biology of a malignant cell is inherited from its nontransformed cellular progenitor—GC centroblasts—aberrant miRNA expression is acquired upon cell transformation. A 9-miRNA signature was identified that could precisely differentiate the 2 major subtypes of DLBCL. Finally, expression of some of the miRNAs in this signature is correlated with clinical outcome of uniformly treated DLBCL patients.
Marianne Bronner-Fraser
Authors: Hoopes Laura L. Mays 
Published: December 2008

Note from the Editor Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu.