bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating Tumor Cells versus Imaging—Predicting Overall Survival in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Budd G. Thomas , Cristofanilli Massimo , Ellis Mathew J. , Stopeck Allison , Borden Ernest , Miller M. Craig , Matera Jeri , Repollet Madeline , Doyle Gerald V. , Terstappen Leon W.M.M. , Hayes Daniel F. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Purpose: The presence of ≥5 circulating tumor cells (CTC) in 7.5 mL blood from patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer before and/or after initiation of therapy is associated with shorter progression-free and overall survival. In this report, we compared the use of CTCs to radiology for prediction of overall survival.
Experimental Design: One hundred thirty-eight metastatic breast cancer patients had imaging studies done before and a median of 10 weeks after the initiation of therapy. All scans were centrally reviewed by two independent radiologists using WHO criteria to determine radiologic response. CTC counts were determined ∼4 weeks after initiation of therapy. Specimens were analyzed at one of seven laboratories and reviewed by a central laboratory.
Results: Interreader variability for radiologic responses and CTC counts were 15.2% and 0.7%, respectively. The median overall survival of 13 (9%) patients with radiologic nonprogression and ≥5 CTCs was significantly shorter than that of the 83 (60%) patients with radiologic nonprogression and &lt;5 CTCs (15.3 versus 26.9 months; P = 0.0389). The median overall survival of the 20 (14%) patients with radiologic progression and &lt;5 CTCs was significantly longer than the 22 (16%) patients with ≥5 CTCs that showed progression by radiology (19.9 versus 6.4 months; P = 0.0039).
Conclusions: Assessment of CTCs is an earlier, more reproducible indication of disease status than current imaging methods. CTCs may be a superior surrogate end point, as they are highly reproducible and correlate better with overall survival than do changes determined by traditional radiology.
2-Methoxyestradiol, an Endogenous Mammalian Metabolite, Radiosensitizes Colon Carcinoma Cells through c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Activation
Authors: Zou HuiChao , Adachi Masaaki , Imai Kohzoh , Hareyama Masato , Yoshioka Katsuji , Zhao Shiguang , Shinomura Yasuhisa 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Purpose: 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME), an estrogen metabolite, induces apoptosis in various cell types. We investigated whether 2ME pretreatment can radiosensitize colon adenocarcinoma cells.
Experimental Design: Radiosensitizing effects of 2ME were evaluated by cell death, clonogenic assay, nuclear fragmentation, and tumor progression of xenografts. Ionizing radiation–induced DNA damage was evaluated by histone H2AX phosphorylation and its foci. The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation was evaluated by anti-phosphorylated JNK antibody and inhibited by the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 or dominant-negative SEK1 expression.
Results: Clonogenic assays revealed that 2ME, but not estradiol, radiosensitized three colon carcinoma cells, DLD-1, HCT-8, and HCT-15, and strongly suppressed tumor progression of DLD-1 xenografts. Gene transfer–mediated Bcl-xL overexpression largely abolished both augmented apoptosis and reduced survival fractions. Pretreatment with 2ME enhanced H2AX phosphorylation, its foci, and phosphorylation of ATM kinase and delayed re-entry of cell cycle progression after ionizing radiation. Augmentation of both radiosensitivity and H2AX phosphorylation was substantially reduced by SP600125 or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant SEK1.
Conclusion: 2ME radiosensitized colon carcinoma cells through enhanced DNA damage via JNK activation, thereby representing a novel radiosensitizing therapy against colon cancer.
Metastasis-Suppressing Potential of Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunit p53R2 in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Xiyong , Zhou Bingsen , Xue Lijun , Shih Jennifer , Tye Karen , Lin Wesley , Qi Christina , Chu Peiguo , Un Frank , Wen Wei , Yen Yun 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Previous gene transfection studies have shown that the accumulation of human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 (hRRM2) enhances cellular transformation, tumorigenesis, and malignancy potential. The latest identified small subunit p53R2 has 80% homology to hRRM2. Here, we investigate the role of p53R2 in cancer invasion and metastasis.
Experimental Design: The immunohistochemistry was conducted on a tissue array including 49 primary and 59 metastatic colon adenocarcinoma samples to determine the relationship between p53R2 expression and metastasis. A Matrigel invasive chamber was used to sort the highly invasive cells and to evaluate the invasion potential of p53R2.
Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that p53R2 is negatively related to the metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma samples (odds ratio, 0.23; P &lt; 0.05). The decrease of p53R2 is associated with cell invasion potential, which was observed in both p53 wild-type (KB) and mutant (PC-3 and Mia PaCa-2) cell lines. An increase in p53R2 expression by gene transfection significantly reduced the cellular invasion potential to 54% and 30% in KB and PC-3 cells, respectively, whereas inhibition of p53R2 by short interfering RNA resulted in a 3-fold increase in cell migration.
Conclusions: Opposite regulation of hRRM2 and p53R2 in invasion potential might play a critical role in determining the invasion and metastasis phenotype in cancer cells. The expression level of ribonucleotide reductase small subunits may serve as a biomarker to predict the malignancy potential of human cancers in the future.
Chromosomal Instability in Microsatellite-Unstable and Stable Colon Cancer
Authors: Trautmann Karolin , Terdiman Jonathan P. , French Amy J. , Roydasgupta Ritu , Sein Nancy , Kakar Sanjay , Fridlyand Jane , Snijders Antoine M. , Albertson Donna G. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Waldman Frederic M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Purpose: The genomic instability in colon cancer can be divided into at least two major types, microsatellite instability (MSI) or chromosomal instability (CIN). Although initially felt to be mutually exclusive, recent evidence suggests that there may be overlap between the two. The aim of this study was to identify chromosomal alterations at high resolution in sporadic colon cancers with high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and to compare them to those present in a set of matched microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors.
Experimental Design: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization was used to analyze a set of 23 sporadic MSI-H and 23 MSS colon cancers matched for location, gender, stage, and age. The arrays consisted of 2,464 bacterial artificial chromosome clones.
Results: MSI and MSS colon cancers differed significantly with respect to frequency and type of chromosomal alterations. The median fraction of genome altered was lower among MSI-H tumors than MSS tumors (2.8% versus 30.7%, P = 0.00006). However, the MSI-H tumors displayed a range of genomic alterations, from the absence of detectable alterations to extensive alterations. Frequent alterations in MSI-H tumors included gains of chromosomes 8, 12, and 13, and loss of 15q14. In contrast, the most frequent alterations in MSS tumors were gains of 7, 13, 8q, and 20, and losses of 8p, 17p, and 18. A small, previously uncharacterized, genomic deletion on 16p13.2, found in 35% of MSI-H and 21% of MSS tumors, was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Conclusion: MSI and CIN are not mutually exclusive forms of genomic instability in sporadic colon cancer, with MSI tumors also showing varying degrees of CIN.
Reduced Expression of theBreast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1mRNA Is Correlated with Poor Progress in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang Zhenhuan , Yamashita Hiroko , Toyama Tatsuya , Yamamoto Yutaka , Kawasoe Teru , Iwase Hirotaka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurpose: It is well established that breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) suppresses metastasis of breast cancer in animal models without affecting the growth of the primary tumor. It has also been shown to suppress the metastasis of tumors derived from breast and melanoma cell lines. However, its clinical importance for breast cancer patients remains undetermined. This prompted us to investigate its expression level in breast cancer patients to clarify its clinical significance.Experimental Design: The level of expression of BRMS1 mRNA was assessed by LightCycler quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR in 161 cases of invasive carcinoma of the breast. Associations between BRMS1 mRNA expression and various clinicopathologic factors were sought.Results: It was found that BRMS1 mRNA was expressed at significantly higher levels in patients &gt;50 years of age, with tumor size &lt;2 cm, or with progesterone receptor–positive and HER2-negative tumors. No differences were found between BRMS1 mRNA expression and axillary lymph node metastasis and histologic grade groups. Patients with high levels of expression of BRMS1 mRNA have a better prognosis than those with low expression. Univariate and multivariate prognostic analysis showed that BRMS1 mRNA is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in breast cancer.Conclusions: These results provide clinical evidence to support the notion that BRMS1 is a breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor gene. Our results also suggest that measuring BRMS1 expression will help to identify those breast cancer patients with worse disease-free survival.
Desert, City, and Countryside in the Early Christian Imagination
Authors: Rapp Claudia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper isolates the literary motif of the desert as the idealized locus of monastic retreat and shows the transformation of this concept from pagan to Christian literature. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of the notion of the desert as a state of mind of detachment from and indifference to the world. This allows for the practice of monastic virtues even in a worldly environment, and thus bridges the perceived gap between monks and bishops.
Nikolaus of Flüe († 1487): Physiognomies of a Late Medieval Ascetic
Authors: Signori Gabriela 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the fifteenth century the number of saints increased dramatically. But most of them had already been dead for centuries and were known only through the pages of their vitae. Living saints became rare, chiefly because of the unwaveringly skeptical approach towards them. Critics were always asking, How does one recognise a saint? What do "real" saints look like? What is the relationship between what is outside and what is inside, between the physical appearance and the inner self of a man? As this paper will demonstrate, it was was not so much these questions as the answers that were new.
The Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Energy and Water Balance in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Pongratz Julia , Bounoua Lahouari , DeFries Ruth S. , Morton Douglas C. , Anderson Liana O. , Mauser Wolfram , Klink Carlos A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The sensitivity of surface energy and water fluxes to recent land cover changes is simulated for a small region in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2) is used, driven by biophysical parameters derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 250-m resolution, to compare the effects of different land conversion types. The mechanisms through which changes in vegetation alter surface fluxes of energy, momentum, water, and carbon are analyzed for both wet and dry seasons. It is found that morphological changes contribute to warming and drying of the atmosphere while physiological changes, particularly those associated with a plant’s photosynthetic pathway, counterbalance or exacerbate the warming depending on the type of conversion and the season. Furthermore, this study’s results indicate that initial clearing of evergreen and transition forest to bare ground increases canopy temperature by up to 1.7°C. For subsequent land use such as pasture or cropland, the largest effect is seen for the conversion of evergreen forest to C3 cropland during the wet season, with a 21% decrease of the latent heat flux and 0.4°C increase in canopy temperature. The secondary conversion of pasture to cropland resulted in slight warming and drying during the wet season driven mostly by the change in carbon pathway from C4 to C3. For all conversions types, the daily temperature range is amplified, suggesting that plants replacing forest clearing require more temperature tolerance than the trees they replace. The results illustrate that the effect of deforestation on climate depends not only on the overall extent of clearing but also on the subsequent land use type.
The Radiative Effect of a Fir Canopy on a Snowpack
Authors: Tribbeck M. J. , Gurney R. J. , Morris E. M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Models of snow processes in areas of possible large-scale change need to be site independent and physically based. Here, the accumulation and ablation of the seasonal snow cover beneath a fir canopy has been simulated with a new physically based snow–soil vegetation–atmosphere transfer scheme (Snow-SVAT) called SNOWCAN. The model was formulated by coupling a canopy optical and thermal radiation model to a physically based multilayer snow model. Simple representations of other forest effects were included. These include the reduction of wind speed and hence turbulent transfer beneath the canopy, sublimation of intercepted snow, and deposition of debris on the surface.
This paper tests this new modeling approach fully at a fir site within Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho. Model parameters were determined at an open site and subsequently applied to the fir site. SNOWCAN was evaluated using measurements of snow depth, subcanopy solar and thermal radiation, and snowpack profiles of temperature, density, and grain size. Simulations showed good agreement with observations (e.g., fir site snow depth was estimated over the season with r 2 = 0.96), generally to within measurement error. However, the simulated temperature profiles were less accurate after a melt–freeze event, when the temperature discrepancy resulted from underestimation of the rate of liquid water flow and/or the rate of refreeze. This indicates both that the general modeling approach is applicable and that a still more complete representation of liquid water in the snowpack will be important.
Distinct Hydrological Signatures in Observed Historical Temperature Fields
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Suarez Max J. , Schubert Siegfried D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the physical bounds on soil moisture content and the nonlinear relationship between soil moisture and evaporation lead to distinct geographical patterns in key surface energy and water balance variables. In particular, simple hydrological considerations suggest—and extensive AGCM simulations confirm—that the variance and skew of seasonally averaged [June–August (JJA)] air temperature on the planet should be maximized in specific, and different, regions: a variance maximum should appear on the dry side of the soil moisture variance maximum, and a positive skew maximum should appear on the wet side of the temperature variance maximum. These ideas are tested with multidecade observational temperature data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). In the United States, where sufficient data exist, the predicted patterns in the seasonal temperature moments show up where expected. These results suggest that hydrological considerations do indeed control the patterns of seasonal temperature variance and skew in nature.
Effects of Implementing MODIS Land Cover and Albedo in MM5 at Two Contrasting U.S. Regions
Authors: Yucel Ismail 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This study implements a new land-cover classification and surface albedo from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and investigates its effects on regional near-surface atmospheric state variables as well as the planetary boundary layer evolution for two dissimilar U.S. regions. Surface parameter datasets are determined by translating the 17-category MODIS classes into the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Simple Biosphere (SiB) categories available for use in MM5. Changes in land-cover specification or associated parameters affected surface wind, temperature, and humidity fields, which, in turn, resulted in perceivable alterations in the evolving structure of the planetary boundary layer. Inclusion of the MODIS albedo into the simulations enhanced these impacts further. Area-averaged comparisons with ground measurements showed remarkable improvements in near-surface temperature and humidity at both study areas when MM5 is initialized with MODIS land-cover and albedo data. Influence of both MODIS surface datasets is more significant at a semiarid location in the southwest of the United States than it is in a humid location in the mid-Atlantic region. Intense summertime surface heating at the semiarid location creates favorable conditions for strong land surface forcing. For example, when the simulations include MODIS land cover and MODIS albedo, respective error reduction rates were 6% and 11% in temperature and 2% and 2.5% in humidity in the southwest of the United States. Error reduction rates in near-surface atmospheric fields are considered important in the design of mesoscale weather simulations.
Adsorption of Water Vapor by Bare Soil in an Olive Grove in Southern Spain
Authors: Verhoef A. , Diaz-Espejo A. , Knight J. R. , Villagarcía L. , Fernández J. E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Data for water vapor adsorption and evaporation are presented for a bare soil (sandy loam, clay content 15%) in a southern Spanish olive grove. Water losses and gains were measured using eight high-precision minilysimeters, placed around an olive tree, which had been irrigated until the soil reached field capacity (∼0.22 m3 m−3). They were subsequently left to dry for 10 days. A pair of lysimeters was situated at each of the main points of the compass (N, E, S, W), at a distance of 1 m (the inner set of lysimeters; ILS) and 2 m (the outer set of lysimeters; OLS), respectively, from the tree trunk.
Distinct periods of moisture loss (evaporation) and moisture gain (vapor adsorption) could be distinguished for each day. Vapor adsorption often started just after noon and generally lasted until the (early) evening. Values of up to 0.7 mm of adsorbed water per day were measured. Adsorption was generally largest for the OLS (up to 100% more on a daily basis), and increased during the dry down. This was mainly the result of lower OLS surface soil moisture contents (period-average absolute difference ∼0.005 m3 m−3), as illustrated using various analyses employing a set of micrometeorological equations describing the exchange of water vapor between bare soil and the atmosphere. These analyses also showed that the amount of water vapor adsorbed by soils is very sensitive to changes in atmospheric forcing and surface variables. The use of empirical equations to estimate vapor adsorption is therefore not recommended.
Dermatomyositis and polymyositis associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome—a novel overlap syndrome
Authors: Sherer Yaniv , Livneh Avi , Levy Yair , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Langevitz Pnina 
Published: November 2006

Objective: As APS (antiphospholipid syndrome) can be either primary or secondary to a wide range of other conditions (such as autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and drug-induced conditions) the aim of this study was to describe a novel overlap syndrome of APS. Methods: All patients diagnosed with either PM (polymytosis) or DM (dermatomytosis) who were treated in the Rheumatology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, were followed-up in the past 8 years for the appearance of a clinical manifestation of the APS, and conversely, patients with APS treated by us were clinically assessed for the presence of signs and symptoms of PM and DM. Both conditions were diagnosed according to accepted diagnostic criteria. Results: Three patients were found to have both APS and PM/DM. A patient with PM had transverse myelopathy, a patient with DM had pulmonary embolism, and a patient with PM had recurrent abortions, stroke, livedo reticularis and mitral regurgitation. Both patients with PM had also SLE (systemic lupus erythematosis). Conclusions: APS can be associated with a wide range of diseases. Future data would reveal which therapy is the best for the association of PM/DM with APS, and determine the pathogenesis and prognosis in patients with this association.
The spectrum of ocular involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without ocular symptoms
Authors: Soo M PK , Chow S K , Tan C T , Nadior N , Yeap S S , Hoh H B 
Published: November 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum of clinical ocular involvement in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have no ocular symptoms. Patients with a diagnosis of SLE based on the 1982 revised American College of Rheumatology criteria and with no ocular complaints were recruited from the SLE clinic. Clinical data regarding their systemic disease and disease activity were recorded and a full ophthalmic examination carried out. 52 patients of mixed ethnicity comprising of 75% Chinese, 19% Malays and 6% Indian patients were recruited. Of these, 51 (98%) were female with a mean age of 34 11 (range 16–74 y). 16 (31%) patients had dry eyes while corticosteroid induced glaucoma and cataract was detected in 1 (2%) and 7 (14%) patients, respectively. No patients were found to have sight-threatening ocular conditions such as cotton wool spots, vasculitis, optic neuropathy or uveitis. Patients with clinically inactive disease were found not to have sight-threatening ocular diseases that are known to be associated with SLE. Although they have no ocular complaints, nearly one-third of these patients have dry eyes. Ocular examination may be unnecessary when the disease is clinically inactive and in the absence of ocular symptoms.
Socioeconomic status in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sule S , Petri M 
Published: November 2006

Our understanding of the biological pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rapidly expanding. Although biologic research is vital, studies that address the importance of socioeconomic factors that contribute to the causation of the outcome of SLE are necessary to understand the full scope of the disease. Studies of social factors in SLE usually include ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) as categorical variables. One hypothesis is that these variables exert their effect through a biologic or genetic factor. However, there is growing evidence to suggest a more direct psychological or sociological impact of these variables on disease. Although in research studies it may be difficult to tease out the biological and sociological impacts of these variables, the eventual understanding of these diverse roles will help in the design of eventual therapeutic interventions.