bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oolichan Grease: A Unique Marine Lipid and Dietary Staple of the North Pacific Coast
Authors: Phinney Stephen D. , Wortman James A. , Bibus Douglas 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOolichan grease, a dietary fat prepared from smelt‐like fish, is highly prized by north Pacific coast aboriginal cultures. The composition of oolichan grease is unclear, with one report indicating a high 22:6n‐3 content consistent with cold‐water marine oils, but another reporting a much lower value. We noted that oolichan grease remains solid up to 15 °C, suggesting a low polyunsaturate content. After extracting total lipids from four fresh oolichan fish and four samples of grease, fatty acids were quantitated by high resolution gas chromatography (GC), as were additional samples of fish lipid and grease that were fractionated into triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), and free fatty acids by thin‐layer chromatography. In contradistinction to one prior report, we found EPA and DHA in fresh fish total lipids to be 0.9 and 2.2 wt%, respectively, while in the extracted grease, both were reduced to 0.5 wt%. Only the fresh fish PL fraction contained appreciable DHA. The bulk of the grease consisted of saturated fatty acids (30.3 wt%) and mono‐unsaturates (55.0 wt%), explaining its high melting point. Excepting its very low omega‐6 content (<2 wt%), oolichan grease is quite similar in composition to human adipose TG. Its solid state at environmental temperatures and low peroxidizability index made it suitable for storage and transport, explaining its status as a preferred trade item among regional aboriginal groups.
Multiple pregnancy: Legal and ethical issues
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. , Cook Rebecca J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMultiple pregnancy is increasingly considered a complication of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian stimulation for natural fertilization. Harms to fetuses, newborn and older children, mothers, families, and healthcare systems are encouraging single embryo transfer. When patients knowingly accept multiple pregnancy risks from IVF or ovarian stimulation, they are unlikely to succeed in litigation against healthcare providers for wrongful pregnancy or wrongful birth. More challenging are impaired children's claims for “wrongful life.” These are unlikely to succeed against parents, but courts are ambivalent to claims against healthcare providers. Historically, courts rejected these claims, under the principle that live birth is not a legal injury. European and other courts, however, have been more sympathetic to these claims. Multiple pregnancy treated by fetal reduction is not usually found to offend abortion laws. This poses ethical concerns, however, of “lifeboat ethics,” involving how fetal reduction choices are made.
Free will in consumer behavior: Self‐control, ego depletion, and choice
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Sparks Erin A. , Stillman Tyler F. , Vohs Kathleen D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractConsumer behavior offers a useful window on human nature, through which many distinctively human patterns of cognition and behavior can be observed. Consumer behavior should therefore be of central interest to a broad range of psychologists. These patterns include much of what is commonly understood as free will. Our approach to understanding free will sidesteps metaphysical and theological debates. Belief in free will is pervasive in human social life and contributes to its benefits. Evolution endowed humans with a new form of action control, which is what people understand by free will. Its complexity and flexibility are suited to the distinctively human forms of social life in culture, with its abstract rules, expanded time span, diverse interdependent roles, and other sources of opportunities and constraints. Self‐control, planful action, and rational choice are vital forms of free will in this sense. The capacity for self‐control and intelligent decision making involves a common, limited resource that uses the body's basic energy supply. When this resource is depleted, self‐control fails and decision making is impaired.
Degrees of freedom of will: An essential endless question in consumer behavior
Authors: Mick David Glen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBaumeister, Sparks, Stillman, and Vohs [Baumeister, R. F., Sparks, E. A., Stillman, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). Free will in consumer behavior: Self‐control, ego depletion, and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology] provide new insights on consumer free will by linking it to self‐regulation within the context of culture, the market system, and ego depletion. They imply that free will is strong and widespread, as consumers set their goals and budgets and choose products and brands according to self‐interests. However, the article gives little attention to the forces that substantially constrain consumer free will. These include the structure and power of international corporations, the role of socioeconomic status and biography, and the 24/7, high‐speed, multitasking, hyperchoice lifestyle of millions of people. I identify some consumer behaviors that appear higher in free will than brand choices per se. I then outline additional research on belief in free will, the experience of free will, the association between wisdom and free will, and the roles of nonconscious factors and marketplace metacognition in exercising free will.
Should we ask our children about sex, drugs, and rock & roll? A different conclusion
Authors: Sherman Steven J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFitzsimons and Moore argue that survey questions for adolescents concerning risky behaviors can increase the degree to which participants will adopt those behaviors. This outcome is likely to be true for behaviors about which adolescents have negative explicit attitudes but positive implicit attitudes. Such a conclusion is extremely important for the health of research participants, for researchers, and for the field in general. I argue that it is premature to accept these conclusions, raising questions about process issues as well as conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues.
The question‐behavior effect from an action control perspective
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Oettingen Gabriele 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe question‐behavior effect is discussed by taking an action control perspective. With respect to the determinants of the effect, it is asked whether its strength is dependent on the features of the behaviors at issue (e.g., difficulty), how the question targets the critical behaviors (e.g., in terms of attitudes or intentions, frequency or intensity), and in which context it is asked. With respect to the psychological processes, it is questioned whether the activation of positive implicit attitudes underlies the effect. Finally, to counter unwanted question‐behavior effects on risky behaviors, an intervention treatment geared at blocking such effects is suggested that is based on the self‐regulation of goal setting (by mental contrasting; Oettingen, 2000) and goal implementation (by forming if‐then plans; Gollwitzer, 1999).
Consumer response to brand extensions: Construal level as a moderator of the importance of perceived fit
Authors: Kim Hakkyun , John Deborah Roedder 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne of the most enduring findings from branding research is that consumers evaluate brand extensions on the basis of their perceived fit with the parent brand. In this article, we propose that the importance of perceived fit in extension evaluations is moderated by construal level. We draw upon construal level theory, which posits that individuals can construe stimuli in their environments in terms of abstract and generalized features (high‐level construals) or in terms of concrete and contextualized features (low‐level construals). Results from three studies confirm that consumers who construe their environment at a higher level place more importance on perceived extension fit in evaluating brand extensions. These consumers evaluate high fit extensions more favorably than moderate fit extensions, consistent with prior research. However, consumers who construe their environment at a lower level do not evaluate high and moderate fit extensions any differently, unless the importance of using fit perceptions is made salient.
The publicly self‐consciousness consumer: Prepared to be embarrassed
Authors: Lau‐Gesk Loraine , Drolet Aimee 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis research examined whether high public self‐consciousness (HPUBSC) consumers are more inclined than low public self‐consciousness (LPUBSC) consumers to buy products aimed at preventing embarrassment but which are embarrassing to buy. Study 1 found that PUBSC is positively associated with increased intentions to buy such products. Study 2 showed that an increase in the severity of the social consequences associated with an embarrassing situation increased participants' purchase intentions, regardless of their level of PUBSC. However, whereas an increase in the frequency of an embarrassing situation's occurrence increased the purchase intentions of LPUBSC participants, it decreased the purchase intentions of HPUBSC participants. Study 3 revealed evidence of a reverse spotlight effect for HPUBSC participants.
Embodied constraints as elements in attitude construction
Authors: Smith Eliot R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSimonson holds that non‐constructed “inherent preferences” influence many expressed attitudes as well as behavioral choices. These inherent preferences are not mentally represented, but amount to embodied constraints that (for example) make a person like a new product on an initial encounter. This article situates Simonson's argument in the social–psychological literature on attitudes. Existing evidence does suggest that people sometimes are surprised by their evaluations of experiences (failures of affective forecasting). However, the problematic concept of non‐constructed inherent preferences need not be invoked to explain such effects; existing models of the role of direct experience in attitudes are adequate.
Visual and verbal information processing in a consumer context: Further considerations
Authors: Wyer Robert S. , Jiang Yuwei , Hung Iris W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAmong the many provocative comments on the paper by Wyer, R.S., Hung, I.W., & Jiang, Y.W. (2008) Visual and verbal processing strategies in comprehension and judgment. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 18. are concerns about (a) the relation of the conceptualization proposed to more general theoretical formulations of information processing, (b) the consistency of this conceptualization with current knowledge about brain functioning, (c) its implications for other, unmentioned areas of consumer decision making, and (d) the measurement of individual differences in visual and verbal processing strategies. We attempt to respond to these concerns and, in some cases, to elaborate their implications.
DETERMINANTS OF EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA FAMILY PLANNING MESSAGES AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH: A STUDY ON THE GARO
Authors: ISLAM M. RAKIBUL , ISLAM M. AMIRUL , BANOWARY BANYA 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThis paper evaluates exposure to mass media family planning (FP) messages among the Garo, an indigenous community in Bangladesh. A sample of 223 currently married Garo women were selected purposively from two districts where most of the Garo population live. The analysis demonstrated that television was the most significant form of mass media to disseminate FP messages among the recipients – more so than radio and newspapers. About 80·6% of the respondents had heard of FP messages through television, while for the radio and newspapers the percentages were 55·3% and 22·7% respectively. The contraceptive prevalence rate is much higher (79·5%) in the study area than the national level (55·8%). A linear logistic regression model was employed to identify the confluence of different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on mass media FP messages. Regarding exposure to FP messages, four independent variables out of six had significant effects on the exposure to FP messages through any one of the types of media, i.e. radio, television and newspapers. These independent variables were age, level of education, occupation and number of children.
Tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica – an unusual cause of stridor
Authors: Natt R S , Helliwell T , McCormick M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:A case of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica causing sub-glottic stenosis is described.Study design:Case report and literature review.Materials and methods:A 37-year-old man presented with a 15-year history of gradually worsening dyspnoea and stridor due to sub-glottic stenosis. His medical and radiographic records were reviewed. This patient's presentation, histopathological findings and radiology images are presented and discussed.Results:Histopathological evaluation of microlaryngoscopy biopsy specimens, taken during laser debulking of the stenosis, confirmed the presence of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica.Conclusions:This is the first reported case of sub-glottic stenosis caused by tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica which required an urgent tracheostomy.
Sublingual hydatid cyst: case report and literature review
Authors: Jumani K T , Ananthamurthy A , Joy B , Nayar R C 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:To demonstrate the importance of detailed clinical analysis in the differential diagnosis of a cyst in the floor of the mouth, and to provide an update on current knowledge and treatment of sublingual hydatid cyst.Case report:A 23-year-old man presented complaining of a swelling in the midline of the sublingual region, present for four months and progressively increasing in size. Ultrasonography of the neck revealed a well defined, hypoechoic lesion in the sublingual region, containing a calcific focus. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed numerous round to oval structures resembling brood capsules, with scolices and occasional hooklets. T1- and T2-weighted, multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging scans showed a well defined, multiloculated lesion in the sublingual region.Conclusion:Hydatid disease may present as a slow-growing cyst in the sublingual region. Aspiration cytology should preferably be avoided until radiological imaging studies are complete. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose hydatid disease in an unusual location.
Measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, revisited*
Authors: ANDERSON KYM , KURZWEIL MARIANNE , MARTIN WILL , SANDRI DAMIANO , VALENZUELA ERNESTO 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNotwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. As well, in developing countries especially, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact on agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies, and quantitative restrictions plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981–2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide CGE model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004.
Law in other contexts: stand bravely brothers! A report from the law wars
Authors: Guardiola-Rivera Oscar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay argues against the two pillars of current research on law and globalisation, from the perspective of legal theory and political philosophy: first, the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ and ‘not so well-ordered’ societies; second, the sociological model of the subject as pacified, fearful and isolated (to sum up, in harmony). It is argued that mainstream legal theory and political philosophy merely reflects the actual rules of the game of competition, dispute and conflict. In contrast, this essay takes sides with the anthropological and philosophical tradition that conceives the subject as antagonistic and in state of lack, profoundly concerned with the other, whom she imitates and whose standpoint she must be able to share if she is to make sense of the world. Furthermore, it is argued that transitivity or imitation lies at the very origin of conflict and dispute; lack and antagonism remain thus at the core of society, in spite of the surface appearance of harmony that characterises post-modern societies. Because of this, any general theory of law and society that wishes to be relevant at the time of globalisation must make the experience of antagonism and violence, motivated by imitation and envy, and its containment, its object of study. To do this, it must abandon the dualist conception of subjects and societies expressed in the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ (more violent) and ‘not-so-well-ordered’ (less violent) societies that has informed its investigation to this day, in order to declare in the most general terms a critique of violence from the standpoint of the victim, as of a piece with its demand for global social and political justice.
Giving birth but refusing motherhood: inauthentic choice or self-determining identity?
Authors: Marshall Jill 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIssues of what personal autonomy and identity means are investigated in the context of the European Court of Human Rights’ development of Article 8’s right to respect one’s private life into a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity with particular reference to French anonymous birthing as explored by that court in Odièvre v France and feminist literature on mothering and autonomy. Although much critiqued by feminists, personal autonomy has been reconceptualised to mean something of worth to women. Yet, this version of autonomy can diverge into two directions in terms of individual identity as evidenced in Odièvre and in feminist literature: self-determination or self-realisation/authenticity. Conclusions are reached that making autonomy dependent on claims to ‘authenticity’ restricts personal freedom and thus ultimately identity.
Some considerations on command responsibility and criminal liability
Authors: Allan Williamson Jamie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUnder international humanitarian law commanders have been entrusted with the task of ensuring respect for that body of law by their subordinates. This responsibility includes not only the training in IHL of those under their command, but also the taking of necessary measures to prevent or punish subordinates committing violations of IHL. Failure by a commander to do so will give rise to criminal liability, often termed superior responsibility. The following article reviews some of the issues arising from the application and development of this form of responsibility, from both a practical and a legal perspective.
Aspects of victim participation in the proceedings of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Baumgartner Elisabeth 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe participation of victims in criminal proceedings is generally a rather new phenomenon. While there is a certain tradition of victim participation as “partie civile” in the criminal proceedings of some national jurisdictions, it is a novelty in international criminal trials. The drafters of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute chose to design a rather broad victim participation scheme. Although it is hailed as an important and effective instrument for giving victims of gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law a voice, the procedural and substantive details are far from being settled. Some of the most significant issues are discussed in this article, including the question whether and how victim participation may influence sentencing and punishment.
Extreme Snowmelt in Northern Greenland During Summer 2008
Authors: Tedesco Marco , Fettweis Xavier , van den Broeke Michiel , van de Wal Roderik , Smeets Paul 
Published: October 2008

Extreme snowmelt occurred during summer 2008 over the northern part of the Greenland ice sheet, according to the analysis of microwave data recorded by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board the F13 satellite of the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). New records of the number of melting days were also observed over large portions of the same areas (letters A and B in Figure 1).Anomalies of the 2008 number of melting days (i.e., the difference between the 2008 number of melting days and the 1979–2007 average) are reported in Figure 1. In 2008, melting in northern Greenland lasted up to 18 days longer than previous maximum values, and the melting index (i.e., the number of melting days × the area subject to melting) was 3 times greater than the 1979–2007 average, with 1.545×106 square kilometers x days. Also of noticeable value are 2008 anomalies observed along Greenland's west coast, with melting over this area lasting up to 5–10 days longer than the average (letter C in Figure 1).
Time Is on Our Side (Yes, It Is)
Authors: Gaffney E. S. 
Published: October 2008

Russell Seitz (aka Chicken Little) concludes that geologic time is running out (Eos, 89(20), 187, 2008). He envisions a bleak future for the science that soon will be saturated with geologists, each restricted to but a single millennium for his or her studies. But the true future of geoscience is not the dark briefness that he has portrayed.The alarming crisis envisioned by Seitz—that there will not be enough rocks for geologists to study—is based on the onedimensional view of time used by such nineteenth‐ century foundational geologists as James Hutton and Charles Lyell. When the problem is looked at from the twentiethcentury perspective of Albert Einstein, the crisis is found to be deferred beyond the projected time of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series.