bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a variant of sum-product estimates and explicit exponential sum bounds in prime fields
Authors: BOURGAIN J. , GARAEV M. Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLet Fp be the field of a prime order p and F*p be its multiplicative subgroup. In this paper we obtain a variant of sum-product estimates which in particular implies the bound

for any subset A ⊂ Fp with 1 < |A| < p12/23. Then we apply our estimate to obtain explicit bounds for some exponential sums in Fp. We show that for any subsets X, Y, Z ⊂ F*p and any complex numbers αx, βy, γz with |αx| ≤ 1, |βy| ≤ 1, |γz| ≤ 1, the following bound holds:

We apply this bound further to show that if H is a subgroup of F*p with |H| > p1/4, then

Finally we show that if g is a generator of F*p then for any M < p the number of solutions of the equation

is less than $M^{3-1/24+o(1)}\Bigl(1+(M^2/p)^{1/24}\Bigr).$. This implies that if p1/2 < M < p, then
Period polynomials and explicit formulas for Hecke operators on Γ0(2)
Authors: FUKUHARA SHINJI , YANG YIFAN 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLet Sw+2(Γ0(N)) be the vector space of cusp forms of weight w + 2 on the congruence subgroup Γ0(N). We first determine explicit formulas for period polynomials of elements in Sw+2(Γ0(N)) by means of Bernoulli polynomials. When N = 2, from these explicit formulas we obtain new bases for Sw+2(Γ0(2)), and extend the Eichler–Shimura–Manin isomorphism theorem to Γ0(2). This implies that there are natural correspondences between the spaces of cusp forms on Γ0(2) and the spaces of period polynomials. Based on these results, we will find explicit form of Hecke operators on Sw+2(Γ0(2)). As an application of main theorems, we will also give an affirmative answer to a speculation of Imamoglu and Kohnen on a basis of Sw+2(Γ0(2)).
Aging, fitness and muscular performance
Authors: Fowlie Stephen 
Published: November 2008

A decrease in habitual physical activity accompanies old age in mammalian species and in healthy man.74,142This is not simply a consequence of a parallel decline in exercise capacity, and factors other than those which limit aerobic capacity and endurance performance must be involved.143Moreover, most old people remain at least moderately active.144Everyday activities may require cardiorespiratory and muscle performance which is much nearer the maximum in elderly individuals than in younger people and further reduction in reserves by, for example, illness, will more readily cause disability.Regular moderate activity is sufficient to mitigate declining exercise capacity and muscle performance and conditioning programmes may well confer additional benefits even at advanced ages. Exercise remains good for you regardless of age. A suitable programme is one of moderate to high workrates, involving large muscle groups and performed for 15–30 minutes every other day.145The intensity is best guided by heart rate, for which a variety of formulae have been proposed.146The complex interaction of physiological factors influencing muscular performance has been illustrated. Only when these physiological processes are disentangled and better defined will we elucidate the molecular mechanisms which underlie age-associated changes. It is not yet possible to define the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic influences, but the proportion of the decline in VO2max which is directly attributable to intrinsic aging is smaller than is usually assumed, probably less than 50%.147While the most critical determinant of VO2max in young subjects is probably cardiac output,148we now recognize that in elderly people the balance shifts; muscle performance, changes in blood distribution and peripheral microvascular capacity become ever more important determinants of exercise performance and should command increasing research interest.
Counselling in primary care: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Brettle Alison , Hill Andy , Jenkins Peter 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPrimary objective: To undertake a systematic review which aimed to locate, appraise and synthesise evidence to obtain a reliable overview of the clinical effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and user perspectives regarding counselling in primary care.Main results: Evidence from 26 studies was presented as a narrative synthesis and demonstrated that counselling is effective in the short term, is as effective as CBT with typical heterogeneous primary care populations and more effective than routine primary care for the treatment of non‐specific generic psychological problems, anxiety and depression. Counselling may reduce levels of referrals to psychiatric services, but does not appear to reduce medication, the number of GP consultations or overall costs. Patients are highly satisfied with the counselling they have received in primary care and prefer counselling to medication for depression. Conclusions and implications for future research: This review demonstrates the value of counselling as a valid choice for primary care patients and as a broadly effective therapeutic intervention for a wide range of generic psychological conditions presenting in the primary care setting. More rigorous clinical and cost‐effectiveness trials are needed together with surveys of more typical users of primary care services.
Genetic algorithms for simultaneous variable and sample selection in metabonomics
Authors: Cavill Rachel , Keun Hector C. , Holmes Elaine , Lindon John C. , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Ebbels Timothy M. D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMotivation: Metabolic profiles derived from high resolution 1H-NMR data are complex, therefore statistical and machine learning approaches are vital for extracting useful information and biological insights. Focused modelling on targeted subsets of metabolites and samples can improve the predictive ability of models, and techniques such as genetic algorithms (GAs) have a proven utility in feature selection problems. The Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology (COMET) obtained temporal NMR spectra of urine from rats treated with model toxins and stressors. Here, we develop a GA approach which simultaneously selects sets of samples and spectral regions from the COMET database to build robust, predictive classifiers of liver and kidney toxicity.Results: The results indicate that using simultaneous sample and variable selection improved performance by over 9% compared with either method alone. Simultaneous selection also halved computation time. Successful classifiers repeatedly selected particular variables indicating that this approach can aid defining biomarkers of toxicity. Novel visualizations of the results from multiple computations were developed to aid the interpretability of which samples and variables were frequently selected. This method provides an efficient way to determine the most discriminatory variables and samples for any post-genomic dataset.Availability: GA code available from http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/r.cavill/Contact: r.cavill@imperial.ac.uk; t.ebbels@imperial.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Selecting MPAs to conserve groundfish biodiversity: the consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls
Authors: Fraser Helen M. , Greenstreet S. P. R. , Piet Gerjan J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Fraser, H. M., Greenstreet, S. P. R., and Piet, G. J. 2009. Selecting MPAs to conserve groundfish biodiversity: the consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 82–89. Fishing has affected North Sea groundfish species diversity. Defining Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to address this will rely on groundfish surveys. Species-specific catch efficiencies vary between trawl gears, and apparent species diversity distributions are influenced by the type of gear used in each survey. It may be that no single survey depicts actual diversity distributions. Two MPA scenarios designed to protect groundfish species diversity are described, the first based on unadjusted International Bottom Trawl Survey data and the second based on the same data adjusted to take account of catchability. Spatial overlap between these scenarios is low. Assuming that the adjusted data best describe the actual species diversity distribution, the level of diversity safeguarded by MPAs, based on unadjusted data, is determined. A fishing effort redistribution model is used to estimate the increase in fishing activity that is likely to occur in MPAs that take catchability into account, if closed areas based solely on the unadjusted groundfish data were implemented. Our results highlight the need to take survey-gear catchability into account when designating MPAs to address fish-species diversity issues.
Hydraulic Failure Defines the Recovery and Point of Death in Water-Stressed Conifers
Authors: Brodribb Tim J. , Cochard Hervé 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This study combines existing hydraulic principles with recently developed methods for probing leaf hydraulic function to determine whether xylem physiology can explain the dynamic response of gas exchange both during drought and in the recovery phase after rewatering. Four conifer species from wet and dry forests were exposed to a range of water stresses by withholding water and then rewatering to observe the recovery process. During both phases midday transpiration and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) were monitored. Stomatal responses to Ψleaf were established for each species and these relationships used to evaluate whether the recovery of gas exchange after drought was limited by postembolism hydraulic repair in leaves. Furthermore, the timing of gas-exchange recovery was used to determine the maximum survivable water stress for each species and this index compared with data for both leaf and stem vulnerability to water-stress-induced dysfunction measured for each species. Recovery of gas exchange after water stress took between 1 and &gt;100 d and during this period all species showed strong 1:1 conformity to a combined hydraulic-stomatal limitation model (r 2 = 0.70 across all plants). Gas-exchange recovery time showed two distinct phases, a rapid overnight recovery in plants stressed to &lt;50% loss of leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf) and a highly Ψleaf-dependent phase in plants stressed to &gt;50% loss of K leaf. Maximum recoverable water stress (Ψmin) corresponded to a 95% loss of K leaf. Thus, we conclude that xylem hydraulics represents a direct limit to the drought tolerance of these conifer species.
Circadian Clock Proteins LHY and CCA1 Regulate SVP Protein Accumulation to Control Flowering in Arabidopsis
Authors: Fujiwara Sumire , Oda Atsushi , Yoshida Riichiro , Niinuma Kanae , Miyata Kana , Tomozoe Yusuke , Tajima Takeomi , Nakagawa Mayu , Hayashi Kounosuke , Coupland George , Mizoguchi Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The floral regulators GIGANTEA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) play key roles in the photoperiodic flowering responses of the long-day plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The GI-CO-FT pathway is highly conserved in plants. Here, we demonstrate that the circadian clock proteins LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK–ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) not only repressed the floral transition under short-day and long-day conditions but also accelerated flowering when the plants were grown under continuous light (LL). LHY and CCA1 accelerated flowering in LL by promoting FT expression through a genetic pathway that appears to be independent of the canonical photoperiodic pathway involving GI and CO proteins. A genetic screen revealed that the late-flowering phenotype of the lhy;cca1 double mutant under LL was suppressed through mutations in SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), a MADS box transcription factor. Yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrated an interaction between SVP and FLOWERING LOCUS C, and genetic analysis indicated that these two proteins act as partially redundant repressors of flowering time. SVP protein accumulated in lhy;cca1 plants under LL. We propose a model in which LHY and CCA1 accelerate flowering in part by reducing the abundance of SVP and thereby antagonizing its capacity to repress FT expression under LL.
Cinnamoylmalononitriles as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution
Authors: Fouda A.S. , El‐Ewady Y.A. , Abo‐El‐Enien O.M. , Agizah F.A. 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show the effect of cinnamoylmalononitrile (CMN) compounds on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl and the effect of some substituent groups on the corrosion inhibition.Design/methodology/approachSeveral papers have been published (1900‐1999), which aimed to investigate and explain the effect of organic compounds on the corrosion inhibition process. Two methods were used to determine the corrosion rate, weight loss and galvanostatic polarization. Additionally, the effects of temperature and concentration of the inhibitors were studied. The thermodynamic parameters for the process were computed and discussed.FindingsThe paper finds that surface analytical techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy can shed more light, on the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of donating and withdrawing groups will improve understanding of the mechanisms of corrosion and inhibition. However, the paper does not use the technique of impedance measurement for comparison purposes.Practical implicationsOther steel alloys and compounds with large or small molecular weights can be used for comparison.Originality/valueThe use of CMN compounds as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in HCl provides more information on carbon steel corrosion for academic and starting researchers.
Galvanizing pre‐treatment with hydrogen
Authors: Hussey Timothy S. , Stratton Paul F. 
Published: November 2008

PurposeBefore being galvanized, long products like tube, wire and strip need to be cleaned to remove oils and oxides that would inhibit the galvanizing process. Ideally, this process would be instantaneous so that production rates were not compromised and would require no energy. The purpose of this paper is to describe an investigation where rapid induction heating was combined with counter current flow of a hydrogen‐rich atmosphere to reduce and evacuate surface oxides and residual drawing compounds before continuous galvanizing.Design/methodology/approachExperiments were carried out to simulate the continuous hot‐dip galvanizing of steel wire.FindingsThe results suggested that, under the experimental conditions, lightly oxidized layers could be reduced in less than 2 s and give galvanized layers with good adhesion. High efficiency induction heating minimized the energy input required.Originality/valueThe use of this technology can maximize galvanizing line speeds while maintaining quality with the minimum environmental impact.
Modified zinc oxide‐phosphate core‐shell pigments in solvent‐based paints
Authors: Ahmed Nivin M. 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a new trend of anticorrosive pigments based on bulk (core) of zinc oxide covered with a surface layer of phosphates.Design/methodology/approachA new batch of pigments based on core‐shell theory containing a core (bulk) of cheap oxides covered by a layer of phosphates were prepared. These new pigments combined the properties of both components besides being more economically feasible. Simple chemical techniques were used to prepare these pigments. Characterization of these pigments using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was carried out. Evaluation of these pigments using international standard testing methods was estimated. These pigments were incorporated in solvent‐based paint formulations based on medium oil alkyd resin. The physico‐mechanical properties of dry films and their corrosion properties using an accelerated laboratory test in 3.5 percent NaCl for 28 days were tested.FindingsIt was found that those pigments based essentially on zinc oxide covered with a surface layer of phosphates were easily prepared, are economically feasible and can successfully replace original phosphates with similar efficiency in their corrosion protection behaviour.Practical implicationsThese pigments can be applied in other polymer composites, e.g. rubber and plastics, as a reinforcing agent.Originality/valueThe prepared pigments are environmentally friendly and can replace other hazardous pigments (e.g. chromates) with almost the same quality in their performance; also they can be used in industries other than paints, e.g. paper, rubber and plastics composites.
Public service motivation and job satisfaction in China
Authors: Liu Bangcheng , Tang Ningyu , Zhu Xiaomei 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to investigate how generalisable the public service motivation (PSM) observed in Western society is to China and to examine the effects of public service motivation on job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachExploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis techniques are applied to survey data of 191 public servants in China to investigate the generalisability of Western PSM. Using hierarchical regression analysis, the paper examines the effects of the dimensions of PSM on job satisfaction.FindingsThe results show that the public service motivation observed in the West exists in China, but the generalisability of the construct is limited. Three of the four dimensions of public service motivation (attraction to public policy making, commitment to the public interest, and self‐sacrifice) exist in China, but the fourth dimension (compassion) is unconfirmed.Originality/valueThe paper is the first to examine the generalisability and instrumentality of PSM as observed in Western society to China. The results indicate that the public service motivation observed in the West also exists in China, but that the generalisability is limited. Public service motivation emerges from the results as a positively significant predictor of job satisfaction in the public sector of China. It enhances the applicability and meaningfulness of the concept of public service motivation across political and cultural environments.
Is there a new knowledge economy in Ireland? An analysis of recent occupational trends
Authors: Turner Thomas , D'Art Daryl 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the substantial expansion in the labour force between 1997 and 2004 on the proportion of the Irish workforce that can be categorised as working in knowledge occupations.Design/methodology/approachThe Quarterly National Household Survey was used to estimate the trend in knowledge type work at the national level for the period 1997 to 2004, specifically examining which specific occupations are increasing over this period.FindingsEmployment growth occurred relatively equally at the high‐, middle‐ and low‐skill occupational levels, indicating the continuing importance of intermediate and particularly low‐skill occupations in the structure and expansion of the Irish labour force.Research limitations/implicationsThere are substantial problems with the use of broad occupational level data as a proxy to measure the extent of knowledge occupations. It would be useful to consider adopting the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations as it includes the complexity of the set of tasks involved in a job, formal education, training and previous experience.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate the continuing importance of intermediate and low‐skill occupations as well as high‐skill occupations in the structure and expansion of the Irish labour force. Government training and education policy needs to target resources across a broad range of skills and occupations.Originality/valueThe paper provides a profile and analysis of occupational changes in the Irish labour market.
The innovativeness effect of market orientation and learning orientation on business performance
Authors: Lin Chien‐Huang , Peng Ching‐Huai , Kao Danny T. 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a quantitative analysis, in which learning orientation, market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and innovativeness function as key success factors in technology‐intensive firms. The authors formulate a structural equation model to examine the relationship among these constructs.Design/methodology/approachA structural equation model was designed to examine the relationship. To test the model, the authors conducted covariance structural analyses of data collected from 333 venture companies, including innovation companies, in Taiwan.FindingsThe central finding is that learning orientation plays a full mediating role in the relationship between market orientation and innovativeness. The results indicate that organizational structure (formalization and decentralization) does not play a moderating role in the relationship between innovativeness and business performance; however, the extent of formalization of an organizational structure negatively correlates with business performance.Practical implicationsMarket orientation can strengthen innovativeness via organizational learning. In the high‐tech industry, the market information obtained from customers and competitors helps firms to keep an eye on the market. For better competitive advantages and business performance, firms must have learning capabilities and employees' identity with corporate mission.Originality/valueThe research empirically examines the mediating role of learning orientation and the moderating role of organizational structure in the model. The findings indicate that firms should strengthen their learning orientation and innovativeness, and avoid interfering in the organizational structure to improve business performance.
In “the zone”
Authors: Bendoly Elliot , Prietula Mike 
Published: November 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how training specific to a given operational task, and subsequent experiential learning, can heighten skill and hence shift the level of workload at which individuals are most productively motivated.Design/methodology/approachTo analyze these effects, a laboratory experiment was used involving a vehicle routing application and 156 managers exposed to a 2 × 3 complete treatment design. Both multi‐period objective in‐task data and subjective self reports are collected to tap into skill levels, actions and behavioral variables of interest.FindingsIn the absence of additional workload challenges, the paper finds that increases in skill may in fact significantly limit and in some cases actually degrade overall motivation, as well as objective performance.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations potentially stem from specific operationalizations of the factors studied as well as selectivity of the subject pool and the context (vehicle routing task).Practical implicationsThe implications of the skill‐challenge‐motivation dynamics observed have direct repercussions for existing management models in which training and experience are viewed as having strictly monotonic benefits to performance. The implications also go far to promote more informed models of worker behavior in operations modeling that otherwise view performance as static or monotonically increasing based on experience.Originality/valueThis is believed to be the first study that has explicitly studied the inverted‐U dynamics stemming from the interplay of both skill and workload on motivation and performance, over a multi‐period framework of analysis.