bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of two pairs of isomeric 2,4‐alkadienals from soybean oil‐reversion flavor concentrate
Authors: Hoffmann G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBy means of gas‐liquid chromatography two isomeric 2,4‐hepta‐ and 2,4‐decadienals have been isolated from volatile decomposition products of soybean oil. The stereoconfiguration of the isomers appeared to be 2t, 4c, and 2t,4t.The precursor of the two heptadienals is assumed to be linolenic acid and that of the two decadienals, linoleic acid.
Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the vitamin A nutrition of the rat
Authors: Reporter Minocher C. , Harris Robert S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThree lots of cold‐pressed soybean oil were treated with bubbling oxygen for 70, 80, and 180 hrs. at 70°C. and fed to rats at a level of 18% in diets which were nutritionally adequate but devoid of vitamin A. Untreated soybean oil was fed in similar control diets. Subgroups of 15 weanling rats each were given graded injections of vitamin A acetate intramuscularly each week.Diarrhea developed in the rats fed the diets containing oxidized oil. This condition soon subsided in the groups receiving vitamin A injections but not in the vitamin A‐free group. Diarrhea was not noted in the rats receiving the untreated soybean oil, without respect to the amount of vitamin A they received.The rats on the vitamin A‐free diets developed deficiency more rapidly when the diet contained oxidized rather than the untreated oil. The food efficiencies of the groups fed the oxidized oils were lower than the controls. The intestines of the groups receiving the oxidized oils were distended with fluid and were hemorrhagic. Enlarged kidneys were noted in the vitamin A‐deficient control as well as in test rats.The retroperitoneal lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil were less unsaturated, had lower refractive indices, higher peroxide values, and higher carbonyl values than comparable groups fed the control oil.Vitamin A deficiency decreased the unsaturation of the kidney and liver lipids but increased that of the retroperitoneal lipids. Injections of increasing amounts of vitamin A produced increases in the unsaturation of the body lipids.The kidney lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil diets were less unsaturated and contained more peroxidic compounds than the controls. Vitamin A deficiency increased the peroxidic compounds in the kidney and liver lipids, even in rats fed the control oil. The liver lipids of the groups fed oxidized oil were less unsaturated, lower in vitamin A content, and higher in peroxide compounds than the controls.The vitamin A content of the whole blood varied in relation to the amounts injected. The content of tocopherol in the tissues were not affected significantly by the oxidized oil in the diet.The evidence indicates that severely oxidized oil may destroy vitamin A in the tissue of the rat, thereby hastening the development of deficiency on vitamin A‐free diets, reducing the storage of injected vitamin A, and increasing the vitamin A requirement.These effects are with abused oil and should not be interpreted to mean that the mildly oxidized oils and fats, such as those in the diets of human beings in this country are toxic.
The origin and metabolism of marine fatty acids: The effect of diet on the depot fats of mugil cephalus (The common mullet)
Authors: Kelly Peter B. , Reiser Raymond , Hood Donald W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt appears that young mullet make excellent experimental fish for dietary studies. They are hardy, easily caught, resistant to disease, and take well to aquaria conditions. Of particular interest, they may be fed synthetic food and they resist changes in salinity well. These experiments indicate that, on a fatfree diet, the mullet does not synthesize the large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids normally found in its body fat. However the mullet, like land animals, can apparently convert dienoic acid from cottonseed oil into small amounts of tetraenoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic acids. Unlike land animals, the mullet appears to be capable of the conversion of linoleic acid to a trienoic acid. Finally, when fed a diet containing a typical marine fat such as menhaden oil, the mullet stores it almost unchanged.
Hydroxylation of methyl oleate. A new, direct method
Authors: Wallace J. G. , Peterson W. R. , Chadwick A. F. , Barlow D. O. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA new, direct method for hydroxylation of methyl oleate and related fatty materials is described. Yields of 74% methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate have been obtained directly by use of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 4% cross‐linked cationic exchange resins. An interfering side‐reaction is the formation of an hydroxy polyether. No effort has been made to characterize the polyether which probably exists as a mixture of several polyethers.
Correlation of chromatographic absolute loss determinations with the A.O.C.S. Cup Refining method in soybean oil
Authors: Sipos Endre 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIt can be concluded, on the basis of our experiments, that chromatographic loss determinations can be well correlated with A.O.C.S. Cup Refining determinations. This correlation is good for samples above 1% chromatographic losses and somewhat less accurate for samples below 1.0%.Most of the discrepancy in correlation is inherent in the Cup Loss method because it is less precise in general than the chromatographic determination.On the other hand, the chromatographic loss is an accurate, easily obtainable index for unavoidable losses resulting from the nonneutral oil fraction of the oils. In the majority of cases the degumming of the oil to levels below 1% chromatographic loss is not indicated by a parallel decrease in cup losses. Thus, in these cases, as long as premiums are paid on the basis of the A.O.C.S. Cup Loss method, the processor is placed in a very disadvantageous position.It should be pointed out that all our determinations were made on the oils from the 1956 crop during the summer months. The possibility that different crop years will result in different correlation curves might exist, and we are planning to do further work in the future.It is hoped that by presenting statistically significant figures on this subject, enough interest will be stimulated for more collaborative work, which might result in a review of the industry's present method for the determination of refining losses in soybean oil.
Solubility of cottonseed proteins in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Mann Godfrey E. , Rubins Roslyn Kupperman , Carney William B. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe correlations between the growth response of chicks to the nine cottonseed meals fed as a protein supplement and the solvent powers of 0.02N NaOH, 6N HCl, and 0.5N NaCl for cottonseed meal proteins are almost identical. The correlations between the solvent power of 6N HCl, 0.02N NaOH, and 0.5N NaCl and the gossypol contents of the meals are not as good as the correlations between the solvent powers of these solutions and the growth response of chicks.
Certain uses of the analysis of variance with standard product specifications
Authors: Smith Harry , Waters T. F. 
Published: August 2007

ConclusionThe following sampling scheme was decided upon. Three process units were to be selected at random each day. From each unit one random sample would be analyzed for T.O.B. The average of these three T.O.B. results would determine whether the process was adhering to specifications. This sampling scheme cost $8.10 per day; it guarantees that the variance of the mean ≤0.02.
The state of the art in the analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images
Authors: Berth Matthias , Moser Frank Michael , Kolbe Markus , Bernhardt Jörg 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSoftware-based image analysis is a crucial step in the biological interpretation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments. Recent significant advances in image processing methods combined with powerful computing hardware have enabled the routine analysis of large experiments. We cover the process starting with the imaging of 2-D gels, quantitation of spots, creation of expression profiles to statistical expression analysis followed by the presentation of results. Challenges for analysis software as well as good practices are highlighted. We emphasize image warping and related methods that are able to overcome the difficulties that are due to varying migration positions of spots between gels. Spot detection, quantitation, normalization, and the creation of expression profiles are described in detail. The recent development of consensus spot patterns and complete expression profiles enables one to take full advantage of statistical methods for expression analysis that are well established for the analysis of DNA microarray experiments. We close with an overview of visualization and presentation methods (proteome maps) and current challenges in the field.
Important Differences Exist in the Dose–Response Relationship between Diet and Immune Cell Fatty Acids in Humans and Rodents
Authors: Fritsche Kevin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOmega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) are noted for their ability to diminish inflammatory and immune responses in vitro and in a variety of animal‐based models of autoimmunity and inflammation. Yet, recent systematic reviews suggest that the evidence for these fatty acids having beneficial effects on inflammation or autoimmunity in humans is equivocal. A possible explanation for these disappointing and somewhat paradoxical findings emerged from the analyses described in this review. The available data on the changes in immune cell fatty acid profiles in mice, rats and humans, fed various forms and amounts of n‐3 PUFA are summarized and displayed graphically. The dose–response curves generated provide new insights into the relationship between dietary n‐3 PUFA and immune cell fatty acid profiles. The author suggests that the poor predictive value of most in vitro as well as many animal trials may, in part, be a consequence of the frequent adoption of experimental conditions that create differences in immune cell fatty acid profiles that far exceed what is possible in free‐living humans through dietary intervention. Recommendations for improving the preclinical value of future in vitro and animal‐based studies with n‐3 PUFA are provided.
The General Applicability of in Situ Transesterification for the Production of Fatty Acid Esters from a Variety of Feedstocks
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Scott Karen M. , Foglia Thomas A. , Marmer William N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe previously described a method for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production wherein acylglycerol transesterification was achieved by reacting flaked full fat soybeans with alkaline methanol to create a product that met ASTM specifications for biodiesel. In the present work we explore the general applicability of this approach, termed in situ transesterification, to feedstocks other than soybeans. Materials investigated were distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which is a co‐product of the production of ethanol from corn, and meat and bone meal (MBM), a product of animal rendering. For both feedstocks, reaction conditions giving maximum lipid transesterification were predicted by statistical experimental design and response surface regression analysis, and then verified experimentally. Successful transesterification was achieved at ambient pressure and 35 °C. For DDGS, partial drying markedly reduced the methanol requirement to achieve a high degree (91.1% of maximum theoretical) of transesterification. Elevated reaction temperatures (to 55 °C was explored) caused little or no shortening of the time to completion. Protein was not removed from the DDGS during this treatment. For MBM, drying was not required to achieve a high degree (93.3%) of transesterification. The remaining meal retained approximately 90% of the protein originally present. Coupled with the previous work with soybeans, the data presented here indicate that in situ transesterification is generally applicable to lipid‐bearing materials, which could substantially increase the supply of biodiesel.
Point prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Asif Raza Muhammad , Iqbal Zafar , Jabbar Abdul , Yaseen Muhammad 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in an irrigated area of lower Punjab (Pakistan). For this purpose, 100 faecal samples were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes. Parasitological procedures including direct and indirect methods (sedimentation and floatation) and coproculture were used for the identification of helminths. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 51% in cattle, 47% in buffaloes, 62% in sheep and 52% in goats, with nematodes being the most common helminths. The prevalence of helminths was higher in young animals compared with adults in cattle (P < 0.0001), buffaloes (P < 0.0001), sheep (P < 0.059) and goats (P = 0.010). The prevalence of different species of helminths also varied in different age groups, withToxocara vitulorumbeing higher in calves than adults both in cattle (P = 0.017) and buffaloes (P < 0.0001). Sex-wise prevalence of helminths was higher in males than females for buffaloes (P < 0.0001) and sheep (P = 0.014) in contrast to cattle and goats.
Interaction of positive and negative energy waves in a magnetized bi-ion plasma with differential ion streaming
Authors: MCKENZIE J. F. , HU Q. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper the concept of negative energy waves facilitates the analysis of instability in a magnetized bi-ion plasma with differential ion streaming. There are three frequency regimes in which instability may arise. For frequencies less than the alpha particle gyrofrequency, a negative energy alpha ion-cyclotron mode can interact with a positive energy proton-cyclotron mode. In the intermediate frequency regime lying between the alpha and proton gyrofrequencies, a negative energy alpha-acoustic mode interacts with a positive energy proton-cyclotron mode. In the high-frequency regime above the proton-cyclotron frequency a negative energy alpha-acoustic mode interacts with a positive energy proton-acoustic mode. The resonance (or coalescence) condition which lends itself to a simple geometrical interpretation as the intersection between the proton and alpha mode wave normal diagrams with differential streaming permits the evaluation of the instability growth rate in each frequency regime, which is calculated for both subsonic and supersonic differential streaming.
The Use of Critical Solution Mixtures for Contaminated Sediments Remediation
Authors: Golan Tal , Ludmer Zvi , Ermolenko Elena , Brauner Neima , Ullmann Amos 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUsing a critical solution mixture, into which chelating agents have been dissolved, resulted in the efficient, rapid and simultaneous removal of both heavy metals and organic pollutants from contaminated sediments. Both heating and cooling across the immiscibility curve and isothermal extraction were investigated. In addition, the extraction yields were compared to those obtained with solution mixtures that do not possess a critical point of miscibility. Extraction yields of the former were superior to those of the latter in the range of relevant pressures (1 atm.) and temperatures. Extraction via heating and cooling across the miscibility curve resulted in the removal of close to 90% of the heavy metals and practically all of the organic contaminants, compared to only about 40% when the extraction was performed isothermally at around 20oC.
Clinical and urodynamic parameters associated with history of urinary tract infections in women: a prospective study
Authors: ATHANASIOU STAVROS , ANTSAKLIS ARIS , BETSI GREGORIA I. , SOTIROPOULOU MYRTIA , FALAGAS MATTHEW E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives. To evaluate the association of various clinical and urodynamic variables with history of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. Methods. A prospective study of 2,081 women referred to a urogynecologic clinic between June 2000 and November 2005 for investigation of lower urinary tract symptoms. Results. 144 women reported history of UTI(s) within the last year from the visit to the clinic, and 91 had recurrent episodes (≥3 per year). The multivariable analysis showed that urge incontinence (odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46–3.42), suprapubic pain (OR = 4.12, 95% CI: 2.21–7.67), and low maximum flow rate during voiding cystometry (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94–0.98) were associated with UTIs. Conclusions. Our results suggest that urodynamic testing does not help in identifying specific urogynecologic mechanisms that could improve medical and/or surgical management or prevent recurrent UTI.
Which factors influenced the result of a tension free vaginal tape operation in a single teaching hospital?
Authors: WITHAGEN M.I.J. , MILANI A.L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground. Tension free vaginal tape (TVT) has proven to be successful. Nevertheless, complications of the TVT have been reported. The aim of this study was to describe factors that might influence the efficacy and safety of the TVT procedure in our clinic. Methods. Medical records of all patients who underwent TVT surgery between 1 January 2001 and 1 May 2004 were reviewed. To achieve subjective follow‐up, in 2004 and 2005, we sent all patients standardised validated questionnaires. Data were analysed with SPSS. Results. A total of 198 TVT procedures were performed. In 75 cases (37.9%), the procedure was combined with vaginal prolapse surgery. Complications were found in 19.7% of all TVT procedures. Most patients (71%) returned the questionnaire. Median follow‐up was 27 months (range: 9–49). Subjective success rate was 73%. Logistic regression analysis showed that success rate of the TVT procedure was not influenced by any of the factors we studied. Complications were not more common in patients who had undergone prior incontinence or prolapse surgery. Concomitant prolapse surgery with the TVT, however, was found to be the only risk factor for complications, mainly prolonged catheterisation. Conclusions. In this study, we found no factor that influenced the success rate of the TVT. In the literature, the experience of the surgeon is marked as a factor influencing the success rate. We, therefore, gradually reduced the number of gynecologists who perform TVT. Concomitant prolapse surgery, however, was shown to be an independent risk factor for complications. Therefore, we prefer to ‘separate’ prolapse and incontinence surgery.
Sense of coherence and symptoms of post‐traumatic stress after emergency caesarean section
Authors: THAM VIBEKE , CHRISTENSSON KYLLIKE , RYDING ELSA LENA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground. In this study of women who had undergone an emergency caesarean section (EmCS), the aim was to examine the associations between, on the one hand, the new mother's sense of coherence (SOC) and obstetric and demographic variables a few days postpartum, and on the other hand, post‐traumatic stress symptoms 3 months’ postpartum. Methods. In a prospective study, 122 Swedish‐ or English‐speaking new mothers completed 2 self‐assessment questionnaires, at 2 days and 3 months after an EmCS. To measure SOC, we used the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC‐13), and to measure reactions to traumatic events, the Impact of Event Scale (IES‐15). Results. Independent risk factors associated with post‐traumatic stress symptoms were: imminent fetal asphyxia as an indication for the operation, and low SOC in the woman. The group of women with low SOC were those with an intense fear of childbirth during pregnancy, immigrants, and socially underprivileged women. Conclusions. Symptoms of post‐traumatic stress following EmCS are associated both with the new mother's personal coping style and with the circumstances of the event. We recommend that women who belong to groups who more often report a low SOC or who had imminent asphyxia as an indication for the operation should be offered support and follow‐up.
Post‐cesarean surgical site infections according to CDC standards: rates and risk factors. A prospective cohort study
Authors: OPØIEN HANS KRISTIAN , VALBØ ANNELILL , GRINDE‐ANDERSEN ANETTE , WALBERG METTE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives. The aim of this study was to document the true incidence of post‐cesarean surgical site infections (SSI), according to the definition of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and to identify independent risk factors for infection. Design. Prospective population‐based cohort study in Norway. Setting. Sykehuset Asker og Bærum HF, a secondary community hospital, associated with the University of Oslo (UiO), Norway, accounting for 2,000 deliveries per year. Participants. All cesarean deliveries during a 12‐month period from September 2003. Main outcome measures. Rate and risk factors for SSI. Results. The total rate of SSI was 8.9%, with an observation period of 30 days post‐operatively, compared to 1.8% registered at hospital discharge. The total response rate was 100%. There was no significant difference in SSI rate in elective or emergency cesarean section (CS), respectively. All SSI were superficial. We found 2 significant independent risk factors: operating time ≥38 min and body mass index (BMI) >30. Conclusion. The rate of SSI is underestimated if the observation time is limited to the hospital stay. Operating time exceeding 38 min substantially increases the risk of SSI. The finding of no significant difference in SSI rate between elective and emergency CS should lead to a different approach concerning the use of antibiotics: subgroup at risk (operating time ≥38 min and BMI >30) may benefit from antibiotics in relation to the operation, whether the CS is an emergency or elective operation.
Differential Roles of CD36, ICAM‐1, and P‐selectin in Plasmodium falciparum Cytoadherence In Vivo
Authors: Yipp Bryan G. , Hickey Michael J. , Andonegui Graciela , Murray Allan G. , Looareesuwan Sornchai , Kubes Paul , Ho May 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected red blood cells (IRBCs) on human microvascular endothelium is mediated by synergistic adhesive interactions with different adhesion molecules in vitro. Here, the authors used a unique human/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse chimeric model to directly visualize IRBC–endothelial interactions in an intact human microvasculature in vivo. Stimulation of human skin grafts with 100 ng TNF‐α for 4 h led to a dramatic reduction in the distance rolled by IRBCs before arrest, so that the majority of IRBCs adhered directly to the endothelium with a 1.8‐fold increase in the number of adherent cells. The decrease in rolling distance and increase in adhesion could be reversed by anti‐ICAM‐1. More importantly, the effect of TNF‐α could be seen only in the presence of CD36. A further increase in adhesion by 4.9‐fold was observed after 24 h of TNF‐α stimulation. The increase could be reversed by anti‐ICAM‐1, but not anti‐VCAM‐1. In histamine‐stimulated grafts, the rolling flux fraction and adhesion increased by 2.8‐ and 1.6‐fold, respectively. The increases were attributable to P‐selectin as an inhibitory anti‐P‐selectin antibody abrogated both the increased rolling flux fraction and firm adhesion. These findings indicate that in addition to CD36, ICAM‐1, and P‐selectin are major contributors to the dynamic process of IRBC adhesion by different mechanisms in vivo.