bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation of L‐Glutamic Acid: Determination of Nucleation Kinetics
Authors: Schöll J. , Vicum L. , Müller M. , Mazzotti M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis work presents a new procedure to determine the nucleation kinetics during the reactive precipitation of an organic substance. The new method has been applied to the pH‐shift precipitation of L‐glutamic acid upon mixing of an aqueous monosodium glutamate solution with hydrochloric acid. The induction time has been measured precisely in a stirred batch reactor by the combination of two in‐situ measurement techniques, namely ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy (attenuated total reflection Fourier Transform technique) and Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM). It is shown that ATR‐FTIR is a suitable tool to measure the concentrations of the different L‐glutamic acid ions, and can be used to determine the starting time of the process when the desired supersaturation is established in the reactor. The onset of particle formation is detected through FBRM. The precipitated polymorph is identified using in‐situ Raman spectroscopy and Particle Vision & Measurement (PVM). Finally, the induction time is used together with the independently measured growth kinetics to determine the nucleation rate.
Factors Affecting the Polymorphic Outcome of Glycine Crystals Constrained on Patterned Substrates
Authors: Lee A. Y. , Lee I. S. , Myerson A. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe primary goal of crystallization process is to generate particles with controlled size, shape and solid form, and the desired chemical purity. Many different types of approaches including molecular level strategies have been devised and employed to control the final structure of crystals. One promising approach is the utilization of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as templates. Recently, we reported that single glycine crystals can nucleate on patterned metallic square islands, with the size and morphology of the particles controlled by the dimensions of the islands or the concentration of the solution. Herein, the effect of the solution concentration on the polymorphic outcome of glycine crystals confined to hydrophilic metallic islands is investigated. Furthermore, we examine how variations in the solvent evaporation rate can impact the polymorph distribution of glycine.
Purification of Phosphoric Acid from Waste Acid Etchant using Layer Melt Crystallization
Authors: Kim K.‐J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSpent acid etchant is the corrosive waste coming from the etching process of semiconductor manufacturing plants. This waste solution consists of phosphoric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid, and includes various toxic metallic impurities. In this work, the recovery of phosphoric acid from the waste etchant was conducted by removal of metallic impurities, nitric acid, and acetic acid, using static melt crystallization. The effect of cooling rate, amount of seeds, subcooling, and sweating on the distribution coefficient was investigated. Nitric acid and acetic acid were successfully removed by single‐stage layer crystallization. The quantity of metallic impurities of the purified phosphoric acid was 1/1000 times smaller than that of the crude etchant.
Investigation of Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate at High Supersaturations
Authors: Schlomach J. , Quarch K. , Kind M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe formation mechanism of precipitated calcium carbonate from aqueous solution under industrial conditions (high supersaturation) was investigated in a semi‐batch and in a continuous mixing nozzle process. The influence of potassium hydroxide and magnesium chloride on crystal modification and particle size were investigated in both processes. Rheological properties of the magnesium stabilized amorphous gel structure have been measured. A similarity between the formation process of calcium carbonate and precipitated silica has been proven.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 8‐ and 9‐Substituted Benzolactam‐V8 Derivatives as Potent Ligands for Protein Kinase C, a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mach Ulrich R. , Lewin Nancy E. , Blumberg Peter M. , Kozikowski Alan P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA central element in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of amyloid plaques, which result from abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The processing of APP is largely provided by three key enzymes, namely the α‐, β‐, and γ‐secretases. As the latter two contribute to the formation of neurotoxic Aβ fragments while α‐secretase does not, a decrease in the amyloidogenic products can be brought about either by inhibition of the β‐ and γ‐secretases or through the activation of α‐secretase. It is now known that the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) enhances α‐secretase activity and therefore represents a possible target for the development of agents urgently needed for the treatment of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. In the present study, new benzolactam‐V8‐based PKC activators were synthesized and tested for their binding affinity toward PKCα. All compounds tested showed binding values in the nanomolar concentration range. In accordance with previous publications, 9‐substitution dramatically increased PKC binding affinity in comparison with the corresponding 8‐substituted analogues. In addition to the location of the side chain on the aromatic ring, the binding affinities of these benzolactams were found to depend on the orientation, length, and electronic properties of this appendage. An interesting decrease in binding affinity was found for the 9‐thienyl analogue 13, suggesting adverse electronic interactions of the sulfur atom with PKC or parts of the cellular membrane.
Plasma Edge Physics with B2‐Eirene
Authors: Schneider R. , Bonnin X. , Borrass K. , Coster D. P. , Kastelewicz H. , Reiter D. , Rozhansky V. A. , Braams B. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe B2‐Eirene code package was developed to give better insight into the physics in the scrape‐off layer (SOL), which is defined as the region of open field‐lines intersecting walls. The SOL is characterised by the competition of parallel and perpendicular transport defining by this a 2D system. The description of the plasma‐wall interaction due to the existence of walls and atomic processes are necessary ingredients for an understanding of the scrape‐off layer. This paper concentrates on understanding the basic physics by combining the results of the code with experiments and analytical models or estimates. This work will mainly focus on divertor tokamaks, but most of the arguments and principles can be easily adapted also to other concepts like island divertors in stellarators or limiter devices.The paper presents the basic equations for the plasma transport and the basic models for the neutral transport. This defines the basic ingredients for the SOLPS (Scrape‐Off Layer Plasma Simulator) code package. A first level of understanding is approached for pure hydrogenic plasmas based both on simple models and simulations with B2‐Eirene neglecting drifts and currents. The influence of neutral transport on the different operation regimes is here the main topic. This will finish with time‐dependent phenomena for the pure plasma, so‐called Edge Localised Modes (ELMs). Then, the influence of impurities on the SOL plasma is discussed. For the understanding of impurity physics in the SOL one needs a rather complex combination of different aspects. The impurity production process has to be understood, then the effects of impurities in terms of radiation losses have to be included and finally impurity transport is necessary. This will be introduced with rising complexity starting with simple estimates, analysing then the detailed parallel force balance and the flow pattern of impurities. Using this, impurity compression and radiation instabilities will be studied. This part ends, combining all the elements introduced before, with specific, detailed results from different machines. Then, the effect of drifts and currents is introduced and their consequences presented. Finally, some work on deriving scaling laws for the anomalous turbulent transport based on automatic edge transport code fitting procedures will be described. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of sulfonylureas on mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive K+channels in cardiac myocytes: implications for sulfonylurea controversy
Authors: Sato Toshiaki , Nishida Hirofumi , Miyazaki Masaru , Nakaya Haruaki 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackgroundMitochondrial ATP‐sensitive K+(mitoKATP) channel plays a key role in cardioprotection. Hence, a sulfonylurea that does not block mitoKATPchannels would be desirable to avoid damage to the heart. Accordingly, we examined the effects of sulfonylureas on the mitoKATPchannel and mitochondrial Ca2+overload.MethodsFlavoprotein fluorescence in rabbit ventricular myocytes was measured to assay mitoKATPchannel activity. The mitochondrial Ca2+concentration was measured by loading cells with rhod‐2.ResultsThe mitoKATPchannel opener diazoxide (100 µM) reversibly increased flavoprotein oxidation to 31.8 ± 4.3% (n= 5) of the maximum value induced by 2,4‐dinitrophenol. Glimepiride (10 µM) alone did not oxidize the flavoprotein, and the oxidative effect of diazoxide was unaffected by glimepiride (35.4 ± 3.2%,n= 5). Similarly, the diazoxide‐induced flavoprotein oxidation was unaffected both by gliclazide (10 µM) and by tolbutamide (100 µM). Exposure to ouabain (1 mM) for 30 min produced mitochondrial Ca2+overload, and the intensity of rhod‐2 fluorescence increased to 197.4 ± 7.2% of baseline (n= 11). Treatment with diazoxide significantly reduced the ouabain‐induced mitochondrial Ca2+overload (149.6 ± 5.1%,n= 11,p< 0.05versusouabain alone), and the effect was antagonized by the mitoKATPchannel blocker 5‐hydroxydecanoate (189.8 ± 27.8%,n= 5) and glibenclamide (193.1 ± 7.7%,n= 8). On the contrary, cardioprotective effect of diazoxide was not abolished by glimepiride (141.8 ± 7.8%,n= 6), gliclazide (139.0 ± 9.4%,n= 5), and tolbutamide (141.1 ± 4.5%,n= 7).ConclusionsOur results indicate that glimepiride, gliclazide, and tolbutamide have no effect on mitoKATPchannel, and do not abolish the cardioprotective effects of diazoxide. Therefore, these sulfonylureas, unlike glibenclamide, do not interfere with the cellular pathways that confer cardioprotection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Epoxy‐Ramberg–Bäcklund Reaction (ERBR): A Sulfone‐Based Method for the Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Evans Paul , Johnson Paul , Taylor Richard J. K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe epoxy‐Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction (ERBR) is outlined, in which α,β‐epoxy sulfones are converted into a range of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐substituted allylic alcohols, on treatment with base. Modification of this method enabled the preparation of enantio‐enriched allylic alcohols following the diastereoselective epoxidation of enantio‐enriched vinyl sulfones that were accessed efficiently from the chiral pool. The scope, optimisation and limitations of the ERBR as a method for the preparation of allylic alcohols are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Palladium‐ and Copper‐Mediated Direct C‐2 Arylation of Azoles — Including Free (NH)‐Imidazole, ‐Benzimidazole and ‐Indole — Under Base‐Free and Ligandless Conditions
Authors: Bellina Fabio , Cauteruccio Silvia , Rossi Renzo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe first palladium‐ and copper‐mediated C‐2 arylations of thiazole, oxazole, N‐methylimidazole and N‐arylimidazoles, as well as of free (NH)‐imidazole, ‐benzimidazole and ‐indole, with aryl iodides under ligandless and base‐free conditions are described. Complete selectivity has been achieved under these unprecedented conditions, which allow the use of substrates containing base‐sensitive groups, such the NH groups of imidazole, benzimidazole or indole, without their prior protection. No N‐arylation products were detected in the arylation of free (NH)‐imidazole, ‐benzimidazole and ‐indole. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gold Catalysis: Evidence for the In‐situ Reduction of Gold(III) During the Cyclization of Allenyl Carbinols
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Blanco M. Carmen , Fischer Dirk , Bats Jan W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProducts of an oxidative coupling were obtained in the gold(III)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of tertiary allenyl carbinols. The absence of reduced organic products and an increase of these coupling products with the amount of gold(III) catalyst suggests that gold(III) is reduced in situ, possibly to gold(I) catalysts which were also shown to be active for these transformations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Prefrontal modulation of working memory performance in brain injury and disease
Authors: Hillary Frank G. , Genova Helen M. , Chiaravalloti Nancy D. , Rypma Bart , DeLuca John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe inter‐related cognitive constructs of working memory (WM) and processing speed are fundamental components to general intellectual functioning in humans. Importantly, both WM and processing speed are highly susceptible to disruption in cases of brain injury, neurologic illness, and even in normal aging. A goal of this article is to summarize and critique the functional imaging studies of speeded working memory in neurologically impaired populations. This review focuses specifically on the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in mediating WM performance and integrates the relevant WM literature in healthy adults with the current findings in the clinical literature. One important finding emerging from a summary of this literature is the dissociable contributions made by ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC and DLPFC) in guiding performance on tasks of WM. Throughout this review, it is shown that when cerebral resources are challenged, it is DLPFC, and often right DLPFC specifically, that plays a critical role in modulating WM functioning. In addition, this article will examine the relationship between task performance and brain activation across studies to clarify the role of increased DLPFC activity in clinical samples. Finally, explanations are offered for the observed increased DLPFC activation and the potentially unique role of right DLPFC in mediating WM performance during periods of cerebral challenge. Hum. Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses of some new 1H‐pyrazole, pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one, and oxazin‐4‐one derivatives
Authors: Akbaş Esvet , Aslanoǧlu Furgan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe new 1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylic acid 2, pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one 3, and their various derivatives were prepared by the reactions of the 4‐benzoyl‐5‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐furandione 1 and 2,5‐dichlorophenylhydrazine. Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine 7 was obtained from cyclization of the pyrazole‐3‐carboxylic acid 2 with 2,5‐dichlorophenylhydrazine. The reaction of 1 and pyrazole‐3‐carbonitriles 6 gave the new oxazin‐4‐one 9 derivatives. The structures of compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, mass, IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:8–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20170
Diastereoselective cycloalkylation of phosphoryl and thiophosphoryl acetonitriles by α,ψ‐dihalogenalkanes under phase transfer catalysis conditions
Authors: Odinets I. L. , Vinogradova N. M. , Lyssenko K. A. , Petrovskii P. V. , Mastryukova T. A. , Röschenthaler G‐V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCycloalkylation of phosphoryl and thiophosphoryl acetonitriles 2 by α,ψ‐dihalogenalkanes was found to proceed diastereoselectively under phase transfer catalytic conditions yielding 1‐(phosphoryl)‐2‐methyl‐cycloalkane carbonitriles as trans‐isomers with identical configuration of asymmetric cyclic carbon atoms (RC* RC*). In the case of additional asymmetric phosphorus atom in the starting substrate, trans‐isomers are formed as a mixture of diastereomers differing in the configuration of the phosphorus atom (SP* RC* RC* and RP* RC* RC*). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:13–21, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20186
The iodine atom transfer addition reaction (I‐ATRA) initiated by AIBN: Optimization, scope and radical reaction pathways
Authors: Bałczewski Piotr , Szadowiak Aldona , Białas Tomasz 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOptimization of reaction conditions (alkene, halide, solvent, stoichiometry, manners of the reagents addition, and reaction time) of the I‐ATRA reactions involving 1‐iodoalkylphosphonates was carried out. GC–MS–CI/EI analyses showed main and side products of this reaction and the corresponding radical reaction pathways leading to products derived from phosphorus and nonphosphorus containing iodides, as well as explained the source of hydrogen in radical reduction processes accompanying the I‐ATRA reaction. Synthesis of some 3‐iodoalkyl and 3‐iodoalkenylphosphonates was also presented based on the optimized procedure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:22–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20187
Complexes of esters of ethylenediphosphonic acid with lanthanide nitrates—synthesis and structure
Authors: Haupt Erhard T. K. , Kopf Jürgen , Petrova Jordanka , Arabadzhiev Vladislav , Momchilova Snezhana 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe lanthanide complexes L2Ln(NO3)3 (3) and L′ 3[Ln(NO3)3]2 (5) (Stewart and Siddall III. J Inorg Nucl Chem 1971, 33, 2965–2970) were obtained, where L is the tetraethyl ester of ethylenediphosphonic acid (2), L′ is the tetraisopropyl ester of ethylenediphosphonic acid (4), and Ln is La, Ce, Sm, Eu, and Er. In extension of a former study, they were characterized additionally with NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to the compounds of type 3, the erbium complex of the ligand L is consistent with the formula L3[Er(NO3)3]2. The crystal structure of the complex 3a (Ln = La) is determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complex is found to crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 15.1415(4) Å, b = 14.9749(4) Å, c = 18.3887(5) Å, β = 114.129(1)ˆ, T = 153 K, V = 3805.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, ρcalc = 1.622 g/cm3, R1 = 0.023, R2w = 0.058, S = 1.08 for all 6823 reflections. The complex 3a consists of polymer chains with bridged bidentate phosphonate ligands. The lanthanum atom is coordinated by ten oxygen atoms, six of them from the three bidentate nitrate ions, and four from the two phosphonate ligands. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:36–46, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20188
Mirtazapine naturalistic depression study (in Sweden)—MINDS(S): clinical efficacy and safety
Authors: Wålinder Jan , Prochazka Jiri , Odén Anders , Sjödin Ingemar , Dahl Marja‐Liisa , Ahlner Johan , Bengtsson Finn 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo study how implementation of a naturalistic trial design for mirtazapine treatment in major depressive disorder for six (up to 12) months could be used and evaluated by means of clinical efficacy and safety.MethodAn open‐labelled, prospective, multicenter, non‐comparative trial was conducted during a 2‐year period in patients with major depression according to DSM‐IV treated in psychiatric departments and primary care in Sweden. Minimal inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in order to diminish the potential patient selection bias. Maximum flexibility of the dosage of mirtazapine was allowed, and clinical assessments included MADRS, CGI, vital signs and spontaneous reporting of adverse events.Results192 patients were found eligible and enrolled in the study. A significant improvement in depressive symptoms according to MADRS and CGI was observed including particularly marked sleep improvement early in the treatment. Slight increases in body weight and BMI were observed. The investigational drug was well tolerated overall.ConclusionThe clinical efficacy and safety of mirtazapine found in this naturalistic setting is in line with previously reported data on mirtazapine in traditional controlled clinical trials. The results confirm that the naturalistic study design facilitated conduct of the trial. The authors suggest that this type of study design should also be applied to other antidepressant drugs that are frequently prescribed in the general population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physics of polypeptide multilayer films
Authors: Haynie Donald T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolypeptide multilayer films are promising for the development of coatings for implant devices, biosensors, and artificial cells. This paper discusses aspects of the physics of these films. Three sub‐topics in the physics of peptide adsorption in multilayer film assembly covered here are peptide structure at the film/solid support interface, adsorbed layer thickness, and dynamics of peptide adsorption. A synopsis of work in these areas is preceded by an introduction to the subject and a review of some aspects of polymer theory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Mechanical and morphological characterization of homogeneous and bilayered poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) scaffolds for use in CNS nerve regeneration
Authors: Carone Terrance W. , Hasenwinkel Julie M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHomogeneous and bilayered macroporous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), p(HEMA), hydrogel scaffolds were examined as possible matrices for nerve regeneration in the CNS. An important issue to consider for a CNS scaffold is that it must be able to closely mimic the natural tissue it is replacing, while remaining intact, and mechanically stable enough to allow for regenerating axons to elongate through it. Phase‐separated homogeneous and bilayered p(HEMA) scaffolds were fabricated, by varying water, crosslinking, and initiating agents; all of which directly affected the mechanical properties of the polymer. An increase in water concentration resulted in a decrease in the modulus for a given crosslinking and initiating concentration for all homogenous scaffolds, but the same result was not evident in the bilayered scaffolds. The distinct regions within the bilayered scaffolds generate a matrix, containing both a highly porous region with modulus values representative of spinal cord tissue, as well as a nonporous region that provides overall mechanical stability to the entire implant. The overall result is a composite matrix for possible use in CNS nerve regeneration, which mimics the mechanical properties of spinal tissue, but can withstand the forces that it will be subjected to in the injury site. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006