bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Doubtfull beginnings”: Confronting Heterodoxy in Early Colonial Virginia, c.1607–1624
Authors: McGhee Patrick Seamus 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Efforts among English Protestants to counter heterodox ideas and individuals in early colonial Virginia profoundly shaped the global trajectories of Reformed theology and identity. The authors of colonial sermons, legal documents, and reports channeled the priorities of reformation and evangelism into the religious politics of the Atlantic world, thereby reinforcing theological and structural connections between religion and empire. To do so, they deployed multifarious heterodox personae: atheists, Catholics, and sinners seemed poised to destabilize Christianity, while Indigenous “heathen” people could convert to Christianity and might be saved. Ultimately, these labels reveal more about the volatile origins of global Protestantism than the realities of heterodoxy. They fostered a trans-Atlantic Protestant identity preoccupied with mitigating uncertainty and disorder by intensifying the expansionist dimensions of providence, prophecy, sin, and salvation. This strengthened reciprocity between the Church of England and colonization, nurturing the perception that Virginia was a frontier of global expansion.
Dewey and Bentley’s Knowing and the Known
Authors: Heglar Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The book that Dewey co-authored with Arthur Bentley, Knowing and the Known, has long resisted coherent interpretation in relation to his previous work. This article suggests that we look at his work from a methodological rather than a metaphysical point of view. This requires looking first at what he was doing with his concepts and only secondly to their content. The whole purpose of his philosophy was to construct an account which, when used, would draw our attention to observable phenomena and have the consequence of promoting empirical inquiry.
Quantum International Law Theories: Towards an Inclusive International Investment-Security Construct
Authors: Li Xinyue 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant changes in the foreign investment landscape that have affected investors and States around the world. These transitions can be broadly categorised into two hypotheses: international to domestic in the liberalisation continuum and legalisation to politicisation in the geoeconomic order. While these hypotheses seek to capture the changing investment-security dynamics, none satisfactorily comprehend classical irreconciliation. In response, this study proposes a novel trinity of quantum international law theories that extrapolates quantum entanglement, measurement, and holism theories through analogy, ontology, and post-critique approaches to inspire multidisciplinary insights. It outlines the justifications for using quantum theories in international law-making and policymaking, the extrapolated fundamentals, and the trinity application approaches by testing two variations of the trinity. The study results help move beyond unproductive debates on ‘economics versus security’ and offer international lawmakers and policymakers a new thinking model that can be applied to ‘everything’ multidisciplinary.
Relationship between soil porosity and the apparent density of Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae) wood
Authors: Gonçalves Ricardo de Almeida , Teixeira de Moraes Mario Luiz , Cambuim José , Tomazello Filho Mario , Martins Aline Redondo 
Published: April 2024

Summary
Plants can modify their anatomy and physiology to improve their survival. Water stress is one of several factors that have been identified as potential wood modifiers. This study aimed to analyse whether soil physical properties and dioecy influence the wood density of Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae). Samples of A. fraxinifolium trees were obtained from 20 male and 20 female individuals in two fields (an impacted area (IA) and a non-impacted area (NIA)) and the physical properties of soils from both areas were analysed. The apparent densities of the bark-to-bark wood samples were determined by X-ray densitometry. The apparent density values were calculated using QMS software. The IA soil showed lower porosity (macroporosity and microporosity) than the NIA soil. The wood densities of IA trees differed significantly, with IA trees having higher values than the NIA trees. The results indicated that trees growing in soils with low porosity and high soil bulk density had higher wood density. Based on the results of this study, which showed that species in areas with compacted soils had relatively high wood densities, it was concluded that A. fraxinifolium trees in environments with low water availability have dense wood with conducting vessels of large diameters. None of the wood features were influenced by the dioecy of A. fraxinifolium.
Immunity-related genes can serve as early diagnostic markers for infection in housefly rearing systems
Authors: Voulgari-Kokota A. , Slijfer R. , Beukeboom L.W. , Falcao Salles J. , Wertheim B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Farming of houseflies, as well as of other insects, could become a sustainable alternative for producing high-protein animal feed. Although promising, this comes with particular challenges, including monitoring insect health in large-scale farming facilities. In this study, we tested if the expression patterns of immunity-related genes could serve as early diagnostic markers for disease and help prevent infection spread with detrimental effects. We introduced a commonly used bacterial entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, in the housefly larval substrate and monitored larval biomass changes, pupation, and gene expression of three immunity-related genes: PGRP, defensin, and cecropin. We performed the infection assay for two strains of different geographic origins at two temperatures and with two concentrations of the bacterial inoculum. We found that gene expression was faster in indicating differences between larvae grown in treated and untreated substrate compared to monitoring larval growth and pupation. Most strikingly, although there were no significant effects on larval biomass for 48 hours after the substrate inoculation, the effects on gene expression in some cases manifested already two hours post substrate inoculation. As the two housefly strains showed different response speeds in gene upregulation, there is a need for more frequent routine testing to define which response levels could be considered as an alarm. We conclude that monitoring immunity-related genes and microbial surveys of insect-rearing substrates can be used to diagnose infection and prevent its spread early in mass-rearing settings.
Translingual Islam: The Perso-Arabic Cosmopolis in China
Authors: Ha Guangtian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article uncovers the hitherto lesser-known histories of the Perso-Arabic cosmopolis as exists among China’s Sinophone Muslims. Drawing on reprinted manuscripts and published secondary literature in Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, I show a continual evolution of this cosmopolis as it articulates with Chinese through rigorous works of translation, transliteration, and a more encompassing mode of translingual conversion. This linguistic feat is enabled by a transregional network where the wider Indian Ocean world is drawn closer to China, while China becomes but one node, though frequently the destination for the global circulation of Islamic texts and ideas. This article aims to offer a detailed description of this Perso-Arabic cosmopolis and help us acquire a more comprehensive understanding of the rich lives of Arabic and Persian in the eastern Indian Ocean world.
Using Median Point in Keeling Plot to Reduce the Uncertainty of the Isotopic Composition of Evapotranspiration
Authors: Yuan Yusen , Wang Lixin , Wei Zhongwang , Ajami Hoori , Wang Honglang , Du Taisheng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The isotopic composition of evapotranspiration δET is a crucial parameter in isotope-based evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning and moisture recycling studies. The Keeling plot method is the most prevalent method to calculate δET, though it contains large extrapolated uncertainties from the least squares regression. Traditional Keeling regression uses the mean point of individual measurements. Here, a modified Keeling plot framework was proposed using the median point of individual measurements. We tested the δET uncertainty using the mean point [σET (mean)] and median point [σET (median)]. Multiple resolutions of input and output data from six independent sites were used to test the performance of the two methods. The σET (mean) would be greater than σET (median) when the mean value of inverse vapor concentration () is greater than the median value of inverse vapor concentration []. When applying the filter of r2 > 0.8, around 70% of σET (mean) was greater than σET (median). This phenomenon might be due to the normality of the vapor concentration Cυ producing the asymmetric distribution of 1/Cυ. The median method could perform significantly better than the mean method when inputting high-resolution measurements (e.g., 1 Hz) and when the water vapor concentration Cυ is relatively low. Compared to the mean method, applying the median method could on average reduce 6.88% of ET partitioning uncertainties and could on average reduce 9.00% of moisture recycling uncertainties. This study provided a new insight of the Keeling plot method and emphasized handling model output uncertainty from multiple perspectives instead of only from input parameters.
Mesoscale Eddies and Near-Inertial Internal Waves Modulate Seasonal Variations of Vertical Shear Variance in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Shang Gong , Zhang Zhiwei , Guan Shoude , Huang Xiaodong , Zhou Chun , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Diapycnal mixing in the South China Sea (SCS) is commonly attributed to the vertical shear variance S2 of horizontal ocean current velocity, but the seasonal modulation of S2 is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of long-term velocity observations. Here, this issue is explored in detail based on nearly 10-yr-long acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity data from a mooring in the northern SCS. We find that S2 in the northern SCS exhibits significant seasonal variations at both the near-surface (90–180 m) and subsurface (180–400 m) layers, but their seasonal cycles and modulation mechanisms are quite different. For the near-surface layer, S2 is stronger in late summer, autumn, and winter but weaker in spring and early summer, while in the subsurface layer, it is much stronger in winter than in other seasons. Further analysis suggests that in the near-surface layer, the stronger S2 in autumn and winter is primarily caused by typhoon-induced near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) and the large subinertial (SI) velocity shear of the baroclinic mesoscale eddies, respectively. With respect to the subsurface layer, the enhanced wintertime S2 is primarily associated with the “inertial chimney” effect of anticyclonic eddies, trapping wind-forced downward-propagating NIWs and significantly increasing the near-inertial shear at the critical layer. The findings in this study highlight the potentially important roles of mesoscale eddies and NIWs in modulating the seasonality of upper-ocean mixing in the northern SCS. This modulation is attributed not only to the strong shear of these features but also to their interactions.

Significance Statement
Vertical shear variance of velocity S2 significantly modulates turbulent mixing in the thermocline, but its climatologically seasonal variations and the associated mechanisms are still obscure due to the scarcity of long-term in situ velocity data. By analyzing nearly a decade of velocity data, we reveal significant seasonal variations in S2 at different ocean layers in the northern SCS and uncover different seasonal cycles and modulation mechanisms. The study sheds light on the pivotal roles of mesoscale eddies and near-inertial internal waves in modulating seasonality of S2 in the upper ocean. These findings have important implications for improving mixing parameterizations in numerical models.
Tipping Points in Overturning Circulation Mediated by Ocean Mixing and the Configuration and Magnitude of the Hydrological Cycle: A Simple Model
Authors: Gnanadesikan Anand , Fabiani Gianluca , Liu Jingwen , Gelderloos Renske , Brett G. Jay , Kevrekidis Yannis , Haine Thomas , Pradal Marie-Aude , Siettos Constantinos , Sleeman Jennifer 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the modern ocean, the transformation of light surface waters to dense deep waters primarily occurs in the Atlantic basin rather than in the North Pacific or Southern Oceans. The reasons for this remain unclear, as both models and paleoclimatic observations suggest that sinking can sometimes occur in the Pacific. We present a six-box model of overturning that combines insights from a number of previous studies. A key determinant of the overturning configuration in our model is whether the Antarctic Intermediate Waters are denser than the northern subpolar waters, something that depends on the magnitude and configuration of atmospheric freshwater transport. For the modern ocean, we find that although the interbasin atmospheric freshwater flux suppresses Pacific sinking, the poleward atmospheric freshwater flux out of the subtropics enhances it. When atmospheric temperatures are held fixed, North Pacific overturning can strengthen with either increases or decreases in the hydrological cycle, as well as under reversal of the interbasin freshwater flux. Tipping-point behavior, where small changes in the hydrological cycle may cause the dominant location of densification of light waters to switch between basins and the magnitude of overturning within a basin to exhibit large jumps, is seen in both transient and equilibrium states. This behavior is modulated by parameters such as the poorly constrained lateral diffusive mixing coefficient. If hydrological cycle amplitude is varied consistently with global temperature, northern polar amplification is necessary for the Atlantic overturning to collapse. Certain qualitative insights incorporated in the model can be validated using a fully coupled climate model.

Significance Statement
Currently, the global overturning circulation involves the conversion of waters lighter than Antarctic Intermediate Water to deep waters denser than Antarctic Intermediate Water primarily in the North Atlantic, rather than in the North Pacific or Southern Oceans. Many different factors have been invoked to explain this configuration, with atmospheric freshwater transport, basin geometry, lateral mixing, and Southern Ocean winds playing major roles. This paper develops a simple theory that combines previous theories, presents the intriguing idea that alternate configurations might be possible, and identifies multiple possible tipping points between these states.
On the Long-run Sustainability of Current Account Deficits in India: Some Insights from Linear and Non-linear Cointegration Tests
Authors: Deheri Abdhut 
Published: April 2024

This article assesses the long-run intertemporal sustainability of the current account deficit in India for the period 1974–2018. We employ various linear and non-linear models, such as the Johansen cointegration test, the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), threshold autoregression (TAR) and momentum autoregression (MTAR) models, to validate the intertemporal budget constraint. The results of the linear cointegration test reveal no cointegration between exports and imports, plus interest payment on external debt. Results from non-linear models, however, provide evidence of cointegration between the variables, implying that the intertemporal budget constraint is validated. The estimates of the TAR model reveal that the current account disequilibrium adjustment process towards the long-run equilibrium follows an asymmetric pattern. Results of the non-linear ARDL model further show that, in the long run, exports react differently to positive and negative changes in imports. Overall, our results show the presence of asymmetries in the current account adjustment process. The estimated cointegrating vector suggests that the current account deficit exhibits weak sustainability. From a policy perspective, the findings recommend implementing suitable macroeconomic and trade policies to reduce the current account deficit. JEL Codes: C30, D90, F32, F34, F40
The Vasodilator Effect and Mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid on Isolated Pulmonary Artery Rings in Rats
Authors: Yang Huijuan , Li Hailong , Liu Yuxin , Jiang Jinrui , Hai Mei , Li Cong , Hu Zhiqiang , Zhou Ru 
Published: April 2024

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) on isolated rat pulmonary artery vascular rings as well as the mechanism that lies behind the diastolic effects of this compound. Materials and Methods To examine the effects of various doses of 18β-GA on resting normal vascular rings, we used isolated rat pulmonary artery vascular rings. The isolated rat pulmonary artery vascular ring was precontracted with phenylephrine (PE) and potassium chloride solution (KCl), which allowed for the observation of the diastolic effects of 18β-GA, as well as the effects of various concentrations of 18β-GA on blocking the four potassium channels of glibenclamide, barium chloride (BaCl2), tetraethylamine (TEA), or 4-aminopyridine; the impact of various 18β-GA concentrations on the pulmonary artery vasodilation effect pre-use of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors l-nitroarginine methyl ester and indomethacin. Results It was shown that 18β-GA has concentration-dependent diastolic effects on isolated rat pulmonary vascular rings that have been precontracted with PE and KCl but it has no effect on resting isolated thoracic aortic vascular rings. Conclusion The two Kir and Kv channels may be connected to the endothelium-dependent vasodilation mechanism of 18β-GA.
Is Agricultural Production Responsible for Environmental Degradation in India? Implications for Sustainability Based on Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Babu Swati Sinha 
Published: April 2024

The study aims to investigate the impact of agricultural production on environmental degradation in the case of India, an emerging market economy, based on time series data from 1990 to 2020. Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been used as indicators of degradation. Autoregressive distributive lag bound tests examine the long-run cointegrating relationship among the variables. To investigate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) between agricultural production and CH4, N2O, and CO2, we used a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) technique, and the robustness of the results of FMOLS were checked by dynamic ordinary least squares estimators. We also used Granger causality to check for unidirectional and bidirectional causalities. Results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship in the case of both CH4 and N2O emission, thus confirming the EKC hypothesis. The relationship of CO2 emission with agricultural production does not verify the EKC hypothesis, and we find a U-shaped relation in the long-run. Lastly, policy measures have been suggested to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities that may help attain a more sustainable economy. JEL Classification Q1, Q22, Q23, Q53, C33
Temperature Rising, Growth Descending: Climate Change Impacts on Asian Economies
Authors: Kaushik Nikhil , Sharma Ashish , Mishra Poornima , Kumar Sunil 
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the impact of temperature and rainfall on economic growth in Asian countries using panel data regression analysis from 1991 to 2021. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between temperature and economic growth, with a 1°C rise leading to a 0.385% reduction in growth. High-temperature countries experience a more significant adverse effect compared to low-temperature countries. However, despite displaying a negative trend, rainfall does not significantly influence economic growth statistically. The study also finds differences in the impact of climate variables across different income groups. Additionally, temperature negatively affects the growth rate of agrarian countries, while rainfall does not significantly influence their growth dynamics. These findings underscore the importance of considering climate change in understanding economic growth and highlight the need for policymakers to prioritize climate risk assessment and adopt appropriate climate change mitigation and resilience strategies in Asian countries. JEL Classification E23, O13, Q54
Proficiency Development and Learning Curve in Robot-Assisted Spine Surgery Using the ExcelsiusGPS® System: Experience From a Single Institution
Authors: Shi Chen , Tong Yixuan , Harris Liam , Owusu-Sarpong Stephane , Goldstein Jeffrey 
Published: April 2024

Study Design Retrospective Cohort Study Objectives: Robot-assisted spine surgery (RASS) is a rapidly evolving technique with potential benefits for improving surgical outcomes. A number of studies on RASS learning curve have focused on early iterations of the Mazor robot. Limited research exists on the learning curve associated with using the Globus Medical ExcelsiusGPS® system. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the learning curve of RASS using the ExcelsiusGPS® system at a single institution. Methods A total of 95 patients (541 screws) who underwent RASS between 2021 and 2022 were included. Variables including operative time, robot registration time, screw placement time, fluoroscopy utilization, and complications were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and two-sample t-tests. Results The average operative time significantly decreased after the first 14 cases, indicating a learning curve. However, no significant improvement was observed in robot registration time. Notably, screw placement time significantly improved after approximately 13 cases. When controlling for the number of levels fused, the trends remained consistent. Conclusions Our study confirmed the presence of a learning curve in RASS using the ExcelsiusGPS® system and demonstrated rapid proficiency development. Our findings highlight the relatively quick learning curve of 1 RASS system.