bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A roentgenographic study of clinically healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues in children
Authors: Hollender Lars , Lindhe Jan , Koch Göran 
Published: June 2006

In an investigation of the effect of prolonged daily supervision of toothbrushing on Swedish schoolchildren (Koch and Lindhe, 1965; Lindhe and Koch, 1966) the incidence and severity of gingivitis in the experimental group were found to be substantially less than in the control group. It was therefore thought of interest to ascertain if there were roentgenographically detectable differences between the groups.The present investigation was carried out on 64 Swedish scoolchildren, randomly picked from the larger material taking part in the above mentioned investigation. Of these, 33 belonged to the supervised group and 31 to the group serving as a control.The criteria used for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in the roentgenograms were:

marginal tickening of the periodontal membrane.
defects of the margin of the alveolar crest.
increased distance between the cemento‐enamel junction and the peak of the alveolar crest.

Roentgenographs of the upper and lower front teeth were obtained using a modified parallel technique. The roentgenographic interpretation was carried out as a blind test. No statistically significent differences between the two groups were found.Because of these findings, roentgenograms of the 14 cases who showed no signs of gingival inflammation and of the 10 cases who had the highest gingival scores were selected. These roentgenograms were re‐examined simultaneously by two of the authors. As before, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups.
The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children
Authors: Lindhe J. , Koch G. 
Published: June 2006

The effect of prolonged supervision of tooth brushing on gingival health and oral hygiene in a group of school children 12–13 years of age was investigated. The subjects were divided into one experimental group and one control group, each of 32 children.A specially trained dental nurse supervised the daily tooth brushing of the members of the experimental group. The control group members were not subjected to any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedure. The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe & Silness (1963) and Silness & Löe (1964).The data obtained from an examination in 1965 were compared with those from a re‐examination in 1966, i.e. after two years and three years of supervised tooth brushing.The two examinations revealed that:Mean GI values of 0.22 and 0.24 in the experimental group and 0.78 and 0.95 in the control group were obtained at the first and second examination. The difference between the two groups at each examination was found to be statistically significant at the 0.1 per cent level.An increase in gingivitis occurred during the year that elapsed between the two examinations. The increase was noted in both groups, but was small and statistically insignificant in the experimental group, whereas in the control group the difference was greater and statistically significant at the 5 per cent level.In the control group, the condition of the gingivae worsened during the study in all four regions examined. Of all tooth areas, 75 per cent showed an increase in gingivitis.In the experimental group, a significant decrease in gingivitis was noted in the anterior region of both the upper and the lower jaw, whereas the state of the gingivae found the molars had worsened. Of all areas examined, 56 per cent showed improved gingival health.The individual mean plaque index for all teeth in the experimental group was 0.70 compared with 1.62 in the control groupThe mean GI‐differences between the examinations in 1965 and 1966 showed that, in spite of the great difference in GI found already at the first examination (GI in the experimental group only 1/4th of that in the control group), the gingival condition in the experimental group had improved compared with that in the control group during the test year.
The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children
Authors: Lindhe J. , Koch G. , Månsson U. 
Published: June 2006

In the present investigation was studied the relative effect on the gingiva in children of two different kinds of prophylactic measures namely: 1. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus mouth rinsings every second week added with distribution of dentifrice every month (rinsing group). 2. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus daily supervision of a tooth brushing procedure added with distribution of dentifrice every month (brushing group). A control group received neither information on oral hygiene methods nor participated in any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedures.When the examination of the gingival conditions was performed the experiments had been running for three years. 343 children participated in this investigation and they were at the time for the examination 12‐14 years of age.The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe and Silness (1963) and Silness and Löe (1964). The examination revealed:A mean GI value of 0.30 and 0.94 in the brushing and control group. The difference between the groups is statistically significant (p < 0.001).A mean GI value of 0.61 in the rinsing group. Also this score is significantly smaller than that of the control group (p < 0.001).The girls had a lower mean GI than the boys in each of the test groups. The difference was found to be significant in the rinsing group at the 1 per cent level and in the brushing group at the 0.1 per cent level.The prophylactic measures were most effective in the upper front tooth region and least effective in the lower molar region.
Alterations in crevicular fluid flow during healing following gingival surgery
Authors: Arnold Robert , Lunstad Gary , Bissada Nabil , Stallard Richard 
Published: June 2006

The relationship between gingival crevicular fluid flow and healing after gingival surgery, as assessed by biopsy, cytologic and microbial smears, was evaluated. Eighty‐five periodontal pockets from the maxillary anterior and premolar teeth were studied in nine patients. Gingival fluid flow measurements, cytologic and microbial smears were taken weekly from each periodontal pocket for five weeks. The gingivectomy was performed at the first week and the tissue biopsied. Additional biopsies were also taken of selected areas on the fifth week. The results were analyzed to ascertain any correlation between gingival crevicular fluid flow and gingival inflammation during healing. The following conclusions can be drawn:

Quantity of gingival crevicular fluid, sulcular cytologic and microbial smears can be of value in assessing gingival status.
A direct relationship exists between the rate of crevicular fluid flow and healing following gingival surgery.
A healthy crevicular epithelium lining the gingival sulcus appears to function as a barrier, thereby retaining the gingival tissue fluid.
An example of the importance of experimental design and statistical analysis in dental research
Authors: Bandt Carl L. , Stallard Richard E. 
Published: June 2006

In this paper a specific dental investigation was used to demonstrate the value of several statistical principles. It was concluded that:

Blind evaluation of tissues is important in preventing bias in interpreting the histomorphologic results.
The loss of replication makes it impossible to evaluate the effect of sacrifice time on radioautographic labeling.
A probability value P = .12 can be of interest if one understands the data to which it is applied (i.e. P = .01 or P = .05 is not sacred).
Investigator inconsistency exists and should he considered. In this case evaluating the tissues in a random order averages out the effect of counting fewer labeled cells as the evaluation progressed.
Random allocation of animals to control and experimental groups eliminates the possibility of bias in allocation. The smaller size of the experimental animals is not, therefore, a function of allocation.
The implantation of decalcified human dentin and cementum into the subcutaneous tissues of the rat
Authors: Morris Melvin L. 
Published: June 2006

The effect of decalcification on the inductive activity of cementum and dentin was tested by implanting decalcified human roots into the subcutaneous tissues of the rat.No new cementum was seen. The first six months showed marked deep resorption and the second a re‐calcification of the remaining dentin. Decalcification with 5 per cent neutral EDTA destroyed the cementogenetic inductive influence of cementum and dentin previously noted in undecalcified implants.The theoretical implications of the findings were discussed.
Response of oral epithelia to ovariectomy and estrogen replacement
Authors: Litwack D. , Kennedy J.E. , Zander H.A. 
Published: June 2006

Ovariectomies were performed on 8 squirrel monkeys. Four of the animals received 0.1 mg estradiol benzoate intramuscularly 3 times per week for 4 months. One hour prior to sacrifice all animals received H3‐thymidine. Sections of vagina, buccal mucosa and gingiva were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and autoradiographs. Measurements were made of the basemined membrane/mm of surface length, the number of basal cells/mm of basement membrane determined and a labeling index for basal cells established.The animals which had received estradiol benzoate exhibited a thick vaginal epithelium in contrast to the other animals which showed a thin and often ulcerated epithelial covering. The vaginal epithelium of the estrogen treated ovariectomized animals had longer rete pegs, fewer basal cells/mm of basement membrane and a higher labeling index than those animals not receiving estrogen. The epithelium of the buccal mucosa was significantly different in the same direction as the vagina by all three criteria. The gingival epithelium showed no significant differences by two of the three criteria.
Observations on vascular proliferation in a granulation tissue
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Brånemak P‐I 
Published: June 2006

The present study was performed in order to study the progressive growth of vessels in a regenerating tissue and to analylze the tissue events occurring outside and inside the mature micro‐vessels immediately before sprout formation. Twenty, 10–20 months old female rabbits, weighing 2–3 kilos each were used. A modified Sandison's ear chamber was installed in each animal. Healing of a tissue defect was studied in a modified Leitz intravital microscope.Immediately after installation of the ear chamber, the center of the wound was practically devoid of cells. The venules of the bordering tissue showed signs of an acute inflammation. During the first hours there was an obvious leakage from the venules of the bordering tissue of an intravenously injected protein bound dye. Some hours later granular cells started to emigrate from the adjacent pre‐existing venules into the defect space. Six to eight hours after surgery corpuscular and plasma flow was normal in all vessels in the region of the ear chamber. During the next 35–40 hours the protein network became denser. By the end of the second day most of the granular cells of the defect had lost their amoeboid properties. The nucleus and the granules of these cells became denser and more prominent. By 48–72 hours several of the rigid granular cells disintegrated and dispersed their cytoplasmic granules into the defect. A few hours after degranulation the corpuscular flow rate of the bordering vessels increased. Erythrocytes and later granulocytes penetrated the venular walls and entered the extra‐vascular space. In the immediate vicinity of the vertices of the preformed venules, strings of red and white cells moved back and forth apparently creating well defined tubes bordered by a fibrillar structure. The cell movements seemed to open up and elongate the tubes. Between the moving cells and aggregated cells of the defect a layer of thin transparent cells could eventually be detected. In this situation there were also optically definable openings in the walls of the borderline venules and true communicationsestablished between the preexisting vessels and the newly formed.
An assignment of the inter‐ and intra‐ examiner agreement in scoring gingivities clinically
Authors: Alexander A. G. , Leon A. R. , Ribbons J. W. , Morganstein S. I. 
Published: June 2006

Three inexperienced examiners received progressively intensive training in the use of the PMA and Gingival Indices. Each examiner achieved intra‐examiner reliability with each index after only a short period of instruction. No consistent pattern of inter‐examiner agreement was evident until the examiners had received extensive training which included clinical instructions by an examiner with a good knowledge of the indices. A high degree of correlation was found between the PMA and GI scores for an individual which suggested that the two different methods of assessing ‘so‐called’ severity produce similar results.It was concluded that the Gingival Index system had the advantage that clear mandatory instructions had been laid down for its use. All reports of studies using either index should contain information on the intra‐ and inter‐examiner reliability achieved.
Ioden‐125 apparature for measuring changes in X‐ray transmission and the thickness of alveolar process
Authors: Henrikson Carl O. , Julin Per 
Published: June 2006

A method has recently been described for the quantitative measurement of the mineral content of alveolar bonein vivowith the help of an iodine‐125 apparatus (Bergström and Henrikson 1970). A device for the intraoral positioning of the narrow‐beam radiation source is fixed to a silver cap splint made for each patient. The transmission of the X‐rays from the radioisotope l25I through the alveolar septum is measured by a scintillation crystal, Nal (Tl), and a pulse height analyzer.As small changes in the mineral content were often concealed by fluctuations in the thickness of the alveolar process, e.g. postoperative swelling, an apparatus for the simultaneous measuring of changes in X‐ray transmission and the thickness of the alveolar process has been constructed. The radiation is collimated by tubular diaphragms and filtered by a thin tin layer. The tubes are used as electrical contact indicators while measuring the thickness of the jaw.The alveolar septum consists mainly of hydroxy apatite, water, protein and fat. An estimation of the mass attenuation coefficients of the components shows that it is possible to approximate the components to hydroxy apatite and “organic matter”. It is shown that it is possible to determine the amount of hydroxy apatite in the region studied.
A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF TISSUE COMPONENTS AND NUMBER OF MAST CELLS IN THE GINGIVA.
Authors: Angelopoulos A. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new, systematic and precise method, used for the quantiative estimation of the principal tissue components (epithelial, connective tissue, vascular and inflammatory) of the gingiva and the number of mast cells per unit area of gingival tissue is described in detail. About 500 gingival sections were studied and more thatn 30,000 mast cells were counted with this method.The material consisted of gingival biopsy specimens removed from 137 patients with either clinically normal or infamed and hyperplastic gingiva.The biopsy technique and the processing of the gingival tissues are described. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Toluidine Blue, Astrablau and Periodic Acid‐Schiff's method.The instruments used in this study, the micrometer component quantitator and an alternative, the light microscope tissue quantitator are also described. Examples of the results obtained are presented and other considerations related to this method are discussed.
Some effects of chlorhexidine on the plaque flora of the Beagle dog
Authors: Hamp S.–E. , Emilson C. G. 
Published: June 2006

Three series of experiments were performed during which Beagle dogs were given a plaque forming diet, in Series I 10 dogs were sprayed twice daily with 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine and 10 controls with saline for six months. In Series II the same treatment was used for 18 months in 16 dogs (8 treated. 8 controls). In Series III, comprising three dogs, the teeth of the left jaws, were subjected to two different concentrations of chlorhexidine for 5 + 5 weeks (2 resp. 0.1 %) while the teeth of the right jaws received saline treatment. During a subsequent period of 3 months all teeth were created with saline.Dental plaque was sampled at the end of the three experimental periods, in Series III also one, three, six and thirteen weeks later. The sensitivity to chlorhexidine of the plaque bacteria was tested using a modification of “the paper disc method”. In all series the plaque bacteria from chlorhexidine treated teeth displayed reduced sensitivity to the drug. After termination of the chlorhexidine treatment in the Series III‐experiments the reduced sensivity to chlorhexidine of plaque bacteria from chlorhexidine treated teeth slowly approached the corresponding values from saline treated teeth.Plaque samples taken after 18 months (Series II) were studied by means of a dilution‐plate method. The‐ dominating colonies from each plate were identified as gram‐negative aerobic rods. Most of the bacteria from chlorhexidine treated dogs grew on trypticase soy agar plates containing 320 μg/ml chlorhexidine. while bacteria from the saline treated animals only grew on plates containing 20 μg/ml.
Autoradiographic studies of 14C‐chlorhexidine given orally in mice
Authors: Magnusson B. , Heyden G. 
Published: June 2006

The distribution of 14C‐chlorhexidine diacetate and digluconate applied to the back of the mouth in young female mice was studied with apposition autoradiography and liquid emulsion micro‐autoradiography. The uptake after single or repeated doses was observed in animals allowed to survive from 15 minutes to 2 months.The radiolabelled chlorhexidine showed a marked, affinity to the epithelial lining of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. It also appeared in the liver and kidneys. In animals sacrificed 2 weeks after treatment the bulk of the material had left the body. However, even 2 months after a single dose traces could be demonstrated in the respiratory tract, in the secretory mucosa of the stomach and in the kidneys.Chlorhexidine is metabolized and excreted via the same pathways as most foreign compounds. A generalised use of chlorhexidine in the prophylaxis of dental diseases must abide the results of adequate toxicological data.
The mode of action of chlorhexidine
Authors: Davies A. 
Published: June 2006

Radioactive chlorhexidine * (14C labeled in the phenyl rings) was used to study absorption by and desorption From Streptococcus mulans and teeth.When S. mutans was grown in brain heart infusion broth, the rate of absorption by the bacteria was rapid, but when bacteria were grown in medium containing sucrose, absorption was slow apart from an initial rapid phase. Very slow absorption was observed by organisms grown on wire immersed in the sucrose medium. Thus there appears to have been some barrier delaying absorption when the culture medium contained sucrose.Studies with human teeth showed considerable variation between teeth but the rates of absorption and desorption were generally slow.
Clinical and histologic characteristics of normal gingiva in dogs
Authors: Attström R. , Graf‐de Beer M. , Schroeder H. E. 
Published: June 2006

The aims of the present study were to establish normal gingiva in dogs, to characterize the clinical conditions prevailing and to stereologically describe the structural composition of the normal gingival tissues. Three beagle dogs were subjected to regular oral hygiene procedures during 15 weeks. Measurements of gingival fluid flow and the amounts of crevicular leukocytes served to clinically assess the gingival conditions. Semi‐and ultrathin sections from biopsies of normal buccal gingival tissues from premolars were subjected to stereologic analysis based on morphometric point counting procedures. Gingival normality was achieved in two of the dogs. The normal gingival tissue in these dogs was characterized clinically by abscense of gingival fluid flow and by a minute amount of crevicular leukocytes. A gingival sulcus was most often absent. The junctional epithelium was without rete pegs, and the entire gingival connective tissue was densely filled by homogeneous collagen fiber bundles. A few isolated inflammatory cells were present in the junctional epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue. No clusters of inflammatory cells forming an infiltrate could be observed.Stereologically, the gingival tissue comprised 48% epithelium and 52% connective tissue. The junctional epithelium occupied 10% of the gingival tissue and included a fraction of 2.8% occupied by leukocytes. The latter by volume comprised 50% neutrophilic granulocytes and mononuclear cells each. The connective tissue was composed of 67% collagen fibers, 14% free cells and 19% residual tissue. The composition of the connective tissue adjacent to the junctional epithelium differed somewhat from that of more central connective tissue fractions.
Initial gingivitis in dogs
Authors: Schroeder H. E. , Graf‐De Beer M. , Attström R. 
Published: June 2006

The gingival characteristics after four days of gingivitis development have been studied in three Beagle dogs. Gingival normality was induced by regular tooth cleaning and gingivitis was provoked by abolishing oral hygiene procedures and giving the animals a soft diet. Measurements of the gingival fluid flow and the amount of crevicular leukocytes served to clinically assess the gingival condition. Semi‐ and ultra‐thin sections from contralateral biopsies of buccal gingival tissues from premolars obtained on day 0 and day 4 respectively were subjected to stereologic analysis based on morphometric point counting procedures. On day 0 of the experiment two dogs revealed minute amounts of gingival fluid and crevicular leukocytes and the gingival tissues of these dogs were normal. The third dog had somewhat higher amounts of the gingival parameters and the connective tissue adjacent to the junctional epithelium harboured a small lymphoid infiltrate occupying 8.3 ± 2.8% of the gingival tissues. On day 4 the gingival fluid flow and the amounts of crevicular leukocytes were increased in all dogs compared to their values on day 0.The coronal con nective tissue in the two dogs with initially normal gingiva revealed on day 4 an infiltrated portion which occupied 6.1 ± 2.4% of the gingival tissues. The infiltrate was predominated by neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, immunoblasts and small lymphocytes. A 60% loss of the collagen density in the infiltrated fraction was noted between biopsies from day 0 and day 4 in these two dogs. The tissues of the dog which entered the experiment with a preestablished lymphoid infiltrate reacted with similar but more intense inflammatory processes on day 4 than those of the dogs with normal gingiva on day 0.The results indicate that initial gingivitis in dogs is characterized by acute exudative inflammation and immunopathological processes as well as by a marked loss of collagen fibers in the connective tissue located beneath the coronal part of the junctional epithelium. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed alterations have been discussed.