bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Psychometric Study of 55 Consecutive Admissions to a Unit for Alcoholic Addiction which Employs no Selective Criteria
Authors: Marshman Mary 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn an unselected alcoholic group only 24 per cent did not show signs of cerebral dysfunction on psychometric testing. There was a very much higher level of reported hostility and personality disturbance, combined with social disruption, than is usually reported in the literature. It was significant that 16.66 per cent of the original sample was lost because they discharged themselves within the fast two weeks of admission, a further 60 per cent of the remaining sample discharged themselves against medical advice before completing their treatment. It is suggested that social and psychometric results from units which employ strict admission criteria cannot apply to groups where there is no selective criteria.
The First 100 Residents in a Therapeutic Community for Former Addicts
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports the characteristics of the first 100 drug users admitted to a London based residential treatment program for former narcotic addicts. Residents tended to be similar to those found in other treatment settings with the typical resident being between 19 and 29 years of age, being unmarried, having a criminal record and a well established history of opiate use.
The Prevention of Alcoholism: Epidemiological Studies of the Effects of Government Control Measures *
Authors: Popham Robert E. , Schmidt Wolfgang , de Lint Jan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWidely used control measures such as the monopoly system and restrictions on the number and type of alcoholic beverage outlets, and on hours of sale appear to be muck less powerful determinants of regional and temporal variation in the prevalence of alcoholism than taxation policy. It is found that where or when Ike price of beverage alcohol relative to average disposable (real) income in high, indices of alcohol consumption and alcoholism are usually low, and vice versa. Differential taxation (involving a disproportionately high tax on spirituous liquors) appears to be effective temporarily, but to result ultimately in the substitution of another beverage source with an increase in consumption and alcohol problems. This is consistent with other evidence which indicates that the overall level of alcohol consumption in a population, regardless of beverage source, determines the prevalence of hazardous consumers and of alcohol–related organic pathologies. The nature of a taxation policy which might be expected to prevent increases, and perhaps achieve a reduction in prevalence is outlined. However, an appropriate program of public education would probably be required in most jurisdictions to render the implementation of the policy fully effective and politically feasible.
Patterns of Use of Alcohol, Cannabis and Tobacco in a Student Population
Authors: Einstein Rosemarie , Hughes I.E. , Hindmarch I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPatterns of use of alcohol, cannabis and tobacco have been investigated in 300 undergraduate students attending a provincial university. The likelihood of students trying cannabis was highest if they smoked tobacco, intermediate if they had given up smoking tobacco, and lowest if they had never smoked. Also there was a positive correlation between the number of drinks consumed per week and the tendency to try cannabis. The observed correlations indicate that students who consumed socially acceptable drugs were more likely to try other, less acceptable drugs.
Aversive Conditioning and Cognitive Mediators with Alcoholic Respondents *
Authors: Rice David P. , Schoenfeld Lawrence S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSome theoretical explanations of aversive conditioning posit specific emotional states or “cognitive mediators” to account for behavior suppression. Although “anxiety” is widely recognised as much a cognitive mediator, few studies have attempted to obtain measures of “state anxiety” or of alternative competing hypotheses to test the model. This study probed the effects of two aversive conditioning paradigms on subjective response to both alcohol‐related and non‐alcohol related stimuli to test the anxiety model against other competing alternatives. A strong social desirability response bias obscured measurement on three outcome dimensions; adjective ratings of (1) General Evaluation, (2) Dangerousness, and (3) Appetitiveness. Both paradigms (i.e. Punishment and Mixed) appeared capable of producing increased “Aversiveness” for alcohol‐related stimuli; “Mixed” paradigm in which CS‐UCS contingencies were unpredictable was capable of increasing state anxiety displayed toward both test stimuli. Due to differential subject attrition, a quasi‐experimental design was imposed which complicated application of statistical tests. A point prevalence follow‐up at 90 days suggested that the experimental groups were slightly more successful at avoiding alcohol. An observation wax made about a personality dynamic of alcoholics which is thought to engender psychological reactance toward treatment interventions which do not allow opportunity for internal control.
Sobriety as a Symptom of Alcohol Intoxication: A Clinical Commentary on Intoxication and Drunkenness
Authors: Paredes Alfonso , Hood William R. , Seymour Harry 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIntoxication and drunken behavior are related but not identical phenomena. Certain biological, psychomotor and psychological effects define intoxication. On the other hand, drunken behavior is to a great extent culturally defined and is related to variables such as time, place, environmental cues, social atmosphere, role expectations, attitudes and psychological needs. A common denominator for both is alcohol imbibition.The behavior of an intoxicated alcoholic does not have to be drunken. In support of this position, a case is presented showing that an alcoholic–whose drinking behavior is characteristically maladaptive–was able to display socially integrative behavior while exposed to substantial amounts of alcohol. This finding was not fortuitous. Twenty‐nine other alcoholics received alcohol according to a two‐day drinking schedule. The men initiated and stopped drinking on request and did not display provocative behavior while drinking. The study demonstrates that it is possible to initiate and easily terminate periods of drinking in alcoholics. This may represent a first step in the process of teaching alcoholics to drink without exhibiting socially disruptive behavior.
Suggestibility in Young Drug Dependent and Normal Populations
Authors: Glaus Ronald A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis pilot study investigates the suggestibility of 19 drug‐abusers compared with 20 non‐abusers by means of a paper and pencil test designed specifically for this study. A t‐test of results indicates no significant difference between groups but an analysis of control item scores raises questions of abuser responses. Implications of results for drug‐abuser rehabilitation suggest that those approaches which work with non‐abusers may have the greater effect. Additional study is needed to expand and confirm tentative results.
Urinary D‐glucaric Acid Excretion and Serum Gamma‐glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Alcoholism
Authors: Spencer‐Peet J. , Wood D. C. F. , Glatt M. M. , Wiseman S. M. 
Published: January 2006

Summary1. Urinary D‐glucaric acid and serum gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity (G.G.T.P.) have been measured in alcoholics before commencement of alcohol withdrawal. Over half the patients were found to have increased excretion of glucaric acid in the absence of evidence of the use of known inducing agents other than alcohol.2. Seventy‐Jive per cent of the patients had raised levels of serum G.G.T.P., but no significant correlation was found between this enzyme and the glucaric acid excretion.
Elaborations on the Meaning of Repetitive Behavior in Drug Dependent Personalities
Authors: Edelstein E. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper discusses several limited aspects of the problem of drug dependence from a psychoanalytic point of view. Early developmental defects in the ego of drug dependent people are discussed, namely: the stimulus barrier, object relations, perceptions, dedifferentiation of affect and the inability to wait. An analysis of the adaptive mechanisms used by drug abusers is offered with particular emphasis on their use of repetitive compulsive mechanisms. Several clinical examples illustrate the mechanisms described. The repetitive compulsive mechanisms in particular have not previously been described in detail and may be of assistance in treatment.
Public Attitudes towards Alcoholism in a Scottish City*†
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. , Buyers Margaret 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA sample of the population of Aberdeen City was interviewed, and attitudes towards alcoholism determined. While they were generally in agreement with the experts on eight of the nine factors there were inconsistencies in their attitudes. They held opposite opinions to the experts in regarding alcoholism as a sign of moral weakness. These findings have been discussed in the context of the Scottish culture. Recommendations have been made concerning future programmes of alcoholism education and their evaluation in Scotland.
Abnormal Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal Function in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Wright J. W. , Fry D. E. , Merry Julius , Marks Vincent 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal function was investigated in a group of 13 actively drinking chronic alcoholics. In a high proportion (46 per cent) of the patients basal plasma luteinising hormone (LH) levels were elevated and these patients showed an exaggerated plasma LH response to 100 μg LHRF. Plasma levels of 17β‐hydroxy‐androgens were normal in all subjects. Liver damage did not appear to explain the biochemical findings which may, however, be relevant to sexual and reproductive function in chronic alcoholic patients.
The Performance of Adult Alcoholics Working for Alcohol*: A Detailed Operant Analysis
Authors: Sanders Richard M. , Nathan Peter E. , O'Brien John S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEight chronic alcoholics served as subjects in a residential facility. They were required to make a simple repetitious response in order to earn points exchangeable for social, appetitive, and alcohol reinforcers. Over the course of this project, rates of responding for points on two schedules of reinforcement were observed as were patterns of drinking, working, sleeping, and socializing; the effects of alcohol on the subject's performance; and the influences of alcohol as a reinforcer. The foldings indicated by the detailed analysis provided by the methodology were not in complete agreement with some of the more coarsely analyzed data of similar experiments, e.g. the subjects worked for points during episodes of drinking more often than not. Additionally, new findings were shown, e.g., the subjects did not save points ahead but worked and drank in a “hand‐to‐mouth” manner in relatively short drinking and working cycles. Finally, many of the findings were in agreement with data reported earlier by other authors. Some implications for the control of alcoholic behavior are discussed.
A Comparison of the Effects of Propranolol and Diazepam in Alcoholics
Authors: Carlsson Carl , Fasth Bengt‐Goran 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a double‐blind cross‐over study, propranolol in a dosage of 120 mg daily was more effective than 30 mg a clay of diazepam in relieving symptoms of tension and depression in chronic alcoholics. Speculations are made regarding the mechanism of action.
Some Personality Characteristics of Groups of Young Drug Misusers and Delinquents
Authors: Silver A. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA grope of young male drug misusers was compared with a group of young male delinquents of approximately the same age and range of intelligence, on two measures of personality and a Semantic differential. Then is great similarity between the two sets of findings; the differences found lie largely in the greater emotional vulnerability of the drug‐using group.
Treatment of Alcoholism in a Community based Alcohol Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Gordon David A. , Gibson Gordon , Werner John L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a descriptive analysis of a community based alcohol rehabilitation programme serving a four county area in the Mid‐Western U.S. The programme's objective is to return the alcohol abuser to as normal functioning in the community as possible, and to reduce the burden on law enforcement, correctional institutions, and other social agencies in the community. To accomplish this, the programme offers a comprehensive range of indirect and direct services to alcohol abusers and their families, as well as to the community. Para‐professionals were utilised in the programme for intensive follow‐up with respect to basic physical and psychological needs. Professionals as well as para‐professionals of ten function as client advocates to facilitate the reintegration of their clients into the community. An evaluation of the effectiveness of this programme is offered. The data is based on a sample of fifty alcohol abusers randomly selected from a population of 460 referrals who had used this treatment service from July, 1972 through September, 1974. Some demographic characteristics of the clients are presented. Because a change in drinking status suggests but does not confirm the effectiveness of a treatment programme, additional objective measures are offered. Unobtrusive measures including changes in court offences, health care, employment status, and a cost analysis of the treatment components have been utilised. The results generally indicate that the programme successfully approached many of these criterion.
Coercive Treatment for Alcoholic' Driving under the Influence of Liquor9 Offenders*
Authors: McGrath Joan , O'Brien John , Liftik Joseph 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA twenty‐week therapy group composed often male members referred by the courts for alcoholism treatment following a‘Driving under the Influence of Liquor1 arrest is described. Most members resisted treatment initially, although all displayed symptoms of alcoholism. The implementation and process of this coercive group treatment setting is summarized, showing change in attitude and behaviour on the part of the members toward their alcoholism. The nine members who completed the group reported they were abstinent at termination. Specific recommendations found germaine to a successful intervention are discussed.
Detoxification from Methadone Maintenance in a Family‐oriented Program
Authors: Panepinto William , Arnon Dan , Silver Frances , Orbe Milagros , Kissin Benjamin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReported attempts at the detoxification of long‐term rehabilitated addicts in methadone maintenance programs ham been discouraging. A programmatic approach to the detoxification of a younger, family‐centred addict population has been developed by the Family‐Maternity Clinic. Of 70 patients who requested detoxification, 62.9 % have remained drug‐free and in contact with the program for an average of 11.5 months. An additional 24.2 % of the study group have continued treatment in the program and have been stabilized on lower methadone dosages. Low dose methadone treatment leading to abstinence within two years is a viable therapeutic approach for younger, family‐centered addicts.
Short‐term Memory for Hue in Chronic Alcoholics*
Authors: Nelson T. M. , Sinha B. K. , Olson W. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryChronic sober alcoholics show greatly inferior short‐term memory for hut compared to the general population even when retrieval is made easier through simplification of the memory task. This deficit persists when hue memory is corrected far age, and is greater for advanced alcoholics. Short‐term hue memory deficits seem associated with specific factors, since memory drift is not random. However, the same type of drift is present in all samples', even though the degree of drift differs between normative, and alcoholic samples. Evidence suggests the possibility of central damage involving the temporal colour coding mechanisms.This research indicates that severity of alcoholism may be ascertained through measurement of deficiencies in short‐term memory for hue.
Causal Attributions, Attitude Similarity, and the Punishment of Drug Offenders*
Authors: Lussier Richard J. , Perlman Daniel , Breen Lawrence J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present study derived hypotheses from Kelley's attribution model and recent research (Mitchell and Byrne, 1973) showing jurors' attitudes influence the length of sentences they recommend. Psychiatric nursing students (N=79) were presented with eight hypothetical case histories of convicted drug offenders, and were asked the causes of the offenders' behavior. The traffickers' socio‐economic status, consistency of offenses and form of trial (judge or jury) were experimentally manipulated. As predicted the behavior of consistent offenders was attributed to the person himself and subjects recommended more punishment for such individuals. Furthermore, subjects with liberal drug standards recommended less severe punishment for the offenders. Neither the sex nor the locus of control (Rotter, 1966) of the subjects had any significant main effects. Significant form of trial by consistency and drug standard by socio‐economic status interactions were found. Legal implications of the research are presented.
A Study of Authorized Opium Addiction in Shiraz city and Fars Province, Iran*
Authors: Mehryar A. H. , Moharreri M. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBased on the official records available at the Provincial Health Department, this paper attempts to summarize the existing evidence on the extent of officially authorized opium use in Fars Province. The main findings are as follows:

Over 52% of the 11,545 registered opium addicts in Pars Province are under sixty years.
More than two thirds of the addicts are residents of Shiraz County.
The eleven counties of Pars Province vary widely in terms of the ratio of registered addicts per 1000 of population. The highest ratios were found in the counties of Neyriz (8.9per 1000) and Shiraz (8.7 per 1000). The lowest ratio (1 per 1000) belonged to the counties of Kazeroon and Mammasani.
Of the 4560 cases of registered addicts with relatively complete files in Shiraz city, only 12.7% were female, and 58 % were below age 60. Thus the majority of registered opium users in Shiraz city have been authorized to continue their drug dependence on bona fide medical grounds. Although the list of authorizing physicians embraces a wide range of specialities, the large majority of addicts have been authorized by general practitioners. Most of the latter are somehow associated with the opium registration administration and have used a large variety of medical labels for justifying opium use by addicts.

The implications of these findings for the drug control policy of the county are discussed.
The ‘Rap’ House and Volunteers: Helpful or Harmful?
Authors: Gregory Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne of the most frequent community level responses to the treatment of the drug abuse problem is the ‘rap’ house. Some 68 staff volunteers from one such program were interviewed to determine what impact the program had on them, and what impact resulted from their work. The ‘rap’ house has both helpful and possibly harmful effects in a community.
Inducing Low Tar/Nicotine Cigarette Smoking in Women
Authors: Jaffe Jerome H. , Kanzler Maureen , Cohen Miriam , Kaplan Thelma 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixteen female smokers participated in a study of ‘safer cigarettes’ and bought their cigarettes from the experimenters at less than prevailing prices. Half received an economic incentive for purchasing cigarettes delivering progressively less tar and nicotine: the other half paid the same price regardless of brand purchased. Subjects were not required to change brands. Twelve of the sixteen subjects completed the twelve‐week study. Significant reductions in tar and nicotine intake, which persisted for more than six months beyond the twelve‐week study period, occurred in both groups. The differences between the two groups in tar and nicotine intake were not significant. A control group of seven female smokers showed little change in tar and nicotine intake over the same twelve‐week period, and only modest changes in the subsequent six months. Neither the number of cigarettes smoked nor exhaled carbon monoxide levels (measured in a subsample of participants) increased as the subjects switched to lower nicotine levels.
Barbiturate Misuse in ‘Hard’ Drug Addicts
Authors: Aylett Pamela 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBarbiturate misuse in maintained ‘hard’ drug addicts was compared over two separate annual periods. About two thirds of patients showed some evidence of barbiturate misue, including a third with overt clinical signs. In just under one third there was no evidence of such involvement. Barbiturate misuse did not necessarily occur in the same individuals in the two annual periods.A high proportion of deaths in both years involved barbiturate overdose as a main or partial factor. The number of deaths was identical. More liberal prescribing of ‘hard’ drugs had little overall effect on the misuse of barbiturates and no appreciable effect on the numbers treated for overdose in the Accident Department.It is concluded that other measures are needed to prevent or reduce intoxication and death from barbiturates.
Alcoholism Screening Inventory: Replication of Reich and Extension
Authors: Costello Raymond M. , Baillargeon Jacques G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study is a replication and extension of an earlier study which generated a screening interview for alcoholism with computer assistance. Its goals were to assess the degree of concordant validation (agreement between screening interview decision and clinical diagnosis) and to test the validity of an exit‐path x seventy hypothesis.Fifty Veterans Administration Hospital patients on an Alcohol Treatment Unit were interviewed with a standardized 22–item inventory which included the eight items comprising the screening inventory.Eighty‐four per cent concordance of screening interview and clinical diagnosis was obtained. Fifty‐four per cent of the sample was identified with only two items (i.e., positive responses to morning drinking? and blackouts?). The exit‐path x severity hypothesis gained general support although the first two alcoholic exit‐paths showed considerable overlap.The screening inventory appeared to be an efficient instrument and is recommended for further use. It may lead to under diagnosis, especially with schizophrenic drinkers and episodic‐stress drinkers. Its validity as a prognostic device has yet to be tested.
The Problem of Hepatitis among Drug Abusers in a Forensic/Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Judson D. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe answers to three questions were sought: In Unit conditions, how infective is hepatitis B? Can its onset be detected by blood tests before the onset of illness? Have adequate precautions been taken?The risk of cross‐infection based on the precautions was found to be small and no casts were recorded. The measures for prevention were adequate. It proved impossible to predict the onset of hepatitis. Normal blood tests can rapidly change; consequently, every patient must be regarded as an infection risk.