bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frenulotomy for Breastfeeding Infants With Ankyloglossia: Effect on Milk Removal and Sucking Mechanism as Imaged by Ultrasound
Authors: Geddes Donna T. , Langton Diana B. , Gollow Ian , Jacobs Lorili A. , Hartmann Peter E. , Simmer Karen 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. There is evidence that infants with ankyloglossia can experience breastfeeding difficulties including poor attachment to the breast, suboptimal weight gain, and maternal nipple pain, which may lead to early weaning of the infant. No studies have investigated the cause of these breastfeeding difficulties. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of frenulotomy in infants experiencing persistent breastfeeding difficulties despite professional assistance by measuring changes in milk transfer and tongue movement during breastfeeding before and after frenulotomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Twenty-four mother-infant dyads (infant age: 33 ± 28 days) that were experiencing persistent breastfeeding difficulties despite receiving professional advice were recruited. Submental ultrasound scans (Acuson XP10) of the oral cavity were performed both before and ≥7 days after frenulotomy. Milk transfer, pain, and LATCH (latch, audible swallowing, type of nipple, comfort, and hold) scores were recorded before and after frenulotomy. Infant milk intake was measured by using the test-weigh method.
RESULTS. For all of the infants, milk intake, milk-transfer rate, LATCH score, and maternal pain scores improved significantly postfrenulotomy. Two groups of infants were identified on ultrasound. One group compressed the tip of the nipple, and the other compressed the base of the nipple with the tongue. These features either resolved or lessened in all except 1 infant after frenulotomy.
CONCLUSIONS. Infants with ankyloglossia experiencing persistent breastfeeding difficulties showed less compression of the nipple by the tongue postfrenulotomy, which was associated with improved breastfeeding defined as better attachment, increased milk transfer, and less maternal pain. In the assessment of breastfeeding difficulties, ankyloglossia should be considered as a potential cause.
Misoprostol Effects on Diclofenac‐Induced Cardiorenal Changes in Salt‐Sensitive Patients with Hypertension: The MEDIC Study
Authors: Munger Mark A. , Gardner Stephanie F. , Ateshkadi Arasb , Rabetoy Gary M. , Barri Yoursi M. , Stoddard Gregory J. , Cheung Alfred K. 
Published: June 2008

Study Objective. To determine whether coadministration of misoprostol with the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug diclofenac lessens the increase in blood pressure and improves the alterations in renal hemodynamics induced by diclofenac.Design. Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study.Setting. Two university research centers.Patients. Nineteen senior (mean age 62 yrs [range 55–73 yrs]), salt‐sensitive patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension.Intervention. After a 3‐week antihypertensive withdrawal lead‐in phase, patients received either diclofenac 75 mg alone or diclofenac 75 mg plus misoprostol 200 μg twice/day for 14 days. After a 10‐day washout period, patients received the alternate treatment.Measurements and Main Results. Blood pressure was measured by 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) rate was determined by para‐aminohippurate clearance, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by iothalamate clearance. Mean arterial pressure (MAP = diastolic blood pressure + 0.33[systolic ‐ diastolic blood pressure]) and rate‐pressure product (RPP = systolic blood pressure x heart rate x 10−2) were also used to compare treatment groups. Diclofenac alone increased MAP by a mean ± SEM of 5.0 ± 1.0 mm Hg and RPP by 337 ± 181 units compared with baseline. The ERPF rate and GFR decreased by 40.5 ± 26.9 ml/minute and 14.1 ± 6.5 ml/minute, respectively. Diclofenac plus misoprostol decreased the diclofenac‐induced increase in MAP by 3.3 ± 1.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–5.3 mm Hg, p=0.004) and decreased the RPP by 724 ± 238 units (95% CI 225–1223 units, p=0.007). The ERPF rate increased by 56.1 ± 35.0 ml/minute (95% CI −24.7–137.0 ml/min, p=0.15) and GFR by 18.1 ± 7.1 ml/minute (95% CI 1.9–34.5 ml/min, p=0.03). Diclofenac alone was relatively well tolerated; no adverse effects were reported with diclofenac plus misoprostol.Conclusion. In senior salt‐sensitive patients with hypertension, coadministration of misoprostol with diclofenac attenuated the blood pressure elevation and renal vasoconstrictive effects of diclofenac and was well tolerated.
Physician Adherence to Blood Pressure Guidelines and Its Effect on Seniors
Authors: Milchak Jessica L. , Carter Barry L. , Ardery Gail , Dawson Jeffrey D. , Harmston Matt , Franciscus Carrie L. 
Published: June 2008

Study Objective. To compare physician adherence to guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure for patients younger than 65 years of age with those aged 65 years and older, and to analyze whether factor groupings (subsets of criteria used to determine adherence) were predictive of blood pressure control.Design. Retrospective medical record review.Setting. Five university‐affiliated family medicine and internal medicine outpatient clinics.Patients. One hundred seventy‐nine patients (age range 21–85 yrs) with uncontrolled hypertension: 105 patients were younger than 65 years (nonsenior), and 74 patients were 65 years or older (senior).Measurements and Main Results. Data abstracted from each patient's medical record were used to evaluate adherence to 17 process‐of‐care criteria, identified to assess physician adherence to the guidelines. A computer algorithm generated scores for each criterion as well as an overall adherence score. The relationship between the adherence score and blood pressure control was then examined. Separate factor analyses were conducted to ascertain differences in the way that the criteria were grouped. Factor scores were calculated for each patient, and the scores were evaluated in the context of blood pressure control. Guideline adherence scores were significantly higher for nonsenior patients than for senior patients (59.3% vs 56.1%, p=0.024). Blood pressure control rate was also higher, although not significantly, in nonseniors versus seniors (68.6% vs 56.8%, p=0.063). No factors in the senior group were significantly associated with blood pressure control, but one was significantly correlated in the nonsenior group (p<0.0001). It included diuretic therapy, adjusting a drug when a patient's blood pressure was uncontrolled, documentation of uncontrolled blood pressure in the medical record at the visit, documentation of the correct blood pressure goal, documentation of cardiovascular risk factors, and measurement of urine albumin level.Conclusion. Overall physician adherence to blood pressure guidelines was significantly higher for the nonsenior group than for the senior group. Similarly, control of blood pressure was better in the nonsenior group. However, no significant relationship between overall adherence scores and blood pressure control was found in either group. In nonseniors, one factor grouping was significantly correlated with blood pressure control. Future studies should evaluate the process‐of‐care criteria to determine if and how they are related to blood pressure control in senior patients.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Methadone Enantiomers After Coadministration with Fosamprenavir‐Ritonavir in Opioid‐Dependent Subjects
Authors: Cao Ying‐Jun , Smith Patrick F. , Wire Mary Beth , Lou Yu , Lancaster Charles T. , Causon Roger C. , Bigelow George E. , Martinez Elizabeth , Fuchs Edward J. , Radebaugh Christine , McCabe Sarah , Hendrix Craig W. 
Published: June 2008

Study Objective. To compare steady‐state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers when coadministered with fosamprenavir 700 mg‐ritonavir 100 mg twice/day.Design. Open‐label, single‐sequence, two‐period crossover, drug‐interaction study.Setting. Two university‐affiliated research centers.Subjects. Twenty‐six opioid‐dependent, methadone‐maintained, healthy adults.Intervention. Subjects received their usual daily dose of methadone alone for 4 days (period 1). Subjects then received the same daily dose of methadone plus fosamprenavir 700 mg‐ritonavir 100 mg twice/day for 14 days (period 2).Measurements and Main Results. Blood was collected on days 1–4 (period 1) and on days 11–14 (period 2) for plasma R‐ and S‐methadone concentrations; amprenavir concentrations were assessed during period 2. Opioid‐effect measures were assessed in each study period. Subjects served as their own controls for comparison of period 1 with period 2. Coadministration of fosamprenavir‐ritonavir with methadone reduced plasma total R‐methadone area under the plasma concentration‐time curve over the dosing interval at steady state (AUCẗ‐ss) by 18%, maximum concentration at steady state (Cmax‐ss) by 21%, and concentration at the end of the dosing interval at steady state (Cẗ‐ss) by 11%; time to reach Cmax‐ss (Tmax) was delayed by 1.75 hours. Coadministration of fosamprenavir‐ritonavir with methadone also reduced plasma total S‐methadone AUCẗ‐ss and Cmax‐ss by 43% each, Cẗ‐ss by 41%, and delayed Tmax by 0.85 hours. Fosamprenavir‐ritonavir administered with methadone did not alter plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics compared with historical control data; nor did it alter the unbound R‐methadone at 2 and 6 hours after methadone dosing. Pharmacodynamic indexes remained essentially unchanged after adding fosamprenavir‐ritonavir to methadone. No subject demonstrated opioid intoxication or withdrawal, or requested methadone dosage modification.Conclusion. No adjustment in the dosages of either methadone or fosamprenavir 700 mg‐ritonavir 100 mg twice/day is required during coadministration, on the basis of the small reduction in total R‐methadone exposure, no change in unbound R‐methadone, no clinically important opioid effects, and no change in amprenavir exposure.
Evaluation of a Potential Tigecycline‐Warfarin Drug Interaction
Authors: Zimmerman James J. , Raible Donald G. , Harper Dawn M. , Matschke Kyle , Speth John L. 
Published: June 2008

Study Objective.To evaluate the potential for a clinically significant drug interaction between tigecycline and warfarin by using pharmacokinetic and anticoagulant assessments.Design.Open‐label, nonrandomized study.Setting.Inpatient clinical pharmacology unit.Subjects.Nineteen healthy male volunteers were enrolled; eight completed all study assessments.Intervention.All subjects received a single oral dose of warfarin 25 mg (day 1). Seven days later (day 8), they received a 100‐mg loading dose of intravenous tigecycline, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours for eight additional doses. On day 12, they received another single oral dose of warfarin 25‐mg with their last dose of tigecycline.Measurements and Main Results.Serum tigecycline and plasma R‐ and S‐warfarin concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using noncompartmental methods and analyzed by the two 1‐sided tests equivalence procedure. Pharmacodynamic analyses were based on anticoagulant parameters derived from international normalized ratios of prothrombin times. Tigecycline peak concentration, trough concentration, area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) from 0–12 hrs, and clearance were not affected by single‐dose warfarin. In contrast, R‐ and S‐warfarin AUC from time zero extrapolated to infinity was increased by 68% and 29%, respectively, and clearance was decreased by 40% and 23%, respectively, when warfarin was administered after eight doses of tigecycline. Nevertheless, tigecycline did not alter the anticoagulant effects of warfarin, which is consistent with a mechanism based only on increased warfarin protein binding.Conclusion.These results suggest that a dosage adjustment of either drug is not necessary during coadministration of tigecycline and warfarin. However, consistent with good medical practice, the anticoagulant activity of warfarin should be monitored during coadministration with tigecycline.
Role of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in rodent insulin secretion and glucose metabolism revealed by its specific antagonist tetrabenazine
Authors: Raffo Anthony , Hancock Kolbe , Polito Teresa , Xie Yuli , Andan Gordon , Witkowski Piotr , Hardy Mark , Barba Pasquale , Ferrara Caterina , Maffei Antonella , Freeby Matthew , Goland Robin , Leibel Rudolph L , Sweet Ian R , Harris Paul E 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite different embryological origins, islet β-cells and neurons share the expression of many genes and display multiple functional similarities. One shared gene product, vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2, also known as SLC18A2), is highly expressed in human β-cells relative to other cells in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Recent reports suggest that the monoamine dopamine is an important paracrine and/or autocrine regulator of insulin release by β-cells. Given the important role of VMAT2 in the economy of monoamines such as dopamine, we investigated the possible role of VMAT2 in insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Using a VMAT2-specific antagonist, tetrabenazine (TBZ), we studied glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion both in vivo and ex vivo in cultures of purified rodent islets. During intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, control rats showed increased serum insulin concentrations and smaller glucose excursions relative to controls after a single intravenous dose of TBZ. One hour following TBZ administration we observed a significant depletion of total pancreas dopamine. Correspondingly, exogenous l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine reversed the effects of TBZ on glucose clearance in vivo. In in vitro studies of rat islets, a significantly enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion was observed in the presence of dihydrotetrabenazine, the active metabolite of TBZ. Together, these data suggest that VMAT2 regulates in vivo glucose homeostasis and insulin production, most likely via its role in vesicular transport and storage of monoamines in β-cells.
Production Optimization through Utilization of Innovative Technologies in an Offshore Field Environment
Authors: Zorbalas K. I. , Omaireen K. I. , Yateem K. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Several innovative techniques and practices have been recently implemented to improve well production performance in offshore assets in the Arabian Gulf. The challenges which followed past practices were identified and intensive work was focused on enhancements to existing well completions to increase well productivity and prevent premature water or gas encroachment.
This paper describes several innovative concepts implemented in three major offshore fields in Saudi Aramco. The methodologies of four technologies which were tested and implemented in the recent years are presented. These technologies are the practice of sidetracking horizontal wells and completed with passive inflow screens, the use of reservoir gas cap for artificial lift of oil wells, the Tornado technique for sand fill clean-out and the chemical treatment of wells which endured formation damage.
All these technologies proved to be successful and their combined application added value to Saudi Aramco's operations. As a result, the production targets for 2006 were met and the positive results obtained from the implementation of these technologies will lead to the optimization and improvement of future operational practices.
Interactions between Chromium and Sulfur Metabolism inBrassica juncea
Authors: Schiavon Michela , Pilon‐Smits Elizabeth A.H. , Wirtz Markus , Hell Rüdiger , Malagoli Mario 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe effects of chromate on sulfate uptake and assimilation were investigated in the accumulatorBrassica juncea(L.) Czern. Seven‐day‐old plants were grown for 2 d under the following combination of sulfate and chromate concentration: (i) no sulfate and no chromate (−S), (ii) no sulfate and 0.2 mmol L−1chromate (−S +Cr), (iii) 1 mmol L−1sulfate and no chromate (+S), or (iv) 1 mmol L−1sulfate and 0.2 mmol L−1chromate (+S +Cr). Despite the toxic effects exerted by chromate as indicated by altered level of reducing sugars and proteins in leaves, the growth ofB. junceawas only weakly reduced by chromate, and no variation in chlorophyllaandbwas measured, regardless of S availability. Chromium (Cr) was stored more in roots than in leaves, and the maximum Cr accumulation was measured in −S +Cr plants. The significant decrease of the sulfate uptake rates observed in Cr‐treated plants was accompanied by a repression of the root low‐affinity sulfate transporter (BjST1), suggesting that the transport of chromate inB. junceamay involve sulfate carriers. Once absorbed, chromate induced genes involved in sulfate assimilation (ATP‐sulfurylase:atps6; APS‐reductase:apsr2; Glutathione synthethase:gsh2) and accumulation of cysteine and glutathione, which may suggest that these reduced S compounds play a role in Cr tolerance. Together, our findings indicate that when phytoremediation technologies are used to recover Cr‐contaminated areas, the concentration of sulfate in the plant growth medium must be considered because it may influence the ability of plants to accumulate and tolerate Cr.
Levels of Dioxins in Soil and Corn Tissues after 30 Years of Biosolids Application
Authors: Hundal Lakhwinder S. , Cox Albert , Granato Thomas C. , Abedin Zainul 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDetectable levels of dioxins have been reported in biosolids, but very little information is available on the effect of long‐term application of biosolids on dioxins accumulation in soil and uptake by plants. We analyzed dioxins in soil and corn tissue samples from field plots after 30 continuous applications of biosolids at 0 (Control), 16.8, and 67.2 Mg biosolids ha−1 yr−1 resulting in 0, 504, and 2016 Mg ha−1 cumulative loadings of biosolids, respectively. The levels of dioxins in soil were only 79.9, 115.5, and 247.5 ng toxic equivalents (TEQs) kg−1 in the 0, 504, and 2016 Mg biosolids ha−1 plots, respectively. Dioxins were not detected in the corn grain, and only trace levels (6.8–7.5 ng TEQs kg−1) were found in the corn stover; however, these values were not statistically different between control and biosolids‐amended soils. These observations suggest that although long‐term application of biosolids may increase the levels of dioxins in soil, it does not affect dioxins uptake by corn.
Sequential Concentration of Bacteria and Viruses from Marine Waters using a Dual Membrane System
Authors: Abdelzaher A. M. , Solo‐Gabriele H. M. , Wright M. E. , Palmer C. J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe ability to rapidly and effectively concentrate diverse microbes is an essential component for monitoring water quality at recreational beaches. The purpose of this study was to develop a 0.45 μm pore size dual membrane system, which can sequentially concentrate both viruses and bacteria. The top PVDF membrane was used to filter bacteria by physical straining while the bottom HA membrane retained viruses through adsorption. The recovery of this system was assessed using test organisms: enterococci and somatic coliphage. Volumes of 100 to 400 mL of unspiked and sewage‐spiked beach water were filtered through both types of membranes. The PVDF membrane recovered statistically equivalent amounts of enterococci when compared to traditional membranes. All of the coliphage passed through the PVDF membrane, while 22% passed through the HA membrane. Increasing the volume from 100 to 400 mL did not significantly influence recoveries. Up to 35% of coliphage was eluted from the bottom membrane using beef extract solution. Rinsing bottom membranes with 0.5 mmol L−1 H2S04 was found to deactivate somatic coliphage. This research demonstrates the potential of using a dual membrane adsorption system for the concentration of both bacteria and viruses from recreational beaches. A proposed bi‐layer filtration system can be designed for simultaneous bacteria and virus filtration. Future experiments should focus on measurements utilizing additional bacteria and viruses.
High Biomass Removal Limits Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mature Temperate Pastures
Authors: Skinner R. Howard 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDecades of plowing have depleted organic C stocks in many agricultural soils. Conversion of plowed fields to pasture has the potential to reverse this process, recapturing organic matter that was lost under more intensive cropping systems. Temperate pastures in the northeast USA are highly productive and could act as significant C sinks. However, such pastures have relatively high biomass removal as hay or through consumption by grazing animals. In addition, the ability to sequester C decreases over time as previously depleted stocks are replenished and the soil returns to equilibrium conditions. The objective of this research was to use eddy covariance systems to quantify CO2 fluxes over two fields in central Pennsylvania that had been managed as pastures for at least 35 yr. Net ecosystem exchange measurements averaged over 8 site‐years suggested that the pastures were acting as small net C sinks of 19 g C m−2 yr−1 (positive values indicate uptake). However, when biomass removal and manure deposition were included to calculate net biome productivity, the pastures were a net source of −81 g C m−2 yr−1 (negative values indicate loss to the atmosphere). Manure generated from the hay that was consumed off site averaged 18 g C m−2 yr−1 Returning that manure to the pastures would have only partially replenished the lost C, and the pastures would have remained net C sources. Heavy use of the biomass produced on these mature pastures prevented them from acting as C sinks.
Chemistry and Long‐Term Decomposition of Roots of Douglas‐Fir Grown under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Warming Conditions
Authors: Chen H. , Rygiewicz P. T. , Johnson M. G. , Harmon M. E. , Tian H. , Tang J. W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractElevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and warming may affect the quality of litters of forest plants and their subsequent decomposition in ecosystems, thereby potentially affecting the global carbon cycle. However, few data on root tissues are available to test this feedback to the atmosphere. In this study, we used fine (diameter ≤ 2 mm) and small (2–10 mm) roots of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings that were grown for 4 yr in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment: ambient or elevated (+ 180 ppm) atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and ambient or elevated (+3.8°C) atmospheric temperature. Exposure to elevated CO2 significantly increased water‐soluble extractives concentration (%WSE), but had little effect on the concentration of N, cellulose, and lignin of roots. Elevated temperature had no effect on substrate quality except for increasing %WSE and decreasing the %lignin content of fine roots. No significant interaction was found between CO2 and temperature treatments on substrate quality, except for %WSE of the fine roots. Short‐term (≤ 9 mo) root decomposition in the field indicated that the roots from the ambient CO2 and ambient temperature treatment had the slowest rate. However, over a longer period of incubation (9–36 mo) the influence of initial substrate quality on root decomposition diminished. Instead, the location of the field incubation sites exhibited significant control on decomposition. Roots at the warmer, low elevation site decomposed significantly faster than the ones at the cooler, high elevation site. This study indicates that short‐term decomposition and long‐term responses are not similar. It also suggests that increasing atmospheric CO2 had little effect on the carbon storage of Douglas‐fir old‐growth forests of the Pacific Northwest.