bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STARVATION IN THE RAT: EFFECT ON PEPTIDES OF THE GUT AND BRAIN
Authors: Shulkes A , Caussignac Y , Lamers CB , Solomon TE , Yamada T , Walsh JH 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effects of starvation on the tissue concehtrations of some peptides common to the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system have been examined. Groups of 6 rats were either fed ad libitum or starved for up to 4 days and killed by decapitation. Antrum, fundus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, pancreas and brain were dissected, weighed and then frozen on dry ice. The tissues were extracted sequentially in boiling water and 3% acetic acid, centrifuged and the supernatants radioimmunoassayed for gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and soma‐tostatin. Each peptide was not assayed in each tissue. Starvation had no effect on the concentrations of peptides measured in the fundus (somatostatin and VIP), ileum (somatostatin, GIP, VIP) and colon (somatostatin, GIP, VIP). VIP concentration was increased in the jejunum and GIP was increased in both the duodenum and jejunum. Antral gastrin was the only peptide in the gastrointestinal tract to be decreased by food deprivation. Somatostatin concentration was approximately doubled in the antrum, duodenum, jejunum and pancreas. Brain VIP was unchanged. Brain somatostatin and CCK were significantly reduced by starvation. We conclude that starvation results in organ‐specific and hormone‐specific alterations in tissue concentrations of peptides of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.
PRIMARY VIRAEMIA RESPONSES OF HERONS TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS, KUNJIN AND JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES
Authors: Boyle David B , Dickerman Robert W , Marshall Ian D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRufous night herons, Pacific herons, little egrets and intermediate egrets were experimentally infected with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin or Japanese encephalitis viruses. Viraemias of at least one day's duration were detected in all birds except two intermediate egrets inoculated with a very low dose of Kunjin virus and one rufous night heron inoculated with Japanese encephalitis virus. There was usually a viraemia of 3 to 5 days' duration commencing on the first or second day and continuing until day 5 or 6 and rarely until day 7. Maximum titres tended to be higher in young birds, up to 2–5 months of age (104–105 mouse LD50/ml), than in older birds more than 8 months of age (103–104 mouse LD50/ml). Significant differences in maximum viraemia titres were not observed in the different species or between Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin viruses. Japanese encephalitis viraemias were significantly lower, but this was probably due to the high mouse brain passage level of the strain used. The onset of viraemia was earlier in intermediate egrets than in rufous night herons inoculated with similar doses of Murray Valley encephalitis virus, but no difference in the susceptibility to infection was observed. With Kunjin virus there was a significant difference in the susceptibility of intermediate egrets and rufous night herons, with rufous night herons being more susceptible to infection with low doses of virus. This difference in threshold of infection, if it extends to other species with both Kunjin and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses, may, in part, be an explanation for the greater incidence of natural infections observed in rufous night herons compared with other species and orders of water birds.
MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE ON HEART RATE IN THE CONSCIOUS RABBIT
Authors: Ludbrook J , Graham WF 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe attempted to delect and quantify the mechanical effects of change in right atrial pressure on the chronotropic properties of the cardiac pacemaker, when blood volume was altered in an isohaemic fashion by ± 27% in 8 conscious rabbits. Under control conditions there was a strong negative association between heart rate and right atrial pressure, attributable to the baroreceptor‐heart rate reflex. After deletion of the main afferent sources of reflex effects on heart rate, by denervating the arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, there was an insignificant association between heart rate and right atrial pressure or arterial pressure. Then, in addition, the main neurohumoral effects on the cardiac pacemaker were eliminated by three different pharmacologic treatments: (1) the cardiac nerves were blocked by instilling 2% procaine into the pericardial sac, (2) cardiac β‐adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors were blocked with intravenous propranolol and hyoscine methyl bromide, (3) the above treatments were combined with autonomic ganglion‐blockade by intravenous pentolinium. The combination of cardiac afferent and efferent blockade (1 and 3) revealed a small but consistent positive association between heart rate and right atrial pressure of 1·3 and 0·7 beats/min/mmHg, respectively. With efferent blockade alone (2), there was a steeper positive association of 2·3 beats/min/mmHg. We conclude that in the conscious rabbit there may be a mechanical effect of right atrial pressure on the cardiac pacemaker, but that it is so small as to be of little importance under physiological conditions.
What's [Not] New in Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Cunningham David S. 
Published: August 2007

The Christian Doctrine of God: One Being Three Persons, Thomas F. Torrance, T. & T. Clark The Father's Spirit of Sonship: Reconceiving the Trinity, Thomas G. Weinandy, T. & T. Clark Trinitarian Theology Today: Essays on Divine Being and Act, Christoph Schwöbel (ed.), T. & T. Clark
RECENT BOOKS IN…NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES
Authors: Goodacre Mark 
Published: August 2007

Exploring the Gospel of John: Essays in Honor of D. Moody Smith, R. Alan Culpepper and C. Clifton Black (eds) Jesus in the Nag Hammadi Writings, Majella Franzmann, T. & T. Clark Renewal through Suffering: A Study of II Corinthians, A. E. Harvey, T. & T. Clark The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence: Interests and Ideology from I Corinthians to I Clement, David G. Horrell, T. & T. Clark Jesus Matters: 150 Years of Research, C. J. den Heyer Who Did Jesus Think He Was?, J. C. O'Neill, E. J. Brill Scripture and Discernment: Decision Making in the Church, Luke T. Johnson The Human Condition: Anthropology in the Teachings of Jesus, Paul and John, Udo Schnelle, T. & T. Clark
SOCIOLOGISM IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE*
Authors: Agassi Joseph 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn a nutshell, the present essay claims this: First, the classical problem of knowledge has recently shifted from, How do I know? to, How do we know?–from psychology to sociology. As a phenomenological matter this is a great improvement, as a solution to the problem of rationality it is erroneous and immoral. The problem, (Why) should I act, believe, etc., this or that? is answered: You should do so on the authority of your reason. But change the problem of rationality in accord with the change in the problem of knowledge, and ask, (Why) should we–rather than I–act or believe as we do? and the answer is clear: We should act and believe as we do, because our society is as it is, and should be as it is. This is clearly the same as, we should because we should. Not very enlightening.Sociologism appears as the authoritarian solution to the problem of rationality in works of Polanyi and Kuhn; a variant of it appears as a liberal theory in the studies of Popper and his former students who, however, do not offer any positive theory of what to believe or do; rather, they offer a negative theory of what to reject. They view this as a better solution to the problem of rationality, if not even a better formulation of it (not what and why should I/we etc., but what and why should I/we not etc.).
TOWARDS A POSTMODERN CONCEPTION OF METAPHYSICS: ON THE GENEALOGY AND SUCCESSOR DISCIPLINES OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Authors: PHILIPSE HERMAN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPostmodernism in philosophy holds that traditional philosophy has come (or should come) to an end, and that it must be succeeded by something else, such as “thinking” (Heidegger), empirical science (Quine), linguistic therapy (Wittgenstein), or an “attempt to prevent the conversation of the West from attaining the secure path of science” (Rorty). Clearly, the claim to be postmodern presupposes a view of traditional philosophy, of its characteristics, and of its genesis. In this essay, such a view will be developed, and its consequences for our conception of philosophy will be discussed. The view defended here is different from those of Heidegger and Rorty. For ease of exposition the discussion will refer to Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature.
BEYOND THE INTERNAL REALIST'S CONCEPTUAL SCHEME
Authors: CARUANA LOUIS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPutnam holds that there can be equally coherent but incompatible conceptual schemes which fit our experiential beliefs equally well. On the other hand however, especially when discussing values, he wants to avoid total relativism because, for him, our choice of values can be considered constant even though our notion of truth varies. I argue that the apparent tension between these two views does not show that the internal realist position is self‐contradictory. The way internal realists like Putnam can hold on to both claims is to emphasise the fact that all inquirers, by the very fact that they are classified as inquirers, must be assumed to have a common cognitive faculty. There is flexibility when it comes to conceptualization, but a certain minimal amount of sameness as regards the evaluation of beliefs. In basic everyday practice, all inquirers have the same doxastic attitude towards some basic propositions. The set of all such universal doxastic attitudes constitutes the non‐plastic aspect of the mind.
EXPLANATION AND REFERENCE
Authors: DURAN JANE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractI argue that the importance of reference for scientific explanation has been overlooked, and that actual referential stability itself is more important in the success of scientific theories than many apparently believe. Citing the work of Van Fraassen and Lipton, I delineate cases of referential failure, both intratheoretically and intertheoretically, and remind us of the role played by reference in theories both realist and non‐realist. I conclude that work on such areas as contrastive explanation cannot move forward without a better account of reference, and cite previously published material on the relationship between reference and epistemic access.
PEIRCE'S “ARCHITECTURE OF THEORIES” AND THE PROBLEM OF PRAGMATISM
Authors: WELLS KELLEY J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe paper begins as a response to Tom Rockmore's thesis that contemporary pragmatism is a healthy “confusion” of disparate views. While Rockmore sees the need of some of today's pragmatists to provide a motivation for what he calls “epistemic optimism,” I contend that the crucial question of pragmatism, the problem of pragmatism, is the ontological status of pragmatic meaning. Thus rather than a mere “epistemic optimism,” I call upon pragmatists to assert a fallible yet unabashedly metaphysical optimism. The argument supporting this claim is made in the context of Peirce's “The Architecture of Theories.” In “The Architecture of Theories” Peirce opens the door to a pragmatic metaphysics while at the same time committing the error of subordinating truths and reality to “the long run of inquiry.”Rockmore suggest that the solution may lie in a return to Kant's notion of the “powers of the mind.” However, it is my contention that a solution to this problem cannot be found within Kant at all. I shall argue here that until contemporary pragmatism decisively extracts itself from the Kantian paradigm, the pragmatic philosophic value of pragmatic meaning will always be qualified, conditional and ontologically subordinated, having the same effect upon the standing of pragmatism as a philosophy as well. Moreover, I shall endeavor to show that when the Kantian paradigm is finally abandoned, pragmatism's classic difficulties with realism and what Peircc called “the long run” of scientific inquiry can also be resolved. Kantian “powers of the mind” and constructivist “epistemological optimism” would then be transformed into what I shall call unrestricted pragmatism. On the other hand if the Kantian impediment is not overcome, these difficulties will continue to form the basis of a more sceptical and traditionally restricted pragmatism, one which lacks the confidence desired by both Rockmore and myself.
RELATIVISM AND ABSOLUTISM: HOW BOTH CAN BE RIGHT
Authors: VAN HAAFTEN WOUTER 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper makes a small point concerning the contraposition of relativism and absolutism. Relativism need not be vulnerable to the self‐refutation argument; as for internal consistency both positions can be equally right. They are asymmetric, however, in that according to the absolutist only one of the two positions can be right, whereas from the relativist's viewpoint they can both be right.
ON THE NONCOMPARABILITY OF JUDGMENTS MADE BY DIFFERENT ETHICAL THEORIES
Authors: GRACELY EDWARD J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA major focus of ethical argumentation is (and should be) determining the relative merits of proposed ethical systems. Nevertheless, even the demonstration that a given ethical system was the one most likely to be correct would not establish that an agent should act in accord with that system. Consider, for example, a situation in which the ethical system most likely to be valid is modestly supportive of a certain action, whereas a less plausible system strongly condemns the same action. Should the agent perform the action, arguing that the most plausible system supports doing so, or avoid the action, being conservative about the strong condemnation of it from a less plausible system? I argue that, in general, different ethical frameworks see the ethical world in fundamentally different ways, rendering the comparison of degrees of support and opposition of actions between systems intrinsically invalid. One should indeed choose to act in accord with the most defensible system. I believe that this important topic needs more attention than it has gotten to date.
FREE SPEECH
Authors: WEISSMAN DAVID 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecognition of the harms done by free speech is a function of the social ontology presupposed. An atomist ontology implies that the harms suffered are restricted to individual people. This paper suggests an alternate ontology—one that describes systems established by the causal reciprocities of their proper parts. It proposes a consequentialist moral theory, and considers the harms suffered by these systems (a) when speech exposes their internal, otherwise private, behaviors or features, (b) when speech is malicious and false, and (c) when speech is monopolistic. Does the proposed ontology have objectionable implications for public policy? Alternative answers are considered briefly.
AN AMERICAN NATURALIST ACCOUNT OF CULTURE
Authors: BAETEN ELIZABETH M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe basic tenets of “classical” naturalism (exemplified in the work of Mead, Buchler, and Randall, among others) are delineated and distinguished from other versions of naturalism. Classical naturalism is also distinguished from reductive materialism and idealism. Nature is asserted to be indefinitely plural and not amenable to monistic or dualistic categorial schemes; that is, the principle of “ontological parity” is maintained. The method of inquiry of naturalism is outlined, along with the notion of truth as perspectivally objective. The metaphysical hypotheses are then used to examine culture. Culture is found to be the specific environment of human being, arising out of, but irreducible to, other natural processes. Culture is described as the cumulative gestures of the human social organism as it discovers and creates itself in mutual constitution with other natural processes and products.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: GENDLER TAMAR SZABÒ 
Published: August 2007

Abstract: In this article, I propose one way of understanding the expression “feminist epistemology.” I begin from the premise that improper philosophical attention has been paid to the implications of what I call The Fact of Preconditions for Agency: that moral and rational agents become such only through a long, deliberate, and intensive process of intervention and teaching, a process that requires commitments of time, effort and emotion on the part of other agents. I contend that this is a sufficiently important aspect of what it is to be a person that accounting for its philosophical implications may have repercussions not only for moral and political theory, but for epistemology as well. I contend further that, given the current configuration of social possibilities, a theory that acknowledges this Fact might appropriately be deemed “feminist.”My argument is presented in four segments. In Section II, I show how such a theory could be feminist by providing a discussion of categories of social identity; in Section III, I show how such a theory could be epistemology by describing a strategy of argument from parity. In Section IV, I apply this strategy to a case from political philosophy to show why its counter‐intuitive implications do not provide good grounds for rejecting the suggested redistricting. And in Section V, I apply the same strategy to a case from epistemology to bring out how it might lead to a theory that might legitimately claim to be feminist epistemology.
University Financing 1979–86
Authors: Moore Peter G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract After a brief resumé of the background to the growth of the university system in the sixties and seventies, ‐ the period of the Robbins report and its implementation ‐ the paper discusses in some detail the financial changes that have occurred over the period 1979–1986. This period covers the removal of overseas student subsidies, the massive cuts exercise of 1981, and the reallocation exercise of 1986. The methods of approach used by the UGC to the 1981 and 1986 allocations are compared and contrasted, whilst the paper concludes with some thoughts on the possible long term consequences of the approach that is now being adopted for grant allocations.
The Scottish Dimension
Authors: Bone Tom 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The Report of the Scottish Tertiary Education Advisory Council (STEAC), published in December 1985, has proposed that in the northern part of the United Kingdom there should be an alternative to the binary system of higher education, with both the universities and the public sector being planned for and financially controlled by the same body. That suggestion has been welcomed by many Scottish interests, but has raised fears in the majority of university staff, who see a danger of their being cut off from their counterparts elsewhere in the UK. This article contends that the fears are not essentially Scottish in nature, and that the greatest danger to universities in any system of joint planning and finding is that the body responsible would be bound to take steps to reduce the inequalities which exist between the two sectors. What STEAC has proposed for Scotland should be considered for England and Wales too; the Scottish situation only presents an easier opportunity to achieve it. The author is not wholly optimistic however. His analysis of the decisions taken in July 1986 by the Secretary of State for Scotland perceives political lobbying as having been of great influence on the outcome of the recommendations dealt with at that time. He wonders whether politicians will withstand the greater lobbying power of the universities against the main STEAC proposal.
Central Government and Higher Education Planning 1965–1986
Authors: Booth Clive 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The development of a planning body for public sector higher education in England has created the potentiality for an integrated planning approach to university and non‐university higher education. Following a difficult birth, the National Advisory Body has worked with the University Grants Committee on a range of transbinary issues. The contrasting relationships between the Department of Education and Science and the two planning bodies is discussed and the need for further developments of the planning machinery debated. The arrangements for Wales and Scotland are also discussed.
Flexibility in Setting Fees
Authors: Fielden John , Dalrymple Hew 
Published: August 2007

Abstract In this paper we consider various issues relating to the fees which are charged to overseas students. The introduction of ‘full‐cost fees’ by the Government in 1980 had a dramatic effect on the overseas student intake initially. Since that date there has been a steady, slow recovery in numbers. The home student position has also changed with an end to hopes of steady overall expansion of traditional students and the looming implications of the falling birthrate of the late 1960s and 1970s. Against this background we consider three topics: experience so far in setting fees, the alternative approaches that are available and the theoretical and practical implications of each.
The Location of Higher Education
Authors: Tight Malcolm 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Location is an important dimension of higher education, even in a small country like England. While part‐time courses clearly need to be accessible to their potential students if they are to serve a useful purpose, this is also true, though to a lesser extent, of full‐time provision (and many institutions offer both). Widely varying locational strategies have been adopted by institutions of higher education in the past, and the distribution of higher education opportunities remains highly skewed, with university and public sector provision concentrated in particular areas of the country. Greater attention needs to be given to locational considerations in the future planning of higher education if reasonably equal access is to be ensured. Five policy implications of such a strategy are identified ‐ provision should be increased in areas currently under‐provided for; institutions should adjust their provision so as to serve a greater regional and local role; part‐time provision, particularly at first degree level, should be expanded; mixed forms of distance and face‐to‐face higher education should be developed; less emphasis should be placed on the residential element in higher education.
Beyond CATE: A Future for the PGCE
Authors: Preen David 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The White Paper, Teaching Quality, is reviewed. Its range of demands upon courses underrates or ignores key factors militating against training quality and development of reflective practitioners, in particular paucity of time, unrealistic rates of learning, and certain social‐psychological pressures. A more realistic partnership between Teacher Training Institutions (TTIs) and schools within a two‐year scheme is essential. Junior and senior ‘inducteeships’ held in ‘teaching schools’ concurrently with training are required. This is largely a matter of redeployment of present funding and relatively inexpensive. Considerations include: methods and topics in a course framed to meet widening professional concerns of ‘inductees’ and staffing, by fruitful co‐operation between TTI tutors, teacher‐tutors, local education authority advisers and others.