bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the structure of the baboon hybrid zone in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe zone of hybridization between anubis and hamadryas baboons in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia, evidently changed significantly in the early 1970s. When first studied, by Nagel in 1968, the distribution of adult male phenotypes suggested that the hybrid zone was a narrow, static, genetic sink. In contrast, studies during the 1970s found evidence for a broad hybrid zone intergrading with parental populations and probably expanding. A more detailed investigation of data collected in 1973, presented here, shows that between 1968 and 1973 the distribution of phenotypes changed to a more clinal pattern because of the maturation and successful integration of an extensive cohort of hybrid males. We present a provisional model that accounts for the changes in terms of climatic oscillations, with the hybrid zone tending to expand during periods of climatic instability.
Microdifferentiation in historical Massachusetts: A comparison of migration matrix and isonymy analyses
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHistorical studies of population structure allow assessment of the effects of demographic change on genetic variation among and within populations. This paper investigates the degree of microdifferentiation among four towns in north‐central Massachusetts during the 18th and 19th centuries, a time of rapid population growth. Migration matrices were derived from 4,223 marriage records from 1785 through 1849 and then used to estimate genetic kinship using the methods of Imaizumi et al. (Genetics 66:569–582, 1970) and Harpending and Jenkins (In: Genetic Distance. New York: Plenum Press, 1974). Kinship matrices based on isonymy were also derived using the surnames of 4,039 marriages according to Morton's (In: Genetic Structure of Populations. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1973) methods. In addition, an isonymy distance matrix was constructed based on 4,659 marriage records from 1741 through 1849 to compare surname frequencies across space and time simultaneously. For both migration and isonymy matrices, the degree of micro‐differentiation among the four towns, RST, was computed for each of six time cohorts. Both migration and isonymy show a reduction in among‐group variation over time, reflecting population growth and stable, but high, rates of longdistance migration. Estimates of RST from migration and isonymy are very similar. The one notable exception reflects known historical events. Comparison of the kinship estimates for individual towns (rii) also shows close correspondence between migration and isonymy. The differences seem to reflect a tendency for migration matrices to overestimate kinship in earlier generations relative to isonymy. A principal coordinates analysis of the isonymy distance matrix shows the relative isolation of towns from one another in all time periods but with a reduction in differentiation over time.
Familial segregation in the iron age community of Alfedena, Abruzzo, Italy, based on osteodental trait analysis
Authors: Bondioli L. , Corruccini R. S. , Macchiarelli R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNumerous authors have studied human cemetery remains with an eye toward identifying different socially stratified ethnic or kinship groups within the same population. The interments of the protohistoric graveyard of Alfedena, Abruzzo, Italy, show recurrent organization in separate structures, suggesting to several involved archaeologists that these structures express family groups and/or differences in social function of the occupants. This has induced us to analyze the possible biological implications of specific models for kinship groups, lineages, or mating forms in graveyards. One hundred ninety‐six metric and nonmetric skeletal and dental variables were collected. The analysis of metric features was performed by analysis of variance and by calculating divergences between each pair of individuals. The position parameters of the inter‐and intragroup distance distributions were then compared by means of nonparametric tests. The nonmetric features were analyzed by contingency tables.The partition of intercircle variance is twice as frequently significant for males (20 variables) as for females (10). For metric variables in males, 20.9% displayed a probability level less than 5% for the null hypothesis of random distribution of individuals in the circles. Fewer (10.3%, but still more than expected at random) reached this level of significance for the females. In the male groups, 19% of nonmetric features showed significant frequency differences, but this was true in only 4.3% of the females. In view of Morton's demonstration of the ineffectiveness of exogamic clans as a genetic barrier, and having verified the existence of morphometric and morphological similarities inside the groups of graves, we can reasonably assume the latter to be the expression of kinship groups (perhaps patrilocal), such as families.
The relationship between auditory exostoses and cold water: A latitudinal analysis
Authors: Kennedy G. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of auditory exostoses was examined by latitude. It was found that discrete bony lesions of the external auditory canal were, with very few exceptions, either absent or in very low frequency (< 3.0%) in 0–30°N. and S latitudes and above 45°N. The highest frequencies of auditory exostoses were found in the middle latitudes (30–45°N and S) among populations who expoit either marine or fresh water resources. Clinical and experimental data are discussed, and these data are found to support strongly the hypothesis that there is a causative relationship between the formation of auditory exostoses and exploitation of resources in cold water, particularly through diving. It is therefore suggested that since auditory exostoses are behavioral rather than genetic in etiology, they should not be included in estimates of population distance based on nonmetric variables.
Relationship of fat patterning to coronary artery disease risk in obese adolescents
Authors: Becque M. Daniel , Hattori Komei , Katch Victor L. , Rocchini Albert P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFatness and fat patterning of 27 male and 33 female obese adolescents were identified by principal‐components analysis of five skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, iliac, abdominal, and thigh). Correlations were computed between the component scores, based on the eigen vectors, and anthropometric and physiological variables. Overall fatness, component I, was highly correlated with all anthropometric and body composition variables. Also, component I significantly correlated with fasting insulin and VO2 max for both sexes and with basal metabolism and HDL‐cholesterol for females and males, respectively. Extremity fat patterning, component II, was poorly correlated with all the anthropometric and physiological variables except diastolic blood pressure for the females. Upper‐lower body fat patterning, component III, was correlated with the fewest physiological variables.
Skeletal stature compared to archival stature in mid‐eighteenth century America: Ft. William Henry
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFourteen soldiers buried at Ft. William Henry, New York, between 1755 and 1757 are compared for stature to a sample of 2, 232 New York Provincial soldiers measured anthropometrically in 1760. The William Henry stature mean of 177.3 cm is significantly higher than that of the Provincials (169.7 cm), and their variation of stature is significantly lower—suggesting that the cemetery population was a select group. A historical explanation is offered for this unexpected finding.
Dermatoglyphic studies among the two breeding isolates of Gujjars of Northwestern India
Authors: Balgir R. S. , Sharma J. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDermatoglyphic studies among two breeding isolates of Gujjars (200 individuals from each population) from northwestern India have been carried out. The distribution of phenotypic frequencies of dermatoglyphic features among the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars provides strong evidence that these populations have become distinct in the course of their history. This could have occurred due to the inflow of genes from Muslim invaders and surrounding populations or from the effects of inbreeding and biosocial and geographical isolation of the Muslim Gujjars from their counterpart, the Hindu Gujjars. However, the frequency distribution of dermatoglyphics of the Hindu Gujjars. Resembles those of the Rajputs, Jats, and Ahirs, suggesting an infrequent inflow of genes from neighboring populations and probably their recent isolation. Sexual dimorphism for dermatoglyphics has also been observed in both Hindu and Muslim Gujjar populations.
Fluctuating asymmetry in fetuses of diabetic rhesus macaques
Authors: Kohn Luci Ann P. , Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in two samples of fetal rhesus monkeys, one composed of 19 fetuses from diabetic mothers (FDM) and the other of 20 fetuses from nondiabetic mothers. Seventeen measurements were taken on the deciduous dentition of right and left mandibles. The degree of FA was assessed by comparing FDM to fetuses of normal mothers by (a) correlation between right and left sides, and (b) analysis of variation differences between right and left sides. Significant FA was found for three traits based on the correlation between right and left sides and for seven traits by the between‐treatment ratio of variance between sides. Distal teeth, both within and outside of a morphologic field, exhibit significantly greater FA than mesial teeth. Our results support the hypothesis that developmental instability is detectable by dental FA.
Functional anatomy of the tarsier foot
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTarsiers possess a very odd musculoskeletal foot anatomy that goes beyond their acknowledged specialized leaping adaptations. Tarsius has evolved a fundamentally different method of bone rotation to achieve an inverted foot position during grasping and has developed an unusual muscular system for holding onto vertical supports. Although galagos and tarsiers possess elongated foot bones as adaptations for leaping, galagos utilize many more types of movements, have specialized osteological surface for inversion, and have a more common type of muscle development in the foot and leg than tarsiers possess. Likewise, the Omomyidae, the ancestral lineage of Tarsius, exhibit a lack of morphological similarity with Tarsius in the known foot joints.
Family resemblance for anthropometric and blood pressure measurements in black Caribs and Creoles from St. Vincent Island
Authors: Hutchinson Janis , Byard Pamela J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper examines family resemblance for five anthropometric measurements (height, weight, triceps skinfold, upper arm circumference relaxed [UACR] and flexed [UACF] and for systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a group of adult Caribbean islanders of primarily African ancestry. Six hypotheses about family resemblance are tested by using path analysis and likelihood ratios. Significant intergenerational transmission is found only for height and UACR. For weight, UACF, and diastolic blood pressure, non‐transmissible sibling resemblance is the primary component of family resemblance, although significant marital resemblance exists for diastolic blood pressure. Triceps skinfold and systolic blood pressure show no evidence of any family resemblance. Although results for highly heritable traits such as height are comparable to reports from other populations, measurements with a large contribution from common family environment or residual environmental effects, such as triceps skinfold or blood pressure, have much lower family resemblance in this population than in other populations. We hypothesize that this difference is due to the fact that adult children and their parents do not share a common household in this culture and to the presence of major nonfamilial environmental factors contributing to obesity and hypertension in this population.
Metacarpophalangeal pattern profiles in Venezuelan and Northern Caucasoid samples compared
Authors: Arias‐Cazorla Sergio , Rodríguez‐Larralde Alvaro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparison of hand long‐bone lengths and variances in published measurements of North American Caucasoid, Venezuelan, and English individuals, and of their metacarpophalangeal pattern profiles (MPP), revealed systematic differences between samples from infancy through adulthood. The variances of Venezuelan males tend to be larger than those of Americans, especially under 9 years of age. The same trend was observed for females, but to a lesser degree. The English sample showed variance similar to that of Venezuelans and Americans. Below 7 years of age, bones of Venezuelans were longer than those of Americans, except the distal phalanges, which always were longer in the latter, as were all bones after age 17. The index finger's middle and distal phalanges of Americans were relatively longer than the other bones at all ages. Females also showed this general trend, though not as clearly. Venezuelan adults had longer first and second metacarpals and proximal phalanges than the English adult homologs. American adults had all bones longer than those of English adults. The English adults showed a “typical” MPP, characterized by shorter proximal phalanges, both when compared with Venezuelan and with American adults. Genetic rather than environmental causes are likely as an explanation for these differences. This warned us against the indiscriminate use of any “standard” sample from a different population to establish objective profile patterns and sizes in abnormal cases, as illustrated with one example.
Digital dermatoglyphics in the Basque population: Univariate and multivariate comparison with other Spanish populations
Authors: Arrieta M. I. , Ibarrondo M. A. , Lostao C. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have analyzed dermatoglyphic finger patterns in a Spanish Basque population (841 males and 911 females). Bimanual and sexual comparisons have been carried out by means of contingency analysis. The results in the Basque population are compared with those of other Spanish populations, based on univariate (χ2 contingency test and Student's t‐test) and multivariate (principal components analyses) statistical methods.Bilateral distribution asymmetry and sexual dimorphism were observed in the Basque sample. The results of the χ2 test for pattern types in males and females show statistically significant differences between the Basques and other Spanish populations, with the exception of the males from El Bierzo. Comparing populations with regard to the Pattern Intensity Index, the differences observed are much lower; therefore, this confirms what other authors have suggested regarding the limited usefulness of indexes in populational comparisons.In the Caucasian variation range of pattern types, Basques are located in the high part with regard to arches, in the low part with regard to whorls and radial loops, and in an intermediate part in relation to ulnar loops and overall pattern intensity.Results of the multivariate comparisons show which populations are more or less distant from the Basque population and which variables are significant in contributing to these population relationships.
Relationship of upper body fat distribution to serum glucose and lipids in a Costa Rican population
Authors: Bailey Stephen , Campos Hannia , Schosinsky Karl , Mata Leonardo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPresent models of the relation between subcutaneous fat distribution and serum biochemistries have been based largely on U.S. White populations. To determine interpopulational differences in that relation, we measured 68 clinically normal adult Costa Ricans aged 17–32. Data collected included six skinfolds: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, umbilical, anterior midthigh, and medial calf; height, weight, and four fasting serum parameters: glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL). Correlations between standardized skinfold ratios and biochemistries were highest–on the order of 0.40–0.50–for upper‐lower body contrasts to triglyceride and cholesterol in males and to glucose and HDL in females. Canonical correlation analysis, with body mass index partialed out, found significant correlations for the first male variate and the first two female variates. The first male variate was positively weighted on subscapular fatness and on triglyceride and cholesterol, respectively. The two female skinfold variates were positively weighted on subscapular and on outer limbs, respectively, while their corresponding biochemical variates were weighted on glucose and triglyceride and on cholesterol and HDL, respectively. These findings are generally consistent with those based on U.S. populations but suggest that in non‐Anglo populations, upper trunk fatness may be more relevant than anterior waist fatness to biochemical dysfunction.
Retromolar foramen of the human mandible
Authors: Ossenberg Nancy Suzanne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of retromolar foramen (RMF) in a large series of mandibles (N 2500) was undertaken to provide descriptive statistics for this variant. RMF of diameter 0.5 mm or greater were scored. Consistent with other data on accessory canals in the facial skeleton, RMF was found to occur more commonly in native populations of North America than in other populations (Africa, Europe, India, northeast Asia). The ratio of bilateral to unilateral occurrences was shown to increase with population incidence, a pattern consistent with the theoretical model of an epigenetic (threshold “quasicontinuous”) variant. Male‐female differences were not found. Age profiles were characterized by a marked peak in the adolescent cohort. In some populations RMF showed a positive intertrait correlation with accessory mandibular foramen and with accessory mental foramen, but correlations with presence/absence of third molar and three‐rooted first molar were not found. With refinements in scoring criteria and, ideally, better evidence of its heritability. RMF should be useful along with other minor cranial variants for ethnohistorical studies.
Morphometrics and niche metrics in prosimian locomotion: An approach to measuring locomotion, habitat, and diet
Authors: Crompton Robin H. , Lieberman Susan S. , Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLocomotor morphology, it is recognized, cannot be understood without an understanding of locomotor behavior. The interaction of locomotor anatomy and behavior has been successfully analyzed for single species and species pairs. Broader generalizations, however, require the demonstration of anatomical/behavioral associations for numerous sets of species. To accomplish this it is necessary to develop a method for the simultaneous quantitative description and comparison of many different parameters of the locomotor niche: locomotor behaviors, habitat usages, and diets. As a start towards achieving this we present a multidimensional approach to the description of functional parameters of the niche for prosimians. We derive quantitative evaluations of locomotor activity, habitat utilization, and diet for each of 27 species, using field data, film and video records, and the available literature. These parameters are then displayed graphically and clustered to provide profiles for comparisons both of species and variables. The multidimensional profiles reveal valuable information about activity, environment and diet, and their interactions. They permit closer comparisons with equivalent multidimensional information about prosimian structure, based on morphometric studies. The method gives useful graphical and statistical techniques for interspecific comparisons of morphometrics and niche metrics.
Mate choice by lineage in three captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Small Meredith F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis that the matrilineal affiliation of 410 infants born in three captive groups of rhesus macaques is independent of the patrilineal affiliation of these infants was tested. Preferential mating with particular patrilines was observed for matrilineal members. We conclude that lineage affiliation does influence mate choice of rhesus macaques, at least when a large number of matrilines and relatively few patrilines which include natal males are represented in the group. Such nonrandom mating might explain high levels of genetic heterogeneity reported among matrilines within rhesus groups, despite high rates of male emigration, and is consistent with the maintenance of high levels of within‐matriline kinship which might promote cooperative behavior among matriline members.
Relationship between the mandibular condyle and the occlusal plane during hominid evolution: Some of its effects on jaw mechanics
Authors: Osborn J. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA selection of mandibles from recent higher primates, fossil hominids, and hominoids has been studied from photographs of skulls, reproductions, and material published by others, all viewed in the sagittal plane. Tracings of each mandible were constructed so that the dentitions were all scaled to the same length (d) and superimposed. The (scaled) positions of the articular surfaces of the condyles (J = joint point) were compared. The height of each J point above the scaled dentition (h = effective condyle height) and its distance behind the dentition (r = effective ramus width) were compared. With very few exceptionsd r > d/2. There was a poor correlation betweenrand the amount of prognathism.The position of the J point with respect to the occlusal plane was different for different groups within the material analysed and could prove to be a useful tool to help improve the reconstruction of fragmented fossil material. Some examples are given.A.afarensisandHomo habilisshared a low and anterior J point (r ∼ d/2). The later australopithecines evolved a high and anterior J point, whereas that ofHomo erectuswas raised and displaced posteriorly (r ∼ 3d/4). The value ofrwas increased todin the Neanderthals, and recent man has moved the J point forward again.The effect of the position of the J point, the slope of the preglenoid plane, and the curve of Spee on the relationship between upper and lower postcanines when the jaw is opened and then closed to process food have been analysed. The results show that the position of the J point affects the way in which the mandible moves, and this may be related to changes in diet during evolution.
Female transfer in baboons
Authors: Anderson Connie M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEight of 19 identified adult females transferred over 7 years in a study of intertroop relations among Papio ursinus at Suikerbosrand. Only one of the eight was cycling at the time of transfer. Five of the seven recent mothers who transferred had lost their infants shortly before transferring. Females who transferred received no more aggression before or after their transfer than females who did not transfer. The most important factors determining this extraordinarily high rate of female transfer include subtrooping and absence of predation.