bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Area Estimation
Authors: Lahiri P. , Meza Jane L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The term
small area
usually refers to a geographical area in which a limited number of observations are available. How does one produce reliable small‐area estimates? It is evident that various relevant sources of information need to be gathered from outside the survey itself. Once these have been identified, one needs to develop a method that will combine information from all relevant sources. This is usually done by either implicit or explicit models. In this article, design‐based estimators, indirect estimators and model‐based estimators will be discussed. Most of these methods borrow information from related areas and use auxiliary data by either implicit or explicit modeling.
Soil Conservation and Remediation
Authors: Fyfe W.S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOur life support systems, our quality of life, depend on a number of major parts of our Earth systems and all are related. These include: quality air to breathe; quality water for all species; a reliable climate; quality soil to support all the surface biomass; biodiversity. All are changing rapidly due to human actions. For truly sustainable development, for food security, we must conserve soil and stop soil erosion.
Soil Wetness Index
Authors: Basist Alan , Williams Claude , Grody Norman , Ross Thomas , Shen Sam 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Soil wetness is identified as the magnitude of liquid water residing in a vertical profile observable by the satellite instrument. The frequencies flown on the SSMI (Special Sensor Microwave Imager) instrument are incapable of penetrating deep into the soil or through a dense vegetative canopy. Therefore, the index represents the amount of water in the upper reaches of the soil (top few centimeters) or where a dense canopy is present, it represents the water intercepted by the canopy. The index can also monitor the amount of liquid water present in a melting snow pack.
Space‐Time Kalman Filter
Authors: Cressie Noel , Wikle Christopher K. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Kalman filter arose out of R.E. Kalman's interest in applying the concept of state vectors to the Wiener filtering problem. The success of this method was evident in early applications to trajectory estimation and control of spacecraft; it was so successful, in fact, that the Kalman filter quickly became an essential component of modern control systems theory and practice. This initial success led to the propagation of Kalman‐filtering ideas to other scientific disciplines, within which the methodology was adapted to suit numerous state–space oriented problems. Kalman filtering (of spatial data) is still an active area of research in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences.
Species Diversity
Authors: Kempton R.A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In much environmental assessment, biodiversity is measured by the number of species in an area – the species richness. However, using the number of species to measure diversity requires the resolution of a number of issues. First, there is the choice of taxonomic group, since differences in the species concept and the levels of discrimination applied in different taxa mean that species counts cannot automatically be combined across groups. Measuring species richness at the global or large regional scale often runs into problems of synonymy, the same species being given different names in different regions. A simple species count also gives all species equal value, which may be inappropriate from a conservation standpoint. Furthermore, with more mobile taxa such as birds, the total count can be substantially inflated by transient vagrants that may be better omitted from environmental comparisons. These issues will vary in importance, and their resolution will depend on the objective of the diversity assessment. A more pervasive problem arises in the estimation of species richness from samples.
Splines in Nonparametric Regression
Authors: Wahba Grace 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis article is interested in splines as tools for visualizing and analyzing noisy observational data, and so restricts itself to smoothing splines and regression splines. The article first describes the univariate polynomial smoothing spline, which may be thought of as the forerunner of spline functions used in data analysis. It then describes cross validation and Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) for choosing the smoothing parameter. After briefly describing regression splines, this entry then describes a number of generalizations of the univariate smoothing spline to various domains, which are obtained via the solution of a variational problem. These include the thin plate spline, the histospline, splines on the sphere, vector splines on the sphere, hybrid splines, partial splines, and smoothing spline analysis of variance (ANOVA) models on complex domains. It then ends with some remarks on computing. Publicly available software is mentioned along the way.
Superfund Site, US
Authors: Bowers Teresa Suter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) provides authority for the cleanup of abandoned landfills, warehouses, and other properties sufficiently contaminated by hazardous waste such that they were deemed to represent threats to human health and the environment. Superfund sites become identified as such when they are added to the US National Priorities List (NPL), a list prioritizing sites most in need of remedial response due to contamination.
Sustainability
Authors: Bossel Hartmut 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Different notions of sustainability are introduced, and conditions for sustainability are discussed. Fundamental environmental properties force systems to adopt certain fundamental orientations. Inadequate attention to this multidimensional set of ‘basic orientors’ leads to unsustainability. Sustainability can be assessed by defining a corresponding system‐specific set of indicators; a sample set is provided. Ethical considerations implicitly or explicitly shape particular paths to sustainability.
Temporal Change
Authors: Esterby Sylvia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The study of temporal change in environmental quality indicators is motivated by the need to know if the state of the environment has deteriorated or, in some cases, if it has improved as a result of the removal or lessening of stress on the system. The data available for study of temporal change are observational, and usually it is not even possible to relate there to observational data on the level of the stressor. Thus, statements about the change in the quality indicator are made on the basis of measurements and analysis, where other effects have been removed as much as possible from the term corresponding to change over time.
Threshold Models
Authors: Drees Holger 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn many environmental contexts extreme random events may lead to hazardous situations or even catastrophes. Extreme sea levels, for example, can cause floods, and a high concentration of air pollutants can constitute a severe health threat. In order to assess these risks, it is necessary to estimate the probability that the quantity under consideration (e.g. sea level or concentration of pollutants) exceeds certain high thresholds. However, since by definition such extreme events rarely occur, their relative frequency is a virtually useless estimator of the exceedance probability. So if there is no theory at hand explaining the underlying physical random mechanism and thus providing the statistician with a sound parametric model, which holds true even in the tail regions of the distribution, then clearly specific models for the tails are needed. Since results for the lower tail can be deduced from the results for the upper tail applied to the observations multiplied with −1, it suffices to examine exceedances over high thresholds.
Time Series
Authors: Bühlmann Peter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMany data occur in the form oftime serieswhere observations are recorded at different times. The presence of the notion of time often creates dependence among observations whose structure is of particular interest in time series analysis. When viewed from a stochastic perspective, time series dataxtwitht= 1, 2, …,nare one finite realization of sample sizenfrom a stochastic process {Xt: t = 0, ±1, ±2, …}:xtandXtare generallyr‐vectors whose components take values on the real line, or in some discrete space being categorical or having an order. The restriction to equi‐spaced time recordings can be relaxed tot1 > t2 > … > tnand the data‐generating process can be indexed by continuous time {Xt}, for example witht[0, 1].
Toxicology, Environmental
Authors: John Bailer A. , Oris James T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEnvironmental toxicology, and indeed much of toxicology, has intimate ties to regulatory action. Thus, one context for viewing environmental toxicology is its place in environmental risk assessment. Many models for analyzing environmental risk exist. The most common model was a four step process described in a US National Academy of Sciences publication. In this model, risk assessment is comprised of the following components: hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose–response modeling and risk characterization. Within this framework, environmental toxicology issues are encountered at each step of the process.
Trace Level Detection
Authors: Little Tom Tadfor , Miller Guthrie , Martz Harry F. , Inkret William C.T. , Schillaci Mario E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
An important component of protecting individuals from the hazards of radiation exposure is to be able to determine whether radionuclides have been taken into the body, and in what quantities. For example, a urine sample from an individual who works with plutonium can be analyzed by α spectroscopy or mass spectroscopy to determine if plutonium is present in the sample, and hence to make an inference about possible plutonium intakes in the individual's history. Often, the quantities of plutonium that one seeks to detect are comparable to the measurement uncertainties. Hence, statistical considerations are a very important aspect of the detection methodology.
Transmission/Disequilibrium Test
Authors: Seillier‐moiseiwitsch Françoise , Niu Tianhua 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) can be utilized as a test of linkage between a marker and a disease locus or as a test of association between these loci. It relies on the marker information from triads consisting of parents and their affected child. Its properties depend on the purpose it is used for. Its validity for stratified populations makes it particularly attractive. Also, it is often more powerful than allele‐sharing methods for complex diseases.
Tree Morphology
Authors: Maguire Douglas A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTree morphology at its most basic level refers to the geometric shape of different portions of the tree, most commonly the bole (main stem) or the tree crown (foliated portion). The geometric solid describing the crowns of various tree species, for example, can range from a cone or paraboloid to an ellipsoid or inverted neiloid. The morphology of tree root systems, while of much interest to foresters and ecologists, has less commonly been characterized with respect to its geometric occupancy due to the difficulty of direct observation and its more irregular pattern.
Turbulent Diffusion
Authors: Chatwin Philip , Sullivan Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFrom the point of view of the environment, arguably the most important practical property of fluids (i.e. liquids and gases) in motion is how they transport heat and matter. Examples of the latter include the spreading of foreign gases (e.g. SO2, NO2 and many others) and particulates in the atmosphere, the dispersion of plankton in the seas and oceans, and the distribution of salt in estuaries. Nearly all fluid motions in the environment are turbulent. This means that the motion is unpredictable, changing apparently at random in both space and time.
Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: Smith Eric 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In risk assessment, available information is collected and utilized to make decisions regarding the risk associated with a particular stressor such as a chemical, biological, or physical agent. Decisions in risk assessment are typically not crystal clear and hence there is uncertainty. Uncertainty analysis is the part of risk assessment that focuses on the uncertainties in the assessment. Important components of uncertainty analysis include qualitative analysis that identifies the uncertainties, quantitative analysis of the effects of the uncertainties on the decision process, and communication of the uncertainty. Uncertainty analysis covers a wide range of techniques and analyses. The analyses range from simple descriptive procedures to quantitative estimation of uncertainty, to more formal decision‐based procedures. The analysis may be qualitative or quantitative, depending on the level of resolution required and the amount of information available. The assessment of uncertainty is also tied to the view of uncertainty from the scientist and risk manager.
Utility Theory
Authors: French Simon 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Utility theory has a long history, tracing its origins back to Bernoulli in the early eighteenth century; but only in the last half century have the assumptions behind the use of ‘utilities’ been understood. At its simplest, utility provides a model of the preferences of a decision‐maker (DM) between alternatives. The complexity arises when it is asked what aspects of the DM's preferences are modeled and how the model is to be used in an analysis. For instance, it is possible to model strength of preference and risk attitude either separately or simultaneously. Moreover, is the model to be used descriptively, reporting peoples preferences ‘as they are’, or is it to used prescriptively, guiding the evolution of judgment in a complex evaluation process? Thus a very brief guide to different types of utility model is given in this article, followed by the use of such models in analyses. First a single DM is considered; later the use of utility theory within group and societal contexts is discussed.
Water Quality
Authors: Whitehead Paul G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In addition to being major sources of water, river systems are used as the principal disposal pathways for industrial, agricultural, and domestic effluent. As demand for water increases and water quality deteriorates, there is a requirement for effective decision making techniques which can be applied to solve water quality management problems. Over the past century, increasing effort has been devoted to the development of suitable techniques, largely by engineers, system analysts, and scientists. As long ago as 1912 the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution in the UK proposed a simple 1 to 8 ratio for effluent discharge to river flow in an attempt to clean up UK rivers. In the USA major developments by Streeter and Phelps led to the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) equations that enable steady‐state and dynamic modeling of oxygen balances in rivers. Major studies in the area of water quality modeling were undertaken in the US (e.g. Great Lakes, Delaware Study), the UK (e.g. Trent Study and Bedford Case Study), and in Australia (Peel–Harvey Inlet), and these all evolved new techniques to address major water quality problems.
Weather Prediction
Authors: Lin Charles 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
At the heart of the weather forecast procedure is the numerical weather prediction model. The governing equations are the equations for the three spatial components of momentum, temperature, humidity and mass. The model is made from a spatial discretization of the governing equations on the entire globe using numerical methods (e.g. finite difference and spectral methods). The finite model grid size means that parameterizations of physical processes such as mixing and convective adjustment are necessary. Such models typically have millions of degrees of freedom, and frequently require supercomputers for their efficient solution. The equations are integrated forward in time, again using numerical methods, starting from some initial state. Global forecasts of meteorological quantities such as surface temperature and precipitation are made for up to about two weeks.
Wildlife Ecology
Authors: Bowyer R. Terry 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWildlife ecology is concerned principally with the biology of birds and mammals, although broader taxonomic definitions are also possible. Studies in wildlife ecology often involve species that are hunted, trapped, or are of additional economic or aesthetic importance to humans, including species that are rare, threatened, or endangered. Modern wildlife ecology often applies ecological theory to management and conservation of animals, but also includes theoretical studies on species that are considered wildlife. The focus of the discipline is on the population rather than the individual; consequently, population ecology is central to most wildlife conservation and management.
Positive association of schizophrenia to JARID2 gene
Authors: Pedrosa Erika , Ye Kenny , Nolan Karen A. , Morrell Lauren , Okun Jeffrey M. , Persky Adam D. , Saito Takuya , Lachman Herbert M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDysbindin (DTNBP1) is a positional candidate gene for 6p22.3‐linked schizophrenia (SZ). However, so far, no disease‐causing alleles have been identified. DTNBP1 is immediately adjacent to JARID2, a member of the ARID (AT‐rich interaction domain) family of transcription modulators. We have previously suggested that proteins which bind to AT‐rich domains could play a role in SZ pathogenesis. Consequently, we explored the possibility that JARID2 itself could be a candidate gene for 6p22.3‐linked SZ. We used a case control design to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion variants affecting AT‐rich domains in both the DTNBP1 and JARID2 genes. Three of the DTNBP1 SNPs analyzed had previously been shown to be associated with SZ. We did not detect any significant difference in allele, genotype or haplotype distribution for any of these DTNBP1 markers. However, we did detect a significant difference in allele distribution for a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in the JARID2 gene that affects an AT‐rich domain. A significant increase in short alleles (less than 11 repeats) was found in patients with SZ (χ2 = 7.02; P = 0.008). No other JARID2 marker displayed statistically significant allele and genotype distributions. Our findings suggest that JARID2 should be viewed as a candidate gene for 6p22.3‐linked SZ. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of tagSNPs in the urokinase‐plasminogen activator (PLAU) gene with Alzheimer's disease and associated quantitative traits
Authors: Ozturk Ayla , Minster Ryan L. , DeKosky Steven T. , Kamboh M. Ilyas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe gene coding for urokinase‐plasminogen activator (PLAU) is a strong biological and positional candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously some studies have examined the role of common variation in the PLAU gene with AD risk but the results have been inconsistent and this inconsistency could have been due to the use of relatively small sample sizes. In this study we evaluated the distribution of four tagSNPs (rs2227562 in intron 5, rs2227564 in exon 6, rs2227571 in intron 9, and rs4065 in 3′UTR) in the PLAU gene in a large case‐control study consisting of up to 1,000 AD patients and 697 white control subjects. We examined the role of these tagSNPs with AD risk and quantitative traits of AD, including age‐at‐onset (AAO), disease duration, and mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) scores. The 3′UTR SNP revealed modest significant association with risk (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53–0.95; P = 0.02), AAO (P = 0.036) and disease duration (P = 0.04) of AD. In addition, the intron 9 SNP also revealed a significant association with AAO (P = 0.01) and disease duration (P = 0.006). Our data on a large number of AD cases and controls suggest that genetic variation in PLAU may affect the risk and AAO of AD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of SCA1, MJD, and DPRLA triplet repeat polymorphisms on cognitive phenotypes in a normal population of adolescent twins
Authors: Luciano M. , Hine E. , Wright M.J. , Duffy D.L. , MacMillan J. , Martin N.G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe expansion of unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat polymorphisms of a number of genes causes several neurodegenerative disorders with decreased cognitive function, the severity of the disorder being related to allele length at the triplet repeat locus. While the effects of repeat length have been well studied in clinical samples, there has been little investigation of the effects of triplet repeat variation in the normal range for these genes. We have, therefore, examined linkage and association for three CAG triplet repeat markers (Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, SCA1; Machado‐Joseph Disease, MJD; Dentatorubro‐pallidoluysian Atrophy, DRPLA) to assess their contribution to variation in cognitive ability (IQ, reading ability, processing speed) in a normal, unselected sample of adolescent twins (248 dizygotic (DZ) sibling pairs, aged 16 years). Association tests, performed in Mx and QTDT, showed a consistent positive association of SCA1 with Arithmetic (P = 0.04). While association was supported between SCA1 and Cambridge reading scores and between DRPLA and inspection time, results were inconsistent across software packages. Given the number of statistical tests performed, it is unlikely that trinucleotide repeat variation in the normal range for these genes influences variation in normal cognition. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3‐Hydroxybenzene 1,2,4‐Trisphosphate, a Novel Second Messenger Mimic and unusual Substrate for Type‐I myo‐Inositol 1,4,5‐Trisphosphate 5‐Phosphatase: Synthesis and Physicochemistry
Authors: Mills Stephen J. , Dozol Hélène , Vandeput Fabrice , Backers Katrien , Woodman Timothy , Erneux Christophe , Spiess Bernard , Potter Barry V. L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract3‐Hydroxybenzene 1,2,4‐trisphosphate 4 is a new myo‐inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate analogue based on the core structure of benzene 1,2,4‐trisphosphate 2 with an additional hydroxyl group at position‐3, and is the first noninositol based compound to be a substrate for inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate 5‐phosphatase. In physicochemical studies on 2, when three equivalents of protons were added, the 31P NMR spectrum displayed monophasic behaviour in which phosphate‐1 and phosphate‐2 behaved independently in most of the studied pH range. For compound 4, phosphate‐2 and phosphate‐4 interacted with the 3‐OH group, which does not titrate at physiological pH, displaying complex biphasic behaviour which demonstrated co‐operativity between these groups. Phosphate‐1 and phosphate‐2 strongly interacted with each other and phosphate‐4 experienced repulsion because of the interaction of the 3‐OH group. Benzene 1,2,4‐trisphosphate 2 is resistant to inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate type I 5‐phosphatase catalysed dephosphorylation. However, surprisingly, 3‐hydroxybenzene 1,2,4‐trisphosphate 4 was dephosphorylated by this 5‐phosphatase to give the symmetrical 2,3‐dihydroxybenzene 1,4‐bisphosphate 16. The extra hydroxyl group is shown to form a hydrogen bond with the vicinal phosphate groups at −15 °C, and 1H NMR titration of the ring and hydroxyl protons in 4 shows the OH proton to be strongly stabilized as soon as the phosphate groups are deprotonated. The effect of the phenolic 3‐OH group in compound 4 confirms a critical role for the 6‐OH group of the natural messenger in the dephosphorylation mechanism that persists even in radically modified analogues.