bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic influence of Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei on Ostertagia ostertagi larval inhibition and abomasal lesions in cattle
Authors: Snider Theron G. , Williams James C. , Karns Phillip A. , Trammell Herbert E. , Romaire Terry L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Parasite-free 4-month-old calves were inoculated with Ostertagia ostertagi and/or Trichostrongylus axei followed 6 weeks later by increasing doses of O ostertagi for 8 weeks. Clinical signs of parasitism, fecal egg counts, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations were monitored, and gross lesions and parasite burdens were determined postmortem.
Clinical signs of parasitism were not observed and weight gains were not affected in experimentally infected calves. In calves infected with O ostertagi, mean plasma pepsinogen concentrations were greater than for control calves and were diagnostically significant 4 weeks after inoculation and during the last 4 weeks of serial inoculations with O ostertagi. In calves that were given O ostertagi and T axei, abomasal pH was significantly increased, and abomasal lesions were more pronounced than in control calves or in calves inoculated with only O ostertagi or T axei. Abomasal lymph nodes were enlarged in all parasitized calves; other lymph nodes in the calves inoculated with both O ostertagi and T axei were usually smaller than in calves inoculated with only O ostertagi or T axei. Numbers of O osfertagi-inhibited larvae were small in all inoculated calves, but the percentage inhibition was significantly greater in calves inoculated with both O ostertagi and T axei. The percentage inhibition was 3.53% for the O ostertagi-inoculated calves and 7.07% for calves inoculated with both O ostertagi and T axei. These percentages indicated a synergistic effect of concurrent abomasal parasitism, whereas a synergistic effect on T axei worm burden was not observed. The low percentage of larval inhibition indicated that factors other than host resistance are involved in naturally occurring pretype II ostertagiosis.
A porcine-murine hybridoma that secretes porcine monoclonal antibody of defined specificity
Authors: Raybould T. J. G. , Willson P. J. , McDougall L. J. , Watts T. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Spleen cells from a pig hyperimmunized with Escherichia coli were fused with nonproducer mouse plasmacytoma cells. Stable hybridoma lines secreting porcine immunoglobulins were obtained. One line secreted monoclonal porcine immunoglobulin G, which reacted specifically with E coli in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and precipitated a polypeptide of molecular weight of 50,000. This is the first report of a stable porcine-murine hybridoma producing porcine antibody of defined specificity.
Correlative biomechanical and histologic study of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Pool R. R. , Arnoczky S. P. , Lau R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The mechanical properties of the cranial cruciate ligament were determined, using unilateral bone-ligament-bone preparations from 65 dogs of various ages and body sizes. Tensile loading of the cranial cruciate ligament from 1 of each pair of stifle joints demonstrated a decrease in material properties (modulus, maximum stress, strain energy) with aging. The decreases in maximum stress and strain energy with age were significantly less (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively) in the cranial cruciate ligament from dogs weighing < 15 kg, compared with those weighing 15 kg or more. The cranial cruciate ligament and remaining femorotibial ligaments were collected from the opposite stifle joints and examined microscopically. By 5 years of age, the cranial cruciate ligaments of dogs weighing > 15 kg consistently had microscopic evidence of degenerative disease (loss of ligamentocytes, metaplasia of surviving ligamentocytes to chondrocytes, and failure to maintain collagen fibers and primary collagen bundles) which progressed in severity with age. The caudal cruciate ligaments were similarly affected, although the degenerative changes were rarely as severe as in the cranial cruciate ligament. The collateral ligaments underwent minimal degeneration. Sex differences had no bearing on degeneration. The cranial cruciate ligaments in dogs weighing < 15 kg generally had less severe alterations than those in heavier dogs, and the onset of the degenerative process was delayed by several years. Cranial cruciate ligaments removed from dogs after ligament failure not only had degenerative disease, but also had undergone unsuccessful attempts at repair. In contrast, fibrous repair was rarely present in intact ligaments of asymptomatic dogs with degenerative disease of the cranial cruciate ligament.
Effects of graded pleural effusion on QRS in the dog
Authors: Rush J. E. , Hamlin R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six anesthetized healthy dogs were placed in right lateral recumbency. Electrocardiographic leads I, aVF, V10, rV3, V3, and V5 were obtained during a control period and after introduction of pleural effusions ranging between 0.66 and 55 ml of isotonic saline solution/kg of body weight. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of QRS were measured, and the effusion required to decrease this amplitude by more than 1 sd from the mean of healthy dogs was determined for each lead tested.
Sensitivity of detecting pleural effusion was greatest in lead I in which an effusion of 2.75 ml/kg could be detected. The QRS amplitudes in leads V10 and aVF were decreased to a significant level only at large effusions. Leads V3 and V5 were “blind,” even to the greatest pleural effusions.
Radiographs taken with the graded pleural effusion documented that the heart “floated” away from rV3 and toward V3 and V5, thus explaining the sensitivity of rV3 and insensitivities of V3 and V5. It seems that pleural effusion can be detected by using these leads in dogs in right lateral recumbency, that detection is best if serial recordings are taken, and that relatively high sensitivities are achieved using lead I.
Effects of calcium supplementation and sunlight exposure on growing Beagle dogs
Authors: Stephens L. C. , Norrdin R. W. , Benjamin S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine 7-week-old Beagle dogs were given 2.3 g of dietary calcium supplementation once a day and were exposed to sunlight to permit endogenous vitamin D formation. After 70 days, the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, thyroid morphometry, and bone density and composition were compared with those values in a similar group of 10 dogs not given calcium supplementation and maintained in restricted, artificial light. Lower serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the supplement-fed dogs may be attributed to hypercalcitonism, which was assumed to be present because of increased proportions of C cells and decreased proportions of thyroid follicles. They also had significantly more trabecular bone of a lower specific gravity containing more water and less combustible matter.
The findings indicate that the high dietary calcium intake and sunlight exposure induced C-cell hyperplasia during a relatively short period of 70 days. It is possible that Beagles maintained through maturity on a diet high in calcium concentration and in outdoor runs may develop chronic C-cell hyperplasia. The possible contribution of high calcium intake and chronic C-cell hyperplasia to reduced thyroid function and skeletal changes is not yet clear.
Determination of serum bile acids in fasting dogs with hepatobiliary disease
Authors: Johnson Susan E. , Rogers William A. , Bonagura John D. , Caldwell James H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The diagnostic value of determining total conjugated serum bile acid (sba) concentrations was evaluated in fasting dogs with spontaneous liver disease. Conjugated primary sba values were determined by radioimmunoassay in 12 healthy dogs, 64 dogs with hepatobiliary disease, and 9 dogs with intestinal disorders unassociated with clinical or biochemical evidence of liver disease. Reference values for sba concentrations ranged from 0 to 5 µmol/L and were not significantly different from those determined in dogs with intestinal disease (P < 0.05). Mean sba concentrations determined in dogs with portosystemic shunts, glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy, hepatic neoplasia, hepatitis, cholestasis, and cirrhosis were significantly greater than reference values (P < 0.05). The mean sba concentration in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in all other clinical groups of dogs with liver disease, except in dogs with cholestasis, Although these 2 groups were statistically indistinguishable, dogs with glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy generally had lower sba values (2 to 37 µmol/L) than did the group with cholestasis (2 to 562 µmol/L), The sba concentrations in fasting dogs were weakly correlated with histologic evidence of hepatic damage, as determined by a total biopsy score (r = 0.28, Ρ < 0.02). Because total sba concentrations were increased in 89% of all dogs with hepatobiliary disease, the determination of sba appears to be a sensitive test of hepatic dysfunction.
Japanese encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies in porcine sera
Authors: Burke D. S. , Tingpalapong Markapol , Elwell M. R. , Paul P. S. , Van Deusen R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of porcine immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus (jev). Antibodies in sera were captured onto the solid phase of Microtiter plates sensitized with mouse monoclonal antibodies to porcine µ heavy chain. Virus antigen binding to the lawn of IgM was quantitated by subsequent binding of peroxidase-labeled human hyperimmune anti-jev IgG, which in the final step, catalyzed a substrate color change.
In sucrose density-gradient fractionated sera from recently infected pigs, the peak of elisa jev IgM activity corresponded to the peak of 18-S, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive hemagglutination-inhibiting (hai) antibody activity. Within 2 to 3 days, jev-infected sentinel pigs developed high jev IgM activity; this activity decreased within 2 weeks.
Among specimens collected from 99 random swine at abattoirs in Thailand during a period of low jev transmission, none of 25 jev hai-negative sera had jev IgM activity, 7 of 74 jev hai-positive sera did have jev IgM activity, and the remaining 67 sera had readily detectable jev hai antibodies, but lacked jev IgM. The jev IgM solid-phase elisa was useful for rapidly diagnosing active or recent jev infections in swine.
Comparison of suture materials and suture patterns for inverting intestinal anastomosis of the jejunum in the horse
Authors: Dean Paul W. , Robertson James T. , Jacobs Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 7 horses, 4 anastomoses were done in the small intestine in each, using the combinations of synthetic absorbable monofilament and multifilament suture materials with continuous- and interrupted-suture patterns in the serosubmucosal layer of a 2-layer inverting-suture technique. Horses were evaluated 30 days after the operation for adhesion formation, lumen diameter, evidence of chronic obstruction, and suture tract inflammation at the anastomosis.
Postoperative obstruction occurred in 5 of the 7 horses, and 6 horses survived. One horse was euthanatized oh postoperative day 6 after 48 hours of ileus and obstruction; necropsy revealed a partial intussusception involving the anastomosis done with continuous multifilament suture material. Two other horses that became obstructed between postoperative days 3 and 5 had protracted ileus and gastric reflux up to 48 hours' duration, but survived. Horses that had obstruction after the 6th postoperative day recovered within 4 hours of onset.
The continuous inverting-suture pattern in the serosubmucosal layer resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) fewer adhesions than did the interrupted pattern, and suture material had no effect on adhesion formation. There was no significant difference in the percentage of reduction of lumen diameter between the variations of the 2-layer technique, and there was no evidence of chronic obstruction related to any of the anastomoses. Suture tract inflammation was moderate in the anastomoses, using continuous-multifilament suture, with neutrophils being the predominant cell type. The anastomoses with continuous-monofilament suture had mild inflammation with focal accumulations of neutrophils. Minimal inflammation was associated with both types of suture in the interrupted pattern.
Comparison of the herpesviruses of cattle by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and serologic analysis
Authors: Osorio F. A. , Reed D. E. , Van der Maaten M. J. , Metz C. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reference strains and field isolates of herpesviruses recovered from cattle in the United States were compared by restriction endonuclease (re) analysis and the indirect fluorescent antibody test. As a result of these comparisons, 5 major biotypes of bovine herpesvirus (bhv) were defined. These types were (i) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bhv-1), (ii) bovine herpes mammillitis virus (bhv-2), (iii) malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus (herpesvirus alcelaphinae), (iv) the group of slow-growth isolates represented by the prototype strain Movar 33/63 (bovine cytomegalovirus candidate), and (v) the syncytia-forming Pennsylvania 47 strain. Bovine herpesvirus-1 and bhv-2 did not cross-react serologically with any other type of bhv tested. A low, but consistent level of serologic cross-reactivity was detected among mcf virus, the Movar group, and Pennsylvania 47. Several nonsyncytial, slow-growth strains, which were recovered from dissimilar clinical syndromes and were serologically related to Movar 33/63, exhibited similar DNA re cleavage patterns, confirming their identity as members of a single type. There was no isolate from American domestic cattle similar to the African mcf virus, which has been sporadically isolated from exotic ruminants in the United States. The African mcf virus isolated during a mcf epizootic in a United States zoo exhibited some DNA re cleavage differences in comparison with the mcf virus world prototype strain WC 11, indicating that strain diversity exists within this biotype.
Normal and collapsed trachea in the dog: Scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , McClure Robert C. , Brown Esther M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine canine tracheal cartilage and to determine the relationship between the fibrous and amorphous matrix in this tissue. Collapsed tracheal (ct) cartilage was hypocellular, compared with normal tracheal cartilage. The amorphous matrix of ct cartilage had a porous, fissured texture and did not have the homogeneous appearance of normal tracheal cartilage. Capillaries were seen to pass through ct cartilage. Randomly distributed connective tissue fibers, evident in ct cartilage matrix, were frequently attached to irregular shapes and sizes of amorphous matrix.
Effect of disulfiram in experimentally induced vitamin Ε deficiency myopathy in lambs
Authors: Steiss Janet E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vitamin Ε deficiency myopathy (white muscle disease) was induced in 14 suckling lambs (2 experiments; 7 lambs/experiment) by addition of cod liver oil to the diet. Disulfiram, an antioxidant, was administered orally once each day to 8 of the 14 lambs at 2 different doses. Serum creatine kinase (ck) activity was measured weekly for 5 weeks. Increased ck activity was evident in some lambs beginning at week 3. By week 4, serum ck was abnormally increased in 5 of the 6 nontreated lambs (ie, disulfiram not given) and in 4 of the 8 treated lambs. The combined disulfiram groups had significantly lower serum ck values during the study (P < 0.05). Serum α-tocopherol, measured on samples from week 5 for lambs of experiment 1, was significantly higher in treated lambs (P < 0.01). Microscopic examination of the vastus lateralis muscle indicated that the most severe lesions, consistent with nutritional myopathy, were seen in nontreated lambs. Therefore, disulfiram may have an antioxidant effect in lambs with vitamin Ε deficiency.
Enteropathogenicity of purified Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in the pig
Authors: Popoff M. R. , Jestin A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In an assay procedure, purified Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin induced the accumulation of fluid in the ileal loop of the axenic pig. The smallest amount of enterotoxin causing a positive response was 25 µg (1:32 titer by counterimmunoelectrophoresis [ciep]), and 100 µg (1:128 ciep titer) caused a marked response. Possibly, diarrhea in pigs with 1:32 ciep titer or more of enterotoxin in the feces may be associated with enterotoxigenic C perfringens.
Passive transfer failure in horses: Incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Meirs David A. , Merryman Geralyn Schad 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A prospective study was performed to determine the incidence and associated maternal and managemental factors of failure of passive transfer (fpt) in foals on a breeding farm. The zinc sulfate turbidity test (zstt) and latex agglutination test (lat) were compared for accuracy in estimating serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G of foals, as determined by single radial immunodiffusion (srid). Complete past and present foaling histories of 136 Standardbred mares were obtained. All foalings were witnessed by farm attendents, and colostral samples were collected from mares within 2 hours after parturition. Foals that did not rise and nurse were supplemented with colostrum from the dam, using a bottle or nasogastric tube. Serum samples were prepared from foals and mares between 24 and 36 hours after parturition, and from some mares 45 to 90 days before parturition. Serum IgG concentrations of mares and foals and colostral whey were determined, using srid. Serum IgG also was estimated in foals, using zstt and a commercially available lat. Four of the 136 foals (2.9%) had fpt (serum IgG ≤ 400 mg/dl), Serum IgG concentrations in foals significantly correlated with colostral IgG (P < 0.001). A significantly larger proportion of foals with fpt were bottle-fed their colostrum (P < 0.01). Month of parturition, mare age, parity, number of barren seasons, incidence of assisted births or retained placenta, or prepartum serum IgG concentrations did not significantly affect colostral IgG concentrations or serum IgG concentrations in foals. As serum IgG concentrations in foals decreased and as colostral IgG concentrations decreased, the proportion of mares that prelactated significantly (P < 0.01) increased, A significant positive correlation was found between postpartum serum IgG and colostral IgG in mares that did not prelactate (P < 0.05). Immunization of mares for salmonellosis during gestation was positively correlated with higher colostral IgG concentrations (P < 0.05). A significant agreement was found between zstt, lat, and srid for estimation of serum IgG concentrations in foals (P < 0.001). For determination of serum IgG concentrations in foals, zstt results highly correlated with srid results; however, lat results were significantly more accurate for estimation of serum IgG concentrations ≤ 400 mg/dl (P < 0.001) than were zstt results.
Studies on the pathogenesis of Salmonella heidelberg infection in weanling pigs
Authors: Reed Willie M. , Olander Harvey J. , Thacker H. Leon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experiments were conducted to define the pathogenic potential of Salmonella heidelberg in weanling pigs.
Oral inoculation with S heidelberg resulted in severe catarrhal enterocolitis with accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the small intestine and colon. Salmonella heidelberg was demonstrated, with fluorescence microscopy and bacteriologic cultural techniques, to colonize the ileum, to invade ileal mucosal enterocytes, and to reach mesenteric lymph nodes and extraintestinal tissues by 8 hours.
In 5 pigs, intestinal loops were surgically prepared and inoculated with S heidelberg (to determine its invasiveness), Microscopically, there were atrophy of villi, erosion of enterocytes, and neutrophilic infiltration in the lamina propria, Ultrastructurally, intracellular bacteria were demonstrated in villous and cryptal enterocytes, as well as in macrophages of the lamina propria. Bacteria were morphologically intact, occurred free and membrane-bound, and caused no detectable cytotoxic effect to the cell.
X-ray powder diffraction and microscopic analysis of crystalluria in dogs with ethylene glycol poisoning
Authors: Foit Franklin F. , Cowell Rick L. , Brobst Duane F. , Moore Michael P. , Tarr Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Most of the urinary crystals in 2 dogs intoxicated with ethylene glycol had prismatic (rod-like, hippurate-like), and to a less extent, hemp seed or spindle shapes. Using X-ray powder diffraction and optical analysis, these crystals were identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate. A few crystals of calcium oxalate dihydrate (envelope shape) were also observed in the urine sediment. Their presence was confirmed by the appearance of weak X-ray peaks having interplanar spacings ranging from 0.617 to 0.620 nm, which are thought to correspond to the 200 X-ray reflection of calcium oxalate dihydrate.
Thus, the 6-sided hippurate-like crystals in the urine of ethylene glycol-poisoned dogs are actually calcium oxalate monohydrate.
Thresholds of the dog for detection of inhaled eugenol and benzaldehyde determined by electroencephalographic and behavioral olfactometry
Authors: Myers Lawrence J. , Pugh Ross 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electroencephalographic olfactometry and behavioral olfactometry were developed to evaluate objectively the olfactory function of 12 dogs. These techniques were used to determined normative thresholds for benzaldehyde, a mixed olfactory and trigeminal stimulant, and eugenol, a suspected pure olfactory stimulant, in 12 dogs. Both techniques were effective in obtaining a mean threshold for clinically normal dogs. Electroencephalographic olfactometry was demonstrated to be more sensitive than was behavioral olfactometry. The techniques measured olfactory function by failure to evoke responses in dogs after ablation of olfactory mucosa. The contribution of trigeminal stimulation to the thresholds was not determined.
Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigenic proteins
Authors: Bech-Nielsen Steen , Burianek Linda L. , Spangler Elisabeth , Heider Lawrence E. , Hoffsis Glen F. , Dorn C. Richard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The characterization of a purified antigen from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, recently made commercially available for use in serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), of paratuberculosis in cattle was described. This assay had 89% specificity and 83% sensitivity for M paratuberculosis infection. The protein/polypeptide composition of the purified antigen was compared with that of a crude protoplasmic extract of strain 18 M paratuberculosis used in the agar-gel immunodiffusion test and elisa and with that of sonicated strain 19698 M paratuberculosis organisms grown on Dorset-Henley synthetic liquid medium. The sonicated M paratuberculosis contained 27 major proteins/polypeptides; the crude protoplasmic extract, 18; and the purified antigen contained 14 proteins/polypeptides, using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis.
The serologic reactivity of these proteins/polypeptides were defined, using the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique. The sonicated M paratuberculosis contained 20 serologically reactive proteins/polypeptides (34,000 to 84,000 daltons); the crude protoplasmic extract contained 3 (37,000 to 45,000 daltons); and the purified extract contained a diffuse polypeptide band (34,000 to 38,000 daltons). Identification by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique of M paratuberculosis antigens reactive in the elisa will allow us to further study these antigens in the elisa to improve sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test.