bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic blending and assimilation in Catalan lingual fricative sequences. An ultrasound and acoustic study
Authors: Recasens Daniel 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUltrasound and center of gravity frequency data for the sequences /ʃ#s/ and /s#ʃ/ produced by Central Catalan speakers reveal that the former sequence is implemented through continuous articulatory and spectral trajectories which, depending on speaker, may be: intermediate between /ʃ/ and /s/ all throughout, thus supporting a dynamic blending mechanism; /ʃ/-like at onset and intermediate between the two fricatives at offset, which is indicative of C1-to-C2 carryover coarticulation. The sequence /s#ʃ/, on the other hand, undergoes regressive assimilation into [ʃ(ʃ)] according to the acoustic signal but less clearly so in the light of the articulatory data. This discrepancy appears to be due to the fact that, while C1=/s/ assimilates indeed to C2=/ʃ/ at constriction location, coarticulation-induced changes in tongue body configuration behind the primary articulator may occur as long as they do not jeopardize the front-cavity dependent frequency characteristics of the [ʃ] frication noise. Differences in articulatory complexity between /ʃ#s/ and /s#ʃ/ appear to result from the production mechanisms involved, i.e., tongue dorsum raising behind the /s/ constriction for /s#ʃ/ and tongue body repositioning for /ʃ#s/. In agreement with this interpretation, /ʃ#s/ but not /s#ʃ/ turned out to be longer than /s#s/ and /ʃ#ʃ/.
Mapping out due diligence in regional human rights law: Comparing case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Malaihollo Medes , Lane Lottie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn international human rights law, the notion of due diligence concerns a qualifier of behaviour to realize human rights protection, including the protection against non-state actor interferences. However, the question remains what due diligence obligations of states in the context of non-state actor interferences exactly entail in international human rights law. The present article aims to address this matter by comparing case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with that of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). Using a working model of due diligence that has been introduced in recent scholarly work, this article further explores this model and attempts to give further meaning to its two paradigms: ‘regulation’ and ‘risk management’. In that way, it maps out the relevant elements of this foundational concept that lies at the heart of human rights protection.
Unionization, industry concentration, and economic growth
Authors: Davis Colin , Hashimoto Ken-ichi , Tabata Ken 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper examines how unionization affects economic growth through its impact on industry concentration in a two-country model of international trade and endogenous productivity growth. Knowledge spillovers link firm-level productivity in innovation with geographic patterns of industry ensuring a faster rate of output growth when industry is relatively concentrated in the country with the greater labor supply. We show that stronger bargaining power in the relatively large country increases the rate of output growth when labor unions are employment-oriented but decreases the rate of growth when unions are wage-oriented. We then calibrate the model using labor market data for the United Kingdom and France and study the effects of union bargaining power on industry location patterns, output growth, and national welfare.
Model Explanation via Support Graphs
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO , MUÑIZ BRAIS 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this note, we introduce the notion of support graph to define explanations for any model of a logic program. An explanation is an acyclic support graph that, for each true atom in the model, induces a proof in terms of program rules represented by labels. A classical model may have zero, one or several explanations: when it has at least one, it is called a justified model. We prove that all stable models are justified, whereas, for disjunctive programs, some justified models may not be stable. We also provide a meta-programming encoding in Answer Set Programming that generates the explanations for a given stable model of some program. We prove that the encoding is sound and complete, that is, there is a one-to-one correspondence between each answer set of the encoding and each explanation for the original stable model.
Do spirituality and emotional intelligence improve the perception of the ability to provide care at the end of life? The role of knowledge and self-efficacy
Authors: Martins Maria de Lurdes da Costa , Rodrigues Ana Paula , Marques Carlos Duarte Coelho Peixeira , Carvalho Rui Miguel Barros Cunha 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectivesSpirituality, emotional intelligence, and palliative care (PC) knowledge have a positive and direct influence on self-efficacy and on perception of preparation and ability to provide end-of-life (EOL) care. The aim of this work is to propose a conceptual model that relates spirituality, emotional intelligence, PC knowledge, self-efficacy, and the preparation and ability to provide EOL care by doctors and nurses.MethodsQuantitative, exploratory, descriptive, and inferential study applied to doctors and nurses in a hospital in the north of Portugal, between May and July 2022. The data collection instrument includes a questionnaire. The relationships between latent variables were evaluated using structural equation models by the partial least squares method using the Smart PLS 3.0 software. It was obtained the previous authorization of the ethics committee.ResultsThe results (n = 380) indicate that self-efficacy, spirituality, and PC knowledge have a positive influence on the ability to provide EOL care. Emotional intelligence and spirituality have a direct and positive effect on self-efficacy. There is no direct influence of emotional intelligence on the ability to provide EOL care, but emotional intelligence has an indirect effect mediated by self-efficacy.Significance of resultsSpirituality, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence are very important for the ability of doctors and nurses to provide EOL care. The identification of predictive factors of the ability to provide EOL care and the determination of the relationship between them can improve the provision of EOL care, reduction of health costs, timely and early referral of people to PC, and increase life quality.
Advancements and developments in the detection and control of invasive weeds: a global review of the current challenges and future opportunities
Authors: Roberts Jason , Florentine Singarayer 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWeed invasion has become increasingly recognized as a major threat to the practice of sustainable agriculture and the maintenance of natural ecosystems around the world. Without effective and ongoing management strategies, many weed species have the aggressive capacity to alter ecosystem functions and reduce the economic potential of the land into which they have been introduced. Although traditional weed management strategies can be useful in eliminating certain weeds, these approaches can be costly, economically damaging, and laborious and can result in variable long-term success. To further add to these challenges, several weed species have now developed resistance to a range of herbicide modes of action, which, to date, have been the major mechanism of weed control. As a result, it is anticipated that the use of emerging technology will help to provide a solution for the economical and environmentally sustainable management of various weeds. Of particular interest, emerging technology in the areas of weed detection and control (chemical, mechanical, electrical, laser, and thermal) has shown promising signs of improving long-term weed management strategies. These methods can also be assisted by, or integrated alongside, other technology, such as artificial intelligence or computer vision techniques for improved efficiency. To provide an overview of this topic, this review evaluates a range of emerging technology used for the detection and control of various weeds and explores the challenges and opportunities of their application within the field.
Solar Wind—Ionosphere Interface at Mars. Ion Dynamics, Asymmetry, Plasma Jets
Authors: Dubinin E. , Fraenz M. , Pätzold M. , Tellmann S. , McFadden J. , Halekas J. , DiBraccio G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe report on observations made by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, in the shocked solar wind‐ionosphere interface of Mars. We observe a strong asymmetry in plasma flow governed by the direction of the motional electric field. In the hemisphere, in which the motional electric field ∼−V × B is pointed outward the planet the solar wind flow is decelerated by the j × B force related to the magnetic field compression in the barrier. In contrast, in the opposite hemisphere, the solar wind flow is accelerated. The gain in velocity is about 100–200 km/s. The dynamics of ionospheric ions are also very different on both sides. Such an asymmetry implies very different patterns of the electric current closure and the electromagnetic forces in both hemispheres.
Effects of Electron Vortices on the Magnetic Structures in the Terrestrial Magnetosheath
Authors: Wang Z. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Jiang K. , Wu H. H. , Xu S. B. , Wei Y. Y. , Zhang J. , Xiong Q. Y. , Lin R. T. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractElectron vortices are usually embedded within different magnetic structures in space plasmas. The effects, including the nonideal electric field, energy dissipation and magnetic field, of electron vortices on these magnetic structures are still unclear. Utilizing the unprecedented high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the terrestrial magnetosheath, we statistically investigate these effects on magnetic structures. Both nonideal electric fields and energy dissipation have no obvious correlations with the scales of electron vortices. However, compared to the scales, stronger correlations are found between the vorticities of electron vortices and nonideal electric fields, and energy dissipation, respectively. Most of electron vortices have positive contributions to magnetic fields of magnetic structures, such as strengthening the decrease (or increase) of Bt for current sheets and magnetic holes (or flux ropes and magnetic peaks). Our results reveal that the electron vortices play an important role in the evolution of magnetic structures.
Vegetation Phenological Differences Between Polar‐ and Equatorial‐Facing Slopes in the Three Rivers Source Region, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ma Dujuan , Xie Jiangliu , Wang Changjing , Chen Rui , Wu Xiaodan , Wang Cong , Xie Qiaoyun , Yin Gaofei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractVegetation growth is influenced by the microclimate driven by aspects, as evident in the asymmetric vegetation greenness on polar‐facing slopes (PFS) and equatorial‐facing slopes (EFS). However, it remains uncertain whether aspects influence vegetation phenology. To address this question, we defined the aspect‐induced phenological differences between PFS and EFS from 2019 to 2022 within each 3 × 3 km2 grid, using average phenological metrics extracted from Sentinel‐2 data. We found that the start of the growing season (SOS) occurs earlier on EFS in cold and humid regions, but in arid areas, PFS has an earlier SOS. The end of the growing season (EOS) consistently occurred later on EFS due to radiation limitations in autumn phenology. Employing the space‐for‐time approach, the observed distribution of phenological differences within the climate space could potentially indicate the phenological trends of different slope orientations in the future. Our study provides valuable insights into topographic regulation on vegetation phenology.
How Solar Wind Controls the Recovery Phase Morphology of Intense Magnetic Storms
Authors: Li Hui , Liu Xiaodong , Wang Chi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGeomagnetic storms are critical space weather phenomena resulting from the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. However, most studies focus on the main phase of magnetic storms, leaving the morphology of the recovery phase an open question. In this study, we analyze 82 intense magnetic storms with the minimum Dst index ≤ −100 nT between 1995 and 2018, finding that these storms can be classified into two distinct types: one‐stage recovery storms that exhibit a single rapid exponential recovery and two‐stage recovery storms that are characterized by a rapid exponential recovery in the early recovery phase and a slow linear recovery in the later recovery phase. We find that the two‐stage recovery storms are dominant, accounting for approximately 60% of the events. Interestingly, the proportion of two‐stage recovery storms peaks during solar minimum. The two‐stage recovery storms tend to be accompanied by more Alfvén waves with long‐duration and intense southward interplanetary magnetic fields. In addition, we find that the decay rate of the Dst index in the later recovery phase is correlated with the average BZ of the interplanetary magnetic field when the solar wind has a high degree of Alfvénicity. Overall, our results shed new light on the recovery phase morphology of intense magnetic storms and highlight the role of Alfvén waves in this process.
The Relationship Between the Energization of Moon‐Originating Ions and Terrain Type on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hee , Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Baek Seul‐Min , Jin Ho , Saito Yoshifumi , Nishino Masaki N. , Yokota Shoichiro 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe analyze data acquired by the Kaguya satellite on 14 October 2008 when the Moon was in the terrestrial magnetotail lobe to gain new insight into the energization of ions originating from the Moon. The Moon‐originating ions were detected over a broad range of latitudes from −80° to 50° above the Moon's dayside at ∼100 km altitude. The fluxes of the Moon‐originating ions were observed at energies from ∼50 to ∼1,000 eV. Additionally, these ions exhibited a wide distribution pitch angle spanning from ∼45 to 90°. The energy levels of ions originating from the Moon show rapid changes, either increasing or decreasing by a factor of ∼10 within 8 min without the solar zenith angle dependence. Such rapid energy changes were observed over the highland regions. These observations are discussed in light of possible acceleration mechanisms of Moon‐originating ions, including temporal and spatial effects.
Latitude Variation of the Post‐Sunset Plasma Density Enhancement During the Minor Geomagnetic Storm on 27 May 2021
Authors: Hao Honglian , Zhao Biqiang , Jin Yuyan , Yue Xinan , Ding Feng , Li Guozhu , Sun Wenjie , Ren Zhipeng , Li Zishen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this study, multiple instrumental observations including Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content (TEC), plasma drift velocity measured by Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E, dip latitude 12.6°N) Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR) and F2‐layer peak electron density (NmF2) and peak height (hmF2) from ionosonde and SYISR have been used to investigate ionospheric responses during a minor yet highly geo‐effective geomagnetic storm on 26–27 May 2021. Our findings revealed a significant time delay in the post‐sunset plasma density enhancement peak across different latitudes over East Asia, that is, the lower the geographic latitude, the earlier the peak appeared. The plasma density enhancement was accompanied by a decrease in hmF2 prior to NmF2 peak around sunset. The newly built SYISR measurements around sunset verified that the field‐aligned drift decreased the ionosphere with a notable time delay at latitude, beneficial to electron density enhancements at lower altitudes within the 16–30°N latitudinal band but a small TEC change. While at 30–50°N, it is possible that the competition between storm‐induced equatorward winds and downward field‐aligned drift depressed hmF2 decline and the buildup increased both NmF2 and TEC. The ICON observations suggested that the meridional wind during this minor storm event modulated the direction of plasma transport near sunset, playing a dominant role in post‐sunset plasma density enhancement from low to middle latitudes. These results provide fresh insight into the electrodynamic mechanisms of post‐sunset enhancements at middle and low latitudes over East Asia, and also enhance our understanding of the intricate behaviors within the ionosphere‐thermosphere system in response to a minor storm.
MAVEN SWIA Observations of Solar Wind Signatures in the Collisional Atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Girazian Z. , Halekas J. , Ruhunusiri S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAt Mars, the solar wind is usually decelerated and heated at the bow shock, then diverted around the planet by the induced magnetosphere. A recent study by Crismani et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026251), however, presented evidence of near‐pristine solar wind below the exobase of Mars (<200 km) during one Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) periapsis pass, implying the solar wind penetrated into the upper atmosphere with little modification. In this work, we search through 7 years of MAVEN Solar Wind Ion Analyzer (SWIA) periapsis observations to determine how often, and the conditions under which, these low‐altitude solar wind events occur. We find 23 candidate events that contain signatures of the solar wind below 200 km. The events are much more common at low solar zenith angles and tend to occur over weak crustal field regions where the radial component of the field is oriented downward. The observations also point to significant interactions between the incoming solar wind and the neutral atmosphere, including evidence of solar wind alphas becoming singly ionized helium through collisions with atmospheric CO2. Finally, we find the events are four times more likely to be detected when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is radial (cone angle <30°), suggesting the events are triggered when the IMF is nearly aligned with the solar wind flow.
Depth of Sudden Velocity Changes Derived From Multi‐Mode Rayleigh Waves
Authors: Finger C. , Löer K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTo integrate structural subsurface models and smooth seismic velocity models, they need to share common features and resolutions. Here, we propose a new approach, Depth Assessment from Rayleigh Wave Ellipticities (DARE), for estimating the depth of sudden velocity changes from ambient‐noise multi‐mode Rayleigh waves applicable to a wide range of frequencies. At frequencies where multi‐mode Rayleigh waves have an extremum in ellipticity, the phase velocity can be used to estimate the depth of sudden velocity changes. We test our approach theoretically, numerically, and on real data from two geothermal sites by extracting Rayleigh wave ellipticities and phase velocities from three‐component beamforming of ambient noise using the python code package B3AMpy. For a small‐scale array, our approach validates the depth of quaternary sediments predicted by geological models. For deeper velocity changes, high uncertainties remain but the general trend of inclining boundaries can be recovered well. We demonstrate that, if impedance contrasts are larger than three, our approach is valid for multiple layers, laterally heterogeneous models, and a wide range of Poisson ratios.
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK
Authors: Beggan C. D. , Clarke E. , Lawrence E. , Eaton E. , Williamson J. , Matsumoto K. , Hayakawa H. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDedicated scientific measurements of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field began at Greenwich and Kew observatories in London, United Kingdom, in the middle of the nineteenth century. Using advanced techniques for the time, collimated light was focussed onto mirrors mounted on free‐swinging magnetized needles which reflected onto photographic paper, allowing continuous analog magnetograms to be recorded. By good fortune, both observatories were in full operation during the so‐called Carrington storm in early September 1859 and its precursor storm in late August 1859. Based on digital images of the magnetograms and information from the observatory yearbooks and scientific papers, it is possible to scale the measurements to International System of Units (SI units) and extract quasi‐minute cadence spot values. However, due to the magnitude of the storms, the periods of the greatest magnetic field variation were lost as the traces moved off‐page. We present the most complete digitized magnetic records to date of the 10‐day period from 25 August to 5 September 1859 encompassing the Carrington storm and its lesser recognized precursor on 28 August. We demonstrate the good correlation between observatories and estimate the instantaneous rate of change of the magnetic field.
Probabilistic Forecast of Multiphase Transport Under Viscous and Buoyancy Forces in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Rajabi Farzaneh , Tchelepi Hamdi A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe develop a probabilistic approach to map parametric uncertainty to output state uncertainty in first‐order hyperbolic conservation laws. We analyze this problem for nonlinear immiscible two‐phase transport in heterogeneous porous media in the presence of a stochastic velocity field. The uncertainty in the velocity field can arise from incomplete descriptions of either porosity field, injection flux, or both. This uncertainty leads to spatiotemporal uncertainty in the saturation field. Given information about spatial/temporal statistics of spatially correlated heterogeneity, we leverage the method of distributions to derive deterministic equations that govern the evolution of pointwise cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of saturation for a vertical reservoir, while handling the manipulation of multiple shocks arising due to buoyancy forces. Unlike the Buckley‐Leverett equation, the equation describing the fine‐grained CDF is linear in space and time. Ensemble averaging of the fine‐grained CDF results in the CDF of saturation. Thus, we give routes to circumventing the computational cost of Monte Carlo simulations (MCS), while obtaining a pointwise description of the saturation field. We conduct a set of numerical experiments for one‐dimensional transport, and compare the obtained saturation CDFs, against those obtained using MCS as our reference solution, and the statistical moment equation method. This comparison demonstrates that the CDF equations remain accurate over a wide range of statistical properties, that is, standard deviation and correlation length of the underlying random fields, whereas the corresponding low‐order statistical moment equations significantly deviate from the MCS results, except for very small values of standard deviation and correlation length.