bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecotoxicological diagnosis of Aratu Bay, Bahia, Brazil: a new approach to validate a reactive short-term toxicity end-point by comparison with intertidal benthic activity
Authors: Nascimento I.A. , Smith D.H. , Gomes M.G.S. , Santos G.V. , Pereira S.A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Aratu Bay ecosystem (12°48′S; 38°28′W), located in an industrialized area, was compared with a similar but undisturbed ecosystem, Iguape Bay, in order to determine the impact of industry on water quality during the last forty years. Comparison was based on simple and low cost methodologies using bioassays on oyster embryos, validated by a survey of a benthic activity index.
A bioassay method based on oyster embryo development was used to compare water quality from the study areas. A high percentage (93.2 and 97.3) of abnormal oyster embryo development was observed in water samples from one area (south and southeast) of the bay where, besides receiving heavy discharges of industrial effluents, water circulation is restricted. At the north end of the bay where the area is shallow, and some industrial discharges are present, water quality data indicated that the area was stressed. Little effect of industrial impact has been noted around the Cotegipe channel, a deep area where the water circulation pattern is heavy and the water well mixed.
Validation of this survey has been achieved by the simple method of investigating benthic activity in the area. Quadrat counts of active benthic galleries were used as an index of community activity for comparative analysis between sampling stations and for discriminating between polluted and unpolluted sites. This research has shown that the quadrat counts of active benthic galleries, at least in areas of comparable homogeneous substrate, can be used as a viable index of environmental impact, when interpreted together with other source of data, such as early-life-stage tests. This new approach proved to be effective and led to the recommendation of remedial policies in the area.
Biomonitoring of heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds in a pulp mill effluent using introduced mussels
Authors: Furley T.H. , de Oliveira Filho A.C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A bleached kraft pulp mill discharges a vast array of substances and special attention should be given to heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds. They can persist in nature for a long period of time, are toxic to the wildlife community in certain concentrations, and can be incorporated into the food chain. The aim of this work is to monitor the quality of a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent using filter-feeding molluscs. Transplanted mussels were collected seasonally and analyzed for copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, manganese, iron, dioxins, furans and pentachlorophenol. All of the concentrations in mussels were low even when the mill operated different process types and production, and also during maintenance shut-downs.
The disappearing fish: an understanding of sustainability among estuarine fishermen communities of Bragança, Pa
Authors: de Barros H.M. , Eskinazi-Leça E. , Paranaguá M.N. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A better understanding of the actual demands of local people with respect to the use of natural resources is one of the best practices to improve management and conservation action. As part of a broader long-term study, this paper is aimed at understanding the rationale underlying the relationship between estuarine communities and their adjacent environment. The conceptual framework addresses key aspects of the Amazonian and the estuarine reality which are: (i) the degree of inter-dependence between local activities and natural resources; (ii) the way local people understand the territorial and biological limitations of the natural environment; and (iii) their ability to deal with conservation issues.
Effects of copper addition to laboratory maintained microcosms of Presidente Calles Reservoir organisms (Aguascalientes, Mexico)
Authors: Rico-Martínez Roberto , Pérez-Legaspi Ignacio A. , Quintero-Díaz Gustavo E. , Rodríguez-Martínez Miriam G. , Hernández-Rodríguez Miguel A. , Zaragoza-Almaraz Juan E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We studied the effects of five different concentrations of copper (0.05, 0.20, 0.45, and of 0.05 added continuously up to 0.45 mg l-1) in 30 l aquaria containing water and organisms from Presidente Calles reservoir, the biggest reservoir in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Large reductions in zooplankton density, species diversity and total chlorophyll were found when we compared the different treatments against controls. Initial addition of a greater amount of copper has a more adverse effect than constant additions of small amounts of copper as suggested by smaller reductions in zooplankton density and chlorophyll. This result agrees with the previous reports on the effects of other metals in different aquatic microcosms. The most dramatic effect of copper addition on zooplankton density was found three days after copper addition. Lethal effects on cladocerans, copepods, and rotifers were found at a concentration of 0.45 mg l-1. These results are important for regulatory agencies in Mexico as there are only a few studies about effects of toxicants on Mexican aquatic ecosystems.
Habitat interdependence in coral reef ecosystems: a case study in a Mexican Caribbean reef
Authors: Díaz-Ruiz S. , Aguirre-León A. , Arias-González J.E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The structural patterns and trophodynamics of the different fish species in the reef complex of Palancar-Chunchakaab, located in the South of Cozumel Island, Mexican Caribbean, were studied. A total of 166 species were identified for the whole reef complex. The analysis of 19,636 recorded and 2291 fish collected allowed the populations to be characterized in terms of diversity, distribution, abundance, dominant species and habitat-fish interactions. Using these parameters, three well defined reef-fish communities were described in relation to three zones: (1) Thalassia zone (THZ), (2) Lagoon (LA) and (3) Shelf-Edge Reef (SER). These communities included 64 species (39% of the total number) that were restricted to a single zone,. The remaining 61% consisted of migratory species that interacted between the defined zones (interdependence of habitat): (1) THZ–LA, (2) THZ–LA–SER, and (3) LA–SER. Diversity was highest in the rainy season in SER (H′ n = 3.3). Analysis of distribution and frequency of 42 of the recorded species revealed that for 25%, life cycle and THZ–SER were closely related. The remaining 75% were more associated with SER or THZ and they used these habitats for feeding, breeding and/or protection. In THZ, &gt; 70% of the total number of species were juveniles; in LA, 40% were preadults–adults; and in SER 80% were adults. The obvious interdependence between habitats suggested a distinct use of the resources by means of migration patterns. By decreasing the order of importance, the major diet types can be ranked as follows: (1) type I carnivores, mainly active by day, preying on small organisms such as crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks, echinoderms; (2) type II carnivores, nocturnal species consuming larger crustaceans and fish; (3) strict piscivores species; (4) herbivores species; (5) planktivores species; (6) omnivores species; and (7) sessile invertebrate browsers. With the exception of SER, 14%–44% of the type II invertebrate feeders were restricted to the three defined habitats. Of the migratory species, the large invertebrate feeders were the dominant group (21%–41%). The present study suggests that the variation of species diversity patterns and trophic structure are associated with sequential habitat use according to the life cycle. This type of study allowed us to compare the diversity and trophic community of reef fish of the same system and to recognize the energetic interdependence that exists between the habitats.
Fish farming in lakes and acceptable total phosphorus loads: Calibrations, simulations and predictions using the LEEDS model in Lake Southern Bullaren, Sweden
Authors: Håkanson L. , Carlsson L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis work presents a dynamic model, Lake Eutrophication, Effect-Dose-Sensitivity (LEEDS), designed to predict how large a fish farm a lake could sustain without incurring eutrophication problems. Since the model included various time-dependent phosphorus cycling processes, the second goal was to estimate the relative importance of those processes. We studied the dimictic and mesotrophic Lake Southern Bullaren, Sweden for several reasons. The lake had a fish farm which produced between 70 and 500 tons of rainbow trout per year from 1980 to 1992 (the permit was for a maximum of 70 tons y−1). Rather severe blooms of Cyanophyceae occurred twice during the last six years of production.Based on comprehensive water chemistry and biology data sets, the LEEDS model was calibrated at 14 specific points in order to yield reliable predictions for this lake. The dominating phosphorus loads were the fluxes from tributaries and the fish farm (assuming a production of 500 tons y−1), which accounted for about 70% and 25% of the total phosphorus load, respectively. The simulations suggested that about 50% of the annual deposition of phosphorus was resuspended, of which about 60% reached the productive surface waters. Further, the lake should have been able to sustain a fish farm producing about 500 tons of rainbow trout per year without sustaining marked ecosystem effects such as increased algal volume.LEEDS includes all major fluxes for evaluations of fish farm emissions in temperate lakes. The relative importance of the various processes vary from lake to lake. Among internal fluxes, the largest uncertainty lies in the rate of total phosphorus sedimentation. All other internal fluxes (resuspension, diffusion, etc.) depend on this rate. By identifying the major fluxes in a given lake, one could also identify the major uncertainties of model predictions of target variables, e.g., lake total phosphorus concentration and maximum algal volume. A future improvement of this model would be the development of a general, validated sub-model for the rate of total phosphorus sedimentation as well as the development of a generic sub-model for the distribution coefficient (Kd), which regulates the amount of phosphorus in dissolved and suspended phases and hence the rate of phosphorus sedimentation.
Application of an index of biotic integrity for dunal, palustrine wetlands: emphasis on assessment of nonpoint source landfill effects on the Grand Calumet Lagoons
Authors: Simon T.P. , Stewart P.M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUsing a newly modified index of biotic integrity for assessing biological integrity of fish communities in dunal, palustrine wetlands, we assessed the non-point source influence of an industrial landfill on the Grand Calumet Lagoons. The landfill is primarily an iron and steel manufacturer’s slag waste. No sensitive species, hybrids, headwater species, and either few or no simple lithophilic spawning species were collected from any of the sites in the Grand Calumet Lagoons. Species catch-per-unit of effort varied significantly between reaches in the Middle Lagoon and the West Lagoon. The most disturbed areas were adjacent to the industrial landfill and along the southern shore near the outflow from the West Lagoon. Near- and far-field stations possessed similar numbers of species and relative abundance. The near-field stations showed an increase in tolerant species, a higher proportion of omnivores and carnivores, and a lower environmental quality rating of ‘poor–very poor’. The far-field sites were classified as having ‘fair’ biological integrity and showed an increase in relative abundance, proportion of sensitive species, and an increase in simple lithophils. The loss of biological integrity in the West Pond was not accurately predicted using the modified index of biotic integrity, even though it was rated as extremely degraded by the biological diversity indices. Fish communities were negatively impacted by proximity to the landfill.
Taller Chapala: an integrated academic approach to sustainable development
Authors: Ortega-Villaseñor Diana 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We live in a time of simultaneous crises on different fronts and of upheaval and vertiginous changes without precedent in history. The paradigms that supported our vision of the world and our activities until a few years ago no longer work. Within this convulsive framework our academic experience is placed. Everything is in the process of transformation—including ourselves—thus, we have chosen to follow it with profound reflection.
It is not surprising to us why dehumanization and destruction of the natural environment are the key issues everywhere. The main cause of the crisis has to do with our fragmented approach to perceiving reality, that conceives ourselves as separated from the flow of life, which pervades what we do and how we deal with problems and the proposals to solve them.
In producing human settlements, we have ignored social, cultural and natural dimensions. Similarly, we have considered ourselves aside from the rationality that rules natural processes without admitting that human life is inextricably related to them.
Taller Chapala is an interdisciplinary project that seeks to propose, in the long run, strategies for designing and implementing a regional model of social sustainable development for Lake Chapala's local basin. It joins together the academic efforts of faculty and students of two universities: the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente and the University of Guadalajara. Since the studies we have undertaken respond either to real problems or demands formulated to the academic team by social groups or government agencies, Taller Chapala integrates in a unique process, teaching, research and interaction with social players and institutions.
Phytotoxicity assessment of Lake Orta sediments
Authors: Beltrami M. , Rossi D. , Baudo R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Seed germination and root elongation tests, as a common germination index, were used to evaluate contamination of liquid and solid phases of sediments of Lake Orta (Italy). Protocols for these tests were developed after a literature survey and an investigation of the proper conditions for the germination of commercially available seeds of Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Lepidium sativum (watercress). The three plant species responded differently to three types of samples, overlying water, pore water and whole sediment. The most toxic responses occurred in tests on solid samples, where the germination indices were statistically significantly decreased.
Results from tests on sediment, pore water and overlying water indicated that liming treatment has reduced pollutant loading and has improved conditions at the water-sediment interface. However, even though superficial layers of sediments were usually less toxic than those deposited in pre-liming periods, the germination indices of both Cucumis sativus and Lepidium sativum were inhibited by the sediment material of the North Basin. Since only a few centimetres of less polluted sediments cover a large stock of toxicants, resuspension, backdiffusion and/or bioturbation by oligochaetes (burrowing into sediments to a depth of 10 cm) may return some toxicants to the water column. The results obtained with this technique proved to be easy and inexpensive.
Use of power analysis to develop detectable significance criteria for sea urchin toxicity tests
Authors: Carr R.S. , Biedenbach J.M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
When sufficient data are available, the statistical power of a test can be determined using power analysis procedures. The term “detectable significance” has been coined to refer to this criterion based on power analysis and past performance of a test. This power analysis procedure has been performed with sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development data from sediment porewater toxicity tests. Data from 3100 and 2295 tests for the fertilization and embryological development tests, respectively, were used to calculate the criteria and regression equations describing the power curves. Using Dunnett's test, a minimum significant difference (MSD) (β = 0.05) of 15.5% and 19% for the fertilization test, and 16.4% and 20.6% for the embryological development test, for α ≤ 0.05 and α ≤ 0.01, respectively, were determined. The use of this second criterion reduces type I (false positive) errors and helps to establish a critical level of difference based on the past performance of the test.
An integrated approach to sediment quality assessment: the Venetian lagoon as a case study
Authors: Volpi Ghirardini A. , Birkemeyer T. , Novelli A. Arizzi , Delaney E. , Pavoni B. , Ghetti P.F. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Recent research trends in sediment quality assessment have demonstrated the need for an integrated approach which combines chemical characterisation with biological effects evaluation, both in the laboratory (toxicity bioassays) and in situ (macrobenthic community structure investigations). The Sediment Quality Triad organises these three aspects of sediment quality assessment in a single approach, where each component is complementary to the others. Considering the lack of previous studies, this preliminary work aimed to verify the potential of an integrated approach in a complex ecosystem, the Venetian lagoon. Five sampling stations along a presumed quality gradient were chosen. The chemical analyses of heavy metals and organic pollutants have been compared with the results of the toxicity bioassays (Microtox® solid phase, saline extracts and pore water, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus sperm cell bioassay performed with saline extracts) and with the characterisation of the infaunal community structure. The results of this first application pointed out the complementarity of the three approaches and the ability of the integrated approach in discriminating different levels of environmental stress. Nevertheless, deeper investigations both on the response of the macrobenthic community to natural variability and on the environmental toxicity of several sulphur compounds (i.e. elemental sulphur) will be necessary.
Inhibition of type 1 diabetes in filaria‐infected non‐obese diabetic mice is associated with a T helper type 2 shift and induction of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Hübner Marc P. , Thomas Stocker J. , Mitre Edward 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe sought to determine whether Litomosoides sigmodontis, a filarial infection of rodents, protects against type 1 diabetes in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Six‐week‐old NOD mice were sham‐infected or infected with either L3 larvae, adult male worms, or adult female worms. Whereas 82% of uninfected NOD mice developed diabetes by 25 weeks of age, no L. sigmodontis‐infected mice developed disease. Although all mice had evidence of ongoing islet cell inflammation by histology, L. sigmodontis‐infected mice had greater numbers of total islets and non‐infiltrated islets than control mice. Protection against diabetes was associated with a T helper type 2 (Th2) shift, as interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐5 release from α‐CD3/α‐CD28‐stimulated splenocytes was greater in L. sigmodontis‐infected mice than in uninfected mice. Increased circulating levels of insulin‐specific immunoglobulin G1, showed that this Th2 shift occurs in response to one of the main autoantigens in diabetes. Multicolour flow cytometry studies demonstrated that protection against diabetes in L. sigmodontis‐infected NOD mice was associated with significantly increased numbers of splenic CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Interestingly, injection of crude worm antigen into NOD mice also resulted in protection against type 1 diabetes, though to a lesser degree than infection with live L. sigmodontis worms. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that filarial worms can protect against the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. This protection is associated with a Th2 shift, as demonstrated by cytokine and antibody production, and with an increase in CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells.
HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON SPEAKERS‘ MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF NOUN DECLENSIONS
Authors: Wheeler Cathy J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThere is a type of analogical change called ending transfer, the analogical extension of an ending from one noun declension to another within a language. There are two types of ending transfer: one is the transfer of a case ending only, the other is the transfer of an apparent stem formative along with the case ending. Evidence of various kinds suggests that both types are actually transfers of case endings only. Thus, ending transfer evidence reveals whether or not speakers have posited a stem formative morpheme in certain declensions. Inferences can be drawn from this information about what kinds of language data determine speakers' morphological analyses. The findings are that speakers are influenced by declension‐internal data only, namely, the degree to which phonetic material following the root recurs in the case/number forms of the declension, and the number of alternants a hypothetical stem formative has within the declension. Declension external data such as case endings from other declensions and facts about word formation play no role. These findings provide additional support for a hypothesis drawn from other research that one factor influencing morpheme abstraction is recurrence of phonetic material in similar words, whether or not such material has a clearly assignable meaning.In this paper, some evidence will be presented from language change data on how speakers abstract and segment stem formatives and case endings in noun declensions, and on what aspects of language data such analyses are based. This study is intended both to contribute to our knowledge about psychologically real morphological analyses of inflected nouns, and to furnish evidence that is useful in developing a theory of psychologically real morphology.The first section consists of a presentation of the possibilities which speakers theoretically have for segmenting noun declensions into morphemes. The following section is a set of arguments that a certain type of analogical change which I call ending transfer provides evidence on how speakers have segmented inflected forms of nouns. The final two sections of this paper present conclusions about what aspects of language data contribute to speakers' morphological analyses of noun declensions, and relate these conclusions to other research on morphology, to the theory of generative phonology, and to a new theory of morphology.
Environmental innocuousness of the activation of a microbial consortium from creosote-contaminated soil in a slurry bioreactor
Authors: D’Amours Dominic , Samson Réjean , Deschênes Louise 
Published: November 2008

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the environmental innocuousness of an inoculum production (soil activation) to be used in the bioaugmentation of creosote-contaminated soils. The activation was carried out through multiple creosote addition. The increased biodegradation and mineralisation rates of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate that the metabolic capabilities of the microbial consortium were enhanced during activation. The PAH mass balance shows a removal of 96.4%. Biodegradation contributed to the removal of the 3-ring (37%–67%), 4-ring (50%–73%), and 5&6-ring (1%–53%) PAHs. Abiotic losses were significant in 2 and 3-ring PAHs. An increase in phenanthrene degraders from 2.1 × 105 to 1.0 × 108 CFU mL–1 was observed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses indicate the occurrence of a selection of microbial strains, but biodiversity is probably unaffected by creosote addition. Results suggest that soil activation may have the potential to ensure the environmental safety of the bioaugmentation of creosote-contaminated soil.