bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the biodiversity consequences of habitat change: the value of secondary and plantation forests for neotropical dung beetles
Authors: Gardner Toby A. , Hernández Malva I.M. , Barlow Jos , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySecondary and plantation forests are becoming increasingly widespread in the tropics. A recent meta‐analysis on the impacts of land‐use change on tropical forest dung beetles concluded that regenerating forests can be effective in helping to offset species loss following deforestation. However, our understanding of the extent to which these results can be generalized to new locations remains very poor.We attempted to overcome many of the design limitations that characterize previous studies by collecting spatially independent dung beetle samples from primary, secondary andEucalyptusplantation forests in north‐east Brazilian Amazonia across a large quasi‐experimental landscape that minimized confounding edge and fragmentation effects.We recorded 9203 dung beetles, comprising 85 species. Species richness was significantly higher in primary forest and the majority of species were more abundant there than elsewhere, whereas secondary and plantation sites harboured an impoverished subset of primary forest species.Our data illustrate the low value of tropical secondary and plantation forests for dung beetles in our study area, and our conclusions are more pessimistic than those of earlier studies.Because of differences in the order of species rank‐abundance and rank‐biomass patterns, re‐coding community data from abundance to biomass significantly altered the analytical weight of individual species in determining community patterns. Larger bodied beetles were more prone to local extinctions and abundance declines and this effect was consistent both within and between genera.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that secondary and plantation forests in a large neotropical landscape host exceptionally impoverished dung beetle communities. Furthermore, the depletion of beetle abundance combined with a reduction in average body mass in converted forests is likely to have detrimental consequences for the maintenance of dung beetle‐mediated ecosystem services in these habitats. Differences in biogeographical and landscape context, and the influence of common limitations in sampling design, may explain why many other studies have painted a more optimistic picture of the conservation value of anthropogenic habitats. In the absence of further evidence we caution strongly against the claim that forest regeneration schemes on degraded land can effectively offset the loss of species following deforestation, and urge that conservation strategies prioritize the protection of remaining areas of primary forest.
THE MODIFIED HOTIS TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONTAGIOUS BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: MCLEOD D. H. , WATTS P. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe modified Hotis test is of great value in reducing the amount of labour and material required for the large‐scale diagnosis of contagious bovine mastitis. It yields a higher number of positives than is obtained by plating non‐incubated samples, and it is probably more accurate than the simple enrichment technique, for in this technique the results obtained are open to doubt owing to the ease by which contamination from teats or hands can occur.The use of sodium azide as a means of combating accidental contamination of milk samples cannot be recommended since azide‐sensitive strains of the organism were encountered.
MALTY TAINT IN MILK
Authors: DAVIS J. G. , JONES V. E. , WILBY F. W. , GRANFIELD M. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe organism producing a malty taint in milk closely resembles S. lactis. It enters the milk from outside sources and is in some instances also present within the cow's udder. An outbreak of malty milk was effectively controlled by rigorous attention to hygiene, including chlorination of milkers' hands, cows' udders, and all milking utensils, combined with efficient cooling at the farm to delay the development of malty flavour. Pasteurisation kills the organisms and early treatment prevents the appearance of the taint in the processed milk.
THE INFLUENCE OF STERILITY OF FARM DAIRY EQUIPMENT ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW AND LABORATORY PASTEURIZED MILK
Authors: Clegg L. F. L. , Wohlgemuth J. L. , Crossley E. L. , Andrews L. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A series of experiments was carried out to ascertain which test or combination of tesrs in common use would provide the best indication of thc keeping quality, methods of production, and adequacy of cooling of milk.Monthly tests were made of milk as produced by two groups of farms (“good” and “poor”) in two widely separated areas. The good farms practised twice daily. sterilisation and efficient cooling; thc poor farms practised neither.The tests examined were: (1) colony count (4 days at 30°C.) on fresh (4 hr.) and aged (22 hr. at 18°C.) raw milk, and (in laboratory pasteurized fresh and aged milk; (b) clot‐on‐boiling (storage a t 18°C.); (c) resazurin to complete reduction at 37°C. on fresh raw and aged raw milk: (d) methylene blue reduction time at 18°C. on laboratory pasteurized fresh and aged milk; (e) methylene blue reduction time at 37°C. on laboratory pasteurized fresh and aged milk.No single test gave complete differentiation between good and poor production mcthods; the colony count of laboratory pasteurized aged milk was the nearest approach. In general the thermoduric colony count increased very little in raw milk aged at 18°C. for 24 hr.: the inean increases after ageing mere only 8.4% and 10.O% in the two areas.In all, 36 combinations of tests were considered, althouglh it has not been possible to present in either graphical or tabular form those combinations which showed promise; this is done for what is considered the most suitable combination‐the tiiermoduric count of aged milk and the clot‐on‐boiling time.Visual evidence of poor production methods was frequently associated with poor keeping quality, but lack of evidence of poor production gave no guarantee of good keeping quality. The keeping quality test alone was not entirely reliable as an index of production methods.
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED TESTS FOR RAW MILK SUPPLIES II. THE METHYLENE BLUE TEST
Authors: Clegg L. F. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. To determine whether a time‐temperature compensation scale can be applied to the methylene blue test samples of fresh raw milk from nearby farms and local creameries were examined at regular intervals throughout a twelve‐month period. Each sample was divided into seven sub‐samples which were stored for approximately 24 hr. in water baths controlled at 37.5°, 42.5°, 47.5°, 52.5°, 57.5°, 62.5° and 67.5° F.; decolourisation of methylene blue at 37°C. was observed at regular intervals.Average times of reduction of methylene blue following storage at different temperatures are given saparetely for the various keeping quality groups (time to endpoint with clot‐on‐boiling at 15.5°C.). The mean times for samples of all keeping quality groups to reduce methylene blue at all pre‐test storage temperatures are found to lie on a straight line.
BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTING OF ICE‐CREAM IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: PATTON J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Solid carbon dioxide is recommended as a refrigerant for samples of ice‐cream while en route to the laboratory in insulated boxes. Ice‐cream mix should be heated to a temperature of 165° F. for a minimum of 10 min. The gravimetric sampling method appeared to be more accurate than the volumetric method in the routine bacteriological examination of ice‐cream. During ageing of pasteurized icecream mix at 34–37° F. the bacterial content decreased, but as the results were obtained on the product of one manufacturer only, further work is needed on this point. The methylene blue reduction time was sometimes unduly short in view of the bacterial content and it is suggested that this test should be used only for screening purposes and that the colony count and coli‐aerogenes tests are still the best measures of the hygienic quality of ice‐cream.
THERMODURIC ORGANISMS IN MILK. PART II. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON TESTING TECHNIQUES
Authors: CLEGG L. F. L. , EGDELL J. W. , THOMAS S. B. , McKENZIE D. A. , CUTHBERT W. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:To define a suitable technique for estimating thermoduric bacteria in raw milk supplies, experiments were made to determine whether any difference could be detected between colony counts after laboratory pasteurization at 145 or 150° F. (62.8 or 65.5°) and whether colony counts are affected by temperature and period of storage of samples before laboratory pasteurization. Temperatures above 63.5±0.5° occasionally gave underestimates of the thermoduric population. Within limits time and temperature of storage generally had no effect on numbers of thermoduric bacteria and samples to be examined for thermoduric content can be aged at temperatures between 4 and 20° and examined at any time up to 24–26 hr.It is recommended that the pasteurizing bath shall be capable, under working load, of heating the samples to 63.5° within 5 min. To ensure this with certain types of bath it may be necessary to circulate the water, or to avoid overloading.A limited study of types of thermoduric organisms predominating after different incubation periods and temperatures of storage revealed that the type initially predominant was generally present in greatest numbers after the milk had been aged for 24 hr. Occasionally Gram‐positive sporing rods overgrew other types and some micrococci were not favoured by storage at 20°.
SOME MICRO‐ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE ROTTED SURFACES OF WATERPROOFED SISAL ROPE
Authors: ALLAN RUTH E. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:After soil burial of sisal rope and baler twine treated with a water repellent, the aerobic microflora was examined. Ten fungi and 71 bacteria capable of growth on an inorganic basal medium with the water repellent as the sole source of organic carbon were isolated. Six of the fungi were penicillia. All the bacteria were rod shaped and all except five were Gram‐negative; they comprised members of the genera Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bacterium and Achromobacter, in decreasing numerical order.In studies of the interactions between the bacteria and the ten fungi on potato dextrose agar, bacteria actively suppressed fungal growth in only 9% of cases, the most readily inhibited fungus of the cultures studied thoroughly being a member of the genus Paecilomyces. Fungi completely overgrew the bacteria in 34% of cases, the most aggressive fungus being a Penicillium. In the remaining 57% of tests neither bacterium nor fungus was seriously affected by the other. The fungi did not suppress one another.The reduction in mean tensile strength of single fibres taken from waterproofed baler twine was not significantly different from that of fibres from untreated twine, after soil burial for 7 days at 30°.
ASPECTS OF STERILIZATION BY CANDLE FILTRATION
Authors: ROYCE A. , SYKES G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:With unglazed porcelain or diatomaceous earth candle filters the bubble‐pressure test proved a reliable index of efficiency. A minimum of about 17 lb./in.2 was necessary to ensure sterile filtrates over periods of 6–7 hr. Variations in wall thickness did not affect the ultimate efficiency of the filter, but only influenced the delay in passage of organisms. Some degradation of low bubble‐pressure filters resulted from repeated sterilization and use; high bubble‐pressure filters did not behave in this way.
A NOTE ON THE PREPARATION OF A PECTATE GEL MEDIUM
Authors: JONES G. ELIS 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The strength of calcium pectate gels depends on the relative amounts of calcium chloride and 1% (w./v.) sodium pectate solution used to produce them, as well as on the manner of mixing. The strength decreases when excess calcium chloride is used. A method of preparing a neutral firmly‐gelled medium is described.
TRACING INEFFICIENT PASTEURIZATION IN HOLDER PLANTS
Authors: LOMAX KATHLEEN L. , CLEGG L. F. L. 
Published: March 2008

Examination of a holder pasteurizing plant giving occasional apparently inexplicable phosphatase test failures proved that excessive froth on the surface of the milk during holding, resulting from an unsuitable type of pre‐heater, was causing the trouble. Uninsulated lids allowed considerable loss of heat from the froth. Other plants of the same make were examined and the same inherent faults found.Two other makes of holder plant with well insulated lids were also tested. There was a large air space under the lid in one plant in which phosphatase test failures occurred in the froth and surface milk, whereas the other plant, with no air space, gave no failures.One hundred bacterial cultures from two bulked froth samples from two plants were tested for heat resistance. A number of these, including a streptococcus, a sarcina, a micrococcus, and several Gram‐negative rods, were found to have heat resistance similar to that of tubercle bacilli.
ROUTINE RESAZURIN TEST RESULTS AND THERMODURIC BACTERIAL CONTENT OF MILK SAMPLES AS A MEASURE OF MILK PRODUCTION CONDITIONS
Authors: McKENZIE D. A. , DRUCE R. G. , LAMBERT JEAN 
Published: March 2008

The milk production conditions on 44 farms (18 designated and 26 non‐designated) have been assessed by score‐card marks for visual conditions, facilities, equipment, and methods. Over a period of one year fortnightly samples from these farms were subjected to routine resazurin tests and laboratory pasteurized counts. The results were compared with the total score‐card marks and the equipment assessments of the farms. It was found that neither test alone sufficed to detect unsatisfactory production, but failure on the two tests combined agreed well with the production conditions and facilities.The relation of season and mean shade atmospheric temperature to the thermoduric bacterial content of the milk was studied but no clear association was observed.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF COLI‐AEROGENES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FARM WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , JONES G. ELIS , FRANKLIN PATRICIA M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The methods suggested in the Report of the Coliform Sub‐Committee of the Society for Applied Bacteriology (Report, 1949) have been used in isolating and studying the coli‐aerogenes content of 142 samples of farm water supplies in two distinctive areas of Britain. The Gram‐negative cultures were grouped into typical, anaerogenic, non‐lactose‐fermenting and ‘unclassifiable’types, forming 54.2, 2.9, 10.9 and 32.0% of the 384 cultures respectively. Among the 261 coli‐aerogenes cultures, Bact. coli, intermediate and aerogenes‐cloacae organisms were found with frequencies of 32.2, 19.5 and 48.3% respectively. The majority of anaerogenic coli‐aerogenes organisms resembled Bact. coli type II while the predominant non‐lactose‐fermenters resembled Bact. cloacae and Bact. aerogenes type I. The reactions of 123 ‘unclassifiable'strains were such that very few could be regarded as Bact. coli types owing to the high incidence of gelatin liquefaction and growth in citrate broth.
COLI‐AEROGENES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM GRASS
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , McQUILLIN JOYCE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The numbers of coli‐aerogenes bacteria on ungrazed herbage and on intensively grazed pasture were determined by inoculation into MacConkey's broth incubated at 30°, 37° and 44°. From the cultures producing acid and gas at 30° organisms were isolated on eosin methylene blue agar and classified according to the recommendations of the Coliform Sub‐Committee. These micro‐organisms were abundant in grass from both habitats, and sometimes exceeded 107/g. The numbers were much lower at 37°, 80% of the samples of ungrazed herbage and 37% of those from grazed pasture containing less than 103/g.Bacterium coli, intermediate and aerogenes‐cloacae types were found with frequencies of 4, 19 and 77% respectively on ungrazed harbage, compared with 9, 17 and 73% on grazed pasture. Aerogenes‐cloacae types were dominant among the 37° positive cultures.A high proportion (53%) of the 249 classifiable cultures did not produce acid and gas in MacConkey's broth within 2 days at 37°. Anaerogenic and paracolon types at 30° were infrequent (5%) of ungrazed herbage, but constituted 18% of the classifiable cultures from grazed pasture. Unclassifiable cultures, mainly paracolons giving —–+ IMViC reactions and liquefying gelatin rapidly, were infrequent.There was no appreciable difference in the incidence of different types of coli‐aerogenes bacteria on flowering heads of grass examined during summer to that for the herbage samples examined throughout the year.Only 6 of the cultures picked from eosin methylene blue agar plates developed the golden‐yellow pigment on nutrient agar characteristic of the so‐called Bacterium herbicola, though lactose‐negative strains producing golden‐yellow or lemon‐yellow pigments were common in the epiphytic microflora of the herbage.
MICROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CARBOHYDRATE MEDIA: EFFECT OF AERATION ON pH VALUE AND ON OXIDATION AND ASSIMILATION
Authors: ALLEN L. A. , COOPER A. H. , ROSE J. NAOMI 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Chemical changes resulting from microbial growth in a simple medium containing glucose as the only source of carbon, and ammonia as the only source of nitrogen, depended not only upon the concentration of nutrient materials and the rate of supply of air, but on the shape and size of the container, the depth of liquid and the method of aeration. If, by the time all the glucose was destroyed, the pH value had not fallen below about 3.0, continued aeration resulted in a substantial rise in pH value, due to oxidation to carbon dioxide of organic acids formed in the earlier stages.Initial growth in a simple medium was suppressed not only by aeration of a pure culture with a current of CO2‐free air, but also by violent aeration of a mixed culture with air with a normal content of carbon dioxide.Changes occurring in a complex organic medium, a sterile extract of red beet, were similar in character to those observed in the simple medium, but were much less affected by irregularities in growth.
THE EFFECT OF FLAMING OF TAPS BEFORE SAMPLING ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF FARM WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , SCARLETT C. A. , CUTHBERT W. A. , CLEGG L. F. L. , OXLEY C. D. , WESTWATER C. H. , BARKWORTH H. , EGDELL J. W. , HOBSON PHYLLIS M. , JONES G. ELIS , NICHOLS AGNES A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The flaming of taps before sampling caused no significant differences in the most probable numbers of coli‐aerogenes organisms or Bact. coli in water samples, or in the colony counts at 37 or 22°, though there was a tendency for the bacterial content to be lowered.
THERMODURIC ORGANISMS IN MILK. PART IV. COLONY COUNTS OF THERMODURIC ORGANISMS OBTAINED WITH DIFFERENT INCUBATION TIMES AT 30°
Authors: CUTHBERT W. A. , THOMAS S. B. , EGDELL J. W. , NICHOLS AGNES A. , COX C. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Statistical analysis of the results from four laboratories, on the effect of incubation time at 30° on the number of colonies from laboratory pasteurized milk, showed a marked increase between the second and third day, but little subsequent increase. Incubation of Petri plate cultures for 3 days at 30° was sufficiently accurate for routine purposes. In about 70% of cases the 3 day colony count exceeded 95% of the count obtained after 5 days and most samples gave values exceeding 85% of this.The same types of colonies formed within 2 days at 30° as developed subsequently.The mean shelf temperatures did not depart materially from 30° in three incubators. The general level of temperatures was much higher in the fourth incubator, where on one occasion 33° was recorded, and this may have been the reason for non‐significant differences between colony counts at the four incubation times in that case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF AN AUTO‐RECORDER MILKING MACHINE
Authors: CUTHBERT W. A. , BIRD ELIZABETH R. , BATESON MARGARET 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A cleansing routine using chemical sterilization by sodium hypochlorite solution, periodic steaming and fortnightly dismantling was adopted for a 2‐point auto‐recorder milking machine. Milk of good keeping quality was consistently produced when the plant was steamed twice weekly and hypochlorite was used in both the morning and evening cleansing. The consistency and thoroughness of the cleansing methods used and of their application by the dairy workers were considered important factors in the success obtained.
COLI‐AEROGENES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM EARS AND PANICLES OF CEREAL CROPS
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , HOBSON PHYLLIS M. , ELSON K. , PRICE‐ROBERTS GLENYS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Aerogenes‐cloacae and Intermediate types of coli‐aerogenes bacteria were found to be normal inhabitants of ears and panicles of growing cereals. Coli‐aerogenes bacteria, producing acid and gas in MacConkey's broth within 5 days at 30°, were isolated from 73% of the 148 samples, the number being as high as 105/g in a third. The number of organisms increased during the growing season.Less than a third of the samples contained 37° positive strains, but approximately 10% were positive in 10‐3g or less at this temperature.A high proportion (71.1%) of the 180 classifiable cultures did not produce acid and gas in MacConkey's broth in 2 days at 37°. Organisms of the aerogenes‐cloacae types were dominant, constituting 80.6% of the classifiable strains at 30° and 80.8% of the 37° positive strains. Intermediate type I, particularly 37° negative and gelatin liquefying variants, was the next most common type.
STUDIES OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE BACTERIUM COLI TYPE I CONTENT OF FARM WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , CLEGG L. F. L. , CUTHBERT W. A. , OXLEY C. D. , SCARLETT C. A. , WESTWATER C. H. , JONES G. ELIS , McCLEMONT J. , MORRIS C. S. , NICHOLS AGNES A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A – comparison of the suitability of brilliant green bile broth and MacConkey's broth at 44° for the detection of Bacterium coli type I in farm water supplies, showed that 83.1% of the samples had no difference in the number of positive tubes at 44°, and only 5 samples (1.7%) had a significantly higher number of positive tubes in MacConkey's broth.Of 707 strains of coli‐aerogenes bacteria isolated from 44° positive tubes of both media, 94.5% were Bact. coli type I. Strains of Bact. coli type II and Bact. aerogenes type I which were 44° positive constituted 3.7% and 0.4% respectively, all of which were indole negative at 44°. In addition there were 10 strains (1.4%) of 44° positive Intermediate type II, 9 of which were indole positive at 44°.An appreciable number (6.6%) of Bact. coli type I strains failed to give a positive indole reaction in 24 hr at 44°.