bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the motivational orientation of students in higher education: A naturalistic study in three Hong Kong universities
Authors: Kember David. , Hong Celina. , Ho Amber. 
Published: June 2007

Background. Consideration of motivation in higher education has often been drawn upon theories and research that were based upon school or workplace studies.Aims. This paper reports an open naturalistic study to better characterize the motivational orientation of students in higher education.Method. Open semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with 36 students from three universities in Hong Kong. The analysis used an exploratory grounded theory approach.Results. Motivation was characterized as a framework with six continua with positive and negative poles. On enrolment, students had positions on the six facets of motivation, which shifted as they progressed through their degree, according to perceptions of their teaching and learning environment. The positive poles of the six continua were given labels: compliance, individual goal setting, interest, career, sense of belonging and university lifestyle.Conclusion. The formulation of motivational orientation is consistent with contemporary social cognitive theories of motivation in that it has been characterized as a multifaceted phenomenon, with students expressing context‐dependent multiple motives.
Early Intervention and Recovery Among Children With Failure to Thrive: Follow-up at Age 8
Authors: Black Maureen M. , Dubowitz Howard , Krishnakumar Ambika , Starr Raymond H. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES. We sought to examine the impact of a randomized, controlled trial of home visiting among infants with failure to thrive on growth, academic/cognitive performance, and home/classroom behavior at age 8.METHODS. Infants with failure to thrive (N = 130) or adequate growth (N = 119) were recruited from pediatric primary care clinics serving low-income, urban communities. Eligibility criteria included age &lt;25 months, gestational age &gt;36 weeks, birth weight &gt;2500 g, and no significant medical conditions. Evaluation included anthropometries, Bayley scales, maternal anthropometries, demographics, negative affect, IQ, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scale. Infants with failure to thrive were treated in an interdisciplinary growth and nutrition clinic and randomized into clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention or clinical-care-only groups. The home-visiting curriculum promoted maternal sensitivity, parent-infant relationships, and child development. Follow-up visits were conducted by evaluators who were unaware of the children's growth or intervention history. At age 8, the evaluation included anthropometries, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, and the Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised. Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and teachers completed the Teacher Report Form.ANALYSIS. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to examine differences in growth, cognitive/academic performance, and home/school behavior, adjusted by maternal education, public assistance, and, when appropriate, infant Bayley score, maternal BMI, height, negative affect, IQ, and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scores.RESULTS. Retention was 74% to 78%. Children in the adequate-growth group were significantly taller, heavier, and had better arithmetic scores than the clinical-intervention-only group, with the clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention group intermediate. There were no group differences in IQ, reading, or mother-reported behavior problems. Children in the clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention group had fewer teacher-reported internalizing problems and better work habits than the clinical-intervention-only group.CONCLUSIONS. Early failure to thrive increased children's vulnerability to short stature, poor arithmetic performance, and poor work habits. Home visiting attenuated some of the negative effects of early failure to thrive, possibly by promoting maternal sensitivity and helping children build strong work habits that enabled them to benefit from school. Findings provide evidence for early intervention programs for vulnerable infants.
Characterization of protection against systemic infection and disease from experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 infection by use of a modified-live noncytopathic type 1 vaccine in calves
Authors: Kelling Clayton L. , Hunsaker Breck D. , Steffen David J. , Topliff Christina L. , Eskridge Kent M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate protection resulting from use of a modified-live noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine against systemic infection and clinical disease in calves challenged with type 2 BVDV.
Animals—10 calves, 5 to 7 months of age.
Procedures—Calves were allocated (n = 5/group) to be nonvaccinated or vaccinated SC on day 0 with BVDV 1 (WRL strain). Calves in both groups were challenged intranasally with BVDV type 2 isolate 890 on day 21. Rectal temperatures and clinical signs of disease were recorded daily, and total and differential WBC and platelet counts were performed. Histologic examinations and immunohistochemical analyses to detect lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively, were performed.
Results—After challenge exposure to BVDV type 2, nonvaccinated calves developed high rectal temperatures, increased respiratory rates, viremia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and infection of the thymus. Vaccinated calves did not develop high rectal temperatures or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Vaccinated calves appeared to be protected against systemic replication of virus in that they did not develop leukopenia, lymphopenia, viremia, or infection of target organs, and infectious virus was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or the thymus.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The modified-live BVDV type 1 vaccine protected against systemic infection and disease after experimental challenge exposure with BVDV type 2. The vaccine protected calves against infection and viremia and prevented infection of target lymphoid cells.
Matrix realization of dual quaternionic electromagnetism
Authors: Demir Süleyman 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a new representational model based on dual quaternionic matrices is proposed for classical electromagnetism. After demonstrating the isomorphic matrix representations of dual quaternions, Maxwell’s equations and the constitutive relations for electromagnetism are expressed in terms of dual quaternionic matrices. For this purpose, new 8 × 8 matrices connected with quaternion basis elements have been introduced.
Automated literature alerting system
Authors: Brannon Pam Barney , Burnham Donald F. , James Richard M. , Bertram Lee Ann 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Automated Literature Alerting System (ALAS) was developed at Eli Lilly and Company and implemented in January 1967 as a successor to the Chemical Titles tape program. The magnetic tapes received weekly from the Institute for Scientific Information contain title information from about 1800 journals which produce an average of 5600 article titles per week. However, during processing, about 600 non‐pertinent journals are deleted.The program began with an initial group of 58 CT subscribers, and new users are continually being added. Each user has been receiving from 0 to 400 citation cards per week, depending upon his profile of key words. The median is about 70 to 80.The system consists of eleven programs for profile and key word generation and maintenance, indexing, searching, and printing, and uses an average of 3.2 hours of machine time a week on an IBM S/360 F30. With 82 users currently in the system, this amounts to about 2.3 minutes of computer time per user per week. Searching is based on a key word system which allows the use of words, authors, prefixes, and suffixes, and employs AND, OR, and NOT logic.
A study of indexer consistency
Authors: Hurwitz Frances I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study attempts to compare the indexing terms assigned by two different indexers to the same documents, as well as those assigned by the same indexer to the same documents at different points in time. The indexing system under study is a coordinate system using a subject heading list to index monographs on a chapter by chapter basis. A controlled list of subheadings is used in conjunction with the main list. In studying self‐consistency, chapters of certain monographs were selected for re‐indexing by the same indexer four to six months after the entire book originally was handled. Inter‐indexer consistency is determined by re‐indexing chapters of a book completed by another indexer with similar subject background and indexing experience. Degree of consistency is determined by totalling the number of identical terms assigned to a document at each indexing, as compared to the total number of terms assigned to that document.
Computerized numeric proofreading for a linofilm phototypesetter
Authors: Taylor Leonard B. , Johnson Gerald G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA specific application of computerized numeric proofreading applied to the third edition of Crystal Data is discussed. The four phases of the program are covered, along with results and conclusions. The study concludes that the merging of the character processing ability of computers and automatic typesetters will result in increased reliability and accuracy of technical publications.
Managerial cost accounting for a technical information center
Authors: Helmkamp John G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTechnical information centers have been established in recent years to cope with the “information explosion” problem which confronts the scientific community. These operations are highly analogous to a typical manufacturing firm with functions such as purchasing, production, service, finance, administration, and distribution.Management of a center encounters cost information requirements similar to those found in other enterprises for planning, control, and decision‐making purposes. Yet, research indicates that few tangible cost‐accounting applications have been attempted in information centers.The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a technical information center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically‐sound managerial cost‐accounting system can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of a technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by other enterprises. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for a three‐month period to test this hypothesis. The results of the study indicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for a technical information center. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to measure the operating performance of the center's production process. A summary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented in this paper.
Vocabulary building and control techniques
Authors: Wall Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information center of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary. Basic vocabulary principles are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality to new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross‐referencing, and (4) formatting for easy use. Terminological conventions necessary for development and control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for applying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described. Computerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth.
Use of an on‐line, video‐display computer system in medical research
Authors: Worley William E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough batch processing may be adequate for some computer applications such as the preparation of scheduled reports, an on‐line computer system is needed to enable the research physician or medical scientist to readily interrogate, edit, and reorganize his data. In such a computer system, the man‐machine interface may best be provided by an input‐output device such as a teletypewriter or video‐display terminal.
A benchmark calculation for retrieval by confluence of binary attributes in a random‐access computer
Authors: Manacher Glenn K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is imagined that items are stored in a random‐access memory along with binary‐valued attributes. The problem of looking up all items having at least a particular subset of attributes is attacked by representing the attributes in a bit vector, then “or‐merging” bit vectors pairwise into a binary tree. The efficiency of this method increases with the size of the lookup subset. However, the increase is disappointingly slow, and the overall efficiency is about equal to that associated with a conventional inverted file.
Stability in the growth of knowledge
Authors: Kochen Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMerely more documents, more specialties, and more people who use or add to growing knowledge do not constitute an explosive situation: what is critical is whether or not the growth remains stable in the sense that cumulated knowledge relates to real life. Two developments which can be anticipated during the next few decades are computer‐aided bibliographic control and computer aids to individual decision‐making. The first will give us greater options for tracing and detecting aggregations of bibliographic items which “belong together” through a network of interrelated (e.g., biographic and bibliographic) elements. The second will enrich our capabilities for posing and solving real‐life problems. Underlying the development of technologies and their use in well‐engineered information systems such as these two is an emerging new scholarly discipline. This paper outlines some of the concepts, methods, and problems in this field. Priority is given to evaluation and synthesis above access. The main idea behind the proposed logical structuring of this field is that the “growing literature” organizes knowledge analogously to the way a learner, by creating models of his relevant environment, is able to take increasingly effective actions.
Computer selection of keywords using word‐frequency analysis
Authors: Carroll John M. , Roeloffs Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA statistically based method for automatically identifying keywords in machine‐readable text has been developed which produces keyword lists that agree better with composite lists produced by panels of human indexers than do lists produced by five statistical criteria previously suggested, and also better than lists produced by most of the individual panel members. The method makes use of both the in‐document word‐occurrence frequency and the in‐corpus relative occurrence frequency as measures of word importance. Each statistical criterion was compared with the performance of human indexers by the use of rank correlation statistics. The simple word count was found to be superior to the other four previously suggested criteria—all of which made use of the in‐corpus relative occurrence frequency. The tests were conducted over 19 documents dealing with the subject of Information Science, a total of over 66,000 word occurrences. Seventeen indexers representing eight different information centers participated in experiments.
A general method for matching arbitrary logical statements in mechanized retrieval systems
Authors: Uhlmann Wolfram 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA general method for matching specifications in mechanized retrieval systems is presented. It is based on the principle that, with the initiation of the matching operation, to each characteristic or descriptor a unique code consisting of a power of two in binary notation is assigned. These codes may, if so desired, be interpreted as implicit weight coefficients of the descriptors. They are used in matching operations between sets of characteristics. The matching process produces during its progress criteria as to the relations between involved sets, i.e., a numerical critèrion of relevance of the answer to the query, which may be utilized to control the course of the operation. In a second step, new secondary codes are derived mechanically from those assigned initially. The function of the secondary codes is to transform the original statement into the second canonical form, consisting of the disjunction of mutually exclusive basic conjunctions or propositions. These secondary codes are employed to generate by logical multiplication, addition, and negation unique code representations for arbitrary compound statements or propositions, which representations in their turn are employed for matching the statements. The process generates criteria in analogy to those obtained in the first step of matching sets of characteristics which now permit the control of the matching operations between arbitrary propositions. It should be mentioned that no significance is assigned a priori to the codes. Their relative significance is restricted entirely to the matching operation actually in progress.
The conference theme
Authors: Belzer Jack 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe educational objectives in information science should focus on (1) theory concerning information, its environment and its relationship to information systems; (2) information systems; (3) information services and their administration. The program must be sufficiently flexible to allow students to specialize in areas of their personal interest or in the choice of their careers. A common core, if it exists, must transcend all professional interest in information science. Such a core would relate to those elements which are common to information irrespective of their environment.
The relationship of information science to librarianship—problems and scientific training
Authors: Giuliano Vincent E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProfessional librarianship if compared to medicine would have Schools of Hospitalitarianship where eventually the administrators, the professional staff as well as the nonprofessionals would become hospitalitarians. It is suggested that rather than associating the profession with the institution of the library, that it define its function as that of knowledge transfer. The analogy is to an M.D., whose function is to prevent disease and cure people.
Information science: Some questions and answers
Authors: Schlueter R. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe basic opinion voiced in this paper is that an information scientist, in the all‐round sense of the word, is an individual who is capable of dealing with information problems wherever they occur. Libraries make up only one of hundreds of environments in which an information scientist should be able to work intelligently on problems, and library science is only one part of the much broader field of information science. In the University, the logical organization for training information scientists would be in a Department of Information Science which would grant a degree in information science. It would also grant a degree in library science as a highly specialized degree within the information science field. The total number of courses to prepare a student for work in all fields of information science is too large to be incorporated into the one‐year‐plus‐one‐summer period which is presently allotted to earning a master's degree in library science. The information science sequence should start in the freshman year and result in the traditional bachelor's (after 4 years), master's (after 1 or 2 additional years) and doctor's (after at least 3 years beyond the master's) degree. As the student progresses through the various degrees, increasing specialization takes place, and increasing emphasis would be placed on research.
Information science: Toward the development of a true scientific discipline
Authors: Yovits M. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a “true” science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and analytical expressions which apply to the flow of information in a general way. Such expressions should be relatively independent of the particular context or application under consideration. Definitions of a rigorous nature for the fundamental quantities involved must be established. These must have general applicability and must be related to other known and measurable quantities. It is desirable also that they be capable of quantification. In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model of a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal applicability. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of its applicability. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in a way which allows for quantification. It is pointed out in this paper that this model can be the basis for the development of a “true” science of information with all of the necessary requirements for a science. By the use of this model and the definition of a “true” science, the goals and requirements for a curriculum in information science are thus established. Various applications of information science must then exist in much the same way that many applications of physics exist. In the latter case, the applications usually give rise to various branches of engineering. In the case of information science, one of the applications is librarianship–although many others exist as well. Some of these are referred to in the paper. In particular, science information as a subset of information science is discussed. Within this context, information is defined as data of value in decision making. Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to specific observable actions which can be measured physically.
The “half‐life” of some scientific and technical literatures
Authors: Burton R. E. , Kebler R. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA consideration of the analogy between the half‐life of radioactive substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature. The validity of this analogy suggests the possibility of more accurate prognostications concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may be used and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and technical information services.
Speed words
Authors: Speedie Gordon Alexander 
Published: June 2007

Abstract“Speed Words” uses an analogy between the psychomotive force of the dialectic field and the electromotive force of the magnetic field to formulate a conjecture which might be the subject of investigation.Using the term, “meaning time,” which is explained, the paper introduces the time dimension as a function of word value. Accepted laws of an electric system are used to suggest parallel laws for the dialectic system. As a result, understanding speed of words is expressed by an equation WS = MT x WF, where WS is the relative speed of a word in terms of its understandability, MT is the meaning time in years of word use, and WF is the word frequency per million words used by a stated audience.Experimental use of this equation and method suggests that there may be as much meaning in a few dozen stable words, of greater meaning age than numbers, as there is in a few dozen digits in the decimal system — used as the basis of science and mathematics.This could lead to revealing an even more basic or universal language. If these points can be stressed, speed words are then only part of a larger concept. There could be a field of thought above, and yet related, to known physical fields. If such a field is postulated and searched for its analogical equivalents, language could, in a mean sense, become the thought field constant, the relationship of ideas, field units; time, the field denominator.