bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GONADOTROPHIN RESPONSE TO SYNTHETIC GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE IN MALES IN RELATION TO AGE, DOSE, AND BASAL SERUM LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Haug E. , Aakvaag A. , Sand T. , Torjesen P. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Three healthy male volunteers, 28–35 years old, were given an intravenous dose of 12.5, 25, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200μg of synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH) in order to determine the dose-response relationship. The resulting log dose-response curve between interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) and LH/FSH-RH was approximately linear between the 12.5 and 400 μg doses. The smallest dose that significantly (P < 0.05) increased the mean serum ICSH levels was 25 μg, and 400 μg of LH/FSH-RH was the minimum dose that produced the maximum ICSH response. The increments in serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were much less than the corresponding serum ICSH increments, and the log dose-response curve was not linear.
The effect of increasing age on the gonadotrophin response to LH/FSH-RH was studied in 50 male subjects, 20–89 years old, without evidence of endocrine disease. They were given 100μg of LH/FSH-RH each. A reduction in the mean response for both ICSH and FSH was observed after the age of 70, and this was most clearly seen in the group of males 80–89 years old. Therefore the interpretation of the LH/FSH-RH tests, at least in males, will require age-specific ranges of normal ICSH and FSH responses.
Serum testosterone levels were determined in 48 of the male subjects investigated, and the mean serum levels remained within the same range (above 0.60 μg/100 ml) from the age of 20 to the age of 79 years. In the age group 80–89 years, the mean serum testosterone was reduced to 0.39 μg/100 ml. Serum oestradiol-17β was determined in 44 of the males, and there were no significant differences between the mean levels of the different age groups (45–55 pg/ml).
There was no significant age-dependent change in basal serum ICSH and FSH levels.
It is concluded that there is a parallel decrease in serum testosterone levels and in serum gonadotrophin responses to LH/FSH-RH after the age of 70. These findings would suggest that the decrease in serum testosterone levels is the result of reduced stimulation of the testicular tissue with endogenous gonadotrophins.
DISCREPANCIES IN PLASMA LH ACTIVITIES AS MEASURED BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND AN IN VITRO BIOASSAY
Authors: Qazi M. H. , Romaní P. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using a highly sensitive in vitro bioassay system, luteinizing hormone activity has been measured in parallel with radioimmunoassays in postmenopausal plasma and plasma obtained from women in various phases of the menstrual cycle (follicular, mid-cycle, luteal). Biological and immunological activities were measured directly in plasma samples without any chemical manipulation. The biological activity (B) was always higher than the immunological activity (I); the B/I ratio varied from 2.1 to 14.0. Gel filtration of pooled plasma samples through Sephadex G-100 revealed major discrepancies in each physiological state when immunological and biological activities were measured in each fraction. The biological activity was eluted as a single peak behind the elution volume of bovine serum albumin, but in front of the elution volume of chymotrypsinogen. It was invariably preceded by a small hump. The immunological activity was spread all over the chromatogram. Areas of immunological activity without any biological activity were located on either side of the biologically active fractions, both in the high molecular weight range (including the void volume) and in the low molecular weight range. The biological LH activity recovered following fractionation on Sephadex G-100 was in close agreement with that loaded, whereas the immunological activity recovered following gel filtration exceeded the loaded activity by a factor of 6–8. In the various physiological states, 11 to 44 % of the total immunological activity recovered was not associated with any biological activity. Furthermore, there was a marked variation in the ratio of biological to immunological activities of those fractions which contained biological activity.
It is suggested that the specificity of current RIA methods could be improved significantly by preparing antisera which react only with biologically active LH species.
CYCLIC AMP IN ISOLATED CORPORA LUTEA OF THE RAT: INFLUENCE OF GONADOTROPHINS AND PROSTAGLANDINS
Authors: Herlitz Hans , Hamberger Lars , Rosberg Sten , Ahrén Kurt 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Corpora lutea were isolated from 34–39 day-old rats injected with 10 IU PMSG when 30 days old leading to ovulation early in the morning of day 33.
Three day-old corpora lutea were incubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 5.5 mmol/l glucose. Addition of LH to the incubation medium increased accumulation of cyclic 3′, 5′-AMP (cAMP) in a dose-dependent way in the isolated tissue and caused a release of cAMP to the incubation medium. cAMP was determined by the protein binding technique of Gilman (1970). There was a continuous rise in the levels of cAMP in both tissue and medium with increasing incubation time in presence of LH. Neither prolactin nor FSH could influence the cAMP levels in the corpus luteum tissue in vitro. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused a stimulation with respect to cAMP formation. The time-course of the PGE2 effect was quite different from that of LH: PGE2 gave maximal tissue cAMP content within 5–15 min with decreasing levels thereafter, compared to the continuous rise with LH stimulation for at least 1 h.
In experiments performed on corpora lutea of different ages (1–7 day-old), tissue levels of cAMP were determined after incubations with LH or PGE2. There was a dramatic increase of tissue cAMP in the very young corpus luteum and a marked decrease in sensitivity to LH with increasing age of the corpus luteum with a very small but still significant effect on the old corpora lutea. The stimulatory effect of PGE2 on cAMP levels on the other hand showed only a minimal change.
A few experiments on the first generation of corpora lutea from mature cycling rats are also reported for comparison.
THE EFFECT OF SHORT AND LONG TERM HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (HCG) ADMINISTRATION ON PLASMA TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Smals A. G. H. , Kloppenborg P. W. C. , Benraad Th. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of acute (1500 IU/day for 3 days) and chronic HCG administration (1500 IU, 3 times weekly) on plasma testosterone levels in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome was compared with the response observed in patients with hypogonadotrophic eunuchoidism and in eugonadal male controls. Basal plasma testosterone levels in the Klinefelter patients were significantly lower than in the control subjects and significantly higher than in the patients with secondary hypogonadism. In all but one Klinefelter patient the plasma LH levels were markedly elevated even in the presence of normal testosterone levels. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between the plasma testosterone concentrations and the LH levels in the Klinefelter patients. Short term HCG administration resulted in a significant increase in the plasma testosterone levels in each of the 3 groups studied, independent of the basal value. The absolute increase in the Klinefelter patients was quantitatively comparable to that in the patients with secondary hypogonadism, but significantly lower than in the eugonadal controls. During long term HCG treatment the plasma testosterone levels definitely increased in both patient groups, but remarkably in the Klinefelter patients testosterone levels tended to decrease on continuing treatment, though in most patients testosterone levels remained higher than the pre-treatment values. The data on the effect of acute and chronic HCG administration on plasma testosterone levels in this study illustrate again that Leydig cells in Klinefelter's syndrome still retain a functional reserve, though less than in eugonadal males.
TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM IN CULTURED HYPERPLASIA OF THE HUMAN PROSTATE
Authors: McMahon M. J. , Butler A. V. J. , Thomas G. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Slices of human benign prostatic hyperplasia were maintained in organ culture in the presence of [3H]- or [14C]testosterone.
Explants concentrated radioactivity from the culture medium, although this effect was depressed by the inclusion of foetal calf serum in the medium.
Testosterone was metabolised to products with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to androstanediols, androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and androstanedione. The principal metabolite was identified as 5α-dihydrotestosterone, and small amounts of testosterone and androstenedione were also found.
As culture time increased from 1 to 6 days there was a diminution in the proportion of 5α-, and an increase in 17-ketometabolites, indicating a swing to a less physiological pattern of testosterone metabolism by the aging culture. Testosterone metabolism was thought to provide a sensitive index by which to evaluate changes in culture conditions.
SERUM GROWTH HORMONE AND GONADOTROPHINS AND URINARY STEROIDS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Authors: Kantero Riitta-Liisa , Wide Leif , Widholm Olof 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In a series of 146 school girls and nurses in training, the serum levels of growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined in the afternoon after 4–5 hours' fast. Blood specimens of the menstruating girls were taken on the 7th to 10th day from the beginning of the preceding menstrual bleeding. From the 24-hour urines collected on the previous day the excretion of total oestrogens, 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydrocorticosteroids was determined. The series was grouped according to skeletal age which varied from 8.0 years to the adult stage.
In the girls aged 11-13 years the GH curve showed a significant rise parallel with the mean height curve. The FSH values at the early age of 8–9 years corresponded to the follicular phase of adult women. The LH level increased steeply up to the 15th year of bone age and the mean values of adults were found to be about three times those of childhood. The excretion of total oestrogens and 17-ketosteroids increased steadily up to the full maturity of skeletal age. In the oldest group of girls the excretion was about four times that of the group aged 8–9 years. The hormonal maturation seems to continue until late puberty. The 17-OHCS, on the other hand, reached the adult level in the group with a bone age of 13 years. The excretion of 17-OHCS shows a steep rise from the age of 11 to 12 years and this acceleration of excretion perhaps exceeds the increase in surface area.
VIRILIZING ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA RESPONSIVE TO GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Blichert-Toft M. , Vejlsted H. , Kehlet H. , Albrechtsen R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A virilizing adrenocortical adenoma was demonstrated in a young female. Urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion and subfractions, plasma testosterone level and urinary 17-ketogenic steroid excretion were markedly increased. Dehydroepiandrosterone was the main constituent of the androgen excess. Otherwise the adrenocortical function was found to be normal as evaluated from measurements of cortisol, corticosterone and their metabolites under basal conditions and during dynamic tests.
The androgen excess showed an unexpected response to trophic hormones. Human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation resulted in a pronounced increase in androgen production, whereas no gonadotrophin-dependency could be demonstrated by means of the oestrogen suppression test. Similarly, no corticotrophin-dependency could be demonstrated by corticotrophin stimulation and suppression tests.
Removal of the tumour resulted in normalization of the androgen production and no abnormal response upon human chorionic gonadotrophin administration could now be found.
The inappropriate response of tumours to trophic hormones is discussed. It is concluded that the reliability of stimulation and suppression tests in determining the site of excessive androgen production should be accepted with reservation.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FREE CORTISOL IN IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Sederberg-Olsen P. , Binder C. , Kehlet H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Total cortisol and free, non protein-bound cortisol in plasma and urinary excretion of unconjugated free cortisol were measured during iv infusion of cortisol at varying dose rates in eight patients with impaired renal function. The results showed that free urinary cortisol decreased with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), also compared to free cortisol level in plasma. An increase in free cortisol in plasma had no influence on GFR. It is concluded that determination of free urinary cortisol, otherwise useful in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, may be of less value in patients with impaired renal function.
THE IN VIVO METABOLISM OF CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE BY THE MACAQUE MONKEY (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Setchell K. D. R. , Shackleton C. H. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
[4-14C] Cortisol was administered intramuscularly to one adult female macaque monkey, MF3 (Macaca fascicularis). To adult female macaque monkey, MF4, [4-14C]corticosterone was administered intramuscularly. Urine samples were collected and the metabolites excreted identified using gas chromatography, radio-gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The principal metabolites of cortisol were identified as glucuronide conjugates of 11-oxygenated-17-oxosteroids. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone relative to the other corticosteroid metabolites was low compared with that of man. Two compounds, 3β-cortol and 3β-cortolone not normally present in human urine were identified in the urine from this species.
The principal metabolites of corticosterone were glucuronide conjugates of hexahydroCompound A and hexahydrocorticosterone. Two unidentified radioactive compounds were also present.
STUDIES ON ISOLATED RAT ADRENAL CELLS I. CONTINUOUS FLOW AND BATCH INCUBATIONS
Authors: Falke H. E. , Degenhart H. J. , Abeln G. J. A. , Visser H. K. A. , Croughs R. J. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A procedure for the continuous flow incubation of isolated adrenal cells is described. In this way the advantages of continuous flow incubations of adrenal tissue are combined with those of isolated adrenal cells. Suspensions of isolated adrenal cells were prepared by a modification of the collagenase method. A sigmoid dose-response curve was obtained when these cells were incubated with ACTH in batch incubations. Under these conditions (in the presence of 1 mU ACTH/ml) the corticosterone production rate remained constant during at least 240 min. This production rate was linearly related to the number of cells. Pre-incubation of the cells during 3 h resulted in an increased response to ACTH. In continuous flow incubations without ACTH the corticosterone production was negligible. With 100 μU ACTH/ml corticosterone production increased sharply after a short lag period. A maximum was reached after 60–75 min followed by a slow decrease. Cells pre-incubated in the continuous flow apparatus had a slightly diminished ACTH response without loss of affinity to ACTH. The continuous flow incubation of isolated adrenal cells offers new possibilities for the dynamic study of steroid biosynthesis in vitro. The method may also be valuable to study processes in a wide variety of other tissues.
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY FUNCTION IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: Frankel R. J. , Jenkins J. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Hypothalamic-pituitary function was studied in 4 patients with anorexia nervosa of different degree of severity before and after refeeding. Gonadotrophin secretion was low in all subjects and improved in two after a prolonged period of feeding. In one subject there was a failure of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion after the administration of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone but the response was restored to normal after treatment. Thyroid function was reduced in one patient only but returned to normal after intravenous therapy for 6 days. Growth hormone and cortisol levels were elevated in all patients, and in one severe case the growth hormone values were extremely high. There was also a disturbance of the hypothalamic control of growth hormone and pituitary-adrenal function, which returned to normal after refeeding. One patient with severe hypothermia was resistant to the administration of a pyrogen, but developed a normal febrile response after treatment.
THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT OF THE LH-RELEASING HORMONE FOR THREE DIFFERENT ANTISERA
Authors: Arimura A. , Sato H. , Coy D. H. , Worobec R. B. , Schally A. V. , Yanaihara N. , Hashimoto T. , Yanaihara C. , Sukura N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Antigenic determinants of LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were investigated by testing the cross-reaction of LH-RH analogues and fragments in LH-RH radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems using 3 different antisera against the LH-RH decapeptide. Rabbit antiserum No. 419 was generated against LH-RH adsorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Antisera Nos. 710 and 742 were produced by immunizing rabbits with LH-RH conjugated either with bovine serum albumin through its C-terminus, or with human serum albumin through the N-terminus, respectively. For antiserum No. 419, the N-terminal (pyro)-glutamic acid and/or histidine in positions 1 and 2 of LH-RH, respectively, were found to enhance the antigen-antibody interaction, but were not indispensable for it. Similarly, the C-terminal amide and glycine-NH2 did not play a major role in these interactions. The LH-RH heptapeptide fragment, corresponding to amino acid sequence from positions 3 to 9, showed a cross-reactivity in this RIA system with LH-RH, although greater amounts than those of cold LH-RH were required for a comparable inhibition of binding of labelled LH-RH. For antiserum No. 710, the LH-RH hexapeptide fragment corresponding to positions 2 to 7 showed considerable cross-reac
tivity. Histidine in position 2 played an important role but neither the amide group nor the glycine amide group at the C-terminus were essential. For antiserum No. 742, the C-terminal tetrapeptide-amide fragment of LH-RH showed considerable cross-reactivity in the LH-RH, the amide moiety itself being of crucial importance. These antisera may be useful in investigating peptides related to LH-RH in biological materials.
CORTICOSTEROIDS IN NOCTURNAL BLOOD PLASMA OF COWS IN THE FIELD RELATED TO STAGE OF LACTATION AND PLASMA ACETOACETATE
Authors: Blom Anne Kristine , Halse K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two materials of nocturnal blood plasma samples, each representing more than 100 cows unselected with respect to health condition, showed acetoacetate variations within a wide range, overlapping with the range for animals with clinical ketosis. Within each of the two materials a statistically significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = −0.30) was obtained between plasma corticosteroids and log acetoacetate.
The lowest corticosteroid and the highest acetoacetate averages were obtained for animals which were within the first month of the lactation cycle. With increasing time post-partum the two components varied inversely, a maximum in corticosteroids coinciding with a minimum in acetoacetate in cows which had calved 2½ to 3 months before the date of sampling. At this stage the mean plasma sugar was about 10 per cent higher than in early lactation.
The corticosteroid ranges for different levels of acetoacetate overlapped extensively. Still cows with acetoacetate ≤ 0.6 mg/100 ml gave significantly higher corticosteroid averages than the rest of the material. But in animals exceeding the 0.6 mg limit no relationship was found between the severity of the ketonaemia and the steroid level. Thus, no difference was obtained between cows with clinical ketosis and animals which were moderately ketonaemic.
Some change in adrenal function may be associated with the development of ketonaemic conditions in cows. But no proof has been provided of a direct adrenal involvement in the transformation of a case of subclinical ketosis to the clinical stage.
ANDROGENIC PROPERTIES AND ADRENAL DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF MEGESTROL ACETATE OBSERVED IN CASTRATED MALE RATS
Authors: Tisell Lars-Eric , Salander Håkan 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Megestrol acetate (17α-acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone), a synthetic steroid with high progestational activity, is used in oral contraceptives but also in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man. To investigate whether megestrol acetate has any androgenic properties the growth of the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in castrated rats treated with megestrol acetate and in non-treated castrated rats. The effect of megestrol acetate on the body weight, the levator ani muscle and the adrenals was also studied. Megestrol acetate was administered in daily doses of 0.02 mg, 0.2 mg, 2.0 mg or 20.0 mg for a period of 21 days. Megestrol acetate in the two higher doses retarded growth and gave a low weight for the levator ani muscle at autopsy indicating an anti-anabolic or catabolic action of megestrol acetate in high doses. Megestrol acetate in daily doses of 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 mg caused an involution of the adrenal glands. After the two higher doses the weight of the adrenals amounted to only about a third of that of the untreated rats.
Megestrol acetate in the lower doses had no demonstrable effect on the growth of the accessory reproductive glands. After the two higher doses of megestrol acetate some growth of the dorsal part of the dorsolateral prostate and of the coagulating glands was observed. Only the seminal vesicles exhibited complete morphological criteria of an androgenic stimulation and then only after the largest dose of megestrol acetate. The investigation shows that megestrol acetate has weak androgenic properties which are apparent at a dose per kg body weight approximately 200 times greater than that used in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man.
OVARIAN FUNCTION DURING TREATMENT WITH LYNOESTRENOL 0.5 mg DAILY
Authors: Wiese Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Twenty-four women, all with normal ovulatory menstrual periods, were studied during in total 64 cycles on lynoestrenol 0.5 mg daily and during 11 control cycles. The 24-hour urines were collected for assay of total oestrogens on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd days of viz. the 1st, 4th, 6th and 12th cycles and for pregnanediol on the 22nd and 23rd days of the same cycles. Oestrogen excretion was at the same level during treatment and control cycles. All the control cycles and 9 and 14% respectively of the treatment cycles were ovulatory judging by the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion. On the basis of the latter parameter there was a certain luteal activity during 36 % of the treatment cycles. In all cycles but one, however, the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion were lower than during the control cycles. It must be assumed, therefore, that lynoestrenol in a dose of 0.5 mg daily inhibits the ovulation or function of the corpora lutea in practically all cases.