bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nativity/Immigrant Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in the United States, 2003
Authors: Singh Gopal K. , Kogan Michael D. , Dee Deborah L. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. Previous research has shown substantial racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in US breastfeeding initiation and duration rates. However, the role of immigrant status in understanding such disparities has not been well studied. In this study we examined the extent to which breastfeeding initiation and duration varied by immigrant status overall and in conjunction with race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status after controlling for other relevant social and behavioral covariates.
METHODS. The cross-sectional data for 33121 children aged 0 to 5 years from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health were used to calculate ever-breastfeeding rates and duration rates at 3, 6, and 12 months by social factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate relative odds of never breastfeeding and not breastfeeding at 6 and 12 months.
RESULTS. More than 72% of mothers reported ever breastfeeding their infants, with the duration rate declining to 52%, 38%, and 16% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Ever-breastfeeding rates varied greatly among the 12 ethnic-immigrant groups included in this analysis, from a low of 48% for native black children with native parents to a high of 88% among immigrant black and white children. Compared with immigrant Hispanic children with foreign-born parents (the least acculturated group), the odds of never breastfeeding were respectively 2.4, 2.9, 6.5, and 2.4 times higher for native children with native parents (the most acculturated group) of Hispanic, white, black, and other ethnicities. Socioeconomic patterns also varied by immigrant status, and differentials were greater in breastfeeding at 6 months.
CONCLUSIONS. Immigrant women in each racial/ethnic group had higher breastfeeding initiation and longer duration rates than native women. Acculturation was associated with lower breastfeeding rates among both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Ethnic-immigrant and social groups with lower breastfeeding rates identified herein could be targeted for breastfeeding promotion programs.
Does Access to a Medical Home Differ According to Child and Family Characteristics, Including Special-Health-Care-Needs Status, Among Children in Alabama?
Authors: Mulvihill Beverly A. , Altarac Maja , Swaminathan Shailender , Kirby Russell S. , Kulczycki Andrzej , Ellis Dawn E. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to examine relationships among access to a medical home, special-health-care-needs status, and child and family characteristics in one Southern state. We hypothesized that access to a medical home is influenced by several family and child sociodemographic characteristics, including special-health-care status.METHODS. We used data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. The study sample comprised all Alabama resident children. The main dependent variable was a medical home; the primary independent variable classified children according to children-with-special-health-care-needs status. We controlled for child age, gender, race, family structure, health status, insurance coverage, household education, and poverty. We first explored means or proportions for the study variables and then estimated multivariate logistic regression models.RESULTS. Children with special health care needs were significantly more likely than children without special health care needs to have a personal doctor or nurse, to have a preventive health care visit in the previous 12 months, and to have good communication with their provider. Children with special health care needs were also more likely to experience problems accessing specialty care, equipment, or services. Being uninsured, living at or near the federal poverty level, in a household where no one completed high school, being black, having less than excellent or good health, and living in a nontraditional family structure were characteristics associated with being less likely to have a medical home. In general, children-with-special-health-care-needs status was not related to having a medical home, but dependency on prescription medicine was.CONCLUSIONS. Assuring that all children, irrespective of family income, have access to and are enrolled in health insurance plans will move us closer to the national goal of having a medical home for all children, especially those with a special health care need, by 2010.
Dental manifestations of pregnancy
Authors: Pirie Martina , Cooke Inez , Linden Gerard , Irwin Chris 
Published: February 2007

Key content

Pregnancy has significant effects on the periodontal tissues and pregnancy gingivitis is a common manifestation of this.
The host response and oral flora are affected and tooth surface loss and mobility may develop.
Further research is required to establish the association between periodontal health and adverse pregnancy outcome.

Learning objectives

To identify the main dental manifestations of pregnancy.
To be able to advise pregnant women on how to maintain good dental health.
To be aware of the need for effective communication between the dental and medical disciplines to ensure that pregnant women receive the best care possible for oral, obstetric and general health.

Ethical issues

The treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis during pregnancy is safe and effective in treating gum disease.

Please cite this article as: Pirie M, Cooke I, Linden G, Irwin C. Dental manifestations of pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:21–26.
Instructional Practices, Struggling Readers, and a University‐Based Reading Clinic
Authors: Dunston Pamela J. 
Published: February 2007

The author shares insights gained through teaching middle and high school struggling readers and raises issues related to the complexity of addressing the literacy needs of adolescents for whom reading is difficult. The role of university‐based reading clinics in helping inservice teachers' think differently about struggling readers and the instructional practices they use to support adolescents' literacy learning is discussed.The author describes five key components of a program she developed for inservice teachers who work with struggling readers in the reading clinic at her university:
Moving teachers beyond their comfort zones
Using multiple forms of text
Teaching demonstrations followed by extensive peer feedback
Self‐evaluation and reflection
Scaffolding by building on adolescents' literacy strengths rather than focusing on weaknesses
The components are designed to expand teachers' experiences with teaching struggling readers, enhance their knowledge of reading instruction, and improve instructional practices for teaching literacy.
Effect of In Vitro Gingival Fibroblast Seeding on the In Vivo Incorporation of Acellular Dermal Matrix Allografts in Dogs
Authors: Novaes Arthur B. , Marchesan Julie Teresa , O. Macedo Guilherme , Palioto Daniela B. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Acellular dermal matrix allograft (ADMA) has been used in various periodontal procedures with successful results. Because ADMA has no blood vessels or cells, slower healing and incorporation are observed compared to a subepithelial connective tissue graft. Fibroblasts accelerate the healing process by regulation of matrix deposition and synthesis of a variety of growth factors. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate histologically if gingival fibroblasts affect healing and incorporation of ADMA in dogs when used as a subepithelial allograft.Methods: Gingival fibroblasts were established from explant culture from the connective tissue of keratinized gingiva collected from the maxilla of seven mongrel dogs. ADMA was seeded with gingival fibroblasts and transferred to dogs. Surgery was performed bilaterally, and the regions were divided into two groups: ADMA+F (ADMA containing fibroblasts) and ADMA (ADMA only). Biopsies were performed after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of healing.Results: The quantity of blood vessels was significantly higher in the ADMA+F group at 2 weeks of healing (Kruskal‐Wallis; P <0.05). There was no statistical difference (P >0.05) in the number of cell layers, epithelial area, or inflammatory infiltrate between the two groups at any stage of healing.Conclusion: The enhanced vascularization in vivo in early stages supports the important role of fibroblasts in improving graft performance and wound healing of cultured graft substitutes.
Distinctive Molecular Composition of Human Gingival Interdental Papilla
Authors: Csiszar Andrea , Wiebe Colin , Larjava Hannu , Häkkinen Lari 
Published: February 2007

Background: Gingiva is composed of attached and marginal (free) gingiva and interdental papilla. Increasing esthetic demands in dentistry have created a need to restore all parts of the gingiva. However, the interdental papilla has limited regeneration potential compared to other parts of the gingiva. It also is more susceptible to gingival overgrowth, suggesting that it has distinct cellular and molecular properties from other parts of the gingiva. Very little is known about the possible differences in the molecular composition of different parts of the gingiva.Methods: We compared the expression of a set of key molecules in interdental papilla and marginal gingiva from seven healthy subjects by immunohistochemical staining.Results: In the interdental papilla, immunoreactivity for integrin αvβ6 and cytokeratin 19 in the oral epithelium was significantly higher than in marginal gingiva. Expression of type I procollagen, extra domain A (EDA) and extra domain B (EDB) fibronectin isoforms, tenascin‐C, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and the signaling molecule son‐of‐sevenless (SOS)‐1 also were increased in the interdental papilla. The expression of small leucine‐rich proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican in the interdental papilla was partially different from the marginal gingiva.Conclusions: Molecular composition of the interdental papilla is distinct from marginal gingiva. Increased expression of molecules normally induced in wound healing (αvβ6 integrin, fibronectin‐EDB and ‐EDA, tenascin‐C, type I procollagen, TGF‐β, CTGF, and SOS‐1) suggests that the cells in the interdental papilla are in an activated state and/or inherently display a specific phenotype resembling wound healing.
The Use of Porous β‐Tricalcium Phosphate Blocks With Platelet‐Rich Plasma as an Onlay Bone Graft Biomaterial
Authors: Tamura Kazuaki , Sato Shuichi , Kishida Mamoru , Asano Shoichi , Murai Masakazu , Ito Koichi 
Published: February 2007

Background: An experimental study of rabbit calvaria evaluated the suitability of porous β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) block as a biomaterial for onlay bone grafting and determined whether the addition of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) can accelerate bone formation inside the pores of the β‐TCP block.Methods: In eight rabbits, the calvarium was exposed, and the marrow was penetrated. The β‐TCP blocks were made of Ca3(CO4)3 (porosity, 75%; diameter, 8 mm; thickness, 5 mm). For the experimental group, the blocks were treated with PRP; for the control group, the blocks were treated with venous blood only. Each block was placed in the bone, attached with a titanium screw, and covered with a cutaneous flap. The animals were sacrificed after 3 months, and the tissue ingrowth into the blocks was euthanized.Results: Histologic and histomorphometric measurements demonstrated that there was no inflammatory infiltration around the blocks in either group. New bone formation inside the blocks originated from the parent bone in both groups. The mineralized bone generated tended to climb along the inner walls of the block. In addition, mineralized bone formation was noted around the titanium screw. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the relative amounts of newly generated tissue and mineralized bone generated in the blocks.Conclusion: Porous β‐TCP block is a promising biomaterial for clinical situations requiring bone augmentation; however, the addition of PRP did not induce significantly more new bone formation.
Three‐Dimensional Micro‐Computed Tomographic Imaging of Alveolar Bone in Experimental Bone Loss or Repair
Authors: Park Chan Ho , Abramson Zachary R. , Taba Mario , Jin Qiming , Chang Jia , Kreider Jaclynn M. , Goldstein Steven A. , Giannobile William V. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) offers significant potential for identifying mineralized structures. However, three‐dimensional (3‐D) micro‐CT of alveolar bone has not been adapted readily for quantification. Moreover, conventional methods are not highly sensitive for analyzing bone loss or bone gain following periodontal disease or reconstructive therapy. The objective of this investigation was to develop a micro‐CT methodology for quantifying tooth‐supporting alveolar bone in 3‐D following experimental preclinical situations of periodontitis or reconstructive therapy.Methods: Experimental in vivo bone loss or regeneration situations were developed to validate the micro‐CT imaging techniques. Twenty mature Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into two groups: bone loss (Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide‐mediated bone resorption) and regenerative therapy. Micro‐CT and software digitized specimens were reconstructed three‐dimensionally for linear and volumetric parameter assessment of alveolar bone (linear bone height, bone volume, bone volume fraction, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density). Intra‐ and interexaminer reproducibility and reliability were compared for methodology validation.Results: The results demonstrated high examiner reproducibility for linear and volumetric parameters with high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). The ICC showed that the methodology was highly reliable and reproducible (ICC >0.99; 9‐% confidence interval, 0.937 to 1.000; CV <1.5%), suggesting that 3‐D measurements may provide better alveolar bone analysis than conventional 2‐D methods.Conclusions: The developed methods allow for highly accurate and reproducible static measurements of tooth‐supporting alveolar bone following preclinical situations of bone destruction or regeneration. Future investigations should focus on using in vivo micro‐CT imaging for real‐time assessments of alveolar bone changes.
Tobacco as a Risk Factor for Survival of Dental Implants
Authors: Sánchez‐Pérez Arturo , Moya‐Villaescusa M.J. , Caffesse R.G. 
Published: February 2007

Background: It has been shown that smoking habits represent an increased risk for impaired bone healing and implant failure. This study aimed to evaluate the implant survival rates among non‐smokers (NS) and different kinds of smokers (S).Methods: A retrospective analysis was made over a 5‐year period of the clinical and radiographic findings corresponding to 66 consecutive patients who had received a total of 165 dental implants. Patients were divided into two groups: S, 40 patients (95 implants; 58% of the sample); and NS, 26 patients (70 implants; 42% of the sample). Also, S and NS were classified into four different categories according to daily tobacco use: NS, 26 patients and 70 implants; light smokers (LS), 23 patients and 44 implants; moderate smokers (MS), 11 patients and 25 implants; and heavy smokers (HS), six patients and 26 implants.Results: Sixteen implants (9.7%) failed and had to be removed. Group S showed 15 failures and a success rate of 84.2%. Group NS had only one failure, giving a success rate of 98.6%. The risk of implant failure was ∼31% in those who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day. HS showed statistical differences from NS or LS. However, they did not show any differences from MS.Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, the use of tobacco involves a 15.8% risk of implant failure, with a 13.1 odds ratio. LS or MS tobacco use involves a 10.1% relative risk of implant loss, whereas the consumption of >20 cigarettes per day increases this risk to 30.8%.
Hemostatic and Anesthetic Efficacy of 4% Articaine HCl With 1:200,000 Epinephrine and 4% Articaine HCl With 1:100,000 Epinephrine When Administered Intraorally for Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Moore Paul A. , Doll Bruce , Delie Robert A. , Hersh Elliot V. , Korostoff Jonathan , Johnson Sharon , Goodson J. Max , Halem Stephen , Palys Michael , Leonel Juliana S. , Kozlowski Vitoldo A. , Peterson Carrie , Hutcheson Matthew 
Published: February 2007

Background: The objective of this double‐masked, randomized, multicenter crossover study was to compare the efficacy of 4% articaine HCl with 1:100,000 epinephrine (A100) to 4% articaine HCl with 1:200,000 epinephrine (A200) for providing effective local anesthesia and hemostasis for periodontal surgery.Methods: Anesthetic efficacy was based on patient self‐report and lack of need for reinjection during the surgical procedures. Hemostatic properties of the formulations were compared using ratings of the surgeons’ ability to visualize the surgical field and expectation for bleeding. The volume of blood collected during each surgical session also was measured and compared.Results: Forty‐two adult subjects (26 males and 16 females, mean age 46.3 ± 9.7 years) diagnosed with moderate to severe periodontal disease requiring local anesthesia for matched bilateral periodontal surgery were enrolled and completed the study. Subjects reported satisfactory surgical anesthesia following the A100 and A200 formulations; no supplemental local anesthesia was administered. Significant differences between the A100 and A200 treatments were found for the surgeons’ ability to visualize the surgical field (rated as clear 83.3% of the time with A100 and 59.5% of the time with A200; P = 0.008), bleeding expectation (rated as equal to or better than expected 85.7% of the time with A100 and 71.4% of the time with A200; P = 0.034), and volume of blood loss (54.9 ± 36.0 ml for A100 and 70.2 ± 53.0 ml for A200; P = 0.018). Sixteen patients experienced 27 mild or moderate adverse events; the most common were postoperative pain (nine patients) and swelling (eight patients). Six adverse events may have been related to treatment. The frequency of adverse events did not vary between formulations.Conclusions: For patients undergoing periodontal surgery, 4% articaine anesthetic formulations containing epinephrine (1:100,000 or 1:200,000) provided excellent surgical pain control. For patients who can tolerate higher amounts of epinephrine, the 4% articaine 1:100,000 epinephrine formulation had the additional therapeutic advantage of providing better visualization of the surgical field and less bleeding.
Early Risk Factors, Job Strain, and Atherosclerosis Among Men in Their 30s: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Hintsanen Mirka , Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Elovainio Marko , Pulkki-Råback Laura , Vahtera Jussi , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: February 2007

We examined whether preemployment influences confounded the association between job strain and atherosclerosis. We assessed biological, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors of coronary heart disease at 12 to 18 years of age and job strain and carotid artery intima-media thickness at 33 to 39 years of age for a cohort of 358 men. Adolescent risk factors predicted adult intima-media thickness but had little effect on the dose–response relation between greater job strain and greater intima-media thickness. Pre-employment influences did not confound the association between job strain and atherosclerosis.
Socioeconomic Differences in the Impact of HIV Infection on Workforce Participation in France in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Dray-Spira Rosemary , Gueguen Alice , Ravaud Jean-François , Lert France 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. We sought to measure the difference in employment rates between HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons and to establish whether this difference varied according to the HIV-infected persons’ socioeconomic position as defined by education level.Methods. We used data from the VESPA (VIH: Enquête Sur les Personnes Atteintes) study, a large cross-sectional survey conducted among a nationally representative sample of 2932 HIV-infected patients in France. Age-, gender-, nationality-, and education-standardized employment rates were estimated with the French general population as the reference. The differences in employment rates with the general population were computed overall and according to education level.Results. Compared with that of the general population, the overall employment rate was 25% lower (95% confidence interval [CI]=16%, 32%) among HIV-infected patients diagnosed before 1994 and 9% lower (95% CI = 5%, 16%) among HIV-infected patients diagnosed from 1994 onward. The difference in employment rates with the general population was significantly higher among patients with a low education level. The employment rate of highly educated HIV-infected patients diagnosed from 1994 onward did not differ from that of the general population.Conclusions. HIV infection was associated with decreased workforce participation among those with a low education level but not among highly educated individuals.
Promoting Sun Safety Among US Postal Service Letter Carriers: Impact of a 2-Year Intervention
Authors: Mayer Joni A. , Slymen Donald J. , Clapp Elizabeth J. , Pichon Latrice C. , Eckhardt Laura , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Elder John P. , Sallis James F. , Weinstock Martin A. , Achter April , Balderrama Cynthia , Galindo Gabriel R. , Oh Sam S. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. We examined whether US Postal Service letter carriers who received a sun safety intervention would wear wide-brim hats and sunscreen significantly more often than those who did not receive the intervention. Methods. We used a 2-group randomized design with 2662 evaluation cohort participants from 70 US postal stations. Evaluations were conducted at baseline, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Questionnaire items assessed occupational use of sun-screen and wide-brim hats. The 2-year sun safety intervention included the provision of wide-brim hats, accessible sunscreen, reminders, and 6 educational sessions. Results. At the 3-month follow-up evaluations, the odds ratio (OR) for regular sun-screen use was 2.8 times higher among the intervention group than among the control group (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.2, 3.5); at the 2-year follow-up evaluations, the rate was still significantly higher (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.6, 2.6). Intervention group participants also had significantly higher rates of hat use, with the differences remaining consistent across all follow-ups (OR=2.9; 95% CI=2.3, 3.6). Conclusions. The intervention should be disseminated to postal stations nationwide and possibly to other occupational groups that work outdoors.