bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of the gas flow rate during methane biofiltration on an inorganic packing material
Authors: Josiane Nikiema , Michèle Heitz 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe influence of the gas flow rate (GFR), when varied between 1 and 5.5 L/min, on the conversion, the elimination capacity (EC) and the carbon dioxide production ${\rm (}P_{{\rm CO}_2 } )$, during the biofiltration of methane using a biofilter charged with an inorganic packing material, has been investigated. The methane concentrations considered for this purpose were selected from the operating range of 1300–12 000 ppmv. The experiments involved were conducted, using a nitrogen minimal salt nutrient solution, for the biofilter periodic irrigation, in which the nitrogen concentration was maintained at 0.75 g/L, and the phosphorus concentration was of 0.3 or 1.5 g/L.The results obtained from this study have confirmed the view that the GFR is a important parameter, the optimum values found, leading to methane conversions of ≥90%, being ≤2 L/min for inlet loads ≤55 g/m3/h. Based on this result, it was then established that the maximum volumetric load (VL) of methane in the biofilter must be estimated at around 0.075 m3 (methane)/m3 (biofilter)/h, that is, 6.8 m3 (polluted gas)/m3 (biofilter)/h. In addition, when the GFR is selected between 1 and 4.2 L/min, it has an influence on the EC. However, the GFR does not affect the $P_{{\rm CO}_2 }$ within the biofilter. It has also been established that the high phosphorus level (i.e., 1.5 g/L), present in the nutrient solution, is to be preferred in the biofilter.
Distribution of clay minerals in the process streams produced by the extraction of bitumen from Athabasca oil sands
Authors: Kaminsky Heather A. W. , Etsell Thomas H. , Ivey Douglas G. , Omotoso Oladipo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the affinity of clay minerals in oil sands for the water‐continuous tailings and hydrocarbon‐continuous froth streams produced from the extraction of bitumen from oil sands. Clay minerals in oil sands processing impact bitumen flotation in separation vessels, emulsion formation during froth treatment, and fine tailings behaviour.X‐ray diffraction of oriented clay slides and random powder samples were used to quantify the clay minerals in the oil sands ore and process streams. Particle size distribution and clay activity balances were also conducted around the extraction process.The degree of partitioning during the conditioning and flotation stages in a batch extractor was determined by the surface properties of the clay minerals present. The water‐continuous tailings stream was further separated into fine and coarse tailings fractions through sedimentation. The bulk of the clay minerals reported to the fine tailings stream. Illite and mixed layered illite‐smectite partitioned less to the hydrocarbon‐continuous froth than kaolinite. Also, the illite‐smectite in the froth stream appeared to be different from the illite‐smectite in the water continuous streams.
Experimental and computational study of the bed dynamics of semi‐cylindrical gas–solid fluidized bed
Authors: Sahoo A. , Ramesh Ch. , Biswal K. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWith computational fluid dynamics (CFD) it is possible to get a detailed view of the flow behaviour of the fluidized beds. A profound and fundamental understanding of bed dynamics such as bed pressure drop, bed expansion ratio, bed fluctuation ratio, and minimum fluidization velocity of homogeneous binary mixtures has been made in a semi‐cylindrical fluidized column for gas–solid systems, resulting in a predictive model for fluidized beds. In the present work attempt has been made to study the effect of different system parameters (viz., size and density of the bed materials and initial static bed height) on the bed dynamics. The correlations for the bed expansion and bed fluctuations have been developed on the basis of dimensional analysis using these system parameters. Computational study has also been carried out using a commercial CFD package Fluent (Fluent, Inc.). A multifluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory for solid particles was applied in order to simulate the gas–solid flow. CFD simulated bed pressure drop has been compared with the experimental bed pressure drops under different conditions for which the results show good agreements.
Thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, particle dynamic, and experimental analyses of silica nanoparticles synthesis in diffusion flame
Authors: Hong R. Y. , Feng B. , Ren Z. Q. , Xu B. , Li H. Z. , Zheng Y. , Ding J. , Wei D. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUsing silicon tetrachloride as a precursor, the silica nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in the diffusion flame of air and liquid petrol gas (LPG). Different effects on flame shape and temperature, silicon tetrachloride conversion, major gas‐phase compositions, and diameter of silica NPs were obtained via thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, or particle‐dynamic approaches. The size of silica NPs decreased with the increasing air‐flow rate, increased with the increasing LPG flow rate, and increased obviously with the increasing evaporator temperature. The size of the synthesized silica NPs is about 25–30 nm at an optimal condition.
Investigation of mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth
Authors: Nikolić I. , Blečić D. , Radmilović V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCrystallization of Al(OH)3 that occurs during the decomposition of caustic soda solutions is an important part of Bayer process for alumina production. Several phenomena, which influence the physicochemical characteristics of precipitated Al(OH)3, occur simultaneously during this process. They are nucleation, agglomeration, and crystal growth of Al(OH)3. In this article, we have investigated the mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth from pure caustic soda solutions and in the presence of oxalic acid.The results have shown that the growth of Al(OH)3 crystals from caustic soda solutions follow the B + S model (birth and spread). New Al(OH)3 particles, formed during the decomposition process of pure caustic soda solutions, are characterized by regular hexagonal shape. The nuclei have the same geometry as the contact face. However, microstructural investigations of Al(OH)3 samples, obtained by crystallization from caustic soda solutions in the presence of oxalic acid, have shown the presence of nuclei of irregular shape in addition to regular ones. So, the presence of oxalic acid in the caustic soda solutions leads to a change in crystal habit.Besides, the results obtained by kinetic investigation confirmed the mentioned mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth.
Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing 4‐chlororesorcinol using boron doped diamond anodes
Authors: Nasr Bensalah , Abdelatif Gadri 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe electrochemical oxidation of aqueous wastes polluted with 4‐chlororesorcinol has been studied on boron‐doped diamond electrodes on acidic medium. The voltammetric results showed that in the potential region where the supporting electrolyte is stable, reactions occur, resulting in the loss of activity due to electrode fouling. Galvanostatic electrolysis study showed that the oxidation of these wastes in single‐compartment electrochemical flow cell with boron doped diamond anodes deal to the complete mineralization of the organics but is no indication of electrode fouling. Resorcinol, 1,2,4‐trihydroxybenzene, benzoquinone, maleic, fumaric, and oxalic acids have been detected as soluble organics and chlorides (Cl−) and hypochlorites (ClO−) as mineral products during the electrolysis of 4‐chlororesorcinol. The electrochemical oxidation of 4‐chlororesorcinol consists of a sequence of steps: Release of Cl and/or hydroxylation of the aromatic ring; formation of quinonic compounds; oxidative opening of aromatic ring to form carboxylic acids; and oxidation of carboxylic acids to carbon dioxide. Both, direct oxidation at boron doped diamond surface and mediated oxidation by powerful oxidants electrogenerated from electrolyte oxidation at anode surface are involved in these stages.
The role of deeper levels and ancillary studies (p16Ink4a and ProExC) in reducing the discordance rate of Papanicolaou findings of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and follow‐up cervical biopsies
Authors: David Odile , Cabay Robert J. , Pasha Seema , Dietrich Ruth , Leach Lu , Guo Meihua , Mehrotra Swati 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Discordant results of cervical biopsy histology after a cytologic diagnosis of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) are often attributed to sampling variation. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether deeper levels and ancillary staining (p16Ink4a and ProExC) reduce the discordant rate.METHODS:A total of 246 cases of HSIL were retrieved from the computerized database from 2005 and 2006. Of these cases, 151 were followed by cervical biopsy. There was cytologic‐histologic correlation in 87 cases, as defined by the presence of high‐grade (2 or 3) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN). For each discordant biopsy (n = 64), 2 deeper levels for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were taken at 30‐μ and 90‐μ depths, and 4 sections for p16Ink4a and ProExC staining were taken at a 60‐μ depth. All cytologic and histologic material from these 64 cases was reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. In 2 cases, the original HSIL diagnoses were downgraded and the cases censored from the study.RESULTS:Fifty‐seven of the 62 discordant cases had sufficient tissue for deeper levels and ancillary staining. Two of 57 cases were reclassified to HGCIN. In both of these cases, reclassification was suggested by results of immunostains; however, the H&E sections were necessary for definitive interpretation of the immunostain results.CONCLUSIONS:In the current study, deeper levels and ancillary staining with p16Ink4a and ProExC did not significantly reduce the discordance rate. Although there are many known causes of sampling variation, including factors related to colposcopic technique, regression of infection, and insufficient histologic sectioning, sampling variation remains a valid justification of noncorrelation in women with HSIL followed up by cervical biopsy alone. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Metabolic assessment of menstruating and nonmenstruating normal weight adolescents
Authors: Sterling Wendy Meyer , Golden Neville H. , Jacobson Marc S. , Ornstein Rollyn M. , Hertz Stanley M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:Resumption of menses (ROM) is a key indicator of recovery in AN, but patients may remain amenorrheic despite weight restoration. The objective of this study is to better understand the mechanism of amenorrhea in patients with eating disorders.Method:A retrospective chart review was conducted of 382 normal weight adolescents with a history of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified, who had been referred for indirect calorimetry tests. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was compared between amenorrheic (n = 60) and regularly menstruating females (n = 121).Results:Participants with amenorrhea had a mean REE of 1,103 kcal/24 h (79% predicted), whereas participants who were menstruating regularly had a mean REE of 1,217 kcal/24 h (85% predicted; p = 0.001). The amenorrheic group was found to be at a lower mean body weight (53.7 ± 5.6 kg vs. 57.5 ± 7.4 kg; p ≤ 0.001), at a lower percent ideal body weight (98.5 ± 8.3% vs. 102.8 ± 10.2%; p = 0.005), and at a lower BMI (20.5 ± 1.7 vs. 21.5 ± 2.2; p = 0.002).Discussion:This study highlights that amenorrheic participants with a history of eating disorders who are at normal body weight are hypometabolic, suggesting an adaptive response to dietary restriction. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009.
Five‐year prospective study of personality disorders in adults with longstanding eating disorders
Authors: Vrabel KariAnne R. , Rø Øyvind , Martinsen Egil W. , Hoffart Asle , Rosenvinge Jan H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:To (1) report the occurrence of personality disorders (PDs) in adults with eating disorders (EDs) during inpatient treatment, and at 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year follow‐up, (2) compare the changes of PDs in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and (3) investigate if recovered patients had lower frequency of PDs.Method:Seventy‐four patients with EDs were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II disorders during inpatient treatment, and at 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year follow‐up.Results:During inpatient treatment, 58 patients (78%) had one or more PDs and this was reduced to 32 (43%) at 5‐year follow‐up. Dimensional PD scores changed significantly over time in both AN, BN, and EDNOS, but no significant differences emerged among the ED groups. Recovered patients had lower frequency of PDs (p < 0.01).Discussion:The substantial 5‐year follow‐up reductions in the frequency of PDs in patients with EDs present an optimistic clinical scenario for treating patients with comorbid ED and PD. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:22–28
IL‐1‐dependent, IL‐1R1‐independent resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Humphreys Neil E. , Grencis Richard K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIL‐1 null mice are unable to expel the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris; whereas WT littermates exhibit sterile immunity. Intriguingly the essential signalling components IL‐1R1 and IL‐1R accessory protein (AcP) are dispensable for expulsion of this parasite. IL‐1 is thus critical for CD4+ Th2‐mediated immunity to T. muris; however, this action is independent of the established IL‐1 signalling receptor. We also present data demonstrating that both IL‐1α and IL‐1β induce measurable effects on T. muris primed cells isolated from IL‐1R1 or IL‐1R AcP null mice. MLN cells from these mice restimulated with parasite antigen proliferated at a greater rate and produced more cytokines in response to exogenous IL‐1. This ability to respond to IL‐1 was restricted to these parasite‐primed cells and importantly was not evident in cells from naïve gene null mice. These in vitro data are consistent with the observed ability of mice with compromised IL‐1 signalling to expel the parasite, bolstering the premise that an alternative IL‐1 signalling mechanism is accessible in the context of an intestinal helminth‐driven Th2 immune response.
Minerals as Model Compounds for Cu/ZnO Catalyst Precursors: Structural and Thermal Properties and IR Spectra of Mineral and Synthetic (Zincian) Malachite, Rosasite and Aurichalcite and a Catalyst Precursor Mixture
Authors: Behrens Malte , Girgsdies Frank , Trunschke Annette , Schlögl Robert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Cu/ZnO system is a model for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts, which are employed industrially for the synthesis of methanol. These catalysts are usually prepared from mixed basic carbonate precursors. A complex phase mixture, with constituents structurally related to the minerals rosasite andaurichalcite, is present at the industrially applied composition (Cu/Zn ≈ 70:30). Using minerals and phase‐pure synthetic samples as references, a comprehensive characterisation of such a phase mixture, including the determination of the individual compositions of the different phases, has been attempted by complementary analytical laboratory techniques (XRD, TGA, IR). The results are critically discussed in light of the complexity of the system. A thermally very stable carbonate species ― well‐known for mixed synthetic systems ― is also detected for the mineral reference samples. Significant amounts of amorphous phases are found to be present in the synthetic zincian malachite sample but not in synthetic aurichalcite or the catalyst precursor. A simplified explanation for the shift of the characteristic 20$\bar {1}$ reflection of the malachite structure as a function of Zn incorporation based on the varying average Jahn–Teller distortion of the MO6 octahedra is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Structural Investigation of Anion–Triazole Interactions: Observation of “π‐Pockets” and “π‐Sandwiches”
Authors: White Nicholas G. , Kitchen Jonathan A. , Brooker Sally 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEight mononuclear nickel(II) complexes of the ligands 4‐amino‐3,5‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (adpt) and 4‐pyrrolyl‐3,5‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (pldpt) with the anions ClO4, BF4, PF6 and SbF6 have been prepared. In all cases the metal/ligand ratio is 1:3, and the complexes are of the form [NiL3](A)2·solvents where L = adpt or pldpt and A = one of the aforementioned anions. Five of these complexes have been structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography: four of these contain pldpt and strong anion–π interactions are observed, with two motifs present in all four structures. One of the anions occupies a “π‐pocket” formed by two coordinated triazole rings and one coordinated pyridine ring. The other anion only interacts with one triazole ring, which is involved in the pocket around the first anion, such that the triazole ring is “sandwiched” by two anions. Surprisingly, in all four of these complexes, the two triazole centroid···anion distances in the anion–triazole–anion interactions [2.917(7)–3.005(10) Å] are significantly shorter than in any of the other types of triazole–anion interactions [3.164(5)–3.456(9) Å].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Click Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of D‐(–)‐1,4‐Disubstituted Triazolo‐Carbanucleosides
Authors: Broggi Julie , Kumamoto Hiroki , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Nolan Steven P. , Agrofoglio Luigi A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA revisited and improved synthesis of an optically active azido‐carbanucleoside is reported. This azido precursor is used in the successful and versatile synthesis of enantiomerically pure D‐(–)‐1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazolo‐carbanucleosides via copper(I)‐catalyzed and microwave‐assistedHuisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Molecular Iodine Mediated Preparation of Isothiocyanates from Dithiocarbamic Acid Salts
Authors: Nath Jayashree , Ghosh Harisadhan , Yella Ramesh , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe have developed a general economical and environmentally benign method for the preparation of isothiocyanates from the corresponding dithiocarbamic acid salts by using cheap and readily available reagent molecular iodine. This is perhaps the most efficient method reported so far for the synthesis of isothiocyanates. The reagent is easily available and nontoxic, and the precipitated sulfur can be removed easily; hence, this method is most suitable for large‐scale synthesis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Solid‐State Structure of Tetrabutylammonium Imidazolate–Dipyrrole Formed by Self Assembly
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Herzog H. Martin , Goddard Richard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe reaction of imidazole with an excess of pyrrole in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide affords, in high yield by a self‐assembly process, tetrabutylammonium imidazolate–dipyrrole, as shown by an X‐ray structure analysis. The two pyrroles form hydrogen bonds with the two nitrogen atoms of the imidazole anion, and the tetrabutylammonium counterion also forms hydrogen bonds to the same nitrogen atoms, with the formation of a structurally unique supramolecular compound.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of AE and BE Ring Analogues of the Alkaloid Methyllycaconitine
Authors: Guthmann Holger , Conole Daniel , Wright Emma , Körber Karsten , Barker David , Brimble Margaret A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of AE and BE analogues of the alkaloid methyllycaconitine is reported. The analogues contain two key pharmacophores: a 2‐(2‐methylmaleimido)benzoate ester and a homocholine motif formed from a tertiaryN‐(3‐phenylpropyl)amine incorporated into either a 3‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (AE) or octahydroquinoline (BE) ring system. An additional aromatic group is introduced into the AE bicyclic system using a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. The BE analogues are synthesised by a one‐pot cyclisation using ethyl α‐(bromomethyl)acrylate, a primary amine and cyclohexanone leading to an efficient assembly of an octahydroquinoline ring system that mimics the BE‐rings of methyllycaconitine. In both the AE and BE analogues, the key 2‐(2‐methylsuccinimido)benzoate ester pharmacophore is introduced by esterification of the alcohol precursors with 2‐(2‐methylmaleimido)benzoic acid (10) under Steglich conditions followed by hydrogenation over palladium on charcoal.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
EOF in monolithic poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) capillary columns
Authors: Szumski Michał , Kučerova Zdeňka , Jandera Pavel , Buszewski Bogusław 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present the result of our study on generation of EOF on uncharged poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)‐based monolithic capillary columns. Three types of neutral monoliths were used: unmodified poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) and two modified with octadecyl chains: using grafting process or Friedel–Crafts reaction. The electroosmotic mobilities (μeoF) versus pH profiles are compared, as well as molecular modeling using HyperChem software was employed to describe the observed phenomena. The μeoF was almost independent of pH when pH was increased from 2.5 to 9.5 during the consecutive experiments; however, it decreased significantly when pH was decreasing between these values. The modeling has shown that the buffer molecules can be attracted by the neutral polystyrene surface only in the presence of water molecules, thus creating a negatively charged layer.
A variational multiscale Newton–Schur approach for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Turner D. Z. , Nakshatrala K. B. , Hjelmstad K. D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the following paper, we present a consistent Newton–Schur (NS) solution approach for variational multiscale formulations of the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions. The main contributions of this work are a systematic study of the variational multiscale method for three‐dimensional problems and an implementation of a consistent formulation suitable for large problems with high nonlinearity, unstructured meshes, and non‐symmetric matrices. In addition to the quadratic convergence characteristics of a Newton–Raphson‐based scheme, the NS approach increases computational efficiency and parallel scalability by implementing the tangent stiffness matrix in Schur complement form. As a result, more computations are performed at the element level. Using a variational multiscale framework, we construct a two‐level approach to stabilizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a coarse and fine‐scale subproblem. We then derive the Schur complement form of the consistent tangent matrix. We demonstrate the performance of the method for a number of three‐dimensional problems for Reynolds number up to 1000 including steady and time‐dependent flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.