Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease
Authors: Liew Felicity , Efstathiou Claudia , Fontanella Sara , Richardson Matthew , Saunders Ruth , Swieboda Dawid , Sidhu Jasmin K. , Ascough Stephanie , Moore Shona C. , Mohamed Noura , Nunag Jose , King Clara , Leavy Olivia C. , Elneima Omer , McAuley Hamish J. C. , Shikotra Aarti , Singapuri Amisha , Sereno Marco , Harris Victoria C. , Houchen-Wolloff Linzy , Greening Neil J. , Lone Nazir I. , Thorpe Matthew , Thompson A. A. Roger , Rowland-Jones Sarah L. , Docherty Annemarie B. , Chalmers James D. , Ho Ling-Pei , Horsley Alexander , Raman Betty , Poinasamy Krisnah , Marks Michael , Kon Onn Min , Howard Luke S. , Wootton Daniel G. , Quint Jennifer K. , de Silva Thushan I. , Ho Antonia , Chiu Christopher , Harrison Ewen M. , Greenhalf William , Baillie J. Kenneth , Semple Malcolm G. , Turtle Lance , Evans Rachael A. , Wain Louise V. , Brightling Christopher , Thwaites Ryan S. , Openshaw Peter J. M. ,   PHOSP-COVID collaborative group, Abel Kathryn , Adamali H. , Adeloye Davies , Adeyemi Oluwaseun , Adrego Rita , Jimenez Laura Aguilar , Ahmad Shanaz , Haider N. Ahmad , Ahmed Rubina , Ahwireng Nyarko , Ainsworth Mark , Alamoudi Asma , Ali Mariam , Aljaroof M. , Allan Louise , Allen Richard , Allerton Lisa , Allsop Lynne , Allt Ann Marie , Almeida Paula , Al-Sheklly Bashar , Altmann Danny , Corral Maria Alvarez , Amoils Shannon , Anderson David , Antoniades Charalambos , Arbane Gill , Arias Ava Maria , Armour Cherie , Armstrong Lisa , Armstrong Natalie , Arnold David , Arnold H. , Ashish A. , Ashworth Andrew , Ashworth M. , Aslani Shahab , Assefa-Kebede Hosanna , Atkin Paul , Atkin Catherine , Aul Raminder , Aung Hnin , Austin Liam , Avram Cristina , Avramidis Nikos , Ayoub A. , Babores Marta , Baggott Rhiannon , Bagshaw J. , Baguley David , Bailey Elisabeth , Baillie J. Kenneth , Bain Steve , Bakali Majda , Bakau M. , Baldry E. , Baldwin Molly , Baldwin David , Ballard Clive , Banerjee Amita , Bang Dongchun , Barker R. E. , Barman Laura , Barran Perdita , Barratt Shaney , Barrett Fiona , Basire Donna , Basu Neil , Bates Michelle , Bates A. , Batterham R. , Baxendale Helen , Baxter Gabrielle , Bayes Hannah , Beadsworth M. , Beckett Paul , Beggs M. , Begum M. , Beirne Paul , Bell Murdina , Bell Robert , Bennett Kaytie , Beranova Eva , Bermperi Areti , Berridge Anthony , Berry Colin , Betts Sarah , Bevan Emily , Bhui Kamaldeep , Bingham Michelle , Birchall K. , Bishop Lettie , Bisnauthsing Karen , Blaikely John , Bloss Angela , Bolger Annette , Bolton Charlotte , Bonnington J. , Botkai A. , Bourne Charlotte , Bourne Michelle , Bramham Kate , Brear Lucy , Breen G. , Breeze Jonathon , Breeze Katie , Briggs Andrew , Bright E. , Brill Simon , Brindle K. , Broad Lauren , Broadley Andrew , Brookes Claire , Broome Mattew , Brown Vanessa , Brown M. , Brown Jo , Brown J. , Brown Ammani , Brown Angela , Brown M. , Brown Jeremy , Brugha Terry , Brunskill Nigel , Buch M. , Buckley Phil , Bularga Anda , Bullmore Ed , Bunker Jenny , Burden L. , Burdett Tracy , Burn David , Burns G. , Burns A. , Busby John , Butcher Robyn , Butt Al-Tahoor , Byrne S. , Cairns P. , Calder P. C. , Calvelo Ellen , Carborn H. , Card Bethany , Carr Caitlin , Carr Liesel , Carson G. , Carter Penny , Casey Anna , Cassar M. , Cavanagh Jonathon , Chablani Manish , Chalder Trudie , Chalmers James D. , Chambers Rachel , Chan Flora , Channon K. M. , Chapman Kerry , Charalambou Amanda , Chaudhuri N. , Checkley A. , Chen Jin , Cheng Yutung , Chetham Luke , Childs Caroline , Chilvers Edwin , Chinoy H. , Chiribiri A. , Chong-James K. , Choudhury N. , Choudhury Gaunab , Chowienczyk Phillip , Christie C. , Chrystal Melanie , Clark Cameron , Clark David , Clarke Jude , Clohisey S. , Coakley G. , Coburn Zach , Coetzee S. , Cole Joby , Coleman Chris , Conneh Florence , Connell David , Connolly Bronwen , Connor Lynda , Cook Amanda , Cooper Shirley , Cooper B. , Cooper Josh , Copeland Donna , Cosier Tracey , Coughlan Eamon , Coulding Martina , Coupland C. , Cox E. , Craig Thelma , Crisp P. , Cristiano Daniele , Crooks Michael , Cross Andy , Cruz Isabel , Cullinan P. , Cuthbertson D. , Daines Luke , Dalton Matthhew , Daly Patrick , Daniels Alison , Dark P. , Dasgin Joanne , David C. , David Anthony , Davies Ffyon , Davies Ellie , Davies Kim , Davies Gareth , Davies Gwyneth , Davies Melanie , Dawson Joy , Dawson Camilla , Daynes Enya , Soyza Anthony De , Deakin Bill , Deans Andrew , Deas C. , Deery Joanne , Defres Sylviane , Dell Amanda , Dempsey K. , Denneny Emma , Dennis J. , Dewar A. , Dharmagunawardena Ruvini , Diar-Bakerly Nawar , Dickens Caroline , Dipper A. , Diver Sarah , Diwanji Shalin , Dixon Myles , Djukanovic R. , Dobson Hannah , Dobson S. L. , Docherty Annemarie B. , Donaldson A. , Dong T. , Dormand N. , Dougherty Andrew , Dowling Rachael , Drain Stephen , Draxlbauer Katharine , Drury Katie , Dulawan Pearl , Dunleavy A. , Dunn Sarah , Dupont Catherine , Earley Joanne , Easom Nicholas , Echevarria Carlos , Edwards Sarah , Edwardson C. , Elliott Anne , Elliott K. , Ellis Yvette , Elmer Anne , El-Taweel Hosni , Evans Teriann , Evans Ranuromanana , Evans D. , Evans R. , Evans H. , Evans Jonathon , Evenden Cerys , Evison Lynsey , Fabbri Laura , Fairbairn Sara , Fairman Alexandra , Fallon K. , Faluyi David , Favager Clair , Fayzan Tamanah , Featherstone James , Felton T. , Ferreira V. , Finch J. , Finney Selina , Finnigan J. , Finnigan L. , Fisher Helen , Fletcher S. , Flockton Rachel , Flynn Margaret , Foot H. , Foote David , Ford Amber , Forton D. , Fraile Eva , Francis C. , Francis Richard , Francis Susan , Frankel Anew , Fraser Emily , Free Rob , French N. , Fu X. , Fuld Jonathon , Furniss J. , Garner Lucie , Gautam N. , Geddes John , George J. , George P. , Gibbons Michael , Gill Rhyan , Gill Mandy , Gilmour L. , Gleeson F. , Glossop Jodie , Glover Sarah , Goodman Nicola , Goodwin Camelia , Gooptu Bibek , Gordon Hussain , Gorsuch T. , Greatorex M. , Greenhaff Paul , Greenhalf William , Greenhalgh Alan , Greenwood John , Gregory Rebecca , Gregory Heidi , Grieve D. , Griffin Denise , Griffiths L. , Guerdette Anne-Marie , Guillen-Guio Beatriz , Gummadi Mahitha , Gupta Ayushman , Gurram Sambasivarao , Guthrie Elspeth , Guy Zoe , Hadley Kate , Haggar Ahmed , Hainey Kera , Hairsine Brigid , Haldar Pranab , Hall Lucy , Hall Ian , Halling-Brown Mark , Hamil R. , Hancock Alyson , Hancock Kia , Hanley Neil , Haq Sulaimaan , Hardwick Hayley , Hardy Tim , Hardy E. , Hargadon Beverley , Harrington Kate , Harris Edward , Harrison Ewen , Harrison Paul , Hart Nicholas , Harvey Alice , Harvey Matt , Harvie M. , Haslam L. , Hastie Claire , Havinden-Williams May , Hawkes Jenny , Hawkings Nancy , Haworth Jill , Hayday A. , Haynes Matthew , Hazeldine J. , Hazelton Tracy , Heaney Liam , Heeley Cheryl , Heeney Jonathon , Heightman M. , Heller Simon , Henderson Max , Henson Helen , Hesselden L. , Hewitt Melanie , Highett Victoria , Hillman T. , Hiwot T. , Ho Ling-Pei , Hoare Michaela , Hoare Amy , Hockridge J. , Hogarth Philip , Holbourn Ailsa , Holden Sophie , Holdsworth L. , Holgate D. , Holland Maureen , Holloway Leah , Holmes Katie , Holmes Megan , Holroyd-Hind B. , Holt L. , Hormis Anil , Horsley Alexander , Hosseini Akram , Hotopf M. , Howard Luke S. , Howard Kate , Howell Alice , Hufton E. , Hughes Rachel Ann , Hughes Joan , Hughes Alun , Humphries Amy , Huneke Nathan , Hurditch E. , Hurst John , Husain Masud , Hussell Tracy , Hutchinson John , Ibrahim W. , Ilyas F. , Ingham Julie , Ingram L. , Ionita Diana , Isaacs Karen , Ismail Khalida , Jackson T. , Jacob Joseph , James W. Y. , Jang W. , Jarman Claire , Jarrold Ian , Jarvis Hannah , Jastrub Roman , Jayaraman Bhagy , Jenkins Gisli , Jezzard P. , Jiwa Kasim , Johnson C. , Johnson Simon , Johnston Desmond , Jolley Caroline , Jones S. , Jones H. , Jones L. , Jones Ian , Jones G. , Jones Heather , Jones Mark , Jones Don , Jose Sherly , Kabir Thomas , Kaltsakas G. , Kamwa Vicky , Kanellakis N. , Kaprowska Sabina , Kausar Zunaira , Keenan Natalie , Kelly S. , Kemp G. , Kerr Steven , Kerslake Helen , Key Angela , Khan Fasih , Khunti Kamlesh , Kilroy Susan , King Bernie , King Clara , Kingham Lucy , Kirk Jill , Kitterick Paaig , Klenerman Paul , Knibbs Lucy , Knight Sean , Knighton Abigail , Kon Onn Min , Kon S. , Kon Samantha , Korszun Ania , Koychev Ivan , Kurasz Claire , Kurupati Prathiba , Laing C. , Lamlum Hanan , Landers G. , Langenberg Claudia , Lavelle-Langham Lara , Lawrie Allan , Lawson Cathy , Lawson Claire , Layton Alison , Lea A. , Lee Ju Hee , Lee Elvina , Lee D. , Leitch Karen , Lenagh Rebecca , Lewis Victoria , Lewis Joanne , Lewis Keir , Lewis D. , Lewis-Burke N. , Li X. , Light Tessa , Lightstone Liz , Lilaonitkul W. , Lim Lai , Linford S. , Lingford-Hughes Anne , Lipman M. , Liyanage Kamal , Lloyd Arwel , Logan S. , Lomas D. , Lone Nazir I. , Loosley Ronda , Lord Janet , Lota Harpreet , Lovegrove Wayne , Lozano-Rojas Daniel , Lucey Alice , Lucy Gardiner , Lukaschuk E. , Lye Alison , Lynch Ceri , MacDonald S. , MacGowan G. , Macharia Irene , Mackie J. , Macliver L. , Madathil S. , Madzamba Gladys , Magee Nick , Magtoto Murphy , Mairs N. , Majeed N. , Major E. , Malein Flora , Malim M. , Mallison Georgia , Man William , Mandal S. , Mangion K. , Manisty C. , Manley R. , March Katherine , Marciniak Stefan , Marino Philip , Mariveles Myril , Marks Michael , Marouzet Elizabeth , Marsh Sophie , Marshall M. , Marshall B. , Martin Jane , Martineau Adrian , Martinez L. M. , Maskell Nick , Matila Darwin , Matimba-Mupaya Wadzanai , Matthews Laura , Mbuyisa Angeline , McAdoo Steve , McAllister-Williams Hamish , McArdle Paul , McArdle Anne , McAulay Danny , McCann Gerry , McCormick W. , McCormick Jacqueline , McCourt P. , McCracken Celeste , McGarvey Lorcan , McGee C. , Mcgee K. , McGinness Jade , McGlynn K. , McGovern Andrew , McGuinness Heather , McInnes I. B. , McIntosh Jerome , McIvor Emma , McIvor Katherine , McLeavey Laura , McMahon Aisling , McMahon Michael , McMorrow L. , Mcnally Teresa , McNarry M. , McNeill J. , McQueen Alison , McShane H. , Mears Chloe , Megson Clare , Megson Sharon , Mehta P. , Meiring J. , Melling Lucy , Mencias Mark , Menke R. , Menzies Daniel , Morillas Marta Merida , Michael Alice , Michael Benedict , Miller C. A. , Milligan Lea , Mills Nicholas , Mills Clare , Mills George , Milner L. , Misra S. , Mitchell Jane , Mohamed Abdelrahman , Mohammed S. , Molyneaux Philip , Monteiro Will , Moriera Silvia , Morley Anna , Morrison Leigh , Morriss Richard , Morrow A. , Moss Paul , Moss Alistair , Motohashi K. , Msimanga N. , Mukaetova-Ladinska Elizabeta , Munawar Unber , Murira Jennifer , Nanda Uttam , Nassa Heeah , Nasseri Mariam , Nathu Rashmita , Neal Aoife , Needham Robert , Neill Paula , Neubauer Stefan , Newby D. E. , Newell Helen , Newman J. , Newman Tom , Newton-Cox Alex , Nichols T. E. , Nicholson Tim , Nicolaou Christos , Nicoll Debby , Nikolaidis Athanasios , Nikolaidou C. , Nolan C. M. , Noonan Matthew , Norman C. , Novotny Petr , Ntotsis Kimon , Nwafor Lorenza , Nwanguma Uchechi , Nyaboko Joseph , O’Brien Linda , O’Brien C. , Odell Natasha , O’Donnell Kate , Ogbole Godwin , Ogg G. , Olaosebikan Olaoluwa , Oliver Catherine , Omar Zohra , O’Regan D. P. , Orriss-Dib Lorna , Osborne Lynn , Osbourne Rebecca , Ostermann Marlies , Overton Charlotte , Owen J. , Oxton J. , Pack Jamie , Pacpaco Edmund , Paddick Stella-Maria , Painter Sharon , Pairo-Castineira Erola , Pakzad Ashkan , Palmer Sue , Papineni Padmasayee , Paques K. , Paradowski Kerry , Pareek Manish , Parekh Dhruv , Parfrey H. , Pariante Carmen , Parker S. , Parkes M. , Parmar J. , Patale Sheetal , Patel Manish , Patel B. , Patel Suhani , Pattenadk Dibya , Pavlides M. , Payne Sheila , Pearce Lorraine , Pearl John , Peckham Dan , Pendlebury Jessica , Peng Yanchun , Pennington Chris , Peralta Ida , Perkins Emma , Peterkin Z. , Peto Tunde , Petousi Nayia , Petrie John , Pfeffer Paul , Phipps Janet , Piechnik S. , Pimm John , Hanley Karen Piper , Pius Riinu , Plant Hannah , Plein S. , Plekhanova Tatiana , Plowright Megan , Poinasamy Krisnah , Polgar Oliver , Poll L. , Porter Julie , Porter Joanna , Portukhay Sofiya , Powell Natassia , Prabhu A. , Pratt James , Price Andrea , Price Claire , Price Carly , Price L. , Price D. , Price L. , Prickett Anne , Propescu I. , Propescu J. , Prosper Sabrina , Pugmire S. , Quaid Sheena , Quigley Jackie , Quint Jennifer K. , Qureshi H. , Qureshi I. N. , Radhakrishnan K. , Rahman Najib , Ralser Markus , Raman Betty , Ramos Hazel , Ramos Albert , Rangeley Jade , Rangelov Bojidar , Ratcliffe Liz , Ravencroft Phillip , Rawlik Konrad , Reddington Anne , Reddy R. , Reddy A. , Redfearn Heidi , Redwood Dawn , Reed Annabel , Rees Meryl , Rees Tabitha , Regan Karen , Reynolds Will , Ribeiro Carla , Richards A. , Richardson Emma , Richardson M. , Rivera-Ortega Pilar , Roberts K. , Robertson Elizabeth , Robinson Leanne , Robinson Emma , Roche Lisa , Roddis C. , Rodger J. , Rogers Natalie , Ross Gavin , Ross Alexandra , Rossdale Jennifer , Rostron Anthony , Rowe Anna , Rowland J. , Rowland M. J. , Rowland A. , Rowland-Jones Sarah L. , Roy Maura , Roy K. , Rudan Igor , Russell Richard , Russell Emily , Saalmink Gwen , Sabit Ramsey , Sage Beth , Samakomva T. , Samani Nilesh , Samat A. A. , Sampson Claire , Samuel Katherine , Samuel Reena , Sanders Z. B. , Sanderson Amy , Sapey Elizabeth , Saralaya Dinesh , Sargant Jack , Sarginson Carol , Sass T. , Sattar Naveed , Saunders Kathryn , Saunders Peter , Saunders Ruth , Saunders Laura , Savill Heather , Saxon W. , Sayer Avan , Schronce J. , Schwaeble William , Scott Janet , Scott Kathryn , Selby Nick , Sewell Terri Ann , Shah Kamini , Shah Ajay , Shah P. , Shankar-Hari Manu , Sharma M. , Sharpe Claire , Sharpe Michael , Shashaa Sharlene , Shaw Alison , Shaw Victoria , Shaw Karen , Sheikh Aziz , Shelton Sarah , Shenton Liz , Shevket K. , Short J. , Siddique Sulman , Siddiqui Salman , Sidebottom J. , Sigfrid Louise , Simons Gemma , Simpson Neil , Simpson John , Singapuri Ananga , Singh Suver , Singh Claire , Singh Sally , Sissons D. , Skeemer J. , Slack Katie , Smith David , Smith Nikki , Smith Andrew , Smith Jacqui , Smith Laurie , Smith Susan , Soares M. , Solano Teresa , Solly Reanne , Solstice A. R. , Soulsby Tracy , Southern David , Sowter D. , Spears Mark , Spencer Lisa , Speranza Fabio , Stadon Louise , Stanel Stefan , Steeds R. , Steele N. , Steiner Mike , Stensel David , Stephens G. , Stephenson Lorraine , Stern M. , Stewart Iain , Stimpson R. , Stockdale Sue , Stockley J. , Stoker Wendy , Stone Roisin , Storrar Will , Storrie Andrew , Storton Kim , Stringer E. , Strong-Sheldrake Sophia , Stroud Natalie , Subbe Christian , Sudlow Catherine , Suleiman Zehra , Summers Charlotte , Summersgill C. , Sutherland Debbie , Sykes D. L. , Sykes R. , Talbot Nick , Tan Ai Lyn , Tarusan Lawrence , Tavoukjian Vera , Taylor Jessica , Taylor Abigail , Taylor Chris , Taylor John Paul , Te Amelie , Tedd H. , Tee Caroline , Teixeira J. , Tench Helen , Terry Sarah , Thackray-Nocera Susannah , Thaivalappil Favas , Thamu B. , Thickett David , Thomas David , Thomas S. , Thomas Caradog , Thomas Andrew , Thomas-Woods T. , Thompson A. A. Roger , Thompson Tamika , Thornton T. , Thorpe Matthew , Tilley Jo , Tinker N. , Tiongson Gerlynn , Tobin Martin , Tomlinson Johanne , Tong C. , Toshner Mark , Touyz R. , Treibel T. , Tripp K. A. , Trivedi Drupad , Tunnicliffe E. M. , Turnbull Alison , Turner Kim , Turner Sarah , Turner Victoria , Turner E. , Turney Sharon , Turton Helena , Ugoji Jacinta , Ugwuoke R. , Upthegrove Rachel , Valabhji Jonathon , Ventura Maximina , Vere Joanne , Vickers Carinna , Vinson Ben , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Wade Elaine , Wade Phillip , Wainwright Tania , Wajero Lilian , Walder Sinead , Walker Samantha , Walker S. , Wall E. , Wallis Tim , Walmsley Sarah , Walsh Simon , Walsh J. A. , Warburton Louise , Ward T. J. C. , Warwick Katie , Wassall Helen , Waterson Samuel , Watson L. , Watson Ekaterina , Watson James , Webster M. , McCall J. Weir , Welch H. , Welch Carly , Welsh B. , Wessely Simon , West Sophie , Weston Heather , Wheeler Helen , White Sonia , Whitehead Victoria , Whitney J. , Whittaker S. , Whittam Beverley , Whitworth V. , Wight Andrew , Wild James , Wilkins Martin , Wilkinson Dan , Williams Nick , Williams N. , Williams B. , Williams Jenny , Williams-Howard S. A. , Willicombe Michelle , Willis Gemma , Willoughby James , Wilson Ann , Wilson Imogen , Wilson Daisy , Window Nicola , Witham M. , Wolf-Roberts Rebecca , Wood Chloe , Woodhead F. , Woods Janet , Wootton Dan , Wormleighton J. , Worsley J. , Wraith David , Brown Caroline Wrey , Wright C. , Wright S. , Wright Louise , Wyles J. , Wynter Inez , Xie C. , Xu Moucheng , Yasmin Najira , Yasmin S. , Yates Tom , Yip Kay Por , Young Susan , Young Bob , Young A. , Yousuf A. J. , Zawia Amira , Zeidan Lisa , Zhao Bang , Zheng Bang , Zongo O. ,   ISARIC investigators, Adeniji Kayode , Agranoff Daniel , Agwuh Ken , Ahmed Katie A. , Ail Dhiraj , Aldera Erin L. , Alegria Ana , Alex Beatrice , Allen Sam , Andrikopoulos Petros , Angus Brian , Armstrong Jane A. , Ashish Abdul , Ashworth Milton , Asiimwe Innocent G. , Atkinson Dougal , Bach Benjamin , Baillie J. Kenneth , Bakshi Siddharth , Barclay Wendy S. , Bari Shahedal , Barlow Gavin , Barlow Samantha L. , Barnass Stella , Barrett Nicholas , Bassford Christopher , Basude Sneha , Baxter David , Beadsworth Michael , Bernatoniene Jolanta , Berridge John , Berry Colin , Best Nicola , Bogaert Debby , Booth Laura , Bothma Pieter , Brennan Benjamin , Brittain-Long Robin , Bullock Katie , Bulteel Naomi , Burden Tom , Burtenshaw Andrew , Carlucci Nicola , Carson Gail , Caruth Vikki , Cass Emily , Catterall Benjamin W. A. , Chadwick David , Chambler Duncan , Chand Meera , Chechi Kanta , Chee Nigel , Child Jenny , Chukkambotla Srikanth , Clark Richard , Clark Tom , Clark Jordan J. , Clarke Emily A. , Clohisey Sara , Cole Sarah , Collini Paul , Connor Marie , Cooke Graham S. , Cooper Louise , Cosgrove Catherine , Coutts Audrey , Cox Helen , Cupitt Jason , Cutino-Moguel Maria-Teresa , da Silva Filipe Ana , Dalton Jo , Dark Paul , Davis Christopher , Dawson Chris , de Silva Thushan , Dervisevic Samir , Dincarslan Oslem , Carracedo Alejandra Doce , Docherty Annemarie B. , Donegan Cara , Donelly Lorna , Donnison Phil , Donohue Chloe , Santos Correia Gonçalo dos , Douthwaite Sam , Drake Thomas M. , Drummond Andrew , Dumas Marc-Emmanuel , Dunn Chris , Dunning Jake , DuRand Ingrid , Dushianthan Ahilanadan , Dyer Tristan , Dyer Philip , Elliott Angela , Evans Cariad , Evans Anthony , Eziefula Chi , Fairfield Cameron J. , Fawkes Angie , Fegan Chrisopher , Finch Lorna , Finn Adam , Fisher Lewis W. S. , Flaherty Lisa , Fletcher Tom , Foster Terry , Fullerton Duncan , Gamble Carrol , Garcia-Dorival Isabel , Garg Atul , Garg Sanjeev , Gilchrist Tammy , Girvan Michelle , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Godden Jo , Goldsmith Arthur , Graham Clive , Grammatikopoulos Tassos , Green Christopher A. , Greenhalf William , Griffin Julian , Griffiths Fiona , Gunning Philip , Gupta Rishi K. , Hafezi Katarzyna , Halpin Sophie , Hardwick Hayley , Hardy Elaine , Harrison Ewen M. , Harrison Janet , Hartley Catherine , Hartshorn Stuart , Harvey Daniel , Havalda Peter , Hawcutt Daniel B. , Hendry Ross , Ho Antonia Y. W. , Hobrok Maria , Hodgson Luke , Holden Karl , Holmes Anthony , Horby Peter W. , Hormis Anil , Howard Joanne , Ijaz Samreen , Jackson Clare , Jacobs Michael , Jain Susan , Jennings Paul , Jensen Rebecca L. , Jones Christopher B. , Jones Trevor R. , Kaliappan Agilan , Kasipandian Vidya , Keating Seán , Kegg Stephen , Kelsey Michael , Kendall Jason , Kerrison Caroline , Kerslake Ian , Khandaker Shadia , Khoo Say , King Katharine , Kiy Robyn T. , Klenerman Paul , Knight Stephen R. , Knight Susan , Koch Oliver , Koduri Gouri , Koshy George , Koukorava Chrysa , Laha Shondipon , Lahnsteiner Eva , Laird Steven , Lake Annette , Lant Suzannah , Larkin Susan , Latawiec Diane , Lavelle-Langham Lara , Law Andrew , Lee James , Leeming Gary , Lefteri Daniella , Leiner Tamas , Lett Lauren , Lewis Matthew , Liggi Sonia , Lillie Patrick , Lim Wei Shen , Limb James , Linnett Vanessa , Little Jeff , Livoti Lucia A. , Lyttle Mark , MacGillivray Louise , Maclean Alan , MacMahon Michael , MacNaughton Emily , Mancini Maria , Mankregod Ravish , Marsh Laura , Maslen Lynn , Massey Hannah , Masson Huw , Matovu Elijah , Maziere Nicole , McCafferty Sarah , McCullough Katherine , McDonald Sarah E. , McDonald Sarah , McEvoy Laurence , McEwen Ruth , McLauchlan John , Mclean Kenneth A. , Meda Manjula , Mentzer Alexander J. , Merson Laura , Metelmann Soeren , Meynert Alison M. , Miah Nahida S. , Middleton Joanna , Mills Gary , Minton Jane , Mitchell Joyce , Mohandas Kavya , Mok Quen , Moon James , Moore Elinoor , Moore Shona C. , Morgan Patrick , Morrice Kirstie , Morris Craig , Mortimore Katherine , Moses Samuel , Mpenge Mbiye , Mulla Rohinton , Murphy Derek , Murphy Lee , Murphy Michael , Murphy Ellen G. , Nagarajan Thapas , Nagel Megan , Nelson Mark , Norman Lisa , Norris Lillian , Norris Lucy , Noursadeghi Mahdad , Olanipekun Michael , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Osagie Anthonia , O’Shea Matthew K. , Ostermann Marlies , Otahal Igor , Pais Mark , Palmarini Massimo , Palmieri Carlo , Panchatsharam Selva , Papakonstantinou Danai , Papineni Padmasayee , Paraiso Hassan , Patel Brij , Pattison Natalie , Paxton William A. , Penrice-Randal Rebekah , Pepperell Justin , Peters Mark , Phull Mandeep , Pilgrim Jack , Pintus Stefania , Pius Riinu , Planche Tim , Plotkin Daniel , Pollakis Georgios , Post Frank , Price Nicholas , Price David , Prince Tessa , Prout Rachel , Rae Nikolas , Rambaut Andrew , Reschreiter Henrik , Reynolds Tim , Richardson Neil , Ridley P. Matthew , Roberts Mark , Roberts Stephanie , Roberts Devender , Robertson David L. , Rose Alistair , Rousseau Guy , Ruge Bobby , Russell Clark D. , Ryan Brendan , Sales Debby , Saluja Taranprit , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa , Sands Caroline , Saviciute Egle , Schmid Matthias , Scott Janet T. , Scott-Brown James , Semple Malcolm G. , Shah Aarti , Shankar-Hari Manu , Shanmuga Prad , Sharma Anil , Shaw Catherine A. , Shaw Victoria E. , Shawcross Anna , Shears Rebecca K. , Sigfrid Louise , Pooni Jagtur Singh , Sizer Jeremy , Small Benjamin , Smith Richard , Snelson Catherine , Solomon Tom , Spencer Rebecca G. , Spittle Nick , Sriskandan Shiranee , Staines Nikki , Stambach Tom , Stewart Richard , Stuart David , Subramaniam Krishanthi S. , Subudhi Pradeep , Summers Charlotte , Swann Olivia V. , Szakmany Tamas , Szemiel Agnieska , Taggart Aislynn , Tait Sarah , Takats Zoltan , Takis Panteleimon , Tanianis-Hughes Jolanta , Tatham Kate , Tedder Richard S. , Thomas Jo , Thomas Jordan , Thompson Robert , Thompson Chris , Thomson Emma C. , Tridente Ascanio , Trochu Erwan , Tupper-Carey Darell , Turtle Lance C. W. , Twagira Mary , Vallotton Nick , van Tonder Libby , Vancheeswaran Rama , Vincent Rachel , Vincent-Smith Lisa , Visuvanathan Shico , Vuylsteke Alan , Waddy Sam , Wake Rachel , Walden Andrew , Welters Ingeborg , Wham Murray , Whitehouse Tony , Whittaker Paul , Whittington Ashley , Wijesinghe Meme , Wilcock Eve , Williams Martin , Wilson Lawrence , Winchester Stephen , Wiselka Martin , Wolverson Adam , Wootton Daniel G. , Workman Andrew , Wrobel Nicola , Yates Bryan , Young Peter , Zambon Maria , Zhang J. Eunice 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOne in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and mechanisms are poorly understood1. Here we profiled 368 plasma proteins in 657 participants ≥3 months following hospitalization. Of these, 426 had at least one long COVID symptom and 233 had fully recovered. Elevated markers of myeloid inflammation and complement activation were associated with long COVID. IL-1R2, MATN2 and COLEC12 were associated with cardiorespiratory symptoms, fatigue and anxiety/depression; MATN2, CSF3 and C1QA were elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms and C1QA was elevated in cognitive impairment. Additional markers of alterations in nerve tissue repair (SPON-1 and NFASC) were elevated in those with cognitive impairment and SCG3, suggestive of brain–gut axis disturbance, was elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was persistently elevated in some individuals with long COVID, but virus was not detected in sputum. Analysis of inflammatory markers in nasal fluids showed no association with symptoms. Our study aimed to understand inflammatory processes that underlie long COVID and was not designed for biomarker discovery. Our findings suggest that specific inflammatory pathways related to tissue damage are implicated in subtypes of long COVID, which might be targeted in future therapeutic trials.