bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apparent Loss of Urinary Albumin during Long-term Frozen Storage: HPLC vs Immunonephelometry
Authors: Brinkman Jacoline W , de Zeeuw Dick , Lambers Heerspink Hiddo J , Gansevoort Ronald T , Kema Ido P , de Jong Paul E , Bakker Stephan JL 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Background: Urinary albumin detection by immunonephelometry is decreased by ∼30% in samples that have been frozen at −20 °C. An HPLC method for assessment of urinary albumin that detects immunoreactive and immunochemically nonreactive albumin has been introduced as an alternative to immunonephelometry. We investigated whether this technique is affected by sample temperature, particularly freezing.
Methods: Urine samples (n = 295) were collected from the general population (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease Study). Samples were assessed by both immunonephelometry and HPLC when fresh and after storage at −20 °C for 4, 8, and 12 months and at −80 °C for 12 months.
Results: With immunonephelometry, storage for 4, 8, and 12 months at −20 °C resulted in mean (SD) urine albumin changes of −21% (29%), −28% (29%), and −34% (31) (P &lt;0.001 for trend). Storage at −80 °C resulted in a 5% (19%) change after 12 months of storage (not significant). With HPLC, storage for 4, 8, and 12 months at −20 °C resulted in urine albumin changes of −33% (28%), −43% (24%), and −55% (21%; P &lt;0.001 vs immunonephelometry). Storage at −80 °C resulted in a −29% (29%) change (P &lt;0.001 vs immunonephelometry).
Conclusion: Loss of albumin after freezing urine depends not only on freezing temperature but also on detection method. Detection of albumin by immunonephelometry appears to be significantly less influenced by freezing than detection by HPLC. Storage at −80 °C appears to prevent loss when using immunonephelometry, whereas HPLC still shows considerable loss even when urine is frozen at −80 °C. We propose that for reliable measurement of urine albumin, fresh samples should be used.
Importance of tRNA interactions with 23S rRNA for peptide bond formation on the ribosome: studies with substrate analogs
Authors: Beringer Malte , Rodnina Marina V. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The major enzymatic activity of the ribosome is the catalysis of peptide bond formation. The active site – the peptidyl transferase center – is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and interactions between rRNA and the reactants, peptidyl-tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA, are crucial for the reaction to proceed rapidly and efficiently. Here, we describe the influence of rRNA interactions with cytidine residues in A-site substrate analogs (C-puromycin or CC-puromycin), mimicking C74 and C75 of tRNA on the reaction. Base-pairing of C75 with G2553 of 23S rRNA accelerates peptide bond formation, presumably by stabilizing the peptidyl transferase center in its productive conformation. When C74 is also present in the substrate analog, the reaction is slowed down considerably, indicating a slow step in substrate binding to the active site, which limits the reaction rate. The tRNA-rRNA interactions lead to a robust reaction that is insensitive to pH changes or base substitutions in 23S rRNA at the active site of the ribosome.
Morphing the minimal and full-length hammerhead ribozymes: implications for the cleavage mechanism
Authors: Scott William G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The hammerhead ribozyme is a small, intensively studied catalytic RNA, and has been used as a prototype for understanding how RNA catalysis works. In 2003, the importance of a set of tertiary contacts that appear in natural sequences of the hammerhead RNA was finally understood. The presence of these contact regions in stems I and II in ‘full-length hammerhead ribozymes’ is accompanied by an up to 1000-fold catalytic rate enhancement, indicating a profound structural effect upon the active site. Although the new structure resolved most of what appeared to be irreconcilable differences with mechanistic studies in solution, it did so in a way that is simultaneously reconcilable with earlier crystallographic mechanistic studies, within the limits imposed by the truncated sequence of the minimal hammerhead. Here we present an analysis of the correspondence between the full-length and minimal hammerhead crystal structures, using adiabatic morphing calculations that for the first time test the hypothesis that the minimal hammerhead structure occasionally visits the active conformation, both in solution and in the crystalline state in a sterically allowed manner, and argue that this is the simplest hypothesis that consistently explains all of the experimental observations.
Long-range impact of peripheral joining elements on structure and function of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme
Authors: Tinsley Rebecca A. , Walter Nils G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The HDV ribozyme is an RNA enzyme from the human pathogenic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) that has recently also been identified in the human genome. It folds into a compact, nested double-pseudoknot. We examined here the functional relevance of the capping loop L4 and the helical crossover J1/2, which tightly interlace the two helical stacks of the ribozyme. Peripheral structural elements such as these are present in cis-acting, but not trans-acting ribozymes, which may explain the order-of-magnitude decrease in cleavage activity observed in trans-acting ribozymes with promise in gene therapy applications. Comparison of a systematic set of cis- and trans-acting HDV ribozymes shows that the absence of either L4 or J1/2 significantly and independently impacts catalytic activity. Using terbium(III) footprinting and affinity studies, as well as distance measurements based on time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we find that J1/2 is most important for conferring structural properties similar to those of the cis-acting ribozyme. Our results are consistent with a model in which removal of either a helical crossover or surprisingly a capping loop induces greater dynamics and expansion of the catalytic core at long range, impacting local and global folding, as well as catalytic function.
Expression of protein-coding genes embedded in ribosomal DNA
Authors: Johansen Steinar D. , Haugen Peik , Nielsen Henrik 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a specialised chromosomal location that is dedicated to high-level transcription of ribosomal RNA genes. Interestingly, rDNAs are frequently interrupted by parasitic elements, some of which carry protein genes. These are non-LTR retrotransposons and group II introns that encode reverse transcriptase-like genes, and group I introns and archaeal introns that encode homing endonuclease genes (HEGs). Although rDNA-embedded protein genes are widespread in nuclei, organelles and bacteria, there is surprisingly little information available on how these genes are expressed. Exceptions include a handful of HEGs from group I introns. Recent studies have revealed unusual and essential roles of group I and group I-like ribozymes in the endogenous expression of HEGs. Here we discuss general aspects of rDNA-embedded protein genes and focus on HEG expression from group I introns in the nucleolus.
Assessment of Cancer-Related Fatigue: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Jean-Pierre Pascal , Figueroa-Moseley Colmar D. , Kohli Sadhna , Fiscella Kevin , Palesh Oxana G. , Morrow Gary R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom experienced by most cancer patients during, and often for considerable periods after, treatment. The recognition of the importance of CRF to patients' psychosocial and cognitive functioning, as well as to their quality of life, has driven the development of a wide range of assessment tools for screening and diagnosis of CRF. Over 20 different measures have been used to assess CRF from either a unidimensional or multi-dimensional perspective. Unidimensional measures are often single-question scales that generally focus on identifying the occurrence and severity of CRF, whereas multidimensional measures may also examine the effect of CRF across several domains of physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive functioning. This paper provides an overview and critique of measures commonly used to assess CRF. Single-question assessment is the most commonly used and the most useful methodology. Strategies to facilitate reliable assessment of CRF are also discussed.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Cancer-Related Fatigue
Authors: Carroll Jennifer K. , Kohli Sadhna , Mustian Karen M. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Morrow Gary R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Fatigue is the most commonly reported symptom in patients with cancer, with a prevalence of over 60% reported in the majority of studies. This paper systematically reviews pharmacologic agents in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue (CRF). We conducted a literature review of clinical trials that assessed pharmacologic agents for the treatment of CRF. These agents include hematopoietics (for anemia), corticosteroids, and psychostimulants. Other therapeutic agents that are less well studied for CRF but are currently the focus of clinical trials include l-carnitine, modafinil, bupropion, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as paroxetine.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Salinomycin toxicosis in horses
Authors: Aleman Monica , Magdesian K. Gary , Peterson Tracy S. , Galey Francis D. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Case Description—A 4-month-old American Paint filly was evaluated because of sudden onset of ataxia that progressed to recumbency. Five additional horses from the same and neighboring premises developed signs of poor performance, generalized weakness, ataxia, and recumbency; 2 of those horses were also evaluated. A new batch of a commercial feed supplement had been introduced to the horses' diet on each farm within the preceding 3 days.
Clinical Findings—Other than recumbency, findings of physical and neurologic examinations of the foal were unremarkable. The other 2 horses had generalized weakness and mild ataxia, and 1 horse also had persistent tachycardia. The foal had mild leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, and mildly high serum creatine kinase activity. Results of cervical radiography, CSF analysis, and assessments of heavy metals and selenium concentrations in blood and vitamin E concentration in serum were within reference limits. Feed analysis revealed high concentrations of the ionophore antimicrobial salinomycin.
Treatment and Outcome—The 5 affected horses survived, but the foal was euthanized. At necropsy, a major histopathologic finding was severe vacuolation within neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, which was compatible with ionophore toxicosis. The surviving horses developed muscle atrophy, persistent weakness, and ataxia.
Clinical Relevance—In horses, ionophore toxicosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for acute weakness, ataxia, recumbency, or sudden death. Furthermore, ionophore toxicosis should be considered as a cause of poor performance, weakness, muscle wasting, and cardiac arrhythmias in horses. Surviving horses may have impaired athletic performance.
Evaluation of an endoscopic liver biopsy technique in green iguanas
Authors: Hernandez-Divers Stephen J. , Stahl Scott J. , McBride Michael , Stedman Nancy L. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To establish a safe and effective endoscopic technique for collection of liver biopsy specimens from lizards by use of a 2.7-mm rigid endoscope system that is commonly available in zoologic veterinary practice.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—11 subadult male green iguanas (Iguana iguana).
Procedures—Each lizard was anesthetized, and right-sided coelioscopic examination of the right liver lobe and gallbladder was performed. Three liver biopsy specimens were collected from each lizard by use of a 2.7-mm rigid endoscope and 1.7-mm (5-F) biopsy forceps. Biopsy samples were evaluated histologically for quality and crush artifact. Ten days following surgery, all iguanas were euthanatized and underwent full necropsy examination.
Results—For all 11 iguanas, the right liver lobe and gallbladder were successfully examined endoscopically, and 3 biopsy specimens of the liver were collected without complications. Mean ± SD durations of anesthesia and surgery were 24 ± 7 minutes and 6.8 ± 1.0 minutes, respectively. At necropsy, there was no evidence of trauma or disease associated with the skin or muscle entry sites, liver, or any visceral structures in any iguana. All 33 biopsy specimens were considered acceptable for histologic interpretation; in most samples, the extent of crush artifact was considered minimal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—By use of a 2.7-mm rigid endoscope, liver biopsy procedures can be performed safely, swiftly, and easily in green iguanas. Biopsy specimens obtained by this technique are suitable for histologic examination. For evaluation of the liver and biopsy specimen collection in lizards, endoscopy is recommended.
Fluoroscopic and radiographic evaluation of tracheal collapse in dogs: 62 cases (2001–2006)
Authors: Macready Dawn M. , Johnson Lynelle R. , Pollard Rachel E. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare the use of radiography and fluoroscopy for detection and grading of tracheal collapse in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—62 dogs with tracheal collapse.
Procedures—For each dog, tracheal collapse was confirmed fluoroscopically and lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic views were reviewed. A board-certified radiologist (who was unaware of the dogs' clinical history) evaluated the cervical, thoracic inlet, thoracic, carinal, and main stem bronchial regions in all fluoroscopic videos and radiographic images for evidence of collapse. Cervical, thoracic inlet, thoracic, and carinal regions in both radio-graphic and fluoroscopic studies were graded for collapse (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% decrease in diameter).
Results—Lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic images were available for 54 dogs, and inspiratory and expiratory lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic images were available for 8 dogs. For detection of tracheal collapse, assessment of radiographic views was sensitive and had the best negative predictive value in the cervical and thoracic inlet regions. Assessment of radiographic views was most specific and had the best positive predictive value in the thoracic inlet, thoracic, carina, and main stem bronchial regions. Radiography underestimated the degree of collapse in all areas. Review of inspiratory and expiratory views improved the accuracy of radiography for tracheal collapse diagnosis only slightly.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with fluoroscopy, radiography underestimated the frequency and degree of tracheal collapse. However, radiography appears to be useful for screening dogs with potential tracheal collapse.
Novel corrosion protective coatings for aluminium alloys and steels based on oxidic nanoparticles
Authors: Fürbeth Wolfram , Nguyen Hong-Quang , Schütze Michael 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Based on chemical nanotechnology glass-like protective coatings thermally processed at comparatively low temperatures of around 500 °C were developed for aluminium and steel substrates by two different means. Starting from polymeric sols containing a multicomponent oxide of the SiO2 – B2O3 – P2O5 – Na2O system produced by sol-gel technology under acidic conditions, coatings were developed which are thin, hard, transparent, crack-free and corrosion resistant. Electrophoretic deposition of coatings from particulate sols containing multicomponent oxide synthesised under basic conditions proved to be a promising method when very thick coatings are required. Both routes offer the potential of a new type of purely inorganic coatings for corrosion and abrasion protection.
Formation of nano hydroxyapatite – a straightforward way to bioactivate bone implant surfaces
Authors: Nies Berthold , Rößler Sophie , Reinstorf Antje 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Bioactivity has been a field of biomaterials research for more than 25 years. However, clinical application of bioactive implants is progressing rather slowly and is still limited to a few types of bone implants. The increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bioactivity has opened up new attractive opportunities to render conventional implant materials such as metals, ceramics and even polymers bioactive. In particular, biomimetic nano hydroxyapatite coatings and in-situ mineralising surfaces induced by incorporation of mineralisation seeds are applicable to a wide variety of implant types and materials. They have the potential to set new standards for the improved performance of orthopaedic implants whilst complying with the economic constraints on healthcare.
Re-determination of transition temperatures in the Fe–Al system by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Stein Frank , Palm Martin 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The Fe – Al phase diagram has been experimentally re-investigated by differential thermal analysis on 64 alloys with different compositions in the concentration range between 0 and 74 at.% Al. For the melting temperatures, the existence of a shallow maximum at low Al-contents is proven experimentally for the first time. In the solid state, critical temperatures and invariant reactions as well as the order/disorder and ferro-/paramagnetic transitions occurring in the Fe-rich part of the binary system are studied in detail. For the most part, the present data confirm recent assessments of the Fe – Al phase diagram. Small corrections are suggested for some of the critical temperatures. Several effects related to the re-arrangement and annealing out of defects in the B2-ordered FeAl phase are also described. No effect which could be related to the K state has been found. Instead an effect was observed in the same temperature range but for a much wider range of compositions, which is probably due to the formation/dissolution of Fe3AlC precipitates.
Stimuli-responsive polymer layers for advanced cell culture technologies
Authors: Voit Brigitte , Schmaljohann Dirk , Gramm Stefan , Nitschke Mirko , Werner Carsten 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A series of graft copolymers consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a thermoresponsive component in the polymer backbone and poly(ethyleneglycol) side chains were immobilized as thin films on various substrates via low-pressure plasma treatment. The surface-immobilized hydrogels exhibit a transition from partially collapsed to completely swollen, which is in the range of 32 – 35 °C and corresponds to the lower critical solution temperature of the soluble polymers. Cell culture and detachment experiments were performed with mouse fibroblasts and human corneal endothelial cells under standard conditions. The hydrogel-coated supports were found to permit adhesion, spreading and proliferation of the cells and allowed for fast and effective temperature-dependent detachment of intact cell sheets of both cell types. Thus, these coatings offer an efficient method for growth and gentle harvesting of functional cellular assemblies for use in tissue engineering strategies.
Die Rolle der Wälder im Protokoll von Kyoto – Abschätzung ihres Kohlenstoffvorrates gestützt auf Satellitendaten | The role of the forest in the Kyoto Protocol – Estimation of carbon reserve using satellite data
Authors: Romero José , Volz Richard , Giamboni Marzio , Rüsch Willy 
Published: June 2007

Switzerland became a signatory to the climate convention in 1993 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2003. This means that in the period from 2008 to 2012 the country is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 8%compared to 1990. Switzerland has to deposit its annual greenhouse gas inventory with the Climate Convention Secretariat. This also includes accounts of the CO2 of the forest.
Within the framework of its Data User Programme the European Space Agency (ESA) has offered to test the use of its Remote Collected Data System for forest reporting for the Kyoto Protocol. By participating in this project Switzerland aims to examine in how far it can automate its annual forest CO2 balance using objective data taken directly from the satellite.
Il parco nazionale del Locarnese: la sfida di un progetto di sviluppo regionale | The National Park in the region of Locarno: a regional development project
Authors: Gianoni Pippo , Carraro Gabriele 
Published: June 2007

A project, launched in 2000, for a new Swiss National Park in the region of Locarno afforded local communities the opportunity to discuss certain aims and proposals and to consider the development of their surroundings and the best use of their territorial resources in terms of recreation.
Based on a feasibility study carried out in the region of Locarno and Vallemaggia, the present study focuses on the data that concern the geographical character of the area in question. Forests – sizeable and variated pine forests, amongst others– account for half of the area. Natural spaces make up more than 90% of the entire region.
The National Park project is not only a challenge as far as the environment is concerned but also at cultural and institutional levels. Above all, therefore, the evolution of a new National Park is a process; a process that calls for reflection on new environment management models and lends new cultural impulse to seek out the triumvirate of human-creativitynature.
Population: Time-Bomb or Smoke-Screen?
Authors: Petrucci Mario 
Published: June 2007

'Overpopulation' is often implicated as a major causative factor of poverty and environmental degradation in the developing world. This review of the population-resource debate focusses on Red, Green and neo-Malthusian ideologies to demonstrate how they have ramified into current economic and development theory. A central hypothesis is that key elements of Marxist analysis, tempered by the best of Green thought, still have much to offer the subject. The contributions of capitalism to 'underdevelopment', and its associated environmental crises, are clarified and reasserted in a contemporary context. The concept of valuation vector is also introduced, and a novel closure of Blaikie's 'Chain of Explanation' is proposed. The Circuit of Capital model thus created is applied to specific case-studies of resource-population conflict so as to overturn the simplistic conventional connection held between population growth and ecological devastation. The model highlights sequential causes of poverty arising from important capital-based factors which might otherwise be overlooked. It can accommodate a variety of Red-Green perspectives and its structural form is suited to the unravelling of complex population-resource pressures in the multi-dimensional space of the modern global political economy.
Four Dogmas of Environmental Economics
Authors: Sagoff Mark 
Published: June 2007

Four dogmas have shaped modern neoclassical economics. The first proposes that markets may fail to allocate resources efficiently, that is, to those willing to pay the most for them. The second asserts that choices, particularly within markets, reveal preferences. The third is the assumption that people always make the choices they expect will benefit them or enhance their welfare. The fourth dogma holds that perfectly competitive markets will allocate resources to their most beneficial uses. This is the doctrine of the invisible hand. I argue that these dogmas of applied welfare economics should be abandoned. One consequence of doing so will be an increased interest in the institutional context of production. A second will be a turn toward empiricism.