bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of Optimum Tire Contour and Its Application
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Kamegawa T. , Abe A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A new approach to determine an optimum tire contour was developed and was applied to improve various tire performances following the corresponding objective function and constraints. Although several tire contour theories have been proposed in the past, some of them were based on a simple model and could not be used to improve tire performances effectively. On the other hand, others were not described by an equation and their application was limited. In the new approach, the optimization technology was applied to efficiently obtain the optimum contour by minimizing an objective function, while satisfying the constraints. The new approach was verified to be able to improve various tire performances.
The Three-Dimensional Contact Patch Stress Field of Solid and Pneumatic Tires
Authors: Pottinger M. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Contact patch (footprint) physics is fundamental to the generation of vehicle control forces, tire and road wear, and tire structural mechanics. Footprint physics depends strongly on tire design, pavement topography, and operating conditions. This paper discusses the three-dimensional contact patch stress field of two generic tire types: solid and pneumatic. The discussion is limited to the comparison of the static and free rolling states of both tire types, examination of the effect of the bead-rim boundary condition in the pneumatic tire, and a brief look at the effect of the friction coefficient and viscoelasticity on the solid tire. The discussion is based on experimental results for a smooth-treaded urethane solid tire and a low-pull-force smooth-treaded radial which are assumed to generally represent solid and pneumatic tires. The results obtained offer significant guidance to those who are attempting to mathematically model tires, understand wear, and comprehend the physics of the tire contact patch.
Finite Element Analysis of Tire/Rim Interface Forces Under Braking and Cornering Loads
Authors: Jeusette J. P. , Theves M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
During vehicle braking and cornering, the tire's footprint region may see high normal contact pressures and in-plane shear stresses. The corresponding resultant forces and moments are transferred to the wheel. The optimal design of the tire bead area and the wheel requires a detailed knowledge of the contact pressure and shear stress distributions at the tire/rim interface. In this study, the forces and moments obtained from the simulation of a vehicle in stationary braking/cornering conditions are applied to a quasi-static braking/cornering tire finite element model. Detailed contact pressure and shear stress distributions at the tire/rim interface are computed for heavy braking and cornering maneuvers.
Analysis of the Contact Deformation of Tread Blocks
Authors: Akasaka T. , Kabe K. , Koishi M. , Kuwashima M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The deformation behavior of a tire in contact with the roadway is complicated, in particular, under the traction and braking conditions. A tread rubber block in contact with the road undergoes compression and shearing forces. These forces may cause the loss of contact at the edges of the block.
Theoretical analysis based on the energy method is presented on the contact deformation of a tread rubber block subjected to compressive and shearing forces. Experimental work and numerical calculation by means of the finite element method are conducted to verify the predicted results. Good agreement is obtained among these analytical, numerical, and experimental results.
Reinforcing Function of Polymer Cords Embedded in Rubber under Compression
Authors: Du X. W. , Qu W. , Wan Z. M. , Ma H. , Yao M. , Jiang J. Y. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Whether polymer cords embedded in rubber under compression have a reinforcing function is still an important question in the analysis of tire structures. In this paper, on the basis of experimental results, it is confirmed that polymer cords embedded in rubber present some stiffness, thus playing a reinforcing role to a certain extent. When the cord volume fraction in the cord-rubber composite is sufficiently large, the reinforcing function of the polymer cords is so significant that the properties of the cord-rubber composite are mainly influenced by those of the cord.
When the compressive stress reaches a certain value, the cord-rubber composite specimen yields by buckling if the cord volume fraction is large enough and the cord angle is within a certain small range. The buckling stress, which may be considered to be a failure stress, decreases with an increase in temperature. On the other hand, the effect of the cord angle on the buckling stress is found to be insignificant.
Uneven Wear of Vehicle Tires
Authors: Walters M. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Advances in tire construction have led to major increases in tire life over the past twenty years, mainly by increasing the lateral stiffness and thus reducing slip during cornering. However, this general increase in tire life has tended to highlight the problem of uneven wear.
In the present paper, three new experimental techniques are described which have been developed to study treadwear distributions. These techniques are evaluated and their results compared with a finite element analysis. Taken together, they indicate some of the causes of uneven wear and may be used to identify tire design and service features which contribute to uneven wear.
Reduced Basis Technique for Evaluating Sensitivity Derivatives of the Nonlinear Response of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Nose-Gear Tire
Authors: Noor A. K. , Tanner J. A. , Peters J. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A study is made of the sensitivity of the nonlinear tire response to variations in the design variables. The tire is discretized by using three-field mixed finite element models. An efficient reduced basis technique is used for calculating the nonlinear tire response as well as the first-order and second-order sensitivity coefficients (derivatives with respect to design variables). In this technique the vector of structural response and its first-order and second-order sensitivity coefficients are each expressed as a linear combination of a small number of basis (or global approximation) vectors. The Bubnov-Galerkin technique is then used to approximate each of the finite element equations governing the response and the sensitivity coefficients by a small number of algebraic equations in the amplitudes of the vectors. Extensive numerical results are presented for the sensitivity coefficients of the Space Shuttle orbiter nose-gear tire, when subjected to uniform inflation pressure.
Critical Speed Estimation for Aircraft Tires
Authors: Brockman R. A. , Braisted W. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper introduces a semi-analytic finite element technique for predicting standing wave motions (critical speed phenomena) in pneumatic tires. A general formulation is presented which encompasses inflation and rotation of the tire as well as vibratory motions superimposed upon the inflated and rotating state. The use of sinusoidal basis functions for the circumferential variation of each displacement component reduces the finite element model to two dimensions and improves solution accuracy for higher-frequency modes. Under suitable assumptions, the harmonic components uncouple, and the three-dimensional problem may be solved as a sequence of smaller two-dimensional analyses. The proposed technique provides improved accuracy over three-dimensional analysis at a small fraction of the cost and modeling effort.
FEM Simulation of the Tire/Rim Seating Process
Authors: Pelle R. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Finite element studies have been conducted in the past, which involved the simulation of the tire/rim seating process under a variety of sophisticated loading conditions up to and including full 3-D loading with braking and cornering considered. However, the seating of the tire against the rim due to inflation pressure alone is an important and interesting phenomenon in its own right and time spent examining this 2-D seating case in more detail is well spent. This study will limit itself to this simpler 2-D case as three modeling strategies are compared for their applicability. Parametric results and frictional effects will be examined using the most accurate of these modeling techniques.
Static Frictional Contact of the Space Shuttle Nose-Gear Tire
Authors: Tanner J. A. , Martinson V. J. , Robinson M. P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A computational procedure has been presented for the solution of frictional contact problems for aircraft tires. The Space Shuttle nose-gear tire was modeled using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory with the effects of variation in material and geometric parameters, transverse shear deformation, and geometric non-linearities included. Contact conditions were incorporated into the formulation by using a perturbed Lagrangian approach with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the stress resultants, the generalized displacements, and the Lagrange multipliers associated with the contact and friction conditions. The contact friction algorithm was based on a modified Coulomb friction law. Elemental arrays were obtained by using a modified two-field, mixed variational principle that was obtained by augmenting the functional of the variational principle by two terms: the Lagrange multiplier vector associated with nodal normal and tangential contact load intensities and a regularization term which is quadratic in the Lagrange multiplier vector.
Experimental measurements were made to define the response of the Space Shuttle nose-gear tire to combined inflation pressure loads and static normal loads against a rigid flat plate. These experimental results describe the static load-deflection characteristics of the tire and the normal and tangential load intensity distributions in the tire footprint for the various static vertical loading conditions. Numerical results were obtained for the Space Shuttle nose-gear tire subjected to combined inflation pressure and contact loads against a rigid flat plate. Comparisons were made between the experimental measurements and the numerical results.
Indoor Test Procedures for Evaluation of Tire Treadwear and Influence of Suspension Alignment
Authors: Yamazaki S. , Fujikawa T. , Hasegawa A. , Ogasawara S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Laboratory wear test procedures for automobile tires are described, as are the influences of alignments such as camber angle and toe angle. Ply-steer and conicity were considered in determining slip angles in straight-ahead rolling on a drum. Wear patterns produced by different alignment configurations simulated the range of patterns observed in road tests. This, together with good wear rate comparisons, supports our belief that road-test conditions are sufficiently reproducible in the laboratory to yield valid wear test results.
Refined Methods for Tire Computation
Authors: Domscheit A. , Rothert H. , Winkelmann T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Realistic computation of automobile tires is best achieved by modeling the whole tire with finite element methods. A numerical solution of the quasi-static contact problem for the whole tire requires a refined mesh of elements with redundant degrees of freedom when nonlinear material assumptions are considered. Both laminated shell elements and incompressible continuum elements are used here. The stiffness matrix of a shell element is determined by numerically integrating all layers within the thickness of each element. Numerical studies have been made by a finite element technique that includes shell elements and Swanson's material model, which covers large deformations. The major contribution of this paper is implementation of a composite theory that includes effects of large displacements on the stiffness into an existing element. Swanson's material law was also simplified and implemented.
Effect of Material Properties on Tire Performance Characteristics — Part II, Tread Material
Authors: Futamura S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This report, on the effect of tread materials on tire performance, continues the study in Part I [1] on the analogous effects of cords. A new “deformation index” concept for the characterizing energy loss is proposed. Principles are developed for maximum correlation of this index to rolling resistance, wet and dry traction, ice traction, and cornering force. The deformation index is used to determine the dynamic property most relevant to each of these tire functions.
Tire/Vehicle Pull: An Introduction Emphasizing Plysteer Effects
Authors: Pottinger M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Automobiles operate at a sideslip angle even when traveling in a straight line, the trim state. If the driver must work to maintain trim on a smooth level road, a pull problem exists. Pull problems often arise from tire properties. Tire-induced pull problems are discussed in this paper with special emphasis placed on plysteer-associated problems.
A Laboratory Facility for the Study of Rubber Traction and Wear Resistance
Authors: Bandel P. , Di Bernardo C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Phenomena occurring at the interface between the tread compound and the road surface are responsible for at least two main tire characteristics: traction capability and wear resistance. Both depend on the road surface geometry, the presence of thin films of water, local contact pressure, tread element stiffness, temperature, tangential slip, etc. To discount the effect of tire construction, a laboratory test using a small solid rubber wheel has been considered. A rig is designed to easily change the “road” surface, and convert it from wet to dry conditions, run the rubber wheel on such surfaces under high braking or driving torque, and measure torque against longitudinal slip. The rig features a flat disk on which different surfaces can be simulated and two separate electric motors driving the disk and the test wheel in order to control slip instead of torque and to avoid instability at high driving or braking torques. Results show longitudinal characteristics versus slip in different test conditions and simulation of severe abrasion conditions leading to typical abrasion patterns.
Study of the Quasi-Yield Phenomenon in Cord-Reinforced Rubber Under Off-Axis Tension
Authors: Du X. , Qu W. , Gu Z. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
From experimental results, it is found that the stress-strain relationship of cord-reinforced rubber (CRR) under off-axis tension consists of several stages. In one of them, the stress either remains constant or increases slightly with an increase in strain. Since this phenomenon is similar to the yielding of mild steel, it is called the quasi-yield phenomenon. Further observations with enhanced radiography indicate that the quasi-yield phenomenon in CRR stems from the loosening of twisted filament bundles in the cords.
Laboratory Tire Wear Simulation Derived from Computer Modeling of Suspension Dynamics
Authors: Wright C. , Pritchett G. L. , Kuster R. J. , Avouris J. D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method for determining the effect of suspension dynamics on tire wear has been developed. Typical city cycle maneuvers are defined by instrumented vehicle testing and data in the form of forward velocities and steer angles are used as an input to an ADAMS computer model of the vehicle. A simulation of the maneuvers generates a tire's operating environment in the form of normal load, slip, and camber variations, which contain all the subtle effects of the vehicle's suspension, steering, and handling characteristics.
A cyclic repetition of the tire's operating environment is constructed and used to control an MTS Flat-Trac machine. In this way, accelerated tire wear can be generated in the laboratory which is directly related to the design features of the vehicle's suspension and steering systems.
Adhesion of Polyester Tire Cord to Rubber and Cord Strength of Polyester Improved by Using Carboxylated VP-Latex
Authors: Hisaki H. , Nakano Y. , Suzuki S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The adhesion of polyester tire cord to rubber decreases during service when it is used in large tires. This phenomenon is recognized as the result of hydrolysis of the polyester by the amine compounds contained in rubber. The carboxylated latex based on the conventional vinylpyridine-butadiene-styrene latex was found to have the function of improving both the adhesion and the cord strength. For further improvement, a latex having more functional groups possessing a function of penetration prevention of amines was found to be effective when it is used in a double layer adhesive system.
Finite Element Evaluation of the State of Cure in a Tire
Authors: Toth W. J. , Chang J. P. , Zanichelli C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Curing is one of the most important steps in the tire manufacturing process. During this process, a green tire is formed to the desired shape and the compound is converted to a strong, elastic material to meet tire performance needs. The process of curing, commonly called vulcanization, is usually accomplished under pressure and an elevated temperature provided by the mold. The curing process is energy-consuming and has a strong effect on material properties. To attain an optimal state of cure for different compounds of various dimensions at minimal capital and energy costs requires proper evaluation of the state of cure in a tire.
Various numerical models have been proposed to determine the state of cure of rubber compounds in molds. Their applications are limited to simple geometry and boundary conditions. For a tire, which has complex shape and variable boundary conditions, the finite element method appears to be an ideal candidate because of its versatility. In this paper, a commercial finite element code, ABAQUS, is used to determine the temperature history of a tire in the curing press. In order to evaluate the state of cure throughout a tire, a user subroutine, HETVAL, is implemented. In the subroutine, the state of cure is determined based on the temperature history using a selected kinetic model, whose cure rate parameters are obtained from moving die rheometer (MDR) measurements. The heat generation due to chemical reaction is also included.
The evaluation of the state of cure using the finite element method is benchmarked using a number of rubber compounds with simple geometries and boundary conditions. Both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions are tested. The predicted temperature history of a tire is then verified by the temperature history obtained from the thermocouples embedded in the tire. Parametric studies are carried out to evaluate the effect of various temperature histories on the state of cure in a tire. The results are used to shorten the curing cycle.
Numerical Simulation of Tire Sliding Events Involving Impacts with Holes and Bumps
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Padovan J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper extends the finite element simulation scheme to handle the problem of tires undergoing sliding (skidding) impact into obstructions. Since the inertial characteristics are handled by the algorithm developed, the full range of operating environments can be accommodated. This includes the treatment of impacts with holes and bumps of arbitrary geometry.
Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part III: Results of Supplementary and UTQG Treadwear Test Series
Authors: Veith A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effect of tread compound variation on tire treadwear was studied using bias and radial tires of two aspect ratios. Compound variations included types of rubber and carbon black as well as the levels of carbon black, process oil, and curatives. At low to moderate test severity, SBR and an SBR/BR blend performed better than NR while at high test severity NR and SBR were better than the SBR/BR blend. The SBR/BR blend was the best at low severity testing. Higher structure and higher surface area carbon black gave improved treadwear at all severity levels. The concept of a “frictional work intensity” as the primary determinant of treadwear index variation with test severity is proposed. Some factors which influence frictional work intensity are discussed.
Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part IV: Laboratory Measurement of Mechanical Properties and Mechanical Actions of Tires Relating to Treadwear
Authors: Oblizajek K. L. , Veith A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Treadwear is explained by specific mechanical properties and actions of tires. Rubber shear stresses in the contact zone between the tire and the road become large at large slip angles. When normal stresses are insufficient to prevent sliding at the rear of the footprint, wear occurs at a rate that depends on test severity. Two experimental approaches are described to relate treadwear to tire characteristics. The first uses transducers imbedded in a simulated road surface to obtain direct measurements of contact stresses on the loaded, freely-rolling, steered tires. The second approach is developed with the aid of a simple carcass, tread-band, tread-rubber tire model. Various tire structural configurations; characterized by carcass spring rate, edgewise flexural band stiffness, and tread rubber shear stiffness; are simulated and lateral shear stress response in the contact zone is determined. Tires featuring high band stiffness and low carcass stiffness generate lower lateral shear stress levels. Furthermore, coupling of tread-rubber stiffness and band flexural rigidity are important in determining level of shear stresses. Laboratory measurements with the described apparatus produced values of tread-band bending and carcass lateral stiffness for several tire constructions. Good correlation is shown between treadwear and a broad range of tire stiffness and test course severities.
Finite Element Analysis of Freely Rotating Tires
Authors: Tseng N-T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Axisymmetric analysis of an inflated tire rotating with constant angular speed can be used to simulate two loading conditions of a tire during its service life: (1) a freely rotating tire on an automobile that is stuck in snow or mud and (2) the top region of a rolling loaded tire, where footprint loading has little influence on the distribution of its stresses and strains. The equations of motion for a freely rotating deformable body with constant angular speed have been derived and implemented into a finite element code developed in-house. The rotation of a thin disk was used to check the validity of the implemented formulation and coding. Excellent agreement between the numerical and the analytical results was obtained. A cast tire, a radial automobile tire, and a radial truck tire, were then analyzed by the new finite element procedure. The tires were inflated and rotated at speeds up to 241 km/h (150 mph). The elastomers in these tires were simulated by incompressible elements for which the nonlinear mechanical properties were described by the Mooney-Rivlin model. Each ply was simulated by its equivalent orthotropic material model. The finite element predictions agreed well with the available experimental measurements. Significant changes in interply shear strain at the belt edge, the bead load, and the crown cord loads of plies were observed in the finite element analysis. These phenomena suggest three possible failure modes in freely rotating tires, i.e. belt edge separation, bead breakage, and belt failure at crown region.