bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro Screening of Natural Metarhizium spp. Isolates for Bioinsecticidal and Biofungicidal Activity
Authors: Doolotkeldieva Tinatin , Tolonbekova Sagynych , Bobusheva Saykal 
Published: February 2024

Aims: To increase conidia production of local Metarhizium spp—strains by selecting the low-cost media to test obtained bioformulation against the sucking pests and fungal plant pathogens.
Study Design: The phytophages like black bean aphid (Aphis fabae), a scale insect (Aspidiotus nerii) and spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) are economically essential pests in Kyrgyzstan. The current requirement is to use environmentally friendly protection to reduce the number of these pests. The entomopathogenic fungus from the Metarhizium genus was used to reduce harmful pests in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Protection, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University between May 2021 and May 2023.
Methodology: Natural Metarhizium spp. strains were isolated from dead insect bodies of the Lepidoptera and Apidae families. A laboratory bioassay was conducted to evaluate isolated Metarhizium spp.strains against nymphal stages and adults of sucking pests like A. fabae ((Blackfly), A.nerii (Scale insect) and T.urticae (Spider mite). The inhibitory effect of Metarhizium spp.against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria spp. and Rhizoctonia solani was detected using a dual culture technique.
Results: The results of in vitro bioassay tests against sucking pests have revealed the LC50 and LT50 values of TLK-1 isolate. The LC50 of this isolate for A. fabae adults was 1 × 106 conidia\ mL-1; for A.nerii, it was lower - 7 × 105 conidia\ ml-1; while for adults T.urticae it was higher- 13 × 106 conidia \ ml-1. Such mortality occurred after 49.63 hours in adults of A. fabae (LT50), after 46.30 hours in A.nerii (LT50), and after 75.87 hours in deutonymph and adults of T. urticae (LT50). Three isolates, TLK-1, TLA-2 and BZТК1, have exhibited biofingicide activity in pathogen fungi like Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria spp.
Conclusion: The found isolates can be simultaneously used against pathogenic fungi, essential for developing inexpensive biological formulas based on these fungi.
The Preferred Learning Styles of Clinical Medical Students at the Imo State University, Orlu, South East Nigeria
Authors: Azike Jerome Emeka , Enwere Oguamanam Okezie 
Published: March 2024

Students have preferences in the way they internalize information. The VARK – an acronym for Visual, Aural, Read/Write and Kinesthetic questionnaire, tests students choices for preferred mode of internalizing information. The VARK questionnaire were administered to 400 level and 600 level medical students, a total of 123 of them participated in the study. Majority of them 89.4% preferred the multimodal mode of information reception while 10.56% were unimodal. A further analysis of the multimodals showed that females generally were quadmodal in their preferred sensory reception while the males were mainly trimodal.
Overall, as regards individual VARK component, Kinesthetic was more common (29.8%) among males (31.6%) while Read/write was more common among the females (29.6%).
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Structure‐ and Shape‐Controlled Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieve Nanomaterials
Authors: Li W.‐N. , Yuan J. , Shen X.‐F. , Gomez‐Mower S. , Xu L.‐P. , Sithambaram S. , Aindow M. , Suib S. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHighly uniform single‐crystal Na‐OMS‐2 (OMS: octahedral molecular sieve), pyrolusite, and γ‐MnO2 nanostructures with an interesting 3D urchinlike morphology have been successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method based on a mild and direct reaction between sodium dichromate and manganese sulfate. The crystal phases, shapes, and tunnel sizes of the manganese dioxide nanostructures can be tailored. Reaction temperature, concentrations of the reactants, and acidity of the solution play important roles in controlling the synthesis of these manganese dioxides. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show that the nanomaterials obtained are constructed of self‐assembled nanorods. X‐ray diffraction and TEM results indicate that the constituent manganese dioxide particles are single‐crystalline materials. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and magnetic studies imply that chromium cations may be incorporated into the framework and/or tunnels of the manganese dioxides. A mechanism for the growth of manganese dioxides with urchinlike architectures is proposed.
Synthesis and Molluscicidal Activity of Some 1,3,4‐Triaryl‐5‐chloropyrazole, Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole, Pyrazolylphthalazine and Pyrano[2,3‐d]thiazole Derivatives
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Michael Farid A. , Mohamed Alaa E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract2‐(5‐Chloro‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐ylmethylene)‐malononitrile 1a reacts with the arylidenes of malononitrile 2a–d to afford the triaryl‐5‐chloropyrazoles 3a–d, respectively. 1a reacts with the active methylene pyrazolinones 5a, b and 12a, b to afford different products 8, 9, 10, 11, and 14a, b – depending on the substitution in the pyrazole ring. Compound 1a reacts also with the pyridazinone derivative 15 to afford the phthalazinone 16, and with the thiazolinones 17a–c to afford the pyrano[2,3‐d]thiazoles 20a–c, respectively. It reacts also with the malononitrile dimer 21a and with ethyl cyanoacetate dimer 21b to yield the pyrazolyl pyridines 22a, b, respectively. The synthesized compounds showed a moderate molluscicidal activity towards Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.
LacO‐LacI interaction in affinity adsorption of plasmid DNA
Authors: Forde Gareth M. , Ghose Siddhartha , Slater Nigel K.H. , Hine Anna V. , Darby Richard A.J. , Hitchcock Anthony G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCurrent approaches for purifying plasmids from bacterial production systems exploit the physiochemical properties of nucleic acids in non‐specific capture systems. In this study, an affinity system for plasmid DNA (pDNA) purification has been developed utilizing the interaction between the lac operon (lacO) sequence contained in the pDNA and a 64mer synthetic peptide representing the DNA‐binding domain of the lac repressor protein, LacI. Two plasmids were evaluated, the native pUC19 and pUC19 with dual lacO3/lacOs operators (pUC19lacO3/lacOs), where the lacOs operator is perfectly symmetrical. The DNA‐protein affinity interaction was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance using a Biacore system. The affinity capture of DNA in a chromatography system was evaluated using LacI peptide that had been immobilized to Streamline™ adsorbent. The KD‐values for double stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments containing lacO1 and lacO3 and lacOS and lacO3 were 5.7 ± 0.3 × 10−11 M and 4.1 ± 0.2 × 10−11 M respectively, which compare favorably with literature reports of 5 × 10−10–1 × 10−9 M for native lacO1 and 1–1.2 × 10−10 M for lacO1 in a saline buffer. Densitometric analysis of the gel bands from the affinity chromatography run clearly showed a significant preference for capture of the supercoiled fraction from the feed pDNA sample. The results indicate the feasibility of the affinity approach for pDNA capture and purification using native protein‐DNA interaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequential gene expression changes in cancer cell lines after treatment with the demethylation agent 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine
Authors: Arai Makoto , Yokosuka Osamu , Hirasawa Yuichi , Fukai Kenichi , Chiba Tetsuhiro , Imazeki Fumio , Kanda Tatsuo , Yatomi Mari , Takiguchi Yuichi , Seki Naohiko , Saisho Hiromitsu , Ochiai Takenori 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐AzaC) is known well for its demethylation effect and is a promising anticancer agent. However, to the authors' knowledge, serial changes in gene expression over time after 5‐AzaC treatment have not been studied to date. To clarify the categories of genes that are up‐regulated or down‐regulated after 5‐AzaC treatment, the authors surveyed the genes that had expression levels changed by 5‐AzaC treatment in 6 hepatoma cell lines (Hep3B, HLE, Huh7, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, and Huh6).METHODSCell lines were grown in medium that contained 1 μM of 5‐AzaC. Changes in messenger RNA levels were monitored from 24 hours up to 120 hours after 5‐AzaC treatment using an in‐house microarray that consisted of 4608 combinational DNAs. Using clustering analysis to identify the genes that had gradually changed expression levels and to exclude the substantial experimental noise by microarray analysis, the authors focused on 206 up‐regulated genes and 248 down‐regulated genes.RESULTSAccording to their functional characterization, genes that were involved in the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix were enriched significantly in the up‐regulated genes. Conversely, genes that were involved in metabolism were enriched significantly in the down‐regulated genes.CONCLUSIONSThe current results demonstrated that 5‐AzaC can regulate the expression of groups of genes with characteristic functions. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Polymerization kinetics and mechanical characterization of new formulations of light‐cured dental sealants
Authors: Osorio Estrella , Osorio Raquel , Davidenko Natalia , Sastre Roberto , Aguilar Jose A. , Toledano Manuel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the in vitro performance of a new and simplified formulation of photocuring resin to be used as dental sealant. Two experimental dental sealants (CYTED1 and CYTED2) were formulated and their kinetic of polymerisation and physico‐chemical properties were studied and compared to those of two commercially available sealants (Helioseal, Delton‐FS). Rates of photoinitiated polymerisation (Rp), as well as the conversions and the quantum yields of polymerisation (ϕp) were calculated. Flexural strength, Young′s modulus, microhardness, microleakage, water sorption, and solubility were also tested. ANOVA, Student‐Newman‐Keuls, Pearson correlation and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used (p < 0.05). The highest Rp and ϕp were obtained for the sealant CYTED2, Rp and ϕp were similar for CYTEDl and Helioseal, and the lowest for Delton. Water sorption values were similar for Helioseal and CYTED2 being higher for CYTED1 and lower for Delton. No differences were found for solubility and microleakage values. Mechanical properties were better for Delton and no differences were found within the rest of the sealants. At short irradiation times (30 s), the maximum effectiveness of the photoinitiating system was obtained by the experimental CYTED2. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Frontiers of brain mapping using MRI
Authors: Harel Noam , Uǧurbil Kâmil , Uludaǧ Kâmil , Yacoub Essa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOver the past dozen years, the use of MRI techniques to map brain function (fMRI) has sparked a great deal of research. The ability of fMRI to image several different physiological processes concurrently (i.e., blood oxygenation, blood flow, metabolism) and noninvasively over large volumes make it the ideal choice for many different areas of neuroscience research in addition to countless applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, with the advent of high magnetic fields (and other hardware advancements, i.e., parallel imaging) for both human and animal research, spatial and temporal resolutions continue to be pushed to higher levels because of increases in the sensitivity as well as specificity of MR‐detectable functional signals. fMRI methodology continues to grow and has the ability to cater to many different research applications. There seems to be no foreseeable end in sight to the advancement of fMRI techniques and its subsequent use in basic research as well as in clinical settings. In this work, fMRI techniques and the ongoing development of existing techniques are discussed with implications for the future of fMRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clinical potential of functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jezzard Peter , Buxton Richard B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has had a huge impact on understanding the healthy human brain. To date it has had much less impact in clinical neuroscience or clinical practice. The reasons for this are in part that the image acquisition, paradigm design, and data analysis strategies used presently are not sufficiently standardized. This makes the comparison of results across individuals, scanning sessions, and centers difficult. Nevertheless, there are emerging applications for clinical fMRI, and as the field matures the number of applications is likely to grow. It seems certain that fMRI has an important role to play in helping us understand the mechanisms of neuropsychiatric diseases and in helping to identify effective therapeutic strategies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical applicability of functional MRI
Authors: Detre John A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) has become the most widely used modality for examining human brain function in basic and clinical neuroscience. As compared to the application of fMRI in basic neuroscience research, clinical fMRI presents unique challenges. A growing body of literature supports the feasibility of clinical fMRI, with the best‐studied applications being localization of motor cortex and lateralization of language. While it may be tempting to assume that fMRI will supercede prior approaches, it may turn out that fMRI will be used to complement more difficult or invasive methods rather than replace them entirely. This article focuses on fMRI studies in patients and patient populations. Specific considerations for such applications include pathophysiological effects on functional physiology, brain–behavior correlations in the presence of cognitive or sensorimotor deficits, and test‐retest reliability for longitudinal studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Future prospects for fMRI in the clinic
Authors: Gregory Sorensen A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) has tremendous clinical potential that is as yet unrealized. There are tremendous unmet medical needs that fMRI could address with significant benefit to human health. However, both medical and technical barriers prevent this benefit from accruing today. Technical barriers may be the reflexive focus of the current practitioners of fMRI, a technically savvy group. However, the real challenge lies in the medical realm, and this will require multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary work since the technical aspects of fMRI are ahead of the medical aspects. This can be seen in a range of diseases from Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia to ischemic stroke: in each case our ability to image changes with fMRI outstrips our ability to do anything useful for the patient with them. Diagnostic imaging will always be linked in the clinic to therapeutic choices, and therefore the most powerful approach to link fMRI more directly to the clinic will be to tie fMRI to therapy development and implementation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathophysiological advantages of rinsing‐suction‐reaming (RSR) in a pig model for intramedullary nailing
Authors: Schult Marc , Küchle Raphael , Hofmann Alexander , Schmidt‐Bräkling Tom , Ortmann Christian , Wassermann Esther , Schmidhammer Robert , Redl Heinz , Joist Alexander 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough reamed intramedullary nailing has been one of the greatest advances in modern fracture care, the concomitant increase in medullary cavity pressure leads to intravasation of bone marrow content into the blood stream, an effect that can evoke serious systemic reactions. A newly developed rinsing‐suction‐reamer (RSR) was able to substantially reduce the pressure and bone marrow intravasation content during experimental femoral nailing. We investigated the pathophysiological effects using the RSR, testing the hypothesis that by reducing marrow fat embolization, RSR would also reduce the activation of coagulation compared with the universial AO‐Reamer (AOR) and comparable to external fixation. Twenty‐two pigs were treated with either simulated external fixation or reamed femoral nailing using AOR or RSR. During surgery, the intramedullary pressure was measured and intravasation of medullary material was quantified. After surgery, the pigs were kept anaesthetised and monitored for 6 h. At defined intervals, serological, hematological, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. The RSR was significantly superior when compared to AOR with regard to the generation of intramedullary pressure and fat embolization; however, with external fixation the values were even lower. The evaluation of other parameters revealed no clear differences between the two reamers and the external fixator. The pig model showed that RSR led to a significant reduction of the intramedullary increase in pressure and fat intravasation compared to AOR. Although the reduction of fat embolism by RSR is not associated with pathophysiological changes, RSR can have advantages for the treatment of femoral fractures. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
PMMA/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Prepared by In‐Situ Bulk Polymerization
Authors: Demir Mustafa M. , Memesa Mine , Castignolles Patrice , Wegner Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Dispersing surface‐modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) in methyl methacrylate (MMA) improves the free radical bulk polymerization process as well as the thermal stability of the formed polymer. Hydroxy groups available on the ZnO surface may induce a degenerative transfer. This suppresses the gel effect, which leads to a better control of the heat evolution during the late stages of polymerization. The formation of chains having vinylidene end groups and head‐to‐head links is suppressed, which shifts the onset of thermal decomposition to the regime where decomposition occurs by random chain scission.Thermal degradation profiles of PMMA and its composite with ZnO at 11 wt.‐%.magnified imageThermal degradation profiles of PMMA and its composite with ZnO at 11 wt.‐%.
Preparation of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol)/organoclay nanocomposites by melt compounding
Authors: Tanoue Shuichi , Hasook Aniwat , Iemoto Yoshiyuki , Unryu Tsunemune 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. Two types of commercialized organoclay (dimethyl benzyl stearyl ammonium ion and dimethyl distearyl ammonium ion intercalated between clay platelets named as Clay A and Clay B, respectively) and two grades of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different molecular weight (Mw = 2,000 and 300,000–500,000 named as PEG2k and PEG500k, respectively) were used in this study. The Young's modulus improved by the addition of organoclay to PLA matrix. The Young's modulus decreased with the addition of PEG to PLA/organoclay nanocomposites. The tensile strength and elongation of PLA/Clay B nanocomposites increased with the addition of PEG2k. The effect of the addition of PEG on d‐spacing of PLA/organoclay nanocomposites is dependent upon the kind of organoclay. The sizes of clay agglomerations in PLA/PEG/organoclay nanocomposites are larger than those of PLA/organoclay ones in the same organoclay. Addition of PEG to PLA/organoclay nanocomposites during melt compounding will not be useful for the preparation of PLA/organoclay having fully exfoliated clay platelets. The shear thinning properties of the nanocomposites are independent of the addition of PEG. On the whole, PEG2k is good plasticizer for PLA/organoclay nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:256–263, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of nanosilica/polyacrylate composite latex
Authors: Wang Yaqiang , Li Yuping , Zhang Runyang , Huang Li , He Weiwei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nanosilica/polyacrylate organic–inorganic composite latex was synthesized by in‐situ emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of silica nanoparticles, which were modified by silane coupling agent. The surface properties and dispersibility of silica nanoparticles modification, chemical structure, Zeta potential, diameter distribution of the composite latex prepared, surface roughness, and thermal stability of the hybrid film formed by the composite latex were investigated by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta meter, ZetaPlus apparatus (dynamic light scattering method), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. After modification with silane coupling agent, silane was grafted onto the surface of silica nanoparticles to form the organic layers, which was able to efficiently prevent the silica nanoparticles from aggregating to individually homogeneous disperse in the in‐situ emulsion polymerization system and improve the compatibility of silica nanoparticles with the acrylate monomers. The nanosilica/polyacrylate organic–inorganic composite latex prepared had the properties of silica nanoparticles and pure polyacrylate latex but was not simply a combination. Strong chemical bonding tethered the silica and acrylate chains to form the core/shell structural composite latex. Consequently, the hybrid film formed by nanosilica/polyacrylate composite latex exhibited a smooth surface and better thermal properties than the pure polyacrylate film. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:282–288, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of nano‐CaCO3 encapsulated by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride
Authors: Li Gu , Mai Kan‐Cheng , Feng Kai‐Cai , Huang Yong‐Pin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEncapsulated nanometer calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) was prepared using styrene and maleic anhydride (MAH) copolymer in 2‐propanol or methanol–water mixture in the presence of different initiator systems. The particle morphology and physical properties of the encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 particles, such as the interaction between the encapsulating polymer and the nano‐CaCO3, and the thermal stability of encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 were studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Soxhlet extraction experiments, thermogravimetric analysis banded with FTIR (TGA‐FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The encapsulating ratio and the stable encapsulating ratio of encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 were characterized. The results showed that a strong interfacial interaction was obtained due to the formation of a chemical bond or ion‐dipole between the CO group of MAH and Ca2+ ion of nano‐CaCO3. The encapsulating ratio and stable encapsulating ratio of nano‐CaCO3 initiated by AIBN was higher than that initiated by BPO. Addition of maleic anhydride increased the encapsulating ratio and the stable encapsulating ratio of encapsulated nano‐CaCO3. For the encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 prepared in methanol–water, the diameter of the encapsulated nano‐CaCO3 particle increased from 60–70 nm to about 100 nm and the morphology changed from a cube with a sharp edge to spherical with a rough surface. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry