bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contents of Sugars, Fruit Acids, Amino Acids and Phenolic Compounds of Apple Fruits i n Relation to their Susceptibility to Botryosphaeria ribis
Authors: Hwang B. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFive apple cultivars showing different levels of susceptibility to Botryosphaeria ribis were used to study the relationship between susceptibility and contents of sugars, fruit acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds in the fruits at various stages of maturity. Immature fruits of all the cultivars tested were completely resistant until 10 July. The fungus grew better on the yellow‐coloured cultivars than the red‐coloured cultivars. The low amount of reducing sugars and also the high levels of fruit acids, amino acids and total phenols were found in immature apple fruits, irrespective of cultivar. No consistent differences between the cultivars were recognized with regard to the contents of soluble sugars, fruit acids and phenols in fruit flesh during the maturity of fruits. However, only the levels of total soluble amino acids in fruit flesh and of total phenols in fruit peel at late stage of maturity consistently varied between the cultivars. The dark red‐coloured, resistant cultivars Miller spur and Starkrimson showed higher contents of amino acids and phenols in fruit tissues than did the yellow‐coloured, susceptible cultivars.
Bekämpfung von Rapskrankheiten
Authors: Krüger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe reduction of root collar and stalk. rot of rape. caused by Phoma lingam (Desm.) Tode ex. Fr. has been achieved by growing more resistant cultivars developed during the past few years. The reaction of these cultivars towards the disease is tabulated.Scoring of the cultivars was carried out according to a disease index scale 1–9. An analysis of variance. combined with a “reactivation” of each experiment within the range 1 – 9 was performed such that results from several years could be included even when the disease index was low; an unrealistic evening out of the results was thus avoided. This method of analysis has made it possible to more clearly visualize the differences between cultivars than was previously.
Bekämpfung von Rapskrankheiten
Authors: Krüger W. , Stoltenberg J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractControl of rape diseasesII. Measures for disease reduction caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with consideration to economical aspectsThe most widely distributed diseases of rape in the Federal Republic of Germany are Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white stalk disease, formerly called rape canker) and Phoma lingam (root collar and stalk rot), and these can cause considerable yield losses.S. sclerotiorum occurs sporadically and is more prevalent in the marsh land of northwest Germany than in the hilly landscape of Schleswig‐Holstein, where pockets of infection are found. Application of calcium cyanamid, formerly successfully used to control apothecia formation by S. sclerotiorum, has been replaced by fungicides (Vinclozolin) directed at preventing ascospore infection. Many experiments proved to be economically unsuccessful due to the low rate of infection and the high costs involved with such treatments. With an expected yield of 30 dt/ha, an 8 % increase in yield following spraying must be achieved in order to make the fungicide treatment profitable. In fields where only up to 12% of the plants were infected, 75 % of the experiments proved to be uneconomical. By a disease index of 13–25 %, 55 % of the trials were similarly uneconomical. Only where more than 25 % of the plants were infected did the fungicide application prove to have a considerable effect on the yield. A prophylactic treatment is not to be recommended. Only in those areas where severe disease occurs nearly every year should such treatment be practiced that is unless the Advisory Service advises otherwise due to extreme weather conditions (too wet or too dry) which may lead to only very slight infection.
Ultrastructure of the Interaction of Cells of Pseudomonas phaseolicola with Cell Walls of a Resistant and Susceptible Bean Cultivar
Authors: Ebrahim‐Nesbat F. , Slusarenko A. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCells of Pseudomonas phaseolicola were observed entrapped against plant cell walls in both susceptible (Red Kidney) and resistant (Red Mexican) cultivars of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). After staining of samples with ruthenium red for electron microscopy pectic polysaccharide within plant cell walls became particularly well contrasted as did fibrillar material connecting bacteria to the plant cell walls. In places this fibrillar material appeared to emanate from the pectic polysaccharide in the plant cell wall, and the plant cell wall surface was eroded at such points. Ruthenium red also stains acidic, bacterial extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and some of the fibrillar material in intercellular spaces is probably from this source. It is possible that bacteria become attached through an interaction between EPS and Pectic polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
Reduction of Yield Depressions in High Frequency Potato Cropping Soil after Seed Tuber Treatments with Antagonistic Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.
Authors: Geels F. P. , Schippers B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSevere yield depressions observed in high frequency potato cropping caused by microbial factors other than eelworms or known pathogens (narrow rotation effect) were reproduced in pot experiments. Total plant weight in a soil continuously cropped with potatoes was only 69% of that in a similar soil continuously cropped with wheat. Tuber weight in potato‐soil was only 13 % and number of tubers only 10% of that in wheat‐soil. Seed tuber treatment with cell suspensions of fluorescent antagonistic pseudomonads in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) raised tuber yield in potato‐soil up to 70% (550 % increase), number of tubers up to 93% (934 % increase) and total plant weight up to 90% (31 % increase) as compared with CMC‐treatment in wheat‐soil. Antagonistic fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates WCS 365, WCS 358 and WCS 374 producing mainly siderophores, with little or no production of other inhibitory substances, were more effective in diminishing the narrow rotation effect than the isolates that produced mainly inhibitory substances of different nature.
Some Factors Influencing Immunofluorescence Microscopy as Applied in Diagnostic Phytobacteriology with Regards to Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Miller H. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe preparation of Erwinia amylovora isolations by different treatments or from different sources is shown to influence the results obtained by immunofluorescent microscopical examination. Where absorption of antisera is impracticable, serial dilutions of the antiserum involved when using constant numbers of the bacterium to be tested, can result in a reduction of cross‐reactions. Emphasis is made on standardization of such procedures in order to increase the chances of more accurate diagnosis.
Natural Infection of Cucumbers by Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Lebanon
Authors: Lesemann D.‐E. , Makkouk K. M. , Koenig R. , Samman E. Natafji 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn elongated virus was isolated in the Sin‐El‐Fil Area east of Beirut from cucumber plants showing severe mottling. The particles were 799 nm long after fixation in glutaraldehyde, but were degraded to shorter pieces in unfixed preparations. Infected cells contained cylindrical inclusions with pinwheel and scroll elements accompanied by proliferated endoplasmic reticulum. The virus was purified and an antiserum was prepared. Different serological tests (slide precipitin test, immunoelectronmicroscopical decoration test, immunosorbent electron microscopy) indicated that it was closely related or identical with zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and more distantly related to watermelon mosaic virus 2 and bean yellow mosaic virus. ZYMV isolates from Italy, France and the Lebanon differ in some host reactions.
Linkage Between Virulence Genes, Compatibility Types and Sexual Recombination in the Swedish Population of Bremia lactucae
Authors: Gustafsson M. , Arhammer M. , Gustavsson I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe host pathogen interaction between Lactuca sativa and Bremia lactucae fits a gene‐for‐gene model well. Twelve resistance genes of the host are matched by twelve genes for virulence in the pathogen. The evolution of the parasite involves drastic changes in virulence frequencies, and a great diversity in virulence even on a sub‐poipulation level. Bremia is a heterothallic, obligate parasite, in which presence of two mating types is needed for sexual reproduction. Sexual recombination probably occurs frequently, indicated by simultaneous occurrence of mating types in commercial lettuce crops, zygote formation, and sufficiently high oospore germination. The pattern of variation agrees well with that of a diploid, out‐ crossing organism with frequent sexual recombination. Unexpected high frequencies of some of the unnecessary v‐genes are probably due to genetic linkage with another “necessary” v‐gene.
Toxicity of Some Terpenoids Against Fungi Infesting Fruits and Seeds of Capsicum annuum L. During Storage
Authors: Tripathi N. N. , Asthana A. , Dixit S. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOn mycoflora analysis of dried fruits and seeds of chilli stored for six months, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were the more frequent out of eighteen fungi isolated. Some terpenoids viz, Citral, Citronellal, Citronellol, Eugenol, Farnesol and Nerol showed absolute toxicity against A. flavus and A. niger at 0.5 per cent concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and nature (fungistatic/fungicidal) of all the terpenoids against both these fungi were determined, Citral, Eugenol and Nerol exhibited a broad range of toxicity and were found to be more efficacious than some synthetic fungicides.
Relationship of Endopolygalacturonase Inhibitor Activity to the Rate of Fungal Rot Development in Apple Fruits
Authors: Brown Averil E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn inhibitor extracted form the cell walls of apple fruits suppressed the activity of endopopygalacruronases (endo‐PGs) produced in vivo and in vitro by Nectria galligena, Phomopsis mali, Fusarium Lateritium and Glomerella cingulata but not the endo‐PGs produced by Penicillium expansum or Phytophtobora syringae. Of four apple cultivars tested Granny Smith tissue contained the highest levels of inhibitor and Cox's Orange Pippin contained the least.Linear rot expansion in the four apple cultivars inoculated with N. galligena was inversely related to inhibitor activity in the fruit tissue, rot development being slowest in Granny Smith fruits and most rapid in Cox's Orange Pippin fruits. Rot expansion in fruits inoculated with P. expansum bore no such relationship to inhibitor activity in the tissue Apple tissue maceration by the endo‐PGs from N. galligena, P. mali. F. lateritium and G. cingulata was similarly related to inhibitory activity in the fruit. The properties of the partially purified inhibitor were consistent with it being proteinaceous but the relative slowness with which it was hear inactivated and the presence of a small percentage of carbohydrate might indicate that it was a glycoprotein.
The Influence of Cultural Factors on the Direct Antifungal Activities of Fosetyl‐Al, Propamocarb, Metalaxyl, SN 75196 and Dowco 444
Authors: Guest D. I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe effects of the systemically active disease control compounds Fosetyl‐Al, Metalaxyl, Propamocarb, SN 75196 and Dowco 444 on the growth, in vitro of two Oomycetes have been studied. Fosetyl‐Al, Propamocarb and SN 75196 are only weakly antifungal, and their activities, in vitro are sensitive to nutrition, pH and temperature. Factors which increase the growth of the fungus decrease its sensitivity to these compounds. These compounds display no selectivity for Oomycetes in vitro which belies their reported selectivity in vivo.Metalaxyl and Dowco 444 are selective for, and very active against Oomycetes in vitro and this activity could account for their modes of action in vivo.
Strains of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Leoq H. , Pitrat M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAccording to the reaction of muskmelon line PI 414723, 22 natural isolates of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) were grouped into two pathotypes. When inoculated by isolates belonging to pathotype 0, most of the PI 414723 plants (over 70%) remained symptomless while few plants developed systemic chloronecrotic spotting and more rarely yellowing, stunting, mosaic and leaf deformations. When contaminated by pathotype 1 all PI 414723 plants developed systemic chloronecrotic spotting.Two variants were obtained from representative strains of these two pathotypes, able to induce yellowing, stunting, mosaic and leaf deformation on all inoculated PI 414723 plants. These variants could not be differentiated from their originating strains either by host range, serology or aphid transmission properties. Therefore they are regarded as belonging to a third group called pathotype 2. No relation was observed between the type of symptom developed on PI 414723 and the ability to induce a rapid wilting reaction of melon cv. Doublon (pathotype F).
Effect of Fungal Infection and Temperature on Physiological Changes in Banana Fruit
Authors: Schiffmann‐Nadel Mina , Michaeli H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn attempt was made to investigate which factor temperature or fungal infection, has a greater effect in accelerating physiological processes such as respiration and ethylene evolution in fruit.For this study the effect of infection with Trichothecium roseum, Alternaria alternata and Diplodia natalensis on banana fruit, at 14°C and 20°C was examined.The results show that the development of rot caused by different fungi and the physiological changes in the infected fruit may depend not only on the effect of temperature on fungi (as in vitro) but also on fruit ripening, or on processes connected with fruit ripening, which may accelerate fungal development.
Comparative Study on Coat Proteins of an Attenuated, a Temperature Sensitive and Their Parent Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Nishiguchi M. , Nozu Y. , Oshima N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn attenuated strain (L11A) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) induces no remarkable symptoms on tomato plants (Goto and Nemoto 1971) and has been used to protect tomato against virulent strains of TMV (Oshima 1981), A temperature sensitive strain (Ls1) of TMV was isolated and found to have a malfunction of virus movement from cell to cell (NISHI‐GUCHI et al. 1978, 1980). Those two strains are derived from a wild virulent strain (L). Coat proteins of them were compared with one another and with that of Dahlemense (D) strain of TMV, in order to see whether coat protein was associated with their respective characters.The coat proteins of the four strains behaved similar in both SDS‐polyacrylamide gel and 8 M urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that they are similar in molecular weight and charging effect in the gels. There was no significant difference in chromatographic pattern of tryptic peptides among the four strains. Amino acid compositions of tryptic peptides revealed that three strains, L11A, Ls1 and L, were identical to one another and that they differed from D slightly. These results suggest that coat protein is related neither to virus attenuation of L11A nor to the malfunction of Ls1.
Comparative Studies on Callose Formation in Powdery Mildew Compatible and Incompatible Barley
Authors: Skou J. P. , Jørgensen J. Helms , Lilholt Ulla 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCallose formation in barley mutants, lines and varieties with different genes for resistance to powdery mildew in seven different loci was compared. Only barley with resistance genes in the ml‐o locus showed so carly a callose formation passing off at such a high rate that it prevented fungal penetration. Ml‐(La) resistant varieties and near‐isogenic lines in‘Manchuria’with resistance genes in five other loci showed only a tendency to a larger callose formation than their susceptible counterparts after inoculation with avirulent as well as virulent powdery mildew.The callose formation in ml‐o resistant barley was independent of the powdery mildew culture applied. This supports the hypothesis set forth as to why the ml‐o mutants are resistant against all known cultures or races of barley powdery mildew, and why this resistance may be more durable than other powdery mildew resistances. Further, this is the first case where the effect of callose refers to the action of a specific gene.Six susceptible Japanese varieties formed very large appositions but they were initiated as late as in other susceptible varieties, and their colour was plaer than in other barleys.Nine Hordeum species fell in one group with small appositions and another with appositions of the most common size in barley. Wheat reacts strongly with deep coloured appositions, rye with haloes with a somewhat diffuse margin, and oats large, central spots (papillae) nearly without any halo.
Control of Gaeumannomyces graminis Var. tritici in Wheat by Isolates of the G. graminis var. graminis/Phialophora sp. (Lobed Hyphopodia) Complex under Field Conditions
Authors: Speakman J.B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn an experiment carried out under field conditions, wheat inoculated with Gaeumanmyces graminis var. tritics had less take‐all and yielded significantly more grain when simultaneously inoculated with G. graminis var. graminis and a lobed hyphopodiate phialophora sp. then when unprotected with these fungi.
Deposition Gradients Near to a Point Source in a Barley Crop
Authors: McCartney H. A. , Bainbridge A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBy measuring deposits of droplets downwind from a source in a barley crop during crop growth, gradients of deposition were established. Droplets were generated using a May spinning disc, which approximated to a point source. Droplets were labelled with thiabendazole so that deposit could be measured photometrically. Droplet diameter was approximately 20 micrometres, a size similar to spores of barley powdery mildew, an important foliar pathogen.Gradients of deposition were influenced by the density of the crop, by wind speed and by air turbulence. At any one time these three factors could interact to change the gradient substantially.Exponential and power law equations fitted the data equally well although due to experimental variation neither gave a very good fit. It is suggested that over the first few metres of dispersal from the source an exponential equation can be used to model the gradient. This has the advantage that it can be extrapolated to give an estimate of “self‐infection” i.e. the spores deposited on the plant on which they were produced.
Detection and Location of Seed‐Borne Inoculum of Didymella bryoniae and its Transmission in Seedlings of Cucumber and Pumpkin
Authors: Lee Du‐Hyung , Mathur S. B. , Neergaard Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOf the 91 tested cucurbit seed samples from thirteen countries nine from four countries were found to be infected with Didymella bryoniae. The pathogen is located on and in the seed coat including the perisperm and in the tissue of the cotyledons. Primary seedling infection occurred on the radicle, hypoctyl and cotyledons. Infection of the radicle generally caused pre‐emergence tot while infection on the hypocotyl and cotyledons developed furthere inoculum for infection of the first true leaves and the stem. Experimentally, all the isolates of D. bryoniae could infect cucumber (Cucumis sativus), oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) at different growth stages; the susceptibility of cucumber and pumpkin was markedly influenced by previailing humid conditions.The blotter method was found more suitable for detection of seed‐borne infection than the agar plate method.
Localization of α‐Mannan in the Hyphal Wall of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea and it's Possible Relevance to the Host‐Pathogen Interaction of the Fungus With Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Hermanns R. , Ziegler E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAt the apices of growing hyphae of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) distinctly more fluorescein‐isothiocyanate labelled Concanavalin A was bound than else‐where in the mycelium. In combination with some other analytical evidence this observation conclusively indicates that the α‐mannan in the cell wall of the fungus is predominantly concentrated or exposed at the hyphal tips. The possible relevance of this fact to the host‐pathogene interaction between Pmg and soybean is discussed.
Fungistatic Activity of Essential Oils from Ocimum basilicum Chemotypes
Authors: Reuveni, A. Fleischer R. , Putievsky E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEssential Oils from Ocimum basilicum and their components showed different inhibition effects against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Rhizopus nigricans, The different antifungal activity of the essential oils is determined mainly by the percentage of the main components: cineol, linalool, methylchavicol and eugenol.
Some Properties of an Extracellular Proteolytic Enzyme of Verticillium fungicola, a Pathogen of the Cultivated Mushroom Agaricus bisporus
Authors: Kalberer Peter P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn a casein nutrient solution, Verticillium fungiocla, the causal agent of the dry bubble disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus, produces a proteolytic enzyme. The effects of the pH and of inhibitors on the protease activity and the heat stability of the enzyme are described. The protease is of interest in connection with the attacking mechanism of Verticillium fungicola.
Serological Comparison of Two Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini
Authors: Rataj‐Guranowska Maria , Wiatroszak I. , Hornok L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWater‐soluble mycelial antigens from two physiological races (2 and 3) of Fusarium oxysporum L. sp. lupini were compared by tandem‐crossed immunoelectrophoresis. When antiserum against race 3 was tested some 50 antigens were detected. The two races had apparently almost identical antigenic patterns differing only in one antigen specific to race 3. This specific antigen might be related to the virulence of this fungus.
A Contribution to the General Theory of Host‐Parasite Specificity
Authors: Lebeda A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA proposal is made of improved terminology concerning interactions between plants and non‐cellular or cellular organisms. Classification of the relationships is based on the existence of basic incompatibility (incongruity) and basic compatibility (congruity) characterized by non‐host‐non‐pathogen or host‐pathogen relationships. Basic compatibility is divided into 3 subsystems according to the expression of interaction specificity: 1. non‐specific, 2. specific differentiated and 3. specific non‐differentiated incompatibility or compatibility. Description is made of the expected mechanisms determining specificity and main criteria which can be used for their distinction. Some evolutionary aspects are also discussed.
Multiplicity of Cell Wall Degrading Glycosidic Hydrolases Produced by Apple Infecting Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Urbanek H. , Zalewska‐Sobczak Jadwiga 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt was shown that Botrytis cinerea, an isolate infecting apples, secreted in vivo and in culture a variety of glycosidic hydrolases with substrate specificity towards the polysaccharides of cell walls. The following enzymes were partially separated by column chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B: two cellulases, three xylanases, one arabinanase, polygalacturonase, β‐glucosidase, β‐xylosidase, β‐galactosidase, β‐mannosidase and α‐galactosidase. The activity of glycosidic hydrolases tested was strongly inactivated by NBS and weaker by PCMB, tetranitromethan, dibromoacetophenon and Fe3+, The results indicate synergistic action of the obtained cellulase, xylanase, polygalacturonase and arabinanase in apple cell wall degradation.