bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational redshift from general spherically symmetric black holes
Authors: Martínez-Valera Diego A. , Momennia Mehrab , Herrera-Aguilar Alfredo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this work, we obtain an expression for the total observational frequency shift of photons emitted by massive geodesic particles circularly orbiting a black hole in a general spherically symmetric background. Our general relations are presented in terms of the metric components and their derivatives that characterize the black hole parameters. As a concrete example of this general relativistic approach, a special case is studied by applying the formalism to a nonsingular black hole conformally related to the Schwarzchild solution that possesses a length scale parameter l and an integer parameter N in addition to the black hole mass. Besides, we express the nonsingular black hole mass in terms of the observational redshift/blueshift. Finally, we investigate the effects of the free parameters of the conformal gravity theory on the observational frequency shift and compare results with those of the standard Schwarzschild black hole.
A Note of Reliability Analysis of SM-λ in Folded-Crossed Hypercube with Conditional Faults
Authors: Ma Jinjie , Zhang Mingzu , Li Chenxi , Qiao Hengji , Fan Yang 
Published: March 2024

The fault tolerance of an interconnection network of parallel and distributed systems can be evaluated by various topological parameters of its underlying graph [Formula: see text], with strong Menger edge connectivity being a vital parameter in this regard. A connected graph [Formula: see text] is called strongly Menger edge connected (SM-[Formula: see text]) if it connects any pair of vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] number of edge-disjoint paths. Under the uniform distribution of faults in a large interconnection network, it is improbable that each faulty edge incident to a vertex will occur simultaneously. Thus, [Formula: see text]-strongly Menger edge connected of order [Formula: see text] was introduced in 2018 by He et al. Here, [Formula: see text] is called as [Formula: see text]-strongly Menger edge connected of order [Formula: see text], if [Formula: see text] remains SM-[Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is an arbitrary edge set in a graph [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and the minimum degree of the remaining graph [Formula: see text]. The largest [Formula: see text] keeping the property of [Formula: see text] being SM-[Formula: see text] is denoted as [Formula: see text]. Among variants of hypercube, the [Formula: see text]-dimensional folded-crossed hypercube [Formula: see text] attracts attention in recent years. In this paper, we focus on calculating the exact value of the maximum conditional edge-fault-tolerant number of order [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for two integers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Virus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Causes Cardiomyopathy Through Eliciting Inflammatory Responses in the Heart
Authors: Grune Jana , Bajpai Geetika , Ocak Pervin Tülin , Kaufmann Eva , Mentkowski Kyle , Pabel Steffen , Kumowski Nina , Pulous Fadi E. , Tran Kim A. , Rohde David , Zhang Shuang , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R. , Vinegoni Claudio , Green Ursula , Swirski Filip K. , Stone James R. , Lennerz Jochen K. , Divangahi Maziar , Hulsmans Maarten , Nahrendorf Matthias 
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND:
Viral infections can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), systemic inflammation, and secondary cardiovascular complications. Lung macrophage subsets change during ARDS, but the role of heart macrophages in cardiac injury during viral ARDS remains unknown. Here we investigate how immune signals typical for viral ARDS affect cardiac macrophage subsets, cardiovascular health, and systemic inflammation.

METHODS:
We assessed cardiac macrophage subsets using immunofluorescence histology of autopsy specimens from 21 patients with COVID-19 with SARS-CoV-2–associated ARDS and 33 patients who died from other causes. In mice, we compared cardiac immune cell dynamics after SARS-CoV-2 infection with ARDS induced by intratracheal instillation of Toll-like receptor ligands and an ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor.

RESULTS:

In humans, SARS-CoV-2 increased total cardiac macrophage counts and led to a higher proportion of CCR2
+
(C-C chemokine receptor type 2 positive) macrophages. In mice, SARS-CoV-2 and virus-free lung injury triggered profound remodeling of cardiac resident macrophages, recapitulating the clinical expansion of CCR2
+
macrophages. Treating mice exposed to virus-like ARDS with a tumor necrosis factor α–neutralizing antibody reduced cardiac monocytes and inflammatory MHCII
lo
CCR2
+
macrophages while also preserving cardiac function. Virus-like ARDS elevated mortality in mice with pre-existing heart failure.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data suggest that viral ARDS promotes cardiac inflammation by expanding the CCR2
+
macrophage subset, and the associated cardiac phenotypes in mice can be elicited by activating the host immune system even without viral presence in the heart.
Fragments of Texts and Fragmentary Textual Traditions
Authors: McCarron Alexander 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Since the publication of the Aramaic Enochic manuscript fragments by J.T. Milik in 1976, the secondary Greek and Ethiopic versions have played a key role in how the Enochic fragments have been reconstructed and restored. In the case of the Enochic theophany (1 Enoch 1:1–9) in 4QEna (4Q201), the edges of the fragments are often retrospectively reconstructed and restored in dialogue with the Greek text-type preserved in Codex Panopolitanus and the Ethiopic text-types preserved in the manuscripts of Ethiopic Enoch. This study demonstrates the need for renewed reflection on how the Aramaic Enochic theophany in 4QEna is reconstructed and restored in modern editions of the fragments, and highlights the methodological dangers inherent in the application of a retrospective text-critical and reconstructive method.
A Retrospective Hydrological Uncertainty Analysis Using Precipitation Estimation Ensembles for a Poorly Gauged Basin in High Mountain Asia
Authors: Reggiani Paolo , Boyko Oleksiy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We study the impact of uncertain precipitation estimates on simulated streamflows for the poorly gauged Yarlung Tsangpo basin (YTB), high mountain Asia (HMA). A process-based hydrological model at 0.5-km resolution is driven by an ensemble of precipitation estimation products (PEPs), including analyzed ground observations, high-resolution precipitation estimates, climate data records, and reanalyses over the 2008–15 control period. The model is then forced retrospectively from 1983 onward to obtain seamless discharge estimates till 2007, a period for which there is very sparse flow data coverage. Whereas temperature forcing is considered deterministic, precipitation is sampled from the predictive distribution, which is obtained through processing PEPs by means of a probabilistic processor of uncertainty. The employed Bayesian processor combines the PEPs and outputs the predictive densities of daily precipitation depth accumulation as well as the probability of precipitation occurrence, from which random precipitation fields for probabilistic model forcing are sampled. The predictive density of precipitation is conditional on the precipitation estimation predictors that are bias corrected and variance adjusted. For the selected HMA study site, discharges simulated from reanalysis and climate data records score lowest against observations at three flow gauging points, whereas high-resolution satellite estimates perform better, but are still outperformed by precipitation fields obtained from analyzed observed precipitation and merged products, which were corrected against ground observations. The applied methodology indicates how missing flows for poorly gauged sites can be retrieved and is further extendable to hydrological projections of climate.

Significance Statement
We show how to use different precipitation estimates, like computer simulations of weather or satellite observations, in conjunction with all available ground measurements in regions with generally poor meteorological and flow measurement infrastructure. We demonstrate how it is possible to retrieve past unobserved river flows using these estimates in combination with a hydrological computer model for streamflow simulations. The method can help us to better understand the hydrology of poorly gauged regions that play an important role in the distribution of water resources and can be affected by future changes. We applied the method to a large transboundary river basin in China. This basin holds water needed by large, densely populated regions of India that may become water constrained by warmer climate.
On the Release and Renewal of Freshwater in the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Wang Qiang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Arctic Beaufort Gyre plays a critical role in climate and marine ecosystems. This study investigates the response of the liquid freshwater in the Beaufort Gyre to various wind perturbations using numerical simulations. A new diagnostic called “freshwater renewal” is introduced, which quantifies the amount of freshwater that has entered the Beaufort Gyre since a specific point in time. The findings reveal that the process of freshwater renewal is persistently efficient in the Beaufort Gyre region, occurring irrespective of the gyre’s status. The spatial distribution of freshwater renewal varies, influenced by factors such as wind forcing and gyre circulation patterns. Cyclonic wind perturbation associated with a negative Beaufort high sea level pressure anomaly triggers freshwater release from the Beaufort Gyre, with freshwater export and renewal dependent on wind-perturbation locations and time scales. While some released Beaufort Gyre freshwater exits the Arctic Ocean through the Davis and Fram Straits, a considerable portion could remain within the Arctic Ocean for many years under specific conditions. Wind perturbation associated with the positive Arctic Oscillation enhances the Arctic export of Beaufort Gyre freshwater, mainly through the Fram Strait. The Arctic export of total freshwater and the Arctic export of the portion originating from the Beaufort Gyre have different time scales and magnitudes. Hence, it is essential to collectively examine different freshwater components in order to assess the role of Arctic export in the climate system.
A Major Improvement of Atmospheric Wave Boundary Layer Model for Storm Surge Modeling by Including Effect of Wave Breaking on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange
Authors: Zhang Anyifang , Yu Xiping 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Accurate estimation of the wind stress under extreme conditions is crucial for modeling storm surges and storm waves, which is important to the development of a warning system for coastal disaster prevention. The problem, however, is highly challenging owing to the presence of complex ocean surface processes under the action of unusually strong wind. In this study, the existing atmospheric wave boundary layer model is significantly enhanced by including various effects of wave breaking. Both the effect of wave breaking on the dissipation of energy and its effect on the transfer of momentum within the atmospheric boundary layer are carefully formulated. The wind stress coefficients obtained with the enhanced model are shown to be in good agreement with the measurements in not only deep but also shallow waters. The enhanced atmospheric wave boundary layer model is coupled with ocean wave as well as circulation models to simulate typhoon-induced storm surges and storm waves in the Pearl River delta region. The computational results show that the coupled model with improved evaluation of the wind stress is substantially advantageous when compared with existing approaches.
Influence of Local Water Vapor Analysis Uncertainty on Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclogenesis Using Hurricane Irma (2017) as a Testbed
Authors: Hartman Christopher M. , Judt Falko , Chen Xingchao 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tropical cyclone formation is known to require abundant water vapor in the lower to middle troposphere within the incipient disturbance. In this study, we assess the impacts of local water vapor analysis uncertainty on the predictability of the formation of Hurricane Irma (2017). To this end, we reduce the magnitude of the incipient disturbance’s water vapor perturbations obtained from an ensemble-based data assimilation system that constrained moisture by assimilating all-sky infrared and microwave radiances. Five-day ensemble forecasts are initialized two days before genesis using each set of modified analysis perturbations. Growth of convective differences and intensity uncertainty are evaluated for each ensemble forecast. We observe that when initializing an ensemble forecast with only moisture uncertainty within the incipient disturbance, the resulting intensity uncertainty at every lead time exceeds half that of an ensemble containing initial perturbations to all variables throughout the domain. Although ensembles with different initial moisture uncertainty amplitudes reveal a similar pathway to genesis, uncertainty in genesis timing varies substantially across ensembles since moister members exhibit earlier spinup of the low-level vortex. These differences in genesis timing are traced back to the first 6–12 h of integration, when differences in the position and intensity of mesoscale convective systems across ensemble members develop more quickly with greater initial moisture uncertainty. In addition, the rapid growth of intensity uncertainty may be greatly modulated by the diurnal cycle. Ultimately, this study underscores the importance of targeting the incipient disturbance with high spatiotemporal water vapor observations for ingestion into data assimilation systems.

Significance Statement
Hurricanes form from clusters of thunderstorms that organize into a coherent system. One of the key ingredients for the formation process is an abundance of moisture. In this study, we test the sensitivity of hurricane formation to the initial moisture content in the vicinity of the cluster of thunderstorms that would become Hurricane Irma (2017). To do so, we initialize sets of forecasts each having a different variability of initial moisture content within the embryonic disturbance. Our results show that the predictability of hurricane formation is highly dependent on the uncertainty of the moisture content within the initial disturbance. Consequently, more high-quality observations of the moisture within the precursor disturbances to hurricanes are expected to improve forecasts of their formation.
Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Trauma Patients at Extreme Risk of Mortality: A Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Acosta José A. 
Published: March 2024

Background The 2014 expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) reshaped healthcare delivery in the United States. This study assessed how Medicaid expansion affected in-hospital mortality in patients with extreme risk of mortality (EROM) from traumatic injuries. Methods Data from inpatients aged 18-64 years, registered in the National Inpatient Sample between 2007 and 2020, and identified with trauma-related All-Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APRDRG) codes, were analyzed. Within this group, a subset of patients was selected based on the APRDRG classification identifying them as at EROM for the principal unit of analysis. The cohort was divided into high-implementation (HIR) and low-implementation (LIR) regions based on Medicaid expansion coverage. In-hospital mortality was assessed using interrupted time-series analysis. Sensitivity analyses considered seasonality, autocorrelation, and exogenous events. Results Analysis encompassed 70 381 trauma inpatient stays, corresponding to 346 659 patients based on National Inpatient Sample weighting. There was a consistent monthly decline in in-hospital mortality of .08% (95% CI: −.103 to −.048; P < .001) prior to Medicaid expansion, a trend unaffected by expansion. This pattern persisted across both LIR and HIR Medicaid implementation regions. Although Medicaid enrollment increased in HIR, that in LIR remained unchanged. Discussion Over the study period, the in-hospital mortality among severely injured patients consistently decreased, and this trend was not influenced by Medicaid expansion. The statistical models and results from this study can offer valuable guidance to policymakers and healthcare leaders as they formulate more efficient and effective policies.
Experiences of physical healthcare services in Māori and non-Māori with mental health and substance use conditions
Authors: Cunningham Ruth , Imlach Fiona , Haitana Tracy , Clark Mau Te Rangimarie , Every-Palmer Susanna , Lockett Helen , Peterson Debbie 
Published: March 2024

Objectives: Inequities in physical health outcomes exist for people with mental health and substance use conditions and for Indigenous populations (Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand). These inequities may be partly explained by poorer quality of physical healthcare services, including discrimination at systemic and individual levels. This study investigated the experiences of people with mental health and substance use conditions accessing physical healthcare and differences in service quality for non-Māori relative to Māori. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of people with mental health and substance use conditions in New Zealand asked about four aspects of service quality in four healthcare settings: general practice, emergency department, hospital and pharmacy. The quality domains were: treated with respect; listened to; treated unfairly due to mental health and substance use conditions; mental health and substance use condition diagnoses distracting clinicians from physical healthcare (diagnostic and treatment overshadowing). Results: Across the four health services, pharmacy was rated highest for all quality measures and emergency department lowest. Participants rated general practice services highly for being treated with respect and listened to but reported relatively high levels of overshadowing in general practice, emergency department and hospital services. Experiences of unfair treatment were more common in emergency department and hospital than general practice and pharmacy. Compared to Māori, non-Māori reported higher levels of being treated with respect and listened to in most services and were more likely to report ‘never’ experiencing unfair treatment and overshadowing for all health services. Conclusion: Interventions to address discrimination and poor-quality health services to people with mental health and substance use conditions should be tailored to the physical healthcare setting. More needs to be done to address institutional racism in systems that privilege non-Māori.
What Predicts Graduate Public Health Student Success? Evidence for Admission Committees in a Post–Affirmative Action Landscape
Authors: Krytus Kimberly , Kruger Jessica S. , Homish Gregory G. 
Published: March 2024

Objective: A severe staff shortage and a dearth of professionals from underrepresented backgrounds in the public health workforce are contributing to poor health outcomes in the United States. Schools and programs can mitigate these problems by admitting more graduate public health students overall and from underrepresented backgrounds. We identified predictors of foundational graduate public health course grades and graduate grade point average (GPA), sharing evidence to remove application factors that are admission barriers and do not predict student outcomes. Methods: We conducted a linear regression analysis on demographic and academic factors from 564 graduate public health applications for students at the University at Buffalo who received their degree from January 1, 2016, to February 1, 2021, analyzing age, race and ethnicity, sex, income, undergraduate degree, verbal and quantitative Graduate Record Examination (GRE) percentiles, and undergraduate GPA. Outcomes were grades in foundational public health courses and cumulative graduate GPA. Results: Undergraduate GPA was the best predictor of graduate public health student success, explaining nearly 7% of foundational public health course grades and 29% of graduate GPA. Higher undergraduate GPA contributed to higher course grades and graduate GPA. GRE scores explained <1% of student outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings add to the growing body of research showing that standardized test scores may not predict graduate student outcomes and provide further evidence for the field of public health to consider removing this admission barrier. By doing so, institutions could admit more students to graduate public health programs who can bring needed skills to the market, further diversifying the workforce and public health faculty, to better meet population health needs.
Differences in Cesarean Rates for Nulliparous, Term, Singleton, Vertex Births Among Racial and Ethnic Groups and States Before and After Stay-at-Home Orders During the COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2017-2021
Authors: Hussaini Khaleel S. , Galang Romeo , Li Rui 
Published: March 2024

Objectives: Evidence is limited on differences in cesarean rates for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) births across racial and ethnic groups at the national and state level during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed changes in levels and trends of NTSV cesarean rates before and after stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) were implemented in the United States (1) overall, (2) by racial and ethnic groups, and (3) by 50 US states from January 2017 through December 2021. Methods: We used birth certificate data from 2017 through 2021, restricted to hospital births, to calculate monthly NTSV cesarean rates for the United States and for racial and ethnic groups and to calculate quarterly NTSV cesarean rates for the 50 states. We used interrupted time-series analysis to measure changes in NTSV cesarean rates before and after implementation of SAHOs (March 1 through May 31, 2020). Results: Of 6 022 552 NTSV hospital births, 1 579 645 (26.2%) were cesarean births. Before implementation of SAHOs, NTSV cesarean rates were declining in the United States overall; were declining among births to non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women; and were declining in 6 states. During the first month of implementation of SAHOs in May 2020, monthly NTSV rates increased in the United States by 0.55%. Monthly NTSV rates increased by 1.20% among non-Hispanic Black women, 0.90% among Hispanic women, and 0.28% among non-Hispanic White women; quarterly NTSV rates increased in 6 states. Conclusion: In addition to emergency preparedness planning, hospital monitoring, and reporting of NTSV cesarean rates to increase provider awareness, reallocation and prioritization of resources may help to identify potential strains on health care systems during public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic.