bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Electromyogram Telemetry to Assess Swimming Activity of Adult Spring Chinook Salmon Migrating Past a Columbia River Dam
Authors: Brown Richard S. , Geist David R. , Mesa Matthew G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractElectromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to estimate the swim speeds of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrating upstream past a Columbia River dam. Electrodes from EMG transmitters were surgically implanted in the red muscle of fish captured at Bonneville Dam, and output from the tags was calibrated to defined swim speeds for each fish in a tunnel respirometer. The fish were then released below Bonneville Dam and radio‐tracked as they migrated through the tailraces, fishways, and forebays of the dam. On average, swim speed was significantly higher when tagged salmon were moving through tailraces than when they were moving through other parts of the dam. Specifically, swim speeds for fish in tailraces (106.4 cm/s) were 23% higher than those of fish in fishways (84.9 cm/s) and 32% higher than those of fish in forebays (80.2 cm/s). Swim speeds were higher in fishways during the day than during the night, but there were no diel differences in swim speeds in tailraces and forebays. During dam passage, Chinook salmon spent the most time in tailraces, followed by fishways and forebays.
Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity
Authors: Levy Julie K. , Scott H. Morgan , Lachtara Jessica L. , Crawford P. Cynda 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine seroprevalence of FeLV and FIV infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity.
Design—Prospective cross-sectional survey.
Animals—18,038 cats tested at 345 veterinary clinics (n = 9,970) and 145 animal shelters (8,068) between August and November 2004.
Procedure—Cats were tested with a point-of-care ELISA for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody. A multivariable random effects logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors significantly associated with seropositivity while accounting for clinic-to-clinic (or shelter) variability.
Results—409 (2.3%) cats were seropositive for FeLV antigen, and 446 (2.5%) cats were seropositive for FIV antibody; 58 (0.3%) cats were seropositive for infection with both viruses. Multivariable analysis indicated that age, sex, health status, and cat lifestyle and source were significantly associated with risk of seropositivity, with adults more likely to be seropositive than juveniles (adjusted odds ratios [ORs], 2.5 and 2.05 for FeLV and FIV seropositivity, respectively), sexually intact adult males more likely to be seropositive than sexually intact adult females (adjusted ORs, 2.4 and 4.66), and outdoor cats that were sick at the time of testing more likely to be seropositive than healthy indoor cats (adjusted ORs, 8.89 and 11.3).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that certain characteristics, such as age, sex, health status, and lifestyle, are associated with risk of FeLV and FIV seropositivity among cats in North America. However, cats in all categories were found to be at risk for infection, and current guidelines to test all cats at the time of acquisition and again during illness should be followed.
Use of ultrasonography to diagnose large colon volvulus in horses
Authors: Abutarbush Sameeh M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe the use of ultrasonography to diagnose large colon volvulus (LCV) in horses.
Design—Descriptive report.
Animals—4 horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain.
Procedure—Each horse was administered analgesic agents for pain control and placed in stocks. Ultrasonographic evaluations were performed with a 3.5-MHz sector scanning transducer that was placed parallel to the long axis of the horse (longitudinal imaging) over an area of the left ventral aspect of the abdomen. The boundaries of the evaluated region included the ventral midline, 2 vertical lines at the level of the left 10th and 17th intercostal spaces, and a horizontal line between the 2 vertical lines at the level of the costal arch of the left 10th intercostal area.
Results—In all horses, nonsacculated large colon was identified ultrasonographically in the left ventral portion of the abdomen; this finding was considered indicative of LCV. In 3 horses, the LCV involved intestinal rotation of 180°, whereas in 1 horse, the LCV involved intestinal rotation of 540°. As confirmed by surgical or postmortem findings, the degree and location of the volvulus were correctly estimated from ultrasonographic images.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, this method of diagnosis of LCV appears to be of value regardless of the location at which the rotation of the large colon occurs. Ultrasonographic findings may aid in the earlier diagnosis of LCV in horses, especially at an early stage of the disease when other clinical signs are equivocal.
Hydraulic permeabilities of PET and nylon 6 electrospun fiber webs
Authors: Hwa Hong Kyung , Jin Kang Tae 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe morphological and hydraulic properties of electrospun fiber webs were investigated and compared with those of spunbond nonwoven fabrics. In this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), hydrophobic polymer, and nylon 6, with some hydrophilic groups (amide groups), were used as the polymer materials to prepare spunbonds and electrospun fiber webs. The water permeabilities of PET and nylon 6 spunbonds followed the Darcy's law, but those of PET and nylon 6 electrospun fiber webs showed properties that deviated from the Darcy's law. On the other hand, the wicking phenomenon was observed in both nylon 6 spunbond and electrospun fiber webs, but no such phenomenon was observed in PET spunbond and electrospun fiber webs. The water vapor transport rates of PET and nylon 6 electrospun fiber webs were higher than those of PET and nylon 6 spunbonds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 167–177, 2006
Nonionic water‐soluble polymer: Preparation, characterization, and application of poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) as a polychelatogen
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe Del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Jeria O Manuel , Huerta Margarita , Rivas Bernabé L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe free‐radical copolymerization of water‐soluble poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) was carried out with a feed monomer ratio of 75:25 mol %, and the total monomer concentration was 2.67M. The synthesis of the copolymer was carried out in dioxane at 70°C with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The copolymer composition was obtained with elemental analysis and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The water‐soluble polymer was characterized with elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Additionally, viscosimetric measurements of the copolymer were performed. The thermal behavior of the copolymer and its complexes were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry techniques under a nitrogen atmosphere. The copolymer showed high thermal stability and a glass transition in the DSC curves. The separation of various metal ions by the water‐soluble poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) reagent in the aqueous phase with liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention was investigated. The method was based on the retention of inorganic ions by this polymer in a membrane filtration cell and subsequent separation of low‐molar‐mass species from the polymer/metal‐ion complex formed. Poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) could bind metal ions such as Cr(III), Co(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) in aqueous solutions at pHs 3, 5, and 7. The retention percentage for all the metal ions in the polymer was increased at pH 7, at which the maximum retention capacity could be observed. The interaction of inorganic ions with the hydrophilic polymer was determined as a function of the pH and filtration factor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 178–185, 2006
Depolymerization of nylon 6 waste fibers
Authors: Shukla S. R. , Harad Ajay M. , Mahato D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe depolymerization of nylon 6 was carried out with various solvents, such as formic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, followed by heating under reflux for different times. From the polymer dissolved and refluxed in formic acid, degradation products with different ranges of molecular weights were collected by fractional precipitation, with small lots of distilled water added as a nonsolvent. The characterization of different fractions was carried out by the measurement of the viscosity‐average molecular weight, the number‐average molecular weight, and the number of amino end groups. The presence of the monomer, aminocaproic acid, was confirmed by thin‐layer chromatography in the case of hydrochloric acid treated nylon 6. With a strongly acidic ion‐exchange resin, the monomer was separated in its purest form, and the melting point was noted. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 186–190, 2006
Application of cyclodextrin to the textile dyeing and washing processes
Authors: Cireli Aysun , Yurdakul Birkan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCyclodextrins can form inclusion complexes with different molecules with the aid of their special chemical (molecular) structures. Physical and chemical properties of molecules can change after the formation of complex. This special feature enables the usage of dextrins in different industry areas. In this study, applicability of cylcodextrins in textile dyeing and washing processes was investigated. With this aim, β‐cyclodextrin was used in direct dyeing of cellulosic fabrics and in rinsing processes of direct dyed fabrics. Retarder/leveling effect of β‐cyclodextrin in dyeing process has been studied and the results were compared with that of a commercial product. In general, cyclodextrins were used in washing processes to remove the absorbed surfactants. It has been investigated whether this effect was the same for washing of dyed fabrics. Eight different direct dyes, for which the chemical structures are known, were used in dyeing and washing processes, and effect of β‐cyclodextrin on different chemical structures was investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 208–218, 2006
Effects of mercerization of bamboo strips on mechanical properties of unidirectional bamboo–novolac composites
Authors: Das Mahuya , Pal Anindya , Chakraborty Debabrata 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBamboo strip reinforced novolac resin composites were fabricated using bamboo strips that were treated with varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution at a constant filler loading (25%). The mechanical properties of various composites (flexural modulus, toughness, tensile strength, and elastic modulus) were determined. The physical characteristics, such as the wetting ability of the alkali treated reinforcements, were increased because of alkali treatment. With increasing concentrations of alkali, a higher percent loss in weight occurred. The mechanical properties were increased with increasing mercerizing strength. Maximum improvement in properties was achieved with 16–20% of caustic treated reinforcements. An FTIR study indicated aryl alkyl ether formation with OH groups of cellulose and methylol groups of novolac resin. Beyond 20% there was degradation in all strength properties because of the failure in the mechanical properties of the reinforcements. A correlation was found to exist between the mechanical properties and the developed morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:238–244, 2006
Selective separation of In(III), Ga(III), and Zn(II) from dilute solution using solvent‐impregnated resin containing Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
Authors: Liu J. S. , Chen H. , Guo Z. L. , Hu Y. C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the separation of In(III), Ga(III), and Zn(II) from sulfate solution using solvent‐impregnated resin containing di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. The influence of pH on the extraction of each metal was determined. Extraction isotherms were then studied at selected pH. Results showed that In(III) can be first extracted from aqueous solutions at pH 2 using the resin, then Ga(III) and Zn(II) coextracted at pH 3, and the separation can be carried out by using different concentrations of eluents. Loaded resins can be regenerated, and the metals can be recovered selectively. Two fixed‐bed columns arranged in series were successfully used for the separation and recovery of these three metal ions from multi‐component solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 253–259, 2006
CO2‐facilitated transport through poly(N‐vinyl‐γ‐sodium aminobutyrate‐co‐sodium acrylate)/polysulfone composite membranes
Authors: Wang Zhi , Yi Chunhai , Zhang Ying , Wang Jixiao , Wang Shichang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl‐γ‐sodium aminobutyrate‐co‐sodium acrylate) (VSA–SA)/polysulfone (PS) composite membranes were prepared for the separation of CO2. VSA–SA contained secondary amines and carboxylate ions that could act as carriers for CO2. At 20°C and 1.06 atm of feed pressure, a VSA–SA/PS composite membrane displayed a pure CO2 permeation rate of 6.12 × 10−6 cm3(STP)/cm2 s cmHg and a CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity of 524.5. In experiments with a mixed gas of 50 vol % CO2 and 50 vol % CH4, at 20°C and 1.04 atm of feed pressure, the CO2 permeation rate was 9.2 × 10−6 cm3 (STP)/cm2 s cmHg, and the selectivity of CO2/CH4 was 46.8. Crosslinkages with metal ions were effective for increasing the selectivity. Both the selectivity of CO2 over CH4 and the CO2 permeation rate had a maximum against the carrier concentration. The high CO2 permeation rate originated from the facilitated transport mechanism, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance techniques. The performance of the membranes prepared in this work had good stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 275–282, 2006
Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polyamide 6 nanocomposites prepared by a two‐step melt‐compounding process
Authors: Gahleitner Markus , Kretzschmar Bernd , Pospiech Doris , Ingolic Elisabeth , Reichelt Norbert , Bernreitner Klaus 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolypropylene/polyamide 6 blends and their nanocomposites with layered silicates or talc were prepared in a melt‐compounding process to explore their mechanical performance. The thermomechanical behavior, crystallization effects, rheology, and morphology of these materials were studied with a wide range of experimental techniques. In all cases, the inorganic filler was enriched in the polyamide phase and resulted in a phase coarsening of the polypropylene/polyamide nanocomposite in comparison with the nonfilled polypropylene/polyamide blend. The mechanical properties of these nanoblends were consequently only slightly better than those of the pure polymers with respect to the modulus, whereas the impact level was below that of the pure polymers, reflecting the heterogeneity of the nanoblend. Polymer‐specific organic modification of the nanoclays did not result in a better phase distribution, which would be required for better overall performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 283–291, 2006
Thermal characterization of carbon‐nanofiber‐reinforced tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane/4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone epoxy composites
Authors: Xie Hongfeng , Liu Binghua , Yang Hu , Wang Zhiliu , Shen Jianyi , Cheng Rongshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe thermal properties of carbon nanofibers (CNF)/epoxy composites, composed of tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) resin and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) as a curing agent, were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. DSC results showed that the presence of CNF had no pronounced influence on the heat of the cure reaction. However, the incorporation of CNF slightly improved the thermal stability of the epoxy. Furthermore, the storage modulus of the TGDDM/DDS epoxy was significantly enhanced, whereas the glass‐transition temperature was not significantly affected, upon the incorporation of CNFs. The storage modulus of 5 wt % CNF/epoxy composites at 25°C was increased by 35% in comparison with that of the pure epoxy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 295–298, 2006
Synthesis and luminescence properties of new blue‐light‐emitting polyconjugated poly{1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl‐[1‐(4‐t‐butylphenyl)]vinylene} polymers and copolymers
Authors: Kim Chang‐Gyu , Joo Sung‐Hoon , Hong Cheon Cheol , Jeong Mi‐Yun , Cha Soon‐Wook , Sohn Byung‐Hee , Jin Jung‐Il 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree new soluble polyconjugated polymers, all of which emitted blue light in photoluminescence and electroluminescence, were synthesized, and their luminescence properties were studied. The polymers were poly{1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl‐[1‐(4‐t‐butylphenyl)]vinylene}, poly((9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt‐{1,4‐phenylene‐[1‐(4‐t‐butylphenyl)vinylene‐1,4‐phenylene]}) [P(DOF‐PVP)], and poly([N‐(2‐ethyl) hexylcarbazole‐3,6‐diyl]‐alt‐{1,4‐phenylene‐[1‐(4‐t‐butylphenyl)]vinylene‐1,4‐phenylene}). The last two polymers had alternating sequences of the two structural units. Among the three polymers, P(DOF‐PVP) performed best in the light‐emitting diode devices of indium–tin oxide/poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (30 nm)/polymer (150 nm)/Li:Al (100 nm). This might have been correlated with the balance in and magnitude of the mobility of the charge carriers, that is, positive holes and electrons, and also the electronic structure, that is, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, of the polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 307–317, 2006
Synthesis of acrylate polymers by a novel emulsion polymerization for adhesive applications
Authors: Sakdapipanich Jitladda , Thananusont Narumol , Pukkate Nanthaporn 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are viscoelastic–elastomeric materials that can adhere strongly to solid surfaces with light contact pressure and a short contact time. Polyacrylates produced by solution polymerization are used widely because of their good adhesive properties. A novel emulsion polymerization was established to improve the low physical properties of PSA on the basis of conventional poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) by emulsion polymerization. PBA latex was synthesized by the emulsion polymerization of 50 wt % n‐butyl acrylate mixed with 15 wt % ethyl acetate (EA) with Emal‐10P and Emulgen‐920 as anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively, at 70°C. Potassium persulfate (KPS) or a combination of KPS and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as the initiator. The KPS/DCP system gave a very high‐molecular‐weight PBA of a narrow molecular weight distribution with a weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight value of 1.01–1.03 in 15 min. The PSA tape was prepared by the casting of the PSA latex onto a corona poly(ethylene terephthalate) film as an adherent to obtain a 50‐μm‐dry‐thickness film. The PSA tape produced from PBA by the novel emulsion polymerization showed better adhesive properties, such as 180° peel adhesion, shear holding power, and rolling ball tack tests according to JIS and ASTM standards, than PSA tape produced from solution polymerization. The occlusion of a small amount of EA in emulsion particles before polymerization was found to give higher properties than those of PBA prepared by the addition of EA to the PBA latex after polymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:413–421, 2006
Preparation of compatible blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) used in dentistry with a reactive terpolymer containing maleic anhydride and their thermomechanical characterization
Authors: Boztuğ Ali , Coşkun Akın , Bolayır Giray , Zengin H. Bayram , Özdemir Ali Kemal 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study focuses on the preparation of compatible blends with the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using a reactive terpolymer maleic anhydride–styrene–vinyl acetate (MA–St–VA). In the first series of experiments, binary blends of the PMMA and the MA–St–VA terpolymer have been prepared in tetrahydrofurane. The PMMA and the MA–St–VA terpolymer formed the compatible blends. The effects on thermomechanical properties of MA–St–VA terpolymer ratio in the blends were studied. The glass transition temperatures (Tg), thermal expansion coefficient (α), and other thermomechanical parameters for the blends have been established by TMA method and the compatibility of two polymers has been evaluated by these TMA parameters. The addition of MA–St–VA terpolymer to PMMA made a plasticizing effect on PMMA. This effect regularly changed with the increasing of the terpolymer in the blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 363–367, 2006
Photophysical studies of copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole
Authors: Brar A. S. , Kaur Manpreet , Balamurli M. M. , Dogra S. K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission spectroscopy, and time‐dependent spectrofluorimetry have been used to study the photophysics of copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole with different monomers like vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate in dichloromethane. In all the copolymers and at different N‐vinylcarbazole content, the absorption spectra reflect only the monomer carbazole units. The two kinds of excited monomer species of N‐vinylcarbazole are present in S1 state. Short‐lived (∼3 ns) excited monomer decays forming low energy excimer obtained by the complete overlap of the excited carbazole monomer. The long‐lived excited monomer (∼8 ns) decays to ground state without formation of any excimer. The high energy excimer is relatively short‐lived and is formed by the partial overlap of the carbazole units. The presence of bulky group in the copolymer chain hinders the formation of excimers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 372–380, 2006
Synthesis, thermal properties, and morphology of blocked polyurethane/epoxy full‐interpenetrating polymer network
Authors: Chen Chin‐Hsing , Chen Meng‐Huei 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBlocked polyurethane (PU)/epoxy full‐interpenetrating polymer network (full‐IPN) were synthesized from blocked NCO‐terminated PU prepolymer, with 4,4‐methylene diamine as a chain extender and epoxy prepolymer, with 4,4‐methylene diamine as a curing agent, using simultaneous polymerization (SIN) method. From FTIR spectra analysis it was found that the major reactions in the blocked PU/epoxy IPN system are the self‐polymerization of block PU/chain extender and the self‐polymerization of epoxy/curing agent. Meanwhile, from reaction mechanisms the copolymerization of IPN may have occurred at the same time. The weight loss by thermogravimetric analysis decreased with increasing epoxy and filler content. It was confirmed from scanning electron micrography (SEM) that when the blocked PU content increased, the microstructure of IPN became rougher. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 323–328, 2006