bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actinobacillus suis-like organisms in horses
Authors: Jang Spencer S. , Biberstein Ernst L. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Actinobacillus suis-like organisms have been recognized in equine specimens at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital since 1975. The most common source (65%) of the organism was transtracheal washings. The organism was gram-negative, produced hemolysis on blood agar, and gave a positive reaction for oxidase, urease, o-nitrophenyl-ß-d-galactopyranoside, and esculin. Carbohydrate reactions were variable, consisting of 4 main patterns. Actinobacillus suis-like organisms were (90%) sensitive to therapeutic concentrations of amikacin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were recovered frequently with the organism.
Rhinitis, pneumonia, and defective neutrophil function in the Doberman Pinscher
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Brown Talmage T. , De Buysscher Edward V. , Andersen Burton R. , Thrall Donald E. , Hager Elizabeth , Ananaba Goodwin , Degen Melissa A. , Ward Marsha D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight closely related Doberman Pinschers with chronic rhinitis and pneumonia had normal or increased numbers of structurally normal leukocytes. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement were above or within normal ranges. Lymphocyte transformation indices for 3 mitogens were normal in 7 of the 8 dogs; the remaining dog had low values for all mitogens. Neutrophils phagocytized bacteria normally, but had impaired bactericidal ability. The bactericidal defect may have been related to the inability of neutrophils to generate normal numbers of oxygen radicals after stimulation, as determined by decreased ability of neutrophils to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium and to produce superoxide following opsonized zymosan stimulation. These observations, plus finding chronic inflammatory disease in the lungs of one dog, indicated that the disease may have some similarity to chronic granulomatous disease or to complement receptor deficiency in man.
Plasma lidocaine concentrations in conscious horses after cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion block with 1% lidocaine HCl solution
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir William W. , Couri Daniel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arterial and/or central venous plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 12 nonmedicated adult horses (422 ± 59 kg of body weight, mean ± sd) after injecting a 1% lidocaine HCl solution into the cervicothoracic ganglion (ctg). A mean dosage of 2.9 ± 0.5 mg of lidocaine/kg of body weight was used to induce unilateral ctg blockade in 8 horses and 4.8 ± 0.8 mg was used to induce bilateral ctg blockade in 4 horses. Blood samples were collected before and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after injection. The plasma lidocaine concentrations were determined by use of gas chromatography (sensitivity < 0.01 µg/ml).
Cervicothoracic sympathetic blockade was characterized by Horner's syndrome and by profuse sweating over the face, neck, and thoracic limbs. Mean maximal venous concentrations of lidocaine were 0.86 ± 0.33 µg/ml at 26.3 ± 6.9 minutes after unilateral ctg blockade, and 1.14 ± 0.25 µg/ml at 31.2 ± 18.9 minutes after bilateral ctg blockade. The mean venous and arterial concentrations of lidocaine were not significantly different at 45 and 120 minutes after injection. Venous concentrations of lidocaine were consistently higher than were concentrations in simultaneously collected arterial blood samples in 2 horses in which the right ctg and brachial plexus were temporarily anesthetized after repeated administration of 100 ml of lidocaine into the right ctg.
The plasma lidocaine concentrations determined during unilateral and bilateral ctg blockades did not induce direct systemic effects on the cardiovascular system (ie, heart rate and arterial blood pressure) and did not have an effect on selected laboratory data (ie, arterial pH and total protein concentration). Clinical signs of systemic toxicosis were not observed.
Effects of etomidate on adrenocortical function in canine surgical patients
Authors: Kruse-Elliott Kris T. , Swanson Clifford R. , Aucoin David P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adrenocortical function in canine surgical patients given etomidate at 1 of 2 dosages (1.5 mg/kg of body weight or 3 mg/kg, iv) was evaluated and compared with that of dogs given thiopental (12 mg/kg, iv). The adrenocortical function was evaluated by use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) stimulation tests and determination of plasma Cortisol concentrations at 0 minute (base line) and 60 minutes after acth administration. At 24 hours before administration of either drug (ie, induction of anesthesia), each dog had an increase in plasma Cortisol concentration when given acth. The acth stimulation tests were repeated 2 hours after induction of anesthesia. Dogs given thiopental had base-line plasma Cortisol concentrations greater than preinduction base-line values, but did not increase plasma Cortisol in response to acth stimulation. Postinduction acth stimulation tests in dogs given etomidate at either dose indicated base-line and 60-minute plasma Cortisol concentrations that were not different from preinduction base-line values. Therefore, adrenocortical function was suppressed 2 and 3 hours after the administration of etomidate in canine surgical patients.
Effects of collection time and food consumption on the urine protein/creatinine ratio in the dog
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , McCaw Dudley L. , Hewett John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of collection time and food consumption on the variability of the urine protein/creatinine ratio were determined in 10 healthy dogs. In trial 1, dogs were fasted for 12 hours, and urine specimens were obtained by bladder catheterization every 2 hours over an 8-hour collection period during the day. After a 1-week rest, the dogs were entered into trial 2. Dogs were fed at least 60 kcal of a high protein meal/kg of body weight, and urine specimens were obtained every 2 hours over an 8-hour period during the day. Urine total protein and urine creatinine concentrations and the urine protein/creatinine ratio were determined for each urine specimen obtained.
Friedman's 2-way analysis by ranks was used to determine the constancy of this ratio over the 4 periods in the 2 trials (fasted and fed). There was no significant variability (P > 0.05) in ratios over the 8-hour collection periods in the fasted or fed trial. Feeding did not significantly alter this ratio, because there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the urine protein/creatinine ratios of the dogs when they were fasted, compared with those of the dogs when they were fed. Seemingly, urine specimens obtained anytime during the day from dogs in both trials (fasted and fed) reflected the urine protein/creatinine ratio.
Evaluation of neutrophil function in female goats
Authors: Maddux Jeanne M. , Keeton Kerry S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) were isolated from the blood of healthy adult female goats on each of 3 consecutive days. The pmn isolated were evaluated, using random migration, Chemotaxis, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Over the 3 days, mean values for each of the assays ranged as follows: area of random migration, 11.3 to 19.9 mm2; chemotactic index, 6.4 to 11; chemotactic difference, 2.8 to 4.2 mm; S aureus ingestion, 18.3% to 26.1% ingested; cytochrome C reduction, 2.7 to 3.2 nmoles of O2− produced/ well; iodination, 19.4 to 25.1 nmoles of NaI/107 pmn/h; and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 59% to 90% 51Cr released. Significant (P < 0.05) day-to-day variations were found for all assays. Parallel increases and decreases for all test results on a per day basis indicated a common denominator influencing cell functional status rather than variability inherent in the assays themselves. Alterations induced in the cells during the cell isolation procedure were considered a probable cause.
Neurophysiologic maps of cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia of the ram
Authors: Kirk E. J. , Kitchell R. L. , Carr D. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The area of skin innervated by the afferent fibers in a peripheral nerve is called the cutaneous area (ca) of that nerve. Mapping of those areas that were responsive to movement of wool/hairs in the genital region of 18 anesthetized rams, combined with subsequent identification of spinal nerves and dissection of the pudendal nerve plexus, indicated considerable differences in the extent of the ca and the origins of cutaneous branches from the pudendal plexus. The ca of the proximal and distal cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve (or plexus) overlapped craniocaudally by approximately one-half, and the latter included most of the skin of the ipsilateral half of the scrotum. The ca of the deep perineal and caudal rectal nerves lay immediately adjacent to the anus. The ca of the scrotal branches of the pudendal nerve were restricted primarily to the scrotum. Fascicles in the dorsal nerve of the penis irregularly supplied ca along the length of the prepuce and consistently supplied the cranial free end of the prepuce. The ca of the ventral cutaneous branches of the caudal thoracic spinal nerves, the first 2 or 3 lumbar spinal nerves, and the genitofemoral nerve extended to the midline of the prepuce. Overlapping of ca was extensive, especially on the prepuce.
Arterial and venous supply to the bovine jejunum and proximal part of the ileum
Authors: Levine Susan A. , Smith Donald F. , Wilsman Norman J. , Kolb David S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The blood vasculature of the bovine jejunum and proximal part of the ileum was studied in 20 mature dairy cows at slaughter. The cranial mesenteric artery and vein supplied the jejunum and ileum, and their major branches were present in all specimens and supplied similar regions of the intestinal tract. Proximal branches of the cranial mesenteric artery were pancreatic arteries, caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery, middle colic artery, and ileocolic artery. A large collateral branch arose from the proximal segment of the cranial mesenteric artery, anastomosing with the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery distally along the jejunum. Jejunal arteries arose from the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery, forming a series of anastomosing arches. Straight vessels arising from these arches did not branch or anastomose before entering the serosal layer of the intestine. The proximal part of the ileum was supplied by branches from the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery; these branches anastomosed with the mesenteric ileal (ilei mesenterialis) artery, a branch of the ileocolic artery. The venous supply paralleled the arterial supply in all specimens.
Electroretinography in Labrador Retrievers given ketamine-xylazine anesthesia
Authors: Kommonen Bertel , Raitta Christina 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrophysiologic examination of scotopic and photopic retinal function was done in 31 young healthy Labrador Retrievers and 6 Labrador Retrievers with ophthalmoscopic signs of generalized progressive retinal atrophy (pra). Scotopic responses to 4 stimulus intensities (b-wave threshold and 0.65-, 1.60-, and 2.59-log relative units above b-wave threshold, tests 1, 2, 3, and 6, respectively) were determined, using single-flash stimulation. Alternating current recorded single-flash c waves (stimulus intensity 3.18-log relative units above b-wave threshold, test 4) and 30-Hz photopic flicker (stimulus intensity 1.92-log relative units above b-wave threshold, test 7) responses were recorded.
Results of the single-flash recordings from 31 healthy dogs were analyzed statistically. The method used allowed for a separation of rod and cone function. Tests 3, 6, and 7 were most useful in determination of retinal disease, when results of the healthy young dogs were compared with results obtained from generalized pra-affected dogs. Various doses of ketamine and xylazine in dogs with ophthalmoscopically normal fundi had no significant effects on a- and b-wave amplitudes when dogs were given single-flash stimuli 1.60-log relative units above b-wave threshold (test 3).
Three 3-year-old dogs, with ophthalmoscopic signs of generalized pra, had greatly reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes and unaltered or slightly shortened a- and b-wave latencies. One 3-year-old dog with normal-appearing fundi had responses similar to those of dogs with generalized pra of the same age. On repeated examination 6 months later, this dog had ophthalmoscopic and angiographic signs of generalized pra. These four 3-year-old dogs had 30-Hz photopic flicker responses of normal latency and slightly lowered amplitude. Two 5-year-old dogs had ophthalmoscopic signs of advanced generalized pra and isoelectric responses including isoelectric 30-Hz flicker responses.
The cone response was slightly decreased at a stage when the rod response was already severely altered. Electrophysiologic findings correlated well with ophthalmoscopic findings (except in 1 dog) and with age. Electrophysiologic findings combined with ophthalmoscopic findings in dogs of different ages indicated that the type of generalized pra described may be a generalized progressive rod-cone dystrophy.
Clearance of indocyanine green in dogs with partial hepatectomy, hepatic duct ligation, and passive hepatic congestion
Authors: Rakich Pauline M. , Prasse Keith W. , Bjorling Dale E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clearance of 5 submaximal doses of indocyanine green (icg) was measured in 5 dogs to determine the maximal removal rate (0.188 mg/kg of body weight/min) and Michaelis constant (Km, 1.25 mg/kg). From these results, 5 mg of icg/kg of body weight was chosen on the basis of the recommendation that the dose should be at least 4 × Km, to achieve sensitivity as a measure of hepatic function and independence from hepatic blood flow. Clearances of low (0.5 mg/kg) and high (5 mg/kg) doses of icg were measured in 35 healthy dogs to determine reference values. Fractional disappearance was 15.1 ± 10%/min for the low dose and 3.9 ± 1%/min for the high dose; plasma half-life was 6.3 ± 3.6 minutes and 19 ± 4.8 minutes, respectively.
The sensitivity of 2 doses of icg was evaluated in dogs with 20% and 40% hepatectomy, nonhyperbilirubinemic obstructive cholestasis, or hepatic congestion; sham-operated dogs served as controls. Fractional disappearance and plasma half-life of icg in the 40% hepatectomy and hepatic congestion groups were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those in controls using both icg doses, indicating that both doses were affected by hepatic perfusion, as well as hepatic mass. The fractional disappearance of the dye in the cholestasis group also differed significantly (P < 0.05) from that of the controls at the high dose. Plasma clearance of both doses by dogs with 20% hepatectomy was not significantly different from that of controls.
Induction and characterization of acrosome reaction in equine spermatozoa
Authors: Varner Dickson D. , Ward Cynthia R. , Storey Bayard T. , Kenney Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equine spermatozoa were incubated in a chemically defined medium for 8 hours. The medium preserved spermatozoal viability, as assessed by total spermatozoal motility, progressive spermatozoal motility, and spermatozoal exclusion of eosin stain. Effects of time and divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the occurrence and character of the spermatozoal acrosome reaction were determined. Two light microscopic assays, a triple-stain technique and a chlortetracycline fluorescence assay, were calibrated with transmission electron microscopy for detection of the acrosome reaction. Incubation time and A23187 addition increased the percentage of acrosome reactions in sperm populations (P < 0.05).
A vaccine strain of pseudorabies virus with deletions in the thymidine kinase and glycoprotein X genes
Authors: Marchioli C. C. , Yancey R. J. , Wardley R. C. , Thomsen D. R. , Post L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A Pseudorabies virus (prv) mutant with deletions in genes for glycoprotein X (gX) and thymidine kinase, designated ΔGXΔTK, was constructed and evaluated as a vaccine for protecting swine against prv-induced mortality. Doses ≥ 103 plaque-forming units (pfu) of this strain given to mice provided protection from challenge exposure with virulent prv. Sera tested from mice inoculated with ΔGX ΔTK had high titers of neutralizing antibody to prv, but reactivity in the same sera was not significantly different from that in sera from noninoculated mice (controls) when sera from both groups were evaluated by use of an elisa with gX antigen produced in Escherichia coli. Compared with noninoculated pigs (controls), those given ΔGXΔTK (≥102 pfu) were protected completely from lethal challenge exposure, without experiencing adverse effects on weight gain and with reduction of shedding of virulent challenge virus. Serotest results indicated that, although inoculated pigs responded with strong neutralizing antibody titers, the response of ΔGXΔTK-inoculated pigs to gX, as determined by elisa before challenge exposure, was not significantly greater than the elisa values obtained from control pigs. The elisa values from a group of pigs inoculated with a commercially available vaccine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of control pigs. The experimental vaccine, ΔGXΔTK, was avirulent for mice, swine, and sheep, but was mildly virulent for calves (mortality, 1 of 12) and more virulent for dogs (mortality, 3 of 6) and cats (mortality, 2 of 6). These results indicate that this constructed attenuated vaccine might be used to protect swine from prv and, coupled with an elisa specific for gX, might allow differentiation of vaccinated pigs from those exposed to field-type virus.
Effect of intravenous administration of dextrose or lactated Ringer's solution on seizure development in dogs after cervical myelography with metrizamide
Authors: Gray Peter R. , Lowrie Charles T. , Wetmore Lois A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of fluid (5% dextrose in water or lactated Ringer's solution) administered intravenously on the development of seizures after cervical myelography with metrizamide was studied in 10 dogs. In a crossover experimental design, 8 dogs were used twice. Urine output was measured during the second part of the study to determine whether diuresis was a factor affecting seizure development.
Dogs given 5% dextrose in water had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer seizures than did dogs given lactated Ringer's solution. This was attributed to an increase in CSF glucose concentration and was not associated with diuresis.
Effect of antigenic modulation and phase variation on adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to porcine nasal epithelial cells
Authors: Ishikawa Hitoshi , Isayama Yasuro 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In parallel with bacterial density, Bordetella bronchi-septica phase-I, X-mode cells adhered well to porcine nasal epithelial cells, whereas C-mode cells and variant cells in phases II, III, and rough adhered feebly. Cell surface components lost, on transition from X to C mode or from phase I to degraded phases, may confer much of the organism's adherence ability.
Immunostimulation in mice infected with Sendai virus
Authors: Brownstein David G. , Weir Eleanor C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of Sendai virus infection on the splenic primary plaque-forming cell (pfc) response to sheep rbc in 2 strains of mice, with contrasting susceptibility to Sendai viral pneumonia, was examined. Mice were given single inoculations of sheep rbc, which varied relative to time of inoculation with Sendai virus, pfc were counted 6 days later, and were compared with pfc responses from noninfected mice. The IgM- and IgG-pfc responses were augmented in resistant C57BL/6J mice 7 and 9 days after inoculation with Sendai virus (sheep rbc given 1 and 3 days after inoculation with Sendai virus, respectively) and in susceptible DBA/2J mice 7, 9, 10, and 13 days after inoculation with Sendai virus. Augmentation was restricted mainly to IgM-, IgG3-, and IgG2b-pfc.
The number of splenic background antitrinitrophenyl sheep rbc pfc in mice of both strains was examined during the course of Sendai virus infection. Only a marginal increase in background pfc was seen in C57BL/6J mice on or after viral inoculation day 11 and no change was seen in DBA/2J mice. Serum of infected mice also was examined sequentially for α/β interferon (ifn). Despite vigorous lung ifn production, infected mice rarely had detectable circulating ifn. Seemingly, Sendai virus infection can induce transient hyperresponsiveness to a nonviral antigen.
Plasma, red blood cell, total blood, and extracellular fluid volumes in healthy horse foals during growth
Authors: Spensley Michael S. , Carlson Gary P. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During the growth interval encompassing age 2 days through 24 weeks, plasma, rbc, total blood, and extracellular fluid (ecf) volumes were determined in 7 healthy, resting foals. Evans blue dye and sodium thiocyanate were used to estimate plasma and ecf volumes, respectively. Absolute plasma volume remained stable from 2 days through 2 weeks of age, then increased progressively through 24 weeks of age. After decreasing between 2 days and 2 weeks of age, absolute rbc and total blood volumes progressively increased. Absolute ecf volume increased progressively from 2 days of age through 24 weeks of age, but plasma, rbc, and total blood volumes decreased relative to body weight increase. During the first 12 weeks of life, ecf volume decreased relative to body weight increase, and then remained stable during the next 12 weeks. There were close correlations between age, as well as body weight, and plasma, rbc, total blood, and ecf volumes. The relationship defined between age and the respective fluid and blood volumes provided a useful tool for evaluation and management of alterations of fluid balance in the foal.
Plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations and plasma cortisol responses to synthetic ACTH and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in healthy cats
Authors: Smith Marcia C. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma Cortisol responses of 19 healthy cats to synthetic acth and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (dsp) were evaluated. After administration of 0.125 mg (n = 5) or 0.25 mg (n = 6) of synthetic acth, im, mean plasma Cortisol concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 minutes, reached a peak at 30 minutes, and decreased progressively to base-line values by 120 minutes. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between responses resulting from the 2 dosage rates. After administration of 1 mg of dsp/kg of body weight, iv (n = 7), mean plasma Cortisol concentrations decreased at postadministration hour (pah) 1, and were significantly lower than control Cortisol concentrations at pah 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 (P < 0.01). Administration of 0.1 mg of dsp/kg, iv (n = 8) or 0.01 mg of dsp/kg, iv (n = 14) induced results that were similar, but less consistent than those after the 1 mg of dsp/kg dosage. Mean plasma Cortisol concentrations returned to base-line values by pah 24. There was not a significant difference between the 3 doses (P > 0.05) at most times. Measurement of endogenous acth in 16 healthy cats revealed plasma acth of < 20 to 61 pg/ml.
Seemingly, administration of synthetic acth consistently induced a significant (P < 0.05) adrenocortical response in healthy cats. On the basis of time-response studies, post-acth stimulation Cortisol samples should be collected at 30 minutes after acth administration to ensure detection of peak adrenocortical response. Administration of dsp at 0.01,0.1, or 1 mg/kg suppressed plasma Cortisol concentrations in the cat; post-dsp Cortisol samples should be collected at 6 to 10 hours after dsp administration. These adrenocortical function tests can be used reliably to evaluate the hypophysis-adrenal axis in the healthy cat.