bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating the Natural Landscape Within an Assessment of Community Attachment
Authors: Clark Julie K. , Stein Taylor V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An ecosystem approach to managing public natural areas requires that land planners and managers thoroughly understand the stakeholders who live within these ecosystems and are emotionally connected to the lands. Building on previous research conducted on community attachment, place attachment, and sense of place, this article explores how local stakeholders in two areas of Florida identify with and account for the natural landscape within their sense of community. To better capture the physical-natural landscape element currently unaccounted for in community attachment research, researchers explored how stakeholders identified with their communities and examined their attitudes and behaviors regarding local public natural areas. Results show the physical-natural landscape is an important part of how stakeholders identify with their community. Stakeholders who frequently visit surrounding public natural areas and identify these areas as an important part of why they live in the area are likely to identify more with the physical-natural landscape of their community than the social-cultural elements of their community. Determining how stakeholders identify with their community (natural landscape or social elements), offers public land managers a better understanding of the role the areas they manage play in local stakeholders' daily lives, and how to best communicate with those stakeholders.
Place Attachment and Context: Comparing a Park and a Trail Within
Authors: Moore Roger L. , Scott David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A number of recent studies have focused on place attachment, defined as the extent to which a person values or identifies with a particular setting. Some studies suggest that place attachment includes an emotional/symbolic “place identity” dimension and a functional “place dependence” dimension. One aspect of place attachment that has not been explored empirically is the extent to which people become attached to a specific site versus its larger setting. The main purpose of this study was to examine users' place attachment to a large metropolitan park versus their place attachment to a particular trail located within that same park. The study sample was comprised of 438 recreational users of a paved trail located in a large regional park near Cleveland, Ohio. Major findings include: (1) Frequency of use was positively related to both park and trail attachment. (2) Levels of trail attachment varied across different trail activities, but levels of park attachment did not. (3) The most powerful predictor of both park attachment and trail attachment was personal commitment to the activity that users were pursuing. (4) –Unlike previous research, factor analyses indicated that both park and trail attachment were unidimensional rather than comprised of place identity and dependence dimensions. Implications for management and research are discussed.
Basal Area Increment and Growth Efficiency as Functions of Canopy Dynamics and Stem Mechanics
Authors: Dean Thomas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Crown and canopy structure correlate with growth efficiency and also determine stem size and taper as described by the uniform stress principle of stem formation. A regression model was derived from this principle that expresses basal area increment in terms of the amount and vertical distribution of leaf area and change in these variables during a growth period. This model was fit to data collected from five studies analyzing various effects of cultural practices, atmospheric deposition, and stand density on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (P. elliottii), or lodgepole pine (P. contorta). For both southern pines, the model was fit to individual-tree data and plot totals measured on 1- to 4-yr-old trees and from 12- to 20-yr-old trees. The model was also fit to data measured on approximately 90-yr-old lodgepole pine trees in northern Utah. The model explained an average of 85% of the variation in individual-tree basal area increment and an average of 86% of variation in gross basal area increment per hectare. By comparison, leaf area alone explained an average of 54% of the variation in the increment of individual-tree stem volume and an average of 50% of the gross increment in stem volume per hectare. The value of the exponent in the model implicates stem mechanics in stem growth, and fitted exponents were all within 7% of the exponent derived from the uniform stress model. Isolines of basal area increment and basal area growth efficiency based on fitted equations indicate that increments in the product of leaf area and height to center of leaf area must increase yearly for either basal area increment or growth efficiency to be constant with age. FOR. SCI. 50(1):106–116.
Fuzzy Classification of Ecological Habitats from FIA Data
Authors: Zhang Lianjun , Liu Chuangmin , Davis Craig J. , Solomon Dale S. , Brann Thomas B. , Caldwell Lawrence E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fuzzy c-mean classification (FCM), multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP), fuzzy ARTMAP, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to classify Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots into six ecological habitats in the U.S. Northeast. Among the four classifiers, both FCM and MLP produced “soft” classifications based on fuzzy membership values. In contrast, fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA generated only “hard” classifications in which a plot is assigned to the dominant habitat class, based on binary logic, without considering any coexisting classes. The error matrix and several accuracy indices were calculated to assess the classification accuracy of the methods and to test the differences among the four classifiers. The classification accuracies of FCM and MLP were 98% and 97%, respectively, for overall classification, while fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA had an overall classification accuracy of 92% and 85%, respectively. The χ2 test showed that there was no significant difference between the FCM and MLP methods in classification accuracy. But they were significantly better than both fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA methods at a significant level of α = 0.05. This study showed that the fuzzy classifiers such as FCM and MLP were preferable in the classification of ecological habitats using FIA plots, especially for the classification of ambiguous plots with mixed overstory and understory species compositions. FOR. SCI. 50(1):117–127.
Importance of Non-Stand-Replacing Fire for Development of Forest Structure in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Weisberg Peter J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Old-growth forests have been the subject of much political concern and forestry research in the 20th century. Evidence that many old-growth stands of the western Oregon Cascade Range have experienced multiple low- to moderate-severity fires has led to the hypothesis that such fires have sustained structural complexity in certain temperate coniferous forests. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the role of historical non-stand-replacing fire for 90 mature and old forest sites on a 450-km2 landscape of mixed-severity fire regime in western Oregon. The occurrence of non-stand-replacing fire was inferred from the relative frequency of fire scars on Pseudotsuga menziesii. Results suggest that in the central western Cascades, the occurrence of non-stand-replacing fire has favored variability in tree diameter sizes, larger trees, and a greater component of shade-tolerant tree species, after accounting for the effects of elevation, slope aspect, and stand age. However, the fire scar variable explained a relatively small percentage of the variance not explained by these effects, with partial R2 values ranging from 0.05 to 0.16. A path analysis suggested that the effects of stand age on forest structure can be partitioned into direct effects (gap dynamics and successional processes in the absence of disturbance) and indirect effects (older stands have had more time to experience non-stand-replacing fire), with the indirect effects explaining a large component of forest structural attributes that are typically associated with the old-growth seral stage. While the cumulative and long-term effects of non-stand-replacing fire in this region are likely complex, it would seem prudent to include such disturbances as a key ecosystem process, where management practices seek to emulate natural disturbance regimes or facilitate the development of old-growth forest structures. FOR. SCI. 50(2):245–258.
Book Reviews: Wildlife of Southern Forests: Habitat & Management
Authors: Miller Debbie L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wildlife of Southern Forests: Habitat and Management consolidates within one volume a plethora of information concerning wildlife and wildlife management in southern forests. The intended audience, land managers, will appreciate the one-stop shopping for detailed biological information coupled with practical guidelines for habitat management on a broad scale. This book succeeds in providing a complete, up-to-date overview of most areas of ecology and management important to wildlife in southern forests. Experts from universities, federal agencies, and conservation organizations of the South well qualified to write on their chosen topics author individual chapters. Most of the book is devoted to providing detailed, current information on life history traits and management strategies of individual species or suites of species.
Spatial Relationship of Biomass and Species Distribution in an Old-Growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga Forest
Authors: Chen Jiquan , Song Bo , Rudnicki Mark , Moeur Melinda , Bible Ken , North Malcolm , Shaw Dave C. , Franklin Jerry F. , Braun Dave M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Old-growth forests are known for their complex and variable structure and function. In a 12-ha plot (300 m × 400 m) of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest within the T. T. Munger Research Natural Area in southern Washington, we mapped and recorded live/dead condition, species, and diameter at breast height to address the following objectives: (1) to quantify the contribution of overstory species to various elements of aboveground biomass (AGB), density, and basal area, (2) to detect and delineate spatial patchiness of AGB using geostatisitcs, and (3) to explore spatial relationships between AGB patch patterns and forest structure and composition. Published biometric equations for the coniferous biome of the region were applied to compute AGB and its components of each individual stem. A program was developed to randomly locate 500 circular plots within the 12-ha plot that sampled the average biomass component of interest on a per hectare basis so that the discrete point patterns of trees were statistically transformed to continuous variables. The forest structure and composition of low, mediate, and high biomass patches were then analyzed. Biomass distribution of the six major species across the stand were clearly different and scale- dependent. The average patch size of the AGB based on semivariance analysis for Tsuga heterophylla, Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, and Taxus brevifolia were 57.3, 81.7, 37, 114.6, 38.7, and 51.8 m, respectively. High biomass patches were characterized by high proportions of T. heterophylla and T. plicata depending on spatial locations across the stand. Low AGB patches had high densities of A. amabilis and T. brevifolia. We presented several potential mechanisms for relating spatial distribution of species and biomass, including competition, invasion and extinction, disturbance, and stand dynamics. Clearly, future studies should be developed to examine the details of how each process alters the spatial patterns of tree species with sound experimental designs and long-term monitoring processes at multiple scales. FOR. SCI. 50(3):364–375.
Three-Dimensional Canopy Structure of an Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest
Authors: Song Bo , Chen Jiquan , Silbernagel Janet 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this study, the structurally heterogeneous canopy of a 12-ha plot in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was analyzed using three-dimensional (3-D) canopy modeling, geographic information system (GIS), and spatial statistics. Using this approach, we were able to depict how species composition and spatial distribution affect the 3-D structure of canopies. We were also able to slice the canopy and calculate the canopy coverage at various heights, and therefore were able to calculate the cumulative canopy volume at individual crown bases. Information generated by GIS allowed us to calculate how much area canopies or canopy openings occupy. Total canopy volume (243,641 m3/ha) was dominated by western hemlocks (67.1%) and Douglas-firs (23.7%) in this plot. Western hemlocks and Douglas-firs also dominated the canopy coverage, with 65.7% and 25.5% average coverage, respectively. Average total canopy coverage was 84.3% with variations between 78.7% and 89.9% among the 12 1-ha subplots, implying that 15.7% of the stand consisted of canopy openings. Coverage of the canopy projection changed greatly from the lower to the upper canopy layers, with the maximum at about 20 m high. We also examined spatial relationships among groups of trees at different heights and at various scales using bivariate Ripley's K analysis. We found that different species of the understory layer showed different spatial relationships relative to the overstory canopy layer. Likewise the same species in the understory layer showed different spatial relationships when the overstory species differed. This approach provided a useful tool for characterizing 3-D forest canopies, and the results will be very helpful for examining leaf distribution, understory light environment, understory vegetation, and microclimate. FOR. SCI. 50(3):376–386.
Softwood Lumber Products in the United States: Substitutes, Complements, or Unrelated?
Authors: Nagubadi Rao V. , Zhang Daowei , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Wear David N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study addresses an important dimension concerning the softwood lumber trade dispute between United States and Canada–substitutability among imported and domestically produced species. We employ the restricted translog subcost function approach to study this issue based on the monthly data of US softwood products consumption and prices between Jan. 1989 and July 2001. The results show that the spruce-pine-fir lumber species group, mainly imported from Canada, is largely unrelated to domestically produced treated southern yellow pine, Douglas-fir, and other species groups, but is a substitute to untreated southern yellow pine and engineered wood products. Furthermore, untreated southern yellow pine is facing more severe competition from structural panels rather than from the imported Canadian spruce-pine-fir group. FOR. SCI. 50(4):416–426.
Short-Term Forecasting Models for the Finnish Forest Sector: Lumber Exports and Sawlog Demand
Authors: Hetemäki Lauri , Hänninen Riitta , Toppinen Anne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Due to liberalization of capital and currency markets, globalization of the forest industry, and developments in information technology and logistics, the world's forest product markets have become more interrelated, and they react ever more quickly to changes in macroeconomic conditions. Thus, short-term analysis and forecasting of forest product markets have also become more important. This article explains the framework for the system of short-term forecasting of the Finnish forest sector (MESU) using a case study. We present models and forecasts for short-term changes in the lumber import demand in Germany, how this affects forecasts for Finnish lumber exports, and in turn, how these exports affect forecasts for sawlog demand in Finland. Univariate and multivariate time series models are estimated using quarterly data from 1980:1 to 1996:4, and forecasts are computed for 1997:1 to 1998:4. Results show that the MESU system can be a helpful tool for forecasting short-term changes in the Finnish forest sector. FOR. SCI. 50(4):461–472.
Relative Growth Trend as an Early Selection Parameter in a Douglas-Fir Provenance Test
Authors: Zas Rafael , Merlo Esther , Díaz Raquel , Fernández-López Josefa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Height data from 89 Douglas-fir provenances planted at seven sites in northern Spain were used to explore and discuss the utility of the relative height growth trend as an early selection parameter. Total height was measured at each site at different ages between 2 and 18 years after planting. A modification of the joint regression analysis was used to analyze and interpret the provenance × age interaction at each site. The analyses of variance showed a significant provenance × age interaction in five out of the seven sites. Most of this interaction at these sites was explained by the linear relation over years between the provenance mean height at each site and the overall site mean height. The relative growth trend was defined as the slope of these linear relations for each provenance and was considered as a temporal stability parameter. Both the high genetic variability and the biological significance of this parameter suggest its applicability in early selection. A strong linear relationship was observed between this growth parameter and the initial provenance mean height at all sites where provenance × age interaction was significant except one. This relationship indicates that the differences between provenances at an early stage will hold up and be amplified in future measurements, and then there is a relative security of early selection. One site showed no significant relation between the relative growth trend and the initial performance. At this site, rank changes among measurements are likely to be more frequent, and early selection becomes harder. The use of the relative growth trend as an early selection parameter in these sites improves the early selection efficiency. The results suggest that the relative growth trend can help in both the early selection and the evaluation of the early selection efficiency. FOR. SCI. 50(4):518–526.
A Cost-Efficient Approach to Selecting Forest Stands for Conserving Species: A Case Study from Northern Fennoscandia
Authors: Juutinen Artti , Mäntymaa Erkki , Mönkkönen Mikko , Salmi Juha 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We analyze cost-efficient conservation of boreal old-growth forests using three variants of the site selection framework. In all variants, the aim is to maximize biodiversity subject to a given resource constraint. Our benchmark, an integrated site selection model, takes into account both ecological and commercial values of the stands and defines a cost-efficient solution to conservation problems. The other two models are called the ecological and the penny-pincher models. The ecological model reflects current conservation practices and is based on ecological criteria. The penny-pincher model reflects an ad hoc preservation used earlier in many countries, which leads to selection of the stands having the lowest commercial value irrespective of their ecological features. Using Finnish data on forest dwelling species and commercial values of the stands, we demonstrate that the integrated model leads to 9–19% higher conservation cost-efficiency than the other two models. We also show that the xeric forest type may be underrepresented in the current old-growth forest preservation network in this region. FOR. SCI. 50(4):527–539.
Effect of Selfing on Various Economic Traits in Pinus radiata and Some Implications for Breeding Strategy
Authors: Kumar S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Selfed and outcrossed progenies of 41 Pinus radiata plus trees were obtained from two separate studies to evaluate the effect of inbreeding on economic traits such as diameter, bole straightness, branching, wood density, and Dothistroma infection at the selection age and at theharvest age. The possibility of using selfed families for estimation of genetic parameters and future breeding was investigated. For diameter, inbreeding depression (ID) varied between 13 and 17% at different ages across different sites. An ID of about 13% and −3.0%was obtained for straightness and wood density, respectively. For Dothistroma, the pattern of ID at different ages was not consistent across different environments. There was generally a close agreement, for all traits except diameter, between estimates of narrow-sense heritability obtainedfrom selfed and outcrossed progenies. Estimated correlations between predicted breeding values at different ages were higher for selfed families compared to outcrossed families, indicating that early selection would be more effective among selfed families than among outcrossed families. Forall traits except diameter growth, ranking of parents on selfed performance was highly correlated with outcrossed performance at the selection age. This study showed that selection on selfs (even after culling of less vigorous individuals at the nursery stage) would not be effective for diametergrowth, but it might be a reasonably good strategy for form traits, Dothistroma resistance, and wood density. FOR. SCI. 50(5):571–578.
Forest Change Detection Applying Landsat Thematic Mapper Difference Features: A Comparison of Different Classifiers in Boreal Forest Conditions
Authors: Heikkonen Jukka , Varjo Jari 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article addresses the problem of detecting forest changes via multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. A stand-level classification approach is selected, where, for each stand, a total of 35 statistical differences is extracted from Landsat TM images. Three forest stand-changeclasses are considered: 1) no change, 2) moderate change, and 3) considerable change. The classification results are reported by using the following classifiers: K-nearest-neighbor, Maximum Likelihood classifier with Gaussian- and Kernel-based class probability density estimation, Classificationand Regression Trees, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) early stop committee, and the MLP with weight decay training. Two Bayesian learning methods for MLP are also used: The Evidence Framework of MacKay, and Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) method following Neal. The best overall correct classificationresult (88.1%) is obtained by MLP trained with HMC and the Automatic Relevance Detection approach, but the variation of the performance of the classifiers is rather small. FOR. SCI. 50(5):579–588.