bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary isolation of a myodegenerative toxic principle from Cassia occidentalis
Authors: Hebert C. D. , Flory W. , Seger C. , Blanchard R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aqueous and organic extractions of ground seeds of Cassia occidentalis were obtained. Chickens were dosed with extracted material to assess the toxicity of the extracts. Organic extracts with methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and benzene were ineffective in removing the toxin from the seeds. Aqueous extractions, using 25 mM sodium bicarbonate or 250 mM sodium citrate, removed the toxin from the seeds, but left the toxin bound to particulate matter in the extract. Addition of Triton X-100 to the aqueous buffers effectively solubilized the toxin from the particulate matter.
Signs of intoxication in the chickens were loss of weight, weakness, diarrhea, hypothermia, occasionally ataxia, and recumbency; then death. Gross lesions included paleness of skeletal and cardiac muscles and congestion of the liver. Microscopic lesions in muscle tissue were vacuolation, proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei, and separation of myofibrils. Electron microscopic examination revealed disruption of mitochondrial cristae and swelling and rupture of mitochondria.
Sensory nerve conduction velocities in forelimb of ponies
Authors: Blythe L. L. , Kitchell R. L. , Holliday T. A. , Johnson R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal nerve conduction velocity values in 10 ponies were determined for sensory nerve fibers in the median and ulnar nerves. A percutaneous signal-averaging technique was developed and used. Medial and lateral palmar digital nerves on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones were used as the sites for percutaneous stimulation, whereas recording sites included the medial and lateral palmar nerves just distal to the carpus and the median and ulnar nerves in the middle of the radius. Sensory nerve conduction velocities can be evaluated simply and clinically in the limbs of horses, using percutaneous signal-averaging techniques.
Role of predominant rumen bacteria in the cause of polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) in cattle
Authors: Haven Thomas R. , Caldwell Daniel R. , Jensen Rue 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rumen contents of 2 heifers with acute polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were compared with rumen contents from a healthy steer fed a fibrous diet. Also examined were (i) the quantitative nature of the predominant rumen microflora, (ii) the distribution of morphologic types of bacteria in the rumen contents, (iii) the extent that morphologic groups produced or degraded thiamine, and (iv) the cumulative effects of metabolic activities of the predominant rumen bacteria concerning the net production or degradation of thiamine. The differences in the frequency of occurrence of particular bacterial morphologic groups, the extent of growth, and the amount of thiamine metabolism in relationship to growth were also evaluated. The cumulative thiamine metabolism of the predominant bacteria associated with the rumen of polioencephalomalacia-affected heifers led to substantial net thiamine destruction, whereas metabolism associated with the rumen of a normal steer led to thiamine production. Polioencephalomalacia may occur as a consequence of alteration of the metabolic activities of the predominant resident ruminal bacteria associated with diseased cattle.
Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis: Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in susceptible and resistant lines of chickens
Authors: Kornegay Joe N. , Gorgacz Edward J. , Parker Marcia A. , Brown John , Schierman Louis W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Results of neurologic examination, eeg, and motor nerve conduction velocity quantitation were analyzed in a line of chickens susceptible to Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis and compared with findings in a resistant line. Both lines were evaluated on the day before virus inoculation (day 1; base line) and on days 12 and 19. The susceptible birds frequently became depressed and paretic on day 11 or 12 and then recovered, and the resistant line rarely was affected clinically. The eeg of clinically affected birds from the susceptible line correlated well with the clinical course of the disease. Electroencephalographic abnormalities were absent in these birds at base line, evident at 12 days, and had remitted when they were reevaluated on day 19. The pattern in these clinically affected birds was predominantly low voltage-fast activity with frequent spikes. In contrast, the eeg recorded in resistant birds remained essentially the same throughout the study. Mean motor nerve conduction velocity values for the 2 lines of birds did not differ significantly when compared either between or within groups. These findings indicate that Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis may be an inflammatory encephalopathy.
Ultrastructure of the equine hoof wall secondary epidermal lamellae
Authors: Leach D. H. , Oliphant L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ultrastructure of cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae from the hoof wall of 8 adult horses was described. Stages of progressive keratinization were not observed in this cell population. The morphologic features of cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae indicated that these lamellae were composed of nonmobile populations of cells and that primary epidermal lamellae moved past the secondary lamellae by breaking of the desmosomes connecting these 2 cell populations. Seemingly, debris present in the intercellular space between primary and secondary lamellae was a by-product of this remodeling.
Comparison of manually performed Microtiter plate and semiautomated (cuvette) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine
Authors: Freeman M. J. , Sands-Freeman Linda , Armstrong C. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine were developed, using the traditional Microtiter plate method and a method based on semiautomated processor-analyzer instrumentation. The results of the 2 procedures were not significantly different when the titers of positive and negative anti-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae standard reference sera were determined in triplicate in 3 separate experiments. Although both methods yielded reproducible results, the instrument-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay would be preferable if large numbers of samples are to be tested.
Effects of bovine parainfluenza-3 virus on phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion of cultured bovine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Hesse Richard A. , Toth Thomas E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) replicated in cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (bam) in vitro. Cytopathic changes included spindle cell and giant cell formation, diffuse cell lysis, and cellular detachment progressing to total destruction of the monolayer. Direct immunofluorescent microscopy revealed viral antigen in > 90% of bam on postinoculation day (pid) 3. Virus titers in culture supernatants increased by a factor of 1.6 × 106 tcid50 by pid 6.
Candida glabrata was phagocytized by a similar proportion of glass-adherent PI-3V-infected and sham-inoculated control bam. However, when the number of glass-adherent cells available for assay was taken into account (normalization), the percentage of phagocytic PI-3V-infected bam was significantly lower than that of the control cells at pid 5 and 7 (P < 0.01).
Phagosome-lysosome fusion assays had a marked reduction of fusion activity in PI-3V-infected bam as compared with that of control bam. Proportions of infected cells that showed fusion were approximately 50% of that of the control cells at pid 4 and 6 (P < 0.05). Normalization of these values reduced the fusion rate of PI-3V-infected bam to 34% of that of control bam (P < 0.01).
Efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered at the time of artificial insemination of heifers and postpartum and repeat breeder dairy cows
Authors: Lee C. N. , Maurice E. , Ax R. L. , Pennington J. A. , Hoffman W. F. , Brown M. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on the fertility of dairy heifers and postpartum cows was studied. In one study, 300 cows were assigned randomly to 1 treatment from a 2 × 2 design, and 2 ml of 0.15M saline solution or 100 µg of GnRH was given im on postpartum day (ppd) 14 and at the time of 1st postpartum breeding. In a 2nd study, repeat breeder cows (n = 346) were given saline solution or GnRH at the time of the 3rd breeding. In a 3rd study, heifers (n = 185) were given saline solution or GnRH at 1st breeding.
Animals were observed for repeat estrus, and pregnancy diagnoses were made by rectal palpation 45 to 60 days after breeding. Conception rates were 15% to 18% higher for cows given GnRH, whether at ppd 14 or at the first postpartum breeding. When GnRH was given at the first breeding, conception rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Conception rates for repeat breeder cows given GnRH were 25% higher than those in controls (P < 0.005). Conception rates for heifers did not differ between treatments.
Isolation of specific peptides from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis protoplasm and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle
Authors: Abbas Babiker , Riemann Hans P. , Lonnerdal Bo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An antigen was isolated from the protoplasm of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by a combination of gel filtration, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The purified antigen constituted 7.8% of the total protein in the protoplasm. The specificity and sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for paratuberculosis, using the purified antigen, were evaluated with sera from 104 cattle which were examined (surveyed) for M paratuberculosis infection by fecal cultural technique. The elisa was positive in 50 of 60 infected animals. Five of 44 noninfected animals were also test-positive. When a crude protoplasmic extract was used as antigen in the elisa, sera from 37 infected and from 18 noninfected animals were test-positive.
Cross-reactions were encountered in both complement-fixation test and the elisa between crude or partially purified M paratuberculosis antigens and antisera to Nocardia asteroides, M avium, M phlei, and M fortuitum. The purified antigen gave no complement-fixation reaction with any of these antisera. In the elisa, cross-reaction was not found when purified antigen was used and the sera were screened at 1:40 dilution.
Physiologic and behavioral evaluation of CO euthanasia of adult dogs
Authors: Chalifoux André , Dallaire André 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pure CO was used to euthanatize 18 dogs. During the procedure, physiologic parameters: eeg, ecg, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and Cortisol values were monitored. Behavioral manifestations were also noted.
The eeg modifications indicated a cortical voltage increase followed by rapid cerebral death. Higher heart and respiratory rates during eeg modifications indicated stress, and arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (P = < 0.05) at the same time. Serum Cortisol values were already high before the euthanasia process.
Based on these observations, a precise time could not be set for unconsciousness. A gray zone, during which vocalization and agitation occurred for approximately 20 to 25 s, was 3 to 8 s in 10 dogs. These behavioral manifestations could still occur in the conscious phase.
Genotypic, phenotypic, and biological characteristics of Moraxella bovis
Authors: Schurig G. G. , Lightfoot D. R. , Troutt H. F. , Finkler Beth I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Several isolates of Moraxella bovis obtained from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis killed monocytes and macrophages in vitro and carried 3 to 5 plasmids. Cloned and noncloned M bovis isolates readily induced the disease, killed the phagocytes in vitro, and carried 3 plasmids. Moraxella bovis isolates of low in vivo virulence carried 5 plasmids and did not kill phagocytes to the extent that isolates with 3 plasmids did. The possible implications of these findings in the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis are discussed. Also, a classification of M bovis colonies into rough or smooth varieties according to their staining characteristics with crystal violet is suggested.
Role of blood cells in degradation of progesterone in bovine blood
Authors: Vahdat F. , Seguin B. E. , Whitmore H. L. , Johnston S. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The nature of progesterone decline in samples of bovine blood as affected by whole blood incubation time and temperature was investigated in 3 experiments. In 2 experiments, progesterone concentrations were determined in plasma, in hemolyzed (by freezing and thawing) blood, and in washed blood cells and blood cell washes before and after 8 hours of incubation at 22 C to study the effect of rbc on detected progesterone. In the third experiment, the effect of alteration in rbc metabolism on progesterone degradation by these cells was studied by using potassium oxalate-sodium fluoride as anticoagulant.
Results of these experiments indicated that (a) progesterone was significantly reduced because of whole blood incubation time and temperature, (b) lost progesterone was not detectable on or in blood cells indicating chemical degradation of progesterone, (c) intact blood cells were needed to obtain the decrease in the progesterone, (d) a small amount of circulating blood progesterone was associated with blood cells, and (e) degradation of bovine blood progesterone by blood cells was dependent on the glycolytic process. Potassium oxalate-sodium fluoride anticoagulant and refrigeration provided the best progesterone results when blood samples were not processed immediately after collection.
Progesterone receptors in feline mammary adenocarcinomas
Authors: Johnston Shirley D. , Hayden David W. , Kiang David T. , Handschin Bill , Johnson Kenneth H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Estradiol and progesterone receptors were measured in tumor cytosols from 3 intact and 4 neutered female cats with spontaneously occurring mammary adenocarcinomas. Serum from 2 of the intact cats which had been in estrus 4 and 4 to 6 weeks before tumor excision contained progesterone concentrations of 16.2 and 2.2 ng/ml, respectively; serum progesterone in the other cats was < 2 ng/ml. Estradiol receptors were not detected in any cytosols. Progesterone receptors were detected in all of the cytosols, in concentrations ranging from 4.0 to 11.7 (X = 7.2) fmol/mg of protein.
Scatchard plot analysis of tumor cytosol from an 8th cat with mammary adenocarcinoma revealed presence of high affinity progesterone binding with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.47 nM. Tumor receptor content could not be correlated with stage of the estrous cycle nor with whether the cat was intact or neutered.
Selenium concentrations in feeds and effects of treating pregnant Holstein cows with selenium and vitamin Ε on blood selenium values and reproductive performance
Authors: Kappel L. C. , Ingraham R. H. , Morgan Ε. B. , Dixon J. M. , Zeringue Laura , Wilson Deborah , Babcock D. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Holstein cows (n = 104) and heifers (n = 35) were used to determine the effects of treatment with selenium (Se) and vitamin Ε on whole blood Se values and fertility. At 21 ± 3 days before parturition, 55 cows and 19 heifers were injected with 680 IU of vitamin Ε and 50 mg of Se as sodium selenite. Treatment had no effect on days to first estrus, days to first service, days to conception, services per conception, or number of uterine infusions required. Blood samples were obtained from 33 nontreated cows and heifers and 32 treated animals at 21 and 14 days (± 3) before calving and at 7 and 14 days (± 3) after calving. Mean whole blood Se level at -21 days (day 0 was day of parturition) and before Se-vitamin Ε treatment was 0.109 μg/ml. At days -14, 7, and 14, blood Se was significantly higher in the treated than the non-treated animals. Blood Se was lower on all sampling days in cows calving in July through November than in cows calving in December through April. Heifers in their 1st lactation had lower blood Se concentrations than did cows in their 2nd or later lactation.
In feeds sampled at 2-week intervals, mean concentrations of Se in Bahia grass, mixed ryegrass and oats, corn silage, and sorghum silage were < 0.1 μg/g on a dry matter basis. Bermuda grass, alfalfa hay, and concentrates contained > 0.1 μg of Se/g. Large variation existed in Se concentrations of individual feedstuffs.
Immunofluorescent demonstration of Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis in swine intestines with lesions of proliferative enteritis
Authors: Chang Kecken , Kurtz Harold J. , Ward Gilbert E. , Gebhart Connie J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was developed to identify Campylobacter spp in lesions of swine proliferative enteritis (spe). Rabbit antisera to C hyointestinalis and C sputorum subsp mucosalis were produced. Bacterial smears stained by fluorescent antibody test with homologous antisera differentiated C hyointestinalis from subsp mucosalis.
Ileal frozen sections from 29 pigs with histologic lesions of spe had specific fluorescent staining of C hyointestinalis in all 29 and subsp mucosalis in 24. Bacterial structures of C hyointestinalis were seen in large numbers and were broadly distributed in intestinal luminal exudate, mucosal necrotic tissues, surface epithelium, lamina propria, and proliferative cryptal epithelium. Numerous C hyointestinalis organisms were always present in the apical cytoplasm of proliferative cryptal epithelium.
Fluorescent subsp mucosalis bacteria were seen less frequently and were distributed focally in the mucosa. Numerous subsp mucosalis organisms were more common in cellular debris and in necrotic tissues of surface mucosa, and less common in the epithelial cells of proliferative crypts. Ileal sections from 13 pigs without spe had no fluorescent staining of C hyointestinalis and subsp mucosalis.
Influence of phentolamine and propranolol on the length of tonus and clonus in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in dogs
Authors: Cunningham James G. , Stephenson Robert B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that phentolamine and propranolol premedication would affect tonus differently than clonus in pentylenetetrazol (ptz)-induced tonic-clonic seizures in dogs. Tonic-clonic seizures were induced with iv infusion of ptz, given as an initial 300-mg bolus and then 100-mg boluses every 10 s until a seizure began. Premedication with phentolamine (2 mg/kg of body weight) significantly shortened clonus (P < 0.05), whereas propranolol (1 mg/kg) significantly lengthened clonus (P < 0.05). Neither phentolamine nor propranolol significantly altered the length of tonus or the dose of ptz required to induce seizures (P > 0.05). This indicates that tonus and clonus may have different neural mechanisms and that adrenergic receptors may be involved in the neural mechanisms of clonus.
Application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect canine erythrocyte antibodies
Authors: Campbell Karen L. , George Jeanne Wright 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect antibodies bound to canine rbc. The method used a horseradish peroxidase conjugate, o-dianisidine, as a water-soluble chromogen and osmotically lysed rbc on which antibody was detected. The elisa method was compared with the traditional antiglobulin (Coombs’) test on positive controls, using sheep rbc sensitized with dilutions of canine anti-sheep rbc serum and on rbc from canine patients tested for auto-antibodies to rbc. The elisa method appeared to be more sensitive than the Coombs’ test and gave an estimate of the amount of antibody present without the need for serial antiserum dilutions to determine the antibody titer.
Impedance monitoring of equine intestinal motility
Authors: Lamar C. H. , Masty J. , Adams S. B. , Tacker W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Myoelectrical and myomechanical activities of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure were studied in 7 ponies, using permanently implanted monopolar and bipolar stainless steel electrodes. Dental acrylic embedded recording electrodes were surgically sutured to the serosal surface of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure. Myoelectrically, regular spike bursts and irregular spike bursts were observed in the jejunum. Short spike bursts and long spike bursts were recorded and associated with spike potentials, using impedance recording techniques.
Electrical and mechanical data could be monitored simultaneously from the same recording electrode, using separate channels on a physiograph. This method proved effective to monitor periodically myomechanical activity at the same time that myoelectrical activity was being evaluated. The recording system required fewer recording devices to be attached to the intestinal tract, was an inexpensive method of obtaining myomechanical recordings, and did not alter markedly the myoelectrical activity when mechanical activity was being monitored.
Comparison of early splenic changes associated with replication of viruses in murine monocytic macrophages
Authors: Kenyon Alan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An effect of replication of certain viruses in murine monocytic macrophages was manifested by depletion of cells through degenerative and necrotizing changes in thymus-dependent areas of lymphoid structures. In mice infected with murine hepatitis virus (mhv-3) or lactate dehydrogenase virus, these changes were transient in mice killed on postinoculation day (pid) 2.
To study these morphologic changes due to viral replication, adult Swiss specific-pathogen-free homozygous nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous haired littermates (nu/+) were inoculated with 105 ld50 of mhv-3, euthanatized, and necropsied on pid 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 along with noninoculated controls. The nu/+ and nu/nu mice killed on pid 2 had lymphocytic karyorrhexis and depletion of cells in the thymus-dependent area. In the heterozygote, these characteristic lesions were transient; whereas in the homozygote, lesions persisted and were present in survivors euthanatized and necropsied on pid 16. Although the intensity of lesions due to mhv-3 varied between nu/+ and nu/nu mice, virus titers determined on liver homogenates were similar for the homozygote and heterozygote during acute disease.
Nude and nonnude mice given lactate dehydrogenase virus and killed on pid 2 had a transient depletion of lymphocytes; whereas mice given lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and killed on pid 4 had a similar lesion. Lesions neither occurred when mice were treated with silica before inoculation, indicating that functional monocytic macrophages were required, nor occurred when another virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, was given.