bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stiffness Considerations in Dimension Stone Anchorage Design
Authors: Conroy Kevin , Hoigard Kurt R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Modern building facade design concepts consider all cladding materials, including dimension stone cladding, as nonstructural elements designed to transmit localized gravity and lateral loads to the primary building structural elements. In practice, the structural backup behind dimension stone cladding can take a wide variety of forms, including cast-in-place concrete shear walls, brick and concrete masonry units, aluminum curtain wall system framing, hot and cold rolled steel subframes, and precast concrete panels and members. The flexural stiffness of these backup systems can vary widely, with cast-in-place concrete shear walls on one end of the stiffness spectrum and aluminum curtain framing on the other. The stiffness of dimension stone cladding relative to the backup system can have a significant effect both on the stresses induced in the cladding and the loads transmitted through the cladding anchors. Likewise, the stiffness of the anchor elements and the backup system can affect the loading and stress distribution within the cladding panels. This paper addresses some of the issues associated with the interaction of dimension stone cladding panels, panel anchors, and metal backup structures, and the effects of relative stiffness on load and stress distributions. Information is presented that was obtained from laboratory tests and analyses for new designs, as well as investigations of dimension stone cladding failures.
Material Strength Considerations in Dimension Stone Anchorage Design
Authors: Lammert Brian T. , Hoigard Kurt R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
One of the most important aspects of designing dimension stone cladding involves determining the configuration, size, and spacing of the anchorages that will affix the stone panels to the underlying building substrate. Information from many sources, including material strength testing, anchorage strength testing, and knowledge of the stress states created within stone cladding panels by loaded anchorages, is crucial to this process. In this paper, relationships are examined between material strength, anchorage strength, and induced stress states for four common anchorage configurations: edge dowels, Type 31 back anchors, and edge kerfs with strap and split-tail anchors. For each of these four anchor types, the relevant material and anchorage strength test data obtained for a medium-grained granite, in conjunction with finite element computer analyses of the stress states induced in the stone panels by the anchors and within the material strength test specimens, are presented. Material strength test configurations evaluated include ASTM C 880 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone, ASTM C 99 Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone, and a proposed test for punching shear currently under consideration by ASTM Subcommittee C18.01. All anchorage strength tests were performed in accordance with ASTM C 1354 Standard Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone.
Efficient Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
Authors: Umehara Hiroki , Kimura Tohru , Ohtsuka Satoshi , Nakamura Toshinobu , Kitajima Kenji , Ikawa Masahito , Okabe Masaru , Niwa Hitoshi , Nakano Toru 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts. The use of ES cells as a source of differentiated cells holds great promise for cell transplantation therapy. The efficiency of ES cell derivation is affected by genetic variation in mice; that is, some mouse strains, such as C57BL/6, are amenable to ES cell derivation, whereas others, such as BALB/c, are refractory. Developing an efficient method to establish ES cells from strains of various genetic backgrounds should be valuable for derivation of ES cells in various mammalian species, including human. Although it is well-established that various signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin, regulate the maintenance of ES cell pluripotency, little is known about the signaling pathways involved in the derivation of ES cells from ICMs. In this study, we demonstrated that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), one of the crucial molecules in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling pathways, dramatically augmented ES cell derivation from both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains. In contrast, Akt signaling activation enhanced the growth of ICM but did not increase the efficiency of ES cell derivation. Our study establishes an efficient means for ES cell derivation by pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concise Review: Role and Function of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Mammalian Stem and Progenitor Cells
Authors: Naujokat Cord , Šarić Tomo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHighly ordered degradation of cell proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, a sophisticated cellular proteolytic machinery, has been identified as a key regulatory mechanism in many eukaryotic cells. Accumulating evidence reveals that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the regulation of fundamental processes in mammalian stem and progenitor cells of embryonic, neural, hematopoietic, and mesenchymal origin. Such processes, including development, survival, differentiation, lineage commitment, migration, and homing, are directly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, either via proteolytic degradation of key regulatory proteins of signaling and gene expression pathways or via nonproteolytic mechanisms involving the proteasome itself or posttranslational modifications of target proteins by ubiquitin or other ubiquitin-like modifiers. Future characterization of the precise roles and functions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in mammalian stem and early progenitor cells will improve our understanding of stem cell biology and may provide an experimental basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
External source monitoring in a real‐life event: developmental changes in ability to identify source persons
Authors: Sugimura Tomoko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated young children's and adults' external source‐monitoring abilities with respect to facial identification accuracy for complex live events. Five‐ to 6‐ year‐olds and adults watched a magic show in which three different female magicians (i.e. source persons) performed three different kinds of magic tricks each. After approximately 1 month, the participants were asked to recognize what kinds of magic tricks had been performed, to make face identifications as to which magician had performed those magic tricks and to recognize those magicians' attributes. Results showed that both young children and adults had more difficulty with identifying source persons than recognizing them in a real‐life event in which a number of persons appeared. Especially for young children, low credibility was shown not only for the source memories but also for the recognition memories of the source person attributes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of CaO sintering on cyclic CO2 capture in energy systems
Authors: Sun P. , Grace J. R. , Lim C. J. , Anthony E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe importance of calcium‐based sorbents, especially natural limestones, for CO2 removal necessitates an investigation into the sorbent decay mechanism. This study starts from pore size distributions for samples from tests under various calcination/carbonation cycling conditions. A sintering model is formulated to describe the cyclic behavior of sorbents during cyclic calcination and carbonation. It explains the similar reversibility shown by sorbents under different test conditions. A balance between shorter cumulative sintering time and higher calcination rates appears to be responsible for the similar degrees of sintering and sorbent reversibility. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Drying technology for woody biomass for fine grinding by vibration mills
Authors: Kobayashi J. , Itaya Y. , Tsukada S. , Mizuno K. , Ueda M. , Morikawa H. , Sugimoto T. , Ueda Y. , Oshika Y. , Kobayashi N. , Hatano S. , Mori S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn effective fine grinding technology for woody biomass using a new vibration mill is proposed and evaluated in this study. Grinding properties of woody biomass depend largely on its moisture content. In this study, the drying behavior of woody biomass and the effect of moisture content on fine grinding with a vibration mill are discussed. Simultaneous drying and pulverization of woody biomass using a continuous vibration mill was carried out and the drying characteristics were investigated. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)–graphite oxide composites
Authors: Hua Lei , Kai Weihua , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composites of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and graphite oxide (GO) were successfully synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone with GO as the initiator. The composites with different GO content were synthesized and an exfoliated structure was found for all the composites from the wide angle X‐ray diffraction study. An astounding nucleating effect of GO on PCL crystallization was observed due to the good dispersion of GO in the composite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation and properties of novel green poly(ether–ester urethane)s insulating coatings based on polyols derived from glycolyzed PET, castor oil, and adipic acid and blocked isocyanate
Authors: Moeini Hamid Reza 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo utilize renewable resource raw materials as well as trying to recycle polymeric materials, three new polyols (PEE1‐3) were prepared from trasesterification reaction of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET), different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and glycerine. The intermediate hydroxyl‐terminated compounds were chain extended via esterification reaction with adipic acid (AA), and the products were reacted with castor oil (CO). These polyols were cured by blocked isocyanate (BIC) made from trimethylol propane, toluene diisocyanate, and N‐methyl aniline. All of starting materials and final films were characterized by conventional methods. Curing condition was optimized via gel content measurements. Crosslink density of samples was determined via equilibrium swelling method, using Flory–Rehner equations. Effects of structural parameters on physical, electrical, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical (DMTA) properties of the polyurethane coatings were investigated. Comparison of results with commercially available product shows that the prepared green coatings have environmental benefits as well as high performance for metal insulator coatings too. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Humidity‐responsive polymeric films based on AOT‐water reverse microemulsions
Authors: Marszalek Jolanta E. , Pojman John A. , Aultman Kayce Leard , Hoyle Charles E. , Whitehead Joe B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrophobic polymer films, having an aqueous phase distributed throughout the matrix, were formed by polymerizing a solution of dodecyl acrylate and 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate containing nanometer‐sized drops of water stabilized by sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). Photopolymerization‐induced aggregation of the water drops and/or phase separation occurred, as the initially clear solutions became opaque films. The polymerized films became clear, as the relative humidity was reduced. Clear films still contained 20–50% of the initial water. The transition from opaque to clear films was reversible provided that the film did not become completely dry and form cracks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of nanoscale fully vulcanized acrylic rubber powders on crystallization of poly(butylene terephthalate): Nonisothermal crystallization
Authors: Huang Jiann‐Wen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was blended with different content (1, 3, and 6 wt %) of nanoscale fully vulcanized acrylic rubber (FVAR) powders in a twin extruder to prepare PBT/FVAR composites (PBT/FVAR1, PBT/FVAR3, and PBT/FVAR6).The influence of different content (1, 3, and 6 wt %) of nanoscale FVAR powder on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PBT was investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter. The nonisothermal crystallization data were analyzed using Avrami, Ozawa, and Liu‐Mo methods. The validity of kinetic models on the nonisothermal crystallization process of PBT and PBT/FVAR blends was discussed. All kinetic parameters showed that the “crystallization rate” followed the order: PBT > PBT/FVAR1 > PBT/FVAR3 > PBT/FVAR6 at a given cooling rate during experimental crystallization. However, when undercooling was taken into consideration, crystallization ability followed the order: PBT > PBT/FVAR6 > PBT/FVAR3 > PBT/FVAR1. A modified the Lauritzen–Hoffman equation was used to derive nucleation parameter (Kg) derived from nonisothermal crystallization. The results revealed that FVAR particles hindered the crystallization; however higher content of FVAR powders acted as heterogeneous nuclei in the nucleation stage to facilitated the crystallization of PBT. The dependence of the effective activation energy on conversion was evaluated on the basis of Friedman equation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Loss of Ostracoda biodiversity in Western Mediterranean wetlands
Authors: Poquet José M. , Mezquita Francesc , Rueda Juan , Miracle María R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The coastal area of Valencia (Spain) in the Western Mediterranean is rich in freshwater and brackish wetlands. These areas are mostly protected for bird conservation but are also highly affected by human impacts. Six shallow lakes located in Ramsar wetland sites of this area were studied in order to assess past and present ostracod biodiversity and relate it to the status of the lakes, taking into consideration the indicator value of these easily fossilizable crustaceans.
In all the wetlands studied, ostracod taphocoenoses showed much higher species richness than the corresponding biocoenoses. This is expected from the time accumulative character of the taphocoenosis, but the trend is clearly evident in the most disturbed sites which indicated loss of ostracod diversity owing to human impacts.
By considering the ecology of most frequent species, multivariate ordination of both tapho‐ and biocoenoses showed trends within and between lakes in their limnological status, which were related mainly to water chemistry, and also to temporality and eutrophication to a certain extent. Some lakes have apparently lost most of their past ostracod community owing to an increasing trophic status in some cases and to modifications of the hydrological regime in others.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas Hold‐Up Evaluation Using the Analytical Solution of the Axial Dispersion Model: Comparison with Static Measurement Results
Authors: Veverková‐Majírová H. , Pinelli D. , Magelli F. , Siyakatshana N. , Kudrna V. , Machoň V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparison was made of the gas hold‐up values obtained in an aerated mixing vessel of high aspect ratio by both visual measurement of the liquid level rise due to aeration, agitation and processing, and the residence time distribution (RTD) curves of the gas flowing in the vessel. For the description of the RTD curves, the one‐dimensional dispersion model with Danckwerts' boundary conditions was adopted and the corresponding equations were solved analytically. Experiments have been performed with both coalescent and non‐coalescent systems. It was found that gas hold‐up values determined with these two methods are in very good agreement. This also provides additional support for the use of the proposed model.
Biomimetic Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Zhao H.‐S. , He W. , Feng Y.‐J. , Jia X.‐T. , Zhang X.‐D. , Li Z.‐M. , Yan S.‐P. , Zhou W.‐J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) with a pore size range from 5–7 nm was synthesized by a sol‐gel method using biosurfactant phosphatidylcholines as an organic template. Titanium tetrabutoxide (TBOT) was used as the precursor. A very fine mesoporous structure formed in the particle was maintained after a heat treatment at 700 °C. Low‐angle X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and a pore size distribution curve revealed the existence of the mesoporous structure. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were utilized for further characterization. A significant red shift in the UV‐VIS spectrum of the porous material was observed, which could be explained by the energy band theory. The results confirmed the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2.
Prediction via Neural Networks of the Residual Hydrogen Peroxide used in Photo‐Fenton Processes for Effluent Treatment
Authors: Guimarães O. L. C. , Aquino H. O. Q. , Oliveira I. S. , Villela Filho D. N. , Izario Filho H. J. , Siqueira A. F. , Silva M. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis communication proposes the use of neural networks in the prediction of residual concentrations of hydrogen peroxide from the treatment of effluents through Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP's), in particular, the photo‐Fenton process. To verify the efficiency of the oxidative process, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter, the values of which may be modified by the presence of oxidizing agents such as residual hydrogen peroxide, is frequently taken in account. The analysis of the H2O2 interference was performed by spectrophotometry at 450 nm wavelength, via the monitoring of the reaction of ammonia with metavanadate. The results of the hydrogen peroxide residual concentration were modeled via a feedforward neural network, with the correlation coefficients between actual and predicted values above 0.96, indicating good prediction capacity.
Induction Time of Reaction Crystallization of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Ghader S. , Manteghian M. , Kokabi M. , Mamoory R. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the measurement of induction time in the reaction crystallization of silver nanoparticles at different temperatures and supersaturations, and compares it with classical nucleation theory. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by a reaction of silver nitrate with hydrazine in the presence of sodium citrate as stabilizer. Induction time is estimated from an absorption‐time graph obtained by monitoring the absorption of the solution after creation of supersaturation. The results show that induction time decreases with increasing supersaturation and temperature. The classical nucleation theory can well predict experimental data. Interfacial tension is estimated at different temperatures and compared with two correlations for calculation of interfacial tension.
A Tale of Two Complexes, [PtMen(RNCHCHNR)] (n = 2 and n = 4, R = Cyclohexyl): Why do PtII and PtIV Complexes Exhibit Virtually Identical Redox Behavior and Colors?
Authors: Hasenzahl Steffen , Hausen Hans‐Dieter , Kaim Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn spite of their very similar cyclic voltammograms, absorption spectra, and solvatochromic behavior, the two 1,4‐diazabutadiene title complexes exhibit markedly different photoreactivities and underlying electronic structures, as evident from absorption and EPR spectra of the persistent anion radical forms. The lowest excited state of the nonphotoreactive PtII system [(CyNCHCHNCy)‐PtMe2] has MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer, 5d → π*) character, and the EPR spectrum of the corresponding anion radical at 〈g〉 = 2.016 exhibits sizable metal/ligand orbital mixing. On the other hand, the structurally characterized PtIV complex [(CyNCHCHNCy)‐PtMe4] (C2/c; a = 2021.6(2), b = 805.3(1), c = 1254.2(1) pm; β = 111.05(1)°; V = 1905.7(4) × 106 pm3; Z = 4) has a lowlying photoreactive LLCT (ligand‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer, σPtC → π*) excited state in which the axial PtC bonds are activated, as already suggested by the longer PtC(ax) bonds (214.0(8) pm) relative to PtC(eq) in the ground state (204.5(5) pm). The anion radical of the PtIV complex has lost the long‐wavelength absorption band in the visible; it shows a well‐resolved EPR spectrum at 〈g〉 = 1.9945 with π‐ligand and 195Pt hyperfine structure and a small g anisotropy. A qualitative MO scheme is presented to account for the similar frontier‐orbital energy differences despite dissimilar underlying electronic structures.
Passive Template Effects and Active Acid‐Base Involvement in Catalysis of Organic Reactions
Authors: Pieters Roland J. , Huc Ivan , Rebek Julius 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of receptors were prepared all containing two adenine binding sites linked by various spacers. Their ability to act as templates in the coupling of two adenine derivatives, an active ester and an amine, in CHCl3 was evaluated. The accelerations varied from none to 700‐fold. Binding studies of the coupling product with these templates confirmed involvement of both binding sites. When the spacer was a 1,10‐phenanthroline unit, an efficient hydrolysis reaction of the active ester was observed. Another series of receptors were prepared containing one adenine receptor and various polar functional groups. The molecules were evaluated as catalysts in the coupling of an adenine‐derived active ester and n‐butyl‐amine. The orientation as well as the nature of the functional group greatly influenced the coupling rate. A carboxylate group was most effective, accelerating the intracomplex reaction 250‐fold.
Reactions of the “Naked” Fluoride Ion: Syntheses and Structures of SeF and BrF
Authors: Mahjoub Ali Reza , Zhang Xiongzhi , Seppelt Konrad 
Published: July 2007

Abstract1,1,3,3,5,5‐Hexamethylpiperidinium fluoride (pip+F−) and 1,2‐dimethylpropyltrimethylammonium fluoride have been prepared. They dissolve in fluorohydrocarbons (CH2F2, CF3‐CHF‐CF3, CHF3) even at very low temperatures. The nature of these solutions is indicated by the crystal structure of the adduct pip+F−·4CH2F2, which shows (C)H…F bridging. The high fluoride activity is exemplified by the previously unknown reaction between SeF and F− to yield SeF. The salt pip+BrF is obtained by a metathesis reaction of Cs+BrF with pip+F−. The distortion of the SeF structure from octahedral symmetry is intermediate between IF (strongly distorted) and BrF (octahedral). The electron‐pair repulsion model is checked against these results.