bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma
Authors: GUAGUERE ERIC 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper is a review of commonly used topical antibacterial medications: benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, ethyl lactate, triclosan, mupirocin, neomycin, polymyxin B, bacitracin and fusidic acid. Included is a review of the pharmacokinetics, modes of action, adverse effects and clinical uses in veterinary dermatology. General recommendations for topical antibacterial therapy are presented.Résumé—Cet article est une revue des topiques antibactériens les plus couramment utilisés: peroxyde de benzoyle, chlorhexidine, povidone iodée, lactate d'éthyle, triclosan, mupirocine, néomycine, polymyxine B, bacitracine et acide fucidique. Il inclut notamment une revue des pharmacocinétiques, des modes d'action, des effets secondaires et des indications thérapeutiques de ces produits en dermatologie vétérinaire. Les indications générales du traitement topique antibactérien sont présentées. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma. (Traitement topique des pyodermites canines et félines). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 145–151.]Resumen Este articulo es una revisión de los productos tópicos antibacterianos más frecuentemente utilizados: peróxido de benzoilo, clorhexidina, povidona yodada, etillactato, triclosan, mupirocina, neomicina, polimixina B, bacitracina y ácido fusidico. Se incluye una revisión de la farmacocinética, mecanismos de acción, efectos colaterales y sus usos clínicos en dermatologia veterinaria. Se presentan recomendaciones generales para la terapia antibacteriana tópica. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma. (Tratamiento topico de la pioderma canina y felina). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 145–151.]Zusammenfassung—Diese Veröffentlichung besteht in einer Übersicht von häufig verwendeten topischen antibakteriellen Arzneimitteln: Benzoylperoxid, Chlorhexidin, Povidon‐Jod, Ethyllaktat, Triklosan, Mupirocin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B, Bacitracin und Fusidinsäure. Mit eingeschlossen ist eine Übersicht über Pharmakokinetik, Wirkungsweise, Nebenwirkungen und klinische Anwendung in der Veterinärdermatologie. Allgemeine Empfehlungen für die lokale antibakterielle Therapie werden dargestellt. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma (Lokale Behandlung von kaninen und felinen Pyodermien). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 145–151.]
Antimicrobial therapy in German Shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study
Authors: KOCH HANS‐JOACHIM , PETERS STEFANIE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Twenty‐five pure‐bred and two cross‐bred German Shepherd dogs with German Shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP) were treated with enrofloxacin as an antimicrobial therapy. Following 28 weeks of treatment at a dose rate of 5 mg kg‐1, administered orally once daily, excellent results were obtained in 23 dogs (85.2%), and fair results in three dogs (11.1%). One dog (3.7%) showed no response. These findings indicate that enrofloxacin therapy is an effective antimicrobial treatment for the bacterial infection in GSP.Resumé  25 Bergers Allemandes de pure race et 2 métis suffrant d'infection bactérienne de type pyodermite du Berger Allemand fürent traités à l'aide d'enrofloxacine comme antimicrobien. Deux à huit semaines de traitment à la dose de 5 mg kg‐1 per os une fois par jour donnèrent un excellent resultat chez 23 chiens (85.2%), et une amelioration dans 3 cas (11.1%). Un chien (3.7%) ne répondit pas du tout. Ces résultats montrent que l'enrofloxacine est efficace en tant qu'antibactérien dans le traitment de la pyodermite du Berger Allemand. [Koch, H‐J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Traitment anti‐infectieux de la pyodermite du Berger Allemand. Etude clinique ouverte). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 177–181.]Resumen  25 perros pastor alemán de pura raza y dos mezcla de pastor alemán que tenian pioderma fueron tratados con enrofloxacina. Después de 2–8 semanas de tratamiento a una dosis de 5 mg kg‐1 por via oral una vez al día, se obtuvieron resultados excelentes en 23 perros y resultados moderados en 3 perros. Un perro no respondió. Estos resultados muestran que enrofioxacina es un tratamiento efectivo contra pioderma de pastor alemán. [Koch, H‐J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Terapia antimicrobiana en perros de pastor alemán. Un estudio clinico). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 177–181.]Zusammenfassung— 25 reinrassige Deutsche Schäferhunde und zwei Deutsche Schäferhund‐Mischlinge mit bakterieller Infektion infolge Schäferhundpyodermie wurden mit Enrofloxacin antimikrobiell behandelt. Nach zwei‐bis achtwöchiger Behandlung in der Dosierung von 5 mg kg‐1 Körpergewicht, 1 × tgl. oral verabreicht, wurden bei 23 Hunden (85, 2%) sehr gute und bei drei Hunden (11, 1%) befriedigende Behandlungsergebnisse erzielt. Ein Hund (3, 7%) sprach nicht auf die Behandlung an. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Enrofloxacin zur erfolgreichen antimikrobiellen Behandlung der bakteriellen Infektion bei der Schäferhundpyodermie geeignet ist. [Koch, H‐J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Antimikrobielle Therapie bei Deutscher Schäferhundpyodermie (DSP). Eine klinische offene Untersuchung). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 177–181.]
Analysis of range expansion in two species undergoing character displacement: why might invaders generally ‘win’ during character displacement?
Authors: RICE A. M. , PFENNIG D. W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEcological character displacement occurs when interacting species diverge in resource use and associated traits in response to selection to minimize resource competition between them. Yet, when resource quality is asymmetric, the species that monopolizes the more profitable resource following character displacement may have higher fitness and therefore be deemed the ‘winner’. Here, we ask: does the winner tend to be the resident species (i.e. the earlier inhabitant of the geographic region where character displacement occurred) or the invader (i.e. the subsequent inhabitant of the region)? We focus on two spadefoot toad species that have undergone character displacement. Previous studies revealed thatSpea bombifronsgains the higher quality resource following character displacement; consequently,Spea multiplicatamust use the lower quality resource, and as a result, experiences negative fitness consequences. Where the two species have undergone character displacement, three lines of evidence implicateS. bombifronsas the invader:S. bombifronspossess lower haplotype and nucleotide diversity; they do not exhibit isolation by distance (in contrast toS. multiplicata); and they display much higher population growth rates. We hypothesize that historical patterns of selection in its ancestral range pre‐adaptedS. bombifronsto evolve phenotypes capable of monopolizing the superior resource. Generally, because superior competitive abilities may facilitate successful invasions, invaders may be well positioned to win during character displacement.
Maternal Effort is State Dependent: Energetic Limitation or Regulation?
Authors: Rehling Anke , Trillmich Fritz 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMany small altricial rodents have a postpartum oestrus and are often simultaneously pregnant and lactating. Negative influences of concurrent pregnancy and lactation on both lactational performance and the litter in utero are commonly observed and have been interpreted as resulting from high simultaneous energetic demands of gestation and lactation. We studied these effects in the precocial guinea‐pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) that, like many altricial rodents, has a postpartum oestrus, but in which the peaks of energy expenditure on lactation and gestation are widely separated. This life history allowed to investigate whether physiological regulation other than by energetic limitations may be responsible for allocation conflicts arising when lactation and gestation overlap. By comparing simultaneously pregnant and lactating females with lactating non‐pregnant females, we show that females in the former group nurse less and wean earlier than females of the latter group. In a comparison of litter size, litter mass, and pup mortality of females that had not been lactating during pregnancy with females that had been simultaneously pregnant and lactating, we show that the latter do not reduce investment in the following litter. In our study, energetic constraints on ad libitum fed females are unlikely and we therefore suggest that the results must be explained by regulatory constraints on lactational effort. We point out that this explanation has not been excluded for the effects observed in altricial small mammals.
The Influence of Dominance on Shelter Preference and Eviction Rates in the Crayfish, Orconectes rusticus
Authors: Martin Arthur L. , Moore Paul A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe establishment and reinforcement of dominance status is thought to provide an individual with increased access to preferred resources, such as food, mates, and shelter. Resources within an environment vary based on their availability, abundance, and specific characteristics of the resource. Animals can exhibit preferences for resources by increasing the intensity of competition for access to the resource. We investigated the role that dominance has in acquiring and controlling resources within crayfish populations. Populations of 5 size‐matched crayfish were allowed to establish a social hierarchy in the presence of shelters of differing structure in 10 different trials. Crayfish agonistic interactions and the use and control of shelters were quantified from 96 h continuous video recordings. Shelter preference was defined by crayfish use of specific shelter types that were occupied for longer durations. Analysis of the social hierarchy demonstrated that crayfish have a linearity hierarchy in this context. In addition, it is clear that dominance rank had a significant impact on shelter use, shelter acquisition, and shelter eviction. Crayfish with lower average dominance ranks selected specific shelter types (smaller and fewer openings). Dominant crayfish used big shelters and were less likely to be evicted from shelters. These results demonstrate that dominance in crayfish serves a role in the acquisition of resources and is also important for the control of those resources.
Determinants of Dispersal Distance in Free‐Ranging Juvenile Lizards
Authors: Warner Daniel A. , Shine Richard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDispersal of offspring from their natal site has a critical influence on individual fitness. Although the consequences of dispersal have received much theoretical attention, the determinants of dispersal remain poorly understood for many animals. To address this issue, we marked and released size‐manipulated hatchling lizards (Amphibolurus muricatus; Agamidae) over a 3‐mo period in the field to evaluate the effects of body size and the time of hatching on dispersal distance. Our mark–recapture data indicated that body size and offspring sex had little effect on distances travelled by individuals. However, the timing of hatching had a strong impact; individuals that hatched early in the season dispersed further than did those hatching late. This pattern may allow early‐hatched juveniles to disperse and secure high‐quality habitats before the arrival of later‐hatched conspecific competitors.
The Effect of Feeder Hotspots on the Predictability and Home Range Use of a Small Bird in Winter
Authors: Roth Timothy C. , Vetter William E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFew studies address how resources and predation risk affect movement patterns and the overall spatial use of prey species. Although movement is generally considered to be dangerous, at large scales, movement may be important for predator avoidance and the predictability of such movement may be key. We examine the movement patterns of a small bird (Junco hyemalis) in winter to better understand how these birds might respond to the trade‐off of unpredictable movements for predator avoidance with the foraging benefits of visiting large, predictable food sources. We manipulated resources by adding feeders to junco home ranges and compared the movement patterns of these flocks to those without access to feeders. Juncos with access to feeders were more spatially and temporally predictable, had reduced movement rates and smaller home range sizes. Our results suggest that the influence of resource distribution on junco movements is high. Juncos with highly productive and predictable resource hotspots may place more value on resources than remaining unpredictable. Consequently, they may be employing non‐movement methods of anti‐predator behavior, such as vigilance, at feeders, although this requires further investigation.
Affiliation in Four Echimyid Rodent Species based on Intrasexual Dyadic Encounters: Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Freitas Jorge N. S. , El‐Hani Charbel N. , Da Rocha Pedro L. B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this work we explored the evolution of sociality in cursorial echimyids by comparing affiliation among three species of Trinomys and one species of Thrichomys. We captured specimens of Trinomys yonenagae, Trinomys albispinus minor, and Thrichomys apereoides in areas of the Brazilian semiarid Caatinga, and Trinomys iheringi denigratus in one area of Atlantic Forest. For each species, we recorded 12 intra‐sexual dyadic encounters in a neutral arena (six between males and six between females) in order to test the hypothesis that species and sex influence level of affiliation. This response variable was assessed based on an affiliation index, calculated as the proportion of the total number of affiliative behaviors to the total number of social behaviors exhibited by the dyad during each encounter. Hypothesis test was performed by means of a parametric two‐way anova. The test was able to detect significant differences only among species, not among sexes. Trinomys yonenagae was the most affiliative species, while T. apereoides and T. albispinus minor were the most agonistic ones. Trinomys iheringi denigratus showed an intermediate pattern. We suggest, based on out‐group comparison, that affiliation in Trinomys increased in the lineage containing T. iheringi denigratus and T. yonenagae and that higher affiliation in the last species can be adaptive to the life in the desert‐like habitat where it lives.
Vigilance Patterns of Territorial Guanacos (Lama guanicoe): The Role of Reproductive Interests and Predation Risk
Authors: Marino Andrea , Baldi Ricardo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe conducted focal observations of territorial guanacos, a highly polygynous and social mammal, to compare time budgets between sexes and test the hypothesis that the differences in reproductive interests are associated with differential group size effects on male and female time allocation patterns. In addition, we used group instantaneous sampling to test the hypothesis that grouping improves detection capacity through increased collective vigilance. We fit GLM to assess how group size and group composition (i.e., presence or absence of calves) affected individual time allocation of males and females, and collective vigilance. As expected from differences in reproductive interests, males in family groups devoted more time to scan the surroundings and less to feeding activities compared to females. Both sexes benefited from grouping by reducing the time invested in vigilance and increased foraging effort, according to predation risk theory, but the factors affecting time allocation differed between males and females. Group size effects were significant when females were at less than five body‐lengths from their nearest neighbour, suggesting that grouping benefits arise when females are close to each other. Female time budgets were also affected by season, topography and vegetation structure. In contrast to our expectation, males reduced the time invested in vigilance as the number of females in the group increased, supporting the predation risk theory rather the intrasexual competition hypothesis. The presence of calves was associated with an increase in male individual vigilance; and vegetation type also affected the intensity of the group size effect over male time allocation. In closed habitats, collective vigilance increased with the number of adults but decreased with the number of calves present. Although male and female guanacos differed in their time allocation patterns, our results support the hypothesis that both sexes perceive significant antipredator benefits of group living.
Cultural characteristics and pathogenicity of Pestalotiopsis funerea on Cupressus arizonica
Authors: Bajo J. , Santamaría O. , Diez J. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe fungal pathogen Pestalotiopsis funerea principally attacks conifer species, causing necrosis on infected tissues, and sometimes death of plants. The main objectives of this study were to determine optimal in vitro growth conditions for Spanish isolates of P. funerea and to evaluate the virulence of these isolates on Cupressus arizonica under field and laboratory conditions, with the goal of verifying possible correlations between these variables. Eight isolates of P. funerea derived from C. sempervirens, C. arizonica and Quercus pyrenaica were used in the assays. In the growth rate experiment, five culture media (PDA, MEA, WA, PCA and TAKAY medium) and six temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) were evaluated. In the pathogenicity tests, two different experiments were carried out: (i) laboratory inoculations used 30‐mm‐long twigs of C. arizonica; (ii) in field inoculations, twigs of C. arizonica were inoculated with mycelia through wounds. Four months after inoculation, length of the twigs affected by necrosis were measured. The results suggested that Spanish P. funerea isolates had optimum growth at 25°C on TAKAY medium. The fungus caused substantial necroses on C. arizonica twigs after inoculation in both excised twigs and on adult C. arizonica trees. A positive relationship between inoculations carried out under laboratory and field conditions was found. No clear relationships were found between cultural characteristics and pathogenicity for P. funerea.
Hypertriglyceridaemic insulin‐resistant obese dog model: effects of high‐fat diet depending on age
Authors: Serisier S. , Gayet C. , Leray V. , Le Bloc’h J. , Ouguerram K. , Magot T. , Nguyen P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn humans, obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidaemia. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of age on metabolic disturbances related to obesity in dogs (n = 25). Three age‐groups of dogs (puppies, young adults and mature adults) were overfed to induce obesity, and body composition, insulin sensitivity index (IIS) (euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp) and plasma lipids were measured. Fat mass was similar in the three obese groups (30 ± 1% in puppies, 34 ± 1% in young adults and 39 ± 1% in mature adults). In mature adults, body weight (BW) increased (+45%, p < 0.001) and IIS decreased (−60%, p < 0.001) over 22 weeks. In young adults, BW gain was similar but slower (60 weeks) and IIS decreased to a lesser extent (−49%, p < 0.001). Overfed puppies weighed 30% more (p < 0.01) than normally‐fed control puppies, but there was no change in IIS. Unlike young and mature adults, obese puppies did not exhibit significant changes in triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acid concentrations. In conclusion, as in humans, obese dogs develop IR that is associated with high TG levels; however, younger animals may be better able to balance energy needs with energy consumption.
Effects of fermentable carbohydrates and low dietary phosphorus supply on the chemical composition of faecal bacteria and microbial metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs
Authors: Metzler B. U. , Mosenthin R. , Baumgärtel T. , Rodehutscord M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe objective was to determine the effects of fermentable carbohydrates on phosphorus (P) metabolism, the chemical composition of the faecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM) and the microbial activity in the large intestine (LI) of pigs. Eight barrows (mean BW 35.9 ± 0.9 kg), fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the terminal ileum, were either fed a low‐P corn–soybean meal‐based control diet or 75% of the control diet supplemented with 25% cellulose, starch or pectin according to a 4 × 3 Latin Square design. Both pectin and cellulose caused higher faecal than ileal P recoveries. Ileal volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels were more pronounced for the starch (p < 0.05) rather than the cellulose and pectin treatments, whereas pectin resulted in a higher faecal VFA concentration in comparison to starch and cellulose (p < 0.05). The differences in faecal VFA concentrations corresponded to the pH values obtained in faeces. The N content of MBM was higher (p < 0.05) when cellulose was supplemented. Pectin caused a decrease in the P content of the MBM compared to the control (p < 0.05). As a result, the N:P ratio was significantly higher for the pectin (N:P = 4.33) than for the control treatment (N:P = 2.63), while the Ca:P ratio remained constant for all treatments, suggesting changes in the accumulation of N, P and Ca in MBM, probably due to changes in the species composition and activity of the microflora.
Effect of dietary fatty acid pattern on growth, body fat composition and antioxidant parameters in broilers
Authors: Fébel H. , Mézes M. , Pálfy T. , Hermán A. , Gundel J. , Lugasi A. , Balogh K. , Kocsis I. , Blázovics A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effects of dietary fat supplementation on performance, fatty acid (FA) composition of tissues and antioxidant defence system of broilers were studied. Male broilers were placed in 20 floor pens (60 broilers per pen). The broilers were fed by diets with added different energy sources: lard (L); sunflower oil (SFO); soybean oil (SBO); and linseed oil (LSO). The treatments did not modify significantly growth performance and feed intake of the broilers. There was no effect of dietary FA pattern on reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity of plasma, erythrocyte and liver samples. However, higher PUFA content of the diet resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde level of erythrocytes and liver. The broilers fed LSO diet more effectively maintained their antioxidant status with enhanced plasma radical scavenger capacity. FA composition in tissues reflected the FA pattern of the diets, although proportion of FAs with four or more double bonds was metabolic specific. LSO diet increased the level of C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6 in tissue lipids in relation to L, SFO and SBO diets. Significantly increased plasma radical scavenging capacity in concert with the enhanced C20:5 and C22:6 proportion in liver and muscle during LSO feeding indicate metabolic changes to counteract the oxidative injury. This may be related to the compounds produced after different biochemical pathways of n‐6 and n‐3 FAs.