bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLLU1 expression analysis adds prognostic information to risk prediction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Josefsson Pär , Geisler Christian H. , Leffers Henrik , Petersen Jørgen H. , Andersen Mette K. , Jurlander Jesper , Buhl Anne Mette 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe recently identified a disease-specific gene CLLU1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and also demonstrated that high CLLU1 expression levels predict poor clinical outcome. To validate this finding, we measured CLLU1 mRNA expression levels by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 175 patients with CLL. Analyses of IgVH mutational status, ZAP-70 expression, CD38 expression, and chromosomal aberrations were also performed. High levels of CLLU1 expression were associated with shorter overall survival (P < .001), with a 7% increase in risk of early death by each doubling of the CLLU1 expression level. Stratification for age at diagnosis demonstrated a strong prognostic significance of CLLU1 expression in patients younger than 70 years (P < .001), but not in patients aged 70 or older (P = .61). The prognostic significance of IgVH mutational status and ZAP-70 expression had a similar age-dependent variation. Multivariate analysis in the younger age group showed that CLLU1 expression analysis added further prognostic information within all prognostic subgroups, with the exception of patients with unmutated IgVH CLL. Only CLLU1 expression and IgVH mutational status had independent predictive power. Thus, analysis of CLLU1 expression is highly applicable in risk prediction in CLL for patients of an age eligible for risk stratification.
The nature of structure-bonded H2O in illite and leucophyllite from dehydration and dehydroxylation experiments
Authors: Drits Victor A. , McCarty Douglas K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectrometry was used to study H2O bound to samples of illite-1M, illite-2M2and leucophyllite-1M. Samples were heated in a helium atmosphere at different temperatures and after heating at each given temperature were cooled to 35°C. Each cycle in the mass 18 spectrum of each illite sample contains a low-temperature peak at 60–80°C, a medium-temperature peak at 340–360°C, and a high-temperature peak at a temperature that is very close to the maximum temperature of sample heating of a given cycle. Within each heating-cooling cycle, the sample weight at the beginning of cooling is lower than that at the end of the same cooling stage because of H2O resorption. However, the number of H2O molecules released during each medium-temperature heating cycle is equal to the number of H2O molecules resorbed during the corresponding cooling stages.The weight losses, under medium-temperature heating, of the illite samples are related to dehydration when H2O molecules located in K-free sites of the illite interlayers are removed. The medium-temperature peak is reproducible for each cycle because during each cooling stage the illite interlayers resorb the same number of H2O molecules that were lost during the preceding dehydration.Two distinct features are characteristic of leucophyllite during heating-cooling treatments. First, the number of H2O molecules resorbed during cooling is significantly greater than the number of H2O molecules lost during dehydration. Second, the medium-temperature peaks in the spectrum appear only in the last five cycles and the maximum-peak temperature is 450–460°C. These data indicate that the heating-cooling treatments are accompanied by partial rehydroxylation. This rehydroxylation occurs during each coolingstage when a small number of resorbed H2O molecules are trapped in the interlayers, although most migrate into the octahedral sheet of the 2:1 layers and reform as OH groups. The crystal chemical factors responsible for the dehydration and rehydration as well as for the rehydroxylation reactions are discussed and speculation about the origin of the low- and medium-temperature H2O losses is presented.
Explaining levels of within-group wage inequality in U.S. labor markets
Authors: McCall Leslie 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Most research on earnings inequality has focused on the growing gap between workers of different races and at different education, age, and income levels, but a large portion of the increasing inequality has actually occurred within these groups. This article focuses on the extent and sources of “within-group” wage inequality in more than 500 labor markets in the United States in 1990. In addition to documenting that within-group wage inequality across regions varies more widely today than over the past several decades, the analysis reveals that two frequently cited explanations of rising wage inequality over time have little impact on within-group wage inequality when measured at the local labor market level: (1) industrial shifts and (2) increased technology and trade. By contrast, flexible and insecure employment conditions (e.g., unemployment, contingent work, and immigration) are associated strongly with high local levels of within-group wage inequality, especially among women.
Forecasting enrollments for immigrant entry-port school districts
Authors: Morrison Peter A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper projects school enrollments in Santa Ana, California and evaluates the accuracy of the projections. It emphasizes the distinctive aspects of a local setting undergoing substantial immigrant influx and highlights the uncertainties that must be addressed. I adapt existing forecasting approaches to such local situations, match assumptions to future unknowns, and devise “early warning” thresholds keyed to timely decision making. This hybrid approach offers forecasters a useful point of departure in local settings dominated by wide margins of uncertainty and inherently risky assumptions.
Reconsidering mortality compression and deceleration: An alternative model of mortality rates
Authors: Lynch Scott M. , Brown J. Scott 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this research we develop a model of mortality rates that parameterizes mortality deceleration and compression, permits hypothesis tests for change in these parameters over time, and allows for formal gender comparisons. Our model fits mortality data well across all adult ages 20–105 for 1968–1992 U.S. white data, and the results offer some confirmation of findings of mortality research using conventional methods. We find that the age at which mortality deceleration begins is increasing over time, that decompression of mortality is occurring, and that these trends vary substantially across genders, although male and female mortality patterns appear to be converging to some extent.
Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States
Authors: Geronimus Arline T. , Bound John , Waidmann Timothy A. , Colen Cynthia G. , Steffick Dianne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their additional years are primarily inactive. Among urban residents, those in more affluent areas outlive those in high-poverty areas. For both whites and blacks, these gains represent increases in active years. For whites alone they also reflect reductions in years spent in poor health.
The misuse of biology in demographic research on racial/ethnic differences: A reply to van den oord and rowe
Authors: Frank Reanne 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In an article in the August 2000 issue of Demography titled “Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach,” van den Oord and Rowe attempted to study the genetic and environmental factors contributing to the black/white gap in infant birth weight. Their findings indicate that this difference may be explained by shared environmental influences rather than by fetal genes. Yet the authors insisted in their conclusions that a strong genetic component still must play a role in determining the racial gap in birth weight, if only through maternal effects. The incompatibility between the authors’ findings and their conclusions is due largely to a weakness in their conceptualization of the relationship between race and biology. Their insistence that racial groups represent discrete genetic entities, coupled with a failure to account for interactions between biological and environmental processes, illustrates the methodological and ethical problems that threaten future interdisciplinary research on racial/ethnic disparities in health.
Ethnic variations in observance and rationale for postpartum sexual abstinence in malawi
Authors: Zulu Eliya Msiyaphazi 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Using quantitative and qualitative data from three culturally heterogeneous ethnic groups in Malawi, I show that differences in postpartum sexual abstinence are closely associated with community-specific rationales for the practice, particularly differences in the definition and timing of child-strengthening rituals that couples are required to perform before resuming intercourse. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the primary rationale for abstinence in the study areas is not linked to child spacing. Among Tumbukas in the north, most women perform the ritual immediately after resuming menstruation. Among the other ethnic groups, the rituals can be performed at any time after the end of postpartum bleeding. The study underscores the utility of the complementary micro-level approach in understanding reproductive behavior in sub-Saharan Africa.
On the validity of retrospective assessments of pregnancy intention
Authors: Joyce Ted , Kaestner Robert , Korenman Sanders 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Information on pregnancy intention is often gathered retrospectively (after the birth of a child). This article investigates whether the retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention leads to biased estimates of the extent or consequences of unintended fertility. Comparisons are made between pregnancy intentions ascertained during pregnancy and after birth using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To address the bias caused by selective recognition or acknowledgment of pregnancy, we used the longitudinal feature of the data to determine actual pregnancy status at the time of interviews, which, in turn, was used as an instrumental variable for the retrospective (versus prospective) reporting of pregnancy intention. After correction for selective pregnancy recognition, we found no evidence that the retrospective assessment of pregnancy intention produces misleading estimates of either the number or the consequences of unintended births. This finding is supported by additional analyses of a small subsample of women for whom information on pregnancy intention was collected both during pregnancy and after birth.
The effect of stepchildren on childbearing intentions and births
Authors: Stewart Susan D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article reports on a study of the effect of stepchildren (children from previous unions) on coupleś fertility intentions and childbearing behavior using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The results indicated that stepchildren negatively affect childbearing intentions and childbearing risks. Intentions to have a child are weakened by onés own previous biological children and the previous biological children of onés current spouse or partner. This effect varies by the parenting configuration of the couple and gender of the respondent. Among couples with stepchildren, intentions remain high until each partner has had a biological child. Unlike women, men’s previous biological children do not affect their intentions of having a child. Stepchildren exert a weak negative effect on coupleś childbearing risks, and this effect is mediated by the coupleś childbearing intentions. The findings suggest that stepchildren should be incorporated into future models of fertility.
Whites who say they’d flee: Who are they, and why would they leave?
Authors: Krysan Maria 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Questions have been raised about whether white flight—one factor contributing to U.S. residential segregation—is driven by racial, race-associated, or neutral ethnocentric concerns. I use closed- and open-ended survey data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality to explore who says they would leave and their reasons for doing so. Thirty-eight percent of white respondents said they would leave one of the integrated neighborhoods, with Detroiters and those endorsing negative racial stereotypes especially likely to do so. When asked why they might leave, whites focused on the negative features of integrated neighborhoods. Expressions of racial prejudice were also common, but neutral ethnocentrism rare. The results of an experiment asking about integration with Asians and Latinos are also discussed.
Engendering migrant networks: The case of Mexican migration
Authors: Curran Sara R. , Rivero-Fuentes Estela 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article compares the impact of family migrant and destination-specific networks on international and internal migration. We find that migrant networks are more important for international moves than for internal moves and that female networks are more important than male networks for moves within Mexico. For moves to the United States, male migrant networks are more important for prospective male migrants than for female migrants, and female migrant networks lower the odds of male migration, but significantly increase female migration. We suggest that distinguishing the gender composition and destination content of migrant networks deepens our understanding of how cumulative causation affects patterns of Mexican migration.
Child gender and the transition to marriage
Authors: Lundberg Shelly , Rose Elaina 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe estimate the effect of a child’s gender on the mother’s probability of marriage or remarriage using data from the PSID Marital History and Childbirth and Adoption History Files. We find that the birth of a son speeds the transition into marriage when the child is born before the mother’s first marriage. A competing-risks analysis shows that the positive effect of a son is stronger for marriages to the child’s biological father than for other marriages. We find no significant effect of child gender on the mother’s remarriage probabilities when the children are born within a previous marriage. These results are consistent with a marital-search model in which sons, more than daughters, increase the value of marriage relative to single parenthood.
Inventing the Enlightenment: Anti-Jacobins, British Hegelians, and the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: Schmidt James 
Published: February 2007

For over a century, the Oxford English Dictionary has defined Enlightenment as “shallow and pretentious intellectualism, unreasonable contempt for tradition and authority.” But this definition misreads two passages from Stirling's Secret of Hegel (1865) and misrepresents how “enlightenment,” “illumination,” and “Aufklärung” were employed in the wake of the French Revolution. An examination of British critiques of the Revolution and early translations of texts by Kant, Mendelssohn, and Hegel shows that, prior to the close of the nineteenth century, “enlightenment” designated a process, not a period, and had few negative connotations.
Arguing about Muslims: (Un)Reasonable argumentation in letters to the editor
Authors: Atkin Albert , Richardson John E 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article analyses letters to the editor written on or about Muslims printed in a British broadsheet newspaper. The pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation is applied as a model for explaining and understanding the arguments employed in the sampled letters. Our presentation of pragma-dialectical theory focuses on argumentative reasonableness. More specifically, we introduce the four dialectical stages through which any argument must pass and explain the ten rules of critical discussion that participants must follow throughout if they are to resolve the argument. The article focuses in particular on the letter writers' use of argument schemes—that is, the manner in which these writers use arguments to support their standpoints. We conclude by highlighting the role that unreasonable arguments can play in perpetuating racialized inequalities and hence the importance of analyzing argumentation.
Impacts of Spatial Patterns in Pasture on Animal Grazing Behavior, Intake, and Performance
Authors: Chapman D. F. , Parsons A. J. , Cosgrove G. P. , Barker D. J. , Marotti D. M. , Venning K. J. , Rutter S. M. , Hill J. , Thompson A. N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTControl over the quantity and quality of food ingested by grazing ruminants in temperate pasture systems remains elusive. This is due in part to the foraging choices that animals make when grazing from communities of mixed plant species. Grazing behavior and intake interact strongly with the feed supply–demand balance, pasture composition, and grazing method. These interactions are not completely understood, even for relatively simple pasture communities such as a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.)–white clover (Trifolium repensL.) mixture. When offered a free choice between these species, ruminants exhibit a partial preference for clover compared to grass (about 0.7:0.3) and have a higher intake rate from clover but do not graze to maximize their daily intake of dry matter (DM). When monocultures of grass and clover are offered as a free choice in 50:50 area ratio, animal performance is no different than from a clover monoculture alone. Thus, all of the feeding value benefits of clover are available when only 0.5 of the grazing area is sown to clover. These observations accord with the satiety theory and imply that there are constraints to eating pure clover that animals can overcome by adding grass to their diet, provided their ability to locate and ingest each food is not seriously limited. The challenge for grassland management is to present feed to animals at pasture in ways that allow them to meet their dietary preferences, while also allowing high rates of animal production per hectare.
Response to Direct Selection for Grain Yield under Drought Stress in Rice
Authors: Venuprasad R. , Lafitte H. R. , Atlin G. N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDrought is a major cause of yield loss in rain‐fed rice (Oryza sativa L.), grown on over 40 million ha in Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of direct selection for yield under drought stress in upland rice in populations derived from crosses between irrigated high‐yielding cultivars and upland‐adapted cultivars. Random F2:4 lines from five populations were screened for grain yield in fully irrigated lowland fields under nonstress conditions and in uplands under severe reproductive‐stage drought stress. Stress caused mean yield reduction of 64% across populations. Broad‐sense heritability for yield was not consistently lower in stress than in nonstress trials. Response to selection was evaluated in two crosses in subsequent seasons. Stress‐selected lines had a yield advantage of 25 to 34% over random lines when evaluated at stress levels similar to those in which they were selected. Yield gains under very severe stress occurred only in a population derived from a highly tolerant parent. Direct selection usually gave greater response under stress than indirect selection under nonstress conditions. Direct selection under dry‐season stress also gave response under naturally occurring wet‐season stress. These results support the hypothesis that selection for yield under reproductive‐stage drought stress is effective in rice, and that choice of donor is very important in breeding drought‐tolerant rice.
Associated anomalies in multi‐malformed infants with cleft lip and palate: An epidemiologic study of nearly 6 million births in 23 EUROCAT registries
Authors: Calzolari Elisa , Pierini Anna , Astolfi Gianni , Bianchi Fabrizio , Neville Amanda J. , Rivieri Francesca ,   EUROCAT Working Group
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied 5,449 cases of cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CL/P) identified between 1980 and 2000 from the EUROCAT network of 23 registers (nearly 6 million births) in 14 European countries. We investigated specific types of defect sassociated with clefts. Among CL/P cases (prevalence = 9.1 per 10,000), 1,996 (36.6%) affected only the lip (CL) and 3,453 (63.4%) involved CL and palate (CLP). A total of 3,860 CL/P cases (70.8%) occurred as isolated anomalies and 1,589 (29.2%) were associated with other defects such as multiple congenital anomalies of unknown origin (970), chromosomal (455) and recognized syndromes (164). Associated malformations were more frequent in infants who had CLP (34.0%) than in infants with CL only (20.8%). Among multi‐malformed infants, 2 unrelated anomalies were found in 351 cases, 3 in 242 cases, and 4 or more in 377 cases. Among 5,449 CL/P cases, 4,719 were live births (LB) (86.6%), 203 stillbirths (SB) (3.7%), while 508 (9.3%) were terminations of pregnancy (ToP). CL/P occurred significantly more frequently in males (M/F = 1.70), especially among total isolated cases (M/F = 1.87) and CLP isolated cases (M/F = 1.92). The study confirmed that musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system defects are frequently associated with CL/P. An association with reduction anomalies of the brain was found. This association suggests that clinicians should seek to identify structural brain anomalies in these patients with CL/P as the potential functional consequences may be important for rehabilitation and clinical management. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustained neocortical neurogenesis after neonatal hypoxic/ischemic injury
Authors: Yang Zhengang , Covey Matthew V. , Bitel Claudine L. , Ni Li , Jonakait G. Miller , Levison Steven W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveNeocortical neurons are sensitive to hypoxic‐ischemic (H‐I) injuries at term and their demise contributes to neurological disorders. Here we tested the hypothesis that the subventricular zone of the immature brain regenerates neocortical neurons, and that this response is sustained.MethodsSystemic injections of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) and intraventricular injections of replication‐deficient retroviruses were used to label newly born cells, and confocal microscopy after immunofluorescence was used to phenotype the new cells from several days to several months after perinatal H‐I in the postnatal day 6 rat. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate chemoattractants, growth factors, and receptors.ResultsRobust production of new neocortical neurons after perinatal H‐I occurs. These new neurons are descendants of the subventricular zone, and they colonize the cell‐sparse columns produced by the injury to the neocortex. These columns are populated by reactive astrocytes and microglia. Surprisingly, this neuronogenesis is sustained for months. Molecular analyses demonstrated increased neocortical production of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant factor‐1 (but statistically insignificant production of erythropoietin, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, glial‐derived neurotrophic factor, and transforming growth factor‐α).InterpretationThe young nervous system has long been known to possess a greater capacity to recover from injury than the adult system. Our data indicate that H‐I injury in the neonatal brain initiates an enduring regenerative response from the subventricular zone. These data suggest that additional mechanisms than those previously surmised contribute to the remarkable ability of the immature brain to recover from injury. Ann Neurol 2007