bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF CUTANEOUS REACTIVITY TO RECENTLY MARKETED DERMATOLOGIC PRODUCTS
Authors: SHEEANSKI MORRIS V. , PHILLIPS SCOTT B. , POTTS CATHERINE E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Background. Reports of purported sensitization reactions to widely used prescription dermatologicals have raised questions concerning the clinical significance of these reports. The current study was designed to compare irritant and sensitization potentials of such marketed products and to evaluate the risks involved in their usage. Methods. One hundred and eight healthy adult volunteers were evaluated for primary irritation and hypersensitivity following application under a double‐blind paradigm of eight leading prescription dermatologic products and the vehicle cream of one product according to an intensified version of the Shelanski and Shelanski “Repeated Insult Patch Test.” Results. No clinically significant irritant or sensitization reactions were associated with applications of topical formulations containing clobetasol propionate, doxepin hydrochloride, metronidazole, mupirocin, oxiconazole nitrate, and terbinafine hydrochloride. The doxepin hydrochloride cream vehicle was also found to be nonirritating and nonsensitizing. Both calcipotriene and ketoconazole were moderate irritants and possible sensitization reactions were also associated with ketoconazole. Conclusion. Although every topically applied chemical has the potential to cause an adverse response in some individuals, the data obtained in this study for eight commercially available prescription dermatologic products indicate that most are quite safe and have very low risks of clinically significant irritation or sensitization.
SKIN DISEASE AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN RURAL AFRICA: TANZANIA
Authors: GIBBS SAM 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Background. Many skin diseases in developing countries are associated with socioeconomic factors. It is generally agreed that a public health approach to dermatology in this setting is particularly appropriate; but, there has been little epidemiologic research done to examine which particular socioeconomic factors are important determinants of the prevalence of skin disease. This is especially true in sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods. A survey of two villages in Ngara district, North West Tanzania, involved 254 randomly selected households using a questionnaire, measurements of houses and water quality, and examination of the skin of 1114 household members. Results. Significant skin disease was encountered in 300 individuals (26.9%). Transmissible diseases comprised the bulk of skin disease (73.9%) with younger age groups being affected most. Socioeconomic conditions were poor, with low quality, crowded housing, low levels of literacy, unsatisfactory water sources, and few households with a regular cash income. Household density was significantly associated with transmissible skin disease. Other indicators of poverty (e.g., no regular cash income and illiteracy) did not correlate with the prevalence of skin disease. Conclusions. Skin disease was highly prevalent in the villages surveyed, especially transmissible diseases in the younger age groups. Household density was the only socio‐economic factor significantly associated with skin disease. Reduction of household density is an attainable intervention that could reduce the prevalence of skin disease in rural African populations. Simple studies like this one should be the first step in community dermatology, assessing the burden of skin disease in communities and looking for particular factors with which public health interventions could effectively reduce the prevalence of skin disease.
An Empirical Analysis of Triple Bottom‐Line Reporting and its Determinants: Evidence from the United States and Japan
Authors: Jennifer Ho Li‐Chin , Taylor Martin E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates triple bottom‐line (TBL) disclosures of 50 of the largest US and Japanese companies. Twenty disclosure criteria were developed for each of the TBL disclosure areas: economic, social, and environmental. Disclosure information was examined in annual reports, stand‐alone reports, and special website reports.Regression analysis was used to examine empirically the determinants of TBL disclosure practice. Our results indicate that, for total TBL disclosure (combining economic, social, and environmental categories), the extent of reporting is higher for firms with larger size, lower profitability, lower liquidity, and for firms with membership in the manufacturing industry. Further analysis indicates that the results for the total TBL disclosure are primarily driven by non‐economic disclosures. We also find that the extent of overall TBL reporting is higher for Japanese firms, with environmental disclosure being the key driver. This result could be attributed to the differences in national cultures, the regulatory environment, and other institutional factors between the United States and Japan.
Grader Bias in Cattle Markets? Evidence from Iowa
Authors: Hueth Brent , Marcoul Philippe , Lawrence John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLive cattle are increasingly priced as an explicit function of U.S. Department of Agriculture yield and quality grades. Human graders visually inspect each slaughtered carcass and call grades in a matter of seconds as the carcass passes on a moving trolley. We examine whether there is systematic bias in grade calls using a sample of loads delivered to three different midwestern packing plants during 2000–2002. Overall, results indicate that indeed there is a bias, and that grading standards vary significantly across packing plants. Results also are consistent with a behavioral model where graders are more accurate when grading relatively low‐quality carcasses.
Attitudes to Education in a Paediatric Renal Unit
Authors: Cross Janet 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe effects of renal failure on children are outlined and current research findings relevant to the physical and psychological effects of the handicap are summarised. the application of a survey of attitudes within a paediatric renal unit are presented and the results discussed in relation to the learning difficulties arising from this condition.Among the points to arise strongly were, first, that the patients as a group have problems arising from their chronic illness which enforces repeated hospital admissions, often from an early age. Some problems may be circumvented by a programme of early intervention for the very young renal patient. Secondly, for the older pupils, there was a need for an education programme which centred on their social needs. Finally, a programme for the schools should be initiated by the staff of the renal unit to educate the teachers responsible for the renal patients and their peer group in the nature and effects of renal disease.
Professional development to meet special educational needs
Authors: Miller Olga , Garner Malcolm 
Published: May 2007

March this year saw the publication of the first report for more than ten years to address key issues concerning the initial training, induction and continuing professional development of teachers with responsibilities for pupils with special educational needs. Entitled Professional Development to Meet Special Educational Needs the Report has been produced by a working party of the Special Educational Needs Training Consortium (SENTC) and funded by the Department for Education and Employment.Olga Miller, Chair, and Malcolm Garner, Secretary, of the Consortium, chart the development of SENTC, summarise the Report and, from its recommendations, identify future options for sustainable teacher training and development in relation to pupils with special educational needs.
SEASONAL FEASTS IN ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: HENIG MARTIN 
Published: May 2007

Summary:Epigraphic sources for the celebration of festivals in Roman Britain mainly come from military sites. Archaeological evidence indicates that a calendar of festivals similar to that of Rome was also observed by civilians within the province. the temene of the larger temples, and theatres connected with such shrines, were obvious places for large‐scale, popular gatherings but there was also an intimate family cult represented by the care of ancestral tombs and the midwinter Saturnalia festivities.Finds of sacred objects such as a cernus for first‐fruits (offered to Ceres) and a castration‐clamp (used in the worship of Cybele) as well as works of art, including gems and terracottas, also throw light on Roman religion. There were close resemblances with Celtic practice, and fusion between imported cults and native ones must have occurred very frequently.In late Roman times, the Christian calendar came into use in Britain; the celebrations of Easter and the veneration of the Saints are both attested in Dark‐age written sources.
EARLY BRONZE AGE TROJAN METAL SOURCES AND ANATOLIANS IN THE CYCLADES
Authors: STOS‐GALE Z.A. , GALE N. H. , GILMORE G.R. 
Published: May 2007

Summary. New chemical analyses of EB II copper‐alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead‐isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper‐ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself.At this period tin bronze was unknown in the Early Helladic, Cycladic or Minoan cultures. Low‐arsenic tin bronzes do however constitute sixty‐nine per cent of the copper‐alloy artefacts excavated at the fortified hilltop EC IIIA settlement at Kastri on Syros, but lead‐isotope analyses show that the copper in these objects is derived from three different ore deposits which are different from those exploited by the early Cycladic peoples on Amorgos, Paros, Kythnos and Chalandriani on Syros. For Kastri the alloy types are closely similar to and the copper ore sources used are identical with those employed in Troy II; in addition there are good Anatolian parallels for some of the metal types occurring at Kastri. Taken together with evidence from the pottery, the architecture and the nature of the site it seems inescapable that Kastri was a short‐lived settlement of Anatolians who lived, perhaps, in somewhat uneasy juxtaposition with their Cycladic neighbours. These Anatolians came most probably from Troy or the Troad since tin bronze was virtually unknown at this period elsewhere in Anatolia, and certainly not in Cilicia, except at the central Anatolian sites of Ahlatlibel, Alishar and Alaca Hüyük.
NEOLITHIC AXES FROM ROMAN SITES IN BRITAIN
Authors: ADKINS LESLEY , ADKINS ROY A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFinds of Neolithic axes are usually regarded primarily as evidence for Neolithic occupation in the area of the findspot. Neolithic axes from Roman contexts are also usually regarded in this way, often being classed as residual material. However, a study of axes from Roman sites in Britain has shown that they may well have been deliberately collected, in the Roman period, for religious or superstitious reasons. Many have been found on sites of a religious nature (an aspect well documented for temple sites on the Continent) and the beliefs associated with such axes may have been widespread.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DRESSEL 1 AMPHORAE IN NORTHWEST EUROPE
Authors: FITZPATRICK ANDREW 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe dating and distribution of the trade in Italian wine to northwest Europe in the last two centuries BC is discussed. The previously recorded Atlantic emphasis is shown to be a product of differential research; many new finds in north‐eastern France, the Benelux countries, Germany and Switzerland are documented but finds are absent from ‘Germanic’ areas. The trade may start in the later second century BC, and around the middle of the first century BC there appears to be an increase in the availability of wine in non‐maritime Gaul and eastern England, possibly at the expense of the Atlantic routes. The debut of the trade in Spanish wine to north‐west Europe is discussed. Attention is briefly drawn to the importance of the revised distribution both to cross‐Channel links between Belgic Gaul and Britain and to the difference between ‘Celts’ and ‘germans’ and the idea of a ‘Nordwestblock’.
FUNERARY MONUMENTS AND FUNERARY RITES IN LATE ANTIQUE AQUITAINE
Authors: SIVAN H.S. 
Published: May 2007

Summary.Within the major groups of late Roman sarcophagi and especially of late Gallic sarcophagi (those of Arles and Marseille), the sarcophagi of Aquitaine stand apart in both shape and style. This study traces the broad lines of their stylistic evolution from direct imitations of shape and decoration of the Arelasian models to the fully developed Aquitanian style with its exclusive floral and vegetal patterns, the trapezoid box and the rooflike lid.Historical, cultural and religious factors point to the period of Visigothic rule in Aquitaine (AD 418–507) and to Visigothic patronage. Only this patronage can account for all the far‐reaching changes of style and form. It is also quite possible that the introduction of new, non‐Roman, funerary rites contributed to these changes, as can be gleaned from a small cemetery in Narbonne.
AN EARLY EUBOEAN SHIP
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN 
Published: May 2007

Summary. A pyxis with the painting of a ship was found during the 1986 Greco‐British excavations in the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi, Euboea. It was part of a deposit of broken pottery included in the refill of a shaft grave which had apparently destroyed an earlier tomb. The vase can with fair certainty be dated around 850–825 B.C. by the Attic Middle Geometric I pottery associated with it and from its local style.The painting of a ship contained in one of its panels is, therefore, among the earliest pictorial representations known from Iron Age Greece. It is proposed that the subject may have been suggested to the Lefkandian potter by similar ship scenes on the engraved catchplates of contemporary fibulae.
MEGALITHIC MADNESS AND MEASUREMENT. OR HOW MANY OLIVES COULD AN OLIVE PRESS PRESS?
Authors: MATTINGLY DAVID J. 
Published: May 2007

Summary. Nineteenth century explorers and travellers in north‐west Libya were intrigued by the hundreds of well‐preserved stone structures which they took to be prehistoric megaliths of ritual significance. H.S. Cowper made a particular study of them in this belief, measuring, sketching and photographing quite a number of the monuments. The admirably meticulous character of his work was undone by his fanciful interpretation and it was soon revealed that the stone structures were, in fact, parts of Roman olive presses. This article, however, considers the lasting importance of Cowper's work in the context of a detailed discussion of the processing capacity of ancient olive presses (that is what quantity of olives comprised a single press load and how much olive oil was likely to be yielded). Comparison with literary and ethnographic evidence suggests that the Tripolitanian presses had a large potential capacity. An order of magnitude figure of c. 9–10,000 kg is proposed for the annual output of olive oil from one of these large presses.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREHISTORIC IRISH ROCK ART and IRISH PASSAGE TOMB ART
Authors: JOHNSTON SUSAN A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTwo major traditions of decoration from the later Neolithic and/or earlier Bronze Age, rock art and passage tomb art, are compared. Both traditions are briefly described, and are compared on the basis of both site and motif characteristics. Their chronological relationship is also discussed, indicating at least a large overlap in time between them. These two show a general affiliation on a number of levels, suggesting a similar degree of relationship between their respective makers. However, they also show important differences, suggesting that they are products of different sets of ritual or symbolic behaviour, or of similarly different groups of people.
MEDITERRANEAN CORAL: ITS USE and EXCHANGE IN and AROUND the ALPINE REGION DURING the LATER NEOLITHIC and COPPER AGE
Authors: SKEATES ROBIN 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDifferent types of Mediterranean coral are described, and the potential sources of prehistoric coral in the central Mediterranean are considered. Early examples of coral artefacts from in and around the alpine region, as well as their finds‐contexts, are then described and chronologically defined, and their value, use, and exchange is discussed.
WOOL AT DANEBURY: A SPECULATION USING EVIDENCE FROM ELSEWHERE
Authors: RYDER MICHAEL L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe high proportion of sheep bones and the finding of implements used in cloth manufacture have led to suggestions that this Iron Age hill fort in Hampshire was a centre for wool cloth making. In the absence of textile remains from the site, evidence from other Iron Age sites with such remains is used to suggest that the sheep kept at Danebury are likely to have had mainly primitive hairy and primitive woolly fleeces with an annual moult and a range of colours. the absence of shears suggests a more primitive method of harvesting the wool. White wool and dyed textiles from the other sites indicates the possibility of dyeing. A reassessment of the textile implements suggests that the textile activity was no more than domestic production. the weight of the spindle whorls is discussed in relation to the sort of wool spun, but further experimentation is proposed to answer such questions as the true use of the “weaving” combs. the slingshots might have been hurled with a wool sling and not only at a human enemy or at game, but to control sheep flocks.
ESTIMATING THE DURATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY USING14C DETERMINATIONS
Authors: BUCK C.E. , CHRISTEN J.A. , KENWORTHY J.B. , LITTON C.D. 
Published: May 2007

Summary.One of the questions that archaeologists have always hoped to be able to answer using radiocarbon dating is: ‘How long did this activity last?'. It has for some time been accepted that this question cannot adequately be addressed by simply calibrating single radiocarbon determinations. Rather, it is necessary to find means for coherently relating such determinations to one another and to the archaeology from which they came. In addition, most archaeologists are aware that estimation of duration is likely to be greatly affected by the presence of any aberrant determinations (‘outliers') and that they should, therefore, be allowed for in the estimation procedure.In this paper we look at the issues which relate to solving problems of this type and highlight some difficulties associated with one currently available method for approaching them. By adopting a Bayesian approach to estimating duration, it is possible to provide an explicit and coherent framework within which such investigations can take place and whereby each specific problem can be considered in its own right.In archaeological terms, this paper has, we hope, clarified the problems involved in estimating the duration of a period of time represented by a series of unordered radiocarbon determinations, and in providing estimates of the calendar dates for its beginning and end. These estimates take in any archaeological evidence available, for example, termini ante/post quos (here the arrival of the Spanish in Peru forms a terminus ante quern), and may be repeated when new evidence becomes available. For the first time, we provide an objective method for identifying outliers in the data and documenting the effect of their removal. We have given an example for the Peruvian Chancay culture to demonstrate the potential of this approach.
COMPLEX SOCIETIES IN COPPER AND BRONZE AGE IBERIA: A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: DÍAZ‐ANDREU MARGARITA 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis paper starts from the conviction that it is not only important to study long‐term processes of change in a particular area, but to analyse the extent to which other areas have been implicated and affected by the processes occurring in it. The study of the emergence, maintenance and even disappearance of social complexity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Copper and Bronze Age has lacked such an approach. As a result, on the one hand it seemed that South‐east Spain and Portuguese Estremadura, the two areas where it was argued complexity first appeared, were isolated from each other and from the rest of the Peninsula during the Chalcolithic, and on the other, changes in the geographical distribution of complex societies in the Bronze Age had not been explained. This article reassesses these arguments and aims to show that it was not only intrinsical factors which provoked the social changes which took place in the various areas during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Extrinsic factors were on occasion as if not more important. In addition, new data published in recent years has been used to give a broader picture of the expansion of complex societies in the Iberian Peninsula.
THE COMPOSITION OF IRON AGE STRUCK ‘BRONZE’COINAGE IN EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: CLOGG PHILIP , HASELGROVE COLIN 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEDXRF was used to analyse the composition of 88 Iron Age copper and copper alloy coins excavated from the site of a pre‐Roman shrine and Roman temple at Harlow, Essex. Most of the coins are local to the Essex‐Hertfordshire region, with a few of Kentish origin. The earliest struck base metal issues were struck from almost pure copper, but from the late first century BC, their composition shows more variety. Particularly interesting are a group of types belonging to the Romanizing phase of Tasciovanus’coinage, which were struck in brass and possibly represent a distinct denomination. Roman coinage and other metalwork imports from the Roman world presumably provided the initial impetus, and the ultimate source of the brass. However, this experiment was relatively short lived. Cunobelinus, who ruled eastern England during the earlier first century AD, mainly employed bronze to strike his abundant base metal coinage. The products of his Colchester mint reveal a consistently different composition from those struck at his unlocated second mint in the Hertfordshire area, although the precise alloy does vary, sometimes within the same type. This suggests that unlike gold and silver issues, the source and purity of the metal used for minting base metal coinage was not always critical.
PUNIC INFLUENCE IN THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF ROMAN VOLUBILIS (MOROCCO)
Authors: DANIELS ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

SummaryRoman archaeologists in North Africa have assumed that there is a generic Romano‐African house, imitating the style in Rome, but perhaps with Greek influence. I argue here that at Volubilis we can detect a local tradition, drawn from a Punic heritage, which developed alongside the acceptance of Romanitas. That Volubilis appears distinct may be a product of our sample of data and other regional traditions may await identification. The relationship between architecture and action is discussed, especially in relation to seclusion. I suggest that further excavation of Punic houses in the western Mediterranean will reveal links between developments in Greek and Punic domestic architecture.