bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From a View of Science to a New Empiricism
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents Bas van Fraassen's responses to the critique of his works. He mentions the ways he has changed his mind in the years since The Scientific Image. He highlights two themes as especially important. The first is the role of values in epistemology. The second is the turn in the empiricist tradition, which leaves many ‘central’ problems of traditional epistemology behind.
Chapter 8 Perspectives from the President's Commission on Social Security Reform
Authors: Cogan John F. , Mitchell Olivia S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security, composed of sixteen members from both major political parties. Members were tasked with providing the president with recommendations on how to modernize the Social Security system, restore its fiscal soundness, and develop a workable system of personal retirement accounts as part of a newly structured program. This chapter presents perspectives on Social Security reform, drawn from service on the President's Commission. It begins with a discussion of the use of personal retirement accounts as a method of prefunding the Social Security system. The Commission to Strengthen Social Security developed three reform scenarios that incorporate personal retirement accounts as a central element in a modernized system of old-age security. The chapter focuses on one reform plan in particular — one that promises an enhanced and more reliable safety net while also providing workers the opportunity to invest in personal accounts with diversified investment choice and potentially lower risk. It is argued that reforms of this sort can help put Social Security on a self-financing basis for the first time in over a quarter of a century.
Erinyes
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines those endlessly polymorphous entities, the Erinyes, sometimes the enforcers or even the embodiments of curses and the rectifiers of familial transgression. It first looks at their history and nature in life and in genres other than tragedy to learn about their range and prerogatives. Analysis of their appearances in a number of plays where they are crucial shows that in all these texts, they share certain features that set them apart from curses and inherited guilt. Their central place in Aeschylus' Eumenides is then considered, which is often taken, more or less consciously, for a locus classicus. It is shown that the one extant play in which Erinyes almost literally hold centre stage is an exception to the rule in more ways than one. Aeschylus' play helps define the province and limitations of tragic Erinyes.
Irruption and Insight? The Intangible Burden of the Supernatural in Sophocles' Labdacid Plays and Electra
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers some manifestations of inherited guilt, curses, and Erinyes in Sophocles, paying particular attention to his three Theban plays and his one Pelopid play, the Electra. Sophocles is treated separately because he is a special case in the relevant respects. Aeschylus and Euripides, for all their differences, seem in interesting ways to stand rather closer to one another than either does to Sophocles. It is argued that Sophocles does not share the Aeschylean preoccupation with doubly motivated action and its bearing on mortal decisions. At the same time, he is no less concerned than his two counterparts with familial dysfunction and with supernatural causation. It is simply that his concern with these concepts is handled differently
Bread and Politics: The Ideology of the Grain Supply in Athenian Rhetoric
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Athenian literature, especially fourth‐century oratory, but also comedy, to show both how public speakers presented and audiences perceived their economy and grain supply. The different personnel connected with the grain supply, from grain‐dealers (sitopolai) and “retailers” (kapeloi) to politicians and kings, each had their own pattern of rhetorical presentation. By observing how these patterns intersect, it is argued that the direct involvement of Athenian politicians in trade, and particularly in the grain supply on which Athens delicately depended for its survival, always risked a direct clash with democratic ideology, and therefore required subtle forms of rhetorical manipulation and concealment. Once the purpose and forms of this concealment are detected, Athenian rhetoric serves to reinforce both the picture of elite land‐holding in the cleruchies presented in Chapter 3, as well as that of elite networking in the Pontic trade of the fourth century presented in Chapter 5.
Conclusion
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Conclusion argues that the origins of Athenian dependence on imported grain date to the reforms of Solon in the early sixth century. It was at this time that Athens discovered or adapted the cleruchy as a social and economic tool, that the Athenian elite became involved in leading the city's first imperialist adventures overseas, and that Attica began to specialize in the intensive cultivation of cash‐crops. The Athenian democracy led to the intensification of all of these trends, and to the creation of an ideological system, deployed in rhetoric, to mask the serious incongruities between popular and elite interests. A need for imported grain drove Athens at different times to depopulate neighboring Aegean landscapes in order to extract grain surpluses, or to enlist the help of foreign kings, acting as Athenian citizens and benefactors. A supply system of such ruthlessness, sophistication, and ambivalence lay at the heart of Athenian democracy.
2 Ambrosiaster's Background
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the religious and secular background of Ambrosiaster. Ascertaining the nature of Ambrosiaster' s religious background is tricky, but establishing his likely secular background is easier. Having benefited from an education in the classics and forensic rhetoric, Ambrosiaster appears to have been involved in, or at least in a position to observe, aristocratic and official life in Rome. Although the bulk of evidence places Ambrosiaster's work as written in the city of Rome, historians have suggested that he spent time elsewhere, particularly Egypt, from his references to Egyptian customs. Although he was acquainted with classical texts, it was Christian works which exercised the more obtrusive intellectual and literary influence on his writing.
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Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses reasons why the practice of quotation is of central significance to the philosophy of language and to philosophy more generally. It argues that quotation is an important but neglected philosophical topic. The chapter sketches seven topics that can be illuminated significantly by understanding quotation, and together constitute a strong prima facie case for its philosophical significance. These are: understanding metalinguistic discourse, opacity, the language-world connection, what is said, compositionality, the semantics-pragmatics divide; and indexicality, context sensitivity, and monsters.
On the Nature of Quotable Items: Signs and Expressions
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe chapter introduces an obvious (though surprisingly overlooked) distinction between signs and expressions and invoke this distinction and the Minimal Theory of Chapter 11 to underwrite an account of quotation expression individuation. It then exploits this account of quotation expression individuation in order to explain (away) the recalcitrant variability data from Chapter 7. The chapter explains why so many authors (and speakers) are misled into thinking a single quotation expression can be used to pick out distinct quotable items on different occasions.
God and Grace of Body
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book explores the ways in which the symbolic associations of the body and what we do with it have helped shape religious experience and continue to do so. A Church narrowly focused on Christ's body wracked in pain needs to be reminded that the body, as beautiful and sexual, has also played a crucial role not only in other religions but also in the history of Christianity itself. Dance was one way in which the connection was expressed. The irony is not that such a connection has gone, but that it now exists almost wholly outside the Church. Much the same could be said about music more generally, and this book talks about the spiritual potential of not just classical music but also pop, jazz, musicals, and opera.
4 The Primacy of Policy and the ‘Trinity’ in Clausewitz's Mature Thought
Authors: Bassford Christopher 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the place of Clausewitz's famous ‘trinity’ in his larger theoretical scheme, with an eye to universalizing Clausewitzian theory as the basis for comparative military-political studies. Through linguistic, cultural, and psychological lenses, it examines critically existing English translations of the relevant section of On War and provides suggestions for revisions. Specific issues covered include ‘trinity’ as a word-choice; the difficulty some scholars have demonstrated in accurately enumerating the elements of the trinity; the significance of varying translations of Clausewitz's term politik (e.g., policy, politics); and the character of war's ‘instrumentality’ in the realm of politics.
7 War as ‘Art’: Aesthetics and Politics in Clausewitz's Social Thinking
Authors: Vega José Fernández 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The concept of ‘art’ in Clausewitz's theory of war is linked to the aesthetic thought of Immanuel Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement, of which Clausewitz had some knowledge — probably through his instructor in the war school, Kiesewetter. Beyond this historical point, the chapter also shows the productivity of ‘art’ and its fellow concept ‘judgement’ for the social understanding of war. Hannah Arendt's interpretation of Kant's third Critique is used as a guide to develop the idea of war as art in Clausewitz's theory.
12 Clausewitz and the Privatization of War
Authors: Münkler Herfried 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The growth of the state in the early modern period was attributable to its monopolization of warfare. In what have been called ‘new wars’, that monopoly has been eroded, but for two different reasons. Powerful states have withdrawn from their monopoly of war through the employment of private military companies: they employ asymmetric methods out of choice. Failed states have permitted the privatization of war out of weakness, and non-state actors have adopted asymmetric methods for the same reason. Clausewitz's original definition of war, as an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will, still provides an effective means to understand war, enabling us to see terrorism as a strategy.
7 Morality
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines moral sensitivity in American society. It argues that American public life is pervaded by a profusion of moral reference points and by a drive to justify attitudes and actions through recourse to moral criteria. It is this level of moral consciousness in political exchange and argumentation that distinguishes the United States from other western democracies and which gives the conduct of American politics its distinctive character. God as a ubiquitous reference point in American culture, religion and politics, religion and the moral foundations of democracy are discussed.
5 Nationalism and the politics of identity
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the idea of political nationalism. It argues that the resilience of nationalism is one of the core planks of the pluralist view of international relations. Nationalism shows few signs of receding as a major feature in Russia, China, and India. Moreover, although disguised by its own ideology of civic patriotism, the United States has long been a strongly nationalist society and, in the face of the external challenge from terrorism and a domestic political shift to the right, this element has become still more prominent. Yet, whilst reinforcing the apparent naturalness of living in a world of states, the idea and the practice of national self-determination has proved a major source of conflict and opened up a series of unresolved dilemmas. The seriousness of these problems has pushed international society in a generally solidarist direction and led to a range of strategies of mediation: attempts to acknowledge both the political power and moral claims of national self determination but in ways that minimize its damage to international society. The most important of these involve attempts to restrict the application of the principle, to unpack the link between nationalism, state sovereignty, and self-determination, and to manage cooperatively the conflicts that inevitably arise.
The ecological challenge
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe ecological challenge is so important and so profound because of the way in which it calls into question both the practical viability and the moral adequacy of the pluralist conception of a state-based global order; and because of the way in which responding to the ecological challenge has pushed states towards new forms of international law and global governance. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first examines the nature and extent of the challenge posed. The second section sets the responses to the ecological challenge within the context of the changing constitutional structure of international society — the move towards a solidarist state system on the one hand and the emergence of increasing elements of transnational governance on the other. The third section draws out the way in which unequal power and value conflict have complicated the capturing of what would appear to be the obvious common interest in promoting environmental cooperation.
Empire reborn?
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between empire and global political order. The discussion proceeds as follows. The first section unsettles some of the assumptions that are often made about empire, in particular about the inevitability of the end of empire; the redundancy and outmodedness of empire as a form of political order, and the consequent implication that the natural focus of international relations should be the relations amongst states or nation-states. The sheer extent of the power of the United States and the apparent obviousness of the view that we are living in a unipolar world have brought back the language of empire and have led many to see the United States as an imperial power. The second section considers how we should understand that power. It argues that notions of informal empire provide some analytical purchase, but neglect both the consistently important role of military power and coercion in the evolution of US foreign policy, and the importance of rules, norms, and institutions — what one might call the formal side of so-called informal empire. The third section examines five of the most commonly cited reasons for the demise of both empire and top-down hierarchical conceptions of international order more generally. Rather than comparing the extent and character of US power directly with that of other hegemonic states, it asks how these five factors may have changed in ways that would make a hegemonic order viable and potentially sustainable.
3 Long‐Run Trend in the Relative Price: Empirical Estimation for Individual Commodities
Authors: Razzaque Mohammad A. , Osafa‐Kwaako Philip , Grynberg Roman 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter details an empirical investigation to quantify the trend decline in relative prices of a number of individual commodities, and the impact of declining commodity prices on the balance of payments of LDCs, SVS, and HIPCs. The empirical evidence presented points to the presence of a statistically significant declining trend in the relative price of most individual commodities, the results highlighting the magnitude of the deterioration of the relative commodity prices during the recent past.
Causal Theories of Representation
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on three questions: what is a representation? What determines what a representation is a representation of? What makes a representation a piece of knowledge? The answer to the first question gives central place to the notion of truth, and the answers to the second and third appeal to causation. The Causal Truth-Maker Principle is introduced, a principle that will play a prominent part in the following discussion.
Euripides' Escape-Tragedies
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book is a critical study of three late plays of Euripides. It offers a reading of the plays, which has important implications for the way in which we read Euripidean tragedy and tragedy in general. It re-evaluates the escape-tragedies (Helen, Iphigenia among the Taurians, and the fragmentary Andromeda) and argues that they are to be taken seriously as a major dramatic and intellectual achievement. The book also argues that the escape-tragedies were produced as a thematically connected trilogy in 412 BC. The book assesses the ways in which genre affects our understanding of the plays. It also examines the plays' treatment of central themes such as myth, geography, cultural identity, philosophy, and religion. These are not separate topics but are seen as being joined together to form an intricate nexus of ideas. The escape-tragedies emerge as being serious, dark, pessimistic plays which raise some disturbing questions about the human condition.
5 Christology
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa treated the subjects of Christology, soteriology, eschatology, ethics, and spirituality (or mysticism) as one. From the foundational fact of Christ's incarnation arises his understanding of salvation; this salvation then has to be seen through the twin lenses of its consequences for our practical daily life — particularly our relations with our neighbours (ethics) and with God (spirituality) — and of its eschatological consequences. This chapter explores how Gregory's Christology has been seen as fitting into the history of Christian doctrine, which has a profound effect on how it is still read. It contends that with the exception of some Catholic theologians who have responded positively to the general idea of ‘an ontological unity of all humanity in Christ’, the attitude of systematic theologians to Gregory's Christology has been generally dismissive.
14 Reading Gregory on Sex, Gender, and Embodiment
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents some reflections on feminist readings of Gregory. There is a move away from what one might call relatively straightforward or surface readings of Gregory — ones which, for example, take it for granted that Gregory's only motivation in On Virginity is to advocate the celibate monastic life, or assume that the state of the first creation was a historical one, temporally prior to a second creation in which men and women were endowed with sexual characteristics. Patristic scholars have undermined such readings as these and their findings have found their way into wider feminist comment on Gregory.
20 Conclusions
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together some more general answers to the question of why Gregory has been interpreted in so many different ways, first looking at the question from the perspective of Gregory's readers and secondly by focussing on Gregory himself as a writer. It suggests that most accounts of Christian theology implicitly rely on one of three broad historiographical models. The first is the ‘static’ model, which views both theology and the Church as basically unchanging and thus also tends to see the development of doctrine in terms of the working-out of the logical implications of the first revelations of truths about God. The second is the ‘reformatory’ model, which shares with the static model a high evaluation of the original revelation of divine truth, but unlike it thinks that at some point the original revelation became degraded to such an extent that it was held by no Christian group in a satisfactory form. The thirds is the ‘ adaptive’ model — Christianity also changes across time, but not according to a pattern of original truth, fall, and reform.
6 The Only Game in Town
Authors: Enyedi Zsolt , Tóka Gábor 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Hungarian party politics. Topics covered include the popular legitimacy, organizational strength, and the role of political parties in the government process. It is shown that the relative stability of the Hungarian party system sets it apart from other Eastern European countries. While in 1990 the two largest parties commanded just 46% of all list votes, the same figure was over 85% in 2006. The effective number of legislative parties changed from a moderate 3.7 in May 1990 to 2.9 in 1994, 3.4 in 1998, 2.2 in 2002, and 2.6 in 2006. This shift of the Hungarian parliament towards a two-party system has been underpinned by a polarized political space and by the majoritarian elements of the institutional framework. The political, cultural, media, and religious elite have always had a largely bipolar structure. Parties close to the 5% threshold have been repeatedly condemned by members of the elite for risking the defeat of ‘their side’.
The Ethics of Philodemus
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book presents a study of the ethics of the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus, who taught Virgil, influenced Horace, and was praised by Cicero. His works have only recently become available to modern readers, through the decipherment of a papyrus carbonized by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. The book examines Philodemus' theoretical principles in ethics, his contributions to moral psychology, his method, his conception of therapy, and his therapeutic techniques. Part I begins with an outline of the fundamental principles of Philodemus' ethics in connection with the canonical views of the Epicurean school, and highlights his own original contributions. In addition to examining central features of Philodemus' hedonism, the book analyses central concepts in his moral psychology, notably: his conception of vices, which it compares with that of the virtues; his account of harmful or unacceptable emotions or passions; and his theory of corresponding acceptable emotions or ‘bites’. The book then turns to an investigation of Philodemus' conception of philosophy as medicine and of the philosopher as a kind of doctor for the soul. By surveying his methods of treatment, the book determines the place that they occupy in the therapeutics of the Hellenistic era. Part II uses the theoretical framework provided in Part I to analyse Philodemus' main ethical writings. The works considered focus on certain vices and harmful emotions, including flattery, arrogance, greed, anger, and fear of death, as well as traits related to the administration of property and wealth.