bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Pathogenic Fungi in Northern Ireland Barley and Oat Seed Samples
Authors: MALONE J. P. , LORIMER R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYForty‐six samples of seed oats and 40 of barley, from lots being sown in Northern Ireland in 1970, were examined for seed‐borne fungi by five methods. Two of the oat samples and 20 of the barley samples were found to have been disinfected. All the remaining 44 oat samples were contaminated with Pyrenophora avenae, the cause of leaf spot and seedling blight, and in 32 of these the fungus was mercury‐tolerant.The general level of contamination of both oats and barley with Fusarium spp. was low although 23 per cent of the seeds in one oat sample were contaminated with F. nivale, the cause of brown foot rot and ear blight.Twelve of the 20 non‐disinfected barley samples carried Pyrenophora teres the cause of net blotch at levels up to 76 per cent. Ustilago nuda the cause of loose smut was present in 15 of the 40 barley samples, the highest figure for infection being 3 per cent
Effect of Fungicides and Fertilizer on Yield and Diseases of Grass Swards
Authors: BROOM E. W. , HEARD A. J. , GRIFFITHS ELLIS , VALENTINE M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAt Rothamsted, Hurley and Aberystwyth, fungicide and N or NK fertilizer treatments were applied to old permanent pasture, perennial ryegrass (PRG) or cocksfoot leys in one or two years. Fungicides did not affect total annual dry matter yields at any site, but some fungicides slightly affected yield at some individual harvests. At two sites, no prevalent fungal disease was seen, but at Hurley slight crown rust occurred on PRG in autumn 1972. This was well controlled by oxy‐carboxin, and slightly by benomyl, but yields were not increased. Drechslera spp. seemed slightly more common where the rust was controlled.At Hurley, the ley yielded more with 400 kg N/ha than with 100 kg N/ha, and the extra fertilizer did not damage the sward or affect the amount of disease. At Aberystwyth, the leys were not damaged by 400 kg N/ha and yields were large. In contrast, on old pasture at Rothamsted, extra NK fertilizer, (largest amount 414 kg N and 219 kg K/ha) never increased, and once slightly decreased, the yield of herbage, perhaps because patches of sward failed to regrow where the crop received more fertilizer. There was no evidence that fungal diseases were involved.
Association of Populations of Onychiurid Collembola with Damage to Sugar‐beet Seedlings
Authors: BAKER A. N. , DUNNING R. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn eastern England Onychiurus armatus(Tullb.) and O. fimetarius (L.) were found associated with damaged sugar‐beet seedling roots soon after sowing in mid‐March, 1973, when the mean soil temperature ranged from 3 to l1°C; observations confirmed that O. armatus caused Similar damage to seedlings under laboratory Conditions. In field experiments Onychiurus spp. were always more numerous in the seedling root zone than between the seedling rows, but different seed spacings had no significant effect on the extent of aggregation around individual sugar‐beet seedlings in the cotyledon or early rough‐leaf stages.
Occurrence of Agropyron Mosaic Virus in Britain
Authors: CATHERALL P. L. , CHAMBERLAIN JUDITH A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAgropyron mosaic virus has been found in Britain for the first time. It was transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Abacarus hystrix to wheat, and by sap‐inoculation to 17 other festucoid species of Gramineae. The virus had flexuous, filamentous particles c. 715·15 nm and was serologically related to a Canadian isolate. Many pinwheel and crystalline inclusions occurred in the cells of infected plants.
Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Two Droplet Sizes of Insecticide for the Control of Glasshouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)
Authors: MBOOB S. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYControl of nymphs of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on the underside of tomato leaves was better when plants were sprayed with resmethrin applied at ultra‐low volume with aerosol (approximately 20 μm volume median diameter) than with mist (78 μm VMD) droplets. The same trend was observed with pirimiphos‐methyl although this insecticide was less eifective than resmethrin, All treatments gave 100 per cent mortality of adults, but there was no effect on mature eggs.
Preliminary Evaluation of some Chemical Treatments on Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE ISABEL G. , KENNEDY D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSoil drenches of captan (3,000 p.p.m.), dichlofluanid (3,000 p.p.m. and 6,000 p.p.m.), fentin hydroxide (3,000 p.p.m.), and streptomycin (3,000 p.p.m.) significantly decreased the level of disease in strawberry plants inoculated with mycelial discs and zoospore suspensions of Phytophthora fragariae in pot experiments. Only dichlofluanid was better than Bayer 22555 (1,750 p.p.m., a.i.) which was included as a standard treatment.
The Control of Scab and Powdery Mildew of Apple with a Reduced Number of Sprays
Authors: BURCHILL R. T. , COOK M. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYApple scab was effectively controlled with either benomyl (0·025 per cent a.i.), thiophanate‐methyl (0·05 per cent a.i.) or carbendazim (0·025 per cent a.i.) applied at 21‐day intervals. Where powdery mildew was a problem, it was necessary to interject into this programme additional sprays of either binapacryl (0·05 per cent a.i.) or dinocap (0·025 per cent a.i.).Ditalimfos (0·025 per cent a.i.) and pyrazophos (0·025 per cent a.i.) applied at 10‐day intervals gave good control of mildew; ditalimfos was also effective against scab. Excellent control of both diseases was obtained with triforine (0·05 per cent a.i.).
Some Estimates of Infection Rates for Epidemics of Leaf Blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) on Spring Barley
Authors: HABGOOD R. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe development of leaf blotch epidemics was studied in a range of spring barley cultivars at Aberyslwyth, and infection rates were calculated to permit comparison both between cultivars and with other experiments. In 1972, infection rates ranged from 0·120 (cv. Proctor) to 0·208 (cv. Berac), and in 1973 from 0·034 (cv. Proctor) to 0·034 (cv. Cambrinus). It is suggested on. the basis of disease incidence and meteorological data, that resistance equivalent to that of cv. Proctor will provide adequate control of leaf blotch in most areas of Britain. It may, however, be difficult to detect such resistance in glasshouse experiments or other small‐scale tests.
Studies on the Relation between Deasity of Longidorus elongatus and Yield of Barley and Potatoes
Authors: BROWN E. B. , SYKES G. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe relation between numbers of Longidorus elongatus (De Man) Thome & Swanger and yield of barley (in 1968 and 1969) and potatoes (in 1972) was studied in a field at Shifnal, Salop in which sugar beet had been affected in 1967. Evidence was obtained that the nematode affected the yield of these crops. Estimated loss of yield was about 1 t/ha/100 Longidorus/200 g for barley in 1968 and about 3 t/ha/100 Longidorus/ 200 g for potatoes in 1972. In 1969 there was no correlation between the density of L. elongatus and barley yield but in both 1968 and 1969 there was a negative correlation with grain size.
A Health Survey of Seed Barley
Authors: HEWETT P. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFive pathogens, including Drechslera teres, D. graminea and Septoria nodorum, were found to be widespread on commercial seed barley. D. sorokiniana (Helminthosporium sativum), once rare, was the commonest; Fusarium nivale was frequent. Differences in eultivar susceptibility were indicated.
The Effect of Methyl Bromide Fumigation on the Germination of Onion Seed and Vigour of the Seedlings
Authors: POWELL D. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBatches of onion seed were fumigated with dosages of 1,000 or 2,000 mg.hr/1. of methyl bromide at 18°C for the control of stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev). The subsequent effects of these fumigations on germination and seedling vigour were tested under standard laboratory and simulated cool spring conditions. Cool spring conditions lessened germination by up to 12·4 per cent compared with a standard laboratory test, while fumigation at the lower dosage rate caused up to a further 11·5 per cent reduction but had little effect on seedling vigour. The higher dosage rate severely affected percentage germination and caused some loss of vigour.
The Use of Polythene Tunnels in Screening Potatoes for Resistance to Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: JELLIS G. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYLow soil moisture content during the critical period for infection by Streptomyces was obtained by covering plants after emergence with polythene tunnels. These were removed approximately 9 wk later. At lifting, tubers of susceptible clones were severely and evenly affected.Low soil moisture levels led to a relatively higher increase in the infection of King Edward tubers than of those of other cultivars. This interaction of cultivar with environment can account for discrepancies in reports of the performance of this cultivar.
Alternative Seed Treatments to Dieldrin for the Control of Bean Seed Fly (Delia spp.)
Authors: GOULD H. J. , MAYOR J. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAlternative seed treatments to dieldrin were compared in field trials in S.W. England in 1972–73. Chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, methiocarb or pirimiphos‐ethyl gave a control of bean seed fly on runner beans equivalent to dieldrin. Treatment with 40 per cent chlorfenvinphos was phytotoxic to the white‐seeded cultivar Harvester.
Relationships between Control of Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)) and Amounts of Dieldrin, Carbophenothion and Chlorfenvinphos on Treated Seed
Authors: GRIFFITHS D.C. , JEFFS K. A. , SCOTT G. C. , MASKELL F. E. , ROBERTS P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTrials were done in eastern England in 1972–74 to study relationships between control of wheat bulb fly larvae and amounts of insecticide on treated seed. Carbophenothion in short‐row trials in 1972–73 was relatively ineffective even at the largest dose, 100 μg/seed. Chlorfenvinphos at low dosages did not significantly decrease the percentage of plants with live larvae but was increasingly effective as the dosage increased. Dieldrin decreased the percentage of plants with live larvae even at small dosages, about 10 μg/seed. Clilorfenvinphos was further studied in larger plots (c. 0.01 ha) in 1973–74. Plant examinations confirmed results of the previous year but large yield increases were obtained at only two of four sites, one with the greatest plant attack (55 per cent damaged shoots) and the other with the latest sowing date (22 November).
Chemical Control of the Virus‐vector Nematode Longidorus elongatus and of Pratylenchus creimtus in Raspberry Plantations
Authors: TRUDGILL D. L. , ALPHEY T. J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEither of two fumigant nematicides, dazomet or dichloropropane‐dichloropropene, applied prior to planting at 336 kg a.i./ha, gave good control of Longidorus elongatus (de Man) Thorne & Swanger and transmission of raspberry ring spot virus in a raspberry plantation. Either of two oxime‐carbamate nematicides, aldicarb or oxamyl, at 7.84 kg a.i./ha gave only moderate control of nematode numbers and only limited control of virus transmission.Quintozene (89.6 kg a.i./ha) decreased L. elongatus numbers slowly and controlled virus transmission in the field. Pratylenchus crenatus Loof numbers were controlled only by dazomet, dichloropropane‐dichloropropene or aldicarb.In a supplementary field experiment the acquisition and transmission of tomato black ring virus by L. elongatus in strawberries was inhibited by oxamyl for less than 19 wk. Little difference in the duration of the inhibitory effect was found between the three rates of oxamyl tested (5.56, 11.2 and 22.4 kg a.i./ha).
The Susceptibility of Red Beet Cultivars to Streptomyces Scab
Authors: LAPWOOD D. H. , ADAMS M. J. , CRISP A. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTen ‘globe’ and two ‘long’ red beet cultivars were tested for susceptibility to Streptomyces scab in a field trial on a scab‐infested Black Fen peat soil. The long beet cultivars Red Perfection and Cheltenham Green Top had little scab and about 75 per cent of roots had none or only one small lesion (‘scab free’). Of the ‘globe’ beets, Avon Early and Elsoms No. 257 were most resistant with only 2 per cent of the surface area scabbed and 75 per cent of roots ‘scab free’, Little Ball and New Globe were most susceptible with 8 to 9 per cent of the surface affected and only 33 per cent of roots ‘scab free’. The widely grown Boltardy and Crimson Globe had about 7 per cent of the surface area scabbed and 45 per cent of roots ‘scab free’.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1975
Authors: BARTLETT P. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1975, 115 adults and two larvae of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were found in England and Wales, of which 53 were alive. This is the largest annual total for 22 years. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with ‘Greek potatoes (80 adults, two larvae) and Spanish endives (18 adults). No beetles were found in Scotland.
The Distribution of Cabbage Root Fly Eggs in Large Fields of Swedes
Authors: ROGERSON J. P. , DIXON G. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations made in 1968, 1969 and 1972 on the distribution of eggs of cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bouché)) in large fields of swedes in north Northumberland showed that oviposition was at random, as many eggs being laid in the middle of the field as near the hedges.
Bacterial Wilt of Walfflowers Caused by Xanthomonas campestns
Authors: GRIFFIN M. J. , BAKER LILY A. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBacterial wilt of wallflowers caused by Xanthomonas campestris is reported for the first time in the United Kingdom and a description is given of the disease symptoms. Isolates of X. campestris from wallflowers were pathogenic to seedlings of all wild and cultivated crucifers tested with the exception of Matthiola spp, (stocks). Four isolates of X. campestris from Brassica spp. and three other Xanthomonas spp. were not pathogenic either to wallflower or to stock seedlings. X. campestris isolates originating from cabbage were more virulent to cabbage seedlings than were isolates originating from wallflowers. X. campestris was isolated from wallflower seeds and from old wallflower debris.
Verticillium Wilt of Clover
Authors: MILTON J. M. , ISAAC I. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe pathogenicity of Verticillium albo‐atrum, V. dahliae and V. tricorpus isolates to the clovers Trifolium incarnatum, T. hybridum, T. pratense and T. repens was investigated. T. incarnatum was susceptible to most isolates whereas only T. repens was resistant to them all.
A Survey of Leatherjacket Populations in South‐west England, 1963–74
Authors: MAYOR J. G. , DAVIES M. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA survey of leatherjacket populations (larvae of Tipula paludosa Meig.) in sooth‐west England was made in 1963–74 using 2° in. (6·3 cm) core turf samples and a Bristol washing apparatus to extract the leatherjackets. In a preliminary trial, population estimates using core samples of this size were similar to those using 4 in. (10·2 cm) cores.
The Growth of Red Beet and its Infection by Streptomyces spp.
Authors: ADAMS M. J. , LAPWOOD D. H. , RANKIN BARBARA 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe growth of red beet was described by reference to changes in the number of leaves and vascular rings with time. In the glasshouse, decortication (splitting of the hypocotyl) began about 35 days from sowing, when plants had about five leaves and two to three vascular rings. Inoculation at different times and observations of the number of vascular rings disrupted by scab indicated that the plants became susceptible to infection by Streptomyces spp. at about this time. The exposed hypocotyl tissues suberized within 2–3 wk, by which time plants had eight leaves and four vascular rings: this may have prevented further infection.
Effects of Cutting Height on the Abundance of the Eriophyid Mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa) and the Incidence of Ryegrass Mosaic Virus in Ryegrass
Authors: GIBSON R. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field plot experiments in eastern England in 1974–75, the eriophyid mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa), vector of ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV), was less abundant on plots cut 4 cm from the ground than on those cut at 15 cm; closer cutting also delayed the spread of RMV. Leaving cut grass to dry on the plots had no significant effect on mite abundance or RMV incidence. Mites were most numerous in autumn, least numerous in winter and increased in spring; the rate of RMV spread followed a similar pattern.
Pelargonium Rust and Its Control by Fungicides
Authors: SPENCER D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYZonal pelargoniums became infected from urediniospore inoculum kept in free water on the leaf for at least 8 hr. Uredinia became visible about two weeks after infection. Urediniospores remained viable for at least 11 weeks. The fungicides tested did not eradicate established infection and in outdoor trials during 1973–75 none was more effective in controlling the disease than tank‐mixed zineb.
Influence of Crop Rotation, Weed Control and Nematicides on Spraing in Potatoes
Authors: FRENCH N. , WILSON W. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys made during 1972–75 of 113 potato crops (cvs. Pentland Dell and Pentland Crown) growing in sandy soils, mainly in north Yorkshire, showed that the incidence of spraing caused by tobacco rattle virus tended to decline with an increase in the number of barley crops growth in the three years prior to potatoes. In five potato crops the incidence of spraing was not affected by varying weed control in the preceding barley crop.Field trials during 1973–75 tested the effects of aldicarb, oxamyl, fenamiphos, carbofuran and phorate on the incidence of spraing in cvs. Pentland Dell, Pentland Crown and Pentland Hawk. All these chemicals except phorate decreased spraing, but aldicarb and oxamyl were the most effective. Broadcast applications followed by rotavation seemed more effective than in‐furrow treatments.
Relationship between Yield Loss and Severity of Yellow Rust Recorded on a Large Number of Single Stems of Winter Wheat
Authors: KING J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSingle stems of winter wheat cv. Maris Templar were selected at random along traverses of primary foci of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend) in a commercial crop. Severity of the disease was recorded as the percentage area affected on the flag and second leaves at the milky‐ripe growth stage. The ears were harvested when ripe and threshed individually. Grain weight per ear and mean weight of single grains were negatively correlated with disease severity, but there was no significant relationship with the number of grains per ear. The co‐efficient of linear regression of percentage loss on flag leaf rust severity were 0.41 and 0.39 for equations based on single grain weight and total yield per ear respectively. Transformation of percentage yellow rust by exponents of 1.2 and 1.35 led to co‐efficient of 0.18 and 0.09 respectively for the regression of percentage loss in single grain weight and yield per ear on disease level.I am indebted to Mrs. P. A. Waples, Miss N. Parsons and Messrs. R. W. Polley, J. G. Waples and J. D. S. Clarkson for their invaluable help in obtaining the data for this work.
Efficacy of Benomyl and Thiabendazole in Controling Potato Gangrene Relative to the Time of Tuber Injury
Authors: GRIFFITH R. L. , HIDE G. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPotato tubers were uniformly wounded at harvest, or after storage for different periods at 5°C, and scored for gaagreae after 12 weeks at 5°C. The incidence of gangrene usually increased with the time of storage before wounding. Benomyl (1.0 per cent dip or 10 per cent dust) or thiabendazole (0.1 per cent dip or 10 per cent dust) greatly decreased the number of infected tubers if applied before or at the time of wounding, but were ineffective when application was delayed for two weeks or more. Only thiabendazole dust was effective when wounds made after fungicide treatment were inoculated with soil infested with Phoma exigua var. foveata.
Black Speck on Cabbage in Kent
Authors: COOK R. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBlack speck is a non‐parasitic disease of cabbage in Florida, U.S.A.; similar symptoms have been studied, on non‐hearting cabbage for antigun cutting in Kent. Lesions are usually black, 0.1–2.0 mm diameter, often with a chlorotic halo. Development of individual lesions starts with necrosis of the stomatal guard cells. No pathogen has been consistently isolated from lesions although Stemphylium spp. and Pseudomonas viridiflava were frequently obtained. The lesions are believed to be physiological in origin.Grateful thanks are due to several farmers in north and east Kent for their help and cooperation in these observations, and also to many A.D.A.S. colleagues, in particular Miss L. A. E. Baker, Miss M. Bateson and Mrs. M. A. Carter, for technical assistance. Thanks are also due to staff at the National Vegetable Research Station, Wellesboume, and Asmer Seeds Ltd.
Fongicidal Control of Yellow Rust on Winter Wheat in 1972: an Assessment of Farmers' Opinion
Authors: TAYLOR R. E. , ROBERTS E. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1972 yellow rust severely affected 23 per cent of the total area of winter wheat covered by a postal survey and 56 per cent of the area of cv. Joss Cambier, the cultivars most seriously affected. Crops rated by growers as severely infected had a mean yield 0.90 t/ha (7.2 cwt/acre) less than that for those not so rated, and for unsprayed crops of equivalent ratings the difference was 0.88 t/ha (7.0 cwt/acre). Severely infected crops which were sprayed, with fungicide had a mean yield 0.18 t/ha (1.4 cwt/acre) greater than those not sprayed, and for cv. Joss Cambier this difference was 0.34 t/ha (2.7 cwt/acre).Of the total crop area surveyed, 9.0 per cent was sprayed, comprising mainly the cv. Joss Cambier of which 26 per cent of the area was sprayed. Of the sprayed crops, 48 per cent received an aerial application: the mean yield of these crops was 0.45 t/ha (3.6 cwt/acre) greater than those sprayed from the ground. For cv. Joss Cambier the difference was 0.50 t/ha (4.0 cwt/acre), suggesting that ground spraying caused some mechanical damage, and perhaps that aerial application was more timely and gave better coverage.Of September‐sown crops, 31 per cent were rated as severely infected compared with 26 percent of the October‐sown crops and 17 per cent of the later‐sown crops.No conclusions could be drawn from the effect of spray timing or fungicides used. The growers considered that spraying had been worth while on 69 per cent of crops sprayed.The authors are indebted to the many farmers who responded to the request for information. They also thank Mr. W. Campbell, A.D.A.S., Wolverhampton, Mr. H. J. Wilcox, A.D.A.S., Cambridge, and Mr. R. S. Hutley and the M.A.F.F. Statistics Branch, Guildford, for consultation in devising the survey and for the statistical analysis, and Mr. C. S. Harper, A.D.A.S., Reading, for guidance in the interpretation of this data.
Cold Storage as a Quarantine Treatment to Prevent the Introduction of Spodoptem littoralis (Boisd.) into Glasshouses in the U.K.
Authors: MILLER G. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn laboratory tests, eggs and young larvae of Spodoptera littoralis were exposed to cold treatments of varying temperature and duration in an attempt to find an alternative to the current quarantine treatment of 10 days’ storage at 1–2°C, which damages some imported chrysanthemum cuttings. The alternative cold regimes tested, i.e., 1°C for four to eight days, is for seven days, 4°C for four to six, eight and ten days, and 7°C for seven days, did not eradicate S. littoralis. Differences in response to cold were observed both between strains and within developmental stages of S. littoralis.