bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotyping of congenic dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4) deficient Dark Agouti (DA) rats suggests involvement of DP4 in neuro-, endocrine, and immune functions
Authors: Frerker Nadine , Raber Kerstin , Bode Felix , Skripuletz Thomas , Nave Heike , Klemann Christian , Pabst Reinhard , Stephan Michael , Schade Jutta , Brabant Georg , Wedekind Dirk , Jacobs Roland , Jörns Anne , Forssmann Ulf , Straub Rainer H. , Johannes Sigrid , Hoffmann Torsten , Wagner Leona , Demuth Hans-Ulrich , von Hörsten Stephan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Treatment of diabetes type 2 using chronic pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4) still requires an in-depth analysis of models for chronic DP4 deficiency, because adverse reactions induced by some DP4 inhibitors have been described.: In the present study, a novel congenic rat model of DP4 deficiency on a “DP4-high” DA rat genetic background was generated (DA.F344-: Similar to chronic pharmacological inhibition of DP4, DP4 deficient rats exhibited a phenotype involving reduced diet-induced body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance associated with increased levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and bound leptin as well as decreased aminotransferases and triglycerides. Additionally, DA.F344-: While this animal model confirms a critical role of DP4 in GLP-1-dependent glucose regulation, genetically induced chronic DP4 deficiency apparently also affects stress-regulatory and immune-regulatory systems, indicating that the use of chronic DP4 inhibitors might have the potential to interfere with central nervous system and immune functions in vivo.Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:275–87.
Association of polymorphisms of PTGS2 and CYP8A1 with myocardial infarction
Authors: Xie Xiang , Ma Yi-tong , Fu Zhen-yan , Yang Yi-ning , Ma Xiang , Chen Bang-dang , Wang Ying-hong , Liu Fen 
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) are enzymes involved in prostaglandin and prostacyclin synthesis, which have been linked to cardiovascular disease risk. We hypothesized that genetic variations altering the function of these enzymes would modify the risk of myocardial infarction (MI).: In a Chinese case control study of MI patients (n=356) and healthy controls (n=350), we investigated the roles of polymorphisms in the PGIS gene (: The CC genotype of: The CC genotype ofClin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:347–52.
Trends in Blood Lead Levels and Blood Lead Testing Among US Children Aged 1 to 5 Years, 1988–2004
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Homa David M. , Meyer Pamela A. , Brody Debra J. , Caldwell Kathleen L. , Pirkle James L. , Brown Mary Jean 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. To evaluate trends in children's blood lead levels and the extent of blood lead testing of children at risk for lead poisoning from national surveys conducted during a 16-year period in the United States.
METHODS. Data for children aged 1 to 5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Phase I, 1988–1991, and Phase II, 1991–1994 were compared to data from the survey period 1999–2004.
RESULTS. The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels, ≥10 μg/dL, among children decreased from 8.6% in 1988–1991 to 1.4% in 1999–2004, which is an 84% decline. From 1988–1991 and 1999–2004, children's geometric mean blood lead levels declined in non-Hispanic black (5.2–2.8 μg/dL), Mexican American (3.9–1.9 μg/dL), and non-Hispanic white children (3.1 μg/dL to 1.7 μg/dL). However, levels continue to be highest among non-Hispanic black children relative to Mexican American and non-Hispanic white children. Blood lead levels were distributed as follows: 14.0% were &lt;1.0 μg/dL, 55.0% were 1.0 to &lt;2.5 μg/dL, 23.6% were 2.5 to &lt;5 μg/dL, 4.5% were 5 to &lt;7.5 μg/dL, 1.5% were 7.5 to &lt;10 μg/dL, and 1.4% were ≥10 μg/dL. Multivariable analysis indicated that residence in older housing, poverty, age, and being non-Hispanic black are still major risk factors for higher lead levels. Blood lead testing of Medicaid-enrolled children increased to 41.9% from 19.2% in 1988–1991. Only 43.0% of children with elevated blood lead levels had previously been tested.
CONCLUSIONS. Children's blood lead levels continue to decline in the United States, even in historically high-risk groups for lead poisoning. To maintain progress made and eliminate remaining disparities, efforts must continue to test children at high risk for lead poisoning, and identify and control sources of lead. Coordinated prevention strategies at national, state, and local levels will help achieve the goal of elimination of elevated blood lead levels.
Allergic Disease and Atopic Sensitization in Children in Relation to Measles Vaccination and Measles Infection
Authors: Rosenlund Helen , Bergström Anna , Alm Johan S. , Swartz Jackie , Scheynius Annika , van Hage Marianne , Johansen Kari , Brunekreef Bert , von Mutius Erika , Ege Markus J. , Riedler Josef , Braun-Fahrländer Charlotte , Waser Marco , Pershagen Göran ,   and the PARSIFAL Study Group
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to investigate the role of measles vaccination and measles infection in the development of allergic disease and atopic sensitization.
METHODS. A total of 14 893 children were included from the cross-sectional, multicenter Prevention of Allergy–Risk Factors for Sensitization in Children Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle study, conducted in 5 European countries (Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland). The children were between 5 and 13 years of age and represented farm children, Steiner-school children, and 2 reference groups. Children attending Steiner schools often have an anthroposophic (holistic) lifestyle in which some immunizations are avoided or postponed. Parental questionnaires provided information on exposure and lifestyle factors as well as symptoms and diagnoses in the children. A sample of the children was invited for additional tests, and 4049 children provided a blood sample for immunoglobulin E analyses. Only children with complete information on measles vaccination and infection were included in the analyses (84%).
RESULTS. In the whole group of children, atopic sensitization was inversely associated with measles infection, and a similar tendency was seen for measles vaccination. To reduce risks of disease-related modification of exposure, children who reported symptoms of wheezing and/or eczema debuting during first year of life were excluded from some analyses. After this exclusion, inverse associations were observed between measles infection and “any allergic symptom” and “any diagnosis of allergy by a physician.” However, no associations were found between measles vaccination and allergic disease.
CONCLUSION. Our data suggest that measles infection may protect against allergic disease in children.
The Crying Infant: Diagnostic Testing and Frequency of Serious Underlying Disease
Authors: Freedman Stephen B. , Al-Harthy Nesrin , Thull-Freedman Jennifer 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. To determine the proportion of children evaluated in an emergency department because of crying who have a serious underlying etiology. Secondary outcomes included the individual contributions of history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations in determining a diagnosis.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective review of all afebrile patients &lt;1 year of age who presented with a chief complaint of crying, irritability, screaming, colic, or fussiness. All children with a serious underlying illness were identified by using a priori defined criteria. Chart review was conducted to determine if history, physical examination, or investigation data contributed to establishing the child's diagnosis.RESULTS. Enrollment criteria were met by 237 patients, representing 0.6% of all visits. A total of 12 (5.1%) children had serious underlying etiologies with urinary tract infections being most prevalent (n = 3). Two (16.7%) of the serious diagnoses were only made on revisit. Of the 574 tests performed, 81 (14.1%) were positive. However, only 8 (1.4%) diagnoses were assigned on the basis of a positive investigation. History and/or examination suggested an etiology in 66.3% of cases. Unwell appearance was associated with serious etiologies. In only 2 (0.8%) children did investigations in the absence of a suggestive clinical picture contribute to the diagnosis. Both of these children were &lt;4 months of age and had urinary tract infections. Among children &lt;1 month of age, the positive rate of urine cultures performed was 10%. Ocular fluorescein staining and rectal examination with occult blood testing were performed infrequently, and results were negative in all cases. Successful follow-up was completed with 60% of caregivers, and no missed diagnoses were found.CONCLUSIONS. History and physical examination remains the cornerstone of the evaluation of the crying infant and should drive investigation selection. Afebrile infants in the first few months of life should undergo urine evaluation. Other investigations should be performed on the basis of clinical findings.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Children: A Call for Revised Treatment Guidelines
Authors: Finnell S. Maria E. , Christenson John C. , Downs Stephen M. 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND. Guidelines for latent tuberculosis infection do not consider drug-resistance patterns when recommending treatment for immigrant children.OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this research was to decide at what rate of isoniazid resistance a different regimen other than isoniazid for 9 months should be considered.METHODS. We constructed a decision tree by using published data. We studied 3 regimens considered to be effective for susceptible organisms: (1) isoniazid for 9 months, (2) rifampin for 6 months, and (3) isoniazid for 9 months plus rifampin for 6 months. In addition, we evaluated a regimen of isoniazid and rifampin for 3 months. Our base case was a 2-year-old child from Russia with a tuberculin skin test reaction of 12 mm. We assumed a societal perspective and expressed results as cost and cost per case of tuberculosis prevented. We conducted sensitivity analyses to test the stability of our model.RESULTS. In our baseline analysis, rifampin was the least costly treatment regimen for any child arriving from an area with an isoniazid-resistance rate of ≥11%. Treatment with isoniazid plus rifampin was the most effective but would cost more than $1 million per reactivation case prevented. Isoniazid would become the least costly regimen if any of the following thresholds were met: rifampin resistance given isoniazid resistance of more than 82%; rifampin resistance given no isoniazid resistance of &gt;9%; cost of rifampin more than $47/month; effectiveness of rifampin lower than 63%; effectiveness of isoniazid higher than 74%; and cost of pulmonary tuberculosis less than $7661. Isoniazid and rifampin for 3 months was the least costly for all cases from areas with isoniazid resistance of &lt;80% as long as the regimen's effectiveness was &gt;50% for susceptible bacteria. However, this assumption remains to be proven.CONCLUSION. Because of the high prevalence of isoniazid resistance, rifampin should be considered for children with latent tuberculosis infection originating from countries with &gt;11% isoniazid resistance.
Age and Violent-Content Labels Make Video Games Forbidden Fruits for Youth
Authors: Bijvank Marije Nije , Konijn Elly A. , Bushman Brad J. , Roelofsma Peter H. M. P. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. To protect minors from exposure to video games with objectionable content (eg, violence and sex), the Pan European Game Information developed a classification system for video games (eg, 18+). We tested the hypothesis that this classification system may actually increase the attractiveness of games for children younger than the age rating.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Participants were 310 Dutch youth. The design was a 3 (age group: 7–8, 12–13, and 16–17 years) × 2 (participant gender) × 7 (label: 7+, 12+, 16+, 18+, violence, no violence, or no label control) × 2 (game description: violent or nonviolent) mixed factorial. The first 2 factors were between subjects, whereas the last 2 factors were within subjects. Three personality traits (ie, reactance, trait aggressiveness, and sensation seeking) were also included in the analyses. Participants read fictitious video game descriptions and rated how much they wanted to play each game.RESULTS. Results revealed that restrictive age labels and violent-content labels increased the attractiveness of video games for all of the age groups (even 7- to 8-year-olds and girls).CONCLUSIONS. Although the Pan European Game Information system was developed to protect youth from objectionable content, this system actually makes such games forbidden fruits. Pediatricians should be aware of this forbidden-fruit effect, because video games with objectionable content can have harmful effects on children and adolescents.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease: Uncovering an Epidemic
Authors: Ali Farah N. , Arguelles Lester M. , Langman Craig B. , Price Heather E. 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND. Vitamin D deficiency in children adversely affects bone development by reducing mineralization. Children with chronic kidney disease are at risk for altered bone development from renal osteodystrophy and concomitant vitamin D deficiency. The pediatric Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines suggest measuring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels if serum parathyroid hormone levels are above the target range for chronic kidney disease stages 2 and beyond, but the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease is not well studied.
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to determine whether children with chronic kidney disease had vitamin D deficiency, to evaluate whether the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency changed over time, and to examine seasonal and ethnic differences in 25(OH)D levels.
METHODS. 25(OH)D levels in children with chronic kidney disease (stages 1–5) were measured over a 10-year period from 1987 to 1996. Data were also collected for a contemporary group of patients from 2005 to 2006.
RESULTS. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency ranged from 20% to 75% in the decade studied. There was a significant trend for decreasing 25(OH)D levels over the decade, both at the group and individual levels. Seasonal variation was noted. In our contemporary population with chronic kidney disease, the mean 25(OH)D level was 21.8 ng/mL; we found a prevalence of vitamin D deficiency of 39%. Black and Hispanic patients had lower levels of 25(OH)D than white patients.
CONCLUSIONS. Children with chronic kidney disease have great risk for vitamin D deficiency, and its prevalence was increasing yearly in the studied decade. Contemporary data show that vitamin D deficiency remains a problem in these children. Sunlight exposure and ethnicity play a role in levels of 25(OH)D. Our data support the recent pediatric Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines for measurement of 25(OH)D levels in children with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Quality of Life in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Freeman Andrew J. , Youngstrom Eric A. , Michalak Erin , Siegel Rebecca , Meyers Oren I. , Findling Robert L. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Bipolar disorder is a common mood disorder associated with significant disability and impairment in quality of life in adults. Little research has examined the impact of the disorder on quality of life in children and adolescents. The current study examines the quality of life in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder compared with other physical and psychiatric illnesses.
METHODS. This study included 529 youth and caregiver pairs who sought services at a community mental health center or an academic medical center. Diagnoses were based on semistructured interviews of caregivers and youths, and quality of life was determined by the parent-reported Revised Children Quality of Life Questioinnaire (KINDL) questionnaire and compared with published benchmarks for many medical illnesses.
RESULTS. Mean age of the youths was 12.0 years, 57% were boys, 72% were black, 22% were white, and 17% had received bipolar disorder diagnoses. Youths with bipolar disorder had significantly lower quality-of-life scores than youths with asthma, atopic dermatitis, obesity, arthritis, oxygen dependence, heart surgery during infancy, depression, behavior disorders, and nonmood and nonbehavior psychiatric diagnoses.
CONCLUSIONS. Youths with bipolar disorder reported lower quality of life than other youths encountered in pediatric practice. Pediatricians should attend not only to the child's mood symptoms but also to the overall impairment of the disorder.
Prevalence and Predictors of Perinatal Hemorrhagic Stroke: Results From the Kaiser Pediatric Stroke Study
Authors: Armstrong-Wells Jennifer , Johnston S. Claiborne , Wu Yvonne W. , Sidney Stephen , Fullerton Heather J. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Predictors for perinatal arterial ischemic stroke include both maternal and intrapartum factors, but predictors of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke have not been studied. We sought to determine both the prevalence and predictors of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke within a large, multiethnic population.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We performed a case-control study nested within the cohort of all infants born from 1993 to 2003 in the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a health maintenance organization providing care for &gt;3 million members. Cases of symptomatic perinatal hemorrhagic stroke and perinatal arterial ischemic stroke in neonates (28 weeks' gestational age through 28 days of life) were identified through electronic searches of diagnosis and radiology databases and confirmed by medical chart review. Three controls per case were randomly selected and matched on birth year and facility. This analysis included cases of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage, excluding pure intraventricular hemorrhage) and all controls. Predictors of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke were assessed by using logistic regression, adjusting for the matching criteria.RESULTS. Among 323 532 live births, we identified 20 cases of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke (19 intracerebral hemorrhage and 1 subarachnoid hemorrhage), which yielded a population prevalence for perinatal hemorrhagic stroke of 6.2 in 100 000 live births. Cases presented with encephalopathy (100%) and seizures (65%). Perinatal hemorrhagic stroke was typically unifocal (74%) and unilateral (83%). Etiologies included thrombocytopenia (n = 4) and cavernous malformation (n = 1); 15 (75%) were idiopathic. Univariate predictors of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke included male gender, fetal distress, emergent cesarean delivery, prematurity, and postmaturity but not birth weight. When entered into a multivariate model, fetal distress and postmaturity continued to be independent predictors.CONCLUSIONS. Fetal distress is an independent predictor of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke, perhaps suggesting a prenatal event. Postmaturity also predicts perinatal hemorrhagic stroke, an association not explained by large birth weight in our study.
Effectiveness of Educational Materials Designed to Change Knowledge and Behaviors Regarding Crying and Shaken-Baby Syndrome in Mothers of Newborns: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Barr Ronald G. , Rivara Frederick P. , Barr Marilyn , Cummings Peter , Taylor James , Lengua Liliana J. , Meredith-Benitz Emily 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND. Infant crying is an important precipitant for shaken-infant syndrome.OBJECTIVE. To determine if parent education materials (The Period of PURPLE Crying [PURPLE]) change maternal knowledge and behavior relevant to infant shaking.METHODS. This study was a randomized, controlled trial conducted in prenatal classes, maternity wards, and pediatric practices. There were 1374 mothers of newborns randomly assigned to the PURPLE intervention and 1364 mothers to the control group. Primary outcomes were measured by telephone 2 months after delivery. These included 2 knowledge scales about crying and the dangers of shaking; 3 scales about behavioral responses to crying generally and to unsoothable crying, and caregiver self-talk in response to unsoothable crying; and 3 questions concerning the behaviors of sharing of information with others about crying, walking away if frustrated, and the dangers of shaking.RESULTS. The mean infant crying knowledge score was greater in the intervention group (69.5) compared with controls (63.3). Mean shaking knowledge was greater for intervention subjects (84.8) compared with controls (83.5). For reported maternal behavioral responses to crying generally, responses to unsoothable crying, and for self-talk responses, mean scores for intervention mothers were similar to those for controls. For the behaviors of information sharing, more intervention mothers reported sharing information about walking away if frustrated and the dangers of shaking, but there was little difference in sharing information about infant crying. Intervention mothers also reported increased infant distress.CONCLUSIONS. Use of the PURPLE education materials seem to lead to higher scores in knowledge about early infant crying and the dangers of shaking, and in sharing of information behaviors considered to be important for the prevention of shaking.
Comparison of Enrollment in Interventional Therapies Between Late-Preterm and Very Preterm Infants at 12 Months’ Corrected Age
Authors: Kalia Jessica L. , Visintainer Paul , Brumberg Heather L. , Pici Maria , Kase Jordan 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. To determine the requirement for therapeutic services of late-preterm infants (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) and morbidities associated with their developmental delays compared with their very preterm (&lt;32 weeks' gestation) counterparts.
METHODS. We used a retrospective cohort study of former preterm children admitted to the neonatal unit who were evaluated at the Regional Neonatal Follow-up Program of Westchester Medical Center in New York at 12 ± 2 months' corrected age from January 2005 through October 2006. Logistic regression was used to compare odds ratios between late-preterm and very preterm children who qualified for early intervention services. Antenatal, demographic, and neonatal factors were compared between subgroups.
RESULTS. Of the 497 preterm infants evaluated at the Regional Neonatal Follow-up Program, 127 met inclusion criteria (77 very preterm and 50 late-preterm infants). Of the late-preterm infants, 30% qualified for and received early intervention services, 28% physical therapy, 16% occupational therapy, 10% speech therapy, and 6% special education. In the very preterm subgroup, 70% qualified for and received early intervention services, 66% physical therapy, 32% occupational therapy, 32% speech therapy, and 21% special education. Very preterm children were more likely to be enrolled in therapies than their late-preterm counterparts. However, when adjusting for neonatal comorbidities of prematurity, there was no difference in enrollment in early intervention services between the very preterm and late-preterm infants.
CONCLUSIONS. After controlling for comorbidities of prematurity, we found that late-preterm infants requiring admission to the neonatal unit have the same risk as very preterm infants of requiring interventional therapies. This would indicate that it is not only the degree of prematurity but also the morbidities experienced in the neonatal period in conjunction with the period of rapid brain growth that have a profound influence on neurodevelopmental outcomes. This should be considered when planning their hospital discharge and follow-up.