bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African Negro Music
Authors: von Hornbostel E. M. 
Published: April 2006

The purport of this article is to provide an answer to the following questions:1. What is African music like as compared to our own?2. How can it be made use of in Church and School?The answer might be as brief as the questions:1. African and (modern) European music are constructed on entirely different principles, and therefore2. they cannot be fused into one, but only the one or the other can be used without compromise.The attention of most of my readers will only be engaged by the second of these points as being one of practical interest, while the first is of a more theoretical nature. But my second answer being only a conclusion drawn from my first one, I shall have to support it by entering on some theoretical detail; it will not, therefore, be possible to keep altogether clear of musical technicalities. Readers who feel alarmed at the idea of having to find their way through analyses of this kind, or to read music, may safely confine their attention to the last section; as for the preceding ones, they will, it is hoped, be indulgent towards the author, granting him that it would be difficult to state a thing without speaking of it.
The Lord’s Resistance Army Case: Uganda’s Submission of the First State Referral to the International Criminal Court
Authors: Akhavan Payam 
Published: April 2006

On December 16, 2003, Uganda referred the situation concerning the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was the first time that a state party had invoked Articles 13(a) and 14 of the Rome Statute in order to vest the Court with jurisdiction.For both Uganda and the ICC, the case presented an important opportunity. For Uganda, the referral was an attempt to engage an otherwise aloof international community by transforming the prosecution of LRA leaders into a litmus test for the much celebrated promise of global justice. Since 1986, LRA atrocities have wreaked havoc on the Acholi people of northern Uganda. Given the absence of any vital national interests, influential states have not been inclined either to pressure Sudan to stop harboring the LRA or to help government forces confront the insurgents. Instead, the burden was placed on Uganda to negotiate a peaceful settlement with a ruthless, cult-like insurgency. The imprimatur of international criminal justice, sought through the referral to the ICC, was a means of thrusting this long-forgotten African war back onto the international stage.
The Contribution of French Jurists to the Humanism of the Renaissance1
Authors: Stevens Linton C. 
Published: April 2006

How to define humanism as a description of the intellectual activities of the Renaissance is a much vexed question. Whereas Italian humanism was dominated by the professional rhetoricians who imitated classical models and founded classical philology, French humanism, stimulated by the discovery of Greek learning, preoccupied by moral problems, attempted to achieve a fusion of Christian and classical erudition. The interests of the humanists, which included Greek fathers of the church and Byzantine authors as well as the traditional classic writers, were encyclopedic, as in Budé and Jacques Peletier, and philosophic, as in Montaigne and Charron.Although humanists were to be found in all classes of society, from nobles, ecclesiastics, courtiers, professors, and doctors to printers and merchants, the legal profession appears to have had among its members more distinguished humanists than are to be found in any other one group.
Pythagoras of Rhegion and the Early Athlete Statues
Authors: Waldstein Charles 
Published: April 2006

The earliest works of Greek art manifest the inability of the artist to express all he desired by the inherent character of his work. The most striking characteristic of Greek art, and a trait which runs through the whole character of the ancient Greek race, is the simplicity with which it attains its great effects, the perfect harmony which obtains between the desire and conception and the realisation and execution. But it is only in the highest stage that we meet with this power: the genius of Pheidias is characterised by the perfect harmony that subsists between the idea and its realisation. Full proficiency in the technical handling of the material must precede the facile expression of inner conceptions by means of material form; and the study of the history of archaic art is the study of the struggle of the artistic spirit with the reluctant material and its final victory over it.But the desire to give individual character to their statues was felt by the artists, though they had not the power to put it into the essential form of the work itself. This desire found an outlet in expression by means of more accidental and attributive characteristics.
Human Migration and African Harps
Authors: Wachsmann Klaus 
Published: April 2006

According to a widely used definition a harp is “an instrument in which the plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table, and a line joining the lower ends of the strings would point towards the neck.” In Africa this definition embraces many varieties of harps, and the variations in form may indicate different human migrations.Perhaps the most important structural feature by which the various types are differentiated is the assembly of neck, resonator, and string holder. In the manufacture of harps many practical problems centre on this point and this is the basis of my classification of African material. At the same time I shall in this paper disregard many other criteria, such as the shapes and proportions of components, and the tuning pegs, etc. The net result is that it is possible to group present-day harps in Africa into three types.
The Hocket-Technique in African Music
Authors: Nketia J. H. Kwabena 
Published: April 2006

Studies of the musical instruments of Africa by Kirby, Wachsmann, Maquet, Solderberg and others, have demonstrated that, in addition to drums, examples of all the main classes of musical instruments are to be found in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to drums, there is a wide variety of idiophones (including xylophones), as well as various types of lutes, zithers, flutes, etc.In spite of this variety, there appears to be a widespread tendency to use these instruments not in large heterogeneous ensembles, but in homogeneous ensembles, or in limited combinations in which one type of instrument predominates. There are, for example, ensembles of drums or xylophones, ensembles of flutes or trumpets, or ensembles in which these are combined with “secondary” instruments—usually of a percussive nature. Here and there a flute, a fiddle or a lute may be found in a secondary role in an ensemble, with the function of providing particular effects or enriching the texture of the music.
Ancient Metallurgy in the Atacama: Evidence for Copper Smelting during Chile's Early Ceramic Period
Authors: Graffam Gray , Rivera Mario , Carevič Alvaro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInvestigations at the Ramaditas site (Guatacondo Valley, northern Chile) were successful in the discovery of small quantities of ancient metallurgical slag, copper ore, and metal from sealed archaeological contexts dating to the first centuries B. C., and in the discovery of adjacent off-site furnace ruins that appear to be contemporaneous. Laboratory tests are positive in identifying both the surface and subsurface slag as a copper smelting by-product. These results are significant in that they demonstrate that copper smelting and metal manufacture were taking place in the Atacama in antiquity, constituting the first conclusive proof of what many Chilean scholars have anticipated since the early 1970s. These results support the view that the mining of minerals and the winning of metals played a valuable role in the economy of the first sedentary villages of interior Chile, in the foothills and valleys that rim the Atacama desert.
Shamanic Journeys into the Otherworld of the Archaic Chichimec
Authors: Boyd Carolyn E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA spatial analysis of rock art located within the lower Pecos region of southwest Texas and northern Mexico reveals the presence of a recurring motif that depicts anthropomorphic figures passing through an opening in a serpentine arch. An extensive review of the ethnographic literature and archaeological record of cultures within Mesoamerica and the Gran Chichimeca indicates that this motif is widespread and generally associated with specific beliefs about the shamanic journey into the spirit world. Based on analogies drawn from the ethnographic literature, the lower Pecos region motif can be interpreted as a pictographic representation of the shamanic journey made by Archaic Chichimecans into the spirit world. The evidence also indicates that the cosmologies of the cultures within Mesoamerica and the Gran Chichimeca were well established in the Chihuahuan Desert at least 4,000 years ago.
Arqueologia del Bajo Patia, Fases y Correlaciones en la Costa Pacifica de Colombia y Ecuador
Authors: Patiño Diógenes 
Published: April 2006

ResumenLa región pacífica de Colombia presenta numerosas áreas inexploradas a lo largo de su litoral costero y tierras bajas. La región sur es la más conocida gracias a la importancia arqueológica de las zonas de Tumaco y La Tolita (Ecuador). Al norte de Tumaco recientemente se exploró la región del bajo Río Patía (Nariño). A traves de este trabajo se observaron asentamientos precolombinos relacionados con dos fases culturales: (a) fase Buena Vista y (b) fase Maina. Los pobladores precolombinos de estas fases se adaptaron básicamente a las áreas bajas de la llanura aluvial selvática y la región costera del sur de Colombia. Hacia finales del período de Desarrollo Regional costero, la fase Buena Vista (ca. 70–500 D.C.) culturalmente se encuentra relacionada con las fases tardías de El Morro y El Balsal de la secuencia establecida para la región de Tumaco (Nariño). Estas fases a su vez forman parte del período tardío “decadente” de la tradición Tumaco-La Tolita (ca. 400 A.C.-500 D.C.) de la costa sur de Colombia y norte del Ecuador. Igualmente, la fase Buena Vista se relaciona con la fase Guadual (ca. 200–600 D.C.) de la cuenca de los ríos Santiago y Cayapas, en el norte de la costa ecuatoriana. Posteriormente, la llegada de nuevos grupos al bajo Patía se representa por asentamientos de la fase Maina datados hacia el 880 D.C., hasta, probablemente, el contacto europeo. Esta fase se caracteriza primordialmente por una industria alfarera sencilla y poco decorada en relación con la cerámica de la fase anterior. Algunos de los sitios tardíos a su vez podrían corresponder a asentamientos de grupos Sindagua que ocuparon el área al tiempo de la Conquista y la Colonia, en los siglos XVI y XVII.
La Deformación Artificial en el Período Arcaíco de Arica
Authors: Cocilovo José A. , Costa-Junqueira María A. 
Published: April 2006

ResumenEn materiales arcaicos de Arica se descubre la existencia de distintas costumbres vinculadas con la deformación artificial de la cabeza. Dichos materiales pertenecen a los sitios Morro 1, Morro 1/6 y Morro de Arica (Uhle). Una vez realizado el diagnóstico morfoscópico se obtuvieron una serie de mediciones en 101 cráneos que fueron procesadas estadísticamente para poner a prueba las diferencias entre cráneos deformados de distintos tipo y no deformados. Se siguió un diseño tipo análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) para una vía, empleando como covariantes sexo, edad y grupo. Los resultados obtenidos permiten confirmar alteraciones en la forma del cráneo comptibles con lo que cabría esperar a partir de la aplicación de las técnicas deformatorias circular erecta, circular oblicua y tabular erecta. Con respecto a esta última se hacen consideraciones sobre la importancia de este hallazgo y sobre la antigüedad de dicha práctica cultural en el área andina.
Tecoh, Izamal: Nobleza Indigena y Conquista Española
Authors: Cámara Luis Millet , M. Heber Ojeda , A. Vicente Suárez 
Published: April 2006

ResumenInvestigaciones preliminares en Tecoh, Izamal, Yucatán, sitio a donde aparentemente fue traslada la cabecera del señorío de Ah-Kin Chel, han aportado nuevas evidencias sobre los acontecimientos que afectaron a la comunidad maya durante los primeros años de la dominación española. Algunas casas construídas a la manera occidental y que pertenecieron a la nobleza indígena constituyen ejemplos relevantes de la arquitectura civil del siglo XVI en México, y ponen de manifiesto la importancia que esta clase aún mantenía en la sociedad. El temprano abandono de Tecoh, resulta de gran valor para las investigaciones, pues las construcciones coloniales sufrieron pocas modificaciones y las prehispánicas no fueron totalmente arrasadas.
The Misidentification of Mesoamerican Lithic Workshops
Authors: Moholy-Nagy Hattula 
Published: April 2006

In Mesoamerica concentrations of stone debitage from archaeological contexts frequently are regarded as being in primary contexts and marking production loci or “workshops.”Ethnoarchaeological observations of stone- and glass-artifact manufacture and disposal of the resulting waste indicate that in sedentary societies debitage does not remain in primary context at workshops, but rather enters secondary context when it is moved into workshop dumps. Microdebitage, which often is left in place at the production locus, appears to be the most reliable indicator of workshop location.An awareness of ethnoarchaeological data can facilitate more plausible constructions of past behavior at different stages of the use-life trajectories of durable materials. Present evidence suggests that concentrations of stone debitage from archaeological settlements are secondary deposits and represent workshop dumps, not workshops.
Locating the Quispisisa Obsidian Source in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru
Authors: Burger Richard L. , Glascock Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1999, the Quispisisa source of obsidian was located in the Province of Huanca Sancos in central Ayacucho near the village of Sacsamarca. This discovery has been confirmed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) by comparing the neautron activation analyses of source samples with artifacts. The Quispisisa source of volcanic glass provided the raw material for most of the obsidian artifacts utilized in central and northern Peru throughout prehispanic times.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial studies of newly developed metal‐chelated epoxy resins
Authors: Nishat Nahid , Ahmad Sharif , Ahamad Tansir 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of novel metal‐chelated epoxy resins have been synthesized by the condensation of epichlorohydrin (1‐chloro‐2, 3 epoxy propane) with bisphenolic metal chelates in alkaline medium. The bisphenolic chelates were initially prepared by the reaction of 3‐formyl‐4, 4′‐dihydroxy diphenyl methane and diamine (ethylenediamine/o‐phenylenediamine) in 1:2 molar ratio and then with Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) acetate. The metal‐chelated epoxy resins were characterized by various instrumental techniques, such as elemental analysis, DSC and TGA, electronic, FTIR,1H‐NMR, and13C‐NMR spectra. The physicochemical properties, viz., epoxide equivalent weight (eq/100 g), hydroxyl value (eq/100 g), refractive index, specific gravity, and specific viscosity were measured by standard procedures. The antimicrobial activities of these chelated resins were screened againstEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillius subtilis(bacteria), andCandida albicans, Mucor species(yeast) by using agar well diffusion method. All the polymeric chelates show promising antimicrobial activities. Among these polymeric chelates (ERPD)‐Cu(II) shows better antimicrobial activities, which can be attributed to higher stability constant of Cu(II) chelate than others. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1347–1355, 2006
Human discs large and scrib are localized at the same regions in colon mucosa and changes in their expression patterns are correlated with loss of tissue architecture during malignant progression
Authors: Gardiol Daniela , Zacchi Alberto , Petrera Francesca , Stanta Giorgio , Banks Lawrence 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLoss of cell polarity is one of the hallmarks of malignant carcinomas. Most of the understanding about the link between cell polarity and proliferation control comes from studies on the Drosophila tumor suppressors discs large (Dlg), scribble (Scrib) and lethal giant larvae (lgl). Mammalian homologues of these proteins have been described and are conserved in sequence and function. Human Dlg (hDlg) and Scrib were independently shown to be down‐regulated during malignant progression. This, and other lines of evidence, points toward the participation of both hDlg and hScrib in a common pathway involved in polarity control and tumor suppression. We investigated the correlation between the expression of both proteins in tissues and their relative contributions to the maintenance of tissue architecture during colon cancer development. We analyzed the levels and distribution of hDlg and hScrib by immunohistochemistry, using serial sections of the same sample. We used normal and neoplastic colon mucosa, since it offers a good model for analyzing these features in progressive dysplastic stages. The results demonstrate that both proteins localize at the same regions in polarized colon epithelia, and that in normal samples the proteins' distribution varies as cells differentiate at the surface mucosa. In neoplasia, alterations in the expression pattern of hDlg and of hScrib increase during tumor progression; down‐regulation of both proteins being associated with lack of epithelial cell polarity and disorganized tissue architecture. The results, therefore, demonstrate that there is an inverse relationship between the levels of hDlg and hScrib expression and the loss of cell polarity and tissue architecture in the colon. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypermethylation of hMLH1, HPP1, p14ARF, p16INK4A and APC in primary adenocarcinomas of the small bowel
Authors: Brücher Björn L.D.M. , Geddert Helene , Langner Cord , Höfler Heinz , Fink Ulrich , R. Siewert Jörg , Sarbia Mario 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSmall bowel adenocarcinoma (SB‐AC) is a very rare tumor entity. Epigenetic alterations, including hypermethylation of DNA mismatch repair genes and tumor suppressor genes, seem to be important for carcinogenesis in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, but have not yet been investigated in SB‐AC. In the current study, the prevalence of hypermethylation in a panel of genes involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis (hMLH1, HPP1, p14ARF, p16INK4A, APC) was determined in a series of SB‐AC. Paraffin‐embedded tumor samples from 56 patients with SB‐AC who underwent surgical resection between January 1985 and December 2003 were investigated for hypermethylation by means of methylation‐specific real‐time PCR, and compared with our findings in a previously investigated series of 50 gastric adenocarcinomas. In comparison with adenocarcinomas of the stomach, SB‐AC revealed a significantly higher rate of hypermethylation of HPP1 (86% versus 54%, p = 0.0003), p16INK4A (32% versus 10%, p = 0.0006), and a significantly lower rate of hypermethylation of APC (48% versus 84%, p = 0.0001). Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and p14ARF was present in 23% and 9% of SB‐AC, respectively. Locally advanced tumor categories (pT3/4) showed a higher rate of hypermethylation of HPP1 (90%) than did early tumor categories (pT1/2 categories, 40%; p = 0.0036). This was also reflected by the correlation between the HPP1 hypermethylation and high UICC stage (p = 0.02). No correlation was found between hypermethylation and other clinicopathologic parameters such as age, tumor grade and nodal status. Our findings suggest that hypermethylation of hMLH1, HPP1, p16INK4A and APC is frequent in primary adenocarcinomas of the small bowel. The differences in the hypermethylation spectrum of small bowel and stomach cancer indicate significant epigenetic differences between these tumors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracorporeal photopheresis in children with graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Chan Ka Wah 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAcute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) are major complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Systemic corticosteroid is the first line of therapy but only half of the patients will respond. The management of steroid‐refractory or steroid‐dependent GVHD is challenging. Intensification of immunosuppression has been the main strategy but the response rate is not satisfactory. Furthermore, the incidence of treatment‐related toxicity and opportunistic infection is unacceptably high.Extracorporel photopheresis (ECP) has been used in the management of refractory GVHD. Retrospective analysis of the experience in adult patients showed activity in both acute and chronic GVHD. The procedure was well tolerated with minimal changes in the hematologic and biochemical parameters. However the machine currently approved is designed for patients over 40 kg of body weight. Significant fluid shift and venous access are major concerns when ECP is performed in children. Various modifications of the ECP procedure have been tried to manage patients with low body weight. Experience with ECP in children is limited but preliminary data also showed favorable response in children with resistant GVHD. Further investigations are needed to refine the optimal schedule, duration, and treatment technique for pediatric patients. J. Clin. Apheresis 21:60–64, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The NHLBI Clinical Trials Network in transfusion medicine and hemostasis: An overview
Authors: Dzik Walter H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTransfusion Medicine is a broad discipline that affects the health care of patients from many medical disciplines. Despite the large impact of transfusion therapies on the management of patients with a variety of diseases, there are few clinical trials that evaluate the indications or the effectiveness of transfusion therapies. To respond to this need for better clinical data, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health established a clinical trials network in Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis. Following a competitive selection process, 17 university medical centers and a data coordinating center joined together to collaboratively address clinical questions in transfusion medicine and hemostasis. The activities, organization, and scope of the network is described below. Examples of clinical trials currently in the network “pipeline” are briefly summarized as an overview to more detailed presentations given elsewhere in this symposium. J. Clin. Apheresis 2006. 21:57–59, © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.