bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PALS and DSC study on SBR/NR blends
Authors: Salgueiro W. , Somoza A. , Consolati G. , Quasso F. , Marzocca A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA PALS study on the behaviour of the o‐Ps lifetime with the vulcanization temperature for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR) and a SBR/NR blend was carried out. These elastomers were characterized by means of torque curves in a rheometer. From these measurements the time to get the maximum torque (t100) for each sample was determined. The specimens investigated were cured at 433 K during a time t100. Using DSC and PALS techniques, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) for the elastomers mentioned were obtained. The results are discussed in comparison to those obtained studying pure SBR and NR samples, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural characterization and porosity analysis in spin coated silica thin films as gas selective membranes
Authors: Mariazzi S. , Patel N. , Toniutti L. , Checchetto R. , Miotello A. , Brusa R. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMicroporous silica films with thickness in the 200 nm range, were deposited by spin coating technique on (111) oriented n‐Si substrate changing the acid and water concentration in the sol solution and by the inclusion of porogen (polyvinylpyrrolidone). We have investigated how the different silica sol preparation can affect the structure and porosity of the thermally annealed thin films. The structural characterization was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy while the porosity was studied by 3γ‐annihilation of ortho‐positronium (o‐Ps) and Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation line. Infrared spectroscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy show that thermal annealing at temperatures higher than 400 °C gives rise to a progressive reconstruction of the SiO2microstructure and an increase of the nanopores size as shown byo‐Psformation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ratio of positron annihilation into three photons versus two
Authors: Pevovar S. C. , Weber M. H. , Lynn K. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRare and exotic annihilations of free positrons have been investigated extensively since the first discovery of positrons. The annihilation into three photons, however, has been neglected following theoretical work by Øre and Powell and several experimental studies using radioactive sources. Øre and Powell predicted that only one in 372 annihilations would result in the emission of three photons due to the parallel spin alignment of the electron‐positron pair. A number of approximations were made to make the calculation tractable most notably the assumption of low momentum. No material dependence was expected. Subsequent experiments showed some dependence on material properties, notably on Z and density. We have set up an experiment to measure the annihilation into two and three photons with a five detector coincidence technique. Our results for low Z targets of Kapton, silicon and carbon, indicate no material dependence. The simplicity of the experiment and the high sensitivity for three photon annihilations render this method suitable for the characterization of porosity particularly when the concentration of pores is small. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RFID research and testing for packages of apparel, consumer goods and fresh produce in the retail distribution environment
Authors: Singh S. P. , McCartney M. , Singh J. , Clarke R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a term used for any device that can be sensed at a distance by radio frequencies with few problems of obstruction. The origins of the term lie in the invention of tags that reflect or retransmit a radio‐frequency signal. According to a recent article by Forrester Research, the minimal ‘Slap and Ship’ approach to RFID compliance will cost an individual company between $2 million and $20 million. Because retailers like Wal‐Mart plan to share with their suppliers all the RFID‐generated data points (from when a case/pallet enters their distribution centre until it leaves their stockroom), suppliers will eventually be able to use this data as a powerful forecasting tool. RFID is an enabling technology that can potentially facilitate a real‐time, end‐to‐end supply chain visibility system. Suppliers who integrate full‐scale RFID systems will realize efficiencies in time, material movement, inventory planning, shipping and warehousing both internally and externally. This paper provides a brief overview of the RFID technology, mandates by retailers and federal agencies, advances towards global standardization and typical consumer level RFID applications, and discusses RFID initiatives taken by some of the global leaders in apparel, consumer goods and fresh produce industries. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular transport characteristics of poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) membranes in the presence of normal alkanes
Authors: Anilkumar S. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSolvent transport into poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) membranes exposed to n‐alkanes has been studied in the temperature interval of 30–60°C. Pure and cross‐linked membranes were prepared. Membranes with different loading of cross‐linking agent were also prepared. It was found that for all liquids, the equilibrium penetrant uptake was influenced by the introduction of cross links. The mechanism of transport has been found to deviate from the regular Fickian behaviour. Transport parameters such as diffusion coefficient, sorption constant and permeability coefficient have been calculated. The influence of temperature on transport was analysed. Transport parameters and activation parameters for the process of diffusion have been calculated. The transport coefficients and the activation parameters showed a dependence on cross‐link density. The Van't Hoff's relationship was used to compute the entropy change. The values of polymer–solvent interaction parameters have been used to calculate the molar mass between cross links of the network polymer. The phantom and affine models were used to analyse the deformation of the networks during swelling. A correlation between theoretical and experimental results was also done. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpine gravity waves: Lessons from MAP regarding mountain wave generation and breaking
Authors: Smith Ronald B. , Doyle James D. , Jiang Qingfang , Smith Samantha A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe two‐month special observing period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in autumn 1999 included a variety of complex mountain wave events. Seven wave events were carefully analyzed, compared with numerical models and described in published papers. These detailed investigations revealed some common dynamical elements, i.e. the importance of low‐level processes involving the slow‐moving boundary layer, low‐level wind shear causing either wave absorption or decoupling/spilling, upstream blocking, and latent heat release. Based on these studies, it is clear that any quantitative prediction of mountain wave generation must take full account of these lower troposphere processes. The newest numerical models show significant skill in simulating these effects. Using these models, the climatology of waves over the Alps can be studied. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
An iterative time‐stepping scheme for the Met Office's semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian non‐hydrostatic model
Authors: Diamantakis Michail , Davies Terry , Wood Nigel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA predictor–corrector time‐stepping algorithm is used by the Met Office's semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian non‐hydrostatic Unified Model. This scheme is here extended to include an iterative option, improving performance when large time steps are used in highly nonlinear situations. The scheme is described, and results from global model tests, which show improvements in forecast accuracy, are presented. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme: findings from field experiments and simulations
Authors: Ranzi Roberto , Zappa Massimiliano , Bacchi Baldassare 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was a unique initiative to improve the understanding of processes involved in orographically influenced precipitation events and in the related emergence and mitigation of floods in the Alps. This study presents a summary of the results from investigations of hydrological relevance in areas to the south (Lago Maggiore watershed) and north (Ammer watershed) of the Alps. A special focus is given to the 1999 Special Observing Period (SOP) experiment. MAP has been an important dialogue platform between the hydrological and meteorological communities. A common goal has been the verification and the assessment of errors and sources of uncertainty of new coupled techniques for flood forecasting in mountainous environments. The ensemble multi‐model error in the hydrometeorological forecast, two days in advance, was 30% of the observed peaks and 15% of the observed runoff volumes, on average. To provide some insight on the relative importance and priority of observation strategies of hydrological factors such as soil moisture and reservoir volume in contributing to the flood intensity, the MAP project ‘Hydrology’ focused also on the role and magnitude of water storage in reservoirs. The presented analyses indicate that for the investigated basins and flood events, the storage reservoirs may retain, on average, up to 10% of the event runoff volume and are key elements contributing to the mitigation of peak runoff. The observed variability of soil moisture is large and therefore it has been confirmed that severe difficulties remain in instrumental monitoring of soil moisture in mountainous environments. The sensitivity of floods to soil moisture in the physio‐geographic context analysed here seems, however, to be minor, due to the shallow soil layer covering the underlying rocks and the relatively high permeability of soils which reduce the ‘hydrological memory’ of the soil cover in the mountain basins investigated. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley geometry
Authors: Drobinski Philippe , Steinacker Reinhold , Richner Hans , Baumann‐Stanzer Kathrin , Beffrey Guillaume , Benech Bruno , Berger Heinz , Chimani Barbara , Dabas Alain , Dorninger Manfred , Dürr Bruno , Flamant Cyrille , Frioud Max , Furger Markus , Gröhn Inga , Gubser Stefan , Gutermann Thomas , Häberli Christian , Häller‐Scharnhost Esther , Jaubert Geneviève , Lothon Marie , Mitev Valentin , Pechinger Ulrike , Piringer Martin , Ratheiser Matthias , Ruffieux Dominique , Seiz Gabriela , Spatzierer Manfred , Tschannett Simon , Vogt Siegfried , Werner Richard , Zängl Günther 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the findings of seven years of research on föhn conducted within the project ‘Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP’ (FORM) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). It starts with a brief historical review of föhn research in the Alps, reaching back to the middle of the 19th century. Afterwards, it provides an overview of the experimental and numerical challenges identified before the MAP field experiment and summarizes the key findings made during MAP in observation, simulation and theory. We specifically address the role of the upstream and cross‐Alpine flow structure on föhn at a local scale and the processes driving föhn propagation in the Rhine Valley. The crucial importance of interactions between the föhn and cold‐air pools frequently filling the lower Rhine Valley is highlighted. In addition, the dynamics of a low‐level flow splitting occurring at a valley bifurcation between the Rhine Valley and the Seez Valley are examined. The advances in numerical modelling and forecasting of föhn events in the Rhine Valley are also underlined. Finally, we discuss the main differences between föhn dynamics in the Rhine Valley area and in the Wipp/Inn Valley region and point out some open research questions needing further investigation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
On the boundary‐layer structure over highly complex terrain: Key findings from MAP
Authors: Rotach Mathias W. , Zardi Dino 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWithin MAP, one of the scientific projects was devoted to ‘Boundary Layers in Complex Terrain’. In a number of subprojects, boundary‐layer issues were addressed and detailed high‐resolution multi‐sensor observations were combined with simulation by models allowing for adequate parametrization of turbulence processes. In this contribution, the projects are briefly introduced and an attempt is made to summarize their key findings and to put them into a joint perspective. Spatial variability is found to be large but strictly related to topography and therefore allowing for possible parametrization. Traditional boundary‐layer scaling approaches cannot simply be applied over highly complex topography, but some of the MAP findings suggest the potential for suitable extensions of those scaling relations to cover various cases of complex terrain. The mean boundary‐layer structure and thermally driven flows in narrow valleys are found not to be generally in line with previous results from larger valleys elsewhere. Furthermore, local circulations are reported to contribute considerably to exchange between valley and free troposphere. In particular, the range of their effects on the lower atmosphere seems to be larger than just turbulent transport within the planetary boundary layer would suggest. Thus in larger‐scale numerical models where the topography is not resolved, possible sub‐grid parametrizations for local exchange seem to be in order. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A variational data assimilation system for ground‐based GPS slant delays
Authors: Järvinen Heikki , Eresmaa Reima , Vedel Henrik , Salonen Kirsti , Niemelä Sami , de Vries John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTropospheric delay affects the propagation of the microwave signals broadcast by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Geodetic processing software enable estimation of this effect on the slanted signal paths connecting the satellites with the ground‐based receivers. These estimates are called slant delay (SD) observations and they are potentially of benefit in numerical weather prediction.The three‐dimensional variational data assimilation system of the High‐Resolution Limited‐Area Model (HIRLAM 3D‐Var) has been modified for data assimilation of the SD observations. This article describes the ground‐based GPS observing system, the SD observation operator, the estimation of the observation‐ and background‐error standard deviations, the methodology of accounting for the observation‐error correlation, and the tuning of the background quality control for this observation type.The SD data assimilation scheme is evaluated with experiments utilizing hypothetical observations from a single receiver station, as well as a single‐case experiment utilizing real observations from a regional GPS receiver network. The ability of the data assimilation system to extract the asymmetric information from the SD observations is confirmed. In terms of analysis increment structure and magnitude, SD observations are found to be comparable with other observation types currently in use, provided that the observation‐error correlation is taken into account. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Inter‐domain cooperation for mesoscale atmospheric laboratories: The mesoscale Alpine programme as a rich study case
Authors: Volkert Hans , Gutermann Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe development and conduct of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) is summarized—a 10‐year research initiative shared by meteorological services, research laboratories and university institutes from 14 countries. The overall investment is estimated to have exceeded 35 million Euros. Inventories are given of scientific results as published in some 220 peer‐reviewed publications and over 40 completed PhD theses spanning a full decade. The close linkage between field measurements and various types of simulation experiments is emphasized by considering the role of natural laboratories (observing the atmosphere) and numerical laboratories (undertaking simulation experiments). Various forms of cooperation between laboratories and different domains such as nations, institutions and generations are used as the structuring elements of the survey. A comparison with surveys from other large field programmes helps to put the overall achievements of MAP into perspective. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysing multivariate data from designed experiments: a case study of photo‐oxidation in sour cream
Authors: Bjerke Frøydis , Larsen Hanne , Tellefsen Siri Geiner 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExposure to light induces photo‐oxidation in dairy products, causing undesired off‐taste/rancidity. In this case study we present the results of a designed experiment in four factors: illumination source, type of packaging, distance to illumination source and exposure time, in order to observe the resulting oxidation of low‐fat sour cream, measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Such spectroscopic data yield highly correlated response variables. A novel multivariate method, 50–50 MANOVA, is applied for the statistical analysis. The main objective is to present and interpret complex and comprehensive data results to researchers and practitioners in an informative way. The experimentation revealed that several factors and
interactions must be taken into consideration when designing optimal environment for sour cream storage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping the local local: Recalibrating the status of science and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in education
Authors: Eijck Michiel Van , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe debate on the status of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in science curricula is currently centered on a juxtaposition of two incompatible frameworks: multiculturalism and universalism. The aim of this paper is to establish a framework that overcomes this opposition between multiculturalism and universalism in science education, so that they become but one‐sided expressions of an integrated unit. To be able to do so, we abandon the concept of “truth.” Instead, we adopt a contemporary epistemology that (a) entails both the cultural and material aspects of human, intersubjective reality; (b) concerns the usefulness of knowledge; and (c) highlights the dynamic, heterogeneous, and plural nature of products of human being and understanding. Drawing on narratives of scientists and aboriginal people explaining a comparable natural phenomenon (a salmon run), we show that both TEK and scientific knowledge, though simultaneously available, are incommensurable and irreducible to each other, as are the different processes of knowledge construction/evolution inherent to the constituting artifacts. Drawing on social studies of science, we point out that the transcendent nature of scientific knowledge implies absence of local heterogeneity, dynamic, and plurality making it useless in local contexts other than itself. We discuss the educational implications of this recalibration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed,91:926–947, 2007
Iron adsorption on SiO2/Si(111)
Authors: Costine Allan , Thurgate Stephen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of ferric and ferrous iron onto the native oxide of the SiO2/Si(111) surface has been evaluated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through a series of immersion experiments, performed at room temperature and pH 1, it has been shown that the ferric species is strongly adsorbed onto the hydrophilic surface, while ferrous iron remains in solution. Dehydroxylation of the silica surface by etching with hydrofluoric acid reduces the concentration of receptive Si‐OH groups, thereby limiting iron adsorption. The experiments were reproduced in a combined ultrahigh vacuum‐electrochemical system (UHV‐EC), which allowed a carbon‐free surface to be prepared before contacting the iron solutions, and confirmed the strong affinity of ferric iron towards the SiO2/Si(111) surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arcsine test for publication bias in meta‐analyses with binary outcomes
Authors: Rücker Gerta , Schwarzer Guido , Carpenter James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn meta‐analyses, it sometimes happens that smaller trials show different, often larger, treatment effects. One possible reason for such ‘small study effects’ is publication bias. This is said to occur when the chance of a smaller study being published is increased if it shows a stronger effect. Assuming no other small study effects, under the null hypothesis of no publication bias, there should be no association between effect size and effect precision (e.g. inverse standard error) among the trials in a meta‐analysis.A number of tests for small study effects/publication bias have been developed. These use either a non‐parametric test or a regression test for association between effect size and precision. However, when the outcome is binary, the effect is summarized by the log‐risk ratio or log‐odds ratio (log OR). Unfortunately, these measures are not independent of their estimated standard error. Consequently, established tests reject the null hypothesis too frequently.We propose new tests based on the arcsine transformation, which stabilizes the variance of binomial random variables. We report results of a simulation study under the Copas model (on the log OR scale) for publication bias, which evaluates tests so far proposed in the literature. This shows that: (i) the size of one of the new tests is comparable to those of the best existing tests, including those recently published; and (ii) among such tests it has slightly greater power, especially when the effect size is small and heterogeneity is present. Arcsine tests have additional advantages that they can include trials with zero events in both arms and that they can be very easily performed using the existing software for regression tests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From “Spongy” and “Cold” Hearts to Cellular Cardiomyoplasty: Tales of Canadian Contribution to Global Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Chiu Ray C‐J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite the small size of its population and the number of its cardiac surgeons, Canadians have participated actively in the birth and development of cardiac surgery during the past half century, with pioneers such as Arthur Vineberg and Wilfred Bigelow leading the way. New and innovative cardiac surgical techniques and their scientific bases were developed and shared globally over the years. Canadian surgeons continue to be productive and are contributing to advances in this field at the dawn of the twenty‐first century. Some of these efforts and achievements are illustrated in this review.