bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting Plasma Leptin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 2, and Monocyte Chemoattracting Protein 1 Concentration in a Population of Glucose-Tolerant and Glucose-Intolerant Women
Authors: Piemonti Lorenzo , Calori Giliola , Mercalli Alessia , Lattuada Guido , Monti Paolo , Garancini Maria Paola , Costantino Federica , Ruotolo Giacomo , Luzi Livio , Perseghin Gianluca 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Leptin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In vitro studies suggested that these effects may be mediated via overproduction of monocyte chemoattracting protein (MCP)-1/CCL2, which is a chemokine involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this study, fasting plasma leptin, soluble TNF-α receptor 2 (TNF-α-R2), and MCP-1/CCL2 concentrations were measured in 207 middle-aged women (age 61 ± 12 years, BMI 30.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2), including 53 patients with type 2 diabetes, 42 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 112 with normal glucose tolerance, to assess cross-sectionally their relationship with markers of atherosclerosis and, longitudinally over 7 years, whether their circulating levels were associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
RESULTS—At baseline, leptin and TNF-α-R2 were not different among groups; meanwhile, MCP-1/CCL2 was increased in type 2 diabetes (P &lt; 0.05). All showed significant associations with biochemical risk markers of atherosclerosis. In a univariate analysis, age, fasting insulin, leptin, and MCP-1/CCL2 were associated with CVD mortality at 7 years. When a multivariate analysis was performed, only age, leptin, and insulin retained an independent association with CVD mortality, with leptin showing a protective effect (hazard ratio 0.88; P &lt; 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS—In middle-aged women, MCP-1/CCL2, leptin, and TNF-α-R2 were all related to biochemical risk markers of atherosclerosis. MCP-1/CCL2 concentration was the only one to be increased in type 2 diabetes with respect to nondiabetic women and the only one to be associated with increased risk of CVD mortality after a 7-year follow-up period in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, neither MCP-1/CCL2 nor TNF-α-R2 was associated with CVD mortality, and inspection of the data showed that leptin, in both the univariate and multivariate analysis, was associated with a protective effect.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sawada Susumu S. , Lee I-Min , Muto Takashi , Matuszaki Kazuko , Blair Steven N. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This prospective cohort study was conducted in 4,747 nondiabetic Japanese men, aged 20–40 years at baseline, enrolled in 1985 with follow-up to June 1999. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a cycle ergometer test, and Vo2max was estimated. During a 14-year follow-up, 280 men developed type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—The age-adjusted relative risks of developing type 2 diabetes across quartiles of cardiorespiratory fitness (lowest to highest) were 1.0 (referent), 0.56 (95% CI 0.42–0.75), 0.35 (0.25–0.50), and 0.25 (0.17–0.37) (for trend, P &lt; 0.001). After further adjustment for BMI, systolic blood pressure, family history of diabetes, smoking status, and alcohol intake, the association between type 2 diabetes risk and cardiorespiratory fitness was attenuated but remained significant (1.0, 0.78, 0.63, and 0.56, respectively; for trend, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—These results indicate that a low cardiorespiratory fitness level is an important risk factor for incidence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men.
Pathways of Infant and Childhood Growth That Lead to Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Eriksson Johan G. , Forsen Tom J. , Osmond Clive , Barker David J.P. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Although a link between small body size at birth and later type 2 diabetes has been repeatedly documented, less is known about the associations between the disease and growth during infancy. The aim of this study was to explore the pathways of infant and early growth that lead to type 2 diabetes in adult life.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We carried out a longitudinal study of 8,760 subjects born in Helsinki from 1934 to 1944. On average, they had 8 measurements of height and weight between birth and 1 year of age and another 10 measurements between 1 and 12 years of age. We identified people with type 2 diabetes using a national register.
RESULTS—Among babies whose birth weights were ≤3.5 kg, the rate of infant growth was unrelated to later type 2 diabetes. Among babies with birth weights &gt;3.5 kg, slow growth in length between birth and 3 months of age predicted later disease. Rapid gain in BMI after age 2 years increased the risk of later disease in both groups of babies, but this effect was greatest among children who had slow growth in length between birth and 3 months of age. In children whose Z-scores for length decreased, an SD increase in BMI at age 12 years was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for type 2 diabetes of 1.77 (95% CI 1.50–2.09). The corresponding OR in subjects whose Z-scores for length increased was 1.42 (95% CI 1.20–1.69). Rapid gain in childhood BMI was associated with high maternal BMI and socioeconomic factors (fewer people in the home and lower social class).
CONCLUSIONS—Babies with above-average birth weights may develop type 2 diabetes later in life if poor living conditions lead to faltering growth in length in the first few months after birth. We speculate that growth faltering at this time is associated with lifelong impairment of insulin metabolism and inability to meet the challenge of rapid childhood increase in BMI.
HBsAg Carrier Status and the Association Between Gestational Diabetes With Increased Serum Ferritin Concentration in Chinese Women
Authors: Lao Terence T. , Tse Ka-Yu , Chan Louis Y. , Tam Kar-Fai , Ho Lai-Fong 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether the high prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriage in our population can explain the previous observation of an association between increased maternal serum ferritin concentration and gestational diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A retrospective study was performed on 767 nonanemic women with singleton pregnancy who had iron status assessed at 28–30 weeks. The result of the routine antenatal HBsAg screening was retrieved from patient records. The HBsAg-positive and -negative groups were compared for maternal characteristics, prevalence of gestational diabetes in the third trimester, prevalence of high serum ferritin and iron concentrations, and transferrin saturation, which is defined as a value in the highest quartile established by the measurements obtained from the HBsAg-negative group.
RESULTS—The incidences of oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes were significantly increased in the HBsAg-positive group. The HBsAg-positive women with gestational diabetes had significantly increased prevalence of high serum ferritin compared with the HBsAg-negative women, irrespective of the latter’s gestational diabetes status. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the independent association between HBsAg carrier status with gestational diabetes (relative risk 3.51, 95% CI 1.83–6.73) but excluded high ferritin as an independent factor.
CONCLUSIONS—Our results indicate that maternal HBsAg carriage could explain in part the association between increased serum ferritin concentration with gestational diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese women, and that HBsAg carrier status is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes.
Influence of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Carnethon Mercedes R. , Jacobs David R. , Sidney Stephen , Liu Kiang 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—We investigated whether autonomic nervous system dysfunction, estimated by slow heart rate recovery (HRR) following cessation of an exercise treadmill test, was associated with increases in insulin and glucose over time and the development of type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Maximal exercise tests were performed by 3,295 healthy adults aged 18–30 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Repeat measurements of insulin and glucose collected at 7-, 10-, and 15-year examinations were compared by quartiles of HRR (maximum heart rate minus heart rate 2 min after cessation of the test). Incident diabetes was identified at any follow-up examination as glucose ≥7 mmol/l or the use of diabetes control medication.
RESULTS—Among participants who did not develop diabetes, fasting insulin concentrations increased from baseline to year 15. Following adjustment (for age, race, sex, smoking status, and BMI), participants with the slowest HRR (quartile 1) had higher fasting insulin at each examination than participants with faster HRR (e.g., year 15 examination: 88.1 vs. 81.3 pmol/l for quartile 1 vs. quartile 4, respectively, P = 0.05). Glucose did not differ by quartile of HRR at any examination. Among participants with poor fitness, the risk of developing diabetes (n = 98) was 3.4-fold greater (95% CI 1.5–8.0) when HRR was &lt;42 vs. &gt;42 bpm. This persisted following adjustment for baseline insulin.
CONCLUSIONS—Autonomic dysfunction, in combination with poor physical fitness, may be a mechanism associated with early glucose dysmetabolism and the development of diabetes.
Symptoms of Common Maternal Infections in Pregnancy and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Early Childhood
Authors: Stene Lars C. , Barriga Katherine , Norris Jill M. , Hoffman Michelle , Klingensmith Georgeanna , Erlich Henry A. , Eisenbarth George S. , Rewers Marian 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to test whether symptoms of maternal infections during pregnancy and indicators of postnatal infections predict development of islet autoimmunity in children at genetically increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 871 children with type 1 diabetes-associated HLA genotypes born in Denver, Colorado, and 391 siblings or offspring of individuals with type 1 diabetes referred from clinics in the Denver metropolitan area were enrolled soon after birth and seen in the clinic at age ≤15 months. Information on indicators of infection was collected by structured interviews soon after birth and at ages 3–15 months. Clinic visits were scheduled at ages 9, 15, and 24 months, and yearly thereafter. The outcome was positivity for one or more islet autoantibodies (to GAD65, insulin, or IA-2/ICA512) at two or more consecutive visits. During a mean follow-up of 4.2 years, 52 children developed islet autoimmunity.
RESULTS—Children whose mother reported at least one symptom of infection during pregnancy (mostly respiratory or gastrointestinal) had a significantly lower risk of islet autoimmunity compared with other children (hazard ratio 0.48; 95% CI 0.27–0.83). After stratification, the association appeared among girls (0.21; 0.09–0.48) but not among boys (1.09; 0.47–2.51) with a P value for interaction of 0.005. Symptoms of neonatal infections, early daycare attendance, exposure to cats or dogs, and household crowding were not related to islet autoimmunity.
CONCLUSIONS—Symptoms of maternal infections in pregnancy predicted a significantly lower risk of islet autoimmunity in young girls, suggesting a protective effect of such infections.
Enhancing Sensation in Diabetic Neuropathic Foot With Mechanical Noise
Authors: Khaodhiar Lalita , Niemi James B. , Earnest Russell , Lima Christina , Harry Jason D. , Veves Aristidis 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Localized low-level mechanical or electrical noise can significantly enhance tactile sensitivity in healthy young subjects and older adults. This phenomenon is termed stochastic resonance (SR). In this study, we examined the effect of SR on vibratory and tactile sensation in patients with moderate to severe diabetic peripheral neuropathy.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 20 subjects were included in the study. The vibration perception threshold (VPT) test and the Semmes-Weinstein filament (SWF) threshold at the plantar surface of the left foot and the big toe were determined under two mechanical noise stimulus conditions: null (no noise) condition and at 10% lower than each subject’s mechanical noise threshold of perception.RESULTS—The baseline values (mean ± SD) were as follows: Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) 5.2 ± 2.5, Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) 5.0 ± 2.1, VPT 24 ± 11 V, and SWF threshold 5.6 ± 0.8 at the plantar surface of the foot and 5.3 ± 0.9 at the big toe. The VPT improved significantly from 24 ± 11 under null condition to 19 ± 10 V with mechanical noise (P &lt; 0.0001). Mechanical noise also significantly increased the number of detections of the SWF at the plantar surface of the foot (detection rate 66 ± 11 vs. 59 ± 15%, P &lt; 0.02) but not at the big toe (63 ± 10 vs. 61 ± 16%, P = NS).CONCLUSIONS—Mechanical noise stimulation improves vibration and tactile perception in diabetic patients with moderate to severe neuropathy. Additional studies are required to examine the effect of long-term noise stimulation on parameters of nerve function.
Kidney Function During and After Withdrawal of Long-Term Irbesartan Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Andersen Steen , Bröchner-Mortensen Jens , Parving Hans-Henrik ,   Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Irbesartan is renoprotective in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Whether the observed reduction in microalbuminuria is reversible (hemodynamic) or persistent (glomerular structural/biochemical normalization) after prolonged antihypertensive treatment is unknown. Therefore, the present substudy of the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study (IRMA-2) investigated the reversibility of kidney function changes after withdrawal of 2 years’ antihypertensive treatment.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The substudy included 133 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria in IRMA-2, randomized to double-masked treatment with either placebo, irbesartan 150 mg, or irbesartan 300 mg o.d. for 2 years. Arterial blood pressure, overnight urinary albumin excretion rate, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined repeatedly.
RESULTS—Baseline characteristics were similar in the placebo, irbesartan 150-mg, and irbesartan 300-mg groups. At the end of the study, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was similarly lowered to 105 ± 2 (mean ± SE), 103 ± 2, and 102 ± 2 mmHg, respectively (P &lt; 0.05 versus baseline), and urinary albumin excretion rate reduced by 8% (−16 to 27) (NS), 34% (95% CI 8–53), and 60% (46–70) (P &lt; 0.05). Rates of decline in GFR were 1.3 ± 0.7, 1.2 ± 0.7, and 1.0 ± 0.8 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2 per month, respectively, during the initial 3 months of the study and 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.3 ± 0.1, and 0.4 ± 0.1 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2 per month in the remaining study period. One month after withdrawal of all antihypertensive medication, MABP remained unchanged in the placebo group, 105 ± 2 mmHg, but increased significantly in the irbesartan groups, to 109 ± 2 and 108 ± 2 mmHg, respectively. Compared with baseline, urinary albumin excretion rate was increased by 14% (−17 to 54) in the placebo group and by 11% (−26 to 65) in the irbesartan 150-mg group but was persistently reduced by 47% (24–73) in the irbesartan 300-mg group (P &lt; 0.05). GFR levels increased to baseline values in the placebo group and approached initial levels in irbesartan groups.
CONCLUSIONS—Persistent reduction of microalbuminuria after withdrawal of all antihypertensive treatment suggests that high-dose irbesartan treatment confers long-term renoprotective effects.
Outcome of Pregnancy Among Immigrant Women With Diabetes
Authors: Vangen Siri , Stoltenberg Camilla , Holan Synne , Moe Narve , Magnus Per , Harris Jennifer R. , Stray-Pedersen Babill 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—We studied outcome of pregnancy among immigrant women with diabetes. The women came from regions of the world with high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Prevalences, secular trends, and sociodemographic risk factors of diabetes were also explored.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on all births from 1988 to 1998 for mothers born in South Asia and North Africa (11,268) and Norway (601,785) were analyzed.RESULTS—The prevalence of pregestational diabetes among the immigrants was 8.9/1,000 births, which was more than twice the rate among ethnic Norwegians (3.6/1,000). Time trends indicated increasing prevalences in both groups. Among the immigrants, diabetes was closely associated with maternal age. Maternal diabetes was associated with a significantly increased risk of pregnancy complications in both study groups. Increased risks were found for low birth weight, macrosomia, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and cesarean sections. Among ethnic Norwegians, maternal diabetes conferred a significantly increased risk of infant perinatal death (odds ratio 2.00, 95% CI 1,44–2.77). In the sample of immigrant women with predominantly type 2 diabetes, maternal diabetes was not significantly associated with perinatal death or congenital malformations in the offspring.CONCLUSIONS—The high prevalence of diabetes among immigrants from South Asia and North Africa represents a challenge for health care providers. To prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and later cardiovascular and renal morbidity among these groups, early diagnosis of diabetes, adequate metabolic control, and relevant preventive measures are warranted.
Urinary α1-Microglobulin as a Marker of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Asian Subjects in Singapore
Authors: Hong Ching-Ye , Hughes Kenneth , Chia Kee-Seng , Ng Vivian , Ling Sing-Lin 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study examines urinary α1-microglobulin as a marker of early nephropathy in type 2 diabetic Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians in Singapore.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A cross-sectional study was performed on 590 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (296 males, 294 females) who were on routine follow-up at a primary care clinic. Information was obtained from interviews, case notes, and blood and urine samples. Because the distribution of urinary α1-microglobulin levels was highly skewed, these levels were log-transformed, and geometric means were calculated. There was correction for variability in urine flow by dividing by urine creatinine levels, given as mg/mmol urine creatinine, and adjustment for confounding variables.
RESULTS—Urinary α1-microglobulin was higher in men than in women and was directly related to age, but no ethnic differences were apparent. It was directly related to duration of diabetes, with adjusted geometric means of 1.19 and 1.43 mg/mmol urine creatinine for a duration of &lt;10 and ≥10 years, respectively (P = 0.07). Urinary α1-microglobulin was highest in patients on insulin, followed by those on oral medication and then those on diet alone (adjusted geometric means: 1.47, 1.36, and 0.86 mg/mmol urine creatinine, respectively; P = 0.01). Levels were also higher in patients with poor glucose control, as measured by HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (P &lt; 0.01 for each). Urinary α1-microglobulin was directly related to albuminuria, with adjusted geometric means for normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria of 1.06, 1.47, and 4.72 mg/mmol urine creatinine, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). However, of patients with normoalbuminuria, 33.6% had raised urinary α1-microglobulin. Likewise, of patients with normal urinary α1-microglobulin, 27.6% had albuminuria.
CONCLUSIONS—Urinary α1-microglobulin was related to duration, severity, and control of diabetes. Urinary α1-microglobulin and albumin were directly related, but in some patients, one was present in the absence of the other. Hence, in addition to albuminuria (which measures glomerular dysfunction), urinary α1-microglobulin (which measures proximal tubular dysfunction) is useful for the early detection of nephropathy in diabetic subjects.
Low Birth Weight and High Birth Weight Infants Are Both at an Increased Risk to Have Type 2 Diabetes Among Schoolchildren in Taiwan
Authors: Wei Jung-Nan , Sung Fung-Chang , Li Chung-Yi , Chang Chia-Hsuin , Lin Ruey-Shiung , Lin Chau-Ching , Chiang Chuan-Chi , Chuang Lee-Ming 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To study the effect of birth weight on risk of type 2 diabetes in the schoolchildren in Taiwan.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—From 1992 to 1997, all schoolchildren aged 6–18 years were screened for diabetes in Taiwan Province. This cohort consisted of 1,966 patients with diabetes and 1,780 randomly selected subjects with normal fasting glycemia (NFG). Questionnaire interviewing was designed to classify diabetes. The birth weight was obtained from the Taiwan’s Birth Registry. After merging the data, there were 978 subjects, including 429 with type 2 diabetes and 549 with of NFG enrolled in the present analyses.
RESULTS—The odds ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes, after adjusting age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes, and socioeconomic status, were 2.91 (1.25–6.76) for children with low birth weight (&lt;2,500 g) and 1.78 (1.04–3.06) for those with high birth weight (≥4,000 g) when compared with the referent group (birth weight 3,000–3,499 g). The risk of diabetes was still 64% higher in the high birth weight group [odds ratio (OR) 1.64 (95% CI 0.91–2.96)], even after adjustment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Patients with type 2 diabetes who were born with high birth weight were more likely to have a higher BMI and diastolic blood pressure as well as a higher family history of diabetes compared with those with low birth weight.
CONCLUSIONS—A U-shaped relationship between birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes was found in the schoolchildren aged 6–18 years in Taiwan. Schoolchildren with type 2 diabetes who were born with low birth weight had different metabolic phenotypes compared with those born with high birth weight.