bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unwinding of Cross‐Shareholding in Japan: Causes, Effects, and Implications
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kuroki Fumiaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
As the ownership structure of Japanese corporations has changed dramatically during the 1990s, this chapter examines the causes and consequences of the decline in cross-shareholding. Using detailed and comprehensive data on ownership structure, including data on individual cross-shareholding relationships and other variables (Tobin's q) developed by the Nissai Life Insurance Research Institute and Waseda University, the chapter highlights the determinants of the choice between holding or selling shares for both banks and firms. Profitable firms with easy access to capital markets and a high level of foreign ownership prior to the banking crisis tended to unwind cross-shareholdings, while low-profit firms which had difficulty accessing capital markets and low foreign ownership tended to keep cross-shareholding with banks. High institutional shareholding and, surprisingly, block shareholding have had positive effects on firms' performance, while bank ownership has had consistently negative effects on firm performance. The result has been a growing diversity of ownership patterns among Japanese firms.
8 Business Portfolio Restructuring of Japanese Firms in the 1990s: Entry and Exit Analysis
Authors: Kikutani Tatsuya , Itoh Hideshi , Hayashida Osamu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the restructuring of Japanese business groups during the 1990s. Using the Basic Survey of Business Structure and Activity, the chapter analyses the business portfolio of Japanese firms from the perspective of the group structure of parent and affiliate. While previous studies have examined the net shift in diversification or specialization of business, the chapter also adopts an original approach by looking at the actual flow of entry and exit from business segments. The analysis demonstrates that Japanese business groups engaged in a high level of restructuring during the 1990s, and a growing preference to separate businesses into subsidiaries and affiliated firms rather than managing them in house. Although Japanese firms have no trend toward greater diversification or greater focus on aggregate, entry and exit are important complementary strategies that improve firms.
4 Socrates' Speech: The Activity ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores Socrates argument for the proper activity of eros: philosophical activity. Since eudaimonia is the aim of all eros and its proper end (telos), our choice of good must be one that will satisfy this desire: it must be a good whose possession no longer requires us to ask of the agent what she wants in pursuing it, something desired for its own sake, a final good. It is argued that the issue that structures the division of the productive activities of different desiring agents into the lower and higher mysteries is what we might term a division of ends. The desiring agents of the lower mysteries pursue things that are chosen for the sake of something higher, whilst the desiring agent of the higher mysteries pursues that which is chosen for its own sake. The chapter goes on to give some content to this idea, and argues that contemplation of a supremely valuable object — the Form of beauty — satisfies the criterion for being a final good. Contemplative activity is not desired for anything beyond itself, and it is a secure good in the sense that it is true, and a state of the agent's own soul, not dependent on external events for its possession. It is also the fulfilment of our nature and godlike.
The Content of Propaganda
Authors: Forrest Ian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the creation of messages deemed suitable for lay participation in the detection of heresy. Propaganda directed at the laity focussed on heretical doctrine, heresy as a disease, and analogies with sexual crimes. The material used in this chapter includes pastoral literature, the polemic works of Roger Dymmok and William Woodford, and the poetry of Thomas Hoccleve and John Audelay.
4 The Number and Balance of Parties
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
When some parties have many seats and some have few, we need a meaningful ‘effective’ number of parties so as to compare the effects of electoral systems on party systems. The standard way to express the effective number of parties is to convert to fractional seat shares, square them, add, and take the inverse. The same can be done with fractional vote shares. This method is not ideal, but all others are worse. Effective number of parties can be complemented by a measure of balance in party sizes.
Introduction
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the main themes of the book, explains its relationship to existing historiography, and discusses the methodological problems in studying popular attitudes. Three stories of the ‘psychological subject’ are introduced: one of subjectification; one of subjects at their own making; and one of subjects of knowledge. The relationship of the book to histories of identity, culture, and health is considered. The structure of the book and its division into three parts is explained.
2 Choreia and the Musical Text
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter develops the notion of χορεία, according to Plato’s usage of the term, as the proper, restored rubric within which to understand the rhythm and harmony of ancient Greek poetry in both its stichic and lyric forms. The approach to such poetry via the ancient dictum, ‘art is imitation’, is given a brief developmental history and then critiqued. The importance of dance origins for Greek metres is discussed, with comparisons to examples of modern European ‘survivors’ of danced epic verse as preparation for a new accounting of such peculiar phenomena in Homeric poetry as noun-and-epithet phrases (understood to be analogous to ‘signature lines’ in opera) and ring composition. A case is made that Homeric and other Greek texts are not language in themselves, but musical scores instructing the production of performed speech.
Retrogression, Episode, and Anagogy: The Round Dance and Narrative Form
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact on Homeric art, thought, and narratology of an origin in the dance of the Muses, in ‘the intellectualization of a corporeally bound rhythm’. On the concept of ‘rhapsody’, it takes issue with Nagy’s inferences about composition and writing, citing images of art within the Homeric poems and the premise of a written original assumed by ‘rhapsody’ in other historical manifestations. Odysseus’ coinage, μυθολογεύειν, comprising μυθέεσθαι, ‘disclosing’, and καταλέγειν, ‘recounting’, encompasses a distinction between two words for ‘word’, μυθος and έπος; the discussion leads to a poetics of the ‘episode’ as a disclosive digression or retrogression, inserted within the links of a recounted narrative chain or catalogue (exemplified by a chart from Cedric Whitman). The peculiar retrogression built into the συρτός dance ultimately inspires the distinctively Greek rhetorical form ‘chiasmus’, whose reflexes in narrative include not only ‘ring composition’, but some of the deepest themes in Homeric epic, such as reversed tides of battle and returns of wandering warriors.
Milton, Natural Law, and Toleration
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Reading Milton's prose chronologically, there is no way to prepare for the differences between the last antiprelatical tract (April 1642) and the first divorce tract (July 1643) — or, for most readers, between Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Yale edition of Milton's prose. The earlier, antiprelatical treatises are marked by a Pauline absolutism that will not compound with human weakness as an inevitable condition lying within the bounds of divine forgiveness. But beginning with the first divorce tract and extending through the Areopagitica, Milton confronts with compassion a life of mistake and the inseparability of good and evil in this imperfect world. This transformation can be understood in part by a shift in sources: Whereas the antiprelatical tracts apotheosize the spiritual aristocrats of the Reformation who emphasize difference, the divorce tracts draw on natural law theorists such as Hugo Grotius and John Selden, who emphasize commonality.
Toleration and Nationhood in the 1650s: ‘Sonnet XV’ and the Case of Ireland
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter locates Milton's Sonnet XV ‘On the late Massacre in Piedmont’ in the political and cultural milieu in which it was produced, in order to present a new facet to the poem's critical tradition and the work it performs in the history of tolerationism and nationhood. The first section establishes a framework for interpreting Parliament's reaction to the Piedmont massacre and to the corresponding English-Irish crisis, revealing the ways that toleration and imperialism operated side by side and were integral to the Interregnum government's mission to advance a nationalist agenda. The second part of the argument historicizes the ‘resolution’ Milton presents in the ‘sestet’ of his sonnet, specifically the advancement of the Reformation through the planting of Protestantism in Catholic soils. By studying Sonnet XV in these contexts, one discovers how ‘the blood of the martyrs becomes the seed of colonialism’, thus capturing the imperial potential implicit in the acts and expressions of tolerationism.
Secularizing Conscience in Milton's Republican Community
Authors: Cable Lana 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores ambiguities and contradictions in the thinking of Milton and other republicans, whose ideas about toleration came into conflict with their demands for freedom of conscience. Beginning with the politics of virtue whereby they strove to displace divine right with secular claims to an ethical absolute, the chapter demonstrates how republican requisites for both societal cohesion and free conscience were compromised by simultaneous commitments to temporal and eternal orders of value. Drawing on evidence of rhetorical strain in Milton's Readie and Easie Way, deliberative pathos in Samson Agonistes and Buckingham's The Rehearsal, and the devastating triumph of virtue over uncertainty dramatized during the Exclusion Crisis by Nathaniel Lee's Lucius Junius Brutus, the chapter demonstrates representative variations on the free conscience dilemma. Restoration era pressures for free agency are thus shown to be a struggle both for and against temporal reality, both for and against an eternal ideal.
Groundedness: The Typicality of Case
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter makes a distinction between syntactic category and lexical word-class, and shows that the semantic basis of functors (and other functional categories) is not limited to them. The prototypical members of lexical categories are also clearly semantically grounded. It is not sufficient to try to characterize categories such as verb and noun by distribution alone; it is the distribution of semantically prototypical members of the category that is significant. Failure to distinguish the distribution of non-prototypical members of a category from that of the prototypical leads to the mistaken predictions of parallelism among categories made by X-bar theory. A noun based on a verb shows some verbal distribution. In this way, the internal categorial structure of items is relevant to syntax. The consequences of this are explored, including a more detailed look at nominal structure, especially attribution, genitives, and (the limited) complementation.
Epilogue: Case, Notionalism, Creativity, and the Lexicon
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This final chapter draws together some of the main themes of the book, clustered around the notion of ‘case’, drawing out some consequences of the discussion. In particular, it points out the correction given by the pursuit of these themes to the prevalent perceived history of the status of semantic relations, and formulates the overall contention of the book that a notional case grammar provides an insightful and explanatory account of a wide range of phenomena, without appeal to the abstractions attendant on ‘universal grammar’. Crucial to the pursuit of such a non-abstract grammar is a categorially rich lexical structure, and various aspects of this structure are brought together and elaborated. Such a view of lexical structure promises to provide some understanding of linguistic creativity (and its routinization), whose primary locus is the lexicon.
‘Microbursts’ of knowledge and creative work in Japan1
Authors: Byosiere Philippe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenge of unleashing individual creativity in large corporations by examining the environment and incentives of R&D researchers. Considerable tension is found in the relationship between the individual researcher and the firm, especially over special rewards given to successful research results and research expenses available to researchers. Deeper causes, however, flow from the fracturing of the sense of community brought on by corporate restructurings Finally, it is noted that researchers see risk avoidance by their superiors as the major obstacle to doing creative work, the result of the shift by Japanese firms from being aggressive challengers in the postwar period through the 1980s is to become defenders of existing assets.
First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Oreganum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Oreganum vulgare (wild marjoram) and Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) plants with culinary and medicinal uses are grown in the field and as potted plants in Liguria in northern Italy. In the spring of 2006, extensive chlorosis was observed on both crops on commercial farms. Economic losses were low. Symptoms included foliar necrosis and a watery decay of the stem at the soil level. Necrotic tissues became covered with a whitish mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. Eventually, affected plants wilted and died. Samples of diseased stem tissue were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was consistently recovered from diseased stem pieces. Sclerotia from infected O. vulgare plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.3 to 4.7 × 1.6 to 6.1 (average 2.7 to 3.4) mm on PDA. Sclerotia from infected T. officinale plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.7 to 5.2 × 2.0 to 5.7 (average 3.3 to 3.8) mm on PDA. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from O. vulgare and three isolates from T. officinale was confirmed on each host. Inoculum consisted of 1 cm2 of mycelial plugs excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate. Plants were inoculated by placing a mycelial plug on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and an equal number of noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were incubated at 10 to 27°C (average 18°C) and watered as needed. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once. All inoculated plants developed chlorosis within 12 to 18 days, followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventually wilt. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants of both hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on O. vulgare in Italy as well as worldwide and the first report of white mold on T. officinale in Italy. S. sclerotiorum is a well known pathogen of T. officinale (2) and its use as a mycoherbicide has been proposed (3). References: (1) N. F. Buchwald. Page 75. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 1949. (2) D. M. McLean. Plant Dis. Rep. 35:162, 1951 (3) G. E. Riddle et al. Weed Sci. 39:109, 1991.
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus on Coprosma repens (Mirror Bush) in Italy
Authors: Polizzi G. , Bellardi M. G. 
Published: September 2007

Coprosma repens A. Rich. (mirror bush, Rubiaceae) is a hardy salt tolerant shrub that is native to New Zealand where it is primarily a coastal weed. In temperate climates, many variegated varieties and hybrids of mirror bush grow extensively in gardens. In February 2007, irregular or semicircular necrotic spots, sometimes in concentric rings, were noticed on leaves of approximately 2,000 potted, 1-year-old plants of C. repens ‘Tapuata Gold’ obtained as cuttings from a nursery located in Catania Province. The symptoms were detected on approximately 60% of the plants and were localized exclusively on older leaves especially in the yellow or white border. Protein A sandwich (PAS)-ELISA showed mirror bush was positive for the Batavian lettuce strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus (antiserum to TSWV: PVAS-450 from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA). Double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with polyclonal antisera to Cucumber mosaic virus, TSWV, and Impatiens necrotic spot virus confirmed the presence of only TSWV. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was employed to characterize the TSWV isolate. RT-PCR was carried out with primers (forward 5′-TTA ACT TAC AGC TGC TTT-3′ and reverse 5′-CAA AGC ATA TAA GAA CTT-3′) specific for the CP gene of TSWV (3). Amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (Gene Amp PCR System 24000; Perkin Elmer, Hayward, CA) by preheating at 94°C for 5 min followed by 30 cycles of 1.5 min of denaturation at 94°C, 2 min of annealing at 48°C, and 1 min for extension at 72°C. Finally, the amplified DNA was incubated at 72°C for 7 min for a final extension. All samples yielded DNA fragments of the expected size of 823 bp, which included the entire N gene. Purified PCR products were cloned and sequencing (GenBank Accession No. EU020104) was done by Sequiserve (Vatterstetten, Germany). Comparison with sequences available from the GenBank database showed 96 to 99% homology with the same region of the genome for all TSWV isolates, thus confirming the identity of the virus as an isolate of TSWV. In the Rubiaceae family, TSWV was previously detected on Galium spp., Ixora spp., Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and Bouvardia sp. (1,2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of this virus on a member of the genus Coprosma. The high incidence of the disease in the nursery could be due to propagation of cuttings from an infected source. References: (1) M. K. Hausbeck et al. Plant Dis. 76:795, 1992. (2) C. Jordá et al. Plant Dis. 79:358, 1995. (3) R. A. Mumford et al. J. Virol. Methods 46:303, 1994. (4) A. M. Vaira et al. Plant Pathol. 42:530,1993.
Dietary nucleotides protect thymocyte DNA from damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice
Authors: Wang L.‐F. , Gong X. , Le G.‐W. , Shi Y.‐H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe effects of dietary nucleotides on thymocyte DNA damages induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in mice were examined. First, phase I experiment was conducted to determine the optimal timing of detecting thymocyte DNA damages induced by CP (150 mg/kg body weight) in mice. Thymocyte DNA damages was determined at 6, 12, 18, 24 h by single‐cell gel electrophosphoresis assay (comet assay) after intraperitoneal injection of CP. The levels of DNA damage at 6, 12, 18, 24 h were all significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). The highest level of DNA damage appeared at 18 h and then decreased at 24 h. Therefore, 18 h was selected to determine DNA damages induced by CP in subsequent experiments. In phase II experiment, 30 male KunMing mice were divided into three treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC) and nucleotides group (NG). Mice in NC and PC were fed nucleotide‐free diet, and mice in NG were fed nucleotide‐supplemented diet (supplemented with 0.25% nucleotides, a mixture containing equal amounts of AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP). Mice in PC and NG groups were injected with CP (150 mg/kg body weight) at 21 days. DNA damage in thymocytes was evaluated at 18 h after CP treatment. The results indicate that dietary nucleotides do not affect the weights of the thymus and the spleen, or their organ indices (p > 0.05), but significantly decrease the percentage of comet cells and comet tail sizes (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates that dietary nucleotides could reduce the level of thymocyte DNA damage induced by CP in mice.
Nitric oxide synthase expression in the central nervous system of Sepia officinalis: an in situ hybridization study
Authors: Di Cristo Carlo , Fiore Gabriella , Scheinker Vladimir , Enikolopov Grigori , D'Ischia Marco , Palumbo Anna , Di Cosmo Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe recently reported the molecular cloning of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA from Sepia officinalis (SoNOS) using a strategy that involves hybridization of degenerate PCR primers to highly conserved NOS regions, combined with a RACE procedure. Here, in situ hybridization study has been performed on serial sections of the cuttlefish central nervous system to reveal localized specific staining of cell bodies in several lobes of the brain. Staining was found in many lower motor centres, including cells of the inferior and superior buccal lobes (feeding centres); in some higher motor centres (anterior basal and peduncle lobes); in learning centres (vertical, subvertical and superior frontal lobes); and in the visual system [medulla and deep retina (optic lobe)]. Positive staining was also found in the olfactory lobe. NOS‐expressing cells have been detected also in the interbasal lobe. Double labelling experiments, performed on consecutive sections, showed that neurons containing NOS immunoreactivity were also positive in in situ hybridization staining. All these data support the presence of NOS in several systems in the cuttlefish brain.
Platelet‐rich plasma may not provide any additional effect when associated with guided bone regeneration around dental implants in dogs
Authors: De Vasconcelos Gurgel Bruno César , Gonçalves Patrícia Furtado , Pimentel Suzana Peres , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Nociti Júnior Francisco Humberto , Sallum Enilson Antonio , Casati Marcio Zaffalon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate histometrically bone healing in surgically created dehiscence‐type defects around titanium implants treated with an association of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and guided bone regeneration (GBR).Materials and Methods: Ten male adult mongrel dogs were used, from which the three low premolars (P2, P3, P4) and the first molar were extracted. Three months after teeth extraction, two implant sites were bilaterally drilled, buccal bone dehiscences were created and four titanium implants were placed. Dehiscences were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) PRP, (2) GBR, (3) PRP+GBR and (4) control. After 3 months, the animals were sacrificed and the implants and adjacent hard tissues were processed for undecalcified sections. Bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), bone density within the limits of implant threads (BW), bone density (BD) and new bone area (BA) in a zone lateral to the implant corresponding to bone defects were obtained and measured.Results: Intergroup analysis (two‐way ANOVA –α=5%) demonstrated that when PRP was utilized,no differences were observed for all parameters (P>0.05). However, significant differences were observed for BIC and BW toward membrane‐treated groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that PRP does not exert additional effects on bone healing in bone defects created around dental implants and treated by GBR.