bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of statistical, spatial‐temporal, and intensional information in judgments of contingency
Authors: Fielder Klaus , Stroehm Walter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractJudgments of the contingencies between the opinions expressed by three persons in a video‐taped group discussion were investigated. Although a purely statistical interpretation of the contingency judgment task was called for by the experimental instruction, the intrusion of non‐statistical information in the judgment process was demonstrated: Temporal contiguity (order of speech) and spatial contiguity (eye‐contacts, body movements) systematically affected the estimated frequency of agreement among discussion participants. Similar biases were obtained in a memory test for the observed opinion statements which also suggests that intensional information (structural similarity of the discussants' arguments) influenced the cognitive representation of the contingencies. An attentional focus manipulation was also effective; attending to a certain pair of discussants resulted in higher agreement ratings for that pair. The implications of these findings for experiments which use purely statistical models of contingency as a normative criterion are discussed.
Influence of leadership processes on group polarization
Authors: Jesuino Jorge Correia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research attempted to examine underlying processes of group polarization under leadership conditions. One hundred and twenty‐two subjects formed in groups of four and five members answered to the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire first on an individual basis and then after group discussion. Experimental conditions were manipulated through different rules of group discussion and types of appointed leaders. It was found that leadership is associated both with group polarization and with group depolarization but whether the group polarizes or depolarizes is determined by the explicit or implicit group rules which act as a systemic decisional structure.
The intrusive commercial: Influence of aggressive TV commercials on aggression
Authors: Caprara G. V. , D'Imperio G. , Gentilomo A. , Mammucari A. , Renzi P. , Travaglia G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments have been conducted to investigate the aggression‐eliciting properties of an aggressive commercial.The first experiment investigated the influence of an aggressive commercial on subsequent delivery of shocks to a confederate by male or female subjects, in presence and in absence of previous instigation to aggress.The second experiment examined the heart rate modifications before, during and after exposure to the aggressive commercial.Twenty males and 20 females participated to each experiment.Findings justify the concern for the aggression‐eliciting properties of aggressive commercials.
A study of professional attitudes amongst architects
Authors: Vári‐Szilágyi Ibolya 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProfessional attitudes can be studied as expressed in the individual's opinions of conventional and more recent professional stereotypes. It was hypothesized that these opinions, together with their stability and change, depend mainly on the degree of professional identification, a higher degree of which inspires a more sew‐reliant and independent approach to professional work and thinking. The study was carried out with 58 young architects, exploring the differences between and changes in their images of the anticipated actual, empirical actual, and ideal architect. The results support the hypothesis concerning the role of professional identifcation and are in agreement with Tajfel's analysis of manifold social Junctions of stereotypes.
Determinants of help seeking behaviour: The effects of helper's similarity, task centrality and recipient's self esteem
Authors: Nadler Arie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present experiment was concerned with the way in which the characteristics of the helper the task and the recipient affect the willingness to seek help. In line with past theory and research it was reasoned that seeking help would be most threatening when one needs help on an ego ‐ central task, and the helper is perceived as similar to oneself. Consequently, individuals were expected to seek least help under these conditions. Further it was expected that individuals who enjoy a high self esteem would be more sensitive to this self threat and seek less help under these self threatening conditions than would individuals who have a low self esteem. The experiment consisted of a 2 (similar versus dissimilar helper) times 2 (ego‐central versus non central task) times 2 (high versus low self esteem subjects) between subjects design. Subjects worked on a difficult anagram task, and their actual help seeking behaviour served as a dependent measure. The findings support the experimental hypotheses. The conceptual and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
Social marking, socio‐cognitive conflict and cognitive development
Authors: Girotto Vittorio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study is concerned with assessing whether social marking, i.e. the correspondence between the cognitive solution of a task and the social relation expressed in the material, is a mechanism of cognitive progress which depends on specific forms of socio‐cognitive conflict or on presence of familiar social relations in the material. In the first experiment 5‐6‐year‐old non‐conserver children were selected during a pre‐test that comprised three spatial transformation tasks. During the test phase, 56 children worked on spatial transformation tasks with an adult partner in four socially marked conditions in which the correctness of the adult model varied. All subjects were individually post‐tested on the same tasks with unmarked content. Results showed that, under the same marked conditions in the test phase, more progress took place, at the post‐test phase, when subjects had interacted with an incorrect adult model than when they had interacted with a correct one. In the second experiment the hypothesis of an interaction between the nature of the material and the kind of social interaction was examined by means of a factorial design in which the factors were adult versus child partner and marked versus unmarked material. The procedures in the pre‐ and post‐test phase were carried out in the same way as in Experiment I. In the test phase 61 non‐conserver children interacted with partners who presented completely incorrect model. The results of post‐test phase indicated that there was a main effect of social marking although findings of a condition in which children interact with another child on unmarked material also have shown a certain amount of progress. The findings are discussed with respect to the psycho‐social model of cognitive development.
Ideal‐self, self‐focus and value‐behaviour consistency
Authors: Wojciszke Bogdan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to examine the role of the ‘idealism’ variable and sew‐focus in value‐behaviour consistency. The idealism variable was measured by means of a questionnaire (Idealism Scale–IS) devised by the author. The scale is based on the assumption that although every individual is able to declare his or her ideal‐self if requested, only some of them actually develop such a structure and use it in their behavioural choices. The first experiment revealed that the level of defensive attribution was a predictable function of the content of the ideal‐self for individuals with high scores on the IS to a greater extent than it was for low scorers. The second experiment showed that both high ‘idealism’ and situationally induced sew‐focus were necessary to obtain a predictable influence of the preference of the value ‘honesty’ on cheating behaviour. Processes which are likely to mediate between ideal‐self content and behaviour are discussed.
The effects of commitment to threats and promises upon bargaining behaviour and outcomes
Authors: McClintock Charles G. , Stech Frank J. , Beggan James K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe course of bargaining is determined in part by interdependent individuals exchanging messages so as to influence other's behaviour, and thereby to increase the likelihood of achieving outcomes consistent with their own goals. The communication of threats and promises are two major message strategies that are employed to influence the behaviour of others in a bargaining relationship. The present study examines the effects of players' level of commitment to these forms of message strategies upon behaviour in a duopoly bargaining task. Past research has oprationalized commitment in terms of the consistency with which an individual has followed through on threats or promises in the past. In the present research, Becker's (1960) concept of a side‐bet is employed to provide an alternative means for defining and manipulating commitment. A side‐bet obtains when either a threatener or a promiser posts a valued resource, say a bond, which they forfeit if they do not follow through on their stated threat or promise. The main expectations of the present study were that increased commitment to threat meassages would lead to more competitive behaviour and outcomes within a duopoly bargaining task, whereas increased commitment to promise messages would produce more cooperative behaviour and outcomes. Partial support for these major expectations, as well as confirmation of a number of secondary expectations, was obtained.
Two studies of Piaget's theory of moral judgment
Authors: Helkama Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationship between conservation skills and subjective responsibility (SR) in moral judgment was examined in two studies. The Kohlberg ontogenetic priority hypothesis stating that conversation is a necessary but not sufficient condition of SR was pitted against the common structural basis hypothesis advanced by Damon. Piaget's notion of heteronomy as a combination of preoperational thought and unilateral respect was studied by using the behavioural independence tasks by Subbotsky as indicators of unilateral respect. A teaching experiment using Galperin's and Obukhova's method to induce conservation indicated significant transfer from conservation to SR. SR was found to be more susceptible to regression over a 3–month period than conservation. Conservers were less likely to regress on SR than nonconservers. Unilateral respect was related to objective responsibility but not to conservation. Taken together the data fail to support Kohlberg's ontogenetic priority hypothesis and only partially support the Piaget and Damon model of a common underlying structure. It is concluded that SR judgments largely reflect individual judgmental strategies and the effect of conservation on SR is intepreted in terms of increasing cross‐situational consistency in the use of these strategies.
The knowledge‐structure and inductivist strategies in causal attribution: A direct comparison
Authors: Hilton Denis J. , Knibbs Christopher S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo different strategies for making causal attributions are distinguished. The first is the classic inductivist approach, which uses covariation information to arrive at causal attributions. The second is the knowledge‐structure approach, which uses information relevant to knowledge about plans and goals to explain behaviour. Two experiments are reported in which information activating both types of strategy is given. The results indicate that goal‐relevant information activates expectancies that resist the presence of explicit covariation information. The results are interpreted as indicating that expectancies generated by knowledge‐structures are therefore different to those activated by verbs, which do not resist the effect of explicit covariation information. It is concluded that knowledge‐structures constitute an alternative strategy of causal attribution to the inductivist strategy, and the nature of the relationship between the two strategies is considered.
Individual and social identities in intergroup relations
Authors: Doise Willem 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHenri Tajfel's contribution to the experimental study of intergroup relations is highlighted and recent complementary approaches are presented. The distinction between deductive and inductive aspects of social categorization and the links between within group and between group interaction and differentiation are commented. A plea is made for studying self as social representation and for considering ethical issues of intergroup relations.
Personal involvement and the evaluation of group products
Authors: Brown Jonathon D. , Schmidt Greg W. , Collins Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research examined favouritism in group product evaluations as a function of personal involvement. After being divided into groups on an arbitrary basis, subjects worked at a group brainstorming task. Some subjects then assessed the merits of their own group's product relative to that of an outgroup's product, whereas other subjects assessed the merits of an ingroup's product relative to that of an outgroup's product. In both conditions, a significant bias was observed such that owngroup and ingroup products were rated as superior to outgroup products. Moreover, this bias was equally strong regardless of whether subjects were appraising a product they had personally helped create. The implications of the findings for understanding the antecedents of group bias are considered.
Emotion and economic development — Data and speculations concerning the relationship between economic factors and emotional experience
Authors: Wallbott Harald G. , Scherer Klaus R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhile proponents of biological theories of emotion claim the existence of universal emotion and expression patterns, recent theories stress cognitive appraisal mechanisms as elicitors of emotion, thus suggesting the influence of cultural and social factors on emotional experience and emotional expression. Data from a large‐scale questionnaire study with about 2400 respondents in 30 countries allowed us to test that notion in part. In this study, respondents had to describe in detail situations in which they had experienced the emotions of joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, shame, and guilt. The results indicate that emotional expression patterns do seem to be universal, while characteristics of the subjectively experienced emotion, in particular its duration and intensity, show a high variance across country samples. An attempt is made to link these differences to economic data for the different countries, specifically to the gross national product. The rather striking differences found between ‘rich’ and boor' countries are discussed in terms of the frequency of confrontation with emotion eliciting situations and the importance of such situations.
The experimental study of internal and external conformity on time perception
Authors: Tasaki Toshiaki , Kano Soro , Yoshitake Kumiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine how external conformity affect internal conformity in the conditions in which the degree of discrepancy between majority opinion and physical reality are different. The 106 subjects were divided into eight groups of 2 (male and female) × 2 (high external conformer and low one) × 2 (large discrepancy and small one). We found the effect of interaction between discrepancy condition and external conformity to internal conformity.
The role of reasons in the ingroup bias phenomenon
Authors: Hong Okhee Park , Harrod Wendy Jean 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing a ‘near minimal ’ group paradigm (see Taifel et al., 1971), this research tested whether the reasons people think about following group categorization can account for the magnitude of ingroup bias. College students were randomly assigned to four conditions. These conditions instructed subjects either to think about reasons for ingroup choice (‘ingroup’ condition), outgroup choice (‘outgroup’), to think about anything they wanted (‘basic’), or to think about distracting activities (‘distraction’). The hypothesized ordering of ingroup bias and polarized attitudes was: ingroup > basic > distraction > outgroup. The results support both hypotheses. The meaning of these results are discussed in relation to social identity theory and Billig's (1985) rhetorical approach to prejudice.
The recoding of social orientations with ranking and pair comparison procedures
Authors: Schulz U. , May T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRanking and pair comparison methods are proposed for the recording of individual social orientations. The experimental data were analysed with random utility models that were specially developed by the authors. The utility functions used contain almost all the social motives discussed in the literature as special cases. In order to classify the subjects into classes of similar social orientation, a procedure was proposed that was based on the particular utility function. The experiments were carried out with 144 subjects. The proposed recording methods and analysis procedures proved to be suitable. Results showed that not only simple social Orientation, such as individualism, competition, etc., could be observed in the subjects, but that orientations with more complex utility functions could also be found that have not previously been reported in the literature. The classification of the orientations using both methods showed a high level of agreement.
When collaboration leads to regression: Some negative consequences of socio‐cognitive conflict
Authors: Tudge Jonathan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPiagetian scholars have argued that cognitive development is fostered by peer social interaction, brought about by ‘socio‐cognitive conflict’ between conserver‐non‐conserver pairs. The nonconservers often attain conservation after having discussed their different opinions with conserving peers, whereas the conservers do not regress to non conservation. These results are generally taken to indicate the beneficial impact of such peer interaction.In this research, carried out with one sample in the United States and one in the Soviet Union, socio‐cognitive conflict was engendered between pairs of 5–7 year‐olds who were differentiated by their level of thinking about a mathematical balance beam. Contrary to the results reported by the Piagetians, regression was found to be at least as likely as development. The results are discussed in terms of differences between research in the domain of conservation and research in a related domain in which children's levels of thinking and degree of confidence are not confounded.
Influencing food preferences of children by ‘if‐then’ type instructions
Authors: Mikula Gerold 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to examine the effects which ‘if‐then’ instructions of the type ‘if you eat X’, then you will get Y, have on the evaluation of the foods addressed in the ‘if’ and the ‘then’ parts of the instructions, respectively. Based on research on intrinsic motivation it was hypothesized that liking for food X that one is induced to eat by means of ‘if‐then’ instructions will be impaired, whereas liking for food Y offered as a reward for the consumption of X will be enhanced.Experiment 1 revealed an enhancement of liking effect for the ‘then’food lasting for at least six weeks, but no impairment of liking for the ‘if’ food. Experiment 2 explored the possibility of reducing children's dislike for foods by means of paradoxical ‘if‐then’ instructions presenting the disliked food in the ‘then’ position as a reward for the consumption of another food. No significant effects were obtained in this study. Experiment 3 examined the effects of introducing yet unknown foods to children by means of ‘if‐then’ instructions. Results revealed that liking for the new food is impaired when it is the ‘if’food, but is enhanced when it is offered in the ‘then’ position. Discussion is centered on the possibility that the effects of ‘if‐then’ instructions are more pronounced in single trial compared to multi‐trial treatment conditions.
Attribution of leadership in a resource management situation
Authors: Wit A. P. , Wilke H. A. M. , Van Dijk E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a resource management game we investigated how regular group members respond to a leader who promotes group success or fails to do so, while operating in a predictable or totally unpredictable environment. The subjects (N = 110) were confronted with a bogus leader who purportedly took decisions on behalf of the whole group. Performance of the leader and Predictability of the environment were manipulated by means of a 2 × 2 factorial design.As predicted, a failing leader received weaker endorsement than a successful leader (Performance main effect). The Performance × Predictability interaction effect was ascribed to two circumstances: (a) As predicted by the attributional approach of leadership (Calder, 1977; Pfeffer, 1977), endorsement of a successful leader was weaker in the Unpredictable than in the Predictable environment. However, (b) endorsement of a failing leader was not significantly weaker in the Predictable than in the Unpredictable environment. Additional data showed that regular group members' attributions played a mediating role.
Social psychology and the wrong revolution
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany social psychologists take increasing comfort in cognitive explanations of human action. This paper first attempts to demonstrate that cognitively based formulations not only delimit the possibilities for social understanding, but create a range of intractable conceptual problems. If real world events are reduced to cognitive representations of the world, then social events cease to exist for the discipline as legitimate foci of concern. Further, once the reality of cognition is granted, there is no conceptual means of viably explaining either the origins or acquisition of cognitive categories (schemas, representations, etc.), or the relationship between cognition and action. The paper then goes on to argue that the cognitive revolution in psychology blinds the discipline to the far more pervasive revolution occurring elsewhere in the intellectual world, that of social epistemology. When cognition is replaced by language as the major means for representing the world, then the individual is replaced by the social relationship as the central focus of concern. Theory and research within the framework of social epistemology are reviewed and their implications discussed.
Understanding friends and strangers: The effects of audience design on message comprehension
Authors: Fussell Susan R. , Krauss Robert M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPairs of friends wrote descriptions of abstract stimuli for one another. Later, each subject attempted to identify the referents of three sets of messages: those created by the subject, those created by the friend, and those created by a stranger for his J her own friend. Subjects were most accurate with their own messages, but, more interestingly, they were more accurate with their friends' than with strangers' messages. The lexical characteristics and content of messages for friends were compared with those intended for a generic ‘other student’ or for oneself in Fussell and Krauss (1989). Contrary to our expectations, friends' messages were similar to those for another student in length, vocabulary distribution, and figurative language use, while both differed significantly from messages for oneself: The findings are discussed within a ‘common ground’ framework for communication.