bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX)
Authors: Pan Xiaoping , Zhang Baohong , Tian Kang , Jones Lindsey E. , Liu Jun , Anderson Todd A. , Wang Jia‐Sheng , Cobb George P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA quantitative liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of the explosive, octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX). In negative ionization mode, HMX forms an acetate adduct ion [M + CH3COO]−, m/z 355, in the presence of a small amount of acetic acid in the mobile phase. The ESI collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectrum of m/z 355 was acquired and the transitions m/z 355 → 147 and m/z 355 → 174 were chosen for the determination of HMX in samples. Using this quantification technique, the method detection limit was 1.57 µg/L and good linearity was achieved in the range 5–500 µg/L. This method will help to unambiguously analyze environmentally relevant concentrations of HMX. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for in‐process monitoring and managing cross‐contamination in a high‐throughput high‐performance liquid chromatography assay with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Chang Min S. , Kim Elaine J. , El‐Shourbagy Tawakol A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCross‐contamination among wells of a high‐throughput, high‐density assay is a risk that cannot be detected or controlled by the performance of calibration standards and quality control samples. In the current practice, carryover and cross‐contamination is detected only when analytes are detected in blank, zero, placebo, pre‐dose samples, in a low standard or low quality control sample. There is no mechanism that allows bioanalytical scientists to determine if cross‐contamination has occurred among other samples. As a result, erroneous results can be released to clients even though a batch meets the acceptance criteria. We tested a new approach that quantifies the cross‐contamination of each sample and allows the scientist to make quality decisions with documentation. The approach will also detect carryover in over 90% of the wells. Briefly, two additional analytes were added as contamination markers. The markers were added to a multi‐well plate alternatively creating a pattern of a checkerboard. The spiked multi‐well plate was then used to perform the assay. If both markers were detected in a well, the sample was considered contaminated. The amount of the unexpected marker detected in a well measures the degree of contamination and may be used to make deactivation decisions. Depending on the relative impact of the contamination, a scientist can choose to tolerate the bias, reject the sample, reject the batch or raise the lower limit of quantitation for the batch. A guideline for rejection decisions is presented for discussion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A deflection system to reduce the interference from post‐source decay product ions in photodissociation tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Yoon So Hee , Moon Jeong Hee , Choi Kyung Mi , Kim Myung Soo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA deflection system consisting of four deflectors was designed and used to reduce the interference from post‐source decay (PSD) product ions in photodissociation (PD) tandem time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. For simple protonated peptides generated by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization, the presence of PSD product ions at the laser irradiation spot was found to noticeably alter the minor peaks in the PD spectra even though the major ones were hardly affected. Other benefits from the use of the deflection system such as the improvement in the resolving power in PSD tandem mass spectra are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UPLC/MSE; a new approach for generating molecular fragment information for biomarker structure elucidation
Authors: Plumb Robert S. , Johnson Kelly A. , Rainville Paul , Smith Brian W. , Wilson Ian D. , Castro‐Perez Jose M. , Nicholson Jeremy K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe original article to which this Addendum refers was published in Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 1989–1994
A combined superiority and non‐inferiority approach to multiple endpoints in clinical trials
Authors: Bloch Daniel A. , Lai Tze Leung , Su Zheng , Tubert‐Bitter Pascale 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTreatment comparisons in clinical trials often involve multiple endpoints. By making use of bootstrap tests, we develop a new non‐parametric approach to multiple‐endpoint testing that can be used to demonstrate non‐inferiority of a new treatment for all endpoints and superiority for some endpoint when it is compared to an active control. It is shown that this approach does not incur a large multiplicity cost in sample size to achieve reasonable power and that it can incorporate complex dependencies in the multivariate distributions of all outcome variables for the two treatments via bootstrap resampling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A score test for overdispersion in zero‐inflated poisson mixed regression model
Authors: Xiang Liming , Lee Andy H. , Yau Kelvin K. W. , McLachlan Geoffrey J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCount data with extra zeros are common in many medical applications. The zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression model is useful to analyse such data. For hierarchical or correlated count data where the observations are either clustered or represent repeated outcomes from individual subjects, a class of ZIP mixed regression models may be appropriate. However, the ZIP parameter estimates can be severely biased if the non‐zero counts are overdispersed in relation to the Poisson distribution. In this paper, a score test is proposed for testing the ZIP mixed regression model against the zero‐inflated negative binomial alternative. Sampling distribution and power of the test statistic are evaluated by simulation studies. The results show that the test statistic performs satisfactorily under a wide range of conditions. The test procedure is applied to pancreas disorder length of stay that comprised mainly same‐day separations and simultaneous prolonged hospitalizations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis and comparison of Java distributed architectures
Authors: Rozman Ivan , Juric Matjaz B. , Golob Izidor , Hericko Marjan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this article we have undertaken a qualitative and quantitative comparison of common approaches used to develop distributed solutions in Java: RMI and Web services for regular unsecured communication, RMI‐SSL and WS‐Security for secure communication and authentication, and HTTP‐to‐port and HTTP‐to‐CGI/servlet tunnelling for RMI communication through firewalls and proxies. We have performed a functional comparison that helps with the selection of the most appropriate approach. We have also carried out a detailed performance analysis with the identification of major bottlenecks, identification of design and implementation guidelines for distributed applications, and specification of optimizations for distributed middleware. This article contributes to the understanding of different approaches for developing Java distributed applications, provides detailed performance analysis, presents design and implementation guidelines, and identifies the major performance overheads. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application kernel approach—a novel approach for adding SMP support to uniprocessor operating systems
Authors: Kågström Simon , Grahn Håkan , Lundberg Lars 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe current trend of using multiprocessor computers for server applications requires operating system adaptations to take advantage of more powerful hardware. However, modifying large bodies of software is very costly and time consuming, and the cost of porting an operating system to a multiprocessor might not be motivated by the potential performance benefits. In this paper we present a novel method, theapplication kernel approach, for adaption of an existing uniprocessor kernel to multiprocessor hardware. Our approach considers the existing uniprocessor kernel as a ‘black box’, to which no or very small changes are made. Instead, the original kernel runs operating system services unmodified on one processor whereas the other processors execute applications on top of a small custom kernel. We have implemented the application kernel for the Linux operating system, which illustrates that the approach can be realized with fairly small resources. We also present an evaluation of the performance and complexity of our approach, where we show that it is possible to achieve good performance while at the same time keeping the implementation complexity low. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxime palladacycles revisited: stone‐stable complexes nonetheless very active catalysts
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Alonso Diego A. , Botella Luis , Nájera Carmen , Pacheco Ma Carmen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOur review critically presents the main achievements, advantages, and limitations of oxime palladacycles as high‐turnover catalysts for Heck, as well as homo‐ and cross‐coupling reactions such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, Ullmann‐type, Cassar–Heck–Sonogashira, sila‐Sonogashira, Glaser‐type, Hiyama, and alkoxycarbonylation reactions. New developments in this area are reviewed from a mechanistic and synthetic point of view. The role of oxime palladacycles as a source of highly active zero‐valent palladium species is also discussed. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 117–132; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20077
Catalysts for new tasks: preparation and applications of tunable ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis
Authors: Grela Karol , Michrowska Anna , Bieniek Michał 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA continuous survey across structures, made over the past decades, has led to the development of highly active olefin metathesis catalysts for sophisticated synthetic tasks and for polymer technology. In this paper, our efforts toward novel and improved ruthenium complexes with even better performance in olefin metathesis are described. Oxygen ether derivatives 3, pioneered by Hoveyda, exhibit high activity and possess excellent functional group tolerance. We have successfully fine‐tuned catalyst 3b to increase its activity and applicability by the introduction of electron‐withdrawing groups to diminish the donor properties of the oxygen atom. As a result, the stable and easily accessible nitro‐substituted catalyst 6 has found a number of successful applications in various research and industrial laboratories. We were intrigued by the possibility to further fine‐tune the Hoveyda‐type catalysts by combining two activating effects—steric and electronic—in a single catalyst. This was possible to achieve in so‐called scorpio carbenes, which are currently under investigation in our laboratory. These modifications can be used not only to control the catalyst activity, but also to alter its physical–chemical properties, such as solubility in a given medium or an affinity to silica gel. An example of immobilization strategy based on this concept is presented. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 144–156; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20079
Silsesquioxane‐based nanocomposite dendrimers with photo‐luminescent and charge transport properties
Authors: Lo Mee Yoon , Ueno Kazunori , Tanabe Hiroshi , Sellinger Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS)‐based nanocomposite dendrimers with luminescent and charge transport properties are reported. The nanocomposite dendrimers were prepared in high yield using mild Heck chemistry of mono‐haloaromatic compounds with the peripheral vinylsilane groups of OVS. Attachment of 2‐naphthalene, 2‐(9,9‐dimethyl)fluorene, and 2‐(4‐phenyl)‐5‐(1‐naphthyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole resulted in materials with blue‐violet emission (360–380 nm) and photo‐luminescent quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) from 1 to 26%. Blue‐green emission was observed for attachment of 1‐pyrene, 9‐anthracene, and N1‐(4‐phenyl)‐N1,N4,N4‐triphenylbenzene‐1,4‐diamine with PLQEs ranging from 23 to 50%. Despite the planar characteristics of the organic dendrons, the nanocomposite dendrimers are completely amorphous and have high glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 115 to 186°C with decomposition temperatures (Td) exceeding 450°C. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight shows that unlike traditional Heck chemistry, haloaromatic compounds are adding twice across the vinylsilane groups. Finally, organic light emitting diodes using the aromatic amine‐based dendrimer as hole injection layers show 55% improvement in device efficiency over traditional materials (5.16 vs. 3.24 cd A−1) with brightness levels exceeding 40,000 cd m−2. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 157–168; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20080
Postsurgical Infections are Reduced with Specialized Nutrition Support
Authors: Waitzberg Dan L. , Saito Hideaki , Plank Lindsay D. , Jamieson Glyn G. , Jagannath Palepu , Hwang Tsann‐Long , Mijares Juan M. , Bihari David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to examine the relationship between pre‐, peri‐, and postoperative specialized nutritional support with immune‐modulating nutrients and postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing elective surgery.MethodsStudies were identified by searching MEDLINE, review article bibliographies, and abstracts and proceedings of scientific meetings. All randomized clinical trials in which patients were supplemented by the IMPACT formula before and/or after elective surgery and the clinical outcomes reported were included in the meta‐analysis. Seventeen studies (n = 2,305), 14 published (n = 2,102), and 3 unpublished (n = 203), fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ten studies (n = 1,392) examined the efficacy of pre‐ or perioperative IMPACT supplementation in patients undergoing elective surgery, whereas 7 (n = 913) assessed postoperative efficacy. Fourteen of the studies (n = 2,083) involved gastrointestinal (GI) surgical patients. Postoperative complications, mortality, and length of stay in hospital (LOS) were major outcomes of interest.ResultsIMPACT supplementation, in general, was associated with significant (39%–61%) reductions in postoperative infectious complications and a significant decrease in LOS in hospital by an average of 2 days. The greatest improvement in postoperative outcomes was observed in patients receiving specialized nutrition support as part of their preoperative treatment. In GI surgical patients, anastomotic leaks were 46% less prevalent when IMPACT supplementation was part of the preoperative treatment.ConclusionThis study identifies a dosage (0.5–1 l/day) and duration (supplementation for 5–7 days before surgery) of IMPACT that contributes to improved outcomes of morbidity in elective surgery patients, particularly those undergoing GI surgical procedures. The cost effectiveness of such practice is supported by recent health economic analysis. Findings suggest preoperative IMPACT use for the prophylaxis of postoperative complications in elective surgical patients.
Partial Median Sternotomy: An Attractive Approach to Mediastinal Parathyroid Disease
Authors: Gold Jason S. , Donovan Patricia I. , Udelsman Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundParathyroid exploration through a standard cervical approach is adequate for the resection of most mediastinal parathyroid glands. A subset of mediastinal parathyroid glands causing hyperparathyroidism, however, cannot be removed in this manner.Study DesignWe reviewed our experience with the use of partial median sternotomy in the treatment of these patients.ResultsOver a 14‐year period, all but 10 of 937 (1.1%) consecutive patients explored for hyperparathyroidism by a single endocrine surgeon were treated by a cervical approach. Partial median sternotomy was performed in 10 cases and was successful in seven cases (70%), with conversion to a complete sternotomy being required in three cases. Six of these seven patients had failed a previous parathyroid exploration (86%), including one patient who had a previous complete sternotomy. Cure of hyperparathyroidism was achieved in all seven patients undergoing partial median sternotomy. In five patients a mediastinal parathyroid gland was removed (71%), and in one patient a parathyroid adenoma in the carotid sheath was eventually found, and the location of the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland in one patient was never determined although the patient was cured. The mean length of hospital stay after a partial median sternotomy was 2.6 days. One patient sustained a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury at the time of a repeat cervical exploration and partial median sternotomy.ConclusionsRarely, mediastinal parathyroid glands cannot be resected through a cervical approach. In these cases the use of partial median sternotomy is an attractive technique in achieving cure of hyperparathyroidism and is associated with minimal morbidity and a short length of hospital stay.
Clinical Trial Results Applied to Management of the Individual Cancer Patient
Authors: Jatoi Ismail , Proschan Michael A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe application of clinical trial results to the management of the individual cancer patient is not always straightforward. The results of a clinical trial indicate the “average” effect of an intervention, often expressed in terms of an absolute risk reduction, which is an estimate of the likelihood of benefit for a particular patient. However, within any clinical trial, there might be differences between groups of patients in underlying pathology, genetics, or biology, and some patients might benefit more from a new treatment than others. Thus, within a clinical trial, it might also be useful to group together patients with similar characteristics, and test for subgroup interaction. The test for interaction will indicate whether the magnitude of benefit differs from one prognostic subgroup to the next (a quantitative interaction). Much less common are qualitative interactions, in which a new treatment is beneficial in one subgroup but harmful in another. If the test for subgroup interaction is significant, then the effects of treatment may indeed differ between subgroups of patients, but this should be confirmed in other trials before a treatment is implemented in clinical practice.
Tidal and diurnal variations in larval fish abundance in an estuarine inlet in Ariake Bay, Japan: implication for selective tidal stream transport
Authors: Islam Md. Shahidul , Hibino Manabu , Tanaka Masaru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have conducted a preliminary study of tidal and diurnal variations in the distribution of dominant larval and juvenile fishes in the Chikugo River inlet (Ariake Bay, Kyushu, Japan) to determine whether selective tidal stream transport (STST) occurs. Larval and juvenile fish were collected from the mesohaline zone of the Chikugo River inlet during spring 2002. Temperature, salinity, depth, and current velocity were measured. Larval and juvenile abundance were compared among four tidal conditions, flooding tide, high tide, ebbing tide, and low tide, and between day and night. A total of 12 families, 15 species, and 5,577 individuals were collected. Temperature did not vary significantly with tidal conditions whereas salinity, depth, and current velocity varied significantly. Salinity also was correlated significantly and positively with depth. The abundance of most of the fishes was correlated positively and significantly with salinity and depth. Lateolabrax japonicus, Trachidermus fasciatus, Acanthogobius hasta, and other gobiid larvae (Gobiidae spp.) were significantly more abundant during high tide; in contrast, Coilia nasus and Neosalanx reganius were most abundant during low tide. The abundance of most of the fishes was higher during high tides at night than during the day, indicating the existence of STST, which may be strategically associated with ascending progress to upstream nursery areas.
Comorbidity of low back pain: Representative outcomes of a national health study in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schneider Sven , Mohnen Sigrid M. , Schiltenwolf Marcus , Rau Christoph 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:Unlike other biopsychosocial risk factors, the role of comorbidity in low back pain is largely unknown.Aims:The purpose is (1) to generate prevalence data on back pain in the total adult population and (2) to identify the most common physical comorbidities in subjects with back pain. This paper also (3) analyses the gender‐specific and age‐specific comorbidity structure.Methods:The National German Health Survey is the first study to provide the basis for a representative nationwide analysis of back pain prevalence and the associated comorbidities. The net sample comprises a total of 7124 Germans aged 18–79.Results:One in three Germans (34%) experienced back pain during the seven days prior to being interviewed. The one‐year prevalence rate is 59%. All the morbidities investigated by us are more common in subjects with back pain than in individuals without back pain. The most common comorbidities associated with back pain are musculoskeletal disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, followed by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.Conclusions:The present study investigating 31 physical diseases is the most extensive analysis to date on the topic of back pain and comorbidity. This is an attempt to cast light on the tangled relationships involved in developing and coping with back pain. In view of the large percentage of unspecific back pain, we believe it is important for physicians treating back pain to extend their history and diagnostic analysis skills to embrace comorbidities related to the back pain.
Modelling Caspian sturgeon population dynamics: a new paradigm and new technology
Authors: Karayev Robert A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Currently, many problems beset sustainable management of Caspian sturgeon stocks, some outside the traditional theory of fishery management. Successfully solving such problems requires different models of population dynamics, reflecting the phenomenological properties of sturgeon stocks, the consequences of their overexploitation, and issues relating to environmental pressure on the ecosystem in which they live. Of the many analytical tools available to address the various questions, problem-orientated models are few. Their development demands a new approach, a new modelling paradigm, and new modelling tools that meet the modern ideas of ecosystem analysis and cognitive theory. This paper offers one such new paradigm and describes a knowledge-based modelling technique that may provide realization of this paradigm. A problem-orientated version of knowledge-based models is described, the applicability of such models in attempting to solve the practical issues of sturgeon fisheries management is reviewed, and an example of model implementation is given.