bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age‐Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits1
Authors: Warner Kelly L. , Morrow William S. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground‐water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age‐dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age/pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and/or ground‐water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground‐water ages predating initial pesticide application.
Type IVB Pilus Operon Promoter Controlling Expression of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Gene in
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi Elicits Full Immune Response by Intranasal Vaccination
Authors: Luo Fengling , Feng Yong , Liu Min , Li Pingfei , Pan Qin , Jeza Victor Tunje , Xia Bing , Wu Jianguo , Zhang Xiao-Lian 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Attenuated
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi strains have been considered to be attractive as potential live oral delivery vector vaccines because of their ability to elicit the full array of immune responses in humans. In this study, we constructed an attenuated
S. enterica
serovar Typhi strain stably expressing conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) by integrating the N gene into the
pilV
gene, which was under the control of the type IVB pilus operon promoter in
S. enterica
serovar Typhi. BALB/c mice were immunized with this recombinant strain through different routes: intranasally, orogastrically, intraperitoneally, and intravenously. Results showed that the intranasal route caused the highest production of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG2a, and secretory IgA, where IgG2a was imprinted as a Th1 cell bias. Moreover, this recombinant live vaccine induced significantly high levels of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities and increased gamma interferon-producing T cells compared with the parental strain. Our work provides insights into how the type IVB pilus operon promoter controlling SARS-CoV N gene expression in
Salmonella
might be attractive for a live-vector vaccine against SRAS-CoV infection, for it could induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses. Our work also indicates that the type IVB pilus operon promoter controlling foreign gene expression in
Salmonella
can elicit full immune responses by intranasal vaccination.
First Pulmonary Case Reported in Argentina of Infection with
Mycobacterium szulgai
, a Rare Pathogen
Authors: Gutierrez M. , Feola M. , Lenge L. , Rey R. , Hoffman M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium szulgai
is a rare pathogen. Nontuberculous mycobacteria usually produce disease in people with some kind of immunosuppression or another predisposing condition. A case of pulmonary
Mycobacterium szulgai
infection is described.
Comparison of the Abbott 7000 and Bayer 340 Systems for Measurement of Hepatitis C Virus Load
Authors: Highbarger Helene C. , Hu Zonghui , Kottilil Shyam , Metcalf Julia A. , Polis Michael A. , Vasudevachari M. B. , Lane H. Clifford , Dewar Robin L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

This study compared two commercially available assays for the measurement of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels, the Bayer HCV RNA (version 3.0) branched DNA assay and the Abbott HCV analyte-specific reagent real-time PCR assay, to assess their quantitative relationships, ease of performance, and time to completion. The study group consisted of randomly selected patients from the NIAID human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outpatient clinic who were infected with HIV type 1 and HCV. One hundred eighty-four samples from 66 patients coinfected with HIV and HCV receiving treatments under various protocols were analyzed for the correlation and agreement of the results. The results indicated that the two assays correlate well in the overlapping linear ranges of the assays and show good agreement. From the results obtained, we have derived a mathematical formula to compare the viral load results between the two assays, which is given as log
10
Abbott assay measure = 0.032 + 1.01 log
10
Bayer assay measure. Although it is preferable to use the same quantitation assay throughout the course of a patient's treatment, valid comparisons of the HCV RNA levels may be made between the results obtained by either of these assays in the overlapping linear range (615 to 7,700,000 IU/ml).
Multicenter Study To Evaluate Bloodstream Infection by
Helicobacter cinaedi
in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Tetsuya , Goto Mieko , Murakami Hinako , Tanaka Takashi , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Ono Emi , Okada Chikako , Sawabe Etsuko , Yagoshi Michiko , Yoneyama Akiko , Okuzumi Katsuko , Tateda Kazuhiro , Misawa Naoaki , Yamaguchi Keizo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter cinaedi
has being recognized as an important human pathogen which causes bloodstream infections. Although the first case of bacteremia with this pathogen in Japan was reported in 2003, the true prevalence of
H. cinaedi
as a pathogen of bloodstream infections in this country is not yet known. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the incidence of bacteremia with
H. cinaedi
in Japan. We conducted a prospective, multicenter analysis in 13 hospitals during 6 months in Tokyo, Japan. Among positive blood cultures from 1 October 2003 to 31 March 2004, isolates suspected of being
Helicobacter
species were studied for further microbial identification. Identification of the organisms was based on their biochemical traits and the results of molecular analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. A total of 16,743 blood culture samples were obtained during the study period, and 2,718 samples (17.7%) yielded positive culture results for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Among nine isolates suspected to be
Helicobacter
species, six isolates were finally identified as
H. cinaedi
. The positivity rate for
H. cinaedi
in blood culture was 0.06% of total blood samples and 0.22% of blood samples with any positive culture results. All patients with bacteremia with
H. cinaedi
were found to have no human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but many of them had complications with either malignancy, renal failure, or a history of surgical operation. Therefore, our results suggest that bacteremia with
H. cinaedi
is rare but can occur in compromised hosts other than those with HIV infection in Japan.
MultiCode-PLx System for Multiplexed Detection of Seventeen Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Nolte Frederick S. , Marshall David J. , Rasberry Christopher , Schievelbein Sabina , Banks Grier G. , Storch Gregory A. , Arens Max Q. , Buller Richard S. , Prudent James R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The MultiCode-PLx system (EraGen Biosciences, Inc., Madison, WI) for the detection of respiratory viruses uses an expanded genetic alphabet, multiplex PCR chemistry, and microsphere flow cytometry to rapidly detect and specifically identify 17 different respiratory viruses directly in clinical specimens. The MultiCode-PLx system was tested in parallel with direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) staining and rapid shell vial culture (R-mix cells; Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. Athens, OH) with 354 respiratory specimens from adult patients that were submitted to the clinical virology laboratory at the Emory University Hospital. Single-target PCRs were performed with retained samples to confirm the positive results obtained with the MultiCode-PLx system for viruses not covered by DFA and R-mix culture (metapneumovirus, coronaviruses [CoV], parainfluenza viruses 4a and 4b, and rhinoviruses) and to resolve any discrepancies between the DFA and R-mix culture and the MultiCode-PLx results for viruses common to both systems. Respiratory viruses were detected in 77 (21.8%) and 116 (32.7%) specimens by DFA and R-mix culture and with the MultiCode-PLx system, respectively. Among the viruses common to both systems, the MultiCode-PLx system detected significantly more influenza A viruses (
P
= 0.0026). An additional increased diagnostic yield with the MultiCode-PLx system resulted from the detection of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in 9 specimens, human CoV (HCoV) in 3 specimens, and human rhinovirus (HRV) in 16 specimens. Also, two mixed viral infections were detected by the MultiCode-PLx system (HCoV OC43 and HRV infections and HMPV and HRV infections), but none were detected by DFA and R-mix culture. Single-target PCRs verified the results obtained with the MultiCode-PLx system for 73 of 81 (90.1%) specimens that had discordant results or that were not covered by DFA and R-mix culture. The MultiCode-PLx system provides clinical laboratories with a practical, rapid, and sensitive means for the massively multiplexed molecular detection of common respiratory viruses.
Convenient Test Using a Combination of Chelating Agents for Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamases in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Kim Soo-Young , Hong Seong Geun , Moland Ellen S. , Thomson Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Although transmissible metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a serious threat to β-lactam antibiotic therapy, the CLSI currently does not recommend testing methods for the detection of MBLs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of double-disk tests (DDTs) by using disks containing a combination of the chelators 2-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and Tris-EDTA (TE) to detect MBLs. Sixteen isolates (4
Acinetobacter baumannii
isolates, 6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates, 1
Serratia marcescens
isolate, 1
Aeromonas hydrophila
isolate, 1
Aeromonas veronii
isolate, 2
Chryseobacterium meningosepticum
isolates, and 1
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
isolate) producing IMP-1, IMP-1-like, IMP-18, GIM-1, SPM-1, VIM-2, VIM-2-like, and chromosomal MBLs and 20 isolates (7
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates, 3
Escherichia coli
isolates, 5
Enterobacter cloacae
isolates, 2
S. marcescens
isolates, 1
Proteus mirabilis
isolate, and 2
A. baumannii
isolates) producing non-MBL carbapenemases, AmpC β-lactamases, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases were tested. The DDT method was evaluated by using four types of chelator disks (TE, high-strength TE, MPA, and TE plus 20 μl of MPA [at various concentrations]) and the β-lactams imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), ertapenem (ERT), and ceftazidime (CAZ). DDTs with IPM and a TE disk supplemented with 1:320 MPA detected all MBLs and yielded no false-positive results. Some, but not all, MBL producers were detected in IPM-based tests involving the single chelator TE or MPA alone or by ERT- or CAZ-based tests. IPM-based tests with MPA concentrations other than 1:320 and all MEM-based tests had suboptimal sensitivities or specificities. DDT with IPM and a TE disk supplemented with 20 μl of 1:320 MPA appears to be convenient for the detection of MBLs in the clinical laboratory.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infects and Abortively Replicates in the Lungs in Spite of Preexisting Immunity
Authors: Boukhvalova Marina S. , Prince Gregory A. , Blanco Jorge C. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in young children and a serious health risk in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. Immunity to RSV is not completely understood. In this work, we established a method for monitoring RSV infection by real-time PCR and applied this method for analysis of RSV replication in vivo in the cotton rat model in naïve animals and in animals rendered immune to RSV by prior RSV infection. We found that even though no virus could be isolated from the lungs of RSV-challenged immune animals, RSV infection in fact took place and an accumulation of viral RNA transcripts was observed. This type of replication, therefore, can be termed “abortive,” as RSV is capable of entering the cells in the lungs of immune animals, yet the production of progeny viruses is impaired. Similar patterns of RSV gene expression gradient were observed between naïve and reinfected animals, indicating that the skewing of mRNA gradient of viral gene expression, a mechanism documented during latent infection by other viruses, is not likely to be responsible for abortive replication of RSV during reinfection. We found that passive administration of antibodies to RSV prevents productive infection normally accompanied by viral release in the lung, but it does not prevent abortive replication of the virus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of abortive replication of RSV in vivo.
Bovine Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein Inhibits Anoikis
Authors: DeMasi Joseph , Chao Michael C. , Kumar Ashu S. , Howley Peter M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E7 oncoprotein is required for the full transformation activity of the virus. Although BPV-1 E7 by itself is not sufficient to induce cellular transformation, it enhances the abilities of the other BPV-1 oncogenes to induce anchorage independence. We have been exploring the mechanisms by which E7 might affect the transformation efficiency of other viral oncoproteins and in particular whether it might protect cells from apoptosis. We report here that BPV-1 E6 and E7 can each independently inhibit anoikis, a type of apoptosis that is induced upon cell detachment. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined regions of the E7 protein that were essential for its antiapoptotic activity. The ability of E7 to inhibit anoikis did partially correlate with an ability to enhance anchorage independence of BPV-1 E6-transformed cells. In addition, the antiapoptotic activity of E7 also only partially correlated with its ability to bind p600, a cellular protein that has previously been reported to play a role in anoikis. We conclude that the contribution of E7 to BPV-induced cellular transformation may involve its ability to inhibit anoikis but that additional functional activities must also be involved.
Human Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression Is Silenced by Daxx-Mediated Intrinsic Immune Defense in Model Latent Infections Established In Vitro
Authors: Saffert Ryan T. , Kalejta Robert F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn addition to productive lytic infections, herpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establish a reservoir of latently infected cells that permit lifelong colonization of the host. When latency is established, the viral immediate-early (IE) genes that initiate the lytic replication cycle are not expressed. HCMV IE gene expression at the start of a lytic infection is facilitated by the viral pp71 protein, which is delivered to cells by infectious viral particles. pp71 neutralizes the Daxx-mediated cellular intrinsic immune defense that silences IE gene expression by generating a repressive chromatin structure on the viral major IE promoter (MIEP). In naturally latently infected cells and in cells latently infected in vitro, the MIEP also adopts a similar silenced chromatin structure. Here we analyze the role of Daxx in quiescent HCMV infections in vitro that mimic some, but not all, of the characteristics of natural latency. We show that in these “latent-like” infections, the Daxx-mediated defense that represses viral gene expression is not disabled because pp71 and Daxx localize to different cellular compartments. We demonstrate that Daxx is required to establish quiescent HCMV infections in vitro because in cells that would normally foster the establishment of these latent-like infections, the loss of Daxx causes the lytic replication cycle to be initiated. Importantly, the lytic cycle is inefficiently completed, which results in an abortive infection. Our work demonstrates that, in certain cell types, HCMV must silence its own gene expression to establish quiescence and prevent abortive infection and that the virus usurps a Daxx-mediated cellular intrinsic immune defense mechanism to do so. This identifies Daxx as one of the likely multiple viral and cellular determinants in the pathway of HCMV quiescence in vitro, and perhaps in natural latent infections as well.
De Novo Protein Synthesis Is Required for Lytic Cycle Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus, but Not Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, in Response to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Protein Kinase C Agonists
Authors: Ye Jianjiang , Gradoville Lyndle , Daigle Derek , Miller George 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), are latent in cultured lymphoma cells. We asked whether reactivation from latency of either virus requires de novo protein synthesis. Using Northern blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, we measured the kinetics of expression of the lytic cycle activator genes and determined whether abundance of mRNAs encoding these genes from either virus was reduced by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis. CHX blocked expression of mRNAs of EBV BZLF1 and BRLF1, the two EBV lytic cycle activator genes, when HH514-16 Burkitt lymphoma cells were treated with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, sodium butyrate or trichostatin A, or a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine. CHX also inhibited EBV lytic cycle activation in B95-8 marmoset lymphoblastoid cells by phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA). EBV lytic cycle induction became resistant to CHX between 4 and 6 h after application of the inducing stimulus. KSHV lytic cycle activation, as assessed by ORF50 mRNA expression, was rapidly induced by the HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, in HH-B2 primary effusion lymphoma cells. In HH-B2 cells, CHX did not inhibit, but enhanced, expression of the KSHV lytic cycle activator gene, ORF50. In BC-1, a primary effusion lymphoma cell line that is dually infected with EBV and KSHV, CHX blocked EBV BRLF1 lytic gene expression induced by TPA and sodium butyrate; KSHV ORF50 mRNA induced simultaneously in the same cells by the same inducing stimuli was resistant to CHX. The experiments show, for the cell lines and inducing agents studied, that the EBV BZLF1 and BRLF1 genes do not behave with “immediate-early” kinetics upon reactivation from latency. KSHV ORF50 is a true “immediate-early” gene. Our results indicate that the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors and TPA induce lytic cycle gene expression of the two viruses differs and suggest that EBV but not KSHV requires one or more proteins to be newly synthesized between 4 and 6 h after application of an inducing stimulus.
Systematic Evaluation of Genetic Variants in the Inflammation Pathway and Risk of Lung Cancer
Authors: Engels Eric A. , Wu Xifeng , Gu Jian , Dong Qiong , Liu Jun , Spitz Margaret R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Inflammatory responses to environmental exposures, such as tobacco smoke, may play a role in lung carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we studied genetic polymorphisms in the inflammation pathway in relation to lung cancer risk. We evaluated a panel of 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 37 inflammation-related genes among non-Hispanic Caucasian lung cancer cases (N = 1,553) and controls (N = 1,730) from Houston, Texas. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with lung cancer under a dominant genetic model adjusted for sex, age, and smoking. Haplotypes were estimated with the expectation-maximization algorithm. False-positive report probabilities (FPRP) were calculated for significant associations. Interleukin 1β (IL1B) C3954T was associated with lung cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10–1.47; FPRP 0.148]. Two IL1A SNPs (C-889T and Ala114Ser) were also related to lung cancer (OR, 1.18–1.22), although FPRPs were higher. One IL1A-IL1B haplotype, containing only the IL1B 3954T allele, was associated with elevated lung cancer risk (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.24–2.61). These associations were stronger in heavy smokers, particularly for IL1B C3954T (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.28–1.97; FPRP 0.004). Lung cancer risk was unrelated to polymorphisms in IL1 receptor or antagonist genes. Associations with lung cancer were also seen for SNPs in granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and peroxisome proliferator-activated factor-δ, but FPRPs were high. IL1A and IL1B polymorphisms are associated with increased lung cancer risk, especially among heavy smokers. IL1A and IL1B are critical signals in initiating inflammation. Our results suggest that a dysregulated inflammatory response to tobacco-induced lung damage promotes carcinogenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6520–7]
Elite Distinction: Grand Theory and Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Daloz Jean-Pascal 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMost of the major social theorists have addressed the issue of distinction. Largely ignoring each other's views on the matter, they have mainly sought to integrate their discussion within their respective grand theories. The main defect is that, often extrapolating from the analysis of one particular case, they have claimed to provide sociological laws. On the basis of personal field work as well as a sound acquaintance with the literature dealing with elite groups, the author aims at suggesting how differences from one society to another challenge universalistic understanding. Although comparative research proves to make it impossible to accept any general theory of distinction, the article, however, shows that many classical perspectives are worthy of note if taken as partially valid.
Comparing Two Charismatic Leaders: Ataturk and de Gaulle
Authors: Dogan Mattei 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCharismatic leaderships are comparable in spite of the specific character of each case, but not necessarily in spite of the socio-economic-cultural contexts. Significant analogies can be noticed between the political roles of Kendal Attar and Charles de Gaulle in the following respects: the dramatic historical circumstances of their emergence as leaders; the Resistance movement that they headed against foreign military occupation; the symbol of hope that they became in the eyes of the people; the faith they had in their historical mission and their determination; their luck in their undertakings; the outstanding political talents of these two military men; the direct contact with the people that these two leaders were able to establish; the paramount importance that they accorded to national independence; the reinforcement of the state bureaucracy that they imposed; the abandonment of the empire under the pressure of history; the foundation of a new political order and regime; the inevitable personalization of power and their routinization of their heritage. Except in the religious domain, the institutionalization of charisma has a relatively short life.