bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)
Authors: Hrdy Daniel B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non‐alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X‐group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X‐group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier.
Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is disagreement as to whether the mandibular condyles are stress‐bearing or stress‐free during mastication. In support of alternative models, analogies have been drawn with Class III levers, links, and couple systems. Physiological data are reviewed which indicate that maximum masticatory forces are generated when maxillary and mandibular teeth are in contact, and that this phase lasts for over 100 msec during many chewing strokes. During this period, the mandible can be modeled as a beam with multiple supports. Equations of simple beam theory suggest that large condylar reaction forces are present during mastication. With unilateral molar biting in man, the total condylar reaction force may be over 75% of the bite force. Analysis of a frontal projection demonstrates that up to 80% of the total condylar reaction force is borne by the contralateral (balancing side) condyle during unilateral molar biting. A comparison of human, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), spider monkey (A. belzebuth), and macaque (Macaca sp.) morphology indicates that the frugivorous chimpanzee and spider monkey have a relatively lower condylar reaction force than the omnivorous macaque or man during molar biting. The percentage reaction force during incisal biting is lower in man than in the other primates, and lower in the frugivorous primates than in the macaque.
Sexual dimorphism in the growth of the cranium
Authors: Baughan B. , Demirjian A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe major sexual dimorphisms in body size appear at puberty but, by then, 95% of the growth of the cranium is completed. As sexual dimorphism in the cranium is as great as for other parts of the body, this suggests that it must appear at an earlier age, and that cranium/body size ratios for the two sexes will vary during growth. Results from a longitudinal study of Montreal children are used to investigate this phenomenon. The effect is expressed quantitatively by proportional growth and growth velocity curves, based on the final size of boys, which show that the dimorphism indeed makes an early appearance. The data are also analyzed on an age scale relative to the ages of peak growth velocity in stature, derived from the individual growth curves. This shows that although there is a minor pubertal spurt in growth for the external cranial dimensions of boys, it contributes relatively little to the final dimorphism in cranial size. To summarize this aspect of growth, an index of cephalization is calculated: head length × head width/stature. Cross‐sectional standards for the change of the mean index with age show a linear decline for boys and girls until puberty, with a constant difference between them. After puberty, the index becomes equal in the two sexes. Individual development curves for the index are however not linear.
The inheritance of palmar and hallucal dermatoglyphic patterns in fifty‐four American Caucasian families
Authors: Morgan Leslie Y. , Juberg Richard C. , Faust Charles C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe searched for single gene effects determining certain palmar and plantar patterns — two interdigital and the hypothenar areas, palmar main line sequence, and hallucal pattern. Our subjects were 108 parents from central Louisiana and 123 of their offspring; there were 127 females and 104 males.For the third and fourth interdigital areas, we classified for presence of a pattern (+) or no pattern (−). For the hypothenar area, we classified arch, anteform, and open field as no pattern (−) and other configurations as a pattern (+). Main line sequence we determined by the distal to proximal ordering of the five main lines. We analyzed the hallucal area by combining three loop patterns. Segregational analyses followed.For the third interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. For the fourth interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. In the hypothenar area, the frequency of + was 45%. We set out the six mating types by the bilateral occurrence of pattern in each area and found similar results. The proportion of + + offspring was highest with both + + parents and diminished as the parents became increasingly more − −. Evidence for genetic determination of six different main line sequences consisted of the proportion of related/(related + unrelated) which averaged 0.48. Parent‐offspring occurrence of an accessory triradius and absence of the c triradius suggested monogenic control. Segregation of the hallucal patterns was less suggestive.We conclude that the results offer evidence for substantial genetic determination of palmar dermatoglyphics, and for some patterns possible monogenic determination.
Ethnic communities in Israel: The genetic blood markers of the Babylonian Jews
Authors: Bonné‐Tamir Batsheva , Ashbel Sarah , Bar‐Shani Shulamit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne hundred eighty‐eight Jewish individuals who either they or whose both parents were born in Iraq were typed for 7 blood groups (ABO, MNS, Rh, Kell, Duffy, P and Kidd), 12 red cell enzyme systems and 2 serum proteins.Iraqi Jews are characterized by a high frequency of A (in ABO), N (in MNS), low cde (Rh) and low Hp‐1. Several rare electrophoretic variants were encountered: PGM1 6‐1, PHI 3‐1 and PHI 2‐1, and an unidentified AK phenotype. No evidence of Negroid admixture was found in their gene pool.Comparisons with results previously obtained in Iraqi Jews show general similarities in frequencies while comparisons with neighboring non‐Jewish populations suggest divergence in most systems investigated.The difficulties of assessing relationships on the basis of a few selected differences and the need for careful interpretations of similarities are emphasized.
Ethnic communities in Israel: The genetic blood markers of the Moroccan Jews
Authors: Bonné‐Tamir Batsheva , Ashbel Sarah , Bar‐Shani Shulamit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne hundred and ninety‐six Moroccan Jews now settled in Israel were typed for 7 blood groups, 12 red cell enzymes and 2 plasma protein systems.Their blood group picture is in agreement with results previously obtained on different samples of Moroccan Jews: rather high B in ABO, somewhat elevated frequencies of cDE and cDe in Rh and K in Kell. Differences in various blood markers exist between them and other North African Jewish communities. This fact, together with data on disease distribution and HLA frequencies, supports our assumption that Jews in the North African diaspora lived as small secluded isolates even within the same geographical zones.Comparisons with meager data on the neighboring non‐Jewish populations do not disclose any resemblance to either Arab or Berber inhabitants of Morocco.
Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples
Authors: Rose Jerome C. , Armelagos George J. , Lallo John W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough previous paleopathological studies have used disturbances in enamel formation as indicators of childhood stress, the full potential of this technique has not been realized. This paper presents a test case which demonstrates that the frequency of disturbed enamel formation (i.e., Wilson bands) is associated with other stress indicators (i.e., probability of dying and infectious lesions) in three prehistoric skeletal samples representing the Middle Woodland (10.3%), Mississippian Acculturated Late Woodland (21.4%), and the Middle Mississippian (40.0%). Additionally, the mean ages at death of individuals with at least one Wilson band are lower than those without bands. These results suggest that Wilson bands are an indicator of the relative proportion of individuals who are high susceptibles in prehistoric populations. The data also corroborate the hypothesis that the adoption of maize agriculture in the prehistoric American Midwest is associated with increased stress.
An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. II. Relations between dental dimorphism, body size dimorphism and diet
Authors: Post David , Goldstein Serge , Melnick Don 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOdontometric, dietary, and body weight data were collected for a sample of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (frugivore, folivore, and omnivore), and indices were constructed to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, postcanine area and incisor width in each of the species. Analysis proceeded by means of the analysis of covariance with the dental dimorphism indices as the dependent variables. Body weight dimorphism was not significantly related to either measure of dental dimorphism across the sample, and an analysis by diet alone revealed that omnivores show significantly higher dental dimorphism than do either of the other two diet classes. The relationship between this result and theories of sexual subniche differentiation is discussed.
Statistical methods for analyzing data on daily activity cycles of primates
Authors: Sussman Robert W. , O'fallon William M. , Sussman Linda K. , Buettner‐Janusch John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany fields studies on primates have recently been carried out in which quantitative data have been collected using instantaneous scan sampling techniques. However, data collected in this manner are difficult to analyze statistically because of the problem of independence of samples, and a number investigators have analyzed such data incorrectly. In this paper, we evaluate such analyses and suggest alternative techniques that may be more appropriate. Examples are drawn from data on daily activity cycles of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus.
Skeletal changes produced by aortic aneurysms
Authors: Kelley Marc A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe three major types of aortic aneurysms — arteriosclerotic, syphilitic, and dissectign are discussed in relation to the skeletal changes they produce. The favored location, age, and sex predilection are described for each type. Four documented cases from the Hamann‐Todd osteological collection are presented with a description of the associated skeletal changes. All four cases appear to be the result of syphilitic infection. These documented cases provide forensic and physical anthropologists with a means of diagnosing aortic aneurysms in moder, historic, and prehistoric human skeletal remains.
Skeletal differentiation of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina in relation to arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism
Authors: Rodman Peter S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSympatric Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina of Borneo coexist, in spite of similar frugivorous diets, by occupying habitats that differ in density of food sources. A primary specialization for foraging on widely dispersed food sources is terrestrial travel by M. nemestrina, in contrast to arboreal travel by M. fascicularis in the richer habitat. Theoretical biomechanical demands of terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism suggest the hypothesis that M. fascicularis should be built like a powerful climber and a leaper compared with M. nemestrina, which should be relatively cursorial in structure. Specific differences in skeletal proportions and muscle insertions are predicted by this hypothesis, and comparisons of the brachial index, relative length of the olecranon process, relative position of the radial tuberosity, relative length of the posterior scapular border, relative length of the ilium, relative length of the ischium, projection of the greater trochanter, and position of the lesser trochanter (but not the intermembral index or length of the clavicle) confirm these predictions. Allometric analysis of the indices reveals that allometric growth is sufficient to explain only the difference in the crural index.
Browridge structure and function in extant primates and Neanderthals
Authors: Oyen Ordean J. , Rice Robert W. , Samuel Cannon M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe structural characteristics of the supraorbital ridge in three extent primate species and fossil Neanderthals are described in this study. Surface morphology and patterns of trabecular organization as observed in cross‐sectional collections of Papio, Macaca and Pan are compared with similar traits encountered in the Pech de l'Aze infant, Gibraltar child, and La Quina 5, La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints, Broken Hill, Skhul V, Skhul IX, Tabun I and Gibraltar adult Neanderthals. Periods of rapid appositional growth of the browridges by means of fine cancellous bone formation and its subsequent remodeling and consolidation are temporally correlated with dental development and eruption sequences.
Cranial remains of Homo erectus from Beds II and IV, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial remains of hominids 9 and 12 from Olduvai Gorge are described in detail. O.H. 9 consists of a heavily built braincase, partly damaged and lacking the face, while O.H. 12 is less complete. The Bed II specimen is about 1.2 million years in age and shows anatomical similarities to the cranium designated ER‐3733 from Koobi Fora, east of Lake Turkana. Together these African fossils provide valuable information about Homo erectus in the later Lower Pleistocene. Comparisons of O.H. 9 with several of the Choukoutien crania are also carried out. These Chinese and other Asian remains of Homo erectus cannot be placed in a secure chronological framework, but all of the material should be studied systematically in order to assess relatedness among what must be several different populations.
A new study of the scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein
Authors: Vrba E. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUntil recently the two broken parts of the Sterkfontein A. africanus scapular fragment, STS 7, were separated and oriented towards one another at an unnatural angle in the partially encasing breccia matrix. Removal of the latter and reconstruction have allowed a reassessment of, and additions to, previously published descriptions and measurements. Several hypotheses, based mainly on features of the coracoid process, are presented for testing: the gracile australopithecine thoracic shape, scapular placement and angulation of the clavicle to the scapula more closely resembled the condition in extant Pongidae than that in modern man; an apomorphous (i.e., derived) development of the acromio‐coracoid “cuff” in Pan is a specialization for knuckle‐walking; its absence in STS 7 suggests that the common ancestor of Australopithecus and Homo was not a knuckle‐walker.
Relation of body fat to age in the Czech population
Authors: Petrásek R. , Hajniš K. , Loubová J. , Misíková J. , Rath R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDensity and percentage of fat in the body were investigated in 403 females and 356 males of Czech population using hydrostatic weighing. The group was divided into four age subgroups ranging from 17 through 22, 23 through 29, 30 through 39 and 40 through 49 years.Fat values were found to increase with age, growing in females and males between the ages of 17 to 49 years from 27.1 to 35.4 and from 16.3 to 26%, respectively. In both sexes, the highest difference in the percentage of fat was observed between the second and third decennium.Body weight was also seen to increase with age up to 40 years of age. On the other hand, from 40 through 49 years a decrease in weight was seen both in male and female means, with the body heights also less in older subjects.The values observed, particularly in females, exceed those reported as a rule in other populations. This is accounted for by nutritional factors such as the amount of calories and composition of food and possibly also by the effect of the genetically given somatotype.
Preserved brains in medieval skulls
Authors: Tkocz Izabella , Bytzer Peter , Bierring Franz 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFifty‐six out of seventy‐four skulls dating from the Middle Ages contained intracranial masses with more or less preserved external brain features. The skulls were excavated from a churchyard outside a former Franciscan monastery in Svendborg, Denmark. Histologic, scanning electron microscopic, and biochemical studies have established that the masses consist of brain material preserved in the state of adipocere.
Patterns of variability in mineralization of the primate femoral diaphysis
Authors: Burr David B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to study intra‐ and interspecific variability in mineral density in the femoral diaphysis of nonhuman primates. Four hundred five sections were taken from five sites along the femoral diaphysis of 34 macaques (Macaca sp.), 24 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and 23 tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). The mineral density at eight positions around each section was measured. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p < 0.05) interactions among species, sex, cross sectional levels, and positions within each level. Both Macaca and S. sciureus showed sexually dimorphic patterns of mineral distrbution. S. labiatus exhibited no sexual dimorphism in distribution, but was sexually dimorphic in density magnitude. No significant dimensional differences in density were found among sepcies, though significant differences in pattern were evident. Highly significant differences (p < 0.01) were found among cross sectional levels and among positions within the levels within each species.
Paleopathologic diagnosis based on experimental mummification
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe difficulties of diagnosis of pathologic conditions are immensely magnified when the subject of a postmortem examination has been postmortem for several hundreds to thousands of years. Artefacts of decomposition and bacterial and fungal invasion are compounded upon those of rehydration when mummified tissue is examined. As an approach to these problems, a study of the changes seen in experimentally mummified and rehydrated tissues was undertaken. Normal and pathologic tissues were studied in comparison to sections prepared from the fresh tissue.The experimentally mummified tissues were generally similar to, but somewhat better preserved than, actual human mummies. There was organ and tissue specific variability in preservation, and different classes of pathology likewise showed differential preservation. Inflammatory reactions were not very well‐preserved although infecting microorganisms were easily identified. Degenerative processes such as atherosclerosis and others characterized by the accumulation of abnormal products, were well preserved, while necrosis, as in acute myocardial infarction, was not. Malignancies were particularly well preserved. The implications of these findings for previous and future mummy studies is discussed in terms of our understanding of the evolution of disease processes.
Coherent optical correlation: A new method of cranial comparison
Authors: Scheibengraber Karl J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper an analog method known as coherent optical correlation is used to compare photographs of cercopithecine monkey skulls. Each comparison yields a measure of overall similarity in three‐dimensional shape because the photographs are coded to preserve depth information. The coding system involves projecting an array of circular dots onto each specimen with an ordinary 35‐mm slide projector. Photographs of the array taken from one side of the projector make ideal inputs for optical correlation analysis.Preliminary results indicate a reasonable ability to discriminate between different cercopithecine monkey skulls. This finding encourages further development of the proposed method as a shape investigation tool. Possibilities for application exist in many skeletal and somatological problems of form.
Homologies of the anterior teeth in indriidae
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSchwartz ('74) proposed revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent anterior teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. Gingerich ('77) described a juvenile specimen of Avahi and emphasized the importance of functional integrity in controlling the pattern of dental reduction in primates, neither of which supports Schwartz's interpretation. Schwartz ('78) recently reiterated his position without adequately discussing the Avahi evidence and the functional basis that probably controls dental reduction. Avahi has a deciduous dentition intermediate in morphology between that of Lemuridae and Indriidae, and similar to both. Thus the lower deciduous dental formula of Indriidae is probably 2.1.3, which is the typical and maximum deciduous complement known in living and fossil lemuriform primates. The formula of the lower permanent dentition in Indriidae is thus 2.0.2.3.
Monthly changes in the gain and loss of growth in weight of children living in Guatemala
Authors: Bogin Barry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMonthly increments of weight growth for a sample of 246 Guatemala City private school children are analyzed for the presence of a seasonal pattern in rates of growth. Neither a seasonal pattern nor any other periodic rhythm is found. It is observed that a significantly greater number of children aged 5.0 to 6.9 years experience their minimum annual growth rate during the dry season, with up to 60% of them losing or not gaining weight in any one month. Patterns of diet, exercise and disease cannot explain this trend. A possible association between minimum weight growth and maximum growth in height is discussed.