bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor
Authors: Crompton R. H. , Vereecke E. E. , Thorpe S. K. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBased on our knowledge of locomotor biomechanics and ecology we predict the locomotion and posture of the last common ancestors of (a) great and lesser apes and their close fossil relatives (hominoids); (b) chimpanzees, bonobos and modern humans (hominines); and (c) modern humans and their fossil relatives (hominins). We evaluate our propositions against the fossil record in the context of a broader review of evolution of the locomotor system from the earliest hominoids of modern aspect (crown hominoids) to early modernHomo sapiens.While some early East African stem hominoids were pronograde, it appears that the adaptations which best characterize the crown hominoids are orthogrady and an ability to abduct the arm above the shoulder – rather than, as is often thought, manual suspensionsensu stricto. At 7–9 Ma (not much earlier than the likely 4–8 Ma divergence date for panins and hominins, seeBradley, 2008) there were crown hominoids in southern Europe which were adapted to moving in an orthograde posture, supported primarily on the hindlimb, in an arboreal, and possibly forOreopithecus, a terrestrial context. By 7 Ma,Sahelanthropusprovides evidence of a Central African hominin, panin or possibly gorilline adapted to orthogrady, and both orthogrady and habitually highly extended postures of the hip are evident in the arboreal East African protohomininOrrorinat 6 Ma. If the traditional idea that hominins passed through a terrestrial ‘knuckle‐walking’ phase is correct, not only does it have to be explained how a quadrupedal gait typified by flexed postures of the hindlimb could have preadapted the body for the hominin acquisition of straight‐legged erect bipedality, but we would have to accept a transition from stem‐hominoid pronogrady to crown hominoid orthogrady, back again to pronogrady in the African apes and then back to orthogrady in hominins. Hand‐assisted arboreal bipedality, which is part of a continuum of orthograde behaviours, is used by modern orangutans to forage among the small branches at the periphery of trees where the core hominoid dietary resource, ripe fruit, is most often to be found. Derivation of habitual terrestrial bipedality from arboreal hand‐assisted bipedality requires fewer transitions, and is also kinematically and kinetically more parsimonious.
Cranial base evolution within the hominin clade
Authors: Nevell L. , Wood B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe base of the cranium (i.e. the basioccipital, the sphenoid and the temporal bones) is of particular interest because it undergoes significant morphological change within the hominin clade, and because basicranial morphology features in several hominin species diagnoses. We use a parsimony analysis of published cranial and dental data to predict the cranial base morphology expected in the hypothetical last common ancestor of the Pan–Homo clade. We also predict the primitive condition of the cranial base for the hominin clade, and document the evolution of the cranial base within the major subclades within the hominin clade. This analysis suggests that cranial base morphology has continued to evolve in the hominin clade, both before and after the emergence of the genus Homo.
Emotional health in adolescents with and without a history of specific language impairment (SLI)
Authors: Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Botting Nicola 
Published: April 2008

Objective:  This study examined the emotional health of adolescents with and without specific language impairment (SLI).Method:  One hundred and thirty‐nine adolescents with a history of SLI (15;10 years) and a peer group of 124 adolescents with normal language development (NLD) (15;11 years) participated, who were in their final year of compulsory schooling. The risk of emotional difficulties was assessed using the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) and the Child Manifest Anxiety Scale‐R (CMAS‐R). Comprehensive language and cognition data were available for all participants (NLD and SLI) concurrently and also longitudinally for those with SLI.Results:  A clear increased risk of emotional health symptoms was found for the SLI group on both self‐ and parental‐report. Girls scored less favourably than boys when groups were combined, but these were due to the effect of the NLD group, with no gender differences found in the SLI group. Direct links with language and cognition were not obvious. Instead, more diffuse factors such as family history of emotional health difficulties may warrant further investigation.Conclusion:  There is a marked higher rate of anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents with SLI. However, these do not appear to be a direct result of impoverished communicative experiences.
Steroid‐induced sexual differentiation of the developing brain: multiple pathways, one goal
Authors: Schwarz Jaclyn M. , McCarthy Margaret M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHormone exposure, including testosterone and its metabolite estradiol, induces a myriad of effects during a critical period of brain development that are necessary for brain sexual differentiation. Nuclear volume, neuronal morphology, and astrocyte complexity are examples of the wide range of effects by which testosterone and estradiol can induce permanent changes in the function of neurons for the purpose of reproduction in adulthood. This review will examine the multitude of mechanisms by which steroid hormones induce these permanent changes in brain structure and function. Elucidating how steroids alter brain development sheds light on how individual variation in neuronal phenotype is established during a critical period.
Inflammatory events in hippocampal slice cultures prime neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury: a crucial role of P2X7 receptor‐mediated IL‐1β release
Authors: Bernardino Liliana , Balosso Silvia , Ravizza Teresa , Marchi Nicola , Ku George , Randle John C. , Malva João O. , Vezzani Annamaria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated the consequences of transient application of specific stimuli mimicking inflammation to hippocampal tissue on microglia activation and neuronal cell vulnerability to a subsequent excitotoxic insult. Two‐week‐old organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, from 7‐day‐old C57BL/6 donor mice, were exposed for 3 h to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL) followed by 3 h co‐incubation with 1 mM ATP, or 100 μM 2′3′‐O‐(4‐benzoyl‐benzoyl) adenosine 5′‐triphosphate triethylammonium, a selective P2X7 receptor agonist. These treatments in combination, but not individually, induced a pronounced activation and apoptotic‐like death of macrophage antigen‐1 (MAC‐1)‐positive microglia associated with a massive release of interleukin (IL)‐1β exceeding that induced by LPS alone. Antagonists of P2X7 receptors prevented these effects. Transient pre‐exposure of slice cultures to a combination of LPS and P2X7 receptor agonists, but not either one or the other alone, significantly exacerbated CA3 pyramidal cell loss induced by subsequent 12 h exposure to 8 μM α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propinate (AMPA). Potentiation of AMPA toxicity was prevented when IL‐1β production or its receptor signaling were blocked by an inhibitor of interleukin‐converting‐enzyme or IL‐1 receptor antagonist during application of LPS + ATP. The same treatments did not prevent microglia apoptosis‐like death. These findings show that transient exposure to specific pro‐inflammatory stimuli in brain tissue can prime neuronal susceptibility to a subsequent excitotoxic insult. P2X7 receptor stimulation, and the consequent IL‐1β release, is mandatory for exacerbation of neuronal loss. These mechanisms may contribute to determine cell death/survival in acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions associated with inflammatory events.
α2 adrenoreceptor agonist regulates protein kinase C‐induced heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation in C6 glioma cells
Authors: Tanabe Kumiko , Takai Shinji , Matsushima‐Nishiwaki Rie , Kato Kanefusa , Dohi Shuji , Kozawa Osamu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDexmedetomidine (Dexmd), a potent and highly specific α2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is an efficient therapeutic agent for sedation. Dexmd has been recently reported to have a neuroprotective effect. Heat shock protein (HSP) 27, a low‐molecular weight HSP has been shown to be expressed following cerebral ischemia in astrocytes but not in neurons. HSP27 expression is involved in ischemic tolerance of the brain. This study investigated the effect of Dexmd on HSP27 in rat C6 glioma cells. 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐actate (TPA), a direct activator of protein kinase C (PKC), stimulated the phosphorylation of HSP27 at Ser82, but not Ser15 in a time‐dependent manner. Prostaglandin (PG) E1 or PGE2 which activates the adenylyl cyclase‐cAMP system as well as forskolin and dibutyryl‐cAMP, suppressed the TPA‐induced phosphorylation of HSP27. Dexmd reversed the suppression of HSP27 phosphorylation by the adenylyl cyclase‐cAMP system. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that Dexmd reverses the suppression of HSP27 phosphorylation by the adenylyl cyclase‐cAMP system activation through the inhibition of its system in C6 cells. α2 Adrenoreceptor agonists may therefore show a neuroprotective effect through the modification of HSP27 phosphorylation induced by PKC activation.
Permeation of blood‐borne IL15 across the blood‐brain barrier and the effect of LPS
Authors: Pan Weihong , Hsuchou Hung , Yu Chuanhui , Kastin Abba J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInterleukin15 (IL 15) is a proinflammatory cytokine with elevated concentrations in autoimmune diseases involving the periphery (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and CNS (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Its interactions with the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) were studied in normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated mice. 125I‐IL15 remained intact for at least 10 min after i.v. injection and reached CNS parenchyma with regional differences between brain and spinal cord. Both in vivo and in situ brain perfusion of 125I‐IL15 showed that its permeation of the BBB was non‐saturable. LPS induced a significant increase of IL15 uptake by the brain and spinal cord, partly related to a higher general permeability of the BBB. The results suggest that the BBB is an interface for blood‐borne IL15 to interact with the CNS in the basal state and during inflammation.
P2Y receptor mediated inhibitory modulation of noradrenaline release in response to electrical field stimulation and ischemic conditions in superfused rat hippocampus slices
Authors: Csölle Cecília , Heinrich Attila , Kittel Ágnes , Sperlágh Beáta 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this study, the inhibitory regulation of the release of noradrenaline (NA) by P2 receptors was investigated in hippocampus slices pre‐incubated with [3H]NA. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 2 Hz, 240 shocks, and 1 ms) released NA in an outside [Ca2+]‐dependent manner, and agonists of P2Y receptors inhibited the EFS‐evoked [3H]NA release with pharmacological profile similar to that of the P2Y1 and P2Y13 receptor subtypes. This inhibitory modulation was counteracted by bicuculline and 6‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐7‐nitro‐quinoxaline + 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate and 2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyrate. In contrast, the excess release in response to 30 min combined oxygen and glucose deprivation was outside [Ca2+] independent, but still sensitive to the inhibition of both facilitatory P2X1 and inhibitory P2Y1 receptors. Whereas mRNA encoding P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptor subunits were expressed in the brainstem, P2Y1 receptor immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal somata and dendrites innervated by the mossy fiber terminals in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, as well as somata of granule cells and interneurons in the dentate gyrus. In summary, in addition to the known facilitatory modulation via P2X receptors, EFS‐evoked [3H]NA outflow in the hippocampus is subject to inhibitory modulation by P2Y1/P2Y13 receptors. Furthermore, endogenous activation of both facilitatory and inhibitory P2 receptors may participate in the modulation of pathological NA release under ischemic‐like conditions.
Retrograde axonal transport and motor neuron disease
Authors: Ström Anna‐Lena , Gal Jozsef , Shi Ping , Kasarskis Edward J. , Hayward Lawrence J. , Zhu Haining 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTransport of material between extensive neuronal processes and the cell body is crucial for neuronal function and survival. Growing evidence shows that deficits in axonal transport contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we review recent data indicating that defects in dynein‐mediated retrograde axonal transport are involved in ALS etiology. We discuss how mutant copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and an aberrant interaction between mutant SOD1 and dynein could perturb retrograde transport of neurotrophic factors and mitochondria. A possible contribution of axonal transport to the aggregation and degradation processes of mutant SOD1 is also reviewed. We further consider how the interference with axonal transport and protein turnover by mutant SOD1 could influence the function and viability of motor neurons in ALS.
Effect of indomethacin on basal and carbon dioxide stimulated cerebral blood flow in man
Authors: Wennmalm Åke , Eriksson Siw , Wahren John 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the nitrous oxide technique in the basal state and following inhalation of CO2 in eight, healthy, awake male volunteers, before and during inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin. Arterial and jugular venous oxygen contents and pCO2 were also analysed. Indomethacin reduced the basal CBF by 35%, from 43 ± 2 to 28 ± 2 ml/100 ml tissue per min, but did not affect the calculated cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). The reduced CBF was accompanied by an elevation of jugular venous pCO2. Inhalation of 6–7% CO2 increased CBF to 98 ± 17 ml/100 ml tissue per min before indomethacin, compared with only 42 ± 4 ml/100 ml tissue per min after indomethacin. This difference in the hypercapnia induced increase in CBF before and after indomethacin was reflected also by the data on arterio‐venous differences in pCO2.We conclude that indomethacin inhibits both basal and hypercapnia stimulated CBF in man and suggest that this effect of the drug is due to inhibition of prostaglandin formation. If so, cerebral vascular PG formation plays an important role not only in the maintenance of CBF during normocapnia, but also in the cerebral vasodilation associated with elevated arterial pCO2.
Increasing glucose intake during total parenteral nutrition increases norepinephrine excretion in trauma and sepsis
Authors: Nordenström Jörgen , Jeevanandam Malayappa , Elwyn David H. , Carpentier Yvon A. , Askanazi Jeffrey , Robin Arnold , Kinney John M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) was given to 15 traumatized or infected patients with all of the non‐protein calories, either as intravenous glucose (Glucose System), or as 50% glucose + 50% intravenous fat (Lipid System). Before the administration of TPN, mean urinary excretion of unconjugated norepinephrine was 2–37 ± 0–52 (SEM) μg/kg/day, which is significantly higher than for normal subjects (0–62 ± 0–04 μg/kg/day; n= 56). TPN with the Glucose System for 4–6 days significantly increased the norepinephrine excretion from 1–95 ± 0–47 to 6–77 ± 0–95 μg/kg/day (P < 0.01). When TPN with the Lipid System was given the increase (from 3.05 ± 0.89 to 4.26 ± 0.70 μg/kg/day) was not statistically significant. A modest increase in resting energy expenditure was seen with the Glucose System but not with the Lipid System.The administration of high glucose loads during TPN, in addition to providing nutritional support, may exert a metabolic stress as reflected by increased metabolic rate and increased catecholamine excretion. These metabolic changes are reduced when intravenous fat emulsions are substituted for a major part of glucose calories.
Continuous monitoring of oxygen tension in human gastrocnemius muscle during exercise
Authors: Holm Sten , Bylund‐Fellenius Ann‐Christin 
Published: April 2008

Summary. A technique for continuous monitoring of the intramuscular oxygen tension (i.m. PO2) in human skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise was evaluated. A commercially available oxygen transducer mounted in the tip of a flexible catheter was slightly modified and its characteristics in terms of linearity, response time etc. were investigated in vitro.The oxygen probe was introduced through a cannula into the gastrocnemius muscle often normal subjects and ten patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. The i.m. PO2 was continuously monitored at rest as well as during fatiguing leg exercise performed on a foot ergometer. The resting i.m. PO2 was 3.83 ± 0.45 kPa in normal subjects and 3.67 ±0.53 kPa in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. During exercise a decrease in the i.m. Po2 was found in both patients and normal subjects. At a work load of 8 kg normal subjects exercised for 8.1 ±0.6 min and the i.m. PO2 decreased to 2.45±0.39 kPa. At the same work load (8 kg) the i.m. PO2 decreased to I ‐22±0–4 kPa in the patients although their exercise time was considerably shorter (2.5 ±0.3 min) because of the development of claudication pain. An increase of the work load to 12 kg in the normals reduced the exercise time to 2.2 ± 0.1 min and provoked a more pronounced decrease in the i.m. PO2 (0.99 ±0.01 kPa). The limitations and advantages of the present technique are discussed in relation to other techniques. The results demonstrate that this technique is suitable for measurements of i.m. PO2 in human skeletal muscle tissue during exercise.
Metabolic adaptations in post‐exercise recovery
Authors: Krzentowski G. , Pirnay F. , Luyckx A. S. , Pallikarakis N. , Lacroix M. , Mosora F. , Lefèbvre P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. To investigate further the hormonal and metabolic adaptations occurring when carbohydrates are ingested after prolonged exercise, we have compared the fate of a 100‐g oral glucose load (using ‘naturally labelled’13C‐glucose) in healthy volunteers after an overnight fast at rest either without previous exercise or after a 3‐h exercise performed on a treadmill at about 50% of the individual V̇o2 max.In comparison to the control conditions, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed in the post‐exercise recovery period was characterized by a greater rise in peripheral blood glucose levels and delayed insulin response. Plasma glucagon values were significantly elevated at the time glucose was given (+48 ±13 pg ml‐1) and at the end of the OGTT. Plasma‐free fatty acid (FFA) levels were 1675 ± 103 μEq 1‐1 when glucose was given, and subsequently reduced to values similar to those observed in the control conditions. Indirect calorimetry indicated that OGTT in post‐exercise recovery was associated with decreased carbohydrate and increased lipid oxidation when compared to control conditions.Exogenous glucose oxidation was also significantly reduced: 25·1 ± 2·6 vs. 35·9 ± 1·9 g per 7 h. We suggest that the higher plasma glucagon levels and the delayed insulin response played a role in the decreased hepatic glucose retention previously described by others in post‐exercise recovery. Our data also suggest that the higher lipid oxidation rate observed at the time glucose was given in the post‐exercise period could explain, according to the Randle ‘glucose‐fatty acid cycle’, the decreased carbohydrate oxidation and the preferential muscle glycogen repletion already well documented. The reason why the lipid oxidation rate remains increased 3–7 h after glucose ingestion in spite of the fact that FFA levels at that time are similar to those observed in control conditions is still unknown; further kinetic studies are needed to clarify this point.
Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to endurance training of long duration
Authors: Schantz P. , Henriksson J. , Jansson E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The aim of this study was to examine the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to dynamic training of long duration and low intensity. The response of m. triceps brachii, (TB) and m. quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis (VL) to training of long duration at an intensity corresponding to approximately 45% of V̇O2, max, has been studied in six subjects. Muscle specimens were taken during training (18.5 miles (30 km)), which involved skiing with a backpack, (6 daydweek, 8 weeks), as well as during a subsequent period of detraining (33 weeks). Increases in oxidative enzyme activities and capillarization during training were limited to the TB. There were parallel increases in citrate synthase (CS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) during the first 3 weeks of training (30%). CS then continued to rise (to 90% above pretraining level), while the increase in MDH levelled off. The activity of 3–hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase (HAD) and the number of capillaries per fibre increased by 50 % and 40 % respectively. A selective decrease (12%) in area of fibre type IIA was noted during training after a 2‐week period of energy deficiency. During the first 6 weeks of detraining, the decrease in CS and HAD (30%) was greater than the decrease in capillaries per fibre (14%).It is concluded that prolonged duration of training is not, in itself, sufficient to elicit an adaptive response in the leg muscles, while a modest training effect was seen for the arm muscles. The finding emphasizes the importance of adequate intensity in physical training programmes.
Evaluation of the transcutaneous oxygen method used at 37°C for measurement of reactive hyperaemia in the skin
Authors: Ewald Uwe 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The transcutaneous oxygen electrode used at an electrode temperature of 35–37°C measures changes in Po2 at the skin surface that are mainly determined by changes in skin blood flow. Simultaneously, information about tissue Po2 in a defined skin area can be obtained by calculation. The reproducibility of this new application of the transcutaneous PO2 technique and factors influencing the recordings were analysed.Reactive hyperaemia was best recorded at 37°C, where the coefficient of variation (CV) was 14% and the correlation coefficient was 0·90 between duplicate measurements within 15 min (n= 57). The day‐to‐day variation was greater (CV 19–28%). No significant spatial differences in reactive hyperaemia were noted when the distance between the electrodes was no more than 3 cm on the same forearm. A slightly lower reactive hyperaemia was noted when the arm with the electrode was elevated above the level of the heart, as compared with a lower position. Age and sex had significant influence, children (n= 34) exhibiting a greater postocclusive peak tcPo2 response than adults (n= 67). In adults, females (n= 30) showed significantly higher peak tcPo2 values during reactive hyperaemia than males.This method is a new application of the tcPo2 technique and can be used as a non‐invasive tool for simultaneous blood flow and tissue Po2 studies in microcirculatory research.