bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: A retrospective study of 52 cases (2001–2006)
Authors: Wallis T. W. , Goodrich L. R. , Mcilwraith C. W. , Frisbie D. D. , Hendrickson D. A. , Trotter G. W. , Baxter G. M. , Kawcak C. E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: There are no published results of subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) in the medial femoral condyle (MFC) treated with arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the lining of the cyst.Objectives: 1) To determine the success rate for treatment of SCLs in the MFC with arthroscopic injection of the fibrous tissue of the cyst with corticosteroids. 2) To identify any factors that may predict outcome.Hypotheses: Injection of the fibrous tissue of SCLs of the MFC with corticosteroids utilising arthroscopic guidance yields a similar or higher chance for intended performance than does arthroscopic debridement as previously reported; this technique will be effective for treating SCLs in older horses.Methods: Horses with clinical and radiographic evidence of a SCL in the MFC were injected with corticosteroids under arthroscopic guidance, and case records and radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. A telephone survey of referring veterinarians, owners and trainers was conducted.Results: Thirty‐five of 52 (67%) cases were classified as successful involving 73 SCLs of which 56 (77%) were classified as successful. There was no significant association between age group (age ≤3 years vs. >3 years) and outcome, or cyst configuration and outcome. Significantly more unilateral SCLs (28/31 [90%] SCLs) were classified as successful than bilateral (28/42: 67%). There were significant differences in outcome based on the surgeon operating the case and an association between pre‐existing radiographic findings of osteophytes and negative outcome.Conclusions: Injection of SCLs utilising arthroscopic guidance is an effective alternative method of surgical treatment of SCL.Potential relevance: This technique offers a similar chance of success as has been reported with debridement and may allow for a shorter period of convalescence. If unsuccessful, the option remains to debride the cyst in a second surgery.
Risk factors for epiploic foramen entrapment colic: An international study
Authors: ARCHER D. C. , PINCHBECK G. L. , FRENCH N. P. , PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) is one of the most common causes of small intestinal strangulation in the horse. Identification of risk factors would generate hypotheses about causation and may suggest preventive strategies.Hypothesis: Horses exhibiting certain behavioural patterns and those exposed to particular management practices are at increased risk of EFE.Methods: A matched case‐control study was conducted on EFE cases admitted to hospitals in the UK, Ireland and USA. Data on 109 cases and 310 control horses were obtained by telephone questionnaire and conditional logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse‐ and management‐level variables and the risk of EFE.Results: Crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour was strongly associated with increased risk of EFE (OR 67.3, 95% CI 15.3–296.5). A history of colic in the previous 12 months (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5–12.7) and horses of greater height (OR/cm 1.05, 95% CI 1.01‐1.08) were also at increased risk. The person(s) responsible for horses' daily care (nonowner/relative/spouse OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.3–13.3) and a number of behavioural features, including response to a stimulus causing fright (easily frightened OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1‐1.0) or excitement (sweats up easily/occasionally OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1‐0.8), reaction to their surroundings (inquisitive OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2‐0.8) and feeding behaviour when stressed (goes off food in full/part OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1‐1.0) were also associated with altered risk of EFE.Conclusions: The association between horses of greater height and those with a previous history of colic and increased risk of EFE suggests that some horses may be inherently predisposed to EFE. Furthermore, a behavioural pattern has been characterised that is common to horses at increased risk of EFE. Further research is required to investigate the causal pathway linking behavioural traits with gastrointestinal dysfunction and to determine whether behavioural modification reduces the risk of EFE.Potential relevance: The findings of the present study have relevance to horses in the UK, Ireland and USA.
The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and β cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance
Authors: Durham A. E. , Rendle D. I. , Newton J. R. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Laminitis in equids is a very common debilitating disease, and insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinaemia are increasingly recognised as important predisposing factors. Pharmacological modification of IR and hyperinsulinaemia might reduce the risk of laminitis.Hypothesis: Metformin, a drug commonly prescribed for treatment of human IR, may also decrease IR in equids.Methods: Eighteen horses and ponies with IR and recurrent laminitis were treated with 15 mg/kg bwt metforminper osq. 12 h. Each animal served as its own control by comparing pre‐ and post treatment proxies for IR, insulin sensitivity (IS) and pancreatic β cell function while controlling for possible dietary and managemental influences on IR.Results: Evidence of significantly improved IS and decreased pancreatic β cell secretion was found following metformin treatment. The magnitude of effect was greater at earlier resampling (6–14 days) than at later times (23–220 days). Apparent subjective clinical benefits were good but less favourable than effects on IR.Conclusions: Metformin is safe and appears to increase IS in equids.Potential relevance: Metformin may be indicated as a treatment for IR in equids. Further studies are required to define appropriate selection of subjects warranting therapy, dosing schedule and pharmacokinetics.
Long‐term study of partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in 76 Thoroughbred racehorses (1992–2006)
Authors: PARENTE E. J. , TULLENERS E. P. , SOUTHWOOD L. L. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: The effectiveness and best method to perform a partial arytenoidectomy in racehorses is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the success of and complications that can occur after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in Thoroughbred racehorses.Hypothesis: Partial arytenoidectomy is an effective surgical procedure to return Thoroughbred racehorses, afflicted by arytenoid chondropathy or a failed laryngoplasty, to preoperative levels of performance.Methods: Seventy‐six Thoroughbred racehorses admitted to the New Bolton Centre between 1992 and 2006 were assessed. Information was obtained from the medical records about the horse, laryngeal abnormalities, surgery and other findings during hospitalisation. Racing information was evaluated relative to those independent variables by an analysis of variance with a level of significance of P<0.05.Results: Arytenoid chondropathy was the presenting complaint in 54 horses and failed laryngoplasty in 22 horses. Thirteen horses (17%) underwent a second surgery for laser excision of intralaryngeal granulation tissue at the arytenoidectomy site. Seventy‐three horses were discharged from the hospital and racing outcome was evaluated. Sixty horses (82%) raced after surgery and 46 horses (63%) raced 5 or more times after surgery. The median time from surgery to the first start was 6 months. The average earnings/start was not significantly different before and after surgery. There was no association between earnings after surgery and age, gender, location of lesion, type of lesion, duration of tracheal intubation or undergoing a second surgery.Conclusions and potential relevance: A Thoroughbred racehorse is likely to race after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure and return to a preoperative level of performance.
Penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: A retrospective study of treatment of 77 affected horses
Authors: van den TOP J. G. B. , DE HEER N. , KLEIN W. R. , ENSINK J. M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: The most common penile and preputial neoplasm in the horse is the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but no large surveys of treatment and effects of the grade of the tumour, based on the degree of differentiation, on outcome of affected horses are available.Objectives: Analysis of treatment of male horses affected with SCC of the external genitalia and long‐term results of treatment.Methods: Seventy‐seven cases of SCC were evaluated. Data recorded included treatment, outcome, post operative histopathology and retrospective tumour grading.Results: Treatments included: cryosurgery, excision, partial phallectomy, partial phallectomy and sheath ablation, anden blocpenile and preputial resection with penile retroversion and removal of inguinal lymph nodes. The incidence of recurrence after partial phallectomy was 25.6% (10/39) and following incomplete removal was 17.9% (7/39). The incidence of recurrence afteren blocresection with retroversion was 12.5% (1/8). In horses with confirmed inguinal lymph node metastasis, the incidence of recurrence was 25.0% (1/4). Poorly differentiated SCCs were more likely to metastasise than well differentiated SCCs, and there was a greater chance that the treatment would be unsuccessful. The success of treatment, complete removal and in preventing recurrence of the tumour, of male horses with SCC of the external genitalia was 55.7%.Conclusions: Horses that receive only partial phallectomy for treatment for SCC of the external genitalia have a high incidence of recurrence in contrast to horses that receive anen blocresection. Tumour grading of SCC can help predict prognosis and guide selection of treatment.
A retrospective study of artificial insemination of 251 mares using chilled and fixed time frozen‐thawed semen
Authors: CROWE C. A. M. , RAVENHILL P. J. , HEPBURN R. J. , SHEPHERD C. H. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Historically, artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen has been perceived to have poorer success rates and be more labour intensive than using chilled semen. A retrospective study was therefore conducted to compare the conception rate achieved by AI between chilled and frozen semen, using fixed time insemination protocols over 2 breeding seasons.Hypothesis: Artificial insemination using chilled semen produces a higher conception rate than that achieved with frozen semen.Method: Mares (n = 251) were inseminated with either chilled (n = 112) or frozen (n = 139) semen in the 2006 and 2007 northern hemisphere breeding season. Per rectum ultrasonography of the mare's reproductive tract determined the timing of insemination, and deslorelin acetate was used to induce ovulation. Chilled semen insemination was performed using a single preovulatory dose delivered into the uterine body. Frozen semen was administered as 2 doses (pre‐ and post ovulation) using a deep uterine insemination technique. Pregnancy was detected ultrasonographically at 15 days post insemination. Conception rates were compared using a Chi‐squared test.Results: Insemination with frozen semen produced a significantly (P = 0.022) higher seasonal conception rate (82.0%) than that achieved with chilled semen (69.6%).Conclusions and potential relevance: Insemination with frozen semen can achieve conception rates equal to those with chilled semen, enabling the mare owner a greater selection of stallions.
Development of equine upper airway fluid mechanics model for Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: RAKESH V. , DUCHARME N. G. , DATTA A. K. , CHEETHAM J. , PEASE A. P. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReason for performing study: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models provide the means to evaluate airflow in the upper airways without requiringin vivoexperiments.Hypothesis: The physiological conditions of a Thoroughbred racehorse's upper airway during exercise could be simulated.Methods: Computed tomography scanned images of a 3‐year‐old intact male Thoroughbred racehorse cadaver were used to simulatein vivogeometry. Airway pressure traces from a live Thoroughbred horse, during exercise was used to set the boundary condition. Fluid‐flow equations were solved for turbulent flow in the airway during inspiratory and expiratory phases. The wall pressure turbulent kinetic energy and velocity distributions were studied at different cross‐sections along the airway. This provided insight into the general flow pattern and helped identify regions susceptible to dynamic collapse.Results: The airflow velocity and static tracheal pressure were comparable to data of horses exercising on a high‐speed treadmill reported in recent literature. The cross‐sectional area of the fully dilatedrima glottidiswas 7% greater than the trachea. During inspiration, the area of highest turbulence (i.e. kinetic energy) was in the larynx, the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx was subjected to the most negative wall pressure and the highest airflow velocity is more caudal on the ventral aspect of the nasopharynx (i.e. the soft palate). During exhalation, the area of highest turbulence was in the rostral and mid‐nasopharynx, the maximum positive pressure was observed at the caudal aspect of the soft palate and the highest airflow velocity at the front of the nasopharynx.Conclusions and clinical relevance: In the equine upper airway collapsible area, the floor of the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx is subjected to the most significant collapsing pressure with high average turbulent kinetic during inhalation, which may lead to palatal instability and explain the high prevalence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses. Maximal abduction of the arytenoid cartilage may not be needed for optimal performance, since the trachea cross‐sectional area is 7% smaller than therima glottidis.
Effects of a MAPK p38 inhibitor on lung function and airway inflammation in equine recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: LAVOIE J.‐P. , THOMPSON D. , HAMILTON E. , DEBRUE M. , DAVID F. , HICKEY G. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: It has been suggested that many of the beneficial effects of corticosteroids are mediated through mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 inhibition.Objective: To investigate the efficacy of the MAPK p38 inhibitor compound MRL‐EQ1 to either prevent(Phase 1)or treat(Phase 2)recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses.Methods: MRL‐EQ1 was administered i.v. at a dosage of 0.75‐1.5 mg/kg bwt q. 12 h. InPhase 1, susceptible horses in clinical remission were divided into 2 groups (n = 5/group), based on historical values of respiratory mechanics. All horses were entered in the study in pairs (one control, one treated horse) and exposed to the same environmental challenge (stabling, mouldy hay and dusty conditions). The treatment group received MRL‐EQ1 for 14 days while the control horses were untreated during the same period. InPhase 2, affected horses were ranked by severity of respiratory dysfunction and split randomly into either dexamethasone or MRL‐EQ1 treatment groups (n = 5/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, respiratory mechanic measurements, MRL‐EQ1 plasma concentration and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) whole blood activity were evaluated sequentially.Results: InPhase 1, MRL‐EQ1 did not prevent the occurrence of clinical signs and pulmonary inflammation. However, treatment was associated with a reduction in severity and a delay in the onset of signs and a reduction in pulmonary neutrophilia. InPhase 2, plasma concentrations achieved resulted inex vivosuppression of lipopolysaccharide‐induced TNF production in equine blood. MRL‐EQ1 did not improve airway inflammation or lung function and was associated in a dose dependent manner with behavioural (depression, excitability) and blood changes (neutrophilia, increased serum muscle enzyme concentrations).Conclusions: Inhibition of p38 in the horse was partially effective in reducing clinical signs and airway inflammation when administered prior to, but not during clinical exacerbation in RAO.Potential relevance: Inhibitors of p38 MAPK with a better toxicity profile may be effective in the prevention or treatment of RAO.
The creation of an international audit and database of equine colic surgery: Survey of attitudes of surgeons
Authors: MAIR T. S. , WHITE N. A. 
Published: September 2008

Summary Reasons for performing study: Currently, there is a lack of available evidence‐based data concerning the optimum treatments for horses affected by different types of colic and this precludes the application of clinical audit in this area. In order to accumulate such data, a large‐scale, multicentre database of the outcomes of colic surgery is proposed. The attitudes of surgeons is an important consideration in determining the feasibility of developing this database. Objectives: To assess attitudes and opinions of equine surgeons concerning clinical audit and to assess the perceived advantages and problems of setting up a large‐scale international audit/database of colic surgery. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 30 equine surgeons (large animal/equine surgeons who are diplomates of either the American College of Veterinary Surgeons or the European College of Veterinary Surgeons). Questionnaires were sent by e‐mail to 98 equine surgeons. Results: Face to face interviews were conducted (n = 30) and 43/98 completed questionnaires received (44%). The results of the 2 techniques were very similar. There was generally a high level of interest in the development of a large scale database of colic surgery, but perceived problems included time to collect and submit data, and confidentiality issues. A minority of surgeons reported that they were undertaking any form of specific monitoring of the results of colic surgery within their hospitals. Conclusions: There is a good level of interest among equine surgeons to develop a large scale database of colic surgery and most would be willing to contribute data from their own hospitals provided that data collection is quick and easy, and that confidentiality is maintained. Potential relevance: A large scale audit and database would provide relevant information to equine surgeons concerning the current success and complication rates of colic surgery. Such evidence‐based data could be used in clinical audits within individual equine hospitals. The data would also be useful to identify trends within the discipline and could highlight areas that would benefit from active research.
Serum concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolites after prolonged infusion in healthy horses
Authors: DICKEY E. J. , McKENZIE H. C. , BROWN J. A. , DE SOLIS C. N. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Continuous‐rate infusions (CRI) of lidocaine are often used for prolonged duration but, to date, only limited time/concentration relationships administered as a short term (24 h) CRI have been reported.Objective: To determine the time/concentration profile of lidocaine and its active metabolites glycinexylidide (GX) and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) during a 96 h lidocaine infusion.Methods: Lidocaine was administered to 8 mature healthy horses as a continuous rate infusion (0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) for 96 h. Blood concentrations of lidocaine, GX and MEGX were determined using high performance liquid chromatography during and after discontinuation of the infusion.Results: Serum lidocaine concentrations reached steady state by 3 h and did not accumulate thereafter. Concentrations were above the target therapeutic concentration (980 ng/ml) only at 6 and 48 h, and did not reach the range described as potentially causing toxicity (>1850 ng/ml) at any time. MEGX did not accumulate over time, while the GX accumulated significantly up to 48 h and then remained constant. The serum concentrations of lidocaine, MEGX and GX were below the limit of detection within 24 h of discontinuation of the infusion. None of the horses developed any signs of lidocaine toxicity during the study.Conclusions: The metabolism of lidocaine was not significantly impaired by prolonged infusion and no adverse effects were observed. Prolonged infusions appear to be safe in normal horses but the accumulation of GX, a potentially toxic active metabolite, is cause for concern.Clinical relevance: Although the toxic level of GX has not yet been determined, such accumulation could lead potentially to adverse side effects and it is important to consider this potential for accumulation when utilising prolonged lidocaine infusions.
Large colon resection and anastomosis in horses: 52 cases (1996–2006)
Authors: DRISCOLL N. , BAIA P. , FISCHER A. T. , BRAUER T. , KLOHNEN A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Large colon resection and anastomosis (LCRA) is the most aggressive method of surgical management of a colon with questionable viability. Currently, published studies are comprised mostly of broodmares and discuss short‐term survival.Objectives: To determine the prognosis for survival after LCRA in a diverse population of horses, report the incidence of post operative complications, and determine if associations between analysed variables and survival rate exist.Methods: The medical records of 52 horses that underwent LCRA were evaluated. Data were used to identify univariable associations with survival as well as complications related to LCRA. Chi‐square, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval, Mann‐Whitney or Kruskal‐Wallis tests were used, with significance set at P<0.05.Results: Forty‐four horses (84.6%) survived anaesthesia and recovery, 30 (57.7%) survived to be discharged from the hospital. Of the variables analysed, heart rate 24 h after recovery was significantly associated with mortality, as were endotoxaemia, ileus and peritonitis experienced post operatively.Conclusions: Heart rate 24 h after recovery may be a more reliable prognostic indicator than other analysed variables. Survival rate and complications after LCRA were similar to those previously reported.Potential relevance: By reporting on LCRA in a diverse group of horses, referral clinics with similar populations may have a better understanding of prognosis and complications associated with the procedure. When a colon with questionable viability is removed, waiting until 24 h after recovery may be advised to allow for a more informed decision regarding prognosis.