bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diderot, l'Encyclopédie et le Dictionnaire de Trévoux
Authors: Morin Robert 
Published: October 2008

Robert Morin: Diderot, the Encyclopédie and the Dictionnaire de Trévoux.
A detailed comparison of the Encyclopédie articles for which Diderot was responsible with the corresponding articles in the 1752 and 1771 editions of the Dictionnaire de Trévoux. Although the two works pretend to ignore each other, in fact we find that they criticize and reply to each other, as can be seen in particular in the differences between the two editions of Trévoux. What also appears clearly is the contrast between Diderot's empiricism and Scripture and tradition ; they were imprisoned in a rigid rationalistic intellectual framework.
Deux lettres inédites de Diderot
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

Two Unpublished Letters by Diderot.
Two letters, one (in a private collection) to Maupertuis, dated 5th May 1751, on Diderot's election to the Berlin Academy, and the other (in the Langres Public Library) to La Condamine, dated 2nd February 1753.
Debat ; De l'Encyclopédie à la Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme : rupture ou continuité ?
Authors: Chouillet Jacques , Perol Lucette 
Published: October 2008

Debate. From the Encyclopédie to the Rights of Man : Hiatus or Continuity ? Contributions to a debate at the meeting of the Society in Paris on 21st October 1989.
Jacques Chouillet: Introduction.
An investigation of two major reference works on the Revolution — the Dictionnaire critique, directed by F. Furet and M. Ozouf and the Dictionnaire historique, inspired by A. Soboul — reveals that the first practically ignores Diderot and the Encyclopédie and emphasizes Rousseau, and that while the second considers the question of the Revolution and does not ignore the Encyclopédie , Rousseau is again emphasized. The author points to the diffusion of the Encyclopédie before the Revolution and suggests a greater investigation of contemporary estimates of a debt to the Enlightenment.
Lucette Perol : The Texts.
The text of the 1789 Declaration is compared in detail with certain Encyclopédie articles, in particular Rousseau's économie (politique), D'Holbach's représentants, and Diderot's autorité politique and citoyen. On some points, mainly natural law and the Lockean tradition, there is continuity, and some democratic rights are described in these articles. But concerning individual liberty there is no continuity ; a change has been brought about, by Beccaria and by the changed circumstances of 1789.
L'identité de quatre interlocuteurs de la Satire première
Authors: Wachs Morris 
Published: October 2008

Morris Wachs: An Identification of four Characters in the Satire première.
The quotations in the Satire première have not hitherto all been attributed with certainty by the text's various editors. This article, using the anecdotes to be found in a variety of contemporary works, identifies three hitherto unknown authors of quotations, and confirms a fourth, which was uncertain.
Dynamique des formes et interprétation de la nature
Authors: Rey Roselyne 
Published: October 2008

Roselyne Rey : Dynamic forms and the interpretation of nature.
A study of the structure of the Pensées sur l'interprétation de la Nature and its elaboration starting from the central metaphor of the chain, leads to a reevaluation of the Baconian legacy in this work. Diderot's initial agreement with the principles of induction, in particular the importance of "median axioms", leads to difficulties when he comes to reflect on the life sciences. Theses difficulties concern first of all the classic question of the legitimacy of abstraction, and secondly the newer and more intractable problem of the determination of the particular, which centres round the definition of the "form". What is the "form" of life? What is a biological individual? These questions lead back to the dynamism of living forms.
L'Avis aux Gens de Lettres de Marmontel : Une versification du Neveu de Rameau ?
Authors: Kaplan James M. 
Published: October 2008

James M. Kaplan: Is Marmontel's Avis au gens de lettres a versification of the Neveu de Rameau ?
The year 1779 was a particularly challenging one for the Philosophe group. Marmontel and Diderot were especially close at this time because of the poet's strong and effective support. Marmontel's poem Vous avez tort: avis au gens de lettres is a direct and clear reflection of his troubled period. Close textual similarities seem to indicate that it is a versification of several passages of Le Neveu de Rameau; e.g. the refrain "Vous avez tort", the words "espèce" and "automate", and the paradox that informs the whole poem, that if a benefactor does good to a recipient and the latter mistreats him, it is the benefactor's fault. Marmontel's poem can arguably be linked to a reading of the Neveu in Mme Necker's salon. It is hoped that further research will prove conclusively that Marmontel was familiar with at least parts of Diderot's masterwork.
La représentation du corps hermaphrodite dans les planches de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: McGuire James R. 
Published: October 2008

James McGuire: The Representation of the Hermaphroditic Body in the Encyclopédie plates.
This study brings together a plurality of discourse — literary, historical, medical and sociological — with the intention of deciphering ideological strategies of encyclopédisme as they manifest themselves in the iconography of three plates of hermaphrodites which appeared in Panckoucke's Supplément of 1776-7. This exploration of the stakes involved in this example of the, literally, reductive textual and pictorial representation of the sexually ambigous body during the Enlightenment serves to revea! what one might refer to as the paradoxically dark side of encyclopedic transparency.
A propos du tableau de Lemonnier : « Une soirée chez Madame Geoffrin »
Authors: Lough John 
Published: October 2008

John Lough: Lemonnier's Painting, "Une soirée chez Madame Geoffrin en 1755".
Lemonnier's painting, originally entitled "Première lecture, chez Madame Geoffrin, de l'Orphelin de Chine", first exhibited in 1814, is reproduced in many books on the 18th Century. We demonstrate that Mme Geoffrin did not possess the bust of Voltaire shown in the painting, and that most of the 54 people present in the picture of the salon could not have attended her Wednesday dinners, which were much more intimate, at that date. Only 15 of those shown are known to have attended, while others, not included, did attend. The picture is thus of no documentary value concerning the place of the writer in the society of the Ancien Régime.
Les traductions de l'Encyclopédie du XVIIIe siècle : quelle fut leur influence ?
Authors: Kafker Frank A. 
Published: October 2008

Frank A. Kafker: The Eighteenth-Century Translations of the Encyclopédie: How Influential Were They?.
This article discusses the eighteenth-century translations of the Encyclopédie, especially those in English, Italian, and Russian, and concludes that there was no even remotely adequate translation in any language. The article then proposes various explanations for this and argues that the most important reason was the lack of enough interested readers who could not read the original in French. Among a non-Francophone audience, even when the Encyclopédie's sales price was kept low by publishing it in installments or a few articles at a time, it had very limited appeal. Therefore, if one wants to search for the influence of the Encyclopédie in Europe, one should study the various French editions and anthologies and not the translations.
La vieillesse de Diderot
Authors: Venturi Franco 
Published: October 2008

Franco Venturi : Diderot' s Old Age.
In the 1770s Diderot was convinced that France was corrupt and declining and he turned to Russia in the hope, encouraged by the legislative commission, of seeing his dream of liberty realised. But this hope was soon dashed and his last years were still haunted by the nightmare of despotism. His Essai sur Sénèque, behind the classical model, is a reaction against the revived danger of despotism in modern Europe, while Raynal's Histoire des deux Indes, inspired by Diderot, is mainly a reflection of the world in the 1770s. In particular, with Diderot's help, Raynal placed the American Revolution at the heart of his work; it became an example for all colonies and the sign of a profound change in the relations between the continents. Diderot was greatly affected by Raynal's condemnation, and in his defence of him, he called Raynal a new type of historian, of the type that inspires Brutuses.
La physique pour débutants : Angélique Diderot et les Leçons de l'abbé Nollet
Authors: Ruffet Monique 
Published: October 2008

Monique Ruffet : Physics for Beginners : Angélique Diderot and the abbé Nollet's Lessons.
Among the unclassifiable papers in the Fonds Vandeul at the B.N. is a manuscript entitled «Phisique, discours préliminaire». H. Dieckmann considered that it was very probably in Mme Vandeul's handwriting, but it seems to be even closer to Mlle Diderot's. The care Diderot devoted to his daughter's education is well known ; he wished her to be musical. It is rather surprising to find an apparent interest for experimental science. This little manuscript begins with praise for the physicist and continues with a description of four experiments taken from the first chapter of abbé Nollet's Leçons de physique expérimentale , first published in 1743. The manuscript is unfinished, but its presence among Diderot's archives indicates that it had a great sentimental importance for its author.
Architecture et médecine à la fin du XVIIIe siècle : la ventilation des hôpitaux, de l'Encyclopédie au débat sur l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
Authors: Cheminade Christian 
Published: October 2008

Christian Cheminade: Architecture and Medecine in the Late 18th Century: Ventilation in Hospitals, from the Encyclopédie to the Debate on the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris.
In the Encyclopédie articles Hôpital and Hotel-dieu we see the emergence of the idea that hospital architecture has a role to play in the healing of the sick. As putrid air was considered to be an essential factor in infection and contagion, forward-looking doctors and architects considered that it was crucial to preserve patients from it. Thus the hospitals planned after 1773 to replace the old Hôtel-Dieu in Paris were designed so as to create the maximum ventilation and isolation of the wards; that is why the traditional rectangular or cross-shaped plans were gradually abandoned. In the late 1780s a radically new hospital model was established, composed of parallel, completely separate buildings, which remained the norm for nearly a century. This reflection, encouraged and even organized by the government, shows the beginning of an enlightened policy of public health at the end of the Old Régime.
Sieyès, lecteur critique de l'article « Évidence » de l'Encyclopédie (1773)
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques 
Published: October 2008

Jacques Guilhaumou : Sieyès's Critical Reading of the Encyclopédie Article Évidence.
We publish here a manuscript found among Sieyès's personal papers at the Archives nationales, containing the criticism he wrote in 1773 of the unsigned Encyclopédie article Évidence, which he attributed to Quesnay. This early writing shows Sieyès's désire to conduct a philosophical and economic critique of Physiocratic doctrines, in which economic thought is part of a wider conception of "political metaphysics". Despite its incomplete and fragmentary nature, we can see in this brief text a sensualist argument, taken from Condillac and Locke, concerning the status of abstraction, which provides the basis for the study of the interaction between the self and the world. Taken with another manuscript dating from 1774, this shows us a similarity with Kant and Fichte; in order to see how far Sieyès was elaborating a French version of German idealism, we need to study all of his philosophical manuscripts.
Diderot et le théâtre intérieur
Authors: Perol Lucette 
Published: October 2008

Lucette Perol : Diderot' s Interior Theatre.
In his own time, Diderot was seen as a playwright because of two plays that are no longer staged, even if the theoretical texts accompanying them are still valid. The image we now have of his work, with its variety, range and power, is very different ; yet many of Diderot's works have been staged with succeess even though they were not written with that aim. It is as if, from the moment he gave up any thought of publishing during his lifetime his most innovative thought, the theatre he had abandoned impregnated all his work, as seen in their division, the creation and staging of characters, the dialogues and role of the spectator. This is not only true of his ever more complex novels, but also of non-narrative genres, such as art criticism or philosophical works, which he acts to himself and encourages his readers to visualise in their own internal theatres. This explains part of the pleasure in reading Diderot and the effectiveness of his message.
L'Encyclopédie: le choix de l'ordre alphabétique
Authors: Becq Annie 
Published: October 2008

Annie Becq : The Encyclopédie: the Choice of Alphabetical Order.
A few lines from the Préface to Chamber's Cyclopœdia help us to understand the importance of the two Encyclopédie editors' choice of alphabetical order for both the encyclopædic and the genealogical orders. It was a paradoxical attempt at reconciliation which probably corresponded in important ways to Diderot's permanent fundamental concern, which was to go beyond the inadequacies of discursive linearity and to invent forms which could present or suggest multidimensional depth, echoes, ramifications and mental and physical reality.
Diderot. Correspondance et morale
Authors: Cammagre Geneviève 
Published: October 2008

Geneviève Cammagre : Diderot, correspondence and morality.
Diderot was haunted by the dream of writing a moral treatise. The impossibility of this undertaking may have led him to envisage publishing his private correspondence as an edifying account of his own moral experience. For the letter writer stages in this apparently changing relationship, behaviour which is dictated by his ethical reflection and mainly consists of sentimental utilitarianism. The letters are a theatre for the representation of the self, dressed as a father, lover, friend, philosopher. They help to create an exemplary life ; the appearance gives form to the being, and the recipient is called on to be, like the sender, a seductive and seducced model who will influence posterity. Yet this model is built on unstable und complex foundations which the writer explores in an indirect way, for the feeling of what escapes him is food for reflection on the complexity of the human being.
Diderot selon Pierre Larousse
Authors: Trousson Raymond 
Published: October 2008

Raymond Trousson : Diderot according to Pierre Larousse.
Pierre Larousse, a disciple of Michelet, Proudhon and Auguste Comte, accorded Diderot an important place in his Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. In his preface, he specifically presents himself as the Encyclopaedist's heir and claims his patronage for his own undertaking. He considered Diderot to be the most important and innovative of the « philosophes », far ahead of Voltaire and Rousseau, and he presents him as a precursor of the Revolution « from the point of view of politics, philosophy and literature ». Diderot was already concerned about an authentic social revolution and was philosophically the most daring and original thinker of his time, a pioneer of the experimental method and a genius who looked forward to the discoveries of modern science. In literature, Larousse rehabilitated Diderot's plays and above all paid homage to the powerful originality of Rameau 's Nephew. This long article, written five years before the beginning of Assezat's publication of the Complete Works, was a prelude to the celebration of Diderot's centenary in 1884, orchestrated by the Positivist school.
Diderot et son propre portrait
Authors: Gauthier Gérald 
Published: October 2008

Gérald Gauthier : Diderot et son propre portrait.
Pour quelles raisons, s'interroge Diderot, son portrait peint par Louis-Michel Van Loo ne lui convient-il pas ? Afin de s'éclairer, il se livre à l'exercice critique qui lui est familier : il met ce tableau à l'épreuve de la comparaison avec d'autres représentations de lui-même (peinture, sculpture, gravure). On reconnaît le franc-parler dont le philosophe fait usage dans ses salons en particulier, mais le plus intéressant est l'infinie variété avec laquelle il procède. Par exemple il se sert de constructions et de phrases sans verbe. Ces énoncés viennent tantôt comme de petites notes légères et tantôt conmme d'intenses points d'orgue. Magnifiquement orchestré jusque dans le détail d'une ponctuation qui tient sans cesse en éveil, ce texte est scandé par les étonnants points forts que sont «J'aime encore mieux la vérité », le bon mot tragi-comique « Ecco il vero pulcinella » et ce que recèle le détail des deux belles oreilles du buste de Falconet. Loin de tout système, Diderot ne se prive d'aucune des ressources de la langue, la fluidité qui caractérise son style est ici à son plus haut degré.
Présence de Montaigne dans la pensée ultime de Diderot
Authors: Chabanon Michèle 
Published: October 2008

Michèle Chabanon : The Presence of Montaigne in Diderot 's later thought.
The insistance with which Diderot pays homage to Montaigne, first in the Essai sur Sénèque and then in the Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, shows how close and persistent were the links between Diderot and the 'man of letters with an exceptional breadth of mind and wisdom'. But beyond his role as an initiator into a knowledge of Antiquity and his daring defence of Seneca, Montaigne the philosopher entered the Pantheon of great men (in which Diderot included himself) thanks to his energetic style and his reflection on the philosophical function of language. The practical prudence which brings the Neveu close to Montaigne's 'taste' in morality can here be discerned underlying the thought of Diderot's later years, when he was neyertheless convinced, thanks to Seneca, of the possibility of discovering the 'true foundations of morality'.
Les lois du choc et la rationalité de la mécanique selon D'Alembert
Authors: Firode Alain 
Published: October 2008

Alain Firode : Les lois du choc et la rationalité de la mécanique selon D 'Alembert.
D'Alembert ne considère pas que l'impulsion soit un phénomène métaphysiquement plus compréhensible que l'attraction. Cependant les deux formes de causalité mécanique n'en ont pas moins un statut épistémologique profondément différent. L'impulsion aurait sur l'attraction ce privilège d'être régie par des lois intégralement rationnelles pouvant être déduites a priori de la nature même des corps, c'est-à-dire de leur impénétrabilité. Cette déduction obéit chez D'Alembert à une démarche originale. Il s'agit de tirer les lois de la percussion d'un principe plus fondamental qui soit lui-même une conséquence nécessaire de l'impénétrabilité des corps. Ce principe fondateur est celui de l'équilibre et la possibilité d'en dériver les lois du choc est assurée par le « principe de D'Alembert ». Ainsi D'Alembert se croit-il en mesure, dans l'Encyclopédie, de démontrer le caractère absolument nécessaire des lois de la percussion.
« Deux sortes de peintures »
Authors: Déan Philippe 
Published: October 2008

Philippe Déan : Deux sortes de peinture.
Les Essais sur la peinture sont issus de la volonté de rassembler les connaissances de Diderot afin de penser l'image selon des critères qui assurent l'unité et l'idéal de sa signification. Dans une addition tardive aux Essais, le critique d'art divise cependant la peinture en deux sortes dont l'opposition mine la volonté de synthétiser sa pensée sur l'image. L'une accorde une place prépondérante au détail dans son régime de signification. C'est lui qui assure la lisibilité, la décomposition de sa totalité en parties qui attestent le réalisme et le sens de l'image. L'autre au contraire pose la notion de détail pour mieux en relativiser la portée théorique et reconnaître que la peinture peut être aussi brouillage et aveuglement par rapport au modèle. Une telle divergence d'effets impose une nécessaire disjonction des modes d'être du regard et du savoir, ainsi qu'un déplacement des catégories de la connaissance. À travers cette dialectique d'effets contradictoires, c'est bien la reconnaissance d'une économie irrationnelle des images dont Diderot se fait le témoin.
Les relations entre élasticité et dureté dans le Traité de Dynamique sont-elles compatibles avec celles de l'Encyclopédie ?
Authors: Viard Jérôme , Ismaël-Youssouf Djama 
Published: October 2008

Jérôme Viard et Djema Ismaël Youssouf : Is the relationship between elasticity and hardness in the Traité de dynamique compatible with that in the Encyclopédie ?
Certain passages in the Traité de dynamique concerning the laws of impact, which contain no complicated calculations and are expressed in a concise limpid language, might almost seem familiar to the modern reader. However, behind this apparent accessibility lie unexpected difficulties. These difficulties of interpretation are due to the fact that, although expressed in words very similar to ours, D'Alembert's conception of matter and its properties is yery différent from ours. But his Encyclopédie articles provide great assitance in reconstituting his concept of the relationship between the différent properties of bodies, like hardness, elasticity and compressibility, directing the laws of movement in impact. Thanks to these articles, the Traité becomes easier to read. This « experiment » illustrates the coherence of D'Alembert's thought on this question, beyond the différent ways it is expressed.
Science, philosophie et littérature : le polype de Diderot
Authors: Spangler May 
Published: October 2008

May Spangler : Science, philosophie et littérature : le polype de Diderot.
Le polype, ou hydre d'eau douce, est un petit être extraordinaire dont s'émerveillent Diderot et ses contemporains. Nous considérons dans cet article les propriétés biologiques du polype de Trembley, et en particulier sa reproduction par régénérescence à partir d'un morceau de lui-même. Nous examinons ensuite les conséquences matérialistes qu'en ont tirées Bonnet et La Mettrie, telles que la continuité des règnes et l'inséparabilité de la vie et de la matière. Nous explorons enfin le polype chez Diderot. Dans Le Rêve de D'Alembert se marque le passage du polype réel au polype imaginaire, autorisant l'élaboration d'une fiction qui sert à donner forme à une spéculation scientifique : le principe du clonage et de la division cellulaire. Dans sa Correspondance, Diderot présente les particularités régénératrices du polype comme figure de sa textualité, à savoir l'inséparabilité du texte et des idées, et la conception du texte comme une matière organique vivante et douée du pouvoir de se reproduire à partir d'elle-même.