bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Body Fat Response to Exercise Training and Multilocus ADR Genotypes
Authors: Phares Dana A. , Halverstadt Amy A. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Ferrell Robert E. , Douglass Larry W. , Ryan Alice S. , Goldberg Andrew P. , Hagberg James M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To examine the contribution of adrenergic receptor (ADR) gene polymorphisms and their gene‐gene interactions to the variability of exercise training‐induced body fat response.Research Methods and Procedures: This was an intervention study that used a volunteer sample of 70 healthy, sedentary men (n = 29) and postmenopausal women (n = 41) 50 to 75 years of age, with a BMI ≤37 kg/m2, from the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Participants completed 6 weeks of dietary stabilization (American Heart Association diet) before 24 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training. Diet was maintained throughout the intervention. Change in percent total body fat, percent trunk fat, and fat mass by DXA in ADR genotype groups (Glu12/Glu9 α2b‐ADR, Trp64Arg β3‐ADR, and Gln27Glu β2‐ADR) at baseline and after 24 weeks of aerobic exercise training was measured.Results: In multivariate analysis (covariates: age, gender, and baseline value of phenotype), best fit models for percent total body and trunk fat response to exercise training retained main effects of all three ADR gene loci and the effects of each gene‐gene interaction (p = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively). Similarly, there was a trend for the fat mass response model (p = 0.03). The combined genetic factors explained 17.5% of the overall model variability for percent total body fat, 22% for percent trunk fat, and 10% for fat mass.Discussion: The body fat response to exercise training in older adults is associated with the combined effects of the Glu12/Glu9 α2b‐, Trp64Arg β3‐, and Gln27Glu β2‐ADR gene variants and their gene‐gene interactions.
Energetic Cost and Preferred Speed of Walking in Obese vs. Normal Weight Women
Authors: Browning Raymond C. , Kram Rodger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We tested the hypotheses that walking is more expensive for obese women, and they prefer slower walking speeds that minimize the gross energy cost per distance despite a greater relative aerobic effort [percent of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max)/kg].Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty adult women, 10 obese (BMI = 34.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2) and 10 normal weight (BMI = 20.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) volunteered. To determine the metabolic rate and energy cost per distance vs. speed relationships, we measuredV˙o2andV˙CO2while subjects walked on a treadmill at six speeds (0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 m/s; 5‐minute trials, with a 5‐minute rest period between trials). We measured preferred walking speed on a 50‐m section of level sidewalk andV˙o2maxusing a modified Balke treadmill protocol.Results: Walking was 11% more expensive for the obese subjects, but they preferred to walk at similar speeds as normal weight subjects (1.40 vs. 1.47 m/s,p= 0.07). Both groups preferred walking speeds at which their gross energy cost per distance was almost minimized. Obese subjects had a smallerV˙o2max/kg, so they required a greater relative aerobic effort at the preferred speed (51% vs. 36%,p= 0.001).Discussion: Obese women preferred a walking speed that minimized energy cost per distance, even though this strategy required a greater relative aerobic effort than walking more slowly. Our results suggest that walking slower for a set distance may be an appropriate exercise recommendation for a weight management prescription in obese adults.
Family Dinner and Adolescent Overweight
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Berkey Catherine S. , Rockett Helaine R.H. , Field Alison E. , Frazier A. Lindsay , Colditz Graham A. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine both cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between frequency of family dinner and overweight status in a large sample of 9‐ to 14‐year‐old children.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied a cohort of 7784 girls and 6647 boys, 9 to 14 years of age at baseline in 1996, participating in the Growing Up Today Study. From annual mailed surveys, we calculated BMI from self‐reported height and weight and assessed frequency of family dinner over the previous year. We defined “overweight” as age‐ and sex‐specific BMI >85th percentile. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses; the longitudinal analyses assessed the association of previous year family dinner consumption with 1‐year incidence of becoming overweight, using prospective data from 1996 through 1999.Results: At baseline in 1996, 16% of participants had family dinner “never or some days,” 40% on “most days,” and 44% “every day.” Across these categories, overweight prevalence for girls was 19.4%, 16.6%, and 16.7% and for boys was 24.6%, 23.3%, and 22.7%, respectively. In cross‐sectional analyses, adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of being overweight was 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76, 0.96] among children who ate family dinner on “most days” or “every day” compared with those who ate family dinner “never or some days.” In longitudinal multivariate models, the odds ratios between previous year frequency of eating family dinner and 1‐year incidence of becoming overweight were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.16) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.27) for children who ate family dinner on “most days” and “every day,” respectively, compared with those who ate family dinner “never or some days.”Discussion: The frequency of eating family dinner was inversely associated with overweight prevalence at baseline but not with likelihood of becoming overweight in longitudinal analyses.
Weight Stigmatization and Ideological Beliefs: Relation to Psychological Functioning in Obese Adults
Authors: Friedman Kelli E. , Reichmann Simona K. , Costanzo Philip R. , Zelli Arnaldo , Ashmore Jamile A. , Musante Gerard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study evaluated the relation among weight‐based stigmatization, ideological beliefs about weight, and psychological functioning in an obese, treatment‐seeking sample.Research Methods and Procedure: Ninety‐three obese, treatment‐seeking adults (24 men and 69 women) completed a battery of self‐report questionnaires measuring psychological adjustment, attitudes about weight, belief in the controllability of weight, and the frequency of weight‐based stigmatization.Results: Weight‐based stigmatization was a common experience for participants. Frequency of stigmatizing experiences was positively associated with depression, general psychiatric symptoms, and body image disturbance, and negatively associated with self‐esteem. Further, participants’ own negative attitudes about weight problems were associated with their psychological distress and moderated the relation between the experience of stigmatization and body image.Discussion: Weight‐based stigmatization is a common experience for obese individuals seeking weight loss treatment and appears to contribute to poor mental health adjustment. The negative effects of these experiences are particularly damaging for those who hold strong antifat beliefs.
Sedentary Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle‐aged French Subjects
Authors: Bertrais Sandrine , Beyeme‐Ondoua Jean‐Paul , Czernichow Sébastien , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Oppert Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the relationships of time spent in sedentary occupations with the National Cholesterol Education Program—defined metabolic syndrome (MS), taking into account the habitual level of physical activity (PA).Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional analysis in 1902 men and 1932 women 50 to 69 years of age participating in the French Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals study. We assessed past‐year PA, television watching or computer use, and reading during leisure with the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire. Subjects who performed at least 150 min/wk of moderate‐intensity PA (3 to 6 metabolic equivalent tasks) or 60 min/wk of vigorous PA (>6 metabolic equivalent tasks) were considered as meeting recommended levels.Results: The frequency of most MS components increased with time spent in front of a screen and decreased with increasing PA levels. The likelihood to have MS, adjusted for age, education, and smoking, was decreased by one‐third in subjects meeting moderate PA guidelines and by two‐thirds in subjects meeting vigorous PA recommendations [odds ratio (95% CI), 0.34 (0.17 to 0.66) in women, 0.44 (0.28 to 0.68) in men] compared with those with insufficient PA. Independently of PA levels, time spent in front of a screen was positively associated with the likelihood to have the MS in women [odds ratio (95% CI), 3.30 (2.04 to 5.34)], whereas in both sexes, no association was found with time spent reading.Discussion: The relationship of the MS with a sedentary lifestyle differs according to sex and type of sedentary occupation. These results suggest the need to assess selected indicators of sedentary behavior in preventive programs.
Weight Change and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Oguma Yuko , Sesso Howard D. , Paffenbarger Ralph S. , Lee I‐Min 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between weight change and risk of type 2 diabetes and whether initial weight modifies the association.Research Methods and Procedures: This is a prospective cohort study of 20, 187 alumni from Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania. At baseline in 1962 or 1966, men (mean age, 45.9 years) reported their weight, height, and other risk factors. They also had had their weight and height measured at university entry (mean age, 18.5 years). Participants were followed from baseline to 1998 for type 2 diabetes.Results: During follow‐up, 1223 men developed type 2 diabetes. Weight gain significantly increased the risk of this disease. The multivariate relative risks associated with BMI change from university entry to baseline of <−0.5, ±0.5, >0.5 to 1.0, >1.0 to 1.5, >1.5 to 2.0, >2.0 to 3.0, and >3.0 kg/m2 per decade were 0.88, 1.00 (referent), 1.29, 2.09, 2.69, 4.67, and 7.02, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001). Even among men with a low initial BMI < 21 kg/m2, weight gain significantly increased risk; the corresponding relative risks were (no cases), 1.00 (referent), 1.00, 1.93, 2.47, 4.82, and 7.68, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001).Discussion: A low initial BMI does not ameliorate the increase in risk of type 2 diabetes with weight gain. Avoidance of weight gain, even among lean individuals, is important to reduce the risk of this disease.
Obesity in Spanish Schoolchildren: Relationship with Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Garcés Carmen , Gutierrez‐Guisado Javier , Benavente Mercedes , Cano Beatriz , Viturro Enrique , Ortega Henar , de Oya Manuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reports cross‐sectional data from a total of 1048 children, 6 to 8 years of age, categorized by presence or absence of obesity, who participated in a voluntary survey of cardiovascular risk factors in Spain over the period of 1998 to 2000, to establish the relationship between obesity and its metabolic consequences at this age. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 9.4% and 15.7%, respectively, in boys and 10.5% and 18.0%, respectively, in girls. We observed that, in both sexes, obese children had higher triglycerides and lower high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels than non‐obese children. No differences were found in plasma glucose or low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels between normal and obese children. However, we observed that insulin levels and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in obese children of both sexes but that free fatty acid levels were lower in obese children than in nonobese children, with a statistical significance in girls (0.72 ± 0.30 vs. 0.61 ± 0.16 mEq/liter). In summary, our survey found some metabolic consequences of obesity similar to those found in adults (elevated triglycerides, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and lower high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol). However, other features (glucose, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels) were found to behave differently, indicating that the association of obesity with risk factors seems to change as the children age and may depend on the chronology of sexual maturation.
Extracellular Cyclic AMP—Adenosine Pathway in Isolated Adipocytes and Adipose Tissue
Authors: Strouch Marci B. , Jackson Edwin K. , Mi Zaichuan , Metes Nicole A. , Carey Gale B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to evaluate the presence and lipolytic impact of the extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–adenosine pathway in adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixteen miniature Yucatan swine (Sus scrofa) were used for these in vitro and in situ experiments. Four microdialysis probes were implanted into subcutaneous adipose tissue and perfused at 2 μL/min with Ringer's solution containing no addition, varying levels of cyclic AMP, 10 μM isoproterenol, or 10 μM isoproterenol plus 1 mM α,β‐methylene adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (AMPCP), a 5′‐nucleotidase inhibitor. Dialysate was assayed for AMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and glycerol. Freshly isolated adipocytes were incubated with buffer, 1 μM isoproterenol, or 1 μM isoproterenol plus 0.1 mM AMPCP, and extracellular levels of AMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and glycerol were measured.Results: Perfusion of adipose tissue with exogenous cyclic AMP caused a significant increase in AMP and adenosine appearance. Perfusion with AMPCP, in the presence or absence of isoproterenol, significantly increased the levels of AMP and glycerol, whereas it significantly reduced the level of adenosine and its metabolites. However, the AMPCP‐provoked increase in lipolysis observed in situ and in vitro was not temporally associated with a decrease in adenosine.Discussion: These data suggest the existence of a cyclic AMP—adenosine pathway in adipocytes and adipose tissue. The role of this pathway in the regulation of lipolysis remains to be clarified.
Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Adipogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Lin Ji , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Green tea catechins have been shown to promote loss of body fat and to inhibit growth of many cancer cell types by inducing apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the primary green tea catechin, could act directly on adipocytes to inhibit adipogenesis and induce apoptosis.Research Methods and Procedures: Mouse 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes and mature adipocytes were used. To test the effect of EGCG on viability, cells were incubated for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours with 0, 50, 100, or 200 μM EGCG. Viability was quantitated by MTS assay. To determine the effect of EGCG on apoptosis, adipocytes were incubated for 24 hours with 0 to 200 μM EGCG, then stained with annexin V and propidium iodide and analyzed by laser scanning cytometry. Both preadipocytes and adipocytes were also analyzed for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling assay. To determine the effect of EGCG on adipogenesis, maturing preadipocytes were incubated during the 6‐day induction period with 0 to 200 μM EGCG, then stained with Oil‐Red‐O and analyzed for lipid content.Results: EGCG had no effect on either viability or apoptosis of preconfluent preadipocytes. EGCG also did not affect viability of mature adipocytes; however, EGCG increased apoptosis in mature adipocytes, as demonstrated by both laser scanning cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling assays. Furthermore, EGCG dose‐dependently inhibited lipid accumulation in maturing preadipocytes.Discussion: These results demonstrate that EGCG can act directly to inhibit differentiation of preadipocytes and to induce apoptosis of mature adipocytes and, thus, could be an important adjunct in the treatment of obesity.
Oligofructose Promotes Satiety in Rats Fed a High‐Fat Diet: Involvement of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1
Authors: Cani Patrice D. , Neyrinck Audrey M. , Maton Nicole , Delzenne Nathalie M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To analyze the putative interest of oligofructose (OFS) in the modulation of food intake after high‐fat diet in rats and to question the relevance of the expression and secretion of intestinal peptides in that context.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were pretreated with standard diet or OFS‐enriched (10%) standard diet for 35 days followed by 15 days of high‐fat diet enriched or not with OFS (10%) treatment. Body weight, food intake, triglycerides, and plasma ghrelin levels were monitored during the treatment. On day 50, rats were food‐deprived 8 hours and anesthetized for blood and intestinal tissue sampling for further proglucagon mRNA, glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1, and GLP‐2 quantification.Results: The addition of OFS in the diet protects against the promotion of energy intake, body weight gain, fat mass development, and serum triglyceride accumulation induced by a high‐fat diet. OFS fermentation leads to an increase in proglucagon mRNA in the cecum and the colon and in GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 contents in the proximal colon, with consequences on the portal concentration of GLP‐1 (increase). A lower ghrelin level is observed only when OFS is added to the standard diet of rats.Discussion: In rats exposed to high‐fat diet, OFS is, thus, able to modulate endogenous production of gut peptides involved in appetite and body weight regulation. Because several approaches are currently used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity with limited effectiveness, dietary fibers such as OFS, which promote the endogenous production of gut peptides like GLP‐1, could be proposed as interesting nutrients to consider in the management of fat intake and associated metabolic disorders.
Bottomless Bowls: Why Visual Cues of Portion Size May Influence Intake**
Authors: Wansink Brian , Painter James E. , North Jill 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Using self‐refilling soup bowls, this study examined whether visual cues related to portion size can influence intake volume without altering either estimated intake or satiation.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐four participants (BMI, 17.3 to 36.0 kg/m2; 18 to 46 years of age) were recruited to participate in a study involving soup. The experiment was a between‐subject design with two visibility levels: 1) an accurate visual cue of a food portion (normal bowl) vs. 2) a biased visual cue (self‐refilling bowl). The soup apparatus was housed in a modified restaurant‐style table in which two of four bowls slowly and imperceptibly refilled as their contents were consumed. Outcomes included intake volume, intake estimation, consumption monitoring, and satiety.Results: Participants who were unknowingly eating from self‐refilling bowls ate more soup [14.7 ± 8.4 vs. 8.5 ± 6.1 oz; F(1,52) = 8.99; p < 0.01] than those eating from normal soup bowls. However, despite consuming 73% more, they did not believe they had consumed more, nor did they perceive themselves as more sated than those eating from normal bowls. This was unaffected by BMI.Discussion: These findings are consistent with the notion that the amount of food on a plate or bowl increases intake because it influences consumption norms and expectations and it lessens one's reliance on self‐monitoring. It seems that people use their eyes to count calories and not their stomachs. The importance of having salient, accurate visual cues can play an important role in the prevention of unintentional overeating.
Regulation of Global Gene Expression by Ovariectomy and Estrogen in Female Adipose Tissue
Authors: Ye Ping , Yoshioka Mayumi , Gan Lin , St‐Amand Jonny 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and estrogen replacement on global gene expression in white adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: Female mice were randomly divided into four groups: 1) intact, 2) OVX, 3) OVX plus estradiol (E2) injection 3 hours before death (E2‐3 hours), and 4) E2‐24 hours. The serial analysis of gene expression was performed to detect the transcriptomic changes.Results: A total of 15 transcripts, including several novel transcripts, were found to be modulated by OVX or E2 (p < 0.05). Secreted acidic cysteine‐rich glycoprotein, which regulates the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, was increased after OVX. Moreover, OVX up‐regulated several transcripts involved in ECM, such as procollagen types Iα1 and 2. In cell defense, glutathione peroxidase 3 was lower in OVX than in intact mice. Cytochrome c oxidase I and three novel transcripts were up‐regulated by estrogen treatment.Discussion: This study underlines the importance of cell shape and ECM regulation by OVX on adiposity. Moreover, some novel transcripts may also play a relevant role in OVX‐induced obesity and estrogen therapy.
Provision of Foods Differing in Energy Density Affects Long‐Term Weight Loss
Authors: Rolls Barbara J. , Roe Liane S. , Beach Amanda M. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The energy density (kilocalories per gram) of foods influences short‐term energy intake. This 1‐year clinical trial tested the effect on weight loss of a diet incorporating one or two servings per day of foods equal in energy but differing in energy density.Research Methods and Procedures: Dietitians instructed 200 overweight and obese women and men to follow an exchange‐based energy‐restricted diet. Additionally, subjects were randomized to consume daily either one or two servings of low energy‐dense soup, two servings of high energy‐dense snack foods, or no special food (comparison group).Results: All four groups showed significant weight loss at 6 months that was well maintained at 12 months. The magnitude of weight loss, however, differed by group (p = 0.006). At 1 year, weight loss in the comparison (8.1 ± 1.1 kg) and two‐soup (7.2 ± 0.9 kg) groups was significantly greater than that in the two‐snack group (4.8 ± 0.7 kg); weight loss in the one‐soup group (6.1 ± 1.1 kg) did not differ significantly from other groups. Weight loss was significantly correlated with the decrease in dietary energy density from baseline at 1 and 2 months (p = 0.0001) but not at 6 and 12 months.Discussion: On an energy‐restricted diet, consuming two servings of low energy‐dense soup daily led to 50% greater weight loss than consuming the same amount of energy as high energy‐dense snack food. Regularly consuming foods that are low in energy density can be an effective strategy for weight management.