bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bacterial profile of cotton lint from worldwide origins, and links with occupational lung disease
Authors: Lane Samantha R. , Sewell Robert D.E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundByssinosis, the cotton worker's lung disease persists today in many countries. Several agents have been investigated with respect to causality; among these are Gram‐negative bacteria. These organisms are a source of lipopolysaccharide toxins, which are potentially hazardous to the respiratory tract. Despite byssinosis being most prevalent in countries where adequate preventive procedures are lacking, the majority of past studies have been conducted on cotton from the United States.MethodsThe current investigation, involved the identification of Gram‐negative bacteria from cotton lint samples originating in 12 world regions.ResultsThe current investigation, involved the identification of Gram‐negative bacteria from cotton lint samples originating in 12 world regions.ConclusionsBuilding a bacterial profile of cotton samples with worldwide origins will be useful in isolating sources of these organisms, assessing the risk posed to industry, workers and ultimately assisting the prevention of byssinosis and related conditions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:42–47, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First direct evidence of infanticide and cannibalism in wild snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)
Authors: Xiang Zuo‐fu , Grueter Cyril C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlthough infanticide has been witnessed in many species of Colobinae, and a case was observed in a captive group of golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), observed cases of infanticide in wild snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus spp.) have not previously been recorded. Here we describe the killing of a 1‐month‐old infant by a male in a black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkey (R. bieti) group at Xiaochangdu in Tibet. The infanticidal attack was witnessed as part of a long‐term observational study of ecology and behavior that began in June 2003. The male was observed killing and eating the infant. The literature proposes three main explanations for infanticide: two adaptive hypotheses (sexual selection and resource competition), and one nonadaptive hypothesis (social pathology). Individual cases of infanticide, such as this one, are important for comparative purposes, but when examined on their own they are difficult to interpret in relation to established theoretical frameworks. The cases we describe here show some consistency with the sexual selection hypothesis, but the lack of critical information (i.e., as to paternity) makes it impossible to draw a firm conclusion. This is also the first described case of cannibalism in snub‐nosed monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age and seasonal effects on predator‐sensitive foraging in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): a field experiment
Authors: Stone Anita I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of perceived predation risk on the use of foraging areas by juvenile and adult primates under different conditions of local food abundance. Wild squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were observed in an experiment conducted during the dry and the wet seasons at a site in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Animals were presented with feeding platforms that differed in food quantity and exposure to aerial predators through varying vegetative cover. In the dry season, juveniles and adults chose platforms based solely on food quantity. However, in the wet season, juveniles foraged preferentially on high‐reward platforms only if cover level also was high (i.e., potentially offered greater concealment from predators). In contrast, adults showed the same pattern of platform use regardless of season. These results indicate that age and local resource availability based on seasonality affect whether primates forage in a predator‐sensitive manner. Juveniles may be more sensitive to predation risk when foraging, and individuals may take fewer risks when resource abundance is high in their environment. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–15, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Responses of squirrel monkeys to seasonal changes in food availability in an eastern Amazonian forest
Authors: Stone Anita I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTropical forests are characterized by marked temporal and spatial variation in productivity, and many primates face foraging problems associated with seasonal shifts in fruit availability. In this study, I examined seasonal changes in diet and foraging behaviors of two groups of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), studied for 12 months in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia, an area characterized by seasonal rainfall. Squirrel monkeys were primarily insectivorous (79% of feeding and foraging time), with fruit consumption highest during the rainy season. Although monkeys fed from 68 plant species, fruit of Attalea maripa palms accounted for 28% of annual fruit‐feeding records. Dietary shifts in the dry season were correlated with a decline in ripe A. maripa fruits. Despite pronounced seasonal variation in rainfall and fruit abundance, foraging efficiency, travel time, and distance traveled remained stable between seasons. Instead, squirrel monkeys at this Eastern Amazonian site primarily dealt with the seasonal decline in fruit by showing dietary flexibility. Consumption of insects, flowers, and exudates increased during the dry season. In particular, their foraging behavior at this time strongly resembled that of tamarins (Saguinus sp.) and consisted of heavy use of seed‐pod exudates and specialized foraging on large‐bodied orthopterans near the forest floor. Comparisons with squirrel monkeys at other locations indicate that, across their geographic range, Saimiri use a variety of behavioral tactics during reduced periods of fruit availability. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–16, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Within‐group female–female agonistic interactions in Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis)
Authors: Su Hsiu‐hui , Birky Wendy A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFeeding‐related agonism among wild female Taiwanese macaques was investigated in two study groups at ecologically diverse sites (Fu‐shan and Ken‐ting) to determine whether contest‐feeding competition was present in these groups. Females that contest for food within a primate group are hypothesized to form dominance hierarchies and tend to be philopatric. In this study we tested 1) whether Taiwanese macaque females show higher agonism in a feeding context, 2) whether they exhibit stronger agonism over higher‐quality foods, and 3) whether higher agonism rates occur in smaller food patches. Female Taiwanese macaques at both study sites showed similar agonism rates in a feeding context (0.30 events/hr). They exhibited higher agonism rates inside food patches than outside food patches in the spring. Higher agonism rates occurred during seasons of higher fruit availability, and a lower agonism rate occurred in winter when the macaques switched to feeding on fallback foods. Females in the Fu‐shan group exhibited higher proportions of aggressive interactions over higher‐quality foods, such as animal matter and the reproductive parts of plants. In the Ken‐ting group, 95.8% of feeding‐related agonistic interactions among females occurred over fruits. Agonistic interactions that occurred in small food patches tended to result in the agonism recipient leaving the food patch. We conclude that female Taiwanese macaques show contest feeding competition in certain contexts. The patterns we observed have also been documented in other primate species in which females are philopatric and form linear dominance hierarchies. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–13, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Golden lion tamarin sleeping‐site use and pre‐retirement behavior during intense predation
Authors: Franklin Samuel P. , Hankerson Sarah J. , Baker Andrew J. , Dietz James M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSleeping sites, their patterns of use, and cryptic pre‐retirement behavior mitigate predation risk at sleeping sites and could influence prey fitness. We evaluated sleeping‐site usage for 10 groups of golden lion tamarins (GLTs) from a population that recently suffered a substantial decline due to predation at sleeping sites. We recorded the average number of nights that groups spent at their different sleeping sites to determine whether patterns of sleeping‐site use were influenced by predation risk, as measured by the rate of encounters with predators, or the availability of suitable sleeping sites, as measured by the size of a group's home range and amount of mature forest within their home range. In addition, we measured travel speed to sleeping sites and compared this speed with that recorded at other times of day. GLT groups spent more nights on average at each of their sleeping sites compared to other callitrichid species for which data are available. Predation risk and habitat characteristics were not significant predictors of how many times groups used each of their different sleeping sites. Groups significantly increased their travel speed just before entering the sleeping site. Rapid locomotion to secure tree cavities may help GLTs avoid crepuscular and nocturnal predators; however, we speculate that this strategy failed numerous GLTs in our study population during the previous decade because they used sleeping sites that were accessible to predators. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–11, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring immature‐to‐mother social distances in Mexican mantled howler monkeys at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Serio‐Silva Juan carlos , Álamo‐García Javier , Ordano Mariano 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe analyzed immature‐to‐mother social distance (juveniles and non‐nursing infants) in two Mexican mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) troops inhabiting a tropical rainforest fragment (40 ha) at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. During July and August of 2000 and 2001 we applied an instantaneous sampling method (317 hr) to record the behaviors of the immatures and their mothers, as well as distances (ordinal scale) between immatures and their mothers (IMD), and between immatures and nonmother individuals (INMD). Immatures were generally less than 5 m away from any individual of the troop. Social distance was influenced by the different behaviors of both mothers and immatures, with the shortest distances occurring during rest (IMD <5 m in 94% of all instantaneous samples) and the longest during exploration (21%≥10 m) and play (26%≥10 m). When IMD increased, we found a higher percentage of records <5 m to other individuals, particularly with the probable father. When the variation in distance to the mother and to other individuals in the troop was considered, the immature animals' distance to other troop members depended on the immatures' age and type of behavior. Overall, these results suggest that in this low‐activity species the development of the immature is associated with a complex set of relationships with other troop members. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–9, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female dominance and feeding priority in a prosimian primate: experimental manipulation of feeding competition
Authors: White Frances J. , Overdorff Deborah J. , Keith‐Lucas Timothy , Rasmussen Michele A. , Eddie Kallam W. , Forward Zoë 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFemale dominance and feeding priority are considered unique behavioral strategies in many Malagasy lemuriformes, particularly Lemur catta. Two hypotheses have been introduced to explain these behavior patterns: 1) females are agonistically dominant over males to mitigate female–male food competition so that females can compensate for high energy demands and inefficient reproductive physiology, and 2) males defer to females when feeding as a reproductive strategy. We tested these hypotheses by conducting controlled feeding experiments on free‐ranging ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherine's Island, GA. Food was dispersed in three ways to simulate varying patch sizes. All feeding and agonistic interactions were recorded during each trial (n = 24). The degree of relatedness between individuals was determined using DNA fingerprinting. There was a clear relationship between food dispersion and both expression of female dominance and feeding priority. Elements of both hypotheses were supported because male and female L. catta used different strategies depending on rank and the dispersion of food. Interpretation of the impact of male rank was complicated because the younger, low‐ranking males had female relatives in the group. Females fed more than males, and rates of aggression decreased as food dispersion increased. High‐ranking, older unrelated males deferred to females and received little aggression. The top‐ranking male deferred the most and sired most if not all of the offspring. Low‐ranking, younger related males fought with females for access to food sources, received more aggression, and did not sire offspring. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–10, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) use olfaction to forage for the inflorescences of subterranean parasitic plants (Balanophoraceae:Langsdorffiasp., and Cytinaceae:Cytinussp.)
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. , Jean‐Luc Raharison Fanomezantsoa , Rakotoarimanana Harison , Razanadrakoto Edmond , Ranaivoson Edmond , Rakotofanala Justin , Randrianarimanana Charles 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrimates usually locate food resources using visual cues and memory, yet the potential for olfactory‐guided (or olfactory‐assisted) food location remains relatively unexplored. Here we report observations of wildPropithecus diademathat strongly suggest that olfaction is used to locate the inflorescences of two subterranean parasitic plant species (Langsdorffiasp. andCytinussp.). These valued but seasonal food resources are found obscured in leaf litter, and sifakas spend considerable time on the ground engaged in what appears to be olfactory exploration before they locate the inflorescences. Because they are visually obscured and occur within a substrate that is rarely used by sifakas, accidental discovery of these resources seems unlikely. Individuals may learn to exploit them by watching conspecifics. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior and endocrine concentrations do not distinguish sex in monomorphic juvenile howlers (Alouatta palliata)
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Zucker Evan L. , Ford Randall T. , Harrison Richard M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBehavioral observations on juvenile mantled howlers are limited by visually undifferentiated genitalia; however, animals can be sexed when they are very young or if they are captured. Behavioral data and fecal samples from juveniles during month‐long field studies from 1993 to 1995 were analyzed to determine whether there are developmental differences in behavior or hormone concentrations that can be used to differentiate males from females. The subjects were juveniles of known sex and age from five different social groups on Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica. Based on 749.8 hr of focal‐animal sampling, there were no sex differences in daily activity patterns. There were no sex differences in proximity to mothers and other group members, and age differences reflected howler life‐history patterns. There were no differences in estradiol or testosterone concentration by age or sex. Juvenile monomorphy thus extends beyond morphology to behavioral and hormonal similarity as well. Most juveniles are forced out of their natal groups and remain solitary until they join new groups by supplanting all same‐sex adult group members. Monomorphy may allow them to spend more time in natal groups, and thus both reduce the solitary period and allow the juveniles to improve social skills needed for later immigration. While this strategy may benefit juvenile howlers, it remains a problem for those who wish to study juvenile sex differences from a distance. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–8, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Another gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in a mirror
Authors: Posada Sandra , Colell Montserrat 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVarious attempts have been made to explain why gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) find it difficult to recognize their mirror image. One of the most oft‐cited reasons is aversion to eye contact, which stops gorillas from looking into a mirror and thus prevents them from carrying out a suitable exploration that could lead to self‐recognition. In the experimental design used here the subject was first habituated both to observers and to the mirror as an object before being exposed to the latter. The study was performed with a single subject who was well adapted to captivity and exhibited no aberrant behavior or signs of stress. The results revealed that the subject had no aversion to eye contact. He showed considerable interest in the mirror and appeared relaxed when faced with his image. He gave a positive response to the mark test. Am. J. Primatol. 69:576–583, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroendocrine regulation of prolactin secretion in adult female rhesus monkeys during different phases of the menstrual cycle: role of neuroexcitatory amino acid (NMA)
Authors: Jahan S. , Jalali S. , Shami S.A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe present study attempts to examine the role of N‐methyl‐D, L‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the central regulation of prolactin (PRL) secretion, which may be involved in ovarian function and its alteration by glutamate in various phases of the menstrual cycle of female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The results suggest that the glutaminergic component of the control system, which governs PRL secretion by utilizing NMDA receptors, may have an important role in regulating changes in PRL secretion. The response of PRL during the luteal phase of the cycle was different from that observed in follicular and menstrual phases. Steroids may influence the NMDA‐dependent drive to release PRL. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMA) involvement in the regulation of PRL secretion may occur through activation of the PRL‐stimulating system depending on the physiological state or steroidal milieu. It is possible, therefore, that the NMA‐induced release of PRL‐releasing factors (PRF) and PRL are enhanced in the presence of ovarian feedback. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–12, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genital swellings in silvered langurs: what do they indicate?
Authors: Shelmidine Nichole , Borries Carola , Koenig Andreas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of genital swellings was examined in adult female silvered langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus). In contrast to the exaggerated swellings found in cercopithecines and apes, genital swellings in silvered langurs are confined to the vulva and the surrounding perineum, but they may nevertheless convey information similar to that of exaggerated swellings (i.e., correlate with the receptive period and fertility). If so, genital swellings would be expected to occur most frequently in cycling females, and sexual behavior and male interest should most frequently involve females with swellings. Swellings during gestation, if they occur at all, should be most pronounced at the beginning. Swelling sizes (in three size categories) in nine adult females were examined throughout different reproductive states (cycling, pregnant, and lactating), and in relation to proceptivity, receptivity, and attractivity. Data were collected from November 2002 through March 2004 (on 500 of the 502 calendar days) at the Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo. Female sexual behavior (proceptivity and receptivity) and male inspection (attractivity) were recorded each day for 6 hr by video camera (2,948 hr total) and analyzed as present or absent for each female day. Swellings were assessed directly (not from videotapes). In contrast to the predictions, swellings occurred significantly less frequently in cycling females (compared to pregnant females) and no regular, cyclic pattern could be detected. Some females conceived without a swelling. Female attractivity was independent of swellings but coincided with proceptive behavior. Swellings occurred most frequently in pregnant females, especially toward the end of the gestation period. Therefore, genital swellings in silvered langurs are not similar to exaggerated swellings or the smaller genital swellings that have been described for some other primates. It is currently not clear what they signal to conspecifics. Male behavior needs to be studied in more detail, and the hormonal basis for these swellings should be explored. Am. J. Primatol. 69:519–532, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic correlations between mandibular molar cusp areas in baboons
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Do Nicholas , Mahaney Michael C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrimate evolutionary studies rely significantly on dental variation given the large role that teeth play in how an organism interacts with its environment (animal and plant) and conspecifics. Variation in cusp size has been shown to vary among primate taxa, although most studies to date focused on extant and extinct hominoids. Here we test the assumed hypothesis that a significant proportion of this variation in baboons is due to the additive effects of genes. We perform quantitative genetic analyses on variation in two‐dimensional (2‐D) mandibular molar cusp size in a captive pedigreed breeding population of baboons (Papio hamadryas) from the Southwest National Primate Research Center. These analyses show that variation in cusp size is heritable and sexually dimorphic. Additionally, we tested for genetic correlations between cusps on the same crown, between morphological homologues along the tooth row, and between cusp area and crown buccolingual width. We find that four of the six cusp pairs on the first molar have a genetic correlation of one, save for the metaconid–hypoconid and entoconid–hypoconid, which are not statistically different from zero. The second and third molars have lower genetic correlations, although the metaconid–hypoconid correlation is similarly estimated at zero and the entoconid–protoconid correlation is estimated to be one. This cross pattern of genetic and no genetic correlation does not immediately accord with the known pattern of development and/or calcification. We propose two explanative hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.