bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient composition of deoiled sandal seed meal: Minerals and amino acids
Authors: Shankara Narayana K. H. , Parthasarathi K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDeoiled seed meal prepared from the decoated seeds of sandal (Santalum album Linn) contains 52.5% of protein and about 5% mineral constituents. The proteins are rich in essential amino acids. The deoiled sandal seed meal could be of utility as a feedstuff for farm animals.
Protein and oil content of soybeans from different geographic locations
Authors: Breene W. M. , Lin S. , Hardman L. , Orf J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractData on soybean yield, protein content and oil content were provided by three crushing companies. There was a definite trend toward lower protein content in soybeans processed and most likely grown in northern versus southern locations (about 34 to 44 N latitude) in 1986–87 (r=0.77). In 1983–86, protein content was generally lower in soybeans processed in Minnesota than in those processed in Indiana and Illinois. Effects of location on oil content and of year on protein and oil content were less clear. Uniform Soybean Tests data over 11 years and four locations (3 in Minnesota, 1 in Illinois) showed significant effects of year on oil content and of location on yield and oil content, but little effect of either on protein content.
Determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Marks Charles 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography is described. Samples are silylated and chromatographed on a 30 M, DB‐5 capillary column using temperature programming. No interferences were found with any of the tocopherols or the internal standard. A complete analysis requires less than one hr. No saponification is necessary. This method is offered as a replacement for AOCS Method Ce 3–74.
Tetramethylguanidine catalyzed transesterification of fats and oils: A new method for rapid determination of their composition
Authors: Schuchardt Ulf , Lopes Osvaldo C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new method for the rapid preparation of methyl esters from vegetable oils and fats, using tetramethylguanidine as catalyst, has been developed. This method is compared with the traditional method (Ce 2–66, using 20% BF3 in methanol) and that proposed by Hartman and Lago (using NH4Cl/H2SO4 in methanol). It is shown that the new method produces the methyl esters in quantitative yields and has certain advantages, as it is simpler, cheaper and does not result in isomerization of the fatty acids.
Control of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills
Authors: Lim Nicholas B. H. , Tiong K. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the results of development work on the control of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills. The importance of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills is clearly shown by a simple cost‐benefit analysis. Preliminary results from a three‐phase decanter trial have shown that, besides a clarification system using horizontal or vertical clarifiers, dilution control is also important to a decanter system.A practical approach to the automatic control of crude oil dilution using a flow ratio control system is discussed in depth in this paper. Results obtained from the evaluation of Doppler and magnetic flowmeters have shown that the major obstacle in automatic control of crude oil dilution, i.e., the selection of a suitable flowmeter to measure crude oil flow, has been overcome.
The application of linear programming and regression analysis to light duty liquid detergent formulation
Authors: Chan K. Y. , Kavanagh P. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA strategy to help the formulator obtain a good, low cost, light duty liquid detergent formulation which matches or exceeds the properties of a commercially available product in a small number of steps is presented in this paper. The strategy is a sequential procedure, making use of a formulator's prior knowledge of the system, results obtained in previous steps, regression analysis and linear programming. The linear model is improved at each step. In comparison with previously published methods of detergent formulation, a considerably smaller number of steps is required to arrive at a minimum cost formulation which meets the property specifications. The strategy is illustrated by matching the properties of a commercial detergent in less than nine steps using ten components, of which eight can vary.
A cooker‐extruder for deallergenation of castor bean meal
Authors: Horton Jerry , Williams Maurice A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe present a brief overview on the work Rhee and his colleagues at Texas A&M University have done on the deallergenation of castor bean meal and how a cookerextruder can be used to accomplish it in a commercial plant setting. The extruder used is a high temperature, short residence time cooking extruder that generates frictional heat as it compresses and propels material within the barrel and out through the extrusion dies. Adjustment of water and steam input flow rates allow for selection of moisture levels of cook, and the selection of die size and number of openings allow for adjustment of temperature of cook. An important part of the process is the mixing, blending and absorption of chemical additives into intimate contact with the castor bean meal prior to entry into the extruder. Various methods for doing this are discussed, and a brief overview of what kind of equipment might be incorporated into a deallergenation process line is presented.
Location of triple bonds in the fatty acids from the kernel oil ofPyrularia edulis by GC‐MS of their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives
Authors: Zhang J. Y. , Yu X. J. , Wang H. Y. , Liu B. N. , Yu Q. T. , Huang Z. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLocation of triple bond in long‐chain fatty acids has been effected by mass spectrometry or gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. The position of acetylenic linkage, either isolated or conjugated with olefinic bond(s) is indicated by a clear separation of 10 atomic mass units between the highest peaks of two neighboring fragment clusters. The acetylenic acid components of the kernel oil ofPyrularia edulis were found to be 17:1(8a), 18:1(9a), 18:2(9a,11), 18:2(9a,17) and 18:3(9a,11,17).
Oxidative stability of jojoba wax
Authors: Kampf Arieh , Grinberg Sarina , Galun Arjeh 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe rates of autoxidation of crude, bleached and stripped jojoba wax were determined under conditions of accelerated oxidation (98 C). Oxidation of the raw yellow wax had a long induction period (50 hr) compared with the bleached wax (10–12 hr) or stripped wax (2 hr). These differences indicate the presence of a natural antioxidant in the crude wax. Addition of 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole to the bleached wax restored and even improved its stability. Autoxidation of jojoba wax was also studied at room temperature. In the presence of light and air, the activity of the natural inhibitor was rapidly lost.
Synthesis of propylene glycol monoesters of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by lipase‐catalyzed esterification in organic solvents
Authors: Liu Kuan‐Ju , Shaw Jei‐Fu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPropylene glycol monoesters (PGM) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are potentially health‐beneficial water‐in‐oil emulsifiers useful in the food industry. These esters were synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The immobilizedMucor miehei lipase was found to be the best enzyme for the synthesis of both propylene glycol monoesters of EPA and DHA among nine lipases tested. The anhydrous enzyme and hydrophobic organic solvents were favored for the production of both monoesters. The yields of monoesters were also affected by temperature, pH memory, fatty acid/propylene glycol ratio, and reaction time. The yields of PGMDHA and PGMEPA with 50 mM fatty acid and 225 mM propylene glycol as substrates in 1 mL solvent mixture (hexane/t‐butyl alcohol=9:1), catalyzed by Lipozyme IM‐20 (50 mg) at 40°C for 24 h, were 47 and 49 mM, respectively. The enzyme still retained over 60% of its original activity after 10 d of batch‐type operation (1 d per cycle) at 40°C for the synthesis of both PGMDHA and PGMEPA.
Enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate in dense fluids
Authors: Knez Ž. , Rižner V. , Habulin M. , Bauman D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEsterification between oleic acid and oleyl alcohol, catalyzed by theMucor miehei immobilized lipase in a batch‐stirred tank reactor with supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent produced higher reaction rates at supercritical conditions than in the solvent‐free system. A continuous fixed‐bed reactor was designed based on the results obtained from batch experiments. At 150 bar, 40°C, and with water activity 0.46% w/w, the activity of the enzyme preparation is practically unchanged when CO2 was used as solvent. The addition of small amounts of water increases the conversion rate. The higher conversion also was observed at longer residence time. Whenn‐butane was used as reaction medium, a decrease in conversion was observed.
Hydrolysis of edible oils by lipases immobilized on hydrophobic supports: Effects of internal support structure
Authors: Al‐Duri B. , Robinson E. , McNerlan S. , Bailie P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hydrolysis of edible oil by immobilized lipases on novel support materials was investigated. Six hydrophobic polymers were studied with the following techniques: (i) determination of the surface area of each support by BET (Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller) analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms; (ii) electron photomicrography; and (iii) measuring lipase activity by hydrolysis of olive oil with lipase fromCandida cylindracea immobilized on each support. A detailed structural analysis on one support also was carried out by mercury porosimetry. The composition and porosity of a support are more important than the surface area in determining activity for immobilized lipases. Furthermore, having selected the “most efficient” support, five lipases fromC. cylindracea, Rhizomucor miehei, andPseudomonas cepacia, were immobilized, and their hydrolytic activities were determined at several temperatures and pH values with olive oil and beef tallow as substrates in solvent‐free systems. For each parameter, twelve successive 2.5‐h hydrolysis reactions were conducted on a laboratory‐scale under batch conditions. Lipase AY fromC. cylindracea had the highest hydrolytic activity, in the range of 30–50°C at pH 5.5 with olive oil as the substrate. For beef tallow, lipase PS, fromP. cepacia, displayed the highest activity at 50°C and pH 7.
Lipase‐catalyzed reactions involving thia fatty acids and ester derivatives
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Syed Rahmatullah M. S. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of synthetic methyl 5‐, 9‐, and 12‐thiastearates in aqueous media withCandida cyclindracea or porcine pancreatic lipases gave the corresponding fatty acids in 70–100% yield. Hydrolysis of the 3‐ and 4‐positional isomers gave only 15–25% of the free thia fatty acids, suggesting discrimination against these isomers by lipases. No lipolysis was achieved with methyl 2‐thialaurate under a range of reaction conditions. Esterification of the 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, 9‐, and 12‐thiastearic acids withn‐butanol inn‐hexane using Lipozyme (immobilizedRhizomucor miehei) as the biocatalyst gave the corresponding butyl esters in 80–95% yield. Interesterification (acyl exchange) of triolein with methyl 9‐thiastearate in the presence of Lipozyme showed the incorporation of 9‐thiastearoyl chain at only one of the α‐positions of triolein. In the case of methyl 2‐thialaurate, no lipase‐catalyzed acyl exchange reaction was possible. This study showed that the position of the sulfur atom in thia fatty esters affects the lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis and interesterification reactions.
Kinetics of melt crystallization and transformation of tripalmitin polymorphs
Authors: Sato Kiyotaka , Kuroda Tatsuhiko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe rates of melt crystallization and phase transformation of three polymorphs of tripalmitin were examined by optical microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry and DSC with and without surfactant additives (sorbitan mono‐ and tristearates). The following results were obtained: (a) Crystallization rate increased in order ofα, β′ andβ; (b) transformation rate was slower than crystallization rate for each polymorph at the same temperature examined; (c) when the most stableβ form was recrystallized from the melt just after the melting ofα, its recrystallization rate was much higher than that by simple melt‐cooling; (d) surfactant additives retarded both the crystallization and transformation of all the polymorphs, yetβ′ was influenced the most. A mechanistic interpretation based on the molecular structures both of the melt and of each polymorph is presented.
Deacidification of high FFA rice bran oil by reesterification and alkali neutralization
Authors: Bhattacharyya A. C. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRice bran oils of 15 to 30% free fatty acid can be deacidified to low levels by reesterification with glycerol after degumming and dewaxing. The reesterification can by combined with conventional alkali neutralization and bleaching to produce light color edible oil.
Cotton dust standards for the raw cotton industries
Authors: Wakelyn P. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn June 1978, OSHA promulgated 2 new, far more severe, standards for occupational exposure to cotton dust. The Supreme Court recently upheld the cotton dust standard for general industry. However, other court or administrative actions have invalidated the standard, or otherwise delayed its enforcement, for all sectors except textile mills and some downstream manufacturing operations. OSHA is undertaking a review of the standard. How this review affects the various segments of the cotton industry is discussed.
Status of efforts by oil mill machinery manufacturers to control fugitive dust emissions
Authors: Sanders R. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMachinery manufacturers who serve the cottonseed crushing industry are fully aware of the existing fugitive dust problems. The main problem lies in the unique characteristic of cottonseed as being a non‐free‐flowing material until after lint removal. This characteristic is compounded by varying degrees of moisture. Therefore, a totally enclosed cottonseed cleaner in a dust‐tight shroud is not practical due to periodic choke‐ups, tail‐over from the top trays and the frequent necessity to manually clean the screens. Delintering equipment has been successfully equipped with canvas drapes connecting the feeder to the top of the roll box front as well as hinged doors that connect the black seed chutes to the bottom of the roll box. Dust and noise levels have been reduced, but not eliminated. Rock and shale traps between the white seed tank and cleaning rooms, as well as within the lint rooms and separating rooms, help reduce free‐fly lint within the processing streams. Rock and shale traps that operate under positive pressure can be another potential dust source which can be eliminated by a dual fan arrangement. After delintering, cottonseed becomes more predictable with regard to flowing ability and more conventional methods of dust control can be applied. Separators can be enclosed as long as maintenance accessibility and operator control visibility are not hindered. The operating air requirements for the machine can be used to maintain an air flow into the enclosure, thus greatly reducing dusty emissions.
Effects of adsorption on detergency phenomena: I
Authors: Schwuger M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractKnowledge of the adsorption of surface‐active substances onto different interfaces is of basic importance for its technical application in washing and cleaning processes. Important parameters are adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibria. The criteria of adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibrium change in opposite directions with increasing length of the hydrophobic group. Equilibrium adsorption increases exponentially, whereas the diffusion coefficient decreases linearly with increasing number of CH2 groups in then‐alkyl part of nonbranched surfactants. Branching of the hydrophobic group has the same effect as shortening the chain length. The wetting effect changes in the same direction as the diffusion coefficient, whereas the washing effect changes similarly to equilibrium adsorption. The generally positive temperature effect on soil removal may be reversed in the opposite direction for nonionic surfactants at temperatures above the cloud point. Separation of phases brings about a decrease of adsorption and washing performance.
Triglyceride analysis by combined argentation/nonaqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Kondoh Yukihiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFull analysis of triglycerides of natural fats and oils has been investigated by the combination of argentation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with nonaqueous reversed phase (NARP) HPLC. An infrared detector was used in argentation HPLC, because it indicated molar responsibility to all triglycerides. After peak trapping with argentation HPLC, each triglyceride fraction was analyzed with NARP chromatography using the glyceride‐selective post‐column reactor detector. The results of the analyses of triglycerides of palm oil and cocoa butter by the proposed method agreed well with those reported earlier.
Nature of palm oil in centrifuge sludge waste water
Authors: Chow M. C. , Ho C. C. , Sutanto J. , Ong S. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn attempting to improve oil recovery, palm oil retained in the centrifuge sludge waste has been categorized and quantified. It is composed of (i) 30% free oil droplets; (ii) 56% oil released after cellulase treatment followed by detergent washing, and (iii) 14% residual oil which remains diffused and bound to the cell debris. The fatty acid composition indicates that all three oils are palm oil. The separated oil is highly contaminated.
Cyclic fatty acid monomer formation in frying fats. I. Determination and structural study
Authors: Rojo José A. , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe formation of monomeric cyclic fatty acids was studied in a model system in which partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) was heated intermittently for 80 hr of simulated deep fat frying. Oil samples (fresh and heated) and their methyl esters were fractionated according to their molecular size using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Oils and GPC fractions were analyzed for cyclic monomers by the following steps: (i) preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME); (ii) microhydrogenation of FAME; (iii) urea fractionation of hydrogenated FAME; (iv) analysis by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and (v) structural characterization of cyclic monomer peaks by mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Under simulated frying conditions the concentration of cyclic monomers increased from 736 ppm (0.07%) in fresh oil to 1803 ppm (0.18%) in heated oil. GC‐MS with capillary columns allowed the identification of several C18α‐disubstituted cyclohexane and cyclopentane isomers as hydrogenated methyl esters. Other noncyclic and contaminant compounds eluting within the expected GLC retention range of cyclic monomers also were identified in all the samples and GPC fractions.
Two‐phase mixed indicator method for the determination of zwitterionic surfactants
Authors: Rosen Milton J. , Zhao Fulin , Murphy Dennis S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe two‐phase, mixed indicator method for anionic surfactants has been modified and applied to zwitterionic surfactants. The modifications entail: (i) lowering the pH; (ii) adding 95% ethanol, and (iii) increasing the concentration of mixed indicator solution and adjusting the ratio of the indicators. By adjusting one parameter (the amount of 95% ethanol added), the method is applicable to different types of zwitterionic surfactants. Six different surfactants were examined; three were pure materials synthesized and purified in our laboratory, and the remaining three were commercial materials.
USING LAY COUNSELLORS TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY-BASED VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND HIV TESTING IN RURAL NORTHERN GHANA: A BASELINE SURVEY ON COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE AND STIGMA
Authors: BAIDEN F. , AKANLU G. , HODGSON A. , AKWEONGO P. , DEBPUUR C. , BINKA F. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryAccess to voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT) remains limited in most parts of Ghana with rural populations being the least served. Services remain facility-based and employ the use of an ever-dwindling number of health workers as counsellors. This study assessed approval for the use of lay counsellors to promote community-based voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and the extent of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the Kassena-Nankana district of rural northern Ghana. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the tendency to stigmatize people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). Focus group discussions were held and analytical coding of the data performed. The majority (91·1%) of the 403 respondents indicated a desire to know their HIV status. Most (88·1%) respondents considered locations outside of the health facility as preferred places for VCT. The majority (98·7%) of respondents approved the use of lay counsellors. About a quarter (24%) of respondents believed that it was possible to acquire HIV through sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA. About half (52·1%) of the respondents considered that a teacher with HIV/AIDS should not be allowed to teach, while 77·2% would not buy vegetables from a PLWHA. Respondents who believed that sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA could transmit HIV infection (OR 2·50, 95%CI 1·52–4·11) and respondents without formal education (OR 2·94, 95%CI 1·38–6·27) were more likely to stigmatize PLWHAs. In contrast, respondents with knowledge of the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs were less likely to do so (OR 0·40, 95%CI 0·22–0·73). Findings from the thirteen focus group discussions reinforced approval for community-based VCT and lay counsellors but revealed concerns about stigma and confidentiality. In conclusion, community-based VCT and the use of lay counsellors may be acceptable options for promoting access. Interventional studies are required to assess feasibility and cost-effectiveness.