bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of 713LC Compacts, Hot Isostatically Pressed at Supersolidus Temperatures
Authors: Wallace W , Holt RT , Whelan EP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nickel-base superalloy (713LC) powders produced by two techniques have been consolidated by a single-stage, hot isostatic pressing operation to obtain fully dense, coarse-grained (ASTM 1-2) material. After heat treatment the compacts produced by powder from the rotating electrode process gave tensile strengths between 95 and 112% of that of the as-cast alloy, and stress rupture lifetimes at 980°C and 152 N/mm2 of between 30 and 63% of the as-cast alloy. Compacts produced from argon-atomized powder were heat-treated to give better 760°C stress rupture strengths than cast 713LC. The tensile and stress rupture ductilities of these compacts were generally lower than those of equivalent cast material. At low temperature the ductility is limited by grain boundary precipitates of carbides and sulfocarbides, and at high temperature (980°C) interstitial elements and impurity elements in solid solution are thought to give rise to grain boundary embrittlement. The relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior are examined, and the limitations of supersolidus treatment of these alloys are discussed.
The Measurement of the Coefficient of Friction of Polymer Pellets Under Extruder Conditions
Authors: Evans RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A modification of a friction and wear test apparatus is described which permits measurement of the coefficient of friction (COF) of polymer pellets at conditions comparable to those in the solids feed section of an extruder. A specimen holder containing three pellet-filled cylinders is rotated against a stationary plate under prescribed conditions; the effects of pressure, velocity, temperature, roughness, and surface cleanliness can be investigated. The device is connected to an electronic load cell and recorder so that a continuous record of COF versus time is obtained. The utility of the apparatus is demonstrated by measuring the change in the COF of thermoplastic pellets as a function of several test parameters.
Acoustic Emission Testing of Unflawed 7075-T6 Aluminum
Authors: Hamstad MA , Mukherjee AK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tensile tests were performed to study the differences in the continuous acoustic emission from 7075-T6 aluminum plates made by five manufacturers. The grain structures and the chemical compositions of these plates were determined. Results are given on a sixth plate, which emitted burst-type acoustic emission super-imposed on the continuous acoustic emission. The effect of orientation with respect to the rolling direction within a single plate was studied. Results from interrupted tensile tests are also reported; these tests were stopped at about 4.5% strain for different time periods before they were resumed. The tests indicate that acoustic emission is very sensitive to differences between plates of 7075-T6 aluminum that do not show up on a stress-strain curve. Furthermore, the dislocation mechanisms that cause the continuous acoustic emission in this aluminum alloy are altered by room temperature, diffusion-based aging.
Fracture Testing with Surface Crack Specimens
Authors: Orange TW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper is a report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through Crack Testing. It includes recommendations for the design, preparation, and static fracture testing of surface crack specimens based on the current state of the art. The recommendations are preceded by background information including discussions of stress intensity factors, crack opening displacements, and fracture toughness values associated with surface crack specimens. Cyclic-load and sustained-load tests are discussed briefly. Recommendations for further research are included.
A Review of Aggregate Selection Criteria for Improved Wear Resistance and Skid Resistance of Bituminous Surfaces
Authors: Dahir SH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper includes a summary of an extensive literature review and the experience of the author in researching the properties of surface aggregates. It confirms that to resist wear, the aggregate must be hard and tough, and to resist polishing and surface slipperiness, the aggregate must wear slowly and irregularly. Particle shape, size, and gradation are important characteristics in providing optimum pavement surfaces, but ultimate aggregate performance depends largely on the aggregate mineralogy. A high proportion of hard minerals well cemented in a softer or a porous matrix will provide both high skid resistance and acceptable wear resistance. Within an aggregate particle, grain shape and size contribute to improved performance—medium to large and angular to subangular crystalline grains outperform minute and rounded non-crystalline grains. The performance history of an aggregate provides the best key to its expected future performance. In the absence of experience with an aggregate or when it is to meet new requirements, commonly used tests combined with petrographic analysis should provide sufficiently dependable initial information on the expected aggregate performance. A table that includes suggested target values for properties that enhance aggregate skid resistance and wear resistance is included in the paper.
Application of Computer Techniques to Charpy Impact Testing of Irradiated Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Landow MP , Fromm EO , Perrin JS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A Rockwell AIM 65 microcomputer has been modified to control a remote Charpy V-notch impact test machine. The computer controls not only handling and testing of the specimen but also transference and storage of instrumented Charpy test data. A system of electrical solenoid activated pneumatic cylinders and switches provides the interface between the computer and the test apparatus. A command language has been designated that allows the operator to command checkout, test procedure, and data storage via the computer. Automatic compliance with ASTM test procedures is built into the program.
Holographic Examination of a Composite Pressure Vessel
Authors: Meyer MD , Katayanagi TE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We have examined a composite pressure vessel using holographic interferometry. Interference patterns obtained from an internal pressure change show that there is an area of high shear strain in the knuckle area of the vessel that seems to correspond to the area of premature failure. We make several suggestions aimed at reducing the shear stress in the knuckle area.
Fatigue Damage: Stiffness/Strength Comparisons for Composite Materials
Authors: O'Brien TK , Reifsnider KL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Boron/epoxy laminates in a [0-deg/ + 45-deg/ - 45-deg/ 0-deg/0-deg/ + 45 -deg/ - 45-deg/0-deg] layup were tested statically for initial strength and fracture strain and were tested in strain-controlled fatigue loading at 30 Hz, with a strain-amplitude ratio of one tenth for five different testing sequences.
A reduced stiffness analysis was used in conjunction with laminated plate theory to predict stiffness changes based on observed debonding and fiber breakage. Specimens used for strength analysis either fractured during fatigue or were loaded statically to failure after fatigue. All specimens were leached with a heated acid, and fiber breakage was recorded. Correlations are noted between matrix damage and stiffness changes as well as between fiber breakage and strength reduction.
A Study of Durability in Temperature Cycles and Water Resistance of Sulfur Concretes and Mortars
Authors: Shrive NG , Gillott JE , Jordaan IJ , Loov RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The durability of sulfur concretes and mortars in expected-use environments is considered. The effects of temperature cycling and immersion in water are considered separately, and the effects of temperature, specimen size, and mold material on the strength of these materials are also discussed. The problem of biological attack is not considered. Immersion in water of specimens containing swelling clays can cause disintegration of sulfur concretes and mortars in a short time. Attempts to solve the problem caused by the presence of swelling clay are described. Partial success was obtained. The results of independent tests on the effects of water and temperature cycling should be considered before the result of freezethaw tests on sulfur concretes and mortars are interpreted. Erratum to this paper appear in 6(2).
Cooperative Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Tests with C-Shaped Specimens
Authors: Underwood JH , Kendall DP 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe results of a cooperative test program on plane strain fracture toughness (KIc) testing with C-shaped specimens are reported and discussed. Results of 48 tests by eight laboratories using specimens with two different loading hole locations are included. The effects of specimen geometric variables, such as eccentricity of the inner and outer surfaces and nonperpendicularity of these surfaces with the specimen faces, on the measured and calculated KIc are discussed. The C-shaped specimen results are compared with measured KIc values obtained with standard compact specimens. Results show that both versions of the C-shaped specimen yield accurate values of measured KIc. Normal geometric variations, as would be expected from machining of the specimen from an existing hollow cylinder, have no significant effect on the measured KIc.
Stress Analysis from Temperature Data
Authors: Jordan EH , Sandor BI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A measurement system for monitoring temperature change during mechanical deformation is described. The system is based on thermocouples welded directly to the specimen and is capable of distinguishing temperatures smaller than 0.1°C with a response time less than 0.01 s. An equation to relate temperature change to mechanical variables is stated and experimentally verified. The scalar quantity temperature can be used in stress analysis to determine other scalar quantities related to stress or both stress and plastic strain. Three methods are proposed for analyzing temperature data. The methods are discussed in terms of the basic equation and are experimentally verified. A key element in these methods is the use of rapid loading and rapid data collection that results in data not appreciably altered by heat conduction. Collectively these methods can be used to detect plastic strains as small as 0.0003 m/m in mild steel, to determine magnitudes of specific plastic work, and to determine pressure for elastic deformation. This paper discusses the theoretical and experimental foundations for techniques potentially useful to the study of notched members.
Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Polymers with Surface-Crack Specimens
Authors: Mai YW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe use of surface-crack specimens subjected to tension and bending loads for the fracture toughness evaluation of two typical polymers, polypropylene and polystyrene, is described. Experimental results are discussed with particular reference to various correction factors such as slow growth, finite width, back face, crazing, and yielding. Fracture toughness values are also given for two grades of polystyrene of different molecular weights in the temperature range −160 to +40°C.
The Development of a Closed-Loop, Servo-Hydraulic Test System for Direct Stress Monotonic and Cyclic Crack Propagation Studies Under Biaxial Loading
Authors: Charvat IMH , Garrett GG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA rig with two orthogonal, servo-hydraulic actuators based around a universal testing machine provides a flexible, low-cost biaxial testing facility and has been used to examine the influence of direct biaxial stress on deformation and crack propagation, particularly in high cycle fatigue. In principle, a balanced, horizontal loading axis is supported independently of the specimen, coincident with its axis, on low-stiffness springs to accommodate the vertical movements of the horizontal loading train; vertical and horizontal force variations, including inertial effects, are negligibly small. For 0 to 50 kN equibiaxial fatigue loading on 6-mm steel plate specimens containing center cracks up to 35 mm in length, a frequency response in excess of 20 Hz was obtained from a single 45 litre/min hydraulic pump. The paper discusses problems encountered in design and operation and recommends further improvements. Finite element stress analysis was used to help derive a cruciform geometry specimen adaptable to compressive and through-zero loading with a satisfactory biaxial stress field over the center section. Fatigue tests on mild steel plate indicated the significant role of specimen geometry in biaxial crack growth studies and showed a decrease in crack growth rate in equibiaxial tension compared with uniaxial tests but a substantial increase during Mode II loading (pure shear, or equibiaxial tension-compression). For angled crack studies tensile crack opening displacements during biaxial crack growth result in rotational relative movement of the two loading axes, which obviate the use of fixed axis systems because of imposed constraints.
A Single Specimen Determination ofJIc for Different Alloy Steels
Authors: Takahashi H , Khan MA , Suzuki M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simplified JIc test procedure has been proposed for determining JIc experimentally from a single specimen. The experimental results have shown that the crack initiation property directly influences the crack propagation behavior of the materials. Measurement of a critical J value corresponding to a small finite amount of crack growth instead of to an assumed blunting line procedure is proposed.
Galvanic Corrosion of Piping and Fitting Alloys in Sulfide-Modified Seawater
Authors: Hack HP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two wrought piping alloys, 70-30 and 90-10 coppernickel, were each galvanically coupled to each of four fitting alloys in sulfide-modified seawater for 30 days. The fitting alloys used were bronze (Composition M), cast Monel®, wrought nickel-aluminum bronze, and cast 70-30 copper-nickel. The piping material to fitting material area ratio was 3:1 and the seawater velocity was 2.4 m/s. Results indicated that the galvanic relationship between M-bronze or Monel and 70-30 copper-nickel is affected by sulfide additions, in a manner that increases the corrosion of the fitting material, whereas similar couples with 90-10 copper-nickel show little effect of sulfide.
The Effect of Oxygen, Salt Concentration, and pH on Galvanic Cells Between a Carbon Filled Polyethylene Cathode and Various Metal Anodes
Authors: Schick G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Laboratory experimental techniques are described for the study of galvanic corrosion between carbon black filled polyethylene cathode and galvanized steel, stainless steel, copper, tinned copper, and lead anodes. The environmental variables include 0.001N to 1.0N sodium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions in air-containing and deaerated conditions. Experiments in 1N sodium chloride, adjusted with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, show the behavior of the above galvanic cells in the 2.5 to 10.5 pH range. Corrosion current densities derived from polarization diagrams for the galvanic couples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the experimental technique.
Void Content Prediction in Two-Size Aggregate Mixes
Authors: Al-Jarallah M , Tons E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop a method to predict the interparticle voids in combinations of two sizes of aggregates. Theoretical concepts and predictions preceded the experimental work. Statistical techniques and computers were used in the design of the experiment and in the analysis of the data. Graphical presentations and illustrations were also used. The experimental work involved three types of rocks having different geometrical properties. Eight differently sized fractions of each of the three types of aggregates were tested. On the basis of the data collected and analyzed, it was concluded that two-size aggregate mixes that have the same size ratio and equal total packing volumes and that were compacted under identical conditions should have the same interparticle packing void contents. The data collected from the experiments were used to introduce a new method (graphical and analytical) to predict the packing void content in two-size aggregate mixes blended at any ratio. The developed blending design curves covered size ratios ranging between 0.20 and about 0.40. Only the percentage of the two constituents in the mix and the size ratio are needed to predict the packing void content by this new method.
A Fracture Mechanics Method for Determining the Crack Propagation Resistance of Embrittled Aluminum Bicrystals
Authors: Kargol JA , Albright DL 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA fracture mechanics testing method has been adapted to the study of the crack propagation resistance of high purity aluminum bicrystals which fail under liquid metal embrittlement conditions. The tapered double cantilever beam fracture test makes it possible to determine the threshold crack extension force for a propagating crack and the crack velocity as a function of driving force above this threshold. Modifications of this test have been made so that it can be used to determine GILME and crack velocity for 99.99+% pure aluminum bicrystals in a Hg-3 a/o Ga atmosphere. The test is shown to be reproducible, and variations in GILME due to differences in crystallographic orientation of the bicrystals are attainable.
The Effects of Specimen Thickness and Stress Relief on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium Steel
Authors: Sullivan AM , Crooker TW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Structural design now incorporates the weight-saving advantage of high-strength alloys by reducing the thickness requirements of load-bearing members. For fail-safe applications of thin-section material [less than 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) thick] in high-performance ship structures, quantitative information concerning fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) is highly important. The paucity and diverse conclusions of presently available information concerning the effect of material thickness on FCGR provides little engineering guidance for the design of thin-section structures. This study of FCGR on a 5Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel tested in three thicknesses indicates that internal residual stresses may have a retardation effect on FCGR in this material. When the material was tested after stress relief, crack growth was accelerated and was essentially the same for all thicknesses.
Multiaxial Stress-Strain Approximations for Notch Fatigue Behaviors
Authors: Walker EK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The use of the fatigue notch factor Kf in Neuber's rule is shown to be identical in the elastic range to the assumption of the Hookian stress concentration factor Kt, a multiaxial stress state, and a maximum principal strain criterion for fatigue life. The adequacy of assuming the fatigue notch factor Kf is demonstrated for mild notches. Arguments are presented in favor of assuming a multiaxial stress state at the notch for highly constrained notches.
Respirable Fraction of Airborne Dust: Quantitative Descriptions, Formal Definitions, and Performance Characteristics of Samplers Matched to Them
Authors: Mercer TT 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA rational system for monitoring atmospheres suspected of containing insoluble toxic particles requires a method that will provide a sample in which all particles are represented in proportion to their “respirable fraction,” that is, in proportion to the probability that they would be deposited in the nonciliated region of the lung, if inhaled by an average man. Various organizations concerned with occupational health have advanced formal definitions of respirable fraction, and samplers operating in accordance with those definitions are widely used for both personal and general area monitoring. In this discussion, quantitative descriptions of respirable fraction, the formal definitions derived from them, and the performance characteristics of respirable fraction samplers are reviewed. The samplers are shown to perform adequately for their respective definitions, but in general the definitions themselves significantly overestimate respirable fraction as determined from recent experimental data.
Effects of Dispersion and Swelling on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Frenkel H , Rhoades JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mechanisms of clay mineral dispersion and swelling, their effects on soil hydraulic conductivity, and their relevance to piping failures of earth-filled dams are discussed. It is concluded that clay dispersion could initiate piping failures of earthen dams. A method is recommended for evaluating the susceptibility of soil materials to disperse.
Field and Laboratory Protocols for Evaluating the Effects of Chemical Substances on Aquatic Life
Authors: Cairns J , Dickson KL 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOne of the difficulties of evaluating the hazard associated with the release of a chemical substance into the environment is to determine how much testing is necessary to delimit its effects adequately. Since different classes of toxicants have different biological effects, it would be wasteful of both time and money to carry out extremely detailed and comprehensive tests for even the most innocuous materials. It would be equally inappropriate to carry out limited tests for very dangerous materials—as painful experience has already shown. Protocols to sort out which materials require extensive testing and which do not, as well as which decision criteria should be used at each stage in a test series, are essential to the establishment of reasonable water quality standards. This is true not only for laboratory studies but also for assessments of effects in the receiving system itself. Two illustrative protocols, one for the laboratory studies of aquatic organisms and the other for field studies in freshwater receiving systems, are described.
A Procedure for the Determination of Ductile Fracture Toughness Values Using J Integral Techniques
Authors: Clarke GA , Andrews WR , Begley JA , Donald JK , Embley GT , Landes JD , McCabe DE , Underwood JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A procedure to determine the ductile fracture toughness value JIc, the value of the J integral at incipient crack growth, is described. The procedure was developed by the working committee of ASTM Task Group E24.01.09 on Elastic-Plastic Fracture under Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing. The principal goal of this report is to present a procedure for JIc determination that may be used as a basis for an ASTM standard on elastic-plastic testing. Although this procedure is described in terms of the multiple-specimen technique, any single-specimen method can be used as long as a good correspondence exists between the crack extension as measured by the heat tinting technique and that measured by single-specimen methods.
Constant and Variable Amplitude Fatigue Behavior of Eight Steels
Authors: Stephens RI , Benner PH , Mauritzson G , Tindall GW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRoom temperature fatigue behavior was obtained for eight different steels, including cast, hot-rolled, quenched and tempered, and case-hardened steels, under both constant and variable amplitude load conditions. Constant amplitude fatigue crack growth behavior was obtained with compact-type specimens with load ratios R ≈ 0 and −1. Variable amplitude fatigue behavior was obtained from keyhole-notched compact-type specimens by using the Society of Automotive Engineers' transmission history and three modifications of this history including single tensile overloads. The keyhole specimen and the variable amplitude spectra were chosen to simulate room temperature real-life situations including both crack initiation and crack propagation. Fatigue behavior of the eight steels is compared.