bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: A Microparameter Approach
Authors: Green Gareth , Sunding David , Zilberman David , Parker Doug 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWater price reforms are increasingly being used to encourage improvements in irrigation efficiency through technology adoption. A microparameter approach based on field‐level data is used to assess the effect of economic variables, environmental characteristics, and institutional variables on irrigation technology choices. The results show that water price is not the most important factor governing irrigation technology adoption; physical and agronomic characteristics appear to matter more. The results demonstrate the importance of using micro‐level data to determine the effects of asset heterogeneity and crop type on technology adoption.
Information and the Speed of Innovation Adoption
Authors: Fischer A.J. , Arnold A.J. , Gibbs M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin a Bayesian framework, a random‐effects model is developed and applied to adoption of new wheat varieties in South Australia. In this model, not all pieces of information add equally to knowledge about the innovation. The model shows the acquisition of information to be much slower than has been suggested by previous Bayesian models and can also explain laggards and partial adoption. The results have important practical implications for farmers and support agencies. The paper's theoretical contributions are to highlight the structure of information, and to demonstrate how qualitative results can be obtained where the posterior Bayesian distribution is intractable.
Germany and the CAP: A Bargaining Model of EC Agricultural Policy Formation
Authors: Field Heather , Fulton Murray 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA bargaining model of EC agricultural policy formation is formulated. The model allows for more explicit consideration of political factors than is possible in standard political economy models. It shows how the political system in Germany has increased the power of German farm interests relative to farm interests elsewhere in the EC. The paper recognizes CAP negotiations are an on‐going process. Results of the previous bargaining round form the basis for the current round and give momentum to price changes. Understanding this momentum provides insight into the fluctuating price supports that have characterized the CAP.
Weak Separability and the Estimation of Elasticities in Multistage Demand Systems
Authors: Edgerton David L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe necessary conditions for multistage budgeting to be at least approximately justified are reviewed, and the plausibility of these assumptions (i.e., weak separability and low variability of price indices with utility level) are discussed. Using no further assumptions, simple relationships between expenditure and price elasticities in different budgeting levels are derived. These results are applied to a three‐stage model for Swedish food consumption, and it is shown that the assumptions are not inappropriate. Restricting the analysis to the last stage of a multistage budgeting process is also shown to lead to considerable errors, which could well have policy consequences.
Diversification in Agricultural Production: A Dynamic Model of Optimal Cropping to Manage Soil Erosion
Authors: Goetz Renan U. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA dynamic economic model of soil erosion is presented where the intensity of use of inputs and the choice of crops allow the farmer to control soil losses. The results show that it is predominately optimal to approach the singular‐path/steady‐state equilibrium most rapidly by the cultivation of a single crop. At the steady state, however, a mix of crops is cultivated. The promotion of erosion control practices on only high‐erosion crops may reduce the long‐run soil stock, whereas a tax on the land cultivated with a particular crop is shown to be effective in increasing the long‐run soil stock.
Auctioning Conservation Contracts: A Theoretical Analysis and an Application
Authors: Latacz‐Lohmann Uwe , Van der Hamsvoort Carel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAuction theory is used to analyze the potential benefits of auctions in allocating contracts for the provision of nonmarket goods in the countryside. A model of optimal bidding for conservation contracts is developed and applied to a hypothetical conservation program. Competitive bidding, compared to fixed‐rate payments, can increase the cost effectiveness of conservation contracting significantly. The cost revelation mechanism inherent in the bidding process makes auctions a powerful means by which to reduce the problems of information asymmetry. Strategic bidding behavior, which may adversely affect the performance of sequential auctions, is difficult to address by means of auction design.
Implications of Disaster Assistance Reform for Non‐insured Crops
Authors: Lee Hyunok , Harwood Joy , Somwaru Agapi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith recent crop insurance reform, disaster aid to producers of crops for which federal crop insurance was not available has changed significantly. A newly created Non‐insured Assistance Program (NAP) is a standing disaster aid program for non‐insured crops including most vegetables and some tree crops. To receive a payment, a farmer has to meet NAP's “area” triggered loss in addition to usual individual loss criteria. In this paper we examine the implications of these two‐tiered criteria for NAP payments in the context of California agriculture. Our analysis indicates that the area loss requirement likely results in a sharp reduction in disaster payments for non‐insured crops.
A Microeconometric Analysis of Consumer Taste Determination and Taste Change for Beef
Authors: Gao X.M. , Wailes Eric J. , Cramer Gail L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new method for modeling determination of consumer taste and a test of the taste‐change hypothesis is presented. Taste varies across households because of differences in household characteristics. The method has a Multiple Indicator and Multiple Cause model interpretation, with taste as an unobserved variable. Taste indicators are residuals of regular household demand functions, the factors unexplained by prices and household expenditures. Taste‐cause variables are household characteristics and other variables. The proposed model is applied to U.S. beef demand using household data. Results show that structural taste changes, unexplained by changes in demographic composition, decreased 8% from 1977 to 1987.
Commodity Price Stabilization in a Peasant Economy
Authors: Finkelshtain Israel , Chalfant James A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe peasant household's preferences for price stabilization are shown to depend on observable parameters describing consumption and production decisions. A measure of willingness to pay is obtained for the case where the household is engaged in both the production and the consumption of the commodity in question. For plausible parameter values, it appears likely that the peasant household will prefer price stabilization and that stabilization of the producer price alone dominates complete stabilization.
Labor Migration and Returns to Rural Education in China
Authors: Zhao Yaohui 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an answer to the following question: Why do empirical studies find low returns to schooling in rural China, and yet the schooling rates are high? I find that schooling played a significant role in raising the accessibility of urban formal employment to rural people in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the face of the government's restrictive policy on labor migration from rural to urban areas. The large urban‐rural income difference provided a strong incentive for senior high school education. The theory also explains the drop in the senior high school attendance in the mid 1980s.
Measuring the Extent of Coalition Formation in Group Decision Making
Authors: Ruppel Fred J. , Kennedy P. Lynn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany group decisions begin with small coalitions that recruit additional members until they satisfy a voting rule. This paper introduces a technique for measuring coalition formation in group decision making. The setting involves N players bargaining over the share distribution of an asset. The N‐person game is analyzed as a set of triads, numerically equal to {N!/(N — 3)!}/3!. A three‐person game is presented to establish the context and to offer insights into the bargaining process. A four‐person game is also presented. The technique finds immediate application in controlled laboratory experiments but has further relevance for numerous real‐world contexts.
Monetary Shocks and Relative Farm Prices: A Re‐examination
Authors: Isaac Alan G. , Rapach David E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of monetary policy on the farm sector remains controversial. Studies of the effects of monetary disturbances on relative farm prices report conflicting results: some find that positive monetary shocks increase relative farm prices in the short run, and others detect no such effect. We offer a resolution of these conflicting findings by reestimating existing models on a common data set. When sample periods corresponding to the original studies are used, the conflicting results are confirmed. In contrast, when samples are updated through 1993, all models supply the same result: monetary shocks do not affect relative farm prices.
The Nonparametric Risk‐Adjusted Efficiency Measurement: An Application to Taiwan's Major Rural Financial Intermediaries
Authors: Chang Ching‐Cheng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article, a nonparametric approach is used to incorporate risk into the measurement of technical efficiencies of the major financial intermediaries in rural Taiwan. Risk is treated as a joint but undesirable output given the fact that various regulatory actions may prevent its free disposability. Three risk indicators (nonperforming loans, allowance for loan losses, and risky assets) are employed alternatively in the empirical work. Results suggest that all three risk constraints are binding. Regulations on controlling risky assets and loan loss reserves are effective but more burdensome than those on controlling loan quality.
An Evaluation of the Canada‐U.S. Wheat Agreement of 1994
Authors: Carter Colin A. , MacLaren Donald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe U.S. government notified the GATT in 1994 that it intended to increase tariff rates on wheat and barley imported from Canada. This threat of increased permanent protection resulted in Canada voluntarily agreeing to restrict wheat sales to the United States. Why would Canada agree to this outcome which would lead to a welfare loss? The payoffs to each country associated with alternative trade war outcomes are estimated. We find that welfare, as measured by equivalent variation, falls in both countries, although Canada was better off limiting exports than becoming engaged in a trade war with the United States.
A Spatial Equilibrium Model for Imperfectly Competitive Milk Markets
Authors: Kawaguchi Tsunemasa , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA generalization of Takayama and Judge's spatial equilibrium model that allows for any degree of market structure is presented. The model is applied to the Japanese dairy industry to examine interregional milk movements generated under alternative assumed degrees of market competition. The results indicate that the perfect competition and monopoly equilibrium solutions result in a lower and a higher price, respectively, than actual price levels. On the other hand, the Cournot‐Nash equilibrium solutions are the most similar to actual observations, and the actual interregional milk movements are best explained by imperfectly competitive behavior.
Econometric Estimation of Technical and Environmental Efficiency: An Application to Dutch Dairy Farms
Authors: Reinhard Stijn , Lovell C.A. Knox , Thijssen Geert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article we estimate the technical and environmental efficiency of a panel of Dutch dairy farms. Nitrogen surplus, arising from the application of excessive amounts of manure and chemical fertilizer, is treated as an environmentally detrimental input. A stochastic translog production frontier is specified to estimate the output‐oriented technical efficiency. Environmental efficiency is estimated as the input‐oriented technical efficiency of a single input, the nitrogen surplus of each farm. The mean output‐oriented technical efficiency is rather high, 0.894, but the mean input‐oriented environmental efficiency is only 0.441. Intensive dairy farms are both technically and environmentally more efficient than extensive farms.
Irreversibility in Advertising‐Demand Response Functions: An Application to Milk
Authors: Vande Kamp Philip R. , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA generalized methodology for estimating irreversible functions is developed. This approach, which accommodates short‐term irreversibility and long‐term reversibility, is an improvement over previous irreversibility studies that imposed both short‐ and long‐term irreversibility. Using the proposed methodology, irreversibility in the demand response to fluid milk advertising in New York City is evaluated. Irreversibility is found to exist, and, in particular, consumers are found to react more rapidly to increases in advertising compared to decreases. This result may have important implications for optimal temporal advertising strategies.
Processing Industry Capacity and the Welfare Effects of Sugar Policies
Authors: Williams Jeffrey C. , Isham Brooke A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNormally, analysis of policies affecting commodities such as sugar employs long‐run comparative statics under certainty and ignores processing industries like cane‐sugar refining, under the implicit assumption that the capital is malleable in both the short and long run. We present a dynamic model, calibrated to world sugar and solved with numerical dynamic programming, that includes the specific capital of the refining industry. When compared to an otherwise identical static model, the dynamic model suggests that some 20% of welfare losses may be misattributed to cane‐sugar producers instead of refiners. In contrast, the difference between certainty and uncertainty proves to be unimportant.
Kleine Moleküle als Transkriptionsmodulatoren
Authors: Arndt Hans‐Dieter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGentranskriptionsprogramme werden von Transkriptionsfaktoren ausgeführt, die mit Coaktivator‐ oder Corepressorproteinen große Multiproteinkomplexe bilden. Obwohl mit der Identifizierung und Bestätigung von potenten Antagonisten (oder Agonisten) für Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen einige Schwierigkeiten verknüpft sind, konnten in jüngerer Zeit verschiedene kleine Moleküle identifiziert werden, die den Transkriptionsprozess durch direkte Wechselwirkung mit Transkriptionsfaktoren beeinflussen. Einige dieser kleinen Moleküle weisen überraschende Selektivitäten auf, und manche sind sogar in vivo aktiv. Der Kurzaufsatz fasst den Stand der Forschung in diesem aufstrebenden Gebiet zusammen und veranschaulicht das Potenzial dieser kleinen Moleküle in der chemischen Biologie der Transkription.
Production and characterization of thermostable α‐amylase by thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Al‐Qodah Zakaria 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStudies on the α‐amylase‐producing thermophilic bacterium isolated and identified from a hot spring in Jordan and designated as Geobacillus stearothermophilus JT2 were carried out. The optimum conditions for growth and enzyme production were pH 7 and 55°C. The study of the kinetics of cellular growth indicated a μmax of 0.22/h, a Ks of 1.2 g/L, a τd of 3.15 h and a Yx/s of 0.43 g cell/g starch. In addition, the activation energy for growth and death were estimated and found to be 30.5 and 210 J/mol, respectively. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the cellular growth was tested.
The performance of renal duplex ultrasonography for the detection of hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis
Authors: Kawarada Osami , Yokoi Yoshiaki , Takemoto Kazushi , Morioka Nobuyuki , Nakata Shinji , Shiotani Shinji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectives: The value of renal duplex ultrasonography for the detection of angiographical renal artery stenosis (RAS) has been demonstrated in many clinical studies. None of the published studies, however, have adequately scrutinized the performance of this modality for the detection of hemodynamically significant RAS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation and accuracy between renal duplex parameters and translesional pressure gradient (TLPG). Methods: A total of 60 patients, with 75 stenotic lesions in the renal arteries determined by angiography, underwent duplex ultrasonography before angiography and the measurement of TLPG using a 0.014″ pressure wire in the single setting of angiography were prospectively included. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the renal artery and a ratio of PSV in the renal artery to the aorta (RAR) were examined as duplex ultrasonography parameters. Angiographical stenosis was evaluated by percent diameter stenosis (%DS) derived from quantitative angiographic analysis. Results: The correlation with TLPG proved to be stronger in the following order, PSV (r = 0.743, P < 0.001), %DS (r = 0.701, P < 0.001), and RAR (r = 0.572, P < 0.001). The best performing parameter for TLPG of 20 mm Hg was revealed to be PSV, as the areas under the receiver operator characteristics curves using %DS, PSV, and RAR were 0.888, 0.939, and 0.834, respectively. A PSV cutoff value of 219 cm/sec provided the best predictive value with a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 89%. The positive predictive value was 83% and the negative predictive value was 93%. Conclusions: The measurement of PSV is not only noninvasive but also highly accurate in detecting patients who have hemodynamically significant RAS. The authors emphasize that an enthusiastic application of renal duplex ultrasonography, particularly the measurement of PSV, is warranted. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aminobenzisoxazoles with Biaryl P4 Moieties as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Factor Xa Inhibitors.
Authors: Quan Mimi L. , Han Qi , Fevig John M. , Lam Patrick Y. S. , Bai Steve , Knabb Robert M. , Luettgen Joseph M. , Wong Pancras C. , Wexler Ruth R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Phosphacoumarins via Cross‐Coupling of 4‐Tosylphosphacoumarins with Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Li Xueshu , Shen Feng , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Formal [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement Route to Quaternary α‐Vinyl Amino Acids: Use of Allylic N‐PMP Trifluoroacetimidates.
Authors: Berkowitz David B. , Wu Bin , Li Huijie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyranonaphthoquinone Antibiotics Involving the Phthalide Annulation Strategy.
Authors: Claessens Sven , Naidoo Dashnie , Mulholland Dulcie , Verschaeve Luc , van Staden Johannes , De Kimpe Norbert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Total Synthesis of Longimicin D.
Authors: Tominaga Hiroaki , Maezaki Naoyoshi , Yanai Minori , Kojima Naoto , Urabe Daisuke , Ueki Risa , Tanaka Tetsuaki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of γ‐Lactam Lignans via Aza‐Michael Addition.
Authors: Dorbec Matthieu , Florent Jean‐Claude , Monneret Claude , Rager Marie‐Noelle , Bertounesque Emmanuel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
G Protein‐Coupled Receptors as Challenging Druggable Targets: Insights from in silico Studies
Authors: Moro Stefano , Bacilieri Magdalena , Deflorian Francesca , Spalluto Giampiero 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Supported Green Synthesis of Substituted Hydrocinnamic Esters by Focused Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Sharma Anuj , Sinha Arun K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Stereoselective Access to Sulfur Derivatives Starting from Zinc Organometallics.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Gavryushin Andrey , Knochel Paul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Rhodium‐1,3‐dialkyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene Complexes as Catalysts for Arylation of Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Oezdemir Ismail , Demir Serpil , Cetinkaya Bekir , Cetinkaya Engin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Tsuritani Takayuki , Kii Satoshi , Akao Atsushi , Sato Kimihiko , Nonoyama Nobuaki , Mase Toshiaki , Yasuda Nobuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Walther Reaction in the Benzazoles Series and Preparation of Their 2‐Deutero Derivatives.
Authors: Lomov D. A. , Yutilov Yu. M. , Smolyar N. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5‐Selenoxo‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐carboxylates from Isoselenocyanates and Azodicarboxylates.
Authors: Favero Francesco , Sommen Geoffroy L. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vanillin Esters of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids in the Synthesis of Benzo[a]acridine and Benzo[b][4,7]phenanthroline Derivatives.
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Tereshko A. B. , Gusak K. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.