bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and properties of InN, InGaN, and InN/InGaN quantum wells
Authors: Naoi H. , Kurouchi M. , Muto D. , Takado S. , Araki T. , Miyajima T. , Na H. , Nanishi and Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes our recent progress on InN, In‐rich InxGa1–xN, and InN/InxGa1–xN quantum wells (QWs) grown by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy. Among the essential growth sequences to obtain high‐quality InN, the nitridation process of (0001) sapphire substrates was reexamined. It was found that the lower‐temperature and longer–period nitridation‐process was very effective in improving crystalline quality of InN films. We succeeded in dramatically improvingc‐axis orientation of InN films without deteriorating theira‐axis orientation by nitridating the substrates at a relatively low‐temperature of 300 °C for a relatively long period of 2 h. The full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of (0002) X‐ray rocking curves as narrow as 1 arcmin were obtained from only 400 nm thick InN films. These FWHMs are the narrowest value ever reported for InN and moreover approximately a twentieth part of the values obtained from our conventional InN films with a similar thickness, which were grown via the conventional nitridation process carried out at 550 °C for 1 h. Furthermore interference fringes in X‐ray diffraction (ω–2θscan) were observed from these improved InN films. These high crystalline quality InN layers have been employed as a template for the growth of In‐rich InxGa1–xN layers (0.70 ≤x≤ 0.94). The resultant InxGa1–xN layers have shown dramatic improvements in not only the surface morphology but also both thea‐ andc‐axis orientations. By employing In0.8Ga0.2N layers of improved quality as the bottom barrier layer, InN/In0.8Ga0.2N multiple quantum well (MQW) and single quantum well (SQW) structures with different well widths were fabricated. Clear satellite peaks of X‐ray diffraction were observed from these MQW structures. Both of these SQW and MQW structures have exhibited a blue shift of the photoluminescence peak energy with decreasing well width. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Indium Nitride and Indium Rich Related Alloys: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Leszczynski M. , Ruterana P. , Stutzmann M. , Wood C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present issue of physica status solidi (a) contains recent advances in the physics, chemistry and applications of indium nitride. Its goal is to highlight new developments, and to assess the current re‐search status on this important material as well as novel applications that now appear possible. The pa‐pers were submitted to the last European Materials Research Society (E‐MRS) Fall Meeting, held in War‐saw on 5–8 September 2005.The symposium dealt with the current controversial issues of the bandgap of InN and the composi‐tion fluctuation in InGaN heterostructures. A reasonable agreement seems to be coming up concerning the bandgap. When In nanocrystals can be avoided, the bandgap is converging to the lowest values below 1 eV. However, local measurements like valence electron energy loss spectroscopy still point out a band gap of 1.7 eV. For the InGaN quantum layers, indium composition fluctuation may be present, and the growth conditions could play a critical role.The quality of the material has dramatically improved since 2000, the MBE grown InN layers have reached residual carrier concentrations in the low 1017 cm–3, and good quality heterostructures are now fabricated (InN/InGaN) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).It was a particular concern of the organisers that the symposium should be in the form of a work‐shop so that enough time is allowed for the discussion of the controversial issues. We hoped that this format would promote a healthy and vigorous exchange of ideas. The lively debate in many of the ses‐sions, and the fact that the final session on Thursday evening was the best attended, suggests that we were at least partly successful in this.The symposium contained over 60 contributions, both metal organic vapour phase epitaxy and MBE techniques of InN were covered, and special attention was given to the optical and structural quality of the thin films. Thirty invited speakers provided the current status of the research on this exciting mate‐rial. In addition to invited papers, fifteen oral presentations contributed to the eleven sessions ranging from heterostructures growth to band gap issues and devices. Moreover, a poster session, which pre‐sented some twenty interesting reports, provided a further forum for detailed discussions. From those papers that were submitted for publication, 26 were judged, each by two referees, to be highly rated and worthy of publication in physica status solidi (a).This issue is organised in three sections corresponding to the topical sessions of the Symposium. The first deals with band gap issues, optical and electrical properties, the second with the growth of the InN thin films, whilst the last section is concerned with the structural properties of the layers and de‐vices.
Quantitative electron microscopy of InN–GaN alloys
Authors: Bartel T. , Jinschek J. R. , Freitag B. , Specht P. , Kisielowski C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe local element distribution in quantum wells largely affects physical properties of devices made from such materials. In the past, quantitative electron microscopy was developed to access the stoichiometry on an atomic scale as shown on the cover page of this issue's Editor's Choice [1] for the GaN/InxGa1–xN/GaN and the GaAs/AlxGa1–xAs/GaAs system by the application of QUANTITEM and Chemical Imaging, respectively. In case of GaN/InxGa1–xN/GaN local strain mapping allows for extracting similar data and an unusual large indium fluctuation can be observed if compared with the aluminum distribution in GaAs/AlxGa1–xAs/GaAs quantum well structures. However, radiation damage, sample preparation and microscope stability affect the data analyses and it is of essence to monitor and control such effects as outlined in the related paper.The first author Til Bartel is a PhD candidate in physics at the Technical University of Berlin, currently visiting LBNL in California to apply transmission electron microscopy to III‐nitride semiconductors. Christian Kisielowski is Staff Scientist and Principle Investigator at the National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM) and is responsible for the development and application of high resolution electron microscopy.The present special issue of physica status solidi (a) is a compilation of presentations from the recent symposium on Indium Nitride and Indium Rich Related Alloys at the E‐MRS 2005 Fall Meeting in Warsaw.
Probabilistic observers for a class of uncertain biological processes
Authors: Chachuat B. , Bernard O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper, probabilistic observers are considered for a class of continuous biological processes described by mass‐balance‐based models. It is assumed that the probability density functions (PDFs) of the uncertain parameters and inputs of the model, as well as the PDFs of the missing initial conditions are known. Then, the PDFs of the unmeasured state variables are obtained, at any time, by considering the image of these initial PDFs by the flow of the dynamic model (differential system). In comparison to classical open‐loop asymptotic and interval observers, the method provides information on the confidence level of the estimates rather than simple upper and lower bounds. Moreover, unlike Kalman filters, probabilistic observers are not restricted to Gaussian distributions for the uncertain parameters. The design and application of a probabilistic observer to an industrial wastewater treatment plant is presented. Finally, a number of practical considerations is discussed in connection to both implementation and utilization issues. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of Zimbabwe high school chemistry students' laboratory work–based images of the nature of science
Authors: Vhurumuku Elaosi , Holtman Lorna , Mikalsen Oyvind , Kolsto Stein D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the proximal and distal images of the nature of science (NOS) that A‐level students develop from their participation in chemistry laboratory work. We also explored the nature of the interactions among the students' proximal and distal images of the NOS and students' participation in laboratory work. Students' views of the NOS and the nature of their chemistry laboratory work were elicited through students' responses to an open‐ended questionnaire and semistructured interviews. The results suggest that students build some understandings of the NOS from their participation in laboratory work. Students' proximal NOS understandings appear to build into and interact with their understandings of the nature and practice of professional science. This interaction appears to be mediated by the nature of instruction. It is posited that each student's conceptual ecological system is replete with interactions, which govern attenuation of proximal understandings into distal images. Methodologically, the study illustrates how students' laboratory work–based proximal and distal images of the NOS can be identified and extracted through analyzing and interpreting their responses to protocols. Implications for A‐level Chemistry instruction and curriculum development are raised. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 127–149, 2006
Inhaled Foreign Bodies: Presentation, Management and Value of History and Plain Chest Radiography in Delayed Presentation
Authors: Ibrahim Sersar Sameh , Hassan Rizk Walid , Bilal Maha , El Diasty Mohammed M. , Abudlla Eltantawy Tarik , Badry Abdelhakam Bahaa , Elgamal Adel Mohamed F. , Abou Bieh Alaa Ali 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVESTo assess the clinical and management aspects of tracheobronchial foreign body (FB) in children and adults; to judge the influence of the operator's experience on the outcome of the procedure and to evaluate the factors associated with delayed diagnosis of FB aspiration (FBA) in children; and to compare clinical, radiologic and bronchoscopic findings in the patients with suspected FB inhalation (FBI).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective review of a 10‐year experience (from 1995 to 2005), involving a 1512‐bed Mansoura university hospital and a 184‐bed Mansoura emergency hospital.MATERIAL AND METHODSThree thousand three hundred patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy for suspected FBI between 1995 and 2005 in Mansoura, Egypt. The data were analyzed in 3 groups: the patients with negative bronchoscopy for FBI (group 1), early (group 2), and delayed diagnosis (group 3). Foreign body was removed using the rigid bronchoscope with or without using the extracting forceps (Egyptian novel technique; Sersar technique).RESULTSThe penetration syndrome and decreased breath sounds were determined in a significantly higher number of the patients with FBI. The plain chest radiography revealed radiopaque foreign bodies (FBs) in 23.56% of all patients with FBI. Pneumonia and atelectasis were more common in the groups with negative bronchoscopy and with delayed diagnosis (P < 0.01). The FBs were mostly of vegetable origin, such as seeds and peanuts. The Egyptian novel (Sersar) technique was used since 2004 April in 100 cases (4.62%) with a history of FBI (pins and or small rounded materials). It was successful in 73 cases of nonimpacted inhaled pins.CONCLUSIONSBronchoscopy is indicated on appropriate history and on suspicion. To prevent delayed diagnosis, characteristic symptoms, and clinical and radiologic signs of FBI should be checked in all suspected cases. Because clinical and radiologic findings of FBI in delayed cases may mimic other disorders, the clinician must be aware of the likelihood of FBI.EBM rating: C‐4
Diagnosis of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Among Globus Patients
Authors: Hoon Park Kyung , Myung Choi Sun , UK Kwon Soon , Won Yoon Sang , UK Kim Seon 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVESLaryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is suggested as one of the most common etiologic factors of globus; currently, however, only a few tools are available to carry out effective diagnosis of LPR in clinics. The goal of this study was to assess the validity of reflux finding score (RFS), reflux symptom index (RSI), and symptom checklist‐90‐revision (SCL‐90‐R) as diagnostic methods for LPR.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe selected 57 globus patients who were divided into test and control groups according to the results of 24‐hour double‐probe ambulatory pH monitoring. RFS, RSI, and SCL‐90‐R were then compared between the 2 groups, and the logical products of the 3 tests were also compared.RESULTSRFS and RSI showed low specificity and there was no significant difference between the test and control groups. However, SCL‐90‐R revealed significantly high scores in the control group. The logical product of combining positive RFS and negative SCL‐90‐R was significantly different between the groups.CONCLUSIONRFS and RSI are less valid as diagnostic tools for LPR when used independently. Patients with LPR are found to exhibit weaker psychological symptoms than non‐LPR patients.EBM rating: B‐2b
Intraoperative Evaluation of Cortical Bony Margins with Frozen‐Section Analysis
Authors: Oxford Lance E. , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVESTo describe and evaluate the efficacy of frozen‐section analysis of cortical bone margins in surgery of the craniofacial skeleton.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients undergoing oncologic resection of various head and neck neoplasms with osseous involvement by the senior author (Y.D.) from 1998 to 2003.RESULTSFrozen‐section analysis of cortical bone was performed in 38 patients. Adequate specimens for histological analysis were obtained in all patients. Frozen sections were positive in 21 of 22 patients with bone invasion on decalcified specimens. After validating our technique for frozen analysis of cortical bone in 13 patients, the method had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100% in 25 patients. Malignancies diagnosed on frozen cortical bone specimens included squamous cell carcinoma (15), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (3), and sarcoma (3). Frozen cortical margins altered the extent of bony resection in 8 patients.CONCLUSIONA simple technique for analysis of cortical bone involvement by neoplasm is presented and reviewed. It allows for frozen‐section analysis with standard equipment and appears to be a reliable method to evaluate bony margins intra‐operatively.EBM rating: C‐4
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation of the Smile after Long‐Term Facial Nerve Palsy using Video Self‐Modeling and Implementation Intentions
Authors: Coulson Susan E. , Adams Roger D. , O'Dwyer Nicholas J. , Croxson Glen R. 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVESTo improve smiling after long‐term facial nerve palsy (FNP). Physiotherapy rehabilitation of an adapted (more symmetrical) smile was investigated in FNP subjects 1 year post‐onset, using video self‐modeling (video replay of only best adapted smiles) and implementation intentions (preplanning adapted smiles for specific situations).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGProspective, blinded clinical trial. Facial‐Nerve‐Palsy Clinic.RESULTSAfter video self‐modeling: 1) reaction time (RT) to initiation of adapted smiles became 224 ms faster whereas RT for everyday (asymmetrical) smiles became 153 ms slower; 2) adapted smiles were completed 544 ms faster; 3) adapted smiles had higher overall quality, movement control, and symmetry ratings; and 4) Facial Disability Index scores also improved. Implementation intentions after video self‐modeling ensured transfer of adapted smile to everyday situations.CONCLUSIONFollowing intervention the smile improved, with significant changes in availability, execution speed, and quality.SIGNIFICANCEThis study supports these rehabilitation techniques to maximize quality of smiling following FNP.EBM rating: B‐2b
Comparison of Posttonsillectomy Pain Using the Ultrasonic Scalpel, Coblator, and Electrocautery
Authors: Parsons Stephen P. , Cordes Susan R. , Comer Brett 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVESTo compare postoperative tonsillectomy pain between 3 commonly used surgical devices: the Harmonic Ultrasonic Scalpel (Ethicon Endo‐Surgery, Cincinnati, OH), the Coblator (ArthroCare Corp, Sunnyvale, CA), and electrocautery.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA prospective, randomized trial. One hundred thirty‐four patients were randomly assigned to receive a tonsillectomy with 1 of 3 surgical devices. All patients were asked to fill out a postoperative diary.RESULTSStatistically significant differences in pain scores were revealed between the Coblator and electrocautery (P = 0.02) and between the Coblator and the Ultrasonic Scalpel (P = 0.003), with the Coblator having lower pain scores. Electrocautery and the Ultrasonic Scalpel did not differ significantly from each other. The Coblation method showed a strong trend toward quicker return to normal diet.CONCLUSIONPatients undergoing tonsillectomy with the Coblator device reported less pain over a 10‐day period than patients undergoing tonsillectomy with electrocautery or the Ultrasonic Scalpel. Pain after tonsillectomy remains a major issue for our patients. The choice of surgical instrument appears to be one way to reduce this pain.EBM rating: A‐1b
BORN MODERN: ANTIPODEAN VARIATIONS ON A THEME
Authors: BROWN NICHOLAS 
Published: January 2006

Making peoples: a history of the New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century. By James Belich. London: Penguin, 2001. Pp. 497. ISBN 0-14-100639-0. £9.99.Paradise reforged: a history of the New Zealanders from the 1880s to the year 2000. By James Belich. London: Allen Lane, 2002. Pp. 606. ISBN 0-7139-9172-0. £25.00.The Enlightenment and the origins of European Australia. By John Gascoigne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii+233. ISBN 0-521-80343-80. £45.00.Australian ways of death: a social and cultural history, 1840–1918. By Pat Jalland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. Pp. vi+378. ISBN 0-19-550754-1. £15.99.White flour, white power: from rations to citizenship in central Australia. By Tim Rowse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii+255. ISBN 0-521-62457-6. £40.00.The five books covered here might seem a random sample: antipodean oddments from the edge of a review editor's desk. Their subject matter – from ‘ways of death’ in Australia to rationing policies for indigenous Australians – is diverse, as are their approaches: a scholarly assessment of the influence of Enlightenment ideas in the Australian colonies through to a massive two-volume general history of New Zealand to 2000. Yet even in this eclectic mix there are common themes, reflecting current interests and models in the writing of history in both countries. For some time, Australia and New Zealand have been productively positioned in relation to European social change as ‘born modern’ experiments, or at least as colonies which forced or anticipated aspects of the modernity shaping metropolitan centres. There have been several phases of historiography advancing this thesis, each reflecting a desire on the part of historians ‘down under’ to relate their account to wider dynamics, or to incorporate models that redress or refute the ‘isolation’ of their history by exploring categories extending beyond the national chronicle. More recently, historians of post-colonialism have returned the interest. They have traced in the extension of colonialism many of the crucial factors shaping core elements of nineteenth-century European nationalism, even the concept of Europe itself. In complex patterns of interdependence within ‘empire’, these historians have also identified several themes of ‘modernity’: reflexive approaches to ‘self’ and identity; discursive matrices of liberal government; the application and testing of the Enlightenment project of ‘reason’ and the ‘disenchantment’ of scientific knowledge and classification.
Longitudinal studies of antisaccades in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: HARRIS MARGRET S. H. , REILLY JAMES L. , KESHAVAN MATCHERI S. , SWEENEY JOHN A. 
Published: January 2006

Background. Prefrontal cortical dysfunctions, including disturbances in adaptive context-specific behavior, have been reported in neuropsychological and brain imaging studies of schizophrenia. Some data suggest that treatment with antipsychotic medications may ameliorate these deficits.Method. We investigated antisaccade performance in 39 antipsychotic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia patients who were re-evaluated 6 weeks after treatment initiation. A group of matched healthy subjects were examined at similar time-points. Patients and healthy individuals available for longer-term testing were re-assessed 26 and 52 weeks after initial testing.Results. Before treatment, patients showed elevated rates of response suppression errors and prolonged latencies of correct antisaccades. Increased rates of antisaccade errors were associated with faster response latencies during a separate, visually guided saccade task, but only prior to treatment. Throughout the 1-year follow-up, patients progressively improved in their ability to voluntarily suppress context-inappropriate behavior. Although treatment assignment was by clinician choice, results of exploratory analyses revealed that patients treated with risperidone progressively planned and initiated correct antisaccades more quickly than patients receiving haloperidol.Conclusions. Deficits in the voluntary control of spatial attention are exaggerated during acute episodes of illness, but remain an enduring aspect of prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia even after treatment. During acute illness, speeded sensorimotor transformations may compound these deficits and contribute to the heightened distractibility associated with acute psychosis. Continued improvement in task performance throughout the 1-year follow-up suggests that partial normalization of prefrontal cognitive functions resulting from antipsychotic treatment may have a longer and more gradual time course than the reduction of acute psychotic symptoms.