bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pinless External Fixation of Mandible Fractures in Cattle
Authors: LISCHER CHRISTOPH J. , FLURI ERIKA , KASER‐HOTZ B. , BETTSCHART‐WOLFENSBERGER R. , AUER JOERG A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This report describes our experience with a new technique for stabilization of mandibular fractures in cattle using a pinless external fixator. Study Design— Mandibular fractures were stabilized with a pinless external fixator, which is a modification of a unilateral AO/ASIF (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation)‐fixator in which pins are replaced with bone clamps. Animals— Seven dairy cattle between 1 and 5 years of age. Methods— Fracture stabilization was achieved by using the pinless external fixator. Postoperative management included intravenous administration of sodium chloride‐glucose and antibiotics. A suspension of ruminal contents from a normal cow together with linseed and grass pellets was administered with a gastric tube. Results— Three to 10 days after surgery six of seven cows masticated comfortably. The only failure was a yearling with a 10‐day‐old open infected fracture. This animal was slaughtered 9 days after surgery because of additional problems. In six cases there was enough callus formation 33 to 54 days after surgery to stabilize the fracture. The fixation devices were removed under heavy sedation. The major complication was bone sequestration at the fracture site, which required additional treatment. Conclusion— The pinless fixator has proven satisfactory for external stabilization of unilateral horizontal ramus fractures of the mandible in cattle. Clinical Relevance— The technique provides good stability without penetration of the medullary cavity and damage to the tooth roots. Other advantages of the technique include ease of application, minimal surgical trauma, and the short surgical time for application.
Bacterial Isolates From Plaque and From Blood During and After Routine Dental Procedures in Dogs
Authors: NIEVES MARY ANN , HARTWIG PATRICIA , KINYON JOANN M. , RIEDESEL DEAN H. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the association between dental procedures and bacteremia in dogs, including a comparison of bacteria isolated from plaque and blood, severity of the bacteremia versus the severity of dental disease, and the longevity of bacteremia. Study Design— Bacteria cultured from the blood over time were compared with those isolated from the plaque and crevicular fluid and in relation to severity of dental disease. Animals or Sample Population— Twenty adult greyhounds. Methods— Blood samples were collected for culture before induction of general anesthesia, immediately after intubation, 20 minutes after initiation of the dental procedure, and at 10‐minute intervals until 10 minutes after the dental procedure was completed. Samples of plaque were taken for microbiological culture. Results— Sixty to ninety percent of the bacterial genera isolated from the plaque were present in the blood. Dogs classified according to severity of dental disease showed no difference in the total number of different species or number of different Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive, or anaerobic bacteria isolated from plaque or blood (P <.05). Bacteremia was present in all of the dogs studied, within 40 minutes from the initiation of the dental procedure, regardless of the severity of oral disease. Conclusions— Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive, and anaerobic bacteria are present in blood during dental procedures; the bacteremia can persist beyond the dental procedure, and is not associated with the severity of dental disease. Clinical Relevance— The nature and extent of bacteremia occuring during routine dental procedures is important in understanding a potential risk to dogs.
Endogenous Benzodiazepine Activity in the Peripheral and Portal Blood of Dogs With Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: ARONSON LILLIAN R. , GACAD REYNALDO C. , KAMINSKY‐RUSS KRISTINE , GREGORY CLARE R. , MULLEN KEVIN D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ The purpose of this study was to determine whether an endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand (EBZ) was present in the arterial and portal blood of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS). Study Design‐ The presence or absence of an EBZ was determined by the collection of systemic and portal blood from dogs with CPSS. Animals‐ Fifteen client‐owned dogs with a confirmed CPSS. All dogs had historical signs compatible with hepatic encephalopathy. Eight healthy dogs were used as controls. Methods‐ In all dogs, systemic blood samples were collected after they were anesthetized. Portal blood samples were collected intraoperatively. EBZ was measured by radioreceptor assay. Results‐ In 10 of 15 dogs, the portal blood concentration of EBZ was significantly elevated compared with normal dogs (mean, 13.2 ±18.55 ng/mL). Five dogs had elevated systemic blood EBZ levels (mean, 8.2 ±16.08 ng/mL). Eleven of 15 dogs had a higher portal than systemic blood concentration of EBZ. In contrast, control dogs had extremely low EBZ concentrations detected in their portal blood (mean, 0.16 ±0.3 ng/mL) and systemic blood (0 ng/mL). The mean portal and systemic blood concentrations in dogs with CPSS were significantly greater than in control dogs (P <.05). Conclusions‐ Elevated blood levels of EBZ were found in dogs with CPSS. The portosystemic gradient noted in 11 dogs suggests the gastrointestinal tract as a possible source for the endogenous ligand. Clinical Relevance‐ Generalized motor seizures have been reported in dogs after surgical correction of CPSS. If the presence of a CPSS results in stimulation of brain receptors for benzodiazepines, post‐CPSS ligation seizures may result from a withdrawal of EBZ after ligation of the portosystemic shunt.
Passive Drainage Versus Primary Closure After Total Ear Canal Ablation‐Lateral Bulla Osteotomy in Dogs: 59 Dogs (1985–1995)
Authors: DEVITT CHAD M. , SEIM HOWARD B. , WILLER RANDY , McPHERRON MELISSA , NEELY MARLON 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐Compare passive wound drainage to primary closure of total ear canal ablation‐lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA‐LBO) in dogs.Study Design‐Retrospective analysis of medical records.Sample Population‐Fifty‐nine dogs with end‐stage otitis externa or neoplasia of the external and middle ear.Methods‐Medical records of dogs with TECA‐LBO were reviewed. Dogs were divided into postoperative drain and primary closure groups. Statistical analyses were performed to identify differences in data for signalment, preoperative treatment, duration of hospitalization, immediate complications, and long‐term complications between groups.Results‐No significant differences were detected in signalment, diagnosis, and duration of medical management between groups (P>.05). Duration of hospitalization was greater for dogs in the drain group (P<.05). Immediate postoperative complications occurred in 26 of 59 dogs and included ipsilateral facial palsy, incision swelling, vestibular signs, premature drain removal, and one dog died of aspiration pneumonia. Long‐term (>6 months) complications were identified in 12 of 50 dogs and included dermatitis of the medial aspect of the pinna, chronic fistula formation, and permanent facial paralysis. No association between immediate or long term complications and method of closure was identified.Conclusions‐Primary closure is an acceptable alternative in dogs undergoing TECA‐LBO when surgical wound dead space can be managed with meticulous hemostasis, complete debridement of devitalized tissue, and accurate apposition of tissue planes.
Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair in Three Young Horses
Authors: SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , JUZWIAK JAMES S. , MOLL H. DAVID , SLONE DONNIE E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ This clinical report describes surgical correction of diaphragmatic hernia in three young horses. Study Design‐ Retrospective investigation of medical records and subsequent racing performance. Animals‐ Three young horses with diaphragmatic hernia. Results‐ Three young horses with signs of abdominal pain had diaphragmatic hernia causing small intestinal strangulation. The strangulated small intestine was resected and an end‐to‐end jejuno‐jejunal (two horses) or a side‐to‐side jejuno‐cecal anastomosis (one horse) was performed. Diaphragmatic hernias were closed with a continuous suture pattern. All horses recovered and raced. No difference in race records was found between the subject horses and their siblings. One subject horse died of colic at 5 years of age, but the cause of the colic was undetermined. The remaining two horses are in use as broodmares and have produced multiple foals without recurrence of signs of diaphragmatic hernia Conclusions‐ Diaphragmatic hernias can be repaired in horses. These horses can achieve race records similar to their siblings and can produce foals without recurrence of signs of diaphragmatic hernia.
Surgical Excision of Soft Tissue Fibrosarcomas in Cats
Authors: DAVIDSON ELLEN B. , GREGORY CLARE R. , KASS PHILLIP H. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor‐free interval and survival times of cats who had one (group 1) or more (group 2) surgeries, or surgery and radiation therapy (RTH) (group 3) for treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcomas (FSA).Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals or Sample Population— 45 client‐owned cats.Methods— Medical records of cats with soft tissue FSA were examined. Vaccination and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status, age, sex, breed, tumor location, number of surgeries, completeness of excision, and histopathological grade were evaluated to correlate with tumor‐free interval and survival periods.Results— Overall median tumor‐free interval and survival times were 10 and 11.5 (range, 1 to 40) months. Median tumor‐free interval and survival times were more than 16 months each in group 1, more than 5 and 13 months in group 2, and 4.5 and 9 months in group 3. Age, sex, breed, vaccination or FeLV status, tumor location, or histopathological grade did not affect median tumor‐free interval or survival times (P<.05). Cats with complete excisions had significantly longer median tumor‐free interval (>16 versus 4 months) and survival time (>16 versus 9 months) than those with incomplete excisions (P=.008). Radiation therapy did not seem to extend tumor‐free interval and survival times (P=.013). However, most group 3 cats had incomplete surgical excisions, resulting in recurrent or progressive disease.Conclusions— Complete surgical excision of FSA in cats is possible and can be curative.Clinical Relevance— Aggressive surgical excision with wide margins appears to contribute to extended tumor‐free interval and survival times in cats with soft tissue FSA. Controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of RTH in treatment.
Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Standing Horses
Authors: DAVIS ERIC W. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses.Study Design— Prospective clinical study.Animals or Sample Population— Eleven client‐owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years.Methods— Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered through the instrument channel on the operative laparoscope, using a catheter with a needle attached. Testes were grasped with large laparoscopic forceps and exteriorized through the abdominal wall. Ligation and transection of the mesorchium was extracorporeal. The descended testes were removed using a standard standing technique.Results— Complications were minor, including mild colic in one horse. The mean surgical time for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy and castration of these colts was 58.9 ±24.3 minutes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, using the instrumentation described, is a safe and practical technique in young horses.
Cosmetic Dehorning in Goats
Authors: HAGUE BRENT A. , HOOPER R. NEIL 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article describes a technique using primary closure when dehorning goats, and report the results of 22 cases. Study Design— Medical records of goats that had cosmetic dehorning were reviewed. Animals or Sample Population— Twenty‐two goats. Methods— The medical records of 22 goats, not previously dehorned by other methods, that were cosmetically dehorned between January 1988 and September 1995 were reviewed. Data retrieved from the medical record included age, breed, sex, surgical technique used for dehorning, and any complications that occurred after surgery. All clients were contacted by telephone to determine the course of postoperative healing for each goat. A surgical technique to remove the horns and close the defect primarily was described. Results— The mean age of the goats, all male Nubian or Nubian‐Spanish cross, was 6.9 months (range, 2 to 24 months). Horn base diameter ranged from approximately 2 to 4 cm. Mean time from surgery until follow‐up was 12.9 months (range, 3 to 57 months). All incisions healed by first intention in 10 to 14 days. Clinical signs of sinusitis were not noted, and owners were pleased with the healing time and cosmetic result obtained. Conclusions— Primary closure of skin defects after dehorning of goats can be achieved with minimal postoperative care and excellent cosmetic appearance. Clinical Relevance— Primary closure after dehorning in mature goats reduces aftercare.
Nasal Septoplasty for Correction of Septal Deviation in a Foal
Authors: YARBROUGH TOM B. , CARR ELIZABETH A. , SNYDER JACK R. , HORNOF WILLIAM J. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article reports an alternative to septal resection in nasal septal deviations involving the rostral 7 to 10 cm of the nasal septum. Study Design— Case report. Sample Population— One client‐owned foal. Methods— A nasal approach with mucosal elevation was used to gain access to the cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum. Once exposed, a series of parasagittal incisions in the cartilage allowed the septum to be repositioned while providing some intrinsic stabilization. Results— The nasal approach provided good access to the rostral 7 cm of the nasal septum. The technique resulted in minimal hemorrhage from the site. Bleeding was reduced with the use of ephedrine to vasoconstrict the mucosal vessels, and primary closure of the mucosa. Conclusions— Use of an intrinsically stabilized septoplasty should be considered as a means of decreasing the airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation in foals while allowing for normal development of facial contour.
Closed One‐Stage Functional End‐to‐End Jejunojejunostomy in Horses With Use of Linear Stapling Equipment
Authors: LATIMER FEDERICO G. , ABVP Diplomate , BLACKFORD JAMES T. , ACVS Dipiomate , VALK NEAL , WAN PAUL , PATTON STEVE 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To use gastrointestinal linear stapling instrumentation to perform a closed one‐stage functional end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy in adult horses as an alternative to a stapled side‐to‐side jejunojejunostomy.Study Design—Clinical outcome, anatomic and histological architecture, and anastomotic dimensions were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Animals or Sample Population—18 adult horses.Methods—The anastomosis and peritoneal cavity were inspected for adhesions. The diameter and circumference of the anastomosis and jejunum oral and aboral to the anastomosis were determined from digitized contrast radiographs and linear measurements. Healing of anastomotic sites was evaluated histologically.Results—Three horses were euthantized in the immediate postoperative period. In the 15 surviving horses, there were no peritoneal adhesions or distortion of the anastomoses and stomas remodeled in an end‐to‐end fashion. The mean anastomotic staple line (7.48 cm) and mucosa (6.89 cm) diameters were significantly (P < .05) larger than the mean jejunal diameter oral (6.03 cm) and aboral (6.01 cm) to the anastomosis. The mean anastomotic luminal circumference (13.61 cm) was significantly (P < .01) larger than the mean oral (11.43 cm) and aboral (11.12 cm) jejunal circumference. Histologically, there was adequate mucosal and muscularis mucosae reapposition with a moderate degree of fibrosis and inflammation. Conclusions—Closed one‐stage functional end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy resulted in an acceptable functional anastomosis. Clinical Relevance—This technique appears to be an acceptable alternative to linearly stapled, side‐to‐side jejunojejunostomies performed in horses.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Herbert and AO Cortical Bone Screws for Compression of an Equine Third Carpal Bone Dorsal Plane Slab Osteotomy
Authors: MURRAY RACHEL C. , GAUGHAN EARL M. , DEBOWES RICHARD M. , HOSKINSON JAMES J. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To assess feasibility of insertion of 4.5‐mm Herbert cannulated bone screws (HS) using fluoroscopic guidance and compare the mechanical shear strength of these HS and 4.5‐mm AO cortical bone screws (AO) for fixation of dorsal plane slab osteotomies in equine cadaver third carpal bones (C3).Animals or Sample Population—Eight equine cadavers.Methods—Bone mineral composition and density of contralateral C3 were confirmed to be equivalent using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. A standard 10‐mm C3 slab osteotomy was reduced using HS or AO instrumentation under fluoroscopic guidance. Specimens were loaded in shear until failure, using a materials testing apparatus.Results—HS and AO instrumentation allowed accurate reconstruction of the osteotomy, but there was difficulty encountered seating the HS proximal self‐tapping threads. There was no significant difference in maximal load to failure, stiffness, or mode of failure of constructs created with the HS and AO screws. Conclusions—Use of 4.5‐mm HS for repair of C3 radial facet, dorsal plane slab fractures may result in a mechanically comparable fixation to a repair using a 4.5‐mm AO. Equine dorsal C3 may be too dense, however, to allow placement of the proximal self‐tapping threads of the HS without potentially excessive application of torque to the screw itself. Clinical Relevance—Dorsal plane, radial facet slab fractures of the equine C3 are a significant clinical problem. Accurate reconstruction and stabilization are necessary for return to athletic function.
Laparoscopic Colopexy in Horses
Authors: TROSTLE STEVEN S. , WHITE NATHANIEL A. , DONALDSON LYDIA , FREEMAN LYNN J. , HENDRICKSON DEAN A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe a technique for laparoscopic colopexy in horses.Study Design—Description of a technique to perform laparoscopic colopexy in horses.Animals—Six healthy adult horses between 3 and 23 years of age and weighing between 440 and 636 kg.Methods—Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and the abdomen was insufflated to an intraabdominal pressure of 15 mm Hg. A laparoscope portal was placed at the umbilicus, and instrument portals were placed cranial to the laparoscope and lateral to midline. The lateral taenia of the left ventral colon was laparoscopically identified and retracted with Babcock forceps to the peritoneal surface and sutured with two strands of size 2 monofilament nylon in a continuous pattern via laparoscopic observation. All horses were euthanatized 90 days after surgery, and the colopexy adhesion was examined histologically.Results—Laparoscopic colopexy was successful in all six horses. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Initial abdominal insufflation to 15 mm Hg required an average of 38 L (range 32 to 46 L) of carbon dioxide and 9.8 minutes (range 9 to 11 minutes) to be completed. A total of 132 L of carbon dioxide (range 64 to 196 L) was needed for the entire procedure. The laparoscopic colopexy procedure required 95 minutes (range 60 to 142 minutes) to perform. Laparoscopic colopexy resulted in a firm, fibrous adhesion of the colon to the abdominal tunic. Microscopically the colopexy adhesion was mature fibrous tissue with no evidence of inflammation.Conclusions—Laparoscopic colopexy can be successfully performed in horses with minimal abdominal invasion.
Effect of Ketoconazole on Cyclosporine Dose in Healthy Dogs
Authors: DAHLINGER JOHN , GREGORY CLARE , BEA JOEL 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the degree to which the dose of oral cyclosporine (CyA), in healthy dogs, can be decreased by concurrent oral administration of ketoconazole. Dogs in this study were observed for physical or biochemical side effects that might have been caused by the administration of CyA and ketoconazole.Study Design—Prospective research study.Sample Population—Five healthy, intact female Beagle dogs.Methods—CyA was administered orally twice daily to achieve stable whole blood trough levels of 400 to 600 ng/mL. Ketoconazole was added at a low therapeutic dose (average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) then at a subtherapeutic dose (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d). CyA whole blood trough levels were monitored every 3 to 4 days and maintained at 400 to 600 ng/mL by adjusting CyA doses accordingly. Physical examination, CBC, biochemical profile, and urinalysis were performed at 2‐week intervals throughout the study period.Results—The initial mean dose of CyA required to achieve target blood levels was 14.5 mg/ kg/d. With concurrent ketoconazole (low therapeutic dose, average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) and CyA administration, the CyA dose declined to 3.4 mg/kg/day (range: 1.2 to 5.2 mg/kg/d), representing a 75% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 57.8%. At a subtherapeutic dose of ketoconazole (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d), combination therapy resulted in a CyA dose of 10.1 mg/kg/day (4.9 to 10.6 mg/kg/d), representing a 38% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 23.8%. Weight loss and transient hypoalbuminemia of unknown clinical significance were observed. Other physical and biochemical evaluations were unremarkable over the 12‐week study period.Conclusions—The oral administration of ketoconazole can be used to reduce substantially the oral CyA dose needed to maintain selected blood levels in healthy dogs.Clinical Relevance—The oral administration of ketoconazole can result in substantial cost savings to owners of dogs receiving CyA after renal allograft transplantation or for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Transendoscopic Chemical Ablation of Progressive Ethmoidal Hematomas in Standing Horses
Authors: SCHUMACHER JIM , YARBROUGH TOM , PASCOE JOHN , WOODS PHILIP , MEAGHER DENNIS , HONNAS CLIFFORD 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To examine the response of horses with progressive ethmoidal hematoma (PEH) to intralesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution.Study Design—Nasal passages of horses affected with PEH were examined endoscopically at different intervals to determine the effects of intralesional injection of formaldehyde solution.Animals—21 horses with PEH.Methods—PEHs were injected transendoscopically with 4% formaldehyde solution. Horses were examined endoscopically and retreated at different intervals until the PEH was eliminated or was so small that reinjection was not possible.Results—Lesions diminished significantly in size or were eliminated after 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.0 ± 5.62). Seventeen lesions (60.7%) resolved completely after 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.2 ± 5.71). Five lesions decreased markedly in size but did not resolve after receiving 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.6 ± 6.66). Injection of these lesions was discontinued 4.0 to 25.1 months (median, 9.5; mean, 11.02 ± 8.446) after the first injection. The PEH of one horse was removed surgically after one injection. Three horses, one with bilateral PEH, were lost to follow‐up. One horse developed signs of laminitis. No other complications were observed.Conclusions—Horses with a PEH can be treated effectively by transendoscopic, intralesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution.