bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methimazole‐induced cell death in rat olfactory receptor neurons occurs via apoptosis triggered through mitochondrial cytochrome c‐mediated caspase‐3 activation pathway
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Kondo Kenji , Kashio Akinori , Suzukawa Keigo , Yamasoba Tatsuya 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe administration of methimazole is known to induce cell death in rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We investigated whether this injury occurs via apoptosis or through necrosis and whether it involves the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle (control) or 300 mg/kg methimazole. The experimental animals were also administered vehicle or a caspase‐3 or caspase‐9 inhibitor 30 min earlier. The administration of methimazole induced cell death predominantly in the mature ORNs and partially reduced olfactory sensitivity in the rats; the injured cells were TUNEL‐positive and showed a nuclear staining pattern. This insult induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and a significant increase in the immunoreactivity of activated caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 as well as that of cleaved poly‐ADP‐ribose‐polymerase; in addition, it caused a significant increase in the fluorogenic activity of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9. However, it did not affect the immunoreactivity of activated caspase‐8 or the fluorogenic activity of caspase‐8. Pretreatment with a caspase‐3 or caspase‐9 inhibitor nearly completely prevented the morphologic, biochemical, and functional changes induced by methimazole. These findings suggest strongly that methimazole‐induced cell death in rat ORNs is predominantly apoptosis; moreover, the majority of this apoptotic cell death is triggered through mitochondrial cytochrome c‐mediated caspase‐3 activation pathway, and both caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 inhibitors can prevent methimazole‐induced cell death in the ORNs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rainfall variability in the rainy season of semiarid zone of northeast Brazil (NEB) and its relation to wind regime
Authors: De Lima Moscati Marley Cavalcante , Gan Manoel Alonso 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe rainfall and the 850 hPa wind characteristic of the semiarid interior zone of the northeast Brazil (NEB) are analyzed. The database used are the daily mean u, v, z, T, q and θ, at 850 hPa, 500 hPa and 200 hPa, displayed on a 2.5° × 2.5° grid, from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis; the daily mean OLR data from the Climate Diagnostics Center, from June 1986 to December 1997; and the gridded daily precipitation (P) analysis data in Brazil (10°S–40°S and 30°W–80°W), produced by the Climate Prediction Center, from 1977 to 1997. Daily time series of the normalized rainfall index (RI) and the normalized 850 hPa wind indexes (i.e. zonal index (ZI), the meridional index (MI) and the u minus v index (UVI)) were calculated for northern (A1: 7°S–10°S and 37°W–44°W) and southern (A2: 10°S–15°S and 40°W–45°W) domains. The RI, ZI, MI and UVI were defined by area‐average of P, u, v, and u minus v, divided by the number of grid points corresponding to each area, respectively. As for regional features this region presents a well‐defined annual cycle of rainfall with rainy seasons from December to April in A1 and from November to March in A2, and a few extreme rainfall events (during a 20‐year period, 26 cases occurred in A1 and 39 cases in A2). Several synoptic scale systems acting alone or simultaneously in the NEB could explain the occurrence of heavy rainfall in this region. The RI is correlated positively with both the ZI and the UVI, and negatively with the MI, which might indicate that when easterly and southerly winds intensify (weaken), the rainfall decreases (increases). From the statistical perspective the UVI appears to be more effective to describe the daily rainfall variability in the NEB semiarid interior region, compared to the ZI or MI. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction of cannabinoids in human head hair samples
Authors: Dizioli Rodrigues de Oliveira Carolina , Yonamine Mauricio , de Moraes Moreau Regina Lucia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA fast method was optimized and validated with the aim to detect cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabinol, and Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) in human head hair samples. The method was based on an initial procedure of external decontamination of hair samples (10 mg) with petroleum ether, followed by alkaline digestion and further extraction of cannabinoids by means of a headspace solid‐phase microextraction technique (HS‐SPME). GC‐MS was used to identify and quantify the analytes in SIM mode. The LOQs and LODs obtained were 0.07 and 0.12 ng/mg, respectively, for all the studied cannabinoids. The method proved to be simple, rapid, and precise. By using the weighted least squares linear regression (weighting factor 1/x2), the accuracy of the analytical method was improved at the lower end of the calibration curve (from 0.12 to 12 ng/mg; r >0.98). Hair samples collected from eight volunteers (in‐patients of a drug abuse rehabilitation clinic) were submitted to the proposed method. Detection of the drugs was observed in samples of the volunteers who reported frequent marijuana use (at least ten times a week).
On the hyperbolic system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids: a comparison between single‐ and multi‐temperature models
Authors: Ruggeri Tommaso , Simić Srboljub 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe first rational model of homogeneous mixtures of fluids was proposed by Truesdell in the context of rational thermodynamics. Afterwards, two different theories were developed: one with a single‐temperature (ST) field of the mixture and the other one with several temperatures. The two systems are from the mathematical point of view completely different and the relationship between their solutions was not clarified.In this paper, the hyperbolic multi‐temperature (MT) system of a mixture of Eulerian fluids will be explained and it will be shown that the corresponding single‐temperature differential system is a principal subsystem of the MT one. As a consequence, the subcharacteristic conditions for characteristic speeds hold and this gives an upper‐bound esteem for pulse speeds in an ST model. Global behaviour of smooth solutions for large time for both systems will also be discussed through the application of the Shizuta–Kawashima condition. Finally, as an application, the particular case of a binary mixture is considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposing kernels of iterated operators—a unified approach
Authors: Ren Guangbin , Malonek Helmuth R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFor any operator D acting in an Abelian group, we study the kernel of its iterates Dk and describe a general approach for decomposing it through the kernel of the operator D itself and some other given operators T1,…,Tk−1. Due to Almansi's famous theorem for polyharmonic functions the different types of decomposition are characterized in terms of strong, weak and restricted Almansi decomposition properties. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of such decompositions. The case of the iterated Dirac operator (cf. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2002; 25:1541–1552) follows as a special case. Several other special cases are discussed. Finally we prove corresponding decomposition theorems for the iterated weighted Laplacian (|x|αΔ)k, α∈(−∞, 2), and the iterated Helmholtz type operator (Δ−λ)k, λ∈C. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WLAN Manager (WM): a device for performance management of a WLAN
Authors: Hegde Malati , Anand S. V. R. , Kumar Anurag , Kuri Joy 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe propose a Split MAC architecture‐based solution to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by the wireless nodes in an IEEE 802.11b/e‐based WLAN. Our proposed solution achieves the objectives of (a) providing a fair sharing of the wireless channel time among stations (STAs) while maximizing channel utilization in a situation where STAs are associated at different data rates with the access point (AP), (b) exercising Connection Admission Control (CAC) for two‐way voice calls, (c) supporting policy‐based service differentiation among the flows within one IEEE 802.11e access category, and (d) maintaining performance levels during inter‐AP roaming of STAs. The proposed solution is implemented on an extraneous device, called WM (WLAN Manager), which in CAPWAP parlance can be termed an access controller. We report simulation and test‐bed results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wahl zum Präsidenten der DPhG
Authors: Mohr Klaus 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDie Amtszeit des Präsidenten der DPhG beträgt vier Jahre, eine Wiederwahl ist nicht möglich. In diesem Jahr findet daher turnusgemäß die Wahl zur neuen Präsidentin/zum neuen Präsidenten der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (DPhG) statt. Die Präsidentin/der Präsident wird durch Briefwahl gewählt.
Steroidal constituents of rice (Oryza sativa) hulls with Algicidal and Herbicidal activity against blue–green algae and duckweed
Authors: Chung Ill‐Min , Ali Mohd , Ahmad Ateeque , Chun Se‐Chul , Kim Jung‐Tae , Sultana Shahnaz , Kim Jin‐Seog , Min Suk‐Ki , Seo Bo‐Ram 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo new compounds, 14‐methyl stigmast‐9(11)‐en‐3α‐ol‐3β‐d‐glucopyranoside (1) and cholest‐11‐en‐3β, 6β, 7α, 22β‐tetraol‐24‐one‐3β‐palmitoleate (2), along with the known compound β‐sitosteryl‐3β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐6′‐linoleiate (3), were isolated from the methanolic extract of rice (Oryza sativa) hulls. The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated using one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR in combination with IR, EI/MS, FAB/MS, HR‐EI/MS and HR‐FAB/MS. In bioassays with blue–green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX 2388 and duckweed, Lemna paucicostata Hegelm 381, the efficacy of bioactivity of the two new compounds linearly increased as the concentration increased from 0.3 to 300 µm. Compared with momilactone A, compounds 1 and 2 showed similar and higher inhibitory activities against the growth of M. aeruginosa at a concentration of 300 µm. However, compound 2 was similar to momilactone A in inhibiting L. paucicostata growth at a concentration of 300 µm. As a result, compound 2 appears to have a strong potential for the environmentally friendly control of weed and algae that are harmful to water‐logged rice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of the NMR generalized order parameter
Authors: Johnson Eric , Palmer Arthur G. , Rance Mark 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study of protein conformational dynamics is motivated in large part by a desire to understand the forces present at different sites throughout the molecular structure. The generalized order parameter determined by NMR spectroscopy has played a central role in the study of protein dynamics on the picosecond–nanosecond time scale. A modeling procedure is presented for analysis of the temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter that extends a previous analysis (Massi and Palmer, J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:11158–11159). As part of this procedure, the potential of mean force is characterized for the N–H bond vectors of the protein backbone. This procedure accounts for the observed temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter in a representative data set from the B1 domain of Streptococcal protein G (Seewald, Pichumani, Stowell, Tibbals, Regan, and Stone, Protein Sci 2000;9:1177–1193). The results indicate a general trend, in which the force constants associated with the potential of mean force decrease with increasing temperature. The analysis also provides evidence for variations in the potential of mean force for different secondary structural elements. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The distinction of underivatized monosaccharides using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Xingyu , Sato Toshinori 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA convenient method for distinguishing underivatized isomeric monosaccharides has been established using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐ITMS). Mass spectra of hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose),N‐acetylhexosamines (N‐acetylglucosamine,N‐acetylgalactosamine, andN‐acetylmannosamine) and hexosamines (glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine) dissolved in solvent containing 1 mM ammonium acetate were obtained in the positive ion mode. Glucose was distinguished from galactose and mannose in the MS2spectrum of the [M+NH4]+ion atm/z198. The MS3spectra generated from [M+NH4–H2O–NH3]+atm/z163 showed that galactose and mannose could be distinguished by the ratio of peak intensities atm/z145 and 127, while the threeN‐acetylhexosamine and hexosamine stereochemical isomers could be identified by the relative abundance ratios of product ions observed in MS3spectra. The investigation of MS and MS2spectra from complexes of these monosaccharides with Na+and Pb2+failed to distinguish these monosaccharide isomers. Therefore, multiple stage mass analysis by ESI‐ITMS using either [M+NH4]+or [M+H]+was useful to distinguish between the isomers of monosaccharides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2B or not 2B, that is the question: further investigations into the use of pencil as a matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation
Authors: Langley G. John , Herniman Julie M. , Townell Marc S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effective use of pencil as a matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) for the study of actinides has previously been demonstrated (Black et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 1053). Here, the scope of the types of molecules amenable to analysis by this method has been extended, establishing that ∼90% of a library containing 50 diverse small molecules can be successfully analysed by this technique. Further, the role played by the bulk materials present in the different pencil leads has been investigated and a simple one‐step deposition of matrix and calibration materials has been achieved through the fabrication of different calibration pencils (Cali‐Pens). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Rapeseed Oil and Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Zhang Shao Bing , Wang Zhang , Xu Shi Ying 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn aqueous enzymatic extraction method was developed to obtain free oil and protein hydrolysates from dehulled rapeseeds. The rapeseed slurry was treated by the chosen combination of pectinase, cellulase, and β‐glucanase (4:1:1, v/v/v) at concentration of 2.5% (v/w) for 4 h. This was followed by sequential treatments consisting of alkaline extraction and an alkaline protease (Alcalase 2.4L) hydrolysis to both produce a protein hydrolysate product and demulsify the oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study and optimize the effects of the pH of the alkaline extraction (9.0, 10.0 and 11.0), the concentration of the Alcalase 2.4L (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, v/w), and the duration of the hydrolysis (60, 120, and 180 min). Increasing the concentration of Alcalase 2.4L and the duration of the hydrolysis time significantly increased the yields of free oil and protein hydrolysates and the degree of protein hydrolysis (DH), while the alkaline extraction pH had a significant effect only on the yield of the protein hydrolysates. Following an alkaline extraction at pH 10 for 30 min, we defined a practical optimum protocol consisting of a concentration of 1.25–1.5% Alcalase 2.4L and a hydrolysis time between 150 and 180 min. Under these conditions, the yields of free oil and protein hydrolysates were 73–76% and 80–83%, respectively. The hydrolysates consisted of approximately 96% of peptides with a MW less than 1500, of which about 81% had a MW less than 600 Da.
Characterization of Fractionated Soy Proteins Produced by a New Simplified Procedure
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Murphy Patricia A. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt was possible to fractionate soy protein into two soy protein isolate fractions (>90% protein) enriched in either glycinin or β‐conglycinin by using a new simplified procedure (referred to as the Deak procedure) employing CaCl2 and NaHSO3. The Deak procedure produced fractions with higher yields of solids, protein, and isoflavones, and similar protein purities as well as improved functional properties compared to fractions recovered by established, more complex soy protein fractionation procedures. The Deak glycinin‐rich fraction comprised 15.5% of the solids, 24.4% of the protein, and 20.5% of the isoflavones in the starting soy flour, whereas the glycinin‐rich fraction of the established procedure (Wu procedure) comprised only 11.6% of the solids, 22.3% of the protein, and 9.6% of the isoflavones. The Deak β‐conglycinin‐rich fraction comprised 23.1% of the solids, 37.1% of the protein, and 37.5% of the isoflavones in the starting soy flour, whereas the Wu β‐conglycinin‐rich fraction comprised only 11.5% of the solids, 18.5% of the protein, and 3.3% of the isoflavones. Protein purities were >80% for both fractions when using both procedures. The Wu procedure produced protein fractions with slightly higher solubilities and similar surface hydrophobicities; whereas, the fractions produced by the Deak procedure had superior emulsification and foaming properties and similar dynamic viscosity behaviors.
Henry Charnock, C.B.E. 25 December 1920 — 27 November 1997
Authors: Cartwright D.E. 
Published: December 2006

From humble beginnings unconnected with the sea, Henry Charnock rose to take his place in a succession of leaders of the science of physical oceanography in Great Britain. His predecessors in this role were, from 1949 to 1971, G.E.R. (later Sir George) Deacon, F.R.S., the first director of a national institute of oceanography, and, between the World Wars, J. Proudman, F.R.S., for whom the first Chair of Physical Oceanography in this country was created at Liverpool.
Leaving aside the related disciplines of marine biology and geology, physical oceanography, more conveniently termed marine physics, embraces several sub-disciplines. Deacon applied marine chemistry to deduce the three-dimensional dynamic structure of the Southern Ocean; Proudman applied advanced mathematical analysis to the tides and normal modes of oscillation of seas and oceans. Charnock was a meteorologist, whose long-term research interest was drag-stress and momentum exchange in the turbulent flow of wind over the sea. However, like his predecessors he also had wider interests, and he helped to promote the careers of many deserving students and researchers in other branches of oceanography.
Sir Otto Herzberg Frankel. 4 November 1900 — 21 November 1998
Authors: Evans Lloyd T. 
Published: December 2006

Sir Otto Frankel-whom I shall refer to as Otto because that is how we all addressed him-was a geneticist by training, a plant breeder by occupation, a cytologist by inclination and a genetic conservationist by acclaim. Apart from his personal research, Otto was a highly effective builder and leader of research groups, a Socratic gadfly to the scientific establishment, and a high prophet of the genetic resources conservation movement. His career in science was unusual in that his most widely acclaimed work was done after his official retirement. A man of inexhaustible variety of opinions, he had a complex personality that could be rough or kindly, bored or engaged, impossible or altogether charming by turns, and he did not wish this memoir to paint him otherwise.
Otto refused to write an autobiographical sketch, and did not keep many records. However, two interviews with him about his career were recorded, by Gavan McCarthy (McCarthy 1985) and by Max Blythe (Blythe 1993). Much of the information and views quoted here are from records of discussions that I had with him over many years.
Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure
Authors: Brownjohn J.M.W 
Published: December 2006

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a term increasingly used in the last decade to describe a range of systems implemented on full-scale civil infrastructures and whose purposes are to assist and inform operators about continued ‘fitness for purpose’ of structures under gradual or sudden changes to their state, to learn about either or both of the load and response mechanisms. Arguably, various forms of SHM have been employed in civil infrastructure for at least half a century, but it is only in the last decade or two that computer-based systems are being designed for the purpose of assisting owners/operators of ageing infrastructure with timely information for their continued safe and economic operation.This paper describes the motivations for and recent history of SHM applications to various forms of civil infrastructure and provides case studies on specific types of structure. It ends with a discussion of the present state-of-the-art and future developments in terms of instrumentation, data acquisition, communication systems and data mining and presentation procedures for diagnosis of infrastructural ‘health’.
An introduction to structural health monitoring
Authors: Farrar Charles R , Worden Keith 
Published: December 2006

The process of implementing a damage identification strategy for aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering infrastructure is referred to as structural health monitoring (SHM). Here, damage is defined as changes to the material and/or geometric properties of these systems, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the system's performance. A wide variety of highly effective local non-destructive evaluation tools are available for such monitoring. However, the majority of SHM research conducted over the last 30 years has attempted to identify damage in structures on a more global basis. The past 10 years have seen a rapid increase in the amount of research related to SHM as quantified by the significant escalation in papers published on this subject. The increased interest in SHM and its associated potential for significant life-safety and economic benefits has motivated the need for this theme issue.
This introduction begins with a brief history of SHM technology development. Recent research has begun to recognize that the SHM problem is fundamentally one of the statistical pattern recognition (SPR) and a paradigm to address such a problem is described in detail herein as it forms the basis for organization of this theme issue. In the process of providing the historical overview and summarizing the SPR paradigm, the subsequent articles in this theme issue are cited in an effort to show how they fit into this overview of SHM. In conclusion, technical challenges that must be addressed if SHM is to gain wider application are discussed in a general manner.