bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An den Grenzen des Strafrechts – Stalking, Graffiti, Weisungsverstöße
Authors: Neubacher Frank 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

I. Einleitung: „Risiko-Management“ und „New Penology“

So unterschiedliche Autoren wie Jakobs, Prittwitz und Frehsee haben bereits vor geraumer Zeit die Verwandlung des Strafrechts in ein „Risikostrafrecht“, gar in ein „Feindstrafrecht“ konstatiert, das hergebrachte rechtsstaatliche Begrenzungen unterlaufe. Auf die in der modernen „Risikogesellschaft“ ubiquitären, aber nur schwer kontrollierbaren abstrakten Gefahren reagiere das Strafrecht zunehmend mit Kriminalisierungen, die immer komplexer und weniger verständlich würden, immer abstraktere Rechtsgüter schützten und immer schwieriger zu implementieren seien. Durch die Verlagerung der Strafbarkeit in das Vorfeld einer Rechtsgutsverletzung („Vorfeldkriminalisierung“) würden nicht nur Freiheitsrechte beschnitten, sondern – in Form von Kontrollierbarkeitsphantasien – unerfüllbare Erwartungen an das Strafrecht hervorgerufen. Die Strafgesetzgebung weise daher zusehends symbolische Züge auf und schädige auf Dauer das Rechtsbewusstsein. Weil diese materiellrechtlichen Tendenzen einhergingen mit strafprozessualen Ansätzen zu einer Beweislastumkehr und zu einer Ausweitung von polizeilichen Kontrollrechten (als verdachtsunabhängigen Vorfeldermittlungen), drohe ein Wandel vom Bürgerstrafrecht zum „Feindstrafrecht“, dessen Basis nicht mehr das Vertrauen in den grundsätzlich rechtstreuen Bürger sei, das gelegentlich enttäuscht werde, sondern latentes Misstrauen. Während Jakobs unter dem Eindruck der Bedrohungen durch den internationalen Terrorismus seinen Frieden mit diesem Strafrecht gemacht zu haben scheint, hält die Strafrechtswissenschaft ihre Kritik an der jüngeren Entwicklung mehrheitlich aufrecht. Ihr Einfluss auf die Strafgesetzgebung ist dadurch nicht größer geworden – vielfach kann nur noch das Bundesverfassungsgericht Einhalt gebieten (z. B. Verfassungswidrigkeit des Jugendstrafvollzugs, Europäischer Haftbefehl, präventive Telefonüberwachung, akustische Wohnraumüberwachung, Rechtsschutz gegen Überbelegung im Strafvollzug, Vermögensstrafe). Von einer Krise des Strafrechts zu sprechen, ist wohl noch untertrieben – erweckt es doch den Eindruck, die künftige Entwicklung sei offen und das Strafrecht stünde gleichsam noch am Scheideweg. Tatsächlich ist der Formenwandel im Strafrecht weitgehend vollzogen, und die neue Sicherheits- und Kontrollbewegung hat ihren Zenit vermutlich noch nicht überschritten.
Die Auslegung von multilingualen strafrechtlichen Texten am Beispiel des Statuts für den Internationalen Strafgerichtshof
Authors: Fronza Emanuela , Malarino Ezequiel 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A. Einführung: Multilingualismus und Völkerstrafrecht

Die Schaffung eines internationalen juristischen Textes durch eine Vielzahl von Partnern unterschiedlicher Sprache setzt das vorherige Einvernehmen über die Sprachen voraus, in denen der Text ausgearbeitet werden und künftig als Rechtsquelle dienen soll. Während der Rom-Konferenz kamen die Vertreter der an den Verhandlungen teilnehmenden Staaten überein, dass die amtlichen Sprachen des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs (International Criminal Court, im Folgenden: ICC) die der Vereinten Nationen sein sollen. Dementsprechend bestimmt Art. 50 ICC-Statut als Amtssprachen arabisch, chinesisch, englisch, französisch, spanisch und russisch. Art. 128 ICC-Statut verleiht all diesen Sprachen die gleiche Authentizität. Eine mehrsprachige Formulierung war am besten geeignet, der auf Repräsentation und Konsens beruhenden Ausarbeitung des ICC-Statuts Ausdruck zu verleihen. Die Abfassung in den Sprachen der Vereinten Nationen kann zugleich zur Akzeptanz des Statuts als Recht beitragen, das als ein minimal gemeinsames Recht der Staatengemeinschaft allgemein anerkannte Werte zum Ausdruck bringt.
Zwischenstaatliche Kooperation und strafrechtliche Zusammenarbeit mit dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH): Lima, 29. bis 31. März 2006
Authors: Meyer-Abich Nils 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

I.

Vom 29. bis 31. März 2006 fand in Lima, Peru, das vierte Treffen der Lateinamerikanischen Studiengruppe zum Internationalen Strafrecht statt. Organisiert vom Rechtsstaatsprogramm der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) für Südamerika, der Abteilung für strafrechtliche Masterstudiengänge der Päpstlich-Katholischen Universität Perus (Maestría de Derecho Penal de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú – PUCP) und der Abteilung für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht des Instituts für Kriminalwissenschaften der Universität Göttingen, widmete sich die Expertenrunde bei diesem Treffen dem Thema der Kooperation und strafrechtlichen Zusammenarbeit der lateinamerikanischen Länder mit dem IStGH.
Thermal Rate Constants for Polyatomic Reactions: First Principles Quantum Theory
Authors: Huarte-Larrañaga Fermín , Manthe Uwe 
Published: February 2007

The truly accurate knowledge of molecular dynamics phenomena is generally achieved through a combination of detailed experiments and first principle theory. The complexity of such a level of description had until recently restricted accurate studies to rather small systems. However, the sophistication of theoretical methods and massive technological developments have provided remarkable progress in the detailed knowledge of reactive events during the past three decades. Moreover, significant progress towards the detailed understanding of polyatomic reaction has been made in recent years. Detailed experimental and accurate theoretical studies of reactions involving more than only three or four atoms are becoming increasingly available. In this work, aspects of the theoretical work aiming at the accurate description of polyatomic reactions are reviewed.
The present article focuses on the development of the first principle theory of reaction rates. It reviews theoretical developments and benchmark applications to reactions as CH4 + H → CH3 + H2 and CH4 + O → CH3 + OH. The importance of quantum effects for the thermal rate constants in different temperature regimes is discussed in detail. The accuracy of the classical transition state theory and of different approximate quantum theories is investigated in detail. A quantum transition state concept which facilitates accurate reaction rate calculations for polyatomic reaction is described. Benchmark results for the CH4 + H → CH3 + H2 reaction are shown which demonstrate that the accuracy of thermal rate constants calculated by first principle theory can rival the accuracy of available experimental data. The perspectives offered by these developments are discussed.
Evaluating the Feasibility of Reestablishing a Coho Salmon Population in the Yakima River, Washington
Authors: Bosch William J. , Newsome Todd H. , Dunnigan James L. , Hubble Joel D. , Neeley Douglas , Lind David T. , Fast David E. , Lamebull Linda L. , Blodgett Joseph W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Historical returns of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to the Yakima River basin were estimated to range from 45,000 to 100,000 fish annually but declined to zero by the 1980s after decades of overexploitation of fishery, water, and habitat resources. In 1996, the Yakama Nation and cooperators initiated a project to determine the feasibility of reestablishing a naturally spawning coho salmon population in the Yakima River. The project explored the feasibility of successful coho salmon recolonization in the Yakima River by introducing stocks that had been reared in hatcheries for multiple generations. After 10–20 years of outplanting, we compared data for adult returns of known natural origin (i.e., returns from parents that spawned in the wild) and returns from hatchery releases. We found that fish of natural origin returned at a significantly larger size than those of hatchery origin. The mean egg mass and mean egg size of natural-origin females were greater than those of hatchery-origin females, but the differences were statistically significant for only one of three sample years. Natural-origin adults returned 2–9 d later and spawned 5 d later than their hatchery-origin counterparts. Preliminary indices of smolt-to-adult survival for natural-origin fish were 3.5–17.0 times the survival indices of hatchery-origin fish. The number of returns to the historical spawning habitats in upriver areas generally increased. Spawning surveys demonstrated the existence of robust and sustainable spawning aggregates in various locations in the basin. Hatchery releases from the local brood source (Yakima River returns) had significantly higher smolt-to-smolt survival than releases from out-of-basin (non-Yakima River) hatchery broodstock, but some of these observed differences in survival may be partially attributable to differences in smolt size. We concluded that hatchery-origin coho salmon with a legacy of as many as 10–30 generations of hatchery influence demonstrated an ability to reestablish themselves in the Yakima River (i.e, as a naturalized, nonnative population) after as few as 3–5 generations of outplanting in the wild.
Evidence That Lake Trout Served as a Buffer against Sea Lamprey Predation on Burbot in Lake Erie
Authors: Stapanian Martin A. , Madenjian Charles P. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The population of burbot Lota lota in Lake Erie recovered during 1986–2003, mainly because of the control of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, which began in 1986. Burbot populations continued to grow during 1996–1998, when sea lamprey control was substantially reduced. We calculated mortality parameters for burbot in Lake Erie by estimating age at capture for 2,793 burbot caught in annual gill-net surveys of eastern Lake Erie from 1994 to 2003. Based on catch-curve analysis, annual mortality in Lake Erie during 1994–2003 was estimated as 33%. Annual mortality of the 1992 year-class of burbot was estimated as 30%. The mortality of burbot during the years of reduced sea lamprey control was not different from that during the 3 years preceding reduced control and was significantly lower than that during the entire portion of the time series in which full sea lamprey control was conducted. These results suggest that the reduction in sea lamprey control did not lead to increased burbot mortality. The catch per gill-net lift of large burbot (total length &gt; 600 mm), the size preferred by sea lampreys, was lower than that of adult lake trout Salvelinus namaycush (age 5 and older; total length &gt; 700 mm) before lampricide application was reduced. Although adult lake trout populations declined, the abundance of large burbot did not change during the period of reduced lampricide application. These results support a hypothesis that a healthy population of adult lake trout can serve as a buffer species, acting to reduce predation of burbot by sea lampreys when sea lamprey populations increase. Burbot attained sexual maturity at a relatively early age (3 or 4 years) and a total length (approximately 500 mm) that was smaller than the preferred prey size for sea lampreys. These characteristics and the buffering effect of the lake trout population enabled growth of the burbot population during the brief period when lamprey control was reduced.
Spiny Dogfish Mortality Induced by Gill-Net and Trawl Capture and Tag and Release
Authors: Rulifson Roger A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias was once classified as an underutilized species along the U.S. East Coast, but it constituted a lucrative fishery in the 1990s until recruitment overfishing caused stock collapse. Coastwide restrictions currently apply; federal stock assessment models use bycatch mortality estimates of 50% for trawling, 75% for gill netting, and 100% for hook-and-line fishing. This study examined mortality at the southern end of commercial fishing operations caused by trawling for 30- and 90-min periods and by gill nets of various mesh sizes set for 19- to 24-h periods. Both experiments used tagged and untagged fish placed in rectangular cages anchored to the seafloor for 48 h. Tags were the Floy SS-94 single-barb nylon dart with a stainless steel wire insert. A total of 635 spiny dogfish were captured by trawl and all were alive, for a 0% initial mortality rate. A total of 2,284 spiny dogfish were collected by gill net for an initial mortality rate of 17.5%. There was no additional mortality in the 480 trawl-caught fish held for 48 h, but there was 33.3% mortality among the 480 gill-net-caught fish held under the same conditions, for an overall gill-net mortality rate of 55.0%. Examination of subsampled catches indicated that 88.6% of gill-net-caught fish had gill-net marks on the head and 41.2% had gill-net marks on the girth but, interestingly, 26.1% of trawl-caught fish had the same markings, indicating prior gill-net capture and release. Female spiny dogfish caught by gill net had a 3.6% abortion rate, compared with zero incidences of those caught by trawl. There was no significant difference in mortality between tagged and untagged fish caught by trawl or by gill net. Tag loss after 48 h was less than 1%.
Cross SAGD (XSAGD)—An Accelerated Bitumen Recovery Alternative
Authors: Stalder John L. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) (Butler 1991) has become the preferred in-situ recovery concept for Athabasca bitumen. However, to maintain steam-trap control, rates are limited by the close vertical spacing between the parallel horizontal wells. In Cross SAGD (XSAGD), the injection wells are perpendicular to the producing wells. Sections of the wells near the crossing points are either restricted from the start or later plugged to achieve a significant rate and thermal efficiency advantage over SAGD. This numerical-simulation study shows XSAGD especially advantageous in cases in which low pressure is required.
Controlled Synthesis of Various Hollow Cu Nano/MicroStructures via a Novel Reduction Route
Authors: Liu Y. , Chu Y. , Zhuo Y. , Dong L. , Li L. , Li M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHollow Cu nano/microstructures are prepared by reduction of CuSO4 · 5 H2O with glucose by using a mild hydrothermal process. The X‐ray powder diffraction and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis indicate that the products are pure Cu and of cubic phase. The morphology of the products can be controlled between nanotubes and microspheres assembled from hollow nanoparticles by adjusting the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A series of experiments confirm that the concentration of the glucose and NaOH also play important roles in the formation of the hollow Cu nano/microstructures.
Electroactive Films of Multicomponent Building Blocks
Authors: Yildiz I. , Mukherjee J. , Tomasulo M. , Raymo F. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA ligand consisting of a 2,2′‐bipyridine core and two 4,4′‐bipyridinium arms terminated by a thiol group is prepared following a multistep synthetic procedure. Two of these ligands assemble around a single CuI center as a result of the tetrahedral coordination of their 2,2′‐bipyridine cores by the metal. Both the ligand and the complex adsorb spontaneously on the surface of polycrystalline‐gold electrodes. The surface coverage of the films prepared by immersing a gold substrate into a solution of the ligand increases from monolayer to multilayer values with immersion time. Instead, the complex can only form monolayers. The cyclic voltammograms of the resulting films show the characteristic response for the reversible reduction of the 4,4′‐bipyridinium dications to their radical cations. In the case of the complex, a wave for the monoelectronic oxidation of the metal center can also be observed. The back reduction wave, however, is markedly broader and appears at significantly lower potentials. Model studies in solution indicate that this response is a result of the presence of free thiol groups and is consistent with a change in the coordination geometry of the metal. Specifically, the oxidation of the CuI center to a CuII ion is, presumably, accompanied by the folding of one of the thiol groups back to interact with the metal. Thus, oxidation/reduction cycles of the metal center can, in principle, be exploited to control reversibly large amplitude molecular motions at the electrode/solution interface in the shape of the folding/unfolding of oligomethylene chains.
Correlation between increased hyaluronan localized in arthritic synovium and the presence of proliferating cells. A role for macrophage‐derived factors
Authors: Wells Alvin F. , Klareskog Lars , Lindblad Staffan , Laurent Torvard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. To determine whether the increased levels of circulating hyaluronan seen in patients with arthritis also occur locally.Methods. Biopsy specimens of normal synovium and synovium from patients with various arthropathies were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical staining procedures, to determine the tissue distribution of hyaluronan and infiltrating cells.Results. Hyaluronan was found in increased concentrations in inflamed tissues, and was co‐localized in sites containing Ki‐67 + cells. In vitro analyses showed that macrophage‐released factors increased hyaluronan production by fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone inhibited this in vitro production of hyaluronan.Conclusion. Edema and swelling seen in inflamed joints may be due to the presence of large amounts of hyaluronan. One possible mechanism of action of corticosteroids in the alleviation of acute joint inflammation may occur via the inhibition of hyaluronan production.
Increased production of endothelin‐1 in patients with inflammatory arthritides
Authors: Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Hirata Yukio , Ando Kenji , Sato Kazuto , Morita Hideho , Shichiri Masayoshi , Kanno Kazuo , Tomita Kimio , Marumo Fumiaki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, but its precise mechanism of action in vivo has remained unknown.Methods. We measured ET‐1 activity by radioimmunoassay, in both plasma and synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritides.Results. ET‐1–like immunoreactivity was found in synovial fluid, at levels severalfold higher than those in plasma. Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography showed an elution profile corresponding to actual ET‐1. A single class of high‐affinity binding sites for ET‐1 in cultured synovial cells was also detected. Furthermore, ET‐1 induced mild DNA synthesis in synovial cells.Conclusion. Taken together, these results indicate that ET‐1 might contribute to the synovial proliferation seen in inflammatory arthritides, in an autocrine/paracrine manner.
An electronic method for measuring joint tenderness in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Atkins Christopher J. , Zielinski Adam , Klinkhoff Alice V. , Chalmers Andrew , Wade John , Williams Danny , Schulzer Michael , Cioppa Giovanni Della 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. To test the precision of a new electronic method for measuring joint tenderness.Method. Joint tenderness was measured in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using an electronic dolorimeter. The results were compared with joint tenderness counts, which were made according to the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) methods.Results. The intra‐observer variability using the electronic method was significantly decreased compared with the conventional ARA joint tenderness counts.Conclusion. The electronic method is more efficient for use in clinical trials than is the conventional ARA joint tenderness count.
Arthritis and hypertension in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kaplan David , Ginzler Ellen M. , Feldman Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have, as part of their disease, persistent rheumatoid‐like arthritis are less likely to be hypertensive than are other patients with SLE.Methods. A retrospective chart analysis of 662 patients with SLE seen in a university clinic was performed.Results. Data analysis revealed that hypertension and persistent arthritis were inversely correlated, particularly in those patients without nephritis and particularly in black patients.Conclusion. We conclude that rheumatoid‐like arthritis in patients with SLE is protective against hypertension, and speculate that this protection is conferred by a higher frequency of the DR4 allele.
Hair product use in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case‐control study
Authors: Petri Michelle , Allbritton Jill 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. We sought to determine if hair product use is associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether SLE patients who use hair products have more severe disease.Method. A questionnaire on hair product use was administered to 218 members of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, 178 first‐ or second‐degree relatives, and 186 best friends of the patients.Results. There was no significant difference in exposure to hair dye or hair permanent in SLE patients before the diagnosis of SLE as compared with controls, nor were there any significant differences in measures of SLE disease activity in patients who used hair products after their diagnosis versus those who did not.Conclusion. Exposure to hair dyes and hair permanents is not associated with the development of lupus. No hair product is associated with SLE disease activity after diagnosis.
Phenotypic and functional similarities between 5‐azacytidine‐treated t cells and a t cell subset in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Richardson Bruce C. , Strahler John R. , Pivirotto T. Scott , Quddus Jawaid , Bayliss Garry E. , Gross Laura A. , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , Powers Daniel , Hanash Samir M. , Johnson Marcia A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective. Antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors become autoreactive, suggesting a novel mechanism for autoimmunity. To test whether this mechanism might be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), phenotypic markers for the autoreactive cells were sought.Methods. Cloned normal T cells were treated with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5‐azacytidine (5‐azaC) and studied for altered gene expression. T cells from patients with active SLE were then studied for a similar change in gene expression, and cells expressing the marker were tested for autoreactivity.Results. 5‐azaC‐treated normal T cells had increased CD11a (leukocyte function‐associated antigen 1α) expression relative to other membrane molecules. A T cell subset with similar CD11a expression was found in patients with active SLE. This subset contained cells that spontaneously lysed autologous macrophages, with a specificity similar to that of 5‐azaC‐treated cells.Conclusion. The model of 5‐azaC‐induced autoreactivity may have relevance to SLE.