bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery and Microbial Remediation of Organic Wood Preservatives in Groundwater at a Former Wood Treating Plant
Authors: Portier R. J. , Sattler D. L. , Hoover D. G. , Davis T. M. , Williams S. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWell‐recovery networks coupled to immobilized microbe bioreactors (IMBRs) were installed at a 172‐acre former wood preserving facility for the bioremediation of organic wood preservatives present in site groundwater. Free‐phase creosote from the hardpan and soluble preservative fractions contained in subsurface groundwater were pumped separately to different holding tanks. Trace creosote fractions contained in the subsurface groundwater were further gravity separated in the holding tank. Immobilized microbial isolates evaluated in earlier laboratory and field pilot tests were established into two 40, 000‐liter bioreactors for the biodegradation of all targeted consitituents. Microbial growth, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients, flow rate, and temperature were monitored in this in situ/ex situ bioremediation system. The process was used to remove the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and phenolic components of creosote and pentachlorophenol from contaminated groundwater. Data generated during the past 2 1/2 years indicate that 26 target compounds consistently are reduced to levels acceptable for discharge. Currently operating in Baldwin, Florida, this full‐scale prototype is remediating the former wood preserving facility and is being used as a model system for the design and construction of new bioreactor systems needed at similar industrial sites in the United States and abroad.
Electrochemical remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils
Authors: Orcino Michael A. , Bricka R. Mark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the years, many soils have been contaminated with toxic heavy metals as a result of a variety of industrial and military activities. Electrokinetic soil treatment is an emerging technology that could prove to be very effective in the remediation of these sites. “Real‐world” heavy metal contaminated (Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III)) soils from three military sites with varying soil properties were subjected to electrokinetic treatment in the laboratory. Metal extractants (chelating agents and acids) were studied and found to be effective in enhancing the electrokinetic process. Results indicated that heavy metal removal efficiencies varied in the three soils tested. In one case, removal efficiencies of 90 percent and 60 percent were obtained for Cd and Cr, respectively, for the nitric acid amended experiments. For another case, over 60 percent of the total Pb in the system was deposited near the cathode for the non‐amended and the citric‐acid amended tests. Conversely, in the third case, the electrokinetic soil‐washing treatment process failed to produce significant removal of any metal contaminant. The discrepancies that exist between the metal removal results of the three soils were attributed to the different physiochemical characteristics of each soil.
Investigation versus remediation: Perception and reality
Authors: Popek Emma P. , Kassakhian Garabet H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCase studies show some eyebrow‐raising discrepancies between estimated contamination levels and the actual levels measured at the point of remediation. The three site investigations did not provide nearly enough information for estimating the magnitude of the cleanup effort. Inadequate numbers of samples and improper sampling design and analyses provided an unrepresentative picture of the true site conditions.
Design and cost estimation of permeable reactive barriers
Authors: Schultz Dale S. , Landis Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCost‐effective use of permeable reactive barriers for groundwater treatment requires properly estimating the amount of reactive material required and choosing the best means of emplacing it. The weight of reactive material per unit cross section of the plume can be estimated from laboratory reaction kinetics data and basic knowledge of the plume and the remediation goals. This parameter has implications regarding the choice of permeable barrier design and emplacement method. The use of tremie tubes, trenching machines, high‐pressure jetting, and deep soil mixing may be appropriate for different situations depending on the amount of reactive material required, the dimensions of the plume, and other factors. The specific application considered here is the use of granular iron to treat groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
Higher performance in remediation
Authors: Kinney Andrea , McKenna Gerard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClean‐up of sites around the nation has been inhibited by the high costs of assessment and monitoring activities. The use of prescriptive methods adopted at the state and city levels further increase costs and slow cleanup activity. Performance Based Measurement Systems (PBMS) has the potential to change the way in which environmental scientists conduct assessment and cleanup activities. Through a case study, illustrating the way in which “change” can speed up normal assessment activities, the authors will show the utility of PBMS in a brownfields cleanup process. In addition to fostering scientific creativity in the design of measurement methods, PBMS opens the door for the use of many field technologies that had previously been disregarded. The full implementation of PBMS should result in stimulating the development of more innovative and necessary measurement systems.
Comparative evaluation of demonstration testing of two PCB detoxification technologies
Authors: Hirschhorn Joel S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a summary of the comparative analysis of two polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) detoxification technologies that were evaluated in pilot scale equipment. Two treatment technologies, base catalyzed decomposition (BCD) and gas phase chemical reduction, treated materials removed from the PCB landfill in Warren County, North Carolina. There has been a remarkable amount of public opposition to this landfill. Very stringent performance criteria for soil cleanup of PCBs and dioxins and for air emissions from the treatment equipment were used, along with a number of other factors to evaluate the two technologies. The BCD technology was selected as the best performing one for this project.
Remediation of PCB‐contaminated sediments: Volatility and solubility considerations
Authors: Scrudato Ronald J. , Chiarenzelli Jeffrey R. , Pagano James J. , Wunderlich Michele 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThrough volatilization and long distance atmospheric transport, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been redistributed throughout the global environment. Over the last 70 years, these compounds have permeated every known environmental niche including the remote polar regions of the globe. In this article, the solubility and volatility of the PCB congeners are reviewed relative to the remedial technologies that are currently in use or under consideration. The following discussion focuses primarily on the management options for PCB‐contaminated, subaqueous solids that require removal, dewatering, drying, and other treatment to degrade the target contaminants and/or containment in engineered facilities including constructed islands, upland secure landfills and subaqueous pits. Environmental mobility resulting from natural and engineered processes is discussed in relation to the potential for contributing to the global loading and redistribution of PCBs. Additionally, select emerging technologies and management options are reviewed relative to their potential to produce secondary environmental impacts resulting from the soluble and/or volatile redistribution of PCBs. Based on a lack of long‐term experience and the recognition that contaminants will remain unaltered for decades, technologies involving engineered containment structures should be considered temporary remedial measures until cost‐competitive, destructive processing of contaminated sediments is feasible.
Best value remedial design
Authors: Elmore Andrew Curtis , Graff Thomas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBest value remedial design combines traditional design by prescriptive specification with the use of open competition to determine design elements specified by performance requirements. Compelling reasons to use best value remedial design include the potential realization of life cycle cost savings, an inherent flexibility that can accommodate changing public priorities as well as evolving innovative technologies, and the ability to provide a protective remedial action. Best value challenges include technical issues such as the selection of the “best” technology from the proposals received during the open competition aspect of the process. A major administrative challenge is the development of a partnering relationship which fosters trust between project stakeholders. The best value approach is appropriate for most projects where the stakeholders have a genuine desire to pursue environmental restoration in an effective, open, and cost‐effective manner. It is conceivable that the state of the practice will evolve in terms of effectiveness and cost savings as a result of the best value approach because environmental professionals will be required to consider critical nontechnical elements during the pre‐design and design stages of a project.
Petroleum‐contaminated soil in Minnesota
Authors: Kolar James L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPetroleum‐contaminated soil remediation in Minnesota will continue to include land treatment, composting, and thermal treatment alternatives. Contaminate levels, soil volume, disposal costs, and public opinion are ultimately the deciding factors in selecting any soils treatment technology appropriate for mitigating and remediating petroleum releases that, pursuant to the Minnesota Rules… “will protect the waters of the State”.
Phytoremediation of lead‐contaminated soil at a New Jersey Brownfield site
Authors: Blaylock Michael J. , Elless Mark P. , Huang Jianwei W. , Dushenkov Slavik M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhytoremediation is a new technology that uses specially selected metal‐accumulating plants as an attractive and economical method to clean up soils contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides. The integration of specially selected metal‐accumulating crop plants (Brassica juncea (L) Czern.) with innovative soil amendments allows plants to achieve high biomass and metal accumulation rates. In a recent study conducted at a lead‐contaminated site in Trenton, New Jersey, the soil was treated with phytoremediation using successive crops of B. juncea combined with soil amendments. Through phytoremediation, the average surface soil lead concentration was reduced by 13 percent. In addition, the target soil concentration of 400 mg/kg was achieved in approximately 72 percent of the treated area in one cropping season.
Advancing the use of an innovative cleanup technology: Case study of Lasagna™
Authors: Ho Sa V. , Hughes B. Mason , Brodsky Philip H. , Merz John S. , Egley Larry P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOriginated from a recognized need for significantly more effective technologies for soil cleanup, the LasagnaTM project provides an interesting case study in which industry, government, and academia successfully collaborated to rapidly advance the technology from the laboratory to the field. Called LasagnaTM because of its layered configurations, the technology combines electrically induced contaminant transport in soils, treatment in place, and geotechnical methods to achieve completely in situ clean‐up of contaminated soils. Experiences with respect to the partnership, the development of technology and its current commercialization status are described.
Fenton's in‐situ reagent chemical oxidation of hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater
Authors: Bryant J. Daniel , Wilson James T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustry and regulatory demands for rapid and cost‐effective clean up of hydrocarbon and other contamination in soil and groundwater has prompted development and improvement of in‐situ remediation technologies. In‐situ technologies offer many advantages over ex‐situ treatment alternatives, including lower initial capital and long‐term operation and maintenance costs, less site disruption, no Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) liability, and shorter treatment time necessary to achieve cleanup objectives. Fenton's reagent, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron that generates a hydroxyl free radical as an oxidizing agent, is widely accepted for chemical oxidation of organic contaminants in the wastewater industry. In‐situ implementation of Fenton's reagent for chemical oxidation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater continues to grow in acceptance and application to a wide variety of environmental contaminants and hydrogeologic conditions (EPA, 1998).
A cost study for enhanced sludge washing of high‐level radioactive waste at the U.S. Department of energy Hanford Site
Authors: DeMuth Scott , Shieh Andrew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnhanced Sludge Washing (ESW) with caustic has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of sludge‐based underground storage tank (UST) high‐level radioactive waste at the Hanford Site. The alternative to ESW is a simple sludge wash, a process that does not take advantege of recent dissolution development efforts. During the past several years, studies have been conducted to determine the remediation cost savings derived from the development and deployment of ESW. The tank waste inventory and ESW process performance continues to be revised as waste characterization, and ESW development efforts advance. This study provides a new cost savings estimate based upon the most recent waste inventory and ESW process performance revisions, an estimate of the associated cost savings uncertainty, and an estimate of the rate of return (ROR) on the investment in technology development. The revised remediation cost savings estimate due to ESW of all UST waste at Hanford is $4.8 billion ± $0.7 billion within 95 percent confidence in 1998 dollars. The ROR on investment was estimated to range from 100 percent to 130 percent. A sensitivity analysis indicated that it would be difficult to imagine a remediation scenario for which ESW did not yield a significant remediation cost savings and ROR.
Natural attenuation of a low mobility chlorinated insecticide in low‐level and high‐level contaminated soil: A feasibility study
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEndosulfan is an economically important insecticide and widespread environmental pollutant, originating from a wide range of agricultural activities. The major implication from the feasibility study described was that endosulfan I can be remediated by natural attenuation processes in cotton‐farming soil, in which concentrations were relatively low, as well as heavily contaminated soil, from an agricultural chemical waste (evaporation) pit. Endosulfan I, the major isomer of endosulfan, was present in agricultural soils with low (2.2 mg/kg) and high (417 mg/kg) concentrations of technical‐grade endosulfan. The half‐lives of the major isomer of endosulfan were 94 and greater than 350 days in the low‐level (cotton farming soil) and high‐level (contaminated soil), respectively. Even under conditions of minimal intervention, as in the current study, endosulfan concentrations in contaminated soils can be substantially reduced. The nonbiological process of soil binding was predominantly responsible for the natural attenuation of endosulfan I in both soils. Low levels of mineralization of the chlorinated ring 14C‐labelled carbons were also reported, but mineralization did not play an important role in natural attenuation of endosulfan I in either soil studied.
Mad cow and related diseases: Challenges for waste management
Authors: Hirschhorn Joel S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMad cow disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases (TSEs) in both animals and humans have received worldwide attention. Interestingly, the issue of managing biohazardous wastes, for which TSE agents are an issue, has received little attention by environmental professionals. The burial of wastes associated with mad cow and related diseases may eventually lead to unusual challenges for remediation professionals. The core challenge is that medical researchers have confirmed the incredible difficulty in destroying TSE infectious agents or pathogens, generally called prions. Risk reduction is certainly possible with treatment technologies, but complete elimination of risk by reliable and verifiable destruction of all TSE agents is probably infeasible. Proving the efficacy of any waste treatment method for TSE‐infected wastes is not practical because there is no commercially available test for TSE pathogens (although one is expected soon) and in only a few cases is there a reasonable surrogate approach. These circumstances have contributed to some biohazardous waste managers discounting the TSE issue. The goal of this article is to more thoroughly analyze available information and various risks to identify useful implications for alternative waste management technologies. A number of prudent actions can be taken in recognition of the TSE problem, including more careful assessment of treatment technologies, avoiding any reuse or recycling of waste treatment residues, using air pollution control systems to avoid releases of materials possibly containing infectious agents, and using wastewater pretreatment prior to sewer disposal.
Treatment technology for remediation of wood preserving sites: Overview
Authors: Bates Edward R. , Grosse Douglas W. , Sahle‐Demessie Endalkachew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis is the first in a series of five articles describing the applicability, performance, and cost of technologies for the remediation of contaminated soil and water at wood preserving sites. Site‐specific treatability studies conducted under the supervision of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), from 1995 through 1997 constitute much of the basis for the evaluations presented, although data from other treatability studies, literature sources, and actual site remediations have also been included to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of remediation technologies. This article provides an overview of the wood preserving sites studied, including contaminant levels, and a summary of the performance of the technologies evaluated. The subsequent articles discuss the performance of each technology in more detail. Three articles discuss technologies for the treatment of soils, including solidification/stabilization, biological treatment, solvent extraction and soil washing. One article discusses technologies for the treatment of liquids, water and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLS), including biological treatment, carbon adsorption, photolytic oxidation, and hydraulic containment. The reader should be aware that other technologies including, but not limited to, incineration, thermal desorption, and base catalyzed dehalogenation, also have application for treating contaminants on wood preserving sites. They are not discussed in these five articles since the focus was to evaluate lesser known and hopefully lower cost approaches. However, the reader should include consideration of these other technologies as part of any evaluation or screening of technologies applicable to remediation of wood preserving sites.
Solidification/stabilization for remediation of wood preserving sites: Treatment for dioxins, PCP, creosote, and metals
Authors: Bates Edward R. , Sahle‐Demessie Endalkachew , Grosse Douglas W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the use of solidification/stabilization (S/S) to treat soils contaminated with organic and inorganic chemicals at wood preserving sites. Solidification is defined for this article as making a material into a freestanding solid. Stabilization is defined as making the contaminants of concern nonmobile as determined from a leaching test. S/S then combines both properties. For more information on S/S in general the reader should refer to other publications (Connors, J.R. [1990]). Chemical fixation and solidification of hazardous wastes. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; US Environmental Protection Agency. [1993a]. Engineering bulletin solidification/stabilization of organics and inorganics (EPA/540/S‐92/015); Wiles, C.C. [1989]. Solidification and stabilization technology. In H.M. Freeman [Ed.], Standard handbook of hazardous waste treatment and disposal. New York: McGraw Hill) as this article addresses only wood preserving sites and assumes basic knowledge of S/S processes. For a more general discussion of wood preserving sites and some other remedial options, the reader may wish to refer to a previous EPA publication (US Environmental Protection Agency. [1992a]. Contaminants and remedial options at wood preserving sites [EPA/600/R‐92/182]).This article includes data from the successful remediation of a site with mixed organic/inorganic contaminants, remediation of a site with organic contaminants, and detailed treatability study results from four sites for which successful formulations were developed. Included are pre‐ and post‐treatment soil characterization data, site vaines. ileizdot‐ names (in some cases), treatment formulas used (generic aridproprietary), costs, recommendations, and citatioiis to inore detailed refer‐ en ces. The data presen ted iiidica te that dioxins, pentachlorophepi 01 (PCP), creosote, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbom (PAHsI, and metals can be treated at moderate cost by the use of S/S techuologp.
Bioremediation treatability studies of contaminated soils at wood preserving sites
Authors: Grosse Douglas W. , Sahle‐Demessie Endalkachew , Bates Edward R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBioremediation has been used frequently at sites contaminated with organic hazardous chemicals where releases from processing vessels and the mismanagement of reagents and generated waste have contributed to significant impairment of the environment. At wood treater sites, process reagents such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), and creosote have adversely impacted the surrounding soil and groundwater. When PCP has been used at these sites, polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are typically found. Where creosote has been used as the wood preservative of choice, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commonly found. Many of these compounds are considered to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and are particularly recalcitrant.