bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Hospital Germicides against Adenovirus 8, a Common Cause of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Rutala William A. , Peacock Jeffrey E. , Gergen Maria F. , Sobsey Mark D. , Weber David J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

The inactivation of virus-contaminated nonporous inanimate surfaces was investigated using adenovirus type 8, a common cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. A 10-μl inoculum of adenovirus was placed onto each stainless steel disk (1-cm diameter), and the inoculum was allowed to air dry for 40 min. Twenty-one different germicides (including disinfectants and antiseptics) were selected for this study based on their current uses in health care. After a 1- or 5-minute exposure to 50 μl of the germicide, the virus-germicide test mixture was neutralized and assayed for infectivity. Using an efficacy criterion of a 3-log
10
reduction in the titer of virus infectivity and regardless of the virus suspending medium (i.e., hard water, sterile water, and hard water with 5% fetal calf serum), only five disinfectants proved to be effective against the test virus at 1 min: 0.55%
ortho
-phthalaldehyde, 2.4% glutaraldehyde, 2.65% glutaraldehyde, ∼6,000 ppm chlorine, and ∼1,900 ppm chlorine. Four other disinfectants showed effectiveness under four of the five testing conditions: 70% ethanol, 65% ethanol with 0.63% quaternary ammonium compound, 79.6% ethanol with 0.1% quaternary ammonium compound, and 0.2% peracetic acid. Of the germicides suitable for use as an antiseptic, 70% ethanol achieved a 3-log
10
reduction under four of the five test conditions. These results emphasize the need for proper selection of germicides for use in disinfecting noncritical surfaces and semicritical medical devices, such as applanation tonometers, in order to prevent outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
Screen for Inhibitors of the Coupled Transglycosylase-Transpeptidase of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Ramachandran Vasanthi , Chandrakala B. , Kumar Vidya P. , Usha Veeraraghavan , Solapure Suresh M. , de Sousa Sunita M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Class A high-molecular-weight penicillin-binding protein 1a (PBP1a) and PBP1b of
Escherichia coli
have both transglycosylase (TG) and transpeptidase (TP) activity. These enzymes are difficult to assay, since their substrates are difficult to prepare. We show the activity of PBP1a or PBP1b can be measured in membranes by cloning the PBP into an
E. coli ponB
::Spc
r
strain. Using this assay, we show that PBP1a is ∼10-fold more sensitive to penicillin than PBP1b and that the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of moenomycin, a TG inhibitor, is ∼10-fold higher in the PBP transformants than in wild-type membranes; this increase in IC
50
in transformants can be used to test the specificity of test compounds for inhibition of the TG. Alternatively, the coupled TG-TP activity of PBP1b can be directly measured in a two-step microplate assay. In the first step, radiolabeled lipid II, the TG substrate, was made in membranes of the
E. coli ponB
::Spc
r
strain by incubation with the peptidoglycan sugar precursors. In the second step, the TG-TP activity was assayed by adding a source of PBP1b to the membranes. The coupled TG-TP activity converts lipid II to cross-linked peptidoglycan, which was specifically captured by wheat germ agglutinin-coated scintillation proximity beads in the presence of 0.2% Sarkosyl (B. Chandrakala et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
48:
30-40, 2004). The TG-TP assay was inhibited by penicillin and moenomycin as expected. Surprisingly, tunicamycin and nisin also inhibited the assay, and paper chromatography analysis revealed that both inhibited the transglycosylase. The assay can be used to screen for novel antibacterial agents.
Human β-Defensin 2 Induces a Vigorous Cytokine Response in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Boniotto Michele , Jordan William J. , Eskdale Joyce , Tossi Alessandro , Antcheva Nikolinka , Crovella Sergio , Connell Nancy D. , Gallagher Grant 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTβ-Defensins are a family of small cationic peptides involved in the innate response to microbial infection. Although their role in microbial killing is well established, the mechanisms through which this occurs remain largely undefined. Here, using protein array technology, we describe a role for human β-defensins in the induction of an inflammatory cytokine response by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Human β-defensins 1, 2, and 3 were examined for induction of an array of cytokines and chemokines. Some cytokines, such as interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, were up-regulated by all three defensins, while others, such as IL-6 and IL-10, were induced more selectively. It was notable that each defensin induced a unique pattern of cytokines. This report documents, for the first time, an analysis of the composite cytokine response of human PBMCs to β-defensins. The induction or up-regulation of a number of cytokines involved in the adaptive immune response suggests a possible role for these defensins in linking innate and acquired immunity.
Genetic Structures at the Origin of Acquisition and Expression of the Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Oxacillinase Gene
bla
OXA-58
in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Poirel Laurent , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Genetic structures surrounding the carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase gene
bla
OXA-58
were characterized in a series of OXA-58-positive
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains isolated from different countries. We showed that in most of the cases, acquisitions of the
bla
OXA-58
-containing overall structure, including insertion sequence elements, may be likely the results of recombination events. In type strain
A. baumannii
MAD, the genetic structure surrounding the
bla
OXA-58
gene was bracketed by two 27-bp repeated sequences. The isolation of a clonally related OXA-58-negative
A. baumannii
isolate that possessed the same plasmid backbone as
A. baumannii
MAD but lacked this genetic structure indicated that the mechanism of acquisition could be reversible. Parts of the structure identified in
A. baumannii
MAD were conserved in other
bla
OXA-58
-positive isolates from various European countries. Primer extension experiments showed that
bla
OXA-58
expression was related to promoter sequences brought by different insertion sequence elements, such as an IS
Aba3
-like element, IS
Aba1
, IS
Aba2
, and IS
18
. This work identified novel structures at the origin of acquisition and expression of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase identified in non-clonally related
A. baumannii
isolates.
Insights into In Vivo Activities of Lantibiotics from Gallidermin and Epidermin Mode-of-Action Studies
Authors: Bonelli Raquel Regina , Schneider Tanja , Sahl Hans-Georg , Wiedemann Imke 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe activity of lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics (lantibiotics) is based on different killing mechanisms which may be combined in one molecule. The prototype lantibiotic nisin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis and forms pores through specific interaction with the cell wall precursor lipid II. Gallidermin and epidermin possess the same putative lipid II binding motif as nisin; however, both peptides are considerably shorter (22 amino acids, compared to 34 in nisin). We demonstrate that in model membranes, lipid II-mediated pore formation by gallidermin depends on membrane thickness. With intact cells, pore formation was less pronounced than for nisin and occurred only in some strains. InLactococcus lactissubsp.cremorisHP, gallidermin was not able to release K+, and a mutant peptide, [A12L]gallidermin, in which the ability to form pores was disrupted, was as potent as wild-type gallidermin, indicating that pore formation does not contribute to killing. In contrast, nisin rapidly formed pores in theL. lactisstrain; however, it was approximately 10-fold less effective in killing. The superior activity of gallidermin in a cell wall biosynthesis assay may help to explain this high potency. Generally, it appears that the multiple activities of lantibiotics combine differently for individual target strains.
Adding Selectivity to Antimicrobial Peptides: Rational Design of a Multidomain Peptide againstPseudomonasspp
Authors: Eckert Randal , Qi Fengxia , Yarbrough Daniel K. , He Jian , Anderson Maxwell H. , Shi Wenyuan 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTCurrently available antimicrobials exhibit broad killing with regard to bacterial genera and species. Indiscriminate killing of microbes by these conventional antibiotics can disrupt the ecological balance of the indigenous microbial flora, often resulting in negative clinical consequences. Species-specific antimicrobials capable of precisely targeting pathogenic bacteria without damaging benign microorganisms provide a means of avoiding this problem. In this communication, we report the successful creation of the first synthetic, target-specific antimicrobial peptide, G10KHc, via addition of a rationally designedPseudomonas-specific targeting moiety (KH) to a generally killing peptide (novispirin G10). The resulting chimeric peptide showed enhanced bactericidal activity and faster killing kinetics againstPseudomonasspp. than G10 alone. The enhanced killing activities are due to increased binding and penetration of the outer membrane ofPseudomonassp. cells. These properties were not observed in tests of untargeted bacterial species, and this specificity allowed G10KHc to selectively eliminatePseudomonasspp. from mixed cultures. This work lays a foundation for generating target-specific “smart” antimicrobials to complement currently available conventional antibiotics.
Preclinical Evaluation of Synthetic −2 RANTES as a Candidate Vaginal Microbicide To Target CCR5
Authors: Kish-Catalone Tina M. , Lu Wuyuan , Gallo Robert C. , DeVico Anthony L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTA potential strategy that can be used to combat the worldwide AIDS epidemic is the development of a vaginal microbicide that prevents the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Certain CC chemokines, including RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, might facilitate the development of such microbicides since they potently suppress HIV-1 infection by binding to CCR5, the viral coreceptor used by most sexually transmitted strains of HIV-1 to enter host cells. In this study, we evaluated whether a CCR5-specific fragment of RANTES that lacks two N-terminal residues (−2 RANTES) and possesses especially potent HIV-1 suppressive activity has toxicity profiles conducive to the advancement of testing in candidate microbicide formulations. Analyses were carried out with a synthetic version of the chemokine, which was formulated with either Novasomes 7474, a nonphospholipid liposome, or methylcellulose gel. Dialysis studies demonstrated that the formulated −2 RANTES was released from both vehicles and retained anti-HIV-1 activity. Preclinical toxicity studies carried out with Swiss Webster mouse and New Zealand White rabbit vaginal irritation models demonstrated minimal inflammation and minimal adverse changes in cervicovaginal tissue integrity after short-term (10 min) and long-term (24 h) exposure to formulations containing up to 1 mg/ml of −2 RANTES. Similarly, no toxicity was observed with formulations of bioactive murine RANTES in the Swiss Webster mouse vaginal irritation model. Overall, these preclinical studies suggest that −2 RANTES is suitable for further testing as a candidate anti-HIV-1 microbicide.
Substrate Envelope and Drug Resistance: Crystal Structure of RO1 in Complex with Wild-Type Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease
Authors: Prabu-Jeyabalan Moses , King Nancy M. , Nalivaika Ellen A. , Heilek-Snyder Gabrielle , Cammack Nick , Schiffer Celia A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIn our previous crystallographic studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease-substrate complexes, we described a conserved “envelope” that appears to be important for substrate recognition and the selection of drug-resistant mutations. In this study, the complex of HIV-1 protease with the inhibitor RO1 was determined and comparison with the substrate envelope provides a rationale for mutational patterns.
The Antimicrobial Peptide Polyphemusin Localizes to the Cytoplasm of
Escherichia coli
following Treatment
Authors: Powers Jon-Paul S. , Martin Morgan M. , Goosney Danika L. , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

The horseshoe crab peptide polyphemusin I possesses high antimicrobial activity, but its mechanism of action is as yet not well defined. Using a biotin-labeled polyphemusin I analogue and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we showed that the peptide accumulates in the cytoplasm of wild-type
Escherichia coli
within 30 min after addition without causing substantial membrane damage.
In Vivo Selection of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
Escherichia coli
Isolates Expressing Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance and Expanded-Spectrum β-Lactamase
Authors: Poirel Laurent , Pitout Johann D. D. , Calvo Lucy , Rodriguez-Martinez Jose-Manuel , Church Deirdre , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

A ciprofloxacin-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolate, isolate 1B, was obtained from a urinary specimen of a Canadian patient treated with norfloxacin for infection due to a ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolate, isolate 1A. Both isolates harbored a plasmid-encoded
sul1
-type integron with
qnrA1
and
bla
VEB-1
genes. Isolate 1B had amino acid substitutions in gyrase and topoisomerase.
Plasmodium falciparum
In Vitro Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs in Casamance (Southwestern Senegal) during the First 5 Years of Routine Use of Artesunate-Amodiaquine
Authors: Agnamey P. , Brasseur P. , de Pecoulas P. Eldin , Vaillant Michel , Olliaro P. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

We have monitored the in vitro sensitivities of
Plasmodium falciparum
isolates predeployment and during the deployment of artesunate plus amodiaquine treatment in Mlomp, Casamance (southwestern Senegal) during 2000 to 2004. Parasites remained susceptible to both drugs. Chloroquine resistance levels were high but stable. Quinine continues to be effective.
Antimalarial Activity of a Synthetic Endoperoxide (RBx-11160/OZ277) against
Plasmodium falciparum
Isolates from Gabon
Authors: Kreidenweiss Andrea , Mordmüller Benjamin , Krishna Sanjeev , Kremsner Peter G. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
OZ277 is a newly developed, fully synthetic endoperoxide antimalarial that we tested against field isolates from Gabon. A comparison of activities of OZ277 with artesunate, mefloquine, and chloroquine showed OZ277 to be highly active against all parasite isolates. Artesunate and mefloquine also showed potent antiparasitic activity, but all isolates were chloroquine resistant.
Gatifloxacin Resistance and Mutations in
gyrA
after Unsuccessful
Helicobacter pylori
Eradication in Japan
Authors: Nishizawa Toshihiro , Suzuki Hidekazu , Kurabayashi Kumiko , Masaoka Tatsuhiro , Muraoka Hiroe , Mori Mikiji , Iwasaki Eisuke , Kobayashi Intetsu , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

A high resistance rate (47.9%) to gatifloxacin (GAT; 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone) in
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
) strains from 48 Japanese patients is observed after unsuccessful
H. pylori
eradication. A significant association between MICs for GAT equal to or above 1 μg/ml and mutations of the
gyrA
gene of
H. pylori
was demonstrated.
Autolytic Properties of Glycopeptide-Intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
Mu50
Authors: Utaida Sugunya , Pfeltz Richard F. , Jayaswal R. K. , Wilkinson B. J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Whole-cell autolytic activity of prototypical glycopeptide-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(GISA) Mu50 was reduced versus that of hetero-GISA Mu3 and glycopeptide-susceptible
S. aureus
, consistent with other GISA strains. In contrast, autolytic activity was relatively high in Mu50 crude cell walls and autolysin extracts against purified cell walls, reflecting the complexities of autolytic activity regulation.
Quadruple Mutations in Dihydrofolate Reductase of
Plasmodium falciparum
Isolates from Car Nicobar Island, India
Authors: Ahmed Anwar , Das Manoj K. , Dev Vas , Saifi Muheet A. , Wajihullah  , Sharma Yagya D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Quadruple mutations in the
Plasmodium falciparum
dihydrofolate reductase (PFDHFR) enzyme give rise to the highest level of pyrimethamine resistance leading to treatment failures. We describe here the presence of these quadruple mutations in a majority of
P. falciparum
isolates from Car Nicobar (Andaman and Nicobar) Island, India. Isolates from the mainland, however, continue to show a prevalence of double PFDHFR mutations and some with triple but none with quadruple mutations. In conclusion, the antifolate drug pressure is very high in the island, which should be a cause of concern for the malaria control program in the country.
In Vivo Efficacy of Aerosolized Nanostructured ItraconazoleFormulations for Prevention of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Hoeben Barbara J. , Burgess David S. , McConville Jason T. , Najvar Laura K. , Talbert Robert L. , Peters Jay I. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Frei Bradi L. , Graybill John R. , Bocanegra Rosie , Overhoff Kirk A. , Sinswat Prapasri , Johnston Keith P. , Williams Robert O. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
Aerosolized
evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution and spray freezing into
liquid nanostructured formulations of itraconazole as prophylaxis
significantly improved survival relative to commercial itraconazole
oral solution and the control in a murine model of invasive pulmonary
aspergillosis. Aerosolized administration of nanostructured
formulations also achieved high lung tissue concentrations while
limiting systemic
exposure.
In Vitro Activity of Tigecycline against
Burkholderia pseudomallei
and
Burkholderia thailandensis
Authors: Thamlikitkul Visanu , Trakulsomboon Suwanna 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Investigation of the in vitro activity of tigecycline against
Burkholderia pseudomallei
and
Burkholderia thailandensis
revealed that the inhibition zone diameters of tigecycline against all isolates were ≥20 mm and that the MIC
50
values were 0.5 and 1 μg/ml and the MIC
90
values were 2 and 1.5 μg/ml for
B. pseudomallei
and
B. thailandensis
, respectively.
Bactericidal Activities of R207910 and Other Newer Antimicrobial Agents against
Mycobacterium leprae
in Mice
Authors: Ji Baohong , Chauffour Aurélie , Andries Koen , Jarlier Vincent 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

As measured by a proportional bactericidal technique in the mouse footpad system, the bactericidal activity against
Mycobacterium leprae
of R207910 was equal to that of rifapentine, rifampin, or moxifloxacin and significantly greater than those of minocycline, PA-824, and linezolid. These data suggest that R207910 may play an important role in treatment of leprosy.
Prevalence of First-Step Mutants among Levofloxacin-Susceptible Invasive Isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in the United States
Authors: Pletz Mathias W. R. , Shergill Ardaman P. , McGee Lesley , Beall Bernard , Whitney Cynthia G. , Klugman Keith P. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
By use of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay, we screened 496 levofloxacin-susceptible invasive pneumococcal strains (MIC ≤ 2 mg/liter) for quinolone resistance-determining region mutations known to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. Among those with a levofloxacin MIC of 2 mg/liter, 16.2% of isolates recovered from nursing home residents and 6.4% from non-nursing home residents had first-step mutations.
Ether Lipid Ester Derivatives of Cidofovir Inhibit Polyomavirus BK Replication In Vitro
Authors: Randhawa Parmjeet , Farasati Noush Afarin , Shapiro Ron , Hostetler Karl Y. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
Polyomavirus BK is a significant pathogen in transplant recipients, but no effective antiviral therapy is available. We show that cidofovir can inhibit BK virus replication in vitro. Esterification of cidofovir with hexadecyloxypropyl, octadecyloxyethyl, and oleyloxyethyl groups results in up to a 3-log lowering of the 50% effective concentration and an increased selectivity index.
Sequential or Combination Antifungal Therapy with Voriconazole and Liposomal Amphotericin B in a Guinea Pig Model of Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Kirkpatrick William R. , Coco Brent J. , Patterson Thomas F. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe evaluated combinations of voriconazole (VRC) and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in a guinea pig invasive aspergillosis model. Simultaneous VRC and L-AMB was most effective, although VRC monotherapy was also effective. These regimens as well as sequential L-AMB followed by VRC were more effective than L-AMB alone or VRC followed by L-AMB.
Voriconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Smith J. , Safdar N. , Knasinski V. , Simmons W. , Bhavnani S. M. , Ambrose P. G. , Andes D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

We report on 28 patients who underwent voriconazole monitoring because of disease progression or toxicity. A relationship (
P
< 0.025) between disease progression and drug concentration was detected. Favorable responses were observed in 10/10 patients with concentrations above 2.05 μg/ml, while disease progressed in 44% (
n
= 18) of patients with concentrations below 2.05 μg/ml.
Immunotherapy with Tacrolimus (FK506) Does Not Select for Resistance to Calcineurin Inhibitors inCandida albicansIsolates from Liver Transplant Patients
Authors: Reedy Jennifer L. , Husain Shahid , Ison Michael , Pruett Timothy L. , Singh Nina , Heitman Joseph 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTInCandida albicans, calcineurin mediates tolerance to azole antifungal drugs, survival in serum, and virulence. In this study, we examined 24Candidaisolates from liver transplant recipients receiving a calcineurin inhibitor as a component of their immunosuppressive therapy. We were unable to detect a difference in susceptibility to calcineurin inhibitors in combination with fluconazole, serum, or calcium in these isolates.
Ritonavir Increases Plasma Amprenavir (APV) Exposure to a Similar Extent when Coadministered with either Fosamprenavir or APV
Authors: Wire Mary B. , Baker Katherine L. , Jones Lori S. , Shelton Mark J. , Lou Yu , Thomas Greg J. , Berrey M. Michelle 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
To compare the effect of ritonavir on plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics, healthy adults received either fosamprenavir (700 mg twice a day [BID]) or amprenavir (600 mg BID) alone and in combination with ritonavir (100 mg BID). Ritonavir increased plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters to a similar extent when coadministered with either fosamprenavir or amprenavir.
Induction of Daptomycin Heterogeneous Susceptibility in
Staphylococcus aureus
by Exposure to Vancomycin
Authors: Sakoulas George , Alder Jeff , Thauvin-Eliopoulos Claudie , Moellering Robert C. , Eliopoulos George M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

We studied vancomycin and daptomycin susceptibility in methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
from patients exposed to vancomycin, glycopeptide-intermediate
S. aureus
, and
S. aureus
passaged in vancomycin-containing medium. A correlation between vancomycin and daptomycin heteroresistance was noted in some strains, suggesting that exposure of
S. aureus
to vancomycin may affect susceptibility to daptomycin.
New Real-Time PCR Assay Using Locked Nucleic Acid Probes To Assess Prevalence of ParC Mutations in Fluoroquinolone-Susceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates from France
Authors: Decousser Jean-Winoc , Methlouthi Imen , Pina Patrick , Collignon Anne , Allouch Pierre 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

A real-time PCR assay with locked nucleic acid probes was developed to screen mutations at codons 79 and 83 of the
Streptococcus pneumoniae parC
gene. Only silent mutations were detected among 236 French invasive fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains. This test could be useful for some high-risk patients or in national surveys.