bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning science through inquiry in kindergarten
Authors: Samarapungavan Ala , Mantzicopoulos Panayota , Patrick Helen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the nature of kindergarten students' science learning from an inquiry unit in which they investigated the life cycle of the monarch butterfly. The unit was implemented in a public school serving a socioeconomically, ethnically, and linguistically diverse student population. The paper provides descriptive data on children's science learning from their investigations. The descriptive data were collected during the implementation of the inquiry unit using an electronic portfolio system. A second set of data on science learning was collected using an objective, researcher‐designed instrument called the Science Learning Assessment (SLA). These data were collected from children in the intervention who completed the inquiry unit and from a comparison group of kindergarten students that was similar in demographic characteristics but did not receive systematic science instruction. The comparison group provides baseline data about kindergarten students' science concepts in the absence of targeted science instruction. There were 100 participants (65 intervention and 35 comparison students). Results indicate that intervention students demonstrated a functional understanding of scientific inquiry processes and of important life science concepts during their investigations. Statistical analyses of SLA data indicate that the intervention group showed significantly better understanding of scientific inquiry processes than the comparison group. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed92:868–908, 2008
The lipids of various fungi grown on an artificial medium
Authors: Farag R. S. , Youssef A. M. , Khalil F. A. , Taha R. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe lipids extracted from various fungi belonging to the generaAspergillus, Fusarium andPenicillium cultivated on Davis medium were studied. The fatty acids from fungal lipids were fractionated by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and the main fatty acids were palmitoleic, oleic, stearic, linoleic and arachidic. The results demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of various fungi could be used as criteria for fungal taxonomy. The unsaponifiable matter of the fungi could be divided into two fractions, i.e., hydrocarbons and sterols. The hydrocarbon fraction constitutes an important part because its amount ranged from 30.14 to 80.97% according to the fungal species. The sterol fraction of the unsaponifiable part of fungal lipids was much simpler in composition. Analysis by GLC indicated that sterol composition could be used to differentiate among fungi belonging to different genera as well as among species belonging to one genus.
Comparison of the direct and indirect wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance methods for determining solid fat content
Authors: Mills B. L. , van de Voort F. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA direct method of measuring the solid fat content by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was compared with the conventional indirect wide‐line NMR procedure. The direct method is based on the use of variable gate widths available on the Newport Analyser Mk IIIA. The results obtained for four different fats using the direct method did not differ significantly from those of the indirect method. As the direct method required additional measurements, was somewhat more complex theoretically and gave more variable results because of the weaker signal obtained at the wide gate, no real advantage could be found for its use.
Physicochemical characterization of galactosyldiglycerides and their quantitation in wheat flour lipids by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Tweeten T. N. , Wetzel D. L. , Chung O. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for analyzing digalactosyldiglycerides (DGDG) and monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDG) in polar lipids fractionated from lipid extracts of wheat or flour. Wheat lipid samples were prepared by solvent extraction, then fractionated on a silica gel packed open column. A Spherisorb ODS (octadecyl silane) column with methanol/water elution system was used for separation of glycolipids in the polar lipid fractions. The detection limit of the refractive index detector with interferometric optics was 0.25µg for both DGDG and MGDG. Separating on nonpolar bonded phase columns permitted us to differentiate, based on fatty acid composition and position, among components within the specific glycolipid classes. Semipreparative HPLC on analytical columns was used to subfractionate the polar lipids. The glycolipids were collected for functional group characterization. Approximately 35% of each DGDG subfraction was accounted for as carbohydrate. The absence of phosphorus precluded phospholipids. Fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography showed the first DGDG to be linoleic acid, whereas the second DGDG peak was composed of linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids. Mass spectrometric analysis of the first DGDG peak showed linoleic acid in both the SN‐1 and 2 positions. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that palmitic or oleic acid in the second peak was preferentially located on the SN‐1 position; linoleic acid was on the SN‐2 position.
Flavor perceptibility of straight chain, unsaturated aldehydes as a function of double‐bond position and geometry
Authors: Meijboom P. W. , Jongenotter G. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe mean threshold values for odor and taste of straight‐chain mono‐ and diunsaturated aldehydes are determined in solutions of paraffin oil. The threshold values lie at low concentrations and display interesting odor and taste aspects. Special attention is given to the influence of chain length, double‐bond position, number of double bonds andcis/trans geometry.
Detection of palm oil in vanaspati by thin layer chromatography
Authors: Sengupta P. , Sil S. , Chattarjea J. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPalm oil (raw or refined), as such, or the unsaponifiable matter of palm oil and vanaspati (mostly hydrogenated soybean oil containing 5% sesame oil), when separated on a silver nitrate impregnated Silica Gel G plate or a Silica Gel G plate using (a) hexane/ether/acetic acid (80:20:1.5) or (b) chloroform, respectively, for development showed distinct differences. On the basis of this, two systems have been suggested for the detection of palm oil in vanaspati. About 5% adulteration can be detected by the first method and 10% by the second.
TLC‐FID assessment of lipid oxidation as applied to fish lipids rich in triglycerides
Authors: Kaitaranta Jukka K. , Ke Paul J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChanges in the polar lipid content of fatty fish oils were studied by quantitative thin layer chromatography‐flame ionization detection (TLC‐FID) during an accelerated oxidation test. There was a direct linear correlation between increase in polar lipids and increase in weight of the oil samples. Comparison of increases in polar lipids with thiobarbituric acid values gave a hyperbolic correlation curve. However, a linear correlation was obtained in a semilogarithmic system. The simple and time‐saving TLC‐FID method for the analysis of the polar lipid content of oils as compared to a column chromatographic method suggests that this new method could be used in quality control of edible oils.
Chemical examination ofClitoria ternatea seeds
Authors: Joshi S. S. , Shrivastava R. K. , Shrivastava D. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFatty acid composition determined by paper, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography revealed the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in the weight ratio of 18.5, 9.5, 51.4, 16.8 and 3.8%, respectively, inClitoria ternatea seed oil. Protein constitutes 38.4% and consists of 18 amino acids. Essential amino acid pattern is (%): lysine (6.55), histidine (2.03), threonine (3.13), phenylalanine+tyrosine (5.5), valine (5.8), methionine+cystine (1.16) and leucine+isoleucine (15.4). The seeds have been found to be rich in calories (500.5 cal/100 g).
Fatty acid composition and organoleptic quality of four clones of durian (Durio zibethinus, murr.)
Authors: Berry Shiv K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine and relate the lipid content and fatty acid composition of four different durian (Durio zibethinus, Murr.) clones, i.e., D24, D2, D66 and D8, with their respective organoleptic scores. Both lipid content and the fatty acid composition were found to vary among these clones. Clones D24 and D2, which contained a higher proportion of lipids but lower unsaturated fatty acid contents, received high organoleptic scores when compared to clones D66 and D8. It was found that the lower the palmitic: palmitoleic acid ratio in the lipid of a durian clone, the higher its organoleptic quality.
Problems in understanding the interaction of surfactant, oil and water
Authors: Little R. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe limited partition coefficient data presently available on amphiphilic compounds precludes the serious testing of the HOR concept, especially any correlation that it may have with HLB. The HLB scale, on the other hand, has been evolved for complex amphiphile mixtures rather than pure amphiphiles, further complicating the development of a correlation between HLB and other amphiphile‐system properties. The paucity of reliable data, then, on the partition coefficient, EACN concept and HLB, especially with respect to reasonably well defined amphiphiles, greatly impedes progress in the development of a rational basis relating surfactant function to molecular structure. The effect of oil, however, in the oil‐water‐amphiphile system might be assessed through use of the solubility parameter concept since the original HLB scale was based on the stability of a specific oil‐water emulsion. Thus, while the physico‐chemical methods exist to quantitatively establish surfactant‐wateroil behavior and to test current theories and correlations, progress in this area must await the cataloging of reliable physicochemical data on reasonably well defined amphiphiles.
The Causes and Impact of the African Debt Crisis
Authors: Danso Alex 
Published: May 2008

This article examines the African debt crisis. It focuses on factors leading to the accumulation of the debts and their impact on the debtor nations. The significance of the study lies in the fact that the African debt burden presents a gruesome picture of hopelessness. This is reflected by the continent's massive debt of $230 billion, equivalent to almost three times the continent's annual export earnings. This is expected to jump to $550 billion by the year 2000. Africa's crushing debt burden has become one of the most important factors constraining recovery and development. As the United Nations Children's Fund estimates, one thousand people die each day in Africa because of the debt crisis. The analysis shows that due to the multifaceted nature of the causes of the debt crisis, both creditors and debtors should agree on the options for dealing with the crisis. It further shows that there is the urgency for Africa to tackle its numerous sociopolitico-economic problems. Africa can make real economic progress only when it begins to get on top of its debt crisis.
Acute Management of Hemodynamically Unstable Pelvic Trauma Patients: Time for a Change? Multicenter Review of Recent Practice
Authors: Verbeek Diederik , Sugrue Michael , Balogh Zsolt , Cass Danny , Civil Ian , Harris Ian , Kossmann Thomas , Leibman Steve , Malka Valerie , Pohl Anthony , Rao Sudhakar , Richardson Martin , Schuetz Michael , Ursic Caesar , Wills Vanessa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundHemorrhage‐related mortality (HRM) associated with pelvic fractures continues to challenge trauma care. This study describes the management and outcome of hemodynamically unstable patients with a pelvic fracture, with emphasis on primary intervention for hemorrhage control and HRM.MethodsBlunt trauma patients [Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16] with a major pelvic fracture (Abbreviated Injury Score, pelvis ≥3) and hemodynamic instability [admission systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤90 mmHg or receiving ≥6 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs)/24 hours) were included into a 48‐month (ending in December 2003) multicenter retrospective study of 11 major trauma centers. Data are presented as the mean ± SD.ResultsA total of 217 patients (mean age 41 ± 19 years, 71% male, ISS 42 ± 16) were studied. The admission SBP was 96 ± 37 mmHg and the Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) 11 ± 5. Patients received 4 ± 2 liters of fluids including 4 ± 4 units of PRBCs in the emergency room (ER). In total, 69 (32%) patients died, among whom the HRM was 19%; 29% of the deaths were due to pelvic bleeding. Altogether, 120 of the 217 (55%) patients underwent focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) or diagnostic peritoneal aspiration (DPA) and diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL); 60 of the 217 (28%) patients were found to have pelvic binding in the ER. In all, 53 of 109 (49%) patients had no bleeding noted at laparotomy, 26 of 106 (25%) had no abdominal findings, and 15 of 53 (28%) had had no prior abdominal investigation (FAST/DPL/computed tomography). Angiography was positive in 48 of 58 (83%) patients. The HRM was highest in patients with laparotomy as the primary intervention (29%) followed by the angiography group (18%), the combined laparotomy/pelvic fixation group (16%), and the pelvic fixation‐only group (10%).ConclusionHRM associated with major pelvic trauma is unacceptably high especially in the laparotomy group. Hence, nontherapeutic laparotomy must be avoided, concentrating instead on arresting pelvic hemorrhage. Standards of care must be implemented and abided by.
Cytoprotective activity of annphenone against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis in V79‐4 lung fibroblast cells
Authors: Shin Jung Sook , Kang Kyoung Ah , Kim Eun Sil , Zhang Rui , Piao Mei Jing , Ko Dong Ok , Wang Zhi Hong , Maeng Young Hee , Eun Su Yong , Chae Sungwook , Chung Ha Sook , Hyun Jin Won 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe have elucidated the cytoprotective effect of annphenone (2,4‐dihyroxy‐6‐methoxy‐acetophenone 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside) against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis. Annphenone scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. It thereby prevented lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which was demonstrated by the inhibition of the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), inhibition of the comet tail and decreased phospho‐H2A.X expression. Annphenone protected Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79‐4) cells from cell death via the inhibition of apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as shown by decreased apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, decreased sub‐G1cell population and inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ∍) loss. Taken together, these findings suggest that annphenone exhibits antioxidant properties by inhibiting ROS generation and thus protecting cells from H2O2‐induced cell damage.
Legal provisions and practice in the management of violent patients. A case vignette study in 16 European countries
Authors: Steinert Tilman , Lepping Peter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAimTo compare the clinical management of typical scenarios by using three case vignettes in a substantial number of European countries.MethodThree case vignettes and an associated questionnaire, filled in and finalised by at least two experts from each country.ResultsLegislation and clinical practice varies widely across the 16 included countries. No specific pattern emerged. Certain practices (intravenous medication, mechanical restraint, net beds and forensic transfers, respectively) only exist in few countries. Legislation for involuntary medication is most restrictive in the Netherlands.ConclusionsThere is little harmonisation and a lack of consistent standards within and across European countries regarding treatment and management of violent patients.
Performance differences in property‐type diversified versus specialized real estate investment trusts (REITs)
Authors: Benefield Justin D. , Anderson Randy I. , Zumpano Leonard V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEvidence from the corporate finance literature indicates that diversified firms trade at a discount to otherwise comparable specialized firms. However, very little research has addressed whether a similar diversification discount might exist in equity REITs that diversify across property types relative to those specializing in one property type. Using a sample of 75 equity REITs, the existence of a property‐type diversification discount is tested using standard Jensen's Alpha, Treynor Index, and Sharpe Ratio performance ranking methodologies over four commonly employed market proxies. Several variations of these standard tests are also utilized as robustness checks.
Late Quaternary sedimentology and geochronology of small playas on the Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico, U.S.A.
Authors: Holliday Vance T. , Mayer James H. , Fredlund Glen G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPlayas are small, circular basins forming a ubiquitous component of the southern High Plains landscape. They are filled with carbonaceous mud deposited since the terminal Pleistocene. The stratigraphy and geochronology of 30 playas was investigated to better understand the paleoenvironmental record of basin filling. At the base of the fill in some playas is a well sorted eolian sand dated between ~ 13,000 and ~ 11,00014C yr BP. The beginning of mud deposition, representing aggradation of eolian dust on a moist, vegetated playa floor was largely between ~ 12,000 and ~ 10,50014C yr BP. Playa filling slowed ~ 9000 to ~ 400014C yr BP, probably due to dry conditions, increased ~ 4000 to ~ 200014C yr BP, then slowed again. Eolian sand and loam, likely representing regional aridity, accumulated in some basins episodically just prior to ~ 10,70014C yr BP, between ~ 8600 and ~ 470014C yr BP, and at ~ 130014C yr BP. Stable C isotopes from one basin indicate that the playa was inundated only seasonally throughout the record beginning ~ 11,50014C yr BP. The phytolith record in that basin indicates an abrupt shift toward cooling ~ 11,400 to ~ 11,20014C yr BP and then increasing importance of xeric-adapted C4grasses through the Holocene.
The AGROVOC Concept Server: rationale, goals and usage
Authors: Sini Margherita , Lauser Boris , Salokhe Gauri , Keizer Johannes , Katz Stephen 
Published: May 2008

PurposeThe main objective of the AGROVOC Concept Server (CS) is to create a collaborative reference platform and a “one‐stop” shop for a pool of commonly used concepts related to agriculture, containing terms, definitions and relationships between terms in multiple languages derived from various sources. This paper aims to address the issues.Design/methodology/approachThe CS offers a centralised facility where the agricultural information management community can build and share agricultural knowledge in a collaborative environment.FindingsThe advantages of the CS are its extensibility and modularity that provide the possibility to extend the type of information that can be stored in this system based on user/community needs.Research limitations/implicationsFurther investigation still needs to be done on the modularisation of the CS (i.e. the creation of separated ontologies that can still be connected, in order to have domain‐related ontologies and to allow for better performance of the CS).Practical implicationsThe CS serves as starting point for the development of specific domain ontologies where multilinguality and the localised representation of knowledge are essential issues. Furthermore, it will offer additional services in order to expose the knowledge to be consumed by other applications.Originality/valueThe CS Workbench provides the AGROVOC partners with the possibility to directly and collaboratively edit the AGROVOC CS. It thus provides the opportunity for direct and open “many‐to‐many” communication links between communities, avoiding decentralised communication between partners and duplication of effort. For the international community, it may allow users to manage, re‐use or extend agriculture‐related knowledge for better interoperability and for improved services.
It is not all free on the web: advocacy for library funding in the digital age
Authors: Joint Nicholas 
Published: May 2008

PurposeTo examine the impact on library funding of budget holders' idiosyncratic understanding of three important principles of technological innovation: the more you use a technology, the less staff you need, the better the service becomes and the lower the cost of the service.Design/methodology/approachAn overview of issues and opinions which inform discussions between librarians and administrators engaged in decisions about budget‐setting.FindingsThere are common misunderstandings outside the library community about both the service‐enhancing impacts and the costs of “free” digital library technologies and similar innovations.Research limitations/implicationsThe issues discussed are primarily practical ones of library advocacy. But their implications have a fundamental impact on the development of library services, which creates a research topic worthy of deeper consideration.Practical implicationsThis paper attempts to give practice‐oriented insights to librarians engaged in discussions of financial requirements with senior administrators. The assumption is that such administrators may well lack specialist knowledge of libraries, and digital library innovations in particular.Originality/valueThis paper points out that the LIS community's enthusiasm for innovations such as open access may have unintended negative financial consequences for their services. The open access debate should be conducted in such a way as to avoid this outcome.
Conjoining prescriptive and descriptive approaches
Authors: Panagiotou George 
Published: May 2008

PurposeDespite the level of knowledge that has been accumulated over the years on the intricacies of decision making and strategy development there have been no attempts in the literature of strategic management to consolidate the diverse perspectives in the field in order to develop a more reflective theory that imparts better understanding on the process of decision making. This paper attempts to integrate two key viewpoints in order to take full advantage of their combined strengths to overcome their individual weaknesses and so develop a framework for decision making that portrays a more accurate and dynamic methodology in its process and it is more complete in its contents.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a critical examination of the relevant literature and includes the author's view on the subject.FindingsThe paper makes explicit the technical and cognitive aspects of the process of decision making and provides a holistic framework for strategy development.Practical implicationsEducators and companies that accentuate single‐perspective approaches to decision making create an environment that hinders individual performance and effective management practice.Originality/valueThe work brings together timeless academic thought and reflection in order to develop an integrative framework for decision making to elevate understanding and management practice.