bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokine profiles for human Vγ9+ T cells stimulated by Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: GOODIER MARTIN R. , LUNDQVIST CARINA , HAMMARSTRÖM MARIE‐LOUISE , TROYE‐BLOMBERG MARITA , LANGHORNE JEAN 
Published: October 2007

SummaryVγ9+ T cells from malaria non‐exposed donors make proliferative responses to Plasmodium falciparum on in vitro stimulation. Vγ9+ cells are strongly activated by components of the schizont stage of the parasite and by antigens released into the culture upon schizogony, while CD4+ Vγ9‐ cells are stimulated by the earlier stages of the parasite. Using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) we determined mRNA expression for 14 cytokines in highly purified Vγ9+ cells enriched by positive selection after in vitro stimulation with P. falciparum schizont antigens. Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α) were detected in all samples tested. The majority of samples also expressed TNF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Only occasional samples expressed IL‐2, IL‐5 and IL‐10. Using the ELISPOT assay we found that a large fraction of the reactive Vγ9+ cells produced IFN‐γ and that γδ T cells are the major producers of IFN‐γ in cultures stimulated with schizont antigens. The majority of Vγ9+ cells in these cultures also express the membrane‐bound form of TNF‐α. Expression of these cytokines speaks for a cytolytic and/or inflammatory role of γδ cells in the response to malaria in non‐exposed individuals.
Development of immunity to malaria may not be an entirely active process
Authors: GOOD MICHAEL F. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIt has never been explained why it takes so long for humans to develop immunity to malaria, although factors such as antigenic variation, antigenic polymorphism, and poor immunological responses to critical antigens are thought to be important. Models of malaria, particularly in rodents, have not been helpful. The course of malaria infection differs considerably between humans and rodents. Mice rapidly develop immunity whereas for most humans it takes several years of exposure for this to occur. Mice typically exhibit high parasitaemias whereas humans typically do not. A significant difference in the immune response of humans and mice to malaria parasites might, in part, explain these differences. Most humans have a preexisting population of activated malaria parasite‐specific T cells (cross‐reactive T cells) which we have referred to as ‘natural’ T cells, but such cells have not been observed in mice. These cells, many of which secrete interferon‐γ), might control parasitaemia early in the infection, but a by‐product of their further activation by malaria parasites might be disease symptoms. Development of immunity has been thought of as an active process–acquisition of specific antibody and effector T cell responses. However, it might in part reflect induction of tolerance of this preexisting population of disease‐inducing Tcells as a result of chronic parasitaemia. The initial presence of these Th1‐like cells may also impede the development of a Th2‐like response necessary for the production of protective antibodies. Persistent cross‐reactive stimulation may significantly impede this process.
Toxocara canis adult worm antigen induces proliferative response of healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: INUO GEN , AKAO NOBUAKI , OHSAKA HITOSHI K. , SAITO ICHIRO , MIYASAKA NOBUYUKI , FUJITA KOICHIRO 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors to Toxocara canis adult worm antigens (TcA) was examined. PBMC from all donors examined (n= 1) strongly responded to TcA in a dose‐dependent fashion after six days of culture, irrespective of their serological reactivity. In contrast, cord blood mononuclear cells did not react to TcA. The proliferation of PBMC in response to TcA was completely inhibited by anti‐HLA‐DR antibody. Purified CD4+ T cells reconstituted with autologous irradiated antigen presenting cells (APC) vigorously proliferated in response to TcA, but this was abrogated by pretreatment of APC with paraformaldehyde. Significant IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5 andlFN‐j mRNA expression was detected in PBMC stimulated with TcA, with expression peaking at 72 h after stimulation. IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10 and GM‐CSF mRNA expression was also upregulated, peaking at 24 h after stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that adult T. canis‐derived antigens have the ability to activate human PBMC as conventional antigens, possibly due to their cross‐reactivity, which may be involved in the host defence against helminth infection.
Anti‐interleukin‐4 treatment diminishes secretion of Th2 cytokines and inhibits hepatic fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis japonica
Authors: CHEEVER ALLEN W. , FINKELMAN FRED D. , COX TERESA M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAnti‐interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) treatment o/“Schistosoma japo‐nicum‐infected mice markedly inhibited in vitro secretion of the Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐5 from antigen‐stimulated spleen cells, but enhanced the secretion of the Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ. IL‐2 secretion was unaffected. Hepatic fibrosis was markedly diminished in anti‐IL‐4‐treated‐mice at ten weeks of infection while granulomas around S. japonicum eggs in the livers were slightly‐to‐moderately increased in size. The number of eggs per worm pair in the tissues and feces did not differ significantly in treated and untreated mice. These findings suggest that Th2 cytokine responses are important in the genesis of schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.
Reserpine‐induced sulphomucin production by goblet cells in the jejunum of rats and its significance in the establishment of intestinal helminths
Authors: ISHIKAWA N. , SHI B.‐B. , KHAN A. I. , NAWA Y. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe present investigation was undertaken to determine whether reserpine‐induced increase in the sulphation of the small intestinal goblet cell mucins of rats affects the establishment of intestinal helminths. When Wistar rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of reserpine for seven days and were then implanted intraduodenally with 500 Strongyloides venezuelensis adult worms, the number of adult worms established in the intestine of reserpine‐treated rats was about half of that established in controls. Furthermore, when mast cell‐deficient Ws/Ws rats were treated with reserpine and implanted concurrently with S. venezuelensis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult worms, the establishment of the former, but not the latter, was significantly suppressed. These results imply that the physicochemical properties of the mucins produced and secreted by the small intestinal goblet cells may be critical for the establishment of particular species of intestinal helminths.
Characterization of epitopes on excretory‐secretory antigens of Taenia saginata metacestodes recognized by monoclonal antibodies with immunodiagnostic potential
Authors: DRAELANTS E. , BRANDT J.R.A. , KUMAR V. , GEERTS S. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYFour monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) produced against the excretory‐secretory (ES) antigens o/Taenia saginata metacestodes are currently used for the detection of circulating antigen in the sera of cattle with bovine cysticercosis. The epitopes recognised by these MoAb were characterized by periodate oxidation, alkaline borohydride and heat treatment, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, enzymatic proteolysis and deglycosylation of the ES‐products. These results together with those of the homologous sandwich, inhibition and competition ELISAs showed that three repetitive epitopes are recognized, which are present on the tegument and on the ES‐products of T. saginata metacestodes. They are different from phos‐phorylcholine and seem to be either of carbohydrate or partly carbohydrate/partly protein nature.
Relationship between granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α and Trypanosoma cruzi infection of murine macrophages
Authors: FONTT ELIZABETH OLIVARES , VRAY BERNARD 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYGamma interferon (IFN‐γ)‐activated macrophages control Trypanosoma cruzi infection via nitric oxide (NO), recently recognized as a major effector molecule. Granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a multipotent cytokine secreted by macrophages and many other cells. It induces the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), another cytokine also secreted by macrophages and involved in the control of T. cruzi infection. However, no data are available on the relationship between GM‐CSF, TNF‐a and NO produced by macrophages activated by IFN‐γ and infected with T. cruzi. To highlight this relationship, mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and two c‐myc retrovirus‐induced macrophage cell lines (9.1.1 and BMM8), respectively characterized by a constitutive and an inducible production of GM‐CSF, were activated with I FN–γ and/or GM‐CSF and infected with T. cruzi. Our results indicate that T. cruzi upregulates GM‐CSF release from MPM and from the two macrophage cell lines, activated (or not) by IFN‐γ. A high autocrine production of GM‐CSF or an exogenous supply of GM‐CSF is correlated with an enhanced release of TNF‐α and NO, inducing an improved control of T. cruzi infection by IFN‐γ‐activated MPM.
Genetic control of immunity to Heligmosomoides polygyrus: fixed H‐2 E positive but not H‐2 negative cells can present antigen to a parasite‐specific T cell hybridoma
Authors: ROBINSON MICHAEL , GUSTAD THOMAS R. , GARNER STEPHANIE D. , DAVID CHELLA S. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYA number of T cell hybridomas were produced to adult worm homogenate (AWH) antigen of the nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. All of the hybridomas were of the H‐2d haplotype and could potentially accept antigen in the context of either the Ad or Ed, H‐2 molecules. Three types of antigen presentation were observed, with some of the T cell hybridomas accepting antigen in the context of the E and some in the context of the A molecule. A third type of hybridoma responded to antigen presented by paraformaldehyde fixed APC, but only when APCs were Epositive. These same hybridomas, were however, stimulated by A WH, when the antigen was presented by syngeneic but unfixed, E positive or E negative A PC. Therefore these data indicate that certain H. polygyrus‐specfic T cell hybridomas can accept parasite antigen when presented in the context of either the H‐2 A or E molecule, but the presentation of antigen by the two different MHC Class II molecules, can apparently utilize differing processing mechanisms.,
Versuche zur Verlegung des Auftauvorganges von Tiefgefriersperma ins weibliche Genitale beim Rind
Authors: Stoye Von H. , Mahler R. , Dieckmann W. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Nach Einbringen von tiefgefrorenem (—196° C) Samen‐Pellets in den Zervikalkanal von 24 Kühen warden nur die gleichen geringgradigen submukösen, petechialen Blutungen an der Schleimhaut festgestellt wie bei 14 Kontrolltieren, die man mit Flüssigsamen besamt hatte oder bei denen lediglich eine Pipette intrazervikal eingeführt worden war.Contents:After the introduction of deep‐freeze (—196° C) semen pellets into the cervical canal of 24 cows, the same slight degree of submucous petechial bleeding of the mucous membrane was observed as in 14 control animals inseminated with liquid semen or in which only a pipette had been introduced intracervically.
Ergebnisse von Fruchtbarkeitsuntersuchungen bei Ebern
Authors: Grauvogl Von A. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Es wurden ambulant 240 ah unfruchtbar bezeichnete Eber untersucht. Die Auswertung der Untersuchungsprotokolle ergab: Nur etwa 1,5 % der adulten Eber einer Population waren unfruchtbar. Die Unfruchtbarkeit trat im ersten Halbjahr um das Doppelte gehäuft auf. Von allen als unfruchtbar bezeichneten Ebern erwies sich ein Drittel als fruchtbar. Von den restlichen Tieren konnte bei der Hälfte keine klinische Ursache ermittelt werden. Die Spermagewinnung war ohne Phantom und Sau im Östrus mögliçh. Ah häufigster Spermabefund bei den unfruchtbaren Ebern wurde ein zu hoher Anteil an Spermien mit Protoplasmatropfen festgestellt.Die temporären Störungen der Sexualfunktionen anläSsZlich eines Herdenwechsels des Ebers ergaben die gröβten Schwierigkeiten für eine Fruchtbarkeitsdiagnose.Contents:240 boars, thought to be sterile, were examined in the herd. Evaluation of the results of the examination showed: only about 1.5 % of the adult boars in a herd were sterile. Sterility occurred twice as often in the first half‐year. A third of all the boars thought to be sterile proved not to be so. No clinical cause could be discovered in half of the remainder of the animals. It was possible to collect sperm without phantom or sow in oestrus. The most frequent finding in infertile boars was a too high percentage of sperms with protoplasma drops. Temporary disturbance of sexual functions due to movement to a new herd caused the greatest difficulties in diagnosing sterility.
Über die Häufigkeit der intrauterinen Eiüberwanderung beim Rind
Authors: Rüsse Von I. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:1892 Uteri von trächtigen Kühen wurden post mortem auf Überwanderung des Eies bin untersucht. Bei Einzelgravidität lag der Foetus in drei von 1795 Fällen nicht im korrespondierenden Uterushorn (0,17 %), d. h. das Corpus luteum graviditatis befand sich am gegenüberliegenden Ovar. Bei 98 Zwillings‐, bzw. Mehrlingsgraviditäten wurde eine Überwanderung in 6 Fällen beobachtet (6,1 %), in denen die beiden Eizellen jeweils vom gleichen Ovar stammten. Auf die 50 Fälle bezogen, in denen nur ein Ovar ovuliert hatte, betrug die Häufigkeit der Überwanderung 10,7 %.Contents:In post‐mortem examinations of uteri and ovaries in 1,892 pregnant cattle intrauterine migration of the ovum was found in three of the 1,795 single pregnancies (0.17 per cent) and in six of the 98 twin or multiple pregnancies (6.1 per cent). In the fifty twin pregnancies in which only one ovary had ovulated, migration occurred in 10.7 per cent.
Aktinomykotisches Granulom am Penis eines Stieres
Authors: Leidl Von W. , Weiss E. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Es wird ein durch Aktinomyces Wolff‐Israeli hervorgerufenes Granulom am Penis eines Stieres beschrieben und uber die Behandlung und den Behandlungserfolg berichtet.Contents:A granuloma on a bull's penis, caused by actinomyces Wolff‐Israeli, is described and a report given of treatment and its success.
Die Steuerung der Ovulation
Authors: Berchtold Von M. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Die heutigen Kenntnisse über die endogene und exogene Beeinflussung der Ovulation werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. Es wird auf Schwierigkeiten und Widersprüche bei der Interpretation experimenteller Befunde hingewiesen. Die mögliche Beteiligung der Gonadotropine als Effektoren bei der genabhängigen Proteinsynthese wird diskutiert.Contents:The present knowledge concerning the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the ovulation is summarized. Difficulties and contradictions in the interpretation of experimental results are stressed. The hypothesis is formed that gonadotropins may act as effectors in the course of the gene dependent protein synthesis.
Hormonale Sterilitätsprophylaxe beim Rind I. Mitteilung: Routinemäßige orale Gestagenanwendung post partum
Authors: Gunzler Von O. , Jöchle W. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Die Zunahme neuroendokrin bedingter Sterilitätsformen bei Hocbleistungsrindern verlangt Abhilfe. Therapeutische Maßnahmen sind möglich, verlangen jedoch genaue Kenntnisse von Aetiologie, Pathogenese und Charakter der Störting sowie der einzusetzenden Wirkstoffe. Im Sinne des Her den‐Management wurde darum ein prophylaktisch wirksames Verfahren zur Anwendung gebracht, das die für das Rind typische postpartelle Konkurrenz zwischen den hypothalamisch gesteuerten Regelkreisen für Milchleistung, Fortpflanzung und Resistenzleistung durch Gestagen‐blockade des hypothalamischen Sexualzentrums vom 15. — 35. Tag post partum ver‐meidet. Die dabei erzielte signifikante Verkürzung der Güstzeit und der signifikant verringerte Anfall von Sterilitäten bei gleichzeitig gesteigerter Gesamtleistung bestätigte diese Modellvorstellung. Chlormadinon‐acetat erwies sich als geeignet, die an ein derartig wirksames Gestagen zu stellenden Anforderungen (Wirtschaftlichkeit, Wirkungssicherheit sowie Freisein von Nebenwirkungen und Ausscheidungen in der Milch) zu erfüllen.Contents:Increase in forms of sterility of neuro‐endocrine origin in valuable cattle must be dealt with, and although therapeutic measures are possible they must be used after careful study of the etiology, pathogenesis and character of the disturbance and the most suitable methods to be used. To produce the most efficient results in herd management, a prophylactically effective method must be used which avoids the typical bovine postpartal concurrence between the hypothalamically directed cycles of milk production, reproduction and resistance through blockade of the hypothalamic sexual centre from the 15th to 35th day post partum by gestagenes. The significant shortening of the non‐pregnant period which is achieved by this method and the significantly lessened factor of sterility together with improved general production shows its value. Chlormadinon acetate was proved to be satisfactory in producing good results for the purposes desired (economic, security, freedom from side effects and excretion in milk).
Über Vorkommen und Bedeutung der 3ß‐ol‐Steroiddehydrogenase im normalen und zystös entarteten Ovar des Rindes
Authors: Rüsse Von M. , VAN DE Witt U. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:In 100 Rinderovarien mit Follikelzysten wurde histochemisch die Aktivität der 3β‐ol‐Steroiddehydrogenase bestimmt und mit den Normalwerten verglichen, die an 200 Rinderovarien mit Graaf'schen Follikeln gewonnen wurden. Die Ergebnisse der an 300 Tieren vorgenommenen Untersuchungen lassen keine Unterschiede der Enzymaktivität in normalen und zystös degenerierten Ovarien erkennen.Die 3β‐ol‐Steroiddehydrogenase wurde sowohl im Corpus‐luteum‐Gewebe als auch in der aufgelockerten Schicht der Theca externa und in dem anschlieβenden Bindegewebe besonders um die Gefäβe gefunden, nicht aber in der Granulosa der Follikel, in der Theca interna und im Stroma des Eierstockes.Contents:In 100 bovine ovaries with follicle cysts, bistochemical tests were made to determine the activity of the 3β‐ol steroiddehydrogenasis, and this was then compared with normal values from 200 bovine ovaries with Graafian follicles. The results of tests on these 300 animals showed no differences between the enzyme activity in normal as compared with ovaries with degeneration caused by cysts.The 3β‐ol steroiddehydrogenasis was found in the tissue of the corpus luteum as well as in the loosened layer of the theca externa and the adjacent connective tissue especially surrounding the vessels, but not in the granulosa of the follicle, the theca interna and in the stroma of the ovary.
Ein neues Besamungsgerät
Authors: Aamdal Von J. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Es wird ein neues Besamungsgerät ans Plastik für Tiefgefriersperma beschrieben. Die verwendeten Kunststoffröhrchen haben ein Fassungsvermögen von 0,30 ml. Der Ver‐dünner für dieses Verfahren besteht aus einer 18,5%igen Raffinoselösung, 20% Eidotter und 4,7 % Glyzerin. Bei einem Verdünnungsverhältnis von 1 : 6—1: 12 enthält ein Kunststoffröhrchen ca. 40 Mill. Spermien. Die gefüllten Kunststoffröhrchen werden auf einem CO2‐Block eingefroren und in flüssigem Stickstoff gelagert. Ein Vergleich zwischen in Ampullen und in diesen Kunststoffröhrchen eingefrorenem Sperma ergab für beide Gruppen ähnliche Non return‐Ergebnisse.Contents:The author describes a new insemination equipment of plastic for semen frozen in straws. The straws used contain 0,30 ml of semen. Diluter raffinose egg‐yolk (Nagase & Graham, 1964) dilution 1: 6—1: 12 and about 40 mill, sperm per straw. The straws are frozen on a CO2 block and stored in liquid nitrogen. When comparing the results with semen frozen in ampoules and semen frozen in straws the n. r. was similar in the two groups.
Ovariell bedingte Infertilität des ägyptischen Wasserbüffels*
Authors: Schmidt Von K. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Es soll in Kürze gezeigt werden, wie auch unter erschwerten und schlichten Verhältnissen ein zuchthygienisches Problem in tropischen Regionen in Angriff genommen werden kann. Im vorliegenden Falle wurden zunächst die von den Einheimischen vermittelten Informationen kritisch analysiert. Die Statistik erwies sich hierbei als wertvoller Heifer.Da die anatomisch‐physiologische Basis des vorwiegend klinischen Problems nicht gegeben war, wurde sie in Kürze erarbeitet.Bei der Rekonstruktion des ovariellen Zyklus wurden — gewissermaßen als Neben‐produkte — einige funktionelle Abnormitäten gefunden, die zur Fragestellung Beziehungen hatten.So vorbereitet war es relativ einfach, das klinische Bild des ovariellen Syndroms — namentlich mit Hilfe der rektalen Wiederholungsuntersuchungen — zu erarbeiten.Auf dem Wege des Ausschlusses wurden die möglichen Ursachen differenziert. Wenn aber die Ursachen einer funktionellen Abnormität erkannt sind, dürfte es keine allzu großen Schwierigkeiten bereiten, entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen einzuleiten.Contents:This is a brief account of how under difficult and primitive conditions it is still possible to tackle effectively problems of hygiene and breeding in tropical countries. This report analyses critically the information provided by native people. Statistics are shown to be useful here. As the anatomical‐physiological basis of the clinical problem in question is not given, this is worked out briefly. In reconstructing the ovarian cycle some functional abnormities were found — so to speak, as by‐products — and these have some connection with the problem. With this preliminary work, it is relatively simple to work out the ovarian syndrome — with the aid of a series of rectal tests. By an elimination process, it is possible to differentiate between various possible causes. When the causes of a functional abnormity are known, moreover, it should not be too difficult to suggest counter‐measures.