bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-power laser-produced plasmas and astrophysics
Authors: Rose S. J. 
Published: March 2009

The temperatures and the densities of plasmas produced by high-power lasers vary widely but in certain cases are similar to those found in astrophysical plasmas. In recent years our understanding of intense laser–matter interaction and the evolution of the resultingplasma has increased to the point where experiments can be designed to produce plasmas that allow astrophysical models to be tested. In this paper I review experimental work on laser-produced plasmas that is relevant to astrophysics. In the fields of highlyionized ion line identification and radiative opacity, relevant measurements have already been performed. Other experiments that could be performed with current laser facilities, including studies of X-ray nebula plasmas and complex radiation line transport, are described. In addition, experiments to investigate plasmas under more extreme conditions, which may be achievable with more powerful lasers, are mentioned.
A Nuclear Pumped Laser for the Laboratory Microfusion Facility
Authors: Miley G. H. 
Published: March 2009

The Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) has been proposed to study Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets with reactor-grade gains. An advanced solid-state laser is the prime candidate as the driver for the LMF. However, here we present a conceptual design for an alternate approach using a Nuclear Pumped Laser (NPL).A pulsed fission reactor is used to excite an oxygen-iodine laser in this design, based on preliminary data on nuclear pumping of O2(1δ). Although a working NPL of this specific type has not yet been assembled, we believe this concept holds great potential, both as a test facility driver and as a future power reactor.
Experimental study of free electron laser using cold relativistic electron beams
Authors: Toyoda K. , Kawamura Y. 
Published: March 2009

Periodical short pulse trains were observed in the oscillation of the waveguide mode free electron laser, which could be explained as a self mode-lock oscillation of the free electron laser.The spectra of the spontaneous emission and the induced absorption were observed, which were in good agreement with theoretical calculations.The energy spread of the relativistic electron beam was measured using Thomson back scattering from a high power CO2, laser.
A multigroup radiation analysis of the light ion beam energy conversion into X rays
Authors: Honrubia J. J. 
Published: March 2009

Recently, we have developed a one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code called SARA that implicitly solves the multigroup radiation transport equations. A high-order differencing algorithm as well as multifrequency-grey synthetic acceleration techniques are used to obtain a robust algorithm that can be extensively used for radiation energy transport problems and radiative regimes.The major goal of writing this code has been to explore the performance of the indirectdrive light ion beam capsules. Numerical results show that the efficiency of the energy conversion into soft X rays and the power flux amplification factor are high enough to efficiently compress the fuel capsule for a wide range of ion beam parameters.
Nonlinear stage in the development of hydrodynamic instability in laser targets
Authors: Gamaly E. G. , Lebo I. G. , Rozanov V. B. , Favorsky A. P. , Fedyanin A. O. , Myshetskaya E. E. , Tishkin V. F. 
Published: March 2009

The development of a hydrodynamic instability in laser targets is studied by means of a 2-D numerical code “ATLANT”. During the linear stage, the perturbations grow as:In the nonlinear stage the growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability is reduced, and new harmonics are generated. The effect of the nonuniformity of the laser irradiation has been investigated for long-wave and short-wave perturbations. The growth rate of short-wave perturbations may be effectively decreased by means of symmetrical pre-pulses.
Argon ion excitation by relativistic electrons: II. Chemical kinetics
Authors: McGarrah D. B. , Brake M. L. 
Published: March 2009

A model of an electron beam interacting with neutral argon was developed by solving the chemical kinetic rate equations for the time-dependent populations of ground and excited levels of Arl and Aril as well as the populations of electron energy groups. Intensities of spectral lines were calculated, from predicted population densities and Einstein coefficients, and compared to experimental results.The thermal plasma is generated during the beam pulse and persists for some time after the pulse is terminated. Low energy levels of Arii with a 4s or 4p valence electron have similar time profiles to the plasma density. However, high energy levels of Aril with a 4p′ or 4p′ valence electron have similar temporal profiles as the beam current. They are populated predominantly by direct ionization and exceed levels populated by thermal electrons. The 4p′ levels decay rapidly to 4s′ levels, which have very high beam deposition efficiencies for being pumped back to the 4p′ levels. In this way, certain transitions such as 4s′–4p′ in ArII are pumped directly by the electron beam. Without direct ionization, these transitions would be negligible compared to those transitions which have lower energy levels.
Isometric immersions into a homogeneous Lorentzian Heisenberg group and rigidity
Authors: LODOVICI SINUÊ DAYAN BARBERO , MANFIO FERNANDO 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper we prove an existence result for local and global isometric immersions of semi-Riemannian surfaces into the three dimensional Heisenberg group endowed with a homogeneous left–invariant Lorentzian metric. As a corollary, we prove a rigidity result for such immersions.
RNATOPS-W: a web server for RNA structure searches of genomes
Authors: Wang Yingfeng , Huang Zhibin , Wu Yong , Malmberg Russell L. , Cai Liming 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Summary: RNATOPS-W is a web server to search sequences for RNA secondary structures including pseudoknots. The server accepts an annotated RNA multiple structural alignment as a structural profile and genomic or other sequences to search. It is built upon RNATOPS, a command line C++software package for the same purpose, in which filters to speed up search are manually selected. RNATOPS-W improves upon RNATOPS by adding the function of automatic selection of a hidden Markov model (HMM) filter and also a friendly user interface for selection of a substructure filter by the user. In addition, RNATOPS-W complements existing RNA secondary structure search web servers that either use built-in structure profiles or are not able to detect pseudoknots. RNATOPS-W inherits the efficiency of RNATOPS in detecting large, complex RNA structures.
Availability: The web server RNATOPS-W is available at the web site www.uga.edu/RNA-Informatics/?f=software&p=RNATOPS-w. The underlying search program RNATOPS can be downloaded at www.uga.edu/RNA-Informatics/?f=software&p=RNATOPS.
Contact: cai@cs.uga.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PADRE: a package for analyzing and displaying reticulate evolution
Authors: Lott Martin , Spillner Andreas , Huber Katharina T. , Moulton Vincent 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Summary: Recent advances in gene sequencing for polyploid species, coupled with standard phylogenetic tree reconstruction, leads to gene trees in which the same species can label several leaves. Such multi-labeled trees are then used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the polyploid species in question. However, this reconstruction process requires new techniques that are not available in current phylogenetic software packages. Here, we describe the software package PADRE (Package for Analyzing and Displaying Reticulate Evolution) that implements such techniques, allowing the reconstruction of complex evolutionary histories for polyploids in the form of phylogenetic networks.
Availability: PADRE is an open-source Java program freely available from http://www.uea.ac.uk/cmp/research/cmpbio/PADRE.
Contact: martin.lott@uea.ac.uk
First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Leaf Spot of Aquilegia vulgaris in Japan
Authors: Zhang M. , Tsukiboshi T. , Okabe I. 
Published: March 2009

European columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris L., Ranunculaceae, is an herbaceous flower widely used in gardens, parterres, and courtyards and is a traditional herbal plant. During the summer of 2008, leaf spots were observed on a plant cultivated along a roadside area in Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan. In some courtyards, the leaf spot affected more than 60% of the plants. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or elliptic, brown lesions on the leaves. Lesions expanded to 5 to 15 × 4 to 10 mm, irregular spots that were dark brown to black in the middle, with pale yellow-brown or purple-brown margins. In continuously wet or humid conditions, thick, gray mycelium and conidia appeared on the surface of leaf spots. Conidiophores were melanized at the base and hyaline near the apex, branched, and septated (approximately 3 mm × 16 to 18 μm). Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal to obovoid, with a slightly protuberant hilum, and ranged from 9 to 14.5 × 5.5 to 6.5 μm. The pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr on the basis of morphology and sequence of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region of rDNA. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ424510) exactly matched the sequences of two Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph Botrytis cinerea), (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AY686865 and FJ169666) (2). The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from a single conidium found on the symptomatic leaf tissue. Colonies of B. cinerea were first hyaline and later turned gray to black when the spores differentiated. Koch's postulates were performed with three whole plants of potted aquilegia. Leaves were inoculated with mycelia plugs harvested from the periphery of a 7-day-old colony; an equal number of plants were inoculated with the plugs of PDA medium only and served as controls. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h to maintain high relative humidity and incubated at 25°C. After 8 days, all mycelium-inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those observed on leaves from A. vulgaris infected in the field, whereas controls remained symptom free. Reisolation of the fungus from lesions on inoculated leaves confirmed that the causal agent was B. cinerea. B. cinerea has been previously reported on A. vulgaris in the United States and China (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spots caused by B. cinerea on A. vulgaris in Japan. References: (1) Anonymous. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. USDA Agric. Handb. No 165, 1960. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 1971. (3) Z. Y. Zhang. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 26. Botrytis, Ramularia. Science Press, Beijing, 2006.
First Report of Orange Rust of Sugarcane Caused by Puccinia kuehnii in Costa Rica and Nicaragua
Authors: Chavarría E. , Subirós F. , Vega J. , Ralda G. , Glynn N. C. , Comstock J. C. , Castlebury L. A. 
Published: March 2009

Symptoms and signs of orange rust on sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum L. species) were observed from July 2007 on cv. SP 71-5574 in Costa Rica at the Coopeagri Sugar Mill located in Pérez Zeledón, San José and on multiple cultivars (CP 72-2086, Pindar, Q 132, Q 138, SP 71-5574, and SP 79-2233) at the Providencia Sugar Mill near Muelle, San Carlos and Cutris Sugar Mill near Los Chiles during August 2007. The same symptoms and signs were observed on cv. CP 72-2086 during September 2007 in Nicaragua at Ingenio San Antonio, located near Chinandega, and Ingenio Monte Rosa near El Viejo, Nicaragua. Disease symptoms and uredinia appeared different from brown rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala, and brown rust usually does not occur on these cultivars. Uredinia and urediniospores were similar to those described for orange rust (1,2). Cvs. SP 71-5574 and SP 79-2233 are susceptible and cv. CP 72-2086 is moderately susceptible to orange rust in Costa Rica and cvs. ISACP 00-1075, ISA 00-1000, and CP 72-2086 are moderately susceptible in Nicaragua. Samples from both locations (Costa Rica BPI No. 878816 and Nicaragua BPI No. 878817) examined at the USDA-ARS Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD showed morphological characteristics consistent with those of P. kuehnii. Analysis of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA sequences of the rust infecting cv. CP 72-2086 (GenBank Accession No. FJ532477) from Costa Rica and cv. ISA 00-1000 from Nicaragua (GenBank Accession No. FJ532476) confirmed the identity as P. kuehnii, the causal agent of sugarcane orange rust. Beside the cultivars already mentioned, orange rust also was confirmed on cvs. RB 73-9735 and CPCL 02-2130 in Costa Rica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of orange rust of sugarcane in Costa Rica and Nicaragua and the third confirmation of the disease in the Western Hemisphere and Caribbean Basin. References: (1) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (2) W. Ovalle et al. Plant Dis. 92:973, 2008.
A Recurrent Epiphytotic of Guava Rust on Rose Apple, Syzygium jambos, in Hawaii
Authors: Uchida J. Y. , Loope L. L. 
Published: March 2009

A Neotropical rust of the Myrtaceae, Puccinia psidii Winter, was described from Psidium guajava L., or guava, in Brazil in 1884 (1). It was first discovered in Hawaii on potted Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. on Oahu in April 2005 (2) with pathogenicity and identity established (3). It spread quickly, and by January 2006, severe outbreaks of this rust occurred statewide on new leaves of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, or rose apple. Rose apple, a native to South and Southeast Asia, was introduced to Hawaii in 1825 and is locally abundant to invasive from just above sea level to as high as 1,000 m in elevation in wet sites. Healthy, reddish green immature leaves on new twigs become deformed, yellow-red, and covered with masses of yellow urediniospores following infection. As the disease progresses, infected leaves are blackened and defoliate, with no functional leaves formed. Stem tips and branches are killed and the canopy becomes progressively smaller. Repeated mortality of juvenile leaves was observed to kill 8 to12 m tall trees in the Haiku area of Maui. Wind dispersal of urediniospores resulted in heavy infection of even small groups of S. jambos isolated by 1 km or more and billions of urediniospores covered the ground under diseased trees. On Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu, trees with many dead branches are becoming common with concerns about the fire hazard of these dead trees surrounded by dry grasses. At low humidity levels, or on more mature leaves characterized by soft expanded yellow-green tissue, fewer, mostly circular spots are formed that do not expand. S. jambos is an example of a highly vulnerable host in Hawaii and represents one of approximately 3,500 species of Myrtaceae outside the Neotropics growing in Australasia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and tropical Africa, which have evolved unexposed to P. psidii. Severely infected S. jambos plants have been the major source of spores in the environment, exposing many Myrtaceae hosts to P. psidii. The pathogenicity of P. psidii has been consistent among and within islands with S. jambos severely infected and M. polymorpha, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Myrtus communis, and Eugenia species commonly infected. Other hosts such as S. cumini, S. malaccense, and Myriciaria cauliflora are also infected, although guava and Eucalyptus spp. are rarely infected. Strain differences within P. psidii are suspected (4). In the tropics, it is rare for mature trees to be killed by a foliar pathogen, but given the devastation of new growth, death of more S. jambos trees is likely. References: (1) T. A. Coutinho et al. Plant Dis. 82:819, 1998. (2) E. M. Killgore and R. A. Heu. New Pest Advisory No. 05-04. Hawaii Department of Agriculture, 2007. (3) J. Y. Uchida et al. Plant Dis. 90:524, 2006. (4) S. Zhong et al. Mol. Ecol. Res. 8:348. 2008.
Involvement of Phytosulfokine in the Attenuation of Stress Response during the Transdifferentiation of Zinnia Mesophyll Cells into Tracheary Elements
Authors: Motose Hiroyasu , Iwamoto Kuninori , Endo Satoshi , Demura Taku , Sakagami Youji , Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu , Moore Kevin L. , Fukuda Hiroo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a sulfated peptide hormone required for the proliferation and differentiation of plant cells. Here, we characterize the physiological roles of PSK in transdifferentiation of isolated mesophyll cells of zinnia (Zinnia elegans ‘Canary Bird’) into tracheary elements (TEs). Transcripts for a zinnia PSK precursor gene, ZePSK1, show two peaks of expression during TE differentiation; the first accumulation is transiently induced in response to wounding at 24 h of culture, and the second accumulation is induced in the final stage of TE differentiation and is dependent on endogenous brassinosteroids. Chlorate, a potent inhibitor of peptide sulfation, is successfully applied as an inhibitor of PSK action. Chlorate significantly suppresses TE differentiation. The chlorate-induced suppression of TE differentiation is overcome by exogenously applied PSK. In the presence of chlorate, expression of stress-related genes for proteinase inhibitors and a pathogenesis-related protein is enhanced and changed from a transient to a continuous pattern. On the contrary, administration of PSK significantly reduces the accumulation of transcripts for the stress-related genes. Even in the absence of auxin and cytokinin, addition of PSK suppresses stress-related gene expression. Microarray analysis reveals 66 genes down-regulated and 42 genes up-regulated in the presence of PSK. The large majority of down-regulated genes show significant similarity to various families of stress-related proteins, including chitinases, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, and receptor-like protein kinases. These results suggest the involvement of PSK in the attenuation of stress response and healing of wound-activated cells during the early stage of TE differentiation.
Roles forArabidopsisCAMTA Transcription Factors in Cold-Regulated Gene Expression and Freezing Tolerance
Authors: Doherty Colleen J. , Van Buskirk Heather A. , Myers Susan J. , Thomashow Michael F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Arabidopsis thaliana CBF cold response pathway plays a central role in cold acclimation. It is characterized by rapid cold induction of genes encoding the CBF1-3 transcription factors, followed by expression of the CBF gene regulon, which imparts freezing tolerance. Our goal was to further the understanding of the cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors involved in expression of CBF2. We identified seven conserved DNA motifs (CM), CM1 to 7, that are present in the promoters of CBF2 and another rapidly cold-induced gene encoding a transcription factor, ZAT12. The results presented indicate that in the CBF2 promoter, CM4 and CM6 have negative regulatory activity and that CM2 has both negative and positive activity. A Myc binding site in the CBF2 promoter was also found to have positive regulatory effects. Moreover, our results indicate that members of the calmodulin binding transcription activator (CAMTA) family of transcription factors bind to the CM2 motif, that CAMTA3 is a positive regulator of CBF2 expression, and that double camta1 camta3 mutant plants are impaired in freezing tolerance. These results establish a role for CAMTA proteins in cold acclimation and provide a possible point of integrating low-temperature calcium and calmodulin signaling with cold-regulated gene expression.
The Web 2.0 challenge to libraries
Authors: Joint Nicholas 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate issues surrounding Web 2.0 technologies and their relevance to libraries by general discussion and examples from library practice.Design/methodology/approachA broad narrative account of Web 2.0 developments combined with illustrations of how one library in particular reacted to these developments.FindingsIt was found that all libraries need to evolve a Web 2.0 strategy to promote this aspect of their services, but that they will need to devise solutions to specific problems as part of this strategy. These include the range of Web 2.0 platforms that are on offer and the authentication and workload issues associated with this diversity. A single, unified library system‐based approach to Web 2.0 is offered as a viable alternative to using disparate external services.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not resolve the difference between a multi‐platform Web 2.0 strategy and the single, unified library system‐based approach, although a preference for the systems‐based approach is suggested. The relative strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches is worthy of further research.Practical implicationsAt the level of practice, this viewpoint article offers two alternative Web 2.0 strategies which can be applied quite readily in everyday library work.Originality/valueThis paper tries to offer a clear range of options for librarians interested in pursuing Web 2.0 services, facilitating successful service enhancement in the working library.
Online book clubs for preteens and teens
Authors: Scharber Cassandra M. , Melrose Ann , Wurl Jody 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight and examine public‐library‐based, online book clubs for preteens and teens.Design/methodology/approachTwo online book clubs are discussed.FindingsOverall, the online book clubs proved to be a fun, engaging, and convenient activity for preteen and teens. Parents and librarians also found these clubs to be motivating and flexible.Research limitations/implicationsThis case‐based manuscript would benefit from insights from other libraries that offer online book clubs, further investigation and empirical research.Practical implicationsThis manuscript offers theoretical grounding and rich, practical details so that other libraries can capitalize and create their own online book clubs.Originality/valueOnline book clubs offer a forum that capitalizes on youths' familiarity with computers and new literacy practices while staying rooted in traditional practices. Public library online book clubs are sites of possibility – a medium through which libraries can more readily encourage literate practices in younger generations.
The case for video games in libraries
Authors: Adams Suellen S. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a case for including and expanding the use of video gaming in the library to support the educational, recreational and democratizing goals of the institution.Design/methodology/approachAn examination of traditional models of the understanding of libraries and how video games fit into the picture.FindingsVideo games can be seen to support educational, recreational and democratizing goals of the library.Practical implicationsWhile many public libraries in the USA use video games for a variety of purposes, there are still many librarians who resist the trend. Even those who see the value of gaming in the library often have a limited view about how video games can be used in the library setting.Originality/valueThis paper examines video games in contexts beyond the recreational and young adult uses.