bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interface Reactive Sputtering of Transparent Electrode for High‐Performance Monolithic and Stacked Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Yiman , Yu Runnan , Su Gangfeng , Ma Zongwen , He Zhangwei , Wang Ruyue , Zhang Yuling , Yang Jing , Gong Yongshuai , Li Minghua , Tan Zhan'ao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) fulfills the requirements of top transparent electrodes (TTEs) in semitransparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and stacked tandem solar cells (TSCs), as well as of the recombination layers in monolithic TSCs. However, the high‐energy ITO particles will cause damage to the devices. Herein, the interface reactive sputtering strategy is proposed to construct cost‐effective TTEs with high transmittance and excellent carrier transporting ability. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is chosen as the interface reactant that can react with sputtered ITO nanoparticles, so that, coordination compounds can be formed during the deposition process, facilitating the carrier transport at the interface of C60/PEI/ITO. Besides, the impact force of energetic ITO particles is greatly alleviated, and the intactness of the underlying C60 layer and perovskite layer is guaranteed. Thus, the prepared semitransparent subcells achieve a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.17%, surpassing those based on C60/ITO (11.64%). Moreover, the PEI‐based devices demonstrate excellent storage stability, which maintains 98% of their original PCEs after 2000 h. On the strength of the interface reactive sputtering ITO electrode, a stacked all‐perovskite TSC with a PCE of 26.89% and a monolithic perovskite–organic TSC with a PCE of 24.33% are successfully fabricated.
Monodispersed and Organic Amine Modified La(OH)3 Nanocrystals for Superior Advanced Phosphate Removal
Authors: Hu Lufa , Zhan Guangming , Zhao Long , Dai Jie , Zou Xingyue , Wang Jiaxian , Hou Wei , Li Hao , Yao Yancai , Zhang Lizhi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAdvanced phosphate removal is critical for alleviating the serious and widespread aquatic eutrophication, strongly depending on the development of superior adsorption materials to overcome low chemical affinity and sluggish mass transfer at low phosphate concentrations. Herein, the first synthesis of monodispersed and organic amine modified lanthanum hydroxide nanocrystals (OA‐La(OH)3) for advanced phosphate removal by modulating inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), is reported. These OA‐La(OH)3 nanocrystals with positively charged surfaces and abundant exposed La sites exhibit specific affinity toward phosphate, delivering a maximum adsorption capacity of 168 mg P g⁻1 and a wide pH adaptability from 3.0 to 11.0, as well as a robust anti‐interference performance, far surpassing those of documented phosphate removal materials. The superior phosphate removal performance of OA‐La(OH)3 is attributed to its protonated organic amine in IHP, which enhances the electrostatic attraction around the adsorbent‐solution interface. Impressively, OA‐La(OH)3 can treat ≈5 000 and ≈3 200 bed volumes of simulated and real phosphate‐containing wastewater to below extremely strict standard (0.1 mg L⁻1) in a fixed‐bed adsorption mode, exhibiting great potential for advanced phosphate removal. This study offers a facile modification strategy to improve phosphate removal performance of nanoscale adsorbents, and sheds light on the structure‐reactivity relationship of La‐based materials.
Transmembrane Potential Monitoring Using a Field‐Effect Transistor‐Based Flexible Device System
Authors: Xue Qiannan , Zhou Feng , Guo Wenlan , Sun Chen , Duan Xuexin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTransmembrane transport analysis is essential for understanding cell physiological processes. Based on an artificial simulation of internal and external cellular environment, this paper introduces an innovative approach to investigate the microscopic behavior of small molecules through porin protein under mechanical curvature of lipid membrane. A flexible device system is developed, enabling quantitative electronic transmembrane analysis. The key transistor comprises a flexible, microporous electrode covered with the support lipid bilayers (SLBs) to mimic artificial cellular membrane, serving as an extended gate of the field‐effect transistor (FET). The transmembrane behaviors of charged ions and small molecules can be effectively monitored in real time by this FET‐based flexible device system. The flexibility of the electrode allows analyzing the transmembrane behavior under different mechanical bends. In this study, the developed flexible device is employed for the first time to simulate the mechanical bending of cellular membrane embedded with channel proteins and to monitor the transmembrane behavior of small molecules, thus providing a more authentic representation of membrane protein at a curved state. This approach holds the potential to contribute as a platform‐based technological advancement, supporting research into toxicological mechanisms and facilitating drug screening endeavors.
Microfluidic Droplet‐Based Tailorable Porous GelMA Microspheres for 3D Spatio Controllable Cell Coculture
Authors: Wang Yaolei , Du Ting , Hao Xin , Wang Yilan , Yang Feng , He Huatao , Yang Menghan , Hong Meiying , Wang Guanxiong , Liu Hong , Guo Jianxiu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFor the construction of accurate 3D tissue models in vitro, the 3D coculture model formed by spatio‐controlled distribution of multiple cells is essential. Despite the benefits of porous microspheres with low density, large surface area, and high permeability, exact spatio‐controlled distribution fails to appear in 3D coculture models by using porous microspheres as carriers. Herein, a facile method is proposed to construct a 3D coculture model with heterogeneous cell spatio‐tailored distribution using GelMA microspheres with customizable porosity structure and size based on droplet microfluidics in combination with placeholders. ATPS emulsions, containing two biocompatible immiscible aqueous phases of cell/Alg /dextran (Dex) mixture and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution, are used as the templates to generate the placeholders. The micron‐sized porous GelMA microspheres are prepared by UV crosslinking of droplets prepared in microfluidic devices, followed by chelation of the placeholders. As a proof of concept, the 3D coculture hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model with HepG2 encapsulated outside the pores and HUVEC inside the pores is established. Noteworthy, the cells in the 3D coculture HCC model exhibit greater cell activity and proliferation, enhanced functionalities, and drug resistance than the control group. In conclusion, this straightforward method provides a novel approach for constructing 3D coculture models in vitro.
Crowd Evacuation Management with Optimal Time‐Multiplexed Exit‐Choice Recommendations through Simulation Optimization
Authors: Lopez‐Carmona Miguel A. , Paricio‐Garcia Alvaro 
Published: April 2024

AbstractExit‐choice behavior significantly influences the performance of egress operations in crowded spaces. Thus, strategically issuing active exit‐choice recommendations that provide clear and concise guidance to pedestrians can help improve evacuation safety and efficiency. This study investigates how to optimally regulate pedestrian density at the exits by generating time‐multiplexed exit‐choice recommendations. The study develops a simulated crowd evacuation scenario with multiple exits, where pedestrians receive periodic sequences of exit‐choice instructions. The optimal period for each instruction is obtained through simulation‐optimization processes with three minimization objectives: evacuation time, cumulative density, and cumulative density variance. First, the effect of collective behaviors on evacuation performance is studied, which justifies the need for active mechanisms to improve exit‐choice decision‐making coordination. Then, several optimal plans for the different objectives are obtained and evaluated regarding evacuation time and cumulative density performance. Finally, the influence of adoption rate and collective commitment to instructions are evaluated. This study suggests that static plans, defined as time‐multiplexed exit‐choice instructions obtained through simulation‐optimization, reasonably represent a first step in the real deployment of intelligent crowd management systems.
COAP‐Pd Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition for Optically Active Multistereogenic Spiro Cyclopentane‐Indandiones Bearing CyclicN‐Sulfonyl Ketimine Skeletons
Authors: Song Jia‐Yu , Sun Xing‐Yun , Wang Bai‐Lin , Zhou Sheng‐Suo , Song Jia‐Xin , Zhang Bu‐Hong , Wang Xing‐Wang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe reported a chiral oxamide‐phosphine ligand (COAP−Ph)‐Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between vinyl cyclopropane compounds derived from 1,3‐indanedione and 2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates with cyclic sulfonyl 1‐azadienes. The corresponding reactions provided a series of enantiomerically active spiro cyclopentane‐indandione and cyclopentane structures bearing three consecutive stereogenic centers in good yields with good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The COAP−Pd complex serves not only to promote generation of chiralπ‐allyl‐palladium intermediates and induce the asymmetry of the reaction, but also depress the background reaction.
Feuchtemonitoring eines Flachdaches in Holzbauweise mit Holzfaser‐Zwischensparrendämmung
Authors: Hartmann Günther , Grön Sönke 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHolzfaser‐Dämmstoffe sind kapillaraktiv. Sie können große Feuchtemengen aufnehmen, zwischenspeichern und wieder abgeben. Und sie transportieren gespeicherte Feuchte zu den trockneren Bereichen, verteilen sie also im Material. Ein Hersteller hat dies genauer untersucht und misst seit über zehn Jahren die Feuchte in einem Flachdach seiner Unternehmenszentrale.
Successful management of cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis using polyetheretherketone expandable cage and titanium plate: A case report
Authors: Iqbal Javeed , Khan Muhammad Mohsin , Thabet Abdulnasser , Mohammed Kazim , Scalia Gianluca , Chaurasia Bipin 
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical MessageSuccessful management of cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis was achieved using a PEEK expandable cage and titanium plate, demonstrating favorable outcomes in restoring cervical alignment and stability. This approach represents a promising alternative for addressing complex cervical pathologies, highlighting the potential of PEEK‐based interventions in surgical management.AbstractCervical tuberculosis can lead to severe vertebral destruction and kyphosis, posing challenges in surgical management. Recent advancements, including the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) expandable cages and titanium plates, show promise in addressing multilevel cervical pathologies. This report details the successful treatment of a 27‐year‐old male with cervical tuberculosis and severe kyphosis. Surgical intervention involved prevertebral abscess evacuation, C5‐C7 corpectomy, and insertion of a PEEK expandable cage with an anterior titanium plate. Postoperative care included a Philadelphia collar, and follow‐up demonstrated restored cervical alignment and stability. The use of PEEK‐based surgical interventions, as demonstrated in this case, represents a significant evolution in managing complex cervical conditions. The successful outcome highlights the potential benefits of PEEK expandable cages in addressing cervical tuberculosis and kyphosis. Further research is needed to validate these findings and establish PEEK‐based interventions as a viable alternative in such cases.
Cover Image
Authors: Peng Tao , Zhong Yunlong , Lin Xiaodong , Jiang Bingyan , Wang Ping , Jia Yanwei 
Published: April 2024

The cover image is based on the Research Article Analysis and numerical investigation of bile flow dynamics within the strictured biliary duct by Tao Peng et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.3790.
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Microwave Depolymerization of Lignin via Dynamic Vapor Flow Reaction System: HCOOH as Pretreatment Solvent or Reforming Solvent Vapor
Authors: Wang Wenliang , Fu Yishuai , Chen Yutong , Miao Hui , Zheng Hui , Pan Jiawen , Wang Ziwei , Liu Yuchen , Jiang Weikun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDifferent forms of HCOOH in the depolymerization system play an important role in governing the monomeric products from lignin. We reported two strategies for the introduction of HCOOH to enrich the monophenols from kraft lignin by microwave‐assisted depolymerization. The reaction of lignin models showed that HCOOH was in favor of the cleavage of C−O bonds (β‐O‐4 typically) and partial C−C bonds (Cα−Cβ). Subsequently, Microwave‐assisted depolymerization of lignin with two strategies was conducted via a designed dynamic vapor flow reaction system. Strategy A with HCOOH as pretreatment solvent showed excellent monophenols enrichment with total mass yields of 193.71 mg/g (lignin basis). Strategy B using HCOOH as reforming solvent vapor significantly increased the monophenols selectivity. It presented unique reforming and upgrading performance by generating catechol (42.59 mg/g, lignin basis) and homovanillic acid (17.58 mg/g, lignin basis). This study provided potential strategies for the efficient conversion of kraft lignin into high‐value platform chemicals.
Triflic Acid‐Assisted Regioselective Bromination of Quinoxaline Derivatives Enables a Facile Synthesis of Polymer PTQ10
Authors: Kang Junmo , Yeong Kim Shin , Hee Jo Hwan , Zong Kyukwan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPoly[(thiophene)‐alt‐(6,7‐difluoro‐2(2‐hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)] (PTQ10) emerges as a promising candidate for donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its high efficiency, simplified synthesis, and cost‐effectiveness. The acceptor unit of PTQ10 is derived from the alkylation of 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol, emphasizing the importance of its economical synthesis for commercial viability. This study investigates triflic acid‐assisted regioselective bromination of quinoxaline derivatives and proposes an alternative synthetic pathway for PTQ10. The developed route benefits from concise synthetic steps, a dependable procedure, and high overall yield. Starting with the condensation of 4,5‐difluorobenzene‐1,2‐diamine with ethyl oxoacetate to yield 6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol, subsequent triflic acid‐assisted regioselective bromination produces 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline‐2‐ol in high yield. Alkylation under Mitsunobu reaction conditions yields 5,8‐dibromo‐6,7‐difluoro‐2‐(2‐hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline, followed by polymerization with 2,5‐distannylated thiophene under Stille reaction conditions to afford PTQ10. This research provides insights into efficient synthetic strategies for PTQ10, advancing its potential for commercial application in OSCs.
Assessing the Cooperating Ability of 6‐Hydroxypicolinic Acid and Pyridyl‐Amide Ligands in Palladium‐Mediated C−H Activation
Authors: Pinilla Cintya , Albéniz Ana C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe behavior of 6‐hydroxypicolinic acid (pic‐6‐OH) and pyridyl‐amides as cooperating ligands in the C−H activation of arenes has been studied experimentally. When deprotonated, both compounds are chelating ligands and bear either a pyridone moiety or an N‐acyl substituent that can assist the C−H cleavage in the same way as the successful bipyridone ligands and MPAAs do. In addition, they are easily available, commercially or via straightforward syntheses. Palladium complexes of formula (NBu4)[Pd(κ2‐O, N‐pic‐6‐O)(C6F5)py] (2) and [Pd(κ2‐N, N‐ py‐CH2N(COCF3)(C6F5)py] (6) have been synthesized and their decomposition in the presence of an arene gives the C6F5‐arene coupling product, showing that the ligands enable the C−H activation of the arene (arene=pyridine, toluene, ethyl benzoate). The amount of C6F5‐arene products observed leads to the following trend in cooperating ability: pic‐6‐OH > pyridyl‐amide. DFT calculations on the pyridine activation are consistent with the experimental findings. The C−H activation does not occur for the isomeric complex (NBu4)[Pd(κ2‐O, N‐pic‐4‐O)(C6F5)py] (4) with the pyridone oxygen far from the metal, showing the involvement of this moiety in the C−H cleavage. The performance of these ligands in the direct arylation of arenes has been evaluated.
Experimental generation of patina on glass
Authors: Clifford Penelope , Semeniuk Vic 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPatina formed on ancient glass holds potential to be a useful tool in determining the age of patina and to interpreting its formative environment climatically, pedogenically, hydrochemically and biologically. To date, its usefulness in this regard appears to have been underestimated. However, if patina is to be used as a reliable indicator of age and the environmental conditions underpinning its formation, there needs to be a systematic examination and understanding of its development under controlled laboratory conditions using various types of glass and with various climate types and soil types. As such, to calibrate and interpret the age of patina, processes of its development and products of its formation, we believe that it is useful to produce patina under varying experimental conditions in the laboratory. This paper focuses on the successful experimental development of patina on glass under controlled laboratory conditions and paves the way for further exploration of the rich resource of information that can result from such experimentation. We cannot produce in detail the full range of long‐term products of patination.
Role of financial stability, environmental regulations and uncertain economic policies in CO2 emission and investment in renewable energy: Evidence from China
Authors: Subhani Ghulam , Sakina  , Batool Masooma , Khan Shumaila Mazhar 
Published: April 2024

Carbon emissions, ecological pollution and a steadily rising global temperature have been widely acknowledged as the most severe risks to human survival in the last few decades. Alarming increases in global temperature and sudden climatic shifts are nature's way of warning us to curb the use of fossil fuels and adopt more sustainable practices. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of financial stability, environmental regulations and uncertain economic policies on carbon emissions and investment in renewable energy. The study used a nonparametric DEA‐DDF technique to fulfil this objective using a balanced panel dataset comprising 28 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021. Overall results demonstrated that financial stability reduces carbon emissions and accelerates investment in renewable energy projects. The findings imply that a financially stable economy like China encourages businesses to invest in cutting‐edge, environmentally friendly technology to boost productivity while reducing carbon emissions. Likewise, results show that stringent ecological regulations decrease carbon emissions and promote investment in renewable energy. Hence, stakeholders are keen to comply with environmental regulations in China to reduce carbon emissions by investing in renewable energy resources to avoid penalties. Finally, results suggest that uncertain economic policies increase carbon emissions and restrict access to credit from financial institutions for investment in renewable energy purposes in China. Findings imply that uncertainty in economic policies could lead to less environmentally friendly production practices that may increase carbon emissions and reduce the demand for renewable energy products.
Moiré superlattice effects on interfacial mechanical behavior: A concise review
Authors: Yan Weidong , Liu Jiangtao , Ouyang Wengen , Liu Ze 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe moiré superlattice, arising from the interface of mismatched single crystals, intricately regulates the physical and mechanical properties of materials, giving rise to phenomena such as superconductivity and superlubricity. This study delves into the profound impact of moiré superlattices on the interfacial mechanical behavior of van der Waals (vdW) layered materials, with a particular focus on tribological properties. A comprehensive review of continuum modeling approaches for vdW layered materials is presented, accentuating the incorporation of moiré superlattice effects in theoretical models to unravel their distinctive interfacial frictional behavior and thermodynamic properties. The exploration of moiré superlattices has significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of interface phenomena in vdW layered materials. This progress provides crucial theoretical insights that can inform the design of multifunctional devices based on the unique properties of twisted layered materials.
Chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of PPO activity, colour changes and microbial degradation during blanching of the sugarcane billets
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Anam  , Singh Pushpa , Chaurasia Saachi , Kumar Dilip 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDSugarcane juice, which has a short shelf life, is a popular thirst‐quenching and rejuvenating beverage worldwide. The limited shelf life is a result of changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total plate count (TPC) and color attributes (L*, a* and b*‐values). We hypothesized that chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of blanched sugarcane cane juice causing alterations in PPO, TPC, and L, a* and b*‐values will address the challenges of sugarcane juice preservation.RESULTSSugarcane billets were blanched at variable time–temperature combinations in the range 0–20 min and 70–90 °C. Reaction rates increased with increasing temperature; PPO activity, TPC and colour followed first‐order kinetics. PPO activity had an activation energy (Ea) of 81 kJ mol−1. The half life (t½) dropped from 16.5 to 3.47 min and decimal reduction time (D‐values) dropped from 54.83 to 11.52 min. Thus reactions were temperature‐sensitive. Thermodynamic studies indicated an endothermic (positive enthalpy values, ΔH > 0; 78.10 kJ mol−1) and reversible process (negative entropy values ΔS < 0; −0.044 kJmol−1 K−1). Michaeli–Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of PPO activity were determined by adding variable lemon juice concentrations in sugarcane juice. As the Km values increased (from 5.53 to 15.81 mm) and Vmax values decreased (from 666.67 to 384.61 UmL−1), a Lineweaver–Burk plot suggested decreased PPO affinity of sugarcane juice.CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study indicate that studies on chemical kinetics and thermodynamics (PPO, TPC and L, a* and b*‐values) of blanched sugarcane cane juice shall mitigate challenges of sugarcane juice preservation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.