bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acousto-optic deflectors in experimental neuroscience: overview of theory and applications
Authors: Ricci Pietro , Sancataldo Giuseppe , Gavryusev Vladislav , Pavone Francesco Saverio , Saggau Peter , Duocastella Martí 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cutting-edge methodologies and techniques are required to understand complex neuronal dynamics and pathological mechanisms. Among them, optical tools stand out due to their combination of non-invasiveness, speed, and precision. Examples include optical microscopy, capable of characterizing extended neuronal populations in small vertebrates at high spatiotemporal resolution, or all-optical electrophysiology and optogenetics, suitable for direct control of neuronal activity. However, these approaches necessitate progressively higher levels of accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of illumination for observing fast entangled neuronal events at a millisecond time-scale over large brain regions. A promising solution is the use of acousto-optic deflectors (AODs). Based on exploiting the acousto-optic effects, AODs are high-performance devices that enable rapid and precise light deflection, up to MHz rates. Such high-speed control of light enables unique features, including random-access scanning or parallelized multi-beam illumination. Here, we survey the main applications of AODs in neuroscience, from fluorescence imaging to optogenetics. We also review the theory and physical mechanisms of these devices and describe the main configurations developed to accomplish flexible illumination strategies for a better understanding of brain function.
2D multifunctional devices: from material preparation to device fabrication and neuromorphic applications
Authors: Huang Zhuohui , Li Yanran , Zhang Yi , Chen Jiewei , He Jun , Jiang Jie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Neuromorphic computing systems, which mimic the operation of neurons and synapses in the human brain, are seen as an appealing next-generation computing method due to their strong and efficient computing abilities. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with dangling bond-free surfaces and atomic-level thicknesses have emerged as promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware. As a result, 2D neuromorphic devices may provide an ideal platform for developing multifunctional neuromorphic applications. Here, we review the recent neuromorphic devices based on 2D material and their multifunctional applications. The synthesis and next micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures are first introduced. The recent advances of neuromorphic 2D devices are discussed in detail using different operating principles. More importantly, we present a review of emerging multifunctional neuromorphic applications, including neuromorphic visual, auditory, tactile, and nociceptive systems based on 2D devices. In the end, we discuss the problems and methods for 2D neuromorphic device developments in the future. This paper will give insights into designing 2D neuromorphic devices and applying them to the future neuromorphic systems.
Programmable cell unit arrangement of 3D printing mechanical metamaterial undergoing tailorable local instability
Authors: Li Zhenghong , Lu Haibao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
3D printing mechanical metamaterial is one of the most popular research topics due to the advantages of rapidity, design, and programmable mechanical properties. Many previous studies had conducted on the 3D printing mechanical metamaterial using the holey column structure, however, there is few of reports on the effect of programmable cell unit arrangement on the mechanical metamaterials, of which the structural optimizations and designable strategies have not been understood yet. In this study, three types of holey column structures with a variety of rotation angles were designed and 3D printing manufactured. Effects of rotation angles of holes and their arrangements on mechanical properties and buckling modes were investigated using finite element analysis (FEA) simulations and experimental verifications for the 3D printing metamaterials. The compression-buckling behaviors can be tailorable by means of arrangement of the unit cells, i.e., auxeticity. Furthermore, a 3D printing mechanical metamaterial, which is made from the shape memory polymer (SMP), was fabricated to endow it with shape memory effect (SME) and designable mechanical behavior.
WATUNet: a deep neural network for segmentation of volumetric sweep imaging ultrasound
Authors: Khaledyan Donya , Marini Thomas J , O’Connell Avice , Meng Steven , Kan Jonah , Brennan Galen , Zhao Yu , Baran Timothy M , Parker Kevin J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Limited access to breast cancer diagnosis globally leads to delayed treatment. Ultrasound, an effective yet underutilized method, requires specialized training for sonographers, which hinders its widespread use. Volume sweep imaging (VSI) is an innovative approach that enables untrained operators to capture high-quality ultrasound images. Combined with deep learning, like convolutional neural networks, it can potentially transform breast cancer diagnosis, enhancing accuracy, saving time and costs, and improving patient outcomes. The widely used UNet architecture, known for medical image segmentation, has limitations, such as vanishing gradients and a lack of multi-scale feature extraction and selective region attention. In this study, we present a novel segmentation model known as Wavelet_Attention_UNet (WATUNet). In this model, we incorporate wavelet gates and attention gates between the encoder and decoder instead of a simple connection to overcome the limitations mentioned, thereby improving model performance. Two datasets are utilized for the analysis: the public ‘Breast Ultrasound Images’ dataset of 780 images and a private VSI dataset of 3818 images, captured at the University of Rochester by the authors. Both datasets contained segmented lesions categorized into three types: no mass, benign mass, and malignant mass. Our segmentation results show superior performance compared to other deep networks. The proposed algorithm attained a Dice coefficient of 0.94 and an F1 score of 0.94 on the VSI dataset and scored 0.93 and 0.94 on the public dataset, respectively. Moreover, our model significantly outperformed other models in McNemar’s test with false discovery rate correction on a 381-image VSI set. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed WATUNet model achieves precise segmentation of breast lesions in both standard-of-care and VSI images, surpassing state-of-the-art models. Hence, the model holds considerable promise for assisting in lesion identification, an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of breast lesions.
Online meta-learned gradient norms for active learning in science and technology
Authors: Dong Haiqi , Barnard Amanda S , Parker Amanda J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Acquisition of scientific data can be expensive and time-consuming. Active learning is a solution to reduce costs and time by guiding the selection of scientific experiments. Autonomous and automatic identification of the most essential samples to annotate by active learning can also help to mitigate human bias. Previous research has demonstrated that unlabelled samples causing the largest gradient norms of neural network models can promote active learning in classification. However, gradient norm estimation in regression is non-trivial because the continuous one-dimensional output of regression significantly differs from classification. In this study, we propose a new active learning method that uses meta-learning to estimate the gradient norm of the unlabelled sample in regression. Specifically, we use a separate model to be a selector that learns knowledge from the previous active learning results and is used to predict the gradient norms of unlabelled samples. In each active learning iteration, we estimate and select unlabelled samples with the largest gradient norms to annotate. Our method is evaluated on six regression data sets in various domains, which include costly scientific data.
Robust errant beam prognostics with conditional modeling for particle accelerators
Authors: Rajput Kishansingh , Schram Malachi , Blokland Willem , Alanazi Yasir , Ramuhalli Pradeep , Zhukov Alexander , Peters Charles , Vilalta Ricardo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Particle accelerators are complex and comprise thousands of components, with many pieces of equipment running at their peak power. Consequently, they can fault and abort operations for numerous reasons, lowering efficiency and science output. To avoid these faults, we apply anomaly detection techniques to predict unusual behavior and perform preemptive actions to improve the total availability. Supervised machine learning (ML) techniques such as siamese neural network models can outperform the often-used unsupervised or semi-supervised approaches for anomaly detection by leveraging the label information. One of the challenges specific to anomaly detection for particle accelerators is the data’s variability due to accelerator configuration changes within a production run of several months. ML models fail at providing accurate predictions when data changes due to changes in the configuration. To address this challenge, we include the configuration settings into our models and training to improve the results. Beam configurations are used as a conditional input for the model to learn any cross-correlation between the data from different conditions and retain its performance. We employ conditional siamese neural network (CSNN) models and conditional variational auto encoder (CVAE) models to predict errant beam pulses at the spallation neutron source under different system configurations and compare their performance. We demonstrate that CSNNs outperform CVAEs in our application.
Modernizing Antiquity: Decadence and Futurism in Roman Africa
Authors: Agbamu Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the imperial classicisms of two major cultural figures of early twentieth-century Italy: Gabriele D’Annunzio, and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The chapter suggests that the iconoclastic impetus of Futurism remained deeply rooted in Marinetti’s cultural and educational background. For Marinetti, Africa was a source of vigour, which he channelled into an aggressive imperial politics. D’Annunzio, this chapter suggests, represents a synthesis of conservative classicism and dynamic modernism, ingredients that would be central to Fascism’s aesthetic politics. The chapter looks at how the memory of Roman imperialism featured in these authors’ imperial discourse, and positions them as precursors to Fascist imperial classicism.
Carmine Gallone’s Scipione l’Africano: Restaging Rome, Reincarnating Romanità
Authors: Agbamu Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ideological potency of the Second Punic War for modern Italian imperialism by analysing Carmine Gallone’s 1937 film Scipione l’Africano. The chapter begins by outlining how the figure of Scipio has been appropriated in postclassical discourses to stand in for idealized constructions of masculinities. It moves on to argue that cinema had a unique capacity to promote this image rapidly, disseminating masculine, imperialist ideologies to diffuse audiences. After establishing the way in which Scipione constructs its own reality, the chapter investigates how the film promotes a distinctly Fascist imperial ideology. A key element of this is its representation of gender, which is deeply racialized. In exploring this aspect of the film’s ideology, the chapter draws on Black and postcolonial feminist theorists, bringing new perspectives to scholarship on this monumental film.
The Arco dei Fileni: The Realization of Romanità in Africa
Authors: Agbamu Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a triumphal arch erected by Italian colonial authorities on the Strada Litoranea, in Libya in 1937. This road was continually represented as a Roman achievement in publications and media from the time, and was inaugurated during Mussolini’s spectacularized tour of Libya in 1937. The arch that marked the road’s midway point, designed by the architect Florestano Di Fausto, explicitly framed itself as a concrete manifestation of the legend of the Carthaginian Philaeni brothers, narrated most fully in a digression in Sallust’s Bellum Iugurthinum. This chapter suggests that if Roman integrity started to collapse with the destruction of Carthage, justifying Scipio Aemilianus’ tears over the ruins of the Punic city, Fascist imperialism was constantly foreshadowing its own downfall, by constantly excavating the absent presence of the city of Carthage.
Diagnostic utility of exome sequencing followed by research reanalysis in human brain malformations
Authors: Kooshavar Daniz , Amor David J , Boggs Kirsten , Baker Naomi , Barnett Christopher , de Silva Michelle G , Edwards Samantha , Fahey Michael C , Marum Justine E , Snell Penny , Bozaoglu Kiymet , Pope Kate , Mohammad Shekeeb S , Riney Kate , Sachdev Rani , Scheffer Ingrid E , Schenscher Sarah , Silberstein John , Smith Nicholas , Tom Melanie , Ware Tyson L , Lockhart Paul J , Leventer Richard J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of singleton exome sequencing and subsequent research-based trio exome analysis in children with a spectrum of brain malformations seen commonly in clinical practice. We recruited children ≤ 18 years old with a brain malformation diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and consistent with an established list of known genetic causes. Patients were ascertained nationally from eight tertiary paediatric centres as part of the Australian Genomics Brain Malformation Flagship. Chromosome microarray was required for all children, and those with pathogenic copy number changes were excluded. Cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction on neonatal blood spots was performed on all children with polymicrogyria with positive patients excluded. Singleton exome sequencing was performed through a diagnostic laboratory and analysed using a clinical exome sequencing pipeline. Undiagnosed patients were followed up in a research setting, including reanalysis of the singleton exome data and subsequent trio exome sequencing. A total of 102 children were recruited. Ten malformation subtypes were identified with the commonest being polymicrogyria (36%), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (14%), periventricular nodular heterotopia (11%), tubulinopathy (10%), lissencephaly (10%) and cortical dysplasia (9%). The overall diagnostic yield for the clinical singleton exome sequencing was 36%, which increased to 43% after research follow-up. The main source of increased diagnostic yield was the reanalysis of the singleton exome data to include newly discovered gene–disease associations. One additional diagnosis was made by trio exome sequencing. The highest phenotype-based diagnostic yields were for cobblestone malformation, tubulinopathy and lissencephaly and the lowest for cortical dysplasia and polymicrogyria. Pathogenic variants were identified in 32 genes, with variants in 6/32 genes occurring in more than one patient. The most frequent genetic diagnosis was pathogenic variants in TUBA1A. This study shows that over 40% of patients with common brain malformations have a genetic aetiology identified by exome sequencing. Periodic reanalysis of exome data to include newly identified genes was of greater value in increasing diagnostic yield than the expansion to trio exome. This study highlights the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of brain malformations, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and the large number of patients that remain without a genetic diagnosis despite clinical exome sequencing and research reanalysis.
Fostering cardio-endometriosis: a call to action for a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular disease in endometriosis
Authors: Marchandot Benjamin , Faller Emilie , Akladios Cherif , Matsushita Kensuke , Bäck Magnus , Jesel Laurence , Schini-Kerth Valérie , Morel Olivier 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Recently, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a concerning link between endometriosis and cardiovascular disease. Endometriosis, a chronic, inflammatory, hormone-dependent condition affecting 5–10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide, has long been associated with reproductive and gynaecological consequences. However, emerging research has suggested that it may also contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This paper aims to shed light on the importance of recognizing cardio-endometriosis as a new and developing sphere of research in the field of cardiology, thereby urging the medical community to address this pressing issue.
Transferability of bone phenotyping and fracture risk assessment by μFRAC from first-generation high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to second-generation scan data
Authors: Bugbird Annabel R , Whittier Danielle E , Boyd Steven K 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The continued development of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) has led to a second-generation scanner with higher resolution and longer scan region. However, large multicenter prospective cohorts were collected with first-generation HR-pQCT and have been used to develop bone phenotyping and fracture risk prediction (μFRAC) models. This study establishes whether there is sufficient universality of these first-generation trained models for use with second-generation scan data.

Methods
HR-pQCT data were collected for a cohort of 60 individuals, who had been scanned on both first- and second-generation scanners on the same day to establish the universality of the HR-pQCT models. These data were each used as input to first-generation trained bone microarchitecture models for bone phenotyping and fracture risk prediction, and their outputs were compared for each study participant. Reproducibility of the models were assessed using same-day repeat scans obtained from first-generation (n = 37) and second-generation (n = 74) scanners.

Results
Across scanner generations, the bone phenotyping model performed with an accuracy of 93.1%. Similarly, the 5-year fracture risk assessment by μFRAC was well correlated with a Pearson’s (r) correlation coefficient of r &gt; 0.83 for the three variations of μFRAC (varying inclusion of clinical risk factors, finite element analysis, and dual X-ray absorptiometry). The first-generation reproducibility cohort performed with an accuracy for categorical assignment of 100% (bone phenotyping) and a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (μFRAC), whereas the second-generation reproducibility cohort performed with an accuracy of 96.4% (bone phenotyping) and a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (μFRAC).

Conclusion
We demonstrated that bone microarchitecture models trained using first-generation scan data generalize well to second-generation scans, performing with a high level of accuracy and reproducibility. Less than 4% of individuals’ estimated fracture risk led to a change in treatment threshold, and in general, these dissimilar outcomes using second-generation data tended to be more conservative.
Current and Emerging Antiviral Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of Cytomegalovirus in Pediatric Transplant Recipients
Authors: Valencia Deray Kristen G , Danziger-Isakov Lara A , Downes Kevin J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Despite current prophylaxis regimens, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is common in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT) and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Newer antiviral medications are reshaping the landscape for prevention and treatment of CMV DNAemia, infection, and disease. Letermovir is approved for CMV prevention in adult HCT patients and is attractive due to the absence of marrow suppression seen with ganciclovir/valganciclovir. Letermovir should not be routinely used for CMV treatment due to its low threshold for resistance. Maribavir is approved for the treatment of refractory or resistant CMV disease in HCT and SOT recipients ≥12 years of age, though it has no current role in CMV prevention. More research is needed to fully elucidate the roles, efficacy, and safety of these newer agents in prevention and treatment of CMV in pediatric transplant recipients.
The Microbiome and Pediatric Transplantation
Authors: Elgarten Caitlin W , Margolis Elisa B , Kelly Matthew S 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The microbial communities that inhabit our bodies have been increasingly linked to host physiology and pathophysiology. This microbiome, through its role in colonization resistance, influences the risk of infections after transplantation, including those caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. In addition, through both direct interactions with the host immune system and via the production of metabolites that impact local and systemic immunity, the microbiome plays an important role in the establishment of immune tolerance after transplantation, and conversely, in the development of graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the evidence for the role of the microbiome in hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant complications, drivers of microbiome shift during transplantation, and the potential of microbiome-based therapies to improve pediatric transplantation outcomes.
A Focused Review of Epstein-Barr Virus Infections and PTLD in Pediatric Transplant Recipients: Guidance From the IPTA and ECIL Guidelines
Authors: Yamada Masaki , L'Huillier Arnaud G , Green Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) diseases, including EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) remain important causes of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Despite progress in the prevention of EBV disease including PTLD (EBV/PTLD) in HCT, key questions in the prevention, and management of these infectious complications remain unanswered. The goal of this manuscript is to highlight key points and recommendations derived from the consensus guidelines published by the International Pediatric Transplant Association and the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia for children undergoing SOT and HCT, respectively. Additionally, we provide background and guidance on the use of EBV viral load measurement in the prevention and management of these children.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Albert Jonathan , Daley Charles L , Lin Philana Ling 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections is challenging in pediatric solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients due to the absence of specific clinical manifestations, limitations of sampling, prolonged times for culture and identification, and difficulty discerning colonization from clinical disease. Treatment is dependent on the nontuberculous mycobacterial species, disease type, and pattern of drug resistance. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections involves prolonged durations of therapy using multiple medications, which are limited by toxicities and drug–drug interactions.