bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relating Consumer, Descriptive, and Laboratory Data to Better Understand Consumer Responses
Authors: Muñoz AM 
Published: December 2008

Description
Relating Consumer, Descriptive, and Laboratory Data to Better Understand Consumer Responses (Manual 30) addresses one of the most important topics in the area of consumer testing: how to better understand consumer responses.
Eight chapters cover techniques used to interpret and further understand consumer responses through their relationship with other data, as well as the application of these techniques to practical industrial situations.
Readers will gain an understanding of the benefits, requirements and applications of this methodology; knowledge of the techniques used in the approach; and the required information and examples to be able to apply these techniques.
For sensory, product development and marketing/market research professionals who are involved in the interpretation of consumer data or in product formulation/reformulation work based on consumer responses.
The Basics of Testing Plastics: Mechanical Properties, Flame Exposure, and General Guidelines
Authors: Driscoll SB 
Published: December 2008

Description
This manual is the first in a planned series of volumes addressing the challenges and problems associated with testing plastics. Future manuals will focus on electrical characteristics, optical and chemical properties, rheological behavior, as well as global concerns for international testing harmonization, recycling, and other important analytical techniques.
Provides basic information for persons who are not well-experienced in the testing of plastics: chemists, materials engineers, technicians, salesmen, purchasing personnel, newly-appointed laboratory supervisors, quality control personnel, shop foremen, order correspondents, and many others who may work with test data.
Chapter 1- Classification and Definitions, by Stephen Burke Driscoll -- Explains briefly some of the more important characteristics of plastics and how these relate to end-use performance. The various classification schemes illustrate the unique versatility of the polymer industry and how simple changes in the composition or structure of the polymer can significantly influence its processability and how it is used. This chapter also includes an abbreviated glossary of terms, definitions, and explanations of those important chemical additives used to modify the performance of many polymers.
Chapter 2- General Guidelines for Conducting Tests and Evaluating Data, by Alvin J. Flint, Jr.-- Avoid losing money through "false facts" from test data. Includes standard deviation, coefficient of variation, range, Least Significant Differences, and outliers. Discusses the most important aspects of ASTM test methods and specifications.
Chapter 3- Measuring Mechanical Properties of Plastics, by Alvin J. Flint, Jr. -- Three kinds of modulus, viscoelastic behavior. Important aspects of tensile, compressive, flexural, shear, impact, creep, fatigue, HDT, and weathering tests. Test equipment and how data is obtained (including computerization and automation).
Chapter 4- Responses to Flame Exposure, by Alvin J. Flint, Jr. -- Tests for ignition, flame spread, fuel contribution, smoke generation, and toxicity. Small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale tests and their usefulness, including case studies.
Radiation Curing of Coatings
Authors: Koleske JV 
Published: December 2008

Description
Radiation curing technology can increase production, save money, improve working conditions, and decrease pollution. Manual 45, the only practical handbook of its kind, focuses on this growing technology and is specifically directed at those who are in the field of radiation curing of coatings, adhesives, inks, and sealants.
The manual's straightforward style makes it easily understood and allows readers to go directly from the book to their specific work area of radiation-curing technology. In general, the book relies on written explanations rather than numerous figures and tables. Because it impartially and objectively deals with these topics, the reader can decide which particular chemistry to pursue.
Industrial applications include: overprint varnishes, printing and graphic arts, automotive, plastics, electrical, electronic, optical, UV powders, and wood finishing.
Physiologic variance of corticotropin affects diagnosis in adrenal vein sampling
Authors: Tanemoto Masayuki , Suzuki Takehiro , Abe Michiaki , Abe Takaaki , Ito Sadayoshi 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveDifferentiating unilateral form from bilateral is a critical diagnostic step in primary aldosteronism (PA), for which adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is accepted to be the most reliable. However, variance of corticotropin could affect the diagnosis in AVS.Design and methodsWe conducted simultaneous bilateral AVS on ten biochemically diagnosed PA cases, and used the aldosterone-to-cortisol ratio (A/C) of the samples for the diagnosis. The diagnosis by AVS after a low-dose (0.1 μg) ACTH stimulation, which can provoke maximum-physiologic corticotropic response, was compared with those before the stimulation and after the standard-dose (250 μg) ACTH stimulation.ResultsIn half of the cases, the low-dose pre-stimulation affected the diagnosis. In four out of ten cases, the side-to-side ratios of A/C were changed in the basal/low-dose/standard-dose AVS as 6.62/2.46/0.63, 2.13/0.41/0.14, 1.88/2.38/2.40, and 1.96/2.27/1.90 respectively. In three out of ten cases, the adrenal vein to the matching inferior vena cava ratio of A/C was also changed across 1, the cut-off to indicate suppression of aldosterone secretion. Additionally, the confirmation of successful sampling was difficult in five out of ten and two out of ten cases of the basal and low-dose AVS respectively, whereas it was easy in all the cases of the standard-dose AVS.ConclusionsThe diagnosis in the basal AVS could be affected by the physiologic fluctuation of ACTH at relatively high prevalence. The basal AVS would be unreliable to differentiate two forms of PA.
Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in Lake Ontario, Canada, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) between 1979 and 2004 and possible influences of food-web changes
Authors: Ismail Nargis , Gewurtz Sarah B. , Pleskach Kerri , Whittle D. Michael , Helm Paul A. , Marvin Chris H. , Tomy Gregg T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Concentrations of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated (hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD], 1,2-bis[2,4,6-tribromophenoxy]ethane [BTBPE], and pentabromoethylbenzene [PEB]) and chlorinated (Dechlorane Plus [DP] as well as short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins [SCCP and MCCP, respectively]) flame retardants were evaluated in archived Lake Ontario, Canada, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) samples collected between 1979 and 2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers also were analyzed to provide a point of reference for comparison to previous studies. Concentrations of the dominant PBDE congeners (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) increased significantly from 1979 until the mid-1990s, then either leveled off or decreased significantly between 1998 and 2004, a result that corresponds to those of previous studies. In contrast, BDE 209 increased approximately fourfold between 1998 and 2004. The temporal trends of the non-PBDE flame retardants varied, with sum (Σ) HBCD and DP showing significant overall decreases; BTBPE, ΣSCP, and ΣMCP showing parabolic trends; and PEB showing no overall change during the study period. Because many of the non-PBDE chemicals may be used as replacements for penta- and octa-BDE mixtures, these results will provide a baseline to evaluate future usage patterns. Possible changes in food-web structure, evaluated through stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N), may be influencing our interpretations of contaminant trends in lake trout and are hypothesized to be partially responsible for the observed decrease in concentrations of BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 between 1998 and 2004. Retrospective analyses evaluating temporal trends in stable isotope values at the base of the food web, however, are recommended to test this hypothesis further.
Ecological factors regulating mercury contamination of fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA
Authors: Chumchal Matthew M. , Hambright K. David 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Most studies examining the influence of ecological characteristics offish on Hg concentration in fish tissues have focused on a few variables and been conducted in northern ecosystems. We examined how total length (TL), age, food-web position (estimated using δ13C and δ15N), and habitat were related to total Hg concentrations in 10 species of fish from Caddo Lake, a subtropical reservoir located on the border of Texas and Louisiana, USA. We observed biomagnification in the Caddo Lake fish assemblage, and the enrichment factors (the slope of the relationship between δ15N and total Hg concentration) in the two habitats were 0.19 and 0.24, similar to those found in other studies. Although trophic position was the best predictor of total Hg concentration between species, age and TL were the best predictors of total Hg concentration within species. Unlike studies conducted in deep lakes, δ13C values of fish tissue, a measure of the extent to which fish feed in food webs based on pelagic or littoral primary production, was not a good predictor of total Hg concentration in Caddo Lake fish. Total Hg concentrations in fish were elevated in forested-wetland habitats relative to open-water habitats. Data collected in the present study indicate that more Hg likely was available for incorporation into the base of the food web in the forested-wetland habitat than in the open-water habitat. Our results help to clarify the relationship between ecological characteristics of fish and Hg concentration in fish tissue and can be used by researchers as well as public and environmental health officials when designing Hg monitoring studies.
Effect of an STD/HIV Behavioral Intervention on Women's Use of the Female Condom
Authors: Van Devanter Nancy , Gonzales Virginia , Merzel Cheryl , Parikh Nina S. , Celantano David , Greenberg Judith 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study assessed the effectiveness of a sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV behavior change intervention in increasing women's use of the female condom. Methods. A total of 604 women at high risk for STDs and HIV in New York City, Baltimore, Md, and Seattle, Wash, enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a small-group, skills-training intervention that included information and skills training in the use of the female condom. Results. In a logistic regression, the strongest predictors of use were exposure to the intervention (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8, 10.7), intention to use the female condom in the future (OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 2.4, 8.5), having asked a partner to use a condom in the past 30 days (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.9), and confidence in asking a partner to use a condom (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1, 3.5). Conclusions. Clinicians counseling women in the use of the female condom need to provide information, demonstrate its correct use with their clients, and provide an opportunity for their clients to practice skills themselves.
Impact of Targeted Programs on Health Systems: A Case Study of the Polio Eradication Initiative
Authors: Loevinsohn Benjamin , Aylward Bruce , Steinglass Robert , Ogden Ellyn , Goodman Tracey , Melgaard Bjorn 
Published: December 2008

The results of 2 large field studies on the impact of the polio eradication initiative on health systems and 3 supplementary reports were presented at a December 1999 meeting convened by the World Health Organization. All of these studies concluded that positive synergies exist between polio eradication and health systems but that these synergies have not been vigorously exploited. The eradication of polio has probably improved health systems worldwide by broadening distribution of vitamin A supplements, improving cooperation among enterovirus laboratories, and facilitating linkages between health workers and their communities. The results of these studies also show that eliminating polio did not cause a diminution of funding for immunization against other illnesses. Relatively little is known about the opportunity costs of polio eradication. Improved planning in disease eradication initiatives can minimize disruptions in the delivery of other services. Future initiatives should include indicators and baseline data for monitoring effects on health systems development.
Geographic Socioeconomic Status, Race, and Advanced-Stage Breast Cancer in New York City
Authors: Merkin Sharon Stein , Stevenson Lori , Powe Neil 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the association between a residential area's socioeconomic status (SES), race, and advanced-stage breast cancer in New York City. Methods. The cross-sectional study design used breast cancer information for 37 921 cases diagnosed in New York City from 1986 to 1995. Residential education and income levels were based on the 1990 census and ascribed to each case by zip code. Associations between race, area SES, and advanced-stage breast cancer stage, and the interaction between race and SES, were evaluated in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results. After adjusting for age and year at diagnosis, living in areas with lower levels of education and income increased the odds of presenting with advanced-stage breast cancer by 50% for Black women and by 75% for White women. No significant qualitative interaction was present between area SES and race. Conclusions. This study confirmed independent racial and socioeconomic differences in the risk of advanced-stage breast cancer in a large and diverse population. The results emphasize the need to improve screening practices and clinical treatment in both high-risk populations and high-risk geographic areas.
Ages at Initiation of Cigarette Smoking and Quit Attempts Among Women: A Generation Effect
Authors: Morabia Alfredo , Costanza Michael C. , Bernstein Martine S. , Rielle Jean-Charles 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study sought to determine whether the age at initiation of regular cigarette smoking and the likelihood of quitting smoking through age 35 differ among women from younger versus older generations. Methods. Annual population-based, random surveys (total of 3676 female residents of Geneva, Switzerland, aged 35–74 years) were conducted from 1992 to 1998. Results. Women younger than 55 years were more likely to be past or current smokers, began smoking earlier (median age < 20 years), and smoked more cigarettes per day than older women, yet attempted to quit smoking more often before age 35 (log-rank P < .001). Conclusions. Young female smokers have a higher propensity to quit smoking compared with older women. Encouraging young smokers to quit—in addition to preventing nonsmokers from starting—may be an important facet of reducing cigarette smoking prevalence among adolescents.
Adequacy of Treatment for Serious Mental Illness in the United States
Authors: Wang Philip S. , Demler Olga , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of treatment for serious mental illness.Methods. Data were derived from the National Comorbidity Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey assessing the presence and correlates of mental disorders and treatments. Crude and adjusted likelihoods of receiving treatment for serious mental illness in the previous 12 months were calculated.Results. Forty percent of respondents with serious mental illness had received treatment in the previous year. Of those receiving treatment, 38.9% received care that could be considered at least minimally adequate, resulting in 15.3% of all respondents with serious mental illness receiving minimally adequate treatment. Predictors of not receiving minimally adequate treatment included being a young adult or an African American, residing in the South, being diagnosed as having a psychotic disorder, and being treated in the general medical sector.Conclusions. Inadequate treatment of serious mental illness is an enormous public health problem. Public policies and cost-effective interventions are needed to improve both access to treatment and quality of treatment.
A Randomized Trial of Chiropractic Manipulation and Mobilization for Patients With Neck Pain: Clinical Outcomes From the UCLA Neck-Pain Study
Authors: Hurwitz Eric L. , Morgenstern Hal , Harber Philip , Kominski Gerald F. , Yu Fei , Adams Alan H. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study compared the relative effectiveness of cervical spine manipulation and mobilization for neck pain.Methods. Neck-pain patients were randomized to the following conditions: manipulation with or without heat, manipulation with or without electrical muscle stimulation, mobilization with or without heat, and mobilization with or without electrical muscle stimulation.Results. Of 960 eligible patients, 336 enrolled in the study. Mean reductions in pain and disability were similar in the manipulation and mobilization groups through 6 months.Conclusions. Cervical spine manipulation and mobilization yield comparable clinical outcomes.
Community-Oriented Primary Care: A Path to Community Development
Authors: Geiger H. Jack 
Published: December 2008

Although community development and social change are not explicit goals of community-oriented primary care (COPC), they are implicit in COPC’s emphasis on community organization and local participation with health professionals in the assessment of health problems. These goals are also implicit in the shared understanding of health problems’ social, physical, and economic causes and in the design of COPC interventions. In the mid-1960s, a community health center in the Mississippi Delta created programs designed to move beyond narrowly focused disease-specific interventions and address some of the root causes of community morbidity and mortality. Drawing on the skills of the community itself, a selfsustaining process of health-related social change was initiated. A key program involved the provision of educational opportunities.
The Burden of Infectious Disease Among Inmates of and Releasees From US Correctional Facilities, 1997
Authors: Hammett Theodore M. , Harmon Mary Patricia , Rhodes William 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study developed national estimates of the burden of selected infectious diseases among correctional inmates and releasees during 1997. Methods. Data from surveys, surveillance, and other reports were synthesized to develop these estimates. Results. During 1997, 20% to 26% of all people living with HIV in the United States, 29% to 43% of all those infected with the hepatitis C virus, and 40% of all those who had tuberculosis disease in that year passed through a correctional facility. Conclusions. Correctional facilities are critical settings for the efficient delivery of prevention and treatment interventions for infectious diseases. Such interventions stand to benefit not only inmates, their families, and partners, but also the public health of the communities to which inmates return.
Will Screening Mammography in the East Do More Harm than Good?
Authors: Leung Gabriel M. , Lam Tai-Hing , Thach Thuan Q. , Hedley Anthony J. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to systematically review the evidence for population-based mammography as applied to a Chinese population. Methods. Primary reports for meta-analysis were identified by a search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library. Outcome measures included breast cancer–related mortality, the number needed to be screened to prevent 1 death, and the positive predictive value of mammography. Results. Pooled relative risk for breast cancer–related death in the screened group was 0.80 (95% confidence interval = 0.71, 0.90). Applied to Hong Kong, this figure translates into a number needed to screen of 1 302 healthy women screened annually for 10 years to prevent 1 death. Conclusions. Evidence is insufficient to justify population-based breast cancer screening by mammography for women in Hong Kong and other Asian populations with low breast cancer prevalence.
Adverse Effects of US Jail and Prison Policies on the Health and Well-Being of Women of Color
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas 
Published: December 2008

In the past few decades, US policies have led to an unprecedented increase in the number of people behind bars. While more men than women are incarcerated, the rate of increase for women has been higher. Evidence of the negative impact of incarceration on the health of women of color suggests strategies to reduce these adverse effects. Correctional policies contribute to disparities in health between White women and women of color, providing a public health rationale for policy change. Specific roles for health professionals include becoming involved in alliances addressing alternatives to incarceration, creating programs that address the needs of women in correctional facilities, and identifying the pathways by which correctional policies damage health.
Expanding Harm Reduction Services Through a Wound and Abscess Clinic
Authors: Grau Lauretta E. , Arevalo Silvia , Catchpool Christopher , Heimer Robert 
Published: December 2008

A wound and abscess clinic, held concurrently with a syringe exchange, provided economical treatment and aftercare for injection-associated soft tissue infections. During 20 two-hour clinic sessions, 173 treatment episodes were logged, and the visit cost was estimated at $5 per patient. Increased patient–clinician interactions provided opportunities beyond those afforded by the syringe exchange for patients to obtain resources and referrals to services such as HIV counseling and testing, medical care, and drug treatment. Distribution of cards advertising the clinic was substantially less effective than word of mouth in increasing community awareness of the clinic.
Vodka and Violence: Alcohol Consumption and Homicide Rates in Russia
Authors: Pridemore William Alex 
Published: December 2008

In Russia, rates of alcohol consumption and homicide are among the highest in the world, and already-high levels increased dramatically after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Rates of both, however, vary greatly among Russia’s 89 regions. We took advantage of newly available vital statistics and socioeconomic data to examine the regional covariation of drinking and lethal violence. Log-log models were employed to estimate the impact of alcohol consumption on regional homicide rates, controlling for structural factors thought to influence the spatial distribution of homicide rates. Results revealed a positive and significant relationship between alcohol consumption and homicide, with a 1% increase in regional consumption of alcohol associated with an approximately 0.25% increase in homicide rates. In Russia, higher regional rates of alcohol consumption are associated with higher rates of homicide.
Condom Use as a Function of Time in New and Established Adolescent Sexual Relationships
Authors: Fortenberry J. Dennis , Tu Wanzhu , Harezlak Jaroslaw , Katz Barry P. , Orr Donald P. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study sought to describe condom use over time in new and established adolescent relationships. Methods. The outcome variable was time (in days) until first unprotected coital event. Analyses involved comparisons of Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Results. Survival functions for the 2 relationship groups were significantly different. However, by 21 days the curves had converged: 43% of new and 41% of established relationships involved no unprotected coital events. Time to first unprotected coital event was significantly longer in new than in established relationships. Conclusions. Prolongation of condom use in ongoing relationships may be a useful intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.