bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN VOLUME, TOTAL PROTEIN AND OVARIAN STEROID CONCENTRATIONS OF PERITONEAL FLUID THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: MAATHUIS J. B. , VAN LOOK P. F. A. , MICHIE E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Peritoneal fluid was aspirated during laparoscopy from normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The volume of the fluid was found to be influenced by the stage of the cycle, rising from an early proliferative mean value of 0·8 ml to a mean volume of 18·7 ml after ovulation and decreasing again to a mean volume of 5·4 ml in the late secretory phase. The mean volume of peritoneal fluid obtained from women using the contraceptive pill was 0·8 ml, whereas only negligible amounts of fluid were aspirated at laparotomy from the peritoneal cavity of men.
Despite marked changes in volume, the total protein content of the peritoneal fluid (± 60% of the concentration measured in plasma) remained fairly constant throughout the cycle, although a slightly, but significantly, lower value was found in the late proliferative phase. After ovulation the concentration of oestradiol and progesterone in the peritoneal fluid was higher than in plasma in the majority of cases, suggesting that some follicular fluid had drained into the peritoneal cavity at that time. Progesterone, in contrast to oestradiol, was also found in higher concentrations in peritoneal fluid than in plasma before ovulation.
These results suggest that the volume and ovarian steroid concentration of peritoneal fluid are influenced by cyclic ovarian activity. At least two mechanisms may account for these observations: changes possibly effected by oestradiol in vascular permeability leading to a change of inflow and outflow equilibrium at the level of the peritoneal membranes and ovarian–peritoneal transfer of fluid after and possibly also before follicular rupture.
EFFECTS OF GONADECTOMY AND OESTRADIOL TREATMENT ON PLASMA LUTEINIZING HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE MARMOSET MONKEY, CALLITHRIX JACCHUS
Authors: HODGES J. K. 
Published: December 2008

A heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay for marmoset LH is described in detail. The system uses NIAMDD rat LH-I-1 for iodination, NIAMDD rat LH-RP-1 as standard and anti-ovine rabbit LH 610V serum. The assay measures the level of marmoset LH in plasma and shows a maximum cross-reaction (B/Bo = 50%) of < 0·3% with other rat, human or bovine pituitary hormones.
The heterologous assay has been applied to the measurement of the level of LH in the marmoset after gonadectomy and after the subsequent implantation of oestradiol-17β capsules. A clear increase in the concentration of LH in the plasma was observed by day 3 after gonadectomy and in most animals the level reached a plateau by day 9. The rates of increase in the concentration of LH and the maximum levels attained after gonadectomy were similar in male and female marmosets. The secretion of LH in long-term gonadectomized marmosets was episodic. In four of the marmosets studied, the frequency of the pulsatile discharges of LH was circhoral, whereas in the remaining five animals the frequency could not be determined.
Subcutaneous implants containing oestradiol-17β were seen to have a biphasic effect on the secretion of LH in all gonadectomized marmosets. After a transient increase in the concentration of LH (positive feedback) on day 1, levels fell markedly by day 4 and were undetectable 8 days after the implants were introduced (negative feedback).
EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF A STEROID ANAESTHETIC ON THE PREOVULATORY SURGE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND OVULATION IN INTACT RATS
Authors: RABII J. , CLIFTON D. K. , SAWYER C. H. 
Published: December 2008

Department of Anatomy and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024, U.S.A.
(Received 21 July 1977)
The existence of a 'critical period' in the ovulatory surge of pituitary gonadotrophin during the afternoon of pro-oestrus was demonstrated by Everett, Sawyer & Markee (1949). It was assumed that during this period, between 14.00 and 16.00 h, an amount of gonadotrophin sufficient to cause ovulation was released from the anterior pituitary gland. Administration of a number of neuropharmacologically active drugs before or during the 'critical period' was shown to inhibit the ovulatory response (Everett, 1961). Recently, Blake (1974) described the existence of an 'activation period' as well as a 'potential activation period' for the preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in female rats. The 'activation period' is an extended 'critical period', from 14.00 to 17.00 h, during which time a neurohumoral signal continues to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland
EFFECT OF NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-OESTROGENS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF RAT UTERINE PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS
Authors: JORDAN V. C. , PRESTWICH G. 
Published: December 2008

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Leeds, LS2 9NL
(Received 10 August 1977)
Oestradiol produces hyperplasia of the rat uterine endometrium whereas anti-oestrogens produce hypertrophy (Kang, Anderson & DeSombre, 1975). At the subcellular level, oestradiol stimulates an increase in the concentration of progesterone receptors (Milgrom & Baulieu, 1970) and we have now compared the response to oestradiol with that to two non-steroidal anti-oestrogens, tamoxifen (trans-1-(4-β-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1, 2-diphenyl-but-1-ene) and monohydroxytamoxifen (1-(4-β-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-but-1-ene; Jordan, Collins, Rowsby & Prestwich, 1977).
Mature female rats (130–150 g, Alderley Park strain) were ovariectomized under ether anaesthesia and used for experiments 4 days later. Oestradiol-17β (5 μg), tamoxifen (50 μg) and monohydroxytamoxifen (50 μg) were injected s.c. in 0·1 ml arachis oil and the animals were killed after 6, 24, 48 or 72 h. Controls received arachis oil alone. Uteri were dissected out and weighed wet on a torsion balance. Tissues were homogenized (4 °C) in 2 ml Tris
EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON THE HEPARIN-STIMULATED RELEASE OF LIPASE FROM THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER
Authors: JUBELIN J. , LAM VAN G. , BOYER J. 
Published: December 2008

Service d'Explorations Métaboliques, Hôpital de la Conception, 13385 Marseille Cedex 4, France
(Received 24 August 1977)
Indirect observations, derived from the assay of lipase in the blood from human subjects after administration of heparin, have suggested that diseases of the thyroid gland are associated with alterations in the activity of lipolytic enzymes (Porte, O'Hara & Williams, 1966; Kirkeby, 1968; Nikkilä & Kekki, 1972; Tulloch, Lewis & Russel-Fraser, 1973; Jubelin, Bettendorf & Boyer, 1974; Krause, Levy & Fredrikson, 1974). Lipoprotein lipase activity has been measured in adipose tissue from hypothyroid subjects and was found to be normal or raised in rats (Shafrir & Biale, 1971) and reduced in men (Pykälistö, Goldberg & Brunzell, 1976). This work was undertaken to assess alterations in the activity of hepatic lipase during hypothyroidism.
Male Wistar rats (200–220 g) were thyroidectomized and injected (i.p.) 15 days later with 100 μ 131I. A period of 1 month
DIRECT EFFECT OF HISTAMINE ON CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE PRODUCTION BY ISOLATED DOG ADRENAL CELLS
Authors: HIROSE T. , MATSUMOTO I. , AIKAWA T. 
Published: December 2008

Department of Physiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
(Received 2 September 1977)
In the dog, intravenous injection of histamine produces a marked increase in adrenocortical secretion (Suzuki, Hirai, Yoshio, Kurouji & Yamashita, 1963; Papp, Stark, Ács & Varga, 1964; Asano, 1966; Katsuki, Ito, Watanabe, lino, Yuji & Kondo, 1967; Tanigawa, 1967; Narita, 1971; Yamashita, Shimizu, Mieno & Kawao, 1973; Hirose, Matsumoto & Suzuki, 1976; Hirose, Matsumoto, Aikawa & Suzuki, 1977). The adrenocortical response of the dog to histamine was found to be markedly reduced, although not completely eliminated, by hypophysectomy (Hirose et al. 1976, 1977). This indicates that the response, although dependent for the main part on the pituitary gland, may involve a direct effect of histamine on the adrenal cortex or some other extrapituitary factor. In the present study, a direct stimulatory effect of histamine on the adrenal cortex was examined by evaluating the production of cortisol
EFFECT OF OESTRADIOL ON THE INDUCTION OF PEROXIDASE IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: JELLINCK P. H. , NEWCOMBE ANNE-MARIE 
Published: December 2008

Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
(Received 14 September 1977)
It has been shown previously (Lyttle & Jellinck, 1972) that an enzyme that catalyses the binding of oestradiol-17β to protein in the presence of H2O2 is absent from the uteri of immature rats, but can be induced by physiological doses of oestradiol-17β or gonadotrophin. The induction of peroxidase in the rat uterus under various endocrine conditions has also been investigated (Jellinck & Newcombe, 1977a) and good correlation has been obtained between the ability of compounds to induce the enzyme and their oestrogenic activity (Jellinck & Newcombe, 1977b). In this paper we report on the activity of peroxidase in tissues other than the uterus and the effect of ovariectomy, hypophysectomy and treatment with oestradiol-17β on the levels of this enzyme.
Peroxidase was prepared from tissues of immature (26–29 days old) Holtzman rats weighing 70–90 g as described
INTRAPANCREATIC REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL, GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Authors: HAZELWOOD R. L. , LANGSLOW D. R. 
Published: December 2008

The intrapancreatic endocrine regulation of hormone secretion by the chicken pancreas was studied. Fasted adult male chickens were prepared surgically for the collection of 'gastric' juice and blood samples from the femoral artery. Avian hormone preparations of insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide (APP) were injected at doses of 50 μg hormone/ kg body wt. Immunoassays of insulin, glucagon and APP were carried out on plasma, as were analyses for glucose, uric acid and free fatty acids (FFA). Gastric juice was analysed for volume flow and total protein, free acid and pepsin concentrations.
Injection of insulin decreased all gastric parameters markedly (in contrast to its effect in mammals) and also increased the concentrations of FFA, glucagon (a bimodal response) and uric acid. The increases in levels of FFA, glucagon and uric acid occurred as early as 2·5 min after injection and considerably before significant hypoglycaemia was induced (15–30 min). Injection of glucagon caused a modest decrease in the volume of gastric secretion, but had little other effect except for a small increase in the amount of pepsin released. At 2·5 min, glucagon gave rise to a significant increase in the levels of insulin and FFA in the plasma, and after 15 min the levels of glucose and uric acid had also increased. A progressive decrease in the concentration of APP in the plasma was observed, which was greatest after 15 min and was 28% below control values. In all respects, APP was a powerful avian gastric secretogogue, but had no effect on the concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin. Whereas APP decreased the concentration of FFA in the plasma immediately, the peptide increased both the total and pancreatic levels of immunoreactive glucagon by 50% within 2·5 min, and this increase was even greater at 15 min.
Collectively, the results obtained indicate, on a temporal basis, that intrapancreatic regulation of endocrine secretion occurs in Aves and that the release phenomena produce an immediate response. Subsequent or secondary hormone release may occur in response to peripheral metabolic events, especially those requiring homeostatic corrective measures.
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN PRE-AND POSTPUBERTAL RAMS AS REVEALED BY HEMICASTRATION
Authors: WALTON J. S. , EVINS JANET D. , WAITES G. M. H. 
Published: December 2008

The levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were measured in cross-bred male lambs which were bilaterally castrated, hemicastrated or left entire at 1 week of age. Removal of one testis caused the level of FSH in the circulation to increase to a value midway between the levels found in entire and castrated lambs up to 12 weeks of age. The concentrations of LH and testosterone in the plasma were similar in the control and hemicastrated lambs. The concentration of FSH in the plasma of the hemicastrated lambs fell at 12–14 weeks of age, the expected time of puberty, to the level found in control animals of the same age. Although the possibility of increased release of LH cannot be excluded, the increase in the secretion of FSH is believed to account for the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis observed in the hemicastrated lambs.
Removal of one testis from mature Soay rams in spring (May) caused a small selective increase in the concentration of FSH in the plasma, compared with entire animals. This difference was maintained until July when there was a marked increase in the levels of FSH and LH in the hemicastrated rams such that an exaggeration of the normal seasonal changes in these hormones was observed. Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis was observed in the hemicastrated animals.
PRESENCE AND SYNTHESIS OF VASOTOCIN IN THE PINEAL GLAND OF BRATTLEBORO RATS
Authors: COCULESCU M. , MATULEVIČIUS V. , GOLDSTEIN R. , PAVEL S. 
Published: December 2008

Institute of Endocrinology and Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
(Received 20 September 1977)
The pineal gland of all mammals so far investigated contains arginine-vasotocin (AVT; Pavel & Petrescu, 1966) or lysine-vasotocin (Pavel, 1965), except that of the homozygous Brattleboro rat with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, in which apparently no radioimmunoassayable vasotocin could be detected (Rosenbloom & Fisher, 1975). Since it has been demonstrated recently that the pineal glands of normal rat foetuses contain (Pavel, Goldstein & Calb, 1975) and synthesize (Pavel, Goldstein, Ghinea & Calb, 1977) relatively large amounts of AVT, we investigated the possible occurrence and synthesis of AVT in the pineal glands of foetal homozygous Brattleboro rats. We also studied the pineal glands of adult homozygous Brattleboro rats to test for the presence of AVT.
The methods of assay used have been described previously (Pavel, 1965) and included rat antidiuretic, rat uterine and frog (Rana temporaria) bladder assays.
RESPONSE OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE TO ACUTE EXPOSURE TO MILD AND SEVERE HYPOXIA IN MAN
Authors: CLAYBAUGH J. R. , HANSEN J. E. , WOZNIAK D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Eight men, 19-35 years of age, breathed 20·9% (normal oxygen), 13·9% (mild hypoxia) or 11·1% (severe hypoxia) oxygen in nitrogen gas mixtures during three 20 min periods, which were separated by 1 h recovery periods. The order in which the gas mixtures were breathed was random. The partial pressure of oxygen decreased from a mean of 93·5 during exposure to normal oxygen to 53·9 and 36·7 mmHg during mild and severe hypoxia respectively. There were corresponding decreases in haemoglobin saturation. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was lower and the pH higher during severe hypoxia than during exposure to normal oxygen. There were no changes in the plasma osmolality or in the concentrations of sodium or potassium in the plasma. There was a tendency for both the renin activity and the concentration of aldosterone in the plasma to decrease progressively as the percentage of oxygen breathed decreased. Unlike severe hypoxia, mild hypoxia suppressed the concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the plasma of all subjects by about 59%; during severe hypoxia the reduction was not significant, being only about 33%. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the effect of hypoxia on the release of ADH is dependent on the level of hypoxia.
STEROIDOGENESIS IN PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES OF PATIENTS GIVEN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHINS AS JUDGED BY THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF STEROIDS IN FOLLICULAR FLUID
Authors: FOWLER R. E. , EDWARDS R. G. , WALTERS D. E. , CHAN S. T. H. , STEPTOE P. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulated the development of various numbers of follicles in patients treated for infertility. Graafian follicles from these patients were aspirated 32–33 h after the injection of HCG and the levels of steroids in the follicular fluid and matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. The follicles could not be grouped into two distinct clusters as found in patients given HCG during the menstrual cycle but a broad classification of follicles into four groups was indicated from the dendrogram. Two of the groups were similar to the ovulatory and non-ovulatory groups found previously, whereas the other two groups of follicles were more intermediate in nature. The use of a discriminant analysis showed that these two groups had clearly been stimulated by the HMG and HCG, although they were not yet fully ovulatory.
Our data indicate that the number of developing follicles is considerably increased by treatment with HMG and HCG but there is asynchrony in follicular development because the pattern of steroid synthesis differs in many follicles. The effects of this asynchronous development on oocyte maturation and disorders of the luteal phase are discussed.
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE COW: COMPARISON OF THE LEVELS OF HORMONES (PROLACTIN, GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN AND THYROXINE) AND METABOLITES IN THE PLASMA OF HIGH- AND LOW-YIELDING CATTLE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF LACTATION
Authors: HART I. C. , BINES J. A. , MORANT S. V. , RIDLEY J. L. 
Published: December 2008

To obtain information on the physiological mechanisms controlling the partition of dietary energy between body weight and milk production in lactating cattle, the concentrations of hormones (prolactin, growth hormone, insulin and thyroxine) and metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid and l-lactic acid) in plasma obtained from eight high-yielding and seven low-yielding cows, matched for diet and stage of lactation, were compared. Blood samples were taken via a jugular catheter, throughout four 48 h periods at various times during lactation (days 40, 80, 120 and 180) and also when the animals were dry.
The milk yield rose for 7 weeks after parturition, reaching peak values of 24·8 and 10·1 kg/day in the high- and low-yielding groups respectively. The body weights of the low-yielding animals rose steadily, whereas cows in the high-yielding group lost weight up to week 14 of lactation and thereafter gradually gained weight. No differences were found between the groups in the digestibility of the diets, although analysis of the rumen fluid indicated small differences in the proportions of volatile fatty acids. Milk analysis suggested that the protein content of milk obtained from low-yielding cows was greater than that of milk from high-yielding animals.
Throughout lactation, the concentrations of growth hormone (P < 0·001), non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0·01) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (P < 0·05) were higher in the high-yielding than in the low-yielding group, whereas the concentration of insulin was higher (P < 0·01) in the low-yielding animals. The level of thyroxine was higher (P < 0·05) in the low-yielding group when the animals were dry. A comparison of peak lactation (days 40 and 80) with the dry period demonstrated that the concentration of prolactin was higher in both groups high-yielding, P < 0·01; low-yielding, P < 0·001) when the animals were dry and the concentration of thyroxine in the low-yielding cows was higher (P < 0·01) when the animals were dry. Significant reductions in the concentrations of growth hormone (P < 0·001) and non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0·001) were accompanied by an increase in the concentration of glucose (P < 0·01) when the high-yielding animals were dry.
CONCENTRATIONS OF PROSTAGLANDINS F2α AND E2 IN THE ENDOMETRIUM THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE, AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF CLOMIPHENE OR AN OESTROGEN–PROGESTOGEN PILL AND IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: MAATHUIS J. B. , KELLY R. W. 
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of prostaglandins F2α (PGF) and E2 (PGE) were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in endometrial tissue obtained from 45 normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. During the proliferative stages, the concentration of PGF in the endometrium was correlated with the concentration of oestradiol in the plasma. The concentration of PGF during the mid-secretory stage (mean, 2·047, range, 0·549–4·344 μg/g fresh endometrial tissue) was significantly higher than the concentrations during the late proliferative and late secretory stages. The endometrial concentration of PGE did not show a cyclic variation.
The concentrations of PGF and PGE in samples of endometrium collected after the administration of clomiphene were significantly lower than the concentrations observed in endometrial tissue obtained from normally menstruating women in the mid-proliferative period. The administration of an oestrogen–progestogen pill resulted in higher endometrial concentrations of PGE than were measured in the mid-secretory phase. The concentrations of PGF and PGE in decidual tissue (conceptual age 3–10 weeks) were lower than those measured at any stage of the normal menstrual cycle. During the human menstrual cycle, high levels of oestradiol and progesterone are related to high endometrial levels of PGF but not PGE. The presence of a conceptus apparently blocks the effect of high concentrations of ovarian steroids on the synthesis or catabolism of prostaglandins.
SOMATOSTATIN IMMUNOREACTIVE PEPTIDES OF HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN OVINE HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS
Authors: MILLAR R. P. 
Published: December 2008

U.C.T./M.R.C. Protein Research Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
(Received 26 January 1978)
Higher molecular weight (HMW) immunoreactive forms of somatostatin have been reported in extracts of ovine hypothalami (Vale, Ling, Rivier, Villarreal, Rivier, Douglas & Brown, 1976), rat pancreas and stomach (Arimura, Sato, Dupont, Nishi & Schally, 1975) and human pancreatic somatostatinoma (Larsson, Hirsch, Holst, Ingemansson, Kühl, Jensen, Lundquist & Rehfeld, 1977). However, the possibility that the HMW immunoreactive substances were oligomers of somatostatin or somatostatin bound to larger molecules was not excluded. The present study was undertaken to establish that authentic HMW immunoreactive somatostatin is present in the ovine hypothalamus and to glean information on the structural relationship of the HMW species with somatostatin.
Sheep hypothalami were extracted and subjected to gel permeation chromatography as described previously by Millar, Aehnelt & Rossier (1977). Fractions were assayed for somatostatin immunoreactivity