bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manual Annotation, Transcriptional Analysis, and Protein Expression Studies Reveal Novel Genes in the
agl
Cluster Responsible for N Glycosylation in the Halophilic Archaeon
Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Yurist-Doutsch Sophie , Eichler Jerry 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

While
Eukarya
,
Bacteria
, and
Archaea
are all capable of protein N glycosylation, the archaeal version of this posttranslational modification is the least understood. To redress this imbalance, recent studies of the halophilic archaeon
Haloferax volcanii
have identified a gene cluster encoding the Agl proteins involved in the assembly and attachment of a pentasaccharide to select Asn residues of the surface layer glycoprotein in this species. However, because the automated tools used for rapid annotation of genome sequences, including that of
H. volcanii
, are not always accurate, a reannotation of the
agl
cluster was undertaken in order to discover genes not previously recognized. In the present report, reanalysis of the gene cluster that includes
aglB
,
aglE
,
aglF
,
aglG
,
aglI
, and
aglJ
, which are known components of the
H. volcanii
protein N-glycosylation machinery, was undertaken. Using computer-based tools or visual inspection, together with transcriptional analysis and protein expression approaches, genes encoding AglP, AglQ, and AglR are now described.
UEFA injury study—an injury audit of European Championships 2006 to 2008
Authors: Hägglund M , Waldén M , Ekstrand J 
Published: February 2009

Objective:To study the incidence and nature of injuries at European Championships, to compare training and match injury characteristics and to study differences in injury incidence between tournaments.Design:Team physicians prospectively recorded individual player exposure and time loss injuries during 12 European Championships (men’s EURO n = 1, men’s Under-21 n = 2, men’s Under-19 n = 3, men’s Under-17 n = 3, women’s Under-19 n = 3) from 2006 to 2008.Setting:International football tournamentsParticipants:1594 men and 433 womenMain outcome measurement:Injury incidenceResults:224 injuries (45 training, 179 match play) were registered among 208 (10%) players. No differences in training injury incidence were seen between tournaments (range 1.3–3.9 injuries/1000 hours). The men’s EURO had the highest match injury incidence (41.6 injuries/1000 hours) followed by the men’s Under-21 tournaments (33.9). The lowest match injury incidence was seen in the women’s Under-19 tournaments (20.5). Training injuries constituted 20% of all injuries and caused 26% of all match unavailability. A greater proportion of match injuries were due to trauma (83 vs 47%, p<0.001) and occurred from player contact (75 vs 48%, p = 0.018) compared to training injuries. A higher frequency of re-injury was found among training injuries than match injuries (20 vs 6%, p = 0.009).Conclusions:Match injury incidence increased with age, indicating greater risk with higher intensity of play. Training injury incidence was relatively low, but training injuries were responsible for a quarter of all match unavailability and may thus have a profound impact on team performance and should be the object of preventive measures.
Paradoxical decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with fenofibrate: a quite common phenomenon
Authors: Magee G , Sharpe P C 
Published: February 2009

Background:Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fibrates are useful in managing dyslipidaemia; reports highlight an expected increase in HDL-C of 10–15% in conjunction with falls in plasma triglycerides of ∼30%. Despite this, there are several reported cases of paradoxical decreases in HDL-C caused by fibrate treatment.Aim:To report the second largest observational study to date.Methods:Fenofibrate use at a regional lipid clinic was associated with reductions in HDL-C in a considerable proportion of patients, necessitating cessation of the medication. In view of this, characteristics of the first 94 patients to be given fenofibrate were retrospectively analysed, and comparisons were made between those whose profiles responded as expected and those experiencing paradoxical decreases in HDL-C.Results:94 patients (57 male; mean (SD) age 52.5 (12.5) years; mean (SD) body mass index 28.9 (4.5) kg/m2) were assessed. After 8–12 weeks on daily fenofibrate (200 mg micronised or equivalent), 43 of the patients (46%) showed a paradoxical decrease in HDL-C (in nine the decrease was >50% from baseline). When responses to fenofibrate were compared against baseline variables, there were no significant differences between groups other than a higher baseline HDL-C (p = 0.045) in patients responding appropriately.Conclusions:Fenofibrate was associated with a reduction in HDL-C in almost half the patients studied. This is substantially more than in most studies reported to date. Other HDL-C-raising strategies need to be considered in these patients, and the mechanisms need to be explored.
Subjects’ views of obligations to ensure post-trial access to drugs, care and information: qualitative results from the Experiences of Participants in Clinical Trials (EPIC) study
Authors: Sofaer N , Thiessen C , Goold S D , Ballou J , Getz K A , Koski G , Krueger R A , Weissman J S 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:To report the attitudes and opinions of subjects in US clinical trials about whether or not, and why, they should receive post-trial access (PTA) to the trial drug, care and information.Design:Focus groups, short self-administered questionnaires.Setting:Boston, Dallas, Detroit, Oklahoma City.Participants:Current and recent subjects in clinical trials, primarily for chronic diseases.Results:93 individuals participated in 10 focus groups. Many thought researchers, sponsors, health insurers and others share obligations to facilitate PTA to the trial drug, if it benefited the subject, or to a therapeutic equivalent. Some thought PTA obligations include providing transition care (referrals to non-trial physicians or other trials, limited follow-up, short-term drug supply) or care for long-term adverse events. Others held, in contrast, that there are no PTA obligations regarding drugs or care. However, there was agreement that former subjects should receive information (drug name, dosage received, market approval date, long-term adverse effects, trial results). Participants frequently appealed to health need, cost, relationships, reciprocity, free choice and sponsor self-interest to support their views. Many of their reasons overlapped with those commonly discussed by bioethicists.Conclusion:Many participants in US trials for chronic conditions thought there are obligations to facilitate PTA to the trial drug at a “fair” price; these views were less demanding than those of non-US subjects in other studies. However, our participants’ views about informational obligations were broader than those of other subjects and many bioethicists. Our results suggest that the PTA debate should expand beyond the trial drug and aggregate results.
Responsibility as a meta-virtue: truth-telling, deliberation and wisdom in medical professionalism
Authors: Barilan Y M 
Published: February 2009

The article examines the new discourse on medical professionalism and responsibility through the prism of conflicts among moral values, especially with regard to truth-telling.The discussion is anchored in the renaissance of English-language writing on medical ethics in the 18thcentury, which paralleled the rise of humanitarianism and the advent of the word “responsibility”.Following an analysis of the meanings of the value of responsibility in general and in medical practice in particular, it is argued that, similarly to the Aristotelian notion of equity, responsibility of care is a second-order value, which corrects virtues, laws and norms in exceptional circumstances.Virtues and practices of the second order, such as responsibility and deliberation, bear especially on professional doctoring, which includes a commitment to give priority to the good of the patient over one’s own good.It is argued that, in situations of conflict, and particularly conflicts between personal moral identity and the good of patients, the fundamental professional commitment is to critical and rational deliberation and to the cultivation of psycho-moral flexibility. This leads indirectly to moral growth and strengthening of professional character.
The high incidence and bioethics of findings on magnetic resonance brain imaging of normal volunteers for neuroscience research
Authors: Hoggard N , Darwent G , Capener D , Wilkinson I D , Griffiths P D 
Published: February 2009

Background:We were finding volunteers for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies with abnormalities requiring referral surprisingly frequently. The bioethics surrounding the incidental findings are not straightforward and every imaging institution will encounter this situation in their normal volunteers. Yet the implications for the individuals involved may be profound. Should all participants have review of their imaging by an expert and who should be informed?Methods:The normal volunteers that were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) which were reviewed by a consultant neuroradiologist. All participants completed a volunteer consent form in addition to a standard departmental MR safety screening form. The volunteer screening form requires the general practitioner details to be completed and asks the participant to consider closely the possibility and implications of finding an unexpected but potentially serious abnormality before signing.Results:525 different individuals were scanned as normal volunteers, the mean age was 35-years and 330 were males. Of these 525, 46 had definite significant abnormalities (8.8%), mean age 50-years.Conclusion:We have found a high rate of incidental abnormalities amongst individuals participating in imaging studies at our institution. It is our current practice to inform the research study participant of the findings, counsel them and inform their primary care physician. We think that it is advisable for researchers utilising MR imaging of the brain to have access to trained neuroradiologists, a protocol in place to deal with this problem and take consent in a way that allows the participant to realise the possibility of an abnormal finding.
What is happening during case deliberations in clinical ethics committees? A pilot study: Table 1
Authors: Pedersen R , Akre V , Førde R 
Published: February 2009

Background:Clinical ethics consultation services have been established in many countries during recent decades. An important task is to discuss concrete clinical cases. However, empirical research observing what is happening during such deliberations is scarce.Objectives:To explore clinical ethics committees’ deliberations and to identify areas for improvement.Design:A pilot study including observations of committees deliberating a paper case, semistructured group interviews, and qualitative analysis of the data.Participants:Nine hospital ethics committees in Norway.Results and interpretations:Key elements of the deliberations included identifying the ethical problems; exploring moral values and principles; clarifying key concepts and relevant legal regulation; exploring medical facts, the patient’s situation, the therapists’ perspective, analogous clinical situations, professional uncertainties, the patient’s and relatives’ perspective, and clinical communication; identifying the involved parties and how to involve them; identifying possible courses of action, and possible conclusion and follow-up. The various elements were closely interwoven. The content and conclusions varied and seemed to be contingent on the committee members’ interpretations, experience and knowledge. Important aspects of a clinical ethics deliberation were sometimes neglected. When the committees used a deliberation procedure and a blackboard, the deliberations tended to become more systematic and transparent. Many of the committees were insecure about how to include the involved parties and how to document the deliberations.Conclusion:Clinical ethics committees may provide an important arena for multidisciplinary discussions of complex clinical ethics challenges. However, this seems to require adequate composition, adoption of transparent deliberation procedures, and targeted training.
TORELLI THEOREM FOR MODULI SPACES OF SL(r,ℂ)-CONNECTIONS ON A COMPACT RIEMANN SURFACE
Authors: BISWAS INDRANIL , MUÑOZ VICENTE 
Published: February 2009

Let X be any compact connected Riemann surface of genus g, with g ≥ 3. For any r ≥ 2, let [Formula: see text] denote the moduli space of holomorphic SL (r,ℂ)-connections over X. It is known that the biholomorphism class of the complex variety [Formula: see text] is independent of the complex structure of X. If g = 3, then we assume that r ≥ 3. We prove that the isomorphism class of the variety [Formula: see text] determines the Riemann surface X uniquely up to an isomorphism. A similar result is proved for the moduli space of holomorphic GL (r,ℂ)-connections on X. We also show that the Torelli theorem remains valid for the moduli spaces of connections, as well as those of stable vector bundles, on geometrically irreducible smooth projective curves defined over the field of real numbers.
Comprehensive refertilization of lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton: further Os–Sr–Nd isotopic constraints
Authors: Zhang Hong-Fu , Goldstein Steven L. , Zhou Xin-Hua , Sun Min , Cai Yue 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

Mantle peridotitic xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from Hannuoba, on the northern margin of the Archaean North China Craton, have variable Re (0.01–0.30 ppb) and Os (2.7–6.2 ppb) abundances and
187
Os/
188
Os (0.1138–0.1236) ratios. These xenoliths yield a range of Proterozoic Re depletion ages of 0.8–2.2 Ga that show a general correlation with olivine Fo. Mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the centre and southern margin of the North China Craton also overwhelmingly show Proterozoic Re depletion ages that correlate with olivine Fo. These Re–Os age features are completely different from those of Palaeozoic kimberlite-borne peridotitic xenoliths, which have Archaean ages. This age distinction between xenoliths associated with Palaeozoic and Cenozoic volcanism indicates that the present-day lithospheric mantle was dominantly not newly accreted during the Phanerozoic but instead was transformed from the ancient lithospheric mantle by interaction with melts. The Re–Os data in combination with the geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic features of peridotitic xenoliths from the Cenozoic basalts of the North China Craton demonstrate the presence of multiple stages of mantle metasomatic overprints in the lithospheric mantle. This study thus further indicates that lithospheric transformation through melt–rock interaction could be an important mechanism for compositional refertilization during the Phanerozoic.

Supplementary material:

Analytical methods and geochemical data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18334
.
Fault-assisted vertical pluton growth: Coastal Cordillera, north Chilean Andes
Authors: Grocott John , Arévalo Carlos , Welkner Daniela , Cruden Alexander 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:
Extensive tracts of magmatic arc plutonic suites in the Mesozoic Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile imply that large volumes of granitic to dioritic magmas were transferred from a lower crustal source to the upper crust. Space for single intrusions was created by interaction of vertical pluton growth and dip-slip reactivation of arc-parallel faults during episodic emplacement of subhorizontal, compositionally distinct magma pulses. Cross-sectional pluton shapes are broadly tabular in geometry and were controlled by differential subsidence of the pluton floors during fault reactivation and incremental assembly of subhorizontal sheets. Equal amounts of floor subsidence of the fault footwall and hanging wall during magma accommodation led to symmetrical intrusions, whereas differential subsidence caused plutons to grow asymmetrically. Strongly asymmetrical plutons resulted when only the hanging wall was reactivated to accommodate floor subsidence. Late, post-intrusion contractional deformation resulted in open folding of some tabular plutonic units and local inversion of bounding faults, which has modified but not obscured the original syn-emplacement geometry and fault kinematics.
Evolutionary relationships within the Avalonian Ediacara biota: new insights from laser analysis
Authors: Brasier Martin D. , Antcliffe Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

We report new high-resolution laser scanning of the type material for the earliest, complex Ediacaran genera
Charnia
,
Bradgatia
,
Charniodiscus
and
Ivesheadia
from Charnwood, UK, and compare these with
Beothukis mistakensis
gen. et sp. nov. and the recently described taxa
Charnia wardi
,
Charnia antecedens
and
Fractofusus
spp. from broadly coeval strata in Newfoundland. We use the laser and other techniques to map the similarities and differences in morphology between these Ediacaran rangeomorphs. Key features are suggested to include the number of growth axes, the number and placement of growth tips, the presence of radiating or subparallel axes for the first- and higher-order branches, the extent of displayed or undisplayed leaf-like ’rangeomorph' architecture, and the extent of furling of the margins of these leaf-like elements. These features are then used to propose suggested homologies between these taxa, leading to a preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of the Avalonian Ediacara biota.
U–Pb detrital zircon ages and Sm–Nd isotopic features in low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Famatina belt: implications for late Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic evolution of the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana
Authors: Collo Gilda , Astini Ricardo A. , Cawood Peter A. , Buchan Craig , Pimentel Marcio 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:

The Famatina belt, Central Andes, is part of an ancient accretionary margin built along Western Gondwana in the early Palaeozoic. U–Pb ion microprobe analysis of detrital zircons and Sm–Nd whole-rock analysis of two early Palaeozoic low-grade metasedimentary units record the early evolution of this region. Detrital zircons in the Negro Peinado and Achavil formations have ages ranging from Palaeoproterozoic to Cambrian, consistent with derivation from Gondwanan sources. T
DM
ages suggest that the sedimentary rocks were derived from a composite source area, which separated from the mantle during the Palaeoproterozoic (
c
. 1.8–1.6 Ga). Constraints from the youngest detrital grains indicate accumulation in a Mid- to Late Cambrian foreland basin adjacent to the inboard Pampean orogenic tract. The dominance of Cambrian ages in the Negro Peinado Formation suggests derivation principally from the eastern Pampean belt whereas the dominance of late Neoproterozoic ages in the Achavil Formation suggests that input from the Pampean belt was overwhelmed by older sources. The paucity of Palaeoproterozoic ages argues against direct input from older areas such as the Río de la Plata craton. The predominance of Meso- and Neoproterozoic ages over older sources suggests that a Brasiliano-age magmatic arc developed on a Mesoproterozoic basement, probably a southern extension of the Arequipa–Antofalla massif.
Exhumation of a Cretaceous rift complex within a Late Cenozoic restraining bend, southern Mongolia: implications for the crustal evolution of the Gobi Altai region
Authors: Cunningham Dickson , Davies Sarah , McLean Duncan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:
The Gobi Altai region of southern Mongolia contains intramontane basins dominated by Jurassic–Cretaceous clastic and volcanic deposits. The origin of the basins is poorly documented because Late Cenozoic transpressional mountain building and associated alluvial sedimentation have overprinted and obscured the older Mesozoic history. In this study, we report the discovery of Cretaceous high-angle normal faults and a major low-angle extensional detachment fault bordering the Altan Uul range in southern Mongolia, which indicates that NW–SE crustal stretching was responsible for creating the accommodation space for thick Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary accumulations in southern Mongolia. The detachment fault separates chlorite-grade metasedimentary rocks in the footwall from intensely sheared and flattened unmetamorphosed conglomerates and breccias in the hanging wall. The significant metamorphic break across the detachment fault, associated extensional structures in the hanging wall, and domal form of the footwall block indicate that NW Altan Uul has some structural and topographic characteristics typically associated with metamorphic core complexes. However, NW Altan Uul lacks ductile extensional fabrics along the detachment fault and in the adjacent footwall, and limited stretching in the upper plate suggests less total extensional slip than is reported from typical metamorphic core complexes. Unconformable relations in hanging-wall strata and palynological data indicate that extensional detachment faulting at NW Altan Uul occurred in the Aptian (120–112 Ma) similar in time to metamorphic core complex development previously reported in Mongolia–China border areas and the Daqing Shan of northern China. Post-detachment fault Cretaceous sedimentation buried NW Altan Uul, which is now exposed only as a result of erosional denudation associated with uplift of the recent Nemegt–Altan Uul restraining bend. The discovery of significant Aptian crustal extension in the southern Gobi Altai suggests that Early Cretaceous diffuse rifting encompassed an even wider region than was previously recognized, including areas of the eastern Altai, central, southern and eastern Mongolia, and adjacent areas of northern and northeastern China and Transbaikalia, constituting one of Earth's largest continental interior extensional provinces. Workers investigating the neotectonic development of the Gobi Altai should consider the extent to which the pre-existing rift basin architecture may have influenced the recent range development and network of seismically active faults in the region.
Evidence for an early Archaean granite from Bastar craton, India
Authors: Rajesh H.M. , Mukhopadhyay J. , Beukes N.J. , Gutzmer J. , Belyanin G.A. , Armstrong R.A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:
Granitoids in the early Archaean are believed to be potassium-poor tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite rocks. Only after continental crust attained sufficient thickness did true (relatively potassium-rich) granites form. No record of true granite prior to 3.4 Ga is available. We report a 3.6 Ga true granite from the Archaean Bastar craton in India. In contrast to the typical early Archaean granitoids, which are commonly deformed into gneisses, this granite is relatively undeformed. The age and composition of the granite implies that continental crust of the Bastar craton attained sufficient thickness to permit intracrustal melting at 3.6 Ga.

Supplementary material:

Representative major element, trace element and REE composition of the Dalli-Rajhara granite samples and a summary of SHRIMP U-Pb zircon data for the granite sample D-9 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18337
.