bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Detection of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Mumps Virus
Authors: Backhouse J. L. , Gidding H. F. , McIntyre P. B. , Gilbert G. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

To determine suitability for national serosurveys, we compared two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for mumps antibody, Enzygnost Anti-Parotitis-Virus/IgG (which uses a whole-virus antigen) and Microimmune Mumps IgG Screen ELISA (which uses a recombinant nucleoprotein antigen), by testing 1,915 opportunistically collected sera submitted to diagnostic laboratories across Australia in 1997 to 1998. The proportion of positive results increased with age in both ELISAs but was significantly higher with the Microimmune than with the Enzygnost ELISA overall (88% versus 63%;
P
< 0.01) and in all age groups. However, the proportion of equivocal results was significantly higher with the Enzygnost than with the Microimmune ELISA (9% versus 4%;
P
< 0.01). Of the 572 sera with discrepant or equivocal results, 508 had sufficient sample remaining to perform the neutralization test (NT). A proportion with concordant results in both ELISAs were also tested by the NT. For sera with discrepant results, there was significantly better agreement between the NT and Microimmune than between the NT and Enzygnost (310/444 [70%] versus 135/348 [39%];
P
< 0.01). Of 64 sera with equivocal Microimmune results, 45 (70%) were positive in the NT compared with 140 of 160 (88%) equivocal Enzygnost results (
P
< 0.01). Compared with the NT, the Microimmune ELISA is more sensitive (96% versus 80%) but apparently less specific (36% versus 85%) than the Enzygnost ELISA. However, this is likely to be due to the generally lower sensitivity of the NT, since the Microimmune results reflect expected seroprevalence, based on vaccine uptake in the age groups studied. We conclude that the Microimmune ELISA is a more appropriate assay than the Enzygnost ELISA for estimation of mumps seroprevalence.
Evaluation of a PCR Melting Profile Technique for Bacterial Strain Differentiation
Authors: Krawczyk Beata , Samet Alfred , Leibner Justyna , Śledzińska Anna , Kur Józef 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

In search of an effective DNA typing technique for hospital epidemiology use, the performance and convenience of a PCR melting profile (PCR MP) technique based on using low denaturation temperatures during ligation-mediated PCR (LM PCR) of bacterial DNA was tested. A number of
Escherichia coli
isolates from patients of the Clinical Hospital in Gdańsk, Poland, were examined. We found that the PCR MP technique is a rapid method that offers good discriminatory power and excellent reproducibility and may be applied for epidemiological studies. The usefulness of the PCR MP for molecular typing was compared with the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method, which is currently considered the gold standard for epidemiological studies of isolates recovered from patients and the environment. Clustering of PCR MP fingerprinting data matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data. The features of the PCR MP technique are discussed in comparison with conventional methods. Data presented here demonstrate the complexity of the epidemiological situation concerning
E. coli
that may occur in a hospital.
Septic Arthritis Caused by
Mycobacterium kansasii
in a Prosthetic Knee Joint
Authors: Neuberger A. , Sprecher H. , Oren I. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium kansasii
is a relatively common cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection. Septic arthritis caused by
Mycobacterium kansasii
, on the other hand, is rare. Reported here for the first time is the case of an 82-year-old patient with an infection of a prosthetic knee joint with
Mycobacterium kansasii
.
Clostridium aldenense
sp. nov. and
Clostridium citroniae
sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Infections
Authors: Warren Yumi A. , Tyrrell Kerin L. , Citron Diane M. , Goldstein Ellie J. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

One hundred eight isolates were previously identified in our laboratory as
Clostridium clostridioforme
by colonial and cellular morphology, as well as biochemical tests. Recent studies have indicated that there are actually three different species in this
C. clostridioforme
group:
C. hathewayi
,
C. bolteae
, and
C. clostridioforme
. Our isolates were reexamined using biochemical and enzymatic tests and molecular methods. Forty-six isolates were reidentified as
C. hathewayi
, 34 as
C. bolteae
, five as
C. clostridioforme
, and one as
C. symbiosum
. Twenty-two strains were identified only to the genus level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and although they are microscopically and morphologically indistinguishable from the above-mentioned three species, they are phenotypically different and only 96 to 98% similar by gene sequencing. Twenty of these 22 strains were indole positive and formed two novel species. We propose
Clostridium aldenense
sp. nov. and
Clostridium citroniae
sp. nov. as names for these new species. They are differentiated from each other by results for raffinose, rhamnose, α-galactosidase, and β-galactosidase: positive, negative, positive, and positive, respectively, for the former species and negative, positive, negative, and negative, respectively, for the latter species. The type strain of
C. aldenense
is RMA 9741 (ATCC BAA-1318; CCUG 52204), and the type strain of
C. citroniae
is RMA 16102 (ATCC BAA-1317; CCUG 52203).
Use of In Vitro Assays To Determine Effects of Human Serum on Biological Characteristics of
Acanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: Sissons James , Alsam Selwa , Stins Monique , Rivas Antonio Ortega , Morales Jacob Lorenzo , Faull Jane , Khan Naveed Ahmed 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Normal human serum inhibits
Acanthamoeba
(encephalitis isolate) binding to and cytotoxicity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, which constitute the blood-brain barrier. Zymographic assays revealed that serum inhibits extracellular protease activities of acanthamoebae. But it is most likely that inhibition of specific properties of acanthamoebae is a consequence of the initial amoebicidal-amoebistatic effects induced by serum. For example, serum exhibited amoebicidal effects; i.e., up to 50% of the exposed trophozoites were killed. The residual subpopulation, although viable, remained static over longer incubations. Interestingly, serum enhanced the phagocytic ability of acanthamoebae, as measured by bacterial uptake. Overall, our results demonstrate that human serum has inhibitory effects on
Acanthamoeba
growth and viability, protease secretions, and binding to and subsequent cytotoxicity for brain microvascular endothelial cells. Conversely,
Acanthamoeba
phagocytosis was stimulated by serum.
Comparisons of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) and Hospital-Associated MSRA Infections in Sacramento, California
Authors: Huang Hsin , Flynn Neil M. , King Jeff H. , Monchaud Caroline , Morita Margaret , Cohen Stuart H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) has long been a common pathogen in healthcare facilities, but in the past decade, it has emerged as a problematic pathogen in the community setting as well. A retrospective case series study of patients from whom MRSA was isolated from December 1, 2003, through May 31, 2004, was conducted at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center. Patient data were collected from electronic medical records and traditional chart reviews to determine whether MRSA acquisition was likely to have been in the community or in the hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed for all confirmed isolates. Skin and soft tissue were the most common infection sites for all MRSA patients. Among the 283 MRSA infections, 127 (44.9%) were defined as community-associated (CA)-MRSA. Ninety-six percent of the CA-MRSA isolates were susceptible to clindamycin. Double-disk diffusion tests were performed to examine inducible clindamycin resistance by erythromycin induction on both CA and hospital-associated (HA) clindamycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant isolates. Ten percent (17 of 183) were positive. Most CA-MRSA isolates were identified by PFGE as a unique strain, genotype USA300, which was not genetically related to the predominant genotype, USA100, in the HA-MRSA isolates. Injecting drug users accounted for 49% of CA-MRSA infections but only 19% of the HA-MRSA infections (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.4 to 7.4). Our study shows that a single clone of CA-MRSA accounts for the majority of infections. This strain originated in the community and is not related to MRSA strains from healthcare settings. Injecting drug users could be a major reservoir for CA-MRSA transmission.
Molecular Evolution of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in a Nosocomial Setting of High-Level Endemicity
Authors: Lagatolla Cristina , Edalucci Elisabetta , Dolzani Lucilla , Riccio Maria Letizia , De Luca Filomena , Medessi Erica , Rossolini Gian Maria , Tonin Enrico Angelo 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

An outbreak of multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strains producing VIM-type metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) has occurred in an Italian hospital since 2000 (C. Lagatolla, E. A. Tonin, C. Monti-Bragadin, L. Dolzani, F. Gombac, C. Bearzi, E. Edalucci, F. Gionechetti, and G. M. Rossolini, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:535-538, 2004). In this work, using molecular methods, we characterized 128 carbapenem-resistant isolates (including 98 VIM-positive isolates) collected from that hospital from 2000 to 2002 to investigate the dynamics of the dissemination of MBL producers in the clinical setting. Genotyping by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that most VIM-positive isolates belonged to two different clonal lineages, producing either a VIM-1- or a VIM-2-like MBL, whose ancestors were detected for the first time in the hospital in 1999, suggesting that clonal expansion played a predominant role in the dissemination of these isolates. The 86 clonally related isolates carrying a
bla
VIM-1
-like gene on an In70-like integron were clearly related to a VIM-1-positive
P. aeruginosa
clone circulating in various Italian hospitals since the late 1990s. VIM-negative
P. aeruginosa
strains related to the VIM-1-positive clone were detected during the same period, suggesting that the latter strain was derived from a clonal lineage already circulating in the hospital. In the VIM-2-like positive clone, the MBL gene was carried by an unusual class 1 integron, named In71, lacking the 3′ conserved sequence region typical of
sul1
-associated integrons. A different class 1 integron with an original structure carrying a
bla
VIM-2
determinant, named In74, was detected in a sporadic isolate. A retrospective investigation did not reveal the presence of strains related to any of the VIM-producing isolates earlier than 1997.
Mutations Prevalent among Rifampin- and Isoniazid-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates from a Hospital in Vietnam
Authors: Caws M. , Duy Phan Minh , Tho Dau Quang , Lan Nguyen Thi Ngoc , Hoa Dai Viet , Farrar Jeremy 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Vietnam is ranked 13th among the WHO list of 22 high-burden countries, based upon estimated total number of tuberculosis cases. Despite having a model national tuberculosis program, consistently achieving and exceeding WHO targets for detection and cure, drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases continue to rise. Rapid multidrug-resistant tests applicable in this setting, coupled with effective treatment regimens, would be a useful tool in reversing this trend, allowing early identification of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and avoiding resistance-amplifying regimens. Sequencing of consecutive isolates identified by the National Tuberculosis Program showed 89% of isoniazid-resistant isolates could be detected by targeting just 2 codons,
katG
315 and −15C→T in the
inhA
promoter, while rifampin resistance will be more complex to detect, with many different mutation and insertion events in
rpoB
. The most prevalent rifampin resistance-conferring mutations, as in other countries, were in
rpoB
codons 531 (43%), 526 (31%), and 516 (15%). However, a hybridization-based resistance test with probes targeting the 5 most common mutations would only detect 78% of rifampin-resistant isolates. Overall, these data suggest that rifampin resistance may be used as a surrogate marker for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and that a sensitivity of between 70 to 80% may be possible for rapid molecular detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in this setting.
Molecular Epidemiologic Identification of
Escherichia coli
Genes That Are Potentially Involved in Movement of the Organism from the Intestinal Tract to the Vagina and Bladder
Authors: Xie Jingping , Foxman Betsy , Zhang Lixin , Marrs Carl F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

A first step in urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis in the otherwise healthy host is the movement of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
from the intestinal tract to the urinary tract. We conducted a genomic subtraction to isolate genetic regions associated with this movement. A representative UTI isolate present in the rectum, vagina, and bladder of a woman with UTI was chosen as the tester; the driver was a phylogenetically distant rectal isolate (based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis) with a profile of uropathogenic virulence genes similar to that of the tester. Tester-specific regions identified by the subtraction were screened, using DNA dot blot hybridization, against a collection of 88 uropathogens isolated from the rectum, urine, and/or vagina of women with UTIs and 54
E. coli
isolates from the same women that were found only in the rectum. Twelve genetic regions occurred more often in multisite isolates than in rectal site-only isolates. Eleven of these 12 genetic regions are homologous to regions in the sequenced uropathogenic
E. coli
CFT073 strain.
Use of BBL CHROMagar MRSA Medium for Identification of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Directly from Blood Cultures
Authors: Pape John , Wadlin Jill , Nachamkin Irving 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the ability of BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) to identify methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) directly upon subculture from positive blood culture bottles. There were 124 MRSA isolates recovered from blood cultures in the study. BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium was highly sensitive (97.6% [121/124] at 18 to 24 h of incubation and 100% [124/124] at 48 h) and 99.9% specific for identifying MRSA from positive blood cultures.
Spread of
Escherichia coli
Strains with High-Level Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime Resistance between the Community, Long-Term Care Facilities, and Hospital Institutions
Authors: Oteo Jesús , Navarro Carmen , Cercenado Emilia , Delgado-Iribarren Alberto , Wilhelmi Isabel , Orden Beatriz , García Carmen , Miguelañez Silvia , Pérez-Vázquez María , García-Cobos Silvia , Aracil Belén , Bautista Verónica , Campos José 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

A total of 151
Escherichia coli
strains resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were isolated during a prospective surveillance study. These strains were characterized by clinical, microbiological, and molecular analyses and were distributed into four clusters of 103, 11, 6, and 5 isolates, along with 25 unrelated strains. The principal cluster was isolated from urine, wound, blood, and other samples in three hospitals, eight nursing homes, and a community healthcare center. This cluster was associated with both nosocomial (65%) and community-acquired (35%) infections. Most strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, cefepime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but were susceptible to imipenem. All isolates from the four clusters expressed the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M-15. This enzyme was also present in 8 (30.8%) of the 26 unrelated isolates. The other ESBLs, CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-32, were detected in five and seven cases, respectively, but they were detected in individual
E. coli
isolates only. In three clusters,
bla
CTX-M-15
alleles were linked to an IS
Ecp1
-like element, while in eight strains of cluster II an IS
26
element preceded the
bla
CTX-M-15
allele. An additional pool of resistance genes included
tetA
,
drfA14
or
dfrA17
,
sul1
or
sul2
,
aac(6′)Ib
, and
aac(3)IIb
. All except one of the 27 isolates tested for genetic virulence markers harbored the same three virulence genes:
iutA
and
fyuA
(siderophores), and
traT
(serum survival factor). Epidemic or occasional isolates of cefotaxime- and ceftazidime-resistant
E. coli
can spread between distinct health facilities including hospitals, community health centers, and long-term care centers.
Comparison of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Isolates from the United Kingdom and the United States That Were Associated with Repatriated Casualties of the Iraq Conflict
Authors: Turton Jane F. , Kaufmann Mary E. , Gill Martin J. , Pike Rachel , Scott Paul T. , Fishbain Joel , Craft David , Deye Gregory , Riddell Scott , Lindler Luther E. , Pitt Tyrone L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter
isolates associated with casualties from the Iraq conflict from the United States were compared with those from the United Kingdom by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and integron analysis. Representatives of the main outbreak strain associated with casualties from both countries were indistinguishable in DNA profile. Two further outbreak strains were common to both sets of isolates.
Selection of a Surrogate Agent (Vancomycin or Teicoplanin) for Initial Susceptibility Testing of Dalbavancin: Results from an International Antimicrobial Surveillance Program
Authors: Jones Ronald N. , Sader Helio S. , Fritsche Thomas R. , Hogan Patricia A. , Sheehan Daniel J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT
The immediate lack of market-dominating commercial products (Vitek or MicroScan) for susceptibility testing of the new glycolipopeptide, dalbavancin, requires a surrogate marker agent to assist microbiologists in the correct categorization of potentially indicated species (staphylococci and streptococci). Error-rate analyses for 16,749 isolates using vancomycin or teicoplanin results to categorize dalbavancin susceptibilities demonstrated that both glycopeptide agents were highly predictive of dalbavancin-susceptible results (nearly 100%) with only a rare minor error. Vancomycin test results most reliably predict dalbavancin susceptibility until validated commercial reagents become available for direct testing in clinical practice.
Rapid Identification and Differentiation of Clinical Isolates of Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC), Atypical EPEC, and Shiga Toxin-Producing
Escherichia coli
by a One-Step Multiplex PCR Method
Authors: Müller Daniel , Hagedorn Peter , Brast Sabine , Heusipp Gerhard , Bielaszewska Martina , Friedrich Alexander W. , Karch Helge , Schmidt M. Alexander 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC), atypical enteropathogenic
E. coli
, and Shiga toxin-producing
E. coli
differ in their virulence factor profiles, clinical manifestations, and prognosis, and they require different therapeutic measures. We developed and evaluated a robust multiplex PCR to identify these pathogroups based on sequences complementary to
escV
,
bfpB
,
stx
1
, and
stx
2
.
Comparative Study of the Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Children from a Community-Based Birth Cohort and a Hospital in South India
Authors: Banerjee Indrani , Ramani Sasirekha , Primrose Beryl , Moses Prabhakar , Iturriza-Gomara Miren , Gray James J. , Jaffar Shabbar , Monica Bindhu , Muliyil Jaya Prakash , Brown David W. , Estes Mary K. , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. This study compares rotavirus diarrhea in 351 children in a community-based cohort and 343 children admitted to a hospital during the same period. Clinical information and fecal specimens were obtained during diarrheal episodes. Fecal samples were screened for VP6 antigen, and the positive samples were G and P typed by reverse transcription-PCR. Rotavirus was detected in 82/1,152 (7.1%) episodes of diarrhea in the community and 94/343 (27.4%) cases in the hospital. The median age of affected children (7.5 versus 10.5 months) and the mean severity of symptoms (Vesikari score, 7.6 ± 3.4 versus 11 ± 2.5) were lower in the community. A larger proportion of children in the community were breast-fed than were children admitted to the hospital (73% versus 34.8%). In the community, the genotypes identified in symptomatic patients, in order of frequency, were G1 (36.5%), G10 (17.1%), G2 (15.9%), and G9 (7.3%) and mixed infections (7.3%). The most common G-P combinations were G1P[8], G2P[4], G1P[4], and G10P[11]. The distribution of G types from hospitalized children was G1 (46.8%), G9 (19.1%), G2 (8.5%), G10 (1.1%), and 4.3% mixed infections. The most common G-P combinations were G1P[8] and G9P[8]. This study documents significant genetic heterogeneity of rotaviruses in the community and the hospital. G10P[11] strains resembling a vaccine candidate strain caused disease in the community, indicating the need for careful epidemiological studies as well as safety studies for the vaccine candidates.
Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Bloodstream Infections by DNA Microarray
Authors: Cleven Berit E. E. , Palka-Santini Maria , Gielen Jörg , Meembor Salima , Krönke Martin , Krut Oleg 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBloodstream infections are potentially life-threatening and require rapid identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the causative pathogen in order to facilitate specific antimicrobial therapy. We developed a prototype DNA microarray for the identification and characterization of three important bacteremia-causing species:Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. The array consisted of 120 species-specific gene probes 200 to 800 bp in length that were amplified from recombinant plasmids. These probes represented genes encoding housekeeping proteins, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Evaluation with 42 clinical isolates, 3 reference strains, and 13 positive blood cultures revealed that the DNA microarray was highly specific in identifyingS. aureus,E. coli, andP. aeruginosastrains and in discriminating them from closely related gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains also known to be etiological agents of bacteremia. We found a nearly perfect correlation between phenotypic antibiotic resistance determined by conventional susceptibility testing and genotypic antibiotic resistance by hybridization to theS. aureusresistance gene probesmecA(oxacillin-methicillin resistance),aacA-aphD(gentamicin resistance),ermA(erythromycin resistance), andblaZ(penicillin resistance) and theE. coliresistance gene probesblaTEM-106(penicillin resistance) andaacC2(aminoglycoside resistance). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance and virulence gene probes permitted genotypic discrimination within a species. This novel DNA microarray demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneously identifying and characterizing bacteria in blood cultures without prior amplification of target DNA or preidentification of the pathogen.
Streptococcus pseudoporcinus
sp. nov., a Novel Species Isolated from the Genitourinary Tract of Women
Authors: Bekal Sadjia , Gaudreau Christiane , Laurence Robert A. , Simoneau Esther , Raynal Lélia 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus
strains from animal and human sources identified biochemically as
Streptococcus porcinus
were investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The nine human strains isolated between 1997 and 2005 formed a single cluster with more than 2.1% dissimilarity with
S. porcinus
strains from animal sources. A novel species,
Streptococcus pseudoporcinus
sp. nov., is proposed.