bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Alcohol Dependence Severity among In‐patient Problem Drinkers
Authors: DOHERTY BREID , WEBB MARCUS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and sixty problem drinkers admitted to in‐patient care were rated according to the severity of their alcohol dependence by means of two standardized questionnaires (SADQ and SADD). A bimodal distribution of scores previously reported with the SADQ was not reproduced with either questionnaire, bat there was a highly significant correlation (r=0.806) between the SADQ and SADD scores. There was 59% agreement between the two questionnaires in their placing of scores within three categories of dependence severity. The results suggest a degree of caution in equating current estimates of minimal, mild to moderate and severe dependence on the SADQ with low, medium and high dependence, respectively, on the SADD. Some difficulties experienced by subjects in completing the two questionnaires are discussed.
Variations in Needle Sharing Practices Among Intravenous Drug Users in Possil (Glasgow)
Authors: RAHMAN M. Z. , DITTON JASON , FORSYTH A. J. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryGlasgow has an intravenous drug using (IVDU) population which is probably larger but hitherto less infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than IVDUs elsewhere in Scotland. This 1988 study of 50 Glasgow IVDUs reports disturbingly high rates of sharing injecting equipment, and points to imprisonment as a possible factor in increasing such risk taking behaviour.
The Social Image of the Young Female Smoker
Authors: COOPER W. HEATHER , KOHN PAUL M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCommunity college students (N=229) read a brief narrative about a young female college student and rated her on 14 bipolar scales. Half the subjects read a version in which the protagonist smoked, and half an otherwise identical version in which she didn't. Although most subjects recalled the protagonist's smoking status, very few recognized this as the focal variable in the experiment. Subjects rated the heroine less positively for social attractiveness (p<0.001) and personal resourcefulness (p<0.01) when she was represented as a smoker. They specifically considered the smoking protagonist more masculine (p<0.01), less feminine (p<0.001), less healthy (p<0.001), a poorer student (p<0.001), less wise (p<0.001), less self‐disciplined (p<0.001), less sophisticated (p<0.001), and less gentle (p<0.02). Non‐smoking subjects also rated the smoking heroine as less (physically) attractive (p<0.05), although smoking subjects did not discriminate significantly.
Computerized Tomography and Neuropsychological Assessment in Long‐term High‐dose Heroin Addicts
Authors: STRANG JOHN , GURLING HUGH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA clinico‐radiological assessment of seven high‐dose long‐term heroin addicts was undertaken to look for the presence of neuropsychological and CT scan pathology. Definite abnormalities mere found in both neuropsychological and CT scan assessments in some individuals but the pattern of CT scan and neuropsychological deficit in relation to heroin addiction was not constant.
The Norwegian Injection Mark Study
Authors: SKRETTING ASTRID , SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBy examining persons arrested in Oslo during a certain period, we will try to obtain a better picture of intravenous drug abuse in Oslo. A pilot project was organized for 3 months during the autumn of 1987. In addition to having their arms examined, the arrestees were asked some questions about their abuse and HIV‐testing. The paper presents some data from the pilot period: 35% of the arrestees had marks from intravenous drug abuse (almost 2/3 of the females and slightly less than 1/3 of the males); 78% of them were men, 22% were women; the majority were in the age range 21–35 years; 53% stated that they injected opiates, 35% that they injected stimulants and 12% that they injected both types. Nearly 80% stated that they had been HIV‐tested. A larger proportion of users of opiates (88%) stated that they had been tested than users of stimulants (66%). The prevalence of HIV‐seropositive cases among the arrested intravenous abusers was 13.8%. In the paper we also discuss methodological aspects of the study.
Alcohol Consumption Among Victims of Violence and Among Comparable U.K. Populations
Authors: SHEPHERD JONATHAN , IRISH MARGARET , SCULLY CRISPIAN , LESLIE IAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryControlled investigations of alcohol consumption in victims of assault are lacking. A prospective survey was performed to compare victims' drinking habits with age and sex matched U.K. populations. All 539 adult victims of assault who attended an inner‐city Accident and Emergency (A and E) Department in 1986 were interviewed. Seventy‐four per cent of male victims and 42% of female victims reported alcohol consumption in the 6 hours prior to assault: 30% of males and 4% of females had consumed <10 units. Forty per cent males and 25% of females exceeded established safe‐levels of consumption while 16% of males and 26% of females demonstrated abnormally high gamma‐GT levels. Mean expenditure on alcohol by assault victims was 14% of net income, compared to 7.5% by the U.K. adult population overall. Results suggested that young male victims of assault may not be distinguishable from other young males on the basis of habitual or binge alcohol consumption. Assault victims over 25 years of age drank excessively compared to control populations and should be a priority group for alcohol education programmes.
Health Locus of Control and Health Beliefs in Relation to Adolescent Smoking
Authors: EISER J. RICHARD , EISER CHRISTINE , GAMMAGE PHILIP , MORGAN MICHELLE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryResults from a survey of 10,579 schoolchildren aged 11–16 years indicated various relationships between age, smoking behaviour, health locus of control beliefs, expressed concern with different consequences of illness and beliefs in the efficacy of different strategies for staying healthy. In particular, smokers, compared with non‐smokers, showed less belief in the importance of ‘powerful others’ or ‘personal control’ but more belief in the importance of ‘chance’ as an influence on health outcomes. With regard to consequences of illness, smokers cared more than non‐smokers about not being allowed to see friends, but less about getting behind in school or being a nuisance to others; they were also less convinced of the benefits of preventive health behaviours such as eating good food and taking exercise. Implications for health education approaches are discussed.
Is the Postwar Drinking Binge Ending? Cross‐National Trends in Per Capita Alcohol Consumption
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryExamination is made of per capita alcohol consumption data for 33 (largely developed) countries for 4 periods of time–1951–1952, 1968–1970, 1974–1976 and 1983–1984. The trends indicate that there was a large increase in consumption between 1950–1952 and 1974–1976 in most countries. However, after 1974–1976, consumption stabilized or decreased in most. Declines appear to be more common in wine‐drinking countries and in those with very high levels of consumption. The tendency for countries to have a dominant beverage has declined: the overall trend has been towards beer consumption and away from spirits consumption. Reasons for the results include demographic changes and life style changes towards greater interest in health.
Alcohol Advertising, Consumption and Abuse: a covariance‐structural modelling look at Strickland's data ⋆
Authors: ADLAF EDWARD M. , KOHN PAUL M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRe‐analysis employing covariance‐structural models was conducted on Strickland's (1983) survey data on 772 drinking students from Grades 7, 9 and 11. These data bear on the relations among alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, association with drinking peers and exposure to televised alcohol advertising. Whereas Strickland used a just‐identified model which, therefore, could not be tested for goodness of fit, our re‐analysis tested several alternative models, which could be contradicted by the data. One model did fit his data particularly well. Its major implications are as follows: (1) Symptomatic consumption, negative consequences and self‐rated severity of alcohol‐related problems apparently reflect a common underlying factor, namely alcohol abuse. (2) Use of alcohol to relieve distress and frequency of intoxication, however, appear not to reflect abuse, although frequent intoxication contributes substantially to it. (3) Alcohol advertising affects consumption directly and abuse indirectly, although peer association has far greater impact on both consumption and abuse. These findings are interpreted as lending little support to further restrictions on advertising.
Alcohol Taxes: do the poor pay more than the rich?
Authors: Ashton TONI , CASSWELL SALLY , GILMORE LYNNETTE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryConcern has often been expressed that alcohol taxes bear more heavily on the poor than on the rich, especially if these taxes are based on quantity rather than price. However, surprisingly little is known about how the tax burden is distributed across different income groups. Utilizing survey data from 3010 respondents in New Zealand, this study calculates exactly how much alcohol tax was paid by respondents in different income groups and in different types of households. These results were applied to household expenditure survey data to estimate the incidence of alcohol taxes across different households. The results suggest that, although in dollar terms the wealthiest households paid about four times as much alcohol tax as the poorest households, when expressed as a percentage of income, alcohol taxes are distributed proportionally across the lower income brackets but decline towards the upper end of the income scale. These taxes accounted for less than 1% of household income for all income groups. Households with children generally paid less alcohol tax than households without children. It is concluded that alcohol taxes in New Zealand do not seriously conflict with the broader equity objectives of government policy.
The Increase in Alcohol Consumption among Women: a phenomenon related to accessibility or stress? A General Population Study
Authors: Hammer Torild , Vaglum Per 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis population survey of Norwegian women (N=3997) and their husbands explore the relative importance of accessibility and stress variables in explaining the level of women's alcohol consumption. Among the accessibility‐variables, population density and husbands’alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the women's consumption. Employment among women is not significantly related to their alcohol use when controlling for the husbands’consumption. Stress variables (work stress, nervousness) have no significant influence on consumption when controlling for accessibility variables. The findings show that the increase in women's consumption of alcohol is more specifically related to accessibility, variables with a close relationship to lifestyle, rather than to general accessibility to alcoholic beverages.
OKT4/OKT8 Ratio in Asymptomatic Heroin Addicts
Authors: Marra Roberto , SCHIFANO FABRIZIO , RINALDO EMANUELA , FAVARO WALLY , GAVIOLI ARTEMISIO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe OKT4 (helper) and OKT8 (suppressor) lymphocytic subpopulations were enumerated in a sample of 60 asymptomatic drug addicts and in 17 controls. No significant differences in the ratio could be found that could not be explained by the action of HIV. It can be concluded that heroin itself was not responsible for any alteration in the T4/T8 ratio in the population considered.
Drug Abusers' Perceptions of their Parents
Authors: SCHWEITZER ROBERT D. , LAWTON PATRICIA A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMany clinicians in the area of drug addiction believe that emotional problems arise from particular styles of parenting. To investigate this link, 63 young male and female addicts who had sought treatment completed the Parental Bonding Instrument which tapped their perceptions of their relationship with each parent. Addicts reported early parental experiences differing from those of a control group. Drug abusers judged their parents as cold, indifferent, controlling and intrusive. In addition, these perceptions were shared by male and female addicts. These results, together with previous research suggest that these perceptions might well point to a general risk factor for the development of a broad range of psychological and psychiatric disorders. In addition, the issue of family factors in the design and implementation of drug treatment programs needs to be addressed.
Alcohol and Liver Injury: dose‐related or permissive effect?
Authors: SØRENSEN THORKILD I. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe studies addressing the risk of development of cirrhosis of the liver in relation to alcohol consumption have been based on comparisons at the aggregate population level and at the individual level, on case‐control studies and cohort studies, and on retrospective and prospective assessment of alcohol consumption. The ideal, but unfeasible, study design for estimation of the risk function is a prospective monitoring of alcohol consumption and recording of rate of development of cirrhosis per unit of time. Two recent studies, approaching this design, suggested that above a rather low, but not precisely determined, level of alcohol consumption, the risk of development of cirrhosis is not further influenced by the amount of alcohol consumed. A critical analysis of previous studies suggests that this risk function actually is compatible with their findings. The contention that alcohol abuse has a permissive rather than a dose‐dependent role in the development of alcoholic liver injury encourages research into the additional factors that must act before the liver injury occurs.
Withdrawal‐oriented Therapy for Smokers
Authors: HAJEK PETER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe treatment approach of the Maudsley Hospital Smokers Clinic is described. It stems from the notion that smokers seeking help are dependent on nicotine, and that withdrawal discomfort is a major block to their success in quitting. Accordingly, therapy focuses on helping clients overcome nicotine deprivation. It uses nicotine replacement and a special format of group treatment. Details are given of preparation of clients, use of nicotine chewing gum, use of group‐oriented groupwork, use of information about withdrawal, and training in withdrawal‐oriented therapy. Data are presented concerning characteristics of the clientele, treatment adherence, and treatment results. A number of controversial issues are addressed, such as the optimal duration of treatment, timing of the quit date, the value of educational input, and the value of individualization of treatment goals.
Alcoholic and Non‐alcoholic Liver Disease in Relation to Alcohol Consumption in Scotland, 1978–84.
Authors: KREITMAN NORMAN , DUFFY JOHN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA common strategy in epidemiological studies linking alcohol consumption in the general population with liver cirrhosis mortality is to use non‐specific cirrhosis mortality rates in which alcoholic and non‐alcoholic causes of death are not distinguished. Evidence is presented from Scottish mortality data for 1979 to 1984 that the two forms of cirrhosis have quite different epidemiological profiles. Similar findings emerge from morbidity data. The two forms of disease should be distinguished in future studies in which liver cirrhosis is used as a proxy for consumption, despite the manifest shortcomings of currently available data.
Peers as Perceived by Drug Abusers in their Drug‐Seeking Behaviour
Authors: ONG TECK‐HONG 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is pan of a major study in drug abuse. It attempts to investigate from the social learning perspective the importance of peers in the interpersonal relationship and in drug‐seeking behaviour among a group of drug abusers including adolescents and adults. The subjects included 100 drug abusers randomly selected from those registered with voluntary organizations for treatment and rehabilitation, and 100 non‐abusers individually matched for sex, approximate age, ethnic group, educational stream, and neighbourhood. A questionnaire was constructed to collect biosocial and drug‐use data and 11 items of them common to those on the official record were used to check the veridicality of the responses of drug abusers. Exact agreement ranged from 83% to 100%.It is found that peers were identified significantly more by the drug abusers than by the non‐abusers to be the person they most associated with, and that peer group influence is a strong motivator in the trigger mechanism of drug‐taking.
The Response of New Zealand Boys to Corporate and Sponsorship Alcohol Advertising on Television
Authors: WYLLIE ALLAN , CASSWELL SALLY , STEWART JOANNA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA survey of a random sample of 302 New Zealand boys aged 9–14 years investigated responses to two recent television advertisements featuring alcohol companies. Alcohol product advertising is not allowed on New Zealand television but a corporate advertisement which was allowed was perceived by most of the children to be advertising beer and to be encouraging drinking. A corporate sports sponsorship advertisement had lower association with alcohol, which may have been because of children's limited understanding of the concept of sponsorship. Most of the children remembered both advertisements and many expected their peers to take notice of them. There was strong support for both advertisements being broadcast on television. Overall, the survey suggested that this television advertising was creating strong positive associations between the companies' products and significant cultural and emotional elements, thus contributing to a climate that was not supportive of alcohol education.
Patterns of Drug Use by Young People in the Rural Community of Spain
Authors: ALVAREZ F. J. , QUEIPO D. , DEL RIO M. C. , GARCIA M. C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe patterns of drug use were studied in 188614‐30‐year‐olds in rural (less than 10,000 inhabitants) Spain in 1987. Cannabis was the most frequently consumed drug. For the“past month”, the frequency of drug consumption was 10.07% of the population for cannabis, and ranged between 1.01% for amphetamines and 0.11% for inhalants. Drug consumption was more frequent among males than among females. The earlier start in consumption was among inhalants (15.3 years) whereas cocaine consumers started later (20years). ‘New sensations and curiosity’ was the most frequently reported reason for the initial consumption of the various drugs, whereas the ‘search for pleasure and happiness, and’ to relax'(for tranquillizers) were the principal reasons given for continuing use. ‘Euphoria’ and ‘well‐being’ were the principal effects felt under the influence of the different drugs. The present data show that drug consumption is common among young people in Spanish rural communities.
NMR T1 Relaxation Time of the Brain During Alcohol Withdrawal and its Lack of Relationship with Symptom Severity
Authors: MANDER A. J. , YOUNG A. , CHICK J. D. , RIDGWAY J. , BEST J. J. K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA significant fall in brain T1 relaxation time, consistent with a reduction in brain water of approximately 0.3%, occurred in 19 chronic alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. There was no correlation between T1 and the severity of withdrawal symptoms and hence no evidence that changes in brain water levels contributed to the abstinence syndrome.
Increased Plasma Carnitine in Severe Alcohol Dependence
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. , CHALMERS R. , BARTLETT S. , LITTLETON J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCarnitine plays a central role in lipid metabolism. There have been several suggestions that camitine metabolism is affected in alcoholism. In the present study plasma camitine levels in severely dependent alcoholic patients were investigated. The results show that total and free plasma camitine in 11 out of 14 patients were raised above those found in normal control subjects. This may be indicative of changes central to the disease process. We suggest that plasma free camitine represents a useful test which can be added to those currently used to assess alcohol dependence.
Cross‐cultural and Cross‐temporal Explanations of Drinking Behavior: contributions from epidemiology, life‐span developmental psychology and the sociology of aging
Authors: HARTKA ELIZABETH , FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA review is presented of the contributions to understanding historical and cultural variation in drinking practices from three disciplines—epidemiology, life‐span developmental psychology and the sociology of aging. It is concluded that while these disciplines have made major methodological contributions to understanding these variations, theory is lacking. Reasons for the paucity of theory and the lack of hypotheses are advanced, as are frameworks in which to test competitive hypotheses across temporal and cultural boundaries.
Undergraduate Medical School Training in Psychoactive Drugs and Rational Prescribing in the United Kingdom
Authors: FALKOWSKI J. , GHODSE A. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe present study examines the extent and form of teaching on psychoactive drugs and the rational prescribing of them given to undergraduate medical students in the United Kingdom. All the 21 schools which replied taught on psychoactive drugs. The average was 15.4 hours of formal teaching (lectures, seminars, tutorials). The teaching on psychoactive drugs compares favourably with the average of 4.2 hours teaching given on alcohol related problems and 3.5 hours on drug dependence. It emerged that there was a great deal of variation in the amount of teaching on psychoactive drugs and many schools felt their teaching on rational prescribing was inadequate. There is a need to promote better co‐ordination between medical school departments and to identify the key concepts which all medical schools should teach. These steps would help to ensure improved teaching on psychoactive drugs and rational prescribing.
Towards a sociology of tranquillizer prescribing
Authors: GABE JONATHAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper outlines a sociological approach to benzodiazepine tranquillizer prescribing. The analysis focuses on both the micro level of the doctor‐patient relationship and the macro level of those political, economic and cultural factors which structure the prescribing process. This makes it possible to account for both the overall decline in benzodiazepine prescriptions in the 1980's and the fact that they are still being prescribed on a long‐term basis to ‘a significant number of people’.
Alcohol education for 13 year olds‐does it work? Results from a controlled evaluation
Authors: BAGNALL GELLISSE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents the findings from a controlled prospective study of the effectiveness of a school‐based alcohol education package for 13 year olds. The research had three phases: (1) baseline survey of alcohol‐related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour; (2) development and teaching of a short alcohol education package and (3) follow‐up survey. The results indicate that the students who received the alcohol education knew more about alcohol than the controls. In addition, the educational intervention was found to have influenced the self‐reported last consumption of alcohol and maximum consumption, with the ‘educated’ youngsters generally exhibiting more restrained behaviour. There has been little scientific evidence that past alcohol education has been effective in changing young people's drinking behaviour. The outcome of this research reinforces some recent studies which suggest the way forward may lie in an educational approach which takes account of social influences on substance use and misuse.