bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY PIERRE POIVRE IN CANTON, MANILA, INDIA AND hlADAGASCAR (1751–1756).
Authors: Stresemann Erwin 
Published: April 2008

Summary.Perusal of Brisson's ‘Ornithologie’, Pierre Poivre's autobiography and this traveller's publications induced the writer to concern himself with the type localities of Brisson's new Oriental birds. Those accepted by previous authors proved to be wrong in a number of cases. On the strength of the actual type localities the current names of some well‐known birds will have to be changed. The following names are affected: — Eurystomus orientalis (L.), Eclectus pectoralis (St. Müller), Saxicola borbonensis W. Sclater, Lalage nigra (Forster), Ducula aenea (L.), Cinnyris asiatica (Latham), Pelargopsis capemis (L.) and Psittacula krameri echo (Newton).
NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY OF THE CLAPPER LARKS OF SOUTH AFRICA.
Authors: Macdonald. J. D. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.A case is made out for grouping the various forms of clapper lark in southern Africa, other than those included in the species Mirafra rufocinnumomea (olim fischeri), as a single polytypic species, Mirafra apiata Vieillot. Many of the described forms are listed as geographical races. The conclusions reached can only be regarded as a very early stage in the understanding of variation in this rather little‐known and highly variable species.
A SECOND JOURNEY TO THE MOROCCAN SAHARA (IN 1952) AND OVER THE GREAT ATLAS.
Authors: David  , Bannerman Jane 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY.

The first part of the journey described covers the whole of the western seaboard of Morocco from Tangier to within 75 km. of the Oued Draa. The High Atlas was crossed from south to north by another pass from that used in 1951, and a visit paid later to the cedar forests of the Middle Atlas.
The marshes south of Cap Blanc were visited and the birds seen are described.
Bald Ibises were discovered in the area of Cap Cantin where there are imposing sea‐cliffs, the bird‐life of which is listed.
Mogador island was visited and thirteen species identified.
The Argan forests south of Mogador yielded 32 species of birds.
The estuary of the Oued Sous was explored on four occasions. Its character has changed much since Lynes' visit in 1925. A Desert Warbler was identified which Lynes noted as absent. Bald Ibises were again seen.
The Oued Massa was visited and a Marmora's Warbler seen here among other species.
The bird‐life of Goulimine and surrounding deserts is described for the first time. At least 50 species were identified. Five species of chats were found here and early dates of breeding of Oe. moesta and Oe. deserti are recorded. Considerable extension of range is claimed for the Black Chat Oe. leucura and the White‐crowned Black Chat Oe. leucopyga, the latter some hundreds of kilometres westwards.
A breeding ground of Seebohm's Wheatear Oenanthe seebohmi on a high plateau of the Middle Atlas was visited.
A rare lark resembling Chersophilus duponti but strikingly pale was seen at 6100 ft. in the Middle Atlas.
Dates when passage migrants were seen are noted throughout the text.
MIGRATION OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN N.W. GERMANY 1942.
Authors: Buxton E. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYObservations on the spring migration of geese, Lapwings, Swifts, Skylarks, hirundines, White Wagtails, Starlings and Chaffinches were made in 1942 from EL prisoner‐of‐war camp in Westphalia. Most of the passage was between east and north‐east, but bad weather on 9 March caused a temporary reverse movement of Skylarks to the south‐west. Nearly 7000 Skylarks passed to the east and north‐east on the peak day, 14 March.
VISIBLE MIGRATION THROUGH THE PYRENEES: AN AUTUMN RECONNAISSANCE.
Authors: Lack David and Elizabeth 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY.

Our present findings are preliminary.
On the southwest corner of France round St. Jean de Luz four migratory streams were found: (i) Blue Tits and Tree Sparrows travelling west, (ii) Chaffinches travelling S.W. by W., (iii) cardueline finches, some Chaffinches, Motacillidae, Wood Pigeons and Cranes travelling S.S.W., and (iv) Skylarks and Motacillidae, also grey geese, arriving from the Bay of Biscay and continuing inland south.
The birds in the above groups (iii) and (iv) were seen crossing the low mountaiiis of the Basses Pyrenees in large numbers. With a cross wind the small passerincs selected the windward slopes, presumably because of the updraught.
Kaptors, pigeons, hirundines, finches and Motacillidae were seen migrating through the high mountains of the central Pyrenees. In certain conditions all these groups (as well as three orders of insects) could be found migrating through the Port de Gavarnie at 7500 feet.
In the high mountains, hirundines (nearly all of which were Swallows) flea high on a broad front with a following wind, when they ignored the contours, somewhat lower with a cross wind, when they selected the windward slopes, and very low with a head wind, or in rain, or in the early morning and late evening, when they followed the valleys.
Finches and Motacillidae likewise migrated well above the floor of the vallejs except in bad weather or in the early morning. Most passed through the Port de Gavarnie in the middle hours of the day, not (as on the coast) in the early morning.
Other published records also indicate that small passerine birds regularly cross the European mountain ranges on their migration.
REMARKS ON THE ASIATIC HAWK‐EAGLES OF THE GENUS SPIZAËTUS
Authors: Amadon Dean 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

The Asiatic species of the genus Spizaëtus are reviewed. A new subspecies, S. nams stresemanni, is described from Nias Island.
There is evidence, as yet inconclusive, that three species replace one another geographically on the West Sumatran Islands, only one species occurring on any one island.
OBSERVATIONS ON VOICE AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE RED‐LEGGED PARTRIDGE ALECTORIS RUFA.
Authors: Goodwin. Derek 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

This paper deals with observations made on captive and wild Red‐legged Partridges. The more detailed work has been with captive or semi‐captive birds. Most of the wild birds watched were in Kent or Middlesex.
The call‐notes and their functions are described. The species has many distinct notes, evidently correlated with different emotional moods. As with other birds, intermediate notes may be given as the caller's mood changes.
The common display, in which the conspicuous markings of flanks, face and neck are presented, is primarily threatening. It is shown when the impulse to attack is inhibited by fear or sexual feeling. Feeding movements are also shown under conditions of inhibited aggressiveness.
The male selects the nest‐site and makes the nest, attracting the female's attention to it with a special call. He makes a second nest when the first is full of eggs. The male of a captive pair started to incubate the eggs in the first nest on he day following that on which the female began to incubate those in the second neat. Much circumstantial evidence suggests that this behaviour occurs commonly in the wild state. The behaviour of male and female when tending chicks or incubating was identical.The male showed no ‘masculine” traits of voice or gait in this period. In the wild, broods are normally attended by only one parent.
Parental care is described. Any object swooping towards the chicks releases an aggressive response in the parent. Birds of prey in flight are recognised innately. The parent reacts instantly to the distress cheeping of a lost chick, answering its cries and hastening towards it.
On first leaving the nest the chick pecks at every object it notices that is small and contrasts with its background. A chick that finds a supply of food utters notes that attract its companions, but one that finds a single large food‐morsel flees with it away from the others. Young birds cluster together for warmth when the parent is no longer willing to brood them.
Dust‐bathing and sun‐bathing are much practised. Initially the dusting appears to be evoked by tactile stimuli, but in experienced birds the initial stimulus may be visual.
The “comfort” movements are similar to those of the domestic fbv.1. Deliberate anointing of the plumage with oil from the preen‐gland is frequent, especially at the moment rain begins to fall.
Escaping behaviour and fear responses are described. The bird's play movements consist of emotion‐dissociated fleeing movements which suggest that I raptors are important predators under natural conditions.
A SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE BRITISH CAMEROONS
Authors: Serle William 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

A collection of 2000 skins made in southern British Cameroons during twenty‐six months there from 1949 to 1951 is described. The range of many species is extended.
Field notes are given on forms whose habits were previously unknown or little known and the nidification of several is described for the first time.
Sarothrura pulchra batesi and Gymnobucco calvus major are regarded as invalid.
Malaconotus perspicillatus is regarded as a synonym of Malaconotus monteiri.
Geographical variation in colour in Francolinus squamatus in West Africa is described.
The nestling or chicks of the following are described:‐Sarothrura elegans reichenovi, Turacus macrorynchus verreauxi, Phyllastrephus poensis, Hirundo nigrita, Heterhyphantes m. melanogaster, and Sitagra monacha.
The immature dress of the following is described:‐Micropus batesi, Phyllastrephus poensis, Dyaphorophyia concreta kumbaensis, Turdus n. nigrilorum, Alcthe poliothorax, Seicercus herberti camerunensis, Chalcomitra ursulae and Anthreptes seimundi minor.
EGG‐LAYING, INCUBATION AND HATCHING OF THE COMMON GULL (LARUS CANUS).
Authors: Barth Edvard K. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

Eggs in 3‐egg clutches are identified as a, b and c, those in 2‐egg clutches as a and b.
Egg‐laying can take place at all times of the day, but at least 50% of b, c and bs are laid between 1200 and 1700 hours.
The average time between the laying of a and b, 46 hours, differs significantly from the 53 hours between a´ and b´ but not from the 47 hours between b and c.
The average time between the hatching of eggs a and b was four hours, between b and c 17 hours and between a´ and b´ six hours.
Out of 77 nests, eggs hatched out of the order in which they were laid as follows: a‐c‐b in four, b‐a‐c in nine, b‐c‐a in three, c‐a‐b in two, b´‐a´ in four, a´ and b´ at the same time in two.
Incubation usually began when the last egg had been laid, and lasted on the average for 25 d. 22 h. (extremes 24 d. 1 h. and 28 d. 4 h.). Eggs a and b have a significantly shorter incubation period than c, but a´ and b´ does not differ significantly.
On the average, egg b was laid 46 hours after a and hatched four hours after it, c was laid 47 hours after b and hatched 17 hours after it; b‘ was laid 53 hours after a’, after which 24 hours of “casual brooding” occurred, and b‘ hatched six hours after a’. Since “casual brooding” can postpone the beginning of actual incubation, consequent hatching of b‘ can be postponed until at least 291/2 days after it is laid.
If nests got wet for long periods they cooled, so that much rain will probably lengthen the incubation period.
In several nests the temperature was recorded continuously with instruments. Examples are given of the relation of nest temperatures to egg‐laying and the early brooding period. During the incubation period the highest recorded nest‐temperature (at the top of the eggs) was 43° C.
The embryo does not appear to develop at normal speed below 30° C., which is seldom reached before the last egg in the clutch has been laid.
INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SIZE OF EGGS IN YELLOW‐EYED PENGUINS.
Authors: Richdale L. E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

Between 1936–37 and 1953–54 inclusive, 892 eggs laid by Yellow‐eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes between the ages of 2 and 17 years, and 61 eggs of older birds, were studied in relation to age of female.
The two eggs of the clutch of the Yellow‐eyed Penguin tend to be the same size, but they are statistically different in the five Eudyptes species for which data are available.
The Yellow‐eyed Penguins may be divided into three groups according to age and size of eggs. (1) Immature penguins up to four to five years of age, (2) fully mature penguins from five years to around 13 or 14, and (3) aged penguins from 13 or 14 years to 19 + years, the oldest in my records. Two‐year‐olds produce significantly lighter and narrower eggs than older birds. Length is not significantly different but is very variable. Three‐year‐olds lay heavier and wider eggs than two‐year‐olds, but not so heavy nor so wide as four‐year‐olds. Penguins over 13 lay eggs that are lighter and more irregular in length, but some individuals still produce wide eggs.
In the Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora sanfordi age influences the size of the egg as it does in the Yellow‐eyed Penguin and some other birds.
LAND‐AND SEA‐BIRD MIGRATION IN NORTH‐WEST SPAIN, AUTUMN 1954
Authors: Snow D. W. , Owen D. F. , Moreau R. E. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY.

Between 28 September and 31 October 1954 a visit was paid to N.W. Spain to study the autumn migration and also to collect local information about migrants. Much of the coast between the mouth of the Miño and Santander was visited.
We saw arrivals from the north (from across the Bay of Biscay), particularly Meadow Pipits, at Tapia, Ribadesella and Pendueles, but found very little evidence of arrivals in the extreme N.W. corner.
Along the north coast we saw a spectacular westward coasting movement, chiefly Chaffinches and Meadow Pipits, and a similar, but smaller, movement southwards down the west coast.
According to local information several species, especially Woodcock, Lapwings, thrushes and Starlings, are known chiefly as hard‐weather visitors rather than regular autumn migrants.
Sea‐bird movements westwards along the north coast were impressive, especially Scoters, Lesser Black‐backed Gulls and Gannets.
THE CONCEPT OF TERRITORY IN THE PARTRIDGE PERDIX P. PERDIX.
Authors: Blank T. H. , Ash. J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

Partridge territory (as defined) is of two types—covey territory (late summer and early winter) and pair territory (late winter and early summer).
The only defended part of their territory is a restricted area surrounding the birds, which moves with them throughout their range, but is most extensive and tends most to coincide with the range of the pair in late March and throughout April.
Unmated cock Partridges, show no territorial behaviour. If a mated cock Partridge loses its mate territorial behaviour ceases within a few days unless another mate is secured.
There is considerable overlap of covey and even pair territory, although in the latter this is much reduced during the pre‐nesting period in Perdix. Territory distribution is closely associated with the available food supply.
Proximity tolerance between coveys and between pairs appears to depend on the relative dominance of the cocks concerned.
THE LACK OF TERRITORY IN THE REDSHANK TRINGA TOTANUS.
Authors: Hale W. G. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

Whilst individual (colour‐ringed) Redshanks showed a preference for certain feeding areas, they did not defend them. They showed no preference for any areas during display and the location of ground displays was determined by the location of the female.
During hatching and fledging of chicks an area was defended against potential predators, but not against other Redshanks.
A territory was not required for the location of the mate, which was done by calling.
TERRITORY IN THE PIED FLYCATCHER MUSCICAPA HYPOLEUCA
Authors: Haartman Lars von 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

The male Pied Flycatcher does not show definite territorial behaviour before finding a suitable nesting‐hole. In species with unspecialized nesting biology, territory is chosen before nest‐site.
The restricted number of nesting‐holes is in most areas the main factor limiting population density in the Pied Flycatcher. As the number of nest‐boxes in an area was multiplied, the percentage of returning birds ringed as young rose, whereas that of old individuals did not rise. It is concluded that competition for nesting‐places forces a certain number of young birds to emigrate. As the effect is relatively slight, it is concluded that most individuals emigrate for other reasons.
Aggressive display and courtship are briefly described.
Since overcrowding is mostly effectively prevented by the restricted number of nesting‐holes, the Pied Flycatcher does not need large territories. As the male's courtship includes a repeated nest‐demonstration, his absence from the vicinity of the nest‐site would be unfavourable. Hence, the territory is small, the male principally defending the nesting‐hole. The Pied Flycatcher's home is his castle.
Most male Pied Flycatchers are polyterritorial. The distance between territories held by one male in the same season amounted at most to 2–3 km.
Polygamy is briefly described. The pre‐requisite of the male's polygamy is in most cases polyterritoriality.
TERRITORY IN THE MEADOWLARKS, GENUS STURNELLA.
Authors: Lanyon Wesley E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.A recent study of the comparative ethology and ecology of the morphologically similar meadowlarks of the American grasslands permitted (1) a comparison of territorial behaviour and (2) an analysis of the interspecific aspect of territorialism.Both species were found to be territorial in that the males spaced themselves on selected units of grassland, within which they mated, gathered food, and reared young, and which they defended against intruding meadowlarks. No differences were noted between the two species with regard to the establishment, size, or maintenance of territories.Species outside of the genus were normally tolerated within meadowlark territories. But territorial defence and display between males of the two species of meadlowarks was as frequent and intense as intraspecific display, resulting in the complete segregation of their territories. Interspecific territorialism may contribute to the continued independence of these species on a common breeding ground.
TERRITORY AND INDIVIDUAL DISTANCE IN THE CHAFFINCH FRINGILLA COELEBS
Authors: Marler P. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.Male and female Chaffinches defend two types of area, territory, and “individual distance.” Territories are held mainly in the breeding season and are defended from birds of the same sex. The mean size of seventeen territories was 6,700 sq. m. The smallest, in open marginal habitats, were defended more fiercely than larger ones. The territory does not provide much food for young or adults, except perhaps in times of emergency. It may help in concealment from predators.Individual distance is a small measurable area around the bird carried wherever it goes. Throughout the year intruders within it are rarely tolerated. Both colours and behaviour affect how close an intruder may come. Individual‐distance behaviour is probably most important in competition for food in winter, but it is significant in other contexts. It is developmentally related to territorialism, and may be an evolutionary precursor of the passerine territory.
A METHOD FOR DESCRIBING AND COMPARING AVIAN HABITATS.
Authors: Emlen John T. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.Detailed studies of ecological distribution and habitat specificity require objective, quantitative data which are rarely available in the reference system customarily used for designating habitat relations.A scheme of habitat description was developed and tested in a variety of situations in Africa and North America based on the selection of a set of measurable features or dimensions, each of which was graduated for quantitative or qualitative evaluation. A procedure for recording measurements in the field is described. Examples are presented showing how quantitative habitat data may be applied in erecting vegetation formulae of various degrees of refinement, in making semi‐pictorial habitat diagrams, and in analyzing subtle differences in habitat selection by different species or populations.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE SWIFT APUS APUS
Authors: Lack David 
Published: April 2008

Summary.

The period when Swifts have young in the nest probably corresponds, in general, with the season when their food is most abundant.
The start of the clutch may be held up by bad weather, which influences laying five days later.
The eggs are usually laid at 2‐day intervals, a 3‐day interval being commoner in cold than warm weather.
The proportion of clutches consisting of three rather than two eggs is highest at the start of the breeding season and progressively declines. It is also, and independently, reduced by cold weather.
All the young are normally raised in broods of one every year, in broods of two except in very wet summers, in broods of three only in fine summers.
In wet as compared with fine summers, nestling periods are longer, nestling weights are lower and the wings grow more slowly.
Brood‐size has a negligible influence on the nestling period, nestling weight and wing‐length in fine summers, but a marked influence in wet summers.
DISTRACTION DISPLAY AND THE HUMAN PREDATOR.
Authors: Armstrong Edward A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.Evidence concerning the size of human populations and man's mentality in the past shows that human influence on the evolution of distraction display cannot have been appreciable. This is supported by ethological evidence.Threat elements, modified by retreat behaviour, are conspicuous in distraction display. Boldness, not tameness, is involved. Threat display is regarded as consisting mainly of “checked” attack movements.Distraction displays have been perfected through the elimination of inadequate performers by predators other than man. The limited number of relevant predators in high northern latitudes as compared with tropical forest has resulted in more specialized displays by birds breeding in the Arctic.Birds often attack ungulates rather than injury‐simulate to them. This is apparently an adaptation evolved to deter wild herbivores. In its evolution, as well as its performance, distraction display may be due to conflict between defence and retreat motivations.Non‐human predators possess discriminative abilities sufficient to account for the elaboration of distraction displays.