bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic placement of distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheters
Authors: Handler Michael H. , Callahan Brian 
Published: October 2008

Object
Ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs) are commonly placed into the peritoneal cavity via a small laparotomy or blindly by using a split trocar. Larger patients require larger incisions, and placement is made more difficult by previous abdominal operations and obesity. For general surgeons, laparoscopy has become the first-choice approach for abdominal procedures, using 1 or several very small incisions. The authors discuss their pediatric series of patients in whom laparoscopy was used to place distal shunt catheters.

Methods
The authors reviewed the medical records accrued over a 9-year period, noting VPS operations performed using laparoscopy. Complications, morbidity, and alterations of planned management were noted.

Results
One hundred thirty-seven VPS operations in 126 patients were identified, 92 performed by the senior author (M.H.H.) alone and 45 conducted with the assistance of a general surgeon. A second port was placed for lysis of adhesions or retrieval of old catheters in 7 cases. There were no immediate complications. The infection rate was 6.6%, comparable with the institutional norm (6.3%) over an 8-year period. There were 3 early failures due to abdominal malabsorption without infection. Five catheters later broke at the level where they were introduced into the abdomen due to shearing by the abdominal trocar.

Conclusions
Laparoscopic placement of distal VPS catheters is relatively safe and allows insertion via inconspicuous incisions. It can allow for inspection or lysis of adhesions and removal of foreign bodies, help determine if and where the abdomen can absorb shunt fluid, and make VPS surgery in the obese patient easier.
Thrombosis associated with ventriculoatrial shunts
Authors: Wilkinson Norka , Sood Sandeep , Ham Steven D. , Gilmer-Hill Holly , Fleming Patricia , Rajpurkar Madhvi 
Published: October 2008

Object
In this single-center study, the authors examined the clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment strategies, and outcomes in patients with thrombosis associated with ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts.

Methods
Inpatient and outpatient charts of patients who underwent treatment and follow-up in the Hematology-Oncology Division at the authors' institution and in whom thrombosis developed secondary to a VA shunt placement were reviewed. A complete thrombophilia work-up was performed in each patient, and these records were also reviewed. Treatment including medical and surgical management was noted and outcome data were recorded.

Results
Resolution of thrombosis was seen after anticoagulation therapy in all patients; this may be an alternative to surgical therapy.

Conclusions
Patients with VA shunts represent a unique group at risk for thrombosis. The duration of anticoagulation therapy must be individualized. However, larger studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of screening for asymptomatic thrombosis and to investigate the role of prophylactic anticoagulation.
Spot urinary protein/osmolality ratio as a predictor for proteinuria of nephrotic range
Authors: Jahan Salma , Islam Md. Saiful , Hossain Md. Moazzam 
Published: October 2008

A prospective study was carried out on 50 patients (age 1-15 years) with nephrotic range of proteinuria to determine the correlation of 24-hour urinary total protein with spot urinary protein/creatinine ratio and urinary protein/osmolality ratio. Another 50 patients having no proteinuria grouped as control. Twenty-four hours urine and spot urine were collected from each child and were analyzed for total volume, total protein, creatinine and osmolality level. The average 24-hour urinary total proteins in nephritic patient were 2148.6 Â± 808.7 mg and the spot urinary protein/creatinine and spot urinary protein/osmolality were 3.2332 Â± 0.4293 mg/mg and 3.2418 Â± 0.4393 mg/mOsm respectively. There was a strong positive correlation of the 24-hour urinary total protein with spot urinary protein/creatinine and protein/osmolality ratios (r=0.9846 and 0.9870, p= <0.001). But in control group, these ratios did not show any correlation with 24-hour urinary total protein. These results suggest that in pediatric patients with nephrotic range of proteinuria, the spot urinary protein/osmolality ratio can predict the 24-hour Â urinary total protein excretion like that of spot urinary protein/creatinine ratios. Keywords: Kidney; Proteinuria; UrinaryDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v33i2.1207Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 65-68
Ultrasonography and computer tomography evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma with cytohistopathological correlation
Authors: Hoque Hasnat Waheedul , Alam Shahinul , Ahsan Sania , Islam Md. Nazrul 
Published: October 2008

The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Bangladesh is 35% among all liver diseases. Sonographic examinations were performed for the evaluation of 38 cases of HCC; then, CT examina-tions were done of these cases subsequently. Expert opinion was taken in each case for both modalities. Age, sex, clinical features, location of the hepatic lesion, multiplicity, echo-character, CT density, and, contrast enhancement were evaluated in all cases. Histocytopathology reports were collected from the patients and were correlated with the ultrasonography and CT findings. Thirty five cases were detected as HCC on ultrasonography and 36 cases in CT scan. In ultrasonography, most of the lesions (82.9%) were found in right lobe, maximum lesions (45.7%) were hypoechoic and lesion showed mosaic pattern in 68.6% cases, lateral shadowing in 34.3% and posterior acoustic enhancement in 45.7% cases. Significant difference found between mosaic pattern and lateral shadowing (p<0.05). On CT scan, majority of lesions (50%) were hypodense, 91.7% lesions were contrast enhanced. Pattern of enhancement was mostly heterogeneous. Both of the modalities found sensitive but CT was found more sensitive, specific and accurate than ultrasonography in detecting HCC.Â Keywords: Computer tomography; Cytohistopathological; Hepatocellular carcinoma; UltrasonographyDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v33i2.1209Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 73-77Â
Glycosylation‐Induced and Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐N‐Glycosidically Linked α‐Aminophosphonic Acids Derivatives
Authors: Wang Yadan , Wang Fei , Wang Yangyun , Miao Zhiwei , Chen Ruyu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe diastereospecific formation of β‐N‐glycosidically linked α‐aminophosphonic acids derivatives has been achieved with high yield via a Mannich‐type reaction. The reaction was performed by using O‐pivaloylated galactosylamine 1 as a chiral template and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate as a catalyst in THF. Imines 3 of aromatic compounds and diethyl phosphite were converted to N‐galactosyl α‐aminoalkylphosphonate 4, giving ratios of diastereomers higher than 19:1. This procedure provides a rapid access to biologically important galactosyl α‐aminophosphonic acids derivatives.
All in the family: Disclosure of “unwanted” information to an adolescent to benefit a relative
Authors: Denny Colleen C. , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Peters June A. , Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEthical assessments of clinical decisions are typically based on the preferences and interests of the individual patient. However, some clinical interventions, such as genetic testing or organ donation, may involve multiple family members. In these cases, one family member may have the potential to benefit, while another family member is exposed to potential physical or psychological risk. In the research setting, the balancing of benefits and risks between family members may be further complicated by uncertainty about their magnitude and likelihood. In addition, when the individual facing these apparently uncompensated risks is a child, the situation becomes particularly ethically complicated, as we appreciated in a recent case. Investigators at the National Cancer Institute were faced with a decision about whether it would be appropriate to disclose apparently “unwanted” research test results (length of telomeres in leukocyte subsets) to an adolescent about risk of future disease (dyskeratosis congenita), possibly causing psychological harm and an ethical wrong. These issues were not expected at the outset of the family's study participation but rather emerged with new data about the research tests. Disclosure of the research finding was an important consideration in order to avoid using the adolescent as a stem‐cell donor for his sister. Disclosure to the adolescent could not be justified by merely considering the immediate interests and preferences of the adolescent. However, an expanded ethical analysis that considers the adolescent's familial context offers a more complete picture of the adolescent's interests and preferences which provides justification for disclosure. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial recurrence of SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome: Phenotypically normal mother with two affected daughters
Authors: Schneider Adele , Bardakjian Tanya M. , Zhou Jie , Hughes Nkecha , Keep Rosanne , Dorsainville Darnelle , Kherani Femida , Katowitz James , Schimmenti Lisa A. , Hummel Marybeth , FitzPatrick David R. , Young Terri L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome is emerging as a clinically recognizable disorder that has been identified in 10–15% of individuals with bilateral anophthalmia. Extra‐ocular anomalies are common. The majority of SOX2 mutations identified appear to arise de novo in probands ascertained through the presence of anophthalmia or microphthalmia. In this report, we describe two sisters with bilateral anophthalmia/microphthalmia, brain anomalies and a novel heterozygous SOX2 gene single‐base pair nucleotide deletion, c.551delC, which predicts p.Pro184ArgfsX19. The hypothetical protein product is predicted to lead to haploinsufficient SOX2 function. Mosaicism for this mutation in the SOX2 gene was also identified in their clinically unaffected mother in peripheral blood DNA. Thus it cannot be assumed that all SOX2 mutations in individuals with anophthalmia/microphthalmia are de novo. Testing of parents is indicated when a SOX2 mutation is identified in a proband. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteine in mesoporösen Silicaten
Authors: Hudson Sarah , Cooney Jakki , Magner Edmond 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMesoporöse Silicate (MPS) haben eine geordnete Porenstruktur mit ähnlichen Abmessungen wie viele biologische Moleküle. Sie sind als Trägermaterialien für Proteine und Enzyme in biokatalytischen Anwendungen eingehend untersucht worden. Seit ihrer Entdeckung ist es gelungen, durch neue Syntheseverfahren die Größe und Struktur der Poren, die Teilchengröße und die chemische Zusammensetzung und Stabilität genau vorzugeben, sodass nun die Adsorption einer breiten Vielfalt biologischer Makromoleküle, z. B. Hämproteine, Lipasen, Antikörperfragmente und Proteasen, in ihren Strukturen möglich ist. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Anwendung geordneter funktionalisierter mesoporöser Silicate zur Immobilisierung von Proteinen für die Biokatalyse behandelt.
Cephalometric Superimposition on the Occipital Condyles as a Longitudinal Growth Assessment Reference: I‐Point and I‐Curve
Authors: Standerwick Richard , Roberts Eugene , Hartsfield James , Babler William , Kanomi Ryuzo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis retrospective study tests the hypothesis that superimposition referenced at the occipital condyles (defined as I‐point, I‐curve) and oriented to the anterior cranial base (ACB) will display a growth pattern that is more consistent with independent evaluations, such as the Melsen necropsy specimens and the Bjork implant studies, when compared with traditional superimpositions referenced at sella turcica. Twenty‐eight sets of serial lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected from an archived growth study. The apparent facial growth was compared using polar coordinate analysis from superimposition tracings of the serial films for each subject. The two superimposition methods were compared. The traditional method, ACB registered on the anterior curvature of sella turcica, versus registration on I‐point while maintaining ACB parallel. I‐point registered superimpositions consistently displayed a facial growth pattern that was more consistent with the classic necropsy specimens of children and the cephalometric studies superimposing on implant markers. Traditional ACB superimposition suggests that airway is restricted by normal growth. This apparent physiologic artifact does not occur when superimpositions are registered on I‐point. Sella turcica displays vertical movement that is consistent with brain growth. These data indicate that registration on I‐point is a more accurate physiologic representation of facial growth than the traditional ACB superimpositions. When compared with the traditional registration at sella turcica, I‐point superimposition better elucidates physiologic growth patterns. As cephalometrics evolve from a two to a three dimensional science, it is important to use a more biologically valid registration for evaluating therapeutics and facial growth patterns Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor‐Alpha‐Expressing Cells Localize to the Alveolar Entry Ring and Have Characteristics of Myofibroblasts During Pulmonary Alveolar Septal Formation
Authors: McGowan Stephen E. , Grossmann Ruth E. , Kimani Patricia W. , Holmes Amey J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPlatelet‐derived growth factor‐A and its receptor, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐alpha (PDGF‐Rα), are required for formation of the secondary pulmonary alveolar septa in mice. However, it remains unclear how these molecules direct the secondary septation process. We have examined the abundance, location, and the accumulation of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA), neutral lipid droplets, and elastin in the proximity of PDGF‐Rα‐expressing alveolar cells during postnatal days 4 through 12 in the mouse. PDGF‐Rα‐expressing cells preferentially have characteristics of myofibroblasts and were more likely to contain αSMA than are alveolar cells that do not express PDGF‐Rα. PDGF‐Rα expressing cells were preferentially located in the alveolar entry ring (AER) where αSMA and elastic fibers accumulate. In contrast, PDGF‐Rα expression inversely correlated with neutral lipid accumulation, which was more prominent at the alveolar base, distant from the AER. PDGF‐Rα‐expressing alveolar cells accumulate in the AER where they may promote mechanical stability during respiration. In addition to defining how alveolar septa form, these findings may have implications for the treatment of diseases which involve alveolar effacement such as emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digit Ratio in Birds
Authors: Lombardo Michael P. , Thorpe Patrick A. , Brown Barbara M. , Sian Katie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Homeobox (Hox) genes direct the development of tetrapod digits. The expression of Hox genes may be influenced by endogenous sex steroids during development. Manning (Digit ratio. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002) predicted that the ratio between the lengths of digits 2 (2D) and 4 (4D) should be sexually dimorphic because prenatal exposure to estrogens and androgens positively influence the lengths of 2D and 4D, respectively. We measured digits and other morphological traits of birds from three orders (Passeriformes, house sparrow, Passer domesticus; tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor; Pscittaciformes, budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulates; Galliformes, chicken, Gallus domesticus) to test this prediction. None were sexually dimorphic for 2D:4D and there were no associations between 2D:4D and other sexually dimorphic traits. When we pooled data from all four species after we averaged right and left side digits from each individual and z‐transformed the resulting digit ratios, we found that males had significantly larger 2D:4D than did females. Tetrapods appear to be sexually dimorphic for 2D:4D with 2D:4D larger in males as in some birds and reptiles and 2D:4D smaller in males as in some mammals. The differences between the reptile and mammal lineages in the directionality of 2D:4D may be related to the differences between them in chromosomal sex determination. We suggest that (a) natural selection for a perching foot in the first birds may have overridden the effects of hormones on the development of digit ratio in this group of vertebrates and (b) caution be used in making inferences about prenatal exposure to hormones and digit ratio in birds. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic Activity of C70 Caged within Surface‐Cross‐Linked Liposomes
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Nagano Mai , Akiyama Motofusa , Matsumoto Masashi , Ito Sayuri , Mukai Masaru , Hashizume Mineo , Kikuchi Jun‐ichi , Katagiri Kiyofumi , Ogawa Takuya , Takeya Tatsuo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract[70]Fullerene (C70) encapsulated into a surface‐cross‐linked liposome, a so‐called cerasome, was prepared by an exchange reaction incorporating C70⋅γ‐cyclodextrin complexes into lipid membranes. Fullerene exchange in a cerasome‐incorporated C70 (CIC70), as well as in a lipid‐membrane‐incorporated C70 (LMIC70), was completed within 1 min with stirring at 25 °C. CIC70 was more resistant to lysis than LMIC70 towards lysing agents such as surfactants. Furthermore, the photodynamic activity of CIC70 in HeLa cells was similar to that of LMIC70, indicating that C70 can act as a photosensitizing drug (PS) without release from cerasome membranes. Thus, in contrast with general drug‐delivery systems (DDSs), which require the drug to be released from the interior of liposomes, carriers for PSs for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) do not necessarily need to release the drug. These results indicate that DDSs with high morphological stability can increase the residence time in blood and achieves tumor‐selective drug delivery by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.
The Role of Noninnocent Solvent Molecules in Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Patil Mahendra P. , Sunoj Raghavan B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA proline‐catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition between ketones andtrans‐β‐nitrostyrene was studied by using the density‐functional theory with mPW1PW91 and B3LYP functionals. Improved insight into the enantio‐ and diastereoselective formation of γ‐nitroketones/‐aldehydes is obtained through transition‐state analysis. Consideration of the activation parameters obtained from gas‐phase calculations and continuum solvation models failed to reproduce the reported experimental stereoselectivities for the reaction between cyclohexanone and 3‐pentanone withtrans‐β‐nitrostyrene. The correct diastereo‐ and enantioselectivites were obtained only upon explicit inclusion of solvent molecules in the diastereomeric transition states that pertain to the CC bond formation. Among the several transition‐state models that were examined, the one that exhibits cooperative hydrogen‐bonding interactions with two molecules of methanol could explain the correct stereochemical outcome of the Michael reaction. The change in differential stabilization that arises as a result of electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions in the key transition states is identified as the contributing factor toward obtaining the correct diastereomer. This study establishes the importance of including explicit solvent molecules in situations in which the gas‐phase and continuum models are inadequate in obtaining meaningful insight regarding experimental stereoselectivities.
Functionalised Saturated‐Backbone Carbene Ligands: Yttrium and Uranyl Alkoxy–Carbene Complexes and Bicyclic Carbene–Alcohol Adducts
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Casely Ian J. , Turner Zoë R. , Carmichael Christopher D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new and modular route to bidentate ligands that combines an alkoxide with a saturated backbone N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is presented. The bi(heterocyclic) compounds are formally the addition product of a saturated NHC and the alcohol group of the N‐functionalised arm. Using these compounds, the synthesis and structural characterisation of the first electropositive metal complexes of saturated N‐heterocyclic carbenes has been achieved, and examples structurally characterised for the yttrium(III) and the uranyl [UO2]2+ cations.
On the Nature of Organoindium Intermediates: the Formation of Readily Isolable Difluoropropargylindium Reagents and their Regioselectivity Towards Electrophilic Substitutions
Authors: Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe structure and reactivity of intermediate propargylindium complexes have been investigated. Their reaction with electrophiles produced a difluoroalkyne or ‐allene, depending on the nature of the electrophiles. A mechanism based on the Curtin–Hammett principle was invoked to explain this phenomenon. A newly proposed mechanism on the formation of indium(III) complexes, through the intermediacy of indium(I) species, could help to explain the reaction of indium with 1,1,1‐difluorobromo‐2‐alkynes in the presence of aldehydes.
Supramolecular Helical Fluid Columns from Self‐Assembly of Homomeric Dipeptides
Authors: Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V. , Shanker Govindaswamy , Rao R. V. Ramana , Rao Doddamane S. Shankar , Prasad Subbarao Krishna , Babu Vommina V. Suresh 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHerein, we demonstrate that with the widespread theme of residue patterning and stereochemical restraints of self‐complimenting proteinogenic amino acids, a new and rich class of homomeric dipeptides exhibiting two‐dimensional fluid aggregates with hierarchical ordering can be obtained. In particular, a simple way of achieving a class of functional dipeptides, wherein the first and the second residues chosen are L‐/D‐alanines and L‐/D‐leucines, has been accomplished. The supramolecules synthesized can be regarded as intermediates between polycatenars and taper‐shaped amphiphiles because they possess two lipophilic segments interlinked by a peptide unit (spacer). Two pairs of enantiomers and their respective diastereomers derived from these amino acids are evidenced to self‐organize into a helical columnar phase through hydrogen bonding by means of FTIR, UV/Vis, and chiroptical circular dichroism (CD) spectral analyses as well as by optical, calorimetric, electrical switching, and X‐ray studies. The CD and X‐ray studies have revealed that the form chirality (handedness) and the magnitude of out‐of‐plane fluctuations of the lattice planes of the fluid supramolecular columnar structures are solely directed by the stereochemistry encoded in the spacer. Of special significance, the less frequently found oblique helical columnar phase formed by a pair of enantiomers derived from L‐/D‐alanines, unlike those derived from other amino acids, exhibit ferroelectric behavior; the measured spontaneous polarization is as high as 440 nC cm−2. Besides, all these supramolecules form stable organogels in ethanol and the CD and SEM studies on a representative gel suggest the presence of helical structures.
ChemInform Abstract: A Route Toward the Generation of Thermally Stable Au Cluster Anions Supported on the MgO Surface.
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco , Sicolo Sabrina , Di Valentin Cristiana , Chiesa Mario , Giamello Elio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.