bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in surface EMG signal under the influence of peripheral fatigue
Authors: Tomažin Katja , Strojnik Vojko , Šarabon Nejc 
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to find out if surface EMG signal enables a differentiation between high‐ and low‐frequency peripheral fatigue that was caused with two different sports activities. Ten students (age, 24.2 ± 3.39 years; weight, 79.32 ± 12.95 kg) performed consecutive hops for 60 s (to induce high‐frequency fatigue) and cycling at maximal intensity for 30 s (to induce low‐frequency fatigue). Before and after both activities, the m. vastus lateralis was stimulated with 2 consecutive trains at 20 Hz and 100 Hz and, at the same time, the torque at the knee joint was measured. The torque ratio between 100 Hz and 20Hz was calculated to define the type of peripheral fatigue. Additionally, a response of m. vastus lateralis to 2 supramaximal electrical impulses delivered to the femoral nerve at 50 Hz was measured. Hopping resulted in high‐frequency fatigue, the ratio between forces at 100 Hz and 20 Hz decreased for 10.7 ± 8.3% (p
The relationship between motor representation and biomechanical parameters in complex movements: Towards an integrative perspective of movement science
Authors: Schack Thomas 
Published: December 2005

In this paper, I aimed at starting a systematical search for paths regarding biomechanical aspects and functional units of movement organization. There‐fore, I developed methodical approaches to measure kinematic parameters and the structure of motor representations. A new experimental method was devel‐oped to measure the structure of these representations in long term memory.Concerning the analysis of kinematics, I developed a system for computer‐based three‐dimensional analysis of complex movements. Altogether, I inves‐tigated 5 groups with 6 subjects in each group (n = 30) with an increasing abilityto perform a special kind of rotational movements in gymnastics: the twistingsomersault. The maximum performance in these groups was ½, 1, 1½, 2, and 2½ twisting somersaults. The results of the experimental analysis show thatrepresentational frameworks were organized in a hierarchical tree‐like struc‐ture and matched the biomechanical demands of the task well. After measuringkinematic parameters, we investigated the relationship between structure ofmotor representation and the kinematic parameters of the twisting somersaultmovement. I found significant correlations (p <. 00) between kinematic parametersof the movement and the accessory parts of motor representations. These results support the hypothesis that voluntary movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory directly by way of representation of their anticipated perceptual effects.
A socioeconomic approach to sports: Lessons from fitness and event markets
Authors: Kurscheidt Markus , Klein Marie‐luise , Deitersen‐wieber Angela 
Published: December 2005

Despite a long, common tradition of economics and other social sciences, today they appear fragmented, highly specialized, and often methodologically opposed to each other. Consequently, the social sciences of sport suffered the same artificial separation during the past decades, which actually trace back to paradigmatic disputes at the end of the 19th century and following mutual ignorance. Since about the 1970s, however, new disciplines and academic schools emerged as a response to methodological criticism and dissatisfaction with the state of the arts in social sciences as well as real world developments stimulating new unifying approaches. The scholarly work in sports has been notably struck by the fast commercialization and professionalization of the sport system, giving rise to the new fields of research and academic education of sport economics and management. In this kind of position paper, we argue for 3 interaction levels of interdisciplinarity, which underpin (a) a socioeconomic approach to sports (i.e., a unifying social sciences approach), and (b) the potential of research on sport as a social and economic phenomenon with regard to impulses for the ongoing theoretical discussions in economic and social sciences. Case studies from fitness and event markets provide some lessons for the socioeconomics of sport.
The value of strength‐diagnostic for the structure of jump training in volleyball
Authors: Voigt Hans‐friedrich , Vetter Katja 
Published: December 2005

The action height in volleyball is of crucial importance to the success in offensive situations such as attack and block. Apart from the time‐to‐contact requirement aligned course of motion (technique of jumping), a set of strength parameters have a performance‐diagnostic function. Therefore, more isometric and dynamic strength abilities were examined in connection to the jump strength performance. The collective consisted of 46 international women players. Beyond that, the changes of the ascertained strength parameters were evaluated in the season and in the long‐term development of individual cases. The conclusion can be drawn that common strength‐diagnostic procedures only supply the coach with information difficult to interpret and do not include direct information for organizing jump‐strength training. Jumping is obviously best trained and diagnosed by jumping.
Handbiking: Physiological Responses to Synchronous and Asynchronous Crank Montage
Authors: Abel Thomas , Vega Sandra , Bleicher Iris , Platen Petra 
Published: December 2005

Handbiking as a wheelchair sport has gained increased popularity in Germany. It is an attractive sport and seems to be important for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. For a handbike (HB), the position of the cranks can be synchronous (CS) or asynchronous (CA). The purpose of this study was to examine both forms of riding in persons with a spinal cord injury who are used to a HB. Thirty‐five athletes with a spinal cord injury (32 paraplegically and 3 quadriplegically handicapped persons) from Germany agreed to participate in the present investigation. All subjects performed 2 multistage incremental exercise tests until exhaustion sitting in their own HB that was fixed to an ergometer. The tests were randomized for the crank montage. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher maximal workload in CS compared to CA but no differences in maximal HR and LA. At defined workload intensities, we found lower VO2 values for CS at 30, 60, and 90 W and lower HR for CS at 90 W. LA values were significantly lower for CA at 30 W and higher at 90 W, with no difference at 60 W. We therefore conclude that CS has a higher efficiency for athletes who are used to a HB.
Health Perceptions As Predictors of Exercise Adherence in Older Women
Authors: Kleppinger Alison , Litt Mark , Kulldorff Martin , Unson Christine , Judge James 
Published: December 2005

Purpose : To determine if health perceptions, measured by SF‐36 subscales, could identify women more likely to adhere to exercise, particularly during exercise adoption and maintenance phases. Design and Methods: Subjects (Age = 67 ± 5 yr, BMI = 24.4 ± 3 kg/m2) were 189 estrogen‐taking, postmenopausal women in a 2‐year home‐based resistance‐training program. Results : Vitality, role‐emotional, bodily pain, social functioning, and mental health subscales of the SF‐36 were significantly (p<.05) predictive of exercise adoption. Vitality, role‐emotional, general health, and bodily pain subscales were significantly (p<.05) predictive of exercise maintenance. Implications: Women who perceived themselves as having more energy, fewer emotional problems, less pain, fewer social problems, less feelings of nervousness and depression were more likely to start exercising. Women who perceived themselves as having more energy, fewer emotional problems, excellent health, less pain were more likely to continue exercising. Additionally, the present study indicated that different components of the SF‐36 affected different behavior phases of adherence during the exercise program.
Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research
Authors: Biddle Stuart , Wang C. K. John , Kavussanu Maria , Spray Christopher 
Published: December 2005

There has been a plethora of studies in the past decade investigating task and ego achievement goal orientations in physical activity settings and how they might be associated with various cognitive, affective and behavioral variables. Although comprehensive narrative reviews of the field exist, no systematic review has been reported except one meta‐analysis on only goals and affect. The present paper, therefore, reports a systematic review of 10 correlates of achievement goal orientations across 98 studies and 110 independent samples (total N = 21,076). Studies are invariably cross‐sectional, leading to an inability to conclude causal effects, and are biased towards young people. Frequencies and effect size calculations show associations of varying magnitude between a task orientation and (a) beliefs that effort produces success (positive association: +); (b) motives of skill development and team membership (+); (c) beliefs that the purpose of sport/PE is for fostering mastery, fitness, and self‐esteem (+); (d) perceptions of competence (+); (e) positive affect (+); (f) negative affect (negative association: ‐); (g) parental task orientation (+); and (h) various measures or markers of behavior (+). Associations of varying magnitude were found between an ego orientation and (a) beliefs that possessing ability produces success (+); (b) motives of status/recognition and competition (+); (c) beliefs that the purpose of sport/PE is for social status (+); (d) perceptions of competence (+); (e) unsportspersonlike attitudes, endorsement of intentionally aggressive sport acts, and the display of aggressive behaviors in sport (+); and (f) parental ego orientation (+).
Psychological improvement is associated with exercise session attendance over 10 weeks in formerly sedentary adults
Authors: Annesi James J 
Published: December 2005

Using methods intended to minimize experimenter and expectation effects, this field‐based study tested the difference in exercise session attendance between formerly sedentary men and women (N = 46) whose scores on the Profile of Mood States (34) scales of Depression, Tension, Fatigue, and Vigor demonstrated moderate‐to‐high improvements over 10 weeks, and those whose responses did not. The self‐selected cardiovascular exercise amounts approximated 30 min at a moderate intensity (60 to 70% maximal heart rate). Participants with moderate‐to‐high reductions (< 0.5 SD reduction based on normative values) in Depression, Tension, and Fatigue scores had significantly (p <.013) higher attendance rates over the 10‐week study than participants with less reduction. The effect sizes were large (ds = 0.87 to 1.64). No such attendance difference was found in participants with moderate‐to‐high increases in Vigor scores. The correlation between changes in VO2 max over 10 weeks and attendance was not significant (r 44=.13) ruling out a possibility that exercise session attendance was related to greater gains in fitness. Limitations and the need for replication were emphasized. Applied uses of the findings were suggested, including the possibility of promoting early exercise adherence through monitoring of individuals’ exercise‐related psychological changes.
apTreeshape: statistical analysis of phylogenetic tree shape
Authors: Bortolussi Nicolas , Durand Eric , Blum Michael , François Olivier 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: apTreeshape is a R package dedicated to simulation and analysis of phylogenetic tree topologies using statistical imbalance measures. It is a companion library of the R package ‘ape’, which provides additional functions for reading, plotting, manipulating phylogenetic trees and for connecting to public phylogenetic tree databases. One strength of the package is to include appropriate corrections of classical shape statistics as well as new tests based on the statistical theory of likelihood ratios.Availability: Contact: Olivier.Francois@imag.fr
Re‐engineering redox‐sensitive green fluorescent protein for improved response rate
Authors: Cannon Mark B. , Remington S. James 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRedox‐sensitive variants of the green fluorescent protein (roGFPs) had previously been developed that allow “real‐time” monitoring of the redox status of cellular compartments by fluorescence excitation ratiometry. However, the response time of these probes limits the study of certain rapid oxidative events, such as H2O2 bursts in cell signaling. The substitution of up to three positively charged amino acids adjacent to the introduced disulfide in roGFP1 (variants designated roGFP1‐R1 through ‐R14) substantially improved the response rate. The pseudo first‐order rate constants for oxidation by H2O2 and reduction by DTT and redox midpoint potentials were determined. The rate constants approximately doubled with each additional positively charged substitution, to nearly an order of magnitude total. The midpoint potentials are highly correlated with the rate increases, becoming more oxidizing with increasing numbers of positive substitutions. Crystal structures of two variants with opposite disulfide oxidation states have been determined: a 2.2 Å resolution structure of oxidized “R7” containing two basic substitutions, and a 1.95 Å resolution structure of reduced “R8” with one basic and one acidic substitution. Nonlinear Poisson‐Boltzmann (PB) calculations are shown to accurately predict the effects of the substitutions on the rate constants. The effects of the substitutions on dimer formation, relative oxidative midpoint potentials, and oxidation and reduction rates are discussed. roGFPs are demonstrated to constitute an excellent model system for quantitative analysis of factors influencing thiol transfer reactions. roGFP1‐R12 is most suitable for use in live cells, due to significantly increased reaction rate and increased pI.
Comparison of SUMO fusion technology with traditional gene fusion systems: Enhanced expression and solubility with SUMO
Authors: Marblestone Jeffrey G. , Edavettal Suzanne C. , Lim Yiting , Lim Peter , Zuo Xun , Butt Tauseef R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDespite the availability of numerous gene fusion systems, recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli remains difficult. Establishing the best fusion partner for difficult‐to‐express proteins remains empirical. To determine which fusion tags are best suited for difficult‐to‐express proteins, a comparative analysis of the newly described SUMO fusion system with a variety of commonly used fusion systems was completed. For this study, three model proteins, enhanced green florescent protein (eGFP), matrix metalloprotease‐13 (MMP13), and myostatin (growth differentiating factor‐8, GDF8), were fused to the C termini of maltose‐binding protein (MBP), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), thioredoxin (TRX), NUS A, ubiquitin (Ub), and SUMO tags. These constructswere expressed in E. coli and evaluated for expression and solubility. As expected, the fusion tags varied in their ability to produce tractable quantities of soluble eGFP, MMP13, and GDF8. SUMO and NUS A fusions enhanced expression and solubility of recombinant proteins most dramatically. The ease at which SUMO and NUS A fusion tags were removed from their partner proteins was then determined. SUMO fusions are cleaved by the natural SUMO protease, while an AcTEV protease site had to be engineered between NUS A and its partner protein. A kinetic analysis showed that the SUMO and AcTEV proteases had similarKM values, but SUMOprotease had a 25‐fold higher kcat than AcTEV protease, indicating a more catalytically efficient enzyme. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SUMO is superior to commonly used fusion tags in enhancing expression and solubility with the distinction of generating recombinant protein with native sequences.
Genetic and proteomic analysis of the role of luxS in the enteric phytopathogen, Erwinia carotovora
Authors: COULTHURST SARAH J. , LILLEY KATHRYN S. , SALMOND GEORGE P. C. 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY Erwinia carotovora is a Gram‐negative phytopathogen that is an important cause of soft rot disease, including stem and tuber rot in potatoes. Quorum sensing is the process by which bacteria detect their population density and regulate gene expression accordingly. Quorum sensing, an important example of intercellular communication, involves the production and detection of chemical signal molecules. The enzyme LuxS is responsible for the production of Autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2), a molecule that has been implicated in quorum sensing in many bacterial species. In this study, the role of luxS in Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora strain ATTn10 and Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica SCRI1043 has been examined. Both strains have been shown to produce luxS‐dependent extracellular AI‐2 activity and the phenotypes of defined luxS mutants in these strains have been characterized. Inactivation of luxS in Er. carotovora was found to have a strain‐dependent impact on the intracellular proteome (using two‐dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis), secreted proteins, motility and virulence in planta. No link was detected with the N‐acyl‐l‐homoserine lactone quorum sensing system in these organisms. Although the molecular mechanism(s) of luxS regulation in Erwinia remain to be determined, this is the first report of any luxS‐dependent phenotypes in a plant pathogen.
Seasonal changes in temperature and nutrient control of photosynthesis, respiration and growth of natural phytoplankton communities
Authors: STAEHR PETER A. , SAND‐JENSEN KAJ 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. To investigate the influence of elevated temperatures and nutrients on photosynthesis, respiration and growth of natural phytoplankton assemblages, water was collected from a eutrophic lake in spring, summer, autumn, winter and the following spring and exposed to ambient temperature and ambient +2, +4 and +6 °C for 2 weeks with and without addition of extra inorganic nutrients.2. Rates of photosynthesis, respiration and growth generally increased with temperature, but this effect was strongly enhanced by high nutrient availability, and therefore was most evident for nutrient amended cultures in seasons of low ambient nutrient availability.3. Temperature stimulation of growth and metabolism was higher at low than high ambient temperature showing that long‐term temperature acclimation of the phytoplankton community before the experiments was of great importance for the measured rates.4. Although we found distinct responses to relatively small temperature increases, the interaction between nutrient availability, time of the year and, thus, ambient temperature was responsible for most of the observed variability in phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis and respiration.5. Although an increase in global temperature will influence production and degradation of organic material in lakes, the documented importance of ambient temperatures and nutrient conditions suggests that effects will be most pronounced during winter and early spring, while the remaining part of the growth season will be practically unaffected by increasing temperatures.
A signal detection approach to patient–doctor communication and doctor‐shopping behaviour among Japanese patients
Authors: Hagihara Akihito , Tarumi Kimio , Odamaki Misato , Nobutomo Koichi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives  As one of the factors related to doctor‐shopping behaviour (i.e. consulting multiple doctors with regard to the same illness episode), very little has been revealed about the role of doctor explanation. We examined therefore the association between doctor explanation and doctor‐shopping behaviour. Methods  The subjects were internist–patient pairs in Japan. Signal detection analysis (SDA) was used for the data analysis.Results  Of the 303 patients, 84 patients engaged in doctor shopping (27.7%). The following results were obtained: (1) of the 19 relevant variables, the ‘level of doctor explanation: treatment’ was the most significant predictor of doctor‐shopping behaviour (P < 0.01), and (2) with regard to their subjective evaluations of the sufficiency of their explanations about treatment or testing, the evaluations of the doctors, rather than those of the patient, were significant predictors of doctor‐shopping behaviour.Conclusions  These results imply the following: (1) a patient's inability to understand a doctor's explanation about treatment, which results from a large gap between the perceptions of the patient and those of the doctor, is the most significant predictor of doctor‐shopping behaviour, and (2) in the context of favourable patient–doctor interactions, when doctors feel their explanations are insufficient, they may be able to prevent doctor‐shopping behaviour by providing relatively thorough explanations about treatment.
Changes in the neuromodulators of the diffuse endocrine system of the alimentary canal of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), naturally infected with Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda)
Authors: Bosi G , Shinn A P , Giari L , Simoni E , Pironi F , Dezfuli B S 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA histopathological and immunohistochemical study on the intestines of 45 specimens of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from Loch Awe, Scotland, revealed a number of cellular deviations in individuals naturally infected with the pseudophyllidean cestode Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779). Twenty‐five individuals (55.5%) were infected with an average worm burden of 18.84 ± 4.06 (mean ± SE) cestodes per host (range, 2–80 worms; total 471 worms). The cestodes, measuring an average 8.23 ± 1.10 cm (mean ± SE; range, 5.3–13.0 cm) in length, were found attached by their scolices to the mucosal lining of the distal portion of the pyloric caeca. Within the caeca, the strobila evoked a mild catarrhal enteritis, namely an enhanced mucus production with epithelial cellular desquamation, a leucocytic infiltration of the lamina propria‐submucosa and vacuolization of the intestinal epithelial cells. Eosinophilic granular cells of the stratum granulosum exhibited granular depletion, while within the catarrh, the presence of a high number of rodlet cells was noticed. Immunohistochemically, the occurrence of E. crassum caused a significant reduction in the number of bombesin‐, gastrin‐releasing peptide and glucagon‐like immunoreactive endocrine cells, but an increase in the relative densities of endocrine cells containing cholecystokinin‐8‐ and gastrin‐like substances. There were, however, no significant differences in the number of endocrine cells that were immunoreactive to secretin, neuropeptide Y and peptide histidine–isoleucine antisera in the digestive tracts of either the infected or non‐infected O. mykiss.
Isolation in cell culture and detection by PCR‐based technology of IPNV‐like virus from leucocytes of carrier turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)
Authors: Cutrín J M , López‐Vázquez C , Olveira J G , Castro S , Dopazo C P , Bandín I 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA non‐destructive procedure was utilized to determine the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) status of an apparently healthy turbot broodstock. Blood samples were used to detect IPNV by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Southern blot hybridization and nested PCR. In addition, viral isolation from turbot leucocytes was performed. Around 22% of the fish were IPNV positive by RT‐PCR, and this increased to close to 60% when nested PCR was performed. The present report supports the use of blood samples for the detection of IPNV‐like viruses in brood fish. In addition, we demonstrate that it is possible to isolate the virus from the blood of carrier fish, as a non‐lethal detection method, although it is much less sensitive than RT‐PCR and nested PCR as a IPNV‐like strain was isolated from only five of the 15 blood sample pools assayed. The viral isolate was identified as type Dry Mills (genogroup I) by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and DNA sequencing.