bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. III. Copper‐exchanged molecular sieves and other supported catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCopper‐chromium catalysts promote selective reduction of linolenyl groups in soybean oil. Since commercially available catalysts possess only moderate activity, more active catalysts were sought. Copper was dispersed on high‐surface‐area supports, such as silica, alumina, and molecular sieves. These catalysts had varying activities. Precipitation of copper on Cab‐O‐Sil, a pure form of silica with a large external surface area, gave the most active catalyst. Selectivity ratios (KLe/KLo) for the hydrogenation of soybean oil with these catalysts varied from 4 to 16; a copper‐on‐Cab‐O‐Sil catalyst exhibited the greatest selectivity. Improved selectivity and activity were observed when some supports were treated with hydrochloric acid. For example, with a copper‐on‐Celite catalyst, soybean oil was hydrogenated in 165 min and gave a selectivity ratio of 5.9. Hydrochloric acid treatment of Celite improved the selectivity to 9.9 and reduced hydrogenation time to 54 min. To ensure maximum activity of some of these catalysts, soybean oil should be more thoroughly bleached than is customarily done for nickel hydrogenation. A commercially refined and bleached soybean oil was hydrogenated with a copper‐on‐Cab‐O‐Sil catalyst in 18 min. The same oil, re‐refined in the laboratory, was reduced in 11.5 min and had the same selectivity ratio of 15.
Outcome Analysis of Blood Product Transfusion in Trauma Patients: A Prospective, Risk‐Adjusted Study
Authors: Bochicchio Grant V. , Napolitano Lena , Joshi Manjari , Bochicchio Kelly , Meyer Walter , Scalea Thomas M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundStudies have confirmed adverse outcome associated with transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) in trauma; however, little data are available regarding other blood product transfusion, such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets. The objective of this study was to examine risk‐adjusted outcome in trauma with stratification by blood product type.MethodsProspective data were collected daily for 1,172 consecutive trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during a 2‐year period, including transfusion rates of blood products (PRBCs, FFP, platelets). Outcome assessment included infection rate, ventilator days (Vdays), ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality.ResultsBlood products were transfused in 786 (67%) patients. The study cohort had a mean age of 43 ± 21 years and Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 24 ± 13. Although the majority of patients were men, women were more likely to be transfused (p < 0.001). Mean transfusion rates of PRBCs (5.5 ± 9.6 U), FFP (5.4 ± 11.4), and platelets (3.7 ± 11.1) were high. Univariate analysis identified that blood product transfusion (any type) was associated with a significantly greater infection rate (34% vs. 9.4%; p < 0.001), hospital LOS (18.6 vs. 9 days; p < 0.001), ICU LOS (13.7 vs. 7.4 days; p < 0.001), Vdays (12.9 vs. 6.3 days; p < 0.001), and mortality (19% vs. 8.3%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis (risk‐adjusted for severity of injury by ISS, age, sex, and race, and stratified by blood product type) confirmed that risk of infection increased by 5%, and hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and Vdays increased by 0.64, 0.42, and 0.47 days, respectively, for every unit of PRBCs given. Risk of death increased by 3.5% for every unit of FFP transfused.ConclusionThere is a dose‐dependent correlation between blood product transfusion and adverse outcome (increased mortality and infection) in trauma patients.
The role of Orii's flying‐fox (Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus) as a pollinator and a seed disperser on Okinawa‐jima Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan
Authors: Nakamoto Atsushi , Kinjo Kazumitsu , Izawa Masako 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe role of the Orii's flying‐fox (Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus) as a pollinator and a seed disperser on Okinawa‐jima Island was investigated by direct observations and radio‐tracking from October 2001 until January 2006. We found that Orii's flying‐fox potentially pollinated seven native plant species. Its feeding behavior and plant morphological traits suggested that this species is an important pollinator ofSchima wallichii liukiuensisandMucuna macrocarpa. The flying‐fox also dispersed the seeds of 20 native plant species. The seeds of all plants eaten by the flying‐fox were usually dropped beneath the parent tree, although large fruits of four plant species were occasionally brought to the feeding roosts in the mouth, with the maximum dispersal distance—forTerminalia catappa—estimated to be 126 m. Small seeds of 11 species (mostlyFicusspecies) were dispersed around other trees, during the subsequent feeding session, through the digestive tracts, with the mean dispersal distance for ingested seeds estimated at 150 ± 230.3 m (±SD); the maximum dispersal distance was 1833 m. A comparison of the seed dispersal of available fruits according to the size of flying‐foxes and other frugivores suggested that the seed dispersal of eight plant species producing large fruits mostly depended on Orii's flying‐fox. On Okinawa‐jima Island, the Orii's flying‐fox plays an important role as a pollinator of two native plants and as a long‐distance seed disperser ofFicusspecies, and it functions as a limited agent of seed dispersal for plants producing large fruits on Okinawa‐jima Island.
Facile Phosphine-Free Synthesis of CdSe/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals Without Precursor Injection
Authors: Zhu Chang-Qing , Wang Peng , Wang Xin , Li Yan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A new simple method for synthesis of core/shell CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) is present. By adapting the use of cadmium stearate, oleylamine, and paraffin liquid to a non-injection synthesis and by applying a subsequent ZnS shelling procedure to CdSe NCs cores using Zinc acetate dihydrate and sulfur powder, luminescent CdSe/ZnS NCs with quantum yields of up to 36% (FWHM 42–43 nm) were obtained. A seeding-growth technique was first applied to the controlled synthesis of ZnS shell. This method has several attractive features, such as the usage of low-cost, green, and environmentally friendlier reagents and elimination of the need for air-sensitive, toxic, and expensive phosphines solvent. Furthermore, due to one-pot synthetic route for CdSe/ZnS NCs, the approach presented herein is accessible to a mass production of these NCs.
Calcium‐Independent Phospholipase A2 in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Beckett Caroline S. , McHowat Jane 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe have previously reported that the majority of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in rabbit ventricular myocytes is membrane‐associated, calcium‐independent (iPLA2), selective for arachidonylated plasmalogen phospholipids and inhibited by the iPLA2‐selective inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL). Here, we identified the presence of iPLA2 in rabbit ventricular myocytes, determined the full length sequences for rabbit iPLA2β and iPLA2γ and compared their homology to the human isoforms. Rabbit iPLA2β encoded a protein with a predicated molecular mass of 74 kDa that is 91% identical to the human iPLA2β short isoform. Full length iPLA2γ protein has a predicated molecular mass of 88 kDa and is 88% identical to the human isoform. Immunoblot analysis of iPLA2β and γ in membrane and cytosolic fractions from rabbit and human cardiac myocytes demonstrated a similar pattern of distribution with both isoforms present in the membrane fraction, but no detectable protein in the cytosol. Membrane‐associated iPLA2 activity was inhibited preferentially by the R enantiomer of bromoenol lactone [(R)‐BEL], indicating that the majority of activity is due to iPLA2γ.
Conjugate and cut loci of a two-sphere of revolution with application to optimal control
Authors: Sinclair Robert , Tanaka Minoru , Bonnard Bernard , Caillau Jean-Baptiste 
Published: June 2008

The objective of this article is to present a sharp result to determine when the cut locus for a class of metrics on a two-sphere of revolution is reduced to a single branch. This work is motivated by optimal control problems in space and quantum dynamics and gives global optimal results in orbital transfer and for Lindblad equations in quantum control.

Résumé
Le but de cet article est de présenter une condition suffisante permettant de garantir que le lieu de coupure d'une classe de métriques sur la 2-sphère de révolution est réduit à une branche simple. Ce travail est motivé par des problèmes de contrôle optimal en mécanique spatiale et mécanique quantique. Des résultats globaux d'optimalité sont obtenus en transfert orbital ainsi que dans le cas des équations de Lindblad en contrôle quantique.
Associations of low back pain with neck pain: A study of industrial employees with 5‐, 10‐, and 28‐year follow‐ups
Authors: Kääriä Sanna , Solovieva Svetlana , Leino‐Arjas Päivi 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTLow back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP) are common among the adult population but relatively few reports exist on the associations between these. We examined cross‐sectional and prospective relationships of LBP with NP in an employee cohort studied repeatedly over 28 years. Locally perceived pain was studied separately from pain with a radiating component. At baseline, adjusted for age, gender, and occupational class, the prevalence ratio (PR) of local NP for those with local LBP was 1.93 (95% CI 1.47–2.54), and for those with radiating LBP 2.16 (1.59–2.94), while the PR of radiating NP for those with local LBP was 1.51 (0.97–2.35) and for those with radiating LBP 3.24 (2.25–4.65). These associations remained stable at the 5‐, 10‐, and 28‐year follow‐ups. Both local and radiating LBP at baseline predicted new cases of radiating NP at the 5‐ and 10‐year follow‐ups, but not at the 28‐year follow‐up. In analyses stratified by gender, both the cross‐sectional and prospective associations were more pronounced in men. In conclusion, the study showed a clear association of LBP with NP that persisted on a similar level irrespective of the aging of the cohort. Particularly, radiating LBP was associated with radiating NP. The prospective associations of LBP at baseline with new reports of radiating NP decreased as the length of follow‐up increased.
Modest alterations in patterns of motor neuron dendrite morphology in the Fmr1 knockout mouse model for fragile X
Authors: Thomas Christina C. , Combe Crescent L. , Dyar Kenneth A. , Inglis Fiona M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFragile X, an inheritable form of mental retardation, is caused by the inactivation of a gene on the X chromosome, FMR1 which codes for an RNA binding protein, fragile X mental retardation protein. Loss of this protein is associated with reduced complexities of neuronal dendrites and alterations in spine morphology in a number of cortical brain regions, and these deficits may underlie the cognitive impairment observed in fragile X patients. Among the many symptoms of fragile X are altered motor functions, although the neuronal basis for these remains unclear. In this study we investigated whether knockout of Fmr1 in the mouse model of fragile X altered dendrite morphology in developing spinal cord motor neurons. We find that Fmr1 knockout leads to modest alterations in the distribution of dendritic arbor across the span of the motor neuron dendritic tree in 2‐ and 4‐week‐old mice, compared to wild‐type controls, consistent with slower rates of extension and abnormal pruning of intermediate dendritic segments. These studies suggest that some motor deficits in fragile X patients may be due to abnormal maturation of dendritic patterning within spinal motor neurons, and suggest that strategies aimed at preventing motor impairment in fragile X patients may be targeted at motor functions during early development.
The acute impact of ingestion of breads of varying composition on blood glucose, insulin and incretins following first and second meals
Authors: Najjar Anita Mofidi , Parsons Patricia M. , Duncan Alison M. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Yada Rickey Y. , Graham Terry E. 
Published: June 2008

Structural characteristics and baking conditions influence the metabolic responses to carbohydrate-containing foods. We hypothesized that consumption of whole wheat or sourdough breads would have a favourable effect on biomarkers of glucose homeostasis after first and second meals, compared with those for white bread. Ten overweight volunteers consumed 50 g available carbohydrate of each of the four breads (white, whole wheat, sourdough, whole wheat barley) followed 3 h later by a standard second meal. Blood was sampled for 3 h following bread ingestion and a further 2 h after the second meal for determination of glucose, insulin, paracetamol (indirect marker of gastric emptying), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Glucose and GLP-1 responses to sourdough bread were lower (P < 0·05) than whole wheat and whole wheat barley breads. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) for sourdough bread was lower than those for whole wheat (P < 0·005) and whole wheat barley (P < 0·03) breads for the entire study. GIP AUC after sourdough bread ingestion was lower compared to white (P < 0·004) and whole wheat barley (P < 0·002) breads following the second meal. There were no significant differences in insulin and paracetamol concentrations among the test breads. Ultra-fine grind whole wheat breads did not result in postprandial responses that were lower than those of white bread, but sourdough bread resulted in lower glucose and GLP-1 responses compared to those of these whole wheat breads following both meals.
Exercise of low energy expenditure along with mild energy intake restriction acutely reduces fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia in young women
Authors: Maraki Maria , Christodoulou Nektarios , Aggelopoulou Niki , Magkos Faidon , Skenderi Katerina P. , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Kavouras Stavros A. , Sidossis Labros S. 
Published: June 2008

A single bout of prolonged, moderate-intensity endurance exercise lowers fasting and postprandial TAG concentrations the next day. However, the TAG-lowering effect of exercise is dose-dependent and does not manifest after light exercise of low energy cost ( < 2 MJ). We aimed to investigate whether superimposing mild energy intake restriction to such exercise, in order to augment total energy deficit, potentiates the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Eight healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women (age 27·1 (sem1·3) years; BMI 21·8 (sem0·9) kg/m2) performed two oral fat tolerance tests in the morning on two different occasions: once after a single bout of light exercise (100 min at 30 % of peak oxygen consumption; net energy expenditure 1·04 (sem0·01) MJ) coupled with mild energy intake restriction (1·39 (sem0·22) MJ) on the preceding day, and once after resting coupled with isoenergetic feeding on the preceding day (control). Fasting plasma TAG, TAG in the TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRL-TAG) and serum insulin concentrations were 18, 34 and 30 % lower, respectively, after exercise plus diet compared with the control trial (P < 0·05). Postprandial concentrations of plasma TAG and TRL-TAG were 19 and 27 % lower after exercise plus diet compared with the control condition (P < 0·01), whereas postprandial insulin concentrations were not different. It is concluded that a combination of light exercise along with mild hypoenergetic diet may be a practical and feasible intervention to attenuate fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia, especially for people who cannot exercise for prolonged periods of time at moderate-to-high intensities, such as many sedentary individuals.
Vitamin E supplementation may transiently increase tuberculosis risk in males who smoke heavily and have high dietary vitamin C intake – comments by Hernández-Garduño
Authors: Hernández-Garduño Eduardo 
Published: June 2008

Hemilä & Kaprio(1) found a 72 % increase in the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in males taking vitamin E supplements and having high dietary vitamin C intake; the effect was restricted to heavy smokers as part of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.
Genistein protects against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative DNA damage in non-cancerous breast cells MCF-10A
Authors: Leung Hau Y. , Yung Lai Hang , Poon Ching Ho , Shi Guoli , Lu A.-Lien , Leung Lai K. 
Published: June 2008

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are established cancer initiators that can be found in our food and environment. Some dietary phytochemicals are strong inhibitors of PAH-induced mutagenesis. The soya isoflavone genistein has been shown previously in our laboratory to be an inhibitor of PAH metabolite binding to DNA. In the present study, we investigated the effect of genistein on oxidative DNA damage induced by PAH in the non-tumorigenic breast cell line MCF10A. 7,12-Dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) can induce expressions ofCYP1A1andCYP1B1which are known to be responsive to PAH. These enzymes, in turn, will metabolise the PAH into their ultimate carcinogenic forms. Genistein can significantly suppress the expressions within 5 μm. The comet assay indicated that DMBA introduced DNA damage to these cells, and co-treatment with genistein at 5 or 10 μmcould alleviate the damage. In addition to the chelation of DMBA metabolites to DNA, flow cytometry results revealed that oxidation was also a factor of DNA damage. The oxidative DNA damage could be removed by co-treating with 10 μm-genistein. Because no increased oxidative DNA repair was observed, suppression on the cytochrome enzymes appeared to be the underlying mechanism.
Metamorphic rocks in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: WENDT ANKE S. , VAUGHAN ALAN P. M. , TATE ALEXANDER 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe distribution of metamorphic rocks in the Antarctic Peninsula region, new quantitative peak pressure–temperature data along the Antarctic Peninsula, and a literature review on the current knowledge of metamorphic conditions in the Antarctic Peninsula region have been compiled into a single metamorphic map. The pressure–temperature data for the Antarctic Peninsula indicate (1) burial of supracrustal rocks to low to mid-crustal depth along the eastern and western side of the Antarctic Peninsula and on some islands adjacent to the western side of the peninsula; (2) uplift of lower- to mid-crustal metamorphic rocks along major shear and fault zones; and (3) a reversed succession of metamorphic grades for the western domain of the Antarctic Peninsula region compared to the eastern domain along the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone (EPLSZ) of the Antarctic Peninsula. The metamorphic data are consistent with oblique convergence between Alexander Island (the Western Domain), Palmer Land (Central Domain) and the Gondwana margin (the Eastern Domain), supporting a model of (1) exhumation and shearing of the higher pressure rocks from central western (up to 9.4 kbar) and from northeast (7 kbar to 9 kbar) Palmer Land, (2) the exhumation and shearing of low to medium pressure rocks in western Palmer Land and along the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone, and (3) shallow burial and subsequent exhumation of sediments of the Gondwana margin along the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone. Based on the high-amphibolite grade rocks exposed in central western Palmer Land, our data also support earlier suggestions that the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone is the surface expression of a northwest- to west-dipping, deep-level, high-temperature crustal shear zone extending below the western part of the Central Domain of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Adiabatic effects of electrons and ions on electro-acoustic solitary waves in an adiabatic dusty plasma
Authors: TANJIA FATEMA , MAMUN A. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged cold dust, adiabatic hot ions, and inertia-less adiabatic hot electrons has been considered. The adiabatic effects of electrons and ions on the basic properties of electro-acoustic solitary waves associated with different types of electro-acoustic (viz. ion-acoustic (IA), dust ion-acoustic (DIA), and dust acoustic (DA)) waves are thoroughly investigated by the reductive perturbation method. It is found that the basic properties of the IA, DIA, and DA waves are significantly modified by the adiabatic effects of ions and inertia-less electrons. The implications of our results in space and laboratory dusty plasmas are briefly discussed.
Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence
Authors: Hamer M. , Chida Y. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundThe association between physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative diseases is not well established. We therefore aimed to quantify this association using meta-analytical techniques.MethodWe searched Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Web of Science databases from 1990 to 2007 for prospective epidemiological studies of physical activity and incident dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We excluded studies of physical activity and cognitive decline without diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease. Information on study design, participant characteristics, measurement of exposure and outcome variables, adjustment for potential confounding, and estimates of associations was abstracted independently by the two investigators.ResultsWe included 16 prospective studies in the overall analysis, which incorporated 163797 non-demented participants at baseline with 3219 cases at follow-up. We calculated pooled relative risk (RR) using a random effects model. The RR of dementia in the highest physical activity category compared with the lowest was 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.86, p<0.001], for Alzheimer's, 0.55 (95% CI 0.36–0.84, p=0.006), and for Parkinson's 0.82 (95% CI 0.57–1.18, p=0.28).ConclusionsOur results suggest that physical activity is inversely associated with risk of dementia. Future studies should examine the optimal dose of physical activity to induce protection, which presently remains unclear.