bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tube for Studying Dilute Sediments
Authors: Beavers Ellington M. 
Published: March 2008

1. The Kelly tube involves an error because of drainage from the side-arm into the main tube, as pointed out by Duncombe and Withrow. 2. It has been shown that this becomes negligible by re- designing the tube. 3. A general equation has been derived which permits direct calculation of the percent settled and which does not require that the density of the particle or the concentration of the suspension be known. 4. Experimental results are given for the settling of a BASO4 suspension.
Viscose Rayon: Stress-Strain Properties
Authors: Bellinson H.R. 
Published: March 2008

This is the first report in an investigation of the effects of testing conditions on the load-stretch properties of viscose rayon. This report discusses the effect of chang ing specimen length. It is found that increase in length results in a de crease in the breaking strength. The magnitude of the decrease is in good agreement with Peirce's theory of the Weakest Link. Increase in specimen length also produces an apparent decrease in the per cent breaking stretch. This is prob ably the result of a jaw effect, in that some extension of the portion of yarn gripped by the jaws may occur.
Viscose Rayon: Stress-Strain Properties
Authors: Bellinson H.R. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of varying the rate of load upon the strength, breaking stretch and load-stretch diagram of viscose yarn is described. Tests were made on an in clined-plane machine, in which the rate of increase of load is constant throughout any one test'. The strength increases as the rate of loading is in creased. S = 2.3R + K where S is the breaking strength at rate of load R, and K is related to the inherent strength of the material. The breaking stretch appears to be unaffected by change in rate of load. The only portion of the load diagram which appears to be definitely affected by the rate of load at which the test is performed is the "elastic limit," which increases with the rate of loading. 1. Bellinson, H. R. Text. Rsch., May, 1940, P. 287-97. 2. Tippett, L. H. C. "The Methods of Statistics," Williams and Norgate (1937), p. 126. 3. Tippett. Ibid., p. 164. 4. Tippett. Ibid., p. 149. 5. Tippett. Ibid., p. 186. 6. Haven, G. B. Proc. Am. Soc. Test. Mats., 23, 653 (1923). 7. Schoffstall, C. W. and Hamm, H. A. N. B. S. J. Rsch., 2, 871 (1929). 8. Hunter, A. S. Rayon Text. Mo., 17, 739, 805 (1936). 9. Steinberger, R. L. Text. Rsch., 4, 229 (1934).
Behavior of Gelatins and Glues in Size Baths at Low Concentrations
Authors: Yelland William E. 
Published: March 2008

During a study of the slashing of rayon warps for pile fabrics size mixes which contained less than 1% size material were used. Under these circumstances it was observed that the amount of size deposited on the yarn and the resultant weaving efficiency of the warp were af fected not only by the concentration of material in the size mix but also by the viscosity of the size bath. When used at the same concentration, materials of higher gel strength produced size baths with higher viscosity and deposited more size on the yarn than materials of lower gel strength. When the concentrations were adjusted so as to produce size baths with the same viscosity, the size absorption was related to the concentration. The weaving efficiency, al though not directly proportional to the amount of size on the yarn, was appreciably affected by changes in the amount of size absorbed. Changes in the temperature of the size bath led to variations in size viscosity. These produced fluctuations in size absorption and were followed by changes in weav ing efficiency. At these low concentrations no differences in size distribution on the yarn were observed.
Electrodialytic Estimation of Ash and of Acidic and Basic Groups in Textile Fibres
Authors: Sookne Arnold M. , Fugitt Charles H. , Steinhardt Jacinto 
Published: March 2008

Considerable practical interest attaches to the ash of textile fibres. It is well known, for example, that the electrical properties of textiles such as cotton, silk, and wool depend to a considerable extent upon the nature and amount of inorganic substances in the fibres. In addition, this ash content influences the uptake of mois ture and dyestuffs, as well as the ability of the fibre to combine with certain softening or finishing agents. The method of combustion usually employed for the estimation of the ash yields results which acquire significance in terms of equivalents only when an estimate of the composition of the ash can be made. Since the ash may contain substances, such as sulfate in the case of wool, which are not in the unburned fibre, but which are formed during the combustion process, its composition is un certain at best. It is shown by recent work of the research associates of the Textile Foundation at the National Bureau of Standards that the hydrogen-ion equivalence of the cationic ash of fibres (the total content of the cations of bases whether free, or combined with acids, or with the acid groups of the fibres) may be obtained di rectly, without ignition, by existing electrodialytic procedures which hace been hitherto applied principally to biological solutions. Only simple and inexpensive equipment is required. The content of any given anion in the sample may be similarly determined. By dupli cating the procedure on a larger scale, the method has been used to obtain samples of fibrous materials of very low ash content. A simple extension of the method which permits the quantitative de termination of the acidic and basic groups in the material consists in combining them with suitable tightly bound cations or anions which are subsequently estimated by the electrodialytic procedure. Examples are given of the application of the method to de waxed and to depectinized cotton. In both cases the results are shown to correspond with the capacity of the fibres to bind acid. Examples are also given of ash determinations on wool fibres and on samples of wool cloth at several stages in processing subsequent to the carbonizing process. A comparison of the results with the ash obtained gravimetrically on similar samples, after combustion, permits the estimation of the average equivalent weight of the constituents of the ash, and aids in their identification. It is shown that the largest part of the ash of untreated wool, as ob tained by combustion, consists of sulfates. Since sulfates are not present to an appreciable extent in washed (defatted) root-wool fibres, the presence of this anion in the ash of such fibres must be attributed to the oxidation of the sulfur of the wool during com bustion. The much larger ash remaining after carbonizing, neu tralizing, and rinsing is also in the form of sulfates, but at these stages most of the sulfate has been contributed by the sulfuric acid in the carbinizing process.
The Relation of Cation Exchange to the Acidic Properties of Cotton
Authors: Sookne Arnold M. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

It has long been known that cellulosic materials exhibit acidic properties which influence many of their physical and chemical characteristics. Thus, the acidic groups of the fibre bind small amounts of ash which have a considerable effect on the electrical conductivity of cotton fibres, and on the viscosities of solutions of some cellulose derivatives. The ash may also affect the dyeing properties of the fibre, and may be related to the application of finishing agents. Since the ash of washed cotton consists prin cipally of cations held by acidic groups, the problems of measuring the ash and the number of acidic groups on the fibre are intimately related. In addition, if some of the acidic groups of purified cot ton are a part of the cellulose molecule, such as end-groups, the number of these groups may be a measure of its chain length, which is of primary importance in determining the strength and other physical characteristics of the fibre. As part of a general program for the investigation of the acidic and basic properties of textile fibres, a study has been made of the manner in which hydrochloric acid is bound by cotton, and of the dependence of the amount of acid bound on the concentration of the aoid solution in contact with the fibre. The effect on this dependence of different amounts of an added neutral salt, potas sium chloride, has also been studied. A comparison of the acid bound with the cationic ash (the total content of the cations of inorganic bases) as determined by an electrodialysis method leads to the conclusion that the maximum acid-binding capacity is equivalent to the cationic ash, and that therefore the acid bound at any acidity depends upon the ash. A comparison of the results for dewaxed cotton with those for de pectinized cotton shows that most of the acidic groups of cotton are contributed by the pectic substance. Cotton freed of pectic substance retains a small number of acidic groups. Although other possibilities exist, it seems likely that these are an integral part of the cellulose molecule, such as an end-group. If this is actually the case, the results show that the cotton cellulose ~rnolecule has an equ.ivatent weight of about 100,000 which corresponds to a minimum chain length of about 600 glucose residues.
Determination of Regain of Sized Rayon Warps: Checking the Efficiency of One Type of Warp Conditioner
Authors: Yelland William E. 
Published: March 2008

A method is given for determination of the regain of entire warps immediately after slashing on the silk system. This method obviates the necessity of taking samples either from the warp dur ing slashing or from the end of the warp immediately after sizing. The necessary samples can be obtained when the warp has woven in the loom as far as a convenient cut-mark. The purpose of this set of experiments was to determine whether or not a warp conditioner installed at the front of the slasher was actually bringing the regain of the warps up to the desired value. In this case it was found that the capacity of the conditioner was much too small. Consequently it was merely cooling the warps and not conditioning them, and the warps were leaving the slasher with regains from 1 to 7%.
Microscopic Structure of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Hock Charles W. , Ramsay Robert C. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

During the examination of cotton fibers that had received vari ous chemical treatments, a number of observations pertaining to the structural details of the fiber were made. Those phenomena which appeared to be new were investigated in detail. In addition, experiments described by earlier investigators were repeated in order to have a better composite picture of the structure of the fiber. The cell wall of a cotton fiber consists of a primary and a sec ondary wall. The latter, which comprises the bulk of the fiber, con sists of innumerable spirally oriented cellulose fibrils enclosed by a winding which also makes a spiral, but in the opposite direction from the former. Both the winding and the fibrils reverse their direction at frequent intervals along the axis of the fiber, their points of reversal being coincident. The secondary wall is en closed by a thin primary wall. The latter is made up of fine criss crossing strands of cellulose embedded in a membrane consisting principally of wax and pectic substance. The lumen also contains wax and pectic materials, plus various amounts of degenerated pro toplasm. When cotton fibers are swollen under certain conditions a lamel late structure is discernible in the secondary wall. The number of these lamellae increases with the age of the fiber. On treatment of cotton fibers with cuprammonium hydroxide reagent, the cellulose dissolves, leaving residues which vary in amount and in structure, depending upon the extent of purification of the fibers. The residue from raw and from dewaxed fibers con sists of fragments of the primary wall, and of a lesser amount of material from the lumen. The behavior of the fibers in the reagent depends in part on their maturity. Immature fibers containing only small amounts of cellulose swell relatively little in the reagent and the undissolved wax and pectic materials maintain the original tubular shape of the primary wall. When older fibers are given the same treatment they swell abruptly, thereby causing the primary wall to break in many places, giving rise to "balloons." Irregular swelling along the fiber axis, which results in the formation of balloons, appears to be dependent in part on the orien tation of the fibrils, and in part on the constricting influences of the winding and of the primary wall.
Base-Combining Capacity of Cotton
Authors: Sookne Arnold M. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

It is well recognized that cellulosic materials contain acidic groups which bind ions and accordingly influence the electrical conductivity, the dyeing, and the finishing of the fibers or fabrics. In an earlier investigation, the relationship between the ash content of cotton fibers and their acid-binding capacity was devel oped. To study further the acidic properties of cotton, the investi gation has now been extended to include the direct estimation of the acidic groups in the fiber by titration with alkali. Both mono valent and divalent cations were used in this work. When dewaxed cotton is freed of its cationic ash electrodialyti cally, it binds a maximum of 0.065 milliequivalent per g. of either silver or calcium ions, while depectinized cotton binds only 0.010 milliequivalent per g. These values confirm previous estimates of the carboxyl contents of these samples obtained by titration with acid. The identity of the base-binding capacities when mono- and divalent ions are used is a strong indication that the binding of these ions results from an acid-base reaction rather than from some undefined adsorption process. This conclusion was substantiated by esterifying the acid groups of eelctrodialyzed depectinized cot ton with diazomethane, which thus reduced the base-binding ca pacity to nearly zero. It is shown that the maximum silver-binding capacity can be obtained only by the use of the silver salt of a very weak acid. When the salt of a strong acid is used a sufficient number of hy drogen ions are in the solution to compete with the silver ions for the acidic groups of the fiber. The silver-binding capacities of electrodialyzed dewaxed and electrodialyzed depectinized cotton are greater than those of de waxed and depectinized samples, respectively. This result is ex plained in terms of competition of silver ions with the cations already on the acidic groups of the fiber. The number of acidic groups in depectinized cotton is not altered by progressive treatment of the fiber with alkali, a fact which lends support to the tentative conclusion that the acidic groups in depectinized cotton are an integral part of the cellulose molecule.
Relative Affinities of the Anions of Strong Acids for Wool Protein
Authors: Steinhardt Jacinto , Fugitt Charles H. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

The fastness of wool dyes to washing varies widely not only among different classes of dyes but even among members of a given class. These variations are manifestations of the differences in affinities of the dyestuffs for the fibers. A possible basis for understanding such differences in affinities was described in two earlier papers in which it was shown that wool immersed in hydro chloric acid solutions combines not only with hydrogen ions but with chloride ions as well. As a consequence of this, it appeared that the affinities for wool of the anions of different acids might vary considerably and that therefore the positions of the titration curves with respect to the pH axis might vary by correspondingly large amounts, according to the acid used. The determination of the titration curve of wool with a gvien acid could then be used to measure the affinity of the anion of the acid for the fiber. Measurements have therefore been made by Research Associates of the Textile Foundation at the National Bureau of Standards of the combination of wool with nineteen different acids, including, in addition to some of the common mineral acids, several of the simpler aromatic sulfonic, carboxylic, and phenolic acids and a soluble mono-azo acid dye. Wide differences were found between the positions of the resulting nineteen titration curves. A gen eralized form of the equations previously developed to account for the effect of the concentration of chloride ion on the amounts of hydrochloric acid combined was utilized to calculate the affinity for wool of each of seventeen anions involved. Predictions, based on the equations, as to the effects of variations of anion concentrations and of temperature were tested and confirmed. Measurements of the combination of a number of the same acids with a soluble protein, crystalline egg albumin, were also made. Since qualitatively similar differences in the corresponding titration curves were found with both proteins, it is concluded that the property of combining with anions is not restricted to insoluble proteins, such as wool, but is an inherent property of proteins in general. The affinity of the anions appears to increase with their dimensions, and is higher in aromatic than in aliphatic ions of the same size. These relationships are used as the basis of a consid eration of the nature of the forces involved in the binding by pro teins of anions, including the anions of acid dyes.
Surface Characteristics of Cotton Fibers as Indicatcd by Electro phoretic Studies
Authors: Sookne Arnold M. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

Natural cotton is composed of a primary and a secondary wall. The former forms a thin sheath on the surface of the fiber and is composed principally of small amounts of cellulose imbedded in a membrane of wax and pectic substance. The latter is composed principally of cellulose and forms the main body of the fiber. The pectic substance, although present to the extent of only approxi mately 1 percent, accounts for 85 percent of the total acidic groups of the mature fiber. The highly acidic nature and the location of this substance in the naturally-occurring fibers would be expected to influence greatly a number of the properties of the fibers, espe cially those dependent on surface characteristics. These surface characteristics are of considerable importance in a number of in dustrial processes such as, for example, the scouring, dyeing, and finishing of textile materials. Since the electrophoretic technique has been shown by research associates for the Textile Foundation at the National Bureau of Standards to be a useful tool for characterizing other fiber surfaces, it appeared advisable to apply it to an investigation of the cotton fiber as well. Samples of dewaxed cotton, cotton which had been depectinized by treatment with a boiling 1-percent solution of so dium hydroxide for various lengths of time, and pectic substance from cotton gave widely different pH-mobility curves. The curve for pectic substance is characteristic of a highly acidic substance whereas that of depectinized cotton shows a low order of acidity. The curve for dewaxed cotton appears to be a composite of the curves for cellulose and pectic substance. The purified cellulose exhibits a reversal of charge below pH 2.5, and accordingly is isoelectric at that pH. It is shown that the reversal of charge has not resulted from irreversible changes pro duced in the fiber during immersion in the dilute solutions of acid used in the present investigation.
Microscopic Structure of the Wool Fiber
Authors: Hock Charles W. , Ramsay Robert C. , Harris Milton 
Published: March 2008

An investigation was undertaken to obtain information con cerning the fine details of structure of wool fibers and especially of their constituent scale and cortical cells. Treatment of chemi cally modified wool with the enzyme, pepsin, was found to be an excellent method for releasing individual cells for such studies. It is shown by microdissection that the striated appearance of the cortical cells is due to the presence of many fibrils which can be separated with microneedles. Near the center of each cell is a nucleus which has a granular structure. Between crossed nicols, the fibrillar part of the cortical cells appears birefringent, whereas the nucleus does not. The scales show little internal organization such as exhibited by the cortical cells. When examined with crossed nicols they appear nonbirefringent. Unlike the cells of the cortex, the scales are not easily separated by treatment with enzymes, but remain attached to each other in a manner comparable to the arrangement of shingles on a roof. A comparison of root and shaft of the fiber reveals numerous differences in reaction to microchemical color tests, as well as differences in cellular structure. The root, for example, gives a positive test for sulfhydryl groups whereas the shaft gives a nega tive test. Similarly, the shaft appears birefringent whereas the root does not. These and other observations clearly indicate that as the cells of the root emerge into the shaft a number of physical and chemical changes take place simultaneously. When wool is placed in chlorine water bubbles arise on the surface of the fibers (Allwörden reaction). Evidence is presented in support of the viewpoint that these bubbles arise solely from the scales and that their formation is associated with the reaction of the chlorine with disulfide groups of the cystine in the scales.
Oxidation of Wool Keratin by Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Barr Mildred , Edgar Rachel 
Published: March 2008

The degradation of wool by fifty volumes of 0.0100 to 0.0400 M potassium permanganate, by fifty volumes of 0.0100 to 0.0600 M potassium permanganate, 0.1800 N as to sulfuric acid, and by 62.5, 75.0, 87.5, and 100 volumes of 0.0200 M potassium perman ganate, both aqueous and acidic, in ten hours at 40 ± 0.1° C. has been measured by the weight, nitrogen, total sulfur, sulfate sulfur, and wet strength of the residual wool. Percentage losses in weight, nitrogen, and non-sulfate sulfur have been shown very similar in fifty-volume baths of either aqueous or acidic permanganate in the same molarity. With increasing volume of 0.0200 M potassium permanganate, loss of nitrogen by wool has been shown greater in acidic than in aqueous solutions. In no case did the wool's sulfate sulfur increase although part of its original sulfate sulfur dissolved in acid permanganate. Wet strength of wool has been shown to decrease more rapidly than weight, nitrogen, or non-sulfate sulfur with increasing mo larity or volume of permanganate and more rapidly in aqueous than in acidic permanganate.
A Comparison of Five Methods of Measuring Fineness of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Grimes Mary Anna 
Published: March 2008

A comparison is made of five methods of determining the fine ness of the fibres of each of five cottons. The methods used are weight per inch; area of cross sections; and widths of fibres col lapsed, flooded with sodium hydroxide, and mercerized without tension. Identical fibres were used where methods permitted. It is concluded that small differences may not be determined with certainty but that wide differences in fineness may be de tected by any of these methods. It is suggested that the choice of method be made after deciding whether the area the fibre oc cupies or the quantity of material in the fibre is the information desired.