bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant species richness in continental southern Siberia: effects of pH and climate in the context of the species pool hypothesis
Authors: Chytrý Milan , Danihelka Jiří , Ermakov Nikolai , Hájek Michal , Hájková Petra , Kočí Martin , Kubešová Svatava , Lustyk Pavel , Otýpková Zdenka , Popov Denis , Roleěek Jan , Řezníčková Marcela , Šmarda Petr , Valachovič Milan 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAim  Many high‐latitude floras contain more calcicole than calcifuge vascular plant species. The species pool hypothesis explains this pattern through an historical abundance of high‐pH soils in the Pleistocene and an associated opportunity for the evolutionary accumulation of calcicoles. To obtain insights into the history of calcicole/calcifuge patterns, we studied species richness–pH–climate relationships across a climatic gradient, which included cool and dry landscapes resembling the Pleistocene environments of northern Eurasia.Location  Western Sayan Mountains, southern Siberia.Methods  Vegetation and environmental variables were sampled at steppe, forest and tundra sites varying in climate and soil pH, which ranged from 3.7 to 8.6. Species richness was related to pH and other variables using linear models and regression trees.Results  Species richness is higher in areas with warmer winters and at medium altitudes that are warmer than the mountains and wetter than the lowlands. In treeless vegetation, the species richness–pH relationship is unimodal. In tundra vegetation, which occurs on low‐pH soils, richness increases with pH, but it decreases in steppes, which have high‐pH soils. In forests, where soils are more acidic than in the open landscape, the species richness–pH relationship is monotonic positive. Most species occur on soils with a pH of 6–7.Main conclusions  Soil pH in continental southern Siberia is strongly negatively correlated with precipitation, and species richness is determined by the opposite effects of these two variables. Species richness increases with pH until the soil is very dry. In dry soils, pH is high but species richness decreases due to drought stress. Thus, the species richness–pH relationship is unimodal in treeless vegetation. Trees do not grow on the driest soils, which results in a positive species richness–pH relationship in forests. If modern species richness resulted mainly from the species pool effects, it would suggest that historically common habitats had moderate precipitation and slightly acidic to neutral soils.
Are people who regularly eat breakfast cereals slimmer than those who don’t? A systematic review of the evidence
Authors: De La Hunty A. , Ashwell M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary  There is growing evidence that people who eat breakfast regularly tend to be slimmer than those who skip breakfast. However, this is not a consistent finding and it is not true for all types of breakfast. Also the relationship with breakfast can disappear in studies when adjusted for breakfast cereal consumption, suggesting it is breakfast cereal that is driving the association. This systematic review, therefore, looked specifically at the relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and weight.A systematic search of the literature identified nine references looking at the relationship between the consumption of breakfast cereals and BMI as an outcome measure.Five of the nine included studies were in adults. These studies consistently showed that people who eat breakfast cereals regularly tend to have a lower BMI and are less likely to be overweight than those who do not eat breakfast cereals regularly. Although not all of the results were statistically significant, they all point in the same direction. There was no evidence that regular breakfast cereal consumers have lower daily energy intakes than infrequent consumers.Four of the nine included studies were in children. As for adults, the evidence from the included studies is consistent that children who eat breakfast cereals regularly tend to have a lower BMI and are less likely to be overweight than those who eat breakfast cereals infrequently. There was no evidence that children who consume breakfast cereals regularly have lower energy intakes than infrequent cereal consumers.This systematic review considered whether the relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and weight is likely to be mediated either through lower energy intakes or higher energy expenditures. We found no clear evidence for this or for any other proposed mechanism. The relationship could arise out of confounding by lifestyle factors.There is consistent evidence of an association between breakfast cereal consumption and a healthy weight, but limited evidence for any proposed mechanism that would point to it being a causal relationship.
How to Distinguish b from d
Authors: Emmerson Poter 
Published: May 2007

My daughter, who is nearly 10 years old, still confuses b and d when she writes. Her teachers have not made an issue of this difficulty until now but as she will be changing schools quite soon they feel it is time she learned to overcome it.They have been trying to help her to discriminate the two which they call ‘bat and ball’ letters but have not succeeded so far. Is there any other method that would be likely to help? I gather that although most children have ceased to confuse b and d by the age of 10 several still do and that they usually grow out of it within a year or two. Meanwhile her father has an accumulating collection of birthday cards and letters addressed to ‘Dear baddy’ (or ‘babby’).
The Illegal Way In and The Moral Way Out
Authors: Øverland Gerhard 
Published: May 2007

At the heart of the current debate about immigration we find a conflict of convictions. Many people seem to believe that a country has a right to decide who to let in and who to keep out, but quite often they appear equally committed to the view that it is morally wrong to expel someone from within the borders of their country if that would seriously jeopardise the person in question. While the first conviction leads to stricter border controls in an attempt to prevent would‐be immigrants from entering the country illegally, the latter conviction ensures that aliens with a legitimate claim on protection will not be removed forcibly. It is not strange, therefore, that the task of pinning down a morally sound immigration policy is such an elusive enterprise.In this paper I take it for granted that no electorate would be prepared to accept the kind of policy they ought to, and that we in consequence will continue to let in as few immigrants as is currently the case. Given this constraint I argue against two common assumptions concerning a viable immigration policy. First, granted that certain conditions are satisfied, professional smugglers should not face legal sanctions for bringing asylum seekers to a potential host country. Second, countries that limit immigration should not treat people seeking family reunion preferentially or on a par with other immigrants, but rather act so as to maximise the number of refugees allowed to enter.
Jung and White and the God of terrible double aspect
Authors: Lammers Ann C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper discusses theoretical, historical and personal issues in the ill‐fated friendship and intellectual collaboration between C.G. Jung and the Dominican scholar Victor White, O.P., based on primary documents in their correspondence, 1945 to 1960.The collaboration of Jung and White began with high expectations but fell into painful disagreements about the nature of God, the problem of evil, and shadow aspects of the Self. They made a rapid commitment to their working alliance based on personal and professional hopes, but paying scant attention to their divergent underlying assumptions. White hoped to build theoretical and practical connections between Jungian psychology and Catholic theology for the sake of modern Catholics. Jung needed learned theological support as he explored the psychological meanings of Christian symbols, including the central symbol of Christ. At the grandest level, they both hoped to transform the Christian West, after the moral disaster of World War II.Their collaboration was risky for both men, especially for White in his career as a Dominican, and it led to considerable suffering. The Self is prominent in the relationship, symbolically present in the text of the correspondence and consciously forming their major topic of debate. From the start, the Self is an archetypal field, drawing the friends into their visionary task at the risk of unconscious inflation. Later the Self is revealed with its shadow as a burden, a puzzle, and a basis for estrangement. Finally, with the intervention of feminine wisdom, mortal suffering is transformed by an attitude of conscious sacrifice.
N1 and the mismatch negativity are spatiotemporally distinct ERP components: Disruption of immediate memory by auditory distraction can be related to N1
Authors: Campbell Tom , Winkler István , Kujala Teija 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for ignored tones presented during the retention interval of a delayed serial recall task. The mismatch negativity (MMN) and N1 ERP components were measured to discern spatiotemporal and functional properties of their generation. A nine‐token sequence with nine different tone pitches was more disruptive than an oddball (two‐token) sequence, yet this oddball sequence was no more disruptive than a single repeating tone (one‐token). Tones of the nine‐token sequence elicited augmented N1 amplitudes compared to identical tones delivered in the one‐token sequence, yet deviants elicited an additional component (MMN) with distinct temporal properties and topography. These results suggested that MMN and N1 are separate, functionally distinct components. Implications are discussed for the N1 hypothesis and the changing‐state hypothesis of the disruption of serial recall performance by auditory distraction.
Mood effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation
Authors: Silvestrini Nicolas , Gendolla Guido H. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUniversity students (N=43) watched film clips to manipulate negative, neutral, or positive mood states and then performed a mood regulation task with the goal of experiencing positive affect. Autonomic reactivity was assessed during habituation, mood inductions, and mood regulation. According to the mood‐behavior model (G.H.E. Gendolla, 2000) and studies on self‐regulation, we predicted stronger cardiovascular and electrodermal reactivity in a negative mood than in both positive and neutral moods in the context of mood regulation but not during the mood inductions. Results were as expected. Furthermore, the Zygomaticus Major muscle reacted more strongly in the positive than in the neutral and negative mood conditions during the mood inductions. The findings are interpreted as demonstrating mood effects on resource mobilization during an effortful mood regulation performance.
Anterior N2 predicts subsequent viewing time and interest rating for novel drawings
Authors: Nittono Hiroshi , Shibuya Yoshie , Hori Tadao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) in response to novel pictures and subsequent visual exploration were examined. Eighteen undergraduates viewed 120 novel drawings as long as they wished. ERPs were calculated separately for drawings that were viewed longer or shorter than the median viewing time of each participant. The drawings viewed longer elicited a larger anterior negativity (N2) peaking at 245 ms than the shorter viewed drawings. This effect disappeared and the overall amplitude of the N2 decreased when the same set of drawings was presented again in a subsequent interest‐rating session. Drawings rated as more interesting elicited a larger N2 than did drawings rated as less interesting. This study demonstrates a type of anterior N2 that is sensitive to stimulus unfamiliarity or difficulty in encoding, which reflects a conflict between stimulus input and existing knowledge and prompts further recognition processes and visual exploration.
Auditory temporal grouping in newborn infants
Authors: Stefanics Gábor , Háden Gábor , Huotilainen Minna , Balázs László , Sziller István , Beke Anna , Fellman Vineta , Winkler István 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdults normally perceive auditory scenes in terms of sound patterns emitted by concurrently active sources. Thus pattern formation is an important process of auditory object perception. The aim of the present study was to determine whether neonates group sounds by repeating pitch patterns. Standard (“S”; p=80%) and deviant tones (“D”, p=20%) differing only in pitch were delivered either in a randomized order (random condition) or in a repeating SSSSD pattern (grouped condition). Both event‐related brain potentials and gamma‐band activity differed between the S and D tones in the random condition but not in the grouped condition. These results suggest that in the grouped condition, the S and D tones were processed as part of the same higher order regularity by the neonate auditory system. Also, for the first time, we observed oscillatory gamma‐band activity in neonates, which was sensitive to infrequent pitch changes.
Does emotion modulate the blink reflex in human conditioning? Startle potentiation during pleasant and unpleasant cues in the picture–picture paradigm
Authors: Mallan Kimberley M. , Lipp Ottmar V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEmotional processes modulate the size of the eyeblink startle reflex in a picture‐viewing paradigm, but it is unclear whether emotional processes are responsible for blink modulation in human conditioning. Experiment 1 involved an aversive differential conditioning phase followed by an extinction phase in which acoustic startle probes were presented during CS+, CS−, and intertrial intervals. Valence ratings and affective priming showed the CS+ was unpleasant postacquisition. Blink startle magnitude was larger during CS+ than during CS−. Experiment 2 used the same design in two groups trained with pleasant or unpleasant pictorial USs. Ratings and affective priming indicated that the CS+ had become pleasant or unpleasant in the respective group. Regardless of CS valence, blink startle was larger during CS+ than CS− in both groups. Thus, startle was not modulated by CS valence.
Multiple effects of 2ME2 and D609 on the cortical expression of HIF‐1α and apoptotic genes in a middle cerebral artery occlusion‐induced focal ischemia rat model
Authors: Chen Chunhua , Hu Qin , Yan Junhao , Lei Jiliang , Qin Lihua , Shi Xianzhong , Luan Liju , Yang Lei , Wang Ke , Han Jingyan , Nanda Anil , Zhou Changman 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME2) and tricyclodecan‐9‐yl‐xanthogenate (D609) having multiple effects on cancer cells, mechanistically, both of them down‐regulate hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We hypothesize HIF‐1α plays an essential role in cerebral ischemia as a pro‐apoptosis regulator; 2ME2 and D609 decrease the levels of HIF‐1α and VEGF, that might contribute to protecting brain from ischemia injury. A total of 102 male Sprague–Dawley rats were split into five groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), MCAO + dimethyl sulfoxide, MCAO + 2ME2, and MCAO + D609. 2ME2 and D609 were injected intraperitoneally 1 h after reperfusion. Rats were killed at 24 h and 7 days. At 24 h, 2ME2 and D609 reduce the levels of HIF‐1α and VEGF (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), depress the expression of HIF‐1α, VEGF, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and cleaved caspase 3 (western blot and immunohistochemistry) in the brain infarct area. Double fluorescence labeling shows HIF‐1α positive immunoreactive materials are co‐localized with BNIP3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin‐dUTP nick end labeling inside the nuclei of neurons. At 7 days, 2ME2 and D609 reduce the infarct volume (2,3,7‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride) and blood–brain barrier extravasation, decrease the mortality and improve the neurological deficits. In conclusion, 2ME2 and D609 are powerful agents to protect brain from cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting HIF‐1α expression, attenuating the superfluous expression of VEGF to avoid blood–brain barrier disruption and suppressing neuronal apoptosis via BNIP3 pathway.
Proteomic analysis of striatal proteins in the rat model of l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia
Authors: Valastro Barbara , Dekundy Andrzej , Krogh Morten , Lundblad Martin , James Peter , Danysz Wojciech , Quack Guenter , Cenci Maria Angela 
Published: May 2007

Abstract l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia (LID) is among the motor complications that arise in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients after a prolonged treatment with l‐DOPA. To this day, transcriptome analysis has been performed in a rat model of LID [Neurobiol. Dis., 17 (2004), 219] but information regarding the proteome is still lacking. In the present study, we investigated the changes occurring at the protein level in striatal samples obtained from the unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesion rat model of PD treated with saline, l‐DOPA or bromocriptine using two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS). Rats treated with l‐DOPA were allocated to two groups based on the presence or absence of LID. Among the 2000 spots compared for statistical difference, 67 spots were significantly changed in abundance and identified using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight MS, atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and HPLC coupled tandem MS (LC/MS/MS). Out of these 67 proteins, LID significantly changed the expression level of five proteins: αβ‐crystalin, gamma‐enolase, guanidoacetate methyltransferase, vinculin, and proteasome α‐2 subunit. Complementary techniques such as western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate the validity of the data obtained using the proteomic approach. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the protein changes occurring in LID.
Ectodomain shedding of neuroglycan C, a brain‐specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, by TIMP‐2‐ and TIMP‐3‐sensitive proteolysis
Authors: Shuo Takuya , Aono Sachiko , Nakanishi Keiko , Tokita Yoshihito , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Ida Michiru , Matsui Fumiko , Maruyama Hiroyo , Kaji Toshiyuki , Oohira Atsuhiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeuroglycan C (NGC) is a transmembrane‐type of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with an epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like module that is exclusively expressed in the CNS. Because ectodomain shedding is a common processing step for many transmembrane proteins, we examined whether NGC was subjected to proteolytic cleavage. Western blotting demonstrated the occurrence of a soluble form of NGC with a 75 kDa core glycoprotein in the soluble fraction of the young rat cerebrum. In contrast, full‐length NGC with a 120 kDa core glycoprotein and its cytoplasmic fragment with a molecular size of 35 kDa could be detected in the membrane fraction. The soluble form of NGC was also detectable in culture media of fetal rat neurons, and the full‐length form existed in cell layers. The amount of the soluble form in culture media was decreased by adding a physiological protease inhibitor such as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐2 or TIMP‐3, but not by adding TIMP‐1. Both EGF‐like and neurite outgrowth‐promoting activity of the NGC ectodomain may be regulated by this proteolytic processing.
Partial agonist actions of aripiprazole and the candidate antipsychotics S33592, bifeprunox,N‐desmethylclozapine and preclamol at dopamine D2Lreceptors are modified by co‐transfection of D3receptors: potential role of heterodimer formation
Authors: Novi Francesca , Millan Mark J. , Corsini Giovanni U. , Maggio Roberto 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAripiprazole and the candidate antipsychotics, S33592, bifeprunox,N‐desmethylclozapine (NDMC) and preclamol, are partial agonists at D2receptors. Herein, we examined their actions at D2Land D3receptors expressed separately or together in COS‐7 cells. In D2Lreceptor‐expressing cells co‐transfected with (D3receptor‐insensitive) chimeric adenylate cyclase‐V/VI, drugs reduced forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production by ∼20% versus quinpirole (48%). Further, quinpirole‐induced inhibition was blunted by aripiprazole and S33592, confirming partial agonist properties. In cells co‐transfected with equal amounts of D2LandD3receptors (1 : 1), efficacies of aripiprazole and S33592 were attenuated. Further, in cells co‐transfected with D2Land anexcessof D3receptors (1 : 3), aripiprazole and S33592 were completelyinactive, and theyabolishedthe actions of quinpirole. Likewise, bifeprunox, NDMC and preclamol lost agonist properties in cells co‐transfected with D2LandD3receptors. Accordingly, at split D2trunk/D3tailand D3trunk/D2tailchimeras, agonist actions of quinpirole were blocked by aripiprazole and S33592 that, like bifeprunox, NDMC and preclamol, wereinactivealone. Conversely, when a 12 amino acid sequence in the third intracellular loop of D3receptors was replaced by the homologous sequence of D2Lreceptors, aripiprazole, S33592, bifeprunox, NDMC and preclamol inhibited cAMP formation by ∼20% versus quinpirole (42%). Moreover, at D2Lreceptor‐expressing cells co‐transfected with modified D3i3(D2)receptors, drugs behaved as partial agonists. To summarize, low efficacy agonist actions of aripiprazole, S33592, bifeprunox, NDMC and preclamol at D2Lreceptors are abrogated upon co‐expression of D3receptors, probably due to physical association and weakened coupling efficacy. These findings have implications for the functional profiles of antipsychotics.
Preprodynorphin mediates locomotion and D2 dopamine and μ‐opioid receptor changes induced by chronic ‘binge’ cocaine administration
Authors: Bailey A. , Yoo J. H. , Racz I. , Zimmer A. , Kitchen I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvidence suggests that the κ‐opioid receptor (KOP‐r) system plays an important role in cocaine addiction. Indeed, cocaine induces endogenous KOP activity, which is a mechanism that opposes alterations in behaviour and brain function resulting from repeated cocaine use. In this study, we have examined the influence of deletion of preprodynorphin (ppDYN) on cocaine‐induced behavioural effects and on hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity. Furthermore, we have measured μ‐opioid receptor (MOP‐r) agonist‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS, dopamine D1, D2 receptor and dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. Male wild‐type (WT) and ppDYN knockout (KO) mice were injected with saline or cocaine (45 mg/kg/day) in a ‘binge’ administration paradigm for 14 days. Chronic cocaine produced an enhancement of locomotor sensitisation in KO. No genotype effect was found on stereotypy behaviour. Cocaine‐enhanced MOP‐r activation in WT but not in KO. There was an overall decrease in D2 receptor binding in cocaine‐treated KO but not in WT mice. No changes were observed in D1 and DAT binding. Cocaine increased plasma corticosterone levels in WT but not in KO. The data confirms that the endogenous KOP system inhibits dopamine neurotransmission and that ppDYN may mediate the enhancement of MOP‐r activity and the activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis after chronic cocaine treatment.