bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Yoix® scripting language: a different way of writing Java™ applications
Authors: Drechsler R. L. , Mocenigo J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOur work led us to write a full‐featured, reliable and extensible scripting language implemented in Java and providing access to many Java capabilities. The result provides a mechanism for fast and efficient development, deployment and maintenance of client/server applications. The Yoix interpreter does not rely on Java reflection classes to access Java capabilities, but rather uses programmatic methods. This approach allowed us to deliver the complex aspects of Java functionality more simply and succinctly at the Yoix level as well as achieve consistent behavior and portability across platforms. We also included many practical functions and capabilities for application development. Indistinguishable from Java applications to end‐users, a Yoix application's interpreted nature allows scripts to be downloaded from a Web server and executed as needed by the application. This framework has been used successfully for mission critical applications within AT&T. The interpreter, its source, documentation, a completely functional application template and a large set of examples are freely available for download under open source licensing from the AT&T Labs—Research Web site at http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/yoix/ or its alias http://www.yoix.org/. Yoix is a registered trademark of AT&T, Inc. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Tris[(trimethylsilyl)silyl](diisopropylamino)(diphenylphosphino)borane
Authors: Fan Maomin , Paine Robert T. , Duesler E. N. , Nöth Heinrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe 1:1 reaction of [(Me3Si)3SiLi·3THF] with (iPr2N)BCl2 in hexane provides [{(Me3Si)3Si}·(iPr2N)BCl] (2) in good yield as a colorless crystalline solid. This compound combined in a 1:1 ratio with LiPPh2 in DME gives [{(Me3Si)3Si}·(iPr2N)B(PPh2)] (3) as a yellow crystalline solid. The new compounds were characterized by IR, MS and 1H, 13C{1H} and 11B NMR spectroscopy and the molecular structure of 3 was determined by X‐ray structure analysis.
Experimental and Theoretical Vibrational Study of the Oxotetrachlorochromate(V) Anion in [AsPh4][CrOCl4]
Authors: Roldán M. L. , Brandán S. A. , Varetti E. L. , Altabef A. Ben 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfrared and Raman spectra were obtained for tetraphenylarsonium oxotetrachlorochromate(V), [AsPh4][CrOCl4]. Equilibrium geometry and vibrational frequencies for the anion, CrOCl4−, were studied employing Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. A comparative theoretical study was performed in order to determine the best level of theory and basis set to reproduce the experimental structure parameters and vibrational frequencies. Such frequencies served as a basis for the calculation of the scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field for the anion. The obtained results were compared with those obtained previously for the VOCl4− anion.
Changes in high density lipoprotein subfraction lipids during neutral lipid transfer in healthy subjects and in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ritter Mary C. , Bagdade John D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhile it is known that the transfer of cholesteryl ester (CE) from high density lipoprotein (HDL) to the apo B‐containing lipoproteins is increased in patients with diabetes, the extent to which the various lipoprotein fractions engage in neutral lipid exchange and the magnitude to which triglyceride (TG) is translocated is not known. To examine in greater detail neutral lipid net mass transfer in diabetes, the HDL subfractions and the apo B‐containing lipoproteins were separated, and the net mass transfer of CE and TG was compared to that of control subjects. In both groups, bidirectional transfer of CE from HDL3 to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) + low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of TG from VLDL+LDL to HDL3, took place, but this process was significantly greater (P<.01) in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In contrast, CE and TG accumulated in HDL2 to a similar degree in normal and IDDM subjects. In recombination experiments with each of the apo B‐containing lipoproteins, IDDM VLDL had a greater capacity to facilitate the exchange of core lipids from both IDDM and control HDL3: on the other hand, LDL from IDDM and control subjects both donated TG and CE to HDL2 and affected little change in HDL3. These findings indicate that all the major plasma fractions normally participate in the trafficking of CE and TG among the lipoproteins during neutral lipid transfer and show that the principal perturbation in cholesteryl ester transfer in IDDM involves altered interaction between VLDL and the HDL3 subfraction.
Separation and quantitation of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides and free oleic acid using thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection
Authors: Peyrou G. , Rakotondrazafy V. , Mouloungui Z. , Gaset A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐Monoolein was prepared from glycidol and oleic acid by the regioselective opening of glycidol in the presence of an anionic resin. During the reaction, the lipochemical synthesis medium becomes enriched in monoolein, the effective emulsifying agent. This mixture can be analyzed by thinlayer chromatography coupled with flame‐ionization detection (FID). The products and reagents do not need to be derivatized. Diglyceride and triglyceride by‐products affecting the selectivity of the reaction also could be detected using this technique. Cholesterol was used as an internal standard. The factors influencing the separation, including the hydrogen flow rate, scan speed, and the composition of the developing solvent, were investigated. The degree of separation is highly sensitive to the hexane/diethyl ether ratio of the developing solvent. Good separation of triglyceride, oleic acid, the two diglycerides, cholesterol, α‐monoolein, and glycidol was obtained with the mixture hexane/diethyl ether/formic acid (65:35:0.04, by vol). Detector response, detection limits, and rod‐to‐rod variations also were examined. A range of rod loads giving a straightforward relationship between FID response and amount of compound loaded (relative to oleic acid and α‐monoolein) was defined. The accuracy of the quantification was illustrated by analysis of a mixture of oleic acid and α‐monoolein standards of known composition.
Arachidonic acid supply and metabolism in human infants born at full term
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Decsi Tamás , Demmelmair Hans 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfants need arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n‐6) for eicosanoid synthesis and deposition in growing tissues, including brain. Human milk supplies performed AA in amounts considered to meet accretion in membrane‐rich tissues, but vegetable oil‐based infant formulas do not contain AA. We studied two groups of ten healthy infants, each fed human milk or formula, and analyzed plasma lipid composition. Percentage contributions of AA to plasma phospholipids were stable over two months after birth in breast‐fed infants, but infants fed formula developed significantly (P<0.05) lower levels at the ages of two weeks (formula 6.9% vs. breast 9.4%, w/w), one month (6.2 vs. 9.1%), and two months (5.7 vs 8.4%). In a second trial, we randomized infants to receive (from birth to age four months) formula without or with both AA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n‐3) at levels typical for mature human milk. Infants fed conventional formula showed a continuous decrease of phospholipid AA over time, whereas feeding of formula supplemented with AA and DHA led to significantly higher AA levels, similar to those in breast‐fed infants (two months: supplemented 9.6% vs. unsupplemented 7.1%; four months; 8.7 vs. 6.6%). In order to estimate infantile capacity for endogenous synthesis of AA, we fed four term neonates with newly diagnosed phenylketonuria (mean age 18 d) a formula with all fat contributed by corn oil, which has a higher natural13C‐enrichment than European human milk or formula. Analysis of13C‐enrichment in plasma fatty acids over four days allowed us to estimate infantile AA synthesis. We found an increased13C‐value in plasma AA of all infants, which indicates that term neonates can synthesize AA. However, with a simplified isotope balance equation, we estimate that endogenous synthesis contributed only about 23% of total plasma arachidonic acid by day four. We conclude that full‐term infants fed formula may require a dietary supply of some preformed AA if the biochemical status of breast‐fed infants is to be achieved.
A randomized trial of visual attention of preterm infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until two months
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , Werkman Susan H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis was a randomized, double‐blind trial to determine if a nutrient‐enriched (preterm) formula supplemented with 0.2% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) from a low eicosapentaenoic acid (0.06%) source of marine oil would enhance visual novelty preference and attention of preterm infants. Both the standard and experimental formulas contained 3% of total fatty acids as linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) and were fed from approximately three days of age to two months past term. After two months, both diet groups were fed a commercially‐available term formula with linolenic acid as the only source of n−3 fatty acid. At 12 mo visual recognition memory (novelty preference) and visual attention (number and duration of discrete looks) were determined with the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence. The DHA‐supplemented group compared with the control group had more and shorter duration looks in comparisons of familiar and novel stimuli, confirming earlier evidence that DHA can increase information processing speed of preterm infants who otherwise are receiving good intakes of linolenic acid. Because supplementation was stopped at two months and the effects seen at 12 mon, this study demonstrates for the first time that a relatively short period of DHA supplementation can produce significant effects on later visual attention.
Determination of hydroperoxides and structures by high‐performance liquid chromatography with post‐column detection with diphenyl‐1‐pyrenylphosphine
Authors: Ohshima Toshiaki , Hopia Anu , German J. Bruce , Frankel Edwin N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method, using post‐column detection with diphenyl‐1‐pyrenyl‐phosphine (DPPP), was developed for the quantitative and qualitative determination of isomeric lipid hydroperoxides (OOH). The OOH eluted from a normal‐phase column were passed through a photodiode array detector and then mixed with DPPP solution in a reaction coil heated at 80°C. DPPP oxide formed by the reaction with OOH was determined by monitoring the fluorescence intensity at 380 nm and excitation at 352 nm. The conjugated diene OOH (13‐cis, trans‐ and 9‐cis, trans‐OOH) and nonconjugated OOH (12‐cis‐trans‐ and 10‐cis, trans‐OOH) from photosensitized oxidation of methyl linoleate were determined in a molar ratio of 31∶29∶19∶21, respectively. However, only the two conjugated hydroperoxides were detected by ultraviolet absorption at 234 nm. Further applications were carried out for the determination of OOH of methyl oleate and methyl linolenate. This method proved to be useful for the determination of the OOH containing both conjugated and nonconjugated diene structures.
Stearic acid unlike shorter‐chain saturated fatty acids is poorly utilized for triacylglycerol synthesis and β‐oxidation in cultured rat hepatocytes
Authors: Pai Tonkun , Yeh Yu‐Yan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUtilization of stearate as compared to various saturated fatty acids for cholesterol and lipid synthesis and β‐oxidation was determined in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. At 0.5 mmol/L in the medium, stearate (18:0) adequately solubilized by albumin was less inhibitory to cholesterol synthesis from [2‐14C] acetate than myristate (14:0) and palmitate (16:0) (68% vs. 91 and 88% inhibition, respectively). The rate of incorporation into cholesterol from [1‐14C] stearate (3.0±0.6 nmol/mg protein/4 h) was 37‐, 1.8‐, and 7.8‐fold of that from myristate, palmitate, and oleate, respectively. Conversely, the rate of [1‐14C] stearate incorporation into total glycerolipids was 88–90% lower than that of labeled palmitate, myristate, and oleate. The rate of [1‐14C] stearate incorporation into triacylglycerol (3.6±0.4 nmol/mg protein/4 h) was 6–8% of that from myristate, palmitate, oleate, and linoleate. The rate of stearate incorporation into phospholipids was the lowest among tested fatty acids, whereas the rate of mono‐ and diacylglycerol synthesis was the highest with stearate treatment. The rate of β‐oxidation as measured by CO2 and acid soluble metabolite production was also the lowest with [1‐14C] stearate treatment at 22.7 nmol/mg protein/4 h, which was 35–40% of those from other [1‐14C] labeled fatty acids. A greater proportion of stearate than other fatty acids taken up by the hepatocytes remained free and was not metabolized. Clearly, stearate as compared to shorter‐chain saturated fatty acids was less efficiently oxidized and esterified to triacylglycerol in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Identification of noveltrans isomers of 20∶5n−3 in liver lipids of rats fed a heated oil
Authors: Chardigny Jean‐Michel , Sébédio Jean‐Louis , Grandgirard André , Martine Lucy , Berdeaux Olivier , Vatèle Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrans polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids are formed as a result of the heat treatment of vegetable oils. It was demonstrated previously that the 18∶3 Δ9cis, 12cis, 15trans containing acis Δ9 ethylenic bond was converted to a geometrical isomer of 20∶5n−3, the 20∶5 Δ5cis, 8cis, 11cis, 14cis, 17trans. In the present study, we have identified two new isomers of eicosapentaenoic acid, the Δ11 monotrans and the Δ11, 17 ditrans isomers in liver of rats fed a heated oil. These are formed as a result of the conversion of two of the main isomers of linolenic acid which are present in refined and frying oils, the 18∶3 Δ9trans, 12cis, 15cis and the 18∶3 Δ9trans, 12cis, 15trans.
Dihydro‐vitamin K1: Primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet
Authors: Booth Sarah L. , Pennington Jean A. T. , Sadowski James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDihydro‐vitamin K1 was recently identified as a dietary form of vitamin K produced during the hydrogenation of vitamin K1‐rich vegetable oils. Dihydro‐vitamin K1 is absorbed, with measurable levels in human plasma following dietary intake. To determine the primary food sources of dihydro‐vitamin K1 in the American diet, 261 foods from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Of these foods, 36 contained dihydro‐vitamin K1. Fast‐food items that were otherwise poor sources of vitamin K1, such as french fries and fried chicken, contained appreciable amounts of dihydro‐vitamin K1 (36 and 18 μg/100 g, respectively). These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model to determine average dietary intake of dihydro‐vitamin K1 in 14 age‐gender groups. With the exception of infants, all age‐gender groups had estimated mean daily dihydro‐vitamin K1 intakes of 12–24 μg, compared to mean daily vitamin K1 intakes of 24–86 μg. The vitamin K1 and dihydro‐vitamin K1 intakes were summed, and the dietary contribution of dihydro‐vitamin K1 was expressed as a percentage of total vitamin K intake. Children reported the highest intakes of dihydro‐vitamin K1 (30% of total vitamin K intake), followed by a progressive decrease in percentage contribution with age. There are currently no data on the relative bioavailability of dihydro‐vitamin K1 but, given its abundance in the American diet, this hydrogenated form of vitamin K warrants further investigation.
Quantitative31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes using detergent
Authors: Nouri‐Sorkhabi M. Hossein , Wright Lesley C. , Sullivan David R. , Kuchel Philip W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract31P Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of human erythrocyte lysates dissolved in sodium cholate were acquired. The narrow resonances of phospholipids were mostly well resolved, allowing identification and accurate quantitative analysis of phospholipid classes of the erythrocyte membranes. The ether‐linked phosphatidylethanolamine components of the erythrocyte membranes were identified, based on the removal of plasmalogens by acidolysis and of diacyl phospholipid species by degradation using phospholipase A1. It was also shown that the introduction of double bonds on the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine shifted the31P NMR resonances to lower frequencies. Quantitative analyses of phospholipids from the spectra were based on their apparent molar concentrations. The recoveries of phospholipids from erythrocytes were significantly higher than those using conventional extraction procedures.
Docosahexaenoic acid‐rich fish oil does not enhance the elevation of serum transaminase and liver triacylglycerol induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice
Authors: Yasuda Satoshi , Watanabe Shiro , Kobayashi Tetsuyuki , Okuyama Harumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCarbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized to trichloromethyl radical and induces liver injury with elevated serum transaminase and increased hepatic triacylglycerols (TG). To answer the question whether dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enhance free radical‐mediated liver injury, a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐rich fish oil (FO) or a saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid‐rich beef tallow diet was fed to mice for 4 wk and then CCl4 was administered. When thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in the absence of antioxidant, the FO diet and CCl4 treatment markedly increased liver TBARS values synergistically, apparently supporting the interpretation that the highly autoxidizable DHA accelerates lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. However, no such marked interaction was observed between diet and CCl4 treatment in liver TBARS values measured in the presence of an antioxidant in the assay mixtures as well as in conjugated diene contents. Furthermore, the FO diet did not enhance CCl4‐induced elevation of serum transaminase but lowered liver TG levels. The proportion of DHA, the most easily autoxidizable among common PUFA, was increased but those of eicosanoid precursors were decreased in liver phospholipids by CCl4 treatment, possibly reflecting the inflammation‐related mobilization of eicosanoid precursors but not lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that dietary enrichment with DHA does not enhance CCl4‐induced liver injury through the so‐called free radical‐mediated propagative autoxidation of DHA in mice.
Identification of milk fat triacylglycerols by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical lonization mass spectrometry
Authors: Laakso Päivi , Manninen Pekka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIdentification of milk fat triacylglycerols was accomplished by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry [(APCI)MS]. Supercritical carbon dioxide was the carrier fluid in SFC. Ionization was achieved by introducing vapor of ammonia in methanol into the ionization chamber, which resulted in the formation of abundant [M+18]+ and [M‐RCOO]+ ions of triacylglycerols. These ions defined both the molecular weight and the fatty acid constituents of a triacylglycerol, respectively. SFC on a nonpolar stationary phase provided an efficient separation of triacylglycerols according to the combined number of carbon atoms in the acyl chains of a molecule. In addition to the identification of the major chromatographic peaks representing molecules with 26–54 acyl carbons, minor peaks representing triacylglycerols with an odd number of acyl carbons were separated and identified. Furthermore, compositional information on partially separated isobaric triacylglycerols, which differed substantially in the chain length of the fatty acyl residues, was achieved within some of the peaks. A new finding of the present study was the formation of abundant [M+18]+ ions of saturated triacylglycerols in addition to diagnostic fragment ions, being of primary importance in structure elucidation. This extends the applicability of capillary SFC‐(APCI)MS in the analysis of both saturated and unsaturated triacylglycerols.
The Use of Herbs and Dietary Supplements in Gynecology: An Evidence‐Based Review
Authors: Dennehy Cathi E. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTConsumers frequently use herbs and dietary supplements to treat chronic conditions that are poorly responsive to prescription drugs or when prescription drugs carry a high side effect burden. Women may use herbs and supplements for chronic gynecologic conditions, such as menopause, premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, and infertility. This review is an evidence‐based evaluation of herbs and supplements for these conditions. Therapies that carry a higher level of support from randomized controlled trial evidence include black cohosh for menopause; vitamins B1 and E for dysmenorrhea; calcium, vitamin B6, and chasteberry for premenstrual syndrome; and chasteberry for cyclic mastalgia. There were too few trials involving herbs and supplements in infertility to warrant a solid recommendation, but chasteberry, antioxidants, and Fertility Blend have some preliminary support. Midwives may want to consider these alternatives in addition to more traditional treatment options when meeting with patients.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: King Joyce 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, affecting between 4% and 8% of reproductive aged women. This syndrome, a complex disorder with multiple components, including reproductive, metabolic, and cardiovascular manifestations, has long‐term health concerns that cross the life span. The diagnostic criteria for PCOS are ovarian dysfunction evidenced by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea and clinical evidence of androgen excess (e.g., hirsutism and acne) in the absence of other conditions that can cause these same symptoms. This article reviews current knowledge about the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of this disorder.
The Intrauterine Device: Rethinking Old Paradigms
Authors: Morgan Katherine W. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe United States continues to have one of the highest rates of unintended pregnancy and elective abortion in developed countries. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) available today offer women safe and highly effective contraception along with noncontraceptive benefits, yet IUDs remain underutilized in part because of outdated and biased information about the risks associated with this method of fertility control. New research demonstrates that IUD use does not increase the risk of pelvic infections or subsequent infertility. IUD use decreases the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancies. In light of this data, the IUD should be made available to women at low‐risk for sexually‐transmitted infections and should not be denied to women on the basis of parity or marital status.