bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical Manipulation and Informed Consent: Canadian Manipulative Physiotherapists' Opinions on Communicating Risk
Authors: Carlesso Lisa , Bartlett Doreen J. , Padfield Beverley , Chesworth Bert M. 
Published: September 2008

Purpose: The study objective was to generate an information sheet for Canadian manipulative physical therapists (CMPTs) to use when seeking informed consent for high-velocity, low-amplitude cervical manipulation. Methods: A cervical manipulation information sheet (CMIS) was created with five sections: Introduction, Benefits, Risks, Procedures and Effectiveness. The content of the information sheet was generated using the Delphi method, followed by a mail-out survey to a random sample of CMPTs (N = 307) to determine the information sheet's acceptability and clinical utility. The proportion of CMPTs who agreed with the content of the information sheet and the proportion of CMPTs who indicated a willingness to use the sheet clinically were calculated. Results: The survey response rate was 74 per cent. The proportion (95 per cent confidence interval) of respondents who agreed with the content of the CMIS and approved its clinical acceptability was 0.95 (0.94-0.96) and 0.61 (0.58-0.64), respectively. Written comments from the CMPTs reflected concern about wording in the Risks section. Conclusions: Our results suggest that CMPTs agreed with the content of the CMIS but not how it was written. Physical therapists should consider the CMIS a proposed guideline for clinician use. Ideally, a patient version should also be created.
Accuracy of Pedometry for Ambulatory Adults with Neurological Disabilities
Authors: Manns Patricia J. , Orchard Jeffery L. , Warren Sharon 
Published: September 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of gait variability to pedometer accuracy. Method: Participants completed one 100 m walking trial wearing a Yamax SW-200 pedometer (New Lifestyles Canada, Deep River, Ontario). Error scores and percent error scores were calculated. Gait speed was measured over the 100m distance. Gait variability was measured by walking on a 10 m paper walkway with ink pads on the bottoms of the participants' shoes. The ink marks were used to calculate average step length and step width. A stepwise linear regression analysis determined the contribution of step length (SL) variability, step width variability, and gait speed to error score. Results: Forty-five ambulatory volunteers (27 males, 18 females; age 54 6 14 years) with neurological disabilities participated in the study. Mean SL variability and gait speed were 6.6 6 3.4% and 53.8 6 21.1 m/min, respectively. On average, the pedometer underestimated the number of actual steps taken by 11.2%. Both SL variability and gait speed were significant predictors of error score, with gait speed accounting for 41% and SL variability accounting for 8% of the variance in error score. Conclusions: In a sample of ambulatory persons with neurological disabilities, gait speed was the most important determinant of pedometer accuracy, but SL variability also made a significant contribution to error score.
Shifting the Public-Private Mix: A Policy Analysis of Physical Therapy Funding in Ontario
Authors: Landry Michel D. , Paul Williams A. , Verrier Molly C. , Zakus David , Deber Raisa B. 
Published: September 2008

Purpose: Physical therapy (PT) services across Canada are funded through a mix of public and private sources; this mix varies widely and appears to be shifting over time. The purpose of this research was to develop a conceptual framework for documenting and analyzing the public-private mix of funding in Ontario. Methods: Policy case study methodology was used and included triangulation of primary (key informant interviews) and secondary data sources (review of the literature and available documents). Results: We identified three broad categories or tiers for PT funding in Ontario: (1) public, (2) quasipublic, and (3) private. Within these tiers, there are multiple funding streams ranging from global budgets in hospitals to private out-of-pocket payments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that multiple funding streams, along with significant variation in how clients access PT services and what services physical therapists can provide within each stream, result in a highly fractured and complex public/private funding system, which may have implications for cost, quality, and access.
Ethics of Self-Referral for Profit: Case Example of a Physician-Owned Physiotherapy Clinic
Authors: Saporta Adam , Gibson Barbara E. 
Published: September 2008

Purpose: This article examines the ethics of self-referral through a case example of a physician-owned physiotherapy clinic. Summary of Key Points: The rapid growth of private health facilities operating in Canada has raised some unique ethical issues that have implications for physiotherapy practice. One such issue is that of self-referral practices by physicians to their own privately operated enterprises. In this article, the ethics and legalities of self-referral are examined using the Moral and Legal Template for Health Care Practice developed by Geddes and colleagues. The analysis suggests that health care professional practices that may be considered “legal” under current regulatory requirements may not stand up to ethical scrutiny. Conclusion: We conclude with a discussion of the implications for ethical physiotherapy and other health care practices and include a number of recommendations for changes to current professional and regulatory guidelines. To ensure that patients are being provided with the best possible care, physiotherapists must be aware of the ethical responsibilities that shape our profession and the practice of health care as a whole. Clear policies from regulatory and professional bodies are essential in establishing ethical practice and guiding the profession.
An inventory and morphometric analysis of British Columbia glaciers, Canada
Authors: Schiefer Erik , Menounos Brian , Wheate Roger 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe describe an automated method to generate an inventory of glaciers and glacier morphometry from a digital topographic database containing glacier boundaries and a digital elevation model for British Columbia, Canada. The inventory contains over 12 000 glaciers with a total cumulative area that exceeds 25 000 km2, based on mapping from aerial photographs circa the mid-1980s. We use the inventory to examine dimensional characteristics among glaciers, namely the scaling relations between glacier length, width and area. Glacier length is a good predictor of glacier area, and its predictive ability improves when glaciers are stratified by the number of up-valley accumulation basins. The spatial pattern of glacier mid-range altitude parallels glaciation limits previously mapped for British Columbia and similarly reflects large-scale controls of orographic precipitation and continentality. The inventory is also used to refine models that relate glacier mid-range and terminus altitudes to regional position, aspect and, in the case of terminus altitudes, an index of glacier shape. Relations between glacier altitude limits and controlling spatial and topographic factors are used to make further climatic and mass-balance inferences from the glacier inventory.
Is the high-elevation region of Devon Ice Cap thickening?
Authors: Colgan William , Davis James , Sharp Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDevon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, has been losing mass since at least 1960. Laser-altimetry surveys, however, suggest that the high-elevation region (>1200 m) of the ice cap thickened between 1995 and 2000, perhaps because of anomalously high accumulation rates during this period. We derive an independent estimate of thickness change in this region by comparing ∼40 year mean annual net accumulation rates to mean specific outflow rates for 11 drainage basins. The area-averaged rate of thickness change across the whole region is within error of zero (0.01 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1), but two drainage basins in the northwest are thickening significantly, and two basins in the south are thinning significantly. The laser-altimetry observations are biased towards the drainage basins where we find thickening. Recent changes in the rate of accumulation or the rate of firnification cannot explain the observed thickening, but decreased ice outflow, due to the penetration of Neoglacial cooling to, and subsequent stiffening of, the basal ice, may provide an explanation. Thinning in the south may result from increased ice outflow from basins in which fast flow and basal sliding extend above 1200 m.
Questioning as an instructional method: Does it affect learning from lectures?
Authors: Campbell Julie , Mayer Richard E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhat can be done to improve student engagement and learning in college lectures? One approach is to ask questions that students answer during the lecture. In two lab experiments, students received a 25‐slide PowerPoint lecture in educational psychology that included four inserted multiple‐choice questions (questioning group) or four corresponding statements (control group). Students in the questioning group used a personal response system (PRS), in which they responded to questions using a hand‐held remote control, saw a graph displaying the percentage of students voting for each answer, and heard the teacher provide an explanation for the correct answer. Students in the control group received the corresponding slide as a statement and heard the teacher provide an explanation. The questioning group outperformed the control group on a retention test in Experiment 1 (d = 1.23) and on a transfer test in Experiment 2 (d = 0.74), but not on other tests. The results are consistent with a generative theory of learning, and encourage the appropriate use of questioning as an instructional method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive control for nonlinear uncertain systems with actuator amplitude and rate saturation constraints
Authors: Leonessa Alexander , Haddad Wassim M. , Hayakawa Tomohisa , Morel Yannick 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA direct adaptive nonlinear tracking control framework for multivariable nonlinear uncertain systems with actuator amplitude and rate saturation constraints is developed. To guarantee asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop tracking error dynamics in the face of amplitude and rate saturation constraints, the control signal to a given reference (governor or supervisor) system is modified to effectively robustify the error dynamics to the saturation constraints. Illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural consonance, a 5HT2A receptor polymorphism, and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of gene × culture interaction in urban Brazil
Authors: Dressler William W. , Balieiro Mauro C. , Ribeiro Rosane P. , Santos José Ernesto Dos 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this study in urban Brazil we examine, as a predictor of depressive symptoms, the interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 2A receptor in the serotonin system (−1438G/A) and cultural consonance in family life, a measure of the degree to which an individual perceives her family as corresponding to a widely shared cultural model of the prototypical family. A community sample of 144 adults was followed over a 2‐year‐period. Cultural consonance in family life was assessed by linking individuals' perceptions of their own families with a shared cultural model of the family derived from cultural consensus analysis. The −1438G/A polymorphism in the 2A serotonin receptor was genotyped using a standard protocol for DNA extracted from leukocytes. Covariates included age, sex, socioeconomic status, and stressful life events. Cultural consonance in family life was prospectively associated with depressive symptoms. In addition, the interaction between genotype and cultural consonance in family life was significant. For individuals with the A/A variant of the −1438G/A polymorphism of the 2A receptor gene, the effect of cultural consonance in family life on depressive symptoms over a 2‐year‐period was larger (β = −0.533, P < 0.01) than those effects for individuals with either the G/A (β = −0.280, P < 0.10) or G/G (β = −0.272, P < 0.05) variants. These results are consistent with a process in which genotype moderates the effects of culturally meaningful social experience on depressive symptoms. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral and nutritional factors and geohelminth infection among two ethnic groups in the Terai region, Nepal
Authors: Parajuli Rajendra Prasad , Umezaki Masahiro , Watanabe Chiho 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGeohelminthiasis is a major health problem in many developing countries. This study was designed to evaluate the role of behaviors and the nutritional status of people with geohelminth infection in two indigenous ethnic groups in lowland Terai, Nepal. One hundred and fourteen individuals (55 Mushar and 59 Tharu) aged 20–60 years participated, and a structured questionnaire was used to investigate socioeconomic status and behaviors. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements. Ninety five stool samples of the participants were collected for parasitological analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of geohelminthiasis was 42.1%: 26.3% of the subjects were infected with roundworm, 9.5% with hookworms, and 6.3% with whipworm. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that “not using soap for hand‐washing” (adjusted OR = 5.27; 95% CI: 1.41–19.78) and height (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79–0.99) were associated with the prevalence of roundworm. “Walking barefoot when outdoor” was associated with the prevalence of hookworm (χ‐square test, P = 0.01). Ethnicity was not associated with the prevalence of either of the geohelminths. Because unhygienic behaviors and chronic malnutrition were closely associated with the people's recognition and subsistence pattern, elimination of geohelminth infection in Terai would be possible if deworming campaigns were implemented with in‐depth health education and modern agricultural technology. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic in‐hand movements in adult and young juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Crast Jessica , Fragaszy Dorothy , Hayashi Misato , Matsuzawa Tetsuro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDescriptions of manual function in nonhuman primates have largely focused on static precision and power grasping (as first defined by Napier,1956), while identification and description of dynamic manual function are rare and incomplete. Here, we describe several forms of in‐hand movements used by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) when manipulating small objects. In‐hand movements are defined as the movement of an object within one hand via manipulation of the digits. We presented adult and young juvenile chimpanzees (ages 5–29 years) with a task that required inserting small objects through correspondingly shaped cutouts in a transparent Plexiglas panel. While attempting to insert the objects through the cutouts, the subjects used at least two forms of in‐hand movements to change their grip on the object for more precise alignment. We describe in detail the in‐hand movements they used and the variability observed in form and execution among the subjects. In general, the adult subjects used in‐hand movements more frequently and used a wider variety of forms than did the young juvenile subjects, suggesting that in‐hand movements are in the process of fine‐tuning around the age of 5 years in chimpanzees. The dexterity exhibited by the adults, however, shows that the neuromuscular and morphological requirements for relatively complex digital manipulation are present in the adult chimpanzee. Am J Phys Antropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nano titanium oxide organosol: Synthesis, characterization, and application for electrorheological fluid
Authors: Zhao Yan , Wang Baoxiang , Ding Changlin , Zhao Xiaopeng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA liquid–liquid phase transfer method was employed to prepare novel nano titanium oxide/silicone oil organosol. First, titanium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous phase and then modified with several surfactants. It is found that only sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) can cap nanoparticles and then nanoparticles could be transferred into organic phase by the phase transfer method. The transfer process was certified by the rapid change of color for the aqueous and organic phase. Other surfactants including hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and oleic acid were unable to ensure the phase transfer in the organic phase. The procedure was also verified by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), particle size analyzer, UV–vis, etc. The results also showed the narrow size distribution of the nanoparticles. The mechanism of phase transfer is also discussed for different surfactant. Because of its good antisedimentation and high electrorheological effect, organosol is a novel path for the design and application of electrorheological fluid. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Vinyl polymerization of norbornene with pyrazolylimine nickel(II)/methylaluminoxane catalytic systems
Authors: Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Lin Shang‐An , Zhu Fang‐Ming , Gao Hai‐Yang , Wu Qing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe polymerization of norbornene (NBE) was investigated in the presence of two novel pyrazolylimine nickel complexes [2‐(C3HN2Me2‐3,5){C(Ph)[4‐R2C6H2(R1)2‐2,6]}NiBr2(complex1,R1=iPr and R2= H; complex2,R1= H and R2= NO2)] activated by methylaluminoxane. The two catalytic systems showed high activity [up to 1.27 × 106g of polynorbornene (PNBE)/(mol of Ni h)] for NBE polymerization and provided PNBEs with high molecular weights (weight‐average molecular weight ≤ 17.46 × 105g/mol) and narrow molecular weight distributions (ca. 2). The electron withdrawing of the nitro group in complex2could not enhance the catalytic activity for NBE polymerization; however, the molecular weights of the polymers were increased. The catalytic activity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution were influenced by the polymerization conditions, such as the polymerization temperature and Al/Ni molar ratios. The obtained PNBEs were characterized by means of1H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The analysis results for PNBEs indicated that the NBE polymerization was a vinyl‐type polymerization rather than a ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and properties of ethylene‐substituted styrene copolymers
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Wakita Yusuke , Murase Shigemitsu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe copolymerization of ethylene and substituted styrenes [RSt's; p‐methylstyrene (MSt), p‐tert‐butylstyrene (BSt), 2‐vinylnaphthalene (VN), and p‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)styrene (BMSiOSt)] were investigated with dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(N‐tert‐butyl)titanium dichloride to yield the corresponding ethylene–RSt copolymers. The substituent on the styrene (St) monomers did not affect the monomer reactivity ratio. The effect of the substituent structure of RSt on the thermal and mechanical properties was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal spectroscopy, and elongation testing. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers increased with increasing RSt content, and the order of Tg was as follows: BSt > VN > MSt = St. A copolymer with p‐hydroxystyrene (HOSt) was successively synthesized by means of deprotection of the copolymer with BMSiOSt. The copolymer showed a much higher Tg than the other copolymers because of the hydrogen connection of its OH groups. The mechanical properties of the copolymer in the glass state, at a lower temperature than Tg, were almost independent of the nature of the RSt. The substituent of the St monomers affected the pattern of the stress–strain curve in the elongation testing in the amorphous state. An improvement in the shape memory effect was observed in poly(ethylene‐co‐BSt). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Semi‐IPN asymmetric membranes based on polyether imide (ULTEM) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate for gaseous separation
Authors: Saimani Sundar , Kumar Ashwani 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPN) formed with commercial polyether imide (ULTEM®, PEI) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were used to make asymmetric membranes. The effect of increasing amount of PEGDA on the bulk and the gas separation properties of semi‐IPN membranes were studied. The formation of IPNs was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The 5% weight loss temperature decreased and the percent weight loss of the first step increased with increase in the PEGDA content, which indicated the incorporation of more poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments to the semi‐IPNs. The microscopic experiments revealed the change in morphology with change in PEGDA content. The Scanning electron micrographs exhibited typical finger‐like voids in the sub layer, which is characteristic morphology of asymmetric membranes. The increase in PEGDA content up to 5.7 wt % increased the CO2/N2 selectivity of the semi‐IPN after which the selectivity decreased and permeance increased. Although, the increase in the polar poly (ethylene glycol) molecules is expected to render better CO2 selectivity, the performance of the membrane was found to decrease as PEGDA content exceeded 5.7% for the given ratio. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Kinetic evaluation of tin‐POMS catalyst for urethane reactions
Authors: Wang Wenshou , Wiggins Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe report the activity for a new tin‐polyhedral oligomeric metal silsesquioxane (POMS) catalyst in 1‐butanol and 2‐butanol model reactions with 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (H12MDI) in toluene and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). Kinetic rate constants for varying levels of tin‐POMS ranging between 100 ppm and 1000 ppm tin are reported. We observed urethane reactions in toluene to follow second order reaction kinetics, whereas similar reactions in DMF followed first order reaction kinetics. We determined tin‐POMS is an efficient catalyst system for urethane reactions and found the new catalyst to be easy to handle, soluble, and very effective for catalyzing urethane reactions. By direct comparison of a model reaction between tin‐POMS and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), tin‐POMS was found to be quite similar to DBTDL for urethane catalytic activity. In addition, we show the efficacy for tin‐POMS to be an excellent polyurethane reaction catalyst through a model reaction of H12MDI with 2000 g/mol poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of poly(paraphenylene vinylene)—polystyrene‐based rod‐coil block copolymer by atom transfer radical polymerization: Toward a self‐organized lamellar semiconducting material
Authors: Brochon Cyril , Sary Nicolas , Mezzenga Raffaele , Ngov Chheng , Richard Fanny , May Michaël , Hadziioannou Georges 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used as a versatile route to well‐defined poly(diethylhexyl‐p‐phenylenevinylene‐b‐styrene) (PPV‐b‐PS) semiconducting block copolymers. For this purpose, original conjugated macroinitiators were synthesized from DEH‐PPV and further used for the copolymerization reaction. The microphase‐separated morphologies obtained with the semiconducting PPV‐b‐PS block copolymer fulfill the basic structural requirements required to build efficient organic photovoltaic devices. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008