bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Pressure Gel Chromatographic Separation of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Wight A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the separation and analysis of oligosaccharides by gel chromatography, using Bio‐Gel P‐2, 200–400 mesh and Bio‐Gel P‐4, 200–400 mesh. Resolution of malto‐oligosaccharides containing up to 13 glucose residues was obtained on both the P‐2 and the P‐4 columns. This resolution is slightly lower than that obtainable using the finer minus 400 mesh gel. However, when the two columns were connected in series, resolution of oligomers containing up to 15 glucose residues was obtained. This resolution is comparable to that obtainable on a single P‐2 minus 400 mesh column. Improved resolution of lower oligomers was obtained by recycle gel chromatography on the P‐2 column. Some of the practical difficulties associated with the operation of a minus 400 mesh gel column were avoided as high pressure is not required to operate the 200–400 mesh gel columns.
Polymer Distribution in Grafted Starch Granules by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fanta G. F. , Baker F. L. , Stolp J. A. , Burr R. C. , Doane W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe location of grafted polymer within the starch granule matrix was determined by scanning electron microscopy for two wheat starch graft copolymers prepared by 60Co‐initiated graft polymerization of a mixture of acrylamide and N,N,N‐trimethylaminoethyl metacrylate methyl sulfate (TMAEMA‐MS). For a graft copolymer containing 16% synthetic polymer, prepared by the simultaneous irradiation of a starch‐monomer mixture, grafting took place throughout most of the granule interior. However, a graft copolymer containing 31% synthetic polymer, prepared by reaction of preirradiated starch with a water solution of monomers, was grafted largely near the granule surface. In contrast to starch‐g‐poly(acrylamide‐co‐TMAEMA‐MS) prepared by simultaneous irradiation, irradiation of a starch‐styrene mixture gave predominantly surface grafting. All graft copolymers had the outward appearance of starch granules, and this appearance was retained even after removal of the starch moiety by hydrolysis. The size distribution of wheat starch granules, as determined by Coulter counter measurements, was not greatly altered by graft polymerization of acrylamide‐TMAEMA‐MS; however, graft polymerization of styrene onto corn starch significantly increased granule size.
Einfluß von Sorte, Knollengröße, spezifischem Gewicht und Düngung auf die Viskositätseigenschaften von Kartoffelstärke
Authors: Putz B. , Tegge G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfluence of Sort, Tuber Size, Specific Weight and Fertilizing on Viscosity Properties of Potato Starch. From the example of three different potato cultivation tests the sort is shown to have a highly significant influence on ash and phosphorous acid content as well as viscosity properties of potato starch in case the environmental factors of year of cultivation and locality are not taken into consideration. Tuber size and specific weight, however, do not take effect. Moreover, it became apparent that starch quality cannot be influenced by way of fertilizing — be it organic or mineral. Hence the recommendation for cultivation of starch potatoes to adjust fertilizing to optimum yield with highest possible starch content is given.
Production of Glucose Syrup from Maize Grits with Special Reference to Gel Chromatographic Analysis
Authors: van Twisk P. , Wight A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen considering the use of maize grits instead of maize starch as raw material for the enzymic conversion of starch to glucose syrup a few important aspects have to be considered, especially economic factors, nature of the raw material and control of reaction conditions. In connection with the last‐mentioned of these, it was found that gel chromatographic analysis was a very useful analytical aid in following the course of hydrolysis under different reaction conditions.
Kernmagnetische Resonanzuntersuchungen zur Rolle der Wasserbindung für die Struktur des nativen Stärkekorns
Authors: Hennig H.‐J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNMR‐Investigations of the Role of Water for the Structure of Native Starch Granules. The signals of the proton and deuteron magnetic resonance from water molecules sorbed on native starch contain a splitting, caused from water molecules in ordered regions. This splitting could not maintained from retrogradated crystalline amylose. The water molecules are ordered more uniform in potato starch then in wheat starch, which is related to the difference in the crystalline structures. The proton resonance of potato starch contains two further components from water molecules in amorphous regions and on the ions respectively. From the deuteron resonance and their dependence on temperature first insights were obtained into the processes occuring by simultaneous treatment with heat and moisture.
Irradiation gamma d'échantillons d'amidon contaminés par des sporulés anaérobies
Authors: Fretton Par R. , Delattre J. M. , Beerens H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGamma Irradiation of Starch Samples Contaminated with Anaerobic Germs. Of the starch samples examined only a small part contained spores of mesophilic Clostridia. None of the samples showed signs of presence of rigidly thermophilic varieties and of Clostridium botulinum or Clostridium perfringens. 14 groups of germs were isolated from the dry products of starch industry. At least one germ group showed an activation phenomenon and a probable survival rate of 300% at 75 krad. This is true for the germ group which appears most frequently with starch and can be identified as Clostridium sporogenes. Gamma irradiation does not neutralize lysozyme dependence of the Clostridium perfringens germ which has this property. With a few reservations the standards for germ content which have been set for Bacillus spores can be also used for Clostridium spores.
Production of Potato Starch with Negligible Water Pollution
Authors: Osten B. J. , Webb J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPart I describes the way KSH approach the water pollution problem in potato starch plants and outlines the ICI Deep Shaft effluent treatment process and its role in solving the problem.Part II describes how the Deep Shaft at the Emlichheim plant of KSH/Emsland‐Stärke was built and discusses its performance.
Effects of Germination of Wheat, Oats, and Pearl Millet on Alpha‐Amylase Activity and Starch Degradation
Authors: Lineback D. R. , Ponpipom S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHard red winter wheat, oats, and pearl millet were germinated at 15°C for periods up to 14 days. Endosperm areas in kernels fractured with a razor blade and starches isolated from the malted flours were examined with a scanning electron microscope to determine the morphology of starch granules and the nature of α‐amylolytic attack on granules. Free sugars content, damaged starch content, and α‐amylase activity of the flours were determined to establish relationships between physical changes in the cereal grains and formation of α‐amylase during germination.Starch granules in the three cereals were degraded during germination by α‐amylase accompanied by production of free sugars and increases in the damaged starch of flours milled from the germinated grains. The cementing material embedding starch granules in endosperms of wheat and oats decreased and disappeared during germination; these changes were not obvious in germinated millet endosperm. Amorphous‐appearing material seemed to cover starch granules in the endosperm of wheat and oats during later stages of germination, but were not observed in the isolated starch granules.Although wheat starch granules had the highest α‐amylase activity, this enzymic degradation was less than expected. Enzymic attack was evidenced as channels or pits on the surfaces of wheat and millet starch granules. Compound oat starch granules were relatively resistant to enzymic attack and no evidence of erosion of the granule surface was observed; small granula were released from the compound granules during germination. The most extensive degradation was obtained with millet starch, appearing as discrete holes leading to the interior of the granule. Concentric shells were visible in the interior of wheat and millet starch granules, but were not observed in oat starch granules.
Interaction of Proteins with Dextransulfate in Aqueous Medium Part 2. Nonequilibrium Phenomena
Authors: Gurov A. N. , Wajnerman E. S. , Tolstoguzov V. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe character of phase transformations and composition of the phases obtained during interaction of proteins precipitating in the vicinity of the isoelectric point with dextransulfate was investigated with the aid of nephelometric measurements and chemical analysis. Clearly expressed hysteresis of the acid‐base nephelometric titration which is not observed in the presence of 7‐M of urea was revealed. Composition of the phases obtained is determined by the system prehistory. The soluble protein‐dextransulfate complexes are highly stable to precipitation and destruction under action of the low molecular salts.
Multiplicity of Glucoamylase of Aspergillus oryzae Part 1. Separation and Purification of Three Forms of Glucoamylase
Authors: Miah M. N. N. , Ueda S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe glucoamylase system of Aspergillus oryzae cultured on wheat bran was separated into 3 active fractions by (NH4)2SO4, rivanol and ethanol precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25. One of these fractions, referred to as glucoamylase I was purified by further chromatography on hydroxyapatite gel and Sephadex G‐200. The other two fractions referred to as glucoamylase II and III were purified by further gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. The purified glucoamylases were found to be homogeneous on 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing by carrier ampholites.
The Developing Starch Granule Part V. Techniques for Description of Size Distribution of Granules
Authors: Meredith P. , Baruch D. W. , Jenkins L. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSize distributions of starch granules can be determined by microscopes, sieves, sedimentation methods, and Coulter Counter. Data obtained form discontinuous relative or cumulative expressions of weight or number distributed according to particle diameter or volume. Using a hypothetical example, the permitted transformations of data are described as a basis for comparison of results by several analytical methods. The definition of bimodality of size distribution and the precision of distributive analyses are briefly considered.
Zur Differenzierung und Systematisierung der Stärkekörner
Authors: Seidemann J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOn the Differentiation and Systematics of Starch Granules. The possibilities of differentiation and systematization of starch granules by using microscopical methods have been reported. It was shown that their shape and size as well as their physico‐chemical properties, i. e. swelling range and appearance in polarized light, could serve as characteristics for definite plant families or sorts respectively. A corresponding proposal for differentiation and systematization is presented and discussed.
A New Hydrocyclone Process for the Production of Potato Starch with Lowest Fresh Water Consumption
Authors: Verberne P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA drastic reduction of fresh water consumption for extraction and refining of potato starch was reached in a new process. The undiluted potato rasp is pumped directly into a closed system of pumps and hydrocyclones in which the starch is separated from the fibres and washed out with fresh water. The fresh water consumption is reduced to about 200 l/t of potatoes. Quality and yield of starch are the same as in conventional processes.
Studies on Pyrodextrinization of Corn Starch Part II. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Ueno Y. , Izumi M. , Kato K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of dextrin prepared in the range of 120°C to 210°C revealed cracks on the surface of some granules and burst granules indicating a gush of hot inner gas and the heat expansion on the surface. And, fused granules appeared in the dextrin prepared at higher temperature (230°C). Furthermore, the damaged granules in the dextrin were determined by rapid differential‐staining method with Safranine OK 70: 100 and Direct Sky Blue 5B. The staining affinities of the granules have no relation to cracks, cavities, pin‐holes and other physical appearances observed by SEM.
Alcoxymethyl Ethers of Glucose and Its Oligomers Part II. Composition and Structure of Alcoxymethyl Glucose Ethers
Authors: Biniakiewicz D. , Szymanowski J. , Owsiana S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDodecoxymethyl glucose ethers were separated by TLC and column chromatography and the main components were identified. The fraction of monododecoxymethyl glucose ethers was separated into positional isomers. The reactivity of hydroxyl groups of glucose in the reaction with dodecoxymethyl chloride was investigated.
Gewinnung von Kartoffelstärke unter Verwendung des Abwassers als Düngemittel
Authors: Olsson G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtraction of Potato Starch Utilizing Wastewater as Fertilizer. In Sweden the method of washing out the starch from the potato rasp with the undiluted fruit juice of the potato has been developed to higher yields of undiluted fruit juice. By concentration on a specially constructed vacuum filter followed by adding of water to the filter cake, the remaining fruit juice can be forced out, so that only about 0.03% N is left in the starch after filtration. This means that from the fruit juice of the potato about 20% remain in the pulp and about 78% in the fruit juice. The fruit juice is spread by vehicles in portions of 2.5–3 mm, what corresponds to about 100 kg N and 150 kg potassium/ha. The required area is about 130 ha/1000t of commercial starch. It was possible to reduce the amount of wash water to 50–100l/t of potatoes by recycling.
Continuous Countercurrent Separation of Saccharides with Inorganic Adsorbents
Authors: Bieser H. J. , De Rosset A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLarge‐scale separation of saccharides is possible through the combination of suitable inorganic adsorbents and continuous countercurrent processing. Advantages of such a separation process are gained through the development of highly selective adsorbents and the efficient use of the adsorbent bed. Development of an adsorptive separation process proceeds through three steps: screening of adsorbents for sorption equilibria and kinetics, feasability testing in bench‐scale continuous units, and process optimization in large pilot plants. For the extraction of either fructose or glucose from mixtures of saccharides such as high fructose corn syrup or invert sugar, suitable inorganic adsorbents have been developed and tested. Unit behavior and test data were obtained for the extraction of fructose or glucose, indicating that product purities of 95 wt‐% and higher are possible at product recoveries of 90% and higher.
New Ways of Granular Activated Carbon Application in the Corn Sweetener Purification
Authors: Heroes D. V. , Bailey C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdsorption on granular activated carbon is a well established means of decolorising corn sweeteners. The handling and reactivation of the activated carbon has a major impact on the performance and operating cost of the system. As an indication, investment and operating costs are compared for granular and powdered carbon. Then a new approach, aiming specifically at more flexibility and a better operating and cost control of the granular carbon handling and reactivation is presented.
Optimized Water Routing in Corn Wet Milling
Authors: Bonnyay L. , Brook Oak 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPresently two methods are practiced to route the process water in a corn wet milling system. Each method will be discussed how it accomplishes the removal of soluble solids from the final‐starch product. Subsequently, a modified method of water routing will be presented. It is an improved counter washing system and offers higher soluble removal efficiencies. The three different means of water routing will be compared quantitatively, and it will be shown that the modified water routing offers the following benefits:
Reduced Fresh Water Requirement
Reduced Fuel Requirement
Easier Process Control
Improved Gluten Yield
Rate of Starch‐Hydrolysis by Bacterial Amylase
Authors: El‐Saied H. M. , Ghali Y. , Gabr S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of starch‐hydrolysis by different bacterial amylases were compared using the digital oscillator densimeter technique. Reaction rates of amylase determined by this method were evaluated using the standard method for amylase activity.
Study on Relative Crystallinity of Moist Potato Starch
Authors: Nara Sh. , Mori A. , Komiya T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative crystallinity of various moist potato starches were measured by X‐ray diffractometer. The diffraction patterns showed to become sharp with increasing of the amount of sorption moisture. Both areas of crystallinity portion were proportionally correlated with the amount of moisture. On the assumption that crystallinity of cellulose is 70%, that of native potato starch was showed to be 24%.
The Rapid Enzymatic Determination of Starch Damage in Flours from Sound and Rain Damaged Wheat
Authors: Barnes W. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA starch damage analytical method for use on wheat flours has been developed which is rapid, simple in operation, analytically precise, and is independent of any α‐amylase present in flour, as when milled from rain damaged wheat. The new method is based on the use of an analytical grade fungal α‐amylase enzyme, which is shown to be free of contaminating amyloglucosidases, and α‐glucosidases which produce glucose rather than maltose. The level of analytical α‐amylase per starch damage determination was obtained by reference to thin layer chromatography of the hydrolysates so as to obtain maltose as the principal reducing sugar. This ensured that adequate but not excess analytical α‐amylase was present, as the undamaged starch granules are some what susceptible to α‐amylase.
Insoluble Starch Xanthate: Preparation, Stabilization, Scaleup and Use
Authors: Wing R. E. , Jasberg B. K. , Navickis L. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe addition of magnesium sulfate to xanthation mixtures of crosslinked starch aided isolation, scaleup and room‐temperature product stability on storage. Pilot‐plant scaleup of laboratory‐developed procedures also yielded water‐insoluble products effective in removing heavy metals from water. Several different processing methods are presented to show the ease of preparation and use of the products.
Recent Advances of Starch Science and Starch Technology in Japan
Authors: Suzuki S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince 1950 there has been a dramatic progress in rationalization of the production of sweet potato and potato starch in Japan. This enabled dextrose industry by enzymatic process to develop rapidly due to the succes of enzymatic liquefaction and saccharafication. Isomerization of glucose to fructose has been studied, and the immobilization of isomerases prompted its products on industrial scale in 1970. Another advance is the development of effective methods of producing high purity maltose. A malto‐hexaose forming amylase was discovered in 1971 and attempts are being made for its pharmaceutical utilization. Saccharification of cellulose by cellulase has been studied. Conversion of starch to other polysaccharides is another example for the numerous Japanese activities.
Crystal Structure of Hydrated Potato Starch
Authors: Cleven R. , van Den Berg C. , van der Plas L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe X‐ray diffraction pattern of Nägeli‐treated potato starch was examined and changes in the diffraction pattern of native potato starch were measured for hydrations ranging from 0 to 50%. The fine structure of the diffraction pattern revealed many lines of very weak intensity, superimposed on a “basic structure” with hexagonal unit cell. It is suggested that that a “superstructure” exists in fully hydrated potato starch. A packing arrangement of hydrated potato starch is proposed in which every string of six helical macromolecular chains encloses a cylindrical cavity filled with water structured like cubic ice.
Entwicklungstendenzen in der Stärke‐ und Zuckerindustrie in Abhängigkeit vom Rohstoff. Teil 1. Einführung
Authors: Kempf W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIm ersten Teil der Einführung zu dem Symposium werden die auf die Erde eingestrahlte Sonnenenergie und ihr Einfluß auf die Photosynthese diskutiert sowie Möglichkeiten einer verbesserten Ausnutzung überschüssiger Sonnenenergie für eine gesteigerte Assimilationsleistung der Pflanze aufgezeigt. Über im Bereich der Möglichkeiten liegende Ertragssteigerungen von Getreide im allgemeinen und von Weizen im besonderen sowie über eine parallel dazu verlaufende mögliche Steigerung der Stärkeproduktion wird im zweiten Teil der Einführung berichtet, wobei gleichzeitig auch die Gewinnung und Vermarktung der Nebenerzeugnisse berücksichtigt werden. Unter Bezugnahme auf die neuen Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Enzymtechnologie wird im dritten Teil auf die Möglichkeiten eingegangen, unter Einsatz immobilisierter Enzyme als Biokatalysatoren Stärke in eine große Anzahl sogenannter Agrochemikalien als Rohstoffe für die chemisch‐technische Industrie umzuwandeln. Im vierten und letzten Teil werden unter Berücksichtigung dieser Gesichtspunkte die weiteren 4 Einzelbeiträge als Versuch dargestellt, Entwicklungen in der Stärke‐ und Zuckerindustrie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des jeweils in Betracht kommenden Rohstoffs aufzuzeigen, die im Bereich der Möglichkeiten liegen.
Studies of the Dynamics of the Gelatinization of Starch Granules Employing a Small Angle Light Scattering System
Authors: Marchant J. L. , Blanshard J. M. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough the effects of water and sugars upon starch gelatinization have been studied at a physicochemical level, little work has been performed on the time dependence of the component processes of gelatinization. It has been shown using a temperature jump technique and monitoring changes by small angle light scattering that the rate of loss of birefringence of 23% w/w wheat starch suspensions in water depends on the size of the temperature jump.Two processes, one fast and one slow are present, the fast predominating in temperature jumps of 8°C, while slower changes are evident in jumps of 2–4°C. The behaviour of wheat starches reflects their different pretreatments. The results have been interpreted in terms of there being a mutual interdependence between the energy relationships governing the stability of the crystallites and the conformation of the chains in the amorphous regions. A semi‐cooperative view of the gelatinization process is proposed.
Studies on the Thermophilic Amylolytic Enzymes of a Strain of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Ramachandran N. , Sreekantiah K. R. , Murthy V. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA laboratory isolate of Aspergillus niger elaborated considerable quantities of exocellular amylolytic enzymes. The enzymes exhibited a highly thermophilic nature. The culture filtrate exhibited two pH optima for dextrinogenic and one for saccharifying activity. Electrophoretic studies of the culture filtrate revealed three major proteins, two exhibiting α‐amylase and one amyloglucosidase activity.