bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a food-frequency questionnaire in the US NIH–AARP (National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study
Authors: Thompson Frances E , Kipnis Victor , Midthune Douglas , Freedman Laurence S , Carroll Raymond J , Subar Amy F , Brown Charles C , Butcher Matthew S , Mouw Traci , Leitzmann Michael , Schatzkin Arthur 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the performance of the food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered to participants in the US NIH–AARP (National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study, a cohort of 566 404 persons living in the USA and aged 50–71 years at baseline in 1995.DesignThe 124-item FFQ was evaluated within a measurement error model using two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) as the reference.SettingParticipants were from six states (California, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina and Louisiana) and two metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia and Detroit, Michigan).SubjectsA subgroup of the cohort consisting of 2053 individuals.ResultsFor the 26 nutrient constituents examined, estimated correlations with true intake (not energy-adjusted) ranged from 0.22 to 0.67, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.15 to 0.49. When adjusted for reported energy intake, performance improved; estimated correlations with true intake ranged from 0.36 to 0.76, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.24 to 0.68. These results compare favourably with those from other large prospective studies. However, previous biomarker-based studies suggest that, due to correlation of errors in FFQs and self-report reference instruments such as the 24HR, the correlations and attenuation factors observed in most calibration studies, including ours, tend to overestimate FFQ performance.ConclusionThe performance of the FFQ in the NIH–AARP Diet and Health Study, in conjunction with the study’s large sample size and wide range of dietary intake, is likely to allow detection of moderate (≥1.8) relative risks between many energy-adjusted nutrients and common cancers.
Ethnic differences in 1-year follow-up effect of the Dutch Schoolgruiten Project – promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among primary-school children
Authors: Tak Nannah I , te Velde Saskia J , Brug Johannes 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a primary school-based intervention providing free fruit and vegetables (F&V), separately for children of Dutch and of non-Western ethnicity.SettingPrimary schools in two regions (west and east) in The Netherlands.Design and methodsParticipating schoolchildren and their parents completed questionnaires at baseline and 1 year later, including questions on usual F&V intake, potential determinants and general demographics. Primary outcomes were the usual fruit intake and the usual vegetable intake as assessed by parent- and child self-reported food frequency measures. Secondary outcome measures were child- or parent-reported taste preference, knowledge of daily recommendations, availability, and accessibility for fruit intake. Multilevel regression analyses were used to assess differences at follow-up adjusted for baseline values between the control and intervention group using both child and parent reports.SubjectsFive hundred and sixty-five children of Dutch ethnicity and 388 children of non-Western ethnicity (mean age 9.9 years at baseline) and their parents.ResultsChildren of non-Western ethnicity in the intervention group reported a significantly higher vegetable intake (difference = 20.7 g day–1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.6–33.7). A significant positive intervention effect was also found for fruit intake for children of Dutch ethnicity (difference = 0.23 pieces day–1, 95% CI = 0.07–0.39). No significant effects in intake were observed based on parent reports. Significant positive intervention effects were also found for perceived accessibility among children of non-Western ethnicity, as well as for parent-reported taste preference of their child among children of non-Western ethnicity and boys of Dutch ethnicity.ConclusionProviding children with free F&V had some positive effects on child-reported intakes and important correlates of intakes.
Traditional food diversity predicts dietary quality for the Awajún in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Roche ML , Creed-Kanashiro HM , Tuesta I , Kuhnlein HV 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveOur goal was to assess the potential for evaluating strengths of the Awajún traditional food system using dietary assessment, a traditional food diversity score and ranking of local foods.DesignThe method was used for dietary data obtained from mothers and children in the Awajún culture of the Peruvian Amazon where >90% of the dietary energy is derived from local, traditional food. Traditional food diversity scores were calculated from repeat 24-hour recalls. Group mean intakes of energy, fat, protein, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C from each food item were used to rank foods by nutrient contribution.SettingThe study took place in six remote communities along the lower Cenepa River in the Amazonas District of Peru, South America.SubjectsDietary data were collected from 49 Awajún mothers and 34 children aged 3–6 years, representative of the six communities.ResultsHigher traditional food diversity was associated with greater protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intakes when controlling for energy (partial correlations = 0.37 to 0.64). Unique sources for iron, total vitamin A and vitamin C were found in the Awajún traditional food system.ConclusionsA traditional food diversity score was a useful tool for predicting nutrient adequacy for the Awajún. Promotion of the Awajún traditional food system should focus on dietary diversity and unique nutrient-dense local foods.
Carbon and nitrogen fixation and metabolite exchange in and between individual cells of Anabaena oscillarioides
Authors: Popa Radu , Weber Peter K , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Finzi Juliette A , Fallon Stewart J , Hutcheon Ian D , Nealson Kenneth H , Capone Douglas G 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Filamentous nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria are key players in global nutrient cycling, but the relationship between CO2- and N2-fixation and intercellular exchange of these elements remains poorly understood in many genera. Using high-resolution nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) in conjunction with enriched H13CO3− and 15N2 incubations of Anabaena oscillarioides, we imaged the cellular distributions of C, N and P and 13C and 15N enrichments at multiple time points during a diurnal cycle as proxies for C and N assimilation. The temporal and spatial distributions of the newly fixed C and N were highly heterogeneous at both the intra- and inter-cellular scale, and indicative of regions performing active assimilation and biosynthesis. Subcellular components such as the neck region of heterocycts, cell division septae and putative cyanophycin granules were clearly identifiable by their elemental composition. Newly fixed nitrogen was rapidly exported from heterocysts and was evenly allocated among vegetative cells, with the exception of the most remote vegetative cells between heterocysts, which were N limited based on lower 15N enrichment. Preexisting functional heterocysts had the lowest levels of 13C and 15N enrichment, while heterocysts that were inferred to have differentiated during the experiment had higher levels of enrichment. This innovative approach, combining stable isotope labeling and NanoSIMS elemental and isotopic imaging, allows characterization of cellular development (division, heterocyst differentiation), changes in individual cell composition and cellular roles in metabolite exchange.
Improvements of high-throughput culturing yielded novel SAR11 strains and other abundant marine bacteria from the Oregon coast and the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series study site
Authors: Stingl Ulrich , Tripp Harry James , Giovannoni Stephen J 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The introduction of high-throughput dilution-to-extinction culturing (HTC) of marine bacterioplankton using sterilized natural sea water as media yielded isolates of many abundant but previously uncultured marine bacterial clades. In early experiments, bacteria from the SAR11 cluster (class Alphaproteobacteria), which are presumed to be the most abundant prokaryotes on earth, were cultured. Although many additional attempts were made, no further strains of the SAR11 clade were obtained. Here, we describe improvements to the HTC technique, which led to the isolation of 17 new SAR11 strains from the Oregon coast and the Sargasso Sea, accounting for 28% and 31% of all isolates in these experiments. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that the isolates from the Oregon coast represent three different subclusters of SAR11, while isolates from the Sargasso Sea were more uniform and represented a single ITS cluster. A PCR assay proved the presence of proteorhodopsin (PR) in nearly all SAR11 isolates. Analysis of PR amino-acid sequences indicated that isolates from the Oregon coast were tuned to either green or blue light, while PRs from strains obtained from the Sargasso Sea were exclusively tuned to maximum absorbance in the blue. Interestingly, phylogenies based on PR and ITS did not correlate, suggesting lateral gene transfer. In addition to the new SAR11 strains, many novel strains belonging to clusters of previously uncultured or undescribed species of different bacterial phyla, including the first strain of the highly abundant alphaproteobacterial SAR116 clade, were isolated using the modified methods.
Disinfection of a Probe Used in Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Rutala William A. , Gergen Maria F. , Weber David J. 
Published: July 2007

Background.Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies are among the most common outpatient diagnostic procedures in urology clinics and carry the risk of introducing pathogens that may lead to infection.Objective.To investigate the effectiveness of procedures for disinfecting a probe used in ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.Method.The effectiveness of disinfection was determined by inoculating 107 colony forming units (cfu) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the following 3 sites on the probe: the interior lumen of the biopsy needle guide, the outside surface of the biopsy needle guide, and the interior lumen of the ultrasound probe where the needle guide passes through the transducer. Each site was investigated separately. After inoculation, the probe was immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes and then assessed for the level of microbial contamination.Results.The results demonstrated that disinfection (ie, a reduction in bacterial load of greater than 7 log10 cfu) could be achieved if the needle guide was removed from the probe. However, if the needle guide was left in the probe channel during immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde, disinfection was not achieved (ie, the reduction was approximately 1 log10 cfu).Conclusions.Recommendations for probe disinfection are provided and include disassembling the device and immersing the probe and the needle guide separately in a high-level disinfectant.
Prevalence of Nasal Colonization Among Patients With Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection and Their Household Contacts
Authors: Zafar Uzma , Johnson Leonard B. , Hanna Michel , Riederer Kathleen , Sharma Mamta , Fakih Mohamad G. , Thirumoorthi Muthayipalayam C. , Farjo Rand , Khatib Riad 
Published: July 2007

Objective.To evaluate the prevalence of colonization among patients with community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) infection and their household contacts.Design.Prospective, observational laboratory study of nasal colonization among patients and their household members from September 15, 2004, to February 20, 2006.Setting.A 600-bed, urban, academic medical center.Patients.Fifty-one patients who presented with CA-MRSA infections and 49 household members had cultures of nasal swab specimens performed.Results.Skin and soft-tissue infections were seen in 50 patients (98%) and 2 household members. Twenty-one (41%) of 51 patients and 10 (20%) of 49 household members were colonized with MRSA. An additional 5 patients (10%) and 12 household members (24%) were colonized with methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus.Most MRSA isolates (95%; infective and colonizing) carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectype IV complex, and 67% represented a single clone, identical to USA 300. Of the colonized household members, 5 had isolates related to the patients' infective isolate.Conclusions.The frequency of CA-MRSA colonization among household members of patients with CA-MRSA infections is higher than rates reported among the general population. Among colonized household members, only half of the MRSA strains were related to the patients' infective isolate. Within the same household, multiple strains of CA-MRSA may be present.
A Population-Based Investigation of Invasive Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcusInfection in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, and Predictors of Mortality
Authors: Camins Bernard C. , Farley Monica M. , Jernigan John J. , Ray Susan M. , Steinberg James P. , Blumberg Henry M. 
Published: July 2007

Background.Vancomycin-resistantEnterococcusorganisms (VRE) have emerged as common nosocomial pathogens, but few population-based data are available on the impact of invasive VRE infections.Methods.We assessed the incidence of invasive VRE infections and predictors of mortality among patients identified during prospective, population-based surveillance performed in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Atlanta, Georgia.Results.From July 1997 through June 2000, a total of 192 patients who resided in the Atlanta MSA developed an invasive VRE infection, for a rate of 1.57 cases per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of invasive VRE disease significantly increased from 0.91 cases per 100,000 person-years during the first year of the study to 1.73 cases per 100,000 person-years during the third year of the study (P<.001). Rates of invasive VRE infection were significantly higher among African American patients than white patients (2.59 vs 0.70 cases per 100,000 person-years;P< .001). Blood was the most common sterile site from which VRE was recovered (161 [83%] of 193 isolates), followed by deep surgical sites (17 [9%]), peritoneal fluid (10 [5%]), pleural fluid (3 [2%]), and cerebrospinal fluid (1 [0.5%]). In multivariate analysis, a Charlson comorbidity index of 5 or greater, previous receipt of antibiotic therapy, having 2 or more sets of blood cultures positive for VRE, and receipt of central parenteral nutrition were independent predictors of mortality, whereas receipt of an antibiotic with in vitro activity against the VRE isolate was associated with a decreased risk of mortality. Molecular typing revealed 38 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, but the 2 most common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types were found at 3 Emory University-affiliated hospitals.Conclusions.The incidence of invasive VRE infection significantly increased in the Atlanta MSA during the 3-year study period, with significant racial disparities detected. Receipt of an antimicrobial agent with in vitro activity against VRE was associated with a lower mortality rate. Molecular typing results demonstrated polyclonal emergence of VRE in Atlanta.
Risk Factors forBurkholderia cepaciaComplex Bacteremia Among Intensive Care Unit Patients Without Cystic Fibrosis: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Bressler Adam M. , Kaye Keith S. , LiPuma John J. , Alexander Barbara D. , Moore Christopher M. , Reller L. Barth , Woods Christopher W. 
Published: July 2007

Background.TheBurkholderia cepaciacomplex is associated with colonization or disease in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). For patients without CF, this complex is poorly understood apart from its presence in occasional point source outbreaks.Objective.To investigate risk factors forB. cepaciabacteremia in hospitalized, intensive care unit patients without CF.Methods.We identified patients with 1 or more blood cultures positive forB. cepaciabetween May 1, 1996, and March 31, 2002, excluding those with CF. Control patients were matched to case patients by ward, duration of hospitalization, and onset date of bacteremia. Matched analyses were used to identify risk factors forB. cepaciabacteremia.Results.We enrolled 40 patients withB. cepaciabacteremia into the study. No environmental or other point source forB. cepaciacomplex was identified, although horizontal spread was suspected. Implementation of contact precautions was effective in decreasing the incidence ofB. cepaciabacteremia. We selected 119 matched controls. Age, sex, and race were similar between cases and controls. In multivariable analysis, renal failure that required dialysis, recent abdominal surgery, 2 or more bronchoscopic procedures before detection ofB. cepaciabacteremia, tracheostomy, and presence of a central line before detection ofB. cepaciabacteremia were independently associated with development ofB. cepaciabacteremia, whereas presence of a percutaneous feeding tube was associated with a lower risk of disease.Conclusions.B. cepaciacomplex is an important emerging group of nosocomial pathogens in patients with and patients without CF. Nosocomial spread is likely facilitated by cross-transmission, frequent pulmonary procedures, and central venous access. Infection control measures appear useful for limiting the spread of virulent, transmissible clones ofB. cepaciacomplex.
Onset of Symptoms and Time to Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease Following Discharge From an Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Chang Heidi T. , Krezolek Dorota , Johnson Stuart , Parada Jorge P. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Gerding Dale N. 
Published: July 2007

Objective.To identify patients with a diagnosis of Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD) in the ambulatory care setting and determine the relationship of symptom onset and diagnosis to prior hospitalization and exposure to antimicrobials.Design.Single-center, retrospective study.Methods.Medical records were reviewed for outpatients and hospitalized patients with a stool assay positive for C. difficile toxin A from January 1998 through March 2005. Patients with recurrent CDAD or residing in an extended-care facility were excluded. CDAD in patients who had been hospitalized in the 100 days prior to diagnosis was considered potentially hospital-associated.Results.Of the 84 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 75 (89%) received a diagnosis 1-60 days after hospital discharge (median, 12 days), and 71 (85%) received a diagnosis within 30 days after discharge. Of the 69 patients whose records contained information regarding time of symptom onset, 62 (90%) developed diarrhea within 30 days of a previous hospital discharge, including 7 patients with symptom onset prior to discharge and 9 with onset on the day of discharge. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 6 days. Of 84 patients, 77 (92%) had received antimicrobials during a prior hospitalization, but 55 (65%) received antimicrobials both as inpatients and as outpatients.Conclusion.If all cases of CDAD diagnosed within 100 days of hospital discharge were assumed to be hospital-associated, 71 (85%) of 84 patients with CDAD were identified within 30 days, and 75 (89%) of 84 were identified by day 60. Continued outpatient antimicrobial exposure confounds determination of whether late-onset cases are community- or hospital-associated.
Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Major Surgery in Korea
Authors: Choi Won Suk , Song Joon Young , Hwang Jung Hae , Kim Nam Soon , Cheong Hee Jin 
Published: July 2007

Objective.To determine the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for major surgery in Korea.Design.Retrospective study using a written survey for each patient who underwent arthroplasty, colon surgery, or hysterectomy.Setting.Six tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province.Patients.From each hospital, a maximum of 150 patients who underwent each type of surgery were randomly chosen for the study.Results.Of 2,644 eligible patients, 1,914 patients were included in the analysis; 677 of these patients underwent arthroplasty, 578 underwent colon surgery, and 659 underwent hysterectomy. Nineteen patients were excluded from the analyses of the class and number of antibiotics used for prophylaxis because they underwent multiple surgeries at different sites. For each of the 1,895 remaining patients, antibiotic prophylaxis involved a mean ( ± SD) of 2.8 ± 0.9 classes of antibiotics. The most commonly prescribed agents were cephalosporins (prescribed for 1,875 [98.9%] of the patients) and aminoglycosides (1,404 [74.1%]). A total of 1,574 (83.1%) of patients received at least 2 classes of antibiotics simultaneously. Only 15 (0.8%) of 1,895 patients received antibiotic prophylaxis in accordance with published guidelines. Of 506 patients for whom the initial dose of antibiotics was evaluated, 374 (73.9%) received an appropriate initial dose. Of the 1,676 patients whose medical records included information about antibiotic administration relative to the time of surgery, only 188 (11.2%) received antibiotic prophylaxis an hour or less before the surgical incision was made. Of the 1,748 patients whose medical records included information about duration of surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis was discontinued 24 hours or less after surgery for only 3 (0.2%) of the patients.Conclusion.Most patients who had major surgery in Korea received inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. Measures to improve the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis are urgently required.