bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia: a long‐term controlled study
Authors: Soni S. D. , Freeman H. L. , Bamrah J. S. , Sampath G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA 6‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia is described. Results suggest that any beneficial effect noticed initially is not sustained. When this effect is compared with the time course of development of supersensitivity after neuroleptics as reported in the literature, it becomes apparent that the drug, despite its different mechanism of action, behaves like any other conventional neuroleptic. On the basis of the findings, the authors feel that all proposed anti‐dyskinetic drugs should be subjected to longer, controlled trials to prove their clinical efficacy.
Bromazepam and lorazepam in generalized anxiety: a placebo‐controlled study with measurement of drug plasma concentrations
Authors: Fontaine R. , Mercier P. , Beaudry P. , Annable L. , Chouinard G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSixty outpatients with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of treatment with bromazepam, lorazepam or placebo, following a 1‐week placebo washout period. There was no significant difference in the anxiolytic effects of bromazepam and lorazepam, both of which were superior to placebo. However, lorazepam‐treated patients tended to have a more depressed mood than those treated with bromazepam. Drug‐treated patients had consistently less cognitive impairment than those treated with placebo, the difference being statistically significant (P .05) in the case of bromazepam. The most frequent side‐effects reported with each drug were drowsiness, which tended to subside with time, and depression, which tended to emerge toward the end of the 4‐week period. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.64) between age and bromazepam plasma concentration per unit dose, adjusted for weight, and a negative correlation (r =−0.50) between weight and lorazepam plasma concentration per unit dose, adjusted for age.
Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia as a function of chronicity
Authors: Kay S. R. , Fiszbein A. , Lindenmayer J.‐P. , Opler L. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe construct validity and extended stability of positive and negative syndromes were studied via multidimensional cross‐sectional assessment of 134 schizophrenics in the acute, chronic, and long‐term chronic stages. For all groups the syndromes were internally reliable, not significantly intercorrelated, and of similar severity. The syndromal correlates with clinical, motor, historical, and genealogical dimensions, however, differed as a function of chronicity. In acute schizophrenics, a negative syndrome was associated with clinical and genealogical indicators of good prognosis, whereas the converse obtained for a positive syndrome in the acute stage and a negative syndrome in the chronic stage. The relationship of education, marital status, and attention disorder to the positive‐negative distinction also varied according to length of illness. Its meaning, therefore, appeared phase‐specific and subject to evolution, obviating generalizations across all phases. Implications for theory, prognosis, current research, and future study are presented.
Neuropsychological functioning in schizoaffective disorder, depressed type
Authors: Maj M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTNeuropsychological functioning in schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, was tested by two parallel studies. In Study 1, the Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) was administered to samples of patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for schizodepressive disorder, major depressive disorder or schizophrenia, and to a normal control group. In Study 2, the same test battery was used in patients with a former RDC diagnosis of schizodepressive or major depressive disorder, examined from 2 to 4 years after the index episode, during a phase of remission. Study 1 showed that the performance of schizodepressives on LNNB is, on average, intermediate between those of depressives and schizophrenics, which finding is compatible with the view that RDC schizoaffective depression encompasses a heterogeneous group of syndromes, some of which are related to major depression and some to schizophrenia. Study 2 showed that the mean scores on the LNNB scales Memory and Intellectual processes are significantly higher in patients with a former diagnosis of schizodepressive disorder, which supports the idea that the outcome of these patients is worse, on average, than that of “pure” depressives.
Research and society
Authors: May Philip R. A. , Serafetinides E. A. , Cohen Jerome 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTResearch has had profound beneficial effects on all spheres of human endeavor, yet research values, benefits, risks, and priorities have become the subject of concern, characterized by vehement expressions of opinion and a paucity of systematic scientific study. For a variety of reasons, there is a need to develop better ways to assess the potential value to society of projects that are proposed, and to identify and describe their potential benefits in a practical, comprehensive, and convincing way. An understanding of social values and of attitudes to different types of research is essential. Systematic study is preferable to unresearched commentary and it seems prudent to address these issues in a scientific and constructive manner. Description and assessment of potential benefits to society may be a formidable task but it is not impossible.
Research and society
Authors: Serafetinides E.A. , Cohen Jerome , May Philip R. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe uncertainties surrounding research, and the way such uncertainties and other characteristics of the research process complicate research cost benefit analysis, are discussed. Issues such as measurement of research costs, adverse research effects, benefits of research (political and otherwise) and the dimensions of research social costs, benefits and utility are examined. Aspects of the theory and practice of this type of analysis are considered, including assessment of the risk associated with conducting, or not conducting, any particular type of research and evaluation of its non‐measurable aspects.
Allocating the research budget
Authors: Scott Alex 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThere is a substantial economic literature on the allocation of R&D resorces. This paper reviews the relevant parts of this literature, paying particular attention to those studies which have estimated the social value of research. An important issue is whther government should allocate research resources, since the market may be able to do so; the potential reasons for market failure are reviewed, together with the case for government intervention in the market for research. Finally, the contribution which economic concepts can make to the decision making process is reviewed.
Perceived values of research among non‐researchers and various types of researchers
Authors: Serafetinides E.A. , Dow Ronald 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA comparison was made of the ratings of researchers versus nonresearchers, as well as of the responses of different types of researchers. Non‐researchers on the whole gave higher ratings of social value to the projects, with variables such as PHYSICAL and MENTAL HEALTH particularly appreciated. Among the researchers, basic researchers gave the highest ratings and applied researchers the lowest.
Project ratings by influencers and persons with different degrees of political activity
Authors: Calltorp Johan , Harnois Gaston P. , Boulougouris John C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAn analysis was carried out to determine differences between influences and non‐influences, as well as between raters with different degrees of political activity, in their perceptions of the social benefits of the six research projects. The general distribution of a research budget has done quite similarly by the groups. Comparisons of ratings of the six projects reveals no systematic differences. A pattern of only minor differences is found.
Research values and priorities rated by psychiatric patients
Authors: Dencker Sven J , Boulougouris John , Greist John 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA heterogenous group of 35 psychiatric patients‐representing an interesting consumer group‐was compared with the non‐patients in the total material. In respect of background data the patients had a lower educational level, and fewer smokers and applied researchers. The hypothesis that the research values and priorities of the patient group would differ from those of the non‐patients was supported by the statistical analysis; three major categories differed statistically between patients and non‐patients. Fourteen percent of the items and subcategories differed statistically between patients and non‐patients showing significantly higher values in the patient group. POLICY had the greatest number of such differences followed by SMOKING and MITOCHONDRIA. Most significant differences were found for MENTAL and PHYSICAL HEALTH followed by WORK, EDUCATION, NON‐MATERIAL, SERVICES, SECURITY and OTHER KNOWLEDGE.
Characteristics of those with extreme opinions on research values and priorities and on project ratings
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Calltorp Johan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTComparison of the background characteristics of zero‐givers and high extremists indicates that, in our group, influencers and those involved in political activities tended more frequently to be zero‐givers as to research values and priorities, whereas patients tended more frequently to high extremes. Otherwise there were no significant differences between zero‐givers, high extremists, and middle‐of‐the‐roaders.
An examination fo differences between those who place high, low, and medium values on the desirability of assessing the potential social benefits of all research projects
Authors: May Philip R. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThere were few significant background differences between those who felt it was desirable to assign the potential social benefits of all proposed projects and those who did not. The data do, however, suggest that differences of opinion as to the desirability of this kind of assessment may be associated with differences in attitudes as to the relative values of knowledge and more material benefits.
Cluster patterns in research priorities
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Calltorp Johan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA cluster analysis of the research priorities assigned by 270 raters identified five clusters. The largest cluster, comprising 75% of the group, were middle‐of‐the‐roaders who divided their priorites more or less equally amongst the different categories of research. Another cluster emphasized health and working conditions, another basic resources, and education and basic resources. One cluster had only one person, an extremist who gave absolute total priority to research on physical health.
The smoking project as evaluated by smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Sainsbury Peter 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of one of the projects, whose social benefits we invited people to rate, was to develop a treatment to deter smokers from smoking. It was therfore of interest to compare the assessments made by smokers and by non‐smokers. The findings indicate that it would seem that smokers are more concerned than non‐smokers about the discomfort their habits inflict on others, and that they are also more aware that a research project that led to fewer people smoking would bring benefits to their fellows.Howerver, smokers and non‐smokers agreed very closely on the order in which they rank the potential social rewards of research into methods of stopping smoking: They both placed its potential benefits to physical health first and the benefits to educational programs and non‐material benefits second or third.Non‐smokers tended to place more value on OTHER KNOWLEDGE and NON‐MATERIAL benefits, whereas smokers more often rated tangible and practical benefits highly, and this difference between them is evident for all projects. The other very manifest trend is for smokers to rate most items more highly than did non‐smokers.
Assessment of the potential benefits of research ‐ a study among politicians, administrators, and researchers in Sweden
Authors: Calltorp Johan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article presents the design and some of the findings from a special Swedish substudy within the international project. A total of 65 persons‐belonging to three major action groups in health care (politicians, administrators, or active researchers)‐performed the ratings.The results show a remarkable homogeneity between the three groups regarding both their research budget allocations and their assessments of the six projects. Some differences according to age, sex, level of education, and medical training could be traced.The method and material used in this study could be a valuable instrument for communication between the three main action groups in health care. In general, they reacted positively to the attempt to develop better descriptions of the social value of research projects but the format for evaluation was regarded as more controversial.
The bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of chlormethiazole in healthy young and elderly volunteers: preliminary findings
Authors: Jostell K. G. , Fagan D. , Björk M. , Broberg F. , Mitchell R. M. , Scott D. B. , Ulff B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ A preliminary analysis of a study of the bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of chlormethiazole in healthy young and elderly volunteers has been performed. The bioavailability assessed by a stable isotope method and the pharmacodynamic effects assessed by psychometric tests were found not to differ between the two age groups.
The effects of chlormethiazole in EEG recorded sleep in normal elderly volunteers
Authors: Liljenberg B. , Almqvist M. , Broman J. E. , Hetta J. , Roos B. E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Chlormethiazole has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and is used in the treatment of sleep disorders and confusion in the elderly. In this study we examined the effects of chlormethiazole on EEG recorded sleep in six normal volunteers aged 67‐74 years. After baseline registration, chlormethiazole (base), 384 mg p.o. (i.e. 2 capsules)*, was administered during 5 nights followed by one withdrawal registration. Sleep latency decreased from 52 to 27 min during the treatment period (P < 0.01) and increased to 57 min during withdrawal. Wakeful periods during sleep decreased from 106 to 62 min during the treatment period and increased during withdrawal to 104 min (P < 0.001). The sleep efficiency improved slightly during chlormethiazole treatment. The distribution of the sleep stages was essentially unaffected by chlormethiazole. According to subjective assessment the subjects rated their ability to fall asleep and their sleep quality as significantly better during the drug period. Based on sleep recordings and subjective ratings, there was no evidence of rebound insomnia on withdrawal. Psychoperformance tests revealed no evidence of hangover effects.
Metabolic and functional aspects of tolerance to chlormethiazole and cross‐tolerance to ethanol in the rat
Authors: Kalant H. , Khanna J. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Adult male rats were used to study tolerance to, and physical dependence on, chlormethiazole and cross‐tolerance to ethanol. In sleeping time studies, chlormethiazole was given orally at a daily dose rising progressively from 100 to 175 mg/kg over a period of 1 month. The tolerance that developed appeared to be due to altered disposition of the drug rather than to decreased sensitivity of the CNS. In agreement with this conclusion, there was only minimal cross‐tolerance to ethanol, and no detectable withdrawal reaction. In studies with the moving belt test, the rats were given chlormethiazole subcutaneously in a total dose of 200 mg/kg daily for 69 days. This resulted in an equivocal manifestation of tolerance on the moving belt test and a small, but significant, tolerance to the hypothermic effect of chlormethiazole. Only an equivocal manifestation of physical dependence was found. These findings suggest that tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects observed with these chlormethiazole treatment regimens was due to altered pharmacokinetics rather than to functional tolerance of the CNS.
Functional tolerance to chlormethiazole and crosstolerance to ethanol in the rat: importance of test and mode of drug administration
Authors: Kalant H. , Khanna J. M. , Llewellyn M. , Rinkel G. J. E. , Woodworth I. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Tolerance to the effects of chlormethiazole on circular maze performance, and cross‐tolerance to ethanol, were investigated in rats. Tolerance to chlormethiazole in the moving belt test was also measured in the same rats. Treatment with a total daily dose of subcutaneous chlormethiazole, 200 mg/kg, for 20 days produced clear tolerance to chlormethiazole and cross‐tolerance to ethanol in the circular maze test. This treatment, however, failed to produce tolerance to chlormethiazole in the moving belt test. No evidence of physical dependence was found.In other studies, continuous intravenous infusion of chlormethiazole, 30‐50 mg/kg/h for 9 days, resulted in clear functional tolerance to chlormethiazole and cross‐tolerance to ethanol in the moving belt test. Similarly, chronic ethanol treatment, 4‐6 g/kg daily for 3 weeks, resulted in functional tolerance to ethanol and cross‐tolerance to chlormethiazole in the same test.These results indicate that the demonstration of functional tolerance to chlormethiazole and cross‐tolerance to ethanol is dependent both on the sensitivity of the behavioural measurement tests employed, and on the degree of continuity of exposure of the central nervous system to the drug.It is concluded that, for doses that are equipotent in acute log‐dose studies, chlormethiazole produces less tolerance and physical dependence than ethanol, perhaps because of a shorter half‐life.
Sleep disturbances and agitational states in the elderly. Therapeutic possibilities and limitations in West Germany
Authors: Kanowski S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Sleep disturbance is common in the elderly. The causes of sleep disturbance are varied, and no single treatment can be successful in all cases. Psychotropic drugs and hypnotics are the drugs most frequently prescribed to the elderly in West Germany. The indications for using benzodiazepines, chlormethiazole, butyrophenones and chloral hydrate are discussed. However, in all cases the underlying cause of the sleep disturbance should be sought rather than treating the symptoms in isolation.
The treatment of delirium tremens and of incomplete alcoholic delirium ‐ a brief history
Authors: Huffmann G. , Becker T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFollowinng the introduction of chlormethiazole for the treatment of delirium tremens a striking reduction in the death rate occurred. The mortality range in most statistics is 1‐4%. The patient's age and complications concerning various internal organs affect the clinical outcome and so does the time at which chlormethiazole treatment is initiated. However, this has given rise to the habit of prescribing chlormethiazole at the slightest suspicion of the early stages of delirium tremens. In some cases the use of the drug was no doubt unnecessary, but equally certainly this measure has often prevented the development of complete delirium tremens which is now seen far more rarely than it was 20 years ago.The availability of this well‐tolerated and easily controllable drug has made the treatment of most cases of delirium tremens a manageable task for any reasonably experienced physician. However, it should never be forgotten that delirium tremens is a life‐threatening condition with many potential complications. Therefore, the initiation of any chlormethiazole therapy calls for careful monitoring by the physician.
The efficacy of early chlormethiazole medication in the prevention of delirium tremens. A retrospective study of the outcome of different drug treatment strategies at the Helsingborg psychiatric clincis, 1975–1980
Authors: Pålsson A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA clinical analysis of 476 cases of delirium tremens is presented. The sample covers virtually all cases of delirium tremens that occurred in the Helsingborg Health Service District during the peirod 1975‐1980. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of delirium tremens over the observation period shows that there was an increase in the number and severity of cases developing delirum tremens when non‐cross‐tolerant drugs, such as carbamazepine and neuroleptics, were used as first‐line treatment for acute alcohol withdrawal. The results also show that when chlormethiazole (a drug exhibiting a certain degree of cross‐tolerance with ethanol) was used either as the first‐line treatment for all cases or as the first‐line treatment for predetermind “high risk” paitents, the incidence of delirium tremens was greatly reduced. The favourable findings when chlormethiazole treatment was initiated at an early stage in the “high risk” patients suggest that chlormethiazole has a protective action against delirium tremens. Moreover, in the occasional case in which delirium tremens occurred during chlormethiazole treatment, the disorder was milder and relatively easy to treat.
Chlormethiazole in the management of alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Shaw G. K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWhen managing alcohol withdrawal the aim is to prevent the development of serious complications, such as fitting and delirium tremens. In alcoholics who are heavily chemically dependent, the rational use of sedative‐type drugs is generally necessary. Chlormethiazole is effective in preventing the development of serious complications. It is a safe drug and has the additional advantage of a short half‐life.
Comparative investigation of chlormethiazole and neuroleptic agents in the treatment of alcoholic delirium
Authors: Athen D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA retrospective study comparing the efficacy of chlormethiazole and neuroleptic agents showed that a mortality rate of 0% was associated with chlormethiazole treatment and 6% with neuroleptic treatment (P< 0.005). Data from the literature support this result. Chlormethiazole treatment seems to be superior to the neuroleptic treatment of alcoholic delirium.
Serotonin (5‐HT) uptake by blood platelets in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Zemishlany Z. , Modai I. , Apter A. , Jerushalmy Z. , Samuel E. , Tyano S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— Platelet serotonin (5‐HT) uptake was determined in 15 underweight anorexia nervosa patients and a control group of 15 healthy individuals. The Vmax (picomoles/108 platelets/5 min) was 424 ± 103 in patients and 424 ± 69 in controls. The Km was 1.19 ± 0.2 μM in patients and 1.08 ± 0.17 μM in controls. The differences between the groups were not significant.These findings do not support the hypothesis that serotonin metabolism is disturbed in anorexia nervosa.