bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemics in nonrandomly mixing populations: A simulation
Authors: Sattenspiel Lisa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo stochastic, discrete‐time simulation models for the spread of an epidemic through a population are presented. The models expolore the effects of nonrandom mixing within the population and are based on an SIR epidemic model without vital statistics. They consider a population of preschool children, some of whom attend child care facilities. Disease transmission occurs both within the home neighborhood and at the child care facility used, if any. The two models differ in population size used, population density, the proportions of children using different kinds of care, and the functions used for calculating the probability of disease transmission. Results are presented for seven different variables–length of the epidemic in weeks, number of cases, number of cases in each kind of care (two day care centers, private homes, and children staying at home), and the number of private home providers affected by the epidemic. In addition, the distribution of total epidemic size and the progress of an epidemic are estimated from 25 epidemic trials. The effects of the location of homes of initial cases, the type of care used by initial cases, and the density of the population are discussed. Results from the simulation confirmed the importance of type of care on the risk for disease transmission. Results from all runs of the simulation showed that children who attended a day care center were most likely to become infected, children who went to a private home were intermediate, and children who did not use any day care facility were at the lowest risk. The size and length of the epidemics were related to the presence of the disease in day care centers, regardless of the location of the initial case, and the time at which the disease entered the center(s). The simulations also showed that the geographical distribution of the homes of children attending a particular center was a critical feature involved in the production of epidemics. The center with more widely distributed homes of students was less likely to experience a major epidemic than the center with clustering of student′s homes within a neighborhood. This indicates that it is not simply attendance at a day care center that is critical for disease spread, but that the nature of the population of children attending a center is also of critical importance in the actual risk for disease spread within the center. These results are discussed with reference to the spread of hepatitis A among day care centers in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Perinatal stress and increased fluctuating asymmetry of dental calcium in the laboratory rat
Authors: Siegel Michael I. , Mooney Mark P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent studies have consistently reported an increased magnitude of fluctuating dental, long bone, and membranous bone asymmetry as a function of perinatal stress. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that increases in the fluctuating asymmetry of calcium may be related to the metric changes in these calcium‐dependent systems. Pregnant rats were exposed to noise stress from conception through weaning. Bilateral lower first molars were extracted from the neonates, and calcium levels were determined using a standard atomic absorption technique. Levels of fluctuating asymmetry of calcium were found to be significantly increased (p < .01) in the audiogenic noise‐stressed group compared to unstressed, normal controls. These results follow the pattern reported earlier for metric analysis of the dentition and support a stress‐induced calcium‐transport‐disruption hypothesis.
Ontogenetic plasticity in nonhuman primates: I. Secular trends in the Cayo Santiago macaques
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean , Reichs Kathleen J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough secular trends toward increasing body size are apprent in many human populations, little is known about their occurrence in nonhuman primates. The Cayo Santiago skeletal collection of Macaca mulatta includes 101 adult animals (⩾ 10 years of age) born at different times in the past 3 ½ decades, so that variation in size may be examined relative to birth year. No secular trends in orbital height were observed in this sample, but in both sexes lengths of adult long bones increased significantly over time, while cranial dimensions and length of the second molar in female also showed significant variation with birth year. These changes were consistent with the history of provisioning of the animals and with fluctuations in population size. Low‐order correlations were observed between birth year and body proportions, especially the crural index in males, a pattern that has also been observed in human populations. These findings argue that, in addition to biomechanics and heritage, diet may affect allometric relationships and that an inherent plasticity or malleability of the growth process may be characteristic of non‐human as well as human primates.
Shape in morphometrics: Comparative analyses
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparative morphology has long been vexed by conflicting considerations of size and shape (relative size); a subsidiary consideration has been the effect of allometry (shape change with size) on results and interpretations.A review of history and opinion indicates the lack of universal acceptance of the following points: the inherent relatedness and/or separability of size and shape; the greater importance (anatomically, functionally, and/or taxonomically) of shape than size; the existence of residual size effects (allometry) after canceling the gross linear size factor from morphometric data; the failure of covariance matrix inversion to negate size always; the dimensionless quality of shape variables; the effect of logarithmic transformation; and the inadvisability of simple ratios.Two morphometric data sets (primate postcranial proportions, hominoid maxillary premolar odontometrics) encompassing significant size and taxonomic diversity in primates enable illustration and examination of these points.Although determination of optimum procedures is problematic, accuracy of classification and partition of variance among known morphogroups are criteria that can be applied. Intergroup distances generated after inversion of the covariance matrix show little improvement over raw size distances, unlike the shape distances expressed by shape vector (ratio), double‐centered, Penrose, common part removed, and Q‐mode correlation methods; very slight further improvement is accomplished using pooled within‐group adjustment to remove residual size (allometric) effects. No improvement emanates solely from log transformation of measurements. Significant problems are indicated by the results obtained with interspecific regression residuals: particularly, large and small forms in the analysis become unrealistically similar. Also, regression‐corrected distances still correlate with size even though the univariate residual values, by definition, do not.
Some blood genetic characteristics of several Sudanese tribes
Authors: Saha N. , Seikh F. S. El 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups, serum haptoglobin, and transferrin; red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase; and hemoglobin was studied among the two aboriginal negroid tribes (Nuba and Fur); the Nilotic tribe; five tribes of Arab ancestory; and a mixed group of other minor tribes of Arab origin. The Nilotic and Nuba tribes were genetically quite distinct from the rest, with lower R1, R2, and r in the Rhesus system and low HbS and Gd−. The Arab tribes had a genetic structure which was intermediate between that of the original negroid population of the Sudan and the Arabs to the north. However, some of the Arab tribes had special genetical characteristics, e.g., Messeria had high TfD1; both Messeria and Hawazma had high HbS and Gd−, while GdA, was higher only in the Hawazma. The Gaalin had very low HbS, RO, GdA, and Gd−, suggestive of less negroid admixture compared to Messeria and Hawazma. The Fur, though an aboriginal negroid tribe, had genetic characteristics similar to Arabs.
Physical growth of infants 7 to 13 months of age: Results from a national survey
Authors: Ryan Alan S. , Martinez Gilbert A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study considers measurements of weight, recumbent length, head circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm circumference of 1,100 infants aged 7 to 13 months from a cross‐sectional sample representative of the U.S. infant population. Based on these data, smoothed percentiles of weight, recumbent length, head circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm circumference by sex and age (in months) and weight for recumbent length were calculated. Compared with the percentile values from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS; Hamill et al., 1977, DHEW Publ. No. PHS 78–1650), percentile values from the 1984 Ross Laboratories Infant Nutrition Survey (RNS) for weight, recumbent length, and weight for recumbent length tended to be smaller (p < .05). We attribute these variations to differences in sampling design and conclude that they are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant new growth charts. Smoothed percentiles for triceps skinfold and arm circumference presented herein are new reference values that can be used for assessment of the nutritional and growth status of older infants.
Feeding low‐fat milk during infancy
Authors: Ryan Alan S. , Martinez Gilbert A. , Krieger Fritz W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDespite the widespread agreement that low‐fat milk should not be used during infancy, there is a sizable portion of infants in the United States who were fed a diet that included low‐fat milk (⩾2% fat). In 1985, 14% of infants 8 months old, 20% of infants 10 months old, and 32% of infants 12 months old were fed low‐fat milk. The reasons given most often by mothers for low‐fat milk use was their consideration that low‐fat milk has less fat than whole cow's milk and that low‐fat milk use was recommended/suggested by their physician. Nutrient intakes of infants fed low‐fat milk are compared to those of infants fed whole cow's milk and infant formula. Except for fat, nutrient intakes of infants fed low‐fat milk or whole cow's milk were similar. A majority of infants fed either low‐fat milk or whole cow's milk received amounts of sodium, potassium, and chloride that exceeded the recommended safe and adequate ranges and amounts of iron below the RDA. These data are considered in relation to dietary requirements during infancy.
Cranial variation in European populations: A spatial autocorrelation study at three time periods
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Uytterschaut Hilde 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study reports on spatial variation of 10 cranial variables in European populations at 3 time periods. Means for these variables, based on 137, 108, and 183 samples from the Early Medieval, Late Medieval, and Recent periods, were subjected to one‐dimensional and directional spatial autocorrelation analyses. Significant spatial structure was found for most variables. It becomes more pronounced as time progresses. The spatial patterns are not strongly clinal. Correlograms based on distances computed from all variables are monotonic only to 900, 1,650, and 1,350 km for the three periods. Regional patterns are seen for most variables and become more structured and significant with time. There is little similarity among the correlograms of the variables at any one period and virtually none among periods. Inferences about spatial structure of these populations, based on spatial autocorrelation analysis, suggest a pattern dominated by migration, followed by expansion and admixture rather than selection or chance fluctuations. The patterns of morphometric change seem to reflect the patterns of linguistic change in these areas.
Postcanine tooth size in female primates
Authors: Cochard Larry R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe results of many allometric studies of postcanine tooth size in mammals have not corresponded to expectations of tooth size based on energy requirements and dental function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between postcanine occlusal surface area, body size, and the metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation in female primates. Tooth and body sizes from 38 primate species were taken from the literature to test two hypotheses: (1) females should have relatively larger teeth than males in order to masticate additional food for the energetic costs of reproduction; (2) taxa with the largest neonatal size (a measure of average metabolic costs of pregnancy and lactation) should have females with a greater degree of relative dental enlargement.The results show that relatively large female teeth are not found consistently in primate species. Females have less occlusal surface area than expected on the basis of the male tooth and body size regression in 21% of the species, and there is no correlation between relative female tooth size and relative newborn size across higher primate taxa.The degree of female dental enlargement is most closely related to degree of sexual dimorphism in body weight. The correlation between degree of body weight dimorphism and relatively larger postcanine teeth in females than in males is 0.87 in the 38 species. Species that are monomorphic in weight tend to be monomorphic in tooth size even though females apparently require more food than males.While it may be advantageous for females of dimorphic species to have relatively larger postcanine teeth compare to males, the hypotheses about female tooth size and function for primates in general are rejected. It is concluded that dental dimorphism and postcanine tooth size in general cannot be viewed from a strict adaptationist perspective with regard to dietary volume.
Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the foot in early Oligocene anthropoids
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNewly discovered foot bones of Aegyptopithecus are described and compared to those of Apidium and Dolichocebus. Locomotor adaptations are inferred for African early Oligocene propliopithecids, parapithecids, and for Argentine early Oligocene Dolichocebus. All show an anthropoid grade of development in their foot anatomy. Tarsals of Aegyptopithecus compare best with those of Miocene hominoids. Apidium shares derived calcaneal features that link it with Old World monkeys. Dolichocebus exhibits a very generalized platyrrhine talar morphology akin to that seen in Saimiri, Callicebus, Cebus, and Aotus. The morphology of early Oligocene primate foot bones suggests that at least three quite distinct groups, corresponding to three recognized superfamilies, were present in the early Oligocene of South America and Africa.
Effects of sexual dimorphism in body size on feeding postural behavior of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Cant John G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMale orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) weigh about twice as much as females. Observations in northern Sumatra of adults of both sexes (one male, three females) feeding in the same trees reveal the effects of body size dimorphism on feeding behavior: The male tended to use larger branches than the females, and to employ above‐branch postures (sitting and standing) with greater frequency. The females employed suspensory under‐branch postures more often. When feeding techniques were variable, the male tended to pull in branches to detach food with the mouth, whereas the female plucked more fruit by hand. By controlling for postcranial morphology and habitat structure, these results provide the first rigorous quantitative test of predictions about the effects of body size on primate positional behavior, and raise further questions about sexual diethism in feeding postural behavior of primates of varying absolute size.
Maximal oxygen uptake of agricultural men and women in India
Authors: Nag Pranab Kumar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document}) of 228 men and 47 women from the Indian agricultural community was measured. The \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} in 20–24‐year‐old men was about 17% less than in the 25–29‐year‐old group. With advancing age, the \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2}} $\end{document} declined gradually to the ages 55–59, excepting the 36–39‐year‐old group. The loss in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} was 0.65 ml/kg· min per year between 25 and 39 years of age and 0.16 ml/kg·min per year between 40 and 59 years of age. However, 30–39‐year‐old women had 7% higher \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} than the 20–29‐year‐old age group; and the difference in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} between the group 30–39 and the group 40–49 years of age was 32%. The 20–29‐and 40–49‐year‐old women had \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} 24 and 30% less than those of men in the same age range.
Implications of tooth root hypercementosis in a Barbados slave skeletal collection
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Jacobi Keith P. , Handler Jerome S. , Aufderheide Arthur C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA 17th‐ to 19th‐century cemetery sample of 104 slaves from Newton Plantation (Barbados) shows uniquely high hypercementosis prevalence, as well as unexpectedly high and variable skeletal lead content. A variety of biological and archeological factors indicates that individuals with lower amounts of these anomalies (relative to age at death) were probably African‐born, first‐generation slaves. The hypercementosis is related to the progression of periodontal disease as assessed from alveolar bone. Although the hypercementosis is endemic in the Caribbean black population, it does not as yet have a clear explanation. We suggest the etiology might relate to chronic malnutrition involving periodic, seasonal rehabilitation.
Demography and pathology of an urban slave population from New Orleans
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Orser Charles E. , Mann Robert W. , Moore‐Jansen Peer H. , Montgomery Robert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwenty‐nine skeletons from the first cemetery in New Orleans provide significant new information about urban slavery in America. Dating as early as 1720 and used perhaps as late as 1810, the cemetery provided an identifiable sample of two whites, 13 blacks, one individual of possible Indian‐white ancestry, and two possibly mulatto individuals. Numerous skeletal and dental lesions were noted in the series, and historical information was used in conjunction with the physical data to draw conclusions about rates and patterns of mortality. Pathological changes indicate that the cemetery contained individuals representing two slave occupational groups, house servants and laborers. This research provides information in the expanding area of Afro‐American biohistorical research.
Life stresses of slavery
Authors: Kelley Jennifer Olsen , Angel J. Lawrence 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkeletal evidence exists for life stresses of 120 Black individuals from 25 sites in Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Periods for statistical comparison are eighteenth century, 1690–1770; Catoctin Furnace, Maryland industrial slaves, 1790–ca.1820; 1800–ca.1860, nineteenth century; and a twentieth‐century Black sample compiled from forensic (accidental deaths) cases. From these archaeological sources, skeletal age at death shifts from 36 years, female, and 30 years, male in eighteenth century (N=29) to 34.8, female, and 36.3, male in nineteenth century (N=56). Catoctin Furnace slaves' longevity may reflect special conditions for skilled males (34.6 years, female; 41.2 years, male (N=16). Nutritional stresses are indicated by dental lesions, hypoplasias, stature, and skull base height and pelvic brim index. Occupational stress occurs in some adolescents and in many adults as exaggerated development of lifting muscles (deltoid and pectoral crests) and early vertebral and shoulder breakdown. Lead content of bone may reflect site of occupation. The most common pathology is anemia or sicklemia; parietal depressions and ulna fractures (“parry”) indicate violence‐related trauma.
Health and disease at a South Carolina plantation: 1840–1870
Authors: Rathbun Ted A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe analysis of 36 human skeletons (eight subadults, 13 males, 15 females) recovered during a cemetery relocation near Charleston, SC, provides data on health and disease for a 19th‐century sample of Afro‐Americans. The majority of the burials date from 1840–1870. Skeletal analysis verified some historical interpretations.Gender differential in mortality is evident with average age at death for males 35 and females 40 years. Females, besides living longer, had more missing and carious teeth but fewer abscesses. Both genders expressed childhood metabolic stress as indicated by linear enamel hypoplasias. Males, however, had a higher incidence (92%) than did females (70%). Age at occurrence was more widely distributed for females, but ages 2–4 were most critical for both genders. Postcranial indications of recovery from acute stress, Harris lines, occurred more frequently for males (45%) than for females (18%).Anemia, probably both genetic and acquired, was a significant health problem for both genders. Cribra orbitalia appeared in 35% of the adult crania, and 80% of the subadults had orbital lesions. Diplotic expansion of the cranial vault and infection were relatively common in the sample. Skeletal reaction to infections appeared in 69% of the males, 60% of the females, and 80% of the subadults.Skeletal changes associated with demanding physical labor were ubiquitous. The shoulder and hip were especially affected by degenerative changes, the cervical vertebrae frequently expressed osteophytosis, and males show a preponderance of Schmorl herniations and hypertrophy of the ulnar supinator crest.Skeletal trace elements indicate a relatively high exposure to lead, strontium concentrations indicative of a diet high in plant foods, and relatively low zinc and copper concentrations.