bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internationalising Counseling Psychology in the United States: A SWOT Analysis
Authors: Leong Frederick T.L. , Leach Mark M. 
Published: January 2007

Dans le respect des exigences de cette édition spéciale, cet article présente une analyse SWOT du domaine de la psychologie du counseling aux Etats‐Unis. Après un bref survol historique, on passe à la description du contexte des tentatives récentes d’internationalisation de la psychologie du counseling aux Etats‐Unis au sein du mouvement multiculturaliste. Le premier plaidoyer en faveur du multiculturalisme initié par la division de psychologie du counseling de l’American Psychological Association est certainement l’un de ses points forts. L’ajout du multiculturalisme international au multiculturalisme local semble être une évolution naturelle pour le domaine et ouvre un ensemble de nouvelles perspectives. On peut citer, comme voie prometteuse, notre préoccupation récente pour la justice sociale, autre champ majeur d’investigation et d’intervention. Cependant, le domaine de la psychologie du counseling reste menacé comme le montre notre statut de «rejeton» de la psychologie clinique. On fait remarquer par la même occasion qu’une part de nos faiblesses est due à notre incapacité d’exploiter certaines de nos activités de première importance telles que la réinsertion, la prévention ou la psychologie positive. Des soucis plus récents ont porté sur le déclin organisationnel avec la fermeture d’un nombre important de formations de premier plan en psychologie du counseling. Les raisons de ces disparitions sont toujours sujettes à débat.Consistent with the framework recommended for this special issue, the current article provides a SWOT analysis of the field of counseling psychology within the United States. Beginning with a brief overview of the history of the field, the current analysis moves on to contextualise the recent attempts to internationalise counseling psychology in the United States within the multiculturalism movement. The early advocacy of multiculturalism undertaken by the Division of Counseling Psychology within the American Psychological Association is certainly one of its strengths. The movement to add international multiculturalism to domestic multiculturalism appears to be a natural transition for the field and provides a new set of opportunities. Other opportunities for the field include our recent attention to social justice as another core area of inquiry and intervention. Yet, the field of counseling psychology continues to experience threats as it relates to our “step‐child” status vis‐a‐vis clinical psychology. At the same time, it was noted that part of the weakness of our field has been our failure to capitalise on some of our areas of emphasis such as rehabilitation, prevention, and positive psychology. More recent concerns have centered around organisational decline with the closure of a significant number of the leading counseling psychology training programs in the country. The meaning of these closures continues to be debated.
Geographical range size heritability: what do neutral models with different modes of speciation predict?
Authors: Mouillot David , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim Phylogenetic conservatism or heritability of the geographical range sizes of species (i.e. the tendency for closely related species to share similar range sizes) has been predicted to occur because of the strong phylogenetic conservatism of niche traits. However, the extent of such heritability in range size is disputed and the role of biology in shaping this attribute remains unclear. Here, we investigate the level of heritability of geographical range sizes that is generated from neutral models assuming no biological differences between species.Methods We used three different neutral models, which differ in their speciation mode, to simulate the life‐history of 250,000 individuals in a square lattice of 50 × 50 cells. These individuals can speciate, reproduce, migrate and die in the metacommunity according to stochastic events. We ran each model for 3000 steps and recorded the range size of each species at each step. The heritability of geographical range size was assessed using an asymmetry coefficient between range sizes of sister species and using the coefficient of correlation between the range sizes of ancestors and their descendants.Results Our results demonstrated the ability of neutral models to mimic some important observed patterns in the heritability of geographical range size. Consistently, sister species exhibited higher asymmetry in range sizes than expected by chance, and correlations between the range sizes of ancestor–descendant species pairs, although often weak, were almost invariably positive.Main conclusions Our findings suggest that, even without any biological trait differences, statistically significant heritability in the geographical range sizes of species can be found. This heritability is weaker than that observed in some empirical studies, but suggests that even here a substantial component of heritability may not necessarily be associated with niche conservatism. We also conclude that both present‐day and fossil data sets may provide similar information on the heritability of the geographical range sizes of species, while the omission of rare species will tend to overestimate this heritability.
Invasiveness and homogenization: synergism of wide dispersal and high local abundance
Authors: McKinney Michael L. , La Sorte Frank A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To determine whether invasive and locally abundant non‐native species have a more homogenizing effect on plant communities than non‐invasive and less abundant non‐native species.Location  California and Florida counties, conservation areas in the USA, and eight US cities.Methods  Species lists among counties, conservation areas and cities were compared to see whether invasive and abundant non‐native species increased the Jaccard index of similarity between localities beyond any increases caused by non‐invasive and less abundant non‐native species.Results  For all comparisons, we found that invasive non‐native species have a significantly greater homogenizing effect than non‐invasive non‐native species. For the US conservation areas, we found that locally abundant invasive species tend to be more widespread and more widely shared than less abundant invasive species. There is also a positive relationship between homogenization by invasive species and the magnitude of human disturbance.Main conclusions  Invasive non‐native species tend to be disproportionately shared among communities relative to non‐invasive non‐native species. This effect is enhanced by human disturbance, as measured by the ratio of non‐native to native species. There is a synergism between abundance and geographical range which enhances the homogenizing effects of abundant species. Invasive species, with wide ecological niches, are more widely shared among communities and more locally abundant. Abundant invasive species are thus more spatially homogenizing, and more ecologically dominant (functionally homogenizing). Also, ‘perceived homogenization’ is probably greater than homogenization measured by the increase in shared species. The abundant species typically seen by the casual observer in a biological community are probably more commonly shared between communities than less common species. Studies that lack abundance data and measure homogenization only on the basis of shared species, which includes most homogenization studies to date, probably underestimate the homogenizing impacts of non‐native species as perceived by people.
Altered stream‐flow regimes and invasive plant species: the Tamarix case
Authors: Stromberg Juliet C. , Lite Sharon J. , Marler Roy , Paradzick Charles , Shafroth Patrick B. , Shorrock Donna , White Jacqueline M. , White Margaret S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To test the hypothesis that anthropogenic alteration of stream‐flow regimes is a key driver of compositional shifts from native to introduced riparian plant species.Location  The arid south‐western United States; 24 river reaches in the Gila and Lower Colorado drainage basins of Arizona.Methods  We compared the abundance of three dominant woody riparian taxa (native Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii, and introduced Tamarix) between river reaches that varied in stream‐flow permanence (perennial vs. intermittent), presence or absence of an upstream flow‐regulating dam, and presence or absence of municipal effluent as a stream water source.Results  Populus and Salix were the dominant pioneer trees along the reaches with perennial flow and a natural flood regime. In contrast, Tamarix had high abundance (patch area and basal area) along reaches with intermittent stream flows (caused by natural and cultural factors), as well as those with dam‐regulated flows.Main conclusions  Stream‐flow regimes are strong determinants of riparian vegetation structure, and hydrological alterations can drive dominance shifts to introduced species that have an adaptive suite of traits. Deep alluvial groundwater on intermittent rivers favours the deep‐rooted, stress‐adapted Tamarix over the shallower‐rooted and more competitive Populus and Salix. On flow‐regulated rivers, shifts in flood timing favour the reproductively opportunistic Tamarix over Populus and Salix, both of which have narrow germination windows. The prevailing hydrological conditions thus favour a new dominant pioneer species in the riparian corridors of the American Southwest. These results reaffirm the importance of reinstating stream‐flow regimes (inclusive of groundwater flows) for re‐establishing the native pioneer trees as the dominant forest type.
A New Way to Teach (or Compute) Pearson's r Without Reliance on Cross‐Products
Authors: Huck Schuyler W. , Ren Bixiang , Yang Hongwei 
Published: January 2007

SummaryMany students have difficulty seeing the conceptual ‘link’ between bivariate data displayed in a scatterplot and the statistical summary of the relationship, r. This article shows how to teach (and compute) r such that each datum's ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ influences are made apparent and used in a new formula for calculating Pearson's r.
Incentive contracts and bank performance
Authors: Li Hongbin , Rozelle Scott , Zhou Li‐An 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper, using unique survey data from the banking industry in rural China, investigates the effect of incentive contracts on performance. In the context of China's economic transition, we find that the incentive contracts have a positive effect on the bank manager's performance in deposit taking and non‐performing loan reduction. This finding is robust when we control for the endogeneity of incentive contracts. Our empirical results present evidence on the positive effects of incentive‐based banking reforms in rural China.
Risk insurance in a transition economy
Authors: Irac Delphine M. , Minoiu Camelia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis of Pareto‐optimal risk‐sharing is tested in a transition economy using a new dataset of a representative sample of 364 rural households from Romania. Income shocks are identified as instances of adverse weather, crop failure, animal diseases, illness, and unemployment spells. Despite limited participation of Romanian rural households in formal insurance and credit markets, we fail to reject the hypothesis of full insurance of total non‐durable consumption and its components. Survey responses indicate that the main channels of consumption smoothing are self‐insurance (for adverse weather, crop failure and animal diseases), public transfers (for unemployment spells, maternity and childcare), and to a lesser extent, family ties. We find that adverse weather is associated with higher growth rates of non‐food expenditures. Furthermore, richer households are better able to cope with crop failure than poorer households. An alternative explanation to our not rejecting the hypothesis of full insurance is that some shocks to consumption (such as illness) play the role of preference shifters of the utility function.
Educational inputs and outcomes before the transition from communism*
Authors: Beirne John , Campos Nauro F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConventional wisdom suggests that the stocks of human capital were one of the few positive legacies from communism. However, if factories under communism were so inefficient, why would the education system not have been? Using the education production function approach and new data on educational inputs and outcomes from 1960 to 1989, we find evidence suggesting that the official human capital stocks figures were ‘overestimated’ during the communist period. In other words, we find that the official human capital stock numbers are significantly higher than those predicted not only in relation to countries at similar levels of development, but also on the basis of educational systems with comparable features and efficiency levels.
What Was the New Party? Sir Oswald Mosley and Associated Responses to the ‘Crisis’, 1931−1932
Authors: WORLEY MATTHEW 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe economic crisis that finally overwhelmed Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government in August 1931 was accompanied by political upheavals that affected all three mainstream political parties. Divisions, splits and new political configurations became characteristic of 1930−2, amongst which was the New Party launched by Sir Oswald Mosley in February 1931. Initially, at least, Mosley's stated objective was to offer an immediate and practical solution to the economic problems then facing the country. Over time, however, his party took on a more permanent nature, eventually paving the way for the formation of the British Union of Fascists. This article looks at the process of such transformation, and endeavours to explain contemporary and historiographical confusion as to what the New Party entailed.
The March 1943 Crisis in the Battle of the Atlantic: Myth and Reality
Authors: REDFORD DUNCAN 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe idea that the British faced a ‘crisis’ which threatened their ability to use convoys to supply themselves with food and war materials in the Battle of the Atlantic during March 1943 is well established in the historical literature. This article, however, will argue that the concept of such a crisis is a myth. Through an examination of contemporary documents, statistics, and the actions of the British political and naval leadership, the article will show that March 1943 was not the crisis of the battle and that decisions which have been seen as responding to the crisis were caused by other considerations.
A Bidirectional Corridor in the Sahel‐Sudan Belt and the Distinctive Features of the Chad Basin Populations: A History Revealed by the Mitochondrial DNA Genome
Authors: Černý V. , Salas A. , Hájek M. , Žaloudková M. , Brdička R. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe Chad Basin was sparsely inhabited during the Stone Age, and its continual settlement began with the Holocene. The role played by Lake Chad in the history and migration patterns of Africa is still unclear. We studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variability in 448 individuals from 12 ethnically and/or economically (agricultural/pastoral) different populations from Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. The data indicate the importance of this region as a corridor connecting East and West Africa; however, this bidirectional flow of people in the Sahel‐Sudan Belt did not erase features peculiar to the original Chad Basin populations. A new sub‐clade, L3f2, is described, which together with L3e5 is most probably autochthonous in the Chad Basin. The phylogeography of these two sub‐haplogroups seems to indicate prehistoric expansion events in the Chad Basin around 28,950 and 11,400 Y.B.P., respectively. The distribution of L3f2 is virtually restricted to the Chad Basin alone, and in particular to Chadic speaking populations, while L3e5 shows evidence for diffusion into North Africa at about 7,100 Y.B.P. The absence of L3f2 and L3e5 in African‐Americans, and the limited number of L‐haplotypes shared between the Chad Basin populations and African‐Americans, indicate the low contribution of the Chad region to the Atlantic slave trade.
New polymorphic microsatellite loci for rodents of the genus Mastomys using PCR multiplexing, and cross‐species amplification in Myomys and Praomys
Authors: LOISEAU A. , KONEČNÝ A. , GALAN M. , BRYJA J. , COSSON J. F. , BROUAT C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Praomys complex contains some of the most important agricultural pests of Africa, including Mastomys species. We describe the development of nine supplementary microsatellite markers isolated from Mastomys huberti. We show the potential utility of M. huberti microsatellites as population markers for two other species of Mastomys, and two other species of the Praomys complex, Myomys daltoni and Praomys cf. rostratus.
TREES SIFTER 1.0: an approximate method to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of a sample of DNA sequences
Authors: MARDULYN PATRICK 
Published: January 2007

Abstracttrees sifter1.0 implements an approximate method to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of a set of DNA sequences, using population evolution modelling. In essence, the program simulates genealogies with a user‐defined model of coalescence of lineages, and then compares each simulated genealogy to the genealogy inferred from the real data, through two summary statistics: (i) the number of mutations on the genealogy (Mn), and (ii) the number of different sequence types (alleles) observed (Kn). The simulated genealogies are then submitted to a rejection algorithm that keeps only those that are the most likely to have generated the observed sequence data. At the end of the process, the accepted genealogies can be used to estimate the posterior probability distribution of the TMRCA.
Alcohol and Hepatitis C Mortality Among Males and Females in the United States: A Life Table Analysis
Authors: Chen Chiung M. , Yoon Young‐Hee , Yi Hsiao‐ye , Lucas Diane L. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:Evidence from previous studies suggests that heavy alcohol use (HAU) exacerbates the rate of fibrosis progression in the liver and results in increased probability for premature death among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The current study uses population‐based mortality data to investigate whether heavy drinking affects the age of death among individuals with HCV and, if so, whether this effect differs between men and women.Methods:A total of 7,263,163 death records in the United States between 2000 and 2002 were drawn from the Multiple Cause of Death (MCD) public‐use data files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) codes were used to identify the presence of HCV (B17.1 and B18.2) and HAU (as indicated by alcohol‐induced medical conditions, F10 and K70) either as the underlying cause or as one of the contributing causes of death. The deaths were divided into 4 distinctive cause‐of‐death categories: HCV without HAU, HAU without HCV, HCV plus HAU, and all others. The mean ages of death and the cumulative probabilities of death derived from multiple‐cause life table were compared across these categories.Results:Hepatitis C virus deaths showed an excessive prevalence of HAU when compared with non‐HCV deaths. Compared with deaths of HCV without HAU, the mean age of death was shortened for deaths of HCV plus HAU (from 55.1 to 50.0 years among males, and from 61.0 to 49.1 years among females). The cumulative probability of death before age 65 was much higher for the latter than the former group (0.91 vs 0.68 among males, and 0.88 vs 0.47 among females). While HCV alone showed a disproportionate effect on premature death in males, HAU presented a stronger effect in females, resulting in a “catching‐up” effect that diminished the gender difference in age of HCV death.Conclusions:This study provides mortality‐based evidence to further establish heavy alcohol consumption as one of the key risk factors contributing to premature deaths from HCV in the United States. More importantly, this study, for the first time, presents empirical evidence that alcohol consumption affects men and women differently in HCV mortality.
In Vivo Dysfunction of the Term Alveolar Macrophage After in Utero Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Ping Xiao‐Du , Harris Frank L. , Brown Lou Ann S. , Gauthier Theresa W. 
Published: January 2007

Background: The effects of in utero alcohol exposure on the immune function of the newborn remain under investigation. Fetal ethanol (ETOH) exposure increases oxidative stress in the developing lung, in part due to decreased availability of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). We have previously shown that in utero ETOH impairs alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and viability in the premature pup, while maintaining GSH availability with maternal supplementation of S‐adenosyl‐methionine (SAM) during ETOH ingestion improves macrophage function and viability. We hypothesized that dysfunction of the neonatal alveolar macrophage exposed to ETOH in utero would persist at term gestation.Methods: Using a guinea‐pig model of fetal ETOH exposure, timed‐pregnant guinea‐pigs were pair‐fed ETOH±the GSH precursor SAM and the diet continued until spontaneous delivery. Term alveolar macrophages were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy for phagocytosis and apoptosis after in vitro incubation with Staphalococcus aureus. Using an in vivo model of intranasal Staph. aureus inoculation, the in vivo function of the term alveolar macrophage was also investigated using confocal fluorescent analysis.Results: In utero ETOH exposure increased oxidant stress in the alveolar macrophage and decreased phagocytosis and viability in vitro and in vivo. Confocal analysis of phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a marked impairment of internalization of the bacteria by the ETOH‐exposed alveolar macrophage. The addition of SAM during maternal ETOH ingestion prevented loss of alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo.Conclusions: In utero ETOH exposure impairs alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo even at term gestation. The ETOH‐induced changes in macrophage function and viability can be ablated with maternal SAM supplementation. Further investigations are required to identify the mechanisms of ETOH‐induced derangement of phagocytosis in the neonatal alveolar macrophage and the clinical ramifications of altered immune function after in utero alcohol exposure for the newborn.