bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urethane foams from animal fats: IX. Polyols based upon tallow and trimethylolpropane; preparation under acidic and basic catalysis
Authors: Bilyk A. , Monroe H. A. , Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga M. P. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of polyols was prepared from epoxidized tallow, by reaction with trimethylolpropane in refluxing toluene, sequentially under basic and acidic catalysis. In preliminary experiments, under catalysis by sodium methoxide alone, the trimethylolpropane reacted rapidly with glyceride linkages and very slowly with oxirane groups. Under catalysis by p‐toluenesulfonic acid alone, oxirane was rapidly consumed. Polyols were prepared by the following sequences: (A) reaction under acidic followed by basic catalysis; (B) reaction under basic followed by acidic catalysis; (C) reaction under basic catalysis followed by further treatment with HBr gas to introduce fire retardance; (D) treatment of whole tallow first with trimethylolpropane under basic conditions and secondly with bromine; (E) reaction of epoxidized tallow with diethanolamine under basic catalysis; and (F) treatment of epoxidized tallow first with trimethylolpropane under acidic conditions and then with diethanolamine under basic catalysis. The polyols described were adjusted to equivalent weights of 100 and 120 with added triisopropanolamine and treated with a polymeric isocyanate to give rigid foams. Densities ranged from 1.5–1.8 lb/ft3. Open cell content, for foams made at the equivalent wt of 100, ranged from 14–21%; at the equivalent wt of 120, from 17–27%. Compressive strengths ranged from 14–23 psi, being lower than those of the best previous epoxidized tallow‐trimethylolpropane products.
Comparison of lipoxidase oxidation and autoxidation of cottonseed oil by rat bio‐assay
Authors: Koch Robert B. , Smull J. W. , Henick A. S. , Calloway Doris Howes 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA stepwise oxidation of cottonseed oil with navy bean lipoxidase shows a straight‐line relationship for increases in peroxide value, carbonyl value, and diene conjugation.The linear increase in peroxide value for the stepwise enzyme oxidation shows that the substrate is not a limiting factor in enzyme action and that the peroxide content of the oil does not exert an inhibitory effect on the enzyme, at least, within the range obtained in this work.A rat bio‐assay showed that cottonseed oil enzyme oxidized to a P.V. of 690, while not as acceptable, was as adequate as a control oil under conditions of paired feeding. Autoxidation of cottonseed oil to a P.V. of 640 showed definite loss in caloric efficiency compared to the control oil and enzyme oxidized oil.
Fractionation of sesame and safflower oil fatty acids with urea
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Dabhade S. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe fatty acid compositions of sesame and safflower oils have been determined by two urea fractionation procedures. A simple cumulative urea fractionation procedure has been found to give results similar to those obtained by an urea adduct elution method.
Identification of kaempferol‐3‐rhamnoglucoside and quercetin‐3‐glucoglucoside in cottonseed
Authors: Pratt Charles , Wender Simon H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe flavonol glycosides, quercetin‐3‐glucoglucoside and kaempferol‐3‐rhamnoglucoside, have been separated from crushed, delinted cottonseed (kernel and hull) by extensive use of paper chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of their hydrolysis products. Details of the separation and identification are described.
Sucrose ether‐ and ester‐linked surfactants
Authors: Gaertner V. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral effective nonionic surface‐active agents in which a single sucrose moiety is the only solubilizing group were described. Alkylsucroses, preparedviasodium sucrate in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and higher alkyl bromides, are believed to be the first sugar‐based surfactants which are at least equivalent to the best anionics and nonionics in cloth detergency on the basis of laboratory data; they were also active lime‐soap disperstants. Another ether‐linked type, the (3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl) and (2‐hydroxyalkyl) sucroses, derived from glycidyl ethers or olefin oxides, although second in detergency to the first type, included exceptional nonionic lathering agents, t‐Dodecyl‐benzylsucrose, from dodecylbenzyl chloride, was also a rather active detergent and lime‐soap dispersant. Less active but easily prepared sucrose half‐esters from alkenylsuccinic anhydrides were described.One sucrose moiety in ether‐linked surfactants was an effective hydrophile for alkyl hydrophobes at least as large as hexadecyl, but tridecyl derivatives were superior in activity.Major importance was attached to the choice of solvent, catalyst, and time/temperature factors. Evidence was presented to show that sucrose derivatives were partially degraded by the alkaline conditions required in this work and that this degradation was both detrimental to detergeney and initially beneficial to lather in specific cases.An improved procedure involving the use of DMSO for the alkaline dehydrochlorination of higher alkoxychloropropanols to glycidyl ethers was described.
The examination of fats and fatty acids for toxic substances
Authors: Firestone David , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Shue Glen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe chick edema disease factor was found to be present in a number of distillates and residues that were obtained during the production of commercial fatty acids. The raw materials from which the toxic samples were produced included inedible animal tallows, acidulated vegetable oil foots, and oils recovered from tin plate manufacture. The chick edema factor was found to be present in several oleic acids and in a triolein. Twenty stearic acid samples which were examined were nontoxic.The nonurea adduct‐forming fatty acids that were isolated from commercial oleic acids and various distillates and residues from the manufacture of commercial fatty acids were found to be toxic to weanling rats even after hydrogenation. Analysis of the nonurea‐adducting monomers that were isolated from a fatty acid by‐product distillate indicated the presence of cyclic structures.
A monoglyceride‐rich tung oil product
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , Cirino V. O. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method for preparing tung monoglycerides (1) by the reaction of tung oil with an excess of glycerol in the presence of sodium methoxide as the catalyst has been adapted to the preparation of large batches of material. Laboratory scale studies have shown that a product analyzing as containing up to 50% of tung monoglycerides is produced when the reaction is carried out at 150ŶC. for one hour with an excess of 1 mole of glycerol and 1% of sodium methoxide (based on oil weight). The data were applied successfully to three batchwise pilotplant preparations using from 30 to 47 pounds of tung oil to produce a product containing from 32% to 45% tung monoglycerides. Unreated glycerol was successfully separated from the product by centrifugation, with no water or salt solution washing, to give a product containing 1.5% to 3.5% free glycerol.Difficulties were encountered in analyzing the product for monoglyceride, and it was found that the triene conjugation contributed to high results, However, there also appear to be components other than simple monoglycerides in the product which analyze as monoglycerides to give a falsely high value, as evidenced by differences found by analyses of the products before and after essentially complete hydrogenation.
The nutritive value of the Brazil nut oil
Authors: Elias Luiz G. , Bressani Ricardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe chemical composition of the decorticated Brazil nut in the natural and fat‐free state was determined, and the results confirm that this seed contains significant amounts of oil and protein. In three growth experiments carried out in rats, the Brazil nut oil had a nutritive value comparable to that of butterfat and the common table oils, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and corn oil. The use of levels of the Brazil nut oil up to 20% of the diet did not reduce growth or food consumption of rats. Heat treatment of the oil up to 120 min. at 140ŶC. did not reduce its nutritive value. The coefficient of digestibility of the Brazil nut oil was similar to that of the other oils, fresh and heated. The digestibility of the Brazil nut oil averaged 98% and was not affected by the heat treatment. The data indicate that Brazil nut oil is comparable to other animal and vegetable fats and oils in common use for human consumption.
Trends in industrial markets for fats and oils and derivatives
Authors: Poats F. J. , Sills M. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the past decade, research by industry and government has developed numerous new chemical markets for fats and oils derivatives. Lower prices for competitive raw materials have forced some of these new products into specialty markets. Economic factors, such as the continual growth of the chemical industry, population increases, and high consumer demand, have allowed for steady growth in the fat‐derivative market. New fat‐type plasticizers are currently consuming about 60 million pounds of fats annually. Synthetic lubricants will probably be consuming 20 million pounds of fatty diesters annually by 1965. Animal feeds consume approximately 600 million pounds of fats and fat derivatives annually and may eventually become the leading domestic nonfood market for fats. The protective coating market as an outlet for fats continues to decline, and the continuing shift to nonfat materials and changes in pain formulas indicate that, while the demand for protective coatings may increase, the use of fats in their manufacture may not share in the increase. Nonfat chemical raw materials provide intense price competition for fatty raw materials. Fat prices are influenced by the demand for use in food, soap, paints, and possibly animal feeds rather than by the demand for use as chemical raw materials.
Fatty acid compositions of indian shark liver fats
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Dey L. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLiver fats ofCarcharias limbatus andPristis cuspidatus from the West Coast of India have been studied.Lithium salt‐acetone and lead salt‐alcohol methods were adopted for the resolution of the fatty acids. An efficient, electrically heated and packed column has been employed for fractionation of the methyl esters of fatty acids.These fats have been found to have a high content of saturated fatty acids and thus belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto's classification of Elasmobranch fish liver fats.Analyses of the liver oils from the same species of fish show that there is a tendeney towards saturation or hydrogenation of polyethylenic acids accompanied by an increasing concentration of unsaponifiable matter, which is mainly alcohol ethers of the selachyl type, in accordance with Lovern's views.
Some properties of the lipase present in germinating rapeseed
Authors: Wetter L. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe lipase content of rapeseed germinated in light increases by 100‐fold over that of the dormant seed. The increase was much less in seeds germinated in the absence of light. A zero‐order reaction rate for the enzyme was observed when tributyrin was employed as the substrate. Optimum activity occurred at pH 8.5. The Michaelis‐Menton was calculated to be 4.06×10−4 M, which is close to values reported for other lipases. While most substances tested had no effect on fat‐splitting activity, NaCN, NaN3, and glutathione behaved as activators.
X‐ray diffraction powder data of some thiol esters of long chain fatty acids
Authors: Witnauer L. P. , Lutz D. A. , Sasin G. S. , Sasin R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryX‐ray diffraction powder data were obtained for 14 thiol esters of long chain fatty acids including benzyl, β‐naphthyl,n‐amyl, andn‐hexyl thiol myristates; thiol palmitates; thiol stearates; and in some cases thiol laurates. All the individual compounds can be readily distinguished and identified by the diffraction data. Long spacings increase regularly with increase in hydrocarbon chain length. The benzyl and β‐naphthyl thiol esters crystallize in tilted bimolecular layers while then‐amyl andn‐hexyl thiol derivatives crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers.
Comparison of antioxidants for fats on an equivalent molar basis
Authors: Everson C. W. , Miller G. J. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn oven incubation method for determining the relative effectiveness of antioxidants is described, which has yielded results with an over‐all average variation of 2.07%. The antioxidants were compared on an equivalent molar basis, and potencies are expressed as a “catechol index”.The catechol index of a given antioxidant is defined as the ratio of its antioxidant activity to that of an equivalent molar concentration of catechol. It provides a quantitative measure of the relative effectiveness of various antioxidants, which takes into consideration the concentration of antioxidant, the induction periods of the stabilized sample and control substrate, and, at least to some extent, the substrate used.Catechol indexes of 28 phenolic compounds are given and discussed, and several relationships between structure and antioxygenic activity are pointed out.
Enzymatic synthesis of acetylated glucose fatty acid esters in organic solvent
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo immobilized lipases fromCandida antarctica (SP 382) andC. cylindraceae, nowrugosa (2001), catalyzed the synthesis of novel acetylated glucose fatty acid esters with glucose pentaacetate (GP) and Trisun 80 (80% oleic) vegetable oil or methyl oleate as substrates in organic solvents. The relative yield was between 6.4–52%, and the incorporation of oleic acid onto the glucose was between 31–100%. In addition, these enzymes were able to catalyze the synthesis of glucose fatty acid esters with free glucose as the sugar substrate. The highest oleic acid incorporation (100%) was obtained in benzene with SP 382 lipase and Trisun 80 as the acyl donor. With methyl oleate as the acyl donor, greater incorporation was obtained in benzene (90.5%) compared to 75% in isooctane. The 2001 lipase was better in benzene/pyridine (2∶1 vol/vol) 74%) and chloroform (61%) compared to benzene and isooctane. However, with free glucose and Trisun 80 as substrates, both enzymes gave acceptable levels of oleic acid incorporation (82–100%) in benzene, benzene/pyridine and pyridine. The best conditions for the ester interchange reaction reported are: lipase (10% by weight of substrate); incubation time 48 h; molar ratio of Trisun/GP 1∶2; 3 mL solvent and 3% added water. These glucose esters have potential applications as emulsifiers in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
The effect of builders on the sorption of sodium myristyl sulphate on cotton and on carbon
Authors: Perry G. S. , Weatherburn A. S. , Bayley C. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn the case of sorption on cotton there was an approximately linear increase in sorption of the detergent with increasing builder concentration. The effectiveness of the builders in this respect increased with increasing anionic charge and decreasing pH of the builder. In the case of sorption on carbon the addition of builder again led to an increase in sorption, but in this case the sorption was an exponential function of the builder concentration. The differences in effectiveness of the various builders in increasing sorption was less clear‐cut than in the case of sorption on cotton, and there did not appear to be any consistent correlation between the amount of detergent sorbed and either the pH or the anionic charge of the builder.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. X. Sulfated, ethenoxylated tallow alcohols
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Maurer E. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySulfated ethenoxylated tallow alcohols of average composition corresponding to the formulas C16H33(OC2H4)2OSO3Na, C18H37(OC2H4)2OSO3Na, and C18H37(OC2H4)10OSO3Na, were prepared by ethenoxylation and sulfation of hexadecanol and octadecanol.The incorporation of two ethenoxy groups improved solubility without loss in detergency compared to the corresponding sodium hexadecyl and octadecyl sulfates. With consideration also of economy in the number of ethenoxy groups, two appear to be near the optimum. The product with 10 ethenoxy groups was an even more readily soluble but less effective detergent.Of the sulfated ethenoxylated tallow alcohols, sodium hexadecyloxyethoxyethyl sulfate [C16H33(OC2H4)2OSO3Na] had the lowest surface‐tension and the best foaming properties; sodium octadecyloxyethoxyethyl sulfate [C18H37(OC2H4)2OSO3Na] was the best emulsifying agent; and the product with 10 ethenoxy groups [C18H37(OC2H4)10OSO3Na] had the greatest stability in regard to metallic ions and to acid hydrolysis.All three were excellent lime‐soap dispersing agents with good or excellent emulsifying properties and stability in regard to metallic ions.
Direct determination oftrans unsaturation in triglycerides by infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Szonyi C. , Tait R. S. , Craske J. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA differential infrared spectrophotometric method is described for the determination oftrans unsaturation in fats. The method utilizes absorption at 965 cm蜢1, due to the C蜢H out‐of‐plane deformation vibrations oftrans unsaturated compounds. The method is rapid, accurate, and directly applicable to the determination oftrans unsaturation in triglycerides. It is applicable to samples which contain low concentrations oftrans acids (down to 2%) and also to samples with fatty acids of mixed chain length.
The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalysts. VI. Hydrogenation for margarine
Authors: Zajcew Mykola 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSatisfactory margarine stocks have been made with a palladium on carbon catalyst in laboratory, pilot plant, and plant processing. The catalyst was shown to make a satisfactory product even when, on continued re‐use, the ratio of oil to metal used reached 400,000 to 1.
The hydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids by the ruminant
Authors: Reiser Raymond , Ramakrishna Reddy H. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryGoats were fed alfalfa meal containing 10% cottonseed or linseed oil. After 11 weeks the fatty acids of rumen, stomach, and caecum contents were compared to those of the feed.It was found that the high levels of linoleic and linolenic acis of the feed were reduced to very low levels in the rumen, with comparable increases in the saturated acids. Monoethenoid acids were increased after linseed oil ingestion and in one animal after cottonseed oil ingestion.The ratio of monoethenoid to saturated acids in the rumen fat was lower than in the endogenous fat of nonruminant animals. This explains the paradox of the low ratio in the depot fat of ruminants even after the ingestion of highly unsaturated fats.
Soy protein gelation
Authors: Hermansson A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHeat‐induced protein gels are of importance for the structure and properties of many food products. Gel formation is a complex process which often involves several reactions such as denaturation, dissociation‐association, and aggregation. The kinetics of the reactions involved will determine the type of structure formed. Protein gels can be divided into two types: gels formed by random aggregation and gels formed by association of molecules into strands in a more ordered way.The two soy proteins glycinin and conglycinin both have the ability to form ordered structures consisting of strands 10–15 nm thick. The glycinin gel strands formed in distilled water are regular, and cross sections of strands showed a hollow cylindrical structure. In the presence of sodium chloride, glycinin forms an aggregated gel structure at 85 C, but at 95 C a regular structure similar to that found in distilled water was formed. The aggregated structure was interpreted as a transient state similar to the soluble aggregate formed on heating dilute solutions prior to dissociation into subunits.Conglycinin gels are more irregular and more cross‐linked than gels of glycinin. Also, the strands of conglycinin showed a complex mode of aggregation possibly in the form of double spirals. The addition of salt does not affect the microstructure of conglycinin gels as dramatically as in the case of glycinin gels.Commercially produced soy protein isolates may behave quite differently from native soy proteins, due to processing conditions causing denaturation and various states of aggregation.
Nephelometric determination of phosphorus in soybean and corn oil processing
Authors: Sinram Roger D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA procedure to measure phosphorus content of soybean and corn oil samples has been developed using nephelometry (turbidity). The method uses the relationship between phosphorus level due to phosphatides in vegetable oil and turbidity formed in phosphatide mixtures. The rapid 10‐min determination of phosphorus in process samples is 30 times faster than colorimetric methods. Phosphorus vs turbidity data formed nearly linear relationships for crude, degummed, once‐refined, bleached and deodorized soybean and corn oil process samples.
Cupania anacardioides: A rich source of cyanolipids
Authors: Mustafa J. , Gupta A. , Agarwal R. , Osman S. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed oil ofCupania anacardioides (Sapindaceae) was found to contain cyanolipid I and cyanolipid III at 41.3% and 11.7%, respectively. Structures of these cyanolipid fractions were confirmed by spectroscopic methods.
Iodine values of acidulated coconut oil soapstock
Authors: Kuber S. R. , Newby Wales H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAnalyses and comparisons of a number of representative samples have shown that acidulated coconut oil soapstock may have an iodine value as much as 100% greater than that of the corresponding refined oil without any contamination being involved. Exactly what the spread between any given soapstock and oil will be apparently depends on the free fatty acid content of the original crude oil and the relative efficiency of the refining process. It was found that, for coconut soapstocks produced by standard laboratory refining tests, the relation between free fatty acid content and iodine value spread can be represented by the formula I.V. Spread=9.5–759 FFA. The efficiency of the refining process affects results insofar as it reduces the entrainment of neutral oil. Removing all of the neutral oil from four laboratory‐produced soapstocks prior to acidulation raised the iodine value approximately two units in all cases.The practical significance of these results is obvious. A refiner processing high grade crude coconut oil of 9.5, iodine value by a highly efficient refining procedure cannot be expected to produce an acidulated soapstock of less than about 18.0 in iodine value. With higher free fatty acid crude oil and less efficient refining procedures lower iodine values are possible, but since soapstock is of minor economic value compared to refined oil, the trend will always be toward better grade crude oils and more efficient refining processes.
Boiling point‐vapor pressure‐composition relations for trichloroethylene‐cottonseed oil miscellas
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Liu Fu K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe boiling points of crude cottonseed oil‐trichloroethylene miscellas for pressures below atmospheric have been determined. The data indicate that the temperature‐pressure relations for these miscellas differ from those of cottonseed oil‐hexane miscellas in that, even below 50% oil concentrations, they are lower than those calculated by Raoult's law. Above 50% the deviation from the calculated values becomes greater.