bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbonylation of Organic Halides with Carbon Monoxide Mediated by Samarium Diiodide. Improvement and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Tomisaka Yuri , Harato Nami , Sato Masahiro , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide, photoinduced reductive carbonylation of organic halides (RX) with samarium diiodide (SmI2) occurs to afford the corresponding unsymmetrical ketones (RC(O)CH2R) in good yields. Mechanistic insight into this carbonylation, especially the pathway for the generation of an acylsamarium species (RC(O)SmI2) as a key intermediate, is also investigated in detail.
Growth of CdWO4 Nanorods and Nanowires by a Surfactant Directed Adsorption Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Yuanguang , Zhou Gen-Tao , Liu Yi , Gao Ning , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
CdWO4 nanorods and nanowires were obtained from surfactant directed adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), respectively, under hydrothermal conditions. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). TEM and HRTEM analyses confirm that the CdWO4 nanorods synthesized in the presence of the cationic surfactant CTAB have an average diameter of 36 nm and lengths of up to 1 μm, with a preferential growth direction along [100], and the CdWO4 nanowires grown in the presence of the anionic surfactant SDBS are around 12 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length, with a growth direction along [110]. Their luminescent properties measured at room temperature show that the nanorod-like CdWO4 has a stronger PL peak at 460 nm than the nanowire-like structures. A surfactant directing adsorption mechanism has been proposed.
Vapor-Phase Ethylation of Biphenyl over MTW Zeolites
Authors: Mulla Shafeek Abdul Rashid , Waghmode Suresh B , Watanabe Seiji , Maekawa Hiroyoshi , Komura Kenichi , Kubota Yoshihiro , Sugi Yoshihiro , Kim Jong-Ho , Seo Gon 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Vapor-phase ethylation of biphenyl (BP) with ethanol over the MTW zeolites was examined by using a fixed-bed flow reactor, and compared to the catalyses over MOR and MFI zeolites. Two types of MTW zeolites: MTW-S (small crystal) and MTW-L (large crystal) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The selectivity for 4,4′-diethylbiphenyl (4,4′-DEBP) over the MTW zeolites was the highest among the other zeolites, such as MOR and MFI. The catalytic activity of MTW-S was higher than MTW-L. The selectivities for 4,4′-DEBP at 300 °C were ca. 30% for MTW-S and ca. 22% for MTW-L among the DEBP isomers. The dealumination of the MTW zeolites enhanced the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP although the catalytic activity was slightly decreased. In particular, the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP over dealuminated MTW-L by steaming and subsequent refluxing in hydrochloric acid increased from 22 to 42% at 300 °C. The enhancement of the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP is due to the decrease in non-selective reactions at external acid sites because these sites are removed by the dealumination. The selectivities are higher than those of equilibrium mixtures, and the slimmest isomer. 4,4′-DEBP is preferentially formed due to the steric interaction of reactants and products with acidic sites in the MTW channels. Molecular modeling on the diffusion of products in the MTW channel suggests that 4,4′-DEBP isomer can diffuse most easily among DEBP isomers. 4,4′-DEBP and other isomers easily diffuse inside MOR channel; however, they cannot in the MFI channels. These results show that the formation of 4,4′-DEBP is the most favorable due to the diffusion and the restriction of transition state in the MTW channels.
Fabrication of Microreactor Using Glass Capillary with Cu/SiO2 Layer
Authors: Takahashi Ryoji , Sato Satoshi , Sodesawa Toshiaki , Haga Yuta , Kobayashi Kei , Watanabe Souta , Ishizuki Masanari , Matsutani Katsuhiro , Mikami Naoki 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A catalytic reactor using a capillary column with Cu/SiO2 layer on its inner surface was prepared by injecting a silica sol containing Cu ions in a fused silica capillary and by subsequent gelation under the conditions controlled in order to deposit silica gel uniformly on the inner wall of the capillary. Its catalytic activity was demonstrated in the hydrogenation of propene by constructing a pulse reactor using the catalyst capillary and a separation capillary with pure silica gel layer.
Results of conservation surgery for cancers of the supraglottis and pyriform sinus
Authors: Ogura Joseph H. , Marks James E. , Freeman Richard B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective review of patients treated by surgery and/or radiation for carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and the pyriform sinus was accomplished for the period 1964‐1974. This patient population reflects the 10‐year period following earlier experience with conservation surgery at this institution, and, thus, updates the current status of treatment for these cancers. Endpoints examined included survival, control, pattern of failure, the influence of nodal metastasis, and voice preservation.Of 160 patients treated for supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma, 119 received conservation surgery (subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy, SSL, or partial laryngopharyngectomy, PLP); 21 patients received total laryngectomy; and 20 others received palliative radiation. The 3‐year actuarial survivals for these groups were 67%, 43% and 30%, respectively. Voice was preserved in 85% of the patients treated by conservation surgery, in 70% of those treated by radiation alone, and, of course, in none of the patients receiving total laryngectomy.There were 175 patients treated for carcinoma of the pyriform sinus; 85 received PLP; 57, total laryngopharyngectomy (TLP); and 33, palliative radiation. Actuarial 3‐year survival was 59% for the PLP‐treated group, 36% for the TLP‐treated group and 11% for the palliation group. Voice was preserved in 52% of the patients treated by conservation surgery, in 6% of those treated by radiation alone, and in none of those patients treated by total laryngectomy.Comparison of this data with that in other published reports indicates that, for selected patients, conservation surgery is as effective in controlling disease as is radical surgery. Furthermore, it is possible to preserve speaking ability in a significant number of patients having carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx or pyriform sinus.
Anatomical relationships of the cochlear nuclei and the pontobulbar body: Possible significance for neuroprosthesis placement
Authors: Terr Leonid I. , Sinha Uttam K. , House William F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pontobulbar body (PBB) is located in the cerebellopontine angle caudally to the cochlear nuclear complex (CN). We found the common boundary between these two structures on the surface of the brain stem as well as within it. We used the Kluver‐Barrerastaining technique tocharacterize different neuronal types adjacent to the boundary. Although the majority of them in the CN were globular, we also saw a substantial number of spherical neurons. Neurons in the PBB were substantially different in shape and were mainly angular. The boundary between the PBB and CN at their closest contact runs around the caudal side of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the most proximal part of the eighth nerve. In the more dorsal region, the PBB is completely separated from the CN by the brain stem tissue. In the ventral region, the PBB runs between the seventh and eighth nerves, and it is adjacent to both. These results might aid accurate placement of the central electroauditory prosthesis and further understanding of the general anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle.
Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: A newly recognized cause of acute obstruction in mechanically ventilated neonates
Authors: Wilson Kent S. , Carley Richard B. , Mammel Mark C. , Ophoven Janice P. , Boros Stephen J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNecrotizing tracheobronchitis (NTB) is an acute inflammatory lesion of the lower airway which can result in total airway obstruction. While potentially treatable, this lesion has been described predominantly in autopsy or animal studies. We observed clinical symptoms which reflect development of this lesion. Symptoms of acute airway obstruction (hypercarbia, respiratory acidosis, decreased chest wall movement) occurred in eight neonates undergoing treatment with high‐frequency jet ventilation; five patients treated with HFJV were studied without signs of obstruction. Emergency bronchoscopy using a rigid bronchoscope was performed in the intensive care unit. The diagnosis of NTB was made by the observation of hyperemia, intraluminal debris, or the appearance of eschar formation. Necrotic debris was removed using forceps and/or suction as necessary. All patients survived treatment. Seven were long‐term survivors, all with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In patients who died, autopsy evaluation of the airway revealed a characteristic picture consisting of necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, epithelial erosion, and intraluminal obstruction.NTB is a newly recognized cause of sudden, potentially fatal airway obstruction. Treatment consists of emergency bronchoscopy and removal of intraluminal debris. All survivors had bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
The diagnostic accuracy of pharyngoesophagram compared to esophagoscopy in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Grossman Thomas W. , Kita Mark S. , Toohill Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo hundred and fifty‐four patients with head and neck cancer were entered into a prospective study comparing the results of pharyngoesophagram to esophagoscopy. All patients had pharyngoesophagram deemed adequate to evaluate the esophagus and rigid esophagoscopy to at least 30 cm from the upper incisor teeth. In 239 (94.1%) patients both the pharyngoesophagram and esophagoscopy were negative. Four esophageal tumors were found. Only one of these tumors (25%) was detected on pharyngoesophagram. We believe that the pharyngoesophagram should be a part of the initial work‐up of every head and neck cancer patient and should precede esophagoscopy. However, the barium swallow cannot be relied upon exclusively to detect small simultaneous second primary esophageal malignancies.
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
Authors: Finkelhor Benjamin K. , Harker Lee A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBenign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood is a vestibular disorder characterized by multiple sudden brief episodes of true vertigo with nystagmus usually beginning after the age of 4. The diagnosis is based on the characteristic history, because the otologic and neurologic examinations, electronystagmogram, audiogram, and electroencephalogram are usually normal. The etiology of the disorder remains unknown, although a vascular disturbance of the posterior circulation with ischemia of the labyrinth or vestibular nuclei is most commonly postulated. A review of the literature and five new cases are used to acquaint otolaryngologists with this entity, review the characteristic clinical history, discuss differential diagnosis, and emphasize the usual clinical course.
Residual and recurrent acoustic neuromas
Authors: Beatty Charles W. , Ebersold Michael J. , Harner Stephen G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective study was conducted on all 23 patients who underwent operation for residual or recurrent acoustic neuromas during the 10‐year period January 1976 through December 1985. The most common symptoms at the time of reoperation were ataxia (16 patients), facial paresthesias (13 patients), and headaches (9 patients). Primary procedures had consisted of suboccipital posterior fossa approaches in 22 patients and a middle fossa approach in one. Reoperation for recurrent or residual tumor consisted of a retrosigmoid approach in 17 patients and a translabyrinthine or translaby‐rinthine/retrosigmoid approach in six patients. This study confirms that residual or recurrent acoustic tumors are not common. It also suggests that long‐term follow‐up, for at least 7 to 8 years, is indicated.
Brain herniation and space‐occupying lesions eroding the tegmen tympani
Authors: Bowes Anita King , Wiet Richard J. , Monsell Edwin M. , Hahn Yoon S. , O'Connor Cathleen A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTechnological advances in neuroradiology and the development of skull base surgery in neurotology have improved diagnosis and management of lesions eroding the tegmen tympani. The diagnosis of brain hernia is to be suspected in patients with a history of complicated chronic ear surgery and a slowly developing pulsatile mass with CSF leak. Patients are best evaluated in the upright position, with an otomicroscope and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Over 6 years, our group has treated seven patients with eight space‐occupying lesions eroding the tegmen. Five of the lesions were repaired with a temporalis muscle flap, 2 with fascia and bone, and 1 with Marlex. A review of new technology in the diagnosis of brain hernia and a modification of previous techniques is given.
Laryngeal pacemaker using a temperature sensor in the canine
Authors: Kim Kwang Moon , Choi Hong Shik , Km Gill Ryoung , Hong Won Pyo , Chun Young Myoung , Paek Yong Jae 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWith the use of a temperature sensor that would detect temperature changes during the respiratory cycle in the pharynx, electrical stimulation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle was achieved in doge whose recurrent laryngeal nerves were artificially paralyzed. Due to the temperature difference between inspiratory and expiratory air flow, a trigger pulse was generated at the beginning of inspiration. The stimulation pulse following the trigger pulse stimulated the electrodes inserted into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. In all five canines, obvious abduction of the vocal folds synchronized with inspiration was observed during electrical pacing.
Book Reviews
Authors: Burn Stephen , Bennett G.H , Kaplan George , Bennett G.H 
Published: October 2006

David Cowart, Don DeLillo: The Physics of Language, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002, 257pp., ISBN 0-8203-2320-9
Hugh Ruppersburg and Tim Engles (eds.), Critical Essays on Don DeLillo, New York: Hall, 2000, 321pp., ISBN 0-7838-0458-X
Christopher Hewitt, Understanding
Terrorism In America: From The Klan to Al Qaeda, London and New York: Routledge, 2002, 192 pp., ISBN 0415277663 (paperback) 14.99
Christopher Sandars, America's Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 354 pp., ISBN 0198296878 (hardback)
45.00
Rodney Broome, Amerike: The Briton Who Gave America Its Name, Stroud: Sutton, 2002, 238 pp., ISBN 075092909X (hardback) 14.99
Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Ointment Treatment for up to 4 Years in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Spergel Jonathan M. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose of the Study.
This study was designed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).

Study Population.
A total of 408 adult and 391 pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe AD who had participated in a previous clinical trial of tacrolimus ointments. The pediatric patients were from 2 to 15 years of age (185 patients aged 2–6 years, and 206 patients aged 7–15 years), and 93.5% of the patients had severe AD.

Methods.
Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% was applied twice daily either intermittently or continuously to the affected areas. Efficacy and safety assessments included percent body surface area affected, Eczema Area and Severity Index score, individual signs of AD, and the incidence of adverse events. Patients were treated for a range of 1 to 1186 days (median: 982 days). A total of 37.5% of the patients in the study were treated for &gt;3 years.

Results.
Improvements in efficacy parameters were observed within 1 week of treatment and continued for the duration of the study. Common adverse events included skin burning, pruritus, skin infection, skin erythema, flu-like symptoms, and headache. The incidence of adverse events, including cutaneous infections, did not increase with time on treatment.

Conclusion.
Tacrolimus ointment therapy is a rapidly effective and safe treatment for the management of AD in pediatric and adult patients for up to 4 years.

Reviewer Comments.
This study shows no long-term adverse effects of this topical calcineurin inhibitor in the treatment of AD. Most patients had &gt;2½ years of treatment without increase in the number or incidence of infections. If these drugs were systemically immunosuppressive, the number of cutaneous or systemic infections would have been expected to increase.
The Influence of Pulmonary Function Testing on the Management of Asthma in Children
Authors: Kaplan Michael S. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose of the Study.
Seventy-five percent of the asthma care in the United States is provided by primary care generalists. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines recommend spirometry to assess management once the peak flow has stabilized. The purpose of this study was to assess how pulmonary-function tests (PFTs) performed during a patient encounter influence management decisions beyond the history and physical examination alone.

Study Population.
A total of 367 asthmatic patients were enrolled during their visit to a pediatric pulmonary clinic. The patients were 4 to 18 years old (mean: 10.4 years), and 60% were male. Patients were excluded if PFTs could not be performed on them, if they had a pulmonary diagnosis other than asthma, or if they had used albuterol within 4 hours.

Methods.
History of asthma symptoms was obtained, and a physical examination was performed. Spirometry was performed before the provider assessment. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) was also obtained. The results of the PFTs were not known to the provider at the time of the assessment and initial decision-making. The provider then reviewed the spirometry results and revised the initial recommendations if necessary. Changes in management were analyzed with respect to demographic data and spirometry. The diagnostic accuracy of PEF to detect abnormal lung function was determined.

Results.
Eight percent of the patients had mild intermittent asthma, 21% mild persistent asthma, 57% moderate persistent asthma, and 14% severe persistent asthma. Spirometry results were normal in 55% of the visits. Abnormal spirometry occurred equally in boys and girls. Sixty percent of the abnormal results were new compared with previous baseline measurements. The likelihood of an abnormal PFT increased with increasing severity classification. Ten percent of those in the group with mild intermittent asthma had abnormal PFTs, compared with 74% of those with severe persistent asthma. PFT results changed management in 15% of the visits. When spirometry did not change the treatment, the providers were more likely to have already decided to maintain therapy (58%). When spirometry did change treatment, providers were more likely to increase medications (75%). PEF was moderately inaccurate in detecting abnormal spirometry.

Conclusions.
In a clinical setting, even asthma care experts tended to overestimate the degree of asthma control as measured by airway obstruction. Spirometry results in this study were just as likely to be abnormal in patients with a normal history and physical examination.

Reviewer Comments.
The next logical question is: Does decision-making enhanced by spirometry result in better outcomes such as decreased symptoms, improved functioning and sleep, fewer exacerbations requiring steroid rescue, and less use of urgent asthma care services? When assessing asthma control, one should always consider comorbidities and adherence issues before stepping up therapy.
Mutations in TNFRSF13B Encoding TACI Are Associated With Common Variable Immunodeficiency in Humans
Authors: Bonilla Francisco A. 
Published: September 2006

&gt;Purpose of the Studies.To search for mutations of TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor; also TNFRSF13B) in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and immunoglobulin A deficiency (IGAD).Study Populations.Salzer et al screened 162 unrelated individuals with CVID. Castigli et al studied 19 unrelated individuals with CVID and 16 with IGAD. Healthy individuals (100 and 50, respectively) served as controls.Methods.Genomic DNA from patients was subjected to reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction sequencing analysis of the 5 exons of the gene encoding TACI. Binding of mutant TACI to ligands and stimulation of immunoglobulin production in vitro with TACI agonists in patients was also studied.Results.Salzer et al identified 13 individuals with CVID who had mutations in TACI. Castigli et al identified 4 individuals with CVID and 1 with IGAD and TACI mutations. None of the 150 controls studied had any of the identified TACI mutations. Interestingly, TACI mutations could cause disease in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions. Patients’ cells had diminished binding to TACI ligands and showed diminished responses (immunoglobulin production) to TACI agonists in vitro. The clinical characteristics of the patients included hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired antibody responses, recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections, autoimmune disease (anemia, thyroiditis, positive antinuclear antibody), lymphoproliferative disease, and malignancy (B-cell lymphoma, gastric carcinoma).Conclusions.Approximately 8% to 20% of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency or IGAD may have heterozygous or homozygous mutation in TACI. This genetic alteration should be sought in patients with these disorders.Reviewer Comments.CVID and IGAD are among the most prevalent humoral immunodeficiencies at all ages. These studies represent important descriptions of defined mutations in patients with CVID and IGAD occurring in a significant fraction of these patients in 2 relatively genetically disparate populations. The ability to clearly define the underlying cause of disease in these patients will immediately lead to greater accuracy and confidence in diagnosis, earlier and more aggressive therapy, and, hopefully, improved outcomes.