bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene paleogeographies of the Palairos coastal plain (Akarnania, northwest Greece) and their geoarchaeological implications
Authors: Vött Andreas , Brückner Helmut , Schriever Armin , Luther Jochen , Handl Mathias , van der Borg Klaas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSediments from the Palairos coastal plain (Akarnania, northwest Greece) were studied to establish paleogeographical scenarios of Holocene landscape evolution. Near coast vibracore profiles revealed regressive sedimentary sequences, the base of which is dominated by marine sand and/or lagoonal mud. The middle and upper parts of the sequences are made up of lacustrine mud and fine‐ to coarse‐grained alluvial deposits reflecting the increased activity of torrential river systems. In the southern plain, marine sediments of the maximum incursion of the Ionian Sea were found 1 km inland and date from the seventh millennium B.C. This proves that the Lake Voulkaria in the northern plain does not represent the remains of a former marine embayment. Subsequently, a large lagoon developed and existed until the fourth millennium B.C. The central plain was mainly exposed to subaerial conditions when man started to colonize the area in the seventh millennium B.C. In the fifth millennium B.C., the Palairos lagoon turned into a freshwater lake. When ancient Palairos was founded in the 6th century B.C., shallow lakes and swamps dominated the southern and central parts of the plain. At that time, a narrow canal‐like connection between the Bay of Palairos‐Pogonia and the Lake Voulkaria existed and was possibly used as a slipway for ships. During the last 4000 years, the Palairos plain experienced strong input of fluvial sediments which finally filled up the coastal lake as well as the swampy grounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Landscape and early farming settlement dynamics in central Greece
Authors: Bintliff John , Farinetti Emeri , Sarri Kalliope , Sebastiani Renato 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCurrent hyperintensive surface survey in the Tanagra district of Boeotia, central Greece (J. L. Bintliff et al., 2002), together with a recent reanalysis of survey results from the Thespiae district (J. L. Bintliff et al., 1999), have led to a radical rethinking of how and where early farmers exploited the Greek landscape between earliest Neolithic and Early Bronze Age times. This new work is described, and its significance for the wider debates about the Greek landscape in this period is further discussed, to demonstrate that alongside widely spaced villages in earlier Neolithic times there were also small, short‐lived farms; both were associated with wetland hand cultivation. In later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age times, these locations remained, but vestigial traces discovered by hyperintensive survey methods have identified an explosion of small, short‐lived, and horizontally migrating farms across the newly cleared interfluve zones. A largely lost alluvial terrace provides a major resource for the earlier, wetland farming foci. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Holocene environment and settlement on the Çarşamba alluvial fan, south‐central Turkey: Integrating geoarchaeology and archaeological field survey
Authors: Boyer Peter , Roberts Neil , Baird Douglas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe four‐dimensional geomorphological history of the Çarşamba fan in the Konya Basin, Turkey, has been reconstructed as part of integrated field research into the relations between Holocene environments and settlement history within a spatially well defined alluvial landscape, ∼500 km2in extent. This has involved on‐ and offsite study of alluvial sequences linked to a systematic archaeological site survey of multiperiod settlement mounds and to excavations at the Neolithic–Chalcolithic site of Çatalhöyük. Two principal alluvial units lie above Late Pleistocene lake marls and have been characterized using particle size, magnetic susceptibility, organic and carbonate content, and color. Based on a combination of14C, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and archaeological evidence, the lower unit dates primarily to the Neolithic–Chalcolithic, while the upper unit dates from Bronze Age to post‐Byzantine times. Counterintuitively, alluvial landscape changes have not necessarily led to the systematic burial —and, therefore, “loss”—of those archaeological sites that are smaller or shallower, earlier (i.e., prehistoric), and located closer to the fan apex. As well as being important in interpreting settlement distributions, this geomorphological history of alluviation, pedogenesis, and erosion also provides data on changing flood regimes and soil and water availability that have affected the suitability of individual areas for human occupation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Archaeology and climate: Settlement and lake‐level changes at the Aral Sea
Authors: Boroffka Nikolaus , Oberhänsli Hedi , Sorrel Philippe , Demory Francois , Reinhardt Christian , Wünnemann Bernd , Alimov Kamildzhan , Baratov Sergey , Rakhimov Kamildzhan , Saparov Nasbirgen , Shirinov Timur , Krivonogov Sergey K. , Röhl Ursula 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNew archaeological and geomorphologic data collected adjacent to the Aral Sea show lake‐level stands during the late Pleistocene and the past 5000 years. On the northern and southern shores, archaeological sites from the Palaeolithic through the Late Middle Ages contain evidence of various cultures and economies. Changes in settlement activity during the mid‐Holocene are related to several major lake‐level oscillations. Some of them, especially those which occurred at approximately 350–450 cal B.P. (during the Little Ice Age), 700–780 cal B.P., around 1400 cal B.P., and 1600–2000 cal B.P., were accompanied by lithological changes in sediment cores retrieved from the Aral Sea and were observed in shoreline shifts. We show that a maximum lake level at 72–73 m above sea level cannot be corroborated. The highest lake level, which was reached at the beginning of the 20th century, probably never exceeded 54–55 m a.s.l. Furthermore, we documented a previously unknown low‐level stand at 42–43 m a.s.l. that dated to the Bronze Age (∼4000–3000 B.P.). The regression during 1200–1300 cal A.D. was formerly underestimated and was lower than the present‐day lake level. The observed environmental changes, except those since the 1960s, are most probably driven by climate variability, though human activities (e.g., irrigation) can amplify the impact. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Satellite imagery as a resource in the prospection for archaeological sites in central Syria
Authors: Wilkinson Keith N. , Beck Anthony R. , Philip Graham 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBoth IKONOS and CORONA satellite imagery are currently being employed by the research project Settlement and Landscape Development in the Homs Region, Syria, as the primary deskbased means of detecting non‐tell archaeological sites, a category that has generally been underrepresented in traditional tell‐centered surveys in the Middle East. Satellite imagery provides a highly effective means of prospecting for ancient settlement remains on the marl geologies of the project's Southern Study Area. The recent intense agricultural development of the area and a largely erosive landscape history since the Bronze Age mean that ancient settlements survive as “lags” in the present soils that display either highly reflective or (more rarely) absorptive signatures in the imagery. As a result, many previously unknown archaeological sites have been detected by the project. Laboratory analysis of transects of samples taken across four sites detected in the satellite imagery suggests that the reflectance/absorption spectra of the archaeological sites is largely a product of the grain‐size variations that result from occupation activities; geochemical and magnetic properties play a lesser role. The grain‐size properties of the site locations are likely to reflect the decomposition of mud‐brick, the dominant building material in the area for much of the past. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular iron status influences the functional relationship between microglia and oligodendrocytes
Authors: Zhang X. , Surguladze N. , Slagle‐Webb B. , Cozzi A. , Connor J. R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPreviously, we have reported that there is a spatiotemporal relationship between iron accumulation in microglia and oligodendrocytes during normal development and in remyelination following injury. This in vivo observation has prompted us to develop a cell culture model to test the relationship between iron status of microglia and survival of oligodendrocytes. We found that conditioned media from iron‐loaded microglia increases the survival of oligodendrocytes; but conditioned media from iron loaded activated microglia is toxic to oligodendrocytes. In the trophic condition, one of the proteins released by iron‐loaded microglia is H‐ferritin, and transfecting the microglia with siRNA for H‐ferritin blocks the trophic response on oligodendrocytes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation decreases the amount of H‐ferritin that is released from microglia and increases the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1. LPS activation of iron‐enriched microglia results in the activation of NF‐kB and greater release of cytokines when compared with that of control microglia; whereas treating microglia with an iron chelator is associated with less NF‐kB activation and less release of cytokines. These results indicate that microglia play an important role in iron homoeostasis and that their iron status can influence how microglia influence growth and survival of oligodendrocytes. The results further indicate that ferritin, released by microglia, is a significant source of iron for oligodendrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The TLR3 ligand polyI:C downregulates connexin 43 expression and function in astrocytes by a mechanism involving the NF‐κB and PI3 kinase pathways
Authors: Zhao Yongmei , Rivieccio Mark A. , Lutz Sarah , Scemes Eliana , Brosnan Celia F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractToll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a component of the innate immune response that responds to dsRNA viruses and virus replication intermediates. In this study we show that activation of astrocytes with the dsRNA mimetic polyinosinic‐cytidylic acid (pI:C) results in loss of expression of connexin43 (Cx43) mRNA and protein while upregulating the expression of the ionotropic P2 receptor P2X4R. Analysis of the signaling pathways involved failed to demonstrate a role for the p38 MAP kinase, ERK, or JNK signaling pathways whereas an inhibitor of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway effectively blocked the action of pI:C. Using adenoviral vectors containing a super‐repressor of NF‐κB (NF‐κB SR) construct or a dominant negative interferon regulatory factor 3 (dnIRF3) construct showed that inhibition of both transcription factors also blocked the effects of pI:C. To explore the functional consequences of pI:C activation we used a pore‐forming assay for P2X4R activity and a scrape loading assay for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). No pore‐forming activity consistent with functional P2X4R expression was detected in either control or activated astrocytes. In contrast, robust Lucifer yellow transfer indicative of GJIC was detected in resting cells that was lost following pI:C activation. The dnIRF3 construct failed to restore GJIC whereas the NF‐κB SR or the NF‐κB inhibitor BAY11‐7082 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 all significantly reversed the effect of pI:C on GJ connectivity. We conclude that activation of the innate immune response in astrocytes is associated with functional loss of GJIC through a pathway involving NF‐κB and PI3 kinase. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Engineering cartilage with human nasal chondrocytes and a silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel
Authors: Vinatier C. , Magne D. , Moreau A. , Gauthier O. , Malard O. , Vignes‐Colombeix C. , Daculsi G. , Weiss P. , Guicheux J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTissue engineering strategies, based on developing three‐dimensional scaffolds capable of transferring autologous chondrogenic cells, holds promise for the restoration of damaged cartilage. In this study, the authors aimed at determining whether a recently developed silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si‐HPMC) hydrogel can be a suitable scaffold for human nasal chondrocytes (HNC)‐based cartilage engineering. Methyltetrazolium salt assay and cell counting experiments first revealed that Si‐HPMC enabled the proliferation of HNC. Cell tracker green staining further demonstrated that HNC were able to form nodular structures in this three‐dimensional scaffold. HNC phenotype was then assessed by RT‐PCR analysis of type II collagen and aggrecan expression as well as alcian blue staining of extracellular matrix. Our data indicated that Si‐HPMC allowed the maintenance and the recovery of a chondrocytic phenotype. The ability of constructs HNC/Si‐HPMC to form a cartilaginous tissue in vivo was finally investigated after 3 weeks of implantation in subcutaneous pockets of nude mice. Histological examination of the engineered constructs revealed the formation of a cartilage‐like tissue with an extracellular matrix containing glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen. The whole of these results demonstrate that Si‐HPMC hydrogel associated to HNC is a convenient approach for cartilage tissue engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Poly(hexyl‐substituted lactides): Novel injectable hydrophobic drug delivery systems
Authors: Trimaille Thomas , Gurny Robert , Möller Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoly(hexyl‐substituted lactides) (PHLA) as new hydrophobic polyesters with controlled molecular weights and narrow distributions were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) using tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) and benzyl alcohol as catalyst and initiator. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) and zero shear viscosities (η0) at 25°C could be modulated from Tg= −42°C to −10°C and 40 to 4850 Pa s, respectively, by varying the polymer molecular weight and the number of hexyl groups along the polymer chain. Degradation studies were performed in terms of both mass and molecular weight loss in the course of time. The degradation mechanism is shown to be of the “bulk erosion” type, and comparable to standard poly(D,L‐lactide) (PLA). Despite the increased steric hindrance in the poly(monohexyl‐substituted lactide) (PmHLA) due to the hexyl side groups, its degradation rate at pH 7.4 and 37°C was found to be slightly higher than observed for the analogue standard PLA. This could be attributed to the flexible rubbery state of the hexyl‐substituted polymer (Tg∼−15°C) at the physiological temperature, which is favoring the degradation in comparison to the rigid and glassy standard PLA (Tg∼40°C). In contrast, degradation studies performed at 60°C, where both polymers are above their glass transition temperature, confirmed that the degradation rate is lower for the sterically more hindered PmHLA. The degradation products were analyzed by ESI‐MS. Hydrolysis lead first to the corresponding oligo‐ester fragments and finally to the nontoxic 2‐hydroxyoctanoic acid and lactic acid. Tetracycline was tested as a model drug for release studies. This drug was found to be released faster and in higher amounts in its active form from the PHLA matrix than from standard PLA. The results presented in this work demonstrate the potential of these hydrophobic polylactide‐based semisolid materials as an alternative to conventional PLA/PLGA for injectable drug delivery systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Enumerating Motzkin–Rabin geometries
Authors: van Wamelen Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe main result of this paper is an enumeration of all Motzkin‐Rabin geometries on up to 18 points. A Motzkin‐Rabin geometry is a two‐colored linear space with no monochromatic line. We also study the embeddings of Motzkin‐Robin geometries into projective spaces over fields and division rings. We find no Motzkin‐Rabin geometries on up to 18 points embeddable in ℂ2 or 𝔽2(t)2. We find many examples of Motzkin‐Rabin geometries with no proper linear subspaces. We give an example of a proper linear space embeddable in ℙ(ℚ($\sqrt -7$)2). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 179–194, 2007
Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes vector G207 against human non‐small cell lung cancer—expression of an RNA‐binding protein, Musashi1, as a marker for the tailored gene therapy
Authors: Kanai Ryuichi , Eguchi Keisuke , Takahashi Miwa , Goldman Steven , Okano Hideyuki , Kawase Takeshi , Yazaki Takahito 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundOncolytic herpes vectors like G207 have shown considerable promise in the treatment of solid tumors, but their potency must be enhanced for the full achievement of therapeutic efficacy. Deletion of the innate γ34.5 gene made these vectors extremely safe, but their efficacy was also severely attenuated. Use of tumor‐specific promoters is one method to direct toxicity and enhance efficacy against tumors. Recently, Musashi1 has been shown expressed in some tumor tissues.MethodsEleven human cancer cell lines including five non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) were investigated. Musashi1 mRNA expression was examined by RT‐PCR analysis. Western blotting was also performed. Transcriptional activity of P/musashi1 in NSCLCs was assayed by GFP reporter plasmids. Then we constructed a defective amplicon vector containing musashi1 promoter/ICP34.5 with G207 as helper virus (dvM345). In vitro cytotoxicity against NSCLCs and growth characteristics of helper virus were examined. A Lu‐99 subcutaneous tumor model was used in an animal study. The tumor volume treated with G207 alone or dvM345 was measured.ResultsMusashi1 mRNA was detected in four cell lines. Two in five NSCLCs were positive, and P/musashi1 was proved functional within them. Against these cell lines, dvM345 showed enhanced cytotoxicity, and helper viral growth was augmented. A subcutaneous tumor study confirmed the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of G207 by dvM345 without compromising safety.ConclusionsThese results suggest that Musashi1 might be involved in the development of several carcinomas including NSCLC. In the context of oncolytic herpes vector strategy, the P/musashi1‐ICP34.5 method could be used for the treatment of cancers expressing Musashi1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium and 15N‐labelled 2,5‐Bis[5‐amidino‐2‐pyridyl]furan and 2,5‐Bis[5‐(methoxyamidino)‐2‐pyridyl]furan
Authors: Ismail Mohamed A. , Boykin David W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe acetate salt of 2,5‐bis[5‐amidino‐2‐pyridyl]furan‐d2/15N2 (4) was synthesized from 2,5‐bis[5‐cyano‐2‐pyridyl]furan‐d2 (2), through the bis‐O‐acetoxyamidoxime followed by hydrogenation. Compound 2 was obtained via a Stille coupling reaction of 6‐chloronicotinonitrile with 2,5‐bis[tri‐n‐butyltin]‐furan‐d2 (1). 2,5‐bis[5‐amidino‐2‐pyridyl)furan‐d6 (10) was synthesized from 2,5‐bis[5‐cyano‐2‐pyridyl)furan‐d6 (9) via a direct reaction with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, followed by deprotection with ethanolic HCl. 15N and/or deuterium‐labelled methoxy‐amidines 5a‐d2/15N2, 5b‐d8, 12, 14‐d6 were prepared in good yield via direct methylation of their respective diamidoximes with either dimethylsulfate‐d0 or dimethylsulfate‐d6 in DMF solution and using LiOH as a base. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterated isoflavone disulfates
Authors: Soidinsalo Otto , Wähälä Kristiina 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEfficient synthesis of polydeuterated di‐O‐sulfates of three isoflavones, daidzein (1), genistein (2), glycitein (3), is described. The isoflavones were first deuterated with CF3COOD under microwave irradiation to yield daidzein‐d6 (4), genistein‐d4 (5) and glycitein‐d6 (6) in 90% yield and in a high isotopic purity. The deuterated isoflavones were then sulfated with chlorosulfonic acid and pyridine to give the title compounds, again in high yield and isotopic purity (>90%). The compounds are useful as internal standards in LC‐MS quantitation of isoflavones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of lateral ventricle and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and hydrocephalic brains
Authors: Zhu David C. , Xenos Michalis , Linninger Andreas A. , Penn Richard D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo develop quantitative MRI techniques to measure, model, and visualize cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics in normal subjects and hydrocephalic patients.Materials and MethodsVelocity information was obtained using time‐resolved (CINE) phase‐contrast imaging of different brain regions. A technique was developed to measure the change of lateral ventricle (LV) size. The temporal relationships between the LV size change, CSF movement, and blood flow could then be established. The data were incorporated into a first‐principle CSF hydrodynamic model. The model was then used to generate specific predictions about CSF pressure relationships. To better‐visualize the CSF flow, a color‐coding technique based on linear transformations was developed that represents the magnitude and direction of the velocity in a single cinematic view.ResultsThe LV volume change of the eight normal subjects was 0.901 ± 0.406%. Counterintuitively, the LV decreases as the choroid plexus expands, so that they act together to produce the CSF oscillatory flow. The amount of oscillatory flow volume is 21.7 ± 10.6% of the volume change of the LV from its maximum to its minimum.ConclusionThe quantification and visualization techniques, together with the mathematical model, provide a unique approach to understanding CSF flow dynamics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus may be a “Two Hit” disease: Benign external hydrocephalus in infancy followed by deep white matter ischemia in late adulthood
Authors: Bradley William G. , Bahl Gautam , Alksne John F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo determine if normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) could result from decreased resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by the arachnoidal villi, leading to benign external hydrocephalus [BEH] in infancy, followed by deep white matter ischemia (DWMI) in late adulthood (the more hydrophilic environment increasing resistance to CSF flow through the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain).Materials and MethodsCSF outflow via the fourth ventricle and the ECS of the brain was mathematically modeled using a parallel electrical circuit analog. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured as a surrogate of the amount of water in the ECS in normals, patients with symptomatic NPH, and patients with dilated ventricles without symptoms of NPH (“pre‐NPH”).ResultsThe electrical circuit model demonstrates increasing ventricular volume with increasing resistance to flow through the ECS of the brain. ADC measurements performed in the centrum semiovale are significantly higher in patients with NPH and “pre‐NPH” than in age‐matched controls (P < 0.05), controlling for the same degree of DWMI indicating increased fluid in the ECS of the brain.ConclusionThe electrical circuit analog and finding of increased periventricular ADC support the theory that NPH is a “two hit” disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging artifacts at 3.0T
Authors: Bernstein Matt A. , Huston John , Ward Heidi A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractClinical MRI at a field strength of 3.0T is finding increasing use. However, along with the advantages of 3.0T, such as increased SNR, there can be drawbacks, including increased levels of imaging artifacts. Although every imaging artifact observed at 3.0T can also be present at 1.5T, the intensity level is often higher at 3.0T and thus the artifact is more objectionable. This review describes some of the imaging artifacts that are commonly observed with 3.0T imaging, and their root causes. When possible, countermeasures that reduce the artifact level are described. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.