bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Complications in the Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: GLASHAN R. W. , ROBINSON M. R. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Cardiovascular complications in patients with carcinoma of the prostate have been studied in relation to 3 methods of treatment, namely stilboestrol, estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) and bilateral orchiectomy. One hundred and sixteen patients were studied over a 4‐year period on a prospective basis, 48 being treated with stilboestrol, 31 with estramustine and 37 with bilateral orchiectomy. The incidence of the cardiovascular side effects of these 3 treatment regimes in the first year of treatment was recorded after the patients had been divided into those with localised (MO) disease and advanced disease with metastases (Ml).In patients treated with stilboestrol 29% had cardiovascular complications with a mortality rate of 1 6%. With estramustine 25% had complications with a 1 6% mortality rate, but with orchiectomy the complication rate was only 8% with a 3% mortality rate. It is recommended that stilboestrol and estramustine phosphate should not be used in the presence of cardiovascular disease and that the primary form of treatment in prostatic carcinoma should be bilateral orchiectomy, especially in patients with localised disease.
The Colonic Conduit: a Better Method of Urinary Diversion?
Authors: HILL J. T. , RANSLEY P. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The colonic conduit urinary diversion has been assessed in a retrospective study of 47 children in order to compare the results of this operation with that of other forms of urinary diversion. The overall complication rate was 81%. The rate of stomal stenosis was 34% and that of upper tract dilatation was 36%. These results are very similar to the complication rate for the ileal conduit, which is now the most popular form of urinary diversion.It is suggested that all forms of urinary diversion have a high long‐term complication rate and that other means of management should be considered more seriously.
The Value of the 24‐hour Urine Analysis in the Assessment of Stone‐Formers Attending a General Hospital Outpatient Clinic
Authors: RYALL ROSEMARY L. , MARSHALL V. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The daily urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans, and 24‐h urinary volume and pH, were measured in 39 normal men and 65 male patients who had formed at least one calcium oxalate stone. No significant difference could be found between the two groups of subjects with respect to any of the urinary parameters. Nonetheless, a higher proportion of stone‐formers than normals had daily excretion levels of oxalate in excess of the normal 95th percentile. On the other hand, there was no difference between the proportion of stone‐formers and normals who fell into this category with respect to calcium excretion.It was concluded that a single 24‐h urine analysis is of limited practical value in explaining the occurrence of stones or in predicting the likelihood of further episodes in unselected stone‐formers attending a general hospital outpatient clinic.
The Treatment of Large Bladder Diverticula
Authors: BLACKLOCK A. R. E. , GEDDES J. R. , SHAW R. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty‐eight cases of large bladder diverticula treated surgically between 1970 and 1979 were reviewed. Twenty‐two underwent diverticulectomy alone and 19 of these had no further trouble during a follow‐up period averaging 4.5 years. Three other patients who had undergone resection of a small prostate gland prior to diverticulectomy might also have been cured by diverticulectomy alone. In at least half of the patients presenting with large bladder diverticula no obstructive factor was present and it is concluded that primary diverticula are more common than was previously thought.Clinically, primary diverticula may be distinguished from secondary on the basis of symptoms, cystoscopic findings of trabeculation and urodynamic studies. A more extensive application of the transperitoneal approach in performing diverticulectomy is recommended.
Urography and Cystoscopy in Bladder Mucosal Abnormality
Authors: Hussain Sarwat , Aisha H. A. , Saleh T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A prospective study was carried out on 60 patients. The diagnostic usefulness of intravenous urography (IVU) compared with that of cystoscopy in assessing the state of the bladder mucosa was evaluated. Collectively, radiology was as good as cystoscopy in suggesting the final diagnosis of the location and severity of a mucosal lesion.The after‐micturition film (AMF) from IVU was the single most informative film which produced correct results in 59 of 60 patients. The full bladder film was the least useful examination and in 45 cases suggested an incorrect or misleading diagnosis.
Bilharzial Uropathies and a Scheme for Primary Medical Care
Authors: ABDEL‐HALIM RABIE E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty patients suffering from the late effects of urinary bilharziasis were studied. A preliminary idea about the incidence of bilharzial cancer in the endemic area of Jeezan is presented. The role of ileal loop ureteric replacement in extensive ureteropathy is emphasised.A scheme is proposed for the categorisation of bilharzial patients on the basis of their symptoms in order to detect complicated cases at the primary medical care level.
Evaluation of Screening Tests for Detecting Sacral Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus: A Preliminary Study
Authors: BOOTH C. M. , HARRISON M. J. G. , GREEN J. F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In 6 patients with diabetes mellitus and 6 non‐diabetic “controls” referred for urological assessment, sacral electromyelography (SER) and electrical stimulation of the anal reflex were compared with pressure/flow videocystourethrography (VCU) for the detection of sacral neuropathy, whilst electrocardiography (ECG) was used to screen for generalised autonomic neuropathy.Five diabetics had evidence of a neuropathic bladder on VCU and on electrical stimulation all 5 had an absent anal reflex, which may thus prove to be a simple, reliable, non‐invasive screening test for sacral neuropathy.
Inhibitors of Urinary Stone Formation in 40 Recurrent Stone Formers
Authors: FRANÇOIS B. , CAHEN R. , PASCAL B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The excretion of four inhibitors of urinary stone formation (zinc, magnesium, citrates and glycosaminoglycans (GAG)) was studied in 20 normal controls and 40 recurrent calcium stone formers who were placed on a fixed diet restricted in calcium, oxalates and purines. We were unable to show any abnormality in the excretion of Zn, Mg or GAG.In 11 patients, a low level of urinary citrate was a significant feature that was associated in most cases with a urinary pH value above 6. Citrate concentration (per litre) and output (per 24 h) were found to be lower than in the controls in 19 and 33% respectively of the determinations. The overall ratio of average urinary citrate concentration in patients and controls was 0.56, a figure in agreement with previous data.
Sacral Reflex Latency in Acute Retention in Female Patients
Authors: FIDAS A. , GALLOWAY N. T. M. , VARMA J. , McINNES A. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Neurophysiological measurements of the innervation of the lower urinary tract were performed on 14 female patients presenting with unexplained acute urinary retention. The method consisted of (a) static electromyography (EMG) of the anal and urethral sphincter with the patient relaxed, coughing and gripping, (b) the study of sensory thresholds on the dorsal nerve of the clitoris and in the urethra, (c) the measurement of sacral reflex latencies (SRL) from the dorsal nerve of the clitoris to the anus and urethra and from the urethra to the anus.The results showed that all 14 patients had significant defects in the innervation of their lower urinary tract. These findings suggest that a neurological explanation for acute retention in women should always be sought before making any other diagnosis.
Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis. A Retrospective Analysis of 60 Cases
Authors: BAKER L. R. I. , MALLINSON W. J. W. , GREGORY M. C. , MENZIES E. A. D. , CATTELL W. R. , WHITFIELD H. N. , HENDRY W. F. , WICKHAM J. E. A. , JOEKES A. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis presenting between 1965 and 1984 are reviewed. Their mean age at presentation was 56 years and the male: female ratio was 3:1. The commonest presenting symptoms were flank and abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea and polyuria. Physical examination was usually normal, expect for the presence of hypertension. Anaemia and elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate were usually present. Proteinuria was found in less than a third of patients at presentation and significant bacteriuria was uncommon. The correct diagnosis was made or suspected in very few patients before referral. The cumulative actuarial survival rate was 86% at 1 year and 78% at 2 years. Seventeen patients died; they were significantly older and more uraemic at the time of referral than those who survived.A few patients did well with either corticosteroid therapy or ureterolysis alone. In the majority, both operation and steroid treatment were necessary. In bilateral obstruction with residual function in both kidneys, bilateral ureterolysis proved superior to unilateral operation (each followed by steroid therapy) in conserving renal function. Operation alone or steroid therapy alone should be considered in cases where steroids or surgery repectively present particular hazards. The less traumatic unilateral operation should be considered in poor risk patients and in those whose renal function is absent on one side.In many survivors, disease activity has persisted for many years. Life‐long follow‐up is recommended.
Peripheral Neurology as a Predictor of Bladder Dysfunction in Congenital Neuropathic Bladder
Authors: WILLIAMS M. P. L. , KATZ Z. , ESCALA J. M. , RICKWOOD A. M. K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urodynamic findings and peripheral neurology were correlated in 62 patients with myelomeningocele. The primary motor and sensory levels bore no relation to bladder dysfunction. The ano‐cutaneous reflex was a useful predictor, in that where the reflex was positive there was likely to be detrusor hyper‐reflexia, a competent bladder neck and absence of sphincter weakness leakage. Where the reflex was absent, detrusor hyper‐reflexia was absent or mild, the bladder neck usually incompetent and sphincter weakness leakage common. (Detrusor compliance could not be predicted from peripheral neurological findings).We consider the ano‐cutaneous reflex to be a useful indication of bladder dysfunction and urodynamic studies are often unnecessary when it is positive.
Reappraisal of the Role of Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy in the Treatment of Invasive (T2/T3) Bladder Cancer
Authors: JENKINS B. J. , CAULFIELD M. J. , FOWLER C. G. , BADENOCH D. F. , TIPTAFT R. C. , PARIS A. M. I. , HOPE‐STONE H. F. , OLIVER R. T. D. , BLANDY J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred and eighty‐two patients with invasive (T2/T3) bladder cancer were treated by radical radiotherapy at the London Hospital between 1974 and December 1985. Cystectomy was reserved for patients whose tumours either did not respond completely to radiation or recurred later, provided they were fit for surgery and had not developed distant metastases.The overall corrected 5‐year survival rate was 40%; 75 patients responded to radiation and did not relapse during the period of follow‐up; 20 patients had an initial response to radiation but subsequently relapsed, with a 5‐year survival rate following relapse of 20%. Of these, 11 patients had a cystectomy with a 5‐year survival following relapse of 36%, whereas all 9 patients who did not have a cystectomy died within 3 years; 87 patients who did not respond to radiation had a 5‐year survival rate of 18%. Of these, 22 patients underwent salvage cystectomy with a 5‐year survival of 47%, whereas the 65 patients who did not have a cystectomy had a 5‐year survival of 3%.These results justify a policy of radical radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy rather than elective cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer.
Serial Residual Volumes in Men with Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: BIRCH N. C. , HURST G. , DOYLE P. T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty men with prostatic hypertrophy were scanned on 3 occasions on the day before TURP. Five commonly used formulae to estimate residual urine were used. All of these methods are subject to large degrees of error; 66% of these patients had residual volumes that varied significantly on the same day.We suggest that it is of no clinical value to perform a single residual urine measurement in patients with prostatic hypertrophy.
The Role of Magnesium in Cacium Oxalate Urolithiasis
Authors: KOHRI K. , GARSIDE J. , BLACKLOCK N. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium on calcium oxalate crystal formation, both in physiological conditions and at slightly higher oxalate concentrations, using a mixed suspension mixed product removal crystallizer and scanning electron microscopy. True supersaturation ratios were calculated by allowing for complexation in solution.Magnesium inhibited the nucleation rate at all oxalate concentrations. It also inhibited the growth rate at oxalate concentrations of less than ˜2.0 mmol/l but promoted the growth rate at higher concentrations. This suggests that, provided the oxalate concentration is sufficiently high, increase of magnesium concentration can increase the crystal growth rate. At physiological concentrations of oxalate, however, magnesium decreases both nucleation and growth rates. The SEM photographs showed that the predominant crystal was calcium oxalate trihydrate at low magnesium concentrations, with calcium oxalate dihydrate being observed in larger quantities at high magnesium concentrations.
Detrusor Instability and Bladder Outflow Obstruction. Evidence for a Correlation between the Severity of Obstruction and the Presence of Instability
Authors: CUCCHI A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forty patients with bladder outflow obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy were assessed by means of symptom analysis, rectal examination, intravenous urography and/or cystoscopy, medium‐fill water cystometry and pressure flow study.No significant correlation was found between the severity of obstruction and the degree of instability, but the occurrence of instability did correlate with the degree of obstruction. This latter conclusion, though logical, had not been proved before, and was achieved by means of a new urodynamic parameter.
Bladder Replacement by lleocaeco‐urethrostomy or lleo‐urethrostomy with a Reservoir after Cystoprostato‐vesiculectomy for Bladder Cancer
Authors: ALCINI E. , GRASSETTI F. , D'ADDESSI A. , DI NOIA D. , VACILOTTO D. , PESCATORI M. , VINCENZONI M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of the intestinal segments used to replace the bladder after cystoprostato‐vesiculectomy. The series included 30 patients, 10 of whom underwent clinical, radiological, urodynamic and electromanometric investigations. Seven patients had an ileocaeco‐urethrostomy (ICUS) and 3 had an ileo‐urethrostomy with a reservoir (IR).The results were good in all patients and there was no sign of tumour recurrence. All were completely continent during the day but during the night only those who observed the 2‐h intervals between voiding were continent. The radiological findings for 1 patient showed grade I asymptomatic vesicoureteric reflux. In all cases, periodic pressure waves were observed during electrocystomanometric tests at basal levels, with the IR patients showing waves higher in frequency and lower in amplitude. Prostigmin induced a significant variation in motor activity in IR patients only. The urodynamic tracings showed an almost physiological flow in both groups. Cystomanometry revealed good compliance in both types of new bladders. The height and width of contraction waves during filling was greater in ICUS than in IR patients. Good perineal sphincteric activity was demonstrated by electromyography. Low passive resistance was indicated by the urethral pressure profile.Preliminary analysis of data indicated good functional micturition and renal function in both ICUS and I R patients. Slight differences were found between the two intestinal segments used for bladder replacement.
Characterisation of Human Prostatic Adrenoceptors using Pharmacology Receptor Binding and Localisation
Authors: CHAPPLE C. R. , AUBREY M. L. , JAYNES S. , BURNSTOCK G. , TURNER‐WARWICK R. T. , MILROY E. J. G. , DAVEY M. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Benign prostatic enlargement is a common cause of bladder outlet obstruction. Recent work has demonstrated the important role played by the sympathetic nervous system in the control of prostatic muscle tone. Although isometric muscle strip studies and clinical trials have highlighted the influence of alpha‐1 adrenoceptors, radioisotope ligand binding studies have demonstrated a relatively increased density of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors in the muscle within prostatic tissue, the significance of which is as yet unexplained.Forty patients entered a study using pharmacological muscle strip experiments, radioligand binding assays and receptor autoradiography. Pharmacological data from these studies confirmed that contraction of prostatic muscle is mediated predominantly by alpha‐1 adrenoceptor stimulation, with no evidence of significant alpha‐2 adrenoceptor or cholinergic mediated effects. Radioligand binding studies confirmed that there is a higher concentration of alpha‐ binding sites as contrasted to alpha‐2 within normal prostate, but that this relationship approaches equity in adenomatous prostate.Autoradiographic localisation demonstrated that alpha‐1 adrenoceptor binding is predominant within prostatic stroma with only a small component of alpha‐2 adrenoceptors in this compartment. This comprehensive study supports the suggestion that prostatic muscular contraction is controlled by the influence of the sympathetic nervous system acting via alpha‐1 adrenoceptors. These findings support the therapeutic use of specific alpha‐1 adrenoceptor blockade in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Cyclic Interferon Gamma Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Renal Carcinoma
Authors: GRUPS J. W. , FROHMÜLLER H. G. W. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The treatment of metastatic renal carcinoma is still unsatisfactory because of the lack of effective systemic therapy. In 14 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma an attempt was made to influence the course of the disease by administration of recombinant human interferon (rHu‐IFN) gamma; 9 patients were evaluated after treatment.There was partial remission in 3 patients, stable disease in 2 and tumour progression in 4. The cyclic application of rHu‐IFN at a dose of 0.25 mg/day for 8 days, with treatment‐free intervals of 3 to 4 weeks, was tolerated well. Side effects consisted mainly of fever and leucocytopenia. From this small series it seems that cyclic IFN gamma treatment might be helpful in some cases of metastatic renal carcinoma.
Bladder neck anatomy and mobility: effect of vaginal ultrasound probe
Authors: MOURISTSEN L. , STRANDBERG C. , FRIMODT‐MOLLER C. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To evaluate the effect of a vagianal ultrasound probe on bladder neck anatomy and mobility Patients and methods Twenty women. 15 with urinary incontinence and five with ohter urological complaints, were studied. Colpcocysto‐urethrograpphy (CCU) during rest. Valsalva and withholding manoeures were compared with and without simultaneous vaginal endosonography. The CCU diagnosis and measurements of bladder neck position and mobility in relation to the symphysis pubis were compared with and without the probe inserted. A small 7 MHz vaginal probe (Brüel and Kjaer. type 1846), was used with the scanning field 45d̀ to the long axis of the probe. Results The CCU diagnosis as well as the measurements of bladder neck position mobility relative o the symphysis pubis were unaffected by the insertion of this probe. Conclution Vaginal ultrasonography is a minimally invaisve techinique; it is convenient for routine, first line evaluation of baldder neck anatomy and mobility in incontinent women.
Positron emission tomography with L‐methyl‐11 C‐methionine in the monitoring of therapy response in muscle‐invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: LETOCHA H. , AHLSTRÖM H. , MALMSTRÖM P.‐U. , WESTLIN J.‐E. , FAST K.‐J. , NILSSON S. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To investigate whether positron emission tomorgaphy (PET) with L‐methyl‐11 C‐methionine as a tracer could be used for diagnostic purposes and for evaluation of therapy in patients with varying stages of urinary bladder cancer treated with chemotherapy. Patients and methods PET was employed in 44 separate examinations involving 29 patients (24 men and five women with a median age of 68 years [mean 66, range 47–78]) with localized or metastaic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In four patients PET examinations were performed prior to the commencement fo chemotherapy, and after one course and after there courses. Resultes The diagnostic accuracy of PET was poor. The techinique did not monitor the therapeutic effect fo neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Producing results that correlated with therapy outcome. PET identified those patients who responded less successfully to therapy. Conclusion PET with L‐methyl‐11 C‐methionine demonstrates alterations in tumour metabolism long before visible changes appear on computes tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Further work is required to develop more specific tracers
Hydatid disease of the kidney
Authors: AFŞAR H. , YAḠCI F. , AYBASTI N. , METO Ş. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To define the clinical manifestations of echinococcal involvement of the urinary tract and to propose guidelines for treatment.Patients and methods A positive diagnosis of hydatid disease was made in seven patients and in all of these the cyst was located in the kidney only. The patients included four males and three females whose ages ranged from 6 to 56 years (mean 33.3).Results Surgical treatment involved total nephrectomy in six patients and partial nephrectomy in one patient. There was no operative or post‐operative mortality and all patients were cured of the disease.Conclusion Despite its rarity, hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of space‐occupying lesions of the urinary tract.