bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated CO2 Corrosion - Multiphase Flow Model
Authors: Nesic Srdjan , Wang Shihuai , Cai Jiyong , Xiao Ying 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An integrated CO2 corrosion - multiphase flow model was built which takes into account the effect of most important variables. The model is mechanistic in nature and resides on clear theoretical foundations. All the assumptions in the model are explicitly stated and are open to future adjustments and improvements.
The overall model was extensively verified with a large experimental database and was able to perform reasonably well in all cases. The multiphase flow model was also benchmarked against a well-established commercial package.

Introduction
A variety of prediction models for CO2 corrosion of carbon steel exist. 1–19 Most of these models are semi-empirical, or even fully empirical with only a handful of the more recent models being based on mechanistic descriptions of the processes underlying CO2 corrosion 14–19. A recent paper by Nyborg20 reviews the performance of a representative group of models concluding that most of the models predict well the "worst case" CO2 corrosion rate but vary widely when more complex effects (e.g. protective films, water entrainment/wetting, H2S, etc) are included. The main reason for this spread lies in the arbitrary nature of the empirical correction factors that are employed to account for the various complicating effects.
The present paper describes a newly developed CO2 corrosion multiphase flow model that takes into account the effect of most important variables. The majority of the model is mechanistic in nature, fully transparent and resides on solid theoretical foundations. Some aspects of the model that cover areas where insufficient knowledge exists (e.g. H2S effect) employ a semi-empirical approach. It should be noted that the current model is a decade long project building on previous developments published in the open literature21–23.

Integrated Model
The integrated model consists of two main models: the corrosion model and the multiphase flow model. An interface module enables the transfer of the data between the two.

Corrosion model.
The transient mechanistic CO2 corrosion model of Nesic et al.21–23 is used as the backbone of the corrosion model of the integrated package. The corrosion model comprises of the following sub-models covering:Kinetics of electrochemical reactions at the steel surface including:H+ reductionH2CO3 reductionHAc reductionFe oxidationTransient one-dimensional transport of species between the bulk solution and the steel surface, through the turbulent boundary layer and through a porous surface film.Kinetics of chemical reactions including precipitation.Growth of iron carbonate films.Effect of traces of H2S.Effect of steel type.Effect of inhibition by crude oil and/or corrosion inhibitors.Possibility and morphology of localized attack.
The physical, mathematical and numerical aspects of the electrochemical, transport and chemical models have been published previously, and only a very brief outline is given below to facilitate the understanding of the text to follow.
The Development and Application of a Novel Model for Tubular Corrosion Prediction
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Brodie Alan , McMahon Andrew , Russell Leigh-Ann 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The corrosion of carbon steel tubulars is an important completion integrity management issue. It is critical for the safe lifetime containment of well fluids, to avoid risk to people, property and the environment, and to avoid costly workover and repair during the well's life.
An effective tubing lifetime corrosion prediction model (VirtualCalliper) was developed to improve the management of integrity in carbon steel wells. The model has proved to be an order of magnitude more accurate than many widely used corrosion models, when predicting the internal corrosion of producer and injector wells.
The main reasons for this are: In addition to the standard parameters considered in most corrosion prediction models, VirtualCalliper accounts for the influences of well architecture, water cut development, water salinity, erosion corrosion and H2S corrosion.The model has been rigorously tuned with extensive field corrosion inspection data from a large number of well calliper surveysThe use of a well performance simulator output as the input files for key well parameters, ensures accurate modelling of temperature, pressure and flow characteristics across the whole well profile.The software is capable of time stepping to consider the impact of historical and future changes to parameters such as lift gas, oil, gas and water rates.The corrosion model output can be integrated with completion stress analysis (CSA), to enable the remaining tubing life to be predicted and to assess potential problems during well operations or workover.
VirtualCalliper has been proven in a number of fields. It has been used to plan a risk-based sequence of well workover priorities in a large, mature North Sea field. This has been achieved without the cost, HSE risk and lost production associated with well interventions to obtain calliper survey data.
This paper describes the structure and main functions of the model. Three case studies, used during the model development to compare the predicted tubing metal loss from VirtualCalliper and tubing metal loss measured from calliper surveys, are also presented.
Development of Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Preventing Under Deposit and Weld Corrosion
Authors: Jenkins A E , Mok W Y , Gamble C G , Dicken G E 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Under-deposit/scale, pitting and weld corrosion are a major cause of localised corrosion failure in oil and gas production systems. Since advancement in instrumentation and the successful development of the localised corrosion test protocol in 2002, the technique has been widely used to study the inhibition of localised corrosion. The latest examples of its application are presented. Green corrosion inhibitors have been screened and their ability to inhibit under scale pitting has been determined. The work has allowed the key monitoring parameters in the inhibition of localised corrosion to be identified, which has resulted in a refinement of the test protocol. Additionally, the ability of corrosion inhibitors in preventing weld corrosion was also assessed. The ability of the corrosion inhibitors to be effective against weld corrosion and under deposit corrosion was demonstrated. The results established that specialised laboratory tests should be used to qualify inhibitors prior to field deployment.
A Comprehensive Model for Predicting Internal Corrosion Rates in Flowlines and Pipelines
Authors: Garber J. D. , Farshad F. F. , Reinhardt J. R. , Tadepally V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A computer model has been developed which is capable of predicting the physical and chemical condition inside of a flowline or pipeline. From this information it is then possible to provide a prediction of the internal corrosion rate.
This "free" software was funded by the US. Department of Energy and has undergone several revisions and is currently in Phase II. The windows based model consists of 4 modules, which calculate the temperature, pressure, phase equilibrium, flow dynamics as well as the pH, scale tendency and the uninhibited corrosion rate. An expert system has been developed which adjusts the predicted corrosion rate based on fluid parameters.
A number of field and hypothetical cases for both the flowlines and pipelines have been presented which show the utility of the model. The model has been compared to PipePhase, a commercial package, and the results have been very satisfactory.
Novel Synergistic Water Soluble Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: McGregor William M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ever more stringent environmental regulations make it increasingly difficult to obtain satisfactory corrosion inhibitors which are effective while being compatible with marine life. Toxicity towards aquatic organisms is a major concern and environmental constraints have been imposed on the types of compositions used in the North Sea in order to protect marine organisms. Many available inhibitors cannot meet the environmental criteria while maintaining effective corrosion inhibition.
For sweet / carbon dioxide corrosion, imidazoline based inhibitors are traditionally effective but they have an imperfect environmental profile. Here we describe how the environmental properties have now been improved by alkoxylation of a traditional inhibitor. This not only improves the environmental aspects but also increases the hydrophilicity of the inhibitor making it more suitable for water based applications and increasing its solubility in the water phase where corrosion usually takes place.
Organic phosphate esters are also effective corrosion inhibitors with a broad field of application in sweet and sour corrosion.
Here we describe laboratory-based corrosion testing on an innovative range of mixed imidazoline / oligophosphate ester inhibitors which show synergy in corrosion inhibition ability, especially at low dosages. The alkoxyimidazoline protects the cathode of the electrochemical cell and the oligophosphate protects the anode – this dual mechanism promotes synergy and increases confidence that the inhibitor will continue to give corrosion protection even in extreme situations where one of the components might have failed.
These mixed corrosion inhibitors are therefore applicable to a wide range of water based systems used in the oil and gas industry.
The Application and Evaluation of a New Vertical and Fast Drilling Technology in Tuha Oilfield
Authors: Di Qinfeng , Chang YongDo , Zhou Hejun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cost-effective vertical and fast drilling technology has been of great interest to drilling contractors of most oilfields, but it’s difficult to implement. Conventional anti-deviation drilling methods are of limited use when confronted with high-tilt angle geologic structure. Systems such as VDS, Power V and VertiTrak can be used to control the deviation angle of a vertical hole, but the rental costs associated with them are high, and sometimes, prohibitive. Therefore, there is great potential for developing a new anti-deviation technology that is cost-effective.
Slide steering BHA with two stabilizers and a bent PDM shows good anti-deviation effect when it is in rotary driven on the surface of low-dip wells. This working mode can be termed as coupled mode because the bit is driven by both PDM and rotary table/top drive equipment. The whirl feature of this kind of BHA can helps to eliminate the deviation force caused by the asymmetry point direction of bit axis. At the same time the lateral vibration of BHA introduces a large amount of anti-deviation force on the bit. Simulation results show that this kind of anti-deviation force 1)is much larger than that of the pendulum BHA in the same tilt angle hole, and 2) decreases with tilt angle of hole. The calculation model involved is illustrated later in the paper.
The method above has been validated through experiments and applications in Tuha oilfield. 12 vertical wells in easily deviated geological structures have been successfully drilled applying this technology. As a result, not only the deviation angle is controlled effectively, but also penetration rate improves significantly. In particular, drilling period is reduced by 9.26 days, a 25% reduction as compared to the whole working time needed when conventional method was used.
Prospects of Casing while Drilling and the Factors to be Considered During Drilling Operations in Arabian Region
Authors: Hossain M. M. , Amro M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Casing While Drilling technology is one of the greatest developments in drilling operations. The Casing While Drilling involved drilling and casing a well simultaneously and hence, overall cost of drilling may be reduced significantly by lessening drilling time and drillstring problems encountered during conventional drilling process. This technology is highly applicable in depleted reservoir as an alternative to the underbalanced drilling, which requires special equipment.
This paper presents the applicability of the concept of Casing While Drilling in context of the Arabian (Middle East) drilling operations. Attempts are made in order to overcome some unscheduled hole problems, such as lost circulation, differential sticking and casing stuck due to tight hole during running casing after drillstring pulled out.
This paper also presents simplified method that has been developed to predict the torsional and drag forces subjected to the casing string. Method of evaluating fatigue life of casing string has also been developed using simplified analytical techniques based on prevailing drilling conditions in Arabian fields. Both the static and dynamic cyclic loads as encountered in vertical and deviated wells are considered for the evaluation of fatigue life of casing string used for Casing While Drilling. Valuable guidelines are provided based on field representative case studies in order to minimize the various problems of conventional drilling operation through using the Casing While Drilling approach for Arabian field condition.
E-Business Partnership within Operating and Service Companies
Authors: Hodges Steve , Needham Donnie , Hartman Ken , Welsh Chris , Rand Roger , Luna Rudy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
E-business in the upstream oil and gas industry is becoming increasingly strategic. While E&P companies are not yet buying a large percentage of their goods online, momentum to do so is building as E&P companies move beyond simple Web-based self-service applications toward Internet-aided information gathering and participation in true collaborative electronic interaction and relationships with service companies. Concomitantly, service companies are designing interrelated e-business strategies that focus on customer relationships, resource planning, order management, and supply chains.
Rather than a totally different, more complex way of doing business, as some fear, e-business is a more effective way of doing business as usual. E-business integrates and extends conventional business process strategies through the convergence of computing, networking, and communications technologies. It enables new and more efficient models of business interaction and streamlined enterprise operations. Like any technological enhancement, its goal is to improve business processes to benefit the bottom line.
This paper will discuss the rationale and benefits of online communication and collaboration via Internet implementation. It will also highlight some of the latest developments and trends going forward and address what the future holds for e-business in the oil industry.
Looking beyond the fundamental implementations, such as setting up a web site to market products, we will discuss a working model for launching far-reaching e-business initiatives that deliver products and services to the E&P arena.
Overcoming Deepwater Cementing Challenges in South China Sea, East Malaysia
Authors: Hampshire Kenneth , McFadyen Mike , Ong Dominic , Mukoro Patrick , Elmarsafawi Youssef 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There are many factors to consider in the design and execution of a cement job for deepwater operations in the South China Sea. These factors include the abnormally pressured sands with high probability of shallow flows, presence of gas hydrates, low-fracture pressure formation, low bottomhole circulating temperature, and low seabed temperatures.
There have been 14 deepwater wells, offshore Sabah, Malaysia, that were successfully drilled to objective under these challenging conditions. This paper presents a few selected case histories from the project, describing the solutions-oriented approach to these problems. Also included is a discussion of the extensive laboratory tests performed to formulate the lightweight, gas-tight cement slurry at low bottomhole and seabed temperatures, and recommended practices for drilling and cementing.
Due to low-fracture-gradients associated with the deepwater environment, lightweight slurries were required to complete the cementing operation without losses. To reduce the risk of destabilizing gas hydrates, the slurries were designed to generate low heat of during their hydration and setting. Slurries were also designed with low porosity, using special additives to prevent gas migration through them during the setting process. Because of the low temperature at the seabed 1.7 °C (35 °F), special additives were required to obtain a short critical hydration period (CHP), early compressive strength development, low set-cement permeability, low fluid loss, and zero free water and sedimentation. An engineered solution was used to predict and simulate the temperatures during the cementing operation, and the simulated results were applied to improve the design.
Next Generation Expandable Liner Applications
Authors: Innes Gareth , Metcalfe Paul , Hillis David 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Expandable tubular technology is gradually becoming mainstream. However, many of the early products released to the industry utilized basic expansion concepts and their designs were compromised by the reliance on conventional techniques such as cementing.
This paper looks at the evolution of various expansion concepts and how increased understanding of such techniques is now being fed into the next generation of expandable tubular based products. The paper discloses newly developed expansion techniques, discusses the FEA and analytical test results, which have allowed improvements in design, and shows how the restrictions synonomous with conventional expansion techniques have been removed.
Field case histories are discussed to illustrate progress made with these next generation expandable liners.
Making Steerable Bits: Separating Side-Force from Side-Cutting
Authors: Gaynor Tom , Chen David C-K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PDC bits are often designed to side cut for a better steering capability. However, these high side-cutting bits come with the costs of bit whirl and hole spiraling, resulting in bit and BHA/MWD failures and poor hole quality. Long-gauge bits are known to reduce bit vibration and produce high quality wellbores. The question is then "can long-gauge bits – which by their nature do not side-cut – be used to drill directional wells?" To solve this puzzle, Halliburton Energy Services has been studying the use of long-gauge bits with steerable motors and rotary steerable systems. The results show that BHA steerability is mostly determined by the side force of the BHA, not the side-cutting capability of the bit. Therefore, with an appropriate BHA design long-gauge bits can perform as well as the short-gauge bits.
Simulation Analysis of Microbial Well Treatment of Bokor Field, Malaysia
Authors: Ibrahim Zahari , Omar Mohd Ismail , Foo Khor Siak , Elias Ezrin Johanna , Othman Mohamad 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A total of eight wells in Bokor field, Sarawak were subjected for microbial treatment using the huff and puff method. All treated wells responded differently to the treatment. Increased gross liquid production and reduced water-cut were the primary means of net oil gained in some of the wells while others showed no significant changes after treatment. Well production performances and laboratory analysis are insufficient to conclude these discrepancies.
To further evaluate and understand the well performances, an extensive simulation study has been conducted using the CMG-STARS simulator on two treated wells, which are B-1 and B-3. The simulation results were compared and matched to the actual well production trends to verify the well model built. Sensitivity analysis was performed to quantify various possible treatment impacts. The approach developed successfully represents the well responses and gives an insight look at the microbial behavior responsible for oil recovery.
Looking Behind Casing: Evaluation and Application of Cased-Hole Resistivity in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ma S. M. , Al-Ajmi F. A. , Al-Shahri A. M. , Al-Behair A. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Logging through casing is an important measurement for reservoir surveillance in mature fields. In the last 70 years, thousands of producers have been drilled in Y field, Saudi Arabia, and many are producing water. Successfully identifying by-passed oil and monitoring oil/water movements are critical for successful management of the Y field.
In this study, cased-hole formation resistivity (CHFR*) was field tested and evaluated in two wells in the Y field and in a third well in Z field. The three tests cover the following conditions; carbonate and shaly sand reservoirs, vertical and horizontal wells, and oil producing and water injection wells. In general, the CHFR measurements agree well with the open-hole wireline and LWD logs. In low and high resistivity reservoir intervals, differences were observed. To address these differences, CHFR theory is reviewed and application conditions of CHFR logging are discussed. Guidelines for future CHFR jobs are presented.
Applications of Stress Field Modelling Using the Distinct Element Method for Petroleum Production
Authors: Camac Bronwyn A. , Hunt Suzanne P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The distinct element method was first introduced in 19711 and has been progressively developed over the past two decades. It is described as a finite difference distinct element, numerical modelling method (DEM). The method was implemented in the computer program UDEC (2D and 3DEC (3D)2 and its major application to date has been in the field of rock mechanics and mining engineering. In this paper we demonstrate the applicability of this method to the production of hydrocarbons.
The method can be used to model 3D stress fields in a petroleum basin or field setting. It has been shown previously that stress field model data is consistent with actual borehole breakout data and hydro-fracturing measurements3. The modelling methodology can be used to calculate fluid potential and hence used to associate crustal stress, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. By monitoring disturbances to the syn-production stress field estimation of the residual oil potential can be achieved.
The work initially presents via sensitivity analysis the generic effect of faults and horizon boundaries on the mean local in-situ stress field. A case study is presented whereby the fault geometry for the Big Lake Field in the Cooper Basin of South Australia is modelled using DEM. Predictions of the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations and pressure gradients using the model were found to be accurate. Subsequently the model is adapted to account for production and the resultant pressure changes over time, which can lead to the prediction of residual hydrocarbon distributions.