bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On clashes and lapses
Authors: Nespor Marina , Vogel Irene 
Published: October 2008

In phonology, one of the generalisations that seems to hold true across most, if not all, languages is that the overall rhythmic pattern tends to be organised such that there is an alternation of strong and weak syllables (cf. among others, Hayes 1980, 1984; Prince 1983; Selkirk 1984). In other words, languages tend to avoid strings of adjacent strong syllables, as well as strings of adjacent weak syllables. These generalisations are expressed by clauses (a) and (b), respectively, of Selkirk's Principle of Rhythmic Alternation (PRA):(1)Principle of Rhythmic Alternation(Selkirk 1984: 52)a. Every strong position on a metrical levelnshould be followed by at least one weak position on that levelb. Any weak position on a metrical levelnmay be preceded by at most one weak position on that levelOf course, the underlying rhythmic patterns of a language are not always in conformity with the PRA.
Atoms of segmental structure: components, gestures and dependency
Authors: van der Hulst Harry 
Published: October 2008

In this article I discuss some aspects of a model of segmental structure, in particular the representation of vowels. The central claim is that vowels can be represented in terms of three unary primitives, organised in a binary structure involving both DOMINANCE and DEPENDENCY relations.My goal is to explore the consequences of this claim. Certain aspects of the proposal differ in matters of principle from the theory of segmental structure advanced in Chomsky & Halle (1968; henceforth SPE), and subsequent work in this tradition up to and including the ‘geometrical model’ as developed in Steriade (1982), Clements (1985), Sagey (1986), McCarthy (1988) and Halle (1988), even though it is argued in some of these works that certain features are unary, that they are organised hierarchically and that certain features enter into dependency relations.
C-command or edges in Makonde
Authors: Odden David 
Published: October 2008

Kaisse (1985) presents a theory of syntax–phonology interaction whereby a rule may require one element in the environment of the rule to ccommand another element in the environment. A crucial notion in that theory, hereafter referred to as the c-command theory, is domain ccommand, which is defined as follows (Kaisse 1985: 159):In the structure [xmax … α …], Xmax is defined as the domain of α. Then α c-commands any β in its domain.
A Phase Window Framework for Articulatory Timing
Authors: Byrd Dani 
Published: October 2008

One of the most significant challenges in the study of speech production is to acquire a theoretical understanding of how speakers coordinate articulatory movements. A variety of work has demonstrated that articulatory, prosodic and extralinguistic factors all influence speech timing in a complex and interactive way. Models such as Articulatory Phonology that stipulate the relative timing of articulatory units must be revised to allow for this variability. Such a revision is outlined below.The following work should be viewed as a presentation of a new framework for conceptualising articulatory timing. This approach, meant to be programmatic rather than conclusive, is productive if it motivates research that might not otherwise have been undertaken. §1 overviews Articulatory Phonology. The implementation of articulatory timing in terms of phasing relations is discussed. Speech production data bearing on timing variability are discussed in §2. §3 argues for an alternative to Articulatory Phonology's current rule-based approach to intergestural timing that can allow for linguistic and extralinguistic variables to systematically influence phasing relations. §3.2 introduces the PHASE WINDOW framework, which allows the degree of articulatory overlap between linguistic gestures to vary within a constrained range. Finally, §4 concerns the relation of intergestural timing to the postulation of the segment as a primitive unit in phonology. It is hypothesised that certain intergestural timing relations are stable and lexically specified. Gestures whose coordination is constrained by lexical PHASE WINDOWS seem to bear a close relation to those conglomerates of gestures that constitute what is traditionally considered to be a segment.
Vowel raising in Basaa: a synchronic chain shift
Authors: Schmidt Deborah Schlindwein 
Published: October 2008

Like many of the zone A Bantu languages of western equatorial Africa, Basaa, which is spoken over a large area to the north-east and east of Douala, Cameroon, shows an inventory of seven surface vowels (Guthrie 1953). The Basaa forms cited in this article, all of which are found in the comprehensive Dictionnaire Basaa-Français (Lemb & de Gastines 1973), are transcribed using the vowel symbols in (1):These vowel symbols differ from those used by Guthrie only in that the hooks are eliminated from underneath his [i] and [u] and the dots are eliminated from underneath his [???] and [???]. I assume for these vowels the characteristics indicated in (1), where non-parenthesised feature specifications are a property of surface phonological representation and parenthesised feature specifications are default phonetic values. Following Hyman's (1988) analysis of Esimbi, another Cameroonian language containing these vowels in its inventory, I take [E] and [ɔ] to be low.The verb roots in (2) contain instances of each of the seven surface vowels of Basaa:Though bare verb roots may surface unsuffixed, suffixal extensions may also be added to give applied, passive, habitual, direct causative, indirect causative, simultaneous, associative, possessive, reversive, reflexive, stative and nominalised forms. Of interest to us is the vowel raising induced within the verb root when certain of these suffixal extensions are added. In (3) we see the CVC verb forms of (2) along with their corresponding applied and indirect causative forms:Other suffixal extensions that induce raising are the passive, direct causative, simultaneous, reversive and stative extensions. For example, these other suffixal extensions attach to /ten/, one of the verb roots in (3), to give [tina], [tinis], [tinha], [tinil] and [tiní], respectively.
A Weakening of the Odd Hadwiger's Conjecture
Authors: KAWARABAYASHI KEN-ICHI 
Published: October 2008

Gerards and Seymour (see [10], p. 115) conjectured that if a graph has no odd complete minor of order l, then it is (l − 1)-colourable. This is an analogue of the well-known conjecture of Hadwiger, and in fact, this would immediately imply Hadwiger's conjecture. The current best-known bound for the chromatic number of graphs with no odd complete minor of order l is $O(l \sqrt{\log l})$ by the recent result by Geelen, Gerards, Reed, Seymour and Vetta [8], and by Kawarabayashi [12] later, independently. But it seems very hard to improve this bound since this would also improve the current best-known bound for the chromatic number of graphs with no complete minor of order l.Motivated by this problem, in this note we show that there exists an absolute constant f(k) such that any graph G with no odd complete minor of order k admits a vertex partition V1, . . ., V496k such that each component in the subgraph induced on Vi (i ≥ 1) has at most f(k) vertices. When f(k) = 1, this is a colouring of G. Hence this is a relaxation of colouring in a sense, and this is the first result in this direction for the odd Hadwiger's conjecture.Our proof is based on a recent decomposition theorem due to Geelen, Gerards, Reed, Seymour and Vetta [8], together with a connectivity result that forces a huge complete bipartite minor in large graphs by Böhme, Kawarabayashi, Maharry and Mohar [3].
Signs of identity, signs of memory
Authors: Cipolla Craig N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay explores everyday practices as sites of memory-making, arguing that such practices have the potential to serve as markers and makers of cultural identity. I use frameworks of social memory to interpret 19th-century butchery practices on the Eastern Pequot reservation in North Stonington, Connecticut. Colonialism meant change for Pequot peoples, including shifts in family structures and the adoption of mass produced material culture. I argue that, within these abrupt changes, social memory and memory-making practices played a central role in maintaining and congealing indigenous identity. I examine evidence of changing butchery practices on the reservation as they related to the adoption of metal tools. Archaeological investigations demonstrate that even though the Eastern Pequot increasingly used metal tools for butchery, they also continued to use chipped tools made of either stone or glass. I suggest that this pattern is significant because of the ‘mnemonic’ qualities that chipped-tool usage might have carried on reservation grounds. These mnemonic practices served as binding ties for the reservation community.
Excess heterozygosity and scarce genetic differentiation in the populations of Phoenix dactylifera L.: human impact or ecological determinants
Authors: Elshibli Sakina , Korpelainen Helena 
Published: October 2008

Extensive research has been conducted on the characterization of hundreds of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) cultivars worldwide. However, the population genetics of date palms has never been studied. In this study, we collected 200 individuals from 19 populations of different geographical locations in Sudan. The collection sites were grouped according to the type of dates (date palm fruits) that dominates in the area. Ten microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity within and among populations and the correlation between the genetic and geographical distances. The tested microsatellite markers showed a high level of polymorphism. A total of 261 alleles were detected at the ten loci. The overall mean value of fixation indices equalled − 0.163, which shows the presence of excess heterozygosity. However, the χ2tests conducted for every locus in each population indicated no significant deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The analyses of molecular variance exhibited that about 95% of the total genetic variation existed within populations, while significant differentiation within the type groups could be detected. Although significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.552,P &lt; 0.05) was detected by a Mantel test, it seems that the spatial effect has become complicated as a result from the exchange and introduction of different kinds of plant materials by date palm growers and traders, as well as seed dispersal. This complexity was clearly apparent in the weak clustering relationships among most of the tested populations.
HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY IN THE INDO‐PACIFIC: A CLADISTIC APPROACH
Authors: SCHUH RANDALL T. , STONEDAHL GARY M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— The history of biogeographic theories about the Indo‐Pacific is reviewed. The methods of cladistic biogeography are introduced and 10 monophyletic groups of Miridae (Insecta: Heteroptera) are used to apply these methods in the Indo‐Pacific. The results are summarized and then combined with those of Duffels on cicadas. The results of most previous schemes are rejected on the basis of new results because the prior studies applied methods which failed to correctly interrelate areas of endemism within the Indo‐Pacific and between this and other regions. The composite biotic nature of New Guinea is stressed.“it is the presence in and not the absence from land areas of organisms that calls for reasoned explanations” (Evans, 1959)
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Chappill Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— When analysing phylogcnetic relationships at low laxonomic levels it is often the ease that many of the features that can be used to separate taxa show continuous variation. The theoretical and practical problems for the use of such quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis arc examined. Three methods of coding continuous data into discrete characters are assessed in detail: simple gap‐coding, generalised gap‐coding and segment‐coding, a form of range‐coding. The methods are applied to a data set gathered for Eucatyptus L'Hérit. informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus section Maidenana (Myrtaceae). Each method is capable of distorting relative differences between taxa, but segment‐coding produces the least amount of distortion, provided the range of variation of the character is divided into a sufficient number of character states.Continuous quantitative characters provide data for phylogenetic analysis that arc more noisy than those provided by discrete qualitative characters and should, therefore, only be used when the number of qualitative characters is insufficient for resolution of relationships. The results of such analyses should be recognised as provisional pending the discovery of more readily informative characters.
RNA SEQUENCE DATA IN PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION: TESTING THE LIMITS OF ITS RESOLUTION
Authors: Smith Andrew B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— 18S ribosomal RNA sequences from 11 echinoderms are analysed using parsimony to investigate phylogenetic relationships. Their estimated divergence limes range from less than 20 Ma to more than 550 Ma before present. Phylogenies based on 18S rRNA sequence data are compared with well‐established morphological phylogenies to discover at what evolutionary distance the two approaches start to produce incongruent results. Three regions of the 18S rRNA molecule are analysed separately and together, and paired and unpaired sites are also treated separately and combined.Results show that a parsimony analysis of sequence data produces reliable results only when taxa have diverged more recently than about 100 Ma. At greater evolutionary distances (up to 250 Ma), paired nucleotides produce more reliable results than unpaired, while paired and unpaired data combined produce intermediate results. All trees within about 1% of the most parsimonious solution ought to be accepted. Transversions give results almost as reliable as paired regions though there were relatively few informative sites. The relationships of echinoderm classes, which diverged 450–550 Ma ago, are unresolved by 18S rRNA data.
SYSTEMATICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN “GREEN ASH” EUCALYPTS (MONOCALYPTUS)
Authors: Ladiges Pauline Y. , Newnham M. R. , Humphries C. J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of the “green ash” eucalypts, informal subgenus “Monocalyptus”, is presented‐ As a first step, ordination methods of principal coordinates analysis and multidimensional scaling delineated some terminal taxa. The cladistic analysis, applying parsimony methods to the unweighted data set, yielded 25 equally parsimonious trees, each with a consistency index of 0.57.Farris' successive approximations approach to character weighting produced one tree with a consistency index of 0.74.An informal classification of the group, superseries Eucalyptus, is based on that cladogram. The biogeographic history of superseries Eucalyptus is interpreted from the cladogram as having been caused by lour vicariant events in southeastern Australia, in combination with a suite of ecological features that overlie the biogeographic area‐pattern.
A CLADISTIC TEST OF THE TAXON CYCLE AND TAXON PULSE HYPOTHESES
Authors: Liebherr James K. , Hajek Ann E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— A species' habitat preference is intcrpretablc both as a response to present‐day conditions and as a result of evolutionary response to historical conditions. The taxon cycle and taxon pulse have been proposed as hypotheses that allow prediction of patterns of habitat specialization within a lineage. Both are based on common assumptions: (1) habitat specialization is largely irreversible in a lineage, (2) ecological specializations arise in a center of origin, and (3) dispersal events leading to current distributions can be ascertained. Eight taxa of Antillean, Mexican, and Central American Carabidae, for which cladistic hypotheses of relationship have been proposed, are used to test the generality of the taxon cycle and pulse. The patterns of habitat utilization predicted by the taxon cycle and taxon pulse hypotheses are tested by comparing cladistic transformations of habitat preference to randomly generated patterns of data generated under a null hypothesis. Evolutionary changes in habitat are interpreted using Camin‐Sokal coding, which assumes irreversible habitat shifts and a predetermined ecological ground state (assumptions of the taxon cycle and taxon pulse). An observed pattern is considered to demonstrate the taxon cycle or pulse when it results in an explanation of the habitat shifts that is more parsimonious than 95 % of the randomly generated patterns. Of the eight carabid groups, only one exhibits a statistically significant pattern supporting the taxon cycle and pulse. The failure of the taxon cycle and pulse as generally predictive hypotheses may be due to historical changes in climate that permit episodes of range expansion for species previously restricted to small ranges, and habitat shifts and specialization that do not progress in a linear transformation series.Habitat shifts are also analyzed using Farris optimization, resulting in the most parsimonious transformation series of habitats, subject to a predefined ordering of habitats, while allowing reversals. Significance of an observed pattern of habitat shifts under Farris optimization implies habitat constancy relative to cladogenesis, and step‐wise changes in habitat preference. Two of the eight groups exhibit significant patterns of habitat utilization under Farris optimization, indicating that vicariance of areas of like habitat has been the predominant factor generating species diversity in these groups. The other groups do not exhibit habitat constancy, suggesting rapid changes in habitat preference relative to speciation.
Practice management: costing procedures*
Authors: CHANDLER E. A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTCosting procedures and their importance in small animal practice are reviewed together with previous literature on the subject. Fee‐setting scales are discussed, and detailed analysis tables of the costing of the sections of one veterinary hospital are given.Résumé. On passe en revue les dépenses à engager et leur importance dans la pratique vétérinaire concernant les petits animaux, en mentionnant les données de la littératu reconcernant ces dépenses. On discute les barèmes et honoraires et on donne des tableaux détaillés se rapportant à l'analyse des dépenses engagées dans les départements d'un hôpital vétérinaire.Zusammenfassung. Kostenrechnungsverfahren und ihre Bedeutung in der Kleintierpraxis werden zusammen mit früheren Veröffentlichungen über dieses Thema betrachtet. Massstäbe der Honorarfestsetzung werden besprochen und ins einzelne gehende analytische Tabellen der Abteilungskosten einer Tierklinik werden mitgeteilt.
Some aspects of pathology of the lower respiratory tract of the dog: review*
Authors: DONE S. H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe limited literature on canine lung pathology is reviewed and the relative importance of canine pulmonary conditions is discussed.Résumé. On passe en revue la littératwe peu abondante concernant la pathologie pulmonaire du chien et on discute l'importance relative des affections en question chez l'espèce canine.Zusammenfassung. Die begrenzte Literatur über die Pathologie der Lunge des Hundes und die relative Bedeutung der Pulrnonalzustände beim Hund werden besprochen.
Clinical impressions of canine pulmonary disease*
Authors: ROHRBACH J. A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe clinical methods of diagnosis are described and it is emphasized that their useful application increases with practice. Details are given of relevant cases seen during a period of 6 months. There were two cases of bronchitis, two cases of pulmonary congestion, secondary to cardiac insufficiency, one of inflammation due to migrating roundworm larvae and two cases of tumour metastasis.Résumé. On décrit les méthodes cliniques de diagnostic et on souligne le fait que l'utilité de leur emploi augmente avec l'augmentation de la pratique. On donne des détails des cas caractéristiques observés au cours d'une période de 6 mois; il s'agissait de deux cas de bronchite, de deux cas de congestion pulmonaire secondaire à une insuffisance cardiaque, d'un cas d'inflammation due à la migration de larves d'Ascaris et de deux métatases de tumeurs.Zusammenfassung. Die klinischen Methoden der Diagnose werden beschrieben, und es wird betont, dass mit zunehmender Praxis sich ihre erfolgreiche Anwendung verbessert. Einzelheiten über aufschlussreiche Fälle in einem Zeitraum von 6 Monaten werden angegeben. Es handelte sich um zwei Fälle von Bronchitis, zwei Fälle von Lungenstauung nach Herzinsuffizienz, einen von Entzündung infolge wandernder Fadenwurmlarven und zwei Fälle von metastatischem Tumor.
Relationships among Lightning, Precipitation, and Hydrometeor Characteristics over the North Pacific Ocean*
Authors: Pessi Antti T. , Businger Steven 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Lightning data from the Pacific Lightning Detection Network (PacNet) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite were compared with TRMM precipitation radar products and latent heating and hydrometeor data. Three years of data over the central North Pacific Ocean were analyzed. The data were divided into winter (October–April) and summer (June–September) seasons. During the winter, the thunderstorms were typically embedded in cold fronts associated with eastward-propagating extratropical cyclones. Summer thunderstorms were triggered by cold upper-level lows associated with the tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT). Concurrent lightning and satellite data associated with the storms were averaged over 0.5° × 0.5° grid cells and a detection efficiency correction model was applied to quantify the lightning rates. The results of the data analysis show a consistent logarithmic increase in convective rainfall rate with increasing lightning rates. Moreover, other storm characteristics such as radar reflectivity, storm height, ice water path, and latent heat show a similar logarithmic increase. Specifically, the reflectivity in the mixed-phase region increased significantly with lightning rate and the lapse rate of Z decreased; both of these features are well-known indicators of the robustness of the cloud electrification process. In addition, the height of the echo tops showed a strong logarithmic correlation with lightning rate. These results have application over data-sparse ocean regions by allowing lightning-rate data to be used as a proxy for related storm properties, which can be assimilated into NWP models.