bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of an Automated Flossing Device in Different Regions of the Mouth
Authors: Hague Anne L. , Carr Michele P. 
Published: August 2007

Background: Manual floss is often difficult to use, particularly in hard to reach posterior teeth. Many prefer automated flossers because of their ease of use. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of an automated flosser to manual floss for anterior, premolar, and molar teeth using the plaque index (PI) and gingival (GI) index.Methods: A 10‐week, two‐treatment period, crossover design was used. The subjects were randomly assigned to control (C), manual (M), or automated (A) groups. The PI and GI were measured interdentally at baseline and days 15 and 30. Treatment subjects were assigned to the opposite group at the second baseline visit after a 2‐week washout period. Subjects brushed twice a day. Treatment subjects used their respective floss once per day. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene 24 hours before study visits. The PI was measured pre‐ and postintervention on days 15 and 30. Mixed‐effect analysis of covariance crossover models were used to test group effects at days 15 and 30 from both periods with the corresponding mean preintervention and baseline score as covariates for PI and GI, respectively. Within‐subject treatment comparisons were made, and carryover effects were evaluated.Results: The majority of subjects (N = 102) were students (mean age, 23.3 ± 5.0 [SD] years) with minimal gingivitis at baseline. At days 15 and 30, the M group had more plaque than the A group for all regions (P ≤0.008), and the C group had more plaque than the A (P <0.001) and M groups (P ≤ 0.021) for all regions. No regional treatment effect was observed for the GI. Within‐subject analyses were more favorable for the A group than the M group. No significant carryover effect was observed.Conclusions: The automated flossing device removed significantly more interproximal plaque in molar, premolar, and anterior teeth compared to manual floss at days 15 and 30. There was no significant difference in interdental inflammation between groups.
Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using Bone Grafts and Titanium Micromesh in Humans
Authors: Corinaldesi Giuseppe , Pieri Francesco , Marchetti Claudio , Fini Milena , Aldini Nicolò Nicoli , Giardino Roberto 
Published: August 2007

Background: Recently, the use of titanium micromesh for alveolar bone augmentation has drawn interest; however, only limited histologic data are available on the quality of the bone regenerated. Therefore, this study compared the use of 100% intraoral autogenous bone to a combination of intraoral autogenous bone (70%) and bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM) (30%) for alveolar ridge augmentation with titanium micromesh histologically and histomorphometrically.Methods: Twelve partially edentulous patients required alveolar bone augmentation before implant insertion because of ridge resorption. The defect sites, six in the maxilla and six in the mandible, were reconstructed with particulate autologous bone (control group, N = 6) or a mixture of autologous bone and BPBM (test group, N = 6) in combination with titanium micromesh. Core biopsies were taken from the defect sites 8 to 9 months after grafting at the time of implant insertion.Results: Newly formed compact bone with a well‐organized lamellar pattern was identified in all specimens. In the samples taken from the test group, the BPBM particles were surrounded completely by newly formed bone with no signs of resorption. The mean total bone volume was 62.38% ± 13.02% in the control group and 52.88% ± 11.47% in the test group. The soft tissue volume was 37.61% ± 13.02% and 29.96% ± 12.58%, respectively, and the residual BPBM volume was 17.15% ± 2.72% in the test group. No statistical difference was observed in the histologic parameters evaluated, irrespective of graft type and site (P >0.05).Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, BPBM (30%) in combination with autogenous bone (70%) did not yield a lower percentage of new bone formed compared to autogenous bone alone in ridge augmentation with titanium micromesh.
Redefining Cancer during the Interwar Period
Authors: Domenech Rosa M. Medina , Castañeda Claudia 
Published: August 2007

The implementation of radiation technologies within the British hospital system was a significant element in the establishment of the managerial organization of medicine in the interwar period. One aspect of this implementation process was that, in order to install cancer patients within the “radiotherapy factory,” British medical officers of health adapted their organizational cultures from being environmentalists to being administrators of medical services. One of the consequences of this change was the accomplishment of a much more reductive approach to cancer compared with a more holistic approach to the disease.
Widening Socioeconomic Disparities in US Childhood Mortality, 1969–2000
Authors: Singh Gopal K. , Kogan Michael D. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We examined the extent to which area socioeconomic inequalities in overall and cause-specific mortality among US children aged 1–14 years changed between 1969 and 2000. Methods. We linked a census-based deprivation index to US county mortality data from 1969 to 2000. We used Poisson and log-linear regression and inequality indices to analyze temporal disparities. Results. Despite marked declines in child mortality, socioeconomic gradients (relative mortality risks) in overall child mortality increased substantially during the study period. During 1969–1971, children in the most deprived socioeconomic quintile had 52%, 13%, 69%, and 76% higher risks of all-cause, birth defect, unintentional injury, and homicide mortality, respectively, than did children in the least deprived socioeconomic quintile. The corresponding relative risks increased to 86%, 44%, 177%, 159%, respectively from 1998–2000. Conclusions. Dramatic reductions in mortality among children in all socioeconomic quintiles represent a major public health success. However, children in higher socioeconomic quintiles experienced much larger declines in overall, injury, and natural-cause mortality than did those in more deprived socioeconomic quintiles, which contributed to the widening socioeconomic gap in mortality. Widening disparities in child mortality may reflect increasing polarization among deprivation quintiles in material and social conditions.
Safe Play Spaces To Promote Physical Activity in Inner-City Children: Results from a Pilot Study of an Environmental Intervention
Authors: Farley Thomas A. , Meriwether Rebecca A. , Baker Erin T. , Watkins Liza T. , Johnson Carolyn C. , Webber Larry S. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We evaluated the effect of providing a safe play space on the physical activity level of inner-city schoolchildren. Methods. In 1 of 2 matched neighborhoods, we opened a schoolyard and provided attendants to ensure children’s safety. Over the next 2 years we directly observed the number of children and their physical activity levels in the school-yard, as well as in the surrounding intervention and comparison neighborhoods. We also surveyed children in the schools in the intervention and comparison neighborhoods regarding sedentary activities. Results. After the schoolyard was opened, a mean of 71.4 children used it on weekdays and 25.8 used it on weekends during the school year. When observed, 66% of these children were physically active. The number of children who were outdoors and physically active was 84% higher in the intervention neighborhood than the comparison neighborhood. Survey results showed that children in the intervention school reported declines relative to the children in the comparison school in watching television, watching movies and DVDs, and playing video games on weekdays. Conclusion. When children were provided with a safe play space, we observed a relative increase in their physical activity. Provision of safe play spaces holds promise as a simple replicable intervention.
The Effect of Name-Based Reporting and Partner Notification on HIV Testing in New York State
Authors: Tesoriero James M. , Battles Haven B. , Heavner Karyn , Leung Shu-Yin John , Nemeth Chris , Pulver Wendy , Birkhead Guthrie S. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We examined the effect of New York’s HIV Reporting and Partner Notification law on HIV testing levels and on the HIV testing decisions of high-risk individuals. Methods. In-person interviews were administered to 761 high-risk individuals to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV testing and reporting. Trends in HIV testing were also assessed in publicly funded HIV counseling and testing programs, Medicaid, and New York’s Maternal Pediatric Newborn Prevention and Care Program. Results. High-risk individuals had limited awareness of the reporting and notification law, and few cited concern about named reporting as a reason for avoiding or delaying HIV testing. HIV testing levels, posttest counseling rates, and anonymous-to-confidential conversion rates among those who tested HIV positive were not affected by the law. Medicaid-related HIV testing rates also remained stable. HIV testing during pregnancy continued to trend upward following implementation of the law. Findings held true within demographic and risk-related subgroups. Conclusions. HIV reporting has permitted improved monitoring of New York’s HIV/AIDS epidemic. This benefit has not been offset by decreases in HIV testing behavior, including willingness to test among those at high risk of acquiring HIV.
Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Comparison of Self-Reported and Measured Height and Weight
Authors: Lyons Ariel-Ann , Park Jungwee , Nelson Connie H. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We used self-reported and measured height and weight data to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity. Methods. We defined food insecurity according to 3 different models. We used self-reported and measured height and weight from 2 versions of the Canadian Community Health Survey to calculate obesity rates. Results. When self-reported height and weight data were used in calculating obesity prevalence rates, rates were significantly higher among food-insecure respondents than among food-secure respondents; by contrast, when measured height and weight data were used, there were no significant differences. Female respondents classified as food insecure and experiencing mild hunger were at greater risk of obesity than were food-secure female respondents when measured height and weight were used. Conclusions. Associations between obesity and food insecurity are more pronounced when self-reported data on height and weight are used than when measured height and weight data are used. Caution should be used when using self-reported data to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity.
Self-Neglect Among the Elderly: A Model Based on More Than 500 Patients Seen by a Geriatric Medicine Team
Authors: Dyer Carmel Bitondo , Goodwin James S. , Pickens-Pace Sabrina , Burnett Jason , Kelly P. Adam 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We sought to identify the functional, cognitive, and social factors associated with self-neglect among the elderly to aid the development of etiologic models to guide future research. Methods. A cross-sectional chart review was conducted at Baylor College of Medicine Geriatrics Clinic in Houston, Tex. Patients were assessed using standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment tools. Results. Data analysis was performed using the charts of 538 patients; the average patient age was 75.6 years, and 70% were women. Further analysis in 460 persons aged 65 years and older showed that 50% had abnormal Mini Mental State Examination scores, 15% had abnormal Geriatric Depression Scale scores, 76.3% had abnormal physical performance test scores, and 95% had moderate-to-poor social support per the Duke Social Support Index. Patients had a range of illnesses; 46.4% were taking no medications. Conclusions. A model of self-neglect was developed wherein executive dyscontrol leads to functional impairment in the setting of inadequate medical and social support. Future studies should aim to provide empirical evidence that validates this model as a framework for self-neglect. If validated, this model will impart a better understanding of the pathways to self-neglect and provide clinicians and public service workers with more effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities for Control and Abolition
Authors: Sidel Victor W. , Levy Barry S. 
Published: August 2007

Nuclear weapons pose a particularly destructive threat. Prevention of the proliferation and use of nuclear weapons is urgently important to public health. “Horizontal” proliferation refers to nation-states or nonstate entities that do not have, but are acquiring, nuclear weapons or developing the capability and materials for producing them. “Vertical” proliferation refers to nation-states that do possess nuclear weapons and are increasing their stockpiles of these weapons, improving the technical sophistication or reliability of their weapons, or developing new weapons. Because nation-states or other entities that wish to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons need methods for delivering those weapons, proliferation of delivery mechanisms must also be prevented. Controlling proliferation—and ultimately abolishing nuclear weapons—involves national governments, intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental and professional organizations, and society at large.
Protecting Contract Workers: Case Study of the US Department of Energy’s Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management
Authors: Gochfeld Michael , Mohr Sandra 
Published: August 2007

Increased reliance on subcontractors in all economic sectors is a serious occupational health and safety challenge. Short-term cost savings are offset by long-term liability. Hiring subcontractors brings specialized knowledge but also young, inexperienced, inadequately trained workers onto industrial and hazardous waste sites, which leads to increased rates of accidents and injuries. Reliable data on subcontractor occupational health and safety programs and performance are sparse. The US Department of Energy has an excellent safety culture on paper, but procurement practices and contract language deliver a mixed message—including some safety disincentives. Its biphasic safety outcome data are consistent with underreporting by some subcontractors and underachievement by others. These observations are relevant to the private and public sectors. Occupational health and safety should be viewed as an asset, not merely a cost.
Emergency Preparedness Among People Living Near US Army Chemical Weapons Sites After September 11, 2001
Authors: Williams Bryan L. , Magsumbol Melina S. 
Published: August 2007

We examined trust in the army and perceptions of emergency preparedness among residents living near the Anniston, Ala, and Richmond, Ky, US Army chemical weapons stockpile sites shortly after September 11, 2001.Residents (n = 655) living near the 2 sites who participated in a cross-sectional population were relatively unprepared in the event of a chemical emergency. The events of September 11 gave rise to concerns regarding the security of stored chemical weapons and the sites’ vulnerability to terrorist attacks. Although residents expressed trust in the army to manage chemical weapons safely, only a few expressed a desire to actively participate in site decisions.Compliance with procedures during emergencies could be seriously limited, putting residents in these sites at higher levels of risk of exposure to chemical hazards than nonresidents.
Influence of three anesthetic protocols on glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Authors: Fusellier Marion , Desfontis Jean-Claude , Madec Stéphane , Gautier Freddy , Debailleul Michelle , Gogny Marc 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate renal function in clinically normal dogs when awake and during anesthesia with medetomidine; xylazine, ketamine, and halothane (XKH) combination; or propofol.
Animals—10 adult female Beagles.
Procedures—At intervals of 15 days, dogs were administered medetomidine (0.05 mg/kg, IV); XKH combination (xylazine [1 mg/kg, IV], ketamine [5 mg/kg, IV], and halothane [1% end-tidal concentration]); or propofol (6 mg/kg, IV) to induce anesthesia or no treatment. Glomerular filtration rate was assessed on the basis of renal uptake (RU; determined via renal scintigraphy) and plasma clearance (CL) of technetium 99m-labeled diethylenetriamine peentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA).
Results—In awake dogs, mean ± SEM RU was 9.7 ± 0.4% and CL was 3.86 ± 0.23 mL/min/ kg. Renal uptake and CL of 99mTc-DTPA were not significantly modified by administration of XKH (RU, 11.4 ± 0.9%; CL, 4.6 ± 0.32 mL/min/kg) or propofol (RU, 9.7 ± 0.3%; CL, 3.78 ± 0.37 mL/min/kg). Half-life elimination time of plasma 99mTc-DTPA decreased significantly in XKH-anesthetized dogs, compared with the value in awake dogs (14.4 minutes and 28.9 minutes, respectively). However, glomerular filtration rate was significantly decreased by administration of medetomidine (RU, 3.9 ± 0.1%), and the time to maximum kidney activity was significantly increased (867 ± 56 seconds vs 181 ± 11 seconds without anesthesia).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that anesthesia with propofol or an XKH combination did not alter renal function in healthy Beagles, but anesthesia with medetomidine decreased early RU of 99mTc-DTPA.
Evaluation of increased subchondral bone density in areas of contact in the metacarpophalangeal joint during joint loading in horses
Authors: Easton Katrina L. , Kawcak Chris E. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To quantitatively evaluate contact area under 2 loads and subjectively compare contact areas with subchondral bone (SCB) density patterns in intact metacarpophalangeal joints of horses.
Sample Population—6 forelimbs from horses without musculoskeletal disease.
Procedures—Computed tomographic scans of intact metacarpophalangeal joints were analyzed to obtain SCB density measurements. Each limb was loaded on a materials testing system to 150° and 120° extension in the metacarpophalangeal joint, and the joint was stained via intra-articular injection with safranin-O or toluidine blue, respectively. Each joint was disarticulated, and the surface area was digitized. Total articular surface area, contact area, and percentage contact area at each angle were calculated for the distal third metacarpal condyles, the proximal phalanx, and the proximal sesamoid bones.
Results—Contact area on the third metacarpal condyles, proximal sesamoid bones, and the proximal phalanx significantly increased with increased load. Areas of contact subjectively appeared to have a higher density on computed tomographic scans.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Areas consistently in contact under higher load were associated with increased SCB density. This supports the idea that the SCB adapts to the load applied to it. As load increased, contact area also increased, suggesting that areas not normally loaded may have a high degree of stress during impact loading. Quantifying how contact in the joint changes under different loading conditions and the adaptation of the bone to this change in normal and abnormal joints may provide insight into the pathogenesis of osteochondral disease.
Effect of computed tomography display window and image plane on diagnostic certainty for characteristics of dysplastic elbow joints in dogs
Authors: Tromblee Tonya C. , Jones Jeryl C. , Bahr Anne M. , Shires Peter K. , Aref Susanne 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To test the effects of computed tomography (CT) image plane and window settings on diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics associated with dysplastic elbow joints (elbow joint dysplasia) in dogs and to provide optimal display guidelines for these CT characteristics.
Sample Population—CT images of 50 dysplastic elbow joints from 49 lame dogs and 10 elbow joints from 5 sound dogs.
Procedures—CT image data were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Each plane was examined by use of 3 Hounsfield unit (HU) window settings. Two veterinary radiologists independently evaluated sets of CT images for evidence of 7 CT characteristics. Effect of elbow joint status, image plane, and window settings on diagnostic certainty for these CT characteristics was tested by use of a visual analogue scale.
Results—Diagnostic certainty for abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and radial incisure was highest in the transverse plane, subchondral defects or sclerosis of the trochlea humeri was highest in the dorsal plane, and joint incongruity was highest in the sagittal plane. Certainty for hypoattenuating subchondral defects or fissures was highest at 2,500 or 3,500 HUs, whereas certainty for subchondral sclerosis was highest at 1,500 HUs and lowest at 3,500 HUs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics of elbow joint dysplasia in dogs was affected by image display variables. Diagnostic certainty for altered subchondral bone density was primarily influenced by window settings, whereas structural MCP abnormalities and joint incongruity were influenced most by image plane.
Comparison of the complement fixation test and competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of Anaplasma marginale infection in experimentally infected steers
Authors: Coetzee Johann F. , Schmidt Peggy L. , Apley Michael D. , Reinbold James B. , Kocan Katherine M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare sensitivity of a complement fixation (CF) test and competitive ELISA (cELISA) for detection of Anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected steers.
Animals—40 crossbred (Angus-Simmental) steers.
Procedures—Steers were inoculated with 2.6 × 109 A marginale–infected erythrocytes (day 0). Blood samples were collected on days 9, 13, 20, 28, 34, 41, 61, 96, 126, and 156 days after inoculation. The percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) was determined by microscopic examination of stained blood films, and sera were evaluated with the CF test and cELISA by use of USDA-approved methods. Sensitivity and agreement (κ statistic) between the 2 methods were determined. Persistent infections were confirmed by inoculation of blood obtained from infected steers into susceptible, splenectomized calves.
Results—9 days after inoculation, sensitivity of the cELISA was 47.5%, whereas the CF test failed to identify seropositive steers. After day 13, sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 100% and 20%, respectively. During peak parasitemia (day 20), sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 100%. Thereafter, sensitivity of the CF test fluctuated between 7.5% and 37.5%, whereas sensitivity of the cELISA remained at 100%. Overall sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 94.8% and 26.5%, respectively (κ statistic, 0.039).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The cELISA had superior sensitivity for serologic detection of A marginale.The CF test and cELISA each had a high percentage of false-negative results during the prepatent period. These findings are relevant for export certification and anaplasmosis prevention or eradication programs.