bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Al‐Bay' Bithaman Ajil financing: Impacts on Islamic banking performance
Authors: Rosly Saiful Azhar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dual‐banking system in Malaysia is expected to put Islamic banks at a disadvantage due to the latter's over‐dependency on fixed rate asset financing such as al‐bay' bithaman ajil and murabahah. When interest rates are rising, rational product choice among non‐Muslim customers (NMC) is expected to produce a shifting effect that may frustrate deposit mobilization and at the same time able deplete an Islamic bank's earnings. The shifting effect occurs when NMC either transfer deposits from Islamic banks to conventional banks, or, in a period of declining interest rates, opt for loans rather than for deferred sale financing. These shifts occur solely due to pecuniary incentives sought by NMC as the suppliers of deposits or demanders of funds. During an economic slowdown normally accompanied by falling interest rates, the shifting effect is expected to increase idle balances as the demand for fixed rate asset financing declines. Thus, in the choice of banking products, it is argued that NMCs will be the main beneficiaries of the dual‐banking system since they are open to more options than the Muslim customers (MC). Consistent with these expectations, we find that profit margins of Bank Islam Malaysia suffered a decline between the 1996–1997 period of rising interest rates while interest margins of conventional banks showed a rising trend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combined triangular FV‐triangular FE method for nonlinear convection‐diffusion problems
Authors: Bejček M. , Feistauer M. , Gallouet T. , Hájek J. , Herbin R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper is concerned with the analysis of the combined finite element ‐ finite volume method for the solution of nonstationary nonlinear convection‐diffusion problems. Here a special version of this technique is analyzed, combining conforming piecewise linear triangular elements, used for the discretization of diffustion terms, with triangular finite volumes for the approximation of nonlinear convective terms. The finite volume and finite element meshes have to be of the same size, but their shape can be practically independent. In the paper, the error estimates of this method are proven under the assumptions that the finite element meshes are shape regular, the size of the finite element and finite volume meshes are equivalent and the exact solution is sufficiently regular. Theoretical analysis is accompanied by numerical experiments, showing the optimality of the derived error estimates.
Buckling and post‐buckling of a nonlinearly elastic column
Authors: Brojan M. , Puksic A. , Kosel F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe classical problem of buckling of an inextensible elastic column, under the action of a compressive force is examined. The column is made of nonlinearly elastic material for which the stress‐strain relation is represented by the Ludwick constitutive law. An approximative formula for determination of the force at immediate post‐buckling is given. Further post‐buckling solutions are obtained for different values of the nonlinearity parameter by numerical integration using the Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg algorithm, and are presented in non‐dimensional diagrams. It is shown that no bifurcation point is found in the case of nonlinearly elastic column.
On a class of differential equations with left and right fractional derivatives
Authors: Atanackovic T.M. , Stankovic B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe treat fractional order differential equations that contain left and right Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivatives. Such equations arise as the Euler‐Lagrange equation in variational principles with fractional derivatives. We find solutions of such equations or construct corresponding integral equations.
Oxymercuration‐demercuration of hydroxy acetylenic acids
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxymercuration‐demercurationof methyl 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12‐ynoate (I) and methyl 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐9‐ynoate (II) gave 9‐hydroxy‐12‐oxooctadecanoate (III) and 12‐hydroxy‐9‐oxooctadecanoate (IV) in ca. 80% yields. Jones's oxidation of III and IV afforded a quantitative yield of 1,4‐dioxooctadecanoate (V).
Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMechanistic and kinetic studies of Pd‐catalyzed hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure and 30–100 C were carried out with methyl sorbate, methyl linoleate and conjugated linoleate. Homogeneous Pd catalysts and particularly Pd‐acetylacetonate [Pd(acac)2] were significantly more selective than Pd/C in the hydrogenation of sorbate to hexanoates, mainlytrans‐2‐hexenoate. Relative rate constants for the different parallel and consecutive reactions, determined by computer simulation, indicated that the low diene selectivity of Pd/C can be dattributed to a significant direct reduction of sorbate to hexanoate. The similar behavior of PdCl2 to that of Pd/C suggests that Pd(II) was initially reduced to Pd(O). Valence stabilization of PbCl2 by adding DMF or a mixture of Ph3P and SnCl2 increased the diene selectivity but decreased the activity. Stabilization of Pd(acac)2 with triethylaluminum (Ziegler catalyst) resulted in increased activity but decreased selectivity. The kinetics of methyl linoleate hydrogenation showed that although Pd(acac)2 was only half as active as Pd/C, their respective diene selectivity was similar (10.4 and 9.6). The much greater reactivity of conjugated compared with unconjugated linoleate toward Pd(acac)2 suggests the possible formation of conjugated dienes as intermediates that are rapidly reduced and not detected in the lipid phase during hydrogenation.
Antioxidant activity of sodium nitrite in meat
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G. , Foglia T. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolar lipids were extracted from raw, nitrite‐treated beef and pork by a dry column procedure. The polar‐lipid fraction had substantial activity in inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid as determined by a β‐carotene bleaching method and by conjugated diene formation. The antioxidant activity of the polar‐lipid fraction was stable over several months when stored in hexane at−20 C. Residual sodium nitrite, carbon‐nitroso and nitrogen‐nitroso compounds or products of the addition of nitrogen oxides to olefins do not seem to account for the antioxidant activity observed.
Solvent solubility parameter and flour moisture effects on lipid extractability
Authors: Chung O. K. , Pomeranz Y. , Jacobs R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLipids were extracted with a series of solvent systems whose solubility parameter (δ) values ranged from 7.27 to 12.92 (hexane and its aqueous azeotrope, benzene, acetone and its azeotrope and 2‐propanol and its azeotrope) from a flour with 1.2%, 7.2% or 13.8% moisture content (MC). The extracted total lipids (TL) were fractionated into nonpolar lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) by silicic acid column chromatography. NL and PL were further subfractionated by thin layer chromatography (TLC). PL were separated into glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PhL). TL, NL and PL extractabilities were affected by both flour MC and by the nature and composition of extractants: the overall solvent effects were substantially more pronounced than the flour MC effects. Free fatty acid and digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG) extractabilities increased for all extractants, in general, as flour MC increased. Significant linear relations between the δ values of extractants and the average amounts of TL, PL, GL and PhL from flours with 3 MC were found. The high correlation (r=0.981) between δ and extractability of TL was primarily caused by PL; extractabilities of monoglycerides (among NL) and all classes of GL and PhL were significantly (at the 0.01 level) linearly related to the δ values at all 3 flour MC levels. The present study indicated no selective binding between flour proteins and a specific PL class. Among PL, DGDG showed a clear‐cut breaking point in irreversible restoration of breadmaking characteristics. Thus, the present study confirms the significant role of PL to breadmaking, resulting primarily from the contribution of DGDG.
Vernonia volkameriaefolia Seed oil: a rich source of epoxy acid
Authors: Siddiqi S. F. , Ahmad Fasih , Siddiqi M. S. , Osman S. M. , Fenwick G. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofVernonia volkameriaefolia contain 20% oil and are a good source of epoxidized triglycerides. The vernolic acid (cis‐12, 13‐epoxy‐cis‐9, 10‐octadecenoic acid) content of the oil was 63.5%. The structure of this compound was established by chemical and physical methods, including a study of the mass spectral fragmentation of the parent compound and its derivatives.
HPLC analysis of nonionic surfactants. Part IV. Polyoxyethylene fatty alcohols
Authors: Aserin A. , Frenkel M. , Garti N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic technique (HPLC) was applied to analyze nonionic surfactants of ethylene oxide (EO) adducts. Pattern analyses of EO adducts (ethers), with 2, 10 and 20 average EO units, were carried out using a Lichrosorb SI‐60 (10 μm) column (4.6 mm inner dimension (id)×25 cm) under the following conditions: mobile phase‐mixture of isopropanol, methanol and n‐hexane (gradient): temperature of 50 C: UV detector at 220 nm. No derivatization of the compounds was needed. An improved baseline, in spite of gradient elution, was achieved by adding negligible amounts of anthracene to the eluents. Brominated ethoxylated alcohols, resulting from the addition of bromine to the hydrophobic chain of the ethoxylated fatty alcohol, did not require any changes in the elution conditions.
Kinetics of nickel catalyst poisoning
Authors: Drozdowski B. , Zajac M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrogenation was done in a “dead‐end” type of reactor with automatic recording of hydrogen absorption. In order to determine the poisoning rates of various nickel catalysts with phospholipids, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), free fatty acids, sodium soaps and products of lipid oxidation, these poisons were added to the reaction system while the reaction was approaching the highest rate. The kinetic curves show that, at the moment of inhibitor addition, the reaction rate decreases immediately; for AITC, the reaction is even stopped for a certain period of time. This observation proves inhibitors are adsorbed at the metal surface immediately after introduction to the system. In some cases, after decreasing the reaction rate, we have observed subsequent acceleration of the reaction that may result from depoisoning processes at the catalyst surface.
Volatile components from trilinolein heated in air
Authors: Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPure trilinolein and mixtures of trilinolein‐tristearin, trilinolein‐triolein, and trilinolein‐triolein‐tristearin were heated to 192 C in air. Volatiles were collected, separated, and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Major volatiles observed from each heated sample produced compounds unique to the autoxidation‐decomposition of the trilinolein component and included: pentane, acrolein, pentanal, 1‐pentanol, hexanal, 2‐ and/or 3‐hexenal, 2‐heptenal, 2‐octenal, 2,4‐decadienal, and 4,5‐epoxydec‐2‐enal. When samples containing both trilinolein and triolein were heated, volatiles were produced that could be ascribed to each triglyceride. However, heated mixtures containing tristearin produced no observable volatiles that could be related to the oxidized saturated triglyceride. Minor volatiles identified from the heated trilinolein and its mixtures included; aliphatic acids, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, gamma lactones, furans, hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones.
Behavior of alpha, gamma, and delta tocopherols with linoleic acid in aqueous media
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTocopherols can exhibit opposite effects in aqueous media on linoleic acid autoxidation rate. The effect which was observed depended on tocopherol concentration and on the tocopherol itself. At 0.05 mole of tocopherol per mole of linoleic acid, α‐tocopherol was prooxidant while in similar conditions, δ‐tocopherol was anti‐oxidant as well as γ‐tocopherol. However, this latter one exhibited a slight antioxidant activity. When tocopherol concentration decreased (twice as weak), α‐tocopherol still exhibited the same pro‐oxidant activity, while the antioxidant effect of γ and δ tocopherols was increased. The study of tocopherol stability by HPLC has shown that tocopherol oxidation increased in order δ < γ < α. There was a relationship between the ability for a tocopherol to be easily oxidized by air and its prooxidant activity. Tocopherol oxidation would enhance the formation of a perhydroxyl radical ([·OOH] or one of this type [O20=, ·OH]) which was responsible for the prooxidant effect.
The dsc thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in palm oil, II
Authors: Kawamura K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter under isothermal and constant cooling conditions. Constant cooling conditions produced β1’ crystals mixed with α, and β2’ crystals. All underwent the typical transformations to the more stable forms; i.e., β2’ → α → β1’ → β. Isothermal conditions produced: (a) α crystals mixed with β1’, (b) transformation from them to β1, and (c)β2 and β3 crystals. In palm oil crystals, sorbitan tristearate retarded the transformation of the unstable α and β’ forms to the stable β form. This retardation, however, was greatly influenced by the cooling and heating conditions. Using that property of sorbitan tristearate, the polymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals could be studied in detail.
Management systems for creative product development
Authors: Ginn Martin E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA consideration of various routes for creative product development has suggested that ambidextrous methods of management are most appropriate. This has led to an examination of how group vs. individual processing affects the individual engaged in creative product development. Based on certain scenarios and field experiences supported by the literature, it is postulated that participation in innovating groups can have positive as well as negative impacts. Thus, creativity may be facilitated or impeded, depending on the quality and duration of group involvement. This analysis suggests that management approaches should permit certain contingencies to inject variety into experiences of individuals responsible for new product development. A flexible management style allows for stimulation within groups as well as satisfaction of self‐actualization needs of individuals engaged in the creative process.
A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of free fatty acids for lipase assay
Authors: Kwon Dae Y. , Rhee Joon S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid colorimetric method was developed to determine the lipase activity for fat splitting. Free fatty acids produced by lipase from triacylglycerols were determined by observing the color developed using cupric acetate‐pyridine as a color developing reagent. This modified method requires only a few minutes to determine the free fatty acids, whereas it takes over 20 min by the conventional methods which require solvent evaporation and centrifugation steps. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were good for caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids.
A capillary gas chromatographic method for the characterization of linear fatty alcohols
Authors: Oborn Robert E. , Ullman Alan H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA capillary gas chromatography (GC) method for the analysis of fatty alcohols is described. The method can separate fatty alcohols, fatty acids, hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters containing 6 to 22 carbons, as well as fatty‐fatty esters to 40 or more carbons. The precision of the method is better than 2% (rsd); accuracy, based on analyses of a standard mixture and a spiking/recovery experiment, is better than 3% (relative difference between known and measured). A calculated hydroxyl value based upon the GC data agrees well with the titrimetric hydroxyl value.
Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by soluble chicken muscle proteins
Authors: Decker E. A. , Schanus E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA soluble fraction of a chickenMusculus gastrocnemius muscle was used to characterize the catalyst of linoleate oxidation. Separation of the chicken muscle extract into low (free metal) and high (protein) molecular weight fractions revealed that the molecular weight of the major catalyst of linoleate oxidation in chicken muscle extract was greater than 700 daltons. Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by the protein fraction exhibited a pH optimum of 5.9. Subjecting the protein fraction to heat treatments at increasing temperatures (30–90 C) decreased the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Addition of two mM EDTA had no effect on the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Cyanide (2 mM), glutathione (1 mM) and cysteine (1 mM) decreased the oxidation of linoleate by the protein fraction 21.0%, 22.9% and 29.0% respectively. Characterization of the oxidative catalyst in chicken muscle extract indicated that free metals and hemoproteins contribute to overall catalysis of linoleate oxidation but are not the sole catalysts. Heat inactivation of the oxidative catalyst and the observed pH optimum suggests that the unidentified catalyst is proteinacious and may be an enzyme.
Routine analysis of jojoba wax fatty acids and alcohols by single column capillary GC
Authors: Graille J. , Pina M. , Ploch D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThrough a detailed study of the different steps and reactions of the ethanolysis and acetylation of jojoba wax, two analytical procedures were developed. One method could be a standard method of analysis because it includes a one‐pot derivatization of the jojoba wax followed by a single GC analysis with an overall analysis time of three hr. The other method, is suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples for checking, screening, selection and breeding among the different jojoba genera.
Interaction of a model skin surface lipid with a modified triglyceride
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Osborne David W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of the interaction between a model skin surface lipid (SSL) and an oil base skin softener (G2) was made by comparing the phase behavior of these substances in combination with the water/triethanolamine: oleic acid (1:1 wt ratio) system. A principle feature of the water/G2/triethanolamine:oleic acid (TEA:OL) system was the formation of a lamellar liquid crystal region that incorporated an average of 40% G2 over the 10–45% water range. The phase behavior of the water/SSL/TEA:OL system demonstrated only over a 4–9% water range. At greater than 5% SSL, there is the complete absence of single phase regions above 10’% water.From comparison of the phase regions and the small angle X‐ray diffraction results, it is found that for G2/SSL mixtures the phase behavior of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by the SSL and the interlayer spacing of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by G2.
A simple population viability analysis of Tancho (Grus japonensis) in southeastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Masatomi Yoshiyuki , Higashi Seigo , Masatomi Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe employed population viability analysis to estimate future population trends and extinction risk of Tancho, the Japanese or red‐crowned crane (Grus japonensis). The stage matrix was based on 15 years of data collected by counting the number of wintering cranes and following the survivorship of banded cranes. The accidental death rate was estimated from the number of dead or seriously injured cranes collected in the Kushiro municipal zoo. Consequently, the accidental death rate was found to increase each year at 0.072% per year during the recent 14 years and 0.132% per year during final 6 years. The carrying capacity (K) was estimated from the mean mire area within the territory of a breeding pair and the geographic information system data in southeastern Hokkaido. Accordingly, K was estimated to be 1,659 in this area. Using the stage matrix, accidental death rates and K (and 20%‐lower K), the simulation was conducted under three conditions: (1) the increase of accidental death, (2) the limitation of carrying capacity, and (3) the concurrent occurrence of carrying capacity limitation and accidental death increase. As a result, the extinction probability during 100 years was zero, although the accidental death rate increased at the current rate of 0.132% per year. Therefore, by artificial feeding in winter, the Japanese population of Tancho reached the adequate level, which seems sustainable unless some catastrophic factors seriously damage the population. To raise the tolerance to catastrophic factors, we discuss the probability of their distributional expansion to western or northern Hokkaido and even to Honshu.
ZnO Nanorods via Spray Deposition of Solutions Containing Zinc Chloride and Thiocarbamide
Authors: Dedova Tatjana , Volobujeva Olga , Klauson Jelena , Mere Arvo , Krunks Malle 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In this work we present the results on formation of ZnO nanorods prepared by spray of aqueous solutions containing ZnCl2and thiocarbamide (tu) at different molar ratios. It has been observed that addition of thiocarbamide into the spray solution has great impact on the size, shape and phase composition of the ZnO crystals. Obtained layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy selected backscattered electron detection system (ESB), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Small addition of thiocarbamide into ZnCl2solution (ZnCl2:tu = 1:0.25) supports development of significantly thinner ZnO nanorods with higher aspect ratio compared to those obtained from ZnCl2solution. Diameter of ZnO rods decreases from 270 to 100 nm and aspect ratio increases from ∼2.5 to 12 spraying ZnCl2and ZnCl2:tu solutions, respectively. According to XRD, well crystallized (002) orientated pure wurtzite ZnO crystals have been formed. However, tiny ‘spot’—like formations of ZnS were detected on the side planes of hexagonal rods prepared from the thiocarbamide containing solutions. Being adsorbed on the side facets of the crystals ZnS inhibits width growth and promotes longitudinalc-axis growth.
The anteromedial approach to the psoas tendon in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Poonnoose Pradeep M. , Madhuri Vrisha , Palocaren Thomas 
Published: July 2007

Purpose Release of the psoas tendon for flexion deformity of the hip in children with cerebral palsy has traditionally been performed at the pelvic brim, lateral to the neurovascular bundle, or at its insertion into the lesser trochanter. As the psoas tendon is lateral to the pectineus, the traditional exposure of the tendon through an approach medial to the pectineus is limited by the extent to which the pectineus can be retracted proximally. Technical note We describe the use of the anteromedial approach used for the developmentally dislocated hip to expose the psoas tendon between the pectineus and the neurovascular bundle. This provides a much better visualisation of the tendon as it crosses the superior pubic ramus to its insertion. The use of this approach has not been described in cerebral palsy.