bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lamont takes delivery of Conrad Replacement
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory has a new deep‐ocean research ship, to be paid for with $11.4 million from the National Science Foundation. The 239‐foot Bernier, formerly used for oil exploration, will replace the U.S. Navy research vessel Conrad, which has cruised more than a million miles over 26 years for Lamont‐Doherty.The Bernier was purchased from Petro Canada for $6.5 million. Another $3.5 million will be spent to modify the 5‐year‐old ship for academic research. Under an agreement between NSF and Columbia University, which operates Lamont‐Doherty in Palisades, N.Y., the university will put up the $10 million for acquisition and renovation and will be reimbursed by NSF for that amount plus $1.4 million for servicing debt on the purchase. The cost of building and outfitting a ship like the Bernier for scientific purposes would be $30–40 million, according to NSF.
Geochemical Thermodynamics
Authors: Nordlie Bert E. 
Published: October 2006

This textbook is designed for first‐year graduate students, with the authors' stated objectives of emphasizing the basic principles of thermodynamics and describing these principles within a geochemical framework. The book admirably achieves these goals. It also fills a gap in geoscience textbooks since other books on the topic are either out‐ofdate, out‐of‐print, somewhat specialized, or lack coverage of major aspects important to geochemistry. It is a friendly book.For at least the past two decades, thermodynamics has become an integral part of geochemical investigations and this will almost certainly continue and increase. Students with advanced degrees in many fields of geoscience will be seriously handicapped if they are not able to critically read and understand articles that include thermodynamics and interact with colleagues who use this tool. Unfortunately, it is typically necessary to introduce students to the subject through a course designed for chemists or physicists. Such courses usually involve detailed, sophisticated derivations and problem solving that is theoretical or uninteresting to the geoscientist, a general flavor that that diverges considerably from the needs pertinent to geochemistry. Phase equilibria, solid solutions, and aqueous electrolyte solutions, are often given little, if any, attention. Students generally return from such an experience “wrung out” and unsure of the purpose for taking the course. To make the experience useful, the topics not covered must then be presented by the student's department with considerable rehashing of the basic principles. This unfriendly process is largely overcome by Nordstrom and Munoz with consistent use of geologically pertinent examples, minimization of derivations, emphasis of geochemical thermodynamics, a personal style of writing (“you” and “we”), and scattered humor such as the earthy example of the second law on p. 40 and the cartoons of “perplexed penguins” at the end of each chapter.
Congress targets DOE plants
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Calling the Department of Energy's management of the nation's crippled nuclear weapons production complex “a 35‐year secret chemical war waged against people living near DOE's sites,” Representative Thomas Luken (D‐OH) opened a congressional hearing on February 23 with an appeal to DOE Secretary‐designate James Watkins to release secret health records of workers at the plants. In testimony that followed, Comptroller General Charles Bowsher told a subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee that President Bush's new budget does not go far enough on the long and costly road of cleaning up and modernizing the contaminated and aging facilities. The renovation is expected to cost up to $155 billion.By next month, 11 of the 17 installations that make up the DOE complex will be on the EPA's Superfund list of the nation's most contaminated waste sites. Some o f the DOE facilities, including the Rocky Flats plant in Denver, Colo., the Hanford Reservation in eastern Washington, and the Savannah River plant in South Carolina, are among the most polluted sites ever identified by EPA. The principal function of the facilities, the production of tritium and plutonium for nuclear weapons, has stopped, creating what DOE has characterized as a looming national security crisis.
Applied Hydrology, McGraw‐Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering
Authors: Tobin Graham A. 
Published: October 2006

Applied Hydrology is a valuable contribution to the literature. It is clearly written and meets all goals described by the authors. The book is intended as an upper level undergraduate or graduate level text but will also serve well as a reference handbook for applied hydrologists.The book is divided into three parts. The first, on hydrological processes, comprises six chapters which examine different elements of the hydrologic system. For the most part, these chapters are descriptive, providing background information and outlining basic principles pertinent to hydrology. Topics range from atmospheric processes to surface and subsurface flows. Finally, hydrologic measurement is discussed in chapter six.
Sea level/ODP workshop
Authors: Mountain Gregory , Watkins Joel 
Published: October 2006

Sixty‐six scientists from academia, government, and industry met recently for a 3‐day Joint Oceanographic Institutions/U.S. Science Advisory Committee workshop in El Paso, Tex. Their purpose was to consolidate strategies for the study of sea level change within the Ocean Drilling Program. A document summarizing their findings will be available this spring from JOI, Inc., while the following is a report outlining preliminary workshop conclusions.Three facts provided the incentive to convene this workshop: an international array of marine scientists [COSOD II, 1987] determined that a major goal of ocean drilling in the next decade should be to improve understanding of the timing, magnitude, and causal mechanisms of sea level change; the complexity of deriving a eustatic signal from the rock record underscores the importance o f a carefully organized approach; and acquiring adequate survey data and developing critically important technologies requires a lead time of several years ahead of ODP drilling.
Oil spill shows on satellite image
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Colder water off Seward, Alaska, imaged by the NOAA‐11 polar orbiting satellite coincides with the leading part of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. Visual observations from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration airplane suggest that the location of the cooler radiant temperature on the image (Figure 1) was the leading edge of the spill, which was about 180 km southwest of Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, where the tanker ran aground March 24.The spill was carried to its April 7 position by wind and the Alaska Coastal Current at an average speed of 15 cm s−1 (about 13 km a day). Wind and fresh water discharge drive the coastal current, which is unusually slow due to record low precipitation in southeastern Alaska in February.
Record aurora over North America
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

White‐light image of the U.S. and Canada taken from space near 10 P.M. local time Monday, March 13, 1989, near the maximum phase of the largest auroral event since 1972. The bright band of light across southern Canada and northern U.S. is the visible aurora, or northern lights. The aurora was so bright that many fine details of auroral “bands,” “folds” and “curtains” are blotted out. At the maximum, auroral features were seen as far south as Houston, Tex.The image was taken by the F9 satellite of the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program. City lights of the eastern half of the U.S. and Canada and some clouds and ground features illuminated by moonlight are seen in the image on the right, and in the Western half in the image on the left. The left image was obtained 100 minutes later than the right image. There is some overlap in the two images; for example, city lights of Dallas, Tex., appears in both images. The black line on the western image is a data‐processing artifact.
Global climate change linkages
Authors: White James C. 
Published: October 2006

About 200 leading scientists and policymakers from 30 states and provinces met in Washington, D.C., in mid‐November to consider Global Climate Change Linkages: Acid Rain, Air Quality and Stratospheric Ozone. Participants included atmospheric scientists, chemists, geologists, biologists, and engineers, as well as attorneys, government agency representatives, environmentalists and representatives of trade and professional associations.The issues of acid rain, air quality and stratospheric ozone depletion are usually considered in isolation. The purpose of this meeting was to examine the potential linkages among them and the implications for decision makers. The meeting, the fifth annual conference sponsored by the Center for Environmental Information's Air Resources Information Clearinghouse, Rochester, N.Y., was cosponsored by 25 agencies and organizations in the U.S. and Canada.
ECHO 7: An electron beam experiment in the magnetosphere
Authors: Winckler J. R. , Malcolm P. R. , Arnoldy R. L. , Burke W. J. , Erickson K. N. , Ernstmeyer J. , Franz R. C. , Hallinan T. J. , Kellogg P. J. , Monson S. J. , Lynch K. A. , Murphy G. , Nemzek R. J. 
Published: October 2006

Particle beams released from space vehicles provide a unique way to study many problems in basic plasma physics in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Electron beams, for example, may act as probes or tracers in the large‐scale magnetosphere but also generate waves, plasma heating, and current systems in the local ionosphere. Such experiments are a natural extension of laboratory plasma physics to a regime where there are no walls, but where a high degree of control may still be achieved.The first electron beam experiment in space was the Hess Artificial Aurora Experiment [Hess et al., 1971], which was launched in 1969 from the NASA Wallops Island Range, Wallops Island, Va., not only to generate auroral streaks but to map magnetic field lines between conjugate regions above the Earth's surface. This was followed in 1970 by ECHO 1, also from Wallops. Since that time, a multitude of electron beam experiments have been carried out on sounding rockets, and some at orbiting altitudes on the Space Shuttle. In the ECHO program, six additional experiments have been flown, culminating in ECHO 7, which is the subject of this paper and the last of the series. The history of the subject up to 1980 has been covered in a review paper [Winckler, 1980]. Particle beams in space plasmas were the subject of an extensive symposium in 1981 [Grandal, 1982]. This symposium includes a review of ECHO results [Winckler, 1982].Abe et al.,[1988] have analyzed ELF wave generation observed during the previous flight, ECHO 6, and referenced recent papers under the ECHO program.
To the Ocean Sciences section
Authors: Hickey Barbara 
Published: October 2006

To maximize our ability to obtain recognition of Ocean Sciences Section members as Fellows of AGU while minimizing the associated workload, I have, in consultation with our executive committee, established an Ocean Sciences Fellows Committee chaired by the President‐Elect to oversee and assist in the nomination process.The committee asks that anyone wanting to sponsor a nomination send a one‐page proposal telling why an individual should be made a Fellow. Proposals will be reviewed by the commitee, and a number equal to 1 ½ to 2 times our nomination quota will be chosen for full presentation. Committee members will then work with nominators to select and contact seconders, while the nominator provides the required curriculum vitae and publication list. The committee will assist in any manner possible to insure that the files that go forward are both timely and well documented.
Marine Science Graduate Program at UT Austin
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Beginning this fall, students at the University of Texas at Austin will be able to earn master's and doctoral degrees in marine science for the first time.Degree programs will be available in marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology, and physical oceanography. The new program is the result of a review of the Department of Marine Studies that Robert Jones started in 1985 after he was appointed the department chairman.
A modern perspective on the Conrad Discontinuity
Authors: Litak Robert K. , Brown Larry D. 
Published: October 2006

V. Conrad in 1925 postulated that seismic energy propagated in a lower crustal layer with a velocity intermediate between that of the upper crust and mantel. That suggestion led to the idea of a universal or at least pervasive midcrustal velocity discontinuity, a concept that soon became widely, albeit not universally, accepted. As early studies of earthquake records were supplanted by data from controlled‐source refraction surveys, references to the “Conrad discontinuity” in the continental crust became common in theliterature.As more and increasingly detailed data have been collected, the nature and even the existence of this feature has been called into question. However, some results of deep seismic reflection profiling seem to indicate a distinction between upper and lower crust, which suggests that a midcrustal boundary may indeed exist in some areas. In light of these developments and the continuing debate over the nature of the continental crust, it is appropriate at this time to examine the historical development of the concept of the Conrad discontinuity and the objections and responses and how recent data affect perspectives on the Conrad discontinuity.
James Roy Barcus 1930–1988
Authors: Brown R. R. , Goldberg R. A. , Rosenberg T. J. , Patel V. L. ,   colleagues
Published: October 2006

James Roy Barcus, professor of physics at the University of Denver, Colo., died January 3, 1988, at his home in Denver after a long battle with lung cancer.Barcus was born in Kansas City, Mo., on September 30, 1930. He served in the U.S. Navy before enrolling as an undergraduate at the University of New Mexico, where he obtained his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees. His doctoral research was on extensive air showers of cosmic radiation, under J. R. Green.
Magnetic domains
Authors: Worm H.‐U. , Banerjee S. K. , Ryan P. J. , Hoffmann V. , Appel E. , Soffel H. 
Published: October 2006

At the recently concluded International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Assembly in Exeter, U.K., magnetic domain observations on magnetite imaged for the first time by the magneto‐optic Kerr effect were reported. The picture (Figure 1) shows domains on a synthetic magnetite grain where magnetic contrast is achieved by the longitudinal Kerr effect using a polarizing light microscope with an attached high‐sensitivity video camera, a digital video processor and a graphics computer.Previous domain studies on magnetite were done by the Bitter technique, where magnetic colloids are attracted by magnetic gradients over domain walls. Results were at odds with theoretical predictions concerning domain sizes, and it has been questioned whether the colloid actually leaves the domains themselves unaffected or whether there are (Néel‐type) domain walls that are not associated with a significant gradient.
Active and recent strike‐slip tectonics
Authors: Nur Amos , Boccaletti Mario 
Published: October 2006

An international workshop cosponsored by the Department of Geology, University of Florence, Italy and the Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., was held in Florence, Italy, April 18–20, 1989,on the topic of active and recent strike‐slip tectonics in the continental crust. Workshop participants from Turkey, Ethiopia, Israel, Greece, and various universities in Italy, Spain, West Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Brazil, and the United States reported on a broad range of studies involving strike‐slip faulting in continental crustal setting. As it turned out, much of the work reported on involved aspects of strike‐slip faulting that are only poorly understood, especially crustal deformation, which is distributed over a multiplicity of faults, or even fault domains.One of the rewarding aspects of this workshop was the diversity of geographic areas and geological settings covered by the reporters. The north and east Anatolian faults, the Dead Sea transform zone, western Turkey, north and central Greece, Malta, Sicily, southern Italy, the bethic Cordillera in southern Spain, Tunisia, Tibet and southwest China, offshore Brazil, Alaska, Nevada, and California. A recurring observation reported for all those areas was mixed mode faulting, i.e., the coterminous or sequential occurrence of strike‐slip and normal faulting, or strike‐slip and thrust, and in many instances also strikeslip, normal and thrust faulting in a single tectonic setting.
Shaded relief map of U.S. topography from digital elevations
Authors: Pike Richard J. , Thelin Gail P. 
Published: October 2006

Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud‐free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.
Space Science in the Twenty‐First Century: Imperatives for the Decades 1995–2015 (Solar and Space Physics)
Authors: Kivelson Margaret Galland 
Published: October 2006

We are told by those who were fortunate enough to have participated in National Aeronautics and Space Administration missions in the 1960s that mission time scales were measured in months. Ideas transformed themselves into hardware and launches in less than a year. Little in‐depth analysis of the anticipated findings was required to justify a project. A spacecraft with functioning instruments was sure to discover something new, different, and probably interesting.In 1989, as NASA resumes launching spacecraft (including the first planetary missions since Pioneer Venus was launched in 1978), missions evolve from ideas to implementation to the beat of a different drummer. With more than a decade not atypical of the period between concept and fruition and with a mature discipline calling for data pertinent to clearly defined scientific questions, planning has become an essential element of the space program. Plans a r e developed and updated frequently by committees of the Space Science Board and internally by NASA offices. Unofficial grass roots groups have added their voices, most recently at a session on Magnetospheric Missions Beyond International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) held at the Spring Meeting of AGU. A cynic might regard more science and less planning as desirable, but such a flippant view ignores the complexity of the process of assigning priorities among challenging, difficult, and costly options for future missions.
Geoid Commission
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The International Geoid Commission was formed by the International Association of Geodesy at the 19th General Assembly of the IUGG in Vancouver, 1987. The commission operates as Commission XII of Section III (Determination of the Gravity Field) of IAG.A Commission of the IAG considers those activities for which close international cooperation or organization is necessary. Each member country of IUGG is entitled to nominate one representative to this commission. Forty representatives have been appointed. U.S. representative is Richard H. Rapp.
Who will lead quake program?
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

While federal, state, and local officials are still totaling the damage from the October 17 Loma Prieta earthquake in northern California, Congress is undecided on which agency should lead national efforts to prepare for earthquakes.The Federal Emergency Management Agency currently runs the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), coordinating earthquake hazard research supported by itself, the U.S. Geological Survey, National Science Foundation, and National Institute of Science and Technology. Now several longtime supporters of NEHRP in the Senate, unhappy with FEMA's performance, want the “lead” agency role to be turned over to USGS. Seismologists, members of Congress, and emergency response experts have been critical of reduced spending and disorganization within the program.
New head of ocean service
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Virginia K. Tippie has become director of NOAA's National Ocean Service, which is responsible for collecting and distributing information about oceans and coastal areas.As leader of one of NOAA's five major offices, Tippie's title is Assistant Administrator of Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management. She oversees offices that compile ocean maps, predict tides, monitor global climate and pollution, and manage coastal programs like the National Marine Sanctuary and the National Estuarine Research Reserve. Tippie was previously director of the NOAA Estuarine Program Office, which recently was made part of the office of the NOAA Administrator. From 1981–86 she directed the EPA's congressionally mandated Chesapeake Bay Program. Before that she directed the Center for Ocean Management Studies at the University of Rhode Island. Tippie has also been a special assistant to the chairman of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere.
Forecasting Gulf Stream meanders and rings
Authors: Robinson Allan R. , Glenn Scott M. , Spall Michael A. , Walstad Leonard J. , Gardner Geraldine M. , Leslie Wayne G. 
Published: October 2006

The deep open ocean exhibits energetic space‐time variability phenomena that are the counterpart of atmospheric weather systems. The internal weather of the sea occurs on the scale of the internal deformation radius (depth times the ratio of buoyancy to Coriolis frequencies), with features called “mesoscale” fronts and eddies, although the dynamical analogy is with the atmospheric synoptic scale [Charney and Flierl, 1980; Robinson, 1983]. Space scales range from tens to hundreds of kilometers and time scales from days to months; features extend from surface to bottom intensified in the upper ocean main thermocline.Mesoscale effects include the intermittent energization of regions; the shifting of currents; the location of air‐sea interaction events; the transport, entrapment and dispersion of such things as heat, chemicals, nutrients, larvae, and pollutants; and the alteration of sound propagation. Forecasting the internal weather of the sea is important scientifically and practically and is now feasible [Mooers et al, 1987; Robinson, 1987] due to rapid, recent advances in physical oceanography and related technologies, especially satellites and computers. We have established a forecast system for the Gulf Stream Meander and Ring (GSM&R) region, called GULFCAST, that provides predictions one week ahead in real time and on an ongoing basis.