bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Front Cover: Towards See‐Through Displays: Fully Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors Driving Transparent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (Adv. Mater. 6/2006)
Authors: Görrn P. , Sander M. , Meyer J. , Kröger M. , Becker E. , Johannes H.‐H. , Kowalsky W. , Riedl T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe first fully transparent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) pixels, fabricated by integrating transparent OLEDs on top of transparent thin‐film transistors (TTFTs), are demonstrated on p. 738 by Riedl and co‐workers, and shown schematically on the inside cover. With an average transmittance of more than 70 % in the visible part of the spectrum (400–750 nm), the presented active pixels pave the way to the realization of fully transparent active matrix displays.
Social patterns of food sharing in monogamous owl monkeys
Authors: Wolovich C.K. , Feged A. , Evans S. , Green S.M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCaptive owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae, A. azarai) share food frequently within both families and pairs. In this study food sharing was observed in seven mated pairs and four families (i.e., four mated pairs and their offspring). Patterns of food sharing were examined with respect to age class, sex, and the presence or absence of dependent offspring. Within families, most food transfers were from adult males to developing offspring. Adult males and females transferred food to their mates in caged pairs as well as in family units. Food interactions between adults are as likely to result in food transfers as those between adults and offspring. This pattern of food sharing between mates in a monogamous species may serve both nutritional and social functions that differ from those in polygamous species. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–12, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic characterization of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Nepal
Authors: Kyes Randall C. , Jones‐Engel Lisa , Chalise Mukesh K. , Engel Gregory , Heidrich John , Grant Richard , Bajimaya Shyam S. , McDonough John , Smith David Glenn , Ferguson Betsy 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIndian‐origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have long served as an animal model for the study of human disease and behavior. Given the current shortage of Indian‐origin rhesus, many researchers have turned to rhesus macaques from China as a substitute. However, a number of studies have identified marked genetic differences between the Chinese and Indian animals. We investigated the genetic characteristics of a third rhesus population, the rhesus macaques of Nepal. Twenty‐one rhesus macaques at the Swoyambhu Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal, were compared with more than 300 Indian‐ and Chinese‐origin rhesus macaques. The sequence analyses of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci, from the HVS I and 12 S rRNA regions, showed that the Nepali animals were more similar to Indian‐origin than to Chinese‐origin animals. The distribution of alleles at 24 short tandem repeat (STR) loci distributed across 17 chromosomes also showed greater similarity between the Nepali and Indian‐origin animals. Finally, an analysis of seven major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles showed that the Nepali animals expressed Class I alleles that are common to Indian‐origin animals, including Mamu‐A*01. All of these analyses also revealed a low level of genetic diversity within this Nepali rhesus sample. We conclude that the rhesus macaques of Nepal more closely resemble rhesus macaques of Indian origin than those of Chinese origin. As such, the Nepali rhesus may offer an additional resource option for researchers who wish to maintain research protocols with animals that possess key genetic features characteristic of Indian‐origin rhesus macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–11, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population size and density of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng‐Fiema Monkey Sanctuary and surrounding forest fragments in Ghana
Authors: Wong Sarah N.P. , Sicotte Pascale 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Boabeng‐Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (BFMS) is inhabited by a growing population of Ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus), a species that is listed as vulnerable. Smaller, degraded forest fragments that surround the BFMS also contain C. vellerosus and may provide an important habitat for the monkeys. Our objectives were to 1) determine the current population size and density of C. vellerosus at BFMS and in five surrounding fragments, 2) examine the differences in demographics between the fragments and BFMS, and 3) determine whether a relationship exists between population density and fragment size and isolation distance from BFMS. The census was a complete count and was conducted for 1 month (July 2003) by S.W. and trained research assistants. Seven census routes were walked simultaneously on 13 days. The 2003 population estimate of C. vellerosus at BFMS was 217–241 individuals (15 groups), a slight increase from the 2000 census. Numbers in the fragments (58–62, six groups) have remained stable since 1997, when the only other census of these fragments was conducted. Mean group size did not differ between the fragments and BFMS. Larger fragments had larger numbers of colobus, but there was no relationship between fragment size and colobus density. Isolation distance had no effect on population density. Our data suggest that colobus probably travel between fragments. Conservation efforts should focus on treating the small forests and their connecting areas as a single conservation unit. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–12, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanoscale investigation on adhesion of E. coli to surface modified silicone using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Cao Ting , Tang Haiying , Liang Xuemei , Wang Anfeng , Auner Gregory W. , Salley Steven O. , Ng K.Y. Simon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBacterial adhesion on biomaterial surfaces is the initial step in establishing infections and leads to the formation of biofilms. In this study, silicone was modified with different biopolymers and silanes, including: heparin, hyaluronan, and self‐assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), and fluoroalkylsilane (FAS). The aim was to provide a stable and bacteria‐resistant surface by varying the degree of hydrophobicity and the surface structure. The adhesion of Escherichia coli (JM 109) on different modified silicone surfaces was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mica, an ideal hydrophilic and smooth surface, was employed as a control specimen to study the effect of hydrophobicity and surfaces roughness on bacterial adhesion. AFM probes were coated with E. coli and the force measurements between the bacteria‐immobilized tip and various materials surfaces were obtained while approaching to and retracting from the surfaces. A short‐range repulsive force was observed between the FAS coated silicone and bacteria. The pull‐off force of bacteria to FAS was the smallest among coated surfaces. On the other hand, heparin exhibited a long‐range attractive force during approach and required a higher pull‐off force in retraction. Both AFM and SEM results indicated that FAS reduced bacterial adhesion whereas heparin enhanced the adhesion compared to pure silicone. The work demonstrates that hydrophobicity cannot be used as a criterion to predict bacterial adhesion. Rather, both the native properties of the individual strain of bacteria and the specific functional structure of the surfaces determine the strength of force interaction, and thus the extent of adhesion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonenzymatic Ligation of Short‐Chained 2′–5′‐ or 3′–5′‐Linked Oligoribonucleotides on 2′–5′‐ or 3′–5′‐Linked Complementary Templates
Authors: Sawai Hiroaki , Wada Makoto , Kouda Tsukasa , Nakamura Ozaki Akiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract5′‐pACUG tetraribonucleotides containing 2′–5′ or 3′–5′ linkages self‐condensed on 2′–5′‐ or 3′–5′‐linked complementary decaribonucleotide (5′‐CAGUCAGUCA) templates. CD and UV melting studies showed that helix formation took place in all four possible combinations of linkage isomers of the substrate tetramer and the template decamer under the ligation conditions. The hybridization ability followed the order: [3′–5′ tetramer with 3′–5′ decamer]>[2′–5′ tetramer with 3′–5′ decamer]>[2′–5′ tetramer with 2′–5′ decamer]≥[3′–5′ tetramer with 2′–5′ decamer]. Each tetramer condensed on the complementary decaribonucletide template to form the corresponding octamer, but the ligation efficiency varied considerably, depending on the types of linkage in the tetramer substrate and the template decamer. The yields of the octamers obtained by the template‐directed ligation followed the order: [2′–5′ substrate: 2′–5′ template]>[3′–5′:3′–5′]>[2′–5′:3′–5′]>[3′–5′:2′–5′]. The results demonstrate that a homo‐linkage system is preferable for the template‐directed synthesis of RNA. The resulting linkage of the octamer formed from the 2′–5′‐linked substrate and the 2′–5′‐linked template is mainly 2′–5′.
Down‐regulation of locus‐specific human lymphocyte antigen class I expression in Epstein–Barr virus‐associated gastric cancer
Authors: Dutta Nirmal , Gupta Arnab , Mazumder Debendra Nath Guha , Banerjee Subrata 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo understand whether the association between Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and gastric cancer (GC) has any role in loss of surface expression of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class I, the authors analyzed locus‐specific transcriptional expression of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, and HLA‐E along with other HLA‐associated molecules (β2‐microglobulin [β2M], cellular latent membrane protein [LMP], and transporter associated with antigen presentation [TAP]) in EBV‐associated, primary GC (EBVaGC) and EBV‐negative GC (EBVnGC) tissues.METHODSApproximately 20 EBVaGC tissues and 40 EBVnGC tissues and their corresponding normal tissues were used in the study. The presence of EBV in GC was established by EBV‐encoded small RNA in situ hybridization analysis and BamHI W polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Transcriptional expression of viral LMP2A and several HLA class I genes were analyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR. Surface expression levels of HLA class I proteins in cancer samples along with their normal counterparts also were quantified by flow cytometry.RESULTSThe RT‐PCR data suggested selective down‐regulation of the HLA‐A/HLA‐B locus along with over‐expression of HLA‐E transcripts in EBVaGC (P < .05). This was confirmed further by the flow‐cytometric studies using antibodies to HLA‐ABC and HLA‐E. Among the accessory molecules, LMP7 transcript was down‐regulated in a number of EBVaGC tissues compared with EBVnGC.CONCLUSIONSThe current results suggested that the establishment of EBV latent infection in gastric tissues allows malignant cells to avoid the immune surveillance of both cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes and natural killer cells by regulating the differential expression of HLA class I molecules. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Branching of calyceal afferents during postnatal development in the rat auditory brainstem
Authors: Rodríguez‐Contreras Adrián , de Lange Robert P.J. , Lucassen Paul J. , Borst J. Gerard G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (aVCN) send out calyceal axons that form large excitatory somatic terminals, the calyces of Held, onto principal cells of the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). It is unclear which fraction of these axons might form more than one calyx and whether this fraction changes during development. We combined in vitro anterograde tracing, stereological cell counts, analysis of apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry to study the development of calyceal afferents in rats of different postnatal ages. We found that some principal cells were contacted by multiple large axosomatic inputs, but these invariably originated from the same axon. Conversely, at least 18% of traced afferents branched to form multiple calyces, independently of age. Calyces from the same axon generally innervated nearby principal cells, and most of these branch points were <50 μm away from the synaptic terminals. Our results show that the projection from the aVCN to the MNTB is divergent, both when calyces have just been formed and in the adult. Cell counts did not provide evidence for principal cell loss during development, although analysis of apoptosis showed a large increase in nonneuronal cell death around the onset of hearing. Our data suggest that, once a calyceal synapse forms in the MNTB, it stays. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:214–228, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells to adult mouse inner ear: Mesenchymal cells and fibrocytes
Authors: Lang Hainan , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Schmiedt Richard A. , Minamiguchi Hitoshi , Zhou Daohong , Smythe Nancy , Liu Liya , Ogawa Makio , Schulte Bradley A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBone marrow (BM)‐derived stem cells have shown plasticity with a capacity to differentiate into a variety of specialized cells. To test the hypothesis that some cells in the inner ear are derived from BM, we transplanted either isolated whole BM cells or clonally expanded hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) prepared from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into irradiated adult mice. Isolated GFP+ BM cells were also transplanted into conditioned newborn mice derived from pregnant mice injected with busulfan (which ablates HSCs in the newborns). Quantification of GFP+ cells was performed 3–20 months after transplant. GFP+ cells were found in the inner ear with all transplant conditions. They were most abundant within the spiral ligament but were also found in other locations normally occupied by fibrocytes and mesenchymal cells. No GFP+ neurons or hair cells were observed in inner ears of transplanted mice. Dual immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that most of the GFP+ cells were negative for CD45, a macrophage and hematopoietic cell marker. A portion of the GFP+ cells in the spiral ligament expressed immunoreactive Na, K‐ATPase, or the Na‐K‐Cl transporter (NKCC), proteins used as markers for specialized ion transport fibrocytes. Phenotypic studies indicated that the GFP+ cells did not arise from fusion of donor cells with endogenous cells. This study provides the first evidence for the origin of inner ear cells from BM and more specifically from HSCs. The results suggest that mesenchymal cells, including fibrocytes in the adult inner ear, may be derived continuously from HSCs. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:187–201, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Prox1 during mouse cochlear development
Authors: Bermingham‐McDonogh Olivia , Oesterle Elizabeth C. , Stone Jennifer S. , Hume Clifford R. , Huynh Huy M. , Hayashi Toshinori 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe carried out an analysis of the expression of Prox1, a homeodomain transcription factor, during mouse inner ear development with particular emphasis on the auditory system. Prox1 is expressed in the otocyst beginning at embryonic day (E)11, in the developing vestibular sensory patches. Expression is downregulated in maturing (myosin VIIA immunoreactive) vestibular hair cells and subsequently in the underlying support cell layer by E16.5. In the auditory sensory epithelium, Prox1 is initially expressed at embryonic day 14.5 in a narrow stripe of cells at the base of the cochlea. This stripe encompasses the full thickness of the sensory epithelium, including developing hair cells and support cells. Over the next several days the stripe of expression extends to the apex, and as the sensory epithelium differentiates Prox1 becomes restricted to a subset of support cells. Double labeling for Prox1 and cell‐type‐specific markers revealed that the outer hair cells transiently express Prox1. After E18, Prox1 protein is no longer detectable in hair cells, but it continues to be expressed in support cells for the rest of embryogenesis and into the second postnatal week. During this time, Prox1 is not expressed in all support cell types in the organ of Corti, but is restricted to developing Deiters' and pillar cells. The expression is maintained in these cells into the second week of postnatal life, at which time Prox1 is dynamically downregulated. These studies form a baseline from which we can analyze the role of Prox1 in vertebrate sensory development. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:172–186, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABABreceptors in the centromedian/parafascicular thalamic nuclear complex: An ultrastructural analysis of GABABR1 and GABABR2 in the monkey thalamus
Authors: Villalba Rosa M. , Raju Dinesh V. , Hall Randy A. , Smith Yoland 
Published: March 2006

AbstractStrong γ‐aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor binding has been shown throughout the thalamus, but the distribution of the two GABABreceptor subunits, GABABreceptor subunit 1 (GABABR1) and GABABreceptor subunit 2 (GABABR2), remains poorly characterized. In primates, the caudal intralaminar nuclei, centromedian and parafascicular (CM/PF), are an integral part of basal ganglia circuits and a main source of inputs to the striatum. In this study, we analyzed the subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of GABABreceptor subunits by using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Quantitative immunoperoxidase and immunogold analysis showed that both subunits display a similar pattern of distribution in CM/PF, being expressed largely at extrasynaptic and perisynaptic sites in neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and axon‐like processes and less abundantly in axon terminals. Postsynaptic GABABR1 labeling was found mostly on the plasma membrane (70–80%), whereas GABABR2 was more evenly distributed between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments of CM/PF neurons. A few axon terminals forming symmetric and asymmetric synapses were also labeled for GABABR1 and GABABR2, but the bulk of presynaptic labeling was expressed in small axon‐like processes. About 20% of presynaptic vesicle‐containing dendrites of local circuit neurons displayed GABABR1/R2 immunoreactivity. Vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluT1)‐containing terminals forming asymmetric synapses expressed GABABR1 and/or displayed postsynaptic GABABR1 at the edges of their asymmetric specialization. Overall, these findings provide evidence for multiple sites where GABABreceptors could modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in the primate CM/PF complex. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:269–287, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Novel 5f–3d Bimetallic Cyano‐Bridged Complexes
Authors: Zhang Lin‐Ping , Tanner Peter A. , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBimetallic cyano‐bridged uranyl Co and uranyl Fe compounds crystallize in the same space group but are not isomorphous and each comprises two different types of uranyl ion. The spectroscopic consequences with regard to band intensities and positions for the transitions at these different uranyl ion sites are novel and are rationalized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A comparison of quantum chemical models for calculating NMR shielding parameters in peptides: Mixed basis set and ONIOM methods combined with a complete basis set extrapolation
Authors: Moon Seongho , Case David A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article compares several quantum mechanical approaches to the computation of chemical shielding tensors in peptide fragments. First, we describe the effects of basis set quality up to the complete basis set (CBS) limit and level of theory (HF, MP2, and DFT) for four different atoms in trans N‐methylacetamide. For both isotropic shielding and shielding anisotropy, the MP2 results in the CBS limit show the best agreement with experiment. The HF values show quite a different tendency to MP2, and even in the CBS limit they are far from experiment for not only the isotropic shielding of carbonyl carbon but also most shielding anisotropies. In most cases, the DFT values differ systematically from MP2, and small basis‐set (double‐ or triple‐zeta) results are often fortuitously in better agreement with the experiment than the CBS ones. Second, we compare the mixed basis set and ONIOM methods, combined with CBS extrapolation, for chemical shielding calculations at a DFT level using various model peptides. From the results, it is shown that the mixed basis set method provides better results than ONIOM, compared to CBS calculations using the nonpartitioned full systems. The information studied here will be useful in guiding the selection of proper quantum chemical models, which are in a tradeoff between accuracy and cost, for shielding studies of peptides and proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 825–836, 2006
Quantitative determination of melphalan DNA adducts using HPLC—inductively coupled mass spectrometry
Authors: Edler Michael , Jakubowski Norbert , Linscheid Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFor the quantification of Melphalan DNA adducts, an analytical approach based on the detection of phosphorus using liquid chromatography combined with inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was developed. In reaction mixtures of native 2′‐deoxynucleotides‐5′‐monophosphates and Melphalan, which were separated using reversed phase chromatography, phosphate adducts were found as the most abundant modifications. Besides the phosphate adducts, several base alkylated adducts were observed. In calf thymus DNA incubated with Melphalan and enzymatically digested using Nuclease P1, the phosphate adducts as well as monoalkylated dinucleotides were found. The most abundant single Melphalan adduct observed in DNA was a ring‐opened adenosine monophosphate. Some dinucleotide adducts and the adenosine adduct were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automated and fully validated LC‐MS/MS procedure for the simultaneous determination of 11 opioids used in palliative care, with 5 of their metabolites
Authors: Musshoff F. , Trafkowski J. , Kuepper U. , Madea B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA fully validated liquid chromatographic procedure coupled with electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) is presented for quantitative determination of the opioids buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, piritramide, tilidine, and tramadol together with their metabolites bisnortilidine, morphine‐glucuronides, norfentanyl, and nortilidine in blood plasma after an automatically performed solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Separation was achieved in 35 min on a Phenomenex C12 MAX‐RP column (4 µm, 150 × 2 mm) using a gradient of ammonium formiate buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile. The validation data were within the required limits. The assay was successfully applied to authentic plasma samples, allowing confirmation of the diagnosis of overdose situations as well as monitoring of patients' compliance, especially in patients under palliative care. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.