bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and indirect adverse effects of tomato on the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus feeding on the spider mite Tetranychus evansi
Authors: Koller M. , Knapp M. , Schausberger P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPlants may defend themselves against herbivores via morphological traits, chemical traits, or a combination of both. Herbivores that overcome the defensive mechanisms of a plant tend to specialize on this plant due to enhanced protection from natural enemies. Well‐known examples of plants possessing a suite of defensive mechanisms are found in nightshades (Solanaceae), especially in the tomato genus Lycopersicon. The spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) is specialized on solanaceous plants and is an invasive pest of tomato in Europe and Africa. Biological control of T. evansi with currently available natural enemies, such as the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot and Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (both Acari: Phytoseiidae), is unsuccessful, with the underlying mechanisms only vaguely known. We hypothesized that T. evansi is a key pest of tomato because this host plant provides a two‐pronged protection from natural enemies. Direct adverse effects of tomato on predators may arise from morphological traits and/or trichome exudates, whereas indirect effects are prey‐mediated through the accumulation of toxic plant compounds. Using a 2 × 3 factorial design, we assessed and separated direct and indirect effects of tomato on the life history of N. californicus feeding on two strains of T. evansi (reared on bean or tomato) on three substrates (tomato leaf, bean leaf, and an artificial cage). Developmental time and oviposition rate of N. californicus were both directly and indirectly negatively affected by tomato whereas offspring sex ratio and survival of juveniles and adult females were unaffected. The direct and indirect, prey‐mediated adverse effects of tomato on N. californicus with T. evansi prey had similar magnitudes and were additive. We conclude that T. evansi per se is a suitable prey species for N. californicus and discuss the results with respect to the potential use of N. californicus as biological control agent of T. evansi on tomato and other host plants.
Host‐marking by female pepper weevils, Anthonomus eugenii
Authors: Addesso K. M. , McAuslane H. J. , Stansly P. A. , Schuster D. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPepper weevils, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), feed and oviposit in flower buds and small fruits of plants in the genus Capsicum, as well as several species of Solanum (Solanaceae). Females chew a small hole into the fruit, deposit a single egg within the cavity, and seal the hole with a clear anal secretion that hardens into an ‘oviposition plug’. Female oviposition behavior was studied in a series of small‐arena bioassays to determine whether previous oviposition in Jalapeño pepper fruit deterred subsequent oviposition and to determine what specific cues from an infested fruit influence female behavior. In choice and no‐choice tests, females preferred clean fruit to fruit that had received four eggs 24 h previously (i.e., infested fruit), whether the fruit was infested with conspecific eggs or their own eggs. Further bioassays demonstrated that the presence of female frass, or oviposition plugs alone, in the absence of eggs or any fruit damage, was sufficient to deter oviposition. In addition, females given the choice between an infested fruit with the oviposition plug removed or an unaltered infested fruit preferred the fruit with no plugs, even when eggs, frass, and feeding damage were still present. To determine whether females would avoid infested peppers under more natural conditions, we quantified oviposition on infested and uninfested sentinel pepper fruit within individually caged plants and on clean and infested plants caged together. Females consistently laid more eggs on clean fruit than on infested fruits and moved within and among pepper plants to search for more acceptable oviposition sites. We conclude that oviposition plugs, along with contaminated female, but not male, frass contain a deterrent that, in the absence of any other cue, is enough to alert a female that a patch is occupied.
Short feeding period of carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis) females at early growth stages of carrot reduces yield and causes leaf discolouration
Authors: Nissinen Anne , Vanhala Petri , Holopainen Jarmo K. , Tiilikkala Kari 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOverwintered adult carrot psyllids [Trioza apicalis Förster (Homoptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae)] damage carrot [(Daucus carota ssp. sativum L.) (Apiaceae)] seedlings by phloem feeding on the leaves. The aim of this study was to investigate the carrot root and shoot growth in relation to carrot psyllid density during early growth stages. One, two, or three carrot psyllids were allowed to feed on carrot seedlings for 3 days. Leaf damage was measured at the 8‐leaf stage, and root, leaf fresh weight, and number of true leaves were measured at harvest. Both the age of the carrot seedling at infestation and the psyllid density had a significant effect on leaf damage at the 8‐leaf stage: seedlings damaged at the cotyledon stage exhibited more leaf damage than seedlings damaged at the 1‐leaf stage. A higher psyllid density significantly reduced the carrot root weight at harvest. The significant interaction of psyllid density with seedling age indicates that differently aged carrot seedlings responded differently to feeding: one psyllid feeding for 3 days at the cotyledon stage caused a significant yield loss, whereas three psyllids were needed to cause the same impact at the 1‐leaf stage. Carrot leaf weight at harvest was not reduced by carrot psyllid feeding: leaves recovered from the damage but roots did not. Our results confirm the farmers’ observations that a trap replacement period of 1 week for carrot psyllid monitoring is too long, especially at the cotyledon stage. Severe leaf discolouration on damaged carrots was observed at harvest. The possible reasons for this discolouration, such as toxin excreted in psyllid saliva or plant pathogenic mycoplasma infection, are discussed.
Deuterium marking of chemical emissions: detectability and fitness consequences of a novel technique for insect behavioural studies
Authors: Goubault Marlène , Hardy Ian C. W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBehavioural studies often need to employ marking techniques to identify and track individuals. Marks ideally have no influence on behaviour or fitness of marked individuals or on the organisms with which they interact. A newly developed internal marking technique uses deuterium to manipulate the chemical emissions of bethylid wasps that are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. Wasps are deuterated indirectly by injecting deuterium oxide (heavy water) into the host on which they feed as larvae. Adult wasps emit a volatile chemical under stressful conditions and the emissions of deuterated and undeuterated wasps can be clearly and readily distinguished by measuring the ratio of deuterated/undeuterated molecules using real‐time mass spectrometry. Deuterated female wasps are, however, detectably disadvantaged in dyadic contests for host resources, a component of female fitness. In this study, we evaluated potential side‐effects of this deuterium marking technique on three further correlates of female Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) fitness: longevity, lifetime fecundity, and offspring developmental mortality. We found that deuterium enrichment has no overall adverse effects on these parameters. We further showed that injecting hosts with different concentrations of deuterium results in distinguishably different volatile emissions of adult wasps, such that at least three individuals can be simultaneously identified by their chemical signatures. We also showed that deuterium marking remains effective beyond a wasp's death: deuterated and undeuterated wasps remain readily distinguishable after storage. We discuss potential applications of deuterium marking for the laboratory and field study of chemical communication, dispersal, and mating structure in parasitoid wasps and other insects.
Use of advanced red blood cell and reticulocyte indices improves the accuracy in diagnosing iron deficiency in pregnant women at term
Authors: Ervasti Mari , Kotisaari Sanna , Heinonen Seppo , Punnonen Kari 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectives:  Detection of iron deficiency during pregnancy with hemoglobin (Hb) and serum measurements is insignificant as the measurements may be affected by e.g. hemodilution or accelerated erythropoiesis. This study tests whether cell indices will give a more reliable measure of iron deficiency in pregnant women at term.Methods:  The population was 202 pregnant women. Using the ADVIA 120 hematology system, Hb, mean cell volume (MCV), percentage of hypochromic red blood cells (%HYPOm) and reticulocytes (%HYPOr), and cellular hemoglobin in reticulocytes (CHr) were tested. Additionally, transferrin saturation (TfSat), ferritin, and transferrin receptor (TfR) were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curves (AUC) were used as statistical methods.Results:  When TfSat (≤11%) was used as the reference test for iron deficiency, %HYPOm and CHr had a sensitivity of 58.1% and 80.7%, while the specificities were 82.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Additionally, the AUC values were %HYPOr 0.80, CHr 0.79, ferritin 0.77, %HYPOm 0.75, TfR 0.67, MCV 0.63 and Hb 0.64. The results provided by the cell indices alone (%HYPOm or CHr) were in good agreement with the results based on the usage of a combination of three commonly used tests (Hb, MCV, ferritin).Conclusions:  This study suggests that the most practical way to diagnose iron deficiency in pregnant women at term is to use cell indices such as CHr and %HYPOm provided by the automated hematological analyzer. Further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of the cell indices in diagnosing iron deficiency longitudinally during the course of pregnancy.
The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2and biosynthesis of leukotriene B4in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Runarsson Gudmundur , Feltenmark Stina , Forsell Pontus K. A. , Sjöberg Jan , Björkholm Magnus , Claesson Hans‐Erik 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLeukotrienes (LT) exert stimulatory effects on myelopoiesis, beside their inflammatory and immunomodulating effects. Here, we have studied the expression and activity of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of leukotriene B4(LTB4) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells (16 clones) and G‐CSF mobilized peripheral blood CD34+cells. CD34+cells from patients with non‐myeloid malignancies expressed cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2), 5‐lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), and leukotriene A4(LTA4) hydrolase but not 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO). The enzyme cPLA2was abundantly expressed in AML cells and the activity of the enzyme was high in certain AML clones. The expression of 5‐LO, FLAP, and LTA4hydrolase in AML clones was in general lower than in healthy donor polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). The calcium ionophore A23187‐induced release of [14C] arachidonic acid (AA) in AML cells was low, compared with PMNL, and did not correlate with the expression of cPLA2protein. Biosynthesis of LTB4, upon calcium ionophore A23187 activation, was only observed in five of the investigated AML clones and only three of the most differentiated clones produced similar amounts of LTB4as PMNL. The capacity of various cell clones to produce LTs could neither be explained by the difference in [1 − 14C] AA release nor 5‐LO expression. Taken together, these results indicate that LT synthesis is under development during early myelopoiesis and the capacity to produce LTs is gained upon maturation. High expression of cPLA2in AML suggests a putative role of this enzyme in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Adult‐onset actinic prurigo in Thailand
Authors: Akaraphanth Rutsanee , Sindhavananda Jirot , Gritiyarangsan Pimonpun 
Published: November 2007

Background: Actinic prurigo (AP) is one of the rare idiopathic photodermatosis. It is said to be a familial disease and is usually seen in certain specific geographical areas. The adult‐onset type of AP is reported less frequently in the Asian population and has never been reported in Thailand.Methods: The study population comprised 30 patients. Demographic data were collected. Photo‐tests and photo provocation tests for UVA, UVB and visible light were carried out on non‐exposed skin. The other investigations included antinuclear antibody, anti‐HIV antibody and urine porphyrin level. Histopathology studies were also carried out.Results: There were 18 males and 12 females. The mean age of onset was 36.86 years. The duration of disease was from 1 month to 20 years. Forearms (27 patients) were the most frequently affected site. Other screening tests showed negative results. Five patients had abnormal MED to UVA and one patient had abnormal MED to UVA as well as UVB. Photo provocation tests showed positive responses to both UVA and UVB in 12 cases (40%), a positive response to UVA in 11 cases (37%), a positive response to UVB alone in four cases (13.3%) and a normal response in three patients (10%). None of the patients had a positive response to visible light. Skin biopsies were performed on nodular lesions in 23 cases. Histopathology from these 23 cases showed hyperkeratosis ortho‐ or parakeratosis and acanthosis in 20 of the 23 cases.Conclusions: Adult‐onset AP in our country may have different geographic and racial distribution from previous reports or may be the tropical variant as described by Tham et al. It may not be an uncommon disease in our country, if there is increased awareness of this disease. Only 16.6% of patients had reduced MED. Photo provocation tests were positive in 90% of cases. Most of the positive wavelengths were UVA or both UVA and UVB. Therefore, photo provocation tests should be performed in cases suspected of AP. The prognosis for AP is not good, despite combinations of treatment. The disorder may run a chronic course. This may be because of our sunny climate and the sun‐exposed occupations of patients.
Clinical efficacy of a 308 nm excimer laser for treatment of psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: He Yan‐ling , Zhang Xiu‐ying , Dong Jie , Xu Jun‐zhu , Wang Jie 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 308 nm excimer laser for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris patients.Method: Forty subjects with psoriasis vulgaris (26 macular type, and 14 chronic plaque type) were treated by a 308 nm excimer laser. The initial dose was based on multiples of a predetermined minimal erythema dose, while the subsequent doses were adjusted on the response to the intervention, which was twice per week for a total of 15 treatments. The therapeutic efficacy and safety were then evaluated.Results:
Of the 40 patients who received and completed the entire 15 times of laser radiation, (1) the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was improved by 90.19±10.12% and 77.34±17.04% in macular type and chronic plaque type, respectively (P<0.05) and (2) the average treatment sessions were 13.7 times. The average cumulative doses for all patients were 6.86±2.48 J/cm2, in which it was 5.64±1.86 J/cm2 for macular type and 9.13±1.80 J/cm2 for chronic plaque type, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion: Our clinical data suggest that treatment of psoriasis vulgaris by a 308 nm excimer laser is effective and safe, and it is more efficacious in macular type than in chronic plaque type.
Immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and ‐9 in melanocytic nevi is altered by ultraviolet B
Authors: Bakos Renato Marchiori , Bakos Lucio , Albano Edelweiss Maria Isabel , Cartell André , Mariante José Carlos , Soles Masiero Nathália Costaguta Matas 
Published: November 2007

Background: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can cause morphological and biological alterations similar to those of melanoma in situ in irradiated melanocytic nevi. matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐2) and ‐9 appear to be involved with tumour invasion, the formation of metastases and neoangiogenesis in melanomas. The effects of UVB on the immunohistochemical expression of gelatinases in different cell types in melanocytic nevi have not been completely studied.Purpose: Evaluate the effects of UVB on the immunohistochemical expression of MMP‐2 and ‐9 in different cell types in melanocytic nevi.Methods: Forty‐two melanocytic nevi had one half irradiated with 2 MEDs of UVB and were excised 1 week later. Three different observers compared the intensity of the immunohistochemical expression of gelatinases in keratinocytes, melanocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts on the irradiated (IS) and non‐irradiated sides (NIS).Results: All the cell types showed an increase in the expression of MMP‐2 on the IS, especially the epidermal melanocytes. No significant increase in the expression of MMP‐9 in keratinocytes was detected on the IS; significant increase was observed in all the remaining cells.Conclusions: One single irradiation of UVB increases the immunohistochemical expression of gelatinases in almost all evaluated cell lines, with the exception of MMP‐9 in keratinocytes.
A Constructivist Approach to Climate Change Teaching and Learning
Authors: BARDSLEY DOUGLAS K. , BARDSLEY ANNETTE M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is now broadly acknowledged that climate change due to an enhanced Greenhouse Effect is underway and such change will have major implications for our societies and environments. This paper outlines a pedagogical approach devised to encourage learning and critical thinking about climate change. A constructivist approach to teaching and learning is applied to stimulate analysis of potential impacts of climate change on systems familiar to secondary school students in South Australia. The problem‐based method guides students through a conceptualisation of the implications of environmental change. Students at Woodcroft College, when given the opportunity to examine the potential climate change impacts on a local coastal ecosystem, found the method to be both challenging and engaging. The exercise concluded with students discussing possible personal behavioural and broader societal responses to reduce the impacts of future climate change. The paper contends that such teaching to support students to become resilient young adults will be vital in a future world of environmental risk.
The Role of the Development Industry in Shaping Urban Social Space: a Conceptual Model
Authors: COIACETTO EDDO 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSocio‐spatial differentiation or the spatial arrangement of social groups in cities has long been the subject of scholarly attention in urban studies from a variety of perspectives. In many contemporary societies, the development industry plays an important and growing role in socio‐spatial differentiation. This paper presents a conceptual model for the empirical analysis of the role of this industry in shaping urban social space.
Constructing the Climb: Visitor Decision‐making at Uluru
Authors: JAMES SARAH 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUluru‐Kata Tjuta National Park in Australia's Northern Territory continues to be a contested site, as half of its 400 000 visitors continue to climb Uluru each year against the wishes of the Traditional Aboriginal Owners, the Anangu. Since being opened to tourism in the 1950s, Uluru has come to symbolise the ‘heart’ of the Australian nation. The influx of tourists also marked the beginning of contestations over control and access to this site between settler Australians, who wished to photograph and climb it, and the Anangu, to whom it is sacred. That visitors still climb Uluru could be seen as evidence that this site continues to symbolise a split between settler and Aboriginal Australian concepts of place and appropriate actions in relation to Uluru. To explore whether the continued climbing of Uluru was indeed evidence of an irreconcilable ‘clash’ of cultures, a survey of visitors to Uluru and interviews with both tourist operators and National Park staff were undertaken regarding visitor decision‐making processes. This research found that rather than entrenched, fixed perspectives on the issue of the Climb, both non‐Aboriginal visitors and tour operators showed an openness to the Anangu view of Uluru and their wish that it not be climbed. It also indicated, however, the importance of tourism and other media in conveying the Anangu view to visitors before they arrived at the site of the Climb itself, a point considered to be ‘too late’ by many visitors. These findings suggest the potential for change in the actions of many visitors in regard to the Climb through a more proactive representation of the wishes of the Anangu to visitors before they reach Uluru.
Evaluating Climate Variability and Pumping Effects in Statistical Analyses
Authors: Mayer Timothy D. , Congdon Roger D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAs development of ground water resources reaches the limits of sustainability, it is likely that even small changes in inflow, outflow, or storage will have economic or environmental consequences. Anthropogenic impacts of concern may be on the scale of natural variability, making it difficult to distinguish between the two. Under these circumstances, we believe that it is important to account for effects from both ground water development and climate variability. We use several statistical methods, including trend analysis, cluster analysis, and time series analysis with seasonal decomposition, to identify climate and anthropogenic effects in regional ground water levels and spring discharge in southern Nevada. We discuss the parameterization of climate and suggest that the relative importance of various measures of climate provides information about the aquifer system response to climate. In our system, which may be characteristic of much of the arid southwestern United States, ground water levels are much more responsive to wet years than to dry years, based on the importance of selected climate parameters in the regression. Using cluster analysis and time series seasonal decomposition, we relate differences in amplitude and phase in the seasonal signal to two major forcings—climate and pumping—and distinguish between a regional recharge response to an extremely wet year and a seasonal pumping/evapotranspiration response that decays with distance from the pumping center. The observed spring discharge data support our hypothesis that regional spring discharge, particularly at higher elevation springs, is sensitive to relatively small ground water level changes.