bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric out-of-hospital resuscitation in an area with scattered population (Galicia-Spain)
Authors: Fernández Pilar Blanco-Ons , Sánchez-Santos Luis , Rodríguez-Núñez Antonio , Iglesias-Vázquez José Antonio , Cegarra-García María , Barreiro-Díaz Maria Victoria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundCardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) is a rare event in childhood. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of paediatric CRA and the immediate results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Galicia, a community with a very scattered population.MethodsAll children (aged from newborn to 16 years old) who suffered an out-of-hospital CRA in Galicia and were assisted by the Public Foundation Medical Emergencies of Galicia-061 staff, from June 2002 to February 2005, were included in the study. Data were prospectively recorded following the Utstein's style guidelines.ResultsThirty-one cases were analyzed (3.4 CRA annual cases per 100.000 paediatric population). The arrest was respiratory in 16.1% and cardiac in 83.9% of cases. CRA occurred at home in 58.1% of instances. Time CRA to initiation of CPR was shorter than 10 minutes in 32.2% and longer than 20 minutes in 29.0% of cases. 22.6% of children received bystander CPR. The first recorded rhythm was asystole in 67.7% of cases. Bag-mask ventilation was used in 67.7% and in 83.8% oro-tracheal intubation was done. A peripheral venous access was achieved in 67.7% and intraosseous access was used in 16.1% of patients. 93.5% of children were treated with adrenaline. After initial CPR, sustained restoration of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 38.7% of cases. Six children (19.4%) survived until hospital discharge. Four of 5 children with respiratory arrest survived, whereas only 2 of 26 children with cardiac arrest survived until hospital discharge.ConclusionDespite the handicap of a highly disseminated population, paediatric CRA characteristics and CPR results in Galicia are comparable to references from other communities. Programs to increase bystander CPR, equip laypeople with basic CPR skills and to update life support knowledge of health staff are needed to improve outcomes.
The effect of erythropoietin on healing of obstructive vs nonobstructive left colonic anastomosis: an experimental study
Authors: Moran Munevver , Ozmen M Mahir , Duzgun A Polat , Gok Riza , Renda Nurten , Seckin Selda , Coskun Faruk 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Anastomotic leakage is an important problem following primary resection in the left colon and is even more prominent when obstruction is present. We aimed to evaluate the possible effects of erythropoietin on the healing of anastomosis under both obstructive and non-obstructive states.

Methods
Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. In group I, two cm left colonic resection and primary anastomosis were done. In group II, left colon were completely ligated and 24 hours later animals were re-operated for segmental resection. The same procedures were performed for rats in group III and IV in respect to group I and II and, 500 IU/kg a day erythropoietin were given in the latter two groups for seven days. For the quantative description of anastomotic healing mechanical, biochemical and histopathological parameters were employed on the seventh day and the animals were sacrificied.

Results
Although erythropoietin had positive effects on bursting pressure in group IV when compared to group II, it has no effect in group III. Despite the increased tissue hydroxyproline levels in group IV, erythropoietin failed to show any effects in group III.
Erythropoietin had positive effects on neovascularization, fibroblast proliferiation and storage of collagen in group IV.

Conclusion
We failed to find any direct and evident effects of erythropoietin on healing of left colonic anastomosis. On the other hand, erythropoietin might prevent negative effects of obstruction on healing.
Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides
Authors: Yue Patrick Ying Kit , Mak Nai Ki , Cheng Yuen Kit , Leung Kar Wah , Ng Tzi Bun , Fan David Tai Ping , Yeung Hin Wing , Wong Ricky Ngok Shun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn Chinese medicine, ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has long been used as a general tonic or an adaptogen to promote longevity and enhance bodily functions. It has also been claimed to be effective in combating stress, fatigue, oxidants, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Most of the pharmacological actions of ginseng are attributed to one type of its constituents, namely the ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the study of ginsenosides on angiogenesis which is related to many pathological conditions including tumor progression and cardiovascular dysfunctions.Angiogenesis in the human body is regulated by two sets of counteracting factors, angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The 'Yin and Yang' action of ginseng on angiomodulation was paralleled by the experimental data showing angiogenesis was indeed related to the compositional ratio between ginsenosides Rg1and Rb1. Rg1was later found to stimulate angiogenesis through augmenting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Mechanistic studies revealed that such responses were mediated through the PI3K→Akt pathway. By means of DNA microarray, a group of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton were found to be up-regulated in endothelial cells. These gene products may interact in a hierarchical cascade pattern to modulate cell architectural dynamics which is concomitant to the observed phenomena in angiogenesis. By contrast, the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of ginsenosides (e.g. Rg3and Rh2) have been demonstrated in various models of tumor and endothelial cells, indicating that ginsenosides with opposing activities are present in ginseng. Ginsenosides and Panax ginseng extracts have been shown to exert protective effects on vascular dysfunctions, such as hypertension, atherosclerotic disorders and ischemic injury. Recent work has demonstrates the target molecules of ginsenosides to be a group of nuclear steroid hormone receptors. These lines of evidence support that the interaction between ginsenosides and various nuclear steroid hormone receptors may explain the diverse pharmacological activities of ginseng. These findings may also lead to development of more efficacious ginseng-derived therapeutics for angiogenesis-related diseases.
Novel action of apolipoprotein E (ApoE): ApoE isoform specifically inhibits lipid-particle-mediated cholesterol release from neurons
Authors: Gong Jian-Sheng , Morita Shin-ya , Kobayashi Mariko , Handa Tetsurou , Fujita Shinobu C , Yanagisawa Katsuhiko , Michikawa Makoto 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Since the majority of apolipoprotein E (apoE) existing in the cerebrospinal fluid is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), one should focus on the role of the apoE-HDL complex rather than on that of free apoE in cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system. However, the apoE-isoform-specific effect of apoE-HDL on cholesterol transport remains unclarified.

Results
Here we show that apoE3-HDL induced a marked cholesterol release from neurons, while apoE4-HDL induced little. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we used a complex of lipid emulsion (EM) with recombinant apoE3 or apoE4 (apoE-EM) at various apoE concentrations. When a small number of apoE molecules were associated with EM, apoE3- and apoE4-EM, induced a marked cholesterol release to a level similar to that induced by EM alone. However, when apoE at given concentrations was incubated with EM, apoE3-EM induced a marked cholesterol release, while apoE4-EM induced little. Under these conditions, a greater number of apoE4 molecules were associated with EM than apoE3 molecules. When an increasing number of apoE molecules were associated with EM, both apoE3-EM and apoE4-EM induced little cholesterol release. Preincubation with β-mercaptoethanol increased the number of apoE3 molecules associated with EM similar to that of apoE4 molecules, indicating that the presence (apoE3) or absence (apoE4) of intermolecular disulfide bond formation is responsible for the association of a greater number of apoE4 molecules to EM than apoE3 molecules.

Conclusion
These results suggest that although apoE and a lipid particle are lipid acceptors, when apoE and a lipid particle form a complex, apoE on the particle surface inhibits the lipid particle-mediated cholesterol release from cells in an apoE-concentration-dependent manner.
Correlation of umbilical cord blood hormones and growth factors with stem cell potential: implications for the prenatal origin of breast cancer hypothesis
Authors: Savarese Todd M , Strohsnitter William C , Low Hoi Pang , Liu Qin , Baik Inkyung , Okulicz William , Chelmow David P , Lagiou Pagona , Quesenberry Peter J , Noller Kenneth L , Hsieh Chung-Cheng 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Prenatal levels of mitogens may influence the lifetime breast cancer risk by driving stem cell proliferation and increasing the number of target cells, and thereby increasing the chance of mutation events that initiate oncogenesis. We examined in umbilical cord blood the correlation of potential breast epithelial mitogens, including hormones and growth factors, with hematopoietic stem cell concentrations serving as surrogates of overall stem cell potential.

Methods
We analyzed cord blood samples from 289 deliveries. Levels of hormones and growth factors were correlated with concentrations of stem cell and progenitor populations (CD34+ cells, CD34+CD38- cells, CD34+c-kit+ cells, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-forming units). Changes in stem cell concentration associated with each standard deviation change in mitogens and the associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated from multiple regression analysis.

Results
Cord blood plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were strongly correlated with all the hematopoietic stem and progenitor concentrations examined (one standard-deviation increase in IGF-1 being associated with a 15–19% increase in stem/progenitor concentrations, all P < 0.02). Estriol and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels were positively and significantly correlated with some of these cell populations. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were negatively correlated with these stem/progenitor pools. These relationships were stronger in Caucasians and Hispanics and were weaker or not present in Asian-Americans and African-Americans.

Conclusion
Our data support the concept that in utero mitogens may drive the expansion of stem cell populations. The correlations with IGF-1 and estrogen are noteworthy, as both are crucial for mammary gland development.
TP53mutation status and gene expression profiles are powerful prognostic markers of breast cancer
Authors: Langerød Anita , Zhao Hongjuan , Borgan Ørnulf , Nesland Jahn M , Bukholm Ida RK , Ikdahl Tone , Kåresen Rolf , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Jeffrey Stefanie S 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Gene expression profiling of breast carcinomas has increased our understanding of the heterogeneous biology of this disease and promises to impact clinical care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of gene expression-based classification along with established prognostic markers and mutation status of the TP53 gene (tumour protein p53) in a group of breast cancer patients with long-term (12 to 16 years) follow-up.

Methods
The clinical and histopathological parameters of 200 breast cancer patients were studied for their effects on clinical outcome using univariate/multivariate Cox regression. The prognostic impact of mutations in the TP53 gene, identified using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing, was also evaluated. Eighty of the samples were analyzed for gene expression using 42 K cDNA microarrays and the patients were assigned to five previously defined molecular expression groups. The strength of the gene expression based classification versus standard markers was evaluated by adding this variable to the Cox regression model used to analyze all samples.

Results
Both univariate and multivariate analysis showed that TP53 mutation status, tumor size and lymph node status were the strongest predictors of breast cancer survival for the whole group of patients. Analyses of the patients with gene expression data showed that TP53 mutation status, gene expression based classification, tumor size and lymph node status were significant predictors of survival. Breast cancer cases in the 'basal-like' and 'ERBB2+' gene expression subgroups had a very high mortality the first two years, while the 'highly proliferating luminal' cases developed the disease more slowly, showing highest mortality after 5 to 8 years. The TP53 mutation status showed strong association with the 'basal-like' and 'ERBB2+' subgroups, and tumors with mutation had a characteristic gene expression pattern.

Conclusion
TP53 mutation status and gene-expression based groups are important survival markers of breast cancer, and these molecular markers may provide prognostic information that complements clinical variables. The study adds experience and knowledge to an ongoing characterization and classification of the disease.
Species-wide distribution of highly polymorphic minisatellite markers suggests past and present genetic exchanges among house mouse subspecies
Authors: Bonhomme François , Rivals Eric , Orth Annie , Grant Gemma R , Jeffreys Alec J , Bois Philippe RJ 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Background
Four hypervariable minisatellite loci were scored on a panel of 116 individuals of various geographical origins representing a large part of the diversity present in house mouse subspecies. Internal structures of alleles were determined by minisatellite variant repeat mapping PCR to produce maps of intermingled patterns of variant repeats along the repeat array. To reconstruct the genealogy of these arrays of variable length, the specifically designed software MS_Align was used to estimate molecular divergences, graphically represented as neighbor-joining trees.

Results
Given the high haplotypic diversity detected (mean He= 0.962), these minisatellite trees proved to be highly informative for tracing past and present genetic exchanges. Examples of identical or nearly identical alleles were found across subspecies and in geographically very distant locations, together with poor lineage sorting among subspecies except for the X-chromosome locus MMS30 in Mus mus musculus. Given the high mutation rate of mouse minisatellite loci, this picture cannot be interpreted only with simple splitting events followed by retention of polymorphism, but implies recurrent gene flow between already differentiated entities.

Conclusion
This strongly suggests that, at least for the chromosomal regions under scrutiny, wild house mouse subspecies constitute a set of interrelated gene pools still connected through long range gene flow or genetic exchanges occurring in the various contact zones existing nowadays or that have existed in the past. Identifying genomic regions that do not follow this pattern will be a challenging task for pinpointing genes important for speciation.
Exon arrays provide accurate assessments of gene expression
Authors: Kapur Karen , Xing Yi , Ouyang Zhengqing , Wong Wing Hung 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have developed a strategy for estimating gene expression on Affymetrix Exon arrays. The method includes a probe-specific background correction and a probe selection strategy in which a subset of probes with highly correlated intensities across multiple samples are chosen to summarize gene expression. Our results demonstrate that the proposed background model offers improvements over the default Affymetrix background correction and that Exon arrays may provide more accurate measurements of gene expression than traditional 3' arrays.
Modulation of NFAT-dependent gene expression by the RhoA signaling pathway in T cells
Authors: Helms Whitney S , Jeffrey Jerry L , Holmes Derek A , Townsend Michael B , Clipstone Neil A , Su Lishan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have reported previously that p115Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, its upstream activator Gα13, and its effector RhoA are able to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Here, we show that RhoA is able to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression through the NFAT-binding site in the HIV long-terminal repeat. Constitutively active NFAT counteracts the inhibitory activity of RhoA, and inhibition of NFAT activation also inhibits HIV-1 gene expression. We have shown further that RhoA inhibits NFAT-dependent transcription and IL-2 production in human T cells. RhoA does not inhibit nuclear localization of NFAT but rather, inhibits its transcriptional activity. In addition, RhoA decreases the level of acetylated histone H3, but not NFAT occupancy, at the IL-2 promoter. These data suggest that activation of RhoA can modulate IL-2 gene expression by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of NFAT and chromatin structure at the IL-2 promoter during T cell activation.
Microtubules regulate PI-3K activity and recruitment to the phagocytic cup during Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in nonelicited macrophages
Authors: Khandani Arian , Eng Edward , Jongstra-Bilen Jenny , Schreiber Alan D , Douda David , Samavarchi-Tehrani Payman , Harrison Rene E 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhagocytosis is a complex sequence of events involving coordinated remodeling of the plasma membrane with the underlying cytoskeleton. Although the role of the actin cytoskeleton is becoming increasingly elucidated, the role of microtubules (MTs) remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the role of MTs during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. We observe that MTs extend into the phagosomal cups. The MT-depolymerizing agents, colchicine and nocodazole, cause a sizeable reduction in phagocytosis of large particles in RAW264.7 cells. Phagocytosis in primed macrophages is unaffected by MT-depolymerizing agents. However, activation of macrophages coincides with an increased population of drug-stable MTs, which persist in functional phagocytic cups. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of unprimed macrophages reveals that pseudopod formation is reduced markedly following colchicine treatment, which is not a consequence of cell rounding. MT depolymerization in these cells does not affect particle binding, Syk, or Grb2-associated binder 2 recruitment or phosphotyrosine accumulation at the site of phagocytosis. Ras activation also proceeds normally in macrophages treated with colchicine. However, MT disruption causes a decrease in accumulation of AKT-pleckstrin homology-green fluorescent protein, a probe that binds to PI-3K products at the sites of particle binding. A corresponding decline in activated AKT is observed in colchicine-treated cells using immunoblotting with a phospho-specific-AKT (ser473) antibody. Furthermore, the translocation of the p85α regulatory subunit of PI-3K is reduced at the phagocytic cup in colchicine-treated cells. These findings suggest that MTs regulate the recruitment and localized activity of PI-3K during pseudopod formation.
Experimental study on the effect of turning angle on drag and lift forces for various cut angles on spheres
Authors: Pudjanarsa A 
Published: May 2007

An experimental study on the effect of turning angle on drag and lift forces for various cut angles on spheres is performed. Five different cut angles on different spheres were applied including: 30°, 45°, 53°, 55°, and 75°. Drag and lift forces were measured using a wind tunnel force balance and the wind speed was set so that a corresponding Reynolds number of 5.3 × 104 was achieved. Wind turning angle was varied from 0° to 60°. Experimental results show that, in general, drag and lift forces increase as the turning angle increases. At 0° turning angle, Cd minimum is attained at a cut angle of 53° and is ∼32 per cent less than Cd without cut angle. The maximum C1 is attained at a cut angle of 75° for a turning angle of 50° for approximately 0.68. This value of C1,max is about 855 per cent higher than that of the same turning angle for a cut angle of 30°. At a particular turning angle, lift attains a maximum and beyond that turning angle-drag and lift forces decrease. Minimum value of drag and lift forces reached at the cut angle of 30° for all turning angles.
Origin and future of hydration lubrication
Authors: Ikeuchi K 
Published: May 2007

Some of the biological surfaces, gels, boundary films, and graft polymerized surfaces are coated with gel layer or polymer brush. It seems that low friction results from a common lubrication mechanism while they have been studied dependently. This paper defines hydration lubrication reviews the study in each field and gives future prospects. Polymers adsorbed densely in good solvent expand in normal direction to the surface and form a brush-like structure. The brush is compressed and a repulsive force arises with an approach of another body and the applied force is supported by fluid. Polymer brush is produced by means of graft polymerization. It is possible to reduce friction and wear of catheters and artificial joints by graft polymerization. Hydration lubrication is inevitable in preventing wear of articular cartilage. Hydrated surface layer on the internal wall of human small intestine assists digestion and prevents the wall from injury. Thus, hydration lubrication is an important subject of biomechanics and may be useful for medical treatments and machine elements.
Tribological scaling
Authors: Taylor R. I. 
Published: May 2007

The issues associated with tribological scaling are discussed, focusing on specific examples from (a) journal bearing lubrication, (b) piston ring lubrication, (c) elastohydrodynamic line contact lubrication, and (d) fluid scaling. It is demonstrated that in general it is possible, for two dissimilar lubricated contacts, to define dimensionless parameters (such as, for example, a Sommerfeld parameter and an eccentricity ratio) such that if they have the same value for one of these parameters, then the other dimensionless parameter will also be the same. However, other parameters of interest, such as friction, wear, and lubricant temperature rise, will in general be different. Therefore for a complete tribological understanding of a contact, the best approach is to attempt to reproduce the geometries, kinematics, and operating conditions as closely as possible.