bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing the Common Problem of Missing Data in Trauma Studies
Authors: Rue Tessa , Thompson Hilaire J. , Rivara Frederick P. , Mackenzie Ellen J. , Jurkovich Gregory J. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: To provide guidance for managing the problem of missing data in clinical studies of trauma in order to decrease bias and increase the validity of findings for subsequent use.
Organizing Construct: A thoughtful approach to missing data is an essential component of analysis to promote the clear interpretation of study findings.
Methods: Integrative review of relevant biostatistics, medical and nursing literature, and case exemplars of missing data analyses using multiple linear regression based upon data from the National Study on the Costs and Outcomes of Trauma (NSCOT) was used as an example.
Findings and Conclusions: In studies of traumatically injured people, multiple imputed values are often superior to complete case analyses that might have significant bias. Multiple imputation can improve accuracy of the assessment and might also improve precision of estimates. Sensitivity analyses which implements repeated analyses using various scenarios may also be useful in providing information supportive of further inquiry
. This stepwise approach of missing data could also be valid in studies with similar types or patterns of missing data.
Clinical Relevance: In interpreting and applying findings of studies with missing data, clinicians need to ensure that researchers have used appropriate methods for handling this issue. If suitable methods were not employed, nurse clinicians need to be aware that the findings may be biased.
The Lived Experience of Genocide Rape Survivors in Rwanda
Authors: Mukamana Donatilla , Brysiewicz Petra 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of women who were raped during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
Methods: A phenomenological approach was used and this study was carried out in Rwanda in three different locations. The 7 participants took part in three semi‐structured, individual interviews which were audiotaped.
Results: Participants reported many themes unique to Rwandan women survivors of genocide. These themes included violation by perceived inferiors, loss of dignity and respect, loss of identity, social isolation, loss of hope for the future (i.e., HIV/AIDS), the ongoing torture of rape babies, and developing a sense of community.
Conclusions: Rwandan women survivors of the 1994 genocide have lived through unimaginable suffering. Limited information is available regarding the experiences of these rape survivors and this information could create awareness and some understanding of what these women endured.
Clinical Relevance: This study can help nurses to understand the sequelae of war and rape and thus have needed information which can be used to offer assistance to women in these circumstances.
Association Between Nursing Workload and Mortality of Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Kiekkas Panagiotis , Sakellaropoulos George C. , Brokalaki Hero , Manolis Evangelos , Samios Adamantios , Skartsani Chrisula , Baltopoulos George I. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: To investigate differences in mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients according to the ratio between total patient care demands and nurse staffing.
Design: Observational, prospective study. Patients consecutively admitted in the medical‐surgical ICU of a Greek hospital over a 1‐year period were enrolled.
Methods: The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS)‐28 was used for measuring patient care demands. Daily sum of TISS‐28 of patients and daily number of nurses were considered for estimating median and peak patient exposure to nursing workload. According to the values of median and peak patient exposure to nursing workload, patients were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high). Logistic regression was used for evaluating the associations between mortality during ICU length of stay and median or peak patient exposure to nursing workload, after adjusting for patient clinical severity.
Findings: 396 patients were included and 102 died. Differences in ICU mortality between high and low groups of median and peak patient exposure to nursing workload, although not statistically significant, were clinically remarkable, both when all patients were studied and when medical and surgical patients were separately studied.
Conclusions: Consideration of individual differences in patient acuity might add sensitivity to the detection of associations between nurse understaffing and ICU mortality.
Clinical Relevance: The findings indicate that not only differences among nurse characteristics, but also differences in patient care demands, are important when investigating the effect of nurse understaffing on mortality of ICU patients. Proper nurse staffing levels should be based on the estimation of total patient acuity, rather than on the absolute number of patients.
Experience, Time Investment, and Motivators of Nursing Journal Peer Reviewers
Authors: Kearney Margaret H. , Baggs Judith G. , Broome Marion E. , Dougherty Molly C. , Freda Margaret C. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: To describe nursing journal reviewers' professional backgrounds, reviewing experience, time investment, and perceptions of their role.
Design: Exploratory descriptive cross‐sectional study.
Methods: A 69‐question survey containing both fixed‐option and open‐ended questions and accessed via the World Wide Web was completed by 1,675 nursing journal reviewers who had been invited to participate by editors of 52 nursing journals.
Findings: Participants were from 44 countries, with 74% from the US, and 90% were nurses. The majority were doctorally prepared academics who were involved in research. They reported spending an average of 5 hours on each critique and completed an average of 7–8 reviews per year. The most common reason reported for becoming involved was personal contact with an editor. Lack of time because of competing work commitments was the most commonly cited barrier to reviewing and negative aspect of the role. The most common positive aspect was keeping up to date with the field.
Conclusions: Nursing journal peer reviewers express rewards and challenges similar to those reported elsewhere for biomedical journal reviewers. Based on these findings, editors might consider new approaches to recruiting and supporting reviewers, and potential reviewers might gain insight into the role. Support of these distinguished scholars in this important role is critical to sustain the quality of scholarship that informs nursing practice, education, and research.
Clinical Relevance: Clinicians, researchers, and educators who rely on the quality of the articles published in nursing journals can learn from this survey about the background and experiences of those who protect that quality by providing expert feedback to authors and editors.
Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma with cutaneous manifestations: a clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic and molecular study of three cases
Authors: Kong Yun‐Yi , Dai Bo , Sheng Wei‐Qi , Yang Wen‐Tao , Wang Chao‐Fu , Kong Jin‐Cheng , Shi Da‐Ren 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is an extremely rare type of malignant lymphoma characterized by exclusive or predominant growth of neoplastic cells within the lumen of blood vessels. Cases in the literature predominantly involve the skin and central nervous system, with special emphasis on the ‘cutaneous variant’.Methods:  Three cases of IVLBCL with cutaneous manifestations, including two systemic IVLBCL and one cutaneous variant, were described in this study. In all cases, clinical presentation and follow‐up data were meticulously evaluated and immunophenotypic and molecular studies were performed.Results:  All three cases displayed the B‐cell phenotype and showed monoclonality with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. Bcl2 was expressed in the two systemic IVLBCL cases with fatal outcomes. The third patient with the ‘cutaneous variant’ achieved complete remission and a longer survival time of 15 months after chemotherapy.Conclusions:  Skin manifestations and neurological findings, although to different degrees, are important clues to the diagnosis of IVLBCL. As most IVLBCL are grouped into the post‐germinal center B‐cell subtype of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, Bcl2 expression may be correlated with a worse prognosis in IVLBCL. The cutaneous variant of IVLBCL has a significantly better outcome than that of systemic IVLBCL.
In‐situ‐topoproteome analysis of cutaneous lymphomas: Perspectives of assistance for dermatohistologic diagnostics by Multi Epitope Ligand Cartography (MELC)
Authors: Bonnekoh Bernd , Pommer Ansgar J. , Böckelmann Raik , Philipsen Lars , Hofmeister Henning , Gollnick Harald 
Published: November 2008

Summary Background: Immunophenotyping is essential for diagnostics of cutaneous lymphomas. In this regard we present a skin tissue‐adapted application platform of MELC technology. Patients and Methods: This topoproteome analysis allows the subcellular colo‐calization of at least n = 100 epitopes in situ. For this purpose the specimen is processed by a Toponome Imaging Cycler® for a n‐fold repetition of the following cycle: 1) staining with a fluorophore‐labeld antibody, 2) fluorescence‐imaging, and 3) photobleaching. Overlay and binarization of fluorescence images lead to combinatorial molecular phenotypes (CMP), which relate to a pixel or microtopographic unit (450 × 450 nm2, 20× objective). Skin biopsies were derived from patients with mycosis fungoides (patch/plaque lesions), psoriasis, atopic eczema and from healthy skin donors. Results: In orientation to the WHO‐EORTC‐classification of cutaneous lym‐phomas a MELC‐library of 23 markers was established. According to an inaugurative detailed procedure the CMP frequency was determined in a normalization to 100 μm horizontal skin width. By a TopoMiner strategy mycosis fungoides could be separated from the other states with a maximum of significance (p ≤ 0.03) by at least 10‐fold overexpression of the following tumor cell‐representative CMP‐motif: CD3+/CD4+/CD1a‐/CD7‐/CD8‐/CD45R0+/CD45RA‐/CD11a+. Conclusions: The skin tissue‐adapted MELC‐application‐platform extends substantially conventional lymphoma diagnostics by an unprecedented dimension of in‐situ‐analysis of marker combinatorics including its exact quantification and visualization.
Neonatal and infantile erythrodermas
Authors: Ott Hagen , Hütten Matthias , Baron Jens Malte , Merk Hans‐Friedrich , Fölster‐Holst Regina 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe term neonatal or infantile erythroderma designates a generalized erythe‐ma covering more than 90% of the body surface area of neonates and young infants. Erythrodermas are not rare in this age group and have been associated with more than 40 diseases of different degrees of severity.Regardless of the underlying illness, impending acute symptoms of an impaired epidermal barrier function (hypothermia, dehydration, sepsis) must be recognized and treated adequately. Most often patients have to be hospitalized for incubator care and, if necessary, intravenous rehydration and antibiotic therapy.Later a thorough diagnostic workup should be performed in cooperation with specialized centers in order to guarantee a precise diagnosis and the most effective treatment. In particular, potentially severe extracutaneous symptoms require rapid intervention and represent the main focus of this review.
Epinephrine inhalers in emergency sets of patients with anaphylaxis
Authors: Schlegel Christiane , Fux Richard , Biedermann Tilo 
Published: November 2008

SummaryEmergency sets are prescribed to allow patients with anaphylaxis to treat themselves before professional aid arrives. The need for epinephrine in this setting is well‐accepted, but how it should be administered is still controversial. Epinephrine preparations can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or as aerosols. Primatene Mist™ is one epinephrine inhaler, which is approved for asthma treatment in the USA, and InfectoKrupp®Inhal is another one approved to support the treatment of acute laryngo‐tracheitis and of allergic reactions with a nebulizer. Both are possible components of the emergency set for patients with anaphylaxis. The following review article summarizes data currently available on the use of epinephrine preparations in first‐aid treatment of anaphylaxis. Studies have shown that the plasma concentrations needed for hemodynamic stabilization cannot be reached with epinephrine inhalers. Since most cases of hypotension in anaphylaxis cannot be effectively treated with epinephrine inhalers, the prescriber should be aware of this before including them in an emergency pack.
Domestic Well Capture Zone and Influence of the Gravel Pack Length
Authors: Horn Judith E. , Harter Thomas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDomestic wells in North America and elsewhere are typically constructed at relatively shallow depths and with the sand or gravel pack extending far above the intake screen of the well (shallow well seal). The source areas of these domestic wells and the effect of an extended gravel pack on the source area are typically unknown, and few resources exist for estimating these. In this article, we use detailed, high‐resolution ground water modeling to estimate the capture zone (source area) of a typical domestic well located in an alluvial aquifer. Results for a wide range of aquifer and gravel pack hydraulic conductivities are compared to a simple analytical model. Correction factors for the analytical model are computed based on statistical regression of the numerical results against the analytical model. This tool can be applied to estimate the source area of a domestic well for a wide range of conditions. We show that an extended gravel pack above the well screen may contribute significantly to the overall inflow to a domestic well, especially in less permeable aquifers, where that contribution may range from 20% to 50% and that an extended gravel pack may lead to a significantly elongated capture zone, in some instances, nearly doubling the length of the capture zone. Extending the gravel pack much above the intake screen therefore significantly increases the vulnerability of the water source.
Ascorbic acid oral treatment modifies lipolytic response and behavioural activity but not glucocorticoid metabolism in cafeteria diet‐fed rats
Authors: Garcia‐Diaz D. F. , Campion J. , Milagro F. I. , Paternain L. , Solomon A. , Martinez J. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  To analyse the effects of vitamin C (VC), a potent dietary antioxidant, oral supplementation on body weight gain, behavioural activity, lipolytic response and glucocorticoid metabolism in the early stages of diet‐induced overweight in rats.Methods:  Food intake, locomotive activity and faecal corticosterone were assessed during the 14 day trial period. After 2 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the body composition, biochemical markers and lipolytic response from isolated adipocytes from retroperitoneal white adipose tissue were examined.Results:  The intake of a high‐fat diet by rats induced a significant increase in body weight, adiposity and insulin resistance markers as well as a decrease in faecal corticosterone levels compared with standard diet‐fed rats. Interestingly, the animals fed on the cafeteria diet showed a significant increase in the isoproterenol‐induced lipolytic response in isolated adipocytes. Furthermore, this cafeteria‐fed group showed a reduced locomotive behaviour than the control rats. On the other hand, oral VC supplementation in animals receiving the high‐fat diet restored the cafeteria diet effect in some of the analysed variables such as final body weight and plasma insulin to control group levels. Remarkably, increases in locomotive behaviour and a significant decrease in the lipolytic response induced by isoproterenol on isolated adipocytes from animals treated with VC were observed.Conclusion:  This work demonstrates that an oral ascorbic acid supplementation has direct effects on behavioural activity and on adipocyte lipolysis in early obesity stages in rats, which could indicate a protective short‐term role of this vitamin against adiposity induced by chronic high‐fat diet consumption.
Teilnahme älterer Arbeitnehmer am argentinischen Arbeitsmarkt: Ein Optionswertmodell
Authors: Alós Marcelo , Apella Ignacio , Grushka Carlos , Muiños Marcelo 
Published: November 2008

AuszugDer vorliegende Artikel will die Faktoren definieren, die die Entscheidung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Argentinien beeinflussen, weiter am Arbeitsmarkt teilzunehmen. Es wird ein Optionswertmodell entwickelt. Dieses Modell wird verwendet, um anhand von Mikrodaten aus Haushaltsbefragungen Schätzungen zu erstellen. Sie liefern Hinweise auf die relative Bedeutung davon, wie sich die Zugangsvoraussetzungen für Renten auf die Entscheidung auswirken, weiter erwerbstätig zu bleiben. Die Erwerbsbiografie stellt sich als Hauptfaktor bei solchen Entscheidungen heraus. Auch die Unangemessenheit von Renten der sozialen Sicherheit und angehäuftes Humankapital bilden Anreize zur Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen, schlagen wir ergänzende politische Anpassungen vor zur besseren Deckung, zur Erhöhung der Rentenleistungen und zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen für ältere Arbeitnehmer.
(A‐)typisch und (un‐)sicher? Zur sozialen Sicherung von „nicht standardisierten“ Arbeitsverhältnissen in Europa
Authors: Buschoff Karin Schulze , Protsch Paula 
Published: November 2008

AuszugAtypische Beschäftigungsverhältnisse (Teilzeit, geringfügige Beschäftigung, Befristungen und Solo‐Selbstständigkeit) haben in den letzten Jahren insgesamt in vielen europäischen Ländern an Bedeutung gewonnen. Sie sind häufig Bestandteil unsteter Erwerbsverläufe und mit einem erhöhten Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko verbunden. In einem Sechs‐Länder‐Vergleich (Deutschland, Vereinigtes Königreich, Niederlande, Italien, Dänemark und Polen) wird gefragt, ob und in welcher Weise die nationalen sozialrechtlichen Regelungen die einzelnen Formen atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse umfassen und die mit ihnen verbundenen spezifischen Risiken berücksichtigen. Es wurden erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern bezüglich der die Deckung bestimmenden Normen und Praxis festgestellt und die einzelnen Länder reagierten sehr unterschiedlich auf die verschiedenen Formen atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Dabei wurde die Notwendigkeit einer weitergehenden verbesserten Koordination der Sozial‐ und Steuergesetzgebung deutlich.
Invalidenleistungen und Beschäftigte mit HIV/Aids: Fragen und Probleme bei der Deckung in der Vereinigten Republik Tansania
Authors: Ackson Tulia 
Published: November 2008

AuszugDieser Artikel untersucht den Umstand, dass es in der Vereinigten Republik Tansania effektiv keine Invalidenleistungen gibt für Beschäftigte des formellen Sektors, die HIV/Aids‐infiziert sind, Die Schwierigkeit für die Institutionen und Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit besteht darin, einen direkten Bezug zwischen HIV/Aids und Arbeitsunfällen und Berufskrankheiten rechtlich zu fassen. Gleichzeitig versuchen sie, die wachsenden Probleme infolge eines schrumpfenden formellen Sektors und die geringe Deckung in den Griff zu bekommen. Es werden politische Abhilfemaßnahmen vorgeschlagen, die die gesetzlichen und rechtlichen Anpassungen ermitteln, die erforderlich sind, um sowohl die Angleichung der Anspruchsvoraussetzungen für Invalidenleistungsansprüche in den betreffenden Institutionen sicherzustellen als auch dafür zu sorgen, dass die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen dauerhaft sind und den heutigen Ansätzen bezüglich der Invalidität entsprechen. Die vorgeschlagenen Anpassungen würden die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen in Fällen, in denen Mitglieder der bestehenden Systeme von Invalidität betroffen sind, vereinfachen und klären und potenziell auch eine künftige Erweiterung der Leistungsdeckung zulassen, um die Arbeitsmarktrealitäten besser zu reflektieren.
Zwischen Arbeitsmarkt und Altersrente — flexible Übergänge als ein neues Paradigma für alternde Gesellschaften?
Authors: Bredt Stephan 
Published: November 2008

AuszugDie Anhebung des gesetzlichen Rentenalters aufgrund steigender Lebenserwartung stößt auf heftigen politischen Widerstand. Aus gesundheitlichen und Arbeitsmarktgründen wird es für manche Berufstätige stets unmöglich sein, den Zugang zur Vollrente unmittelbar aus der Beschäftigung zu erwerben. Selbst wenn die Möglichkeiten für den vorgezogenen Renteneintritt nicht beschränkt werden, sind die Zuverdienstgrenzen zur Finanzierung einer Frühverrentung sehr eng definiert. Folglich ist es für Vorruheständler unmöglich, die Rentenabschläge auszugleichen, von denen sie betroffen sind. Entgegen der allgemeinen Tendenz zur Anhebung des Rentenalters wird derzeit in sozialpolitischen Kreisen in Deutschland ein alternativer Reformvorschlag diskutiert. Dieser zeichnet sich durch folgende Elemente aus: freie Entscheidung über den Renteneintritt im Alter von 60 Jahren, unbegrenzte Akkumulation zusätzlicher Rentenansprüche während der (fortgesetzten) Berufstätigkeit, versicherungsmathematische Abschläge bei vorgezogenem Renteneintritt und Berücksichtigung der Lebenserwartung bei der Anpassung der Rentenhöhe. Diese Lösung führt zu einer finanziellen Entlastung des staatlichen Rentensystems, verbessert die Situation älterer Berufstätiger auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, bietet die Möglichkeit eines selbstbestimmten Übergangs von der Arbeit in den Ruhestand und verringert den Widerstand gegen Rentenreformen. Die Arbeitsmarktauswirkungen für Ältere müssen noch untersucht werden.