bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the Standard Fire Curve for Expressing Natural Fires for Design Purposes
Authors: Wickström U 
Published: December 2008

A method suitable for design purposes is presented which allows postflashover compartment fires to be expressed in one single curve; time is then modified or scaled to take into consideration ventilation conditions and wall properties. Ventilation-controlled combustion, uniform temperature, and wall losses proportional to the thermal inertia of the wall material are assumed. Although the proposed method allows the designer to consider important parameters, it is still very approximative and must be used with care. Several assumptions are made, and many parameters are difficult to assign values in the general case. The method therefore should be looked upon as an improvement of the current technique of carrying out fire engineering design by simply employing a standard curve like ISO 834.
An analysis of the postflashover compartment fire, basically the same as has been presented elsewhere, is summarized. The parameters of ventilation and wall properties are grouped together in such a way that their influence on the temperature development may be expressed as a time factor. It is further shown that for certain parameter values the fire temperature response in the heating phase nearly coincides with the ISO 834 standard curve. Therefore, as this curve is well-established in fire engineering, it is suggested that it be employed with the here suggested method; the time scale, however, is modified with a compartment time factor depending on the properties of the fire compartment.
The assumed fire temperatures may be used to estimate the temperature in fire-exposed structures. It is demonstrated how very compact diagrams may be used for concrete structures, which allows the designer to take into account various fires and thermal material properties of the structure. The diagrams were obtained from finite-element computer calculations in which various fires and material properties were simulated. By then plotting the temperature response versus suitable parameter groups, it was possible to present the results in a very compact way. Corresponding diagrams have earlier been presented for insulated steel structures [1].
Fatigue Crack Path Behavior Under Polymodal Fatigue
Authors: Hourlier F , d'Hondt H , Truchon M , Pineau A 
Published: December 2008

The study is devoted to the prediction of crack path direction in polymodal fatigue. First experimental and theoretical results published in the literature are reviewed. It is shown that proportional and nonproportional loading conditions should be distinguished. Then, the experimental results obtained in cyclic Mode III and biaxial nonproportional Modes I + II loading are presented. These tests were carried out on two alloy steels and an aluminum alloy. The biaxial tests were performed on cruciform type specimens.
In Mode III loading, it is shown that, at low applied torque, the crack surface adopts a “factory-roof” appearance with facets characteristic of local Mode I extension. It is suggested that the flat surfaces corresponding to apparent macroscopic Mode III extension observed in this study as in other ones might be an artefact. In Modes I + II loading, it is shown that the two investigated materials exhibit very different crack bifurcation angles. The results are discussed in terms of possible extended forms of the maximum tangential stress criterion, ΔkImax*, KImax* and (da/dN)max. It is shown that, as a general rule, the latter criterion gives results in better agreement with the experiments. The difficulties associated with crack closure effect are also shortly discussed.
Multistage Triaxial Testing: A Rational Procedure
Authors: Nambiar MRM , Rao GV , Gulhati SK 
Published: December 2008

It is difficult to obtain enough undisturbed submarine samples from a particular location to carry out triaxial compression tests in the conventional manner using three samples at three different cell pressures. Multistage triaxial tests offer an attractive means for determining shear strength parameters of submarine soils since they use only a single sample. This paper presents a study through which a rational procedure for multistage undrained triaxial testing of submarine soils has been evolved.
For this purpose tests were conducted on laboratory sedimented kaolinite. This rational procedure was then used to determine shear behavior of a submarine soil from off the west coast of India and then verified by comparing it with conventional tests. It is shown that to ensure sufficiently good correspondence between results obtained from conventional and multistage testing, the sample in multistage testing must not be sheared to failure in each stage. The sample should be sheared to about 2 to 4% axial strain in each stage, and then failure condition predicted by using Kondner's hypothesis and extrapolating to a finite strain. The influence of finite strain as well as the cell pressure to be used in successive stages of the multistage test has been studied and suitable recommendations have been made.
Contact and Artificial Soil Tests Using Earthworms to Evaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil
Authors: Neuhauser EF , Loehr RC , Malecki MR 
Published: December 2008

This study was designed to evaluate two methods using earthworms that can be used to estimate the biological impact of organic and inorganic compounds that may be in wastes applied to land for treatment and disposal. The two methods were the contact test and the artificial soil test. The contact test is a 48-h test using an adult worm, a small glass vial, and filter paper to which the test chemical or waste is applied. The test is designed to provide close contact between the worm and a chemical, similar to the situation in soils. The method provides a rapid estimate of the relative toxicity of chemicals and industrial wastes. The artificial soil test uses a mixture of sand, kaolin, peat, and calcium carbonate as a representative soil. Different concentrations of the test material are added to the artificial soil, adult worms are added, and worm survival is evaluated after two weeks.These studies have shown that (1) earthworms can be used to distinguish among a wide variety of chemicals with a high degree of accuracy, (2) earthworms are a suitable biomonitoring tool to measure the impact of chemicals in wastes added to soils, (3) the contact and artificial soil tests can measure the biological impact of chemicals applied to soils, (4) earthworms can be used to differentiate the impact of chemical groups and specific chemicals, and (5) the contact and artificial soil tests appear to identify the same relative toxicity of chemicals as rat toxicity data.
Design of Laterally Loaded Displacement Piles Using a Driven Pressuremeter
Authors: Robertson PK , Hughes JMO , Campanella RG , Sy A 
Published: December 2008

The nonlinear subgrade reaction method is widely used for the design of laterally loaded piles. This method replaces the soil reaction with a series of independent springs. The nonlinear behavior of the soil springs is represented by P-y curves, which relate soil reaction and pile deflection at points along the pile length. Most of the existing methods for obtaining P-y curves are highly empirical. Often little account is taken of the method of pile installation. The pressuremeter offers an almost ideal in-situ modelling tool for determining directly the P-y curves for a pile. As the pressuremeter can either be driven or self-bored into the soil, the results can be used to model either a displacement or a non-displacement pile.
The driven pressuremeter used in the study described in this paper was essentially a standard pressuremeter with a solid 60° cone shoe at the tip. The instrument was pushed into the soil. This paper provides a detailed description of the equipment, testing procedures, and the theory that enables the family of P-y curves for laterally loaded displacement piles to be obtained. A case study, using the driven pressuremeter results to predict and compare the performance of two full-scale field lateral pile load tests, is presented.
A Study of Corrosion of Steel Under a Variety of Thermal Insulation Materials
Authors: Ashbaugh WG , Laundrie TF 
Published: December 2008

Corrosion of steel equipment under thermal insulation is and has been a costly problem in Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) chemical operations as well as other refining and chemical plants throughout the world. The Materials Technology Institute (MTI) has spent about $30 thousand trying to develop a nondestructive inspection method to detect and measure corrosion under insulation. The corrosion rate of carbon steel under insulation depends upon a number of variables: moisture, oxygen availability, metal temperature, paint system, and the insulation. Little work has been published that defines the effects different types of insulation have on the corrosion rate of carbon steel. Some suggest that the type of insulation does make a difference. An in plant test was designed and operated to obtain quantitative data comparing several types of insulation and their effect on corrosion of steel.
Twelve pieces of insulation were applied to carbon steel pipe and were exposed to the atmosphere at Texas City, TX. Water, in addition to rain, was occasionally added to the outside of the pipe, and steam was run through the inside of the pipe once a week in order to accelerate the corrosion rate.
This paper will report qualitatively and quantitatively on the corrosion rates of the carbon steel under the various types of insulation. The data will be useful to insulation specialists in guiding their selection of the kind of insulation from the standpoint of its influence on steel corrosion.
Behavior of a Copper Water Tube Exposed to Natural Carbonaceous Granular and Cellulosic Insulation Materials
Authors: Myers JR , Cohen A 
Published: December 2008

Copper is essentially immune to corrosion in most underground environments because of the protective films that naturally form on the metal's surface. In general, there is no major concern regarding the corrosion of copper underground unless it is exposed to certain aggressive substances. These include moist environments containing (1) appreciable quantities of chlorides, sulfates, sulfides, or ammonium compounds or both; (2) organic or inorganic acids or both; or (3) active anaerobic bacteria or all three. It is also known that copper should not be directly embedded in cinders that generally contain sulfides or carbon or both. Fortunately, when corrosive conditions exist, a variety of cost effective techniques can be used to mitigate unacceptable corrosion of buried copper.
In spite of these well known general guidelines regarding the underground behavior of copper, situations do occur where the metal is placed in contact with aggressive thermal insulations. When these insulations are hygroscopic, have low resistivities and acidic pH values, and contain sulfur compounds along with carbon, it is understandable that unacceptable corrosion of the copper will occur.
The conditions that caused natural carbonaceous granular “thermal insulation” to deteriorate the underground copper tube domestic hot water system for a low-rise high density housing development are presented. Basically, the copper water tubes corroded because the “thermal insulation” absorbed large quantities of moisture, had a low resistivity (less than 1200 Ω∙cm), and an acidic pH (as low as 4.8). Corrosion was facilitated by the presence of appreciable quantities of sulfur (8000 ppm) and possibly carbon in the “insulation.”
Corrosion of the adversely affected copper water tube system was mitigated by cathodic protection. In order to minimize shielding effects created by the complexity of the underground system, deep anode beds were incorporated into the cathodic protection design. The unaffected underground copper tube domestic cold water and steel gas distribution systems were bonded to the cathodically protected copper hot water tubes in order to prevent the possibility of stray current corrosion.
In addition, other insulation systems have been shown to be deleterious to copper. For example, certain chemically treated cellulosic insulation materials can contain constituents that become aggressive to copper when either moist or under high relative humidity conditions.
Recent Advances in Composites in the United States and Japan
Authors: Vinson JR , Taya M 
Published: December 2008

Description
This publication, Recent Advances in Composites in the United States and Japan, contains papers presented at the United States/Japan Symposium on Composite Materials which was held in Hampton, Virginia, 6-8 June 1983. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committees D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites and E09 on Fatigue in cooperation with the National Aeronautic and Space Administration. Jack R. Vinson and Minoru Taya, University of Delaware, served as symposium chairman and secretary, respectively. Jack R. Vinson and Minoru Taya are editors of this publication.
New Approaches to Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Boyle TP 
Published: December 2008

Description
Offers examples where new methods and approaches of environmental monitoring are being employed. Papers elaborate on specific concerns, questions, and program criteria that characterize the development of monitoring programs and provide paradigams for future monitoring programs. Key discussion concepts include water quality, statistical design criteria, long-term sampling programs, ecological data base management, quality assurance, and data integrity.
The Influence of Alewife Year‐Class Strength on Prey Selection and Abundance of Age‐1 Chinook Salmon in Lake Michigan
Authors: Warner David M. , Kiley Courtney S. , Claramunt Randall M. , Clapp David F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe used growth and diet data from a fishery‐independent survey of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, acoustic estimates of prey density and biomass, and statistical catch‐at‐age modeling to study the influence of the year‐class strength of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus on the prey selection and abundance of age‐1 Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan during the years 1992‐1996 and 2001‐2005. Alewives age 2 or younger were a large part of age‐1 Chinook salmon diets but were not selectively fed upon by age‐1 Chinook salmon in most years. Feeding by age‐1 Chinook salmon on alewives age 2 or younger became selective as the biomass of alewives in that young age bracket increased, and age‐1 Chinook salmon also fed selectively on young bloaters Coregonus hoyi when bloater density was high. Selection of older alewives decreased at high densities of alewives age 2 or younger and, in some cases, high densities of bloater. The weight and condition of age‐1 Chinook salmon were not related to age‐1 Chinook salmon abundance or prey abundance, but the abundance of age‐1 Chinook salmon in year t was positively related to the density of age‐0 alewives in year t − 1. Our results suggest that alewife year‐class strength exerts a positive bottom‐up influence on age‐1 Chinook salmon abundance, prey switching behavior by young Chinook salmon contributing to the stability of the predator‐prey relationship between Chinook salmon and alewives.
Chronic effects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans on mink in laboratory and field environments
Authors: Zwiernik Matthew J , Beckett Kerrie J , Bursian Steve , Kay Denise P , Holem Ryan R , Moore Jeremy N , Yamini Behzad , Giesy John P 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Mink are often used as a sentinel species in ecological risk assessments of chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) that cause toxicity mediated through the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Considerable toxicological information is available on the effects of PCBs and PCDDs on mink, but limited toxicological information is available for PCDFs. Thus, exposure concentrations at which adverse effects occur could not be determined reliably for complex mixtures in which PCDFs dominate the total calculated concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent (TEQ). Two studies were conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of PCDFs to mink. The first was a chronic exposure, conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, in which mink were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF) concentrations as great as 2.4 × 103 ng 2,3,7,8-TCDF/kg wet-weight (ww) diet or 2.4 × 102 ng TEQ2006-WHO-mammal/kg ww diet. In that study, transient decreases in body masses of kits relative to the controls was the only statistically significant effect observed. The second study was a 3-y field study during which indicators of individual health, including hematological and morphological parameters, were determined for mink exposed chronically to a mixture of PCDDs and PCDFs under field conditions. In the field study, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the measured parameters between mink exposed to a median estimated dietary dose of 31 ng TEQ2006-WHO-mammal/kg ww and mink from an upstream reference area where they had a median dietary exposure of 0.68 ng TEQ2006-WHO-mammal/kg ww. In both studies, concentrations of TEQ2006-WHO-mammal to which the mink were exposed exceeded those at which adverse effects, based on studies with PCDD and PCB congeners, would have been expected. Yet in both instances where PCDF congeners were the sole or predominant source of the TEQ2006-WHO-mammal, predicted adverse effects were not observed. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that the values of the mammalian-specific toxicity equivalency factors suggested by the World Health Organization overestimate the toxic potency of PCDFs to mink. Therefore, hazard cannot be accurately predicted by making comparisons to toxicity reference values derived from exposure studies conducted with PCBs or PCDDs in situations where mink are exposed to TEQ mixtures dominated by PCDFs.
The Effect of a Supragingival Plaque‐Control Regimen on the Subgingival Microbiota in Smokers and Never‐Smokers: Evaluation by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gomes Sabrina C. , Nonnenmacher Claudia , Susin Cristiano , Oppermann Rui V. , Mutters Reinier , Marcantonio Rosemary A.C. 
Published: December 2008

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival plaque control on the subgingival microbiota in smokers and never‐smokers. Research into the impact of supragingival plaque control on the number of subgingival bacteria has resulted in contradictory findings. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been suggested as a valid alternative to current microbiologic methods based on bacteria cultures.Methods: Forty‐five subjects with chronic periodontitis were selected. Twenty‐four of them had never smoked, and 21 were active smokers. Four sites per patient were selected for sampling. Supragingival debridement was performed at baseline, and the subjects received weekly instructions on oral hygiene for 180 days. A clinical examination and subgingival plaque sampling were carried out at baseline and at 30, 90, and 180 days. A real‐time PCR assay was used to detect and quantify Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra (previously Peptostreptococcus micros or Micromonas micros), Dialister pneumosintes, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), and the total bacteria load (eubacteria) in the subgingival samples. Statistical analysis was performed using linear models adjusted for the clustering of observations within individuals.Results: Smokers and never‐smokers exhibited a similar and significant reduction in total bacteria counts over time. Irrespective of smoking status, deep sites consistently harbored greater quantities of total bacteria throughout the study. Higher numbers of the bacteria investigated were associated with bleeding on probing.Conclusion: Supragingival plaque control markedly reduced subgingival microbiota counts in smokers and never‐smokers.
Natural History of Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in the Progression From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Impaired Fasting Glycemia and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The Inter99 Study
Authors: Færch Kristine , Vaag Allan , Holst Jens J. , Hansen Torben , Jørgensen Torben , Borch-Johnsen Knut 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in the development of isolated impaired fasting glycemia (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), and combined IFG/IGT.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Baseline and 5-year follow-up data from the Inter99 study were used. Individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline and i-IFG, i-IGT, combined IFG/IGT, or NGT at the 5-year follow-up were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test (n = 3,145). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), early-phase insulin release (EPIR), and insulin secretion relative to insulin action (disposition index) were estimated.
RESULTS—Five years before the pre-diabetes diagnoses (i-IFG, i-IGT, and IFG/IGT), ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index were lower than in individuals who maintained NGT. During the 5-year follow-up, individuals developing i-IFG experienced a significant decline only in HOMA-IS, whereas individuals developing i-IGT experienced significant declines in ISI, EPIR, and disposition index. Individuals with IFG/IGT exhibited pronounced declines in ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index during the 5-year follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS—A stationary reduced insulin secretion followed by a decline in primarily hepatic insulin sensitivity characterizes the transition from NGT to i-IFG. In contrast, low whole-body insulin sensitivity with a secondary lack of β-cell compensation is associated with the development of i-IGT. Thereby, i-IFG and i-IGT appear to result from different underlying mechanisms, which may have implications for the prevention and treatment of the diabetes that succeeds them.
Low‐Temperature‐Grown Transition Metal Oxide Based Storage Materials and Oxide Transistors for High‐Density Non‐volatile Memory
Authors: Lee Myoung‐Jae , Kim Sun I. , Lee Chang B. , Yin Huaxiang , Ahn Seung‐Eon , Kang Bo S. , Kim Ki H. , Park Jae C. , Kim Chang J. , Song Ihun , Kim Sang W. , Stefanovich Genrikh , Lee Jung H. , Chung Seok J. , Kim Yeon H. , Park Youngsoo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn effective stacked memory concept utilizing all‐oxide‐based device components for future high‐density nonvolatile stacked structure data storage is developed. GaInZnO (GIZO) thin‐film transistors, grown at room temperature, are integrated with one‐diode (CuO/InZnO)–one‐resistor (NiO) (1D–1R) structure oxide storage node elements, fabricated at room temperature. The low growth temperatures and fabrication methods introduced in this paper allow the demonstration of a stackable memory array as well as integrated device characteristics. Benefits provided by low‐temperature processes are demonstrated by fabrication of working devices over glass substrates. Here, the device characteristics of each individual component as well as the characteristics of a combined select transistor with a 1D–1R cell are reported. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of a NiO resistance layer deposited by sputter and atomic layer deposition confirms the importance of metallic Ni content in NiO for bi‐stable resistance switching. The GIZO transistor shows a field‐effect mobility of 30 cm2 V−1 s−1, a Vth of +1.2 V, and a drain current on/off ratio of up to 108, while the CuO/InZnO heterojunction oxide diode has forward current densities of 2 × 104 A cm−2. Both of these materials show the performance of state‐of‐the‐art oxide devices.