bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LESSONS DRAWN FROM OBSERVING YOUNG PEERS TOGETHER
Authors: ECKERMAN CAROL O. , DIDOW SHARON M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Based on studies during the past 13 years of what transpires between young peers, lessons are drawn about the nature of human sociability and the development of social skill during the first three years of life. Peer encounters have proven especially helpful for discovering the forms of sociability and social skill the infant is capable of without the aid of a more skillful social partner.From early in infancy, children are quite sociable with peers (age‐mates), both in novel play settings and in their own home or customary group care settings, both with an unfamiliar peer and with those quite familiar, both at the start of acquaintanceship with a particular peer and after many encounters with that peer. Their sociability is seen in their attraction to peers, their directing to peers of such distinctively social behaviors as vocalizations, smiles, and gestures, and the predominantly friendly nature of their behavior. Peer encounters in the absence of customary play materials refute claims that attraction to peers is a by‐product of interest in toys and the inanimate spectacles peers create through their actions on toys.Distinctions should be drawn between sociability and social skills, especially interactive skills. Interactive skills are systematic ways the young child relates his/her own behavior to the details of a partner's behavior that function to facilitate such valued social outcomes as the generation of a cooperative game or a conversation or the resolution of a dispute. Observations of young peers highlight the distinctive nature of the infant's interactive skills. Social influence between peers is present from 6 months, but rarely takes the form customary for older children. Joining a peer and manipulating the same play material as the peer are rudimentary interactive skills that emerge by 12 months. Interactive skills enabling the generation of extended sequences of social interaction on a common cooperative theme progress rapidly during the third year of life.The distinctive form of the young child's interactive skills produces distinctive patterns of interaction among young peers. Their interactions are managed largely nonverbally well into the third year of life, and extended Cooperative interactions most often take the form of games in which one or both children imitate each other's actions. Despite the predominance of imitation, their encounters are also marked by complementary role relationships. The distinctive features of peer encounters prompt speculations about the role peer encounters can play in early development.
HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY AETIOLOGY AND OUTCOME
Authors: UVEBRANT PAUL 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTHemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) was studied in a retrospective population‐based series of 169 cases from the South‐westem Swedish health care region covering the birth years 1969‐78. The purpose was to analyse the prevalence, aetiology and neuro‐developmental outcome in children born preterm and at term, and to correlate pathogenetic periods, aetiological factors and clinical parameters to neuroradiology.The prevalence at the ages 6‐15 years was 0.66 per 1000.Postnatally acquired hemiplegia, mainly postinfectious, iatrogenic or posttraumatic, constituted 11%. Amongtermchildren with congenital hemiplegia (pre and perinatally derived) the aetiology was considered prenatal, mainly circulatory brain lesions and maldevelopments, in 42%, combined pre and perinatal in 9%, perinatal (cerebral haemorrhage, hypoxia) in 16% and untraceable in 34%. The corresponding distribution amongpretermchildren was 29%, 47%, 25% and 6%, respectively. The rate of preterm birth among congenital cases was 24%. Birth asphyxia was shown to be a poor indicator of pathogenetic period, whereas a cascade of postpartum complications suggested perinatal brain damage. Clinical follow‐up of 152 children revealed that 50% had mild, 31 % moderate and 19% severe motor dysfunction. Stereognostic sense was impaired in 44% of the children (astereognosia in 20%). Additional impairments (mental retardation, epilepsy, impaired vision, hearing and speech, severe behavioural/perceptual problems) were present in 42%. Term children with congenital hemiplegia tended to be more severely affected than preterm children. The resulting total handicap was considered mild in 40%, moderate in 44% and severe in 16%. The prevalence of severe total handicap was highest among postnatal cases.Computerised tomography (CT), performed in 109 congenital cases, was normal in 26%, showed unilateral ventricular enlargement in 36% and revealed cortical/subcortical cavities in 20%. In the remaining 18% CT findings were classified as “other”. With the classification so far used, correlations between CT findings and aetiologies were unsatisfactory and disappointing. In contrast, CT findings showed a strong correlation with clinical degree of severity and magnitude of associated handicap. As a rule, normal CT implied mild disability and unilateral ventricular enlargement moderate, whereas cortical/subcortical cavities were frequently associated with severe handicap, including mental retardation and epilepsy.
Hypoglycemia: A pathophysiologic approach
Authors: SENIOR BORIS , SADEGHI‐NEJAD ABDOLLAH 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTAn exploration of the factors that sustain glucose levels in the normal fasting subject reveals that the single major component is conservation of glucose rather than gluconeo‐genesis. Conservation is achieved by recycling of glucose carbon as lactate, pyruvate and alanine, and a profound decrease in the oxidation of glucose by the brain brought about by the provision and use of ketones. What glucose continues to be oxidized is for the most part formed from glycerol. Gluconeogenesis from protein plays little part in the process.Fasting hypoglycemia results from disorders affecting either one of the two critical sustaining factors—the recycling process or the availability and use of ketones.Individual hypoglycemic entities are examined against this background.
On the Construction of the Infancy‐Childhood‐Puberty Growth Standard
Authors: KARLBERG J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTKarlberg J. (Department of Anatomy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and the Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA). On the construction of the infancy‐childhood‐puberty growth standard. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 356: 26, 1989.Using the infancy‐childhood‐puberty (ICP) growth model, the postnatal linear growth curve is mathematically broken down into three components: infancy, childhood and puberty. The fact that each component of this model seems to represent a defined biological phase of the growth process, extends its clinical application. The principles used to construct the ICP growth standard and the basic‘clinical’ICP‐based growth charts are described. These charts have a number of advantages over the conventional growth charts currently in use. Most importantly, the ICP growth chart provides reference values not only for total growth but also for each of the three individual components. Using this methodology, the magnitude and the onset of each component can be assessed in an individual child. The age at onset of the childhood component, which is a newly discovered and important feature of human growth, can easily be detected in an individual child. Furthermore, prepubertal growth, onset of puberty and pubertal growth can be accurately assessed, because the difference in pubertal maturation is taken into account when setting standards during adolescence. The methodology also offers a new and highly accurate predictor of final height and permits assessment of growth rates over shorter and longer periods using a simple and effective method of assessing change. The ICP growth model appears to be a refined instrument for detecting and understanding growth disturbances.
Catch up Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: ALTIGANI M. , MURPHY J. F. , NEWCOMBE R. G. , GRAY O. P. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYSeventy‐one surviving infants were followed up from birth to 24 weeks of postnatal age. Their mean gestational age was 32 weeks with a range of 26–36 weeks and a standard deviation of 2.1 weeks. Their mean birth weight was 1.805 kg with a range of 0.675–2.5 kg and a standard deviation of 0.408 kg. Their weights, lengths and head circumferences were measured at birth, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Curves for the mean weight, length and head circumference were produced and superimposed on the available intrauterine and extra‐uterine growth charts. The growth curves of the preterm infants did not show the flattening noted in the intrauterine curves towards term. The curve of the mean weight of the preterm infants started at the 50th centile for Gairdner & Pearson (1971) at birth to drop below that shortly after birth. At 40 weeks of postconceptional age the mean weight curve of preterm infants crossed the 50th centile and continued above it to reach the 90th centile at 60 weeks. The curves of mean length and head circumference started below the 50th centile at birth and crossed it at 40 weeks and continued above it to approach the 90th centile at 60 weeks. Growth velocity was calculated as a relative gradient using the straight line equation (y=a+bx), where y is the weight, length or head circumference, and x is the independent variable and here it is the group mean of the parameter at the corresponding ages. Catch up growth is taken as a relative gradient significantly greater than one. The first 24 weeks of postnatal life are defined as a period of catch up growth with the first 8 weeks as an interval of maximum head velocity.
Plasma Zinc Concentration and Catch Up Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: ALTIGANI M. , MURPHY J. F. , GRAY O. P. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYChanges in plasma zinc concentration during the period of catch up growth were examined in 44 preterm infants. Blood samples were collected at birth, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Plasma zinc concentration showed a mean of 13.6 μmol/l at birth and dropped to 9.8 μmol/l at 6 weeks and rose to 11.3 and 15.4 μmol/l at 12 and 24 weeks respectively. Plasma zinc concentrations showed significant correlation with weight velocity at 12 weeks. Male infants had significantly lower plasma zinc concentrations than females at 12 weeks. Infants of gestational age more than 32 weeks had lower plasma zinc concentrations at 12 and 24 weeks than those of earlier gestations. At the same time males were growing faster than females and also infants of gestational ages more than 32 weeks were growing faster than those born at earlier gestations. These observations, together with the finding that the decline in zinc occurred during the phase of rapid growth, suggest that growth is the predominant modulator of plasma zinc concentration.
Prediction of Outcome in 164 Infants Born after 24 to 28 Weeks Gestation
Authors: Greisen G. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTEg‐Andersen, G. (Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). Outcome in 164 infants born after 24 to 28 weeks gestation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 360: 56, 1989.Between 1984 and 1987 164 infants born after 24 to 28 completed weeks were admitted to our unit. In 6 children respirator treatment was withdrawn between days 6 and 57 mainly on the basis of severe intracranial bleeding and periventricular leuco‐malacia. Among 102 (62%) surviving infants, 18 (18%) had a major handicap (cerebral palsy, IQ <50, blindness) at follow‐up, in 6 of the 18 (6%) there was a combination of several major handicaps. We conclude that we can still not reliably predict serious handicap and we are therefore faced with a serious ethical dilemma which we think can best be approached in a trust‐relationship between parents and staff.
The Severity of RDS during the First Two Neonatal Days in Relationship to Fluid Intake
Authors: HALLMAN M. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTHallman, M. (Departments of Paediatrics, University of Helsinki and University of California, Irvine). The severity of RDS during the first two neonatal days in relationship to fluid intake. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 360: 93, 1989.There are no generally accepted guidelines regarding the degree of hydration of small preterm infants with RDS. In the present prospective study, liquid intake (intravenous fluids, drugs, and enteral nutrition) during the first 48 h was correlated with the degree of respiratory failure at the age of two days in 120 consecutive, mechanically ventilated, small preterm infants with RDS (GA<30 w, BW< 1750 9). There was a positive linear relationship between the amount of liquids given and the degree of respiratory failure. Multiple regression analysis taking into consideration various perinatal factors revealed that the liquid intake explained the degree of respiratory failure (p < 0.0001). The regression analysis revealed a similar dependence of respiratory failure on the liquid intake in the following groups of infants: GA<27 w (p=0.023); GA 27–30 w (p=0.005); SGA (p=0.104); Non‐SGA (p=0.001); severe preeclampsia (p=0.018); surfactant substitution (p=0.002); liquid intake 127–240 m1/48 h (p < 0.006); liquid intake 240430 mU48 h (p < 0.047). The present results demonstrate the need to re‐evaluate the optimal needs of hydration among infants with RDS during the very early neonatal period.
The Effects of D‐penicillamine on the Renal and Liver Functions in Neonates and the in Vitro Influence on Granulocytes
Authors: LAKATOS LAJOS , SZABÓ IMRE , CSÁTHY LÁSZLÓ 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTLakatos, L., Szabó, I. and Csáthy, L. (Department of Paediatrics, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital and University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary). The effects of D‐penicillamine on the renal and liver functions in neonates and the in vitro influence on granulocytes. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 360: 135, 1989.D‐Penicillamine (DPA) was introduced to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in 1973 and to prevent retinopathy of prematurity in 1980. In this study we investigated the renal and liver functions of neonates treated with DPA and the in vitro effect of the drug on superoxide anion generation and beta‐glucuronidase release as well as phago‐cytic and intracellular killing activation of human peripheral blood granulocytes. Our data concerning the renal and liver functions before and after 3 to 4 days DPA treatment reveal that the drug does not produce any pathological change during short‐term administration in the neonatal period. Furthermore, it was found that superoxide anion generation was slightly increased, and beta‐glucuronidase release markedly increased by preincubation with DPA at concentrations of 0.5–5 mM. The rise was directly proportional to the concentration in the examined range. On the other hand, none of the examined DPA concentrations influenced the phagocytic or killing activity of neutrophils.
Overview of Childhood Acute Diarrhoea in Europe: Implications for Oral Rehydration Therapy
Authors: GUANDALINI STEFANO 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTGuandalini, S. (Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Naples, Italy). Overview of childhood acute diarrhoea in Europe: Implications for oral rehydration therapy. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 364: 5, 1989.Infant mortality from acute diarrhoea has sharply declined in the last few decades throughout Europe. However, acute diarrhoea is still a very common occurrence in European children, who experience, in their first 3 years of life, approximately 1 episode/year. The commonest agent responsible for infectious diarrhoeas appears to be rotavirus, followed by campylo‐bacter. Although water loss may be high, the mean sodium Loss is close to 40 mmol/l of stool in rotaviral diarrhoea, and to 60 mmol//l in diarrhoeas due to invasive pathogens such as campylobacter and salmonella. Larger fluid losses but a somewhat lower sodium loss accompanies non‐cholera secretory diarrhoeas, which appear to be commoner in infants than in older children. This evidence indicates that an ORS for European children should have a sodium concentration lower than 90 mmol/l which was primarily intended for use in developing countries. Clearly, the glucose concentration is crucial, as it is now evident that concentrations higher than the recommended 110 mmol/l may lead, particularly in rotaviral enteritis, to worsening of diarrhoea and development of hypernatraemia. Finally, it appears that in Europe the use of commercially available ORS is strikingly low, so that infants and children are often given a variety of “clear fluids”, generally inadequate to ensure proper rehydration or maintenance of hydration. Thus an effort should he made not only to devise the “ideal” solution, but also to effectively implement its use.
Optimising Oral Rehydration Solution Composition in Model Systems: Studies in Normal Mammalian Small Intestine
Authors: SANDHU B. K. , CHRISTOBAL F. L. , BRUETON M. J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTSandhu, B. K., Christobal, F. L. and Brueton, M. J. (The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol and Westminister Children's Hospital, London, U.K.). Optimising oral rehydration solution composition in model systems: Studies in normal mammalian small intestine. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 364:17, 1989.Small intestinal perfusion studies have been carried out in animals to evaluate the role of the individual constituents of oral rehydration solution (ORS), in order to draw some conclusions relating to the optimal composition of ORS. Two commercially available ORS, Dioralyte and Rehidrat have also been compared to the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard solution. Maximum rate of water absorption occurred with the WHO solution and least with Rehidrat. The findings of the perfusion studies suggest that in the normal small intestine, optimal water absorption occurs from a solution containing 60 mmol/l of sodium and 80–120 mmol/l of glucose. The addition of bicarbonate and citrate at concentrations present in ORS does not appear to have a significant effect on water absorption. The addition of glycine and diglycine to the standard ORS reduced the net rate of absorption of sodium and water, probably because of the effect of increased osmolality.
Disease‐related Animal Models for Optimising Oral Rehydration Solution Composition
Authors: FARTHING M. J. G. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTFarthing, M. J. G. (Department of Gastroenterology. St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, U.K.). Disease‐related animal models for optimising oral rehydration solution composition. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 364:23. 1989.To optimise the composition of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for European children is not a simple task. Although controlled clinical trial is ultimately the only way to determine whether a new solution is superior to an established ORS, testing many different formulations is neither feasible nor ethical. Several groups of investigators have evolved the concept of using animal models to test new ORS formulations. Disease‐related animal models using perfusion of cholera toxin‐treated rat small intestine or experimental rotavirus infection of neonatal rats suggest that optimal water absorption will he obtained by using a hypotonic ORS with a sodium concentration of 50–60 mmol/l and a glucose Concentration of 50–100 mmol/ml. Addition of citrate or bicarbonate had no benefit with respect to the promotion of water absorption.
The Role of Human Perfusion Techniques in the Assessment of Oral Rehydration Solutions
Authors: ELLIOTT E. J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTElliott, E. J. (Leicester Royal Infirmatory, Leicester, U.K). The role of human perfusion techniques in the assessment of oral rehydration solutions. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 364:31, 1989.Early human intestinal perfusion studies provided valuable information on gut transport procession in vivo. Subsequently, similar models have proved a useful means of assessing the efficacy of glucose‐electrolyte oral rehydration solutions. In contrast to clinical trials they enable quantification of water and solute movement across the small intestine and, unlike animal studies, results are directly applicable to man. However, limitations exist, including the fact that a short, usually normal, segment of intestine is studied. Recent studies confirm the relationship between oral rehydration solution sodium concentration and sodium movement; the stimulatory effect of glucose on sodium and water movement; and the detrimental effect of high glucose content. Glycine, bicarbonate, citrate and acetate provide little additional benefit for water absorption when added to solutions containing glucose. Preliminary comparative studies of results obtained in the rat and in man show parallels between these models suggesting they may be complimentary methods of assessing new oral rehydration solutions.
Growth Hormone Secretion and Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: ALBERTSSON‐WIKLAND K. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.Albertsson‐Wikland, K. (Departments of Paediatrics II and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden). Growth hormone secretion and growth hormone treatment in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 349: 35, 1989.Few children with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) fail to show catch‐up growth during the first year of life. There may he many reasons for this, ranging from disturbances of hormone production to hormonal unresponsiveness of target cells. This report presents preliminary data on growth hormone (GH) secretion and responses to GH treatment in 16 children with IUGR and poor catch‐up growth, six of whom had Silver‐Russell stigmata. GH secretion was assessed by measurement of the GH response to an arginine‐insulin test and determination of spontaneous GH secretion over 24 hours. GH production was heterogeneous hut, more often than expected, children showed both a low response to GH provocation and low spontaneous secretion of GH. Five out of six of the children with Silver‐Russell syndrome and seven out of 10 of the children with non‐Silver‐Russell IUGR gained more than 2 cm in height during 1 year of treatment with GH at a dose of 0.1 IU/kg/day. These results clearly demonstrate that some children with IUGR and poor catch‐up growth secrete insufficient amounts of GH, and that many of these very short children show an improvement in growth rate during treatment with physiological doses of GH.
Does Early Diet Program Future Outcome?
Authors: LUCAS A. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTDespite intensive research in infant nutrition throughout this century, uncertainty persists over nearly every major aspect of practice. Reasons for this uncertainty are analysed and the need for prospective studies on the later effects of early diet is justified. Evidence is presented that nutrition at a critical or sensitive period in early life predetermines future metabolism, performance and morbidity in animal models. Similar data in Man have been collected mainly in retrospective and flawed studies and are correspondingly less convincing. A prospective multicentre randomized study on preterm infant feeding is discussed to illustrate the feasibility of conducting long‐term outcome studies in Man and to emphasize the critical importance of outcome data as a basis for clinical practice. Preliminary evidence from this study suggests that the way a preterm infant is fed, in just the early weeks post partum, may have a major impact on later growth and development.