bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Subcellular Organelles of Neutrophils in Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia with Special Reference to Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Rustin G.J.S. , Peters T.J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The organelle pathology of neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) was investigated by analytical subcellular fractionation. There were minor reductions in activity of some granule enzymes with an abnormal distribution in sucrose density gradients of the specific granules. There was a marked reduction of 5′‐nucleotidase activity but this is probably related to the relative reduction of the mononuclear cell contamination of the neutrophils isolated from leukaemic patients compared with controls. Another plasma membrane enzyme, NADH‐nitroblue tetrazolium reductase, which has a microbicidal role, had increased activity.Neutrophils from patients with CGL had 13% the alkaline phosphatase activity of controls and were compared with neutrophils from women in the third trimester of pregnancy when the activity was increased to 8 times the control level. The latent activity, per cent inhibition by Levamisole, kinetic constants and subcellular distribution of alkaline phosphatase were similar in the three groups. It is suggested that the properties and intracellular localization of alkaline phosphatase are normal in CGL and that there is a quantitative lack of enzyme.
Serum Inhibitors of Myelopoiesis
Authors: Fitchen John H. , Cline Martin J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A modification of the microcytotoxicity assay of Terasaki & McClelland was used to screen for serum inhibitors of myeloid progenitor cells (CFU‐C). Sera from 104 patients with neutropenia or bone marrow failure and from 104 controls, including 30 normal subjects and 74 patients with various disorders or multiple transfusions, were studied. Inhibitors of CFU‐C were found in 19 of the 104 patients with neutropenia or marrow failure: three with acquired neutropenia and 16 with aplastic anaemia. In 17 of the 19 patients the inhibitor was either complement dependent or characterized as an immunoglobulin. Manipulations aimed at reducing the titre of inhibitor were convincingly associated with clinical remission of disease in one patient. In another patient, the inhibitor was an IgG antibody directed against non‐HLA antigens present on CFU‐C of all 50 normal target marrows tested; however, it was not clearly autoreactive. Inhibitors were also found in one of nine patients with lupus erythematosus, one with breast carcinoma, one patient with renal transplant rejection, and six of 46 multiply transfused patients without marrow failure. Our findings indicate that most serum inhibitors are associated with multiple transfusion: convincing evidence of pathogenetically important autoreactive antibody was present in only one of 19 patients with inhibitors.
Structure‐Function of the Factor VIII Complex Studied with an Immobilized Heteroantisera to VIII:C
Authors: Cooper Herbert A. , Lee Dorothy , Lamb Mary Ann , Wagner Robert H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.An antibody was raised in rabbits to the small active fragment of human factor VIII, obtained by Ca2+ dissociation of a human factor VIII preparation made from a multidonor plasma pool. After absorption, the antibody neutralized the factor VIII coagulant activity of normal human plasma, but did not precipitate with any plasma or plasma fractions or neutralize von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity as measured by ristocetin aggregation of fixed washed platelets. Immune beads were prepared by CNBr binding of the partially purified rabbit antibody to 1% agarose beads. Non‐immune beads were prepared with IgG fractions obtained from the rabbits before immunization and used throughout as a control. The amount of factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C) removed from plasma by immune beads was time‐dependent and proportional to the amount of beads used, but all of the VIII:C could not be readily removed. Removal of VIII:C by immune beads parallelled removal of factor VIII:antigen, but less vWF activity was removed. Immune beads could be blocked or saturated by treatment with large amounts of normal plasma, but not by von Willebrand disease plasma and only by some haemophilic plasmas.
Heparin and Partial Thromboplastin Time: an International Survey
Authors: Poller L. , Thomson J. M. , Yee K. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The reliability of routine partial thromboplastin time (PTT) methods in the measurement of the anticoagulant effect of heparin has been assessed in a study involving over 300 hospitals in the U.K. and overseas. Commercial PTT methods were relatively insensitive to heparin, added in vitro, compared with the standardized PTT method tested by the same laboratories. Non‐commercial, locally‐prepared reagents compared well with the standardized method particularly in the detection of a low concentration of heparin. The value of a sensitive reference preparation for the calibration of routine PTT reagents used in heparin control is demonstrated.
Globin Chain Biosynthesis in Iron Deficiency
Authors: Walford Diana M. , Deacon Rosemary 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Globin chain synthesis was studied in seven severely iron‐deficient patients before and after treatment with iron. There was no appreciable difference between the individual pre‐ and post‐treatment α/β specific activity ratios and the mean α/β ratio for each group was 1·00±SD 0·04. In a further six untreated iron‐deficient patients the mean α/β ratio was 1·00±SD 0·04. There was therefore no evidence that iron deficiency caused a reduction in α/β ratio.Three patients with β thalassaemia trait and coexistent iron deficiency had lower α/β ratios before treatment than after treatment with iron. It appeared that iron deficiency had caused reduced α chain synthesis in this group.Preliminary experiments have shown that the α/β specific activity ratio of purified haemoglobin A is decreased in iron deficiency, indicating an increase in the size of the free α chain pool. It is suggested that iron deficiency may interfere with the proteolytic mechanism normally responsible for the destruction of excess α chains. In combined iron deficiency and β thalassaemia trait, the resulting increase in free α chains might act by negative feedback to inhibit further α chain synthesis (Blum et al, 1970) thereby reducing the pre‐treatment α/β ratio.
Characterization of Null Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia with B‐Cell Allo‐ and Hetero‐antisera
Authors: Kirov Sylvia M. , Kwant W. O. , Fernandez L. A. , MacSween J. M. , Langley G. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CLL‐PBMN) were separated into B, T and Null‐enriched lymphocyte sub‐populations using sequential mouse and sheep red blood cell rosetting depletions on Hypaque–Ficoll gradients. The procedure produced viable cell populations with mean percentage purities of 90, 87 and 75 for B, T and non‐rosetting (Null‐enriched) sub‐populations, respectively. More than 80% of PBMN cells were generally accounted for by mouse and sheep rosetting.The purified lymphocyte sub‐populations were examined with a panel of B‐cell specific alloantisera obtained from kidney transplant recipients and a rabbit antiserum to B cell antigen isolated from a human B‐lymphoblastoid line. The results illustrated that the antigens detected by these sera also have potential as a marker for characterizing the CLL population. Where conventional markers were weak or absent, B cell antigens were readily detected in both fluorescent and cytotoxic tests.The majority of the non‐rosetting cells (> 90%) in CLL followed similar patterns of reactivity to the purified B cells, suggesting they are a subset of B cells. A small residual population (0–5% of PBMN) did not react with the antisera, the significance of which is unknown.
Kinetics, Distribution and Sites of Destruction of 111Indium‐labelled Human Platelets
Authors: Heyns A. duP. , Lötter M. G. , Badenhorst P. N. , van Reenen O. R. , Pieters H. , Minnaar P. C. , Retief F. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The survival, tissue distribution and fate of 111In‐oxine labelled autologous platelets in six normal humans were studied with serial blood sampling, scintillation camera and computer‐assisted imaging, whole body profile scanning, and rectilinear scanning. 111In‐platelets recovery in the circulation was 72±16% and survival was 216±17 h. Platelet survival curves fitted a linear function best. Initially platelets pooled rapidly in the spleen as a single exponential function, and at 90 min 26% of the injected 111In was located in this organ. Early hepatic uptake was also significant and at 90 min constituted 16% of total body 111In‐activity. As labelled platelets disappeared from the circulation there was a threefold increase of radioactivity in the liver to reach 39% of whole body activity at 216 h. Radioactivity also increased significantly in the spleen (33±3% at 216 h). There was significant residual radioactivity in the thoracic and lower abdominal regions at 216 h, suggesting that platelets are also sequestered in the bone marrow. Radioactivity in the lower limbs almost disappeared with time (0±7% at 216 h), indicating that utilization of platelets in the peripheral vasculature is not marked in normal subjects.
Increase in Coagulation Factor VIII Activity in Man following Acute Hypoglycaemia: Mediation via an Adrenergic Mechanism
Authors: Corrall R. J. M. , Webber R. G. , Frier B. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Coagulation factor VIII activity has been assayed in nine normal volunteers before and after acute hypoglycaemia. In all subjects there was a rise in activity with a mean increment of 96%. Control studies using saline failed to demonstrate any change. In four subjects with pre‐ganglionic sympathectomy no increase in activity was observed. In the normal subjects the increase was blocked by propranolol but not by metoprolol, indicating mediation via beta2 receptors.
Urinary β‐Thromboglobulin in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Anderton J. L. , Fananapazir L. , Dawes Joan 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Urinary concentrations of the platelet‐specific protein β‐thromboglobulin (β‐TG) were measured in patients with essential hypertension. Values obtained for patients with normal renal function fell within the same population as those for a control group of normal individuals, but nevertheless 21% of these patients had urinary β‐TG values above the upper limit of the normal range. Values for patients with renal insufficiency were significantly different from the other groups, and 44% of these individuals had abnormally elevated urinary β‐TG concentrations. These elevated values may reflect an increased plasma concentration of β‐TG in patients with renal impairment or they could be an indicator of renal damage.
Immunosuppression and Serious Infections in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia:a Comparison of Three Chemotherapy Regimes
Authors: Rapson N. T. , Cornbleet M. A. , Chessells J. M. , Bennett A.J. , Hardisty R. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Eighty‐four children presenting with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were entered into a trial designed to test the effect on host toxicity of regular drug‐free periods during chemotherapy. Patients received the same total dose of drugs either continuously (daily), intermittently (a 5 d course every 3 weeks) or in an intermediate way between these two (a 14 d course followed by a 7 d gap).Mean neutrophil counts were lower in the intermittent group and fell significantly at 6 week intervals, after courses which included prednisolone and vincristine in addition to methotrexate and 6‐mercaptopurine. Mean lymphocyte counts, mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin and plasma immunoglobulin levels were significantly lower in the continuous group. The results in the intermediate group fell between those of the other two groups. All six remission deaths occurred in the 42 patients in the continuous group, who had a much higher incidence of infections (mostly viral and protozoal) than the other two groups. It is concluded that the intermittent chemotherapy schedule permits the maintenance of a lymphocyte population size and function which provides a satisfactory level of defence against infection without prejudice to its anti‐leukaemic effect.
The Role of Colony Stimulating Activity in Modulating Murine Diffusion Chamber Granulopoiesis
Authors: Sullivan Richard , Zuckerman Kenneth S. , Quesenberry Peter J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. We studied the effects of high circulating Colony Stimulating Activity (CSA) levels and irradiation induced marrow hypoplasia in CF1 and C57B1/6J host mice upon granulopoiesis in intraperitoneal diffusion chamber (DC) cultures. Serial endotoxin injections resulted in marked elevation of circulating CSA for the first half of an 8 d culture period, and CSA was shown to diffuse into the chamber environment; yet this manipulation alone did not significantly accelerate DC cell growth. Pre‐irradiation of the host mice produced no elevation of circulating CSA during the early phase of culture, but resulted in significant stimulation of DC granulopoiesis. Fluctuations in circulating inhibitors of in vitro granulopoiesis did not correlate well with DC cellularity. We conclude that endogenous CSA elevation does not provide an effective stimulus per se for granulocyte‐monocyte proliferation within DC culture and cannot be solely responsible for mediating the exuberant DC granulopoietic response seen in the pre‐irradiated host.
Prolymphocytic Leukaemia: an Ultrastructural Study of 22 Cases
Authors: Costello Christine , Catovsky D. , O'Brien Maureen , Galton D. A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Twenty‐two cases of prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL) have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); 17 had B‐cell surface markers (B‐PLL) and five had T‐cell characteristics (T‐PLL). The predominant cell, the prolymphocyte, has distinct features which were common to all cases: it is a relatively large lymphoid cell with a prominent nucleolus, well condensed peripheral nuclear chromatin and a variable amount of heterochromatin in intranuclear clumps.Eight cases of PLL (seven B‐PLL, one T‐PLL) showed minor morphological deviations from typical PLL which may present diagnostic difficulties when studied only at light microscopy: the cells in four of these had some features in common with those of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), namely round regular nuclei and heavy chromatin condensation, but the nucleoli were larger in the PLL cases. In four other cases nuclear clefting was a prominent feature at TEM.B‐PLL can be distinguished by ultrastructural features from other B‐cell malignancies, e.g. follicular lymphoma, B‐CLL and B‐acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Cytogenetic Follow‐up Study of Acute Non‐lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Lawler Sylvia D. , Summersgill Brenda , MacD. Clink H. , McElwain T. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A cytogenetic study was made at diagnosis in 68 patients with acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia. The median survival time of the group of patients was 47 weeks. Patients with totally abnormal karyotypes in the bone marrow had a median survival of 14 weeks, whereas for those with only chromosomally normal cells the median survival was 52 weeks, and 47 weeks for those with normal and abnormal cells. Survival was not influenced by the presence or absence of clonal abnormalities. A cytogenetic follow‐up study was made on 41 of these patients. One of the three patients, still in first remission after 3 years, originally had an 8;21 translocation. In general, the abnormalities present at diagnosis disappeared during remission and there was no evidence that clones of abnormal cells were produced by treatment. The chromosomal findings in relapse were not necessarily the same as those seen at diagnosis and the abnormal karyotypes found were usually not clonal in type. A simple kinetic technique, in which the yield of mitoses after 2 and 24 h is compared, may be used as an adjunct to cytogenetic studies in predicting relapse.
Sternberg's Lymphoma: Effect of Treatment Regimen upon Prognosis in 38 Cases
Authors: Starke I. D. , Wiltshaw Eve 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Thirty‐eight cases of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphoma with an anterior mediastinal mass were reviewed. Nine patients had stage I disease, 11 stage 11, one stage 111 and 17 stage IV. Survival was prolonged in those stage III and IV cases whose treatment had commenced with chemotherapy rather than with radiotherapy. Survival and relapse‐free interval were prolonged in all cases when chemotherapy had begun within a week of diagnosis and had continued with intervals of not more than 21 d between courses.Although patients whose chemotherapy had been delayed while radiotherapy was given fared worse overall, the incidence of mediastinal relapse was significantly increased when Mediastinal irradiation had been omitted altogether or had been given in fractions of less than 100 rads. Prophylactic cranial irradiation and intrathecal Chemotherapy reduced the incidence of CNS involvement in all stages of the disease. Testicular involvement occurred in three patients, two of them detected only at post‐mortem, and occult ovarian involvement was also found in two post‐mortems.Therapeutic principles are proposed including immediate systemic chemotherapy followed by mediastinal irradiation and CNS prophylaxis as soon as practicable after chemotherapy is begun and, later, testicular biopsy, or CT scan or ultrasound assessment of pelvic organs.
Evidcnce for the Functional Heterogeneity of the Two Sites of Transferrin in Vitro
Authors: Baarlen Joop van , Brouwer Johannes T. , Leibman Adela , Aisen Philip 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A recently developed crossed immunoelectrophoretic method for displaying and quantitating the four possible molecular species of transferrin has been utilized to assess the relative effectiveness of each site of rabbit and human diferric transferrin in providing iron to rabbit reticulocytes. The site which appears to reside in the N‐terminal half of the rabbit protein was found to be at least 5 times more effective than its counterpart. However, both sites may serve as iron donors in monoferric as well as diferric rabbit transferrins. It is also possible that iron may be removed from rabbit transferrin in pairwise as well as sequential fashion. In human diferric transferrin, the site in the C‐terminal domain functions as the better iron donor for rabbit reticulocytes.
Endothelial Cell Hybrids and the Suppression of Factor VIII Related Antigcn Exprcssion
Authors: Edgell Cora‐Jean S. , Reisner HowardM. , Graham John B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Hybrid somatic cell clones have been generated by fusing human vascular endothelial cells in primary culture to cells of four rodent lines. Factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) was clearly demonstrable in the cultured endothelial cells, even when they had been co‐cultured with rodent cells. Hut in none of 14 hybrid clones was VII1R; Ag detectable. Isozyme analyses for human chromosome markers show that all the assayed human chromosomes were represented among the hybrids, and that various subsets of human chromosomes have been deleted from individual hybrid clones. It may be concluded, therefore, either that VIIIR:Ag production depends on a particular combination of human chromosomes not represented in any of the hybrids, or that the rodent cells contribute some agent which intracellularly blocks VIIIR:Ag expression.
Cell Surface and Enzyme Markers of Cord Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Foa R. , Catovsky D. , Cherchi Maria , Benavides I. , Ganeshaguru K. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Human cord blood (CB) lymphocytes were studied with several markers for T‐ and B‐cells and the results compared with those of adult peripheral blood (PB) samples. The proportion of E‐rosettes was significantly lower in CB (mean 24.7±13.5 SD) than in PB (67.5 ± 7.3 SD). Treatment with neuramidase produced a marked increase in the proportion of E‐rosettes in CB (mean 47±13.9 SD), still below the PB values. The proportion of CB lymphocytes showing block positivity with α‐naphthyl‐acetate‐esterase correlated closely with the percentage of E‐rosettes in neuraminidase treated cells. The percentage of H‐rosettes (human RBC) was significantly higher in CB (7.2±6.0) than in PB (3.2±1.6 SD). Re‐rosetting experiments showed that in CB about 30% of the E‐positive cells formed H‐rosettes, in contrast to 5% in PB. These findings indicate that in CB the real number of T‐lymphocytes is higher than shown by conventional E‐rosette formation.The proportion of B‐lymphocytes, tested by surface immunoglobulins and by rosette formation with mouse RBC (M‐rosettes), was similar in CB and in adult PB. A slight increase in cells with IgM on the surface was found in CB. The overall proportion of lymphocytes with negative B and T markers in CB is three times greater than in adult PB. Levels of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase were marginally increased in CB; in two out of 41 samples the levels were above those found in normal bone marrow. CB may be a suitable model for the study of lymphocyte subsets with negative B and T markers in man.
Increase in Ty Lymphocytes in B‐Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Catovsky D. , Lauria F. , Matutes Estela , Foa R. , Mantovani V. , Tura S. , Galton D. A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The proportion of Tγ and Tμ lymphocytes was studied in 40 cases of B‐chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) and six of B‐prolymphocytic leukaemia (B‐PLL). The significant increase in Ty cells, previously reported in two small B‐CLL series, was confirmed and shown to be directly correlated with the clinical stages of the disease (P < 0.01 to < 0.001). The normal Tμ: Tγ ratio (2.3:1) was reversed in B‐CLL (1:1.4) and B‐PLL (1:1.9). The proportion of Tμ cells was decreased but was not related to stage.Our findings suggest that the increase in Ty cells may be responsible for the hypogammaglobulinaemia of B‐CLL. This is supported by two sets of observations. First, serum Ig levels were more often normal in cases in Stages 0 and 1 than in Stages II‐IV (P < 0.05), while the levels of two or three Ig classes were below normal in Stages II‐IV twice as frequently. Secondly, splenic irradiation in one case was followed by a fall in the absolute number of Ty lymphocytes, a reversion to normal of the TμW: Tγ ratio and an improvement in serum Ig levels. Thus, the imbalance in the regulatory T‐cell subsets may provide an important clue to understand the pathogenic mechanism of the immunodeficiency in the chronic B‐cell leukaemias.