bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the channel process of a stream restoration project in an urbanizing watershed: a case study of Kelley Creek, Oregon, USA
Authors: Levell A. P. , Chang H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPacific Northwest (PNW) streams in the United States were impacted by the 20th century development, when removal of instream structure and channelization degraded an aquatic habitat. The lower Kelley Creek in southeast Portland, USA was channelized during the 1930's Works Progress Administration (WPA) projects. Stream restoration reintroduced pool‐riffle sequences and heterogeneous substrates to protect salmonids while mitigating impacts from flooding. We investigated whether the restored pool‐riffle morphology changed substantially following effective discharge events. We examined channel forms for four reaches representing three time periods—pre‐development (two reference reaches), development and restoration. We conducted thalweg profiles, cross‐sections and pebble counts along the reaches to examine how channel geometry, residual pool dimensions and particle size distribution changed following effective discharge events. The effective discharge flows altered the restoration reach more substantially than the reference reaches. The restoration reach decreased in median particle size, and its cross‐sectional geometry aggraded near its margins. However, the residual pool morphology remained in equilibrium. Richardson Creek's reference reach degraded at the substrate level, while Kelley Creek's reference reach remained in equilibrium. The restoration reach's aggradation may have resulted from sedimentation along the nearby Johnson Creek. In contrast, Richardson Creek's degradation occurred as upstream land use may have augmented flows. Stream channels with low gradient pool‐riffle morphologies are ideal for salmonid spawning and rearing and should be protected and restored within urban corridors. The findings of our study suggest that the connectivity of streams and the dynamic fluvial geomorphology of stream channels should be considered for stream restoration projects in humid temperate climates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental assessment of the effectiveness of gravel cleaning operations in improving hyporheic water quality in potential salmonid spawning areas
Authors: Meyer E. I. , Niepagenkemper O. , Molls F. , Spänhoff B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDissolved oxygen (DO) conditions within the hyporheic zone were investigated in a gravel stream (River Sieg) in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany, populated in the spawning season by recurring migratory fish species, like Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta L.). The gravel bed was cleaned at three sites in an area of approximately 150 m2 to a depth of 50 cm, reducing the quantity of grains <2 mm to below 0.2%. DO concentrations in cleaned and uncleaned sediments were monitored in situ at 10, 20 and 30 cm sediment depth from the end of November 2001 to the end of April 2002. DO showed only minor fluctuations at the cleaned sites and steadily decreased at all uncleaned sites over time. Fine sediment accumulation over 5 months in the cleaned sites was comparable to the proportion of material within the bed prior to the experimental cleaning and probably influenced the DO concentrations of the hyporheic water. Decreasing DO concentrations at all sites coincided with increasing water temperatures towards the end of the study period. The cleaning operation significantly improved the conditions of DO in the hyporheic zone of the three study sites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish response to modified flow regimes in regulated rivers: research methods, effects and opportunities
Authors: Murchie K. J. , Hair K. P. E. , Pullen C. E. , Redpath T. D. , Stephens H. R. , Cooke S. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGlobally, rivers are increasingly being subjected to various levels of physical alteration and river regulation to provide humans with services such as hydropower, freshwater, flood control, irrigation and recreation. Although river regulation plays an important role in modern society, there are potential consequences which may negatively affect fish and fish habitat. While much effort has been expended examining the response of fish to fluctuating flow regimes in different systems, there has been little in the way of a comprehensive synthesis. In an effort to better understand the effects of river regulation on fish and fish habitat, we conducted a systematic review of available literature with three goals: (1) summarize the various research methodologies used by regulated river researchers, (2) summarize the effects found on fish and fish habitat and (3) identify opportunities for future research. The results of the synthesis indicate that a wide variety of methodologies are being employed to study regulated river science, yet there is a gap in incorporating methodologies that examine effects on fish at a cellular level or those techniques that are interdisciplinary (e.g. behaviour and physiology). There is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers are affecting fish and fish habitat, but the severity and direction of the response varies widely. Future study designs should include methods that target all biological levels of fish response, and in which detailed statistical analyses can be performed. There is also a need for more rigorous study designs including the use of appropriate controls and replicates. Data on physical variables that co‐vary with flow should be collected and examined to add explanatory power to the results. Increased multi‐stakeholder collaborations provide the greatest promise of balancing ecological concerns with economic needs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial studies of Al2O3 deposited on 4H‐SiC(0001)
Authors: Diplas Spyros , Avice Marc , Thøgersen Annett , Christensen Jens S. , Grossner Ulrike , Svensson Bengt G. , Nilsen Ola , Fjellvåg Helmer , Hinder Steve , Watts John F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAl2O3 films deposited on 4H‐SiC(0001) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were characterized by XPS, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The effect of medium and high temperature (873, 1273 K) annealing on samples with oxide thicknesses of 5–8 and 100–120 nm was studied. XPS indicated the presence of a thin (∼1 nm) SiOx layer on the as‐grown samples which increased to ∼3 nm after annealing above crystallization temperature (1273 K) in Ar atmosphere. Upon annealing the stoichiometry of the interfacial oxide approaches that of SiO2. HRTEM showed that the thickness of the interfacial oxide formed after annealing at 1273 K was not uniform. No significant increase in the thickness of the interfacial oxide, was observed after annealing at 873 K in a N2 (90%)/H2 (10%) atmosphere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) transistors in chemical and biological sensors
Authors: Nikolou Maria , Malliaras George G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe application of transistors based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) in chemical and biological sensing is reviewed. These devices offer enormous potential for facile processing of small, portable, and inexpensive sensors ideally suited for point‐of‐care analysis. They can be used to detect a wide range of analytes for a variety of possible applications in fields such as health care (medical diagnostics), environmental monitoring (airborne chemicals, water contamination, etc.), and food industry (smart packaging). Organic transistors are excellent candidates to act as transducers because they have the ability to translate chemical and biological signals into electronic signals with high sensitivity. Furthermore, fuctionalization of PEDOT:PSS films with a chemical or biological receptor can lead to high specificity. The advantages of using PEDOT:PSS transistors are described, and applications are presented for sensing analytes in both gaseous and aqueous environments. © 2008 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 8: 13–22; 2008: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20133
Biochemical and genetic bases of dehalorespiration
Authors: Futagami Taiki , Goto Masatoshi , Furukawa Kensuke 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSome anaerobic bacteria can efficiently eliminate one or more halide atoms from halogenated compounds such as chlorophenols and chloroethenes through reductive dehalogenation. During this process, the bacteria utilize halogenated compounds as the terminal electron acceptors in their anaerobic respiration, called dehalorespiration, to yield energy for growth. Currently the genera of Desulfitobacterium and Dehalococcoides occupy the major part of the dehalorespiring isolates. The former can acquire energy not only by dehalorespiration but also by other respirations utilizing organic compounds and metals. In sharp contrast, the latter is specialized in dehalorespiration and plays a crucial role in the detoxification of chlorinated compounds in nature. From these bacteria, various reductive dehalogenases, which catalyze the dehalogenation reaction, were purified and their corresponding genes were identified. Most reductive dehalogenases exhibit similar features such as the presences of a Tat (twin arginine translocation) signal sequence, two Fe‐S clusters, and a corrinoid cofactor. Some of dehalogenase‐encoding genes are found to be flanked by insertion sequences. Thus, dehalogenase genes act as a catabolic transposon, and genetic rearrangements mediated by transposable elements occur well in dehalorespirers. Moreover, the genome sequences of some dehalorespiring bacteria provide many insights into the mechanism of dehalorespiration and the evolution of a dehalogenase gene. © 2008 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 8: 1–12; 2008: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20134
Lactonization‐mediated glycosylations and their application to oligosaccharide synthesis
Authors: Kim Kwan Soo , Jeon Heung Bae 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe concept of lactonization‐mediated and related glycosylations led us to develop new methods of glycosylation such as the 2′‐carboxybenzyl (CB) glycoside method, the glycosyl pentenoate/phenylselenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (PhSeOTf) method, and the glycosyl aryl phthalate method. Highly stereoselective β‐mannopyranosylations were achieved by employing the CB glycoside and the glycosyl pentenoate/PhSeOTf methods. The CB glycoside method was also utilized for stereoselective 2‐deoxyglycosylation, β‐arabinofuranosylation, and α‐galactofuranosylation. In addition, these lactonization‐mediated methods of glycosylation were employed for the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. In particular, the CB glycoside method was successfully applied to the synthesis of repeating oligosaccharide subunits of the O‐polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Danish Helicobacter pylori strains and Escherichia coli 077, the synthesis of oligoarabinofuranosides in mycobacterial cell walls, and the total synthesis of antineoplastic agelagalastatin. © 2008 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 8: 46–65; 2008: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20138
Characterization of a temperature‐sensitive mutation that impairs the function of yeast tRNA nucleotidyltransferase
Authors: Shan Xunying , Russell Tara A. , Paul Scott M. , Kushner David B. , Joyce Paul B. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractATP(CTP) : tRNA nucleotidyltransferase catalyses the posttranscriptional addition of cytidine, cytidine and adenosine to the 3′ ends of tRNAs. Previously, a temperature‐sensitive phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulting from a mutation in the CCA1 gene coding for this enzyme was identified. Here, we show that a single guanine‐to‐adenine transition in cca1‐1 generates the temperature‐sensitive phenotype. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of S. cerevisiae tRNA nucleotidyltransferase with other tRNA nucleotidyltransferases for which crystal structures have been solved suggests that the resulting Glu‐to‐Lys substitution is in a ß‐turn connecting the structurally and functionally important head and neck domains of the protein. Proteins containing Gln, His or Phe at this position were constructed to further characterize the importance of this residue in enzyme structure and function. As with the Lys variant, the Phe and His variants generate a temperature‐sensitive phenotype in isogenic yeast strains, further supporting the role of this position in maintaining the structure and function of this enzyme. Comparative biophysical and biochemical characterization of both the wild‐type and variant proteins indicates that amino acid substitutions at this position can result in a structural change in the protein that reduces enzyme activity (both at the permissive and non‐permissive temperatures), decreases the melting temperature of the protein and alters its stability at the non‐permissive temperature (37 °C). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccination of eels (Anguilla japonicaandAnguilla anguilla) againstAnguillicola crassuswith irradiated L3
Authors: KNOPF K. , LUCIUS R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe original host of the swimbladder nematodeAnguillicola crassus, the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and the recently colonized European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were immunized with 40 irradiated (500 Gy) 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of this parasite and challenged with an infection of 40 normal L3. The immunization induced a significant reduction of the number of adult worms developing from the challenge infection inA. japonica, but not inA. anguilla. The induced resistance (calculated using the relation of the number of adult worms in immunized eels and in non-immunized control eels) inA. japonicawas 87·3%±30·4%. Following a single infection, the percentage of adult worms found inA. japonicawas lower as compared toA. anguilla, and the few adult worms were much smaller, revealing a lower susceptibility ofA. japonicatoA. crassusin comparison toA. anguilla. Both eel species developed an antibody response againstA. crassus, but the level of antibody responses was not positively correlated with the protection against infection, suggesting that the antibody response is not a key element in resistance of eels againstA. crassus. This study suggests that the original host ofA. crassusis able to mount efficient protective immune responses against its parasite, whereas the newly acquired host seems to lack this ability.
Estimation of the transmission dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses
Authors: RÜEGG S. R. , HEINZMANN D. , BARBOUR A. D. , TORGERSON P. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFor the evaluation of the epidemiology of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in a herd of 510 horses in SW Mongolia, several mathematical models of the transmission dynamics were constructed. Because the field data contain information on the presence of the parasite (determined by PCR) and the presence of antibodies (determined by IFAT), the models cater for maternal protection with antibodies, susceptible animals, infected animals and animals which have eliminated the parasite and also allow for age-dependent infection in susceptible animals. Maximum likelihood estimation procedures were used to estimate the model parameters and a Monte Carlo approach was applied to select the best fitting model. Overall, the results are in line with previous experimental work, and add evidence that the epidemiology of T. equi differs from that of Babesia spp. The presented modelling approach provides a useful tool for the investigation of some vector-borne diseases and the applied model selection procedure avoids asymptotical assumptions that may not be adequate for the analysis of epidemiological field data.
An approach of laser induced nuclear fusion
Authors: Imasaki K. , Li D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn approach to an alternative laser fusion in a magnetic field with an intense laser of exa watt level will be discussed. Such a strong field in an exa watt laser will induce enhanced nuclear tunneling through the propagation in plasma. This causes an enhanced nuclear reaction for fusion. We discuss the possibilities to apply this to nuclear fusion energy and to obtain break even in a 100 kJ laser.
Circumpolar occurrence of eugregarinid protozoanCephaloidophora pacificaassociated with Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba
Authors: Takahashi Kunio T. , Kobayashi Masaki , Kawaguchi So , Saigusa Junko , Tanimura Atsushi , Fukuchi Mitsuo , Naganobu Mikio , Toda Tatsuki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe geographical distribution of protozoan parasiteCephaloidophora pacificaAvdeev (Order Eugregarininda) associated with Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba, was examined in samples collected from the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula, near Syowa Station, and Pacific and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean.Cephaloidophora pacificawas found at all stations around the Antarctic, with 96.4% of the euphausiids infected (n = 195). The numbers ofC. pacificaper krill ranged from 0 to 8089 krill-1, and the average was 350.0 ± 787.8 (mean ± SD). The frequency distributions ofC. pacificashowed an overdispersed parasite population (i.e. the variance was greater than the mean) at all locations. Statistical analysis showed that whilst the geographical location did not have a significant effect on intensity ofC. pacificathe maturity stage of krill did, with an increasing intensity of infection as krill matures. The infestation ofE. superbaby eugregarinid protozoan is considered to be a circum-Antarctic phenomenon, and it occurs equally throughout the Southern Ocean.
Privileges and novelties: the political discourse of the Flemish cities and rural districts in their negotiations with the dukes of Burgundy (1384–1506)
Authors: DUMOLYN JAN 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:During the negotiations with their Flemish subjects, the Burgundian dukes generally asked for taxes or military aid, while their subjects demanded the confirmation of privileges and the political and economic stability necessary for trade and industry to flourish. In this analysis of the institutionalized bargaining sessions between cities, rural districts and the dukes in Flanders, it will be shown that a specific political discourse developed among the Flemish delegates, that can be considered ‘corporatist’ or ‘communalist’.
The synthesis of town and trade: visualizing provincial urban identity, 1800–1858
Authors: LAYTON-JONES KATY 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:The early nineteenth-century manufacturing town was a diverse and transient environment that inspired a varied canon of printed imagery. Alongside folio engravings and souvenir prints, one of the most prevalent genres of urban imagery was the commercial advertisement. This article demonstrates the value of early pictorial advertisements in accessing contemporary attitudes to urban manufacturing and to provincial urbanization in general. It argues that in a climate of urban rivalry, artists and publishers inherited and invented new visual formulae with which to promote manufactories and commercial premises to tradesmen, consumers and tourists. It concludes that the resulting imagery throws into question the prevalent historical caricature of the early nineteenth-century manufacturing town as a place of deprivation, disorder and decay.
City and empire – local identity and regional imperialism in 1930s Japan
Authors: PHILLIPPS JEREMY 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:The formation of Manchuria in 1932 gave local cities along the Japan Sea coast new hope for development. However, their interpretation of imperialism was in terms of the city rather than the nation. The ways in which these discourses of nation and region played out in ideas of urban development are particularly clear in Kanazawa, the major city on the Japan Sea coast, in the rhetoric surrounding the presentation of empire and region in its exposition that spring.
Contribution of leptin receptor N-linked glycans to leptin binding
Authors: Kamikubo Yuichi , Dellas Claudia , Loskutoff David J. , Quigley James P. , Ruggeri Zaverio M. 
Published: February 2008

The extracellular domain of the human leptin receptor (Ob-R) contains 20 potential N-glycosylation sites whose role in leptin binding remains to be elucidated. We found that a mammalian cell-expressed sOb-R (soluble Ob-R) fragment (residues 22–839 of the extracellular domain) bound leptin with a dissociation constant of 1.8 nM. This binding was inhibited by Con A (concanavalin A) or wheatgerm agglutinin. Treatment of sOb-R with peptide N-glycosidase F reduced leptin binding by ∼80% concurrently with N-linked glycan removal. The human megakaryoblastic cell line, MEG-01, expresses two forms of the Ob-R, of approx. 170 and 130 kDa molecular mass. Endo H (endoglycosidase H) treatment and cell culture with α-glucosidase inhibitors demonstrated that N-linked glycans are of the complex mature type in the 170 kDa form and of the high-mannose type in the 130 kDa form. Both isoforms bound leptin, but not after peptide N-glycosidase F treatment. An insect-cell-expressed sOb-R fragment, consisting of the Ig (immunoglobulin), CRH2 (second cytokine receptor homology) and FNIII (fibronectin type III) domains, bound leptin with affinity similar to that of the entire extracellular domain, but this function was abolished after N-linked glycan removal. The same treatment had no effect on the leptin-binding activity of the isolated CRH2 domain. Our findings show that N-linked glycans within Ig and/or FNIII domains regulate Ob-R function, but are not involved in essential interactions with the ligand.
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 induction in rat brain astrocytes: focus on the role of two AP-1 elements
Authors: Kim Kwang Soo , Kim Hee Young , Joe Eun-hye , Jou Ilo 
Published: February 2008

Many brain cells secrete MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), and increased or misregulated MMP levels are found in neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report that MMP-3 transcription and protein secretion were increased in rat brain astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, gangliosides or interferon-γ. Sequential deletion of the MMP-3 promoter revealed that sequences between −0.5 kb and the start codon were crucial for the transcriptional induction of MMP-3. In addition, experiments using pharmacological inhibitors of individual mitogen-activated protein kinases revealed that MMP-3 induction and promoter activity involved Jun N-terminal kinase, a representative upstream signal of AP-1 (activator protein-1). Sequence analyses of the region of the MMP-3 promoter 500 bp from the start codon indicated the presence of three AP-1 binding sequences. Among them, electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays as well as site-directed mutagenesis of individual AP-1 sequences revealed that distal and middle, but not proximal, sequences largely mediated its induction. Together, these results indicate that AP-1 could control MMP-3 induction in brain astrocytes and that its regulation through specific AP-1 elements could be exploited in the treatment of brain pathologies in which increased expression of MMP-3 plays crucial roles.