bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collagen I Promotes Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer by Activating c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase 1 and Up-regulating N-Cadherin Expression
Authors: Shintani Yasushi , Hollingsworth Michael A. , Wheelock Margaret J. , Johnson Keith R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We have previously shown that N-cadherin expression is associated with tumor invasion, and that some cancer cells respond to specific extracellular matrix molecules by up-regulating N-cadherin. Pancreatic cancer is characterized by excessive deposition of type I collagen. Here, we show that human pancreatic cancer cells respond to collagen I, but not other matrices, by increasing motility and up-regulating mesenchymal markers, including N-cadherin. Both collagen I–mediated motility and metastasis in a mouse model for pancreatic cancer were inhibited by N-cadherin knockdown. Furthermore, inhibiting c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) with chemical inhibitors or short hairpin RNA abrogated all collagen I–induced changes. We show that JNK1 is activated in response to collagen I, which increases tumorigenesis by up-regulating N-cadherin expression and by increasing motility. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11745-53)
Activated Checkpoint Kinase 2 Provides a Survival Signal for Tumor Cells
Authors: Ghosh Jagadish C. , Dohi Takehiko , Raskett Christopher M. , Kowalik Timothy F. , Altieri Dario C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Tumor cells often become resistant to DNA damage–based therapy; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Here, we show that tumor cells exposed to DNA damage counteract cell death by releasing the antiapoptotic protein, survivin, from mitochondria. This is independent of p53, and requires activated checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a putative tumor suppressor. Molecular or genetic targeting of Chk2 prevents the release of survivin from mitochondria, enhances DNA damage–induced tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibits the growth of resistant in vivo tumors. Therefore, activated Chk2 circumvents its own tumor-suppressive functions by promoting tumor cell survival. Inhibiting Chk2 in combination with DNA-damaging agents may provide a rational approach for treating resistant tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11576-9)
DNA Damage by Benzo(a)pyrene in Human Cells Is Increased by Cigarette Smoke and Decreased by a Filter Containing Rosemary Extract, Which Lowers Free Radicals
Authors: Alexandrov Kroum , Rojas Margarita , Rolando Christian 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We found previously that the human lung benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-N2-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-dG) adduct concentrate in the target bronchial cells. This adduct is now considered to be critical event in tumorigenesis by BP. In this study, we investigate the contribution of cigarette smoke on the BPDE-dG formation. In a cell-free system, the amount of (−)-anti-BPDE-dG adduct increased linearly with concentration of cigarette smoke in the presence of (+)-BP-7,8-diol. Catalase and superoxide dismutase inhibited its formation by &gt;80%. When MCF-7 cells were treated for 2 hours with the (+)-BP-7,8-diol, cigarette smoke increased dose dependently the formation of (−)-anti-BPDE-dG and decreased the cytochrome P450 (CYP)–dependent formation of (+)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP the adduct. Then, cells were treated for up to 1 day with BP and then exposed for 2 hours with cigarette smoke. During these 2 hours, there are twice the increase in the adduct formation in cells treated with cigarette smoke compared with levels in nontreated cells due to CYP activity. Thus, cigarette smoke containing reactive oxygen species may activate the second step of BP metabolic way, leading to the formation of BPDE-dG adduct. Cigarette smoke thus seems may be in part responsible for the formation of the critical lung tumorigenic adduct. Finally, modified cigarette filter containing rosemary extract decreases by &gt;70% of the BPDE-dG adducts level due to the cigarette smoke in MCF-7 cells. This approach may lead to decreasing lung cancer risk in addicted smokers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11938-45)
Tcl1 Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Regulated by miR-29 and miR-181
Authors: Pekarsky Yuri , Santanam Urmila , Cimmino Amelia , Palamarchuk Alexey , Efanov Alexey , Maximov Vadim , Volinia Stefano , Alder Hansjuerg , Liu Chang-Gong , Rassenti Laura , Calin George A. , Hagan John P. , Kipps Thomas , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common human leukemia in the world. Deregulation of the TCL1 oncogene is a causal event in the pathogenesis of the aggressive form of this disease as was verified by using animal models. To study the mechanism of Tcl1 regulation in CLL, we carried out microRNA expression profiling of three types of CLL: indolent CLL, aggressive CLL, and aggressive CLL showing 11q deletion. We identified distinct microRNA signatures corresponding to each group of CLL. We further determined that Tcl1 expression is regulated by miR-29 and miR-181, two microRNAs differentially expressed in CLL. Expression levels of miR-29 and miR-181 generally inversely correlated with Tcl1 expression in the CLL samples we examined. Our results suggest that Tcl1 expression in CLL is, at least in part, regulated by miR-29 and miR-181 and that these microRNAs may be candidates for therapeutic agents in CLLs overexpressing Tcl1. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11590-3)
Tropical Atlantic SST Prediction with Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCMs
Authors: Stockdale Timothy N. , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Vidard Arthur 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Variations in tropical Atlantic SST are an important factor in seasonal forecasts in the region and beyond. An analysis is given of the capabilities of the latest generation of coupled GCM seasonal forecast systems to predict tropical Atlantic SST anomalies. Skill above that of persistence is demonstrated in both the northern tropical and equatorial Atlantic, but not farther south. The inability of the coupled models to correctly represent the mean seasonal cycle is a major problem in attempts to forecast equatorial SST anomalies in the boreal summer. Even when forced with observed SST, atmosphere models have significant failings in this area. The quality of ocean initial conditions for coupled model forecasts is also a cause for concern, and the adequacy of the near-equatorial ocean observing system is in doubt. A multimodel approach improves forecast skill only modestly, and large errors remain in the southern tropical Atlantic. There is still much scope for improving forecasts of tropical Atlantic SST.
Climate Forcings and Climate Sensitivities Diagnosed from Coupled Climate Model Integrations
Authors: Forster Piers Mde F. , Taylor Karl E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A simple technique is proposed for calculating global mean climate forcing from transient integrations of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). This “climate forcing” differs from the conventionally defined radiative forcing as it includes semidirect effects that account for certain short time scale responses in the troposphere. First, a climate feedback term is calculated from reported values of 2 × CO2 radiative forcing and surface temperature time series from 70-yr simulations by 20 AOGCMs. In these simulations carbon dioxide is increased by 1% yr−1. The derived climate feedback agrees well with values that are diagnosed from equilibrium climate change experiments of slab-ocean versions of the same models. These climate feedback terms are associated with the fast, quasi-linear response of lapse rate, clouds, water vapor, and albedo to global surface temperature changes. The importance of the feedbacks is gauged by their impact on the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. Partial compensation is found between longwave and shortwave feedback terms that lessens the intermodel differences in the equilibrium climate sensitivity. There is also some indication that the AOGCMs overestimate the strength of the positive longwave feedback.
These feedback terms are then used to infer the shortwave and longwave time series of climate forcing in twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations in the AOGCMs. The technique is validated using conventionally calculated forcing time series from four AOGCMs. In these AOGCMs the shortwave and longwave climate forcings that are diagnosed agree with the conventional forcing time series within ∼10%. The shortwave forcing time series exhibit order of magnitude variations between the AOGCMs, differences likely related to how both natural forcings and/or anthropogenic aerosol effects are included. There are also factor of 2 differences in the longwave climate forcing time series, which may indicate problems with the modeling of well-mixed greenhouse gas changes. The simple diagnoses presented provides an important and useful first step for understanding differences in AOGCM integrations, indicating that some of the differences in model projections can be attributed to different prescribed climate forcing, even for so-called standard climate change scenarios.
Some additional localities for Idocrase in Cornwall
Authors: Barrow G. , Thomas H. H. 
Published: December 2006

The continuation of the mapping of the aureole of metamorphism round the Bodmin Moor granite has led to the discovery of fresh occurrences of idocrase, developed in the altered, impure limestones. The failure to find this mineral hitherto is now clearly due to the former absence of artificial openings in suitable localities, for the mineral has so far not been found in recognizable form in natural exposures, owing to the rapidity with which these calcareous rocks decompose.Altered calcareous rocks containing idocrase in considerable abundance have recently been laid open in a small quarry on the west side of the stream at Tvenuth Mill, which is about 400 yards south of the granite margin in the well-known Caradon area.
On stichtite from Cunningsburgh, Shetland Islands
Authors: Read H. H. , Dixon B. E. 
Published: December 2006

The rare mineral stichtite, a complex hydroxy-carbonate of magnesium, chromium, and iron, was defined in 1910 by W. F. Petterd on material from the Adelaide silver-lead mine, Dundas, Tasmania. Petterd's description, together with detailed optical and chemical studies by A. S. Wesley, L. K. Ward, L. Hezner, and A. Himmelbauer, were collected by W. H. Twelvetrees and issued by the Tasmanian Department of Mines in 1914. A new analysis of the Tasmanian material is included by W. F. Foshag in his investigation of the hydrotalcite group.The mineral was next recorded by E. Poitevin and R. P. D. Graham from the Megantic mine, Black Lake area, Quebec; no chemical data of this occurrence are available.
On the occurrence of neptunite and eudialyte in quartzbearing syenites from Barnavave, Carlingford, Ireland
Authors: Nockolds S. R. 
Published: December 2006

Some years ago the author gave a short description of a quartz-bearing syenite and its xenoliths occurring on the eastern side of Barnavave. The locality was revisited recently and more material wascollected, while another outcrop of syenite was discovered farther tothe north at locality 5.The new material collected at the original locality is not very differentfrom that previously described. The syenite occurs as veins in lime-stone and, whereas all the previously described material was quartz-bearing, some of the syenite in very narrow veins is virtually free fromquartz. Again, certain specimens carry a fair amount of late-crystallizing wollastonite which may be replaced to a varying degree by pecto-lite.
An X-Ray examination of a sample of pure calcite and of solid-solution effects in some natural calcites
Authors: Andrews K. W. 
Published: December 2006

In the course of the routine X-ray examination of a number of lowgrade iron ores in order to determine their constitution, it was observed that the calcite phase had varying interplanar spacings. Since these variations could have been due to differing solid-solution contents of other carbonates, further consideration was given to this point. The existence of these generally small amounts of solid solution is of some technological interest.A sample of 'specpure' calcite, supplied by Messrs. Johnson, Matthey & Co. Ltd., was used to provide accurate lattice parameters and interplanar spacings for pure calcite.
Some physical properties of raw and calcined flint
Authors: Weymouth J. H. , Williamson W. O. 
Published: December 2006

Flint from the chalk of north-western Europe has long been an ingredient of ceramic 'bodies'. It is still widely used by British pottery manufacturers in glazed tries and in certain types of tableware. Continental manufacturers also have made some use of it.Flint is more readily converted to cristobalite than are the coarsergrained varieties of quartzose silica. The presence of an adequate amount of cristobalite in the 'body' ensures that, at room-temperature, the glaze-film on the ware shall be under a compressive stress. Thus the development of 'crazing', i.e. of minute tension-fissures in the glaze, tends to be avoided.
Hydrous micas
Authors: Brown George , Norrish Keith 
Published: December 2006

Hydrous micas differ from normal micas in that they contain less potassium and more water. In the calculation of structural formulae from their chemical analyses, two methods have been used which rely on the following different assumptions:1. As these minerals are often fine-grained and may contain adsorbed water, no reliance is placed on the value of H2O+ (water lost above 105° C.) as a measure of structural water. The water content is ignored and the structural formula is calculated on the basis of 20 oxygens plus 4 hydroxyls per structural unit. This method has been used by Hendricks and Ross and by Grim and Bradley.2. The water which is recorded as H2O+ in the chemical analysis is assumed to represent hydroxyl groups in the aluminosilicate layers of the minerals. Thus, instead of having 20 oxygens and 4 hydroxyl ions per structural unit as in normal micas, formulae are derived which show less than 20 oxygens and more than 4 hydroxyls, the total oxygen plus hydroxyl remaining 24. This method has been used by Brammall, Leech, and Bannister.
A phase-contrast microscopic study of the surface structure of blende crystals (With Plates III and IV.)
Authors: Verma Ajit Ram 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe surface structure of blende crystals from Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri, U.S.A., has been explored by the application of phase-contrast microscopy and light-profile microscopy. Attention has been specially directed to the small-scale features with thicknesses (or depths) of molecular dimensions.Some growth features of special interest were observed. A large number of beautifully developed growth spirals were observed on the tetrahedral face of a blende crystal. These are in accord with the dislocation theory of Burton, Cabrera, and Frank. The high visibility of these growth spirals is possibly due to the preferential deposition of some impurity, or etching, which also gives a mottled appearance to the entire surface. In addition, an extensive microscopic structure has been observed on some crystal faces. Triangular growth terraces and markings are seen, both orientated parallel to the edges of the crystal. Some triangles, inverted with respect to the latter, have been explained on similar lines to the well-known ‘growth trigons’ on the octahedral faces of diamond as arising from imperfect dislocations.An attempt has been made to explain the growth features in the light of known theories of crystal growth.
Determination of the composition of kalsilites by an X-ray method
Authors: Sahama Th. G. , Neuvonen K. J. , Hytönen Kai 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThree new analyses of kalsilite are given, with optical and X-ray data; two (K/(K + Na) = 0·95. 0·98) are from rocks where it is closely associated with nepheline. An analysis of one of the nephelines is also given (K/(K + Na) = 0·31). The cell dimensions vary appreciably with sodium content, and the composition of kalsilite may be determined from the equation:100 K/(K + Na) = 100−227·27(Δ 6·264),where Δ is the difference, in degrees, between the diffraction angles 2ϑ for 102 and 101, using Cu-Kα radiation.
Manganese silicate minerals from Chikla, Bhandara District, India
Authors: Bilgrami S. A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBlanfordite (a manganiferous aegirine), rhodonite, alurgite, manganophyllite, and piemontite are deseribed from a pegmatite that cuts a manganese ore band in the Sitasaongi mine, Chikla, Bhandara district, India. In addition, rhodonite and piemontite are described from gneiss and schist areas. Chemical analyses and optical properties of all these minerals are given and their possible origin suggested.
Cosalite and other lead sulpho-salts at Grainsgill, Carrock Fell, Caldbeck, Cumberland
Authors: Kingsbury Arthur W. G. , Hartley J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryCosalite, aikinite, zinckenite, jamesonite, and boulangerite occur at Grainsgill; the first three minerals have not hitherto been recorded from Britain. The specimens probably come from a series of low-temperature quartz-carbonate veins, later than the original mineralization and also distinet from the east west copper-lead veins.
Pyrosmalite in the Broken Hill lode, New South Wales
Authors: Stillwell F. L. , McAndrew John 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPyrosmalite is a widespread, though very limited, constituent of the Broken Hill lode, and is formed by the hydration and chlorination of the manganeseiron silicates. It is altered in contact with galena and eventually disintegrates into a mat of very fine fibres. The pyrosmalite varies substantially in ratio of Mn/Fe, and two specimens from the rare vughs and fractures gave on analysis ratios of 1·96 and 0·71. The refractive indices decrease slightly with increasing amounts of manganese and water, with a simultaneous small increase in the unit-cell dimensions. The name pyrosmalite is retained for the mineral species in accord with its earlier usage and its recent limitation to the iron-rich variety of an isomorphous series is not endorsed.
Dickite from sandstones in northern England and North Wales
Authors: Smithson Frank , Brown George 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe occurrence of dickite as a rock-forming mineral in sandstones of the Lower Carboniferous Series, the Millstone Grit, and the Middle Jurassic has been reported previously by the authors. In view of the paucity of data on this mineral, six samples were purified and examined optically, by staining tests, and by the X-ray powder method. In addition, a chemical analysis, a differential thermal analysis, and a thermal weight-loss curve were made on the purest sample. The investigations confirm the identity of the material.
The morphology of the Unter-Rupsroth montmorillonite
Authors: Nixon H. L. , Weir A. H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryElectron micrographs of Na-saturated Unter-Rupsroth montmorillonite show that many of the individual flakes, which are probably 10 Å. thick, have straight edges meeting in 120° angles. This is evidence in support of the pseudohexagonal structure of montmorillonite. Similar pictures were obtained with Lisaturated clay and with ‘Calgon’-dispersed material. The usefulness of electron microscopy for the study of clay mineral morphology depends upon the efficiency of dispersion and the details of the mounting techniques rather than the nature of the exchange cation or the particular dispersing agent employed.
Saponite from Allt Ribhein, Fiskavaig Bay, Skye
Authors: Mackenzie R. C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis saponite, which is closely associated with zeolites such as stillbirth, heulandite, thomsonite, and gonnardite, occurs in vesicles in basalt. It has the composition: 1·02M+ (Mg5·84Mn0·01Al0·03Fe0·08) (Si6·99Al1·01)O20(OH)4, according to a new method for calculating the ionic formulae of smectites: this method also enables determination of the temperature at which all sorbed moisture is removed—in this instance about 800°C. The exchangeable cations are largely Ca2+. The chemical, thermal, and X-ray data are discussed with reference to other saponite samples. Electron-microscope examination showed a tendency to elongation in the direction of the α-axis. It is concluded that the saponite is of excellent purity and free from interstratification.
Further consideration of the crystal structure of kaolinite
Authors: Brindley G. W. , Nakahra M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe layer structure of the kaolin mineral dickite has been shown to differ significantly from the idealized arrangement of regular tetrahedra and octahedra. Since the structure of kaolinite can be studied only by X-ray powder methods, it cannot be refined beyond the idealized arrangement. By applying the dickite type of layer structure to the ease of kaolinite, an explanation for the triclinic symmetry of kaolinite has been obtained, and also an improved agreement with the observed X-ray intensities.
The alteration of pyrochlore to columbite in carbonatites in Tanganyika (With Plates XX and XXI.)
Authors: James T. C. , McKie Duncan 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe formation of columbite has been observed in two carbonatites in south-west Tanganyika where it is due to autometasomatism following the emplacement of the bodies. Disoriented aggregates of columbite crystallites are formed as pseudomorphs after eubo-octahedra of pyrochlore in sövite. This alteration is accompanied by the addition of Fe, conversion of amphibole and biotite in the sövite to a ferruginous tale. the formation of an iron-bearing carbonate, and the introduction of colloform silica: Ca and Na are lost in part. The general alteration of the sövite can be ascribed to the influx of iron-bearing solutions at relatively low temperature and high pressure.
Minium from Broken Hill, New South Wales
Authors: Skinner Brian J. , McBriar E. Maud 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMinium occurs at Broken Hill, New South Wales, as pseudomorphs after cerussite, formed during fires in the mine. It is tetragonal with a = 8·824 Å. and c = 6·564 Å.; sp. gr. 8·2 + 0·2. The Broken Hill minium appears identical in physical properties with synthetic Pb3O4 described by other workers.
A thermal and X-ray investigation of scarbroite
Authors: Duffin W. J. , Goodyear J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryScarbroite, a fine-grained but compact deposit obtained from fissures in the sandstone on the north Yorkshire coast, is shown by chemical analysis to have an idealized formula Al2(CO3)3·12Al(OH)3. X-ray and electron diffraction data indicate a triclinic cell with a 9·94 Å., b 14·88 Å., c 26·47 Å., α 98·7°, β 96·5°, and γ 89·0°. A layer structure consisting of gibbsite-type sheets of Al(OH)3 and sheets of Al2(CO3)3 is proposed. The structure is stable from room temperature to about 125° C.
Vaterite from Ballycraigy, Larne, Northern Ireland
Authors: McConnell J. D. C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryVaterite, the third unstable polymorph of CaCO3, is recognized by optical and X-ray powder techniques as a major constituent in a carbonated calcium silicate hydrogel complex formed from larnite at Ballycraigy, Lame, Northern Ireland. Re-indexed X-ray powder data obtained on synthetic vaterite are provided indicating a hexagonal unit cell with dimensions a = 7·135 Å. and c = 8·524 Å., Z = 6CaCO3. The re-indexing is endorsed by the results of electron diffraction study of synthetic vaterite. Vaterite is shown to correspond to the hypothetical CaCO3 member of the bastnäsite-synchisite mineral series on the basis of extrapolated cell dimensions and optical properties. A structural scheme for vaterite is proposed in which Ca layers replace the CeF layers in bastnäsite, and near-vertical CO3 groups are present. The stability relations of natural vaterite are discussed and comment made on the recent observation of vaterite, in a like environment, in carbonated cements and mortars.