bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation oftrans long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat brain structures and retina
Authors: Grandgirard A. , Bourre J. M. , Julliard F. , Homayoun P. , Dumont O. , Piciotti M. , Sebedio J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring heat treatment, polyunsaturated fatty acids and specifically 18∶3n−3 can undergo geometrical isomerization. In rat tissues, 18∶3 Δ9c, 12c, 15t, one of thetrans isomers of linolenic acid, can be desaturated and elongated to givetrans isomers of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The present study was undertaken to determine whether such compounds are incorporated into brain structures that are rich in n−3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Two fractions enriched intrans isomers of α‐linolenic acid were prepared and fed to female adult rats during gestation and lactation. The pups were killed at weaning. Synaptosomes, brain microvessees and retina were shown to contain the highest levels (about 0.5% of total fatty acids) of thetrans isomer of docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6 Δ4c, 7c, 10c, 13c, 16c, 19t). This compound was also observed in myelin and sciatic nerve, but to a lesser extent (0.1% of total fatty acids). However, the ratios of 22∶6trans to 22∶6cis were similar in all the tissues studied. When the diet was deficient in α‐linolenic acid, the incorporation oftrans isomers was apparently doubled. However, comparison of the ratios oftrans 18∶3n−3 tocis 18∶3n−3 in the diet revealed that thecis n−3 fatty acids were more easily desaturated and elongated to 22∶6n−3 than the correspondingtrans n−3 fatty acids. An increase in 22∶5n−6 was thus observed, as has previously been described in n−3 fatty acid deficiency. These results encourage further studies to determine whether or not incorporations of suchtrans isomers into tissues may have physiological implications.
Hepatic phospholipid molecular species in the guinea pig adaptations to pregnancy
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Postle Anthony D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly 22∶6n−3, into fetal brain at specific gestational ages is critical for development of normal brain function. We have studied adaptations to maternal liver phospholipid molecular species compositions that may be related to the supply of PUFA to fetal brain. The increment of 22∶6n−3 in brain phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was maximal at day 25 to day 35 of gestation, consistent with early prenatal development of guinea pig brain. At the same gestational ages, there was a transient increase in maternal liver concentration of 16∶0/22∶6 phosphatidylcholine (PC), which preceded the progressive increase in total PC concentration toward term (day 68). This effect was specific for thesn‐1 16∶0 species, as, there was no significant increase in 18∶0/22∶6 PC concentration. These results are consistent with a specific role for 16∶0/22∶6 PC in the directed supply of 22∶6n−3 from maternal liver to the fetus. Concentrations of all PE species in maternal liver decreased at day 25 and day 35 of gestation. The gradual accumulation of 22∶6n−3 in fetal liver throughout gestation did not correlate with the pattern of acquisition of 22∶6n−3 into fetal brain PE. Maternal plasma PC and cholesterol concentrations decreased dramatically by day 25 of gestation, and remained low until term. This hypolipidemia of pregnancy in the guinea pig may be due to increased lipase‐mediated turnover of plasma lipoproteins and contrasts strongly with the well‐characterized hyperlipidemia in human and rat gestation.
Dietary protein deficiency affects n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids hepatic storage and very low density lipoprotein transport in rats on different diets
Authors: Bouziane Mahmoud , Prost Josiane , Belleville Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty livers and the similarity between the skin lesions in kwashiorkor and those described in experimental essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency have led to the hypothesis that protein and EFA deficiencies may both occur in chronic malnutrition. The relationship between serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and hepatic lipid composition was studied after 28 d of protein depletion to determine the interactions between dietary protein levels and EFA availability. Rats were fed purified diets containing 20 or 2% casein and 5% fat as either soybean oil rich in EFA, or salmon oil rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, or hydrogenated coconut, oil poor in EFA. Animals were divided into six groups, SOC (20% casein +5% soybean oil), SOd (2% casein +5% soybean oil), COC (20% casein +5% hydrogenated coconut oil), COd (2% casein + 5% hydrogenated coconut oil), SAC (20% casein +5% salmon oil) and SAd (2% casein +5% salmon oil). After 28 d, liver steatosis and reduced VLDL‐phospholipid contents (P<0.001) were observed in protein‐deficient rats. In protein deficiency, triacylglycerol and phospholipid fatty acid compositions in both liver and VLDL showed a decreased polyunsaturated‐to‐saturated fatty acid ratio. This ratio was higher with the salmon oil diets and lower with the hydrogenated coconut oil diets. Furthermore, independent of the oil in the diet, protein deficiency decreased linoleic and arachidonic acids in VLDL phospholipids. Conversely, despite decreased proportions of EPA at low protein levels, DHA levels remained higher in rats fed salmon oil diets. While in rats fed the hydrogenated coconut oil‐fed diets the amount of 22∶5n−6 was lower in liver, it was higher in VLDL lipids at low protein levels. Both EPA and arachidonic acid are precursors of eicosanoids and their diminution may be related to certain clinical symptoms seen in infants suffering from kwashiorkor.
Boreal freshwater fish diet modifies the plasma lipids and prostanoids and membrane fatty acids in man
Authors: Ågren J. J. , Hänninen O. , Laitinen M. , Seppänen K. , Bernhardt I. , Fogelholm L. , Herranen J. , Penttila I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of fish diet on 43 healthy male students was studied. They ate a fish‐containing meal for 15 weeks on an average of 3.7 times per week. Twenty‐one of them voluntarily restricted their lipid intake while the rest ate normally. Controls continued their usual eating habits (19 students). The meals consisted of Finnish freshwater fish (87%) (vendace, pike, perch and rainbow trout) and brackish water fish (13%) (Baltic herring) that provided about 1 g of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids per day (0.25 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.55 g docosahexaenoic acid). During the diet, ω‐3 fatty acids increased in erythrocyte ghosts and platelets at the expense of ω‐6 fatty acids. The concentration of serum cholesterol diminished in those fish consumers who lowered their lipid intake. Apolipo‐protein A1 and B were lowered in both fish‐consuming groups. Triglyceride levels also showed a tendency to decrease. The formation of thromboxane B2 during incubation of whole blood decreased in both fish‐consuming groups. The decrease of plasma 6‐keto‐PGF1α was not statistically significant, if compared with the controls. The results obtained indicate that a moderate intake of fish‐containing meals has some beneficial effects on the plasma lipid and prostanoid metabolism, when coronary heart disease risk factors are considered.
Hydrolysis of a fluorescent substance formed from an oxidized phospholipid and an amino compound by phospholipase A2
Authors: Iio Toshihiro , Yoden Kazuaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide produced a fluorescent substance (FS‐III) through reaction with 1‐aminopentane after preincubation with heme methyl ester as a model system. The FS‐III was retained at the 2‐position of the glycerol backbone of phosphtidylcholine without breakdown into low molecular weight compounds. Phosphatidylcholine oxidized by catalysis with ferrous ion and ascorbic acid also produced the same fluorescent substance (FS‐III). Phospholipase A2 specifically hydrolyzed the FS‐III attached to the phospholipid, making it possible to elute the same fluorescent substance (FS‐II) as that obtained from oxidized methyl linoleate. The release of FS‐II by hydrolysis of FS‐III attached to phospholipid increased with greater phospholipase A2 activity. It is suggested that, with aging, the accumulation of fluorescent lipofuscin pigments in biomembranes may be related to changes in the peroxidized phospholipid content and that phospholipase A2 may play a role in decreasing the formation and accumulation of fluorescent phospholipids in biomembranes.
Dietary linoleic acid and the fatty acid profiles in rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oils
Authors: Høy C. ‐E. , Hølmer G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of the linoleic acid levels of diets containing partially hydrogenated marine, oils (HMO) rich in isomeric 16∶1, 18∶1, 20∶1 and 22∶1 fatty acids on the fatty acid profiles of lipids from rat liver, heart and adipose tissue was examined. Five groups of rats were fed diets containing 20 wt% fat−16% HMO+4% vegetable oils. In these diets, the linoleic acid contents varied between 1.9% and 14.5% of the dietary fatty acids, whereas the contents oftrans fatty acids were 33% in all groups. A sixth group was fed a partially hydrogenated soybean oil (HSOY) diet containing 8% linoleic acid plus 32%trans fatty acids, mainly 18∶1, and a seventh group, 20% palm oil (PALM), with 10% linoleic acid and notrans fatty acids.As the level of linoleic acid in the HMO diets increased from 1.9% to 8.2%, the contents of (n−6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the phospholipids increased correspondingly. At this dietary level of linoleic acid, a plateau in (n−6) PUFA was reached that was not affected by further increase in dietary 18∶2(n−6) up to 14.5%. Compared with the HSOY‐ or PALM‐fed rats, the plateau value of 20∶4(n−6) were considerably lower and the contents of 18∶2(n−6) higher in liver phosphatidylcholines (PC) and heart PC. Heart phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) on the contrary, had elevated contents of 20∶4(n−6), but decreased 22∶5(n−6) compared with the PALM group.All groups fed HMO had similar contents oftrans fatty acids, mainly 16∶1 and 18∶1, in their phospholipids, irrespective of the dietary 18∶2 levels, and these contents were lower than in the HSOY group.High levels of linoleic acid consistently found in triglycerides of liver, heart and adipose tissue of rats fed HMO indicated that feeding HMO resulted in a reduction of the conversion of linoleic acid into long chain PUFA that could not be overcome by increasing the dietary level of linoleic acid.
Influence of dietary egg and soybean phospholipids and triacylglycerols on human serum lipoproteins
Authors: O'Brien Barbara C. , Andrews Verona Gale 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHuman serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and compositions were compared in ten healthy middle‐aged men consuming phospholipids from egg or from soybean or triacylglycerol mixtures with fatty acid compositions similar to those of the phospholipids. All subjects followed each of the four treatments: egg phospholipids (EP), soybean phospholipids (SP), an oil of fatty acid composition similar to that of EP, and an oil similar in fatty acid composition to SP for six weeks with “wash‐out” periods of similar duration between treatment periods. The phospholipids, 15 g/d, and the oils, 12 g/d, which contained approximately equivalent quantities of fatty acids were provided to the subjects in gelatin capsules and were taken before meals. Diet intake was monitored by three‐day food records. Serum lipoproteins (Lp) were separated by ultracentrifugation into very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL)2 and HDL3. Lp fractions and whole serum were analyzed for triacylglycerols, cholesterol (CH), phospholipids (PL), and protein. HDL cholesterol was determined in while serum. Cholesteryl esters were determined in some Lp fractions. Lipid compositions of Lp were expressed in mmol/g protein. Apoprotein B was measured in whole serum and in LDL; apoprotein A‐I in whole serum and in HDL3. In whole serum, CH and PL were significantly lower after the SP compared to EP treatment periods. CH, but not PL, was lower after SPTG compared to EP. CH in HDL2 was significantly higher after SP compared to SPTG. Also, PL in HDL2 were significantly higher after SP compared to all other treatments and to baseline. Although human serum lipid responses to dietary phospholipids were generally the same as responses to ingested oils of comparable fatty acid composition, the data suggest the possibility that SP selectively increase HDL2 cholesterol and phospholipids.
Molecular species composition of glycerophospholipids from white matter of human brain
Authors: Wilson Robert , Bell Michael V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe molecular species composition of the major glycerophospholipids from white matter of human brain were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography of the 3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl derivatives of the corresponding diradylglycerols. In phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS), molecular species containing only saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) comprised 85.7 and 82.4% of the respective totals, with 18∶0/18∶1 predominant in PS and 16∶0/18∶1 in PC. These molecular species were also abundant in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but in this phospholipid species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), largely 18∶0/22∶6n−3 and 18∶0/20∶4n−6, accounted for over half the total; 18∶1/18∶1 was also abundant in PE. In contrast, 1‐O‐alk‐1′‐enyl‐2‐acylsn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (GPE) had much more SFA‐ and MUFA‐containing species, predominantly 16∶0a/18∶1, 18∶0a/18∶1 and 18∶1a/18∶1, with low amounts of species containing 20∶4n−6 and 22∶6n−3. In alkenylacyl GPE, 22∶4n−6 was the major PUFA and 16∶0a/22∶4n−6 and 18∶1a/22∶4n−6 the main PUFA‐containing species. There was six times more 22∶6n−3, twice as much 20∶4n−6 and half the amount of 22∶4n−6 in PE as compared to alkenylacyl GPE.
Preparation of methyl 5,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoate‐8,8,9,9‐d4
Authors: Rakoff Henry 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor studies of incorporation, elongation and desaturation of fats in humans and animals, methyl 5,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoate‐8,8,9,9‐d4 was prepared by Wittig coupling, in the presence of sodiumbis(trimethylsilyl) amide, of 6,9,12‐pentadecatrienal‐3,3,4,4‐d4 and 4‐carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. The all‐cis isomer was separated fromtrans isomers and other impurities by silver resin chromatography. Location and configuration of the double bonds and deuterium atoms were affirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
Multigram synthesis of 1‐alkylamido phospholipids
Authors: Surles Jefferson R. , Morris‐Natschke Susan , Marx Michael H. , Piantadosi Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids containing a 1‐alkylamido linkage have shown promisingin vitro neoplastic cell growth inhibitory properties and anti‐human immunodeficiency viral activity. We have synthesized a series of alkylamido ether lipid analogues on a milligram scale for initial evaluation, but for furtherin vivo testing of these bioactive phospholipids, synthesis on a larger scale is required. The multigram synthesis of 1‐alkylamido ether phospholipids was accomplished by modifying reaction conditions in the amidation step and changing reagents and solvent systems in both the detritylation and phosphorylation steps. This was most crucial in the phosphorylation step, where in the multigram synthesis 2‐bromoethyl dichlorophosphate in diethyl ether/tetrahydrofuran (7∶3, vol/vol) gave much improved yields as compared to the 2‐chloro‐2‐oxo‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane reagent. The modifications also resulted in a product that could be more easily purified in sufficient quantities for use inin vivo inhibition studies.
Composition of the phospholipids and their fatty acids in the ROC‐1 oligodendroglial cell line
Authors: Murphy Eric J. , Horrocks Lloyd A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractROC‐1 cells are a hybrid of C−6 rat glioma and rat oligodendroglia cells. Biochemically these cells resemble the oligodendroglia parent, but their lipid composition is unknown. The phospholipid composition in mole % was: cardiolipin, 1.0; phosphatidylglycerol, 1.2; ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, 27.6; phosphatidylinositol, 5.8; lysophosphatidylethanolamine, 0.8; phosphatidylserine, 5.6; choline glycerophospholipids, 43.7; sphingomyelin, 13.7; phosphatidylinositol‐4‐monophosphate, 0.8; and lysophosphatidylcholine, 0.6. The choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens made up 7.2 and 18.4% of the total phospholipids, respectively. The phospholipid composition reflects that of both parental cells. The cells had moderate to high levels of 20∶3n−9 indicating n−6 series fatty acid deficiency. The phosphatidylinositol had very high 20∶3n−9 levels with a 20∶3n−9/20∶4n−6 ratio of 2.1 compared to 0.44 and 0.58 for ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl) and choline glycerophospholipids (ChoGpl) respectively. The saturated/polyenoic fatty acid ratios were 0.40 for EtnGpl, 3.38 for ChoGpl and 1.48 for phosphatidylinositol.
Lipids from the paracloacal glands of the chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)
Authors: Dunn B. S. , Weldon P. J. , Howard R. W. , McDaniel C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipids from the paracloacal glands of adult Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acetates, aliphatic alcohols, free fatty acids and waxes consisting primarily of hexadecanoates were indicated in the secretions of males and females. Cholesterol, a diterpene hydrocarbon, and a diterpene ketone were detected in secretions of males but not in those of females. Lipids identified in the paracloacal secretions ofA. sinensis are compared with those reported from the American alligator and other crocodilians.
Dietary ether lipid incorporation into tissue plasmalogens of humans and rodents
Authors: Das Arun K. , Holmes Ronald D. , Wilson Golfer N. , Hajra Amiya K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChronic feeding of 1‐O‐octadecyl‐sn‐glycerol (batyl alcohol) to patients suffering from congenital deficiency in tissue ether glycerolipids showed an increase in the plasmalogens content of their erythrocytes. However, nothing is known about the ether lipid content of other tissues in these patients. Feeding 1‐O‐heptadecyl‐sn‐glycerol to young rats showed that this uncommon ether lipid was incorporated to a high extent into the plasmalogens of all tissues except brain. Comparative studies with other precursors, such as 3‐O‐heptadecyl‐sn‐glycerol, heptadecanol and heptadecanoic acid, indicated a stereospecific incorporation of the dietary 1‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycerols into tissue plasmalogens without cleavage of the ether bond. Dietary ether lipids were also shown to be transferred from mothers to suckling rats, but not from pregnant rats to fetuses. The implication of these results to possible dietary ether lipid therapy for patients suffering from peroxisomal disorders is discussed.
Abnormal lipid and fatty acid compositions of kidneys from mice with polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Aukema H. M. , Yamaguchi T. , Takahashi H. , Celi B. , Holub B. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRenal cyst development in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) involves hyperplastic growth and extensive membrane alterations, suggesting abnormal membrane composition and function. Using thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatography, we analyzed the lipid components of the kidneys from 120‐day‐old DBA/2FG‐pcy (pcy) having PKD as compared to normal DBA/2J (DBA) mice. At sacrifice, kidneys frompcy mice were four times larger than DBA controls, indicating that extensive renal cyst growth had occurred. The ratios of cholesterol/phospholipid, choline glycerophospholipid (GPC)/ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (GPE) and alkenylacyl GPE/diacyl GPE were higher (by 25%, 41% and 72%, respectively) in the cystic kidneys, while total phosphatidylinositol (PI), GPE and cardiolipin (DPG) were lower (by 13%, 23% and 27%, respectively). With respect to fatty acid compositions, there were significantly lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) and higher levels of adrenic acid (AdA, 22∶4n−6) in the phospholipids ofpcy mouse kidneys. These changes were not present in serum, indicating that they were not generalized differences. Interestingly, the lower level of DHA in GPE was found to be associated with the alkenylacyl, but not the diacyl species. The fatty acids comprising the product/substrate ratio for the Δ4 desaturase activity were lower across all phospholipids, indicating a possible abnormality in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in this model of PKD. These lipid abnormalities may influence membrane‐mediated events such as receptor activation, signal transduction, ion transport and enzyme activities. The renal pathophysiologies associated with PKD may be related to the tissue lipid abnormalities described herein.
Oxidation of the α‐tocopherol model compound 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol in the presence of alcohols
Authors: Suarna Cacang , Baca Manuel , Southwell‐Keely Peter T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation of the vitamin E model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol (1b) byt‐butyl hydroperoxide in chloroform has been studied in the presence of ethanol, heptanol and cholesterol. In the absence of an alcohol, the major products were the spirodimer (13b) and spirotrimer (14b) of 1b, together with 1H,2,3‐dihydro‐3,3,5,6,9,10,11a(R)‐heptamethyl‐7a(S)‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyl)‐pyrano[2,3‐a] xanthene 8(7aH), 11(11aH) dione (6b). In the presence of ethanol, heptanol and cholesterol, the major products were 5‐ethoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (16b), 5‐heptoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (17) and 5‐cholesteroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (18). However, when water was present in a homogeneous reaction, the most rapidly formed product was 2‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyl)‐3,5,6‐trimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (5b). Compounds 13b, 14b, 16b, 17 and 18 are formedvia a quinone methide intermediate, and compound 5b is formedvia a phenoxylium ion. The phenoxylium species appears to be the preferred intermediate when water is present, whereas the quinone methide species is prefered in the absence of water.
Low‐density lipoprotein turnover in inbred strains of rabbits hypo‐ or hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol
Authors: Meijer G. W. , Stalenhoef A. F. H. , Demacker P. N. M. , Mol M. J. T. M. , Van Zutphen L. F. M. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn two inbred strains of rabbits with high or low response of plasma cholesterol to dietary cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) apolipoprotein (apoLDL) kinetics were determined with the use of a heterologous tracer isolated from a Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit. On a diet without added cholesterol, the total clearance of apoLDL (which equals apoLDL production) did not differ significantly between rabbits of both strains. After the feeding of a diet containing 0.1% cholesterol for six weeks, plasma LDL cholesterol, plasma apoLDL and liver cholesterol concentrations rose significantly in the hyperresponsive but not in the hyporesponsive rabbits. Cholesterol feeding depressed the total fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of apoLDL in the hyper‐ but not in the hyporesponsive rabbits; this was attributed to a decrease of receptor‐dependent FCR while receptor‐independent FCR was similar in the two strains. On the diet containing cholesterol, the receptor‐mediated absolute catabolic rate (ACR) of apoLDL did not differ between hyper‐ and hyporesponsive rabbits but receptor‐independent ACR of apoLDL was higher in hyperresponders. It is concluded that the higher plasma apoLDL levels in hyperresponsive rabbits fed the 0.1% cholesterol diet are caused by a higher production of apoLDL and not by a lower flux of apoLDL through the receptor‐mediated pathway.