bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Molecule Microarrays: Applications Using Specially Tagged Chemical Libraries
Authors: Wang Jun , Uttamchandani Mahesh , Sun Hongyan , Yao Shao Q. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent advances in proteomics and combinatorial synthesis have drawn impetus towards the development of robust technologies for the convenient identification of biologically relevant entities from within diverse chemical sets, as well as rapid strategies for the functional profiling of proteins. Amongst the various exciting platforms that have been developed to address these challenges, spatially addressable microarrays of small molecules have emerged as a versatile, high‐density platform for high‐throughput screening and analysis. The fabrication process of small molecule microarray demands that diverse molecular species and scaffolds be presented suitably for parallel screening, thereby necessitating unique design and synthetic considerations, particularly in the generation of specialized tags for encoded capture or immobilization on complementary surfaces. Of significance are the strategies that have been established to assemble organized assortments of compounds according to the downstream application requirements on microarrays. Many creative ideas have taken the technology well beyond its initial utility in lead discovery and molecular characterization, to cell‐based screenings as well as protein characterization and fingerprinting. The increasing ease and expanding scale of chemical library creation, combined with the massive screening throughput offered, heralds great promise for SMM, which is set to take on wider applications in discovery, diagnostics and medicine.
Reproducibility of the measurement of submucous fibroid protrusion into the uterine cavity using three‐dimensional saline contrast sonohysterography
Authors: Lee C. , Salim R. , Ofili‐Yebovi D. , Yazbek J. , Davies A. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of measurement of the percentage of protrusion of submucous fibroids into the uterine cavity using three‐dimensional saline contrast sonohysterography (3D‐SCSH).MethodsWomen diagnosed with submucous uterine fibroids on B‐mode two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound scan were invited to join the study and 3D‐SCSH was carried out. 3D volume datasets were stored digitally and were examined later using the technique of planar reformatted sections. The reproducibilities of the measurement of fibroid diameter and protrusion ratio into the uterine cavity (ratio of the size of the segment of the fibroid protruding into the cavity to the total diameter of the fibroid) were examined by two independent observers who were unaware of the initial 2D scan findings. Interobserver reproducibility was assessed by calculating the difference between measurements taken by the two operators (limits of agreement) and interclass correlation coefficient. Intraobserver repeatability was assessed by calculating the difference between two measurements for each variable (limits of agreement) and further expressed as an intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsThirty‐three 3D ultrasound volumes were examined. There was a good agreement between the observers in classifying the fibroids as greater or less than 50% confined to the myometrium (Cohen's kappa 0.81). There was no bias in measurements for both variables either between observers or with repeated measurements by each observer. For fibroid diameter and protrusion ratio the inter‐ and intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.984–0.995), with narrow limits of agreement.Conclusion3D‐SCSH is a reproducible method for the quantification of the percentage of a submucous fibroid protruding into the uterine cavity. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sungear: interactive visualization and functional analysis of genomic datasets
Authors: Poultney Christopher S. , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A. , Katari Manpreet S. , Gifford Miriam L. , Paley W. Bradford , Coruzzi Gloria M. , Shasha Dennis E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Sungear is a software system that supports a rapid, visually interactive and biologist-driven comparison of large datasets. The datasets can come from microarray experiments (e.g. genes induced in each experiment), from comparative genomics (e.g. genes present in each genome) or even from non-biological applications (e.g. demographics or baseball statistics). Sungear represents multiple datasets as vertices in a polygon. Each possible intersection among the sets is represented as a circle inside the polygon. The position of the circle is determined by the position of the vertices represented in the intersection and the area of the circle is determined by the number of elements in the intersection. Sungear shows which Gene Ontology terms are over-represented in a subset of circles or anchors. The intuitive Sungear interface has enabled biologists to determine quickly which dataset or groups of datasets play a role in a biological function of interest.Availability: A live online version of Sungear can be found atContact: shasha@cs.nyu.eduSupplementary information: Submitted—link TBD.
Vaporization Thermodynamics and Enthalpy of Formation of Aluminum Silicon Carbide
Authors: BEHRENS ROBERT G. , RINEHART GARY H. 
Published: October 2006

The vaporization thermodynamics of aluminum silicon carbide was investigated using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. Vaporization occurred incongruently to give Al(g), SiC(s), and graphite as reaction products. The vapor pressure of aluminum above (Al4SiC4+ SiC + C) was measured using graphite effusion cells with orifice areas between 1.1 × 10−2and 3.9X10−4 cm2. The vapor pressure of aluminum obtained between 1427 and 1784 K using an effusion cell with the smallest orifice area, 3.9X10−4 cm2, is expressed aslog p (Pa) =−(18567 ± 86) (K/T) + (12.143 ± 0.054)The third‐law calculation of the enthalpy change for the reaction Al4SiC4(s) = 4Al(g) + SiC(hex) + 3C(s) using the present aluminum pressures gives ΔH°(298.15 K) = (1455 ± 79) kJ·mol−1. The corresponding second‐law result is ΔH°(298.15 K) = (1456 ± 47) kJ·mol−1. The standard enthalpy of formation of Al4SiC4(s) from the elements calculated from the present vaporization enthalpy (third‐law calculation) and the enthalpies of formation of Al(g) and hexagonal SiC is ΔH°f= ‐(221 ± 85) kJ·mol−1. The standard enthalpy of formation of Al4SiC4(s) from its constituent carbides Al4C3(s) and SiC(c, hex) is calculated to be ΔH°(298.15 K) = (38 ± 92) KJ·mol−1.
Problems in the coupling of eye and hand in the sequential movements of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Wilmut K. , Wann J. P. , Brown J. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  Shifting gaze and attention ahead of the hand is a natural component in the performance of skilled manual actions. Very few studies have examined the precise co‐ordination between the eye and hand in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).Methods  This study directly assessed the maturity of eye–hand co‐ordination in children with DCD. A double‐step pointing task was used to investigate the coupling of the eye and hand in 7‐year‐old children with and without DCD. Sequential targets were presented on a computer screen, and eye and hand movements were recorded simultaneously.Results  There were no differences between typically developing (TD) and DCD groups when completing fast single‐target tasks. There were very few differences in the completion of the first movement in the double‐step tasks, but differences did occur during the second sequential movement. One factor appeared to be the propensity for the DCD children to delay their hand movement until some period after the eye had landed on the target. This resulted in a marked increase in eye–hand lead during the second movement, disrupting the close coupling and leading to a slower and less accurate hand movement among children with DCD.Conclusions  In contrast to skilled adults, both groups of children preferred to foveate the target prior to initiating a hand movement if time allowed. The TD children, however, were more able to reduce this foveation period and shift towards a feedforward mode of control for hand movements. The children with DCD persevered with a look‐then‐move strategy, which led to an increase in error. For the group of DCD children in this study, there was no evidence of a problem in speed or accuracy of simple movements, but there was a difficulty in concatenating the sequential shifts of gaze and hand required for the completion of everyday tasks or typical assessment items.
Rhythmic coordination of hand and foot in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Volman M. J. M. , Laroy M. E. , Jongmans M. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have difficulties producing stable rhythmic bimanual coordination patterns in comparison with age‐related peers. Rhythmic coordination of non‐homologous limbs (e.g. hand and foot) is even more difficult to perform because of mechanical differences between the limbs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the stability of hand–foot coordination patterns of children with DCD.Methods  Ten children with DCD (mean age 7.0 years, SD 1.1 years) and 16 control children (mean age 7.4 years, SD 1.3 years) participated in the study. They were asked to perform in‐phase or anti‐phase tapping movements in three different interlimb coordination combinations: (1) hand–hand (homologous), (2) hand–foot same body side (ipsilateral), and (3) hand–foot different body side (contralateral). Coordination stability was measured by the variability of the relative phase between the limbs under a ‘steady state’ (preferred) frequency condition, and by the critical frequency (i.e. the point at which loss of pattern stability was observed) in a condition in which the movement frequency was ‘scaled’ up (only anti‐phase tapping).Results  Coordination patterns of children in the DCD group were less stable in all three limb combinations compared with controls. Further, hand–foot coordination patterns were less stable than hand–hand coordination patterns. With regard to hand–foot coordination, ipsilateral patterns were equally stable compared with contralateral patterns in the in‐phase task, but less stable in the anti‐phase task. No differential effects were found between the DCD and control groups across the different limb combinations, except for steady‐state anti‐phase coordination in the ipsilateral limb condition. This effect was due to a relatively good performance of the control children in this condition in comparison with the other limb combination conditions.Conclusions  Children with DCD have difficulties producing stable rhythmic hand–foot coordination patterns compared with control children.
Motor, visual and egocentric transformations in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Williams J. , Thomas P. R. , Maruff P. , Butson M. , Wilson P. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAim This study aimed to test the internal modelling deficit (IMD) hypothesis using the mental rotation paradigm.Background According to the IMD hypothesis, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have an impaired ability to internally represent action. Thirty‐six children (18 DCD) completed four tasks: two versions of a single‐hand rotation task (with and without explicit imagery instructions), a whole‐body imagery task and an alphanumeric rotation task.Results There was partial support for the hypothesis that children with DCD would display an atypical pattern of performance on the hand rotation task, requiring implicit use of motor imagery. Overall, there were no significant differences between the DCD and control groups when the hand task was completed without explicit instructions, on either response time or accuracy. However, when imagery instructions were introduced, the controls were significantly more accurate than the DCD group, indicating that children with DCD were unable to benefit from explicit cuing. As predicted, the controls were also significantly more accurate than the DCD group on the whole‐body task, with the accuracy of the DCD group barely rising above chance. Finally, and as expected, there was no difference between the groups on the alphanumeric task, a measure of visual (or object‐related) imagery.Conclusions The inability of the DCD group to utilize specific motor imagery instructions and to perform egocentric transformations lends some support to the IMD hypothesis. Future work needs to address the question of whether the IMD itself is subgroup‐specific.
Laser capture microdissection of plant cells from tape‐transferred paraffin sections promotes recovery of structurally intact RNA for global gene profiling
Authors: Cai Suqin , Lashbrook Coralie C. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLaser capture microdissection and related technologies permit the harvest of individual cells and cell types. Isolation of either nucleic acids or proteins from laser‐captured cells supports such downstream applications as the construction of cell‐specific cDNA libraries and the profiling of expressed genes and proteins. The success of these endeavors is dependent upon the yield, purity and structural integrity of the macromolecules derived from harvested cells. Here, we report protocols that promote the isolation of structurally intact RNA from laser‐captured cells of paraffin‐embedded tissues. The use of a tape transfer system that obviates the need to wet paraffin sections prior to slide mounting significantly increases RNA structural quality. Integrity is assessed directly via electrophoretic separation of picogram–nanogram levels of total RNA isolated from multiple cell types, including those comprising Arabidopsis ovules, replums and stamen abscission zones. RNA prepared from specialized cells within siliques provided targets for profiling the Arabidopsis genome during replum cell development. Digital northern analysis of transcripts expressed near the threshold of the system's ability to score signal presence suggests that low‐abundance transcripts representing as little as ∼0.002% of total mRNA can be reliably detected. Microarray data reveal a significant shift from primary cell‐wall metabolism to lignin biosynthesis in replum tissues during fruit maturation.
Isolation and characterization of hydrogen‐oxidizing bacteria induced following exposure of soil to hydrogen gas and their impact on plant growth
Authors: Maimaiti Jiamila , Zhang Ye , Yang Jing , Cen Yan‐Ping , Layzell David B. , Peoples Mark , Dong Zhongmin 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn many legumes, the nitrogen fixing root nodules produce H2 gas that diffuses into soil. It has been demonstrated that such exposure of soil to H2 can promote plant growth. To assess whether this may be due to H2‐oxidizing microorganisms, bacteria were isolated from soil treated with H2 under laboratory conditions and from soils collected adjacent to H2 producing soybean nodules. Nineteen isolates of H2‐oxidizing bacteria were obtained and all exhibited a half‐saturation coefficient (Ks) for H2 of about 1 ml l−1. The isolates were identified as Variovorax paradoxus, Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Burkholderia spp. using conventional microbiological tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Seventeen of the isolates enhanced (57–254%) root elongation of spring wheat seedlings. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana bioassay, plant biomass was increased by 11–27% when inoculated by one of four isolates of V. paradoxus or one isolate of Burkholderia that were selected for evaluation. The isolates of V. paradoxus found in both H2‐treated soil and in soil adjacent to soybean nodules had the greatest impact on plant growth. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that H2‐oxidizing bacteria in soils have plant growth promoting properties.
Market‐based Governance and the Challenge for Rural Governments: US Trends
Authors: Warner Mildred E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrivatization and decentralization represent market‐based approaches to government. Designed to increase efficiency and responsiveness of government, these approaches also limit the potential for redistribution. A key question is: how will rural governments compete in such a market‐based system? Will they be favoured, as their reliance on market provision for public goods is higher due to the smaller number of services provided by government? Or will they be less able to compete due to the costs of sparsity, which may make them less attractive to market suppliers? Data from the United States covering the period 1992–2002, show that rural areas are not favoured by either of these trends – privatization or decentralization. Managerial weakness does not explain the shortfall. Rural areas are not as attractive to market suppliers and thus are disadvantaged under market‐based service delivery approaches. Although national policy continues to advance a privatization agenda, policy‐makers should be concerned about the uneven impacts of such market‐based approaches.
Child Health in Rural Mexico: Has Progresa Reduced Children's Morbidity Risks?
Authors: Huerta Maria C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract It is well known that ill health during early childhood can have deleterious consequences for future developmental outcomes. Furthermore, children growing up in poverty are at risk of experiencing frequent and severe episodes of illness because they are highly exposed to the risk factors associated with catching infectious diseases. Progresa, Mexico's main anti‐poverty programme, aims to support and promote parents living in rural areas to invest in children's education, health and nutrition. Poorer unhealthy children in remote rural areas have limited access to health care. This paper investigates whether this rural intervention improved children's health status during its first three years of operation. We examine whether Progresa reduces children's morbidity risks by looking at the changes over time in the incidence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections. Additionally, we assess whether there are differential treatment effects according to households’ severity of poverty. The analyses of this study have been carried out using longitudinal data from a randomized treatment and control survey. Our results indicate that there is some evidence that Progresa contributes to reducing morbidity rates. We find that for both diseases under study, the Programme effect is mainly due to a decrease in the morbidity risks of children aged between 24 and 59 months. However, the evidence of a Programme effect is stronger for diarrhoea than for respiratory infections.
Rurality and Social Inclusion: A Case of Preschool Education
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Shucksmith Janet , Watt Joyce 
Published: October 2006

Abstract This paper begins by reviewing several of the ways in which social inclusion has been conceptualized in the literature. The paper then explores these approaches in the context of the provision of preschool education in rural Scotland. Preschool education is viewed by government as a powerful weapon in the fight against social exclusion, but higher per capita costs in rural areas as well as the availability and cost of transport are major problems, raising questions in turn about inclusive models of provision. Moreover, many parents are sceptical about their ability to access preschool education for their children while also continuing their own engagement in the labour market (a central pillar of social inclusion policy). Issues of choice, quality and governance arise and these are discussed in depth. The paper concludes with some reflections on the concept of social inclusion in the light of this case study.
Jobs in the Bush: Global Industries and Inclusive Rural Development
Authors: Eversole Robyn , Martin John 
Published: October 2006

Abstract How do rural communities manage the challenge of local governance and community capacity‐building, given the policy choices of central government (both state and national) in favour of global resource‐development industries? Central government policy choices expose rural communities to the vagaries of the global economy, even as the Australian government's stated intent vis‐à‐vis rural Australia is the exact opposite: to encourage locally driven economic and community sustainability. Rural development policy in Australia often has the effect of denying the very outcomes it hopes to achieve. On the one hand, government policies encourage rural communities to be independent, to build ‘social capital’, and to add value to their local produce; on the other hand, macroeconomic policies change the contexts within which these communities function, creating a tension which is difficult to reconcile. In the case of the Western District of Victoria, an established agricultural and pastoral region, the cycles of economic activity have been disrupted in recent years by new and exciting global industries whose trajectories sit largely outside local control. This paper questions whether governments have a systemic view of the impact of these competing demands on rural communities, and calls for a more informed, whole‐of‐government policy‐making for the development of Australia's rural regions.
Localized Pain Associated with Seizures Originating in the Parietal Lobe
Authors: Siegel Adrian M. , Williamson Peter D. , Roberts David W. , Thadani Vijay M. , Darcey Terrance M. 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: Ictal pain is a rare symptom of seizures. Epileptic pain may be experienced unilaterally (lateral/peripheral), cephalically, or in the abdomen. Painful seizures have been associated with seizure origin in both the parietal and the temporal lobes. We report on the different types of epileptic pain and discuss its etiology and possible localizing value. Methods: We reviewed the records of patients referred to our epilepsy program over the last 6 years. Eight (1.4%) of 573 patients had pain as an early prominent symptom of their seizures. Results: Pain was predominantly unilateral in three patients, cephalic in two, and abdominal in three patients. Seizure onset was in or involving the parietal lobe in all patients, and when the painful symptoms were lateralized, they were contralateral to the side of seizure origin. Parietal lobe seizure origin was determined by both intracranial EEG recording and neuroimaging [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] in five patients, and by both scalp EEG and neuroimaging in three patients. Conclusions: We conclude that ictal pain is a rare symptom of parietal lobe seizure origin with lateralizing potential.