bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TURKISH YOUTH IN THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Authors: Faas Daniel 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
Globalisation and Europeanisation are complementary and partly overlapping processes that identify the increasingly supranational context in which political and educational systems are operating. This article explores how Turkish youth in two German and English secondary schools relate to the European knowledge economy, and how their political identities are shaped by school dynamics (ethos, curriculum and peer cultures) and social class positioning.1 Drawing upon mainly qualitative data, the paper indicates that when the concept of Europe is allied to multiculturalism, there is the possibility of including minority ethnic groups like the Turkish Muslims and giving them the opportunity of relating to the European knowledge economy. If, however, Europe is understood as a white Christian concept, then Turkish teenagers will struggle to relate positively to Europe as a political identity. The article not only gives voice to young Turkish Muslims in Europe but also assesses the potential for Europe to be a common ground for all youth to negotiate their identities.
Comparative protein structure modeling by combining multiple templates and optimizing sequence-to-structure alignments
Authors: Fernandez-Fuentes Narcis , Rai Brajesh K. , Madrid-Aliste Carlos J. , Eduardo Fajardo J. , Fiser András 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Two major bottlenecks in advancing comparative protein structure modeling are the efficient combination of multiple template structures and the generation of a correct input target-template alignment.Results: A novel method, Multiple Mapping Method with Multiple Templates (M4T) is introduced that implements an algorithm to automatically select and combine Multiple Template structures (MT) and an alignment optimization protocol (Multiple Mapping Method, MMM). The MT module of M4T selects and combines multiple template structures through an iterative clustering approach that takes into account the ‘unique’ contribution of each template, their sequence similarity among themselves and to the target sequence, and their experimental resolution. MMM is a sequence-to-structure alignment method that optimally combines alternatively aligned regions according to their fit in the structural environment of the template structure. The resulting M4T alignment is used as input to a comparative modeling module. The performance of M4T has been benchmarked on CASP6 comparative modeling target sequences and on a larger independent test set, and showed favorable performance to current state of the art methods.Availability: A web server was established for the method at http://www.fiserlab.org/servers/M4TContact: afiser@aecom.yu.edu or andras@fiserlab.org
Targeted optical fluorescence imaging of human ovarian adenocarcinoma using a galactosyl serum albumin‐conjugated fluorophore
Authors: Gunn Andrew J. , Hama Yukihiro , Koyama Yoshinori , Kohn Elise C. , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka 
Published: September 2007

Achieving maximal cytoreduction during surgery is a critical prognostic factor for women with advanced‐stage ovarian cancer. Targeting optical imaging agents directly to ovarian cancer cells by attaching them to galactosyl (galactosamine‐conjugated) serum albumin, whose sugar residues bind surface lectins that are expressed in certain ovarian adenocarcinomas, may improve metastatic tumor identification and resection. Thus, we sought to demonstrate that galactosyl serum albumin‐conjugated fluorophores would be a robust mechanism through which to target ovarian cancer by evaluating its tumor‐targeting capability in nine human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines. The optical fluorophore rhodamine green was conjugated to galactosyl serum albumin, a non‐immunogenic targeting molecule. Galactosyl serum albumin–rhodamine green's ability to target nine human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines was evaluated by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and in vivo optical fluorescence imaging using female athymic nu/nu mice. All nine cell lines tested bound galactosyl serum albumin–rhodamine green more effectively than non‐glycosylated controls (P < 0.0001). Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that galactosyl serum albumin–rhodamine green was internalized into each cell line in a galactosamine‐dependent manner. In vivo optical fluorescence images of intraperitoneal tumor‐bearing mice acquired 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of galactosyl serum albumin–rhodamine green successfully differentiated between tumor and normal tissue. This technique also allowed the visualization of submillimeter‐sized ovarian tumor implants. These results indicate that galactosyl serum albumin–rhodamine green can selectively target a variety of human ovarian adenocarcinomas for optical fluorescence imaging and thus may improve intraoperative tumor detection and resection. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1727–1733)
Illegal meat hunting in serengeti: dynamics in consumption and preferences
Authors: Ndibalema Vedasto G. , Songorwa Alexander N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough wild meat is an important source of protein across Africa, patterns and reasons for its demand are poorly defined. A study was conducted on consumption by inhabitants of ten villages in five districts to the west of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The first sample of 600 villagers was systematically selected from village registers and surveyed using a questionnaire. The second sample consisted of 341 arrested illegal meat hunters. Nine species dominated by eland (Taurotragus oryx) and wildebeest (Connachaetes taurinus) in terms of meat taste and hunting vulnerability respectively were found to be most preferred or consumed. There were remarkable variations in consumption and preferences for each species amongst ethnic groups and localities. The economics of protein consumption indicates that wild meat is consistently cheaper and hence consumed more frequently than other meats. Respondents’ topmost tasty meat – eland and topi (Damaliscus lunatus) – were rare; consequently, common species e.g. buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and wildebeest were the substitutes mostly consumed to supplement beef and fish. Presence of carnivore species on the menu clearly demonstrates survival techniques when availability changes. Wildlife managers should, therefore, bestow attention to the conservation of all species for a balanced ecosystem and species survival.
The estimation of inspired desflurane concentration in a low‐flow system
Authors: GOWRIE‐MOHAN S. , MURALITHARAN V. , LOCKWOOD G. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have examined the predictability of inspired desflurane concentration during low‐flow anaesthesia using a to‐and‐fro breathing system. Twenty‐two adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation of the lungs during surgery took part in the study. Using a fresh gas flow of 1 l.min1, the ratio of inspired desflurane concentration to desflurane vaporizer setting was found to be approximately 0.75 after 9 min of anaesthesia and at 2 l.min1 fresh gas flow the ratio was approximately 0.9 after 2 min of anaesthesia. These ratios were maintained throughout the procedure, except for a few minutes following each change in vaporizer setting.
Configuration of the SCOTI device with different tracheal tubes
Authors: NANDWANI N. , CARANZA R. , LIN E. S. , RAPHAEL J. H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have evaluated the Sonomatic Confirmation of Tracheal Intubation device (SCOTI) by testing its ability to be correctly configured with a variety of tracheal tubes of differing internal diameter and length. The device only configured correctly for RAE tubes with internal diameter of 7.0 mm or greater and for armoured tubes of internal diameter 8.5 mm. For conventional tubes of varying internal diameter cut to different lengths, configuration was only successful with certain dimensions. The inability to configure the device correctly with all types and lengths of tracheal tubes limits its usefulness as a indicator of tracheal intubation.
Attitudes of consultant anaesthetists to the Caiman proposals: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Dempsey G. A. , Skinner A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe undertook a postal survey to determine the views of all consultant anaesthetists within the North West (Mersey) Regional Health Authority on the Caiman proposals for a consultant‐based service: replies were received from 110 (84%). Fifty (45%) indicated that they would not resume emergency residential duties, 32 (29%) indicated that they would withdraw from the emergency duty rota, 12 (11%) said they would withdraw I retire from the NHS and 27 (25%) would change hospital under these circumstances. Most consultants had experience in the major anaesthetic subspecialties within the preceding 5 years (obstetrics 67%, ITU 81%, major trauma 91%). Consequently the need for retraining amongst consultant anaesthetists prior to resuming residential emergency duties would be low. When questioned about the impact on anaesthetic services, 67 (61%) felt the proposals would be detrimental whilst 23 (21%) fell there would be beneficial effects. Most consultants remain antagonistic toward the Caiman proposals, with a reluctance to return to residential duties.
Distinguishing tectonic from climatic controls on range‐front sedimentation
Authors: Quigley M. C. , Sandiford M. , Cupper M. L. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTGeologic and chronometric studies of alluvial fan sequences in south‐central Australia provide insights into the roles of tectonics and climate in continental landscape evolution. The most voluminous alluvial fans in the Flinders Ranges region have developed adjacent to catchments uplifted by Plio‐Quaternary reverse faults, implying that young tectonic activity has exerted a first‐order control on long‐term sediment accumulation rates along the range front. However, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of alluvial fan sequences indicates that late Quaternary facies changes and intervals of sediment aggradation and dissection are not directly correlated with individual faulting events. Fan sequences record a transition from debris flow deposition and soil formation to clast‐supported conglomeritic sedimentation by ∼30 ka. This transition is interpreted to reflect a landscape response to increasing climatic aridity, coupled with large flood events that episodically stripped previously weathered regolith from the landscape. Late Pleistocene to Holocene cycles of fan incision and aggradation post‐date the youngest‐dated surface ruptures and are interpreted to reflect changes in the frequency and magnitude of large floods. These datasets indicate that tectonic activity controlled long‐term sediment supply but climate governed the spatial and temporal patterns of range‐front sedimentation. Mild intraplate tectonism appears to have influenced Plio‐Quaternary sedimentation patterns across much of the southern Australian continent, including the geometry and extent of alluvial fans and sea‐level incursions.
Calculating the costs of local authority care for children with contrasting needs
Authors: Ward Harriet , Holmes Lisa 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTActivity data from practitioners can be combined with financial data to develop unit costs for the eight processes that underpin social work activity for children looked after away from home. The frequency and duration of processes can then be calculated, and the data are used to cost different pathways through care. Costs vary according to children's needs, types of placements and local policies and practices. Combinations of need add to costs. This paper compares the costs accrued by children who show no evidence of additional support needs with a group of troubled children with emotional or behavioural difficulties who also commit offences. The latter show the most costly care pathways and also appear to experience the least positive outcomes, leading us to question whether different configurations of services might better meet their needs.
Abnormal heart rate recovery after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing in young overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Giallauria Francesco , Palomba Stefano , Manguso Francesco , Vitelli Alessandra , Maresca Luigi , Tafuri Domenico , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria , Vigorito Carlo , Orio Francesco 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a measure derived from exercise test, defined as the fall in heart rate during the first minute after maximal exercise. Abnormal HRR is a measure of autonomic dysfunction associated with an increased mortality. This study was performed to evaluate the HRR in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Design  Prospective controlled clinical study.Patients  Seventy‐five PCOS women compared to 75 healthy women matched for age (21·7 ± 2·1 years vs. 21·9 ± 1·8 years, respectively) and body mass index (BMI) (29·0 ± 2·6 kg/m2 vs. 29·1 ± 2·9 kg/m2, respectively).Measurements  Subjects were studied for their hormonal and metabolic profile, and underwent cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX).Results  PCOS women showed a significantly reduced HRR (12·9 ± 1·8 vs. 20·4 ± 3·1 beats/min, P < 0·001) compared to healthy controls, an impairment in maximal oxygen consumption (18·0 ± 2·3 ml/kg/min vs. 29·3 ± 3·9 ml/kg/min) and in oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold (13·6 ± 2·6 ml/kg/min vs. 24·2 ± 3·0 ml/kg/min). In PCOS women, abnormal HRR was inversely correlated to BMI (r = −0·582, P < 0·001) and to the area under the curve for insulin (r = −0·596, P < 0·001).Conclusions  Our data demonstrate an abnormal HRR after maximal CPX in young overweight PCOS patients, and that HRR should be investigated as a further potential marker of increased cardiovascular risk in PCOS.
Total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels and measures of glucose and lipid metabolism following pioglitazone treatment in a randomized placebo‐controlled study in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Glintborg Dorte , Frystyk Jan , Højlund Kurt , Andersen Kristian Kjær , Henriksen Jan Erik , Hermann Anne Pernille , Hagen Claus , Flyvbjerg Allan , Andersen Marianne 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  Recent studies suggested that the effect of adiponectin on insulin‐stimulated glucose metabolism is mediated primarily by the high molecular weight (HMW) form of adiponectin. In the present study we evaluated total and HMW adiponectin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and controls and examined possible mechanisms for increased insulin sensitivity during pioglitazone treatment.Study subjects  Thirty PCOS patients randomized to pioglitazone, 30 mg/day, or placebo for 16 weeks and 14 weight‐matched healthy females were studied.Design  Total and HMW adiponectin levels were measured, and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps and indirect calorimetry were performed. Δ‐values denoted changes during pioglitazone treatment (16 weeks – basal).Results  Pretreatment adiponectin levels were decreased in PCOS patients vs. controls (P < 0·05), whereas no significant differences were found in HMW adiponectin levels. Following pioglitazone treatment, total and HMW adiponectin increased (all P < 0·05), whereas no significant changes were observed with placebo. Δ‐total adiponectin levels correlated positively with the rate of Δ‐insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) (r = 0·89) and Δ‐oxidative glucose metabolism (r = 0·71) and inversely with Δ‐fasting free fatty acid (FFA) levels (r = –0·69) and Δ‐lipid oxidation (r = –0·73) during insulin stimulation (all P < 0·01). Weaker correlations were found between Δ‐HMW adiponectin levels and Δ‐measures of glucose and lipid metabolism during insulin stimulation than with Δ‐total adiponectin.Conclusion  A close correlation between increased total adiponectin levels and increased insulin‐stimulated glucose metabolism during pioglitzone treatment supports the hypothesis that the insulin‐sensitizing effect of pioglitazone in PCOS is, at least in part, mediated by adiponectin. Measures of changes in HMW adiponectin did not add further information to this relationship.
Evaluation of CDKN2C/p18, CDKN1B/p27 and CDKN2B/p15 mRNA expression, and CpG methylation status in sporadic and MEN1‐associated pancreatic endocrine tumours
Authors: Lindberg Daniel , Åkerström Göran , Westin Gunnar 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  Menin, encoded by the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene at 11q13, enhances transcription of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CDIs), CDKN2C (p18) and CDKN1B (p27) in mouse pancreatic islets, and inactivation of menin reduced CDKN2B (p15) expression in this mouse model. Here, we have compared the relative mRNA expression level and CpG methylation status of p18, p27 and p15 in 18 pancreatic endocrine tumours (PETs) with or without MEN1 gene mutations.Design  Real‐time quantitative PCR, DNA sequencing and pyrosequencing methylation analysis were employed.Results  The p18 gene was expressed in 15 out of the 18 analysed PETs. The expression level was within the range of the normal pancreatic tissues or higher. Of the three remaining tumours with no expression, two displayed loss of heterozygocity (LOH) at 11q13, one derived from a MEN1 patient. The p27 gene was expressed in all PETs at a level higher than the normal pancreatic tissues, except for one tumour. Promoter methylation was not detected for p18 and p27. p15 expression was undetectable in 8/18 (44%) of the PETs, and no general relations to tumour syndrome, malignancy or MEN1 gene mutations were evident. This was not due to homozygous gene deletions, but the p15 promoter was hypermethylated in two insulinomas. No mutations were found in the p15 gene.Conclusions  Expression of p15, p18 and p27 was not generally related to the MEN1 gene mutational status of the investigated 18 PETs. The p15 gene was silenced by promoter hypermethylation in two tumours. Dysregulation of menin and the CDIs are important in PET tumorigenesis, and their interrelations remain to be elucidated.
The fracture and osteoporosis outpatient clinic: an effective strategy for improving implementation of an osteoporosis guideline
Authors: Van Helden Svenhjalmar , Cauberg Evelyne , Geusens Piet , Winkes Bjorn , Van Der Weijden Trudy , Brink Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground  Clinical screening for osteoporosis in women aged over 50 years following a fracture is advocated by all guidelines on osteoporosis, but such attitude is widely reported to be inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a strategy comparing referral for a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan as part of the osteoporosis guideline by a dedicated osteoporosis nurse with referral in hospitals without the presence of an osteoporosis nurse.Methods  We retrospectively compared one reference hospital with five surrounding hospitals in the Netherlands. During a 2‐week period, all female patients aged over 50 years who presented with a fracture at the emergency department of the six hospitals were included. Follow‐up was minimal 11 weeks. The primary outcome was the referral for DXA measurement.Results  In total, 135 patients were included, of whom 33 were seen in the reference hospital and 102 in the surrounding hospitals. In both groups, mean age and fracture location were similar. In the reference hospital, 14 patients qualified for DXA measurement, of whom 10 patients effectively underwent a DXA scan (71%). In the surrounding hospitals, 78 patients qualified for DXA measurement, of whom only three effectively underwent a DXA scan (4%). Taking into account a refusal percentage for DXA of 33% as was found in the reference centre, 47 patients in the surrounding hospitals should have been qualified for DXA measurement. Thus, successful referral in the surrounding hospitals was three out of 47 (6%) patients. The presence of an osteoporosis nurse did have a significant influence on the amount of DXA scans after fractures [RR 11 (95% CI: 3.6–35.1)].Conclusions  This study indicates that referral for DXA is low in surrounding hospitals, and suggests that the presence of an osteoporosis nurse in the reference hospital significantly increased the number of patients receiving adequate osteoporosis screening with DXA measurement after a recent fracture. With this strategy patients who are at risk of osteoporosis are identified effectively, after which treatment can be started, in order to reduce the risk of future fractures.
Home enteral tube feeding in patients with inherited metabolic disorders: safety issues
Authors: Evans S. , MacDonald A. , Daly A. , Hopkins V. , Holden C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground  Many children with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD), at risk of hypoglycaemia and metabolic decompensation, are dependent on long‐term home overnight enteral tube feeding but its safety issues have not been evaluated.Objective  To identify common safety issues and carer pressures for patients with IMD on home enteral tube feeds (HETF).Methods  Thirty‐four patients (53% male; median age 4.1, range: 1.2–15.8 years), with IMD on home continuous overnight tube feeds were recruited. They were all following specialized feeding regimens. A questionnaire, administered by face‐to‐face interview with carers identified family members involved in feeding, training they received; child safety issues; equipment reliability and carer night time disturbance.Results  The principal problems were: carer sleep disturbance (100%); tube entanglement (71%); untrained secondary carers (71%); faulty pumps (50%); tube blockages (45%); faulty equipment (32%); and child tampering with pumps and feeding equipment (29%).Conclusions  Significant risks for children on HETF with IMD were identified, potentially leading to metabolic decompensation and hospitalization. The safety of feeding equipment, lack of training of extended family members and practical support for carers requires urgent attention.
Quantitative analysis of surface micro‐roughness alterations in human spermatozoa using atomic force microscopy
Authors: KUMAR SUNIL , CHAUDHURY KOEL , SEN PRASENJIT , GUHA SUJOY K. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA new male contraceptive given the name RISUG® (an acronym for Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance) has been developed by our research group. RISUG® is a bioactive polymer and is injected into the lumen of the vas deferens using a no‐scalpel approach. The polyelectrolytic nature of this contraceptive induces a surface charge imbalance on sperm membrane system leading to its destabilization. Complete disintegration of the plasma membrane with subsequent rupture and dispersion of the acrosomal contents is observed on RISUG® treatment. In the present study, micro‐structural properties of human spermatozoa exposed to RISUG®in vitro have been quantitatively analysed using atomic force microscopy. The parameters used to quantify these morphological changes include amplitude (peak–valley height difference, arithmetic roughness, root mean square roughness) and spatial roughness. Factor loadings (Varimax rotation) have been used to determine the parameters displaying maximum variation. Further, sperm cells have been classified in various principal‐component planes using principal‐component analysis. The periodic structural features of the atomic force microscopy images have also been obtained using power spectral analysis.