bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose escalation for insufficient response to standard-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder
Authors: Ruhé Henricus G. , Huyser Jochanan , Swinkels Jan A. , Schene Aart H. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundAlthough selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently used for major depressive disorder, only 50–60% of patients respond to a standard dose. For non-responders, dose escalation is often applied.AimTo systematically review the evidence for dose escalation of SSRIs.MethodA systematic literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycInfo was performed. Randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses investigating dose escalation of SSRIs were identified. Relevant articles were retrieved and critically appraised. Results were summarised in an evidence table. Pooling was not justified because of heterogeneity of the identified studies.ResultsEight true dose-escalation studies and three meta-analyses were identified. The available data provided no unequivocal base for dose escalation. Dose escalation before 4 weeks of treatment at a standard dose appeared to be ineffective.ConclusionsDose escalation of SSRIs is equivocally supported by evidence of randomised controlled trials; methodological difficulties in the studies may account for this lack of evidence.
Functional Design of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Ionic liquids, molten salts at temperatures lower than 100 °C, preferably below room temperature, are unique liquids having very different characteristics from ordinary molecular liquids. Since these ionic liquids are prepared by coupling relatively large organic ions, there are many chances to create novel functionalities by changing structure of component ions. To develop such novel and functional ionic liquids, we first developed a facile preparation method, i.e., neutralization of tertiary amines with organic acids. By this convenient method, we prepared hundreds of salts having low melting points. We, then, tried to prepare ionic salts containing small ions such as lithium cation, proton, or chloride anion. Because small ions received stronger electrostatic force due to higher surface charge density, which results in the formation of salts with higher melting points, case must be taken. Ionic liquids containing halogen-free salts are another interesting subject to challenge from the viewpoint of environmentally friendly materials. Heteroaromatic rings such as azolates gave excellent ionic liquids having very low viscosity by coupling with suitable cations. Amino acids have also been used as anions to prepare salts with low melting points or amorphous glasses. They are helpful to analyze the relationship between ion structure and characteristics of the salts. Zwitterions, in which both cation and anion were tethered with a covalent bond, were prepared to function as ionic liquids. These ions should not migrate under a potential gradient and should be an excellent ion conductive matrix for added ions. Tethering of ions caused the Tm to be high, and the zwitterions with melting points around room temperature have not been synthesized yet. However, lots of solid zwitterions became liquids by adding suitable solid salts or acid such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. In this mixture, lithium cations had a transport number higher than 0.5, meaning that the lithium cations are the major mobile ions in the mixture. Some of the functionality is achieved by dimension control, such as polymerization of ions, and so on. Other functional modifications and design of ionic liquids are also mentioned.
Ultrasonic and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Acetonitrile with Some Amides at Different Temperatures
Authors: Nain Anil Kumar 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Ultrasonic speeds (u) and viscosities (η) of binary mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) with formamide (FA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylacetamide (NMA), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range expressed by mole fraction x1 of ACN (0 ≤ x1 ≤ 1) were measured at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K. From the experimental data, the deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δks), in ultrasonic speed (Δu), and in viscosity (Δη), and partial molar compressibilities, ( and ) for ACN in amide and amide in ACN at infinite dilution, respectively, were calculated. The variation of these parameters with composition and temperature of the mixtures are discussed in terms of the molecular interactions in these mixtures. It was observed that the ACN–amide interaction in these mixtures follows the order: FA &gt; NMA &gt; DMA &gt; DMF. The effect of the number and position of the methyl group on the amide on the molecular interactions in these mixtures is also discussed. Finally, the free energy (ΔG*), enthalpies (ΔH*), and entropies (ΔS*) of activation of viscous flow have also been obtained by using Eyring’s viscosity equation, and the dependence of ΔG*, ΔH*, and ΔS* on composition of the mixtures is also discussed.
Chemically Driven Tension Fluctuation and Motion of Interface with Divalent Cation and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid
Authors: Shioi Akihisa , Yamada Kanako , Shiota Runa , Hase Fumie , Ban Takahiko 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Fluctuation in the interfacial tension in an oil/water interface composed of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) and divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) were investigated. Only a combination of Ca2+ and DEHPA caused noticeable tension fluctuation and spontaneous interfacial flow. Light-scattering experiments and the extraction of cations with DEHPA indicated that both a high reactivity between cation and DEHPA, of which only Ca2+ had a high reactivity, and strong attractive interactions between M(DEHP)2 molecules were required for fluctuation. These may induce a collective desorption of Ca(DEHP)2. This was supported by the observation of alternating pH-change with m-Cresol Purple. An N-shape dependency of interfacial pressure on the DEHPA concentration was observed only for Ca-containing interface. Due to this dependency, there was a DEHPA concentration range in the interfacial pressure vs the concentration curve, which satisfies two different conditions. First, the dependency of the interfacial pressure on the concentration is negative, and second, there are other two concentrations with the same interfacial pressure value. The DEHPA concentration range involving tension fluctuation almost agreed with the concentration range, which is discussed. The interface may be a chemical generator predicted by Vedove and Sanfeld.
Adsorption-Equilibrium Surface Tension of Surfactant Solutions; Examination by the Drop Volume Method
Authors: Matsuki Hitoshi , Yamanaka Michio , Yamashita Yuji , Kaneshina Shoji 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The surface tension of aqueous solutions of cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants was measured as a function of the size of drop formed under the tip of a glass capillary and the time for which the drop is allowed to stand by a previously developed apparatus based on the drop volume method. The surface tension of cationic and nonionic surfactant solutions was slightly dependent on the drop size and the adsorption time at low concentrations, and we could easily obtain the adsorption-equilibrium surface tension values by use of an intact capillary. However, the surface tension of anionic surfactant solutions showed a strong dependence on these factors, and the equilibrium surface tension values could not be obtained by use of the intact capillary at all. This situation was drastically improved by use of the water-repellent capillary coated with a silane-coupling reagent. We proposed that the equilibrium surface tension value of surfactant solutions can be determined by adopting the adsorption time at which the surface tension value becomes constant on the surface tension vs the drop size curves. Further, the conditions under which the equilibrium surface tension value of surfactant solutions could be acquired by means of the drop volume method were quite different than those of the Wilhelmy plate method.
Flux Growth and Characterization of Photocatalytic Na2Ti6O13 Whiskers
Authors: Teshima Katsuya , Yubuta Kunio , Sugiura Shiori , Suzuki Takaomi , Shishido Toetsu , Oishi Shuji 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
High quality, hexagonal prismatic Na2Ti6O13 whiskers were easily grown by the slow-cooling of a NaCl flux. Whisker growth was conducted by heating a mixture of solute (Na2CO3 + TiO2) and flux (NaCl) at 1100 °C and held at this temperature for 10 h, and then the mixture was cooled at a rate of 5 °C h−1 to 500 °C. The Na2Ti6O13 whiskers had average lengths of up to 100 μm and widths of up to 2.0 μm and were transparent and colorless. The whiskers were hexagonal prisms bounded by well-developed {010}, {100}, {001}, and {} faces. The whiskers exhibited good photocatalytic activity under UV light irradiation. Sodium chloride was found to be a very suitable flux for environmental friendly growth of photocatalytic whiskers.
Syntheses, Structures, and O2-Reactivities of Copper(I) Complexes with Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and Bis(2-quinolylmethyl)amine Tridentate Ligands
Authors: Kunishita Atsushi , Osako Takao , Tachi Yoshimitsu , Teraoka Junji , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The structure and O2-reactivity of the copper(I) complexes supported by bis[(6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]amine tridentate ligands (L5R) and bis(2-quinolylmethyl)amine tridentate ligands (L6R) have been investigated in detail in order to get insights into the steric effects of the tridentate ligands on copper(I)/O2 chemistry. In the cases of benzyl amine and phenethyl amine derivatives [R = –CH2Ph (Bz) and –CH2CH2Ph (Phe)], the reaction between the ligands and [CuI(CH3CN)4]+ gave the corresponding copper(I)–acetonitrile complexes having a distorted tetrahedral geometry. On the other hand, the 2,2-diphenylethyl amine derivative L6R [R = –CH2CHPh2 (PhePh)] afforded a copper(I) complex without an ancillary ligand (CH3CN) and having intramolecular d–π interaction between the copper(I) ion and the phenyl group of the alkyl substituent PhePh. The acetonitrile complexes were then converted to the corresponding CO-complexes by reacting with CO gas. The X-ray structures of all CO-complexes have been determined, and the complexes have a similar distorted tetrahedral geometry. In addition, the 6-phenyl group of L5R imparts a large steric effect on the metal-binding. The CO-complexes were converted to the copper(I) complexes without having any ancillary ligands in order to examine their O2-reactivity. Significantly large differences in O2-reactivity were found among the copper(I) complexes. On the basis of O2-reactivity together with the X-ray structures and the oxidation potentials of the copper(I) complexes, the steric effects of the hetero-aromatic donor groups (6-substituted pyridine and quinoline) as well as the alkyl substituents (R) are discussed in detail.
Sulfur-Bridged Dinuclear and Tetranuclear Complexes Consisting of cis-[Ru(bpy)2]2+ and cis-[Ni(aet)2] Units
Authors: Yoshimura Takashi , Shinohara Atsushi , Hirotsu Masakazu , Ueno Keiji , Konno Takumi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The 1:1 reaction of [Ru(bpy)2(solvent)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) with [Ni(aet)2] (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) gave a S-bridged RuII2NiII2 tetranuclear complex with an eight-membered Ru2Ni2S4 metallacycle, [{Ru(bpy)2}2{Ni(aet)2}2]4+, while a S-bridged RuIINiII dinuclear complex with a four-membered RuNiS2 metallacycle, [Ru(bpy)2{Ni(aet)2}]2+, was obtained by the corresponding 1:2 reaction between [Ru(bpy)2(solvent)2]2+ and [Ni(aet)2].
Formation of 2,2′-Diacyl-9,9′-bifluorenylidene Isomers from 2-Acyl-9-bromofluorene and Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of the Formed Alkenes
Authors: Minabe Masahiro , Yamazaki Ayumi , Imai Toshinobu , Takanezawa Takumi , Karikomi Michinori 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We studied the formation of 2,2′-diacyl-9,9′-bifluorenylidene from 2-acyl-9-bromofluorene. The E-isomer was obtained mainly when the acyl group was a short alkyl chain, such as an acetyl group, and Z-isomer was isolated predominantly when a long acyl chain such as stearoyl group was attached. 9,9′-Bifluorenylidene was formed via anti elimination of hydrogen bromide from the intermediate 9-bromo-9,9′-bifluorenyl. This indicated that the stereochemistry of 2,2′-diacyl-9,9′-bifluorenylidene was determined by the configuration of 9-bromo-9,9′-bifluorenyl isomers, giving Z- and E-isomers in a ratio of 1:1. Facile base-catalyzed Z/E isomerization of 9,9′-bifluorenylidenes followed the formation of the alkenes, which showed different stereoselectivity depending upon the length of the acyl side-chain. On the other hand, thermal treatment of 2,2′-diacyl-9,9′-bifluorenylidene afforded a ca. 1:1 mixture of Z- and E-isomers, suggesting that thermal isomerization took place through a different pathway than base-catalyzed isomerization.
Tests on Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Flat Plate with T-shaped Column Connections
Authors: Cai Jian , Li Guangxing , Yang Chun , Lin Fan 
Published: November 2006

Experiments on six full-scale concrete flat plates with T-shaped column connections subjected to discrete gravity loads are reported. One of the slab specimens had ordinary bonded reinforcement only, while the remaining five were post-tensioned by unbonded tendons with various effective prestressing stresses. The effects of other parameters such as slab thickness and top flexural reinforcement ratio were also investigated. All specimens were loaded to failure, so that failure modes and the ultimate load capacity of the connections were obtained. The strain characteristics of reinforcement and the development of the stresses in the unbonded tendons during testing were recorded. All experimental results showed a combined failure mode, but the flexural failure mode of the slab dominated in all specimens. At final stages, punching shear failure surfaces emerged in the slabs suddenly adjacent to the T-shaped columns. Such a failure surface was local and not continuous around the column as is the case for a square column connection. The test results showed that the prestressed concrete specimens keep significant ductility and have a higher resistance to punching shear failure. In general, the punching shear resistance of the slabs increased with increase in the prestressing force. The punching shear strength test results were compared with the practical predictions stated in worldwide codes such as ACI 318–02, Eurocode 2 and GB 50010. Because of the conservative approaches adopted in these codes, the calculated load capacities of the slabs are significantly underestimated when taking into account the effect of shear reinforcement. However, in good agreement the whole concrete capacity is taken into account, the experimental loads and calculated loads were achieved when the shear reinforcement was ignored. It is recommended that the formulae proposed by the three codes are suitable for adaptation for practical connection design.
Quantitative High-Resolution CpG Island Mapping with Pyrosequencing™ Reveals Disease-Specific Methylation Patterns of the CDKN2B Gene in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Brakensiek Kai , Wingen Luzie U , Länger Florian , Kreipe Hans , Lehmann Ulrich 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background: Gene silencing through aberrant CpG island methylation is the most extensively analyzed epigenetic event in human tumorigenesis and has huge diagnostic and prognostic potential. Methylation patterns are often very heterogeneous, however, presenting a serious challenge for the development of methylation assays for diagnostic purposes.
Methods: We used Pyrosequencing™ technology to determine the methylation status of 68 CpG sites in the CpG island of the CDKN2B gene [cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (p15, inhibits CDK4)], frequently hypermethylated in myeloid malignancies, in a series of bone marrow samples from patients with myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia (n = 82) and from 32 controls. A total of 7762 individual methylation sites were quantitatively evaluated. Precision and reproducibility of the quantification was evaluated with several overlapping primers.
Results: The use of optimized sequencing primers and the new Pyro Q-CpG™ software enabled precise and reproducible quantification with a single sequencing primer of up to 15 CpG sites distributed over ∼100 bp. Extensive statistical analyses of the whole CpG island revealed for the first time disease-specific methylation patterns of the CDKN2B gene in myeloid malignancies and small regions of differential methylation with high discriminatory power that enabled differentiation of even low-grade myelodysplastic syndrome samples from the controls, a result that was confirmed in an independent group of 9 control and 36 patient samples.
Conclusion: The precise quantitative methylation mapping of whole CpG islands is now possible with Pyrosequencing software in combination with optimized sequencing primers. This method reveals disease-specific methylation patterns and enables the development of specific diagnostic assays.
Fatigue Prediction of Lightweight Thermoplastic Fiber-Metal Laminates
Authors: Kang H. , Reyes-Villanueva G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLightweight thermoplastic-based fiber-metal laminates were developed based on a self-reinforced polypropylene and a glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite material with two sheets of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. The laminates were manufactured using a fast one step cold press manufacturing procedure. The mechanical behavior of the laminates was then investigated under tensile and fatigue loading conditions. The tensile properties of the plain aluminum, the composite materials, and the thermoplastic fiber-metal laminates (TFML) were investigated at quasi-static rates of loading. The fatigue tests were also conducted under load control based on the ASTM E 466 standard procedure. Various loading cycles were employed for the fatigue tests in order to minimize the possibility of heat generation on the composite materials. Three different load levels were applied for the fatigue specimens with zero to max loading. Results have shown that the glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid systems exhibited higher fatigue strength than the self-reinforced polypropylene based fiber-metal laminates. Following this, a simple prediction method for fatigue life of the TFMLs has been introduced. It is clearly indicated that the stress ranges calculated using the proposed method for the monolithic AL2024-T3 and the TFMLs are very similar at the same cycles to failure.
Ion interaction (SIT) coefficients for the Th4+ion and trace activity coefficients in NaClO4, NaNO3and NaCl solution determined by solvent extraction with TBP
Authors: Neck Volker , Altmaier M. , Fanghänel Thomas 
Published: November 2006

Trace activity coefficients of the Th4+ion in dilute to concentrated NaClO4, NaNO3and NaCl solutions ([H+]=0.01−0.02 M) have been determined at 22 °C from liquid-liquid phase equilibria with 10−50 vol.% TBP inn-dodecane. Using the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) to describe these equilibria as a function of the medium electrolyte concentration, the following ion interaction coefficients are calculated: ε(Th4+, ClO4-)=0.70±0.06 kg/mol and ε(Th4+, NO3-) = 0.31±0.12 kg/mol. The latter value differs considerably from ε(Th4+, NO3-) = 0.11±0.02 kg/mol used in the NEA-TDB. The low distribution coefficients atmNaCl<3 mol/kg do not allow the linear SIT extrapolation toI=0, but the equilibrium constants in 2.5−5.0 m NaCl are compatible with the NEA-TDB value of ε(Th4+, Cl-)=0.25±0.03 kg/mol.The SIT coefficients determined for the Th4+ion follow the linear correlations between known values of ε(MZ+, NO3-), ε(MZ+, Cl-) and ε(MZ+, ClO4-) for non-complexed cations MZ+withZ=1−4, including ε(Pu4+, ClO4-)=0.82±0.07 kg/mol and ε(Pu4+, Cl-)=0.37±0.05 kg/mol calculated from data accepted in the NEA-TDB. The interaction coefficients in the series of the tetravalent actinide ions show a slight systematic dependence on the ionic radius.
Oxidation and dissolution rates of UO2(s) in carbonate-rich solutions under external alpha irradiation and initially reducing conditions
Authors: Suzuki Tomo , Abdelouas A. , Grambow Bernd , Mennecart Thierry , Blondiaux G. 
Published: November 2006

This paper describes the effects of aqueous carbonate concentrations on the UO2 oxidation and dissolution rates under an alpha beam irradiation in a cyclotron. As solid samples, UO2 colloids were synthesized by nano-particle precipitation. The specific surface area obtained is 85.3 m2/g. All aqueous solutions were buffered in the pH range 8<pH<9.
The observation of particles under TEM and X-ray diffraction showed well-crystallized UO2. Molecular radiolysis products such as H2O2 and carbonate degradation products where analysed. Solution analysis of dissolved uranium and of radiolytically generated H2O2 allowed to deduce dissolution rates of UO2 as well as H2O2 consumption rates (deduced from the H2O2 concentrations in presence of UO2 colloids and those in irradiated blank solutions). In absence of carbonate, the dissolution rates of UO2 are much lower than the H2O2 consumption rates. The difference is explained by the oxidation of uranium(IV) at the UO2/solution interface (e.g. formation of U3O7). In contrast, in the presence of carbonate (up to 4×10-2 mol/L), the dissolution rates of UO2 are similar to H2O2 consumption rates. In this case the oxidized uranium is complexed with carbonate ions resulting in highly soluble species as indicated by the geochemical model PHREEQC calculations [UO2(CO3)3
4 -]. The high carbonate concentration did not affect the H2O2 formation/consumption rates. Radiolytic decomposition of carbonate ions and formation of organic radiolytic degradation products were negligible.
The results indicate that under the present experimental conditions, UO2 oxidation by H2O2 and UO2 dissolution are connected as a sequential reaction: for a given H2O2 concentration, UO2 oxidation occurs at a constant rate. At low carbonate concentration, the dissolution of oxidized UO2 is slower than the oxidation rate (hence oxidation is not rate limiting), while at high carbonate concentrations all oxidized UO2 becomes immediately dissolved and UO2 oxidation becomes rate limiting for UO2 dissolution. This mechanism is in agreement with that proposed in the Matrix Alteration Model (MAM).
Np(V)O2+sorption on hydroxyapatite-effect of calcium and phosphate anions
Authors: Thakur P. , Moore Robert C. , Choppin Gregory R. 
Published: November 2006

The sorption of NpO2+from aqueous solution on hydroxyapatite was studied as a function of the amount of sorbent, initial NpO2+concentration, ionic strength and pcH. The hydroxyapatite was characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR and ICP-MS measurements. At ionic strengths of 0.10 to 5.00 M NaClO4, the sorption increased with increased pcH to a maximum between pcH 8−8.5, then decreased as the pcH increased.The kinetics of NpO2+sorption on hydroxyapatite followed Lagergren first order kinetics. The temperature dependence of sorption was small in the range of 273−283 K, but increased more sharply at higher temperatures of 298−333 K. The heat of sorption of NpO2+was endothermic and the free energy values were exothermic indicating large, positive entropy. The activation energy for the sorption process was calculated to be 29.52±1.2 kJ/mole. The effect of calcium and phosphate on NpO2+sorption was studied as a function of concentration and pcH.