bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sialic Acid-Binding Immunoglobulin-Like Lectin 7 Mediates Selective Recognition of Sialylated Glycans Expressed on
Campylobacter jejuni
Lipooligosaccharides
Authors: Avril Tony , Wagner Eric R. , Willison Hugh J. , Crocker Paul R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

siglecs are a family of sialic-acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins mostly expressed by cells of the immune system that have the potential to interact with sialylated glycans expressed not only on host cells but also on certain pathogens.
Campylobacter jejuni
is a common pathogen of humans that expresses surface lipooligosaccharides (LOS) that can be modified with ganglioside-like terminal structures in the core oligosaccharides. In this study, we examined the interaction of 10 siglecs with LOS purified from four different
C. jejuni
isolates expressing GM1-like, GD1a-like, GD3-like, and GT1a-like oligosaccharides. Of all siglecs examined, only Siglec-7 exhibited specific, sialic acid-dependent interactions with
C. jejuni
LOS in solid-phase binding assays. Binding was especially prominent with LOS from the HS:19(GM1
+
GT1a
+
) isolate, with weaker binding with LOS from the HS:19(GD3
+
) isolate. Binding of Siglec-7 was also observed with intact bacteria expressing these LOS structures. Specific binding of HS:19(GM1
+
GT1a
+
) bacteria was demonstrated with Siglec-7 expressed on transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and with peripheral blood leukocytes, among which HS:19(GM1
+
GT1a
+
) bacteria bound selectively to both natural killer cells and monocytes which naturally express Siglec-7. These results raise the possibility that, in addition to their role in generating autoimmune antibody responses,
C. jejuni
LOS could interact with Siglec-7 expressed by leukocytes, modulate the host-pathogen interaction, and contribute to the clinical outcome and the development of secondary complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Protein Expression Profiles of
Chlamydia pneumoniae
in Models of Persistence versus Those of Heat Shock Stress Response
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sanghamitra , Miller Richard D. , Sullivan Erin D. , Theodoropoulos Christina , Mathews Sarah A. , Timms Peter , Summersgill James T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Chlamydia pneumoniae
is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes both acute and chronic human disease. Several in vitro models of chlamydial persistence have been established to mimic chlamydial persistence in vivo. We determined the expression patterns of 52
C. pneumoniae
proteins, representing nine functional subgroups, from the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) treatment (primarily tryptophan limitation) and iron limitation (IL) models of persistence compared to those following heat shock (HS) at 42°C. Protein expression patterns of
C. pneumoniae
persistence indicates a strong stress component, as evidenced by the upregulation of proteins involved in protein folding, assembly, and modification. However, it is clearly more than just a stress response. In IFN persistence, but not IL or HS, amino acid and/or nucleotide biosynthesis proteins were found to be significantly upregulated. In contrast, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cofactors, cellular processes, energy metabolism, transcription, and translation showed an increased in expression in only the IL model of persistence. These data represent the most extensive protein expression study of
C. pneumoniae
comparing the chlamydial heat shock stress response to two models of persistence and identifying the common and unique protein level responses during persistence.
FIFA’s approach to doping in football
Authors: Dvorak J , Graf-Baumann T , D’Hooghe M , Kirkendall D , Taennler H , Saugy M 
Published: June 2006

Background and objectives:FIFA’s anti-doping strategy relies on education and prevention. A worldwide network of physicians guarantees doping control procedures that are straightforward and leave no place for cheating. FIFA actively acknowledges its responsibility to protect players from harm and ensure equal chances for all competitors by stringent doping control regulations, data collection of positive samples, support of research, and collaboration with other organisations. This article aims to outline FIFA’s approach to doping in football.Method:Description of FIFA’s doping control regulations and procedures, statistical analysis of FIFA database on doping control, and comparison with data obtained by WADA accredited laboratories as for 2004.Results:Data on positive doping samples per substance and confederation/nation documented at the FIFA medical office from 1994 to 2005 are provided. According to the FIFA database, the incidence of positive cases over the past 11 years was 0.12%, with about 0.42% in 2004 (based on the assumption of 20 750 samples per year) and 0.37% in 2005. Especially important in this regard is the extremely low incidence of the true performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids and stimulants. However, there is a need for more consistent data collection and cross checks among international anti-doping agencies as well as for further studies on specific substances, methods, and procedures. With regard to general health impairments in players, FIFA suggests that principles of occupational medicine should be considered and treatment with banned substances for purely medical reasons should be permitted to enable players to carry out their profession. At the same time, a firm stand has to be taken against suppression of symptoms by medication with the aim of meeting the ever increasing demands on football players.Conclusion:Incidence of doping in football seems to be low, but much closer collaboration and further investigation is needed with regard to banned substances, detection methods, and data collection worldwide.
Testosterone and doping control
Authors: Saudan C , Baume N , Robinson N , Avois L , Mangin P , Saugy M 
Published: June 2006

Background and objectives:Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, modified to enhance its anabolic actions (promotion of protein synthesis and muscle growth). They have numerous side effects, and are on the International Olympic Committee’s list of banned substances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification and characterisation of steroids and their metabolites in the urine but may not distinguish between pharmaceutical and natural testosterone. Indirect methods to detect doping include determination of the testosterone/epitestosterone glucuronide ratio with suitable cut-off values. Direct evidence may be obtained with a method based on the determination of the carbon isotope ratio of the urinary steroids. This paper aims to give an overview of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sport and methods used in anti-doping laboratories for their detection in urine, with special emphasis on doping with testosterone.Methods:Review of the recent literature of anabolic steroid testing, athletic use, and adverse effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids.Results:Procedures used for detection of doping with endogenous steroids are outlined. The World Anti-Doping Agency provided a guide in August 2004 to ensure that laboratories can report, in a uniform way, the presence of abnormal profiles of urinary steroids resulting from the administration of testosterone or its precursors, androstenediol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone or a testosterone metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, or a masking agent, epitestosterone.Conclusions:Technology developed for detection of testosterone in urine samples appears suitable when the substance has been administered intramuscularly. Oral administration leads to rapid pharmacokinetics, so urine samples need to be collected in the initial hours after intake. Thus there is a need to find specific biomarkers in urine or plasma to enable detection of long term oral administration of testosterone.
Erythropoietin and blood doping
Authors: Robinson N , Giraud S , Saudan C , Baume N , Avois L , Mangin P , Saugy M 
Published: June 2006

Objective and method:To outline the direct and indirect approaches in the fight against blood doping in sports, the different strategies that have been used and are currently being used to fight efficiently against blood doping are presented and discussed.Results and conclusions:The paper outlines the different approaches and diagnostic tools that some federations have to identify and target sportspeople demonstrating abnormal blood profiles. Originally blood tests were introduced for medical reasons and for limiting misuse of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). In this way it became possible to prevent athletes with haematocrit levels well above normal, and potentially dangerous for their health, competing in sport. Today, with nearly a decade of blood testing experience, sports authorities should be familiar with some of the limitations and specially the ability of blood tests performed prior to competitions to fight efficiently against the misuse of rHuEPO, blood transfusion, and artificial haemoglobin.
Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice
Authors: Avois L , Robinson N , Saudan C , Baume N , Mangin P , Saugy M 
Published: June 2006

Background and objectives:Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants may be used to reduce tiredness and increase alertness, competitiveness, and aggression. They are more likely to be used in competition but may be used during training to increase the intensity of the training session. There are several potential dangers involving their misuse in contact sports. This paper reviews the three main CNS stimulants, ephedrine, amfetamine, and cocaine, in relation to misuse in sport.Methods:Description of the pharmacology, actions, and side effects of amfetamine, cocaine, and ephedrine.Results:CNS stimulants have psychotropic effects that may be perceived to be ergogenic. Some are prescription drugs, such as Ephedra alkaloids, and there are issues regarding their appropriate therapeutic use. Recently attention has been given to their widespread use by athletes, despite the lack of evidence regarding any ergogenic or real performance benefit, and their potentially serious side effects. Recreational drugs, some of which are illegal (cocaine, amfetamines), are commonly used by athletes and cause potential ergolytic effects. Overall, these drugs are important for their frequent use and mention in anti-doping laboratories statistics and the media, and their potentially serious adverse effects.Conclusions:Doping with CNS stimulants is a real public health problem and all sports authorities should participate in its prevention. Dissemination of information is essential to prevent doping in sport and to provide alternatives. Adequate training and education in this domain should be introduced.
Upregulation of Arginase by H2O2Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Dilation of Coronary Arterioles
Authors: Thengchaisri Naris , Hein Travis W. , Wang Wei , Xu Xin , Li Zhenbo , Fossum Theresa W. , Kuo Lih 
Published: June 2006

Objective—Overproduction of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases. However, mechanism(s) underlying coronary vascular dysfunction induced by H2O2is unclear. We studied the effect of H2O2on dilation of coronary arterioles to endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent agonists.Methods and Results—Porcine coronary arterioles were isolated and pressurized without flow for in vitro study. All vessels developed basal tone and dilated dose-dependently to activators of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (adenosine and ionomycin), cyclooxygenase (arachidonic acid), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (bradykinin). Intraluminal incubation of vessels with H2O2(100 μmol/L, 60 minutes) did not alter basal tone but inhibited vasodilations to adenosine and ionomycin in a manner similar as that by NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. H2O2affected neither endothelium-dependent responses to arachidonic acid and bradykinin nor endothelium-independent dilation to sodium nitroprusside. The inhibited adenosine response was not reversed by removal of H2O2but was restored by excess L-arginine. Inhibition of L-arginine consuming enzyme arginase by α-difluoromethylornithine or Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine also restored vasodilation. Administering deferoxamine, an inhibitor of hydroxyl radical production, prevented the H2O2-induced impairment of vasodilation to adenosine. Western blot and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results indicated that arginase I was upregulated after treating vessels with H2O2.Conclusions—H2O2specifically impairs endothelium-dependent NO-mediated dilation of coronary microvessels by reducing L-arginine availability through upregulation of arginase. The formation of hydroxyl radicals from H2O2may contribute to this process.
On the Time Scale of Nocturnal Boundary Layer Cooling in Valleys and Basins and over Plains
Authors: De Wekker Stephan F. J. , Whiteman C. David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSequences of vertical temperature soundings over flat plains and in a variety of valleys and basins of different sizes and shapes were used to determine cooling-time-scale characteristics in the nocturnal stable boundary layer under clear, undisturbed weather conditions. An exponential function predicts the cumulative boundary layer cooling well. The fitting parameter or time constant in the exponential function characterizes the cooling of the valley atmosphere and is equal to the time required for the cumulative cooling to attain 63.2% of its total nighttime value. The exponential fit finds time constants varying between 3 and 8 h. Calculated time constants are smallest in basins, are largest over plains, and are intermediate in valleys. Time constants were also calculated from air temperature measurements made at various heights on the sidewalls of a small basin. The variation with height of the time constant exhibited a characteristic parabolic shape in which the smallest time constants occurred near the basin floor and on the upper sidewalls of the basin where cooling was governed by cold-air drainage and radiative heat loss, respectively.
The role of registration in ensuring ethical practice
Authors: Orme Joan , Rennie Gavin 
Published: June 2006

English This article compares the processes of registration of social workers in the UK and New Zealand. Its findings are that registration is linked, not to the development of codes of ethics, but to regulation based on codes of conduct. This leads to a discussion of the implications for ethical practice. French Cet article compare les processus d'inscription des travailleurs sociaux au Royaume Uni et en Nouvelle Zélande. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent que l'inscription n'est pas liée au développement d'un code d'éthique mais plutôt à des règles fondées sur un code de conduite. L'article discute des implications pour une pratique éthique. Spanish Se compara el proceso de colegiación de trabajadores sociales en el Reino Unido y en Nueva Zelanda. Se halla que la colegiación está ligada no al desarrollo de códigos éticos, sino a regulaciones basadas en códigos de conducta. De ahí se deriva una exploración de las implicaciones para la práctica ética.
Urban Australian Aboriginal peoples’ experience of human services
Authors: Baldry Eileen , Green Sue , Thorpe Katrina 
Published: June 2006

English Urban Aboriginal communities were asked about their experiences of human services. The misuse of Aboriginal liaison staff, the attitudes of staff and policy-makers, the invisibility of Aboriginal clients, poor communication, lack of access to services, client rights and lack of integration were raised. Respect for Aboriginal persons’ social citizenship is discussed. French Il a été demandé aux communautés aborigènes urbaines de décrire leur expérience des services humains disponibles. Les dilemmes suivants ont été soulevés: une mauvaise utilisation des employés assurant la liaison, certaines attitudes d'employés et de développeurs de politiques, un manque de visibilité de la clientèle aborigène, des communications déficientes, des difficultés d'accès aux services, les droits des clients et un manque d'intégration. Une discussion sur le respect pour la citoyenneté sociale des personnes aborigènes est présentée dans l'article. Spanish Se pidió información a las comunidades aborígenes urbanas sobre sus experiencias como usuarios de los servicios humanos. Se trataron los siguientes temas: el mal uso de los empleados aborígenes en su función conectora, las actitudes de los empleados y políticos, la invisibilidad del cliente aborigen, la mala comunicación, la falta de acceso a los servicios, la falta de integración, y cuestiones de derechos del cliente. Se explora la cuestión de la ciudadanía social de los aborígenes.
Broadening the vision
Authors: Braye Suzy , Preston-Shoot Michael 
Published: June 2006

English In the context of debates about social work’s relationship with individuals, the state and civil society, educators face a challenge. How best to ensure that professional education prepares practitioners to engage with the task of promoting social justice and human rights? This article draws on a systematic knowledge review of learning, teaching and assessment of one key subject area in social work education - that of law - to explore the contribution legal knowledge and skills can make to social work’s engagement with its vision of empowerment and liberation. French Dans le contexte des débats concernant les interactions entre travailleurs sociaux, individus, l'Ütat et la société civile, les éducateurs font face à des défis. Comment s'assurer que la formation professionnelle prépare les futurs praticiens à s'engager dans la promotion de la justice sociale et des droits humains? Cet article est fondé sur une recension systématique des connaissances sur l'apprentissage, l'enseignement et l'évaluation d'un sujet clé dans la formation des travailleurs sociaux, celui du droit. Il explore la contribution que le développement des connaissances et des habiletés en matières légales peut accomplir pour l'implication des travailleurs sociaux dans 'l'empowerment' et la libération, tels que stipulés dans la définition internationale du travail social en tant que vision de ce travail. Spanish Los educadores de trabajo social tienen ante sí un reto: la relación entre individuos, el estado y la sociedad civil 'Cómo asegurarse que la formación profesional ayude a la promoción de la justicia social y los derechos humanos? Se hace una revisión sistemática del aprendizaje, enseñanza y evaluación de un área clave en la formación del trabajador social el de la ley. Se explora cómo el conocimiento y las destrezas legales pueden contribuir a la visión de apoderamiento y liberación propia del trabajo social.
‘Animals Do It Too!’: The Franklin Defence of Meat-Eating
Authors: Telfer Elizabeth 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Franklin defence of meat-eating is the claim that meat-eating is morally permissible because animals eat other animals. I examine five versions of this defence. I argue that two versions, claiming respectively that might is right and that animals deserve to be eaten, can easily be dismissed, and that the version based on a claim that God intends us to eat animals is theologically controversial. I go on to show that the two other versions—one claiming that meat-eating is natural, the other that it is inconsistent to condemn human meat-eating without also trying to prevent animals eating other animals—present some difficulties for the moral vegetarian.
Hypogammaglobulinemia and exacerbated CD8 T-cell–mediated immunopathology in SAP-deficient mice with chronic LCMV infection mimics human XLP disease
Authors: Crotty Shane , McCausland Megan M. , Aubert Rachael D. , Wherry E. John , Ahmed Rafi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe human genetic disease X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), which is caused by mutations in SH2D1A/SAP that encode SLAM-associated protein (SAP), is characterized by an inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hypogammaglobulinemia. It is unclear which aspects of XLP disease are specific to herpesvirus infection and which reflect general immunologic functions performed by SAP. We examined SAP– mice during a chronic LCMV infection, specifically to address the following question: Which SAP deficiency immunologic problems are general, and which are EBV specific? Illness, weight loss, and prolonged viral replication were much more severe in SAP– mice. Aggressive immunopathology was observed. This inability to control chronic LCMV was associated with both CD8 T-cell and B-cell response defects. Importantly, we demonstrate that SAP– CD8 T cells are the primary cause of the immunopathology and clinical illness, because depletion of CD8 T cells blocked disease. This is the first direct demonstration of SAP– CD8 T-cell–mediated immunopathology, confirming 30 years of XLP clinical observations and indirect experimentation. In addition, germinal center formation was extremely defective in chronically infected SAP– animals, and hypogammaglobulinemia was observed. These findings in a chronic viral infection mouse model recapitulate key features of human XLP and clarify SAP's critical role regulating both cellular and humoral immunity.
Dysregulation of IL-15-mediated T-cell homeostasis in TGF-β dominant-negative receptor transgenic mice
Authors: Lucas Philip J. , Kim Seong-Jin , Mackall Crystal L. , Telford William G. , Chu Yu-Waye , Hakim Frances T. , Gress Ronald E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractT-cell subpopulations, defined by their expression of CD4, CD8, naive, and memory cell-surface markers, occupy distinct homeostatic compartments that are regulated primarily by cytokines. CD8+ memory T cells, as defined by CD44hi surface expression, are dependent on IL-15 as a positive regulator of their homeostatic maintenance. Manipulation of IL-15 signaling through gene aberration, overexpression, or receptor alterations has been shown to dramatically affect T-cell homeostasis, with overexpression leading to fatal leukemia. Here we show that TGF-β is the critical negative regulator of murine CD8+ memory T-cell homeostasis with direct opposition to the positive effects of IL-15. This negative regulation is mediated, at least in part, by the ability of TGF-β to modulate expression of the β-chain of the IL-15 receptor, thus establishing a central axis between these 2 cytokines for homeostatic control of CD8+ memory T-cell populations. These data establish TGF-β as a critical and dominant tumor-suppressor pathway opposing IL-15-mediated CD8+ T-cell expansion and potential malignant transformation.