bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulture Capitalism in Antebellum America: The 1841 Federal Bankruptcy Act and the Exploitation of Financial Distress
Authors: Balleisen Edward J. 
Published: April 2006

There is, on an average, annually wrecked upon the Florida coast, about fifty vessels…. The great destruction of property consequent upon this state of things, and the hope of gain, have induced a settlement at Key West, where, to adjudicate upon the wrecked property, a court of admiralty has been established. A large number of vessels, from 20 to 30, are annually engaged as wreckers, lying about this coast to “help the unfortunate,” and to help themselves. These vessels are in many instances owned in whole or in part by the merchants of Key West; the same merchant frequently acts in quadruple capacity of owner of die wrecker, agent for the wreckers, consignee of the captain, andagent for the underwriters. Whose business he transacts with most assiduity, his own, or that of others, may be readily inferred.—“Wrecks, Wrecking, and Wreckees, on Florida Reef,”Hunt's Merchants' Magazine6 (1842): 349.
Relationships of the Brethren with the Mennonites and Quakers, 1708–1865
Authors: Durnbaugh Donald F. 
Published: April 2006

More than seventy-five years ago, Ludwig Keller (1849–1915), German archivist and historian, wrote to the young Mennonite immigrant to the United States, John Horsch (1867–1941), to propose thatjust as in the “Evangelical Alliance” Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, etc., meet from time to time, the Mennonites of the various branches could join with the Quakers, Schwenkfelders, … Dunkers, several branches of the General Baptists, the Hutterian Brethren, several wings of the Presbyterians, etc., in brief all the parties that grew out of old Anabaptism, in an “Old-Evangelical Alliance” [Alt-evangelischen Bunde].
John Humphrey Noyes as the New Adam
Authors: Sandeen Ernest R. 
Published: April 2006

What passes in the world for life and health, is nevertheless a palpable counterfeit. It is at best but a long disease, having sooner or later the same inevitable ghastly termination, death.Forget all past history as forming a standard of hope and expectations.… We must doggedly reject the inferences of past experience.… There is no fanaticism in this position; because in respect to the circumstances which make and govern experience, the world has nothing in common with us.
Thermal degradation of water soluble polymers and their binary blends
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. P. , Madras Giridhar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of five different metal oxides on the pyrolysis of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyacrylamide (PAM), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was investigated using thermogravimetry. The presence of metal oxide did not influence the degradation of PEO while the order of metal oxide on the degradation rate of PAM and PVA was PbO > Co3O4 > CuO > ZnO > Al2O3. The miscibility and the decomposition of PEO–PAM and PVA–PAM blends were also investigated. The blends were found to be immiscible and the presence of one polymer did not influence the degradation of the other polymer in the polymer blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 233–240, 2006
The effect of morphology and chemical characteristics of cellulose reinforcements on the crystallinity of polylactic acid
Authors: Mathew Aji P. , Oksman Kristiina , Sain Mohini 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work has been to study the crystallization behavior of composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and three different types of cellulose reinforcements, viz., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), cellulose fibers (CFs), and wood flour (WF). The primary interest was to determine how the size, chemical composition, and the surface topography of cellulosic materials affect the crystallization of PLA. The studied composite materials were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder and injection‐molded to test samples. The content of cellulose reinforcements were 25% by weight. The MCC and WF were shown to have a better nucleating ability than CFs based on differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy studies. It is difficult to visualize that transcrystallization will occur during melting process and this process is influenced by the morphological and chemical characteristics of the reinforcement. Bulk crystallization seems to be mainly dependent on the processing temperature. The cold crystallization process was shown to improve the thermal stability and storage modulus of the composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 300–310, 2006
Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films: Thermooptical properties, morphology, and gas permeability
Authors: Yeun Jung‐Ho , Bang Geum‐Suk , Park Byung Joon , Ham Shin Kyun , Chang Jin‐Hae 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/saponite nanocomposites were prepared with various clay concentrations with the solution intercalation method. The intercalations of the polymer chains in the clay were examined with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The variations of the dispersion, morphology, thermal properties, and gas permeability of the nanocomposites with clay concentrations in the range of 0–10 wt % were examined. Up to a 5 wt % clay loading, the clay particles were highly dispersed in the PVA matrix without any agglomeration of particles. However, some agglomerated structures formed in the polymer matrix above a 7 wt % clay concentration. The thermal stability of the hybrids increased linearly with increases in the clay loading up to 10 wt %. To measure the oxygen permeability and optical properties of the PVA hybrid films, the PVA hybrid solutions were coated onto both biaxially oriented polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, which were used as polymer substrates. The oxygen permeability values monotonically decreased with increases in the clay loading in the range of 0–10 wt %. The optical properties, such as the haze and gloss of the hybrid films when coated onto the matrix films, were nearly constant, that is, independent of the clay loading. These improvements arose because of the largely nanometer‐scale dispersion of the clay layers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 591–596, 2006
Microwave heating in wood liquefaction
Authors: Kržan Andrej , Kunaver Matjaž 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicrowave radiation was used as the sole heating source to achieve liquefaction of Central European hardwoods, with glycols and organic acid anhydrides, using phosphoric acid as the acid catalyst. Pulsed microwaves of 300–700 W power were applied for 5–20 min. The efficiency of liquefaction increased with higher microwave power, longer radiation time, and higher phosphoric acid addition. With minor amounts of added acid it was possible to achieve complete liquefaction in 20 min. The method was tested for different hardwood types, with a series of glycols and anhydrides, and was found to be generally applicable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1051–1056, 2006
Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites using aminododecanoic acid‐modified clay and a bifunctional compatibilizer
Authors: Hao Jiyuan , Lu Xuehong , Liu Songlin , Khim Lau Soo , Choo Chua Yang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposite (PET/clay) was prepared via in situ polymerization, in which the clay was modified with 12‐aminododecanoic acid (ADA). A compatibilizer containing an amino and an ester group was introduced into the PET/ADA‐clay system, which can attach to ADA‐clay through ionic interaction and be incorporated into PET chains through transesterification. The compatibilizer‐modified ADA‐clay was first formed in a pretreatment process and then participated in polymerization. The compatibilizer, as an intermedium between organoclay and polymer, improved clay dispersion in PET matrix. The PET/clay nanocomposite prepared by this novel method possesses significantly higher storage modulus than does neat PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1057–1064, 2006
Application of nano‐zinc oxide master batch in polybutadiene styrene rubber system
Authors: Jincheng Wang , Yuehui Chen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe properties of nano‐zinc oxide master batch filled butadiene styrene rubber (SBR) systems were researched in comparison with those of common zinc oxide and nano‐zinc oxide filled systems. First, the nano‐zinc oxide master batch was prepared and the cure characteristics of three different kinds of zinc oxide filled SBR composites were studied; second, the mechanical properties and wear resistance were compared; then, the improved mechanical properties were confirmed by dynamic mechanical properties and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the zinc oxide amount reducing mechanism was analyzed. Results show that nano‐zinc oxide master batch filled SBR system has better mechanical properties than those of nano‐zinc oxide and common zinc oxide filled systems, which is due to the improved dispersion by master batch mixing technology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 922–930, 2006
Is the decline of freshwater mussel populations in a regulated coastal river in south‐eastern Australia linked with human modification of habitat?
Authors: Brainwood Meredith , Burgin Shelley , Byrne Maria 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Hawkesbury‐Nepean River provides potable water for 5 million people living in the Sydney basin, and water for agricultural and horticultural production that meets most of Sydney's daily needs for fresh food. Anecdotal evidence indicated that numbers of freshwater mussels have seriously declined in much of the river over recent decades.
A field survey revealed the presence of populations of three species of mussels, Hyridella depressa, Hyridella australis and Velesunio ambiguus in the river. Higher density mussel populations were most common in catchment areas with little human modification to the channel bed or adjacent vegetation communities.
Levels of disturbance of riparian vegetation and, to a lesser degree, land use, were identified as being strongly associated with the absence of mussels from some reaches.
Catchment geomorphology was also shown to be relevant to the abundance, population structure and suite of mussel species present in different geomorphic reaches of the river. Absence of mussels was noted from areas where they had been recorded in previous studies. These results demonstrate that mussel species are under threat in the catchment.
As filter feeders with the ability to remove excess nutrients and bioaccumulate toxic substances, freshwater mussels play an important role in natural remediation processes in freshwater systems.
The decline in mussel populations in the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River highlights concerns for the overall health of the river system, and supports the need to identify the subsidiary impacts of physical habitat modification in developing both riverine and riparian management strategies.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐version resources in digital libraries: Towards user‐centered displays
Authors: Ercegovac Zorana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe author reports findings from experiments with the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA)Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records(FRBR) as applied to the domain of science fiction, Edwin A. Abbott'sFlatland: A Romance of Many Dimensionsin the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) WorldCat. The goal of the study is to gauge the characteristics of bibliographic entities under study, to examine types of relationships these entities exhibit, and to collocate bibliographic entities according to theFRBRgroup 1 hierarchy of entities identified asworks,expressions,manifestations, anditems. The study's findings show that by assembling bibliographic records into interrelated clusters and displaying these according to theFRBRentity‐relationship model, a new navigational capability in networked digital libraries can be developed.
Fundamental forms of information
Authors: Bates Marcia J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFundamental forms of information, as well as the terminformationitself, are defined and developed for the purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of natural and represented information (taking an unconventional sense of representation), encoded and embodied information, as well as experienced, enacted, expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline is illustrated with examples from the study of information‐seeking behavior and of information genres. Distinctions between the information and curatorial sciences with respect to their social (and informational) objects of study are briefly outlined.
Earlier Web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact
Authors: Brody Tim , Harnad Stevan , Carr Leslie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe use of citation counts to assess the impact of research articles is well established. However, the citation impact of an article can only be measured several years after it has been published. As research articles are increasingly accessed through the Web, the number of times an article is downloaded can be instantly recorded and counted. One would expect the number of times an article is read to be related both to the number of times it is cited and to how old the article is. The authors analyze how short‐term Web usage impact predicts medium‐term citation impact. The physics e‐print archive—arXiv.org—is used to test this.
Single and Double pH‐Driven Cu2+ Translocation with Molecular Rearrangement in Alkyne‐Functionalized Polyamino Polyamido Ligands
Authors: Aurora Annalisa , Boiocchi Massimo , Dacarro Giacomo , Foti Francesco , Mangano Carlo , Pallavicini Piersandro , Patroni Stefano , Taglietti Angelo , Zanoni Robertino 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new series of ligands, containing one (L1H2–L4H2) or two (L5H4–L6H4) 1,4,8,11‐tetraaza‐5,7‐dione units and functionalized with a propargyl group on the C atom between the CO moieties, has been synthesized. Protonation constants for the ligands and formation constants of their Cu2+ complexes have been determined in water, and the coordination geometry of the complexes existing at various pH values has been investigated by coupled pH‐metric and spectrophotometric titrations. Ligands capable of simple uptake of Cu2+ with the formation of neutral, square‐planar complexes containing the −2‐charged diamino‐diimido donor sets and ligands containing further coordinating groups (quinoline or pyridine) capable of single and double cation translocation have been investigated. The role of the substituents on the amino groups and the structural role played by the propargyl group have been examined as regards Cu2+ complexation and translocation. In the double‐translocating ligand L6H4, when the two Cu2+ ions move inside the diamino‐diamido donor set, the slim propargyl group allows an unprecedented folding of the whole ligand with apical coordination of one pyridine to form a five‐coordinate, square‐pyramidal Cu2+ ion. The crystal and molecular structures of this unusual [L6Cu2] complex have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Finally, oxidation of Cu2+ to Cu3+ has been studied by cyclic voltammetry in water, which revealed that the redox reaction occurs only when the copper cation is within the diamino‐diimido compartment. Moreover, both functionalization of the primary amines with bulky substituents and apical coordination of Cu2+ make access to the 3+ oxidation state more difficult and disrupt the reversibility of the electrochemical process.
New Heterometallic (CuII and CrIII) Complexes – First Crystal Structure of an Oxalate‐Bridged Ferromagnetically Coupled [CuIICrIIICuII] System
Authors: Jurić Marijana , Planinić Pavica , Brničević Nevenka , Milić Dalibor , Matković‐Čalogović Dubravka , Pajić Damir , Zadro Krešo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo new heterotemetallic complexes [{Cu(μ‐C2O4)(bpy)2}2Cr(C2O4)]NO3·H2O (1) and [Cu(bpy)3]2[Cr(C2O4)3]NO3·9H2O (2) (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized. The crystal structures were determined and magnetic and spectroscopic (IR, UV/Vis) characterization accomplished. In 1, the central [Cr(C2O4)3]3– unit acts as a bridge between two copper(II) ions, each of them having a distorted octahedral geometry. The apical positions are occupied by one oxygen atom belonging to the bridging oxalate anion [Cu–O2 = 2.6439(18) Å] and one nitrogen atom from one of the bpy ligands [Cu–N1 = 2.1079(18) Å]. The N3O equatorial environment consists of three bpy nitrogen atoms [Cu–N = 1.995 Å (mean value)] and the second oxygen atom from the bridging oxalate anion [Cu–O1 = 2.1168(15) Å]. The chromium(III) atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral environment of four oxygen atoms from two bridging oxalate groups [Cr–O = 1.988 Å (mean value)] and two oxygen atoms from the terminally bonded bidentate oxalate group [Cr–O = 1.9454(16) Å]. Complex 2 consists of two mononuclear [Cu(bpy)3]2+ cations, one mononuclear [Cr(C2O4)3]3– anion, one NO3– anion and nine molecules of water of crystallisation. The copper(II) ions in two crystallographically independent [Cu(bpy)3]2+ cations are in a tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination environment of six N atoms from the bpy ligands. The chromium(III) ion in [Cr(C2O4)3]3– has a slightly distorted octahedral environment of oxygen atoms from three oxalate groups [with the Cr–O bond lengths ranging from 1.964(3) to 1.982(3) Å]. Analysis of the magnetic properties (1.8–290 K) of 1 showed a ferromagnetic exchange interactionbetween CuII and CrIII with J = +1.20 cm–1 [using HINT =–J(SCu1SCr + SCu2SCr)].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Generation of spatially nonuniform ground motion for nonlinear analysis of a concrete arch dam
Authors: Alves S. W. , Hall J. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn accelerometer array at Pacoima Dam with three locations along the base and abutments recorded ground motion from a magnitude 4.3 earthquake on 13 January 2001. These records present an opportunity to study spatial nonuniformity for the motion in a canyon. Topographic amplification is characterized by ratios of response spectral displacement between locations, and seismic wave travel times are studied using cross‐correlation functions to obtain delays. Results of the analysis of the 2001 earthquake records are used to generate ground motion for the 1994 Northridge earthquake to replace records that were not able to be fully digitized. The ground motion generated for the Northridge earthquake is used as input to a finite element model of Pacoima Dam. The response of the model is consistent with observations of Pacoima Dam after the Northridge earthquake. Comparison of the response due to nonuniform input with the response due to uniform input demonstrates the importance of accounting for spatial nonuniformity because of the significance that the pseudostatic component has for the response to nonuniform input. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing the spatial configuration of complex actions involves right posterior parietal cortex: An fMRI study with clinical implications
Authors: Weiss Peter H. , Rahbari Nuh N. , Lux Silke , Pietrzyk Uwe , Noth Johannes , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe left hemispheric dominance for complex motor behavior is undisputed. Clinical observations of complex motor deficits in patients with right hemispheric lesions, however, suggest an additional contribution of the right hemisphere to higher motor control. We assessed, using functional MRI (fMRI), which brain regions are implicated in processing the spatial aspects of complex, object‐related actions. Using a blocked, factorial design, 17 healthy volunteers were asked to detect either spatial or sequential errors (factor ERROR) in complex activities of daily living, presented as video sequences with the appropriate object(s) or as pantomimes (factor STIMULUS). Observing complex actions (irrespective of stimulus type) activated a bilateral frontoparietal network. Observing actions with objects (relative to pantomimes) differentially increased neural activity in the fusiform gyrus and inferior occipital cortex bilaterally. Observing pantomimes, i.e., the same actions but without any object, differentially activated right prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus, and left cerebellum. The left cingulate cortex was differentially activated when subjects assessed the sequencing of actions. By contrast, assessing the spatial configuration of complex actions differentially increased neural activity in right posterior parietal cortex. A significant interaction of ERROR and STIMULUS was revealed for the right inferior parietal cortex only. These findings suggest a specific role of the right hemisphere, especially of right posterior parietal cortex, in processing spatial aspects of complex actions and thus provide a physiological basis for the observed apraxic motor deficits in patients with right hemispheric damage. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late acquisition of literacy in a native language
Authors: Abutalebi Jubin , Keim Roland , Brambati Simona M. , Tettamanti Marco , Cappa Stefano F. , De Bleser Ria , Perani Daniela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith event‐related functional MRI (fMRI) and with behavioral measures we studied the brain processes underlying the acquisition of native language literacy. Adult dialect speakers were scanned while reading words belonging to three different conditions: dialect words, i.e., the native language in which subjects are illiterate (dialect), German words, i.e., the second language in which subjects are literate, and pseudowords. Investigating literacy acquisition of a dialect may reveal how novel readers of a language build an orthographic lexicon, i.e., establish a link between already available semantic and phonological representations and new orthographic word forms. The main results of the study indicate that a set of regions, including the left anterior hippocampal formation and subcortical nuclei, is involved in the buildup of orthographic representations. The repeated exposure to written dialect words resulted in a convergence of the neural substrate to that of the language in which these subjects were already proficient readers. The latter result is compatible with a “fast” brain plasticity process that may be related to a shift of reading strategies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Composite Polymer Film with both Superhydrophobicity and Superoleophilicity
Authors: Zhang Jilin , Huang Weihuan , Han Yanchun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: A composite film composed of porous polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS) microspheres with both superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity has been prepared. In this film, the dual‐scale structure enhances both the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of the surface material. The composite film with such an ‘intelligent’ wettability property can be utilized to separate oil and water systems efficiently.The composite film can be used to separate diesel oil and water.magnified imageThe composite film can be used to separate diesel oil and water.