bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon sink function of sedge and Sphagnum patches in a restored cut‐away peatland: increased functional diversity leads to higher production
Authors: Kivimäki Sanna K , Yli‐petäys Mika , Tuittila Eeva‐stiina 
Published: March 2008

Summary

Cut‐away peatlands devoid of vegetation form a persistent source of carbon (C) to the atmosphere. The restoration of the C sink function in such areas can be facilitated by raising the water table. Planting vascular plants and Sphagnum may hasten the restoration process further. However, little is known about the effects of different species on the restoration process.
We studied carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange in stands of different plants in a restored cut‐away site over two growing seasons to quantify their ability to form a C sink. We sampled five different types of stand: monocultures of Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex rostrata (pure plots), mixtures of Eriophorum or Carex and Sphagnum mosses (mixed plots) and control plots without vegetation. We applied the closed chamber technique to gather CO2 exchange data for modelling of gross photosynthesis (PG) and ecosystem respiration (RE). Finally, we used the models to reconstruct the seasonal net CO2 exchange of the stands formed by different plants.
While the control plots without vegetation were sources of 20–71 g CO2–C m−2, all the vegetated plots acted as C sinks during both growing seasons. The monostands of E. vaginatum and C. rostrata created sinks of 23–114 g CO2–C m−2, while the mixtures of sedge and Sphagnum mosses resulted in larger sinks of 75–186 g CO2–C m−2. The larger sinks of the mixed patches were due to the lower respiration/photosynthesis ratio.
To eliminate the effect of differences in water table and the abundance of sedges between the patches, we reconstructed the CO2 exchange for constant water table and vascular leaf area for all plots. The simulation further supported our result: the mixtures of sedge and Sphagnum mosses were clearly more efficient in sequestering CO2 than pure sedge stands.
Synthesis and applications. The increased functional diversity in a cut‐away peatland site resulted in higher net ecosystem exchange. When restoring cut‐away peatlands, reintroduction of Sphagna is recommended after the colonization of vascular plants to hasten the formation of a sink for C.
Circulating matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels in relation to sampling methods, femoral and carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Olson F. J. , Schmidt C. , Gummesson A. , Sigurdardottir V. , Hulthe J. , Wiklund O. , Fagerberg B. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.Objectives.  To examine whether circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) were associated with ultrasound‐assessed intima‐media thickness (IMT) and echolucent plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries. To examine preanalytical sources of variability in MMP‐9 concentrations related to sampling procedures.Subjects and design.  Plasma and serum MMP‐9 levels were compared with ultrasound assessed measures of femoral and carotid atherosclerosis, in a cross‐sectional study of 61‐year‐old men (n = 473). Preanalytical sources of variability in MMP‐9 levels were examined in 10 healthy subjects. Main outcome measures were circulating levels of MMP‐9 in serum and plasma, IMT of the carotid and femoral arteries, and plaque status based on size and echolucency.Setting.  Research unit at university hospital.Results.  Plasma concentrations of total and active MMP‐9 were associated with femoral artery IMT independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and were higher in subjects with moderate to large femoral plaques. Plasma MMP‐9 concentration was higher in men with echolucent femoral plaques (P = 0.006) compared with subjects without femoral plaques. No similar associations were found for carotid plaques. MMP‐9 concentrations were higher in serum than in plasma, and higher when sampling was performed with Vacutainer than with syringe. MMP‐9 levels in serum were more strongly associated with peripheral neutrophil count compared with MMP‐9 levels in plasma.Conclusions.  Plasma MMP‐9 levels were associated with atherosclerosis in the femoral artery, and total MMP‐9 concentration was higher in men with echolucent femoral plaques. The choice of sample material and sampling method affect the measurements of circulating MMP‐9 levels.
The effect of isolation on flight and on the pre‐oviposition period in unmated Dysdercus superstitiosus
Authors: GATEHOUSE A. G. , HALL M. J. R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUnmated Dysdercus superstitiosus (F.) were maintained (a) isolated, (b) in single‐sex pairs or (c) in groups of twenty. Their flight performance (tethered) and pre‐oviposition period were then studied in the laboratory. Females kept in pairs or in groups of twenty did not fly beyond day 5 after emergence, the pattern of flight in these non‐isolated virgins differing little from that reported for mated females. In isolated females, however, flight persisted until day 7. Isolation did not affect the numbers of males flying, but fewer long flights (> 30 min) occurred. Oviposition began a day later in the isolated females than in the crowded or paired ones (day 7–8 v, day 6–7). It is suggested that these effects of isolation on flight and oviposition are the result of the reported depression of feeding following isolation, and serve in the field to improve aggregation and mating.
Lesions in haematophagous flies after feeding on rabbits immunized with fly tissues
Authors: SCHLEIN Y. , LEWIS C. T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans were fed on rabbits previously immunized with various of the fly's tissues. Mortality after 15 days of daily feeding on rabbits immunized with flight muscle proteins was twice that of the control flies fed on an untreated rabbit. Other effects included paralysis of the legs, unequal deposition of the endocuticle, and reduced post‐emergence growth. The intensity of these lesions varied with the fly tissues used to immunize the rabbits; thoracic muscles caused the most damage. The antibodies produced by the rabbits were nonspecific, since feeding on rabbits immunized only with Stomoxys tissues increased mortality in Glossina movsitans also.
The influence of some chemosterilants and caffeine on the neuroendocrine system of adult male Ephestia kühniella
Authors: HONG TAN KENG 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInjection of caffeine into adult male Ephestia kühniella induced a reduction in the amount of neurosecretory material in the resorcin fuchsin stainable (A‐) cells of the pars intercerebralis. Both hemel (hexamethyl melamine) and tepa (tris (1‐aziridinyl) phosphine oxide) treatments resulted in an increase in stainable neurosecretory products in the cytoplasm of the A‐cells. The increase after hemel treatment was largely a result of increased synthesis of neurosecretory material as indicated by increased nuclear volume and nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio. No changes were induced by hemel in the corpora cardiaca and allata of the adult male E.kühniella. This disruption in neuroendocrine function is believed to be involved in the observed mating aberrations (permanent copulation and sterile matings) by adult males after hemel treatment.
Increase in respiratory rate during feeding in larvae of the armyworm, Spodoptera exempta
Authors: AIDLEY D. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOxygen consumption was measured in fifth and sixth instar larvae of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) at 25d̀C using Warburg manometry. The mean rate of oxygen consumption while feeding on maize or sorghum leaves was approximately twice that at rest. The increment in oxygen consumption attributable to feeding was 583±207 μlg‐1 h‐l (mean±95% confidence limits) or, for maize, 6.1±3.5 μl O2 per mg of leaf eaten.
Factors influencing the duration and termination of diapause in the Indian‐meal moth, Plodia interpunctella
Authors: BELL C. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe influence of environmental factors on the duration of diapause in Plodia interpunctella larvae reared in short photoperiods at 20 or 25° C was examined, Diapause terminated most rapidly in long photoperiods at high temperatures. Pupation was more delayed, and mortality was higher, in darkness than in the presence of light. At 20° C, LD 16: 8 hastened diapause termination only slightly in unchilled samples. Chilling for 10 weeks at 10° C greatly reduced the duration of diapause at 20 or 25° C in constant darkness, and rendered LD 16:8 effective in terminating diapause at 20° C. In addition, the quite short duration of diapause under LD 16:8 at 25° C was further shortened by holding for 6–10 weeks at 10° C or below, or by holding in an outbuilding during winter. Holding diapausing larvae at 15 or 20° C proved less effective. Temperature rises from 20 to 25 or 30° C proved effective in terminating diapause. In one stock, the temperature at which diapause was induced influenced its subsequent duration. Lighting conditions during induction had less influence on duration than had temperature, and no difference occurred between pupation times of larvae reared at different population densities, Under all conditions tested, diapause lasted longer in a recently collected field stock than in a laboratory stock.
Quantitative studies on the release of locust adipokinetic hormone
Authors: CHEESEMAN P. , JUTSUM A. R. , GOLDSWORTHY G. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFractionation of methanolic extracts of haemolymph on Sephadex LH‐20 made possible the measurement of the titre of adipokinetic hormone in the haemolymph of locusts. Experimentally produced high concentrations of haemolymph carbohydrate caused a delay in the mobilization of lipid during flight, and very low titres of the hormone were present in the haemolymph of locusts injected with trehalose immediately before a 25 min flight. In these locusts flight speed was higher than saline‐injected controls. Although delayed lipid mobilization during flight was also seen in locusts injected with sucrose, sucrose is not utilized for flight metabolism and flight speed was not increased by the injection. Tentative estimates of the release rate (c. 1000pg/20min flight) and half life (c. 20 min) of adipokinetic hormone during flight are made. The results described suggest that during flight the rate at which trehalose disappears from the haemolymph does not play a major role in the initiation of the release of adipokinetic hormone.
Phase shifting the circadian rhythms of nocturnal insects by temperature changes
Authors: DREISIG HANS 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe behavioural rhythms of three species of nocturnal insects were studied: locomotion in a cockroach, luminescence in a firefly and luminescence in a glow‐worm. The behaviour was released at the change from light to dark in all cases. In continuous dim light, a circadian rhythm was apparent with a period of from 22.5 to 27 h in the cockroach, and from 19 to 23.5 h in the glow‐worm.In constant dim light, the cockroach shifted the phase of its rhythm when subjected to a change of temperature. A temperature step down some time prior to the expected onset of locomotion generated a phase advance, whereas a temperature step up generated a phase delay; the greater the step up, the greater the phase delay.By advancing the change from light to dark, it was found that glow‐worms could synchronize immediately to advances of up to about 6 h only. At greater advances an increasing phase angle difference between onsets of darkness and activity occurred. However, if a temperature step down was applied at the light change, immediate synchronization occurred up to 9–12 h before the normal onset.A theory is propounded which assumes that the onset of rhythmic behaviour is determined by the interaction of a circadian process of sensitization and a threshold for release of the behaviour. The threshold is high at high temperatures and light intensities, and low at low values of these. A temperature step up raises the threshold and delays the activity while a step down lowers the threshold and advances the activity.
Electroantennographic and field responses of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana, to sex attractants and related compounds
Authors: WALL C. , GREENWAY A. R. , BURT P. E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractElectroantennographic (EAG) responses of the male pea moth, Cydia nigricana, to a range of saturated and unsaturated straight chain alcohols and acetates were examined. Responses to saturated compounds of different chain lengths (C10 to c16) showed that acetates are much more active than alcohols, the shorter chain compounds (particularly C12 acetates) being the most active. With mono‐unsaturated compounds, C12 acetates with the double bond at C‐8, C‐9 or C‐10 elicited the largest responses and (El‐10‐dodecenyl acetate produced a greater response than any other compound tested. By analogy with results obtained with C.pomonella, (E, E)‐8,lO‐dodecadienyl acetate was tested and gave an EAG response larger than that for (E)‐10‐dodecenyl acetate. (E)‐10‐dodecenyl acetate and (E, E)‐8,lO‐dodecadienyl acetate were found to be strong attractants for male C.nigricana in the field.
Eye movements in the water flea, Daphnia magna: effects of light‐stimulus characteristics
Authors: YOUNG STEPHEN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Average Daphnia eye movement rates decline upon exposure to bright white light from an initial 8 Hz to 4.5 Hz after 20 min. Eye movement rates were maximal for white light of intensity 10W/m2, and for blue light presented through the side of the head, though no difference could be measured between the responses to different light colours if presentation was through the top of the head.Slow moving light stimuli rotating around the animal evoked different stereotyped eye movement patterns for blue and for orange light. Ultrastructural changes in the rectangular cross‐section rhabdom were confined to the central region if the animal was exposed to strong orange light, and to the short edges if exposed to strong blue light.
Innervation of the cercal sensilla on the ovipositor of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina)
Authors: MERRITT D. J. , RICE M. J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The ovipositor of the female sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), has a complement of cercal sensilla that includes long, medium and short tactile hairs, two campaniform domes, four olfactory pegs, and ten double‐channelled gustatory hairs. This sensory array is suited to assess oviposition site resources, prior to and during the laying of an egg batch.The tactile hairs and campaniform sensilla are each innervated by a single, tubular body containing dendrite. The olfactory pegs are each innervated by a single, moderately branched dendrite, which gains access to the external environment via pores at the bottom of deep grooves in the peg wall. The gustatory hairs fall into two categories. Four hairs have a single, tubular body containing dendrite at their base, and four unbranched dendrites running up to the hair tip which has a terminal pore. Six of the taste hairs have no tubular body containing dendrite at the base, and three unbranched dendrites running up to a terminal pore.
Venom as an interspecific sex pheromone, and species recognition by a cuticular pheromone in Paper Wasps (Polistes, Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: POST DAVID C. , JEANNE ROBERT L. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The venoms of Polistes fuscatus (subspecies fuscatus) (F.) and P. exclamans Viereck from sympatric populations in North Carolina, U.S.A., contain a pheromone which attracts males and stimulates sexual behaviour in both conspecific and heterospecific males. Males of P. fuscatus (subspecies variatus Cresson), a subspecies from Wisconsin, respond to venom of P. fuscatus fuscatus, P. exclamans, and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson) from North Carolina, although the levels of response to P. exclamans and V. maculifrons venom are less than that to P. fuscatus variatus venom.Caged Wisconsin P. fuscafus males do not attempt to mate with P. exclamans females, but will attempt to mate with conspecifics. A series of bioassays indicates that males discriminate between females of P. fuscatus and P. exclamans on the basis of chemical, rather than behavioural or visual cues. The venom apparently is not important in species recognition. Instead, the results of two sets of bioassays suggest that species recognition is mediated by a surface pheromone on the cuticle of females.
Increase in respiratory rate during feeding in larvae of the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae
Authors: McEVOY PETER B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. This study tested the effect of diet and phase of the feeding cycle on oxygen consumption by fifth‐instar larvae of the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). There was no significant variation in respiratory rates among larvae fed different diets, which were floral parts, upper, middle and lower leaves of the host plant tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea. The respiratory rates (x̄x± 95% Cl μlO2h‐1) of feeding larvae (279.5 ± 30.9) were higher than those of larvae at rest (179.7 ± 12.2), but were not significantly different from those of larvae in the post‐ingestive phase (272.8 ± 35.8).The respiratory rates of feeding larvae increased linearly with the ingestion rate, such that an additional 21.1 μl O2 were consumed for every mg dry mass of plant material eaten per hour.
Diuretic hormone: another peptide with widespread distribution within the insect CNS
Authors: MORGAN P. J. , MORDUE W. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Diuretic hormone is a peptide neurohormone of as yet unknown chemical structure. Attempts to characterize the locust hormone have concentrated on the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca as a source of material. Bioassay data now indicates that the occurrence of diuretic activity is more widespread in the locust CNS. Dose‐response curves indicate that the levels of the diuretic factor(s) in the brain, sub‐oesophageal and thoracic ganglia are remarkably similar to those found in the corpora cardiaca; activity was also detected in the abdominal ganglia (1–5) and terminal abdominal ganglion. Reverse‐phase HPLC has confirmed that the diuretic material found in the various parts of the CNS is chemically similar to at least one of the diuretic factors separated from the corpora cardiaca. The significance of the widespread distribution of this peptide hormone is considered.Recent evidence of other workers has indicated the possible structural similarity between vertebrate vasopressin and the diuretic factor in the locust sub‐oesophageal ganglion. Chromatographic criteria have been used to demonstrate that the diuretic hormones isolated in our work are not vasopressin‐like molecules, but are chemically distinct entities.
Interactions between dietary nitrogen and simulated autumn conditions on diet consumption and reproductive development in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
Authors: HILLIARD RICHARD A. , KEELEY LARRY L. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Dietary nitrogen content and short‐day, cool scotophase temperature were investigated for effects on diet consumption and reproductive development in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Experimental weevils were maintained from the day of adult eclosion on cottonseed flour diets on a LD10:14 h, 27:15d̀C cycle. Control weevils were maintained under long‐day conditions (LD13:11) at a constant 27d̀C.Diets containing 4% and 1.7% N were labelled with a 14C‐amino acid mixture and fed to individual females for 24 h to permit determinations of diet consumption rate, amino acid absorption, and reproductive allocation of the assimilated amino acids.Females fed the 1.7% N diet under long‐day, 27d̀C laid 50% fewer eggs than females fed the 4% N diet under the same regimen. Egg production was depressed further by the 1.7% N diet when combined with short‐day, and cool scotophase temperatures. These latter conditions delayed, but did not prevent, attainment of a high rate of egg production by females fed the 4% N diet.The short‐day, cool temperature regimen also stimulated diet consumption but reduced the allocation of absorbed 14C amino acids towards oogenesis.
Effects of parasitization of Trichoplusia ni by Chelonus sp.
Authors: BÜHLER ADRIAN , HANZLIK TERRY N. , HAMMOCK BRUCE D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Parasitization of Trichoplusia ni (Huebner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Chelonus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg‐larval parasitoid, leads to precocious cocoon spinning of the host in the fourth (penultimate) stadium followed by parasitoid emergence from the prepupa. We have investigated the mechanism by which Chelonus sp. disrupts host development. The developing larva and fluids injected by the adult female separately from the egg, are not the source of these effects, but it remains a possibility that the teratocytes, originating from the trophamnion of the parasitoid egg, are responsible.The titre of the juvenile hormone esterase activity in the haemolymph of the parasitized fourth instar host is similar to that in the initial period of the final instar of normal T. ni, but lacks the postwandering peak of activity. The increased JHE activity leads to a reduced JH titre early in the fourth stadia. This indicates that disruption of host development occurs within 12h after apolysis to the fourth stadium, if not before. Anti‐juvenile hormone activity is not detected in extracts of parasitized T. ni. The morphological and behavioural changes associated with precocious development of the T. ni host are prevented by applications of juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II and the juvenoid, Ro 10–3108, but not juvenile hormone III and the juvenoid R 20458. However, these applications fail to prevent the onset of juvenile hormone esterase activity, another marker of precocious development. These observations indicate that simple anti‐juvenile hormone activity may not be the mechanism of disruption of host development. Development of the parasitoid is disrupted by application of Ro 10–3108 and juvenile hormones I, II and III, but timing of eclosion is only affected by application of juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II and Ro 10–3108. This observation may indicate a discrimination by the parasitoid between its own juvenile hormone III and the host's juvenile hormone II.
High‐molecular‐weight serum proteins from Locusta migratoria: identification of a protein specifically binding juvenile hormone III
Authors: BRUIJN S. M. de , KOOPMANSCHAP A. B. , KORT C. A. D. de 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Tritiated 10,11‐epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate (EFDA), a photoaffinity label, can be covalently attached to the binding site of a JH‐III‐specific binding protein in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R & F). The specificity of the binding of EFDA to the binding protein is verified by displacement with excess unlabelled JH‐III, and EFDA can be used to identify the binding protein in native pore‐limiting gradient poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate‐PAGE. The native binding protein has a molecular weight of 575,000 and is composed of seemingly identical subunits of molecular weight 81,000.Three other high‐molecular weight serum proteins are identified by native PAGE: a lipophorin, composed of two kinds of apolipophorins, a larval storage protein and a cyanoprotein. The molecular weights and subunit structures of these proteins are investigated, but none of these other high‐molecular weight proteins bind JH‐III to an appreciable extent.