bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bile acid active and passive ileal transport in the rabbit: effect of luminal stirring
Authors: ALDINI R. , RODA A. , LENZI P. L. , USSIA G. , VACCARI M. C. , MAZZELLA G. , FESTI D. , BAZZOLI F. , GALLETTI G. , CASANOVA S. , MONTAGNANI M. , RODA E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The intestinal absorption of bile acids (BA) with different chemical structure has been evaluated in the rabbit, after intestinal infusion of different concentrations (025–30 mM) of BA, by mesenteric blood sampling. Cholic (CA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) acid, free and taurine (T‐) conjugated, together with glycocholic (GCA) acid and deoxycholic acid (DCA) were studied.The apparent uptake parameters were calculated. All conjugated BA showed active transport (T max, nmol min‐1 cm‐1 int.), with Tmax values in the following order: TCA > TUDCA > TCDCA; uncon‐jugated BA showed passive uptake, with values in the following order: DCA > CDCA > UDCA > CA. GCA and CA showed both passive uptake and active transport. For all BA studied the % uptake in the ileal segment considered was less than 10%, BA uptake being thus limited by transport and/or diffusion kinetics, rather than by flow velocity. The liquid resistance to BA radial diffusion inside the lumen was evaluated, and the infusate‐to‐blood uptake parameters corrected for it, in order to get the uptake parameters from the epithelium‐to‐liquid interface to mesenteric blood: the apparent Km decreased, passive uptake coefficient increased, while Tmax was unchanged.The passive component of the uptake, corrected for the luminal resistance, correlated with the BA hydro‐phobicity (r = 0–963; P<0–01).These studies show that: (a) the active transport for BA in the rabbit ileum is mediated by a saturable, high‐efficiency, low‐affinity carrier; (b) that passive transport is highly efficient for unconjugated BA, mainly for the most lipophilic ones; (c) that both systems are important in the intestinal absorption of BA.
Anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies, anti‐GBM antibodies and anti‐dsDNA antibodies in glomerulonephritis
Authors: BYGREN P. , RASMUSSEN N. , ISAKSSON B. , WIESLANDER J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The diagnostic potential of assays detecting anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA), anti‐GBM antibodies and anti‐dsDNA antibodies was evaluated by examining sera from time of admission in a consecutive series of 455 patients with biopsy verified primary or secondary glomerulonephritis (GN). ANCA were classified into c‐ and p‐ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and ELISAs using alfa‐granule extract, proteinase‐3, myeloperoxidase (MPO), elastase and lactoferrin. C‐ANCA was virtually confined to 64 patients with systemic small vessel vasculitis, 66–74% being c‐ANCA positive. P‐ANCA against MPO, seen in 47 patients, segregated through many diagnostic categories of primary and secondary severe GN. ANCA against lactoferrin and elastase were rare. Anti‐dsDNA positive patients constituted 57% of the 44 ANA‐positive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.It is concluded that the IIF and ELISAs for anti‐proteinase‐3, anti‐MPO, anti‐dsDNA and anti‐GBM have an acceptable performance and are useful in the primary diagnostic work‐up of patients suspected for secondary GN as the majority of such patients will be classified by these assays.
Uptake of chylomicron remnant retinyl esters in human leukocytes in vivo
Authors: SKREDE B. , BLOMHOFF R. , MÆLANDSMO G. M. , OSE L. , MYKLEBOST O. , NORUM K. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Retinoids have been successfully used in the treatment of some forms of leukaemia, suggesting that such cells have an efficient uptake mechanism for circulating retinoids. Therefore, we have studied the uptake of lipoprotein‐associated retinyl esters in human leukocytes in vivo. After an oral load of 100 μmol retinyl palmitate (30000 retinol equivalents) per square meter given to healthy adults, the concentration of retinoids in circulating leukocytes was determined. A peak was measured after 5 h, which coincided with a peak of retinyl esters in plasma.To test whether low‐density lipoprotein receptors are necessary for the postprandial uptake of retinoids, we studied retinoid uptake in leukocytes from two patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolae‐mia. After an oral load of retinoids we found that leukocytes from these patients took up at least as much retinoid as leukocytes in normal individuals, suggesting that uptake of chylomicron remnant retinyl esters may proceed independent of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor. The expression of mRNA for the low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein, which is a putative chylomicron remnant receptor, was similar in leukocytes from a patient homozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia and normal individuals.Six hours after vitamin A administration, recovery of unesterified retinol was 71% in normal leukocytes, however, only 9% unesterified retinol was recovered in leukocytes from the two patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Thus, the apparent rate of retinyl ester hydrolysis was markedly reduced in leukocytes from these patients, indicating different intracellular traffic of chylomicron remnants in normal individuals and patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Normal lipoprotein(a) concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: KLAUSEN I.C. , SCHMIDT E. BERG , LERVANG H. H. , GERDES L. U. , DITZEL J. , FAERGEMAN O. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an LDL particle in which apoliporotein B‐100 is attached to a large plasminogen‐like protein called apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Apo(a) has several genetically determined phenotypes differing in molecular weight, to which Lp(a) concentrations in plasma are inversely correlated, and plasma Lp(a) concentrations above 20–30 mg dl‐1 are an independant risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD).To investigate whether Lp(a) could be important for the high cardiovascular mortality rate in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we determined Lp(a) concentrations and phenotypes in a group of 108 men (median age 32 years) with IDDM without nephropathy. A group of 40‐year‐old men (n= 466) served as controls. The median Lp(a) concentration was 7.4 mg dl‐1, [95% CI 4.9 to 11.7] in the diabetic patients and 6.3 mg dl‐1 [95% CI 5.2 to 7.0] in controls. The Lp(a) concentration exceeded 30 mg dl‐1 in 22% of IDDM patients and in 20% of controls (P= 013). Moreover, the distribution of apo(a) phenotypes did not differ between patients and control.Lp(a) levels and apo(a) phenotypes are thus apparently the same in IDDM patients without nephropathy and controls. These findings do not exclude the possibility that Lp(a) may be increased in patients with nephropathy in whom coronary artery disease frequently co‐exist or that Lp(a) in a given concentration is more atherogenic in IDDM patients than in persons without IDDM.
Experimental variations in renovascular resistance in normal man as detected by means of ultrasound
Authors: BARDELLI M. , JENSEN G. , VOLKMANN R. , CAIDAHL K. , AURELL M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The pulsatility index (PI) of blood flow velocities has been reported to vary with changes in peripheral vascular resistance. Since blood flow velocities can easily be detected with the Echo‐Color‐Doppler technique in interlobar arteries of normally positioned kidneys, we tried in six healthy volunteers to estimate pharmacological induced variations in renal plasma flow (RPF) and renovascular resistance (RVR) by means of PI measurements.In this study no significant correlation between the absolute values of PI and RVR was found. In order to correct PI for different blood pressure‐inputs to the renal artery, PI was divided by the pulsatility of the systemic arterial pressure, i.e. the ‘blood pressure index’ [BPI = (SAD‐DAP)/MAP)], resulting in the ‘velocity blood‐pressure index’ (VBI = PI/BPI), which was significantly correlated with RVR (r=0.54, P<0.01). The pharmacological induced changes of RPF and RVR (ΔRPF, ΔRVR) were also correlated to the respective changes of PI and VBI (ΔPI, ΔVBI), with the highest significance when ΔVBI was plotted against ARVR (r = 0.83, P<0.0001). VBI, i.e. the pulsatility index of blood flow velocities as corrected for the pulsatility of the driving force, may be a tool for non‐invasive assessment of changes in RVR and thereby of importance for the diagnosis and follow‐up of renovascular diseases.
Plasma apolipoprotein A‐IV metabolism in patients with chronic renal disease
Authors: DIEPLINGER H. , LOBENTANZ E.‐M. , KÖNIG P. , GRAF H. , SANDHOLZER C. , MATTHYS E. , ROSSENEU M. , UTERMANN G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The plasma concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein A‐IV were investigated in normo‐triglyceridaemic patients with end‐stage renal disease and compared with those in a sex‐ and age‐matched control group with normal renal function. A three‐fold elevated plasma mean concentration of apolipoprotein A‐IV was found in patients with end‐stage renal disease treated by haemo‐ or peritoneal dialysis (58.5±18.9 mg dl‐1 or 50.5±12.2 mg dl‐1, respectively) compared with the controls (18.3 ± 6.4 mg dl‐1). The plasma distribution of apolipoprotein A‐IV was studied in patients treated by haemodialysis and in controls by gel permeation chromatography. In the haemodialysis group, 40.3% of the apolipoprotein A‐IV was found to be associated with the fraction of high density lipoproteins, whereas the rest (59.7%) was not associated with lipoproteins. This distribution was significantly different from that in the control group (24.8% vs. 75.2%, 0.01 < P<0.05).The elevated plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein A‐IV in the patients are not related to triglyceride levels and therefore are unlikely to result from an impaired catabolism of triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins. The accumulation of apolipoprotein A‐IV in high density lipoproteins from patients with end‐stage renal disease might reflect the impaired reversed cholesterol transport mechanisms which are believed to be a major cause of the high prevalence of atherosclerotic diseases in these patients.
Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of a human haemopoietic growth factor, GM‐CSF
Authors: HOVGAARD D. , MORTENSEN B. T. , SCHIFTER S. , NISSEN N. I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The pharmacokinetics of glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rhGM‐CSF) was studied following intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) bolus injection of rhGM‐CSF, 8 μg kg‐1 employing a sensitive radioimmunoassay. After a single i.v. bolus injection, an initial high serum level of rhGM‐CSF was observed, followed by a rapid decrease that occurred in two phases with a half‐life (t1/2) α of 20.0PM 5 min and at1/2 β of 68.3PM 8 min. Following s.c. bolus injection the absorption was more prolonged. Peak serum concentrations did not occur until about 15–20 h, and were followed by a more protracted elimination than by the i.v. route.In all patients the single rhGM‐CSF injection led to an increase in peripheral white blood cells (WBC), after a temporary drop of 2–5 h duration. The increase in WBC was of longer duration after s.c. than after i.v. bolus treatment. Since the subcutaneous administration leads to prolonged serum concentration of rhGM‐CSF and prolonged increase in peripheral WBC, it seems preferable to i.v. bolus injection, and as effective as continuous i.v. infusion.
Transport of L‐leucine hydroxy analogue and L‐lactate in human small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles
Authors: FRIEDRICH M. , MURER H. , STERCHI† E. , BERGER E. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Nitrogen load can be reduced by substituting dietary protein intake with keto or hydroxy analogues of amino acids. To investigate their intestinal absorption, human jejunal brush border membrane vesicles were used to measure uptake of L‐leucine hydroxy analogue (L‐LHA) and L‐lactate. Uptake assays were performed under voltage‐clamped conditions in the presence of valinomycin and K+ inside and outside. Both inward directed H+‐ and Na+‐gradients stimulated uptake of both substrates. The H+‐gradient was the major driving force and led to an increased rate of L‐LHA or L‐lactate transport. The proton ionophore FCCP abolished the H+‐gradient‐driven but not the Na+‐gradient‐driven uptakes of both substrates. The H+‐gradient‐driven uptake of both substrates was trans‐stimulated by L‐LHA, D‐LHA, L‐valine hydroxy analogue or L‐lactate, respectively. In the presence of a Na+‐gradient the uptake of tracer L‐lactate was trans‐stimulated only after preloading the vesicles with L‐lactate but not by L‐LHA.It can be concluded that the H+‐gradient‐driven transport of L‐ or D‐hydroxy analogues of branched chain amino acids and L‐lactate across the human intestinal brush border membrane is mediated by the same carrier.
Dose‐response study of atrial natriuretic peptide bolus injection in healthy man
Authors: EISKJER H. , PEDERSEN E. B. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The effects of human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urinary flow rate, urinary sodium excretion, tubular function estimated by lithium clearance, and plasma levels of sodium and water homeostatic hormones were studied in a dose‐response study with 50 healthy subjects. Placebo or ANP 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 μg kg‐1bwt was given as an intravenous bolus injection to five different groups. GFR rose after ANP, whereas no immediate change in RPF was observed. Significant increases with no distinct additional effect of ANP doses higher than 1.0 μg kg‐1were detected in filtration fraction, urinary flow rate and urinary excretion rate of sodium. Both proximal and distal fractional reabsorption of sodium was reduced and the effect seemed to flatten out at doses higher than 1 0 μg kg ‐1. Dose‐dependent increases in cyclic guano‐sine monophosphate in urine and plasma were found after ANP bolus injection, and the rise in both was correlated with the increase in urinary sodium excretion. ANP caused a dose‐dependent decrease in blood pressure and an increase in pulse rate. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin did not change after ANP.In summary, we found that ANP bolus injection caused a natriuresis and diuresis in healthy man with a threshold at a dose of 1.0 μg kg‐1. No distinct further renal effects were observed with higher doses despite dose‐dependent increases in urinary cGMP excretion and plasma cGMP. Inhibition of both proximal and distal tubular fractional sodium reabsorption by ANP contributed to the natriuretic effect. The correlation between the rise in cGMP and the increase in urinary sodium excretion is concordant with cGMP being a secondary messenger for ANP in man.
Lymphatic clearance of synovial fluid in conscious pigs: the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen
Authors: JENSEN L. T. , HENRIKSEN J. H. , OLESEN H. P. , RISTELI J. , LORENZEN Ib. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) in serum is employed as a direct marker of fibrillogenesis. The balance between local fibrillogenesis and serum PIIINP is governed by the transport and possible degradation en route from tissue to circulation. In conscious pigs, we investigated the transport of PIIINP from the knee cavity into the circulation after intra‐articular injection of radiola‐belled PIIINP followed by sequential sampling of thoracic duct lymph, serum and urine. Clearance from the joint space was evaluated by external detection of 131I‐HSA, used as co‐tracer. Lymph samples were gel filtrated to assess possible lymphatic degradation of the intact PIIINP. 125I‐PIIINP and 131I‐HSA were found in thoracic duct lymph within 20 min of the intra‐articular injection. Both isotopes had a biphasic appearance, with the first peak after 60 min and a larger peak after 150 min. During the 6 h observational period 18% of the injected PIIINP was found in the lymph. Gel chromatography of lymph showed the fast formation of a small fraction with a lower MW than that of PIIINP, which suggests that some degradation of PIIINP may occur through the lymphatics. The half‐life of the joint clearance of HSA by bulk flow was assessed to be 8.3 h. The clearance of PIIINP from the joint was estimated to be equal to that of HSA, which indicates that PIIINP leaves the joint space by bulk flow as has been proposed for HSA. Whereas the fractional amount of PIIINP in lymph and blood was lower than that of HSA, in urine the fractional amount of PIIINP was substantially higher than that of HSA. This may be the outcome of a more rapid irreversible degradation of PIIINP than of HSA.We conclude that I) PIIINP is cleared from the joint space by bulk flow; 2) degradation of PIIINP en route to the circulation cannot be excluded, but is less than 10%, and 3) after disappearing from the joint, PIIINP is distributed in body compartments in a ratio different from that of HSA. Our observations suggest that serum PIIINP may be used as a marker of fibrillogenesis in normal organisms.
Lack of relationship between hip and spine bone mineral density and oral contraceptive use
Authors: MURPHY S. , KHAW K.‐T. , COMPSTON J. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between oral contraceptive use and bone mineral density at the hip and spine.Community based women aged 41–76 years (n = 841) were recruited from four general practices in Cambridge. Each subject completed a health questionnaire. Spine (L2‐L4, n= 841) and hip (n= 833) bone mineral density were measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry using the Hologic QDR‐1000.After adjustment for age, there was no significant difference in regional bone mineral density between ever and never users of oral contraceptives. Similar results were obtained after stratifying for potential confounding factors including menopausal status, parity, smoking, hormone replacement therapy use, and body mass index. There was no relationship between duration of oral contraceptive use and bone mineral density.These results suggest that there is no relationship between oral contraceptive use and bone mineral density at the hip and spine in middle‐aged women.
Effect of glucagon immunoneutralization on the increase in urea synthesis after hysterectomy in rats
Authors: HEINDORFF H. , HOLST J. J. , ALMDAL T. , VILSTRUP H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. To study the effect of glucagon immunoneutralization on postoperative changes of urea synthesis, hysterectomized rats were given one injection of a specific high titre antibody against pancreatic glucagon 24 h before operation raising the plasma glucagon binding capacity to values 10–20 times higher than the plasma glucagon concentration in control animals. Earlier studies have shown that the spontaneous rate of urea‐N synthesis (UNSR) doubles 3 h after operation, and that the Vmax of the process, the capacity of urea‐N synthesis (CUNS) is 50% higher than normal values 24 h after operation. Therefore, the effect of glucagon on UNSR and CUNS were investigated 3 and 24 h postoperatively, respectively. Control animals were given non immune rabbit serum. Glucagon immunoneutralization partly normalized the early increase in UNSR 3 h postoperatively (control: 4.7 ± 0.3, hysterectomy + serum: 6.7 ± 0.4, hysterectomy + Gluc‐Ab: 5.5 ± 0.4 μmol (min.100 g BW)‐1), but had no effect on the increase of CUNS 24 h postoperatively (control: 7.9 ± 0.3, hysterectomy + serum: 9.5 ± 0.3, hysterectomy + Gluc ‐ Ab: 9.8 ± 0.5 μmol (min‐100 g BW)‐1).This shows that glucagon is important for the early postoperative increase in the efficacy of urea synthesis, whereas the late increase in capacity seems not to depend on hyperglucagonemia.
Adipose tissue and muscle volume determination by computed tomography in acromegaly, before and I year after adenomectomy
Authors: BRUMMER R.‐J. M. , LÖNNS L. , KVIST H. , GRANGÅRD U. , BENGTSSON B.‐A. , SJÖSTRÖM L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The adipose tissue volume, skeletal muscle and skin volume and visceral organ volume were determined using the multiscan CT (computed tomography) technique in 15 patients with acromegaly. The examinations were performed before treatment and 1 year after transsphenoidal adenectomy.The mean body weight did not change significantly after treatment; 91–3 kg and 92–3 kg pre and postoperatively in men and 66.7 kg and 65.9 kg in women respectively. The total adipose tissue volume increased by 7.1 1 (59.2%, P<0.01) in the male group and 3.9 1 (20.39%, P< 0.05) in the female group. Muscle and skin mass and visceral organ mass decreased significantly after treatment. The muscle and skin mass decreased by 3.6 1 (‐7.4%, P<0.01) in males and by 3.2 1 in females (‐11.5%, P<0.02). The corresponding decrease in visceral organ mass was 1.5 1 (‐17.0%, P<0.01) in males and 1.0 1 (15.4%, P<0.05) in females respectively.On average, the fractions of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous trunk and the intra‐abdominal depots increased after treatment, while the fractions of adipose tissue in the limbs and the head and neck region decreased. The change in adipose tissue distribution pattern reached significance (P<0.005) in men only.
Investigations into the haemorheological significance of postprandial and fasting hypertriglyceridaemia
Authors: SCHÜTZ E. , SCHUFF‐WERNER P. , GÜTTNER Y. , SCHULZ S. , ARMSTRONG V. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Two study designs were conceived to evaluate the rheological significance of hypertriglyceridaemia. We first investigated the course of serum‐ (SV) and plasma viscosity (PV) and erythrocyte aggregation in serum (SEA) and plasma (PEA) of healthy normoli‐pidaemic individuals over 4 h after a fatty rich meal, in native material and after removal of triglyceride rich lipoproteins by centrifugation. Secondly, blood from patients with untreated hypertriglyceridaemia was investigated under fasting conditions. PEA and SEA increased in parallel with postprandial triglycerides (+135 mg dl‐1), but the effect on PEA was more pronounced (+ 0.8 abs% increase; 2 h after the meal) as compared to SEA (+ 0.4 abs% increase). PV and SV increased in parallel to the same extent (+ 0.05 mPas). In the triglyceride poor infranatant no significant changes occurred. In fasting plasma PEA and PV were significantly lower (1.1abs% and PV 0.04 mPas respectively) in infranatant than in native plasma, while only small differences in triglyceride (mostly VLDL) were observed. This phenomenon was barely detectable in serum samples.We conclude that triglyceride rich lipoproteins have a profound influence on haemorheological parameters, and that fibrinogen in particular, potentiates the effect of large fasting VLDL on plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation.