bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: HAIGH P. M. , CHAPPLE D. G. , POWELL T. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractData from twenty‐two experiments conducted at tour ADAS Research Centres during 1980–92 were used to compare untreated silages with silages treated with formic acid, with or without added formalin, commercial inoculants or molasses. The sillages were made from herbage whose dry‐matter (DM) and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents were 277 (s.e. 0.46) g DM kg−1 and 36 (s.e. 8.1) g kg−1 respectively. Inoculant use significantly decreased silage pH and ammonia‐N, significantly increased lactic acid and total acid content, and decreased butyric acid and total short‐chain fatty acids. Formic acid use significantly increased silage lactic acid and total acid content, and decreased butyric acid content, whereas formic acid+formalin significantly decreased silage ammonia‐N level. Molasses had little effect upon silage fermentation. Improvements in silage fermentation, however, produced little benefit in terms of either silage DM intake or liveweight gain when the silages were offered to growing lambs.It is suggested from the results that inoculant‐ and formic acid‐based additives can be used to improve the fermentation of big‐bale silages.
Domestication and the distribution of genetic variation in wild and cultivated populations of the Mesoamerican fruit tree Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: MILLER ALLISON J. , SCHAAL BARBARA A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDomestication occurs as humans select and cultivate wild plants in agricultural habitats. The amount and structure of variation in contemporary cultivated populations has been shaped, in part, by how genetic material was transferred from one cultivated generation to the next. In some cultivated tree species, domestication involved a shift from sexually reproducing wild populations to vegetatively propagated cultivated populations; however, little is known about how domestication has impacted variation in these species. We employed AFLP data to explore the amount, structure, and distribution of variation in clonally propagated domesticated populations and sexually reproducing wild populations of the Neotropical fruit tree, Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae). Cultivated populations from three different agricultural habitats were included: living fences, backyards, and orchards. AFLP data were analysed using measures of genetic diversity (% polymorphic loci, Shannon's diversity index, Nei's gene diversity, panmictic heterozygosity), population structure (FST analogues), and principal components analyses. Levels of genetic variation in cultivated S. purpurea populations are significantly less than variation found in wild populations, although the amount of diversity varies in different agricultural habitats. Cultivated populations have a greater proportion of their genetic variability distributed among populations than wild populations. The genetic structure of backyard populations resembles that of wild populations, but living fence and orchard populations have 1/3 more variability distributed among populations, most likely a reflection of relative levels of vegetative reproduction. Finally, these results suggest that S. purpurea was domesticated in two distinct regions within Mesoamerica.
Phylogeography of postglacial range expansion in Nigronia serricornis Say (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: HEILVEIL J. S. , BERLOCHER S. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have examined the effects of post‐Wisconsinan glacial range expansion on the phylogeography of the saw‐combed fishfly, Nigronia serricornis Say (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) because aquatic insects are under‐represented in postglacial studies (and in phylogeography in general), and because the effects of ecological degradation on the population genetics of environmental indicator species like N. serricornis cannot be measured unless the underlying phylogeography is understood. Sequence data from a 630‐base fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were subjected to amova and nested clade analysis for 30 populations (n = 344) of N. serricornis. Both the amova and nested clade analysis revealed substantial population structure; 44.4% of the variance occured among populations. Three northward migrations are apparent: one from Tennessee into Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and Ontario, a second that radiated eastward from Pennsylvania, and a third that moved along the coast from North Carolina into Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine and then into New York. The latter two of these migrations were the result of contiguous range expansions, while the former expansion, out of Tennessee, appears to have been rapid with little gene flow from the source population. Additional clades included a group of haplotypes in central Kentucky that appear to have expanded along preglacial drainages, and clades in North Carolina and Georgia that have remained centrally located. Haplotype diversity decreased from south to north, a pattern that has been widely reported for animal and plant populations that expanded with the retreat of the Wisconsinan glaciation.
Dispersal and genetic structure in the American marten,Martes americana
Authors: BROQUET T. , JOHNSON C. A. , PETIT E. , THOMPSON I. , BUREL F. , FRYXELL J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNatal dispersal in a vagile carnivore, the American marten (Martes americana), was studied by comparing radio‐tracking data and microsatellite genetic structure in two populations occupying contrasting habitats. The genetic differentiation determined among groups of individuals usingFSTindices appeared to be weak in both landscapes, and showed no increase with geographical distance. Genetic structure investigated using pairwise genetic distances between individuals conversely showed a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD), but only in the population occurring in a homogeneous high‐quality habitat, therefore showing the advantage of individual‐based analyses in detecting within‐population processes and local landscape effects. The telemetry study of juveniles revealed a leptokurtic distribution of dispersal distances in both populations, and estimates of the mean squared parent–offspring axial distance (σ2) inferred both from the genetic pattern of IBD and from the radio‐tracking survey showed that most juveniles make little contribution to gene flow.
Isolates of Microdochium nivale and M. majus Differentiated by Pathogenicity on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and in vitro Growth at Low Temperature
Authors: Hofgaard I. S. , Wanner L. A. , Hageskal G. , Henriksen B. , Klemsdal S. S. , Tronsmo A. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPink snow mould is a serious disease on grasses and winter cereals in cold and temperate zones during winter. To better understand the basis for the variation in pathogenicity between different isolates of Microdochium nivale and M. majus and to simplify selection of highly pathogenic isolates to use when screening for resistance to pink snow mould in perennial ryegrass, we sought traits correlated with pathogenicity. Isolates of M. nivale were more pathogenic on perennial ryegrass than isolates of M. majus, as measured by survival and regrowth of perennial ryegrass after infection and incubation under simulated snow cover. Pathogenicity as measured by relative regrowth was highly correlated with fungal growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 2°C. Measuring fungal growth on PDA therefore seems to be a relatively simple method of screening for potentially highly pathogenic isolates. In a study of a limited number of isolates, highly pathogenic isolates showed an earlier increase and a higher total specific activity of β‐glucosidase, a cell wall‐degrading enzyme, compared with less pathogenic isolates. None of the M. majus isolates was highly pathogenic on perennial ryegrass. Our results indicate biological differences between M. nivale and M. majus and thus strengthen the recently published sequence‐based evidence for the elevation of these former varieties to species status.
Transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus by Colonizing and Non‐colonizing Aphids in Greece and New Aphid Species Vectors of the Virus
Authors: Katis N. I. , Tsitsipis J. A. , Lykouressis D. P. , Papapanayotou A. , Margaritopoulos J. T. , Kokinis G. M. , Perdikis D. Ch. , Manoussopoulos I. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNineteen aphid species were tested for their ability to transmit Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) from and to zucchini under laboratory conditions. Sixteen species were found to be new vectors of ZYMV (i.e. Aphis craccae, Aphis fabae, Aphis nerii, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus cardui, Brevicoryne brassicae, Hyalopterus pruni complex, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Macrosiphum rosae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus cerasi, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Semiaphis dauci and Sipha maydis). Their transmission efficiency by a single aphid was low (0.1–4.2%). Myzus persicae was used as a control and was the most efficient vector (41.1%, one aphid per plant). Hayhurstia atriplicis, Myzus ascalonicus and Sitobion avenae did not transmit the virus. In four out of six new vectors assayed in arena tests for propensity estimation, propensity was higher than efficiency. Data from an experimental zucchini field in northern Greece revealed a high correlation between ZYMV spread and alatae of the vector species. The most abundant aphid vectors during 2 years experimentation were M. persicae, Aphis gossypii and Aphis spiraecola. The possible role of the 16 new and the previously known aphid vectors in the epidemiology of ZYMV was investigated using data of transmission efficiency combined with the captures of their alatae in the Greek net of a Rothamsted type suction trap.
Preliminary experience with mycophenolate mofetil for preservation of renal function in cardiac transplant patients with documented cyclosporine nephrotoxicity
Authors: AL‐ALY ZIYAD , SACHDEVA ASHUTOSH , PHILOCTETE ASHLEY JENNIFER M , BASTANI BAHAR 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY:Background: Cyclosporine (CyA) has positively impacted on the outcome of cardiac transplantation; however, the nephrotoxicity associated with CyA has been a major drawback.Methods: In an effort to reduce exposure to CyA and possibly alleviate its nephrotoxic effects, we undertook a therapeutic strategy to switch cardiac transplant patients with biopsy‐proven CyA nephrotoxicity from azathioprine (AZA) to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with subsequent CyA dose reduction or elimination.Results: MMF was substituted for AZA in five cardiac transplant patients (four males; mean age, 60 ± 6 years old; average time from transplant was 7 ± 3 years) who had biopsy proven evidence of CyA nephrotoxicity, and in whom CyA dose was reduced (3/5) or discontinued (2/5). At the time of the therapeutic intervention, four patients had an average serum creatinine of 230 ± 62 µmol/L and one patient had just been started on haemodialysis (HD). During an average follow‐up period of 42 months, the slope of the inverse serum creatinine significantly improved in three patients and continued to deteriorate in one patient. The patient on HD could be transiently taken off HD. However, he developed a severe episode of cardiac rejection requiring antirejection therapy and increase in the dose of CyA. The patient was subsequently returned back on HD.Conclusion: In this preliminary report, we show that AZA to MMF switch with subsequent CyA dose reduction or discontinuation may slow down the progression of kidney disease in some patients. However, the patients should be followed closely for evidence of cardiac rejection.
Aldose reductase regulates TGF‐β1‐induced production of fibronectin and type IV collagen in cultured rat mesangial cells
Authors: JIANG TAO , CHE QI , LIN YIFENG , LI HUI , ZHANG NONG 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY:Aim:  To study the effects of aldose reductase (AR) on production of fibronectin and type IV collagen in rat mesangial cells (MsC).Methods:  The vector, pcDNA3‐AR, was constructed based on pET‐15b‐AR. Lipofect AMINE was used for stable transfection and G418 was used for selecting positive clones. Sorbinil and zopolrestat were added for suppressing the activity of AR, respectively. The production of fibronectin and type IV collagen and the activation of Smads and MAPK signal transduction pathway were analysed by western blot and AP‐1 activity was analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA).Results:  The normal MsC showed increased expression of fibronectin and type IV collagen with stimulation of TGF‐β1. Compared with the normal MsC, the MsC pre‐incubated with ARI showed reduced expression (P < 0.05) and the AR‐transfected MsC showed increased expression (P < 0.05). The normal MsC showed activation of ERK, JNK and p38 with stimulation of TGF‐β1, while the activation of JNK and p38 was inhibited in the MsC pre‐incubated with ARI and only the activation of JNK was enhanced in the AR‐transfected MsC. The normal MsC showed enhanced AP‐1 activity with the stimulation of TGF‐β1, and similarly the activity was inhibited in the MsC pre‐incubated with ARI and was more enhanced in the AR transfected MsC.Conclusion:  AR can regulate the expression of fibronectin and type IV collagen with the stimulation of TGF‐β1 in MsC, which may have relations with the activation of JNK‐MAPK and p38‐MAPK signalling pathways and AP‐1.
Carotenoids, colour and conservation in an endangered passerine, the hihi or stitchbird (Notiomystis cincta)
Authors: Ewen J. G. , Surai P. , Stradi R. , Møller A. P. , Vittorio B. , Griffiths R. , Armstrong D. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCarotenoids are essential dietary components utilized not only in pigmentation but also as immuno‐stimulants and antioxidants. Reduced availability can have consequences on individual health and survival, thus making carotenoids a good indicator of environmental stress. We compared carotenoid profiles and plumage colour characteristics of an endangered passerine species in New Zealand, between its remnant island source population and two reintroduced island populations. Circulating carotenoids were predominantly lutein (mean of 82.2%) and zeaxanthin (mean of 14.8%), and these were the major carotenoids present as yellow pigments in the males' plumage. There were clear differences in total carotenoid concentrations and plumage colour among the three populations. Circulating carotenoid concentration was significantly higher in one of the reintroduced populations, and the yellow plumage of males was significantly higher in both reintroduced populations in comparison with the remnant population (reflected as a significant increase in hue). Understanding how these differences arise may be of importance to this species given the health benefits carotenoids impart and our ability to select plant species containing these compounds or artificially supplement them.
Molecular fingerprinting of BMP2‐ and BMP4‐treated embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells
Authors: Mukhopadhyay P , Singh S , Greene RM , Pisano MM 
Published: April 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Mukhopadhyay P, Singh S, Greene RM, Pisano MMObjective –  To determine the differences in gene expression between control‐, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2‐ and BMP4‐treated murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal (MEMM) cells.Design –  Transcript profiles of BMP2‐, BMP4‐ and vehicle‐treated MEMM cells were compared utilizing the murine high‐density GeneChip arrays from Affymetrix. The raw chip data (probe intensities) were pre‐processed using robust multichip averaging with GC‐content background correction and further normalized with GeneSpring v7.2 software. Cluster analysis of the microarray data was performed with the GeneSpring software. Changes in the gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real‐time PCR.Results –  Expression of ∼50% of the 45 101 genes and expressed sequence tags examined in this study were detected in BMP2‐, BMP4‐ and vehicle‐treated MEMM cells and that of several hundred genes was significantly altered (up or downregulated) in these cells in response to BMP2 and BMP4. Expression profiles of each of the 26 mRNAs tested by TaqMan quantitative real‐time PCR were found to be consistent with the microarray data. Genes whose expression was modulated following BMP2 or BMP4 treatment, could be broadly classified based on the functions of the encoded proteins such as the growth factors and signaling molecules, transcription factors, and proteins involved in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, extracellular matrix synthesis, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.Conclusion –  Utilization of the Affymetrix GeneChip microarray technology has enabled us to delineate a detailed transcriptional map of BMP2 and BMP4 responsiveness in embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells and offers revealing insights into crucial molecular regulatory mechanisms employed by these two growth factors in orchestrating embryonic orofacial cellular responses.
Morphological differences in the temporomandibular joints in asymmetrical prognathism patients
Authors: Kawakami M , Yamamoto K , Inoue M , Kawakami T , Fujimoto M , Kirita T 
Published: April 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Kawakami M, Yamamoto K, Inoue M, Kawakami T, Fujimoto M, Kirita TObjective –  To investigate the morphology of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) in skeletal asymmetry with prognathism.Design –  Three‐group observational clinical study.Setting and Sample Population –  University setting. Thirty‐five patients undergoing orthognathic surgery without signs and symptoms of TMJ disorder were assigned to three groups (right deviation, n = 11; left deviation, n = 14; and non‐deviation; n = 10) based on anteroposterior cephalometric analysis.Outcome Measure –  Positional and morphological differences of the TMJs were evaluated using a total of 70 bilateral sagittal TMJ magnetic resonance images.Results –  In both the right and left deviation groups, the TMJ on the deviated side showed a significantly steeper eminence than that on the non‐deviated side (p < 0.05). The anterior joint space was narrower on the deviated side than on the non‐deviated side whereas the posterior joint space did not differ markedly, indicating an anterior position of the condyle in the glenoid fossa of the TMJ on the deviated side. Disk displacement comparisons revealed no significant differences between left and right sides in the symmetry or asymmetry group.Conclusion –  Asymmetrical prognathism patients exhibit significant morphological differences between the right and left TMJs concerning the slope of the articular eminence, which correspond to facial asymmetry.
Clinical and Laboratory Features of theNocardiaspp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy
Authors: Brown-Elliott Barbara A. , Brown June M. , Conville Patricia S. , Wallace Richard J. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe recent explosion of newly described species ofNocardiaresults from the impact in the last decade of newer molecular technology, including PCR restriction enzyme analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing. These molecular techniques have revolutionized the identification of the nocardiae by providing rapid and accurate identification of recognized nocardiae and, at the same time, revealing new species and a number of yet-to-be-described species. There are currently more than 30 species of nocardiae of human clinical significance, with the majority of isolates beingN. novacomplex,N. abscessus,N. transvalensiscomplex,N. farcinica,N. asteroidestype VI (N. cyriacigeorgica), andN. brasiliensis. These species cause a wide variety of diseases and have variable drug susceptibilities. Accurate identification often requires referral to a reference laboratory with molecular capabilities, as many newer species are genetically distinct from established species yet have few or no distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. Correct identification is important in deciding the clinical relevance of a species and in the clinical management and treatment of patients with nocardial disease. This review characterizes the currently known pathogenic species ofNocardia, including clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and methods of identification.
The Front Line of Enteric Host Defense against Unwelcome Intrusion of Harmful Microorganisms: Mucins, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Microbiota
Authors: Liévin-Le Moal Vanessa , Servin Alain L. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe intestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that combines resident microbiota and the cells of various phenotypes with complex metabolic activities that line the epithelial wall. The intestinal cells that make up the epithelium provide physical and chemical barriers that protect the host against the unwanted intrusion of microorganisms that hijack the cellular molecules and signaling pathways of the host and become pathogenic. Some of the organisms making up the intestinal microbiota also have microbicidal effects that contribute to the barrier against enteric pathogens. This review describes the two cell lineages present in the intestinal epithelium: the goblet cells and the Paneth cells, both of which play a pivotal role in the first line of enteric defense by producing mucus and antimicrobial peptides, respectively. We also analyze recent insights into the intestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which some resident species act as a barrier to enteric pathogens. Moreover, this review examines whether the cells producing mucins or antimicrobial peptides and the resident microbiota act in partnership and whether they function individually and/or synergistically to provide the host with an effective front line of defense against harmful enteric pathogens.
The Continuing Challenges of Leprosy
Authors: Scollard D. M. , Adams L. B. , Gillis T. P. , Krahenbuhl J. L. , Truman R. W. , Williams D. L. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYLeprosy is best understood as two conjoined diseases. The first is a chronic mycobacterial infection that elicits an extraordinary range of cellular immune responses in humans. The second is a peripheral neuropathy that is initiated by the infection and the accompanying immunological events. The infection is curable but not preventable, and leprosy remains a major global health problem, especially in the developing world, publicity to the contrary notwithstanding.Mycobacterium lepraeremains noncultivable, and for over a century leprosy has presented major challenges in the fields of microbiology, pathology, immunology, and genetics; it continues to do so today. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding ofM. lepraeand the host response to it, especially concerning molecular identification ofM. leprae, knowledge of its genome, transcriptome, and proteome, its mechanisms of microbial resistance, and recognition of strains by variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Advances in experimental models include studies in gene knockout mice and the development of molecular techniques to explore the armadillo model. In clinical studies, notable progress has been made concerning the immunology and immunopathology of leprosy, the genetics of human resistance, mechanisms of nerve injury, and chemotherapy. In nearly all of these areas, however, leprosy remains poorly understood compared to other major bacterial diseases.