bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heatstroke in small animal medicine: a clinical practice review
Authors: Johnson Scott I. , McMichael Maureen , White George 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective: To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, current treatment, and prognosis of heatstroke.Etiology: Heatstroke can be a life‐threatening condition occurring because of an imbalance of heat dissipation and production. Certain factors may predispose some animals to heatstroke. The pathophysiology and sequelae of heatstroke share similarities with that of sepsis; thus, multiple organ dysfunction often ensues. The pathophysiological derangements that occur with heatstroke result from a complex series of events associated with direct cytotoxicity of heat and initiation of the acute‐phase response by endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Activation of endothelial cells, coagulation factors, and fibrinolysis (with ensuing microvascular thrombosis) leads to hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Heat shock proteins produced secondary to sudden heating act as protein chaperones or molecular guardians to provide protection against future heatstroke and may be implicated as a possible genetic component of heatstroke.Diagnosis: A history of recent exercise or being confined in a hot and/or humid environment, combined with clinical signs such as body temperature above 40°C (104°F), panting, tachycardia, hyperemia, dry mucous membranes, and depression to prostration is consistent with a diagnosis of heatstroke. A complete blood count performed during the initial examination of dogs with suspected heatstroke often includes nucleated red blood cells.Therapy: The mainstays for treating heatstroke include rapid evaporative cooling, volume replacement to provide cardiovascular support, and management of secondary complications.Prognosis: The prognosis is multifactorial. There is a significant negative correlation between comatose mental status, decreased temperature, and hypoglycemia with mortality.
Differences in the Placental Membrane Cytokine Response: a Possible explanation for the Racial Disparity in Preterm Birth
Authors: Menon Ramkumar , Merialdi Mario , Lombardi Salvatore J. , Fortunato Stephen J. 
Published: May 2006

ProblemThe prematurity rate is higher in African‐Americans (AA) compared with Caucasians (C). As spontaneous preterm labor has been hypothesized to be a host inflammatory response disease racial differences in human placental membrane inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin pathway gene expression patterns between AA and C were examined in this report.Method of studyPlacental membranes (amniochorion) collected from AA and C women from cesareans at term were maintained in an organ explant system and stimulated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Microarray analysis and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed on mRNAs and culture media from AA‐ and C‐derived membranes to document any differences in mRNA expression and protein production of IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and expression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX‐1), COX‐2 and 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH).ResultsIncreased mRNA expression of IL‐1, IL‐8 and COX‐2 in AA and IL‐6, IL‐10, COX‐1 and PGDH in C were documented after LPS stimulation. Concentration of IL‐1 was significantly higher in media derived from AA whereas IL‐6 and IL‐10 concentrations were higher in C with no differences observed in IL‐8 after LPS stimulation compared with respective unstimulated controls.ConclusionThese data document ethnic diversity in placental membrane immune response.
Nitric oxide and ovarian function
Authors: HATTORI Masa‐aki , TABATA Shoji 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTNitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by three NO synthases, designated as NOS‐1, NOS‐2, and NOS‐3, with distinct features and localization. Nitric oxide and the reactive oxygen species generated from NO react with a wide variety of biomolecules such as DNA, transcription factors, enzymes, cytokines, and membrane receptors in NO synthesized cells and nearby cells to mediate a variety of biological functions. Nitric oxide synthase‐2 and NOS‐3 are expressed in the ovary during folliculogenesis and luteinization. Nitric oxide functions as an important modulator for folliculogenesis and atresia, steroidogenesis, prostaglandin biosynthesis, ovulation, luteolysis, and oocyte maturation. Nitric oxide synthase‐3 is also localized in the porcine oocytes of the primordial follicles as well as in large follicles. It has been proved that NO is involved in intracellular signaling for oocyte growth and maturation at the pre‐ovulatory stage.
Comparison of in vitro digestibility and chemical composition among sugarcane bagasses treated by four white‐rot fungi
Authors: OKANO Kanji , IIDA Yuko , SAMSURI Muhammad , PRASETYA Bambang , USAGAWA Tomoya , WATANABE Takashi 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe capabilities of four white‐rot fungi to improve the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse for ruminants were determined. Bagasse was cultured with Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (ATCC 90467) or C. subvermispora (CZ‐3) at 26°C for 8, 12 or 16 weeks. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) in untreated bagasse were 45.6 and 40.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora, respectively, for 12 weeks, were elevated to 68.6 and 59.1%, 60.6 and 49.9% and 59.9 and 49.0%, respectively. In contrast, the IVOMD and the IVNDFD in bagasse cultured with P. eryngii and P. salmoneostramineus were the same or lower than those in untreated bagasse. In vitro gas production (IVGP) in bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora for 12 weeks was also higher than that of untreated bagasse. These changes in IVOMD, IVNDFD and IVGP demonstrate that L. edodes has a higher capability of improving the digestibility for ruminants than C. subvermispora, P. eryngii or P. salmoneostramineus.
The effect of fermented persimmon shell diet supplementation on the growth performance and blood parameters in finishing pigs
Authors: KIM Hoi‐Yun , SONG Young‐Min , KANG Yang‐Su , KIM Chung‐Hui , LEE Sung‐Dae , CHOWDAPPA Rekha , HA Ji‐Hee , KANG Seoc‐Mo 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fermented persimmon shell diet (FPSD) supplementation on growth performance and blood parameters in 96 Berkshire pigs. The FPSD was made from persimmon shell and mixed with rice bran and barley bran. Samples of FPSD on day 0 (D0) and day 60 (D60) were analyzed for chemical composition, pH and organic acids. The experimental diets were 0, 3, 5 and 7% FPSD added to C, T1, T2 and T3 of finishing diets on fresh matter basis. Dry matter (DM) was lower (P < 0.01) and crude protein was higher (P < 0.01) on D60 than on D0. pH value decreased (P < 0.01) on D60 than on D0 but organic acids were increased (P < 0.01). Average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in other groups. Average daily feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in other groups. Total cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) in T3 than in other groups. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (P < 0.05) in groups by the addition of FPSD. Blood urea nitrogen was lower (P < 0.05) in C than in other groups. The results indicate that FPSD improved the growth performance and blood parameters in Berkshire pigs.
Temporal expression of growth factor genes of primary porcine satellite cells during myogenesis
Authors: THEIL Peter K. , SØRENSEN Inge L. , NISSEN Pia M. , OKSBJERG Niels 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe present experiment was undertaken to study the transcription of members of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system and myostatin in porcine satellite cells through myogenesis and to study the effects of 1 µmol/L insulin on stimulating fusion. Cultured cells were harvested at 50 and 80% confluence and at days 1, 2, 3 and 4 following induction of fusion and differentiation. Increased levels of myogenin transcription and creatine kinase from 50% confluence until day 2 indicated that fusion and differentiation were induced. The mRNA abundance of IGF‐I (P < 0.001), IGF‐II (P < 0.001), IGF binding protein (BP) 5 (P < 0.01), type I IGF receptor (P < 0.001) and myostatin (P < 0.01) increased from proliferation to differentiation. Insulin stimulated differentiation as indicated by elevated creatine kinase activity (P < 0.001) but did not affect myogenin mRNA abundance (P = 0.98). Insulin downregulated transcription of IGF‐I (P < 0.01) and during the first 2 days after switching to differentiation medium insulin downregulated IGF receptor transcription (P < 0.001), whereas insulin did not affect transcription of IGF‐II (P = 0.06), IGFBP5 (P = 0.76) or myostatin (P = 0.50). In conclusion, transcriptions of IGF‐I, IGF‐II, type I IGF receptor, IGFBP5 and myostatin were changed during myogenesis, suggesting autocrine/paracrine roles in regulating the transition from proliferation to differentiation of porcine satellite cells.
Decrease in stearic acid proportions in adipose tissues and liver lipids in fatty liver of dairy cows
Authors: SATO Hiroshi , INOUE Aya 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSamples of liver and perirenal, mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were collected from 16 sick necropsied dairy cows to evaluate the fatty acid profiles in the hepatic and adipose tissues associated with advanced fatty liver or hepatic lipidosis. Hepatic triglyceride and eight fatty acids were measured in the hepatic and adipose tissues. Six cows had more than 3% triglyceride on fresh weight in their livers and were classified as having fatty liver. Stearic and linoleic acid proportions in the liver decreased markedly with increased hepatic triglyceride levels, while the proportion of palmitic and oleic acids increased. The most striking fluctuations in hepatic lipidosis were manifested as decreased stearic acid in the adipose tissues including subcutaneous fat with the trend of decreasing stearic acid. Palmitic acid was elevated in hepatic and perirenal fat in fatty liver cows. In instances of advanced hepatic lipidosis, palmitoleic acid increased in only subcutaneous fat and not in perirenal or mesenteric fat. In addition to the proportions of hepatic fatty acids in fatty liver, this study also clarified the fluctuations observed in the profiles of fatty acids of the adipose tissues in cows with advanced hepatic lipidosis, particularly the decline in the proportions of stearic acid.
The Practical Use of Simplicity in Developing Ground Water Models
Authors: Hill Mary C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe advantages of starting with simple models and building complexity slowly can be significant in the development of ground water models. In many circumstances, simpler models are characterized by fewer defined parameters and shorter execution times. In this work, the number of parameters is used as the primary measure of simplicity and complexity; the advantages of shorter execution times also are considered. The ideas are presented in the context of constructing ground water models but are applicable to many fields. Simplicity first is put in perspective as part of the entire modeling process using 14 guidelines for effective model calibration. It is noted that neither very simple nor very complex models generally produce the most accurate predictions and that determining the appropriate level of complexity is an ill‐defined process. It is suggested that a thorough evaluation of observation errors is essential to model development. Finally, specific ways are discussed to design useful ground water models that have fewer parameters and shorter execution times.
Intellectual Property Protection in Collaborative Design through Lean
Information Modeling and Sharing
Authors: Wang Yan , Ajoku Pamela N. , Brustoloni José C. , Nnaji Bart O. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Establishing efficient, effective, and trustworthy engineering collaboration while protecting intellectual property is vital to maintain organizational competence in today’s global business environment. In this paper, a lean information modeling and sharing framework is described to support engineering data security management in a peer-to-peer collaborative environment. It allows for selective and interoperable data sharing with fine-grained access control at both the server and client sides, thus securing different levels of design information dissemination for intellectual property protection purposes. The considerations of time and value-adding activity with roles, policy delegation relation in a distributed context, and fine-grained control at data set level in the model are to adhere to the general least privilege principle in access control. Heterogeneous design data are exchanged selectively through an eXtensible Markup Language common interface, which provides a neutral format to enhance data interoperability and prevents reverse engineering.
Identification of an N-Terminal Trimeric Coiled-Coil Core within Arenavirus Glycoprotein 2 Permits Assignment to Class I Viral Fusion Proteins
Authors: Eschli Bruno , Quirin Katharina , Wepf Alexander , Weber Jacqueline , Zinkernagel Rolf , Hengartner Hans 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) consists of the transmembrane subunit GP-2 and the receptor binding subunit GP-1. Both are synthesized as one precursor protein and stay noncovalently attached after cleavage. In this study, we determined the oligomeric state of the LCMV GP and expressed it in two different conformations suitable for structural analysis. Sequence analysis of GP-2 identified a trimeric heptad repeat pattern containing an N-terminal α-helix. An α-helical peptide matching this region formed a stable oligomer as revealed by gel filtration chromatography and dynamic light scattering. In contrast, a second α-helical peptide corresponding to a predicted C-terminal α-helix within GP-2 did not oligomerize. Refolding of the complete GP-2 ectodomain revealed trimeric all-alpha complexes probably representing the six-helix bundle state that is considered a hallmark of class I viral fusion proteins. Based on these results, we generated a construct consisting of the complete uncleavable LCMV GP ectodomain fused C-terminally to the trimeric motif of fibritin. Gel filtration analysis of the secreted fusion protein identified two complexes of ∼230 and ∼440 kDa. Both complexes bound to a set of conformational and linear antibodies. Cross-linking confirmed the 230-kDa complex to be a trimer. The 440-kDa complexes were found to represent disulfide-linked pairs of trimers, since partial reduction converted them to a complex species migrating at 250 kDa. By electron microscopy, the 230-kDa complexes appeared as single spherical particles and showed no signs of rosette formation. Our results clearly demonstrate that the arenavirus GP is a trimer and must be considered a member of the class I viral fusion protein family.
The Hypervariable Immunodominant NP418-426Epitope from the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein Is Recognized by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes with High Functional Avidity
Authors: Boon Adrianus C. M. , de Mutsert Gerrie , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTRecently it was shown that influenza A viruses can accumulate mutations in epitopes associated with escape from recognition by human virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). It is unclear what drives diversification of CTL epitopes and why certain epitopes are variable and others remain conserved. It has been shown that simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CTL that recognize their epitope with high functional avidity eliminate virus-infected cells efficiently and drive diversification of CTL epitopes. T-cell functional avidity is defined by the density of major histocompatibility complex class I peptide complexes required to activate specific CTL. We hypothesized that functional avidity of CTL contributes to epitope diversification and escape from CTL also for influenza viruses. To test this hypothesis, the functional avidity of polyclonal CTL populations specific for nine individual epitopes was determined. To this end, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A- and -B-genotyped individuals were stimulated in vitro with influenza virus-infected cells to allow expansion of virus-specific CTL, which were used to determine the functional avidity of CTL specific for nine individual epitopes in enzyme-linked immunospot assays. We found that the functional avidity for the respective epitopes varied widely. Furthermore, the functional avidity of CTL specific for the hypervariable NP418-426epitope was significantly higher than that of CTL recognizing other epitopes (P< 0.01). It was speculated that the high functional avidity of NP418-426-specific CTL was responsible for the diversification of this influenza A virus CTL epitope.
A Bicistronic Subgenomic mRNA Encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 Proteins of Hepatitis E Virus
Authors: Graff Judith , Torian Udana , Nguyen Hanh , Emerson Suzanne U. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis E virus replicons containing the neomycin resistance gene expressed from open reading frames (ORFs) 2 and 3 were transfected into Huh-7 cells, and stable cell lines containing functional replicons were selected by constant exposure to G418 sulfate. Northern blot analyses detected full-length replicon RNA and a single subgenomic RNA. This subgenomic RNA, which was capped, initiated at nucleotide 5122 downstream of the first two methionine codons in ORF3 and was bicistronic; two closely spaced methionine codons in different reading frames were used for the initiation of ORF3 and ORF2 translation.
Comparing Phylogenetic Codivergence between Polyomaviruses and Their Hosts
Authors: Pérez-Losada Marcos , Christensen Ryan G. , McClellan David A. , Adams Byron J. , Viscidi Raphael P. , Demma James C. , Crandall Keith A. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Seventy-two
full genomes corresponding to nine mammalian (67 strains) and two avian
(5 strains) polyomavirus species were analyzed using maximum likelihood
and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. Our fully resolved and
well-supported (bootstrap proportions > 90%; posterior
probabilities = 1.0) trees separate the bird polyomaviruses
(avian polyomavirus and goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus) from the
mammalian polyomaviruses, which supports the idea of spitting the genus
into two subgenera. Such a split is also consistent with the different
viral life strategies of each group. Simian (simian virus 40, simian
agent 12 [Sa12], and lymphotropic polyomavirus) and rodent (hamster
polyomavirus, mouse polyomavirus, and murine pneumotropic polyomavirus
[MPtV]) polyomaviruses did not form monophyletic groups. Using our best
hypothesis of polyomavirus evolutionary relationships and established
host phylogenies, we performed a cophylogenetic reconciliation analysis
of codivergence. Our analyses generated six optimal cophylogenetic
scenarios of coevolution, including 12 codivergence events (
P
< 0.01), suggesting that
Polyomaviridae
coevolved with
their avian and mammal hosts. As individual lineages, our analyses
showed evidence of host switching in four terminal branches leading to
MPtV, bovine polyomavirus, Sa12, and BK virus, suggesting a combination
of vertical and horizontal transfer in the evolutionary history of the
polyomaviruses.
Antigenic and Immunogenic Characterization of Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein: Implication for Vaccine Design
Authors: He Yuxian , Li Jingjing , Heck Susanne , Lustigman Sara , Jiang Shibo 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
The spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediates the receptor interaction and immune recognition and is considered a major target for vaccine design. However, its antigenic and immunogenic properties remain to be elucidated. In this study, we immunized mice with full-length S protein (FL-S) or its extracellular domain (EC-S) expressed by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. We found that the immunized mice developed high titers of anti-S antibodies with potent neutralizing activities against SARS pseudoviruses constructed with the S proteins of Tor2, GD03T13, and SZ3, the representative strains of 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 human SARS-CoV and palm civet SARS-CoV, respectively. These data suggest that the recombinant baculovirus-expressed S protein vaccines possess excellent immunogenicity, thereby inducing highly potent neutralizing responses against human and animal SARS-CoV variants. The antigenic structure of the S protein was characterized by a panel of 38 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) isolated from the immunized mice. The epitopes of most anti-S MAbs (32 of 38) were localized within the S1 domain, and those of the remaining 6 MAbs were mapped to the S2 domain. Among the anti-S1 MAbs, 17 MAbs targeted the N-terminal region (amino acids [aa] 12 to 327), 9 MAbs recognized the receptor-binding domain (RBD; aa 318 to 510), and 6 MAbs reacted with the C-terminal region of S1 domain that contains the major immunodominant site (aa 528 to 635). Strikingly, all of the RBD-specific MAbs had potent neutralizing activity, 6 of which efficiently blocked the receptor binding, confirming that the RBD contains the main neutralizing epitopes and that blockage of the receptor association is the major mechanism of SARS-CoV neutralization. Five MAbs specific for the S1 N-terminal region exhibited moderate neutralizing activity, but none of the MAbs reacting with the S2 domain and the major immunodominant site in S1 showed neutralizing activity. All of the neutralizing MAbs recognize conformational epitopes. These data provide important information for understanding the antigenicity and immunogenicity of S protein and for designing SARS vaccines. This panel of anti-S MAbs can be used as tools for studying the structure and function of the SARS-CoV S protein.
Adaptive Covariation between the Coat and Movement Proteins of Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus
Authors: Codoñer Francisco M. , Fares Mario A. , Elena Santiago F. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
The relative functional and/or structural importance of different amino acid sites in a protein can be assessed by evaluating the selective constraints to which they have been subjected during the course of evolution. Here we explore such constraints at the linear and three-dimensional levels for the movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) encoded by RNA 3 of prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV). By a maximum-parsimony approach, the nucleotide sequences from 46 isolates of PNRSV varying in symptomatology, host tree, and geographic origin have been analyzed and sites under different selective pressures have been identified in both proteins. We have also performed covariation analyses to explore whether changes in certain amino acid sites condition subsequent variation in other sites of the same protein or the other protein. These covariation analyses shed light on which particular amino acids should be involved in the physical and functional interaction between MP and CP. Finally, we discuss these findings in the light of what is already known about the implication of certain sites and domains in structure and protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions.