bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paroxetine in the treatment of depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo
Authors: Feighner J.P. , Boyer W.F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTParoxetine is a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, which is being investigated as an antidepressant. In this double‐blind, six‐week study 120 outpatients with DSM‐I11 major depression were randomly assigned to treatment with paroxetine, imipramine, or placebo. Results showed a statistically significant superiority of paroxetineover placebo on almost all outcome measures. Paroxetine was significantly superior to imipramine on the HAMD total score and was generally better tolerated than imipramine. The results support paroxetine's effectiveness in the treatment of major depression and suggest that further studies with this compound are warranted.
Platelet 5‐HT uptake in post‐stroke depression
Authors: Barry S. , Phillips O. M. , Williams D. C. , Dinan T. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSerotonin (5‐HT) uptake into platelets is reduced in functionally depressed patients. Depression following stroke (cerebrovascular accident; CVA) is common and severe. Sixteen patients who had suffered a CVA within 6 to 12 months and who were medication‐free had blood taken for measurement of platelet 5‐HT uptake. Seven of these patients were depressed. These were compared with age‐ and sex‐matched hospital controls. No difference in platelet 5‐HT uptake was found across these groups.
Treatment of lethal catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy and dantrolene sodium: a case report
Authors: Nolen W. A. , Zwaan W. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAccording to the literature, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for lethal catatonia. This article describes a patient with lethal catatonia: treatment by ECT alone was ineffective, whereas continued treatment with ECT in combination with dantrolene sodium led to improvement.
The prevalence of schizophrenia in three counties in Ireland
Authors: Nuallain M. Ni , O'Hare A. , Walsh D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article reports a study of the prevalence of schizophrenia in 3 counties in Ireland based on case‐register data and using a standardized diagnostic instrument – the Present State Examination. The estimate of prevalence varies depending on the criteria of schizophrenia employed. A middle‐range estimate of 3.9 per 1000 population does not differ substantially from previous estimates of prevalence obtained elsewhere. Over 60% of all schizophrenic prevalence patients and over half of schizophrenic inpatients did not score as cases, suggesting that the continued hospitalization of symptomatically recovered cases has given rise to the mistaken impression that the prevalence of schizophrenia is unduly high in Ireland. The work reported here indicates substantial differences between the results of case ascertainment by hospital admission data compared with those arrived at by standardized interview diagnostic techniques.
Alcohol consumption in parents and offspring: a study of the family correlation structure in a general population
Authors: Tambs K. , Vaglum P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAlcohol consumption was recorded for 2390 spouses and 498 children of age 18 or above living with their parents. The spouse correlation was 0.67, whereas parent‐offspring and sibling correlations were all close to 0.35. This family correlation structure implies an upper limit for heritability of 0.44. The design does not permit a separation of effect of cultural (environmental) and genetic transmission in families, but comparisons with previous heritability analyses suggest that heritability is in fact close to the upper limit, implying little or no cultural transmission. There were virtually no correlations between alcohol consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Nor did consumption correlate substantially with symptoms in first‐degree relatives. These results do not support hypotheses of common genetic nor even of common environmental determinants for alcohol consumption and mental disorders.
Decreased density of benzodiazepine receptors in lymphocytes of anxious patients: reversal after chronic diazepam treatment
Authors: Ferrarese C. , Appollonio I. , Frigo M. , Perego M. , Piolti R. , Trabucchi M. , Frattola L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPeripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors were measured in human circulating lymphocytes using 3H‐PK 11195 as specific ligand. In a group of outpatients with anxiety disorders a significant decrease of receptor density (– 37%) was found compared with age‐matched controls. In these patients long‐term diazepam treatment restored binding density to normal levels: the effect persisted after drug withdrawal. Acute i.v. diazepam administration did not change receptor density. The observed receptor changes could reflect a down‐regulation phenomenon and indicate that lymphocyte function reflect central nervous events.
Factor study of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Bech Melancholia Scale
Authors: Marcos T. , Salamero M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn this study, a sample (n= 234) of elderly people between the ages of 60 and 95 was evaluated. Items from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Bech‐Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale were factorialized using the oblique rotation method oblimin. Three clinically significant factors were obtained, accounting for 41% of variance. The first was interpreted as a dimension of inhibition and melancholic depression; the second, insomnia; and the third, somatic and psychic anxiety. It is concluded that the set of items on both scales increases the capacity for evaluating melancholic aspects of depression. In the interpretation of factor analysis, the possible artifact represented by the repetition of similar items must be kept in mind. Despite the loss of simplicity oblique rotation implies, it is considered preferable to orthogonal rotation since it allows for a greater congruity with clinical situations.
Why some depressed patients may have low platelet 3H‐imipramine binding
Authors: Mellerup E. T. , Plenge P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTHuman platelet membranes were incubated with 3H‐imipramine, 3H‐paroxetine or 3H‐chlorimipramine. It was found that chlorimipramine remained in the membranes, as it was impossible to remove this antidepressant drug by normal washing procedures. Similar results, although to a lesser degree, were found with paroxetine, whereas imipramine could be washed away from the membranes. Treatment of volunteers with chlorimipramine strongly reduced platelet imipramine binding probably due to the presence of chlorimipramine in the membranes during the binding assay. These results suggest that the low imipramine binding reported in depressed patients, at least in some cases, may have been caused by antidepressant drugs or drug metabolites remaining in the platelet membrane preparations.
Therapeutic effects of fengabine, a new GABAergic agent, in depressed outpatients: a double‐blind study versus clomipramine
Authors: Nielsen N. P. , Cesana B. , Zizolfi S. , Ascalone V. , Priore P. , Morselli P. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe results of a double‐blind clinical trial of fengabine vs clomipramine in depressed outpatients are reported. Fengabine, a new GABAergic agent, seems to be as effective as the reference drug, with a faster onset of action and a more marked effect on cognitive disturbances and retardation. The new drug is free of any significant anticholinergic or cardiovascular effect, and it is not sedative.
Age and attempted suicide
Authors: Merrill J. , Owens J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTClinical and demographic factors associated with suicide attempts admitted to the West Midlands Poisons Unit over a 2‐year period were compared by age group. Risk factors for future suicide (living alone, physical illness, psychiatric illness and high suicidal intent in the attempt) were significantly more common among elderly patients (65 years and over) than middle‐aged patients (35‐64 years) and significantly less common among young patients (under 35 years) than middle‐aged patients. Elderly patients that attempted suicide resemble elderly patients that completed suicide and should be considered at high risk of future suicide.
The Cronholm‐Ottosson Depression Scale: the first depression scale designed to rate changes during treatment
Authors: Bech P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn 1960 Ottosson published the first specific depression rating scale (the Cronholm‐Ottosson Depression Scale) designed to be sensitive in measuring change during antidepressive therapy. Ottosson and his group have never used factor analysis to validate the scale, as the items of the scale were selected on a preconceived idea for homogeneity, i.e. having a monotonic correspondance to the underlying dimension of severity of depression. The most appropriate method of testing the construct validity of the Cronholm‐Ottosson Depression Scale is latent structure analysis. Using the original Ottosson data, a latent structure analysis has been made showing that the 8 items of the scale are homogeneously related, i.e. can be ordered on one dimension of severity of depression. The descriptive statistic of a 50% reduction of pretreatment score (or more) equaled the global clinical score of moderate to excellent improvement. Both scales showed that, already after 4 electroconvulsive treatments, about 80% of depressed patients who received adequate fits had moderate to excellent improvement, whereas only around 40% of depressed patients who received inadequate fits improved moderately or excellently.
Traditional perceptions and treatment of mental disorders in western Ethiopia before the 1974 revolution
Authors: Jacobsson L. , Merdasa F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article describes the traditional concepts and treatment of mental disorders in the Oromo areas in western Ethiopia before the revolution in 1974. There are three traditional cultural influences operating: traditional Oromo thinking, the Coptic church and the Islamic culture. One important element in traditional Oromo thinking is that each person is believed to possess an ayana, which is a special divine agent that can descend upon people, but also means a person's character and personality. In the traditional Oromo society, the Kallu is the religious leader who, through an ecstatic ritual technique, can investigate the causes of the disorder and advise what to do. Mental disorders are generally explained as resulting from disturbances in the relationship between people and divinity. The second important cultural element in western Ethiopia is the orthodox Coptic church, which usually looks upon mental disorders as possession by evil spirits, which are thus treated by specially gifted priests and monks by praying and giving holy water or eventually exhortation. According to Islamic teaching in the area, mental disorders are caused by evil spirits sent by God to punish the unfaithful people. Some Muslim sheiks treat mental cases with prayers, but herbal remedies are also used. There is a great intermingling of these different cultural and religious elements and people attend different healers and religious leaders more depending on the reputation of the person than on cultural and religious affiliation.
Changes in antisocial aggressiveness during treatment in a hierarchical therapeutic community. A prospective study of personality changes
Authors: Ravndal E. , Vaglum P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThirty‐six consecutive substance abusers were examined at intake and after 1 year of residency in a hierarchical therapeutic community using the personality instruments Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and Basic Character Inventory. Two antisocial aggressiveness subgroups were identified: a no‐increase group (n= 11) that had high intake scores on MCMI antisocial aggression, small changes during the stay and a high dropout rate (45%) as outpatients: and an increase group (n= 25) with lower scores at intake and a low dropout rate (20%). A high level of antisocial aggressiveness at intake was related to dropout in the no‐increase group, and a high degree of increase in antisocial aggressiveness was related to dropout in the increase group. The results show the importance of monitoring antisocial aggressiveness during treatment.
Dopaminergic hypothesis for retarded depression: a symptom profile for predicting therapeutical responses
Authors: Rampello L. , Nicoletti G. , Raffaele R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe assessed the therapeutical efficacy of various antidepressants (amineptine, minaprine and clomipramine) in patients affected by retarded depression. All patients exhibited symptoms of retardation, including hypokinesia, anergia, reduction of speech, increased salivation, hypersomnia, Parinaud's syndrome, reduced sexual activity, slowness, hypomimia, orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia and drowsiness. Antidepressant drugs were administered for a 6‐week period in a randomized double‐blind vs placebo design. The rank order of clinical effectiveness (amineptine > > minaprine>clomipramine>placebo) paralleled the specificity of antidepressants as dopaminomimetic agents. These results support the view that a reduced dopaminergic transmission contributes to the pathophysiology of retarded depression.
Prevalence of problem behavior in Dutch children aged 2‐3
Authors: Koot Hans M. , Verhulst Frank C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe present study provides prevalence data on behavioral and emotional problems in Dutch preschool children from the general population. The Child Behavior Checklist for ages 2‐3 (3) was completed by parents of 421 children aged 2‐3 living in the Dutch province of Zuid‐Holland. Mean 3‐week test‐retest reliability of the instrument was .79 (pearson correlation) and the mean interparent agreement was .47. The CBCL/2‐3 scores correlated positively and significantly (mean r of .65) with the BCL, an instrument designed to measure behavior problems, and not substantially (mean rof‐.06) with the MCDI, an instrument to assess the child's level of general development. For each of the 99 problem items the prevalence rates were presented graphically for boys and girls in 6‐months age‐groups. The prevalence rates of individual problem items ranged from 1% to 80%. Sixteen percent of the items was scored for more than half of the sample, indicating that the behavior covered in these items may be quite common in young preschool children. In this sample 7.8% of the children were estimated to have a behavior problem, which compares well to the rates found in other studies. No age, sex, or SES differences in total problem scores were found. Almost all significant age, sex, and SES differences found for individual items were small. Age differences found for individual problem items probably reflect the growing self‐other differentiation in 2‐3‐year‐olds. Analysis of sex differences revealed that boys were rated to be more aggressive and oppositional and as having more developmental problems, and that girls were rated to have more sleep problems. SES differences were found for items which reflect hyperactive, under‐controlled, dependent, and depressed behaviors.Comparison of problem scores for referred and nonreferred preschool children indicated higher scores for referred children on 72 of the 99 problem items. The largest differences were found for the items Doesn't get along with other children, Wants a lot of attention, and Can't concentrate. Based on the total problem score 70 percent of the children could be correctly classified as referred or non‐referred. A large percentage of children, however, was incorrectly classified based on the total problem score alone.
Parasiticide in Europe: the WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide. I. Introduction and preliminary analysis for 1989
Authors: Platt S. , Bille‐Brahe U. , Kerkhof A. , Schmidtke A. , Bjerke T. , Crepet P. , Leo D. De , Haring C. , Lonnqvist J. , Michel K. , Philippe A. , Pommereau X. , Querejeta I. , Salander‐Renberg E. , Temesvary B. , Wasserman D. , Faria J. Sampaio 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide is a new, coordinated, multinational, European study that covers two broad areas of research: monitoring trends in the epidemiology of parasuicide (epidemiological monitoring study); and follow‐up investigations of parasuicide populations, with a view to identifying the social and personal characteristics predictive of future suicidal behaviour (repetition prediction project). This article provides background information on the development and organization of the multicentre study, and presents selected findings from the epidemiological monitoring project, based on a preliminary examination of data collected in 15 centres on parasuicides aged 15 years and over treated in health facilities in defined catchment areas during the year 1989. The overall parasuicide incidence varied considerably across the centres, from a high (event) rate of 414 per 100,000 males in Helsinki to a low of 61 among males in Leiden. The highest female event rate was 595 in Pontoise, and the lowest 95 in Guipuzcoa. The mean event rate across all centres was 167 among males and 222 among females. Parasuicide incidence tended to be elevated among 15‐ to 34‐year‐olds, with lowest rates among those aged 55 years and over. With one exception (Helsinki), the female parasuicide rate was higher than the male rate, the F:M ratio ranging from 0.71:1 to 2.15:1, with a median of 1.5:1 (events). Short‐term repetition rates (as measured by the event:person ratio) differed between centres, from 1.03 to 1.30 (median = 1.12) among males, and from 1.07 to 1.26 (median = 1.13) among females. Although we warn against generalizing from our findings to make statements about differences in parasuicide between countries, we argue that the differences between centres are valid and should be addressed in further research.
Season and manic relapse
Authors: Hunt N. , Sayer H. , Silverstone T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe episodes of mania occurring in a cohort of 86 patients with bipolar affective disorder were recorded over a 6‐year period. Of the 54 patients who had at least 2 episodes, 8 (15%) met our criteria for a seasonal pattern of relapse. There was no particular season in which these relapses clustered. Overall, the time of year of the first recorded episode during the 6‐year period did not predict the timing of subsequent episodes.
Influence of cannabis abuse on schizophrenic psychopathology
Authors: Peralta V. , Cuesta M. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA study was carried out on a group of 95 schizophrenic patients (DSM‐III‐R criteria) under the age of 35, 23 of whom were cannabis abusers in the past year. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of cannabis on positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms, evaluated using Andreasen's Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS and SANS). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on the SAPS; the group of cannabis abusers had higher scores except for the delusions subscale. On the SANS nonabusers scored higher, with a significant difference on the alogia subscale. The results suggest that the consumption of cannabis by schizophrenic patients could attenuate negative symptoms, which would support the self‐medication hypothesis of cannabis abuse.
The psychiatrist in American cartoons, 1941–1990
Authors: Walter G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe portrayal of psychiatrists in cartoons from the United States was examined. A total of 404 cartoons from 1941 to 1990 were obtained and arranged chronologically. The appearance, behaviour, treatment methods and efficacy of the cartoon psychiatrist were assessed. It was found that there has been little change in these parameters over the past 50 years. This finding is partly explained by the constraints of the cartoon medium and by the workings of humour and stereotyping. Psychiatric cartoons from other countries and those drawn by psychiatrists themselves do not depart from the American pattern. The differences between the representation of psychiatrists in the cartoon and in other media, such as the film, are highlighted. It is postulated that the cartoon serves to stabilize the more mutable portrayals of psychiatrists in other media. Further studies are suggested.
Treatment resistance of depression after head injury: a preliminary study of amitriptyline response
Authors: Dinan T. G. , Mobayed M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThirteen patients with depression following minor head injury were matched with 13 functional depressives. Both groups were indistinguishable psychopathologically. Five of the functional group had a family history of affective disorder and none of the head‐injury group had such a history. Both groups were treated with amitriptyline, beginning with 100 mg daily, increasing to a maximum of 250 mg/d. There were significant differences in response between the 2 groups, with only 4 of the head‐injury patients improving. Our preliminary results suggest that this condition is relatively resistant to tricyclic therapy.
Specific skills and social competence in schizophrenia
Authors: Appelo M. T. , Woonings F. M. J. , van Nieuwenhuizen C. J. , Emmelkamp P. M. G. , Slooff C. J. , Louwerens J. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGeneralization of skills is a major problem in social skills training for schizophrenic patients. Assessment of skills is mostly not based on objective indices of specific skill deficits. The results of this study show that global competence of schizophrenics can be differentiated from specific competence. Global competence was found to be related to symptoms, whereas specific competence was not. No support was found for the assumption that social dysfunctions are caused by negative symptoms. Social perception and positive symptoms did explain a substantial part of the variance of global competence. It is therefore concluded that neither global incompetence nor negative symptoms should be used as an indication for social skills training.
Genetic epidemiological study of schizophrenia: reproduction behaviour
Authors: Ritsner M. , Sherina O. , Ginath Y. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractData from the Tomsk Epidemiological Register and epidemiological family sample were used to study the relationship between schizophrenics’ reproductive behaviour (marital status and fertility rate), severity of ICD‐9 schizophrenia and risk of illness among relatives of probands. The results are interpreted in terms of multifactorial threshold and single monolocus models. Their importance for the interpretation of epidemiological data (a change of prevalence rate, cohort effect and clinical polymorphism) is discussed.
Neuropsychological and clinical correlates of temporal lobe anatomy in schizophrenia
Authors: Michele V. Di , Rossi A. , Stratta P. , Schiazza G. , Bolino F. , Giordano L. , Casacchia M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwenty‐five DSM‐III schizophrenic patients were assessed neuromorphologically and neuropsychologically. Reduced temporal lobes were found through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. In addition, in order to look for the neuropsychological correlates of temporal anatomy in schizophrenia, patients were divided into cognitive normal and abnormal schizophrenics, according to their Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery profile. The latter group had statistically significant temporal lobe abnormalities as assessed by MRI, irrespective of medication, clinical picture or any other relevant variables. The implication of such findings in the light of the diaschisis model is discussed.