bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the bird cherry have its ‘fair share’ of insect pests? An appraisal of the species—area relationships of the phytophagous insects associated with British Prunus species
Authors: LEATHER SIMON R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Field and published data reveal that there are at least twenty‐three species of phytophagous insects associated with Prunus padus L. in Britain. Most of these species occur on the tree between May and September. Interspecific competition does not appear to be severe.2. There are a total of 196 species of phytophagous insects feeding upon the various tissues of P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. laurocerasus, P. padus and P. spinosa.3. A highly significant species (5)‐distribution (A) relationship of the form In (S+l)=0.92 In A‐2.19, was obtained for the Prunus species examined within Britain (excluding Ireland), i.e. the wider the distribution of the plant the greater the number of insect species associated with it.4. However, critical analysis of the data indicate that P. padus does not support as many different insect species as expected.5. Neither plant form nor age of establishment within the British Isles accounted for this discrepancy.6. The possibility of using a plant's insect fauna to describe its relationship to other plants in the same genus is discussed.
Differences in insect species richness and faunal composition of birch seedlings, saplings and trees: the importance of plant architecture
Authors: FOWLER SIMON V. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Data are presented on the species richness and faunal composition of herbivorous insects on birch seedlings, saplings and trees at one site in Northern England.2. Species richness of insect herbivores in equal‐sized samples from birch seedlings and trees was similar through most of the season.3. Effects of plant architecture were confined to the first sampling date, when seedling faunas were species poor compared with trees – possibly due to safe overwintering sites on the extensive bark, twigs and buds of trees.4. The faunal composition of birch seedlings, saplings and trees was also similar. Out of a total of 112 recorded species of herbivores, only one aphid species was confined to seedlings.5. Similarly, no evidence for clear‐cut vertical stratification of insects within trees was found.6. Species turnover as host plants mature (‘horizontal’ stratification) and vertical stratification within trees add little to the high overall species richness of birch‐feeding insects in Britain, contrary to the predictions of Lawton (1983).
Downwind migration of the African army worm moth, Spodoptera exempta, studied by mark‐and‐capture and by radar
Authors: ROSE D. J. W. , PAGE W. W. , DEWHURST C. F. , RILEY J. R. , REYNOLDS D. R. , PEDGLEY D. E. , TUCKER M. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. About 166,000 African armyworm moths, Spodoptera exempta (Walk.), were marked at an emergence site near Nairobi when they fed at night on trees baited with dyed molasses.2. Six marked moths were captured in pheromone traps, including one at 90 km after flying for only one night, and another at 147 km.3. Moth flight trajectories deduced from radar and from marking showed that migration was downwind.4. During migration, moths become dispersed; hence the high densities that lead to outbreaks must be produced by concentration.5. Some moths were ready to mate on the same night they completed their long‐distance flight.
Inverse density dependent parasitism in a patchy environment: a laboratory system
Authors: HASSELL M. P. , LESSELLS C. M. , McGAVIN G. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Two species of parasitoids (Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Heterospilus prosopidis Vier) attacking the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), show marked inverse density dependent relationships between per cent parasitism and host density per patch.2. These patterns are well described quantitatively using data on the spatial distribution of searching time by the parasitoids and their attack rates on patches of different host density.3. A model of optimal foraging predicts just the opposite (i.e. density dependent) patterns of parasitism.4. Both density dependent and inversely density dependent spatial patterns of parasitism can be explained mechanistically in terms of (a) the allocation of searching time in patches of different host density and (b) the maximum attack rate per parasitoid that constrains the extent of host exploitation within a patch.
Relationships between larval density, adult size and egg production in the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: CREDLAND PETER F. , DICK KENNETH M. , WRIGHT ANDREW W. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

The eggs of the cowpea seed bettle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) are attached to cowpeas. On hatching, the larvae penetrate the testa and remain in the seed until development is complete and adult eclosion has occurred. The adults do not need to feed and were not allowed to do so.
Strains from Brazil and Nigeria can produce more than twelve adults from a seed bearing numerous eggs, whereas a strain from the Yemen Republic rarely produced more than three.
In all three strains the mean weight of the adults produced from a single cowpea declined with increasing initial larval density in the seed.
Egg production by females is positively correlated with their weight at the time of mating, shortly after emergence.
Lifetime egg production by females of the Brazilian and Nigerian strains was lower if they came from cowpeas with higher initial larval densities. No such relationship could be demonstrated in the Yemen strain.
The fecundity of one generation of these beetles, at least in some geographical strains, is significantly affected by the number of larvae entering the hosts in which the adults of that generation have developed.
Detection of activity cycles of tsetse from capture–recapture data
Authors: ROGERS DAVID J. , RANDOLPH SARAH E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Activity cycles of female tsetse (Glossina palpalis palpalis Robineau‐Desvoidy) in the field are contrasted with those of males, using mark‐release‐recapture data from continuous biconical trap samples over a period of 80 days in two villages in Ivory Coast.
Variability in recapture rates was examined using the techniques of autocorrelation and spectral analysis. In order to do this a two‐dimensional diffusion model incorporating both mortality and emigration was first fitted to corrected recapture rate data to produce a trend line, deviations from which were subjected to the analysis.
The autocorrelations for the data for males suggest considerable variability in activity, presumably associated with feeding, around a mean period of about 4 days in one village and seven in the other.
Data for females show a strong regular periodicity of about 9–10 days, reflecting the pregnancy cycle, and shorter, more variable periodicities probably corresponding to feeding.
Habitat segregation in four species of adult tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: GANESHAIAH K. N. , BELAVADI V. V. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Habitat segregation in four species of tiger beetles, Cicindela cancellata Dejean, C.cardoni Fleutians, C.minuta Olivier and C.sumatrensis Herbst in a river bank ecosystem was studied in dry and wet seasons.
The four species segregated distinctly along the river beds into separate habitats, with occasional overlapping in both the seasons.
Among the habitat characteristics considered, vegetation, soil moisture and available prey‐size were found to be important in species segregation.
D
2‐analysis showed that the habitat preferences of C.cardoni and C.cancellata were closer to that of C.sumatrensis. The habitat of C.minuta was distinctly separated.
There was a positive correlation between the mandible length of each tiger beetle species and the length of prey captured.
Variance in mandible length within species was related to prey‐length distribution pattern and to variance in habitats.
Temperature and the colour polymorphism of Philaenus spumarius (Homoptera: Aphrophoridae)
Authors: BERRY A. J. , WILLMER P. G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

The spittle bug, Philaenus spumarius (L.), has eleven distinct elytral colour pattern morphs in Britain, of which three are designated non‐melanic and eight melanic. Frequencies of different morphs vary between populations.
The role of thermal factors in the maintenance of the balanced polymorphism was investigated by measurements of dorsal reflectance and body temperature when artifically irradiated.
Non‐melanic forms had higher reflectances and showed lower temperature excesses when irradiated. There was considerable variation in reflectance for the populi–typicus morph group, and trilineatus is therefore the only true‘non‐melanic’morph.
For samples along altitudinal transects in three Scottish glens, trilineatus frequencies were found to be negatively and populi‐typicus and melanic frequencies positively correlated with altitude.
Thermal considerations do therefore play some role in the broad and complex selection regime of P.spumarius.
Insects on isolated colonies of common rock‐rose Helianthemum chamaecistus
Authors: DAVIS B. N. K. , NERC P. E. JONES 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

A study was made of the insect species present on twenty‐eight colonies of H.chamaecistus Mill, in 1978 ranging in size (cover) from 0.4 m2 to about 6500 m2 and separated from nearest large neighbours by distances up to 6.5 km. Twenty‐three insect species were collected of which nine or ten were more or less monophagous.
There was a clear relationship between species richness and size of host colony. Sites with less than 30 m2 of rock‐rose, about 67% of those in the study area, were likely to have less than half of the monophagous species. Distance to neighbouring colonies did not contribute significantly to species richness.
The consistency of results from year to year was examined at five sites re‐sampled in 1979. The 1978 data were also used to compare‘expected’and observed faunas at five new sites sampled in 1979 based upon the species‐area relationship and the relative frequency of species at known sites.
Insect dispersal was examined using a suction trap placed near the largest rock‐rose site. Colonization of new sites was studied by experimental outplanting of pot‐grown plants.
These direct observations, and the monitoring of fourteen sites for 5 years, suggested that colonization and interchange of faunas were rare events. The experimental introduction of one to five species at four sites showed in several cases that the sites were suitable for the species, and that introduction could significantly enhance a site's complement.
Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. III. Insect drift over the sea
Authors: HARDY ALASTAIR C. , CHENG L. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Aerial samples caught in nets slung from ships mastheads contained predominantly small, weak‐flying insects.
From over 102 trips with a total sailing time of over 1151 h, some 1825 insect specimens were collected.
In a specified area over the North Sea more than 160 km from land (seventy‐five samples), catches averaged 1 insect h−1; in the English Channel, in a smaller area more than 80 km from the coasts, hourly catches averaged 4 insects h−1.
Lists of orders, families, genera and species caught are appended.
Aphids, which constituted more than 60% of the total, apparently originated mostly from the west or north‐west, i.e. from Europe, whereas most other insects seem to have originated from the north‐east and south, i.e. from Britain.
These data have implications for the spread of agricultural pests to and from Britain.
Leaf buds, a factor in host selection by Battus philenor butterflies
Authors: PAPAJ DANIEL R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Field and laboratory experiments identified a character intrinsic to Aristolochia reticulata Nutt. host plants, the terminal leaf bud, that is involved in host‐selection behaviour by female pipevine swallowtail butterflies (Battus philenor L.) searching for oviposition sites.
In the field, the frequency with which females landed on non‐host buds declined seasonally as the proportion of host foliage that consisted of buds decreased. Female butterflies did not land on non‐host species in proportion to their abundance; rather, females landed on those non‐host species whose buds resembled those of A.reticulata.
A.reticulata plants whose terminal leaf bud was concealed by plastic tape were less susceptible to oviposition in the field than were control plants.
Female butterflies released in a large, outdoor enclosure were conditioned to search for leaf buds only when exposed to a host species bearing a prominent terminal leaf bud.
The significance of conditioning of leaf‐bud searching behaviour is discussed with respect to discrimination between hosts and non‐hosts, between host species, and among plants within a host species.
Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) caught in light traps at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Herts., 1980–83
Authors: PITKIN BRIAN R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

A total of 7063 specimens of Sphaeroceridae representing forty species were caught in four light traps, two in woodland and two in the open, at Rothamsted Experimental Station between December 1980 and December 1983.
A complete list of species and the numbers of individuals of each is provided.
The catches in the two traps in woodland were less diverse than the catches in the two traps in the open.
Two‐way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference in catch from trap to trap.
When their similarities were compared, the four light trap catches formed two groups, corresponding with habitat type.
The majority of the catch were Copromyza similis (Collin) (5555 specimens or 78.64% of the total). The species was most abundant in winter from mid‐December to early February, although there were slight differences in times of maximum abundance between open and woodland habitats.
Reproductive variation and adult size in two co‐occurring grasshopper species
Authors: ATKINSON DAVID , BEGON MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Egg sizes and clutch sizes of the grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus (Thunb.) and Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) were compared among three years and among three sites less than 1.3 km apart. Relationships between these reproductive traits and date of egg laying, body size and body condition were sought.2. M.maculatus, the smaller species, laid fewer but larger eggs; and only the eggs of this species showed significant differences between sites and years.3. A negative correlation between egg size and number per clutch was evident between species and years, but generally not among sites and among individuals of a population.4. However, a hidden negative correlation between egg size and number was uncovered within populations when the relationship was examined for females of a given mature weight.5. Variation in the number of eggs per clutch was explained statistically by a positive relationship between female body weight and egg number. Also, both interpopulation and intrapopulation comparisons revealed that for M.maculatus, but not for C.brunneus, females with long hind femurs laid large eggs.
Causation, fitness effects and morphology of macropterism in Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: RITCHIE M. G. , BUTLIN R. K. , HEWITT G. M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.) displays an apparent‘flight polyphenism’despite the fact that macropterous individuals cannot fly.2. Photoperiod is used as an environmental cue controlling the polyphenism: long day lengths increasing the proportion of macropterous adults.3. Macropterous females start mating when older and are less fecund than brachypters.4. In contrast to other studies the response may not be due to cues associated with a reduced environmental quality and we speculate that macropterism is not a dispersal mechanism in the Gomphocerinae.
Evidence of autumn overseas migration in the rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera: analysis of light trap catches and associated weather patterns
Authors: WADA TAKASHI , SEINO HIROSHI , OGAWA YOSHIO , NAKASUGA TAKAMASA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Daily trap catches of the rice planthoppers, N.lugens Stal and S.furcifera Horvath, and associated synoptic weather patterns were analysed in Kyushu, south‐west Japan, in the autumns of 1980–85.2. Certain weather patterns which seemed to favour overseas immigration, were reflected in trap catches: of eighteen occasions in which back‐tracks on 850 mbar wind fields reached central China, marked mass catches in a light trap occurred on six occasions, and peaks in catch curves were found on another seven occasions.3. These results strongly imply overseas immigration of the planthoppers from China to Kyushu in autumn, identical to invasions by the same species in early summer. However, such autumn migration is apparently non‐adaptive because migrants or their progeny are soon killed by cold weather.
Opposing effects of spring defoliation on late season oak caterpillars
Authors: HUNTER MARK D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. The pedunculate oak, Quercus rohur L., suffers high annual levels of spring defoliation in Wytham Woods. near Oxford.2. This spring defoliation affects late season caterpillars through a variety of damage‐induced changes in the leaves.3. Diurnea fagella (D. & S.), one of the commonest late season caterpillars, shows reduced larval survival and pupal weight on regrowth foliage when compared to undamaged primary foliage.4. D. fagella also suffer higher larval mortality on naturally damaged primary foliage than they do on undamaged foliage.5. Despite this, the three commonest late season caterpillar species are more abundant on damaged trees than undamaged ones. and their distributions are biased towards damaged leaves within the canopy.6. Other factors that may be more important than leaf damage in determining the distribution and abundance of late season caterpillars are discussed. D.fagella larvae spin their larval refuges more rapidly on damaged than undamaged foliage, and this may reduce mortality by natural enemies, or ameliorate adverse effects of weather.
Grass flowers in the diet of Megaloceraea recticornis (Heteroptera: Miridae): plant structural defences and interspecific competition reviewed
Authors: WEITON M. N. , GIBSON C. W. D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Megaloceraea recticornis (Geoffroy) is the most common of seven species of stenodemine bugs on a calcareous grassland in Oxfordshire. Previous work indicated that it competed with a related species, Notostira elongata Geoffroy, by behavioural interference at the feeding site. Both bugs were thought to eat only grass leaves.2. The importance of grass flowers in the diet of M.recticornis was studied in the laboratory. This bug completes its development only by feeding on grass flowers; grass leaves do not suffice.3. M.recticornis is unusual among phytophagous insects in that its later instars can eat flowers of the grass Brachypodium pinnatum L. The hard lemma and palea surrounding these flowers inhibit feeding by young bugs. The age of the flowers also affect bug feeding success.4. The result of field experiments, which previously appeared to show competition between M.recticornis and N.elongata, are discussed in the light of the present findings. It now seems that M.recticornis may not suffer from competition with N.elongata.
Caste‐specific patterns of flower visitation in bumble bees (Bombus kirbyellus) collecting nectar from Polemonium viscosum
Authors: GALEN CANDACE , BLAU SHERI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Foraging routes of worker and queen bumble bees (Bombus kirbyellus Curtis) collecting nectar from flowers of the alpine sky pilot, Polemonium viscosum Nutt., were followed and the corolla tube length, corolla diameter, floral scent, and number of flowers on plants visited or bypassed by bees were monitored. Additionally, the number and proportion of flowers visited per inflorescence and distance flown from each to the next were recorded. Queens and workers differed significantly in choice of flowers. However, intra‐inflorescence visitation rates and departure distances were similar between castes. Castes differed in the extent to which visitation reflected patch quality versus individual floral traits.
Both queens and workers failed to visit skunky‐flowered plants more often than they failed to visit sweet‐flowered ones, and preferred large over small inflorescences. However, queens visited large‐flowered plants more often than small‐flowered ones, while workers preferred flowers with shorter corolla tubes, regardless of their diameter. Although a number of studies have documented caste specialization on alternate species of host plants, ours is one of the first to show that morphological preferences promote comparable foraging differences between castes on monospecific plant resources.
Queens, once on a plant, responded to floral traits by probing more flowers on large inflorescences, as well as on those with broader floral form. Workers did not alter intra‐inflorescence visitation rate in response to floral traits.
For workers, no significant relationship was demonstrated between the likelihood of passing by a plant and the number of flowers probed on the previous inflorescence visited. Thus, workers appeared to accept or reject each plant of P. viscosum independently. However, queens passed by fewer plants when leaving rich inflorescences than poor ones. These results suggest that workers use only individual plant acceptability in choosing which plants to visit, whereas queens base plant choice on patch and individual attributes. Such differences between castes in foraging rules when exploiting the same floral resource have received little attention, and provide insights into the heterogeneity of harvestable reward distributions from the perspective of the forager population.
Species number, species abundance and body length relationships of arboreal beetles in Bornean lowland rain forest trees
Authors: MORSE D. R. , STORK N. E. , LAWTON J. H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

The relationships between number of species, abundance per species, and body length are examined for 859 species of beetles in samples of arthropods collected from ten Bornean lowland forest trees by insecticide fogging. Similar relationships are examined for different feeding guilds of these beetles, and for those beetles from different species of trees.
The data are used to construct four interrelated graphs, namely species: abundance, species: body length, population abundance: body length and total number of individuals: body length distributions.
In contrast to a number of previous studies, no consistent linear relationship between population density and body length was found for the Bornean beetles and it is suggested that, as in birds, the added dispersal ability of flight reduces critical population densities necessary for persistence in small species. Previous relationships between body weight and population abundance may also be artefacts of the way in which data were gathered.
Despite large samples, we failed to locate the mode in plots of the number of species in each abundance category (species: abundance distribution).
Species: body length and total number of individuals: body length plots were similar to those found in previous studies, although using data for Coleoptera alone may have produced a steeper decline in the total number of individuals as body size increases than is apparent in samples of all arthropods.
We present the first three‐dimensional graph relating numbers of species, body lengths and population abundances. The surface of this three‐dimensional relationship is relatively simple.