bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of HER‐2/neu overexpression on chemoresistance and prognosis in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Sasaki Naoki , Kudoh Kazuya , Kita Tsunekazu , Tsuda Hitoshi , Furuya Kenichi , Kikuchi Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim:  To investigate the effect of HER‐2/neu protein overexpression on chemoresistance and prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.Methods:  A total of 141 ovarian carcinoma tissues surgically resected between 1987 and 2003 were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The characteristic of the patients and immunohistochemical results were compared by χ2‐test. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method and the log‐rank test.Results:  HER‐2/neu overexpression was detected in 18 cases (12.8%). There were no significant differences in histopathological subtypes (P = 0.3550), FIGO stages (P = 0.8858), or residual tumor size at first surgery (P = 0.6607) between the cases with HER‐2/neu overexpression and the cases without HER‐2/neu overexpression. Among the 58 cases which responded to chemotherapy, only five cases (8.6%) showed HER‐2/neu overexpression. However, among the 38 cases which did not respond to chemotherapy, eight cases (21.1%) showed HER‐2/neu overexpression. Overexpression of HER‐2/neu had a tendency to relate with chemoresistance of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, but there were no statistically significant differences (P = 0.0817). No association was observed between HER‐2/neu overexpression and cumulative survival rate (P = 0.4970).Conclusions:  The results of the current study show that although HER‐2/neu overexpression has a tendency to be associated with chemoresistance, it can not be a prognostic factor for the patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
EMBRYONIC POTENTIAL AND STEM CELLS
Authors: AGAR NICHOLAS 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines three arguments that use the concept of potential to identify embryos that are morally suitable for embryonic stem cell research (ESCR). According to the first argument, due to Ronald Green, the fact that they are scheduled for disposal makes embryos left over from IVF treatments morally appropriate for research. Paul McHugh argues that embryos created by somatic cell nuclear transfer differ from those that result directly from the meeting of sperm and egg in having potential especially conducive to the therapeutic use of their stem cells. I reject both of these arguments. According to the way of making distinctions in embryonic potential that I defend, it is the absence of a functional relationship with a womb that marks embryos morally suitable for ESCR.
PARSONS VERSUS MARX: “An earnest warning…”*
Authors: Gould Mark 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTParsons's analysis of Marx and its conclusion that Marx was a utilitarian are criticized. I endeavor to demonstrate that Marx succeeded in avoiding the pitfalls of both idealism and positivism and that he must be viewed as the founder of the voluntaristic theory of social action. In addition, I contend that this categorization makes a difference; if we incorporate Marx into action theory, build action theory on a Marxian foundation, certain problems within Parsons's work can be resolved. I illustrate this contention in a discussion of the relationship between structural and functional theory.“An earnest warning is given against… premature claims to finality. The author has been more or less intensively concerned with the major works of the men treated in this study over periods ranging from six to ten years. After considerable periods of occupation in other fields, he has come back to intensive reconsideration of their works. Every time this reconsideration brought to light fundamentally important things about them which had been missed before. The most important points, for the purposes of this study, were not understood at the first reading, but generally only after repeated consideration.” (Parsons, 1948:40)
NATIONAL SOCIALISM: TOWARDS AN ACTION‐THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: Baum R. C. , Lechner F. J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTOrganized in three parts, this paper I. summarizes Parsons's analysis of fascism and National Socialism written during the 1940s; II. places his work into the context of earlier and later theories of fascism; and III. suggests how Parsons's later theoretical work may aid our under standing of National Socialism.
SOCIALIZATION AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ACTION THEORY, THE LEGACY OF EMILE DURKHEIM
Authors: Muench Richard 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIn this essay, socialization and personality development are put in the context of the central issue of voluntaristic action theory–namely, the conditions under which the integration of social order and individual autonomy is possible. The theory of the interpenetration of man's basic organic structure and his natural, social, and cultural environments constitutes the essence of the answer to this problem in voluntaristic action theory. This theoretical core of voluntaristic action theory has its roots in Kant's critical philosophy. Emile Durkheim provided this theory with its first specific formulation concerning the question of the relationship between socialization and personality development. This formulation shows a clear convergence with the writings of other classic authors on socialization theory. The first part of this study aims to elucidate Durkheim's contribution, with side‐glances at other classic theorists to show points of agreement with him. In the second part, socialization and personality development will be dealt with systematically. Finally, in the third part, various forms of deviation from the ideal case of the integration of social order and individual autonomy will be treated: the types of malintegration between individual and society and the constellation of their causes.
Mentors and Protégés: Power‐Dependent Dyads*
Authors: Auster Donald 
Published: January 2007

Largely as a consequence of the recent interest in the educational and occupational experiences of women, a well‐known but long overlooked form of social interaction–the mentor‐protégé relationship–is now receiving some attention. This concern usually views the relationship as a highly beneficial one. However, virtually no sociological analysis has been made of this phenomenon.This article provides a sociological conceptualization of the mentor‐protégé relationship as a power‐dependent, dyadic role set with a strong potential for role strain. Additional consideration is given to gender problems in mentor‐protégé relationships.
Race, Class, and Support for the Welfare State*
Authors: Inniss Leslie Baham , Sittig Jeralynn 
Published: January 2007

Two competing approaches to the study of African Americans—the race and class perspectives—have dominated attempts to explain their views on contemporary issues.To examine the race versus class debate, this study uses African Americans' views on government spending for five social welfare concerns: (1) improving and protecting the nation's health, (2) solving the problems of big cities, (3) halting rising crime rates, (4) dealing with drug addiction, and (5) improving the nation's education system. Data from the 1972–1990 General Social Surveys are used to compare middle‐class blacks with both working‐class blacks and whites and middle‐class whites in terms of their support for government spending for those five social welfare issues.Examining group means, we found no significant difference between the two black classes but a significant difference between the black middle class and the white middle class on support for government spending in all areas except halting the rising crime rates (where there were no significant differences among the four groups). Similarly, using logistic regression analysis we found that race continued to have a significant effect on support for spending even after controlling for class, year, age, gender, education, income, and occupational prestige. In respect to social welfare spending, the results indicate support for the race, as opposed to the class, perspective; that is, race is better than class for predicting African American attitudes on government spending.
CEOs'Career Backgrounds and Corporate Long‐Term Strategic Planning*
Authors: Zajac Barbara , Stearns Linda Brewster 
Published: January 2007

CEOs affect corporate outcomes along various dimensions, including the emphasis placed on long‐term strategic planning. This study assesses the impact of CEOs’functional and industry specializations on R&D and capital spending in four manufacturing industries. We found only limited support for our position that CEOs with more professional‐type careers are less willing than other CEOs to have their firms make long‐term investments.“A critical theme of… the modem industrial enterprise is that creating and maintaining such capabilities is a continuing, long‐term process–a process that requires sound, long‐term perspectives from the decision makers responsible for the health and growth of their enterprise.” (Chandler 1991, p. 627)
An Anatomic Study of the Calcaneal Bursae in the Horse
Authors: POST EVELYN M. , SINGER ELLEN R. , CLEGG PETER D. 
Published: January 2007

Objectives—To establish an injection site for the gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB), to identify communication patterns between the calcaneal bursae, to estimate the proximal and distal extents of the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB) and to identify variations from previous anatomic descriptions.Study Design—Descriptive anatomic study.Animals—Cadaveric equine hindlimbs (n=18) from 9 adult horses.Methods—Communication between the ICB and GCB was determined in 18 cadaveric hindlimbs by injection of a latex mixture, followed by examination of sequential sagittal sections and documentation of the distribution of the latex mixture and communication sites. The distal and proximal extents of the ICB and subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), relative to the tuber calcanei (TC) were recorded.Results—Communication between the ICB and the GCB was confirmed on the medial and lateral aspect in 100% and 50% of limbs, respectively. Communication between the SCB and the ICB, and therefore the GCB, was identified in 39% of limbs. Plantar reflections of the ICB existed in 33% of limbs. Mean extent of the ICB relative to the TC was 7.0 cm distally and 9.6 cm proximally. The SCB often occupies a more distal position than previously reported.Conclusions—The ICB and the GCB should be considered 1 synovial structure with 2 communicating compartments.Clinical Relevance—The GCB may be an alternative site for synoviocentesis when there is septic calcaneal bursitis. Improved knowledge of calcaneal bursae anatomy may aid in diagnosis and treatment of lesions involving these structures.
Incidence of Pulmonary Embolism After Non‐Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Eleven Dogs: Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography and Pulmonary Perfusion Scintigraphy
Authors: TIDWELL SCOTT A. , GRAHAM JOHN P. , PECK JEFFREY N. , BERRY CLIFFORD R. 
Published: January 2007

Objective— To compare the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in 11 dogs that had non‐cemented total hip replacement (THR) to that reported in dogs after cemented THR.Study Design— Prospective clinical study.Animals— Large mixed breed dogs (n=11).Methods— Thoracic computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTA) was performed on all dogs pre‐ and postoperatively. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was performed postoperatively.Results— PE was not identified on postoperative CTA or pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy.Conclusions— The incidence of PE after non‐cemented THR in these 11 dogs, as evaluated with pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy and thoracic CTA was lower than reported in dogs undergoing cemented THR.Clinical Relevance— Based on the results of this study the incidence of PE as a complication of total hip arthroplasty is reduced when a non‐cemented system is used.
Effect of Intrathecal Amikacin Administration and Repeated Centesis on Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath Synovial Fluid in Horses
Authors: DYKGRAAF SUSANNE , DECHANT JULIE E. , JOHNS JENNIFER L. , CHRISTOPHER MARY M. , BOLT DAVID M. , SNYDER JACK R. 
Published: January 2007

Objective—To determine the effect of intrathecal amikacin administration and repeated tenovaginocentesis on the total nucleated cell count (TNCC), total protein (TP) concentration and cytologic characteristics of synovial fluid of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS).Study Design—Randomized, cross‐over experimental design.Animals—Adult horses (n=8).Methods—Synovial fluid was aseptically collected from the DFTS and either 1 mL amikacin sulfate (250 mg/mL) or lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) was injected into the DFTS. Serial synovial fluid samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The opposite treatment was administered to the contralateral DFTS after a washout period of 2 weeks.Results—Treatment increased TP concentration, TNCC, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil counts from baseline levels. There was no difference between treatment of the DFTS with amikacin or LRS. Values peaked at 12–24 hours after the initial centesis and then declined toward baseline levels.Conclusions—Injection and repeat centesis of the normal DFTS with 250 mg amikacin or an equivalent volume of LRS resulted in mild increases in synovial fluid analytes from baseline. Synovial inflammation in this study was not accompanied by lameness at the walk and measured analytes returned toward baseline levels within 12–24 hours of first injection.Clinical Relevance—The effect of tenovaginocentesis and intrathecal administration of amikacin or LRS on DFTS synovial fluid values are modest in most horses; however, some horses can develop marked increases in synovial fluid values that may be interpreted as sepsis.
Humerus Fractures in Llamas and Alpacas: Seven Cases (1998–2004)
Authors: NEWMAN KENNETH D. , ANDERSON DAVID E. 
Published: January 2007

Objective—To describe treatment and outcome of humerus fractures in llamas and alpacas.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Llamas (n=4) and alpacas (3) with humerus fracture.Methods—Medical records (January 1, 1998–August 1, 2004) were reviewed for small camelids with a humeral fracture. Retrieved data were signalment, history, physical examination and radiographic findings, surgical and medical treatment, and outcome.Results—Humeral fracture occurred in 7 of 38 (18%) camelids admitted with fractures. Affected animals were aged from 1 month to 3 years old. Fracture configuration included long‐oblique (n=4), short‐oblique (2), and Salter‐Harris Type II fracture of the proximal physis (1). One adult llama was managed by stall confinement and surgical repair was attempted in the other camelids: fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion (n=3), intramedullary pinning and fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion (1), rush pinning (1), and bone plating (1). A Velpeau sling was used for additional support in 3 animals. All fractures healed but temporary radial nerve paresis occurred in 3 animals. Limb shortening and permanent lameness occurred in the llama managed conservatively.Conclusions—Humerus fractures in small camelids are amenable to surgical repair which may offer better long‐term outcome than medical treatment alone.Clinical Relevance—Surgical treatment of humerus fractures should have a good prognosis in llamas and alpacas. In select cases, minimally invasive techniques, such as rush pinning or fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion are sufficient for fracture healing.
Pinhole Castration: A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for In Situ Spermatic Cord Ligation
Authors: PONVIJAY KOMBAIRAJU S. 
Published: January 2007

Objective—To describe a minimally invasive technique for castration of bull calves by in situ ligation of the spermatic cord.Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Male calves (n=6) aged, 48–56 days.Methods—Calves were blocked by weight and then separated into 3 groups: (1) bilateral spermatic cord ligation; (2) unilateral—1 spermatic cord ligated; and (3) control—neither spermatic cord ligated. After local anesthesia, in situ spermatic cord ligation was achieved by restraining the cord laterally within the scrotal sac and passing suture through a hypodermic needle inserted caudal to cranial at the neck of the scrotum and adjacent the medial margin of the restrained spermatic cord. The needle was removed leaving the suture in place and the spermatic cord repositioned medially, then the needle was reinserted through the original holes and the suture passed back through the needle, which was withdrawn. The suture ends were tied ligating the spermatic cord, leaving the knot subcutaneously. Calves were monitored and testes removed after 30 days for gross and histologic examination.Results—Castration was accomplished without postoperative complications. Spermatic cord ligation resulted in testis atrophy, and histologically, complete ischemic necrosis.Conclusions—This novel minimally invasive technique is a simple, alternative method for castration of bull calves.Clinical Relevance—This method of castration is simply performed, without obvious skin wounds, and no postoperative care needed. The technique should be readily adaptable to other species.
Epidemiologic Factors Associated with the Anatomic Location of Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs
Authors: KROTSCHECK URSULA , ADIN CHRISTOPHER A. , HUNT GERALDINE B. , KYLES ANDREW E. , ERB HOLLIS N. 
Published: January 2007

Objective— To determine whether breed, sex, country of origin, and age are associated with anatomic location of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS) in dogs.Study Design— Multi‐institutional retrospective case series.Sample Population— Dogs (n=125) with IHPSS from the veterinary teaching hospitals of the University of Florida (21), Sydney University (44), and the University of California—Davis (60).Methods— Dogs with surgical/necropsy confirmation of single IHPSS were identified. Data were analyzed using logistic regression for associations between age, breed, sex, and country with the anatomic location of IHPSS.Results— Right (34%), left (34%), and central divisional IHPSS (32%) were prevalent with approximately equal frequency in Australia; in the United States, the prevalence of right (24%) and central divisional (26%) combined was similar to left divisional IHPSS (51%). Country (P=048), sex (P=.016), and Australian cattle dog ([ACD], P=.025) were significantly associated with IHPSS location. Dogs in Australia had 2.5‐fold higher odds of having right versus left divisional IHPSS. Males and ACD had 2.8‐ and 5.6‐fold higher odds of having right versus left divisional IHPSS. Australian dogs were significantly older than those in the United States (P<.0001) and ACD were significantly older than other breeds (P=.0067).Conclusions— Although country of origin, breed, and sex had significant associations with anatomic location of IHPSS, signalment does not appear to be a strong predictor of shunt location when used alone.Clinical Relevance— For the common breeds in this report, signalment is only occasionally helpful in predicting likelihood of anatomic division in IHPSS. Australian cattle dogs and male dogs have a statistical association with right (versus left) divisional IHPSS. If advanced imaging techniques are not available, veterinary surgeons should be prepared to locate and address any anatomic configuration of IHPSS in a dog.
Light Regulation of Gibberellins Metabolism in Seedling Development
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Ying , Yu Xu‐Hong , Liu Xuan‐Ming , Lin Chen‐Tao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLight affects many aspects of plant development, including seed germination, stem elongation, and floral initiation. How photoreceptors control photomorphogenic processes is not yet fully understood. Because phytohormones are chemical regulators of plant development, it may not be surprising that light affects, directly or indirectly, cellular levels and signaling processes of various phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellins (GA), cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroids (BR). Among those phytohormones, light regulation of GA metabolism has probably attracted more attention among photobi‐ologists and it is arguably the most extensively studied plant hormone at present with respect to its role in photomorphogenesis. It has become increasingly clear that phytochromes and cryptochromes are the major photoreceptors mediating light regulation of GA homeostasis. This short article attempts to examine some recent developments in our understanding of how light and photoreceptors regulate GA biosynthesis and catabolism during seedling development. It is not our intention to carry out a comprehensive review of the field, and readers are referred to recent review articles for a more complete view of this area of study (Kamiya and Garcia‐Martinez 1999; Hedden and Phillips 2000; Garcia‐Martinez and Gil 2001; Olszewski et al. 2002; Halliday and Fankhauser 2003; Sun and Gubler 2004).
Regulation of Arabidopsis Early Anther Development by Putative Cell‐Cell Signaling Molecules and Transcriptional Regulators
Authors: Sun Yu‐Jin , Hord Carey LH , Chen Chang‐Bin , Ma Hong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnther development in flowering plants involves the formation of several cell types, including the tapetal and pollen mother cells. The use of genetic and molecular tools has led to the identification and characterization of genes that are critical for normal cell division and differentiation in Arabidopsis early anther development. We review here several recent studies on these genes, including the demonstration that the putative receptor protein kinases BAM1 and BAM2 together play essential roles in the control of early cell division and differentiation. In addition, we discuss the hypothesis that BAM1/2 may form a positive‐negative feedback regulatory loop with a previously identified key regulator, SPOROCYTELESS (also called NOZZLE), to control the balance between sporogenous and somatic cell types in the anther. Furthermore, we summarize the isolation and functional analysis of the DYSFUNCTIONAL TAPETUM1 (DYT1) gene in promoting proper tapetal cell differentiation. Our finding that DYT1 encodes a putative transcription factor of the bHLH family, as well as relevant expression analyses, strongly supports a model that DYT1 serves as a critical link between upstream factors and downstream target genes that are critical for normal tapetum development and function. These studies, together with other recently published works, indicate that cell‐cell communication and transcriptional control are key processes essential for cell fate specification in anther development.
Hormonal Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Lin‐Chuan , Kang Ding‐Ming , Chen Zhang‐Liang , Qu Li‐Jia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLeaf morphogenesis is strictly controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors, such as transcriptional factors, but also by environmental cues, such as light, water and pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of how leaf morphogenesis is regulated by genetic programs and environmental cues is far from clear. Numerous series of events demonstrate that plant hormones, mostly small and simple molecules, play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and in responses of plants to environmental cues such as light. With more and more genetics and molecular evidence obtained from the model plant Arabidopsis, several fundamental aspects of leaf morphogenesis including the initiation of leaf primordia, the determination of leaf axes, the regulation of cell division and expansion in leaves have been gradually unveiled. Among these phytohormones, auxin is found to be essential in the regulation of leaf morphogenesis.