bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hunger, Meals, and Obesity
Authors: Strubbe Jan H 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hunger, meals, and obesity are strongly related topics discussed in this article. Obesity is a severe state of being overweight, which is increasing rapidly in the Western World and is a major health problem. Obesity is often associated with an increased desire for food (hunger) which will be taken as larger bouts of feeding activity (meals). Therfore, to get more insight in the causes of obesity, knowledge of the physiological background of feeding behavior is extremely important. This will be discussed in this article.
Aggression and Defense, Neurohormonal Mechanisms of
Authors: Blanchard R J , Markham C , Blanchard D C 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Aggression and defense are important behavioral strategies throughout the animal kingdom, and are linked to activation of brain areas in the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter. While substantial progress has been made toward understanding the neural and neurotransmitter systems underlying defense, and the neurotransmitter and hormonal systems involved in aggression, the relationship between aggression and defense systems is poorly understood, as are the applicability of these findings to human aggression and violence.
S
aussure,
F
erdinand
de
Authors: Gordon W Terrence 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is generally acknowledged as the father of modern linguistics. Observations and speculations about human language form a long tradition of philosophical inquiry dating back to antiquity, but it was Saussure who first focused on the systematic nature of language, thus launching twentieth‐century linguistics and making it possible to put the discipline on a scientific footing.
Sperry, Roger
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Roger Wolcott Sperry received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1981. Famous for experiments on the embryology and regeneration of functional nerve connections, on perception and learning in split‐brain cats and monkeys, and on hemispheric modes of consciousness in human beings following commissurotomy, his belief that awareness and memory depend on the generation of motor images in the brain is now central in brain theory, important in understanding both self‐awareness and communication.
T
euber,
H
ans‐
L
ukas
Authors: Parlee Mary Brown , Adelman George 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hans‐Lukas Teuber (1916–1977) was a neuropsychologist known for his research on the effects of brain injuries on human sensation, perception, language, and memory. He founded the MIT Department of Psychology (now Brain and Cognitive Sciences) in 1964, an early instance of brain and behavioral scientists working together in a single graduate department in the US.
W
alter,
G
rey
Authors: Freeman Walter J 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
An autonomous robot embodies the principles of goal‐seeking and scanning that characterize animal behavior. Grey Walter (1910–1977), a physiologist adept in electronics engineering with major accomplishments in early electroencephalography, used his wartime exposure to radio detection and ranging (RADAR) to build a simple ‘brain’ that endowed his artificial ‘turtle’ with complex adaptive behaviors.
B
razier,
M
ary A. B.
Authors: Parlee Mary Brown 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Mary A. B. Brazier was an authority on electroencephalography who after World War II pioneered the use of correlational techniques and high‐speed computers to study brain activity and behavior. She also authored influential books and articles on the history of neurophysiology which stimulated historical interest in the brain and behavioral sciences.
L
uria,
A
lexander
R
.
Authors: Tupper David E 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902–1977) was a Russian neurologist and psychologist recognized as one of the preeminent neuropsychologists of the twentieth century. His primary interest was the study of the cerebral localization of psychological functions, but he also was involved in developmental psychology, cross‐cultural cognitive research, the study of frontal lobe impairments, aphasiology, educational and rehabilitative interventions, and personal biographies of individuals with unusual cognitive characteristics.
P
enfield,
W
ilder
Authors: Fabiani Louise 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Wilder G. Penfield (1891–1976), the founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute, possessed a rare talent for combining science and medicine in the study of the human brain. This approach made many advances possible, including the mapping of the human cerebral cortex, improvements in neurosurgical technique, and developments in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological diseases.
Attention
Authors: Gopher Daniel , Iani Cristina 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAttention is the scientific term primarily used to describe all processes and mechanisms that govern the subjective constraints imposed by the human organism on the flow and interpretation of external and internal information, and on the organization and selection of responses, in the service of goal‐directed behavior. In some cases, attention can also be automatically captured by sudden changes in the situation, or by well‐trained stimulus–response tendencies.
Depression
Authors: Abramson Lyn Y , Alloy Lauren B , Panzarella Catherine 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent depressed mood or loss of interest (normally for at least two weeks) and at least four other symptoms such as change in eating patterns or appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty in concentration, and suicidal thoughts, plans, or attempts.
Working Memory
Authors: Dosher Barbara A 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Working memory is the capacity to manipulate and maintain information over short periods (2–15 seconds) in order to support simple memory tasks such as remembering a telephone number, or more general cognitive tasks such as problem solving, simple reasoning, or reading. Working memory consists of several distinguishable memory capacities, together with executive functions that manage information retrieval, reactivation, and transformation.
Priming in Psychopathology
Authors: Maher Brendan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPriming is a process involved in memory and in the preparation of responses to coming events. Anomalies in priming have been identified in some kinds of psychopathology, especially in the schizophrenias. Studies of priming by psychopathologists have been primarily interested in priming as a technique for the investigations of the influence of the activation of associations to a presented stimulus upon responses to subsequent stimuli. In this respect their purposes have differed somewhat from those of cognitive scientists interested in dissecting the components of normal cognition.
Vision: Occlusion, Illusory Contours and ‘Filling‐in’
Authors: Kellman Philip J 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Visual interpolation processes allow humans to perceive complete objects despite input that is fragmentary in space and time owing to occlusion. Mental representations of objects and surfaces, and their correspondence to real objects, depend heavily on interpolation processes that create both contour and surface connections among visible areas.
Visual Scene Perception
Authors: Intraub Helene 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
When studying a scene, viewers can make as many as three or four eye fixations per second. A single fixation is typically enough to allow comprehension of a scene. What is remembered, however, is not a photographic replica, but a more abstract mental representation that captures the ‘gist’ and general layout of the scene along with a limited amount of detail.
T
versky,
A
mos
Authors: Bar‐Hillel Maya 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Amos Tversky is best known for his pathbreaking work, along with Daniel Kahneman, on heuristics and biases in judgment under uncertainty, and for prospect theory, a theory of decision under uncertainty. His research showed that people are ‘irrational’, namely, their judgments and decisions deviate in systematic ways from normative dictates.
Helmholtz, Hermann von
Authors: Street Warren R , Tolin Philip 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) was one of the most productive and versatile scientists of the nineteenth century. His experimental, theoretical, and technical accomplishments advanced the fields of optics, physiology of hearing and vision, epistemology, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics, meteorology, mathematics, music, and the emerging science of experimental psychology.
F
reud,
S
igmund
Authors: Macmillan Malcolm 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis between 1895 and 1900 as a therapy for neuroses but developed it as a method for investigating mental processes and as a general psychology. He applied psychoanalysis to such fields as anthropology, sociology, and literature, and it became one of the most influential of all twentieth‐century systems of thought. However, neither his original theory nor the variants descended from it have been widely accepted.
Phonology, Neural Basis of
Authors: Munhall KG 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe phonology of a language includes a representation of the set of sounds used in the language and a representation of the rules for producing and perceiving the sounds in sequences. Clinical evidence from aphasic patients indicates that phonological impairment on language perception and production results from both anterior and posterior cortical lesions. Functional imaging research has confirmed this pattern and using these techniques a more detailed neural mapping of the neural basis of phonology is beginning.
Literacy: Reading (Early Stages)
Authors: Vellutino Frank R 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Literacy is the ability to read and write. Early literacy development consists of a prealphabetic period wherein the child begins to learn about the nature and purpose of print; an alphabetic period wherein the child becomes conversant with the alphabetic code and acquires increasingly functional word identification and text processing skills; and an advanced alphabetic/orthographic period wherein the child masters the alphabetic code and becomes increasingly fluent in word identification and text processing.
Learning and Instruction, Cognitive and Situative Theories of
Authors: Derry Sharon J , Steinkuehler Constance A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCognitive theory, which views cognition as symbolic computation, and situativity theory, which views cognition as (inter)action in the social and material world, are two alternative theoretical perspectives on the nature of human learning. These theories are contrasted in terms of their implications for educational research and practice.
Bidding Strategies in Single‐Unit Auctions
Authors: Wilson Bart 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Economists have developed models of auctions to enhance our understanding of one of the most commonly observed exchange institutions. Auction models are used to examine the allocation of products from an auctioneer to a number of bidders. The optimal bidding strategies and efficiency of four different auction institutions (first‐price sealed bid, second‐price sealed bid, English, and Dutch) can be analysed.
Human Behavioral Ecology
Authors: Smith Eric Alden , Winterhalder Bruce 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Human behavioral ecology applies theory and method developed in evolutionary biology, anthropology and economics to elucidate adaptive variation in human behavior, particularly social behavior. Hypotheses about resource use, mating and parenting strategies, cooperation and competition, and life history are derived from models using a selectionist logic, and empirically tested to increase our understanding of how humans adapt to their natural and social environments.
Cooperation and Conflict, Large‐Scale Human
Authors: Gil‐White Francisco J , Richerson Peter J 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAlong with a few other animals such as bees, termites, ants and wasps, humans live in societies that cooperate for a common goal. Serving the greater good seems to go against basic Darwinian theory, so the question is, how and why have complex, cooperative societies developed in some species? In spite of so much cooperation, why do human societies remain so conflict ridden?
Simon, Herbert A.
Authors: Feigenbaum Edward A 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) was an American scientist whose research ranged broadly over the cognitive and social sciences, computer science, economics, and the philosophy of science. For his fundamental, innovative, and penetrating contributions he received the highest research awards in the fields of economics, psychology, computer science and artificial intelligence, including the 1978 Nobel Prize for Economics for his model of bounded rationality in decision‐making and problem‐solving.
Adaptive predictive control algorithm based on Laguerre Functional Model
Authors: Zhang Haitao , Chen Zonghai , Wang Yongji , Li Ming , Qin Ting 
Published: December 2005

AbstractLaguerre Functional Model has many advantages such as good approximation capability for the variances of system time‐delay, order and other structural parameters, low computational complexity, and the facility of online parameter identification, etc., so this model is suitable for complex industrial process control. A series of successful applications have been gained in linear and non‐linear predictive control fields by the control algorithm based on Laguerre Functional Model, however, former researchers have not systemically brought forward the theoretical analyses of the stability, robustness, and steady‐state performance of this algorithm, which are the keys to guarantee the feasibility of the control algorithm fundamentally. Aimed at this problem, we introduce the principles of the Incremental Mode Linear Laguerre Predictive Control (IMLLPC) algorithm, and then systemically propose the theoretical analyses and proofs of the stability and robustness of the algorithm, in addition, we also put forward the steady‐state performance analysis. At last, the control performances of this algorithm on two different physical industrial plants are presented in detail, and a number of experimental results validate the feasibility and superiority of IMLLPC algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to exploit external model of data for parameter estimation?
Authors: Kárný Miroslav , Andrýsek Josef , Bodini Antonella , Guy Tatiana V. , Kracík Jan , Ruggeri Fabrizio 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAny cooperation in multiple‐participant decision making (DM) relies on an exchange of individual knowledge pieces and aims. A general methodology of their rational exploitation without calling for an objective mediator is still missing. Desired methodology is proposed for an important particular case, when a participant, performing Bayesian parameter estimation, is offered a model relating the observable data to their past history.The designed solution is based on the so‐called fully probabilistic design (FPD) of DM strategies. The result reduces to an ‘ordinary’ Bayesian estimation if the offered model is the sample probability density function (pdf), i.e. if it provides additional observations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model prediction of hot spots formation in shallow adiabatic packed‐bed reactors
Authors: Viswanathan Ganesh A. , Luss Dan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTransversal hot zones have been observed in many industrial and laboratory reactors. Yet, previous models which utilized rate expressions that depended only on the temperature and concentration of the limiting reactant failed to predict formation of stable hot zones. We previously proved that pseudohomogeneous models of a uniformly active shallow adiabatic packed‐bed reactor cannot predict a bifurcation to stable hot zones when the transversal heat dispersion is larger than that of the species, and the reaction rate depends only on the temperature and concentration of the limiting reactant. We prove here that the same is true also for a two‐phase model of a uniformly active shallow, adiabatic packed‐bed reactor. It is shown that a shallow reactor model, which uses more detailed kinetic expression, may attain stable, transversal hot zones. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Non‐Hodgkin disease in β‐thalassemia major
Authors: Otrock Zaher K. , Shamseddine Ali I. , Taher* Ali T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThalassemia is a spectrum of diseases characterized by the decrease or absence of globin chains. The occurrence of lymphoma in thalassemia has rarely been reported, and our review of the English literature revealed only four cases. Because anemia is always masked by regular transfusions in thalassemic patients, physicians discover a hidden malignancy late in the course of the disease. We hereby report the case of a thalassemic patient developing non‐Hodgkin disease and discuss the possibility of a link between the two disease entities. This case is intended to alert physicians of the possibility of a malignancy in thalassemia patients. Am. J. Hematol. 81:62–64, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative incidence of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia
Authors: Kaufman David W. , Kelly Judith P. , Issaragrisil Surapol , Laporte Joan‐Ramon , Anderson Theresa , Levy Micha , Shapiro Samuel , Young Neal S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAgranulocytosis and aplastic anemia are both rare, life‐threatening blood dyscrasias. Agranulocytosis is mainly caused by medicines, whereas the etiology of aplastic anemia is largely unexplained. In two epidemiologic studies using the same methods, we observed a striking inverse relationship between the incidence of the two diseases in different regions, including five countries in Europe, and Israel and Thailand. The annual incidence of agranulocytosis ranged from 1.1 to 4.9 cases per million, and that of aplastic anemia, from 0.7 to 4.1 per million; the inverse correlation was consistent among the regions (R2 = 0.74). There is no clear explanation for this previously unreported pattern, but it seems unlikely to be due to methodology. Am. J. Hematol. 81:65–67, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil as single‐agent therapy for refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Provan Drew , Moss Ashley J. , Newland Adrian C. , Bussel James B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRefractory disease occurs in 25% or more of adults with idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Therapy to elevate the platelet count may be required in a proportion of these patients. Immunosuppressive agents such as prednisone, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporin have been shown to be effective treatments in a proportion of patients with refractory ITP. A newer immunosuppressive medication, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), has been used successfully with acceptable toxicity in solid organ transplant patients to reduce the risk of organ rejection. The goal of this study was to determine whether MMF is an effective treatment for refractory ITP. Efficacy, defined as a sustained platelet increase to a level greater than 50 × 109/L, was seen in 7 of 18 patients with refractory ITP. Three of these 7 patients have had intermittent thrombocytopenic episodes while continuing the medication. No severe toxicity was seen, although two of the 18 patients discontinued MMF within the first month of treatment because of side effects, i.e., headache. In summary, MMF may be a useful component of a combination protocol but does not appear to be highly effective as sole therapy in patients with refractory ITP. The data suggests that response rates to MMF may be higher in patients who have had a shorter duration of their ITP. Am. J. Hematol. 81:19–25, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do human parents face a quantity‐quality tradeoff?: Evidence from a Shuar community
Authors: Hagen Edward H. , Barrett H. Clark , Price Michael E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA number of evolutionary theories of human life history assume a quantity‐quality tradeoff for offspring production: parents with fewer offspring can have higher biological fitness than those with more. Direct evidence for such a tradeoff, however, is mixed. We tested this assumption in a community of Ecuadorian Shuar hunter‐horticulturalists, using child anthropometry as a proxy for fitness. We measured the impact of household consumer/producer (CP) ratio on height, weight, skinfold thicknesses, and arm and calf circumferences of 85 children and young adults. To control for possible “phenotypic” correlates that might mask the effect of CP ratio on anthropometry, we also measured household garden productivity, wealth, and social status. Regression models of the age‐standardized variables indicated a significant negative impact of CP ratio on child growth and nutrition. The age‐standardized height and weight of children in households with the largest CP ratio (10) were 1.38 and 1.44 standard deviations, respectively, below those of children in households with the smallest CP ratio (2). Surprisingly, garden productivity, wealth, and status had little to no effect on the fitness proxies. There was, however, an interesting and unexpected interaction between status and sex: for females, but not males, higher father status correlated significantly with higher values on the proxies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of hydrophilic monomer on the surface properties of cationic polyurethane‐fluorinated acrylate hybrid dispersions
Authors: Li Ganghui , Li Xiaorui , Shen Yiding , Ren Qinghai 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCationic polyurethane‐fluorinated acrylate hybrid dispersions (PUFA) were prepared by the copolymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate, and 2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate in the medium of crosslinked polyurethane via phase inversion polymerization. The said polyurethane was synthesized in acetone from 2,4‐tolyene diisocyanate, N‐methyldiethanolamine, trimethylolpropane, and soft polyester diol block. The influences of hydrophilic monomer on the surface properties, immersion behaviors, particle size and, zeta potential of the dispersions were investigated. The results show that the addition of hydrophilic monomer can be advantaged to the stability of dispersions and yet will increase the surface free energy by more than 19.9%. The PUFA coating films cured at ambient conditions have the lower surface free energy (less than 0.02033 J/m2). At the same time, there is an obvious mobility of fluorinated groups in fluorinated polymer films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Studies on nonisothermal crystallization of ultra–high molecular weight polyethylene in liquid paraffin
Authors: Zhang Chunfang , Zhu Baoku , Ji Genliang , Xu Youyi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization kinetics for ultra–high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in liquid paraffin (LP) systems was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. The influence of UHMWPE concentration and cooling rate on crystallization mechanism and spherulitc structure as implied by the modified Avrami equation and Mo's analysis was determined, whereas the Ozawa's approach fails to describe the crystallization behaviors of these UHMWPE‐diluent systems. As a result, in the modified Avrami analysis, it was found that the Avrami exponent is constant around five at various concentrations of UHMWPE and cooling rates. Further, the value of F(T) in the Mo's approach increases with the increasing of relative crystallinity and UHMWPE content in the blends. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics presented here are the first for UHMWPE‐diluent systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006