bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music as nursing intervention for pain in five Asian countries*
Authors: Lim P.H. , Locsin R. 
Published: July 2006

Background:  The use of music as intervention for relieving pain has increased in recent years, prompting its growing use among the people of the western world. However, among Asians, music has long been used for this purpose and continues to be so today. Despite this common knowledge, Asians have not generally written about the therapeutic effects of music. Consequently, most of the published research studies supporting this claim were conducted in western settings using western music.Purpose:  To describe the use of music as intervention in painful conditions as experienced by people in five Asian countries: China, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan.Method:  Descriptive survey of studies using music as intervention for painful conditions conducted in selected five Asian countries.Findings:  Twelve studies including theses and dissertations, published and unpublished, were found; however, only nine met the inclusion criteria. Data were categorized according to research design, sample size, gender, age, duration of music, frequency of music intervention, types of pain and instruments used to measure pain, conceptual or theoretical frameworks and statistical significance of the study. Five of the nine studies declared significant decrease in pain, while three reported mixed results. Fundamentally, the findings of the studies suggested that with music, relief of pain was possible.Implications:  The mixed results imply the need for further investigation of the effects of music in painful conditions. Thus, the authors suggest continuing studies on the effects of music as intervention in painful conditions, and encourage increasing global dissemination of these studies, particularly in international journals.
Participatory rural appraisal techniques in disenfranchised communities: a Kenyan case study
Authors: Maalim A.D. 
Published: July 2006

Background:  Developing countries have made great progress in the field of health. However, disparities exist in the distribution of healthcare services. Given the lifestyle of the nomadic Somali community, very little was known about their perceptions about preventive healthcare services or their health needs in general. The best source of information regarding these matters is the community itself.Objective:  To apply participatory rapid rural appraisal techniques to health needs and plan nursing services for a disenfranchised, nomadic Somali community of north‐eastern Kenya.Methods:  Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an innovative approach to data collection in participatory research. The philosophy is that the researcher is required to acknowledge and appreciate that the research participants have the necessary knowledge and skills to be partners in the whole research process. Illuminating data were collected in late 1999 using PRA techniques, which underscored the Somali community’s perception of the healthcare services and how they could be improved to suit their nomadic lifestyle.Findings:  The nomads diagrammatically described their seasonal movements extensively and postulated that these could be used for planning mobile/outreach services for the community. The study also reveals how the current nursing services have failed to utilize the intricate information network of the community.Implications for practice:  Nursing personnel need to make friendly participatory relationships with a better understanding of communities’ health problems and their socio‐cultural practices in order to ensure efficient and effective nursing services.
EVIDENCE ON THE COMPENSATION OF PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
Authors: Farnsworth Heber , Taylor Jonathan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe surveyed 396 portfolio managers about the structure of their compensation. Overall, more compensation packages are subjective/discretionary than objective/formula based. Firm success factors such as firm profitability have more effect on bonuses than do client success factors such as investment performance. Differences in the structure of compensation across firms, clients, job types, and manager characteristics reflect likely differences in the underlying contracting environments, especially differences in the difficulty of monitoring performance and exerting control.
A SPECIALIST'S QUOTED DEPTH AS A STRATEGIC CHOICE VARIABLE: AN APPLICATION TO SPREAD DECOMPOSITION MODELS
Authors: Caglio Cecilia , Kavajecz Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlthough there is a sizable literature demonstrating that liquidity and transaction costs are multidimensional, researchers continue to estimate adverse‐selection costs using only prices. We present a model of a profit‐maximizing specialist who posts prices and depths. The model is simulated to measure changes in the adverse‐selection component of the spread that result under different levels of informed trading. We find that spread decompositions fail to capture the full extent of adverse‐selection risk when specialists choose depth. We recommend that researchers use adverse‐selection measures that account for depth as well as spread to mitigate this problem.
THE DYNAMICS OF BOND YIELD SPREADS AROUND RATING REVISION DATES
Authors: Batchelor Roy , Manzoni Katiuscia 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe examine the effect of rating revisions on sterling Eurobond yields using a panel model with conditional heteroskedasticity that controls for event‐induced changes in the variance of spreads. Positive rating revisions are fully anticipated by the time the upgrade occurs. Negative revisions are only partially anticipated, and spreads on downgraded bonds rise for some time after the downgrade has been announced. This asymmetry is not apparent in a conventional event study model. All ratings announcements are accompanied by a temporary fall in yield volatility. We attribute this to the resolution of uncertainty about the true rating of the bond.
Interactions Between Paced Wavefronts and Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: Implications for Antitachycardia Pacing
Authors: BYRD ISRAEL A. , KAY MATTHEW W. , POLLARD ANDREW E. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives: Interactions between paced wavefronts and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) dictate antitachycardia pacing outcomes. We used optical mapping to assess those interactions during single and dual site pacing of rabbit ventricular epicardium. Methods and Results: Monomorphic VTs were initiated in six isolated rabbit hearts that were endocardially cryoablated to limit viable tissue to visible epicardium and establish apical tissue as the anatomic anchor. Preparations were optically mapped during single (n = 39) and dual (n = 43) site pacing at 50%–90% of VT cycle length (CL) with eight pulses per trial. Overall, we found six pulses that abruptly terminated VT. This occurred because the VT wavefront collided with the antidromic portion of the paced wavefront and the orthodromic portion of paced wavefront blocked in the VT's refractory region. When effective, dual site pacing that captured tissue at both leads simultaneously terminated the VT immediately, while single site pacing or dual site pacing that captured tissue at only one lead terminated the VT after resetting advanced the orthodromic wavefront. We found 12 pulses that induced polymorphic VT, with 11 of those pulses occurring during capture at only one lead. Expansion of the combined antidromic‐VT wavefront around one or both ends of the arc of conduction block formed by the interaction of the orthodromic wavefront with the VT's refractory region initiated functional reentry. Six of these polymorphic VTs were nonsustained because the underlying wavefronts self‐terminated. The wavefronts did persist for 4.2 ± 3.5 cycles before self‐terminating in these trials, and the post‐pacing cycles presented a 146% increase in CL variability, compared with the variability prior to pacing. These temporal characteristics are similar to those of delayed termination in patients with ICDs. Conclusions: The main difference between pulses that terminated abruptly and pulses that induced polymorphic VT was the effective separation of the antidromic and orthodromic portions of the paced wavefront from one another.
Prognostic factor analysis and proposed prognostic model for conventional treatment of high‐grade primary gastric lymphoma
Authors: Park Yeon H. , Kim Won S. , Bang Soo M. , Lee Soon I. , Uhm Ji E. , Kang Hye J. , Na Im I. , Yang Sung H. , Lee Seung‐Sook , Kim Kihyun , Jung Chul W. , Park Keunchil , Ko Young H. , Ryoo Baek‐Yeol 
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Objectives: We conducted a clinical risk factors analysis to define a prognostic model for high‐grade primary gastric lymphoma (HG‐PGL). Methods and Results: The median event‐free survival and overall survival of 214 HG‐PGL patients were 54 and 104.5 months, respectively, after a median follow‐up duration of 60 months. According to the prognostic factor analysis, survival, advanced age, male gender, higher LDH levels and the presence of ascites were identified as independent prognostic factors for HG‐PGL. We identified four groups at different risk: group 1, no adverse effect; group 2, one factor; group 3, two factors; group 4, three or four factors. The new prognostic model showed excellent prognostic capacity to differentiate subgroups according to their risk stratification. Conclusions: The proposed new prognostic model for HG‐PGL demonstrated a balanced distribution of patients into four groups with good prognostic capacity.
Improved treatment outcome in Chinese children and adolescents with Burkitt's lymphoma and large cell lymphoma by using the modified B‐non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma‐Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster‐90 protocol
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Fei , Zhen Zi‐Jun , Lui Dong‐Gen , Xia Yi , He You‐Jian , Wang Zhi‐Hui , Lin Jia‐yu , Guan Zhong‐Zhen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the modified B‐Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)‐Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster (BFM)‐90‐based protocol in Chinese children and adolescents with Burkitt's lymphoma and large cell lymphoma. Methods: From September 1997 to August 2005, 55 untreated patients (age less than 20 yr) from a single institution were enrolled. The patients were stratified by risk factors (stage, LDH level and chemotherapy response). All patients were treated with a modified B‐NHL‐BFM 90 protocol. Results: The median age of the patients was 8 yr (range 1.5–20 yr). Of these patients, 22 (40%) had Burkitt's lymphoma (BKL), 22 (40%) had diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBL) and 11 (20%) had anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma (ALCL). Complete remission (CR) occurred in 45 patients (83%), partial remission (PR) in eight patients (14.5%), and progressive disease (PD) in one patient (1.8%). At a median follow up of 24 months, the event free survival (EFS) for all patients was 85% ± 5% with 100% for group R1, 84% ± 7% for group R2 and 72% ± 13% for group R3, and most notably, 80% ± 6% for stage III/IV at diagnosis. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.96) in EFS among BKL and DLBL and ALCL. The major toxicity complications were myelosuppression and mucositis, but these conditions were tolerated and manageable. Conclusions: This modified NHL‐BFM‐90 protocol is very effective for Chinese children and adolescents with BKL and large cell lymphomas, and represented an increase in the cure rates in childhood NHL in China.
Oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 690 British patients
Authors: Ingafou M , Leao JC , Porter SR , Scully C 
Published: July 2006

Objective:  This is the largest UK patient group with oral lichen planus (OLP) to be studied in terms of the demographic and clinical characteristics.Material and methods:  Data were taken from the medical records of 690 consecutive patients referred to Oral Medicine subsequently found to have clinical, and usually histopathological confirmatory features of OLP. Over two‐thirds (68.7%) of the patients were Caucasians.Results:  Eighty‐two per cent of the patients had been referred to a specialist Oral Medicine service by general dental practitioners, 62% of the patients being referred as a consequence of oral mucosal and/or gingival pain. Reticular OLP was the most common intra‐oral presentation, but 60% of such lesions were accompanied by other clinical types of OLP. 95% of lesions were bilateral. About 13% of patients reported symptoms or signs, or had a known history of lichen planus or possible lichen planus affecting non‐oral epithelia. In only 13% of patients did all signs and symptoms of OLP resolve within 12–246 months (median 35 months). A malignant transformation rate of 1.9% was observed in the present group.Conclusion:  Oral lichen planus in UK persons almost always gives rise to bilateral reticular OLP, rarely resolves spontaneously, and has a low rate of malignant transformation.
SENSORY PROFILES OF THE MOST COMMON SALMON PRODUCTS ON THE DANISH MARKET
Authors: GREEN‐PETERSEN DITTE MARIE BENEDIKTE , NIELSEN JETTE , HYLDIG GRETHE 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The sensory profiles of the most common chilled and frozen salmon products available to consumers on the Danish market were studied. A sensory profiling was made on 12 salmon products varying in salmon species, origin, storage method and time. Samples stored in ice between 7 and 16 days, frozen for 1 month or stored in modified atmosphere for 5 days all had sensory profiles dominated by sea/seaweed odor, juicy and oily texture, fresh fish oil, and sweet and mushroom flavor. Marked differences in the sensory profiles of the frozen samples were found to correlate to differences in storage time. Frozen storage for 6 months resulted in firm texture, discolored appearance and rancid flavor. The samples stored in modified atmosphere for 7 days had a sensory profile with marked rancid and sour odor.
IMPACT OF MICROWAVE BLANCHING ON THE FLAVOR OF ROASTED PEANUTS
Authors: SCHIRACK ANDRIANA V. , DRAKE MARYANNE , SANDERS TIMOTHY H. , SANDEEP K.P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMicrowave blanching of peanuts was proposed as an attractive alternative to traditional techniques of blanching, because of energy and time savings. However, the occurrence of a processing‐related off‐flavor has been reported. This study examined the effect of processing factors during microwave blanching on the MC and sensory characteristics of the peanuts. The peanuts reached a range of internal temperatures during microwave blanching treatments between 4 and 11 min. A total offnote attribute was introduced to the peanut lexicon and was used successfully to differentiate the effects of microwave treatments. The microwave‐associated off‐flavor was related (but not identical) to cardboardy/stale flavor, and was related inversely to the positive flavor attributes roasted peanutty, sweet aromatic and sweet taste. Peanuts reaching the highest internal temperatures and greatest moisture losses during blanching exhibited the most total offnote flavor; however, temperatures as high as 113C did not produce significantly increased total offnote intensity.
Primary uterine inertia in 27 bitches: aetiology and treatment
Authors: Bergström A. , Fransson B. , Lagerstedt A.‐S. , Olsson K. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives: To evaluate two treatment methods in bitches with primary uterine inertia in relation to blood concentrations of oxytocin, calcium and glucose. Methods: A prospective study where 27 bitches with primary inertia were randomly allocated to treatment groups I and II. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment. Group I was treated with a combination of intravenous calcium solutions and oxytocin and group II with oxytocin only. If unsuccessful, caesarean sections or additional medical treatment was pursued. Results: Plasma oxytocin concentrations were 35±15 pmol/l in group I and 30±15 pmol/l in group II. Before treatment, the total serum calcium concentrations were 2·1±0·2 mmol/l in both the groups, and blood glucose values were 7·0±0·5 mmol/l (group I) and 7·3±1·4 mmol/l (group II). The number of bitches subjected to caesarean sections and the number of puppies born did not differ between the two groups. Clinical Significance: This study indicates that low plasma oxytocin levels is a cause of primary inertia in bitches with normal serum calcium concentrations and aggravates the condition in bitches with low calcium levels. Hypoglycaemia was not observed. The outcome of labour did not differ between groups I and II.
Prospective open pilot study on the use of ciclosporin for feline allergic skin disease
Authors: Noli C. , Scarampella F. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of ciclosporin in cats with allergic skin disease.Methods:Ten cats with signs of allergic skin disease were administered ciclosporin daily at a dose of 3·6 to 8·3 mg/kg for one month. None of these cats had previously responded to a hypoallergenic diet trial, and all animals had previously been treated with endectoparasiticidal drugs, with no improvement two weeks before entering the trial. On days 0 and 30, owners assessed pruritus with a visual analogue scale, and veterinarians evaluated cutaneous lesions.Results:All the cats had pruritus and erythema, five had alopecia, two had an eosinophilic plaque, one had miliary dermatitis and two had both alopecia and an eosinophilic plaque. Good or excellent improvement was observed in 40 per cent of cats for pruritus, 57 per cent of cats for alopecia and 60 per cent of cats for erythema. A significant decrease in mean scores was observed for pruritus only, while for erythema and alopecia, it was close to being significant (P<0·052).ClinicalSignificance:Ciclosporin may be helpful in symptomatically treating signs of feline allergic skin disease. However, it is important to remember that ciclosporin is not licensed for use in cats.
Mutational Analysis of the Cytoplasmic Tail of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Envelope Protein
Authors: Hull Stacey , Fan Hung 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the etiologic agent of a transmissible lung cancer in sheep, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. JSRV is unique in that the envelope protein functions as an oncogene, since it can morphologically transform fibroblast and epithelial cells in culture and can induce lung tumors in mice. Previous studies indicated that the transmembrane (TM) protein is essential for transformation, and particular attention has focused on a YXXM motif in the cytoplasmic tail. In this study, we carried out systematic mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic tail of JSRV Env. Alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed four classes of mutants: mutants in which transformation was abrogated, those in which transformation was not affected, those with reduced transformation, and those with increased transformation (supertransformers). In general, the alanine mutations did not affect Env protein production or its localization to the plasma membrane. Three functional domains of the cytoplasmic tail were identified: an amphipathic helix at the N-terminal (juxtamembrane) side, a nonessential C-terminal region, and an internal region (including the YXXM motif) where mutations resulted in abrogation, decreases, or increases in transformation. Alanine mutations in the amphipathic helix in both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces generally abolished transformation. The mutation R591A showed partial transformation that was consistent with loss of signaling through the Akt-mTOR pathway and signaling predominantly through the Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. The supertransforming mutants generally showed increased signaling through Akt and reduced activation of p38 MAPK that is inhibitory for transformation. These mutants provide further insight into the role of the TM cytoplasmic tail in JSRV transformation.
Global Changes in Cellular Gene Expression during Bacteriophage PRD1 Infection
Authors: Poranen Minna M. , Ravantti Janne J. , Grahn A. Marika , Gupta Rashi , Auvinen Petri , Bamford Dennis H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Virus-induced changes in cellular gene expression and host physiology have been studied extensively. Still, there are only a few analyses covering the entire viral replication cycle and whole-host gene pool expression at the resolution of a single gene. Here we report changes in
Escherichia coli
gene expression during bacteriophage PRD1 infection using microarray technology. Relative mRNA levels were systematically measured for over 99% of the host open reading frames throughout the infection cycle. Although drastic modifications could be detected in the expression of individual genes, global changes at the whole-genome level were moderate. Notably, the majority of virus-induced changes took place only after the synthesis of virion components, indicating that there is no major reprogramming of the host during early infection. The most highly induced genes encoded chaparones and other stress-inducible proteins.
Viral Suppression and Immune Restoration in the Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients Initiating Therapy during Primary or Chronic Infection
Authors: Guadalupe Moraima , Sankaran Sumathi , George Michael D. , Reay Elizabeth , Verhoeven David , Shacklett Barbara L. , Flamm Jason , Wegelin Jacob , Prindiville Thomas , Dandekar Satya 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is an important early site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and severe CD4+T-cell depletion, our understanding is limited about the restoration of the gut mucosal immune system during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We evaluated the kinetics of viral suppression, CD4+T-cell restoration, gene expression, and HIV-specific CD8+T-cell responses in longitudinal gastrointestinal biopsy and peripheral blood samples from patients initiating HAART during primary HIV infection (PHI) or chronic HIV infection (CHI) using flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and DNA microarray analysis. Viral suppression was more effective in GALT of PHI patients than CHI patients during HAART. Mucosal CD4+T-cell restoration was delayed compared to peripheral blood and independent of the time of HAART initiation. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that repopulating mucosal CD4+T cells were predominantly of a memory phenotype and expressed CD11α, αEβ7, CCR5, and CXCR4. Incomplete suppression of viral replication in GALT during HAART correlated with increased HIV-specific CD8+T-cell responses. DNA microarray analysis revealed that genes involved in inflammation and cell activation were up regulated in patients who did not replenish mucosal CD4+T cells efficiently, while expression of genes involved in growth and repair was increased in patients with efficient mucosal CD4+T-cell restoration. Our findings suggest that the discordance in CD4+T-cell restoration between GALT and peripheral blood during therapy can be attributed to the incomplete viral suppression and increased immune activation and inflammation that may prevent restoration of CD4+T cells and the gut microenvironment.