bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flight variability in the woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera:Siricidae): an analysis of flight data using wavelets
Authors: Bruzzone Octavio A. , Villacide José M. , Bernstein Carlos , Corley Juan C. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARY
We describe flight variability in the woodwasp Sirex noctilioFabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) by studying tethered females in a flight mill device and analyzing output data by a time series methodology. Twenty-eight wasps were flown during 24 h-long periods, under controlled temperature and lighting conditions. The maximum distance recorded was 49 km,and mean velocity was 0.37 m s–1. All wasps lost weight during flight (mean weight loss of 10.0% of initial body mass). By using a wavelets analysis on the flight mill time series output, we identified three distinct flight patterns: regular (long acceleration–deceleration spells), periodic (alternation of acceleration–deceleration spells without resting) and pulsating (resting spells interrupted by bursts of flight activity). The first two flight patterns are indistinguishable using traditional flight mill data analysis. Flight patterns for each individual were significantly dependent on wasp body mass, suggesting a relationship with the resources used in flight and their availability. Large females flew sequentially through a regular-periodic-pulsating sequence but medium sized wasps flew mostly with periodic and pulsating patterns. The smallest wasps flew only in a pulsating pattern, being incapable of long, sustained flight. Variability in size and behavior can have significant consequences on population dynamics by determining local and regional dispersal. An important outcome of our work is the introduction of wavelet analysis to study tethered flight data series for the first time. This methodology allowed us to uncover and statistically test individual variability in insect flight characteristics.
Plasma membrane calcium ATPase required for semicircular canal formation and otolith growth in the zebrafish inner ear
Authors: Cruz Shelly , Shiao Jen-Chieh , Liao Bo-Kai , Huang Chang-Jen , Hwang Pung-Pung 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYFish otoliths consist of &gt;90% calcium carbonate, the accretion of which depends on acellular endolymph. This study confirms the presence of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1a isoform (Atp2b1a) in the auditory and vestibular system of a teleost fish. As shown by in situ hybridization,zebrafish atp2b1a is expressed mainly in larval otic placode and lateral-line neuromast as well as in the hair cells within the adult zebrafish inner ear chamber. Zebrafish atp2b1a knockdown by antisense morpholinos reduced the number of hair cells and produced malformation of semicircular canals and smaller otoliths. These defects coincide with unbalanced body orientation. The formation of smaller otoliths in atp2b1a morphants may stem from an impairment of calcium supply in the endolymph. However, otolith formation persists in most morphants,suggesting that other zebrafish Atp2b isoforms or paracellular pathways may also transport calcium into the endolymph. These results suggest that Atp2b1a plays an important role for normal development of the auditory and vestibular system as well as calcium transport in the inner ear of zebrafish.
Odour aversion after olfactory conditioning of the sting extension reflex in honeybees
Authors: Carcaud Julie , Roussel Edith , Giurfa Martin , Sandoz Jean-Christophe 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYIn Pavlovian conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus or CS) gains control over an animal's reflex after its association with a biologically relevant stimulus (unconditioned stimulus or US). As a consequence, a conditioned response is emitted by the animal upon further CS presentations. In such a situation, the subject exhibits a reflex response, so that whether the CS thereby acquires a positive or a negative value for the animal is difficult to assess. In honeybees, Apis mellifera, an odour(CS) can be associated either with sucrose solution (US) in the appetitive conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER), or with an electric shock (US) in the aversive conditioning of the sting extension reflex (SER). The term `aversive' may not apply to the latter as bees do not suppress SER as a consequence of learning but, on the contrary, start emitting SER to the CS. To determine whether the CS acquires a positive or a negative value in these conditioning forms, we compared the orientation behaviour of freely walking honeybees in an olfactory-cued Y-maze after training them with an odour–sucrose association (PER conditioning) or an odour–shock association (SER conditioning). We show that the same odours can acquire either a positive value when associated to sucrose, or a negative value when associated to an electric shock, as bees respectively approach or avoid the CS in the Y-maze. Importantly, these results clearly establish the aversive nature of SER conditioning in honeybees.
Assessing the External Validity of Analytical Results from National Brand and Store Brand Competition Models
Authors: Sethuraman Raj 
Published: February 2009

This research has three objectives: (i) to compile analytical results on national brand and store brand marketing obtained from mathematical models, (ii) to assess the external validity of those results and thus the applicability of the results to practice, and (iii) to identify avenues for further research on national brand and store brand competition. A total of 44 analytical results (29 related to retailer strategies and 15 related to manufacturer strategies) are compiled from a survey of literature published between 1966 and 2006. Three criteria are then used to assess the external validity of these results—robustness (R), empirical support (E), and credibility (C) (collectively, REC). Each result is quantitatively assessed (scored) using these three criteria. Robustness is measured as the total number of relevant market conditions for which the result has been shown to hold. Empirical support is measured as the number of independent empirical studies in which the findings are consistent with the analytical result. Credibility is measured as the believability of the theoretical result as perceived by experienced brand managers and retail executives. Thus, the REC scoring approach represents a triangulation of perspectives—robustness (modeler perspective), empirical support (empiricist perspective), and credibility (managerial perspective). In particular, this research serves in part as a bridge between scholars and practitioners in the context of national brand and store brand marketing.
Effectiveness of pupil diameter in a probable‐lie comparison question test for deception
Authors: Webb Andrea K. , Honts Charles R. , Kircher John C. , Bernhardt Paul , Cook Anne E. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose. There were three objectives of this study: (1) To assess the possibility of using pupil diameter as an index of deception in the context of a comparison question polygraph test. (2) To determine if pupil diameter would make a significant contribution to an optimal multivariate classification equation in combination with the traditional predictor variables used in field polygraph practice. (3) We explored the possibility of replacing one or more of the traditional predictor variables with pupil diameter.Methods. We used a laboratory mock crime experiment with 24 participants, half of whom stole $20 (US) from a secretary's purse. Participants were tested with a comparison question test modelled after standard field practice. Physiological measures were taken with laboratory quality instrumentation. Features were extracted from the physiological measures. Those features were subjected to a number of different statistical analyses.Results. Innocent participants showed larger increases in pupil diameter in response to probable‐lie questions than to relevant questions. Guilty participants did not show differential responding to the question types. The additional of pupil diameter to a multivariate classification model approached, but did not reach significance. Subsequent analyses suggest that pupil diameter might be used to replace the traditional relative blood pressure measure.Conclusions. Pupil diameter was found to be a significant predictor variable for deception. Pupil diameter may be a possible replacement for the traditional relative blood pressure measure. Additional research to explore that possibility would seem to be warranted.
Insights into the polymorphism of the diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutumBohlin
Authors: Tesson Benoit , Gaillard Cedric , Martin-Jézéquel Veronique 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhaeodactylum tricornutumis a pleiomorphic diatom that exists in three different forms depending on environmental conditions, viz. oval, fusiform or triradiate. In spite of numerous observations of the three morphotypes, very little information is available about the process of transformation. In this review, we summarize results of previous studies and add new observations on cell wall structure of the three morphotypes and the environmental conditions under which each form appears (for different strains ofPhaeodactylum). New data on the cellular mechanisms of transformation between the three morphotypes and on the differentiation of oval cells are also presented. The ultrastructural morphology of the three morphotypes and strain/genotype-dependent transformations of morphotypes are discussed.
Temperature drop sensor for monitoring kiln drying of lumber
Authors: Elustondo Diego Miguel , Oliveira Luiz , Lister Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to test a new sensor based on the temperature drop across the load (TDAL). The TDAL sensor was designed to determine the transition point between wet and dry wood without any specific information about the drying process. When additional information is available, the TDAL sensor can also be used to monitor drying rate and estimate the drying end-point. In this study, three potential applications of TDAL sensor for lumber drying were explored, namely, to monitor drying rate, to detect the transition point between wet and dry wood, and for determination of drying end-point after calibration. For the first application, it was demonstrated that the transition point between wet and dry wood coincides with the time at which the TDAL decreases with time at a constant logarithmic slope. For the second application, the TDAL sensor was calibrated with nine experimental drying runs, and the end-points determined with the calibrated TDAL sensor did not show a significant difference with the end-points determined by the in-kiln MC meter. Finally, the TDAL sensor was used to monitor drying rate during drying.
How virtuous are gelotophobes? Self- and peer-reported character strengths among those who fear being laughed at
Authors: Proyer René T. , Ruch Willibald 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this study we combine variables that make our lives most worth living with the fear of being laughed at. Peterson and Seligman (Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, American Psychological Association, 2004) suggested a classification of 24 strengths of character and six virtues. The virtues are universally evaluated positively across different countries and cultures. A sample of N = 346 participants allowed the examination of correlations between self- and peer-reported character strengths and gelotophobia. The results indicate that gelotophobia is negatively related to overall virtuousness in self-reports and in the same direction but less so in peer-reports. The rank-order of the character strengths showed that mainly modesty and prudence (both of the virtue of temperance) were positively correlated with gelotophobia (this was also supported by peer-reports). Gelotophobia was mainly negatively related to hope/optimism, curiosity, bravery, love, and zest. The analysis of mean score differences revealed that in some cases the mean scores for the peer-reports of character strengths were higher for the highest scoring gelotophobes than for the less gelotophobic and even lower or equal to the mean scores of the non-gelotophobes. This unexpected finding cannot be fully explained and needs to be addressed in follow-up studies. The results of the study clearly indicate that it is worthwhile to study gelotophobia in its relation to variables of positive psychological functioning.
Ultrasonic Imaging Technique of Spot Weld Structure for a High Strength Galvanized Steel Sheet
Authors: Chen Zhenhua , Shi Yaowu , Zhao Haiyan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper, ultrasonic C-scan imagery technique is applied to measure the nugget diameter and image the defects in a spot weld of a high strength galvanized steel sheet. In order to enhance the test precision, the ultrasonic C-scan image is divided into six characteristic color regions and the related A-scan signals are analyzed according to the structural characteristics of the high strength galvanized steel spot weld. The results indicate that the nugget diameter can be measured accurately, and the shape of inner defects of nugget is evaluated based on the C-scan image and the time domain analysis of A-scan signal. The method proposed in the research is not only a comprehensive and visualized method for spot welding evaluation, but also a kind of important auxiliary method for spot weld research since the inner structure of the spot weld can be investigated without devastating it.
Measurement of Board Temperatures during Kiln Drying Using Fiber Optic Sensors
Authors: Sargent R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fiber optic temperature sensors were investigated as an alternative to thermocouples for measuring the temperature inside pieces of timber during kiln drying. Fiber optic sensors were thought to have some advantages over thermocouples in standard hot air drying, and this increased measurement accuracy would be beneficial for validating the Scion single-board drying model. The fiber optic sensors showed some improvement over the thermocouples, mainly in not conducting heat into the board from the kiln atmosphere. Overall the two types of sensors behaved similarly, and both showed quite different behavior to predictions from the single-board drying model. Due to their higher cost and fragility, the fiber optic sensors are not recommended for applications such as this, where thermocouples could be used instead.
Effects and Interaction of Phenotype and Rearing Density on Growth and Fin Erosion in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Kindschi Greg A , Barrows Frederic T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Intensively reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that receive formulated feed frequently exhibit torn, ragged, and eroded fins. To better understand the factors affecting fin erosion, two rainbow trout phenotypes (albino and pigmented) were reared to verify reports that albino rainbow trout suffer less dorsal fin erosion than do pigmented fish. A 12-month study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phenotype, rearing density, and the phenotype × density interaction on fin erosion. Extremes in rearing density were tested using group rearing (maximum density = 200 fish/tank) and individual rearing as the treatments. To evaluate interactive effects of phenotype, rainbow trout were reared either in mixed populations (MPs) containing equal proportions of albino and pigmented fish or in separate populations (SPs) containing only albino or pigmented individuals. Group rearing treatments were each applied to three tanks at 200 first-feeding fish/tank. Eight albino and eight pigmented fish were reared in individual rearing chambers. At 3-month intervals, fish were measured for weight, total length, condition factor, and dorsal and pectoral fin lengths. Survival exceeded 90% in all treatments, but albino fish had lower survival than did pigmented fish in both MPs and SPs. Albino fish from MPs were significantly smaller (37 g) than MP-reared pigmented fish (77.5 g) at the end of the study. Dorsal fin index scores were greater (i.e., indicated less fin erosion) for MP-reared albino fish (7.5%) than for MP-reared pigmented fish (5.6%), but considerable erosion occurred in both phenotypes reared in MPs and SPs. Rainbow trout that were reared individually had complete dorsal fins and pectoral fins during the entire study (i.e., dorsal fin and pectoral fin indices [fin lengths expressed as a percentage of total length] &gt; 11%). This study demonstrates that albinism does not directly affect the occurrence or rate of dorsal fin erosion, but less fin erosion is observed in albino fish than in pigmented fish when reared in MPs.
Alternative Substrates for Culturing the Freshwater Oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus
Authors: Lasier Peter J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus is tank cultured to provide organisms for aquatic habitat assessments and regeneration research and to produce a clean source of live food for aquarium fishes. Shredded paper is the typical substrate in small-scale culture of L. variegatus. However, the effort needed to separate large numbers of individuals from decomposing paper can be prohibitive. Burlap and nylon mesh materials were compared with paper as potential alternatives for reducing this effort. Production and the time needed to separate L. variegatus from substrate were compared for 8 weeks among cultures with burlap, mesh, and paper substrates. Cultures with paper increased in number and weight faster than those with burlap or mesh, but cultures using the alternative substrates also expanded their populations quickly. The time required to separate oligochaetes from substrate was initially longer with paper and became significantly longer at 6 weeks as the paper decomposed. Burlap frayed, but mesh exhibited no degradation. Elevated ammonia and nitrite concentrations may have suppressed production in mesh treatments throughout the study, and ammonia was lethal in paper treatments during the final 2 weeks. Slow initial production in burlap treatments may have been due to chemical applications to the fabric, which may limit the utility of burlap as a substrate. Culture systems that maintain adequate water quality could increase production from burlap and mesh substrates to levels observed with paper substrate. Mesh is recommended because it is nontoxic and nonbiodegradable and can significantly reduce the effort required to obtain oligochaetes and to maintain and monitor the cultures.
Effects of water hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the lateral line of developing fish
Authors: Linbo Tiffany L. , Baldwin David H. , McIntyre Jenifer K. , Scholz Nathaniel L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Conventional water chemistry parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, and organic carbon are known to affect the acutely lethal toxicity of copper to fish and other aquatic organisms. In the present study, we investigate the influence of these water chemistry parameters on short-term (3 h), sublethal (0–40 μg/L) copper toxicity to the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) using an in vivo fluorescent marker of lateral line sensory neuron (hair cell) integrity. We studied the influence of hardness (via CaCl2, MgSO4, or both at a 2:1 molar ratio), sodium (via NaHCO3 or NaCl), and organic carbon on copper-induced neurotoxicity to zebrafish lateral line neurons over a range of environmentally relevant water chemistries. For all water parameters but organic carbon, the reductions in copper toxicity, although statistically significant, were small. Increasing organic carbon across a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1–4.3 mg/L) increased the EC50 for copper toxicity (the effective concentration resulting in a 50% loss of hair cells) from approximately 12 μg/L to approximately 50 μg/L. Finally, we used an ionoregulatory-based biotic ligand model to compare copper toxicity mediated by targets in the fish gill and lateral line. Relative to copper toxicity via the gill, we find that individual water chemistry parameters are less influential in terms of reducing cytotoxic impacts to the mechanosensory system.
Factors affecting water strider (Hemiptera: Gerridae) mercury concentrations in lotic systems
Authors: Jardine Timothy D. , Kidd Karen A. , Cunjak Richard A. , Arp Paul A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) have been considered as a potential sentinel for mercury (Hg) contamination of freshwater ecosystems, yet little is known about factors that control Hg concentrations in this invertebrate. Striders were collected from 80 streams and rivers in New Brunswick, Canada, in August and September of 2004 through 2007 to assess the influence of factors such as diet, water chemistry, and proximity to point sources on Hg concentrations in this organism. Higher than average Hg concentrations were observed in the southwest and Grand Lake regions of the province, the latter being the location of a coal-fired power plant that is a source of Hg (∼100 kg annually), with elevated Hg concentrations in the lichen Old Man's Beard (Usnea spp.) in its immediate vicinity. Across all streams, pH and total organic carbon of water were relatively weak predictors of strider Hg concentrations. Female striders that were larger in body size than males had significantly lower Hg concentrations within sites, suggestive of growth dilution. There was no relationship between percent aquatic carbon in the diet and Hg concentrations in striders. For those striders feeding solely on terrestrial carbon, Hg concentrations were higher in animals occupying a higher trophic level. Mercury concentrations were highly variable in striders collected monthly over two growing seasons, suggesting short-term changes in Hg availability. These measurements highlight the importance of considering both deposition and postdepositional processes in assessing Hg bioaccumulation in this species. They also suggest that striders may be more appropriate as a terrestrial rather than an aquatic Hg sentinel, underscoring the importance of understanding the origin of food for organisms used in contaminant studies.
Enantioselectivity in chronic toxicology and accumulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin in Daphnia magna
Authors: Zhao Meirong , Wang Cui , Liu Kevin K. , Sun Liwei , Li Ling , Liu Weiping 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Introduced in the early 1980s, synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are widely used in controlling a multitude of agricultural and domestic insect species, but they are highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. To date, however, studies have not adequately associated enantioselectivity in biological behavior with toxicity, especially regarding uptake and chronic toxicity. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between chronic enantioselective toxicity and enantioselective accumulation of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) in Daphnia magna by 14C-labeled assay. The results demonstrated a clear enantioselectivity in chronic toxicity, for which 1R-cis-BF was evidently more toxic to D. magna than 1S-cis-BF. The lowest-observed-effective concentration in terms of survival and fecundity for 1R-cis-BF were almost 40- and 80-fold higher than that of 1S-cis-BF on day 7 and day 14, respectively. Further studies indicated that the accumulation of 1R-cis-BF was approximately 14- to 40-fold more than that of 1S-cis-BF in D. magna. This enantioselective accumulation also was consistent with the enantioselectivity in chronic toxicity of cis-BF. Thus, our results support the notion that enantioselectivity in chronic toxicity may be caused primarily by an enantiomer-specific biological process, such as uptake in aquatic organisms. This suggests that to properly assess the risk associated with use of SPs, the potential for enantioselectivity in their biotransformation and toxicity should be evaluated concurrently.