bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Next generation leaders
Authors: Pardey David 
Published: April 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a brief historical perspective of leadership and management theories in the twentieth century to demonstrate that those theories are still prevalent today and underpin the latest “revolutionary” leadership models.Design/methodology/approachResearch carried out by AQR Ltd, a provider of assessment products, and a team from the University of Hull headed by Dr Peter Clough looked to map a leader's style as a tool for matching it to organizational requirements. This research was carried out with support from the Institute of Leadership and Management (ILM). The research included a review of existing leadership models and primary data collection from nearly 2,000 practicing leaders and managers.FindingsThe data collected were analyzed to produce six dimensions that form the Integrated Leadership Measure (ILM72), which represents different types of management behavior: task v. person; flexible v. dogmatic; de‐centralized v. centralized; reward v. punishment; the means v. the end; and structured v. organic. The research found that how a particular leader behaves at any time in any situation depends on their personal preferences, but also on the organization and its culture. The research also identified three global values that people want from their leadership: determination to deliver; individual cohesion; and team cohesion.Practical implicationsTraining and development activities can be used to help people become more effective leaders, however if the organization limits their ability to use this learning they will become frustrated. Leadership style and organizational requirements need to be aligned.Originality/valueThe author suggests that there is very little new in terms of leadership ideas; the challenge of today and the future is to adapt leadership styles to fast changing business environments.
The role of trust in franchise organizations
Authors: Dickey Michael H. , Harrison McKnight D. , George Joey F. 
Published: April 2008

PurposeThis study aims to examine how two types of trust affect five key franchisee attitudes/behaviors within a setting where franchisees have strong contractual ties to the franchisor. The five attitudes/behaviors are: identification and satisfaction with the franchisor, compliance and non‐compliance with franchisor directives, and perceived relationship quality. These attitudes/behaviors were chosen because research has found each to affect franchise performance.Design/methodology/approachThe model in the paper features two trusting beliefs that influence attitudes/behaviors. The study gathers US franchisee questionnaire data then analyzes the model using partial least squares techniques.FindingsTrusting belief‐competence was found to reduce non‐compliance with the franchisor, and also increase identification with the franchisor. Both trusting belief‐competence and trusting belief‐honesty were found to enhance satisfaction with the franchisor and perceived relationship quality. Neither of these two trusting beliefs was found to influence compliance with franchisor directives. Perceived mutual commitment appears to strongly influence both trusting beliefs, whereas length of time as a franchisee does not.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings support relational contracting theory, showing that even within a contract, trust exerts a significant influence on vital franchisee attitudes. Other research shows these attitudes/behaviors influence franchise performance, though the present study does not measure performance.Practical implicationsThe results suggest franchisee trust is key to the ongoing franchise relationship. Hence, franchisors should try to build franchisee trust. They can do so by enhancing mutual commitment and by supplying well‐conceived new products and marketing campaigns.Originality/valueThis study clearly shows the value of franchisee trust and suggests several ways to build it.
PPE protein (Rv3425) from DNA segment RD11 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a novel immunodominant antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces humoral and cellular immune responses in mice
Authors: Wang Jiuling , Qie Yaqing , Zhang Hongmei , Zhu Bingdong , Xu Ying , Liu Wei , Chen Jiazhen , Wang Honghai 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSubtractive DNA hybridization of pathogenic M. bovis and BCG, and comparative genome‐wide DNA microarray analysis of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and BCG identified several RD, designated as RD1 to RD16, between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis on the one hand and BCG on the other. These regions cover 108 ORF of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and are deleted from all 13 BCG sub‐strains currently used as anti‐tuberculosis vaccines in different parts of the world. In this study, we evaluated cellular and humoral immune response in C57BL/6 mice immunized with the PPE protein Rv3425, encoded by an ORF found in RD11 of M. tuberculosis. Rv3425 protein induced an increased Th1/Th2 type immune response in mice, characterized by an elevated concentration of IFN‐γ in antigen stimulated splenocyte culture and a strong IgG1 antibody response. These results provide evidence on the immunogenicity of the PPE protein Rv3425 which, together with its reported immunodominant characteristics, imply that it may be a candidate for development of a vaccine for the control of TB.
A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis
Authors: Nishizono Akira , Khawplod Pakamatz , Ahmed Kamruddin , Goto Kazuyo , Shiota Seiji , Mifune Kumato , Yasui Takehito , Takayama Katsuyoshi , Kobayashi Yukuharu , Mannen Kazuaki , Tepsumethanon Veera , Mitmoonpitak Chanarong , Inoue Satoshi , Morimoto Kinjiro 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn rabies endemic countries, funds and infrastructure are often insufficient to employ the approved gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of rabies: the direct fluorescent test. In the present study, two types (type 1 and 2) of an ICT kit were evaluated for detection of rabies. These were developed using monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitope II and III of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. Both kits specifically detected all rabies virus strains and there was no cross reactivity with Lyssaviruses (Lagos, Mokola and Duvenhage), Rhabdovirus (VSV and Oita 296/1972) and other common canine‐pathogenic viruses. In type 1, a single type of monoclonal antibody was used. It was capable of detecting recombinant nucleoprotein and showed sensitivity of 95.5% (42/44) and specificity of 88.9% (32/36) using brain samples from rabid dogs. In contrast, type 2 which was made of two different monoclonal antibodies had a lower sensitivity of 93.2% (41/44) and higher specificity of 100% (36/36). These ICT kits provide a simple and rapid method for rabies detection. They need neither cold chain for transportation nor complicated training for personnel. This diagnostic test is suitable for rabies screening, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of rabies and where the fluorescent antibody test is not available.
High level serum neutralizing antibody against HIV‐1 in Chinese long‐term non‐progressors
Authors: Wang Qian , Shang Hong , Han Xiaoxu , Zhang Zining , Jiang Yongjun , Wang Yanan , Dai Di , Diao Yingying 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTNAb have been considered to be an important component of a protective immune response to HIV‐1, yet the relationship between the capacity of HIV‐1 NAb, the conserved neutralization epitopes and disease progression has been unclear. To gain a better understanding of the protective roles that NAb and conserved neutralization epitopes could play in LTNP, twenty‐eight HIV‐1‐infected subjects were investigated by evaluation of the concentrations of HIV‐1 NAb and conserved neutralization epitopes, using single‐round PBMC neutralization assay and sequencing. Our study revealed that the concentration of NAb in LTNP was significantly higher than that in subjects with asymptomatic HIV (P < 0.05) and AIDS (P < 0.01). No amino acids substitutions were found in the conserved epitopes of the HIV‐1 gp120 region in LTNP, whereas the viruses circulating both in persons with asymptomatic HIV and those with AIDS had amino acid substitutions in their conserved neutralization epitopes. This study suggests that high levels of NAb and stable epitopes in gp120 could play a crucial role in protection against disease progression.
Transcriptome analysis of high‐temperature adult‐plant resistance conditioned by Yr39 during the wheat–Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici interaction
Authors: CORAM TRISTAN E. , SETTLES MATTHEW L. , CHEN XIANMING 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYStripe rust [caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. (Pst)] is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. High‐temperature adult‐plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust is race non‐specific, inherited quantitatively and durable. Previously, we identified and mapped the single Yr39 HTAP stripe rust resistance gene in the spring wheat cultivar Alpowa, which was identified on chromosome 7BL and accounted for 64.2% of the variation in resistance. To identify transcripts associated with Yr39‐mediated resistance, we selected two F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from an ‘Avocet S/Alpowa’ cross that differed at the Yr39 locus to represent an incompatible (Yr39) and compatible (yr39) interaction with Pst. Using the Affymetrix Wheat GeneChip, we profiled the transcript changes occurring in flag leaves of these two RILs over a time‐course after treatment with Pst urediniospores and mock‐inoculation. This time‐course study identified 99 induced transcripts that were classified as HTAP resistance‐specific. The temporal pattern of transcript accumulation showed a peak at 48 h after infection, which was supported by microscopic observation of fungal development and quantitative PCR assays that showed a rapid increase in fungal biomass after this time in the compatible interaction. More than half (50.5%) of the annotated transcripts specifically induced during HTAP resistance were involved in defence and/or signal transduction, including R gene homologues and transcripts associated with pathogenesis‐related protein production, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and protein kinase signalling. This study represents the first transcript profiling of HTAP resistance to stripe rust in wheat, and we compare our results with other transcript studies of race‐specific and race non‐specific resistance.
Histological and molecular analysis of Rdg2a barley resistance to leaf stripe
Authors: HAEGI ANITA , BONARDI VERA , DALL’AGLIO ELENA , GLISSANT DAVID , TUMINO GIORGIO , COLLINS NICHOLAS C. , BULGARELLI DAVIDE , INFANTINO ALESSANDRO , STANCA A. MICHELE , DELLEDONNE MASSIMO , VALÈ GIAMPIERO 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf stripe is caused by the seed‐borne fungus Pyrenophora graminea. We investigated microscopically and molecularly the reaction of barley embryos to leaf stripe inoculation. In the resistant genotype NIL3876‐Rdg2a, fungal growth ceased at the scutellar node of the embryo, while in the susceptible near‐isogenic line (NIL) Mirco‐rdg2a fungal growth continued past the scutellar node and into the embryo. Pathogen‐challenged embryos of resistant and susceptible NILs showed different levels of UV autofluorescence and toluidine blue staining, indicating differential accumulation of phenolic compounds. Suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses of embryos identified P. graminea‐induced and P. graminea‐repressed barley genes. In addition, cDNA‐AFLP analysis identified six pathogenicity‐associated fungal genes expressed during barley infection but at low to undetectable levels during growth on artificial media. Microarrays representing the entire set of differentially expressed cDNA‐AFLP fragments and 100 barley homologues of previously described defence‐related genes were used to study gene expression changes at 7 and 14 days after inoculation in the resistant and susceptible NILs. A total of 171 significantly modulated barley genes were identified and assigned to four groups based on timing and genotype dependence of expression. Analysis of the changes in gene expression during the barley resistance response to leaf stripe suggests that the Rdg2a‐mediated response includes cell‐wall reinforcement, signal transduction, generation of reactive oxygen species, cell protection, jasmonate signalling and expression of plant effector genes. The identification of genes showing leaf stripe inoculation or resistance‐dependent expression sets the stage for further dissection of the resistance response of barley embryo cells to leaf stripe.
Spironolactone use and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Gulmez Sinem E. , Lassen Annmarie T. , Aalykke Claus , Dall Michael , Andries Alin , Andersen Birthe S. , Hansen Jane M. , Andersen Morten , Hallas Jesper 
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Recent studies have suggested an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) in spironolactone users.• We conducted this population‐based case–control study to confirm the association between spironolactone use and acute nonvaricose UGB alone or in combination with low‐dose aspirin and other antithrombotic drugs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The current use of spironolactone is associated with an increased risk of nonvaricose UGB.• The effect is most pronounced for cases aged 55–74 years.• Persons with a high current dose have a higher risk.• The risk is not modified by high cumulative doses or by concurrent use of antithrombotic or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.AIMSRecent studies have suggested an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) in spironolactone users. The aim was to confirm the association, identify the risk factors and quantify the absolute risk.METHODSA population based case–control study was conducted in the County of Funen, Denmark. Cases (n = 3652) were all subjects with a first discharge diagnosis of serious UGB during the period 1995 to 2006. Age‐ and gender‐matched controls (10 for each case) (n = 36 502) were selected by risk set sampling. Data on all subjects' drug exposure and past medical history were retrieved from a prescription database and from the County's patient register. Confounders were controlled by conditional logistic regression.RESULTSThe adjusted odds ratio (OR) associating current use of spironolactone with UGB was 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2, 3.2]. The risk increased with higher doses of spironolactone (5.4; 3.4, 8.6) for 100‐mg tablets. No trend was found with increasing cumulative dose. The strongest association was found among users aged 55‐74 years (OR 13.1; 6.5, 26.3). Current use of loop diuretics was also associated with an increased risk of UGB (1.9; 1.7, 2.1).CONCLUSIONThe use of spironolactone is associated with increased risk of UGB. The risk increases with higher doses.
Endocrine and metabolic disorders in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Authors: Steffens M. , Beauloye V. , Brichard B. , Robert A. , Alexopoulou O. , Vermylen Ch. , Maiter D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBackground  Treatments of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), involving various combinations of chemotherapy (chemo), cranial irradiation (CI) and/or bone marrow transplantation after total body irradiation (BMT/TBI), are often successful but may have several long‐term harmful effects.Objective  To evaluate late endocrine and metabolic complications in adult survivors of childhood ALL and NHL, in relation with the different therapeutic schemes received.Design  Endocrine and metabolic parameters were determined in 94 patients (48 men, mean age: 24 ± 5 years) with a former childhood ALL (n = 78) or NHL (n = 16) and subgrouped according to their previous treatment: chemo only (group I; n = 44), chemo + CI (group II; n = 32) and chemo + BMT/TBI (group III; n = 18).Results  Severe GH deficiency (peak < 3·0 ng/ml after glucagon) was observed in 22% and 50% of patients of groups II and III, respectively, while hypothyroidism was mainly observed in group III (56%). Moreover, 83% of men developed hypogonadism after BMT/TBI, compared to 17% and 8% in groups I and II, respectively (P < 0·05), and all grafted women had ovarian failure, in contrast with other female patients in whom menarche had occurred spontaneously. Patients with BMT/TBI had also an adverse metabolic profile, with insulin resistance in 83% and dyslipidaemia in 61%.Conclusions  This study reveals a high prevalence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in young adult survivors of childhood ALL or NHL, this frequency mainly depending on the treatment received. Treatment with BMT/TBI is the most detrimental and many of these patients will develop GHD, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.
Scheduled exposures to a novel environment with a running‐wheel differentially accelerate re‐entrainment of mice peripheral clocks to new light–dark cycles
Authors: Yamanaka Yujiro , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi 
Published: April 2008

Effects of scheduled exposures to novel environment with a running‐wheel were examined on re‐entrainment to 8 h shifted light–dark (LD) cycles of mouse circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and clock gene, Per1, expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral tissues. Per1 expression was monitored by a bioluminescence reporter introduced into mice. The animals were exposed to the novel environment for 3 h from the shifted dark onset for four cycles and released into constant darkness. In the phase‐advance shift, the circadian rhythm in locomotor activity fully re‐entrained in the exposed group, whereas it was in transients in the control. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm of Per1 expression in the SCN almost completely re‐entrained in both the control and exposed groups. In the skeletal muscle and lung, the circadian rhythm fully re‐entrained in the exposed group, whereas the rhythms in the control did not. In the phase‐delay shift, the circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and Per1 expression almost completely re‐entrained in both groups. These findings indicate that the scheduled exposures to novel environment with a running‐wheel differentially accelerate the re‐entrainment of the mouse peripheral clocks to 8 h phase‐advanced LD cycles.
Disease knowledge and treatment adherence among patients with thalassemia major and their mothers in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Ya‐Ling , Lin Dong‐Tsamn , Tsai Shu‐Feng 
Published: April 2008

Aims.  The current study had three aims: (i) to examine disease knowledge in both thalassemia major patients and their mothers; (ii) to understand the relationships between disease knowledge and treatment adherence in thalassemia major patients; and (iii) to explore the importance of selected factors in predicting patients’ knowledge about thalassemia major.Background.  Patients with thalassemia major must be treated with life‐long blood transfusions. Evidence suggests that patients with more knowledge/information about their illnesses adhere more readily to treatment schedules. However, there has been little evaluation of knowledge and treatment adherence in thalassemia major patients.Design and methods.  A cross‐sectional correlational survey design and purposive sampling were used. Thirty‐two thalassemia major patients (mean age 17·5 years) and 32 mothers (mean age 40·5 years) were recruited.Results.  On a scale ranging from 0–20, the average of the patients’ disease knowledge about thalassemia major was 15·19 and the average of their mothers’ disease knowledge was 16·44. The scores for the patients’ disease knowledge about thalassemia major were positively correlated with follow‐up visit adherence (r = 0·690, p < 0·001) and with desferrioxamine infusion adherence (r = 0·791, p < 0·001). 95.6% of variance in patients’ knowledge was explained by a model that included mothers’ knowledge (β = 0·901, p < 0·001), follow‐up visit adherence (β = 0·084, p = 0·140) and annual household income (β = 0·042, p < 0·387).Conclusions.  The positive association between knowledge and treatment adherence and factors of patients’ knowledge indicate the need for systematic education for patients and caregivers to improve adherence to treatment.Relevance to clinical practice.  Improvement of the quality of patient care, reinforcement of medical education and enhanced efforts by clinical staff to provide practical knowledge to patients with thalassemia major should significantly improve patient adherence to treatment.
Monthly Instability in Early Adolescent Friendship Networks and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Chan Alessandra , Poulin François 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined (1) the relation between perceived friendship instability and depressive symptoms, (2) the directionality of this link, and (3) whether the relation between friendship instability and depressive symptoms would differ according to specific friendship status (best and secondary friendships) and contexts (school, non‐school, and multiple). Participants were 102 young adolescents (51 girls; M age = 12 years) who completed a series of five monthly telephone interviews and in‐class questionnaires. Results suggested that friendship instability over a five‐month period was significantly associated with an increase in depressed mood. Regarding the directionality of the influence, cross‐lag analyses revealed that elevated depressive symptoms at one time point significantly predicted an increase in friendship instability by the following month, whereas friendship instability at one time point did not predict an increase in depressive symptoms the next month. Finally, participants' depressed mood appeared to be associated with instability in their best friendships (but not secondary friendships) and in their school friendships (but not non‐school and multi‐context friendships). The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Adolescent and Adult Reasoning about Gender and Fairness in Traditional Practices in Benin, West Africa
Authors: Conry‐Murray Clare 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined reasoning about fairness in gender‐related traditional practices in Benin, West Africa. Fifty adolescents (M = 15.7 years) and 46 adults (M = 33.4 years) were interviewed about traditional practices involving gender hierarchy. Results indicate that the majority attributed decision‐making authority to a traditional authority for conventional reasons. However, the majority also judged the practices as unfair, giving moral reasons. In judgments of how to respond to unfair practices, those who advocated accepting the practices gave conventional reasons and not moral reasons. Males took the gender of the protagonist into account more than did females, and males saw traditional male authority as less alterable. No age differences were found, indicating that adults were not more enculturated than adolescents.