bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT AS A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOL
Authors: WARD RAYMOND E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe battle force level information exchange architecture, which includes the tactical communications suite, identifies many of the challenges that drive the new warfare system architecture and engineering initiative. The evolving architecture and functional allocations give new emphasis to the role of tactical communications in support of the various warfare areas. The information transfer system (ITS) as described in this architecture provides a new perspective from which user requirements can be better defined. However, there remains a need for further quantification of communications requirements and of user concurrence.In the exchange involving the provider's question, “What do you need?” and the user's response, “What do you have?”, the dialogue that follows often results in major operational requirement disconnects. These disconnects are driven by diverse provider/user perceptions of the relevant development time frames and often obscure future operational concepts. Part of this disparity is directly attributable to the factors of interoperability, forward and backward compatibility and joint program aspects that characterize the communications system development process.With an agreed ITS architecture and well‐structured system engineering process, the missing ingredient in the user/provider dialogue is the concept of operations. A properly structured and coordinated concept placed in the future threat environment, reflecting future tactics and incorporating available technology can do much to improve the definition and understanding of operational requirements. This is particularly true in the continually changing arena of tactical communications systems.
DEVEL OPMENT OF AN ADVANCED AIR CONDITIONING PLANT FOR DDG‐51 CLASS SHIPS
Authors: HELMICK RICHARD L. , UNKEL BRUCE G. , CROMIS ROBERT A. , HERSHEY A. LYNN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn advanced performance R‐114 centrifugal air conditioning plant is being developed for DDG‐51 class ships. This plant will occupy 25% less volume than comparable existing fleet units, weigh 25% less, consume 35–40% less energy and incorporate reliability improvements. The size and weight savings result from the use of advanced heat transfer surfaces i.e., corrugated nucleate boiling tubes in the evaporator and finned titanium tubes in the condenser.Energy savings are achieved with a more energy efficient thermodynamic cycle, a subcooler, a 97% efficient motor, narrowing the difference between refrigerant evaporating and condensing temperatures, and a compressor designed specifically for R‐114. This latter feature provides a broad efficient range of head and flow without the need for inefficient hot gas bypass. Reliability improvements result from the titanium condenser, sealed insulation motor and the use of an all electronic control system.The development of the unit is described, test results provided and a basis for the energy savings presented.
A PROBABILITY BASED LOAD ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR SHIP STRUCTURE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Authors: RICHARDSON WILLIAM M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRationales for using reliability based techniques for technology evaluation and design are presented. The use of a method for estimating lifetime loads, applicable to any ship type, is presented using primary structural load estimation as an example. The sequence leading from model design considerations and testing through the formulation of structural criteria is explained and illustrated using SES examples. The principal emphasis is upon overall or global loads although the method can be applied to local loads. The method provides a means of quantifying load differences due to variations in a commonly used structural load probability distribution, mission requirements, operating environment, vessel lifetime, and service life reliability. An example showing the effect upon displacement for changes in primary load exceedence is shown. The method of load estimation used here, once experimental (or theoretical) data are available, is shown to be no more difficult to apply than currently used deterministic methods, thus allowing quantitative estimates of certain technology changes to be made quickly.
THE HISTORY OF ALUMINUM AS A DECKHOUSE MATERIAL
Authors: SIELSKI ROBERT A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe use of aluminum as a structural material for deckhouses goes back to the 1890s. The alloys first used had corrosion problems, so use was ended until the mid 1930s, when it was reintroduced as panels riveted to steel frames. Riveted construction was replaced with all welded construction in the 1950s. Improved alloys and welding greatly reduced corrosion problems. Cracking of the welded construction caused another maintenance problem. Aluminum continued to be the standard deckhouse material because its use reduced topside weight by one half. Aluminum's maintenance problems and poor performance in fires has led to its elimination from current ship designs. With this change in design philosophy, it appears that a chapter in U.S. Navy ship design has been closed. This paper reviews the experiences of the past, with a look toward the future use of aluminum in combatant ship design.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING — A SOLUTION TO THE EMI PANDEMIC
Authors: GRICH RICHARD J. , BRUNINGA ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThere are severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems which are pandemic throughout the fleet with both known and unknown impact on the operational performance of ships. This paper suggests that the key solution to the EMI pandemic is to develop an engineering discipline in electromagnetics (EM) comparable to the stature of naval architecture and marine engineering to embed EM design considerations and tradeoffs throughout the ship and equipment design processes. Such an engineering discipline to electromagnetics, and a Navy management commitment to its implementation, would prevent EMI by allowing the use of engineering budgets, allocations, and margins based on predicted EM fields in optimization and design toward well defined performance requirements. The EM engineering discipline would rely on gathering existing resources, developing new approaches where needed, and implementing new steps in the ship design process to accomplish these objectives: (1) use of improved techniques for EM environment prediction, (2) identification of quantifiable performance measures, (3) developing the body of knowledge and traceability between performance and EM effects, (4) selection of ship and equipment design features based on EM considerations, and (5) iteration of the ship design based on EM results.
16‐IN GUN BLAST AND THE BATTLESHIP REACTIVATION PROGRAM
Authors: YAGLA JON J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTReactivated and modernized USS Iowa class battleships employ many new systems, none of which were designed to withstand blast from 16‐inch guns. Placement of the new equipment was driven by the need to impose the smallest possible restrictions on the guns. The design problem was complicated by two factors: first, the blast overpressure field surrounding the gun had not been accurately measured with modern instruments. Second, the blast overpressure tolerance of several important systems was unknown. The problem was solved through judicious placement of the equipment so that work could begin on the ship. Meanwhile the pressure surrounding a 16‐inch gun was measured at the Dahlgren Laboratory. Mathematical functions describing the blast field were then used to design shipboard experiments in which the guns were fired at progressively more severe angles of train and elevation, while the equipment performance was carefully monitored. Four sets of shipboard experiments were required. Limiting values for the firing arcs have been determined, and the consequences of exceeding the recommended limits are now known.
PERFORMANCE OF THE SHINPADS SERIAL DATA BUS FOR FRIGATE‐CLASS SHIPS
Authors: LCDR A. ROGER KAYE & , STARCHUK GARY J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper presents performance results for the SHINPADS serial data bus operating in the environment of a modern, frigate‐class ship using a combination of point‐to‐point links for certain major applications systems and the shared, SHINPADS bus for others. The traffic model used is representative of experience in the design of new ships of this type. It is shown that the bus has adequate performance for the expected traffic load. In addition it is shown that, as traffic increases, delay problems will show up in the application processor environment before there is any significant degradation of the performance of the bus. The value of the provision of several classes of priority on the bus is also investigated.
ROCKET MOTOR DESIGN FOR UNDERWATER SHOCK
Authors: YAGLA JON J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval ships and equipment are designed to survive underwater shock. The underwater shock can result from a nearby explosion of a bomb or missile, or the underwater detonation of a nuclear weapon. The shock wave travels through the water and applies an impulsive pressure load to the ship. The ship responds by a sudden acceleration in a direction up and away from the explosion. The motion of the ship is imparted to its weapons and equipment. In the case of Standard missile, impulsive loads are applied to the missiles stowed in the magazines.The evolutionary design of rocket motor chambers and launch shoes for Standard missile for underwater shock is traced from the early Tartar missile to the latest version of Standard missile. As the weight of the missile has increased and the performance requirements have become more demanding, the design of the weapon for underwater shock has become more difficult.The paper explains the design approaches and techniques. Theoretical and experimental methods have been required. Finally, the paper highlights the experiences and problems in conducting underwater shock experiments with production systems in ships at sea.
APPLICATION OF A GENERAL PURPOSE CAD SYSTEM IN THE DDG‐51 DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: AYERS RANDY E. , CALLAHAN PATRICK J. , KASSEL BEN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes how the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) applied computer‐aided design (CAD) to the DDG‐51 class ship design. CAD tools and techniques are described along with a discussion on how new modes of operation, procedures, and standards are being introduced to take full advantage of CAD technology. Because geometric modeling techniques and geometric model analysis are major purposes of a CAD system they are described in detail. An explanation of how the model interfaces with other design tools is also presented. A summary of the computer applications implemented during the DDG‐51 design is provided and areas which require additional consideration and future development are identified.
Computer Aided Engineering and Shock Analysis for the Foundation of a Modularized Vertical Launching System
Authors: WU PHILIP Y. , KANE HARRY P. , ELDER ROBERT R. , REEVE KENNETH M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe major objective of this paper is to describe a computer aided methodology for structural integration and analysis. Using the example of recent work in the installation of modular gun and vertical launch missile systems in warships, the reader is guided through a typical case of computer aided structural design and shock analysis, how the models are defined and tested, how the models are modified in order to be compatible with computer capacity, how structural elements are selected to simplify computations, and finally how the results of these operations are used to define the final product before construction and installation.With the maturation of the computer aided process as applied to the whole ship product, more attention must be focused on improving the individual elements of computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and the integration of these processes and their products through computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).The application of the CAE techniques described herein to large maritime systems such as combatant, auxiliary and support, and commercial ships and to other large structures such as semisubmersible and fixed platforms is powerful and highly in demand. There is now a means to optimize large structural systems in terms of their discrete subsystems and components and harmonize the entire design while providing the proper design integrity at each successive level of detail.
Chemical Contamination Survivability of Equipment
Authors: FEENEY JOSEPH J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs the desire for chemical warfare (CW) capability has developed among the nations of the world, the need for equipment, as well as personnel, to survive in a chemically contaminated environment increases. Navy facilities, vessels and operations are possible targets for CW attack. Chemical contamination and decontamination can cause significant damage to Navy equipment and material.Requirements for DOD components to address nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) contamination Survivability —consisting of decontaminability, hardness to both agents and decontaminants, and compatibility of equipment with personnel dressed in full NBC protective ensemble — have been established by DOD Instruction 4245.13. Design and material considerations addressing CW contamination Survivability should be planned early in the development and acquisition cycles of new equipment/systems for the Navy.
Surface Ship Machinery —Assessing Weight Reduction Potential
Authors: DOYLE TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTPropulsion, electrical and auxiliary machinery, together with fuel occupies approximately 40 percent of the displacement of current surface combatants. Improved technologies, collectively applied, have the potential to reduce this machinery/fuel fraction to less than 30 percent of displacement, while simultaneously improving other ship performance characteristics. This weight based analysis compares a variety of developmental machinery systems for surface combatants. Propulsion, ship service, and auxiliary system candidates are examined individually and in combinations, with the resultant system weight reduction reflecting improved machinery efficiency and power density. Together with consideration of signature reduction, development status and other salient factors, the calculated improvements support the vigorous development of regenerated gas turbine engines which concurrently reduce fuel rates and stack temperatures; integration of propulsion and ship service power generation; reversing transmission, especially electrically driven, nacelle mounted, contrarotating propeller systems with the potential for significantly reduced cavitation noise; composite shafting; and lighter, more efficient auxiliary machinery.
Sources, Types and Preparation of Military System Specifications and Standards
Authors: CHAMBERS GEORGE J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe success of any development project depends on the understanding that exists between the developer, the manufacturer, the buyer and the user. This is especially true in the development of large‐scale military systems. Other than the contract, the most important documents that provide technical understanding between the developer and the buyer are the various specifications that define the system.This paper, addressed to junior military officers and engineers with limited project or system engineering experience, discusses specifications and standards in general and describes the various specifications and standards that typically are applicable to military systems. First, it explains how the specifications that describe particular systems are arranged in a specification hierarchy. Next, it offers advice for writing and ensuring quality in specifications. Lastly, the concept of tailoring existing specifications to make them applicable to new projects is discussed.
The Effects of Transom Beam on the Seakeeping Qualities of Large Surface Ships
Authors: KISS THOMAS K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of transom beam on the head seas motions and resistance in waves of large surface ships of the frigate/destroyer type. A series of transom stern models was tested in the 380‐foot towing tank at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. The transom stern series consisted of three models of the same forebody shape, displacement, length, and prismatic coefficient with different beams at the transom. Each of the variations represented typical surface combatants of the frigate/destroyer family. Long crested head sea tests were run in regular and irregular waves over a range of four speeds for each model. Heave, pitch, resistance, and bow acceleration were recorded for each test run. The measured data were faired and expanded to a prototype ship scale and compared with analytical predictions. The analytical predictions were obtained by using the U.S. Navy's Ship Motion Program (SMP).
Motion‐Induced Interruptions as Ship Operability Criteria
Authors: GRAHAM ROSS 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn important goal of operability research is the development of quantitative seakeeping criteria to permit the effects of ship motions on operations to be assessed. This paper examines the problem of developing seakeeping criteria for deck operations. The lateral force estimator is generalized to permit frequency‐domain computation of the incidence of personnel losing balance in the presence of non‐zero vertical acceleration.The inadequacy of roll‐angle based seakeeping criteria for deck operations is shown. Other possible criteria for deck operations are discussed, and it is concluded that a limit on the number of motion‐induced interruptions during deck operations is most suitable, since it is platform‐independent, and may now be computed in the frequency‐domain.
Computer System Architecture Concepts for Future Combat Systems
Authors: ZITZMAN LEWIS H. , FALATKO STEPHEN M. , PAPACH JANET L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper sets forth computer systems architecture concepts for the combat system of the 2010–2030 timeframe that satisfy the needs of the next generation of surface combatants. It builds upon the current Aegis computer systems architecture, expanding that architecture while preserving, and adhering to, the Aegis fundamental principle of thorough systems engineering, dedicated to maintaining a well integrated, highly reliable, and easily operable combat system. The implementation of these proposed computer systems concepts in a coherent architecture would support the future battle force capable combat system and allow the expansion necessary to accommodate evolutionary changes in both the threat environment and the technology then available to effectively counter that threat.Changes to the current Aegis computer architecture must be carefully and effectively managed such that the fleet will retain its combat readiness capability at all times. This paper describes a possible transition approach for evolving the current Aegis computer architecture to a general architecture for the future.The proposed computer systems architecture concepts encompass the use of combinations of physically distributed, microprocessor‐based computers, collocated with the equipment they support or embedded within the equipment itself. They draw heavily on widely used and available industry standards, including instruction set architectures (ISAs), backplane busses, microprocessors, computer programming languages and development environments, and local area networks (LANs). In this proposal, LANs, based on fiber optics, will provide the interconnection to support system expandability, redundancy, and higher data throughput rates. A system of cross connected LANs will support a high level of combat system integration, spanning the major warfare areas, and will facilitate the coordination and development of a coherent multi‐warfare tactical picture supporting the future combatant command staff.Automatic fault detection and reconfigurability in the current Aegis architecture are expanded in the proposed computer systems architecture concept. The fault detection/reconfigurability scheme of the future architecture will play a key role supporting the continuous availability of the battle force capable combat system for countering the threat of the 21st century.
An Air‐Capable Combatant For the 21st Century
Authors: KEHOE JAMES W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , MEIER HERBERT A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the next decade, the force structure of the U.S. Navy will be in flux, as it reacts to changing political relationships, advancing technology, and declining resources. Newly developed vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, such as the V‐22 Osprey and AV‐8B Harrier, offer the U.S. Navy an air capability for its future battle force combatants that needs to be explored. What would a battle force combatant with a detachment of six VTOL aircraft and a destroyer combat suite like the ODG‐51's resemble? Can such a ship be designed within reasonable size and cost limits?We conducted a feasibility design study of alternative concepts to determine the smallest, minimum cost, lowest risk, air‐capable battle force combatant capable of conducting operations in the 21st century. The paper discusses the evolution of the design, including alternative ship, hangar, and elevator configurations. It also describes the development of the light ship weights and vertical centers of gravity, deck area and volume, electrical power, and hull form. In addition, the paper covers the process we used to develop the design, including the use of advanced technologies, such as integrated electric propulsion.
A Concept of Operations for the Rapid Anti‐Ship Missile Integrated Defense System (RAIDS) Prototype
Authors: ROSSITTO LCDR. VINCENT S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe increasing capability and proliferation of the modern anti‐ship missile (ASM) has significantly complicated shipboard terminal defense. Current tactics used to counter ASMs require extensive manual coordination of stand‐alone terminal defense systems. RAIDS is a phased development initiative to improve the ability of surface combatants to perform anti‐ship missile defense (ASMD) by providing coordination of existing terminal defense systems, integration and single point control of electronic warfare (EW) functions, and ship specific ASMD training. RAIDS is being rapidly prototyped at the Naval Surface Warfare Center for early fleet integration and will subsequently undergo full scale engineering development in two phases.The RAIDS prototype is an immediate response by the Navy's technical community to the needs of its operational forces and will demonstrate improved ASMD effectiveness with today's combat system. Despite an unusually compressed development period, the prototype is a functional representation of the system planned for fleet introduction in FY 93. RAIDS is by definition a non‐traditional addition to today's naval combat system. Full exploitation of current technology is needed to satisfy performance requirements dictated by the stressing environment of modern ASMD. Through effective coordination of existing hardkill and softkill resources, the RAIDS prototype is the first step in the definition of a new standard for ASMD effectiveness.The operational concept definition process for RAIDS is evolutionary to accommodate fleet input during system development. Because of the tactical significance and innovation of this terminal defense integration, operational feedback from initial development tests is considered critical in refining the RAIDS design and operational concept. The prototype will provide the fleet with a broad range of improved capabilities which they will operationally exercise and evaluate at sea in late 1990.