bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Factors and Availability of D2 Lymph Node Dissection for the Patients with Stage II Gastric Cancer: Comparative Analysis of Subgroups in Stage II
Authors: Park Joong‐Min , Kim Jong‐Han , Park Sung‐Soo , Kim Seung‐Joo , Mok Young‐Jae , Kim Chong‐Suk 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundAccording to the fifth edition of the UICC TNM classification, stage II gastric cancer has three subgroups: T1N2M0, T2N1M0, and T3N0M0. This study was designed to investigate the prognosis of stage II gastric cancer according to the T and N category to verify the accuracy of TNM staging for stage II and to determine the prognostic factors for patients with stage II gastric cancer by subgroup.MethodsClinicopathologic data from 326 patients with stage II gastric cancer were studied. We stratified the patients into T2N1 and T3N0 groups and performed comparative analysis between the two groups as well as univariate and multivariate survival analyses for each group.ResultsThe five‐year survival rate for patients with T2N1 disease was 75.6%, whereas for patients with T3N0 disease it was 68.3%. There was no significant difference in survival between T2N1 and T3N0 groups (p = 0.174). Univariate survival analysis showed that age, gender, histological type, and the extent of lymph node dissection were significant prognostic factors for stage II gastric cancer. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only gender and the extent of lymph node dissection were significant variables. Among these variables, gender was an independent prognostic factor for survival only in the T2N1 group. On the other hand, the extent of lymph node dissection was an independent prognostic factor in the T3N0 group, not in the T2N1 group.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in survival between the T2N1 and the T3N0 groups. Thus, our data support the accuracy of the TNM staging classification for stage II gastric cancer. We found a significant survival benefit with D2 dissection for T3N0 but not T2N1. However, before recommending limited lymph node dissection for T2N1 stage disease, development of a preoperative method for prediction of depth of invasion and lymph node status is needed.
Experiences of Teens Living in the Shadow of Huntington Disease
Authors: Sparbel Kathleen J. H. , Driessnack Martha , Williams Janet K. , Schutte Debra L. , Tripp‐Reimer Toni , McGonigal‐Kenney Meghan , Jarmon Lori , Paulsen Jane S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractResearch on families with Huntington Disease (HD) has primarily focused on adult decision‐making surrounding predictive genetic testing and caregiver stress. Little is known about the experiences of teens living in these families. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 32 teens living in families with HD. Six focus groups were conducted across the U.S. and Canada. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. Huntington disease appeared to cast a shadow over the experiences described by teens. Four themes were identified: watching and waiting; alone in the midst of others; family life is kind of hard; and having to be like an adult. These experiences highlight the need for genetic counselors, health care providers, and school personnel to be aware of issues facing teens living in families with HD. Recognizing patterns of teen experiences may help health care providers develop strategies to support coping by teens in HD families.
Thermal Polymerisation and Autoxidation of Technical Grade Linoleic Acid
Authors: Tolvanen P. , Mäki‐Arvela P. , Eränen K. , Wärnå J. , Holmbom B. , Salmi T. , Murzin D. Yu. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOligomerisation of technical grade linoleic acid was studied over a broad temperature range. Effects of water and air were specifically addressed. The products were analysed by size‐exclusion chromatography to give directly the concentrations of dimers and trimers. Oligomerisation of technical grade linoleic acid was seen to be dependent on temperature and the activation energy for monomer disappearance was 109 kJ/mol. A phenomenological kinetic model was proposed for the linoleic acid oligomerisation giving good model predictions. The presence of water inhibited the oligomerisation reaction. Extensive dimerisation and trimerisation occurred under a continuous air flow, whereas introduction of air pulses resulted in only a minor enhancement of trimerisation.
Modelling alternative strategies for delivering hepatitis B vaccine in prisons: the impact on the vaccination coverage of the injecting drug user population
Authors: SUTTON A. J. , GAY N. J. , EDMUNDS W. J. , GILL O. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSince 2001 hepatitis B vaccination has been offered to prisoners on reception into prisons in England and Wales. However, short campaigns of vaccinating the entire population of individual prisons have achieved high vaccination coverage for limited periods, suggesting that short campaigns may be a preferable way of vaccinating prisoners. A model is used that describes the flow of prisoners through prisons stratified by injecting status to compare a range of vaccination scenarios that describe vaccination on prison reception or via regular short campaigns. Model results suggest that vaccinating on prison reception can capture a greater proportion of the injecting drug user (IDU) population than the comparable campaign scenarios (63% vs. 55·6% respectively). Vaccination on prison reception is also more efficient at capturing IDUs for vaccination than vaccination via a campaign, although vaccination via campaigns may have a role with some infections for overall control.
The unexpected discovery of a focus of hepatitis C virus genotype 5 in a Syrian province
Authors: ANTAKI N. , HADDAD M. , KEBBEWAR K. , ABDELWAHAB J. , HAMED O. , AARAJ R. , ALHAJ N. , HAFFAR S. , ASSIL M. , FTAYEH M. , ASSAAD F. , DOGHMAN D. , ALI T. , NASSERELDDINE M. , ALI A. , ANTAKI F. ,   the Syrian Working Group for the Study of Viral Hepatitis
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGenotype 5 (G5) was initially discovered and is still mainly diagnosed in South Africa. No cases of G5 have ever been reported from the Middle East countries. The aim of the study was to determine the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution in Syria and the prevalence of G5 in this country. Genotyping of HCV was performed in 636 consecutive HCV patients referred to eight medical centres in Syria over a 3-year period. Genotype 4 was the most frequent genotype (375 patients, 59%) followed by genotype 1 (181 patients, 28·5%) and G5 (64 patients, 10%). The majority of G5 patients (56 cases, 87%) live in the north of Syria, including 21 cases (33%) from Azaz, a small city close to Turkey. No obvious epidemiological reason for such high prevalence of G5 was found.
Acetazolamide prevents vacuolar myopathy in skeletal muscle of K+‐depleted rats
Authors: Tricarico D , Lovaglio S , Mele A , Rotondo G , Mancinelli E , Meola G , Camerino D C 
Published: March 2008

Background and purpose: Acetazolamide and dichlorphenamide are carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors effective in the clinical condition of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hypoPP). Whether these drugs prevent vacuolar myopathy, which is a pathogenic factor in hypoPP, is unknown. The effects of these drugs on the efflux of lactate from skeletal muscle were also investigated.Experimental approach: For 10 days, K+‐depleted rats, a model of hypoPP, were administered 5.6 mg kg−1 day−1 of acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide or bendroflumethiazide (the last is not an inhibitor of CA). Histological analysis of vacuolar myopathy and in vitro lactate efflux measurements were performed in skeletal muscles from treated and untreated K+‐depleted rats, and also from normokalemic rats.Key results: About three times as many vacuoles were found in the type II fibres of tibialis anterioris muscle sections from K+‐depleted rats as were found in the same muscle from normokalemic rats. In ex vivo experiments, a higher efflux of lactate on in vitro incubation was found in muscles of K+‐depleted rats compared with that found in muscles from normokalemic rats. After treatment of K+‐depleted rats with acetazolamide, the numbers of vacuoles in tibialis anterioris muscle decreased to near normal values. Incubation with acetazolamide in vitro inhibited efflux of lactate from muscles of K+‐depleted rats. In contrast, bendroflumethiazide and dichlorphenamide failed to prevent vacuolar myopathy after treatment in vivo and failed to inhibit lactate efflux in vitro.Conclusions and implications: Acetazolamide prevents vacuolar myopathy in K+‐depleted rats. This effect was associated with inhibition of lactate transport, rather than inhibition of CA.
Neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system and cocaine addiction
Authors: Thomas M J , Kalivas P W , Shaham Y 
Published: March 2008

The main characteristics of cocaine addiction are compulsive drug use despite adverse consequences and high rates of relapse during periods of abstinence. A current popular hypothesis is that compulsive cocaine use and cocaine relapse is due to drug‐induced neuroadaptations in reward‐related learning and memory processes, which cause hypersensitivity to cocaine‐associated cues, impulsive decision making and abnormal habit‐like learned behaviours that are insensitive to adverse consequences. Here, we review results from studies on the effect of cocaine exposure on selected signalling cascades, growth factors and physiological processes previously implicated in neuroplasticity underlying normal learning and memory. These include the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glutamate transmission, and synaptic plasticity (primarily in the form of long‐term potentiation and depression, LTP and LTD). We also discuss the degree to which these cocaine‐induced neuroplasticity changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system mediate cocaine psychomotor sensitization and cocaine‐seeking behaviours, as assessed in animal models of drug addiction. Finally, we speculate on how these factors may interact to initiate and sustain cocaine psychomotor sensitization and cocaine seeking.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 327–342; doi:fn1; published online 17 March 2008
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis
Authors: Logue Susan E. , Martin Seamus J. 
Published: March 2008

Apoptosis, a highly controlled mode of cell death, is utilized to eliminate superfluous, aged, injured or infected cells from the body. Caspases, a family of aspartic acid-specific proteases, are the major effectors of apoptosis. To curtail their activity, caspases are normally synthesized as inactive precursors, but become activated at the onset of apoptosis by activation signals. Once active, caspases preside over the ordered dismantling of the cell through restricted proteolysis of hundreds of substrate proteins. Over the last 10 years, intense research has focused upon the pathways that control caspase activation. Although some, such as the apoptosome and death receptor-mediated pathways to caspase activation, are well established, others are less clearly defined. In this review, we discuss current perspectives concerning the diverse pathways to caspase activation.
The Threshold for Sudden Changes in the Velocity of a Seen Object
Authors: Hick W. E. 
Published: March 2008

The difference threshold for the velocity of a seen object was measured by the method of constant stimuli, using two categories. An approximate correspondence with Weber's law was found, the divergence from it appearing, in general, as an increase of the threshold at both ends of the range of initial velocities. The Mean Threshold (0·5 probability of perception, corrected for guessing) was, in favourable conditions, about 12 per cent, of the initial velocity. Whether the stimulus was an increase or a decrease of velocity made no marked difference. With two moving objects, which converged, crossed, and then diverged, both suffering the same change of velocity, the threshold was higher. Velocity changes as low as 2 · 5 per cent, elicited a significant proportion of correct responses. Some theoretical points in connection with this are discussed. Responses to blank stimuli showed a strong tendency to guess “slower,” which tendency differed significantly in degree between most of the experimental conditions. Tests with reduced exposure times showed that exposures could be as short as 0 · 5 second (the velocity change occurring in the middle of the exposure) without appreciable detriment.
Stimulus Intensity and Attention in Relation to Learning Theory
Authors: Berlyne D. E. 
Published: March 2008

Three experiments are described which test the hypothesis that the more intense of two stimuli will, ceteris paribus, be more likely to receive attention. It is assumed that an objective behavioural manifestation of attention to a given stimulus is a preference for responding to it rather than to another which is present at the same time. In all three experiments, successions of pairs of visual stimuli interspersed with single stimuli were presented to the subject, and he was instructed to respond to either (by pressing its corresponding morsekey), but not both, in the case of the pairs. The first two experiments reveal significant tendencies to respond to the larger and the brighter stimulus respectively. In the third experiment, there was a tendency, but a statistically insignificant one, to respond to a constant rather than to a flickering stimulus. It is shown that the attraction of attention by a more intense stimulus follows from Hull's system with the addition of his new variable, “stimulus-intensity dynamism (V),” and it is suggested that it may thus be possible to add attention to the phenomena that can be integrated with an objective behaviour theory.
The Multiple Criterion Technique of Subjective Appraisal
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. 
Published: March 2008

A technique is described by which, the quantitative connection between physical aspects of a stimulus situation and subjective aspects of the perceptual response may be conveniently and reliably determined. The subject is given control of one of the significant physical variables such, for instance, as brightness, and is asked to set this variable to correspond In turn with a limited number of defined criteria relating to a subjective variable such as glare-discomfort It is found that each criterion acts as a check upon judgments made in terms of the others, so that the scatter of the control settings Is less than when a single criterion is used The functional relationship between the physical and the subjective variable can be estimated, and provided care Is taken in the design of the experiment and In the selection of observers, consistent results are obtained. This technique has been applied during the past ten years to a wide range of visual problems which Include those of the visibility of radar echoes, the visibility of street-lighting from the air, discomfort-glare and ease of reading. It Is thought that It might find wide application not only in applied Psychological work but in the investigation of problems of theoretical import.
The Influence of Interpolated Recall upon Recognition
Authors: Belbin Eunice 
Published: March 2008

An experiment was designed to show how immediate recall may affect recognition. A number of subjects were shown a picture. Some were asked to recall it and were then given a recognition test. Others were given only the recognition test after the same interval. Only 4 of the 16 subjects who had recalled it identified it; whereas 14 of the 16 others did so. A second experiment gave similar results. Recall was constructed round dominant items of the picture. This distribution of emphasis together with the acceptance of an invented detail as genuine were the common causes of errors in subsequent recognition. Both the dominant and invented items in recall were those which became most obviously merged into an organization of related experiences and in consequence those which militated against subsequent recognition. The recognition test was applied in two further groups of 16 subjects with a change in one of the dominant details (i.e. the wording). The number of subjects who now correctly identified the remainder of the material was 9 when there was no intermediate recall, and nil when immediate recall of the original material was interposed.
On the Tunnel Effect
Authors: Burke Luke 
Published: March 2008

The experiments described in this paper consist of presenting observers with two similar objects in successive movement in the same plane but of which the end of the first and the beginning of the second are hidden by a screen (tunnel). Under proper experimental conditions the impression received is one of continuous and uniform movement by a single object passing behind the screen. The hidden phase of this movement assumes all of the characteristics of true, visible movement for its entire extent, and any lengthening of the duration of the invisible phase gives the impression of a momentary halt behind the screen at a definite point. A modification of the position or of the relative orientation of the visible portions of the trajectory influences the apparent form of its invisible portion. This form can be made to assume the aspects of complicated curves which are sketched and described by different observers with remarkable consistency. All these phenomena are dependent upon the objctive conditions: the speed of the objects while they are visible, the length of the tunnel, the duration of the invisible phase, the relative position of the visible portions of the trajectory; and they vary systematically with these conditions. As one or other of these conditions is varied, the impression of continuity may give way to one of a simple succession of independent movements. It is thought that the absence of sensory qualities justifies the use of the term “amodal data” to describe the way in which the hidden movement phase makes itself known to the observer. These “amodal data” form the bridge between the modal phases and become an integral part of the total sensory experience. These properties are determined by the nature of the complex system of excitations in the same way as those of the modal phases and one can thus consider this amodal aspect of the combined experience as a truly perceptual phenomenon.
Visual Factors in Auditory Localization
Authors: Jackson C. V. 
Published: March 2008

Previous experiments showing the importance of visual factors in auditory localization are shown to have been insufficiently quantitative. In the first Experiment, bells were rung and lights shone on the same or different vectors, eleven subjects indicating which bell had rung. In the second Experiment, a puff of steam was seen to issue from a kettle whistle with no whistling sound, while similar whistles were sounded by compressed air on that or another vector. Twenty-one subjects cooperated. The addition of a visual stimulus at 0° deviation increased the percentage of correct responses significantly in the second, and insignificantly in the first experiment. At 20°-30° deviation the proportion of naive responses to the visual cue was 43 per cent. in the first and 97 per cent, in the second experiment. At greater angular deviations, the proportion of naive responses fell to chance level in the first, but remained significant in the second experiment, even at 90°. The “visuo-auditory threshold” was found to be 20°-30°, but might be much larger if there were more grounds for supposing the two stimuli to be from the same source in space.
Fixations, Position Stereotypes and Their Relation to the Degree and Pattern of Stress
Authors: Knöpfelmacher F. 
Published: March 2008

We have tested Maier's hypothesis that the strength of behaviour stereotypes elicited in an insoluble problem situation is a function of stress. Forty-six white rats of Wistar stock were split into two groups, which were given an insoluble problem in a water discrimination unit under two widely different degrees of punishment. Those animals who developed position stereotypes were assigned to two subgroups within each group and were given a soluble discrimination problem under conditions of 50 and 100 per cent. punishment respectively. The strength of stereotype was measured in terms of the stereotype-breaking score. It was found that animals trained under low punishment developed the more persistent stereotypes. Animals trained under 100 per cent, punishment developed the less persistent stereotypes and the longer spans between stereotype breaking scores and the learning criterion. The behaviour of four animals in the low punishment group was closely akin to what Maier calls “abnormal fixation”; the subgroups containing them were riot unimodally distributed. Punishment differentiated response latencies which furnished evidence that the fixated animals mastered the soluble problem, in spite of not responding appropriately.
On the Figural After-Effect
Authors: George F. H. 
Published: March 2008

Two experiments were carried out on the figural after-effect. The first was intended to discover whether the figural after-effect did in fact take place with statistically significant universality. The method of scoring is relevant to the question of statistical significance, but at the best the figural after-effect appears to occur in only a slightly significant manner under the first conditions used. These involved the viewing of a single circle displaced to the left of a fixation point (the inspection-figure) and so placed that if it were superimposed on the second figure—which consisted of two squares on either side of the fixation-point—the circle completely encircled the left-hand square. The second figure is called the test-figure. The fixation point of the inspection-figure was fixated for 25 seconds with one eye, and then the test-figure was substituted and viewed with the opposite eye. A decision was then given by the observer as to the relative size of the squares. Eye-dominance did not appear to be connected with these after-effect processes. In the second experiment, however, the statistical significance of the occurrence of the after-effects was undoubted. There were two changes in experimental conditions: the instructions to the observers were changed somewhat and a second circle was introduced into the inspection-figure. No difference of any kind was found to occur in the figural after-effect when the test-figure and inspection-figure were displaced horizontally and when they were displaced vertically, and there appeared to be a precisely opposite effect to that predicted when the test-figure and the inspection-figure were actually superimposed. The most important finding was that, whereas in the first experiment the after-effect occurred with a frequency which was barely significant statistically, it occurred on every occasion under the different conditions of the second experiment.