bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on human plasma levels of TSH, GH and prolactin
Authors: Widerlouv E. , Wide L. , Sjoustroum R. 
Published: August 2007

Six healthy male volunteers were given chlorimipramine 25 mg t.i.d. or nortriptyline 25 mg t.i.d. in a randomized order for 7 days. Plasma samples were assayed for TSH, GH and prolactin before and after stimulation with TRH 200 μg i.v. It was found that the tricyclic antidepressants did not exert any influence on plasma hormonal levels compared with no treatment conditions.Diminished TSH‐responses following daily TRH injections were demonstrated in endogenously depressed and chronic schizophrenic patients. A decreased TSH‐response was observed in healthy volunteers after a second TRH injection with an interval of 2 days be tween the TRH injections. A complete restoration of the TSH response was obtained after an interval of 4 days.
Calcium metabolism in lithium‐treated patients
Authors: Baastrup P. C. , Christiansen C. , Transbøl I. 
Published: August 2007

The bone mineral content (BMC) together with biochemical indices of calcium metabolism were measured in 83 manic‐depressive patients on long‐term lithium therapy. The patients were diagnosed and divided into a unipolar and a bipolar group according to strict symptomatic course criteria.The patients with bipolar course had a significantly decreased BMC (88% of normal, P>0.001), while the unipolar patients had normal BMC. Both groups had biochemical changes consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Endorphins in human cerebrospinal fluid: Clinical correlations to some psychotic states
Authors: Lindtröm L. H. , Winderlöv E. , Gunne L.‐M. , Wahlström A. , Terenius L. 
Published: August 2007

The significance of endorphins, endogenous morphine‐like agents, in some psychiatric disorders was investigated. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid were taken by lumbar puncute from healthy volunteers and from patients with schizophrenic, manic‐depressive and puerperal psychosis and analyzed for two major fractions of endorphins (Fractions I and II).In 19 healthy volunteers the levels of the two fracstions fell within a fairly narrow range. In constrast, six out of nine drug‐free and symptom‐rich schizophrenics showed elevated levels of Fracstion I, which returned to normal or slightly supranormal values after treatment with neuroleptics or propranolol. This decrement was paralleled by a clinical improvement in four of six responding patients.In four manic‐depressive patients, serial samples of cerebrospinal fluid revelaed elevated endorphin levels, particularly Fraction I during the manic stage. In three out of four patients with puerperal psychosis, the levels of endorphins (either Fraction I or II) were elevated in the acute drug‐free stage. During a later symjptomfree stage, after treatment with ECT and/or neuroleptics, the endorphin levles were within the normal range.The present data lend credit to the hypothesis that endorphins are involved in some psychotic states in the human.
Has tryptophan any anticonvulsive effect?
Authors: Raotma H. 
Published: August 2007

In an intra‐individual crossover trial depressed patients were treated with the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) precursor Gtryptophan (GTP) and unilateral ECT, or with unilateral ECT alone. The oral dose of L‐TP was 6 g the day before ECT and 3 g on the day of ECT, 4 hours before the treatment. The seizure duration was measured on EEG records.The time of the electrical stimulation needed to induce generalized seizures was similar for both treatment alternatives. Thus L‐TP seems not to elevate the threshold to ECT‐induced convulsions.The mean duration of a seizure was significantly shorter when the patients were treated with L‐TP + ECT than when treated with ECT alone. It is suggested that L‐TP exerts an inhibitory influence on the ability to sustain epileptic activity.
Diagnosis of schzophrenic borderline states
Authors: Vanggaard T. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the clinical description of the group of schizophrenic borderline patients. In the first place important clinical features pointed out in older, basic papers will be restated. Secondly, additional observations, not used in clinical practice before, at least not explicitly, are described, data which are believed to be useful for the diagnosis of the states in question as well as for the differential diagnosis from other conditions, neuroses in particular. In the latter regard the following points are considered to be of outstanding importance: the presence or absence of a primary gain; the presence or absence of strivings to obtain an emotional secondary gain; the nature of the interpersonal relationship; the composition of the single symptoms. Pseudonormal, pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic states are characterized. Micro‐psychotic and overt psychotic states are described. Clinical differences from schizophrenic psychosis as observed in patients in the nuclear group of the schizophrenias are pointed out.
EEG response to sine wave modulated light in XYY, XXY, and XY men
Authors: Volavka J. , Mednick S. A. , Rasmussen L. , Teasdale T. 
Published: August 2007

Ten XYY, 14 XXY, and 47 control XY men were located in a birth cohort of non‐institutionalized, tall men. Their EEGs were recorded during stimulation with sine wave modulated light; 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 Hz were the modulation frequencies. EEGs with and without stimulation were subjected to power spectral analysis. The frequency‐specific EEG change due to visual stimulation (i.e. photic driving) was studied.The XYY subjects showed generally lower levels of driving than their XY controls. At stimulation frequencies of 10 and 20 Hz, the EEG driving in the XYY subjects was significantly smaller when measured in the same frequency bands (i.e. 10 and 20 Hz). In addition, stimulation at 10 Hz elicited a significantly smaller response at the third harmonic frequency (i.e. 30 Hz) in the XYY subjects.No consistent differences in EEG driving were detected between the XXY subjects and their XY controls, or between XXY and XYY subjects.
Therapeutical significance of clopimozide in the treatment of chronic psychotic patients
Authors: De Cuyper H. J. A. , Van Praag H. M. , Mulder W. R. E. H. 
Published: August 2007

This report, which concerns both an open and a double‐blind study, describes the activity profile and optimum daily dose of clopimozide (R 29 764) investigated in 40 chronic psychotic patients.The results of the open study indicated that clopimozide represents an equal, if not superior, choice versus the other neuroleptics which the patients had been receiving before the open study. Patients sought more contact with those surrounding them, were less preoccupied with their delusions and hallucinations, and showed a better adapted social behaviour.However, these results were not confirmed by the data from the double‐blind study ‐ showing that clopimozide was less superior to the placebo than expected on the basis of the open trial.Two hypotheses are advanced to explain this discrepancy: first, the difference in investigational method and second, possible over‐dosage of the drug at an average optimum daily dose of 13.95 mg.
Psychiatric disorder in Canberra
Authors: Henderson S. , Duncan‐Jones P. , Byrne D. G. , Scott R. , Adcock S. 
Published: August 2007

A standardised survey of prevalence has been carried out in a general population. The epidemiological method employed is innovative in its use of two established instruments, the GHQ and the PSE, harnessed together in a two‐phase design. 756 persons were interviewed, giving a response rate of 85 % in phase 1. 157 were then interviewed with the PSE in phase 2 within a few days, giving a response rate of 92 % in this weighted subsample.The point prevalence of non‐psychotic morbidity, based on the distribution of GHQ scores, is higher than elsewhere in Australia, the excess being in Canberra males. The PSE data weighted back to represent the total population, show a distribution of morbidity in women which is remarkably similar to that in the very different population of Camberwell. The overall point prevalence of threshold and definite cases is 9.0 % 3.2. Case rates did not vary significantly with age or sex, but were higher in the separated, the single and the widowed.This study represents an advance in the reliable and economical detection of psychiatric morbidity at specified levels of severity in general populations.
Delirium tremens; SOME CLINICAL FEATURES. PART I
Authors: Kramp P. , Hemmingsen R. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty patients with delirium tremens and related states were investigated from the time of admission until the acute state was over. Using strict diagnostic criteria the material was divided into two groups according to the severity of the clinical condition; nine patients had fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3), 11 patients had a less severe clinical state, known as “Predelirium” (grade 2). The material was found to be representative for the condition under discussion.Patients with grade 2 were admitted during the day and the evening, but not during the night; patients with fully developed delirium tremens (grade 3) were admitted during both the day and the night, and this difference is discussed.The two groups had the same pattern of alcohol abuse, but patients with proper delirium tremens had had a drinking bout preceding the acute state; this was not seen among patients with a less severe clinical state. Patients with grade 2 had had symptoms like sleep disturbances and gastro‐intestinal disturbances for 12–24 hours before the admission, whereas grade 3 patients had had such symptoms for about 48 hours.Patients with grade 2 stopped drinking when the first symptoms of the acute state appeared, whereas patients with fully developed delirium tremens continued to drink in spite of their condition. These anamnestic data were supported by the finding that significantly more patients with proper delirium tremens had alcohol in the blood – several even concentrations about 2 g/l – at the time of admission compared to patients with a less severe clinical state. This lack of “latency period”, which previously has been described as a typical feature in the development of delirium tremens, is discussed.It is concluded that due to the methodology used, it has been possible to point out some of the differences between the milder, often harmless, conditions and the potentially serious, fully developed delirium tremens.
Comparison between saliva and serum lithium concentrations in patients treated with lithium carbonate
Authors: Vlaar H. , Bleeker J. A. C. , Schalken H. F. A. 
Published: August 2007

The relation between serum and saliva lithium concentration was studied in patients treated with lithium carbonate.In 23 patients a highly variable salivaherum ratio was found in simultaneous saliva and serum samples.In five patients studied during a period of 4–8 weeks three patients showed a high fluctuation in saliva/serum lithium ratio. In 20 patients saliva lithium concentrations varied unexpectedly in a second sample produced after 15 min. Although some authors report a high and stable relation between saliva and serum lithium concentration, we consider the saliva lithium level unreliable as a prediction of the serum lithium level in patients treated with lithium carbonate.
Factors affecting the experience of the initial psychiatric consultation in outpatients with anxiety states
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

The experience of the first consultation was measured by a questionnaire in 42 outpatients with neurotic anxiety tension states. The correlation between this experience and the doctor's level of experience, the sex combinations of doctors and patients and the personality of the patient, as measured by an inventory 1–2 years after the end of the drug study (35 patients completed the inventory), was studied.Patients who had had a more favourable experience had more often been interviewed by doctors with longer psychiatric experience. Female patients tended to report a more favourable experience with male doctors than male patients did. Patients with a less favourable experience deviated more from the norms of the personality inventory with regard to, for instance, passive dependency than patients with a more favourable experience did, but the difference between the groups was not significant.
Factors related to drug compliance adn attrition in neurotic outpatients treted with anxiolytics
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

Forty‐six outpatients with anxiety‐tension states took part in a study on the effects of anxiolytic drugs. At the first interview ratings were performed and the patients answered a questionnaire as to their experience of the consultation (n=42). Based on follow‐up exminations after 2, 4 and 8 weeks, three groups were formed: completers, who did not experience side‐effects to be of such intensity that they changed the recommended dose (n=15); deviators who due to side‐effects changed the recommended dose temporarily or permanently (n=20); and attritors (n=7). One to two years after the end of the drug study a personality inventory was sent out by post. It was returned by 35 patients.1) Completers, deviators and attitors were similar with regard to age, education and social class. 2) They were also similar with regard to initial distress level. 3) Completers had the highest scores on scales measuring the personality traits defence of status and guilt‐feelings and on the factor index neurotic self‐assertiveness, while attritors had the lowest scores. 4) Completers, deviators and attritors were similar with regard to experience of the first consultation. 5) Patients with a more favourable experience of the first consultation reported taking lower doses of the drugs.
Personality and depressive illness
Authors: Pilowsky I. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reports an investigation into the relationship between personality (as measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire) and depressive illness type, as determined by responses to the Levine‐Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire.When the effects of age and depressive severity are accounted for, a significant difference emerges between “endogenous” and “non‐endogenous” depressive states in that the former are associated with a lower score on Factor E, indicating a more submissive, dependent personality. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.
Delirium tremens and related clinical states: AETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT
Authors: Hemmingsen R. , Kramp P. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

Definitions of Delirium Tremens (DT) and related clinical states are discussed together with the concepts of aetiology and pathogenesis in relation to psychiatric disease.The withdrawal theory which considers reduction or cessation of alcohol intake as an important precipitating factor in DT is discussed; this theory is supported by experimental studies of ethanol withdrawal in man and by studies indicating cross dependence between ethanol and several other CNS depressors; the arguments in the literature for and against the withdrawal theory are discussed.Other possible aetiological factors such as type of liquor, hypovitaminosis, liver disease, dysfunction of the adrenals and fat emboli are reviewed, and it is concluded that these factors are unimportant as precipitating or specific aetiological factors in DT.The discussion about treatment of DT is concentrated on drug treatment, and the literature concerning antipsychotics and sedatives is reviewed. It is concluded that barbital, a long‐acting barbiturate, is the most effective treatment; diazepam can be recommended as an acceptable alternative. Finally, practical recommendations concerning treatment are given.
Preliminary clinical test of zimelidine (H 102/09), a new 5‐HT uptake inhibitor
Authors: ÅBerg A. , Holmberg G. 
Published: August 2007

Zimelidine, a bicyclic compound, which in animal experiments causes specific inhibition of the uptake of 5‐HT, was tried on 15 patients with depression of endogenous type. It produced considerable and highly significant 5‐HT uptake inhibition in rat brain slices incubated in blood plasma from the patient under treatment, but no inhibition of NA uptake.Depressive symptoms were effectively relieved or entirely abolished in about two thirds of the patients. Only four patients did not react to the drug, and three of these were probably in need of NA uptake inhibitors, which on other occasions had worked well on their depressions. These three patients showed an extreme degree of retardation. During zimelidine treatment they were not just unaffected but showed signs of excitation, impatience and desperate feelings. These preliminary findings strongly indicate the true existence of depressive cases in need of an NA uptake inhibitor, but completely resistant to a specific 5‐HT uptake inhibitor.The final dose of zimelidine was 75 mg b.i.d. This dose, although sufficient in most cases, was obviously somewhat low for a few of our patients. The concentration in blood plasma of zimelidine should probably reach a minimum level of 250 nmol/l and norzimelidine 500 nmol/l, and to achieve this a general dosage of 100 mg b.i.d. is recommended.
Father/child relationship: Background factors in the father
Authors: Nettelbladt P. , Uddenberg N. , Englesson I. 
Published: August 2007

This investigation studied by direct interviews in a randomly selected sample of 58 Swedish unbroken families, factors of importance for the father's experience of his preschool child. The father's experience of his child was shown to correlate with the child's expereince of him.Fathers experiencing their child in a positive way had been more active in the care of the child, less “authoritarian” and more physically intimate. They described good marital relations. Fathers with a low income or unsatisfied with their job were more negative towards their child than others. There was no association between the father's mental health and his experience of his child. Fathers reporting poor early parental contact were less positive towards their child than others. The man's relation to his own father was more connected with his experience of his child than his relation to his own mother, especially when the child was a boy.
Sexmodifying operations on transsexuals in Denmark in the period 1950–1977
Authors: Sørensen T. , Hertoft P. 
Published: August 2007

In Denmark registration of all sex change applicants has become centralized, sice removal by operation of biologically healthy sexual organs cannot be performed unless authorized by the Ministry of Justice.All sex change applications in the period 1920–77 are examined and notes have been taken of the historical preconditions of operative treatment of transsexuals and the varying decisions regarding method of treatment. The first legal castration in Denmark – described as a sensation in the international press – was carried out without any further knowledge of transsexulalism as a nosological unity. It was believed that the patient was a suffering homosexual and that the suffering was caused by libidinal pressue, and so castration was sanctioned.It is pointed out that since the end of the fifties there has been more reservation in complying with wishes for castration, while wishes for change of name and identity number (in his country females have even numbers, while males have odd numbers) are complied with to a much higher degree than earlier. The number of persons applying for change of name, castration, and permission to publicly cross‐dress has been recorded, and an approximately fivefold incidence of sex changes applicants is found in the period from 1950 to 1977. This increase is not solely ascribed to a rise in the number of transsexuals, but it is more likely due to better operative treatment causing applications form more potential petitioners. The relation between applying males and females has tended to be equalizing through the last three decades, so that ratio males:females is 2.8:1 in the secventies. The importance of a care ful psychiatric phenomenological elucidation before deciding on sexodifying changes is stressed.
Transsexualism as a nosological unity in men and women
Authors: Sørensen T. , Hertoft P. 
Published: August 2007

Wishes for and conceptions of sex change have existed in widely different cultures for millenniums. Aetiological theories about the cause of transsexualism are reported, but it is concluded that we have no decisive knowledge favouring either one or the other theory. Treatment of the condition, including surgical operation, is therefore symptomatic.The importance of a careful phenomenologic elucidation of the condition is emphasized as a necessary precondition of the diagnostic demarcation, of creating the necessary contact with the transsexual, and necessary as a starting point for a therapeutic effort. The phenomenologic difference between the two transsexual sexes is emphasized by comparison with two narcissistic character types, both described by Wilhelm Reich– the passive feminine character and the phallic narcissistic character. Both the transsexual male and female are characterized by an insecure gender identity. The transsexual male reacts to this insecurity and anxiety by withdrawing to conceptions of living in a submissive over‐aesthetical femininity. Aggressive and libidinal powers are pushed away from the consciousness, resulting in the often observed pseudo‐femininity in transsexual males. The transsexual female, on the other hand, seeks to subdue a similar insecure gender identity by obtaining ego‐satisfaction in adoption of strong outer attitudes and actions. She takes on a caricatured masculine attitude. It is shown how these phenomena are reflected in the sexual area. The transsexual man does not find the sexual genital satisfaction important, while the transsexual woman, on the contrary, is genitally fixated and preoccupied with sexual display.Among the transsexual males there is a delimited core group that is characterized by a stable ego‐structure, a good reality testing, plus the above‐mentioned character traits, specified by the special pseudo‐feminine narcissism and the lack of genital interest. We have not been able to make a similar cleavage of a core group among female transsexuals and the deliminations of this group are on the whole more difficult, especially concerning certain homosexual women.The necessity of delimiting the transsexual syndrome phenomenologically from psychotic conditions in persons with a desire for sex change is emphasized.