bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Delusions: Phenomenology, Anatomical Correlations, and Review
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOrganic delusions are common, but have received little systematic study. Review of the literature reveals that they occur most commonly in toxicmetabolic processes and in disorders affecting the limbic system and basal ganglia. A prospective study of 20 consecutive patients with organic delusions revealed four general types of false beliefs: simple persecutory delusions, complex persecutory delusions, grandiose delusions, and those associated with specific neurological defects (anosognosia, reduplicative paramnesia). Simple delusions responded best to treatment, and complex delusions were more resistent. Acting on delusional beliefs was not unusual, and treatment of the delusions was an important aspect of management of the patient.
A Comparison of Elective Mutism and Emotional Disorders in Children
Authors: Wilkins Robert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe case notes of 24 children diagnosed as elective mutes were compared with those of 24 matched controls with diagnosed emotional disorders. One-third of the elective mutes (but none of the controls) had experienced delayed development of speech or difficulties in articulation. All the elective mutes lived in two-parent families, but marital discord was noted in half the families in both groups. Compared with the controls, the mute children were more often described as ‘anxious', ‘depressed’ and ‘manipulative’, and their mothers were characterised as ‘over-protective’, and tending to ‘spoil’ their children. Three unusual cases, of mutism at home, are described in detail. It is proposed that elective mutism is associated with particular personal and family characteristics and represents a condition different from any recognised emotional disorder.
The Brain-Fag Syndrome in Nigeria: Cognitive Deficits in an Illness Associated with Study
Authors: Morakinyo Olufemi 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a controlled study, intellectual capacity and memory functions were assessed using standard instruments in a sample of 16 patients with ‘brain-fag syndrome’. The intelligence of the affected group was found to be generally above average and not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the patients had more difficulty in learning new words and in retaining such learning. The psychopathology of the syndrome is discussed.
Schizophrenia with Good and Poor Outcome II: Cerebral Ventricular Size and its Clinical Significance
Authors: Williams A. O. , Reveley M. A. , Kolakowska T. , Ardern M. , Mandelbrote B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryComputed tomography brain scans were carried out on 40 patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder of 2–20 years duration. Ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) was significantly greater than that of the control group. In six patients the VBR exceeded the control mean + 2 s.d. Among the 13 whose VBR was more than 1 s.d. above the control mean, none had schizo-affective disorder, all but one had chronic illness, and patients with negative symptoms and those with premorbid schizoid traits were over-represented. VBR was unrelated to medical history, age, duration of illness, or neuroleptic treatment. It was not associated with neurological ‘soft’ signs or cognitive deficit. Among chronic patients, clinical features showed no association with ventricular size. The findings suggest that large ventricles may be related to a sub-type of chronic schizophrenia rather than to its particular clinical features.
Close Encounters in General Practice: Experiences of a Psychotherapy Liaison Team
Authors: Wilson Stephen , Wilson Katherine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryExperiences arising from the work of a multi-disciplinary psychotherapy liaison team in the primary care setting are described. Special emphasis is given to the difficulties encountered in working relationships. Attention is drawn to the complexity of the inter-professional relationship, its unconscious roots, and its influence on the quality of patient care.
Homicide in a Psychiatric Institution
Authors: Modestin Jiří’ , Böker Wolfgang 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA unique case of a homicide committed by a young male psychotic inpatient on a fellow-patient is reported and discussed with regard to the special victim-offender relationship, the relationship between suicide and homicide, the phenomenon of aggression and the question of the management of a highly suicidal psychotic patient, including the issue of continuous observation.
Schizophrenia with Good and Poor Outcome
Authors: Kolakowska T. , Williams A. O. , Jambor K. , Ardern M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-six patients with RDC schizophrenia (42) or schizoaffective disorder (14), of two to 20 years' duration, were assessed for neurological ‘soft’ signs and cognitive impairment when in a stable condition—the ‘outcome’. Neurological dysfunction (46% of 50 examined patients) was associated with a history of developmental abnormalities, but was unrelated to outcome, psychiatric symptoms, or treatment. Deficits in particular cognitive fields were related to two independent factors: overall severity of residual psychiatric disorder (outcome) and neurological dysfunction. There was no relationship between the size of the lateral brain ventricles on CT scan and either ‘soft’ signs or cognitive impairment.The findings do not provide evidence for an association between the presence of organic brain disorder (as indicated by the joint occurrence of neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment) and either poor outcome or particular symptoms of schizophrenia.
Behaviour and Skills of Severely Retarded Adults in Hospitals and Small Residential Homes
Authors: Rawlings Sally 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe behaviour and self-help skills of mobile, severely or profoundly retarded adults with behaviour disorders, living in hospitals, were compared with those of a matched group in small homes outside hospital. The residents in the homes more often engaged in simple constructive activities. Although stereotypies were as common in the homes as the hospitals, in the former they were more likely to be combined with constructive pursuits. There were no differences between the groups in self-help skills. In the homes, the staff: resident ratios were higher and the staff had more autonomy in management and responsibility for organising their own services. The care practices in the homes were more resident-centred, and social contacts between staff and residents were more frequent. However, there was no evidence that, for this type of resident, placing a small home in a residential street had advantages over other geographical locations.
The Prevalence of Chronic Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: Stanley Brian , Gibson Andrew J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeveral studies have commented upon the false negatives which can result when the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is employed as a community screening device for psychological distress. It would appear that some false negatives are the result of individual or cultural factors, whilst others result from the phrasing of the GHQ questions, which may mislead patients suffering from chronic disorders. This paper reports the use of additional questions, designed to detect such chronicity.
Marital Adjustment and Treatment Outcome in Agoraphobia
Authors: Monteiro William , Marks Isaac M. , Ramm Elizabeth 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty agoraphobics had individual exposure treatment over a period of 28 weeks and were followed up for two years. Outcome in the 27 married patients was as favourable as that in the 13 single patients. However, among the married patients greater improvement occurred in those with better initial marital and sexual adjustment although even those with poor initial marital adjustment improved significantly during treatment and maintained that improvement during follow-up. Good initial work adjustment and social adjustment were also predictive of particularly good outcome. Reduction of phobias was accompanied by stable or improved marital, sexual, social and work adjustment.
Overdoses: Explanations and Attitudes in Self-Poisoners and Significant Others
Authors: James Diane , Hawton Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMarked differences were found between the reasons chosen to explain overdoses by the closest relatives or friends (the ‘significant others’) of 34 self-poisoners and those reasons chosen by the self-poisoners themselves. Whilst 41% of the latter claimed suicidal intent, in only one case was the significant other in agreement. The significant others were more likely to attribute manipulative reasons, commonly viewing the overdoses as directed at themselves, but the two groups agreed that the overdoses were often a means of alleviating distress. As well as evoking sympathy, the overdoses often caused the significant others to feel considerable guilt and anger. Discrepancies in the way self-poisoners and significant others interpret overdoses, and the strong feelings that overdoses evoke in the latter, should be considered during assessment and treatment of overdose patients.
The Present Status of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Pare C. M. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe present status of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression is reviewed. With adequate doses they are effective antidepressants, but dosages have in the past been too low. Provided proper dietary precautions are taken, the incidence of fatality from dietary interactions is very small and should not deter doctors from using these drugs, especially in those depressed patients who do not respond to tricyclic-type antidepressants. The present status of combining monoamine oxidase inhibitors with tricyclics is discussed, as are the newer specific inhibitors particularly clorgyline and deprenyl.
A Controlled Trial of Social Intervention in the Families of Schizophrenic Patients: Two Year Follow-up
Authors: Leff Julian , Kuipers Liz , Berkowitz Ruth , Sturgeon David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe two-year follow-up results are reported of a trial of social intervention in families of schizophrenic patients in high social contact with high-expressed emotion (EE) relatives. For those patients who remained on antipsychotic medication throughout the two years, the social intervention significantly reduced the relapse rate. In those experimental families where relatives' EE and/or face-to-face contact was lowered, the relapse rate was 14%, compared with 78% for control patients on regular medication (P = 0.02).
An Investigation of Hysteria using the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire
Authors: Wilson-Barnett J. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-nine patients with a diagnosis of hysteria were compared, on a number of variables, with a control group of neurological patients without psychiatric morbidity, and with psychiatric patients free from somatic complaints. Demographic information was obtained, and rating scales for the assessment of personality and mood, were administered, as well as Pilowsky's Illness Behaviour Questionnaire. The data confirm the high incidence of affective disturbance in particular, depression and anxiety in patients with hysteria. There was no link between hysteria and early hospitalisation, although associations were found with sexual disturbances, a past history of vague or undiagnosed illness, affective inhibition, and denial. Relationships between personality and illness behaviour reveal links between personality dimensions and the reporting of illness.
Multiaxial Classification of Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Benkert Otto , Maier Wolfgang , Holsboer Florian 
Published: August 2008

SummarySexual dysfunction in male subjects is a multifaceted illness, not appropriately classifiable by any of the current diagnostic systems, in most of which a major disadvantage is their poor inter-rater reliability. This results in over-or underestimation of minor biological (e.g. hormonal) disturbances, which occur in conjunction with the disorder, but are unlikely to be only its pathophysiological correlate. These biological factors can be important in some cases, however, as they indicate therapeutic strategies (e.g. correction of a minor hormonal deficit). The broad acceptance of classificatory systems with multi-axial dimensions has prompted the construction of a new system. In accordance with DSM III this consists of seven equivalent axes and sub-axes, supplemented by five sub-types, from which the diagnostic attribution can be derived.
Erotomania in Schneider-positive Schizophrenia
Authors: Hayes Mary , O'Shea Brian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of erotomania (de Clérambault's syndrome) in a female with Schneider-positive schizophrenia is presented. The factors in her environment which may have precipitated the illness are discussed. The secondary nature of the syndrome is further illustrated by a discussion of the literature. In erotomania, the deluded victim, usually a woman, believes that a man, unattainable because of his social status, is in love with her. The nosological purity of the syndrome, despite its relative rarity, remains a subject of considerable debate. We present a case of erotomania in a female with schneiderian first rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia (Schneider, 1959).
L-5HTP in Depression Resistant to Re-Uptake Inhibitors
Authors: Nolen Willem A. , van de Putte Jan J. , Dijken Wim A. , Kamp J. J.Hans 
Published: August 2008

SummaryL-5HTP and tranylcypromine were compared in an open, but controlled and cross-over study, in patients suffering from major depression; all were non-responders to several reuptake inhibitors, including oxaprotiline and fluvoxamine. After four unsuccessful sleep-deprivations, L-5HTP or tranylcypromine were given during four weeks in a crossover design. Of 17 patients given L-5HTP during both treatment periods, none responded, whereas of 26 patients treated with tranylcypromine, 15 responded. Thus, L-5HTP is not a therapeutically effective alternative in depressed patients who have not responded to reuptake inhibitors.
Normalisation of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test: A Correlate of Clinical Improvement in Primary Depressives
Authors: Bowie Peter C. W. , Beaini Amal Y. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-six patients with a primary depressive illness, admitted consecutively to hospital, were studied. All patients had a pre-treatment DST, followed by weekly DSTs during a six-week treatment period. Three categories of DST response were identified, on the basis of the serial DSTs. All three groups showed improvement with treatment: the two non-suppressor groups showed normalisation of the DST over the treatment period, but only the normalising non-suppressors showed a significant correlation between DST normalisation and clinical improvement.
Familial Alcoholism: Evidence from 237 Alcoholics
Authors: Latcham R. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWhen male alcoholics with and without a positive family history were compared, differences were found in age of onset, age of presentation, severity of alcoholism, and severity of self-reported antisocial behaviour. No such differences were found for women. The implications of these findings for the concept of ‘familial alcoholism’ are discussed.
Psychosocial Vulnerability to Life Events during the Climacteric
Authors: Cooke David J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe mid-life period is regarded as a period of profound physical and psychosocial change for women. Psychological disturbance at this time has been associated with discrete life events. The influence of other psychosocial variables on psychological disturbance is examined in a general population sample. Five psychosocial variables are shown to have a relationship with psychological disturbance, either in conjunction with or independently of life events. The implications of these findings for the understanding of psychological disturbance at this time are discussed.
Irritability: Definition, Assessment and Associated Factors
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Taylor C. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe heading of ‘Irritable Mood’ was introduced into the Index Medicus in 1985 and it is noted that this term is frequently used but seldom defined. It is therefore important that a consensus is reached concerning its definition in the context of psychopathology and a definition is offered. It seems important to distinguish irritable mood and its outward manifestations from violently assaultive behaviour although there may be a continuum of disturbance from mildly to severely disordered behaviour. Irritability has so far not attracted much attention from clinicians and yet it is a common mood associated with many psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions. Severe irritability may cause considerable distress both to the patient, his associates and sometimes also those attempting to treat or otherwise help him. It may overshadow other symptoms and the correct diagnosis and management may be missed. The validity and reliability of a convenient self-assessment scale is re-examined in the light of further data. Data from previous studies in the context of mood disorders suggests that irritability is a mood state which is independent of the other major moods of depression and anxiety; the severity of irritability probably has an inverse correlation with age. The most important associated factors are listed in order to inform researchers of the possible methodological pitfalls.
The Bereaved Child:
Authors: Van Eerdewegh Michele M. , Clayton Paula J. , Van Eerdewegh Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is a 13-month follow-up study of 105 two to 17 year-old children bereaved of one parent, with 85 controls. Data were gathered on physical and mental health in the children and surviving parents, the child's sex and age and the bereaved parent's sex and psychopathology being included as risk factors. Dysphoria, falling school performance and withdrawn behaviour were significantly increased in bereaved children of both sexes at all ages, while temper tantrums, bed wetting and the depressive syndrome only increased in the age and sex categories normally associated with these conditions. A global index of psychopathology was increased compared with controls on most subgroups of bereaved children (P < 0.0001), the highest scores for both sexes being associated with having a mentally ill (usually depressed) widowed mother. The results are discussed and suggestions made for future research.
Ventricular Enlargement in Schizophrenia
Authors: Reveley Michael A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThere has been a considerable range in both the prevalence of ventricular enlargement and values for ventricular size of both schizophrenics and controls, in studies using computerised tomography (CT). The CT scans of 19 unrelated chronic schizophrenics, all of monozygotic (MZ) twin birth, and 36 age-and-sex-matched normal twins from 18 MZ pairs were examined by linear, planimetric, and semi-automated computerised methods. All methods distinguished schizophrenics from controls at approximately the same level of significance, but partial volume artefact led to a greater than two-fold variation in apparent ventricular size, and significantly reduced the validity and reliability of mechanical planimetric and linear measures. Measurement error may be an important source of artefact in uncontrolled studies using those techniques, and when comparing absolute values across studies, but the use of computerised methods should significantly reduce this source of artefact and allow more meaningful comparison.
Plasma Amino Acids in Relation to Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Schizophrenic Patients and Healthy Controls
Authors: Bjerkenstedt Lars , Edman Gunnar , Hagenfeldt Lars , Sedvall Göran , Wiesel Frits-Axel 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCompared to healthy controls, unmedicated schizophrenic patients had significantly higher plasma concentrations of taurine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. Except for taurine, these amino acids share the L-transport system for neutral amino acids. In the patients, homovanillic (HVA) acid levels in CSF were decreased and the plasma levels of the amino acids competing with tyrosine and tryptophan for transport into the brain, were all negatively correlated to the CSF concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA. These findings could be explained by a change in the affinity of the L-system or by a decrease in its overall capacity in schizophrenia. Raised plasma levels of the competing amino acids may limit the brain uptake of tyrosine, leading to a diminished dopamine turnover, and resulting in a compensatory development of supersensitive dopamine receptors.
Sulpiride and Haloperidol in Schizophrenia: A Double-blind Cross-over Study of Therapeutic Effect, Side Effects and Plasma Concentrations
Authors: Gerlach Jes , Behnke Kirsten , Heltberg Jon , Munk-Andersen Ebbe , Nielsen Henrik 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind cross-over trial, 20 chronic schizophrenic patients were treated with sulpiride and haloperidol in two 12-week periods. The final median dose of sulpiride was 2000 mg/day (range 800–3200) and of haloperidol 12 mg/day (range 6–24). Sulpiride had an antipsychotic effect and therapeutic profile not significantly different from that of haloperidol. In spite of the high doses of sulpiride, extrapyramidal side-effects were seen less frequently during the first four weeks of the sulpiride period than during the corresponding haloperidol period (P < 0.05), whereas autonomic side-effects were equally rare for both drugs. A positive correlation was found between daily dose and plasma concentration of both sulpiride (P < 0.001) and haloperidol (P < 0.05), but no correlation could be established between clinical effects and plasma levels of either neuroleptic.
The Maudsley Marital Questionnaire (MMQ): An Extension of its Construct Validity
Authors: Arrindell Willem A. , Schaap Cas 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a successful attempt at extending the construct validity of the Dutch version of the Maudsley Marital Questionnaire (MMQ), its sub-scales were correlated with the Marital Deprivation Scale, the Sexuality Experiencing Scale, the Marital Communication Inventory, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist.
Long Term Follow-up Study of a Ward-based Behaviour Modification Programme for Adolescents with Acting-out and Conduct Problems
Authors: Moyes Therèsa , Tennent T. Gavin , Bedford Anthony P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough it is widely believed that behaviour modification is successful in an institutional setting, the lasting efficacy of such programmes for adolescents with acting-out and conduct problems has long been questioned. A follow-up enquiry was carried out at one and two years on adolescent patients who had been through an institutional behaviour modification programme. The results were compared with those obtained for a similar group of patients who were accepted for the programme but not admitted; significantly more of the treatment group than the comparison group had improved in terms of behavioural outcome measures, and their level of independent living was greater.