bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Constraints on Geothermal Development
Authors: Robinson Joel 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 45th Annual California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in Ventura, Calif., April 2–4, 1975. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Introduction
In recent years, questions have been raised regarding the environmental effects of geothermal development. Although geothermal steam is considered by many to be a cleaner alternative source than fossil fuel-generated steam, geothermal development still encounters long delays in receiving approval from governmental regulatory agencies. Delays such as these must be eliminated before geothermal power can expand to its full potential and become a significant contributor to America's energy resources.
Although geothermal power is a relative newcomer to the energy industry, its operating techniques have advanced rapidly. Programs to prevent accidents and pollution Programs to prevent accidents and pollution incidents have been implemented by operators in order to carry out their efforts to remain good neighbors. This effort, coupled with future passage of enlightened and less conflicting government regulations, should result in accelerated geothermal exploration and development.
This paper will explore some of the environmental regulations for geothermal development, describe the chief environmental characteristics of geothermal development and some current environmental studies being performed at geothermal projects, and suggest some possible ways projects, and suggest some possible ways to overcome conflicting laws and jurisdictions in order to avoid delays.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ARE NOT UNIFORM AND JURISDICTIONS OVERLAP
A variety of environmental laws, regulations and agencies control geothermal developments.
ESS/EST Marginal Field Development in E-South Area, Offshore Northwest Java
Authors: Silitonga Frans J. P. , Purantoro Ronnie , Simandjuntak Gustaf H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The south area of giant E field, Offshore Northwest Java, contains 5 proven structures: ESW, ESS, EST, ESP and ESR. Only the ESW structure was developed, while the other structures had not been developed by conventional methods due to marginal economics. Development of those marginal fields was accomplished with innovative methods applied by a multidisciplinary team. A three well platform, a cluster, was installed and a multilateral well with two targets in the ES-31 sand in the EST area was drilled through one of the conductors. A second well was drilled with Main/Massive and Talang Akar objectives, and the last well was drilled horizontally to the ES-31A sand in the ESS area. The multilateral well can provide considerable improvement to the total productivity index over the vertical wells and single-horizontal wells. In the presence of permeability barriers such as faults, the multilateral well can also reduce the risk of production uncertainty. The optimum horizontal length and number of branches were determined by balancing incremental production against the drilling and well completion cost. This project was the first application of multi-lateral technology for ARCO Indonesia. The successful application of multilateral techniques has provided an economic means to develop other marginal fields in Offshore North West Java in ARCO Indonesia.
Gel-Cement Combination Squeezes For Gas Shutoff
Authors: Lai Q. J. , Bond A. J. , Cahalane T. W. , Carpenter R. B. , Newhouse D. P. , Singh T. , Styler J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gel-Cement Combination Squeezes have been successfully used for gas shutoff applications. Coupled with coiled tubing selective placement, gels and cements exhibit a synergistic gas shutoff effect. Gels provide an indepth block to gas production by forming a crosslinked polymer network within the porous media. Cements are able to fill voids and cavities to block gas production and provide a strong near wellbore block. Thirteen treatments have been performed to date with an economic success rate of 85%. Implementation of the technology required the use of a well-controlled gel system, consideration of possible contamination issues and modification of current coiled tubing placement strategies.
Analysis of the Success of Cavity Completions in the Fairway Zone of the San Juan Basin
Authors: Ramurthy Muthukumarappan , Rogers Rudy E. , Weida Dana 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wells completed by the openhole cavity technique in the Fruitland formation of the fairway zone in the San Juan basin have demonstrated gas production rates nearly ten times greater than production rates from wells completed by fracturing in the same area, but expensive trial and error selection of wells to cavity complete outside the fairway and in other basins must be made. Data from numerous wells were obtained from four companies active in the basin. Five parameters namely in-situ stress, bottom-hole pressure, ash content, volatile matter, and depth to the top of the Fruitland coalseams were statistically ranked by their importance to the success of cavity completion techniques, and these five parameters were contoured using the "Surfer" software. From the resulting contours, boundaries of fairway zones similar to that of the San Juan basin can now be defined in unexplored basins. This study is the first to assimilate enough minimum in-situ stress data in the San Juan basin to statistically correlate with production rates. The statistical analysis shows minimum in-situ stress to be the most important parameter of the five studied for successful cavity completions. A threshold minimum in-situ stress between 2080-2359 psi is required if other parameters of the study are satisfactory. The study is important for coalbed methane development around the world where coalseams as successful as the San Juan fairway are sought for the application of cavity completions.
Pseudo-skin Factors for Partially-Penetrating Directionally-Drilled Wells
Authors: Cinco-Ley Heber , Ramey H.J. , Miller Frank G. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
An analytical solution derived recently to study the unsteady-state flow of a slightly compressible fluid toward slanted wells was modified to compute the pseudo-skin effect created by partial penetration and slant of a well. It was partial penetration and slant of a well. It was found, as expected, that the pseudo-skin factor due to the slant of a well has a negative value and it appears to be affected by both the location of the producing interval in the formation and the producing interval length. producing interval length

Introduction
Many authors have studied steady-state and the unsteady-state flow toward a partially-penetrating well. They considered a well partially-penetrating well. They considered a well perpendicular to the producing formation and perpendicular to the producing formation and concluded that this type of well completion causes a decrease in well productivity. However, as pointed out by Cinco, et al., many wells do not penetrate the producing formation perpendicularly. Instead, there is an angle perpendicularly. Instead, there is an angle between the wellbore axis and a normal to the formation horizontal plane. These wells may be termed "directionally-drilled," or "slanted" wells. This situation creates an increase in well productivity with respect to a partially penetrating well which is perpendicular to the penetrating well which is perpendicular to the formation. Cinco, et al., studied the unsteady-state flow of a slightly compressible fluid toward slanted wells in an infinite slab reservoir, and presented a solution which can be applied to presented a solution which can be applied to fully and partially-penetrating wells. It was shown that the unsteady flow toward a slanted line source includes three flow periods:a radial flow period,a transitional flow period, anda pseudo-radial flow period.
They also presented results for a fully-penetrating slanted presented results for a fully-penetrating slanted well of infinite conductivity, and concluded that the slant of a well causes an increase in well productivity which can be handled as a negative productivity which can be handled as a negative pseudo-skin effect that is constant for large pseudo-skin effect that is constant for large values of time.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the pseudo-skin effect for a partially-penetrating pseudo-skin effect for a partially-penetrating slanted well of infinite conductivity (uniform pressure at the wellbore) in an infinite slab pressure at the wellbore) in an infinite slab reservoir, and to show how to correct the skin factor calculated from well test analysis for the deviation from the vertical.
A New Generation of Solid-Free Fracturing Fluids
Authors: McDaniel Robert R. , Houx Mel R. , Barringer David K. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Two new high viscosity water base fluids have been developed for use as spearheads to acidizing treatments and as fracturing fluids used in the placement of proppants. Both fluids are derived from proppants. Both fluids are derived from the same basic chemistry and are completely solid-free. One fluid is designed for high temperature applications (wells with formation temperatures ranging from 220 to 325 deg. F), while the other is for the more prevalent low temperature wells (80 to 220 deg. F). prevalent low temperature wells (80 to 220 deg. F). Using these fluids, proppant concentrations up to and including ten pounds per gallon have been successfully placed into fractures.
The basic advantage to using solid-free fracturing fluids lies in minimizing the permeability damage to both the formation and permeability damage to both the formation and packed fracture. This damage is caused by packed fracture. This damage is caused by solids found in polymers used to impart viscosity to a fracturing fluid, or in the fluid loss additives which help control fluid leakoff. Previous systems that used solid-free polymers were characterized by less than desirable fluid loss control and often required significant amounts of a fluid loss additive. Use of a fluid loss additive meant that these systems were no longer solid-free and, depending upon the amount of additive, could cause significant damage. The two new fluids have achieved a solid-free status without sacrificing fluid loss control and therefore are not used in conjunction with a fluid loss additive. Permeability damage tests, in both cores and sand packs, were run on these new fluids. The results of these tests were cornpared to those obtained when fracturing systems, using other polymers or fluid loss additives, were examined.
This paper describes the underlying chemistry of the two solid-free fluids, their resulting fluid rheology and applications. Field mixing procedures are discussed as are well case histories. Special emphasis is placed on the treatment of high temperature placed on the treatment of high temperature wells in which the fluids were used either as a spearhead to an acid treatment or to carry and place high concentrations of propping agents.
FE-MWD Logging in a Different Environment Induced by Drilling with a Rotary Steerable System
Authors: Berger P. E. , Helgesen T. B. , Kismul J. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The drilling of horizontal and extended reach wellbores is being revolutionized by rotary steerable systems such as the AutoTrak™ tool. Typically, advanced directional drilling has been performed with steerable mud-motor systems. However, drilling with a steerable mud-motor results in a rough and tortuous wellbore due to the motor's geometry and operational behavior. A rough wellbore may affect the performance of various logging sensors deployed with the system. Different logging sensors are affected differently, and so the ability to compensate for borehole effects varies from sensor to sensor. The result may be a log that suffers in quality.
Rotary steerable systems drill smoother and less tortuous wellbores. As a consequence, typical borehole effects visible on various FE logs may not be apparent when drilling with rotary steerable systems. Knowledge of the logging environment in which the data were obtained is important when analyzing the log.
It is believed that the introduction of rotary steerable systems will improve the economics of long horizontal and extended reach wells. As a consequence, there will be an increase in the drilling of these types of wells. It is desirable to log these wells while drilling, as the deployment of wireline-operated logging tools will be costly and risky. The real-time logging information can be used for navigating in the reservoir and optimizing the wellbore position. Also, FE-MWD logging sensors are continuously being developed and improved, so the desire to perform the logging operations while drilling will tend to increase.
This paper discusses the differences in logging environment as a result of drilling with a rotary steerable system as opposed to a steerable motor system. The paper also discusses the impact of this new logging environment on the results from various FE-MWD logging sensors. Examples of logs recorded in comparable formations with the two drilling systems are included. This may help log analysts in their interpretation of log results, as rotary steerable systems are more commonly used for horizontal and extended reach drilling (ERD).
Simulation of Two-Phase Flow by Finite Element Methods
Authors: Langsrud Oyvind 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
A finite element approximation to the differential equations for flow of two compressible fluids (oil and gas) through a porous medium is presented. Following a Galerkin approach, the algebraic equations are derived using matrix notation. Time integration is done by a simple finite difference scheme, and the resulting non-linear equations are solved by a chord slope technique. Some simple means for stabilizing the solution are pointed out and incorporated in the method.
Numerical results are presented for a displacement and a gas percolation problem, and the finite element results are shown to be slightly superior to those of a conventional model.

Introduction
The finite element method (FEM) has come to be recognized as an effective analysis tool for a wide range of problems. In particular, it has become the dominating numerical particular, it has become the dominating numerical method within static and dynamic structural analysis, for which it was originally developed some twenty years ago. The FEM gained immediate popularity because of its systematic formulation, ability to handle irregularly shaped boundaries and general appeal to engineers. It was soon recognized as an extension of the variational methods. The basic idea of variational calculus is that the solution is found as the function which results in an extremum value of some integral, the functional, often related to the energy of the system. The problem is to identify a functional which problem is to identify a functional which will yield the same result as direct solution of the differential equation. If a functional exists, an approximate solution can be found by finding the extremum value when the solution is restricted to linear combinations of a finite number of basis functions.
Orthomin, an Iterative Method for Solving Sparse Sets of Simultaneous Linear Equations
Authors: Vinsome P.K.W. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
An iterative method is proposed for the inversion of sparse band-structured matrices of the type that are common in numerical reservoir simulators. The method utilizes orthogonalizations and minimizations to achieve a fast convergence rate. Tests have shown that the method is highly competitive compared with other iterative techniques. The rate of convergence is insensitive to the use of iteration parameters, non-symmetry of the matrix, and ratios of off-diagonal bands in symmetrical matrices.
1.

Introduction
A time-consuming part of the calculation in numerical reservoir simulators is the inversion of a large set of simultaneous linear equations.
(1)
For example when effecting a solution by the Implicit Potential - Explicit Saturation method x would represent the pressure or potential field, whilst A would be a matrix of transmissibility coefficients describing the interflow of fluids between grid blocks. In the common finite difference approaches, A is a sparse banded matrix, as depicted in figure 1 for a five-point finite difference representation of a two dimensional system. Often, the diagonal element of A is approximately equal to the negative sum of the off-diagonal elements in a given row.
Because of the sparseness of A, iterative methods appear at first sight attractive compared with direct methods. However, specialized direct routines with increased efficiency have become available in recent years. Of the iterative methods SIP (strongly implicit procedure) is possibly the most widely used. SIP has the possibly the most widely used. SIP has the disadvantage that its convergence rate depends strongly on a set of iteration parameters whose optimal values can be difficult to find.
A new highly competitive iterative method for symmetric matrices, a minimization process conceptually based on the conjugate-gradient technique, has lately been developed. The numerical examples and proofs quoted in reference 4 indicate that minimization processes can be expected to offer the following advantages:
Convergence more readily guaranteed. No need for iteration parameters. Insensitivity to number of equations. Insensitivity to transmissibility ratios (the ratios of the off-diagonal bands in figure 1).
Deep Dredging for Off Shore Purposes A Method to Clear Stones and Boulders From the Seafloor
Authors: van Oostrum ir Wil H.A. , Lubbers A. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the SPE-European Spring Meeting 1976 of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 8–9, 1976. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Summary
Nowadays offshore engineering requires constructions and working methods suitable for water depths up to several hundred meters. Especially for the North Sea operations adverse weather and sea conditions have an important influence on workability of applied equipment.
With respect to dredging, even advanced techniques are generally not applicable for depths over 30–40 m in exposed areas.
In the case of-the production platforms of the gravity type platforms of the gravity type Condeep 2, problems arose, when inspection of the sea bottom showed the presence of many stones and large boulders. Before the platform could be placed, these platform could be placed, these obstructions had to be cleared from the sea bottom. For this purpose, methods such as blasting, purpose, methods such as blasting, airlifting and grab dredging had to be rejected being impractical. Based on experience elsewhere, a method of dredging with steelnets together with acoustic positioning was also considered. As this method appeared to be a promising proposition, it was tried out and proved proposition, it was tried out and proved to be successful.
Within five working days of the 1975 season, 470 stones with largest dimensions ranging from 0.30 to 2.0 m have been removed from the seafloor at the Condeep 2 location Brent field at a water depth of approximately 150 m.Other applications of these techniques have been prepared since and are expected to be executed during the 1976 season.

Introduction
Dredging in exposed areas has been rapidly developed in the past decade. Self propelled trailing hopper dredgers are able to work now in exposed areas up to wind-force 8–9 Beaufort.
A New Technique to Evaluate Matrix Acid Treatments in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Al-Dahlan M. N. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses a new technique that was used to evaluate matrix acid treatment conducted on a cased water disposal well in a carbonate reservoir. The technique relies on calculation amount of corrosion products and minerals dissolved by the acid. It was used to calculate the amount of iron dissolved by the acid and the live acid present in the flowback following the pickle treatment. Chloride ion concentration was used to determine the degree of mixing between the spent acid and formation brine. The degree of mixing was then used to calculate the volume of the produced spent acid and the amount of minerals (calcite and dolomite) that were dissolved by the acid. The chemical efficiency of the acid, defined as the actual amount of calcite dissolved by the acid/the theoretical amount of calcite that the should dissolve, was finally determined.