bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and improvement for the thermal stability of ring-shaped workpieces with shape boundary constraints
Authors: Wang Yong-Jun , Li Rui-Jun , Zhao Liang , Yao Pan , Xu Peng , Ma Shao-Hua , Cheng Zhen-Ying 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ring-shaped workpieces are commonly utilized in high-precision measuring instruments, and their thermal deformation affects the instruments’ measuring accuracy. A novel method for establishing the thermal deformation model of ring-shaped workpieces is proposed in this article. The mechanism of thermal deformation caused by shape boundaries is investigated using the principle of molecular dynamics. A mathematical model between deformation degree and height, diameter ratio, or temperature is created using a large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator. The established model is verified by measuring the thermal deformation of ring-shaped workpieces. The model is used to optimize laser collimation systems, and stability experiments for laser collimation systems in different sizes are performed. The stability of optimized systems can be improved by 50%, 50%, and 48% with temperature increases of 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C, respectively. The experimental results indicate the obtained model can be utilized to improve the stability of instruments.
Simulation alignment of optical system for space gravitational wave telescope
Authors: Yu Miao , Huang Lanjun , Liu Yinghong , Zou Donglan , Lin Hong-an , Li Jiancong , Wang Zhi , Wu Yanxiong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The performance of telescopes, important components of space interferometry systems, directly affects the accuracy of gravitational wave signals. Space gravitational wave telescopes typically employ an off-axis four-mirror system. When aligned, this system not only has multiple misalignments, but also exhibits interrelated aberrations from various misalignments. These characteristics may lead to difficult alignment of the telescope system as well as significant deviation between the position of the telescope after alignment and the ideal position. To address these issues, first, a sensitivity matrix equation was established between the misalignment of optical components and the Fringe Zernike coefficients. Based on the sensitivity matrix equation, a damping least-squares evaluation function was constructed to reduce the significant deviation between the aligned and ideal positions. Second, a typical optical system of a space gravitational wave telescope was designed, and the sensitivity matrix was calculated. The relationship between the wavefront distortions caused by misalignments in each optical component was examined. To simplify telescope installation, a strategy using secondary mirrors as compensatory elements was proposed. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the scheme, 200 sets of tolerance files were randomly generated. Based on the evaluation function of the damping least-squares method, a reasonable damping factor was set to limit the solution range of the misalignment, which enabled calculating the secondary mirror compensation amount. Experimental results indicate that after aligning the 200 random telescope files, the root-mean-square wavefront error was reduced to less than 0.0030λ, and the maximum error between the magnification after alignment and the ideal position magnification was only 0.57%, which confirms the feasibility of this alignment scheme.
Study of electromagnetic damping of an oscillating bar magnet and its energy budget
Authors: Banerjee Avik , Saha Sonali 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The oscillation of a bar magnet along the axis of a closed loop solenoid has been studied quantitatively using an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino microcontroller-based platform. Real-time displacement of the oscillatory magnet with and without the solenoid shows an additional damping effect due to electromagnetic induction in the presence of the closed-loop solenoid. Variation of the induced current in the solenoid circuit has been analyzed over several cycles by simultaneous recording of the voltage developed across two resistors using ‘analogread’ library function. Energy drained from the oscillator due to electromagnetic damping has been compared with the energy lost in Joule heating of the solenoid circuit. A phase plot for the underdamped oscillator was generated using the fitting parameter values of the curve fitted with the position vs. time data points on the plot. This portable and inexpensive microcontroller-based design is well suited for STEM education of high school and for sophomores in an undergraduate physics course.
An elementary proof of the amplitude’s exponential decrease in damped oscillations
Authors: Kontomaris Stylianos-Vasileios , Malamou Anna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A damped oscillation is characterized by the diminishing amplitude of an oscillating system resulting from the dissipation of energy. A crucial example of damped oscillations involves a block of mass attached to the end of a linear spring, experiencing a damping force proportional to the object’s velocity and acting in opposition to the direction of its motion. For small values of the damping constant, the amplitude decreases exponentially over time. Typically, this behavior is introduced at the secondary education level without providing a justification. In this paper, a new approach tailored for the secondary education level is introduced to explain the aforementioned exponential decrease without relying on advanced mathematical tools. In addition, utilizing this analysis simplifies the demonstration of why the exponential decrease in amplitude is applicable only for small damping forces. It is also worth noting that the methods used to derive this result can be applied in various areas, including the derivation of the equation that connects the root mean square value of the AC sinusoidal current to its maximum value.
A modern, rapid and simple investigation of Ampère’s law
Authors: Cicuta Pietro , Organtini Giovanni 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Classical physics results are often taught purely from the theoretical side. Key results, especially in electromagnetism, are typically not explored experimentally, and in applications students are then expected to leap straight into more complex scenarios that make use of these principles in electronics, sensors and instrumentation. This is unfortunate because not all individuals are equally able to learn well purely from the mathematical angle, and even those who do are not exposed to exploring the magnitude of competing effects, for example isolating a particular magnetic field signal from the background of the Earth’s field. An experiment is presented here to test Ampère’s law with a setup that can be assembled out of everyday materials with minimal components—a smartphone, a DC power supply, wires—in a procedure that can be completed in just a few hours. The data from the three magnetic field sensors of the phones, together with the gyroscope sensors providing position, are recorded and numerically integrated. The experiment is also demonstrated using sensors collected by an Arduino board instead of a smartphone. The experiment allows to measure the net current carried by wires inside the closed path over which the magnetic field is integrated, i.e. Ampère’s law. This experimental approach to exploring Ampère’s Law can be adapted towards high school or university demonstrations, depending on the level of accuracy and detail that one aims to pursue.
A new approach to determining the specific heat using the Arduino® platform and Newton’s law of cooling
Authors: Martins Thalyta de Oliveira Inocêncio , Cruz Frederico Alan de Oliveira , Hahn Marcelo Dumas , Paes Juliana Lobo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article describes a new approach for determining the specific heat of solid and liquid samples in an educational laboratory setting. The experiment employed automated data collection, using Arduino® to record temperatures as the system cooled. Samples of water, ethyl alcohol, lead, and aluminium were analysed by exchanging heat with preheated water in a non-insulated container. To identify the moments when the samples attained thermal equilibrium with the reference liquid, we employed the cooling curve adjusted using Newton’s law of cooling. This correction allowed us to uncover the exact points of equilibrium with enhanced accuracy. The results, both for solid and liquid samples, indicated the effectiveness of the method, due to its reasonable proximity to the expected values (e% < 10). This approach goes beyond the conventional calorimeter, proving its viability in testing various samples and thus enhancing research on the thermal properties of different materials.
Path planning algorithm for percutaneous puncture lung mass biopsy procedure based on the multi-objective constraints and fuzzy optimization
Authors: Zhang Jiayu , Zhang Jing , Han Ping , Chen Xin-Zu , Zhang Yu , Li Wen , Qin Jing , He Ling 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective. The percutaneous puncture lung mass biopsy procedure, which relies on preoperative CT (Computed Tomography) images, is considered the gold standard for determining the benign or malignant nature of lung masses. However, the traditional lung puncture procedure has several issues, including long operation times, a high probability of complications, and high exposure to CT radiation for the patient, as it relies heavily on the surgeon’s clinical experience. Approach. To address these problems, a multi-constrained objective optimization model based on clinical criteria for the percutaneous puncture lung mass biopsy procedure has been proposed. Additionally, based on fuzzy optimization, a multidimensional spatial Pareto front algorithm has been developed for optimal path selection. The algorithm finds optimal paths, which are displayed on 3D images, and provides reference points for clinicians’ surgical path planning. Main results. To evaluate the algorithm’s performance, 25 data sets collected from the Second People’s Hospital of Zigong were used for prospective and retrospective experiments. The results demonstrate that 92% of the optimal paths generated by the algorithm meet the clinicians’ surgical needs. Significance. The algorithm proposed in this paper is innovative in the selection of mass target point, the integration of constraints based on clinical standards, and the utilization of multi-objective optimization algorithm. Comparison experiments have validated the better performance of the proposed algorithm. From a clinical standpoint, the algorithm proposed in this paper has a higher clinical feasibility of the proposed pathway than related studies, which reduces the dependency of the physician’s expertise and clinical experience on pathway planning during the percutaneous puncture lung mass biopsy procedure.
Topological states in honeycomb arrays of implanted acceptors in semiconductors
Authors: Zhu Jianhua , Bhattacharyya Sankalan , Wu Wei , J Fisher Andrew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We study a neutral honeycomb array of acceptors in a Group IV semiconductor. Tight-binding exhibits a band gap from different hopping of angular momentum

±

3
2

and

±

1
2

, forming a topological insulator (TI). The hopping is even under separate reversal of spatial and spin motions, unlike spin–orbit coupling. The TI is robust to Coulomb interactions and realistic electronic structure calculations show it survives for a range of spacings and distortions commensurate with the silicon growth surface, but has an instability towards spin density wave formation at large separations.
Monitoring of multiple fabrication parameters of electrospun polymer fibers using mueller matrix analysis
Authors: Sharma Gaurav , Jütte Lennart , Gopani Jigar , Brehme Jules , Günther Axel , Sindelar Ralf , Renz Franz , Roth Bernhard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Electrospun polymer fiber mats feature versatile applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, water treatment and chemical processes. The orientation of fibers within these mats is a crucial factor that significantly influences their properties and performance. However, the analysis of fiber samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has limitations such as time consumption, fixed assembly, and restricted field of vision. Therefore, a fast and reliable method for qualitative measurements of fiber orientation is required. Mueller matrix polarimetry, a well-established method for measuring orientation of chemical and biological species, was employed in this case. We investigated the effect of four important parameters of the electrospinning process, namely collector speed, applied voltage, needle-to-collector distance, and solution concentration, on fiber orientation using Mueller matrix polarimetry thus extending the range of parameters analyzed. Measurements were performed using two extreme values and a central optimized value for each fabrication parameter. Changes in matrix values were observed for each fabrication parameter, and their correlation with fiber orientation was analyzed based on the Lu-Chipman decomposition. The results were compared with SEM images, which served as the ground truth, and showed overall good agreement. In the future, the analysis of electrospun polymer fibers can be done by using Mueller matrix polarimetry as alternative to current technology and fabrication parameters, including solution concentration for the first time in this context and the production can quickly be adjusted based on the outcome of the measurements.
Weak measurement of the Goos–Hänchen shift for a Hermite–Gaussian laser beam
Authors: Mandal Soumen , Das Akash , Pradhan Manik 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We report on an experimental investigation of the Goos–Hänchen (GH) optical beam shift in the vicinity of the critical angle of incidence at an air–glass interface using a weak value amplification (WVA) technique for two mutually orthogonal first order Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes (HG10 and HG01) of a light beam at 633 nm generated by a phase-only reflective spatial light modulator. We have developed a mathematical approach to visualize the beam shaping due to the WVA scheme of beam shifts for the HG modes. The study reveals the angle of incidence dependency of the GH shift in the total internal reflection condition. For both modes, a detailed study of the horizontal and transverse beam shift values with varied post-selection angles is also reported. In addition, a comparison of the beam shift values for both of the selected modes with the fundamental mode (HG00) has been demonstrated. We found a significant enhancement (about two to three times) in the beam shifts for the first order HG10 and HG01 modes compared to the fundamental mode (HG00). Our results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the HG modes of the light beam-exploiting WVA technique and thus may contribute significantly to this field and open up important applications in photonic manipulation and future technologies.
Enhancing unsteady heat transfer simulation in porous media through the application of convolutional neural networks
Authors: Saraireh Mohammad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This research describes a novel technique for anticipating unstable heat transfer in porous media. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used with finite volume method (FVM) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to accomplish this. Heat transport networks are difficult to characterise using traditional numerical methodologies owing to their nonlinearity and complexity. The proposed solution combines FVM’s precise physical modelling with CNN’s and LSTM’s superior pattern identification and temporal analysis. This collaboration supports the suggested strategy. Heat transport dynamics simulations in porous materials are more accurate, efficient, and adaptable when employing this hybrid framework. The experimental setup focused on porous material properties and gathered and processed a large amount of data. The building’s three-dimensional shape, heat transfer, and time were investigated. Temporal fluctuations were also used. Multiple indicators are used to evaluate the overall performance of the model. These criteria include convergence speed, F1 score, accuracy, precision, recall, and computational cost. In the most notable numerical results, the proposed strategy surpasses both the Finite Element and the Lattice Boltzmann methods. The presented method enabled fast convergence and reduced processing costs. These results were: accuracy (0.92), precision (0.93), recall (0.91), and F1 score (0.92). The proposed method is generalizable and adaptable, and it can address a variety of heat transport simulation problems in porous media. Unlike CNNs, which can identify significant spatial patterns, LSTM cells can only see temporal dynamics. These two components are required to show heat transfer, which is a continually changing phenomenon. Modern technology enables more complex simulations. Processing expenses are lowered, and estimations are more accurate. These two discoveries were obtained through the inquiry and methodologies. Finally, the CNN-FVM-LSTM technique simulates heat transport using complicated computer models. Predicting unusually high temperatures in porous materials may improve the model’s accuracy, computational efficiency, and flexibility.
Limiting the Use of Force
Authors: Edelman R David 
Published: February 2024

AbstractConsidering the role that positive international law has on present-day and future cyberattack decision-making, Chapter 5 begins by orienting the reader to the jus ad bellum and arguing that based on its bedrock status within international law and absent more specialized regimes covering cyberattacks, the UN Charter regime is the right starting point in considering international law’s potential for restraint. Part III explores the contours and present debates over what defines prohibited uses of force. Engaging with the evolving literature on these questions both generally and in the context of cyberattacks, it offers several ways through an historical analytical thicket surrounding the UN Charter’s Article 2(4) to clarify how cyberattacks are, indeed, prohibited uses of force. It then argues that though this conclusion has growing support within the literature, states are still left with a key gap in their cyberattack decision-making: the consequences for a violation of this debatable limit. This, it argues, is the most significant remaining question in evaluating regulative restraint of cyberattacks, and predictably, the most contested among states. It concludes that the practical ambiguities here are likely to overwhelm even Article 2(4)’s universally recognized status. The need is to understand how states might bridge the gap between illegality and corrective action; in essence, whether the remedial jus ad bellum will durably activate to restrain states’ adversaries or themselves.
Constructing a Prohibition
Authors: Edelman R David 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChapter 8 argues that, properly scoped, this logic provides ample basis for a certain kind of prohibitive norm, if not a formal regime keeping a check on that restraint. It begins by asking the question of why, in light of the foregoing, conventional wisdom has dismissed the sort prohibitions on cyberattacks that exist for chemical or biological weapons. The chapter then draws together the arguments of those preceding it to confirm that while usability has been the defining competition among states for the last two decades, a deeper look into the logics of states’ cyberattack policies reveals a parallel process called structural prohibition that is also underway. The result, it argues, is the strongest potential for cyberattack restraint: a novel, narrowly focused humanitarian norm against cyberattacks—appealing equally and sequentially to states’ constitutive, regulative, and rationalist logics of restraint.
Branching out: perch diameter and orientation affect pull strength in chameleons (genus: Bradypodion)
Authors: Herrel Anthony , Taft Jody M , Main Devon C , da Silva Jessica M , Tolley Krystal A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Arboreal species tend to have specific adaptations allowing them to effectively negotiate the complexity of their habitats. For example, chameleons have a prehensile tail and limbs adapted to grasping branches. However, the impact of branch diameter and orientation on their movement has been poorly studied. Using ecological, morphological, and pull force data from two species of Bradypodion from different habitats, we examined if chameleons use different substrates and if perch orientation and diameter affect pull strength by quantifying their grip forces on different sized dowels. We found that the habitat of Bradypodion ventrale is homogeneous, and dominated by sparse patches of narrow, vertical perches. For this species, perch diameter significantly affected pull strength in both horizontal and vertical pull directions, with chameleons performing best on a vertical 1.5-mm dowel and a horizontal 3-mm dowel. In contrast, Bradypodion pumilum typically occurs in more variable vegetation, ranging from low shrubs to wooded habitat with high canopy. Our results show that the habitat has perches that are on average wider than for B. ventrale with a greater size range. The performance of B. pumilum was less impacted by perch diameter and pull direction suggesting that B. pumilum is able to use perches of different diameters in their more heterogeneous habitat.
Vocalizations and species limits in the North Atlantic clade of small shearwaters (Procellariiformes: Puffinus)
Authors: Sangster George , Robb Magnus S , Mackin William A , Bolton Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Species limits in the North Atlantic clade of small shearwaters (Puffinus lherminieri lherminieri, P. l. baroli, and P. l. boydi) have been controversial. In this study, the aerial calls of P. l. boydi are described in detail and compared with those of P. l. baroli and P. l. lherminieri. Multivariate methods were used to test for differences in seven characteristics of aerial calls among the three taxonomic groups, in a sample of 135 individuals. There were differences between males and females in five of the seven call elements studied and differences in all seven call elements among the three taxonomic groups. Discriminant function analysis provided a high degree of discrimination, with 91%–100% of the calls being assigned to the correct taxon. The overall level of acoustic differentiation between P. l. baroli and P. l. boydi was similar to that between P. l. baroli and P. l. lherminieri and twice as high as that of P. l. boydi and P. l. lherminieri. These acoustic data, in combination with previously reported patterns of morphometric and molecular divergence, support the recognition of three North Atlantic species: P. lherminieri, P. baroli, and P. boydi. This study underscores that patterns of acoustic variation provide a useful source of information for taxonomic studies of procellariiform seabirds.