bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS MODIFYING QUANTITY OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOIDS IN MOUSE ADRENAL
Authors: Varon H. H. , Touchstone J. C. , Christian J. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Adrenal incubates of male mice younger than 56 days contained abundant 17-hydroxycorticoid components, in addition to corticosterone. The B:F ratio prior to sexual maturation was as low as 1:1. After sexual maturation and complete involution of the adrenal X-zone, there was a marked reduction in 17-hydroxycorticoids so that a B:F ratio of 8:1 resulted. Testosterone injections in immature mice suppressed 17-hydroxycorticoids. Grouping of mice from 28 to 42 days of age appeared to stimulate the secretion in favour of cortisol. It is suggested that sexual maturation and androgens may suppress elaboration of 17-hydroxycorticoids by the mouse adrenal. Whether this results from loss of 17-hydroxylating enzymes in the X-zone is not known.
OESTROGEN LEVELS IN URINE AND AMNIOTIC FLUID IN PREGNANCY WITH LIVE ANENCEPHALIC FOETUS AND THE EFFECT OF INTRA-AMNIOTIC INJECTION OF SODIUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE ON THESE LEVELS
Authors: Michie Eileen A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urinary oestriol, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol have been estimated in fifteen women having live anencephalic foetuses. The low results obtained confirm those found by other workers. The oestriol, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol in the amniotic fluid of live anencephalic foetuses have been measured in eight patients. It is suggested that the low levels obtained reflect the relative lack of participation in oestrogen metabolism by a foetus with hypoplastic adrenal glands.
In four patients, the effect of intra-amniotically injected sodium dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was studied. In each patient there was a rise in urinary oestriol; urinary oestrone and 17β-oestradiol rose in three patients. In the liquor amnii only a rise in oestriol was detected. The possible significance of these findings are discussed.
THE DECIDUAL CELL RESPONSES IN RABBITS
Authors: Elton Richard L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Decidual responses were produced in the uteri of oestrogen-primed, progesterone treated, rabbits following traumatization of the uterus with a thread. Oestrone, administered along with progesterone, did not appear to augment the responses obtained with progesterone except, perhaps, at one dose level. Oestrone, injected into ligated segments of the uterus, was unable to stimulate decidual responses. Decidual responses were also obtained by injection of solutions of sodium carbonate and dibasic potassium phosphate into ligated segments of the uterus. Histamine dihydrochloride, HCI, heparin, serotonin and sodium carbonate were ineffective.
PROGESTERONE-4-14C AND ITS METABOLITES IN THE BLOOD AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION INTO WOMEN
Authors: Thijssen J. H. H. , Zander J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Progesterone-4-14C was injected intravenously into seven nonpregnant women. The concentration of progesterone-4-14C as well as its free and conjugated metabolites in the blood was studied over a 90 minutes period after the injection. In the free fraction progesterone and small amounts of metabolites, most probably 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, pregnanediol and pregnanolone were present.
In the glucosiduronate fraction, 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5β-pregnane-3β,20β-diol and 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one were identified. In small amounts, 5ξ-pregnane-3β,20α-diol, 5ξ-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one and/or 5ξ-pregnan-20ξ-ol-3-one could be detected.
From the level of the identified compounds half-life times were calculated. The values obtained were: progesterone 25 and 29 minutes; glucosiduronates 152 and 162 minutes. About 10 minutes after the injection, the concentration of the glucosiduronates was found to be as high as that of progesterone. The concentration of the sulphates was still increasing at the end of the experiments.
THE ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC PROPERTIES OF α-MELANOPHORE-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: Desaulles P. A. , Barthe P. , Schär B. , Staehelin M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The adrenocorticotrophic activity of synthetic α-melanophore-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) has been evaluated on the basis of its effects on corticosteroid production in vitro, on its action on corticosteroid secretion in vivo in hypophysectomised rats as well as on its effect on the ascorbic acid output, and on the blood flow through the adrenals. These actions have been compared with those of synthetic β1–24 corticotrophin and of synthetic β1–39 corticotrophin. The results of these investigations show that α-MSH has a stimulating effect on corticosteroid secretion both in vitro and in vivo. These effects are compared with those obtained with synthetic corticotrophins, and the results discussed.
VASOPRESSOR AND OXYTOCIC ACTIVITIES IN THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF MALE AND FEMALE RATS FOLLOWING ADRENALECTOMY AND GONADECTOMY
Authors: Barnafi L. , Croxatto H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The vasopressor and oxytocic activities in the posterior lobes of the pituitary gland were found to be markedly higher in female than in male rats.
Whereas adrenalectomy decreased these activities in the males, it produced no changes in the female.
Gonadectomy lowered the vasopressor activity in males, but had no effect on oxytocic activity. Ovariectomy decreased oxytocic activity, but produced no significant changes in vasopressor activity.
GROWTH INHIBITING EFFECT OF CORTICAL HORMONES IN COCKERELS
Authors: Siegrist J. , Sickles J. , Kincl Fred A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Injection of cortisol into one-day old cockerels produced thymus atrophy and involution of bursa of Fabricius. The response was satisfactory using two daily injections. This method was used to evaluate the relative potency of various synthetic cortical hormones. Paramethasone was found to be 115 times more potent than cortisol. Fluocinolone acetonide and flumethasone were more than 1000 times as active as the primary standard.
COMPARISON OF THE METABOLISM OF OESTRIOL-3-GLUCOSIDURONATE AND OESTRIOL-16-GLUCOSIDURONATE IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Goebelsmann U. , Cooke I. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Tritium-labelled oestriol-3-glucosiduronate (OE3-3Gl) and 14C-labelled oestriol-16-glucosiduronate (OE3-16Gl) were infused together over a 6 hour period to two pregnant women at midterm. The urinary metabolites were then isolated and identified.
Ninety-one per cent of the 3H- and more than 77% of the 14C-labelled material were excreted in the urine within 24 hours. Only 2.2% of the 3H-labelled material recovered was present as OE3-16Gl, the rest was eliminated unchanged. In contrast more than 13% of the 14C-labelled material excreted was present as OE3-3Gl. No labelled oestriol-17-glucosiduronate (OE3-17Gl) could be detected. The urinary output of circulating OE3-3Gl was faster than that of OE3-16Gl.
From the relationship of the specific activities of the infused and isolated OE3-3Gl and OE3-16Gl the amounts of these compounds reaching the maternal circulation hourly were calculated. On the basis of these estimates it is inferred that at midterm OE3-3Gl is a quantitatively important circulating oestriol conjugate and that it represents an end-product in oestriol metabolism.
BIOGENESE VON ÖSTRIOL-16α-MONOGLUCURONID UND ÖSTRIOL-17β-MONOGLUCURONID
Authors: Dahm K. , Breuer H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The biogenesis of oestriol 16α-monoglucuronide and oestriol 17β-monoglucuronide has been studied using different enzyme preparations of human intestine, placenta and liver as well as of rat liver. After incubation of oestriol with the microsomal fraction of human intestine or rat liver, oestriol 16α-monoglucuronide was found as main metabolite, whereas oestriol 17β-monoglucuronide was formed in smaller amounts. When the 100 000 × g supernatant of human intestine was precipitated with ammonium sulphate (30–60% saturation), a glucuronyl transferase was obtained which catalysed the formation of oestriol 17β-monoglucuronide only.
No oestriol 16α-monoglucuronide was found when 16α-hydroxyoestrone 16α-monoglucuronide was incubated with either the cytoplasmic 17β-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)-oxidoreductase of human intestine and rat liver or with a 37-fold purified human placental 17β-hydroxysteroid:NAD-oxidoreductase. On the other hand, no oestriol 17β-monoglucuronide was formed when 17β-oestradiol 17β-monoglucuronide was subjected to the action of the microsomal 16α-hydroxylase of rat liver. These results may be explained by steric hindrance of the enzyme system involved.
On the basis of the present findings it can be concluded that oestriol 16α-monoglucuronide arises exclusively by direct glucuronidation of oestriol, and not by enzymatic reduction of 16α-hydroxyoestrone 16α-monoglucuronide. Similarly, oestriol 17β-monoglucuronide is most probably formed only by direct glucuronidation of oestriol, and not by 16α-hydroxylation of 17β-oestradiol 17β-monoglucuronide.
A CLINICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL STUDY OF THREE PATIENTS WITH MALE PHENOTYPE AND APPARENT XX SEX CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION
Authors: Lindsten J. , Bergstrand C. G. , Tillinger K.-G. , Schwarzacher H.-G. , Tiepolo L. , Muldal S. , Hökfelt B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Three male patients with testicular dysgenesis are described. In all three patients testicular histology showed advanced tubular sclerosis and Leydig cell hyperplasia. Two were of short stature and none had gynaecomastia. They were all euthyroid with normal PBI, but two of them showed decreased thyroid uptake of 131I and a decreased »TSH reserve«.
In all three cases cells from several tissues had 46 chromosomes and an XX sex chromosome constitution. In one mosaicism was indicated by the presence of a very small proportion of cells with 47 chromosomes. Some of these cells seemed to contain three X chromosomes whereas the others had two X chromosomes and possibly a Y. No evidence of mosaicism was found in the other two. There were no signs of structural chromosome abnormalities.
SIGNIFIKANTE VERÄNDERUNG DES ALKALISCHEN LEUKOZYTENPHOSPHATASE-INDEX WÄHREND DES MENSTRUELLEN ZYKLUS
Authors: Bauer-Sič P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
For the determination of alcaline phosphatase of leucocytes (ALP) blood smears from 5 menstruating women, 2 pregnant women, 1 postmenopausal woman, and 3 men were examined daily during some cycles or for a period of several months.
In contrast to the males and the postmenopausal woman, the women with a regular menstrual cycle show a significant increase in ALP starting approximately at the 15th day after the onset of the menstruation bleeding and lasting for 3–5 days. The maximum level corresponded to the time of ovulation. Furthermore there was a good correlation between the ALP-values with the known amounts of oestrogens excreted during a normal menstrual cycle.
Therefore the cytochemical determination of ALP provides a rapid additional method for testing the ovarial function when carried out daily. When the single ALP determination is done, like in routine clinical analysis, consideration should be given to the day of the cycle when the sample was taken.
THE CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR IN THE LABORATORY RAT AND GOLDEN HAMSTER
Authors: Nowell N. W. , Howland R. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in the Wistar albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) which had been kept in the laboratory at 21° C have been compared. Control blood sugar assays and intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed. The hamster was shown to have higher fasting and fed blood sugar levels than the rat; it responded equally well to insulin, but showed a comparatively very poor tolerance to exogenous glucose. It is concluded that the hamster maintains a relatively much smaller supply of insulin than the rat.
PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) FROM HUMAN POSTMENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN (HMG)
Authors: Donini P. , Puzzuoli D. , D'Alessio I. , Lunenfeld B. , Eshkol Aliza , Parlow A. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A new approach to the preparation of biologically pure FSH from HMG is described.
The method entails selective binding of the LH to antibodies against HCG.
The bound LH was separated from FSH by DEAE-C chromatography. An FSH preparation was obtained with a potency of 329.7 IU-FSH/mg and undetectable LH activity at the highest dose tested. This preparation, however, was not homogeneous in the immuno-electrophoretic analysis. The nature of the LH activity »unseparable« from FSH by physico-chemical procedures is discussed.
IMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN: DIURNAL VARIATION IN URINARY ANTIGEN EXCRETION
Authors: Baechler Christian , Borth Rudi , Menzi Annette 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A pregnancy-test kit based on the principle of passive haemagglutination inhibition was used to assay antigen (»human chorionic gonadotrophin«) levels in 184 accurately timed urine samples collected during one 24-hour period from 24 pregnant women hospitalized for various clinical conditions.
The precision of replicate assays was in the order of 20 per cent (standard deviation), that is, at the limit imposed by the dilution factor used.
The antigen excretion rate (IU-eq./d), the antigen concentration (IU-eq./ml), and the fluid excretion rate (ml/d) all showed a diurnal rhythm, but shape, amplitude and phase of the average curves were different for the three parameters. Concentration varied inversely with fluid volume (r2 = 0.47); the antigen excretion rate was not correlated with the latter (r2 = 0.04). The concentration in morning urine was well correlated with the antigen excretion rate determined from the 24-hour pool (r2 = 0.77). Variation between and within individuals was considerable with respect to all the relationships observed, and if these were disregarded, the distribution of the pooled data was approximately lognormal both for the concentrations and the excretion rates expressed as per cent of the corresponding 24-hour values.
If antigen excretion were estimated, instead of from 24-hour collections, from (a) timed random collections, or (b) untimed morning urines, or (c) untimed random samples, changes in antigen excretion would have to be at least (a) 2–4 times, or (b) 2.5–6 times, or (c) 3–9 times greater, respectively, in order to be detectable in spite of diurnal variation.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON KIDNEY TRANSAMIDINASE IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: Lakatua David J. , Van Pilsum John F. , Ungar Frank 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The role of growth hormone and certain other endocrine factors in regulating kidney transamidinase has been investigated in the mouse. The kidney transamidinase values are low following hypophysectomy. Growth hormone administration in doses of 0.5 to 5.0 μg/day (ovine NIH) restores the enzyme activity towards normal. A bioassay for growth hormone is suggested based on the determination of the total kidney transamidinase. Intact mice that had been given relatively large doses of triiodothyronine had low enzyme activities. Enzyme values in alloxan-treated mice were normal.
BIOLOGISCHE HALBWERTSZEITEN VON C21-STEROIDEN BEIM MEERSCHWEINCHEN
Authors: Weinand K. , Rindt W. , Oertel G. W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The half-life of various C21-steroids in plasma of male guinea pigs was studied and compared to that of 3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA). While the latter amounted to 8.0 minutes corresponding to earlier findings, the following values were obtained for the C21-steroids: 4.4 minutes for 3β=hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone), 2.0 minutes for 3β,17α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (17-OH-pregnenolone), 3.3 minutes for pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (progesterone) and 17.0 minutes for 11β,17,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (cortisol).
CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF MOUSE THYROTROPES FOLLOWING RADIOTHYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Messier Bernard 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Mouse thyrotropes were identified as alcian blue positive cells. Their frequency was found to drop from 0.87% in normal animals to 0.11% in animals radiothyroidectomized since 30 days. This decrease is only apparent since a pulse feeding of thyroxine to radiothyroidectomized mice caused a regranulation of the TSH-depleted cells and revealed as many as 2.93% alcian blue positive cells.
Since no mitoses were found to account for the increased number of thyrotropes, it is likely that radiothyroidectomy »mobilized« other existing pituitary cells, possibly chromophobes.
IMPLANTATION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED HAMSTER
Authors: Harper M. J. K. , Prostkoff Barbara T. , Reeve Roberta J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Ovariectomy of hamsters on day 1 or day 4 of pregnancy without steroid replacement resulted in complete failure of implantation. This was, however, induced by daily subcutaneous (s. c.) injection of either 1 or 2 mg progesterone. Although implantation could occur in the absence of oestrogen, greater numbers of eggs implanted in its presence after ovariectomy on day 1. Oestrogen administration (1 μg/hamster/day s. c. of oestrone) also increased the proportion of embryonic development to day 14 in the ovariectomized, progesterone-treated animal.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE SPALTUNG VON CORTICOTROPHIN IM SERUM
Authors: Klaus Dieter 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
ACTH is destroyed in serum primary by several serum-endopeptidases (trypsin, plasmin, thrombin, kallikrein), as is demonstrated by paper chromatographic analysis of the degradation fragments. Secondary the liberated peptides are hydrolyzed by serum-aminopeptidases. The rate of inactivation of ACTH by serum in vitro was studied in various diseases including endocrine disorders with hypercorticalism or diminished adrenal cortical function. The hydrolysis of ACTH by serum is increased only in hepatobiliary diseases. The speed of the degradation of ACTH in serum is small and cannot explain the short disappearance rate of the hormone in blood stream. Infusion of streptokinase increases the plasmin concentration and therefore the inactivation of ACTH in blood. In these circumstances it seems possible to decrease the adrenocorticotrophic effect of ACTH in vivo.
FATE OF INTRA-AMNIOTICALLY ADMINISTERED OESTRIOL-15-3H-3-SULPHATE AND OESTRIOL-16-14C-16-GLUCOSIDURONATE IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT MIDTERM
Authors: Goebelsmanna U. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. , Levitzb M. , Condonc G. P. , Dancisd J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Tracer amounts of 3H-labelled oestriol-3-sulphate (OE3-3S) and 14C-labelled oestriol-16-glucosiduronate (OE3-16GI) were administered intraamniotically to two women at midterm 24 hours prior to the interruption of gestation. The radioactive metabolites present in the urine of the mother, amniotic fluid, placenta and various foetal tissues were isolated and identified.
Averaging the results of the two experiments, 89% of the administered radioactive material was recovered. Thirty-six per cent of the 3H- and 12% of the 14C-labelled material was recovered from the maternal urine collected during the 24 hours preceding the termination of pregnancy, and an additional 14% of the 3H- and 4% of the 14C-labelled material during the following 96 hours. Thirty-five per cent of the 3H- and 67% of the 14C-labelled material administered were recovered from the foetal tissues and placenta.
STUDIES ON THE TESTICULAR AUGMENTATION ASSAY METHOD FOR FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: Gans E. , van Rees G. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Augmentation of testis weight caused by the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied in hypophysectomized immature rats treated concomitantly with supramaximal amounts of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Using a rat pituitary homogenate, responses were found to increase linearly with the logarithm of the doses given. In assays of rat pituitary homogenate against purified sheep FSH no significant divergence was observed. The effect of a submaximally active dose of FSH was not significantly altered by the concomitant administration of purified growth hormone, thyrotrophin, corticotrophin, prolactin or luteinizing hormone (LH). Serum from intact male and female rats caused significant growth of the testis, while serum from male animals was more active than that of female rats. However, when serum from hypophysectomized male and female rats was given, some testis growth still occurred in one of the two experimental series. In this case, the responses were smaller than those caused by serum from intact males but not smaller than those caused by serum from intact females. No difference in testis growth-promoting effect could be demonstrated between the sera obtained from hypophysectomized male and female rats.
IN VITRO CORTICOSTEROIDBIOSYNTHESE IN PROLIFERIERENDEN RATTENNEBENNIEREN
Authors: Vecsei P. , Lommer D. , Steinacker H. G. , Vecsei-Görgenyi A. , Wolff H. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Proliferation of the adrenal cortex was induced in rats by adrenal enucleation according to the procedure described by Skelton (1955) or by prolonged administration of corticotrophin (ACTH).
Adrenals cut into quarters were incubated with 4-14C-progesterone or/and 1,2-3H-cortexone and the incorporation of the precursor radioactivity into 18-OH-corticosterone, aldosterone, 18-OH-cortexone and corticosterone was used as an index of corticosteroid biosynthesis.
Identical alterations in the corticosteroid synthesis patterns were found after adrenocortical regeneration following enucleation and after ACTH treatment:
The synthesis of 18-OH-corticosterone and aldosterone was considerably reduced. The synthesis of 18-OH-cortexone and corticosterone was increased.
The formation of aldosterone from progesterone was reduced to a greater extent than from cortexone, according to the 3H/14C ratios found after incubation with 1,2-3H-cortexone and 4-14C-progesterone.
This similarity indicates that the functional state of the adrenal cortex during Skelton regeneration could serve as a model of the supra-adrenal Cushing syndrome.
THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM IN THE PREGNANT SYRIAN HAMSTER (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS)
Authors: Galton Valerie Anne , Galton Michael 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
During late pregnancy in the Syrian hamster, a marked increase in the peripheral turnover of thyroxine (T4) and a considerable reduction in the concentration of protein-bound iodine (PBI) were observed. The rate of turnover of T4 returned to the non-pregnant level immediately after delivery. T4 deiodination in preparations of liver, kidney, and muscle was not enhanced during pregnancy, while activity in homogenates of foetus was approximately equal to that of the most active of the maternal tissues studied (liver). Thus, in view of the proportionately large foetal mass in the hamster, it was concluded that utilization of T4 by the foetuses accounts for the increased metabolism of this hormone in pregnancy.
Despite the low level of PBI in the maternal serum, there was no evidence of increased maternal thyroid activity in pregnancy. It therefore appeared that the increased peripheral utilization of T4 was accomplished at the expense of the pre-existing extrathyroidal pool.
It was necessary to inhibit the maternal thyroid for the in vivo study of T4 metabolism. Since the agent (KClO4) employed for this purpose also suppressed the activity of the foetal thyroid, further studies will be necessary to establish the extent to which the foetus normally utilizes maternal T4. However, the marked reduction in the level of PBI in the serum of normal untreated hamsters implies that at least a significant fraction of the T4 metabolized by the foetus is derived from the mother.