bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Understanding Stavrogin
Authors: Pope Richard , Turner Judy 
Published: April 2006

… Freud … on the occasion of his seventieth birthday paid the extraordinary tribute to Dostoevsky acknowledging … that everything he had discovered was already to be found in Dostoevsky's worksEdward WasiolekDostoevsky [was] the only psychologist … from whom I had anything to
learn: he belongs to the luckiest finds of my life, even more so than the discovery of Stendhal. This deep man …NietzscheThe whole second half of a man's life is usually made up of nothing but the
habits accumulated in the first half.StavroginStavrogin is an immense and bewildering character. In the opinion of Konstantin Mochulskii, he is "Dostoevsky's greatest artistic creation." He is complex and mysterious—and frightening because plausible. There is much more to him than the obvious Byronic dimension, and we are clearly confronted by more than just another Russian hero who is bored, passive, and las de vivre. He is strikingly handsome, powerful, and brilliant—exceptional in every way—but a miserable failure as a human being. In the excluded chapter "At Tikhon's," Tikhon tells Stavrogin, "I was horrified to see your great unused powers had been so deliberately turned toward filth" (434). How can a person of such intelligence and talent fail so abjectly in life and do so little good but so much evil? This question obviously fascinated Dostoevskii who probed Stavrogin deeply, looking for the answer, and ended up with a character whose complexity is rare even for Dostoevskii.
Dialogue as “Lyrical Hermaphroditism”: Mandel shtam's Challenge to Bakhtin
Authors: Boym Svetlana 
Published: April 2006

Osip Mandel'shtam, “Fransua Villon”Mikhail Bakhtin, “Slovo v romane”The two epigraphs disclose a crucial “genre gap” between Osip Mandel'shtam and Mikhail Bakhtin. If for Mandel'shtam dialogue is essential to lyric, for Bakhtin the dialogical discourse identifies the novel as a genre in opposition to monologic, self-centered and self-sufficient poetic language. In his essays “Fransua Villon” and “O sobesednike,” Mandel'shtam discusses different dimensions of dialogue—the dialogue between various historical epochs—modernity and Middle Ages, Ancient Greece and Renaissance, the dialogue between the author and the distant reader, and finally, the dialogue between the poet's diverse selves. The latter is called “lyrical hermaphroditism” and described in its multiple incarnations, including “ogorchennyi i uteshitel', mat’ i ditia, sudiia i podsudimyi, sobstvennik i nishchii.“ Mandel'shtam's “lyrical hermaphroditism” does not signify a Platonic ideal of androgynous wholeness, a reconciliation of two polarities.
Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva in Unpublished Letters to Her Son Ivan (1838-1844)
Authors: Rice James L. 
Published: April 2006

—V. P. Turgeneva to Ivan Sergeevich, Spasskoe, 30 July 1838On the eve of World War I the St. Petersburg Public Library acquired, from an anonymous donor, 124 letters from V. P. Turgeneva to her son, Ivan Sergeevich, written from 1838 to 1844. His side of the correspondence is not extant, but his youthful personality is often vividly evoked by his mother’s words, and his letters are reflected and occasionally quoted in hers. These letters from the hand of V. P. would comprise, an archivist once observed, a thick book.1 During the era they represent, I. S. (“Milyi drug i syn, Vanichka,” somewhat more frequently “Mon cher Jean”) entered Berlin University to study philosophy, traveled in Europe, published twenty short poems and the comic verse narrative Parasha, met Vissarion Belinskii and became his friend, began his lifelong friendship with the Viardots, was first stricken with gallstones and other complaints, published his first story (already mature and polished, “Andrei Kolosov“), and wrote part of a work of fiction now seen as a key to his creativity (“Perepiska,” published in 1856).
Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Mehdiyoun Kamyar 
Published: April 2006

In the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the birth of new sovereign nations bordering the Caspian Sea, the legal status of the sea has emerged as one of the most contentious international problems facing the region. The discovery of large offshore oil and gas deposits in the area has added urgency to the need to resolve the twin issues of the legal status of the sea and the corresponding mining rights.The Caspian, the largest inland body of water in the world, is approximately the size of Japan. The south Caspian is the deepest part and contains the most productive oil and gas fields. The oil-producing area of the south Caspian that holds the most promise extends along a narrow structural zone across the sea from the Apsheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan to the Peri-Balkhan region of western Turkmenistan.
The Incident at Cavalese and Strategic Compensation
Authors: Reisman W. Michael , Sloane Robert D. 
Published: April 2006

Penny wise, pound foolish.—Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s AlmanackIn 1953 the United States ratified the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Status of Forces Agreement of 1951 (SOFA), which set forth “conditions and terms which will control the status of forces sent by one state, party to the Agreement, into the territory of another state, party to the Agreement.” The drafters foresaw that the presence and training of foreign military forces within and between their territories would probably, if not inevitably, cause injury to civilians, giving rise to claims that, if not settled quickly and satisfactorily, could spark incidents disruptive to their cooperation in mutual defense. To this end, the SOFA established ajurisdictional regime designed to minimize the political friction these incidents threatened to generate, by providing prompt and manifestly fair settlement procedures. The SOFA’s jurisdictional framework protects nationals of a foreign military force from the criminal processes of the alienjurisdiction in which they reside and train, yet permits injured citizens of the host state to pursue civil damages for the tortious acts of foreign forces without fear that their claims might receive prejudicial treatment in the foreign state’s local courts.
Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology
Authors: Källersjö Mari , Bergqvist Gullevi , Anderberg Arne A. 
Published: April 2006

The phylogenetic interrelationships in Primulaceae, Myrsinaceae, and Theophrastaceae were investigated using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast genesatpB, ndhF, andrbcL.The three genes were analyzed separately, together, and in combination with morphology, using parsimony jackknifing. The sequence data are further explored by analyses of first and second codon position only, third positions only, and transversions only. The results show that all codon positions contribute group support to thendhFtree, whereas third codon positions provide most of the structure in theatpBandrbcLtrees. Analyzed separately, transversions inatpBandrbcLhave little structure, whereas inndhFthey produce a well‐resolved tree. We conclude that the most informative and robust results are obtained from analyses with all codon positions included and that the tree resulting from the combined analysis of all available data provides the best estimate of phylogeny.The results show thatMaesais sister to all other taxa from the three families. Theophrastaceae are well supported, but both Myrsinaceae and Primulaceae are paraphyletic. We conclude that four families should be recognized, Maesaceae, Theophrastaceae, Primulaceae, and Myrsinaceae. For all families to be monophyletic,Samoluswas transferred to Theophrastaceae, andLysimachia, Anagallis, Trientalis, Glaux, Asterolinon, andPelletierawere moved to the Myrsinaceae together with the generaCoris, Ardisiandra, andCyclamen.
Katherine Parr: the Religious Convictions of a Renaissance Queen
Authors: Haugaard William P. 
Published: April 2006

Among the wives of Henry VIII, only his first and last, Katherine of Aragon and Katherine Parr, possessed both the education and the intelligence to exemplify the Renaissance ideal for a woman born to gentle life. Both Katherines took their religion seriously, and in spite of the papal loyalties of the one and the Protestant proclivities of the other, they belonged to the same tradition of Renaissance religion which J. K. McConica has most recently traced in his study of English humanists. If Katherine of Aragon far surpassed her English namesake by the thoroughness of her education in the Spanish humanism of Isabella's court, Katherine Parr actually wrote and had published two books which proved surprisingly popular. If the breadth of the first Katherine's patronage of Renaissance writers was far more extensive than that of the second, the patronage of the second was more closely related to the course of English religion and politics.A few years ago Conyers Read wrote that Katherine Parr's Lamentation of a Sinner merited more attention than it had received, and the comment could be justly extended to the Queen's religious convictions in general.
A Possible Origin for Mopsa in Sidney's Arcadia
Authors: Mcpherson David C. 
Published: April 2006

Mopsa, a stupid country wench in Sidney's Arcadia, is such a delightful comic creation that one is curious to know more about her origin and function. William Ringler suggests that the name is ‘probably from Mopsus, a shepherd in Virgil's Eclogues.’ In the Fifth Eclogue one of the two shepherds in the singing contest is named Mopsus. In the Eighth Eclogue the embittered shepherd Damon laments the loss of Nysa, mentioning that she has married Mopsus. Since Sidney uses other names from the Eclogues (Dametas, Menalcas) and since Mopsa is the daughter of a shepherd, Professor Ringler's suggestion has merit.Virgil is probably not the only source of Mopsa's name, however; I suggest that Sidney is making a kind of pun, humorously combining the name's Virgilian associations with those surrounding the Dutch word mops and its playfully Latinized form Mopsus or, feminine, Mopsa. Mops means ‘pug dog’ and, formerly, by extension, meant ‘countrylout' also; Mopsa in the Arcadia is in a sense ‘doggy’ and is clearly a country lout.
Commentary as Social Act: Trifone Gabriele's Critique of Landino
Authors: Parker Deborah 
Published: April 2006

In his prefatory letter to Cristoforo Landino's commentary to theComedy, Marsilio Ficino presents a dramatic encounter between Dante and Florence. The city's lament over Dante's long absence moves Apollo to command Mercury to possess the “pious“ mind of the “divine poet” Cristoforo Landino. Mercury then assumes Landino's countenance, arouses Dante from his sleep with a life-giving wand, and transports him to Florence. There, Dante is gloriously crowned as he prophesied inParadiso25.1-12. The significance of this elaborate mythological sequence is obvious: through the merits of Landino's commentary, Dante is honorably restored to Florence after an exile of almost two centuries.Ficino's high expectations of the commentary's favorable reception were not unfounded. Presented to the Florentine Signoria on 30 August, 1481 in a sumptuous edition with engravings now attributed to Botticelli, Landino's commentary rapidly won the esteem and admiration of his contemporaries.
Equity and Ideas: Coke, Ellesmere, and James I*
Authors: Fortier Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article argues that in the English legal disputes of 1616, specifically the conflict between common law and equity, the principles and systems of ideas, at least as much as the characters, of Coke, Ellesmere, and James were determinative of the triumph of equity. The first part of the essay traces the legal reasoning in the key cases of the dispute. The second part traces James's political theory from his time in Scotland through his dealings with the English Parliament to his pronouncements on the law in his Star Chamber speech of 1616. The article argues that there is a consistent line of principle which can be traced from Scotland to the Star Chamber speech and that James's thought has consequently had its most lasting effect on the relation in Anglo-American jurisprudence between common law and equity.
International trade—WTO—quantitative restrictions—environmental protection—endangered species—U.S. import ban on shrimp
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Shaffer Gregory 
Published: April 2006

United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products.World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, October 12, 1998.In May 1996, the United States effectively prohibited imports of shrimp and shrimp products from all countries that do not require commercial shrimp trawlers to use turtle-excluder devices (TEDs) to permit endangered species of sea turtles to escape from trawling nets to avoid drowning. In January 1997, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand requested that the WTO Dispute Settlement Body establish a panel to determine whether this import ban, among other things, violates the prohibition on quantitative restrictions in Article XI of GATT (1994). The United States maintained that its import ban was permitted under the exceptions set forth in paragraphs (b) and (g) of GATT Article XX. Four turtle species that migrate in and out of waters subject to the complaining parties’ jurisdiction are listed as endangered under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and are covered by the relevant U.S. regulation.
Reconciling Extradition with Human Rights
Authors: Dugard John , Van den Wyngaert Christine 
Published: April 2006

The human rights movement, which has had such a powerful impact on international law and relations in the post—World War II period, has in recent years turned its attention to extradition. Treaties, executive acts and judicial decisions on extradition have all been affected. At the same time, transnational and international crime has increased. The international community has responded by creating new institutions and expanding the network of bilateral and multilateral treaties designed to outlaw transnational crime, promote extradition, and authorize mutual assistance. Inevitably, there is a tension between the claim for the inclusion of human rights in the extradition process and the demand for more effective international cooperation in the suppression of crime, which resembles the tension in many national legal systems between the “law and order” and human rights approaches to criminal justice. As in domestic society, it is necessary to strike a balance between the two so as to establish a system in which crime is suppressed and human rights are respected. This was stressed by the European Court of Human Rights in the leading case on extradition and human rights, Soering v. United Kingdom, when it stated:
[I]nherent in the whole of the [European] Convention [on Human Rights] is a search for a fair balance between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individual’s fundamental rights. As movement about the world becomes easier and crime takes on a larger international dimension, it is increasingly in the interests of all nations that suspected offenders who flee abroad should be brought to justice. Conversely, the establishment of safe havens for fugitives would not only result in danger for the State obliged to harbour the protected person but also tend to undermine the foundations of extradition. These considerations must also be included among the factors to be taken into account in the interpretation and application of the notions of inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment in extradition cases.
Application of Fifth Amendment to U.S. Constitution in international context—fear of foreign prosecution as ground for invoking privilege against self-incrimination—relevance of growing international law enforcement cooperation—role of U.S. judiciary in foreign relations
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Amann Diane Marie 
Published: April 2006

United States v. Balsys. 118 S.Ct. 2218.U.S. Supreme Court, June 25, 1998.Resolving a long-open question, the U.S. Supreme Court held in this 7-2 decision that a witness in a domestic proceeding may not invoke the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination if the witness fears that the testimony may be used in a prosecution outside the United States. Although grounded in domestic law, the three opinions in Balsys reveal tension between the judiciary's traditional deference to the political branches in foreign relations matters and its concern over the risk that individuals subject to prosecution abroad will suffer deprivation of liberty because of that deference.
Daughters increase longevity of fathers, but daughters and sons equally reduce longevity of mothers
Authors: Jasienska Grazyna , Nenko Ilona , Jasienski Michal 
Published: April 2006

AbstractReproduction is energetically and physiologically expensive, and an individual investing resources into producing offspring should suffer costs such as deterioration in health condition and possibly shorter life span. Since the energetic and nutritional demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding render reproductive costs much higher in women than in men, women with a large number of children should show signs of deterioration in condition, while men with large families should not. However, whether reproductive costs reduce longevity in women is still questionable, and in men this issue has not been adequately addressed. In addition, since sons are energetically more expensive to produce than daughters, having sons should have a more pronounced negative impact on maternal longevity than having daughters. Here we document a striking disparity in the impact of children on the life span of mothers and fathers in a Polish rural population. We show for the first time that number of daughters was positively related to a longer life span of their fathers, increasing their longevity on average by 74 weeks per daughter born, while number of sons did not have a significant effect on paternal longevity. In contrast, in women, the number of daughters and number of sons reduced maternal longevity and did so to the same extent, on average by 95 weeks per son or daughter, indicating that for women, the costs of having sons and daughters are similar. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:422–425, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and fluctuating asymmetry in another college sample
Authors: Stevenson J.C. , Everson P.M. , Williams D.C. , Hipskind G. , Mahoney E.R. , Mehler M. , Cawley M. , Chamberlin W. , Watts L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) represents a developmental lag that may be reflected in fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e., differences from perfect symmetry in traits that display bilateral symmetry. Burton et al. (2003 Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:601–619) found a statistical trend for FA to increase (as dermatoglyphic index or as total index) as the behavioral measure for AD/HDness (Rasch logit values derived from the Wender Utah Rating Scale, or WURS) increased in males but not in females. The objective here was to do a similar study in an independently collected sample of college students (n = 222; 61 male, 161 female) not selected for AD/HD, looking at FA vs. symptoms for AD/HD based on Rasch versions of responses to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) (Barkley and Murphy 1998 Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, New York: Guilford Press, p. 95–96) and the more comparable shortened WURS. FAs were lowest for body and ear height, and highest for eye width and nose width, and ranged from 0.01 ± 0.001 (mean ± SE) for foot and ankle widths to 0.13 ± 0.01 in eye and nose widths for both sexes; the sexes did not differ significantly. Males displayed higher AD/HD symptom rates overall. There was a significant correlation between body FA and the WURS measure in females after Bonferroni correction (P = 0.002, r2 = 0.058). Thus, AD/HD symptoms levels increased with an increase in body FA in female college students not selected for AD/HD. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:402–414, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (2‐Carbamoyloxy‐1‐alkenyl)cyclopropanes by Intramolecular Cycloalkylation.
Authors: Brandau Sven , Hoppe Dieter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Boron Reagents for Designed Organic Synthesis. Part 2. Cinnamic Acids Synthesis in the Presence of Sodium Tetramethoxyborate‐Lithium Chloride.
Authors: Chiriac Constantin I. , Tanasa Fulga , Onciu Marioara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aromatization of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines in the Presence of Methanesulfonic Acid/NaNO2/Wet SiO2 under Both Heterogeneous and Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Zolfigol Mohammah Ali , Razavian Seyed Mehdi , Mohammahpoor‐Baltork Iraj 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 2,5,7‐Trithiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane from 1,2‐Bis‐triisopropylsilanylsulfanyl Alkenes.
Authors: Gareau Yves , Juteau Helene , Tsou Nancy N. , Ball Richard G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Megastigmane Glucosides from Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour. var. cochinchinensis.
Authors: Giang Phan Minh , Son Phan Tong , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer States in Compact Donor—Acceptor Dyads
Authors: Verhoeven Jan W. , van Ramesdonk Hendrik J. , Groeneveld Michiel M. , Benniston Andrew C. , Harriman Anthony 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concentration on curves for nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Del Pino Manuel , Kowalczyk Michal , Wei Jun‐Cheng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe consider the problem

where p > 1, ε > 0 is a small parameter, and V is a uniformly positive, smooth potential. Let Γ be a closed curve, nondegenerate geodesic relative to the weighted arc length ∫Γ Vσ, where σ = (p + 1)/(p − 1) − 1/2. We prove the existence of a solution uϵ concentrating along the whole of Γ, exponentially small in ε at any positive distance from it, provided that ε is small and away from certain critical numbers. In particular, this establishes the validity of a conjecture raised in 3 in the two‐dimensional case. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dithiolato‐Bridged [MRu2] (M = Rh, Ir, Ru) Triangular 50e– Cluster Complexes Synthesized by Complete Metal Framework Reconstruction
Authors: Nakagawa Norikiyo , Murata Masaki , Sugimoto Manabu , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA method for synthesizing triangular dithiolene‐bridged trinuclear cluster complexes [{LM(S2C6H4)}Ru2(CO)4(S2C6H4)] [M = Rh, L = (η5‐C5Me5); M = Ir, L = (η5‐C5Me5); M = Ru, L = (η6‐C6Me6)] by complete reconstruction of the metal framework was developed. The complexes thus obtained have 50 electrons around the metal atoms, indicating 3c4e– bonds; their molecular structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction analyses and theoretical calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)