bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple eigenvalues and bifurcation for a multiparameter problem
Authors: McGhee D. F. , Sallam M. H. 
Published: December 2008

We are concerned with the problem of bifurcation of solutions of a non-linear multiparameter problem at a simple eigenvalue of the linearised problem.Let X and Y be real Banach spaces, and let A, Bi, i = 1, …, n∈B(X, Y). Let : Rn × X → Y be a non-linear mapping. We consider the equationwhereand λ=(λ1, λ2,…,λn) ∈ Rn is an n-tuple of spectral parameters.
On the positive roots of an equation involving a Bessel function
Authors: Lehnigk Siegfried H. 
Published: December 2008

In this paper we shall discuss the positive roots of the equationwhere Iq is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. By means of a recurrence relation for Iq(r) [2, (5.7.9)], equation (1.1a) can also be written in the form
Finitarily linear wreath products
Authors: Wehrfritz B. A. F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe consider faithful finitary linear representations of (generalized) wreath products A wrΩH of groups A by H over (potentially) infinite-dimensional vector spaces, having previously considered completely reducible such representations in an earlier paper. The simpler the structure of A the more complex, it seems, these representations can become. If A has no non-trivial abelian normal subgroups, the conditions we present are both necessary and sufficient. They imply, for example, that for such an A, if there exists such a representation of the standard wreath product A wr H of infinite dimension, then there already exists one of finite dimension.
The positive cones of k0-groups of crossed products associated with Furstenberg transformations on the 2-torus
Authors: Kodaka Kazunori 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLet θ be an irrational number in (0,1) and f a real-valued continuous function on the 1-torus T. Letφθ, f be a Furstenberg transformation on the 2-torus T2 defined by for any (t, s) ∈ T2, where ρ is a non-zero integer, and we identify a function on T or T2 with a function on R or R2 with period 1, respectively. Let Aθ, f be the crossed product associated with φθ, f. In this paper we wiil compute the positive cone of the K0-group of Aθ, f.
On equinormal quasi-metrics
Authors: Romaguera Salvador 
Published: December 2008

Throughout this paper all spaces are T1 and N will denote the set of all positive integer numbers.A quasi-metric on a set X is a non-negative real-valued function d on X × X such that, for all x, y, z ∈ X, (i) d(x, y) = 0 if, and only if, x = ysemicolon (ii) d(x, y)≦d(x, z) + d(z, y).
Language and woman's place
Authors: Lakoff Robin 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOur use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. ‘Woman's language’ has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the serious concerns of life, which are pre-empted by men. The marginality and powerlessness of women is reflected in both the ways women are expected to speak, and the ways in which women are spoken of. In appropriate women's speech, strong expression of feeling is avoided, expression of uncertainty is favored, and means of expression in regard to subject-matter deemed ‘trivial’ to the ‘real’ world are elaborated. Speech about women implies an object, whose sexual nature requires euphemism, and whose social roles are derivative and dependent in relation to men. The personal identity of women thus is linguistically submerged; the language works against treatment of women, as serious persons with individual views.These aspects of English are explored with regard to lexicon (color terms, particles, evaluative adjectives), and syntax (tag-questions, and related aspects of intonation in answers to requests, and of requests and orders), as concerns speech by women. Speech about women is analyzed with regard to lady : woman, master : mistress, widow : widower, and Mr : Mrs., Miss, with notice of differential use of role terms not explicitly marked for sex (e.g. professional) as well.Some suggestions and conclusions are offered for those working in the women's liberation movement and other kinds of social reform; second language teaching; and theoretical linguistics. Relevant generalizations in linguistics require study of social mores as well as of purely linguistic data.
Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography
Authors: Trudgill Peter 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTLinguistic geography has remained relatively unaffected by recent developments in sociolinguistic theory and method and theoretical geography. In this paper it is argued that insights and techniques from both these disciplines will be of value in improving descriptions of geographical variation in language, and that these improvements will in turn lead to more adequate explanations for certain of the social and spatial characteristics of linguistic change. Evidence in favour of a sociolinguistic methodology and new cartographic techniques in dialect geography is drawn from empirical studies in urban dialectology, in East Anglia, England, and rural dialectology, in Norway. (Sociolinguistic variation, dialectology, linguistic change, British English, Norwegian.)
Studies in dialogue and discourse; an exponential law of successive questioning
Authors: Mishler Elliot G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe structure of natural conversations in first-grade classrooms is the focus of this inquiry. Analyses of a particular type of discourse, namely, connected conversations initiated and sustained by questioning, suggest that the probability that a conversation will be continued may be expressed as a simple exponential function. The formula, pi = ari−1, generates a curve of theoretically-expected rates of successive questions in a series that closely matches observed rates. The formula is based on the application of a constant ratio, that is, the ratio of rates within each pair of adjacent questions is the same throughout the series: p2:p1=p3:p2 = p4:p3. … Thus, it appears that the probability of a ‘next’ question following an exchange that contains a previous question remains constant through the length of the discourse series. In other words, the probability of a question is independent of the temporal location of an utterance in this type of connected conversation. The analyses suggest further that the model of a finite Markov chain, that is, of a particular type of stochastic process, may be applicable to certain features of a discourse. (Conversational analysis, sequencing in exchanges, U.S. English in first-grade classrooms.)
Interweaving routines: strategies for encompassing a social situation
Authors: Boggs Stephen T. , Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann 
Published: December 2008

This paper, like the research on which it is based, grew out of an interest in the conditions and circumstances which enable children to tell long and involved stories of their own creation. For several years we have been collecting narratives from part-Hawaiian children five to twelve years of age in a variety of circumstances. These include both individual children and self-selected peer groups talking to each other and with one of us around school or in their own neighborhoods (see Watson-Gegeo & Boggs 1977; Watson 1975; Boggs 1972). The description by Sutton-Smith and his collaborators (1975: 82), which parallels some of our experiences, provides a useful introduction to the questions addressed in this paper:If you keep asking children to make up stories for you and show some delight at the stories they tell; and if you keep coming back and asking for more stories, then the stories get better and better.
Ice and travel among the Fort Norman Slave: Folk taxonomies and cultural rules
Authors: Basso Keith H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThrough the use of data collected among Slave Indians living in northern Canada, this paper explores a problem in ethnographic methodology: how to describe cultural rules such that contextual restrictions which operate upon them are identified and made explicit. Following a discussion of some of the ways in which the aims and assumptions of current sociolinguistic theory can be applied to this problem, a formal model is presented of Slave rules for travelling on the ice of frozen lakes and rivers. This model, which specifies the conditions under which a Slave hunter can be expected to cross an expanse of ice or avoid it, reveals the sensitivity of normative rules to variation in contextual features and illustrates both the value and feasibility of incorporating these features into ethnographic accounts. (Ethnographic methodology, sociolinguistics, formal analysis, Canadian Indians, language and environment.)
Planning language treatment: linguistics for the third world
Authors: Jernudd Björn H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTI shall argue that adoption of linguistics at institutions of higher learning in its present international disciplinary form, and in its expression through the medium of English (because English is a major foreign or second language in much of the world and the by far dominant language for the discipline of linguistics), can be contrary to the public good in less developed countries (LDCs) and emerging speech communities. Linguistics in its current international disciplinary form serves needs different from those of emerging speech communities, where a new language treatment system ought to be created by a new cadre of caretakers of the community's language resources. (Language planning; developing countries; linguistics as an international discipline; English)
The role of language and the language of role in institutional decision making
Authors: Mehan Hugh 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe relationship between linguistic processes, cognitive activities, and social structures is explored by examining the decision making of committees of educators as they decide to place students into special education programs or retain them in regular classrooms. Often, different committee members enter committee meetings with different views of the student's case and its disposition, e.g., classroom teachers and parents provide accounts of the student's performance that compete with the view of the psychologist or district representative. Yet by the meeting's end, the version of the student's case provided by the psychologist or the district representative prevails.
Patterns of communal language variation in Bahrain
Authors: Holes Clive D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Arabic-speaking speech communities of the Persian Gulf state of Bahrain are undergoing a special kind of sociolinguistic change which requires the recognition of both dialectal and supradialectal prestige systems. Variation can be accounted for in terms of the articulation/conflict of these two systems. Although it appears at first sight that all of the observed variation could be explained at the phonological level, a closer analysis of the data suggests that, psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically, a lexical explanation fits part of it better. (Variation studies, standard and nonstandard languages)
Tóngzhìin China: Language change and its conversational consequences
Authors: Scotton Carol Myers , Wanjin Zhu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the use of the title of address,tóngzhì‘comrade’, in the People's Republic of China today. Empirical data are presented which were gathered to test a set of hypotheses about the unmarked and marked uses of this term. In its unmarked sense, it is a neutral term of address implying conventionalized solidarity. However, in its marked sense its use becomes a negotiation to change the social distance between Speaker and Addressee. We argue that tóngzhì has variable meanings and uses because its usage represents a language change in progress. Finally, we propose a general hypothesis that variation in linguistic forms such as tóngzhì is exploited by speakers to negotiate rights and obligations within a talk exchange. Speakers use the ambiguity which variable meanings and uses create as a cover for negotiating interpersonal position without going on record. We suggest that this possibility to exploit variation may explain how certain structures evolve in language and why they are maintained. (Sociolinguistics, conversational analysis, language change, terms of address, markedness, Chinese)
Greetings and salutations in a new age
Authors: Nilsen Alleen Pace 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the salutations of seventy-five letters of application for an academic position at a large southwestern university showed that a majority of the writers (forty-seven as compared to twenty-eight) had become sensitive to the problems of beginning a letter to an unknown person or group with a masculine greeting. The twenty-eight applicants who used masculine greetings used only four different forms. But the forty-seven applicants who chose to use sex-neutral greetings had no well-established pattern to follow. Hence, they used nineteen different forms, which shows that the matter is currently in a state of experimentation. From an analysis of the candidates' supporting data, it was clear that the writers who used the sex-neutral greetings were the better qualified candidates. Females were more inclined than males to use sex-neutral greetings. And there was a correlation between the part of the country where a candidate lived and whether or not a sex-neutral greeting was chosen. (Sexism, diachronic linguistics, regional dialectology)
The linguistic world of field colonialism
Authors: Samarin Willlam J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn the last decade of the nineteenth century, when pidginized Sango became the vehicular language of the Ubangi River basin, colonization by the French and Belgians was accomplished with little direct linguistic contact between the whites and the indigenous populations but with great rellance on the real or assumed linguistic skills of their foreign African personnel. The whites' use of African languages was limited with respect to the referentlal function but powerful with respect to the expressive or affective. (Colonization, Africa, Sango, pidginization, ethnography of communication)
A semantic metalanguage for a crosscultural comparison of speech acts and speech genres
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a number of speech acts and speech genres from English, Polish, and Japanese, approaching them through the words which name them. It is claimed that folk names of speech acts and speech genres are culture-specific and provide an important source of insight into communicative routines most characteristic of a given society; and that to fully exploit this source one must carry Out a rigorous semantic analysis of such names and express the results of this analysis in a culture-independent semantic metalanguage. The author proposes such a metalanguage and illustrates her approach with numerous detailed semantic analyses. She suggests that analyses of speech acts and speech genres carried out in terms of English folk labels are ethnocentric and unsuitable for crosscultural comparison. She tries to show how folk labels of speech acts and speech genres characteristic of a given language reflect salient features of the culture associated with that language, and how the use of the proposed semantic metalanguage, derived from natural language, helps to achieve the desired double goal of insight and rigor in this area of study. (Speech acts, speech genres, semantics, lexicography, language and culture)
The reporter's test as a sociolinguistic tool
Authors: Ball Martin J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe problem confronted by many sociolinguists of assuring sufficient examples of a particular variable in their data is discussed, and a pilot study using various different data elicitation techniques is described. The most useful of these appears to be the reporter's test, which is described in detail. A further study is described, which, like the first, is on features of Welsh, and this supports the previous findings. From these studies we have evidence that the reporter's test not only has great predictive capacity, but also appears to produce casual styles of speech. The value of this for sociolinguists is clear. (Data collection, Welsh)
Tag questions and powerfulness: Quantitative and qualitative analyses of a course of psychotherapy
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Chandler Margaret A. , Bassett Darryl L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA complete course of psychotherapy provided extensive information about natural speech patterns of a male psychiatrist and a female patient. Contrary to assertions of the deferential function of tag questions, the patient's use of this form increased as she gained in self-confidence and improved her psychological adjustment. Qualitative analysis of the type, antecedents, and consequences of tag questions in sessions at the beginning and end of the therapy shows how the patient's use of the form reflects her growing independence. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of verbal interaction offer complementary benefits, and a two-stage research method is advocated. (Psychotherapeutic discourse, tag questions, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psychotherapy process)
From Rhythm and Blues to Reggae; a Practical Experience
Authors: Cross Felix 
Published: December 2008

In traditional music education, music history, its appreciation and theoretical understanding, and the playing of music have usually been taught as separate entities. Students are rarely given the chance to combine these elements in one integratedactivity. Thus theoretical points may seem irrelevant, arbitrary and isolated from practical performance, whilst historical developments of style are often not fully appreciated when discussed apart from ‘real’ playing and technicalunderstanding.This article describes a class for adults of mixed musical ability at Goldsmiths' College, London. Within the School of Adult and Community Studies a number of classes and workshops take place, under the overall heading of ‘Jazzand Pop Musicianship’. This particular class was concerned with two of the most important areas of Caribbean music: reggae and calypso.
On ‘Listening’ in Music Education Brian Loane
Authors: Loane Brian 
Published: December 2008

The article suggests that ‘Composing / Performing / Listening’ may be an inadequate way to categorise musical activities, particularly because any musical activity is a sort of listening. There is a discussion of the educationally crucial difference between ‘audience-listening’ on the one hand, and ‘composition-listening’ and ‘performance-listening’ on the other. It is suggested that musical experience is itself thinking embodied in sound, and that explicit ‘analysis-of-listening’ plays a supportive role.In this light, the article proposes an alternative way to categorise musical activities, and indicates some possible conclusions for the curriculum and for assessment.
The First Twenty-one Years in the Life of the Jamaica School of Music, 1961/62 to 1982/83
Authors: O'Gorman Pamela 
Published: December 2008

This year the Jamaica School of Music is celebrating its twenty-first anniversary. The period under review coincides almost exactly with that in which Jamaica has been an independent nation and inevitably there has been a great deal of social, cultural and economic upheaval that has been reflected in the school.During the first ten years (1961–1972) British influence was strong and the school was modelled on the Royal Schools of Music, with few gains in terms of trained professional skills.In the period 1972–1983 the school was completely reorganized as a pluralistic and identifiably Jamaican institution with the introduction of full-time curricula designed for training specialists in African–American Music, Western (classical) Music and Music in Education, with due emphasis on Jamaica's rich folk tradition: in educational terms an innovation that often placed the school in conflict with society.
Opting into Music – A Philosophy for the Upper School
Authors: Bocking Grant 
Published: December 2008

Compulsory classroom music in Upper Schools is often not only ineffective but occasionally counterproductive. The enthusiastic young musician may be deterred from pursuing and enjoying the subject on account of the apathy or hostility of his or her contemporaries.By permitting the motivated children to choose to study music, in other words to ‘opt in’, their interest and general musical education is greatly enriched. They are being taught in the company of like-minded enthusiasts.Extra-curricular activities, which the author regards as a pinnacle of music making in the Upper School, receive enhanced status because of the standing of the subject in the school at classroom level.
Music and Language in Education
Authors: Barrett Margaret 
Published: December 2008

There have been a number of links established between music and language. As two of the major symbols systems developed by and specific to humans, music and language share a number of characteristics. For example, in their most natural form – i.e. song and spoken word – music and language share the same vehicle for expression, the voice, with a consequent emphasis on the aural medium; indeed the child's first experiences of music and language are often linked.This paper reviews a number of the perceived commonalities between music and language and discusses the implications these may have for education. The major concepts of music, those duration, dynamics, pitch, tone-colour and structure, are discussed in connection with the ways in which these may be utilised in order to foster linguistic competency.
The Role of Music in a Balanced Arts Curriculum
Authors: Stubbs Keith 
Published: December 2008

Music has a role to play in Arts Education. This role remains largely underdeveloped. The selection of music and art as foundation subjects in the National Curriculum is divisive and fails to comprehend the fundamental concepts of arts education.This paper recognises the characteristics that are both common and distinctive between music and the arts, and reminds us of the historical factors which often prevent collaborative curriculum planning. It examines both the models and the language of collaboration, and recommends a management structure placed firmly within a single cohesive policy for the arts.
Organ doses and effective doses in pediatric radiography: Patient-dose survey in finland
Authors: Kiljunen T. , Tietäväinen A. , Parviainen T. , Viitala A. , Kortesniemi M. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Use of the effective dose in diagnostic radiology permits the radiation exposure of diverse diagnostic procedures to be quantified. Fundamental knowledge of patient doses enhances the implementation of the “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle. Purpose: To provide comparative information on pediatric examination protocols and patient doses in skull, sinus, chest, abdominal, and pelvic radiography examinations. Material and Methods: 24 Finnish hospitals were asked to register pediatric examination data, including patient information and examination parameters and specifications. The total number of examinations in the study was 1916 (1426 chest, 228 sinus, 96 abdominal, 94 skull, and 72 pelvic examinations). Entrance surface dose (ESD) and dose-area products (DAP) were calculated retrospectively or DAP meters were used. Organ doses and effective doses were determined using a Monte Carlo program (PCXMC). Results: There was considerable variation in examination protocols between different hospitals, indicating large variations in patient doses. Mean effective doses of different age groups ranged from 5 µSv to 14 µSv in skull and sinus examinations, from 25 µSv to 483 µSv in abdominal examinations, and from 6 µSv to 48 µSv in chest examinations. Conclusion: In chest and sinus examinations, the amount of data was extensive, allowing national pediatric diagnostic reference levels to be defined. Parameter selection in pediatric examination protocols should be harmonized in order to reduce patient doses and improve optimization.