bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adhesives for Fabric Lamination
Authors: Fries John A. 
Published: March 2008

Laminates of fabrics, and fabrics with other substrates, are a recent development in the long history of fibers, textiles and fabrics. Woven cloth has been known since antiquity; fabric laminations have become widely used only in the past forty years—with the development of syn thetic fibers and the adhesives needed to provide functional bonding. End uses range from the purely decorative, as in a variety of fashion applications, to the highly functional as, for example, in the fabric/film composite increasingly used for industrial, agricultural and marine coverings. The range of substrates and the diversification of end uses grows constantly. Because of this diversity, an appreciation of the substrates, the adhesives available, and the processes used to com bine them becomes of increasing importance for converters intent on obtaining optimum properties through lamination.
ASTM F-23 Committee On Protective Clothing
Authors: Hatch Leonard M. 
Published: March 2008

ASTM Committee F-23 on Protective Clothing was organized in 1976 and is chartered to develop standard methods of test, terminology, classifications and performance specifications for clothing used to protect against occupational hazards. Such hazards include, but are not limited to, liquid chemicals, gaseous chemicals and molten metals. Protective clothing materials currently under study include a wide range of fabrics and polymers, alone and in combination, which have potential for resisting one or more of these hazards. The committee has just promulgated its first standard test methods and is working to complete several others in the very near future.
Polyester Adhesives in Nonwovens and Other Textile Applications
Authors: Mcconnell R.L. , Meyer M.F. , Petke F.D. , Haile W.A. 
Published: March 2008

The objective of this paper is to review some of the basic properties of polyester adhesives, the types of bonds that can be made with them, and some of their more important end-use applications. In general, these polymers are crystallizable tere phthalate copolyesters containing one or more dibasic acids and one or more glycols. They have melting points ranging from about 100 to 130°C, will crystallize from the melt in from less than one to more than 10 min, and have melt viscosities ranging from about 35,000 to 300,000 cp at application temperature. Fabric bonds made with polyester adhesives generally have good resistance to laundering and to dry cleaning. These low-melting polyesters are readily used for the bonding of nonwoven fabrics based on several types of staple fibers and can also be spun into melt-blown web form. Uses for the nonwoven webs and melt-blown webs include the lamination of foam, scrim, vinyl, paper, glass, and carbon substrates as well as commercial substrates containing polyester polyamide, or celluslosic fibers.
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the acute care setting: where are we?
Authors: Ambrosino N. , Vagheggini G. 
Published: March 2008

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is a technique used to deliver mechanical ventilation that is increasingly utilised in acute and chronic conditions. The present review examines the evidence supporting the use of NPPV in acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to different conditions.Strong evidence supports the use of NPPV for ARF to prevent endotracheal intubation (ETI), as well as to facilitate extubation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to avoid ETI in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, and in immunocompromised patients. Weaker evidence supports the use of NPPV for patients with ARF due to asthma exacerbations, with post-operative or post-extubation ARF, pneumonia, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or during bronchoscopy. NPPV should be applied under close clinical and physiological monitoring for signs of treatment failure and, in such cases, ETI should be promptly available. A trained team, careful patient selection and optimal choice of devices can optimise outcome of NPPV.Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is increasingly being used in the management of acute respiratory failure but caregivers must respect evidence-supported indications and avoid contraidincations. Additionally, the technique must be applied in the appropriate location by a trained team in order to avoid disappointing results.
Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis
Authors: Szöke Andrei , Trandafir Anca , Dupont Marie-Estelle , Méary Alexandre , Schürhoff Franck , Leboyer Marion 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundA wide range of cognitive deficits have been demonstrated in schizophrenia, but their longitudinal course remains unclear.AimsTo bring together all the available information from longitudinal studies of cognitive performance in people with schizophrenia.MethodWe carried out a meta-analysis of 53 studies. Unlike previous reviewers, we included all studies (regardless of the type of medication), analysed each variable separately and compared results with data from controls.ResultsParticipants with schizophrenia showed a significant improvement in most cognitive tasks. The available data for controls showed, with one exception (the Stroop test), a similar or greater improvement. Performance in semantic verbal fluency remained stable in both individuals with schizophrenia and controls.ConclusionsParticipants with schizophrenia displayed improvement in most cognitive tasks, but practice was more likely than cognitive remediation to account for most of the improvements observed. Semantic verbal fluency may be the best candidate cognitive endophenotype.
Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal suicidal behaviour among
South Africans
Authors: Joe Sean , Stein Dan J. , Seedat Soraya , Herman Allen , Williams David R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe examined nationally representative data from the 2002–2004 South Africa
Stress and Health Study, a national household probability sample of 4351
persons aged 18 years and older: 9.1% of respondents reported lifetime
suicide ideation, 3.8% a plan and 2.9% an attempt. Among four ethnic groups,
the Coloureda group had the highest lifetime prevalence for
attempts (7.1%). Those at higher risk of suicide attempts had one or more
DSM-IV disorders.
Attributional style and depression
Authors: Ball Harriet A. , McGuffin Peter , Farmer Anne E. 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundFew studies have examined whether attributional style (an individual's explanation of why events happen) is a genetically influenced vulnerability factor for depression.AimsTo investigate whether attributional style is an enduring vulnerability trait for recurrent depression.MethodAs part of the Cardiff Depression Study, we interviewed 108 people with depression and their siblings, and a control group of 105 healthy individuals and their siblings, using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Participants also completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire.ResultsRegression analyses showed that attributional style results from mood state and is not a familial risk factor for depression. However, the tendency to internalise negative events was related to having had a prior episode of depression, suggesting a ‘scarring’ effect. Also, non-severe events were associated with one subset of optimistic attributions.ConclusionsAttributional style mainly measures current mood and does not reflect a familial risk factor for depression.
A ‘dual diagnosis’ community psychiatric nurse service in Lanarkshire: service innovation
Authors: Griffin Shay , Campbell Andy , McCaldin Hazel 
Published: March 2008

Aims and MethodWe established two ‘dual diagnosis’ community psychiatric nurse posts within community mental health teams in Lanarkshire to improve the service care for individuals with comorbidity. A questionnaire-based evaluation of the service over a 2-year period was conducted.ResultsComorbidity was under-reported by community mental health teams and under-referred to specialist addiction services. The presence of new specialist nurses enhanced the detection of comorbidity, improved staff perceptions of working with patients that misuse substances, and was associated with a clinical and functional improvement in patients over 2 years.Clinical ImplicationsOur findings support the recent trend to provide integrated care for comorbid service users within mainstream mental health services, and suggest a model of service delivery that might be more widely developed to address the concern that such users ‘fall through the gaps’ between services.
Light-directed Dynamic Structure Formation and Alignment in Photoresponsive Thin Films
Authors: Seki Takahiro , Nagano Shusaku 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Light provides practical and versatile tools for structure formation and its tuning of soft materials. This article briefly overviews recent developments of photoalignment and phototuning of nanostructured materials focusing onto the 2D material systems. Two topics are involved; i) phototuning and alignment of microphase-separated nanostructures in block copolymers containing a photoisomerizable unit and ii) photoalignment of organic/silica nanohybrids prepared on a polymer film with photocrosslinkable unit.
The First Experimental Demonstration of Benzoporphyrin Formation from Sedimentary Porphyrins
Authors: Nomoto Shinya , Satou Mitsuru , Yoshida Takahiro , Mita Hajime , Kumagai Gen , Nomoto Kouichi , Kigoshi Hideo , Kashiyama Yuichiro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Etioporphyrin, one of the most common sedimentary porphyrins, was heated at 300 to 450 °C to investigate the diagenetic formation of benzoporphyrins. Chromic acid oxidation of the resulting products afforded maleimides, as well as phthalimides, indicating the formation of benzopyrrole units in the substrate. Isomer ratios of dimethylphthalimides formed during heating were in accordance with those obtained by chromic acid oxidation of the Cretaceous/Tertiary sediments at Rumoi, Hokkaido, which suggests that alkylporphyrins could be transformed into benzoporphyrins in sediments.
A Facile Method for Preparation of Hollow Polyphenylsilsesquioxane Microspheres
Authors: Jiang Kun , Chi Fangting , Li Bo , Jiang Bo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Hollow polyphenylsilsesquioxane microspheres were fabricated under mild conditions from a mixture of water and phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) with ammonia as catalyst. The pH value and the temperature of the reaction mixture are the crucial factors contributing to the formation of stable and regular polyphenylsilsesquioxane hollow spheres. A possible mechanism for the formation of hollow structure was proposed.
Changes in the four-strand hamstring graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally-immature knee
Authors: Bollen S. , Pease F. , Ehrenraich A. , Church S. , Skinner J. , Williams A. 
Published: March 2008

The potential harm to the growth plate following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally-immature patients is well documented, but we are not aware of literature on the subject of the fate of the graft itself. We have reviewed five adolescent males who underwent reconstruction of the ligament with four-strand hamstring grafts using MR images taken at a mean of 34.6 months (18 to 58) from the time of operation. The changes in dimension of the graft were measured and compared with those taken at the original operation. No growth arrest was seen on radiological or clinical measurement of leg-length discrepancy, nor was there any soft-tissue contracture. All the patients regained their pre-injury level of activity, including elite-level sport in three. The patients grew by a mean of 17.3 cm (14 to 24). The diameter of the grafts did not change despite large increases in length (mean 42%; 33% to 57%). Most of the gain in length was on the femoral side. Large changes in the length of the grafts were seen. There is a considerable increase in the size of the graft, so some neogenesis must occur; the graft must grow.
The five-year results of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasty
Authors: Steffen R. T. , Pandit H. P. , Palan J. , Beard D. J. , Gundle R. , McLardy-Smith P. , Murray D. W. , Gill H. S. 
Published: March 2008

Few independent studies have reported the outcome of resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. The aim of this study was to report the five-year clinical outcome and seven-year survival of an independent series. A total of 610 Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasties were performed in 532 patients with a mean age of 51.8 years (16.5 to 81.6). They were followed for between two and eight years; 107 patients (120 hips) had been followed up for more than five years. Two patients were lost to follow-up. At a minimum of five years’ follow-up, 79 of 85 hips (93%) had an excellent or good outcome according to the Harris hip score. The mean Oxford hip score was 16.1 points (sd 7.7) and the mean University of California Los Angeles activity score was 6.6 points (sd 1.9). There were no patients with definite radiological evidence of loosening or of narrowing of the femoral neck exceeding 10% of its width. There were 23 revisions (3.8%), giving an overall survival of 95% (95% confidence interval 85.3 to 99.2) at seven years. Fractured neck of femur in 12 hips was the most common indication for revision, followed by aseptic loosening in four. In three hips (three patients) (0.5%), failure was possibly related to metal debris. Considering that these patients are young and active these results are good, and support the use of resurfacing. Further study is needed to address the early failures, particularly those related to fracture and metal debris.
Segmental vessel ligation in patients undergoing surgery for anterior spinal deformity
Authors: Tsirikos A. I. , Howitt S. P. , McMaster M. J. 
Published: March 2008

Segmental vessel ligation during anterior spinal surgery has been associated with paraplegia. However, the incidence and risk factors for this devastating complication are debated. We reviewed 346 consecutive paediatric and adolescent patients ranging in age from three to 18 years who underwent surgery for anterior spinal deformity through a thoracic or thoracoabdominal approach, during which 2651 segmental vessels were ligated. There were 173 patients with idiopathic scoliosis, 80 with congenital scoliosis or kyphosis, 43 with neuromuscular and 31 with syndromic scoliosis, 12 with a scoliosis associated with intraspinal abnormalities, and seven with a kyphosis. There was only one neurological complication, which occurred in a patient with a 127° congenital thoracic scoliosis due to a unilateral unsegmented bar with contralateral hemivertebrae at the same level associated with a thoracic diastematomyelia and tethered cord. This patient was operated upon early in the series, when intra-operative spinal cord monitoring was not available. Intra-operative spinal cord monitoring with the use of somatosensory evoked potentials alone or with motor evoked potentials was performed in 331 patients. This showed no evidence of signal change after ligation of the segmental vessels. In our experience, unilateral segmental vessel ligation carries no risk of neurological damage to the spinal cord unless performed in patients with complex congenital spinal deformities occurring primarily in the thoracic spine and associated with intraspinal anomalies at the same level, where the vascular supply to the cord may be abnormal.
Performance Differences between Two Endemic Stocks of Largemouth Bass in South Carolina
Authors: Leitner Jean , Bulak James 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A common-garden experiment was conducted to compare growth of two stocks of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, one from the Coastal Plain and one from the Piedmont region of South Carolina. An equal number of fish from each stock were released at age 0 in Lake Paul Wallace, a 113-ha municipal impoundment in South Carolina's Coastal Plain. Boat electrofishing during spring was used to sample the population at ages 1, 3, and 4. Relative survival, mean length and weight, weight frequency distributions, and weight–length relationships were compared between stocks. The Piedmont stock was significantly larger at age 1, whereas the Coastal Plain stock was larger at ages 3 and 4. The weight frequency distributions differed between stocks, as did the weight–length relationships. The total catch for each stock was not proportionally different from stocking rates at age 1. However, the catch of the Coastal Plain stock was significantly higher at ages 3 and 4, suggesting better survival to those ages. We conclude that these two endemic stocks exhibited different performance at one study site in the Coastal Plain. Further evaluations across regions are needed to better define the performance of these two stocks of largemouth bass and ascertain appropriate stocking regions for each stock.
New Therapeutic Directions for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathways
Authors: Burris Howard , Rocha-Lima Caio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Evaluate the existing chemotherapeutic options for advanced pancreatic cancer.Interpret data from trials of HER-1/EGFR- and VEGFR-targeted agents in advanced pancreatic cancer.Take advantage of the potential of biomarkers in selecting optimal molecular-targeted therapies for advanced pancreatic cancer.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
In advanced pancreatic cancer, single-agent gemcitabine became the standard therapy approximately 10 years ago. Subsequently, combinations of gemcitabine with fluorouracil, cisplatin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, or pemetrexed produced no clear survival benefit. Among the newer approaches, targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1/EGFR) shows promise. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved erlotinib (a HER-1/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) combined with gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. This combination showed a statistically significant survival benefit over gemcitabine alone in locally advanced or metastatic disease (the median overall survival time was 6.24 months versus 5.91 months; hazard ratio, 0.82; p = .038); however, the clinical significance of this survival difference has been questioned. Additionally, a large phase III trial where the addition of cetuximab (an anti–HER-1/EGFR monoclonal antibody [mAb]) to gemcitabine failed to result in a longer overall survival time than with gemcitabine alone has been reported. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with bevacizumab (a recombinant, humanized IgG1 mAb that binds to VEGF) in combination with gemcitabine was investigated in a phase II trial, with promising outcomes that were unfortunately not supported by a subsequent phase III study. While the future treatment of pancreatic cancer may be influenced by the potential of certain biomarkers to predict better response to molecular-targeted therapies, allowing individualization of patient therapy, there are currently no clear candidates, and this remains an interesting area for further investigation.
What to Do with an Abnormal PSA Test
Authors: Loeb Stacy , Catalona William J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Take advantage of the use of total PSA thresholds for predicting prostate cancer risk and determining the need for prostate biopsy.Distinguish prostate cancer from benign conditions based on the relative proportions of complexed and free forms.Use PSA density as a means to correct for the effect of prostate volume on the PSA level.Explain the evolving role of PSA kinetics in the prediction of aggressive prostate cancer.Perform the calculations for PSA velocity and PSA doubling time.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
For more than a decade, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been used for prostate cancer screening. Over the years, this screening has been continually refined, including investigation into the use of lower total PSA thresholds, PSA isoforms, and PSA kinetics. This review describes the evolution of prostate cancer screening and provides clinical insights into the informed use of PSA and its adjunctive measurements.
Managing Vesicant Extravasations
Authors: Schulmeister Lisa 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe how vesicant chemotherapy drugs can extravasate from implanted ports.Recommend procedures to obtain a blood return from central venous access devices.Evaluate the signs and symptoms of a vesicant extravasation.Administer the FDA-approved vesicant extravasation treatments and antidotes.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Extravasation is an unusual but potentially severe complication of vesicant chemotherapy administration. Some extravasation injuries prompt litigation and the oncologist's actions, or lack of action, are scrutinized in the courtroom. This article presents advice and recommendations for treating patients who receive vesicants and includes a discussion of FDA-approved vesicant extravasation treatments and antidotes.
Professional Challenges in Cancer Genetic Testing: Who Is the Patient?
Authors: Chan-Smutko Gayun , Patel Devanshi , Shannon Kristen M. , Ryan Paula D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In the genetic counseling setting, the health care provider can be challenged by opposing duties to members of the same family: protecting the privacy of the patient identified with a gene mutation and the ethical obligation to warn at-risk relatives. In a situation of nondisclosure between members of a family with a known disease-predisposing mutation, this type of dilemma can present in acute form for the provider who cares for different members of the family. This can hinder effective medical decision making. To minimize this effect, we recommend detailed pretest genetic counseling steps to empower the patient to communicate with their at-risk relatives their intent to pursue testing and willingness to share information. In addition, post-test counseling should reiterate the implications of a positive result for at-risk relatives and conclude with a written summary that patients can share with their family.