bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of fluorine‐18 fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan in the evaluation and follow‐up of patients with low‐grade lymphomas
Authors: Karam Maroun , Novak Leon , Cyriac Jomol , Ali Ameera , Nazeer Tipu , Nugent Francis 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDFluorine‐18 fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scanning has excellent sensitivity and specificity for staging non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, but to the authors' knowledge few studies to date have evaluated FDG‐PET in low‐grade lymphomas only.METHODSA retrospective study was performed on patients with biopsy‐proven nontransformed and transformed follicular lymphoma (FL), B‐cell small‐cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL/CLL), or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) who underwent PET and computed tomography (CT) scans within 3 weeks. Standard uptake values (SUV) of all abnormal foci were measured.RESULTSIn FL, PET demonstrated 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity for staging. PET was more specific than CT for detecting recurrence or assessing therapeutic responses (91% vs. 50%). FDG avidity among patients with WHO Grades 1, 2, and 3 disease was not significantly different (analysis of variance [ANOVA]). For MZL staging, PET had moderate sensitivity (71%) and outperformed CT alone in the depiction of extranodal sites (85% vs. 57% sensitivity). In SLL/CLL, PET sensitivity was 53% and underestimated disease extent in 5 of 19 patients (26%) compared with CT. PET did not affect initial management but confirmed suspected recurrences in 75% of patients. Nontransformed FL had a higher SUV (ANOVA, P<.05) compared with MZL and SLL/CLL. SUV was higher in transformed than in nontransformed tumors (P<.001, Student t test).CONCLUSIONSPET usefulness in staging low‐grade lymphomas varies depending on histology. PET sensitivity is excellent in FL and moderate in MZL. PET is more specific than CT for follow‐up in all types. PET has limited usefulness for SLL/CLL staging. However, a suggestive pattern of hazy and mild uptake was often noted in positive scans. In all low‐grade lymphomas, the emergence of foci of intense uptake should raise suspicion of conversion to high‐grade disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Low rates of colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening in Asian Americans compared with non‐Hispanic whites
Authors: Kandula Namratha R. , Wen Ming , Jacobs Elizabeth A. , Lauderdale Diane S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDAsian Americans have lower cancer screening rates compared with non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs). Little is known about mechanisms that underlie disparities in cancer screening. The objectives of the current study were 1) to determine the relation between nativity, years in the United States, language, and cancer screening in NHWs and Asian Americans, independent of access to care and 2) to determine whether Asians reported different reasons than NHWs for not obtaining cancer screening.METHODSThis population‐based study included 36,660 NHWs, 1298 Chinese, 944 Filipinos, 803 Koreans, 857 Vietnamese, and 1036 Other Asians from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey. The main study outcomes were 1) self‐reported colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening and 2) reasons for not obtaining cancer screening.RESULTSAfter adjusting for access to care, several Asian subgroups still had significantly lower rates of all types of cancer screening compared with NHWs. Adjusting for nativity, years in the United States, and English language attenuated the relation between Asian ethnicity and lower rates of colorectal and breast cancer screening. When they were asked what the most important reason was for not having each screening test, foreign‐born Asians were significantly more likely than United States‐born NHWs to report that they “didn't have problems/symptoms” (P<.01).CONCLUSIONSNativity, years in the United States, and English language may be markers of cultural differences that are mediating cancer screening disparities. Foreign‐born Asians may believe that cancer screening is in response to symptoms rather than tests that are used prior to the development of symptoms. Health education messages must consider how to communicate effectively that “cancer screening is valuable, because it finds cancer before it is advanced enough to cause symptoms.” Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Histopathologic assessment of hot‐spot microvessel density and vascular patterns in glioblastoma: Poor observer agreement limits clinical utility as prognostic factors
Authors: Preusser Matthias , Heinzl Harald , Gelpi Ellen , Schonegger Katharina , Haberler Christine , Birner Peter , Marosi Christine , Hegi Monika , Gorlia Thierry , Hainfellner Johannes A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHot‐spot microvessel density (MVD) and vascular patterns have been reported as histopathologic factors that influence prognosis in retrospective series of malignant gliomas. To investigate clinical utility, the authors systematically studied observer agreement on MVD and vascular patterns and the influence of repeatedly assessed data on patient outcomes in 2 independent glioblastoma series.METHODSMVD and vascular patterns were assessed retrospectively by 5 observers in 1) a retrospectively compiled glioblastoma series that included 110 patients and 2) a glioblastoma series that included 233 patients who were treated within a randomized trial. MVD was determined in the field of greatest density (“hot‐spot”). Predominantly classic or bizarre vascular patterns were determined by using a previously defined algorithm.RESULTSObserver agreement on MVD was highly variable (range of κ values, 0.464‐0.901). The worst observer agreement was achieved when both the selection of hot‐spots and MVD counts were performed independently. Survival analysis did not show a consistent association between repeatedly assessed MVD and patient outcome. Observer agreement on vascular patterns was poor (κ = 0.297). Survival analysis did not show a consistent association between repeatedly assessed vascular patterns and patient outcome.CONCLUSIONSObserver agreement on hot‐spot MVD and vascular patterns in patients with glioblastoma was poor in independent assessments. MVD and vascular patterns were not associated consistently with patient outcome. Based on these findings, the authors concluded that poor observer agreement limits the clinical utility of histopathologically assessed hot‐spot MVD and vascular patterns as prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma. Improved methodologies for morphologic assessment of glioblastoma vascularization need to be identified. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The effect of attentional bias toward shape‐ and weight‐related information on body dissatisfaction
Authors: Smith Evelyn , Rieger Elizabeth 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to investigate the causal role of selective attention to shape/weight‐related information in terms of intensifying body dissatisfaction.Method:The participants were 70 female first‐year psychology students aged 17–28 years. An attentional probe task was used to induce attention toward either negative shape/weight‐related words, neutral words, or negatively valenced emotion words. Thereafter vulnerability toward the development of body dissatisfaction was assessed in the three groups after being exposed to a body image challenge.Results:The induction of an attentional bias toward shape/weight‐related information resulted in higher body dissatisfaction compared with both control groups.Conclusion:The results support the notion that an attentional bias toward shape/weight‐related information plays a causal role in body dissatisfaction, suggesting that such biases may prove to be a useful target in interventions designed to improve body image. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Precision study on capillary electrophoresis methods for metacycline
Authors: Thi Thao Do , Pomponio Romeo , Gotti Roberto , Saevels Jan , Van Hove Ben , Van Ael Willy , Matthijs Nele , Vander Heyden Yvan , Djan'geing'a Roland Marini , Chiap Patrice , Hubert Philippe , Crommen Jacques , Fabre Huguette , Dehouck Pieter , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA CE method for metacycline (MTC) determination was investigated in an inter‐laboratory experiment. Many problems were encountered in this study, most of which were related to the transfer of the method to different CE equipment. The reported problems could be classified into different categories: problems related to the precision, to the parameters in the protocol, and to the MTC peak shape. As the peak shape problem was partially responsible for the poor precision, a new CE method was developed in order to obtain a good MTC peak shape on all equipment. The precision of this new method for MTC determination was examined in an intermediate precision study, where the influence of the factors “time” and “equipment” was investigated. Although the new method could be transferred to different instruments, the precision remained poor mainly due to the contributions of the between‐replicate and the between‐injection variances.
Optimization of capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation for basic drugs with native β‐CD as a chiral selector
Authors: Deñola Nerissa L. , Quiming Noel S. , Catabay Alicia P. , Saito Yoshihiro , Jinno Kiyokatsu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study presents the advantages of the 20 µm inner diameter (id) capillary for the enantioseparation of ten basic drugs with native β‐CD as the chiral selector. The apparent binding constants of each enantiomeric pair were determined to calculate the optimum β‐CD concentration ([β‐CD]opt) and the optimization was subsequently carried out. Comparison of the 20 µm id with 50 µm id were made in terms of the results obtained in the optimization and detection limits. Applying the optimum conditions for each compound, reproducible results (RSD from 0–3; n>5) were obtained for the 20 µm id capillary. Although the sensitivity is lower in the 20 µm id capillary, the LOD determined using this capillary is still found to be acceptable for the ten basic drugs studied. Enhanced resolution and faster analysis times were the main advantages observed with the use of this capillary in enantioseparation.
Induction of the transferrin receptor gene by benzo[a]pyrene in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells: Potential as a biomarker of PAH exposure
Authors: Kemp Michael Q. , Liu Wenjing , Thorne Patricia A. , Kane Michael D. , Selmin Ornella , Romagnolo Donato F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental DNA‐damaging agents regarded as risk factors for human disease, including lung and breast cancer. The biotransformation of PAHs to carcinogenic metabolites is mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which activates transcription at xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs = 5′‐GCGTG‐3′) found in the promoter regions of genes encoding for detoxifying enzymes, including CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. In this study, we wished to identify novel biomarkers that may be useful in monitoring critical carcinogenic events of the breast induced by PAHs. Using a GeneMAP™ CancerArray, we analyzed in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells the temporal effects of the AhR agonist benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), which is a prototype PAH and known environmental carcinogen. Genes upregulated at least threefold by B[a]P and containing potential XREs within their promoter regions included CYP1A1, CYP1B1, paired box gene 3 (PAX3), cortactin (CTTN/EMS1), β‐2‐microglobulin (B2M), and transferrin receptor (TfR). The stimulatory effects of B[a]P on expression of these genes were abrogated by cotreatment with the AhR antagonist flavonoid, α‐napthoflavone (ANF). The TfR gene was selected for further analysis as its promoter region contains two potential XREs and its expression has been shown to be increased in breast cancer cells. Accumulation of TfR mRNA in B[a]P‐treated cells was confirmed by quantitative real time PCR. Transient transfection studies indicated that the transcriptional activity of the TfR promoter was stimulated by B[a]P, whereas ANF counteracted this induction. These results indicate that the TfR gene may be a potential biomarker of PAH exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different p53 mutation patterns in colorectal tumors from smokers and nonsmokers
Authors: Huang Chi‐Chou , Cheng Ya‐Wen , Chen Meng‐Cheng , Lin Yu‐Shyang , Chou Ming‐Chih , Lee Huei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEpidemiological studies consistently find associations between colorectal cancer and cigarette smoking; however, there are little molecular data supporting the association. To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer, we compared p53 mutation patterns in colorectal tumors from smokers and nonsmokers. In this study, 153 tumor tissues from colorectal cancer patients, including 63 smokers and 90 nonsmokers, were examined for p53 mutation and p53 protein expression by direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. p53 mutations were detected in 77 of 153 (50.3%) colorectal tumors, and no difference was observed in the p53 mutation frequencies in tumors from smokers and nonsmokers (33 of 63, 50.8% for smokers vs. 44 of 90, 48.9% for nonsmokers, P = 0.743). IHC showed that p53‐immunoreactive tumors were positively correlated with p53‐mutated tumors (P < 0.0001). G:C→A:T transition and G:C→T:A transversion were the predominant types of mutations detected in the tumor p53 genes. G:C→A:T mutation was relatively more common in nonsmokers than in smokers (93.5% for nonsmokers vs. 77.3% for smokers), although this difference was not significant. The frequency of deletion mutation in smoker tumors, however, was significantly higher than that in nonsmoker tumors (7 of 33, 21.2% for smokers vs. 1 of 44, 2.3% for nonsmokers, P = 0.01). Although there were only a few cases of p53 deletion mutation in this study, the observation of a higher frequency of p53 deletion mutation in smoker tumors supports the association between cigarette smoking and the development of colorectal cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In defence of the concept of phobically driven avoidance of adult body weight/shape/function as the final common pathway to anorexia nervosa
Authors: Crisp Arthur 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe author defends his view that a phobically‐driven biologically‐based avoidance mechanism, rooted in the selective impact of calorie starvation on the pubertal/reproductive process, lies at the root of the disorder we call ‘anorexia nervosa’. Its intensity, coupled with the underlying maturational challenge driving the phobia, governs the natural history of the condition and its prognosis in the individual case.This psychopathology, often vigorously denied in the first instance, once recognized, invites a multidimensional approach to diagnosis and a corresponding specifically developed treatment package which is significantly often effective. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Inter‐cell coordination in wireless data networks
Authors: Bonald Thomas , Borst Sem , Proutière Alexandre 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOver the past few years, the design and performance of channel‐aware scheduling strategies have attracted huge interest. In the present paper, we examine a somewhat different notion of scheduling, namely coordination of transmissions among base stations, which has received little attention so far. The inter‐cell coordination comprises two key elements: (i) interference avoidance and (ii) load balancing. The interference avoidance involves coordinating the activity phases of interfering base stations so as to increase transmission rates. The load balancing aims at diverting traffic from heavily loaded cells to lightly loaded cells. Numerical experiments demonstrate that inter‐cell scheduling may provide significant capacity gains. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Signalling overhead for ASBA in an MC‐CDMA system
Authors: Zhang Ying , Costa Elena , Lott Matthias 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOFDM modulation combined with the hybrid multiple access scheme, CDMA/FDMA, has been shown to provide high flexibility and granularity for the synchronised downlink transmission. Moreover, an efficient resource allocation scheme, referred to as adaptive sub‐band allocation (ASBA), can be used to assign sub‐carriers to the users in such a way to maximise the overall system capacity based on the channel knowledge. In a time‐variant channel the channel knowledge should be updated, and an estimate of the channel is supposed to be obtained by measuring the pilots periodically inserted in uplink (UL), under the assumption of time division duplex (TDD) operation mode. In this paper, a semi‐analytical method is presented to find the proper updating period, with which the system throughput is maximised, under arbitrary mobility. It is shown that when a proper updating period is selected a considerable adaptation gain can be achieved even at a velocity of 200 km/h. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Spectrum load smoothing: distributed quality‐of‐service support for cognitive radios in open spectrum
Authors: Berlemann Lars , Mangold Stefan , Hiertz Guido R. , Walke Bernhard H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractToday's framework for radio spectrum regulation and spectrum usage is undergoing fundamental changes. In the face of scarce radio resources, regulators, industry and the research community are launching initiatives towards a flexible usage of spectrum. Intelligent radio systems so‐called cognitive radios that autonomously coordinate their spectrum usage are a promising approach towards an opening of spectrum. In this article, we therefore discuss medium access control protocols for cognitive radios operating in parts of the spectrum originally licensed to other radio services. They identify underutilised spectrum, coordinate its usage and release it again when required by licensed radio systems. We apply therefore ‘waterfilling’, a known principle in information theory, in the time‐domain for the distributed coordination of cognitive radios in spectrum sharing scenarios. This application is here referred to as spectrum load smoothing (SLS). Cognitive radios are realised in this article in modifying the medium access of IEEE 802.11e with the SLS. The ability of SLS to support quality‐of‐service in the presence of other, competing cognitive radios, and the prevention of harmful interference to licensed radio systems are evaluated. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Evaluation of MIMO systems with respect to front‐end imperfections
Authors: Degen Christoph , Koch Olivier , Keusgen Wilhelm , Rembold Bernhard 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn multiuser multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems the performance of joint detection and joint predistortion techniques highly depends on the quality of radio‐frequency (RF) components. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on front‐end imperfections. We demonstrate the influence of erroneous calibration (which is essential for downlink predistortion), phase noise and nonlinear amplifiers. For all issues we elaborate on the different disturbances that arise, analyse the impact on symbol estimation and evaluate system performance in terms of coded bit error ratio (BER). A general result for all examined front‐end imperfections is that their influence increases with the number of spatially multiplexed data streams culminating in unacceptable performance degradation in fully loaded systems. Moreover, Wiener‐based detection and predistortion reduces the degradation due to front‐end imperfections in low SNR regimes compared to zero forcing. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
On time‐varying cyclic delay diversity
Authors: Richter Gerd , Bossert Martin , Costa Elena , Weckerle Martin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCyclic delay diversity (CDD) was introduced in 2001 to obtain spatial diversity in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based transmission system. In contrast to space‐time codes, CDD introduces no additional effort at the receiver side, since CDD changes only the channel impulse response seen by the receiver by increasing the frequency selectivity. Furthermore, CDD has the advantage that there is no rate loss even for more than two transmit antennas. In this paper, we analyse CDD for an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based transmission system. To increase not only the frequency selectivity but also the time selectivity, we introduce time‐varying cyclic delay diversity (TV‐CDD), which changes the cyclic shift with each OFDM symbol. Especially in systems, where each user can only allocate a few subcarriers for data transmission, TV‐CDD improves the performance of the OFDMA‐based transmission system significantly. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
The turbo‐fountain
Authors: Jenkač Hrvoje , Hagenauer Joachim , Mayer Timo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractReliable wireless broadcast with asynchronous data access based on fountain coding is investigated. We review the traditional problem formalisation for fountain codes operating on erasure channels, and we generalise the problem formalisation to more general channels. We introduce a novel type of rateless codes based on the Turbo Principle: theTurbo‐Fountain. The Turbo‐Fountain is able to consider soft information from the channel in the decoding process. Two realisations for the Turbo‐Fountain are introduced. We show simulation results for the Turbo‐Fountain realisations on the AWGN and on fading channels. Additionally, we compare the achievable Turbo‐Fountain performance with traditional fountain codes designed for the erasure channel, both on the AWGN and on fading channels, considering an appropriate erasure declaration. It is shown that the Turbo‐Fountain provides significant performance gains, due to exploitation of soft information, and approaches capacity. Moreover, we investigate the Turbo‐Fountain within the framework ofjoint source‐fountain coding. We show that the Turbo‐Fountain provides the additional ability of lossless source compression and outperforms a system with separate source coding followed by fountain coding. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
MMSE turbo equalisation for real‐valued symbols
Authors: Dietl Guido , Utschick Wolfgang 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper deals withiterativeorturbo receiverswhere themaximum a posteriori detectorhas been replaced by awidely linear filterminimising themean square error, that is the widely linearWiener Filter(WF). In communication systems where the transmitted symbols can be assumed to be realisations of a non‐circular random variable, widely linear processing outperforms the linear one. Besides the non‐circularity due to thea prioriinformation fed back in the turbo scheme, we investigate real‐valued modulation alphabets which are non‐circular even if thea prioriinformation is zero. We derive the widely linear WF for this case and observe that the number offloating point operationsinvolved in its computation, is higher than the one of the linear WF. Nevertheless, they have the same order of computational complexity. Moreover, we reveal the relationship between the proposed widely linear equaliser andinterference cancellationbased on the availablea prioriinformation. Simulation results of a frequency‐selective turbo system show that despite of the increased computational complexity, the performance gain of widely linear processing compared to the linear one, is negligible. However, in systems without turbo feedback, the widely linear WF outperforms tremendously the linear one. Copyright © 2006 AEIT