bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lattice dynamic investigation of the Raman and infrared wavenumbers of orthorhombic R2BaNiO5 (R = Y, Gd) oxides in Immm structure
Authors: Gupta H. C. , Sharma V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA short‐range force constant model has been applied to investigate the Raman and the infrared wavenumbers in R2BaNiO5 (R = Y, Gd) in their orthorhombic phase of space group Immm. Calculations of zone‐center phonons are made with seven stretching and four bending force constants. The force constants are evaluated by fitting nine Raman and two infrared modes. Two Raman modes are reassigned on the basis of group theoretical calculations. The calculated Raman and infrared modes show good agreement with the observed values. The infrared values are assigned for the first time in these oxides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic changes associated with ripening of grape berries
Authors: Dal Peruffo A. Belin , Pallavicini C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe isoenzyme patterns of glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase in grape berries at various stages of ripening were determined by gel isoelectric focusing. The ripening of the grape berries was characterised by the appearance of new isoenzyme bands for malate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Evidence of increase in the total enzyme activities during the ripening was obtained. Only one form of leucine aminopeptidase was found, but this also increased in intensity as ripening progressed.
The development of a vocabulary and profile assessment method for evaluating the flavour contribution of cider and perry aroma constituents
Authors: Williams Anthony A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProfile assessment of a cider or perry and correlation of the information with analytical data offer many advantages when evaluating the sensory significance of the large number of components detectable in such beverages by gas chromatography and other analytical techniques. The application of this method together with the general need to be able to record and communicate information on the flavour of beverages makes the development of a meaningful language essential. All terms used in such a language must be universally understandable and accurately definable, preferably in terms of readily available standards. The progress in the development of such a vocabulary for assessing the aroma of ciders and the incorporation of the results into a profile assessment sheet are reported.
A study of transit conditions and packaging of carrots exported by sea from Cyprus
Authors: Vakis Nikos , Marriott John , Proctor Felicity J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe conditions of shipment were monitored during 1971 for a number of sea shipments of carrots exported from Cyprus. The carrots were packed in cotton nets with and without perforated polyethylene liners and cooled following stowage in in the hold. A temperature of 5 °C was achieved in the hold within 3–4 days following the commencement of cooling for both packing methods. During 1972 an assessment of outturn was made on a number of trial shipments during discharge in the United Kingdom and was combined with simulated “market life” holding trials for the two packing methods. Carrots packed in lined nets lost 2–4% less weight, were substantially fresher in appearance and contained no more infected roots than those in unlined nets during the “market life” holding trials.
The mineral composition of apples. Composition in relation to disorders of fruit imported from the southern hemisphere
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Sharples Richard O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCalcium concentrations in individual apples grown in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, and affected by lenticel blotch pit, were low (1.5–3.1 mg per 100 g fresh weight). Bulked samples of Cox's Orange Pippin fruit grown in 19 orchards in New Zealand and imported in 1971 and 1974 had, on average, lower concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen than is usual in this variety grown in England. Comparisons of concentrations of calcium and the incidence of bitter pit in these samples indicated a similar threshold of 5.5 mg per 100 g above which the disorder was unlikely to occur and which is similar to that found for bulked English Cox apples. Although bitter pit symptoms were visible externally in many apples, about twice the number were found to be affected by the disorder when cut.
Physical properties and applications of aqueous solutions of Albizia zygia gum
Authors: Ashton William R. , Jefferies Martin , Morley Robert G. , Pass Geoffrey , Phillips Glyn O. , Power David M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome physical properties of aqueous solutions of African Albizia zygia (D.C.) Macbride have been evaluated. Approximately 80% of the gum is soluble in the cold with the remainder dispersed as fine particles of gel. pH titration of the gum indicates one acid group, pKa = 3.8, for every three monosaccharide units. Solutions of the gum exhibit typical polyelectrolyte behaviour. The viscosity of the solutions increases with concentration but above 1.5% the solutions exhibit shear‐thinning. The viscosity of an ice cream mix containing the gum and the properties of the resultant ice cream are compared with standard mixes.
Nutritive value of some improved varieties of legumes
Authors: Khan Mohammed Akmal , Jacobsen Ingeborg , Eggum Bøsrn O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe nutritional quality of some improved varieties of chick peas (Cicer arietinum), mash beans (Phaseolus mungo), mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) and cow peas (Vigna sinensis), grown in Pakistan, was measured chemically (including amino acid analyses) and biologically in N‐balance experiments with growing rats. Lysine and total sulphur amino acids were lowered in varieties with a higher content of protein. The true protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilisation (NPU) of different varieties of chick peas, mung beans and cow peas varied between 85–89, 83–85 and 87–92%, 62–69, 54–56 and 55–59% and 55–60, 45–48 and 50–51%, respectively. The TD of protein was highest (89%) in chick peas, 6560 having a higher protein content (29.4%) while its BV was lowest (62%) as compared to the other varieties of chick peas. There was a significant correlation (r=0.97) between BV and the total sulphur containing amino acids and BV could be predicted from the regression equation; BV (%)= 33.03 + 10.56x methionine+cystine (g per 16 g N). This indicates that methionine+cystine are the first limiting amino acids in these varieties. Tannin content does not seem to affect the TD of mash and mung beans.
Hibiscus sabdariffa Seed Oil: A Re‐investigation
Authors: Ahmad Moghis U. , Husain Syed K. , Ahmad Ishtiaque , Osman Sheikh M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDue to controversial reports on the component acids of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed fat and in anticipation of the co‐occurrence of cyclopropene and epoxy acids in the seed oils of Malvaceae (especially in the genus Hibiscus)5,6 it was considered worthwhile to re‐examine the seed oil of H. sabdariffa. Seed oil of H. sabdariffa (Malvaceae) contains myristic (2.1%), palmitic (35.2%), palmitoleic (2.0%), stearic (3.4%), oleic (34.0%), linoleic (14.6%) and three unusual HBr‐reacting fatty acids. These acids are cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic (12,13‐epoxyoleic), 4.5 %; sterculic, 2.9%; and malvalic, 1.3%. Acetolysis of epoxide in the presence of cyclopropenes was effected by room temperature treatment with acetic acid‐10% sulphuric acid. Seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Sterculia foetida were used as reference standards.
Nutrient content and distribution in milling fractions of rice grain
Authors: Resurrection Adoration P. , Juliano Bienvenido O. , Tanaka Yonemi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNutrient content and distribution in a low‐protein (7.5%) rice and a high‐protein (10.8 %) rice were studied by analysing successive abrasive milling fractions of brown rice. Non‐starch constituents decreased from the surface to the centre of the grain in both rices, except that the highest protein fraction in high‐protein rice was the sub‐aleurone layer. Starch and amylose contents of starch increased progressively from the surface to the centre of the grain and were lower in high‐protein grain. Although this low‐protein rice had lower total ash content than the high‐protein rice, other samples of the same low‐protein rice had comparable ash content to the high‐protein rice. Glutelin accounted for 87–93% of milled rice protein. Protein and protein bodies of the sub‐aleurone layer and inner endosperm have similar amino‐grams, and electrophoretic patterns using analytical and SDS‐polyacrylamide disc gels.
A laboratory rainfall simulator study for determining the nutrient erodibility of an oxisol
Authors: Van Berghe C. H. Den , De Boodt Marcelle F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSoil from an oxisol from Toradja (Indonesia) was treated with NPK fertiliser at rates of 20, 100 and 200 kg ha−1. Each sample was subjected to 60 mm of simulated rainfall and analyses made of the run‐off suspension and water, and of drainage, for N03‐N, P and K. For two storms, separated by a drying period of 10 days, the total losses were 16.8% of the added N, 12.1% of P and 19.6% of K.
Identification of oleanolic acid from saponins present in lucerne (alfalfa) root
Authors: West Leslie G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOleanolic acid (3β‐hydroxy‐Δ12‐oleanene‐28‐oic acid) was identified as a component of those lucerne (alfalfa) root saponins which complex with β‐sitosterol. The identity was confirmed by thin‐layer, gas‐liquid and high performance liquid chromatography of the free acid and methyl ester and/or acetyl methyl ester derivatives as compared to authentic reference compounds. Two isomers of oleanolic acid, namely ursolic and betulinic acids were not detected. This is the first report of the detection of this compound in lucerne.
A short note on the relationship between oven and toluene dry matter in maize silage
Authors: Haigh Philip M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDry matter (DM) contents of 34 maize silage samples were determined by toluene distillation and oven drying at 100°C. The toluene distillation method gave values 3.5–18.9% higher than the oven drying method. A highly significant correlation was shown between toluene dry matter and oven dry matter and an equation toluene DM = 0.95 oven DM + 3.3 (r = 0.95) presented which allows toluene dry matter to be readily estimated on a routine basis for maize silage.
Variation in in vitro digestibility of barley protein
Authors: Büchmann Nils B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn vitro digestibility of protein was measured with pepsin/pancreatin in 321 spring barley lines grown in the field. The variation in digestibility was far less than the variation in the protein content. A small environmental influence on the digestibility was found. Two entries had slightly impaired digestibilities; these findings were partially verified in a repeated field trial, but were not confirmed in vivo. In vitro digestibilities of barleys grown in pots at various N‐levels were positively correlated with protein or hordein content. In vitro digestibility was negatively correlated with the fibre content in decortification fractions of Bomi and the high‐lysine mutant Risø 1508. The digestibility was positively correlated with the hordein concentration for the Bomi fractions, but not for the 1508 fractions.
Analysis of dietary fibre
Authors: Schweizer Thomas F. , Würsch Pierre 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn analytical procedure for the determination of dietary fibre in food is described. The method consists of an enzymic in vitro digestion with pepsin, pancreatin arid glucoamylase. Insoluble fibres are recovered by centrifuging and soluble fibres by precipitation with ethanol. The method has been applied to 19 cereal fibres, vegetables and fruits and compared to the neutral and acid detergent methods. The soluble fibres accounted for 4–60% of the total dietary fibre. The component sugars and uronic acids of several fibre fractions have been quantitatively determined. The mild biochemical treatment of the samples makes it possible to study further physical properties of dietary fibres important for their physiological action.
The effect of irrigation and nitrogen supply on the yield and quality of protein in high‐lysine barleys
Authors: Jenkins Graham , Rhodes Anthony P. , GilL Anthony A. , Hanson Peter R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe high‐lysine barley mutant 1508, a selection derived from it and its parent variety Bomi, were grown in a trial with two other varieties of normal‐lysine content, Maris Mink and a dwarf selection, HG 31 DD. Irrigation was applied as a main treatment and nitrogen as nitrochalk was applied either as a top dressing alone or with the subsequent addition of urea as a foliar spray at anthesis. Both high‐lysine barleys and Bomi showed a greater yield response to irrigation than the other varieties but did not differ in their response to nitrogen. On average, the high‐lysine barleys yielded as well as the normal varieties Bomi and Maris Mink but had a higher content of protein in the grain and of lysine in the protein, resulting in substantially higher yields of protein and lysine per hectare.
The effect of extractable lipid on the viscosity characteristics of corn and wheat starches
Authors: Melvin Madeleine A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe defatting of both corn and wheat starch with 85% methanol yields starches which start to gelatinise at lower temperatures and have increased overall viscosities compared with untreated starches. The lipids extracted from wheat and corn starch with 85 % methanol were similar in total amount but showed very large differences in the proportions of neutral and phospholipids. The extracted corn lipids contained eight times as much neutral lipids (mainly free fatty acids) as phospholipids whereas the proportions of neutral and phospholipids in wheat starch were approximately equal. Addition of extracted lipids to defatted starches significantly modified the swelling and viscosity characteristics. Addition of wheat and corn lipids to potato starch (which contains almost no lipids) indicated that the higher percentage of phospholipids in wheat starch probably contributed towards the lower viscosity characteristics of wheat starch compared with corn starch.
Some effects of copper deficiency on the flowering copper status and phenolase activity of different cultivars of chrysanthemum morifolium
Authors: Graves Christopher J. , Adams Peter , Winsor Geoffrey W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of copper deficiency on the growth and flowering of 21 chrysanthemum cultivars were studied in a peat‐sand substrate (3:1 v/v); nine cultivars were grown as ‘sprays’, ten as ‘standards’ and six as pot plants. Copper deficiency either prevented or severely delayed floral development in many of the ‘spray’ and ‘standard’ cultivars, and resulted in continued vegetative growth. In cultivars which were less seriously affected, flowering was delayed and the number of blooms per plant was reduced. Cultivars grown in pots were sprayed with the growth retardant B‐Nine (daminozide); these plants showed the least response to omission of copper from the substrate, and flowering was delayed by only a few days. In the absence of added copper the substrate and the leaves of the plants contained 0.3‐0.5 μg Cu ml−1 and 1‐4 μg Cu g−1, respectively. When copper was supplied the corresponding values were 49‐55 fig μg Cu ml−1 and 7‐19 /μg Cu g−1. Copper deficiency reduced phenolase activity (Δ OD min−1 g−1 of fresh tissue) in the leaves of ‘spray’ and ‘standard’ cultivars from 25‐113 units to 4 units or less, and in the pot‐grown plants from 56‐169 units to 4‐47 units. No phenolase activity was detected in four of the ‘spray’ and three of the ‘standard’ cultivars when grown without added copper.
Nutritional evaluation of kidney beans (pxshaseolus vulgaris): Chemical composition, lectin content and nutritional value of selected cultivars
Authors: Pusztai Arpad , Clarke Eileen M. W. , King Timothy P. , Stewart James C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition, lectin content and nutritional value of selected cultivars of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were determined. Mainly due to different amounts of reserve globulins deposited, seed N content varied between 3.4 and 5.0%. The amino acid composition and the corresponding chemical score values of 40‐60 however, were similar for all the beans, with the sulphur‐containing amino acids limiting. Despite similarities in composition, 11 out of the 13 cultivars examined were highly toxic for rats in the raw state. These were all found to contain high concentrations of haemagglutinating lectins (over 10% of the total protein). On the other hand, two low‐lectin bean varieties, Pinto III and Great Northern, had no appreciable disruptive effects on the intestines and were essentially non‐toxic for rats.
Cellulose xanthate as a soil conditioner: Laboratory experiments
Authors: Page E. Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCellulose xanthate was found to be effective in reducing the strength of a crust formed under standard laboratory conditions on all soils tested, including some known to be unresponsive to conditioning by poly(vinyl alcohol). Suitable application rates were 12.5 or 25 kg (of cellulose) ha−1, as a 1% solution. It was more effective, weight for weight, than PVA or Natrosol 250 HHR. Whereas germination of seeds was either partially or completely inhibited by direct contact with 1% cellulose xanthate solution, even when its pH was adjusted with orthophosphoric acid from the initial 13.2 to 6.5, application of cellulose xanthate as a spray to the surface of the soil in pot experiments did not depress emergence of seedlings of lettuce, cabbage, onions or chicory.
Effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower seeds
Authors: Sukhija Pritam S. , Borthakur Alip , Bhatia Iqbal S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds has been studied. Restricted irrigation adversely affected the biosynthesis of polar lipids during initial stages and triglycerides at the later stages of seed development. The fatty acid composition remained unaffected by irrigation. A de novo synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids has also been observed.
Damage to cereals caused by decaying weed residues
Authors: Lynch James M. , Penn David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoor establishment and growth of a succeeding crop has on some isolated occasions been observed after glyphosate has been used to kill dense infestations of couch (quack) grass. It appears that damage is caused by toxins and pathogens from the decaying weed residues rather than by the herbicide or its metabolites.
The effects of urea and artificial saliva on rumen bacterial protein synthesis in sheep receiving a high‐cereal diet
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Thomas Phillip C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour sheep fitted with cannulas in the rumen and duodenum and given a basal diet of 18% chopped hay, 41% rolled barley and 41% flaked maize, known to be associated with low rates of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment to study the effects of continuous intraruminal infusions of water (2 litres day−1; control), urea solution (7.5 g urea litre−1, 2 litres day−1; urea), artificial saliva (4 litres day−1; saliva) and artificial saliva with added urea (3.75 g urea litre−1, 4 litres day−1; saliva+urea) on rumen ammonia‐nitrogen concentration, pH, liquid clearance rates and bacterial protein synthesis. Rumen ammonia‐nitrogen concentrations for control, urea, saliva and saliva + urea treatments were 81, 158, 38 and 151 mg litre−1, respectively. Corresponding mean values for rumen pH were 6.18, 6.09, 6.37 and 6.41 units and for rumen liquid clearance rates 0.082, 0.057, 0.062 and 0.051 h−1. The mean rate of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen, estimated from the duodenal entry of α‐ϵ‐diaminopimelic acid, for the control treatment was 163 g crude protein (CP) kg−1 organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. Corresponding rates for the saliva and saliva + urea treatments were 169 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested and 215 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested, indicating responses in protein synthesis to the urea+saliva treatment but not to the saliva alone treatment. Infusion of urea solution increased the mean rate of protein synthesis to 204 g CP kg−1 OM apparently digested in the stomach but the responses were variable between animals and in three of the animals were small. It is concluded that with the type of diet used an enhanced entry of saliva into the rumen is necessary to ensure that supplementary urea produces a consistent improvement in ruminal protein synthesis.
The extent of hydrogenation of two formaldehyde‐treated spray‐dried mixtures of soya bean oil and casein fed to sheep
Authors: Clapperton John L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments have been carried out to determine the degree of protection of soya bean oil mixed with sodium caseinate, spray‐dried and treated with formaldehyde. In experiment 1, the mixture contained two parts of oil to one part of sodium caseinate. In experiment 2, the mixture contained six parts of oil to one part of sodium caseinate. The animals also received either no added oil, or the same amount of free oil and, in experiment 2, the powder without any formaldehyde treatment. The basal diet used consisted of equal amounts of dried grass cubes and flaked maize. There were no statistically significant effects on the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen or total fatty acid. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 and 18:3) voided in the faeces was not affected by the form of oil. The amount of 18:0 and 18:1 in the faeces was increased by all the different forms of oil. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in both the solid and the liquid parts of the rumen digesta was markedly increased when the protected powder was added to the diet. This effect was most marked in the liquid. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids flowing to the duodenum was markedly increased when the protected powder was given. Of the 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids added to the food in the soya bean oil, less than 6% passed to the duodenum when either loose oil or unprotected powder was added whereas, when the protected powder was added in experiment 1, 66% of the added polyunsaturated fatty acid passed to the duodenum and the corresponding figure in experiment 2 was 40%. It is concluded that the method of protection used was reasonably effective but that the amount of casein in the second preparation was not sufficient to afford optimum protection.
The effects of casein on the metabolism of fatty acids, methyl ketones and secondary alcohols by Penicillium roqueforti in buffered solutions
Authors: King Richard D. , Clegg Geoffrey H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of fatty acids and methyl ketones by Penicillium roqueforti was studied in phosphate buffered solutions and buffered solutions with added soluble casein. It was found that casein enhanced the metabolism of fatty acids and the quantity of methyl ketones produced. Methyl ketones were also found to be metabolised by P. roqueforti in phosphate buffered solutions. The addition of fatty acids inhibited the metabolism of the ketones. The inhibitory effects of the fatty acids were nullified in the presence of casein hydrolysate.