bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stroke Knowledge Among Urban and Frontier First Responders and Emergency Medical Technicians in Montana
Authors: McNamara Michael J. , Oser Carrie , Gohdes Dorothy , Fogle Crystelle C. , Dietrich Dennis W. , Burnett Anne , Okon Nicholas , Russell Joseph A. , DeTienne James , Harwell Todd S. , Helgerson Steven D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: To assess stroke knowledge and practice among frontier and urban emergency medical services (EMS) providers and to evaluate the need for additional prehospital stroke training opportunities in Montana. Methods: In 2006, a telephone survey of a representative sample of EMS providers was conducted in Montana. Respondents were stratified into 2 groups: those working in urban and frontier counties. Findings: Compared to EMS providers from urban counties, those from frontier counties were significantly more likely to be older (mean age 44.7 vs 40.1 years), have fewer personnel working in their service (mean 17.7 vs 28.6), to be located farther away from a computed tomography scan (CT scan) (mean 41.3 vs 17.6 miles), and to be volunteers (84% vs 49%). They were also less likely to have a stroke protocol (58% vs 66%) and use a stroke screening tool (36% vs 47%) than their urban counterparts. There were no significant differences between frontier and urban EMS respondents' ability to correctly identify 4 or more stroke warning signs (58% vs 61%), 4 or more stroke risk factors (46% vs 43%), or the 3‐hour recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) treatment window (56% vs 57%). Approximately two thirds of respondents from urban and frontier counties believed they had adequate stroke knowledge, but 90% indicated they were interested in additional stroke‐related training. Conclusions: Although stroke knowledge did not differ between urban and frontier groups, stroke screens and stroke protocols were less likely to be used in the frontier areas. Training opportunities and the implementation of stroke protocols and screening tools are needed for EMS providers, particularly in frontier counties.
Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellite loci for Percichthys trucha (Percichthyidae)
Authors: PATERSON IAN G. , WALDE SANDRA J. , CUSSAC VICTOR E. , HABIT EVELYN , RUZZANTE DANIEL E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci are described for the South American freshwater fish Percichthys trucha. Number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 21 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.304 to 0.915 in a sample of 47 individuals from four different sampling locations.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Cycas debaoensis Y. C. Zhong et C. J. Chen (Cycadaceae)
Authors: YANG YANG , LI YONG , LI LIN‐FENG , GE XUE‐JUN , GONG XUN 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Cycas debaoensis is one of the critically endangered cycad species endemic to China. In this study, we described the development of six microsatellite markers from the genome of C. debaoensis using the protocol of fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) and two microsatellite markers derived from the database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST). Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 60 adult individuals of the cycad. The average allele number of the microsatellites was 2.6 per locus, ranging from two to five. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.0833 to 0.7333 and from 0.0805 to 0.7188, respectively. Despite its rarity, only one locus (Y177) deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium due to the excessive homozygosity. The marker transferability of the eight primer pairs was tested on other four congeneric species that also occur in China.
Twelve polymorphic microsatellites in Oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense
Authors: FENG J. B. , LI J. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, is a commercially important freshwater prawn species in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Due to overfishing for food, the wild stocks M. nipponense are endangered. Twenty microsatellite loci were isolated from the M. nipponense. Twelve of these loci were polymorphic (seven to 16 alleles per locus), with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.68 to 0.86 (n = 48). These polymorphic loci provide a valuable tool for assessing genetic diversity of wild and cultured populations.
Psychosocial work characteristics and anxiety and depressive disorders in midlife: the effects of prior psychological distress
Authors: Stansfeld S A , Clark C , Caldwell T , Rodgers B , Power C 
Published: April 2008

Objectives:The association between work stressors and adult psychiatric diagnoses may be biased by prior psychological distress influencing perception of work or selection into unfavourable work. This study examines the extent to which the association between work stressors and adult psychiatric diagnoses is explained by associations with earlier psychological distress and whether childhood and early adulthood psychological distress influences reported midlife work characteristics.Methods:Follow-up at 45 years of age of 8243 participants in paid employment from the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Karasek’s work characteristics and psychiatric diagnoses (Revised Clinical Interview Schedule) were measured at 45 years. Childhood internalising and externalising problems were measured at 7, 11 and 16 and malaise at 23 and 33 years.Results:Internalising behaviours in childhood and early adult psychological distress predicted adverse work characteristics in mid-adulthood. High job demands (women: relative risk (RR) = 1.75, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5; men: RR = 4.99, 95% CI 2.5 to 10.1), low decision latitude (RR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9), high job strain (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.4), low work social support (RR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.6) and high job insecurity (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.4) were associated with mid-adulthood diagnoses. The association between work stressors and mid-adulthood diagnoses remained after adjustment for internalising behaviours and malaise at 23 and 33 years although diminished slightly in magnitude (eg, adjusted RR for support = 1.82, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.4; job strain OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.3).Conclusions:Childhood and early adulthood psychological distress predict work characteristics in mid-adulthood but do not explain the associations of work characteristics with depressive episode and generalised anxiety disorder in midlife. Work stressors are an important source of preventable psychiatric diagnoses in midlife. Psychological distress may influence selection into less advantaged occupations with poorer working conditions that may increase the risk of future depressive and anxiety disorders.
Effects of heat stress on gas exchange and photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activity of Phillyrea angustifolia exposed to elevated CO2 and subsaturating irradiance
Authors: Vitale Luca , Arena Carmen , De Santo Amalia Virzo , D’Ambrosio Nicola 
Published: April 2008

Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed simultaneously on leaves of Phillyrea angustifolia L. to assess the effects of heat stress (30 min at 40 °C) on photosynthesis and photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency of plants grown at ambient CO2 and exposed to an elevated CO2 concentration (800 µmol·mol–1) and 300 µmol photons·m–2·s–1. No significant difference was found in the heat-induced decreases of net photosynthesis (PN), quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII), and maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) between plants exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations, showing that elevated CO2 was not able to reduce the potential for photoinhibition at high temperatures under moderate light conditions. The heat-induced decrease of PN was higher than that of ΦPSII indicating that reductive power was more utilized in non-assimilatory processes than in CO2 fixation at both CO2 treatments. This result suggested that impairment of the Calvin cycle rather than electron transport inhibition was the main cause of the limitation in CO2 fixation.
Antiviral NK cell responses in HIV infection: I. NK cell receptor genes as determinants of HIV resistance and progression to AIDS
Authors: Iannello Alexandre , Debbeche Olfa , Samarani Suzanne , Ahmad Ali 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNK cells play an important role in controlling viral infections. They can kill virus-infected cells directly as well as indirectly via antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. They need no prior sensitization and expansion for this killing. NK cells are also considered as important regulators of antiviral immune responses. They do so by secreting a multitude of soluble mediators and by directly interacting with other immune cells, e.g., dendritic cells. NK cells do not possess a single well-defined receptor to recognize antigens on target cells. Instead, they express an array of inhibitory and activating receptors and coreceptors, which bind to their cognate ligands expressed on the surface of target cells. These ligands include classical and nonclassical MHC class I antigens, MHC-like proteins, and a variety of other self- and virus-derived molecules. They may be expressed constitutively and/or de novo on the surface of virus-infected cells. NK cell receptors (NKRs) of the killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family, like their MHC class I ligands, are highly polymorphic. Several recent studies suggest that epistatic interactions between certain KIR and MHC class I genes may determine innate resistance of the host to viral infections, including HIV. In the first part of this review article, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of NK cell immunobiology and describe how NKR genes, alone and in combination with HLA genes, may determine genetic resistance/susceptibilty to HIV infection and the development of AIDS in humans.
A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata
Authors: Liebler Carolyn A. , Halpern-Manners Andrew 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRevised federal policies require that multiple-race responses be allowed in all federal data collection efforts, but many researchers find the multitude of race categories and variables very dif cult to use. Important comparability issues also interfere with using multiple-race data in analyses of multiple data sets and/or several points in time. These difficulties have, in effect, discouraged the use of the new data on race. We present a practical method for incorporating multiple-race respondents into analyses that use public-use microdata. Our method is a modification of the regression method developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), which uses multiple-race respondents’ specific combination of races, as well as other individual-level and contextual characteristics, to predict the respondents’ preferred single race. In this paper we (1) apply the NCHS-generated regression coefficients to public-use microdata with limited geographic information; and (2) provide a downloadable computer program with which researchers can apply this practical and preferable method for including multiple-race respondents in a wide variety of analyses.
The international child poverty gap: Does Demography matter?
Authors: Heuveline Patrick , Weinshenker Matthew 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
According to the Luxembourg Income Study data, the U.S. child poverty rate is the second highest among 15 high-income nations. The present work reveals that 55% of all American children living in a household headed by a single female with no other adult present live in poverty—the highest rate for any of the five living arrangements in the 15 countries examined in this study. While previous analyses have focused on market forces and governmental redistribution across households, we question the contribution of demographic factors that place children in family structures with different poverty risks relative to other factors such as differential market opportunities and governmental benefits for adults caring for children in various living arrangements. Applying a classic demographic decomposition technique to the overall poverty gap, we find that the distributional effect of demographic behavior contributes little to the U.S. poverty gap with other nations (and none with respect to the United Kingdom). Overall differences in labor markets and welfare schemes best explain the U.S. child poverty gap, although for some countries, the gap is accentuated by the gradient of governmental transfers, and for most countries, by the gradient of market earnings across living arrangements.
Arbiters of Change: Provincial Elites and the Origins of Federalism in Argentina's Littoral, 1814–1820
Authors: Rao Sujay 
Published: April 2008

Early in 1817, in the tiny port of Rosario, a deeply troubled Comandante Tomás Bernal sat down at his desk to pen a confidential private letter to Supreme Director Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, head of the national government based in Buenos Aires. Nearly seven years after the May Revolution against Spain, the territory that would later become Argentina found itself buffeted by civil war. Bernal's region, the jurisdiction of the city of Santa Fe, just up the Paraná River from Buenos Aires, found itself enmeshed in the bitter conflict between the government in Buenos Aires, the former viceregal capital, and its principal rival, José Gervasio Artigas, leader of a federalist alliance based in the nearby Banda Oriental, modern Uruguay. Desperate to contain disputes between the national government and the recently created government of Santa Fe, Bernal counseled restraint. However, he knew that Buenos Aires and Santa Fe were on the brink of war. “For my part,” he wrote Pueyrredón:you can count it as certain that in such a war I will not take part but I will not be able to keep myself from lamenting the loss of a precious part of this land, which has sworn to sacrifice its life only against a foreign enemy that would oppose the enjoyment of its rights.
“The best of you will not strike:” Al-Shafi‘i on Qur’an, Sunnah, and Wife-Beating
Authors: Ali Kecia 
Published: April 2008

Focusing on the theoretical and substantive works of the
ninth-century jurist al-Shafi'i, namely the Risala and the Kitab al-Umm,
this paper uses the Umm's treatment of husbands striking their
recalcitrant wives as a case study to show that the Umm follows the
Risala's methodological principles, but only up to a point. Al-Shafi'i
aims to reconcile the Qur'anic evidence permitting physical chastisement
with Muhammad's exemplary practice or sunnah discouraging men from
striking their wives. Yet in allowing an additional, non-scriptural
consequence for a wife's nushuz or recalcitrance, al-Shafi'i departs
from his stated intention to rely exclusively on revealed texts.
Meiobenthic polychaetes in the northwestern Black Sea
Authors: Vorobyova Ludmila , Bondarenko Olena , Izaak Oksana 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Polychaetes of the northwestern Black Sea (NWBS) were sampled in January 2005 at 4 sites comprising 32 stations. The 4 sites have different anthropogenic loads, different depths (<10 m, 11-20 m, 21-30 m, >30 m) and different substrates (shelly, silty). The species composition of polychaetes in Black Sea meiobenthic communities has not previously been studied. Twenty polychaete species belonging to 11 families, the Phyllodocidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sigalionidae, Nereidae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Protodrilidae, Spionidae, Capitellidae and Ampharetidae, were recorded. The polychaete density varied with depth and type of substrate from 500 ind. m-2 to 66,000 ind. m-2.
Temperature‐Induced Hydrogels Through Self‐Assembly of Cholesterol‐Substituted Star PEG‐b‐PLLA Copolymers: An Injectable Scaffold for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Nagahama Koji , Ouchi Tatsuro , Ohya Yuichi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPartially cholesterol‐substituted 8‐arm poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) (8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol) has been prepared as a novel star‐shaped, biodegradable copolymer derivative. The amphiphilic 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol aqueous solution (polymer concentration, above 3 wt%) exhibits instantaneous temperature‐induced gelation at 34 °C, but the virgin 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA does not, irrespective of concentration. Moreover, an extracellular matrix (ECM)‐like micrometer‐scale network structure has been created with favorable porosity for three‐dimensional proliferation of cells inside the hydrogel. This network structure is mainly attributed to specific self‐assembly between cholesterol groups. The 10 and 20 wt% hydrogels are eroded gradually in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C over the course of a month, and after that the gel becomes completely dissociated. Moreover, L929 cells encapsulated into the hydrogel are viable and proliferate three‐dimensionally inside the hydrogels. Thus, in‐vitro cell culture studies demonstrate that 8‐arm PEG‐b‐PLLA‐cholesterol is a promising candidate as a novel injectable cellular scaffold.
Two patients with atypical interstitial deletions of 8p23.1: Mapping of phenotypical traits
Authors: Páez Marco T. , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Hayashi Ken‐ichi , Yasuda Toshiyuki , Harada Naoki , Matsumoto Naomichi , Kurosawa Kenji , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Asakawa Shuichi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Matsuoka Rumiko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChromosomal 8p23 deletion syndrome is recognized as a malformation syndrome with clinical symptoms of facial anomalies, microcephaly, mental retardation, and congenital heart defects. The responsible gene for the heart defects in this syndrome has been identified as GATA4 on 8p23.1. Two patients with interstitial deletions of 8p23.1 were investigated; one patient showed moderate developmental delay and Ebstein anomaly, and the other showed mild delay and typical atrioventricular septum defect. The precise deletion sizes, 17 and 2.9 Mb, were determined by FISH analyses using BAC clones as probes. The latter deletion was the smallest deletion including GATA4 in the previously reported patients, and the critical regions and genes for clinical manifestation of 8p23 deletion syndrome, including facial anomalies, microcephaly, behavioral abnormality, and developmental delay, were discussed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury
Authors: Segovia Kristen N. , McClure Melissa , Moravec Matthew , Luo Ning Ling , Wan Ying , Gong Xi , Riddle Art , Craig Andrew , Struve Jaime , Sherman Larry S. , Back Stephen A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveAbnormal myelination is a major pathological sequela of chronic periventricular white matter injury in survivors of premature birth. We tested the hypothesis that myelination failure in chronic hypoxia‐ischemia‐induced periventricular white matter injury is related to persistent depletion of the oligodendrocyte (OL) precursor pool required to generate mature myelinating OLs.MethodsA neonatal rat model of hypoxia‐ischemia was used where acute degeneration of late OL progenitors (preOLs) occurs via a mostly caspase‐independent mechanism. The fate of OL lineage cells in chronic cerebral lesions was defined with OL lineage‐specific markers.ResultsAcute caspase‐3‐independent preOL degeneration from hypoxia‐ischemia was significantly augmented by delayed preOL death that was caspase‐3‐dependent. Degeneration of preOLs was offset by a robust regenerative response that resulted in a several‐fold expansion in the pool of surviving preOLs in chronic lesions. However, these preOLs displayed persistent maturation arrest with failure to differentiate and generate myelin. When preOL‐rich chronic lesions sustained recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia at a time in development when white matter is normally resistant to injury, an approximately 10‐fold increase in caspase‐dependent preOL degeneration occurred relative to lesions caused by a single episode of hypoxia‐ischemia.InterpretationThe mechanism of myelination failure in chronic white matter lesions is related to a combination of delayed preOL degeneration and preOL maturation arrest. The persistence of a susceptible population of preOLs renders chronic white matter lesions markedly more vulnerable to recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia. These data suggest that preOL maturation arrest may predispose to more severe white matter injury in preterm survivors that sustain recurrent hypoxia‐ischemia. Ann Neurol 2008
On teaching finite element method in plasticity with Mathematica
Authors: Jiang Yansheng , Wang Chong 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo help students to understand how finite element methods (FEM) deal with the plasticity, we have developed a FEM program by using Mathematica, a symbolic algebra system. The program is compact and of very good readability. Its use in our teaching the theory of plasticity has led to positive results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 233–242, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20135
CAL2: Computer aided learning in computer architecture laboratory
Authors: Djordjevic Jovan , Nikolic Bosko , Borozan Tanja , Milenković Aleksandar 
Published: April 2008

AbstractComputer architecture courses are crucial core courses in computer engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science programs. Dramatic changes in technology, markets, and computer applications create a quite unique and challenging arena for computer architecture instructors and students. The goal is to provide learning environments that will offer hands‐on experience and nurture rapid learning, yet be intuitive and interesting to students. In this paper we discuss the challenges in teaching such courses and present a very flexible educational environment for teaching and learning of computer architecture and organization (CAL2). The CAL2 encompasses a number of software tools that are used both in laboratory settings and at home during self‐study. The CAL2 allows students to write and execute their own assembly language programs, ‘experience’ program execution through graphic simulation and animation, inspect implementation details down to the register transfer level, display timing diagrams, and test their knowledge. In addition, the CAL2 offers a number of features that help instructors define, configure, manage, and administer the laboratory exercises. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 172–188, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20141
Sorptive Potential of Beach Sand to Remove Ni(II) Ions: An Equilibrium Isotherm Study
Authors: Haider Taqvi Syed Igleem , Hasany Syed Moosa , Bhanger Mohammad Igbal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe potential to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions using sea beach sand, a carbonate‐quartz mineral, was thoroughly investigated. The effects of relevant parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, metal ions concentration, and temperature on Ni(II) sorption onto beach sand were examined. The sorption data followed the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin‐Radushkevich (D‐R) isotherms. The adsorption was endothermic in nature at ambient temperature and the computation of the parameters, ΔH, ΔS and ΔG indicated the interactions between sorbate and sorbent to be thermodynamically favorable. Equilibrium was achieved very quickly within 30 min of shaking. A pseudo‐first order Lagergren equation was used to test the adsorption kinetics. Other kinetic models, e. g., the Morris‐Weber and Reichenberg equations, were used to calculate the rate constant of intraparticle diffusion and the fate of the diffusion process, respectively. The influence of some of the common cations and anions were also a subject of this study.