bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetleMonochamus galloprovincialis(Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae)
Authors: Ibeas F. , Gallego D. , Díez J. J. , Pajares J. A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract: Monochamus galloprovincialisOlivier (Col., Cerambycidae) is a vector of the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causing the destructive pine wilt disease. An effective lure for monitoring and/or mass‐trapping would be of great interest in the management of this pine sawyer. Males and females of this species show an attractive kairomonal response to blends composed of four pheromone compounds used byIpsspp. bark beetles and two host volatiles from pines. This six‐component lure is highly attractive but may to be too complex and costly for practical use as each component is released from a separate lure. The role of each component, ipsdienol, ipsenol,cis‐verbenol, methyl butenol,α‐pinene and ethanol as attractants forM. galloprovincialiswas field tested in Spain to obtain a simpler but equally effective bait. Ipsenol was confirmed as the strongest kairomonal signal toM. galloprovincialissynergizing response toα‐pinene by 95 times. The addition of methyl butenol to this blend doubled the number of males and females trapped. On the other hand, neither ipsdienol,cis‐verbenol nor ethanol improved the results when incorporated into the above three‐component blend. A lure consisting of ipsenol, methyl butenol andα‐pinene may be very cost‐efficient in operational monitoring or mass trapping ofM. galloprovincialis. Three potentially repellent candidates, (−)verbenone, methyl cyclohexenone andtrans‐conophthorin, were also tested against the attractive three‐component bait.trans‐Conophthorin significantly reduced male catches ofM. galloprovincialis; methyl cyclohexenone had no effect. Verbenone significantly enhanced the response of females to the attractive combination ofα‐pinene, ipsenol and methyl butenol.
Obesity management in liver clinics: Translation of research into clinical practice
Authors: Osland Emma J , Powell Elizabeth E , Banks Merrilyn , Jonsson Julie R , Hickman Ingrid J 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Despite the benefits of modest weight reduction for overweight patients with chronic liver disease, long‐term maintenance of weight loss is difficult to achieve in clinical practice. The aims of this study were to determine if a nutrition research protocol could be translated into clinical practice and meet the demand for dietetic service, to evaluate the effectiveness and resource implications of intensive lifestyle intervention for weight loss, and to assess the effectiveness of standard dietetic therapy as a treatment option for patients unable to attend the program.Method:  Using a modified research protocol, an intensive weight reduction program was introduced into standard clinical care for overweight patients attending a tertiary hospital liver outpatient clinic. An audit of weight loss and cost outcomes was conducted.Results:  Ninety‐three patients were referred to the dietetic service for weight management. Of these, 50 enrolled in an intensive lifestyle intervention, 18 received standard dietetic therapy and 25 refused any intervention. After 6 months, 83% of patients in the intensive intervention achieved weight loss with a significant decrease in weight (P < 0.001) and waist circumference (P < 0.001). In contrast, only 24% of patients receiving standard dietetic therapy achieved weight loss with no significant change in mean weight or waist circumference. Cost per kilogram weight loss after intensive intervention was $AU31 and continuation of lifestyle intervention was calculated to be less than $AU100 per patient per year.Conclusions:  A clinically based, intensive lifestyle intervention is a feasible treatment option for outpatient weight management in overweight patients with chronic liver disease. Providing patients who are unable to participate in intensive programs with standard dietetic therapy is not cost‐effective.
Stimulation of group I mGlu receptors in the ventrotegmental area enhances extracellular dopamine in the rat medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Renoldi G. , Calcagno E. , Borsini F. , Invernizzi R. W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGroup I mGlu receptors have been implicated in the control of brain dopamine release. However, the receptor subtype involved and the precise site of action have not been determined. In this study we show that (R,S)3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; 6 and 60 nmol ICV), a selective group I mGlu receptor agonist, raised extracellular dopamine respectively by 176% and 243% of basal values in the medial prefrontal cortex as assessed byin vivomicrodialysis in conscious rats. (R,S)2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (60 nmol ICV), a selective mGlu5 receptor agonist, raised extracellular dopamine by 396% of basal values. Intra‐VTA DHPG (0.6–6 nmol) mimicked ICV injection whereas intracortical infusion (1–1000 µmol/L) had no effect. DHPG‐induced rise of extracellular dopamine was reversed by tetrodotoxin and by the selective mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists 7(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen‐1a‐carboxylate (CPCCOEt) and 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) either ICV or into the ventrotegmental area (VTA), suggesting that neuronal release and both mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors were involved. These results support the existence of functional mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors in the VTA regulating the release of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex.
Accounting Measurement Basis, Market Mispricing, and Firm Investment Efficiency
Authors: LIANG PIERRE JINGHONG , WEN XIAOYAN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we investigate how the accounting measurement basis affects the capital market pricing of a firm's shares, which, in turn, affects the efficiency of the firm's investment decisions. We distinguish two broad bases for accounting measurements: input‐based and output‐based accounting. We argue that the structural difference in the two measurement bases leads to a systematic difference in the efficiency of the investment decisions. In particular, we show that an output‐based measure has a natural advantage in aligning investment incentives because of its comprehensiveness. The (first‐)best investment is achieved when the output‐based measure is noiseless and manipulation free. In addition, under an output‐based measure, more accounting noise/manipulation always leads to more inefficient investment choices. Therefore, if an output‐based accounting measure is highly noisy and easy to manipulate in practice, the induced investment efficiency can be quite low. On the other hand, an input‐based accounting measure, while not as comprehensive, may induce more efficient investment decisions than an output‐based measure if some noise is unavoidable in either measure. The reason is twofold. First, input‐based measures may be associated with less noise and limited manipulation in practice. Second, and more importantly, we show that under an input‐based measure, a slight increase in accounting noise/manipulation may lead to more efficient investment choices. In fact, the (first‐)best result is achieved when the noise/manipulability is small but positive. In other words, for an input‐based measure, being less comprehensive makes small but positive accounting noise/manipulability desirable. Two extensions of the basic model are also explored.
Effect of Chronic Ethanol Administration on the in Vitro Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Rat Kupffer Cells in the Presence of Apoptotic Cells
Authors: McVicker Benita L. , Tuma Dean J. , Kharbanda Kusum K. , Kubik Jacy L. , Casey Carol A. 
Published: December 2006

Background: Chronic ethanol consumption can lead to a variety of pathological consequences by as yet undefined mechanisms. Recently, it has been noted that alcohol‐associated liver disease is often accompanied by morphological liver changes that include the increased production of apoptotic cells. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that hepatocellular uptake and removal of potentially damaging apoptotic cells is impaired after ethanol treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of apoptotic cells leads to Kupffer cell (KC) production and release of proinflammatory cytokines that have been linked to hepatocyte damage, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α).Methods: Kupffer cells were isolated from female rats after an 8‐week oral administration of a dextrose control or ethanol‐containing fish‐oil diet. The isolated KCs were cultured for up to 24 hours in the absence or presence of apoptotic or nonapoptotic hepatoma cells, or lipopolysaccharide. After incubation, media from the cultures were assayed for the presence of TNF‐α and IL‐6 by immunoassay detection. Also, the expression of these cytokines was measured in KC lysates by a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Kupffer cells cultured for up to 24 hours in the presence of apoptotic cells produced significantly more TNF‐α and IL‐6 (80 and 60%, respectively, p<0.05) when the cells were isolated from ethanol‐fed animals compared with controls. Additionally, after as early as 4 hours in culture with apoptotic cells, mRNA levels of both cytokines were increased (2–5‐fold) in KCs isolated from ethanol‐fed animals compared with controls.Conclusions: The presence of apoptotic cells results in the in vitro activation of KCs. Additionally, chronic ethanol administration results in an enhanced responsiveness of KCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines indicated by the increased production of inflammatory mediators from KCs obtained from ethanol‐fed animals.
Predominant formation of heavily pigmented dermal melanocytomas resembling ‘animal‐type’ melanomas in hepatocyte growth factor (C57BL/6 × C3H)F1 mice following neonatal UV irradiation
Authors: Florell Scott R. , Thomas Joshua , Grossman Douglas 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Transgenic mice expressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) develop cutaneous melanocytic tumors following neonatal UV exposure. Here, we examined the histologic spectrum of UV‐induced melanocytic tumors in HGF mice on a pigmented (C57BL/6 × C3H/HeN)F1 background.Methods:  Neonatally irradiated (4000 J/m2) mice were monitored for 43 weeks, and 31/34 (91%) animals developed a total of 163 melanocytic tumors.Results:  Of 54 primary tumors analyzed, most (49/54, 91%) demonstrated exclusively dermal collections of epithelioid cells with voluminous densely pigmented cytoplasm. Seven of these also demonstrated a population of spindled cells with mitoses. Several (3/54, 6%) tumors exhibited a junctional component with melanocytes present in the epidermis. Staining with PEP8 confirmed the presence of interfollicular melanocytes at the dermal‐epidermal junction in neonatal skin.Conclusions:  In contrast to HGF animals on an albino (FVB) background, HGF animals on the pigmented (C57BL/6 × C3H/HeN)F1 background do not develop classic radial growth phase melanoma but rather predominantly develop dermal melanocytomas resembling the ‘animal‐type’ melanoma occasionally seen in humans. These results demonstrate the influence of genetic background on histologic pattern of UV‐induced melanomas in mice.
Peripheral Modulation of Dopaminergic Receptors Affects Erectile Responses in Rats
Authors: El‐Din Mahmoud Mohy , Senbel Amira M. , Daabees Tahia T. , Sharabi Fouad M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract: Clinical observations have suggested that dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of male sexual responses, including erection. Apomorphine was initially reported to exert its erectogenic effects by modifying central dopaminergic activity. This study aimed primarily at evaluating and investigating the effect of apomorphine on erectile functions in rats and its potential effects on the cardiovascular system, as well as the possible role of dopaminergic stimulation in the peripheral control of erection. Measurement of intracavernosal pressure changes elicited by electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve in anaesthetized rats and mating tests were used. SCH23390, the D1receptor antagonist, attenuated penile response to electrical stimulation. Intravenous administration of apomorphine in low dose (100 µg/kg), but not in high dose, significantly potentiated erectile responses to electrical stimulation. Intracavernosally injected apomorphine (50 µg/kg) significantly potentiated the filling rate of the corpora cavernosa 5 min. after injection, and did not induce erection in absence of electrical stimulation. In addition, apomorphine amplified the male sexual and copulatory behaviour by reducing ejaculation, mount and intromission latencies, and significantly increasing the number of ejaculations per session. However, apomorphine produced rapid and long‐lasting hypotension and potentiated the hypotension and tachycardia associated with nerve‐stimulated penile erection. Our results suggest that D1‐dopaminergic receptors may be functionally involved in the peripheral mediation of penile erection. Apomorphine may amplify sexual and copulatory behaviour and may also, by a complementary role, amplify neurogenically mediated erections by acting in the periphery.
Separation of Marine Bacteria according to Buoyant Density by Use of the Density-Dependent Cell Sorting Method
Authors: Inoue Katsuyuki , Nishimura Masahiko , Nayak Binaya B. , Kogure Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to test whether some phylogenetic groups of natural marine bacteria have unique buoyant densities that allow them to be separated by the density-dependent cell sorting (DDCS) method. We first concentrated a natural bacterial assemblage to collect sufficient numbers of cells. They were separated into three fractions by DDCS, and the community structure in each was clarified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The cells of
Archaea
tended to appear in the high-density fraction, whereas those of
Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides
were in the low-density fraction. We also calculated the sedimentation velocities of three typical marine bacteria (low density, middle density, and high density) using their buoyant density. The sedimentation velocities were approximately 10, 20, and 30 μm h
−1
; these velocities have ecological implications when the heterogeneity of bacteria is considered at a microscale. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the buoyant density of natural marine bacteria.
Role of Host Nutrition in Symbiont Regulation: Impact of Dietary Nitrogen on Proliferation of Obligate and Facultative Bacterial Endosymbionts of the Pea Aphid
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Wilkinson T. L. , Koga R. , Fukatsu T. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The impact of host nutrition on symbiont regulation in the pea aphid
Acyrthosiphon pisum
was investigated. The population density of the obligate symbiont
Buchnera aphidicola
positively correlated with dietary nitrogen levels. In contrast, the population density of the facultative symbiont
Serratia symbiotica
increased in aphids reared on low-nitrogen diets, indicating distinct regulatory mechanisms in the same insect host.
High-Throughput and Quantitative Procedure for Determining Sources of
Escherichia coli
in Waterways by Using Host-Specific DNA Marker Genes
Authors: Yan Tao , Hamilton Matthew J. , Sadowsky Michael J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
is currently used as an indicator of fecal pollution and to assess water quality. While several genotypic techniques have been used to determine potential sources of fecal bacteria impacting waterways and beaches, they do not allow for the rapid analysis of a large number of samples in a relatively short period of time. Here we report that gene probes identified by Hamilton and colleagues (M. J. Hamilton, T. Yan, and M. J. Sadowsky, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72:
4012-4019, 2006) were useful for the development of a high-throughput and quantitative macroarray hybridization system to determine numbers of
E. coli
bacteria originating from geese/ducks. The procedure we developed, using a QBot robot for picking and arraying of colonies, allowed us to simultaneously analyze up to 20,736
E. coli
colonies from water samples, with minimal time and human input. Statistically significant results were obtained by analyzing 700
E. coli
colonies per water sample, allowing for the analysis of approximately 30 sites per macroarray. Macroarray hybridization studies done on
E. coli
collected from water samples obtained from two urban Minnesota lakes and one rural South Carolina lake indicated that geese/ducks contributed up to 51% of the fecal bacteria in the urban lake water samples, and the level was below the detection limit in the rural lake water sample. This technique, coupled with the use of other host source-specific gene probes, holds great promise as a new quantitative microbial source tracking tool to rapidly determine the origins of
E. coli
in waterways and on beaches.
Microbial Communities Involved in Anaerobic Degradation of Unsaturated or Saturated Long-Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Sousa Diana Z. , Pereira M. Alcina , Stams Alfons J. M. , Alves M. Madalena , Smidt Hauke 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Anaerobic long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-degrading bacteria were identified by combining selective enrichment studies with molecular approaches. Two distinct enrichment cultures growing on unsaturated and saturated LCFAs were obtained by successive transfers in medium containing oleate and palmitate, respectively, as the sole carbon and energy sources. Changes in the microbial composition during enrichment were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Prominent DGGE bands of the enrichment cultures were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A significant part of the retrieved 16S rRNA gene sequences was most similar to those of uncultured bacteria. Bacteria corresponding to predominant DGGE bands in oleate and palmitate enrichment cultures clustered with fatty acid-oxidizing bacteria within
Syntrophomonadaceae
and
Syntrophobacteraceae
families. A low methane yield, corresponding to 9 to 18% of the theoretical value, was observed in the oleate enrichment, and acetate, produced according to the expected stoichiometry, was not further converted to methane. In the palmitate enrichment culture, the acetate produced was completely mineralized and a methane yield of 48 to 70% was achieved from palmitate degradation. Furthermore, the oleate enrichment culture was able to use palmitate without detectable changes in the DGGE profile. However, the palmitate-specialized consortia degraded oleate only after a lag phase of 3 months, after which the DGGE profile had changed. Two predominant bands appeared, and sequence analysis showed affiliation with the
Syntrophomonas
genus. These bands were also present in the oleate enrichment culture, suggesting that these bacteria are directly involved in oleate degradation, emphasizing possible differences between the degradation of unsaturated and saturated LCFAs.
The Unique 16S rRNA Genes of Piezophiles Reflect both Phylogeny and Adaptation
Authors: Lauro Federico M. , Chastain Roger A. , Blankenship Lesley E. , Yayanos A. Aristides , Bartlett Douglas H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn the ocean's most extreme depths, pressures of 70 to 110 megapascals prevent the growth of all but the most hyperpiezophilic (pressure-loving) organisms. The physiological adaptations required for growth under these conditions are considered to be substantial. Efforts to determine specific adaptations permitting growth at extreme pressures have thus far focused on relatively few γ-proteobacteria, in part due to the technical difficulties of obtaining piezophilic bacteria in pure culture. Here, we present the molecular phylogenies of several new piezophiles of widely differing geographic origins. Included are results from an analysis of the first deep-trench bacterial isolates recovered from the southern hemisphere (9.9-km depth) and of the first gram-positive piezophilic strains. These new data allowed both phylogenetic and structural 16S rRNA comparisons among deep-ocean trench piezophiles and closely related strains not adapted to high pressure. Our results suggest that (i) the Circumpolar Deep Water acts as repository for hyperpiezophiles and drives their dissemination to deep trenches in the Pacific Ocean and (ii) the occurrence of elongated helices in the 16S rRNA genes increases with the extent of adaptation to growth at elevated pressure. These helix changes are believed to improve ribosome function under deep-sea conditions.
CO
2
Uptake and Fixation by Endosymbiotic Chemoautotrophs from the Bivalve
Solemya velum
Authors: Scott Kathleen M. , Cavanaugh Colleen M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Chemoautotrophic symbioses, in which endosymbiotic bacteria are the major source of organic carbon for the host, are found in marine habitats where sulfide and oxygen coexist. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of pH, alternate sulfur sources, and electron acceptors on carbon fixation and to investigate which form(s) of inorganic carbon is taken up and fixed by the gamma-proteobacterial endosymbionts of the protobranch bivalve
Solemya velum
. Symbiont-enriched suspensions were generated by homogenization of
S. velum
gills, followed by velocity centrifugation to pellet the symbiont cells. Carbon fixation was measured by incubating the cells with
14
C-labeled dissolved inorganic carbon. When oxygen was present, both sulfide and thiosulfate stimulated carbon fixation; however, elevated levels of either sulfide (>0.5 mM) or oxygen (1 mM) were inhibitory. In the absence of oxygen, nitrate did not enhance carbon fixation rates when sulfide was present. Symbionts fixed carbon most rapidly between pH 7.5 and 8.5. Under optimal pH, sulfide, and oxygen conditions, symbiont carbon fixation rates correlated with the concentrations of extracellular CO
2
and not with HCO
3
−
concentrations. The half-saturation constant for carbon fixation with respect to extracellular dissolved CO
2
was 28 ± 3 μM, and the average maximal velocity was 50.8 ± 7.1 μmol min
−1
g of protein
−1
. The reliance of
S. velum
symbionts on extracellular CO
2
is consistent with their intracellular lifestyle, since HCO
3
−
utilization would require protein-mediated transport across the bacteriocyte membrane, perisymbiont vacuole membrane, and symbiont outer and inner membranes. The use of CO
2
may be a general trait shared with many symbioses with an intracellular chemoautotrophic partner.
Species-Specific Secondary Metabolite Production in Marine Actinomycetes of the Genus
Salinispora
Authors: Jensen Paul R. , Williams Philip G. , Oh Dong-Chan , Zeigler Lisa , Fenical William 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Here we report associations between secondary metabolite production and phylogenetically distinct but closely related marine actinomycete species belonging to the genus
Salinispora
. The pattern emerged in a study that included global collection sites, and it indicates that secondary metabolite production can be a species-specific, phenotypic trait associated with broadly distributed bacterial populations. Associations between actinomycete phylotype and chemotype revealed an effective, diversity-based approach to natural product discovery that contradicts the conventional wisdom that secondary metabolite production is strain specific. The structural diversity of the metabolites observed, coupled with gene probing and phylogenetic analyses, implicates lateral gene transfer as a source of the biosynthetic genes responsible for compound production. These results conform to a model of selection-driven pathway fixation occurring subsequent to gene acquisition and provide a rare example in which demonstrable physiological traits have been correlated to the fine-scale phylogenetic architecture of an environmental bacterial community.