bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratizing Party Leadership Selection
Authors: LeDuc Lawrence 
Published: March 2007

Because the task of choosing a candidate for a country's highest office is so important, political parties seek to devise more inclusive processes of selection, processes that are commensurate with the party's electoral goals. Often this has involved reforming an existing process in ways that open up the mechanisms of leadership choice to a wider `selectorate'. In such a process parties sometimes undergo changes well beyond what may have been anticipated when the reforms were first introduced. This article examines the process of leadership selection in three political parties that have undertaken major reforms in the process of leadership selection in recent years - the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labour Party in Britain and the Progressive-Conservative Party in Canada. In each instance, it is possible to demonstrate that the method chosen has had significant consequences for the parties themselves and for the party system as a whole, in part because of variations in the inclusiveness of the selectorates created, and also through effects on candidate recruitment.
Perception of HIV Risk and Preventive Strategies: A Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Paicheler Geneviève 
Published: March 2007

Since knowledge about HIV transmission seems very good, many observers are surprised that more people do not practise behaviour, like safer sex, designed to minimise risk of contracting the disease. Yet, previous studies have not shown that there is a direct link between knowledge and behaviour. New models, based on people’s concrete experiences, are therefore needed. The goal of this qualitative research, based on 61 in-depth interviews conducted in France, is to describe how people understand the threat of AIDS and how they face the risk of transmission in their sex lives. In order to understand preventive actions, we must study how information is interpreted and how knowledge is integrated, so that people perceive general or personal risk. We must also specify the way in which people distinguish between aspects of risk perception and vulnerability; feelings of personal control, constructed on the basis of social experiences; characteristics of situations; and finally, the dynamics of action. The proposed risk management model accounts for these diverse factors in elucidating the great diversity of actions reported. This dynamic, non-linear model is designed to capture both the impact of perceptive and cognitive elements on action and vice versa.
Review : Nappy rash: its causes, prevention and treatment
Authors: Anderson Hohanne L. 
Published: March 2007

■ Most infants experience nappy rash between 7 and 9 months ■ Skin wetness, increase in skin pH and the presence of faecal enzymes are the primary factors associated with skin breakdown ■ Nappy rash is preventable ■ Treatment of nappy rash is often based on trial and error ■ Useful preparations include barrier creams, antibacterials, antifungals and steroids depending on the severity and extent of rash
Labour Standards and WTO : a New Form of Protectionism
Authors: Dasgupta Amit 
Published: March 2007

The paper attempts to explore the implications of introducing a non-trade issue like labour standards into the trade agenda. It argues that the moral or humanitarian arguments are quickly picked up by labour and trade lobbies because it is a convenient manner of camouflaging the 'real' or 'core' motivation, which the paper asserts is a new form of protectionism. Studies have suggested that withdrawing the children from the work force may in fact disadvantage them. Moreover, child labour is only one aspect of labour standards and conveniently, issues such as collective bargaining appear to be ignored when talking about labour standards. This paper suggests that competition against imports from low wage economies is the prime motivation behind raising the issue of labour standards (i.e., child labour) and insisting on its inclusion in the trade agenda. There will be increasing pressure not only at WTO Sessions but also through domestic legislation as is evidenced in the case of the US and the EU. Developing country delegations need therefore to be well prepared when the stage is set for Seattle Part II.
Comparison of calculated and experimental NMR spectral broadening for lung tissue
Authors: Christman Rebecca A. , Ailion David C. , Case Thomas A. , Durney Carl H. , Cutillo Antonio G. , Shioya Sumie , Goodrich K. Craig , Morris Alan H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNMR lineshapes were calculated for a model of lung, and NMR proton spectra were measured for individual voxels in an excised inflated rat lung. NMR lines for parenchymal lung regions containing alveoli, alveolar ducts, and capillaries were calculated using a computer simulation of the NMR signal from a three‐dimensional honeycomb‐like structure, a collection of modified Wigner‐Seitz cells. These cells were modified by rounding the comers and increasing the thickness of the boundaries to model various degrees of lung inflation and lung water. NMR lineshapes were also calculated for the central or nonparenchymal lung regions containing bronchi and large blood vessels. A comparison of theoretical lineshapes with those measured in individual voxels both in the parenchymal and in the central (largely nonparenchymal) regions in excised rat lungs at an inflation pressure of 30 cm of water shows excellent agreement These results indicate that the NMR lineshape reflects the underlying lung geometry. This research constitutes the first calculations and measurements of NMR lineshapes in lung. The appendix describes a new method for calculating the magnetic field inside a weakly diamagnetic material of arbitrary shape placed in an otherwise uniform external magnetic field. This new method does not require either solution of simultaneous equations or evaluation of integral expressions.
T1 and T2 of ferritin solutions: Effect of loading factor
Authors: Vymazal Josef , Zak Olga , Bulte Jeff W. M. , Aisen Philip , Brooks Rodney A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProton magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 were measured at field strengths from 0.05 T to 1.5 T in solutions of ferritin with loading factors from 90 to 3600 iron atoms per molecule. 1/T2 increased linearly with field strength, as previously observed, and the slope per unit iron was approximately the same in all samples. This latter finding indicates that the field dependence of T2 may be used as a measure of ferritin‐bound iron, regardless of loading factor. A possible explanation is presented, based on the presumed antiferromagnetic structure of the ferritin core and the linear dependence of 1/T2 on core magnetization. A nonzero contribution to 1/T2 in the limit of low field and a contribution to 1/T1 were also found, both of which increase linearly with loading factor for constant protein concentration; these effects represent quantum mechanical dipole‐dipole relaxation of water protons either by iron atoms on the surface of the core or by the iron core itself. Finally, the extrapolated intercept at LF = 0 for both 1/T1 and 1/T2 indicates a contribution from a small number of iron ions bound to the protein shell. These results may help in the use of MRI to measure brain iron and possibly even ferritin loading factor.
Perfusion imaging of the human brain at 1.5 T using a single‐shot EPI spin tagging approach
Authors: Ye Frank Q. , Pekar James J. , Jezzard Peter , Duyn Jeff , Frank Joseph A. , McLaughlin Alan C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSingle‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI) techniques have been applied, in conjunction with arterial spin tagging approaches, to obtain images of cerebral blood flow in a single axial slice in the human brain. Serial studies demonstrate that cerebral blood flow images acquired in 8 min are reproducible, with a statistical precision of approximately ±10 cc/100 g/min. The average value of cerebral blood flow in the slice is 51 ±11 cc/100 g/min for six normal subjects. The cerebral blood flow images contain two types of artifact, probably due to arterial and venous blood volume contributions, which must be overcome before the arterial spin tagging approach can be used for routine clinical studies.
Assessment of Learning Activity Level in a Group of Black Aged
Authors: Heisel Marsel A. 
Published: March 2007

A learning activity level (LAL) scale was developed to assess the learning efforts of older persons with minimal formal education. Learning was broadly defined to include all purposeful attempts to acquire knowledge and information. The scale consisted of three components: reading, educational use of television and radio, and formal and informal learning endeavors in the recent past. The alpha reliability coefficient for the scale was .8 1. The sample consisted of 132 urban, black men and women, aged 60 to 94, with mean educational attainment of 6 grades. Results of a multiple regression analysis showed that sex, age, educational attainment, having participated in organized adult education, self-perceived reading ability, health and life satisfaction accounted for over forty percent of the variance associated with LAL scores, with sex and self-perceived reading ability emerging as the most significant predictors.
Post-Freirean Adult Education: A Question of Empowerment and Power
Authors: Zacharakis-Jutz Jeff 
Published: March 2007

The oppressors, who oppress, exploit, and rape by virtue of their power, cannot find in this power the strength to liberate either the oppressed or themselves. Only power that springs from the weakness of the oppressed will be sufficiently strong to free both. (Freire, 1970, p. 28) I would like to underline the fact that the state's power (and that's one of the reasons for its strength) is both an individualizing and a totalizing form of power. Never, I think, in the history of human societies-even the old Chinese society-has there been such a tricky combination in techniques, and of totalization procedures. (Foucault, 1982, p. 213)
Analyses De Contenu Et De Discours Dans La Recherche Sociologique Française: Pratiques Micro-Informatiques Actuelles Et Potentielles
Authors: Jenny Jacques 
Published: March 2007

Since most French sociologists are unfamiliar with the acronym CAQDAS, this paper explains the logic behind this research practice that involves methods of analysis of textual data, both computer-based and in the process of being computerized. An initial awareness is needed of the debates regarding the choice of research approaches in sociology and the diversity and specificity of methods currently being used in the domain of textual data analysis in France. In general, the influence of the French socio-linguistic tradition looms large. Readers will find, on the one hand, the older works of Michel Pécheux on the linguistic or discursive formations inspired by Marxist-Structuralism as well as Pécheux's 1969 AAD (Analyse Automatique du Discours) method; on the other hand, there is the perspective of the Ecole Française d'Analyse du Discours (AD) in Langages (see the 1969 and following issues), also expounded in the journal Langage et Société since 1971. Such a tradition - and here we are speaking of various versions of it, though all refer to the speech act concept (problematics and enunciation) - places an emphasis on the processes and relations pertaining to socio-discursive or socio-enunciative types of action of socially-located speakers, and simultaneously builds on a methodology akin to a classic, `theme based' content analysis - a methodology that is not (as yet?) translated into an operational software supporting its very specific requirements. Having explained the context, the paper now addresses the major developments - theoretical or methodological - currently having an impact on practices of computer-based analysis of textual data in France. These developments take the following approaches: lexicometric, using either conventional factor analysis or automatic data classification procedures such as those of Benzecri; socio-semantic, using various statistical methods customized for a given analysis or conceptual grid; specified in terms of networks of associated words, a perspective that already has available for its purposes a well-known program for codification and investigation of bibliographical databases; representative of a propositional and predicative analysis of discourse, akin to paradigms in psycholinguistics; representative of a kind of textual engineering; offering sets of software specically designed for the management of sociological surveys and observations but very expensive and thus only accessible to public organizations - yet to be approved by `discourse analysts' who have a reputation for being very critical of computer technology; representative of system and other experts working on research questions and specific theoretical frameworks, such as studies on `la grammaire des actes de civilité' and `la dissonance axio-idéologique'. In our view, these systems represent the most promising future methods of textual data.
A Comparison of Wisc and Wisc-R Scores of Sixth Grade Students: Implications for Validity
Authors: Stokes Elizabeth H. , Brent Diana , Huddleston Nancy J. , Rozier Joyce S. , Marrero Bernabe 
Published: March 2007

Fifty-nine sixth-grade volunteers, 32 males, 27 females, 10 blacks, 49 whites were administered both the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Each student was tested in two separate sessions by the same examiner. The students were randomly divided into two groups with one group administered the WISC first and the other administered the WISC-R first. The scores of both groups were combined to form the Total Group. In the Total Group, the mean WISC-R Verbal Scale (VS) and Full Scale (FS) IQ scores were significantly lower than the corresponding mean WISC IQ scores. Although the differences between WISC and WISC-R mean IQ scores were not so great as those found by some other investigators, the findings do support previous research which has revealed the mean WISC-R FS scores to be lower than mean WISC FS scores. However, the correlation coefficients between the WISC and WISC-R for all three IQ scores were significant. Thus, the two instruments do appear to be measuring similar abilities.
The Development and Validation of a Test Battery to Measure Differentiated Cognitive Abilities in Three-Year-Old Children
Authors: Singer Sandra , Corley Robin , Guiffrida Clare , Plomin Robert 
Published: March 2007

A 35-40 minute battery of eight tests was constructed to measure the following four specific cognitive abilities in young, preschool children: verbal skill, memory, perceptual speed, and spatial ability. The battery was administered to 98 preschool children. A factor analysis of the intercorrelations of the eight tests revealed four interpretable factors each representing one of the targeted abilities. Prior to this study, evidence for this particular organization of cognitive abilities in young children had not been reported in other factor analytic studies of existing preschool mental tests. An explanation for this fact might be that the earlier test batteries were not designed to measure particular cognitive abilities. On the other hand, the eight considered for this study had been designed expressly for that purpose. Based on results of factor analyses, a shorter version of the test battery, consisting of four tests, was devised. This shorter version which can be administered in 20 minutes, shows promising validity relative to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
Inelastic Analysis of a Unidirectional Composite Subjected to Transverse Normal Loading
Authors: Adams Donald F. 
Published: March 2007

Composite material behavior is divisible into three distinct re gimes, linear elastic response up to the elastic limit, inelastic be havior beyond the elastic limit and up to that point at which first failure occurs locally, and subsequent crack propagation and total composite failure. The first regime has been thoroughly explored in previous investigations, while the second is the main topic of the present paper. The third is briefly discussed and is a subject under investigation. Utilizing a finite element analysis, numerical results are obtained for composite behavior beyond the elastic limit and up to first failure. Examples representative of several actual material systems are presented and discussed in detail. Results indicate that extensive local yielding and redistribution of stresses can occur in a composite with very little indication of such behavior being apparent by observation of the total stress- strain response of the composite alone. Thus, the establishment and interpretation of design criteria and theories of failure should be evaluated in light of these results and their implications with re spect to such phenomena as fatigue life and fracture behavior, among others.
A Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Anisotropic Tubes
Authors: Rizzo R.R. , Vicario A.A. 
Published: March 2007

To gain needed insight into the effects of thickness to diameter ratio ( t/D i), length to diameter ratio (l/Di ), and helical angle (α) on the response of laminated tubes in material characterization tests, a unique new elasticity finite element program has been implemented which can deal with the general three-dimensional nature of axisym metric composite bodies. The program, which is utilized here to analytically predict the response of unidirectional composite tube specimens to uniaxial tension/compression, differs from the usual finite element formulations in that it accounts for general anisotropy. In particular, it deals with all shear coupling terms and all six com ponents of stress. The effects of different gripping methods are also considered. Similar studies of torsion and internal pressurization tests will be reported in subsequent notes. This first phase of the study shows that while the response of axial and hoop wrapped tubes (α = 0°, 90°) is essentially indepen dent of length and thickness ratios, the effects of these ratios and helix angle can be significant for uniaxial off-axis specimens. In addition to axial stress, hoop and in-plane shear stresses are also present in the gage section, even when the grips are free to rotate. More importantly, however, the t/D i and l/Di ratios can significantly affect the mode of stress distribution. For example, the stresses are nonuniform across the tube thickness; the nonuniformity increases as the t/D i ratio is in creased, with maximum stress occurring at the inner radius. For the material considered (boron) the distributions will be effectively linear for t/Di < 0.1, while for t/Di > 0.1 they will be nonlinear. When t/D i < 0.02, the trends are nearly uniform outside the transition zones and can thus be characterized by classical shell theory formulations. The transition length ( lt) measured in from the gripped ends is ap proximated as a function of the thickness and length ratios and is given in expression (4). Interlaminar shear and radial stresses, for all practical purposes, are non-existent in the gage length (for uniaxial layups) and are of consequence only in the grip section.
Calculation of Wave Propagation in Composite Materials Using the LAMB Wave Concept
Authors: Noiret D. , Roget J. 
Published: March 2007

Over recent years the development of the use of composite materials has led to growing activity in the nondestructive testing field. Widely known techniques such as acoustic emission and ultra-sound have found a new field of application here and new techniques such as acousto-ultrasonics which have recently appeared have shown some interesting results in detecting defects in composite structures. However, acoustic emission for defect localisation and acousto-ultrasonics have sometimes shown a lack of reliability; very little is known about theoretical aspects of wave propagation in these materials, nor about the interaction existing in the material between acoustic waves and defects as the wave propagates. On the basis of some assumptions, theoretical calculations have been made on the prop agation of a steady wave in unidirectional composite plates and compared successfully to experimental results found in the literature.
Biaxial Flexing of a Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Composite
Authors: Tsangarakis Nikos , Pepi Marc S. 
Published: March 2007

Disks of silicon carbide continuous fiber reinforced ([0°/90°]4s) aluminum were supported circumferentially on one side and loaded at the center of the other side with a pin. Maxima principal tensile surface strains were determined during flexing with strain gages. Failure under monotonic loading initiated on the convex side of the disks with the for mation of multiple breaks in the first layer of fibers. With further flexing cracking extended to inner fiber layers. Finally, fracture extended through the convex surface layer of the alu minum matrix. On cyclic flexing, fiber cracking was found to be the failure mechanism whenever the cyclic principal surface strain range was 0.0035 or greater. For cyclic strain ranges less than 0.0035, slip bands and cracks were formed in the matrix in addition to the cracks formed in the fibers. The cyclic strain range limit for 10 6 cycles of life was found to approach 0.0015. The latter limit corresponded to a maximum cyclic fiber strain of 0.00132, which is only 15 % of the fiber strain to failure under monotonic uniaxial compos ite loading.
Application of Reliability and Fiber Probabilistic Strength Distribution Concepts to Composite Vessel Burst Strength Design
Authors: Cohen David 
Published: March 2007

With the expanding use of composite vessels, including space and tactical applications, accurate prediction of performance becomes increasingly important. A criti cal parameter in performance prediction is the burst strength as measured by the delivered fiber ultimate strain-to-failure. This paper discusses a composite pressure vessel design approach that is based on reliability and probabilistic fiber strength distribution concepts.1 The method is based on the fiber strain-strength interference reliability theory. A substan tial part of this paper examines how fiber strength distribution parameters generated by tow tensile tests of impregnated carbon fiber strands can be used in pressure vessel strength design. The fiber statistical strength distribution is analyzed using the Weibull distribution function. It is shown that the bimodal Weibull distribution function fits the impregnated fiber strand strength distribution data much better than the single mode Weibull function. This is particularly important because the bimodal function gave a much more accurate representation of the lower tail of this distribution. According to the strain- strength interference theory, the lower tail of the fiber strength distribution is the most sig nificant in pressure vessel strength reliability calculations. The impregnated fiber strand strength distribution agrees well with the strength distribu tion of 4-in. biaxial composite tubes manufactured from the same carbon fiber lot. Good agreement was also shown with the strength distribution of pooled fiber lot tow tensile data and hydroburst strength distribution of full-scale composite pressure vessel manufactured from these lots. In this comparison, the A-basis fiber strength allowable calculated from the strand data was slightly lower (3%) than those calculated from the full-scale pressure vessel strength data, whereas, the B-basis allowables calculated from the strand and the full-scale pressure vessel strength data were the same. However, because A-basis and/or B-basis allowables require many data points from many material lots, the use of fiber lot qualification data is advantageous because it meets these requirements.