bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCE AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HEAVY OIL EXPLOITATION*
Authors: Borregales Carlos J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryFor many years, very large heavy oil deposits have been known to exist in Venezuela, Canada and several other countries. Due to economical and technological factors, however, these deposits have not been significantly developed. Heavy oils represent only four per cent of current world crude oil output, but this low share should increase substantially in the future as higher world oil prices and a reduced availability of light and medium crudes have made the development of heavy crudes competitive, and have also created a growing demand for them.Modest technological advances in the recovery and upgrading of heavy oils can lead to substantial economic benefits. Available technology, such as steam injection, has been successfully applied to raise the recovery of heavy crude oil reserves. But more research is required to further increase the efficiency of these recovery methods and of the accompanying thermal energy generation. Also, more research is needed to make economic the upgrading of heavy crude oil with high metals content, by hydrogen addition, since this route yields a higher production of light premium syncrude than the proven carbon rejection processes.The use of an integrated production‐upgrading complex for exploiting heavy oil can increase the overall economics of heavy oil exploitation, since it can lead to a balanced energy supply‐demand system, increasing liquid production and using as fuel, for steam and electricity production, the low value by‐product of the upgrading plant.Both Venezuela and Canada are developing firm plans to raise the production rates of heavy crudes. In Venezuela, their output averaged 725,000 barrels per day in 1979, and programmes are in progress to increase production capacity to 1.3 million b/d by 1985 and to 1.7 mb/d by the end of the century.
The Impact of Taft‐Hartley Job Discrimination Victories
Authors: SAMOFF BERNARD 
Published: May 2008

Summary. Neither industrial nor nonindustrial rehired workers were markedly aided by the decisions. Union officials and fellow workers both displayed open hostility to reinstated employees, particularly to those who had breached union‐fixed working rules. Furthermore, with the exception of the factionalists, rehired workers were unlikely to overcome union hostility. As one subject reported in graphic terms, “the NLRB case turned into a fight to the finish, and when I won the union did not surrender but just continued fighting me.” Given such conditions, discriminated workers could hardly be expected to re‐establish and reassert their membership rights.We need further study here, but it seems that among industrial subjects there was a correlation between unwilling union membership and discrimination. It appears more than mere chance that industrial workers who cared little for unions, tried to evade paying dues, subverted union rules, and were independent‐minded found themselves the victims of union‐caused discrimination. When rehired, they rarely changed their attitudes and conduct, and locals were unlikely to welcome them with open arms.By contrast, labor pool subjects in the main were staunch unionists before discrimination and after reinstatement. The data suggest that either certain types of workers enter craft occupations or the characteristics of the industries they work in tend to compel employees to behave in a certain manner within their unions. Since such workers looked to their unions for employment and the enforcement of standards and working rules, strong internal cohesion was not surprising.Two reservations should be noted to the above generalizations. Where the subjects suffered discrimination because they had been protecting group rights or supporting factions or rival unions, their reinstatement led them to even greater union participation. Where the local was dominated by a single, powerful leader, the reinstated worker's union activity tended to decrease.
Crosscurrents in Workers Participation
Authors: DERBER MILTON 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAs I contemplate developments in recent years relating to participation in management, I am impressed by the uncertainties, the shifting tides of thought, the atmosphere of experimentation. At the level of participation theory, there is more rather than less doubt. A few years ago in the United States, optimistic theories like those of McGregor and Likert regarding workers needs and desires for self‐actualization seemed to be sweeping the field; today they are regarded as psychologically inadequate and faulty. In England the theory of joint consultation is confronted with something of a polarization ‐ either toward apathy or toward codetermination. In Israel the ideology of participation, derived originally from socialist theory, has been subjected to increasing challenge from pragmatic considerations of efficiency and profitability. Profit‐sharing plans, after a hundred years of experience and a widening acceptability, do not necessarily entail increased worker participation.At the level of practice, the dominant note once again is uncertainty rather than a clear progression toward either success or failure. Neither the Scanlon Plan in the US nor the Glacier Metals experiment in England have generated many followers. Joint consultation schemes appear generally to have declined in number. In Israel Koor experiments in joint management at the plant level have frittered away. Participation has not even been seriously tried in Australia. Reports from Yugoslavia and Germany, where participation programs have been most fully developed, raise questions about the impact of participation on the productivity and efficiency of the enterprises involved, as well as the degree of involvement of workers.On the other hand, there are some positive currents. The spread of collective bargaining to the local level in England and other European countries, the rising interest in productivity bargaining, the absorption of joint consultation committees by unions ‐ all point in the direction of more worker participation in management, although the model may be one of bargaining rather than integration.Out of these crosscurrents we can distinguish some of the main problems confronting the advocates of greater workers participation in management:

How to persuade managers that their professional interests are best served by cooperating, if not taking the lead, in different types of participation schemes.
How to convince workers that “participating” is worth the effort, and how to educate them in various forms of the process.
How to involve worker representatives in both administration and policy‐making on a basis other than bargaining that will not estrange them from their constituents.

Resolution of these problems will depend in part at least on recognition that participation is a multi‐dimensional process, that different types of participation may work better with regard to different issues or subjects (depending on requirements of technical knowledge and time), and that participation expectations and arrangements may vary with the different levels of an enterprise.
Selected by the institute of industrial Relations Libray University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TEENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE 
Published: May 2008

Abuse in the Workplace: Management Remedies and Bottom Line Impact. By Emily S. Bassman. Classrooms in the Workplace: Workplace Literacy Programs in Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Firms. By Kevin Hollenbeck. Culture, Self‐Identity and Work. By Miriam Erez and P. Christopher Earley. Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives. By Joanne Martin. Eastern's Armageddon: Labor Conflict and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. By Martha Saunders. Employee Representation: Alternatives and Future Directions. Edited by Bruce E. Kaufman and Morris M. Kleiner. Grand Designs: The Impact of Corporate Strategies on Workers, Unions and Communities. Edited by Charles Craypo and Bruce Nissen. Hybrid Factory: The Japanese Production System in the United States. Edited by Tetsuo Abo. In the Rings of Saturn. By Joe Sherman. The New American Workplace: Transforming Work Systems in the United States. By Eileen Appelbaum and Rosemary Batt.
Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Library University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TERENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE 
Published: May 2008

Activist Unionism: The Institutional Economics of Solomon Barkin. By Donald R. Stabile Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century. By David Montgomery. Collective Bargaining As an Instrument of Social Change. By David C. Jacobs. Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St. Petersburg, 1890–1914. By Heather Hogan. The Global Economic Mismatch: High Technology and Low Pay. By Henry B. Schechter. Industrial Democracy in Europe Revisited. By the Industrial Democracy in Europe (IDE), International Research Group. Labor and an Integrated Europe. Edited by Lloyd Ulman, Barry Eichengreen, and William T. Dickens. A Primer on American Labor Law. Third edition. By William Gould IV. Planning for Change: Industrial Policy and Japanese Economic Development, 1945–1990. By James Vestal. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Managing Corporate Policy. By Julie Tamminen. Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies. Edited by Zachary Lockman.
Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Liberary University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TERENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE 
Published: May 2008

Catching the Wave: Workplace Reform in Australia. By John Mathews. Comparable Worth and Gender Discrimination: An International Perspective. By Morley Gunderson. Cooper Crucible: How the Arizona Miner's Strike of 1983 Recast Labor‐Management Relations in America. By Jonathan D. Rosenblum. Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: Issues and Strategies. By George Henderson. The Employer's Legal Handbook. By Fred S. Steingold. The Future of Industrial Relations: Global Change and Challenges. By John Niland, Chrissie Verevis, and Russell D. Lansbury. Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900–1950. By Gilbert G. Gonzalez. Labor Arbitration: An Annotated Bibliography. Edited by Charles J. Coleman and theodora T. Haynes. Labour's Dilemma: The Gender Politics of Auto Workers in Canada, 1937‐79. By Pamela Sugiman. The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict through Empowerment and Recognition. By Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger. Ranbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s. By George Lipsitz. Success While Others Fail: Social Movement Unionism and the Public Workplace. By Paul Johnston. Trade Union Growth and Decline: An International Study. By Walter Galenson.
Who Decides in the Council of the European Union?*
Authors: HÄGE FRANK M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study presents reliable cross‐sectoral data on the relative involvement of working parties, senior committees and ministers in legislative decision‐making of the Council of the European Union. In general, the results challenge the received wisdom that ministers are hardly involved in legislative decision‐making. However, the findings also indicate that the involvement of different Council levels varies considerably across policy sectors. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the debate about the democratic legitimacy of Council decision‐making.
Competing Models of EU Legitimacy: the Test of Popular Expectations*
Authors: EHIN PIRET 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhat are the appropriate criteria for assessing the legitimacy of the EU? This article uses data from the Eurobarometer to adjudicate between rival perspectives on EU legitimacy. The findings strengthen the case for holding the EU to the same liberal‐democratic standard of legitimacy that is applied to political authority in the nation‐state.
Climate change adaptation and livestock activity choices in Kenya: An economic analysis
Authors: Kabubo‐Mariara Jane 
Published: May 2008

Abstract This paper examines the impact of climate change on the decision of farmers to engage or not to engage in livestock activities and also on the choice of different livestock species in Kenya. To this end, cross‐sectional household level data supplemented by long‐term averages of climate data are used. The probit model is employed to derive the response of the probability of engaging in livestock activities to climate change. Probit and multivariate probit methods are employed to model the choice of different livestock species. Atmosphere–ocean global circulation models are used to project the impact of different climate scenarios on the probability of engaging in livestock activities and also of adopting different livestock species according to variations in climate. The results suggest that farmers adapt livestock management decisions to climate change. At low levels of temperature increase, the probability of engaging in livestock activities falls, but at higher levels of climate change, the probability rises. The results further show that as it gets hotter, farmers change their livestock choices from dairy cattle and sheep to beef cattle and goats.
Toward sustainable livelihoods after war: Reconstituting rural land tenure systems
Authors: Unruh Jon D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLand tenure plays a primary role in sustainable development efforts. However armed conflict and its repercussions reconfigure the network of social relations upon which all land tenure systems depend. In post‐conflict settings new laws have the opportunity to address tenure issues in the context of what people are already doing ‘on the ground’, with a view to moving from the fluidity of post‐conflict situations to a more solidified and peaceful social and legal environment. However there exists a lack of tools to analyze postwar land tenure and the prospects for reconstituting tenure systems to support recovery and development. This paper uses the Sustainable Livelihoods framework to examine postwar land tenure issues in order to draw out latent opportunities within emergent informal smallholder tenure constructs which may have utility in the reconstitution of national tenure systems.
HIV and AIDS: Responding to a threat to education for sustainable development
Authors: Allemano Eric 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The article seeks to sensitize the development community, particularly outside the education sector, about the issues surrounding education as a vehicle for promoting sustainable development in an AIDS environment in Africa. By illustrating how the epidemic impacts education sector staff as well as parents and students at all levels, the article intends to suggest how national authorities, NGOs and donor agencies can work out strategies to enhance the role of education in promoting sustainable development in Africa. Analysis will demonstrate how the AIDS epidemic weakens the education sector, particularly in countries with a generalized epidemic (defined as more than 3% of the adult population being HIV‐positive), undermining the sector's ability to contribute to general literacy and sustainable development. The article will demonstrate that HIV and AIDS is still not fully accepted as an educational issue, which has hampered efforts to deal with its ravages in the educational sector. The need for holistic policy frameworks for supporting teachers and administrators living with HIV and AIDS will be discussed as well as how changes in curriculum and better relations with the community are important in addressing the needs of students. The article will highlight options for developing innovative responses to HIV and AIDS in African education, showing how different forms of education can serve as vehicles for responding to the challenges of the epidemic. The examples emphasize the importance of learner‐centered instruction and partnerships with the health sector and other resources needed in an AIDS‐affected environment. Key messages of the article are that the HIV and AIDS epidemic is a multi‐sectoral problem and that responding to it effectively in the education sector requires coherent responses that address the needs of learners and instructors, including those who are personally affected or infected by HIV and AIDS. Adapting the Education for Sustainable Development initiative to address the challenges posed by the epidemic must be supported by policy development, leadership and advocacy. Diverse partnerships are essential, as the education sector alone cannot deal with the challenge of HIV and AIDS to sustainable development.
Toward energy and livelihoods security in Africa: Smallholder production and processing of bioenergy as a strategy
Authors: Ejigu Mersie 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The past few years have seen a phenomenal rise in the production and consumption of biofuels and biodiesel at the global level. This development is of special significance to Africa, where about 550 million people (75% of the total population in Sub‐Saharan Africa) depend on traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, cow dung, etc.) and lack access to electricity or any kind of modern energy service. Derived from plants and agricultural crops, biofuels and biodiesel represent modern forms of bioenergy and more efficient use of biomass energy. Beyond efficiency, modern bioenergy offers tremendous opportunities to meet growing household energy demands, increase income, reduce poverty, and mitigate environmental degradation. In the African setting, energy and livelihoods security are indeed inseparable. This paper argues economic, social, and environmental benefits of modern bioenergy can be realized through a strategy that centres on smallholder production and processing schemes and pursuit of a livelihood approach to energy development. Such a scheme opens up new domestic markets, generates new cash incomes, improves social wellbeing, enhances new technology adoption, and lays the ground for rural economic transformation and sustainable land use. The paper concludes by underlining the vital importance of considering sound property rights and strategic planning of sustainable development as tools for sustainable energy and livelihoods security.
Impacts of Norwegian Milk Quotas on Output Growth: A Modified Distance Function Approach
Authors: Kumbhakar Subal C. , Lien Gudbrand , Flaten Ola , Tveterås Ragnar 
Published: May 2008

AbstractQuota regulations that prevent output expansion of farms and reallocation of output between farms can cause lower growth in output and productivity. The aim of this study was to explain the output growth rate of Norwegian dairy farms since 1976, and to decompose it into output, input, socioeconomic and technical change components. Instead of using the standard distance function approach for multi‐output technologies, we use a growth rate formulation, which automatically removes the farm‐specific effects. This formulation also helps to impose non‐negativity constraints on marginal products of inputs (input elasticities), which are often violated for many observations, especially when flexible functional forms are used. The farm‐level panel data cover three periods: before the quota scheme was introduced (1976–1982); the period with the most output‐restricting quota scheme (1983–1996); and the period with a more flexible quota scheme (from 1997 onwards). Results show that the milk quota regulations had a significant constraining effect on output growth, in particular on milk output in the period 1983–1996. Furthermore, the output mix has shifted towards meat production for the average farm. What emerges from this study is that output growth and technical change are negatively influenced by policy aims where productive performance has not been the primary objective, and that there is scope for increased farm growth if the quota regime is liberalised.
Technical Efficiency Estimates of Scottish Agriculture: A Note
Authors: Barnes Andrew 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWithin the UK there has been a lack of studies of technical efficiency at the Scottish level. This note compares the results obtained using Scottish data with a recent study by Hadley [Journal of Agricultural Economics (2006) Vol. 57, pp. 81–100] for English and Welsh farms. Four major sectors are investigated, namely: (i) cereals, (ii) dairy, (iii) sheep and (iv) beef over the period 1989 to 2004. Some distinct differences in efficiencies, returns to scale and causes of efficiency are found.
A potential pathogenetic role of iron in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Silvestri Laura , Camaschella Clara 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe role of iron in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unclear, despite the evidence that it accumulates in the same brain regions characterized by the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) accumulation. Here we propose that iron directly influences the Aβ production through the modulation of furin, a proconvertase involved in the regulation of the α‐secretase‐dependent processing of the amyloid protein precursor (APP).
Density and Water Exchange‐Dependent Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus setiferus Postlarvae
Authors: Palomino Gabriela , Contreras Fabian , Sanchez Adolfo , Rosas Carlos 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis present study was designed to investigate the effects of stocking density and water exchange on the growth rate, survival and performance index of L. setiferus postlarvae under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiment was done with postlarvae (PL10 to PL40) at densities of 50, 150, 250 and 350 shrimp/m2 and various different water exchanges rate per day (0, 6, 12 and 18%). The maximum growth rate was obtained for shrimp with 12% water exchange per day at all densities. A reduction of the maximum growth rate was observed in relation to density with the highest values in shrimp stocked in a density of 50 and 150 shrimp/m2 (mean value of 0.53 mg/d) and the lowest in shrimp stocked in a density of 350 shrimp/m2 (0.24 mg/d). The multiple regression equation obtained to relate performance index (growth rate* survival : PI), shrimp density (X1) and water exchange (X2) was: PI = 0.31 + (0.001) X1+ 0.039 X2+ 2.28 × 10−6 X12+ (−0.0017) X22+ (0.000026)X1X2,R2= 0.78; P > 0.03. According to this equation the optimum shrimp density‐water exchange comhination was between 5 to 12% of water exchange at stocking density of between 50 and 150 shrimp/m2. Salinity, ammonia‐N and nitrite‐N increased according to the time spent in tanks without water exchange. With no (0%) water exchange, water quality parameters measured were outside the optimum for L. setiferus postlarvae. The use of optimum density and water exchange in a nursery system for L. setiferus with optimum variables established is proposed.