bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method of intracranial pressure monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid sampling in swine
Authors: Kaiser Gernot M , Frühauf Nils R 
Published: January 2007

Cerebral oedema and encephalopathy have been noted to occur frequently in patients severely ill or dying after trauma, ischaemia, infections or even metabolic disorders. The objective of the present study was to establish continuous monitoring of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for further investigations in swine. ICP monitoring was established in eight pigs by using a ventricular drainage system, implemented after paramedian trepanation of the os frontale. CSF and serum samples were taken for measurement of the levels of glucose and protein. Operating time was 21±8 min for the trepanation until ICP monitoring was performed. No complications occurred during surgery. Continuous monitoring of ICP and CSF sampling was easy to perform, and without any side-effects in any animal. At autopsy, no iatrogenic lesions were found and monitoring catheters were still in place. For several types of research requiring ICP monitoring and sampling of CSF, this method can be used successfully.
Design of a Wind Turbine Working with the Continuity Principal
Authors: Vardar Ali , Eker Bülent 
Published: January 2007

In the study, the purpose is to take advantage of low wind potentials and obtain high power values with small rotor diameters. Wind speed is considered to be increased with the help of continuity principle. With this aim, two different wind tunnel inlet diameters were used, being 5 m and 10 m, while the outled diameters of wind tunnels were chosen as 0,5 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 m. The most striking result obtained in this study was the formation of a power of 492352 kW at the outlet of wind tunnel when the inlet diameter of wind tunnel was 10 m, outlet diameter was 0,5 m and the inlet wind speed was 4 m/s. Under these conditions, the wind speed at the wind tunnel outlet reaches 1600 m/s. A new viewpoint to wind energy technology will be presented if the results obtained in this study are also obtained in empirical studies.
The Architectural Cinematographer: Creating Architectural Experiences in 3D Real-Time Environments
Authors: Calderon Carlos , Nyman Karl , Worley Nicholas 
Published: January 2007

This paper addresses the problem of creating new navigation paradigms for experiencing architectural designs in 3D real-time environments. The exploration of techniques other than still images or fly-through animations is complex and manifold, and requires the understanding and skills of many disciplines including cinematography, computer programming, architectural design and communication of 3D space. In this article, we present the Architectural Cinematographer (AC), a first step towards new navigation paradigms for real-time interactive virtual environments that are intended to enhance architectural walkthroughs with interactive camera effects. The AC is a fully developed modification (mod) of the game UnrealTournament2004™ using the Unreal™ game engine and relies on the notions of architectural concepts, cinematographic techniques and game level design to structure the virtual environment (VE) content in a way that facilitates a perception of design qualities in virtual architecture. AC addresses the current lack of either software or a structured approach to facilitate this in real-time architectural visualizations.
Utilizing Customizable Generative Design Tools in Digital Design Studio: Xp-GEN Experimental Form Generator
Authors: Pak Burak , Ozener Ozan Onder , Erdem Arzu 
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we present a generative design model for conceptual design in architecture. Based on this model we developed and implemented a compact, open-ended generative tool with a connected design evaluation database. Core concept of our generative approach is to achieve complex forms from a base primitive and create the form from the modified instances. Our tool is used in various levels of design studios, including graduate and undergraduate students. Designs from these experiments are evaluated in a qualitative framework.
Do Dental Anxiety Questionnaires Raise Anxiety in Dentally Anxious Adult Patients? A Two-Wave Panel Study
Authors: Humphris Gerry M , Hull P 
Published: January 2007

Objective To test whether or not dentally anxious patients attending the dentist for an appointment become more anxious when completing a dental anxiety questionnaire. Basic research design Patients were initially screened to include only those who were dentally anxious. A pre- and post-test was planned with the completion of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire as the intervention. Clinical setting Two dental access centres in the North West of England. Participants Initially, 583 patients were screened. Of these, 182 (31%) were found to be dentally anxious and were recruited into the study. Main outcome measures State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale Short Form. Results State anxiety did not change with the completion of the MDAS questionnaire in either designated dental phobics (MDAS ≥19) or those classified as non-phobics (MDAS <19). Conclusions The MDAS can be used to assess dental anxiety without raising anxiety in patients with or without self-reported dental phobia.
Perceptions and Attitudes to a Fundamental Reform of General Dental Services in Wales
Authors: Chestnutt Ivor G , Thomas David R , Patel Rajiv , Treasure Elizabeth T 
Published: January 2007

Background The greatest reform of state-funded dental care in England and Wales, since the inception of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, occurred on 1st April 2006. It encompassed the dissolution of a universal national contract and the introduction of locally commissioned primary dental care services in England and Wales. Suggested advantages included the elimination of the fee-for-item-of-service ‘treadmill’, an increased emphasis on prevention, and improved access—at a time when many practitioners were opting to provide care outside the NHS system. Objectives This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes to the new contract, in the three months immediately prior to its implementation. Methodology Data were collected via a postal questionnaire, comprising a combination of 56 closed and open questions. The questionnaire was mailed to all general dental practitioners in Wales. Results 691 (64.5%) questionnaires were returned. Just 140 (23%) dentists agreed or strongly agreed that they would have more time to spend with patients under the new contract. The majority of respondents, 361 (59.3%), disagreed that they would be able to spend more time on prevention. Three hundred and sixty-six (60.2%) disagreed that they were strongly attracted by the new method of remuneration and only 62 (10.2%) perceived a reduced level of administration. Of the 608 dentists who provided NHS dental services, 418 (68.6%) indicated they would continue to do so, 130 (21.4) were undecided, and 55 (9%) stated that they would not take up the new contract. Allowing for the number of days worked per week and the percentage time spent on NHS patients, these equate to 72.3%, 21% and 5.9% of NHS capacity respectively. Conclusions This study has established baseline perceptions of reform in state-funded dental care in Wales. As the new contract evolves, it will be interesting to determine whether the largely negative perceptions of new ways of working expressed in this study are realised.
Emotion identification and tension in female patients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wolff Sabine , Stiglmayr Christian , Bretz Hans Joachim , Lammers Claas‐Hinrich , Auckenthaler Anna 
Published: January 2007

Objectives. This study investigates the identification of emotions in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), when compared with mentally healthy control subjects. The inability to identify different emotions is considered as an essential component of affect dysregulation in BPD that has rarely been empirically investigated.Methods. In this study, 30 female borderline patients and 28 healthy control participants received a handheld‐PC for a 24‐hour period that reminded them hourly to enter data.Results. When compared with the control group, patients showed pronounced difficulties in emotion identification. Moreover, the data revealed a significant relationship between difficulties in identifying emotions and levels of aversive inner tension for BPD patients, but not for control subjects.Conclusions. Results indicate that the inability to identify different emotions is a problem that characterizes borderline patients in real‐life situations. Treatment programs should, therefore, focus on the improvement of emotion identification and regulation.
Intact Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance: Implications for the role of executive function in schizophrenia
Authors: Thurston‐Snoha Bonnie‐Jean , Lewine Richard R. J. 
Published: January 2007

Objectives.The present study sought to examine patients with schizophrenia who are able to perform adequately on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which is a test that is usually challenging for individuals with schizophrenia due to common problems in executive function.Method and design.Patients' WCST performance was classified as either ‘intact’ (fewer than 15% perseverative errors) or ‘impaired’ (15% or greater). Individuals with intact performance (N=61; 36.3%) and impaired performance (N=107; 63.7%) were then compared on several clinical and socio‐demographic variables in order to determine how those with intact executive function differed from those with impaired executive function as measured by the WCST.Results.Patients with intact performance were more similar than different from patients with impaired performance. Only negative symptoms as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores were found to differ significantly between these two groups while the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and positive symptom scores as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) approached significance. Patients with schizophrenia with intact WCST performance had a lower mean negative symptom score and a lower mean HDRS score than patients with schizophrenia with impaired WCST performance. The two groups were alike with respect to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, age at first hospitalization, mean number of previous hospitalizations and their families' years of education. A binary logistic regression indicated that differences between the group of individuals with intact performance and the group of individuals with impaired performance were attributable to full‐scale IQ.Conclusions.Those with ‘intact’ WCST performance exhibited fewer negative symptoms and had lower HDRS scores than those with ‘impaired’ performance, but both differences were attributable to full‐scale IQ based on a binary logistic regression. It is this latter finding that is considered to be the most salient finding of this paper.
Five Year‐Round Forage Systems in a Dairy Effluent Sprayfield
Authors: Woodard Kenneth R. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Sweat Lewin A. , Graetz Donald A. , Rymph Stuart J. , Joo Yongsung 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIn northern Florida, forages are grown in dairy effluent sprayfields to recover excess P. Our purpose was to evaluate five year‐round forage systems for their capacity to remove P from a dairy sprayfield. The soil is a Kershaw sand (thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamment). Systems included bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)‐rye (Secale cereale L.) (BR), perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)‐rye (PR), corn (Zea mays L.)‐forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]‐rye (CSR), corn‐bermudagrass‐rye (CBR), and corn‐perennial peanut‐rye (CPR). Forages were grown for five 12‐mo cycles. Effluent P rates were 80, 120, and 165 kg ha−1 cycle−1 The 5‐cycle P removal was 67 kg ha−1 cycle−1 for BR, 54 kg ha−1 for CBR, 52 kg for CSR, 45 kg for PR, and 43 for CPR. Removal of P by winter rye was low. There were differences in system rankings among cycles primarily due to changes in the performance of perennial forages. In the first two cycles, BR had the greatest P removal (91 kg ha−1 cycle−1) due to high bermudagrass yield and P concentration. In the first cycle, P removal was lowest for PR (36 kg ha−1) because perennial peanut was slow to establish. In later cycles, P removal for BR declined because bermudagrass yield and P concentration declined. It increased for PR because peanut yield increased. The yield of corn in CBR, CPR, and CSR was consistently high but P concentration was modest (avg. 2.2 g kg−1). Sorghum produced moderate but stable yield and had low P levels (avg. 1.8 g kg−1). Effluent rate marginally affected the performance of most grasses. For P recovery in dairy sprayfields in northern Florida, the best warm‐season forage would likely be a high yielding, persistent bermudagrass.
Time‐Dependent Distribution of Surface‐Applied Radionuclides and their Recovery in Maize during the Growing Season
Authors: Centofanti T. , Frossard E. , Flühler H. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe spatial and temporal heterogeneity of field soils influences the fate and behavior of strongly sorbing pollutants and their entry into the food chain. We studied the redistribution of surface‐applied54Mn,65Zn,57Co, and134Cs in the soil profile and their recovery in the aerial parts of maize grown on an untilled agricultural soil during the growing season. Radionuclides were more concentrated in the preferential flow paths (PFP) than in the soil matrix and their concentration decreased with time. The recovery of54Mn in the aerial plant parts increased between pollen shed and maturity, while the recovery of65Zn and57Co did not show any significant difference, and the recovery of134Cs decreased with time. The amount and distribution of rainfall, and the chemical, physical, and microbiological soil characteristics are the major factors influencing the variation of radionuclide recovery with time.
Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage in Bioreactors using Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Neculita Carmen‐Mihaela , Zagury Gérald J. , Bussière Bruno 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAcid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals, is an important and widespread environmental problem related to the mining industry. Sulfate‐reducing passive bioreactors have received much attention lately as promising biotechnologies for AMD treatment. They offer advantages such as high metal removal at low pH, stable sludge, very low operation costs, and minimal energy consumption. Sulfide precipitation is the desired mechanism of contaminant removal; however, many mechanisms including adsorption and precipitation of metal carbonates and hydroxides occur in passive bioreactors. The efficiency of sulfate‐reducing passive bioreactors is sometimes limited because they rely on the activity of an anaerobic microflora [including sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB)] which is controlled primarily by the reactive mixture composition. The most important mixture component is the organic carbon source. The performance of field bioreactors can also be limited by AMD load and metal toxicity. Several studies conducted to find the best mixture of natural organic substrates for SRB are reviewed. Moreover, critical parameters for design and long‐term operation are discussed. Additional work needs to be done to properly assess the long‐term efficiency of reactive mixtures and the metal removal mechanisms. Furthermore, metal speciation and ecotoxicological assessment of treated effluent from on‐site passive bioreactors have yet to be performed.
Ground Cover Impacts on Nitrogen Export from Manured Riparian Pasture
Authors: Butler David M. , Ranells Noah N. , Franklin Dorcas H. , Poore Matthew H. , Green James T. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTMaintaining ground cover of forages may reduce the export of nitrogen (N) from pastures. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of ground cover on N export from pastured riparian areas receiving simulated rainfall. Plots were established on two adjacent sites in the North Carolina Piedmont: one of 10% slope with Appling sandy loam soils and a second of 20% slope with Wedowee sandy loam soils. Both sites had existing mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.)‐dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatumPoir.) vegetation. Forage stands were modified to represent a range of ground cover levels: 0, 45, 70, and 95% (bare ground, low, medium, and high cover, respectively), and amended with beef steer (Bos taurus) feces and urine (∼200 kg N ha−1). For all rain events combined, mean nitrate N export was greatest from bare ground and was reduced by 34% at low cover, which did not differ from high cover. Mean ammonium N export was slightly elevated (∼1.37 kg N ha−1) in months when manures were applied and negligible (<0.02 kg N ha−1) in all other months. For all rain events combined, mean export of total N was greatest from bare ground and was reduced by at least 85% at all other cover levels. Whereas site did not impact N export, results indicated that cover and time of rainfall following manure deposition are important determinants of the impact of riparian grazing.
Denitrification in the Shallow Ground Water of a Tile‐Drained, Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Mehnert Edward , Hwang Hue‐Hwa , Johnson Thomas M. , Sanford Robert A. , Beaumont Will C. , Holm Thomas R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTNonpoint‐source pollution of surface water by N is considered a major cause of hypoxia. Because Corn Belt watersheds have been identified as major sources of N in the Mississippi River basin, the fate and transport of N from midwestern agricultural watersheds have received considerable interest. The fate and transport of N in the shallow ground water of these watersheds still needs additional research. Our purpose was to estimate denitrification in the shallow ground water of a tile‐drained, Corn Belt watershed with fine‐grained soils. Over a 3‐yr period, N was monitored in the surface and ground water of an agricultural watershed in central Illinois. A significant amount of N was transported past the tile drains and into shallow ground water. The ground water nitrate was isotopically heavier than tile drain nitrate, which can be explained by denitrification in the subsurface. Denitrifying bacteria were found at depths to 10 m throughout the watershed. Laboratory and push‐pull tests showed that a significant fraction of nitrate could be denitrified rapidly. We estimated that the N denitrified in shallow ground water was equivalent to 0.3 to 6.4% of the applied N or 9 to 27% of N exported via surface water. These estimates varied by water year and peaked in a year of normal precipitation after 2 yr of below average precipitation. Three years of monitoring data indicate that shallow ground water in watersheds with fine‐grained soils may be a significant N sink compared with N exported via surface water.
Long‐Term Phosphorus Immobilization by a Drinking Water Treatment Residual
Authors: Agyin‐Birikorang Sampson , O'Connor George A. , Jacobs Lee W. , Makris Konstantinos C. , Brinton Scott R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTExcessive soluble P in runoff is a common cause of eutrophication in fresh waters. Evidence indicates that drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) can reduce soluble P concentrations in P‐impacted soils in the short term (days to weeks). The long‐term (years) stability of WTR‐immobilized P has been inferred, but validating field data are scarce. This research was undertaken at two Michigan field sites with a history of heavy manure applications to study the longevity of alum‐based WTR (Al‐WTR) effects on P solubility over time (7.5 yr). At both sites, amendment with Al‐WTR reduced water‐soluble P (WSP) concentration by ≥60% as compared to the control plots, and the Al‐WTR‐immobilized P (WTR‐P) remained stable 7.5 yr after Al‐WTR application. Rainfall simulation techniques were utilized to investigate P losses in runoff and leachate from surface soils of the field sites at 7.5 yr after Al‐WTR application. At both sites, amendment with Al‐WTR reduced dissolved P and bioavailable P (BAP) by >50% as compared to the control plots, showing that WTR‐immobilized P remained nonlabile even 7.5 yr after Al‐WTR amendment. Thus, WTR‐immobilized P would not be expected to dissolve into runoff and leachate to contaminate surface waters or groundwater. Even if WTR‐P is lost via erosion to surface waters, the bioavailability of the immobilized P should be minimal and should have negligible effects on water quality. However, if the WTR particles are destroyed by extreme conditions, P loss to water could pose a eutrophication risk.
Phytostabilization Potential of Quailbush for Mine Tailings
Authors: Mendez Monica O. , Glenn Edward P. , Maier Raina M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAbandoned mine tailings sites in semiarid regions remain unvegetated for extended periods of time and are subject to eolian dispersion and water erosion. This study examines the potential phytostabilization of a lead‐zinc mine tailings site using a native, drought‐tolerant halophyte, quailbush [Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.]. In a greenhouse study germination, growth, and metal uptake was evaluated in two compost‐amended mine tailings samples, K4 (pH 3) and K6 (pH 6) at 75, 85, 90, 95, and 100% mine tailings, and two controls, off‐site and compost. Microbial community changes were monitored by performing MPN analysis of iron‐ and sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria as well as heterotrophic plate counts. Results demonstrate that germination is not a good indicator for phytostabilization since it was only inhibited in the unamended K4 treatment. Plant growth was significantly reduced in 95 and 100% mine tailings, while growth in 75, 85, and 90% treatments was similar to the off‐site control. Quailbush accumulated elevated levels of the nutrient metals Na, K, Mn, and Zn in the shoot tissues; however, metal accumulation was generally below the domestic animal toxicity limit. Initially, autotrophic population estimates were four to six logs higher than heterotrophic counts, indicating extremely stressed conditions. However, post‐harvest, heterotrophic bacterial counts increased to normal levels (∼106 CFU g−1 dry tailings) and dominated the rhizosphere. Therefore, with compost amendment, quailbush has good potential as a native species candidate for phytostabilization of mine tailings in semiarid environments.