bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Spurrier Harry 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTerra cotta is not a definite material. Considerable difference of opinion exists as to suitable structure and composition. There are more differences between different makes of terra cotta than there are in opinion as to what it should be. Microscope study of thin sections of terra cotta is a valuable method of examination. The voids in terra cotta are of more than one kind and origin. The grog used in terra cotta is frequently unsuitable as to character and size. A fuller knowledge of fundamentals will probably much alter ideas as to suitable grog. A test for internal stress is described. Terra cotta was tested for osmotic action. The internal degradation of terra cotta is demonstrated by two different methods. A number of slides are presented being typical of certain characteristics.
A STUDY OF MULLITE REFRACTORIES FORMED BY CALCINING CYANITE, THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION1
Authors: Freed M. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is a progress report of an investigation dealing with refractory bodies made of cyanite, either raw or calcined, and which was taken from a recently discovered deposit in India. The bodies were subjected to standard and modified laboratory tests for high grade refractories. Petrographic analyses indicated complete conversion to mullite in the test specimens and the results of the laboratory test indicate the bodies to be equal in quality to many so‐called “super‐refractories” now on the market.
CYANITE‐CLAY REFRACTORIES—I1
Authors: Harrison H. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe dissociation of cyanite into mullite was studied. Bricks were made of various mixes and their properties are given. Twenty per cent is about the minimum amount of clay which will give the proper bond. It was found desirable in some cases to add MgO in small amounts to promote a crystalline bond between the dissociated cyanite grains and the bonding material. In Pt. II the phase rule equilibrium relations are discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE BULK AND PORE VOLUMES OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS1
Authors: Hartmann M. L. , Westmont O. B. , Morgan S. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new sand displacement method for the determination of the bulk volume and bulk specific gravity of refractory or other material is described.A gas porosimeter with a vertical U‐tube manometer for the determination of pore volumes of materials is also described together with calculations of the possible errors.The porosities, bulk specific gravities, and calculated true specific gravities of 15 types of refractory bricks obtained by means of these two methods, and the usual water absorption method are tabulated for comparison.
OIL FIRING, ITS LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES1
Authors: Mekler L. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe most common types of fuel burning equipment and the usual methods of their installation, originally developed and perfected for power plant use, are not suitable for the ceramic industory and result in excessive costs and difficulties in operation and control. When fuel oil is considered not a substitute for coal but an independent fuel with characteristics somewhat radically different from those of coal, and the kiln construction together with method of firing is changed to meet these characteristics, oil firing proves superior to coal firing in nine cases out of ten.
THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC HEAT IN THE SELECTION OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Macgee A. Ernest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief discussion of specific heats is given in which particular emphasis is placed upon its determination at high temperatures, the methods which have been used in the past for its determination, and the application of the values in the selection of refractories. The need of determining physical properties of brick which have been in service is pointed out.
CONTINUITY IN PLASTIC BODIES1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExtended experiments have shown that the plasticity of a clay increases with the growth of algae in it and the presence of hydrogel of alumina caused by a biochemical reaction. Air included in a clay body causes shortness. Experiments were run in evacuating the air in a clay and then by suddenly breaking the vacuum, collapsing the evacuated clay. The clay thus treated shows greatly increased plasticity, reduced warpage, elimination of blistering and resistance to rupture on distortion. The physics and chemistry of making clay plastic are discussed.
A NEW TYPE OF DRIER HEATER1
Authors: Geicer Cbarles F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA novel design of a combination air heater and combustion chamber burning liquid or gaseous fuel is presented and illustrated with a drawing. Desirable features of independent drier heaters are outlined, and the efficacy of the equipment described in approaching the ideal achievements is demonstrated. Mention is made of the application of this type of heater to a number of different processes as well as to the heating of factory buildings.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS ‐SOME OBSERVATIONS AS TO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR THERMAL EXPANSIONS.—II1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Heindl R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is the second Progress Report based on data obtained in an extensive investigation of sagger clays, conducted for the purpose of determining the properties characterizing clays best suited to this type of service. The report contains a brief description of the apparatus used in the determination of thermal expansion from room temperature to 1000°C together with a correlation of the thermal expansions determined with the physical properties of the clays as given in the first Progress Report. For the clays examined the information obtained indicates that: (a) there are two types of clays as characterized by thermal expansion, between 100 and 200° C, and resistance to failure when subjected to sudden temperature changes similar to those encountered in service; (b) repeated firings tend to develop increased expansion between 100 and 200°C and, consequently, decreased resistance to failure when subjected to sudden temperature changes; and (c) that additions of corundum to clay tend to increase the average, but decrease irregular, thermal expansions.
TANK BLOCK CORROSION BY SHELVING1
Authors: Flint F. C. , Payne A. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPhotographs are given showing a number of glass tanks which indicate that part of the rapid eating of tank block is due to upward solution from cracks in the block wall. This upward solution is due to the higher specific gravity of the glass after dissolving tank block material. Experiments made by adding clay to glass melted in small pots and analyzing show this. The density is also taken of glass adjacent to the tank wall.
A COMPARISON OF THE UNIFORMITY OF STRENGTH AND TEXTURE OF FIRE BRICK MADE BY DIFFERENT PROCESSES1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. , Pfeiffer W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBy assuming that the “deviations from the average” of the strengths and permeabilities of individual bricks of any one brand are governed by the laws of chance, a comparison of the uniformity of strength and texture of a number of brands of brick made by different processes is obtained. Of the brands examined, those made by the stiff‐mud process are found to be more uniform in strength and less uniform in structure than those made by the dry‐press process. The hand‐made bricks show quite a variation in both strength and texture, whereas one brand of brick made by a semi‐dry process (English type machine) shows good uniformity in both strength and texture.
AN ULTRAMICROSCOPIC MOTION PICTURE STUDY OF THE RELATION OF COLLOIDAL CONTENT AND PLASTICITY IN CLAYS1
Authors: France Wesley G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany attempts have been made to account for the plasticity of clay on the basis of colloidal content. If these are warranted then one should find characteristic differences in the colloidal fractions of clay suspensions, when examined ultramicroscopically. Furthermore these differences should serve as an indication of the plasticity. Ultramicroscopic motion pictures were taken of the colloidal fractions of the aqueous suspensions of four clays having different plasticities. Marked differences were found in each instance, which indicated the relative order of the decreasing plasticity of the clays examined to be: English china clay; South Carolina kaolin; North Carolina kaolin; and fireclay semi‐flint. These results tend to support the idea that a definite relation exists between the colloidal content of a clay and its plasticity. Suggestions with reference to the extension of this work are made.
INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION OF BODY AND GLAZE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A TRUE PORCELAIN1
Authors: Lee Pyungtoo William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn effort to produce a higher quality of true porcelain at cones 10 to 12. Physical properties of body and glaze and their workabilities are observed. Tested for shrinkage, warpage, translucency, absorption and modulus of rupture.
THE HEAT REQUIRED TO FIRE CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: MacGee A. Ernest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA differential thermal method for determining interval specific heats of ceramic materials is described. The specific heat of the unknown is determined by comparing its temperature to that of quartz after each sample has been subjected to a definite heat treatment. This method shows the number of calories required to heat one gram of the material in question from 0 to t°C, accounting for all thermal processes which the material may undergo during the heating process. It shows the temperatures at which the various thermal processes begin and end as well as the quantitative figures for the more pronounced of these thermal processes.The kaolin, ball, flint, and diaspore clays undergo an endothermic reaction at about 575°C which amounts to “60 to 130” calories per gram of the air dried material. They undergo an exothermic reaction at about 960°C which amounts to about 25 calories per gram of the air dried material. About 510 calories are required to heat one gram of any firebrick body from 25 to 1200°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 43. About 500 calories are required to heat one gram of any kaolin or ball clay from 0–1000°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 5. About 290 calories are required to heat one gram of flint or feldspar from 0–1050°C, the specific heat over this interval being about 28.Instead of the kiln efficiencies being about 22% as was previously believed, this work proved them to be about 35%.
INVESTIGATION ON ENAMEL CLAYS1
Authors: Boeker V. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFunctions of clay in enameling and requirements of enamel clays are enumerated. The investigation deals with twelve representative enamel clays, which were examined for water of plasticity, drying shrinkage, modulus of rupture and properties when fired to 1000°C. Using these clays in enamel slips, viscosity, suspension test, and hydrogenion concentration by the indicator method were run. Fineness test, petrographic examination and chemical analyses were made on the clays. They were then tested in a cover coat enamel, subjecting the test pieces to impact test and thermal shock. The results of all the tests are summarized and conclusions drawn therefrom.
THE ATTACK OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS ON FIRECLAY REFRACTORY MATERIAL1
Authors: Turner W. E. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMcSwiney's statement regarding arsenic compounds being responsible for rapid corrosive action on tank blocks is discussed. It is pointed out that if arsenic compounds exert a marked corrosive action on fire clay, it should be demonstrated by an increased iron oxide or alumina content, or both, in the resulting glass. Data collected in experiments run is presented, which contradicts McSwiney's statement. Only when arsenic in excess of the amount used ordinarily is present in glasses melted at temperatures of 1450 and 1500°C, or above ordinary working temperatures, can corrosion due to arsenic be traced. A full discussion of corrosion of glass house refractories, effects of colors on the heat conductivity of glasses at high and low temperatures, and variations between the types of glasses referred to in Dr. Turner's paper and in McSwiney's, is presented by McSwiney.
A NON‐ACTINIC COBALT‐BLUE GLASS1
Authors: Coblentz W. W. , Finn A. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA non‐actinic blue glass is described. The substitution of cerium oxide for a part lime and the addition of a small amount of cobalt oxide in an ordinary soda‐lime glass produces a glass which, in 5 mm. thickness, absorbs practically all the ultra‐violet rays. The composition of the glass, its ultra‐violet absorption, and the visible spectral transmission are given.
IMPACT AND STATIC TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF WET PROCESS ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief review is given of the apparatus used for determining the resistance to impact of ceramic materials, namely, apparatus of the “pile driver” type and of the pendulum type. A Charpy (pendulum) transverse impact machine of 2 ft.‐lbs. maximum capacity suitable for porcelain has been built and is described. Specimens from 1/2 to 11/8 inches in diameter can be accommodated on movable supports. Data were obtained for 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch diameter cylinders of wet process porcelain on a 4‐inch span, the average values for 1/2‐inch diameter being 1.24 ft.‐lbs. per sq. in., and the average value for 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inches being 1.53 ft.‐lbs. per sq. in. with an average deviation from the mean of about 2.5%.Data on specimens of wet process porcelain 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch in diameter fractured on 4‐ and 5‐inch spans give equivalent values for the modulus of rupture. The average of all values is 11,000 pounds per square inch.
SOME EFFECTS OF VARYING SODA AND BORIC OXIDES IN GROUND COAT ENAMELS1
Authors: Fusselbaugh R. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVariations were made from 5 to 25 % in soda oxide and boric oxide content of a given ground coat enamel, and results observed on trial pieces. It was found that an increase of soda oxide at the expense of boric oxide decreased the tendency of the enamels to blister and fishscale, and increased the tendency toward the formation of copperheads. Conversely, the increase of boric oxide at the expense of soda oxide increased the tendency of the enamels to blister and fishscale, but decreased the tendency to copperhead.
AGREEMENT OF GROUND COAT AND ENAMEL1
Authors: Malinovszky A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTroubles in working with enamels may be caused by poor workmanship in some department or by changes in composition of the enamel due to differences in chemical composition of raw materials used. The application of Staley's refractory ratio in determining the agreement of ground coat and enamel cover coat is illustrated.
NOTES ON SHAPE CONSTRUCTION1
Authors: Rhead Frederick H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe lines of development of a course for training ceramic artists, who are very much in demand, are outlined. Ceramic shape design for quantity production involves a study of factory processes, product specifications, both consumer's and factory, and manufacturing specifications. Examples of commercial designing are demonstrated, using drawings of a series of glass designs as illustrations for various points made. The filing of research studies in design, relation of shapes to product specification, and product development are discussed. The difference between the art engineer and the craftsman is pointed out.
THE FROSTING OF GLASS BY MIXTURES CONTAINING HYDROFLUORIC ACID AND ALKALI FLUORIDES1
Authors: Spencer C. D. , Ott L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper a number of experiments are described confirming the protection theory of acid frosting. A description is given also of an etching cell by means of which it is possible to observe, through a microscope, the initial stages and the progress of events during the acid etching of glass surfaces. A theory of the fortification or strengthening of abraded and acid‐etched surfaces is proposed and illustrated.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS INVESTIGATION OF FELDSPAR—SECOND PROGRESS REPORT1
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history and purpose of the investigation are outlined and detailed reports are made on (1) the results of air elutriation and coöperative sieve and chemical analyses of the nineteen feldspars being studied, (2) coöperative determinations of softening point, and (3) true specific gravity. The paper also includes a report on tests of mechanical strength, light transmission, porosity, volume shrinkage during firing, and thermal expansion of whiteware specimens in which the feldspars being studied were the only variable component.
A NEW HIGH TEMPERATURE FURNACE CONTROLLER1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe need for accurate control of an oil‐fired furnace operated at a temperature above the range of platinum thermocouples led to the development of a new type controller. Disadvantages of ordinary types of controllers are discussed. The mounting of the radiation pyrometer used is described. Full details of the construction and operating principles of the controller are given. Results obtained are far better than with most careful hand control.
MECHANICAL INTRODUCTION OF BARIUM TO CLAY BODIES1
Authors: Blair Marion W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral methods of introducing barium to clay bodies are discussed. These include addition (1) in a wet dilute solution, (2) in a wet concentrated solution, (3) dry by sprinkling on to the raw clay in the car before grinding. (4) dry to the dry pan or crusher in proportion to the speed of the machine. (5) dry from a disk feeder applying the clay to the pug mill.
COMPARISON OF THE EXPENSES FOR OPERATING THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF KILNS1
Authors: Kauffmann Otto 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA comparison made of a system of six round kilns, a sixteen chamber Mendheim gas kiln, and a tunnel car kiln system Saarau shows the tunnel car kiln to have the best figures concerning amount of fuel and time of firing, but less favorable with regard to wages and amount of broken saggers. There is also a difference in the quality of the tile.
FLASHING AND OTHER UNIQUE DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH A MODERN TUNNEL KILN FACE BRICK PLANT1
Authors: Robson J. T. , Hartford F. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA few of the salient features uncommon in ordinary face brick plant design are brought out. Many of these are rendered necessary by the use of a tunnel kiln for firing. Details of plant layout, screen arrangement, method of introducing barium carbonate to the pug mill, the drier which is a combination of the waste heat and radiated heat types, and kiln design and operation are given.
STUDIES OF THE CHANGES IN THE VISCOSITY OF CLAY SLIPS AND GLAZE SUSPENSIONS ON AGING AND BY TREATMENT WITH ELECTROLYTES1
Authors: Bowman James R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe rate and extent of the spontaneous thinning out of clay slips and glaze suspensions were measured; the effects of electrolytes on the viscosities of slips and glazes after aging until minimum viscosity was reached were investigated; measurements of the rate and extent of the spontaneous thinning of a glaze after treatment with electrolytes were made; and further experiments hearing on spontaneous thinning were conducted, such as heating the slip or glaze and the application of the colorimetric method in determining PH, etc.
III. PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS: THEIR ELASTICITY AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a third Progress Report, based on data obtained in an extensive investigation of sagger clays for the purpose of determining the properties characterizing clays best suited to this type of service. The Report contains a brief description of the apparatus used in the determination of elasticity and transverse breaking strength at three temperatures, ranging up to 925°C. These data are correlated with thermal expansions of clays, as given in the second Progress Report, resulting in the formation of an empirical formula which indicates the relative resistance of saggers to failure due to thermal shock. The majority of clays show an increased rigidity or elasticity at the higher temperatures, but only those clays which are weak at room temperature indicate a marked increase in transverse strength.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe problem of measuring the thermal conductivity of materials up to high temperatures has been studied, especially in regard to the sources of error. This investigation has shown that many of the previous determinations of thermal conductivity may have had little precision due to a lack of appreciation of the errors involved. The values of thermal conductivity for a number of refractories are given, as obtained by a new type of apparatus designed to eliminate to a considerable extent the errors of measurement. However, it is believed that these values may have an error as high as ± 25 % for the better heat conductors; so there is still much work to be done in developing a method for measuring thermal conductivity with the precision usual in other physical measurements.
THE HEAT REQUIRED TO FIRE CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: SIMPSON HAROLD E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe interval specific heats of twenty‐three refractory clays of various types from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Colorado, and New Jersey were calculated as well as ten clays used in the Bureau of Mines investigation “The Burning Problems of Industrial Kilns.” This group included fire clay, shales, and surface clays.The results showed that there was very little difference in the interval specific heats at 1000 °C between the various types of fire clay, shales, and surface clay. The values ranged from .425–440.In the Bureau of Mines investigation the average kiln efficiencies were calculated to be about 18%; using the corrected figures obtained for interval specific heats, the average kiln efficiencies were found to be about 29%.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF CERAMIC COLORS AND THEIR USE IN VITREOUS ENAMELS1
Authors: Harrison W. N. , Harthshorn T. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis report deals with the results obtained from a study of ceramic colors as used in vitreous enamels. Numerous coloring stains were produced and used in various enamel compositions. The batch formulas of the stains are given, and methods of preparation described.To obtain uniformity of texture of the colored enamels, and to insure accuracy of duplication in preparing successive batches of a given stain, it was found desirable to (a) accurately duplicate time and temperature of calcination, and in some cases furnace atmosphere; (a) wash the stains free from soluble matter after calcination; (c) grind and pass them through a fine screen before use; and (d) keep the enamel composition constant.Several of the stains were produced on a relatively large scale and tested commercially under plant conditions. These gave excellent results.
SPALLING AND LOSS IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Goodrich Hobert R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA preliminary report of the loss of compressive strength when fireclay brick from the Pacific Northwest were subjected to a series of heat treatments to 1350° and 1250°C. It illustrates some of the variations of heat treatment in the manufacturer's kilns and the differences between the high siliceous type of fire brick and the vitrifying clay type with lower free silica content. It is possible that a satisfactory spalling test may be developed in this direction.