bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associative image retrieval using knowledge in encyclopedia text
Authors: Keshi Ikuo , Ikeuchi Hiroshi , Kuromusha Ken'Ichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractApplying existing keyword retrieval to image retrieval causes some problems. Among them, database developers must describe photograph contents in detail and adequate retrieval is difficult. These problems have been resolved by developing an associative retrieval technology using not keywords but semantic vectors as a retrieval method with an associative function such as a human being possesses. A semantic vector dictionary of more than 100,000 words was made from encyclopedia text. This paper explains the experimental image retrieval system for 36,000 photographs with the semantic vector dictionary made from the encyclopedia text. This system associates the words input by a user with the knowledge in the encyclopedia text and outputs ranked retrieval results. The effectiveness of this associative retrieval method is confirmed by evaluating content retrieval of images by a small benchmark and making an adaptive learning function of semantic vectors in the case in which a retrieval result is not the same as a user's subjective perspective would impose.
Combinatorial optimization neural network having maximum functions in the energy function
Authors: Watanabe Yoshiaki , Yoshino Keiichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCombinatorial optimization problems are solved here by using a neural network that includes maximum functions in the energy functions. Because the energy function is bilinear in the original Hopfield neural network, the objective optimization problem must be formulated in bilinear form. It is shown that an energy function having maximum functions can be formulated; in addition, the neural network corresponding to the energy function is able to solve optimization problems. The example used here solves the maximum satisfiability problem and the results are compared with two simple algorithms. An oscillatory unit already in use is applied to the proposed neural network and the effect is examined. Neural networks can handle solutions for a logical function having 5—20 literals and 100—100,000 nodes. The neural network with oscillatory units presented here puts out better solutions.
Line segment detection by estimating quantization error of hough transform
Authors: Tsukise Kanji , Fujiwara Ryoichi , Tsuboi Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the hand‐eye system, the contour of the object is usually extracted through the Hough transform of the image in order to determine the shape and orientation of an object based on the input image. When this procedure is actually applied, however, the contour cannot be extracted with sufficient accuracy, due to the effect of noise in the image or a quantization error in the Hough transform. From such a viewpoint, this paper proposes a method to extract the line segment with high accuracy and no overlap by estimating the quantization error in the Hough transform. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated using an actual example.
Restoration of space‐variant blurred image using a wavelet transform
Authors: Hashimoto Shoichi , Saito Hideo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a method to reconstruct a space‐variant blurred image by using the wavelet transform, which is an orthogonal transform producing space‐variant frequency data. A blurred image is divided into multiple resolutions by using a wavelet transform. As each resolution depends on the position of the image, this is corrected by applying a coefficient determined by a PSF parameter (the half‐maximum width) so that the position‐dependent frequency data are restored. The PSF in the blurred image is estimated to realize blind deconvolution. The method has been tested by a computer simulation and by a CCD camera using real images. The results show that the PSF in the blurred images can be estimated accurately when the images contain little noise. When the resolution of each blurred image is corrected by the estimated PSF parameter, it has been confirmed that the restoration was carried out depending on the degree of blurring.
Personality and fear of childbirth
Authors: RYDING ELSA LENA , WIRFELT EVA , WÄNGBORG ING‐BRITT , SJÖGREN BERIT , RYDING ELSA LENA , WIRFELT EVA , WÄNGBORG ING‐BRITT , SJÖGREN BERIT , EDMAN GUNNAR 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground. Socioeconomic factors and previous experiences of delivery are known to influence pregnant women's fear of childbirth. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between stable personality traits, fear of childbirth during late pregnancy, and experience of the delivery. Methods. Self‐report questionnaires were completed twice, during gestation week 34–37, and at 1‐week postpartum. Comparisons were made between 85 women who had sought help from a fear‐of‐childbirth team, and a group (n = 177) from routine antenatal care. Correlations between fear of childbirth, personality variables and experience of childbirth were calculated. Results. The women who had sought help tended to be more anxiety‐prone, more short‐tempered, and lower in socialisation, although within the normal range. In spite of counselling, they reported more intense fear of delivery and fear of pain compared with the comparison group. Women with intense fear of childbirth, who were low in socialisation and high in psychasthenia, had a more negative experience of their current childbirth. Conclusion. Women with intense fear of childbirth differ from other pregnant women also in personality. Methods for treating fear of childbirth should be further developed in order to diminish the risk of a negative birth experience.
Inflammatory markers in endometriosis: reduced peritoneal neutrophil response in minimal endometriosis
Authors: RILEY CHRISTOPHER FINNE , MOEN METTE HAASE , VIDEM VIBEKE 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground. Inflammation is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Inflammatory activation in endometriosis was tested based on the hypothesis that pain and endometriosis stage are related to the degree of local and systemic inflammation. Methods. Eighteen patients with endometriosis and 14 controls without endometriosis were studied. Cancer antigen 125 and C‐reactive protein were analyzed in blood, and in aspirated peritoneal fluid, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase (neutrophil granulocyte activation marker), sC5b‐9 (terminal complement complex), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (marker for extent of endometriotic tissue), neopterin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (monocyte/macrophage activation) were evaluated and related to pain, endometriosis stage, and clinical data. Results. None of the measured markers were different between control and endometriosis patients, or in women with or without menstrual pain, dyspareunia, or other types of pelvic pain. Lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase concentrations were significantly lower in patients with endometriosis stage I compared to control patients and endometriosis patients with stage III/IV disease. As expected, cancer antigen 125 concentrations were increased in endometriosis patients of stage III/IV. Conclusions. Neutrophil granulocytes in endometriosis patients may have a lowered ability to respond to weak activation signals, while in more extensive endometriosis stronger neutrophil activation may be related to a proinflammatory effect of endometriotic tissue.
Tunneled internal jugular catheters in adult patients: comparison of outcomes in hemodialysis versus infusion catheters
Authors: Peynircioglu B. , Ozkan F. , Canyigit M. , Cil B. E. , Balkanci F. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Tunneled central venous catheters placed by interventional radiologists are now widely used for hemodialysis and infusion therapies throughout the world. However, complications such as infections and malfunctions still remain a major concern in oncology and hemodialysis patients. Purpose: To evaluate the long-term follow-up results of tunneled central venous catheters in an adult population in terms of infectious complications and malfunction rates in dialysis and oncology patients. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital charts and our electronic database for 434 tunneled internal jugular catheters in 335 consecutive patients between December 2002 and March 2006. Mean patient age was 57 years (range 23–86 years) in the hemodialysis group and 45 years (range 18–83 years) in the infusion group. A total of 224 hemodialysis catheters were placed in 168 patients (68 females, 100 males) and 210 infusion catheters in 167 patients (48 females, 119 males). Results: Technical success rate was 100%. Mean duration of catheter use was 86 days (1–652 days) and 60 days (2–686 days) for hemodialysis and infusion catheters, respectively. A total of 107 hemodialysis (47%) and 95 infusion catheters (45%) were electively removed due to completion of therapy and resolution of need for dialysis. Revisions were performed 0.22 and 0.11 per 100 catheters days in the hemodialysis and infusion groups, respectively. Our total infection rate was 0.10 episodes per 100 catheter days, and the rate of infections necessitating catheter removal was 0.05 episodes per 100 catheter days in the hemodialysis group, which is lower than that reported in other big series. However, in the infusion group, the rate of infections necessitating catheter removal was 0.28 episodes per 100 catheter days. Conclusion: Long-term central venous accesses using tunneled internal jugular catheters appeared to be safe and effective for both hemodialysis and long-term infusion therapies, with relatively higher infection rates in oncologic patients.
The plight of the Agro‐pastoral society of Somalia
Authors: Mukhtar Mohamed 
                      Haji 
Published: July 2007

Despite advances in modern communication and the proliferation of information, there remain areas of the world about which little is known. One such place is Somalia. The informed public is aware of a political ‘meltdown’ and consequent chaos there, but few comprehend the causes of this tragic crisis. Unless and until there is greater understanding of the basic issues involved, Somalia will continue to suffer mayhem and chronic disorder. This article assesses some of the factors involved in the current civil war in Somalia, especially as they pertain to the inter riverine region of the south. Particular emphasis is placed on the Dighil/Mirifle clan in that region.
In contrast to the single cause analysis that attributes all to Siad Barré's dictatorship, which is adopted by nearly every Somali scholar and politician, the article investigates the social causes of the worst civil war in the modern history of this country. The single cause analysis is inadequate because it is not so much scientific as ideological, and represents the desire of nomadic groups to impose cultural and political hegemony on the settled agro‐pastoralist groups in and around the inter‐riverine region in the south. The basic tenet of this hegemonic ambition is an invented homogeneity, which presents Somalia as one of the few culturally homogeneous countries in Africa, if not the world. The Somali people are said to have a single language and to share a mono‐culture. In fact, Somalia has always been divided into southern agro‐pastoral clans and northern nomadic clans which have distinctively different cultural, linguistic, and social structures. The monoculture about which most students of Somalia speak is extrapolated mainly from the study of the northern part of the country, where most of the research into Somali culture was undertaken. The assumptions and extrapolations of these northern‐based studies were later applied to other parts of the country without any scientific basis. The myth of Somali homogeneity played a major role in the rise of nomadic clans to political predominance, and the appropriation of resources from the less warlike and intensely religious agro‐pastoral groups in and around the inter‐riverine region. A major factor in the Somali conflict is the struggle among clans for control of limited and increasingly scarce resources, especially land and water. More specifically, it is a violent competition between the Darood and Hawiye clan families for political and economic dominance of the inter‐riverine region.
International commercial rivalries & the zai'rian copper nationalisation of 1967
Authors: Gibbs David 
Published: July 2007

Research on the international relations of the African continent has generally eschewed the phenomenon of rivalry among the advanced capitalist powers for commercial and political influence south of the Sahara. Most studies of Africa's international relations, especially from a critical perspective, have tended to emphasize the unityof the northern, capitalist powers in opposing challenges from third world countries. During the 1970s, research emphasized the efforts of multinational corporations and their home governments to prevent or undermine efforts at economic nationalism in third world countries. While such studies did recognize the potential for somewhat varied responses to rationalistic ‘threats’, there was a widespread assumption that the rich nations would exhibit a significant degree of unity in preserving international property rights and the free flow of capital. More recently, critical studies have emphasized the salience of the international financial community and the International Monetary Fund in reestablishing political and economic hegemony over peripheral areas, including Africa (Mohan & Zack‐Williams, 1995).
Such approaches tend to overlook the phenomenon of conflict and competition among these powers. This article will examine the historical basis of international rivalries in Zaïre, focusing on the rise of General Mobutu's regime, primarily during the late 1960s. During this period, the United States was seeking to expand its commercial and political influence in Zaïre, generally at the expense of established European interests. The principal protagonist of the US was the former colonial power, Belgium. In essence, it will be argued, inter‐capitalist rivalries in Zaïre were an inevitable outgrowth of decolonization. The European powers had always used colonialism as a method to maintain exclusive or quasi‐exclusive trading and investment opportunities for home country interests and to exclude potential interlopers ‐ such as the United States. During the 1960s, the US viewed the circumstances of decolonization as an opportunity for political and commercial expansion, sometimes at the expense of European interests. European‐US conflicts, some of which continue to the present day, were the result. Historical conflicts such as these are highly relevant to understanding present‐day international relations in Central Africa when once again, rivalries among the western powers ‐ this time between the US and France ‐ are apparent.
Mirages of pastoralist futures: a review of aid donor policy in Sahelian pastoral zones
Authors: Oxby Clare 
Published: July 2007

Based on donor presentations at the United Nations Sahelian Office (UNSO) Technical Consultations on Pastoral Development in Africa (Endnote 1), this contribution explores first the extent to which pastoralists and the pastoral zones are targeted in donor policy and second the type of future society that the aid policies point towards, or imply, for these people and these regions. The policies are found to divide into those that effectively bypass pastoral zones and fail to target pastoralists, those that consider the pastoral zones and their inhabitants as complementary to other zones and other populations, and those that target squarely these zones and their inhabitants. Taking the last group of policies, three different approaches are distinguished: that which focuses on livestock and animal production; that which focuses on people and herders’ organisations; and that which focuses on natural resources and desertification. These policies are reviewed in turn, along with their contrasting and often unrealistic implications as to the type of future society involved.
In the end, most of these visions of the future are dismissed as hypothetical constructs — as mirages — in that they tend to be formulated by outsiders and lack a consensus of support from within the pastoralist communities. In the current political climate which favours democracy and decentralisation it is hoped that the pastoralists themselves will be given a voice and an institutional channel in proportion to their numbers, so that they may formulate and express their own aspirations. Certain very fundamental issues have yet to be resolved through the political process, in particular the relative support for two opposing lifestyles and land uses in semi‐arid areas: one based on nomadic livestock‐keeping of drought‐resistant livestock species, and the other on a variety of sedentary activities based in farms and settlements. Finally, some examples are suggested of ways in which donors might be called upon to assist, rather than to initiate, efforts towards the improved political representation of pastoralists.
The Maghreb experience: a challenge to the rational myths of economics
Authors: Zaoual Hassan 
Published: July 2007

Colonial domination gave way to ‘development through regulation’ which received support from the Third World elites. Historically, the elites of the South have usually imported everything, including the explanation for the problems of their own societies: ‘from the discourse (keys in head), to the factory (keys in hand)’. In economic development circles, the Third World elites play the role of sterile classes without the capacity to create ‘development’. On the world economic scene, the development industry has concentrated conceptual ability and innovatory capacity in the countries transmitting development, while the sterile classes head what are essentially rentiereconomies (Philippe Hugon, 1994). Development, despite its impressive array of macro models, all too often turns out to be merely a source of profit for the closed club of the great economic powers of the world. But this relationship cannot be maintained without flourishing markets for primary commodities (for example, oil), external assistance, geopolitical rents, demographic pressures that can be kept within the redistribution capacity of rents, industrial sub‐contracting by transnationals (when this is feasible), and so on. If one or more of these conditions change, inevitably there is instability, if not explosions of all kinds. In fact, the results have been disastrous everywhere, except for the Asian development experiences whose successes have however been vitiated by the recent stock exchange crashes. This has challenged both the usual theory and practice of thinking and acting as far as North/South relationships are concerned — as evinced by recent international events.
The changes that are taking place, however, cannot be understood with the conceptual paradigms of yesterday. This ‘interpretation powerlessness’ can today be seen in the various geographical regions of the world. Examples are the Arab world, that ‘decadent old merchant’, and sub‐Saharan Africa, which is being massacred by ‘ethnic’ conflicts and endless external interventions. For these areas, it is all too clear that development is above all a source of profit for the capitalist economies of the North.
Der Einfluß von kapillarinaktiven Beimengungen auf die Kristallisation von Metallschmelzen
Authors: Kuševa‐Markova N. , Bliznakov G. , Triffonova E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNach einer Übersicht über den Stand der Kenntnisse über die Modifizierung des Gefüges von Gußmetallen werden eigene Ergebnisse über die Untersuchung des Einflusses von kapillarinaktiven Zusätzen (Mg, Zn) auf das Gefüge von Pb‐Metall mitgeteilt und diskutiert. Es wird die schon früher mitgeteilte Auffassung der Autoren über die Bildung einer hemmenden Adsorptionsschicht an der Phasengrenze und die damit verbundene erhöhte Keimbildungsgeschwindigkeit bestätigt.
Stability of faceted growth forms from melts and in the presence of impurities
Authors: Chernov A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTransition from regular polyhedron to skeleton shape for crystals growing from melts is considered. This transition is due to the lower undercooling in central parts of facets as compared with vertexes. It is the growth rate anisotropy which withstands to that undercooling inhomogeneity.For very strong anisotropy the stability criterion is determined as the crystal size above which the undercooling in the centers of facets approaches zero.For arbitrary anisotropy the stability criterion presents the relationship between crystal size and small distortion of facets.
Haidingerite (II). From Valence Summation to Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Donnay J. D. H. , Donnay Gabrielle 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe haidingerite formula must be written CaAsO3(OH) · H2O. The calcium coordination number, reported as 6, is shown to be 7 by valence summation. Chains of hydrogen‐bonded arsenate groups are confirmed. The two protons of the water molecule form hydrogen bonds to neighboring chains.
Ein Beitrag zur Erzeugung dünner orientierter Antimonfilme auf Einkristallsubstraten durch Hochvakuumkondensation
Authors: Mietz I. , Sprenger H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Abhängigkeit von der Substrattemperatur, der aufgedampften Schichtdicke und der Aufdampfrate wurde die Kondensation von Antimon auf NaBr‐Epitaxieschichten und auf Muskovit bei 10−5 Torr untersucht. Auch bei Substrattemperaturen oberhalb 1/3 Ts (Ts Schmelzpunkt) erfolgt bis zu einer kritischen Substrattemperatur (für Muskovit > 150°C, für NaBr‐Epitaxieschicht < 150°C) die Kondensation über die amorphe Phase. Oberhalb dieser Substrattemperatur bildet sich die kristalline Phase direkt aus der Dampfphase.Bei einer bestimmten Schichtdicke kristallisiert die amorphe Phase. Die dabei auftretende Orientierung ist schichtdickenabhängig.
Crystallization of potassium acid phtalate
Authors: Šolc Z. , Kvapil Jos. , Vlček Jos. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper gives some fundamental data which are necessary for the growing of crystals of potassium acid phtalate. The solubility of that phtalate, the values of critical supersaturation of its solutions in water and in solutions containing 0–15% of glycerine and the values of crystal growth rates of the {111} and {001} faces are given. The growth rates R were measured in 10% glycerine solutions of various values of supersaturation (Δa) and of various values of the solution flow rate (v). The saturation temperature was 33 – 35°C. The dependence of R(111) on the supersaturation Δα and the flow rate v was expressed by the equation

The values of coefficients a*, b*1, b*2 were calculated by means of the least squares method. The coefficient b*1 corresponds to the formal kinetic order, its value was 1.79 for 0.3 ≦ Δa ≦ 1.25 and 6 ≦ v ≦ 22. – The values of growth rates of basal faces (001) may be obtained when using the value of ratio q = R(111)/R(001). The measurements of growth rates were made in crystallizer of the circulation type and in solutions containing 10% of glycerine to prevent the defect or parasitic growth and the twinning of crystals.
Eine Methode zur röntgenographischen Orientierungsbestimmung dünner einkristalliner Schichten auf einem Substrat, angewandt bei der Untersuchung von Tantal auf Saphir
Authors: Meyer S. , Schneider H. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDurch Schrägbestrahlung und Verwendung charakteristischer Strahlung kann man eine einkristalline dünne Schicht einer röntgenographischen Orientierungsbestimmung auf einem Substrat zugänglich machen. Bei definierter Bewegung von Schicht und Zählrohr sind die entsprechenden Lauereflexe genau bestimmbar und ermöglichen eine vollständige Orientierungsangabe. Die Methode und Besonderheiten der Auswertung werden beschrieben. Diese Methode wurde für Orientierungsbestimmungen an einkristallinen Tantalschichten auf Saphir angewendet.