bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: Still a burning issue
Authors: Autier Philippe , Boniol Mathieu , Doré Jean‐François 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSunscreen use is often proposed for sun protection because of their ability to block UV‐induced sunburns (the sun protection factor – SPF). Among suntan seekers, however, risk of cutaneous melanoma may be increased because of extended sun exposure duration. We made a systematic review of the evidence linking sunscreen use to sun exposure duration. Five observational studies found that when sun exposure was associated with willingness to get a tan or to stay longer in the sun (i.e., intentional sun exposure), sunscreen use was associated with duration of sun exposure 13–39% longer. Paradoxically, sunburns tend to be more frequent among sunscreen users, probably because of greater natural sun sensitivity. When sun exposure was not intentional, sunscreen use did not increase time spent in the sun. Two European double‐blind randomized trials conducted among young sun seekers found daily sun exposure duration, especially sunbathing, 19–25% longer with use of SPF 30 than with use of SPF 10 sunscreens. One randomized trial in a holiday resort in France found a 3–13% increase in sun exposure duration with use of SPF 12 versus SPF 40 sunscreen. But, the SPF 12 groups used 3.6–4.2 more sunscreen than the SPF 40 group, and thus the actual SPF in the SPF 12 group was higher than in the SPF 40 groups. In conclusion, sunscreen use leads to longer duration of sun exposure when sun exposure is intentional, but not when sun exposure is non intentional. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A template route to the preparation of mesoporous amorphous calcium silicate with high in vitro bone‐forming bioactivity
Authors: Li Xia , Shi Jianlin , Zhu Yufang , Shen Weihua , Li Hua , Liang Jian , Gao Jianhua 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mesoporous amorphous calcium silicate (MACS) was first synthesized using mesoporous silica SBA‐15 as both the template and silicon source, and Ca(NO3)2 as the calcium source. The MACS shows a well‐defined mesoporous structure with high specific surface area. In vitro bioactivity studies of the MACS were carried out by soaking it in simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions for 4 h up to 5 days. Owing to the high specific surface area and pore volume, the MACS had a significantly enhanced bone‐forming bioactivity compared with the conventional amorphous CaSiO3. The MACS did develop a carbonate‐containing hydroxyapatite (HCA) layer on the surface after being immersed in SBF for 4 h with near‐spherical agglomerated hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. At longer soaking times, the number of agglomerated HA particles increased and the surface structure of the samples became more compact. Such MACS could be useful in developing new biomaterials and may have potential use in implanting and drug delivery for tissue regeneration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Characteristics and mechanical properties of acrylolpamidronate‐treated strontium containing bioactive bone cement
Authors: Li Z. Y. , Yang C. , Lu W. W. , Xu B. , Lam W. M. , Ni G. X. , Abbah S. A. , Yang F. , Cheung K. M. C. , Luk K. D. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the influence of surface treatment on the mechanical properties of strontium‐containing hydroxyapatite (Sr‐HA) bioactive bone cement. Previously we developed an injectable bioactive cement (SrHAC) system composed of Sr‐HA powders and bisphenol A diglycidylether dimethacrylate (Bis‐GMA). In this study, the Sr‐HA powder was subjected to surface treatment using acrylolpamidronate, a bisphosphonate derivative, which has a polymerizable group, to improve the interface between inorganic filler and organic matrix by binding Sr‐HA and copolymerizing into the matrix. After surface treatment, the compression strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the resulting composites were defined by using a material testing machine (MTS) according to ISO 5833. The fracture surface of the bone cement specimen was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Invitro cytotoxicity of surface‐treated SrHAC was also studied using a tetrazolium‐based cell viability assay (MTS/pms) on human osteoblast‐like cells, the SaOS‐2 cell line. Cells were seeded at a density of 104/mL and allowed to grow in an incubator for 48 h at 37°C. Results indicated that after surface treatment, the compression strength and stiffness significantly improved by 22.68 and 14.51%, respectively. The bending strength and stiffness of the bioactive bone cement also showed 19.06 and 8.91% improvements via three‐point bending test. The fracture surface micromorphology after compression and bending revealed that the bonding between the resin to surface‐treated filler considerably improved. The cell viability indicated that the treated particles were nontoxic and did not inhibit cell growth. This study demonstrated a new surface chemistry route to enhance the covalent bonds between inorganic fillers and polymer matrix for improving the mechanical properties of bone cement. This method not only improves the overall mechanical performance but also increases osteoblastic activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Defining sustainability: a conceptual orientation
Authors: Vos Robert O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDespite the ubiquity of the concept of sustainability, defining the term and construing meaning for different contexts is difficult. This paper presents several archetypes of sustainability that are useful for classifying and understanding existing definitions. Definitions that emphasize one part or another of the core concept of sustainability will be necessary at varying scales and in different contexts. This paper presents a conceptual guide that contrasts a dominant paradigm of economic growth and development with ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ versions of sustainability. Definitions of sustainability are explored in terms of their orientation to the ontology of nature, substitutability of resources, economic growth, population growth, role of technology, and social equity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen conversions in a multi‐stage activated sludge plant with alternating aeration
Authors: Lessard Paul , Tusseau‐Vuillemin Marie‐Hélène , Héduit Alain , Lagarde Fabienne 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper provides a detailed investigation of the mass transfers involved in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and N removal in an intermittent aeration activated sludge plant, as described by the widely used ASM1 model. The model was calibrated and validated on a data set obtained during three intensive sampling campaigns. The mass transfers of COD and nitrogen were calculated with the calibrated model for every biodegradable variable of the model in each tank of the biological treatment. Only by making this balance can evaluation of the contribution of each reactor (anaerobic, anoxic and intermittently aerated) to carbon and nitrogen removal be done. It was pointed out that in such a plant (activated sludge under very low organic mass loading (F/M) ratios, sludge retention time of 30 days) operating at 20 °C, the contribution of the anoxic tank in the denitrification process is very low (only 17%). The oxygen transfer in this tank was also estimated and found partly responsible for the low denitrification efficiency. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of organic contaminants from water using nanosponge cyclodextrin polyurethanes
Authors: Mhlanga Sabelo D , Mamba Bhekie B , Krause Rui W , Malefetse Tshepo J 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInsoluble nanoporous cyclodextrin (CD) polymers were synthesized using bifunctional isocyanate linkers. The ability of these polymers to remove selected organic pollutants from water at varying concentrations was studied. The investigated pollutants were selected high‐priority chlorinated disinfection by‐products (DBPs) and a common odour‐causing compound in water, 2‐methylisoborneol (2‐MIB). The unpleasant musty odour imparted by 2‐MIB and geosmin in water can be detected by the human nose even at ng L−1 (parts per trillion) levels. Pre‐concentration and extraction of water samples containing low levels of pollutants was performed using solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently quantified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Here we show that the CD polymers demonstrate excellent absorption efficiency (>99%) with respect to the organic pollutants, considerably better than granular activated carbon (GAC). The recyclability efficiency of these CD polymers is also reported. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Two and three‐parameter isothermal modeling for liquid‐phase sorption of Procion Blue H‐B by inactive mycelial biomass of Panus fulvus
Authors: Sathishkumar Muthuswamy , Binupriya Arthur Raj , Vijayaraghavan Kuppusamy , Yun Soon‐Il 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProcion Blue H‐B (PBHB) was used as a model reactive dye for biosorption studies onto inactive/dead mycelial biomass of Panus fulvus. Process parameters like pH, contact time and temperature were optimized. pH 2, 150 min of contact time and 35 °C were found to be more favorable for maximum biosorption. Various two‐ and three‐parameter isotherms were employed to understand the biosorption process. Among the various two‐parameter isothermal models applied, the Langmuir isotherm showed the best fit and among the three‐parameter isothermal models, the Khan, Redlich–Peterson, Sips and Toth isotherm models showed similar fits and only the Koble–Corrigan model showed a poor fit. In kinetic studies, pseudo‐first‐order model fitted better than pseudo‐second‐order model. Maximum desorption was observed in alkaline pH, which reveals the possibility of a chemisorption mechanism involved in the removal of PBHB. Among the various desorption media assessed, 70% (v/v) acetone showed complete desorption of the sorbate from the sorbent. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the non‐fibrous nature of the adsorbent. FT‐IR studies showed the existence of amine groups in the sorbent which are the major adsorbent sites for reactive dyes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Live attenuated Salmonella as a vector for oral cytokine gene therapy in melanoma
Authors: Agorio Caroline , Schreiber Fernanda , Sheppard Mark , Mastroeni Piero , Fernandez Marcelo , Martinez Miguel Angel , Chabalgoity Jose Alejandro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSystemic administration of cytokines has shown therapeutic benefits in cancer patients; however, serious adverse effects associated with direct protein administration prevent the wide use of this approach. We have assessed the capacity of live attenuated Salmonella to act as a vector for oral cytokine‐gene therapy. Salmonella orally administered to melanoma‐bearing mice was found to accumulate within the tumor, reaching up to 105 bacteria per gram of tumor by day 21 after bacterial inoculation. Numbers of bacteria recovered from tumor did not differ from those recovered from liver or spleen at any time point. Recombinant bacteria carrying eukaryotic expression vectors encoding the murine IL‐4 or IL‐18 genes were administered to groups of mice with established subcutaneous melanoma tumors. We found that a single oral dose of Salmonella carrying any of the cytokine‐encoding plasmids resulted in significantly increased survival time, as compared with mice that received Salmonella carrying the parental plasmid or PBS. Increased levels of IFNγ were found in sera of animals receiving either of the cytokine‐encoding bacteria, but not in mice receiving Salmonella alone or PBS. Co‐administration of both recombinant bacteria maximized the production of IFNγ. Overall these results suggest that cytokine‐encoding Salmonella can be an effective and safer alternative to systemic administration of cytokines for immunotherapy of cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of polyethylene glycol and magnesium sulfate administration on clinically relevant neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury in the rat
Authors: Ditor David S. , John Sunil M. , Roy Josee , Marx Jeffrey C. , Kittmer Colin , Weaver Lynne C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the long‐term effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on clinically relevant motor, sensory, and autonomic outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were injured by clip compression (50 g; T4) and treated 15 min and 6 hr postinjury intravenously (tail vein) with PEG (1 g/kg, 30% w/w in saline; n = 11), MgSO4 (300 mg/kg; n = 5), PEG + MgSO4 (n = 6), or saline (n = 10). Behavioral testing lasted for 6 weeks, followed by histological analysis of the spinal cord. Both PEG and MgSO4 resulted in enhanced locomotor recovery and lower susceptibility to neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia) compared with saline. At 6 weeks, BBB scores were 7.3 ± 0.2, 7.7 ± 0.4, and 6.4 ± 0.6 in PEG‐treated, MgSO4‐treated, and saline‐treated control groups, respectively. Likewise, at 6 weeks PEG‐, MgSO4‐, and saline‐treated control animals showed 3.5 ± 0.4, 2.8 ± 0.9, and 5.0 ± 0.5 avoidance responses to at‐level touch, respectively. PEG + MgSO4 improved locomotor recovery and reduced pain but did not provide additional benefit compared with either treatment alone. Neither treatment, nor their combination, attenuated mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases during autonomic dysreflexia. However, saline‐treated controls had significantly lower resting MAP than PEG‐treated rats and tended to have lower resting MAP than MgSO4‐treated rats 6 weeks postinjury. MgSO4 treatment and PEG + MgSO4 treatment resulted in significant increases in dorsal myelin sparing, and the latter resulted in significant reductions in lesion volume, compared with saline‐treated controls. Furthermore, mean lesion volumes correlated negatively with the corresponding mean BBB scores and positively with the corresponding mean pain scores. In conclusion, both PEG and MgSO4 enhanced long‐term clinical outcomes after SCI. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucose and hippocampal neuronal excitability: Role of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels
Authors: Huang Chin‐Wei , Huang Chao‐Ching , Cheng Juei‐Tang , Tsai Jing‐Jane , Wu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHyperglycemia‐related neuronal excitability and epileptic seizures are not uncommon in clinical practice. However, their underlying mechanism remains elusive. ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are found in many excitable cells, including cardiac myocytes, pancreatic β cells, and neurons. These channels provide a link between the electrical activity of cell membranes and cellular metabolism. We investigated the effects of higher extracellular glucose on hippocampal KATP channel activities and neuronal excitability. The cell‐attached patch‐clamp configuration on cultured hippocampal cells and a novel multielectrode recording system on hippocampal slices were employed. In addition, a simulation modeling hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons (Pinsky‐Rinzel model) was analyzed to investigate the role of KATP channels in the firing of simulated action potentials. We found that incremental extracellular glucose could attenuate the activities of hippocampal KATP channels. The effect was concentration dependent and involved mainly in open probabilities, not single‐channel conductance. Additionally, higher levels of extracellular glucose could enhance neuropropagation; this could be attenuated by diazoxide, a KATP channel agonist. In simulations, high levels of intracellular ATP, used to mimic increased extracellular glucose or reduced conductance of KATP channels, enhanced the firing of action potentials in model neurons. The stochastic increases in intracellular ATP levels also demonstrated an irregular and clustered neuronal firing pattern. This phenomenon of KATP channel attenuation could be one of the underlying mechanisms of glucose‐related neuronal hyperexcitability and propagation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal transport of neuropeptides: Retrograde tracing study in live cell cultures of rat sympathetic cervical ganglia
Authors: Li Jia‐Yi , Dahlström Annica 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that neuropeptides are transported with fast axonal transport. Considerable amounts (30–40%) of anterogradely transported peptides accumulated distal to a crush, apparently recycling to the cell bodies. In the present study, we used primary and compartmented cultures of sympathetic cervical ganglia (SCG) to address questions on the origin of the recycling peptides. In primary cultures, distinct labeling of neuropeptide Y (NPY) or secretoneurin (SN) immunoreactivities was detected in varicosities and in cell bodies, after administration of NPY or SN antibodies to the living cultures. Simultaneous addition to the medium with antibody against the N‐terminal (lumen) domain of synaptotagmin, resulted in a partial overlapping between synaptotagmin and NPY/SN. In compartmented chamber cultures, in which cell body and proximal segments of the processes are restricted to the central chamber and the distal processes are present in peripheral compartments, antibody administration was performed in the peripheral compartment. KCl (60–120 mM) was added to the central chamber for 10 sec, followed by washing, and 30–60 min later clear labeling was detected in the cell bodies, suggesting that the antibodies were now present in structures that were transported from the distal segments in the peripheral compartment to the cell body. The results indicate 1) that peptide release from large dense cored vesicles is incomplete; 2) that the remaining peptides, together with the membrane, are retrogradely transported to cell bodies; and 3) that the recycling peptides accumulating distal to a crush of a peripheral nerve are most likely to be recycled from the nerve terminals. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dow's novel approach to managing the human element of mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Croyle Randolph M. , Johnsey Ava L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe human element in mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures is too critical to be left until late in the process. Dow's HR Center for M&As is on the scene early to uncover factors that could influence the viability and value of a deal, and then helps the business leaders plan and execute the implementation strategy. Having developed tried‐and‐true approaches, tools, and integrated HR solutions, along with practices for capturing key learnings from every deal, the center has become a repository of HR know‐how essential to a corporate growth strategy centered on M&As. © 2007 Dow Chemical Company
Enhanced histologic repair in a central wound in the anterior cruciate ligament with a collagen–platelet‐rich plasma scaffold
Authors: Murray Martha M. , Spindler Kurt P. , Ballard Percy , Welch Tyler P. , Zurakowski David , Nanney Lillian B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is an intra‐articular ligament that fails to heal after primary repair. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee is an extra‐articular ligament that heals uneventfully in the majority of cases. Why these two ligaments have such different responses to injury remains unclear. In this article, we address two hypotheses: first, that the histologic response to injury is different in intra‐articular and extra‐articular ligaments, and second, that the response of the intra‐articular ligaments can be altered by placing a collagen–platelet‐rich plasma (collagen‐PRP) hydrogel in the wound site. Wounds were created in extra‐articular ligaments (MCL and/or patellar ligament) and an intra‐articular ligament (ACL) in canine knees, and the histologic response to injury evaluated at 3 days (n = 3), 7 days (n = 4), 3 weeks (n = 5), and 6 weeks (n = 5). In the 3‐week (n = 5) and 6‐week (n = 5) animals, bilateral central wounds were made in the ACLs and the wounds in one knee of each animal treated with a collagen‐PRP hydrogel while the contralateral side was untreated. Extra‐articular ligament wounds had greater filling of the wound site and increased presence in the wound site of fibrinogen, fibronectin, PDGF‐A, TGF‐β1, FGF‐2, and von Willebrand's factor when compared to intra‐articular ligament wounds. Treatment of the intra‐articular wound with a collagen‐PRP hydrogel resulted in increased filling of the wound site with repair tissue that had similar profiles of growth factor and protein expression to the extra‐articular ligament wounds. The use of a collagen‐PRP scaffold can ameliorate histologic differences noted between healing extra‐articular ligamentous wounds and nonhealing intra‐articular ligamentous wounds. This study supports the hypothesis that premature scaffold failure may play a key role in the normally expected failure of the ACL to heal after injury. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1007–1017, 2007
Expression of major vault protein gene in osteosarcoma patients
Authors: Dalla‐Torre Cristiane Arruda , de Toledo Silvia Regina Caminada , Yoshimoto Maisa , Petrilli Antônio Sérgio , Andrade Joyce Anderson Duffles , Chilton‐MacNeill Susan , Squire Jeremy A. , Zielenska Maria 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOsteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone. Despite the successful use of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of OS, more than 30% of OS tumors remain resistant to treatment. Elucidation of cellular resistance mechanisms may lead to better treatments for cancer patients. In this study, we used the low‐density expression cDNA array, GEArray Q Series Human Cancer Drug Resistance and Metabolism Gene Array to screen genes related to drug resistance in 15 OS tumors. Expression patterns of the MPV gene were validated by real time PCR on 45 OS patient tumor samples and correlated with clinical and pathological data. Major vault protein (MVP) expression was present in 24 (53%) tumor samples and absent in 21 (47%). Samples from surgery showed correlation between the expression of MVP, metastatic disease at diagnosis and event free survival (EFS). The MVP gene expression correlates with metastatic disease at diagnosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.048), and is also associated with worse EFS (p = 0.036). These findings suggest that MVP expression is involved in one of the mechanisms of drug resistance in OS and is induced by chemotherapy. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:958–963, 2007