bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of Self-Efficacy Principles to Audiologic Rehabilitation: A Tutorial
Authors: Smith Sherri L. , West Robin Lea 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this tutorial is to provide a comprehensive overview of the self-efficacy framework and its application to audiologic rehabilitation.MethodA literature review was conducted on self-efficacy and its relevance to successful interventions in several health domains. Specific recommendations were presented for audiologic rehabilitation procedures that will enhance self-efficacy.ConclusionsAs is the case in other health domains, clinical intervention by audiologists will be more effective when incorporating a self-efficacy framework in the audiologic rehabilitation process.
Serial Position Effects for Acoustic Stimuli Among Children With and Without Hearing Loss
Authors: Jutras Benoît 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This study investigated serial position effects on auditory sequential organization among children with hearing loss and with normal hearing.

Method
Forty-eight children were divided into 4 equally sized groups: 2 groups of 6–7-year-olds and 2 groups of 9–10-year-olds. Each age group had 12 children with normal hearing and 12 children with sensorineural hearing loss. Participants were asked to reproduce auditory sequences of verbal (syllables /ba/ and /da/) and nonverbal (1-kHz pure tone and a wideband noise) elements by pressing associated buttons.

Results
No evidence of a recency effect was found, but a primacy effect was observed in the participants’ performance under most experimental conditions. Normal hearing participants in the 6–7-year-old group were better at reproducing 3 to 5 verbal items than their counterparts with hearing loss, independent of item sequence position.

Conclusion
Results suggest that, regardless of hearing status, all children use similar mnemonic strategies.
Comparison of Performance on the Hearing in Noise Test Using Directional Microphones and Digital Noise Reduction Algorithms
Authors: Nordrum Stacie , Erler Susan , Garstecki Dean , Dhar Sumitrajit 
Published: May 2007

PurposeDifficulty understanding speech in background noise is one of the most common complaints of hearing aid users. In modern hearing aids, directional microphones (d-mics) are considered the method of choice in improving signal-to-noise ratio, with demonstrated improvement in speech-perception-in-noise tasks. On the other hand, digital noise reduction (DNR) algorithms, in commercially available products, are considered to provide comfort but not significant assistance in improving speech perception in noise. In practice, these 2 technologies are often used in conjunction, but few studies have evaluated their interaction and the resultant effect on speech perception in noise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect on speech performance of using d-mics and DNR in isolation as well as in conjunction in the presence of background noise.MethodThis study evaluates the performance of 16 experienced adult hearing aid users on the Hearing in Noise Test when each technology was activated independently and then simultaneously in 4 commercially available hearing aids.ResultApproximately 50% of our participants performed better with both d-mics and DNR activated in conjunction, while the other 50% performed best in the d-mic-only condition. When considering statistically significant differences in performance only, a reduction or improvement in performance was observed in 17% and 14% of the conditions, respectively.ConclusionA direction for further research would be to identify predictive variables that could help the audiologist determine an individual’s preference a priori.
Audibility and Speech Perception of Children Using Wide Dynamic Range Compression Hearing Aids
Authors: Davidson Lisa S. , Skinner Margaret W. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis study examined the relation of audibility for frequency-specific sounds and the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) to speech perception abilities of children with sensorineural hearing loss using digital signal-processing hearing aids with wide dynamic range compression.MethodTwenty-six children age 5–15 years with pure-tone averages (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz) from 60-98 dB HL participated. Three subgroups were created based on the compression characteristics of each hearing aid. Minimum audibility was determined using aided thresholds for frequency-modulated tones and the SII calculated at 55 and 70 dB SPL using the simulated real-ear output of the hearing aid. The Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT; K. I. Kirk, D. B. Pisoni, & M. J. Osberger, 1995) was presented at 50 and 70 dB SPL.ResultsLNT scores at 70 dB SPL were significantly higher than at 50 dB SPL. Average aided thresholds at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz were negatively correlated with LNT scores at 50 dB SPL, and SIIs at 55 and 70 dB SPL were positively correlated with LNT scores at 50 and 70 dB SPL.ConclusionsResults support using aided thresholds and speech test scores at soft to loud levels as part of the amplification fitting process.
Enhancing Generalized Teaching Strategy Use in Daily Routines by Parents of Children With Autism
Authors: Kashinath Shubha , Woods Juliann , Goldstein Howard 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of facilitating generalized use of teaching strategies by parents of children with autism within daily routines.MethodFive preschool children with autism participated in intervention with a parent within daily routines in the family’s home. Parents learned to include 2 teaching strategies in target routines to address their child’s communication objectives. Parent–child interactions in routines were videotaped for data coding and analysis. Proactive programming of generalization occurred by systematic selection of intervention routines and by embedding intervention in multiple routines. Generalization data were collected by measuring strategy use in untrained routines. A multiple baseline design across teaching strategies was used to assess experimental effects.ResultsAll parents demonstrated proficient use of teaching strategies and generalized their use across routines. The intervention had positive effects on child communication outcomes. All parents perceived the intervention to be beneficial.ConclusionResults from this study add to the limited body of evidence supporting parent-implemented interventions in natural environments with young children with autism spectrum disorder. Additional research that replicates this approach with children of varying ages and disabilities and families with diverse characteristics is needed to support the generality of these findings.
Lexical–Semantic Organization in Bilingual Children: Evidence From a Repeated Word Association Task
Authors: Sheng Li , McGregor Karla K. , Marian Viorica 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis study examined lexical–semantic organization of bilingual children in their 2 languages and in relation to monolingual age-mates.MethodTwelve Mandarin–English bilingual and 12 English monolingual children generated 3 associations to each of 36 words. Responses were coded as paradigmatic (dog–cat) or syntagmatic (dog–bark).ResultsWithin the bilingual group, word association performance was comparable and correlated between 1st and 2nd languages. Bilingual and monolingual children demonstrated similar patterns of responses, but subtle group differences were also revealed. When between-group comparisons were made on English measures, there was a bilingual advantage in paradigmatic responding during the 1st elicitation and for verbs.ConclusionResults support previous studies in finding parallel development in bilinguals' 1st- and 2nd-language lexical–semantic skills and provide preliminary evidence that bilingualism may enhance paradigmatic organization of the semantic lexicon.
Speech Effort Measurement and Stuttering: Investigating the Chorus Reading Effect
Authors: Ingham Roger J. , Warner Allison , Byrd Anne , Cotton John 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate chorus reading’s (CR’s) effect on speech effort during oral reading by adult stuttering speakers and control participants. The effect of a speech effort measurement highlighting strategy was also investigated.

Method
Twelve persistent stuttering (PS) adults and 12 normally fluent control participants completed 1-min base rate readings (BR–nonchorus) and CRs within a BR/CR/BR/CR/BR experimental design. Participants self-rated speech effort using a 9-point scale after each reading trial. Stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness measures were also obtained. Instructions highlighting speech effort ratings during BR and CR phases were introduced after the first CR.

Results
CR improved speech effort ratings for the PS group, but the control group showed a reverse trend. Both groups' effort ratings were not significantly different during CR phases but were significantly poorer than the control group’s effort ratings during BR phases. The highlighting strategy did not significantly change effort ratings.

Conclusion
The findings show that CR will produce not only stutter-free and natural sounding speech but also reliable reductions in speech effort. However, these reductions do not reach effort levels equivalent to those achieved by normally fluent speakers, thereby conditioning its use as a gold standard of achievable normal fluency by PS speakers.
Proteomic Profiling of Rat Thyroarytenoid Muscle
Authors: Welham Nathan V. , Marriott Gerard , Bless Diane M. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeProteomic methodologies offer promise in elucidating the systemwide cellular and molecular processes that characterize normal and diseased thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle. This study examined methodological issues central to the application of 2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D SDS-PAGE) to the study of the TA muscle proteome using a rat model.Method2D SDS-PAGE was performed using 4 chemically skinned rat TA muscle samples. Gel images were analyzed and compared. Protein spot detection and matching were performed using computational image analysis algorithms only and computational image analysis followed by visual inspection and manual error correction. A synthetic master gel, constructed to control for uninteresting biological variation and technical artifact due to differences in protein loading and staining, was evaluated against its constituent gels.ResultsManual error correction resulted in a consistent increase in the number of protein spots detected (between 5.8% and 40.9%) and matched (from 25.8% to 70.8%) across all gels. Sensitivity and specificity of the automatic (computational) spot detection procedure, evaluated against the manual correction procedure, were 74.1% and 97.9%, respectively. Evaluation of protein quantitation parameter values revealed statistically significant differences (p< .0001) in optical density, area, and volume for matched protein spots across gels. The synthetic master gel successfully compensated for these intergel differences.ConclusionsValid and reliable proteomic data are dependant on well-controlled manageable variability and well-defined unmanageable variability. Manual correction of spot detection and matching errors and the use of a synthetic master gel appear to be useful strategies in addressing these issues. With these issues accounted for, 2D SDS-PAGE may be applied to quantitative experimental comparisons of normal and disease conditions affecting voice, speech, and swallowing function.
Age-Related Variability in Cortical Activity During Language Processing
Authors: Fridriksson Julius , Morrow K. Leigh , Moser Dana , Baylis Gordon C. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The present study investigated the extent of cortical activity during overt picture naming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Method
Participants comprised 20 healthy, adult participants with ages ranging from 20 to 82 years. While undergoing fMRI, participants completed a picture-naming task consisting of 60 high-frequency nouns.

Results
Linear regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between age and cortical activation intensity in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as the right-hemisphere homologue of Broca’s area. In contrast, neural activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, an area thought to be involved in attentional processing, did not increase as a function of age.

Conclusions
These findings suggest age-related increases in cortical activation during simple language tasks, such as picture naming, in brain areas typically associated with language processing.
Visual Phonemic Ambiguity and Speechreading
Authors: Lidestam Björn , Beskow Jonas 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo study the role of visual perception of phonemes in visual perception of sentences and words among normal-hearing individuals.MethodTwenty-four normal-hearing adults identified consonants, words, and sentences, spoken by either a human or a synthetic talker. The synthetic talker was programmed with identical parameters within phoneme groups, hypothetically resulting in simplified articulation. Proportions of correctly identified phonemes per participant, condition, and task, as well as sensitivity to single consonants and clusters of consonants, were measured. Groups of mutually exclusive consonants were used for sensitivity analyses and hierarchical cluster analyses.ResultsConsonant identification performance did not differ as a function of talker, nor did average sensitivity to single consonants. The bilabial and labiodental clusters were most readily identified and cohesive for both talkers. Word and sentence identification was better for the human talker than the synthetic talker. The participants were more sensitive to the clusters of the least visible consonants with the human talker than with the synthetic talker.ConclusionsIt is suggested that ability to distiguish between clusters of the least visually distinct phonemes is important in speechreading. Specifically, it reduces the number of candidates, and thereby facilitates lexical identification.
Maturation of Speech and Language Functional Neuroanatomy in Pediatric Normal Controls
Authors: Devous Michael D. , Altuna Dianne , Furl Nicholas , Cooper William , Gabbert Gretchen , Ngai Wei Tat , Chiu Stephanie , Scott Jack M. , Harris Thomas S. , Payne J. Kelly , Tobey Emily A. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis study explores the relationship between age and resting-state regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in regions associated with higher order language skills using a population of normal children, adolescents, and young adults.MethodrCBF was measured in 33 normal participants between the ages of 7 and 19 years using single photon emission computed tomography. Participants' ages were regressed on rCBF values (normalized to whole-brain CBF) in 2 ways: (a) within anatomically defined, language-related regions of interest (ROIs) including Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, angular gyrus, planum temporale, and Heschl’s gyrus and (b) within clusters of voxels found to be significantly related to age in voxel-wise analyses.ResultsrCBF in all anatomically defined ROIs except Heschl’s gyrus declined as a function of age. Additionally, voxel-wise analyses revealed clusters where rCBF declined with age in left inferior parietal, left superior temporal, and right middle temporal regions—areas often implicated in higher order language functions.ConclusionsThese data suggest that ongoing maturation (e.g., dendritic pruning) in higher order cognitive areas (e.g., angular gyrus) continues into adolescence, as reflected by declining rCBF, while the primary auditory area (Heschl’s gyrus) has become a stable neuronal population by age 7 years.
Perception of Coarticulatory Information in Normal Speech and Dysarthria
Authors: Tjaden Kris , Sussman Joan 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This study addressed three research questions: (a) Can listeners use anticipatory vowel information in prevocalic consonants produced by talkers with dysarthria to identify the upcoming vowel? (b) Are listeners sensitive to interspeaker variation in anticipatory coarticulation during prevocalic consonants produced by healthy talkers and/or talkers with dysarthria, as measured by vowel identification accuracy? (c) Is interspeaker variation in anticipatory coarticulation reflected in measures of intelligibility?

Method
Stimuli included 106 CVC words produced by 20 speakers with either Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis or by 16 healthy controls characterized by an operationally defined normal, under, or over level of anticipatory vowel coarticulation. Ten listeners were presented with prevocalic consonants for identification of the vowel. Ten additional listeners judged single-word intelligibility. An analysis of variance was used to determine differences in vowel identification accuracy and intelligibility as a function of speaker group, coarticulation level, and vowel type.

Results
Listeners accurately identified vowels produced by all speaker groups from the aperiodic portion of prevocalic consonants, but interspeaker variations in strength of coarticulation did not strongly affect vowel identification accuracy or intelligibility.

Conclusions
Listeners appear to be tuned to similar types of information in the acoustic speech stream irrespective of the source or speaker, and any perceptual effects of interspeaker variation in coarticulation are subtle.
The Ordering of Milestones in Language Development for Children From 1 to 6 Years of Age
Authors: Luinge Margreet R. , Post Wendy J. , Wit Hero P. , Goorhuis-Brouwer Sieneke M. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo scale language milestones in a group of 527 children to provide an instrument for screening language development.ProcedureThe questionnaire regarding these milestones was completed by parental report. It was evaluated whether the scaled milestones satisfied the assumptions of the Mokken item response model.ResultsThe scalability of the final scale of 14 milestones was strong (H= .95), its reliability was high (ρ = .96), and it satisfied the assumptions of the Mokken model.ConclusionsA single, unidimensional scale of diverse milestones was developed. It taps lexical, syntactic, and phonological skills, as well as both receptive and expressive language skills, and is well suited for mapping progress in language ability.
Factors That Influence Lexical and Semantic Fast Mapping of Young Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Alt Mary , Plante Elena 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This purpose of this study was to investigate the lexical and semantic fast mapping ability of young children with specific language impairment (SLI) and normal language (NL), with a specific emphasis on the influence of phonological factors.

Method
The study included 46 children (mean age 58 months), half with SLI and half with NL. Children were asked to fast map visual information only, visual-plus-nonlinguistic-auditory information, and visual-plus-linguistic-auditory information. A mixed design was used to compare children across and within groups.

Results
Children with SLI performed worse than children with NL overall. The SLI group showed specific deficits in semantic fast mapping when they saw visual information only. This condition may have disrupted encoding because it varied from the expected auditory and visual pattern. The children with SLI also performed poorly when they were asked to map phonotactically infrequent linguistic information and when the difficulty of the task increased. A nonword repetition task was correlated with both semantic and lexical fast mapping.

Conclusions
The findings are discussed in the light of their support for a limited capacity model of processing, as well as the impact of phonology on word learning.
Reliability Issues and Solutions for Coding Social Communication Performance in Classroom Settings
Authors: Olswang Lesley B. , Svensson Liselotte , Coggins Truman E. , Beilinson Jill S. , Donaldson Amy L. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
To explore the utility of time-interval analysis for documenting the reliability of coding social communication performance of children in classroom settings. Of particular interest was finding a method for determining whether independent observers could reliably judge both occurrence and duration of ongoing behavioral dimensions for describing social communication performance.

Method
Four coders participated in this study. They observed and independently coded 6 social communication behavioral dimensions using handheld computers. The dimensions were mutually exclusive and accounted for all verbal and nonverbal productions during a specified time frame. The technology allowed for coding frequency and duration for each entered code. Data were collected from 20 different 2-min video segments of children in kindergarten through 3rd-grade classrooms. Data were analyzed for interobserver and intraobserver agreements using time-interval sorting and Cohen’s kappa. Further, interval size and total observation length were manipulated to determine their influence on reliability.

Results
The data revealed interval sorting and kappa to be a suitable method for examining reliability of occurrence and duration of ongoing social communication behavioral dimensions. Nearly all comparisons yielded medium to large kappa values; interval size and length of observation minimally affected results.

Implications
The analysis procedure described in this research solves a challenge in reliability: comparing coding by independent observers of both occurrence and duration of behaviors. Results indicate the utility of a new coding taxonomy and technology for application in online observations of social communication in a classroom setting.
Song Recognition by Children and Adolescents With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Vongpaisal Tara , Trehub Sandra E. , Schellenberg E. Glenn 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo assess song recognition and pitch perception in prelingually deaf individuals with cochlear implants (CIs).MethodFifteen hearing children (5–8 years) and 15 adults heard different versions of familiar popular songs—original (vocal + instrumental), original instrumental, and synthesized melody versions—and identified the song in a closed-set task (Experiment 1). Ten CI users (8–18 years) and age-matched hearing listeners performed the same task (Experiment 2). Ten CI users (8–19 years) and 10 hearing 8-years-olds were required to detect pitch changes in repeating-tone contexts (Experiment 3). Finally, 8 CI users (6–19 years) and 13 hearing 5-year-olds were required to detect subtle pitch changes in a more challenging melodic context (Experiment 4).ResultsCI users performed more poorly than hearing listeners in all conditions. They succeeded in identifying the original and instrumental versions of familiar recorded songs, and they evaluated them favorably, but they could not identify the melody versions. Although CI users could detect a 0.5-semitone change in the simple context, they failed to detect a 1-semitone change in the more difficult melodic context.ConclusionCurrent implant processors provide insufficient spectral detail for some aspects of music perception, but they do not preclude young implant users' enjoyment of music.