bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deeply stratified archaeological and sedimentary sequence in the Delaware river valley of the middle Atlantic region, United States
Authors: Stewart Michael , Custer Jay , Kline Donald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA stratified sedimentary and archaeological sequence over seven meters thick is under investigation on Upper Shawnee Island in the Upper Delaware Valley, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Artifact deposits identified to date include Early Archaic (7380 B.C.), possible Middle Archaic (4300/3300 B.C.), Late Archaic (1565 B.C.), and Middle and Late Woodland components. This paper focuses on the Early Archaic deposits at approximately 4.3 meters below the surface and the implications that the entire profile has for paleoenvironmental change. The sedimentary sequence represents several major changes in depositional processes. Of special interest is a dramatic decrease in landscape stability and an increase in flood depositions during the mid‐Holocene, circa 4300/3300 B.C. Similar changes are evident at archaeological sites in the Middle and Lower sections of the Delaware Valley and appear to be a reflection of regional climatic change.
Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in central Panama. II the Holocene
Authors: Piperno Dolores R. , Bush Mark B. , Colinvuax Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA 17.5 m sedimentary core from Lake La Yeguada, central Panama provides the first complete Holocene sequence for the Pacific watershed of Lower Central America. Phytolith, pollen, and charcoal records document a long lowland history of foraging and food production. Human modification of tropical forests can be described as systematic during the early Holocene and was possibly associated with small‐scale (garden?) horticulture involving native tubers. The incorporation of seed crops like maize and development of slash and burn techiques for larger‐scale field systems is indicated by the increase of secondary forest taxa and removal of primary trees between 7000 and 4000 years ago. After this time, agricultural intensification in an essentially deforested landscape proceeded to the point where, by the time of Christ, agricultural abandonment of the lake watershed may have occurred as a result of loss of soil fertility. Events such as this in the interfluve forests may have, in part, precipitated the coalescence of population and settlement around the river valleys and the emergence of sedentary village life.
The reliability of thermoluminescence dating: A pilot experiment
Authors: Kojo Yasushi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe accuracy of thermoluminescence dating of pottery was tested by utilizing dendro‐chronologically dated provenances in the northern part of the American Southwest. Fairly accurate determinations were achieved for potsherds recovered from sedimentary rock soil, while much younger dates were obtained for potsherds recovered from volcanic rock soil. The reduction of accumulated dose through radon escape might be responsible for the much younger dates of the sherds buried in volcanic soil. The application of the technique to samples recovered from soil matrices in volcanic materials, to burnt volcanic rocks, or to sherds containing ample volcanic rocks should be avoided for reliable determinations.
Geoarchaeological analysis of an acheulean site at Kalambo Falls, Zambia
Authors: Schick Kathy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcheulean sites are commonly recovered from sandy channel contexts, particularly in Africa. These sites frequently contain impressive concentrations of artifacts dominated by typical Acheulean large bifacial artifacts (‘handaxes,’ etc.). Possible influences of fluvial sedimentary processes in Acheulean site formation are explored through consideration of sedimentary context and detailed analysis of relevant artifact assemblage characteristics in part of a major Acheulean ‘Floor’ at Kalambo Falls, Zambia. The Kalambo Falls patterns are analyzed here with regard to influences of behavioral and natural processes in their formation, and are compared to those observed in Acheulean horizons at Montagu Cave, South Africa. Spatial concentration of bifaces and paucity of debitage at many Acheulean sites may be due largely to fluvial disturbance and winnowing, although a hominid preoccupation with large bifacial tools may be a bona fide behavior pattern at some sites. Better control over sedimentary context is necessary to elucidate the range of behaviorally‐produced patterns at Acheulean sites.
Non‐destructive xrf characterization of basaltic artifacts from Truckee, California
Authors: Latham Thomas S. , Sutton Paula A. , Verosub Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have developed a new approach to the problem of the chemical fingerprinting of artifacts manufactured from volcanic rocks of basaltic and andesitic composition. The method is an adaptation of standard energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and is based on the observation that for irregularly‐shaped rock fragments, the ratios of the intensities of the characteristic X‐rays of certain trace elements are proportional to the ratios of the concentrations of those elements. This observation has allowed us to obtain geochemical data about the artifacts in a way that is rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive, making it particularly suited to archaeological applications. We have used our approach to compare a suite of artifacts from an archaeological site in Martis Valley, near Truckee, California, with a group of lava flows from the surrounding area. Using a numerical measure of the geochemical difference between samples, we have been able to group the artifacts on the basis of their geochemistry, to determine which artifacts were manufactured from material found in Martis Valley and, in at least one case, to identify the lava flow that was the actual source of the lithic material for several of the artifacts.
Site formation processes in the cody and early plains archaic levels at the laddie creek site, wyoming
Authors: Larson Mary Lou 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe combination of previously published pedological and phytolith analyses with new information on the geology, palynology, and an innovative analysis of archaeological chipped stone remains (including backplots, cluster analyses of artifacts, and chipped stone refitting) clarifies the environment and site formation of the mid‐Holocene deposits at the Laddie Creek site, Wyoming. Palynological analyses strengthen the argument made by Reider and Karlstrom (1987) that the site was slightly wetter and warmer during the Altithermal (7500–5000 B.P.). The mid‐Holocene environment at the site was conductive to the formation of soils and the preservation of archaeological deposits. A Cody Complex level associated with a colluvial C horizon provides evidence of greater movement of this material than that seen in the multiple Early Plains Archaic occupations associated with four A‐horizons. The cultural levels identified in laboratory analyses are palimspsests deposited during multiple occupations.
Geology and the loessial soils, Tell Jemmeh, Israel
Authors: Melson William G. , van Beek Gus W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTell Jemmeh (Tell Re'im) is in the climatically sensitive transitional zone between the southern Coastal Plain of Israel and the northwestern Negev. It is a major site that was inhabited from about 3500 to 200 B.C. with an occupation gap between ca. 3100 and 1800 B.C., possibly a result of a particularly dry period. Quaternary loess derived by winter dust storms from the Sinai and Sahara and reworked loess blanket the region. Imposed on these are well‐developed Holocene and Quaternary pedocal profiles that have been identified in the field and substantiated in the lab by variations in bulk chemical composition, petrography, and mineralogy by X‐ray diffraction. Pluvial events are evidenced by dark‐colored A‐horizons high in clay minerals, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 and by periods of loess accumulation. Interpluvials and the Holocene commonly involved wind ablation and water erosion, and led to shallow depths with very high‐calcite B‐horizons. Some of the loessial soil horizons were found to be suitable ceramic clays, and their composition and petrography provide a basis for distinctions between locally made and imported ceramics, as well as to identifying modifications of local clay resources by potters.
Man‐made and pseudo‐karst caves: The implications of subsurface features within Maya centers
Authors: Brady James E. , Veni George 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent investigations at a number of sites in the highlands of Guatemala have uncovered the existence of man‐made, man‐modified, and pseudo‐karst caves. The caves were excavated from volcanic or volcanically derived Tertiary and Quaternary age rocks, with construction methods varying according to rock hardness, and the pre‐existence of pseudo‐karst caves and springs. Some of these caves are of considerable length and are associated with site centers or places of particular ritual importance. Their continued role as local and even regional foci of ritual activity suggests that these features were created to lend a sense of sanctity to the sites where they are located. The analysis of these features within the context of site architecture deomonstrates the central symbolic importance of caves within Maya cultural geography.
Geoarchaeology of Johns Bay, Maine
Authors: Young Robert S. , Belknap Daniel F. , Sanger David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examines the Holocene history of a glacially‐sculpted Maine embayment using both geological and archaeological data bases. High‐resolution seismic profiling, in combination with vibracores and Holocene sea‐level curves, were used to develop the Holocene stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of Johns Bay and Pemaquid Beach, Maine. These geological databases were, whenever possible, integrated with the Johns Bay archaeological database and general archaeological settlement paradigms for coastal Maine. As sea level has risen from its ‐65 m lowstand at the beginning of the Holocene, Johns Bay has evolved from a narrow fluvial system, to an estuary, to its present form of an open embayment. Over roughly the last 4000 years, the Pemaquid Beach area has changed from a forested upland, to a bedrock‐pinned freshwater wetland, to a pocket barrier fronting a small salt marsh. The barrier continues to migrate over the salt marsh, which is transgressing the freshwater environments. The first evidence of human settlement in Johns Bay is at 4000–5000 yr B.P. Archaeological site distribution around Johns Bay has been examined in light of an estuarine embayment evolution model developed for the Maine coast. Sites are concentrated in zone 1 (the inner embayment). This zone is currently experiencing sediment accumulation. Zone 2 (middle embayment) is undergoing erosion, and zone 3 (outer embayment) has been stripped of sediment. Archaeological sites in these outer areas have been eroded. The Pemaquid Beach area has a history of occupation dating back 4000–5000 years. The last 2000 years of this record is found in stratigraphic context in the Nahanada site. The first 3000 years is represented by a collection of artifacts found out of context on the beach in front of the Nahanada site. The artifacts, dated by morphology, present a time continuum from 4000–5000 yr B.P. until the occupation of the Nahanada site. Thus, it is suggested that the Nahanada site represents the back of a chronologically shingeled settlement area that extended to the 5000 yr B.P. shoreline. Finally, a model for the development of chronologically shingled sites is suggested.
Historical environmental changes at phalasarna harbor, West Crete
Authors: Pirazzoli P. A. , Ausseil‐Badie J. , Giresse P. , Hadjidaki E. , Arnold M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ongoing archaeological excavations that started in 1986 on the site of the harbor of Phalasarna have confirmed that the ancient port described as a closed harbor by ancient geographers is, due to the regional uplift of west Crete, now situated on dry land, about 6.6 m above sea level. In this paper, after summarizing the geological background, the main historical sources and recent archaeological results, new stratigraphical data obtained from the sediments filling the harbor basin are presented and discussed. The harbor was fortified in the second part of the 4th century B.C. It was a military port, probably a base for pirates, and was destroyed and abandoned in the second part of the first century B.C. After that time the harbor basin was rapidly silted by marine then terrestrial sedimentation. Deposits corresponding to two tsunami waves have been identified and ascribed to events occurring in 66 A.D. and 365 A.D., respectively. About 1530 ± 40 yr B.P., probably in 365 A.D., when west Crete was suddenly uplifted by 6–9 m, Phalasarna harbor was removed permanently from marine influence. Radiometric dating confirms that the harbor could not have been in use in Roman times, in contradiction with ancient Periploi, which continue to mention Phalasarna port until at least the second or third century A.D.
Extinction and biogeography of birds on huahine, society islands, French polynesia
Authors: Steadman David W. , Pahlavan Dominique S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study is based upon the identification of 336 bird bones from the Fa'ahia archaeological site, Huahine, French Polynesia. The bones represent birds that were killed for their flesh, feathers, or bones by prehistoric Polynesians. The radiocarbon ages of excavated strata at Fa'ahia range from about 1140 ± 90 to 770 ± 90 yr B.P. The bird bones represent 15 species of resident seabirds, 15 species of resident landbirds, four migrant species, and one introduced species. The only extinct seabird is a gull, Larus new species, although locally extirpated seabirds are Puffinus pacificus, Puffinus nativitatis, Puffinus lherminieri, Pterodroma rostrata, Pterodroma alba, Pterodroma arminjoniana, Sula leucogaster, Sula sula, Fregata minor, Fregata ariel, and Anous minutus. Extinct landbirds are Gallirallus new species, Gallicolumba nui, Macropygia arevarevauupa, Vini vidivici, Vini cf. sinotoi, and Aplonis diluvialis. Locally extirpated landbirds are Ardeola striata, Porzana tabuensis, Gallicolumba erythroptera, Ducula galeata, Ducula aurorae, and Acrocephalus caffer. The bones from Fa'ahia increase the seabird and landbird fauna of Huahine, from the historically known 3 to 15 species and from 7 to 18 species, respectively. Thus the number of species from Huahine is even greater than those from nearby Tahiti, which has a much greater land area and elevation. The occurrence of so many extinct or extirpated species of birds at the Fa'ahia site suggests that this site represents a very early phase of human occupation on Huahine, probably no more than 500 years after the first arrival of people on this previously undisturbed island ecosystem.
Neolithic rock resources across the western alps: Circulation data and models
Authors: Bouard M. Ricq‐de , Fedele F. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWestern Alpine rocks feature prominently among the polished stone implements of the Southern French Neolithic. Detailed petrographic examination of about 2600 artifacts from that area and neighboring regions in France, Italy, and Switzerland, coupled with field investigation of both primary and detrital outcrops, now provides conclusive evidence that (i) only selected rocks were used, (ii) specific rock resources were traded east to west across the Western Alps, and (iii) Ligurian rocks from the Voltri Massif were an important part of such circulation. Exploited Alpine rocks were glaucophane schists, eclogites sensu lato, and jadeitites. Serpentinites were only used in Switzerland and the Jura. A regional network for glaucophane schists in French Provence can be contrasted with long‐distance circulation of eclogites, based on primary and/or secondary “quarry” areas in Liguria and Piedmont in northwestern Italy. A preliminary discussion is made of exchange and circulation models for raw materials, blanks, or finished tools, among Neolithic societies around and across the Western Alps. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A geoarchaeological approach to the analysis of secondary lithic deposits
Authors: Shelley Phillip H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe methods and techniques presented provide a means for evaluating raw material characteristics in those situations where secondary deposits of lithic materials were exploited for stone tool production. Those aspects of secondary deposits measured or estimated include size, form, roundness, crystallinity, homogeneity, and raw material frequency. A comparison and discussion of two sampled areas in eastern New Mexico demonstrate how these procedures can be used to elucidate meaningful archaeological information. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A time‐space model for the distribution of shoreline archaeological sites in the lake superior basin
Authors: Phillips Brian A. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArchaeological site interpretation can be enhanced by consideration of related geological and geomorphological processes. Lake Superior has a history of glaciation, isostatic recovery, and water‐level change. Two examples are given of shoreline sites at which interpretation is enhanced by an understanding of local geologic factors. The archaeologic history of the Lake Superior basin is reviewed, and three cultural traditions are recognized; (1) Paleoindian, (2) Archaic, and (3) Woodland. Three significant factors of geologic history are then discussed: (1) ice margin oscillation, (2) differential isostatic uplift, and (3) lake‐level fluctuations. The factors reducing or improving shoreline archaeological site preservation are examined, and a summary model of shoreline site distribution for the Lake Superior basin is offered. It is concluded that the north shore provides the best potential for a complete archaeological record. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recent and fossil resins from New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Johnson Suzanne C. , Poinar George O. , Frye James S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of fossil resins from New Zealand and Australia have been compared with those of modern and semifossilized materials. The great majority of the fossilized samples have strong spectral similarities to modernAgathisresins and to North American fossil resins, which have been attributed to Agathis. TheAgathis‐related spectra are different from those of modernHymenaeaandAraucaria.A small subgroup of Late Cretaceous resins from Australia and Papua New Guinea appears to derive from a different botanical source and shows strong resemblances to Claiborne amber from Arkansas. The spectral resonances of the exomethylene carbons degrade over time and on average provide an approximate measure of the geological age ofAgathis‐related fossil resins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chronostratigraphy of upper James river floodplain sediments: Implications for southeastern North Dakota archaeology
Authors: Picha Paul R. , Gregg Michael L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTest excavations have been conducted at several dozen prehistoric archaeological sites on the James River floodplain in southeastern North Dakota. Radiocarbon dates and other evidence from these tested artifact deposits indicate that floodplain sedimentary contexts above today's river level are entirely Late Holocene in age. Middle and Early Holocene sediments are more deeply buried. Cultural strata from Late Plains Archaic, Early Plains Woodland, Middle Plains Woodland, and Plains Village settlements are characteristically contained within paleosols in the Late Holocene floodplain sediments. There is a positive correlation between periods of floodplain soil development and mesic climatic episodes identified in current paleoclimatic models for the Plains. There is also evidence for climatic variability within episodes. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Homogeneity of water content in obsidian from the coso volcanic field: Implications for obsidian hydration dating
Authors: Stevenson Christopher M. , Knaus Elizabeth , Mazer James J. , Bates John K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsers of the obsidian hydration dating method have routinely assumed that artifacts which originate from the same geological flow will be of the same chemical composition and thus hydrate at the same rate under equivalent conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Recent laboratory experimentation into the hydration process has shown that the intrinsic water content of the glass is the dominant factor in establishing the rate of hydration. Water content determinations on a large suite of samples from numerous prehistoric quarries within the Coso volcanic field, California, indicated that water content values, and thus hydration rate, varied significantly on a within flow basis. It is recommended that water determinations be made on individual artifacts prior to obsidian hydration dating. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lead smelting slags near Nal, Balochistan Province, Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqui Shamim Ahmed , Sharp W. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSamples of slag from three sites of a traditional lead industry located between Khuzdar and Nal were studied to determine their petrology, chemical composition, smelting conditions, source material, and age. Polished thin sections viewed in reflected light revealed a white glassy matrix with occasional rare mineral grains. Using an automated microprobe, typical glass composition was found to be 40% SiO2, 17% FeO, 11% CaO, 12% PbO, and 10% BaO. Repeated applications of Principal Component Analysis to the data revealed that the compositions of our slags fell within a tetrahedron. The ratios of most components to other components were found to be nearly constant, suggesting that the same indigenous source materials were mixed in almost the same proportion at all the sites. A comparative study of the composition of our slag in relation with various binary and ternary phase diagrams after necessary normalization of the data showed that addition of CaO and BaO by the traditional smelters and the formation of PbO during the process of smelting helped to lower the temperature required for smelting below 1200°C. Lead isotopic compositions suggested that our lead is isotopically distinct from sites in Greece. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeological dating of petroglyphs at lake Onega, Russia
Authors: Bednarik Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article introduces a new quantitative method of dating petroglyphs and describes its initial application. First, the major recent developments in the field of rock art dating are briefly reviewed, and the continuing difficulties in the dating of petroglyphs are elucidated. The archaeological background of the Lake Onega art, its geological setting and archaeogeophysical dating are explained. The theory of microerosion dating is described, together with its first practical application at the site Besov Nos on the shore of Lake Onega. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the new method's advantages and disadvantages. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.