bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Petroleum Market Entry Risk Assessment and Opportunity Mining Through Comparison Matrix Approach
Authors: Rajan Surya 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Escalation of per-barrel crude prices is expected to continue on an inflation adjusted basis in the foreseeable future according to most analysts. Rising prices are largely attributed to market forces fueled by surging world economy and growing demand, particularly in Asia and Middle East. Relatively flat rates of exploration and exploitation success have been unable to keep pace with that growth, leading to tight supplies. Politics, weather, speculation and other factors further contribute to supply uncertainty.
International Oil Companies (IOCs) face competition from other IOCs as well as from entrepreneurial national oil companies (NOCs) aggressively looking to develop assets domestically and overseas, and reserve replacement remains a challenge as suppliers try to gain access to incremental upstream resources in order to meet growing demand. NOCs no longer remain in a simple asset management role for domestic resources; rather, many entrepreneurial NOCs have joined the fray alongside IOCs in pursuit of E&P resources outside national boundaries.
Besides straight E&P initiatives, associated major projects and services are also expanding internationally. With the growing number of international ventures in the petroleum and energy market, the significance of market entry risk assessments has also increased correspondingly. Timely, objective basis for decision-making provides a distinct business advantage in a dynamic global market. Consistent application of the Rajan-Vikas model1, 2 enables rapid screening of candidate markets as relevant to the project or initiative. Other model artifacts include risk characterization profile for the various countries, and relevance profiles for each project or initiative. Different forms of these various profiles, in turn, lend themselves to mining for opportunities once a substantial knowledgebase is built. The focus of this paper is on potential opportunities exposed when the Rajan-Vikas model is applied for market entry risk assessments.

Introduction
The global energy balance is changing, as growth rates slow down in the western developed nations, while countries in Asia and the Middle East are developing rapidly, and energy demand has also grown correspondingly. Oil consumption in OECD Europe, for instance, increased from 13.7 MMbbl/d in 1990 to 15.5 MMbbl/d in 2005, net 1.8 MMbbl/d. Over the next 15 years that oil consumption if expected to only increase 0.1 MMbbl/d. On the other hand, oil consumption in India, China, Russia, and FSU countries is expected to grow dramatically. These global shifts in demand growth will define the future oil markets.
Improvements In The Management of Structured and Unstructured Data
Authors: Garbarini Mike , Catron Robert , Pugh Robert E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We describe business practices and IT tools that we deployed to reduce the time that Engineers and Geoscientists spend looking for, gaining access to, and manipulating data and information. Various sources have estimated that technical professionals spend up to 30% of their time searching for data and information. Less well measured, but estimated to be just as large, is the time spent gaining access to data, moving it into and between technical applications and dealing with data quality problems. We share our analyses and classification of how this time is being spent.
Others have described productivity gains from using one or more technologies to reduce the burden of unproductive time working to locate information. However, over the years our industry and others have been generally unable to sustain a significant reduction in this burden. The phenomenal growth rates in data and the need to work more globally are exacerbating this problem. This comes at a time when the industry can not afford to invest technical staff time in lower value activities.
Starting in 2003 we began an analysis of the state of this problem in our company that led to a program of projects to improve and manage the problem. We found no single "silver bullet" solution, but used an integrated approach that combined multiple information technologies and business practices to achieve significant improvement that we believe can be sustained. We outline the tools and practices that we used and share some analysis, results to date, and learnings. In particular, the experiences with the integration of searching structured and unstructured data from one tool and managing access via roles are described.

Introduction
Despite years of investment in information technologies and processes, it is estimated that Engineers and Geoscientists still spend a large part of their time "looking for data". In 2003 we began to investigate how this problem impacted our upstream technical professionals. This led to an integrated program of IT and business projects designed to reduce this time so that higher value work could take its place. The solution includes a combination of information technology tools and business practices that work together to make step change improvements. The solution also addresses maintaining and improving data quality over time. The core information technologies used include automated access management, search and integration of multiple applications and databases. The core processes that were worked addressed data ownership and data quality stewardship. While the program will continue for several more years, parts of it are in place and producing the desired results. We are able to share some analysis and experiences that may benefit others.
LNG Technology Advances and Challenges
Authors: Bowen Ronald Ray , Miller Michael , Planteen Jacey , Tredennick Owen , Norman Garth , Duke Cathy M. , Greer Matthew Noble 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper outlines the development and implementation of technologies that have led to a significant growth in the world-wide LNG business and offers a look at technology directions that may hold promise to help continue future growth. Among the key technical enablers has been the evolution in the size of LNG trains over the past twenty-five years, resulting in significant unit cost reduction. Similar to liquefaction facilities, LNG ships have also been increasing in size to achieve similar reductions in unit cost of LNG transported. Lessons learned in the design, execution, and implementation of large LNG trains and ships, as well as the overall changes of LNG liquefaction trains over the past twenty-five years, have been key to the evolving design of the LNG value chain.
Nevertheless, the number of large discovered, undeveloped gas resources needed to realize such economies of scale is decreasing. Continuous technology evolution will have to be maintained to enable economic utilization of smaller, undeveloped, remote gas accumulations via concepts such as floating liquefaction. The need to access markets in stricter permitting environments will drive innovation in terminals, as seen in recent projects such as Adriatic LNG. In addition, an increasingly CO2-constrained regulatory environment will likely necessitate improved efficiencies and lower greenhouse gas emissions across the LNG value chain.

Introduction
The volume of the international LNG trade has tripled over the past two decades, from 52 million tonnes per annum (MTA) in 19901 to 160 MTA in 2006. This growth is expected to continue over the next twenty years, resulting in a forecasted international LNG trade of 325 MTA by 2030.2 As shown in Fig. 1a, the international LNG trade in 1990 was focused in the Asia-Pacific region, with LNG producers in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, and Australia exporting LNG primarily to Japanese and Korean electric utilities. Fig. 1b reflects the transformative growth of the industry that occurred between 1990 and the present—major LNG trains were commissioned in the Middle Eastern nations of Qatar and Oman, as well as in the Atlantic Basin countries of Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Equatorial Guinea. Moreover, new LNG trains in Egypt expanded North Africa's historical presence in the LNG industry. A greater portion of the new LNG production was shipped to European and North American markets, where it was regasified at expanded and newly built import terminals.
Integrated Modeling and Statistical Analysis of 3-D Fracture Network of the Midale Field
Authors: Bogatkov Dmitry Sergeevich , Babadagli Tayfun 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
As the maturation of conventional oil reserves pushes the industry to explore challenging reserves, state-of-the-art reservoir characterization becomes an integral part of any exploration and production venture. Naturally fractured reservoirs are good examples of such challenging fields. Oil recovery performance estimation from such reservoirs requires a good understanding of reservoir structure and its effect on the dynamics of the process. Addressed in this work is one of the critical issues for fractured reservoirs—that is characterization and 3-D modeling of a fracture network.
In this study, we employed an integrated solution by combining "direct" and "inverse" approaches to fracture network characterization in a stochastic numerical model. Static geological data obtained from cores and well logs were used together with dynamic data such as well test response to build 3-D discrete fracture network models. We utilized the data obtained from the fractured carbonate Midale field in Canada. The on-going CO2 injection project requires a reliable description of the fracture system and matrix characteristics in the field for reliable performance analysis.
Fracture network constructed from static data was calibrated and validated using well test (interference drawdown and pulse) data. Matrix and several fracture parameters including fracture length, density/spacing, aperture, connectivity, and orientation were evaluated in sensitivity studies to determine which characteristics have a higher influence on the accurate match to well test response. We utilized the factorial experimental design to optimize the number of simulations needed for a sensitivity study and history match. The sensitivity analysis revealed a strong influence of matrix quality on the pressure response. Geological conditions and fracture properties specific to this field explained such distribution of matrix and fracture influence. Through this analysis we were able to clarify the role of fractures in the overall field performance. Matrix/fracture interaction was suggested to be a factor deserving attention. In a general sense, the approach used in this study proved to be useful to integrate fracture data from different sources, as well as to assess its reliability and relative importance.
Numerical Simulation of CO2 Storage in Aquifers without Trapping Structures
Authors: Akaku Kohei 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The numerical simulations for the CO2 storage using a conceptual, generic, simple 3D aquifer model without trapping structures were carried out in this study. They showed that the mudstone barriers, which have relatively poor sealing efficiency, prevent the upward migration of CO2 and help its lateral distribution. This suggests that the heterogeneities in the formation, particularly the distribution and properties of low permeability rocks, are very important to predict the movement of the injected CO2. Even the gently dipping structures lead to increased updip migration of injected CO2 due to buoyancy effect. When CO2 comes in contact with fresh unsaturated formation water, its dissolution into water phase occurs. If injected CO2 is not large in quantity the dissolution can still store the injected CO2. When a large amount of CO2 is injected into the aquifer the gas relative permeability hysteresis is a key for the long-term CO2 storage. The trapping of CO2 as a residual phase in the post-injection period strongly reduces the distance of updip migration, though it subsequently leads to decreased dissolution into the formation water. The simulation study suggests that heterogeneous formations that do not have structural closures and mudstones with relatively poor sealing efficiency can be a target for long-term CO2 geological storage, if these effects are understood precisely and utilized appropriately.

Introduction
Storage of CO2 in oil and gas reservoirs and aquifers with trapping structures and proven seal has been considered for reducing greenhouse effects. However, the potential capacity for CO2 storage in those structures is not large1, 2. Aquifers in the formations that are composed of weakly consolidated sandstone and mudstone are possible attractive candidates for CO2 storage because they are widely distributed in the vicinity of common industrial sources of CO2. These formations usually dip at low angles. The movement of the injected CO2 may be affected by the properties of mudstone3. The dissolution of CO2 into formation water is one of the important trapping mechanisms. The trapping mechanism of CO2 as residual phase due to gas relative permeability hysteresis may occur in those formations4, 5, 6, 7. We conduct 3D numerical simulations to know how they work in the aquifers without trapping structures.
Correction of Induction and Laterolog Charts for Evaluation of Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Shahbazi Alireza , Shahbazi Khalil 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
One of the main parts of reservoir characterization is the estimation of porosity, lithology and water saturation. These are done in the pay zones by utilizing formation evaluation and logging tools consisting of sonic, resistivity, and radioactive logs. For this purpose, induction and laterolog charts in conjunction with the extent of conductivity of drilling fluid are used to decide whether Dual Induction Log (DIL) or Dual Laterolog (DLL) tools to be employed.
In numerous gas reservoirs of Iran, water-based drilling fluids with low conductivity (salinity) are used to drill these reservoirs. Based on existing literature, DIL is the logging tool of the choice for evaluation of these reservoirs. However, comparison of variety of DIL and DLL results showed that this is questionable and is not always the case. To clarify these differences, more logging jobs were closely studied.
It was observed that, regardless of the salinity of the drilling fluid, DLL gives better evaluations. This result is not in full agreement with the prediction of the reference DIL and DLL charts. Therefore, these charts need some modification. In this paper, the corrected charts developed from the field data which result in better predictions are given.
Employing new corrections causes the appropriate tools to be used. This results in lowering the number of logging tool runs and the rig time which both lead to reduction of costs and lowering the probability of stuck logging tools. Moreover, using these new charts helps to distinguish all oil and gas layers which may be missed if the previous procedure is used.
Integrated Approach to Optimise Material Selection for North Field High-Rate Gas Wells
Authors: Wright Eric John , Pugh Dylan , Pacheco Jorge , Sorem William A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The RasGas Company Limited (RasGas) North Field wells typically have a TVD of 9,000+ ft (2750+ m) with a sail angle up to 70 degrees. The combination of 7-in. monobore and 9-5/8-in. big-bore wells are designed to handle H2S and CO2 corrosion, HCl acid stimulation, and environmental cracking. The wells must accommodate high flow rates and through-tubing intervention. This paper describes the technical development of an optimized operational envelope for L80 carbon steel tubulars for these North Field high-rate gas wells in Qatar. This requires corrosion testing under downhole conditions including CO2 and H2S partial pressures, field condensate, water chemistry, and accurately simulated wellbore flow conditions. The program also includes potential effects of water salinity, acidizing treatments, and completion fluids.
This approach to corrosion engineering can enable the use of carbon steel in corrosive service. Well designs have been optimized to take advantage of carbon steel tubing in conjunction with corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) liners. The use of carbon steel production tubing in lieu of CRAs has significantly reduced the cost of these wells and enabled the development of 9-5/8-in. large bore completions to increase production capacity. This integrated corrosion engineering approach can be used for virtually any application to optimize the life-cycle material and corrosion mitigation costs, with the potential to minimize costly alloy use and/or eliminate facilities. Application of the integrated approach to materials selection resulted in well designs unique to the North Field by incorporating the use of carbon steel production tubing.
Safety of Occupants in Freefall Lifeboats
Authors: Skjaeveland Rolf , Philippens Mat 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
The IMO safety criteria for lifeboats, the CDRR or CAR procedure, are both addressing the injury risk to occupants based on seat panel accelerations, thus related to the overall body acceleration. However, based on full scale drop tests with an automotive crashdummy (ATD) it was concluded that additional criteria for head and neck are required as tolerance levels for automotive injury criteria were exceeded. Given the loading scenarios expected in lifeboats, being vertical, frontal, rear and side impact loading to the occupant, the most promising set of injury criteria are the upper neck loading parameters (Fx shear force, Fz axial force and flexion-extension moment My) and two combined neck criteria being Nij and Nkm. For the head the widely used HIC criterion was adopted. It is recommended that regionally specific occupant injury assessment criteria obtained through the use of an ATD during testing, such as the ones proposed in this paper, be adapted in future evaluation of occupant safety in freefall lifeboats. The use of an ATD includes the effect of restraints and the occupants' attire which is fully omitted by the existing IMO procedure.
The Comparison of the Severity and the Efficiency of Fiscal Terms in the Asia Pacific Region
Authors: Hou Wanwan , Allinson Guy 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Asia Pacific Region is one of the most prominent regions of the world for oil and gas exploration and development. It contains a range of opportunities - from mature, producing areas to frontier exploration areas. Since the recent increases in oil prices, the international oil and gas industry has paid increased attention to the region. For most of the countries in the Asia-Pacific, the fiscal terms have a considerable influence on the economics of exploration and production and a review of the terms is a crucial part of exploration or field development investment decisions.
This paper reviews the key fiscal terms for oil exploration development in a cross section of countries in the Asia Pacific Region - Australia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, China, Philippines, Thailand, and India. The terms reviewed are believed to be typical of current agreements for oil exploration and development. Based on detailed economic modelling of the effect of the fiscal terms on hypothetical oil and gas field developments, we present a comparison of the severity of the terms on a consistent basis. In addition, we show how flexible the terms are at responding to different exploration, development and economic conditions.
The paper quantifies and compares the impact of the fiscal terms on the profitability of the field development by analysing Government Take for a range of hypothetical field developments. It includes a comparison of the efficiency/flexibility of regimes in the region by quantifying the effect of Government Take on marginal field developments. Based on this analysis, the paper has key messages for those designing or negotiating petroleum fiscal terms.
The paper aims to assisting decision makers to assess the relative merits of different regimes in the Asia Pacific Region and how the terms affect their investment decisions. It also aims to help host Governments assess the competitiveness of their fiscal terms compared to those of their neighbours in the region.

Introduction
This paper reviews the key fiscal terms for oil in a cross section of countries in the Asia Pacific Region - Australia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, and India. The terms reviewed are believed to be typical of current agreements for oil exploration and development. As a simplification, the effects of State Participation are not included in the analyses. We analyse and compare the severity and the efficiency of the terms. The latter shows how flexible the terms are at responding to different exploration, development and economic conditions.
Given that Government-controlled gas prices in some countries would affect the economics of the exploration and development, fiscal terms for gas discoveries are not easily compared and so are not considered.
Characterization of microseparator/classifier with a simple arc microchannel
Authors: Oozeki Nobuo , Ookawara Shinichi , Ogawa Kohei , Löb Patrick , Hessel Volker 
Published: November 2008

AbstractExperimentally characterized is a novel microseparator/classifier, whose functional part is an arc microchannel with a width of 200 μm, depth of 150 μm, and radius of 20 mm. First, a unique separation principle due to shear‐induced lift force is visually demonstrated with neutrally buoyant particles. The device performance is subsequently measured in terms of cut size, separation sharpness, and feed pressure for slightly denser acrylic particles. Compared with representative hydrocyclones, the present device is found to attain significantly smaller cut size at comparable feed pressure, and vice versa. It is finally shown that the device performance remains highest below a critical Stokes number because of no or negligible shear‐induced interparticle collisions. It is concluded that the device is to operate with a high efficiency based on the proposed Stokes number. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Chemische Verfahren zur Herstellung von Proteinbiochips
Authors: Jonkheijm Pascal , Weinrich Dirk , Schröder Hendrik , Niemeyer Christof M. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractProteinbiochips sind integrale Bestandteile einer wachsenden Zahl medizinischer und bioanalytischer Anwendungen, weshalb das Interesse an Methoden zur Proteinimmobilisierung für die Herstellung solcher Chips in den letzten Jahren stark gestiegen ist. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über chemische Verfahren zur kovalenten und nichtkovalenten Anbindung von Proteinen auf Oberflächen, wobei ein spezielles Augenmerk auf chemische Selektivität und die Erhaltung der Proteinfunktion bei der Immobilisierung gelegt wird. Ferner werden Strategien zur Herstellung strukturierter Proteinoberflächen umrissen. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf mögliche Entwicklungsrichtungen im Bereich der Proteinbiochipforschung und ‐anwendung gegeben.
Die Azadirachtin‐Story
Authors: Veitch Gemma E. , Boyer Alistair , Ley Steven V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDas Azadirachtin war Gegenstand intensiver Forschungen, seit es 1968 erstmals aus dem Niembaum isoliert wurde. Über 1000 Publikationen gibt es mittlerweile, die die strukturellen, biologischen und synthetischen Aspekte dieses Naturstoffs in allen Facetten beschreiben. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir einen Überblick über die langjährigen, weltweiten Bemühungen zur Totalsynthese dieses faszinierenden Moleküls.