bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Environmental Remediation of Gulf Coast Crude-Oil-Contaminated Soil Using Low-Temperature Thermal Treatment
Authors: Chowdhury H. R. , Alcocer C. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Laboratory research was conducted to study the remediation of crude-oil-contaminated soil under the "Low Temperature" burner system. In this study, the effectiveness of remediation processes were investigated at three different levels of operating temperatures of 300°F, 650°F, and 2,000°F and three different levels of retention times 2, 15, and 30 minutes in the burner. Twenty-nine experimental tests were performed using four different types of oils. Before Weatherization, four different crude-oil-contaminated soils were measured. The results of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) levels for the samples were 45,000 mg/kg, 26,000 mg/kg, 27,000 mg/kg,and 29,000 mg/kg respectively. After Weathering the samples for two weeks, the results were 32,000 mg/kg, 19,000 mg/kg, 15,000 mg/kg, and 28,000 mg/kg respectively.
Then After Ashing by combustion, the experimental results of TPH levels for samples at 650°F and 30-minutes retention time were 980 mg/kg, 3,400 mg/kg, 2,800 mg/kg, and 2,900 mg/kg respectively. Based on the results of these tests, the study suggested that the cleanup of remediation of hydrocarbon/or non-hydrocarbon compounds by "Low-Temperature" burner system are possible but only at high retention time. The retention time required to achieve this remediation process range from 49, 52, 53, and 52 minutes respectively. For the "High-Temperature" burner system, the result of this study showed that at two-minutes retention time, the total remediation of oil-contaminated soil required the burner temperatures of 3,100°F, 2,900°F, 2,600°F, and 3,100°F for four different samples. From the experimental results obtained in this study the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil under low temperature system is technically feasible.
A Conventional Reservoir Engineering Approach for Managing a Difficult Field
Authors: El Hamalawy F. A. , Elsayed G. A. , Swedan N. E. M. , Barden I. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Zeit Bay is a complex combination drive reservoir, consisting of sedimentary reservoir units partially overlying a tilted block of fractured basement reservoir. A secondary recovery scheme of gas reinjection into the original gas cap was applied after some four years of production.
This paper, briefly discusses the problems encountered in attempting to simulate field performance and describes the alternative measures and techniques implemented to improve reservoir management of the field and hence arrest production decline rate.
During the course of this study a number of areas of reservoir performance were evaluated. These included the movement of the gas and water contacts, gas and water displacement efficiency, reservoir pressure maintenance, the potential of oil recovery by gravity drainage and the field drainage efficiency expected from the current bottom hole locations.
Reserves improvements were established, based upon optimization of gas re-injection and a programme of in-fill drilling to improve field sweep efficiency.
Optimizing Upstream Processes Through Total Quality Management
Authors: Cevenini Mauro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the models and steps that forge Deming Prize Winning Corporations- followed to successfully implement Total Quality Management (TQM) statistical systems in a multibillion dollar oil/gas operation: Texaco. These efforts were traceable to the high end double digits multimillion dollar saving, and cost avoidances to a lesser extent. TQM provided focus and involvement of all personnel (executive, supervisory, line) towards a common set of goals.
The Application of Total Quality Management in Linking Advanced Technology to Financial Performance
Authors: Ramlakhan Tensing , Chawathe Adwait 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to improve the impact of advanced technology to the profitability of the petroleum company. This is a concern of management as petroleum companies continue to face difficulties in maintaining competitive advantage. Faced with severe regulatory restrictions, greater challenges in finding and extracting oil and gas, locally or in diverse international locations, companies need to be competitive in a volatile economic, technological and political environment. Advanced technology is a source of valuable data for managerial decision-making. The contribution of advanced technology should be measured by the extent to which it currently adds to or will improve the company’s competitive position. A Total Quality Management (TQM) approach is suggested as a way of achieving this advantage and improving the performance of the company through more effective management of technology. The benefit of applying TQM in this context is establishing a tighter coupling between advanced technology, human resources and the company’s profitability. This objective is achieved by proposing a Modified Management Model based on the ideas of Deming and Walton. An example of the modified model involving Imaging Technology has been presented for a hypothetical situation.
Applied And Engineering Aspects Of Composite Production Logging
Authors: Gross Freeman 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The economic advantage of utilizing production logging methods to evaluate well production logging methods to evaluate well conditions are, generally speaking quite obvious. Often, only one of several logging techniques has been considered necessary for a given well problem. It has become apparent that more than one or several companion logs should be run to obtain a more conclusive indication of well conditions.
The several catagories of logging systems proposed for companion use are:
Velocity Logs A. Mechanical Flowmeters B. Radioactive Travel Time Velocity Tracer Fluid Identifications Logs A. Gradient and Differential Pressure B. Radioactive Fluid Density C. Fluid Resistivity or conductivity Logs Formation Investigation Logs A. Radioactive Tracer and Nuclear Spectrographic Logs B. Temperature Logs
An in depth study of new procedures and techniques in the individual use of some of these logging tools will show surprising capabilities heretofore overlooked by a large segment of the industry.
Rather than recapping the weak points of the use of each tool the effort will be positive, objective course with the positive, objective course with the end-result the presentation of a complete diagostic and firm interpretation of the well condition.
There will be discussed new and somewhat different approaches towards radioactive tracer logging; new temperature logging techniques, and new utilization of fluid identification tools.
The data will be completely supported with numerous field and laboratory data.
Geological and Petrophysical Properties of Thinly Bedded Turbidite Deposits, Eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Rollins D. R. , Shew R. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper we discuss evaluating the geological and petrophysical characteristics of thinly bedded turbidite deposits. Shell Offshore Inc’s Deepwater Division has encountered numerous laminated to thick-bedded Miocene turbidite deposits during exploratory drilling in Viosca Knoll blocks 780, 783, and 952. The intervals are dominated by laminated reservoir quality sands and silts, non-reservoir cemented sands, and mudrocks. The sediments are interpreted as levee and interchannel deposits which are slightly consolidated, very finegrained, clay-rich, moderately compacted, and feldspathic. The thickness of many of the individual layers are below the resolution of conventional logs; therefore whole core, sidewall core, and high resolution logging tools are critical to the interpretation of reservoir and non-reservoir properties. We present detailed geological and petrophysical summaries of samples spanning the reservoir quality spectrum from massive (Ta) to rippled (Tc) facies and the non-reservoir mudstone (Tet) facies for each area.
Evaluation and prediction of thin-bed properties are necessary for 1) estimation of net pay, porosity, and kh, 2) modeling seismic response, 3) estimating compaction, 4) designing gravel packs and completion procedures, 5) understanding cross-fluid flow and sealing potential, and 6) input to reservoir modeling and simulations. Porosities and permeabilities are quite variable (24-30 percent and 10-800 millidarcies, respectively) in the reservoirs encountered, but there are positive correlations with bed thickness. Bed thicknesses are predominantly less than 10 centimeters and are mostly ripple-bedded (Tc) and parallel-bedded (Td). Facies and established depositional stacking patterns have been successfully used to predict well test response and as input to reservoir simulators.
We present a rock catalog format to provide a reference for interpreting lithotypes from this geographic and depositional setting as well as a methodology for evaluating these types of thinly-bedded deposits.
The Modeling of Deviated Wells and Sloping Faults With Locally Unstructured Grids: Part 1—Gridding Aspects
Authors: Kocberber Sait 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Today, reservoir geometry and heterogeneity configurations can be determined more accurately than ever before. Heterogeneities can cause severe saturation discontinuities and create very non-uniform drainage patterns. Existence of deviated wells can complicate the flow domain further. It is important that the simulation grids used should represent the exact geometry of the reservoir heterogeneity and conform to the natural flow pattern around wells.
In most finite difference simulation models, the reservoir is divided into an array of topologically rectangular grid blocks. These structured grids yield efficient solution of the resulting set of algebraic equations [Wallis (1)]. However, because of their logically rectangular structure, these grids do not have the flexibility to conform to reservoir geometry and heterogeneity configurations. Specifically they can not represent deviated wells and sloping faults accurately.
Unstructured finite element grid blocks can be assembled to assume almost any shape and are better suited for geologically complex heterogeneous reservoirs. However solution techniques for unstructured grids are costlier, making locally unstructured grids a viable choice for these reservoirs.
A Heat Transfer Study for the In-Situ Combustion Process
Authors: Kuo C.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper deals with phenomenon of heat transport in underground combustion processes. It is assumed that heat is generated at a constant rate at a moving vertical combustion surface. This generated heat is transported in the fluid flow direction by convection and a portion is lost to the cap and base rock by portion is lost to the cap and base rock by vertical conduction. On the basis of this idealized model, temperature and energy distributions during the combustion process have been investigated.
This study indicates that it is advantageous to achieve the condition such that the heat front velocity is larger than the combustion front velocity. For this case a portion of the generated heat is carried ahead of the combustion front to heat the reservoir oil in the downstream formation. If the heat front moves slower than the combustion front, then the generated heat is distributed mainly in the formation upstream of the combustion front and in the cap and base rock.
The results of this study suggest that the combustion front temperature can be controlled in order to avoid damage to wells. This can be accomplished by controlling the rate and composition of the injected fluid.
Introduction
The in-situ combustion process is a well known method of recovering oil from an underground porous reservoir. It involves injection of a combustible fluid, e.g., air, into an oil-bearing sand. At the injection side the formation is heated by electric heaters for example for a certain period of time until the combustion becomes self-supporting. Additional heat is generated as the result of the exothermic reaction between the injected fluid and a part of the oil in place. Thus, the combustion part of the oil in place. Thus, the combustion front or reaction zone can be propagated through the formation. Simultaneously a portion of the generated heat is transported away from the combustion front. The oil is heated and its viscosity is reduced. As the result of this process, the oil moves toward the production process, the oil moves toward the production well and the flow rate is accelerated. This process has been studied both in the process has been studied both in the laboratory and in the field.
It is obvious that the phenomenon of heat transport plays a significant role in the under ground combustion process. The production of oil depends strongly upon the amount and distribution of heat which can be carried downstream from the combustion front. The present work was therefore initiated in order to study some of the factors affecting the heat distribution. The effect of the fluid flow is disregarded in this investigation.
Opportunities and Pitfalls When Locating Horizontal Wells in a Geologically Uncertain Environment
Authors: Antonsen Børre , Olsen Gudmund , Høye Trond 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Horizontal wells are often much more efficient for oil production than vertical wells. However, the reservoir engineer is faced with several challenges specific for this technology both with regard to location of the horizontal section and reservoir management.
The Troll field offshore Norway will be developed by 18 horizontal wells, on average at least 800m long. The performance of the horizontal wells is very sensitive to the local geological setting. Due to large permeability contrasts, numerous calcite cemented layers and a limited database for this huge reservoir, the geological control still remains uncertain prior to development.
This paper discusses new challenges that appear when locating horizontal wells in this geological environment. The challenges of optimizing well locations and predicting well performance in an uncertain environment are discussed. The uncertainties of several parameters are considered, including: depth to reservoir sands, thickness of sands, the areal extension and position of the oil leg in high permeability sand, degree of calcite cementation within the sands, effective well length and drilling accuracy. Reservoir modeling aspects are also considered. Some important geological features have been incorporated in a stochastic model which simulates the well location management and the overall production success.
Design Considerations and Fatigue Life of Offshore Structures
Authors: Shahin M. M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Results of recent studies on design of offshore structures, under hostile environment & ran-dom loading, were reviewed. This included the effects of residual stresses, weld size and crack propagation in air and see-water for both welded and threaded con-nections. Next, the design con-siderations for a successful design of an offshore structure were discussed with particular emphasis placed on material selection, compatibility, geometry, strength, fabrication, protection, maintainability and economy. Finally, practical case histories on failure of some off-shore structures were examined.
A Spoolable Coiled-Tubing Gas-Lift Completion System
Authors: Walker E. J. , Hendrix J. L. , Humphrey K. J. , Moore B. K. , Whitlow R. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
BP Exploration and Nowcam Services have re-completed a well in the Western Operating Area (WOA) of the Prudhoe Bay Unit with a spoolable coiled tubing gas lifted completion. This completion is unique in that gas lift valves are inside the coiled tubing. Their design allows them to bend as the coil is run into the well, and prevents damage to the valve or the coiled tubing. Advantages of this system are low cost (68% below average rig workover cost) and the ability to run and pull the gas lift valves without stopping to install or remove them.
Actual running time for this re-completion was about 18 hours, with 6 of those hours needed to install the Subsurface Safety Valve (SSSV) landing nipple and 4 hours down time due to the Coiled Tubing (CT) injector chains icing up from blowing snow. After completion, the well produced 1060 bpd fluid (320 bopd) at a 1.5 mmscf/d lift gas rate. Current gross production is 750 bpd (260 bopd net) with a gas lift rate of 1.5 mmscf/d.
This re-completion is just the first step in the development of a completely spoolable coiled tubing completion system. While this job required cutting the coiled tubing to install a landing nipple for a SSSV, it is an objective to have in place by year end a spoolable SSSV system and any other necessary equipment needed to achieve a completely "slick" completion. Once achieved, it will be possible to run this system in a well without having to stop to cut the coil and install equipment.
Liquid Fall-Back Measurements in Intermittent Gas Lift with Plunger
Authors: Hernandez Ali , Maracano Luisana , Caicedo Sergio , Cabunaru R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This work represents the first part of a three - stage research program that consists of: a) lab scale test; b) Held scale test in an experimental well and c) adjustment of existing mathematical models based on experimental test and actual oil wells.
The objective of this first stage was not to develop mathematical correlations that can be applied in the field, but to gather well controlled data that can be used to look for trends and test simple theoretical models.
The experimental results of liquid fall-back measurements in intermittent gas lift are presented. The variation of liquid fall-back with changing injection pressures, amount of gas injected and initial liquid column above the plunger are described. The plunger velocity is measured by means of proximity sensors able to detect the metallic plunger. The amount of liquid produced is determined in two ways: a) by using a weighting tank separator at the tubing outlet and b) by using pressure transducers in the bottom of the production tubing which measure liquid column height, before and after the gas injection.
The experimental work was carried out using 2 3/8" tubing of 63 ft in length. The liquid being lifted was water and compressed air was used to lift the water.
A New Look at Sucker Rod Fatigue Life
Authors: Hein N. W. , Hermanson D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The ability of a sucker rod to last in a well lifted with beam pumped equipment depends on many factors. One of the principle factors is the fatigue life of the rod. Previous rod life expectations are based on the modified Goodman Diagram that resulted in the expected life of approximately 10 million cycles. These expectations are based on fatigue work that is approximately fifty years old. This paper will discuss the major factors that affect fatigue life, the improvements in the quality and manufacturing processing of rods, and the use of other stress range diagrams over the last number of years. These combined factors have now resulted in the expected fatigue life of steel sucker rods of approximately 50 million cycles. Additionally, discussed in this paper are the application of fatigue life for used steel sucker rods and the development of new allowable stress curves for used rods.
Effective Diverting on Horizontal Wells in the Austin Chalk
Authors: Bell C. E. , Holmes B. W. , Rickards A. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Most horizontal wells in the Austin Chalk have been completed as open hole laterals since the advent of horizontal drilling. The laterals range in length from 500 to 6000 ft. This horizontal configuration makes stimulating the entire length of the lateral zone extremely difficult. Natural fractures in the Austin Chalk and the horizontal profile preclude the use of conventional hydraulic fracturing techniques. Horizontal wells have been successfully stimulated with large volumes of treated slickwater at high rates alternately staging diverter and hydrochloric acid volumes. Wax buttons and beads have been successfully applied to divert these treatments in the open hole laterals. Wax provides effective diverting while the melting point and solubility provide ease of cleanup. This product can be manufactured in any shape or size and is a non-hazardous material.
This paper will analyze case histories of 63 wells (Table 1) stimulated over a two-year period in the Brazos and Burleson County areas (Fig. 1) of the Giddings Field. The effectiveness of the wax diverting beads will be demonstrated by Realtime Computer Analysis.1 Pre and post-production levels microresistivity logs for wellbore analysis and radioactive tracer logs2 will demonstrate wax diverters contribute significantly to the stimulation of these wells.
Selection of an effective diverting agent to optimize the slickwater fracture stimulation has evolved from treatments utilizing graded salt, benzoic acid, paraformaldehyde and naphthalene to the current use of wax beads. Product availability, solubility in hydrocarbons, cost and the lower concentrations required to achieve diversion make wax the diverter of choice for horizontal well slickwater treatments.
New Wireline Inspection System Offers Expanded Capabilities
Authors: Fehrmann G. Z. , Smith E. J. , Nolte Günter , Chitwood G. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
One of the biggest problems facing mechanical "slickline" well servicing crews is the need to make judgmental decisions concerning the usability of wire. Miscalculation of wire condition can result in wire failures that can significantly impact economic efficiency with costly fishing operations. Premature replacement of still-useable wire to avoid the first scenario also affects operational costs, and therefore, in most cases does not offer a viable solution. Until recently, operators have had to rely on experience, "rules of thumb," visual inspection, and the "API Wire Twist Test" to determine wire integrity. These inspection methods have been limited in their capability to provide the information required to accurately determine wire condition.
This paper will present a new inspection concept that incorporates an existing, nondestructive material inspection technology into a new real-time method for determination of wire condition. The system, which employs eddy-current inspection methodology, can be used for several different applications and has the capability to provide information on various types of wire failure modes. Use of the system can:
• Ensure integrity of new wire as it is being spooled.
• Avoid costly replacement of still-useable wire.
• Facilitate general wire-life assessment.
• Inspect wire during critical service operations where well environment or operating conditions can cause rapid degradation of the wire.
Test and field operational history will be used to illustrate the capabilities and significance of the system.
An Assessment of the Effect of Fracturing-Fluid Performance on Well Productivity
Authors: Nolte K. G. , Plahn S. V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sensitivity of postfracture well production to fracturing fluid performance parameters (viscosity, leakoff, retained conductivity, tubular friction) is investigated. Analytic relations and numerical model simulations are used to characterize this sensitivity over a broad range of fracturing applications. It is shown that a ±30% change in a fluid parameter will generally cause less than a 10% change in postfracture production. This result should be useful to design engineers because it indicates the accuracy required for fluid data in fracture design programs. Or equivalently, the accuracy required when these data are obtained from lab or field tests.