bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sperm oil replacements from selectively hydrogenated soybean and linseed esters: Special lubricants
Authors: Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Gast L. E. , Koos R. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSoybean and linseed oils were selectively hydroenated with copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst. The linolenate content of the oils was reduced to diene and monoene with no appreciable increase in saturates. Hydrogenated soybean oils contained 68–76% monoene, 11–18% diene, 0% conjugated diene and triene, 1–6% conjugatable diene, 0–0.3% conjugatable triene, and 23–40% isolatedtrans double bonds. Hydrogenated linseed oils contained 44–54% monoene, 35–45% diene, 0% conjugated diene and triene, 0–7% conjugatable diene, 0–02% conjugatable triene, and 44–59% isoaltedtrans double bonds. Esters of fatty acids, derived from these selectively hydrogenated oils, were prepared with trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol, C18 saturated cyclic alcohols, primary C12–C18 saturated (nC12, nC14, nC16, nC18) alcohol, and primary C16–C18 saturated (nC16, nC18) alcohol blends. Measurements of viscosities and of smoke, flash, and fire points indicate that these esters are possible replacements for sperm oil. Certain of them, after sulfurization, also have potential as extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Paper chromatographic separation of aliphatic lactones
Authors: Keeney P. G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPaper chromatographic procedures are described, whereby a homologous series of n‐aliphatic gamma lactones from butyrolactone through dodecalactone can be resolved as hydroxamic acid derivatives. Similar resolutions can be obtained with a series of n‐aliphatic delta lactones from nonalactone through dodecalactone. Procedures also are described, whereby lactones in the presence of ester or glyceride material can be identified using a modified hydroxylamine reagent. Analyses of commercial synthetic peach extracts demonstrate the practical use of these procedures.
Determination of hydroxyls in mono‐ and diglycerides
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Sampugna J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for the analysis of hydroxyls employing esterification with 3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl chloride, followed by titration with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, has been applied to mono‐ and diglycerides. Pure mono‐ and dipalmitins were recovered quantitatively. A commercial glyceryl dioleate was analyzed by this method and the A.O.C.S. pyridine‐acetic anhydride procedure with similar results.
Tempering triglycerides by mechanical working
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Landmann W. , Mitcham D. , Lovegren N. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe tempering of fat products to convert their components to stable polymorphs is an important and a sometimes troublesome problem in the manufacture of these products, particularly chocolate and chocolate‐type confections. It has been found that a solid‐to‐solid transformation to the stable polymorphs can be effected by mechanical working consisting of extrusion under pressure. With a fat of relatively few components, such as cocoa butter, evidence of the transformation can be obtained from X‐ray diffraction patterns. For more complex fats, hardness and melting characteristics must be considered. There is evidence that mechanical working is also effective in the transformation of a cocoa butter‐like fat made from hydrogenated cottonseed oil and olive oil, and in the transformation of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Mechanical working to effect polymorphic transformation is also effective with products containing the fats mentioned.
Solubilities of cottonseed oil and the phase distribution of fatty acids in methyl alcohol at elevated temperature and pressure
Authors: Harris W. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study was made to determine whether methyl alcohol could be used for the selective extraction of fatty acids from crude cottonseed oil under high temperature and high pressure conditions. Equilibrium data and phase relationships were obtained at several temperatures, and corresponding triangular phase diagrams were prepared. From these, it was concluded that the proposed process would not be commercially attractive inasmuch as excessive amounts of solvent would be needed.
The influence of temperature, heating time, and aeration upon the nutritive value of fats
Authors: Poling C. E. , Warner W. D. , Mone P. E. , Rice E. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to determine the biological significance of the changes which occur when fats are heated to high temperatures in air, cottonseed oils were heated and aerated under several controlled conditions. In general, the data indicate that the changes induced are proportional to the severity of the conditions and that treatments more severe than those usually encountered in processing or cooking are necessary to produce detectable damage.Oils which had been subjected to prolonged aeration at 60C (16 days or more) or exposed to air in thin layers maintained at 180舑220C supplied less available energy and caused development of larger livers than untreated samples when compared in rat feeding tests. Heating in deep layers caused less damage than heating to the same temperatures in thin films, indicating that exposure to oxygen accelerates nutritional impairment.The cooking of food in fats changes condition so greatly that direct extrapolation of data obtained in tests using fat alone is not justified. Fat extracted from foods has not been found to contain harmful substances by the tests used.
Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and wax esters fromLimnanthes douglassi (Meadowfoam) seed oil
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLimanathes douglasii seed oil glycerides contain fatty acids which predominantly (97%) have 20 or more carbon atoms. Fatty acids were prepared by saponification; fatty alcohols, by sodium reduction of the glycerides; and liquid wax esters, byp‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed reaction of the fatty acids with the fatty alcohols. Solid waxes were prepared by hydrogenation of the glyceride oil and of the wax esters. Chemical and physical constants were determined forLimnanthes douglasii seed oil and its derivatives. The liquid wax esters had properties very similar to those of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seed oil. The solid hydrogenated wax ester was identical in physical appearance and melting point to hydrogenated jojoba seed oil.
Soybean unsaponifiables: Chromatographic separations and characterization
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , Moser H. A. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnsaponifiables extracted from 10 different lots of refined soybean oil were subjected to liquidliquid chromatographic separations. Three major fractions were obtained. The least polar hydrocarbon fraction constituted 15 to 30% of the unsaponifiables; the most highly polar fraction contained the steroids constituting 35 to 45% of the unsaponifiables. The fraction of intermediate polarity varied in composition from lot to lot, but usually it contained more than 50% of the unsaponifiables. These basic fractions were analyzed by thin layer, gas‐liquid chromatography, and by chemical tests for functional groups.To determine the effects of soybean unsaponifiables on the oxidative and organoleptic stability of edible fats, various concentrations of the extracted and fractionated materials were examined in cottonseed oil. Effects of extraction methods on yields, fractionation characteristics, and composition of the different lots of soybean unsaponifiables are discussed.
The effect of germination upon the fat of the soybean
Authors: Brown B. E. , Meade E. M. , Butterfield Jean R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSoybeans of the Chippewa variety of two crops, 1956 and 1957, were germinated in the dark at 25C and the levels of total dry matter and crude fat of both the seedling axis and cotyledons were determined at various periods up to 12 days. The fatty acid content, neutral fat content of the crude fats of the cotyledons, and the fatty acid composition of neutral fat were determined. The fatty acid composition was measured by the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method.There was a continuous decrease in the total dry matter and crude fat of the cotyledons and whole seedlings of soybeans during 12 days of germination, contrary to observations of some of the earlier workers. Although there was a preferential utilization of the non‐fat dry matter during the first two days of germination, there was a slight but significant loss of fat, which gradually increased with the germination time.Surprisingly little change in the fatty acid composition of the reserve triglycerides occurred even during their most rapid loss from the cotyledons. However, observed changes were statistically significant. No loss of oleic acid occurred until after the second day of germination and its more rapid loss; compared to the other fatty acids, occurred during the period of most rapid fat loss.The significance of this observation and its relationship to oleic acid as the key intermediary in fat metabolism in plants is discussed.
Analysis of the geometric isomers of methyl linoleate by gas chromatography
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Isbell A. F. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe four geometric isomers of methyl linoleate have been quantitatively determined by gas chromatography on Apiezon L and DEGS polyester capillary columns. Three peaks were eluted from the Apiezon L column: (a) the 9‐cis, 12‐cis isomer; (b) the 9‐cis, 12‐trans isomer; and (c) the 9‐trans, 12‐cis and 9‐trans, 12‐trans isomers combined. The DEGS polyester column also resolved three peaks: (a) the 9‐trans, 12‐trans isomer; (b) the 9‐cis, 12‐cis and 9‐cis, 12‐trans isomers combined; and (c) the 9‐trans, 12‐cis isomer. Since the separation of isomers was different on each column, the content of each of the four isomers could be determined from the combined results. Quantitative results agreed closely with the per centtrans bonds as determined by infrared analysis.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. trivernolin, 1,3‐divernolin and vernolic (Epoxyoleic) acid from the seed oil
Authors: Krewson Charles F. , Ard Jesse S. , Riemenschneider Roy W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe epoxy fatty acid components isolated from the seed oil ofV. anthelmintica, Indian ironweed, where the seed had been allowed to undergo lipolysis after grinding, were trivernolin, 1,3‐divernolin, and vernolic acid. By inactivation of the hydrolytic enzyme system present in the seed, oil containing more than 50% trivernolin may be obtained. This species has potentialities as a replacement crop for those now in surplus; its seed contains 20 to 26% of an oil rich in epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid combined as glycerides amounting to 70 to 75%.
The nature of the C18 polyethenoic fatty acids of butter fat
Authors: Sambasivarao K. , Brown J. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl C18 polyenoate concentrates were prepared from two samples of butter fat by low temperature crystallization and fractional distillation. The concentrates were fractionated on a silicic acid column and the resulting fractions were analyzed by ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric methods. About 42 and 30% repectively, of the non‐conjugated dienoate in the two samples were shown to have thecis,trans configuration. Fractions rich in dienoate and trienoate were prepared from the C18 polyene concentrates by silicic acid chromatography and the nature of these acids was studied by bromination, lipoxidase enzyme methods, and by alkali isomerization for varying periods of time. About 65 and 73%, respectively, of the non‐conjugated dienoate in the two samples investigated were found to consist of linoleic acid while 79 and 71% of the trienoate were linolenic acid. Linoleic and linolenic acids were identified by preparing the characteristic tetra‐ and hexabromostearic acids. Atrans,trans isomer of linoleic acid does not seem to be present in butter fat. A major proportion of the non‐conjugated dienoic acid other than linoleic acid was found to have widely separated double bonds withcis,trans configuration. Occurrences of a C15 saturated acid, a branchedchain C17 saturated acid, and a heptadecenoic acid were indicated by gas chromatography.
Provitamin a activity and stability of β‐carotene in margarine
Authors: Marusich W. , De Ritter E. , Bauernfeind J. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySamples of synthetic β‐carotene have been assayed for vitamin A activity by the rat‐curative, growth method against vitamin A acetate and compared with natural carotene. The U.S.P. XIV diet was modified by the addition of vitamin B12 and α‐tocopherol, which have been reported to enhance carotene utilization. Doses of vitamin A and carotene were given in cottonseed oil and in margarine; but, contrary to the report of Deuelet al. (13), no significant increase was observed in the utilization of carotene fed in margarine. The samples tested include crystalline all‐trans β‐carotene, micropulverized all‐trans β‐carotene in an oil suspension, and a series of 10 commercial margarines fortified with vitamin A. and carotene in a ratio of about 2 I.U. of vitamin A to 1 I.U. of carotene.In terms of vitamin A activity in the rat bioassay, the average potency of β‐carotene in three separate bioassays of crystalline carotene was found to be 1,730,000 I.U. per gram with a standard error of ±3.5%. Thus in these assays 1 I.U. of vitamin A activity was found to be equivalent to 0.58 mcg. of all‐trans β‐carotene, a value in essential agreement with 0.6 mcg., the presently accepted International Standard. For margarine samples containing vitamin A and β‐carotene, the average vitamin A activity in 2 bioassays was found to be very close to that calculated from the colorimetric assays, using the factor for β‐carotene, 0.6 mcg.=1 I.U. The fact that other workers have reported higher provitamin A activity for β‐carotene in the rat bioassay indicates the dependence of the results on the particular conditions of the bioassay.The stability of vitamin A and β‐carotene in commercially prepared margarines stored at 40°F. and 75°F. was studied by accepted colorimetric procedures. Average retention values of 94% or better were obtained in margarines stored two months when the vitamin activity was supplied either from β‐carotene or from vitamin A.
Physical properties of aceto‐ and butyro‐oleins, mono‐olein, and diolein
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: June 2007

Summary
A series of six oleoglycerides: 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, 1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein, 1‐aceto‐3‐olein, 1‐butyro‐3‐olein, 1,3‐diolein, and 1‐mono‐olein, was prepared and purified, and some of their physical properties were determined.
Data on densities and refractive indices of the compounds revealed that substitution of short‐chain acyl groups for one or both of the hydroxyl groups in 1‐mono‐olein increases the density and decreases the refractive index. The effect is more pronounced for the aceto than the butyro groups.
By the capillary tube method, melting‐ and transition‐point data were determined for each glyceride. For the triglycerides, 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein and 1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein, one melting point and two transition points for each were found. For the diglycerides, 1‐aceto‐3‐olein and 1‐butyro‐3‐olein, two melting points and two transition points for each were found. Two melting points and one transition point each for 1,3‐diolein and 1‐mono‐olein were found. These melting and transition points were substantiated by heating‐curve data.
Where possible, dilatometric measurements were made for the various polymorphic forms of the glycerides. From the data were calculated expansibilities in the solid and liquid states, melting dilations or volume changes accompanying transformations, and dilatometric melting points.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. II. Polymerization of vinyl ethers and film properties of polymers
Authors: Schneider W. J. , Gast L. E. , Melvin E. H. , Glass C. A. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryVinyl ethers of stearyl, soybean, and linseed fatty alcohols have been prepared and polymerized in solution in hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents at temperatures down to −30°C. with several Lewis‐acidtype catalysts. Stearyl polyvinyl ether was a white, waxy solid melting at 44°–50°C. while soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers were colorless, viscous liquids. Molecular weights of these polymers range from 1,500 to 15,000 and higher, depending on the conditions of polymerization.Films of soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers containing driers were cast from toluene solution. Hard films were obtained with cobalt drier by baking at 150°C. while softer films were obtained under these conditions when lead driers were used.Soybean films containing cobalt drier and baked on Pyrex glass dissolved completely in 5% aqueous alkali. A fatty acid coresponding to the fatty alcohol side chain was isolated from this solution along with a material that appeared to be partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol. Baked films of soybean polyvinyl ether with lead drier did not dissolve in alkali. Some improvement of alkali resistance was obtained with cobalt films by adding aromatic amines as antioxidants. Soybean polymer films containing cobalt and baked on soft glass or metal surfaces were resistant to 5% aqueous alkali for at least three days.Soybean polyvinyl ether was emulsified with an equal weight of water, using ammonium salts of fatty acids as emulsifiers. Films were prepared from this emulsion that appeared to be continuous.
Note on acetone‐soluble material in cottonseed meals
Authors: King W. H. , Frampton Vernon L. , Altschul A. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn connection with a study of methods of eliminating traces of “free” gossypol from cottonseed meals a procedure for isolation of gossypol from the 70% acetone extracts of the meals by transfer to benzene solution has ben developed. A procedure is also given for quantitative determination of the isolated gossypol. Analysis of four samples of cooked cottonseed meats and meal by the method showed that in each instance substances other than gossypol are measured by the A.O.C.S. method for “free” gossypol in meals containing low concentrations of residual “free” gossypol. This procedure promises to provide another analytical tool for the study of residual material in processed cottonseed meal that causes egg discoloration when fed to laying hens.
A comparison of alkylated phenols as antioxidants for lard
Authors: Miller G. J. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryTests with 24 substituted phenols showed that position was more important than the nature of the alkyl group in influencing antioxidant potency for lard. The most active compound tested was 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol.
Apparatus for determination of the wiley melting point
Authors: Marmor Ralph A. , Ferm Robert L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA mechanically stirred Wiley Melting Point bath apparatus is described, which makes the Wiley Melting Point more accurate and reproducible, permits more determinations to be run at one time, and is less time‐consuming than the hand‐agitation procedure of the A.O.C.S. Method.
The state of dispersion of detergent additives in lubricating oil and other hydrocarbons
Authors: Peri J. B. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryUltracentrifugation and viscosity data indicate that the sulfonate type of detergents normally exists in hydrocarbon solvents as small micelles approximately two molecular lengths in diameter, ranging in shape from nearly spherical to rodlike. The micellar size is shown, in the case of calcium petroleum sulfonate, to change with concentration and temperature. Analysis of the sedimentation patterns shows that, while Aerosol O.T. appears essentially monodisperse, calcium petroleum sulfonate shows a marked distribution of micellar weights. Ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy show that larger aggregates sometimes exist in solution together with small micelles. These aggregates may result from association of various polar compounds with the detergent micelles.
Bleaching of drying oils by ionizing radiation
Authors: Lavigne J. B. 
Published: June 2007

Summary(1) Changes in the absorption spectra of drying oils, especially safflower, on exposure to ionizing radiation were followed.(2) Bleaching of the oil was plotted as a linear function of the logarithm of the absorption in the visible spectrumversus the dose.(3) Oxygen inhibited radiation bleaching.(4) The cost of bleaching safflower and similar oils by electrons was estimated to be about 4 cents/pound.(5) The mechanism of radiation bleaching was postulated to involve hydrogenation of the pigments by hydrogen atoms. These were obtained by dehydrogenation of the oils or by decarboxylation of fatty acids.
The determination of the unsaponifiable matter of tall oil distillates
Authors: Bauer S. T. , Price R. E. , Gill Patricia R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA comparison has been made of extraction efficiency of ethyl ether or petroleum ether in the removal of unsaponifiable matter of tall oil distillates, using the analytical procedures of A.S.T.M. or A.O.C.S. It has been shown that solvents can be used interchangeably. Results were within reasonable accuracy. Synthetic mixtures containing added abietic acid and rosin impurities, when heated at 300°C., increased in unsaponifiable content. Examination of the unsaponifiable extract from several tall oil, fatty acid fractions indicated that it was composed essentially of decarboxylated products of rosin and fatty acids.
The relationship of polymorphism to the texture of margarine containing soybean and cottonseed oils
Authors: Merker D. R. , Brown L. C. , Wiedermann L. H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA correlation of the organoleptic and physical properties of hydrogenated soybean oil, blends of this oil with hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and their corresponding margarines has been made by comparing samples crystallized under tempered and essentially untempered conditions. Margarine, which is usually processed under the latter condition and which contains a high percentage of hydrogenated soybean oil, will at times show a strong tendency to develop grain. This graininess was characterized by the presence of high meltingbeta polymorphs, formed by a slow rate of crystal growth.Thus the difference in the polymorphic behavior of highly hydrogenated cottonseed and soybean oil observed by Bailey still prevails in the partially hydrogenated oils but to a lesser extent. The tendency for hydrogenated soybean oil to formbeta crystals can be reduced or eliminated by conditions which promote faster crystal growth and/or the incorporation ofbeta prime stable triglycerides, which control crystal growth through mixed crystal or solid solution formation.
Brown‐colored oxypolymers of unsaturated fats
Authors: Venolia A. W. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe oxypolymerization of unsaturated fat in the presence of protein and amino acid was studied to determine whether the active carbonyl‐amine‐browning reaction is a dominant mechanism for the formation of brown‐colored polymers. A highly reactive system of menhaden oil‐aqueous egg albumin emulsion was studied in greatest detail. Three types of studies: activation energy of formation of brown color, inhibition analysis of the mechanism leading to formation of brown color, and measures of amino acid reaction in the oxidizing unsaturated fats, all gave evidence that active carbonyl‐amine browning was not a dominant mechanism.