bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Web Based System for Regional Oil Spill Contingency and Emergency Response Planning
Authors: Skeie G. M. , Johansen F. W. , Østby C. , Brude O. W. , Rødal J. , Moe K. A. , Torp O. -J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1998, the Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) initiated the development of a regional system for oil spill contingency and emergency response plans.
The aim of the project was to establish a cost-effective, flexible and documented system allowing Norwegian operators to analyze, evaluate and implement measures at sea, in coastal waters and at the shore.
Key elements in the approach comprise:
– A systematic review of relevant reports and analyses prepared by individual operators – Identification, discussion and agreement on key factors, relevant data and assumptions in the analyses – Design standard methodology for use of data, analyses and documentation of results, as well as standards for reporting data to the system – Identification of information types, analytical tools and sources for successful implementation of the system – Development of tools, web databases and interfaces – Communication and coordination with other relevant ongoing processes within the industry and regulatory bodies
At the completion of the first phase, a knowledge base, a web-based interface and a GIS tool kit are developed, allowing all offshore operators on-line access to relevant information for analysis, planning and response.
Main elements of this knowledge base and toolkit include:
– General and specific technical and environmental background information – Basis for establishing regional plans – Regional plans – Overall action plan
As a supplement to the system, a suite of GIS tools and datasets have been developed and compiled, enabling users to visualize and analyze response strategies, results from oil drift modeling, distribution of sensitive environmental resources and priority sites for oil spill combat. This ContAct GIS toolkit is available for all operators, as well as the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT).
The geographical extent, information content and range of tools applied are significant. NOFOs system will be further refined and developed throughout the year 2000, with a schedule for full implementation by the second quarter of year 2001.
HSE Management Regulatory Aspect: International/National/Local
Authors: Subhani N. A. , Khushnood S. S. , Ullah Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The proposed work is a review of experiences related to HSE in the field of oil & gas exploration and production in Pakistan. The comparative study is based on the local, National and International Regulatory requirements, standards and practices. It has been proposed to assess the impact of deviations in the application of Regulatory requirements, particularly related to job hazards, risks and accidents.
One of the major objective of the current study is to narrow down the gap in implementing the HSE Regulations by pointing out the critical barriers and to suggest ways and means in order to overcome these barriers, so that Regulatory requirements are fulfilled to a reasunable degree. The gap, however, varies among state owned and multinational E & P companies.
It is proposed to educate the personnel of regulatory and implementing authorities especially in developing countries like Pakistan by formulating appropriate HSE strategies. This could prove to be a major factor in overcoming the problems related with HSE-MS at local as well as National Level.
The constraints in implementing the HSE regulations are the state economic condition, its priorities, policies, social setup, relative experience in the field of HSE and access to new emerging technologies. The legislative bodies could play a pivotal role in overcoming HSE regulatory problems which ironically has not come up positively till yet.
A good first step towards HSE awareness could be the introduction of HSE courses for graduate level classes, in all educational institutions of he country. The graduates having HSE knowledge would be the ultimate key players in developing HSE culture in a country like Pakistan.
The HSE regulatory work in Pakistan needs lot of attention on the part of E&P companies and state as well. The existing regulations need to be updated in order to cope with the global standards and new regulations be made to cover whole HSE. Hence the proposed study is expected to point out the deficiencies and overcome the same by formulating HSE based strategies consistent with the findings and recommendations of the current work.
Indicators for Sustainable Development
Authors: Wolff R. , Zaring O. , Furuholt E. , O'Leary H. , Gaasbeek A. P. , Thoem T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1996 Statoil, Amoco, BP, Conoco and Shell wished to benchmark how companies in the oil business deal with the issues of the environment and sustainable development. The initial conclusion was that a methodology or process had to be developed first. It was decided that the principle focus of the process should be the management systems that each company had in place and the sharing of best practice. A four year journey of discovery began.
The process included the following elements:
an agreement on assessing sustainable development through a process of mutual learning an agreement based on trust and openness to enable learning definition of relevant sustainable development indicators along the value chain a description of an implementation chain for management processes measuring management processes comparing and discussing results of measurement using case studies to modify and/or verify indicator definitions used in the process.
GRI, Gothenburg Research Institute acted as facilitator and was primarily responsible for the format and organisation of the many project meetings.
In 1997 the process that included what we called "Environmental Management Indicators" (EMI) for the oil industry was concluded. A final report was prepared, discussed and agreed upon. However, this final report became the first phase in applying the same process to consider the sustainable development issue.
This second phase was more difficult and ambiguous, compared with the environmental management indicator exercise. No ready-made standards are available with regard to the definition and measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility. Although there is some more or less theoretical literature at hand, this literature is of relatively little use when it comes to definitions and measurement of management systems that deal with sustainability issues on a company level, specifically in the oil industry. Much effort went into defining indicators, measurements and profiles for single indicators and the management systems that control sustainable development issues in the companies.
The exercise resulted in a methodology and a set of indicators for assessing a company's management of sustainable development, which probably is in the forefront of the development in this area. The process has been extremely interesting and proved valuable but there is still room for improvement.
The benefits of this methodology have included:
learning from the sharing of best practice providing a framework for discussions with others assessing where a company's strengths and gaps are
Water-Fracs Provide Cost-Effective Well Stimulation Alternative in San Joaquin Valley Wells
Authors: Mathis Stephen P. , Brierley Gary , Sickles Kurt , Nelson Don , Thorness Rick 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The low production rates of high viscosity crudes associated with wells in the Kern County California area lead to difficulty in achieving production enhancement through cost-effective well stimulation practices. The tight economics also lead to difficulty in finding a stimulation technique that can be effectively applied to injection wells associated with these same fields. Following the successful application of waterfracturing to increase the injectivity of a water injector well in the Edison Field, water-fracturing was introduced to the Tejon Oil Field near Bakersfield California in hopes of providing stimulation to an oil well. Previous gel fracs in the Tejon Oil Field proved to be uneconomical due to high treatment costs associated with increased equipment requirements, combined with poor results.
This paper describes how a small-scale water-frac treatment provided productivity improvements from 6 bopd to initial rates of 30 - 50 bopd and sustained rates exceeding 20 bopd for one well in the Tejon Oil Field. Comparison is provided of the water-frac well performance over its first year of production to a gel-frac in the same well, and two offset openhole completions (one gravel packed and one non-gravel packed). The surface pumping equipment requirements for a treatment of this type are described, as are the procedures used to obtain a successful treatment. The paper concludes with a discussion of the geologic conditions that likely led to the successful result achieved here, and suggests other applications where this technique should be attempted.
Closure Behaviour of Natural Rock Fractures
Authors: Duan Yuting , Jing Xudong , Meng Yingfeng , Luo Pingya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to investigate the closure behaviour of natural rock fractures, a surface measurement system called as photoelectric surfometer was developed. It can survey and calculate automatically topographies of rock surfaces, being especially effective on natural rock surfaces which have larger heaves compared with polished rock surfaces widely used in previous publications. Computer simulation is then applied to mimic the closure behaviour of natural rock fractures by utilising both elastic and plastoelastic contact theory between rough surfaces. Experimental results confirmed computer simulation. Simulation and experiments show that plastic flow can be ignored for natural fractures within most concerned reservoir formation rock (carbonate rock and tight sandstone). An empirical model based on simulating results is then proposed, which includes rock properties, initial aperture and surface topographies. This model, being different from any other models proposed in previous publications, can be used to explain the different phenomena found both at laboratory experiments and in situ reservoir formations.
New Petrophysical Process Improves Reservoir Optimization by Linking Stimulation Design, Reservoir Modeling, and Economic Evaluation
Authors: Kessler Calvin , Frisch Gary , Hyden Ron , Neil Stegent P. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) permeability combined with newly developed petrophysical analysis improves the candidate selection process for production-enhancement treatments such as matrix acidizing, acid fracturing, and traditional hydraulic proppant fracturing. The new petrophysical model allows automatic zoning based on log data such as permeability, stress contrasts, or lithology. The automatic zoning provides information for stimulation design, reservoir simulations, and economic forecasting.
Traditional stress zoning, which has enabled widespread usage of 3D modeling for the design of stimulation treatments, is now enhanced by an accurate permeability profile and automatic zoning. NMR logging provides a continuous, high-quality permeability that falls within the accuracy range required for 3D hydraulic-fracture design programs and reservoir simulators to predict production.
Combining the stimulation design and productivity calculations allows the operator to select the ideal stimulation treatment for the highest return on investment. The automatic zoning enhances both the stimulation design and reservoir simulations with minimal time and effort, allowing the operator to determine the most economical production enhancement scenarios, such as treatment type and job size.
Once the stimulation is performed, operators monitor the production rates and declines to enhance the process. Production data can lead to an improved NMR permeability by optimizing the permeability coefficients for area-specific permeability equations. The process is repeated for additional wells in the reservoir with the ultimate goal of optimizing the reservoir development.
Post-Steamflood Reservoir Management Using a Full-Scale 3D Deterministic Thermal Reservoir Simulation Model, Wilmington Field, California
Authors: Mondragon J. J. , Yang Z. , Ershaghi I. , Hara P. S. , Bailey S. , Koerner R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the successful application of a simulation based reservoir management approach to handle a complicated fluid injection conversion process in Fault Block IIA of the Wilmington Field, CA. Conversion process required careful planning and implementation of injection location and volumes in a stress sensitive formation. Concerns for the compaction associated elevation changes as a results of steam chest collapse and proximity of the field to urban areas of Long Beach, necessitated a careful monitoring and management of reservoir pressure. Prior to the implementation of the conversion, the area was under high pressure-high temperature steam injection. Taking into account the heat losses and various processes associated with extreme temperature changes caused by conversion from steam injection to cold water injection, a simulation approach was the only tool left for prudent management of the process.
Influence of Stress and Lithology on Hydraulic Fracturing in Hassi Messaoud Reservoir, Algeria
Authors: Koceir M. , Tiab D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Understanding the rock mechanics aspects of Hassi Messaoud (HMD) reservoir is extremely important, not only for hydraulic fracturing purposes but also for planning horizontal well drilling and completion. Analysis of the data generated from the hydraulic fracturing experience in Hassi Messaoud shows that fracturing is strongly lithology dependent. The magnitude and the orientation of the stress characterize the stress field. The stress magnitude in HMD is correlated to Young's modulus and shaliness. A new correlation is proposed relating minimum horizontal stress, shaliness and porosity.
The stress field orientation in Hassi Messaoud is similar to that observed in other locations throughout Algeria. The maximum principal stress is in the azimuth direction between 135-140° azimuth, perpendicular to HMD anticline trend. The iso-fracturing gradient map of HMD structure confirms the compartmentalization of the reservoir into two main compartments. The eastern compartments, has a relatively low fracturing gradients, while the western compartment has very high fracturing gradients.
The results of this study could be used in the selection of candidate wells for hydraulic fracturing as well as drilling horizontal wells.
A New Cost Effective Approach to Comprehensive Gravel Pack Completion
Authors: Caretta Fausto , Young Gary , Fox Phil 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the introduction of new technologies, the energy industry is continually challenged to explore all potential applications. An additional responsibility lies in optimizing the combination of new and existing technologies in highly deviated and horizontal wells to provide useful solutions. This paper highlights two case history examples of this undertaking.
The pilot study case at hand will demonstrate how such a technology combination provided savings in both money and time spent diagnosing wellbore conditions and performing remedial work. Logging tools were deployed using a tubing-conveyed method without the usual direct mechanical attachment of the logging tool to the string itself. This method minimized the risk of damage to the smaller-sized toolstrings and reduced the time required to log these tools by eliminating tripping of the complete workstring back to surface after each logging run.
Included within are descriptions of job planning, acquisition methods, and decisions utilizing an optimized mixture of evaluation technologies to provide results that far exceed previous achievements. The combination of log measurements included a gravel pack density tool and a downhole video surveillance camera. As a result of this approach the following information was made available to design downhole remedial operations: areas of loss or lack of gravel pack materialindication of high water influx zoneswellbore mechanical integrityscale and debris detection
The recompletion design has been enhanced with utilization of information provided by the logging program, including a previously unsuspected corrosion problem. Better decisions can now be made with greater confidence based on higher quality evidences.
Viscous-Pill Design Methodology Leads to Increased Cement Plug Success Rates; Application and Case Studies from Southern Algeria
Authors: Fosso S. Wamba , Sonatrach M. Tina , Frigaard I. A. , Crawshaw J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Setting heavy cement plugs on top of lighter wellbore fluids is a major problem in Southern Algeria, for both drilling and work-over wells. When setting cement plugs off-bottom, for kick-off or abandonment, an average of 3 attempts are necessary before achieving a competent cement plug. The extra cost of the failed plug operations is around $75,000, plus 4 days of lost rig time. An in-depth analysis of field practices for cement plugs demonstrated that the root cause of the failures is related to poor or non-existent design of the viscous pill rheology. In effect, until recently, the viscous pill was made the same way, regardless of the cement properties and of the cement-viscous pill interface stability.
There is a natural tendency for a heavy fluid to fall through a lighter fluid placed below it and it is only by resisting this tendency that cement plugs, set off-bottom, are able to remain static until the cement hardens. The larger the difference in fluid densities or the larger the size of hole, the harder it becomes to stabilize a heavy plug.
Commonly, a viscous-pill is set between the cement slurry and drilling mud, in order to improve stability. Recent work, both theoretical and experimental, has determined a reliable estimate of the yield stresses required of the fluids to stabilize an interface separating heavy and light fluids, under any conditions of hole size, deviation and density difference between the fluids. When a viscous pill is used two interfaces: that between the cement slurry and viscous pill and that between the viscous pill and mud, could be unstable. The estimates have been turned into a computer model that can be used to design the physical properties of both viscous pill and cement slurry, so that mechanical stability is ensured.
Application of this model to cement plugging operations in Southern Algeria has given rheology and density design targets, which have been applied to both cement slurry and viscous pill. Three case studies are presented in which the top of cement was found exactly as expected, on the first plug set. Over a number of recent cement plug jobs, the success rate has improved from ~25% to close to 100%.
Performance Improvement Techniques Used on Goodwyn A Platform
Authors: Dolan S. P. , Barrows W. J. , Dickson J. W. , Torry D. , Drury R. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is a review of the techniques that have caused a large improvement in drilling and completion performance on the Goodwyn A Platform North-West Shelf, Australia. The collective effort of Well Construction professionals using these techniques has resulted in the drilling of a 6263m (20,550’) TD well with a horizontal step out of 5200m (17,060’), at a tangent angle of 67° in 39 days from spud to well handover. This was 31% under P50 AFE time estimate.
The paper will describe a method to produce systematic, steady and sustainable improvements to Well Construction operations. The methods described are a way of harnessing the collective brainpower of Well Construction professionals and focus that energy towards rigorous analysis of problems or areas of potential improvement, then systematically working through and implementing solutions.
The Technical Limit methodology and Performance Improvement Groups (PIGs) are best suited for complex, high cost drilling projects, typically ERD developments, high cost MODU exploration or subsea operations.
In addition, other tools such as Hazard Management, Learning System and Planning Processes which contributed to success are explained.
Development of Stable PDC Bits for Specific Use on Rotary Steerable Systems
Authors: Barton S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The number of extended lateral reach and horizontal wells have been increasing due to resulting economic benefits. The steerable motor is accepted as the standard method of directional drilling but is not ideal for these sections. As a result, rotary steerable systems have been developed and benefit over motors due to continuous pipe rotation whilst deviating. This results in a smoother, cleaner hole and less drag, leading to improved transfer of weight and increased penetration rates.
This technological development has prompted the design of a range of PDC bits specifically for use on rotary steerable systems. Namely, that they possess sufficient lateral cutting ability to successfully perform in highly deviated sections at the reduced rotational speed, as compared to that of conventional motors. The designs must also be stable in rotation to minimise downhole vibrations that could damage the bit or cause premature tool failure.
Through progressive design and continuous field performance analysis, specific bit features have consistently displayed good steerability and very low levels of vibration, without compromising drilling performance.
Detailed analysis has been conducted using vibrational logs and data downloaded from a rotary steerable tool over a multitude of field runs. Overall bit performance was compared between similar designs with differing cutter placement.
Combined results demonstrate that a specific cutter placement methodology is essential for successful bit performance on a rotary steerable tool in terms of both stability and directional capabilities, and has resulted in extended bit life. Design considerations are laid out with regard to lateral cutting ability in terms of profile and cutter placement.
Case studies on field performance illustrate the design progress in producing a steerable, stable bit for use with a rotary steerable system.
Marginal Expense Oil Well Wireless Monitoring
Authors: Nelson Donald G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wireless surveillance of rod pumped oil wells has typically involved mating high power radios with pump off controllers. These combinations are very effective but economic application is limited due to cost. A need exists for a simpler wireless surveillance system that can be economically applied to stripper wells. Continued breakthroughs in the technology sector have lead to lowered cost and improved quality for a variety of electronic components. This study involves a low cost, small, self-contained wireless vibration surveillance unit that can be bolted directly to the pumping unit. The device includes a shear-sensing transducer, battery, pre-programmed microchip, and low power radio transmitter. Signals related to the vibration behavior of the pumping unit are transmitted to a base station computer that will indicate an alarm condition when the well deviates from normal, pumped off performance.