bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Experience and Dew Point Studies of a Retrofitted Roof
Authors: Carlson AR 
Published: March 2009

A symposium on insulating materials would not be complete without discussing the effect of the thermal and vapor performance on potential condensation problems in insulated assemblies. Retrofitting the top of an existing insulated roof with an impermeable rigid or foamed insulation can lead to serious condensation-related maintenance problems. Dew point studies in Alaska indicate that the thermal resistance of retrofitted assemblies should be at least two times greater than the existing insulated wall, or roof to avoid condensation in the cavity, depending on local heating degree days [1]. Further, an exterior impervious insulated wall or roof assembly should be provided with some type of natural venting to relieve vapor pressure and allow excess condensate to drain and evaporate. Unfortunately, most condensation problems do not become apparent for 5 to 10 years, long after the one year warranty is null and void.
A computer spreadsheet will be presented that simulates dew point conditions in an insulated roof assembly to determine the proper selection and placement of the vapor retarder, insulation, and ventilation of the exterior skin to prevent further deterioration of the roof. This necessitated the computation and tabulation of surface temperatures, dew point temperatures, vapor pressures and relative humidities at various structural components of the insulated assemblies, particularly near the outer skin.
A Logical Extension of the ASTM Standard E96 to Determine the Dependence of Water Vapour Transmission on Relative Humidity
Authors: Lackey JC , Marchand RG , Kumaran MK 
Published: March 2009

It is well known that the water vapour transmission properties of hygroscopic building materials depend on the local relative humidities(rh). Traditionally, the ASTM Standard E96 specifies only two conditions of rh. The dry cup method in the standard corresponds to a mean rh of 25 % and the wet cup to 75 %. This information is not enough to describe the behaviour of the material through the entire range of rh. European standards have already proposed an extension of the existing standard to address this issue. ASTM standard should follow this change. A logical extension of the E96 standard to include the effect of rh on water vapour transmission properties has been proposed and is being discussed by one of the C16 Committee Task Groups.
This paper presents the application of the proposed extension to several common building materials. The details include the operating principles of a constant temperature-rh chamber and the effects on the test results, of the vapour resistance offered by still air inside the cup, the surface resistances and buoyancy. The experimental data were used to critically assess the above effects. The data as well as the analyses of the data are expected to provide guidance to refine the existing ASTM Standard.
A Comparison of Knowledge and Behavior in Young Injured and Non-Injured Skiers
Authors: Macnab AJ , Cadman RE , Greenlaw JV 
Published: March 2009

The Skier Knowledge Questionnaire (a survey of knowledge and behavior) was given to 863 non-injured and 118 injured skiers and snowboarders aged 5 to 17 years at Blackcomb Mountain in British Columbia during 1993–94 to help identify relevant factors in injury prevention initiatives.
The injured cohort had less knowledge of the Skiers Responsibility Code. In both groups, almost half had had no lessons, 31% had had bindings adjusted by non-professionals and chair lift safety bars were used one ride in four by children 13 to 17 years. They wore helmets slightly less often. Both groups skied regularly through the trees, and 20% had skied on closed runs. Excessive speed was identified as the major cause of injury. Jumping was not recognized to contribute to injury.
The lack of knowledge of safety rules and skiing without due care in young adults indicate that some major ski and snowboarding injuries are preventable.
Vision—An Essential Factor for Safety in Skiing: Perception, Reaction, and Motion Control Aspects
Authors: Senner V , Jendrusch G , Schaff P , Heck H 
Published: March 2009

Observation and perception errors in combination with lack of attention explain the majority of all falls in skiing. This associates vision and vision deficiencies with safety aspects in skiing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reduced visual acuity on the reaction time of a skier in safety-critical skiing situations.
For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in the 1995/96 winter season. The subjects had to pass over a prepared ledge in the terrain and react to simulated obstacles, which were partly blocking the course. All experiments were video recorded; in total more than 220 trials were conducted. We tested three different types of obstacles: ice patches, a standing skier, and a skier just starting to move. Two experimental conditions were examined, normal visual acuity and a reduced visual acuity. The acuity reduction to 20% of normal was achieved by the use of special goggles. From the videotape, the subjects' time for an evasive action was determined and statistically analyzed.
No significant change of the reaction time with reduced visual acuity could be seen for the bigger obstacles i.e., the standing skier and the moving skier. However, with the simulated ice patches, the increase of the reaction time was significant (p = 0.01) with an average increase of 35%. From the obtained results it is concluded that skiers not wearing their corrective lenses may feel safer than they really are. They can perceive larger, stationary, or moving objects, however they might not be aware of the risk from low-contrast obstacles.
Strain of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Increases Linearly with Quadriceps Contraction
Authors: Bach JM , Hull ML 
Published: March 2009

This work was designed to answer two important questions concerning injury mechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). One question was whether strain of the ACL increased linearly with increasing quadriceps contraction, and the other was whether strains in the anteromedial (AMB) and posterolateral (PLB) bundles were different at any point in the flexion arch.
To answer these questions experiments were performed to determine the relationship between increasing quadriceps force and strains in both the AMB and PLB. Five unembalmed knee specimens were instrumented on both bundles of the ACL using liquid mercury strain gages. Quadriceps loads of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 N were applied at flexion angles of 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120°. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, as well as linear and quadratic regressions. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in strains between the two bundles and that the relationship between quadriceps load and ACL strain was highly linear for flexion angles of 60° and less, where the quadriceps caused markedly increased strains above those developed during passive motion.
Comparison of Needed and Recommended Retention Settings for Snow Skiing
Authors: Scher IS , Mote CD 
Published: March 2009

The current ASTM ski binding setting standard, Practice for Selection of Release Torque Values for Alpine Ski Bindings (F 939-93), was evaluated by comparing the forces measured during alpine skiing to the ASTM recommended release forces. For a twelve subject sample, the forces and moments at the toe and heel ski release bindings were collected during skiing, walking, and executing stationary turns. The subjects included all skiing levels from beginner to professional racers and varied widely in weight and age. For each subject, the maximum lateral force at the toe and vertical force at the heel was measured during runs where falls and releases of the binding did not occur.
The ASTM recommended release settings were significantly higher than the forces required to ski normally for ten of the twelve skiers. For nine of the subjects, the vertical force at the heel required to ski (retention setting) was less than 45% of the vertical release force permitted by the standards; these subjects could have reduced their release setting at the heel by 55% (between 425 and 711 N) without causing inadvertent releases of the binding during the skiing maneuvers. Similarly, ten of the subjects skied within 67% of the current settings and could have lowered the lateral release setting at the toe by 33% (from 61 to 111 N) without signaling for inadvertent release; for inexperienced, lightweight skiers, the release setting at the toe could have been lowered by 38%.
A method for determining the minimum retention forces required to ski in these tests for any and all force components at the toe and heel binding is presented. These minimum retentions do not correlate well (r &lt; 0.7) to subject to age, height, or weight. Furthermore, weight was found to be a poor predictor of the maximum lateral force at the toe and vertical force at the heel. Accordingly, setting standards cannot rely primarily on these variables for prediction of minimum retention.
Sulfur Content of Carbon Steel Plate Material for Dished End Manufacture by Cold Spinning
Authors: Dutta T , Chandawale RG , Vanchinath SA 
Published: March 2009

Over many years SA 516 Gr. 70 plate material is being used for the construction of boilers and pressure vessels and has become a standard of the industry. However a typical failure of this material during dished end manufacture has troubled the manufacturer on and off. Many times lamellar separation takes place along the central line of the thickness visible at the edges of the dished ends after cold spinning.
In this present study we have carried out a customized shear test to ascertain the effect of sulfur content on the susceptibility of the SA 516 Gr. 70 plate material to fail by shear along the plane of segregation.
This study indicated that the presence of central segregation is a critical factor to induce reduction in the shear strength. As the sulfur content goes down the segregation line disappears and the shear strength also increases. At 0.01% maximum sulfur best results are obtained. It was supported by the field observation of failed dished ends, where failures are observed with plates with typical sulfur content of 0.02% and above.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design, Thirteenth Volume
Authors: Hooper SJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features research on current test and analysis methods applied to composite materials and structures. The world's leading experts in the field present 14 peer-reviewed papers covering the following key topics:
• Composite Design;
• Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Characterization;
• Interlaminar Fracture Mechanics;
• Compression Testing;
• Metal Matrix and Ceramic Matrix Composties;
• Shear Testing and Laminate Analysis;
• and General Analysis Techniques.
Life Prediction Methodology for Titanium Matrix Composites
Authors: Johnson S , Larsen J , Cox B 
Published: March 2009

Description
This collection of work represents the tremendous progress that has recently been made toward the characterization and modeling of Titanium Matrix Composites (TMCs), including microstructural aspects, stress analysis, and life models. 29 papers divided into five sections cover:
• Interfacial Properties and Microstructure
• Fiber Bridging Behavior
• Inelastic Material Behavior and Modeling
• Fatigue
• and Life Predictions.
Steel Forgings: Second Volume
Authors: Nisbett EG , Melilli AS 
Published: March 2009

Description
Contains information on the latest state-of-the-art technology in steel forgings research. 25 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading professionals in the field offer the most current manufacturing techniques, applications and testing developments. Key areas explored:
Pressure vessel and nuclear forgings -- 6 papers examine such topics as forged stainless steel reactor piping, steam generator forging developments and forgings designed for high pressure hydrogen environments in the petrochemical industry.
General industrial forgings -- Process model development for the optimization of forging disks, forging hammer force calculation,thermally induced residual stress relief and improved high strength steels toughness are among the issues covered in 11 papers.
Turbine and generator forgings -- 8 papers discuss topics ranging from martensitic stainless steels development for turbine rotors and blades, to vast technological developments in superclean steel forging, and high pressure/low pressure rotor shafts in a modified high temperature steel.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design: Twelfth Volume
Authors: Deo RB , Saff CR 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most current test and analysis methods applied to composite materials and structures, as well as this decade's latest technological developments in composites.
21 papers from the world's leading experts in the field focus on the following categories:
• Environmental Effects Testing,
•Design Allowables and Damage Tolerance Testing,
• Textile and other Advanced Composites,
• and Design, Analysis and Test Techniques.
Fire Resistance of Industrial Fluids
Authors: Totten GE , Reichel J 
Published: March 2009

Description
Comprehensive, international overview of traditional, current and newly proposed fire resistance testing methods for industrial fluids.
14 peer-reviewed papers from leading researchers in the field address the following industrial fire prevention issues: Fundamental principles of fire resistance testing • New testing procedures that will dramatically impact the fire-resistant ranking of hydraulic fluids both in the USA and abroad • Previous and current testing methodologies and limitations • Spray flammability tests Innovative testing methodology • Potential toxicity of fluid combustion by-products • Pool fire burning modeling and characteristics.
A critical resource for fluid manufacturers, turbine oil and hydraulic fluid suppliers, users of fire resistant fluids in mining, aerospace, steel and automotive industries, maintenance engineers, testing laboratories, insurance companies and government agencies responsible for fluid test and selection.
Pavement Evaluation of Roads in the Sub-Saharan Region
Authors: Claros GJ , Oduro-Konadu E 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents experience gained in the evaluation of pavement structures in the sub-Saharan region of Africa for the design of rehabilitation and maintenance alternatives. Most of the pavement structures in this region are very light with thin layers of subbase and base materials. The surfaces are sometimes single surface treatments or thin layers of asphaltic concrete. The evaluation of these pavement structures was made using state-of-the art equipment such us FWD equipment and laboratory resilient modulus equipment to test soils and asphalt samples. Backcalculation software such as ELMOD and Modulus 5 was used to characterize the pavement materials. This characterization was supplemented with laboratory tests of resilient modulus characteristics of soil and asphalt concrete samples.
This paper discusses the limitations and advantages of backcalculation software and how the backcalculated moduli compared with a laboratory measured resilient moduli of undisturbed samples. This comparison is also used to evaluate the correction factor (C=0.33) included in the AASHTO DARWin software. This correction factor reduces the backcalculated subgrade MRin the determination of the required structural number for the design.
Comparison of test procedures AASHTO T294-94, SHRP P46 and a variation of the P46 protocol, which uses grouting to secure the loading plates to the sample, is also included in the paper. Based on the above comparison, a practical procedure for routine testing of resilient modulus of soil samples is proposed. Design of the rehabilitations was done using the AASHTO DARWin software and mechanistic analysis. Comparison of these two methods of design is presented in the paper with practical recommendations for their use.
Advances in Fatigue Lifetime Predictive Techniques: 3rd Volume
Authors: Mitchell MR , Landgraf RW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The latest information on methods for predicting and understanding fatigue failures in materials and structures.
17 peer-reviewed papers cover:
• metal matrix composite complexities;
• analysis methods for multiple failure mechanisms;
• cyclic and creep loading experimental approaches;
• thermo-mechanical fatigue in polymer matrix composites;
• non-destructive methods for detecting damage;
• damage mechanics;
• crack initiation and growth prediction techniques;
• microstructural effects on fatigue cracking behavior;
• and design method development and application for dealing with fatigue in components and structures.
Invaluable for design engineers, researchers, materials engineers,and metallurgists.
Durability Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
Authors: Herling RJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Durability testing of nonmetallic materials has been a common practice in many industries, such as paint and coatings, plastics,textiles and building materials. The role of this testing is expanding from a basic research tool to that of a quality control technique and predictor of service life. This change has necessitated the development of new procedures for exposing and evaluating materials and analyzing data.
STP 1294 addresses these developments with 14 peer-reviewed papers. In three sections:
• Characterizing Natural and Accelerated Exposure Environments and Samples
• Correlating Natural and Accelerated Durability Testing
• and Predicting Service Life.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Eleventh International Symposium
Authors: Bradley ER , Sabol GP 
Published: March 2009

Description
From its inaugural meeting in Philadelphia in 1968, the ASTM Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry has been the premiere vehicle for discussion and documentation of the scientific and technological bases for the utilization of zirconium-based alloys in water-cooled reactors. The eleventh conference in this symposium series, held in September 1995 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, continued this tradition of excellence. Attendees to this conference numbered 209, representing 16 countries. After careful peer review and editing, forty-one technical papers presented at this conference are published in this book. The highlights of the oral discussions have also been captured and appear at the end of each paper. This publication also includes two papers that are significant contributions to zirconium technology which served as the basis for the authors receiving the W. J. Kroll awards for 1993 and 1994. In Garmisch-Partenkirchen the awards for these years were presented to J. A. L. Robertson and to the team comprised of Friedrich Garzarolli, Heinz Stehle, and Eckard Steinberg, respectively. These Kroll Award papers represent historical as well as technical significance for the use of zirconium alloys in the nuclear industry.
Corrosion Testing in Natural Waters: Second Volume
Authors: Young WT , Kain RM 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1300 examines the latest technical information available for the corrosion engineering community. In addition to data on evaluation techniques for studying corrosion, this new and updated volume includes the final results of a five-year worldwide study on corrosion behavior of metals in seawater.
8 peer-reviewed papers:
• Monitoring Biofilm Formation in Power Plant Environments
• Modeling of Marine Corrosion of Steel Specimens
• Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Results from Five Years of Testing
• Twenty Year Field Study of the Performance of Coatings in Seawater
• Crevice Corrosion Testing of Austenitic, Superaustenitic, Superferritic,and Superduplex Stainless Type Alloys in Seawater
• Statistical Analysis of Pitting Corrosion in Condenser Tubes
• Corrosion Coupon Testing in Natural Waters: A Case History Dealing with Reverse Osmosis
• Desalination of Seawater
• and Comparison of Current Reversal Chronopotentiometry (CRC) and Small Amplitude Cyclic Voltammetry (SACV) Method to Determine the Long-Term Corrosion Tendency of Copper-Nickel Alloys in Polluted and Unpolluted Seawater Under Jet-Impingement Conditions.
M3D III: Mechanics and Mechanisms of Material Damping
Authors: Wolfenden A , Kinra VK 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1304 contains the latest research results on the fundamentals and applications of techniques for measuring and interpreting damping in all types of solids.
The world’s leading experts in the field have presented 28 comprehensive papers covering various aspects of damping, including both fundamental research and technological applications. Topics explored include: Nonlinear effects of boundaries; • Viscoelastic damping; • Grain boundary damping; • High temperature damping; • Ceramics; • Martensitic and solid-liquid phase changes; • Magnetomechanical damping; • Elastothermodynamic damping; • Layered and intercalated materials; • Modeling; and • Longitudinal and flexural vibrations.
Fly-Ash-Based Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) Used for Critical Microtunneling Applications
Authors: Green BH , Staheli K , Bennett D , Walley DM 
Published: March 2009

A controlled low-strength material (CLSM) has been successfully used in two microtunneling applications. This CLSM, developed at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), is a mixture of ASTM Class C fly ash, ASTM Type I portland cement, bentonite, and water.
The CLSM was first used during the microtunneling field trials at WES to stabilize a tunnel excavation while retracting the microtunneling machine through unstable, flooded, running sand. The void left by the retracted tunnel machine was filled with the CLSM to provide continuous support to the excavation and avoid settlement of the ground surface.
Based on the success of the WES tests, the CLSM was used on a second microtunneling project in Newark, California. The CLSM was used to stabilize the soil surrounding the sheet-piled shaft that would be used to launch a microtunnel boring machine. The use of this fly-ash-based CLSM greatly improved the stability of the soils and safety of the shaft during the launch. The use of the CLSM also provided cost savings in excess of $100,000 on the Newark project.
Use of Controlled Density Fill to Fill Underslab Void
Authors: Mason TF 
Published: March 2009

During the removal of a portion of a warehouse slab for the United States Navy, a large void that was caused by water erosion was discovered. The void was created behind a concrete seawall by years of tidal and current action. Conventional granular backfill material was considered but was dismissed as being nearly impossible to install and compact. Controlled density fill (CDF) was proposed and accepted as an acceptable backfill method.
Access holes were drilled along the exterior of the warehouse to allow easy placement of the CDF. A bulkhead made from sandbags was installed in the void to prevent the CDF from flowing past the limit of approved work. The CDF was installed over a period of two days to lessen lateral pressure on the sand bag bulkhead and vertical pressure on the bottom of the void adjacent to the concrete seawall.
By using controlled density fill, the project was successfully completed quickly and at a fraction of the original estimated cost using conventional granular backfill materials and methods.