bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sustainable company: The need for environmental concern
Authors: Vinten Gerald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental awareness in the general community is at a high level. There is a feeling that time is running out in the quest for global solutions to global problems. It is inevitable that the role in this of commerce and industry should be discussed, and that companies are coming under pressure to demonstrate that their policies are environmentally sustainable. Thirteen reasons are substantiated as to why companies are becoming involved, and non joiners or half‐hearted joiners need to weigh up the risks they are taking. They may become outliers and corporate pariahs, and find that abuse of the environment is equated with abuse of the public and customer, and that both market share and share valuation will suffer accordingly. With a new British Standard on Environmental Management Systems, with a cross‐link to the European eco‐audit scheme, and the growth of green advertising, the environment is at long last receiving the attention it deserves.
Implementing environmental policy in Scotland: The role of the voluntary sector
Authors: McCulloch Alistair , Moxen John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite the increasing interest in environmental policy and its implementation, little attention has been paid to the role played by the voluntary sector. However, in the UK this sector is actively involved by the Government as an agency of implementation. In this respect, The Scottish Office has established two mechanisms whereby it channels support to a number of voluntary organisations and this article examines the success achieved by these programmes in delivering The Scottish Office's objectives for the voluntary environmental sector. The conclusion is reached that these mechanisms are generally successful, but that there are a number of failures regarding the achievement of the immediate policy objectives. Additionally, while the programmes deliver good work that is in line with the Government's policy objectives, the contribution they make to sustainable development (the primary objective of the strategy laid down in its White Paper, This Common Inheritance) could be improved. They do, however, represent an example of relatively successful policy implementation.
Conceptualizing a corporate environmentalism model
Authors: Lang Josephine Chinying 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental legislation now looms large in the backdrop of corporate strategy. However, there is still little theoretical work on corporate environmentalism. A conceptual model of corporate environmentalism is proposed here, stressing the effect of information on managerial enthusiasm in responding to the green challenge and on the formalization of strategies and structures to reflect that response. Suggestions on operationalization are advanced and research implications discussed.
Beyond eco‐efficiency: Towards socially sustainable business
Authors: Gladwin Thomas N. , Krause Tara‐Shelomith , Kennelly James J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn earlier version of this paper was presented by Dr Gladwin at the First Annual Senior Executives' Seminar on ‘Sustainability and Profitability: Conflict or Convergence’ sponsored by the HRH the Prince of Wales's Business & the Environment Programme and developed by the University of Cambridge Programme for Industry, Cambridge, UK, September 1994. The authors express their appreciation to AT&T, the Energy Foundation, the Management Institute for Environment and Business and the Merck Family Fund for their support of ‘The Global Environment Program’ at New York University, which partially financed preparation of this paper. The viewpoints herein should be attributed only to the authors.Sustainability, in most corporate gatherings and initiatives, has been conceptualized as something mainly having to do with eco‐efficiency, involving pollution prevention and resource conservation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is asserted here that eco‐efficiency is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for full sustainable development. Socio‐economic sustainability – involving poverty alleviation, population stabilization, female empowerment, employment creation, human rights observance and opportunity redistribution on a massive scale – is equally important, although perhaps infinitely more intractable. Although calls for corporate engagement in progressive social change have often been resisted in the past, we argue that the somber social state of the world, diminished governmental capacities and enlightened corporate self‐interest demand that private enterprise must now assume greater responsibility for human development on a global scale. After reviewing a broad array of indicators and origins of social unsustainability a set of working principles of socially sustainable business is proposed. A concluding section pinpoints the tasks of transformational leadership needed for redirecting corporations to the cause of ensuring a sustainable future.
Sustainability and urban food supply in Africa
Authors: Lynch Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAgenda 21 has made a major contribution to a range of aspects of development initiatives, of which one chapter, Chapter Seven, focuses on sustainable human settlements. There are a growing number of publications on issues relating to food supply to urban areas in the less developed world. These publications have several focuses, particularly fruit and vegetables, urban agriculture and food marketing. The main aspects of the chapter of Agenda 21 relating to sustainable human settlements are discussed and also the role that the emerging research on urban food systems suggests can be played in establishing sustainable development in cities in less developed countries. Particular attention is paid to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.
‘A burger and a coke’ and other environmental problems: Reflections on diet and the environmental crisis
Authors: Sager Gene 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMost environmental organizations do not focus attention on the impact of diet on the environment. However, my findings as spelled out in this article indicate that dietary changes, especially reduction of beef consumption, could have dramatic and heretofore unforeseen environmental implications ranging from local issues of fertilizer and pesticide use to global sustainability. Using illustrations from American and Australian practices, I trace a wide variety of environmental and nutritional impacts of beef consumption and conclude that a burger and a coke is an outmoded lunch for a humanoid on Planet Earth today.
Combining information from multiple surveys to enhance estimation of measures of health
Authors: Schenker Nathaniel , Raghunathan Trivellore E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurvey estimates are often affected by non‐sampling errors due to missing data, coverage error, and measurement or response error. Such non‐sampling errors can be difficult to assess, and possibly correct for, using information from a single survey. Thus, combining information from multiple surveys can be beneficial. In addition, combining information from multiple surveys can help to reduce sampling error. This article describes four examples of projects undertaken by researchers within and outside the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in which information from multiple surveys was combined to adjust for non‐sampling errors and thereby enhance estimation of various measures of health. The four projects can be described briefly as follows: (1) combining estimates from a survey of households and a survey of nursing homes to extend coverage; (2) using information from an interview survey to bridge the transition in race reporting in the United States census; (3) combining information from an examination survey and an interview survey to improve on analyses of self‐reported data; and (4) combining information from two interview surveys to enhance small‐area estimation. The article highlights the goals, techniques, and results from the four projects and discusses issues that can arise when information is combined from multiple surveys. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influences on strategic decision effectiveness: Development and test of an integrative model
Authors: Elbanna Said , Child John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper draws upon three broad perspectives on the strategic decision‐making process in order to develop a more completely specified model of strategic decision effectiveness in a different context, namely Egypt. The key variables in this model consist of three strategic decision‐making process dimensions (rationality, intuition, and political behavior); seven moderating variables concerning decision‐specific, environmental, and organizational factors; and strategic decision effectiveness as an outcome variable. A two‐stage study was conducted in which the first stage provided exploratory insights and the second stage investigated hypotheses on the impact of strategic decision‐making process dimensions on strategic decision effectiveness and the moderating role of broader contextual variables. The second‐stage study produced three major findings: (1) both rational and political processes appear to have more influence on strategic decision effectiveness than does intuition; (2) strategic decision effectiveness is both process‐ and context‐specific; and (3) certain results support the ‘culture‐free’ argument, while others support the ‘culture‐specific’ argument. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Batchwise Growth of Silica Cone Patterns via Self‐Assembly of Aligned Nanowires
Authors: Luo Shudong , Zhou Weiya , Chu Weiguo , Shen Jun , Zhang Zengxing , Liu Lifeng , Liu Dongfang , Xiang Yanjuan , Ma Wenjun , Xie Sishen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSilica‐cone patterns self‐assembled from well‐aligned nanowires are synthesized using gallium droplets as the catalyst and silicon wafers as the silicon source. The cones form a triangular pattern array radially on almost the whole surface of the molten Ga ball. Detailed field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the cone‐pattern pieces frequently slide off and are detached from the molten Ga ball surface, which leads to the exposure of the catalyst surface and the growth of a new batch of silicon oxide nanowires as well as the cone patterns. The processes of growth and detachment alternate, giving rise to the formation of a volcano‐like or a flower‐like structure with bulk‐quantity pieces of cone patterns piled up around the Ga ball. Consequently, the cone‐patterned layer grows batch by batch until the reaction is terminated. Different to the conventional metal‐catalyzed growth model, the batch‐by‐batch growth of the triangular cone patterns proceeds on the molten Ga balls via alternate growth on and detachment from the catalyst surface of the patterns; the Ga droplet can be used continuously and circularly as an effective catalyst for the growth of amorphous SiOx nanowires during the whole growth period. The intriguing batchwise growth phenomena may enrich our understanding of the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mechanism for the catalyst growth of nanowires or other nanostructures and may offer a different way of self‐assembling novel silica nanostructures.
Periodic homogenization in viscoelasticity. Influence of micro mechanical parameters on the homogenized memory law: numerical tests
Authors: Cherraf‐Schweyer C. , Maurice G. , Taghite M. , Taous K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA theoretical and numerical approach based on the finite element method highlights the existing bond between the periodic structure and the micro viscoelastic behavior and on the other hand the macro behavior. The homogenized law, contrary to the micro laws, presents a long memory which is conditioned by the elastic and visco parameters of the micro materials. We focus our attention on the influence of the variation of the micro mechanical parameters on the homogenized long memory function.
Axially poled solid cylinder under tension with a flat annular crack
Authors: Narita F. , Shindo Y. , Lin S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigate the electroelastic response of a flat annular crack in a solid piezoelectric cylinder of finite radius under mode I loading. By the use of Fourier and Hankel transforms, the mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a singular integral equation. Numerical values on the stress intensity factor, energy release rate, and energy density factor for piezoelectric cylinders are obtained to show the influence of applied electric fields, and the results are presented in graphical form. Special cases of a penny‐shaped crack and a circumferential edge crack are also discussed.
Incremental friction problems for continuous elastic bodies with discretized contact
Authors: Rietz A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examine the existence of solutions to incremental friction problems for a continuous elastic object in contact with obstacles. The contact is modelled by a modified Signorini impenetrability contact condition. In particular, we consider the case when the boundary conditions of the object permit the object to perform rigid body motions. This means that the friction forces have to balance the applied forces if the object is to remain stationary. The main result is friction dependent conditions on the applied force that is sufficient for the existence of solutions to the incremental friction problem.
Markedly raised intake of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in rats on a high‐fat ketogenic diet does not inhibit carbon recycling of13C‐α‐linolenate
Authors: Taha Ameer Y. , Ryan Mary Ann , Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnder various dietary and physiological conditions, carbon from α‐linolenic acid (ALA) is extensively recycled into saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In this study we investigated whether carbon is still recycled from ALA when a dietary source of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids is provided in excess.13C‐labeled ALA was given to rats consuming a high‐fat ketogenic diet and to rats consuming a low‐fat control diet. In rats on the ketogenic diet,13C recycling from α‐linolenate into several, but not all, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids matched or exceeded that in the controls (P<0.05). We conclude that carbon recycling into saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids persists when the main end products of ALA recycling are provided in excess, using a ketogenic diet.
Inward Translocation of the Phospholipid Analogue Miltefosine across Caco‐2 Cell Membranes Exhibits Characteristics of a Carrier‐mediated Process
Authors: Ménez Cécile , Buyse Marion , Farinotti Robert , Barratt Gillian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMiltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine, HePC) is the first effective oral agent for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. The characteristics of HePC incorporation into the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco‐2 were investigated in order to understand its oral absorption mechanism. The results provide evidence for the involvement of a carrier‐mediated mechanism, since the association of HePC at the apical pole of Caco‐2 cells was (1) saturable as a function of time with a rapid initial incorporation over 5 min followed by a more gradual increase; (2) saturable as a function of concentration over the range studied (2–200 μM) with a saturable component which followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics (apparent Km 15.7 μmol/L, Vmax 39.2 nmol/mg protein/h) and a nonspecific diffusion component; (3) partially inhibited by low temperature and ATP depletion, indicating the temperature and energy‐dependence of the uptake process. Moreover, we demonstrated, by an albumin back‐extraction method, that HePC is internalized via translocation from the outer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and that HePC may preferentially diffuse through intact raft microdomains. In conclusion, our results suggest that incorporation of HePC at the apical membrane of Caco‐2 cells may occur through a passive diffusion followed by a translocation in the inner membrane leaflet through an active carrier‐mediated mechanism.
Interesterification of tea seed oil and its application in margarine production
Authors: Fattahi‐far Elham , Sahari Mohammad Ali , Barzegar Mohsen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBlends of hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated tea seed oil (Lahijan variety) (30:70, w/w) were chemically interesterified at 60, 90, and 120°C for 30, 60, and 90 min in the presence of 1% (w/w) NaOH. Physicochemical properties of the products were compared with those of the noninteresterified mixture. Statistical comparison of m.p., iodine values (IV), and solid fat contents (SFC) showed that the sample having the highest ranking was interesterified at 120°C for 30 min. The sample was used as a hardstock (40%), with liquid tea seed oil and sunflower oil (ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100) as, a softstock (60%) for production of table magarine, and the properties of these margarines were compared with those of commercial ones. Samples E and D (ratio of 80:20 and 60:40 liquid tea seed oil/sunflower oil, respectively) had the lowest significant differences with commercial table margarine for physicochemical (m.p., IV, and SFC) and organoleptic characteristics, respectively. Generally, based on m.p. and SFC, margarines E and D were classified as soft margarine. ThetransFA content of E, D, and commercial margarines were 1.8, 1.8, and 2.2%, respectively.
Oxidative stability of flax and hemp oils
Authors: Abuzaytoun Reem , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOxidative stability of flax and hemp oils, and of flax and hemp oils stripped of their minor components, was evaluated in the dark at 60°C and under fluorescent light at 27°C. Several analytical methods were used to assess the oxidative stability of oils. Oil extracts were also investigated for their scavenging of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and for their total phenolic contents. The results indicate that bioactive constituents of these edible oils play a major role in their oxidative stability. However, the FA composition of the oils and their total content of tocopherols as well as the type of pigments present contribute to their stability. Nonstripped flax and hemp oils were more stable than their corresponding stripped counterparts. Furthermore, nonstripped hemp oil had a higher oxidative stability than nonstripped flax oil as evidenced by scavenging of DPPH radical and consideration of total phenolic contents.
Hydroxyl content and refractive index determinations on transesterified soybean oil
Authors: Xie Wenlei , Li Haitao 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiodiesel, a promising alternative diesel fuel, is produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. One of the main problems in the industrial application of the transesterification process is how to determine the conversion of oils to methyl esters. In this work, a quick analytical method was developed for monitoring the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol. The conversion of oils to methyl esters could be determined by applying a simple linear correlation with hydroxyl content of the transesterified mixture or refractive index of the product. The results were in agreement with the values measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Compared with existing chromatographic and other methods, this method for monitoring the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol is simple, rapid, and inexpensive and is especially suitable for process control purposes.
Kinetics of base‐catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides from Pongamia oil
Authors: Karmee S. K. , Chandna D. , Ravi R. , Chadha A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of transesterification of Pongamia oil using methanol at 60°C were studied. The forward as well as the reverse rate constants of all three steps involved in the transesterification of Pongamia oil are reported for the first time. Among the forward rate constants, the one governing the conversion of TG to DG was the highest and the one for DG to MG was the lowest. A distinct feature of the present work is the direct estimation of the equilibrium constants of all three steps by measuring the concentrations of TG, DG, and MG at very long reaction times. This reduced the number of parameters to be, determined from the kinetic data by one‐half, thereby leading to more accurate estimation of the rate constants. The equilibrium constant of the final step involving the conversion of MG to methyl ester and glycerol was at least an order of magnitude greater than that of the first two reaction steps. A detailed comparison was made with kinetic parameters reported in literature. The trend in the relative magnitudes of the rate constants appears to be unique to Pongamia oil.
Effects of neutralization with lime on the quality of acid olive oil
Authors: Essid K. , Trabelsi M. , Frikha M. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe technique described in this study makes it possible to neutralize olive oils having very high acidities. The neutralization is carried out in a solid‐liquid biphasic medium, which is slightly hydrated, by substituting lime (calcium hydroxide, an inexpensive and locally manufactured product) for soda (sodium hydroxide) as the neutralizing agent. Neutralization by lime limits TAG hydrolysis. The use of lime as a neutralizing agent makes it possible to preserve almost 80% of the α‐tocopherol. Oils neutralized with lime have higher temperatures of thermal decomposition than oils neutralized with soda. Oils neutralized with lime had better oxidative stability because natural antioxidants were preserved. Oils neutralized by lime conformed with international olive oil standards.
Predicting temperature‐dependence viscosity of vegetable oils from fatty acid composition
Authors: Fasina O. O. , Hallman H. , Craig‐Schmidt M. , Clements C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe viscosities of 12 vegetable oils were experimentally determined as a function of temperature (5 to 95°C) by means of a temperature‐controlled rheometer. Viscosities of the oil samples decreased exponentially with temperature. Of the three models [modified Williams‐Landel‐Ferry (WLF), power law and Arrhenius] that were used to describe the effects of temperature on viscosity, the modified WLF model gave the best fit. The amounts of monounsaturated FA or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) highly correlated (R2>0.82) with the viscosities of the oil samples whereas and the amounts of saturated or unsaturated FA. An exponential equation was therefore used to relate the viscosity of these vegetable oil samples to the amounts of monounsaturated FA or PUFA. The models developed are valuable for designing or evaluating systems and equipment that are involved in the storage, handling, and processing of vegetable oils.
Fatal attraction: Using distance to measure contagion in good times as well as bad
Authors: Bayoumi Tamim , Fazio Giorgio , Kumar Manmohan , MacDonald Ronald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a new measure of contagion that is good at anticipating future vulnerabilities. Building on previous work, it uses correlations of equity markets across countries to measure contagion, but in a departure from previous practice measures contagion using the relationship of these correlations with distance. Also in contrast to previous work, our test is good at identifying periods of “positive contagion,” in which capital flows to emerging markets in a herd‐like manner largely unrelated to fundamentals. Identifying such periods of “fatal attraction” is important as they provide the essential ingredients for subsequent crises and rapid outflows of capital.