bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-card trick
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bacterial cells are internally simple, while eukaryote cells are larger and assemble into organisms of all sizes. The eukaryote cell is a composite creature, assembled like Dr Frankenstein’s monster from the bolted-together body parts of at least two, maybe three, other single-celled organisms. The first eukaryotic cell came together about 1.8 billion years ago when a microbe belonging to a mysterious, little-known group called archaea ingested a bacterium that had a promising talent for generating energy. Ultimately, that symbiotic bacterium became an indispensable part of the eukaryote cell in the shape of the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are imprisoned in the cytoplasm, which means they are transmitted only down the female line when eukaryotes have sex. This narrow channel of transmission sealed their fate as subordinate partners in the symbiosis. Mitochondria still possess some of their own bacterial genes, but over time the most important ones were transferred to the nucleus, robbing mitochondria of their independence and sealing the major transition. As in every team, the parts may occasionally try to go their own way, causing mitochondrial malfunction and disease. It is difficult to overstate the importance of the major transition to the eukaryote cell because it made complex, multicellular life possible. When the first eukaryote cells married up with mitochondria, they acquired a generator, but that generator required an external source of fuel. Another acquisition added an independent source of fuel to the cell in a major transition in evolution that turned the world green.
Coda
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A large part of the cooperative history of life sketched in this book is about how the two fundamental requirements for cooperation—benefit and cheat control—have repeatedly played out over four billion years of evolution. Gradualism was essential to Darwin’s argument in The Origin of Species, yet there are major discontinuities in the history of life. The origin of life itself, the origin of eukaryotes, complex multicellularity, and all the other major transitions are step changes during which nature made very big leaps indeed. The resolution of this apparent contradiction lies in how teams of cooperators are formed and then transformed at major transitions. Major transitions in evolution (MTEs) forged by cooperation explain three fundamental features of biological organization: hierarchy, complexity, and emergence. The hierarchy is the nested family of matryoshka, each hierarchical level represented by a doll and one of the parts of this book: genes inside cells, cells inside individuals, individuals within groups. An increase in complexity of the individual arises from successive MTEs. Emergence is a property of a system, found when its parts interact with one another in a way that produces a result greater than the sum of the parts. Emergent phenomena are common at all levels of biological organization. To return to the apparent paradox that selfish genes make social beings: this is ultimately resolved by the fact that the social rules of how we behave towards one another are emergent, as is our freedom to choose how we behave.
Specification statements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
All the means whereby variables are specified with a name, type, attributes and, possibly, initial values are fully described. The specification of named constants is similarly described. The rules for expressions that may appear in specification statements are listed. The methods used to access entities in modules and control that access are described. The block construct is introduced. Structure constructors for objects of derived type are explained.
Edit descriptors
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Formatted data transferred to or from an external medium require the exact formatting of the data to be specified. All aspects of how this may be achieved are fully described in this chapter. The various types of data edit and control descriptors are listed, together ways to control file connection modes, and to manage the formatting of entities of a derived-data type.
Object-oriented programming
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The object-oriented approach to programming and design is characterized by its focus on the data structures of a program rather than the procedures. Often, invoking a procedure with a data object as its principal argument is thought of as ‘sending a message’ to the object. Typically, special language support is available for collecting these procedures (sometimes known as ‘methods’) together with the definition of the type of the object. This approach is supported in Fortran by type extension, polymorphic variables, the associate and select type constructs, type-bound procedures, abstract types, and finalization.
Conceptual paradoxes in vice and mental disorder
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This third chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis opens with a philosophical review of the structure and limitations of contemporary diagnostic classifications for mental disorders, namely the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases classifications. Having presented these basics, the chapter then considers the examples of vice-laden mental disorder categories described in Chapter 2 and considers the conceptual reasons why ‘vice-laden behavioral syndromes’ in general have not been considered consistently as candidates for classification as mental disorders proper. The DSM is described as embodying a default cultural morality, and the chapter explores this iconography using several cultural tropes: the virtue/vice subtext of the DSMs, the perspective of ‘common morality’, the critique of the DSMs from the positive psychology field, and the ‘seven deadly sins’ of Roman Catholic moral theology. Vice-laden syndromes are also considered as reflecting problematic conceptual and criteria-set issues. The chapter concludes with a review of how vice-laden categories are handled in the mental health literature, considering a ‘coincidental’ account, a ‘medicalization’ account, ‘moralization’ account, and a ‘mixed’ account.
Vice and mental illness—an ancient-to-modern iconography
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 of Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis is the first of two chapters providing a historical background for the vice/mental disorder relationship. After acknowledging the historiographic limitations of this portion of the book, the chapter sketches a parallel intellectual history of ideas about madness on the one hand, and morality, on the other. This dual history begins in prehistory with trephination and moves through the Enlightenment era to the early 1800’s birth of psychiatry. Along this path, madness and morality were sorted by the prevailing Western cultures of the time. Both concepts were framed primarily in spiritual, supernatural, or religious terms by the cultures of the early centuries, until the rise of Enlightenment science, which left the cultural dominance of science/medicine for illness, mental or physical, while Abrahamic religions, along with the developing Western common and criminal law, retained cultural dominance regarding immorality and the emerging concept of crime.
Building a moral-medical psychiatry
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis picks up the thread from the parallel history of morality and madness from Chapter 4 and examines more closely the response of American colonists to madness and wrongful conduct, continuing through the development of US asylum doctors and Psychiatry proper, continuing on up to the turn of the twenty-first century. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the development of the concept of social deviance, addressing needy others which were, in various ways, unable or unwilling to conform to the standard social expectations of the time. These groups included ‘madpersons’, thieves, vagabonds, drifters, orphans, unwed mothers, and increasingly, as medical care developed, intellectually disabled people and demented elderly people. The needs posed by social deviance, amplified by industrialization and urbanization, led to social welfare programs in general, and asylums, psychopathic clinics, jails, prisons, jails, schools for delinquents, and constituting the diverse social welfare institutions familiar to us today. These institutions ultimately became funded primarily by governments, dependent upon the will of the polity for their successes and failures. The ambivalence of the public about social welfare institutions is described and applied to the contemporary issues of the vice/mental disorder relationship.
Forty theses: Conclusions, implications, and prescriptions
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This final chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis draws upon the conceptual insights and arguments described in Chapter 8 (and the rest of the book) to draw conclusions and recommendations for the mental health professions, for law and social policy, for the field of psychopathology, for particular Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories, for forensic/correctional mental health, and public education about crime and mental illness. These conclusions and recommendations are formulated as ‘40 theses’, and are discussed in some detail, though additional work for the future is acknowledged and promoted. The last section of the chapter anticipates counterarguments and concerns, formulated as ‘objections and responses’, and these concerns center on changing minds, stigma, preventive detention, narratives, and blame, as well as other potential impacts of the work, the folk-metaphysical assumption concept, and the perception of an antireligion stance.
Der gute, billige Gegenstand
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the final years of Red Vienna’s progressive politics and housing program, especially the exhibition activities of the Austrian Werkbund and BEST, the non-profit design consultancy of the Österreichischer Verband für Wohnungsreform (Austrian Association for Housing Reform). The chapter analyzes how the Austrian Werkbund’s exhibitions, Der gute, billige Gegenstand (The Good, Inexpensive Object, 1931–1932) and the Wiener Werkbundsieldung (1932) emphasized low-cost, high-comfort design and spatial flexibility through thoughtful (rather than rampant) consumerism. The chapter argues that the same elements intended to bolster progressive values in these exhibitions––cultural and historical continuity, ornament, sentimentality––were also political devices used as reactionary propaganda by the right-wing New Austrian Werkbund by 1934 to support a conservative view of Austrian nationalism through craft.
Inter-Colonial Illusions
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
If Australia and the Caribbean are discussed in the same conversation, it is likely that the two regions will be framed as Commonwealth bookends: the ‘First and Last of the New Worlds’. The bookend metaphor belies inter-colonial immigration and exchange between the two regions, as captured in numerous historical studies (McMahon 2016). This chapter extrapolates these studies of immigrant reinvention to analyse how this aesthetic of reinvention informs the travel of literary theories and texts from the Caribbean to Australia (and vice versa). It demonstrates that Aboriginal and Caribbean writers appropriate this discursive network of association and stereotype in order to establish new terms of relation and articulate new understandings of what it means to coexist, create community, work in solidarity, and negotiate a simulated image.
Indigenization and Post-Independence Caribbean Literature
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Aboriginal Australian and Caribbean literary encounters highlight in Caribbean literature a collective turn towards Creole Indigenization after much of the Caribbean region celebrated their independence from a colonial power. Indigenization is often obscured by the dominant studies of creolization, syncretism, and hybridity. Barbadian poet and historian Kamau Brathwaite defines Indigenization as a form of cultural and aesthetic autonomy that takes after the example of the creative resistance of Afro-Caribbean peasantry to the plantation system (‘Timehri’ 44). Indigenization characterizes a complex interplay between literary self-authorship, the legacies of colonial genocide and plantation slavery, and the ethnological and nationalist politics surrounding the ancestral past. This chapter examines this entanglement through changing representations of the concept from the beginnings of formal decolonization in 1962 to the end of the twentieth century as it passes from pursuit into entanglement, rupture, disavowal, and finally ironic repetition. It refers to works by Brathwaite, Édouard Glissant, Wilson Harris, Sylvia Wynter, and Erna Brodber. The chapter also demonstrates that these writers define Indigenisation against the example of Indigenous peoples in Oceania, joining what Quito Swan calls a ‘global black freedom tradition of struggle, power, and self-determination’ (Pauulu’s Diaspora 6).
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This conclusion reflects on the implications of considering Aboriginal and Caribbean literary encounters for the study of world literature, a field institutionally defined by logics of exchange and circulation (Damrosch 2001). Drawing on the world figures generated by Aboriginal and Caribbean literary encounters (the world archipelago and the ancient library), the chapter argues that all world frameworks reckon with perspectival limits and scales conditioned by geographical, imaginative, institutional, and cultural forces. The world archipelago and the ancient library contextualize an alternative picture than that institutionally enshrined, so as to differentiate the epistemological and cultural principles used to write, read, interpret, and navigate a literary world.
Complicated Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Complicated grief has many forms, but at the root is the inability to fully realize the loss and its permanence. The mourner may deny or avoid aspects of the pain or attempt to hold on to and avoid relinquishing the tie to the deceased. Complicated grief is different than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, but has many overlapping symptoms. Complicated grief can take on many forms, including chronic grief reactions, delayed grief reactions, exaggerated reactions, and masked grief reactions. Clues that a client is suffering from complicated grief are discussed. Complicated grief may contain both traumatic distress and separation distress. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy can treat both traumatic distress and separation distress.
Models of Grief
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Continuing Bonds theory emphasizes the attachment to the deceased loved continues after the death. With Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy, the trauma of the loss is reprocessed facilitating the linking in of adaptive information. Commonly the adaptive information is the emergence of heartfelt, meaningful memories. These memories form an adaptive inner representation, giving the mourner a sense of connection to the deceased. This continuing bond facilitates adaptation to life after the loss. However, negative memories are also part of the continuing bond, which can complicate the mourning process. These memories need to be identified and reprocessed to promote healthy mourning and adaptive overall functioning.
EMDR Therapy Integrative Treatment Model for Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
An overall model for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of grief and mourning is presented. Once the client meets criteria for processing, targets include the most distressing memories (e.g., the moment of shock or realization, hospital or funeral scenes), intrusive symptoms (e.g., nightmares, flashbacks), memories that pertain to secondary loss, and other memories that pertinent to deceased (e.g., negative memories). Present triggers need to be reprocessed, with a future template provided for each trigger. If processing is blocked, then past trauma, losses, or attachment-based memories that underlie present difficulties should be identified and targeted. Other theoretical frameworks (i.e., Attachment Theory, Continuing Bonds, Dual Process model, and “R” processes) can guide case conceptualization and target selection.
Three-Pronged Protocol
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ‘R’ processes—(1) recognize the loss, (2) react to the separation, (3) recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship, (4) relinquish the old attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world, (5) readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old, and (6) reinvest—provide a direction for a clinician to understand and guide the client through the mourning process and can be facilitated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. This framework describes the processes that are important for adaptation to the loss. Stuck points can be reprocessed to enable the transition to the new world without forgetting the old (the fifth ‘R’ process).
Phase 1
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
History-taking should include information on the circumstances, personal impact on the client, reactions to the death, manifestation of grief in daily life, changes since the death, dealing with bereavement-specific issues, oscillation between restoration orientation and loss orientation, reactions of others, and the ability to regulate affect and maintain dual awareness. History-taking should also include identifying past trauma and losses, relationships with close attachment figures, and psychological problems before the loss. Present triggers and future goals or templates for adaptive functioning also need to be identified. Case conceptualization and treatment planning include (1) identifying present problems, symptoms, and issues; (2) clinical themes; (3) adaptive memory networks; (4) constructing a case conceptualization that guides treatment; and (5) treatment planning that maps out stabilization needs and memories to be reprocessed and their sequencing, based on readiness, need for symptom relief, time constraints, and current life challenges.
Introduction to Reprocessing Phases
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy memory reprocessing should start when the client meets readiness criteria. However, in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event, including a death, recent event protocols can be used for symptom relief. Clinicians should always take a history and assess for dissociation and readiness for reprocessing to avoid any undue upset. Stabilization or psychological first aid is appropriate if clients are showing dissociative symptoms, numbness, or denial. Further, when doing memory reprocessing, starting with a specific memory offers structure and containment. Reprocessing a loss-related memory can be very intense, consequently, making sure to have sufficient time (90–120 minutes) is important.
Phases 5–8
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the installation, body scan, closure, and re-evaluation phases. The installation phase enhances resilience, providing an adaptive perspective on the past memory. The closure phase ensures the client is stabilized at the end of the session, knows that other emotional material may arise in between sessions, and has strategies to deal with what arises. The body scan is a final check to evaluate if the memory is fully processed. The re-evaluation phase, taking place the next session, assesses the client’s current psychological state, whether treatment effects have been maintained, and what has emerged since the previous session. This information guides the direction of treatment. An extra step is introduced: Enhancement of the adaptive inner representation. Positive memories can be elicited after the body scan and be enhanced with bilateral stimulation (BLS) to reinforce the adaptive inner representation, providing a positive sense of connection to the loved one, which aids adaptation to the loss.
FA Mann, His Correspondence, and This Book
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard , Allen Jason Grant 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter introduces FA Mann, the lawyer, and the wide range of his legacy in various fields of law, including public international law, private international law, commercial law, and law of arbitration. After providing biographical information on FA Mann, the chapter explains the provenance of his works and correspondence, on which this book is primarily based. The chapter also gives an overview of the structure of the book, setting out the contributions included in the three parts, which deal with biographical aspects of Mann, his influence on international law (public, private, and arbitration), and his influence on monetary law respectively.
El Aspecto Legal del Dinero
Authors: Buccella María Emilia , Lastra Rosa María , Allen Jason Grant 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Banco de México and the Fondo de Cultura Económica co-published a translation of FA Mann’s magnum opus, The Legal Aspect of Money, as El Aspecto Legal del Dinero in 1986. Using archival materials, this chapter examines what motivated this translation of a (largely, though not exclusively) common law text into Spanish in a Latin American country at this time, who was behind it, and how FA Mann was involved in the process. Beyond this, it contextualizes the translation against economic conditions prevailing in Latin America in the 1980s and briefly explores the impact the text has had in law and economics literature in the Latin American region, and in the Spanish-speaking world more broadly. Because of the role of Latin America in the history of the law of exchange controls and the law and management of sovereign debt, this background helps to understand the field of monetary law and Mann’s legacy in it.
A New and Unsolved Riddle in Monetary Law
Authors: Hofmann Christian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter analyses the characteristics of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in comparison with other forms of money. It displays the objectives and potential risks of CBDC in general terms before discussing their benefits for different types of financial markets. The focus is on the benefits CBDC could mean for the public by providing a safe base of value option. It argues that the introduction of CBDC would bring the monetary options more closely in line with Mann’s concept that strongly favoured the state theory of money and that was sceptical about the concept (and dominance) of commercial bank money.