bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TNF‐dependent overexpression of CCL21 is an underlying cause of progressive lymphoaccumulation in generalized lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Wiede Florian , Vana Karen , Sedger Lisa M. , Lechner Anja , Körner Heinrich 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe human condition autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and the murine mutation generalized lymphoproliferative disorder (gld/gld) are both caused by mutations of Fas or Fas ligand and are characterized by severe splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. In the mouse, the additional absence of TNF attenuates the gld/gld syndrome through an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that this unexpected outcome was not mediated by increased apoptosis but changes of T cell localization. We demonstrated that the homeostatic chemokine CCL21 is strongly up‐regulated in the spleen of C57BL/6 (B6).gld/gld and B6.gld/gld.TRAIL–/– mice. In contrast, a distinct consequence of TNF deficiency in B6.gld/gld mice was the substantially reduced splenic production of CCL21. An analysis of the cognate chemokine receptor CCR7 showed a complete, age‐dependent down‐regulation of this receptor on B6.gld/gld conventional peripheral T cells that are therefore unable to react to this chemokine. These results demonstrate a new role for the pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF and the TNF‐regulated chemokine CCL21 in the complex etiology of the autoimmune syndrome in B6.gld/gld mice.
Mimotopes selected with antibodies from HIV‐1‐neutralizing long‐term non‐progressor plasma
Authors: Humbert Michael , Antoni Sascha , Brill Boris , Landersz Margot , Rodes Berta , Soriano Vicente , Wintergerst Uwe , Knechten Heribert , Staszewski Schlomo , von Laer Dorothee , Dittmar Matthias T. , Dietrich Ursula 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA promising approach to identify HIV‐1 vaccine candidates is to dissect the natural immune response against the virus in persons controlling the infection over decades without any antiviral therapy. Here we focus on a group of such persons, eight long‐term non‐progressors (LTNP), in which we proved the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV‐1 in the plasma as very likely cause for their LTNP status. The aim of this study was to identify the epitopes for these neutralizing antibodies, as these should represent immunogens potentially able to elicit neutralizing antibodies upon vaccination. We screened random peptide phage libraries with plasma antibodies from eight LTNP. After several rounds of positive and negative selection, about 700 HIV‐specific mimotopes were sequenced. The mimotope sequences were analyzed for homology to HIV‐1 Env, in particular for their capacity to represent conformational epitopes on the surface of the gp120 structure using our software 3DEX. Related phage groups were analyzed for crossreactivity with the LTNP plasma by ELISA as well as for their capacity to induce HIV‐1‐neutralizing antibodies in mice. Based on this study interesting mimotopes can now be selected for further immunization studies.
Plastic fats and margarines through fractionation, blending and interesterification of milk fat
Authors: De Bijay Krishna , Hakimji Muzammil , Patel Avnish , Sharma Deepan , Desai Himanshu , Kumar Trivendra 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMilk fat stearins and oleins were blended with high‐ and low‐melting natural fats to produce plastic fats, vanaspati substitute and confectionery fats. Margarines of improved nutritional value were also formulated. Fractionation was carried out using acetone, hexane, and isopropyl alcohol. The yield (wt‐%) of high‐melting stearin (HMS) from acetone and IPA was 13.0 ± 0.2 to 13.3 ± 0.1 after crystallization for 24 h at 20 °C. The melting point of the products was 49.0 ± 0.5 to 49.8 ± 0.6 °C. However, in hexane the yield of HMS was 12.2 ± 0.2% at 10 °C. The olein fractions were further fractionated at 10 °C from acetone and IPA, and at 0 °C from hexane, to obtain superoleins and low‐melting stearins (LMS). HMS fractions were blended with rice bran oil and cottonseed oil at the ratio 70 : 30 (wt/wt), and the superoleins were blended with sal fat and palm stearin at the ratios 40 : 60, 30 : 70 and 20 : 80 (wt/wt). The blends were interesterified (product melting point: 22.7 ± 0.04 to 39.3 ± 0.10 °C) chemically and enzymatically to prepare margarine. The penetration values (in 0.1 mm) of these margarines were noted to be 112 ± 1.52 to 145 ± 0.00.
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by anthocyanins, anthocyanidins and their phenolic degradation products
Authors: Brown Jonathan E. , Kelly Mary F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFood components that delay or prevent biomolecule oxidation may be relevant in shelf life extension as well as disease prevention. Anthocyanins are a potentially important group of compounds, but they are prone to degradation both in vitro and in vivo, producing simple phenols. In this study, eight structurally related (poly)phenols [anthocyan(id)ins and phenolic acids] were examined for their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation at physiologically relevant concentrations (100–1000 nM) using the Cu2+‐mediated low‐density lipoprotein oxidation model. Interaction between each (poly)phenol and Cu2+ ions was also investigated. (Poly)phenols with an ortho‐dihydroxy group arrangement, i.e. cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid, were the most effective within their class, extending the lag phase to oxidation by 137, 255 and 402%, respectively (at 1000 nM). At the same concentration, trihydroxy‐substituted compounds (delphinidin and gallic acid) were of intermediate efficacy, extending the lag phase by 175 and 38%, respectively. Compounds with the 4'‐hydroxy‐3',5'‐methoxy arrangement (i.e. malvidin‐3‐glucoside and malvidin) were the least effective (3 and 58% extension, respectively), while syringic acid (4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dihydroxy benzoic acid) was pro‐oxidant (lag phase shortened by 31%). (Poly)phenols with the ortho‐dihydroxy arrangement chelated Cu2+ ions, which in part explains their greater efficacy over the other (poly)phenols in this model oxidation system. However, differences in their hydrogen‐donating properties and their partitioning between lipid and hydrophilic phases are also relevant in explaining these structure‐activity relationships.
Risk assessment for prion protein reduction under the conditions of the biodiesel production process
Authors: Mittelbach Martin , Pokits Bernd , Müller Henrik , Müller Mario , Riesner Detlev 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDue to the increased demand for biofuels, all different feedstocks from oils and fats have to be considered for biodiesel production. Animal fats have proved to be excellent sources for biodiesel due to their high cetane number and good stability. Large amounts of fat from so‐called high‐risk material, possibly contaminated with infectious prions, are available for biodiesel production. In this paper, the grade of destruction of prions during the biodiesel production process, including pre‐esterification with conc. sulfuric acid followed by KOH‐catalyzed transesterification, was studied. The starting material of the different production steps was spiked with purified and highly infectious prion rods, and the destruction of these prions was determined by gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blot. The pre‐esterification step led to a destruction factor of at least 100, the transesterification led to a factor of at least 250, and the distillation of the final biodiesel showed a destruction factor of at least 1000. During all experiments, no traces of prions could be detected after the different reaction steps. Based on these data, a complete and unequivocal risk assessment regarding the industrial process of biodiesel production was carried out, leading to a calculated overall risk of 5.8×10−15 ID50 units/person and year, which means that a hypothetical BSE contamination from biodiesel is more than 109 times lower than the background risk.
Carotenoid pattern in Blakeslea trispora grown on oil‐enriched substrates with regard to triacylglycerol species accumulation
Authors: Mantzouridou Fani , Tsimidou Maria Z. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe carotenoid pattern in Blakeslea trispora grown on oil‐enriched substrates was investigated with regard to triacylglycerol (TAG) species accumulation, to assess the interrelationship between these two processes. Analysis of individual carotenoids and TAG was carried out by HPLC. β‐Carotene production was at the expense of lycopene and γ‐carotene formation in cells grown on crude olive pomace oil (COPO) and crude soybean oil (CSO) at two levels of addition (10.0 and 30.0 g/L culture medium). A shift to γ‐carotene synthesis was observed at increased oil level. Cellular lipids produced at the low COPO or CSO levels contained more unsaturated TAG compared with those obtained on glucose as the sole carbon source. With regard to the typical soybean or olive oil TAG profile, cellular TAG had profiles dependent on the type and the amount of the co‐substrates used. In the presence of CSO, the cellular TAG profile was similar to that of the respective oil for both levels of addition. A notable desaturase activity was observed only in the presence of low COPO addition. The present study can serve as a basis for a better understanding of TAG accumulation with regard to β‐carotene production in oil‐enriched substrates.
Stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols of olive oils
Authors: Vichi Stefania , Pizzale Lorena , Conte Lanfranco S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe positional distribution of fatty acids (FA) in triacylglycerols (TAG) of 47 virgin olive oils from diverse cultivars grown in distinct areas of North‐Eastern Italy was studied. Few data were previously available on oils from these geographical areas. The effects of climatic and geographical conditions on the stereospecific distribution of TAG in olive oil were confirmed. Moreover, the results of the stereospecific analysis were used to evaluate the preferential esterification position of each FA on the basis of the degree of unsaturation and the chain length. The data of the stereospecific analysis of olive oil TAG can contribute to the determination of the selectivity of olive fruit acyltransferases for distinct FA.
Fatty acid profile changes during orange juice‐milk beverage processing by high‐pulsed electric field
Authors: Zulueta Ana , Esteve María J. , Frasquet Isabel , Frígola Ana 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh‐intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) is an emerging non‐thermal food preservation technology which has the potential to pasteurize pumpable liquid foods. Its application is being studied to evaluate it as potential alternative or complementary process to thermal pasteurization. Orange juice‐milk beverage with added bioactive components is a ready‐to‐drink beverage developed as an alternative to traditional soft drinks. In the present work, two HIPEF treatments (35 and 40 kV/cm) and six different treatment times (from 40 to 180 µs) were evaluated to assess their effect on the fatty acid profile of an orange juice‐milk beverage fortified with n‐3 fatty acids and oleic acid. The effect of HIPEF treatment on various physicochemical properties of the beverages: pH, °Brix, hydroxymethylfurfural or peroxide index was also determined. After HIPEF treatment, non‐significant changes in the contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed. Neither peroxides nor intolerable levels of furfurals were detected. Only a small reduction in fat content (p <0.05) was found. In conclusion, HIPEF can be proposed as an alternative preservation technology due to these minimal changes which are negligible from the nutritional point of view.
Synthesis of Novel Di‐ and Trisaccharide Mimetics with Non‐Glycosidic Amino Bridges
Authors: Neumann Janna , Weingarten Saskia , Thiem Joachim 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynthesis of novel di‐ and trisaccharides using enzymatic glycosylation, Dess–Martin oxidation and reductive amination allows rapid access to the target structures. Thus, a novel class of glycomimetics was obtained having nitrogen inserted as bridging atom between two non‐anomeric positions. Novel di‐ and trisaccharide mimetics were designed using N‐acetylglucosamine as a basis structure. A third monosaccharide unit was attached via an unnatural sugar–sugar bond without participation of the anomeric center. Their synthesis, proceeding via oxidation, glycosylation and reductive amination, required only a few steps, thus allowing rapid access to the target structures. Generation of the novel pseudo‐disaccharide was achieved by Dess–Martin oxidation and a subsequent reductive amination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A new outer boundary formulation and energy corrections for the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation
Authors: Boschitsch Alexander H. , Fenley Marcia O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) has been successfully used for the prediction of numerous electrostatic properties of highly charged biopolyelectrolytes immersed in aqueous salt solutions. While numerous numerical solvers for the 3D PBE have been developed, the formulation of the outer boundary treatments used in these methods has only been loosely addressed, especially in the nonlinear case. The de facto standard in current nonlinear PBE implementations is to either set the potential at the outer boundaries to zero or estimate it using the (linear) Debye–Hückel (DH) approximation. However, an assessment of how these outer boundary treatments affect the overall solution accuracy does not appear to have been previously made. As will be demonstrated here, both approximations can, under certain conditions, produce completely erroneous estimates of the potential and energy salt dependencies. A related concern for calculations carried out on grids of finite extent (e.g., all current finite difference and finite element implementations) is the contribution to the energy and salt dependence from the exterior region outside the computational grid. This too is shown to be significant, especially at low salt concentration where essentially all of the contributions to the excess osmotic pressure and ion stress energies originate from this exterior region. In this paper the authors introduce a new outer boundary treatment that is valid for both the linear and nonlinear PBE. The authors also formulate energy corrections to account for contributions from outside the computational domain. Finally, the authors also consider the effects of general ion exclusion layers upon biomolecular electrostatics. It is shown that while these layers tend to increase the surface electrostatic potential, under physiological salt conditions and high net charges their effect on the excess osmotic pressure term, which is a measure of the salt dependence of the total electrostatic free energy, is weak. To facilitate presentation and allow very fine resolutions and/or large computational domains to be considered, attention is restricted to the 1D spherically symmetric nonlinear PBE. Though geometrically limited, the modeling principles nevertheless extend to general PBE solvers as discussed in the Appendix. The 1D model can also be used to benchmark and validate the salt effect prediction capabilities of existing PBE solvers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
A generalized direct‐particle‐deletion scheme for the calculation of chemical potential and solubilities of small‐ and medium‐sized molecules in amorphous polymers
Authors: Siegert Martin R. , Heuchel Matthias , Hofmann Dieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe development, validation, and first applications of a generalized version of an inverse Widom method are described. It permits the calculation of solubility coefficients for molecules as large as, e.g., benzene in all polymers for which reasonable forcefield parameters exist. Predicting the solubility is a key to the knowledge‐based design of materials utilized to solve permeability related problems. For long time, particle insertion methods, such as the Widom method, were the only way to predict solubilities from molecular models, but they, in most cases, only worked well for rather small penetrants (e.g., H2, O2, N2). Therefore, a few years ago, a new particle deletion algorithm “DPD” was introduced by Boulougouris, Economou, and Theodorou to overcome this problem in principle. The related computer code was, however, only applicable to special, relatively simple model systems. As application examples for the generalized version described here, solubility calculations for nitrogen, oxygen, and benzene in poly(dimethyl siloxane) are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
An ant algorithm for the conformational analysis of flexible molecules
Authors: Daeyaert Frits , De Jonge Marc , Koymans Luc , Vinkers Maarten 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOriginally, the ant system was developed for optimization in discrete search spaces such as the traveling salesman problem. We detail our adaptation of the algorithm to optimization in the continuous search space of conformational analysis. The parameters of the algorithm were tuned using a simple test molecule, undecane, and a drug molecule, imatinib. The algorithm is further tested on four more drug or drug‐like molecules, on vitamin A and on alanine tetrapeptide. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Theoretical study on the methyl radical with chlorinated methyl radicals CH3−nCln (n = 1, 2, 3) and CCl2
Authors: Wang Jian , Ding Yi‐Hong , Zhang Shao‐Wen , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRadical–radical reactions involving chlorinated methyl radicals are particularly important in the mechanism of combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Yet, they are usually difficult to study experimentally. In this paper, four chloride‐related radical–radical reactions, i.e., CH3+CH3−nCln (n = 1, 2, 3) and CH3+CCl2, are theoretically studied for the first time by means of the Gaussian‐3//B3LYP potential energy surface survey combined with the master equation study over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Our calculated results show that the three CH3+CH3−nCln reactions can barrierlessly generate the former two kinetically allowed products P1 H2CC(H)3−nCln−1+HCl and P2 CH3CH3−nCln−1+Cl with the very high predominance of P1 over P2. For the CH3 reaction with the biradical CCl2, which inevitably takes place during the CH3+CCl3 reaction and yet has never been studied experimentally or theoretically, H2CCCl2+H and H2CC(H)Cl+Cl are predicted to be the respective major and minor products. The results are compared with the recent laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy study on the CH3+CH3−nCln (n = 1, 2, 3) reactions. The predicted rate constants and product branching ratios of the CH3+CCl2 reaction await future experimental verification. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
A produce‐to‐stock system with advance demand information and secondary customers
Authors: Iravani Seyed M.R. , Liu Tieming , Luangkesorn K.L. , Simchi‐Levi David 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe consider a manufacturer (i.e., a capacitated supplier) that produces to stock and has two classes of customers. The primary customer places orders at regular intervals of time for a random quantity, while the secondary customers request a single item at random times. At a predetermined time the manufacturer receives advance demand information regarding the order size of the primary customer. If the manufacturer is not able to fill the primary customer's demand, there is a penalty. On the other hand, serving the secondary customers results in additional profit; however, the manufacturer can refuse to serve the secondary customers in order to reserve inventory for the primary customer. We characterize the manufacturer's optimal production and stock reservation policies that maximize the manufacturer's discounted profit and the average profit per unit time. We show that these policies are threshold‐type policies, and these thresholds are monotone with respect to the primary customer's order size. Using a numerical study we provide insights into how the value of information is affected by the relative demand size of the primary and secondary customers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Analysis of decentralized multi‐product pull systems with lost sales
Authors: Gurgur Cigdem Z. , Altiok Tayfur 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe study a pull‐type, flexible, multi‐product, and multi‐stage production/inventory system with decentralized two‐card kanban control policies. Each stage involves a processor and two buffers with finite target levels. Production stages, arranged in series, can process several product types one at a time. Transportation of semi‐finished parts from one stage to another is performed in fixed lot sizes. The exact analysis is mathematically intractable even for smaller systems. We present a robust approximation algorithm to model two‐card kanban systems with batch transfers under arbitrary complexity. The algorithm uses phase‐type modeling to find effective processing times and busy period analysis to identify delays among product types in resource contention. Our algorithm reduces the effort required for estimating performance measures by a considerable margin and resolves the state–space explosion problem of analytical approaches.Using this analytical tool, we present new findings for a better understanding of some tactical and operational issues. We show that flow of material in small procurement sizes smoothes flow of information within the system, but also necessitates more frequent shipments between stages, raising the risk of late delivery. Balancing the risk of information delays vis‐à‐vis shipment delays is critical for the success of two‐card kanban systems. Although product variety causes time wasted in setup operations, it also facilitates relatively short production cycles enabling processors to switch from one product type to another more rapidly. The latter point is crucial especially in high‐demand environments. Increasing production line size prevents quick response to customer demand, but it may improve system performance if the vendor lead‐time is long or subject to high variation. Finally, variability in transportation and processing times causes the most damage if it arises at stages closer to the customer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
The Eastern European referendum campaigns on the accession to the European Union–a critical analysis
Authors: Szondi György 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
This article analyses the communication campaigns organized to increase support for European Union (EU) membership, during referendums held between March and September 2003 in Central Europe. The focus is on the official campaigns, organized and sponsored by the Hungarian, Polish and Estonian governments. The first part of the paper reviews the special characteristics of referendums and information campaigns, followed by the challenges communication planners faced, during planning and implementing the campaigns. The common features and themes of the national campaigns, as well as the differences, are identified and analysed. The article concludes with some important lessons and recommendations to be used by future referendum campaign planners and implementers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.