bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Degradation of Natural Rubber Latex Gloves: The Effects of Elevated Temperature on Tensile Strength
Authors: Walsh DL , Chwirut DJ , Kotz RM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Various styles of latex gloves were oven-aged for 7, 14, and 21 days at 70°C and then subjected to tension testing per ASTM D 412. Five of seven powder-free glove styles exhibited dramatic decreases in tensile strength after 7 to 14 days at 70°C, with total decreases in tensile strength ranging from 70 to over 90% after 21 days of aging. These five styles were examination gloves that were later confirmed to be chlorinated. In contrast, a chlorinated surgical glove, a non-chlorinated examination glove, and all of the powdered gloves (examination and surgical) subjected to the same conditions exhibited total decreases in tensile strength ranging from 0 to 25% after 21 days. These results suggest that chlorination, a process commonly used in the manufacture of powder-free gloves, may have detrimental effects on the ability of natural rubber latex to retain its barrier integrity after exposure to severely elevated temperatures.
Modeling of Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Test Results by a Weibull Distribution
Authors: Meged Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The rate of mass loss in vibratory cavitation erosion tests varies with time. As a consequence, this process is treated empirically. It is suggested by the author that the cumulative mass loss-time curve test results can be represented accurately by the Weibull cumulative distribution function. This model was verified for 26 tests of nine metals. Among these metals is Ni 200, which is a standard reference material for erosion tests. This model allows treating the results of vibratory cavitation erosion tests analytically, thereby obtaining invaluable information from the test data.
In Situ Shear and Compression Tests in Ancient Stone Masonry Walls of Tuscany, Italy
Authors: Chiostrini S , Galano L , Vignoli A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The present paper reports methods and results of an extensive experimental project performed to assess the mechanical characteristics of ancient stone masonry walls of Tuscany (Italy). Some relevant considerations concerning the determination of common design shear strength parameters via experimental test results are also presented. Results from 22 in situ tests performed on nine large-scale stone masonry panels are reported. Test panels were selected as part of shear walls in six different old masonry buildings in the northern part of Tuscany so as to represent a reliable sample of the most common masonry types in this region. In situ tests were carried out according to experimental schemes for vertical compression, shear compression, and diagonal compression. After the first test, several panels were repaired and reinforced by means of cement mortar injections (full cement grouting) or reinforced concrete (RC) jackets, and then tested again to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Particular attention was then devoted to evaluate the referential shear strength τk of these masonry assemblages in the original state. To this purpose, a fitting process for experimental data was used, adopting two different schemes for interpretation of the shear strength of masonry (the Coulomb and the Tumsek-Cacovic equations). The results from this work have shown that the Turnsek-Cacovic equation gives a better fit to experimental data than the Coulomb equation, especially for medium- and poor-quality masonry walls. Finally, conclusions are presented noting the difference between shear strength values calculated from fitting the data from test results and the values suggested by European and Italian standards.
Method of Measuring the Shear Strength of Wood by the Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Test Using a Notched Beam Specimen
Authors: Yoshihara H , Ohhata O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We measured the shear strength of wood by the asymmetric four-point bending test using notched beam specimens of Todomatsu (Japanese fir, Abies sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt). The notches were cut on both longitudinal-tangential (LT) planes along the neutral axis, and the load was applied asymmetrically on the longitudinal-radial plane to obtain the shear strength of the LT plane. In the tests, the notch depth and span-to-thickness ratio, which was defined as span/depth ratio, varied and the influence of specimen configuration was examined. Independently of the bending tests, block shear and Iosipescu shear tests were performed and the shear strengths obtained were compared with those obtained by the bending tests. When the specimen had a proper configuration, the value of shear strength was stable over a wide span/depth ratio range and was close to that obtained by the Iosipescu shear test. Hence, we think that the asymmetric four-point bending test using a notched beam specimen is promising for evaluating the realistic shear strength of wood.
A Review of Watermarking Techniques: Applications, Properties, and Domains
Authors: Trichili H , Bouhlel M-S , Kamoun L 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
With the expansion of the Internet an increased amount of digital information, such as documents, images, and audio and video data has become available to a large number of people. Since the digital network is often used to offer digital media for profit, there is a strong need for copyright protection and a considerable interest in methods for inserting in a multimedia document a visible, or preferably invisible, mark to identify the owner. This article provides an overview of watermarking properties, and an evaluation of different embedding domains besides different applications. A survey of them and their respective requirements is presented.
Comparison of Fine Aggregate Uncompacted Voids Content Measured by the ASTM C 1252 and the VTM-5 Devices
Authors: Rismantojo E , Haddock JE , White TD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
As part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 4–19(2), a series of uncompacted voids tests was performed using the ASTM Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregates, C 1252, and the Virginia Department of Transportation VTM-5 test devices. Comparisons between the uncompacted voids measured by the two devices were made by using five different measurement methods on each of six different fine aggregates. The effects of test procedure and/or device, and their interactions with particle size on the measurement of uncompacted voids were also examined. As expected, the findings indicate that the graded sample of ASTM C 1252, Method A produces a significantly lower result for uncompacted void content than do the other four methods. However, the five test methods are significantly correlated. Furthermore, while there appears to be an interaction between test device and particle size, this effect is negated when the graded sample of ASTM C 1252, Method A is used.
A New Dynamic Wind Load Cycle to Evaluate Mechanically Attached Flexible Membrane Roofs
Authors: Baskaran A , Chen Y , Vilaipornsawai U 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In North America, at present, no test procedure exists for certifying roofing systems under dynamic wind loads. To develop such a dynamic test procedure, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) formed an industry-based consortium during 1994. The consortium is known as the Special Interest Group for Dynamic Evaluation of Roofing Systems (SIGDERS). This paper reports SIGDERS' progress on dynamicload cycle development. Wind tunnel investigations were carried out using two flexible roofing membranes: poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Using the wind tunnel pressure records as source data and comparing the membrane responses of PVC with EPDM, SIGDERS developed a dynamic load cycle. With input from industries, building owners, and roofing associations, the developed load cycle has been generalized and extended to evaluate the ultimate strength of flexible membrane roofs. To validate the newly developed load cycle, several membrane roofing systems were investigated and then reported separately. The SIGDERS load cycle in a laboratory mimics failure modes similar to those observed in the field.
Development and Evaluation of a Biaxial Tensile Tester for Fabrics
Authors: Ghosh TK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
At the Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center (NCRC), North Carolina State University, a prototype instrument has been designed to measure fabric behavior under biaxial force. The system is equipped with a segmented and self-adjusting clamping system designed to apply uniform finite strain in the sample without undesirable boundary effects. The control system is designed to allow tests to be performed under a constant force-ratio or a constant extension-ratio condition. The designs of the clamping and control systems of the instrument have been evaluated by testing a number of spunbonded nonwoven fabrics. The results show a significant influence of biaxial deformation on the force-extension characteristics of fabrics.
Comparison of Returnable Paper and Plastic Corrugated Packaging Trays for the United States Postal Service
Authors: Singh SP , Walker R , Close D 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study provides a comparison of paper and plastic corrugated materials that are used for packaging. The test containers were mail trays used by the United States Postal Service. The test methods consist of performing an accelerated test in a warehouse facility that closely simulates the everyday handling characteristics encountered by these trays in postal facilities. The results also compared differences in material-recycled content and fabrication processes. The results show that the reusable plastic corrugated trays performed 2.5 to 3 times better than similar types of reusable paper corrugated trays.
Permeability and Consolidation Behavior of Fly Ashes
Authors: Pandian NS , Balasubramonian S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A knowledge of permeability and consolidation is essential in a number of engineering problems such as settlement, seepage, and stability of the structures. Since fly ash is used very widely for several geotechnical applications, there is a need to understand its permeability and consolidation behavior. This paper presents a detailed study conducted on two Indian fly ashes. It brings out the role of chemical composition (free lime) on the permeability and consolidation behavior of fly ashes. It is found that the permeability values computed based on grain-size distribution agree well with those obtained based on test data.
A Powerful New Tool for Testing Adhesives In Situ
Authors: Gegner J , Öchsner A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The thick-adherend tensile-shear test of adhesive technology is improved in the experimental part and supplemented with a new computer-aided evaluation method. Stepped substrates ensure a more uniform stress state by increasing the stiffness of the assembly. In order to minimize the influence of the adherend deformation, which is taken into account by a finite element calculation, the total displacement of the joint was measured directly at the overlap zone. For this purpose, two extensometers with strain gages were attached to each side of the specimen at three reference points. In this way, realistic shear data were obtained from the determined stress-strain diagrams. The evaluation procedure was also improved by developing a numerical test simulation technique that allows the computation of Young's modulus. Steel substrates and an anaerobic adhesive were used. The influences of both the test temperature and the bond gap on the mechanical properties of the joint were investigated.
Effects of Recording Parameters on Power Density Spectra in Transport Vibration Measurement
Authors: Singh SP , Sittipod S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The variability that exists in the memory and the programmed recording parameters in various types of data recorders has not been well defined. This study investigated the effect of these differences on the final power spectrum density (PSD) generated by environmental data recorders (EDRA). Random vibration levels from both an electrohydraulic vibration table and a 40-ft truck shipment were measured using two types of data recorders. The PSD levels, both numerical and graphical, developed from various recording control parameters were compared.
Proper Selection of the Stiffness of the Disk Spring Pile Cap in Pile Driving
Authors: Zhou L , Zhou X 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This article analyzes the relationships among the stiffness of the composite disk spring pile cap, the pile penetration, and the dynamic stress within the body of the pile, in pile driving. The range for proper matching between the stiffness of the composite disk spring pile cap and the stiffness of the driven pile is determined through optimization analysis of the pile-driving process.
California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Soil/Fly Ash Mixtures
Authors: Pandian NS , Krishna KC , Sridharan A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fly ash is a hyproduct of the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants. Energy and environmental considerations over the coming years point to greater use of coal and hence a further increase in the quantity of fly ash. Geotechnical and chemical characterization of fly ash and its interaction behavior with soil is likely to provide viable solutions for its large-scale disposal and utilization. Concerted efforts have been initiated in the laboratory to understand the effect of fly ash addition on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of black cotton soil both for unsoaked and soaked conditions. The study indicates that CBR values of black cotton soil/fly ash mixtures increase up to an optimum fly ash content wherein fly ash acts as a coarser material. The CBR values decrease beyond this optimum fly ash content and again increase to an optimum value wherein black cotton soil acts as a binder.
Formation of Shear Bands in Model Ground Composed of Aluminum Rods Beneath a Footing
Authors: Yoshida N , Bettou T , Wakita M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this study, a series of bearing capacity tests were carried out on a model ground composed of aluminum rods in order to investigate the initiation and development of shear bands during loading. This paper describes the test apparatus, the methods of testing and data treatment, and some of the test results. Two types of model grounds were prepared depending upon whether the aluminum rods used were single-diameter or two different diameters. During the loading test, by utilizing both front and back of the test apparatus, detailed observations were made on the global deformation of the model ground, on the translational and rotational movements of selected aluminum rods, and on the change of void ratio. It is shown that, in the case of the single-diameter aluminum rods, the slip surface was observed and that dilatancy behavior was noted at the boundary. In the case of the aluminum rods with two different diameters, discontinuous shear bands defining a so-called plastic flow zone were observed, which were initiated at the bottom corners of the footing and extended diagonally downwards. The rotational behavior of the rods differed inside and outside the plastic flow zone, particularly near the boundaries.
J-Integral Evaluation of Single-Edge Notched Specimens under Mixed-Mode I/II Loading
Authors: Donne CD , Pirondi A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStandard test methods of mixed-mode fracture toughness still do not exist, even though a decrease of fracture toughness with increasing Mode II (shear components) has been observed for a number of steels. A J-estimation scheme for mixed-mode loaded single-edge notched specimens is therefore developed in this paper. In accordance with the ASTM Standard E 1820-99, the evaluation of the plastic part of J is based on the measurement of the dissipated plastic energy weighted by a ηpl-factor. Two different approaches for the ηpl-factor are derived. Factors from both showed good correlation with finite element calculations for the specific case of a compact-tension-shear specimen (C(TS)), Finally, a simple clip gage setup for the measurement of the crack-opening displacements needed for the evaluation of the dissipated plastic energy is presented. The problem of the qualification of the mixed-mode crack initiation data is not specifically addressed, but some general comments on this topic are given at the end of the paper.
Falling Head Hydraulic Conductivity Tests in a Geotechnical Centrifuge
Authors: Singh DN , Gupta AK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Permeability of geomaterials is the most important parameter involved in the assessment of advection of groundwater and contaminants in the subsurface and for the design of barriers to contain hazardous wastes. Evaluation of the permeability of soils by employing a geotechnical centrifuge, where centrifugal acceleration is used to simulate the prototype conditions, is an area of current research interest. This paper presents a working methodology that can be employed for measuring the hydraulic conductivity of compacted fine-grained soils in a geotechnical centrifuge. Two different hydraulic conductivity setups have been developed for silty sand and clays. The paper also studies the effect of sample length, the limiting acceleration levels, and the time of centrifugation on the hydraulic conductivity measurements.
Model Tests by Centrifuge of Soil Nail Reinforcements
Authors: Zhang J , Pu J , Zhang M , Qiu T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Soil nailing is an in situ technique to reinforce slopes in the vadose zone where the soil is partially saturated. In this research, model tests of soil nailing on steep cuttings of an unsaturated silty clay were performed using a centrifuge. The results show that soil nailing can greatly increase the stability of cuttings. The length and density of soil nails have significant effects on the deformation behavior and failure mechanism of the soil-nailed structure. When the ratio between the maximum nail length and the excavation depth (L/H) was 0.32 or 0.34, the model slope was unstable with a prototype spacing less than 1.8 m. However, when the L/H ratio was 0.48 or 0.80, the model slope was substantially stable against global failure under the same spacing. External failure occurred in nailed structures with densely reinforced shorter nails; the prototype spacing was less than 1.29 m and the length ratios were 0.32 and 0.34. Internal failure occurred in nailed structures with sparsely reinforced longer nails: the prototype spacing was 3.6 m and the length ratio was 1.0. The failure surfaces of the nailed cuttings were deeper than that of the cutting without reinforcement.
Evaluation of the Elevated Temperature Creep Strength of Three Lead-Free Solder Alloys in Soldered Joints
Authors: Shepherd D , Hagwood C , Fields R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act mandated that soldered joints used in potable water systems be free of lead. In addition to lead contents, allowable pressures used in potable water systems are directly related to the elevated temperature creep strengths of the soldered joints. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Copper Development Association (CDA) investigated the stress rupture behavior of leadfree soldered joints at four temperatures and various applied stresses. An extensive statistical analysis involving maximum likelihood techniques was used to generate estimated threshold stresses (below which failure in the soldered joints did not occur) as a function of composition and temperature. The results of that study for three solder alloys are given.
The Calibration Functions of the Arc-Shaped Bend Specimen
Authors: Donoso JR , Basáez F , Landes JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The geometry functions of the Common Format Equation developed by Donoso and Landes were evaluated for the arc-shaped bend specimen. A(B), with a span-to-width ratio S/W of 4 and r1/r2 = 0.95. The specimen geometry functions, Gel = C*BW(b/W)μ, and Gpl = CBW(b/W)m, in the elastic and the plastic range, respectively, were numerically computed with the aid of a two-dimensional, nonlinear, plane strain finite element analysis. The elastic solution, in the form of an elastic compliance, was compared to values obtained in the concise format from the K-solutions of ASTM E 1290. The plastic solution, on the other hand, was compared with available experimental values. The numerical results showed μ = ηe1 = 2,1185 and m = ηpl = 2,0894 for the A(B) specimen analyzed. As is the case with other bend-type specimen geometry, μ ≈ m, which indicates that the J-integral may be computed as one single integral form, in terms of total displacement. For this, it is proposed to use as eta values (clastic and plastic) for the A(B) specimen, the same values of μ derived from the K-solution, dependent on the size ratio r1/r2.
Service Temperature Characterization of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Gaskets
Authors: Bouzid A-H , Derenne M , Marchand L , Payne JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Gaskets based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are used extensively in bolted flanged connections, especially in difficult chemical process plant applications where blowouts due to excessive bolt load loss are of major concem. The determination of their service temperatures requires the characterization of their short- and long-term creep relaxation resistance. An experiment-alanalytical procedure has been developed to determine a recommended service temperature for PTFE-based gaskets. Based on an improved version of the Hot Blowout Test (HOBT) in which thermal cycling has been incorporated, the procedure quantifies the short-term hot relaxation resistance, and the margin of safety against an in-service blowout. The improved HOBT test provides an excellent tool for the selection of blowout-resistant PTFE gaskets for difficult service.
Currently, the procedure estimates the cooldown load loss due to the thermal contraction difference between the gasket and the flange, based on a rough estimate of the gasket thickness and the coefficient of thermal expansion and their vanation with temperature. The proposed procedure provides not only a better estimation of the gasket thickness but also accounts for thermal ratcheting and the temperature lag between flange and bolts.
Static Axial Behavior of Some Typical Restrained Pipe Joints
Authors: Meis R , Maragakis M , Siddharthan R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a static testing program designed to determine the axial stiffness and strength characteristics of some typical restrained pipe joints. Pipelines have suffered damage and failure from past earthquakes and are vulnerable to seismic motions. A vast majority of the pipeline failures have occurred at unrestrained pipe joints due to pull-out, and therefore, the effectiveness of restrained pipe joints needs to be examined and their response to earthquake motion needs to be assessed in order to help mitigate potential damage. This paper also suggests methods to use test results for pipeline network analysis and for risk assessment procedures.