bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy and Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: Recursive Partitioning Analysis of the EORTC 26981/22981-NCIC CE3 Phase III Randomized Trial
Authors: Mirimanoff René-Olivier , Gorlia Thierry , Mason Warren , Van den Bent Martin J. , Kortmann Rolf-Dieter , Fisher Barbara , Reni Michele , Brandes Alba A. , Curschmann Jüergen , Villa Salvador , Cairncross Gregory , Allgeier Anouk , Lacombe Denis , Stupp Roger 
Published: May 2006

Purpose The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and National Cancer Institute of Canada trial on temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) in glioblastoma (GBM) has demonstrated that the combination of TMZ and RT conferred a significant and meaningful survival advantage compared with RT alone. We evaluated in this trial whether the recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) retains its overall prognostic value and what the benefit of the combined modality is in each RPA class. Patients and Methods Five hundred seventy-three patients with newly diagnosed GBM were randomly assigned to standard postoperative RT or to the same RT with concomitant TMZ followed by adjuvant TMZ. The primary end point was overall survival. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer RPA used accounts for age, WHO performance status, extent of surgery, and the Mini-Mental Status Examination. Results Overall survival was statistically different among RPA classes III, IV, and V, with median survival times of 17, 15, and 10 months, respectively, and 2-year survival rates of 32%, 19%, and 11%, respectively (P < .0001). Survival with combined TMZ/RT was higher in RPA class III, with 21 months median survival time and a 43% 2-year survival rate, versus 15 months and 20% for RT alone (P = .006). In RPA class IV, the survival advantage remained significant, with median survival times of 16 v 13 months, respectively, and 2-year survival rates of 28% v 11%, respectively (P = .0001). In RPA class V, however, the survival advantage of RT/TMZ was of borderline significance (P = .054). Conclusion RPA retains its prognostic significance overall as well as in patients receiving RT with or without TMZ for newly diagnosed GBM, particularly in classes III and IV.
Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate in the Management of Acute Exacerbations of Asthma
Authors: Villeneuve Eric J , Zed Peter J 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed (all to October 2005) were searched using the key words magnesium, magnesium sulfate, magnesium compounds, nebulise, nebulize, vaporise, vaporize, nebulizers and vaporizers, aerosols, asthma, exacerbation, bronchial spasm, and bronchospasm. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective, randomized, controlled trials that evaluated efficacy and safety endpoints of nebulized magnesium sulfate in the management of acute exacerbations of asthma were included. All studies were evaluated independently by both authors. Efficacy outcomes included pulmonary function, clinical disease severity (as defined by each study), and rate of hospitalization. Safety outcomes were as described by each trial. Data Synthesis: Six prospective trials met the study criteria. Nebulized magnesium alone failed to demonstrate any benefit compared with β2-agonists alone at improving pulmonary function. In trials in which nebulized magnesium was used as a vehicle for albuterol, there appear to be additional benefits to albuterol therapy in terms of improvements in pulmonary function in a population with mild-to-moderate asthma. The heterogeneous patient populations, study designs, magnesium doses, and the delivery methods preclude the extrapolation of these results to current clinical practice. Conclusions: The studies included in this review fail to clarify the role of nebulized magnesium sulfate; therefore, this therapy cannot be recommended at this time. Future studies evaluating the role of nebulized magnesium as an adjunct therapy to β2-agonist, anticholinergic, and corticosteroid therapy are necessary to determine whether a clinically relevant benefit of this intervention exists.
Atomoxetine Versus Stimulants for Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Gibson Aaron P , Bettinger Tawny L , Patel Nick C , Crismon M Lynn 
Published: May 2006

Objective:To identify, review, and analyze studies comparing atomoxetine with psychostimulants with the intent of determining the role of atomoxetine in the pharmacologic management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Data Sources:Primary, review, and meta-analysis articles were identified by a MEDLINE search (1966–December 2005). MeSH headings used in the search include: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, atomoxetine, stimulants, psychostimulants, methylphenidate, and amphetamine salts. Relevant data presented at professional meetings that we attended were also identified.Study Selection and Extraction:All clinical studies comparing atomoxetine with psychostimulants, regardless of study design, were evaluated. Relevant efficacy and safety data from these studies were included in the discussion.Data Synthesis:At time of writing, 5 head-to-head trials had compared psychostimulants and atomoxetine in the treatment of ADHD. No significant difference between atomoxetine and methylphenidate immediate-release were found on the ADHD Rating Scale total score. Osmotic oral release system (OROS) methylphenidate showed significantly greater improvement at weeks 1 and 2, and significantly more patients treated with OROS methylphenidate were classified as responders. Patients on both atomoxetine and mixed amphetamine salts extended-release (MAS XR) showed significant improvements at endpoint over baseline; however, Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) scores were significantly better with MAS XR. Tolerability was similar between atomoxetine and stimulant medications.Conclusions:Based on available evidence, psychostimulants are regarded as first-line pharmacologic treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD, as the efficacy and safety of these agents have been well established based on clinical trials and extensive naturalistic use. Adverse effects in some patients and abuse potential have led to the search for new treatments. Atomoxetine represents an alternative treatment for ADHD and is unlikely to be associated with abuse; however, long-term safety data are needed to further establish its place in therapy.
Migration and Spawning of Radio‐Tagged Zulega Prochilodus argenteus in a Dammed Brazilian River
Authors: Godinho Alexandre L. , Kynard Boyd 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt is difficult for agencies to evaluate the impacts of the many planned dams on São Francisco River, Brazil, migratory fishes because fish migrations are poorly known. We conducted a study on zulega Prochilodus argenteus, an important commercial and recreational fish in the São Francisco River, to identify migrations and spawning areas and to determine linear home range. During two spawning seasons (2001–2003), we radio‐tagged fish in three main‐stem reaches downstream of Três Marias Dam (TMD), located at river kilometer (rkm) 2,109. We tagged 10 fish at Três Marias (TM), which is 5 km downstream of TMD; 12 fish at Pontal, which is 28 km downstream of TMD and which includes the mouth of the Abaeté River; and 10 fish at Cilga, which is 45 km downstream of TMD. Late‐stage (ripe) adults tagged in each area during the spawning season remained at or near the tagging site, except for four Cilga fish that went to Pontal and probably spawned. The Pontal area at the Abaeté River mouth was the most important spawning site we found. Prespawning fish moved back and forth between main‐stem staging areas upstream of the Abaeté River mouth and Pontal for short visits. These multiple visits were probably needed as ripe fish waited for spawning cues from a flooding Abaeté River. Some fish homed to prespawning staging areas, spawning areas, and nonspawning areas. The migratory style of zulega was dualistic, with resident and migratory fish. Total linear home range was also dualistic, with small (<26‐km) and large (53–127‐km) ranges. The locations of spawning areas and home ranges suggest that the Pontal group (which includes Cilga fish) is one population that occupies about 110 km. The Pontal population overlaps a short distance with a population located downstream of Cilga. Movements of late‐stage TM adults suggest that the TM group is a separate population, possibly with connections to populations upstream of TMD.
First Evidence of a Nursery Habitat for Juvenile Gag in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Renán X. , Brulé T. , Lecomte‐Finiger R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInformation on a nursery area for juvenile gag Mycteroperca microlepis in the southern Gulf of Mexico is offered for the first time in this study. A total of 817 gags that ranged in size from 1.5 to 34.5 cm standard length (SL) were captured with a small trawl net from January to December 2001 in a shallow sea grass bed (mainly turtle grass Thalassia testudinum, manatee grass Syringodium filiforme, and shoal grass Halodule wrightii). The gag biomass in the swept area was 217 ± 74 kg/km2 (mean ± SD) with a density of 48,393 ± 125 fish/km2. Peak ingress of gag was observed from March to May, when newly settled organisms (range, 1.5–2.8 cm SL; n = 28) and the smallest young of the year (age 0; 3.2–4.9 cm SL; n = 72) were caught. After settlement, juveniles reached maximum abundance by July (n = 186) with a size range of 8.0–18.2 cm SL and then began to leave the nursery area in September. The monthly occurrence of newly settled gag, length‐frequency analysis, and otolith aging indicate that age‐0 gag (range, 1.5–19.5 cm SL; n = 756) were present in this nursery area from March to December 2001 as a single discrete cohort. These results suggest that settlement is discontinuous for gag in this region. Back‐calculated hatching dates, estimated from otoliths of early juveniles captured in April (3.5–5.2 cm SL; n = 13), ranged between January 28 and February 10, 2001.
The Effect of an Introduced Summer Steelhead Hatchery Stock on the Productivity of a Wild Winter Steelhead Population
Authors: Kostow Kathryn E. , Zhou Shijie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of a hatchery program for summer steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss on the productivity of a wild winter steelhead population in the Clackamas River, Oregon. We used a suite of Ricker and Beverton–Holt stock–recruitment models that incorporated species interaction variables to demonstrate that when high numbers of hatchery summer steelhead adults were present the production of wild winter steelhead smolts and adults was significantly decreased. We found that large releases of hatchery smolts also contributed to the decrease in wild adult productivity. Averaged over the results of our models, a 50% decline in the productivity parameter (the number of recruits per spawner at low densities) and a 22% decline in the maximum number of recruits produced in the basin were observed when high numbers of hatchery fish were present. We concluded that over the duration of the hatchery program, the number of hatchery steelhead in the upper Clackamas River basin regularly caused the total number of steelhead to exceed carrying capacity, triggering density‐dependent mechanisms that impacted the wild population. The number of smolts and adults in the wild winter steelhead population declined until critically low levels were reached in the 1990s. Hatchery fish were removed from the system in 2000, and early results indicate that the declining trends have reversed.
Multiscale Genetic Structure of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Upper Snake River Basin
Authors: Cegelski Christine C. , Campbell Matthew R. , Meyer Kevin A. , Powell Madison S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPopulations of Yellowstone cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriihave declined throughout their native range as a result of habitat fragmentation, overharvest, and introductions of nonnative trout that have hybridized with or displaced native populations. The degree to which these factors have impacted the current genetic population structure of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations is of primary interest for their conservation. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and genetic population structure of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in Idaho and Nevada with data from six polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 1,392 samples were analyzed from 45 sample locations throughout 11 major river drainages. We found that levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation varied extensively. The Salt River drainage, which is representative of the least impacted migration corridors in Idaho, had the highest levels of genetic diversity and low levels of genetic differentiation. High levels of genetic differentiation were observed at similar or smaller geographic scales in the Portneuf River, Raft River, and Teton River drainages, which are more altered by anthropogenic disturbances. Results suggested that Yellowstone cutthroat trout are naturally structured at the major river drainage level but that habitat fragmentation has altered this structuring. Connectivity should be restored via habitat restoration whenever possible to minimize losses in genetic diversity and to preserve historical processes of gene flow, life history variation, and metapopulation dynamics. However, alternative strategies for management and conservation should also be considered in areas where there is a strong likelihood of nonnative invasions or extensive habitat fragmentation that cannot be easily ameliorated.
Effects of Bioactive Glass on Bone Augmentation Within a Titanium Cap in Rabbit Parietal Bone
Authors: Nishida Tetsuya , Yamada Yutaka , Murai Masakazu , Shimizu Yuka , Oshikawa Maiko , Ito Koichi 
Published: May 2006

Background: The condition of alveolar bone influences the success and subsequent esthetics of implant treatment. This study investigated the early effects of bioactive glass (BG) on bone augmentation within a hemispherical titanium cap in rabbit parietal bone.Methods: Twelve adult male Japanese white rabbits were used. One titanium cap (test site) was packed with BG in a collagen gel, and the other (control site) was packed with the collagen gel alone. After 1 and 3 months, animals were euthanized, and the experimental area was examined using fluorescence and light microscopy.Results: Newly generated bone was observed at 1 and 3 months of healing. Although bone was also generated without BG, newly mineralized bone was generated sooner with BG present for guided bone augmentation than without BG. At 1 and 3 months, the BG was not bioabsorbed completely, and some particles remained.Conclusion: New bone is generated at an early stage of bone formation using BG for bone augmentation.
Impact of State Vaccine Financing Policy on Uptake of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Stokley Shannon , Shaw Kate M. , Barker Lawrence , Santoli Jeanne M. , Shefer Abigail 
Published: May 2006

Objective. We examined heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) uptake among children aged 19 to 35 months in the United States and determined how uptake rates differed by state vaccine financing policy. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2001–2003 National Immunization Survey. States that changed their vaccine financing policy between 2001 and 2003 (n=17) were excluded from analysis. Logistic regression was performed to identify the association between state vaccine financing policy and receipt of 3 or more doses of PCV7 after control for demographic characteristics. Results. The proportion of children receiving 3 or more doses increased from 6.7% in 2001 to 69.0% in 2003. After controlling for demographic characteristics, children residing in states that provided all vaccines except PCV7 to all children had lower odds of receiving 3 or more doses compared to children residing in states that provided PCV7 only to children eligible for the Vaccines for Children program (odds ratio=0.58; 95% confidence interval=0.51, 0.66). Conclusion. It is essential that we continue to monitor the effect that state vaccine financing policy has on the delivery of PCV7 and future vaccines, which are likely to be increasingly expensive.
Likelihood of Home Death Associated With Local Rates of Home Birth: Influence of Local Area Healthcare Preferences on Site of Death
Authors: Silveira Maria J. , Copeland Laurel A. , Feudtner Chris 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We tested whether local cultural and social values regarding the use of health care are associated with the likelihood of home death, using variation in local rates of home births as a proxy for geographic variation in these values. Methods. For each of 351110 adult decedents in Washington state who died from 1989 through 1998, we calculated the home birth rate in each zip code during the year of death and then used multivariate regression modeling to estimate the relation between the likelihood of home death and the local rate of home births. Results. Individuals residing in local areas with higher home birth rates had greater adjusted likelihood of dying at home (odds ratio [OR]=1.04 for each percentage point increase in home birth rate; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.05). Moreover, the likelihood of dying at home increased with local wealth (OR=1.04 per $10000; 95% CI=1.02, 1.06) but decreased with local hospital bed availability (OR=0.96 per 1000 beds; 95% CI=0.95, 0.97). Conclusions. The likelihood of home death is associated with local rates of home births, suggesting the influence of health care use preferences.
Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins
Authors: Darke S G , Baker S J A 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The aim was to assess the early efficacy and complications of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) in a cohort of patients with varicose veins.

Methods
Of 192 consecutive patients referred with varicose veins over 15 months, only 11 chose surgery; the rest underwent UGFS treatment. Polidocanol was foamed 1:3 with air. Under ultrasound control via butterfly or Seldinger cannulation, 1 per cent foam was injected into superficial veins and 3 per cent foam into saphenous trunks, up to a total volume of 14 ml. Outcome was defined as complete when occlusion of the saphenous trunk and/or over 85 per cent of the varicosities was achieved, and partial closure when less.

Results
In 163 legs, complete occlusion occurred after one intervention, a further 32 after a second, and one after a third (overall 91 per cent). Of the remainder, all other legs achieved partial occlusion after up to three interventions, apart from two legs with great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence, which failed. All 23 legs with small saphenous veins had complete occlusion after one intervention compared with 64 of 97 legs with GSV incompetence (P &lt; 0·010). Occlusion rates were also higher when the GSV was cannulated directly: 56 of 70 versus 8 of 27 (P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusions
UGFS achieved early complete occlusion safely in over 90 per cent of legs with varicose veins.
Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum of a salmonid, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A tract‐tracing study
Authors: Folgueira Mónica , Anadón Ramón , Yáñez Julián 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe connections of the cerebellum of the rainbow trout were studied by experimental methods. The pretectal paracommissural nucleus has reciprocal connections with the cerebellum. Three additional pretectal nuclei project to both the corpus and valvula cerebelli, and seem to receive cerebellar afferents. A large number of cells of the lateral nucleus of the valvula project to wide regions of the cerebellum, including the valvula, the corpus, the granular eminences, and the caudal lobe, whereas the contralateral inferior olive and scattered reticular cells project only to the corpus and valvula cerebelli. Afferents to the corpus were also observed from the ventral tegmental nucleus, the “paraisthmic nucleus,” the perilemniscal nucleus, the central gray, and the octavolateral area. Valvular afferents were also observed from the torus semicircularis and the midbrain tegmental areas. In most cases of cerebellar application, labeled fibers were seen in the thalamus, the pretectum, the torus longitudinalis and torus semicircularis, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, and midbrain and rhombencephalic reticular areas. From the corpus cerebelli some fibers also project to the posterior tubercle and the hypothalamus. Moreover, the granular eminences project to the cerebellar crest. DiI application to most of the areas showing labeled fibers after cerebellar tracer application led to the labeling of characteristic eurydendroid cells, mainly in the valvula cerebelli and the caudal lobe. A few putative eurydendroid cells were labeled from the octavolateralis regions. These results in a teleost with a generalized brain indicate several differences with respect to the cerebellar connections reported in other teleost fishes that have specialized brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:542–565, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capillary electrophoresis of double‐stranded DNA fragments using a new fluorescence intercalating dye EvaGreen
Authors: Sang Fuming , Ren Jicun 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEvaGreen is a new DNA intercalating dye successfully used in quantitative real‐time PCR. In the present work, we firstly apply EvaGreen to the analysis of dsDNA by CE with LIF detection. Comparisons of EvaGreen dye with the commonly used dyes SYBR Green I and SYBR Gold were preformed in dsDNA analysis by CE. The linear range of dsDNA using EvaGreen was slightly wider than that using SYBR Gold and SYBR Green I, and the detection limits of dsDNA were not significantly different for the three dyes. Good separations of dsDNA fragments were obtained using the three dyes. Reproducibility of migration time and the peak area of dsDNA fragments with EvaGreen were better than those for SYBR Green I and SYBR Gold. The RSD values were 0.24–0.27% for migration time and 3.45–7.59% for peak area within the same day, 1.35–1.63% for migration time and 6.72–12.05% for peak area for three days. Our data demonstrated that EvaGreen is well suited for the dsDNA analysis by CE with LIF detection.
Consumer reactions to crowded retail settings: Cross‐cultural differences between North America and the Middle East
Authors: Pons Frank , Laroche Michel , Mourali Mehdi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMost of the research dealing with consumer–consumer interactions emphasizes the negative consequences of sharing the service experience with other consumers. Crowding, in particular, represents one of the important environmental factors affecting consumers' retail experience. However, recent studies in the context of hedonic services (e.g., amusement parks, concerts, etc.) have mentioned that crowds may potentially enhance consumers' service experience. The present study aims at demonstrating the presence of these positive consumer responses in a crowded hedonic situation, while investigating the influence of cultural differences in crowd‐related issues. With the use of consumers from different cultures (North America and the Middle East), reactions to similarly crowded situations in a hedonic situation are compared. Results suggest that Middle Eastern respondents perceive both a lower level of density and appreciate crowded situations more than their North American counterparts. Potential explanations are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.