bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MANAGEMENT OF QUININE TOXICITY
Authors: MB P. DICKINSON , FRACP J. SABTO , FRACO R. H. WEST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe clinical findings, investigations, and course of three patients who ingested quinine sulphate or bisulphate tablets and suffered severe visual loss are described. Methods and control of treatment for these patients are discussed, and the asessment of the effectiveness of treatment, and its relationship to the visual outcome are considered.
REFRACTIVE CORNEAL SURGERY: THE USE OF IMPLANTABLE ALLOPLASTIC LENS MATERIAL
Authors: MD THEODORE P. WERBLIN , MD J. ELLIOTT BLAYDES , MD ANDREW FRYCZKOWSKI , DVM ROBERT PEIFFER 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA basic problem encountered in all forms of lamellar retractive surgery has been the predictability of the optical corrections. Corneal tissue used in refractive surgery behaves in a variable fashion because its shape is determined in vivo by the process of healing and graft repopulation. Therefore no preoperative measure of the ultimate power of the lathed corneal lens can be made. Another drawback is the limited supply of donor corneal tissue. In an effort to overcome these problems, we have used alloplastic materials in conjunction with lamellar refractive surgery to improve the predictability of the result. The use of this material would also allow accurate preoperative determination of lens power. Intralamellar implants appeared to heal quite rapidly after surgery. Their optical clarity was excellent and the corneal surface appeared stable. Further research into long‐term stability and predictability are currently underway.
THE DISPOSABLE MODIFIED FORNIX FLAP FOR CATARACT SURGERY*
Authors: FRACO IAN C. FRANCIS , FRACO M. B. KAPPAGODA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThirty cataract operations were performed in 28 patients using the disposable modified fornix flap technique described by Quinn and Ewald. Vision was 6/12 or better in 26 of 30 eyes with a mean follow‐up period of seven months. Vision was corrected in 11 patients with intraocular lens implants, in 10 patients with aphakic spectacles and in seven patients with contact lenses. Four of the seven contact lens wearers had ocular irritation related to contact lens wear. The technique appears to work satisfactorily for intracapsular or extracapsular cataract surgery and for intraocular lens implantation.
VITRECTOMY AND PHOTOCOAGULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SEROUS DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH OPTIC NERVE PITS
Authors: MD T. A. ALEXANDER , FRACO F. A. BILLSON 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo cases of serous detachment of the retina associated with congenital pits of the optic nerve were successfully treated with photocoagulation, vitrectomy and gas tamponade. The rationale of management and the results are discussed. It is suggested that this treatment deserves further study to see if early intervention will favourably affect the return of macular function, particularly in cases of optic nerve pits where the serous detachment is of short duration and fixed structural changes at the macula have not occurred.
DO ANY FACTORS PREDICT A FAVOURABLE RESPONSE TO LASER TRABECULOPLASTY?
Authors: FRACO ANNE M. V. BROOKS , FRACO W. E. GILLIES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOne hundred and thirty‐three eyes with raised intraocular pressure treated by argon laser trabeculoplasty were studied to determine the factors predicting a fall in pressure with treatment. The two main predictive factors were: (i) initial pressure—a higher initial pressure was associated with a greater fall in pressure (p < 0.001); and (ii) diagnosis (type of glaucoma)—pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXFG) and chronic open‐angle glaucoma (COAG) had the greatest fall (p < 0.05). Aphakic glaucoma was associated with the worst results. Of the other factors studied, only the degree of pigmentation of the angle was a significant predictor: the greatest fall in pressure occurred in eyes with moderately pigmented angles (p = 0.05). Complications of treatment were pigment scatter in the angle with depigmentation (41% of eyes), peripheral anterior synechiae (7.5%), immediate postoperative rise in pressure of 10 mmHg or more (7%), moderately severe iritis (3%) and hyphaema (2%). Medication was able to be ceased in only five patients after laser trabeculoplasty; even if a small fall in pressure is achieved, a large fall to the bottom of the normal range is unlikely.
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE SURGERY
Authors: HARCOURT B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe anatomy and actions of the superior oblique muscle are discussed as a basis for logical surgical procedures.Weakening procedures are indicated for overaction or for a short superior oblique tendon. Tenectomy is performed nasal to the superior rectus while selective tenotomies for bilateral overaction are performed temporal to the superior rectus. Recession of the whole tendon on an adjustable suture is preferred for unilateral superior oblique overaction.Tendon tucking for unilateral superior oblique palsy is performed temporal to the superior rectus and inevitably causes a degree of pseudo‐Brown's syndrome. Tucks may be used bilaterally in bilateral cases. Alternatively, anterior tendon advancement corrects tensional symptoms. It may be graded from a maximum advancement to the upper border of the lateral rectus to suit the degree of tension. Adjustable sutures may be used.Superior oblique tendon transfer for long‐standing third nerve palsies may produce paradoxical eye movements in the long‐term due to scarring.
ANIRIDIA RESULTING FROM CHROMOSOME 11p13 DELETION (MILLER'S SYNDROME): REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: FRACO M. P. FLAHERTY , PHD L. BOUSFIELD , MD D.O. SILLENCE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe association of aniridia with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 11, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation (AGR triad or Miller's syndrome) has been recognized only in recent years.A 15‐year‐old boy with aniridia and Miller's syndrome is reported with deletion involving the sub‐band 11p13 of the short arm of chromosome 11. Literature review draws attention to the pleiotropic effects of deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11, and the increased risk of development of Wilms' tumour or other embryonal tumours in these children.
“ONE INCREASING PURPOSE”: THE SURGEONS OF SYDNEY EYE HOSPITAL: A CENTURY OF SERVICE (1882–1982)
Authors: PRICE LENNOX 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe surgeons who served the Sydney Eye Hospital during its first century were a well‐trained and dedicated group of consultants, who created a fine institution with a sphere of influence which has extended beyond Australia to other Asian‐Pacific countries. A description is given of the characteristics and personal qualities of the surgeons, with many of whom the author has been personally acquainted.
KERATOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS
Authors: FRACS C. GREGORY KEITH 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn eleven‐year‐old boy with Addison's disease, mucocutaneous candidiasis and hypoparathyroidism had moderately severe keratoconjunctivitis with pannus formation. This is a recognized part of the syndrome which is termed Type 1 polyendocrine autoimmune disease, or autoimmune polyendocrine candidiasis syndrome (APECS). It is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The case was unusual in that the Addison's disease and keratopathy preceded the hypoparathyroidism.
PATTERNS OF SUPERFICIAL KERATOPATHY
Authors: ROUSSEL THOMAS , GRUTZMACHER RICHARD , COSTER DOUGLAS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCorneal surface abnormalities are commonly encountered in ophthalmology and are manifestations of a wide range of underlying disease processes. The diversity of both clinical presentation and morphological appearance requires a systematic approach to the identification and management of these superficial corneal changes.Accurate diagnosis of superficial keratopathy requires skilful observation to seek the most characteristic clinical sign, a deductive thought process based on a knowledge of disease patterns, and occasionally the use of laboratory procedures to confirm the working diagnosis.We have classified changes of the corneal surface into five categories based on the clinical pattern (punctate, dendritic, plaque, vortex, and linear). We show how pattern recognition, with the aid of clinical presentation, history, and appropriate investigations, can lead to accurate diagnosis and initiation of proper management.
CATECHOLAMINES IN AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Authors: COOPER R. L. , CONSTABLE I. J. , DAVIDSON LISA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAqueous humour catecholamine concentrations were assayed in open angle glaucoma, and cataract patients during surgery, under general anaesthesia. Plasma catecholamines were measured at the same time. Aqueous humour noradrenaline is apparently reduced by pretreatment with adrenaline, timolol and pilocarpine. (Noradrenaline concentrations were 0.599 ± 0.239 ng/ml in glaucoma, and 0.970 ± 0.445 ng/ml in cataract patients.) Dopamine was found in two of six cataract patients (0.123 and 0.318 ng/ml), and in all the glaucoma group (0.221 ± 0.170 ng/ml). Plasma noradrenaline concentration was probably increase in glaucoma, when compared to the cataract patients.These results confirm our findings in the non‐human primate, and suggest that adrenaline may act, at least in part, by causing denervation or inhibition of noradrenaline release in the anterior segment of the eye, and probably by release of dopamine into the aqueous humour. The unexplained and new finding of dopamine in the aqueous humour may have some bearing on the action of dopaminergic drugs for the treatment of glaucoma. Future treatment of ocular hypertension may rely more on sympathetic denervation than on conventional adrenergic therapy.
SOLITARY SILENT VENOUS PAPILLARY LOOPS AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: WEST R. H. , CEBON L. , GRANT G. , GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of 24 eyes in 23 patients is described showing solitary silent venous papillary loops. These loops are usually associated with a considerable degree of ocular hypertension, presenting when this hypertension is being investigated. They are silent, usually with no previous ocular history, single with a large diameter, affecting veins at the optic disc and not extending into the vitreous. The optic disc is cupped, but usually not more than 0.6 disc diameter, there is good central vision and either a full visual field or only early field loss. Fluorescein angiography shows the loops to be competent with no evidence of any other retinal vascular abnormality. Rarely loss of central vision may occur due to progression to advanced glaucoma.The condition is distinct from prepapillary vascular arterial papillary loops, neovascularization at the optic disc and optociliary shunt vessels. It is also distinct from the venous collateral vessels which develop at the optic disc after acute central or branch retinal vein occlusion. These collaterals are usually multiple, the accompanying ocular hypertension is of lesser degree, cupping of the disc and field loss are usually much more advanced and, while visual acuity may be normal, it is often grossly reduced. On fluorescein angiography all these cases of venous collaterals after retinal vein occlusion showed evidence of other retinal vascular dysfunction.Solitary silent venous papillary loops appear to develop from venules on the optic disc as a bypass to a low grade venous occlusion which is seldom clinically manifest. They form a distinct entity with a good prognosis if the accompanying ocular hypertension is carefully controlled.
PATTERN FORMATION IN THE RETINAL GANGLION CELL LAYER AND VISUAL BRAIN CENTRES
Authors: BEAZLEY L. D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDevelopment of adult patterns of cell distribution in the retinal ganglion cell layer from an approximately even initial topography are described for frogs and mammals. An area centralis and visual streak form in the frog only after metamorphosis, probably by the greater addition of cells to the ciliary margin nasally and temporally than dorsally and ventrally. By contrast, in mammals all cells destined to occupy the ganglion cell layer are generated before the area centralis and visual streak are formed. Patterns of cell death seem unlikely to explain changing cell distributions within the ganglion cell population and we are currently documenting patterns of cell migration to address this issue.The formation of specific connections between retinal ganglion cells and their partner cells in the brains of lower vertebrates is also discussed. At stages before optic axon outgrowth the eye already contains positional information to determine formation of appropriate central connections. Optic nerve regeneration studies in frogs indicate that positional cues are available in visual centres. However, interactions between fibres can overwhelm any such cues, allowing an orderly shift in connections to accomodate changes in the relative numbers of ganglion cells and their partner cells in the brain. Thus in the frog, retinotopicity is maintained during the postmetamorphic increase in ganglion cell number associated with area centralis and visual streak formation, despite an absence of central cell division. Similarly, an entire visual field in time becomes represented in an orderly fashion within the remaining portion of a partially ablated mature visual centre. Interactions between fibres are also considered responsible for the formation of ocular dominance columns, such as those found in binocular regions of the mammalian visual cortex. The role of visual experience is usually to refine and maintain the precise patterns of connectivity established by ontogenetic mechanisms.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTIC NERVE IN RODENTS
Authors: SEFTON ANN JERVIE , HORSBURGH GWYNN M. , LAM KIT 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn mammals, normal visual function depends upon both the retinotopic organization of visual nuclei and their interconnections. We have investigated in rodents some developmental mechanisms contributing to this organization.On embryonic day 14, in the rat, retinal ganglion cells first project axons through glial channels on the retinal surface before reaching the optic stalk. We suggest that the sequence in which axons enter the stalk (central before peripheral) and their prominent fasciculation impose some retinotopic order amongst the emerging optic nerve fibres.At birth (embryonic day 21) there are over 240 000 axons in the optic nerve, all non‐myelinated. However, within one week, the number falls to the adult value (100 000) and myelination, complete in the adult, commences. Axons lost include some which misproject–to the opposite eye or to inappropriate parts of central visual regions. The number of surviving retinal ganglion cells depends on the amount of appropriate target tissue available.It is well established that removal of one eye early in development increases the survival of axons in the remaining optic nerve. However, in a group of adult mice with congenital unilateral anophthalmia, we counted only 21 000 optic axons in the remaining nerve compared with the 31 000 in normal mice of the same strain. Degenerating axons were observed, suggesting that the defect is not a simple developmental failure, but is associated with active degenerative processes throughout life.
VARIATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF ADNEXAL TUMOURS
Authors: LEW HENRY R. , SHEPPARD COLIN L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree interesting cases in which unconventional treatment has been very successful are presented. The first was a fibrous histiocytoma of the conjunctiva which recurred twice after apparently complete surgical excision, but which responded to immunotherapy using dinitrochlorobenzene. The second was a squamous cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid treated by total surgical excision of the lid; the wound was allowed to heal by granulation with an excellent cosmetic result. The third was a squamous cell carcinoma of the limbus treated by lamellar excision with the Crock Contact‐lens Corneal Cutter; the wound was allowed to granulate, and in so doing, caused negligible astigmatism.
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY AND THE OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMAS
Authors: GOLDBERG IVAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractArgon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) was used to treat 237 eyes of 156 presurgicalpatients with various open‐angle glaucomas. Patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma formed the largest group; intraocular pressure (IOP) control judged clinically to be adequate was achieved in 77.3% of eyes. Eyes with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma demonstrated the greatest IOP reduction achieving control in 90.7%. Eyes with combined‐mechanism glaucoma underwent argon laser iridectomy prior to ALT. One month after ALT the IOP was considered adequate in 70% of eyes. ALT may benefit eyes with low‐tension glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and aphakic open‐angle glaucoma. Treatment failures were frequent in eyes with angle recession and uveitis. Complications included IOP elevation (7.8%) and mild iritis; technique modifications minimized their frequency and intensity. ALT demonstrated an excellent benefit‐to‐risk ratio. Its effect additive to medications, ALT often permitted a reduction in the medical regimen, but rarely cessation of drug therapy. ALT is recommended as an alternative to drainage surgery.
ROD‐CONE INTERACTION: MECHANISM AND SIGNIFICANCE IN INVESTIGATING RETINAL DISEASE
Authors: ARDEN G. B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe are all accustomed to the eye becoming more sensitive when we go into darkness. The subject of this paper is a condition where exactly the reverse occurs, which is of interest, partly because of its paradoxical nature, and partly because of the implications for investigation of retinal disease. The work was done in collaboration with Mr C. H. Hogg of Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Professor T E. Frumkes, of the Department of Psychology, CUNY.
HUMAN EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOMYIASIS CAUSED BY THE HORSE BOT FLY LARVA (Gasterophilus spp.)
Authors: MEDOWNICK MARK , LAZARUS MARK , FINKELSTEIN ERNEST , WEINER JOHN M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report the case of a 20‐year‐old woman who presented with a subconjunctival maggot. The maggot was removed and identified as the larval form of the horse bot fly (Gasterophilus spp J The patient had been grooming infected horses in a stable prior to presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first well documented case in the ophthalmic literature of external ophthalmomyiasis caused by Gasterophilus spp.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES IN SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL KERATOPATHY
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , GILLIES WILLIAM E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of five cases is described in which superficial punctate keratopathy was associated with endothelial cell changes. The most striking change was the presence of dark areas or blebs, usually two to four cell diameters in extent. There was also distortion and crumpling of the corneal endothelium, mild pleomorphism and polymegathism of the endothelial cells, with a reduced cell count in some cases. These blebs have previously been reported in hard and soft contact lens wearers and are due to intercellular oedema with separation of endothelial cells from Descemet's membrane. Anoxia and interference with osmosis have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the production of these blebs, but our cases demonstrate that fine disruption of the corneal epithelium can affect the integrity of the corneal endothelium and may lead to significant damage over a Ion period of time.
DEEP CORNEAL STROMAL OPACITIES WITH CONTACT LENSES
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , WESTMORE RODNEY , ROBERTSON IAN F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo patients with deep corneal stromal opacities occurring after prolonged contact lens wear are described. The opacities were associated with folds or striae in Descemet's membrane which they overlay. Development of the opacities was associated with ocular discomfort, photophobia, reduced vision and a history of prolonged daily wearing times. Although the corneal endothelial cell counts were within the normal range, the count was reduced in the affected eye in the patient with the unilateral deep stromal opacity and there was mild polymegathism of the endothelial cells. It is possible that the long‐term effects of subtle endothelial cell changes may cause a keratopathy with later scarring and opacification. Poor oxygen trans‐missibility, carbon dioxide build‐up, or suction effects by the lens may all be aetiological factors. Early recognition and treatment, particularly with a better fitting lens of high oxygen transmissibility is important, as once developed the opacities regress only slowly and may result in permanent visual impairment.
BILATERAL DIFFUSE MELANOCYTIC UVEAL TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
Authors: FILIPIC M. , AMBLER J. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of bilateral diffuse melanocytic uveal tumours /n a 34‐year‐old male in association with a systemic carcinoma is described clinically, by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy Although the reports of such cases are extremely rare, they do not necessarily represent a new syndrome.
THE VICRYL TIE TECHNIQUE FOR INSERTING A DRAINING IMPLANT IN THE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
Authors: MOLTENO A. C. B. , POLKINGHORNE P. J. , BOWBYES J. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have reviously described surgical techniues for draining severe cases of secondary glaucoma by means of an artificial implant. Wherever possible these implants have been inserted in two stages The technique involved suturing the episcleral plates of the implant to the sclera without connecting them to the chamber as the first procedure Following this procedure the presence of the plates cause the surrounding tissue to form a thin fibrous envelope called a preformed bleb cavity After a suitable interval of between six and eight weeks the connecting tube of the implant was inserted into the anterio chamber so as to drain aqueous into this preformed bleb cavity This manoeuvre drastically reduced the incidence of postoperative hypotony and has proved a safe and effective techniqueThis communication reports an improvement on this technique in which the connecting tube of the implant is occluded by a ligature of 5–0 vicryl before inserting the tube into the anterior chamber through a fine needle puncture, at the same time as the episcleral plates of the implant are sutured to the sclera The effect of this procedure is thus to prevent any drainage of aqueous until three to five weeks after operation when the vicryl suture material dissolves, allowing aqueous to drain into the preformed bleb system lined by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue. This technique provides the advantages of the previous two‐stage technique without the need for a second operation.The surgical technique is described together with the results of treating a series of 20 eyes with severe secondary glaucoma
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE INFERIOR RECTUS MUSCLE
Authors: INGHAM PETER N. , McGOVERN STEPHEN T. , CROMPTON JOHN L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of unilateral congenital absence of the inferior rectus muscle is presented. Absences of extraocular muscles, either singly or in combination, are rare, but isolated reports have been published. The abnormalities have been reported as occurring with increased frequency in craniofacial dysostoses, notably Crouzon's disease.In the case reported here, the abnormality was discovered during planned vertical muscle surgery for a large left hypertropia. lnfraplacement of the horizontal recti was performed at a later date. Computerised axial tomography (CAT) scanning confirmed the absence of the inferior rectus. The embryogenesis of the extraocular muscles is briefly discussed.