bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spray Deposition from Ground‐based Applications of Carbaryl to Protect Individual Trees from Bark Beetle Attack
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Munson A. Steven , McKelvey Stephen R. , Bush Parshall B. , Borys Robert R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are recognized as the most important tree mortality agent in western coniferous forests. A common method of protecting trees from bark beetle attack is to saturate the tree bole with carbaryl (1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate) using a hydraulic sprayer. In this study, we evaluate the amount of carbaryl drift (ground deposition) occurring at four distances from the tree bole (7.6, 15.2, 22.9, and 38.1 m) during conventional spray applications for protecting individual lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) attack and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) from spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) attack. Mean deposition (carbaryl + α‐naphthol) did not differ significantly among treatments (nozzle orifices) at any distance from the tree bole. Values ranged from 0.04 ± 0.02 mg carbaryl m−2 at 38.1 m to 13.30 ± 2.54 mg carbaryl m−2 at 7.6 m. Overall, distance from the tree bole significantly affected the amount of deposition. Deposition was greatest 7.6 m from the tree bole and quickly declined as distance from the tree bole increased. Approximately 97% of total spray deposition occurred within 15.2 m of the tree bole. Application efficiency (i.e., percentage of insecticide applied that is retained on trees) ranged from 80.9 to 87.2%. Based on review of the literature, this amount of drift poses little threat to adjacent aquatic environments. No‐spray buffers of 7.6 m should be sufficient to protect freshwater fish, amphibians, crustaceans, bivalves, and most aquatic insects. Buffers >22.9 m appear sufficient to protect the most sensitive aquatic insects (Plecoptera).
Herbicide Incorporation by Irrigation and Tillage Impact on Runoff Loss
Authors: Potter Thomas L. , Truman Clint C. , Strickland Timothy C. , Bosch David D. , Webster Theodore M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRunoff from farm fields is a common source of herbicide residues in surface waters. Incorporation by irrigation has the potential to reduce herbicide runoff risks. To assess impacts, rainfall was simulated on plots located in a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field in Georgia's Atlantic Coastal Plain region after pre‐emergence application of metolachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐[(1S)‐2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl]‐acetamide) and pendimethalin (N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitro‐benzenamine). Runoff, sediment, and herbicide loss as function of strip tillage (ST) versus conventional tillage (CT) were compared with and without irrigation (12.5 mm) after application of an herbicide tank mixture. For the CT system, metolachlor runoff was reduced 2× and pendimethalin 1.2× when compared with the non‐irrigated treatment. The difference in irrigated and non‐irrigated metolachlor means was significant (P = 0.05). Irrigation reduced metolachlor runoff by 1.3× in the ST system, but there was a 1.4× increase for pendimethalin. Overall results indicated that irrigation incorporation reduces herbicide runoff with the greatest impact when CT is practiced and products like metolachlor, which have relatively low Koc and high water solubility, are used. The lower ST system response was likely due to a combination of spray interception and retention by the ST system cover crop mulch and higher ST soil organic carbon content and less total runoff. During the study, the measured Koc of both herbicides on runoff sediment was found to vary with tillage and irrigation after herbicide application. Generally, Koc was higher for ST sediment and when irrigation incorporation was used with the CT system. These results have significant implications for simulation model parametization.
Study of CuI catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl bromides with imidazole and aliphatic amines under microwave dielectric heating
Authors: Veverková Eva , Toma Štefan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAmination of a variety of functionalized aryl bromides with imidazole and primary and secondary amines was accomplished using a CuI/amino acid catalyst system under microwave heating. Application of microwave irradiation shortened the reaction time from 25–40 h to 6–20 min. Good to very good yields of the corresponding coupling products were obtained when imidazole and secondary amines were used as starting materials. In case of primary amines, the outcome of the reaction was dependent on the character of the substituent on aryl bromide.
Screening of Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot and Sclerotinia Blight in the Greenhouse
Authors: Hollowell J. E. , Isleib T. G. , Tallury S. P. , Copeland S. C. , Shew B. B. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum and Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor are two economically important diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in the Virginia-Carolina production area. Developing cultivars with resistance to both diseases requires screening of new peanut breeding lines for resistance. Because field evaluations of resistance to these diseases often fail to produce usable results, greenhouse protocols were used to screen breeding lines and cultivars for resistance. For CBR, two seeds of a genotype were planted in a “cone-tainer” filled with a planting medium artificially infested with 25 microsclerotia of C. parasiticum per g of medium. After approximately 8 wk, the roots were washed and rated for degree of decay on a 0–5 proportional scale (0  =  no decay to 5  =  completely decayed). For Sclerotinia blight, plants were inoculated at 6 wk after planting by pushing a plug of potato dextrose agar (PDA) colonized by S. minor and protected from desiccation in a BEEM embedding capsule onto a freshly cut petiole on the main stem of the plant. Inoculated plants were placed in a mist chamber to maintain the high humidity necessary for infection. Lesion lengths were measured 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after inoculation, and areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) were calculated. All tests were conducted as incomplete block designs with six replications for CBR tests and four replications for Sclerotinia blight tests. Adjusted entry means were computed from each year's tests and used in summary analyses. Of the 125 breeding lines and checks tested at least once from 2003 through 2006, 51 were tested in at least two years, 34 in at least three years, and 15 lines were tested in all four years. Of the 15 lines tested in all four years, registered germplasm line N96076L had the lowest AUDPC for Sclerotinia blight (58 mm days), but had the greatest CBR root decay score (4.1 decay rating units). Several closely related breeding lines descended from a cross of N96076L and NC 12C were not significantly different from the most resistant line for either disease with scores ranging from 2.2–3.0 decay rating units for CBR and 63–99 mm days for Sclerotinia blight. Correlations of multiple-year greenhouse assay means with field disease incidence means were 0.83 for CBR and 0.35 for Sclerotinia blight. The greenhouse assay for CBR was a reasonably good predictor of field performance, but the assay for Sclerotinia blight was less reliable as a predictor.
Genotype-by-Environment Interactions for Flavor Attributes of Breeding Lines in the Uniform Peanut Performance Test
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Tillman B. L. , Pattee H. E. , Sanders T. H. , Hendrix K. W. , Dean L. O. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Peanut flavor is influenced by several groups of factors: environmental, genetic, and interaction between them. This study evaluated the relative contributions of these factors using data from the USDA-ARS program of sensory quality testing of samples from the multi-state Uniform Peanut Performance Tests (UPPT). Data were subjected to restricted maximum likelihood estimation of variance components reflecting the main effects of year, production region, location within regions, genotype, and kernel grade within genotype, and the interactions among these main effects. Genetic variation was relatively small (0.0 to 9.5% of total variation) while environmental variation, particularly that due to years, was large. Year-by-genotype interaction was large for roast color and intensities of the roasted peanut and sweet aromatic attributes. Estimates of repeatability (R) for sensory attributes were low, even based on means measured across multiple locations and two years, except for that of the sweet attribute (R  =  0.10 for a single observation and R  =  0.34 for a mean across two years of UPPT testing). Breeders should be able to reliably identify lines with superior sweet attribute intensity, but identification of lines with intense roasted peanut attribute will be more difficult.
Introduction to Spectral Imaging, and Applications to Diagnosis of Lymph Nodes
Authors: Romeo Melissa J. , Dukor Rina K. , Diem Max 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces the field of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and discusses the advances made to date in terms of biomedical diagnosis. The reader is introduced to the spectral signatures of typical cellular components, and the need for an objective method for cancer diagnosis is discussed. Besides an overview of typical instrumentation and components, this chapter provides a working application, namely the diagnosis of metastatic cancer in lymph nodes. Through this application methods of sample preparation, data acquisition and data preprocessing and analysis are discussed.
Antemortem Identification of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) from Serum by Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Lasch Peter , Beekes Michael , Fabian Heinz , Naumann Dieter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes a methodology to diagnose transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of terminally ill or preclinically infected animals from serum by a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. Within the scope of experimental and field studies, it could be shown that scrapie infections in hamsters and BSE infections in cattle are associated with reproducible disease‐related structural and compositional alterations in the sera of infected donors. Fingerprint analyses of the IR serum pattern by artificial neural networks allowed the identification of infected individuals with an accuracy of prediction of larger than 90%.
Chromosome 5 and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Linkage in a large pedigree and association study of six candidates in the region
Authors: Laurin Nancy , Wigg Karen G. , Feng Yu , Sandor Paul , Barr Cathy L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by both motor and vocal tics. In our previous genome scan for TS we identified evidence for linkage to the centromeric region of chromosome 5 in a single large family of 32 individuals with 10 family members with TS or chronic multiple tics (CMT). In this paper we report further analyses of the 5p‐centromeric region in this pedigree. An additional 11 family members were identified and screened for TS. Using a set of 14 microsatellite markers we refined the linked region to a ∼28 Mb interval between the markers D5S1506 and D5S76. A set of six candidate genes located in this region were selected to be tested for genetic association with TS. These genes were GDNF, ITGA1, ISL1, FGF10, HCN1 and SLC1A3. The TDT statistic was used for the association tests in a sample of 171 independent nuclear families with 241 affected children with TS. We found no evidence for an association between TS and markers in these genes in this sample of families. This study represents the first efforts to narrow the linkage region in the extended pedigree and the first tests of candidate genes in the chromosome 5 region linked to TS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ranging patterns and habitat use of Sulawesi Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in a human‐modified habitat
Authors: Riley Erin P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe goal of this study was to investigate the ecological flexibility of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) by examining how they respond to human‐induced habitat alteration. To do so, I observed movement patterns, forest strata use, microhabitat use, and home range use in two groups that occupied habitats with different levels of human alteration and habitat quality in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The group occupying the heavily altered habitat (Anca) spent a significantly greater proportion of time traveling on the ground than the group in minimally altered habitat (CH), and significantly more time than expected in microhabitats within their range that were characterized by greater alteration (e.g., agroforestry areas). There was no significant difference between the two groups in daily path length, despite differences in group size. The Anca group exhibited a greater home range area per individual than the CH group, and utilized a more limited area within their home range with greater intensity, relative to the CH group. Tonkean macaques therefore show considerable flexibility in response to anthropogenic disturbance by adjusting their use of forest strata to facilitate travel and increase foraging opportunities and by intensively using particular areas within their home range where known resources are present and predictably available. Am. J. Primatol. 70:670–679, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the macaques
Authors: Nakayama Kazuhiro , Shotake Takayoshi , Takeneka Osamu , Ishida Takafumi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMelanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a G‐coupled seven‐transmembrane receptor protein, plays a key role in the regulation of melanin synthesis in mammals. Sequence variation of the MC1R gene (MC1R) has been associated with pigmentation phenotypes in humans and in several animal species. The macaques (genus Macaca) are known to show a marked inter‐specific variation in coat color although the causative genetic variation remains unclear. We investigated nucleotide sequences of the MC1R in 67 individuals of 18 macaque species with different coat color phenotypes including black and agouti. Twenty‐eight amino acid replacements were identified in the macaques, but none of these amino acid replacements could explain the black coat color of Macaca silenus and the Sulawesi macaque species. Our molecular evolutionary analysis has revealed that nonsynonymous substitution/synonymous substitution (dN/dS) ratio of the MC1R has not been uniform in the macaque groups and, moreover, their coat color and dN/dS ratio were not related. These results suggest that the MC1R is unlikely to be responsible for the coat color variation of the macaques and functions of MC1R other than pigmentation might be associated with the different selective pressures on the MC1R in macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 70:778–785, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modification of biodegradable polylactide by silica and wood flour through a sol–gel process
Authors: Wu Chin‐San , Liao Hsin‐Tzu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of this work is the production of new biodegradable nanocomposites from polylactide (PLA), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and wood flour (WF) by means of an in‐situ sol–gel process and a melt blending method. Characterizations of SiO2, PLA, and hybrids were performed by FTIR, 29Si solid‐state NMR, XRD, DSC, TGA, and SEM analyses. As the results, the SiO2 can be well dispersed into the acrylic acid grafted polylactide (PLA‐g‐AA) in nanoscale sizes since the TEOS is partially compatible with PLA‐g‐AA and allows PLA‐g‐AA chains intercalating into SiO2 layers. 29Si solid‐state NMR analysis showed that Si atoms coordinated around SiO4 units were predominantly Q3 and Q4. The PLA‐g‐AA/SiO2 hybrid demonstrates dramatic enhancement in thermal and mechanical properties of PLA; for example, 80°C and 20 MPa increases in IDT and TS with the addition of 10 wt % SiO2 due to the formation of SiOC bond, and the nanoscale dispersion of silicate layers in the polymer matrix. On the basis of the consideration of thermal and mechanical properties, it is also found that 10 wt % of SiO2 content is optimal for preparation of PLA‐g‐AA/SiO2 nanocomposites. The biodegradable nanocomposites produced from our laboratory can provide a plateau tensile strength at break when the WF content is up to 50 wt %. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of some additives on the performance of wood flour/polyolefin composites
Authors: Mansour S. H. , Asaad J. N. , Iskander B. A , Tawfik S. Y. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different additives, namely, maleic anhydride, alumina trihydrate (ATH), and a mixture of both on wood flour/polyolefin (50/50) composite samples. The polyolefins used were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and a mixture of both PE and PP (50/50 w/w). The effects were studied in terms of the percentage water absorption, volumetric swelling efficiency, and mechanical and electrical properties. We found that the absorption of water and volumetric swelling were greatly retarded after 3 weeks in all of the wood flour/polyolefin composite samples containing various additives. It is also clear from the results that the mechanical properties were enhanced. The presence of ATH improved the electrical properties and enhanced the thermal stability of the wood flour composites. Generally, the PE composite samples gave better results compared to the PP ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of cooling rate on the thermal behavior and solid‐state morphologies of polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Xie Yuping , Noda Isao , Akpalu Yvonne A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe influence of cooling rates on the thermal behavior and solid‐state morphologies of polyhydroxyalkanoates have been investigated. The thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structures (∼ Å), lamellar (tens of nanometers), fibrillar (several hundred nanometers), and spherulitic (∼ μm) morphologies of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and the copolymers of poly (3‐hydroxybutyric acid‐co‐3‐hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) and poly (3‐hydroxybutyric acid‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoic acid) (PHBHx) crystallized under different cooling rates were studied using simultaneous small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X‐ray scattering, simultaneous ultra small angle X‐ray scattering (USAXS) and SAXS, and polarized optical microscopy, respectively. The experimental results showed that the lamellar and spherulitic morphologies depended strongly on cooling rates. However, there was little influence of cooling rates on the crystal structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Characterization of an IκB‐like gene in Cotesia vestalis polydnavirus
Authors: Chen Ya‐Feng , Shi Min , Liu Peng‐Cheng , Huang Fang , Chen Xue‐xin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCotesia vestalis (Braconidae, Hymenoptera) depends mainly on 3 regulatory factors to manipulate its host's development and immune response, including polydnavirus, venom, and teratocytes, among which polydnavirus plays a key role in suppressing the host immune system. In the present work, we cloned the full sequence of gene CvBV‐ank2, encoding an IκB‐like protein in C. vestalis polydnavirus (CvBV). The full sequence of CvBV‐ank2 is 955 bp, encoding 162 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18,355 Da. CvBV‐ank2 shares high similarity with the exon I and exon II of CvBV‐ank1, which is on the same segment with CvBV‐ank2. This result suggests that gene duplication might occur in CvBV‐ank1 and CvBV‐ank2. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CvBV‐ank2 and CvBV‐ank1, both on segment CvBV‐S2, are, respectively, closely related with CcBV―26.3 and CcBV―26.2, both on segment Circle26 of C. congregata polydnavirus (CcBV). BLAST search using the sequence of segment CvBV‐S2 as a query revealed that segment CvBV‐S2 shares 90% max identity with segment Circle26 of CcBV over 67% query coverage. These results demonstrate that there is not only gene similarity, but also segment similarity between CvBV and CcBV. Transcripts of CvBV‐ank2 were detected as early as 0.5 h post‐parasitization and continued to be detected for 6 days, indicating that CvBV‐ank2 might be involved in the early protection of the parasitoid egg. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and validation of a novel bioreactor system for load‐ and perfusion‐controlled tissue engineering of chondrocyte‐constructs
Authors: Schulz Ronny M. , Wüstneck Nico , van Donkelaar Corrinus C. , Shelton Julia C. , Bader Augustinus 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a severe socio‐economical disease, for which a suitable treatment modality does not exist. Tissue engineering of cartilage transplants is the most promising method to treat focal cartilage defects. However, current culturing procedures do not yet meet the requirements for clinical implementation. This article presents a novel bioreactor device for the functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage which enables cyclic mechanical loading combined with medium perfusion over long periods of time, under controlled cultivation and stimulation conditions whilst ensuring system sterility. The closed bioreactor consists of a small, perfused, autoclavable, twin chamber culture device with a contactless actuator for mechanical loading. Uni‐axial loading is guided by externally applied magnetic fields with real‐time feedback‐control from a platform load cell and an inductive proximity sensor. This precise measurement allows the development of the mechanical properties of the cultured tissue to be monitored in real‐time. This is an essential step towards clinical implementation, as it allows accounting for differences in the culture procedure induced by patient‐variability. This article describes, based on standard agarose hydrogels of 3 mm height and 10 mm diameter, the technical concept, implementation, scalability, reproducibility, precision, and the calibration procedures of the whole bioreactor instrument. Particular attention is given to the contactless loading system by which chondrocyte scaffolds can be compressed at defined loading frequencies and magnitudes, whilst maintaining an aseptic cultivation procedure. In a “proof of principle” experiment, chondrocyte seeded agarose gels were cultured for 21 days in the bioreactor system. Intermittent medium perfusion at a steady flow rate (0.5 mL/min) was applied. Sterility and cell viability (ds‐DNA quantification and fluorometric live/dead staining) were preserved in the system. Flow induced shear stress stimulated sGAG (sulfated glycosaminoglycan) content (DMMB assay) after 21 days, which was confirmed by histological staining of Alcian blue and by immunostaining of Aggrecan. Experimental data on mechanotransduction and long‐term studies on the beneficial effects of combined perfusion and different mechanical loading patterns on chondrocyte seeded scaffolds will be published separately. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 714–728. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.