bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand von Richthofen als Erforscher Chinas. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung und Verarbeitung von Reisebeobachtungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus
Authors: Wardenga Ute 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis contribution is focussed on origin and digestion of voyage‐observation during the age of imperialism. Interpretation of Ferdinand von Richthofen's diary notes taken of his voyages through China (1868–1872) makes evident, that a gradual chance of contents of his observations had taken place. A merely imperialistic formulation of the questions at the beginning progrades towards an approach to understand land and people.A comparison of this observation contents with later publications of Richthofen about China shows, that they were again changed under the auspices of German imperialistic politics in favour of far‐reaching geopolitical speculations. This change takes place within the scientific community, where Richthofen had made a career by then. Amongst others the reason was to consolidate the newly established discipline of geography at German universities. Richthofen's geopolitical speculations thus formulated became the base for the occupation of the bay of Kiautschou by German forces during 1897.
The Indo‐European Telegraph System 1868–1931: Politics and Technical Change
Authors: Fuchs Margot 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Technikgeschichte der telegraphischen Überlandverbindung zwischen London und Kalkutta konzentrierte sich bisher zumeist auf den Bau der Linie. In dieser Arbeit liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Entwicklung der Telegraphenapparate und dem Versuch, die ‘automatische’ Sendeweise einzuführen.
Der Naturwissenschaftler und sein Körper. Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte aus anthropologischer Perspektive
Authors: Kutschmann Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince it's early days modern science is confronted with the following dilemma: Scientific investigation of nature requires the availability of the scientist's body in nearly all of its activities, though on the other hand science feels obliged to minimalize any influence of this body for methodological reasons. How has science dealt with this dilemma? How has it managed to keep the balance between using the body in favour of knowledge and keeping the required distance to it? In answering these questions the paper tries to reconstruct the history of early modern science from an anthropological perspective.
Briefe im 19. Jahrhundert als wissenschaftshistorische Quelle. Dargestellt am Beispiel des Briefwechsels des Apothekers A. P. J. Du Menil (1777–1852)
Authors: Friedrich Christoph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of scientific communication of pharmacists in the 19th century. 89 letters were analysed both written received by August Peter Julius Du Menil (1777–1852). In the paper also a summary is given about the importance of extensive activity of the pharmacist Du Menil. He was be in correspondence with 39 scientists, for instance 13 physicans and 12 pharmacists. The letters are an interesting document about scientific community in the 19th century.
Die Berechnung von Wasserfluten. Tideforschung in den Niederlanden, 1920–1960
Authors: van Den Ende Jan , De Jong Frida 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the first half of this century a computing problem became evident in the course of preparatory research for major hydraulic projects in the Netherlands. One of the most novel problems was to predict the changes in the tidal movements caused by hydraulic works in coastal waters. Between 1920 and 1960 several solutions were proposed and put into practice: numerical methods, contracting young men for the calculations, analogue electronical networks and large scale models. The amount of computing labour played a decisive part in the choice between these methods. After a storm surge in 1953 causing estensive inundations in the southern part of The Netherlands, the requirements of the Delta Works project gave an enormous impetus to all three types of methods.
Lügen ist überhaupt das Kennzeichen unserer. Zeit Über einen unveröffentlichten Briefwechsel zwischen Max Born und Friedrich Herneck
Authors: Wessel Karl‐Friedrich , Koch Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe East Berlin marxist Friedrich Herneck and Max Born, Nobel Price winner in physics, exchanged more than 140 letters in the years between 1958 and 1970. In the beginning they discussed problems of the history of science, especially Born's personal memories of the development of physics in the 20th century. In later years they discussed political and social problems too. Only in these letters Born expressed clearly his attitude to communism and the social system of East Germany.
Treatment of experimentally induced Lantana poisoning in sheep
Authors: McSweeney Christopher S. , Pass Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLantana poisoning was induced in sheep by giving 4 g kg−1 Lantana camara orally. When the contents of the rumen were removed from sheep three or six days after giving them lantana and placed into the empty rumens of normal sheep, the recipient sheep became intoxicated. Administration of purgatives such as raw linseed oil or Glauber's salts orally, or administration of bethanechol subcutaneously failed to stimulate rumen motility in lantana poisoned sheep and are therefore unlikely to be effective in eliminating residual toxin from the rumen. Intravenous administration of a multiple electrolyte solution to lantana poisoned sheep improved rumen motility, and motility was increased even more when 2–3 1 of freshly collected rumen liquid was given orally to rehydrated animals. However, these treatments did not restore motility to normal and animals treated by these methods did not survive the intoxications. The effect of manually removing the rumen contents from sheep with lantana poisoning was studied in sheep with chronically‐implanted rumen cannulae. When the rumen contents were removed from sheep three days after lantana was given and replaced with fresh rumen contents or a multiple electrolyte solution, there was a significant increase in survival compared with untreated sheep. Removal of rumen contents at six days and replacement with fresh rumen contents or simulated rumen contents containing a buffered mixture (pH 6.7, ‐ 330 mV) of lucerne and rumen liquid, also significantly increased survival, but replacement with a multiple electrolyte solution did not. It is concluded that lantana poisoning can be treated by removing the residual toxin from the rumen and re‐establishing rumen fermentation.
Acute toxicity of some alkylaminocyclohexane carbonitriles, probable contaminants of phencyclidine analogs
Authors: Clark C. Randall , Wall George M. , Davidson Priscilla P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe acute toxicities of seven alkylaminocyclohexanecarbonitriles, probable contaminants of Phencyclidine analogs, were investigated in Swiss male mice and i.p. LD50 values were obtained. The LD50 value of each nitrile was significantly increased (two‐ to three‐fold) using sodium nitrite pretreated mice.
Acrylonitrile solubility in human blood: Determination of the Ostwald partition coefficient
Authors: Cheng L. , Jaeger R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn in vitro head space method was used to determine the Ostwald partition coefficient (OPC) of acrylonitrile in the following liquids: lactated Ringer's solution, fresh rat blood, fresh human blood, outdated human blood and cellular fractions of either fresh or outdated human blood. Fresh human blood cells have the strongest affinity for acrylonitrile (OPC >700). Fresh whole human blood has a lower OPC, approximately 500. Lactated Ringer's solution, outdated human blood and water had lower OPC values, approximately 200.
Tissue distribution and metabolism of O‐(4‐methoxyphenylcarbamoyl)‐3‐diethylaminopropiophenone oxime hydrochloride (USVP‐E142) in the rat
Authors: Gollamudi Ramachander , Glassman Jerome M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe disposition of 0‐(4‐methoxyphenylcarbamoyl)‐3‐diethylaminopropiophenone oxime‐(carbonyl)‐14C hydrochloride in the rat was studied in vivo and in vitro. Upon oral administration, radioactivity was detected within 15 min in many tissues, including the brain. The lung and the liver had the highest levels. The first‐order rate constant for the disappearance of 14C from the stomach was 8.2 × 10−3 min−1 for fasted and 5.7 × 10−3 min−1 for non‐fasted rats. Most of the radioactivity was eliminated in the form of 14CO2. The major metabolic pathway appears to be the hydrolysis of the carbamoyl bond followed by decarboxylation of the resultant carbamic acid, leading to the liberation of CO2. Bis(p‐methoxyphenyl)urea and 3‐diethylamino‐4′‐hydroxypropiophenone were identified as urinary metabolites.
Platinum determination in plasma and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Cano J. P. , Catalin J. , Bues‐Charbit M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is described for the measurement of total platinum in plasma and urine, using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, which is sensitive and reproducible enough to permit pharmacokinetic studies on cis‐dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). The plasma platinum concentrations are determined after ten‐fold dilution in 0.5% nitric acid, and urine is analysed after twenty‐fold dilution in distilled water. The use of tantalized‐treated graphite furnaces prior to each dosing series allows one to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility of measurements. A comparative study made on the classic method, which consists of introducing samples manually, and an original automatic one, confirms the latter's superiority. By taking ten measurements, the reproducibility of the injections is 1.89% for calibration points containing 100 ng ml−1 of platinum and is 2.47% for those containing 35 ng ml−1 of platinum. The reproducibility of the method was determined on plasma samples to which cis‐DPP had been added, using an automatic sample injection system. It varies between 4.73% and 2.93% for platinum concentrations between 0.32 μg ml−1 and 2.61 μg ml−1. This represents the range of the concentrations observed in the kinetic studies. The absolute detection limit of platinum is 10 ng ml−1.
Naloxone treatment of acute alcoholic or benzodiazepine intoxication
Authors: Malizia E. , Cerbo R. , Ambrosini M. , Russo A. , Smeriglio M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNaloxone (0.8–1.6 mg i.v.) effectively counteracted the clinical signs associated with benzodiazepine intoxication in 9 out of 10 emergency room patients. Naloxone (0.8–2.8 mg i.v.) also favorably influenced the state of consciousness in 9 out of 9 alcohol‐intoxicated patients. In cases of acute narcotic overdose, the action of naloxone is almost immediate. Since a longer time was required for naloxone to counteract benzodiazepine or alcohol intoxication, the mechanism of action may be different from that implied in narcotic overdose. In the present cases, naloxone may have acted directly on the respiratory or consciousness centres of the brain.
Inorganic lead in man's environment: Sources and toxicological significance
Authors: Hammond P. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMajor anthropogenic sources of lead in the general population are solder in canned foods and lead in air, originating from auto emissions and various industrial sources. In the US, approximately ten percent of total dietary lead originates from solder. The contribution of airborne lead to total daily lead absorption varies with air lead concentration in a non‐linear fashion. Incremental rise in blood lead concentration decreases progressively with increasing air lead concentration and with the magnitude of blood lead concentrations derived from other sources. Hand‐to‐mouth transfer of lead from dust is a significant added source of lead in young children. Ingestions of flakes and chips of paint is probably still a significant problem when blood lead concentrations are grossly elevated. The major unresolved issue as to toxic effects in children concerns subtle neurobehavioral deficits. As yet, there is no clear knowledge as to the degree of exposure which causes these effects, nor as to the importance of age and duration of exposure as determinants of sensitivity. Occupational exposure, even at relatively moderate levels, causes a decrement in hemoglobin concentration, and reduction in the functional reserve of the kidneys. Recent studies conducted by two groups of investigators in the US indicate that a substantial number of workers in lead smelters have substantial loss of glomerular function as determined by renal clearance of inulin or iothalamate. This effect is probably due to a reduction in renal blood flow. It is most pronounced with long‐term exposure.
Mycotoxin surveillance in Australia
Authors: Blaney B. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of mycotoxicoses in Australia has been reviewed with an emphasis on cases of aflatoxicosis. Most surveys for aflatoxins in feedstuffs have concentrated on obviously mouldy material, or peanut by‐products, which appear to be the most frequently contaminated in Australia. Aflatoxins have been detected in most agricultural products. Ochratoxin and zearalenone are produced by Australian fungal isolates, but little information has been obtained on the field occurrence of these or other mycotoxins. The history of efforts by various food production industries to eliminate aflatoxins from their products is traced, as is the progress of formulation of regulations to limit aflatoxin concentrations in human foods and animal feeds. It is suggested that some exposure of humans to mycotoxins may arise from situations of mould growth in foods at the retail level or in the consumer's home, and thus be largely beyond the control of present surveillance methods.
Ecotoxicology of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environment
Authors: Miller J. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe utilization of petroleum resources as an energy source for society results in the global discharge of significant quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons into the marine environment (about 6 × 106 tonnes per year). Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the ecological impacts of petroleum in the marine environment and to identify the scope and dimensions of resultant impacts. Currently, a substantial body of diverse and largely unco‐ordinated information on the effects of petroleum discharges in marine environments is available in the scientific literature. The application of an ecotoxicological approach, however, allows the development of critical evaluation models and frameworks which attempt to integrate and apply general principles of toxicology and ecology to a synthesis of the available information on effects induced by petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environment. These aspects are discussed in relation to the significance of sub‐lethal and lethal concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g. aromatic fractions) within marine ecosystems.
Increase in urinary porphyrin excretion in workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Colombi A. , Maroni M. , Ferioli A. , Castoldi M. , Jun Liu Ke , Valla C. , Foà V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUrinary porphyrin excretion was investigated in 67 workers occupationally exposed to commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by determining the concentration of uro‐, hepta‐, hexa‐, penta‐, and coproporphyrin homologues. The workers had a mean blood PCB concentration of 386 ± 257 ppb (mean ± SD; range 162–1319 ppb). These values are at least ten‐fold higher than that expected in a population not occupationally exposed to PCBs. No qualitative alterations of the urinary porphyrin excretion were found and the uroporphyrin: coproporphyrin ratio remained normal. There was a definite increase in the excretion of all the porphyrinic homologues, so that the average concentration of total porphyrins in urine was 94.5 μg 1−1 in the exposed group versus 48.3 μg 1−1 in the control group. This excretory pattern of porphyrins corresponds to that usually observed in the first stage of chemical porphyria induced by polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. In accordance with current knowledge, this should be interpreted as a consequence of the specific inductive properties of PCBs on liver microsomal enzymes. The results of this investigation show that, as already observed in experimental animals, commercial mixtures of PCBs have a porphyrinogenic activity in man, as well.
Erythrocytic δ‐aminolevulinate dehydratase activity as a function of pH. A study of activity ratios as biologic indicators of lead intoxication
Authors: Wigfield D. C. , Farant J.‐P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of ratios of erythrocytic δ‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity measured at specific pH values, with or without prior incubation of the buffered hemolysate, was investigated as a possible alternative to the measurement of enzyme activity at a single pH value as a biologic index of lead intoxication. Tests conducted with lead‐intoxicated rabbits have shown that activity ratios are simpler to perform, have remarkable stability over extended periods of blood storage, afford excellent linear correlation with blood lead concentrations, and show less individual‐to‐individual scatter than results obtained with the former assay. Although the ratios are specific for lead in the presence of cadmium, mercury, carbon monoxide or ethanol, this specificity is suspect if concurrent excessive exposure to copper or zinc takes place. In the absence of such occurrences, the activity ratios can be considered as reliable and diagnostically valid screening tests for monitoring the effects of chronic lead absorption.
Changes in ultrastructure and subcellular mercury distribution in rat liver after separate and combined administrations of mercuric mercury and selenite
Authors: Miura Kyoko , Imura Nobumasa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ultrastructural changes and the subcellular mercury distribution in the liver of rats, which were injected with HgCl2 and/or Na2SeO3, were studied using electron microscopy and electron microscopic histochemical methods. Mercuric chloride (10 μmol per kg body weight) caused heavy cell damage both in hepatic parenchymal cells and in reticuloendothelial cells. Selenite (10 μmol per kg body weight) simultaneously administered had little influence upon the morphological feature of hepatic injury caused by mercuric chloride. However, the density of fine gold grains, which display the mercury deposits, appeared to be higher in the livers of rats treated with mercury plus selenite than in those administered mercury alone. In both groups of rats (those which received mercury alone and those which received mercury plus selenite), mercury was predominantly deposited in Kupffer cells and localized in lysosomal dense bodies. Also, in hepatic parenchymal cells, mercury was mainly deposited in the lysosomal dense bodies neighbouring bile canaliculus, although the level of mercury estimated by the density of gold grains seemed to be lower than that in Kupffer cells.
Urinary mercury excretion in the early phase of mercury vapor exposure in rabbits
Authors: Ishihara Nobuo , Nakaaki Kenji , Satoh Hiroshi , Sasaki Akihiko , Yamamoto Reiko , Miyasaka Yoshinori , Urushiyama Kenji , Suzuki Tsuguyoshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRabbits were exposed to mercury vapor at concentrations from 0.03 to 10 mg Hg m−3 for 3 and 8 h. Mercury concentrations in urine, red blood cells and plasma, activities of several enzymes in urine, urinary protein and creatinine concentrations, and catalase activities in red blood cells were determined before and during the exposure. During latent periods for the detection of mercury after the start of exposure in urine, red blood cells or plasma showed an inverse correlation with the level of mercury in the inspired air. When the air mercury level was 1.5 mg Hg m−3 or below, mercury was not detected in plasma, in spite of a clear rise of urinary and erythrocytic mercury levels in the early time period during exposure. However, with air mercury higher than 2 mg Hg m−3, mercury was detected in urine, red blood cells and plasma. Urinary protein, urinary enzyme activities and blood catalase were unaffected during the course of exposure.
The presence of trihalomethanes in soft drinks
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Mohamed S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen chlorine is employed as a surface disinfectant, the chlorinated organic compounds ‘trihalomethanes’ are formed from the interaction of chlorine with various organic substances in the water. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association between increased cancer mortality and high concentrations of trihalomethanes. The soft drink industry has been using granular activated carbon (GAC) to eliminate chlorine and trihalomethanes in water processing for many years. Studies were conducted to determine the quantity and quality of trihalomethanes in the soft drinks. The total trihalomethanes concentration was highest in the Colas and lowest in Sprite and 7 Up. It is hypothesized that this variation is due to the method of Coca extraction and the presence of caramel.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis detection and metaphase analysis in a common test system in vivo — in vitro
Authors: Skinner Michael J. , Schreiner Ceinwen A. , Davis Frank T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe induction of clastogenic events in vivo is easily detected by using bone marrow metaphase analysis. We have previously shown that it is possible to detect unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) by culturing the lymphocytes of animals treated in vivo in the presence of 3H‐thymidine ([3H]dThd). Rats were treated orally with cyclophosphamide (25, 50 and 75 mg kg−1) or 2‐acetamidofluorene (10, 20 and 30 mg kg−1) suspended in Methocel® K4M Premium or with vehicle (10 ml kg−1). Five rats per group received a single dose, and peripheral blood obtained from each rat was maintained in culture with [3H]dThd. Radioautography was used as the indicator system for UDS, and bone marrow cells arrested at metaphase were examined for clastogenic events. The slides were coded and read blind to eliminate bias. A minimum of 500 cells and 50 cells were scored per rat for UDS and clastogenicity, respectively. A significant, dose‐related increase in UDS was observed in animals from both test groups and there was a significant increase in clastogenicity in the cyclophosphamide‐treated animals. The utility of one test animal for several mutagenicity tests to incorporate in situ metabolic biotransformation and yield more comparable data is supported by this work. We feel the combination of UDS and metaphase analysis in a common test animal will enable investigators to measure more closely several types of genotoxic activity induced by a single compound.
Nasal reflexes: Reduced sensitivity to CO2 irritation in cigarette smokers
Authors: Dunn Jan D. , Cometto‐Muniz J. Enrique , Cain William S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCarbon dioxide inhaled through the nose in concentrations above 10% evokes nasal irritation. As concentration is increased, a non‐systemic, reflexive interruption of inhalation eventually occurs in most persons. This study revealed that smokers have a considerably higher threshold for the reflex. The elevation of threshold occurred to a comparable degree in both male and female smokers, although females generally had a lower threshold than males. It therefore appears that smokers have less sensitivity to nasal irritants. This marks the first instance of a substantial chemosensory difference between smokers and non‐smokers.