bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONS OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS IN COMMERCIAL SELENIUM RUBY BATCH*
Authors: Shively R. R. , Weyl W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn addition to the chemicals essential to the formation of the colorant, the nature of which is well established, successful commercial selenium ruby batches commonly contain a number of characteristic minor ingredients. These are zinc oxide, cryolite or other fluorine compounds, bone ash, and minute amounts of copper or nickel oxide.Laboratory experiments are described which helped to establish the functions of these minor constituents. Owing to the extreme insolubility of copper and nickel sulfide in silicate melts, these compounds form at high temperatures and provide nuclei for the cadmium sulfoselenide which requires a lower temperature for its formation.Bone ash, especially in combination with fluoride, leads to a very insoluble phase, apatite, which enhances the striking of the selenium ruby.Formation of cadmium sulfoselenide will not take place at high temperatures. Introducing fluorine into a silicate glass facilitates molecular rearrangements because of the weaker forces exerted by this monovalent anion as compared with divalent oxygen ions. Fluorides increase the low‐temperature mobility of the glass and speed up the striking process.The chief function of zinc oxide is to retain sulfur and selenium in the melt.Alkali sulfoferrite and selenoferrite produce a red‐brown color, and their formation in glasses containing strong reducing agents, such as carbon, accounts for the deep color of some glasses containing only small amounts of cadmium sulfoselenide.
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF GLASSES BY MEANS OF ELECTROLYSIS*
Authors: Rindone G.E. , Marboe Evelyn C. , Weyl W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe existing need for better understanding and influencing the state of oxidation of colored glasses led to an investigation of the possibilities of oxidizing or reducing a glass melt by means of electrolysis. A method was developed for the electrolytic oxidations of molten glass in which the anodic and cathodic reaction zones were separated by means of a refractory diaphragm. Low‐melting alkali‐borate and alkali‐phosphate glasses containing a minor addition of colorant were electrolyzed using voltages up to 10 volts. It was found that electrolysis could be used to lower the “gas content” of a glass as well as to produce color changes.
STAINING OF GLASS CONTAINERS IN CONTACT WITH IRON*
Authors: Marboe Evelyn C. , Weyl W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA wet glass surface brought in contact with metallic iron acquires a brown stain which cannot be removed easily. This phenomenon was observed by the industry interested in the automatic washing of glass containers.Iron in contact with wet glass surfaces will produce a chemically detectable contamination in one minute and a visible stain in ten minutes. This reaction of the glass surface with iron is galvanic in nature. Iron immersed in water sends positively charged ferrous ions into solution and leaves the metal with a negative charge. In the neighborhood of the iron, a negative electrical potential is established in the glass surface which helps to attract the positively charged ions from the solution. The stain is a result of the interaction of the glass surface and the iron ions, thus leading through oxidation to the formation of an insoluble, colored ferric hydrosilicate.The staining can be prevented by reagents which (1) prohibit the corrosion of the iron, (2) block the active centers of the silica gel, and (3) produce anionic iron complexes.
TOPAZ AS AN ADMIXTURE IN REFRACTORY CONCRETE*
Authors: LoBAUGH Frank E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of finely ground topaz on the fired strength of refractory concrete was investigated. A quantity of topaz equal in weight to the cement was added to the commonly used mixtures of calcium‐aluminate cement and grog. When fired at 1600°F. and above, the mixtures with topaz developed strengths three to six times those of the mixtures without topaz. Comparable fired strengths were obtained when potter's flint or silica flour was substituted for one half of the topaz admixture. A.S.T.M. standard refractory tests, with some variations, were made on different refractory concrete mixtures. Results of tests are reported and applications where use of topaz admixture is advantageous are suggested.
PROPERTIES OF BARIUM‐STRONTIUM TITANATE DIELECTRICS*
Authors: Bunting E. N. , Shelton G. R. , Creamer A. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe results on barium‐strontium titanates are given for heat‐treatment, absorption, shrinkage, thermal expansion, dielectric constant, K, at minus 60° to 85°C. and also for Q (the reciprocal of the power factor) at 25°C. for frequencies of 50 kc. per sec. to 20 mc. per sec. A few measurements of K and Q were made at 3000 mc. per sec. Specimens with an absorption of less than 0.l% matured at 1250° to 1430°C. K values ranged from 34 for BaO:4TiO2 to several thousand for specimens with compositions on the BaTiO3‐SrTiO3 join. The BaO: 5TiO2 specimens were unique in that their temperature coefficient of K was practically zero. O values ranged from 50 to 100 for test pieces containing more than 40% of BaO and from 400 to 10,000 for those with less than 40% of BaO. K values did not change appreciably with frequency. Linear thermal expansions (between 25° and 700°C.) ranged from 0.6 to 0.84%. Many of these specimens could be used in radio equipment.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIA AND ALUMINA ON RATE OF CRYSTAL GROWTH IN SOME SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: Swift Howard R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMeasurements were made of the rates of crystal growth in a series of glasses with 74% SiO2, 16% Na2O, and 10% (CaO + MgO), the MgO replacing the CaO in 2% steps; and in a series of glasses with 17% Na2O, 12% CaO, and 71% (SiO2+ Al2O3), the alumina replacing the silica in 2% steps up to 8% Al2O3. A study was also made of the rate of crystal solution in the series with variable alumina. The results are explained qualitatively by considering the viscosity and crystallization temperature changes of the glasses as the composition varied.The substitution of MgO for CaO to the composition with the minimum liquidus decreased the maximum rate of crystal growth of cristobalite (primary phase) and devitrite (secondary phase) and further substitutions increased the rate of crystal growth of diopside and Na2O·2MgO·6SiO2. Substitution of Al2O3 for SiO2, decreased the maximum rate of crystal growth of devitrite, and substitutions of more than 4% of Al2O3 increased the rate of crystal growth of wollastonite.
DEVELOPMENT OF ZIRCONIA RESISTANT TO THERMAL SHOCK*
Authors: Curtis Carl E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects on the crystal stabilization and other properties of pure zirconia were determined for additions of CaO, MgO, BeO, ThO2, and CeO2 in binary and ternary combinations. Complete stabilization was attained with the following compositions (in mol. %): 10 to 20 CaO, 14 MgO, 26 CeO2, 10 CaO + 5 ThO2, 10 CaO + 5 BeO, or 2 to 7 CaO + 4 to 6 to MgO. Cerium oxide produced partial stabilization, but BeO and ThO2 used alone were ineffective at 1927°C. Some strong, dense bodies were found which had good resistance to thermal shock, namely, those containing (mol. %) 8 to 12 CaO, 6.7 CaO + 3.7 MgO, or 2.3 CaO + 6.4 MgO; all of these compositions still had a small amount of inversion present.This small inversion may be necessary for high resistance to thermal shock in ZrO2 ware because (a) the over‐all thermal expansion is then small and gradual and (b) with complete elimination of inversion, the expansion is large since the expansion curve is a straight line and the coefficient of expansion is rather high, 11 to 12 × 10‐6.
FABRICATION OF THIN CERAMIC SHEETS FOR CAPACITORS*
Authors: Howatt G. N. , Breckenridge R. G. , Brownlow J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for the fabrication of thin ceramic sheets for use as capacitor dielectrics is described. Electrical tests indicate that titanium dioxide and various titanate sheets so prepared are desirable for such applications.A machine is described which extrudes a ceramic slip with a resin binder on a moving belt. The thin sheet is strong enough when dry to be stripped off and cut or punched to any desired flat shape and fired satisfactorily. The electrical properties of the material so produced have been determined and the assembly of the sheets into capacitors is discussed.
PURE BERYLLIUM OXIDE AS A REFRACTORY*
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of a pure BeO refractory is described, using pure Be(OH)2 as the starting material. The hydroxide is calcined at 1200° (low) to 1800°C. (high), depending on the crystal size desired. The calcine is ball milled wet in a steel mill and cast at pH 4.5 to 5.0, or the powder may be dried and mixed with 14% Carbowax 4000 added as a water solution for dry pressing at 20,000 to 30,000 lb. per sq. in. The pressed product is vitreous when fired at 1800°C. but is also volatile at that temperature.
LOW‐LEAD, BRIGHT OPAQUE GLAZES AT CONES 08 TO 06*
Authors: Danielson R. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis investigation covered several systematic fields of opaque fritted glazes for cones 08 to 06 (1733° to 1841°F.) in which lead oxide was replaced by barium, strontium, and zinc oxides. All glaze ingredients except the kaolin and the Ultrox zirconium opacifier were incorporated in the frits. Glazes of low‐lead content as well as some lead‐free compositions were obtained which possessed excellent gloss and opacity on wall tile of low and of medium tale content. Barium oxide was the best substitute for lead oxide from the standpoint of gloss, although moderate amounts of strontium and zinc oxides can be used to advantage. The whitest and most opaque glazes were obtained with the use of zinc oxide.
TRANSVERSE‐STRENGTH MACHINE BASED ON CHAINOMATIC PRINCIPLE*
Authors: Amberg C. R 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new design for a cross‐breaking machine is described. The machine is well adapted for breaking bars of 1‐in. cross section in the ranges of strength encountered in both un‐fired and fired bars of ceramic compositions. The loading is practically vibrationless. The machine has proved a time saver for testing materials such as raw clay bars.
REACTION OF DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALS WITH SOME ORGANIC CATIONS*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Asllaway W. H. , Cuthbert F. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSelected pure samples of kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite were washed with 0.05 N HCl until free from replaceable bases, washed with water or methanol, and then reacted with sufficient KOH to saturate the exchange complex with K+ at pH 7. These K clays were given variable dosages of n‐butylamine acetate, dodecylamine acetate, and ethyldimethyloctadecenylammonium bromide. The conclusions are as follows: (1) additions of amines or other organic cations in amounts less than equivalent to the base‐exchange capacity of the clay are rather. completely adsorbed in base‐exchange reactions; amounts of large organic cations added in excess of the base‐exchange capacity of the clay tend to be adsorbed by a different reaction, probably dependent on the action of the van der Waals' forces; and (2) the ability of clays to absorb water is greatly reduced by treating the‘clays with certain compounds that furnish a large organic cation.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Bressman Joseph R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEquipment for testing ceramic materials to temperatures of 2000°F. was developed, and a method was devised for evaluating the bending stresses introduced by the test equipment. With this equipment, the tensile strength, stress‐to‐rupture characteristics, and modulus of elasticity of a sillimanite refractory were investigated at the Cleveland Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The tensile strength varied from a minimum of 8000 lb. per sq. in. at 500°F. to a maximum of 19,000 lb. per sq. in. at 1800°F. Heat‐treating the tensile specimens for one half hour at 1800°F. increased the tensile strength 35% at room temperature and 70% at 500°F. No increase in strength was noted at or above 1400°F. The stress‐to‐rupture in 1000 hours at 1600°F. was 8500 lb. per sq. in. The modulus of elasticity at room temperature was 20.3 × 106.
TRANSLUCENCY METER FOR USE IN WHITEWARE RESEARCH*
Authors: Haldy N. L. , Wright J. H. , Todd F. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA photoelectric light meter, based on a design by RCA, was developed for a research tool in investigations on whiteware, particularly chinaware. Since its development, it has also found use in work on enamels and on glass. The meter is described in this paper and results obtained with it on both laboratory‐prepared and commercially prepared chinaware are given. In addition to use in research, it may be of interest to chinaware manufacturers as a control instrument.The chinaware bodies investigated followed Lambert's exponential law of light absorption.The necessity for obtaining translucency data on pieces of the same thickness, even for relative values, is indicated.
ALUMINA‐SILICA RELATIONSHIP IN GLASS*
Authors: Safford Hurd W. , Silverman Alexander 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAssuming from a consideration of silicate minerals that aluminum should replace silicon in silicates, the authors investigated the system Na2O‐CaO‐SiO2‐Al2O3. Densities and refractive indices have been determined and molecular refractions have been calculated. Partial molecular refractivities of Al2O3 indicate a coordination number of 4 for aluminum and deviate appreciably from values for compounds in which aluminum has a coordination number of 6. Interionic distances have been calculated for Si—O and Al—O. As a result of these studies, it is concluded that the aluminum atom isomorphously replaces the silicon atom in the random fetrahedral network. With this replacement, Ca++ can increasingly replace Na+ in the interstices of the open structure.
MICROSCOPIC AND X‐RAY INVESTIGATION OF SOME STEATITE BODIES*
Authors: Rigterink M. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicroscopic, and X‐ray examinations of a series of steatite compositions reveal that the body having the best dielectric properties Also has the simplest and most homogeneous physical structure. It is believed that the attainment of similar physical structures in other ceramic bodies will lead to improvements in dielectric properties.This empirical finding is in accordance with present theories of conduction in crystals. It depends on the contribution to conductivity and dielectric loss made by imperfections of crystal structure. However, even in homogeneous materials, alkaline earth ions tend to cause less conduction under like conditions than alkali ions, and there are high‐dielectric constant materials like the titanates which, though homogeneous and pure, have a high loss.
DEVELOPMENT OF HARD GLASSES*
Authors: Pavlish A. E. , Mockrin I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper covers a phase of the work which was carried out for the Office of Production Research and Development of the War Production Board on the development of glasses of increased hardness for use as instrument bearings. A literature survey was made and a study started on the development of hard glasses for use in the manufacture of glass bearings. The data are of interest since information on the effects of a number of these oxides on the hardness of glass either have not been published previously or, in former studies, the amounts of oxides were not so large as those used in this work.Practically all of the work reported here was done either in the alumina‐silica‐boric oxide‐calcium oxide system or on glasses derived from this system by substitution of various oxides, chiefly for silica. The Knoop hardness numbers of the glasses are reported. Data were not obtained on the working properties of the glasses described herein.In addition to the footnote references, a comprehensive bibliography is given at the end of the paper.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ENAMELS*
Authors: Friedberg A. L. , Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of a superopaque, acid‐resistant titanium enamel is described. Different components of the batch were varied systematically and the properties, such as reflectance, color, flow, gloss, and acid resistance, were determined. Variations in composition, reflectance curves, and spectrophotometer curves are given for all of the enamels investigated. The stability of this type of enamel during firing and smelting was also studied.Spectrophotometric analyses of this type of enamel show a characteristic low reflectance in the short‐wave length region of the visible spectrum, differing in this respect from superopaque antimony and zirconia enamels. Additions of as much as 0.5% Fe2O3 and 0.2% V2O5 to the titanium enamel did not cause any appreciable variations in color. Although some differences in the spectrophotometer curves were noted over the field of enamels investigated, the only major change in color occurred when minute amounts of Cr2O3 were present.X‐ray diffraction patterns of enamels show that rutile crystals in most cases, or sometimes anatase, are the crystals causing opacity.
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ANTIMONATES AS OPACIFIERS IN DRY‐PROCESS ENAMELS FOR CAST IRON*
Authors: Coffeen William W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAntimonates of potassium, lithium, barium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, zinc, aluminum, lead, and tin were substituted for sodium antimonate in an acid‐resisting dry‐process enamel for cast iron. The sodium antimonate content of this high‐lead enamel was also varied to permit comparisons of all antimonates with sodium antimonate, as a standard, on an equivalent antimony pentoxide basis. Reflectance, color, and acid‐resistance data on all enamels are presented.A number of the antimonates were compared as replacements for sodium antimonate in non‐acid‐resisting enamels of the lead‐bearing and leadless types. Reflectance and color data are given.In acid‐resisting enamels, antimonates of potassium and barium compared reasonably well with sodium antimonate in opacifying power without introducing objectionable colors. Barium antimonate also produced improved acid resistance.In non‐acid‐resisting enamels, only barium antimonate produced results approaching sodium antimonate in both leadless and lead‐bearing types.The data indicate that the antimonates do not contribute equally to opacity and color, even though all contain antimony in pentavalent form. Barium antimonate most closely approaches sodium antimonate in effectiveness. The behavior of the antimonates suggests an explanation for the variations often encountered with antimony oxide enamels.
WEATHER RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS EXPOSED FOR SEVEN YEARS*
Authors: Harrison William N. , Moore Dwight G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study of the weather resistance of porcelain enameled architectural panels was begun at the National Bureau of Standards in 1939. The study involved 864 one‐foot‐square panels and an equal number of 4‐ by 6‐in. laboratory specimens. A previous report (1942) gave the results after one year of exposure. The present paper describes the condition of the panels after seven years of weathering in Washington, D. C., St. Louis, Mo., Lakeland, Fla., and Atlantic City, N. J.The results of the seven‐year inspection showed good correlation between the acid resistance of enamels and their resistance to weathering. When initial coverage was complete and no mechanical damage had occurred, protection of the metal by the enamel for all specimens was unimpaired after seven years. Colored enamels faded only on panels having poor acid resistance.
ONE‐FIRE WHITE ENAMELS*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Stull C. Wesley 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe problems encountered in the use of one‐fire white enamels are reviewed. The reactions and changes taking place during the firing of an enamel are described in some detail and are illustrated by photomicrographs of a one‐fire white enamel. Photomicrographs are also shown of various white enamels fired directly on steel. Several possible steel and enamel combinations are considered. Data are given regarding the reflectance and chemical resistance of various white enamels fired at 1300° and 1500°F. The importance of the end use of the enameled article is emphasized.
CORRELATION OF WEATHER RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS WITH CHEMICAL‐TEST DATA*
Authors: Sweo B. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one enameled specimens were exposed for approximately tea months in an industrial area arid were graded visually by ten observers for weather resistance based on appearance change as compared with an unexposed standard. Weight‐loss data were obtained on exposure to boiling solutions of (1) distilled water, (2) 6% citric acid, and (3) 5% sodium pyrophosphate. Acid‐resistance data were obtained by employing the Porcelain Enamel Institute research test. These data were correlated with the weather‐resistance gradings. Loss of weight on exposure to boiling 6%; citric acid appeared to give the best indication of weather resistance.
NOTCH SENSITIVITY AND LOW‐TEMPERATURE SPALLING OF FIRE‐CLAY REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Rose Ralph , Bradley† R. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAttempts were made to correlate the physical properties of fire‐clay refractories with the phenomenon of low‐temperature spalling. A method of considerable promise was developed in which the relative flexural strength of fire‐clay refractories at 1500°F., in the notched and unnotched condition, indicated the resistance of these bodies to low‐temperature spalling. No purely mathematical relationship between the physical properties and low‐temperature spalling characteristics appeared to be valid.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY, AND EQUIPMENT FOR SINTERING AND TESTING OF CERMET BODIES: IV, DEVELOPING AND TESTING EQUIPMENT*
Authors: Shevlin T. S. , Blackburn A. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA relatively large molybdenum‐wound resistor furnace, a diamond‐wheel rod‐grinding machine, a tensile stress‐rupture machine, and thermal‐expansion equipment used for the development and testing of cermets are described. All are additions to equipment described previously, having been designed and used successfully during the past year.
FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFLORESCENCE OF CLAY PRODUCTS*
Authors: Brownell W. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSamples of shale from the Sew York State Clay and Shale Survey were selected for the study of efflorescence. Some of the shales had no tendency to effloresce after firing whereas others produced slight to heavy efflorescence. A satisfactory means of qualitative and quantitative measurement of soluble salt content was applied to the raw and fired shale specimens. These analyses provided an indication of the liability to effloresce. The causes of the development of soluble salts in these materials were traced. It was found that soluble salts were formed in the ceramic body during firing by reaction with SO2 gas and by solid‐state reactions involving SO4 ions. The presence of insoluble mineral sulfides and sulfur‐bearing organic compounds in the raw materials were important causes of sulfate formation. The mechanism of sulfate formation was studied. Procedures for the prevention of efflorescence are discussed.
FLUID‐FLOW STUDY OF POROUS GLASS*
Authors: Schwertz F. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe rate of penetration of air, water, and acetone through porous Vycor‐brand glass is used to calculate the specific surface area, the average pore diameter, and the pore‐population density of this material. The results are in approximate agreement with those obtained using the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller adsorption technique.