bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning electron microscope dimensional metrology using a model‐based library
Authors: Villarrubia J. S. , Vladár A. E. , Postek M. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe semiconductor electronics industry places significant demands upon secondary electron imaging to obtain dimensional measurements that are used for process control or failure analysis. Tolerances for measurement uncertainty and repeatability are smaller than the spatial resolution of edges in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used to perform the measurements. Image processing techniques, historically used to identify edge locations, are inadequate under these conditions. An alternative approach, based upon Monte Carlo electron transport modeling to assign edge positions, has been developed. The specimen shape is parameterized, and parameters are iteratively adjusted to produce the best least squares fit to the measured image. Because Monte Carlo simulators are too slow to be used directly in such an iterative calculation, the Monte Carlo technique is used relatively few times to construct a library of results for parameters spanning the process space of interest. A function that interpolates the library then becomes a surrogate that is used to rapidly compute the model function as needed. This procedure has yielded measurement results from top‐down SEM images that are in good agreement with cross‐section measurements and that have as much as a factor of 3 better same‐site repeatability than the more traditional techniques. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total ionization cross sections of Cl and Cl2 by electron impact
Authors: Ali M. Asgar , Kim Yong‐Ki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCross sections of Cl and Cl2 for ionization by electron impact are calculated using the Binary‐Encounter‐Bethe (BEB) theoretical model. The BEB model requires only the binding energies and kinetic energies of atomic or molecular orbitals (MO). For the lowest binding energies, experimental vertical ionization potentials (IPs) are used to make the theoretical ionization threshold coincide with the experimental threshold. Experimental cross sections, and cross sections calculated using alternative theoretical models, where available, are compared with the BEB results. The BEB cross sections agree well with the experimental data for Cl and Cl2. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NIST databases with electron elastic‐scattering cross sections, inelastic mean free paths, and effective attenuation lengths
Authors: Powell C. J. , Jablonski A. , Salvat F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA brief description is given of three databases issued by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These databases, designed principally for applications in Auger‐electron spectroscopy (AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), provide electron elastic‐scattering cross sections, electron inelastic mean free paths, and electron effective attenuation lengths. Examples are given of their use. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Monte Carlo simulation to SEM image contrast of complex structures
Authors: Ding Z. J. , Li H. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new Monte Carlo technique for the simulation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images for an inhomogeneous specimen with a complex geometric structure has been developed. The simulation is based on constructive solid geometry (CSG) modelling, i.e. constructive solid geometry modelling with simple geometric structures, as well as a ray‐tracing technique for correction of electron step‐length sampling when an electron trajectory crosses the interface of the inhomogeneous structures. This correction is important for the simulation of nano‐scale structures whose size is comparable with or even less than the electron‐scattering mean free paths. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Monte Carlo model utilizing local chemical potentials for simulating segregation and diffusion. Part 2–implementation
Authors: Joubert H. D. , Swart H. C. , Terblans J. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Monte Carlo model described in Part 1 was implemented in a software package. Comparisons were made between the new model and the existing, modified Darken model. The first comparison focused on converting the jumps per atom to time. This was accomplished by fitting the Fick model on the kinetic part of the segregation profile. From the fit, a scaling parameter was found with which the Monte Carlo steps were converted to time. The scaled Monte Carlo segregation profile was compared to the modified Darken model, and a good correlation between the profiles was found. The influence of various segregation energies was also studied by computing segregation profiles for different segregation energies. The equilibrium concentrations obtained from the different segregation profiles follow the values predicted by the Langmuir–McLean equation. A parallel calculation scheme was successfully implemented that led to a decrease in the effective calculation time. The surface concentrations of the parallel computations were added together and an average segregation profile was obtained. This resulted in a reduction of the statistical noise on the segregation profile. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and Rheological Properties of Dough and Bread as Affected by Various Cross‐linked Cornstarch Substitutions
Authors: Van Hung Pham , Morita Naofumi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractVarious kinds of cross‐linked cornstarches (CLCSs) were used to substitute for wheat flour (5 and 10%), and thermal and rheological properties of dough and bread were examined. The pastes of the substituted flours had lower gelatinization temperatures and higher viscosities than those of the control. The substitution with low‐swelling waxy CLCS (L‐CWCS) had higher paste consistency and lower transition enthalpy than those with high‐ or low‐swelling non‐waxy CLCS (H‐CNCS or L‐CNCS) or the control. The substitutions with L‐CNCS made harder doughs and higher firmness of breadcrumbs during storage than the others. The specific volumes of breads with cross‐linked cornstarch substitutions were slightly smaller than that of the control because of the lack of gluten. The firmness of bread substituted with L‐CWCS was softer than that with H‐ or L‐CNCS. In addition, the breads with H‐CNCS were softer than that with L‐CNCS. The results showed that the compression stress of dough was highly positively correlated with firmness of breads after storage for one and three days (r = 0.876, P < 0.01 and r = 0.809, P < 0.05, respectively). Also, significant positive correlations were detected between the transition enthalpy of dough and firmness of breads after storage for one and three days (r = 0.840, P < 0.05 and r = 0.853, P < 0.05, respectively), whereas no correlation between transition enthalpies of breadcrumbs and firmness of breads was observed.
Variation in the Chain‐length Distribution Profiles of Endosperm Starch from Triticum and Aegilops Species
Authors: Yasui Takeshi , Sasaki Tomoko , Matsuki Junko 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe baseline variation data on the chain‐length distribution profiles of endosperm starch were acquired for use as a criterion for variation among bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars/lines. A total of 126 starch samples isolated from closely related species belonging to the Triticum‐Aegilops group, i.e., five Triticum and 22 Aegilops species, were examined. Their side‐chains were debranched by isoamylase and chain‐length distribution profiles were determined by high‐performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD). An averaged chain‐length distribution profile calculated from all data indicated that the most abundant side‐chain had a degree of polymerization (DP) of 11 and its proportion based on relative peak area was 7.5%. The side‐chains were classified into four groups, and the average proportions of each group were as follows; DP 6–12, 28.5% (range 26.3–30.9%); DP 13–24, 48.6% (46.2–50.8%); DP 25–36, 13.7% (12.8–15.2%) and DP ≥37, 8.9% (7.2–10.6%). The chain‐length distribution profiles of Triticum and Aegilops species were essentially similar and no peculiar profile was observed. The range of the variation in the proportion of side‐chain groups, however, was comparable to the difference between waxy and non‐waxy bread wheat starches and among starches from wheat grown at different temperatures; this would affect the gelatinization and retrogradation properties of starch.
Speech-act theory and biblical interpretation
Authors: Childs Brevard S. 
Published: October 2005

This essay seeks to explore speech-act theory in its relation to biblical interpretation. Its initial focus falls on the application of N. Wolterstorff whose book Divine Discourse provided the decisive catalyst for the recent debates. Building on the different kinds of action involved when speaking (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) Wolterstorff draws two important hermeneutical implications. First, the theory affords a way of understanding the unity of scripture in its entirety as God's book; second, it enables the reader to acknowledge the infallibility of God's Word as divine discourse without ascribing infallibility to the human words of scripture.The second part attempts to offer a critical assessment of Wolterstorff's application of his theory, especially in its failure to deal adequately with the function of the Christian canon which shaped the church's traditions in such a way as to provide a rule-of-faith for the theological guidance of subsequent generations of readers. By abandoning the hermeneutical understanding of scripture developed by Irenaeus and Calvin, Wolterstorff flounders in his inability to overcome the threat of scripture's becoming a ‘wax nose’ in which the noematic content of what God now says in divine discourse is not identical with the meaning of the biblical sentence itself.The final section examines the exegesis of the well-known scholar A. Thiselton, whose work has done much in developing a speech-act theory. The conclusion reached is that Thiselton's application of the theory is far different from that of Wolterstorff's and avoids many of the problems which plague Wolterstorff's exegesis. The implication of this analysis is to argue that speech-act theory cannot be indiscriminately lumped together, because various forms of the theory often reflect different hermeneutical theories of biblical interpretation.
Psychosocial Analysis of the Collective Processes in the United States After September 11
Authors: Rodriguez-Carballeira Alvaro , Javaloy Federico 
Published: October 2005

This article studies alterations in the values, attitudes, and behaviors that emerged among U.S. citizens as a consequence of, and as a response to, the attacks of September 11, 2001. The study briefly examines the immediate reaction to the attack, before focusing on the collective reactions that characterized the behavior of the majority of the population between the events of 9/11 and the response to it in the form of intervention in Afghanistan. In studying this period an eight-phase sequential model (Botcharova, 2001) is used, where the initial phases center on the nation as the ingroup and the latter focus on the enemy who carried out the attack as the outgroup. The study is conducted from a psychosocial perspective and uses “social identity theory” (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986) as the basic framework for interpreting and accounting for the collective reactions recorded. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the interpretation of these collective reactions is consistent with the postulates of social identity theory. The application of this theory provides a different and specific analysis of events. The study is based on data obtained from a variety of rigorous academic studies and opinion polls conducted in relation to the events of 9/11. In line with social identity theory, 9/11 had a marked impact on the importance attached by the majority of U.S. citizens to their identity as members of a nation. This in turn accentuated group differentiation and activated ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986). Ingroup favoritism strengthened group cohesion, feelings of solidarity, and identification with the most emblematic values of the U.S. nation, while outgroup discrimination induced U.S. citizens to conceive the enemy (al-Qaeda and its protectors) as the incarnation of evil, depersonalizing the group and venting their anger on it, and to give their backing to a military response, the eventual intervention in Afghanistan. Finally, and also in line with the postulates of social identity theory, as an alternative to the virtual bipolarization of the conflict (U.S. vs al-Qaeda), the activation of a higher level of identity in the ingroup is proposed, a group that includes the United States and the largest possible number of countries— including Islamic states—in the search for a common, more legitimate and effective solution.
Planetary heat flow measurements
Authors: Hagermann Axel 
Published: October 2005

The year 2005 marks the 35th anniversary of the Apollo 13 mission, probably the most successful failure in the history of manned spaceflight. Naturally, Apollo 13's scientific payload is far less known than the spectacular accident and subsequent rescue of its crew. Among other instruments, it carried the first instrument designed to measure the flux of heat on a planetary body other than Earth. The year 2005 also should have marked the launch of the Japanese LUNAR-A mission, and ESA's Rosetta mission is slowly approaching comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Both missions carry penetrators to study the heat flow from their target bodies. What is so interesting about planetary heat flow? What can we learn from it and how do we measure it?
Not only the Sun, but all planets in the Solar System are essentially heat engines. Various heat sources or heat reservoirs drive intrinsic and surface processes, causing ‘dead balls of rock, ice or gas’ to evolve dynamically over time, driving convection that powers tectonic processes and spawns magnetic fields. The heat flow constrains models of the thermal evolution of a planet and also its composition because it provides an upper limit for the bulk abundance of radioactive elements. On Earth, the global variation of heat flow also reflects the tectonic activity: heat flow increases towards the young ocean ridges, whereas it is rather low on the old continental shields.
It is not surprising that surface heat flow measurements, or even estimates, where performed, contributed greatly to our understanding of what happens inside the planets. In this article, I will review the results and the methods used in past heat flow measurements and speculate on the targets and design of future experiments.
Analysis of the cDNAs of Hypothetical Genes on Arabidopsis Chromosome 2 Reveals Numerous Transcript Variants
Authors: Xiao Yong-Li , Smith Shannon R. , Ishmael Nadeeza , Redman Julia C. , Kumar Nihkil , Monaghan Erin L. , Ayele Mulu , Haas Brian J. , Wu Hank C. , Town Christopher D. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In the fully sequenced Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome, many gene models are annotated as “hypothetical protein,” whose gene structures are predicted solely by computer algorithms with no support from either expressed sequence matches from Arabidopsis, or nucleic acid or protein homologs from other species. In order to confirm their existence and predicted gene structures, a high-throughput method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to obtain their cDNA sequences from 11 cDNA populations. Primers from all of the 797 hypothetical genes on chromosome 2 were designed, and, through 5′ and 3′ RACE, clones from 506 genes were sequenced and cDNA sequences from 399 target genes were recovered. The cDNA sequences were obtained by assembling their 5′ and 3′ RACE polymerase chain reaction products. These sequences revealed that (1) the structures of 151 hypothetical genes were different from their predictions; (2) 116 hypothetical genes had alternatively spliced transcripts and 187 genes displayed polyadenylation sites; and (3) there were transcripts arising from both strands, from the strand opposite to that of the prediction and possible dicistronic transcripts. Promoters from five randomly chosen hypothetical genes (At2g02540, At2g31270, At2g33640, At2g35550, and At2g36340) were cloned into report constructs, and their expressions are tissue or development stage specific. Our results indicate at least 50% of hypothetical genes on chromosome 2 are expressed in the cDNA populations with about 38% of the gene structures differing from their predictions. Thus, by using this targeted approach, high-throughput RACE, we revealed numerous transcripts including many uncharacterized variants from these hypothetical genes.
Increased Calcium Levels and Prolonged Shelf Life in Tomatoes Expressing Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ Transporters
Authors: Park Sunghun , Cheng Ning Hui , Pittman Jon K. , Yoo Kil Sun , Park Jungeun , Smith Roberta H. , Hirschi Kendal D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHere we demonstrate that fruit from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants expressing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) H+/cation exchangers (CAX) have more calcium (Ca2+) and prolonged shelf life when compared to controls. Previously, using the prototypical CAX1, it has been demonstrated that, in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, CAX transporters are activated when the N-terminal autoinhibitory region is deleted, to give an N-terminally truncated CAX (sCAX), or altered through specific manipulations. To continue to understand the diversity of CAX function, we used yeast assays to characterize the putative transport properties of CAX4 and N-terminal variants of CAX4. CAX4 variants can suppress the Ca2+ hypersensitive yeast phenotypes and also appear to be more specific Ca2+ transporters than sCAX1. We then compared the phenotypes of sCAX1- and CAX4-expressing tomato lines. The sCAX1-expressing tomato lines demonstrate increased vacuolar H+/Ca2+ transport, when measured in root tissue, elevated fruit Ca2+ level, and prolonged shelf life but have severe alterations in plant development and morphology, including increased incidence of blossom-end rot. The CAX4-expressing plants demonstrate more modest increases in Ca2+ levels and shelf life but no deleterious effects on plant growth. These findings suggest that CAX expression may fortify plants with Ca2+ and may serve as an alternative to the application of CaCl2 used to extend the shelf life of numerous agriculturally important commodities. However, judicious regulation of CAX transport is required to assure optimal plant growth.
Sec22 and Memb11 Are v-SNAREs of the Anterograde Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Pathway in Tobacco Leaf Epidermal Cells
Authors: Chatre Laurent , Brandizzi Federica , Hocquellet Agnès , Hawes Chris , Moreau Patrick 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Distinct sets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are distributed to specific intracellular compartments and catalyze membrane fusion events. Although the central role of these proteins in membrane fusion is established in nonplant systems, little is known about their role in the early secretory pathway of plant cells. Analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome reveals 54 genes encoding SNARE proteins, some of which are expected to be key regulators of membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. To gain insights on the role of SNAREs of the early secretory pathway in plant cells, we have cloned the Arabidopsis v-SNAREs Sec22, Memb11, Bet11, and the t-SNARE Sed5, and analyzed their distribution in plant cells in vivo. By means of live cell imaging, we have determined that these SNAREs localize at the Golgi apparatus. In addition, Sec22 was also distributed at the ER. We have then focused on understanding the function of Sec22 and Memb11 in comparison to the other SNAREs. Overexpression of the v-SNAREs Sec22 and Memb11 but not of the other SNAREs induced collapse of Golgi membrane proteins into the ER, and the secretion of a soluble secretory marker was abrogated by all SNAREs. Our studies suggest that Sec22 and Memb11 are involved in anterograde protein trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface.
Suppression of Allene Oxide Cyclase in Hairy Roots of Medicago truncatula Reduces Jasmonate Levels and the Degree of Mycorrhization with Glomus intraradices
Authors: Isayenkov Stanislav , Mrosk Cornelia , Stenzel Irene , Strack Dieter , Hause Bettina 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
During the symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices, an endogenous increase in jasmonic acid (JA) occurs. Two full-length cDNAs coding for the JA-biosynthetic enzyme allene oxide cyclase (AOC) from M. truncatula, designated as MtAOC1 and MtAOC2, were cloned and characterized. The AOC protein was localized in plastids and found to occur constitutively in all vascular tissues of M. truncatula. In leaves and roots, MtAOCs are expressed upon JA application. Enhanced expression was also observed during mycorrhization with G. intraradices. A partial suppression of MtAOC expression was achieved in roots following transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring the MtAOC1 cDNA in the antisense direction under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. In comparison to samples transformed with 35S∷uidA, roots with suppressed MtAOC1 expression exhibited lower JA levels and a remarkable delay in the process of colonization with G. intraradices. Both the mycorrhization rate, quantified by fungal rRNA, and the arbuscule formation, analyzed by the expression level of the AM-specific gene MtPT4, were affected. Staining of fungal material in roots with suppressed MtAOC1 revealed a decreased number of arbuscules, but these did not exhibit an altered structure. Our results indicate a crucial role for JA in the establishment of AM symbiosis.
Why is the management of glucocorticoid deficiency still controversial: a review of the literature
Authors: Crown Anna , Lightman Stafford 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAll endocrinologists would like to make glucocorticoid replacement therapy for their hypoadrenal patients as physiological as possible. Many would like the reassurance of a method of monitoring such treatment to confirm that they are achieving this aim. Advances in our knowledge of the normal physiology are relevant to our attempts to do this. The cortisol production rate in normal subjects is lower than was previously believed. The normal pattern of glucocorticoid secretion includes both a diurnal rhythm and a pulsatile ultradian rhythm. Glucocorticoid access to nuclear receptors is ‘gated’ by the 11‐β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, which interconvert active cortisol and inactive cortisone. Such complexities make the target of physiological glucocorticoid replacement therapy hard to achieve. The available evidence suggests that conventional treatment of hypoadrenal patients may result in adverse effects on some surrogate markers of disease risk, such as a lower bone mineral density than age‐sex matched controls, and increases in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. Although the quality of life of hypoadrenal patients may be impaired, there is no evidence of an improvement on higher doses of steroids, although quality of life is better if the hydrocortisone dose is split up, with the highest dose taken in the morning. Thus the evidence suggests that most patients may safely be treated with a low dose of glucocorticoid (e.g. 15 mg hydrocortisone daily) in two or three divided doses, with education about the appropriate action to take in the event of intercurrent illnesses.