bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric determination of peroxide value with potassium iodide‐silica gel reagent
Authors: Asakawa T. , Matsushita S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA micro‐determination of peroxide value is proposed. The iodine liberated from potassium iodide‐silica gel reagent with peroxides in the oil was complexed with starch in 0.01 N hydrochloric acid. The blue color was then measured colorimetrically at 560 nm.
Thin layer chromatographic analysis of possible aflatoxins within grain dusts
Authors: Dashek W. V. , Eadie T. , Llewellyn G. C. , Olenchock S. A. , Wirtz G. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is interested in assessing the hazards to grain workers associated with respirable grain dusts of all types. One of these hazards could involve the occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi either upon or within grains. Aflatoxins, types of mycotoxins produced by bothAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus, are hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and toxins. Here, we report an attempt to determine whether settled and/or airborne dusts from barley, corn, flax, oats and Durum as well as spring wheats contain aflatoxins. These dusts were collected at port grain terminals in the Superior‐Duluth regions of the United States. The dusts were extracted with and chromatographed upon thin layer plates in a variety of solvents which have been approved for the separation of aflatoxins. Two acceptable aflatoxin B1 confirmatory tests were employed to verify suspected aflatoxin B1 within the extracts. Each dust contained a chloroform‐soluble, blue fluorescent compound(s) which possessed an Rf similar to that of aflatoxin B1 upon chromatography of chloroform extracts in chloroform/95% methanol. Methylene chloride/H2O) extracted a blue fluorescent compound(s) from each dust, and the compound(s) possessed Rf intermediate between those of aflatoxin B1 and B2 upon chromatography in acetone/methylene chloride. The methylene chloride/H2O extracted compounds failed to turn yellow upon spraying with 25% sulphuric acid in methanol and subsequent viewing with an ultraviolet source. Our results confirm those of Sorenson et al., who reported that aflatoxins were absent from airborne grain dusts collected from the Superior‐Duluth areas of the United States in the fall of 1977. In conclusion, we stress the need for extracting, detecting, and identifying aflatoxins by a variety of analytical procedures including thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography and “approved” confirmatory tests.
Instrumentation in vegetable oil processing
Authors: Farr W. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe importance of instrumentation to control properly all processes in the manufacture of vegetable oil is now well accepted. Instrumentation and controls in oil processing can reduce manpower requirements, improve yields, improve quality, reduce energy usage, reduce regrade or rework, and allow reduction in inventories. The best instrumentation system for a particular operation is one that utilizes or takes into account the latest technologies, consistent with the total process involved, the level of sophistication required, and one that takes into account both the mechanical process and the chemistry of the process. This paper deals primarily with instrumentation improvements in existing plants, and several examples of proper selection and installation of instrument systems are given. Each example deals with choices that give the best control with the minimum of maintenance and the minimum of operator input. The use of a digitally controlled volumetric dry feeder for the automatic ratio control of bleaching clay to oil flow in a continuous bleaching system is described. The proper sizing of automatic caustic to oil ratio systems, including the use of digital blending for caustic control is discussed. A review of refinery loss monitoring systems is given. The advantages of automation of filtration systems by the use of automatic sequence control of filter cycle and cleaning cycle is explained. The importance of instrumentation maintenance in the success of automated systems is stressed.
Analysis ofPaeonia emodi root oil
Authors: Asif M. , Ahmad M. Shamim , Mannan A. , Itohc T. , Matsumoto T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe root oil ofPaeonia emodi was analyzed. Unsaponifiable lipid was found to contain a mixture ofn‐alkanes C14–C33; β‐amyrin, butyrospermol, cycloartenol, lupeol, 24‐methylenecycloartanol; two unidentified triterpene diols; cholesterol (?), campesterol, and sitosterol. Saponifiable lipid contains octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids.
Purity aspects of higher alpha olefins
Authors: Turner A. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe various processes which are used commercially to manufacture detergent range alpha olefins are compared in terms of the quality of the products obtained. Thermal cracking ofn‐paraffins gives the least pure olefins. Processes based on ethylene oligomerization are superior and, of these, the Shell SHOP (Shell Higher Olefins Process) process gives alpha olefins which are somewhat better in quality than those obtained from processes based on aluminum alkyl chemistry. The practical consequences of the presence of internal and vinylidene olefins, dienes and paraffins in alpha olefins are considered for the manufacture of alpha olefin sulfonates, linear alkyl‐benzene, epoxides, alkyl bromides, rnercaptans and copolymers with ethylene (linear low density polyethylene). Low levels of impurities are desirable in most cases to minimize formation of unwanted byproducts, or to reduce the cost of bleeding of inert components, or to ensure that the quality of the final product meets the requirements of the marketplace.
Esters of rosin acids and glycidyl ethers
Authors: Rohde Wilmer A. , Hedrick Glen W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRosin and hydroxymethyl derivatives of rosin acids react rapidly with commercially available glycidyl ethers to give the hydroxy monoesters of aliphatic ethers. These esters of rosin, oxonated rosin and tetrahydroabietic acid are viscous liquids of low acid number and high hydroxyl number with a light to golden amber color. In the case of 12‐hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid, the products are colorless gums of a tacky, semisolid consistency. The acid, hydroxyl and saponification values, and the viscosities and softening points are tabulated.
Conversion of polyunsaturates in vegetable oils tocis‐monounsaturates by homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed with chromium carbonyls
Authors: Frankel E. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChromium carbonyl complex catalysts were used to selectively hydrogenate polyunsaturates in vegetable oils into products retaining 90% to 95%cis configuration and their liquid properties. The product from soybean oil contained 42–69% monoene, 10–40% diene and 0–4% triene. The product from safflower oil contained 73–82% monoene and 8–17% diene. About 45–55% of the double bonds in monoenes from hydrogenated soybean oil remained in the C9 position, and the rest was distributed between C10, C11, and C12. Preliminary oxidative and flavor stability evaluations showed that these hydrogenated soybean oils compared favorably with a commercial sample of hydrogenated‐winterized soybean oil. Liquid fatty acids prepared by saponification of hydrogenated soybean and safflower oils (IV 90–100) had analyses about the same as those of commercial oleic acid.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: I. Dimethyl formamide extraction procedure
Authors: Fore S. P. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for determination of residual acetone and hexane in cottonseed and soybean meals and flours by extraction of the residual solvent with dimethyl formamide (DMF)‐water (95∶5) followed by gas liquid chromatography analysis of the DMF extracts. A representative group of samples was analyzed both by this procedure and one employing iso‐octane as extractant. In all cases where residual solvent was found, the amount was markedly greater when aqueous DMF was the extracting solvent.
Studies on antioxidant treatments of crude vegetable oils
Authors: Sherwin E. R. , Luckadoo B. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTreatments of crude safflowerseed, soybean, sunflowerseed and cottonseed oils with the antioxidant compounds butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) have been investigated. PG and TBHQ were effective in inhibiting oxidative degradation of the crude oils subjected to long term storage as determined by measurement of peroxide formation in the oils during storage and by determination of AOM and oven (145 F) stabilities of the oils before and after storage. Of particular interest were the oxidative stability characteristics of these oils after they had been stored for relatively long periods in crude form (with and without the antioxidants) and then alkali refined, bleached and deodorized. The data from stability tests on these refined oils indicate that vegetable oils protected with potent antioxidants, such as PG or TBHQ, during storage in the crude form might yield refined, bleached and deodorized oils with somewhat higher initial oxidative stability and with better response to further antioxidant treatment.
Stability of crude sunflower oils to autoxidation and to seed aging
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCrude seed oils of Russian sunflower varieties, Armavirec and VNHMK 8931, are somewhat more stable to gross autoxidation than crude oils of two commercial U.S. varieties, Arrowhead and Mingren. Small amounts of oxygenated fatty acids found previously in sunflower seed oils have been shown to be produced during seed storage.
Experiments with solvent extraction of glandless cottonseed and glanded cottonseed
Authors: Cross D. E. , Hopkins D. T. , D’aquin E. L. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPreliminary bench scale tests indicated that the rate of extraction of oil from glandless cottonseed flakes is about the same as for glanded flakes. Pilot plant experiments, using 20 lb. batches of flakes in baskets 8×8 in. in cross section, showed that the usual percolation rates can be used and will produce the same results with glandless flakes as with glanded. Solvents used were commercial hexane, nearly pure normal hexane, and a mixed solvent of acetone, hexane and water. In some runs raw flakes were extracted; in others, the meats were tempered by heating to various temperatures. Refine and bleach tests were run on the resulting oil. Colors were much lower than generally obtained with oil from glanded seed, most samples testing below one red Lovibond on a spectrophotometer. The meals from the extractions were used in rat feeding tests. The mixed solvent meal seemed to be a cut above the hexane‐extracted meals in protein quality, showing up equivalent to a casein based diet. The meal from meats which had been heated to 230 F seemed very slightly inferior to those which had undergone less drastic heating. All glandless meals were much superior to a commercial prepress solvent meal which was run for the purpose of making comparisons.
Fractionation studies of palm oil by density gradient
Authors: Ong A. S. H. , Boey P. L. , Ng CM. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a method of fractionating vegetable, animal and fish oils, and in particular palm oil. The method involves addition of a medium comprising two common solvents to the semisolid oils. On centrifugation, the olein and stearin are separated by the medium in the middle. Thirteen media made up from binary combinations of nine solvents, viz. water, propylene glycol, glycerine, methanol, ethanol,n‐propanol, isopropanol (IPA), acetone and butanone, are found to be effective in olein‐stearin separation. However, only the water/IPA and water/methanol systems have been studied in detail. The aqueous IPA provides a higher yield of olein than water/ methanol but intersolubility between oil and medium is also greater. The fractionation process can be carried out at any suitable temperature. Fractionation of the special prime bleached (SPB) palm oil at 16 C yields an olein with a cloud point of 4.8 C. Some hybrid palm oils produce a large quantity of low cloud point olein which can be bleached readily. The process can be extended to include degumming and neutralization by using an alkaline medium for centrifugation. The olein fractions obtained have been found to be free of phosphatides and the free fatty acids reduced to as low as 0.02%. Metal‐scavenging agents have also been added to the medium in an attempt to remove copper and iron. The development of this process into a continuous one has been demonstrated on the AlfaLaval LAPX 202 Separator. Fractionation of crude palm oil using a density gradient provides seven fractions of different characteristics. The iodine values vary from 37.5 to 57.4 and the unsaturated fatty acids range from 32.7% to 51.2%. Triglyceride analysis by carbon numbers shows great differences in the C48 and C52 constituents of the fractions.
Quantification of carbonyl compounds in oxidized fats as trichlorophenylhydrazones
Authors: White Pamela J. , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA rapid determination of the carbonyl compounds in oxidized fats and oils was devised based on formation of trichlorophenylhydrazones (TCPH). Fat in cyclohexane/ether (99:1) was passed through a Florisil column to remove interfering hydrocarbons, and the fat and carbonyl compounds were eluted with ether. The eluate was reacted with trichlorophenylhydrazine with Florisil as a catalyst, and the TCPH were isolated from the fat by chromatography on a Florisil column. The TCPH were separated and quantified by gas chromatography on a 10‐m SE 30 capillary column. The method was applied to soybean oils stored under various conditions. The method also was applied to linoleic acid hydroperoxide to determine the extent to which decomposition of peroxides gave rise to carbonyl artifacts during the procedure. Although artifacts were minimal, they were reduced even further by passing the fat through a column of Celite impregnated with stannous chloride to reduce hydroperoxides before the carbonyl analysis.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants: V. structural analysis of the amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline with sodium monochloroacetate
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Tsuji Kazuro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStructural analysis of the amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of l‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline (HEAI) with sodium monochloroacetate has been carried out. These amphoteric surfactants were hydrolyzed under aqueous alkaline media, followed by acid hydrolysis to afford fatty acid and diamine derivatives. The resulting diamine derivatives were identified by the isolation and their syntheses, and were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. Based upon the results of these analyses, it has been found that the reaction products can be divided into two typical types. The reaction products have simpler compositions than those of ethyl acrylate. However, these amphoteric surfactants are characterized by the presence of appreciable amounts of hydrolysis products of amides, soap and free diamine derivative XI.
Uses of digital computers in theoretical analytical chemistry. I. Separation of a composite infrared band into two component peaks
Authors: Roland Eddy C. , Showell John S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA procedure has been developed for representing an infrared absorption peak by a general mathematical form, not restricted to Gaussian or Lorentzian shape. A computer program using this procedure will be described for obtaining the individual components from an infrared band consisting of two overlapping peaks. The method is also applicable to other overlapping peaked curves, such as are obtained in chromatography, countercurrent distribution, x‐ray diffraction, and other branches of spectroscopy.
New gossypol derivatives
Authors: Gonzalez Correa O. , Cappi H. M. , Salem M. , Staffa C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwenty new gossypol imines and eight new gossypol hexaesters have been prepared. Preparations of the compounds and selected physical properties are reported. The imines were easily crystallizable solids, generally insoluble in ethanol, and yellow to orange in color. The hexaesters were solids or waxes.
Investigation of antioxidants for polyunsaturated edible oils
Authors: Thompson J. W. , Sherwin E. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe recent trend toward increased use of polyunsaturated vegetable oils in the human diet has emphasized the need for better antioxidant systems than those currently available. This need led to a research program in which a variety of experimental antioxidants were evaluated. Their selection was influenced by general requirements for food additives and by the results of prior antioxidant studies in various fields. Emphasis was placed on hydroxybenzene types, particularly substituted hydroquinones. Oxidative stability tests employing the standard AOM procedure and 110F shelf storage were used to screen the antioxidants in polyunsaturated oils. The type and number of substituent groups on hydroquinone had considerable effect on antioxidant potency. Some of the experimental compounds, such as 4,4艂‐methylenebis(5‐acenaphthenol) and monoalkylhydroquinones, were several times as effective in the test oils as food‐approved antioxidants currently available.
The production of quick‐tempered shortenings
Authors: Reigel G. W. , McMichael C. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe post‐cooling of high‐ratio and all‐purpose shortenings in a specially designed chiller, coupled with agitation during that cooling, has made it commercially practical to ship these bulk shortenings to the consumer within 24 hours after they have been packed.This should result in floor‐space saving, lower handling costs, and an improvement in product uniformity.
Study of the radical mechanism of iodine‐catalyzed isomerization of conjugated diene systems
Authors: Ideses Rut , Shani Arnon 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsThe iodine‐catalyzed Z/E‐isomerization of internal conjugated dienes in the dark, to form a thermodynamic equilibrium mixture, was found to be a radical process with an activation energy of 12.4±1.2 kcal/ mol. The effects of antioxidants on the reaction, both in the dark and in sunlight, were studied. In both processes the radical isomerization was slowed down, probably through radical scavenging.
Triacylglycerols of evening primrose oenothera biennis seed oil
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Matthews D. G. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsThe triacylglycerol (TG) composition of evening primrose(Oenothera biennis) seed oil (EPO) was studied using a combination of silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (AgNO```3``‐TLC), reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The important TGs in EPO are LLL (24.4%), LLO (23.9%), LLP (11.5%), LOO (7.2%), LOP (6.8%), LLS (4.8%), γLnLp (3.7%), LOS (3.3%), γLnLS (2.0%), γLnLL (2.0%), LPP (1.9%), OOO (1.7%), LSP (1.3%) and γLnLO (1.0%).
Preparation of pyrazolines from methyl 4‐Oxooctadec‐2(e)‐Enoate and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Agarwal R. , Rauf A. , Ahmad M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsReactions of methyl 4‐oxooctadec‐2(E)‐enoate (I) with hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine and tolylhydrazine provided pyrazoline derivatives (IIa‐c) in excellent yields. The structures of pyrazolines (IIa‐c) were established by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. These pyrazoline derivatives showed antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Determining the critical micelle concentration of surfactants using a binary mixing system
Authors: Goheen Steven C. , Matsor Robert S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsA simple method is described for measuring the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants using a computer‐driven mixing system and a variable wavelength spectrophotometer. Analyses using this method were typically done in 15 min. Detergents that were analyzed included sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate, Lubrol‐PX and Triton X‐100. Lubrol PX showed two phase transitions; other detergents appeared to have only one near their CMC. For sodium cholate, the CMC was more difficult to analyze than the others. This may have been due to its low aggregation number (≤ 4). Since this method successfully identified the CMC of these four detergents, it is likely that most, if not all, surfactants can be analyzed in the same manner.
Protease stabilization by carboxylic acid salts: Relative efficiencies and mechanisms
Authors: Crossin Michael C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsKinetic studies are presented on the inhibition of proteolysis by carboxylic acid salts on the synthetic substrate succinyl ala‐ala‐pro‐phe‐para nitroanilide. The inhibition of proteolysis/autodigestion is shown to be the major factor in the stabilization of a detergent protease [i.e., Maxatase (subtilisin Carlsberg)] in an unbuilt, liquid, heavy duty laundry formulation. The inhibition of autodigestion by a carboxylic acid salt as a function of pH parallels the protease stability increase during accelerated aging. Relative inhibition of proteolysis and protease stabilization by various carboxylic acid salts are compared.
Separation methods in processing edible oils
Authors: Butterworth E. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere are four generally recognized methods of separating undersirable portions of a fluid from that fluid: mechanical, which is filtration, settling or centrifuging; electrostatic precipitation; chemical, such as solvent extraction precipitation or adsorption; and thermal, such as distillation and freeze drying. Techniques of separation as applied to fats and oils are discussed in this paper.
Analysis of fats and oils
Authors: Dutton H. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAnalytical information on fats and oils is required for trading, quality control, nutritional labeling and forensics. Development of analytical procedures was one of the historical reasons for the organization of the Society of Cotton Products Analysits; it continues as a major effort of the successor organization, the American Oil Chemists’ Society, through its Uniform Methods Committee and final publication of methods in the Society's “Official and Tentative Methods.” A review of the current status of methods development will be followed by a glimpse of methodological research currently underway.
Detection of spermaceti in a hand cream
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe presence of spermaceti, an embargoed item, was confirmed in a sample of hand cream detained by federal agents. The identification was based on chromatographic characteristics of the intact wax esters and of their component fatty acids and alcohols. These acids and alcohols were combined in a manner so closely resembling spermaceti that they undoubtedly came from this source.