bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISCRIMINATION AMONG STATES OFCONSCIOUSNESS USING EEG SPECTRA
Authors: Lubin A. , Johnson L. C. , Austin M. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG recordings were made during waking (W) and the five sleep stages (REM, 1, 2, 3, and 4) on thirteen young adult males. For each stage, one‐minute sections of the pa ietal EEG trace were digitized and subjected to Fourier analysis. The resulting spectral intensities were divided into five frequency bands; delta, theta, alpha, sigma, and beta.Linear discriminators for all six stages were calculated using stepwise multiple regression. The overall percent agreement with visual scoring was very poor, ranging from zero for stage 3 to 91% for stage 4. Linear discrimination between pairs of stages yielded slightly better results, but stages 1 and REM were indistinguishable.Delta is the best overall discriminator, increasing significantly through stages W, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Sigma is unique to sleep and is highest for stage 2. Theta is unimportant and beta plays no role at all.Spectral analysis of the parietal EEG lead is not sufficient to differentiate among the six states of consciousness studied here. The use of detectors for such phasic events as eye movement and K‐complexes might aid sleep stage discrimination considerably.
THE AUDITORY EVOKED RESPONSE TO REPEATED STIMULI DURING A VIGILANCE TASK
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe auditory evoked response was measured between the vertex and left ear in 9 Ss. In an extension of the idea of the recovery function, series of tones, including sets of 5 tone pips with ½, 1, or 2 sec between them, and 11 sec between sets, were presented, while Ss were instructed to press a button whenever there was a change in tone length. Because of the slow recovery of this response, no subtraction procedure was necessary. There were 6 runs representing 6 experimental conditions for each S.Habituation within runs was not observed, but there was significant habituation between rims in spite of a constant vigilance level. The evoked responses to the second and subsequent stimuli of each set were much smaller than to the first, depending on the interstimulus interval within sets. Evoked responses to 65 db stimuli were less than to 85 db, but showed proportionally the same changes with successive stimuli.
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELECTROGASTROGRAM AND GASTRIC ULCERATION DURING EXPOSURE TO STRESS
Authors: Boles John , Russell Roger W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelations between development of gastric ulceration and changes in motility of the stomach, as recorded by the electrogastrogram (EGG), were studied under conditions where Ss (rats) were exposed to physical (immobilization) and chemical (reserpine) stressors and to the two in combination. Following 36 hrs of the various treatments, all restraint + reserpine Ss were ulcerated; 60% of the restraint‐only Ss had lesions; and, only three of ten no‐restraint Ss showed gastric damage. The same rank order was obtained for the mean number of lesions per group. There were no significant differences among groups in total acidity of the stomach at autopsy immediately after their experimental treatments. The restraint‐only groups showed a trend toward increased gastric motility during the treatment period, while the restraint + reserpine groups showed a progressive decrease in motility, the divergence leading to statistically significant differences as exposure to the different stressors continued. The results do not support the hypothesis that the experimentally‐produced lesions are related to an increase in gastric acidity; they do support the hypothesis that the ulceration is related to changes in gastric motility, more severe lesions appearing in Ss whose motility decreased during the treatment period.
A COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS ON ANXIOUS PATIENTS AND NORMAL CONTROLS
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Brown Clinton C. , Shaffer John W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTClinical, psychophysiological, and psychometric measurements were made on 20 normal controls and 30 anxious patients during rest and experimental stress. Resting forearm blood flow, a relatively new physiological index of anxiety, was found to correlate significantly with clinical and subjective ratings of anxiety, and with heart rate, number of spontaneous fluctuations of skin resistance, and amplitude of forearm EMG. It did not correlate significantly with any of the measures of depression. Resting forearm blood flow and heart rate were found to be better measures of arousal in this study than skin resistance, EMG, or cutaneous vasomotor status, since the latter did not show significant differences between anxious patients and normal controls. The psychological traits of the two groups were also assessed by the Maudsley Personality Inventory, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Zung Depression Scale; and their emotional state evaluated by the Clyde Mood Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. Twenty‐one variables showed significant differences between the two groups. Some of these measures have subsequently been used, with advantage, to monitor emotional changes brought about by psychiatric treatment.
SLEEP OF NIGHT WORKERS: EEG RECORDINGS
Authors: Kripke D. F. , Cook B. , Lewis O. F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen hospital corpsmen working the 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. shift were selected for a study of night workers. Each completed a questionnaire describing his experiences with night work, and each slept in the laboratory for several days, while continuous EEG recordings were made. Although the quantity and distribution of the EEG sleep stages was not greatly different from that found in night sleep periods, there were some irregularities in the progression of EEG patterns, particularly interruptions in Stage REM sleep. It appeared that Ss slept better, worked better, and felt better after several weeks of assignment to night shift work.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL INDICANTS OF ACTIVATION
Authors: Eason Robert G. , Dudley Linda M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates that various central and peripheral physiological variables are similarly altered by experimentally induced changes in activation while being dissimilarly altered during the course of a trial by unknown factors. That is, both general and specific physiological changes are demonstrated in a single experiment. Activation level was experimentally altered by having S (a) react to light flashes under threat of shock, (b) react to flashes without any such threat, and (c) passively observe light flashes. Evoked cortical potentials, heart rate, skin conductance, and muscular tension were similarly affected by these experimental conditions, but the variables showed differential changes over time. It was concluded that these physiological processes simultaneously reflect both generalized arousal and directionally fractionated activity.
THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF THE RECOVERY LIMB OF THE ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE
Authors: Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent observations suggest that skin conductance or resistance responses manifest, in the shape of the recovery limb, two components, a slow one associated with the negative skin potential response and sweating, and a faster one associated with the positive skin potential response and with the recently reported sweat reabsorption response. Part of the recovery limb has an exponential form, and its recovery rate is interpreted as a measure of the relative participation of these two components. Two simple manual methods, utilizing overlays, allow rapid determination of recovery half‐time or time constant. Recovery rate is not determined by amplitude. It can differentiate between spontaneous responses during rest and during a task, between orienting responses to a light flash and responses to the same flash when it takes on signal properties, and between responses to an alerting signal and to an execution signal for a task. Individuals with fast recovery rates during a task also tend to show slower habituation of electrodermal responses. It is concluded that the reabsorption process represents an adaptation for goal‐directed behavior.
SLEEP MENTATION AND AUDITORY AWAKENING THRESHOLDS
Authors: Zimmerman William B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory awakening thresholds (AATs) were assessed in 53 Ss during all stages of sleep and at various times of night. Sixteen of these Ss met previously devised criteria for an AAT light‐sleep group (LSG) and 16 for an AAT deep‐sleep group (DSG). Reports of mental activity were collected during awakenings from REM and NREM sleep and rated on a standard questionnaire by Ss and independent judges. The REM mentation of the LSG and DSG did not differ. However, LSG Ss reported dreaming after 71% of their NREM awakenings, while DSG Ss claimed to have been dreaming after only 21% of their NREM awakenings. This difference was supported by other rating scales and by the independent judges. An hypothesis was offered which suggests that dreaming is a function of the level of cerebral arousal in the absence of reality contact, regardless of the stage of sleep, and that LSG Ss, as evidenced by several criteria, were more cerebrally aroused during NREM sleep than DSG Ss.
THE CARDIAC‐SOMATIC RELATIONSHIP: SOME REFORMULATIONS
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. , Sutterer James R. , Howard James L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to propose a scheme as to how the activities of the heart might be viewed in psychophysiological endeavors and theory. It is proposed that a necessary starting point is the metabolically relevant relationship between cardiac and somatic processes. This relationship is relevant to both an understanding of basic behavioral processes as well as psychopathological states of cardiac functioning. For these purposes, a strategy is outlined which, among other things, involves the evaluation of the influence of the cardiac innervations. Here it is proposed that heart rate most unequivocally reflects vagal activity, while the contractile properties of the heart manifest most unequivocally sympathetic effects. The implications of these arguments are discussed with regard to current studies involving the operant modification of heart rate. It is suggested that the significance of current operant to both issues of learning theory and psychopathology of cardiac function is questionable.
THE EFFECTS OF AWARENESS AND SUCCESSIVE INHIBITION ON INTEROCEPTIVE AND EXTEROCEPTIVE CONDITIONING OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Uno Tadao 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe general conclusion from Soviet studies of interoceptive conditioning has been that interoceptive conditioning is unconscious, established at a slower rate, and is more resistant to extinction than exteroceptive conditioning. Forty‐eight paid volunteer subjects were classically conditioned to both interoceptive (0 and 50 degree C. water in an intubated balloon located between the bronchial and diaphragmatic constrictions of the esophagus) and exteroceptive CSs (256 and 512 Hz tones at 60 db). Significant interoceptive and exteroceptive conditioning of the GSR was obtained using responses occurring within the interstimulus or first interval (FIR) as well as the post‐UCS or second interval (SIR). FIR conditioning progressed at a slower rate to interoceptive than to exteroceptive stimulation whereas SIR conditioning was equally effective to both modes of stimulation. Unawareness of interoceptive stimulation or their reinforcement contingencies tended to eliminate FIR but not SIR conditioning. Although not statistically supported, successive inhibitory‐excitatory compounding of interoceptive and exteroceptive CSs indicated stronger response tendencies to the interoceptive CSs when equated to exteroceptive conditioning strength. These results demonstrate the complexity of GSR conditioning when CS modality, response types, and awareness of CS‐UCS contingencies are considered.
HEART RATE RESPONSES TO AUDITORY CLICKS IN NEONATES
Authors: Schachter Joseph , Williams Thomas A. , Khachaturian Zaven , Tobin Michael , Kruger Robert , Kerr Joyce 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe neonatal heart rate (HR) response to brief stimuli has generally been reported to be a monophasic acceleration. In this study brief auditory clicks to 6 neonates elicited, to a significantly greater degree than in non‐stimulus conditions: 1) deceleration alone, 2) acceleration alone, and 3) a biphasic response consisting of an initial deceleration and a subsequent acceleration.The data are not yet available which would permit selection among the orienting reflex (OR), defense reflex, startle reflex, and Moro reflex models of these HR responses. With regard to peripheral mechanism, the early decelerative response was probably mediated by increased vagal inhibitory tone. The later accelerative response may have been mediated by one or more of the following mechanisms: decreased vagal inhibitory tone, activation of vagal accelerator fibers, and/or activation of sympathetic accelerator fibers.
DESENSITIZATION OF PHOBIAS: SOME PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPOSITIONS
Authors: Van Egeren Lawrence F. , Feather Ben W. , Hein Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study tested twelve hypotheses derived from psychophysiological theory underlying the systematic desensitization method of reducing phobic anxiety. Subjects with phobias imagined threatening scenes and neutral scenes under relaxed or non‐relaxed conditions while cardiac, respiratory, digital vasomotor, and skin conductance activity was recorded. Seven hypotheses were confirmed for one or more response measures. The results indicated that (a) imagining threatening scenes produces autonomic arousal in direct proportion to degree of subjective threat associated with the scenes, (b) autonomic reactions do not extinguish and countercondition faster to weak stimuli than to strong stimuli, and (c) muscle relaxation has a demonstrable but limited effect on counteracting autonomic fear reactions. Desensitization theory was partially supported.
SOME EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP ON MEMORY
Authors: Goodenough Donald R. , Sapan Jerry , Cohen Harvey , Portnoff Gregory , Shapiro Arthur 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA series of studies was conducted in an attempt to explore the effect of sleep on consolidation of memory traces. In each study, Ss were shown words shortly after each of several awakenings during the night. After the words were shown, the Ss were either permitted to return to sleep immediately (S treatment) or were kept awake for 5 min working on a psychomotor task (A treatment). Memory for the words was tested the following morning.Under the (S) treatment condition, retention was positively related to the time taken to return to sleep after the word was shown. It was possible to replicate previous findings that retention is better in the (A) than in the (S) treatment. However, this treatment effect was found only if the psychomotor task was conducted under testlike conditions and only if the Ss pronounced the words during the stimulus presentation. If the task was presented to the S as a game, or if pronunciation was delayed until after the presentation ended, merely keeping the S awake in the (A) treatment did not improve retention. The phenomena observed do not appear to be easily interpreted as an effect of sleep on memory.
Hypnotic Control of Peripheral Skin Temperature: A Case Report
Authors: Maslach Christina , Marshall Gary , Zimbardo Philip G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an exploratory study on the specificity of autonomic control, subjects attempted to simultaneously change the skin temperature of their two hands in opposite directions. Subjects who were trained in hypnosis were successful in achieving this bilateral difference, while waking control subjects were not. These findings demonstrate the powerful influence that cognitive processes can exert on the autonomic nervous system and also suggest the possibility of more effective therapeutic control of psychosomatic problems.
Relationship Between Kinesthetic Aftereffects and “Strength of the Nervous System”
Authors: Sales Stephen M. , Throop Warren F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTInvestigators have traditionally assumed that the kinesthetic aftereffects (KAE) procedure measures individuals’tendencies either to augment or to reduce the impact of incoming stimulation. Strikingly, this putative difference between individuals is one of the bases of Pavlov's typology: Pavlov maintained that individuals with “strong” nervous systems resist incoming stimuli, while individuals with “weak”nervous systems are particularly sensitive to stimuli. The present study supports the usual interpretation of the KAE task by indicating significant relationships between it and three measures of “strength of the nervous system.”The present data also have a practical implication: Since the KAE procedure has recently undergone strong methodological attacks, these results suggest that an investigator interested in the construct in question (tendencies to augment or reduce stimuli) can employ the measures of strength rather than the KAE method.
Change in Stimulus Conditions and the Orienting Response
Authors: O'Gorman J. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA review of studies of the orienting response (OR) to variation in the properties of a stimulus following habituation indicates that not all human Ss respond with an OR to changes of which they are aware and that the only conditions which have been found consistently to elicit the OR are an increase in the intensity of the stimulus and change in the modality of its presentation. These findings pose problems for the theory of the OR advanced by Sokolov (1960) which makes no allowance for a failure to respond to a detectable change in stimulation and which relies for support on evidence that the OR is not elicited solely as a consequence of the activating effects of stimulation. To clarify some of these problems it is suggested that future work should investigate the effect of complete omission of the stimulus on the OR and the contribution of individual differences in physiological responsiveness and perceived significance of a change to elicitation of the OR.
Psychophysiological Baselines as a Function of Race and Ethnic Origin
Authors: Lieblich Israel , Kugelmass Sol , Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBasic skin conductance and pulse rate measurements were obtained from groups differing in race and ethnic origin in Israel. The results suggest higher skin conductance in Caucasians than in Negroes, and in Bedouins than in non‐Bedouins. There is some suggestion of an interaction between race and ethnic origin in relation to skin conductance. Both Caucasian and Negroid Bedouin tend to have lower pulse rates than the Jewish sample.
Relationship of Rapid Eye Movement Density to the Prior Accumulation of Sleep and Wakefulness
Authors: Aserinsky Eugene 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOcular activity during the REM stage of sleep was studied for the purpose of determining what effect previous sleep and waking would have on the intensity of that activity. Eleven Ss slept to satiation during a 54‐hr session and then, after a day of waking, slept for another night. REM density (i.e., number of eye mvts per min of REM period) rose progressively during the first night and morning, and then remained at a high level for the remainder of the 54 hrs; the mean REM density for Night 2 and also for Night 3 was about double the REM density of Night 1. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the amount of prior sleep was positively correlated with REM density whereas the amount of waking was negatively correlated. Peak REM density occurred after a mean of 9.88 hrs of sleep. Thereafter, periods of waking alternated with periods of sleep while the REM density oscillated at its peak level. It was concluded that REM density reflects the output of a sleep‐waking negative feedback circuit.
Effects of Epidermal Hydration on Skin Potential Responses and Levels
Authors: Fowles Don C. , Rosenberry Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHydration of the epidermis promotes swelling of the stratum corneum, mechanical blockages of the sweat gland pore in the epidermis, and subsequent inhibition of surface sweating. If sweating continues in combination with poral closure, the resultant increase in hydrostatic pressure in the sweat duct is likely to alter the permeability of the sweat gland membrane. The experiments reported here investigated the significance of these effects for negative and positive skin potential responses (SPRs), and for the prestimulus levels associated with these responses. Hydration was found to virtually eliminate positive SPRs and to greatly reduce the prestimulus levels. A similar, though somewhat less drastic, effect was found for negative SPRs and prestimulus level. The hydration produced by a standard electrolyte (0.5% KCl in an agar jelly medium) appears to show a curvilinear time course with a rapid initial phase followed by slowly increasing hydration throughout a 20‐min period. The results were attributed to poral closure and to increased conductance through the epidermal pathway and were discussed in connection with recently suggested models of the electrodermal effector system.
Effect of Visual Stimuli on Human Salivary Secretion
Authors: Birnbaum David , Steiner Jacob E. , Karmeli Fanny , Ilsar Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of visual stimuli on salivary secretion was studied in 200 young, healthy volunteers. Saliva was collected without visual stimuli and during projection of control (abstract) and food colored pictures.No significant difference in salivary flow was found between rest and food collections. However, a significantly lower rate was found during exposure to abstract pictures.
Heart Rate Changes in the Horse to Human Contact
Authors: Lynch James J. , Frederick Fregin G. , Mackie James B. , Monroe Russell R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of human social contact on the electrocardiogram (EKG) and general behavior of 2 horses were explored. Petting elicited a slowing of heart rate, while a person entering and exiting elicited transient, but often marked heart rate increases. In both horses transient periods of T wave inversion occurred in the EKG during human contact. In one of the horses the frequency of dropped heart beats increased dramatically during successive trials of human petting. In this horse a total of 29 dropped heart beats were observed of which 23 occurred while a person was with the horse, although this contact occupied only 15 percent of the total observation period.These findings parallel previous observations made with dogs. Similar observations of changes in the heart rate and rhythm of patients in coronary care units and a shock‐trauma unit during social contact with other humans underscore the need to develop empirical analogues of these reactions. The horse appears to offer an ideal model for understanding the psychosocial, hemodynamic, and central nervous system mechanisms involved in these reactions.
The Application of Bode Analysis to Skin Impedance
Authors: Burton Charles E. , David Robert M. , Portnoy William M. , Akers Lex A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA method is described for analyzing skin impedance data and applied to the determination of a steady‐state electrical model for intact human skin. An algorithm is presented for the analytical procedure, Bode analysis, and a sample impedance function is obtained. Bode plots are employed to synthesize a passive equivalent circuit from sample measurements of “black box” skin impedance magnitude and phase angle, and representative values for the circuit elements are presented.