bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of the Barium Zinc Tellurate Disilicate: Ba3Zn6[TeO6][Si2O7]2
Authors: Jiang Hai‐Long , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe new barium zinc(II) tellurate disilicate Ba3Zn6[TeO6][Si2O7]2 was synthesized by the high temperature solid state reaction of BaCO3, ZnO, and SiO2 with TeO3·H2O in a molar ratio of 3:6:4:1 in an evacuated silica tube at 820 °C. Its structure was established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Ba3Zn6[TeO6][Si2O7]2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/m (no. 12), with cell parameters of a = 15.975(5), b = 11.505(4), c = 5.142(2) Å, β = 107.437(5)°, V = 901.7(5) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure of Ba3Zn6[TeO6][Si2O7]2 is composed of two types of zinc oxide polyhedra ([ZnO4] tetrahedra and [ZnO6] octahedra), [TeO6] octahedra, disilicate group [Si2O7], [BaO6] and [BaO7] polyhedra. It can be described as a three‐dimensional anionic network of {Zn6[TeO6][Si2O7]2}6−, which is built from one‐dimensional chains of [Zn6TeO18]18− anion interconnected by disilicate [Si2O7]6− groups with the barium cations located at the six‐membered apertures of the above‐mentioned anionic network.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Neodymium Sulfate Nitrate Trihydrate Nd[SO4][NO3]·3H2O
Authors: Strobel Sabine , Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPale violet single crystals of Nd[SO4][NO3]·3H2O emerged in a reaction of neodymium nitrate (dissolved in concentrated nitric acid) with H2S which was thereby oxidized to sulfate anions. The title compound crystallizes monoclinically in space group P21/m (a = 630.56(6), b = 692.34(6), c = 898.27(8) pm, β = 93.305(7)° with two formula units per unit cell. The Nd3+ cations are surrounded by nine oxygen atoms of three sulfate, one nitrate, and three water particles with both the [NO3]− and one [SO4]2− anion acting as bidentate chelating ligands which occupy common edges that are situated opposite to each other and form an elongated tetrahedron. The remaining three water molecules and two sulfate anions work just as terminal ligands building a corrugated five‐membered ring as waist around this bisphenoid. These polyhedra about the Nd3+ cations are connected via the sulfate tetrahedra to rods along [010] which show a sawtooth‐like shape caused by the nitrate triangles and two of the three water molecules attached to neodymium. The chains are packed according to a primitive rod packing with the [NO3]− anions of one rod pointing towards the [SO4]2− anions of the adjacent one and vice versa. They are connected to each other by hydrogen bridging bonds between the water molecules and mainly the nitrate triangles.
Bis(phosphinimino)methanides as Ligands in the Chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Roesky Peter W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRare earth element complexes having the very bulky bis(phosphinimino)methanides ligand, {CH(PPh2NSiMe3)2}−, in the coordination sphere are reviewed. The coordination chemistry, the reactivity, and the catalytic application of the corresponding complexes are discussed.
Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides. 180 (C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2)2Yb – an Olefin Complex of Ytterbium(II)?
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Heim Alexander , Schutte Stefan , Lentz Dieter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractYbI2(THF)2 reacts with two equivalents of K[C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2] yielding unsolvated (C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2)2Yb (1). The molecular structure shows both tethered olefins orientated toward the Yb center.
A Proton Transfer Compound of Piperazine with Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic Acid and Its Palladium(II) and Thallium(III) Complexes – Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure
Authors: Aghabozorg Hossein , Ghadermazi Mohammad , Manteghi Faranak , Nakhjavan Bahar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThree compounds including a proton transfer ion pair LH2 and its PdII and TlIII complexes were synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction method. The chemical formulae are (pipzH2)2+(pydc)2− for ion pair 1, (pipzH2)[Pd(pydc)2]·2H2O for PdII complex 2, and (pipzH2)[Tl2(pydc)2Cl4(H2O)2]·4H2O for TlIII complex 3, respectively (pipz: piperazine, pydc: pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate). The space group and crystal system of all three compounds are P1 and triclinic. The proton transfer ion pair 1 was prepared by a reaction between piperazine and pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, and the complexes 2 and 3 were synthesized by reaction of 1 with palladium(II) chloride and thallium(III) nitrate, respectively. In complex 2, two water molecules present in the crystal packing are joined by hydrogen bonds and form a water dimer and similarly in complex 3, six water molecules apart from the complex and individually form an interesting water hexamer developed in the whole crystal. Hydrogen bonding and ion pairing play an important role in stabilizing the crystals.
Reaktionen von Trimethylindium mit primären Alkoholen
Authors: Chamazi Navabeeh Nami , Heravi Majid M. , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: August 2006

AbstractReactions of Trimethylindium with Primary AlcoholsInMe3 was treated with EtOH in boiling THF while nPrOH, nBuOH and iBuOH were reacted with InMe3 in boiling toluene. With EtOH the decanuclear complex [(MeIn)10(O)2(OEt)12(OH)4]·2THF (1) was isolated. nPrOH, nBuOH and iBuOH lead to the pentanuclear complexes [(MeIn)5(O)(OR)8] (2–4). 1–4 were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray structure determinations. According to this 1 consits of two O‐centered single‐decapitated rhombic dodecahedrons In5O9, bridged by four μ3‐OH functions, which are part of the In5O9 cages. The two THF molecules are linked by hydrogen bonding to OH groups. In 2–4 always O‐centered single‐decapitated rhombic dodecahedrons In5O9 are present. The structures of 2 and 3 show disorder of the In5O6 cages, in which the sixth empty In position of the rhombic dodecahedron is partly occupied by one of the other five In positions. Therefore, the occupation parameter of every In position is 5/6. In 4 the empty sixth position is occupied partly by the opposite In atom In3. This means an occupation parameter of 0.5 of In3.
Strukturen von polaren Bariumorganylen: Synthese und Struktur von Ether‐, Pyridin‐ und Kronenether‐Addukten des Bis(fluorenyl)bariums
Authors: Fichtel Kai , Höxter Sarah , Behrens Ulrich 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and structure of six bis(fluorenyl)barium complexes is reported. Bis(fluorenyl)barium (1) was synthesized from barium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) and fluorene. Tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, and pyridine containing complexes (1a, 1b, 2, and 3a) could be synthesized by crystallizing 1 from THF, DME, or pyridine. The X‐ray structures of all crystalline compounds reveal a bent‐sandwich structure with Ba–C distances between 303.3 and 322.2 pm to the five‐membered rings of the fluorenyl ligands and a ring centroid–Ba distance of 288.2 to 289.0 pm. The ring centroid–Ba–ring centroid angles are 134.8 to 137.0°. Three THF (1a, 1b), two DME (2), or three pyridine molecules (3a) complete the coordination sphere of the barium atom. Two crown ether complexes (4a and 5a) of bis(fluorenyl)barium were synthesized by reacting 1 with the crown ethers 18‐crown‐6 and dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6. From pyridine as solvent the following two compounds could be obtained in single crystals: [Ba(C13H9)(18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+[C13H9]−·pyridine (4a) and [Ba(C13H9)(dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+[C13H9]−·2 pyridine (5a). The structures of 4a and 5a could be determined by X‐ray diffraction, too. The complexes 4a and 5a have a salt‐like structure with a complex [Ba(C13H9)(18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+‐cation and a free fluorenide anion.
Preparation and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing S, Se, and Te Ring Atoms
Authors: Steinfeld Gunther , Kersting Berthold 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of some heterocyclic compounds containing S, Se, and Te ring atoms are reported. The compounds 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisothiazole‐3‐oxide (1a), 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisoselenazole‐1,1,3‐oxide (4), 2,3‐di‐hydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisotellurazole‐3‐oxide (1c), and the palladium complex trans‐[PdCl2(1c)] (6) were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. All compounds feature extensive NH···O hydrogen bonding interactions in the solid state. The hydrogen bonding motifs observed in selenoxide 4 and in the palladium complex 6 are significantly different from those in the parent compounds 1b and 1c.
Zur Elektronenstruktur metallorganischer Komplexe der f‐Elemente. 63 Parametrische Analyse des Kristallfeld‐Aufspaltungsmusters von pseudo trigonal‐planarem Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3
Authors: Jank Stefan , Reddmann Hauke , Apostolidis Christos , Walter Olaf , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractElectronic Structures of Organometallic Compounds of f Elements. 63 Parametric Analysis of the Crystal Field Splitting Pattern of Pseudo Trigonal Planar Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3The absorption spectrum of presumably pseudo trigonal planar Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3 (1) has been measured at room and low temperatures. From the spectra obtained, a truncated crystal field (CF) splitting pattern could be derived, and simulated by fitting the parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian. For 34 assignments, a reduced r.m.s. deviation of 24.8 cm−1 was achieved. On the basis of the CF parameters used, the global CF strength experienced by the Er3+ central ion is estimated, and the experimentally based non‐relativistic molecular orbital scheme (in the f range) is set up and compared with the result of an SW‐Xα calculation on the fictive trigonal planar model complex Dy(η5‐C5H5)3.
[BeBr2(SMe2)2], a Versatile Starting Material for Beryllium Chemistry – One Pot Synthesis from Beryllium Powder
Authors: Himmel Daniel , Krossing Ingo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMultigram amounts of [BeBr2(SMe2)2] (1) are quantitatively synthesized in a one pot synthesis by heating Be powder in a Br2 atmosphere and condensing Me2S on the formed BeBr2. The compound is very soluble e.g. in Me2S and CH2Cl2, loses Me2S under vacuum at 70 °C and is a versatile starting material for ether‐free homogenous reactions. 1 was characterized by X‐ray analysis, NMR and Raman spectroscopy, and used for the synthesis of (known) [BeCp2] and [Cp*BeBr].
Isolated and Edge‐Sharing Interstitially Stabilized Metal Tetrahedra {M4Z} in La4ZBr7, M9Z4I16, and BaM4Z2I8 (M = La,Ce). The Nature of Z
Authors: Gerlitzki Niels , Hammerich Stefanie , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMetallothermic reductions of LaBr3, LaI3 and CeI3 with barium metal resulted in single crystals of La4ZBr7, M9Z4I16 and BaM4Z2I8 (M = La,Ce) as by‐products, subject to apparently ubiquitous “oxygen” and/or “nitrogen” (= Z) impurities. The crystal structure of La4ZBr7 (1, orthorhombic, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 1212.4(1), b = 1404.8(2), c = 804.7(1) pm, R1 = 0.0358 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.91:0.09) is determined by isolated {La4Z} tetrahedra surrounded by and connected through bromide ligands. In the crystal structure of Ce9Z4I16 (2, orthorhombic, Fddd, Z = 8, a = 890.0(1), b = 2264.1(2), c = 4279.5(4) pm, R1 = 0.0262 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.75:0.25), {Ce4Z} tetrahedra are connected to {Ce4/2Z} chains via common edges and further to layers by iodide ligands. The layers are stacked and connected via the ninth cerium atom according to Ce[{Ce4/2Z}I4]4. Similar {La4/2Z} chains and BaI8/4 chains run perpendicularly to each other and are connected via common iodide ions in the crystal structure of BaLa4Z2I8 = Ba2[{La4/2Z}I4]4 (3, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 897.5(1), b = 2162.4(3), c = 1229.3(2), β = 110.32(1)°, R1 = 0.0261 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.54:0.46). The nature of the interstitial Z, oxygen and/or nitrogen, is evaluated.
The Ammonium Bromomercurates(II) (NH4)Hg5Br11 and (NH4)4HgBr6
Authors: Nockemann Peter , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe crystal structures of two ammonium bromomercurates(II), (NH4)Hg5Br11 (1) and (NH4)4HgBr6 (2), were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data: 1: monoclinic, C2/m (no. 12), a = 1231.3(3), b = 1517.4(3), c = 680.4(2) pm, β = 118.78(2)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0391 for I0>2σ(I0); 2: tetragonal, P4/mnc (no. 128), a = 925.6(1), c = 887.2(1) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0370 for I0>2σ(I0). According to (NH4)Br[HgBr2]5 and (NH4)4Br4[HgBr2] they both contain [Br–Hg–Br] molecules. Additional bromide ions are only loosely attached to the mercury atoms, however involved in (NH4)+–Br− bonding.
Tetrahedra and Vertex‐Sharing Double Tetrahedra in the Ammonium Iodomercurates(II) (NH4)7[HgI4]2[Hg2I7](H2O) and (NH4)3[Hg2I7]
Authors: Nockemann Peter , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe new ammonium iodomercurates(II), (NH4)7[HgI4]2[Hg2I7](H2O) (1) and (NH4)3[Hg2I7] (2) contain isolated tetrahedra and vertex‐sharing double tetrahedra as the anions. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data: 1: orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 2175.9(2), b = 1781.8(2), c = 1256.2(2) pm, Z = 4. R1 [I0>2σ(I0)] = 0.0520; 2: monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 1259.0(2), b = 773.2(1), c = 2172.4(3) pm, β = 101.18(2)°, Z = 4, R1 [I0>2σ(I0)] = 0.0308.
Darstellung und Charakterisierung von Bis(η5‐1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethylcyclo‐pentadienyl)(η3‐1‐phenylallyl)lanthanum˙Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Kretschmer Winfried P. , ten Brummelhuis Bas , Meetsma Auke , Teuben Jan H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSynthesis and Characterization of Bis(η5‐1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethylcyclopenta‐dienyl)(η3‐1‐phenylallyl)lanthanum˙TetrahydrofuranThe title compound has been prepared from $P{\bar 1}$ and 1‐PhC3H4K˙(THF)0.5 in THF suspension, forming yellow single crystals from hexane solution which were characterized in solid state and in solution by elementary analysis, IR, 13C‐ and variable temperature 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and a crystal structure determination. Space group P1, Z = 2, T = 130 K, a = 8.595(1), b = 10.770(1), c = 17.903(5) Å, α = 93.54(1)°, β = 98.30(1)°, γ = 112.42(1)°, R = 0.0249.
Borohydrido Rare Earth Complexes as Precatalysts for the Polymerisation of Styrene
Authors: Zinck Philippe , Visseaux Marc , Mortreux André 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBorohydrido based lanthanide complexes associated with n‐butylethylmagnesium are efficient catalytic systems for the polymerisation of styrene. The reaction is quantitative at 50 °C after several hours. Two growing chains per magnesium atom can be evidenced, and chain transfer between the lanthanide and the magnesium atoms may occur. The activity of such catalytic systems is found to be related to the nature of the rare earth metal.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Activity of the Scandium Half‐Sandwich Complex [Sc(η5‐C5Me4{SiMe2(C6F5)})(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)]
Authors: Hitzbleck Julia , Okuda Jun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe scandium half‐sandwich (bis)alkyl complex [Sc(η5‐C5Me4{SiMe2(C6F5)})(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)] has been prepared by σ‐bond metathesis between [Sc(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] and C5Me4H{SiMe2(C6F5)}. Structural characterization by single crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the typical piano‐stool geometry for this type of complex. The addition of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] resulted in the formation of a half‐sandwich alkyl cation which is an efficient catalyst for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene in the presence of aluminium alkyls.
Mono(amidinate) Yttrium Alkyl Complexes: The Effect of Ligand Variation on Ethene Polymerization Catalysis
Authors: Bambirra Sergio , Otten Edwin , van Leusen Daan , Meetsma Auke , Hessen Bart 
Published: August 2006

AbstractYttrium dialkyl complexes were prepared for three different 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl‐substituted benzamidinate ligands. The electron‐donating ability of the parent ligand (L1) was decreased by a pentafluorophenyl backbone substituent (L2), and enhanced by addition of a pendant Lewis base (L3). The corresponding cationic monoalkyl species were generated and compared in catalytic ethene polymerization.
Up‐conversion Luminescence in K2LaX5 (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals Doped with Pr3+ Ions
Authors: Cybińska Joanna , Legendziewicz Janina , Boulon Georges , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA series of crystals of ternary lanthanide halides K2LaX5 (X = Cl,Br,I) doped with Pr3+ were synthesized, crystals grown using the Bridgman method, and their optical properties were studied. Apart from fundamental Pr3+ emission, up‐conversion emission was detected in these crystals. Some features in the up‐conversion fluorescence vary in the series of halides (Cl, Br, I). Non‐radiative energy transfer between Pr3+ ions is observed and up‐conversion mechanisms are proposed.
Synthesis and Structure of ‘mer’‐Trichlorotetrakis(pyridine)ytterbium(III) Hemipyridine Solvate
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Scott Natalie M. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe title compound [YbCl3(py)4]·0.5py has been grown as single crystals by the treatment of ytterbium chunks with hexachloroethane in pyridine and characterized by a single crystal X‐ray study. It is isomorphous with the previous [LnCl3(py)4]·0.5py array defined for Ln = La, Eu, Er, extending the ‘domain of existence’ of that form to Ln = Yb, an unexpected result given that the Ln = Y adduct with similar seven‐coordinate, pentagonal bipyramidal coordination environment, is of an unsolvated form.
A Section Through the Compositional Triangle Pr‐Co‐I at 600 °C: Pr7CoI12 and Pr2Co2I
Authors: Palasyuk Andriy , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAt 600 °C, two phases exist in equilibrium in the system Pr–Co–I, Pr7CoI12 and Pr2Co2I, the former with isolated {Pr6Co} clusters, the latter with Pr–Co–Pr slabs. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data: Pr7CoI12: trigonal, $R{\bar 3}$ (no. 148), a = 1581.62(10), c = 1079.18(7) pm, Z = 3, R = 0.0493 for all data; Pr2Co2I: hexagonal, P63/mmc (no. 194), a = 403.86(4), c = 1743.4(2) pm, Z = 2. R = 0.1196 for all data.
X‐ray Crystal Structure Characterization of Two Mononuclear Low Coordinate Lanthanoid Aryloxides, [La(Odpp)3(dig)]·0.5dig and [Nd(Odpp)3(py)2]·2py, (HOdpp = 2,6‐diphenylphenol, dig = bis(2‐methoxyethyl) ether, py = pyridine)
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Feng Tiecheng , Junk Peter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStructures of the new complexes [La(Odpp)3(dig)]·0.5dig (Odpp = 2,6‐diphenylphenolate; dig = bis(2‐methoxyethyl) ether – diglyme) and [Nd(Odpp)3(py)2]·2py (py = pyridine), obtained by crystallization of the corresponding [Ln(Odpp)3(thf)2] complex from diglyme or pyridine contain six‐coordinate and five‐coordinate lanthanoid atoms respectively. In the former, two meridional sets of donor atoms, (O3(dig) and O3(Odpp)) are near normal to each other and in a highly distorted octahedral stereochemistry, whereas the latter is trigonal bipyramidal with an oxygen and a nitrogen atom apical and a pronounced lengthening of the axial Nd‐N bond.
Direct Oxidation of Europium Metal with Acetic Acid: Anhydrous Europium(III) Acetate, Eu(OAc)3, its Sesqui‐hydrate, Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5, and the “Hydrogendiacetate”, [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O)
Authors: Gomez Torres Sonia , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnhydrous europium(III) acetate, Eu(OAc)3 (1), its sesquihydrate Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5 = [Eu2(OAc)6(H2O)](H2O)2 (2) and the “hydrogendiacetate” [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O) = [Eu2(OAc)6(HOAc)2(H2O)2](HOAc)4 (3) were obtained as colourless single crystals by direct oxidation of europium metal with acetic acid in glass ampoules at 130 °C. The coordination polymer Eu(OAc)3 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 1126.0(3), b = 2900.5(6), c = 799.1(2) pm, β = 132.03(2)°, V = 1938.6(8) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0374 [I>2σ]. The crystals of Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5 (2) are monoclinic, space group Cc (no. 9) with a = 1608.7(2), b = 1665.6(2), c = 839.1(1) pm, β = 115.75(9)°, V = 2025.2(4) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0424 [I>2σ]. [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O) (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with lattice parameters of a = 1157.7(1), b = 2131.6(3), c = 901.3(1) pm, β = 110.36(1)°, V = 2085.6(4) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0331 [I>2σ]. The linear chain structure of 1 is modified by the addition of one coordinating water molecule in 2 to a corrugated chain whose packing leaves room for crystal water. In 3 the same dimers are observed as in [Eu2(OAc)6(HOAc)2(H2O)2] (4) itself which had previously been synthesized from an ammonium acetate melt. With a higher acetic acid pressure, four molecules of acetic acid per dimer are included in the structure in 3.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden. CLXIII N,O‐Chelatkomplexe mit Propargylglycinat
Authors: Ponikwar Walter , Hauck Thomas , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMetal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands. CLXIII N,O‐Chelate Complexes with PropargylglycinateThe N,O‐chelate complexes with propargylglycinate(L), CuL2, NiL2, [(Ph3P)2Pd(L)](BF4), (o‐Tolyl)(Ph3P)Ni(L), (Di‐otolylphosphino)benzylPd(L) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods.
Predator and parasitoid attacking ant‐attended aphids: effects of predator presence and attending ant species on emerging parasitoid numbers
Authors: Kaneko Shuji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInteraction between a predator and a parasitoid attacking ant‐attended aphids was examined in a system on photinia plants, consisting of the aphid Aphis spiraecola, the two ants Lasius japonicus and Pristomyrmex pungens, the predatory ladybird beetle Scymnus posticalis, and the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus japonicus. The ladybird larvae are densely covered with waxy secretion and are never attacked by attending ants. The parasitoid females are often attacked by ants, but successfully oviposit by avoiding ants. The two ants differ in aggressiveness towards aphid enemies. Impacts of the predator larvae and attending ant species on the number of parasitoid adults emerging from mummies per aphid colony were assessed by manipulating the presence of the predator in introduced aphid colonies attended by either ant. The experiment showed a significant negative impact of the predator on emerging parasitoid numbers. This is due to consumption of healthy aphids by the predator and its predation on parasitized aphids containing the parasitoid larvae (intraguild predation). Additionally, attending ant species significantly affected emerging parasitoid numbers, with more parasitoids in P. pungens‐attended colonies. This results from the lower extent of interference with parasitoid oviposition by the less aggressive P. pungens. Furthermore, the predator reduced emerging parasitoid numbers more when P. pungens attended aphids. This may be ascribed to larger numbers of the predator and the resulting higher levels of predation on unparasitized and parasitized aphids in P. pungens‐attended colonies. In conclusion, a negative effect of the predator on the parasitoid occurs in ant‐attended aphid colonies, and the intensity of the interaction is affected by ant species.