bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Pain Hypersensitivity after Incisional Surgery Is Enhanced in Rats Subjected to Neonatal Peripheral Inflammation
Authors: Chu Ya-Chun , Chan Kwok-Hon , Tsou Mei-Yung , Lin Su-Man , Hsieh Ying-Chou , Tao Yuan-Xiang 
Published: May 2007

Background
Neonatal pain and inflammation may lead to a long-term effect on nociceptive processing in adults. The current study examined the characteristics of postoperative incisional pain behaviors in adult rats that were subjected to neonatal peripheral inflammation.

Methods
Rat pups received a subcutaneous injection of saline or carrageenan into the plantar surface of the left hind paw at postnatal day 1. Naive pups were used as the control. Paw withdrawal thresholds to punctuate mechanical stimuli were examined at postnatal days 35, 42, and 49. After rats received a plantar incision on the left or right hind paw at postnatal day 50, paw withdrawal thresholds were measured at 4 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after incision. In addition, spinal cord Fos expression was detected at 2 h after incision. Finally, the effects of intrathecal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid and dizocilpine and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-N-nitro-arginine methylester on incisional pain were examined at 4 h after incision.

Results
Although the rats subjected to neonatal peripheral carrageenan injection developed mechanical hypoalgesia in bilateral hind paws at baseline, they displayed increased spinal cord Fos expression at 2 h and exaggerated mechanical pain hypersensitivity at 4 h (but not at other time points) after plantar incision. Intrathecal DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, dizocilpine, and L-N-nitro-arginine methylester significantly attenuated incision-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity at 4 h after incision in the neonatally carrageenan-treated rats, but not in the naive or neonatally saline-treated rats.

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that early inflammatory insults during the neonatal period could produce excessive incision-associated mechanical pain hypersensitivity in adult rats. Spinal cord N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and downstream nitric oxide signaling might contribute to this abnormal pain hypersensitivity, although the mechanisms underlying the long-term effect of neonatal inflammation are still unclear.
Oral Gabapentin Activates Spinal Cholinergic Circuits to Reduce Hypersensitivity after Peripheral Nerve Injury and Interacts Synergistically with Oral Donepezil
Authors: Hayashida Ken-ichiro , Parker Renée , Eisenach James C. 
Published: May 2007

Background
Gabapentin administration into the brain of mice reduces nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity and is blocked by intrathecal atropine and enhanced by intrathecal neostigmine. The authors tested the relevance of these findings to oral therapy by examining the efficacy of oral gabapentin to reduce hypersensitivity after nerve injury in rats and its interaction with the clinically used cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil.

Methods
Male rats with hypersensitivity after spinal nerve ligation received gabapentin orally, intrathecally, and intracerebroventricularly with or without intrathecal atropine, and withdrawal threshold to paw pressure was determined. The effects of oral gabapentin and donepezil alone and in combination on withdrawal threshold were determined in an isobolographic design.

Results
Gabapentin reduced hypersensitivity to paw pressure by all routes of administration, and was more potent and with a quicker onset after intracerebroventricular than intrathecal injection. Intrathecal atropine reversed the effect of intracerebroventricular and oral gabapentin. Oral gabapentin and donepezil interacted in a strongly synergistic manner, with an observed efficacy at one tenth the predicted dose of an additive interaction. The gabapentin-donepezil combination was reversed by intrathecal atropine.

Conclusions
Although gabapentin may relieve neuropathic pain by actions at many sites, these results suggest that its actions in the brain to cause spinal cholinergic activation predominate after oral administration. Side effects, particularly nausea, cannot be accurately determined on rats. Nevertheless, oral donepezil is well tolerated by patients in the treatment of Alzheimer dementia, and the current study provides the rationale for clinical study of combination of gabapentin and donepezil to treat neuropathic pain.
PAR‐2 activation regulates IL‐8 and GRO‐α synthesis by NF‐κB, but not RANTES, IL‐6, eotaxin or TARC expression in nasal epithelium
Authors: Rudack C. , Steinhoff M. , Mooren F. , Buddenkotte J. , Becker K. , Von Eiff C. , Sachse F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackgroundThe effects of protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) stimulation on inflammation mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are still unknown.MethodsPAR‐2 receptor expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Taqman mRNA analysis in the mucosa of different rhinosinusitis entities. In primary nasal epithelial cell cultures, the function of PAR‐2 and its ability to produce CXC, CC chemokines, and IL‐6 were measured by calcium mobilization and stimulation tests. Inhibition tests were performed using cortisone, serine protease inhibitors, cysteine protease inhibitors, Pertussis toxin (PTX) and nuclear transcription factor (NF‐κB) inhibition (BAY 11‐7085). Signal transduction pathways were analysed by electromobility shift assays (EMSA) and NF‐κB binding studies.ResultsThe expression of PAR‐2 was found to be increased in CRS specimens. The activation of PAR by trypsin or PAR‐2‐specific activating peptide (AP) caused an increase in cytosolic calcium, as well as the release of the CXC chemokines IL‐8 and growth‐related oncogene (GRO)‐α, but not the release of CC chemokines or IL‐6. AP‐induced CXC chemokine was sensitive to PTX and activation of NF‐κB was inhibited by BAY11‐7085. Furthermore, a serine protease inhibitor significantly inhibited chemokine synthesis stimulated by trypsin and culture supernatants of staphylococci, whereas steroids and cysteine protease inhibitors had little effect.ConclusionPAR‐2 plays a role in serine protease‐mediated regulation – staphylococcal and non‐staphylococcal origin – of IL‐8 and GRO‐α in nasal epithelial cells, but not in the regulation of CC chemokines. PAR‐2 may therefore be involved in the pathophysiology of CRS and NP at different sites of activation, namely (i) proteases, (ii) the PAR‐2 receptor itself or (iii) the application of novel agents that block NF‐κB/IκB‐α signalling.
Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin E‐binding epitopes of β‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin showed a heterogeneous pattern of critical amino acids between individual patients and pooled sera
Authors: Cocco R. R. , Järvinen K.‐M. , Han N. , Beyer K. , Sampson H. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
For immunotherapeutic approaches, ‘critical’ amino acids (AAs) within allergenic epitopes are replaced with alternate AAs to eliminate IgE antibody binding.Objective
To determine the critical AAs for IgE binding in β‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin (BLG).Methods
Peptides of 10–14 AAs in length were synthesized on a derivatized cellulose membrane with single AA substitutions (alanine or glycine) at each position. Membranes were incubated with a pool of sera from 15 cow's milk‐allergic patients and individual sera from six of the 15 patients. In cases where no decrease in binding occurred with a single AA substitution, peptides with two AA substitutions were generated and labelled.Results
Using pooled patient sera, single AA substitutions led to complete elimination of binding to six of 11 peptides for β‐casein and to all six peptides for BLG. Substituting two AAs led to an elimination of binding to four of the remaining five β‐casein epitopes. However, in three of the 11 modified β‐casein peptides and five of the six BLG peptides, no decrease in IgE binding occurred in at least one individual patient. For these patients, critical AAs other than those defined by the patient serum pool were identified, indicating a heterogeneous pattern of IgE recognition.Conclusion
These results indicate that AAs critical for IgE binding are more heterogeneous than initially defined by pooled milk‐allergic patient sera. For future immunotherapeutic interventions with mutated peptides, critical AAs should also be identified with individual patient sera to account for heterogeneity of IgE binding between patients.
Association of the single‐nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype of the interleukin 18 gene with atopic dermatitis in Koreans
Authors: Kim E. , Lee J.‐E. , Namkung J.‐H. , Park J.‐H. , Kim S. , Shin E.‐S. , Cho E.‐Y. , Yang J.‐M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
IL‐18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role for T‐helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine in the presence/absence of IL‐12. It has been recently shown that human IL‐18 plays a role in atopic dermatitis (AD) by enhancing IL‐4 and IL‐13 production and by stimulating the synthesis of IgE.Objective
We wanted to evaluate the associations of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the haplotype in the IL‐18 gene, hence we performed genotyping for the SNPs in the IL‐18 gene in AD patients and normal controls.Method
We genotyped three SNPs from the IL‐18 gene for the 1120 case–control samples (646 AD patients and 474 normal controls). We measured the serum IL‐18, IL‐4 and IL‐13 concentrations in 74 individuals (25 ADe, 25 ADi and 24 controls) by performing ELISA.Result
The rs795467 SNP and haplotype T–T–C were significantly associated with AD, and especially between the ADe and normal control groups (P=0.03 and 0.01). The serum IL‐18 concentration was higher in the AD group than in the normal controls without any correlation with the rs795467 polymorphism. We did not find any correlations between the serum IL‐18 levels and the SCORing atopic dermatitis index, the blood eosinophil counts and the ECP, and there was no correlation between the serum IL‐18 levels and the serum IL‐4 and IL‐13 levels.Conclusion
We found that the one SNP and the haplotype T–T–C were strongly associated with the allergic type of AD, but not with the non‐allergic intrinsic type. These data support the hypothesis that IL‐18 up‐regulates IgE production, yet more experiments will be needed to prove the in vivo involvement of Th2 cytokine.
Induction of tolerance after establishment of peanut allergy by the food allergy herbal formula‐2 is associated with up‐regulation of interferon‐γ
Authors: Qu C. , Srivastava K. , Ko J. , Zhang T. F. , Sampson H. A. , Li X.‐M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
Peanut (PN)‐anaphylaxis is potentially life threatening. We previously reported that a Chinese herbal medicine preparation, food allergy herbal formula‐2 (FAHF‐2), prevented peanut allergy (PNA) in mice when administered during sensitization.Objective
To investigate whether FAHF‐2 also can prevent anaphylactic reactions when administered to mice with established PNA and, if so, whether protection would persist after cessation of therapy.Methods
C3H/HeJ mice sensitized and boosted over 8 weeks with a standard protocol known to establish PN hypersensitivity received seven weeks of FAHF‐2 treatment or water as a sham treatment. Mice were subsequently challenged with PN at week 14 (1‐day post‐therapy) and week 18 (4‐week post‐therapy) to evaluate the efficacy and persistence of FAHF‐2 treatment by assessing anaphylactic scores, core body temperatures and plasma histamine levels. Serum PN‐specific antibody levels and cytokine profiles from splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were also determined.Results
All sham‐treated mice challenged at weeks 14 and 18 showed anaphylactic symptoms. In contrast, FAHF‐2‐treated mice showed no sign of anaphylactic reactions. PN‐specific IgE levels in FAHF‐2‐treated mice also were reduced whereas IgG2a levels were increased. Furthermore, MLN cells from FAHF‐2‐treated mice produced markedly less IL‐4 and IL‐5, but more IFN‐γ, and contained increased numbers of IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ cells as compared with sham‐treated mice.Conclusion
FAHF‐2 treatment established PN tolerance in this model, which persisted for at least 4‐week post‐treatment. This result was associated with modulation of intestinal T helper type 1 cell (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production, and with increased numbers of mesenteric IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ cells.
Genetically glycosylated ovomucoid third domain can modulate Immunoglobulin E antibody production and cytokine response in BALB/c mice
Authors: Rupa P. , Nakamura S. , Mine Y. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
Food allergies are on the rise and it is estimated that in North America, 8% of the children and 4% of the adults have food allergies. Food allergies tend to occur more often in children than in adults due to their immature digestive and immune systems. Hen's egg is among the most common cause of food‐induced allergic reactions in North America.Objective
The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of N‐glycans of the third domain of ovomucoid in IgE binding and modulation of allergen‐specific immune response in BALB/c mice.Methods
The cDNA encoding the third domain of ovomucoid was inserted into the yeast genome and expressed in Pichia pastoris X‐33 cells, under the control of the glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase promoter for constitutive expression to obtain a post‐translationally modified and functionally active ovomucoid third domain. Upon expression, the protein was secreted into the extracellular medium and was purified by size exclusion chromatography. The recombinant protein was produced at 10 mg/L of the culture supernatant. BALB/c mice were sensitized with the recombinant and native forms of glycosylated ovomucoid third domain antigen. The allergic response of the native and the recombinant glycosylated forms of ovomucoid third domain antigens were compared using antibody and cytokine measurements.Results
ELISA tests indicated a significant decrease in specific IgE antibodies to the recombinant N‐linked glycosylated form (P‐Gly), when compared with the native glycosylated form (DIII+) using mice sera. Immunization with P‐Gly induced the production of IFN‐γ [T‐helper type 1 (Th1) response] and lowered the production of IL‐4 (Th2 response), and a skewed balance towards the Th1 cytokine demonstrated that P‐Gly has a modulating ability on Th1/Th2 balance to down‐regulate Th2 response. Furthermore, N‐linked glycan (N28) in the third domain of ovomucoid was shown to be associated with suppression of the allergic response.Conclusion
Therefore, we can conclude that P‐Gly facilitates and contributes to the discovery of new molecular target for the development of a safe and specific therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of egg allergy, and oligosaccharides do seem to play a major role in the suppression of IgE‐binding activity.
CD4+ T cells from mice with intestinal immediate‐type hypersensitivity induce airway hyperreactivity
Authors: Ozdemir C. , Sel S. , Schöll I. , Yildirim A. Ö. , Bluemer N. , Garn H. , Ackermann U. , Wegmann M. , Barlan I. B. , Renz H. , Sel S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
A subset of food‐allergic patients does not only respond clinically with symptoms in the gastro‐intestinal tract but also with asthmatic reactions.Objective
The aim of this study was to analyse whether CD4+ T cells from mice with intestinal immediate‐hypersensitivity reactions to food allergen are involved in the development of experimental asthma.Methods
BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA), followed by repeated intra‐gastric (i.g.) OVA challenges. Control animals were either sham‐sensitized or sham‐challenged with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were histologically examined. CD4+ T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes were transferred from various donor groups into recipient mice that received either OVA or PBS aerosol challenges. Recipients were analysed by measurements of lung function using head‐out body‐plethysmography and examination of broncho‐alveolar lavage and lung histology.Results
The highest levels of OVA‐specific IgE antibody levels were detected in OVA‐sensitized and OVA‐challenged mice. Throughout the lower intestinal tract, a marked infiltration with eosinophils was observed, and goblet cell numbers as well as goblet cell area were significantly increased. The villus/crypt ratio was decreased compared with controls. The transfer of CD4+ T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes of OVA‐sensitized and OVA‐challenged mice triggered airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilic airway inflammation in recipients aerosol challenged with OVA, but not with PBS.Conclusion
We conclude that CD4+ T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with allergen‐induced immediate‐type hypersensitivity reactions in the gut are able to transfer the phenotype of experimental asthma.
Ses i 6, the sesame 11S globulin, can activate basophils and shows cross‐reactivity with walnut in vitro
Authors: Wallowitz M. L. , Chen R. J. Y. , Tzen J. T. C. , Teuber S. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
Sesame allergy is increasingly being reported, and multi‐sensitization to peanut and tree nuts has been described. The clinical relevance and cross‐reactivity of many sesame proteins, such as Ses i 6, are unknown.Objective
The aims of this study were to perform a preliminary examination of the cross‐reactivity of Ses i 6 in vitro, examine the ability of Ses i 6 to activate basophils in a modified basophil activation test (mBAT), and assess whether such an assay may help to distinguish between potentially relevant and irrelevant IgE reactivity towards 11S globulin proteins.Methods
Inhibition immunoblotting and chicken anti‐rJug r 4 antibodies were used to determine the cross‐reactivity of rSes i 6. Basophils from atopic donors were stripped of resident IgE before passive sensitization with food‐allergic sera and challenged with protein extracts or recombinant protein. Basophil activation was measured using two activation markers, CD203c and CD63, via flow cytometry.Results
IgE immunoblotting showed cross‐reactivity between rJug r 4 and rSes i 6 using sera from two human donors and chicken IgY. Additionally, rSes i 6 activated basophils passively sensitized with sesame‐allergic sera. Cross‐reactive serum from a sesame‐allergic but walnut‐tolerant donor was not able to activate basophils when challenged by walnut extract despite IgE reactivity to walnut determined by immunoblotting.Conclusions
The sesame 11S globulin shows partial immunological cross‐reactivity with walnut, and although it is classified as a minor allergen, activated basophils sensitized with serum from seven out of eleven sesame‐allergic donors. Additionally, the mBAT may help distinguish between clinically relevant and irrelevant in vitro IgE cross‐reactivity of seed storage proteins in nuts and seeds and thus warrants use in further studies.
Frequency and significance of immediate contact reactions to peanut in peanut‐sensitive children
Authors: Wainstein B. K. , Kashef S. , Ziegler M. , Jelley D. , Ziegler J. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
Parents of atopic children frequently report, and are alarmed by, contact reactions to foods. Some schools restrict foods due to concerns regarding possible systemic reactions following contact in allergic children.Objective
We aimed to determine the frequency with which peanut‐sensitive children exhibited contact sensitivity to peanut butter and to assess the significance of such reactions.Methods
One gram of peanut butter was applied directly to the skin of 281 children who were skin prick test (SPT) positive to peanut (immediate skin application food test; I‐SAFT). The test was considered positive if one or more weals were present when the patch was removed after 15 min. A subset of children then underwent an open‐label oral challenge with graded amounts of peanut protein.Results
During 3515 clinic visits, 330 I‐SAFT tests for peanut contact sensitivity were performed; 136 (41%) were positive. The mean SPT diameter was 10 mm in the I‐SAFT‐positive children and 8.5 mm in the I‐SAFT‐negative children (t‐test, P<0.0001). No child had a systemic reaction following topical application of peanut butter. Eighty‐four children had 85 oral challenges after blinded, placebo‐controlled I‐SAFT testing. Challenge was positive in 26/32 of those with a positive I‐SAFT and negative in only 6/32. Challenge was also positive in 26/53 but negative in 27/53 of those with a negative I‐SAFT (sensitivity 50%, specificity 82%, χ2, P=0.003).Conclusion
A minority of children sensitized to peanut (positive SPT) develop localized urticaria from prolonged skin contact with peanut butter. No tested subjects, including ones with systemic reactions upon oral challenge, developed a systemic reaction to prolonged skin exposure to peanut. Therefore, systemic reactions resulting from this mode of contact with peanut butter appear highly unlikely.
Alterations of food antigen‐specific serum immunoglobulins G and E antibodies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia
Authors: Zuo X. L. , Li Y. Q. , Li W. J. , Guo Y. T. , Lu X. F. , Li J. M. , Desmond P. V. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground
Post‐prandial worsening of symptoms as well as adverse reactions to one or more foods are common in the patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD). However, the role played by true food allergy in the pathogenesis of these diseases is still controversial and there are no well‐established tests to identify food allergy in this condition.Objective
To investigate serum food antigen‐specific IgG, IgE antibody and total IgE antibody titres in controls and patients with IBS and FD, and to correlate symptoms with the food antigen‐specific IgG titres in IBS and FD patients.Methods
Thirty‐seven IBS patients, 28 FD patients and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. Serum IgG and IgE antibody titres to 14 common foods including beef, chicken, codfish, corn, crab, eggs, mushroom, milk, pork, rice, shrimp, soybean, tomatoes and wheat were analysed by ELISA. Serum total IgE titres were also measured. Last, symptomatology was assessed in the study.Results
IBS patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to crab (P=0.000), egg (P=0.000), shrimp (P=0.000), soybean (P=0.017) and wheat (P=0.004) than controls. FD patients had significantly higher titres of IgG antibody to egg (P=0.000) and soybean (P=0.017) than controls. The percentage of individuals with detectable positive food antigen‐specific IgE antibodies of the three groups did not show any significant differences (P=0.971). There were no significant differences between IBS patients, FD patients and controls in the serum total IgE antibody titres (P=0.978). Lastly, no significant correlation was seen between symptom severity and serum food antigen‐specific IgG antibody titres both in IBS and FD patients.Conclusion
Serum IgG antibody titres to some common foods increased in IBS and FD patients compared to controls. But there is no significant correlation between symptom severity and elevated serum food antigen‐specific IgG antibodies in these patients.