bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research
Authors: Brody Leslie R 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTheories, data, methodological and conceptual problems concerning the study of gender differences in the development of defenses, emotional expression, recognition, and experiences are reviewed Data indicate gender differences in several areas of emotional functioning, including nonverbal sensitivity, expressiveness, self‐reports of anger, fear, and sadness, the quality of defenses, and cognitive correlates of recognition abilities Studies suggest that with development, boys increasingly inhibit the expression and attribution of most emotions, whereas girls increasingly inhibit the expression and recognition of socially unacceptable emotions, e g, anger These differences may be a function of different socialization processes for males and females, which may be adaptations to innate gender differences in temperament, or adaptations to existing sociocultural pressuresThe present paper argues that emotions motivate and regulate adaptive behaviors, and that researchers must explore gender differences in emotional development as a function of different familial, sociocultural, and interpersonal roles to which males and females must adapt
Depression vs. paranoia: Why are there sex differences in mental illness?
Authors: Lewis Helen Block 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSex differences in proneness to depression and paranoia are seen as reflecting caricatures of women s and men's stereotypical role in a male‐dominated, exploitative society Following its major hypothesis that mental illness arises out of failures in the sociability that is inherent in our species, the paper discusses some of the evidence for sex differences in sociability, and some evidence from studies of sex differences in field dependence which, taken together, suggest a sex difference in proneness to shame and guilt This sex difference in ‘superego” style is a mediating factor in proneness to depression and paranoia
Gender and victimization by intimates
Authors: Auerbach Walker Lenore E , Browne Angela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent data demonstrate that, although gender has an impact upon the experience of being a victim of an intimate s violence, there is no particular personality pattern that leads one to become a victim Rather, women— who are socialized to adapt and submit, and who are likely to become victims of men's sexual violence or physical abuse—may not develop adequate self‐protection skills as children, especially if they come from childhood homes in which females are victimized, leading to a later vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse Men, however, socialized to express anger and aggression in an outward manner, learn to model the abuse witnessed or experienced in childhood and often learn that women are the appropriate’ recipients of this violenceSocial learning theories of modeling and aggression are used to explain how such personality patterns develop, and the theory of learned helplessness is used to explain battered women s coping responses to their partners’ abusive behavior The extreme situation, in which a battered woman kills her partner in self‐defense, is analyzed in order to understand women victims sense of desperation and entrapment in severely abusive relationships and the extent to which their behaviors are in reaction to the abuse perpetrated by the mate
Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson's theory
Authors: Franz Carol E , White Kathleen M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe question of whether Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is a complete and coherent view of development in males and females is considered After a thorough review of Erikson's views on the role of sex in psychosocial development, the authors suggest that an important element is neglected in Erikson's account of personality development in both sexes That is, due to his focus on issues of identity, Erikson does not account fully for the development of intimacy or other expressions of interpersonal attachment The authors conclude that the major shortcoming of Erikson's theory is not, as some feminists have argued, that it is a male theory but that it fails to account adequately for the processes of interpersonal attachment that are essential to the development of both males and females Preliminary elements of a two‐path model of development are proposed
Lives of women who became autonomous
Authors: Helson Ravenna , Mitchell Valory , Hart Barbara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe examine the lives and growth processes of women who have achieved considerable development of personality Subjects of study are seven women in a longitudinal sample who, at ages 42–45, are classified by the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test at the highest ego‐levels As a way of describing their lives, all seven are analyzed in terms of Levinson's model of male development, one case is presented in terms of Gilligan's model of female development, another in terms of Loevinger's general model, and linkages among theories are observed Characteristics of Loevinger's autonomous stage are illustrated and the extent to which they are gender‐related is discussed Findings show that women with very different personalities, problems, and ways of life can attain a high level of ego‐development, that their lives tend not to have been orthodox or easy, and that theories of adult development are useful but uneven in application
Individual differences in moral development: The relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality
Authors: Lifton Peter D 
Published: April 2006

Abstract1Individual differences in moral development are examined, with a particular emphasis on sex and gender differences This examination includes an extensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature in psychology on morality Based on this review, it is concluded that sex differences occur with less frequency and with a less systematic favoring of males than is predicted by several theories of moral development In addition, a study is presented which considers the relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality Two age cohort samples, college sophomores (n= 169) and adults (n= 151), were assessed with the moral judgment scale of the cognitive‐developmental model (Kohlberg, 1984) and a newly developed moral character template of the personological model (Lifton, in Press) Participants also completed the CPI and MMPI personality inventories Results of the study indicate (1) the absence of sex differences for either model, (2) the presence of gender differences favoring masculine persons for the cognitive‐developmental but not personological model, and (3) that individual differences in moral development parallel individual differences in personality development The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in their moral orientations Finally, it is argued that an individual difference approach, particularly one that emphasizes personality, would prove useful for future research on moral development
Responsibility and the power motive in women and men
Authors: Winter David G , Barenbaum Nicole B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious research on the correlates of power motivation in women and men had shown no gender differences, when the presence of younger siblings (reflecting responsibility training) was used as a moderator variable This study reports development of an empirically derived direct TAT measure of responsibility as a moderator variable for the power motive The new measure includes mention of legal or moral standards, obligation concern about others, concern about consequences, and self‐judgment It is related to perceived parental expectations concerning responsibility Among women and men high in responsibility, power motivation predicts responsible social power actions, but among women and men low in responsibility, power motivation predicts a variety of profligate, impulsive actions Responsibility then, rather than gender, appears to determine the ways in which the power motive is expressed
Masculine/feminine: A personological perspective
Authors: Carlson Rae 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHow might our expanding knowledge of gender contribute to a deeper understanding of personality? This paper offers a personological perspective for considering the import of contemporary work, and focuses on the ten substantive papers included in this issue of the Journal of Personality An agenda for our future inquiry is proposed that includes (a) revising our ideology of science in a postpositivist era, (b) recognizing the complexity of personality as a domain distinguished from “human being theory,” (c) developing richer and more comprehensive personality theory, and (d) studying persons over time The papers reported in this issue contribute in various ways to the enrichment of personological understanding
Personality research methods: An historical perspective
Authors: Craik Kenneth H 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn historical perspective upon personality research methods is presented and scholarly resources are reviewed to encourage historical perspective‐taking among personality psychologistsThe historical perspective demarcates five periods in the development of personality research methods (1) the pre‐identity era, (2) the pre‐World War II era, (3) the post‐World War II era, (4) the contemporary era, and (5) within the contemporary era, the current situation FOT a set of basic research methods in personality, three types of development are identified Laboratory methods, observer judgments, personality scales and inventories, and projective techniques illustrate continued development, biographical/archival methods and field studies illustrate interrupted methods, and reputational analysis by use of naturalistic observational assessment illustrates arrested developmentThe methodological pluralism evident in the history of personality research and inherent in its scientific agenda has not been fully realized, although current trends are encouraging Recommendations for promoting integrative methodological pluralism are made regarding research planning, institutional arrangements, and graduate research training programs
Modes and methods of personality research
Authors: Sechrest Lee 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdvances in knowledge about personality will be fostered by improved research methods, but corresponding improvements in our theories will be needed also, better methods will not be enough Theory itself can have methodological functions, and some methods provide strong impetus toward greater theoretical clarity and rigor Distinctions between methodological developments in research design, measurement, and analysis need to be maintained, and we badly need more research directed specifically toward improving methodologies Some papers in this volume point quite clearly to the need for all aspects of our research to be better rationalized and deliberate, casual and opportunistic decisions about how to carry out research simply will not do These papers indicate, for example, that the trait vs situation controversy would likely never have occurred had the issues been addressed with greater methodological, and logical, rigor This volume is not complete in its coverage of the potentially useful methods for personality research, and attention should ultimately be devoted to such methods as life histories and case studies and cross‐cultural comparisons In general, however, the papers in this volume offer an opportunity to raise the level of research in personality to a new plane of sophistication and revealingness
Biological Bases of Extraversion Psychophysiological Evidence
Authors: Stelmack Robert M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThere is a good deal of evidence, particularly from electrodermal and electrocortical recording procedures, that introverts exhibit greater reactivity to sensory stimulation than extraverts There is little evidence that introverts and extraverts differ in base level of arousal in neutral conditions, and there is no clear evidence that their differences in sensitivity to stimulation are determined by differences in attentional state Faster auditory brainstem evoked response latencies observed for introverts implicate differences in peripheral sensory processes that are not determined by mechanisms in the reticular system as proposed in the arousal hypothesis There is also evidence that individual differences in the expression of motor activity between introverts and extraverts involve differences in motoneuronal excitability
Developmental Truths in Memories of Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Thorne Avril 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study of age‐related changes in memories of personally important encounters showed “developmental truths,” that is, patterns that converged with prior developmental theories and research. Participants were 47 males and 48 females in their early 20s. An average of 16 memories were collected from each person during an intensive personal interview. Memories were coded for age at the time of the episode, the identity of the other person with whom the study participant was interacting, what the participant wanted from the other person, and the outcome. As expected, memories of encounters with parents and about wanting help prevailed for childhood, whereas memories of encounters with close friends and about wanting intimacy prevailed by mid‐adolescence. Memories about wanting to help others were sparse for this young‐adult sample, but, like needs for intimacy, increased with age. Although patterns for males tended to be more dramatic than patterns for females, this trend appeared more attributable to actual developmental differences in social dynamics than to differences in the degree to which current concerns intruded into the memory process. The advantages of personally salient, event‐specific retrospective reports for understanding personality development and change are discussed.
Life after Trauma: Personality and Daily Life Experiences of Traumatized People
Authors: Bunce Scott C. , Larson Randy J. , Peterson Christopher 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study, we explored differences in personality and daily life experiences of traumatized (n= 26) versus nontraumatized (n= 30) college students. Study participants completed a variety of personality measures as well as a 28–day experience sampling study assessing daily activities, emotions, and physical health. Although not differing on general demographics, traumatized individuals reported more trait anxiety and lower self–esteem than nontraumatized individuals. They scored higher on Neuroticism, were more introverted, and were less emotionally stable than nontraumatized participants. Traumatized individuals also reported more cognitive disturbances, emotional blunting, and interpersonal withdrawal. They did not report being more depressed, but did endorse cognitive styles associated with heightened risk for depression. Earlier age of trauma was associated with more pathological outcomes: lower self–esteem and psychological well–being, more anxiety, more pessimism, and emotional constriction of positive mood. We compare this symptom profile to that of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Extraversion: A “Hidden” Personality Factor in Coping?
Authors: Amirkhan James H. , Risinger Rhonda T. , Swickert Rhonda J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests a larger role for personality determinants of the coping response than has been traditionally held. In the two studies presented here, we examined the influence of personality on the use of social support and other coping strategies in samples of undergraduate students. The first study surveyed a range of coping responses to naturally occurring stressors and found that Extraversion was related to social support seeking, optimism (identified as germane to coping in prior research) was related to problem solving, and both dispositions were negatively related to avoidance. The second study used an experimental approach and multiple personality measures to correct for possible methodological problems in the first. Extraversion again proved to be associated with help seeking; moreover, this relationship accounted for that of another disposition, self‐esteem—a construct considered crucial in the literature. The utility of personality variables, particularly Extraversion, in predicting and explaining the choice of a coping strategy is discussed.
Personality Change in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Chronic Disease and Aging
Authors: Mendelsohn Gerald A. , Dakof Gayle A. , Skaff Marilyn 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTParkinson's disease patients (N= 41, mean age = 65 years) were described by themselves and their spouses as they were presently and before their illness using the Adjective Check List. Equivalent self‐ and spouse descriptions were obtained from the members of a matched community sample (N= 96). Descriptions of patients and their spouses converged, both reporting sharp, pervasive (e.g., on all of the Big Five dimensions), and uniformly negative change in personality. Similar, but much less marked change was found in the community sample. The data as a set suggest that the reported changes in the patients were veridical and that their magnitude was primarily the result of the disease rather than aging. Evidence of continuities in personality (for example, differential stability) was also noted. We argue that the illness accelerated and intensified changes normally expected in later life.
The Conflicted Individual: Personality‐Based and Domain Specific Antecedents of Ambivalent Social Attitudes
Authors: Thompson Megan M. , Zanna Mark P. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTHistorically, attitude theory and research has assumed that attitudes are largely unconflicted and unidimensional summary statements of feelings and beliefs. More recent work has reexamined this assumption (Thompson, Zanna, & Griffin, in press). The present article details two studies that continue to investigate this notion, examining antecedent variables assumed important in the genesis of attitudinal ambivalence. The first study focuses upon personality‐based factors such as individuals' Need for Cognition (NFC) and Personal Fear of Invalidity (PFI) (a heightened concern with error). The pattern of results was consistent with our predictions: High NFC was associated with less ambivalence and high PFI was associated with greater ambivalence. The second study investigated a domain‐specific antecedent. It was predicted that higher involvement would reduce the level of ambivalence experienced. Further, involvement was expected to moderate the effect of the personality‐based antecedents. Again, results confirmed our hypotheses. High
Experimental Personality Designs: Analyzing Categorical by Continuous Variable Interactions
Authors: West Stephen G. , Aiken Leona S. , Krull Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTheories hypothesizing interactions between a categorical and one or more continuous variables are common in personality research. Traditionally, such hypotheses have been tested using nonoptimal adaptations of analysis of variance (ANOVA). This article describes an alternative multiple regression‐based approach that has greater power and protects against spurious conclusions concerning the impact of individual predictors on the outcome in the presence of interactions. We discuss the structuring of the regression equation, the selection of a coding system for the categorical variable, and the importance of centering the continuous variable. We present in detail the interpretation of the effects of both individual predictors and their interactions as a function of the coding system selected for the categorical variable. We illustrate two‐ and three‐dimensional graphical displays of the results and present methods for conducting post hoc tests following a significant interaction. The application of multiple regression techniques is illustrated through the analysis of two data sets. We show how multiple regression can produce all of the information provided by traditional but less optimal ANOVA procedures.
Delay of Gratification, Psychopathology, and Personality: Is Low Self‐Control Specific to Externaiizing Problems?
Authors: Krueger Robert F. , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E. , White Jennifer , Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWe assessed the delay of gratification behavior of 428 twelve and thirteen‐year‐old boys, half of whom were known to manifest symptoms of behavioral disturbance. Consistent with the hypothesis that low self‐control is a risk factor specific to externalizing (aggressive and delinquent) disorders, boys who showed signs of externalizing disorders tended to seek immediate gratification in a laboratory task more often than both nondisordered boys and boys who showed signs of internalizing (anxious and depressed) disorders. In addition, children who were able to delay immediate gratification were described by their mothers as ego controlled, ego resilient, conscientious, open to experience, and agreeable. These results suggest that poor delay of gratification may be one of a select number of specific risk factors for externalizing
Personal Influences on Professional Work: An Empirical Case Study of B. F. Skinner
Authors: Demorest Amy P. , Slegel Paul F. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the hypothesis that individuals have characteristic ways of looking at the world that are revealed not only in their life story but also in their professional work. It seeks to provide the first empirical test of this hypothesis using systematic methods for data selection, interpretation, and matching, as applied to the case of B. F. Skinner. Using the salience identifier “primacy” (Alexander, 1990), Skinner's first research design and the first paragraph of his autobiography were selected for analysis. Adopting a personological approach to interpretation, “scripts” (Tomkins, 1987) were derived from these materials by blind and independent coders. A matching task (Allport, 1961) then indicated that the scripts derived from Skinner's work and life were substantially similar and significantly more similar than random pairs of scripts. A search through other autobiographical and professional writings by Skinner revealed that the elements of the discovered script appear recurrently in his imagery.
The Psychological Consequences of Fame: Three Tests of the Self‐Consciousness Hypothesis
Authors: Schaller Mark 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Three investigations tested the hypothesis, that the attainment of fame leads to chronic self‐consciousness. One of these studies also examined the relationship of self‐consciousness with self‐destructive behavior. Analyses of Kurt Cobain's and Cole Porter's song lyrics indicated increased use of first‐person singular pronouns after each songwriter attained celebrity. An analysis of John Cheever's short stories indicated greater use of the first‐person narrative voice following his first brush with fame. Other analyses revealed that variations in Cheever's fame were positively correlated with use of first‐person singular pronouns in his private letters and journals. These measures of self‐consciousness were also positively correlated with Cheever's self‐reported alcohol use. Together, these, three studies offer the first empirical support for a self‐consciousness hypothesis linking celebrity to self‐destructive Behavior.
In the urge to find a better, more perfect self, the possibility of uncovering a worse, more misshapen one hangs like a threatening cloud. Lurking behind every chance to be made whole by fame is the axman of further dismemberment.(Braudy, 1986, p. 8)