bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young adult drinking behaviour: a comparison of diary and quantity‐frequency measures
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN FRANCES V. , CALLAN VICTOR J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐two college students over a 2‐week period completed a diary of their drinking habits and reasons for drinking, as well as a structured questionnaire about drinking attitudes and habits. Daily consumption based on the diary was compared with consumption based on a quantity‐frequency measure within the questionnaire. There were no significant differences between estimates of consumption based on the two measures, and both measures were highly correlated. The questionnaire was more accurate in classifying drinkers and non‐drinkers and led to better identification of those classified as hazardous and harmful drinkers. Sex differences in beliefs about drinking, as well as differences according to drinker classification, were found. Unsafe drinkers rated their drinking episodes as significantly more satisfying, comforting and exciting than other drinkers and were more likely to drink in order to get drunk and to relax. Their beliefs, attitudes and intentions also were more favourable towards the consumption of alcohol. Hotels or clubs were the most preferred locations for beer and spirits consumption while wine was consumed mainly at home. Most drinking took place within a mixed group or with close friends. Findings are discussed in terms of the relative advantages of both diary and quantity‐frequency/questionnaire methods.
Development and validation of a multidimensional instrument for assessing outcome of treatment among opiate users: the Opiate Treatment Index
Authors: DARKE SHANE , HALL WAYNE , WODAKI ALEX , HEATHER NICK , WARD JEFF 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article presents a new instrument with which to assess the effects of opiate treatment. The Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) is multi‐dimensional in structure, with scales measuring six independently measured outcome domains: drug use; HIV risk‐taking behaviour; social functioning; criminality; health; and psychological adjustment. Psychometric properties of the Index are excellent, suggesting that the OTI is a relatively quick, efficient means of obtaining reliable and valid data on opiate users undergoing treatment over a range of relevant outcome domains.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books reviewed in this article: Marijuana‐Drug Abuse: A comprehensive Series for Clinicians, Volume 1 MARK S. GOLD The Clinical Management of Nicotine Dependence J. A. COCORES (Ed.) Treatment Choices for Alcoholism and Substance Abuse H. B. MILKMAN & L. I. SEDERER Managing the Dually Diagnosed Patient: Current Issues and Clinical Approaches DAVID F. O'CONNELL (Ed.) The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment JOHN C. BALL & ALAN ROSS Understanding Tranquilliser Use: The Role of the Social Sciences JONATHAN GABE (Ed.)
User reports of problems associated with alcohol and marijuana
Authors: BLACK STEVE , CASSWELL SALLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA general population sample of 5126 New Zealanders aged 15–45 in two regions was surveyed to determine their use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Self‐reported problems were recorded on identical scales for alcohol and marijuana in order to make a direct comparison between alcohol and marijuana‐related problems. The results suggest that alcohol‐related problems were more common than marijuana‐related ones in the general population, reflecting the fact that alcohol use was more widespread. Within the 17% of the sample who had used both alcohol and marijuana in the last 12 months more problems were reported from alcohol, once again reflecting differences in amounts consumed. Among heavier users of marijuana both alcohol and marijuana‐related problems were more commonly reported than in the general sample. Problems were reported at similar levels for both drugs and the pattern of problems is somewhat similar.
Elderly vs. younger problem drinker ‘treatment’ and recovery experiences
Authors: FITZGERALD J. L. , MULFORD H. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo address the question of whether or not elderly problem drinkers experience any treatment contact discrimination or recovery rate disadvantages, the programmme utilization and recovery rate experiences of a representative sample of older and younger persons arrested for drinking and driving (OWI) in Iowa were compared. Subjects were interviewed by phone or mail shortly after their OWI arrest and then again approximately 12 months later. Younger persons (18–54 years old) were compared with elderly persons (55 and over and 65 and over). The elderly subjects were also dichotomized as early onset (at least one problem drinking indicator occurred prior to age 55) or late onset (all problem drinking indicators occurred at age 55 or later). The elderly were as likely as, or more likely than, their younger counterparts to make a treatment contact, to remain in treatment and to recover.
Drinking context and other influences on the drinking of 15‐year‐old New Zealanders
Authors: CONNOLLY GARY M. , CASSWELL SALLY , STEWART JOANNA , SILVA PHIL A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of the situational characteristics of the drinking setting and a number of parental, personal and demographic variables on adolescents’alcohol use. The sample were 15‐year‐old participants in a multidisciplinary longitudinal study carried out in New Zealand. Measures of alcohol consumption were self reported amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent drinking occasion and amount usually consumed. All of the situational variables investigated had an effect on the amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent occasion. Greater amounts of alcohol were consumed if the alcohol was obtained from peers or by the 15‐year‐olds themselves, if the drink was consumed away from their own home, in the presence of peers only, and during the evening. More money to spend each week and lower SES were also associated with reports of greater alcohol consumption on the most recent drinking occasion. Adolescents with female friends who approved of drinking reported greater amounts of alcohol, the effect of female friends was most marked in the lower amounts reported by males who had female friends that disapproved of drinking. For amount of alcohol usually consumed, reports of larger amounts of alcohol were associated with more money available to spend each week and with lower SES. Furthermore, both males and females reported greater usual amounts if their male friends approved of drinking; female friends’approval was associated with greater amounts of alcohol usually being consumed, this effect was strongest for males. Sixty‐eight per cent of the 15‐year‐olds indicated that they thought they definitely or probably would get drunk in the future.
Drug abuse related emergency room episodes in the United States
Authors: KOPSTEIN ANDREA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrug‐related hospital emergency room cases provide one measure of the morbidity associated with drug abuse. Over time, they indicate if problems associated with particular drugs are increasing or decreasing. These trends may be influenced by a number of factors including increased prevalence of use, increased dosages, increased potency, increased frequency of use, the aging of drug addicts, the use of more dangerous routes of administration, and the combined use of two or more drugs. The primary source of this information in the United Stales is the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). This paper will present statistics on the drug‐related emergencies reported to the DAWN system for 1989 and 1990. In addition to numbers of drug‐related emergencies, this paper includes the population based rates for drug‐related emergencies in 1990
Effects of a saliva test pipeline procedure on adolescent self‐reported alcohol use
Authors: WAGENAAR ALEXANDER C. , KOMRO KELLI A. , McGOVERN PAUL , WILLIAMS CAROLYN L. , PERRY CHERYL L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSelf‐reports on alcohol use collected via school‐based questionnaires, telephone surveys, and household interviews are central measures in many studies in the alcohol field. The validity of such self‐reports remains an issue. Use of biological pipeline procedures is one way in which the quality of self‐reports might be improved. The current study tested the effectiveness of a saliva test pipeline procedure in increasing drinking disclosure rates among adolescents in the sixth and eighth grades. Two sixth‐grade classes from each of 14 elementary schools (n = 828) and four eighth‐grade classes from each of 8 middle schools (n = 754) were selected. Half of the classes in each school were assigned to the pipeline condition and half to the control condition. Each student in the pipeline condition was asked to provide a saliva sample via dental roll before completing a questionnaire that all students (pipeline and control) received. Pipeline students were told that “some of the saliva we collect today will be tested in a laboratory and will provide a biological measure of alcohol use.” Sixth‐ and eighth‐grade students exposed to the alcohol procedure reported 5 to 7% higher alcohol use prevalences than students in the control group. While the pattern of improved reporting tinder the pipeline condition held across four alcohol‐use measures and two grade levels, the effect was statistically significant for only one measure. The pipeline procedures used here had small effects on adolescent self‐reported alcohol use.
A comparison of doctors' practice in notifying addicts to the Home Office and reporting them to the North Western Drug Misuse Database
Authors: MOTT JOY , CADDLE DIANE , DONMALL MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDoctors have been required to notify named addict patients to the Chief Medical Officer at the Home Office since 1968, and since 1990 have been encouraged to report voluntarily all their drug misusing patients to anonymized NHS regional databases. The North Western Drug Misuse Database, set‐up for research purposes in 1985, was the forerunner of these databases. Compliance by doctors from three North Western District Health Authorities with both data collection systems between 1986 and 1989 was assessed by matching the names of notified addicts with the attributors of individuals reported to the NWDMD as users of notifiable drugs. By 1989 72% of addicts notified were also reported to the NWDMD although doctors working in hospital general departments still tended only to notify them. There was no evidence that particular general practitioners consistently did not notify their addict patients while reporting them to the NWDMD. The findings suggest that it will take some time for doctors to become accustomed to reporting all their drug misusing patients to the regional databases as well as notifying to Home Office those who met the notification criteria.
Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review
Authors: BIEN THOMAS H. , MILLER WILLIAM R. , TONIGAN J. SCOTT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRelatively brief interventions have consistently been found to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption or achieving treatment referral of problem drinkers. To date, the literature includes at least a dozen randomized trials of brief referral or retention procedures, and 32 controlled studies of brief interventions targeting drinking behavior, enrolling over 6000 problem drinkers in both health care and treatment settings across 14 nations. These studies indicate that brief interventions are more effective than no counseling, and often as effective as more extensive treatment. The outcome literature is reviewed, and common motivational elements of effective brief interventions are described. There is encouraging evidence that the course of harmful alcohol use can be effectively altered by well‐designed intervention strategies which are feasible within relatively brief‐contact contexts such as primary health care settings and employee assistance programs. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
Heavy drinking in hospital patients
Authors: SEPPÄ KAIJA , MÄKELÄ RAUNO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe study examines the prevalence of high consumption of alcohol among the patients of a large university hospital, and the ability of physicians to detect heavy drinking. According to self‐report, the results of CAGE questionnaire or the physicians' opinion, 25% of the male and 11% of the female patients were heavy drinkers. The physicians identified 43% and 26% of the men and women who screened positively either according to CAGE or self‐report. On the other hand, 17% of the men and 14% of the women who were identified by the physicians as heavy drinkers had a negative screening result. Heavy drinking was most often connected with psychiatric disorders, but it was present in all specialities. A wide range of diagnoses were found among abusers. It is concluded that all patients in all clinics should be asked about their drinking habits instead of relying solely on the physician's instinct or on the patient's self‐report or CAGE. More individual interviews should be done to make possible early intervention in heavy drinking.
Depressive symptoms and DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence: general population results
Authors: HASIN DEBORAH S. , CLICK HILLARY 
Published: January 2006

The Data Notes series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.AbstractThe DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence differ considerably from older criteria. We examined the association of depressive mood and symptoms with alcohol dependence as defined by DSM‐IH‐R in a national sample of 2627 current drinkers. Depressive mood and symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD). A significant univariate association between CESD scores and DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence was confirmed in a multivariate analysis that controlled for demographic characteristics, regular use of drugs, alcohol consumption and recent serious interpersonal loss. Issues in the study of depression and alcohol dependence are considered, and potential future research directions suggested.
Reaching hidden populations of drug users by privileged access interviewers: methodological and practical issues
Authors: GRIFFITHS P. , GOSSOP M. , POWIS B. , STRANG J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe methodological issues surrounding the use of a privileged access interviewer team to generate a network sample of drug users are examined. Traditionally network samples have tended to be used by qualitative researchers. Privileged access interviewing provides a mechanism for the application of a structured instrument to a network sampling model. In doing so some problematic issues in this area for structured methodology are overcome, reduced or standardized. The use of this method is appraised in terms of meeting the methodological requirements of the Drug Transitions study. The practical experiences of our group in using a privileged access interviewer team to interview more than 400 heroin users, many of whom were not in contact with treatment services, are discussed. This method is most appropriate for the quick collection of data, from diverse networks of drug users, by use of a structured instrument. Success is likely to be dependent cm careful implementation. The ongoing monitoring of data quality is of particular importance, as is good management practice and the establishment of supportive and non exploitative relationships with the interviewer team.
Time to alcohol dependence after abstinence and first drink
Authors: BESANCON FRANÇOIS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe first relapse into alcohol dependence after abstinence is characterized by sudden immoderate drinking. The time after abstinence to re‐establishing dependence has never been compared to the time taken to establish dependence initially. Thirty one subjects who had been dependent on alcohol, had subsequently been abstinent for at least 2 months, and had had a relapse into dependence were interviewed. The median time to first dependence on alcohol was 13 years (Mean (SD) 14.7 (8) years); median time to dependence when relapsing was 7 days, a 700‐fold acceleration (p < 0.00003). Only three subjects drank for more than 30 days (range 90‐1825 days) before re‐establishing dependence; the average was 82 (330) days overall and 9.3 (8.0) days if these subjects were excluded. Times to initial and subsequent dependence were not correlated nor related to the duration of abstinence (median 9, mean 16.9 (22) months). While abstinent the subjects had felt as if they were healed. It should be emphasized to abstinent patients that alcohol dependence has a latent sequel: they are at risk of accelerated dependence after recurrent drinking, which should be regarded as an emergency.
Comparison of DSM‐III‐R and draft DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and dependence in a general population sample
Authors: GRANT BRIDGET F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this Data Note was to compare DSM‐III‐R and Draft DSM‐IV formulations of alcohol use disorders in terms of prevalence and overlap in a representative sample of the United States general population. The prevalence of DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and dependence combined were strikingly similar, despite discrepancies in the separate component diagnoses of abuse and dependence. The major finding of this study showed a reversal of the abuse‐to‐dependence ratio associated with the DSM‐IV classification. Unlike previous surveys using DSM‐III‐R definitions, the prevalence of DSM‐IV abuse exceeded that of dependence in this general population sample. Reasons for this discrepancy were discussed in terms of the differences in the number and content of abuse and dependence criteria and the relationship between abuse and dependence categories. The need for an explicit statement justifying the changes in the DSM‐IV classification is highlighted.
The tail of the alcohol consumption distribution
Authors: Skog Ole‐Jørgen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe consumption containment rate (CCR), proposed by Taylor as a way of characterizing the upper tail of the alcohol consumption distribution, is analyzed and estimated from a collection of data sets from different countries. It is found that CCR curves for different countries are highly different at low consumption levels. However, at high consumption levels, they are remarkably similar across cultures. It is proposed that this may be due to cross‐cultural similarities in heavy drinking careers.
Alcohol and injuries: a review of international emergency room studies
Authors: CHERPITEL CHERYL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews emergency room (ER) studies from a number of countries which have focused nn the association oj alcohol and casualties. The review emphasizes studies which used probability sample of patients to represent the population of the emergency facility where the data were collected, and which separated injured patients from patients with medical conditions not due to injuries (the ‘non‐injured’). Reviewed here are studies concerned with: (1) estimated prevalence of positive blood alcohol at the time of the ER visit; (2) self‐reported alcohol consumption prior to the event resulting in a need for ER treatment; (3) patients' descriptions of their usual drinking patterns and alcohol‐related problems; (4) predictions of casualties and of alcohol'related casualties. Comparisons of findings from several countries are also presented. Comments on limitations of ER studies as well as other issues pertaining to the usefulness and interpretation of such data, and future directions for research in emergency room populations are discussed.
Individual differences in differentiation among alcohol expectancy domains
Authors: FRONE MICHAEL R. , RUSSELL MARCIA , COOPER M. LYNNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrior research indicates that alcohol‐related outcome expectancies represent important etiological factors in the understanding of alcohol use/abuse. Although current multidimensional measures assess several substantively different domains of alcohol‐related outcome expectancies, there is growing evidence that they may not possess adequate levels of discriminant validity. Therefore, the present study sought to examine whether reliable between‐person differences exist in the ability to differentiate among alcohol expectancy domains. The focus of the study was on three sets of intrapersonal characteristics: cognitive resources, cognitive constraints, and alcohol‐related experience. Data were collected via household interviews with a random sample of 1125 adults. Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher levels of cognitive resources were associated with increasing levels of differentiation among alcohol expectancy domains. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the development of new or revised multidimensional alcohol expectancy questionnaires. Directions for future research are also discussed.
Genes, environment, and addictive behavior: etiology of individual differences and extreme cases
Authors: RENDE RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is considerable interest in assessing the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of addiction. This paper reviews the possible contribution of a new quantitative technique, termed DF analysis after its originators DeFries & Fulker. DF analysis provides a way of examining whether aetiological factors relating to addiction as a discrete disorder (manifest as extreme scores on a diagnostic instrument) are similar to or different from those that relate to it as a continuum. For example, it is possible to estimate the contribution of familial factors to the development of a clinical condition defined in terms of an extreme score on an instrument by examining the extent of regression towards the unelected population mean of siblings' scores on that instrument. At the same time it is possible to estimate familial influences on the full range of values by examining the correlation between the scores of siblings. Insofar as the two methods produce different estimates, it is possible to infer different levels of involvement of familial factors for extreme cases than for the continuum as a whole. Information provided by such analyses could be critical when constructing models of addictive disorders and help direct more specific studies isolating particular mechanisms.
The formulation of Australia's National Health Policy on Alcohol
Authors: HAWKS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe formulation of a health policy in relation to alcohol is described by the Chairman of the Committee responsible for its drafting in the context of Australia's pursuance of a National Campaign Against Drug Abuse. The fate of particular proposals included in the draft document, but excluded from the final endorsed policy, is discussed in relation to the activities of the alcohol industry and, in particular, the intervention of the Minister for Health in South Australia, Australia's premium wine growing region. Inferences are drawn about the negotiation of public health policy in this area, the role of research and the need to demonstrate widespread public support for the recommendations of such research.