bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margarine and shortening oils by interesterification of liquid and trisaturated triglycerides
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L. , Orthoefer F. , Neff W. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLiquid vegetable oils (VO), including cottonseed, peanut, soybean, corn, and canola, were randomly interesterified with completely hydrogenated soybean or cottonseed hardstocks (vegetable oil trisaturate; VOTS) in ratios of four parts VO and one part VOTS. Analysis of the reaction products by high‐performance liquid chromatography showed that at 70°C and vigorous agitation, with 0.5% sodium methoxide catalyst, the reactions were complete after 15 min. Solid‐fat index (SFI) measurements made at 50, 70, 80, 92, and 104°F, along with drop melting points, indicated that the interesterified fats possess plasticity curves in the range of commercial soft tub margarine oils prepared by blending hydrogenated stocks. Shortening basestocks were prepared by randomly interesterifying palm or soybean oil with VOTS in ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 or 4:1, respectively. Blending of the interesterified basestocks with additional liquid VO yielded products having SFI curves very similar to commercial all purpose‐type shortening oils made by blending hydrogenated stocks. Other studies show that fluid‐type shortening oils can be prepared through blending of interesterified basestocks with liquid VO. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that the desirable β′ crystal structure is achieved through interesterification and blending.
The spectroscopic quinoidal ion method for the analysis of carbonyl compounds
Authors: Meyer Sonja R. , Rebrovic Louis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe spectroscopic quinoidal ion method for carbonyl compound analysis has been evaluated. Conjugated aldehydes and saturated ketones are rather stable after an initial time period. Saturated aldehydes are unstable and decompose rapidly with time. The stability of aldehydes is directly related to the size of the alkyl group attached to the aldehyde function. The larger the group, the slower it decomposes.
Isobaric vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for the system: Heptaldehyde‐methyl undecenoate
Authors: Ravikumar Y. V. L. , Kale Vijay 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIsobaric‐bubble temperature data at 50 mmHg were collected for the system heptaldehyde‐methyl undecenoate over the entire composition range by the indirect method with a standard Swietoslawski‐type ebulliometer. The vapor compositions were computed by means of the nonrandom two‐liquid equation. The average absolute error in temperature was 0.4°K.
Amines from aldehydes derived from the ozonization of soybean esters
Authors: Anders D. E. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInvestigations were carried out on reductive amination of caproaldehyde, pelargonaldehyde and azelaaldehydate esters, obtainable from ozonolysis of soybean oil products, with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst. A solvent system giving good yields of primary amine while suppressing amide formation was devised. Excess ammonia and homogeneous solutions suppressed secondary amine formation. Nonpolar solvents suppressed ammonolysis. Optimum conditions for reaction varied with the aldehyde.Excellent yields of hexylamine (91%), nonylamine (90%), methyl 9‐aminononanoate (92%) and butyl 9‐aminononanoate (93%) were obtained from caproaldehyde, pelargonaldehyde, methyl azelaaldehydate and butyl azelaaldehydate, respectively, when aminated in anhydrous ammonia and either cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane.
A rapid method for concentrating highly unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in marine lipids as an aid in their identification by GLC
Authors: Jangaard Peter M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe selective solubility of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in nitromethane at temperatures down to 蜢20C can be used to concentrate highly unsaturated methyl esters. With a typical sample of marine oils methyl esters having an iodine value of 110舑190, a concentrate can be ready for GLC analysis in an hour or less and the nitromethane layer can be injected directly for analysis in GLC apparatus with ionization detectors. Examples of the use of the method in the identification of component fatty acids in herring oil are given.
Imitation dairy products—Past, present and future
Authors: Hetrick J. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe history of substitute dairy products and their impact on the market is reviewed. The present status of filled and imitation milk products is discussed from the flavor acceptance, economic, legal and nutritional standpoints. Comments on some factors which will affect the future growth potential of these products, such as Consumer acceptance, economics, proposed legislation with respect to compositional, nutritional and labeling requirements and industry attitude toward marketing of these products are given.
The use of optical brighteners for synthetic fibers in detergents
Authors: Anliker R. , Hefti H. , Kasperl H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the choice of the right optical brightening agent for use in the dope or for topic‐brightening in the textile‐mill has a big influence on the ability of the fiber to be further brightened in the wash‐bath, on the lightfastness and the washfastness of the white, and very often also on the colored wash‐load. The investigation also deals with the mutual influence of brighteners applied during the production of the fiber or the fabric and those used in detergents. Ways are described to overcome undesired changes in the hues of pastel shades. Some aspects of the visual assessment and measurement of whitening effects are discussed.
High oleic oils by selective hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Popescu Ovidiu , Koritala Sambasivarao , Dutton H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh oleic (monoene) oils were obtained from soybean oil by selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts. A mixture of nickel and copper chromite catalyst had activity suitable for producing the high monoene oils. A new catalyst (copper‐on‐Cab‐O‐Sil) prepared in the Laboratory was more active than commercial copper catalysts. Hydrogenated oils contained 61–72% monoenoic and 14–24% dienoic acids, and there was essentially no increase in stearic acid. Thetrans‐isomer content of these oils varied between 17% to 32%. Double bonds in the monoene were distributed along the molecule from C6 to C15, but were located preferentially in the C9 position for thecis‐monoene and in the C10 and C11 positions for thetrans‐monoene. When the iodine value of these high monoene oils was about 90–95, they remained liquid above 28 C. Citric acid treatment reduced the copper content of hydrogenated oils to a level that was comparable to that of the original soybean oil.
Metabolism of gossypol in the chick
Authors: Lyman Carl M. , Cronin John T. , Trant Mary M. , Odell George V. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract14C labeled gossypol was administered to young chickens and the deposition of gossypol plus gossypol decomposition products in the various tissues was evaluated by determination of14C activity in a scintillation spectrometer. Most of the gossypol activity was recovered in the feces with relatively smaller amounts retained by the tissues. Most of the labeled compound retained was found in the liver, muscle, blood and kidneys, with the highest concentration in the liver. Increasing the protein content of the diet by the addition of fish meal reduced the amount of gossypol plus gossypol decomposition products found in the tissues.
Identification of polyoxyalkylene‐type nonionic surfactants by paper chromatography
Authors: Selden George L. , Benedict J. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDespite the increasing importance of nonionic surfactants, methods for their identification have been limited to specific groups. Accordingly, a general analytical scheme for the identification of polyoxyalkylene‐type nonionic surfactants was developed, which uses qualitative tests and two paper chromatographic solvent systems. This procedure differentiates among the ethoxylates of alcohols, thioalcohols, alkyl phenol, fatty acids, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene acids, sorbitan fatty esters, fatty amides, polyoxyethylene glycols (PEG) condensates. In addition, individual members of a class can be separated and identified. The method is applicable to a variety of detergent products and to mixtures of more than one nonionic. As little as 7 mg of a nonionic surfactant are sufficient for complete characterization.
Automatic determination of the foam end point in a simulated dishwashing test
Authors: Hartwig G. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe disappearance of foam when increments of soil are added is frequently used to assess the foam performance of surfactants in dishwashing. A small scale screening test has been published using a Terg‐o‐tometer to generate foam and disperse the soil. However, the end point is difficult to determine visually because of the violent agitation of the surface. A method has been developed, whereby the surface foam reflectance is automatically and continuously recorded from four beakers of surfactant solution simultaneously. Near the end point, the rate of foam disappearance is determined and the complete foam disappearance can be interpolated from the instrumental recorded curves. Comparisons are given for experienced operator and instrumentally determined end points which are shown to be in agreement.
Studies on conductivity of the system: Barium soap‐water and propanol‐1
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Varma R. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe conductivity behavior of barium soap solutions in water‐propanol‐1 mixtures is exhibted by an equation: where A and B are constants, C is concentration of barium soap in q, moles/litre and µ is molecular conductivity.The values of the constant B are independent of the chain length of the soap below 50% propanol‐1 concentration whereas above 50%, the values increase with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in the soap. The values of constant A also show a transition at 50% propanol‐1 concentration.The results confirm that the change in the behavior takes place at about 50% propanol‐1 concentration.
The triglycerides of sable fish(Anaplopoma fimbria). I. Quantitative fractionation by column chromatography on silica gel impregnated with silver nitrate
Authors: Dolev Ami , Olcott H. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe triglycerides of sable fish muscle oil were eluted from a silver‐nitrate‐impregnated silica gel column with petroleum ether containing increasing amounts of ethyl ether as solvents. Eighteen peak fractions were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Calculated iodine values progressed regularly from 38 to 115. The detailed data show that the fractionation did not depend upon the presence of individual fatty acids but on total unsaturation. Not all of the triglycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were eluted.
Homogeneously catalysed hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols
Authors: Stouthamer B. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe use of copper and cadmium oxides or soaps as catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols has been investigated. It is shown that copper soaps homogeneously activate hydrogen. When copper and cadmium oxides are used as catalysts, they react with the acid under formation of a homogeneous soap solution. A continuous reaction system for the preparation of unsaturated fatty alcohols by hydrogenation under the influence of copper and cadmium soaps is described.
Properties of detergent phosphates and their effects on detergent processing
Authors: Shen C. Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhosphates are usually key ingredients in detergent formulations ranging from liquids to free‐flowing powdery material to hard cakes. Their functional properties, which contribute to the over‐all detergency by controlling the alkalinity, lowering the critical micelle concentration, sequestering metal ions, and decreasing soil redeposition, are generally considered to be the reason for their wide use. Another important but less recognized reason is their versatile role in improving the handling properties and lowering the cost of the finished products.The sophistication of the phosphate manufacturing processes makes it possible to turn out a large number of phosphates with different properties and physical forms. Trisodium orthophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, and sodium phosphate glass are for the specialties. Sodium tripolyphosphate, the work‐horse of the detergent phosphates, has many grades. Some are designed to give the desired hydration properties for different detergent‐processing conditions. Size and density are varied for granular grades to reduce segregation and degradation in dry‐blended detergents. Sodium trimetaphosphate, which converts rapidly into tripolyphosphate, offers a new detergent‐processing technology. Effervescent phosphate is an intriguing new detergent phosphate with many possible new applications.The properties of these phosphates and their effect on the detergent products and processes are discussed in detail.
Applicability of the turbidity test for castor oil to some other hydroxy and epoxy fatty compounds
Authors: Lakshminarayana Gollamudi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA large number of hydroxy as well as nonhydroxy fatty compounds were employed to explore the applicability of the turbidity test for castor oil (1) and to understand the nature of the turbidity. The test was capable of detecting up to ca. 2% of hydroxy, hydroperoxy, and epoxy fatty acids and their esters, also the epoxy, acetoxy, and hydroxy fatty alcohols present in a petroleum ether solution of a nonpolar triglyceride oil. Monohydric primary alcohols, sterols, mono‐ and diglycerides were not detected. The turbidity developed, whether H2SO4 contained ammonium molybdate or not, because of the formation of a sulfate and its precipitation from the petroleum ether solution of oil.
Synthesis of triacylglycerol from polyunsaturated fatty acid by immobilized lipase
Authors: Kosugi Yoshitsugu , Azuma Naoki 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMore than 95% of polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) was converted to triacylglycerol by immobilized lipase fromCandida antarctica orRhizomucor miehei. The esterification was carried out at 50–60°C with shaking and dehydration for 24 h. The substrates consisted of glycerol and free fatty acid or ethyl esters of the fatty acid at a 1∶3 molar ratio. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the substrate polymerized during the reaction, and they required 5–10% more than the stoichiometric amount to compensate for the PUFA loss. On the contrary, ethyl esters of DHA and EPA were not polymerized. Pure tridocosahexaenoyl, trieicosapentaenoly and triarachidonoyl glycerol were isolated after passing the product through a basic aluminum oxide column. Industrial feasibility of this process was discussed for the ethyl ester as substrate.
Lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol
Authors: Linko Y. ‐Y. , Lämsä M. , Huhtala A. , Linko P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed transesterification (alcoholysis) of lowerucic acid rapeseed oil and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol without an additional organic solvent was studied in stirred batch reactors. Of a number of commercially available enzymes investigated, the best results were obtained with aCandida rugosa lipase. The optimal transesterification conditions were an oil/alcohol molar ratio of 1∶2.8, a minimum of 1.0% (w/w) added water, and with a temperature of 37–55°C. Under the optimal conditions, a nearly complete conversion was obtained in one hour with 14.6% (w/w) lipase, whereas 0.3% (w/w) lipase required 10 h for similar results. The enzyme was inactivated at 60°C.
Fractionation of lauric oils
Authors: Rossell J. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe different methods of edible oil fractionation are reviewed, and the applicability of these to the fractionation of palm kernel and coconut oils is discussed. Crystallization from solvents such as acetone, hexane or 2‐nitro‐propane, is the most easily understood and most convenient for small‐scale laboratory trials, but the cost of solvents and the need to flameproof plants makes it uneconomical for an industrial undertaking. Dry crystallization is commonly employed, and there are several methods, described here, for subsequent separation of solid stearin from liquid olein. Chemical and physical properties of the separated stearins and oleins depend on fractionation conditions and on the yields sought. These are reviewed. The properties of the fractions may be further modified by hydrogenation, interesterification, blending or combinations of these techniques.Many sophisticated confectionery fats are manufactured from lauric stearins and their methods of manufacture and product applications are reviewed. A commercial operation must take care to find a good outlet for the secondary fractionation products (or byproducts) however, and useful outlets for these secondary fractions are therefore considered in addition to those of the main product.
Chemical interesterification of palm, palm kernel and coconut oils
Authors: Laning Steven J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChemical interesterification processes are discussed as they apply to palm, palm kernel and coconut oils. Included are process descriptions, selected physical and functional changes resulting from this process, analytical techniques and commercial edible applications. These fats are utilized worldwide in a growing variety of food products. The demands of these applications provide an endless need for fats with varying physical and functional characteristics. Interesterification alone and in combination with other processes such as hydrogenation and fractionation significantly extends the range of the otherwise limited physical and functional characteristics of naturally occurring palm, palm kernel and coconut oils.
Palm oil and palm kernel oil in food products
Authors: Traitler H. , Dieffenbacher A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCocoa butter equivalent (CBE) formulation, especially the compatibility of palm oil based CBE with cocoa butter, is of special interest to chocolate manufacturers. Traditionally palm oil is fractionated to obtain high‐melting stearin and olein with a clear point of around 25 C, the latter serving as cooking oil. Recently, palm oil has been fractionated to recover an intermediate fraction known as palm mid‐fraction (PMF), which is suitable for CBE formulations.Generally, production of PMF is based on a three‐step procedure. However, a dry fractionation system, which includes selective crystallization and removal of liquid olein by means of a hydraulic press, has been developed. Iodine value, solid content (SFI) at different temperatures, cooling curves (Shukoff 0°) and triglyceride/fatty acid composition determination confirmed effectiveness of the procedure followed. A direct relationship between yield, quality of PMF and crystallization temperature during fractionation has been achieved. Yield of 60% for olein of IV 64–67 has been achieved. Yield of 30% for PMF of IV 36–38 and 10% for high melting stearin of IV of 20–22 are also being achieved.High‐melting stearin may be used in oleochemical applications, soaps, food emulsifiers and other industrial applications such as lubricating oil. Olein fraction, especially after flash hydrogenation thereby reducing the IV to 62/64, has excellent frying and cooking oil characteristics. Palm olein is also suitable as dietary fat and in infant formulation. Studies on interesterification of high‐melting stearin with olein showed possibilities to formulate hardstocks for margarine and spread formulations, even without using hydrogenated fat components.Palm kernel and coconut fats or fractions or derived products are used for confectionery products as partial CB replacers and as ice cream fats and coatings. Coconut oil also serves as a starting material for the production of medium‐chain triglycerides.
Improvement of lecithin as an emulsifier for water‐in‐oil emulsions by thermalization
Authors: Weete John D. , Betageri Sucheta , Griffith George L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe various forms (granular, liquid, gum) of lecithin can be heated under certain conditions of time and temperature to greatly improve their properties as emulsifiers for water‐in‐oil emulsions. Viscosity, discontinuous phase‐holding capacity, stability and water retention were greatly enhanced in emulsions containing thermalized lecithins as the emulsifier compared to those prepared with corresponding amounts of nonthermalized lecithins. The improved emulsification properties of the thermalized lecithins appeared to be due, at least in part, to an increase in diglycerides and free fatty acids resulting from the thermal degradation of phosphatides.
Glycerylbisether sulfates. II: Performance properties
Authors: Condon Brian D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTraditional structure vs. performance relationships have been thoroughly investigated for alcohol ether sulfates (AES) wherein hydrophobe chainlength and degree of ethoxylation served as variables for structure variance. Therefore, a series of molecules, 1,3‐bis‐(alkylethylenoxy)‐propane‐2‐yl sodium sulfates or glycerylbisether sulfates (GBES), analogous to AES but with a centrally located hydrophile structure, was synthesized and evaluated for its cloth detergency, foaming and wetting properties. Performance test results are presented as response surfaces in the two variables mentioned in addition to comparisons to common surfactants. The centrally located hydrophile structures exhibited varying surfactant and performance properties, with increasing detergency performance shown by higher‐molecular weight GBES molecules: Optimum foaming and wetting performance was produced by a range of structures roughly given by CnEOn−6 for n=6–8.
Addition of N,N‐dibromosulfonamides to internal olefins: Synthesis of N‐sulfonylaziridines
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Haeberer E. T. , Maerker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe addition of N,N‐dibromobenzenesulfonamide (NNDBS) to internal acyclic olefins has been investigated. The major products formed were shown to be β‐bromosulfonamides. The reaction has been applied to pairs ofcis‐trans olefins and has been found to proceed in a stereoselective fashion. To account for this observed selectivity an ionic mechanism has been proposed. The β‐bromosulfonamides prepared have been cyclized with base to N‐sulfonylaziridines. The configurations of the latter have been shown to be the same as those of the starting olefins.
Ethylene adduct of conjugated octadecadienoic acids: II. Ozonization products
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Cowan J. C. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl 8‐(4‐n‐hexylcyclohex‐2‐enyl) octanoate obtained by esterifying the adduct of ethylene andtrans,trans‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid was ozonized in methanol as a participating solvent. The resultant cyclic methoxyhemiperacetal was reduced with powdered zinc to the dialdehyde, methyl 9,12‐diformylstearate, which was isolated as the tetramethyldiacetal. This dialdehyde readily air‐oxidizes to give methyl 9,12‐dicarboxystearate. Heating the cyclic methoxyhemiperacetal slowly from 25 to 100 C in vacuo results in an unusual decomposition reaction which gives hydrogen and methyl 9 (12)‐carbomethoxy‐12(9)‐carboxystearate as the primary products and methyl 9 (12)‐carbomethoxystearate as the major by‐product. Treatment of the cyclic hemiperacetal with hydrogen peroxide in formic acid gave unexpectedly dihydroxystearic acid as one of the products.