bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Adhesion Molecules, Target Cells, and Role of IL-2 in Human FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cell Suppressor Function
Authors: Tran Dat Q. , Glass Deborah D. , Uzel Gulbu , Darnell Dirk A. , Spalding Christine , Holland Steven M. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to the maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. The mechanisms of action and cellular targets for Treg-mediated suppression remain controversial. The critical adhesion molecules utilized by Tregs for the interaction with their target cells have not been well characterized. We show that human CD4+FOXP3+CD25high cells (hTregs) suppress the activation of mouse responders as efficiently as mouse Tregs. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) on the hTregs is critical for their suppressor function, since suppression can be reversed with blocking anti-hCD11a or anti-hCD18 mAb. Tregs from patients with LFA-1 deficiency fail to suppress human and mouse responders. Mouse CD4+ T cells deficient in ICAM-1 can be suppressed by hTregs, indicating that the hTregs target mouse dendritic cells (DCs) through the binding of human LFA-1 to mouse ICAM-1. Coculture of mouse DCs with hTregs, but not hTregs from LFA-1-deficient patients, prevented the up-regulation of CD80/CD86 on the DCs and their capacity to activate responder T cells. Lastly, IL-2 is not required for hTreg suppressor function under optimal stimulatory condition and IL-2 consumption plays no role in hTreg-mediated suppression. Taken together, one of the mechanisms of Treg-mediated suppression functions across species and mediates an LFA-1/ICAM-1-dependent interaction between Tregs and DCs.
Combined Optical and MR Bioimaging Using Rare Earth Ion Doped NaYF4 Nanocrystals
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Nyk Marcin , Ohulchanskyy Tymish Y. , Flask Christopher A. , Prasad Paras N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHere, novel nanoprobes for combined optical and magnetic resonance (MR) bioimaging are reported. Fluoride (NaYF4) nanocrystals (20–30 nm size) co‐doped with the rare earth ions Gd3+ and Er3+/Yb3+/Eu3+ are synthesized and dispersed in water. An efficient up‐ and downconverted photoluminescence from the rare‐earth ions (Er3+ and Yb3+ or Eu3+) doped into fluoride nanomatrix allows optical imaging modality for the nanoprobes. Upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) show nearly quadratic dependence of the photoluminescence intensity on the excitation light power, confirming a two‐photon induced process and allowing two‐photon imaging with UCNPs with low power continuous wave laser diodes due to the sequential nature of the two‐photon process. Furthermore, both UCNPs and downconversion nanophosphors (DCNPs) are modified with biorecognition biomolecules such as anti‐claudin‐4 and anti‐mesothelin, and show in vitro targeted delivery to cancer cells using confocal microscopy. The possibility of using nanoprobes for optical imaging in vivo is also demonstrated. It is also shown that Gd3+ co‐doped within the nanophosphors imparts strong T1 (Spin‐lattice relaxation time) and T2 (spin‐spin relaxation time) for high contrast MR imaging. Thus, nanoprobes based on fluoride nanophosphors doped with rare earth ions are shown to provide the dual modality of optical and magnetic resonance imaging.
Phototunable Microlens Array Based on Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals
Authors: Xiong Gui‐Rong , Han Guo‐Zhi , Sun Cheng , Xu Hua , Wei Hong‐mei , Gu Zhong‐Ze 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA microfluidic system is designed to fabricate polymer dispersed liquid crystal microspheres, whose shape, surface smoothness, and size are controlled. A microlens array (MLA) is constructed by the assembly of the monodispersed microspheres. In the MLA, each microsphere acts as a separate imaging unit. As the liquid crystal (LC) used is a mixed liquid crystal that contain photoresponsive 4‐butyl‐4‐methoxyazobenzene, the imaging capability and light transportation of the MLA can be reversibly controlled by light irradiation.
High‐Density Carrier Accumulation in ZnO Field‐Effect Transistors Gated by Electric Double Layers of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yuan Hongtao , Shimotani Hidekazu , Tsukazaki Atsushi , Ohtomo Akira , Kawasaki Masashi , Iwasa Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVery recently, electric‐field‐induced superconductivity in an insulator was realized by tuning charge carrier to a high density level (1 × 1014 cm−2). To increase the maximum attainable carrier density for electrostatic tuning of electronic states in semiconductor field‐effect transistors is a hot issue but a big challenge. Here, ultrahigh density carrier accumulation is reported, in particular at low temperature, in a ZnO field‐effect transistor gated by electric double layers of ionic liquid (IL). This transistor, called an electric double layer transistor (EDLT), is found to exhibit very high transconductance and an ultrahigh carrier density in a fast, reversible, and reproducible manner. The room temperature capacitance of EDLTs is found to be as large as 34 µF cm−2, deduced from Hall‐effect measurements, and is mainly responsible for the carrier density modulation in a very wide range. Importantly, the IL dielectric, with a supercooling property, is found to have charge‐accumulation capability even at low temperatures, reaching an ultrahigh carrier density of 8×1014 cm−2 at 220 K and maintaining a density of 5.5×1014 cm−2 at 1.8 K. This high carrier density of EDLTs is of great importance not only in practical device applications but also in fundamental research; for example, in the search for novel electronic phenomena, such as superconductivity, in oxide systems.
Estimation and evidence in forensic anthropology: Sex and race
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Algee‐Hewitt Bridget F.B. , Steadman Dawnie Wolfe 
Published: February 2009

AbstractForensic anthropology typically uses osteological and/or dental data either to estimate characteristics of unidentified individuals or to serve as evidence in cases where there is a putative identification. In the estimation context, the problem is to describe aspects of an individual that may lead to their eventual identification, whereas in the evidentiary context, the problem is to provide the relative support for the identification. In either context, individual characteristics such as sex and race may be useful. Using a previously published forensic case (Steadman et al. (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol 131:15–26) and a large (N= 3,167) reference sample, we show that the sex of the individual can be reliably estimated using a small set of 11 craniometric variables. The likelihood ratio from sex (assuming a 1:1 sex ratio for the “population at large”) is, however, relatively uninformative in “making” the identification. Similarly, the known “race” of the individual is relatively uninformative in “making” the identification, because the individual was recovered from an area where the 2000 US census provides a very homogenous picture of (self‐identified) race. Of interest in this analysis is the fact that the individual, who was recovered from Eastern Iowa, classifies very clearly with [Howells 1973.Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference Among Recent Human Populations.Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; 1989.Skull Shape and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press]. Easter Islander sample in an analysis with uninformative priors. When the Iowa 2000 Census data on self‐reported race are used for informative priors, the individual is clearly identified as “American White.” This analysis shows the extreme importance of an informative prior in any forensic application. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding race and human variation: Why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race
Authors: Ousley Stephen , Jantz Richard , Freid Donna 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAmerican forensicanthropologists uncritically accepted the biological race concept from classic physical anthropology and applied it to methods of human identification. Why and how the biological race concept might work in forensic anthropology was contemplated by Sauer (Soc Sci Med 34 1992 107–111), who hypothesized that American forensic anthropologists are good at what they do because of a concordance between social race and skeletal morphology in American whites and blacks. However, Sauer also stressed that this concordance did not validate the classic biological race concept of physical anthropology that there are a relatively small number of discrete types of human beings. Results from Howells (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 67 1973 1–259; Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 79 1989 1–189; Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 82 1995 1–108) and others using craniometric and molecular data show strong geographic patterning of human variation despite overlap in their distributions. However, Williams et al. (Curr Anthropol 46 2005 340–346) concluded that skeletal morphology cannot be used to accurately classify individuals. Williams et al. cited additional support from Lewontin (Evol Biol 6 1972 381–398), who analyzed classic genetic markers. In this study, multivariate analyses of craniometric data support Sauer's hypothesis that there are morphological differences between American whites and blacks. We also confirm significant geographic patterning in human variation but also find differences among groups within continents. As a result, if biological races are defined by uniqueness, then there are a very large number of biological races that can be defined, contradicting the classic biological race concept of physical anthropology. Further, our results show that humans can be accurately classified into geographic origin using craniometrics even though there is overlap among groups. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultraschnelle Klickkonjugation von makromolekularen Bausteinen bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Inglis Andrew J. , Sinnwell Sebastian , Stenzel Martina H. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBlockcopolymere in Sekundenschnelle: Eine katalysatorfreie Klickkonjugation einzelner Polymerketten gelingt bei Raumtemperatur mithilfe neuer, durch ATRP hergestellter Polymere mit Cyclopentadienyl‐Endfunktionen. Dabei werden diese Polymere durch eine äußerst schnelle heterogene Diels‐Alder‐Cycloaddition mit durch RAFT hergestellten Makromolekülen umgesetzt, die elektronenarme Dithioester‐Endfunktionen aufweisen.magnified image
A Reevaluation of the Ambident Reactivity of the Guanine Moiety Towards Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , D'Angelantonio Mila , Guerra Maurizio , Kaloudis Panagiotis , Mulazzani Quinto G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRadically different: Contrary to previous proposals, the main reaction of the HO. radical with guanosine or 2′‐deoxyguanosine is the hydrogen abstraction from the NH2 moiety to give a guanyl radical. This radical, characterized by a broad band in the visible region (around 610 nm), undergoes tautomerization to the most stable isomer.magnified image
Ultrafast Click Conjugation of Macromolecular Building Blocks at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Inglis Andrew J. , Sinnwell Sebastian , Stenzel Martina H. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBlock copolymers in seconds: Catalyst‐free, ambient‐temperature click conjugation of individual polymer strands becomes possible using novel ATRP‐derived cyclopentadienyl‐capped polymers in an extremely rapid hetero‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition with macromolecules equipped with electron‐deficient dithioester end groups prepared by the RAFT process.magnified image
Reaction kinetics of epoxy resin modified with reactive and nonreactive thermoplastic copolymers
Authors: Man Z. , Stanford J. L. , Dutta Binay K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn epoxy resin system based on a triglycidyl p‐amino phenol (MY0510) was crosslinked using stoichiometric amounts of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The epoxy was modified with random copolymers, polyethersulfone‐poly(ether‐ethersulfone) (PES:PEES), with either amine or chlorine end groups, at 10 and 20 wt %. The reaction kinetics for both unmodified and modified epoxy systems were studied using differential scanning calorimetry in isothermal and dynamic conditions. The results show that the degree of conversion in thermoplastic‐modified epoxies at any reaction time is smaller compared with the unmodified resin. Gel point (GP) determination was done from rheological measurements. The modified system containing 20% of the PES:PEES additive showed considerable increase in the GP. The reaction rate shows the characteristic of an autocatalytic reaction where the product acts as catalyst. The activation energy, Ea calculated from the isothermal reaction depends on the extent of conversion and increases with increasing PES:PEES content. For unmodified epoxy system, the average Ea is 67.8 ± 4.1 kJ mol−1 but for systems modified with 20 wt % of amine and chlorine PES:PEES, the value increased to 74.1 ± 3.3 and 77.9 ± 4.4 kJ mol−1, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Removal of Hg2+ from aqueous solution using a novel composite carbon adsorbent
Authors: Chang Yu‐Hsin , Hsieh Kuo‐Huang , Chang Feng‐Chih 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA novel composite carbon adsorbent (GCA) has been prepared by immobilizing activated carbon and genipin‐crosslinked chitosan into calcium alginate gel beads via entrapment and applied to the removal of mercury (Hg2+) ions from aqueous solution (e.g., drinking water). Two bead sizes and two mixing ratios of components were obtained and characterized. Batch experiments were performed to study the uptake equilibrium and kinetics of Hg2+ ions by the GCA. The Hg2+ adsorption capacity of GCA was found to be dependent of pH and independent of size of the adsorbent. The Hg2+ adsorption rate of GCA increases with decreasing its bead size. However, both adsorption capacity and rate of GCA for Hg2+ increase with increasing its chitosan content. Otherwise, it was shown that the GCA has higher Hg2+ adsorption capacity and rate than activated carbon, which might be caused by the incorporation of chitosan into the GCA. The maximum Hg2+ adsorption capacity of GCA was found to be 576 mg/g, which is over seven times higher than that of activated carbon. Our results reveal the uniform distribution of activated carbon and chitosan within the alginate gel bead and that Hg2+ ions can diffuse inside the bead. It also demonstrated the feasibility of using this GCA for Hg2+ removal at low pH values. The Hg2+ absorbed beads of the GCA can be effectively regenerated and reused using H2SO4. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nonaqueous polymerization of vinyl chloride: An environmentally friendly process
Authors: Georgiadou S. , Thomas N. L. , Gilbert M. , Brooks B. W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is produced via a nonaqueous polymerization process in which hexane is used as a diluent. This nonaqueous process can lead to significant energy savings, significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and the elimination of wastewater. Various suspending agents have been used to evaluate their effects on the shape and morphology of PVC grains. The nonaqueous process leads to the formation of PVC grains with higher porosity than that of typical suspension PVC. The bulk density is slightly lower than that of suspension PVC, but the thermal stability seems to be similar. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Viscoelastic properties of fly ash‐filled natural rubber compounds: Effect of fly ash loading
Authors: Saowapark Thanunya , Sombatsompop Narongrit , Sirisinha Chakrit 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFly ash (FA) as a by‐product of power station plants is known to consist of silicon dioxide similar to precipitated silica. The use of FA as filler in natural rubber (NR) was of interest to reinforce and/or reduce product cost. In this article, viscoelastic properties of FA‐filled NR composites with various FA loadings were investigated with the utilization of two different modes of shear flow, namely, oscillatory and steady shear flow. It is found that the addition of FA to NR increases storage modulus (G′) and shear viscosity under both oscillatory and steady shear flow. Moreover, the oscillatory test results exhibit the unexpected increase in magnitude of viscous response with increasing FA loading in FA‐filled NR compounds. The explanation is proposed in terms of the ball‐bearing effect of FA with spherical shape associated with the occurrence of molecular degradation induced by inorganic constituents particularly manganese, iron, and copper in nonrubber component of NR as well as the small amount of heavy metals including iron, copper in FA. An isoprene rubber (IR) containing no nonrubber component was used to validate the proposed explanation. In addition, with the use of Cox‐Merz concept, the results of both complex viscosity under oscillatory shear flow and apparent shear viscosity under steady shear flow can effectively be superimposed in the case of FA‐filled compounds, supporting the promotion of viscous response by FA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Comparison of thermal properties of ethylene‐norbornene copolymers prepared by batch and semi‐batch processes
Authors: Liu Shaojie , Yao Zhen , Cao Kun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEthylene‐norbornene copolymers (ENCs) with various norbornene (NB) fractions could be synthesized by metallocene catalyst in both batch and semi‐batch processes. The batch process with long reaction time produced the ENC samples having considerable copolymer composition drift (CCD) while the semi‐batch process yielded narrow CCD. Furthermore, the effects of CCD on the resultant ENC's thermal properties were discussed. It was found that the thermal properties were dependent on both the NB fraction in obtained ENC and its CCD. The work demonstrated the importance of controlling CCD in the production of ENCs for superior materials properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Rheological behavior and mechanical properties of sawdust/polyethylene composites
Authors: Godard F. , Vincent M. , Agassant J.‐F. , Vergnes B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe have characterized the melt rheological behavior and the solid tensile properties of sawdust/polyethylene composites prepared in an internal mixer. Various concentrations (from 0 to 60 wt %) and three particle sizes have been tested, in presence of a coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene). In the molten state, for each particle size, a mastercurve of the complex viscosity as function of frequency can be plotted, using a shift factor depending on weight fraction. We show that the shift factors can be described by a Krieger‐Dougherty law, leading to a “universal” viscosity law of the Carreau‐Yasuda type. In the solid state, the presence of sawdust increases Young modulus in uniaxial elongation, mainly for small size particles, but reduces dramatically deformation at break and tensile strength. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of bis(4‐cyanato‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)anisylmethane/epoxy/glass fiber composites
Authors: Jayakumari L. S. , Sampath P. S. , Sarojadevi M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBis(4‐cyanato‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)anisylmethane was prepared by treating CNBr with bis(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)anisylmethane and blended with commercial epoxy resin in different ratios and cured at 120°C for 2 h, 180°C for 1 h, and postcured at 220°C for 1 h using diamino diphenyl methane as curing agent. Castings of neat resin and blends were prepared and characterized. The composite laminates were also fabricated with glass fiber using the same composition. The tensile strength of the composites increased with increase in cyanate content (3, 6, and 9%) from 322 to 355 MPa. The fracture toughness values also increased from 0.7671 kJ/m2, for neat epoxy resin, to 0.8615 kJ/m2, for 9% cyanate ester‐modified epoxy system. The 10% weight loss temperature of pure epoxy (358°C) was increased to 390°C by the incorporation of cyanate ester resin. The incorporation of cyanate ester up to 9% in the epoxy resin increases the Tg from 143 to 147°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D and Intratumoral Lymphatics as Independent Prognostic Factors in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Li Lichun , Liu Baoquan , Li Xuemei , Yang Shucai , Xiao Jianbing , Chen Mingwei , Zhang Yafang , Ma Jing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLymph node metastasis is an important prognostic indicator for disease progression and is crucial for therapeutic strategies of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐D has been confirmed to have potent lymphangiogenic function in experimental models, but the role in the progression of human ovarian carcinoma remains presently controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of VEGF‐D and the presence of intratumoral lymphatics in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The VEGF‐D expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 78 specimens of epithelial ovarian carcinoma and tumoral lymphatic vessels were measured by D2‐40. The expression of VEGF‐D protein was detected in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells and in stroma occasionally. The high expression of VEGF‐D was closely associated with the FIGO stage, intratumoral lymphatic vessels, tumoral lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis as well as a shorter overall survival. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that VEGF‐D, intratumoral lymphatics, and lymphatic invasion were independent prognostic factors for overall survival and disease‐free survival in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. We conclude that VEGF‐D plays an essential role in tumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic spread, VEGF‐D expression, and the intratumoral lymphatics may be clinically useful indicators for prognostic evaluation in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Protease Activated Receptor 2 in Experimental Acute Lung Injury and Lung Fibrosis
Authors: Su Xiao , Matthay Michael A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractProtease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is widely‐distributed (lung, liver, kidney, etc.) and expressed by variety of cells (i.e. leukocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblast). PAR2 may participate in many pathological processes, such as, inflammation, injury, as well as fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we tested whether PAR2 would exert a role in acid‐induced acute lung injury, E. coli pneumonia, bleomycin‐induced acute lung injury and fibrosis. Acid, E. coli, or bleomycin were intratracheally instilled into the lungs of both wildtype and PAR2 knockout mice to detect differences in pulmonary edema, lung vascular permeability, lung fibrosis, and other parameters. Knockout of PAR2 did not affect the extent of pulmonary edema and lung vascular permeability in acid‐induced acute lung injury. Also, both activation of PAR2 in the airspaces of the lung and deletion of PAR2 did not alter the magnitude of pulmonary edema and lung vascular permeability in E. coli pneumonia. Finally, PAR2 deficiency did not affect the severity of lung inflammation and lung fibrosis in bleomycin‐induced acute lung injury and lung fibrosis models. Thus, PAR2 does not appear to play a critical role in the pathogeneses of experimental acid‐induced acute lung injury, E. coli pneumonia, and bleomycin‐induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.