bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial infantile apnea and immature beta oxidation
Authors: Iafolla A. Kimberly , Browning Iley B. , Roe Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfants with inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism may present with apnea, periodic breathing, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recognition of these disorders and initiation of appropriate therapy may prevent SIDS. Metabolic pathways develop during gestation and post‐natally. We report three siblings with apnea and periodic breathing, as well as biochemical defects consistent with a non‐specific abnormality of beta oxidation. One infant died a witnessed sudden infant death. The two survivors were treated with L‐carnitine supplementation resulting in rapid resolution of both respiratory and metabolic abnormalities. Enzyme activity for short, medium, and long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases was normal in these two infants. Although a unique enzymatic deficiency was not identified, our experience with this family supports the need for routine biochemical evaluation of infants with “near miss” SIDS, also called acute life‐threatening events (ALTE), as well as those who have died of SIDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:167–171. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐reactive protein in acute pulmonary exacerbations of patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Friesen Craig A. , Wiens Lynn A. , Burry V. Fred , Portnoy Jay , Roberts Charles C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractC‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were evaluated in 9 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with acute pulmonary exacerbations and 14 patients with acute exacerbations of asthma without any symptoms of an acute infection. CRP concentrations were serially evaluated over the course of therapy in CF patients and compared with pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and clinical scores. CF patients were treated with aerosolized bronchodilators, intravenous fluids, and chest physiotherapy for 48 hours. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was added after 48 hours. Initial CRP concentrations differed significantly between patients with CF and those with asthma. CRP concentrations were elevated in 7 of 9 CF patients versus 3 of 14 asthma patients (P < 0.02). In CF patients, CRP concentrations did not correlate with PFTs (except on day 0) or clinical scores. Frequently PFTs and clinical scores continued to improve after CRP levels had reached their lowest concentrations. CRP concentrations decreased only after the addition of antibiotic therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:215–219. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new technique for transbronchial biopsy in infants and small children
Authors: Mullins Durinda , Livne Moshe , Mallory George B. , Kemp James S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe a technique of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in small children, using a plastic suction catheter as the working channel through which biopsy forceps are introduced. An ultrathin (2.2 mm) flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) was used to direct the catheter visually into the desired lung segment and to biopsy selectively. This technique was used nine times to obtain biopsy specimens in six different patients, ranging in age from 3 months to 3 and 4/12 years (mean, 19.2 months). Adequate specimens were obtained in eight of nine procedures (89%). Complications included one pneumothorax that did not require evacuation and one episode of sedation‐induced hypoventilation that required brief bag‐mask ventilation. No significant bleeding occurred. This technique enabled us to obtain lung tissue in infants and small children without resorting to general anesthesia and rigid bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:253–257. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical benefit from nebulized human recombinant DNase in Kartagener's syndrome
Authors: Desai Maya , Weller Peter H. , Spencer David A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNebulized recombinant human DNase (rhDNase) reduces sputum viscosity, improves pulmonary function, and results in a small reduction in acute respiratory exacerbations requiring intravenous antibiotics in many patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). rhDNase is now recommended for use in CF patients with moderately severe suppurative lung disease. A 14‐year‐old girl with suppurative lung disease [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 69% and forced vital capacity (FVC) 81% predicted] secondary to Kartagener's syndrome and severe gastroesophageal reflux had worsening spirometry together with intractable gastrointestinal symptoms over the previous 18 months despite conventional treatment. She was, therefore, started on 2.5 mg rhDNase once daily. Her cough lessened and the volume of sputum decreased within 72 hours of commencement of treatment; this improvement was strongly associated with a dramatic reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms. Spirometry after 4 weeks of treatment demonstrated a 20% improvement in FEV1 and a 13% improvement in FVC. These improvements have been maintained after 4 months of rhDNase therapy. The use of rhDNase should be considered in patients with Kartagener's syndrome and a multicenter trial may be justified. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:307–308. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venous catheter thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism in children
Authors: Derish Melinda T. , Smith David W. , Frankel Lorry R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCentral venous catheter (CVC)‐related thrombus formation has been increasingly recognized as a complication in adults and somewhat less frequently in children and neonates. However, the association of CVC thrombus and pulmonary embolism (PE) has rarely been reported in infants or children, and the few existing reports primarily involve chronic, indwelling CVCs such as Broviac or Hickman catheters. During an 18‐month‐period of autopsy review, we found that 5 of our pediatric intensive care unit patients had autopsy‐proven CVC thrombus and pulmonary embolism. All of them had prolonged mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure and required insertion of one or more short‐term, temporary CVCs during the course of routine critical care management. In retrospect, signs related to CVC thrombus were present in 4 patients (3 had positive blood cultures and 1 had persistent hypertension). PE was not diagnosed until autopsy in every case. The diagnosis may have been missed because the symptoms of PE are the same as those of severe lung disease. We, therefore, advocate a heightened suspicion of CVC thrombus formation and PE in critically ill children with respiratory failure and temporary CVCs and recommend early diagnostic ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis. Once a CVC thrombus is found, subsequent pulmonary deterioration may necessitate evaluation for acute PE. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:349–354. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg
Authors: Geelhoed G. C. , Macdonald W. B. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a single dose of oral dexamethasone of varying sizes in 120 children hospitalized with croup in two sequential double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials (Trials A and B). The study was conducted in the Emergency Department Observation Ward of a tertiary pediatric hospital. One hundred and twenty children (age range 6 to 160 months) hospitalized with croup participated. Baseline characteristics for the two groups in each trial were similar. In Trial A 60 children received either 0.6 or 0.3 mg/kg dexamethasone syrup; in Trial B 60 children received either 0.3 or 0.15 mg/ kg dexamethasone syrup. Duration of hospitalization, reduction in croup scores, and adrenaline usage were evaluated. Median duration of hospitalization was similar for children in Trial A (7 and 8 hr), and in Trial B (9 and 9 hr). Croup scores following treatment did not differ and were significantly lower than initial scores for all groups and in each trial. Other outcome measures were similar for the two groups in each trial, including need for nebulized adrenaline, numbers of patients admitted to intensive care, rate of return to medical care with reoccurrence of croup, and readmission to hospital with croup following discharge from hospital. We conclude that oral dexamethasone in a dose of 0.15 mg/kg is as effective as 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg in relieving symptoms and results in a similar duration of hospitalization in children with croup. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:362–368. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spirometric patterns in childhood asthma: Peak flow compared with other indices
Authors: Klein Robert B. , Fritz Gregory K. , Yeung Albert , Elizabeth L. McQuaid  , Mansell Anthony 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine patterns of pulmonary function abnormalities and to evaluate how adequately peak flow monitoring was correlated to other spirometric indices in childhood asthma. Ninety‐one children, aged 8‐15 years, with moderate‐to‐severe asthma were repeatedly tested in a summer camp. On‐site medical staff permitted 24‐hour‐a‐day supervision. Subjective and objective clinical evaluations of asthma status were made over 14 consecutive days. Detailed clinical history and clinical observations were made by an experienced staff, and a total of 2,663 pulmonary function tests were performed regularly three times daily and whenever a child sensed asthma symptoms. Patterns of obstruction were divided into large airway abnormalities and small airway abnormalities. There was a low concordance between standard large airway measures, such as the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (the FEV1), and measures of small airway obstruction, such as the forced expiratory flow rate 25‐75% (FEF25–75). Normal PEFR measurements do not always indicate that all other pulmonary function measures are normal. In fact, 18% of children with a normal PEFR had abnormal FEF25–75 values. Results demonstrated that the FEF25–75 was the most specific and sensitive measure of airway obstruction. PEFR is widely used to monitor asthma symptoms objectively because it is technically simple to perform, relatively inexpensive, and helpful in most cases. It is, therefore, appropriate for asthma education programs to recommend PEFR as an objective measure to guide in making therapeutic decisions. Our data and clinical observations support the “Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma” of the NIH Health Asthma Education Program that suggest that children have more complete pulmonary function testing along with frequent PEFR measures. Many children may appear asymptomatic, while recording normal PEFR measures, and still having significant asthma. Repeated pulmonary function testing and evaluation of the pattern of respiratory obstruction aids in managing this challenging group. We recommend that efforts be made to develop a simple and inexpensive method of measuring FEF25–75 that will allow this measurement to be made even at home. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:372–379. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of neck rotation on the timing and pattern of infant tidal breathing
Authors: Downs J. A. , Stocks J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhile neck flexion and extension are known to influence the patency of the upper airway, far less information is available regarding the effects of neck rotation. The effect of neck rotation on respiratory rate (RR), expiratory time (tE), and phase angle (Φ) was assessed in 17 healthy infants aged between 1 and 4 months. An inclinometer was used to measure neck rotation and uncalibrated Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography to measure the dependent variables while the infants were in natural, quiet sleep. Baseline measurements were made with the head positioned centrally (0° rotation); further measurement positions included 30°, 60°. 90° rotation, and repeat measurement at 0° (0r°) in randomized order. Mean RR, tE and Φ were determined for each infant in each position.Using the paired t‐test, RR at 0° rotation was significantly higher than that at 0r° rotation (mean difference, 5 bpm; 95% Cl, 2.1, 8.1; P = 0.0023); mean tE at 0° rotation was significantly shorter than at 0r° rotation (mean difference, −0.18s; 95% Cl, −0.27, −0.07; P = 0.002); whereas Φ remained similar (mean difference, 10° 95% Cl, −2.2, 22.3; P = 0.10). These changes probably reflect the slowing of metabolism that occurs after the onset of quiet sleep, and they emphasize the importance of randomization. Measurements at 0r° were randomized and hence were most likely to reflect the true basal condition of the infant with the head in a neutral position. Consequently, these data, rather than those collected at 0° at the onset of quiet sleep, were used for comparisons with all subsequent positional changes. When comparing the positions whose order was randomized, neck rotation did not significantly affect RR (P = 0.445). tE (P = 0.272), or Φ (P = 0.169). However, two infants demonstrated marked changes in respiratory pattern with decreases in RR and increases in tE at 90° rotation, suggesting that some infants may be susceptible to obstruction in this position.
Validation of a nitrogen washout system to measure functional residual capacity in premature infants with hyaline membrane disease
Authors: Miller Jason , Law Amy B. , Parker Robert A. , Sundell Håkan W. , Lindstrom Daniel P. , Cotton Robert B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA multiple‐breath nitrogen washout system designed to measure lung volume in mechanically ventilated infants was validated by assessing three performance criteria: (1) accuracy of lung volume measurements in the presence of an endotracheal tube leak was assessed by comparing the measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) in a mechanical lung model with and without airway leak; (2) in vivo accuracy was assessed in rabbits by comparing FRC measurements obtained by this system with measurements obtained by helium dilution; and (3) in vivo precision was assessed by analyzing measurements of FRC obtained in replicate measurements at different times in ventilator‐dependent premature infants with hyaline membrane disease. The average difference between the measurements of FRC in a mechanical lung model with airway leak and without leak was 3.0 ± 9.4% (mean ± SD, P > 0.2), and no difference was greater than 20%. There was a significant correlation between the measurements of FRC in rabbits by nitrogen washout and by helium dilution (r = 0.93, P < 0.000l), and 65.4% of the paired measurements were within 20% of their average. The 95% limits of agreement within pairs of measurements by the two techniques ranged from −4.0 to +6.5 mLkg. FRC measured by helium dilution was slightly higher (1.3 ± 2.7mUkg, P < 0.01) than FRC measured by nitrogen washout, and positive end‐expiratory pressure was a significant predictor of this difference (P < 0.01). The regression between the individual FRC measurements obtained in premature infants and the average of the other replicates was significant (6 > 0.98, P < 0.0001). The coefficient of variation was 12.3%. These findings provide further validation of this multiple‐breath nitrogen washout system for measuring FRC in premature infants during mechanical ventilation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:403–409. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐steroidal antiandrogens act as AF‐1 agonists under conditions of high androgen‐receptor expression
Authors: Fuse Hiroaki , Korenaga Shigeru , Sakari Matomo , Hiyama Takashi , Ito Takeshi , Kimura Koichi , Kato Shigeaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe mechanism of resistance acquisition to antiandrogens in prostate cancer is not fully understood. Numerous clinical and basic research studies have shown expression of androgen receptors (ARs) increases in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer and therefore we explored possible molecular mechanisms by which prostate cancer acquires resistance to antiandrogens under conditions of increased AR expression.METHODSIn order to study resistance to antiandrogens at the AR transactivation level we used a human AR (hAR) reporter assay system. In addition, we utilized an hAR deletion mutant to determine the functional domain responsible for the acquisition of resistance.RESULTSIncreased hAR protein expression enhanced the sensitivity of AR transactivation to low concentrations of DHT, and also reduced the inhibitory activity of the non‐steroidal antiandrogens, hydroxyflutamide, and bicalutamide on DHT‐induced AR transactivation. Moreover, these antiandrogens acquired agonistic activity under conditions of high hAR protein expression. Such agonistic activity of antiandrogens was not detected in an hAR deletion mutant (hAR‐ΔA/B) that lacked an A/B domain with AF‐1 activity.CONCLUSIONSWe found that non‐steroidal antiandrogens act as AF‐1 agonists under conditions of high AR protein expression. This partial antagonistic property of antiandrogens may be a molecular mechanism by which prostate cancer develops resistance to these drugs. Prostate 67: 630–637, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel 2,3‐dibromo‐5‐ trifluoromethyl‐4‐pyrrolecarboxylate derivatives
Authors: Bauer Klaus , Hoffmann Michael G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of novel 2,3‐dibromo‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐pyrrolecarboxylates were prepared and their herbicidal properties evaluated. Several compounds showed strong herbicidal efficacy after post‐emergence application onto the green parts of the test plants. Speed of action as well as the activity symptoms suggest that these novel pyrrole herbicides may act like halogenated 4‐hydroxybenzonitrile derivatives or diphenylethers.
Parametric survival analysis and taxonomy of hazard functions for the generalized gamma distribution
Authors: Cox Christopher , Chu Haitao , Schneider Michael F. , Muñoz Alvaro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe widely used Cox proportional hazards regression model for the analysis of censored survival data has limited utility when either hazard functions themselves are of primary interest, or when relative times instead of relative hazards are the relevant measures of association. Parametric regression models are an attractive option in situations such as this, although the choice of a particular model from the available families of distributions can be problematic. The generalized gamma (GG) distribution is an extensive family that contains nearly all of the most commonly used distributions, including the exponential, Weibull, log normal and gamma. More importantly, the GG family includes all four of the most common types of hazard function: monotonically increasing and decreasing, as well as bathtub and arc‐shaped hazards. We present here a taxonomy of the hazard functions of the GG family, which includes various special distributions and allows depiction of effects of exposures on hazard functions. We applied the proposed taxonomy to study survival after a diagnosis of clinical AIDS during different eras of HIV therapy, where proportionality of hazard functions was clearly not fulfilled and flexibility in estimating hazards with very different shapes was needed. Comparisons of survival after AIDS in different eras of therapy are presented in terms of both relative times and relative hazards. Standard errors for these and other derived quantities are computed using the delta method and checked using the bootstrap. Description of standard statistical software (Stata, SAS and S‐Plus) for the computations is included and available at http://statepi.jhsph.edu/software. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating and testing interactions in linear regression models when explanatory variables are subject to classical measurement error
Authors: Murad Havi , Freedman Laurence S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEstimating and testing interactions in a linear regression model when normally distributed explanatory variables are subject to classical measurement error is complex, since the interaction term is a product of two variables and involves errors of more complex structure.Our aim is to develop simple methods, based on the method of moments (MM) and regression calibration (RC) that yield consistent estimators of the regression coefficients and their standard errors when the model includes one or more interactions. In contrast to previous work using structural equations models framework, our methods allow errors that are correlated with each other and can deal with measurements of relatively low reliability.Using simulations, we show that, under the normality assumptions, the RC method yields estimators with negligible bias and is superior to MM in both bias and variance. We also show that the RC method also yields the correct type I error rate of the test of the interaction. However, when the true covariates are not normally distributed, we recommend using MM. We provide an example relating homocysteine to serum folate and B12 levels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Code and conduct in French cuisine: Impact of code changes on external evaluations
Authors: Durand Rodolphe , Rao Hayagreeva , Monin Philippe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe study the effects of organizational code‐preserving and code‐violating changes on external evaluations by third parties—an essential but under‐studied strategic outcome. We define code‐preserving changes as a variation in the firm's product range that preserves the social code within which the firm positions its offering. By contrast, a code‐violating change corresponds to a variation in the product range that breaks with past codes and embraces another social code. Our analyses of French haute cuisine restaurants show that code‐preserving changes and code‐violating changes have positive effects on external evaluations. Both effects decline with prior evaluations received by the organization, but only the effect of code‐violating changes is reduced with age. Moreover, external evaluations improve when restaurants undertake more code‐preserving changes than their direct competitors but decline when they make more code‐violating changes than competitors. These results enable us to derive implications for research on strategic change, strategic groups, and strategic social positioning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared‐Emitting Colloidal Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Assembly, Spectroscopy, and Applications
Authors: Rogach Andrey L. , Eychmüller Alexander , Hickey Stephen G. , Kershaw Stephen V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSemiconductor nanocrystals produced by means of colloidal chemistry in a solvent medium are an attractive class of nanometer‐sized building blocks from which to create complex materials with unique properties for a variety of applications. Their optical and electronic properties can be tailored easily, both by their chemical composition and particle size. While colloidal nanocrystals emitting in the infrared region have seen a burst of attention during the last decade there is clearly a paucity of review articles covering their synthesis, assembly, spectroscopic characterization, and applications. This Review comprehensively addresses these topics for II–VI, III–V, and IV–VI nanocrystals, examples being HgTe and CdxHg1−xTe, InP and InAs, and PbS, PbSe, and PbTe, respectively. Among the applications discussed here are optical amplifier media for telecommunications systems, electroluminescence devices, and noninvasive optical imaging in biology.