bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of colonic tissue-bound antibodies from patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis
Authors: Das Kiron M. , Dubin Richard , Nagai Tadanori 
Published: May 2006

To determine if specific anticolon antibodies bound to colonic mucosa occur in ulcerative colitis, we obtained surgical specimens of colon from five patients with ulcerative colitis, one patient with diverticulitis, and three control subjects with carcinoma. Two specimens of ileum and cecum were also obtained from patients with Crohn ileocolitis. Tissue was homogenized and washed and bound Ig was eluted by citrate buffer, pH 3.2. Concentrated eluates of all specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis reacted with antisera to κ and γ and not with antisera to α and μ chains. Corresponding eluates from all other specimens did not react with these antisera, but did react with antialbumin. The presence of IgG in ulcerative colitis eluates was also determined by immunoelectrophoresis, immunocoprecipitation, and affinity chromatography with antisera against human IgG.
Indirect immunofluorescence and uptake of radiolabeled antibody demonstrated antigenic sites in diseased colonic epithelium of biopsy specimens obtained from six additional patients with ulcerative colitis and three patients with idiopathic proctitis, but not in patients with Crohn disease, nonspecific diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery and control subjects. Although the role of colitis colon-bound antibody in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is unclear, local antibody-antigen complexes may initiate colonic epithelial cytolysis by various immunologically mediated mechanisms.
Salivary cortisol response in mother–infant dyads at high psychosocial risk
Authors: Mörelius E. , Nelson N. , Gustafsson P. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectives  The aim of the present study was to investigate the adrenocortical response to diaper change in mother–infant dyads with psychosocial risk factors.Material and methods  Twenty‐two mother–infant pairs with well‐defined psychosocial problems were included. The mother–infant pairs were treated for 6 weeks in a daycare programme to improve attachment. Salivary cortisol was measured before and after a diaper change during the first and last weeks of enrolment in the programme. Mothers’ sensitivity towards their infants’ signals was measured using a scale from 1 (highly insensitive) to 9 (highly sensitive) according to Ainsworth.Results  Median salivary cortisol increased in 15 out of 22 infants after the first diaper change. The increase was most pronounced in the group of infants below 3 months of age (n = 15) where median salivary cortisol increased 170% after the first diaper change (P < 0.05) and decreased 19% after the last diaper change (not significant). Out of these 15 infants, 11 showed an increase in salivary cortisol in response to the first diaper change while four out of 15 did so in response to the last diaper change (P < 0.05). The salivary cortisol response did not change over time in infants aged 3 months or above. A mother’s sensitivity to her child increased significantly (P < 0.001) from the first to the last week. In mothers, median salivary cortisol decreased 38% after the first diaper change (P < 0.05) and 57% after the last diaper change (P = 0.001).Discussion  A diaper change is normally not perceived as stressful. The stress response caused by a diaper change may illustrate an insufficiency in the mother–infant relationship before treatment. Professional support improved the mothers’ sensitivity and stabilized the stress response to diaper change in the youngest infants.
Association of drug‐serum protein adducts and anti‐drug antibodies in dogs with sulphonamide hypersensitivity: A naturally occurring model of idiosyncratic drug toxicity
Authors: Lavergne S. N. , Danhof R. S. , Volkman E. M. , Trepanier L. A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryBackgroundSulphonamide antimicrobials, such as sulphamethoxazole (SMX), provide effective infection prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients, but can lead to drug hypersensitivity (HS) reactions. These reactions also occur in dogs, with a similar time course and clinical presentation as seen in humans.ObjectivesDrug‐serum adducts and anti‐drug antibodies have been identified in sulphonamide HS humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether similar markers were present in dogs with sulphonamide HS.MethodsThirty‐four privately owned sulphonamide HS dogs, 10 sulphonamide‐‘tolerant’ dogs, 18 sulphonamide‐naïve dogs, and four dogs experimentally dosed with SMX and the oxidative metabolite SMX‐nitroso, were tested for drug‐serum adducts by immunoblotting, and anti‐drug antibodies by ELISA.ResultsSulphonamide–serum adducts were found in 10/20 HS dogs tested (50%), but in no tolerant dogs. Anti‐sulphonamide IgG antibodies were detected in 17/34 HS dogs (50%), but in only one tolerant dog; antibody absorbance values were significantly higher in HS dogs. There was a significant association between the presence of sulphonamide–serum adducts and anti‐sulphonamide antibodies (P=0.009). Anti‐drug antibodies were also found in dogs experimentally dosed with SMX‐nitroso followed by SMX, but not in a dog dosed with drug vehicle, followed by SMX.ConclusionSimilar humoral markers are present in dogs and humans with sulphonamide HS, supporting the use of dogs as a naturally occurring model for this syndrome in humans. These data suggest the potential use of drug‐serum adducts and anti‐drug antibodies as markers for sulphonamide HS. Preliminary data indicate that anti‐sulphonamide antibodies may be triggered by the SMX‐nitroso metabolite, not by the parent drug, in dogs.
Chitotriosidase and inflammatory mediator levels in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia
Authors: Di Rosa Michelino , Dell'Ombra Nicola , Zambito Anna Maria , Malaguarnera Mariano , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Malaguarnera Lucia 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInflammation has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular dementias (CvDs). This study investigated the involvement of Chitotriosidase (ChT), a chinolitic enzyme mainly produced by activated macrophages, in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemic CvD. In addition, the levels of interleukin (IL)‐16, IL‐18, transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1 and superoxide anion (O2–) were determined to evaluate the relationship between ChT levels, these cytokines and oxidative stress in both AD and ischemic CvD patients. The levels of ChT and IL‐16, IL‐18, and TGF‐β1 mRNA were investigated using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction on macrophages of peripheral blood of 40 patients with AD, 40 patients with ischemic CvD and 40 non‐demented age‐matched subjects. The results show that ChT, IL‐16 and O2– levels significantly increased in ischemic CvD patients compared with AD patients and were significantly and positively correlated with IL‐18 and O2–. The production of IL‐18 was increased in both AD and ischemic CvD patients. TGF‐β1 expression was higher in AD patients and was inversely correlated with the expression of ChT, IL‐16 and IL‐18, respectively. In non‐demented age‐matched subjects no significant changes in ChT and IL‐16, IL‐18, and TGF‐β1 expression were found. Our results indicate that ChT, IL‐16, IL‐18 and TGF‐β1 are increased in ischemic CvD and AD, confirming that the immune system may play an important role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the present findings suggest that ChT could also play a crucial role in pathological conditions such as CvD in which the inflammatory process is activated.
Effects of arousal‐ and feeding‐related neuropeptides on dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat
Authors: Korotkova T. M. , Brown R. E. , Sergeeva O. A. , Ponomarenko A. A. , Haas H. L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMany neuropeptides regulate feeding and arousal; the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is likely to be one site where they act. We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp and single‐unit extracellular recordings to examine the effects of such neuropeptides on the activity of VTA neurons. Substance P (SP; 300 nm) increased the firing rate of the majority of VTA dopaminergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and induced oscillations in two dopaminergic cells. Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF; 200 nm) excited the majority of VTA cells directly, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY; 300 nm) directly inhibited a subset of dopaminergic and GABAergic cells. Consecutive application of several neuropeptides revealed that all the neurons were excited by at least one of the excitatory neuropeptides SP, CRF or/and orexins. α‐Melanocyte‐stimulating hormone had no effect on dopaminergic cells (at concentrations of 500 nmand 1 µm) and affected only a small proportion of GABAergic neurons. Ghrelin (500 nm), agouti‐related peptide (1 µm); cocaine and amphetamine‐related transcript (500 nm) and leptin (500 nmand 1 µm) did not modulate the firing rate and membrane potential of VTA neurons. Single‐cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all NPY receptors were present in VTA neurons, and all but one cell expressed NPY and/or at least one NPY receptor. CRF was expressed in 70% of dopaminergic VTA cells; the expression of CRF receptor 2 was more abundant than that of receptor 1. These findings suggest a link between the ability of neuropeptides to promote arousal and their action on VTA neurons.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐encoded Tat activates glycogen synthase kinase‐3β to antagonize nuclear factor‐κB survival pathway in neurons
Authors: Sui Ziye , Sniderhan Lynn F. , Fan Shongshan , Kazmierczak Katarzyna , Reisinger Elizabeth , Kovács Attila D. , Potash Mary Jane , Dewhurst Stephen , Gelbard Harris A. , Maggirwar Sanjay B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1)‐associated dementia is mediated by neuronal dysfunction and death, brought about by the action of soluble neurotoxic factors that are released by virally infected macrophages and microglia. Paradoxically, many candidate HIV‐1 neurotoxins also possess the ability to activate nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), which has a potent pro‐survival effect in primary neurons. The present study explored this conundrum and investigated why NF‐κB might fail to protect neurons that are exposed to candidate HIV‐1 neurotoxins. Here, we evaluated the ability of virus‐depleted conditioned medium produced by HIV‐1‐infected human macrophages (HIV‐MCMs) to modulate NF‐κB activity in neurons. We demonstrated that HIV‐MCMs inhibit the normal signaling pathways that lead to NF‐κB activation in neurons. This inhibitory effect of HIV‐MCM is dependent upon the presence of HIV‐1 Tat, which activates glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β in neurons. Activation of GSK‐3β, in turn, results in modification of the NF‐κB subunit RelA at serine 468, thereby regulating the physical interaction of RelA with histone deacetylase‐3 corepressor molecules. Furthermore, neutralization of Tat or inhibition of GSK‐3β activity prevents neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV‐MCM. We conclude that HIV‐1 Tat may compromise neuronal function and fate by interfering with normal survival pathways subserved by NF‐κB. These findings may have important therapeutic implications for the management of HIV‐1‐associated dementia.
Self‐Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science
Authors: Cervone Daniel , Shadel William G. , Smith Ronald E. , Fiori Marina 
Published: May 2006

La littérature sur l’autorégulation est couramment accusée de faiblesse théorique. Il est possible que les avancées dans les recherches sur la personnalité puissent ouvrir des horizons dans ce secteur. Notre objectif est double. Nous rappelons d’abord des distinctions conceptuelles qui, bien que parfois négligées, sont essentielles dans les études contemporaines sur la personnalité et incontournables pour accéder au niveau théorique dans la littérature sur l’autorégulation. Nous disons ensuite que ceux qui font des études fondamentales et appliquées sur l’autorégulation auraient intérêt à assimiler les progrès récents concernant la dynamique et la structure de la personnalité intra‐individuelle. Nous passons en revue la théorie de base et les recherches sur l’architecture des systèmes de la personnalité intra‐individuelle, ainsi que les retombées de ce travail dans trois domaines d’application: la psychologie du travail/industrielle/organisationnelle, la psychologie clinique et la santé.The self‐regulation literature commonly is said to lack theoretical order. This paper explores the possibility that advances in personality science may foster clarity in this literature. Our goals are two‐fold. We remind readers of conceptual distinctions that are central to contemporary personality science, that are necessary to the attainment of theoretical order in the self‐regulation literature, yet that sometimes are overlooked. Secondly, we suggest that basic and applied students of self‐regulation would profit by capitalising on recent advances in personality science that explore intra‐individual personality structure and dynamics. We review theory and research on the architecture of intra‐individual personality systems and applications of this work to three domains: health, clinical, and work/industrial/organisation psychology.
Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns
Authors: Bosch E. , Calafell F. , González‐Neira A. , Flaiz C. , Mateu E. , Scheil H.‐G. , Huckenbeck W. , Efremovska L. , Mikerezi I. , Xirotiris N. , Grasa C. , Schmidt H. , Comas D. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe Balkan Peninsula is a complex cultural mosaic comprising populations speaking languages from several branches of the Indo‐European family and Altaic, as well as culturally‐defined minorities such as the Aromuns who speak a Romance language. The current cultural and linguistic landscape is a palimpsest in which different peoples have contributed their cultures in a historical succession. We have sought to find any evidence of genetic stratification related to those cultural layers by typing both mtDNA and Y chromosomes, in Albanians, Romanians, Macedonians, Greeks, and five Aromun populations. We have paid special attention to the Aromuns, and sought to test genetically various hypotheses on their origins.MtDNA and Y‐chromosome haplogroup frequencies in the Balkans were found to be similar to those elsewhere in Europe. MtDNA sequences and Y‐chromosome STR haplotypes revealed decreased variation in some Aromun populations. Variation within Aromun populations was the primary source of genetic differentiation. Y‐chromosome haplotypes tended to be shared across Aromuns, but not across non‐Aromun populations. These results point to a possible common origin of the Aromuns, with drift acting to differentiate the separate Aromun communities. The homogeneity of Balkan populations prevented testing for the origin of the Aromuns, although a significant Roman contribution can be ruled out.
Photosynthetic flexibility and ecophysiological plasticity: questions and lessons from Clusia, the only CAM tree, in the neotropics
Authors: Lüttge Ulrich 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIt is the aim of this review to present a monographic survey of the neotropical genus Clusia on scaling levels from molecular phylogeny, metabolism, photosynthesis and autecological environmental responses to ecological amplitude and synecological habitat impact. Clusia is the only dicotyledonous genus with real trees performing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). By way of introduction, a brief historical reminiscence describes the discovery of CAM in Clusia and the consequent increase in interest in studying this particular genus of tropical shrubs and trees. The molecular phylogeny of CAM in the genus is compared with that in Kalanchoë and the Bromeliaceae. At the level of metabolism and photosynthesis, the great plasticity of expression of photosynthetic physiotypes, i.e. (i) C3 photosynthesis, (ii) CAM including CAM idling, (iii) CAM cycling and (iv) C3/CAM‐intermediate behaviour, as well as metabolic flexibility in Clusia is illustrated. At the level of autecology, the factors water, irradiance and temperature, which control photosynthetic flexibility, are assessed. The phenotypic plasticity of physiotypes and morphotypes is described. At the level of synecology, the ecological amplitude of Clusia in the tropics and the relations to habitat are surveyed.

Contents

Summary
7

I.
The discovery of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the trees of Clusia: arrival in the limelight of international research
8

II.
Phylogeny
8

III.
Photosynthetic physiotypes
10

IV.
Metabolic flexibility: organic acid variations
12

V.
The environmental control of photosynthetic flexibility
13

VI.
Phenotypic plasticity: physiotypes and morphotypes
16

VII.
Ecological amplitude and habitat impact
16

VIII.
Conclusions and outlook
21

Acknowledgements
22

References
22
Proinflammatory Cytokine Activities, Matrix Metalloproteinase‐3 Activity, and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Content in Synovial Fluid of Dogs with Naturally Acquired Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Authors: Fujita Yukihiro , Hara Yasushi , Nezu Yoshinori , Schulz Kurt S. , Tagawa Masahiro 
Published: May 2006

Objective—To measure and compare activities of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3); as well as sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S‐GAG) content in synovial fluid from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and dogs with clinically normal stifles. To determine whether correlations exist between demographic and disease‐related variables and these synovial markers.Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Dogs with CCLR (n=23) and Beagles with normal stifle joints (n=21).Methods—Synovial fluid activities of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) were determined by bioassay. MMP‐3 activity was measured using fluorogenic substrate. S‐GAG contents were determined by dimethylmethylene blue dye‐binding assay. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to compare results from CCLR joints with normal controls. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to evaluate associations between demographic and disease‐related markers and synovial markers.Results—Mean values for synovial markers were significantly higher in CCLR joints compared with controls. IL‐1β and MMP‐3 were positively correlated with lameness duration.Conclusions—Activities of proinflammatory cytokines, MMP‐3 activity and S‐GAG contents were significantly elevated in synovial fluid from canine stifle joints with naturally acquired CCLR. These results indicate that there is joint inflammation and increased release of GAGs into synovial fluid, suggesting that these inflammatory changes are associated with depletion of proteoglycan from articular cartilage.Clinical Relevance—Medical and surgical treatments designed to decrease joint inflammation and breakdown of proteoglycans may be of value in the management of CCLR in the dog.
A protein evolution model with independent sites that reproduces site-specific amino acid distributions from the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Bastolla Ugo , Porto Markus , Roman H Eduardo , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundSince thermodynamic stability is a global property of proteins that has to be conserved during evolution, the selective pressure at a given site of a protein sequence depends on the amino acids present at other sites. However, models of molecular evolution that aim at reconstructing the evolutionary history of macromolecules become computationally intractable if such correlations between sites are explicitly taken into account.ResultsWe introduce an evolutionary model with sites evolving independently under a global constraint on the conservation of structural stability. This model consists of a selection process, which depends on two hydrophobicity parameters that can be computed from protein sequences without any fit, and a mutation process for which we consider various models. It reproduces quantitatively the results of Structurally Constrained Neutral (SCN) simulations of protein evolution in which the stability of the native state is explicitly computed and conserved. We then compare the predicted site-specific amino acid distributions with those sampled from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The parameters of the mutation model, whose number varies between zero and five, are fitted from the data. The mean correlation coefficient between predicted and observed site-specific amino acid distributions is larger than <r> = 0.70 for a mutation model with no free parameters and no genetic code. In contrast, considering only the mutation process with no selection yields a mean correlation coefficient of <r> = 0.56 with three fitted parameters. The mutation model that best fits the data takes into account increased mutation rate at CpG dinucleotides, yielding <r> = 0.90 with five parameters.ConclusionThe effective selection process that we propose reproduces well amino acid distributions as observed in the protein sequences in the PDB. Its simplicity makes it very promising for likelihood calculations in phylogenetic studies. Interestingly, in this approach the mutation process influences the effective selection process, i.e. selection and mutation must be entangled in order to obtain effectively independent sites. This interdependence between mutation and selection reflects the deep influence that mutation has on the evolutionary process: The bias in the mutation influences the thermodynamic properties of the evolving proteins, in agreement with comparative studies of bacterial proteomes, and it also influences the rate of accepted mutations.