bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of loaded mandible behaviour using speckle pattern interferometry
Authors: Roman J. F. , Petzing J. N. , Tyrer J. R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOrthognatic surgeons have a requirement for the measurement of stress distribution within the human lower jaw, in order to aid and improve surgical procedures. Validation of finite element modelling data describing mandible behaviour which has previously been attempted using holographic interferometry. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), a whole field non‐contact optical technique has been applied to the study of a dry human mandible under load. This technique improves over previous methods by generating discrete quantitative displacement and strain components. The optical analysis of a dry mandible is described, with the results viewed in ‘real time’ as progressively greater forces were applied on the lower border of the chin, in the upwards (impact) direction with biting boundary conditions included in the experimental model. This has shown that the bone tissue holding the front teeth transmits the forces impacting on the chin, which are absorbed by the basal bone of the mandible.
Measurement of strain concentration factor of composites plate using moiré interferometry
Authors: Feng Wang , Huimin Xie , Fulong Dai , Weibo Qu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, using a 1200 lines/mm replicated grating, the moiré interferometry method was applied to study the strain concentration factor of a carbon fibre composites plate with a central hole. The rules of strain concentration factors were determined under different loads.
Thermal deformation measurement of the solder joints in electronic packages using electron moiré method
Authors: Huimin Xie , Kishimoto Satoshi , Shinya Norio , Fulong Dai , Daqing Zou , Sheng Liu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, electron moiré method is used to measure the thermal deformation of electronic packages. In order to observe the electron moiré fringe, a holographic grid was replicated on the cross section of the BGA type package at 150°C. This grid was fabricated on a glass plate using a moving point holographic system, and was replicated to measured area at high temperature. Under SEM, the holographic grid(specimen grid) and a programmed electron beam scan(master grid) interfere and form electron moiré patterns. The shear strain measurement technique using electron moiré method is described. Using the electron moiré method, the shear strains in the different solder joints were measured and analysed. Some useful results were obtained.
Photoelastic inverse problem solution for a biaxially loaded infinite plate with a hole
Authors: Cárdenas‐Garcia Jaime F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents an inverse problem solution for the case of photoelastic isochromatic fringes around the hole of a biaxially uniformly loaded infinite plate for two problems. Problem 1 relates to an infinite plate in which the circular hole is drilled first and then the loads are applied. Problem 2 is the residual stress problem in which the hole is drilled after the biaxial load is applied to the infinite plate. This “hole method” solution may be used for all cases of biaxial, far field uniform loading conditions.
EM Design Technology for Topside Antenna System Integration
Authors: Rockway J. W. , Li S. T. , Russell L. C. , Manry C. W. , McGee J. B. , Meloling J. H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTTopside Antenna System Integration is one of the most important technology challenges for future Navy ship designs. This is due to dual mission requirements of increasing capability while reducing the overall signatures of a ship. Often these two goals are in conflict. Because of these conflicting design issues, new and innovative techniques are required. In order to maximize performance, accurate numerical modeling and simulation are required. By using modeling and simulation tools a thorough investigation of system performance can be obtained. This information can then be used to make informed design decisions. This paper describes the design procedure and engineering tools used for Navy topside antenna system integration. The approach is an iterative process by which topside designs and antenna system architectures can be analyzed and performance assessed.
Evolution of the Engineering Duty Officer in the United States Navy
Authors: Fee Jerome J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe engineering duty officers (EDOs) are today part of the line of the United States Navy and wear the same uniform without any distinguishing marks. The EDs of the past were not always in the close relationship to their line officer counterparts. It is necessary to trace the heritage of the current EDs back almost 200 years to show how the EDs present position has developed. For the first 160 years, the predecessors of today's EDs were split between two communities: engineers and constructors. So it is necessary to trace the development of both communities simultaneously until their merger. During the last 40 years the combat systems officer has emerged. Since most readers know this more recent development, it will not be dealt with in the same detail as the EDs, “ancient history.”
Defining the Future of the Navy in the New Century and at the Turn of the New Millennium
Authors: Sacks Stephen 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe process of defining the future Navy, with platforms built to last a long time yet technology rapidly evolving, is discussed in this paper. It is suggested that taking appropriate account of known long term trends can play an important part in the definition process. Several examples are presented showing the potential contribution of trend analysis.
Take ‐ Acquiring The Environmentally Sound Ship Of The 21st Century
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTDepartment of Defense (DoD) program managers are increasingly challenged with the difficulties of balancing the risks associated with cost, schedule and performance in an environment of extreme competition for increasingly scarce resources. Requirements associated with environmental, safety and health (ESH), in the context of thirty to forty‐year service lives have not been consistently, or in some cases adequately, addressed in DoD programs.Environmental protection (EP) requirements generally do not fit the normal requirements generation and product synthesis model typically applied to weapon system development. As with all requirements, early identification is the key to integration into the total system. Recognition that EP requirements must be integrated at program conception led to development of the ESH Integration Model by the U.S. Navy Lewis and Clark (T‐AKE) ship acquisition program. Institutionalization of this model has enabled the T‐AKE Program to establish EP performance requirements for the twelve‐ship class that substantially reduce the environmental footprint of the Navy.Compared to the fifteen ships that it will be replacing, T‐AKE will require fifty percent less manning and reduce waste streams by seventy percent enabling an annual life cycle cost savings of $5 million in ashore waste disposal costs. The T‐AKE Program has been the first to achieve the Chief of Naval Operation's vision for the “Environmentally Sound Warship of the 21st Century” through design integration of EP requirements.
The Float‐On/Float‐Off Heavy Lift and Return Home of USS Cole
Authors: Wasalaski R. , Anderson R. , Lt. S.  , Gant G. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTOn October 12, 2000, terrorists bombed the USS Cole (DDG 67), an Arleigh Burke class destroyer. The vessel was in the process of receiving fuel while moored alongside a dolphin in the middle of the harbor at Aden, Yemen. With no local repair facilities and a tense diplomatic situation, the badly damaged, but stable vessel had to leave Aden for repairs at another site. After a few intense days of weighing different options, handicapped with limited information, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) granted approval on October 14 to pursue a heavy lift operation. Two days later on October 16, the Navy awarded a contract voyage charter to heavy lift/dry transport the vessel to the United States on board a semi‐submersible heavy lift ship. This paper will discuss a chronology of events and the associated engineering that culminated in the successful loading off the coast of Yemen and the safe transit home of this fully armed and badly‐damaged warship. Detailed discussion will include the following: events leading up to the decision to heavy lift, preliminary engineering done in Oslo, Norway, detailed engineering done on board MV Blue Marlin, planning and execution of the loading operation, post loading and seafastening, the decision to fit a temporary patch, route planning, and the voyage home. The paper will also present the salient and unique characteristics of the Marlin class, currently the world's largest semi‐submersible heavy lift ships.
Tech Solutions — Powered by Naval Research
Authors: Mastroianni L.S. , Sonnefeld M.D. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe Office of Naval Research is currently developing a web‐based tool that will allow Sailors and Marines to seek science and technology (S&T) solutions to pressing naval needs. The Naval Fleet/Force Technology Innovation Office (NFFTIO) currently provides this capability by placing Naval Research Science Advisors (NRSAs) at various Navy and Marine Corps commands throughout the world and by facilitating access to the Department of the Navy (DoN) S&T community. However, the current process does not connect today's tech‐savvy Sailors and Marines to the DoN S&T community as well as it could. The development of this web site, and the subsequent process to develop the solutions, will allow for an easily accessible method for identifying problems, communicating the pertinent aspects of those problems to the DoN S&T community, identifying common problems across Fleet/Force commands, and developing and exploring potential solutions. The various aspects of the process include the validation of the needs with the Fleet/Force commanders, solicitation of potential solutions from the DoN S&T community, development and selection of a project to provide a solution, and demonstrating the solution with the requesting Fleet/Force command. Every effort will be made to coordinate with appropriate acquisition commands to ensure that successful solution demonstrations are transitioned to the entire Fleet/Force. A pilot study is being conducted at several commands throughout the Fleet/Force to develop and refine this web site and the underlying processes. This paper will describe the challenges of this initiative, the web‐enabled process, and the progress of the pilot.
Features as an Abstraction for Designer Convenience in the Design of Ships
Authors: Summers Joshua D. , Maxwell Douglas B. , Camp Christopher M. , Butler Alley C. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a research effort involving design of a class of ships — nuclear submarines. It focuses on the use of features as a means of design abstraction, and it is found that a principal motivation for the use of features in this design environment is the convenience of the early stage submarine designer. To support this argument, a review of feature research is presented. Experiments in the development of feature catalogs are described, and implementation through two generations of feature‐based submarine CAD systems are discussed. The architecture of the feature‐based submarine CAD systems includes the use of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), the ACIS geometric modeler, and user interfaces which store/recall hierarchical submarine feature information easily. Strong connections to object‐oriented programming and object‐oriented databases are recognized. Conclusions are drawn regarding the use of features for ship designer convenience and regarding support provided by hierarchical, parameterized features for other means of design automation.
Technology Advances and Tanker Spill Prevention
Authors: Rodgers G. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTGoals to alert the bridge watch for imminent grounding or collision with shallow underwater dangers, have long been stymied by lags in active sonar technology. Thus “lower hemisphere” designs for shallow underwater search have been unable to exploit solutions useful topside for the “upper hemisphere” guarded by radar and other technology. While the radar environment normally exhibits single path, direct line‐of‐sight conditions for prime targets, the shallow water sonar environment is cluttered by a mix of echoes and multipath returns for identical ranges. Thus we first must accommodate to a quirky hydroacoustic environment as a major design subsystem for any shallow water navigational sonar. Secondly, for large carriers found in the world tanker fleet, there is recognition that some simple backfit solution is needed for any electroacoustic interface, the sonar transducer. Commercial carriers have not been designed or built with special hull considerations such as sonar domes and recesses; therefore, this second vital subsystem requires particular design attention for projecting hydro‐acoustic energy and receiving return echoes. Several recent patents are on file which apply to this problem. Thirdly, signal processing considerations provide a set of design‐critical factors. High speed digital signal processors (DSPs) of recent “parallel” design offer opportunities to search at high speed and to unravel the confusing mix of acoustic energy found in shallow water returns. Past hurdles are endemic for these three critical subsystems: hydroacoustic environment, electroacoustic transducer design, and signal processing, but now these seem most amenable to technology transfer.
A Statistical Method for Estimating the Life Expectancy of Certain Shipboard Equipment
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Breslin David A. , Toms Gregory S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews an inexpensive statistical‐sampling methodology that can be used to determine the attrition rates of certain types of shipboard equipment. The methodology relies on surveys that are conducted in conjunction with regularly scheduled ship visits over a period of time and a statistical analysis of the survey results. The statistical technique allows for reasonably accurate estimates to be made of attrition rates.The specific example cited in this paper is related to galley‐type refrigeration equipment, such as salad chillers, beverage dispensers, et cetera. In the case of galley‐type refrigeration equipment, the Navy needs to know whether the Fleet's inventory of equipment relying on Class I Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of fiscal year (FY) 2005, at which time supplies of ODS‐based refrigerants will no longer be available for use by ship galleys. This paper outlines the process used to gather data, the analysis of the data, and concludes that the Navy's inventory of galley equipment using Class I ODSs will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of FY05.The methodology reviewed by this paper has wider applications. For various types of shipboard equipment, the methodology can also be used to estimate with reasonable accuracy life expectancies, configurations, conditions, and other items of interest.
Engineering Aegis Cruiser Topsides ‐ Enhancing Design Capabilities and Life Cycle Support
Authors: Day Dana L. , Puglisi Donald C. , Gross Gary D. , Latimer John A. , Mulkern Kevin M. , Farsaie Ali , Korkalo Christine M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe U. S. Navy is in the process of modernizing ship structures manufactured before 3‐D computer aided design capabilities were available. Detailed 2‐D views on large engineering drawings can be confusing to personnel performing removal and installation activities. 3‐D tools and capabilities would be highly beneficial to the modernization and implementation of the desired improvements by reducing confusion.To help meet this challenge for the cruiser conversion program, it was necessary to capture cruiser topside design model data. This task involved acquiring detailed 3‐D measurements of equipment and structure on the topside of a baseline representative Aegis cruiser on a non‐interfering basis. The 3‐D measurements were achieved by using a 3‐D laser scanner to remotely capture dimensional information of a ship's topside. These measurements have been used to create an As Is 3‐D model of the topside of a baseline representative Aegis cruiser to support cruiser conversion design efforts. The 3D model has provided accurate locations for topside equipment relative to ship structure.This measurement procedure should help in every aspect of topside design by creating more accurate surface combatant topside models. Pedigreed models would aid in studies of antenna coverage, interference, and combat system performance that is sensitive to antenna placement relative to each other and to ship structure. 3‐D laser surveying provides a cost‐effective method of maintaining current topside configuration data for the entire U.S. naval Fleet.
Toward More Effective Technology Insertions for Chemical and Biological Defense
Authors: Vogt Christopher J. , Novick Peter 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe Department of Defense has a relatively well funded chemical and biological defense program, delivering a number of new technologies to the U.S. Navy and other services. However, observations from forward Fleet operations and recent Fleet battle experiments suggest that these technology insertions are not necessarily resulting in improved chemical and biological defense capabilities. It is also apparent that the Department of Defense investments are too heavily focused on past threats versus today's emerging threats. During the Cold War, the focus was on preparing operating forces to operate in a contaminated environment, a material and equipment‐intensive mission. As far as fixed sites are concerned (including ships in port and at anchor), today's threat is more likely a terrorist attack, requiring those sites to have a credible first response capability. This paper advocates a more flexible approach to chemical and biological defense by the Department of the Navy, and changes to the Department of Defense investment strategy for chemical and biological defense. A number of specific recommendations are offered, most of which are executable with existing funds.
Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Guidelines for Stiffened Panels and Grillages of Ship Structures
Authors: Assakkaf Ibrahim A. , Ayyub Bilal M. , Hess Paul E. , Atua Khaled 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTStiffened panels and grillages are very important components in ship and offshore structures, and therefore they should be designed for a set of failure modes that govern their strength. They form the backbone of most ship's structure, and they are by far the most commonly used element in a ship. They can be found in bottom structures, decks, side shell, and superstructures. To evaluate the strength of a stiffened panels or grillages, it is necessary to review various strength predicting models and to study their, biases, applicability, and limitations for different loading conditions acting on the element. In this paper, strength limit states for various failure modes of ship panels are presented. For each limit state, commonly used strength models were collected from many sources for evaluating their limitations and applicability and to study their biases and uncertainties. Wherever possible, the different types of biases resulting from these models were computed. The bias and uncertainty analyses for these strength models are needed for the development of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) guidelines for stiffened panels and grillages of ship structures. The uncertainty and biases of these models were assessed and evaluated by comparing their predictions with ones that are more accurate or real values.The objective of this paper is to develop load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for stiffened panels and grillages of ship structures. Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the biases and uncertainties for these models. Recommendations for the use of the models and their biases in LRFD development are provided. The first‐order reliability method (FORM) was used to develop the partial safety factors (PSFs) for selected limit states.
Development of Shipbuilder and Supplier Relationships
Authors: Daidola John C. , Higginbotham John H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe overseas experience has indicated that strong shipbuilder/supplier relationships serve to strengthen the entire industrial base. The need for and approach to development of a framework or model for a world class shipbuilder/supplier infrastructure for U.S. shipyards is considered in light of this experience. In concert, a process for establishing an internationally competitive supplier network for collaboration with U.S. shipyards is identified. Success in this endeavor should contribute significantly to countering premiums charged by foreign suppliers to U.S. shipbuilders.
To the Edge of the Possible: U.S. High Speed Destroyers, 1919–1942 Part 2: Secondary Hull Form Parameters
Authors: Toby A. Steven 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTBetween the two world wars high speed destroyers routinely logged top speeds of 35 to 40 knots on sea trials. In order for such a fast destroyer to be successful, all the hull form parameters had to be optimized for straight line performance (often, at a sacrifice of other desirable characteristics of a warship). In this paper the optimization process for certain “secondary” hull form parameters, the prismatic and midsection coefficients, is described using speed‐power calculations for sample ships based on USS Fletcher (DD 445), a late example of the high speed destroyer. The behavior of transom shape is also discussed using worm curves from model tests of U.S. Navy destroyers of the period.
Monitoring the Navy's Strategic Reserve of Ozone‐Depleting Substances
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Breslin David A. , Toms Gregory S. , Norton P. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe domestic production of the most powerful ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained Fleet operations into the middle of the century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may face similar challenges.This is the third of three papers that cover all aspects of the Navy's strategic reserve of ODSs. Breslin (1999) documented the history of the Navy's effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support Fleet operations until the middle of the century. Breslin, Smith, and Toms (2000) addressed in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. This paper discusses the Navy's plan for monitoring the Navy's strategic reserves of ODSs and describes the methods used in the monitoring process. In particular, it discusses the underlying assumptions and statistical techniques associated with the Navy's prediction of the expected drawdown of the reserves. A comparison of actual data, collected since the strategic reserves began operations in 1995, with the predicted reserve drawdown, is included in the paper.