bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gauge length effect on the tensile properties of leather
Authors: Thanikaivelan Palanisamy , Shelly Dennis C. , Ramkumar Seshadri S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTensile properties are important basic characteristics of materials and influence their end‐use and performance. More importantly, in the case of leather due to end‐use applications such as shoe uppers, automotive and furniture upholstery, mechanical properties such as tenacity are of extreme importance. Therefore, fundamental studies on the tensile properties of leather are needed. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of gauge length (GL) on the tensile properties of shoe upper leather. Two different specimens in the form of rectangular and dumbbell shapes have been cut from parallel and perpendicular directions to the body axis of the leather and have been tested. Results showed that the maximum breaking load and the percentage extension at break decreased with the increase in GL. Rectangular specimens showed a 30% decrease in maximum breaking load and a 13% decrease in percentage extension at break, while dumbbell specimens showed reductions in the order of 28 and 6%, respectively, as the GL increased from 9.53 cm to 23.5 cm. Highly varying supramolecular architecture of the collagen matrix and the frictional slippage caused by the free ends present in the collagen fibrils, which induce a weak‐link effect similar to the one found in cotton fibers and yarns, are considered to be the probable reasons for this behavior. A limited scanning electron microscopic study has been undertaken to pictorially represent the breakage of leather at different GLs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1202–1209, 2006
Effect of baking treatment and materials composition on the properties of bulky PMMA–silica hybrid sol–gel materials with low volume shrinkage
Authors: Yeh Jui‐Ming , Weng Chang‐Jian , Huang Kuan‐Yeh , Lin Chun‐Che 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of bulky PMMA–silica hybrid sol–gel materials had been successfully prepared through the conventional HCl‐catalyzed sol–gel approach with 2‐hydroxyethyl methyl methacrylate (HEMA) as coupling agent under pumping pretreatment (i.e., exhaustive vacuum evacuation). In this work, the hydroxyl groups of HEMA monomers were first cohydrolyzed with various contents of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to afford chemical bonding for the forming silica networks by removal of solvent and byproduct of sol–gel reactions through pumping pretreatment before gelation reactions. Subsequently, the resultant viscous solution was then copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers at specific feeding ratios by using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as free‐radical initiator. Eventually, transparent bulky organic–inorganic hybrid sol–gel materials loaded with different silica content were always achieved. The obtained bulky hybrid sol–gel materials were found to be transparent, crack‐free, and of relatively low volume shrinkages even in high silica content. The as‐prepared bulky hybrid sol–gel materials were then characterized through silicon element mapping studies of energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Effect of heating process at 150°C for 5 h after polymerization and material composition on the thermal properties, mechanical strength, and optical clarity of a series of bulky PMMA–silica hybrid sol–gel materials was investigated and compared by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), hardness test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and UV–vis transmission spectroscopy, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1151–1159, 2006
Synthesis of Sulfated Galactocerebrosides from an Orthogonal β‐D‐Galactosylceramide Scaffold for the Study of CD1–Antigen Interactions
Authors: Compostella Federica , Ronchi Silvia , Panza Luigi , Mariotti Sabrina , Mori Lucia , De Libero Gennaro , Ronchetti Fiamma 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCD1a protein binds sulfatide (3‐O‐sulfo‐β‐D‐galactosylceramide) to form an antigen complex that interacts with T cell receptors and activates T cells. To assess the role of the position of the sulfate in T cell activation, the synthesis of three β‐D‐galactosylceramides, variously bearing a sulfate at position 2, 4, or 6 of galactose, has been planned and carried out. The compounds were synthesized by an orthogonal sulfation strategy from a common β‐D‐galactosylceramide scaffold, which was in turn obtained through an efficient glycosylation reaction between a fully orthogonally protected galactosyl imidate and 3‐O‐benzoylazidosphingosine. Immunological evaluation of the three sulfated compounds in CD1a‐mediated T cell activation, in comparison with natural sulfatide, provided evidence of the influence of the sulfate position in the recognition event between the antigen, the CD1 protein and the T cell receptor.
Deconvoluting the Memory Effect in Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation: Effect of Leaving Group and Added Chloride
Authors: Fristrup Peter , Jensen Thomas , Hoppe Jakob , Norrby Per‐Ola 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn analysis of product distributions in the Tsuji–Trost reaction indicates that several instances of reported “memory effects” can be attributed to slow interconversion of the initially formed syn‐ and anti‐[Pd(η3‐allyl)] complexes. Addition of chloride triggers a true memory effect, in which the allylic terminus originally bearing the leaving group has a higher reactivity. The latter effect, termed regioretention, can be rationalized by ionization from a palladium complex bearing a chloride ion, forming an unsymmetrically substituted [Pd(η3‐allyl)] complex. DFT calculations verify that the position trans to the phosphine ligand is more reactive both in the initial ionization and in the subsequent nucleophilic attack.
Crystal Structure of ErAlGeO5 and Evidence of a Peculiar Double Coordination Sphere of Al(III) and Ge(IV) Cations.
Authors: Durand Alexandre , Mentre Olivier , Abraham Francis , Fukuda Tsuguo , Elouadi Brahim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Density‐Functional Calculation of the 183W and 17O NMR Chemical Shifts for Large Polyoxotungstates
Authors: Gracia Jose , Poblet Josep M. , Autschbach Jochen , Kazansky Leonid P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 4‐Pentenoic Acid with Sulfenyl Cations Generated Electrochemically from Bisquinolinyl and Bispyridinyl Disulfides.
Authors: Marciniec Krzysztof , Maslankiewicz Andrzej , Maslankiewicz Maria J. , Ciunik Zbigniew 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Efficient Synthesis of Diimines in Dry Media Using Silica Gel Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate as Reusable Solid Support.
Authors: Bazgir Ayoob 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfoxide‐Modified Julia—Lythgoe Olefination: Highly Stereoselective Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetrasubstituted Double Bond Formation.
Authors: Pospisil Jiri , Pospisil Tomas , Marko Istvan E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐(1,3‐Dioxan‐2‐yl)ethylsulfonyl Group: A New Versatile Protecting and Activating Group for Amine Synthesis.
Authors: Sakamoto Izumi , Izumi Norimasa , Yamada Taeko , Tsunoda Tetsuto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling of Allyl Chlorides and Enynes.
Authors: Ikeda Shin‐ichi , Suzuki Kaori , Odashima Kazunori 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ambidentate Properties of Asymmetric Substituted Imidazoles. Direction of Benzylation of 2‐[N‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]methylthio‐4‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole.
Authors: Ivanova A. G. , Kombarov R. V. , Davidenko P. V. , Rodin O. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of 1‐Aryl‐Substituted Tetrahydropyridone Derivatives.
Authors: Mickevicius V. , Vaickelioniene R. , Mikulskiene G. , Sewald N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 10‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10‐decahydroacridine‐1,8‐dione Derivatives under Microwave Heating Without Catalyst.
Authors: Hua Guo‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Jing , Shi Feng , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Xu Jia‐Ning , Wang Qian , Zhu Xiao‐Tong , Zhang Jin‐Peng , Jl Shun‐Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐(3‐Chloropropyl)‐3‐phenylbenzothieno[2,3‐c]pyridine (II): An Intermediate in Synthesis of 5‐Phenylbenzothieno[2,3‐e]indolizinium Salts (III).
Authors: Kryuchkov M. A. , Tolkunov S. V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Endoperoxides: Synthesis and Activity Against Candida Species.
Authors: Macreadie Peter , Avery Thomas , Greatrex Ben , Taylor Dennis , Macreadie Ian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile and Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Aminoalkylphosphonic Acids
Authors: Yuan Cheng‐Ye , Chen Qian‐Yi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of All Eight L‐Hexoses from L‐Ascorbic Acid.
Authors: Ermolenko Ludmila , Sasaki N. Andre 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Strobilurin B Using a Hetero‐bis‐Metalated Pentadiene Linchpin.
Authors: Coleman Robert S. , Lu Xiaoling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conversion of Potent MMP Inhibitors into Selective TACE Inhibitors.
Authors: Cherney Robert J. , King Bryan W. , Gilmore John L. , Liu Rui‐Qin , Covington Maryanne B. , Duan James J.‐W. , Decicco Carl P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Synthon Approach to Spiro Compounds
Authors: Pradhan Rosy , Patra Manabendra , Behera Ajaya K. , Mishra Bijay K. , Behera Rajani K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Approach to the Efficient Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons under Mild Conditions. Superior Oxo Transfer Selectivity Using Dioxiranes
Authors: Curci Ruggero , D'Accolti Lucia , Fusco Caterina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dietary selenium intake, aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 and X‐ray repair cross‐complementing 1 genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cai Lin , You Nai‐Chieh Yuko , Lu Hua , Mu Li‐Na , Lu Qing‐Yi , Yu Shun‐Zhang , Le Anh D. , Marshall James , Heber David , Zhang Zuo‐Feng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, few studies have been conducted to date regarding dietary selenium and the potential gene‐nutrient interactions with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different pathways on the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODSThe authors investigated the role of dietary selenium intake and its interplay with SNPs of the ALDH2 (glutamic acid [Glu] 487 lysine [Lys]) and the X‐ray repair cross‐complementing 1 (XRCC1) (arginine [Arg] 399 glutamine [Gln]) genes on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a population‐based, case‐control study in China. In total, 218 patients with ESCC and 415 healthy population control participants were interviewed. Dietary selenium intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire with 97 food items. ALDH2 and XRCC1 polymorphisms were detected with a polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.RESULTSThe adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the highest quintile of dietary selenium intake, compared with the lowest quintile of intake, was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.25‐0.89), with a strong dose‐response relation (P for trend, <.01). The ALDH2 Lys and XRCC1 Gln variant alleles were associated with an increased risk of ESCC with adjusted ORs of 1.91 (95% CI, 0.96‐3.80) and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.08‐2.59), respectively. An elevation of the risk for ESCC was pronounced most among carriers of ALDH2 Lys/Lys and XRCC1 399Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg who consumed a low level of dietary selenium (adjusted OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.14‐15.12).CONCLUSIONSTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first in‐depth study to suggest that genetic susceptibility may modify the association between selenium intake and the risk of ESCC. The findings indicated that individuals with low dietary selenium intake and ALDH2 Lys/Lys and XRCC1 399Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg genotypes were associated with an increased ESCC risk, especially in the presence of exposure to tobacco and alcohol carcinogens. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A Two‐Step Spin Transition and Order–Disorder Phenomena in the Mononuclear Compound [Fe(Hpy‐DAPP)](BF4)2
Authors: Matouzenko Galina S. , Luneau Dominique , Molnár Gábor , Ould‐Moussa Nawell , Zein Samir , Borshch Serguei A. , Bousseksou Azzedine , Averseng Frédéric 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis and detailed characterization of the mononuclear complex [FeII(Hpy‐DAPP)](BF4)2 (Hpy‐DAPP = {bis[N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐3‐aminopropyl](2‐pyridylmethyl)amine}), which manifests a two‐step spin crossover accompanied by an ordering and a conformational transition in the ligand. The magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer spectra reveal that the two steps of the spin transition are separated by an inflexion point at about 130 K at which 50 % of the complex undergoes a spin conversion. The high‐temperature step centered at 181 K is gradual, whereas the low‐temperature one displays a thermal hysteresis with two transition temperatures (Tc↓ = 119 and Tc↑ = 123 K). The single‐crystal X‐ray structure has been determined for the HS (298 K) and LS (90 K) forms, as well as for the mixed form with an HS:LS ratio of 1:1 (130 K). The structural studies show that the crystal lattice contains a single FeII crystallographic site over the whole temperature range. At room temperature, the most important peculiarity of the HS complex structure is the disorder of the N3 amino aliphatic atom, which is in the first coordination sphere of FeII, over two positions. The strong involvement of the N3 atoms in H‐bonding with two neighboring counterions is considered as a possible origin of this disorder. At 130 K, the disorder is increased by the distribution of the N1 and C9 atoms over two positions, leading to the conformational disorder (chair and twist‐boat conformations with a 1:1 ratio) in the six‐membered N2C7C8C9N1Fe chelate cycle. At 90 K, the disorder in the positions of the N1, N3, and C9 atoms disappears and the N2C7C8C9N1Fe metallacycle adopts a unique twist‐boat conformation. The results of structural studies suggest that the two‐step spin‐transition behavior of the complex [Fe(Hpy‐DAPP)](BF4)2 is induced by two different geometries of the [FeN6] coordination core generated by the disorder in the ligand. The HS → LS transition is also associated with the conformational change in the chelate cycle. Both crystallographic data analysis and electronic structure calculations allow us to relate the disordered geometries of the [FeN6] coordination core to their HS and LS character. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Structure and Function of Xanthine Oxidoreductase
Authors: Hille Russ 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn overview of the current state of our understanding of the reaction mechanism of the molybdenum‐containing enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase is presented, with an emphasis on work done in the past five years. Recent studies of the biosynthesis of the pterin cofactor bound to the metal in the active site are also reviewed, as is crystallographic work that has clarified the coordination geometry of the molybdenum center. This structural work provides the context in which to understand recent mechanistic studies of the enzyme, in particular those aimed at elucidating the role of specific amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Contemporary sedimentation rates and depositional structures in a montane lake basin, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Schiefer Erik 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSpatial variability of recent lacustrine sedimentary structures and sedimentation rates are examined for Green Lake, a morphologically complex lake basin of the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia. A dense, 100 m grid sampling scheme was used for sediment coring within the 2 km2 lake basin. Deltaic, massive, weakly laminated, and varved sediment sequences are identified within the sediment record. Spatial patterns among these sedimentary deposits are related to within‐lake sediment transfer processes, morphometric controls, and the extent of post‐depositional mixing by bioturbation. Unconformities, turbidites, and cohesive slump failure deposits, observed within the contemporary varve sequences, could all be correlated with major flooding events in the catchment area and direct anthropogenic disturbances along the shoreline. There is an overall, non‐linear decrease in sedimentation rates with increasing distance from the lake inflows; however, this pattern is disrupted in deep water sites of intervening lake sub‐basins where locally higher accumulation rates are observed. Spatial sedimentation patterns are quantitatively described by an empirically‐derived model. Systematic variations in the model parameters are observed for different lake sub‐regions and are associated with changing sediment transfer dynamics between proximal and distal sub‐basin settings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting protein subcellular location by fusing multiple classifiers
Authors: Chou Kuo‐Chen , Shen Hong‐Bin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne of the fundamental goals in cell biology and proteomics is to identify the functions of proteins in the context of compartments that organize them in the cellular environment. Knowledge of subcellular locations of proteins can provide key hints for revealing their functions and understanding how they interact with each other in cellular networking. Unfortunately, it is both time‐consuming and expensive to determine the localization of an uncharacterized protein in a living cell purely based on experiments. With the avalanche of newly found protein sequences emerging in the post genomic era, we are facing a critical challenge, that is, how to develop an automated method to fast and reliably identify their subcellular locations so as to be able to timely use them for basic research and drug discovery. In view of this, an ensemble classifier was developed by the approach of fusing many basic individual classifiers through a voting system. Each of these basic classifiers was trained in a different dimension of the amphiphilic pseudo amino acid composition (Chou [2005] Bioinformatics 21: 10–19). As a demonstration, predictions were performed with the fusion classifier for proteins among the following 14 localizations: (1) cell wall, (2) centriole, (3) chloroplast, (4) cytoplasm, (5) cytoskeleton, (6) endoplasmic reticulum, (7) extracellular, (8) Golgi apparatus, (9) lysosome, (10) mitochondria, (11) nucleus, (12) peroxisome, (13) plasma membrane, and (14) vacuole. The overall success rates thus obtained via the resubstitution test, jackknife test, and independent dataset test were all significantly higher than those by the existing classifiers. It is anticipated that the novel ensemble classifier may also become a very useful vehicle in classifying other attributes of proteins according to their sequences, such as membrane protein type, enzyme family/sub‐family, G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) type, and structural class, among many others. The fusion ensemble classifier will be available at www.pami.sjtu.edu.cn/people/hbshen. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 517–527, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.