bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue: The Real Zen Buddhism
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe concluding chapter or epilogue sums up the previous arguments and explores ways of trying to break through the sets of polarized antimonies, so that the traditional and critical Zen positions can be reinvigorated in light—rather than by suppression—of their differences. In considering recent movements such as Critical Buddhism, which criticizes Zen for not fulfilling its role in modern society, and Engaged Buddhism, which advocates Zen as a remedy for the contemporary world, the conclusion reflects on debates between defenders and detractors about whether Zen can and should be engaged or cannot help but be disengaged from social issues. It explores the extent to which Zen allows, or causes, a sense of being enraged by instances of injustice and intolerance by retrieving repentance as a means to create reform.
4 European Community Legislation for Traceability and Labeling of Genetically Modifi ed Crops, Food, and Feed
Authors: Grossman Margaret Rosso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses European Community legislation for traceability and labeling of genetically modified crops, food, and feed. After a brief discussion of EC law making and the role of the precautionary principle, the chapter discusses EC measures for authorization of bioengineered or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM food and feed. It focuses on EC Regulations that require, and establish thresholds for, traceability and labeling of GMOS and their food and feed products. The chapter addresses the practical issue of coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic crops, and it reviews EC policy documents and Member State measures to ensure coexistence.
1 Interpretation
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter develops a hermeneutic framework for integrating the philosophical and literary dimensions of Plato's early dialogues. Central problems treated include: the thematic versus chronological unity of the texts, the conception of philosophy as political activity, the function of dialogue versus monologue, the historicity of the dramatic elements, the uses of Socrates, and the limits of the mouthpiece principle.
Descartes on Causation
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book is a systematic study of Descartes's theory of causation and its relation to the medieval and early modern scholastic philosophy that provides its proper historical context. The argument here is that even though Descartes offered a dualistic ontology that differs radically from what we find in scholasticism, his views on causation were profoundly influenced by scholastic thought on this issue. This influence is evident not only in his affirmation in the Meditations of the abstract scholastic axiom that a cause must contain the reality of its effects, but also in the details of the accounts of body‐body interactions in his physics, of mind‐body interaction in his psychology, and of the causation that he took to be involved in free human action. In contrast to those who have read Descartes as endorsing the “occasionalist” conclusion that God is the only real cause, a central thesis of this study is that he accepted what in the context of scholastic debates regarding causation is the antipode of occasionalism, namely, the view that creatures rather than God are the causal source of natural change. What emerges from the defense of this interpretation of Descartes is a new understanding of his contribution to modern thought on causation.
4 Causation in Psychology
Authors: schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the issue of causal interaction in the context of Descartes's dualistic psychology. A common objection is that there is a “scandal of Cartesian interaction” that derives from the fact that Descartes cannot explain the interaction of objects that differ in nature. However, it is argued that Descartes confronts not this scandalous problem but rather different sets of difficulties that apply to the cases of body‐to‐mind and mind‐to‐body action and that, in contrast to the scandalous problem, are linked to earlier scholastic discussions. Moreover, it is concluded that Descartes's conservationist physics creates difficulties for his view of mind‐to‐body action that he never fully confronted.
5 Causation and Freedom
Authors: schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the special considerations for Descartes's theory of causation that arise from the various accounts of human freedom that he offered over the course of his philosophical career. The concern throughout is to relate these accounts to different views within scholasticism concerning the “indifference” of our free action and the compatibility of such action with divine foreknowledge and providence. There is also a consideration of Descartes's idiosyncratic doctrine of the divine creation of eternal truths. It is argued that the implication of this doctrine that God is the cause even of truths concerning our free action does not compromise his mature position that our undetermined will, rather than God, is the immediate causal source of that action.
Overcriminalization
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The United States suffers from too much criminal law and too much punishment. These two trends conspire to produce massive injustice. To rectify this injustice, we need to defend and implement a theory of criminalization: a set of constraints that limit the authority of states to enact and enforce penal offenses. Although the topic of criminalization is of enormous theoretical and practical significance, no Anglo–American theorist has yet developed such a theory. The central objective of this book is to defend a theory of criminalization, and to situate it within contemporary scholarship by legal philosophers. Many of the resources to reduce the size and scope of the criminal law can be derived from within the criminal law itself—even though these resources have not been used explicitly for this purpose. Several additional constraints emerge from a political view about the conditions under which important rights—such as the rights implicated by punishment—may be infringed. When conjoined, these constraints generate a minimalist theory of criminal liability. These constraints are applied to a handful of examples—most notably but not exclusively to drug proscriptions, which are the most significant cause of the growth in the criminal justice system. This book concludes by showing that the minimalist theory defended here is vastly superior to any of the competitive accounts of criminalization that legal philosophers have produced.
CHAPTER 1 “Are We a Nation?”
Authors: Wall Wendy L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In the late 1930s, the phrase “American Way” exploded into popular use. The proliferation of the term attested to Americans’ profound sense of anxiety about the proper parameters of U.S. political culture and the basis for national unity in a threatening world. This chapter outlines the domestic and international pressures that converged to give the search for a unifying “American Way” unusual saliency. The Depression threatened longstanding power structures and called into question long-held assumptions about the stability and course of U.S. capitalism. The maturation of “new immigrant” communities, and the northward migration of southern blacks, raised questions about the terms on which ethnic, religious, and racial outsiders would be incorporated into a society long defined by elites as Anglo-Saxon and Protestant. Above all, the political triumphs of fascism and communism abroad—combined with fears that those ideologies were gaining ground in the U.S.—intensified concerns about America’s core values.
CHAPTER 6 United America
Authors: Wall Wendy L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In the aftermath of World War II, an array of influential elites launched a wide-ranging effort to recapture the sense of teamwork that had pervaded public discourse during the war. Those engaged in this endeavor included social scientists who worried about threats to national cohesion; intergroup activists who hoped to extend their wartime anti-prejudice campaigns; business and advertising executives determined to derail the rising power of labor and to halt or roll back the New Deal; and officials of the Truman Administration who sought to unify Americans behind their emerging Cold War policies. The motives of these elites differed sharply, as did their definition of the values around which Americans should unite. What they shared was a fear of social unrest or upheaval. This chapter explores their efforts, focusing particularly on the activities of the Advertising Council. The council provided a vital link between numerous groups and conducted campaigns on behalf of both free enterprise and intergroup tolerance.
CHAPTER 8 Crusading for Freedom at Home and Abroad
Authors: Wall Wendy L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Beginning in the late 1940s, government officials and an array of private elites worked to enlist civil society in general—and immigrants and their children in particular—in efforts to project the “American Way” overseas. This chapter focuses on four such efforts at public diplomacy: the Friendship Train which collected foodstuffs for Italy and France; the “Letters to Italy” and “Letters from America” campaigns, both designed to persuade immigrants to write friends and family in the Old Country; and the massive Crusade for Freedom of the 1950s, which mobilized public support for Radio Free Europe. Such efforts should be understood, not simply as weapons in the Cold War, but as part of the process of constructing a domestic consensus on America’s core values. Organizers of these efforts sought to develop in Americans a “greater awareness” of their own blessings and to convince all Americans that they stood on the front lines in the battle against communism.
The Voyage to India
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The tantalizing possibility that, while clothed in philosophical and theological garb, the original insight which Schweitzer appropriates is derived from Indian ethical thought, and specifically the Jain tradition, is exposed in Chapter Three. Contrary to the claim that he found the ethical concept which “had not been discovered in any philosophy”, Schweitzer was clearly influenced by the Jain ethic of ahimsā (non‐violence, non‐injury). Also highlighted is his analysis of ahimsā and some of the close affinities between Schweitzerian and Jain ethics.
Rediscovering Lambaréné
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Contrary to the common view that reverence died in Lambaréné, modern theology, notably in its liberal Protestant and process forms, continues to be indebted to Schweitzer. In the telling confession of Paul Tillich, Schweitzer was with him “all my life since my student days.” In developing their own “ethic of life”, John Cobb and Charles Birch regard Schweitzer as “the one great Western twentieth‐century thinker who took seriously the value of all living things” and acknowledge his reverence for life as having a “spreading influence of others”. Chapter Six sets the stage for Schweitzer's contribution to the continuing debate on life‐ethics.
6Ceteris Paribusand Extrapolation
Authors: Steel Daniel P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter further develops the mechanisms approach to extrapolation begun in chapter 5 and explores its relevance to the hotly debated issue of ceteris paribus laws. It argues that the difficulties that beset the most problematic type of ceteris paribus law vanish if “ceteris paribus” is interpreted as indicating an inference schema concerning extrapolation rather than as qualifying a universally quantified generalization.
A Decade of Crisis
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the decade of economic, military, and political crisis, which led to perceptions of a cultural crisis whose resolution was sought in conversion to a purified Islam as advocated by pietist preachers. Many scholars writing about conversion agree that conversion is often preceded by crisis, either at a societal or personal level. Because context is crucial, a context of crisis sets the stage for religious change to occur. When that crisis is severe, prolonged, extensive, and external, offering a startling contrast with what came before, a discrepancy between the ideal and reality, people may be compelled to look inward and try to understand how their religious beliefs and practices triggered such a troubled situation.
Converting the Jewish Prophet and Jewish Physicians
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter first explores how the attempt of the sultan, his preacher, and the grand vizier to stamp out what they considered heterodox, illegitimate practices among Muslims; to root out heresy and dampen religious ecstasy; and to destroy places where rapturous religious practices were performed which coincided with the outbreak of Shabbatai Tzevi's preaching, aiming to reform Jewish life and convert Jews to the rabbi's understanding of God's prophecy. The movement culminated instead in Jewish conversion to Islam as the sultan's preacher, Vani Mehmed Efendi, instructed the rabbi in Kadızadeli tenets of Islam. Hundreds of the rabbi's followers followed suit. The Islamic reform movement that promoted a rational religion preferred by the sultan prevailed at the time over the competing ecstatic conversion movement of the rabbi. The second part of the chapter examines Hatice Turhan's conversion of other Jews at the sultan's court, especially the group of Jewish palace physicians, the most visible and influential Jews in the empire.
4 Innateness and Genetic Information
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith Peter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the idea that innateness can be understood in terms of genetic coding or genetic programming. A distinction is made between characteristics that are coded for or programmed for by the genes, and characteristics that are not. It is argued that the defensible versions of this distinction line up badly with the idea of innateness. The defensible versions of the idea of genetic coding treat only protein molecules as coded for. The defensible versions of the idea that developmental processes involve something like computation apply only to low-level processes, so the ‘programmed for’ traits are again too low-level to be of interest to nativists. Other versions of the idea that innate traits are ‘programmed to appear’ are in effect a handing-off of the problem to the concept of adaptation or evolutionary design.
5 Genes and Human Psychological Traits
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J. Jr. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows that genetic variation is an important feature of virtually every human psychological trait and must be taken into account in any comprehensive explanation (theory) of human behaviour. It begins by discussing the mistaken but widely held belief that ‘genetic variance’ is an indicator of the biological or evolutionary unimportance of a trait. It then turns to the role of quantitative genetic methods in modern biology. Application of these methods across a very large number of quantitative characteristics of an equally large number of species leads to the conclusion that almost all quantitative characters are heritable. This truism is illustrated for the major domains of normal human individual differences: mental ability, personality, psychological interests, and social attitudes. It is shown that compared with effects in social psychology, ecology, and evolution, as well as psychological assessment and treatment, known quantitative genetic influence on human psychological traits should be considered large in magnitude. The argument that ‘ there are no genes for behaviour’ is refuted using ‘clockwork’genes as an example. Using the example of corn oil, it is also shown the fact that finding genes for a quantitative character can be very difficult. The chapter concludes by pointing out that molecular genetics will not replace quantitative genetics; rather, the two levels of analysis will fit together seamlessly.
10 Rational Statistical Inference and Cognitive Development
Authors: Xu Fei 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter advocates a view that is a substantive middle ground between the extreme versions of nativism and empiricism — a view dubbed ‘rational constructivism’. This is a view that commits us to some innate (or acquired) constraints and a set of powerful learning and inference mechanisms that may be critical for development. The mechanisms of statistical inference are used as a means to bridge the gap between discussions of innate knowledge and discussions of learning and conceptual change. In particular, the general framework of Bayesian inference is adopted and some recent research providing empirical evidence for the psychological reality of these inference mechanisms are presented.
14 Space and the Language-Cognition Interface
Authors: Papafragou Anna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLanguages clearly differ in the ways in which they describe spatial location and motion. These cross-linguistic differences have given rise to the question of whether the corresponding nonlinguistic systems that process motion and location are affected by linguistic variation. This chapter discusses a series of experimental findings addressing this question. The independence of nonlinguistic spatial cognition from linguistic encoding preferences is demonstrated. The chapter concludes by considering implications for models of the relationship between language and thought.
16 Adaptationism, Culture, and the Malleability of Human Nature
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIt is often thought that if an adaptationist explanation of some behavioural phenomenon is true, then this fact shows that a culturist explanation of the very same phenomenon is false, or else the adaptationist explanation preempts or crowds out the culturist explanation in some way. This chapter shows why this so-called competition thesis is misguided. Two evolutionary models are identified — the Information Learning Model and the Strategic Learning Model — which show that adaptationist reasoning can help explain why cultural learning evolved. These models suggest that there will typically be a division of labor between adaptationist and culturist explanations. It is then shown that the Strategic Learning Model, which has been widely neglected by adaptationist thinkers, has important and underappreciated implications for a question that has long been contentious in the behavioural sciences — the question of the malleability of human nature.
Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The chapter serves both as a brief biography of Balthasar and a protracted bibliography of his work. The consideration of Balthasar's monumental opus (The Glory of the Lord, Theo‐drama, and Theo‐logic) provides a critical “system” in which to read texts and begins to illustrate Balthasar's unique contribution to current discussions about the intersection between theology, history, philosophy, and narrative art. The chapter demonstrates that not only is Balthasar one of the most important Catholic theologians of the twentieth century, but also his work has practical contributions to make to discourses in critical theory. Like critical theory, Balthasar's work is theological, literary, anthropological, philosophical, psychological, political, and historical, which are critical theory's main components. In the spirit of the ressourcement theology that shaped him, Balthasar is primarily interested in renewing attention to older sources in order to critique the idealistic excesses of modernity. In this sense, Balthasar reveals a postmodern temperament: he too is concerned with issues of language and difference, with aporia, with plurality, with surplus, and with horizons of meaning, to name a few. The difference between Balthasar and the majority of critical theorists resides in ontological and theological orientation: it is therefore a difference of imagination and of grammar. The chapter elaborates on these and other dynamic relationships.
Therapy
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents a reading of David Lodge's novel Therapy (1995) in light of Balthasar's Theo‐logic. Lodge does well to illustrate that the erasure of God that preoccupies postmodern consciousness significantly affects contemporary conceptions about “subject formation” and “people in relation.” Lodge develops these themes by constructing a narrative that mirrors both the theological trajectory of Balthasar's tripartite program and the existential progression identified by the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard—namely, the aesthetic, ethical, and religious “stages” of human experience. Importantly, a close consideration of Kierkegaard's stages reveals a direct analogy with the transcendentals, which, in turn, illuminates one of the many reasons why Balthasar admired Kierkegaard and why Lodge's novel is a fertile literary example of Balthasar's Theologic. By a close consideration of the triadic structure of being presented by a variety of sources, the chapter begins to discern how God's logic—how human logic—exists in a trinitarian dynamic.
Coda
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides a short synthesis of the book. Balthasar's program challenges us to first “see the form” in the world, but also to see the Beautiful, the Good, and the True at work in a broad variety of narrative art. The book finds that, while Balthasar presents us with some practical directives that aid in elucidating the presence and veracity of such a vision, the Catholic imagination proposed does not have a monopoly on such tendencies. At minimum, the examination of the Catholic imagination helps recover the legitimate place of a “theological imagination” in the critical study of literary and narrative art. One conclusion posited is that the careful restoration of the theological imagination to discourses in meaning will aid in reestablishing “a theology of criticism,” that is, the kind of criticism that cultivates a more inclusive array of epistemologies. Another conclusion is that many aspects of postmodern critical thought are helping develop a more grounded—and interdisciplinary—theology of language.
The Wars of Ireland
Authors: Connolly S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The defeat of the rebellion of the earl of Desmond opened the way for the first large scale experiment in colonization — the plantation of Munster. Government policy met with less opposition in the west, where the composition of Connacht won the support of major landowners, although the local administration also used extreme violence to impose its authority. There was less open resistance than in England to the return to Protestantism under Elizabeth I. However, committed Irish-born Protestants remained a small minority. The descendants of the medieval colonists continued to emphasize their English culture and allegiance. But their anomalous position as Catholic subjects of a Protestant queen, along with disputes over taxation and competition from more recent settlers, led to the emergence of a new defensive sense of identity, reflected in the appearance of the term ‘Old English’.