bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for a Model of Multiple‐Site Recreation Demand that Admits Interior and Boundary Solutions
Authors: Morey Edward R. , Waldman Donald , Assane Djeto , Shaw Douglass 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor most recreation demand data sets, different individuals visit different subsets of the available sites. Interior solutions (i.e, individuals who visit all recreational sites) are not the norm. Boundary solutions (i.e., individuals who do not participate, or who visit some, but not all, of the sites) predominate. We critique eight demand models in terms of their ability to accommodate boundary solutions. Three models are recommended for consideration when there are multiple sites and the data set includes a significant number of boundary solutions: a repeated nested‐logit model, a multinomial share model, and a Kuhn‐Tucker model.
Subjective versus Objective Yield Distributions as Measures of Production Risk
Authors: Smith Joyotee , Mandac Abraham M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSubjective probabilities of farmers with nonlinear utility are estimated from distributions elicited by applying a linear scoring rule with monetary payoffs. Estimated subjective distributions are compared to objective estimates of yield distributions in a risky rainfed rice‐growing area in the Philippines. The results indicate that farmers are knowledgeable about mean nitrogen response, but seriously underestimate year‐to‐year variability in yield response to nitrogen. The implication is that accurately estimated objective distributions can be used to estimate upper limits of the effects of risk aversion on allocative decisions.
Marketing Orders as Nontariff Trade Barriers
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Pick Daniel H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrevious analysis shows that, under autarky, all groups must lose from minimum quality standards with symmetric information. We find that, with international trade, it is possible for one country to gain by introducing minimum quality standards. However, it is not possible for both countries to gain from the standards. This result implies that minimum‐quality standards are nontariff trade barriers using the Walter and Baldwin criteria.
Maintaining and Testing Separability in Demand Systems
Authors: Moschini Giancarlo , Moro Daniele , Green Richard D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe derive a general elasticity representation of the necessary and sufficient conditions for direct weak separability of the utility function. Parametric restrictions required to implement the separability conditions are presented for three common demand systems: the Almost Ideal, Translog, and Rotterdam. Our empirical application uses the Rotterdam model to test a few separable structures within a complete U.S. demand system emphasizing food commodities. Results, based on size‐corrected likelihood ratio tests, provide support for commonly used separability assumptions about food and meat demand.
Structural Change, Capital Investment and Productivity in the Food Processing Industry
Authors: Morrison Catherine J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInvestment in new technology affects structural change and economic performance through its effect on capital and input composition. This is particularly important for capital‐intensive industries such as food processing, which lack short‐run flexibility due to adjustment costs. This study considers the impacts of capital quasi‐fixity on capital and noncapital input decisions made in the U.S. Food and Kindred Products industry from 1965 to 1991. A cost‐based production theory model is used to evaluate investment motivations for three capital components. Productivity growth accompanying changing input patterns is then discussed, focusing on capital and farm input demand.
A Randomized Response Approach to Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation
Authors: Berrens Robert P. , Bohara Alok K. , Kerkvliet Joe 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper we combine dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DC‐CV) with the randomized response (RR) method for asking sensitive survey questions. RR increases respondents' anonymity by allowing them to answer a sensitive question without revealing, with certainty, their true response. We combine RR with DC‐CV to test for response effects in the valuation of a public good, in a setting of expected social pressure. While there are practical implementation issues, our findings suggest that the RR technique is a useful tool for exploring social context effects. Rather than generalize from our pre‐test results, we instead emphasize the development of the experimental technique.
Nonparametric Tests of Cost Minimizing Behavior: A Study of Indian Farms
Authors: Ray Subhash C. , Bhadra Dipasis 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe extend existing nonparametric methods of analyzing production efficiency to allow some inputs to be quasi‐fixed. Varian's Weak Axiom of Cost Minimization is modified to derive the Weak Axiom of Variable Cost Minimization. The methodology is applied to farm level data from West Bengal, India, which are analyzed for consistency with cost minimizing behavior. There is strong evidence against overall cost minimization, a result that cannot be rationalized in terms of production uncertainty and risk aversion. However, violation of either technical efficiency or of variable cost minimization is much less serious. This suggests that failure of cost minimization is principally due to imperfections in the markets for capital and land.
Who Works for Piece Rates and Why
Authors: Rubin D. Kate , Perloff Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe decision whether to work on a piece‐rate or time‐rate agricultural job depends on workers' preferences for earnings and nonpecuniary attributes of jobs. These preferences differ geographically and with workers' demographic characteristics, particularly age. Based on estimates that control for sample selectivity, nonpecuniary effects of age dominate earnings effect in most age groups. A substantial share of prime‐age workers do not choose to work in the more lucrative piece‐rate jobs. Indeed, all else the same, prime‐age workers are the least likely among all age groups to work piece rate.
Export Liberalization and Household Welfare: The Case of Rice in Vietnam
Authors: Minot Nicholas , Goletti Francesco 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVietnam has rapidly become one of the three largest rice exporters in the world, in spite of a binding export quota. This article uses a multimarket spatial‐equilibrium model to examine the effect of further liberalization on regional rice prices. Household data are then used to calculate the welfare impact of these price changes on different household groups. The results suggest that although rice export liberalization would raise food prices and exacerbate regional inequality, it would also increase average real income and reduce (slightly) the incidence and severity of poverty. We explore several explanations of these apparently paradoxical results.
Designing and Rating an Area Yield Crop Insurance Contract
Authors: Skees Jerry R. , Black J. Roy , Barnett Barry J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article documents the design and rate‐making procedures used in the development of the Group Risk Plan (GRP)—the new federal crop insurance product that insures based on area yield. The authors of this article worked closely with personnel in the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation and others in developing methodological and practical constraints needed in implementing a workable area yield contract. GRP indemnity payments are made based on percentage shortfalls in actual county yields relative to a forecasted yield. Historical county yield data are used to develop forecasted yields and premium rates.
The Logic of Testing Structural Change in Meat Demand: A Methodological Analysis and Appraisal
Authors: Davis George C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the past two decades, the profession has expended valuable resources testing structural change in meat demand with mixed results. Overlooked to date is a fundamental methodological problem that transcends all methods of testing for structural change. In this study, a methodological framework is used to show that there is no valid test of structural change. Because of this result, additional criteria from the methodology literature are used to evaluate the literature on structural change in meat demand and to provide suggestions for fertile areas of future research.
Input Demands and Inefficiency in U.S. Agriculture
Authors: O'Donnell Christopher J. , Shumway C. Richard , Ball V. Eldon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMarkov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are used to estimate a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) system of input demand functions for U.S. agriculture. Our demand functions have flexible forms and allow for nonrandom technical inefficiency. Concavity constraints are imposed at individual data points, and the distributions of measures of relative technical efficiency are constrained to the unit interval. Results are evaluated in terms of characteristics of the posterior distributions of parameters, measures of relative technical efficiency, and other nonlinear functions of the parameters.
Determinants of Ditch Company Share Prices in the South Platte River Basin
Authors: Goodman D. Jay , Howe Charles W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDitch companies were formed historically to distribute irrigation water. A portfolio of water rights would be acquired and the resultant water distributed proportionately among the members. Active markets for these shares developed because of their relative homogeneity and ease of transfer. This study identifies the factors that determine share prices, by regressing price on supply‐ and demand‐side variables: characteristics of the underlying water rights, anticipated transfer losses, general factors affecting urban demand, and effects unique to each purchasing city. The major factors are found to be seniority of the underlying water rights, average yields, and transfer losses.
Oligopoly Power in the Food and Tobacco Industries
Authors: Bhuyan Sanjib , Lopez Rigoberto A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article we estimate and test for the degree of oligopoly power and economies of scale in forty food and tobacco industries using the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) framework and four‐digit SIC data. Lerner indices and elasticities of scale are compared throughout the entire food and tobacco industries. T‐tests verify that all but three of these industries exert statistically significant degrees of oligopoly power and that over 82% of these industries exhibit nonconstant returns to scale. The empirical results also provide estimates of the price elasticities of demand for each industry.
The Empirical Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on a Group of New York Dairy Farms
Authors: Stefanides Zdenko , Tauer Loren W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractData from a panel of New York Dairy farms were used to estimate bST adoption functions, and to measure the impact of bST on milk output and profitability per cow. Adoption results are consistent with previous ex ante bST adoption studies. Farm size, productivity, and education of the principal operator are the most important explanatory variables influencing adoption. The use of bST was found to significantly increase milk output per cow net of other explanatory variables, correcting for self‐selection with respect to bST use. The impact on profits was, however, not statistically different from zero at any conventional statistical significance level.
Modeling Land Use Decisions with Aggregate Data
Authors: Miller Douglas J. , Plantinga Andrew J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article, we develop land use models to study the impact of changes in decision variables on soil erosion or other environmental outcomes. From an underlying behavioral model, we use maximum entropy to recover a parametric model of county‐level land use shares as a function of decision variables such as output prices, input costs, and land quality. The statistical model may be extended to estimate subcounty land use shares and to incorporate data from federal land use surveys. We use the procedure to analyze the impact of changes in livestock inventories on soil erosion rates in three Iowa counties.
Dynamic Model of Fresh Fruit Promotion: A Household Production Approach
Authors: Richards Timothy J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany studies consider the dynamic effects of commodity promotion on demand, but few derive the theoretical basis for these effects in a model of optimal consumer behavior. This study develops a dynamic household production model of U.S. fresh fruit consumption, which it uses to evaluate the effectiveness of advertising and promotion expenditures by the Washington Apple Commission. Estimates from a dynamic‐dual Generalized Leontief system show direct advertising to be marginally more effective than retail promotion in increasing apple sales, but advertising has positive spillover effects to sales of other fruits, whereas promotion reduces sales of competing products.
Evaluation of Nonmarket Goods: Recovering Unconditional Preferences
Authors: Ebert Udo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new approach is proposed for the evaluation of nonmarket goods, starting from a complete or incomplete (conditional) demand system for market goods which is observable and depends on nonmarket goods. This information is not sufficient to recover the underlying preference ordering of the representative consumer. The central idea is to employ additional marginal willingness to pay functions for the nonmarket goods. Since they can be estimated either together with the demand system or in a separate step they are less arbitrary than the assumptions or hypotheses usually made. If the entire system is (weakly) integrable the underlying ordering and appropriate welfare measures can be derived. In this article I investigate the relationship between conditional and unconditional demand systems, present sufficient conditions for (weak) integrability, and demonstrate the practicability of the procedure proposed by means of three examples.
The Forward‐Looking Competitive Firm under Uncertainty
Authors: Lence Sergio H. , Hayes Dermot J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnder realistic circumstances, forward‐looking risk‐averse firms will produce more than risk‐neutral firms, and a mean‐preserving spread of the price distribution will increase risk‐averse firms' production. These results depend on firms realizing that prices of inputs required for production in subsequent periods are contemporaneously correlated with output prices. This study rationalizes previously unexplained real‐world behavior such as the spreading of sales over time and short‐run production (or storage) at an expected loss. The present findings imply that empirical work should not assume, nor should it find, a monotonic relationship between output and the level of risk or of risk aversion.
Crop Insurance, Acreage Decisions, and Nonpoint‐Source Pollution
Authors: Wu JunJie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe redirection of farm policy in the 1996 farm bill has generated much interest in seeking environmentally friendly and economically viable ways to protect farm income. Agricultural insurance has been suggested as such an instrument. This article estimates the effect of crop insurance on crop mix and the resulting change in chemical use in the Central Nebraska Basin. Providing corn insurance will shift land from hay and pasture to corn, which will increase chemical use at the extensive margin. This extensive‐margin effect dominates the effect of crop insurance on the application rate, leading to an increase in total chemical use.
The Economics of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade with an Application to the U.S. Food Processing Industry
Authors: Gopinath Munisamy , Pick Daniel , Vasavada Utpal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment and its relationship to trade in the U.S. food industry. A multinational corporation maximizes profits by choosing between production at home, which is exported, and production in a host country. This introduces the possibility that foreign affiliate sales can substitute and/or complement exports. The empirical framework consists of a four‐equations system with foreign affiliate sales, exports, affiliate employment, and FDI as endogenous variables. The results confirm small substitution between foreign sales and exports, and that the host country's protection policies affect the decision to invest abroad.
The Production Effects of Agricultural Income Support Policies under Uncertainty
Authors: Hennessy David A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis analysis decomposes the production impacts of income support programs into wealth, insurance, and coupling effects. Under the usual assumptions about preferences, the wealth and insurance effects of many support programs increase optimal input levels even for supposedly decoupled programs. If the program is “coupled” in the usual sense, then all three effects often act in the same direction. It is concluded that studies of trade and domestic policy reform in stochastic environments should consider insurance and wealth effects. The derivative conditions required to obtain results are also subjected to scrutiny. Simulations for an Iowa corn producer confirm the comparative statics.
Import Restrictions in the Presence of a Health Risk: An Illustration Using FMD
Authors: Paarlberg Philip L. , Lee John G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe present a simple model linking infection risk from imports to a tariff. The risk causes the exporter of the infected product to face a higher tariff than would otherwise be the case. A numerical example is developed for U.S. beef imports from nations with Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (FMD). The additional tariffs are sensitive to the specification of risk and the expected magnitude of loss due to an FMD outbreak. For a low risk of importing FMD, the tariffs levied against the exporter of FMD‐infected beef are not prohibitive but become so as the risk or expected output loss rises.
From Hedging to Pure Speculation: A Micro Model of Optimal Futures and Cash Market Positions
Authors: Ward Ronald W. , Fletcher Lehman B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA theoretical model of optimal firm decisions in cash and futures markets that includes both primary product producers and marketing firms is presented. The generalized model of production and marketing decisions under risk is applied to both short and long hedging and speculation. Hedging and speculation are given precise definitions. Speculation exists when a firm's futures position exceeds the 100 percent hedging level or when it does not provide hedging possibilities in conjunction with the cash market position. Comparisons between hedging on futures markets and forward contracting are made. Live beef futures are used to show how transformation costs for nonstorable commodities should be treated in the same manner as storage costs for storable commodities.
Parallel Synthesis of a Library of Benzoxazoles and Benzothiazoles Using Ligand‐Accelerated Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of ortho‐Halobenzanilides
Authors: Evindar Ghotas , Batey Robert A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Addition of CFCl3 to Aromatic Aldehydes under Ultrasonic Irradiation.
Authors: Barkakaty Balaka , Takaguchi Yutaka , Tsuboi Sadao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Characterization of the Fast Dynamics of Protein Amino Acid Side Chains Using NMR Relaxation in Solution
Authors: Igumenova Tatyana I. , Frederick Kendra King , Wang A. Joshua 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Union Influence and Right‐to‐Work Law Passage
Authors: Mixon Franklin G. , Ressler Rand W. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Urban and labor economists have examined macro and micro effects of the passage of right‐to‐work laws in various states. These laws prohibit unions from negotiating bargains that require new and previous hires to join the union. The results have been suggestive, pointing out that cost‐of‐living indices are dramatically influenced by the presence of unionized workers.This analysis describes the economic and political evolution necessary for the legal passage of right to‐work laws. Although individual studies have pointed out that a low degree of unionization is necessary for the passage of such laws, no study has attempted to describe the timing of the decline in unionization rates as it relates to the passage of these laws. To test this thesis, a discrete‐time or hazard model is employed. Evidence suggests that a low threshold of union activity must be reached before an individual state will adopt such labor laws. Also important in the analysis is the degree of construction and manufacturing within each state, as well as public choice determinants of legislative activity such as the role of the Democratic Party. The discrete‐time model suggests that a declining union membership is important in determining the “timing” of the adoption of right‐to‐work laws by states, as well as the actual adoption of these laws by states.
Income Distribution in the Third World: Its Estimation Via Proxy Data
Authors: Saltz Ira S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A two‐Stage least squares estimate of the distribution of income in the Third World is derived in this paper using the per capita ownership of cars, infant mortality rates, and the average daily caloric requirement along with the per capita Gross Domestic Product. Previous work by Kitznets 1955 had established a relationship between the distribution of income and GDP/CAP, but with the inclusion of the three additional “proxy” variables, the distribution of income is estimated with a great deal more precision. For example, the R‐squared for the estimate of the share of income earned by the poorest 20% of households increases from 0.30 to 0.68 by incorporating the proxy variables.Using the parameters estimated via two‐stage least squares on a set of 23 countries for which the distribution of income Is known, the paper then estimates the distribution of income for a set of 43 countries for which this data is unknown. The results indicate that countries like Singapore and Sri Lanka have relatively even distributions of income for their stage of development, and countries like Brazil, Kenya, Bolivia, and Gautemala have highly skewed distributions of income for their level of GDP/CAP.