bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Energy and Emissions Calculation in Offshore Decommissioning
Authors: Curtis Tim , Steinar Nesse , Picken G. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In February 2000, the Institute of Petroleum published its ‘Guidelines for the Calculation of Estimated of Energy Use and Gaseous Emissions in the Decommissioning of Offshore Structures’. These guidelines were prepared for the Institute of Petroleum (IOP) by Cordah Limited, Det Norske Veritas and ERT Ltd to assist in the calculation of energy use and gaseous emissions relating to the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas structures. They are intended to represent an overview of "best practice" with regard to the assessment of gross energy use and emissions, as well as being a practical help in standardising the calculation and presentation of data.
This paper summarises the data sets and methodologies used in studies of the decommissioning of offshore installations for the estimation of energy use and gaseous emissions production. It describes a common structure for undertaking such studies, including the rules for analysis and calculation, proposed by the IOP manual. Finally, it reviews some of the experiences of the use of this manual and identifies some points for future development in this discipline.
Developing Risk-Based Cleanup Standards for Soils in Nigeria
Authors: McMillen S. J. , Magaw R. I. , Spence L. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Regulators outside of the United States either have not set cleanup goals for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and other chemicals in soil, or they have proposed very low concentrations based on reviews of European and North American regulations. Soil TPH or oil and grease cleanup levels range from 50 to 10,000 ppm (mg/kg) in North America and Europe. This reflects that not all jurisdictions acknowledge differences between types of hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., gasoline and crude oil), not all jurisdictions recognize that soil organic matter can report as TPH, and that not all jurisdictions utilize a risk analysis approach for evaluating human health and environmental impacts. In addition to these issues, there has been until recently no standardized, scientifically defensible procedure for interpreting risk associated with complex mixtures of hydrocarbons like TPH. However, recent efforts by the TPH Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG) and the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) have established procedures to derive human-health Risk-Based Screening Levels (RBSLs) for refined petroleum products and crude oils. In 1999, the Nigeria Department of Petroleum Resources proposed using Intervention and Target Values established by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment for soil remediation at oil impacted sites in Nigeria. They proposed using the Dutch Target Value for mineral oil of 50 mg/kg; however, since that time the Dutch have adopted an approach similar to that of the TPHCWG. This paper discusses the new approach being used by the Dutch, as well as the Risk-Based Corrective Action approach for TPH and other chemicals being used by many state regulators in the United States. A modified approach for developing Nigeria specific RBSLs for oil impacted soil is proposed.
Lime Treatment of Oily Saline Drilling Wastes
Authors: Deuel Lloyd E. , Holliday George H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Land treatment of oily saline drilling wastes is problematic in low pH, high iron and aluminum activity soils commonly found in China, Southeast Asia, South America and North America. Problems stem from the addition of salts promoting hydrolysis of iron and aluminum acidity and exacerbates an often extreme (pH &lt; 4.0) acid reaction. Most drilling wastes are strongly alkaline and offer a beneficial neutralization reaction when mixed with native acid soils. However, land treating of oily saline drilling wastes generally is ‘limited’ by either the petroleum hydrocarbon content or salinity before sufficient base is added to neutralize excess acid in the receiving native soil.
The paper offers a practical and economical means of managing potentially problematic reactions by the prophylactic treatment of oily saline drilling wastes with agricultural grade, hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) prior to land application.
The results presented show hydrated lime reacts with the oil-base drill cuttings:acid soil mixture in a manner promoting the biological degradation of the oil. Lime also functions to sequester free oil fractions making it easier to land apply oily wastes and control application rates. Free lime neutralizes excess soil acidity. The high pH associated with hydrated lime is ameliorated in the lime:drilling waste:receiving soil blend by fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide to a pH &lt; 8.3 s.u. The data suggests the optimum lime application is equivalent to the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content as measured on a dry weight basis.
Minimizing E&P Liability at Superfund Sites
Authors: Roberson D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many environmental managers for E&P operations do not realize that small amounts of oil field waste can result in substantial CERCLA or Superfund liability. Believing that the petroleum exclusion within CERCLA and the oil and gas waste exemption in RCRA covers their company's liabilities, many E&P firms are very surprised when USEPA or state environmental agencies make demands for substantial funding to clean up an abandoned waste site. Planning for waste disposal before it is generated can minimize the likelihood of becoming involved in a CERCLA site. The crucial planning steps in reducing this liability are 1) knowing what hazardous substances are in the waste stream, 2) segregating exempt wastes from non-exempt wastes, and 3) very carefully selecting where the waste will be taken.
Waste from an E&P company can quickly become very expensive waste when it is commingled with other industrial waste streams at commercial disposal sites. Although most E&P waste is not very toxic, it typically comes in large quantities. When the E&P operator decides for economic or other reasons to commingle just the smallest amount of hazardous material with a large load of water-based drilling mud or bottom sediments from a field separator or a tank at a waterflood, the entire load can be classified as hazardous. It is crucial to completely segregate the true E&P waste from all other wastes and to make sure that there is no ambiguity on the manifest as to what is sent for disposal. It is then important to know how to select a disposal site. Although the process may not completely relieve a company from liability, it can greatly reduce the cost.
This paper will go through the steps that can aid environmental managers in reducing their overall Superfund liability and offer suggestions on how to minimize remediation costs once they find themselves targeted by agencies to clean up abandoned sites.
Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Microwaves
Authors: Ferri R. P. , Uthe M. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Enhanced Recovery, Inc. (ERI) developed and field-tested an innovative process that removes hydrocarbon contamination from the near surface formations and groundwater using microwaves. This in-situ technology is effective in increasing recovery for light, non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) and it's contaminents.
Since 1995 ERI conducted continuous research and development at an upper mid-west refinery. Full-scale operations have been successful in recovering hydrocarbon at two separate sites within the refinery. This proven technology reduces remediation costs compared to alternatives such as pump and treat systems by eliminating the contamination at the source with no further treatment. The microwave system principally recovers only free product and volitile vapors. The results of these case studies are presented in this paper.
Disposal of E & P Waste by Injection: An Assessment of Technology and Regulatory Impacts
Authors: Marinello S. A. , Lyon F. L. , Ballantine W. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The disposal of exploration and production wastes through deep well injection has increased dramatically during the last seven years. Prior to that time, most injection wells were used almost exclusively for produced water and brine disposal. During this period, the injection of waste solids in slurried form has been accomplished through low, sub-fracture pressure injection, slurry fracture injection, annular injection and injection into salt caverns. All of these types of disposal have been permitted by the governing regulatory bodies and have operated with varying degrees of success, problems and environmental impact.
The injection of E & P solid waste has been, and continues to be, driven by the changing regulatory climate and by the sociopolitical perception of the industry, its’ past and present methods of waste management and projections of future impacts and regulations. As the search for hydrocarbons has shifted to the offshore, the regulations governing handling and disposal of all wastes has become more rigorous. Of particular impact to E & P waste handling is past and projected modifications to permits tied to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The key word in the title is "elimination" and the industry looks to injection to handle the elimination of the discharge of generated wastes into surface waters.
Each different injection technology has its’ own set of issues relative to its’ applicability to a particular situation. These include regulatory controls and limitations, engineering parameters and guidelines, disposal capacities available, potential environmental and safety issues and liabilities and the public and regulatory community perception of all of the above. The continually changing regulatory framework and its’ interpretation within a given region or state affects the implementation of the different injection technologies, as well as their commercialization.
Oil in Water Monitoring for Subsea and Downhole Separators
Authors: Schanke T. , Kjølberg S. A. , Vogel F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the use of pulsed photoacoustics to measure ppm concentrations of oil in treated/separated water from subsea and downhole separators. The principle of operation and the system for the pulsed photoacoustic Oil-In-Water Monitor (OIWM) prototype is described. Main test results for the prototype sensor are presented, with focus on the impact on measurement by changes in temperature, pressure and salinity. Following, a model used to compensate such variations is shown. The paper finally addresses the implications of using pulsed photoacoustic measurement principle to measure oil entrainment in produced water from subsea and downhole separators.
Establishing Best Practicable Environmental Option Practice for Produced Water Management in the Gas and Oil Production Facilities
Authors: Georgie W. J. , Sell D. , Baker M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the increased volume of produced water handled in the North Sea, the environmental issues are becoming a major concern in the industry, especially with the possibility of further reduction in the oil content allowed in the discharged water, as well as the fact that produced water contains a number of undesirable toxic components. These components are either added in the process of treating the produced fluid or some are already present naturally in the water produced from the reservoirs.
Using most of the alternative options available to handle produced water, a procedure has been established to determine the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for handling produced water both in mature fields and future developments in general terms. The BPEO takes into consideration the nature of the water, technology limitations, both emission to the atmosphere and discharges into the sea, nature of the discharges, safety concerns and cost, as well as establishing any environmental gains in each case. In this procedure a systematic empirical ranking and indicator tool has been applied to the different aspects of the alternative options considered. In addition, the strengths and limitations of BPEO procedure will be addressed for specific cases offshore, in terms of oil production facilities and gas / condensate production facilities.
Field Application of "Total Fluids Management" of Drilling Fluids and Associated Wastes
Authors: Greaves Christopher , Rojas Juan Carlos , Chambers Bryan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1997 BP was operating an 11 rig drilling operation, onshore in the Casanare region of Colombia. A decision to introduce indirect thermal desorption technology to treat oil based drilling cuttings to improve environmental performance had been made the previous year. A consequence of this decision was very high waste management costs and a strain on the environmental controls at the wellsite owing to the inability to process oily wastes at sufficient rates. Evaluation of the underlying causes of these problems revealed significant inefficiencies in fluids and waste management and solids control. The whole process of drilling fluids and waste management was re-evaluated in the light of these experiences and steps taken to radically reduce the cost of the operations and the environmental impact by reducing waste. In 1998 The ’Total Fluids Management’ process was adopted which has resulted in reduced overall costs of fluids and waste-related activities together with an improved environmental performance through a like-for-like reduction in oily wastes of 41% compared to the 1997 benchmark. This paper describes the Total Fluids Management process and the experiences from its’ application by BP in Colombia.
Evolution of International Law on the Decommissioning of Oil and Gas Installations
Authors: Igiehon Mark Osa , Park Patricia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the laws of many States such as Norway, Australia, Nigeria, the US and the UK, there is to be found legislation governing the abandonment or decommissioning disused offshore oil and gas installations. Additionally and especially as many of the offshore installations fall outside a State's territorial waters and into waters otherwise covered by international law, there are many international agreements and regulations equally providing for the standards and manner in such abandoned structures may be disposed off or otherwise handled.
National and International regulations on the decommissioning of abandoned or disused offshore oil and gas installations have in the years past gone through a metamorphosis. In considering the stages through which international regulations (and to a lesser extent national regulations) have progressed, it is very easy to recognise two very distinct phases, the pre-Brent Spar era and the post-Brent Spar. The phases are discernible in that after the Brent Spar incident, international organisations such as the International Maritime Organisation, Oslo and such like Regional Organisations had to revisit their guidelines, rules and regulations on the subject.
This paper therefore proposes to consider in detail, the comparative law on abandonment in selected jurisdictions, the international legal and regulatory regime on abandonment both pre-Brent Spar and post Brent Spar. In doing so, the paper would reveal that to a large extent, the identified inadequacies of the regime pre-Brent spar made the turnaround in regulation pretty inevitable. The paper would contend that the inadequacy of the international regime pre-Brent Spar made the incident rather inevitable. The paper concludes with a discussion as to how the abandonment issue may be fairly expected to develop into the future.
Trends in Offshore Environmental Regulations in the United Kingdom
Authors: Stewart I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The offshore oil and gas industry in the UK is currently undergoing a sea change in the way in which environmental aspects of its business are managed. In 1999, the Department of Trade and Industry, the UK's regulator with responsibility for environmental issues offshore, announced its intention to apply elements of the European Directive on Pollution Prevention and Control to the offshore oil and gas industry. In the first instance, the scope of the regulation will cover the generation of power on offshore facilities. From November 2000, all new installations and existing installations undergoing a substantial change will require a permit to operate combustion processes. From 2001 it is proposed to extend this permit system to the control of chemical use and discharge. Further extension of the permit system is anticipated over the following years. By November 2007, all offshore installations will be covered by the regulation and will require a permit to operate.
This paper addresses the requirements of the new regulatory regime and the implications for the UK offshore industry. Using the combustion processes regulation as an example, it discusses the information required by the DTI before a permit can be granted and the problems operators may face in meeting requirements of the regulation. Specifically the paper will discuss the problems associated with retrofitting dry low NOx technology, the monitoring of emissions and the benefits of atmospheric dispersion modelling. Wherever possible the paper draws on the experience of operators and uses practical examples to highlight the issues.
Summary of Cooperative Research Projects conducted by the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum
Authors: Khatib Z. I. , McMillen S. , Wilkinson J. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum research forum (PERF) was established in 1986 to stimulate cooperative research and development of technology for environmental pollution control, safety, and waste management for the petroleum industry. Membership currently consists of 19 major companies (Table 1). At year-end 2000, PERF membership had completed 66 projects with a value of $58M, with an additional 12 projects valued at $8M underway and 11 projects worth over $3M under consideration. This paper focused on how PERF is organized; and how we generate, manage and fund projects. Special emphasis is placed on case study examples of several large, successful programs. Further information on PERF, including summaries of all projects, can be found at www.PERF.org.
Towards Improved Environmental Performance In West Africa
Authors: Ogunsanya B. O 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Every industry that seeks to remain efficient and relevant in this millennium should constantly be looking for ways of becoming more environmentally responsible – no business may call itself efficient if it threatens the environment within which it operates. As the quest for hydrocarbons intensifies in our deeper waters, we see environmental performance quality playing an increasingly critical role in every company's business performance.
In the last couple of years, reports from onshore E&P activities in Nigeria have shown that operating in the Niger Delta region poses some of the toughest challenges in the world. This region has witnessed a spate of attacks on oil and gas facilities, staff and contractors. Consequently, major oil and gas players have to contend with complex operational uncertainties due to increased pressures from the local communities for improved environmental control measures.
In this project, we have outlined safe and effective plans, actions, and procedures to help pre-empt these pressures; maintain harmony with local communities, and effectively manage operational uncertainties within complex environmental settings like the Nigerian Niger Delta area. A proactive environmental management style based on continuous consultation, goal-oriented monitoring, as well as a continuous improvement attitude (CIA) are some of the various solutions proposed in this work.
Finally, we are confident that this kind of environmental management system will undoubtedly enhance the economic viability, as well as the global competitiveness of our deep-water fields in offshore West Africa
Subsidence Induced by Offshore Gas Production in the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Brighenti G. , Macini P. , Mesini E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the decades between early ‘70s and ‘90s, ENI discovered 15 gas fields in the Northern Adriatic Sea, offshore the historical city of Venice. Notwithstanding the social and economic value of these resources, in 1995 the Italian Government issued a decree stopping all projects of offshore development in the Northern Adriatic Sea, in order to better evaluate the environmental impact on land. To this regard, it is important to remind that in Italy have been recorded significant phenomena of land subsidence connected with natural gas production. This paper is aimed to briefly recall the well-studied cases of subsidence in the Po River Delta region and in the town of Ravenna, highlighting in both cases the different extent of the phenomenon, the surveys and the monitoring systems adopted, and eventually the actions undertaken to limit subsidence. Finally, the paper outlines some provisional suggestions about the possibility to produce gas from Northern Adriatic offshore fields, without compromising the coastal altimetry, and so the integrity of the historical cities of Venice and Chioggia and their complex lagoon ecosystems. In general, it is necessary to establish a wide and proactive cooperation among Oil Companies, National and Regional Authorities and Research Institutes, in order to manage development projects in the most favorable way for the whole Community.
St. Charles Field: A Culture of Environmental Stewardship
Authors: Dumas Darrell 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conoco's St. Charles Field, located in the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, is a sterling example of profitable oil and gas operations co-existing with wildlife and nature. Since 1939, Conoco's plan for managing the St. Charles Field provides for the minimization of impact to the Refuge's primary whooping crane territories and allows systematic and prudent oil and gas exploration and development of remaining reserves. Through Conoco's culture of environmental stewardship, an ongoing relationship and spirit of cooperation exists with the Refuge and other environmental advocates in the preservation of this environmentally sensitive area.