bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPERATION OF LEERS1
Authors: Frazier C. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe muffle and open types of leers are compared. The latter has the following advantages: (1) More uniform temps. in the annealing chamber; (2) prevents ingress of cold air beside pans and thus avoids consequent cracking of the ware; (3) better control of temp. and greater reliability of pyrometric indications; (4) less fuel per gross of ware. Size of leers: Leers 8 ft. wide and 65 ft. from center to center of sprockets are recommended for the average glass. Leer chains: Chains having a working strain of 5800 Ibs. at 200 ft. per minute are recommended.In the discussion, L. H. Adams points out that the exact annealing schedule required for any glass can be computed from the annealing constants of the glass which are known or can be determined in the laboratory.
THE COST SYSTEM AS AN AID TO EFFICIENT PLANT CONTROL1
Authors: Farnham Dwight T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA cost system for a clay plant is described, by means of which complete records are kept of the condition of the plant each day as compared with an established standard. The results of such a system are a more perfect understanding between superintendent and general manager as to the actual factory conditions and increased efficiency in plant control. Graphic charts keep the information before the executives and workmen alike, thus leaving no one in ignorance of the progress of the work as compared with the established standard.
POROSITY: V. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING POROSITY BY METHODS OF ABSORPTION
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Bunting Elmer N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Detailed Procedure.—For shaped test pieces details of the procedure are given under the headings. “Preparation of Test Piece.”“Determination of Dry Weight,”“The Absorption Apparatus,”“Preparation of Standard Vaseline,”“Saturation Procedure,”“Calculation,” and “True Density.” A Pycnometer Method.—A new and accurate method, which is applicable equally to shaped test pieces or to granular material, is described. Among other advantages it gives the operator control over the max. size opening which he desires to class as part of the pore space. It also can be made to indicate directly the necessary soaking period.
THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT ON THE MICROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SILICA IN ITS DIFFERENT MINERAL FORMS1
Authors: Robson J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study is made of the effect of heat at cone 13 and cone 14 on the index of refraction of the four common mineral forms of silica used in the ceramic industries. These mineral forms are sand, quartz, chalcedony and French flit. The effect of these mineral forms on the index of refraction of porcelain bodies fired to cone 13 and cone 14 is also given.
DATA ON VISCOSITY OF INDIANA CLAY SLIP WITH ELECTROLYTES IN REGARD TO THE CASTING OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Davis H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA presentation of data on the use of several electrolytes with one particular clay, to wit: Indiana clay, such as is used by the terra cotta manufacturers of the Chicago district.The various electrolytes used were sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, the two combined half and half, gallic acid, and tannic acid. Data was obtained by determining relative viscosities with the use of a flow viscosimeter, and by measuring the thickness of wall cast in a given time.Sodium carbonate, used alone, seemed to be the most satisfactory. Tannic acid shows possibilities, but so much is required as to be commercially impractical.
AN OIL‐FIRED FURNACE FOR THE PLANT LABORATORY
Authors: Moulton D. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Description of Furnace.—This is an iron‐encased furnace with 1½‐inch asbestos insulation. The chamber is 21 inches square by 20 inches high and will hold 14 bricks on end. Operation of Furnace.—This requires from 16 to 20 gallons of fuel oil per heat of high temperature for a period of five hours. Pre‐heated air is supplied by a No. 4 Blower running 3000 R.P.M. delivered through a 3‐inch pipe.
TERRA COTTA PROBLEMS SUGGESTED FOR DISCUSSION AND INVESTIGATION1
Authors: Hill C. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn occasional review of the manufacturing problems of any industry regarding which positive information is fragmentary or lacking is often of value. Such a review of some of our terra cotta problems may be productive of discussion which will bring to light unpublished data and may inspire our industrial ceramists to increased activity in fundamental research. It may also be of value to our University friends who are frequently in search of research problems of a practical nature. Naturally any summary prepared by an individual will not be complete but the omission of points which others regard as important will usually be noted and supplied by discussion.The following subjects are proposed for discussion and investigation:

Plaster
Materials: (a) Body mix and materials, (b) barytes, (c) grog
Glaze
Process
Patching
Service problems.
INVESTIGATION OF DUST PRESS PRACTICE AS INFLUENCING FINISHED SIZES AND CRACKING
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOwing to erratic firing behavior, the factors affecting finished sizes of ware were investigated. Uneven distribution of air and water content and uneven density produced irregular shrinkage and consequent cracking and warping. The percentage of water in the clay as pressed is shown to be the dominant factor as affecting shrinkage.Suitable loading of die corrected the differential shrinkage.Experimental procedure is detailed. Influence of rate of pressing on porosity is set forth.
THE EFFECT OF SOURCES OF PIG IRON UPON THE ENAMELING OF CAST IRON
Authors: Manson M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCast iron made from certain “northern” pig iron blistered badly, while that made under the same conditions from “southern” pig iron enameled satisfactorily.The use of “northern” iron results in castings with low content of combined carbon although the other constituents usually determined in cast iron were present in about the same quantities as found in cast iron made from “southern” pig iron.Reducing the silicon in the iron made with the “northern” pig iron from 2.80 to 2.30% with a total carbon content of 3.30%, resulted in the elimination of blistering in the enameling operations. Experiments have indicated that cast iron of this type with combined carbon less than 0.15% will develop blistering. However, it has not been definitely determined as yet whether the blistering is due directly to this low carbon content or to the presence of some other constituent not generally determined in a chemical analysis of cast iron.Micrographs are shown of various irons before and after enameling. While these show some differences, it has been impossible to detect the cause for the blistering by means of them. All blistering irons, however, show in the micrographs characteristic dark blotches which have not as yet been identified.
GLASS CONTAINERS1
Authors: Bitting A. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor centuries glass bottles have been recognized as superior containers. At present over 4000 different sizes and shapes are being made and the industry is in a state of rapid extension. Glass containers possess the advantage of being sanitary and permitting the contents to be seen. Recently the laboratory of the Glass Container Association has tested 180 lots of beverage bottles. Some of the better types, or those approaching the champagne style, were found to withstand an end crushing pressure of from 8000 to 12000 pounds, a transverse pressure of from 800 to 1800 pounds, a hydrostatic pressure of from 400 to 1600 pounds, and an impact of a fifty‐pound hammer falling from 2 to 6 feet. Similar tests are in progress on other types of containers and on the closures employed. Troubles due to alkalinity are of rare occurrence.
EFFECT OF WEATHER UPON THE STRENGTH OF REFRACTORY BRICK1
Authors: Howe R. M. , Phelps S. M. , Ferguson R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Magnesia and silica brick should be protected from the action of the weather. Open textured fireclay brick (usually having end cold crushing strengths of less than 1500 pounds per square inch) should be afforded protection from the action of the weather. Finely ground, dense, hard‐burned firebrick, especially those of medium or low refractoriness. may be exposed to the action of weather with a reasonable amount of safety. These are usually made from one clay which is shaped on a dry press or auger machine and have an end cold crushing strength approximating 5000 pounds per square inch.
A DEVICE FOR TESTING THE RESISTANCE OF CHINA TO CHIPPING1
Authors: Schramm Edward 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe device (shown in the figure) measures the blow required to chip the edge. Results are reproducible to within about 10%, this variation being due to lack of uniformity in the pieces tested. Vitrified china is more resistant to chipping than is semi‐porcelain or European true porcelain.
A SMALL GLASS TANK1
Authors: Bsllamy H. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe construction of the furnace is shown in the figure. It is fed from the 3 burners and uses about 24,000 cu. ft. of B.t.u. gas per 24 hours. It successfully melts high lead crystal, alabaster, opal, gold ruby opalescent, and green opalescent glasses.
THE RELATION OF FINENESS OF GRINDING TO OPACITY IN WHITE ENAMELS
Authors: Sweely B. T. , Prince E. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe problem of securing a uniform opacity by making observations of smelting, testing of raw materials, etc., led to the conclusion that the most important process was the mill treatment given the mixture. A table showing screen analyses of white enamels is given.
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF ENGLISH AND DOMESTIC WHITINGS1
Authors: Williams A. E. , Woods B. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA knowledge of the properties of American whiting as compared with those imported from England is of importance to producers of the American material as well as to manufacturers of products in which whiting may be used.Twenty‐two samples of domestic and foreign whiting have been submitted to examination and tested as follows: (1) visual examination, (2) microscopic examination, (3) determination of fineness of grain by three methods, (4) partial chemical analysis, (5) effect of the different whitings on the softening point of ceramic cone mixtures, and (6) effect on rate of vitrification of porcelain bodies.The results indicate that although the English whitings contain considerably more fine material of a colloidal nature, the American whitings appear to be sufficiently fine grained for all ceramic purposes.This extreme fineness may play a part in assisting in the flotation of the frit in glazes containing a low percentage of clay, but apparently has no effect in the fluxing point of ceramic glaze or body mixtures.Sufficient data has been obtained to permit of the preparation of tentative specifications for whiting for ceramic purposes and the main requirements of such a material are given.
THE MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH CERTAIN CLAYS AND ITS CONTROL12
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Introduction.—Ceramic bodies containing Georgia clay cast and release from the molds slower and have a greater tendency to crack in drying and burning than similar bodies containing English china clay. Experiments were conducted to improve these properties of Georgia clays by studying the movement of water through them and its control. Permeability.—It was found that the permeability of the clays to water was independent of the time between 2 and 10 days; that is, P is nearly constant in the formula P = W/T, in which W is the total water which has passed through and T is the time in days. This factor for North Carolina kaolin was 1.55≠.05; for English china clay 1.45≠.06; for Georgia clay 0.938≠.07; for South Carolina clay 0.673≠.07; and for Tennessee ball clay 0.64≠.08. Capillarity.—The investigation showed that the capillary rise of water through these clays may be expressed by the formula H=Ch (log T ‐ 1.041) in which H is the height attained by the water in time T, and Ch is approximately constant for each clay between 10 and 250 minutes, that is, it represents the movement of water through clay when it contains a certain amount of water below that required for saturation. This factor for North Carolina kaolin is 6.67≠ 0.30; for English china clay 7.30≠ 0.70; and for Georgia clay 4.66≠ 0.80. The great capillary conductivity of water through primary kaolins explains why bodies containing these get drier and release from the molds quicker than those containing secondary clays. Methods for Improving Georgia Clay.—The Permeability factor of Tennessee ball clay was increased from 0.64 to 1.20 by adding 0.7% NaOH, and that of kaolin from Dry Branch, Georgia increased from 0.938 to 1.72 by calcining to 450°C. By either, or a combination of the above treatments, it was possible to improve the properties of many Georgia clays, making them more like the English china clay in regard to permeability to water.
THE WITCHERY OF GLAZES1
Authors: Cox Paul E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA paper showing the extent of research possible in glazes and the fascination of the work in that field. It is implied that the general chemist has little to offer to shorten the road that must be followed and that the work is reward enough for the labor involved. It is shown that the artistic temperament functions in this work along with the scientific temperament.
FURTHER STUDIES OF PORCELAIN GLAZES MATURING AT HIGH TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT The investigation covers three fields of glazes: Series A contains 21 glazes with variations in composition as shown in the formula .Series B contains 10 glazes, each having the formula but having their clay content varying triaxially between Florida kaolin, North Carolina kaolin, and Kentucky ball clay No. 4. Series C contains 20 glazes with variations in composition as shown in the formula . The method of experimentation consists of grinding the corner glazes of each series wet, for 18 hours, cross blending the corner glazes to produce the intermediate glazes, applying the glazes by dipping to green porcelain discs, and firing them in commercial periodic and tunnel kilns to temperatures between cone 16½ and cone 19 flat. The glazes were examined with the naked eye and a 10 X pocket lens. The triaxial replacement of CaO by MgO and BaO, as tested, makes practically no change in the appearance of the glazes. With the pocket lens the bubbles in the glazes appear smaller and more numerous, near the BaO apex.When fired in the periodic kilns for 42 hours the transparency of all the glazes in‐ creases with the temperature. The glazes fired in the tunnel kiln to cone 19 flat in 31 hours are more opaque and smoother than in the periodic kiln at three cones lower temperature. The triaxial replacement of the Florida kaolin, by North Carolina kaolin and Kentucky ball clay No. 4 produces relatively little change in the fired appearance. The glazes containing all ball clay or a mixture of ball clay and North Carolina kaolin overfire at a lower temperature than do those containing all kaolin or a mixture of Florida kaolin and ball clay. The best glazes with 0.2 K2O and 0.8 CaO have approximately an alumina: silica ratio of 1:9 and 1:11 for the field covered. These glazes are generally more trans‐ parent than the glazes with 0.3 K2O; otherwise the results are similar. The conclusions are: (1) that the nature of the firing conditions are of the utmost importance in the development of a glaze, and (2) that an intelligent choice between glazes of equally desirable appearance requires a resort to petrographic method and mechanical tests.
NOTE ON THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION IN UPDRAFT KILNS1
Authors: Bleinincer A. V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn the pottery updraft kiln the rising gas currents tend to separate into distinct streams which follow the lines of least resistance in making their exit through the kiln crown. The draft while weak at first becomes very strong during the heat raising period and emphasizes the vertical stratification of the gases. In using natural gas as fuel complete combustion is not usually attained during the period of maximum firing and CO is invariably found present.The irregularity of the heat distribution is chiefly due to the formation of distinct gas currents and the long soaking of the top in order to secure proper heating of the bottom. Remedies proposed are slower raising of the heat in order to secure top and bottom temperatures more nearly equal and reducing the time of the soaking period which is often excessive; the use of dampers for the control of the draft; and the employment of low pressure forced draft. It is believed that in the future the application of positive pressure will prove most effective in securing more economical firing in all types of periodic kilns.
REFRACTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR OIL REFINING
Authors: Wikoff Alan G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAside from boiler settings and such minor uses as fullers earth revivifying furnaces and sludge acid recovery plants, the main use for refractories in oil refineries is in fire still settings. With the shell type stills which were almost exclusively used in the past, service conditions are not severe enough to require anything more refractory than the best quality No. 1 fire brick, but some of the tube type cracking stills recently introduced are much more severe in their refractory requirements.
THE BEHAVIOR OF FIRE BRICK IN MALLEABLE‐IRON FURNACE BUNGS1
Authors: Scaurbcrt H. G. , Douda H. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose.—An investigation was conducted to study the requirements of fire clay and bodies used for fire brick in malleable‐iron furnace bungs. Tests were made on complete bungs holding forty sample brick in malleable‐iron furnace bungs with twenty different fire brick. Laboratory tests were also made in conjunction with them. Results.—The spalling tests bear the closest relation to the service test; those brick losing less than 10% withstand more than fifteen heats.There is also a relation between the porosities and densities of fire brick, which lie between 15 and 28% and 1.5 and 2.6%, respectively, for the best brick.There is no close relation between the load test and softening‐points of fire brick and their lifetime in malleable furnace bungs, so these tests are no criterions in judging the serviceability of brick, provided the brick are sufficiently refractory to support the arch at furnace temperatures. Methods for Improving Fire Brick.—The resistance of a brick to spalling may be governed by: (1) the selection of the proper clays, (2) the size of grain and the proportioning of the non‐plastic ingredients, (3) the fineness of grain of the bond clay, (4) the manner of molding, and (5) the temperature of firing.
METHOD FOR ANALYZING DIASPORE CLAY
Authors: Thornbbrry M. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe method of analyzing refractories recommended by the A. S. T. M. having proved unsatisfactory for diaspore clays, a change has been made whereby fusion is accomplished by adding c. p. NaOH instead of Na2CO3 to the finely ground clay and the mixture heated in a nickel crucible over a bunsen burner.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT‐TREATMENT AND COMPOSITION OF SEMI‐PORCELAIN BODIES ON CRAZING
Authors: Sproat Ira E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLimits of Investigation.—The investigation was confined to practical semi‐porcelain bodies and glazes, therefore, the results may be applicable only to this branch of the whitewares industry.Effect of Thickness of Glaze.—The thicker the glaze the greater the tendency to craze. The glaze on several pieces of dinner ware may appear to the eye to be of uniform thickness, but still have sufficient variation in thickness as to show difference in crazing behavior. It being impossible to obtain a uniform thickness of glaze by hand dipping there is a need for a mechanical dipper. An improved type of biscuit kiln which will produce ware with a uniform absorption is another need.Effect of Glaze Composition.—When sufficient change was made in the composition of a typical semi‐porcelain glaze to cause a marked decrease in its crazing tendency, it was at the expense of other desirable properties.Effect of Body Composition.—The addition of 10.0% to 20.0% of “Hercules” clay to a general ware body greatly decreased its tendency to craze. No other change in body composition was found feasible, for when the change was sufficient to cause a decrease in the crazing it was at the sacrifice of other essential properties.Effect of Variation in Absorption.—Contrary to the general opinion among potters, the tendency to craze was not increased by every increase in absorption. An absorption of about 7.0% to 12.0% showed the most resistance to crazing.Effect of the Time‐temperature of the Gloss Burn.—Tendency to craze is decreased by increasing the maturing time‐temperature portion of the gloss burn.
DEFORMATION STUDIES OF SILICATES AND ALUMINUM SILICATES OF THE ALKALIES
Authors: Rice Bryan A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe following investigation includes studies of the two ternary systems K2O2‐Al2O3‐SiO2 and Na2O‐Al2O2‐SiO2.In each system two areas of low fusibility were found; one including members high in alkali, low in silica, and low in alumina; the other including those high in silica, low in alkali, and low in alumina. In both systems the high silica area was the one studied in detail as being of more practical ceramic value.On each triaxial three eutectics (two binary and one ternary) were established. They had the following compositions:The terms “eutectic” and “deformation eutectic” are used in this paper to designate those compositions which require the lowest temperature to complete deformation when uniformly heated with other compositions in the manner outlined in the following studies. Deformation was judged by the same method used with standard pyrometric cones.
THE VALUE OF SCREEN ANALYSIS IN CERAMICS
Authors: Nickerson F. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of equipment for classifying materials according to size. The importance of classification and proportioning of size of particles in products made from ground or crushed material.The advantages in screen analysis, of testing sieves with openings made to a fixed ratio.The advantages of logarithmic or direct diagram plotting of screen analysis.Checking the efficiency and controlling the character of the product obtained from grinding units and checking products whose value is influenced by the size of grain.
SHOP NOTES—PLASTER SHOP
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Parsons F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the small problems which arise in the plaster shop, and are a source of annoyance and cost if handled incorrectly. The grade of plasters used, manner of handling, method of payment, extent of reinforcement of molds, care of benches, correct procedure in making the various parts and types of molds, are all touched on.
THE USE OF BENTONITE FOR SUSPENDING ENAMELS1
Authors: Manson M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBentonite, a highly colloidal clay, has a much greater suspending power than the ordinary enameling clays. One part of bentonite is equivalent to five parts of clay. Its use enables the enameler to reduce the amount of raw materials necessary to add to his frit. Some disadvantages are pointed out.
PRODUCER GAS FOR BURNING REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Richardson W. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTHistory of installations in the United States of producer gas for burning fire brick. Causes of failure or abandonment of producer gas firing. Continuous regenerative kiln necessary for successful burning at high temperatures with producer gas.The compartment kiln, fired with producer gas, best adapted for general refractories. Advantages of the compartment kiln over the car tunnel kiln. Essential features of continuous kilns for the successful burning of refractories. Special features of gas producers for ceramic kilns.Temperatures from producer gas. Economy of producer gas as compared with natural gas, oil and powdered coal. Investigation of designs and methods of operating gas producers.