bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Predictions of Scale Potential, pH, and Gas Solubility in Glycol-Containing Systems
Authors: Kaasa B. , Sandengen K. , Østvold T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Transportation of hydrocarbons and water in long subsea flowlines from satellite fields to a platform or to shore results in new challenges to control hydrates, corrosion and scale. As the fluids cool down, water will condense and gas hydrates will form unless an inhibitor such as mono ethylene glycol (MEG) is present. The presence of MEG changes the thermodynamics of the aqueous phase and lowers the solubility of most salts. MEG also changes the pH, the gas solubility and the acidity of CO2. Controlling scale and corrosion in such systems requires good control of pH, salt solubility, gas solubility and the effect of MEG on these parameters. This work presents a model that can accurately predict pH, scale potential, gas solubility and salt solubility in systems with MEG concentrations from 0-95wt%. The model is based on a large amount of experimental data in MEG containing systems, both from the literature and from the present work. With the model it is possible to accurately predict pH and scale potential as function of pressure, temperature, composition of water and hydrocarbon phases and MEG concentration.
Corrosion Resistance and Long-Term Reliability of Super-Austenitic Alloy 27-7MO for Use as Expandable Pipe
Authors: Chitwood G. B. , Eisinger N. C. , Puckett B. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In today's competitive oilfield environment, end-users are faced with choosing the lowest-cost material that meets the technical and environmental needs of the application. With field development expanding into deeper, more corrosive environments, corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) must be used.
In this paper, the discussion will investigate CRAs and the added burden of maintaining economic efficiency in corrosive environments requiring sand control ― more specifically, materials for expandable sand-control systems. For expandable applications, materials must compete with existing non-expandable lower-cost commodity-type screen materials. 13Cr, for example, is the first choice CRA material for the base pipe in conventional sand screens. Although 13Cr is one of the least costly of the CRAs and provides the necessary corrosion resistance in mild H2S environments under a variety of chloride/temperature conditions, it lacks the ductility needed for 20 to 25% expansion as a solid-expandable. Austenitic stainless steels such as 316L (UNS S31603) have the needed ductility for expansion, but with their low resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) may be insufficient for severe-service applications.
Thus, a need for an alloy that can be expanded while maintaining corrosion resistance is required. Furthermore, to prevail in this very competitive arena, the material must offer a cost-effective alternative to standard 13Cr and expanded S31603 pipe. The basis for this study involves measuring the SCC resistance and predicting the mechanical behavior of higher-strength corrosion-resistant super austenitic alloy 27-7Mo (UNS S31277). Slow strain rate (SSR) tests, pitting and corrosion tests, as well as U-bend tests are used to explore and compare environments where S31277 and S31603 can offer the most economical solution for expandable sand control products in corrosive conditions.
Application of CE and CE-MS to Assay Corrosion Inhibitors Used in Well-Stimulation Treatments
Authors: Al-Katheeri M. I. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well acidizing treatments are conducted to enhance rock permeability, remove or bypass formation damage. During field applications, corrosion inhibitors are extensively used, among many other additives, to protect well tubulars against acid attack. The inhibitors are complex mixtures containing: quaternary salts, acetylenic alcohols, surfactants, solvents and impurities. Therefore, several analytical techniques and instruments are needed to characterize these compounds.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a rapid and reliable analytical separation technique. It has significantly improved over the last two decades to include a wide range of analytical applications, such as: food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Coupling CE to universal detectors, such as Mass Spectrometry (MS) can boost the analytical ability of this instrument in qualitative and quantitative applications.
In a previous work (SPE 58801) the authors adopted a CE technique to monitor the level of key oxygenated compounds in acid additives that are also used in deep, hot and sour gas wells. In the present work, the use of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), chromatographic and spectrometric techniques, to identify key nitrogen compounds in acid corrosion inhibitors was investigated. The inhibitors were selected from several commercial products that are commonly used in the field.
Capillary electrophoresis was also applied for quantitative measurement of the inhibitor's level in well fluids, based on the response of its key nitrogen compounds. A linear relationship was obtained for the inhibitors of interest. The cation selected was a quinoline-based quaternary salt. This cation was detected down to inhibitor's level of 0.023 wt% with an analytical precision of less than 10%.
The CE technique was used to determine the level of the corrosion inhibitors during acid fracturing treatments of deep gas wells.
Naphthenate Control: Is Acetic Acid Injection the Answer?
Authors: Bretherton N. , Smith R. , Keilty G. , Ubbels S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Naphthenate precipitation is encountered when the naphthenic acids, present in acidic crude oils, interact with calcium and, to a lesser extent, other metal ions that are present in connate waters. Precipitation is often associated with a rise in solution pH. It can cause severe problems during the separation of oil and water, forming very stable emulsions and/or insoluble deposits in separators or crude dehydration/desalting vessels.
Acetic acid injection is widely used to inhibit naphthenate precipitation and remove calcium from crude oils. This has significant implications for the integrity of the process pipework and vessels. The impact of acetic acid on the corrosion of carbon steels under typical oilfield conditions is discussed. Laboratory and field data are presented to demonstrate the impact of acetic acid on corrosion rates.
A variety of mitigation options are discussed, including the impact of acetic acid on corrosion inhibition. These include the use of novel surfactants to inhibit calcium naphthenate precipitation. This type of naphthenate inhibitor has been shown to provide effective naphthenate control in the absence of any pH reduction, eliminating the detrimental effect of acetic acid injection on process pipework and vessels.
Federal Land Availability an Industry View
Authors: Nanz Robert H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
I appreciate the opportunity to address this distinguished audience on the availability of Public Land, a subject which is critical to the future of this nation. It's a highly controversial matter, as you know, and I should say at the outset that my remarks will include criticism of the Federal Government. My criticisms may not surprise our previous speaker inasmuch as I have expressed views on this subject in twelve (12) visits with the Departments of Interior and Energy and in ten (10) Congressional or BLM Hearings over the past six years.
An outline of my remarks is shown in Figure #1. To set the stage I would like to emphasize the long-term need for oil and gas in the U.S., the large potential that exists for new discoveries in the U.S., and the significance of Federal Lands inasmuch as the greatest potential for new discoveries is on those lands. This will be followed by a brief discussion of the problems related to the availability of Federal Lands and what can be done about them. Finally, I will present our estimates of additional volumes of oil and gas which could be produced from an acceleration of leasing and permitting on the Alaskan OCS.
Our latest forecast of U.S. supply and demand is shown in Figure #2. To maintain a healthy economy with a rising population, we foresee an increasing demand as shown. We estimate that about one-half of the oil and gas production shown in 1990 must come from new discoveries. This will require very aggressive exploration and development on all fronts. Coal production must also be accelerated but that is a whole separate subject. Geothermal, solar and synfuels will have little impact by 1995. My point here is that we will need all the domestic production we can get in order to minimize the need for increased amounts of import.
Forecast of Supply and Demand and Price for NGL
Authors: Hubbard Robert A. , Campbell John M. , Campbell John M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Summarized herein is an improved approach for forecasting supply, demand, and price for natural gas liquids. No new fundamental principles are espoused. Rather, what has been done is to combine proven economic/engineering tools through team effort to produce more reliable forecasts for use in business decisions. An econometric approach is used, but the variables used are governed by plant process characteristics, marketing factors and the distribution of future supply.
Interpretation of Multi-Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Bettam Y. , Tiab D. , Zerzar A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Horizontal wells are thought to be necessary in formations with low-permeability to increase the recovery and reduce the risk of drilling a dry hole. The horizontal well may cross natural fissures. Although hydraulically fracturing horizontal wells in such formations is a risky job, it may be necessary in order to achieve commercial production. This is especially true for naturally fractured gas reservoirs with matrix permeability in microdarcies and where natural-fracture network does not contribute considerably to the flow from the reservoir into the wellbore.
This study investigates the transient pressure behavior of a multiply fractured horizontal well (MFHW), as well as the long time performance of such a completion in an anisotropic naturally fractured reservoir of infinite extent.
Combining boundary element method and Laplace transform, single-fracture solution is considered first as it constitutes the core part of the multiple-fracture model. Then, a solution to multiply fractured horizontal wells is presented, which assumes fractures of distinct properties, it allows for unequal spacing between fractures, and permits the perforation of portions of the interval between fractures. Furthermore, it allows the juxtaposition of any number of perforated intervals and any number of fractures.
The pseudo-steady state is considered to account for the fluid transfer between the matrix blocks and the fracture network.
Due to its simplicity, accuracy, and reliability, procedures for using the new technique referred to as "Tiab’s Direct Synthesis" have been developed to analyze the transient pressure and pressure derivative behavior of a MFHW in a naturally fractured reservoir. Individual fracture properties can be determined if individual flow rate contributions are measured, otherwise an average conductivity and half-length is determined.
Reserve Based Financing - Specific Requirements and Alternatives
Authors: Mintz Forest 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Many oil and gas producers find it advantageous to borrow against the value of their hydrocarbon reserves. This paper considers the requirements for a reserve based loan and the calculations that a bank would perform to arrive at a loan amount. Three of the most common loan structures, i.e. a term loan, a production payment, and a revolving credit/term loan will be discussed. A typical outline for each type of loan is presented. Finally, a comparison of major considerations in the three financing techniques is shown.
Desulphurization of Gas and Corrosion Control in Pipelines
Authors: Leventis Eugène , Grulet Louis 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The need to develop a national source of energy linked with gas contracts specifications, environmental and corrosion problems have brought SNEA to develop its own gas desulphurization process.
This had lead to a big sulphur production and a new source of revenues, as well as licence selling.
Geochemistry of Reservoir Fluids as a Unique Approach to Optimum Reservoir Management
Authors: Slentz Loren W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Thousands of analyses of oils and formation waters have established the applicability of compositional data to such problems as determining reservoir continuity, evaluating workovers and identifying extraneous production. Interpretation and presentation of such data can be enhanced through use of computer technology. Star diagrams and cluster analysis are two examples. The value of geochemistry is illustrated in case histories from California, the U.S. Gulf Coast and the Middle East.
Distribution of Sulfur Compounds in Arab Crudes
Authors: Ali Mohammad Farhat , Ul Hasan Misbah , Saleem Mohammad 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The chemistry of sulfur and sulfur compounds present in petroleum is of vital interest to petroleum technologists. This paper describes the results of an analytical study of four Arabian crude oil distillates for the type of sulfur compounds present in them. Each crude oil sample was distilled up to 350°C to separate it into various fractions. The concentration of sulfur compound groups present in each fraction was determined.
Large Scale Waterflooding in the Yibal Shuaiba Chalk Reservoir, Oman : Field Performance and Simulation Studies
Authors: Grant Alan J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Large scale waterflooding in the Yibal Shuaiba chalk reservoir in North Oman has been chosen as the optimum secondary recovery technique. Started in 1972, this scheme is still being extended and will eventually include a combination of central pattern flooding and peripheral flooding. This paper contrasts the initially envisaged development as predicted by simulation studies with the actual history of the field and, in particular, the relevance of the former is critically reviewed.
Foamed Cement – A Cement With Many Applications
Authors: Davies David R. , Hartog Jan J. , Cobbett James S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Foamed cement formulations have been developed which show promise for application: –as a cheap, economical and effective light-weight cement for application in formations with a low fracture gradient. Use of normal cements in these would cause the breakdown pressure in these weak formations to be exceeded, resulting in incomplete cement columns and inadequately supported casings. The density of the foamed cement may be easily adjusted in order to minimise cement losses while foamed-cement strength is being maximised.–as a means for curing lost circulation in areas where cavernous vugs cannot be plugged by conventional lost-circulation materials. Plugging by conventional cement also fails, since it flows to the bottom of the vug owing to its greater density. The use of a (thixotropic) foamed cement of density matched with that of the fluid in the vug will ensure that this gravity segregation no longer occurs.–as an expansive cement which will ensure good zonal isolation in zones where gas channelling behind the casing and pressurised casing annuli are frequently encountered. The expansive nature of foamed cement - owing to the gas contained in the cement - ensures that loss of hydrostatic head exerted by the cement column can be (partially) compensated for by expansion of the cement.
Small-scale and large-scale laboratory tests showed that stable cements could be mixed and pumped. This was confirmed during a subsequent field test. This field trial was carried out using standard oilfield equipment without requiring the presence of specialists.
Effect of Temperature on Formation Resistivity of Some Saudi Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Dolka Mahmoud El-Awady 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An experimental study was made to investigate the effect of temperature on formation resistivity under Saudi reservoir conditions. Representative sand-stone and lime-stone cores were used. The resistivity was measured in a cell using the four electrode method and with 60 Hz current. The cell is kept in a jacket to maintain temperature, and displacement of fluids from plugs is allowed. The temperature range used was from 30 to 90°C, (86-194°F). Water salinities used were between 50,000 to 200,000 ppm Nacl.
Results indicate that for sand-stone cores, formation resistivity decreases with temperature increase. The saturation exponent also decreases with temperature, and the rate of decrease depends upon shale content of the cores. The value of n ranges between 2.1 and 2.2 at high water saturation and may become as low as 1.7 at low water saturation.
Limestone cores studied did not show marked change in apparent formation resistivity factor or saturation exponent with temperature change. The value of saturation exponent for the cores studied was in the range of 1.9.
Use of Glass Reinforced Epoxy Resin Tubing in Oman
Authors: Archibald Robert M. , Bulstra Robert A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A total of three strings of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin (GRE) threaded and coupled tubing has been installed on a trial basis in the Natih and Fahud fields in order to determine if the known corrosion resistance of GRE is matched by a long term mechanical reliability. After some eighteen months exposure to normal operating conditions, the tubing in two water-injectors continues to give satisfactory service. The tubing in a gaslifted oil producer however failed.
Field Application of In-Situ Nitrogen Gas Generation System
Authors: Davies David R. , Richardson Edwin A. , Antheunis Dan 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Nitrogen gas is used in a wide variety of well treating operations. The only source of nitrogen gas which has been available until recently is from vaporised liquid nitrogen. It has now been shown possible to generate large quantities of nitrogen gas from aqueous salt solutions. Use can thus be made of conventional pumping and blending equipment for carrying out these treatments; in place of the liquified nitrogen storage facilities and the high-pressure, cryogenic pumping and vaporising unit conventionally required.
This paper examines the potential of the in-situ nitrogen-gas generation system from a practical point of view. It is intended to be an aid to petroleum engineers in deciding as to whether the system will be useful for their particular problem.
The ‘chemical’ boundaries (e.g. maximum amount of gas generation, practical gas generation rates, etc) of the system are discussed. Applications - some of which are field proven - which illustrate the utility of the system are given. One general application is the reduction of the hydrostatic head of the fluids in the wellbore - either as a ‘single shot’ or as a continuous process - so as to put the well on production. This also has specific applications - such as an aid to drill stem or production testing in heavy oil reservoirs, back surging, etc.
Some of the design considerations for planning a field job are presented.
The field test experience to date is discussed. Finally, the results of some research (the need for which was highlighted by these field tests) on corrosion inhibitors is reported.
Deep Hole Prospecting - Role of the Consultant
Authors: Boyd Foy W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The nation's new energy mandate for exploratory searches below fifteen thousand feet coincides with a serious shortage of top echelon deep hole drilling specialists. The consultant, one who provides professional advice or services, fills the gap in the "brain drain" of the last 15 or 20 years. In making decisions, the consultant very likely uses a quick formula dealing with Cost Risk Analysis and Planning, Communication and Teamwork to arrive at a successful completion. His duties are never-ending. He expects much of himself, and delivers. As the available source for the knowledge and experience current conditions demand, the consultant may be the industry's best immediate hope.
Acidizing Low Pressure Gradient Wells Using Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chapman Ron 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The problem of stimulating wells that have a low bottom hole pressure gradient has been one that the industry has met with mixed results over the years. For the purpose of this paper, low gradients are anything less than a 0.35 psi-ft. gradient. We have picked this number since under normal stimulation conditions, few wells will flow their load back without some means of artificial lift. Clearly, mechanical means of lift have been historically the more widely used, the most successful, but intrinsically the least attractive of all alternatives. This is, of course, due to the inherent mechanical risks, depth limitations, and pressure considerations of bringing a well back in. To simplify, swabbing in a gas well at 8000′ with 2000′ psi bottom hole pressure (0.25 gradient) is at best a delicate chore. Therefore, we have for years attempted to use other means of providing the energy for these wells to be able to come back on their own.
Mixing nitrogen with various fluids has been done with varying degrees of success over the years. In this author's experience, nitrogen seems to work best at higher pressure gradient levels and that lower pressure gradient levels tend to interfinger back through the fluid causing loading conditions. Additionally, wellhead pressure using nitrogen will significantly increase due to the lower average density of the total system. This, of course, increases the required hydraulic horsepower and potentially, the required working pressure of the surface equipment.
With the increasing availability of carbon dioxide for oil field use, we have been able to successfully unload two wells with extremely low pressure gradients. One of these wells is slightly below 5000′. The other was slightly below 22,000′. The jobs were designed similarly with the obvious difference in scaling factors. We chose carbon dioxide due to the density and the similarity of the gas in its compressed state to a liquid. We designed the jobs so that at no time would there be enough total fluid volume in the tubing to reach loading conditions. Additionally, we preceeded and followed the acid jobs with a full tubing volume of carbon dioxide.
Two Years of Successful Turbodrilling in the Anadarko Basin
Authors: Viricel Roger 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of straight hole turbodrills associated with diamond bits in the Anadarko Basin is discussed with reference to the optimization of drilling performance and to the techniques employed within the restraints of the local operating parameters. Examples are provided which demonstrate the ability to adapt performance proven turbodrills to the local conditions to improve drilling performance and maximize rates of penetration while concurrently avoiding costly deviation and down hole problems.
Batch Treatments of Deep Gas Wells Using Water-Soluble Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Houk James L , Bufkin Larry B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Batch treatments of deep gas wells are common methods of corrosion control in West Texas. The majority of the batch-treated wells are treated with an oil-soluble, water-dispersible corrosion inhibitor mixed with a hydrocarbon solvent. Many wells are batch treated with water-soluble corrosion inhibitors, and this can be an effective method of treatment.