bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of an individual‐based model to forecast the effect of climate change on the dynamics, abundance and geographical range of the pest slugDeroceras reticulatumin the UK
Authors: WILLIS JENNA C. , BOHAN DAVID A. , CHOI YOON H. , CONRAD KELVIN F. , SEMENOV MIKHAIL A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSlugs are serious agricultural pests and their activity is strongly driven by ambient temperature and soil moisture. The strength of this relationship has been shown through the development of a deterministic model, based upon temperature and soil moisture conditions alone, which accurately describes the population dynamics and abundance ofDeroceras reticulatum. Because of this strong climatic dependence, slug abundance and dynamics are likely to be affected by climate change. We used a validated individual‐based model (IbM) ofD. reticulatum, to assess the effects of climate change on the abundance of this species in the UK. Climatic scenarios were based on the UKCIP02 predictions and constructed using the LARS‐WG stochastic weather generator. The IbM of slugs predicted population dynamics at three time slices (2020s, 2050s and 2080s), and two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. The maximum generation number, the number of population peaks, the number of slug‐days in each season, the percentage of years when the population passes over a threshold for damage and the percentage of years in which populations go extinct were investigated. Currently, the south‐west of the UK has the best conditions forD. reticulatumto thrive, with the north‐east of Scotland having the most adverse. By 2080 under both low‐ and high‐emissions scenarios, the north and west of Scotland will have the most favourable conditions for the survival of this species and the east of the UK and Scotland will have the harshest. By 2080 the climate in the north‐west of Scotland will become more like the current climate in south‐east England, which explains the shift in the pattern of abundance. The north‐west of Scotland will have increased slug damage and south‐west England and west‐Wales will have decreased slug damage with some changes becoming evident by 2020.
Sorption of dissolved organic matter by mineral soils of the Siberian forest tundra
Authors: KAWAHIGASHI MASAYUKI , KAISER KLAUS , RODIONOV ANDREJ , GUGGENBERGER GEORG 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBecause of low net production in arctic and subarctic surface water, dissolved organic matter (DOM) discharged from terrestrial settings plays an important role for carbon and nitrogen dynamics in arctic aquatic systems. Sorption, typically controlling the export of DOM from soil, may be influenced by the permafrost regime. To confirm the potential sorptive control on the release of DOM from permafrost soils in central northern Siberia, we examined the sorption of DOM by mineral soils of Gelisols and Inceptisols with varying depth of the active layer. Water‐soluble organic matter in the O horizons of the Gelisols was less (338 and 407 mg C kg−1) and comprised more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the hydrophobic fraction (HoDOC) (63% and 70%) than in the O horizons of the Inceptisols (686 and 706 mg C kg−1, 45% and 48% HoDOC). All A and B horizons from Gelisols sorbed DOC strongly, with a preference for HoDOC. Almost all horizons of the Inceptisols showed a weaker sorption of DOC than those of the Gelisols. The C horizons of the Inceptisols, having a weak overall DOC sorption, sorbed C in the hydrophilic fraction (HiDOC) stronger than HoDOC. The reason for the poor overall sorption and also the preferential sorption of HiDOC is likely the high pH (pH>7.0) of the C horizons and the smaller concentrations of iron oxides. For all soils, the sorption of HoDOC related positively to oxalate‐ and dithionite–citrate‐extractable iron. The A horizons released large amounts of DOC with 46–80% of HiDOC. The released DOC was significantly (r=0.78, P<0.05) correlated with the contents of soil organic carbon. From these results, we assume that large concentrations of DOM comprising large shares of HiDOC can pass mineral soils where the active layer is thin (i.e. in Gelisols), and enter streams. Soils with deep active layer (i.e. Inceptisols), may release little DOM because of more frequent infiltration of DOM into their thick mineral horizons despite their smaller contents of reactive, poorly crystalline minerals. The results obtained for the Inceptisols are in agreement with the situation observed for streams connecting to Yenisei at lower latitudes than 65°50′ with continuous to discontinuous permafrost. The smaller sorption of DOM by the Gelisols is in agreement with the larger DOM concentrations in more northern catchments. However, the Gelisols preferentially retained the HoDOC which dominates the DOC in streams towards north. This discrepancy can be explained by additional seepage water from the organic horizons that is discharged into streams without intensive contact with the mineral soil.
The optimization of the extrusion process when using maize flour with a modified amino acid profile for making tortillas
Authors: Milán‐Carrillo Jorge , Gutiérrez‐Dorado Roberto , Perales‐Sánchez Janitzio Xiomara Karina , Cuevas‐Rodríguez Edith Oliva , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamin , Reyes‐Moreno Cuauhtémocc 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMaize with a modified amino acid profile, i.e. greater amounts of lysine and tryptophan than normal, is known as ‘quality protein maize’ (QPM). The objective of this work was to find the best combination of extrusion process variables to produce QPM flour for making tortillas. QPM grits were mixed with lime and water and had a moisture content of 28%. The single screw extruder operation conditions were selected from factorial combination of three process variables: extrusion temperature (ET, 70–100 °C), lime concentration (LC, 0.1–0.3% of the maize weight) and screw velocity (SV, 80–250 rpm). Response surface methodology was used as an optimization technique. In vitro protein digestibility (PD); total colour difference (ΔE) of the flours, and tortilla puffing (TP) were chosen as response variables. A graphical method was used to obtain maximum PD, TP and minimum ΔE. The optimum combination of process variables was: ET = 85 °C/LC = 0.21%(w/w)/SV = 240 rpm. Tortillas from QPM flour had similar chemical composition, physicochemical and sensory properties to tortillas from commercial nixtamalized maize flour; however, the former had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) available lysine content and were therefore better nutritionally.
Productions and monomer compositions of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from traditional home‐made yoghurts and raw milk
Authors: Aslim Belma , Beyatli Yavuz , Yuksekdag Zehra Nur 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn this study, a total of forty‐five strains of lactobacilli and streptococci were determined exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in skim milk and Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS)/M17 medium, viscosity and proteolytic activity. The exopolysaccharide production by lactobacilli strains during growth in MRS medium was twenty‐one to 211 mg L−1, while in skim milk was to thirty‐six to 315 mg L−1. The EPS production by streptococci strains during growth in M17 medium was sixteen to 114 mg L−1, while in skim milk was to twenty‐four to 140 mg L−1. The EPS production of strains was lower in MRS/M17 medium than skim milk. Results showed that it was not clear correlation between the viscosity and EPS production of some strains. All strains were shown proteolytic activity. Positive correlations between exopolysaccharide production and proteolytic activity in skim milk were found some strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. These results indicated that the high exocellular protease‐producing strains can produce high EPS in skim milk. The monomer compositions of the EPSs formed by selected five strains were analysed. Mannose dominated (99–100%) on the EPS produced by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilusstrains (except L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 22) in skim milk and MRS/M17 medium. Besides, the EPSs of strains in skim milk contained small amount of lactose.
Effect of addition of sucrose and aspartame on the compression resistance of hydrocolloids gels
Authors: Bayarri Sara , Izquierdo Luis , Durán Luis , Costell Elvira 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effect of adding sucrose (5–25% w/w) and aspartame (0.04–0.16% w/w) on the compression resistance of three hydrocolloid gelled systems: κ‐carrageenan, gellan gum and κ‐carrageenan/locust bean gum at three different concentrations (0.3, 0.75 and 1.2% w/w) was studied. Sucrose addition increased true rupture stress in the three‐gelled systems, this effect being stronger in gellan gels. The deformability modulus increased with sucrose concentration in gellan gels, but not in the other systems. Rupture stress and deformability modulus increased with the addition of sucrose only in the harder gels (0.75 and 1.2% w/w). The effect of sucrose addition on the true rupture strain was significant but, in general, not important, mainly for lower gum concentrations. Aspartame addition did not affect the compression parameters.
Evolution of practice nursing in Australia
Authors: Halcomb Elizabeth J. , Patterson Elizabeth , Davidson Patricia M. 
Published: July 2006

Aim. This paper describes the evolution of Australian practice nursing and documents seminal events in crystallizing the importance of the nursing role in general practice.Background. Internationally, the potential for nurses to improve health in primary care settings is acknowledged. The general practice setting is a focal point for primary care in many health systems. Despite the important role played in the delivery of primary health care by nurses working in general practice in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the role of nurses in Australian general practice is much less clearly defined, as reflected by the paucity of research and scholarship in this area. Fuelled by the increasing challenges of workforce shortages and the increasing need for multidisciplinary care, interest in the developing role of the Australian practice nurse among clinicians, researchers and policy makers is increasing.Discussion. Australian practice nursing has reached a critical point in its evolution. It is imperative for the promotion of nursing in general practice that knowledge from descriptive, exploratory research be used to inform strategic decision‐making in terms of professional development issues, policy, research and scholarship. These data also need to inform systematic outcome studies. To date, the embryonic nature of practice nursing as a discrete professional entity in Australia has inhibited its representation in nursing curricula and professional bodies.Conclusion. In order to advance the Australian practice nurse movement and demonstrate its important contribution to primary health care, nurses need to take the lead in strategic planning of this emerging specialty. As well as leadership from an academic, research and policy perspective, clinical leaders need to be fostered among the ranks of practice nurse clinicians to drive clinical practice development and the delivery of evidence‐based primary care.
Ethical codes in nursing practice: the viewpoint of Finnish, Greek and Italian nurses
Authors: Heikkinen Anne , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Petsios Konstantinos , Sala Roberta , Barazzetti Gaia , Radaelli Stefania , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: July 2006

Aim. This paper is a report of a study exploring the use of ethical codes and obstacles to their use in nursing practice as perceived by Finnish, Greek and Italian nurses.Background. In all European countries nurses are responsible for the well‐being of patients, for their own technical and ethical competence and, for their own part, for the high standard of health care in society. These points illustrate the central content areas of nursing codes of ethics. Recent advances in medical technology have added to the complexity of nursing. Nurses today are increasingly confronted with ethical dilemmas, underlining the role and meaning of ethical codes in their decision‐making. However, there is only very limited research literature on codes of ethics, their use in nursing practice and obstacles to their use.Methods. Twenty‐three focus group interviews were conducted in 2003 with a total of 138 Registered Nurses: 35 in Finland, 54 in Greece and 49 in Italy. The data were content analysed.Findings. Two main categories emerged from our analysis of the use of ethical codes: (1) conscious and (2) unconscious use. Seven main categories described the obstacles to the use of ethical codes: (1) the codes themselves, (2) nurses themselves, (3) multiprofessional teamwork, (4) patients’ family members, (5) the organization, (6) the nursing profession and (7) society/healthcare policy. Participants in all three countries were firmly committed to the values expressed in ethical nursing codes. Nonetheless, continued efforts are needed in all these countries to remove the remaining obstacles so that nursing care can be provided in keeping with the requirements of ethical codes.Conclusion. The use of codes is connected with the changes in nursing profession and in society at large. The core of nursing, however, has remained stable. Future studies should be conducted in order to generalize the findings to a broader population.
Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) vs. Health of Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) in clinical outcome measurement
Authors: Holzer Laurent , Tchemadjeu Irène Kölbl , Plancherel Bernard , Bolognini Monique , Rossier Valérie , Chinet Léonie , Halfon Olivier 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  The Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) and Health of Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) are both measures of outcome for adolescent mental health services.Aims  To compare the ADAD with HoNOSCA; to examine their clinical usefulness.Methods  Comparison of the ADAD and HoNOSCA outcome measures of 20 adolescents attending a psychiatric day care unit.Results  ADAD change was positively correlated with HoNOSCA change. HoNOSCA assesses the clinic’s day‐care programme more positively than the ADAD. The ADAD detects a group for which the mean score remains unchanged whereas HoNOSCA does not.Conclusions  A good convergent validity emerges between the two assessment tools. The ADAD allows an evidence‐based assessment and generally enables a better subject discrimination than HoNOSCA. HoNOSCA gives a less refined evaluation but is more economic in time and possibly more sensitive to change. Both assessment tools give useful information and enabled the Day‐care Unit for Adolescents to rethink the process of care and of outcome, which benefited both the institution and the patients.
The Western Canada Waiting List Project: development of a priority referral score for hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: De Coster Carolyn , McMillan Stewart , Brant Rollin , McGurran John , Noseworthy Tom ,   Primary Care Panel of the Western Canada Waiting List Project
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  Recognizing the concerns about long waiting times to see some specialists in Canada, and the burden this places on both primary care and specialist clinicians, the Western Canada Waiting List (WCWL) undertook the Primary Care Project. The goal was to develop a valid, reliable, standardized prioritization tool for use by primary care providers in making referrals to specialists. WCWL is a 20‐partner collaboration committed to addressing long waiting times to access scheduled health care services.Methods  A previously developed prioritization tool for hip and knee replacement was adapted for use by family doctors, based on expert feedback from a clinical panel of primary care providers and from orthopaedic surgeons. Rater assessments of standardized paper cases were used to generate weights for criteria items in the Priority Referral Score (PRS). Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated to assess reproducibility, and weights were estimated using a mixed‐effects model. The weights and criteria items were modified following feedback of these results to the panel. The resulting PRS was reliability‐tested with a different set of standardized case descriptions.Results  One item was removed from the Hip and Knee Surgery tool and two items more pertinent to family medicine (mobility and medications) were added. The resulting eight‐item PRS had a test–retest ICC of 0.84. The mean intrarater ICC was 0.79.Conclusions  An eight‐item priority‐setting tool has been developed to assist in queuing patients in order of urgency when they are referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible hip or knee arthroplasty. The tool had excellent inter‐ and intrarater reliability and was seen to have face validity by a panel of primary care providers who advised on the project.
Parent implemented early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Authors: McConachie Helen , Diggle Tim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  Recent estimates concerning the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggest that at least one in 200 children is affected. This group of children and families have important service needs. The involvement of parents in implementing intervention strategies designed to help their autistic children has long been accepted as helpful. The potential benefits are increased skills and reduced stress for parents as well as children.Methods  This research review focused on interventions for children aged 1–6 years, and was carried out using systematic methodology: a comprehensive search of psychological, educational and biomedical databases, as well as bibliographies and reference lists of key articles, contact with experts in the field, and hand search of key journals. Only studies which involved a concurrent element of control were included.Results  The review found very few studies that had adequate research design from which to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of parent‐implemented early intervention. Both randomized and controlled studies tended to suggest that parent training leads to improved child communicative behaviour, increased maternal knowledge of autism, enhanced maternal communication style and parent child interaction, and reduced maternal depression.Conclusion  It seems that parent training can successfully contribute to intervention for young children with ASD. However, the review highlights the need for improved research in this area.
Distribution of mycobacteria in clinically healthy ornamental fish and their aquarium environment
Authors: Beran V , Matlova L , Dvorska L , Svastova P , Pavlik I 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome mycobacterial species (particularly Mycobacterium marinum) found in aquarium environments may cause chronic diseases in fish and cutaneous infections in humans, the so‐called ‘fish tank granuloma’. The presence and distribution of mycobacterial species in clinically healthy aquarium fish and their environment has not been adequately explored. The present study analysed the occurrence of mycobacteria in a decorative aquarium (Brno, South Moravia) and in five aquaria of a professional fish breeder (Bohumin, North Moravia). After Ziehl–Neelsen staining, acid‐fast rods (AFR) were observed in six (14.3%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 18 (42.9%) of 42 tissue samples from 19 fish. Sixty‐five samples of the aqueous environment from all six aquaria were examined; AFR were found in 16 (24.6%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 49 (75.4%) samples. Forty‐one (70.7%) of 58 selected mycobacterial isolates were identified biochemically as follows: M. fortuitum, M. flavescens, M. chelonae, M. gordonae, M. terrae, M. triviale, M. diernhoferi, M. celatum, M. kansasii and M. intracellulare. The clinically important species for humans and fish, M. marinum, was not detected. Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated from one sample of the aquarium environment from North Moravia, which is a region of the Czech Republic with endemic incidence of M. kansasii in water. The incidence of other conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial species in healthy fish and in all investigated constituents of the aquarium environment including snails and crustaceans used for fish feeding, was quite high. Accordingly, mycobacterial species from aquarium environments may serve as a possible source of infection for both aquarium fish and immunodeficient fish handlers.
Detection of betanodavirus in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), by antigen capture ELISA
Authors: Fenner B J , Du Q , Goh W , Thiagarajan R , Chua H K , Kwang J 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBetanodavirus infection of fish has been responsible for mass mortalities in aquaculture hatcheries worldwide. Betanodaviruses possess a bipartite single‐stranded RNA genome consisting of the 3.1 kb RNA1 encoding an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase and the B2 protein, while the 1.4 kb RNA2 encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein, alpha. A panel of six monoclonal antibodies against the alpha protein of greasy grouper nervous necrosis virus (GGNNV) was developed for use in diagnostics. All antibodies reacted with native and recombinant alpha in immunoblot and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Each of the monoclonal antibodies reacted against discrete regions of the alpha protein, though none reacted with the extreme C‐terminal region of the protein. One of the monoclonal antibodies, specific for the K151–T246 region of alpha, was used for the development of an antigen capture ELISA. In this assay we could detect 103–104 TCID50 units of virus derived from infected tissue culture supernatants. Head tissue extracts prepared from experimentally infected barramundi, Lates calcarifer, juveniles were assayed for GGNNV using the antigen capture assay and a clear increase in alpha antigen was detected from 5 to 15 days post‐challenge. The assay thus represents a useful method for field‐based detection of betanodavirus in fish hatcheries.
An exploration of substance misuse in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Taggart L. , McLaughlin D. , Quinn B. , Milligan V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  Little is known about the characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who misuse substances and how such problems impinge upon their well‐being. The aim of this paper is to describe how alcohol and drugs affect the health of people with IDs.Methods  A questionnaire was forwarded to all the community ID teams and mainstream addiction teams across Northern Ireland: 67 substance users with IDs and substantial substance‐related problems were identified.Results  Alcohol was found to be the main substance to be misused, with one‐fifth of the substance users also found to be using a combination of illicit drugs and/or prescribed medication. Nearly three‐quarters of the sample were found to be hazardously using alcohol for more than 5 years. Being male and young, having a borderline/mild ID, living independently and having a mental health problem were found to be risk factors for developing a ‘substance related problem’. Various problematic behaviours were identified, including aggression, erratic mood changes, sexual exploitation, difficulties in maintaining relationships and loss of daily routine.Conclusions  The findings of this study suggest that greater emphasis needs to be placed upon the early identification of this hidden population by primary and secondary healthcare personnel, and also ID personnel. Such early identification may also diminish the long‐established patterns of use and associated related‐behaviours that have been reported within this paper.