bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting bicycle helmet wearing by children using non-legislative interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Royal Simon , Kendrick Denise , Coleman Tim 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To assess the effectiveness of non-legislative interventions in increasing bicycle helmet use among children and young people, and to identify possible reasons for differential effectiveness of interventions.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources:10 electronic databases were searched up to October 2006. Several other sources of potentially relevant information were identified and examined.Review methods:We included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies of interventions to promote bicycle helmet use, which did not require the enactment of legislation. Participants were aged between 0 and 18 years.Main outcome measure:Observed helmet wearing.Results:13 studies were included in the review and 11 in the meta-analysis. The odds of observed helmet wearing were significantly greater among children and young people in the intervention groups (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.35). Subgroup analysis indicated that the effect might be greater for community-based studies (4.57, 2.37 to 8.81) and those providing free helmets (4.60, 2.25 to 9.43) than for those providing subsidized helmets (2.11, 1.09 to 4.06) and those set in schools (1.73, 1.04 to 2.89). Evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions was stronger in studies with follow-up periods of ⩽6 months (2.23, 1.27 to 3.90) than in those with longer-term follow-up (1.63, 0.91 to 2.91).Conclusions:Non-legislative interventions are effective in increasing bicycle helmet use among children and young people. Community-based helmet promotion programmes that include the provision of free helmets may increase observed helmet wearing to a greater extent than those set in schools or those providing subsidized helmets.
Cyclists injured while sharing the road with motor vehicles
Authors: Haileyesus Tadesse , Annest Joseph L , Dellinger Ann M 
Published: June 2007

Objective:To provide national estimates of non-fatal cyclist injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments (EDs) resulting from an encounter with a motor vehicle (MV) on the road.Methods:Non-fatal injury data for 2001–4 from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program were analyzed.Results:An estimated 62 267 persons (21.5 per 100 000 population; 95% CI 14.3 to 28.7) were treated annually in US hospital EDs for unintentional non-fatal cyclist injuries involving an MV on the road. Among these cases, children aged 10–14 years (65.8 per 100 000) and males (35.3 per 100 000) had the highest injury rates. Many injuries involved the extremities (41.9%). The head was the primary body part affected for 38.6% of hospitalized/transferred patients, of which about 84.7% had a principal diagnosis of a concussion or internal head injury.Conclusions:Effective road environmental interventions (eg, bicycle-friendly roadway design, intersections and crossings) along with efforts to promote safe personal behavior (eg, helmet use and following rules of the road) are needed to help reduce injuries among cyclists while sharing the road.
Drinking behaviors in young adults: the potential role of designated driver and safe ride home programs
Authors: Rivara Frederick P , Relyea-Chew Annemarie , Wang Jin , Riley Suzette , Boisvert Deanne , Gomez Tony 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To determine the drinking and driving habits reported in people aged 21–34 years.Design:Random digit dialing survey.Setting:Seattle and Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon.Participants:917 individuals aged 21–34 years, who had a valid driver’s license, who had consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last year and who lived in Seattle, Spokane or Portland.Outcome measures:Driving after drinking, use of a designated driver and serving as a designated driver.Results:62% drank alcohol at least weekly, and 31% binged at least once per month in the last year. 21% drove after drinking too much in the last month. Two-thirds of individuals reported being a designated driver at least once in the last year, and in most instances, this had been decided before the group went out for the evening. Over three-quarters of individuals reported that they drank less than they usually do the last time they were a designated driver. When using a designated driver, almost half of the individuals reported drinking more on that occasion than usual, with approximately half of those having at least three more drinks than usual.Conclusions:These results point to the need for interventions to combat the problem of drunk driving and prevent its associated morbidity and mortality. Rigorous evaluation of the effect of designated driver and safe ride home programs are needed.
Asbestos exposure and differences in occurrence of peritoneal mesothelioma between men and women across countries
Authors: Burdorf A , Järvholm B , Siesling S 
Published: June 2007

Objective:In several countries the incidence of peritoneal mesotheliomas among women closely mirrors the pattern among men. The aim was to investigate the role of asbestos exposure in the aetiology of peritoneal mesotheliomas in women and men.Methods:All cases of peritoneal mesothelioma were selected from the Swedish and Netherlands Cancer Registers for the period 1989–2003. For both countries incidence rates were calculated and stratified by sex. A linear regression analysis was used to analyse the existence of a trend over time.Results:Among men the incidence rate of peritoneal mesothelioma in the Netherlands (0.60 per 100 000 persons) was consistently higher than in Sweden with an average ratio of 1.8 (range 1.4–2.8). In both countries no trend over time was observed. During the 15-year period in the Netherlands the incidence rate among men was about 3.3-fold higher than among women. In Sweden the incidence rate among women was slightly higher than in men up to 1999, and thereafter about threefold higher among men. This sudden shift was statistically significant and seemed mainly caused by changes in classification of peritoneal tumours.Conclusion:The absence of a time trend in the incidence rate of peritoneal mesothelioma in the Netherlands and Sweden in the past 15 years may point to a more limited role of occupational exposure to asbestos in the aetiology of peritoneal mesothelioma than for pleural mesothelioma, especially among women. The observed drop around 2000 in annual incidence of peritoneal mesothelioma among Swedish women indicates the presence in the past of a substantial misclassification with other tumours in the peritoneum.
Relationships among durum wheat accessions. I. Comparative analysis of SSR, AFLP, and phenotypic data
Authors: Maccaferri M. , Stefanelli S. , Rotondo F. , Tuberosa R. , Sanguineti M.C. 
Published: June 2007

The determination of genetic relatedness among elite materials of crop species allows for more efficient management of breeding programs and for the protection of breeders’ rights. Seventy simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 234 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to profile a collection of 58 durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) accessions, representing the most important extant breeding programs. In addition, 42 phenotypic traits, including the morphological characteristics recommended for the official distinctness, uniformity, and stability tests, were recorded. The correlation between the genetic similarities obtained with the 2 marker classes was high (r = 0.81), whereas lower values were observed between molecular and phenotypic data (r = 0.46 and 0.56 for AFLPs and SSRs, respectively). Morphological data, even if sampled in high numbers, largely failed to describe the pattern of genetic similarity, according to known pedigree data and the indications provided by molecular markers.
Candanbala's Tears: Recovering the Emotional Life of Jainism
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the oft-told narrative of the Jain sati Candanbala, we see her standing at the door in chains, making an offering of lentils to Mahavir with tears in her eyes. Candanbala's tears, which arise after Mahavir passes by without taking alms, resonate with the Jain experience of worshipping an unresponsive Jina. Jain theology has been presented as anti-emotion and yet, within the most normative strata of the tradition, we find emotions and bhakti devotionalism as key first causes of moral actions of ideal persons. This essay examines the representations of Candanbala's tears in Shvetambar narrative and hymn literature alongside contemporary performances of the Candanbala Fast, the end of which is marked by a reenactment of this narrative. Analysis (informed by field research) of textual materials illuminates the potential for beneficial emotions within the Jain tradition alongside the argument that Candanbala's popularity arises from an identification with her moment of despair.
Hermetic Histories: Divine Providence and Conspiracy Theory
Authors: Bennett Brian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the ancient world, the writing of history was closely connected with divination. In this essay I argue that two types of historiography, the providential and the conspiratorial, have a distinct divinatory dimension. Divination purports to uncover occult influences behind the gritty flux of human affairs. Providentialism looks for the "hand of God" in historical events both great and small. Conspiracism is concerned not with the "hand of God" but the "hidden hand." Providentialism and conspiracism are hermetic histories. Like divination they concern themselves with tracking and interpreting signs. History is deciphered via sacred/secret texts, such as the Bible or The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In this mode historiography is akin to cryptography. Providentialism and conspiracism are hermetic also in the sense that they present "airtight," all-encompassing explanations of past events. They are totalizing histories. The purpose of this essay is to highlight connections between the discourses of divination, divine providence, and conspiracy theory. By way of illustration, I discuss the Primary Chronicle of Kievan Rus' and two articles written in the post-Soviet period by the late Metropolitan Ioann. The approach taken in this essay foreshortens textual detail and historical depth in favor of a kind of Wittgensteinian perspicuous presentation. Hence the value of formal links: the vaulting phrases of providentialism resound in the Primary Chronicle, yet the text seems grounded in the Lebenswelt of divination; in the articles of Ioann, providentialism passes into conspiracism, demonstrating a link between the two hermetic discourses.
Actuality, Potentiality and De Anima II.5
Authors: Heinaman Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMyles Burnyeat has argued that in De Anima II.5 Aristotle marks out a refined kind of alteration which is to be distinguished from ordinary alteration, change of quality as defined in Physics III.1-3. Aristotle's aim, he says, is to make it clear that perception is an alteration of this refined sort and not an ordinary alteration. Thus, it both supports his own interpretation of Aristotle's view of perception, and refutes the Sorabji interpretation according to which perception is a composite of form and matter where the matter is a material alteration in the body. I argue that Burnyeat's interpretation of II.5 should be rejected for a number of reasons, and offer a new interpretation of the distinctions drawn in the chapter, and the relations between them. I conclude that the chapter provides no evidence against the Sorabji view or for Burnyeat's view. Aristotle's assertion that perception is a refined kind of alteration means that it is the kind of alteration that preserves and is good for the subject of that alteration. There is no inconsistency in the thought that perception is a refined alteration of this sort while it, or its matter, is an ordinary alteration.
Anselm's Argumentum and the Early Medieval Theory of Argument
Authors: Holopainen Toivo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe article aims at elucidating the argumentation in Anselm's Proslogion by relating some aspects of it to the early medieval theory of argument. The focus of the analysis is on the "single argument" (unum argumentum), the discovery of which Anselm announces in the Preface to the Proslogion. Part 1 of the article offers a preliminary description of the single argument by describing the reductio ad absurdum technique based on the notion "that than which a greater cannot be thought". Part 2 discusses the ideas about arguments and argumentation that Boethius presents in Book One of his In Ciceronis Topica. Part 3 draws attention to some early medieval sources (Abelard, Lanfranc, Anselm) that are witness to the importance of the Boethian ideas in Anselm's time. Finally, Part 4 argues that Anselm looked at his single argument in the Boethian framework and that the term "that than which a greater cannot be thought" should be identified as his single argument.
Francesco Patrizi da Cherso's Criticism of Aristotle's Logic Francesco Patrizi da Cherso's Criticism of Aristotle's Logic
Authors: Deitz Luc 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrancesco Patrizi da Cherso's Discussiones peripateticae (1581) are one of the most comprehensive analyses of the whole of Aristotelian philosophy to be published before Werner Jaeger's Aristoteles. The main thrust of the argument in the Discussiones is that whatever Aristotle had said that was true was not new, and that whatever he had said that was new was not true. The article shows how Patrizi proves this with respect to the Organon, and deals with the implications for the history af ancient philosophy in general implied by his stance.
Foundations and Mass Movements: The Case of the World Social Forum1
Authors:   Research Unit for Political Economy
Published: June 2007

Foundation funding flows to very diverse activities, including welfare programs, the arts, academia, and the media. It has been argued that all such funding, no matter how apparently non-political the activity, has political significance, strengthening the hegemony of the ruling classes. By their very nature, foundation interventions in social movements play a political role. This includes their involvement with apparently “grassroots” protests such as the World Social Forum, where the individuals, organizations, and institutions assisted by foundations span a wide range, some even espousing radical views. This flexibility and range in fact increase the reach and influence of foundations, allowing them to intervene in rapidly changing social developments. Since foundations are largely created and sustained by the ruling classes and state powers of the imperialist countries, foundation intervention in social movements in the imperialist countries as well as in the third world should be seen as part of imperialism's efforts to prevent the emergence of systemic challenges to its rule at home and its sway abroad.
Divining the Past: The Linguistic Reconstruction of 'African' Roots in Diasporic Ritual Registers and Songs
Authors: Wirtz Kristina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractI examine the assumptions underlying scholars' use of etymological reconstruction to connect ritual registers in African diasporic religions with African 'sources', and to thereby reclaim African diasporic history by recovering 'lost' or hidden meanings. I compare these efforts to the interpretive practices of practitioners of Cuban Santería, who engage in textual and performative 'divinations' of hidden or lost meanings in Lucumí and in ritual modes of 'temporal telescoping' through which an African past becomes transcendent and ritually immanent. I suggest that religiously informed modes of historical subjectivity can illuminate the efforts of linguists and other scholars of the African diaspora who are engaged in seeking 'lost' or hidden memories and meanings and in 'temporal telescoping'. I argue that scholars of African diasporic religion and language must attend more carefully to issues of time, historical consciousness and historicity, especially as they are embedded in our own language ideologies and historiographic interpretive practices.
Ecué's Atlantic: An Essay in Methodology
Authors: Palmié Stephan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArguing from an exposition of the principal epistemological and methodological problems that have plagued African-Americanist research since its inception as a properly disciplined anthropological pursuit, this essay focuses on an ostensibly 'clear' case of 'transatlantic continuities' to question linear construction of historical relations between 'African' and 'African-American' cultural forms. Detailing the social history of an African male initiatory sodality and its supposed Cuban equivalent within their wider political economic contexts, I argue that the apparent dispersion of Cross-River-type secret societies ought not to be seen as a pattern of diffusion from a (temporally prior) point of inception to (temporally later) sites of recreation, but as a total pattern of simultaneous 'Atlantic' eventuation and cultural production.
Modal and Nonmodal Symmetric Perturbations. Part I: Completeness of Normal Modes and Constructions of Nonmodal Solutions
Authors: Xu Qin 
Published: June 2007

It is shown that the classic normal modes for symmetric perturbations in a layer of vertically sheared basic flow can be classified into three types: paired growing and decaying modes, paired slowly propagating modes, and paired fast propagating modes. In the limit of vanishing growth rate (or frequency), the paired growing and decaying (or slowly propagating) modes degenerate into paired stationary and linearly growing modes. Degeneracies occur only on a discrete set (which is infinite but has zero measure) in the wavenumber space when the Richardson number is smaller than one. A nonmodal solution is not affected by the degenerate modes unless the solution is horizontally periodic and contains wavenumbers at which the degeneracy occurs. The classic modes and degenerate modes form a complete set in the sense that they contain all the wavenumbers and thus can construct any admissible nonmodal solutions. The mode structures are analyzed by considering the slopes of their slantwise circulations relative to the absolute-momentum surface and isentropic surface of the basic state in the vertical cross section perpendicular to the circulation bands. The cross-band streamfunction component modes are shown to be orthogonal between different pairs (measured by the subspace inner product associated with the cross-band kinetic energy). The full-component modes, however, are nonorthogonal (measured by the full-space inner product associated with the total perturbation energy), and two paired modes have exactly opposite polarization relationships between the cross-band motion and its driving inertial–buoyancy force (associated with the along-band velocity and buoyancy perturbations). These properties have important implications for the nonmodal growths examined in Part II. In association with the complete set of normal modes, a complete set of adjoint modes is derived along with the biorthogonal relationships between the normal modes and adjoint modes. By using the biorthogonality, nonmodal solutions can be conveniently constructed from the normal modes for the initial value problem.
A Seasonal Climatology of Rossby Wave Breaking in the 320–2000-K Layer
Authors: Hitchman Matthew H. , Huesmann Amihan S. 
Published: June 2007

Differential advection in Rossby waves can lead to potential vorticity (PV; P) contours on isentropic surfaces folding over in latitude (Py < 0) in a process called Rossby wave breaking (RWB). Exploring the properties of RWB may shed light on underlying dynamics and enable quantification of irreversible transport. A seasonal climatology of Py and RWB statistics is presented for the 320–850-K layer using NCEP reanalysis data during 1979–2005 and for the 320–2000-K layer using the Met Office (UKMO) data during 1991–2003. A primary goal is to depict the spatial extent and seasonality of RWB maxima. This analysis shows seven distinct RWB regimes: poleward and equatorward of the subtropical westerly jets, poleward and equatorward of the stratospheric polar night jets, flanking the equator in the stratosphere and mesosphere, equatorward of subtropical monsoon anticyclones, and the summertime polar stratosphere. A striking PV gradient maximum exists at the equator throughout the layer 360–2000 K, flanked by subtropical RWB maxima, integral components of the Lagrangian cross-equatorial flow. Strong RWB occurs in the polar night vortex where β is small. Over the summer pole, strong poleward RWB associated with synoptic waves decays into small amplitude motions in the upper stratosphere, where heating gradients cause Py < 0. The seven spatial regimes are linked to three different dynamical causes of reversals: wave breaking associated with westerly jets, a combined barotropic/inertial instability in cross-equatorial flow, and on the periphery of monsoon anticyclones.
Resolving Convection in a Global Hypohydrostatic Model
Authors: Garner S. T. , Frierson D. M. W. , Held I. M. , Pauluis O. , Vallis G. K. 
Published: June 2007

Convection cannot be explicitly resolved in general circulation models given their typical grid size of 50 km or larger. However, by multiplying the vertical acceleration in the equation of motion by a constant larger than unity, the horizontal scale of convection can be increased at will, without necessarily affecting the larger-scale flow. The resulting hypohydrostatic system has been recognized for some time as a way to improve numerical stability on grids that cannot well resolve nonhydrostatic gravity waves. More recent studies have explored its potential for better representing convection in relatively coarse models. The recent studies have tested the rescaling idea in the context of regional models. Here the authors present global aquaplanet simulations with a low-resolution, nonhydrostatic model free of convective parameterization, and describe the effect on the global climate of very large rescaling of the vertical acceleration. As the convection expands to resolved scales, a deepening of the troposphere, a weakening of the Hadley cell, and a moistening of the lower troposphere is found, compared to solutions in which the moist convection is essentially hydrostatic. The growth rate of convective instability is reduced and the convective life cycle is lengthened relative to synoptic phenomena. This problematic side effect is noted in earlier studies and examined further here.