bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of multivariate techniques in the study of skeletal populations
Authors: Howells W. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA major problem in taxonomic or evolutionary studies (micro or macro) of populations through their skeletal remains is what to do about single specimens, or samples of half a dozen, or fragments of skeletons. Multivariate analysis makes possible finer distinctions of all sorts than does univariate analysis, including sex and population assignment, allowing such placement objectively when adequate samples of identified populations are available to form the multivariate context.The history and essential nature of multivariate analysis is described briefly, and examples of its application to single specimens (the Fish Hoek and Keilor skulls) are given.
Colonial gravestones and demography
Authors: Dethlefsen Edwin S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses in a general way the range and use of demographic data that are, or may be, retrieved from colonial New England gravestones. In particular it examines some limitations of the usefulness of these data. The uses of gravestone data are also discussed in conjunction with those of published vital records and of early census figures. An optimistic view is expressed of the feasability of using such data in bridging the “credibility gap” between paleo and modern demography, with particular reference to possible studies of average age at death and of population composition and change.
Approaches to the study of developmental variability in human skeletal populations
Authors: Johnston Francis E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of osteological remains of human populations has moved, in recent years, towards an orientation more in keeping with other developments in the field of human biology. However, many investigators continue to ignore the skeletons of the immature members of their samples, despite the wide range of information offered by the study of developmental patterns. These patterns include linear and proportional growth as well as those which permit studies of the rate of maturation, a parameter useful in many ways. The dynamics of the compact bone layers of long bones permit one to make certain nutritional and epidemiological inferences and afford an approach which extends beyond the traditional “growing years” into adulthood and eventual senescence. The analysis of growth patterns can add increased meaning to human biological variability in archaeological contexts if applied prudently and with a knowledge of developmental processes in the living.
Paleodemography and evolution
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on porotic hyperostosis (usually from thalassemia or sicklemia) and on morphology as related to differential survival and fertility in Early Neolithic Nea Nikomedeia (N over 90) and Middle Bronze Age Lerna (N = 234) show (a) the importance of disease, mainly falciparum malaria, in determining fertility, (b) the irregular fit between prediction from fertile family groups and observed prehistoric microevolutionary change in Greece, (c) the probable effects of nutrition and disease.
Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response
Authors: Stini W. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMost of the residents of Heliconia, Colombia, live in a continual state of malnutrition characterized by a lack of protein and an excess of carbohydrate in the diet. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are frequently observed when such dietary imbalances occur. These conditions are seen in Heliconia, but even when the recognized symptoms of clinical malnutrition are absent, there are long‐term morphological changes associated with protein deficiency.In the present study, interest is centered on the relative effects of protein deficiency on the skeletal maturation of apparently healthy boys and girls. Incidental comparisons of clinically‐diagnosed Kwashiorkor and Marasmus patients with each other and with non‐affected controls are also made. It is seen that skeletal maturation in early life is delayed in almost all Heliconia children when compared to U.S. standards. Female controls appear to experience a form of catch‐up growth beginning in the preadolescent period, while male controls appear more severely retarded throughout adolescence. The result is a reduction in stature most pronounced in boys and a concomitant reduction in sexual dimorphism for overall body size. The Kwashiorkor‐ and Marasmus‐affected children show a more severe retardation of skeletal growth with no significant sex difference in their response.
Digital ridge‐counts of Efe pygmies
Authors: Glanville Edward V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mean total digital ridge‐counts among a sample of Efe of the Ituri forest is 96.4 in males (n = 153) and 96.6 in females (n = 54). These are the lowest values yet recorded and probably represent the lower extreme in the spectrum of ridge‐counts of non‐pathological populations.
A note on the distribution of middle phalangeal hair among Tibetans
Authors: Tiwari S. C. , Bhasin M. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the present paper the frequencies of individuals without middle phalangeal hair was found as 55.75% in the Tibetan males and 68.61% in females. Sex differences were noticed in the present sample. Populations of Mongoloid affinity seems to have a marked increase in the frequency of individuals without phalangeal hair and the present Tibetan sample reflects this tendency.
The Seminole Indians of Oklahoma: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollttzer W. S. , Namboodiri K. K. , Elston R. C. , Brown W. H. , Leyshon W. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo hundred and sixty‐three Indians aged six and above were studied in Oklahoma for blood types, hemoglobin types, and physical traits; 53% were Seminoles and the remainder were admixed with Creek or other populations. The results indicate that they resemble the Florida Seminoles in most of their serologic traits. In physical traits they are comparable to the group studied by Krogman two decades ago. Compared with the Florida Seminoles, the Oklahoma sample are slightly taller and heavier, significantly lighter in skin color, and have a lower incidence of sickle cell gene. By both serology and morphology the Oklahoma group are most similar to Florida Seminoles, slightly less similar to other Indian groups, and still less to White and Negro populations. The Oklahoma sample of women showed a non‐significantly greater fertility than those of Florida. Some indication of positive assortative mating for skin color was found in both groups.
Correlations between rates of epiphyseal and diaphyseal elongation in the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Hermann R. F. , Davila G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerial annual radiographs of the hand have been used to analyze the rates of elongation of the epiphyses and diaphyses of the metacarpals and phalanges in children at ages from 3 to 13 years. The rates of elongation for many corresponding ephiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., of the same bone) are negatively correlated but to an extent that is not statistically significant for any particular bone. This tendency toward negative correlations is found for most of these bones although the correlation coefficients for most of the metacarpals are positive in each sex. Within rays, the correlation indices between the rates of elongation for corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., of the same bone) have larger negative or smaller positive values than for those between either adjacent and non‐corresponding or non‐adjacent and non‐corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., not of the same bone but of either adjacent or non‐adjacent bones). The communality indices for the ratio between the rates of epiphyseal and diaphyseal elongation in particular bones are more highly correlated in the girls than in the boys and within the rows than within the rays. Some implications of the tendency to negative correlations between the rates of elongation of corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses have been discussed.
Hrdlicka revisited (external auditory canal exostoses)
Authors: Gregg John B. , McGrew Robert N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo determine possible matter of opinion as to the existence of exostoses in the outer ear canals of Indian skulls from Dakota as an explanation for the marked difference in incidence of these tumors found by Hrdlicka and by us in previous studies, we have examined skeletal specimens reportedly seen by Hrdlicka, independently, and compared his and our results. The Smithsonian‐Mobridge skulls both in Hrdlicka's and our opinion show definitely more exostoses than are found in other South Dakota Indian skeletal material we have examined. Our results here suggest a 5–6% difference attributable to opinion of the examiner. Reasons for the dissimilarity in frequency of exostoses between the Smithsonian‐Mobridge skulls and other Dakota Indian skeletal collections are advanced.
Hair patterns of the scalp of white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree basic hair patterns of the scalp are recognized. These are totopilose, indentato‐pilose, and indentato‐circulo‐pilose. The indentato‐pilose has the highest incidence in both white and Negro males, and the totopilose is over four times more common in the Negroes than in the whites. The indentato‐pilose has high correlation with the pecto‐sterno‐infraclavicular chest hair pattern in both groups.
Applications of radiodermatography to human and primate studies
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Gall John C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing 325‐mesh tantalum powder as a contrast medium, it is possible to take high‐resolution “radiodermatographs” of man and infra‐human primates that combine the advantages of postero‐anterior hand radiographs and conventional paper palm‐and‐finger prints. The radiodermatographs are particularly useful in relating creases, triradii and fingertip ridge patterns to differences in the proportions of the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Iron age skulls from Southern Africa re‐assessed by multiple discriminant analysis
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultiple discriminant analysis of Bushman, Hottentot and Bantu Negro skulls allows construction of a multidimensional space or statistical framework within which various problematical Iron Age skeletal remains from southern Africa can then be located, and the question of their affinities with the extant groups examined. Comparison of subfossil crania from Zambia, Rhodesia, Botswana and South Africa with the modern population samples in a 27‐variable discriminant analysis reveals the following:

Six skulls from the Iron Age site K2 (Bambandyanalo) and nine tentatively associated with the Leopard's Kopje Iron Age complex of southwestern Rhodesia and Botswana are assigned as Negro, and many are in fact excluded at a 95% probability from being Bushman or Hottentot. Previous descriptions of these, and especially the K2, remains as “proto‐Hottentot,” Hottentot, “large Khoisan” or, most often, as “Bush‐Boskopoid” thus seem unjustified, at least on metrical grounds, and probably true Negroes had crossed the Limpopo into what is now South Africa by 1000 A.D.
Assignments for the Ingombe Ilede (Zambia) skulls and for individuals unearthed in Harare “pot burials” near Salisbury are inconsistent; some of these skulls are almost certainly Negro, whereas others, though not excluded statistically from all Bantu distributions, are better classified as Hottentot. The (more recent?) Kakamas specimens from burials along the Orange River appear to constitute a mixed sample rather than one representative of some homogeneous “true Hottentot” population.
Nearly all of the subfossil remains tested fall within the multivariate ranges of variation calculated for the several modern African groups. In view of this, attempts to discern in such material a variety of “types” or “strains” (e.g., “Bush‐Boskop,” “Kakamas,” “Gerontomorph,” “Europoid,” etc.) might better be discarded in favor of a classification based on Bushman, Hottentot and Negro categories only. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates the existence of no other separate groups among the crania examined.
Secular changes among the Western Apache
Authors: Miller Peter S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNorman Gabel measured 355 Western Apache men in 1940. This provided an excellent set of data with which to initiate a study of secular change. One hundred forty‐three sons of the men measured in 1940 were included in a 1967 survey. Correlation analysis of those under age 27 confirmed the view that the onset of maturity was reached earlier in 1940 than in 1967. Correction for immaturity was done by regression analysis. Each son's measurements were corrected by subtracting the present age from the arbitrarily chosen but useful age of 27, multiplying the result by the regression coefficient, and adding the product to the original measurement. The univariate analysis compared each son to his father, with the 1940 sample being weighted according to the number of sons in the 1967 sample. The major changes between 1940 and 1967 are in longer heads (an increase of 3.5 mm), increased stature (plus 13.0 mm) and increased weight (plus 12.9 pounds). Variables associated with weight and stature have shown corresponding changes. The utility of this approach is discussed and evaluated.
Mulitivariate statistical analysis on the physical interrlationship of native tribes in Sarrawk, Malaysia
Authors: Kurisu Kojiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn anthropometric survey was made on the seven tribes in Sarawak, Malaysia. In order to study their physical interrelationship, the data obtained were used for multivariate statistical analysis including Mahalanobis's distance and two‐dimensional representation of group configuration with canonical variates. The conclusions were as follows; the Land Dayak are different from other tribes; the Kayan and Kenyah resemble each other; the Iban, Malay and Kedayan are close enough to make a cluster; and the Land Dayak, Kedayan and Melanau, being different from one another, do not seem to be of the same origin.
Behavioral responses of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys to food shortage
Authors: Loy James 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDuring early July 1968, a severe food shortage occurred on Cayo Santiago, an island colony of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The food shortage produced striking changes in the behavior of the monkeys. Within the one social group intensively studied, the total frequencies of grooming, play and fights decreased significantly; the frequency of matings also dropped; body contact, displacements by other groups, and non‐displacement movements decreased, but not in statistically significant amounts. Changes in the percentage of total grooming attributable to related and unrelated monkeys reflected the stability of the rhesus matriline. Comparisons made between Cayo Santiago and other primate groups under analogous situations reveal similar responses to food shortage.
Childhood retardation resulting in reduction of adult body size due to lesser adolescent skeletal delay
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Garn Stanley M. , Ascoli Werner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe skeletal maturation of 7972 rural children from the six Central American nations, aged one month through 22 years, is evaluated. The results suggest that retardation in skeletal maturation during childhood is significantly greater than during adolescence, while growth in body size shows a progressive delay from infancy through adolescence. In other words, the apparent improvement in skeletal maturation during adolescence is not associated with an equivalent “catch‐up” in body size. Similarly, prolongation of the period of growth does not fully compensate for the slow rate of growth. It is postulated that the small stature in Central America is related to the marked childhood retardation and to the fact that during adolescence, the timing of skeletal maturation is less affected than growth in size.
Associations between the rates of maturation of the bones of the hand‐wrist
Authors: Roche A. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkeletal maturation rates for the age interval 3 to 13 years were analyzed using bone‐specific assessments (Greulich‐Pyle) of serial radiographs of 40 children. The mean rates of skeletal maturation resembled those of the population from which the atlas standards had been derived. There was a linear trend of skeletal age against chronological age for most bones in each sex. Regression lines were fitted to these data and the b values of the regression lines were calculated. Communality indices were calculated from an intercorrelation matrix of these b values. There was a statistically significant rank order correlation between the sexes in the communality indices. They tended to be higher in the girls than in the boys and were relatively low for the radius, ulna and carpals. Communality indices within groups of bones were high in all rows, especially the metacarpals, but in each sex they were comparatively low in the first ray (metacarpal plus the phalanges of the corresponding digit) and in the fifth ray of the boys. Neighborhood effects on the levels of association of maturation rates were present, particularly in the carpus, but marginal effects were not noted.
The influence of artificial cranial deformation on discontinuous morphological traits
Authors: Ossenberg Nancy S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFollowing the elucidation by geneticists of the nature of minor skeletal variants in the mouse, anthropologists have stressed the potential of these traits for tracing the affinities and movements of extinct human populations. Earlier Sullivan observed that discrete traits could be particularly valuable where artificial cranial deformation limits the use of craniometry.Twenty‐eight minor variants were studied in bifronto‐occipitally deformed and undeformed skulls of a sample of 78 from a single Hopewell mound. The pattern of frequency differences between deformed and undeformed with respect to traits at the back of the vault and in the frontal region, interpreted in developmental terms, reveals a hypostotic effect in these regions in the deformed skull; while, in contrast, traits of the lateral vault, facial skeleton and cranial base point to a general hyperostotic effect in these regions. Each of three emissaria tends to be more constant in the deformed.That minor cranial variants manifest a plastic response to this type of environmentally‐imposed stress is consistent with the nature of such variants as elucidated by genetics research in mice. The findings suggest that deformed crania should be excluded from population studies in which genetic divergence between groups is estimated in terms of cranial trait frequencies.
The AP‐BP blood groups of baboons
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Gordon E. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour isoimmunized baboons each produced isoantibodies defining a number of blood factors of baboon blood of which two, Ap and Bp, have been most intensively studied. The two blood factors determine the AP‐BP blood group system which, judging from its serological behavior, may be the baboon analogue of the human M‐N system and the chimpanzee V‐A‐B system. Tests for AP‐BP types of 592 baboons showed striking differences in the distributions of the four types among the four sub‐species, Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis, Papio ursinus (South Africa) and Papio papio (Senegal). The baboon AP‐BP types could also be demonstrated by tests on the red cells of geladas (Theropithecus gelada). If one assumes inheritance by multiple allelic genes, then the existence of only a single gene Op need be invoked for Papio ursinus, three alleles Op, Ap and Bp for Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis, but four alleles for Papio papio including an allele, very frequent in that subspecies, which determines an agglutinogen having both blood factors Ap and Bp.
The population structure of south‐central Bougainville
Authors: Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe technique of population structure analysis is described and then applied to blood polymorphic, anthropometric, and demographic data collected from residents of south‐central Bougainville Island, Territory of New Guinea. The results from these various analyses are relatively consistent, and support the idea that this theoretical model can be applied successfully to real sets of biological data and that valid conclusions concerning the breeding structure of human populations can be reached. A comparison of breeding structures from various parts of the world reveals how sharply subdivided the breeding structure in Melanesia is, and how relatively rapidly the coefficient of kinship declines over distance in that area.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. I. Shovel‐shape of incisors
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjörn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs part of a comprehensive dental study of coastal and inland Alaskan Eskimos, information regarding the frequency of the shovel‐shape trait in the maxillary incisors is presented. The findings are compared with the trait as found in other populations.Some degree of shovel‐shape was demonstrated on all upper incisors and the semi‐shovel and shovel grades were found most frequently. Marked shovel‐shape was present in only about 5% of the material. These findings are in accordance with similar investigations on Eskimos.No sex difference in the shovel‐shape trend was present. There was a general tendency toward a higher degree of shovel‐shape in the inland group; this difference may be due to more admixture with white people along the coast.Comparing male Alaskan Eskimos with Aleuts a statistically significant lower degree of shovel‐shape appeared in the central incisor in the former group. The same tendency was revealed for the lateral incisor. No difference between female Aleuts and Alaskan Eskimos could be demonstrated.Only one family studied showed a significant deviation from the others with a more marked shovel‐shape. The genetics of the shovel‐shape may be hard to reveal in a sample where the trait is so prevalent in the whole population as in the Alaskan Eskimos.