bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flaviana
Authors: Charlesworth M. P. 
Published: May 2006

‘Ceteris in rebus statim ab initio principatus usque ad exitum civilis et clemens, mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit. quin et conantis quosdam originem Flavii generis ad conditores Reatinos comitemque Herculis … referre irrisit ultro’ (Suet. Div. Vesp. 12).Vespasian came of peasant stock; he succeeded to a position which had been occupied by men of the noblest birth. For the Julio Claudians no proofs need be produced; of their successors Galba boasted descent from Jupiter and (strangely) Pasiphae, and Otho from Etruscan princes; even Vitellius had a pedigree going back to Faunus and a local goddess, Vitellia. Vespasian was far too shrewd to make similar claims; he deliberately rejected the attempts of flatterers to find him a noble ancestor. Much of the Life of Suetonius is evidence for the statement ‘mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit.’ His reign marked a return to simpler ways of living, and emphasised a contrast with the pomp and extravagance of a Nero, wealthy and degenerate (see infra, p. 55). It was a realistic and sensible policy, and likely to win support from the lower classes of population in Italy, whether peasants or city proletariate.
Notes on Roman Commerce
Authors: Frank Tenney 
Published: May 2006

The immense mound of many million broken jars known as Monte Testaccio—still to be seen at the old emporium of Rome—provides in the trade-marks some material not elsewhere available for the study of Roman commerce; and Dressel's publication of many hundred of these marks (CIL xv, 2) deserves the highest praise for the patience expended in their transcription, despite the fact that later scholars have had to correct many of the conclusions that Dressel ventured to draw from them.Since not a single one of these jars has been discovered unbroken, we must gain our knowledge of the customary items from the fragments of several jars. These items, not always found in the same order, are usually the following :(1) The potter's trade-mark (usually the initials of the potter's name) was stamped on the handle before the jar was baked. See CIL xv, 2, nos. 2558 ff., for these.(2) At the foreign customs or shipping office the full jar was marked in bold brush strokes with the weight of the empty jar, the name of the shipper (owner), and the weight of the full jar, thus :(The shipper usually owned his cargo, hence the genitive form of his name.)(3) By the side of an inscription of this kind there occurs another in smaller lettering containing a number of items that concern the customs house as well as the shipper—e.g. no. 4366 :The interpretation is probably as follows (cf. Am. Jour. Phil. 1936, 87 ff.):‘Received ; Hispalis ; value 20 sest. ; weight 215 lbs. ; from estate of Capito ; export duty : 2 asses; name of clerk; consular date (A.D. 179).’
Air Reconnaissance in Britain, 1961–64
Authors: Joseph J. K. St. 
Published: May 2006

Systematic air reconnaissance of Romano-British sites has continued during the last few years, with results that are summarized in this paper which supplements accounts of earlier surveys already published in this Journal. In both the summers of 1963 and 1964 a prolonged dry spell affected much of eastern Scotland, but this region apart, the weather was not particularly favourable for the development of crop marks in the period under review: the dry spell in central and southern England in 1964 came too late to affect the cereal crops, but was the cause of remarkable differential growth in certain roots, particularly beet.The greatest gain in information is in the military zone of north Britain, where photography repeated year by year never fails to yield discoveries: in the civil districts of the Province, Romano-British settlements and their agriculture are the most rewarding subjects to study. Nearly every feature here described has been examined on the ground, for only so can an accurate impression be gained of a site in relation to its surroundings: except where noted otherwise, no remains are ordinarily visible on the surface. The records and photographs on which this account is based are housed in the offices of the Committee for Aerial Photography of the University of Cambridge.
Virgil and the Wooden Horse
Authors: Austin R. G. 
Published: May 2006

In his play Dido Queen of Carthage, compassing Troy's fall, Aeneas' wanderings, and Dido's passion (with the curtain falling not on one corpse but on three), Marlowe makes his Dido say as she begs for the tale of Troy:‘Many tales go of that city's fall,And scarcely do agree upon one point:Some say, Antenor did betray the town;Others report, 'twas Sinon's perjury;But all in this, that Troy is overcome,And Priam dead.’
Roman York: Excavations in 1955
Authors: Ramm H. G. 
Published: May 2006

The excavation described below was undertaken by the writer on behalf of the Ministry of Works and the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, but the present article is his own sole responsibility.The defences of the Legionary Fortress at York were first scientifically examined by the late S. N. Miller in 1925–8 and the report on the work in 1925–7 appeared in this Journal. As a result of his work we have a satisfactory framework into which to fit subsequent and previous discoveries. The structural sequence arrived at by Miller can be briefly summarized as follows:—Period 1. A campaigning base deduced by Miller from occupation earth in what he considered to be part of the clay rampart of Period 2 and dated by him to the beginning of the governorship of Petillius Cerialis (A.D. 71–4).Period 2. The first defences of which Miller recognized structural evidence consisted of a massive rampart of clay, dated by him to the close of the governorship of Cerialis.Period 3. In the early part of the second century stone gates and towers were built and linked by a stone wall. The south-east gate was built in A.D. 108–9, but some work was still being done in Hadrian's reign. The clay bank of Period 2 remained behind the stone wall.Period 4. At the end of the second century there was an extensive restoration under Severus. A new stone wall was built, at any rate on the south-east side, immediately behind the wall of Period 2 which was completely removed except for the foundations.Period 5. At the turn of the third and fourth centuries the south-west and north-west sides and part of the north-east side were reconstructed, with projecting multangular corner and interval towers on the river front (fig. 9).
Arretine and early South Gaulish Potters
Authors: Oswald Felix 
Published: May 2006

The influence of Arretine on early South Gaulish potters has often been assumed, but direct evidence has hitherto been obscure and difficult to establish. The present note with the accompanying comparative drawings of Arretine and South Gaulish pottery of the Tiberian-Claudian period provides some proof of this influence, which was probably established by direct immigration of certain potters from Arezzo to South Gaul. It is clearly shown in the close imitation of their decorative details by such early South Gaulish potters as Crestus (or Crestio), Senicio with the diminutive variety Seno, Stabilio (with his acanthus or demi-acanthus), Bilicatus, Licinus, etc., and many similar cases might also be cited.Crestvs, South Gaulish potter shows a scene depicted on an Arretine vessel stamped M PERENN TIGRANI (fig. 15, 1), representing a Dionysiac sacrifice of a sucking pig by a Satyr with a short tail. He is standing on his left leg, his right foot crooked behind his right knee, and he stabs the pig's throat with a triangular knife while holding its right foot. Facing him is a woman, holding the other three legs of the pig; and, at her feet, is a bowl to receive the blood for ritual purposes. The bowl is flanked by stalked, slender flowers, as at Arezzo (Walters, BM, L 107 with acanthus). The same Dionysiac group occurs on a marble medallion in the Naples museum (Museo Borbonico (1843), XIII, Tav. XII).
Roman Gaul, 1940–1944
Authors: Lantier Raymond 
Published: May 2006

The following pages contain a brief review of the discoveries made by French archaeologists during the difficult years of the German occupation of France.Caesar's Gallic campaigns have inspired several important pieces of work in the field. New excavations have been undertaken at Gergovia on the ‘large’ and the ‘small’ camps as well as on the line of the double ditch joining them. These control excavations have made it possible to demonstrate the correctness of statements made by Colonel Stoffel, who had been commissioned by Napoleon III to discover traces of field-works undertaken in Caesar's campaigns. Excavations begun in the large camp at Le Bois-Des-Côtes, on the plateau of Nointel, near Clermont-de-l'Oise (Oise), were interrupted by the war. The discoveries have furnished evidence on ramparts, entrenchments, siege-works, and strategic roads, contemporary with the conquest.
Naval Epitaphs from Misenum in the Nicholson Museum, Sydney
Authors: Fitzhardinge L. F. 
Published: May 2006

Among the inscriptions acquired in Italy by Sir Charles Nicholson in the 1850's or 1860's is a small group of sepulchral texts referring to seamen of the Praetorian Fleet at Misenum.These texts were published in 1945, with a brief commentary, by Mr. G. R. Manton, to whom I am indebted for first drawing my attention to them. They had been previously published, very inadequately, by Reeves in the Catalogue of the Museum of Antiquities of the Sydney University (1870), and four of the seven which compose the group are included (in one case from a very imperfect copy) in CIL x. Of these two are described as found ‘in agro Puteolano’, one ‘in agro Neapolitano’, and one at Misenum. Of the provenience of the remaining three and their history before passing into the hands of Sir Charles Nicholson no record can be traced. It is reasonable to suppose that, like other inscriptions in the collection, they come from the Naples region and ultimately, directly or indirectly, from the naval cemetery at Misenum.
The Latin Studies of Hermann and Wilamowitz
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard 
Published: May 2006

A century ago, on the last day of 1848, there died Gottfried Hermann, the greatest classical scholar of his time. As a small token of homage to his memory some brief remarks on his contribution to the study of early Latin poetry may not be out of place here.Hermann, who owes his fame to his work on Greek poetry, had a knowledge of the language of Rome and an instinctive sense of its potentialities such as few scholars possessed. He spoke and wrote Latin with lucidity, ease, and grace: it was to him the natural medium for the expression of his thought. A keen interest in Plautus had been roused in him at an early stage by his teacher Reiz, who was the first after an interval of darkness to rekindle Bentley's torch. Late in life, looking back over more than fifty years, Hermann said: ‘Plautum praeceptor meus Reizius pro sponsa mihi esse voluit.’ When Reiz was engaged in correcting the proofs of his edition of the Rudens he used the young Hermann as his amanuensis. Hermann (Elementa doctrinae metricae p. xiii) has left us a delightful picture of this collaboration: on the one side the elderly professor, all kindliness and modesty, distrustful of himself, relying on painstaking care and meticulous circumspection; on the other the impetuous youngster, impatient of tiresome hesitation and confident that his divination and his strong rhythmical instinct were enough to recover the metre and the true reading of a controversial passage.
The God Nocturnus in Plautus' Amphitruo
Authors: Stewart Zeph 
Published: May 2006

In the opening scene of Plautus' Amphitruo the slave Sosia, sent ahead in the night to announce his master's return, approaches Amphitruo's house, where Mercury is awaiting him. In the course of the prologue (113–4) Mercury has already explained that Jupiter has lengthened the night to allow himself a longer stay with Alcumena. Sosia, soliloquizing, suddenly looks up and notices that the stars are not moving; unheard by Sosia, Mercury comments on his words:—Sosia: Certe, edepol, si quicquamst aliud quod credam aut certo sciam, credo ego hac noctu Nocturnum obdormiuisse ebrium. nam neque se Septentriones quoquam in caelo commouent, neque se Luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel, nee Iugulae neque Vesperugo neque Vergiliae occidunt. ita statim stant signa, neque nox quoquam concedit die.
On the Foundation of Constantinople: A Few Notes
Authors: Alföldi A. 
Published: May 2006

The literary sources relating to the foundation of Constantinople can be evaluated afresh if the numismatic material is reconsidered. On this subject O. Voetter, J. Maurice, and O. Seeck have already done valuable work; yet it would bear further study.Everyone knows the little bronze coins struck on the occasion of the foundation of Constantinople on 11th May, 330, one type of which commemorates Constantinople as the mistress of the seas, while another portrays the old capital, recalling the legend of its origin, with the wolf and twins. The significance of these twin types can be grasped better in a still larger issue struck at the same time. Maurice classed these coins in the larger issue which bear the bust of Rome as having been struck at Rome, and those bearing that of Constantinople as having been struck in the latter city; and this incorrect classification has obscured the parallelism of the type, which was of great importance for imperial propaganda. It is clear that both groups were struck at Rome in the same issue.
Roman History, 58–56 B.C.: Three Ciceronian Problems
Authors: Balsdon J. P. V. D. 
Published: May 2006

Est postridie decretum in curia, populi ipsius Romani, et eorum qui ex municipiis convenerant admonitu, ne quis de caelo servaret, ne quis moram ullam adferret. Pro Sestio, 129.Time and again Cicero abused Clodius for having, in his tribunate, both rescinded the lex Aelia Fufia of 153 B.C. and also destroyed the censorship. The ‘destruction of the censorship’ was, in fact, a seemingly just and reasonable bill to the effect that for the future no senator might be expelled from the Senate unless, after he had been given the opportunity of answering the charges against him, both censors were in agreement over his expulsion. It would, therefore, be reasonable to suppose that the ‘rescinding of the lex Aelia Fufia’, too, was far less drastic a measure than Cicero's vituperative language implies, even if there was not, as there is, abundant evidence in the years following Clodius' tribunate that the lex Aelia Fufia remained on the statute book.
The Composition of the Historia Augusta: Recent Theories
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

The student of the Roman Empire cannot do without the HA. For the years 117–284 it is the sole Latin source of any compass. Hence a double challenge. First, to segregate fact from fiction. Second, to ascertain the purpose and date of the enigmatic product. If that were done the result would contribute to understanding another period of imperial history.In the process, in the long controversy that began in 1889 (the epochal year of Hermann Dessau) the literary approach suffered neglect and obscuration. It would have been advisable to start from structure, composition and authorship. The larger part of the HA is fabrication. If the inventions were put under scrutiny, the path lay open to uncover the manner and methods of the imposture, to deduce a personality—and to divine a purpose, if any.
Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: a Re-examination
Authors: Lane Eugene N. 
Published: May 2006

There has long been accepted as a fact in the study of the cult of Sabazius an ostensible reference to Jews who, as early as 139 B.C., worshipped Sabazius, and were expelled from Rome by the praetor peregrinus Cornelius Hispalus. The source of this information is often given without qualification as Valerius Maximus, 1, 3, 2. Even Eisele's thorough and generally sceptical article, s.v. ‘Sabazius’, in Roscher's Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (1909), accepts the statement and gives the usual indication of its source. The passage is generally cited as follows:Cn. Cornelius Hispalus praetor peregrinus, M. Popilio Laenate, L. Calpurnio consulibus, edicto Chaldaeos citra decimum diem abire ex urbe atque Italia iussit, levibus et ineptis ingeniis fallaci siderum interpretatione quaestuosam mendaciis suis caliginem inicientes. Idem Iudaeos, qui Sabazi Iovis cultu Romanos inficere mores conati erant, repetere domos suas coegit.
People in Pliny
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

Alluding to the scanty sources for the reign of Trajan, the historian Gibbon came out with a melancholy pronouncement: ‘the glimmerings of an abridgement or the doubtful light of a panegyric’. Gibbon's mind was on warfare and government. A later age is drawn to a wider and more subtle theme: the study of society. A document of unique value exists, the correspondence of Pliny. It illuminates class and rank and behaviour—and a whole region of Northern Italy. For other lands of the Roman West the evidence is poor and scattered. The written record has little more to disclose than the families of Seneca and Julius Agricola or the pedigree of the Antonine emperors. One has recourse to inscriptions and the study of nomenclature.Pliny reveals persons of all orders, from consular magnates to small men and local friends. He also covers a wide range in time, from several long-lived survivors who had come to manhood under Claudius and Nero to youths of predictable promise whose consulates would adorn the first years of Trajan's successor. Further, the interrelation with other types of evidence is highly instructive. The information is abundant enough to permit some negative inferences. It is worth giving a thought to categories and groups that are absent from the correspondence or sparsely on show. Other ‘circles’ may therefore be surmised in the life of the capital. The categories are both social and regional. Certain cities of the North happen to make no contribution.
Sponsione Provocare: Its Place in Roman Litigation
Authors: Crook John 
Published: May 2006

Two of the Herculaneum Tablets, though fragmentary and obscure, furnish evidence that justifies a re-examination of the role played in Roman law and society by the institution which is the subject of this paper:Tab. Herc. LXXXIII:L. V[e]nidius En[ny]chus testand[i ca]usa dixs[i]t[L.] An[n]io Rufo se honoris ius emerere [ut]si vellet ex numero decurionum aut au[gus]-talium nominatis a se decem de petition[ibus]nostris discep[t]atorem dicas ra[t]ione posc[[…]e H[S] M[‐]me sibi debere s[t]i[puletur] …LXXXIV:…] quem et superius nom[i]-n[a]s[ti…] Fes[ti]nium Proculumdisc[e]ptatorem paratus sum ire,si minus necessario c[oa]ctus a te spo(n)-sionem tecum faciam. VAC.
A Roman Representation of the ΚΕΡΑΜΟΣ ΤΡΩΙΚΟΣ
Authors: Crawford Michael 
Published: May 2006

The denarii of M'. Fonteius, to be dated about 107 B.C., fall into two basic varieties, the first much more common than the second:The heads of the Dioscuri on the obverse of the first variety presumably allude to the Tusculan origin of the moneyer, the ship perhaps to the transmarine origin of the family of the founder of Tusculum; but the symbolism of the second variety, for reasons which are unclear, is considerably more complex. The letters P P are generally held to stand for Penates Publici (rather than pecunia publica) and the obverse type is interpreted as reflecting the identification of the Dioscuri and the Penates. The arguments normally advanced for this view, however, are not entirely cogent.
Roman Inscriptions 1986–90
Authors: Gordon Richard , Beard Mary , Reynolds Joyce , Roueché Charlotte 
Published: May 2006

This survey does not aim at completeness. It is a personal selection, on the one hand, of recent epigraphic work which is of significance and interest to an ancient historian, and, on the other hand, of those epigraphic ‘tools of the trade’ which are important for anyone trying to interpret an inscription. But we start with some more narrowly epigraphic topics.If the death of Louis Robert and concern for the future of theBulletin épigraphiqueovershadowed the last review, it is fitting that this should begin with the good news of the rebirth of theBulletin, produced since 1987 by an international, although largely French, team of specialists and edited by Ph. Gauthier. The archicubal verve may be missing, but the coverage of the new version is good and adds usefully to that of the old.
Phenology of Festuca pallescens in relation to topography in north‐western Patagonia
Authors: Bertiller Monica B. , Irisarri Maria P. , Ares Jorge O. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The phenological changes in populations of Festuca pallescens (St. Yves) Parodi at different topographic positions and exposure along an altitudinal gradient (600 ‐ 1100 m) were investigated during two growing seasons in northwestern Patagonia. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between phenology and environment during the entire growing season. Analysis of variance was also performed at each sample date to detect significant environmental factors influencing phenology at different sites. The sum of maximum air temperatures was identified as the environmental variable best correlated with the seasonal variation of phenological events of Festuca pallescens over the period of two growing seasons, explaining 93.2 % of the total variance.Significant differences between sites were observed at each sample date. Main effects of altitude and topographic position and two‐way interactions between altitude and topographic position, and topographic position and exposure were also detected as significant. Phenology was delayed at increased altitude.Differences in phenology between topographic sites at the same altitude were not detected during the entire growing season and were only observed in the reproductive phase. At this time, the phenology was significantly delayed at high topographic positions on the slopes as compared with low and mid positions. At high altitudes in the valley (950 m a. s. 1.), where steep slopes and humid conditions prevail, phenology was delayed on western exposures and low positions. The results adequately summarize and quantify the effect of spatial and temporal environmental variation on the phenological development of Festuca pallescens in northwestern Patagonia.
Reproductive biology in a tropical shrubland of Venezuelan Guayana
Authors: Ramirez Nelson 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPlant sexual systems were evaluated in a tropical shrubland community of Venezuelan Guayana. Of 89 plant species, 73.0% were hermaphrodite, 12.4% monoecious, 10.1 % submonoecious, and 4.5 % dioecious. Temporal variation of sexual expression showed that hermaphrodite species were mostly adichogamous and monoecious, submonoecious species dichogamous (protandrous andprotogynous). Herkogamy was an important mechanism promoting cross‐pollination. Of 38 hermaphrodite species, 39.5 % were herkogamous. Plant sexual systems were not associated with life form. Most species were pollinated mostly by large and medium‐size bees. Pollinator specificity and pollen load transportation, were higher for monoecious species than for hermaphrodite, submonoecious and dioecious ones. Both pollinator specificity and pollen transportation were not significantly different among representatives of the latter three sexual systems. Plant sexual systems were significantly associated with dispersal syndromes; dioecious species had bird‐dispersal syndromes, the other sexual systems mostly anemochory, epizoochory and endozoochory; but many hermaphrodites were anemochorous.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: May 2006

Holland, M. M., Risser, P. G. & Naiman, R. J. (eds.) 1991. Ecotones: The Role of Landscape Boundaries and Restoration of Changing Environments.Goldammer, J. G. (ed.) 1990. Fire in the Tropical Biota. Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges.