bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Immunity to Viral Infection: Adenovirus Infection of Lung Dendritic Cells Renders T Cells Nonresponsive to Interleukin-2
Authors: Thiele Allison T. , Sumpter Tina L. , Walker Joanna A. , Xu Qi , Chang Cheong-Hee , Bacallao Robert L. , Kher Rajesh , Wilkes David S. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAdenovirus (Ad) infection has been identified as predisposing hosts to the development of pulmonary disease through unknown mechanisms. Lung dendritic cells (DCs) are vital for initiating pulmonary immune responses; however, the effects of Ad infection on primary lung DC have not been studied. In contrast to the effects on bone marrow- and monocyte-derived DCs, the current study shows that Ad infection of murine BALB/c lung DCs in vitro and in vivo suppresses DC-induced T-cell proliferation. The effect of Ad on DCs was not due to a downregulation of major histocompatibility complex or costimulatory molecules. Analysis of the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), alpha interferon (IFN-α), and IFN-γ by the Ad-infected DCs shows no significant differences over noninfected control lung DCs. Ad-induced suppression was not due to a deficiency of IL-2 or other DC-secreted factors and was dependent on viral protein synthesis, as UV irradiation of Ad abrogated the suppressive effect. Results suggest that Ad-infected DCs induce T cells to be nonresponsive to IL-2 during primary coculture, as the addition of IL-2 in secondary cultures recovered T-cell proliferation. In vivo studies supported in vitro results showing that Ad infection resulted in lung T cells with decreased proliferative ability. This study demonstrates that Ad infection induces local immunoincompetence by altering DC-T-cell interactions.
Novel Pol II Fusion Promoter Directs Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Inducible Coexpression of a Short Hairpin RNA and Protein
Authors: Unwalla Hoshang J. , Li Hai-Tang , Bahner Ingrid , Li Ming-Jie , Kohn Donald , Rossi John J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate a novel approach for coexpression of a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) with an open reading frame which exploits transcriptional read-through of a minimal polyadenylation signal from a Pol II promoter. We first observed efficient inducible expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein along with an anti-rev shRNA. We took advantage of this observation to test coexpression of the transdominant negative mutant (humanized) of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) Rev (huRevM10) along with an anti-rev shRNA via an HIV-1-inducible fusion promoter. The coexpression of the shRNA and transdominant protein resulted in potent, long-term inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression and suppression of shRNA-resistant mutants. This dual expression system has broad-based potential for other shRNA applications, such as cases where simultaneous knockdown of mutant and wild-type transcripts must be accompanied by replacement of the wild-type protein.
Scalable Generation of High-Titer Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 in Insect Cells
Authors: Urabe Masashi , Nakakura Takayo , Xin Ke-Qin , Obara Yoko , Mizukami Hiroaki , Kume Akihiro , Kotin Robert M. , Ozawa Keiya 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

We established a method for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 5 (rAAV5) in insect cells by use of baculovirus expression vectors. One baculovirus harbors a transgene between the inverted terminal repeat sequences of type 5, and the second expresses Rep78 and Rep52. Interestingly, the replacement of type 5 Rep52 with type 1 Rep52 generated four times more rAAV5 particles. We replaced the N-terminal portion of type 5 VP1 with the equivalent portion of type 2 to generate infectious AAV5 particles. The rAAV5 with the modified VP1 required α2-3 sialic acid for transduction, as revealed by a competition experiment with an analog of α2-3 sialic acid. rAAV5-GFP/Neo with a 4.4-kb vector genome produced in HEK293 cells or Sf9 cells transduced COS cells with similar efficiencies. Surprisingly, Sf9-produced humanized
Renilla
green fluorescent protein (hGFP) vector with a 2.4-kb vector genome induced stronger GFP expression than the 293-produced one. Transduction of murine skeletal muscles with Sf9-generated rAAV5 with a 3.4-kb vector genome carrying a human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) expression cassette induced levels of SEAP more than 30 times higher than those for 293-produced vector 1 week after injection. Analysis of virion DNA revealed that in addition to a 2.4- or 3.4-kb single-stranded vector genome, Sf9-rAAV5 had more-abundant forms of approximately 4.7 kb, which appeared to correspond to the monomer duplex form of hGFP vector or truncated monomer duplex SEAP vector DNA. These results indicated that rAAV5 can be generated in insect cells, although the difference in incorporated virion DNA may induce different expression patterns of the transgene.
The Arg279Glu Substitution in the Adenovirus Type 11p (Ad11p) Fiber Knob Abolishes EDTA-Resistant Binding to A549 and CHO-CD46 Cells, Converting the Phenotype to That of Ad7p
Authors: Gustafsson Dan J. , Segerman Anna , Lindman Kristina , Mei Ya-Fang , Wadell Göran 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThe major determinant of adenovirus (Ad) attachment to host cells is the C-terminal knob domain of the trimeric fiber protein. Ad type 11p (Ad11p; species B2) in contrast to Ad7p (species B1) utilizes at least two different cellular attachment receptors, designated sBAR (species B adenovirus receptor) and sB2AR (species B2 adenovirus receptor). CD46 has recently been identified as one of the Ad11p attachment receptors. However, CD46 did not seem to constitute a functional receptor for Ad7p. Although Ad7p shares high knob amino acid identity with Ad11p, Ad7p is deficient in binding to both sB2AR and CD46. To determine what regions of the Ad11p fiber knob are necessary for sB2AR-CD46 interaction, we constructed recombinant fiber knobs (rFK) with Ad11p/Ad7p chimeras and Ad11p sequences having a single amino acid substitution from Ad7p. Binding of the constructs to A549 and CHO-CD46 BC1 isoform-expressing cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results indicate that an Arg279Glu substitution is sufficient to convert the Ad11p receptor-interaction phenotype to that of Ad7p and abolish sB2AR and CD46 interaction. Also a Glu279Arg substitution in Ad7p rFKs increases CD46 binding. Thus, the lateral HI loop of the Ad11p fiber knob seems to be the key determinant for Ad11p sB2AR-CD46 interaction. This result is comparable to another non-coxsackie-adenovirus receptor binding Ad (Ad37p), where substitution of one amino acid abolishes virus-cell interaction. In conjunction with previous results, our findings also strongly suggest that sB2AR is equivalent to CD46.
Involvement of Multiple Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses in Vaccine-Based Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Kawada Miki , Igarashi Hiroko , Takeda Akiko , Tsukamoto Tetsuo , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Dohki Sachi , Takiguchi Masafumi , Matano Tetsuro 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses are crucial for the control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Possible involvement of a dominant single epitope-specific CTL in control of viral replication has recently been indicated in preclinical AIDS vaccine trials, but it has remained unclear if multiple epitope-specific CTLs can be involved in the vaccine-based control. Here, by following up five rhesus macaques that showed vaccine-based control of primary replication of a simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239, we present evidence indicating involvement of multiple epitope-specific CTL responses in this control. Three macaques maintained control for more than 2 years without additional mutations in the provirus. However, in the other two that shared a major histocompatibility complex haplotype, viral mutations were accumulated in a similar order, leading to viral evasion from three epitope-specific CTL responses with viral fitness costs. Accumulation of these multiple escape mutations resulted in the reappearance of plasma viremia around week 60 after challenge. Our results implicate multiple epitope-specific CTL responses in control of immunodeficiency virus replication and furthermore suggest that sequential accumulation of multiple CTL escape mutations, if allowed, can result in viral evasion from this control.
Antibody Prophylaxis and Therapy against Nipah Virus Infection in Hamsters
Authors: Guillaume V. , Contamin H. , Loth P. , Grosjean I. , Courbot M. C. Georges , Deubel V. , Buckland R. , Wild T. F. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Nipah virus
(NiV), a member of the
Paramyxoviridae
family, causes a zoonotic infection in which the reservoir, the fruit bat, may pass the infection to pigs and eventually to humans. In humans, the infection leads to encephalitis with >40 to 70% mortality. We have previously shown that polyclonal antibody directed to either one of two glycoproteins, G (attachment protein) or F (fusion protein), can protect hamsters from a lethal infection. In the present study, we have developed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to both glycoproteins and assessed their ability to protect animals against lethal NiV infection. We show that as little as 1.2 μg of an anti-G MAb protected animals, whereas more than 1.8 μg of anti-F MAb was required to completely protect the hamsters. High levels of either anti-G or anti-F MAbs gave a sterilizing immunity, whereas lower levels could protect against a fatal infection but resulted in an increase in anti-NiV antibodies starting 18 days after the viral challenge. Using reverse transcriptase PCR, the presence of NiV in the different organs could not be observed in MAb-protected animals. When the MAbs were given after infection, partial protection (50%) was observed with the anti-G MAbs when the animals were inoculated up to 24 h after infection, but administration of the anti-F MAbs protected some animals (25 to 50%) inoculated later during the infection. Our studies suggest that immunotherapy could be used for people who are exposed to NiV infections.
Dual Wavelength Imaging Allows Analysis of Membrane Fusion of Influenza Virus inside Cells
Authors: Sakai Tatsuya , Ohuchi Masanobu , Imai Masaki , Mizuno Takafumi , Kawasaki Kazunori , Kuroda Kazumichi , Yamashina Shohei 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a determinant of virus infectivity. Therefore, it is important to determine whether HA of a new influenza virus, which can potentially cause pandemics, is functional against human cells. The novel imaging technique reported here allows rapid analysis of HA function by visualizing viral fusion inside cells. This imaging was designed to detect fusion changing the spectrum of the fluorescence-labeled virus. Using this imaging, we detected the fusion between a virus and a very small endosome that could not be detected previously, indicating that the imaging allows highly sensitive detection of viral fusion.
Arsenic Counteracts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Restriction by Various TRIM5 Orthologues in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner
Authors: Sebastian Sarah , Sokolskaja Elena , Luban Jeremy 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Arsenic trioxide (As
2
O
3
) increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity when particular
Homo sapiens
and
Cercopithecus aethiops
cell lines were used as targets. Knockdown of human TRIM5α by RNA interference eliminated the As
2
O
3
effect, demonstrating that the drug acts by modulating the activity of this retroviral restriction factor. In contrast, HIV-1 infectivity in target cell lines from other primate species (
Cercopithecus tantalus
,
Macaca mulatta
, and
Aotus trivirgatus
) was not increased by As
2
O
3
, despite the potent TRIM5-dependent HIV-1 restriction activity that these cells exhibit. To determine if As
2
O
3
responsiveness is characteristic of particular TRIM5 orthologues and not others, TRIM5 cDNAs from these five primate species were transduced into cat fibroblasts, which lack endogenous HIV-1 restriction activity and, therefore, responsiveness to As
2
O
3
. In this context, the HIV-1 restriction activity conferred by all TRIM5 orthologues was largely eliminated by As
2
O
3
. The effect of As
2
O
3
on HIV-1 restriction is thus shared by different TRIM5 orthologues but dependent on factors specific to the cell line in which TRIM5 is expressed.
Patterns of Perfection in Damascius' Life of Isidore
Authors: O'Meara Dominic 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this article, it is shown that, following the precedent set in particular by Marinus' Life of Proclus, Damascius, in his Life of Isidore, uses biography so as to illustrate philosophical progress through the Neoplatonic scale of virtues. Damascius applies this scale, however, to a wide range of figures belonging to pagan philosophical circles of the fifth century AD: they show different degrees and forms of progress in this scale and thus provide an edificatory panorama of patterns of philosophical perfection. Each level of the scale of virtues is shown to be exemplified in Damascius' biographies. It is suggested that few, in Damascius' opinion, reached the highest levels of virtue and that philosophical decline is intimated in his descriptions of his contemporaries.
Diabetes Nurse Educators and Preconception Counseling
Authors: Michel Brenda , Charron-Prochownik Denise 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the diabetes nurse educator’s role, practice, and training in preconception counseling (PC) when caring for adolescents with diabetes. Methods: A descriptive, correlational research design, using a cross-sectional survey technique, was used. Subjects were 2003 registered nurse members of the American Association of Diabetes Educators. A survey instrument was developed by the investigator and placed on the World Wide Web. Results: Although most of the diabetes nurse educators were aware of PC, most reported not having received any training in PC and would benefit from this education. Thirty percent of the respondents did not routinely provide PC to their adult female clients, and 40% did not provide this to adolescents. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that the diabetes nurse educators in this sample would benefit from receiving instruction about PC. The diabetes nurse educators should be trained to provide PC to all female clients with diabetes of childbearing age starting at puberty.
Low-Glycemic Index Carbohydrates
Authors: Burani Johanna , Longo Palma J. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: This retrospective study evaluated the incorporation of low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates into daily meal planning as an effective behavioral lifestyle change to improve glycemic control and weight management in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-one subjects participated in this study. All office visits and interview sessions took place in a 2-physician private medical practice setting in Wayne, New Jersey. Patients’ pre- and postcounseling HbA1c and body mass index (BMI) values and their antidiabetic medication dosages were recorded. Audiotaped interviews were conducted using the 10-question Glycemic Index Foods Quiz (GIFQ) and the 29-question Interview Questionnaire (IQ). The GI values of pre- and postcounseling meals were calculated. Assessment was based on triangulating the subjects’ adherence to the low-GI carbohydrate behavioral change and the primary outcome measures: HbA1c and BMI. Results: Low-GI medical nutrition therapy (LGI-MNT) counseling reduced HbA1c by 19% (mean drop of 1.5 U) and decreased BMI by 8% (mean loss of 17 pounds). This was accomplished by the participants independently lowering the GI values of their meals by 25% (mean reduction of 15 points). Results were achieved over a time frame of 3 to 36 months from the initial LGI-MNT counseling session. Conclusions: Daily incorporation of low-GI carbohydrates in meal planning can be an effective diabetes self-management strategy for glycemic control and weight management. The documented responses to the subjects’ conceptual and practical knowledge of the GI confirm their acceptance of this approach as a permanent behavioral lifestyle change and not a “diet.” The positive results of this study attest to what worked for these subjects, inviting diabetes educators to consider offering low-GI dietary advice to their diabetes patients.
Anterior Shoulder Stabilization in Collision Athletes
Authors: Rhee Yong Girl , Ha Jeong Han , Cho Nam Su 
Published: January 2006

Background Collision athletes are reported to be at high risk for redislocation after anterior stabilization of shoulder instability. Some authors have suggested that arthroscopic stabilization produces results similar to those of open stabilization. Purpose To evaluate the results of anterior shoulder stabilization in collision athletes and to compare the clinical results between the arthroscopic and open methods. Hypothesis Open stabilization might produce better results than does arthroscopic stabilization in collision athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Forty-eight shoulders of 46 collision athletes were enrolled for this study. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 20 years, and the mean follow-up period was 72 months (range, 30-136 months). Sixteen shoulders underwent arthroscopic stabilization; 32 shoulders had open repairs. Results Visual analog scale, Rowe, and Constant scores improved after surgery, but no statistically significant difference was found between the arthroscopic and open repair groups. Thirty-seven athletes (83%) returned to near-preinjury sports activity levels (90% recovery) after operation. Two patients (4%) had subluxation and 6 (12.5%) had redislocation after surgery. The number of shoulders with postoperative subluxation or dislocation was 4 (25%) in the arthroscopic group and 4 (12.5%) in the open group (P = .041). Revision surgery was performed on 5 shoulders (10.4%). Conclusions There were 8 (16.5%) instances of postoperative instability among the collision athletes studied. The arthroscopic group yielded a higher failure rate than did the open group. The authors believe open stabilization to be a more reliable method for anterior shoulder instability in collision athletes.
Incidence of Injuries in Elite French Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Le Gall Franck , Carling Christopher , Reilly Thomas , Vandewalle Henry , Church Julia , Rochcongar Pierre 
Published: January 2006

Background Research on age-related injury incidence in elite youth soccer is needed to identify high-risk groups. Purpose To investigate the incidence of soccer-related injuries in elite French youth players based at the Clairefontaine Football Center. Study Design Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. Methods Injuries sustained by players in the younger than 14-, 15-, and 16-year-old age groups during 10 seasons were diagnosed and documented by a sports physician according to type, location, severity, the date the injury occurred, and playing position. Results Altogether, 1152 injuries were documented across all age groups with 69.1% and 30.9% sustained during training and matches, respectively. A total of 4.8 injuries per 1000 hours’ exposure time were recorded and 11.2 and 3.9 injuries per 1000 hours for matches and training, respectively. There was no significant difference in injury frequency between age groups. The youngest group sustained more training injuries (P < .05) and osteochondroses (P < .05) and fewer match injuries than did the oldest group. Injury incidence varied throughout the season, peaking in September in all groups. The majority of injuries lasted less than 1 week (60.2%), contusions were the predominant injury type (30.6%, P < .05), and the upper leg was the site most often injured (24.5%, P < .05). Conclusion Those players younger than 14 years incurred more injuries in training and sustained more growth-related overuse disorders. Older players were more often injured during matches. Injury incidence and the frequency of overuse disorders were highest early in the season.
North American Coral Snake Antivenin for the Neutralization of Non‐native Elapid Venoms in a Murine Model
Authors: Richardson William H. , Tanen David A. , Tong Tri C. , Betten David P. , Carstairs Shaun D. , Williams Saralyn R. , Cantrell Frank L. , Clark Richard F. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
North American coral snake antivenin (CSAV; Wyeth Antivenin [Micrurus fulvius], equine origin) is approved for the treatment of coral snake envenomations in the United States. The coral snake is the only elapid that is native to North America, but envenomations from non‐native elapids are occurring more commonly in this country. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of CSAV in the neutralization of two exotic elapid envenomations: Naja naja (Indian cobra) and Dendroaspis polylepsis (black mamba).
Methods:
A randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled murine model of intraperitoneal venom injection was employed. Venom potency was determined in preliminary dosing studies. Study animals then were divided into five groups: 1) N. naja venom + CSAV, 2) N. naja venom + 0.9% normal saline (NS), 3) D. polylepsis venom + CSAV, 4) D. polylepsis venom + NS, and 5) CSAV + NS. The venom dose was chosen to be twice the estimated LD 50. The amount of CSAV injected was ten times the amount necessary for neutralization of a 2 × LD50 dose of M. f. fulvius venom in a murine model. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact and log‐rank testing to compare survival rates and times.
Results:
Preliminary studies estimated the venom LD50 to be 2.58 mg/kg and 0.45 mg/kg, respectively, for the N. naja and D. polylepsis. A significant difference was shown in comparison of survival times between CSAV–venom groups and normal saline–venom groups despite all animals in both treatment and control arms dying. Animals receiving CSAV and N. naja venom survived (mean ± SD) 24.4 ± 3.0 minutes, versus 17.8 ± 1.3 minutes in the control group (p < 0.001), whereas those receiving CSAV and D. polylepsis venom survived 203.8 ± 37.0 minutes versus 130.0 ± 42.6 minutes in the control group (p < 0.001). All animals in the CSAV + NS group survived to the conclusion of the study.
Conclusions:
When premixed with venom, CSAV increased survival time in a murine model of intraperitoneal N. naja and D. polylepsis venom injection. The clinical implications of this are unclear, given unchanged mortality rates.