bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further studies of detergency correlation
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe significance of the relationships of the linearity constants of a previously reported detergency‐micellar solubilization function (1) to surfactant HLB (hydrophile‐lipophile balance), boundary tensions, and soil dipole moment was extended, first, by demonstrating their existence in systems of four homologous surfactants with one soil or four classes of soil with one surfactant, and second, by showing in every case that they are probably physical rather than random because they contain fewer constants than the number of points (four) used in their derivation.A study of a series of surfactant‐soil systems consisting of a family of polyoxyethylated nonyl phenols and a family of saturated fatty acid soils (12舑18 carbon) revealed linearity of the R‐log (M/CMC) and surfactant HLB‐log (M/CMC) functions for values of R (ethylene oxide mole ratio) between 15舑50 and 10舑100, respectively (M=surfactant concentration giving ca 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids, and CMC=critical micelle concentration). The validity of the semi‐logarithmic functions was confirmed by the fact that they indicated linearity between R and surfactant HLB as previously reported (2). Abnormally high nonyl phenol adduct concentrations (2.7舑3.8%) were required to give good fatty acid removal. It was suggested that the initial decrease in detergency with increase of fatty acid soil HLB from 6.5舑9.8, followed by increasing detergency as the soil HLB continued to increase to 11.25, was due to differences in the relative magnitudes of the soilsubstrate adhesive forces and micellar solubilization existing in the soil HLB range.Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate was a good detergent of the saturated fatty acids, soil removal being independent of soil HLB for the 12舑18 carbon acids. The fatty acid soaps were poor detergents of these soils.A 舠net ethylene oxide solubilizing power舡 method of computing HLB was proposed, based on known polar group hydrophobe‐solubilizing values.
On the structure of highly unsaturated fatty acids of fish oils by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis
Authors: Hashimoto Tetsutaro , Nukada Kenkichi , Shiina Hisako , Tsuchiya Tomotaro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of highly unsaturated fatty acid concentrates were prepared from fish oils by the urea‐adduct method. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the mixed esters and some related pattern compounds were analyzed. As a result, it was concluded that the structure of highly unsaturated fatty acids has divinylmethane arrangement of the ethylenic bonds and no divinylethane arrangement, and that one methylene group is present between the terminal methyl group and the double bond located at the remotest position from a carboxyl group in the acids.
Thin‐layer chromatographic separation of some bromo‐and hydroxyderivatives of stearic acid
Authors: Sgoutas Demetrios , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAddition of polar substituents to unsaturated fatty acids or their methyl esters enhanced the adsorption affinity contributed by each unsaturation site to such an extent that the resulting derivatives could be easily separated by differential adsorption on a silica gel coating. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids could be separated by thin layer chromatography after either bromination of their methyl esters or oxidation of their mixture into unsaturated esters, monoenoates, dienoates, and trienoates. Furthermore, it was possible to separate the configurational isomers of the hydroxystearic acids derived fromcis andtrans hydroxylation of oleic and linoleic acids.
Fat and oil products in urethane polymers
Authors: Goldblatt L. A. , Lyon C. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUrethane polymers comprise one of the most rapidly expanding areas of the organic chemical industry. Polyurethane production, estimated at about 100 million lb in 1960, is expected to rise to 500 million lb in 1965 and to have an ultimate potential in excess of a billion lb. The polymers are used in foams (flexible, semi‐rigid and rigid), plastics, fibers, solid elastomers, surface coatings and adhesives. Fat‐ and oil‐derived products have potential utility in all these applications. Fat‐derived reactants include natural glycerides (e.g., castor oil), and other esters derived from reaction of fatty acids with polyols such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, sucrose, alkanol amines, etc., polymerized fatty acids, alkylene oxide derivatives of fatty acids and tall oil. The reactions of primary importance in the production of polyurethanes from isocyanates, including the urethane reaction, urea reaction, allophanate and biuret formation are discussed. A generalized treatment of the chemical technology involved in the preparation of representative polyurethane products is presented and the major areas in which fat and oil products are finding application in polyurethanes are noted.
Solvent extraction of pelleted oilseeds and related materials
Authors: Pritchard J. L. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method of seed preparation is described in which the comminuted seed is formed into pellets by a conventional feed pelleting mill. Small scale preparation of pellets from soybeans, expelled palm kernels, sheanuts, and rice bran is described and extraction rates for different sized pellets of soybeans and rice bran with trichloroethylene at 55C are compared. Bulk densities and solvent retention by the marc were also measured and the results showed promise of an increase in plant capacity and a reduction in steam consumption for soybeans and rice bran.Soybeans were selected for plant scale experiments in which 3.17 mm diam and 4.76 mm diam pellets were processed successfully through a Bibby basket extractor on trichloroethylene backed either by a desolventizer‐toaster or a Bibby steamer. An increase in the maximum throughput of 40舑50% with a residual oil of 0.8% in the marc for the same steam consumption as on rolled soybeans was achieved with the smaller pellets. The advantages of using the process on a hexane plant are also discussed.
Preparation of pure petroselinic acid
Authors: Chobanov D. , Agova M. , Chooparova E. , Chaluckova R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPetroselinic acid of 99.5舑100% purity has been isolated from coriander, fennel and anise oil by acid soap crystallizations at 4C, followed by urea segregations at room temperatures.
Improved procedure for extracting food fatty acids
Authors: Lough A. Kenneth , Navia Juan M. , Harris Robert S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEstimations of the fat content of food are generally based on the weight of the fraction extracted by a solvent. Unfortunately these solvents extract varying amounts of substances which are nonlipids, and they fail to extract all of the fatty acids, especially those present in complex forms. Though current procedures are simple, they are unreliable. Calories contributed by food fats can be calculated accurately only from data on the total fatty acid content of these foods.An improved method for the complete extraction of food fatty acids is described. This method involves an extraction of food samples with chloroform: methanol (2蝘1) both before and after treatment with 2 N hydrochloric acid in methanol, removal of the solvent from the combined extracts, and then extraction with chloroform.This method was compared with the AOAC method in the analysis of 18 foods for fatty acid content. The values obtained by the new method were higher in every case, and significantly higher in most cases, due primarily to a more complete extraction of the bound fatty acids. The usefulness of the new method in the routine analysis of foods was demonstrated in 58 additional food samples.
Comparison of some commercial waxes by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tulloch A. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVolatile components (hydrocarbons, monoesters, free acids as methyl esters and free alcohols as acetates) of seven unhydrolyzed commercial waxes‐ouricury, carnauba, Chinese insect, lac, esparto, candelilla and Japan wax—have been analyzed and compared by gas liquid chromatography. Though appreciable portions of the waxes were nonvolatile, the results were sufficient to distinguish the seven waxes completely. Methanolysis products were analyzed directly by gas liquid chromatography, and the results agreed with those previously obtained for hydrolysis products of these waxes. Ouricury wax gave 18% C24−C34 αω‐diols and 4% C24−C32 ω‐hydroxy acids, in addition to 28% C20−C32 aciods and 17% C22−C34 alcohols, on methanolysis.
The effect of positional and geometrical isomerism on the dilatometric properties of some octadecenoic acids
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Ward T. L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryFour isomeric octadecenoic acids, oleic, elaidic, petroselinic, and petroselaidic, were prepared and their expansibility determined. The melting dilation of each acid was calculated and found to increase in the order oleic, petroselinic, petroselaidic, and elaidic. In each instance the melting dilation of the trans acid was greater than that of its cis isomer. Of the two cis acids studied, the melting dilation was less for the acid with the double bond farther from the carboxyl end of the carbon chain. The trans acids did not follow this pattern.At temperatures above 52°C., at which all acids were liquid, the absolute specific volumes of the acids were very nearly equal whereas at temperatures below −7°C, at which all were in the solid state, the specific volumes of petroselinic and elaidic acids were at variance with the specific volumes of oleic and petroselaidic acids. This variance must be attributed to differences in crystal packing.Oleic acid clearly showed the two polymorphic forms previously recognized and, in addition, apparently reversibly transformed at about −5°C., indicating the possible existence of a third polymorphic form. These transformations of oleic acid occurred regardless of tempering, and without visual melting. The other three acids did not exhibit polymorphism under the conditions employed in the dilatometric measurements.
Determination of the fatty acid composition of partially hydrogenated tung oils
Authors: Planck Ralph W. , Pack Frank C. , Heinzelman Dorothy C. , Stansbury Mack F. , O'Connor Robert T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRecently developed spectrophotometric methods for the determination of linoleic and conjugated dienoic acids in the presence of large amounts of eleostearic acid have been applied to the determination of the fatty acid composition of a series of progressively hydrogenated tung oils. Utilizing hydrogen‐iodine values and independently obtained values for saturated fatty acids, it has become possible to calculate concentrations of isolinoleic and of monoethenoic acids. Use of these methods gives a more complete and accurate knowledge of the fatty acid composition of a partially hydrogenated tung oil, or mixture of other oils containing the same types of components, than has been obtainable by previously published spectrophotometric methods. They are also much less time‐consuming than solvent fractionation methods.Data are presented which show the changes in fatty acid composition occurring during the hydrogenation (170°, 5 p.s.i.g. H2, 0.1% Ni) of a domestic tung oil from an iodine value of 231 to 78.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. I. A survey of possible animal sources
Authors: Holman Ralph T. , Greenberg Sheldon I. 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Lipids were extracted from various tissues of lambs, hogs, and cattle, and the content of tetraenoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic acids were determined upon the lipids.

Reproductive and glandular tissue lipids have the highest contents of polyunsaturated acids. Lamb testes lipid, containing 15.6% hexaenoic acid, was found to be the richest source of this acid. It also contains 10.3% arachidonic acid. The most practical sources for isolation of these acids from the point of view of availability as well as content are beef testes lipid and hog brain lipid for hexaenoic acid and hog liver lipid for arachidonic acid.

Extraction by saponification of the entire tissue generally increases yield of total fatty acids above the yield of lipid obtained by ethanol extraction, but the total acids obtained have generally lower content of hexaenoic acid. Ethanol extraction is preferred. No lipid was extractable from dehydrated blood.
Effects of certain operating variables on the continuous solvent extraction of vegetable oils
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , P'Pool Robert S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryData have been secured on the countercurrent extraction of soybean flakes by trichloroethylene in a laboratory extraction pilot plant having a capacity of about 10 lb. per hour. Feed rates and extraction times departed only slightly from a straight line relationship with the speed of the chain used to move the flakes through the extractor. Over the ranges studied, changes in solvent‐feed ratios had a much greater effect than the extraction time on the amount of oil extracted. Over a practical range of temperatures with the solvent‐feed ratio constant, the residual oil content of the meal showed a straight line relationship with the temperature.
Chromatographic separation of unsaturated fatty acids as their 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride derivatives
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryOleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were found to react with 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride to form addition products of constant composition. Saturated acids did not react. The derivatives of mixed acids were separable into well defined bands on MgSO4 columns and recoverable as individual compounds in the eluate, with yields above 95% in each case.This technique provided the basis for a new method of analysis, which we have called the “isolation” method. Results obtained in the analysis of 100‐mg. samples of common vegetable oils compared favorably with those obtained by the spectral absorption method except that isolation values for saturated acids were lower.
The rate of development of acidity in stored tung seeds and kernels
Authors: Holmes Raiford L. , Minor Jacob C. , McKinney Robert S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWhole tung seeds, whole kernels, and chopped kernels of high, medium, and low moisture contents were sealed in tin cans and stored in incubators maintained at 25°, 31°, and 38°C. At intervals samples were removed and the acid value of the oil determined.The different temperatures used had slight effect on the rate of development of free fatty acids in the oil of the whole seeds and kernels, but the higher temperatures greatly increased the rate of development of free acid in the chopped kernels.Whole seeds containing 7% and 12% moisture were stored for 4 weeks and seeds containing 17% moisture were stored for 2 weeks, during which periods the oils developed free fatty acids equivalent to acid values of 2.0 or less. Under none of the conditions used did the acid values of the oils exceed 8.0 after storage for 13 weeks.Whole kernels developed even less free fatty acids than seeds stored under similar conditions. Kernels containing 4% and 6% moisture were stored for 12 weeks during which period the acid value of the oil never exceeded 1.5. Even in kernels containing 12% moisture the acid value of the oil did not exceed 6.0 at the end of 12 weeks.Chopped kernels with moisture contents of 5% and 7% could be stored for 12 days without developing an acid value in the oil of more than 8.0. However chopped‐kernels with a moisture content of 12% developed an acid value in the oil in excess of 8.0 in less than a week.Whole seeds with as much as 15% moisture could probably be stored for several weeks without developing an objectionable amount of free fatty acids. Since commercial hulled “nuts” practically always contain some broken kernels, to avoid development of free fatty acids in storage they should be dried to 10% or less moisture before storage.
Pilot‐plant application of filtration‐extraction to rice bran
Authors: Graci A. V. , Reuther C. G. , Eaves P. H. , Molaison L. J. , Spadaro J. J. 
Published: June 2007

Summary and ConclusionThe pilot‐plant application to rice bran of a recently developed method of solvent extraction, called filtration‐extraction, has been described.The process consists simply of mildly cooking the rice bran, cooling to about 130° F., slurrying the cooked bran with a miscella filtrate, filtering the slurry and countercurrently washing the cake three times on a continuous, rotary, vacuum filter, followed by conventional recovery of oil and meal products. The advantageous effects of cooking under the conditions described in the paper are reflected in the shorter filtration cycle time, better extractability, and virtual elimination of the fines problem. For example, tests showed that uncooked bran required filtration cycle times of more than 30 minutes compared to 30 to 60 seconds for cooked bran.This development makes available to the industry a feasible continuous solvent‐extraction process for rice bran. Feasibility of the process is due primarily to the practical elimination of the inherently serious fines problem and to other advantages of the process, such as the possibility of attaining high capacities for small units; lower solvent content of extracted cake and of final miscella, which should decrease recovery costs; lower solvent requirements; and extraction to a residual lipides of 1 to 1.5%. Because of the reduced equipment size and simplicity of the process, it should prove economically feasible for the small and medium‐sized plant, where heretofore a solvent‐extraction plant required the processing of relatively large quantities of material daily.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XI. Phytic acid as an inactivating agent for trace metals
Authors: Evans C. D. , Cooney Patricia M. , Moser Helen A. , Schwab A. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPhytic acid, a natural constituent of cereal grains and oilseeds, is shown to be highly effective in the control of metallic contamination in edible oils. Phytic acid added to regularly processed edible oils at the 0.01% level has shown a marked improvement in the organoleptic and oxidative stability of these oils.We could not establish whether the mode of action of phytic acid was the result of the direct formation of insoluble phytate salts, or the breakdown of phytic acid with the formation of phosphoric acid which would serve as the active agent. Phytic acid solutions all contained some free phosphoric acid. Most phytic acid samples darkened with age and showed a progressive increase in the amount of free phosphoric acid. To be effective, it was necessary to add phytic acid prior to the deodorization process.Evidence is presented to show that a large part of the synergistic effects of many activators can be explained by metallic inactivation. It is suggested that much of the antioxidant effect observed for rice bran, oat “flour”, and cereal brans could be the result of metal inactivation by the phytic acid present in these materials.
The chemistry of gangliosides: A review
Authors: Ledeen Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGangliosides are lipids which are found primarily in gray matter of the brain, with lesser amounts in white matter and in some tissues outside the central nervous system. At least ten different gangliosides have been isolated from brain, four of which are major components accounting for over 90% of the mixture. Three of these and possibly the fourth possess a common asialo unit consisting of ceramide, glucose, galactose, and N‐acetylgalactosamine in the molar ratios 1蝘1蝘2蝘1.Structural work emanating from the laboratories of Kuhn, Klenk, Svennerholm, and others has shown the major monosialoganglioside to be The two major disialo species contain this unit plus an additional NANA attached to terminal galactose in one case, and to the first NANA in the other. The major trisialo may also be related to these, though its structure is not yet settled.The minor gangliosides generally contain fewer carbohydrate units. One of these has been found to resemble the major ganglioside of Tay‐Sachs disease, which is a monosialo species lacking the terminal galactose of the major normal brain types. A number of neurological disorders, including other sphingolipidoses, have characteristic alterations in both pattern and level of brain gangliosides.
Immunochemical properties of glycolipids
Authors: Brady Roscoe O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipids of the nervous system and other tissues which contain at least one molecule of a carbohydrate have been shown to exhibit haptenic properties. The specificity of the antibodies produced by the administration of these materials is directed by specific portions of the carbohydrate moiety. Examples of antibodies induced by the polyhexoside and N‐acetyl neuraminic acid portions of gangliosides will be shown. The potential usefulness of such antigen‐antibody systems for structural studies will be illustrated. Some consideration will be given to the possible role of glycolipid haptens in pathological conditions such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil with sodium borohydride‐reduced catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao , Dutton H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe reaction of metallic salts in aqueous solution with sodium borohydride produces finely divided metals that are catalytically active for hydrogenation. Salts of nickel, cobalt, palladium and platinum give active catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. Iron and silver salts, when reduced with sodium borohydride, show no activity at 200C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The cobalt catalyst produces the least amount of stearate. Incorporation of palladium, platinum, copper or chromium up to 2% enhance the activity of the nickel catalyst. Copper and chromium salts, when reduced together, form catalysts that hydrogenate linolenyl groups in soybean oil seven times more rapidly than linoleyl groups. No stearate formation is observed with these binary catalysts.
Properties of frying fat. I. The relationship of viscosity to the concentration of non‐urea adducting fatty acids
Authors: Rock S. P. , Roth H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe extent of the thermal oxidative change in commercial frying fats as measured by the amount of non‐urea adducting fatty acids formed in the fat and the viscosity of the fat was compared. A direct and highly significant relationship was found. The relationship was found to be dependent upon the source and processing of the fat as well as the conditions of use.
Types of obesity: A review
Authors: Reichard George A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhether obesity is the result of excess caloric intake or an inherent metabolic aberration has long been debated. In the laboratory animal, particularly the mouse, numerous studies suggest that obesity may be divided into two broad categories, regulatory and metabolic. Typical of the regulatory obesities are those induced by surgical or chemical destruction of certain areas of the hypothalamus with resultant hyperphagia and obesity. Metabolic obesity, on the other hand, is characterized by the fact that it is the result of an inborn error of metabolism and, when compared with regulatory obesity, stands in striking contrast to it.While metabolic studies in the normal and obese human are still somewhat sparse, it is of interest to compare the results of these investigations with those obtained in the metabolic and regulatory obese laboratory animal. From this comparison it would appear that many obese humans exhibit metabolic characteristics similar to those seen in the genetically obese laboratory animal.