bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Feedback and Stimulus Control on Pulse Transit Time Discrimination
Authors: Martin John E. , Epstein Leonard H. , Cinciripini Paul M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to determine the effects of feedback on discrimination of pulse transit time (TT). Eighteen normotensive subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (I) Random Feedback Control, (II) Contingent Feedback, and (III) Feedback plus Exteroceptive Cues. For each subject an ABBA within‐session design was used in which subjects compared TT to a predetermined mean approximately every 20 sec across four phases: a 10‐min baseline, followed by two 10‐min experimental phases, and a final 10‐min baseline phase. Results for discrimination accuracy indicated superior discrimination for subjects presented exteroceptive cues and/or feedback (Groups II and III). A decrement in performance was found for both Groups II and III during the final baseline phase, with slightly better maintenance for the feedback plus exteroceptive cues subjects. Measures of EMG, respiration, HR and vasomotor activity were obtained during training and were correlated with discrimination accuracy. Results showed that none of the physiological responses were reliably correlated with discriminative performance, and probably did not function as discriminative stimuli for TT discrimination.
The Interaction of Instruction Components with Cybernetic Feedback Effects in the Voluntary Control of Human Heart Rate
Authors: London Miriam D. , Schwartz Gary E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of 20 subjects were presented with either contingent or yoked feedback for heart rate increase and decrease. Subjects were instructed to either attend to their heart (attention instructions) or to increase or decrease their physiological activity (direction instructions). Half of each contingent group made the signal go on for HR increase (tone‐on feedback) and off for decrease. The other half made the signal go off for increase (tone‐off feedback) and on for decrease. It was found that direction instructions led to significantly better HR control than attention instructions for yoked but not for true feedback. For true feedback, tone‐on led to HR increase, while tone‐off interfered, leading to overall HR decrease. This did not occur for yoked feedback, suggesting the importance of contingent feedback in this effect. An additional finding of this study was that subjects' self‐ratings of control were identical for true and yoked subjects, and did not correspond to their actual degree of control, suggesting that the feedback effects were mediated unconsciously. It was concluded that the direction component of HR instructions may obscure true cybernetic feedback effects which emerge through the manipulation of contingency and positive/negative feedback loops.
Repeated Measures F tests and Psychophysiological Research: Controlling the Number of False Positives
Authors: Keselman H. J. , Rogan Joanne C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWilson (1967, 1974) indicated that when successive measurements are obtained in psychophysiological investigations, analysis of the data with repeated measures F tests will very likely result in positively biased tests of the repeated factor null hypothesis. The present paper demonstrates how the Greenhouse and Geisser (1959) three‐step approach to significance testing, a procedure intended to control the probability of a false positive, can be applied to experimental designs containing any number of repeated measures variables. In addition, the paper contains a short computer program for obtaining a numerical solution.
Left‐Right Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognition
Authors: Dabbs James M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study presumed that when a person drinks ice water, circulation of the blood will carry cooling to the head, causing a slight temperature drop on each side proportional to the blood flow on that side. Data from right and left handed subjects showed greater temperature drop on the nonverbal side of the head, consistent with radiological findings that the nonverbal side receives more blood. Exploratory data from English and architecture students suggest more blood may go to the side embodying the subject's major talent.
Physiological Detection of Deception: Measurement of Responses to Questions and Answers During Countermeasure Maneuvers
Authors: Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological detection of deception (“lie detection”) procedures were evaluated with 24 actors, half of whom were “guilty” of a mock‐crime and half were “innocent.” All subjects were trained in the Stanislavsky method of acting and were instructed to use this method to appear innocent on the polygraph test. Two versions of the control question detection of deception test were employed: one in which subjects verbally answered immediately following each question and the other in which they delayed their verbal answer for 8 sec following each question. The delayed answer technique allowed the separate measurement of physiological responses to the questions and the answers. Skin resistance responses, cardiovascular changes, and respiration were recorded and analyzed. Excluding inconclusive results, the overall accuracy of the decisions varied between 78% and 91% depending on the test employed. The principal results were: 1) attempts by guilty subjects to appear innocent were totally ineffective, 2) physiological responses elicited by the questions were more valid indicators of deception and nondeception than were the responses elicited by the verbal answers, and 3) errors occurred more frequently with innocent subjects (between 17% and 25% depending on the measure used) than with guilty subjects (0% with each measure). Variables which may affect the generalizability of these results to the field situation are discussed and suggestions for increasing the generalizability of laboratory findings are made.
Effects of Types of Challenge on Pressor and Heart Rate Responses in Type A and B Women
Authors: MacDougall James M. , Dembroski Theodore M. , Krantz David S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies examined the blood pressure and heart rate responses of female college students categorized as Type A or B according to the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview technique. In Study I, unlike male college students, the interview‐defined Types did not differ significantly in physiological response to either a cold pressor test or reaction time task under instructional conditions that emphasized the difficulty of the tasks. Consistent with data from male subjects, however, interview ratings of potential for hostility were found for both Types to correlate positively with changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate for the reaction time task. In Study II, Type A women compared with Type Bs did show greater increases in systolic blood pressure during the structured interview and in the course of a challenging American history quiz, but as in Study I, not in a high‐incentive reaction time task. These results suggest that under some conditions (e.g., moderately challenging interpersonal exchanges) women evidencing the Type A pattern may show larger hemodynamic responses than Type Bs, but important differences may exist between the sexes in the types of situations which evoke such responses.
Skin Conductance Responses in Huntington's Chorea Progeny
Authors: Lawson Evenina A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo test the assumption that limbic dysfunctioning in Huntington's Chorea (HC) would be reflected in abnormal skin conductance responses, 25 patients were examined.Only 2 of these patient showed normal skin conductance response. A further sample of 52 first generation, asymptomatic offspring of diagnosed HC patentes were tested. Seventeen of the at‐risk subject were non‐responders compared with 2 non‐responders in the control sample of 26 subjects. The finding could be interpreted to favor the hypothesis that the presence of the pathogenic gene is correlated with electrodermal non‐responding.
Surprise!… Surprise?
Authors: Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe nature of the psychophysiological enterprise is examined as it bears on the study of the endogenous components of event‐related brain potentials (ERP). The view is taken that success in Psychophysiology should be measured by the degree to which psychophysiological data can be used in elucidating the processes that underly the behavioral product rather than by the enumeration of psychophysiological “correlates” of behavior. It is proposed that endogenous ERP components are best viewed as manifestations of the activities of “subroutines” invoked during the informational transactions of the brain.A theoretical account of an ERP component consists of the specification of the functional role of the subroutine it manifests. Studies of the P300 components are examined for the contribution they make to the development of such a theory of the P300. Experiments focusing on P300 latency and amplitude are reviewed and it is concluded that P300 may be a manifestation of the processes whereby schemas are revised. The relationship between P300 and the Orienting Reflex is discussed within the framework of this model. It is suggested that P300 amplitude may predict the memorability of events. A preliminary test of this prediction is described.
Cortical Augmenting‐Reducing — Modality Specific?
Authors: Raine Adrian , Mitchell David A. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe assumption that cortical augmenting‐reducing is independent of stimulus modality was tested by presenting both auditory and visual stimuli to 42 subjects. Cross‐modal correlations for P1N1 and N1P2 slope measures were negligible and nonsignificant. They remained insignificant using a measure independent of overall responsivity, after exclusion of “inconsistent” slope values, after equating for relative stimulus intensity, and after data transformations. No evidence was found for overall reducing in the auditory modality, although “paradoxical” reducing was observed over low intensity levels. Slopes derived from this reducing range did not correlate with visual slopes. Visual reducing was not found to be an artifact of selective EP latency jitter or scatter of the data points, but was found to correlate with confidence ratings of peak‐trough identification. These results suggest that cortical reducing is modality‐specific and is not mediated by a generalized, central inhibitory mechanism but by independent, sensory‐specific pathways. Implications were drawn for both the neuroanatomical basis of cortical augmenting‐reducing and its application in psychopathology.
Spontaneous Electrodermal Activity During Sleep and Waking in Cats
Authors: Baqué Esteve Freixa i , Delerm Bernard , Roy Jean‐Claude 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between spontaneous skin potential responses (SSPRs) and the stages of sleep and waking in freely moving cats. Five adult cats were observed during 6 sleeping sessions of several hours each, permitting the analysis of several cycles of sleep in each session. Results showed a significant decrease in SSPR frequency through the different stages of vigilance, from waking, through drowsiness and slow wave sleep, to paradoxical sleep. During this last stage, spontaneous electrodermal activity was strongly reduced and few SSPRs appeared in bursts on a background of electrodermal silence. These results are discussed in relation to the known variations in spontaneous electrodermal activity in humans during sleep and in relation to the variations in some other physiological parameters during sleep.
Tracking‐Cuff System for Beat‐to‐Beat Recording of Blood Pressure
Authors: Shapiro David , Greenstadt Lisa , Lane James D. , Rubinstein Eduardo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA system is described for the automatic beat‐to‐beat tracking of blood pressure (BP) based on the detection of Korotkoff sounds. Upon each detection, a discrete adjustment in cuff pressure is made prior to the next cardiac cycle. In comparison with other continuous tracking systems, digital control allows for estimation of systolic BP based on precise knowledge of cuff pressure at each heart beat. Simultaneous recordings of intra‐arterial pressure (radial artery) and systolic pressure measured with the tracking system were made in 4 subjects during 1‐min trials of resting, paced respiration, and mental arithmetic. Correlations of the paired measures of intra‐arterial and cuff pressure for 27 trials varied from .46 to .90 (median = .72). The standard error of estimate of intra‐arterial systolic BP varied from 1.8 to 6.3 mmHg (median = 3.6). The system can be used without discomfort to track systolic BP for 60 and 120 sec in experiments involving repeated cuff inflations. Critical features and advantages of the tracking‐cuff system for blood pressure measurement and biofeedback are discussed.
Accuracy Demonstrations, Threat, and the Detection of Deception: Cardiovascular, Electrodermal, and Pupillary Measures
Authors: Bradley M. T. , Janisse Michel Pierre 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects, half of whom committed a mock crime, were examined with both Control Question and Guilty Knowledge tests in an attempt to detect guilt or innocence. Skin resistance, heart rate, and pupil size were the physiological measures employed. Prior to the polygraph test the effectiveness of the physiological detection apparatus was demonstrated to each suhject. They were led to helieve they had been detected in either none, one, two or three of three trials in this demonstration. Subsequent detectability of subjects varied as a result of the manipulation with the Control Question test such that detectability increased as the level of demonstrated effectiveness increased. Results with the Guilty Knowiedge test were less clear. Another manipulation, threat of punishment, did not affect detection results but did alter heart rate change such that those threatened, whether guilty or innocent, received rank scores more in the guilt)’direction than those not threatened. Skin resistance was the most efficacious measure in both tests while pupil and heart measures varied in detection accuracy depending on the test employed.
Parental Hypertension and Cardiovascular Response to Stress in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Hastrup Janice L. , Light Kathleen C. , Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne indicator of elevated risk for subsequent development of essential hypertension is the presence of the disorder in either or both parents. Exaggerated cardiovascular responsivity to stress has also been suggested as a possible precursor to hypertension. This study examined the relationship between parental hypertension and the heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels of 103 healthy college‐age men, during two resting conditions and stressful cold pressor and reaction time tasks. Sons of hypertensive parents (N = 25) showed higher HR and SBP than sons of normotensive parents (N = 78) during both rest and stress, but these differences were greatest during the stressful reaction time (RT) task. No reliable differences in DBP were seen. A subsample of 45 subjects, including 14 with hypertensive parents, were also monitored during a second stress, the cold pressor test; only trends toward HR or BP differences related to parental hypertension were seen for this stress, although HR and SBP differences during the RT task were still significant (p<.05) even in this smaller group. Since the incidence of high blood pressure is known to be greater among the offspring of hypertensive parents, these findings suggest that cardiovascular responses to certain types of stress (e.g., active coping tasks) may help predict future risk of hypertension.
P300 and Slow Wave in a Message Consisting of Two Events
Authors: Ruchkin Daniel S. , Munson Robert , Sutton Samuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study is concerned with P300 and Slow Wave in an experimental paradigm in which information is transmitted by a combination of two successive events (a ‘message’). Each event delivered essential information for understanding the message, but the meaning of the message could not be determined until occurrence of the second event. The amount of information in each event was varied by varying its perceptual difficulty. Increasing perceptual difficulty causes an information loss, termed equivocation.A positive Slow Wave was elicited by both events. Slow wave was clearly increased in amplitude by equivocation in the eliciting event, and less clearly increased in amplitude by equivocation in the other event. The first event elicited a small P290 component. It could not be determined whether this component corresponded to P300. The second event elicited a large P300. This component was much reduced in amplitude by equivocation in the second event, but was only moderately reduced in amplitude by equivocation in the first event.
Individual Differences in Heartbeat Discrimination
Authors: Katkin Edward S. , Morell Marie A. , Goldband Steve , Bernstein Gary L. , Wise Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this experiment 41 subjects were trained to discriminate their own heartbeats and to discriminate an external signal. The subjects were divided into electrodermally labile and stabile subgroups. An important feature of the experiment was the development of a new procedure for assessing heartbeat discrimination, using signal detection theory methods. The results confirmed prior findings that subjects are unable to discriminate their own heartbeats without training, but that they can team such discrimination. It was also found that electrodermally labile subjects learned the heartbeat discrimination but electrodermally stabile subjects did not.
Measurement of Neonatal Blood Pressure: A New Method
Authors: Hall Pamela Sue , Thomas Sue Ann , Friedmann Erica , Lynch James J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological research on the neonatal cardiac system has focused almost exclusively on heart rate. Other cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure (BP) have been difficult, if not impossible, to examine in the newborn due to the difficulty involved in measurement. This study tested a new, non‐invasive device that simultaneously measured systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP and heart rate in the newborn. Eighty healthy babies’ BP and heart rate were measured for the first 3 days of life and the findings were compared with previous reports in the literature. BP was found to increase on each of the first 3 days of life while mean heart rate did not change during this period. State of alertness significantly affected BP and heart rate, with sucking leading to the greatest rise in BP, while crying elicited the highest heart rates. The results indicated that this new non‐invasive technology provides an important advance that has considerable bearing on future studies of neonatal psychophysiology.
Motivation and Skin Temperature Biofeedback: Yerkes‐Dodson Revisited
Authors: Bregman Norman J. , McAllister Hunter A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present experiment was to explore the relationship between motivation and task difficulty during temperature biofeedback. A 2 (task difficulty: suggestion vs no‐suggestion) × 3 (motivation: 0¢ vs 25¢ vs 50¢) design was employed. It was hypothesized that a curvilinear function would be obtained in the suggestion groups following the Yerkes‐Dodson law for moderately difficult tasks. Forty‐seven subjects were randomly assigned to the six experimental conditions and were trained to increase their finger temperature. Motivation was manipulated by paying subjects, 0, 25, or 50¢ for every. 1 °F they increased their ringer temperature over baseline for 3 days. As predicted, the results are quite compatible with the Yerkes‐Dodson law and help to clear up previous inconsistencies in the literature. A potentially important clinical implication of the above findings is that it may be to a patient's advantage to reduce his/her level of motivation for maximum results.
Cardiac Output and Blood Flow Distribution during Rest and Classical Aversive Conditioning in Monkey
Authors: Randall David C. , Cottrill Carol M. , Todd Edward P. , Price Margaret A. , Wachtel Claire C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCardiac output was measured by dye dilution in rhesus monkeys (n = 9) during rest and classical aversive conditioning. A 1‐ min tone (followed by unavoidable electric shock) served as the conditional stimulus (CS +). Cardiac output was determined at approximately 30 sec before and after onset of CS +. Conditional increases in mean blood pressure (78± 11 to 84±11 mmHg. average±SD) and heart rate (145±23 to 166 ± 31/min) were associated with a significant (p<.01) increase in cardiac output (1.32 ± .25 to 1.69±.51 L/min) and decrease in total peripheral resistance (60.8 ± 13.7 to 53.1 ± 14.8 mmHg/L/min). There were no significant changes in these variables during a different tone (CS‐) which was never followed by shock. Infusion of radio‐labeled microspheres (5 monkeys) at 25‐30 sec after CS + onset revealed a conditional increase (vs resting control) in flow to the diaphragm and certain other skeletal muscle; myocardial blood flow was not increased at this time. Flow decreased to the kidney, liver and pancreas. Elimination of the conditional increase in blood How to skeletal muscle following administration of propranolol (3 monkeys) suggests that the redistribution of cardiac output during “stress” may involve an active adrenergic vasodilation in the non‐human primate.
A Reply to Kotses and Glaus
Authors: O'Connell Michael F. , Yeaton Susan P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn rejoinder to Kotses and Glaus' critique of O'Connell and Yeaton (1981), several points of disagreement are discussed. These include the relationship between covariation and response generalization and the limitations of an operant conceptualization of EMG relaxation training.
Novelty and Significance Effects in the Fractionation of Phasic OR Measures: A Synthesis with Traditional OR Theory
Authors: Barry Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe unitary Orienting Response (OR) concept developed by E.N. Sokolov has been interpreted as requiring the covariation of a range of physiological indicators in response to manipulation of stimulus intensity, novelty and significance. After failing to find such a covariation, Barry (1979) proposed a four‐way fractionation of response indicators as an alternative to unitary OR theory. This fractionation was explored here in two experiments involving manipulation of novelty and significance. These confirmed the predicted fractionation and clarified the role of electrodermal responses relative to traditional OR theory. It was then proposed that this fractionation of responses reflected preliminary processes in OR elicitation, allowing a synthesis of Barry's response fractionation and Sokolov's traditional OR. The possible role of Maltzman's cortical set theory’ in such a synthesis was outlined.