bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON CRYSTAL GROWTH AND SOLUTION IN GLASSES*
Authors: Swift Howard R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperiments, which included the development of methods of measuring the linear rates of crystal growth and crystal solution and a study of surface crystallization, were conducted on commercial‐type glasses. A method of studying interdiffusion of two glasses of similar composition is described but no conclusions were reached.It was found that (a) the rate of crystal growth is constant until the crystallization zones from the opposite surfaces meet and (b) the curve of crystal solution is continuous with that of crystal growth as the temperature is raised above the liquidus temperature. The results indicate that dust in the atmosphere is a major contributing factor promoting surface devitrification.
GLASS DENSITY DETERMINATIONS BY SINK‐FLOAT METHOD*
Authors: Duff R. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProcedures are described which have been in use for several years in a bottle plant for the purpose of making daily determinations of glass density as a check on glass composition. These procedures are examined experimentally with a view to adopting any changes in technique, such as those suggested by Knight and others, which will yield results more quickly.This study includes (1) a comparison of alternate methods of observing sink‐float temperatures as to precision and time required, (2) determination of the effect of handling and marking samples, (3) an estimate of the variability introduced into density results by the use of samples from commercially annealed bottles, (4) a comparison of the amount and type of information which may be expected from various plans of sampling plant production, and (5) data on the reliability for use in glass‐composition control of rod samples taken from forehearths, troughs, or tap streams.The use of rod samples, prepared “as described” and without reannealing, is recommended in composition‐control work because (1) rod samples show less variability in the effect of thermal history on density than do those from lehr‐annealed bottles from a number of lehrs, (2) elapsed time between entry of batch into the furnace and the completion of density determinations on glass made therefrom is approximately three hours less than when lehr‐annealed bottle samples are used and approximately six hours less than when* reannealed samples from bottles are used, and (3) rod samples are available regardless of whether or not finished ware is being produced.
CONTROL OF COLOR ON AMBER CONTAINER WARE DURING PRODUCTION*
Authors: Manring W. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA rapid method for determining the amber color of glasses has been developed by measuring light transmission at 5250 a.u. with a revised Fisher electrophotometer. The results are in fair agreement with data obtained by slower, more elaborate equipment. Control charts show that amber color becomes darker with increased tank pull. Major causes of color fluctuation are discussed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIRCON PORCELAIN*
Authors: Russell Ralston , Mohr W. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe manufacturing characteristics, properties, uses, and future possibilities of zircon porcelain are discussed. Any of the usua1 manufacturing processes may be used, but special glazes must be employed because zircon absorbs normal glazes: The typical properties (approximate values) are (a) linear expansion, 4.5 × 10‐6 per °C., (b) thermal conductivity, 0.012 (normal porcelain, 0.004), (c) tensile strength, 13,000 Ib. per sq. in., (d) compressive strength, 100,000 Ib. per sq. in., (e) modulus of elasticity, 25 × 106 Ib. per sq. in., (f) thermal‐shock resistance, good, (g) power factor at 1 mc., 0.001, and (h) dielectric constant, 9.
SUBSTITUTION OF DOMESTIC MINERALS FOR INDIA KYANITE: VI, REFRACTORY PROPERTIES OF GEORGIA MASSIVE KYANITE*
Authors: McVay T. N. , Wilson Hewitt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe massive kyanite of Georgia is similar in structure to India kyanite, but it contains quartz with only occasional small amounts of corundum; sericite between the kyanite crystals is common. Excellent coarse grog (67% through 6‐ on 35‐mesh) can be produced from this kyanite. Maximum expansion of the rock during calcining occurs at 1400°C. with slight shrinkage thereafter.Brick were made of the kyanite grog with 3% and 10%, respectively, of EPK (Florida) clay; both had excellent resistance to load at elevated temperatures and met the reheat specifications of the Navy Department and the A.S.T.M. In the panel spalling test, Georgia kyanite brick showed approximately 20% loss, whereas India kyanite brick of the same grain size and clay content showed only 0.3% loss. Intensive prospecting is necessary and the unusual mining and cleaning operations with present known deposits make large‐scale commercial operation questionable.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FOR COMPOUNDS IN SYSTEMS Li2O‐SiO2 AND BaO‐SiO2*
Authors: Austin Alfred E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction powder patterns for 2Li2O·SiO2, Li2O·SiO2, Li2O·2SiO2, 2BaO·SiO2, BaO·SiO2,2BaO·3SiO2, BaO·2SiO2, and K2O·4PbO·8SiO2 are presented.
TESTS FOR HOT‐WATER RESISTANCE OF TANK ENAMELS*
Authors: Moore Dwight G. , Harrison William N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe resistance to attack by hot water of a representative group of commercial enamels, designed especially for use on hot‐water tanks, and of several nontank enamels was measured by the following three types of test: (A) loss of gloss after periods up to several hours in a conventional autoclave with distilled water, (B) loss of gloss after one day to two weeks in apparatus which kept the specimens in contact with constantly changing, boiling distilled water, and (C) loss in thickness after periods up to 5000 hours (208 days) in a modified autoclave with circulating aerated tap water under pressure. The tests are described in detail, comparisons are made, and the loss‐of‐gloss test with boiling distilled water as used in Commercial Standard CS115–44 is discussed.
FACTORS AFFECTING ORANGE PEEL*
Authors: Steencken John J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of spraying techniques on orange‐peel surface of porcelain enamel were studied. The volume of atomizing air per unit volume of atomized slip is the predominating factor, and the ratio appears to be 1000 to 1200 cc. of air per 1.0 cc. of slip for average conditions. The angle of incidence should be 60 degrees or more. The minimum fluid and atomizing pressures should be adjusted to suit the specific gun nozzle and tip but should maintain the air‐to‐slip ratio indicated. The following conclusions are given: (1) The type of fluid nozzle of the spray gun alone does not appreciably affect orange peel; (2) the type of air cap and its air capacity affects orange peel definitely; the tip with the largest number of orifices and greatest air capacity offers much better atomization and smoother spray, and there is a definite indication that the fineness and degree of atomization is a measure of the amount of orange peel that may be expected; (3) lowering the atomizing pressure increases the tendency toward orange peel; (4) increasing the rate of flow of the enamel through the spray gun increases the tendency toward orange peel; (5) closer spraying distances increase the tendency toward orange peel; (6) decreasing the angle of incidence of the spray increases the tendency toward orange peel; (7) a round, concentrated spray has a greater tendency toward orange peel than the wide flat spray fan; (8) increasing the application weight increases the tendency toward orange peel although good results could be obtained up to 50 to 55 gm. per sq. ft. in one coat; (9) decreasing the specific gravity of the enamel slip increases the tendency toward orange peel; the best specific gravities for spraying cover‐coat enamels are above 1.80; and (10) the viscosity of the enamel slip does not appreciably affect the orange‐peel tendencies of the enamel, but there is a definite indication that the best results are obtained with the higher viscosities.
FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION OF GLASS FORMATION*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe fundamental condition for glass formation is the existence of strongly bonded large networks or long chains of atoms in the liquid. Such chains or networks prevent or hinder the orderly orientation of atoms in the chains or networks themselves and also that of atoms, not in the networks in the liquid, near the melting point or liquidus temperature. A liquid structure will persist when the liquid is cooled below the melting point or liquidus temperature and will continue until free, long‐range movement of atoms becomes impossible. In order to obtain such long chains or large networks, it is necessary that (1) the bond strength of atoms in the chains or networks be very strong; (2) the small ring formation of these strongly bonded atoms be at a minimum; and (3) the relative numbers of various atoms in the chains or networks be such that at least a continuous chain is configuratively and structurally possible; at the same time, the coordination numbers of the glassforming atoms should be as small as possible to keep the bond strong. The general treatment is applied to all kinds of glasses, particularly oxide glasses. The bond strengths of all M—O single‐bond linkages in these glasses are calculated and tabulated here for the first time. The bond strength of all the glassformers was found to be greater than 80 kilocalories per Avogadro bond, that of the intermediates between 60 and 80, and that of the modifiers below 60; the transition is continuous, and the division into glassformers, intermediates, and modifiers is arbitrary.
CALCULATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A GLASS AS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF ITS COMPOSITION*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethods have been presented for the direct calculation of refractive index of a glass from its composition. For a given region of composition and structure of silicate glasses, defined by the ratio of Si to the total number of oxygen, or NSi, the excess refractive index (n— 1) is found to be linearly additive of composition. Equations and constants are given for various expressions of composition, including the weight percentages. Part of the constants have physical significance since they represent the refractive‐index contribution of the components concerned.
CONTRIBUTION TO REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABBE VALUE OF OXIDE COMPONENTS IN GLASS*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA plot is given showing the relationship between the refractive index, n, and the Abbe value, v, for many oxide components forming constituents of a glass, particularly of the silicate type. The n and v values were derived previously by various authors. A comparison is also given of the refractive indices of borate, silicate, germanate, and phosphate glasses.
SEMICONDUCTING CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Hausner Henry H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper presents a brief résumé on the principles of electrical conductivity. Studies were made on compositions consisting mainly of oxides such as TiO2, Fe2O3, FesO4, ZrO2, and others. The effects of composition on the electrical resistivity and its temperature coefficient of these semiconductors were investigated. The reduction of the oxides and its effect on electrical properties are described. Test results are correlated with the theory. The effect of activation energy on electrical properties of the semiconductors is also described.
AN INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND IN THE SYSTEM BeO ‐Al2O3 (CHRYSOBERYL)‐Al2O3 (CORUNDUM)*
Authors: Foster Wilfrid R. , Royal Herbert F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe results of studies in the high‐alumina portion of the system BeO‐ Al2O3 do not agree with those of previous workers. An X‐ray study of sintered and fused mixtures in this portion of the system indicates the existence of a hitherto unrecognized compound intermediate between chrysoberyl (BeO‐ Al2O3) and corundum (Al2O3) and possessing the probable formula BeO‐3 Al2O3. The new compound is optically almost identical with chrysoberyl but gives a decidedly different X‐ray pattern. Discussion and criticism of earlier work are presented with the aid of equilibrium diagrams.
EXPLOSION TESTS ON GLASS WINDOWS, EFFECT ON GLASS BREAKAGE OF VARYING THE RATE OF PRESSURE APPLICATION*
Authors: Thompson Norman J. , Cousins Edward W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTests were made to determine whether or not glass windows would be of value in preventing building damage from internal explosions involving combustible dusts or vapors It was found that the effective strength of glass panes increases in an approximate linear ratio with increased rate of pressure application. It was concluded that window glass is of dubious value for explosion venting purposes, except possibly for explosions of high pressure but of very short duration, such as those that might occur if small quantities of high explosive were placed relatively near the windows.
CERAMIC SPARK‐PLUG INSULATORS*
Authors: Riddle Frank H. 
Published: October 2006

ForewordIt was with a feeling of deep humility that I received the invitation to be the Edward Orton, Jr., Fellow Lecturer this year. Every year, when the program of the Annual Meeting is announced in The Bulletin, my first interest in it is the Orton Lecture, and the significant honor bestowed upon the man chosen to give it.The availability of the literature of The American Ceramic Society to me when I was graduated from high school and began to work in an art pottery helped me to decide to go to college and to choose the course in ceramics at Ohio State University. In doing so, I was very fortunate in having been closely associated with Doctor Orton both as a student and as an instructor. We became friends, and this friendship continued through the years. I am very grateful to have this opportunity to acknowledge the assistance and counsel of Edward Orton, Jr., and his associates.
INFLUENCE OF MINOR ADDITIONS ON COLOR AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RUTILE*
Authors: Johnson Gordon , Weyl W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn connection with some work on the color of minerals it was found that the presence of Ti3+ in rutile can originate from two basically different causes.The bluish color of certain rutile preparations due to the presence of the Ti3+ ion of Ti2O3 is the result of (a) reducing conditions causing an oxygen deficiency in the rutile lattice or (b) the presence of cations having a valency higher than four. Replacing a tetravalent titanium ion by a pentavalent ion, for example, Sb5+, forces another titanium ion into the trivalent state in order to maintain the electroneutrality of the lattice The presence of ZrO2 in TiO2 makes the rutile more susceptible to certain impurities in its lattice, thus enhancing discoloration. The value of these crystal‐chemical considerations for the opacification of enamels and the dielectric properties of ceramic bodies containing rutile or rutile‐zirconia mixed crystals is pointed out.
CORRELATION OF GLAZE‐BODY STRESSES WITH THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Cook Ralph L. , Brunner Cedric D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral lead borosilicate glazes with high to low thermal expansion were applied to a bisque whiteware body having porosities ranging from 20 to 30%, and the thermal properties were studied. Test pieces were subjected to an autoclave test at 50, 150, and 300 lb. per sq. in. and to a thermal‐shock test by quenching from 400° to 600°F. into cold water. The thermal‐expansion curves for the various glazes and for the body at each porosity were determined on the interferometer. The glaze‐fit ring test was used to determine the degree of tensile and compressive stress, and these stresses were plotted graphically with the body porosity. The resistance to crazing was increased in both the autoclave and thermal‐shock tests as the thermal expansion of the glazes, as measured on the interferometer, decreased. The 10% porosity body gave the best results in the thermal‐shock test. A close correlation was found between the thermal‐expansion curves for the glazes and bodies of varying porosity and the stress characteristics shown by the glaze‐fit ring test.
EFFECT OF REFRACTORY MILL ADDITIONS ON MOLTEN APPARENT VISCOSITIES OF STEEL GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Bruce B. D. , Sharon A. V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA viscosimeter of the rotating‐cylinder type was used to determine the effect of refractory mill additions on the molten apparent viscosity of steel ground‐coat enamel. A blend of three commercial frits was used as the base enamel to study the effect on molten viscosity of various amounts of silica, feldspar; and nepheline syenite.Results indicated that silica imparted the greatest increase in molten viscosity. Additions of feldspar and nepheline syenite of 9% or less increased the molten viscosity about the Same amount. With, however, a 12% addition of refractory, feldspar was more effective for increasing molten viscosity than nepheline syenite.
PROPERTIES AND USES OF PURE OXIDE HEAVY REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Whittemore O. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThermal conductivity, high‐temperature load‐bearing resistance, reheat shrinkage, and porosity were determined on new pure oxide heavy refractories of alumina, magnesia, and stabilized zirconia. Alumina refractories were shown to be capable of lining furnaces for operation to 1900 °C, and magnesia and stabilized zirconia refractories to at least 2300 °C. The thermal conductivity of alumina refractories was found to vary directly with density, and four mixtures are described with conductivities ranging from 6 to 18 B.t.u. per hr. per sq. ft. per in. per °F. at 1800°F. Stabilized zirconia refractories, although having twice the bulk density of fire‐clay brick, showed lower thermal conductivity. The uses and limitations of pure oxide heavy refractories are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF CORDIERITE BODIES WITH SIERRALITE, A NEW CERAMIC MATERIAL*
Authors: Lamar R. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral cordierite ceramic bodies exhibiting exceptionally low coefficients of thermal expansion and good thermal‐shock resistance have been developed. Firing ranges, coefficients of thermal expansion, and results of petrographic examinations are given for each body.Bodies prepared from sierralite, a hydrous magnesium aluminum silicate, and clay had exceptionally low coefficients of thermal expansion but short firing ranges. The addition of from 5 to 20% zircon extended the firing range greatly without materially affecting the thermal expansion or thermal‐shock resistance.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY, AND EQUIPMENT FOR SINTERING AND TESTING OF CERMET BODIES, I–III*
Authors: Blackburn A. R. , Shevlin T. S. , Lowers H. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCermet bodies, † composed of metals and oxides, are being developed for high‐temperature service. Part I covers the theoretical aspects of experiments of a fundamental chemistry nature which accompanied the laboratory development of test specimens. Compacts of metal powders (Xi, Fe, Co, Cr, and Cr‐B) were fired at 2880° to 3500°F. on pure Al2O3 tile in various controlled atmospheres. The results indicate that a controlled layer of oxide on the surfaces of the metal‐powder grains is essential for good bonding. Special furnaces, described in Part II, were necessary for the fundamental study and for sintering cermet specimens. Equipment for determining instantaneous modulus of rupture and tensile rupture, and longtime stress‐rupture in bending at temperatures up to 2400°F., is described in Part III.
COLORATION OF GLASS BY GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER*
Authors: Stookey S. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA discussion of hypotheses concerning the development of gold ruby, silver yellow, and copper ruby colors in silicate glass is presented. Experiments are described which were designed to determine whether gold dissolves in molten silicate glasses in an oxidized (ionic) state or as uncombined metal. Results are believed to prove that gold dissolves as ions rather than in the metallic state. Similar conclusions apply to silver and copper. The metal coloration results from reduction of the metal ions to insoluble metal at low temperatures, the reducing agent being Sn+2, or other polyvalent ions, as postulated by Badger, Weyl, and Rudow and by Dietzel.
METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND POWER FACTOR OF CERAMICS AT 100 MEGACYCLES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Evans Howard J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany applications of ceramic insulators used in electron tubes subject the ceramic to temperatures of several hundred degrees centigrade and to high‐frequency electric fields. At the higher radio frequencies the dielectric heating in the insulator often becomes great enough to cause the insulator to fail.This paper describes a method of measuring the dielectric constant and power factor versus temperature for glasses and ceramics at 100 mc. per second. Measurements are given for certain ceramics at temperatures up to 500 °C. and are compared with measurements made at 15 mc. per second.
Analytical Expressions for the Heat Capacities of Alkali Silicate Liquids
Authors: ELIEZER ISAAC , HOWALD REED A. , VISWANADHAM PULIGANDLA 
Published: October 2006

The available thermochemical data for silicate liquids and glasses indicate that the customary assumption of heat‐capacity additivity is not valid, particularly for liquid silicates near 1000 K. Estimates are obtained for the heat capacities of KO0.3‐SiO2, NaO0.3‐SiO2, and CaO‐SiO2 liquids. The excess heat capacity of mixing of alkali silicates at 1000 K is:
image

in units of cal mol−1 K−1. Analytical expressions are given for Cep for KO0.5‐NaO0.5‐SiO2 and NaO0.3‐CaO‐SiO2 liquids at 900 to 1800 K.
Critical thinking dispositions in baccalaureate nursing students
Authors: Shin Kyung Rim , Lee Ja Hyung , Ha Ju Young , Kim Kon Hee 
Published: October 2006

Aim.  This paper reports an investigation into the critical thinking disposition of students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing programme at a university in Korea.Background.  Critical thinking may be summarized as a skilled process that conceptualizes and applies information from observation, experience, reflection, inference and communication in a technical manner. It is more of a rational act used as an instrument rather than as a result. Critical thinking is a core competency in nursing and has been widely discussed in nursing education. However, the results of previous research on the effectiveness of nursing education in improving students’ critical thinking have been inconsistent.Methods.  A longitudinal design was used with a convenience sample of 60 nursing students; 32 students participated four times in completing a questionnaire each March from 1999 to 2002. The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory was administered to measure disposition to critical thinking.Results.  There was a statistically significant improvement in critical thinking disposition score by academic year (F = 7·54, P = 0·0001). Among the subscales, open‐mindedness, self‐confidence, and maturity also showed a statistically significant difference by academic year (P = 0·0194, 0·0041, 0·0044).Conclusion.  Teaching strategies to enhance critical thinking should be developed, in addition to further research on the effect of the nursing curriculum on students’ critical thinking. Moreover, survey instruments could be adjusted to incorporate characteristics of the Korean culture.