bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The flavour volatiles of fats and fat‐containing foods. II—a gas chromatographic investigation of volatile autoxidation products from sunflower oil
Authors: Swoboda P. A. T. , Lea C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile compounds formed during the autoxidation of freshly refined sunflower oil at 37°, as well as those produced during subsequent heating of the oxidised oil, were concentrated by vacuum distillation and separated by gas chromatography.Twenty‐two individual aliphatic compounds (carbon chain length > 5) were identified by chromatographic retention on two stationary phases, supported by confirmatory physicochemical tests for functional group and carbon skeleton on isolated microgram amounts.Semi‐quantitative analysis, using a flame ionisation detector, demonstrated a marked preponderance of hexanal in the volatile products of low‐temperature oxidation, whereas the much greater quantity of volatiles resulting from thermal decomposition of the first‐formed hydroperoxides contained major proportions of the deca‐2,4‐dienals.The formation of the identified compounds (saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons and an alcohol) can be explained in large part by accepted mechanisms for the free radical decomposition of linoleate and oleate hydroperoxides, though it is not easy to account for the quantitative aspects.
Air—water partition coefficients of some aldehydes
Authors: Buttery Ron G. , Guadagni D. G. , Okano Sumiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe air–water partition coefficients of a series of aldehydes from propanal to decanal in dilute aqueous solution have been measured by gas chromatography. The coefficients did not vary appreciably over the whole series, in contrast to the decreasing vapour pressures of the pure solutes.
A new method for the estimation of the resources of apple trees
Authors: Priestley G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development and evaluation of a new method of estimating the resources of apple trees is described. The method is based on the estimation of dry matter extracted after boiling for 2 h. with 5% w/v trichloroacetic acid (T.C.A.) and 35% v/v methanol in aqueous solution, followed by extraction with water in a Soxhlet apparatus.
Glutenins and gliadins: Electrophoretic studies
Authors: Elton G. A. H. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStarch‐gel electrophoresis has shown that reduction of the glutenins of Cappelle, Conley, Elite and Wichita wheats causes a number of components to appear, some of which have mobilities equal to those of the corresponding reduced gliadin. Several other bands are found with mobilities close to those of bands in the reduced gliadin pattern. This evidence is consistent with a hypothesis of Woychik et al. that glutenin is built up chiefly from gliadin proteins. Varietal differences are observed when four glutenins, reduced under similar conditions, are compared. It seems likely that glutenin of low molecular weight can enter starch gels during electrophoresis and superimpose an artifact stain among gliadin bands unless precautions are taken to remove it. Defatting flour does not influence appreciably the quality of the electrophoretic pattern of the derived gliadin except that contamination by glutenin is greatly reduced. Some alteration of intensity distribution can, however, be brought about by defatting, probably due to varying solubilities in the lipid solvent. No evidence for the presence of lipoprotein was found in gliadin from undefatted flour.
Physiology of bengal gram seed. II.— Changes in phosphorus compounds during ripening of the seed
Authors: Verma S. C. , Lal B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of different phosphorus fractions in the seed and pod cover of Bengal gram has been studied at different stages of growth and development. The content of dry matter and also the dry weight of the seed increased markedly over the entire period of sampling, while there was no appreciable change in the dry weight of the pod cover.Total, acid‐soluble and inorganic phosphorus contents of the seed, on percent basis, at different stages of maturity, showed a decline, whereas the phytin phosphorus increased nearly three‐fold. The phosphatide phosphorus fraction remained more or less constant: the amounts of all phosphorus fractions per 100 seeds increased at all stages of seed development.The levels of almost all the phosphorus fractions in the pod cover were much lower than in the seed at all stages of growth and most showed a fall with maturity of the seed. It appears that a major part of the nutrients, including phosphorus compounds, from the plant parts are translocated directly into the developing seed without being distributed or stored in the pod cover.
Some technical aspects influencing the quality of palm kernels
Authors: Cornelius J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeterioration in quality of palm kernels manifests itself in the development of high acidities due to inadequate drying, kernel breakage, microbiological activity and insect attack; also by the development of brown endosperms due to overheating either during fruit sterilisation or due to biological heating resulting from unsatisfactory storage conditions of both uncracked nuts and kernels. There are indications that the incidence of such quality deterioration will increase with increasing mechanisation of the industry in the producing territories unless care is taken. Ways in which the defects can be overcome are outlined. The development of brown endosperms is due to the Maillard reaction between free amino‐groups of the proteins and sugars present in the kernels and results in the proteins being denatured. In severe browning, which produces oil‐soluble melanoidins, there is evidence that these are produced from the reactions of protein amino‐groups with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes resulting from the oxidative splitting of unsaturated fatty acids.
Spectrophotometric measurements of skin colours of apples
Authors: Brearley N. , Breeze J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpectrophotometric data are presented for the following varieties of apples: Red Delicious (both solid and striped colouring), McIntosh, Winesap, and Golden Delicious. A brief description is given of experimental colour comparators, the lacquers for which were formulated from these measurements.
Variations in the thiocyanate content of kale varieties
Authors: Johnston T. D. , Jones D. I. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThiocyanate is widely distributed in Brassica crops. It has been frequently reported that these crops show goitrogenic activity and lead to reduced fertility in livestock. A simple colorimetric method for the determination of the thiocyanate in freeze‐dried samples of Brassica plants has been used to study variations within the plants and among varieties. Intra‐plant variation was found to be large with the highest concentrations in young leaves, necessitating the use of a carefully controlled sampling technique. Significant inter‐varietal differences were found which indicate that it may be possible to breed new kale varieties with a lower thiocyanate content than that present in current varieties grown as food for livestock.
The isolation, properties, and enzymic breakdown of linamarin from cassava
Authors: Wood T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method for the isolation of linamarin from Cassava is described. Using the pure glucoside, its properties and assay were investigated and a number of modifications to the previous assay procedure were introduced. The paper chromatography of the glucoside and means of detecting it on chromatograms are described.A procedure for preparing and assaying a crude preparation of linamarase is given. The variation in activity with pH, the stability of the enzyme, and its inhibition by buffers and by (1·5)‐gluconolactone are described.A suggestion is made as to the role of linamarin and linamarase in the plant.
Biochemical changes during moulding of self‐heated hay in dewar flasks
Authors: Festenstein G. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMoulding of hay was studied on samples moistened to 40% water content and allowed to heat aerobically in Dewar flasks. Reducing sugar, particularly glucose, decreased and there were increases in pH and in soluble and volatile N. Smaller increases in soluble and volatile N, as well as the conversion of nonreducing sugar to reducing sugar occurred in moistened, sterile hay incubated at 40°; these are analogous to changes during moist wilting of grass. Invertase activity in the hay was confirmed by incubation with sucrose and water.
The diffusion of salt in pork muscle and fat tissue
Authors: Wood F. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe diffusion coefficients of salt in pork longissirnus dorsi muscle between –2 and 25° and subcutaneous back fat at −2° have been determined and compared with coefficients calculated from reported results of other workers. The rate of salt diffusion did not depend on the muscle fibre direction. Freezing the muscle at −20° had no effect on the diffusion coefficient subsequently determined at −2°.
Analysis of crops and soils for residues of 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) and 2,6‐dichlorothiobenzamide (chlorthiamid). I.—Development of method
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Davies L. , Elgar K. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods are described for the analysis of residues of two new herbicides, 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile and 2,6‐dichlorothiobenzamide, in crop, soil and water samples. The methods are suitable for the analysis of samples containing the benzonitrile alone or the benzonitrile in the presence of the thiobenzamide.Gas/liquid chromatography (GLC) using electron‐capture detection can be used to dctermine 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile at 0·005 μg/ml in soil, crop and water extracts. The thiobenzamide cannot be analysed by GLC directly but is oxidised quantitatively to 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile by treatment with alkaline permanganate prior to GLC analysis. The benzonitrile and the thiobenzamide can be separated before the final analysis by partition between hexane and water.Adequate extraction procedures are described as well as clean‐up procedures using oxidation, steam distillation, thin‐layer chromatography or column chromatography.Average recoveries of 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile are between 85 and 100 % and of 2,6‐dichlorothiobenzamide between 73 and 100% depending on the sample and the extraction procedure.
Composition of the seed oil of Phalarzs canarienszs
Authors: Malik M. Y. , Williams W. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component fatty acids of the seed oil of Phalaris canuriensis are palmitic, oleic and linoleic with smaller amounts of stearic and linolenic, and a trace of myristic acid. β‐Sitosterol was also identified.
A silica gel chromatographic procedure adapted to liquid‐scintillation counting of 14c labelled organic acids from plant material and silage
Authors: Lessard J. R. , McDonald P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the separation of a wide range of organic acids present in plant material and in silage. The method consists of cold extraction with dilute sulphuric acid, followed by purification of the extract on a silica gel column. The organic acids in the purified extract were separated quantitatively using a continuous gradient‐elution system of eluents through a small silica gel column.The extraction method was found to be more efficient for extracting citric, oxalic and fumaric acids from red clover, than a standard method with ethanol, water and ion‐exchange resins.Most of the acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were detected in red clover. An unidentified acid accounted for more than 37% of the organic acidity.The activity of 14C‐labelled acids could be measured directly on the eluate from the column in combination with a liquid scintillation system.
Changes in urea‐dispersibility of proteins during maturation
Authors: Hoseney R. C. , Finney K. F. , Pomeranz Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quantity of proteins involved in gluten formation in wheat harvested at various stages of development of the grain was inversely related to absorbence at 280 mμ of 3 M‐urea extracts. The amount of protein, as determined by the biuret procedure, in the 3·0 M‐urea extracts did not change during maturation. Thus the decreasing absorbence (280 mμ) with increasing maturity between 27 to 17 days pre‐ripe seems to indicate a gradual increase in molecular weight and complexity of the synthesised proteins. The changes in formation of gluten proteins were accompanied by a decrease in water‐ and salt‐dispersible proteins, and paralleled improvement in bread‐making properties of the flours.
Chemical evaluation of orange juice in compounded soft drinks
Authors: Lewis W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA chemical procedure (based on the use of ion‐exchange resins) is described for the evaluation of the concentrations of orange juice compounded squashes and soft drinks. The method depends upon the evaluation of the natural constituent betaine which, after resin exchange separation, is precipitated as the reineckate and finally evaluated titrimetrically using standard caustic soda.Results obtained on a series of authentic orange juices of different origin show that the method is reliable, convenient and less time consuming compared with normal N, P and K evaluation and possesses the advantage of being less susceptible to the influence of soft drink additives.The method appears to be specific for citrus fruits; for example, the evaluation of orange juice in admixture with apple juice presents no undue difficulty.The mean betaine value for single strength orange juice determined by the described method is 72·4 mg/100 g with a standard error of the mean of 0·6 mg.The standard deviation over the range of 56 samples is 4·5 mg with a coefficient of variation of 6·2%.
Isolation and characterisation of wheat flour proteins. IV.—effects on wheat flour proteins of dough mixing and of oxidising agents
Authors: Mamaril F. P. , Pomeranz Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProteins dispersible in 3M‐urea increased from about 65 to 85% during mixing of dough in Farinograph. The increase was positively correlated with length of mixing. Protein dispersibility was highest in doughs mixed with five‐fold excess potassium iodate, and was lowest in flours. Intermediate amounts of proteins were extracted from doughs mixed in air, in a nitrogen atmosphere, or in air with a five‐fold excess of potassium bromate. Proteins, extracted with 3M‐urea from doughs mixed to optimum consistency, were separated by fractionation on Sephadex G‐100 columns into at least 6 fractions, constituting 3 distinct peaks. Distribution of proteins in the peaks was measured by Kjeldahl‐N, biuret, and absorbance at 280 mμ methods. Mixing in air, but not in a nitrogen atmosphere, increased substantially the amount of proteins with a molecular weight above 150,000 and decreased the amount of low molecular‐weight proteins. The effects of mixing bromated doughs were similar to mixing plain doughs in air, but the chemical modifications in bromated doughs were much more pronounced. No such changes were observed in iodate‐treated doughs. Similar changes in distribution of protein fractions were observed when the gross protein extracts or Sephadex‐fractionated proteins were studied by electrophoresis on starch gel in the presence of 3M‐urea.
Composition studies on tobacco. XXI.—The headspace vapours of leaf
Authors: Swain A. P. , Peterson R. F. , Stedman R. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure for the collection of tobacco headspace vapours without the use of steam, heat, reduced pressure or elaborate apparatus is described. Typical results are presented showing the presence of at least 35 components in the concentrated vapours from Turkish tobacco examined by temperature programmed gas chromatography. The use of selective removal techniques to classify components by functional group reactions is described, and tentative identifications of some of these components by the use of retention indices are reported.
Studies in fungitoxicity. V.—Fungicidal activity of certain dithiocarbamates
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D. , Smith C. B. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractForty‐nine derivatives of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid: dimethyldithiocarbamoylamides, N‐(dimethyl‐ dithiocarbamoylalkyl)‐amides, ‐acid esters and ‐ethers and related compounds were synthesised and tested for fungitoxicity. Of the amides, only those compounds that readily split off the dimethyl‐dithiocarbamate ion, detected by a brown colour with copper acetate, had high activity against Venturia inaequalis. Of six ethylenebis‐S‐alkanamidoalkyl dithiocarbamates, all of which readily yielded the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate ion, only those with a trichloromethyl substituent had high activity. Of the other new condensation products of N‐(l,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethyl)amides with various nucleophiles, only the 8‐oxinate was highly active.
Modification of the methane production of the sheep by supplementation of ITS diet
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Czerkawski J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe normal process of methane production in ruminants is described and it is pointed out that about 8% of the energy of the diet is inevitably lost to the animal as methane. Experiments are described which show that fatty acids and other alkyl compounds added to the diet or infused into the rumen reduce methane production by, in some instances, as much as two‐thirds. Although methanogenesis is markedly depressed, with some compounds there is little concomitant depression of the digestion of cellulose or indeed of the non‐lipid organic constituents of the diet. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of preharvest spray of plant growth regulators on size, composition and storage behaviour of coorg mandarins [Citrus reticulata (blanco)]
Authors: Rodrigues J. , Subramanyam H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMandarin orange trees bearing the monsoon crop* were sprayed with CLPA and 2,4,5‐T and NOA 8 weeks before harvest. Fruits treated with 2,4,5‐T (25 and 50 ppm) and CLPA (25 ppm) had 34, 35 and 28% more weight, respectively, than the control and also had higher percentage of juice and reduced pomace content with a corresponding increase in peel moisture. When stored for 35 days at 42‐45°F and 85‐90% R.H., the treated fruits suffered less physiological loss in weight, a greater percentage of them being in marketable condition as compared with the untreated ones. The vitamin C loss also was much less during storage. The treatments had little effect on respiratory activity, although there was a peak on the fourteenth day of storage, possibly a respiratory climacteric.
The measurement of low concentrations of nonyl alcohol vapour in the air of potato stores during sprout suppression I.—Development of gas chromatographic method and preliminary trial in a commercial store
Authors: Meigh D. F. , Currah I. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis by gas chromatography of nonyl alcohol vapour at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/l in the air of potato stores. Automatic estimations were made with the help of a heated sampling valve fitted with a polytetrafluoroethylene sample loop and controlled by a timing circuit. The method of calibration and the results of an experiment with a commercial potato store are given.
Phospholipids of marine origin IV. the abalone (Haliotis midae)
Authors: De Koning A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids of the abalone were separated into component fractions by chromatography on silicic acid. The phospholipids were remarkable for the presence (6%) of an unusual sphingolipid liberating 2‐amino‐ethylphosphonic acid on hydrolysis, and for the high proportion of plasmalogens (23%). The presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine plus ethanolamine plasmalogen (32%), phosphatidyl serine (5%), phosphatidyl inositol (5%), phosphatidyl choline (41%) and sphingomyelin (1%) were also demonstrated.The fatty acid distribhion in the phospholipids, the non‐phosphorylated lipids and the unusual sphingolipid was determined by gas chromatography.In general these results show a similarity between the phospholipid and the non‐phosphorylated lipid fatty acids, the former being richer in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids of the unusual sphingolipid were outstanding for the high palmitic (53%) and stearic acid (15%) content.
Physico‐chemical aspects of the availability of pesticides in the soil. I.—Leaching of Pesticides from Granular Formulations
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. , Hill A. C. , Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe way in which a pesticide is leached from a granular formulation differs from the way in which it is leached from a spray or dust formulation. This difference arises because granular applications do not provide the uniformity of coverage of the soil surface attainable with applications of finely divided sprays and dusts. This means that, besides the climatic factors such as temperature and quantity and intensity of rainfall that affect leaching, with granular formulations the distribution of granules over the soil is equally important. Thus the quantity of pesticide applied, the granule size, the pesticide content of the granules and their density may all affect the rate at which a pesticide is leached from the formulation. The inter‐relation between these factors has been considered theoretically and the theoretical conclusions have been tested using granules prepared by agglomeration and containing the herbicide ‘Prefix’ (2,6‐dichlorothiobenzamide).The effect of solubility of the pesticide in water has been studied using various pesticides having a range of water solubilities. As expected, the results show that the rate at which the pesticide is leached depends upon its solubility, but that the extent to which the granules break down under the influence of water can also be important.
Determination of steam‐volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor
Authors: Youssef F. G. , Allen D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved technique is described for the determination of steam‐volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor by gas‐liquid chromatography. Particular attention has been paid to the preparation of chromatographic columns. The chief advantage of the improved technique is that titration curves display a complete lack of tailing.
Analysis of crops and soils for residues of the soil insecticides aldrin and ‘Telodrin’
Authors: Elgar K. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAldrin (2 lb/acre) and ‘Telodrin’ (0.5 lb/acre) were applied as emulsifiable concentrates to plots once in 1961 or in three annual applications 1961‐3. Residues taken up into cabbage, carrots, celery, onions, potatoes and sugar‐beet, and those remaining in the soil have been determined by electron‐capture gas–liquid chromatography.The insecticide residue level in all crops was less than 0·1 ppm. Residues were found in crops grown in loam soils but not in peat, and only in the root crops (carrots, potatoes and sugar‐beet). Crop residues did not increase markedly with annual re‐treatment, but levels greater than 0·01 ppm continued to occur in carrots grown in loam soils in later seasons when treatment was not repeated.Residues were lost rapidly from soil immediately following application, dropping to about 15% of the initial values after a year, but loss thereafter was at a much slower rate.