bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Factor VIII Gene Mutations by High-Resolution Melting Analysis
Authors: Laurie Andrew D , Smith Mark P , George Peter M 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background: Single base-pair substitution mutations in the gene for coagulation factor VIII, procoagulant component (hemophilia A) (F8) account for approximately 50% of severe cases of hemophilia A (HA), and almost all moderate or mild cases. Because F8 is a large gene, mutation screening using denaturing HPLC or DNA sequencing is time-consuming and expensive.
Methods: We evaluated high-resolution melting analysis as an option for screening for F8 gene mutations. The melting curves of amplicons heterozygous for known F8 gene mutations were compared with melting curves of the corresponding normal amplicons to assess whether melting analysis could detect these variants. We examined 2 platforms, the Roche LightCycler 480 (LC480) and the Idaho Technology LightScanner.
Results: On both instruments, 18 (90%) of the 20 F8 gene variants we examined were resolved by melting analysis. For the other 2 mutations, the melting curves of the heterozygous amplicons were similar to the corresponding normal amplicons, suggesting these variants may not be detected by this approach in a mutation-scanning screen.
Conclusion: High-resolution melting analysis is an appealing technology for F8 gene screening. It is rapid and quickly identifies mutations in the majority of HA patients; samples in which no mutation is detected require further testing by DNA sequencing. The LC480 and LightScanner platforms performed similarly.
Meridian-based Grouping in Overlay Networks (Meridian-basierte Gruppierung in Overlay-Netzwerken)
Authors: Scheidegger Matthias , Braun Torsten 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The performance of peer-to-peer and overlay networks depends to a large extent on their awareness of the underlying network's properties. Several schemes for estimating end-to-end network distances have been proposed to simplify this task. The mOverlay framework identifies groups of nodes that are near to each other in the network topology. Instead of distances between nodes mOverlay measures distances between groups. However, mOverlay's locating procedure has a number of drawbacks. We propose an alternate method for identifying groups using Meridian's closest node search. Simulation results based on PlanetLab measurements indicate that the Meridian-based approach is able to outperform mOverlay in terms of joining delay, the size of the identified groups, and their suitability for a distance estimation service. This alternate method for identifying groups is our main contribution.
MHT: Eine mobilitätsbewusste verteilte Hash-Tabelle (MHT: A mobility-aware Distributed Hash Table)
Authors: Landsiedel Olaf , Heer Tobias , Wehrle Klaus 
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung
Mobile Ad-hoc-Netzwerke und verteilte Hash-Tabellen (DHT) besitzen ähnliche Eigenschaften in Bezug auf Selbstorganisation, Dezentralisierung, mangelnde Infrastruktur und die Notwendigkeit von Redundanz. Die hohe Knotenmobilität und die Dynamik des Netzwerks sind jedoch eine besondere Herausforderung für das Design und insbesondere für die Skalierbarkeit einer verteilten Hash-Tabelle in mobilen Ad-hoc-Netzwerken. In diesem Beitrag wird das Design einer mobilitätsbewussten verteilten Hash-Tabelle (MHT) vorgestellt. MHT ist ein mobiles, skalierbares und strukturiertes Peer-to-Peer-System, das nur wenig Informationen über die Umgebung eines Knotens im Netzwerk benötigt. Weiterhin werden Herausforderungen diskutiert, wie Churn, Lastverteilung und Sicherheit, die sich für den Einsatz einer MHT ergeben. Der besondere Schwerpunkt sind hierbei die Unterschiede, die sich zu Internet-basierten Systemen ergeben.
Benchmarking Platform for Peer-to-Peer Systems (Benchmarking Plattform für Peer-to-Peer Systeme)
Authors: Kovačević Aleksandra , Kaune Sebastian , Liebau Nicolas , Steinmetz Ralf , Mukherjee Patrick 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The benefits of the peer-to-peer paradigm have been proven through various applications besides file sharing. The requirements for the design of peer-to-peer overlay networks vary according to its purpose. In order to compare existing overlay networks and determine their suitability for specific purposes, requirements are defined with abstract quality attributes. Once the benchmarking set (quality attribute, metrics, and scenarios) is identified, experiments should be applied under the same circumstances on each overlay in order to obtain comparable results. This paper presents PeerfactSim.KOM, a simulator providing a benchmarking platform for peer-to-peer systems, especially for overlay networks. It supports defined benchmarking sets for all kinds of peer-to-peer overlays through an implemented catalogue of metrics and a simple but comprehensive scenario specification. Various peer distributions and churn rates are given which also supports geographical-location dependence. The platform is extensible due to its modular design and can scale up to around 106; peers for simple overlays such as Gnutella and 105; for more complex overlays like Kademlia.
Voltammetry and Electrocatalysis of Achromobacter Xylosoxidans Copper Nitrite Reductase on Functionalized Au(111)-Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Welinder Anna C. , Zhang Jingdong , Hansen Allan G. , Moth-Poulsen Kasper , Christensen Hans E. M. , Kuznetsov Alexander M. , Bjørnholm Thomas , Ulstrup Jens 
Published: September 2007

A long-standing issue in protein film voltammetry (PFV), particularly electrocatalytic voltammetry of redox enzyme monolayers, is the variability of protein adsorption modes, reflected in distributions of catalytic activity of the adsorbed protein/enzyme molecules. Use of well-defined, atomically planar electrode surfaces is a step towards the resolution of this central issue.
We report here the voltammetry of copper nitrite reductase (CNiR, Achromobacter xylosoxidans) on Au(111)-electrode surfaces modified by monolayers of a broad variety of thiol-based linker molecules. These represent positively charged and electrostatically neutral, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, aliphatic and aromatic, and variable-length micro-environments, as well as their combinations. Optimal conditions for enzyme function seems to be a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface linker properties, which can lead to close to complete non-catalytic monolayer interfacial electron transfer function and electrocatalysis with activity approaching enzyme activity in homogeneous solution. Thiophenol (combined hydrophobic stacking and interdispersed water molecules), 4-methyl-thiophenol (hydrophobic and water molecules), and 3- and 4-aminothiophenol (hydrophilic, hydrophobic) offer the overall most efficient micro-environments. Subtle differences with even small structural linker differences, however, lead to widely different electrocatalytic properties, strikingly illuminated by the ω-mercaptoamines. CuNiR thus shows highly efficient, close to ideal reversible electrocatalytic voltammetry on cysteamine-covered Au(111)-electrode surfaces, most likely due to two cysteamine orientations previously disclosed by in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy. Such a dual orientation exposes both a hydrophobic and a positively charged, hydrophilic surface feature. In contrast, the higher cysteamine homologues expose only the hydrophilic component with no electrocatalytic activity on these surfaces. These results offer a basis for rational surface design in forthcoming biological electrocatalysis useful both fundamentally and in novel biosensor technology.
Comparison of Chloroform–Methanol-Extracted and Solvent-Free Triglyceride Determinations in Four Fish Species
Authors: Bennett Pamela M. , Weber Lynn P. , Janz David M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Lipids, including triglycerides, are important variables in fish bioenergetics and can be used to estimate overall fish condition. Triglycerides are the major energy storage form in fish and therefore are a more ecologically and physiologically relevant measure of bioenergetics than total lipids. Chloroform–methanol-extracted total body lipids (Bligh and Dyer) and total body triglycerides determined in chloroform–methanol extracts and unextracted whole-body fractions were measured in four fish species: northern pike Esox lucius, burbot Lota lota, slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, and spottail shiners Notropis hudsonius. Determinations of total body lipids were consistently greater than those of total body triglycerides when measured in the same solvent-extracted fraction, although both measures followed similar trends. In an effort to eliminate the need for extraction with organic solvents, we compared the performance of an enzyme-based triglyceride assay in both the solvent-extracted fraction and a whole-body unextracted homogenate for each fish. The chloroform–methanol-extracted triglyceride values were consistently lower than triglycerides measured in the unextracted whole-body homogenate. In addition, comparison of triglyceride measurements revealed limitations to the solvent extraction and subsequent triglyceride determinations in lean fish. Thus, in addition to being simple, rapid, and not requiring organic solvents, determination of triglycerides in an unextracted whole-fish homogenate may be a useful alternative to chloroform–methanol-based methods of lipid extraction and subsequent triglyceride measurement.
The Effect of Multiple‐Dose, Oral Rifaximin on the Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Midazolam in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Pentikis Helen S. , Connolly Margaret , Trapnell Carol B. , Forbes William P. , Bettenhausen Doug K. 
Published: September 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate the potential of rifaximin, an oral nonabsorbed (< 0.4%) structural analog of rifampin, to induce human hepatic and/or intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, with use of a known CYP3A probe, midazolam.Design. Prospective, randomized, open‐label, two‐period, crossover study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Twenty‐seven healthy adult volunteers.Intervention. During the first treatment period, subjects received a single dose of either intravenous midazolam 2 mg over 30 minutes or oral midazolam 6 mg on day 0. From days 3–10, they received rifaximin 200 mg every 8 hours. On days 6 (after the 9th dose of rifaximin) and 10 (after the 21st dose of rifaximin), subjects received a concomitant single dose of intravenous or oral midazolam. After a 15‐day washout period, subjects were crossed over to the other formulation of midazolam, and the treatment schedule was repeated, with the second treatment period starting on day 26 and single‐dose administration of midazolam on days 26, 32, and 36. Serial plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses.Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetic parameters of single‐dose intravenous or oral midazolam were determined alone and after coadministration of rifaximin for 3 and 7 days. Rifaximin coadministration did not alter the measured pharmacokinetic parameters for midazolam or its major metabolite, 1′‐hydroxymidazolam. The 90% confidence intervals for the maximum concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (bioavailability) were all within 80–125% for intravenous and oral midazolam. Therefore, no drug interaction was observed between rifaximin and midazolam. Coadministration of midazolam and rifaximin was well tolerated.Conclusion. Overall, 3–7 days of rifaximin 200 mg 3 times/day did not alter single‐dose midazolam pharmacokinetics. Rifaximin also does not appear to induce intestinal or hepatic CYP3A activity.
Assessment of source water pathogen contamination
Authors: Dechesne Magali , Soyeux Emmanuel 
Published: September 2007

During the last decade, the source to tap risk-based approach to pathogens in drinking water has been largely promoted. This paper addresses the issue of source water pathogen contamination, which is the first step of quantitative microbial risk assessment. It is focused on a selection of pathogens considered to be a major risk to human health. Source water quality is highly variable and understanding the reasons for this variability is important as it will influence the requirements for treatment, treatment efficiency and the resulting health risk associated with the finished water.
A framework for source water microbial quality assessment based on catchment surveys and monitoring programmes was set and tested on ten water sources. The monitoring programmes included faecal indicators and pathogens, during both baseline and hazardous event conditions. Concentrations varied greatly within and between systems. Faecal indicators were shown to be poor surrogates for pathogen presence and concentrations. There was no recurring evidence that the pathogens correlated together and links between microbial parameters appeared to be very site specific. Such variability between systems shows the importance of running local monitoring programs for use in risk assessment. Finally, pathogen detection methods are not yet optimal due to their sensitivity and to the lack of knowledge on viability and infectivity of pathogens. A great effort needs to be made in the future to ensure better quality data as this may have large implications in the statistical risk assessment calculations.
Estimation of the consumption of cold tap water for microbiological risk assessment: an overview of studies and statistical analysis of data
Authors: Mons M. N. , van der Wielen J. M. L. , Blokker E. J. M. , Sinclair M. I. , Hulshof K. F. A. M. , Dangendorf F. , Hunter P. R. , Medema G. J. 
Published: September 2007

The volume of cold tap water consumed is an essential element in quantitative microbial risk assessment. This paper presents a review of tap water consumption studies. Study designs were evaluated and statistical distributions were fitted to water consumption data from The Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany and Australia. We conclude that the diary is to be preferred for collecting water consumption data. If a diary is not feasible, a 24 h recall would be the best alternative, preferably repeated at least once. From the studies evaluated, the mean daily consumption varies from 0.10 L to 1.55 L. No conclusions could be drawn regarding the effects of season, age and gender on tap water consumption. Physical activity, yearly income and perceived health status were reported to influence water consumption.
Comparison of the different statistical probability distribution functions of the datasets demonstrated that the Poisson distribution performed better than the lognormal distribution as suggested by Roseberry and Burmaster.
For quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) it is recommended to use country-specific consumption data and statistical distributions, if available. If no country specific data are available we recommend to use the Australian distribution data from the Melbourne diary study (Poisson, λ=3.49 glasses/d) as a conservative estimate.
Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in flat starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004)
Authors: BODEN L. A. , ANDERSON G. A. , CHARLES J. A. , MORGAN K. L. , MORTON J. M. , PARKIN T. D. H. , CLARKE A. F. , SLOCOMBE R. F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Research into risk factors specific for fatality in flat racing should be focused at a regional level as the risk factors may differ among countries and even regions within countries.Objective: To identify risk factors for fatality of Thoroughbred racehorses in flat starts on all racecourses in Victoria, Australia between 1989 and 2004.Methods: Fatalities comprised all horses that died during or immediately after a flat race or official flat trial, and all horses that were subjected to euthanasia within 24 h of an event in which an injury was sustained. The retrospective study involved 283 case starts and 3307 control starts. Univariable and multivariable backward stepwise logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for fatality at any one start.Results: In the final multivariable model, horse gender, prior racing history, race length, racing year, racecourse location and track rating were associated with fatality.Conclusions: This study identified specific risk factors for fatality. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that horses accumulating high speed exercise are predisposed to catastrophic injury. The study has also highlighted the need to investigate further the adverse effects of different track ratings on the incidence of injury and subsequent fatality.Relevance: The results will facilitate the development of effective strategies to improve overall safety of horses and jockeys in flat racing in Victoria, Australia.
Clinical use of the locking compression plate (LCP) in horses: a retrospective study of 31 cases (2004–2006)
Authors: LEVINE D. G. , RICHARDSON D. W. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Fracture repair and arthrodesis in horses require rigid fixation in order to achieve early post operative comfort. The locking compression plate (LCP) was designed to allow greater stability and less periosteal disruption than conventional plates. Objective: To describe a series of clinical cases in which the LCP was used for fracture stabilisation or arthrodesis. Methods: Medical records, radiographs and follow‐up for 31 horses having fracture stabilisation or arthrodesis with the LCP were reviewed. Reasons for treatment included fracture of the olecranon (n = 2), metatarsal III (n = 2), ilial shaft (n = 1), femur (n = 2), radius (n = 2), medial condylar (n = 5) and complex lateral condylar (n = 1); or arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint (n = 8), proximal interphalangeal joint (n = 8) and carpus (n = 2). Results: Of the 31 horses, 27 were discharged from the hospital. Complications included incisional infection (32%), implant infection (19%), implant loosening/breakage (22%), contralateral limb laminitis (16%), colic (3%) and diarrhoea (3%). Follow‐up was available on all horses with at least 6 weeks of follow‐up ranging up to 25 months. Of the 31 horses, 25 are sound for intended purpose, one is lame and 5 were subjected to euthanasia for complications associated with the original injury. Conclusions: The LCP is an acceptable means of fracture stabilisation and arthrodesis in the horse. Potential relevance: The LCP should be considered for difficult fracture configurations and arthrodeses, especially when increased stability of the fixation is needed.
Preparation and characterization of cobalt–bismuth nano- and micro-particles
Authors: Odeh I. M. , Mahmoud S. , Vassilev G. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
An attempt at the preparation and characterization of Co – Bi nano- and micro-particles is presented. Firstly, predetermined compositions were obtained by simultaneous precipitation from solutions containing Bi(NO3)3 · 5 H2O and Co(NO3)3 · × H2O. The precipitates were heated under oxygen flow and in air, and thereafter reduced to metals under hydrogen flow at 673 K. Correlation between the predetermined and the actual compositions of the products was found. Characterization of the precipitates was carried out employing X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The dimensions of the particles vary from nano- to micro- scale sizes. It was found that face centered cubic cobalt (i. e. fcc-Co modification, that is metastable up to 695 K) is the predominant cobalt phase while the hexagonal close packed cobalt (hcp-Co) is only present in small amounts. Thermodynamic calculations have shown that the molar specific surface energy of the fcc-Co should be around 0.5 J m−2 less than that of the hcp-Co (3.2 J m−2), in order to make the small fcc-Co particles more stable than those of hcp-Co.
Thermodynamic modelling in the ZrO2–La2O3–Y2O3–Al2O3system
Authors: Fabrichnaya O. , Zinkevich M. , Aldinger F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe thermodynamic database for the ZrO2– La2O3– Y2O3– Al2O3system has been derived using previous descriptions for the six binary systems and the ternary ZrO2– La2O3– Al2O3system. The parameters of the Y2O3– Al2O3system were adjusted due to changes in the Y2O3thermody-namic parameters. The thermodynamic parameters of the La2O3– Y2O3system were slightly changed to get consistency between calculations and new experimental results for the ZrO2– La2O3– Y2O3ternary system. Diverse kinds of phase diagrams of the ZrO2– La2O3– Y2O3and La2O3– Y2O3– Al2O3ternary systems have been calculated. The present thermodynamic description of the quaternary system is consistent with available experimental results for lower-order systems. It was used to calculate isoplethal sections for compositions related to thermal barrier coating (TBC) and its interaction with thermally grown oxide Al2O3. TheT0-lines have been calculated for diffusionless transformations between fluorite, tetragonal, monoclinic and pyrochlore phases in the ZrO2– LaO1.5system as well as driving forces for partitioning of non-equilibrium phase into equilibrium phase assemblages. These data could be applied for determination of desirable ranges of material composition for TBC.
Applications of thermodynamic calculations to Mg alloy design: Mg–Sn based alloy development
Authors: Jung In-Ho , Hoon Kang Dae , Park Woo-Jin , Kim Nack J. , Ho Ahn Sang 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recently an Mg – Sn based alloy system has been investigated actively in order to develop new magnesium alloys which have a stable structure and good mechanical properties at high temperatures. Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg – Al – Mn – Sb – Si – Sn – Zn system was performed based on available thermodynamic, phase equilibria and phase diagram data. Using the optimized database, the phase relationships of the Mg – Sn – Al – Zn alloys with additions of Si and Sb were calculated and compared with their experimental microstructures. It is shown that the calculated results are in good agreement with experimental microstructures, which proves the applicability of thermodynamic calculations for new Mg alloy design. All calculations were performed using FactSage thermochemical software.
Is it a compound or cluster energy formalism?
Authors: Oates W. Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Compound Energy Formalism was not developed by using standard statistical mechanical procedures. If it had been, the model would have been based on cluster solution members instead of on compound end members. In its present form, using the Bragg – Williams approximation, the distinction between these two types of entity has no impact on the model's application, with one notable exception – the case of vacancy properties in intermediate phases. The distinction between the two viewpoints becomes more significant, however, for the future development of the model. It is not clear how short range order or the effects of atomic size mismatch can be explicitly taken into account in its compound end member form. Both of these features are readily absorbed into the model, however, when cluster solution members are considered to be the important entities.
Segmentation within the State: The Reconfiguration of Tibetan Tribes in China's Reform Period
Authors: Pirie Fernanda 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Despite the upheavals of collectivisation and reform, the nomadic pastoralists of Amdo, in the north-eastern part of the Tibetan plateau, maintain that they substantially retain historic forms of tribal organisation. The governmental structures of the modern Chinese state have replaced the hereditary rulers, kings and monastic leaders who formerly exercised leadership over the nomads' tribes. However, ideologies of revenge and practices of feuding still characterise relations between tribal groups. Moreover, the nomads continue to turn to senior Buddhist lamas as mediators, despite the criminal sanctions imposed by the police. It is suggested that these elements represent a continuity in tribal forms within the framework of control now exercised by the nation state. An uneasy relationship between tribes and state has long characterised this region and continues to do so in the modern world.