bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems with weather satellite program raise concerns
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

A major U.S. weather and environmental satellite program has gone over budget and is years behind schedule mostly due to poor management oversight, the U.S. Department of Commerce inspector general testified at an 11 May hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Science Committee.The National Polar‐orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is a set of six satellites that are intended to replace weather satellites currently used by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD).As of March 2005, the program was to be completed for $6.8 billion, and the first satellite launch take place in 2009.
ESA extends solar observatory mission
Authors: Sarah Zielinski 
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency (ESA) announced on 24 May that it would extend the life of its Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) from April 2007 to December 2009.Since it was launched in December 1995, SOHO has provided scientists with a view of the Sun's interior by recording seismic waves across the Sun's surface. “This mission extension will allow SOHO to cement its position as the most important spacecraft in the history of solar physics,” said SOHO project scientist Bernhard Fleck.
Report on marine mammal stranding
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released a report on 27 April indicating that U.S. Navy sonar transmissions may have played a role in the stranding of more than 150 melon‐headed whales on 3 July 2004 off the coast of Kauai, Hawaii. At the time of the stranding, which resulted in one whale death, the Navy was preparing to conduct sonar activities as part of a military exercise.The report notes that six naval surface vessels transiting to the area on the previous night intermittently transmitted mid‐frequency active sonar. That activity is “a plausible, if not likely, contributing factor” to the stranding event. There was no significant weather, natural oceanographic event, or known biological factors that would explain the animals' movement into the bay nor the group's continued presence in the bay, according to report lead author Teri Rowles, NOAA marine mammal veterinarian.
Hurricanes and the U.S. Gulf Coast: Science and sustainable rebuilding
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The knowledge available among AGU members provides scientific expertise on nearly all of the physical environment of the dynamic Gulf Coast ecosystem complex. Intelligently rebuilding features such as fisheries, oil fields, seaports, farms, and wetlands after hurricanes Katrina and Rita will require ‘a well‐constructed collaborative effort to maximize the role of science in decisions made about the rebuilding,’ wrote Charles Groat, former director of the U.S. Geological Survey, in a news article published in Eos that stimulated an AGU meeting of experts.As a step toward developing a scientific basis for safer communities along the Florida‐Alabama‐Mississippi‐Louisiana‐Texas coastline, AGU convened an interdisciplinary ‘Conference of Experts’ on 11–12 January 2006 to discuss what we, as Earth and space scientists, know about the present and projected environment in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast areas affected by the hurricanes of 2005. Twenty scientists, all experts in the fields of science relevant to the Gulf Coast, met to consider ideas for a coordinated effort to integrate science into the decision‐making processes necessary for the area's sustainable rebirth. Political, economic, and social issues were intentionally not discussed. Nevertheless, it was recognized that these issues are intertwined with science and are of paramount importance.This report contains a summary of the discussion and is intended to be helpful in providing scientific understanding useful in redevelopment of the affected area.
Extending AGU's digital library
Authors: Collins Curtis , Bougeret Jean‐Louis , Costa John , DeFries Ruth , Freymueller Jeffrey , Penner Joyce , Stein Ross , Suyehiro Kiyoshi , Zeng Xubin 
Published: October 2006

AGU has a long and proud history of publishing. The Union's most visible and stalwart publication, the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), traces its roots to 1896, when the journal Terrestrial Magnetism first appeared. Since then, AGU's publications have come to include more than a dozen journals, books, maps, and the venerable Eos Transactions, which you are reading now.By far, the largest amount of AGU's published output has been in the form of printed media. Print communications have served scholars for centuries, and they remain valuable. However, today's investigators expect to conduct research in the digital environment of the Internet, where material can be more easily found, accessed, and utilized. Consequently, it is common for scholarly publishers these days to convert their older, print content so that it is accessible and usable on the Internet, a process often called ‘retrospective digitization.’ AGU is embarking on such a process.
New officers assume leadership
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The 2006–2008 AGU officers assumed their leadership roles on 1 July. To prepare for their roles, incoming Council members participated in a Leadership Conference on 20–21 May in Annapolis, Md., just prior to the Joint Assembly in Baltimore, Md.This year's conference focused on the responsibilities of Council members as directors of a not‐for‐profit corporation, and how these responsibilities shape the direction of AGU policy, programs, and activities. Participants had an opportunity to obtain information and context to help them meet their responsibilities as leaders of AGU, to build common understandings with other Council members and Focus Group and committee chairs, and to contemplate the future directions of the Union and its needs.
Risley prisms: 125 years of new applications
Authors: Carter William E. , Carter Merri Sue 
Published: October 2006

Nearly everyone today is familiar with at least one use for optical scanners, the laser bar code scanners found at the checkout counters in virtually every retail store.What many people may not know is that optical scanners are essential components of many modern scientific instruments. In astronomy, for example, scanning spectrometers have been widely used for many years, and more recently optical scanning technology has been used to build motion compensators for large aperture astronomical telescopes (See for example, http://www.noao.edu/noao/noaonews/dec92/art29.html).
On “Avoiding the theory trap”: A second comment
Authors: Tacker R. Chris 
Published: October 2006

I concur with David Morrison's recent forum article ("Avoiding the theory trap when discussing evolution," Eos, 87(9).2006) but disagree wilh the suggestion that we abandon the use of the word 'theory.'A subtext to Morrison's article was the need to use the vernacular. l agree. Evolution has been the object of a long and focused smear campaign built on lies, half‐truths, and distortions. Scientists have largely failed in countering these lies with the simple truth. The way information is presented to the public needs to be changed.
An integrated strategy for food security in developing countries
Authors: Aswathanarayana Uppugunduri 
Published: October 2006

Under the auspices of the 93rd Indian Science Congress—a broad‐spectrum annual gathering of Indian scientists—and as a part of the event “Science, and the U.N. Millennium Development Goals,” this author organized a panel discussion entitled “Biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions of food security in the developing countries,” which was held on 6 January 2006 at Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India.The purpose of the panel discussion was to develop an integrated strategy to make use of the consilience among bio, nano, and information technologies; innovative agricultural and management practices; and administrative policies, in order to achieve the United Nations [U.N.] Millennium Development Goal of halving by 2015 the number of undernourished people in the world, which currently totals about 850 million people. Of these, 221 million live in India, with 142 million in China.
Lake Erie hypoxia prompts Canada‐U.S. study
Authors: Hawley Nathan , Johengen Thomas H. , Rao Yerubandi R. , Ruberg Steven A. , Beletsky Dmitry , Ludsin Stuart A. , Eadie Brian J. , Schwab David J. , Croley Thomas E. , Brandt Stephen B. 
Published: October 2006

Because of its size and geometry, the central basin of Lake Erie, one of North America's Great Lakes, is subject to periods in the late summer when dissolved oxygen concentrations are low (hypoxia). An apparent increase in the occurrence of these eutrophic conditions and ‘dead zones’ in recent years has led to increased public concern. The International Field Years for Lake Erie (IFYLE) project of the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL, a U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) laboratory), was established in 2005 in response to this increase.This project is investigating the causes and consequences of hypoxia in the lake. As part of the effort, scientists from the United States and Canada conducted an extensive field study in 2005 to gather more information on the duration and extent of the hypoxic zone and its effects on the biota in the lake. This article gives a brief history and description of the problem and presents initial results from the field study.
Argo floats complement biological remote sensing
Authors: Uz B. Mete 
Published: October 2006

Within the past decade, satellite observations of ocean color have provided a global view of biology within the ocean's surface layer and revealed how phytoplankton abundance varies in response to various physical forcings ranging from the large scales of seasonal cycles and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, to planetary waves, eddies, and coastal filaments at smaller scales. The maturing Argo network of profiling floats now provides a way to put these remote sensing measurements into a vertical context.The true test of any scientific discipline is prognostic capability. In physical oceanography, the ocean dynamics are fairly well understood, and their prediction hinges on the measurement of key variables at the proper spatial and temporal scales so as to validate and initialize models. Remote sensing coverage of these key parameters, such as sea surface temperature and height anomalies, has been available for 30 and 15 years, respectively. As a result, recent advances in numerical modeling are bringing operational forecasting of ocean circulation within reach.
Field campaign examines hurricane origins
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

In order to study the genesis of hurricanes, NASA will conduct an extensive field program off the west coast of Africa from 17 August through September. The project, called the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA),will use surface observation networks, aircraft flyovers, and satellite data to characterize tropical low pressure systems and thunderstorms within monsoons as the air moves over western Africa into the eastern Atlantic Ocean. These tropical air masses, called ‘African Easterly Waves,’ can evolve into tropical hurricanes that drench regions surrounding the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the U.S. eastern seaboard.“The tropical Atlantic experiences 60 to 70 tropical waves in a given season, but on average only 10% of these become named storms,” explained Jeff Halverson, a meteorology professor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and a mission scientist for NAMMA.“The overarching goal of the NAMMA experiment is to understand why so few of these tropical waves develop into fullfledged hurricanes,” he said.
Titan mission data now available
Authors: Zielinki Sarah 
Published: October 2006

European Space Agency (ESA) has made public the data from four of the six experiments on the Huygens probe, which landed on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan in January 2005.Data is available from the following instruments: the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument, which measured the physical and electrical properties of the moon's atmosphere; the DopplerWind Experiment, which studied the direction and strength of Titan's winds; the Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP), which collected aerosols; and the Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer, which analyzed data from the ACP and measured the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
Updating the map of Earth's Surface conductance
Authors: Vozár Ján , Semenov Vladimir Y. , Kuvshinov Alexey V. , Manoj Chandrasekharan 
Published: October 2006

Studying the Earth's deep conductivity structures, important for developing our understanding of the dynamics of the Earth, is complicated due to effects of the shallow conductive structures on the electromagnetic (EM) responses for periods larger than hours. The results of the deep EM soundings can be heavily distorted by the surface shell conductance, which varies from fractions of Siemens (S) inland to up to tens thousand of Siemens in the oceans. Thus, separating the effects caused by those variations and by deep conductivity structures is an important step during interpretation of the data.This article reports on efforts to overcome these difficulties by providing high‐resolution, global maps of the Earth's surface shell conductivity structure, from which deep conductivity can be interpolated. Using finescale regional surface schemes of conductance for the shallow structures (S‐maps) overlain and compiled into broader spatial maps, scientists will b e able to use data products from these efforts to accomplish research goals of the currently running USArray (http://www.emscope.org) and for the planned Euro‐Array (http://www.euroarrayorg), projects that aim in part to regionally map the conductivity structures at upper and middle mantle depths by using magnetotelluric (MT) and magnetovariation (MV) methods.
Report highlights climate change risk to oceans
Authors: Zielinki Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Human‐induced changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will have severe consequences for oceans, concluded a 31 May report from the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU).The WGBU wrote the report, which was released in English on 26 July, in order to draw attention to the need to develop climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and to contribute to the development of a European Union ocean policy.
SMART‐1 spacecraft to crash into Moon
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency's (ESA) spacecraft SMART‐1 (Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology) concludes its nearly three‐year mission by crashing into the lunar Lake of Excellence on 2 or 3 September.The craft has used an innovative electric propulsion engine—which works by expelling xenon gas ions to produce thrust and is powered by solar panels—to orbit first the Earth and then the Moon.With a miniature camera and X‐ray and infrared spectrometers, SMART‐1 has been mapping the moon since March 2005. This is the first spacecraft to detect calcium and magnesium from orbit, which are potential clues to the origin of the Moon.
Digital Acquisition, Analysis, and Visualization in the Earth sciences
Authors: Oldow John S. , Walker J. Douglas , Aiken Carlos L. V. , Xu Xueming 
Published: October 2006

Perhaps the greatest obstacle to building an integrated Earth science cyberinfrastructure is the disconnect between the collection of field data and the construction of an associated digital database. This was recognized as a major issue by participants of the Integrated Solid Earth Science Cyberlnfrastructure workshop held at the University of Kansas in 2003, and led to a workshop spanning three days in April 2006, sponsored jointly by the U.S. National Science Foundation and GEON, the Geosciences Network (http://www.geongrid.org).Twenty‐eight participants with backgrounds in a broad range of disciplines from institutions in the United States were joined by representatives from Canada, the United Kingdom, and China to explore the motivations and issues surrounding digital acquisition, analysis, and visualization through a series of demonstrations, breakout sessions, and plenary discussions.
Hispanic Scientist of the Year
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Inés Cifuentes, AGU's Education and Career Services Manager, has been named the 2006 National Hispanic Scientist of the Year by the Museum of Science and Industry in Tampa, Fla.The award recognizes Hispanic scientists “who promote a greater public understanding of science and motivate Hispanic youths' interest in science.” Cifuentes will receive the award at a 28 October 2006 ceremony.
Real‐time underwater sounds from the Southern Ocean
Authors: Boebel Olaf , Kindermann Lars , Klinck Holger , Bornemann Horst , Plötz Joachim , Steinhage Daniel , Riedel Sven , Burkhardt Elke 
Published: October 2006

Marine sound, natural or anthropogenic, has long fascinated scientists, mariners, and the general public. The haunting songs of humpback whales and the pings of antisubmarine sonar, among other sounds from the oceans, convey allure and suspense.Recently, that suspense has moved from television screens to courtrooms, where navies, scientists, and environmentalists have clashed over the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals [Malakoff, 2002]. Triggered by atypical mass strandings of primarily beaked whales in concordance with naval sonar exercises off Greece in 1996 and the Bahamas in 2000, substantial efforts to obtain baseline data to understand the possible effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals have commenced. Recent advances include dive and vocalization records of beaked whales [Johnson et al., 2004] and detailed observations of the behavioral response of sperm whales on seismic signals [Jochens et al., 2006].
AGU scientists testify at Climate Change Hearing
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

AGU recently helped the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform to organize the hearing by suggesting potential witnesses and outlining potential topics to explore, such as the global carbon cycle, rapid climate change, climate feedback processes, and satellite measurements. Climate change falls within the committee's broader interest in the federal government's programs on energy and resources. Four AGU members testified at a 20 July hearing.In his opening statement, Committee Chair Rep.Tom Davis (R‐Va.) said,“We are here today to acknowledge that too many elected officials have for too long been MIA [missing in action] on this issue. We hope to begin changing that. But first we need to step back and ask some basic but critical questions. Exactly what is climate change, and where are we with the science?”
India bolsters GPS Network for earthquake hazard assessment
Authors: Mohanty Manoranjan 
Published: October 2006

Following the great Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004, India has strengthened crustal deformation studies in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and adjoining regions by using the global positioning system (GPS).The rupture characteristics of the earthquake in this region are not well resolved through the seismological data.Although GPS observations in the Andaman and Nicobar region just before and after the earthquake have provided improved estimates of rupture characteristics [Gahalaut et al., 2006], there is still a need for detailed GPS‐aided crustal deformation studies in order to understand the geodynamics of the region.
Scientific drilling for climate‐tectonic research in Southeast Asia
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Soh Wonn , Harrison Mark , Zheng Hongbo 
Published: October 2006

The tectonic evolution of the Earth's lithosphere affects the behavior and development of the planet's atmospheric and oceanographic systems, yet the nature of these interactions presently is understood only in outline. The Asian monsoon system, which sustains two‐thirds of humanity, appears to be one of the most dramatic examples of such interactions. However, it is unclear how much of its intensity is controlled by slow, solid Earth dynamics and how much is controlled by short‐term, potentially anthropogenically influenced processes.Climate models suggest a strong link between Tibetan altitude and the strength of the monsoon. Nevertheless, models that link mountain building and climate change largely are untested, even in this dramatic example. There is little agreement on the ages of either an intensified monsoon or the Tibetan Plateau, although a period eight million years ago (Ma) does appear to have been a time of increased wind strength and drying of Central Asia. Some researchers have suggested that this period also may have been a time of accelerated plateau growth. Moreover, the relative influence of tectonic versus orbital forcing on monsoon intensity is poorly understood.
On “Johann von Lamont: A pioneer in geomagnetism”
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

I offer a few brief comments and additional information with regard to the article by H.Soffel (Eos, 87(25), 247,2006) on the work of Johann von Lamont.In the early years of Lamont's directorship at the Munich Observatory, he was assisted by Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909). Geomagnetism was Neumayer's first and greatest passion, and later in his life he played a leading role in international geomagnetic cooperation and the First International Polar Year (1882–1883).
Data acquisition for volcano monitoring
Authors: Orazi Massimo , Martini Marcello , Peluso Rosario 
Published: October 2006

In the past decade, systems and techniques for volcano monitoring activities have improved rapidly. The scientific community focused on the development of new methods and techniques, while the electronic systems for experimental activity and monitoring networks were developed mainly by commercial companies.However, these commercial systems often do not fit simultaneously all the needs of geophysical research. A new project, led by the Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) ‘Osservatorio Vesuviano’ (OV) in Naples is trying to fill this niche with the development of data acquisition systems for multiparametric volcanic monitoring.
Internet mapping tools make scientific applications easy
Authors: Lyon Steve W. , Lembo Arthur J. , Walter M. Todd , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: October 2006

Organizing complex information in the form of a map is a powerful and effective way of communication.This is especially true when linking spatially distributed scientific information to [real‐world] applications. However, creating an intuitive and easy‐touse interface between the user and the data requires a large amount of development time for user feedback and programming.To reduce this development time, it is now possible to couple spatial data with the increasingly popular Google Earth software (http://earth.google.com) package (Figure 1). (The products mentioned in this work do not indicate an endorsement by the authors. Additionally, the authors have no affiliation with the GoogleTM company) This free‐to‐use package allows users to avoid the costs associated with other high‐end geographical information systems (GIS). While other free Internet GIS packages exist, including NASA's World Wind (http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov) and Microsoft's Virtual Earth (http://local.live.com), one significant advantage of Google Earth is the use of Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for managing three‐dimensional geospatial data. KML is an XML‐based markup language that can be used to import and overlay user‐defined data (vector or image form) and control views and zooming.