bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative histological study of early clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: HUBBARD B. M. , FENTONM G. W. , ANDERSON J. M. 
Published: May 2008

Brains from 70 unselected general hospital necropsy cases aged. 60–95 years were surveyed histologically for changes of Alzheimer's disease using Congo Red‐Gallocyanin preparations. Counts were made of neurofibrillary tangles in two areas of the neocortex, the hippocampal formation and the substantia innominata. Neurons were counted in the subiculum of the hippocampus, the substantia innominata and the locus coeruleus. In addition, a retrospective enquiry was made concerning the mental health of the patients in the study; cognitive performance was graded on the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS 1–7).Four cases (5.7%) had clinical and pathological changes amounting to early Alzheimer's disease. Tangles were very numerous in all areas and there was a 30% deficit or more of neurons in at least two of the structures counted. Although the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was not recorded during life, all had shown signs of early cognitive decline (GDS grades 3–6).A further six cases (8.6%) showed excessive tangle accumulation which may represent preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Tangles were present in the temporal neocortex (Brodmann area 22), whereas they were absent in the remainder of the survey. Tangle density in the hippocampal formation (>50 tangles in a 10 μm section) was also above the baseline level of the majority of cases. However, neuron loss was not widespread in these cases and none had shown evidence of cognitive impairment.The findings confirm that the early stages of Alzheimer's disease commonly occur amongst general hospital necropsies. The emergence of clinical signs of dementia appears to be related to the loss of a critical volume of neurons and not to tangle accumulation alone.
Nerve and muscle biopsy in a case of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type III with basal lamina onion bulbs
Authors: Bomemann A. , Hansen F. J. , Schmalbruch H. 
Published: May 2008

A. Bornemann, F. J. Hansen and H. Schmalbruch (1996) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 22, 77‐81Nerve and muscle biopsy in a case of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type III with basal lamina onion bulbsA girl presented at age 8 months with generalized hypotonia and areflexia. The parents were unrelated and without symptoms. At the age of 2 years and 10 months she was able to stand and walk with support. Intellectual development was normal. The mean fibre size in the lateral vastus muscle was normal, the variability was slightly increased. Type I and II fibres tended to be aggregated, but there was no type grouping. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were less than 6 m/s. The sural nerve lacked myelin sheaths, and large non‐myelinated axons were surrounded by concentric layers (‘onion bulbs’) of basal lamina material. The disease was classified as ‘autosomal recessive hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type III(HMSN (III) with basal lamina onion bulbs’. The muscle biopsy findings suggest that congenital amyelination or hypomyelination does not necessarily result in neurogenic atrophy.
Case report
Authors: Love S. , Bateman D. E. , Hirschowitz L. 
Published: May 2008

S. Love, D. E. Bateman and L. Hirschowitz (1997) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 23, 512–515Case report. Bilateral λ light chain amyloidomas of the trigeminal ganglia, nerves and rootsWe describe a patient who developed chronic bilateral trigeminal neuropathy that was found at autopsy to be due to λ light chain amyloidosis involving the trigeminal nerves, ganglia and roots bilaterally, as well as part of the intrapontine course of the trigeminal nerve fibres. No amyloid was found elsewhere in the nervous system or systemically. Review of previous reports indicates that the clinical features of trigeminal amyloidosis are quite stereotyped, with initial trigeminal neuralgia or dysaesthesiae, and subsequent development of facial anaesthesia and weakness of muscles of mastication. The disorder is usually unilateral but may rarely, as in the present case, occur bilaterally.
Mulched cover crops as an alternative to conventional weed management systems in vineyards
Authors: STEINMAUS S , ELMORE C L , SMITH R J , DONALDSON D , WEBER E A , RONCORONI J A , MILLER P R M 
Published: May 2008

SummaryConventional methods of weed management in vineyards rely primarily on herbicides and tillage. The desire to adopt alternatives to these methods is driven by environmental and economic reasons. Weed suppression and grape yield under mulched cover crop systems at two rainfed northern California vineyards were similar to, and at times exceeded, those under conventional tillage or herbicide management. Cover crop productivity was positively correlated with weed suppression and mulch decomposition rates and seemed to be determined primarily by location and then by cover crop type. The mulch from mowed cover crops averaged 603(± 94) gm−2 at the two sites. Weed suppression was linked to light interception by the mulch cover for most weed species. Subterranean clover planted directly in the vine row significantly reduced weed cover where it established. The increased dominance of the perennial Convolvulus arvensis and reduction of certain annual species was indicative of species compositional changes in all treatments. Profits under the cover cropping systems exceeded those under conventional tillage and herbicide systems by € 794 ha−1 averaged over the duration of the experiment at both locations.
Investigation of threatened arable weeds and their conservation status in Turkey
Authors: TÜRE C , BÖCÜK H 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAgronomic operations carried out in arable lands may cause changes in weed populations and also decrease the number of animal species that depend on these weed species. An emerging paradigm is the conservation and sustainability of weed species. In this study, risk status of arable weeds in Turkey was evaluated and it was determined that 112 of them (76 endemic and 36 non‐endemic species) were at risk according to the IUCN Red List. Turkey is extremely diverse, with over 3000 endemic plant species out of nearly 12 000 recorded. Considering endemic weeds, they are classified in the following risk categories: critically endangered (four weed species), endangered (EN) (six), vulnerable (VU) (14), near threatened (seven), least concern (41) and data deficient (DD) (four species). Among the non‐endemic weeds, three species are EN, 31 VU and two are DD. The families with the highest threatened weed species are Scrophulariaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. The identification of weed species in arable habitats and their risk status is a useful tool for assessing and monitoring how the sustainability of weed populations is affected by farming practices. The results show the necessity of adopting new environment‐friendly agricultural methods to conserve the high number of endemic weed species under threat in Turkey.
Bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in patients receiving a single course of isotretinoin for nodulocystic acne
Authors: Tekin Nilgun Solak , Ozdolap Senay , Sarikaya Selda , Keskin Selda Isık 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground High‐dose isotretinoin has been reported to have adverse effects on bone mineral density (BMD); however, studies evaluating changes in BMD with isotretinoin therapy at different dosages and with varying treatment durations have produced conflicting results.Objective To investigate the effect of a standard, single course of isotretinoin therapy on BMD and bone turnover markers in patients with nodulocystic acne.Methods Thirty‐six patients (15 male, 21 female) with severe, recalcitrant, nodulocystic acne and 36 healthy controls (16 male, 20 female) were enrolled in the study. Patients received isotretinoin treatment for 4–6 months until a cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg had been achieved. BMD in the lumbar spine and femur was measured at baseline and at the end of therapy by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Serum calcium, phosphate, parathormone, total alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, free deoxypyridinoline, and urinary calcium were also measured before and at the end of treatment.Results No significant differences were found in lumbar spine and femoral BMD between the patient and control groups at the beginning of the study (P > 0.05), and no statistically significant difference was observed between the BMD values in patients at the beginning vs. the end of treatment (P > 0.05). No statistically significant difference in bone turnover markers was found between patients and controls at the beginning of the study (P > 0.05), and no statistically significant changes in bone turnover markers were observed in patients at the beginning vs. the end of treatment (P > 0.05).Conclusion A single course of isotretinoin therapy has no clinically significant effect on bone metabolism.
Unusual case of Epstein–Barr virus DNA tissue positive: Blood negative in a patient with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Levenson Brian M. , Ali Sabina A. , Timmons Charles F. , Mittal Naveen , Muthukumar Alagar , Payne Deborah A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract: Detection of PTLD uses PCR to detect circulating EBV DNA in the blood or in situ hybridization to identify EBV DNA in tissue biopsies. EBV DNA was detected in the tissue section using both real‐time PCR and in situ hybridization. We report an unusual presentation of PTLD with no detectable EBV DNA in the blood using EBER‐1 and EBNA‐1 PCR assays. This report suggests that the use of EBV‐PCR for the early detection of PTLD in blood samples may not be 100% effective in detecting disease.
Arterial Vascularization of the Uropygial Glands (Gl. Uropygialis) in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and Silver Polish (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Atalgin H. , Kürtül İ. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThis study focused on the morphological characteristics of the uropygial glands of the Japanese quail and silver polish, particularly the arterial nourishment. With this respect, coloured‐latex injected animals were dissected and their glands and related arteries were observed. The gland in the Japanese quail was relatively longer than that in the silver polish. The first caudal segmental arteries in the Japanese quail were specialized as the uropygial gland artery while the fourth caudal segmental ones were continued as the uropygial gland artery in the silver polish. Branches from the second and third caudal segmental arteries and skin also contributed bilaterally to the vascularization of the gland in the Japanese quail. Observing the more complex arterial structure in the Japanese quail suggests more active uropygial gland in this species, when compared with the silver polish.
Morphological Investigations on the Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri in Mole‐Rats (Spalax leucodon)
Authors: Aydin A. , Yilmaz S. , ÖZkan Z. E. , Ilgün R. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe aim of the present study is to investigate the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole‐rats (Spalax leucodon). Six adult mole‐rats were used for this purpose. Coloured latex was injected into the left ventriculus of the hearts of all the animals. After careful dissection, the circulus arteriosus cerebri (the circle of Willis) was investigated. The cerebrum and the cerebellum were supplied by the internal carotid‐ and the basilar arteries respectively forming the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole‐rats. In the investigated objects, the internal carotid‐ and the basilar arteries were not united directly and for this reason the circulus arteriosus cerebri was not formed completely in mole‐rat. The branches supplying the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum originate from the basilar artery formed by union of the left and right vertebral arteries and the internal ophthalmic, the caudal cerebral, the choroid, the median cerebral, the rostral cerebral arteries originated from the internal carotid artery. After giving off the medial cerebral artery, the right and left rostral cerebral arteries on every two sides divided into the lateral and medial twin branches and by union of the lateral branches the internal ethmoidal artery, and by union of the medial branches, the ramus extending to facies medialis cerebri were formed. The ramus extending to the facies medialis cerebri was anastomosed with the branch of the caudal cerebral artery on the back of the corpus callosum. The last part of the basilar artery gave the two branches running toward the right and left side on the pontocrural groove (sulcus pontocruralis) and every one of these branches ramified into two rami. One of these rami formed into the rostral cerebellar artery and the other one extended to the tectum mesencephali. In conclusion, the arterial circle of the cerebrum and cerebellum was supplied by the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery respectively in mole‐rats.
Developments in the epidemiolgy of invasive fungal infections – implications for the empiric and targeted antifungal therapy
Authors: Hof H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryInvasive fungal infections are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized, immunocompromised patients. Whereas in hematologic patients aspergilli represent the major problem along with Candida spp., in surgery departments yeast infections are more prevalent. For the empiric as well as the targeted therapy of mould infections with high mortality rates, several antifungals can be given alone or in combination. So far, resistance among aspergilli is uncommon. In yeast infections one has to respect that a relatively large number of causative agents, especially Candida glabrata and C. krusei, can be resistant to azoles, in particular to fluconazole; cross‐resistance with other triazoles, such as voriconazole, may occur as well. Coverage of most pathogens involved in life‐threatening fungal infections is crucial for empiric treatment. Since caspofungin has a broad spectrum of antifungal activities and is effective even against fungi with azole resistance, this drug should be preferred for initial, empiric therapy of yeast infections, since there are practically no caspofungin resistant strains among clinical isolates. Early start with an adequate empirical antifungal therapy is associated with an improved survival of patients with invasive Candida infections. Once the diagnosis is completed and a susceptibility pattern of the causative agent is available, a targeted therapy can be given respecting pharmacology, side effects and interactions with co‐administered drugs.
Antifungal agents – clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions
Authors: Lipp Hans‐Peter 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAchievement of therapeutic drug levels appears to be mandatory when antifungal agents are used for the treatment of manifest mycoses. Based on the marked interindividual variability of trough levels, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring is of increasing concern during treatment with itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. In addition, a broad spectrum of potential drug interactions has to be kept in mind during triazole treatment. In contrast, echinocandins reveal a more comfortable class of antifungal agents in this regard with no obvious incidence of nephrotoxic side effects compared to amphotericin B and its lipid formulations.
Empiric vs. preemptive antifungal treatment: an appraisal of treatment strategies in haematological patients
Authors: Rieger Christina T. , Ostermann Helmut 
Published: May 2008

SummaryNeutropenic patients are at high risk to develop invasive fungal infections (IFI). Immediate antifungal treatment has been considered necessary for the treatment of these patients. However, only a minority of patients have ‘probable’ or ‘proven’ IFI according to EORTC‐/MSG‐criteria. The majority of the patients present with ongoing fever in neutropenia or ‘possible’ IFI only. To date, two treatment strategies are used for patients with fever in neutropenia and suspected IFI: empirical or preemptive antifungal therapy.Both regimens are discussed controversially as there is no clear evidence as to which strategy is superior. Empirical treatment bears the danger of ‘overtreatment’ with potentially toxic and expensive drugs, whereas preemptive therapy may sometimes be initiated too late to work efficiently against fungal disease. This article reviews both treatment options and discusses advantages and draw‐backs of either strategy.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis treated efficiently with caspofungin
Authors: Hof Herbert , Schnülle Peter 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis was on steroids (20 mg prednisolone per day) when he fell ill with an atypical pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis, which was diagnosed by detection of antigen in repeated bronchial lavage specimens. Because other treatment options were contraindicated, he received intravenous caspofungin starting with a loading dose of 70 mg and a maintenance dose of 50 mg daily over 3 weeks thereafter. The patient’s complaints subsequently resolved within days after initiation of treatment. Tolerability of the drug was excellent. No relapse occurred during the ongoing 4 years, although immunosuppressive therapy continued.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women's experience when interacting with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: A brief note
Authors: Campbell Alistair , Hayes Barbara , Buckby Beryl 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is one of the most widely used screening instruments for maternal perinatal anxiety and depression. It has maintained its robust performance when translated into multiple languages, when used prenatally and when used with perinatal fathers; thus the tool is also known as the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS). However, there have been no published psychometric data on versions of the EPDS adapted for screening Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. We describe the development of ‘translations’ of the EPDS and report their basic psychometric properties. Method:  During the Queensland arm of the beyondblue National Postnatal Depression Program (2001–2005), partnerships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women were forged. At TAIHS’ stand alone “Mums and Babies” unit 181 women of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent were recruited into the study through their antenatal and postnatal visits and 25 were recruited at Mt Isa. Participants completed either the translation or the standard version of the EPDS both antenatally and postnatally. Results:  The ‘translations’ of the EPDS demonstrated a high level of reliability. The was a strong correlation between the ‘translations’ and the EPDS. The ‘translations’ and the standard EPDS both identified high rates of women at risk of depression although the ‘translations’ identified higher rates. Conclusion:  We argue that the ‘translation’ may have been a more accurate predictor of perinatal women at risk for depression, but acknowledge that a lack of validity evidence weakens this conclusion.
Profile of the rural allied health workforce in Northern New South Wales and comparison with previous studies
Authors: Smith Tony , Cooper Rod , Brown Leanne , Hemmings Rebecca , Greaves Julia 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:  To survey allied health professionals in one region of New South Wales. Design:  A questionnaire designed to give a profile of the allied health workforce was mailed to 451 practitioners from 12 health professions between July and September 2005. Setting:  The region included the upper Hunter Valley, Liverpool Plains, New England Tablelands and North‐west Slopes and Plains of New South Wales. Main outcome measures:  The overall response was 49.8%, although the response rates varied between disciplines. Data were collected for a wide range of dependent variables. Results:  Pharmacists were the most numerous respondents (21.8%), followed by physiotherapists (17.3%), psychologists (12.4%), radiographers (11.1%) and occupational therapists (10.6%). These five professions made up 73.3% of respondents. Approximately 75% of the sample worked in Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Areas (RRMA) 3 and 4 sized towns. The female to male ratio was 3:1. The mean age was 43 years, the average time since qualification was 20 years and the mean time in the current position was 10 years. Half of the respondents said they intended leaving within 5 years. Some 65% were of rural origin. The ratio of private to public sector employment was 0.75:1, with 64.0% working full‐time. Conclusions:  Comparison is made between this and previous studies. The results highlight the need for further regional allied health workforce profiling and for a recruitment and retention strategy that targets new graduates of rural origin and encourages them to stay.
Association between low thigh fat and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jun Dae Won , Han Jee Hye , Kim Sang Heum , Jang Eun Chul , Kim Nam In , Lee Jun Seok , Song Moon Hee , Kim Seung Hwan , Jo Yoon Ju , Park Young Sook 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Some people have a fatty liver despite having low visceral fat and a low body mass index (BMI). We investigated whether fat distribution, especially thigh subcutaneous fat and thigh intramuscular fat, is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:  The patients consisted of 408 men and women. NAFLD was defined by an ultrasound scan and excluded other liver diseases. Visceral, subcutaneous abdominal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous thigh adipose tissue was measured by computed tomography.Results:  The frequency of NAFLD decreased over a quartile of thigh fat independently of BMI in the female patients. Additional adjustments for age and visceral fat area did not change the results. This finding was not observed in the male patients. To investigate the relationship between each fat distribution and NAFLD, we performed a logistic regression analysis. Fat distribution was divided into four groups: visceral fat, abdominal subcutaneous fat, thigh subcutaneous fat, and thigh intramuscular fat. All four fat components were chosen as variables for the regression model. Age, BMI, and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index were then adjusted successively. A larger subcutaneous fat area was negatively associated with NAFLD after adjustment for visceral fat and abdominal subcutaneous fat areas in women, but not in men. It did not change even after age adjustment, BMI, and the HOMA index.Conclusion:  Low femoral subcutaneous fat amounts were shown to be independently associated with fatty liver disease in women. These results show the importance of accurate measurements of other regional body compositions as well as visceral fat amounts when investigating NAFLD.