bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yeast UBL-UBA proteins have partially redundant functions in cell cycle control
Authors: Díaz-Martínez Laura A , Kang Yang , Walters Kylie J , Clarke Duncan J 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Proteins containing ubiquitin-like (UBL) and ubiquitin associated (UBA) domains have been suggested to shuttle ubiquitinated substrates to the proteasome for degradation. There are three UBL-UBA containing proteins in budding yeast: Ddi1, Dsk2 and Rad23, which have been demonstrated to play regulatory roles in targeting ubiquitinated substrates to the proteasome for degradation. An involvement of these proteins in cell cycle related events has also been reported. We tested whether these three proteins act redundantly in the cell cycle.

Results
Here we show that the UBL-UBA proteins are partially redundant for cell cycle related roles. RAD23 is redundant with DDI1 and DSK2, but DDI1 and DSK2 are not redundant with each other and the triple deletion shows a synthetic effect, suggesting the existence of at least two roles for RAD23 in cell cycle control. The rad23Δddi1Δdsk2Δ triple deletion strain delays both in G2/M-phase and in mid-anaphase at high temperatures with duplicated spindle pole bodies. Cell cycle progression in the triple deletion strain can only be partially rescued by a rad23 allele lacking the c-terminal UBA domain, suggesting that RAD23 requires its c-terminal UBA domain for full function. In addition to their ability to bind ubiquitin and the proteasome, the UBL-UBA proteins also share the ability to homodimerize. Rad23 and Dsk2 dimerization requires their UBL and/or UBA domains whereas Ddi1 dimerization does not. Here we show that Ddi1 homodimerization is necessary for its cell cycle related functions.

Conclusion
The three yeast UBL-UBA proteins have partially redundant roles required for progression through mitosis.
Ultrahigh Sensitive Color Dosimeters Composed of Photochromic Diarylethenes and Fluorescent Metal Complexes
Authors: Irie Setsuko , Irie Masahiro 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Dithienylethene derivatives, which undergo thermally irreversible photochromic reactions, were applied to sensitive color dosimeters. Upon γ-irradiation, polystyrene films containing diarylethene derivatives, such as 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1) or 1,2-bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-thiazolyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2), and fluorescent metal complexes turned blue or red. Even if the absorbed dose was as small as 10 Gy, a clear color change was observed.
Preparation of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Thiophene–Silica with Spherical Macrostructure
Authors: Cho Eun-Bum , Kim Dukjoon 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Highly ordered mesoporous thiophene–silica powder was prepared using nonionic PEO–PLGA–PEO triblock copolymer templates and a 2,5-bis(triethoxysilyl)thiophene organosilica precursor under acidic conditions. The mesoporous thiophene–silica materials prepared with the EO16(L29G7)EO16 template were observed to have a well-defined spherical-like external morphology with a diameter of 2–5 μm, and a 2D hexagonal (p6mm) array of mesopores with a lattice constant of 9.55 nm. The thiophene–silica also displayed a large surface area of up to 1410 m2 g−1.
A Facile Synthesis of N-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)allyl]amides and Their Transformation into Angularly Trifluoromethylated Bicyclic Cyclopentenones
Authors: Nadano Ryo , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
On treatment with sec-BuLi at −105 °C, 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene undergoes rapid lithium–halogen exchange to generate thermally unstable 1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyllithium, which reacts with N-tosylimines to afford N-[2-(trifluoromethyl)allyl]amides in high yield. Propargylation of the amides, followed by the Pauson–Khand reaction, readily provides pyrrolidine ring-fused cyclopentenones with an angular trifluoromethyl group.
Drug-biomolecule interactions in the excited states
Authors: Lhiaubet-Vallet Virginie , Miranda Miguel Angel 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Drug-biomolecule interactions in the excited state are relevant from a photobiological point of view as they can be correlated with a number of photosensitization disorders such as photocarcinogenicity, photoallergy, phototoxicity, etc. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory 2-arylpropionic acids and antibacterial fluoroquinolones have been selected as typical examples of photoactive drugs. Protein photosensitization has revealed photoadduct formation; the major amino acids involved are Tyr, Trp, and His. Generation of specific antibodies has allowed us to identify relevant structures of the drug epitopes. Then, drugs have been submitted to systematic steady-state and time-resolved studies on their photophysical properties, alone and in the presence of biomolecules: proteins, DNA, and their simple building blocks. The results are discussed in the framework of the chemical mechanisms underlying photosensitization by drugs and also in connection with the potential of drug excited states as (chiral) reporters for the binding sites of biomolecules.
Integrating molecular switching and chemical reactivity using photoresponsive hexatrienes
Authors: Samachetty Hema D. , Branda Neil R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The use of photoresponsive hexatriene architectures to regulate chemical reactivity is described. The major focus of this report is how the two isomers of dithienylethene derivatives exhibit different steric and electronic properties. The ring-open form is structurally flexible, and the thiophene rings are electronically insulated from each other, while the ring-closed counterpart has a rigid structure, and there is a linear π-conjugated pathway along the molecular backbone. Representative examples that demonstrate how these photoswitches can be used to influence metal coordination, catalysis, and nucleophilicity are highlighted in this overview.
Osteoblast Deletion of Exon 3 of the Androgen Receptor Gene Results in Trabecular Bone Loss in Adult Male Mice
Authors: Notini Amanda J , McManus Julie F , Moore Alison , Bouxsein Mary , Jimenez Mark , Chiu WS Maria , Glatt Vaida , Kream Barbara E , Handelsman David J , Morris Howard A , Zajac Jeffrey D , Davey Rachel A 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The mechanism of androgen action on bone was studied in male mice with the AR deleted in mature osteoblasts. These mice had decreased trabecular bone volume associated with a decrease in trabecular number, suggesting that androgens may act directly on osteoblasts to maintain trabecular bone.
Introduction: Androgens modulate bone cell activity and are important for the maintenance of bone mass. However, the mechanisms by which they exert these actions on bone remain poorly defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of androgens acting through the classical androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways (i.e., DNA-binding dependent pathways) in osteoblasts using male mice in which exon 3 of the AR gene was deleted specifically in mature osteoblasts.
Materials and Methods: Mice with a floxed exon 3 of the AR gene were bred with Col 2.3-cre transgenic mice, in which Cre recombinase is expressed in mineralizing osteoblasts. The skeletal phenotype of mutant mice was assessed by histomorphometry and quantitative μCT at 6, 12, and 32 weeks of age (n = 8 per group). Wildtype, hemizygous exon 3 floxed and hemizygous Col 2.3-cre male littermates were used as controls. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's posthoc test.
Results: μCT analysis of the fifth lumbar vertebral body showed that these mice had reduced trabecular bone volume (p &lt; 0.05) at 32 weeks of age compared with controls. This was associated with a decrease in trabecular number (p &lt; 0.01) at 12 and 32 weeks of age, suggesting increased bone resorption. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in connectivity density (p &lt; 0.01) and an increase in trabecular separation (p &lt; 0.01). A similar pattern of trabecular bone loss was observed in the distal femoral metaphysis at 32 weeks of age.
Conclusions: These findings show that inactivation of the DNA binding–dependent functions of the AR, specifically in mature osteoblasts in male mice, results in increased bone resorption and decreased structural integrity of the bone, leading to a reduction in trabecular bone volume at 32 weeks of age. These data provide evidence of a role for androgens in the maintenance of trabecular bone volume directly through DNA binding–dependent actions of the AR in mature osteoblasts.
Ethical Principles for Research Governance of Biobanks
Authors: Chalmers Don 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBiobanks of collected human tissue samples are rapidly expanding and becoming „essential tools in translating biomedical research into real improvements in health care”. Biobanks are rich sources for genetic research. The German National Ethics Council has noted, for example, the potential of biobanks for the identification of causes of disease and for breakthroughs in medical and pharmaceutical research. Unsurprisingly, many pharmaceutical companies operate biobank collections for research purposes and to enrol suitable clinical trial recruits so as to minimise side effects and achieve better results. Biobanks are also essential tools for conducting large-scale epidemiological studies, involving whole populations (with the neologism „epigenetic”). One commentator has noted that biobanks are invariably ”staggeringly expensive”
Genetic resources, biotechnology and intellectual property: The current debate and developing a constructive agenda for the South
Authors: Ruiz Manuel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOver the past few years, policy, legal and economic analysis of the complex relationships between genetic resources, biotechnology and intellectual property has multiplied. These relationships are fundamentally based on issues regarding rights over and control of biodiversity and related inventions and innovation. They notoriously confront biodiversity rich countries of the South, with technologically advanced but biodiversity poor countries of the North. Controversies are often captured under the general discussions on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing (ABS), as placed on the agenda by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) after its adoption in 1992.
Commercialisation of Human Bodily Substances and Human Genetic Information within the Area of Bio- and Tissue-Banks with special Emphasis to Estonia, Iceland, the UK and Germany
Authors: Targiel Julia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTechnological advances in the past few decades have enabled researchers and physicians to celebrate wondrous medical breakthroughs. Many of these evolutionary progressions are achieved by utilising human body parts and tissues in research. The sequencing of the human genome has provided the international research community with a wealth of new information to use in further researching the role of genetic susceptibility in complex diseases. However, maximizing the utilization of this information to benefit public health globally necessitates population based knowledge regarding the frequency of susceptibility alleles, disease penetrance estimates, and the role of the gene interaction. To fulfil these goals, large regional populations are being recruited in many locations for the development of genetic databases usually called bio banks or genetic banks. The ”bio” in bio bank is derived from living, biological entities: people, animals, plants, bacteria. In the realm of bio banking, people are the source of the raw material for the discovery of genes for research, diagnosis, and therapy, raising a host of issues about rights and responsibilities, fiduciary and societal obligations.
Physical, Performance, and Chemical Changes in Turbine Oils from Oxidation
Authors: Livingstone GJ , Thompson BT , Okazaki ME 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
One of the primary factors in determining the life and performance of turbine oils is its oxidation stability. Oxidation can cause a host of problems for in-service turbine oils, such as sludge, deposits, lacquer, and varnish formation. There is limited published research on the performance of turbine oils once oxidation begins. This paper presents data on the relationship between several turbine oil characteristics during the oxidation process by focusing on the measurable physical and chemical changes that occur. Five turbine oils were chosen, each employing different antioxidants and base oil refining technologies to represent a typical selection of commercially available turbine oils. A 49-day experiment was completed in which the oils were subjected to a controlled and accelerated oxidative process under laboratory conditions. Throughout the testing period, samples were drawn and a range of chemical, physical, and performance tests were performed. The data obtained from this experiment identify several correlations that relate to the performance of each oil. These data are useful in understanding the relationship between turbine oil oxidation and fluid performance and will help end-users in selecting and optimizing their turbine lubricant.
Antipolyribosyl Ribitol Phosphate Response of Premature Infants to Primary and Booster Vaccination With a Combined Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis-Hepatitis B-Inactivated Polio Virus/Haemophilus influenzaeType b Vaccine
Authors: Omeñaca Felix , Garcia-Sicilia José , García-Corbeira Pilar , Boceta Reyes , Torres Victorio 
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND. Prematurity may be a risk factor for Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine failure. This article evaluates the Haemophilus influenzae type b immunogenicity of a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in preterm infants (&lt;37 weeks' gestation).METHODS. This was an open-label, parallel group study. Preterm (N = 94) and term infants (N = 92) received 3 doses of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months with a booster dose at 18 to 20 months. Antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate antibody concentrations were determined in serum samples taken before and 1 month after primary and booster vaccination.RESULTS. Postprimary seroprotection rates (antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate ≥0.15 μg/mL) were lower in preterm than in term infants (92.5% vs 97.8%), with antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate geometric mean concentrations of 2.241 vs 4.247 μg/mL. A progressive reduction in immune response to the Haemophilus influenzae type b antigen was observed with decreasing length of gestation and decreasing birth weight when cutoff ≥1 μg/mL was considered. Prebooster seroprotection rates and antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate geometric mean concentrations were low in both groups (antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate ≥1.0 μg/mL in 10.7% of preterm and 28.4% of term infants). A vigorous response to booster vaccination was seen in both groups, with no differences in postbooster seroprotection rates or antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate geometric mean concentrations between the 2 groups (antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate ≥1.0 μg/mL in 100% of preterm and 98.5% of term infants).CONCLUSIONS. Primary vaccination with a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months with a booster dose at 18 to 20 months elicits a satisfactory antipolyribosyl ribitol phosphate response in preterm infants compared with term controls. Immunologic response decreased with decreased gestational age and birth weight.
Cord Blood Cytokines and Acute Lower Respiratory Illnesses in the First Year of Life
Authors: Ly Ngoc P. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Litonjua Augusto A. , Tzianabos Arthur O. , Schaub Bianca , Ruiz-Pérez Begoña , Tantisira Kelan G. , Finn Patricia W. , Gillman Matthew W. , Weiss Scott T. , Gold Diane R. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES. Little is known about the relation between cytokine profile at birth and acute lower respiratory illnesses in the first year of life. The purpose of this work was to examine the relation between cytokine secretions by cord blood mononuclear cells and acute lower respiratory illness in a birth cohort of 297 children.
METHODS. Cord blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and secretion of interferon-γ, interleukin-13, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α at baseline and in response to allergens (Blatella germanica 2 and Dermatophagoides farinae 1) and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acute lower respiratory illness was defined as a parental report of a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, and/or croup by a health care professional in the first year of life. Differences in the levels of cord blood cytokines between children with and without acute lower respiratory illness were examined using 2-sample Wilcoxon tests. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relation between various categories of cord blood cytokines and acute lower respiratory illness.
RESULTS. Median levels of interferon-γ secreted by cord blood mononuclear cells in response to Blatella germanica 2 and Dermatophagoides farinae 1 were higher among children without acute lower respiratory illness as compared with children with acute lower respiratory illness. After adjustment for other covariates, the odds of acute lower respiratory illness was reduced among children in the top category (at or more than the median of detectable values) of interferon-γ level, significantly so in response to Blatella germanica 2.
CONCLUSIONS. In a cohort of children from the general population, we found that upregulated interferon-γ secretion at birth is associated with reduced risk of acute lower respiratory illness in the first year of life.
Hydrobia ulvaefeeding rates: A novel way to assess sediment toxicity
Authors: Shipp Emily , Grant Alastair 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStandard acute toxicity tests are widely used to assess contaminated sediments. However, such tests last 10 d or more and only provide information regarding lethality. Here, we present data concerning the use of a 28-d growth test and a 24-h test using feeding rate, as measured by egestion rate, of the marine snail Hydrobia ulvae. The test was used to assess the toxicity of estuarine sediments from a gradient of heavy metal contamination, and its sensitivity and ease of use were compared with those of 10-d tests using the amphipod crustacean Corophium volutator. Mortality of C. volutator and H. ulvae in 10-d lethal toxicity tests showed similar patterns of sensitivity. Lethality tests with both species showed no effects when carried out using sediments from a number of sites at which ecological impacts are known to occur. By contrast, growth over 28 d in H. ulvae was reduced at all sites where other studies have detected adverse ecological effects. Feeding rate after 24 h also was decreased at moderately contaminated sites where sediments were not acutely toxic, and it was a very good predictor of 28-d growth (r2 = 0.74). Both tests were straightforward to carry out, so H. ulvae has considerable potential as a test organism for chronic toxicity.
Plasma membrane surface potential (ψpm) as a determinant of ion bioavailability: A critical analysis of new and published toxicological studies and a simplified method for the computation of plant ψpm
Authors: Kinraide Thomas B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlasma membranes (PMs) are negatively charged, and this creates a negative PM surface electrical potential ψPM) that is also controlled by the ionic composition of the bathing medium. The ψPM controls the distribution of ions between the PM surface and the medium so that negative potentials increase the surface activity of cations and decrease the surface activity of anions. All cations reduce the negativity of ψPM, and these common ions are effective in the following order: Al3+ &gt; H+ &gt; Cu2+ &gt; Ca2+ ≈ Mg2+ &gt; Na+ ≈ K+. These ions, especially H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, are known to reduce the uptake and biotic effectiveness of cations and to have the opposite effects on anions. Toxicologists commonly interpret the interactions between toxic cations (commonly metals) and ameliorative cations (commonly H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) as competitions for binding sites at a PM surface ligand. The ψPM is rarely considered in this biotic ligand model, which incorporates the free ion activity model. The thesis of this article is that ψPM effects are likely to be more important to bioavailability than site-specific competition. Furthermore, ψPM effects could give the false appearance of competition even when it does not occur. The electrostatic approach can account for the bioavailability of anions, whereas the biotic ligand model cannot, and it can account for interactions among cations when competition does not occur. Finally, a simplified procedure is presented for the computation of ψPM for plants, and the possible use of ψPM in a general assessment of the bioavailability of ions is considered.
Epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis of high-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils
Authors: Roper J. Chadwick , Brown Denise M. , Sullivan Michelle A. , Schoonhoven Robert , Swenberg James A. , Pfaender Frederic K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soil are an important determinant of their chemical availability and transport. Laboratory examination of microscale PAH–soil interaction is limited by the availability of methods for particle-scale observation. Inverted epifluorescence microscopy, combined with digital photography and computer image analysis, was evaluated for specificity and linearity using dissolved PAHs. A pyrene filter (excitation wavelength, 360–400 nm; emission wavelength, 450–520 nm) gave nonspecific PAH fluorescence, and bias for fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene, and benz[a]anthracene was quantified in comparison to that for pyrene. Concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM for anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene and from 1 to 50 mM for naphthalene produced a linear response with low interpixel variability. Liquid-phase analyses validated use of the technique for the descriptive analysis of PAH distribution in solid samples, but liquid-phase calibration was not quantitative for spiked or field-contaminated soils. The mean luminance for three field soils was proportional to the values predicted from their chemically measured concentrations and to values from spiked, aged, uncontaminated materials. Image analysis of laboratory- and field-contaminated samples determined the area distribution of fluorescent intensity and the size of fluorescent areas exceeding a threshold luminance. These qualitative descriptions of the microscale spatial distribution of PAH contamination are presented as potential endpoints for future research on biogeochemical interactions in heavily contaminated solids.