bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health of Children Born as a Result of In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Klemetti Reija , Sevón Tiina , Gissler Mika , Hemminki Elina 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to use nationwide registries to examine the health of children up to 4 years of age who were born as a result of in vitro fertilization.
METHODS. Children born after in vitro fertilization (N = 4559) from 1996 to 1999 were monitored until 2003. Two control groups were selected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register as follows: all other children (excluding children born after ovulation induction) from the same period (N = 190398, for study of perinatal health and hospitalizations) and a random sample of those children (n = 26877, for study of health-related benefits). Mortality rates and odds ratios for perinatal outcomes, hospitalizations, health-related benefits, and long-term medication use were calculated.
RESULTS. Although the health of most in vitro fertilization children was good, such children had more health problems than other children. A total of 35.7% of in vitro fertilization children and 2.2% of control children were multiple births, and the health of multiple births was worse than that of singletons. Perinatal outcomes of in vitro fertilization children were worse and hospital episodes were more common than among control children. Risks for cerebral palsy and psychological and developmental disorders were increased. Among in vitro fertilization singletons, worse results for perinatal outcomes and hospitalizations, but no increased risk for specific diseases, were found. The health of in vitro fertilization multiple births was comparable to the health of control multiple births.
CONCLUSIONS. Reducing the number of transferred embryos would improve the health of in vitro fertilization children. Additional studies are needed to explain the poorer health of in vitro fertilization singletons, as well as follow-up studies to examine the health of in vitro fertilization children from 4 years onward.
Sucrose Analgesia: Identifying Potentially Better Practices
Authors: Lefrak Linda , Burch Kelly , Caravantes Rheta , Knoerlein Kim , DeNolf Nancy , Duncan Jill , Hampton Frances , Johnston Celeste , Lockey Debbie , RN Cassandra Martin-Walters , McLendon Debra , Porter Melinda , Richardson Cliff , Robinson Cathy , RN Krystyna Toczylowski 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objectives of this study were to review the use of oral sucrose for procedural pain management in NICUs, develop potentially better practice guidelines that are based on the best current evidence, and provide ideas for the implementation of these potentially better practices.
METHODS. A collaboration of 12 centers of the Vermont Oxford Network worked together to review the strength of the evidence, clinical indications, dosage, administration, and contraindications and identify potential adverse effects for the use of sucrose analgesia as the basis of potentially better practices for sucrose analgesia guidelines. Several units implemented the guidelines.
RESULTS. Through reviews and inputs from all centers of the evidence, consensus was reached and guidelines that included indication, dosage per painful procedure, age-related dosage over 24 hours, method of delivery, and contraindications were developed.
CONCLUSIONS. Guidelines now are available from a consensus group, and suggestions for implementation of guidelines, based on implementation of other pain management strategies, were developed.
Effects of a Combined Therapy of Erythropoietin, Iron, Folate, and Vitamin B12 on the Transfusion Requirements of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Haiden Nadja , Schwindt Jens , Cardona Francesco , Berger Angelika , Klebermass Katrin , Wald Martin , Kohlhauser-Vollmuth Christina , Jilma Bernd , Pollak Arnold 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Erythropoietin is frequently administered to premature infants to stimulate erythropoiesis. The primary goal of erythropoietin therapy is to reduce transfusions, but the efficacy of erythropoietin has not been convincingly demonstrated in this regard. The aim of this trial was to investigate whether combined administration of vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, and erythropoietin could decrease transfusion requirements in extremely low birth weight infants.PATIENTS AND METHODS. In a randomized, controlled trial, extremely low birth weight infants with a birth weight ≤800g and a gestational age ≤32 weeks were randomly assigned to a group receiving combination treatment or a control arm.RESULTS. The treatment increased levels of folate in red blood cells, vitamin B12, ferritin, transferrin receptor levels in plasma, and reticulocyte counts. The proportion of infants requiring no transfusions was lower in the treatment group (38%) as compared with controls (5%). The treatment group and the need for mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of the number of transfusions in multiple regression analysis. Cox regression analysis indicated that combined therapy resulted in a 79% risk reduction for any transfusion.CONCLUSION. Combined treatment with erythropoietin, intravenous iron, folate, and vitamin B12 during the first weeks reduces the need for transfusion in extremely low birth weight infants.
Compliance With the Recommendations for 2 Doses of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children Less Than 9 Years of Age Receiving Influenza Vaccine for the First Time: A Vaccine Safety Datalink Study
Authors: Jackson Lisa A. , Neuzil Kathleen M. , Baggs James , Davis Robert L. , Black Steve , Yamasaki Kristi M. , Belongia Ed , Zangwill Kenneth M. , Mullooly John , Nordin James , Marcy S. Michael , DeStefano Frank 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Children &lt;9 years of age do not respond optimally to a first dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and so 2 doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine are recommended for children &lt;9 years of age who are being vaccinated for the first time. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study to evaluate compliance with the 2-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine recommendations.
POPULATION AND SETTING. We evaluated 125928 children 6 months through 8 years of age who were enrolled in health maintenance organizations in the United States participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project and who received their first dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the 2001–2002, 2002–2003, or 2003–2004 influenza seasons.
RESULTS. Compliance with the 2 dose recommendations varied by age group and influenza season. Among children 6 to 23 months of age, the proportion of first-vaccinated children who received a second vaccination was 44% in 2001–2002, 54% in 2002–2003, and 29% in 2003–2004. Among children 2 to 8 years of age, the corresponding proportions were 15%, 24%, and 12%, respectively. In all seasons, compliance with the second vaccination was highest in children first vaccinated by mid-November.
CONCLUSIONS. The majority of children who received their first dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine did not complete the 2-dose series. The recently expanded recommendation for universal vaccination of children 6 to 59 months of age and their household contacts will substantially increase the number of children targeted for a first influenza vaccination. Noncompliance with the 2-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine series may be associated with suboptimal protection against infection, which may impact the magnitude of the direct and indirect benefits achieved by the vaccination program.
Predicting Outcomes of Neonates Diagnosed With Hypoxemic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Carlo Waldemar A. , Shankaran Seetha , Bann Carla M. , Emrich Steven L. , Higgins Rosemary D. , Tyson Jon E. , O'Shea T. Michael , Laptook Abbot R. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Donovan Edward F. , Walsh Michele C. , Goldberg Ronald N. , Das Abhik ,   for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goals were to identify predictor variables and to develop scoring systems and classification trees to predict death/disability or death in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.METHODS. Secondary analysis of data from the multicenter, randomized, controlled, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network trial of hypothermia in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was performed. Data for 205 neonates diagnosed as having hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were studied. Logistic regression analysis was performed by using clinical and laboratory variables available within 6 hours of birth, with death or moderate/severe disability at 18 to 22 months or death as the outcomes. By using the identified variables and odds ratios, scoring systems to predict death/disability or death were developed, weighting each predictor in proportion to its odds ratio. In addition, classification and regression tree analysis was performed, with recursive partitioning and automatic selection of optimal cutoff points for variables. Correct classification rates for the scoring systems, classification and regression tree models, and early neurologic examination were compared.RESULTS. Correct classification rates were 78% for death/disability and 71% for death with the scoring systems, 80% and 77%, respectively, with the classification and regression tree models, and 67% and 73% with severe encephalopathy in early neurologic examination. Correct classification rates were similar in the hypothermia and control groups.CONCLUSIONS. Among neonates diagnosed as having hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, the classification and regression tree model, but not the scoring system, was superior to early neurologic examination in predicting death/disability. The 3 models were comparable in predicting death. Only a few components of the early neurologic examination were associated with poor outcomes. These scoring systems and classification trees, if validated, may help in assessments of prognosis and may prove useful for risk-stratification of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy for clinical trials.
Ontogenetic Changes in Prey Preference and Foraging Ability of Yellow Perch: Insights Based on Relative Energetic Return of Prey
Authors: Graeb Brian D. S. , Mangan Matthew T. , Jolley Jeffrey C. , Wahl David H. , Dettmers John M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOntogenetic diet shifts are an important component of the early life history of many fishes. Successfully shifting diets affects not only individuals but also populations and communities. We experimentally quantified prey selection and feeding behavior of age‐0 yellow perch Perca flavescens to determine the sizes at which diet shifts occur and identify potential mechanisms driving these shifts. Yellow perch were provided three prey types (zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish) at high‐ and low‐density combinations. Small yellow perch (20 mm total length [TL]) positively selected zooplankton, but intermediate‐sized fish (40 and 60 mm TL) shifted to benthic invertebrates. At 80 mm TL, yellow perch positively selected benthic invertebrate and fish prey, indicating the onset of piscivory. Relative densities of prey items did not influence prey selection patterns. Diet shifts from zooplankton to benthic invertebrates to fish prey were supported by an increased energetic gain and decreased foraging costs for each prey type as age‐0 yellow perch size increased. Quantifying prey selection and foraging behavior under various prey densities can be used to better understand mechanisms governing ontogenetic diet shifts in fishes.
Genetic Population Structure of Remnant Lake Sturgeon Populations in the Upper Great Lakes Basin
Authors: DeHaan Patrick W. , Libants Scot V. , Elliott Robert F. , Scribner Kim T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPopulations of lake sturgeonAcipenser fulvescenshave undergone dramatic declines in abundance and distribution in the Great Lakes basin and are a species of conservation concern throughout their range. While information regarding the genetic population structure of this species is critical for the development of effective management plans, little information currently exists. We examined both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation as a means of estimating population genetic diversity within, and the degree of spatial population structuring among, 11 remnant lake sturgeon populations in the upper Great Lakes basin. Multiple measures of genetic diversity were consistently high across populations and were not significantly correlated with estimates of current adult population size. Despite substantial population declines, life history characteristics, including longevity and iteroparity, appear to have buffered lake sturgeon populations from losses of genetic diversity. Significant levels of interpopulation variance in both microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequencies (mean genetic differentiation index = 0.055 over eight microsatellite loci; mean haplotype frequencies = 0.134 for mtDNA) were detected. Population structure is most likely a function of high levels of natal fidelity, a trend observed in other species of sturgeonAcipenserspp. We discuss the implications of these results with regard to the management and conservation of lake sturgeon in the Great Lakes.
Survival, Development, and Growth of Fall Chinook Salmon Embryos, Alevins, and Fry Exposed to Variable Thermal and Dissolved Oxygen Regimes
Authors: Geist David R. , Abernethy C. Scott , Hand Kristine D. , Cullinan Valerie I. , Chandler James A. , Groves Phillip A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha initiate spawning in the Snake River downstream of Hells Canyon Dam at temperatures that exceed 13°C and at intergravel dissolved oxygen concentrations that are less than 8 mg O2/L. Although water temperature declines and dissolved oxygen increases soon after spawning, the initial temperature and dissolved oxygen levels do not meet the water quality standards established by the states of Oregon and Idaho for salmonid spawning. Our objective was to determine whether temperatures from 13°C to 17°C and dissolved oxygen levels from 4 to more than 8 mg O2/L during the first 40 d of incubation followed by declining temperature and rising dissolved oxygen affected survival, development, and growth of Snake River fall Chinook salmon embryos, alevins, and fry. During the first 40 d of incubation, temperatures were experimentally adjusted downward approximately 0.2°C/d and oxygen was increased in increments of 2 mg O2/L to mimic the thermal and oxygen regime of the Snake River where these fish spawn. At 40 d postfertilization, embryos were moved to a common exposure regime that followed the thermal and dissolved oxygen profile of the Snake River through emergence. Mortality of fall Chinook salmon embryos increased markedly at initial incubation temperatures of 17°C or more, and a rapid decline in survival occurred between 16.5°C and 17°C; there were no significant differences in survival at temperatures up to 16.5°C. Initial dissolved oxygen levels as low as 4 mg O2/L over a range of initial temperatures from 15°C to 16.5°C did not affect embryo survival to emergence. There were no significant differences in alevin and fry size at hatch and emergence across the range of initial temperature exposures. The number of days from fertilization to eyed egg, hatch, and emergence was highly related to temperature and dissolved oxygen; fish required from 6 to 10 d longer to reach hatch at 4 mg O2/L than at saturation and up to 24 d longer to reach emergence. In contrast, within each dissolved oxygen treatment, fish required about 20 d longer to reach hatch at 13°C than at 16.5°C (no data were available for 17°C) and up to 41 d longer to reach emergence. Overall, this study indicates that exposure to water temperatures up to 16.5°C will not have deleterious effects on survival or growth from egg to emergence if temperatures decline at a rate of 0.2°C/d or more after spawning. Although fall Chinook salmon survived low initial dissolved oxygen levels, the delay in emergence could have significant long‐term effects on their survival. Thus, an exemption to the state water quality standards for temperature—but not oxygen—may be warranted for the portions of the Snake River where fall Chinook salmon spawn.
Evaluating Passive Integrated Transponder Tags for Marking Mottled Sculpins: Effects on Growth and Mortality
Authors: Ruetz Carl R. , Earl Brendan M. , Kohler Steven L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examined the efficacy of marking mottled sculpins Cottus bairdii with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in a 28‐d laboratory study. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was used to compare growth and mortality of tagged fish with those of a control group (i.e., not injected with tags) among three size‐classes (55–59, 60–69, and ≥70 mm total length [TL]). Fish were measured on the day of tagging and each week thereafter. Among 26 tagged fish (56–83 mm TL), both survival and tag retention were 96% or greater. Survival was 100% among 25 control fish (56–85 mm TL). Instantaneous growth rates (calculated on a cumulative basis for each sampling period based on mass) for tagged fish were significantly lower than those for control fish during the first 14 d, suggesting that mottled sculpins recovered from PIT tagging after 14–21 d. Additionally, fish size did not significantly affect the instantaneous growth rate of PIT‐tagged fish relative to that of the control group. More importantly, we found (on the basis of instantaneous growth rates) that on average, the maximum difference in mass between tagged and control fish was less than 4% among sampling periods for each size‐class. Our results suggest that PIT tags are a viable technique for marking small fish and have minimal impacts on growth and mortality.
Experimental Effects of Nonnative Brown Trout on the Individual‐ and Population‐Level Performance of Native Bonneville Cutthroat Trout
Authors: McHugh Peter , Budy Phaedra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn western North America, nonnative trout invasions threaten the persistence of native cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii subspp. through competition, predation, and hybridization. While small‐scale individual‐level studies on nonnative–native fish interactions have helped elucidate mechanisms of impact, very few investigations have occurred at a scale consistent with that of species replacement. Thus, large‐scale population‐level studies are needed to understand the effects of nonnative fish as well as to more effectively conserve native fishes in the presence of nonnative fish. For this reason, we conducted an evaluation of the effects of nonnative brown trout Salmo trutta on the individual‐ and population‐level performance of native cutthroat trout using a field‐experimental approach. We studied local populations of cutthroat trout in the presence and absence of brown trout in long stream reaches and subsequently compared growth, condition, stable‐isotope‐based measures of dietary habits, movement, and survival between treatment groups. We found clear evidence for reduced cutthroat trout growth owing to the presence of brown trout. Additionally, we observed differences in cutthroat trout dietary habits based on δ13C signatures resulting from our experimental manipulation of brown trout abundance. Finally, brown trout suppressed cutthroat trout movement but had no apparent effect on their survival. Considering previous studies, we concluded that the individual‐level effects of brown trout on cutthroat trout are scale invariant. Higher‐level impacts (i.e., on movement and survival), in contrast, appear to be more sensitive to the scale at which the investigation is conducted. Overall, our results indicate that brown trout can have strong negative effects on cutthroat trout performance and should therefore be more explicitly considered in native fish conservation plans.
Residential Segregation and Injection Drug Use Prevalence Among Black Adults in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Cooper Hannah L.F. , Friedman Samuel R. , Tempalski Barbara , Friedman Risa 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We analyzed the relations of two 1990 dimensions of racial residential segregation (isolation and concentration) with 1998 injection drug use prevalence among Black adult residents of 93 large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Methods. We estimated injection drug use prevalence among Black adults in each MSA by analyzing 3 databases documenting injection drug users’ encounters with the health care system. Multiple linear regression methods were used to investigate the relationship of isolation and concentration to the natural logarithm of Black adult injection drug use prevalence, controlling for possible confounders. Results. The median injection drug use prevalence was 1983 per 100000 Black adults (interquartile range: 1422 to 2759 per 100000). The median isolation index was 0.48 (range: 0.05 to 0.84): in half the MSAs studied, the average Black resident inhabited a census tract where 48% or more of the residents were Black. The multiple regression model indicates that an increase of 0.50 in the isolation index was associated with a 23% increase in injection drug use prevalence among Black adults. Concentration was unrelated to the outcome. Conclusions. Residential isolation is positively related to Black injection drug use prevalence in MSAs. Research into the pathways linking isolation to injection drug use is needed.
Racial Differences in 30-Day Mortality for Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Ibrahim Said A. , Stone Roslyn A. , Obrosky D. Scott , Sartorius Jennifer , Fine Michael J. , Aujesky Drahomir 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. Previous studies reported a higher incidence of in-hospital mortality for Black patients who had pulmonary embolism than for White patients. We used a large statewide database to compare 30-day mortality (defined as death within 30 days from the date of latest hospital admission) for Black and White patients who were hospitalized because of pulmonary embolism. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 15531 discharged patients who had been treated for pulmonary embolism at 186 Pennsylvania hospitals between January 2000 and November 2002. We used random-effects logistic regression to model 30-day mortality for Black and White patients, and adjusted for patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Results. The unadjusted 30-day mortality rates were 9.0% for White patients, 10.3% for Blacks, and 10.9% for patients of other or unknown race. When adjusted for severity of disease using a validated clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism, Black patients had 30% higher odds of 30-day mortality compared with White patients at the same site (adjusted odds ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1,1.6). Neither insurance status nor hospital volume was a significant predictor of 30-day mortality. Conclusion. Black patients who had pulmonary embolism had significantly higher odds of 30-day mortality compared with White patients.