bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family growth and family planning: Responses to a family-planning action program in a rural district of Thailand
Authors: Hawley Amos H. , Prachuabmoh Visid 
Published: March 2007

Summary
A resurvey of a rural district in Thailand, of about 70,000 population, was conducted after a family-planning program had been in operation for eight months in order to ascertain indications of effectiveness of the program. Both the “before” and “after” surveys employed a 25 percent simple random, though non-overlapping, sample of married women 20–44 years of age whose husbands were living. The only difference in design and execution was the inclusion in the resurvey of questions about the action program. Barring one or two exceptions, the characteristics of the two population samples were so similar that differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices could be regarded as effects of the program.
The action program not only made itself widely known in the district, it also evoked a highly favorable appraisal, to such an extent that nine of every ten women thought the program should be extended over the entire kingdom. Motivation to engage in family planning increased perceptibly. A substantial proportion (23 percent) of the women who formerly disapproved of the practice changed their attitudes to approval, mainly because they had become convinced of the harmlessness and the utility of fertility control. Less than 3 percent of the former approvers had become negative.
The proportion of women who claimed some kind of knowledge about contraceptive methods more than doubled during the eight months of the program's operation. More impressive, however, was the change in actual use of methods, which rose from 1 to 21 percent of the eligible women (women who were not pregnant, subfecund, or sterilized). Another 16 percent, in the resurvey, planned to begin use of contraceptives in the near future, in most instances after a current pregnancy. The frequency of acceptance of family planning practice exceeded the expected frequency among women who were approaching or had attained the “ideal” number of children (4.0 children). High-parity women 40 or more years of age seldom accepted clinical assistance.
Use of the intra-uterine contraceptive device in rural West Pakistan
Authors: Rider R. V. , White P. E. , Ghazi A. Rasheed , Harper P. A. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
This paper presents selected aspects of experience with the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD) in rural West Pakistan. There were 1,162 IUD cases analyzed with respect to retention or non-retention. Retention rates were estimated, using life table methods, to be between 55 and 75 percent at one year; the smaller figure was obtained when theIUD was considered to be in situ only until the last examination, when it was observed to be in place. The latter or larger figure was obtained when the IUD was considered to be in situ unless known to be out.
The extent of follow-up greatly affects estimates of the length of time the IUD remains in situ. Retention also varies with the type of I UD employed; exclusive use of Loop 3, which has the best retention record of those used,may be expected to yield higher retention rates by as much as 5 to 10 percent for one year. A number of other factors were examined that might explain non-retention. The objective variables that were examined in this experience, such as age, previous contraception, and husband's illiteracy, were on the whole rather poor predictors of IUD retention. Expulsion and other medical complications appear to account for most discontinuance of use of the IUD.
Bombay migration study: A pilot analysis of migration to an Asian metropolis
Authors: Zachariah K. C. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
This paper reports on a pilot study of migration to Greater Bombay, initiated on the recommendation of the Population Commission of United Nations, and utilizes both published tables from the 1961 Census of India and a set of specially prepared tables from the same census. Migrants were defined by birthplace and cross-classified by age and duration of residence in Bombay.
Data (1901–61) on net migration (obtained from successive age-sex distributions) are analyzed in terms of underlying trends to give historical perspective to the analysis of recent data with special emphasis on changes in industrial and occupotiona structure.
For the 1951–61 decade, the extensiveness of out-migration of former in-migrants, its age-sex selectivity, and its high incidence among recent migrants are demonstrated. As is true elsewhere, migration to Bombay is shown to be highly selective for ages of maximum economic activity. Migration streams to Bombay were preponderantly male, and, among males, the married segment predominated. The propensity to migrate was unusually high among minority religious groups. As to educational level, migrants were superior to the general population at origin but inferior to nonmigrants residing in Bombay. The work participation rates of migrants were higher for every age group than for resident nonmigrants; the proportion of employees was higher; and there was evidence of migrant concentration in industries and occupations requiring less skill, less education, and less capital than was true of nonmigrants. There were significant tendencies toward “division of labor” among various migration streams on the basis of skills and abilities acquired not only by formal education but also through tradition and precept. From the standpoint of the promotion of social change, the large volume (and selectivity) of reverse or return migration is especially note-worthy.
The paper concludes with a methodological evaluation of the reliability and validity of duration-of-residence data and indicates that the relatively simple techniques of enumeration and tabulation utilized in this pilot study may have wide applicability in other developing countries.
Cohort migration
Authors: Taeuber Karl E. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Most migration analyses focus on net migration and are concerned with areal redistributions of population. Migration may also be studied as an event in the life-cycle of an individual, and migration rates may be defined as properties of cohorts. A number of efforts to examine migration as a cohort process has been hampered by the character of available data [or the United States. Rather than await the development of a registration system—either directly or via social security and tax records—the collection of residence histories is suggested as the most feasible approach to obtaining suitable data. A schematic representation of residence histories clarifies their relation to other types of migration data and illustrates the need to design such surveys with specific research purposes in mind. Exploratory work with the 1958 Residence History Supplement to the Current Population Survey (by Beale, Shryock, myself, and various colleagues) demonstrates the utility of this approach.
Local studies have made fruitful use of residence histories but typically are unable to delineate birth cohorts or other appropriate base populations exposed to risk. Development of cohort migration techniques analogous to the life table approach to mortality or cohort Jertility analysis requires national data. But migration, unlike Jertility and mortality, involves events that are reversible and repeatable. Hence the demographer's stock of analytic tools requires expansion. To the sociologist-demographer, experimentation with cohort migration models seems to be getting at one of the crucial methodological problems of sociology, the analysis of social mobility. A mutually profitable interchange with students of social mobility is envisaged.
A further look at catholic fertility
Authors: Zimmer Basil G. , Goldscheider Calvin 
Published: March 2007

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which suburbanization has influenced the traditional fertility differences observed between Catholics and Protestants. It is hypothesized that suburbanization has served to decrease religious differences in fertility, since in the more advanced stages of urbanism, that is, suburbanization, the Catholic population is likely to adopt the fertility patterns of the larger and more secularized society. Attention is focused on two objectives: (1) to examine selected aspects of fertility for Catholic8 and Protestants living in metropolitan areas and (2) to analyze religious differentials in fertility among residents in different parts of the metropolitan community.
The data, consisting of a sample of households in six metropolitan areas in three population size classes, supported the general findings pertaining to religious differences in fertility that have been reported in the literature. Catholics had larger families, shorter average spacing between children, and longer fertility spans when compared to Protestants, even when a number of control variables were employed. Examining fertility differences between Catholics and Protestants in central city and suburban segments of large and small metropolitan areas, we found that the data indicated that marked Catholic-Protestant differences are still found in central cities. However, fertility differences between the two religious groups tended largely to disappear among suburban residents. The convergence in the fertility patterns of suburbanites is due to combined effects of higher fertility among Protestant suburban residents when compared to central city Protestants and the tendency of suburban Catholics to have fewer children than those who live in the city. The net result is convergence in suburban fertility.
A unified approach to interpolation and graduation
Authors: Keyfitz Nathan 
Published: March 2007

Summary
The subject of interpolation and graduation is customarily treated by finite difference formulas of great variety and complexity, these having been developed with the convenience of hand calculation in mind. The cheapening of computation which has occurred in the past few years permits a simplification and unification of the subject. This is accomplished by linear equations which express conditions it is desired to impose on the interpolating curve and the elimination of the constants resulting in a determinantal equation. A computer program which evaluates a determinant then suffices for nearly any problem of graduation, interpolation, numerical differentiation and integration, as well as for the calculation of the remainder term or error of any of these.
The multiregional matrix growth operator and the stable interregional age structure
Authors: Rogers Andrei 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Current population-forecasting efforts generally adopt minor variants of the cohort-survival projection method. This technique focuses on a population disaggregated into cohorts, a group of people having one or more common characteristics at a point in time and, by subjecting each cohort to class-specific rates of fertility, mortality, and net migration, generates a distribution of survivors and descendants of the original population, at successive intervals of time.
Although cohort-survival methods take on a large number of variations, they all are essentially trend-based, dynamic, aspatial models of growth. The temporal element is introduced by a recursive structure which operates over a sequence of unit time intervals. The spatial dimension, when it is included at all, typically is accommodated by replicating the analysis over as many areal units as comprise the study area. Realistically, however, time and space need to be considered jointly in population-forecasting models. The need for interregional models which systematically introduce place-to-place movements and simultaneously consider the spatial as well as the temporal character of interrelated population processes is becoming increasingly apparent.
Recently several demographers have taken advantage of the conceptual elegance and computational simplicity of matrix methods of population analysis. Their models, however, assume a “closed” population which is subject only to the processes of fertility and mortality. These, therefore, are not directly applicable to interregional “open” systems in which migration is frequently a much more variable and important contributor to population change than births or deaths. However, a natural extension of the demographer's matrix model allows one to incorporate place-to-place migration and provides an integrated interregional population-forecasting model which easily may be programmed for any of the current generation of digital computers. Such a model is outlined in this paper.
White-nonwhite differentials: Overview and implications
Authors: Huyck Earl E. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
This paper reviews the arguments for maintaining a separate series of statistics for the white and nonwhite populations of the United States; only by maintaining factual data will it be possible to document inequality and discrimination. It then summarizes some white-nonwhite differentials: fertility, life expectancy, health, school attendance, educational attainment, and income. The human, social, and political implications are then reviewed.
Demographic implications of the New United States certificates
Authors: Lunde Anders S. , Grove Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
To assist in developing uniform reporting of vital events among the fifty states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the United States government prepares standard certificates of birth, fetal death, death, marriage, and divorce. These model forms are revised, with the assistance of the states, approximately every ten years. Revisions are now being prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics which will become effective beginning January 1, 1968. Important new source material for demography will be introduced.
Most changes will appear in the Standard Certificate of Live Birth and in the Standard Certificate of Fetal Death. An item on education of father and mother will provide detailed national data on education and fertility. The date of the last live birth to the mother and the date of the last fetal death will provide information on previous pregnancy outcome and on child-spacing. The recording of state file numbers for mates born alive and dead in the same delivery will make it easier to match live birth and fetal death certificates for the preparation of detailed tabulations on multiple births. Several new items related to maternal and child health have also been added.
No significent changes were planned for the Standard Certificate of Death.
The Standard Certificate of Marriage will include as new items the education of the bride and groom, the date on which the last marriage, if any, ended, and specification of the officiant as a religious or civil official. The Standard Certificate of Divorce or Annulment will obtain information on the education of husband and wife, the approximate date on which the couple separated, the mode of dissolution of the previous marriage, and the total number of living children. It is anticipated that most of the new items will be included in the certificates of all the states. The National Center for Health Statistics will provide detailed tabulations related to these items, beginning with data year 1968.
Demographers are making an increased use of vital records and at the same time are extending their contacts with state health departments; in some states collaborative projects have been undertaken. Because of the importance of the source documents, which in some cases have not been exploited fully, demographers should increase their contact with the state vital statistics offices which develop, collect, and process the records. By indicating an interest in vital registration and by making their research needs known, demographers can encourage the acceptance of new concepts and collaborate in the improvement of vital records for demographic research purposes.
Findings and implications of a correlation analysis of the closed and the open birth intervals
Authors: Srinivasan K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A correlation analysis of data on four fertility variables viz. closed birth interval, open birth interval, age and parity, collected in a survey of about 2,000 married women in the reproductive ages in rural India, is carried out in order to study the interrelationships among these variables. Two hypotheses are formulated governing the relationship of the closed and open birth intervals with the fecundability distribution of fertile women, and Parity Progression Ratios which are largely influenced by the proportion of women becoming sterile after each parity. The data lend support to the hypothesis that while the closed intervals are influenced mainly by the distribution of fecundability of women of non-zero fecundability, the open birth intervals are influenced mainly by Parity Progression Ratios or the proportion of women becoming secondarily sterile after each parity. The analysis suggests that we can use the mean open intervals of women classified by parity as indices of fertility, and such an index is comparable to the index of average age of women of given parity. In areas where it is difficult to ascertain the correct age of women this might be of practical value.
Estimating Interregional Population And Migration Operators From Interregional Population Distributions
Authors: Rogers Andrei 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
Una limitación común en el análisis de los sistemas interregionales de población, es la ausencia de datos confiables quedescriban el comportamiento de los componenies fundamentales de los cambios de población. Como resultado, frecuentemente, los demógrafos tienen que recurrir a medidas imperfectamente construídas del incremento natural y de la migración neta.
Recientes intentosde expresar el crecimiento de la población interregional en forma de una matriz sugieren, sinembargo, un método para estimar el régimen de crecimiento de un sistema multirregional sólo en base a datos historicos sobre distribuciones interregionales de población,Este artículo describe e ilustra tal métoda. Desde quelos resultados son bastante insatisfactorios, gran parte de este trabajo está dedicada a analizar las condiciones que determinan un bajo rendimiento del méiodo, evaluando, en particular, índices de estimacion alternativos y considerando la posibilidad de “suavizar los datos.”
Communication and diffusion of the IUCD: a case study in Urban India
Authors: Dubey Dinesh Chandra , Choldin Harvey M. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
En este estudio se utiliza el esquema de la difusión y adopción para investigar una innovación en planeamiento familiar. El estudio indica la utilidad de este marco de referencia, tanto para que el investigador comprenda el proceso porel cualse llega a adoptar el planeamiento familiar, cuanto para que el administrador entienda como functionan los elementos de la comunicaci6n de su programa.
Los datos indican que diferentes medios de comunicación, asi como redes informales de comunicación, sonusados en diferentes etapas del proceso de adopción. En la etapadela tomade conciencia, los mensaes que emanan de la administraci6n de planeamienta familiar hacen su mayor impacto. En las etapas posteriores de interes y evaluación, las fuentes locales de información se hacen mas importantes, y La interacción con el personal dela clinica ocurre con mayorfrecuencia.
El proceso dela comunicación envuelve tantoa esposos cuantoa esposas, pero ambos tienendistintos patrones de comunicación. Ambos participan en el proceso final de la toma de decisiones para una adopción.
Modernization and Tradition in the Recent History of Italian Fertility
Authors: Bacci Massimo Livi 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
El continuo decaimiento de la fecundidad Italiana, se inició en la ultima década del siglo discinueve, terminó en los primeros años de 1950 Y se ha recuperado ligeramente en los últimos quince anos. La experiencia ltaliana parece seguir, con un atraso de veinte años, la experiencia de pobla-ciones más avanzadas de la Europa occidental. En la actualidad, con un promedio de 2.5 hijos por matrimonio, la fecundidad Italiana está muy cerca de la Francesa y del nivel promedio de Europa.
A nivel regional, se puede descubrir dos patrones quecontrastan. Deun lado se tiene la fecundidad muy bajaen el Norte y en el Centro, en su mayorparte por debajo delniveldereemplazo en los últimos treinta años; de otro lado, la fecundidad aún elevada del Sur.
En el Norte yen el Centro, donde la declinacion. empezó antes, lafecundidad disminiyó muy por debajo del nivel de reemplazo en los últimos treinta años. En el Sur, donde la declinación. empezo al final de los anos 1920 y los primeros de 1930, todavia prevalece un sistemade grandes familias, y la d1jusión del control voluntario enfrenta barreras debidas a una larga historiade aislamientocultural, fidelidadalas normastradictionales y religiosas. Sinembargo, en los11ltimos quinzeanos,al diferencia se ha reducido lentamente, mas debido a un ligero aumento de la fecundidad en el Norte y en el Centro, que a una disminución. en el Sur.
Otro hecho interesante de la fecundidad Italiana son las bajas diferenciales entre clases: La fecundidad del seqmento más prolijico (Agricultores, trabajadores agricolas) es sólo 20 porciento más alta que la fecundidad de los grupos profesionales menos prolificos. La experiencia Italiana proporciona, finalmente, un ejemplointeresante de las cambiantes relaciones queunen el nivel economico de la poblacóm. con los cambios de fecundidad; en 1931–1951 existía una correlacmó. negativa entre los cambios defecundidad y el nivel economico de la región, mientras queen 1951-1961 y entre1961-1966 se puede observar una correlación positiva y muy elevada.
En cuantoa lasfuturas tendencias de la fecundidad, dosfactores puedenjugar un rol importante; en primer lugar, de un ladola políticaeconomica del gobierno, dirigida a reducirlas diferencias que existen entreel Sur y el resto del pais, puede acelerar la nivelacion de las diferenciales de fecundidad regional. De otro lado, el mismo efecto puede ser alcanzado por una legislación más liberal, actualmente en marcha, para hacer propaganda sobre control de la natalidad y planeamiento familiar.
Seasonality of coitus and seasonality of birth
Authors: Udry J. Richard , Morris Naomi M. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
En todas las poblaciones estudiadas se ha observado quehay una variación estacional en la tasade natalidad. Se han adelantado muchas hipótesis para explicaresiavariación, incluyendo una variación estacional en lafrecuenciadel coiio, Se sabe que ésta relación es eierta para otros primates, peroen el hombre, no se ha documentado anteriormente una variación estacional en la tasa de coiios.
Este trabajo presenia datos equivalentes a más deciem años-mujer sobre tasasde coito, correspondientes a cincuenta mujeres voluntarias, de rasa blanca, en su mayor parte bien educadas, en edad pre-menopáusica, casadas y conesposo presente. Se encontró que había fluctuaciones estocionales en las tasas de coito, más 0 menos de la misma magnitudque las variaciones estacionales en las tasasde nacimientos de blancos, que se han informado para la ciudad de New York 1962–1964; para los Estados Unidos 1963; y para el quintillo socioeconómico más alto de las divisiones zensalee, Baltimore, 1952–1956. Sinembargo al desplazar las tasae de nacimientos euarienta semanas para aproximarlas a las fechas de la conzepci6n, no se pudo demostrar alguna asociación con las tasas de coiio observadas.
Si el esquema presentado tiene posibilidades de generalización, las variaciones estacionales en los nacimientos no pueden ser explicadas por variaciones esiacionales en el coito,