bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legacy of Black Philadelphia's Dance Institutions and the Educators Who Built the Tradition
Authors: White-Dixon Melanye 
Published: May 2006

Cultural arts institutions have played a significant role in the life of Black Philadelphians since the 1920s. Such organizations as the Philadelphia Concert Orchestra, Dra Mu Opera Company, and Heritage House (Visual and Performing Arts Center) were efforts to preserve and promote the traditions of African American culture. (“Black” and “African American” will be used interchangeably here.) Dance schools have traditionally received ardent support from the community and were established because of limited opportunities for Black youth to study dance in Philadelphia.Marion Cuyjet's Judimar School, the Sydney (King) School of Dance, Arthur Hall's Ile Ife Black Humanitarian Center, and Joan Myers Brown's Philadelphia School of Dance Arts were key institutions that created a vital training environment for dancers, dance educators, and dance companies that emerged between the late 1940s and early 1970s. Cuyjet and King studied with dance pioneer Essie Marie Dorsey in the late 1930s. Hall and Brown were students of Cuyjet and King and established themselves as third generation leaders who created dance companies as well as schools.
Anatomy of the Dance Company Boom, 1958–1980
Authors: Sussmann Leila 
Published: May 2006

Alvin Toffler made an eloquent plea in 1967 for the construction of cultural statistics that would give artists, policy-makers and social scientists a reliable map of where the arts enterprises had been and where they seemed to be going. Only slow progress has been made since then.To take the example that will concern us in this research note, how much solid information do we have concerning the “dance boom” that reportedly took place during the Sixties and Seventies? A “dance boom” can refer to many things. It can mean rapid growth in the size of the dance audience; in the number of dance companies; in the amount of amateur participation in the art; in the number of dance performances; and so on. These aspects of the art might not all show the same trends. For instance, the number of dance performances might have increased faster during the “boom” than the number of companies—or vice versa—suggesting two very different developments. Actually, the only firm documentation we possess concerning the boom in the amount of dance activity has to do with the size of the audience, and we have that only for the Seventies, not the Sixties. Surveys done by the Louis Harris polling organization put the percentage of Americans aged 18 years and older who attended at least one live dance performance in the years 1973, 1975 and 1980 at 9%, 16% and 25%.
Changing Values in Cuban Rumba, A Lower Class Black Dance Appropriated by the Cuban Revolution
Authors: Daniel Yvonne Payne 
Published: May 2006

In contemporary Cuba, a previously marginal cultural expression now publicizes new paradigms in a complex process of social change. Within institutional strategies of cultural preservation and re-education, rumba, a dance of predominantly lower class black-skinned Cubans in the nineteenth century, has emerged as a national symbol of twentieth-century Cuban society. The national status of rumba has been enhanced and institutionalized through a series of monthly public activities organized by the Castro government through the Ministry of Culture. Cuba has chosen to promote a new national and international image and it has done so through rumba more than through any other folkloric dance. Before the Revolution of 1959, Cuban ballet and modern dance received national acclaim while folkloric dances were not particularly encouraged to flourish. Since the Revolution, a shift of support and interest has occurred in Cuban cultural policies. Rumba, a dance and a dance complex, as I will discuss later, is now promoted to express identification with African-derived elements that permeate Cuban culture. It is supported to represent the interests of the working masses and to solidify participation of the artistic community in the social advancement of a new political system. Despite the appropriation of this important cultural expression of the masses by the socialist revolution, rumba is not common within all segments of the Cuban population. It remains a dance primarily performed by dark-skinned Cubans with relatively little direct participation from other segments of Cuban society.Since 1979, rumba in Cuba has been promoted in ways that other dances have not. Other dances, such as conga and son, are easier to perform and involve the participation of a larger cross section of the total population. As rumba has been appropriated and formalized in its presentation to a national and international public, it has shifted from a spontaneous, improvisational dance to a prepared, manipulated dance. Yet, rumba continues to forcefully embody a significant aspect of national culture for the Cuban people. The goal of this paper is to deconstruct the meaning of rumba and its role in the forging of a new Cuban national identity.
Peletier and Beza Part Company1
Authors: Zemon Davis Natalie 
Published: May 2006

Jacques Peletier and Theodore Beza were the best of friends the winter of 1547-1548. They and their circle spent hours together every day in the rue Saint Jacques in Paris. Then Beza abruptly departed for Geneva in October 1548, and the humanist Peletier remained behind in France. There ensued the following peculiar events, whose incongruity suggested to me that behind them lay a relation of great emotional and symbolic significance. In February 1550, the first edition of Peletier's Arithmetic appeared with four dedicatory proems to Beza, whom he specifically identified as 'Prieur de Villeserve et Loniumeau'.2 This was more than a year after Beza had got rid of his benefices and left France.
Cynthia's Revels and Music for a Choir School: Christ Church Manuscript Mus 439
Authors: Chan Mary 
Published: May 2006

In two articles, dated 1958 and 1960, A.J. Sabol discussed a setting of Hedon's song ‘The Kisse’ in Cynthia's Revels (IV.iii.242) which occurs in Christ Church MS. Mus 439 and suggested convincingly that this setting was that intended for the first performance of the play at court in 1600. So far as is known the version of Hedon's song in the Christ Church manuscript does not occur elsewhere. The Christ Church manuscript was further brought to the attention of musicologists by J. P. Cutts in his discussion of the songs in Everie Woman in her Humor, for the manuscript contains the only known setting of a song which is referred to twice in that play: ‘Here's none but only I’.The Christ Church manuscript was further brought to the attention of musicologists by J. P. Cutts in his discussion of the songs in Everie Woman in her Humor, for the manuscript contains the only known setting of a song which is referred to twice in that play: 'Here's none but only I'. It now seems profitable to look more closely at this Christ Church manuscript as a possible source for even more music in children's drama in particular, and more generally, as representing children's music at court. If we are to suggest that the collection may even represent the repertoire of the Children of the Chapel Royal then the ambiguities surrounding the performance of Everie Woman in her Humor are also highlighted.
A Rhetorical Pattern in Renaissance and Baroque Poetry
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G. 
Published: May 2006

Thanks especially to the work of Professor Dámaso Alonso, the study of correlative poetry has made notable strides in recent years. He has concentrated mainly on Spanish and Italian poetry, but has made an excursus into Greek and Latin verse as well. It goes without saying that the phenomenon is universal in its scope.In this paper I am concerned with only one of the aspects of this poetry, the disseminative-recapitulative type, because both chronologically and geographically information on it can be extended further than hitherto, and because the influences that have played a primary role in establishing its vogue are still in need of being traced with a greater degree of precision. I shall deal with this type chiefly in connection with its vogue in the Romance-speaking countries and England during the Renaissance and baroque periods.
Lipsius and the Art of Letter-Writing
Authors: Dunn E. Catherine 
Published: May 2006

“The whole history of the ‘epistle,’ as a literary genre, is full of interest and invites investigation.” — W. Rhys Roberts.One of Professor Morris Croll's earliest essays on prose style was an article on Justus Lipsius, the sixteenth-century Belgian scholar and rhetorician whose name has become identified with the “anti-Ciceronian” school of prose. Croll later studied him as the leader of a triumvirate (Lipsius, Montaigne, and Bacon), and thus clarified somewhat the relationship of English prose style to continental experiments. The indebtedness of certain English writers, like John Hoskyns and Ben Jonson, to the epistolary theory of Lipsius is now well known, but the precise role played by his Epistolica institutio in literary history has never been clearly presented. Because Professor Croll's interests were centered in prose rhythm, he analyzed the Institutio only for the light it shed upon the development of “Attic” prose structure in the Renaissance.
The Relations Between the English and Urbino Courts, 1474-1508
Authors: Clough Cecil H. 
Published: May 2006

Raphael's small painting, depicting St. George Killing dragon with his sword, was the first Italian painting to enter the English Royal Collection. It was given to the King of England in 1506 by the Duke of Urbino, and it is the most tangible evidence that exists today of a connection between the English and Urbino Courts.At its longest this connection lasted two generations. The dates which help to define it are: from 1474, when Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was elected Knight of the Garter, to 1508, the year of the death of Duke Guidobaldo, Federigo's son, likewise Knight of the Garter. This is approximately Urbino's ‘Golden Age'. Federigo received a considerable stipend as a military captain, and had few responsibilities, so that he could dispense patronage on a scale which rivaled the Duke of Milan, or even the Pope. Urbino for a short time, about 1468 to 1476, was the center of artistic creativity in Italy, when Federigo was completing his splendid Palace in Urbino.
Queen Elizabeth I as Oriana
Authors: Strong Roy C. 
Published: May 2006

On May Day 1602 Queen Elizabeth went a-maying to Sir Richard Buckley's at Lewisham. The occasion was probably graced by a show of horsemen and the song Of Cinthia, the lyrics of which represent the quintessence of the cult of the queen in the last years of her reign:Lands and Seas shee rules below,Where things change, and ebbe and flowe,Spring, wax olde, and perish;Only Time which all doth mowe,Her alone doth cherish.
Counterfactual Arguments in Historical Analysis: From the Debate on the Partition of Africa and the Effect of Colonial Rule
Authors: Simensen Jarle 
Published: May 2006

During the last decade the question of counterfactual arguments has attracted a good deal of attention both in philosophy and history. A recent example, which concentrates on the logics of counterfactual analysis in history, is T.O. Climo and P.G.A. Howells' “Possible worlds in historical explanation.” Further progress in this field probably depends both on a development of the purely logical issues involved and an analysis of the actual usage of counterfactuals in the language of practicing historians. My own approach belongs primarily to the latter category. I shall consider examples of counterfactual arguments in two hotly debated fields, first the partition of the African continent and, second, the effects of colonial rule. This approach will provide examples of the function of counterfactuals both in causal analysis and in historical evaluations. My primary aim is to establish a categorization of different usages, but the opportunity will also be taken to discuss in a general manner criteria for the legitimate use of counterfactual argument in history. In this connection I should emphasize my lack of knowledge in formal logic, except that provided by my two Norwegian collegues, Ottar Dahl, and Jon Elster, on whom I rely heavily for the more theoretical parts of this paper.Historical analysis is preoccupied with causes, and in causal analysis there is a particular urge to identify socalled “sufficient” and “necessary” causes. In propositions about such causes some counterfactual assumptions are logically implicit. The clearest example of a necessary cause or precondition for European expansion in Africa is that of technology. To take an early and typical example, Holland Rose maintained that it was an “essential condition” of colonization that “mechanical appliances should be available for the overcoming of natural obstacles.” The implicit counterfactual is that without technology, never colonization. Counterfactuals of this kind scarcely attract attention precisely because of their obvious legitimacy.
Microfilmed African Materials from the Archive of the Sacred Congregation “De Propaganda Fide”
Authors: Daly Lowrie J. 
Published: May 2006

More than sixty years ago, in his preface to Carl Russell Fish's excellentGuide to the Materials for American History in Roman and Other Archives, the General Editor, J. Franklin Jameson, wrote as follows.In any series of guides to the materials for American history in foreign archives, the Roman archives deserve a prominent position and early treatment. Two reasons justify this statement. In the first place, although the documents in those archives relate primarily to ecclesiastical affairs, yet religious history constantly deserves the attention of the student of civil as well as of ecclesiastical history, and the influence of the Catholic Church and the scope of its operations can never be appropriately defined within confessional limits. In the second place, of all the great national archives of Europe there are none that have been so little exploited for purposes of American history as those of Rome and Italy.Although these words were written decades ago, it still remains true that too little use is made of such archival materials, and not only by American historians. One of the microfilm additions to the collections at Saint Louis University includes precisely this type of material in a collection that runs to about 250,000 manuscript pages from the Archive of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide (for the propagation of the faith). The congregation was definitively established by Gregory XV (1621-1623) in his constitutionInscrutabiliof June 22, 1622, although there had been some discussion about the formation of such a congregation for almost fifty years. This brief note description will be oriented toward the African materials only, but a general description of the indexes is necessary that the Africanist may be able to use them.
Background and Content of the Historical Archives of Goa
Authors: Hromnik Cyril A. 
Published: May 2006

In the 1976 volume of History in Africa D.N. Beach published a brief but very interesting account of his visit to and findings in the Historical Archives of Goa (HAG). The objectives of Beach's visit to the Archives were precisely and rather narrowly delimited by the particular interests of this scholar and his university. He searched for and found a number of documents bearing on Shona history, which was at the center of his professional interests, and he identified some but by far not all the relevant collections. Beach's mission in view of his limited objectives and time restrictions can be rated successful. However, there are other interesting collections in the Goa archives of value to historians with interest in the territory of south-eastern and central Africa with all its peoples rather than one particular group. To historians with broader interests in the history of south-eastern, central, and even western Africa, as well as that of the Indian Ocean, the following background and description of the contents of the Historical Archives of Goa should be of considerable interest. The account is based on a two-week visit I made to the Archives in 1971 and my four months of research in the Archives in 1974.Although barely known to the community of modern historians, the Historical Archives of Goa are probably the best existing archives in the non-western world and the records there cover a large area of the world over a period of four hundred and fifty years from the early sixteenth to the twentieth century. These documents represent primarily the history of the Portuguese State of India from 1515 to 1961, an area which covered far more than what was known in 1961 as Goa, Damão, and Dio. For much of four centuries the viceroyalty of Goa extended for all practical purposes from the Cape of Good Hope to Nagasaki and Timor. Thus the documents collected in Goa contain the history of many countries with which the Portuguese came into contact. Among them the most prominent are, in geographic order: Mozambique, Rhodesia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, the Arab countries, Persia, the Mughal Empire, the Marathas, the Deccani Sultanates, Goa, Vijayanagar, Ceylon, Bengal, Siam, Malaysia (Malacca), China, Japan, the Moluccas, and Timor. In addition there is a good deal of information on Angola and Brazil. The wide geographic coverage of the archival holdings is matched by the depth of the period covered. Although the Archives were instituted in 1595, the holdings extend further back into the sixteenth century and provide detailed evidence for study of diplomatic, religious, political, economic, and social history, unmatched in amount and quality in any archives in the given geographic area.
The British Admiralty Records as a Source for African History
Authors: Hendrix Melvin 
Published: May 2006

What is more characteristically English than the Navy?The relationship between naval power and British sovereignty is one of long standing in British foreign policy. This was especially evident in the nineteenth century, when Britain achieved almost unchallenged global naval pre-eminence following the Napoleonic Wars, keeping order in a world that British commercial interests were creating. As a consequence, the traditional role of the navy as a national defense force was changing dramatically to that of an international policeman on the one hand and surrogate statesman on the other. These two roles were generally most pronounced in the emerging tropical areas of trade in Asia, Africa, and South America.It is in relation to Africa that this essay is concerned, and over the course of the nineteenth century, the influence of the Royal Navy on African societies was an evolving, but considerable, force--as surveyor, policeman, employer, ally, adversary, diplomat, and enforcer. On the whole, Britain's Africa policy throughout much of the century was based on the suppression of the slave trade, while simultaneously providing protection for British citizens promoting “legitimate” commercial interests.Since the trade in slaves from Africa was chiefly a maritime enterprise, its navy became the chief instrument for implementing these foreign policy objectives, a role that shifted in the second half of the century to a more direct imperialist posture.
Underdevelopment of Africa: Comments on Methodology
Authors: Miracle Marvin P. 
Published: May 2006

One of the more striking recent trends in the study of African history has been the mushrooming of studies focusing on the “underdevelopment” of Africa (or some part of it) following the publication of Walter Rodney's How Europe Underdeveloped Africa in 1972. Part of the appeal of the “underdevelopment” literature is that it stands the apologists for colonialism on their heads. Barely more than a decade earlier, as the 1950s were coming to a close, one could readily find settlers, shopkeepers, colonial bureaucrats, and others arguing that the mounting pressure for independence in sub-Saharan Africa should be resisted because European rule had brought “development” to the continent. It is not surprising, therefore, that after a decade of independence there should be a ready audience for the argument that colonial rule did not “develop” African economies but, to the contrary, actually “underdeveloped” them—and perhaps we should also not be surprised that “underdevelopment” is often not defined oris defined inconsistently.The central focus of this essay will be the main difficulties of studying either “development” or “underdevelopment” and, in particular, the problems of determining the causes of either of these states at any given period in Africa's history. All the examples from the “underdevelopment” literature will be drawn from Rodney's book, primarily because the work seems representative of the growing body of literature on this subject and because it has been by far the most influential of the studies dealing with the topic in Africa. I would like to emphasize that in the following discussion my approach is more that of the economist than of the historian, a point which will be clearly reflected in the few points I have chosen for illustration.
The National Archives of the Ivory Coast
Authors: Welch Ashton Wesley 
Published: May 2006

As with all research conducted for academic purposes in the Ivory Coast by foreign nationals, research in the National Archives should be undertaken only with permission of the government. Such research can be carried out with a fair degree of ease in an atmosphere very conducive to research. The archives are centralized in Abidjan, which is not only the capital city but also is the point of entry for passengers who travel to the country by airplane, ship, and, to a large degree, rail. The personnel of the archives do not spare any effort to aid researchers from abroad.To the uninitiated, explanations of its workings not only make the accrediting process appear more formidable than it really is, but also unnecessarily cumbersome. The process entails a number of separate steps. Though not mandatory, an exploratory stage, to learn if the government has any reservation about the research, is strongly recommended. In it, the researcher should file a synopsis of the proposed research with the nearest Ivoirien embassy or directly with the Ministry of the Interior. The embassy will refer the proposal to the Interior Ministry for its guidance; thus, if the researcher is in a hurry to commence his or her work, it might be wise to bypass the embassy and negotiate directly with the Ministry. However, embassies are usually more responsive to enquiries than more distant bureaus. A statement similar in form, though not necessarily as detailed, of the research design should be appended to the synopsis. It should detail the research topic, the methodology to be followed, reasons for the research, the anticipated duration of the research, affiliations with academic or research institutions at home and in the Ivory Coast, and the sources of financial support.
The Archives of the Missionnaires du Sacre-Coeur (M.S.C.) at Bamanya (Zaire)
Authors: Nelson Sam 
Published: May 2006

Archival research in the Equateur region of Zaire is a frustrating and often unsuccessful endeavor. Colonial documentation on a specific locality is seldom located in a central repository and items have been scattered throughout the region. What records are found are usually highly disorganized and partially decomposed. In many cases, significant sources have been lost or destroyed. With this bleak prospective, it is not surprising that historical research in this area has been very limited.In contrast, a little known yet important source of historical and ethnographic material exists at the Missionnaires du Sacre-Coeur (M.S.C.) library at Bamanya, situated approximately ten kilometers from Mbandaka in the Equateur region. The library contains a wide range of both printed and archival material that has recently been organized and cataloged. Historians will find the archives to be of great interest and value, particularly for studies on the Nkundo-Mongo ethnic groups of the central forest region of Zaire.