bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transpupillary thermotherapy for the treatment of occult CNV in age‐related macular degeneration: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Myint Kyaw , Armbrecht Ana Maria , Mon Sue , Dhillon Baljean 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate whether transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) reduces the risk of moderate visual loss in patients with occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods:  A group of 25 patients were recruited and randomized into TTT or placebo groups. Patients were included if they had a subfoveal purely or predominantly (> 50%) occult CNV secondary to AMD with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/60 or better and the lesion was not larger than 4.5 mm. Treatment was carried out using an 810‐nm Oculight diode laser with a fixed spot size covering the whole lesion according to the standard protocol. The same procedure was used for the control group, except that the power was set at zero. The patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months and then every 6 months for up to 2 years. A maximum of three treatments were administered in both groups if there was evidence of persistent leakage from CNV. Results:  At the 12‐month follow‐up, there was no significant difference in the mean values for BCVA distance and near or contrast sensitivity between the treatment and control groups. The Mann−Whitney test was used to assess the differences in BCVA and contrast sensitivity between the groups, both at baseline and at the 12‐month follow‐up. No statistically significant difference was found; both groups lost on average two lines of BCVA. Conclusion:  Transpupillary thermotherapy appeared to have been of no benefit in preventing further visual loss in patients with occult CNV in this pilot study.
Scotoma mapping by semi‐automated kinetic perimetry: the effects of stimulus properties and the speed of subjects' responses
Authors: Dolderer Jan , Vonthein Reinhard , Johnson Chris A. , Schiefer Ulrich , Hart William 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  The study aimed firstly to determine the effects of stimulus variables on the detection of a scotoma border and, secondly, to study the reproducibility of the method during semi‐automated kinetic perimetry. Methods:  The size of the physiological blind spot in 18 young normal subjects was measured with a video‐campimetric device, the Tübingen computer campimeter (TCC). Kinetic stimuli of two different sizes and at four different levels of luminance were presented. Examinations were repeated within 2 weeks. Measurements were corrected for individual response times and the area of the blind spot was computed. The effects of stimulus strength and size and the repeatability of blind spot measurements were evaluated by an analysis of variance. Results:  The physiological blind spot showed significant inter‐ and intraindividual variations in size (least square means ranging from 17 to 49 square degrees), with a standard deviation of 6.8 square degrees. The measured size of the blind spot increased as a function of decreasing stimulus value, by reducing either the relative brightness or the size of stimuli. Use of a correction for each subject's speed of responses nearly halved the level of random variance. The temporal sequence of measurements (the order in which they were performed) had no apparent effect on the calculated values of blind spot size. Conclusions:  Semi‐automated kinetic perimetry can determine the size of the physiological blind spot with good repeatability in young, normal subjects. Determination of each individual's speed of response and inclusion of this variable in the calculations reduced variance of the measure significantly. This study confirmed the presence of considerable interindividual differences in the size of the physiological blind spot.
A 3‐dimensional evaluation of the macular region: comparing digitized and film‐based media with a clinical evaluation
Authors: Knudsen Lars Loumann , Skriver Kirsten 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the results of stereoscopic macular evaluations using three different types of stereoscopic photographic equipment with those of a clinical examination when establishing the presence of possible macular oedema. Methods:  The study involved a clinical evaluation of the macular region in 57 eyes of 30 diabetes subjects with possible macular oedema. Clinical examinations were followed by photographic stereoscopic evaluations of the macular region using two digital systems (low and high resolution) and one film‐based system. All the photographic recordings were classified by two consultants, who were trained in making macular gradations and blinded to the results of previous assessments. Results:  The low‐resolution digital equipment was found to have relatively low optical resolution and found a significantly lower number of eyes with macular oedema compared with the clinical examination. The high‐resolution digital equipment and the film‐based equipment were found to have relatively high optical resolution. The number of eyes with macular oedema found by the high‐resolution digital and film‐based evaluations was comparable with the number found by the clinical examination. Low intra‐ and interobserver agreement was observed. Conclusion:  All three photographic systems have disadvantages that make them suboptimal as tools for evaluating the presence of macular oedema. The film‐based system seems the most reliable, while low‐resolution digital equipment seems least useful. The development of new and objective measurements giving a 3‐dimensional presentation of the macular region might be advantageous.
Female Sexual Function and Activity Following Cystectomy and Continent Urinary Tract Diversion for Benign Indications: A Clinical Pilot Study and Review of Literature
Authors: Elzevier Henk Willem , Nieuwkamer Bart B. , Pelger Rob C.M. , Lycklama à Nijeholt August A.B. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There are limited data on female sexual function after cystectomy for benign indications.

Aims
To evaluate postoperative sexual items following cystectomy and continent urinary diversion for benign indications (e.g., severe incontinence, interstitial cystitis) in female patients. Furthermore, to review the studies investigating changes in women’s sexual function after cystectomy.

Methods
In a retrospective study, 21 out of 23 patients (91%) who underwent a cystectomy for a benign indication completed a questionnaire. These women had a median age at the date of operation of 47.3 years (range 25–66 years) and a mean follow-up of 11.9 years. Questions on preoperative and postoperative sexuality, postoperative sexual activity, sexual appreciation, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in patients at present were evaluated. Electronic databases were searched for the published studies investigating female sexual function after cystectomy.

Main Outcome Measures
Female sexual function was evaluated by the FSFI domain scores and postoperative sexual appreciation questions.

Results
Sexual complaints before operation were present in 48% of the patients. The most common complaints reported were incontinence during intercourse, pain, and loss of libido. Seventeen out of 21 patients (81%) were sexually active preoperatively, 14 were still active postoperatively, and two preoperative inactive patients became active. Sexual inactivity postoperatively is mainly due to patient-related or combination of patient- and partner-related issues (70%), such as with pain during intercourse, loss of libido, and impaired body image. In the sexually active group, the majority (62.5%) showed improved or unchanged intercourse postoperatively. In the FSFI in 11 sexually active patients (52%) at present, domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and pain scored above average. The domain of satisfaction scored below average.

Conclusion
Despite extensive surgery, female sexuality may remain unchanged or even improve, following cystectomy and continent diversion for benign indication. Sexual inactivity postoperatively needs more attention in respect to sexual counseling. Overall, the results are reassuring.
Thomas Reid’s Philosophy of Mind: Consciousness and Intentionality
Authors: Copenhaver Rebecca 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThomas Reid’s epistemological ambitions are decisively at the center of his work. However, if we take such ambitions to be the whole story, we are apt to overlook the theory of mind that Reid develops and deploys against the theory of ideas. Reid’s philosophy of mind is sophisticated and strikingly contemporary, and has, until recently, been lost in the shadow of his other philosophical accomplishments. Here I survey some aspects of Reid’s theory of mind that I find most interesting. I examine whether Reid is a mysterian about the mind, whether Reid has a direct realist theory of perception, and whether Reid has a higher‐order, or “inner‐sense,” view of consciousness. Along the way I will mention portions of the secondary literature that examine these aspects and point out whether and to what degree I part ways with the interpretations present in the literature.
How does competition influence mate choice decisions for males and females in the monogamous convict cichlid fish, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus?
Authors: Santangelo Nick , Itzkowitz M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is understood that mate choice, competition, and sex differences produced by sexual selection underlie behavior, but few studies focus on their interactions within a system to understand how they shape behavior. Here, using the monogamous convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, we examined the mate choice process of males and females in the presence of intrasexual competition. We compared and contrasted patterns reported in a previous study exploring this process in the absence of competition by using the same methodological paradigm. Specifically, two individuals (i.e., the competitors) were presented with a choice of two alternative, visually and tactilely isolated, mates and observed until one competitor (i.e., the primary competitor) spawned with one of the potential mates (i.e., the accepted mate). This was done for males and females separately. Both sexes spent more time with their mates while attacking and inhibiting the courtship of the other competitor (i.e., the secondary competitor). Only females expressed this time preference in the absence of competition (Santangelo & Itzkowtiz, 2004), but both sexes visited accepted mates more in the presence of competition. These results suggest competition causes the adoption of a mate guarding tactic. Males exhibited more differences than females with the addition of competition suggesting that male mate choice patterns are more labile than females. We attribute this to the ability of males to be bigamous and the adoption of different strategies based on the level of male-male competition. Courtship was not affected by competition for either sex, however the courtship of secondary individuals did appear to be influenced by primary individuals. Competition did not eliminate a searcher's continuous assessment of potential mates, yet it was conducted to a lesser degree. Thus, mate guarding is an important strategy that must be balanced with an individual's inclination to continuously assess based on present competition levels.
Palliative care for patients with heart failure: description of a service
Authors: Johnson MJ , Houghton T 
Published: April 2006

Over the past 10 years, there has been an increasing demand for heart failure patients to have access to palliative care services. The concerns of this group have been highlighted and there is growing recognition in national palliative care and cardiology bodies that these concerns should be addressed. In spite of this, there is little improvement. There are concerns about the acceptability of hospice services to heart failure patients, worries about service overload, lack of appropriate knowledge and skills and difficulty in knowing when to refer a heart failure patient for palliative care. In Scarborough, a joint approach by a cardiologist and palliative care physician was set up in September 2000. This paper describes the service so far in an attempt to address some of the above reservations and to provide a catalyst and encouragement to others beginning a similar venture.
Tau protein seems not to be a useful routine clinical marker of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Guimarães J , Cardoso M J , Sá M J 
Published: April 2006

Background The descriptions of early axonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) prompted the search of body fluid markers. However, the studies addressing this issue in MS present conflicting results. Aim To assess the levels of tau protein in patients with definite MS. Patients and methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 50 patients with definite diagnosis of MS (33 F, 17 M; mean age: 33.6 years) and from 19 age-matched individuals without organic neurological diseases (11 F, 8 M), entered this study. With regard to the clinical course, the MS patients were classified as follows: 32 relapsing-remitting (RR); two secondary progressive (SP), and four primary progressive (PP). Twelve patients had clinical isolated syndromes (CIS). The mean duration was 36.1 months (range: 15 days to 20 years). Tau protein was measured in the CSF by double antibody sandwich ELISA. Results The median tau and the cut-off values of the controls were 104.9 and 175.3 pg/mL, respectively. We found that most MS patients presented normal values. In addition, the clinical features-course, duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) value, Poser index of progression, Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score-did not significantly influence the tau levels in the MS group. Conclusion Our study showed similar CSF tau concentrations in MS patients with different clinical characteristics. This suggests that tau protein does not seem to be a useful routine clinical marker of axonal damage.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENERA OF THE BAMBUSOIDEAE
Authors: McClure F. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe post‐Linnaean names that have been applied to bamboo genera are listed, with authorship, place of publication and typification. Notes have been added in some cases where questions have arisen as to the status of the genus or of the type species.For completeness, especially in the interest of beginners, the pertinent data concerning generic names that were not validly published (according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature), as well as those whose spelling requires correction or interpretation, are included. The typification of names not validly published may, by some, be deemed unnecessary, but I believe that the reader's perspective may be improved by the addition of this detail in such cases.The author will be grateful to be informed of any case where a different type species than the one here designated for any given genus has been proposed elsewhere.
A NOMENCLATURAL NOTE ON THE GENUS CAPSICUM
Authors: Eshbaugh W. Hardy 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFormal recognition is given on the varietal level to the wild and cultivated forms of Capsicum baccatum L. Both C. microcarpum Cav. and C. pendulum Willd. are brought under the synonymy of C. baccatum L. The cultivated chili pepper of South America is now named C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willdenow) Eshbaugh.
THE TYPIFICATION OF WALKERA SCHREB. (1789) AND GOMPHIA SCHREB. (1789) (OCHNACEAE)
Authors: Kanis A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe generic name Walkera Schreb. (1789) (Ochnaceae) must be typified by Meesia serrata Gaertn. (1788). In view of past and present confusion Walkera Schreb. must be considered a later homonym of Walkeria Mill. ex Ehret (1763) under Art. 75 of the present Code of Nomenclature. The holotype of Meesia serrata Gaertn. is at L. The generic name Gomphia Schreb. (1789) must be typified by Ochna zeylanica Lamk (1797), a taxonomic synonym of Meesia serrata Gaertn. The name Campylospermum van Tieghem (1902) is a nomenclatural synonym of Gomphia.
A COMPARISON OF RIND OIL COMPONENTS OF DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID CITRUS BY GAS‐LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Cameron James W. , Scora Rainer W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRind oil components (excluding terpenes) of diploid and tetraploid selections of seven Citrus varieties comprising four species were compared by gas chromatography. The tetraploids were autotetraploid, asexual derivatives of the diploids. Percentages of the oil constituents were markedly similar between diploids and their respective tetraploids. Those significant differences which were found tended to occur at the same peaks among different varieties; the direction of the differences between diploids and tetraploids also tended to be the same for a given peak. ‘Royal’ grapefruit which may be a natural hybrid, showed several conspicuous differences between its diploid and tetraploid forms, and showed many differences from a more typical grapefruit, the ‘Hall’. The diploid and tetraploid forms of ‘Lisbon’ lemon both had high percentages of oil in the regions of geranyl acetate, geranial, and nerol. The components ocatanal, linalool, nonanol, and α‐terpineol were present in substantial quantities in most of the varieties. Each variety could be distinguished from the others by the overall percentages of its various oil components.
THE CORRECT NAME OF THE COMMON REED
Authors: Clayton W. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe correct name of the Common Reed, usually called Phragmites communis Trin. is P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel.The Common Reed is rightly regarded as based upon a Linnaean species (Arundo phragmites Linn., 1753), and one is inclined to forget that, owing to the operation of the tautonym rule, the current name (Phragmites communis Trin.) dates only from 1820. This may explain why the existence of an earlier name has been overlooked.
PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING IN BIOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
Authors: Crovello Theodore J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryProblems in the use of electronic data processing (EDP) in biological collections are explored. To accomplish this, the uses of EDP, actual and potential, are first set forth. The uses are divided into three groups, depending on the source from which the relevant information is obtained. The problems themselves are then grouped into nine mutually exclusive categories. Each problem is discussed in detail. The concept of a decision context is introduced. Its use in making the overall decision as to whether or not EDP should be used in a particular situation is explained. A questionnaire on the problems of EDP in biological collections was returned by 22 curators. Their comments are incorporated into the appropriate places of the text.
EXTREME INSTABILITY OF CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA
Authors: Lewis Walter H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryClaytonia virginica L. has two morphological races and some fifty chromosomal cytotypes. Even though apparently unique this complexity may prove to be of more general importance in the future. Simplicity and the most obvious may not always be Nature's way. In C. virginica growth and development, cytoecology and evolution are in juxtaposition, interacting and awaiting understanding. — The term biosystematics is now redundant because it has served its purpose to stress the importance of populational studies and cytogenetics for systematics.
LINDANE AND DICHLORVOS FOR PROTECTION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS AGAINST INSECTS
Authors: Stern William L. , Gillenwater Hagen B. , Eason Gerald , Garcia‐Quintana A. , Cail R. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLindane and dichlorvos vapors are effective in protecting herbarium specimens against insect infestations without associated deleterious effects to humans. Methods of application are simple, protection is long‐lasting, and the toxicants are easily obtainable and relatively inexpensive.
MUSEUM SPECIMEN RECORD DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
Authors: Hall A. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExamples of problems that arise from the present lack of an efficient information service for specimen‐label data are reviewed. Deficiencies exist in the guidance given to collectors, the provision of local distribution data for environmental and other studies, and in the support given the monographers in locating Types. Basic queries such as on the fauna and flora of a particular area mostly cannot be answered directly, although the data lie close at hand. With respect to label information the museum or herbarium is a data crypt rather than a data bank. Computer‐based data‐banking offers a solution to these fundamental problems. Selected items of label data can be retrieved and sorted for output in catalogues or lists by the computer, along with tallies and distribution maps. The steps by which one may achieve this are described, together with a review of the chief kinds of computer program‐system and sources of advice. The need for careful systems analysis and international standards for recording the data is emphasised.
SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS OF HAMAMELIDIDAE ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO URTICALES
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUltrastructural analysis of sieve tubes of Hamamelididae (48 species from 16 families and 12 of the 15 orders investigated) showed a rather uniform distribution of S‐type plastids (storing starch only) among this subclass. P‐type plastids (storing protein) were reported only for the genus Ulmus. Some other species belonging to the Urticales contain sieve‐tube plastids storing neither starch nor protein; however, the scarce formation of minute starch grains in at least two species of the latter group joins them to the S‐type plastids.
PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND THEIR EXPLANATION
Authors: Buzas Martin A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPatterns of species diversity and equitability, and the hypotheses suggested to explain them are examined in the terrestrial and marine environments, and the fossil record. Although all the hypotheses are important in explaining diversity, none of them singularly or in various combinations are sufficient to explain the observed patterns. Quantification of the variables suggested to explain the observations will no doubt help clarify and give more credibility to the explanation of diversity, but such studies are only in their infancy.
GEOCARPON: AIZOACEAE OR CARYOPHYLLACEAE?
Authors: Bogle A. L. , Swain T. , Thomas R. D. , Kohn E. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMorphological, taxonomic, and field observations on the ecology of the monotypic narrowly endemic genus Geocarpon in southeastern Arkansas are presented, and the presence of anthocyanin pigments is demonstrated in plants of Geocarpon minimum, providing further support for its placement in the Caryophyllaceae rather than in the Aizoaceae to which it was originally assigned.
TYPIFICATION OF THE FERN‐GENUS CHRISTELLA LÉVEILLÉ
Authors: Holttum R. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe generic name Christella Léveillé is typified by the species Pohypodium parasiticum Linn. Thus typified the name can be used for a natural group of species which the author believes should have generic rank and of which he proposes to publish a monograph at a later date.