bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of verbal skills in first-born and only boys
Authors: Cropley A. J , Ahlers K. H 
Published: July 2008

SummaryVerbal IQs were calculated for 60 boys who had no siblings (only boys) and 64 who were the first in a sibline (first borns) at two age levels—6 and 7 years versus 11 and 12 years. In addition to a pronounced socioeconomic status (SES) effect, three of four subgroups of only boys obtained significantly higher mean IQs than first borns. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that development of verbal abilities is facilitated by contact with parental models of language behaviour, only boys benefiting from closer contact than first borns. However, interactions among IQs, age and SES suggested that although mere increased contact is adequate to foster verbal development in younger children, quality of parental stimulation is important at higher age levels.
A retrospective study of patients seeking pregnancy advice, January 1971 to June 1974
Authors: Coles Ruth 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis is a retrospective study of 1754 patients seen at the Brook Pregnancy Advice Service (Avon) in the 3½ years January 1971 to June 1974; 1653 patients were referred for termination of pregnancy. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 to 44 years; the age peak was 19 years. Most patients attended between the 7th and 10th weeks of pregnancy; the peak was at 8 weeks. The majority of patients from outside the clinical area were referred for abortion privately. Patients from within the clinical area were referred to the NHS slightly more often than privately. There is a delay of 2–4 weeks for an NHS gynaecological appointment and a further 1–4 weeks before termination. Private patients are seen within 7 days and their abortions are performed within a few days. Patients from within the clinical area are more likely to return to the clinic for follow-up. There is a considerable fall-off in the continuation of follow-up for all patients returning to the clinic.
The decline in fertility in England and Wales since 1964
Authors: Pollard G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe decline in the number of legitimate live births in England and Wales from the peak in 1964 has been partitioned into components due to changes in fertility rates, components due to changes in the composition of the population exposed to risk, and an interaction component. Fertility rates specific for age of mother at birth of child, duration of marriage, parity and age of mother at marriage were considered but in all cases it was found that the decline was not as great as the change in fertility rates implied. This was due to increases in the number of births due to changes in the composition of the population exposed to risk.The decline in the number of births due to changes in fertility rates specific for age of mother/duration of marriage/parity/age at marriage has been expressed as a percentage of the number of births to each specific group and it was found that generally the percentage decline became greater as age of mother/duration of marriage/parity/age at marriage increased. However this did not apply for the youngest age groups, the shortest durations of marriage, the youngest ages at marriage and the lowest parity. This result needs further investigation. Is this evidence of a deferment of births by young mothers (with short durations, low parities and young ages at marriage)? Alternatively, is this evidence of the beginning of a really significant and widespread change of attitude to family size?
Indirect measurements of family size preferences and of abortion
Authors: Barret J. C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMatrices are derived for converting the proportions of couples wanting various completed family sizes to proportions attaining given sizes of families at a given time, based on a simulation model in which couples commence the regular use of contraception as soon as the decision is made to have not more than one further child. The matrices are adapted to include a proportion of ‘prospective aborters’ who are prepared to have recourse to abortion if contraception fails. A measure of consistency between the family size preferences estimated for different durations of marriage is introduced. This measure, together with the conversion matrices, is used to estimate the distribution of aborters and of family size preferences among a cohort of women married in England and Wales in 1920–24 at ages 20–24.
Human aggressive behaviour: the period of perpetration in relation to month of birth of male offenders
Authors: Kop Paul P. A. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA sample of 442 males living in Amsterdam and convicted for ill-treatment without malice prepense in 1970 and 1971, was drawn from the files of the Central Bureau of Statistics in The Netherlands to study a possible relationship between the birth month of male offenders, the annual period of perpetration and the age at which the offence is committed. The results suggest that in Amsterdam the perpetration of aggressive delinquencies during the annual period is to some degree correlated with the (calendar) month of birth. It seems that particular seasonal conditions only have an effect if these occur within a limited period before or after the birth month. Additionally, a long-term effect has been found, showing that the age at which the offence is committed is to some degree correlated with the month of birth. So far, causal factors are not known. However, other studies suggest the influence of seasonal meteorological conditions, although periodical social factors should not be excluded.
sexual and contraceptive attitudes and behaviour of single attenders at a Dublin family planning clinic
Authors: Philbin Bowman Eimer 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA preliminary breakdown of the characteristics of all new attenders at a Dublin family planning clinic during the first 6 months of 1974, showed that just under half of those attending were unmarried at the time of their first visit. Of these single women, three in five planned to marry shortly and two in five had no marriage plans. The main part of the study concentrates on this latter group. A sample of 50 women was interviewed and the results provide some factual data on their family and educational background, their sexual and contraceptive behaviour and their attitudes to related issues. They came mainly from upper-middle income groups and had a high standard of education. Although they were, almost without exception, born into Roman Catholic families, only just over a quarter were regular church attenders. All but 6% were already sexually experienced at the time of their first visit and most were now involved in a stable sexual relationship which involved having intercourse at least once a month; while well informed on contraception, only a small minority had always used a reliable method. Since the mean interval between first intercourse and their first visit to the clinic was over 2.2 years, the majority had been at risk of becoming pregnant. One in six of those interviewed had experienced pregnancy and half of these had sought an abortion. While 76% of the sample considered abortion acceptable in at least extreme cases, only 12% were without strong moral reservations; in the event of pregnancy 32% would consider seeking an abortion. A correlational analysis of some of the results is presented.
Tylosis in the Orkney Islands
Authors: Muir Veronica M. L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe familial condition of tylosis was found in a single extended family in the Orkney islands. Unlike other pedigrees described it has no association with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Various linkage studies have been suggested and pooling of available data would offer a more constructive approach. Electron microscopy suggests further biochemical analysis on affected and normal skin to elucidate the underlying factors causing hyperkeratinization, and possibly resulting in more sophisticated treatment for this irritable but harmless condition.
Survival Sequence of Infants: a Factorial Analysis
Authors: Prasad Rudranand , Prasad Akhileshwar 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe technique of analysing factorial experiments has been used in this paper to analyse data on survival sequence of infants. Even though no generalizations can be made at this stage, the findings relating to interactions appear to be interesting, revealing and useful. Strong associations between survivorship of infants at successive birth orders are indicated.
A causal concept Of disease in an Iranian community
Authors: Alemi Ali A. , Mohseni Manouchehr 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn 1975, as part of a socio-medical survey in a southern province of Iran, the influence of socio-cultural variables on behaviour in relation to illness and on beliefs about the causes of disease was examined. It was found that traditional beliefs such as ‘luck’ and religion were related to locality and age. For instance, the urban literate community puts less emphasis than the illiterate rural population on such beliefs. Older people and those living in rural areas still tend to believe in as ‘evil eye’ as a cause of disease, but a small percentage of old people in both localities do believe that flies can cause disease. The causal role of culture or specific elements of culture on health and disease requires further study.
Social classes for women of differing marital status
Authors: Kingsley Su , McEwan John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryStudies involving collation of social characteristics of women frequently include statements about their social class designation and may compare groups in different classes against other variables. The method of making such a designation is very unsatisfactory and may lead to spurious conclusions arising from the method of classification.When designation is carried out by a method primarily concerned with married women's own occupations rather than those of their husbands, some of the apparent differences in distribution are lost. It is possible to examine married and unmarried women together if those in both groups work outside the home.Such considerations are particularly important in data relating to reproductive behaviour, such as abortion statistics and studies of births or the use of contraception.
Age at Paternity in England and Wales, 1901–60
Authors: Hare E. H. , Moran P. A. P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryExcept for the year 1931, no information is available on age at paternity in England and Wales before 1961. But such information is needed to determine the aetiological significance of raised maternal age, for example that which has been reported for several types of psychiatric disorder. Parental age at the birth of a respondent was studied in a survey of 2000 persons forming a quota sample of the adult population of England and Wales. Checks against the available national statistics suggest the findings for age at paternity can be accepted with some confidence.
Abelam yam beliefs and sociorhythmicity: a study in chronoanthropology
Authors: Scaglion Richard , Condon Richard G. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe Western Abelam of Papua New Guinea display an annual cycle of social conflicts and births which is a function of a system of ritual beliefs involved in the growing of ceremonial yams. This sociorhythmic ritual complex involves adherence to various taboos which encourage a 6-month period in which social conflict is avoided and sexual activity is markedly curtailed. Conflict case studies and demographic data collected from one village over a 15-month period indicate significant seasonal variation in various areas of Abelam social life and suggest that sociorhythmic phenomena can affect both social behaviour and demographic patterns of human groups. Alternative environmental and nutritional hypotheses are also investigated.
Teenage sexual behaviour: perceptive and behavioural outcomes associated with receipt of family planning services
Authors: Akpom C. Amechi , Akpom Kathy L. , Mayer Suzanne , olesak Ann 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe sexual behaviour of 71 teenage girls who attended an information and discussion session at a family planning clinic was examined. Sixty-one of these girls later received contraceptive services at the clinic (clinic group) and their behaviour was compared at follow-up with that of the ten girls who did not attend the clinic again (non-clinic group). The mean frequency of sexual intercourse of the clinic group increased after receiving contraceptive services but did not differ significantly from the figure for the non-clinic group. The majority of the girls restricted their sexual activity to one partner.
Seasonality of births in south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ogum G. E. O. , Okorafor A. E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe monthly distribution of births in the south-eastern states of Nigeria shows a seasonal pattern with a peak during the months of April-June, and a trough during November-January. This suggests that a disproportionate number of conceptions or matings occurs during the relatively cool months of July-September. In south-eastern Nigeria, these are months of relative idleness characterized by reduced work on the farms, abundance of fruits, vegetables and palm wine, and an increased tendency to stay indoors due to heavy and frequent rains. These conditions are considered conducive to increased intercourse
Abortion choices in the philippines
Authors: Gallen Moira 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAlthough abortion is still illegal in the Philippines it appears to be increasing. This article reviews the methods to which women wanting to terminate a pregnancy resort, in spite of the health risks attached to them; these traditional practices include the use of herbal and pharmaceutical preparations supposedly with abortifacient properties, catheter insertion, abdominal massage and dilatation and curettage. It then goes on to discuss menstrual data from the records of two doctors in one ciry who are amongst the relatively small number of people in the country who are using the technique at the present time.
Fertility control without modernization: evidence from a rural Indian community
Authors: Vlassoff Carol 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from a survey of 349 fertile married women are used to examine the significance of cultural context for contraceptive behaviour in a traditional Indian village. While sterilization was widely sanctioned, other methods were little known, favoured or used. Relationship with modernization indicators also varied for different contraceptive techniques.Traditional respondents were as favourable towards sterilization as modern women, but modern women were significantly more likely to accept other methods. These results are attributed to differential government efforts which have placed almost exclusive emphasis upon sterilization. It is argued that an expanded family planning programme would overcome the inertia of tradition concerning non-terminal contraception.
Effect of age at first marriage, number of wives, and type of marital union on fertility
Authors: Sembajwe Israel 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the effect of age at first marriage, number of wives and type of marital union on fertility among Yoruba females in Western Nigeria. The evidence indicates that age at first marriage and hunband's number of wives do not have a significant effect on completed fertility. Type of marital union, on the other hand, seems to have an effect on fertility. Women in de facto unions experience lower fertility than women in formal marriages.
Fertility of the Korean population in Japan influenced by a folk superstition in 1966
Authors: Kim Yoon Shin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFertility trends for Korean populations in Japan and Korea and for Japanese have been examinated, with special reference to the Fire-Horse or White-Horse year, 1966.Koreans in Japan and the Japanese showed a remarkable drop in crude birth rates and a sharp increase in stillbirth rates in 1966, while Koreans in Korea showed only a steady decline in crude birth rate.It was concluded that the Japanese folk superstition of Hinoe-Uma influenced the crude birth rates and stillbirth rates of both Japanese and Koreans in Japan 1966 and that the fertility behaviour of these Koreans had come to resemble that of the Japanese through the effect of environment factors in Japanese society.
Contraceptive risk-taking in a population with limited access to abortion
Authors: Horowitz Diane R. , Oechsli Frank W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAt a time when abortion was not readily available, among married women over half of unintended pregnancies occurred with no use or discontinued use of contraception. Many of these contraceptive drifters had prior experience with effective contraception. Contraceptive drifting was more common for low parity births. Different characteristics differentiated drifters from contraception failures in low- (1–2) and high- (3+) parity women. Among low-parity women, more drifting was found where the husband was enthusiastic about having the child, the woman's education or occupation was low, the husband's occupation was craftsman or operative, his education was low or his income was high. Among high-parity women, drifting was more common for white mothers, those with a previous marriage or a child by another father, or for mothers or fathers with low education. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Voluntary sterilization in Flanders
Authors: Cliquet R. L. , Thiery M. , Staelens R. , Lambert G. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a follow-up of males and females after voluntary surgical sterilization, the social characteristics of the applicants, their fertility and contraceptive history, their motivation, the indication for and mode of surgical contraception, the physical and psychological consequences of the operation, and the outcome of the selection and counselling procedures applied, were studied in a sample of 275 applications with a total of 540 subjects. The survey comprised the pre-operative examination, the first post-operative evaluation 4 months after surgery and the second after 12 months.The main reasons for applying for sterilization were excess fertility due to contraceptive failures and side-effects of reversible contraceptive methods. Almost all of the patients were satisfied with the operation, one of the highest proportions reported so far. Nevertheless, many experienced a real adjustment period. Notwithstanding the careful pre-operative information and counselling, serious fears were often observed, and many found the operation more severe than expected. For the vast majority of the patients the operation had no influence on their family relations. The sexual relationship too was usually unchanged. If there were changes, the positive effects always exceeded the negative ones.The high response to both the evaluations and the high proportions of satisfied individuals are in favour of the selection procedures and multidisciplinary counselling and follow-up practised.
Hong Kong Married abortion applicants: a comparison with married women who elect to complete their pregnancies
Authors: Lieh-Mak F. , Tam Y. K. , Ng S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe authors compared 130 married abortion applicants with 100 married pregnant women who were attending the antenatal clinic. The abortion applicants were more likely to have had unhappy childhoods, broken homes, sexual pathology and more children. Their neuroticism scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory were significantly higher. They tended to use either no contraception or unreliable methods. They were older and tended to report more socioeconomic problems. The characteristics of abortion applicants in this study seem to be similar to those reported from other countries.
Seasonality of fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Becker Stan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFrom matched birth and census records in the Matlab area of Bangladesh, monthly fertility rates for the period 1970–74 are studied for seasonal patterns by age and parity. Trigonometric regression techniques are used to summarize and compare the multiple series. Pronounced seasonal patterns are apparent for all age and parity groups. The general fertility rate peaks in December with a seasonal variation of 42% above and below the mean level. For younger women at low parities the peak is in late October, while for older women of higher parity it is in January. The shift progresses linearly with age and parity though the age effect is the more pronounced. A seasonal pattern of fecundability which varies by age group could explain the shift.
Variation Between Couples of Human Coital Rates
Authors: James W. H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDistributions of reported coital rates are positively skewed. The means of such distributions seem to be roughly proportional, not to their variances, but to their standard deviations.The coefficient of variation of distributions of reported coital rates—at least for relatively homogeneous samples—is of the order of 2/3. It is estimated that the coefficient of variation of the distribution of true (as opposed to reported) values would be about ½ at the time of first conception.
Fertility and Infant Mortality Levels in Pakistan: A Reassessment of the 1971 Population Growth Survey
Authors: Yusuf Farhat 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the results of the 1971 Population Growth Survey in Pakistan and attempts to reassess the fertility and infant mortality levels utilizing some unpublished data on children ever born and proportion surviving. These adjusted fertility and infant mortality rates show that there has been hardly any decline in the fertility and infant mortality levels in Pakistan during the decade ending in 1971.
Characteristics and attitudes of family planners in Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Khalifa M. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a survey of 1475 urban Moslem wives in the age group 15–49 living in the capital city of the Sudan, knowledge of birth control was reported by almost all respondents while a significant proportion had used contraception at least once. The mean age of the users was 32·8 years, their duration of marriage was 15·1 years and their mean number of surviving children was 4·6. Those who had never used contraception had a higher mean age, a longer duration of marriage and more surviving children. Most of the users had an urban residential background and belonged to the high socioeconomic class. They held favourable attitudes to family planning. Although they thought that having a large family (more than five children) was not desirable, their mean preferred family size was no different from that of the never users.The results indicate that contraception is used for the purpose of spacing births rather than limiting their ultimate number. At this early stage of contraceptive adoption in Sudan, the characteristics of the pioneer acceptors are similar to those observed in other African countries.
Social factors related to rhesus isoimmunization
Authors: Barron S. L. , Edington P. T. 
Published: July 2008

SummarySeventy women with rhesus isoimmunization, referred to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne, when compared with the overall hospital population, showed an excess of pregnancies by more than one partner. By comparing them with a control group it was demonstrated that the differences in marital pattern were explained in terms of age, parity and social class. One or other parent of babies affected by haemolytic disease of the newborn was more likely than controls to undergo subsequent sterilization.
Contraceptive sterilization in four Latin American countries
Authors: McCarthy James 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe use of sterilization as a method of contraception is increasing rapidly throughout the world. This paper reports on sterilization rates for women in Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Panama in relation to demographic characteristics. Comparisons are made with non-sterilized women using other efficient contraceptive methods.The sterilization rates range from 0·161 in Colombia to 0·552 in Panama; births averted are calculated as one-quarter in Colombia, one-half in Costa Rica and one in the Dominican Republic and Panama.