bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of DNA Sequence Context-dependent Mutation Rates Using Primate Genomic Sequences: Application to Estimation of Selection Bias in Protein (Human TP53) Evolution
Authors: Zhang Wei 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUnderstanding of the mechanism of DNA mutation process is critical for studying the functional consequences of genetic variation in clinical medicine (eg. drug response) as well as other complex traits (eg. gene expression and cause of common diseases). During the last several decades, many probabilistic models of DNA nucleotide substitution have been proposed for studying this process. A common feature of these mutation models is that they assume the nucleotides evolve independently at each site. In other words, they are sequence context-independent models. However, based on various biochemical studies, it is now recognized that the DNA mutation process resulting in substitutions in both coding and non-coding regions may depend on sequence context. We proposed here a more realistic sequence context-dependent mutation model, which could contribute to the better understanding of the DNA mutation spectrum in genomes.We also showed its application to protein evolution by separating the mutation bias and selection bias in amino acid substitutions.
The relationship of intrapartum and antepartum stillbirth rates to measures of obstetric care in developed and developing countries
Authors: GOLDENBERG ROBERT L. , MCCLURE ELIZABETH M. , BANN CARLA M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between intrapartum and antepartum stillbirths and various measures of obstetric care in developing and developed countries. Methods. For 51 countries, we obtained data about intrapartum and antepartum stillbirth rates and obstetric care measures from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other sources. Using piecewise regression techniques, the relationships between the intrapartum and antepartum stillbirth rates and the various measures of obstetric care were determined. Results. Developed countries had lower total stillbirth rates (6.0 versus 21.3/1,000 births, p = 0.0002) as well as a lower fraction of stillbirths that were intrapartum (0.16 versus 0.31, p = 0.0019). Developed country antepartum stillbirth rates were 5.2 versus 14.0/1,000 in developing countries (p = 0.0002). The highest antepartum stillbirth rates, all in southern Africa and Asia, ranged from 25 to 35/1,000 births. Intrapartum stillbirth rates averaged 0.9/1,000 births for developed countries compared to 7.3/1,000 in developing countries (p = 0.0024), but ranged as high as 20–25/1,000 births for some countries in southern Africa and Asia. The relationship between intrapartum stillbirth and the various measures of care were generally stronger than those for antepartum stillbirth. Over the entire range of values, for each 1% increase in the percentage of women with at least 4 antenatal visits, the intrapartum stillbirth rate decreased by 0.16 per 1,000 births (p<0.0001). As cesarean section rates increased from 0 to 8%, for each 1% increase, there was a decrease of 1.61 intrapartum stillbirths per 1,000 births. There was no relationship between the cesarean section rates and intrapartum stillbirth rates in developed countries. Conclusions. The intrapartum stillbirth rate is more closely related to various measures of obstetric care than the antepartum stillbirth rate. Increases in cesarean section rates up to 8% are associated with significant improvements in intrapartum stillbirth rates.
Existence of renormalized solutions to nonlinear elliptic equations with two lower order terms and measure data
Authors: Guibé Olivier , Mercaldo Anna 
Published: October 2007

In this paper we prove the existence of a renormalized solution to a class of nonlinear elliptic problems whose prototype is(P){−△pu−div⁡(c(x)|u|γ)+b(x)|∇u|λ=μamp;in Ω,u=0amp;in ∂Ω,\begin{equation}\tag {P} \begin {cases} - \bigtriangleup _p u -\operatorname {div}(c(x)|u|^{\gamma })+b(x)|\nabla u|^{\lambda } =\mu & \text {in $\Omega $},\\ u=0 & \text {in $\partial \Omega $}, \end{cases} \end{equation}whereΩ\Omegais a bounded open subset ofRN\mathbb {R}^N,N≥2N\geq 2,△p\bigtriangleup _pis the so-calledp−p-Laplace operator,1>p>N1> p> N,μ\muis a Radon measure with bounded variation onΩ\Omega,0≤γ≤p−10\le \gamma \le p-1,0≤λ≤p−10\le \lambda \le p-1, and|c||c|andbbbelong to the Lorentz spacesLNp−1,r(Ω)L^{\frac {N}{p-1},r}(\Omega ),Np−1≤r≤+∞\frac {N}{p-1}\leq r \leq +\infty, andLN,1(Ω)L^{N,1}(\Omega ), respectively. In particular we prove the existence under the assumptions thatγ=λ=p−1\gamma =\lambda =p-1,|c||c|belongs to the Lorentz spaceLNp−1,r(Ω)L^{\frac {N}{p-1},r}(\Omega ),Np−1≤r>+∞\frac {N}{p-1}\leq r>+\infty, and‖c‖LNp−1,r(Ω)\|c\|_{ L^{\frac {N}{p-1},r}(\Omega )}is small enough.
The zeta function of the Laplacian on certain fractals
Authors: Derfel Gregory , Grabner Peter , Vogl Fritz 
Published: October 2007

We prove that the zeta function

ζ
Δ

\zeta _\Delta

of the Laplacian

Δ
\Delta

on self-similar fractals with spectral decimation admits a meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane. We characterise the poles, compute their residues, and give expressions for some special values of the zeta function. Furthermore, we discuss the presence of oscillations in the eigenvalue counting function, thereby answering a question posed by J. Kigami and M. Lapidus for this class of fractals.
Induction of a Small Heat Shock Protein and Its Functional Roles inNicotianaPlants in the Defense Response againstRalstonia solanacearum
Authors: Maimbo Milimo , Ohnishi Kouhei , Hikichi Yasufumi , Yoshioka Hirofumi , Kiba Akinori 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Ralstonia solanacearum OE1-1 (RsOE1-1) is pathogenic, whereas R. solanacearum 8107 (Rs8107) is nonpathogenic and induces the hypersensitive response (HR). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant-R. solanacearum interactions, we used differential display to isolate a cDNA fragment, A6, regulated in tobacco by inoculation with RsOE1-1. The deduced amino acid sequence predicted from full-length A6-cDNA showed similarity to small heat shock proteins from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; hypothetical protein), Medicago truncatula, and Cucumis melo; we therefore designated A6 to correspond to Ntshsp17 (for tobacco small heat shock protein 17). Recombinant Ntshsp17 overproduced in Escherichia coli exhibited molecular chaperone function. Expression of Ntshsp17 was increased in tobacco leaves inoculated with both RsOE1-1 and Rs8107. Expression was induced by heat treatment and by treatment with aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid. Ntshsp17 expression was induced by inoculation with a HR and pathogenicity gene mutant of Rs8107 that does not induce the HR, but not by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of INF1, an HR elicitor. In Nbshsp17-silenced plants (an Ntshsp17 ortholog in Nicotiana benthamiana), expression of ETHYLENE-RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1a (PR1a), and PR4 genes was compromised, but expression of ELONGATION FACTOR1α was scarcely affected. Appearance of the HR was not affected in the silenced plants. In the silenced plants, growth of Rs8107 was accelerated. Bacterial growth and wilt symptoms elicited by RsOE1-1 were also accelerated in the silenced plants. These results indicate that this small heat shock protein might have a role in HR-independent defenses in Nicotiana plants.
Crystal structures of the N‐terminal kinase domain of human RSK1 bound to three different ligands: Implications for the design of RSK1 specific inhibitors
Authors: Ikuta Mari , Kornienko Maria , Byrne Noel , Reid John C. , Mizuarai Shinji , Kotani Hidehito , Munshi Sanjeev K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) also known as MAPKAP‐Ks are serine/threonine protein kinases that are activated by ERK or PDK1 and act as downstream effectors of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). RSK1, a member of the RSK family, contains two distinct kinase domains in a single polypeptide chain, the regulatory C‐terminal kinase domain (CTKD) and the catalytic N‐terminal kinase domain (NTKD). Autophosphorylation of the CTKD leads to activation of the NTKD that subsequently phosphorylates downstream substrates. Here we report the crystal structures of the unactivated RSK1 NTKD bound to different ligands at 2.0 Å resolution. The activation loop and helix αC, key regulatory elements of kinase function, are disordered. The DFG motif of the inactive RSK1 adopts an “active‐like” conformation. The β‐PO4 group in the AMP–PCP complex adopts a unique conformation that may contribute to inactivity of the enzyme. Structures of RSK1 ligand complexes offer insights into the design of novel anticancer agents and into the regulation of the catalytic activity of RSKs.
Continuing Medical Education: Peyronie's Disease (CME)
Authors: Bella Anthony J. , Perelman Michael A. , Brant William O. , Lue Tom F. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The management of Peyronie's disease (PyD) presents several challenges to the clinician. Despite progress in the understanding of PyD on several fronts, it remains a physically and psychologically devastating condition for the affected patient and partner.

Aim
The purpose of this Continuing Medical Education article is to review contemporary knowledge of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of PyD, thus enabling best-practice management.

Methods
An English-language MEDLINE review was performed from 1990 to present-day for PyD.

Main Outcome Measure
Current state of, and new developments in, PyD.

Results
Recent studies have established a new paradigm for the natural history and epidemiology of PyD. Prevalence approaches 5%, while less than 20% of men report spontaneous resolution of deformity. The psychological sequelae on both patient and partner are underrepresented in literature; data gleaned from select Internet websites have better established Peyronie's effects on psyche and relationships. For the majority of patients, evaluation, information, and reassurance is sufficient. Few medical treatment options are supported by data from well-designed placebo-controlled trials. For men unresponsive to nonoperative therapies, plication, grafting, or implantation of a penile prosthesis are surgical management options.

Conclusions
PyD does not invariably progress to a complete loss of the ability for sexual intercourse. Should deformities preclude intercourse, well-established medical or surgical options may be considered; indeed, using one or more of the treatment approaches outlined can, in most cases, result in adequate restoration of sexual function.
Pleasure and Orgasm in Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
Authors: Catania Lucrezia , Abdulcadir Omar , Puppo Vincenzo , Verde Jole Baldaro , Abdulcadir Jasmine , Abdulcadir Dalmar 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) violates human rights. FGM/C women's sexuality is not well known and often it is neglected by gynecologists, urologists, and sexologists. In mutilated/cut women, some fundamental structures for orgasm have not been excised.

Aim
The aim of this report is to describe and analyze the results of four investigations on sexual functioning in different groups of cut women.

Main Outcome Measure
Instruments: semistructured interviews and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods
Sample: 137 adult women affected by different types of FGM/C; 58 young FGM/C ladies living in the West; 57 infibulated women; 15 infibulated women after the operation of defibulation.

Results
The group of 137 women, affected by different types of FGM/C, reported orgasm in almost 86%, always 69.23%; 58 mutilated young women reported orgasm in 91.43%, always 8.57%; after defibulation 14 out of 15 infibulated women reported orgasm; the group of 57 infibulated women investigated with the FSFI questionnaire showed significant differences between group of study and an equivalent group of control in desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction with mean scores higher in the group of mutilated women. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in lubrication and pain.

Conclusion
Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of female erectile organs are neglected in specialist textbooks. In infibulated women, some erectile structures fundamental for orgasm have not been excised. Cultural influence can change the perception of pleasure, as well as social acceptance. Every woman has the right to have sexual health and to feel sexual pleasure for full psychophysical well-being of the person. In accordance with other research, the present study reports that FGM/C women can also have the possibility of reaching an orgasm. Therefore, FGM/C women with sexual dysfunctions can and must be cured; they have the right to have an appropriate sexual therapy.
Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome and Estrogen Dose of Oral Contraceptive Pills
Authors: Greenstein Alexander , Ben-Aroya Zahi , Fass Orit , Militscher Idan , Roslik Yelena , Chen Juza , Abramov Liora 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) is a diverse, multifactorial phenomenon. Its precise etiology is unknown.

Aim
To define the association between oral contraceptive (OC) estrogen dosage and VVS.

Methods
Women diagnosed as having VVS participated in the study.

Main Outcome Measures
Data on type and usage of oral contraceptive pills (OC) were obtained by a questionnaire, and they were compared for the data on OC usage in the general population.

Results
Available commercial data on Israeli women taking OC showed that 51% of them use low-dose estrogen (≤20 µg) OC and 49% use higher-dose estrogen (30–35 µg) OC. Of the 132 women in the study, 86 (65%) used OC: 68 (79%) used low-dose estrogen OC (P &lt;0.002 compared to the general population), while only 18 (21%) used high-dose estrogen OC (P &lt;0.002 compared to the general population).

Conclusion
Significantly more patients who are treated in our clinic for VVS use low-dose estrogen than those who use high-dose estrogen OC.
Nonlinear Modeling by Interpolation Between Linear Dynamics and Its Application in Control
Authors: Kiriakidis Kiriakos 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper proposes a finite series expansion to approximate general nonlinear dynamics models to arbitrary accuracy. The method produces an approximation of nonlinear dynamics in the form of an aggregate of linear models, weighted by unimodal basis functions, and results in a linear growth bound on the approximation error. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that the proposed approximation satisfies the modeling assumptions for analysis based on linear matrix inequalities and hence widens the applicability of these techniques to the area of nonlinear control.
Shoulder joint kinetics of the elite wheelchair tennis serve
Authors: Reid Machar , Elliott Bruce , Alderson Jacque 
Published: October 2007

Background:The shoulder is a key joint in wheelchair locomotion and commonly implicated in injury among virtually all wheelchair populations. In tennis, quantification of the shoulder joint kinetics that characterise the wheelchair serve could enhance injury prevention and rehabilitation practices as well as assist coaches evaluate the efficacy of their current technical instruction.Methods:A 12-camera, 250 Hz Vicon motion analysis system (Oxford Metrics Inc., UK) recorded the 3D flat (WFS) and kick serve (WKS) motions of two male top 30-ranked international wheelchair players. Mechanical comparisons between wheelchair players, as well as to the previously captured data of 12 high-performance able-bodied players executing the same types of serves, were undertaken.Results:Without the benefit of a propulsive leg action, wheelchair players developed lower peak absolute (∼32 m/s) and horizontal (∼28 m/s) pre-impact racquet velocities than able-bodied players (∼42 m/s, ∼38 m/s). Wheelchair serve tactics nevertheless necessitated that higher pre-impact horizontal and right lateral racquet velocities characterised the WFS (∼29 m/s, WKS: ∼26 m/s) and WKS (∼4 m/s, WFS: ∼11 m/s) respectively. The shoulder joint kinetics that contributed to the differential racquet velocity profiles were mostly developed independent of wheelchair serve type, but varied with and were likely related to the level and severity of spinal cord injury of the individual players.Conclusions:Compared with able-bodied players, wheelchair players experienced matching pre- and post-impact shoulder joint loads, such that wheelchair and able-bodied playing populations appear subject to similar shoulder joint injury risk.
Stress injury of the lunate in tennis players: a case series and related biomechanical considerations
Authors: Maquirriain Javier , Ghisi Juan P 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To investigate clinical and imaging differential diagnosis and tennis stroke biomechanics potentially involved in lunate stress injury pathogenesis.Methods:The present report describes five competitive tennis players with overuse-related dorsal wrist pain assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.Results:Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of lunate stress injury. All players were treated conservatively, with symptom resolution and complete functional recovery achieved at 14 weeks.Conclusions:Lunate stress injuries should be considered in the differential diagnosis of overuse-related dorsal wrist pain in tennis players.
Calcifications in the cuff: take it or leave it?
Authors: Hofstee Dirk-Jan , Gosens Taco , Bonnet Michel , De Waal Malefijt Jan 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate whether removing the calcifications in the rotator cuff tendons during surgical subacromial decompression improves outcome in patients with calcific tendonitis.Methods:Two groups of 20 patients with a subacromial impingement syndrome and cuff calcifications were operated on. In group A, patients had an anterolateral acromioplasty according to Neer with excision of calcifications. In group B, the same procedure was performed without additional excision of calcifications. After a minimum follow-up of 3 years the patients were assessed with the disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH), the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, measurements of range of motion (ROM) in all planes, and satisfaction with treatment.Results:The results for the DASH score, ROM, VAS and satisfaction with treatement showed no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion:The results of our study suggest that removal of calcific deposits with anterolateral acromioplasty does not influence patient outcome. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal surgical treatment for calcific tendonitis.
Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite junior tennis players
Authors: Sánchez-Muñoz Cristóbal , Sanz David , Zabala Mikel 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:The aims of this study were to describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite male and female junior tennis players, to compare the anthropometric data, body composition and somatotype of the first 12 elite junior tennis players on the ranking with the lower ranked players, and to establish an anthropometric profile chart for elite junior tennis players.Methods:A total of 123 (57 males and 66 females) elite junior tennis players participated in this study. The athletes were divided into two groups, the first 12 and the lower ranked players, according to gender. A total of 17 anthropometric variables were recorded of each subject.Results:There were no significant differences in height and weight between the first 12 and the lower ranked boys, while the first 12 girls were significantly taller than the lower ranked girls (p = 0.009). Significant differences were found for humeral and femoral breadths between the first 12 and the lower ranked girls (p = 0.000; p = 0.004, respectively). The mean (SD) somatotype of elite male junior tennis players could be defined as ectomesomorphic (2.4 (0.7), 5.2 (0.8), 2.9 (0.7)) and the mean (SD) somatotype of elite female junior tennis players evaluated could be defined as endomesomorphic (3.8 (0.9), 4.6 (1.0), 2.4 (1.0)). No significant differences were found in somatotype components between the first 12 and the lower ranked players of both genders.Conclusions:When comparing the first 12 and the lower ranked elite junior tennis players of both genders, no significant differences were observed in any measured item for the boys. By contrast, significant differences were observed in height and humeral and femoral breadths between the first 12 and the lower ranked girls, whereby the first 12 were taller and had wider humeral and femoral breadths than the lower ranked players. These differences could influence the playing style of junior female players.
Effects of gastrointestinal tissue structure on computed dipole vectors
Authors: Austin Travis M , Li Liren , Pullan Andrew J , Cheng Leo K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
Digestive diseases are difficult to assess without using invasive measurements. Non-invasive measurements of body surface electrical and magnetic activity resulting from underlying gastro-intestinal activity are not widely used, in large due to their difficulty in interpretation. Mathematical modelling of the underlying processes may help provide additional information. When modelling myoelectrical activity, it is common for the electrical field to be represented by equivalent dipole sources. The gastrointestinal system is comprised of alternating layers of smooth muscle (SM) cells and Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC). In addition the small intestine has regions of high curvature as the intestine bends back upon itself. To eventually use modelling diagnostically, we must improve our understanding of the effect that intestinal structure has on dipole vector behaviour.

Methods
Normal intestine electrical behaviour was simulated on simple geometries using a monodomain formulation. The myoelectrical fields were then represented by their dipole vectors and an examination on the effect of structure was undertaken. The 3D intestine model was compared to a more computationally efficient 1D representation to determine the differences on the resultant dipole vectors. In addition, the conductivity values and the thickness of the different muscle layers were varied in the 3D model and the effects on the dipole vectors were investigated.

Results
The dipole vector orientations were largely affected by the curvature and by a transmural gradient in the electrical wavefront caused by the different properties of the SM and ICC layers. This gradient caused the dipoles to be oriented at an angle to the principal direction of electrical propagation. This angle increased when the ratio of the longitudinal and circular muscle was increased or when the the conductivity along and across the layers was increased. The 1D model was able to represent the geometry of the small intestine and successfully captured the propagation of the slow wave down the length of the mesh, however, it was unable to represent transmural diffusion within each layer, meaning the equivalent dipole sources were missing a lateral component and a reduced magnitude when compared to the full 3D models.

Conclusion
The structure of the intestinal wall affected the potential gradient through the wall and the orientation and magnitude of the dipole vector. We have seen that the models with a symmetrical wall structure and extreme anisotropic conductivities had similar characteristics in their dipole magnitudes and orientations to the 1D model. If efficient 1D models are used instead of 3D models, then both the differences in magnitude and orientation need to be accounted for.