bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcript expression profile of water-limited roots of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum‘Opata’)
Authors: Mohammadi Mohsen , Kav Nat N.V. , Deyholos Michael K. 
Published: April 2008

Triticum aestivum ‘Opata’ is an elite hard red spring wheat that has been used as a parent of the ITMI (International Triticeae Mapping Inititative) mapping population and also in the production of synthetically derived hexaploid wheats, some of which (following selection) show increased drought tolerance relative to Opata. Here, we describe the response of Opata roots to water withholding, using physiological variables and oligonucleotide microarrays. We identified 394 distinct transcripts whose abundance differed (p ≤ 0.05) at least 1.5-fold between water-limited and control roots of Opata, of which 190 transcripts increased and 204 decreased following water limitation. In addition to previously characterized markers of abiotic stress and many genes of unknown function, we identified multiple putative glucanases and class III peroxidases as being particularly responsive to stress. We also compared these data to previously described microarray analyses of Opata’s more drought-tolerant, synthetic-derived progeny, and found a relatively high correlation (r = 0.7) between responsive transcripts in the two genotypes, despite differing physiological responses. Some of the transcripts that we confirmed by qRT-PCR as being differentially expressed between Opata and the more tolerant synthetic-derived genotype under stress include a class III peroxidase, an AP2-family transcription factor, and several transcripts of unknown function.
ON THE COMPARISON OF GENERIC INFORMATION LOSS MEASURES AND CLUSTER-SPECIFIC ONES
Authors: LADRA SUSANA , TORRA VICENÇ 
Published: April 2008

Masking methods are to protect data bases prior to their public release. They mask an original data file so that the new file ensures the privacy of data respondents. Information loss measures have been developed to evaluate in which extent the masked file diverges from the corresponding original file, and in what extent the same analyses on both files lead to the same results.Generic information loss measures ignore the intended data use of the file. These are the standard measures when data has to be released (e.g. published in the web) and there is no control on what kind of analyses users would perform. In this paper we study generic information loss measures, and we compare such measures with respect to cluster-specific ones. That is, measures specifically defined for the case in which the user will do clustering with the original data. To do so, we define such measures and then we do an extensive comparison of the two measures.The paper shows that the generic measures can cope with the information loss related to clustering.
HOW TO GROUP ATTRIBUTES IN MULTIVARIATE MICROAGGREGATION
Authors: NIN JORDI , HERRANZ JAVIER , TORRA VICENÇ 
Published: April 2008

Microaggregation is one of the most employed microdata protection methods. It builds clusters of at least k original records, and then replaces these records with the centroid of the cluster. When the number of attributes of the dataset is large, one usually splits the dataset into smaller blocks of attributes, and then applies microaggregation to each block, successively and independently. In this way, the effect of the noise introduced by microaggregation is reduced, at the cost of losing the k-anonymity property.In this work we show that, besides the specific microaggregation method, the value of the parameter k and the number of blocks in which the dataset is split, there exists another factor which influences the quality of the microaggregation: the way in which the attributes are grouped to form the blocks. When correlated attributes are grouped in the same block, the statistical utility of the protected dataset is higher. In contrast, when correlated attributes are dispersed into different blocks, the achieved anonymity is higher, and so, the disclosure risk is lower. We present quantitative evaluations of such statements based on different experiments on real datasets.
LARGE AREA GaN METAL SEMICONDUCTOR METAL (MSM) PHOTODIODE USING A THIN LOW TEMPERATURE GaN CAP LAYER
Authors: CHUAH L. S. , HASSAN Z. , ABU HASSAN H. , CHIN C. W. , THAHAB S. M. 
Published: April 2008

Small area metal semiconductor metal (MSM) photodiode (PD) has been one of the most favoured detector choices for high speed optoelectronics integrated circuits due to their low parasitic capacitance and simple planar device structure, which is compatible with FETs. Large MSM PDs, on the other hand, can also be useful in many network and interconnect applications such as fibre distributed data interfaces. An MBE grown GaN metal semiconductor metal photodiode with a thin low temperature GaN (50nm) barrier enhancement layer is reported, which has low dark current. The detector using Nickel ( Ni ) Schottky metal fingers with 400 μm spacing on a large active area exhibit a low dark current of 1.23 mA at 10 V bias, which is about three orders of magnitude lower than that of the normal GaN Schottky photodiode.
Stone Roots, Digital Leaves: Czech Law against Unfair Competition in the Internet Era
Authors: Polčák Radim 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe law against unfair competition is traditionally understood in countries of the Alpine legal system as extraordinary and unconventional. Unlike other legal disciplines, it does not rely on black-letter law; it is less formal and less legislatively elaborative in detail. Thus, progress and development in this area is not a matter for the legislator but for broad practically-driven doctrinal work connected to contemporary case law. When the Internet brought new opportunities in the development of business ventures, Czech law against unfair competition did not react with legislative changes but by the further development of standard interpretational patterns. In this article, we will briefly describe the grounds as well as recent related developments in the Czech law against unfair competition connected to unfair business practices on the Internet.
Intellectual Property in an Innovation-based Economy
Authors: Pisuke Heiki , Kelli Aleksei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe process of transformation into an innovation-based economy has had a considerable impact on the intellectual property (IP) system. IP has become an integral part of innovative processes. These developments have led to changes in IP concepts. The authors argue that the notion of IP must include both legal (IP as rights) and economic (IP as an asset) aspects. The balance between different kinds of IP (copyright, related rights, industrial property) within innovation processes should be reviewed in order to acknowledge the rightful place of copyright as the core of IP and IP culture. Nevertheless, the major tools for enhancing innovation are still based on industrial property. The role of IP in different kinds of policy documents should be increased. In order to fully exploit the potential of IP, it is necessary to enhance the development of supportive infrastructure for the utilization and commercialization of IP (intellectual infrastructure). Such infrastructure should support the functioning of IP systems, identifying new knowledge and transfering knowledge from entrepreneurial universities to industry. Raising public awareness about practical aspects of IP and fostering IP competencies are of paramount importance. Teaching IP at universities and adopting university IP policies form an important part of this process. According to the vision of the authors, a basic course on IP should be taught at every university to all students. Specialized IP courses should be part of the curricula at the faculties of law, economics, engineering, biology, philosophy, etc. The authors outline the Estonian experience with regard to these issues.
Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Easterly Waves in the Pacific ITCZ
Authors: Serra Yolande L. , Kiladis George N. , Cronin Meghan F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and low-level wind fields in the Atlantic and Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) are dominated by variability on synoptic time scales primarily associated with easterly waves during boreal summer and fall. This study uses spectral filtering of observed OLR data to capture the convective variability coupled to Pacific easterly waves. Filtered OLR is then used as an independent variable to isolate easterly wave structure in wind, temperature, and humidity fields from open-ocean buoys, radiosondes, and gridded reanalysis products. The analysis shows that while some Pacific easterly waves originate in the Atlantic, most of the waves appear to form and strengthen within the Pacific. Pacific easterly waves have wavelengths of 4200–5900 km, westward phase speeds of 11.3–13.6 m s−1, and maximum meridional wind anomalies at about 600 hPa. A warm, moist boundary layer is observed ahead of the waves, with moisture lofted quickly through the troposphere by deep convection, followed by a cold, dry signal behind the wave. The waves are accompanied by substantial cloud forcing and surface latent heat flux fluctuations in buoy observations. In the central Pacific the horizontal structure of the waves appears as meridionally oriented inverted troughs, while in the east Pacific the waves are oriented southwest–northeast. Both are tilted slightly eastward with height. Although these tilts are consistent with adiabatic barotropic and baroclinic conversions to eddy energy, energetics calculations imply that Pacific easterly waves are driven primarily by convective heating. This differs from African easterly waves, where the barotropic and baroclinic conversions dominate.
On the Diurnal Variation of Mountain Waves
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Doyle James D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The diurnal variation of mountain waves and wave drag associated with flow past mesoscale ridges has been examined using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) and an analytical boundary layer (BL) model. The wave drag exhibits substantial diurnal variation in response to the change in the atmospheric BL characteristics, such as the BL depth, shape factor, and stability. During daytime, a convective BL develops, characterized by a shallow shear layer near the surface and a deep well-mixed layer aloft, both of which tend to decrease the wave drag. As a result, the convective BL could significantly weaken mountain waves and reduce the momentum flux by up to 90%. Near the surface, the flow pattern resembles a potential flow with a surface wind maximum located near the ridge crest. During nighttime, a shallow stable BL develops, and the modulation of wave drag by the stable nocturnal BL is governed by the BL Froude number (Fr). If the BL flow is supercritical, the drag increases as Fr decreases toward unity and reaches the maximum around Fr = 1, where the drag could be several times larger than the corresponding free-slip hydrostatic wave drag. If the BL flow is subcritical because of excessive cooling, the drag decreases with decreasing Froude number and the flow pattern near the surface resembles a typical subcritical solution with the wind maximum located near the ridge crest.
CO2 Condensation in Baroclinic Eddies on Early Mars
Authors: Sabato Jude S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The efficacy of a cloud-radiative feedback on early Mars is reexamined in the context of the theory of baroclinic waves in midlatitudes. The feedback has been proposed to explain fluvial features on the surface of Mars. The radiative–convective models used to calculate the magnitude of the feedback require knowledge of the cloud depth, thickness, and areal coverage. Using a quasigeostrophic model and primitive equation simulations, it seems that less than 50% areal cloud cover is likely for early Mars, at least in midlatitudes. In accordance with previous studies for Earth, when condensational heating is included, the updraft region is narrower than in dry eddies. This results in reduced cloud cover and the feedback being weaker than previously thought. The simulations also show that condensation in eddies may have been important on a thick but cold early Mars but that its effects are much weaker for warmer climates.
How Essential is Hydrologic Model Calibration to Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting?
Authors: Shi Xiaogang , Wood Andrew W. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Hydrologic model calibration is usually a central element of streamflow forecasting based on the ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) method. Evaluation measures of forecast errors such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) are heavily influenced by bias, which in turn is readily reduced by calibration. On the other hand, bias can also be reduced by postprocessing (e.g., “training” bias correction schemes based on retrospective simulation error statistics). This observation invites the question: How much is forecast error reduced by calibration, beyond what can be accomplished by postprocessing to remove bias? The authors address this question through retrospective evaluation of forecast errors at eight streamflow forecast locations distributed across the western United States. Forecast periods of length ranging from 1 to 6 months are investigated, for forecasts initiated from 1 December to 1 June, which span the period when most runoff occurs from snowmelt-dominated western U.S. rivers. ESP forecast errors are evaluated both for uncalibrated forecasts to which a percentile mapping bias correction approach is applied, and for forecasts from an objectively calibrated model without explicit bias correction. Using the coefficient of prediction (Cp), which essentially is a measure of the fraction of variance explained by the forecast, the authors find that the reduction in forecast error as measured by Cp that is achieved by bias correction alone is nearly as great as that resulting from hydrologic model calibration.
Application of the Multigrid Data Assimilation Scheme to the China Seas’ Temperature Forecast
Authors: Li Wei , Xie Yuanfu , He Zhongjie , Han Guijun , Liu Kexiu , Ma Jirui , Li Dong 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Correlation scales have been used in the traditional scheme of three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) to estimate the background (or first guess) error covariance matrix (the 𝗕 matrix in brief) for the numerical forecast and reanalysis of ocean for decades. However, it is challenging to implement this scheme. On the one hand, determining the correlation scales accurately can be difficult. On the other hand, the positive definite of the 𝗕 matrix cannot be guaranteed unless the correlation scales are sufficiently small. Xie et al. indicated that a traditional 3DVAR only corrects certain wavelength errors, and its accuracy depends on the accuracy of the 𝗕 matrix. Generally speaking, the shortwave error cannot be sufficiently corrected until the longwave error is corrected. An inaccurate 𝗕 matrix may mistake longwave errors as shortwave ones, resulting in erroneous analyses.
A new 3DVAR data assimilation scheme, called a multigrid data assimilation scheme, is proposed in this paper for quickly minimizing longwave and shortwave errors successively. By assimilating the sea surface temperature and temperature profile observations into a numerical model of the China Seas, this scheme is applied to a retroactive real-time forecast experiment and favorable results are obtained. Compared to the traditional scheme of 3DVAR, this new scheme has higher forecast accuracy and lower root-mean-square errors. Note that the new scheme demonstrates greatly improved numerical efficiency in the analysis procedure.
Quantification of the Lateral Boundary Forcing of a Regional Climate Model Using an Aging Tracer
Authors: Lucas-Picher Philippe , Caya Daniel , Biner Sébastien , Laprise René 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The present work introduces a new and useful tool to quantify the lateral boundary forcing of a regional climate model (RCM). This tool, an aging tracer, computes the time the air parcels spend inside the limited-area domain of an RCM. The aging tracers are initialized to zero when the air parcels enter the domain and grow older during their migrations through the domain with each time step in the integration of the model. This technique was employed in a 10-member ensemble of 10-yr (1980–89) simulations with the Canadian RCM on a large domain covering North America. The residency time is treated and archived as the other simulated meteorological variables, therefore allowing computation of its climate diagnostics. These diagnostics show that the domain-averaged residency time is shorter in winter than in summer as a result of the faster winter atmospheric circulation. The residency time decreases with increasing height above the surface because of the faster atmospheric circulation at high levels dominated by the jet stream. Within the domain, the residency time increases from west to east according to the transportation of the aging tracer with the westerly general atmospheric circulation. A linear relation is found between the spatial distribution of the internal variability—computed with the variance between the ensemble members—and residency time. This relation indicates that the residency time can be used as a quantitative indicator to estimate the level of control exerted by the lateral boundary conditions on the RCM simulations.
Probabilistic Verification of Monthly Temperature Forecasts
Authors: Weigel Andreas P. , Baggenstos Daniel , Liniger Mark A. , Vitart Frédéric , Appenzeller Christof 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMonthly forecasting bridges the gap between medium-range weather forecasting and seasonal predictions. While such forecasts in the prediction range of 1–4 weeks are vital to many applications in the context of weather and climate risk management, surprisingly little has been published on the actual monthly prediction skill of existing global circulation models. Since 2004, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts has operationally run a dynamical monthly forecasting system (MOFC). It is the aim of this study to provide a systematic and fully probabilistic evaluation of MOFC prediction skill for weekly averaged forecasts of surface temperature in dependence of lead time, region, and season. This requires the careful setup of an appropriate verification context, given that the verification period is short and ensemble sizes small. This study considers the annual cycle of operational temperature forecasts issued in 2006, as well as the corresponding 12 yr of reforecasts (hindcasts). The debiased ranked probability skill score (RPSSD) is applied for verification. This probabilistic skill metric has the advantage of being insensitive to the intrinsic unreliability due to small ensemble sizes—an issue that is relevant in the present context since MOFC hindcasts only have five ensemble members. The formulation of the RPSSD is generalized here such that the small hindcast ensembles and the large operational forecast ensembles can be jointly considered in the verification. A bootstrap method is applied to estimate confidence intervals. The results show that (i) MOFC forecasts are generally not worse than climatology and do outperform persistence, (ii) MOFC forecasts are skillful beyond a lead time of 18 days over some ocean regions and to a small degree also over tropical South America and Africa, (iii) extratropical continental predictability essentially vanishes after 18 days of integration, and (iv) even when the average predictability is low there can nevertheless be climatic conditions under which the forecasts contain useful information. With the present model, a significant skill improvement beyond 18 days of integration can only be achieved by increasing the averaging interval. Recalibration methods are expected to be without effect since the forecasts are essentially reliable.
Are altered smooth pursuit eye movements related to chronic pain and disability following whiplash injuries? A prospective trial with one-year follow-up
Authors: Kongsted Alice , Jørgensen Lars Vincents , Leboeuf-Yde Charlotte , Qerama Erisela , Korsholm Lars , Bendix Tom 
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the ability of early smooth pursuit testing to predict chronic whiplash-associated disorders, and to study whether the presence of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements at one-year follow-up is associated with symptoms at that time. Design: Prospective cohort study with one-year follow-up. Setting: The study was carried out at a university research centre and participants were recruited from emergency units and general practitioners. Subjects: In all, 262 participants were recruited within 10 days from a whiplash injury. Main measures: Smooth pursuit eye movements were tested with electrooculography (EOG) an average of 12 days after a whiplash trauma and again after one year. Analyses of EOG recordings were computerized. Associations between test results both from baseline and one-year tests and self-reported neck pain, headache, neck disability and working ability one year after the car collision were determined. Results: Results of early eye movement tests were not associated with the prognosis. Reduced smooth pursuit performance when tested in static cervical rotation at the one-year follow-up was significantly associated with higher neck pain intensity at that time (regression coefficient 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04—1.5), but the association was too weak for the test to discriminate between recovered participants and those with lasting symptoms. Conclusions: Although reduced smooth pursuit performance at one-year follow-up was associated with persistent neck pain, smooth pursuit eye movement tests are not useful as predictive or diagnostic tests in whiplash-associated disorders.
Does electrical stimulation reduce spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study
Authors: Bakhtiary Amir H , Fatemy Elham 
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of electrical stimulation on plantarflexor spasticity in stroke patients. Design: A randomized controlled clinical trial study. Setting: Rehabilitation clinic of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Subjects: Forty stroke patients (aged from 42 to 65 years) with ankle plantarflexor spasticity. Intervention: Fifteen minutes of inhibitory Bobath techniques were applied to one experimental group and a combination of 9 minutes of electrical stimulation on the dorsiflexor muscles and inhibitory Bobath techniques was applied to another group for 20 sessions daily. Main measures: Passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion, dorsiflexion strength test, plantarflexor muscle tone by Modified Ashworth Scale and soleus muscle H-reflex. Results: The mean change of passive ankle joint dorsiflexion in the combination therapy group was 11.4 (SD 4.79) degrees versus 6.1 (SD 3.09) degrees, which was significantly higher (P = 0.001). The mean change of plantarflexor muscle tonicity measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale in the combination therapy group was -1.6 (SD 0.5) versus -1.1 (SD 0.31) in the Bobath group (P = 0.001). Dorsiflexor muscle strength was also increased significantly (P = 0.04) in the combination therapy group (0.7 ± 0.37) compared with the Bobath group (0.4 ± 0.23). However, no significant change in the amplitude of H-reflex was found between combination therapy (-0.41 ± 0.29) and Bobath (-0.3 ± 0.28) groups. Conclusion: Therapy combining Bobath inhibitory technique and electrical stimulation may help to reduce spasticity effectively in stroke patients.