bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Ground‐Water Recharge Investigations in Northeastern Illinois
Authors: McDonald C. K. , Sasman R. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe rapidly increasing development of ground‐water resources in northeastern Illinois has brought about regional and local problems of water supply, thus creating considerable interest in the feasibility of artificial recharge as a partial solution. Artificial ground‐water recharge is considered as a partial solution to regional and local problems of water supply in the primarily metropolitan region of northeastern Illinois. Five artificial recharge facilities are now in operation in the area; their average annual recharge rates range from 25,000 to 395,000 gallons per day (gpd). Several additional areas where artificial recharge may be feasible are identified on the basis of criteria established for the region.An initial study in the Park Forest‐Chicago Heights area indicates that recharge to the Silurian dolomite aquifer, the source of water supply in the area, is feasible. This study provides guidelines to aid in additional studies of artificial recharge in northeastern Illinois.
The Hydrologic and Geologic Aspects of a Perching Layer‐San Joaquin Valley, Western Fresno County, Californiaa
Authors: Haskell E. E. , Bianchi W. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA shallow, wide spread perching layer was isolated in the alluvial profiles of western Fresno County, California. Geologic and hydrologic interpretations are given, based on field and laboratory measurements of the physical properties of this layer. Some of the approaches investigated included using existing electrical logs from irrigation wells, head loss observations in wells and piezometers, core drilling, and core analysis. Differences in alluvial profile permeabilities are shown which result in perched water under the existing field flow conditions. The quantity of vertical flow through the layer is estimated using core permeabilities and hydraulic gradients observed in the field.Hydraulic properties and descriptions for the perched zone are presened which can be used to delineate profile flow limitations at other locations in the San Joaquin Valley. The study may be used in estimating the rate at which this perched water table could rise If, in the future, imported water and changes in irrigation patterns cause a large quantity of water to flow vertically.
Test Hole in Aquifer with Many. Water‐Bearing Zones at Jacksonville, Floridaa
Authors: Leve G. W. , Goolsby D. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOne of the deepest water‐exploration wells in the southeastern United States was completed in 1966 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was drilled to a depth of nearly 2,500 feet to supply geologic and hydrologic information on the deeper unexplored part of the Floridan aquifer. This aquifer consists of a series of water producing zones separated by nonproducing zones. An important new fresh‐water producing zone was found, and the contact between the fresh water and salt water was located. The well was completed in three separate zones so that it could be used to monitor the the deeper part of the aquifer to detect any salt‐water encroachment. This paper describes the objectives, techniques, and results of drilling the test well.
A Computer‐Oriented Ground‐Water Information Storage and Retrieval Systema
Authors: Turner Wm. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe ever‐increasing volume of information being collected by the Groundwater Division of the Research Council of Alberta required that a data storage and retrieval system be devised to handle this information in an efficient and economical manner.The HYDRODAT computer‐oriented system developed for this purpose is a modification of the format developed by the United States Geological Survey and conforms to the proposed interagency compatibility requirements set forth by the Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources.The basic elements of the system are: a well‐schedule form for the recording and coding of geologic, hydrologic, and water quality data; and five 80‐column IBM punch cards for transferring the coded data to magnetic tape.Selective and rapid retrieval of large volumes of ground‐water information using HYDRODAT provides the geologist and engineer with analytical methods which would otherwise be tedious, if not impossible, to apply by conventional methods.
Aquifer Recharge Efficiency of Wells and Trenches
Authors: Scott V. H. , Aron G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe most commonly practiced method of artificial recharge at present is through basins. This spreading method may not be physically feasible or practicable if land values are high or a shallow, densely compacted layer forms a barrier impeding the direct downward percolation of the ponded surface water.For the case of the latter condition, alternative methods of wells or trenches dug down to the pervious aquifer and backfilled with gravel have been investigated. These were explored from the standpoint of construction and operating cost and hydraulic efficiency as influenced by such factors as the depth to the aquifer, the thickness, depth of saturation, permeability and specific yield of the aquifer, interference of closely spaced wells and duration of continuous operation of the wells or trenches. Furthermore, effects of bacterial growth and chemical composition of the recharge water on the hydraulic performance of wells or trenches are discussed.An economic comparison based on field conditions in a prospective recharge site at Stockton, California, is used to illustrate the developed criteria for relative effectiveness of the two methods.As a general conclusion, it was found that while recharge through trenches would be more efficient hydraulically and economically for the case of very shallow subsurface barriers, wells would become more competitive as the thickness of an impervious top layer increases.
The Geological Profession and Ground Watera
Authors: Agnew A. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA supply of good‐quality water is our most critical natural resource, for our municipal growth and an increasingly healthy industrial base. The economic viability of our farms depends upon it. The locating and development of this resource is the province of the hydrogeologist.The hydrogeologist is more than just a ground‐water geologist, for he deals with water in virtually every geologic situation, above‐the water table as well as below it, and at the surface as well as underground.The hydrogeologist must of course possess the necessary background in the allied sciences and fluid mechanics, and should know something of the social science aspects of water decision‐making. He must be able to work closely with the civil and sanitary engineers, and he must be able to make himself understood to planners.In performing his work he has a responsibility to society, and this is equated with a responsibility to his profession. As Martin Van Couvering has said, the respect that our profession deserves “cannot be bought or solicited; it has to be earned by the right kind of performance.”
From Water Mining to Water Managementa
Authors: Kazmann Raphael G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe significance of the work associated with the protection of aquifers against salt‐water encroachment, primarily in the area of Southern California goes far beyond the solution of this local problem. Engineers and planners are now able to turn to the record of extensive practice in the field of artificial ground‐water recharge to modify the concepts based on theoretical studies. Thus depleted aquifers, anywhere, can be evaluated as potential reservoirs for the storage of ground water – evaluated as to cost, legal complications, and administrative design in the same way, and on the same basis, that surface‐water impoundments are evaluated.The work done on the West Coast in artificial recharge increases the number of alternates that are available to the water planner and, in the long run, this may be the most significant output of the engineering, construction, and operation of the barrier projects.
Geohydrological Reconnaissance in Upper Volta
Authors: Bierschenk W. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe landlocked Republic or Upper Voira lies in the heart of West Africa and comprises a wide lareritic plateau at the south edge of the Sahara Desert. From south to north, the rainfall decreases from about 1.200 mm. to less than 500 mm.; the evaporation increases from a low of 1,945 mm. to 3,385 mm.; and temperatures from 30° C to 34° C.Latentic rocks occur as surficial deposits over much of the reconnaissance area, and generally are ferruginous, hard, and cemented. The underlying bedrock consists primarily of granite and granodiorite with lesser amounts of metamorphics.The so‐called “under latérite” materials, consisting of the weathering products of the igneous and metamorphic rocks, constitute the principal aquifers in the investigated areas. These clays and sands generally can be counted upon to yield small supplies of water, adequate for at least domestic and stock use. Large‐diameter dug wells are used exclusively to tap the thin water‐bearing zones. Where 15 meters or more of weathered material occur above fresh bedrock, water can be found and exploited. A “good” well is one which produces 2,000 litersb per hour.The chief importance of the bedrock as a source of water is that it may yield at least a small quantity of water from fractures at most localities where ir is below the water table.Water in sufficient quantity and adequate quality is not now available to raise the standards of living in the 631 villages in the areas visited. Most of the immediate need can be met by developing ground water from the weathered material through large‐diameter dug wells.
Manmade Contamination Hazardsa
Authors: McGauhey P. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHazards to ground water may result from adding to water which may infiltrate the soil, or to the soil through which water percolates, wastes from man's life processes; his industrial and commercial activity; or his use of water, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. From experimental data it is evident that particulate matter, including bacteria and viruses, do not move far with percolating water in a soil system. The chemical products of biodegradation of organic wastes, however, with a few exceptions such as phosphates, move quite freely and hence reach ground water. Since they are no different than the compounds found in ground waters the effect of domestic use of water is generally to increase the concentration of salts normally present in such waters. From the vast spectrum of compounds produced by the chemical industry and used in industry and commerce comes hazards to ground‐water quality such as metal ions, phenols, tar residues, brines, and exotic organics which may through accident, carelessness or waste‐water discharge contaminate ground water. Mineralization with nutrients and soluble soil fractions, and possibly, pesticide residues are the hazards from agricultural use. Leaching from solid waste landfills is possible under poor long‐term management and might involve chemicals, iron, and various earth minerals. It is concluded that the most serious hazard is the buildup of dissolved solids to levels inimical to beneficial use.
The Hydrogeology of an Induced Streambed Infiltration Area
Authors: Rahn Perry H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe University of Connecticut well field is located in a sand and gravel ice‐contact stratified drift aquifer which fills the Fenton River valley to a depth of about 60 feet. The water that supplies these wells consists of captured ground‐water underflow which would normally discharge into the Fenton River, and water induced directly into the aquifer from river flow by pumping. Measurements of streamflow made at three weirs installed in the Fenton River adjacent to two of these pumped wells show the influence of wells on streamflow. Approximately 34 percent of the water pumped from the wells was stolen from the river via induced streambed infiltration, although this figure varies in accordance with pumping. Water‐level measurements in 30 observation wells installed in the aquifer around the pumped wells show that the cones of depression spread underneath the river, following coarse‐grained partially buried eskers. The fact that the water table is detached from the river and is below the streambed near the pumped wells is explained by the low vertical permeability of the streambed in contrast to the horizontal permeability of the rest of the aquifer. The streambed is unable to recharge the aquifer with as much water as the aquifer can carry away. Time‐drawdown pumping test plots show no effect of the river.
Design and Construction of a Dual Recharge System at Minot, North Dakotaa
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1965, a ground‐water recharge facility was constructed and placed in operation to forestall an impending water shortage at Minot, North Dakota. The facility is unique in that the rate of recharge to a buried sand and gravel aquifer is augmented by perforating an overlying bed of clay using hydraulic connectors (gravel‐filled bored holes) in conjunction with an open‐pit excavation. The connectors were drilled by typical well‐boring techniques and the open pit was excavated by common construction methods. The recharge technique made it possible to add about million gallons per day of water to underground storage with a total capital investment of about $200,000. The alternative originally proposed was a 50‐mile long pipeline to Garrison Reservoir, at a 1959 estimated cost of $12,000,000. The recharge technique employed at Minot should have wide application in the ground‐water industry in areas where natural recharge to permeable deposits is impeded by overlying beds of low permeability.
Estimating Cost of Ground‐Water Withdrawal for River Basin Planninga
Authors: Hollyday Este F. , Seaber Paul R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTComparative costs of ground water were needed for comprehensive planning of water resources development in the Susquehanna River basin in order to appraise the feasibility of alternative sources of water supply. Log‐normal plots on logarithmic‐probability paper that represented specific capacities adjusted to 180 days of pumping were used to estimate well yields and costs of obtaining the ground water from each of 65 potential aquifers. The 25, 50, and 75 percent probability of occurrence of the specific capacities of successful wells were used in the calculations. The estimated well yields at these probabilities of occurrence were obtained using hypothetical well designs and selected drawdowns. Ground‐water costs for the estimated or design yields were calculated using amortized costs of well construction, electrical power costs, and maintenance costs, all obtained from standard sources.The calculated well yields and costs for the 25 to 75 percent probability interval range from 15 to 9,000 gpm (gallons per minute) and from $0.004 to $0.11 per thousand gallons of design yield. The yields and costs group according to aquifer rock type. The calculated costs decrease with increasing well yield and the available yield depends upon the aquifer rock type available. Representative costs per thousand gallons of design yield for selected yields from aquifers composed of different rock types analyzed are: 50 gpm −$0.060 for shale and interbedded sandstone and shale, and $0.050 for metamorphic rock; 100 gpm ‐ $0.043 or shale and interbedded sandstone and shale, $0.037 for metamorphic rock, and $0.032 for carbonate rock; 500 gpm—$0.020 for sandstone, $0.015 for carbonate rock, and $0.012 for glacial sand and gravel; and 1,000 gpm —$0.009 for glacial sand and gravel. Differences in cost to obtain the same yield from different rock types are primarily due to differences in electrical power costs as determined by differences in pumping water levels.If used with caution, the generalized yield and cost estimates for aquifer rock types may have usefulness in estimating ground‐water costs and yields in similar humid areas. They are primarily useful for planning and comparative purposes, but not for the actual design of engineering Projects.
Map Interpretation and Classification of Buried Valleys
Authors: Saines Marvin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBuried valleys are classified into two main types — those valleys completely buried by glacial drift, without present streams along their courses (Type I), and those partly buried or partly exhumed, usually with present streams along their courses (Type II). If a stream is flowing mainly in a Type II valley, the bottom of which is deeply buried by drift, local areas where the stream is cutting bedrock are postglacial channels of derangement. Postglacial channels of derangement, which often can be recognized on a topographic map, reveal that a buried valley (often Type I) exists nearby.
Feasibility Criteria for Subsurface Waste Disposal in Illinoisa
Authors: Bergstrom Robert E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent increased interest in subsurface disposal of industrial liquid wastes in Illinois has shown the need for both geohydrologic and engineering criteria and State regulatory policies for evaluating proposed installations, with the object of protecting other resources, chiefly potable ground water.Favorable geohydrologic conditions–specifically the presence of a variety of permeable formations that contain nonpotable water and are well confined from shallow to great depth–make waste disposal by wells feasible in much of the southern two‐thirds of Illinois. Natural safeguards permit disposal wells to be planned with conventional engineering precautions and only a minimal program of preoperational testing.In much of the northern third of the State, the permeable rocks contain potable water to great depth, and there is moderate to high development of the ground‐water resource because of urban and industrial concentration. Exhaustive testing, substantial proof of acceptable site conditions, and incorporation of optimum engineering safeguards are considered necessary before the State regulatory agency can authorize installation.
Costs of Wells and Pumpsa
Authors: Ackermann William C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe use of this material will give an estimate of the well and pump costs for projects requiring a given capacity. This is intended only as an instrument for establishing orders of magnitude as a basis for comparisons, and of course does not substitute for detailed engineering studies.Well cost data were analyzed for three categories according to the aquifer tapped: sand and gravel, shallow bedrock, and deep sandstone. In the sand and gravel category, tubular and gravel packed wells finished in the glacial materials above bedrock were considered separately.
Water Resources and the Urban Environmenta
Authors: Hackett James E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractApproximately two‐thirds of the present population live in the urban environment; by the year 2000, it is anticipated that five‐sixths of the population will be urban. The trend of metropolitan growth is not the continued growth of major cities, but rather the expansion in population and size of the smaller suburban communities. The urbanization of the country is reflected in the emphasis on comprehensive water resources development – area‐wide and basin‐wide planning and management. In some areas of intense urban development the problems of water quality control, recreational use of water, and water for cooling and waste transport have become more significant than problems of adequate supplies for withdrawal. A major share of future water resource investigations will necessarily be directed to the urban environment, where geologic and hydrologic data is needed in urban planning.The general pattern associated with community development–the initial use of ground‐water resources by individual systems, to the use of a community well and distribution system, and finally the use of surface‐water sources far removed from the urban center–has contributed to the development of the “commodity concept’ of water use. By this attitude the water resource is viewed only in terms of its adequacy as a water supply; waste discharge and recreation uses are being ignored or considered a‘ downstream” problem. This concept is particularly inappropriate when applied in the multicommunity complexes of the metropolitan areas where there is little in the way of a “downstream.” Water problems must be dealt with at the metropolitan level rather than at the individual community level; and not by a proliferation of smaller units of government and public agencies that often overlap and duplicate effort. The nature of the metropolitan complex requires that we think in terms of closed systems involving reclamation and reuse rather than in terms of the open system of withdrawal, use and discharge.
Intergovernmental Planning of Water Resourcesa
Authors: Wilm Harold G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe need for a Federal role in the water resources development of the United States was recognized early in its history. The 20th century has seen a dramatic acceleration of activity in the water resources development field, with a concomitant increase in Federal participation. By 1960 the need for coordinating the many Federal programs in water planning and related resources development became apparent. A Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources was formed. The Committee's report was the basis for the Water Resources Research Act of 1964 and the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965. The objective of the Water Resources Planning Act is to provide for optimum development of water resources through the Water Resources Council and several River Basin Commissions, and by providing financial assistance to the States in order to increase State participation in water resources planning. A Council report on the Ohio River Basin will be published soon; this should be followed by the Missouri Rivet Basin report before 1970. The completion of reports for all major river basins has been scheduled for the mid 1970's. These framework studies include population, economic development, and water supply and water use data projected as far as the year 2020. The Water Resources Council also prepares a biennial assessment of the adequacy of supplies of water necessary to meet the requirements in each water resource region in the United States. For this purpose a river basin model is being prepared to determine probabilities of deficiencies and quality requirements in 300 basins, and economic concepts for determination of optimum water use alternatives are being incorporated in the model. Another assignment to the Council under Title I of the Water Resources Planning Act is the preparation of guidelines for all Federal participants in comprehensive regional water planning, and for the formulation and evaluation of Federal water resources projects of all types. The Council also is working on specific proposals for improved floodplain management. Title II of the Act authorizes the President to establish river basin commissions at the request of one or more States and with concurrence by the Council. Title III provides a basis for increased participation by the States in water planning by granting of matching funds. All but two States are now taking part in the State Grant program.
Can Ground‐Water Pollution Be Avoided?a
Authors: Williams James H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPollution of ground water to the point of crisis in Missouri can be eliminated by an awareness of geology, by planning, by adequate funding, and by authority to follow planning. Ground‐water pollution hazards are widespread in southern Missouri where permeable soils and cavernous bedrock exist. Pollution in northern Missouri is more localized. All of the pollution in Missouri that we have attributed to geologic features could have been avoided if the polluters–municipal and private–had obtained adequate geologic information, used common sense, and supported waste disposal plans with adequate financing.