bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIOCARBON DATING BY THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY
Authors: WINTER J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSWork is presented that tests the possibility of performing radiocarbon dating measurements by using the thermoluminescence induced in sensitive phosphors, using existing thermoluminescence equipment. It is concluded that, for such a technique to be viable, a more specifically designed, and more elaborate, system will be necessary. Some comparative results on certain TLD phosphors are also given.
PORE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION DETERMINATIONS IN NEOLITHIC, IRON AGE, ROMAN AND OTHER POTTERY
Authors: SANDERS H. P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA method of evaluating the pore‐size distribution of pottery is described and results obtained from a number of samples ranging from Neolithic to modern pottery shown graphically. The method may serve to distinguish between similar‐looking sherds if no other means of identification exists, but further work is needed before a series of determining curves can be established.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS OF ANGLO SAXON JEWELLERY
Authors: BROWN P. D. C. , SCHWEIZER F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSX‐ray fluorescence analysis of 30 pieces of Anglo Saxon jewellery, from the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is followed by a comparison with similar results obtained from contemporary coinage. The standards of fineness for the coinage are applied to the jewellery and used to date its manufacture. An appendix describes repeatanalyses of some coins which, at first, had widely differing results from XRF and specific gravity methods.
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF ROMAN LEAD BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: WYTTENBACH A. , SCHUBIGER P. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe trace element contents of 13 lead pigs and 20 water pipes, all of Roman origin, were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The contents of Cu, As, Ag, Sn, Sb, and Au were determined with an experimental reproducibility of ±7%; the analytical values are given for all samples. The results are discussed with respect to the homogeneity of samples, the difference between pipes and pigs, the difference between bulk and joint material in pipes, and the possible correlation of the trace element contents with the place of origin.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SAMIAN WARE SHERDS BY MEANS OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: BANTERLA G. , STENICO A. , TERRANI M. , VILLANI S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSNeutron activation analysis has been employed for the characterization of Samian ware sherds. The analysed samples were classified in ten groups, seven of which belonged to the Arretine production, according to archaeological evidence. By means of high resolution gamma‐ray spectroscopy, 22 elements have been identified and analysed. Compositional characterization was looked for by taking counting rate ratios of different nuclides in the samples. The compositional pattern of the sherds was found to be fairly uniform both for each pot and for each group so that, at least in the examined cases, it can be assumed to be characteristic of a given workshop.
THE METALLURGICAL EXAMINATION OF A DEBASED SILVER COIN OF MAXIMINUS DAZA ISSUED BY CONSTANTINE I
Authors: COPE L. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSNon‐destructive methods of chemical analysis always involve uncertainties, and in some circumstances they can be quite unsuitable for a true analysis. The greater value of a completely destructive chemical analysis and a comprehensive metallographic study for revealing the intentions of the moneyers and the entire metallurgical history of an ancient coin is demonstrated for the case of a rare silver‐coated debased silver issue of the early fourth century A.D.
THE SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , STONEHAM D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSCombination of the routine approaches of thermoluminescence dating, the fine‐grain and inclusion methods, allows an age to be determined that is independent of knowledge of the environmental dose‐rate. This socalled subtraction technique is exampled by several terracottas of museum origin and some pottery collected from archaeological contexts without associated burial media. Age determination is estimated to have an accuracy of around ± 12%, in favourable conditions.
THERMOLUMINESCENT AUTHENTICITY STUDY AND DATING OF RENAISSANCE TERRACOTTAS
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , STONEHAM D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA comparative study is made of the thermoluminescence (TL) of terracottas of the Renaissance era and some known limitations of such ware dating to the middle of the last century. The data shows that conclusions on authenticity of an unknown work can be reliably obtained using this scientific method. Also examples are presented of accurate dating of genuine terracottas despite a lack of knowledge about the environmental circumstances of each piece's archaeological past.
POSSIBLE CARBON‐14 ENRICHMENT IN HIGH ALTITUDE WOOD
Authors: HARKNESS D. D. , BURLEIGH And R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSIt has been suggested that utilization of the bristlecone pine calibration for 14C age correction can result in dates which are up to several hundred years too early in comparison with archaeological evidence. Among other possible causes in situ production of 14C due to the high altitude growth region of the bristlecone pine has been proposed to explain this effect. Although theoretical evaluation indicates that a significant amount of 14C could be produced by this mechanism, irradiation of bristlecone pine wood with a neutron dose equivalent to the calculated cosmic ray maximum received by a 6000‐year‐old tree did not produce any detectable effect.Other geochemical considerations related to the growth environment of these trees may offer a possible explanation for enhanced 14C levels. These inherent uncertainties in the 14C record of the bristlecone pine emphasize the need for an alternative source of tree‐rings for comparative correlation with the 14C time‐scale.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF TEN SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS DENARII
Authors: CARTER G. F. , CARTER W. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSX‐ray fluorescence analyses of ten Septimius Severus denarii, all having the catalog number Cohen 777, and all minted in a.d. 196, show the following: (1) copper and silver concentrations in the ten coins cover a rather broad range, (2) lead and gold concentrations correlate with the silver concentrations, (3) no elements, except silver, correlate directly with the copper contents, (4) two coins have very nearly the same compositions, but this could actually be explained by chance, given the precision of the analyses and the range of compositions found for all ten denarii, (5) weights, thicknesses, and diameters of the coins varied over a relatively wide range, but densities varied only slightly. Assuming reasonably homogeneous melts of coinage alloy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of many more Severus denarii of a.d. 196 should enable one to deduce several details of the mint operation such as (1) the number of dies in use of C. 777 coins at one time, (2) the overall batch size of coins, and (3) the number of different Severus denarii minted from the same batch of alloy. With improved precision of XRF analyses now possible, it only remains for a source of Severus denarii to be found to enable testing of this hypothesis.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF IMPURITY PATTERNS IN ARMORICO‐BRITISH DAGGERS
Authors: OTTAWAY B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSEmploying cluster analysis, patterns and relationships have been looked for within the trace and alloying elements of about eighty bronze daggers of the Wessex and contemporary cultures in Brittany. The results showed that only one of the four types of daggers could be linked with a particular metal cluster, that various types of daggers were used parallel to one another over considerable periods and that the more advanced metal clusters have an almost entirely British distribution.
PALAEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF HOXNIAN LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: THOMPSON R. , AITKEN M. J. , GIBBARD P. L. , WYMER J. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe remanent magnetization of samples spanning Zones I to III of the Hoxnian Interglacial at Hoxne has declination values that lie within 30° of the present‐day declination, and inclination values that are not more than 10° steeper or 20° shallower than the present‐day inclination.
ON THE NUMBER AND SIZES OF ANIMALS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES
Authors: CASTEEL R. W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper presents a method for dealing with unpaired skeletal elements in order to approach the questions of (1) how many animals are represented in an assemblage; and (2) how large these individuals were. The method is designed for use with fish remains and can easily be extended to paired elements. It is shown how the interplay between the data appropriate to the solution of both problems may be compared in order to provide a method of verification of the results arrived at by standard methods of assessment of the minimum number of individuals.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF ETRUSCAN BUCCHERO BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION, X‐RAY SPECTROMETRY, AND THERMOANALYSIS
Authors: FRANCAVIGLIA V. , MINARDI M. E. , PALMIERI A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSIn order to ascertain whether the technology of Etruscan bucchero was similar everywhere or showed local variation, a comparative study was carried out on 23 samples of bucchero from different sites. The use of carbon dust as a black pigment in this type of pottery was confirmed in all samples, while the hypothesis of the addition of MnO2 as a colouring was disproved. Further information on the nature of the basic constituents of Etruscan bucchero was also provided.
ON THE ORIGIN OF GREY AND BLACK ‘COLOURS’ OF ANCIENT POTTERY: ROLE OF Fe AND Ti4+ IONS
Authors: MANNING P. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSIt is shown, from comparisons with the optical absorption of minerals, that the black and grey colours of pottery can arise from Fe2+ Fe3+ and Fe2+ Ti4+ charge‐transfer (or electron‐hopping) processes, the cations being located at the centres of adjacent edge‐sharing octahedra.
EVIDENCE FOR CHURCH ORIENTATION BY MAGNETIC COMPASS IN TWELFTH‐CENTURY DENMARK
Authors: ABRAHAMSEN N. 
Published: August 2007

The orientations of some 570 Romanesque churches (one‐third of the total) from four regions in Denmark show significant differences in the claimed east‐west orientation, being typically rotated 5‐15° clockwise from true east‐west. Magnetic declination was predominantly easterly between AD 1000 and 1600; the church deviations probably originate from sometimes using a magnetic compass, other simple and plausible causes for this ‘skewness’, for example orientation by the sun at specific periods of the year or astronomical alignment, being hard to design. Hence, some 25% of the churches were probably oriented by means of a magnetic compass. As a tool for dating, the orientations have not yet been successful due to statistical scatter.Church building in Denmark boomed in the twelfth century. The early history of the compass is somewhat uncertain. The first European reference known is from about 1190‐1200, while the oldest Norse source is from about 1225 (Landnámabók), saying that the lodestone was not known before. Danish churches thus bring new information about the early use of the magnetic compass in Europe.
Echocardiographic Contrast Enhancement of Poor or Weak Continuous‐Wave Doppler Signals
Authors: HAGLER DONALD J. , CURRIE PHILIP J. , SEWARD JAMES B. , TAJIK A. JAMIL , MAIR DOUGLAS D. , RITTER DONALD G. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEchocardiography contrast enhancement of poor continuous‐wave Doppler signals was demonstrated with peripheral venous dye injections in a patient undergoing balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. The use of intracardiac dye injections for contrast enhancement of poor or weak continuous‐wave Doppler signals also was demonstrated. Simultaneous continuous‐wave Doppler echocardiography, with dual‐catheter measurement of the outflow tract gradient during the echocardiographic contrast injections (indocy‐anine green dye and saline), confirmed the accuracy of the spectral signals obtained with contrast enhancement. These preliminary findings– that peripheral venous echocardiographic enhancement of weak or poor continuous‐wave Doppler signals can provide added information for evaluation of stenotic lesions, valvular regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect–are encouraging.
Annular Array Technology: Application to Cardiac Imaging
Authors: RYAN THOMAS , ARMSTRONG WILLIAM F. , FEIGENBAUM HARVEY 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAnnular array imaging combines desirable features of both phased‐array and mechanical transducer technology. Its major advantage is dual‐plane electronic focusing, which contributes to deeper penetration, improved lateral resolution, and a thinner tomographic slice. All of these features help to improve image quality in the majority of patients. Areas of improvement observed with annular array imaging in the clinical setting include increased depth of field, better endocardia1 definiton, greater detail of valvular structures, more accurate recording of intracardiac masses, and generally improved signal‐to‐noise ratio. These aspects of improved image quality make annular array technology an important advance in ultrasonic cardiac imaging.
Prediction of Intracardiac Pressures and Assessment of Ventricular Function with Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: SNIDER A. REBECCA 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDoppler echocardiography has had a profound influence on the clinical practice of cardiology. With the use of the modified Bernoulli equation, Doppler echocardiography provides a noninvasive technique for calculating intracardiac pressures. Compared to invasive measurements, the Doppler estimates of intracardiac pressures are accurate and reproducible. By the evaluation of intracardiac blood flow, Doppler echocardiography provides a technique for the evaluation of ventricular performance that is independent of ventricular geometry. This application of the Doppler technique is in its infancy and much investigative work is needed to correlate the invasive and noninvasive measurements of ventricular function and to determine the effect of factors such as heart rate, loading conditions, and cardiac drugs on the Doppler indexes of function. In the future, it is very likely that Doppler color flow mapping techniques will provide additional information on ventricular emptying and filling patterns that will be important in the noninvasive assessment of cardiac function.
Coarctation of the Aorta: Quantitative Analysis by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: STERN HEIKO , ERBEL RAIMUND , SCHREINER GERHARD , HENKEL BERND , MEYER JURGEN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTransesophageal echocardiography and standard two‐dimensional echocardiography were performed in 15 patients with suspected coarctation of the aorta. Aortic diameters and crosssectional areas were determined by means of TEE and compared with clinical findings and catheterization data. The isthmus of the aorta could be imaged in all patients using TEE, but in only seven patients using standard suprasternal echocardiography. Compared with controls, aortic diameters were narrowed in 9 of 15 patients, and cross‐sectional areas were reduced in 13 of 15. There was a satisfactory correlation between TEE data and angiographic and hemodynamic data. TEE is a promising method of a diagnosing and quantifying coarctation of the aorta, and is more sensitive than conventional two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.
A Common Color Flow Doppler Finding in the Mitral Regurgitation of Acute Rheumatic Fever
Authors: ZUCKER NILI , GOLDFARB BENJAMIN L. , ZALZSTEIN ELYAHU , SILBER HAIM , ROVNER MAYA , GOLDBRAICH NAOMI , WANDERMAN KENNETH L. 
Published: August 2007

Between October 1986 and May 1991, 19 patients with acute rheumatic fever who were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics at Soroka Medical Center underwent echocardiographic color flow Doppler examination. Five patients had an echocardiographic picture of mitral valve prolapse, with or without leaflet thickening, and one had a flail anterior leaflet. Six had mitral valve thickening without prolapse, and seven patients had an echocardiographically normal appearing mitral valve. All 19 patients had a posterolaterally directed jet of mitral regurgitation demonstrated on color flow Doppler. All patients had echocardiographically normal aortic valves. However, mild aortic regurgitation was noted in eight of them. The posterolateral jet of mitral insufficiency in acute rheumatic fever may be the most common echo‐Doppler finding in this condition. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, November 1991)Summary and Conclusions
Diagnosis of Accessory Mitral Valve Tissue by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: WILLENS HOWARD J. , LEVY RALPH , PEREZ ANGEL 
Published: August 2007

Accessory mitral valve tissue is a rare cause of intracardiac mass and subvalvular left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The preoperative diagnosis of this congenital anomaly has been facilitated by transthoracic two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. However, transthoracic two‐dimensional echocardiography cannot identify or correctly diagnose all cases of accessory mitral valve tissue. We report a patient in whom an intracardiac mass detected by transthoracic echocardiography was definitively diagnosed as accessory mitral valve tissue by transesophageal echocardiography.accessory mitral valve tissue, subaortic stenosis, transesophageal echocardiography, intracardiac mass
Dynamic Three‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Imaging of Congenital Heart Defects in Infants and Children by Computer‐Controlled Tomographic Parallel Slicing Using a Single Integrated Ultrasound Instrument
Authors: FULTON DAVID R. , MARX GERALD R. , PANDIAN NATESA G. , ROMERO BARBARA A. , MUMM BERNARD , KRAUSS MICHAEL , WOLLSCHLÄGER HELMUT , LUDOMIRSKY ACHI , CAO QI‐LING 
Published: August 2007

Three‐dimensional cardiac reconstruction generated from transesophageal interrogation can be performed using an integrated unit that captures, processes, and postprocesses tomographic parallel slices of the heart. This probe was used for infants and young children in the transthoracic position to evaluate the feasibility of producing three‐dimensional cardiac images with capability for realtime dynamic display. Twenty‐two infants and children (range 1 day–3.5 years) underwent image acquisition using a 16 mm 5 MHz 64 element probe placed over the precordium. Two infants were also imaged from the subcostal position. Data was obtained and stored over a single cardiac cycle after acceptable cardiac and respiratory gating intervals were met. The transducer was advanced in 0.5–1 mm increments over the cardiac structures using identical acquisition criteria. The images were reconstructed from the stored digital cubic format and could be oriented in any desired plane. In 9 of the 22 infants the images obtained were of optimal quality. The images obtained displayed normal cardiac structures emphasizing depth relationships as well as visualization of planes not generally demonstrated by two‐dimensional imaging. Several lesions were also depicted in a unique fashion using this technique. Though the method employed was limited by movement artifact and reconstruction time, the quality of the three‐dimensional display was excellent and enhanced by realtime demonstration. The transthoracic approach was successful in capturing sufficient data to create three‐dimensional images, which may have further application in more accurate diagnosis of complex cardiac abnormalities and generation of planes of view which could duplicate surgical visualization of a lesion. Further assessment of the technique in infants with congenital heart disease is warranted.echocardiography, three‐dimensional echocardiography, three‐dimensional reconstruction, ultrasound, congenital heart disease
Diagnosis of Main‐Stem Pulmonary Thromboemboli by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: FISHEL ROBERT SCOTT , MERLINO JOHN DAMIEN , FELNER JOEL MICHAEL 
Published: August 2007

The aim of this report is to describe the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli. A biplane transesophageal probe was used to examine the pulmonary artery in multiple views in three patients with suspected pulmonary emboli. The diagnosis of pulmonary emboli was made by transesophageal echocardiography in each of three patients when an echodense, circular or linear mass was seen in more than one view of the main or right pulmonary artery. In conclusion, our findings, coupled with previous case reports, suggest that transesophageal echocardiography should be considered in all critically inpatients with suspected pulmonary emboli.transesophageal echocardiography, pulmonary embolus
Design of Control‐Group Conditions in Clinical Trials of Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Lindquist Ruth , Wyman Jean F. , Talley Kristine M.C. , Findorff Mary J. , Gross Cynthia R. 
Published: August 2007

Purpose

: To review considerations in the design of placebo (attention) control conditions for community‐based clinical trials of health behavior change interventions and to provide practical strategies for the design of control conditions.
Organizing Constructs

: A well‐designed control condition is an essential component of a clinical trial to foster the unambiguous interpretation of study findings.
Methods

: Pitfalls in the design of control conditions in clinical trials of behavioral interventions are identified and strategies to address them are offered. Types of control conditions that have been used in fall prevention trials are described, along with their strengths and weaknesses. The control condition used in the recent fall evaluation and prevention program (FEPP) was designed to overcome limitations of previous trial designs; it is provided to illustrate how to apply specific design principles.
Conclusions

: Pitfalls in the design of behavioral intervention studies may be avoided with the application of sound design principles. The FEPP active control condition can be used as a model in the design of future studies.
The Influence of Caregiver Mastery on Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Sherwood Paula R. , Given Barbara A. , Given Charles W. , Schiffman Rachel F. , Murman Daniel L. , Von Eye Alexander , Lovely Mary , Rogers Lisa R. , Remer Sandy 
Published: August 2007

Purpose

: The purpose of this study was to explore how the relationship between care recipients' problem behaviors and caregivers' depressive symptoms varies as a function of caregiver mastery, controlling for the effects of caregiver age, gender, and relationship to the care recipient in caregivers of people with primary malignant brain tumor (PMBT).
Design

: A cross‐sectional design was used to gather data via telephone interviews from 95 caregivers of people with primary malignant brain tumor, recruited from 2003 to 2004 from a brain tumor treatment center, two national support groups, and a statewide cancer registry.
Methods

: Measures for the study included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory‐Questionnaire, Caregiver Mastery, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression. A stepwise regression procedure was used to evaluate potential moderating and mediating relationships.
Findings

: Data did not indicate that caregiver mastery was a moderating variable. The analysis showed caregiver mastery as a partial mediator, with both a direct effect of care recipients' problem behaviors on caregivers' depressive symptoms and an indirect effect through caregiver mastery. Concerning the indirect effect, care recipients' problem behaviors were related to lower levels of caregiver mastery, which in turn were related to more depressive symptoms in caregivers.
Conclusions

: Findings showed a link between care recipients' problem behaviors and caregivers' depressive symptoms, a relationship that has not been well established in oncology. This association indicates one mechanism through which problem behaviors in the care recipient might lead to caregiver depressive symptoms.