bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abortions – History and Facts
Authors: Pinto Maria Cristina Rosamond 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSince ancient times gestation has been part of a woman's role starting from her very existence. To give birth is no doubt an universal experience and although this experience may be the cause of death of the mother, the child or both, all the Treaties of Medicine (Ancient, Middle Age, Renaissance, Islam and Modern days) have devoted special attention to such an important event in a woman's life. Starting with the ancient culture, the assistance to the birth of a child (banned to men in the Christian or Arab world) has been endorsed to the hands of women nominated as “mid-wives” or “matrons”; it is only by the end of the XVIII century that physicians begin to act, and, starting from then, the obstetrics practice is promoted in various Universities. Practices connected with the birth or abortions were only of public knowledge long after they were used, through various manuscripts and documents. Even the finding of pregnant women with newborns buried next to them does not prove that difficult deliveries were not in the basis of these findings. Regarding the scientific philosophers little is known viewing the field of obstetrics. The IX and VIII centuries (BC) were followed by the pre-Hippocratic philosophers of the VI century. These philosophers created medical schools, masters in medicine and practicing students, but they were not really concerned about sexual problems – gestation, deliveries, abortion, etc.
The Supreme Court's Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, LTD. Opinion extends the Exemption from Infringement under Section 271(e)(1) to Biotechnology “Research Tools”
Authors: Olson Bradley J 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe exemption from patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1) was significantly extended by the Supreme Court in
Informed Consent and Psychotherapy: The Travails of Consistency (Part I)
Authors: Choong Kartina A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ascendancy of psychological therapy over the last few decades has been phenomenal. During this period, the health care scene has witnessed the continuous proliferation of distinct therapeutic modalities and a marked increase in the demand for psychotherapeutic services. In response, there is now a growing concern as to whether clients who enter therapy do so on an adequately informed basis both as to the range of treatment on offer and what they entail. One movement in this direction has been to call for the adoption of the doctrine of informed consent in this realm. This paper questions the viability of this move. By retracing the doctrine's development to its conception at the dawn of the twentieth century, it will be shown that although the law has undergone three major changes since then, the ‘patient's right to self-determination’ remains the one consistent feature that runs through the doctrine's history and that now, as then, this principle relates primarily to the patient's interest in his bodily integrity. This paper argues that not only are the factors which gave rise to the notion of informed consent peculiar to the medical model, but since psychotherapy does not characteristically involve physical contact, the current law's consequent emphasis on risks-disclosure and freedom from unauthorized bodily intrusions are also generally incompatible with the ethos and reality of psychotherapeutic practice.
Incomplete fusion mechanism in 16O + 93Nb reaction at 6 MeV/nucleon: Recoil range measurements
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Sharma Anil , Goswami A. , Tomar B. S. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Recoil range distribution of evaporation residues formed in complete and incomplete fusion of 96 MeV 16O with 93Nb has been measured by recoil catcher technique followed by off-line gamma-ray spectrometry. The cross sections for complete and incomplete fusion were delineated from the earlier measured excitation function data at the same beam energy. The results show that incomplete fusion is associated with angular momentum values close to the critical angular momentum for complete fusion of the projectile and target.
Solvent extraction behaviour of some fission product elements withN,N-dihexyl octanamide and tri-n-butyl phosphate under simulated PUREX process conditions
Authors: Kulkarni P. G. , Gupta K. K. , Gurba P. B. , Janardan P. , Changrani R. D. , Dey P. K. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryExtraction behaviour of some fission product contaminants like Zr(IV), RuNO(III), La(III), Ce(III) and Nd(III) with 1.1 M solutions ofN,N-dihexyl octanamide (DHOA) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) inn-dodecane from nitric acid medium has been investigated under conditions prevailing in the PUREX process. Results of the study reveal that the extraction of Zr(IV), La(III), Ce(III) and Nd(III) with 1.1 M DHOA is significantly lower than that of TBP. However, the extraction of RuNO(III) with DHOA is of the same order as that with TBP. The influence of uranium(VI) saturation of the organic phase on the extraction of Zr(IV) and RuNO(III) is evaluated. The effect of degradation products of DHOA (caprylic acid/n-dihexylamine) and TBP (di-n-butyl phosphoric acid) on the extraction of Zr(IV) is also examined. The study indicates the innocuous nature of the degradation products of DHOA towards the extraction of Zr(IV) under the PUREX process conditions. This is unlike the degradation products of TBP, the presence of which produce noticeable increase in the extraction of Zr(IV).
Transport of uranium from nitric acid solution by non-dispersive solvent extraction using a hollow fibre contactor
Authors: Patil C. B. , Mohapatra P. K. , Singh R. R. , Gurba P. B. , Janardan P. , Changrani R. D. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Membrane based non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX) of U(VI) from aqueous nitric acid medium was carried out using a commercial hollow fibre module containing microporous hydrophobic polypropylene capillaries. The NDSX operation was carried out by pumping U(VI) solutions at varying concentrations of nitric acid (1-5 M) through the tube side and organic solvent (di-n-hexyl octanamide (DHOA) in normal paraffin hydrocarbon (NPH)) through the shell side of the hollow fibre capillaries. Extraction studies were performed under different hydrodynamic conditions and the overall mass transfer was evaluated under counter-current flow conditions. Counter-current mode was found to be better as compared to the co-current mode. The U(VI) mass transfer rates were positively influenced by the nitric acid as well as DHOA concentrations.
Fixation of some major fission products in NaZr2P3O12 ceramic employing microwave heating
Authors: Naik A. H. , Thakkar N. V. , Palkar V. R. , Dharwadkar S. R. , Mudher K. D. Singh , Venugopal V. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Attempts were made to introduce four major fission products, namely, Cs, Sr, Ru and Te into thermodynamically stable NaZr2P3O12 (NZP) ceramic, considered to be a viable alternative for fixation of high level nuclear waste (HLW), in place of borosilicate glass. The results showed that all these elements could be incorporated in NZP at temperatures as low as 723 K by heating the reaction mixtures in a microwave heating system. Among the four elements introduced in NZP, except for Te, all others were retained nearly quantitatively in samples heated to 1273 K for three hours. The tellurium substituted NZP exhibited the maximum loss exceeding the amount of TeO2 added, which could probably be due to formation of some volatile compounds by TeO2 with the elements in the NZP matrix. Addition of Sr and Te simultaneously in NZP decreased the amount of TeO2 loss considerably.
Synthesis, characterization and structural refinement of polycrystalline uranium substituted zirconolite CaZr0.9U0.1Ti2O7
Authors: Shrivastava Omprakash , Kumar Narendra , Sharma I. B. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Ceramic precursors of Zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) family have a remarkable property of substitution on Zr4+ cationic sites. This makes them a potential material for nuclear waste management in ‘synroc’ technology. In order to simulate the mechanism of partial substitution of zirconium by tetravalent actinides, a solid phase of composition CaZr0.9U0.1Ti2O7 was synthesized through ceramic route by taking calculated quantities of oxides of Ca, Ti and nitrates of uranium and zirconium, respectively. Solid-state synthesis was carried out by repeated pelletizing and sintering the finely powdered oxide mixture in a muffle furnace at 1050 °C. The polycrystalline solid phase was characterized by its typical powder diffraction pattern. Step analysis data were used for ab initio calculation of structural parameters. The SEM and EDAX analysis also confirm that the zirconolite acts as a host material for uranium. The powder diffraction data of 3500 points for 2θ=10°-80° has been analysed by GSAS (general structure analysis system) software to obtain the best fit of the observed data points. The uranium substituted zirconolite crystallizes in monoclinic symmetry with space group C2/c (#15). The following unit cell parameters have been calculated: a=12.5615(13), b=7.2743(8), c=11.5103(33) and β=101.086(14). The calculated and observed values of the intensities, lattice parameters and density measurement show good agreement. The Rietveld analysis and GSAS based calculations for bond distance Ti-O, Ca-O, Zr-O, and O-M-O bond angles were made. The structure was refined to satisfactory completion. The Rp and Rwp were found to be 0.1583 and 0.2097 respectively. The crystal data of the title compound show that increase in U content results in expansion of the zirconolite unit cell.
Effect of glass composition on diffusion of cesium in borosilicate glass
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Rawat Neetika , Bhattacharya A. , Tomar B. S. , Shrikhande V. K. , Kothiyal G. P. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Heavy ion Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, with 30 MeV 19F beam, has been used to study the diffusion of cesium in borosilicate glasses of different compositions. The coefficient of cesium diffusion in borosilicate glass was obtained by analyzing the depth profile of cesium in samples annealed at different temperatures in the range of 100-350 °C. The activation energy of diffusion of cesium was found to be in the range of 9-22 kJ/mol, indicating the inter-diffusion between the cesium and sodium as the mechanism of the diffusion process. The activation energy was found to decrease with increasing sodium content of the glass, indicating that the alkali metal ion diffusion is governed by the interaction between the jumping ion and the dipole field around the oxygen ions.
BEHSA grafted polymer for selective extraction of U(VI), Th(IV) and La(III) from acidic matrices and environmental samples – a green process
Authors: Raju Ch. Siva Kesava , Subramanian M. S. , Srinivasan T. G. , Rao P. R. Vasudeva 
Published: June 2006

SummaryA new class of polymeric resin called MCM-BEHSA, for extraction of U(VI), Th(IV) and La(III) was synthesized by grafting Merrifield chloromethylated polymer withN,N-bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-succinamic acid. The chemical modifications at each step of the grafting was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, CPMAS solid state NMR spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis and also by Thermo Gravimetric analysis. All the parameters influencing the quantitative metal ion extraction were optimized by both static and dynamic methods. The resin showed good extractability over a wide range of acidity (0.01-10 M) with fast exchange rate (saturation possible within 20 minutes) and high sorption capacities for U(VI), Th(IV) and La(III). Quantitative metal desorption was achieved by using 0.5 M (NH4)2CO3for all the analytes. A significant feature of this grafted polymer was its ability to extract Th(IV) from very high nitric acid concentrations. Interference studies with commonly encountered metal ions, rare earth ions and electrolytes showed very high tolerance limit for those ions. Enrichment factor values of 400, 550 and 350 with limit of quantification (LOQ) as 10 ng ml-1, 10 ng ml-1and 20 ng ml-1were observed for U(VI), Th(IV) and La(III), respectively. All the analytical data were within 3.2% rsd, reflecting the reproducibility and reliability of the developed method.
Studies on the dissolution behaviour of ThO2 and (U,Th)O2 by a solid state reaction method
Authors: Chaudhury Satyajeet , Keskar Meera , Patil Abhay V. , Mudher K. D. Singh , Venugopal V. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
A simple and fast method for the dissolution of sintered ThO2 and (U,Th)O2 was developed. The products formed when these oxides were fused with ammonium sulphate at various temperatures were found to be readily soluble in dilute nitric acid. Among all the products obtained at various temperatures, (NH4)2 Th (SO4)3 and (NH4)2(Ux,Th1-x)(SO4)3, obtained at 365 °C, were found highly soluble (>99%). After dissolution thorium was separated selectively by oxalate precipitation method. More than 95% of uranium was recovered from the solution by ammonium diuranate precipitation method. The products formed at different temperatures were characterised by X-ray, thermal and chemical analysis techniques.
Studies on some divalent metal α-isosaccharinic acid complexes
Authors: Warwick Peter , Evans Nick , Vines Sarah 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe presence of organic complexants, such as α-isosaccharinic acid (ISA) in an intermediate-level radioactive-waste (ILW) repository may have a detrimental effect on the sorption of radionuclides by forming organic complexes in solution. To assess this, stability constants are required for the complexes formed. Constants have been determined for the divalent metal ions, Cd2+, Co2+and UO22+with α-isosaccharinic acid (ISA) in near-neutral and alkaline conditions. The effect of these complexes on radionuclide solubility in the near-field and alkaline-disturbed zone is shown. The constants were measured by the ion-exchange (Schubert) method [1] with the exception of U(VI) at pH 13.3, for which the solubility product method [2] was used. At pH7 each complex was of the form M1ISA1, with log β values suggestive of salt formation. At high pH, log β values were between 13 and 20. The number of hydroxide ions involved in the complexation reactions was determined using Bjerrum plots, conductometric titrations and spectrophotometric methods [1]. The constants have enabled speciation calculations to be performed showing the effect of ISA on the metal's solubility. Solubility is predicted to increase in the presence of ISA from pH 9 to 13.5, suggesting that it may have an impact on radionuclide behaviour. The largest solubility increases are for Cd and Co, the smallest for U(VI).
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of a 177Lu labeled nitroimidazole derivative for possible use in targeted tumor therapy
Authors: Das Tapas , Chakraborty Sudipta , Banerjee Sharmila , Sarma Haladhar D. , Samuel Grace , Venkatesh Meera 
Published: June 2006

Summary
The preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of a metronidazole-BFCA (bifunctional chelating agent) conjugate labeled with 177Lu is reported. Metronidazole, a well known hypoxia marker has been suitably derivatized and coupled with a polyazamacrocyclic BFCA, namely, para-aminobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (p-amino-benzyl-DOTA). 177Lu, which is presently being considered as one of the pivotal radionuclides for targeted therapy was produced in adequate specific activity (∼185 TBq/g) and high radionuclidic purity (99.99%) by irradiating enriched (60.6% 176Lu) Lu2O3 target at a moderate thermal neutron flux of 3×1013 n/cm2/s. The metronidazole-BFCA conjugate was radiolabeled with 177Lu in high radiochemical purity (97%). Preliminary biodistribution studies carried out in Swiss mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumors revealed good tumor uptake (1.30% ID/g at 30 min post-injection) with rapid renal clearance (94.48% ID at 30 min post-injection) and significant tumor to blood (28.00 at 3 h post-injection) and tumor to muscle (14.00 at 3 h post-injection) ratios.
Outcomes Associated With Spirometry for Pediatric Asthma in a Managed Care Organization
Authors: Cabana Michael , Slish Kathryn K. , Nan Bin , Leo Harvey , Bratton Susan L. , Dombkowski Kevin J. 
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute asthma guidelines recommend that children with asthma receive spirometry testing “at least every 1 to 2 years to assess the maintenance of airway function.”OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to describe: (1) how often children with asthma receive spirometry testing, (2) what factors are associated with receipt of spirometry testing, and (3) the impact of spirometry testing on subsequent emergency department visits for asthma.METHODS. We analyzed all pediatric asthma claims data from a university-based managed care organization for a 3-year period (January 2001 to December 2003). We included all of the continuously enrolled patients with active asthma between 7 and 21 years of age. Our outcomes of interest were the presence of ≥1 claim for spirometry testing (Common Procedural Terminology 94010–6, 94060, 94070, or 94150) and the time to emergency department visit. We used multivariate logistic regression to determine factors associated with receipt of spirometry and survival analyses techniques to assess the association between receipt of spirometry with the likelihood of an emergency department asthma visit in the next year, controlling for patient age, gender, severity of illness, and type of insurance.RESULTS. There were 2688 eligible children of whom 1509 (56%) were male, 324 (12%) had Medicaid insurance, and 624 (24%) had persistent asthma in the initial year. Of the 2688 children, only 612 (23%) had ≥1 claim for spirometry testing during the study period. In all of the multivariate logistic analysis models, increased severity of illness was consistently associated with increased likelihood of receiving spirometry testing. Compared with patients without Medicaid insurance, children with Medicaid insurance were consistently less likely to receive spirometry testing. After adjusting for age, gender, severity, and insurance type, receipt of spirometry did not affect the likelihood of future emergency department asthma use.CONCLUSIONS. Children with Medicaid insurance are less likely to receive spirometry testing. Reasons may be because of access to care, inadequate provider referral for testing, or patient preferences. Objective lung function tests, such as spirometry, are a potentially important component of monitoring chronic disease status. However, it is not clear whether spirometry testing by itself, completed every 1 to 2 years, helps prevent the likelihood of emergency department asthma visits. Compared with guideline recommendations, spirometry is underused; however, additional work is needed to understand how to best integrate such testing to improve asthma outcomes.
National Estimates of Hospital Use by Children With HIV Infection in the United States: Analysis of Data From the 2000 KIDS Inpatient Database
Authors: Kourtis Athena P. , Paramsothy Pangaja , Posner Samuel F. , Meikle Susan F. , Jamieson Denise J. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this research was to describe hospital use patterns of HIV-infected children in the United States.STUDY DESIGN. We analyzed a nationwide, stratified probability sample of 2.5 million hospital discharges of children and adolescents during the year 2000, weighted to 7.3 million discharges nationally. We excluded discharges after hospitalizations related to pregnancy/childbirth and their complications and discharges of neonates &lt;1 month of age and of patients &gt;18 years of age. Diagnoses were identified through the use of the Clinical Classification Software with grouping of related diagnoses.RESULTS. We estimated that there were 4107 hospitalizations of HIV-infected children in 2000 and that these hospitalizations accounted for ∼$100 million in hospital charges and &gt;30000 hospital days. Infections, including sepsis and pneumonia, were among the most frequent diagnoses in such hospitalizations, followed by diagnoses related to gastrointestinal conditions, nutritional deficiencies and anemia, fluid/electrolyte disorders, central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and respiratory illnesses. Compared with hospitalizations of non-HIV-infected children, hospitalizations of HIV-infected ones were more likely to be in urban areas, in pediatric/teaching hospitals, and in the Northeast, and the expected payer was more likely to be Medicaid (77.6% vs 37.2%). Compared with children without HIV, those with HIV tended to be older (median age: 9.5 years vs 5.2 years), to have been hospitalized longer (mean: 7.8 days vs 3.9 days), and to have incurred higher hospital costs (mean: $23221 vs $11215); HIV-associated hospitalizations ended in the patient's death more frequently than non-HIV ones (1.8% vs 0.4%), and complications of medical care were also more common (10.8% vs 6.2%).CONCLUSIONS. Infections account for the majority of hospitalizations of HIV-infected children in the United States, although nutritional deficiencies, anemia and other hematologic disorders, gastrointestinal and renal disorders, and complications of medical care are also more common among hospitalized children with HIV than among those without HIV.
Pyrimidine (6–4) Pyrimidone Photoproduct Mapping After Sublethal UVC Doses: Nucleotide Resolution Using Terminal Transferase‐dependent PCR
Authors: Rochette Patrick J. , Bastien Nathalie , Todo Takeshi , Drouin Régen 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTUVC irradiation of genomic DNA induces two main types of potentially mutagenic base modifications: cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and the less frequent (15–30% of CPD levels) pyrimidine (6–4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6–4PP). Ligation‐mediated PCR (LMPCR), a genomic sequencing technique, allows CPD mapping at nucleotide resolution following irradiation with sublethal doses of UVB or UVC for most cell types. In contrast, a dose of 80 J/m2 of UVC that is lethal for the majority of cell types is necessary to map 6–4PP by the LMPCR technique. This compromises the use of LMPCR to study the repair of 6–4PP. To date, no other techniques have been developed to study 6–4PP repair at nucleotide resolution. We have therefore adapted a recently developed technique for the mapping of 6–4PP: terminal transferase‐dependent PCR (TDPCR). TDPCR is in many ways similar to LMPCR. This technique is more sensitive and allows the mapping of 6–4PP at UVC doses as low as 10 J/m2 in genomic DNA and in living cells.
A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs†
Authors: Mano Hiroaki , Fukada Yoshitaka 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn many vertebrates, the pineal gland serves as a photoreceptive neuroendocrine organ. Morphological and functional similarities between the pineal and retinal photoreceptor cells indicate their close evolutionary relationship, and hence the comparative studies on the pineal gland and the retina are the keys to deciphering the evolutionary traces of the vertebrate photoreceptive organs. Several studies have suggested common genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for their similarities, but largely unknown are those underlying pineal‐specific development and physiological functions. Recent studies have identified several cis‐acting DNA elements that participate in transcriptional control of the pineal‐specific genes. Genetic approaches in the zebrafish have also contributed to elucidating the genetic network regulating the pineal development and neurogenesis. These efforts toward elucidating the molecular instrumentation intrinsic to the pineal gland, back to back with those to the retina, should lead to a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary history of the vertebrate photoreceptive structures. This article summarizes the current status of research on these topics.