bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AUTOXIDATION OF OXYMYOGLOBIN: A MEETING POINT OF THE STABILIZATION AND THE ACTIVATION OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Authors: SHIKAMA KEIJI 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The primary events of haemoprotein reactions with molecular oxygen have been re‐examined by placing special emphasis upon the reduction properties of dioxygen.
In the stepwise reduction of O2 to water via hydrogen peroxide, the addition of the first electron is an unfavourable, uphill process with the midpoint potential of –0.33 V, all the subsequent steps being downhill. This thermodynamic barrier to the first step is, therefore, a most crucial ridge located between the stabilization and the activation of dioxygen performed by haemoproteins.
If the proteins have a redox potential much higher than –0.33 V, molecular oxygen must bind to the proteins stably and reversibly. In Mb or Hb, however, the FeO2 centre is always subject to a nucleophilic attack of the water molecule or hydroxyl ion, which can enter the haem pocket from the surrounding solvent. These can cause irreversible oxidation of the FeO2 bonding to the ferric met‐form with generation of the superoxide anion.
In cases of the oxygen activation, if haemoproteins have a redox potential lower than or close to –0.33 V, the first reduction of O2 to O−2 would be a spontaneous process. Cytochrome P‐450 provides such an example and can facilitate the subsequent addition of electrons that leads to the breaking of the O–O bond to yield the hydroxylating species.
As to the proteins whose redox potential is not facilitative and appreciably higher than –0.33 V, a bimetallic, concerted, two‐equivalent reduction of the bound dioxygen to the peroxide level would be much more favoured without the intermediate formation of O−2. This is probably the case of cytochrome c oxidase for the reduction of O2 to water.
The redox potential diagrams thus visualize various aspects of the ways haemoproteins overcome their thermodynamic constraints and carry out their specific functions in the stabilization and the activation of molecular oxygen.
GENETICS OF HORIZONTAL RESISTANCE TO DISEASES OF CROPS
Authors: SIMMONDS N. W. 
Published: January 2008

Summary(1) Horizontal resistance (HR) to diseases of crops has the following leading features: it is polygenically controlled and must be studied by biometrical‐genetic methods; it is pathotype‐non‐specific and essentially ‘durable’; it has several components (e.g. infection rate, latency period, sporulation potential) which tend to be correlated; its use is relevant to the control of all classes of pathogen (fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, nematodes); though often unrecognized, it is very common and generally the means by which ‘minor’ diseases remain minor. HR may be contrasted with ‘vertical resistance’ (VR) which is procured by major genes and is pathotype‐specific. VR has uses in particular circumstances but has often failed against airborne epidemic pathogens such as many rusts; hence the importance of understanding HR.(2) In this review the genetic evidence of HR is reviewed and examples are summarized in appendices. Very diverse crops, places and pathogens are represented. So far as may be judged, HR is indeed universal, and found or constructable wherever sought. The most important genetic evidence is based on generation mean and variance analysis, general and specific combining ability, offspring‐parent regression and response to selection. Useful supplementary evidence comes from historical observations, continuity and repeatability of resistance and yield‐related effects.(3) The main conclusions are that HR is universally available, usually highly heritable and responsive to selection, already keeps a host of crop diseases down to acceptably low levels and has socio‐economically attractive features that are likely to increase its use in the future. In particular, it offers long‐term stability of performance that must be valuable to small farmers in the Third World and is environmentally attractive because successful breeding programmes minimize the need for environmentally damaging chemical protectants. ‘Green’ pressures are likely to favour HR and some relevance to public policy is thereby implied.
OF MICE AND KIN: THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF KIN BIAS IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: BARNARD C. J. , HURST J. L. , ALDHOUS PETER 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Sharing recent ancestry (kinship) increases the degree of genetic similarity between individuals, where genetic similarity could mean anything from sharing a particular allele to sharing an entire genome.2. Genetic similarity can influence behavioural and other responses between individuals in a number of ways, discriminatory and non‐discriminatory. All are likely to result in kin bias, because of the correlation between genetic similarity and kinship, but only some should be regarded as involving kin discrimination.3. Non‐discriminatory kin bias could arise through close relatives sharing, for instance, physical characteristics (such as those influencing competitive ability), thresholds of behavioural response or requirements for particular resources.4. Discriminatory kin bias could arise through the direct perception of genetic similarity between individuals (direct similarity discrimination) or the use of cues likely to correlate with genetic similarity (indirect similarity discrimination – of which kin discrimination is one form). Alternatively, it could arise incidentally through mistaken identity or discrimination at some other level, such as species identification.5. Experiments with laboratory and wild house mice have revealed kin bias in a number of contexts, including (a) parental and infanticidal behaviour, (b) sexual development and behaviour and (c) investigatory behaviour and passive body contact among juveniles and adults.6. While kin bias in mice has been interpreted as evidence for kin discrimination, there are several problems with such an interpretation. These include (a) pronounced and complex effects of familiarity on discrimination, (b) a high risk of error‐proneness in the indirect cues used in apparent kin discrimination and (c) weak and easily disrupted kin bias effects in certain contexts.7. Consideration of social structure and discriminatory responses within populations of wild house mice leads to an alternative explanation for some kin bias in terms of incidental discrimination based on social group membership.8. Several results from laboratory experiments suggest incidental discrimination is a more parsimonious explanation than kin discrimination for some intrasexual kin bias in behaviour. However, kin or direct similarity discrimination appears to be the most likely explanation for other aspects of intrasexual kin bias and for intersexual kin bias.
THE CONTROL OF SEXUAL MORPHOGENESIS IN THE ASCOMYCOTINA
Authors: DYER PAUL S. , INGRAM DAVID S. , JOHNSTONE KEITH 
Published: January 2008

Summary(1) A series of factors controls sexual morphogenesis in the Ascomycotina, a process involving the formation of novel structures such as ascocarps (fruit bodies) and asci (sacs containing spores) during sexual reproduction.(2) Environmental and genetic factors must be correct before Ascomycetes may sexually reproduce. Compatibility in many heterothallic species is under polygenic control, with the mating type loci and also other genetic factors determining the productivity of sexual crosses.(3) Classical genetic studies have shown that sexual morphogenesis involves the expression of a series of developmentally regulated genes, and this has been confirmed by recent molecular studies which have demonstrated changes in patterns of mRNA and protein synthesis during ascocarp formation.(4) Hyphal differentiation leading to the formation of mature fruit bodies occurs in response to a series of signals, which include various physical and chemical factors.(5) Chemical sex factors have been identified which are believed to have important regulatory or nutritional roles in sexual morphogenesis. These include the following.(a) Diffusible sex hormones which may regulate developmental switching between asexual and sexual modes of reproduction, including (i) pheromones involved with the induction of gametangia and gamete attraction, and (ii) sex morphogens involved with triggering particular stages of fruit body formation. (b) Sexual growth substances which are required as nutrients, and may be precursors for the production of sex hormones, or metabolites used in the synthesis of novel sexual structures. Most of these sex factors are lipids.(6) Certain sex morphogens and sexual growth substances have been shown to exhibit activity in a variety of fungal species, suggesting that fungi of related phylogenetic descent may utilize similar metabolites or signalling factors during sexual reproduction.(7) Phenoloxidase enzymes may catalyse hyphal aggregation in developing fruit bodies.(8) Initial stages of ascocarp development may occur independently of the events of the sexual cycle. However, a link(s) with the functional ascogenous hyphae is needed for the formation of morphologically mature ascocarps.(9) Suitable environmental conditions are sufficient to trigger sexual morphogenesis in homothallic Ascomycetes. However, an extra level of control is present in heterothallic species, with a compatible partner required to complete sexual reproduction. This may be partly because novel regulatory products, formed by the combined action of the mating type loci of different partners, are required for further ascocarp development.(10) Further research is required to identify more fungal chemical sex factors and to determine the role of environmental stress in controlling sexual morphogenesis, and how this may be related to temporal patterns in the expression of mating type genes.
STRESS, EXTINCTIONS AND EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE: FROM LIVING ORGANISMS TO FOSSILS
Authors: PARSONS P. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Natural populations are exposed to environmental stress of varying intensities. This provides a reference point for extrapolations from the living biota to fossils and vice versa.2. Evolutionary change is likely when there are resources in excess of maintenance and survival needs. It is largely precluded at species borders by the metabolic costs of stress; from this follows climatic tracking by species.3. A relatively small increase in abiotic stress could underlie extinctions of stress‐sensitive endemic species and the spread of stress‐resistant generalist and widespread species. Widespread fossil species appear resistant to extinction under the stress level of normal background extinctions.4. Synergistic interactions among generalized stresses should increase the likelihood of extinctions, especially for stresses with energetic consequences.5. Some marine organisms survived the K‐T mass extinction event because of stress‐evasion mechanisms such as stress‐resistant life‐cycle stages with low metabolic rates.6. In moderately stressed and narrowly fluctuating environments, sufficient genetic variability and metabolic energy should be available to permit adaptation. In these environments phyletic gradualism is expected.7. In highly stressed and widely fluctuating environments, a punctuated evolutionary pattern is expected whereby stasis occurs most of the time.8. Evolutionary patterns therefore can vary depending on the details of the interaction between stress, environmental fluctuations, energy availability and genetic variability.9. Little evolutionary change is expected when the availability of energy is severely restricted. Examples include cave animals in stable but stressed environments and ‘living fossils’ in widely fluctuating but stressed environments.10. Since the primary effect of abiotic stress may be at the level of energy carriers, a reductionist approach permits generalisations in considering extinctions and conditions under which diversification is likely.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AS ORGANIZATION AND INFORMATION
Authors: LLOYD DAVID , ROSSI ERNEST L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryWhile it is generally acknowledged that modern science began with the quantification of time in the measurement of linear physical processes in space by Galileo and Newton, the biological sciences have only recently developed appropriate experimental and mathematical methods for the description of living systems in terms of processes of non‐linear, recursive dynamics. We now recognize that living organisms have patterns of exquisitely timed processes that are as intricate as their spatial structure and organization. Self‐similarities of life processes in time and space have evolved to generate an ensemble of oscillators within which analogous functions may be discerned on many different time scales. The increasing complexity of periodic relationships on and between the many levels of biological organization are uncovered by current research. Recent efforts to reformulate the foundation of physics from the quantum to the cosmological level by using the concept of information as the common denominator integrating time, structure and energy remind us of an apparently analogous suggestion in the chronobiological literature which also describes the periodic dynamics of living systems as information processing. In this paper we review the periodic processes of living systems on all levels from the molecular, genetic and cellular to the neuroendocrinological, behavioural and social domains. Biological rhythms may be conceptualized as the evolution of ever more complex dynamics of information transduction that optimize the temporal integrity, development, and survival of the organism.
SCALE‐DEPENDENT SPATIAL DYNAMICSMARINE BIRDS IN THE BERING SEA
Authors: SCHNEIDER DAVID C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

One of the major developments in ecology has been the recognition of the importance of spatial and temporal scale in describing patterns of distribution and abundance. This article develops a quantitative framework that includes both spatial and temporal scale, then uses it to review what has been learned about a well studied group of mobile organisms — marine birds in the Bering Sea.
Review showed that lateral gradients in density are by far the most frequently measured property of birds away from colonies in the Bering Sea. Gradients are related to a variety of environmental factors, depending on spatial scale.
Review within a quantitative framework showed that the assumptions for interpreting the spatial dynamics responsible for observed patterns are rarely stated, that interpretations of pattern at sea have focused on individual movements in relation to food concentration, and that little is known about wind and water‐driven movements, or rates of death and recruitment away from colonies.
Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that distribution and feeding are linked to the rate of resupply of nekton to birds near the sea surface.
The framework provided here permits the relative importance of competing processes to be stated and evaluated as a function of spatial scale. The framework should be useful in summarizing the spatial dynamics of other groups of mobile organisms.
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR SEX RATIO ADJUSTMENT IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Authors: KRACKOW SVEN 
Published: January 2008

SummarySex ratio skews in relation to a variety of environmental or parental conditions have frequently been reported among mammals and, though less commonly, among birds. However, the adaptive significance of such sex ratio variation remains unclear. This has, in part, been attributed to the absence of a low‐cost physiological mechanism for sex ratio manipulation by the parent. It is shown here that several recent findings in reproductive biology are suggestive of many potential pathways by which gonadotropins and steroid hormones could interfere with the sex ratio at birth. And these hormone levels are well‐known to be influenced by many parameters which have been invoked in correlating with offspring sex ratios. Hence, it is argued that the significant, but inconsistent sex ratio biases reported in mammalian and avian populations are coherent with current knowledge on reproductive physiology in those species. However, whether such variations can be viewed at as a consequence of physiological constraint or as adaptive sex ratio adjustment, has still to be determined.
Acute Benign Mononuclear Meningitis1
Authors: JACOBSSON ERIK 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFollowing a brief review of our present knowledge of acute benign mononuclear meningitis an account is given of 25 cases treated at the Gothenburg Children's Hospital since 1922 and a brief summary is appended of the case histories for the cases reported during the past 15 years. (For cases before 1929 reference may be made to Gunther's work.) The relations of the disease to especially poliomyelitis and encephalitis are discussed, it being claimed that no absolutely certain connexion between them has hitherto been demonstrated. The experiences gained from the present material likewise give no reliable support for such a connexion. The disease is not characterized by any specific sex‐ or age‐distribution. Nor is the accumulation of cases in the autumn or spring cited by some authors confirmed by this material, which is distributed fairly uniformly over the whole year. As a rule, the course of the disease is very rapid and benign, both in respect of subjective and objective symptoms. There is no specific therapy, and nor is any necessary. Sulphathiazol and similar preparations can no doubt be avoided as a rule without being missed. The disease does not give rise to any future detriment in spite of the presence of minor symptoms of suppression in some cases.
Etude clinique des allergies non infectieuses dans I'E nfan ce.
Authors: PéHU Par MAURICE , WORINGER PIERRE 
Published: January 2008

Sommaire§I. Définitions. Délimitetion du sujet.§II. Historique.§III. Moyens de diagnostiquer un état allergique.§IV. étude des allergénes.§V. étude analytique des manifestations cliniques des allergies non infectieuses.§VI. étude synthétique de quelques tableaux ou syndromes d'allergie.§VII. L'enfant allergique.§VIII. Traitement des maladies allergiques.§IX. Considérations générales sur les allergies non infectieuses.
Über den Einfluss der Fütterungsmethoden auf die Azidität des Säuglingsmagens.
Authors: KOSKI TAIMI , LIUKKONEN LAHJA 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungIn der Absicht, das gegenseitige Verhältnis zwischen Fütterungstechnik und Magenfunktionen zu erforschen, haben wir bei 10 gesunden unter 1/2 Jahr alten Flaschenkindern pH‐Bestimmungen des Mageninhalts nach verschiedenartigen Fütterungsmethoden vorgenommen. Mit jedem Kinde wurden drei verschiedene Versuchsserien angestellt, wobei die Fütterungszeit in der ersten Serie unter Verwendung eines Säugers mit einern Loch von 2 mm Durchmesser vorzugsweise von ca 1 ½—4 Min., in der zweiten Serie, wo das Säugerloch einen Durchmesser von 0.5 mm hatte, vorzugsweise von 7—14 Min. variierte. Die dritte Serie bestand aus Schlauchfütterungsversuchen. Die Proben wurden zwei Stunden nach dem Augenblick des Fütterungsbeginns entnommen.Wenn man die Aziditätswerte, die bei Anwendung der kurzen und der langen Fütterungszeit erhalten wurden, untereinander vergleicht, so ergibt sich, dass bei 6 Kindern keine deutlichen Veränderungen in den Reaktionen stattgefunden haben; bei 4 Kindern wurden die Reaktionen durch die kurze Fütterung in der sauern Richtung verschoben. Die durch die Schlauchfütterung bedingten Reaktionen waren am sauersten. Die Werte waren hier bei 4 von 10 Kindern saurer als die Werte nach kurzer Flaschenfütterung and bei 6 von 10 Kindern saurer als die Werte nach langer Flaschenfütterung. Die erhaltenen Aziditätswerte lagen im allgemeinen zwischen pH 3.5 und 5.
Über im Kindesalter ohne Nierensymptome and neben Nierensymptomen vorkommenden hohen Blutdruck.
Authors: RÄIHÄ C. E. 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungEs werden die Krankengeschichten von 9 im Präpubertätsalter stehenden Kindern referiert. Von diesen bieten 2 Knaben und 3 Mädchen das vollehtwickelte Krankheitsbild einer Schrumpfniere mit Retinitis albuminurica (angiospastica) dar. Bei 3 Knaben und einem Mädchen wiederum wird ein hoher Blutdruck ohne Nierensymptome konstatiert. Das Vorkommen einer essehtiellen Hypertonie im Kindesalter ist auf Grund der mitgeteilten Krankengeschichten wahrscheinlich. Die Entstehung des Leidens als Reaktion eines allergischen Organismus und als Folge einer mit der Präpubertät verbundenen disharmonischen Funktion der innersekretorischen Drüsen wird diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, dass die in Finnland herrscheuden hygienisch‐diätetischen Verhältnisse an der Entstehung der Krankheit mitwirken. Die Prognose kann in den Fällen, wo keine Nierensymptome vorliegen, gut sein, wogegen die Kranken, bei denen eine gestörte Nierentätigkeit festgestellt wird, im Verlauf von etwn 2 Jahren nach dem Auftreten der ersten Symptome sterben. Als Behandlung in den reinen Hypertoniefällen sind in erster Linie hygienisch‐diätetische Vorschriften zur Anwendung gekommen.
Untersuchungen über den Pylorospasmus der Säuglinge.1
Authors: SALMI T. 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungDas Material umfasst die in der Universitäts‐Kinderklinik zu Helsinki seit 1915 bis zum 30. VI. 1937 behandelten 144 und die auf der Kinderabteilung des städtischen Maria‐Krankenhauses zu Helsinki während der Jahre 1933—1936 behandelten 14, also insgesamt 158 Fälle. Die Anzahl der Pylorospasniusfalle weist in Finnland während der letzten Jahre einen bedeutenden Anstieg auf, als dessen Ursache der Verfasser die mächtige Beratungsund Fürsorgearbeit auf dem Gebiet der Kinderpflege anspricht, mit dercn Hilfe immer mehr Pylorospasmusfälle der sachgemässen Behandlung zugeführt worden sind. Ferner geht aus dem Material hervor, dass 80 % Knaben und 20 yo Madchen davon betroffen sind.In 22 % der Fäille hat die Krankheit in den ersten Lebenstagen begonnen.Unter den Pylorospasmuskindern finden sich relativ mehi erste Kinder ihrer Eltern. Dagegen ist der Anteil der Brustkinder verhaltnismässig nicht grosser als unter den normalen Kindern.Irgendeine spezielle neuropathische erbliche Belastung hat sich nicht nachweisen lassen.Besondere Beachtung ist der Sekretionstätigkeit des Pylorospas‐musmagens gewidmet worden, wobei mittels der gewöhnlichen Kongopapier‐ und Phenolphthaleintitration die Säurewerte des Magens sowohl im nüchternen Magen als auch nach einer Frauenmilchmahlzeit von gewöhnlicher Grösse nach Verlauf von 1, 2 und 3 Stunden bestimmt wurden. Auf diese Weise hat man 33 Pylorospasmuskinder in Zwischenräumen von ca 4—5 Wochen untersucht und festgestellt, dass die Magenaziditätsuntersuchungen, wenn sie auf leeren Magen ca 7—8 Stunden nach der letzten Mahlzeit ausgeführt werden, ein etwas wechselndes Resultat liefern. Jedoch sind im allgemeinen niedrige Säurewerte sowohl in bezug auf die »freie HCl» wie auf die Gesamtaziditätsmenge erhalten worden. Derselbe Umstand ist auch nach einer Frauenmilchmahlzeit festzustellen. Im allgemeinen ist eine dahingehende Tendenz zu beobachten, dass die Säurewerte mit fortschreitender Entwicklung der Krankheit kleiner werden.Vergleichshalber sind 16 gesunde oder hn verschiedenartigen Magenkrankheiten leidende Säuglinge untersucht worden, wobei bemerkt wurde, dass in diesen Fallen 3 t. post coenam höhere Werte anzutreffen sind als bei Pylorospasmuskindern.