bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using Dense and Aligned TiO2 Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Wolcott Abraham , Smith Wilson A. , Kuykendall Tevye R. , Zhao Yiping , Zhang Jin Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDense and aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays are fabricated using oblique‐angle deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) conducting substrates. The TiO2 nanorods are measured to be 800–1100 nm in length and 45–400 nm in width with an anatase crystal phase. Coverage of the ITO is extremely high with 25 × 106 mm−2 of the TiO2 nanorods. The first use of these dense TiO2 nanorod arrays as working electrodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells used for the generation of hydrogen by water splitting is demonstrated. A number of experimental techniques including UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemistry are used to characterize their structural, optical, and electronic properties. Both UV/Vis and incident‐photon‐to‐current‐efficiency measurements show their photoresponse in the visible is limited but with a marked increase around ≈400 nm. Mott–Schottky measurements give a flat‐band potential (VFB) of +0.20 V, a carrier density of 4.5 × 1017 cm−3, and a space‐charge layer of 99 nm. Overall water splitting is observed with an applied overpotential at 1.0 V (versus Ag/AgCl) with a photo‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 0.1%. The results suggest that these dense and aligned one‐dimensional TiO2 nanostructures are promising for hydrogen generation from water splitting based on PEC cells.
Enhanced expression of Hab18g/CD147 and activation of integrin pathway in HCC cells under 3‐D co‐culture conditions
Authors: Wu Ya‐Mei , Tang Juan , Zhao Pu , Chen Zhi‐Nan , Jiang Jian‐Li 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCD147 is reported to be correlated with the malignancy of some cancers, and its overexpression affects the progression of tumor. In the present study, we investigated the function of HAb18G/CD147, a member of CD147 family, on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adhesion, invasion and metastasis in 3‐dimensional (3‐D) cell co‐culture model. The results showed that the extracellular microenvironment could determine the cellular phenotypes and then affected the cellular functions. The expressions of HAb18G/CD147 in HCC cells and fibroblasts were both obviously elevated in 3‐D co‐culture model. The overexpression of HAb18G/CD147 increased MMPs' (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9) production (P < 0.01), and was obviously accompanied with enhanced expressions of paxillin, FAK and p‐FAK in 3‐D cell co‐culture model. All the results suggest that HAb18G/CD147 plays an important role in HCC adhesion, invasion and metastasis mainly via modulating synthesis of MMPs and activating integrin signal pathways in fibroblasts and tumor cells themselves under the 3‐D co‐culture conditions.
Demagnetization of Cochlear Implants and Temperature Changes in 3.0T MRI Environment
Authors: Majdani Omid , Leinung Martin , Rau Thomas , Akbarian Arash , Zimmerling Martin , Lenarz Minoo , Lenarz Thomas , Labadie Robert 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the level of demagnetization of the magnets and temperature changes in cochlear implants (Cis) in a 3.0 tesla (3.0T) MRI.Study DesignExperimental.Subjects and MethodsDemagnetization and remagnetization measurements were done on magnets for different types of CIs. Temperature of different body and electrode sides was measured in the MRI environment.ResultsDemagnetization of the magnets of the CI is dependent on the angle between the magnetic field of the CI magnet and the MRI. When this angle was greater than 80 degrees, relevant demagnetization occurred and sufficient remagnetization was not possible with the 3.0T MRI magnet. Maximum temperature rise was 0.5°C.ConclusionsPatients carrying CIs with non‐removable magnets should not enter a 3.0T MRI device in a routine clinical setup. Under special conditions (angle between the two magnets less than 80 degrees) imaging in a 3.0T MRI may be possible without harming the patient or the implant.
Ototoxicity of Topical Ciprofloxacin/Dexamethasone otic Suspension in a Chinchilla Animal Model
Authors: Daniel Sam J. , Munguia Raymundo 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the ototoxic potential of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone eardrops.MethodsVentilation tubes were inserted in the ears of 15 chinchillas. One ear was randomized to receive four drops of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone. A control solution (0.45% NaCl) was applied in the contralateral ear. The eardrops were delivered twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Auditory brain stem response (ABR) measurements were recorded at baseline (post‐tympanostomy tube insertion), and on days 4, 8, 15, 22, and 60.ResultsAn initial transient increase of 8.11 dB nHL was noted in the mean thresholds of the experimental ears at day 4. On the last ABR evaluation (day 60), the mean thresholds were 16.33 ± 6.93 dB nHL in the experimental ears and 13.66 ± 6.65 dB nHL in the control ears. The difference in the mean thresholds between the experimental and control ears at day 60 was not significant (95% confidence interval, 3.12, –8.02). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated normal morphology in all experimental ears that were assessed.ConclusionCiprofloxacin/dexamethasone eardrops did not appear ototoxic when used in chinchillas post‐ventilation tube insertion.
Bone‐anchored hearing aid abutment skin overgrowth reduction with clobetasol
Authors: Falcone Michael T. , Kaylie David M. , Labadie Robert F. , Haynes David S. 
Published: November 2008

ObjectivesThe bone‐anchored hearing aid (BAHA) osseointegrated cochlear stimulator can treat hearing loss in a variety of clinical situations. Occasionally skin/scar overgrowth may cover the abutment. This overgrowth interferes with affixing the BAHA to the abutment. Surgical scar revision/excision has been used to treat this problem. Clobetasol (0.05%), a steroid gel, can reduce skin overgrowth. Experience with skin overgrowth and the efficacy of clobetasol to treat this problem was reviewed.Subjects and MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent BAHA abutment implantation from January 2003 through December 2006.ResultsEighty‐eight patients (2 patients received bilateral BAHAs) were reviewed. Twenty (22%) of 90 sites developed overgrowth. Thirteen of 20 sites were treated with clobetasol. The overgrowth resolved in 11 (85%) of 13 sites after treatment. Patients with incomplete skin graft survival were significantly more likely to develop skin overgrowth (P = 0.0017).ConclusionClobetasol is an effective treatment for abutment skin/scar overgrowth. Clobetasol allows patients to resume BAHA use and obviates the need for scar revision.
The impact of Radiotherapy on Swallowing and Speech in Patients who Undergo total Laryngectomy
Authors: de Casso Carmen , Slevin Nicholas J. , Homer Jarrod J. 
Published: November 2008

ObjectivesQuality of life studies have shown no detrimental effect with radiotherapy (RT) in patients who have a total laryngectomy. We wished to determine the effect of RT (initial or postoperative) specifically on the swallowing and voice function in patients treated by total laryngectomy (TL) for carcinoma of the larynx.DesignMulticenter chart review.SettingMulticenter study in the Greater Manchester and Lancashire area.ParticipantsA total of 121 postlaryngectomy patients all of whom had completed definitive treatment at least 6 months before this study. Twenty‐six patients had total laryngectomy as a single modality treatment and 95 had total laryngectomy and radiotherapy.Main Outcome MeasuresSwallowing (solid food, soft diet or fluid/PEG) and voice development.ResultsSwallowing was better in the group who had no radiotherapy (P = 0.0037). There was no difference in voice function between the two groups. We also demonstrated that females had a worse swallowing outcome (P = 0.0101), as did advanced nodal stage (P = 0.001).ConclusionsRT adversely affects the swallowing results but not the speech results after TL when given either as initial treatment or postoperatively. This should be kept in mind in the decision‐making process in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the larynx.
Same Modality nerve Reconstruction for Accessory nerve Injuries
Authors: Magill Christina K. , Moore Amy M. , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: November 2008

The standard repair of a nerve gap under tension is to use a sensory autograft, such as the medial antebrachial cutaneous or the sural nerve. The practice of using sensory grafts to repair motor nerve defects is challenged by the discovery of preferential motor reinnervation and modality specific nerve regeneration. In this article, two clinical cases are presented where accessory nerve injuries are repaired with either a motor nerve transfer (a branch of C7) or a motor autograft (obturator nerve), and excellent functional results are reported. These cases provide a stimulus to consider the use of motor nerve grafts or transfers in the repair of motor nerve deficits.© 2008 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Thyroid Dysfunction after Combined therapy for Laryngeal Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Alkan Seyhan , Baylancicek Serdar , Çiftçic Memet , Sozen Esra , Dadaş Burhan 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of the thyroid dysfunction in a group of patients treated with laryngectomy and radiotherapy for larynx cancer and to analyze the risk factors related to the development of hypothyroidism.Study DesignThis was a prospective study conducted in a tertiary center hospital.Subjects and MethodsThyroid function tests have been applied to 75 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy preoperatively, before radiotherapy, and postoperatively. Risk factors have been analyzed by carrying out a multivariate analysis.ResultsAll the patients were men with the mean age of 59.4 and an average follow‐up of 28.6 months. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 49.3 percent. The average time to detection of hypothyroidism was 6 months after the completion of treatment. Radiotherapy dose, type of laryngectomy, extent of neck dissection, implementation of thyroid lobectomy, and presence of thyroiditis in specimens were risk factors for thyroid dysfunction.ConclusionsIt is important to check the thyroid function periodically in these patients especially with risk factor to obtain early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Parotid Tumors: Fine‐Needle Aspiration and/or Frozen Section
Authors: Zbären Peter , Guélat Dominique , Loosli Heinz , Stauffer Edouard 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the value of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and frozen section (FS) analysis in the assessment of parotid gland tumors.Study DesignChart review and cross‐sectional analysis.Subjects and MethodsFNAC and FS analysis of 110 parotid tumors, 68 malignancies and 42 benign tumors, were analyzed and compared with the final histopathologic diagnosis.ResultsThe accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of FNAC in detecting malignant tumors were 79 percent, 74 percent, and 88 percent, respectively. On FS analysis, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting malignant tumors were 94 percent, 93 percent, and 95 percent, respectively. The histologic tumor type was correctly diagnosed by FNAC and FS in 27 of 42 (64%) and 39 of 42 (93%) benign tumors, respectively, and in 24 of 68 (35%) and 49 of 68 (72%) malignant neoplasms, respectively.ConclusionThe current analysis showed a superiority of FS compared with FNAC regarding the diagnosis of malignancy and tumor typing. FNAC alone is not prone to determine the surgical management of parotid malignancies.
Intraoral Sonography–Assisted Resection of T1–2 tongue Cancer for Adequate deep Resection
Authors: Baek Chung‐Hwan , Son Young‐Ik , Jeong Han‐Sin , Chung Man Ki , Park Ki‐Nam , Ko Young‐Hyeh , Kim Hyung‐Jin 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical usefulness of intraoral sonography‐assisted resection for securing adequate deep resection margins in T1–2 tongue cancers.Study DesignProspective clinical trial.Materials and MethodsTwenty consecutive patients with clinical T1–2 tongue cancers were enrolled and their lesions were removed by intraoral sonography‐assisted resection. We then retrospectively collected data from 20 T stage‐matched patients without intraoral sonography‐assisted resection as the control group. All resections were performed with a goal of 15 mm margin. The mucosal and deep safety margins were compared between the two groups.ResultsIntraoral sonography could predict the paraffin‐embedded tumor thickness with an error of 3.16 ± 2.24 mm. The deep safety margins were more adequate for intraoral sonography–assisted resection (9.8 ± 5.2 mm) than for conventional resection (4.0 ± 2.03 mm) (P < 0.001), while the mucosal safety margins were not differentConclusionIntraoral sonography‐assisted resection provides a more adequate deep resection margin for early T‐stage tongue cancers.
Systematic Review of Change in Bodily pain after Sinus Surgery
Authors: Chester Alexander C. , Sindwani Raj , Smith Timothy L. , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: November 2008

ObjectivesTo determine whether bodily pain is increased in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and if bodily pain improves following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).MethodsAll studies reporting results of more than 10 adult patients analyzing the response of bodily pain to ESS were retrieved by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane databases, and additional web‐based sources (from January 1, 1980, to May 1, 2008); by examining bibliographies of retrieved articles; and by contacting investigators in the field.ResultsOf 279 ESS symptom outcome studies, only studies measuring results using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) quality‐of‐life survey instrument measured bodily pain. Eleven observational ESS studies (1019 patients) reported mean preoperative SF‐36 bodily pain scores at 0.89 SD below general population norms (24% more severe bodily pain than general population norms) and significantly below norms for a population 25 years older. Using a repeated‐measures design, nine of 11 studies noted significant improvement in SF‐36 bodily pain domain scores following ESS, with a moderate‐sized combined effect of 0.55 (95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.64; I2 = 44%) using the fixed‐effects model. This pooled effect corresponded to a mean improvement of 11.8 U on the SF‐36 bodily pain domain scale.ConclusionsBodily pain is increased in patients with CRS awaiting ESS, exceeding the normative bodily pain scores of a general normative population 25 years older. Using within‐subject comparisons, a clinically and statistically significant improvement in bodily pain is noted after ESS, an improvement similar to that previously described for fatigue.
Cartilage Tympanoplasty Methods: Proposal of a Classification
Authors: Tos Mirko 
Published: November 2008

The 23 known cartilage tympanoplasty methods to reconstruct the eardrum are classified in six main groups. Each method is briefly defined, described, and illustrated:Group A: Cartilage tympanoplasty with palisades, stripes, and slices. The eardrum is reconstructed by several, various, full‐thickness pieces of cartilage with attached perichondrium on the ear canal side. In this group six different methods are described.Group B: Cartilage tympanoplasty with foils, thin plates, and thick plates, not covered with the perichondrium. In this group four methods are included.Group C: Tympanoplasty with cartilage‐perichondrium composite island grafts. The perichondrium flap suspends or fixates the cartilage. In this group four methods are included.Group D: Tympanoplasty with special total pars tensa cartilage‐perichondrium composite grafts. All three methods are used to close a total perforation, but differ from each. Three special methods are included in this group.Group E: Cartilage‐perichondrium composite island grafts tympanoplasty for anterior, inferior, and subtotal perforations. Two on‐lay and two underlay methods are included.Group F: Special cartilage tympanoplasty methods: The cartilage disc is placed under the perforation, the perichondrium onto the denuded eardrum remnant.
Explaining the Myth of Public Sector Reform in South Asia: De-Linking Cause and Effect
Authors: Shafiqul Huque Ahmed 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The states of South Asia initiated reform in the public sector for various reasons. At times, the impetus for reform came from within the systems while there have also been pressures from powerful external actors. Reform policies in these states neglected comprehensive analyses of the issues and the problems were exacerbated by the inability of the leadership to resist external pressures to guide reforms in certain directions. The policies were based on unrealistic assumptions about the needs and capability of the systems which only contributed to the perpetuation of status quo. Ambitious reforms plans were partially or minimally implemented. In the process, critical aspects were overlooked while power and privilege of influential public bureaucracies and other groups continued to increase. The overdependence of political leadership on a competent and permanent civil service and, in some cases, the military precluded any possibility of meaningful change through reforms. A second problem is the tendency to view administrative reforms as public sector reform. The administrative machinery and personnel constitute an important element of the public sector, but economic, political and social actors and institutions must also be included to make public sector reforms comprehensive. This article argues that public sector reform remains a myth in South Asia due to the neglect of establishing a clear cause and effect relationship in reform policies and formulating strategies without a clear definition of the public sector. Limited progress, however, has been achieved in some areas, but they do not add up to the scale of public sector reform.
Evaluation of body development, fat mass and lipid profile in rats fed with high-PUFA and -MUFA diets, after neonatal malnutrition
Authors: Soares da Costa Carlos Alberto , Alves Erika Gomes , de Paula Lopes Gonzalez Gabrielle , Barbosa Thais Barcellos Côrtes , Carlos Aluana Santana , Lima Verônica Demarco , Nascimento Renata , de Moura Egberto Gaspar , Alves do Nascimento-Saba Celly Cristina 
Published: November 2008

Neonatal malnutrition is associated with several features of the metabolic syndrome, later in life. Although the recovery of malnutrition was studied with different high-fat diets, few studies compare the effects of enriched vegetable oil diets, containing PUFA and MUFA, after weaning. Our aim was to evaluate the recovery with soya oil- or rapeseed oil-enriched diet, after malnutrition in rats whose mothers were food restricted (FR) during lactation. Dams were 50 % FR and compared to standard diet-fed dams (control, C). At 21 d, FR offspring had a lower body mass and length. After weaning C and FR offspring were fed a diet containing 7 % soya oil (7 %sC and 7 %sFR), or supplemented with 19 % soya oil (19 %sC or 19 %sFR) or 19 % rapeseed oil (19 %cC or 19 %cFR). The normal animals fed enriched vegetable oil diets had more visceral fat mass, but lower serum TAG and higher HDL-cholesterol. The 19 %FR groups showed significantly less food intake and body development compared to the 7 %sFR, and the same pattern was observed when this group was compared to the C groups. Absolute and relative mass of vital organs and body were lower in the FR groups. Visceral fat depot was lower in 19 %FR than 7 %FR and C groups. Serum glucose, albumin, TAG, cholesterol, leptin and triiodothyronine did not show significant changes. However, 19 %FR groups showed higher HDL-cholesterol and the 19 %sFR group showed lower serum thyroxine. The data suggest that a higher vegetable oil diet in the recovery of neonatal malnutrition ameliorates some features of the metabolic syndrome later in life.
Hard Times in the Kantō: Economic Change and Village Life in Late Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Howell David L. 
Published: November 2008

Things were not right in the Kantō region during the early nineteenth century. In his memoirs, Mastsudaira Sadanobu, architect of the Kansei Reforms, lamented the sorry state of the villages in Edo's hinterland:Much land throughout the Kantō is going to waste for want of cultivators. All the people of some villages have left for Edo, leaving only the headman behind. … Many Kantō villagers are suffering great hardship. Babies are killed, the population has declined, and land has gone to waste.
Islam, Other Factors and Malay Backwardness: Comments on an Argument
Authors: Wilder William 
Published: November 2008

An anthropologist has recently remarked on an ‘orthodoxy’ of economic development that has grown up among some economists. The same writer continues with the observation thatthere is also, among some economists, an orthodoxy of the relevant background factors in development. When the tools of economic analysis appear inadequate fully to deal with specific instances of economic change or economic stagnation, the psychology and attitudes of the people concerned are invoked, as is the inertia of indigenous institutions.
Rigidity of System Boundary among Major Chinese Dialect Groups in Nineteenth-Century Singapore: A Study of Inscription Data
Authors: Lau-Fong Mak 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe study attempts to delineate the degree of system rigidity of three major dialect groups, namely, the Cantonese, the Hakkas and the Hokkiens. The principal source of data is derived from inscriptions collected by Chen and Tan (1972). The findings reveal that at the individual level the system boundary of the Hokkiens was more rigid than that of the Cantonese and the Hakkas. This confirms earlier observations made at the organizational level.Earlier observations dictate that after 1854 the Cantonese and the Hakkas were, at the organizational level, not on good terms. This was, however, not the case at the individual level. We also found that the system boundary of religious organizations, i.e., temples and burial ground bodies, was least rigid.
A Phase of Meiji Japan's Attitude toward China: The Case of Komura Jutarō
Authors: Okamoto Shumpei 
Published: November 2008

William L. Langer, the eminent scholar of imperialism, has succinctly defined the nature of the Russo-Japanese War:The Russo-Japanese War still remains the classic example of a conflict waged for purely imperialistic motives. There was no sentiment, no tradition involved. The Japanese and the Russians were equally disliked by the population of the territories which they desired to control. At bottom it was merely a question of which nation should victimize the moribund Korean and Chinese Empires.