bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highlights from a new petroleum industry report benchmarking performance, policies, and expenditures
Authors: Levinson Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental Information Services, Inc. (EIS) publishes detailed reports and offers custom research related to the full spectrum of environmental issues facing corporations. This article highlights several key sections from EIS's new 1998 Petroleum Industry Report. It details the environmental performance, policies, and expenditures of the largest companies in the petroleum industry. EIS industry reports contain data on five key performance criteria—toxic waste management, hazardous waste generation, penalties, spills, and Superfund sites. Here we examine one of those—penalties—and the policies of the three largest companies. In the full report, which can be obtained from EIS, 15 corporations are analyzed based on all the performance criteria.
The electric utility business case for investigating EMS: ISO 14000 and beyond
Authors: Balikov Henry R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article will focus on how a systems approach can be used as a strategic tool for environmental improvement that makes sense from a perspective of bottom‐line financial performance. The author will discuss some real‐world experience concerning how electric utilities are attempting to align environmental management more closely with business management theory and practice. The ISO 14000 standards have been proposed and, in many instances, finalized as global voluntary standards. How important will they be to the U.S. electric utility sector? ISO 14001, the EMS standard, has been promoted as a necessary “certificate” for those who sell products and/or services overseas. In fact, to be of value to most organizations, the standard must show that it can make a positive financial contribution, whether the service or product is marketed globally, nationally, or locally. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highlights from a new aerospace industry report
Authors: Levinson Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental Information Services, Inc. (EIS) publishes detailed reports and offers custom research related to the full spectrum of environmental issues facing corporations. This article highlights several key sections from EIS's new 1998 Aerospace Industry Report. It details the environmental performance, policies, and expenditures of the largest companies in the aerospace industry. EIS industry reports contain data on five key performance criteria—toxic waste management, hazardous waste generation, penalties and enforcement actions, spills, and Superfund sites. Here we examine one of those—penalties and enforcement actions—and the policies of the three largest companies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New field report shows ISO 14001 gaining momentum: Acceptance of environmental management system standard parallels ISO 9000
Authors: Jackson Suzan L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany believe that someday ISO 14001 will be as common as ISO 9001. Whatever the case, companies are finding that ISO 14001 offers a very beneficial way to run an environmentally friendly, profitable business. In this new field report, the author shows how companies are focusing on opportunities to improve their EMSs and achieving financial and business goals with ISO 14001. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sustainability metrics for the business enterprise
Authors: Richards Deanna J. , Gladwin Thomas N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSustainable development poses challenges and opportunities to the development and management of business and technological systems. Most significantly, sustainability moves beyond meeting an economic and environmental bottom line to a triple bottom line of integrated economic, environmental, and social factors. Over 30 years there has been a paradigm shift that has led to the greening of industrial practices with regards to the environment. As evidence continues to demonstrate linkages between environmental causes and effects, problem‐solving techniques have been developed to meet both economic and environmental goals along with metrics to measure environmental performance. Today, sustainable development presents another paradigm shift and adds social considerations as a third element to the bottom line. This article describes the evolution from greening to sustaining and outlines the implication of developing metrics in the sustainable development context.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sustainability, eco‐efficiency, life‐cycle management, and business strategy
Authors: Brady Kevin , Henson Patrice , Fava James A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article outlines some of the rationale for integrating environment and sustainablility issues into core business practises and provides some guidance on how companies can begin to take a strategic view when selecting environmental management tools. Two of these tools, life cycle management and eco‐efficiency, are outlined in brief.© 1999 Five Wind International. Reprinted with permission by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating a life‐cycle assessment with NEPA: Does it make sense?
Authors: Eccleston Charles H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 provides the basic national charter for protection of the environment in the United States. Today NEPA provides an environmental policy model, emulated by nations around the world. Recently, questions have been raised regarding the appropriateness and under what conditions it makes sense to combine the preparation of a NEPA analysis with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO 14000 standards for Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA). This article advances a decision‐making tool consisting of six discrete factors for use in determining when it is appropriate to perform an integrated NEPA/LCA analysis. Properly applied, this tool should reduce the risk that an LCA may be inappropriately prepared and integrated with a NEPA analysis.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Off‐site consequences: Life after risk management plans, Part I—public response
Authors: Forrest Carol J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany environmental and facility managers view the submittal and public availability of their facilities' risk management plans (RMPs) as discrete events and give little thought about how RMP information may influence their future relations with plant communities and other stakeholders. In fact, the public availability of RMPs will have some significant and lasting consequences that have the potential to alter RMP sources' relations with a wide variety of stakeholders.This article is the first of two installments that will explore some of the likely outcomes of the risk management program, with a particular emphasis on those consequences tied to the public availability of the RMPs themselves. This installment considers likely responses at the community level and from both national and local environmental advocacy groups. The second installment will look at likely responses to RMP information in land use planning, by the financial services sector, by regulatory agencies, and by the senior management of RMP sources' owners and operators.Although the responses of individual communities to RMPs will be governed by a number of variables, including the nature of existing relations with individual RMP sources, proximity (or perceived proximity) of residences or other public and environmental receptors to RMP sources, and stakeholders' attitudes toward chemicals and chemical use, there are certain potential responses that managers should look for in their communities. These RMP‐driven responses and expectations are discussed in the first installment of this article.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alternative energy: Environmental and economic factors associated with renewable energy and creating new integrated energy management systems
Authors: Kolar James L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAt best, the future of alternative and renewable energy remains uncertain. Our dependency on fossil fuels is already depleting world supplies of coal and petroleum while increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Most assuredly, the ability of alternative energy, described in this article as biomass, hydrogen, wind, solar, and geothermal power, to compete and even integrate with fossil fuels will depend on several important variables: First, developing, as well as developed, countries must be willing to direct long‐term public and private funding towards innovative energy technologies by increasing research and promoting public education. Secondly, the “bottom line” economics associated with alternative energy technology must clearly show a positive cost/benefit ratio. Revenues and not deficits are paramount to the sustainability of alternative energy. Lastly, many experts argue for the environmental benefits of alternative energy by way of carbon reductions. The 1997 Kyoto Global Warming Treaty requires the United States in particular to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning by 7 percent below 1990 levels. While many experts argue that reactions to global warming and the alternative energy benefits anticipated because of them are fiscally irresponsible and not worth the billions of tax dollars intended, we can be assured that a business‐as‐usual attitude will continue without increased government and public support.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
U.S. Postal service northeast area master plans: Cutting edge environmental management for the real world
Authors: Vidich Charles , Robbins Ronald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Postal Service faces a range of environmental challenges as broad as those encountered by many large industries. The Postal Service's Northeast Area has responded with a carefully crafted, far‐reaching approach to environmental management that relies on several key components—chief among which is a comprehensive Environmental Compliance Master Plan.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regulation of the biosynthesis of platelet‐activating factor in alveolar macrophages
Authors: Sugiura Takayuki , Ojima‐Uchiyama Ayako , Masuzawa Yasuo , Fujita Masamichi , Nakagawa Yasuhito , Waku Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractActivities of enzymes which metabolize lysoplatelet‐activating factor (lysoPAF) and platelet‐activating factor (PAF) were studied in rabbit alveolar macrophage lysates. Substantial acetyltransferase activity was noted in the presence of 100 μM acetyl‐coenzyme A (CoA), and this activity was increased in A23187‐stimulated cell lysate. On the other hand, in the absence of exogenous acetyl‐CoA, lysoPAF was mainly acylated through a transacylation pathway rather than by acetyltransferase in both control and A23187‐stimulated cell lysates. We confirmed that the intracellular concentration of acetyl‐CoA is relatively low. The observations suggest that the transacylation system may play an equally important role in the regulation of the availability of lysoPAF in intact cells. Intracellular lysoPAF was also maintained at relatively low levels. Interestingly, large amounts of PAF were produced even in unstimulated cells upon addition of an excess of exogenous lysoPAF, suggesting that generation of an adequate amount of lysoPAF within cells may be sufficient to trigger PAF synthesis in this type of cells.
Properties of PAF‐synthesizing phosphocholinetransferase and evidence for lysoPAF acetyltransferase activity in rat brain
Authors: Goracci Gianfrancesco , Francescangeli Ermelinda 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral reports have indicated that platelet‐activating factor (PAF) may play a role in the physiopathology of nervous tissue. We previously have demonstrated the presence, in the microsomal fractions of rat brain, of a phosphocholinetransferase which is able to synthesize PAF by thede novo pathway. The presence of dithiothreitol in the medium increases the rate of PAF biosynthesis, whereas it inhibits the synthesis of long‐chain alkylacyl‐ and diacyl‐glycerophosphocholines (GPC), including dioctanoyl‐GPC. This and other properties, such as pH dependence and thermal stability, indicate that rat brain may have two distinct enzymes for the synthesis of PAF and other choline phospholipids. The affinity of these enzymes for CDPcholine is similar to that reported for other tissues, the Km being 42 μm and 55 μm with alkylacetylglycerol and dioctanoylglycerol as lipid substrates, respectively. The Vmax values were 3.0 and 2.2 nmol/mg prot/min for PAF and dioctanoyl‐GPC, respectively. In addition, it was shown that the microsomal fraction of rat brain contains an acetyltransferase which can convert lysoPAF to PAF. Since it has been reported previously that brain tissue possesses phospholipase A2 activity that can hydrolyze alkylacyl‐GPC to lysoPAF, we conclude that brain tissue has all enzymic activities for the synthesis of PAF by the “remodeling pathway”. The role of the two routes of PAF biosynthesis in nervous tissue remains to be established.
The metabolism of 1‐acyl‐PAF in rabbit platelets and its possible interaction with PAF
Authors: Touqui Lhousseine , Soares Silva Clystenes , Boris Vargaffig Bernardo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe metabolism of 1‐acyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (1‐acyl‐PAF), a naturally occurring analogue of platelet activating factor (PAF), was investigated in rabbit platelets. Our studies showed that 1‐acyl‐[3H]PAF (1‐palmitoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho[N‐methyl‐3H]‐choline) was converted by platelets into phosphatidyl‐[3H]choline ([3H]PC) in a time‐dependent fashion. The formation of [3H]PC occurred at a rate similar to that observed when lyso‐[3H]PC (palmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho[N‐methyl‐3H]choline) was used as substrate. In addition, a time‐dependent increase in the level of water‐soluble radioactivity was observed during the incubation of platelets with either 1‐acyl‐[3H]PAF or lyso‐[3H]PC. This increase was parallel to the formation of [3H]PC and was not observed in the presence of [14C]PAF (1‐octadecyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phospho[N methyl‐14C]choline). Analysis by thin‐layer chromatography showed that the soluble radioactivity was mainly associated with glycerophosphocholine (GPC). On the other hand, the preincubation of platelets with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, an inhibitor of the acetylhydrolase, reduced the hydrolysis of 1‐acyl‐[3H]PAF to [3H]GPC with a concomitant accumulation of radioactivity in 1‐acyl‐PAF. These findings suggest that 1‐acyl‐PAF is converted into PC through deacetylation‐reacylation with lysoPC as an obligatory intermediate. The findings also indicate that the lysoPC resulting from 1‐acyl‐PAF is either reacylated to phosphatidylcholine (PC) or hydrolyzed to GPC by lysophospholipase. Finally, we showed that the stimulation of platelets with PAF led to a time‐ and concentration‐dependent increase in the conversion of 1‐acyl‐[3H]PAF to [3H]PC. The stimulatory effect of PAF was not observed when platelets were lysed before incubation, suggesting that PAF enhances the metabolism of 1‐acyl‐PAF, probably by accelerating its translocation through the plasma membrane.
Inositol phospholipid turnover in PAF transmembrane signalling
Authors: Shukla Shivendra D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a variety of cells and tissues, platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulates phospholipase C catalyzed breakdown of phosphoinositides. This results in the generation of the second messengers, inositol trisphosphate and diglyceride. This process occurs independently of extracellular Ca2+. A number of PAF structural analogues, receptor antagonists and drugs have been utilized to pharmacologically probe the activation of phospholipase C. PAF stimulation of the phosphoinositide turnover was shown to be sensitive to pertussis toxin in some systems, but not in others. The involvement of guanine nucleotide binding protein(s) and tyrosine kinase(s) in this process have also been postulated. These developments give new insights into PAF‐receptor function at the molecular level, and also provide leads towards a better understanding of the cellular responses to PAF.
Inhibition by the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 of PAF induced inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate production in human platelets
Authors: Birke F. W. , Ensinger H. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) activates human platelets by binding to a putative PAF receptor which evokes the rapid formation of inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) by phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis. Stimulation of [3H]inositol‐labeled human platelets by PAF (1 nM‐1μM) resulted in a concentration‐dependent increase of intracellular IP3, IP2 and inositolmonophosphate (IP1). IP1 levels increased up to three‐fold upon maximum stimulation by 100 nM PAF. The EC50 concentration for PAF was 1.2±0.3 nM. Addition of the hetrazepinoic PAF antagonist, WEB 2086, inhibited PAF stimulated hydrolysis of PIP2 in a dose‐dependent manner. WEB 2086 (100 μM) blocked inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate formation down to baseline levels (IC50=33±12 μM WEB 2086). In thrombin and ADP stimulated platelets, inositol phosphate (IP) generation was not influenced by WEB 2086. It is concluded that WEB 2086 selectively antagonizes PAF‐induced increases in IP and does not interfere directly with intracellular signal transduction. Instead, WEB 2086, which has been shown to bind specifically and with high affinity (Ki 15 nM) to human platelets, acts as a competitive antagonist at the PAF receptor level.
Tumor necrosis factor release by human monocytes stimulated with platelet‐activating factor
Authors: Ruis N. M. , Rose J. K. , Valone F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) is a low molecular weight phospholipid which enhances human monocyte cytotoxicity for tumor cells. In the current studies, the capacity of PAF to stimulate release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by human monocytes was assessed. PAF induced maximal TNFα synthesis 2–3 hr after monocyte stimulation as assessed by dot blotting of cell‐associated TNFα using polyclonal anti‐TNF antibody. Maximal net release of TNFα occurred 5–16 hr after monocyte stimulation, as assessed by a specific ELISA. Dose‐response studies revealed that a maximal two‐ to three‐fold increase in release of TNFα occurs at 10–100 pM PAF. LysoPAF and the optical isomer of PAF did not stimulate release of TNFα, suggesting that stimulation is mediated by specific PAF receptors. Scatchard analysis of [3H]PAF binding to monocyte membranes revealed 651±495 binding sites/monocyte with a Kd of 4.7±4.2×10−10M. PAF is a structurally unique activator of monocytes whose interactions with TNFα and other cytokines may be critical to host defense against tumors.
Guinea pig bone marrow cells treated with platelet‐activating factor generate factor(s) which affects their DNA synthesis and microbicidal activity
Authors: Kudo Ichiro , Kato Toshiyuki , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Yanoshita Ryohei , Ikizawa Koichi , Uda Hiroko , Inoue Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have previously reported that platelet‐activating factor (PAF) induces proliferation and microbicidal activity of guinea pig bone marrow cells. In the present study, we have found that the conditioned medium of PAF‐ or nonmetabolizable PAF agonist‐treated guinea pig bone marrow cells augmented DNA synthesis and induced microbicial activity of bone marrow cells. A PAF specific antagonist, CV‐6209, inhibited generation of the active conditioned medium by PAF. Addition of the PAF antagonist only partially suppressed the augmentative effect of the active conditioned medium on DNA synthesis; this is consistent with the fact that, because of the rapid breakdown, no appreciable amount of PAF remained in the conditioned medium of PAF‐treated cells. Although mouse bone marrow cells did not respond to PAF unlike guinea pig cells, their DNA synthesis was significantly enhanced by the conditioned medium of PAF‐treated guinea pig bone marrow cells. Thus, some newly generated factor(s) distinct from the originally inoculated PAF seemed to modulate the bioactions of PAF on bone marrow cells. An appreciable amount of PAF was produced by calcium ionophore‐treated guinea pig bone marrow cells. These findings indicate that PAF synthesized in guinea pig bone marrow cells induces generation in the cells of some factor(s) which affects proliferation or microbicidal activity.
Effect of platelet‐activating factor on tumor necrosis factor‐induced superoxide generation from human neutrophils. Possible involvement of G proteins
Authors: Braquet Pierre , Hosford David , Koltz Philipe , Guilbaud Jean , Paubert‐Braquet Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) and of two specific PAF antagonists on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced superoxide production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was examined. PAF alone (0.1 pM to 0.1 nM) failed to evoke superoxide production; however, when PAF was added for 10 min to cells upon prior incubation with 10 ng/mL TNF for 50 min, superoxide production was significantly enhanced as compared to that induced by TNF alone. Maximum amplification (+30%) was obtained with 10 pM PAF; however, the effect was completely abolished by two structurally unrelated PAF antagonists, BN 52021 and BN 52111. The antagonists also decreased by 25% the superoxide production elicited solely by TNF, implicating the involvement of endogenous PAF in this process. Pretreatment of the PMN with either pertussis or cholera toxin attenuated the PAF amplified superoxide production in TNF stimulated cells, suggesting that G proteins sensitive to these toxins may be involved in the mechanisms controlling amplification.
Determination of platelet‐activating factor by a chemiluminescence method and its application to stimulated guinea pig neutrophils
Authors: Hasegawa Yukio , Kunow Eiko , Shindou Junko , Yuki Hidetaka 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence method has been developed to measure platelet‐activating factor (PAF). Hydrogen peroxide generated from PAF, upon phospholipase D cleavage, by choline oxidase is determined as chemiluminescence by a luminol‐microperoxidase system. The detection limit of PAF by this method is 5 pmol/tube. The method is reproducible with a 5.5% coefficient of variation at 10 pmol of PAF (n=5). Lipids were extracted from guinea pig neutrophils after stimulation with cytochalasin B andN‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucylphenylalanine, and PAF was isolated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and determined by chemiluminescence measurements. The amount of PAF detected was 96.1±39.7 (mean ± SD, n=7) pmol/108 cells. This highly sensitive method could be useful for the determination of PAF generated under pathophysiological conditions.
Specific binding of antibodies to platelet‐activating factor (PAF) as demonstrated by thin‐layer chromatography/Immunostaining
Authors: Karasawa Ken , Satoh Noriko , Hongo Toshio , Nakagawa Yasuhito , Setaka Morio , Nojima Shoshichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe specificity of rabbit antibodies produced by injection of 1‐O‐(15'‐carboxypentadecyl)‐2‐N,N‐dimethylcar‐bamoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates was examined by a thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)/immunostaining method. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), lyso platelet‐activating factor (lysoPAF), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) and cardiolipin (CL) were not immunostained. Among several synthetic PAF‐related compounds, the antibodies only bound to PAF agonists which have the activity to induce washed rabbit platelet aggregation. The results suggest that the binding sites of the antibodies on the PAF molecule are the acetyl group at thesn‐2 position and the choline moiety at thesn‐3 position of glycerol, both of which are essential for exerting the biological function of PAF and for binding to the PAF receptors located on cellular membranes.