bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of CAMEX-4 Datasets for Hurricane Forecasts Using a Global Model
Authors: Kamineni Rupa , Krishnamurti T. N. , Pattnaik S. , Browell Edward V. , Ismail Syed , Ferrare Richard A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This study explores the impact on hurricane data assimilation and forecasts from the use of dropsondes and remotely sensed moisture profiles from the airborne Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) system. It is shown here that the use of these additional datasets, more than those from the conventional world weather watch, has a positive impact on hurricane predictions. The forecast tracks and intensity from the experiments show a marked improvement compared to the control experiment in which such datasets were excluded. A study of the moisture budget in these hurricanes showed enhanced evaporation and precipitation over the storm area. This resulted in these datasets making a large impact on the estimate of mass convergence and moisture fluxes, which were much smaller in the control runs. Overall this study points to the importance of high vertical resolution humidity datasets for improved model results. It is noted that the forecast impact from the moisture-profiling datasets for some of the storms is even larger than the impact from the use of dropwindsonde-based winds.
Drop Size Ambiguities in the Retrieval of Precipitation Profiles from Dual-Frequency Radar Measurements
Authors: Haddad Ziad S. , Meagher Jonathan P. , Durden Stephen L. , Smith Eric A. , Im Eastwood 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The threat of flooding from landfalling tropical cyclones is a function of the local variation in rain rate and rain accumulation. To date, these have been inferred from single-frequency radar reflectivity measurements. However, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission experience has confirmed that one of the main difficulties in retrieving rain profiles using a single-frequency radar is the unknown raindrop size distribution (DSD). A dual-frequency radar such as the one planned for the upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite is expected to help sort out at least part of this DSD-induced ambiguity. However, the signature of precipitation at 14 GHz does not differ greatly from its signature at 35 GHz (the GPM radar frequencies). To determine the extent of the vertical variability of the DSD in tropical systems and to quantify the effectiveness of a dual-frequency radar in resolving this ambiguity, several different models of DSD shape are considered and used to estimate the rain-rate and mean-diameter profiles from the measurements made by Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL’s) airborne second generation precipitation radar (PR-2) over Hurricanes Gabrielle and Humberto during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) in September 2001. It turns out that the vertical structures of the rain profiles retrieved from the same measurements under different DSD assumptions are similar, but the profiles themselves are quantitatively significantly different.
Mesoscale Aspects of the Downshear Reformation of a Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Molinari John , Dodge Peter , Vollaro David , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Marks Frank 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The downshear reformation of Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001) was investigated using radar reflectivity and lightning data that were nearly continuous in time, as well as frequent aircraft reconnaissance flights. Initially the storm was a marginal tropical storm in an environment with strong 850–200-hPa vertical wind shear of 12–13 m s−1 and an approaching upper tropospheric trough. Both the observed outflow and an adiabatic balance model calculation showed that the radial-vertical circulation increased with time as the trough approached. Convection was highly asymmetric, with almost all radar return located in one quadrant left of downshear in the storm. Reconnaissance data show that an intense mesovortex formed downshear of the original center. This vortex was located just south of, rather than within, a strong downshear-left lightning outbreak, consistent with tilting of the horizontal vorticity associated with the vertical wind shear. The downshear mesovortex contained a 972-hPa minimum central pressure, 20 hPa lower than minimum pressure in the original vortex just 3 h earlier. The mesovortex became the new center of the storm, but weakened somewhat prior to landfall. It is argued that dry air carried around the storm from the region of upshear subsidence, as well as the direct effects of the shear, prevented the reformed vortex from continuing to intensify.
Despite the subsequent weakening of the reformed center, it reached land with greater intensity than the original center. It is argued that this intensification process was set into motion by the vertical wind shear in the presence of an environment with upward motion forced by the upper tropospheric trough. In addition, the new center formed much closer to the coast and made landfall much earlier than predicted. Such vertical-shear-induced intensity and track fluctuations are important to understand, especially in storms approaching the coast.
A Numerical Study of Hurricane Erin (2001). Part I: Model Verification and Storm Evolution
Authors: Wu Liguang , Braun Scott A. , Halverson J. , Heymsfield G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Hurricane Erin (2001) at high resolution (4-km spacing) from its early development as a tropical depression on 7 September 2001, through a period of rapid intensification into a strong hurricane (8–9 September), and finally into a stage during which it maintains its intensity on 10 September. These three stages of formation, intensification, and maintenance in the simulation are in good agreement with the observed evolution of Erin. The simulation shows that during the formation and early portions of the intensification stages, intensification is favored because the environmental wind shear is weak and the system moves over a warm tongue of water. As Erin intensifies, the wind shear gradually increases with the approach of an upper-level trough and strengthening of a low-level high pressure system. By 10 September, the wind shear peaks and begins to decrease, the storm moves over slightly cooler waters, and the intensification ends. Important structural changes occur at this time as the outer precipitation shifts from the northeastern and eastern sides to the western side of the eye. A secondary wind maximum and an outer eyewall begin to develop as precipitation begins to surround the entire eye.
The simulation is used to investigate the role of vertical wind shear in the changes of the precipitation structure that took place between 9 and 10 September by examining the effects of changes in storm-relative flow and changes in the shear-induced tilt. Qualitative agreement is found between the divergence pattern and advection of vorticity by the relative flow with convergence (divergence) generally associated with asymmetric inflow (outflow) in the eyewall region. The shift in the outer precipitation is consistent with a shift in the low-level relative inflow from the northeastern to the northwestern side of the storm. The changes in the relative flow are associated with changes in the environmental winds as the hurricane moves relative to the upper trough and the low-level high pressure system. Examination of the shear-induced tilt of the vortex shows that the change in the tilt direction is greater than that of the shear direction as the tilt shifts from a northerly orientation to northwesterly. Consistent with theory for adiabatic vortices, the maximum low-level convergence and upper-level divergence (and the maximum upward motion) occurs in the direction of tilt. Consequently, both mechanisms may play roles in the changes in the precipitation pattern.
Potential Vorticity Structure of Simulated Hurricanes
Authors: Hausman Scott A. , Ooyama Katsuyuki V. , Schubert Wayne H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
To better understand the processes involved in tropical cyclone development, the authors simulate an axisymmetric tropical-cyclone-like vortex using a two-dimensional model based on nonhydrostatic dynamics, equilibrium thermodynamics, and bulk microphysics. The potential vorticity principle for this nonhydrostatic, moist, precipitating atmosphere is derived. The appropriate generalization of the dry potential vorticity is found to be P = ρ−1 {(−∂υ/∂z) (∂θρ/∂r) + [ f + ∂(rυ)/r∂r] (∂θρ/∂z)}, where ρ is the total density, υ is the azimuthal component of velocity, and θρ is the virtual potential temperature. It is shown that P carries all the essential dynamical information about the balanced wind and mass fields. In the fully developed, quasi-steady-state cyclone, the P field and the θ̇ρ field become locked together, with each field having an outward sloping region of peak values on the inside edge of the eyewall cloud. In this remarkable structure, the P field consists of a narrow, leaning tower in which the value of P can reach several hundred potential vorticity (PV) units.
Sensitivity experiments reveal that the simulated cyclones are sensitive to the effects of ice, primarily through the reduced fall velocity of precipitation above the freezing level rather than through the latent heat of fusion, and to the effects of vertical entropy transport by precipitation.
Structure of Highly Sheared Tropical Storm Chantal during CAMEX-4
Authors: Heymsfield G. M. , Simpson Joanne , Halverson J. , Tian L. , Ritchie E. , Molinari J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Tropical Storm Chantal during August 2001 was a storm that failed to intensify over the few days prior to making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula. An observational study of Tropical Storm Chantal is presented using a diverse dataset including remote and in situ measurements from the NASA ER-2 and DC-8 and the NOAA WP-3D N42RF aircraft and satellite. The authors discuss the storm structure from the larger-scale environment down to the convective scale. Large vertical shear (850–200-hPa shear magnitude range 8–15 m s−1) plays a very important role in preventing Chantal from intensifying. The storm had a poorly defined vortex that only extended up to 5–6-km altitude, and an adjacent intense convective region that comprised a mesoscale convective system (MCS). The entire low-level circulation center was in the rain-free western side of the storm, about 80 km to the west-southwest of the MCS. The MCS appears to have been primarily the result of intense convergence between large-scale, low-level easterly flow with embedded downdrafts, and the cyclonic vortex flow. The individual cells in the MCS such as cell 2 during the period of the observations were extremely intense, with reflectivity core diameters of 10 km and peak updrafts exceeding 20 m s−1. Associated with this MCS were two broad subsidence (warm) regions, both of which had portions over the vortex. The first layer near 700 hPa was directly above the vortex and covered most of it. The second layer near 500 hPa was along the forward and right flanks of cell 2 and undercut the anvil divergence region above. There was not much resemblance of these subsidence layers to typical upper-level warm cores in hurricanes that are necessary to support strong surface winds and a low central pressure. The observations are compared to previous studies of weakly sheared storms and modeling studies of shear effects and intensification.
The configuration of the convective updrafts, low-level circulation, and lack of vertical coherence between the upper- and lower-level warming regions likely inhibited intensification of Chantal. This configuration is consistent with modeled vortices in sheared environments, which suggest the strongest convection and rain in the downshear left quadrant of the storm, and subsidence in the upshear right quadrant. The vertical shear profile is, however, different from what was assumed in previous modeling in that the winds are strongest in the lowest levels and the deep tropospheric vertical shear is on the order of 10–12 m s−1.
Complementary medicines in psychiatry
Authors: Werneke Ursula , Turner Trevor , Priebe Stefan 
Published: January 2006

BackgroundThe use of complementary medicines in those with mental health problems
is well documented. However, their effectiveness is often not established
and they may be less harmless than commonly assumed.AimsTo review the complementary medicines routinely encountered in
psychiatric practice, their effectiveness, potential adverse effects and
interactions.MethodElectronic and manual literature search on the effectiveness and safety
of psychotropic complementary medicines.ResultsPotentially useful substances include ginkgo and hydergine as cognitive
enhancers, passion flower and valerian as sedatives, St John's wort and
sadenosylmethionine as antidepressants, and selenium and folate to
complement antidepressants. The evidence is less conclusive for the use
of omega-3 fatty acids as augmentation treatment in schizophrenia,
melatonin for tardive dyskinesia and 18-methoxycoronaridine, an ibogaine
derivative, for the treatment of cocaine and heroin addiction.ConclusionsSystematic clinical trials are needed to test promising substances.
Meanwhile, those wishing to take psychotropic complementary medicines
require appropriate advice.
Suicide within 12 months of mental health service contact in
different age and diagnostic groups
Authors: Hunt Isabelle M. , Kapur Navneet , Robinson Jo , Shaw Jenny , Flynn Sandra , Bailey Hayley , Meehan Janet , Bickley Harriet , Parsons Rebecca , Burns James , Amos Tim , Appleby Louis 
Published: January 2006

BackgroundSuicide prevention is a health service priority but the most effective
approaches to prevention may differ between different patient groups.AimsTo describe social and clinical characteristics in cases of suicide from
different age and diagnostic groups.MethodA national clinical survey of a 4-year (1996–2000) sample of cases of
suicide in England and Wales where there had been recent (< 1 year)
contact with mental health services (n=4859).ResultsDeaths of young patients were characterised by jumping from a height or
in front of a vehicle, schizophrenia, personality disorder, unemployment
and substance misuse. In older patients, drowning, depression, living
alone, physical illness, recent bereavement and suicide pacts were more
common. People with schizophrenia were often in-patients and died by
violent means. About athird of people with depressive disorder died
within a year of illness onset. Those with substance dependence or
personality disorder had high rates of disengagement from services.ConclusionsPrevention measures likely to benefit young people include targeting
schizophrenia, dual diagnosis and loss of service contact; those aimed at
depression, isolation and physical ill-health should have more effect on
elderly people.
Psychiatric morbidity among sentenced prisoners: prevalence
study in Iran
Authors: Assadi Seyed Mohammad , Noroozian Maryam , Pakravannejad Mahdi , Yahyazadeh Omid , Aghayan Shahrokh , Shariat Seyed Vahid , Fazel Seena 
Published: January 2006

BackgroundInformation on psychiatric morbidity of prisoners has almost entirely
been based on research in Western countries and it is uncertain whether
these research findings are applicable to other settings.AimsThe primary objective was to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric
disorders in Iranian prisoners.MethodThrough stratified random sampling, 351 prisoners were interviewed using
the clinical version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IVAxis
I Disorders and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.ResultsThe majority (88%) of prisoners met DSM – IV criteria for lifetime
diagnosis of at least one Axis I disorder and 57% were diagnosed with
current Axis I disorders. Opioid dependence (73%) had the highest
prevalence among lifetime diagnoses, whereas major depressive disorder
(29%) was the most common current diagnosis. Psychopathy was recorded in
23%. Prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders were significantly
different among offence categories.ConclusionsThe results suggest that a substantial burden of psychiatric morbidity
exists in the prison population of Iran, with treatment challenges that
appear to be different from those observed in inmates in Western
countries.
Long-term outcome of two forms of randomised benzodiazepine
discontinuation
Authors: Voshaar R. C. Oude , Gorgels W. J. M. J. , Mol A. J. J. , Van Balkom A. J. L. M. , Mulder J. , Van De Lisdonk E. H. , Breteler M. H. M. , Zitman F. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAbouttwo-thirds of long-term users of benzodiazepines in the population are
able to discontinue this drug with the aid of supervised programmes for
tapering off. Little is known about the long-term outcome of such
programmes, and they have never been compared with usual care. After a
15-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial comparing such a
programme with and without psychotherapy with usual care, we found
significantly higher longitudinal abstinence rates in long-term
benzodiazepine users who received a benzodiazepine tapering-off programme
without psychotherapy (25 out of 69, 36%) compared with those who received
usual care (5 out of 33, 15%; P=0.03).
The future of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: not a
quasi-neuroleptic
Authors: Birchwood Max , Trower Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummarySome 20 trials of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis have
re-established psychotherapy as a credible treatment for psychosis. However,
it is not without its detractors and problems, including uncertainty about
the nature of its active ingredients. We believe that the way forward is to
abandon the neuroleptic metaphor of CBT for psychosis and to develop
targeted interventions that are informed by the growing understanding of the
interface between emotion and psychosis.
Achieving evidence-based prescribing practice in an adult community mental health service
Authors: Moran Maria , Raju Bangaru , Saunders Jean , Meagher David 
Published: January 2006

Aims and MethodPrescribing in everyday practice frequently deviates from evidence-based guidelines. Previous work compared practice in a community mental health service with evidence-based guidelines and identified factors related to suboptimal prescribing. This study reports the impact of a multifaceted intervention on prescribing practice. A Prescribing Practice Quality (PPQ) score was generated from six key aspects of prescribing at initial assessment and again 1 year later after an intervention to reduce suboptimal prescribing practices.ResultsA total of 264 patients were attending the service at both the initial and follow-up phase and were thus exposed to the prescribing intervention. In this population, PPQ scores were significantly lower at follow-up (0.96v.0.67,P<0.001). Improved prescribing practice was predicted by receipt of adjunctive supportive inputs, such as anxiety management (P=0.003).Similarly, mean PPQ scores substantially decreased when the total patient population was considered at each time point (0.75 in 2001 and 0.52 in 2002). These results suggest a reduction in both the initiation and continuation of suboptimal practices.Clinical ImplicationsPrescribing in real-world settings can be improved by interventions that target multiple aspects of service activity. The provision of supportive inputs is a key factor in improving practice.
Off-label prescribing by psychiatrists
Authors: Hodgson Richard , Belgamwar Ravindra 
Published: January 2006

Aims and MethodTo report on the use of atypical antipsychotics in one health district by examining secondary care prescribing patterns for these medicines in North Staffordshire between 1994 and 2001. With one exception, these drugs were licensed solely for use in schizophrenia during the study period.ResultsA total of 502 patients were initiated on atypical antipsychotics in the study period. Of these, 297 (59.2%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD–10 codes F20–29). Off-label prescribing was common, but psychiatrists were least likely to prescribe clozapine off-label (2.2%). Affective (18.4%) and organic disorders (12.4%) were the main disorders treated off-label. Olanzapine had the highest off-label use (44.5%).Clinical ImplicationsThe high off-label use of atypical antipsychotics has clinical and economic implications. Although off-label prescribing may be in the patient's best interests, they should be informed and give their consent. Commissioning bodies, such as primary care organisations, are basing their budgets on guidance from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, which can have implications for funding this off-label use.
Prognostic Value of International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification in Localized Resectable Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors: A Histopathologic Study of Localized Neuroblastoma European Study Group 94.01 Trial and Protocol
Authors: Navarro Samuel , Amann Gabriele , Beiske Klaus , Cullinane Catherine J. , d'Amore Emanuele S.G. , Gambini Claudio , Mosseri Véronique , De Bernardi Bruno , Michon Jean , Peuchmaur Michel 
Published: January 2006

Purpose To assess the prognostic value of clinical, biologic, and morphologic data in peripheral neuroblastic tumors, International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stages 2A and 2B MYCN nonamplified, a multinational protocol entitled Localized Neuroblastoma European Study Group trial 94.01, with a trial of surgery as the only treatment, was initiated in 1995. We present the prognostic value of the revised International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC) applied to the patients included in this protocol until its closure in 1999. Materials and Methods A total of 120 neuroblastic tumors from trial patients were reviewed by the European International Society of Pediatric Oncology neuroblastoma pathology panel and assigned to a favorable or unfavorable prognostic category according to the INPC guidelines. Overall survival and relapse-free survival (RFS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Results A total of 115 of 120 patients were assessable and were assigned to the favorable (90 patients; 78.3%) or unfavorable (25 patients; 21.7%) category. The 60-month survival rate was 97.7% in favorable patients compared with 73.8% in unfavorable patients (P = .0002). RFS analysis showed a 60-month relapse rate of 13.4% and 32% in favorable and unfavorable patients (P < .025), respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association of unfavorable INPC category and high lactate dehydrogenase level (P < .045). Conclusion This European study shows for the first time that the INPC prognostic categorization has a significant impact on outcome prediction in INSS stage 2 localized peripheral neuroblastic tumors.