bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Akathisia following low‐dose droperidol for antiemesis in day‐case patients
Authors: Foster P. N. , Stickle B. R. , Laurence A. S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryAkathisia has been described following the use of droperidol for antiemetic prophylaxis. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, we investigated both the incidence of akathisia and its relationship to the dose of droperidol (0.5 or 1 mg). One hundred and twenty healthy women undergoing day‐case gynaecological surgery were anaesthetised with propofol, fentanyl, isoflurane and droperidol according to group. Patients were assessed by structured telephone interview at 24 h. There was an increasing incidence of both restlessness (p = 0.01) and unpleasant restlessness (p = 0.02) between the groups on Chi‐squared testing. Compared to the control group, those women given droperidol 1 mg suffered more restlessness (p = 0.001) and unpleasant restlessness (p < 0.01). No statistical difference could be demonstrated between the two droperidol groups. We conclude that droperidol may commonly cause akathisia and may not, therefore, be an appropriate prophylactic antiemetic for day‐case anaesthesia.
Improvements in anaesthetic care resulting from a critical incident reporting programme
Authors: SHORT T. G. , O'REGAN A. , JAYASURIYA J. P. , ROWBOTTOM M. , BUCKLEY T. A. , OH T. E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe rôle of an anaesthetic incident reporting programme in improving anaesthetic safety was studied. The programme had been running for 4 to 5 years in three large hospitals in Hong Kong and more than 1000 incidents have been reported. The number of reports being made and frequency of the various categories of incident reported, did not alter during the study period. Sixty nine percent of incidents were considered to be preventable. Human error contributed to 76% of incidents and violations of standard practice to 30% of incidents. The programme was effective in its ability to detect latent errors in the anaesthesia system and when these were corrected, incidents did not recur. The frequency with which various contributing factors were cited did not decrease with time. With the exception of problems dealt with by specific protocol development, the study found no evidence that an increasing awareness of the problem of human error was effective in reducing this kind of problem.
The use of a non‐invasive method to measure intrapulmonary shunt during one‐lung anaesthesia
Authors: DINGLEY J. , HOPE D. A. , VAUGHAN R. S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe Non Invasive Virtual Shunt computer program has previously been described and validated. The system has subsequently been developed to give a real time, continuous trace of virtual shunt. A portable computer connected to routine monitoring equipment displays a plot of virtual shunt updated every 10 s. A practical use of this device in the clinical setting of one‐lung anaesthesia is described. The equipment was used to monitor shunt before, during and after surgery in three patients. In one case, a displaced double lumen bronchial tube was detected before there was any other indication of the problem.
A study of the brightness of laryngoscope light
Authors: SKILTON R. W. H. , PARRY D. , G. J. ARTHURS, FRCA  , HILES P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryWe have measured the brightness (luminance) of the light spot produced by 105 Macintosh 3 laryngoscope blades (33 bulb, 72 fibrelight) using a Hagner photometer. An estimate of the minimum luminance required for laryngoscopy (circa. 100cd.m‐2), was determined using a laryngoscope adapted to provide a variable light output. Five (15%) of bulb blades and 24 (33%) of the fibrelight blades failed to meet this minimum level. A new bulb blade produced brighter lighting conditions (maximum 700cd.m‐2) than a new fibrelight blade (max. 500cd.m‐2). In total, 61 (84%) of the fibrelight blades and three (9%) of the bulb blades were found to provide a light spot that encompassed areas of luminance below 30cd.m‐2, which is a level for comfortable reading. The light spot from a mains‐powered fibreoptic bronchoscope was found to be four times brighter (2000cd.m‐2) than a new battery‐powered fibrelight laryngoscope.
Hydrogen peroxide: an unusual cause of arterial and venous gas embolism
Authors: Neff S. P. W. , Zulueta L. , Miller R. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA patient undergoing minor orthopaedic surgery suffered from unexpected arterial and venous gas embolism caused by hydrogen peroxide. We describe our management of the case and emphasise the need for continued vigilance during the use of hydrogen peroxide.
Iatrogenic vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Stock U. , Link J. , P. Dütschke MD  
Published: February 2007

SummaryArteriovenous fistulae originating from the vertebral artery are rare. We report a patient in whom a vertebral artery‐jugular venous fistula developed following insertion of a central venous catheter via the internal jugular vein. The fistula was successfully occluded surgically.
A comparison of the recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and halothane in children
Authors: SURY M. R. J. , BLACK A. , HEMINGTON L. , HOWARD R. , HATCH D. J. , MACKERSIE A. 
Published: February 2007

Summary The recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and halothane anaesthesia were compared in 40 children aged 6 months to 6 years undergoing day case surgery. The mean time taken to open eyes after surgery had ended was appreciably and significantly shorter after sevoflurane than after halothane (sevoflurane, mean time (SD) 7 min 52s (5 min 46s), halothane, mean time (SD) 15 min 50 s (9 min 2 s), t = 3.32, p = 0.002). The time taken to be ready, for discharge from the recovery unit to the ward was also significantly shorter after sevoflurane than after halothane (sevoflurane, mean time (SD) 12 min 46s (4 min 11 s), halothane, mean time (SD) 19 min 13 s (9 min 48 s), t = 2.7, p < 0.01). However, more children were in pain and given analgesia after sevoflurane (p < 0.01) and the mean time to reach the criteria for discharge home was similar in both groups (sevoflurane, mean time (SD) 2h 9 min (17 min), halothane, mean time (SD) 2h 4 min (8 min)). There were no major complications in either group.
Analgesia for day surgery
Authors: Chan A. , Doré C. J. , Ramachandra V. 
Published: February 2007

Summary One hundred patients undergoing breast lump excision using a standard anaesthetic technique in the Day Care Unit were randomly divided into five groups. Groups A and B received either saline or diclofenac in a double blinded, fashion before and at the end of the procedure, with both groups receiving 10 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine infiltration at the end. Groups C and D also received saline or diclofenac before and after surgery but had no bupivacaine infiltration at the end. Group E did not receive any injections but had bupivacaine infiltration at the end of surgery. In the postoperative period, pain was assessed by a visual analogue scale at 30 min intervals until discharge. All patients were requested to complete a pain relief questionnaire over the 48 h following surgery. There were highly significant differences between those who received bupivcaine and those who did not in the visual analogue scale scores at 30min (p < 0.001), 60 min (p < 0.001), 120 min postoperatively (p = 0.02) and at discharge (p = 0.03). Pain scores were lower in those who received bupivacaine and they were less likely to request rescue medication, although this did not reach significance (p = 0.07). There were significant differences between the groups who received bupivacaine and diclofenac injection and those who received bupivacaine alone, for visual analogue scale scores at 60 min following surgery (p = 0.05) and at 48 h (p = 0.002). Pain relief was better in those patients who received both bupivacaine and diclofenac injection. Although not significant (p = 0.22). fewer patients required rescue medication when diclofenac was given before surgery (10%) rather than after surgery (22.5%). Fewer patients had a fair amount or a great deal of pain in the 48 h following surgery when diclofenac was injected before (7.5%) rather than after surgery (12.5%). The mean number of oral analgesics taken in the 48 h after surgery was also lower in those patients who had the diclofenac before the surgery rather than after.
An investigation of the potential morphine sparing effect of midazolam
Authors: GILLILAND H. E. M. , PRASAD B. K. , MIRAKHUR R. K. , FEE J. P. H. 
Published: February 2007

Summary The effect of a bolus and continuous infusion of midazolam on postoperative morphine consumption was assed in a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomly allocated trial of 50 patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy. Patients in the trial group received a bolus dose of midazolam 5 mg.70 kg‐1 at induction followed by an infusion at a rate of 1 mg.70 kg h‐1 over the next 48h. Morphine consumption in the midazolam group was scientifically lower in the first 12 h postoperatively. (p < 0.02) but there was no significant difference between the two groups thereafter. Patients in the midazolam treated group had lower pain scores over the first 24 h. Also, a significantly greater number of patients in the midazolam group required no antiemetic medication over the 48 h study period (p < 0.05). Assessment of sedation revealed no significant difference between groups. We conclude that low dose midazolam has a significant, but short‐lived, morphine sparing effect.
Spinal needle damage during routine clinical practice
Authors: BENHAM M. 
Published: February 2007

Summary This study investigated whether the tips of spinal needles are damaged during the process of spinal anaesthesia by impact on bone, by repeated attempts at performing the block or by the use of an introducer. Used spinal needles from five different hospitals were carefully resheathed after use and a questionnaire completed. The needles were examined under a light microscope with the observer unaware of the questionnaire data. Two hundred and twenty‐two needles were examined, of which 36 were damaged. Five unused control needles of each type were also examined and all were found to be undamaged. There was no significant difference between the damaged and undamaged used needles with respect to impacts on bone or the number of attempts. Pajunk 24G Sprotte needles were significantly less likely to sustain damage when the integral introducer was used as compared to an alternative introducer.
Blue light inhibits guard cell plasma membrane anion channels in a phototropin‐dependent manner
Authors: Marten Holger , Hedrich Rainer , Roelfsema M. Rob G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryGuard cells respond to light through two independent signalling pathways. The first pathway is initiated by photosynthetically active radiation and has been associated with changes in the intercellular CO2 concentration, leading to inhibition of plasma membrane anion channels. The second response is blue‐light‐specific and so far has been restricted to the activation of plasma membrane H+‐ATPases. In a search for interactions of both signalling pathways, guard cells of Vicia faba and Arabidopsis thaliana were studied in intact plants. Vicia faba guard cells recorded in CO2‐free air responded to blue light with a transient outward plasma membrane current that had an average peak value of 17 pA. In line with previous reports, changes in the current–voltage relation of the plasma membrane indicate that this outward current is based on the activation of H+‐ATPases. However, when V. faba guard cells were blue‐light‐stimulated in air with 700 μl l−1 CO2, the outward current increased to 56 pA. The increase in current was linked to inhibition of S‐type anion channels. Blue light also inhibited plasma membrane anion channels in A. thaliana guard cells, but not in the phot1 phot2 double mutant. These results show that blue light inhibits plasma membrane anion channels through a pathway involving phototropins, in addition to the stimulation of guard cell plasma membrane H+‐ATPases.
UNHAPPY PROFESSIONALISM
Authors: GEORGE H. V. 
Published: February 2007

Senhor Romero, a Portuguese, and Herr Svensson, a Swede, want to exchange information. The Portuguese language is a barrier to the Swede, as Swedish is to the Portuguese. What can they do?

1. They can pay a translater/interpreter.
2. Sr. Romero can learn Swedish or Hr. Svensson can learn Portuguese.
3. They can use a third language which both know.
‘JIFFLING THE JOBBLE’, OR THE USE OF NONSENSE AND OTHER DEVICES IN THE TEACHING OF READING
Authors: O'NEILL ROBERT 
Published: February 2007

The following story contains a number of words which do not exist. ‘What on earth have they to do with the development of reading skill?’, you may ask. Quite a lot, as you will discover if you try to read the whole story before deciding what the nonsense words mean.Yesterday evening I jiffled a very bad jobble on my way home. A car in front of me was yabbling left when a car coming from the opposite boondrom jaffled into him. The driver of the car in front of me tried to kibble his brakes but there just wasn't enough time. There was a terrible hummelling and jummelling of metal when the other car ran into him. Both cars were terrible blandraggled in the jobble. I didn't stop to see if anybody had been killed. I hope not.
READING AND COMMUNICATION: USING AUTHENTIC MATERIALS
Authors: GILLETT A. J. 
Published: February 2007

Writers of textbooks published since the beginning of 1978 are invited to submit 1000 word articles discussing the principles underlying their work and accompanied by two pages from the book in question. The articles should be problem‐based, not advertisements, and the extracts should be in a form suitable for reproduction without redrawing. Writers will be responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions.In the October 1981 issue of World Language English (Author's Platform), Ian Dunlop suggests that ‘guessing the meaning of words form the context’ (p. 50) is not the answer to students' reading problems. He then proceeds to give examples of how to teach reading in the classroom. I would like to suggest that guessing the meanings of words from the context is an essential part of learning a language and in particular is a necessary part of learning to read. I also think that the types of reading activity proposed by Dunlop on page 52 support my suggestion.
Crosscultural comparison of writing standards: American ESL and Japanese EFL
Authors: CONNOR‐LINTON JEFF 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This study compares the evaluative criteria which American ESL instructors and Japanese EFL instructors applied in rating ten compositions written by adult L1 Japanese EFL students. The instructors quantitatively rated the compositions and then stated their qualitative reasons for their ratings of each composition. The evaluative criteria of the two groups are assumed to indirectly reflect their respective instructional goals and emphases, and thereby reflect their respective societies’ theories of the uses and values of written English. In addition, the comparison may help Japanese and American English instructors to negotiate differences between the two educational contexts. In brief, the Japanese EFL teachers focused on matters of accuracy (content, word choice, and grammar), while the American ESL teachers focused on both intersentential features of the discourse and specific intrasentential grammatical features.The results also underscore an important methodological point: quantitative similarities in ratings may mask significant qualitative differences in the reasons for those ratings. That is, the American ESL and Japanese EFL instructors in this study, although agreeing substantially in their end‐result ratings, followed different processes in arriving at those similar ratings and in fact disagree about what constitutes strong or weak writing.
Comparative insights into comparison
Authors: PETERS PAM 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Using data from the British and Australian components of the ICE corpus, this paper describes and quantifies aspects of the comparative clauses conjoined with correlative than and as. The data is compared in three ways, to show:

patterns of distribution for the two constructions;
their spread across different genres of speech and writing;
the similarity or otherwise of their use in Britain and Australia.

The data is also used to comment on theoretical constructs such as the symmetrical scale proposed for scalar comparatives, and the extent to which the comparative clause expresses the yardstick for comparison. In both British and Australian data, the distribution of correlative than and as clauses proves quite asymmetrical; and the fact that comparative clauses consist regularly of anaphoric, exophoric and elliptical constituents means that their informational content is limited. Strategic changes vested in the comparative verb phrase (e.g. in modality, aspect, polarity) and the quite frequent use of mental process verbs suggest that the role of such clauses is interpersonal rather than referential, and designed to provide alternative perspectives on the discourse. The findings show that the scalar comparative clause does not regularly work as the yardstick for comparison (in the same way as the comparative phrase), and that grammatical accounts of it need to recognize its discoursal and rhetorical functions.
Atrophic Changes of Gastric Mucosa Are Caused by Helicobacter pylori Infection Rather Than Aging: Studies in Asymptomatic Japanese Adults
Authors: Asaka Masahiro , Kato Mototsugu , Kudo Mineo , Katagiri Masao , Nishikawa Keiko , Koshiyama Hiromi , Takeda Hiroshi , Yoshida Jun‐Ichi , Graham David Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of aging and Helicobacter pylori infection on the gastric mucosa in asymptomatic Japanese adults. Materials and Methods.Eighty‐five asymptomatic healthy adults were recruited from a health‐screening center in Sapporo. All subjects underwent endoscopy and gastric biopsy, and serum was obtained for IgG antibodies to H. pylori, serum gastrin, and pepsinogen levels. Results.The prevalence of atrophic change of the gastric mucosa assessed by pathological findings increased with age (49% in the 30‐ to 39‐year‐old group compared to 89% in those 60 years and older, p < .001). The frequency of intestinal metaplasia also increased with age (38% in the 30‐ to 39‐year‐old group compared to 82% in those 60 years and older, p < .001). In contrast, the frequency of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia was extremely low in the H. pylori seronegative group regardless of age. Mean serum gastrin level in H. pylori‐positive adults was significantly greater than in those who were H. pylori‐negative (114.3 ± 11.2 compared to 65.8 ± 6.5 pg/ml, p < .03). The serum pepsinogen I‐II ratio was significantly lower in those with H. pylori infection than in those without (3.1 compared to 6.6, p < .0001). Conclusions.These results suggest that the chronological changes in the gastric mucosa in Japanese individuals are either entirely related to H. pylori infection or the process is greatly accelerated by H. pylori infection.
Is Helicobacter pylori Transmitted from Cats to Humans?
Authors: Webb Penelope M. , Knight Teri , Elder James B. , Newell Diane G. , Forman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBackground.Subsequent to the isolation of Helicobacter pylori from domestic cats, it has been suggested that the organism might be transmitted from cats to humans. This hypothesis has already gained considerable media attention. Materials and Methods.In a previous study of risk factors for H. pylori infection, 447 factory workers from Stoke on Trent in the UK had provided blood samples for H. pylori serological workup. They had also completed a detailed questionnaire concerning their living conditions, including the possession of any household pets, in childhood. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between cat ownership in childhood and H. pylori seropositivity. Results.After adjustment for potential confounders, it was found that subjects who had owned a pet as a child were slightly more likely to be H. pylori seropositive than subjects who had not. There was, however, no difference between subjects who had owned a cat and those with other pets. Results.These data do not support the hypothesis that H. pylori infection might be transmitted from cats to humans.
The Correlation in Dyspeptic Patients of Helicobacter Pylori Infection with Changes in lnterdigestive Gastroduodenal Motility Patterns but not in Gastric Emptying
Authors: Testoni P. A. , Bagnolo F. , Colombo E. , Bonassi U. , Tosi T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundAvailable data conflict regarding the possible relation between chronic gastritis, Helicohacter pylori (H p), and gastric motor disorders in nonulcer dyspepsia. The aim of this study, therefore, was (1) evaluate both gastroduodenal fasting motility and gastric emptying in subjects with functional dyspepsia, with and without gastritis, and (2) to correlate the motility pattern to H p infection. Materials and Methods.Thirty‐eight patients were studied, 20 positive for Hp infection (15 with gastritis) and 18 Hp‐negative (8 with gastritis). All the subjects underwent 240‐minute manometric recording of the interdigestive migrating motor complex, with evaluation of gastric and duodenal motility pattern and scintigraphic study of gastric emptying. Results.Whereas gastric emptying half‐times did not differ in the subgroups of dyspeptic patients, a significant reduction of gastric phase 111s of the migrating motor complex was detected between Hp‐positive and Hp negative subjects, both in overall patients (p < .01) and in patients with gastritis (p < .05). Conclusions.Hp infection seems to be related to a reduction of interdigestive gastric activity fronts, though it does not affect gastric emptying. The conflicting data regarding gastric emptying and interdigestive motility in Hp infection could be explained as probably investigating two different functional aspects.
The Best Gastric Site for Obtaining a Positive Rapid Urease Test
Authors: Woo Jae Soon , EI‐Zimaity Hala M. T. , Genta Robert M. , Yousfi Mahmoud M. , Graham David Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundRapid urease tests (RUTs) provide a simple, sensitive method of detecting Helicobacter pylori infection. Objectives.Our aim, therefore, was to determine whether the yield of detecting H. pylori infection by RUT varied depending on the site of gastric biopsy. Materials and Methods.Gastric biopsies were obtained from 50 patients for RUT by use of hpfast (GI Supply, Camp Hill, PA). Biopsies were taken from the prepyloric greater curve antrum, from the gastric angle, and from the greater curve in mid‐corpus. One biopsy specimen was placed in the RUT gel, and the biopsy from the adjacent mucosa was placed in formalin for subsequent histological evaluation by using the Genta stain. RUTs were examined and scored at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and after 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours. Results.Fifty patients were entered in the test (150 RUTs), 32 having H. pylori infection. There were no false‐positive RUTs (specificity, 100%). The gastric angle site was positive in 100%. The prepyloric site was positive in 87%, and the corpus site was positive in 84.4% (p < .052 for angle or prepyloric antrum versus corpus). The most common pattern was for all to be positive (74%). The median time to positivity was similar with angle and prepyloric sites (37.5 and 60 minutes, respectively, p= not significant) and shorter than the corpus biopsy (180 minutes); (p < .05 for angle or prepyloric antrum versus corpus). Conclusion.The maximum probability for detecting H. pylori infection using a RUT is to obtain a biopsy from the gastric angle. To prevent missing a positive result when intestinal metaplasia is present, we recommend that (at a minimum) biopsies be taken from both the angle and the corpus.