bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love of Knowledge
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A background of all the other intellectual virtues is an epistemically right orientation of the will: a discriminating concern for propositional knowledge, understanding, and acquaintance. The standards of discrimination here are significance, relevance, and worthiness. Worthiness of knowledge is sometimes parasitic on ‘practical’ concerns, and sometimes is determined by the intrinsic value of the object of knowledge. The virtue under discussion is not only a concern to have knowledge, but also a concern to purvey it to others; thus it includes truthfulness and epistemic philanthropy. The chapter examines various forms of faulty epistemic will: failure of concern to know, unvirtuous concerns to know, failures of concern not to know, and unvirtuous concerns not to know. It ends with comments on how the particular structure that one attributes to a virtue of the love of knowledge varies with metaphysical beliefs.
Humility
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Humility as an intellectual virtue is the absence of intellectual vanity, arrogance, and domination (among other vices of the same family). As such, intellectual humility is a low level of concern to be well regarded by other people for one's intellectual accomplishments or prowess, where the concern for others' good opinion is swamped in a higher concern for intellectual goods. Humility is a disposition not to ‘infer’ some illicit entitlement from one's (perhaps genuine) intellectual superiority. It is a low level of concern to have the personal importance that derives from power or influence over others' minds. The concerns of which humility is the relative absence are extraneous to the pursuit of intellectual goods, and so may erect various stumbling blocks to intellectual success.
Generosity
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Generosity is a disposition freely to give good things to others for others' sake. (Variants of the trait that don't fit all these qualifications can be found in Aristotle and Nietzsche.) Intellectual generosity is such freedom with intellectual goods. A chief reason for stinginess or greed with intellectual goods is the extrinsic rewards that can accrue from them: positions, prestige, and money. Thus, intellectually generous persons tend to care more about the goods internal to intellectual practices than about the goods external to them. As promoting the free transfer of intellectual goods among members of the intellectual community, as well as good will among them, generosity promotes the discovery of knowledge and other epistemic goods.
Hegel and the Transformation of Philosophical Critique
Authors: Bristow William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book presents a study of Hegel's hugely influential but notoriously difficult Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel describes the method of this work as a ‘way of despair’, meaning that the reader who undertakes its inquiry must be open to the experience of self-loss through it. Whereas the existential dimension of Hegel's work has often been either ignored or regarded as romantic ornamentation, this book argues that it belongs centrally to Hegel's attempt to fulfil a demanding epistemological ambition. With his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant expressed a new epistemological demand with respect to rational knowledge and presented a new method for meeting this demand. This book reconstructs Hegel's objection to Kant's Critical Philosophy, according to which Kant's way of meeting the epistemological demand of philosophical critique presupposes subjectivism, that is, presupposes the restriction of our knowledge to things as they are merely for us. Whereas Hegel in his early Jena writings rejects Kant's critical project altogether on this basis, he comes to see that the epistemological demand expressed in Kant's project must be met. This book argues that Hegel's method in the Phenomenology of Spirit takes shape as his attempt to meet the epistemological demand of Kantian critique without presupposing subjectivism. The key to Hegel's transformation of Kant's critical procedure, by virtue of which subjectivism is to be avoided, is precisely the existential or self-transformational dimension of Hegel's criticism, the openness of the criticizing subject to being transformed through the epistemological procedure.
Introduction
Authors: Bristow William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of Hegel's thought and the renaissance of Hegel studies in English language scholarship. It then analyses Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, arguing that it is, in its epistemological aims and methodology, thoroughly shaped by Hegel's response to Kant's philosophical criticism. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Is Kant's Idealism Subjective?
Authors: Bristow William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHegel consistently characterizes Kant's transcendental idealism as ‘subjectivism’. This chapter develops Hegel's interpretation of Kant's idealism as subjectivism, and provides a limited defence of it. It is argued that Kant's relativization (and corresponding restriction) of our knowledge is primarily a consequence of his principle of apperception and of the role it plays in the transcendental deduction of the categories. The principle of apperception articulates the essential role of our epistemic agency in cognition. The identification of the essential role of our epistemic agency in cognition enables Kant to solve his main epistemological problem (the problem of the possibility of synthetic, a priori knowledge), but only at the cost of subjectivism, of the relativization of our knowledge to our standpoint. Kant's relativization of knowledge to our human standpoint follows from his articulation in the transcendental deduction of a normative structure according to which we, as knowing subjects, can understand ourselves to be bound by norms in the norm-governed activity of knowing only to the extent that the highest order norms of the activity have their source ultimately in us.
The ‘Foreign Woman’ and the Path Imagery
Authors: Weeks Stuart 
Published: May 2007

Abstract‘Foreign woman’ would have been a familiar term in the post-exilic Jewish context, evoking ideas of corruption and apostasy central both to a recent controversy (described in Ezra and Nehemiah), and to the longstanding Deuteronomic/ Deuteronomistic theme that probably provoked the controversy. The presentation of this character in Proverbs 1-9 is consistent with an origin in such earlier ideas, and the motif of corruption is also linked with path imagery in other literature. There, we find associations between deviation from a path and apostasy, along with other detailed correspondences to the figure in Proverbs 1-9. It is difficult to ignore such materials when considering the origins of the characterizations and images in our work.
A New Phase of Charles Wesley's Ministry
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter retiring from the itinerancy in 1756, Charles Wesley exercised a localized preaching and pastoral ministry in Bristol, and then from 1771, in London. He also established himself as the foremost member of an unofficial pro‐Anglican Church‐Methodist party that included some of the wealthiest and most influential lay people in the movement. The strength of this pro‐Anglican feeling, which has often been ignored by Methodist scholarship, can be seen to best effect by close examination of local reactions in London and Yorkshire to the Norwich sacramental dispute of 1760.
Charles Wesley—His Final Years and Legacy
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy the time of Charles Wesley's death in 1788 his public and Methodist profile outside London and Bristol was greatly diminished. His relationship with his brother had been strained since the beginning of the 1750s, while some important preachers expressed little sadness at his death. Charles Wesley's Church‐Methodist viewpoint did not, however, die with him; many lay people and some preachers retained a dual loyalty to both Methodism and the Church of England and carried on the struggle into the 1790s and after. The legacy of Church Methodism was an inclusive 19th century Wesleyan denomination whose members were at liberty also to regard themselves as Anglicans if they wished. Also, as late as the 1880s, important features of Wesleyan Methodist polity and worship referred back to the movement's origins within the Church of England.
International Legitimacy and World Society
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe conventional view of international society has it that it is interested only in co-existence and order amongst states. This creates a puzzle. When the historical record is examined, we discover that international society has repeatedly signed up to normative principles that go well beyond this purpose. When it has done so, it has built new normative constraints into international legitimacy, and this is most conspicuously so when it has espoused broadly humanitarian principles. This suggests that the norms adopted by international society might have been encouraged from the distinct constituency of world society. The book traces a series of historical case studies which issued in international affirmation of such principles: slave-trade abolition in 1815; the public conscience in 1899; social justice (but not racial equality) in 1919; human rights in 1945; and democracy as the only acceptable form of state in 1990. In each case, evidence is presented of world-society actors (transnational movements, advocacy networks, and INGOs) making the political running for a new principle, often in alliance with a leading state. At the same time, world society has mounted a normative case, and this can be seen as a degree of normative integration between international and world society. Collectively, the book contributes to the growing IR literature on the role of norms, and especially that written from a broadly English School or constructivist perspective.
3 The Hague and the Public Conscience, 1899–1907
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnlike the other cases, the two conferences held at The Hague are not normally identified with a single normative principle. Nonetheless, the meetings were characterized by a great emphasis upon humanitarian concerns, and also upon the need for the acts of state representatives to be endorsed by a wider public. This was best captured by the language of the ‘public conscience’ employed during the conference and embodied in the famous Martens clause. The first conference was held in response to the Imperial Rescript of Tsar Nicholas II, and the subject matter covered disarmament, the laws of war, and international arbitration. The meetings were the subject of major attention from a variety of popular pressure groups, much of it orchestrated by the international peace movement, and publicists such as W. T. Stead. The long term significance, however, lay in the idea that there was a wider public constituency to which international legitimacy principles had to appeal.
4 Versailles and Racial Equality, 1919
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis is the exceptional case in that the proposal to include a racial equality clause in the League Covenant was rejected. On the other hand, this is another case where the norm was supported by a leading state (Japan), in conjunction with a wider world society movement. The drafting history casts doubts on Japanese motives for pressing the proposal, but the failure reflects the relative weakness of Japan as a normative sponsor. While opposition to the clause certainly came from Britain, in response to pressure from parts of the empire, President Wilson's own position was ambiguous, and he certainly was not prepared to risk the Treaty of Versailles (and the League Covenant) to include it. There was a widespread pressure to hold a Pan-African Congress at Paris to coincide with the settlement. However, the Japanese delegate Baron Makino expressed a number of interesting normative arguments in support of the clause, appealing to the blurring of the distinction between international and world society brought about by the principle of collective security.
8 Norms, International Legitimacy, and Contemporary World Society
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter locates the discussion in the context of the theoretical literature on international norms, particularly that by Martha Finnemore and Katherine Sikkink. Much of this literature is interested in norm cycles, and the means by which norms come to be disseminated internationally. Building on this work, the chapter argues that the idea of dissemination does not quite capture what in fact have been a series of strategic negotiations between international and world society, often coming during the major peace settlements at the end of wars. Historically, this has often also arisen out of a coalition of interest between powerful state actors, and civil society groups. It is suggested that the framework of negotiation between international and world society allows us to understand this process in a particular way. It also demonstrates how the absorption of norms from world society into international society has complicated the latter's practices of consensus. It opens up major new issues about how consensus is to be developed within world society about changing principles of international legitimacy. These issues are explored in the context of the WTO and G7/8, and illustrated by the Ottawa Convention on Landmines and the formation of the International Criminal Court.
Clinical trial of autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccine for glioblastoma multiforme patients
Authors: Ishikawa Eiichi , Tsuboi Koji , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Muroi Ai , Takano Shingo , Enomoto Takao , Matsumura Akira , Ohno Tadao 
Published: May 2007

A pilot study was performed to investigate the safety and feasibility of autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccines (AFTV) and the clinical responses to these vaccines by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. Twelve primary GBM patients were recruited. Eight had recurrent disease while four had been treated for primary disease but retained a visible tumor mass. AFTV were prepared from formalin‐fixed and/or paraffin‐embedded tumor tissue obtained upon surgery and premixed with original adjuvant materials. The patients were given three five‐site intradermal inoculations at weekly intervals. A delayed‐type hypersensitivity test was performed before and after each vaccination. In addition, the tumor tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to determine whether MIB‐1, p53, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class‐I complex expression could predict the response to the treatment. The treatment was well tolerated, with only local erythema, induration, and low‐grade fever being reported. Of the 12 patients, one showed a complete response, one showed a partial response, two showed minor responses, one had stable disease, and seven exhibited progressive disease. The median survival period was 10.7 months from the initiation of the AFTV treatment but three of the five responders survived for 20 months or more after AFTV inoculation. Low p53 and high MHC class‐I expression by the tumor may help predict the efficacy of this therapy. Thus, the AFTV is safe and feasible, and could significantly improve the outcome of GBM. Further clinical investigations to confirm this are highly desirable. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1226–1233)
Combined immunomodulating properties of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis in humans
Authors: Pacifici Roberta , Zuccaro Piergiorgio , Farré Magí , Poudevida Sandra , Abanades Sergio , Pichini Simona , Langohr Klaus , Segura Jordi , De La Torre Rafael 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAims  Cell‐mediated immune function and the occurrence of mild infectious diseases was investigated.Participants  Polydrug consumers of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis (n = 37) compared to cannabis users only (n = 23) and control group (n = 34).Design  A longitudinal prospective study with three cross‐sectional evaluations at time 0 and at 6 months and 1 year was performed.Findings  At baseline, a significant decrease in interleukin (IL)‐2 and an increase in anti‐inflammatory transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, together with a decrease in the number of total lymphocytes, CD4 and natural killer (NK) cells were observed in the MDMA–cannabis group, with intermediate alterations in the cannabis group. Immune alterations observed at baseline were sustained over time. No differences were found between regular and occasional MDMA users. A significantly higher rate of mild infections in regular MDMA–cannabis users compared with occasional MDMA–cannabis users and the remaining groups was observed.Conclusions  The present data confirm that long‐term alterations in immunological homeostasis may result in general health status impairment and subsequent increased susceptibility to infection and immune‐related disorders.
The Marijuana Check‐up: promoting change in ambivalent marijuana users
Authors: Stephens Robert S. , Roffman Roger A. , Fearer Stephanie A. , Williams Carl , Burke Randy S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate the efficacy of a two‐session assessment and feedback intervention designed to reach and increase motivation for change in marijuana users who were experiencing negative consequences but were ambivalent about change.Design  Random assignment to one of two types of feedback conditions or a delayed feedback control (DFC) with follow‐up assessments at 7 weeks, 6 months and 12 months.Setting  University of Washington research center in Seattle, Washington.Participants  A total of 188 adult male and female marijuana users who responded to advertisements.Interventions  A personalized feedback (PF) condition utilizing motivational interviewing was compared to an educational control condition labeled multi‐media feedback (MMF).Measurements  Marijuana use, dependence symptoms, other associated negative consequences and motivational constructs were assessed at all time‐points.Findings  PF participants reported fewer days of use per week, fewer periods of use per day and fewer dependence symptoms at 7 weeks than those in the MMF and DFC conditions. PF participants also reported fewer days of use per week compared to MMF participants at the 12‐month follow‐up and fewer dependence symptoms at both the 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups compared to MMF participants.Conclusions  The PF intervention, delivered in the context of a check‐up, shows potential as a way of reaching and motivating change in marijuana users with a diagnosable disorder who otherwise are not ready to approach treatment. Ways of augmenting the modest absolute levels of change are discussed.
Organic carbon and total nitrogen variability in permafrost‐affected soils in a forest tundra ecotone
Authors: Rodionov A. , Flessa H. , Grabe M. , Kazansky O. A. , Shibistova O. , Guggenberger G. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySoils of the high latitudes are expected to respond sensitively to climate change, but still little is known about carbon and nitrogen variability in them. We investigated the 0.44‐km2 Little Grawijka Creek catchment of the forest tundra ecotone (northern Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation) in order (i) to relate the active‐layer thickness to controlling environmental factors, (ii) to quantify soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (NT) stocks, and (iii) to assess their variability with respect to different landscape units. The catchment was mapped on a 50 × 50 m grid for topography, dominant tree and ground vegetation, organic‐layer and moss‐layer thickness, and active‐layer thickness. At each grid point, bulk density, and SOC and NT concentrations were determined for depth increments. At three selected plots, 2‐m deep soil cores were taken and analysed for SOC, NT and 14C. A shallow active layer was found in intact raised bogs at plateaux situations and in mineral soils of north‐northeast (NNE) aspect. Good drainage and greater solar insolation on the south‐southwest (SSW) slopes are reflected in deeper active layers or lack of permafrost. Organic carbon stocks to a soil depth of 90 cm varied between 5 and 95 kg m–2. The greatest stocks were found in the intact raised bogs and on the NNE slopes. Canonical correspondence analysis indicates the dominant role of active‐layer thickness for SOC and NT storage. The 2‐m soil cores suggest that permafrost soils store about the same amount of SOC from 90 to 200 cm as in the upper 90 cm. Most of this deep SOC pool was formed in the mid‐Holocene (organic soils) and the late Pleistocene (mineral soils). Our results showed that even within a small catchment of the forest tundra, active‐layer thickness and, hence, SOC and NT storage vary greatly within the landscape mosaic. This has to be taken into account when using upscaling methods such as remote sensing for assessing SOC and NT storage and cycling at a regional to continental level.
Testosterone response to GnRH in a female songbird varies with stage of reproduction: implications for adult behaviour and maternal effects
Authors: JAWOR JODIE M. , MCGLOTHLIN JOEL W. , CASTO JOSEPH M. , GREIVES TIMOTHY J. , SNAJDR ERIC A. , BENTLEY GEORGE E. , KETTERSON ELLEN D. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Despite considerable recent interest in plasma and yolk testosterone (T) in female birds, relatively little is known about environmental regulation of female T, individual variation in female T or the relationship between plasma and yolk T.
In breeding females of a wild population of dark‐eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), we assessed variation in the responsiveness of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis to a challenge with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) by measuring circulating T before and 30 min after a standardized injection of GnRH. We asked whether response to challenge varied seasonally or with stage of reproduction and whether it was repeatable within individuals or related to T deposited in eggs.
Initial and post‐challenge levels of T were measured using enzyme immunoassay. In a subset of these females, luteinising hormone (LH) was measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA). In addition, eggs were collected from nests of 15 females that had received a GnRH challenge, and yolk T was measured using RIA.
During most of the breeding season, plasma T did not increase in response to GnRH. GnRH consistently caused increases in plasma T only during the 7 days before oviposition, when females were rapidly depositing yolk in eggs but had not yet begun to lay them. Among a small subset of females we found a positive correlation between the magnitude of this increase in plasma T in response to GnRH during egg development and the amount of T deposited in the yolk of eggs collected at a later time.
These results suggest that ovarian response to GnRH‐induced increases in LH is greatest when females are actively depositing yolk into eggs. Factors that stimulate the release of GnRH during egg formation may result in higher levels of plasma T which could influence adult female behaviour. Further, because plasma T was correlated with later yolk T, factors that stimulate GnRH release may also lead to higher levels of yolk T potentially influencing offspring development or behaviour.