bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale immobilization of lipase fromPseudomonas fluorescens biotype I and an application for sardine oil hydrolysis
Authors: Kosugi Yoshitsugu , Takahashi Katsuo , Lopez Claudia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLarge‐scale production of thermostable lipase fromPseudomonas fluorescens biotype I was carried out in a fermenter with an antifoaming agent and physical deforming treatments. After cultivation, heat treatment was applied to kill the bacteria and to inactivate other enzmes. Large‐scale immobilization of the lipase to a macroporous weak‐anion exchange resin was performed with a lipase solution that had an ionic strength of less than 0.1 and an ethanol concentration of 50%. Almost all eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were liberated continuously from sardine oil by the immobilized lipase in a countercurrent fluidized‐bed reactor. The cost of enzyme used in the reactor has been compared with a process in which soluble lipase fromCandida rugosa was used.
Preparation of therapeutic phospholipids through porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2‐mediated esterification and lipozyme‐mediated acidolysis
Authors: Hosokawa Masashi , Takahashi Koretaro , Kikuchi Yuji , Hatano Mutsuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHighly unsaturated fatty acid‐containing phospholipids (HUFA‐PL), which serve to increase the deformability of human red blood cells, were prepared through porcine phospholipase A2‐mediated esterification of the lysophosphatidylcholine, which was derived from soy phosphatidylcholine (PC), and by Lipozyme‐mediated acidolysis. Through these processes, phospholipase A2, with formamide as a water mimic, enhanced the incorporation of HUFA into positionsn‐2 of PC and suppressed hydrolysis of the synthesized PL. On the other hand, Lipozyme‐mediated acidolysis between positionsn‐1 of soy PC and HUFA was enhanced by a combination of water and propylene glycol. Simultaneously, the recovered PL products showed decreased hydrolysis of newly synthesized health‐beneficial HUFA‐PL.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis and properties of estolides and their esters
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEight lipases were screened for their ability to synthesize estolides from a mixture that contained lesquerolic (14‐hydroxy‐11‐eicosenoic) acid and octadecenoic acid. With the exception ofAspergillus niger lipase, all 1,3‐specific enzymes (fromRhizopus arrhizus andRhizomucor miehei lipases) were unable to synthesize estolides.Candida rugosa andGeotrichum lipases catalyzed estolide formation at >40% yield, with >80% of the estolide formed being monoestolide from one lesquerolic and one octadecenoic acyl group:Pseudomonas sp. lipase synthesized estolides at 62% yield, but the product mixture contained significant amounts of monoestolide with two lesquerolic acyl groups as well as diestolide. ImmobilizedR. miehei lipase was chosen to catalyze the esterification of mono‐and polyestolide, derived synthetically from oleic acid, with fatty alcohols or α,ω‐diols. Yields were >95% for fatty alcohol reactions and >60% for diol reactions. In addition, the estolide linkage remained intact through the course of the esterification process. Esterification of estolides improved the estolide’s properties—for example, lower viscosity and higher viscosity index—but slightly raised the melting point. Estolides and, particularly, estolide esters may be suitable as lubricants or lubricant additives.
Enzymatic modification of trilinolein: Incorporation of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Jennings Brenda H. , Lillard Dorris A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo immobilized lipases, IM60 fromMucor miehei and SP435 fromCandida antarctica, were used as biocatalysts for the modification of trilinolein with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), by using their ethyl esters as acyl donors (EEPA and EDHA, respectively). Transesterification (ester‐ester interchange) reactions were carried out in organic solvent. The products were analyzed according to their equivalent carbon number and polarity by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the fatty acid profiles were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Modified triacylglycerol products contained 1 or 2 molecules of n‐3 PUFA. With EEPA as the acyl donor, the total EPA product yields with IM60 and SP435 as biocatalysts were 79.6 and 81.4%, respectively. However, with EDHA as the acyl donor and IM60 and SP435 as biocatalysts, the total DHA product yields were 70.5 and 79.7%, respectively. Effects of reaction parameters, such as type of solvent, enzyme load, time course, and molar ratio of substrates on the n‐3 PUFA incorporation, were followed with SP435 as the biocatalyst. High yields were obtained, even in the absence of organic solvent. These lipids do hold promise for specialty nutrition and other therapeutic uses.
Continuous lipolysis reactor with a loop connecting an immobilized lipase column and an oil‐water separator
Authors: Kosugi Yoshitsugu , Tomizuka Noboru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA continuous lipolysis system is described that consists of a loop connecting a fixed‐bed reactor with the immobilized lipase fromPseudomonas fluorescens biotype I and an oil‐water separator. In addition to continuous lipolysis, good continuous separation of oil product and water‐soluble product and continuous concentration of glycerol can be integrated in this simple reactor.
Kinetics of organic solvent‐soluble and native lipase
Authors: Tsuzuki Wakako , Akasaka Kazuaki , Kobayashi Shoichi , Suzuki Tateo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOrganic solvent‐soluble lipase was prepared with a synthetic detergent. The solvent‐soluble lipase was presumed to be a complex of the enzyme and the detergent. To investigate the effect of the detergent attachment to the enzyme on the reaction properties, the kinetics of the solvent‐soluble lipase and of the native lipase were estimated by using glycerides in a homogeneous solution of buffer and tetrahydrofuran. Analysis of the direct interaction between the enzyme and the substrate could serve to characterize the steric structure around the active site of the lipase. The Km values also differentiated the solvent‐soluble lipase from the native lipase. These findings show for the first time that the detergent surrounding the enzyme molecule may affect not only the solubility of the enzyme, but its kinetics as well.
Solvent‐free enzymatic glycerolysis of marine oils
Authors: Myrnes Bjørnar , Barstad Harald , Olsen Ragnar L. , Elvevoll Edel O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMarine triglyceride oils (cod liver oil and oils from blubber of harp seal and minke whale) were reacted with glycerol using lipase as a catalyst at low temperature. A solvent‐free batch system with magnetic stirring was used. Solidification of the reaction mixture occurred, and a mixture of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides was obtained in all cases. The recovered glyceride mixtures were solid at room temperature. The yield of monoglyceride (MG) and the fatty acid profile of the MG fractions were dependent on oil and the type of lipase used as a catalyst. Of the commercially‐available lipases investigated, lipase AK fromPseudomonas sp. synthesized the highest yield of MG (42–53%) at 5°C. These MG fractions were low in saturated fatty acids (4–11%) and high in long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids (52–69%). The concentration of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was 12–20%.
Pseudomonas sp. lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of geranyl esters by transesterification
Authors: Yee Lisa N. , Akoh Casimir C. , Phillips Robert S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPseudomonas sp. lipase was immobilized by adsorption onto five supports and tested for its ability to synthesize geranyl esters by transesterification using short‐chain triacylglycerols as acyl donors. Reaction mixtures were prepared in 2 mL ofn‐hexane, 0.1 M geraniol, 0.03M triacylglycerol, and 200 units of lipase, and incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm for 24 h. Overall, glass beads were the best support. Geranyl acetate and caproate performed best with Duolite (77.5 and 95.3%, respectively). Geranyl butyrate and caprylate performed best with polyvinylpyrrolidone, (80.2 and 95.5%, respectively). Values for nonimmobilized enzyme also were obtained. Immobilization improved yields, with geranyl caproate exhibiting best results.
Retro‐aldol degradations of unsaturated aldehydes: Role in the formation ofc4‐heptenal fromt2,c6‐nonadienal in fish, oyster and other flavors
Authors: Josephson David B. , Lindsay Robert C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlterations of cucumber‐, melon‐like notes in aromas and flavors caused by retro‐aldol degradations oft2,c6‐nonadienal were confirmed using gas chromatographic measurements of volatile compounds in model systems. The data indicated that 3‐hydroxy‐c6‐nonenal was formed first by the addition of water to the alpha/beta double bond oft2,c6‐nonadienal, and this was followed by a retro‐aldol condensation of 3‐hydroxy‐c6‐nonenal to yieldc4‐heptenal and ethanal. Compared to the reaction rate in aqueous systems at neutral pH, formation ofc4‐heptenal was enhanced substantially at alkaline pH, but was greatly diminished at acidic pH values. Heating (to 90 C) of aqueous model systems oft2,c6‐nonadienal held at neutral pH also enhanced the rate of formation ofc4‐heptenal substantially compared to that at ambient temperature (21 C). Rates of formation ofc4‐heptenal in aqueous model systems held under air or nitrogen atmospheres were similar.c4‐Heptenal was not formed whent2,c6‐nonadienal was held at 21 C for 96 hr under air or nitrogen in nonaqueous commercial corn oil.
In vivo analysis of Pim-1 deficiency
Authors: Laird Peter W. , Van der Lugt Nathalie M.T. , Clarke Alan , Domen Jos , Linders Koert , McWhir James , Berns Anton , Hooper Martin 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The Pim-1 proto-oncogene encodes a highly conserved serine/threonine phosphokinase (1–5) which is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic organs and gonads in mammals (6-9). Overexpression of Pim-1 predisposes to lymphomagenesis in mice (8, 10, 11). To develop a further understanding of Pim-1 in molecular terms, as well as in terms of its potential role in hematopoietic development, we have generated mice deficient in Pim-1 function. P/m-7-deficient mice are ostensibly normal, healthy and fertile. Detailed comparative analyses of the hematopoietic systems of the mutant mice and their wild-type littermates showed that they are indistinguishable for most of the parameters studied. Our analyses revealed one unexpected phenotype that correlated with the level of Pim-1 expression: Pim-1 deficiency correlated with a erythrocyte microcytosis, whereas overexpression of Pim-1 in E/i-P/7n-7-transgenic mice resulted in erythrocyte macrocytosis. In order to confirm that the observed decrease in erythrocyte Mean Cell Volume (MCV) was attributable to the Pim-1 deficiency, we developed mice transgenic for a Pim-1 gene construct with its own promoter and showed that this transgene could restore the low erythrocyte Mean Cell Volume observed in the Pirn-/-deficient mice to near wild-type levels. These results might be relevant to the observed involvement of the Pim-1 gene in mouse erythroleukemogenesis (12). The surprising lack of a readily observed phenotype in the lymphoid compartment of the P/m-7-deficient mice, suggests a heretofore unrecognized degree of in vivo functional redundancy of this highly conserved proto-oncogene.
Adenoidectomy for Middle Ear Effusion: A Study of 50,000 Children Over 24 Years
Authors: Kadhim Abdul Latif , Spilsbury Katrina , Semmens James B. , Coates Harvey L. , Lannigan Francis J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjective: To compare the incidence and outcomes of myringotomy plus ventilation tube insertion (MVTI) alone and that concurrent with pharyngeal surgery (adenoidectomy, adenotonsillectomy, or tonsillectomy) at a population level.Study Design: Observational, retrospective, population‐based study using hospital administrative data.Methods: All hospital morbidity information was obtained for children who underwent a first MVTI procedure while less than 10 years of age in any Western Australian hospital from 1981 to 2004. Further MVTI procedures and additional pharyngeal surgery were subsequently identified for each child.Results: There were 51,373 children less than 10 years of age who underwent at least one MVTI procedure from 1981 to 2004. Twenty‐nine percent underwent pharyngeal surgery at the time of first MVTI procedure, and of these, 7.4% (1,096) had pharyngeal surgery in the absence of adenoid or tonsil disease. Adenoid surgery at time of MVTI was associated with reduced odds of subsequent MVTI procedures in children with or without adenoid/tonsil disease. In more recent calendar periods, no differences in the length of hospital stay between MVTI alone and with adenoidectomy was observed, whereas procedures involving tonsils required an additional bed day per procedure and were associated with more episodes of operative and postoperative hemorrhage.Conclusion: Having adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy surgery at time of first or subsequent MVTI was associated with reduced risk of further MVTI surgery. The low complication rates for adenoidectomy and short hospital stays make adjunctive adenoidectomy a potentially cost‐effective first line management option for otitis media with effusion.
Streptococcus oligofermentans inhibits Streptococcus mutans through conversion of lactic acid into inhibitory H2O2: a possible counteroffensive strategy for interspecies competition
Authors: Tong Huichun , Chen Wei , Merritt Justin , Qi Fengxia , Shi Wenyuan , Dong Xiuzhu 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe oral microbial flora contains over 500 different microbial species that often interact as a means to compete for limited space and nutritional resources. Streptococcus mutans, a major caries‐causing pathogen, is a species which tends to interact competitively with other species in the oral cavity, largely due to its ability to generate copious quantities of the toxic metabolite, lactic acid. However, during a recent clinical study, we discovered a novel oral streptococcal species, Streptococcus oligofermentans, whose abundance appeared to be inversely correlated with that of S. mutans within dental plaque samples and thus suggested a possible antagonistic relationship with S. mutans. In this study, we used a defined in vitro interspecies interaction assay to confirm that S. oligofermentans was indeed able to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Interestingly, this inhibitory effect was relatively specific to S. mutans and was actually enhanced by the presence of lactic acid. Biochemical analyses revealed that S. oligofermentans inhibited the growth of S. mutans via the production of hydrogen peroxide with lactic acid as the substrate. Further genetic and molecular analysis led to the discovery of the lactate oxidase (lox) gene of S. oligofermentans as responsible for this biological activity. Consequently, the lox mutant of S. oligofermentans also showed dramatically reduced inhibitory effects against S. mutans and also exhibited greatly impaired growth in the presence of the lactate produced by S. mutans. These data indicate that S. oligofermentans possesses the capacity to convert its competitor's main ‘weapon’ (lactic acid) into an inhibitory chemical (H2O2) in order to gain a competitive growth advantage. This fascinating ability may be an example of a counteroffensive strategy used during chemical warfare within the oral microbial community.
Qualitative and quantitative differences between taste buds of the rat and mouse
Authors: Ma Huazhi , Yang Ruibiao , Thomas Stacey M , Kinnamon John C 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Numerous electrophysiological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical studies on rodent taste buds have been carried out on rat taste buds. In recent years, however, the mouse has become the species of choice for molecular and other studies on sensory transduction in taste buds. Do rat and mouse taste buds have the same cell types, sensory transduction markers and synaptic proteins? In the present study we have used antisera directed against PLCβ2, α-gustducin, serotonin (5-HT), PGP 9.5 and synaptobrevin-2 to determine the percentages of taste cells expressing these markers in taste buds in both rodent species. We also determined the numbers of taste cells in the taste buds as well as taste bud volume.

Results
There are significant differences (p < 0.05) between mouse and rat taste buds in the percentages of taste cells displaying immunoreactivity for all five markers. Rat taste buds display significantly more immunoreactivity than mice for PLCβ2 (31.8% vs 19.6%), α-gustducin (18% vs 14.6%), and synaptobrevin-2 (31.2% vs 26.3%). Mice, however, have more cells that display immunoreactivity to 5-HT (15.9% vs 13.7%) and PGP 9.5 (14.3% vs 9.4%). Mouse taste buds contain an average of 85.8 taste cells vs 68.4 taste cells in rat taste buds. The average volume of a mouse taste bud (42,000 μm3) is smaller than a rat taste bud (64,200 μm3). The numerical density of taste cells in mouse circumvallate taste buds (2.1 cells/1000 μm3) is significantly higher than that in the rat (1.2 cells/1000 μm3).

Conclusion
These results suggest that rats and mice differ significantly in the percentages of taste cells expressing signaling molecules. We speculate that these observed dissimilarities may reflect differences in their gustatory processing.
Clustering of genes into regulons using integrated modeling-COGRIM
Authors: Chen Guang , Jensen Shane T , Stoeckert Christian J 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe present a Bayesian hierarchical model and Gibbs Sampling implementation that integrates gene expression, ChIP binding, and transcription factor motif data in a principled and robust fashion. COGRIM was applied to both unicellular and mammalian organisms under different scenarios of available data. In these applications, we demonstrate the ability to predict gene-transcription factor interactions with reduced numbers of false-positive findings and to make predictions beyond what is obtained when single types of data are considered.
Oxone-mediated Methoxy Thiocyanation of 1,1-Disubstituted Olefins in Methanol
Authors: Wu Guaili , Wu Wentao , Li Rui , Shen Yinglin , Wu Longmin 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Reactions of 1,1-disubstituted olefins with oxone and ammonium thiocyanate in methanol gave the corresponding 1-methoxy-2-thiocyano adducts in various yields.
Solid-state 17O NMR in Biological Solids: Efficient 17O Labeling of Amino Acids and Peptides
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Yamazaki Toshio , Asanuma Miwako , Hirota Hiroshi , Yamamoto Naoki , Kajihara Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A highly effective labeling method for 17O-enriched amino acids and peptides at moderate experimental conditions (Japanese Patent 2006-8666) has been presented, which has enabled us to readily carry out solid-state 17O NMR experiments in almost all amino acids and peptides.
The Contemporary Significance of What Has Been. Three Approaches to Remembering the Past: Lineage, Gada, and Oral Tradition
Authors: Amborn Hermann 
Published: January 2007

For current discourse in the southwest Ethiopian hill farming populations of the Burji, Konso, and D'iraaša, the present time constitutes a spatiotemporal system of coordinates in which modern attitudes to the past and tradition intersect or are knotted with group “memories.”What do we mean by memory? Who remembers? And how? The word “memory” is used here to refer to the common memory of a local group of people, in other words the cultural processing of memory.In the course of time such memories have manifested themselves in different ways. This paper examines why certain events are remembered and how their transmission is expressed. Linked to this is the question of the meaning (Sinngehalt) of memory. The question of the relationship between memory and so-called real historical events is thus only secondary. Three types of possible approach are discussed in this paper: mythical time, referring to mytho-historical traditions of origin; cyclical time, as seen in the Gada system (generation grading system); and linear time, as shown in the genealogical lines of specific lineages.In their traditions, all three population groups refer to a common original settlement area in Liban, to the east of the areas they occupy today. References to Liban, with varying geographical locations, are also found in the oral traditions of many Oromo-speaking groups. Oromo nationalists claim Liban as the common original home of all Oromo. In this paper, however, Oromo-speaking groups are not discussed, since we are mainly concerned with the Burji, Konso, and D'iraaša, for whom, according to their Liban traditions, the exodus was the moment of their separation from the Oromo-speaking Borana, who lived in Liban together with them up to that point.
Les revendications politiques des Premières Nations du Canada : Le concept de nation comme outil contre-hégémonique
Authors: Gentelet Karine 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA determining factor in the evolution of their power relationship with the State was the fact that Native groups became conscious of their identity and collective power and that they defined their collective identity using the concept of “nation”. The federal positions have also changed on the question of Aboriginal collective rights and the State has modified certain principles in its policies. The Native groups have redefined their collective rights according to their needs and political objectives. With that concept, they have developed a form of counter-hegemony, releasing them from the domination of the State and enabling them to attain the political autonomy they are seeking.
Aboriginal Self-Determination in Canada : Protections Afforded by the Judiciary and Government
Authors: Dalton Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2007

RésuméOn présume en général que les arrêts décisifs de la Cour suprême canadienne représentent une tendance vers une protection croissante des droits des Autochtones en droit canadien. Cet article prend la position inverse. En dépit des décisions judiciaires concernant des droits autochtones sous 35(1), les droits des peuples autochtones du Canada ne sont pas mieux protégés. Les juges ont plutôt développé différents tests juridiques qui ont freiné l'élargissement de droits autochtones. On découvre ainsi que la reconnaissance politique et gouvernementale des peuples autochtones et de leurs droits, incluant le droit à l'autodétermination, fut plus grande que celle par la Cour suprême du Canada, et ceci malgré le traitement destructeur des peuples autochtones par l'État canadien. Le gouvernement du Canada a été prêt à reconnaître leur droit inhérent à l'autodétermination. Ceci est dû au statut légal modifié de qui constitue un «peuple» en droit international et au rôle du gouvernement canadien en tant que signataire de plusieurs conventions et déclarations internationales, tout autant qu'à des déclarations politiques plus récentes et des développements dans les négociations territoriales et d'autonomie plus globales.