bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Experiments Suggest that All Shear and Some Tensile Failure Processes are Inappropriate Subjects for ASTM Standards
Authors: Piggott MR , Liu K , Wang J 
Published: April 2008

There are four ASTM standards which involve apparent shear failure of composites. These include the Iosipescu (D 5379), tube torsion (D 5448), the short beam test (D 2344), and two-rail and three-rail shear (D 4255). However, careful experiments in which polymers have been sheared show that failure is normally restricted to tensile failure with breaking of polymer chains and cross links. Moreover, it is already known that shear hackle is produced by a tensile process. In view of this, these standards should be reexamined to determine whether strengths should be reported at all. The same argument applies to the new standard being developed for mixed Mode I-Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. Mode I is the only failure mode which is consistent with experimental observations.
In addition, the D 3039 standard for tensile strength has been revised to include balanced and symmetric laminates. Experiments have shown that, with angle ply laminates, much greater strengths can be obtained just by making the specimen wider and shorter. These latter tests agree very well with tests on pressurized filament wound tubes, with structures equivalent to the angle ply structures. This strongly indicates that the ASTM test can severely underestimate the strength. The ASTM standard also seriously underestimates the stiffness. There appears to be an “edge softening” effect, so that apparent properties are very dependent on the aspect ratio of the test sample. Thus, true material properties are not measured.
It is proposed that all ASTM D 30 mechanical tests be reexamined to determine (a) what purpose is served by having the test at all, and (b) whether it is measuring a true materials property.
Advances in Adhesives, Adhesion Science, and Testing
Authors: Damico D 
Published: April 2008

Description
Eleven peer-reviewed papers focus on new adhesives, particularly from the perspective of the newer test methods emerging to better determine adhesive reliability. Subjects cover:
• Test methods and specification that improve the ability to determine long-term bond durability
• Bonding and debonding of wood products
• Test methods that generate more meaningful material information on adhesive reliability
• Method of measuring viscoelastic behavior of adhesives
• Accurate method of measuring yield strength of adhesives and other materials
• Characterizing fracture properties of adhesive joints under impact loading conditions
• Fracture mechanics applied to adhesive joints
• Coating adhesion testing
• Diffusion of fluids in pressure sensitive adhesives
STP 1463 is a valuable resource for design engineers and those with interest in advanced test methods for adhesive validation.
Titanium, Niobium, Zirconium, and Tantalum for Medical and Surgical Applications
Authors: Zardiackas LD , Freese HL , Kraay MJ 
Published: April 2008

Description
Reactive metals and their alloys are used in a variety of biomedical applications from pace makers to hips implants. This new ASTM publication provides the latest developments on these alloys, their processing techniques for medical applications, characterization of fundamental materials properties critical to their use for biomedical applications, and evaluation of biological and clinical performance.
Eighteen peer-reviewed papers cover:
Alloy Processing—includes information on the formulation and processing of five important, new implantable metallic biomaterials
Alloy Properties—focuses on the bulk and surface properties, especially stress corrosion cracking and fatigue, of a number of different titanium alloys, which may be used for implants. Additional information is provided on the fracture mechanisms of several of these alloys.
Biological and Clinical Evaluation—deals with the biological and clinical evaluation of titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum used in the medical and surgical setting, including a new method of grit-blasting for implant surfaces, clinical evaluation of 14 retrieved modular body (SROM) total hip stems removed at the time of revision surgery, and a practical methodology to generate titanium and stainless steel wear debris particles for use in further study of the process of osteolysis and its treatment.
Computer Aided Nondestructive Evaluation Method of Welding Residual Stresses by Removing Reinforcement of Weld (Proposal of a New Concept and Its Verification)
Authors: Kumagai K , Nakamura H , Kobayashi H 
Published: April 2008

A new method (the bead flush method) is proposed to estimate welding residual stresses non-destructively. First, the reinforcement of the weld is removed. Then from released strains on the surface due to removal, eigenstrain distributions are estimated by an inverse analysis. Finally, residual stresses are determined by the finite element method (FEM) using estimated eigenstrains as boundary conditions.
Numerical simulations were conducted to develop a sophisticated procedure. It is shown by numerical simulations that the proposed method gives reasonably good predictions of residual stress. Also, the validity of the proposed method was evaluated experimentally for a butt-welded plate joint. Based on this work, future problems to overcome are discussed.
Comparison of AASHTO Standard and LRFD Code Provisions for Buried Concrete Box Culverts
Authors: Rund RE , McGrath TJ 
Published: April 2008

AASHTO developed the LRFD Bridge Design Specification, with the intent of replacing the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges with a reliability based code that provides more uniform safety for all elements of bridges. Although many provisions in these two codes are the same, there are important differences that can have a significant effect on the amount of reinforcement required for buried precast reinforced concrete box culverts under some conditions.
AASHTO LRFD Code provisions that differ from the Standard Specifications include load factors, load modifiers, load combinations that produce the maximum force effect, multiple presence factors, design vehicle loads, distribution of live load to slabs and through earth fill, dynamic load allowance, live load surcharge, and reinforced concrete design methodology for fatigue, shear strength, and control of cracking. These provisions are compared with the equivalent provisions from the AASHTO Standard code, and discussed in detail.
Several combinations of culvert sizes and fill heights are evaluated using provisions from both the Standard and LRFD Specifications. A comparison of results show that in general, LRFD provisions result in increased design loads and reinforcement areas.
Modelling Thermo-mechanical Fatigue Hysteresis Loops from Isothermal Cyclic Data
Authors: Skelton RP , Webster GA , de Mestral B , Wang C-Y 
Published: April 2008

A simple TMF facility is described which is capable of ‘in-phase’, ‘out of phase’ and ‘diamond’ type strain-temperature cycling. Typical TMF loops are presented for the ‘diamond’ type cycle for the nickel-base alloys IN100, Nimonic 90, IN738 and directionally solidified CM247LC-DS over the temperature range 400 °C-1000 °C. Alongside these results, isothermal cyclic stress-strain data are provided for ascending and descending strain amplitudes at discrete temperatures encompassing the strain and temperature range of the TMF tests. Testing on any individual specimen was terminated after a fixed energy consumption.
By superimposing the symmetrical isothermal loops about a common origin, the isothermal data are then used to predict the observed (asymmetrical) TMF behaviour. The method works well for materials which show history independence such as IN100. However, for some of the materials, slight modification to the procedure is required. The sensitivity of the method to the form of isothermal data is demonstrated.
Realization of Complex Thermal-mechanical Fatigue by a Two-specimen Testing System
Authors: Angarita L , Pitz G , Lang K-H , Löhe D 
Published: April 2008

Many components are exposed to high thermal and mechanical loadings. For example, the blades of gas turbines are subjected to thermally and mechanically induced strains and stresses at varying temperatures. The former arise from inhomogeneous temperature fields, which are due to start-stop cycles, resulting in thermal fatigue. The latter arise from centrifugal forces, which arise from the rotation of the turbine, resulting in mechanical low cycle fatigue and creep during service.
The combination of thermally induced loading and mechanically induced loading can neither be investigated in a conventional (strain controlled) thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF) test nor in a conventional (stress controlled) creep test. Also the interaction between different volume elements within a component can not be investigated in a single specimen experiment. To simulate such “complex ” thermal-mechanical fatigue loading, a twospecimen testing system was build up. At this testing system the thermal-mechanical loading of the specimens, each of them representing a distinct volume element of a component, is generated just by varying the temperature-time history of the two specimens and the coupling conditions between them. Furthermore, it is possible to superimpose an external force, e.g. representing the centrifugal force. The distribution of this force on the two specimens and the resulting deformation behaviour are the result of the interaction of the two specimens. The testing and interpretation methods as well as the results of first experiments with a 12% chromium steel and a 316 type stainless steel are presented.
Mechanical Evaluation of 70:30 Poly (L/DL-Lactide) Bone Screws After In Vitro Degradation
Authors: Disegi JA , Dwyer JW , Fairer RE 
Published: April 2008

Controlled in vitro degradation testing is typically used to complement animal trials in order to understand the material, design, and fabrication factors that affect in vivo resorption rates of bioabsorbable implants. Resorbable 1.5 mm craniofacial bone screws were injection molded from amorphous 70:30 poly (L/DL-lactide) granules. The screws were vacuum dried, bulk packed, and gamma sterilized. Some of the screws were fully immersed in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer solution. The solutions were maintained at 37°C during short term exposure periods that extended to 8 weeks. Non-exposed control samples were stored in sterilized packages until the testing commenced. Stability testing was performed with rigid polyurethane foam to evaluate whether this test material was satisfactory for use in phosphate buffer solution.
Screw pull-out strength was measured in accordance with ASTM F 1691. Shear strength before and after in vitro degradation was analyzed by determining the maximum applied force required to shear the screw shaft when mounted in a specialized test fixture.
Analysis of Failure Modes of a Military Hydraulic Fluid: MIL-H-46170
Authors: Mowery RB , Purdy EM 
Published: April 2008

The Army replaces the hydraulic fluids in its vehicles annually. A feasibility investigation to determine if used military hydraulic fluid could be reused was conducted.
Samples of used fluid from military vehicles were collected, analyzed to determine the physical and chemical properties, and compared against specification requirements for new fluid. These fluids were then purified and retested to determine the failure modes. Results showed that the ability to control foaming was the only property that significantly suffered. Restoring the foaming resistance, and removing water and particulate contamination returns the fluid to full specification performance. Adding anti-foaming additive in the field is highly impractical because it is needed in such a low concentration.
Virgin fluid is sufficiently robust in anti-foaming agent, that mixing one part of virgin fluid to three parts of purified, used fluid would bring the mixture back to full specification performance.
Rust Inhibitor Contamination-Related Problems in Military Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Sharma SK , Snyder CE , Gschwender LJ , Liang JC , Schreiber BF 
Published: April 2008

Stuck servovalves were observed during pre-flight checks in some aircraft using MIL-PRF-83282 hydraulic fluid. Analysis of hydraulic fluid samples and stuck valves as described in the paper provided a link between valve failures and barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (BSN) content of the hydraulic fluid. The BSN contamination was traced to residual MIL-PRF-6083 preservative fluid that had not been drained from components before installation on the aircraft. The hypothesis was validated by laboratory tribological experiments using a reciprocating tribometer and grazing angle microscope Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Corrective actions included reemphasizing procedures to drain MIL-PRF-6083 from components and establishing a 10 ppm maximum limit for barium in new MIL-PRF-83282.
Since the corrective actions were taken, no valves have locked up, further validation that the preservative fluid, MIL-PRF-6083, as a contaminant in the operational aircraft, is the root cause of the valve lockups. The recommended corrective actions were: 1) removing and cleaning the hydraulic valves; 2) assuring that the barium content of the aircraft hydraulic fluid does not exceed 15 ppm.
Other factors besides the presence of BSN which contributed to the valve-sticking problem included: the elevated hydraulic fluid temperature, the valve design and materials, and the duty cycle. The simplest and most cost-effective solution to the problem was limiting the amount of BSN in the aircraft hydraulic system. Other aircraft hydraulic systems problems perceived to be caused by BSN contamination are discussed.
Fatigue Life of SCS-6/Timetal® 834 at Room Temperature and 600°C: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Peters PWM , Zeng W , Hemptenmacher J , Xia Z 
Published: April 2008

Fatigue of the titanium matrix composite (TMC) SCS6/Timetal 834 has been investigated at room temperature and 600°C. Whereas the room temperature behavior is mainly influenced by fatigue crack formation and growth, this is not the case for fatigue at 600°C. The runout specimens did not show any crack, whereas runout specimens tested at room temperature showed multiple transverse cracks with a characteristic distance. The main reason for the lack of cracks was found to be the result of stress relaxation of the matrix. This effect is strong due to the fact that the first 105 cycle are performed at a low frequency (0.25 Hz).
In the second part of this work attention is focused on modeling the most important damage mechanism under room temperature conditions. Initial computation of crack growth rates in TMC, assuming interfacial friction being the only stress transfer mechanism (i.e., bond strength is considered to be zero), proved to be unrealistically high. For that reason in the present work crack growth rates are calculated considering a fiber/matrix bond strength and friction in case the bond breaks. In this case three dimensional finite element models deliver more accurate crack growth rates.
Efficient synthesis of diarylidene octahydroacridines by one-pot multi-component tandem reactions
Authors: Wang Qi-Fang , Yan Chao-Guo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A one-pot multi-component reaction is developed for the efficient synthesis of 4,5-dibenzylidene octahydroacridines in high yields. The reaction is performed by the tandem reaction of three molar equivalent aromatic aldehydes with two molar equivalent 4-alkylcyclohexanone in the system of NH4OAc/HOAc under microwave irradiation.
Young syncopal man and decision about permanent cardiac pacing
Authors: Lelonek Malgorzata , Stanczyk Adam , Goch Jan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A 20-year old man experienced recurrent syncope, that suggested a partially neutrally-mediated mechanism, but in some cases were without a prodrome. The tilt test was negative. The 12-lead ECG and electrophysiological study showed first-degree AV block. Syncope in bradyarrhythmia was suspected and an implantable loop recorder was indicated. In the first month after implantation the patient experienced one syncopal episode. In the stored ECG, AV junctional rhythm was detected. The patient received a pacemaker and symptoms improved.
The Exploitation of Wavelet De-Noising To Detect Bearing Faults
Authors: Al-Raheem Khalid , Roy Asok , Ramachandran K. , Harrison David , Grainger Steven 
Published: April 2008

The Exploitation of Wavelet De-Noising To Detect Bearing Faults
Failure diagnosis is an important component of the Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) activities for most engineering systems. Rolling element bearings are the most common cause of rotating machinery failure. The existence of the amplitude modulation and noises in the faulty bearing vibration signal present challenges to effective fault detection method. The wavelet transform has been widely used in signal de-noising due to its extraordinary time-frequency representation capability. In this paper, we proposed new approach for bearing fault detection based on the autocorrelation of wavelet de-noised vibration signal through a wavelet base function derived from the bearing impulse response. To improve the fault detection process the wavelet parameters (damping factor and center frequency) are optimized using maximization kurtosis criteria to produce wavelet base function with high similarity with the impulses generated by bearing defects, that leads to increase the magnitude of the wavelet coefficients related to the fault impulses and enhance the fault detection process. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique to reveal the bearing fault impulses and its periodicity for both simulated and real rolling bearing vibration signals.
Determination of the Risk Function for Survivors Using Beta Pert Method
Authors: Burciu Zbigniew 
Published: April 2008

Determination of the Risk Function for Survivors Using Beta Pert Method
In emergency at sea the most important is to start the rescue action as fast as possible, whereas the decision to terminate the action, in case the survivors have not been found, is made by the coordinator on the basis of his practical experience. To estimate the level of risk it is necessary to face the problem of lack of credible statistical data. The paper presents a new concept which allow to calculate the risk, taking into account data uncertainty. The method and probability model are presented and discussed.
Prediction the Bearing Reliability on Basis Diagnostic Information
Authors: Lindstedt Paweł , Sudakowski Tomasz 
Published: April 2008

Prediction the Bearing Reliability on Basis Diagnostic Information
The new complex method of diagnostics of helicopter's turbine engine Allison 250 in work was. This method be bases on complex diagnostic signals of resulting with simultaneous use three autonomic methods of diagnosing (functional diagnosing, wibroacustic diagnosing and tribologic diagnosing) and of surroundings described with number of crossings of diagnostic sill timbers of these signals. This way of description permits to establish between diagnostic signals quantitative reports and the surroundings and the state of technical object. It the diagnostics was conducted of arrangement bearings two engines Allison 250 built-up on helicopter PZL - KANIA. It was showed, that captured in this way diagnostic signals can be used to prediction of reliability profiles of arrangement bearings.
One Piece Production Principle Masters Global Market Challenges
Authors: Reichert Gerhard , Duse Dan 
Published: April 2008

One Piece Production Principle Masters Global Market Challenges
Successful companies in global markets must be innovative in product development and able to produce their products at lowest possible total cost, while highest quality and product availability in the markets is self evident. They must be able to manage violent market demand- and product design-changes with flexible and agile manufacturing systems [1]. These challenges ask, in the first place, for new strategies in the field of designing appropriate process technologies, production process structures and, as we will show, new methods and considerations for planning and controlling the sequence of product variants within production programs.
Integrated System to Aid Supervisory Process of Technical Device
Authors: Szpytko Janusz , Smoczek Jarosław , Kocerba Artur 
Published: April 2008

Integrated System to Aid Supervisory Process of Technical Device
The aim of the paper is integrated system to aid supervisory process of technical device taking into consideration required level of exploitation safety and dependability. Preservation of accepted technical state of the machines and devices requires from users proper decisions which are results of continuous as well as periodically monitoring exploitation parameters' changes. Essential problem is digital drawing and conversion information from process of object exploitation and creating multi-access databases.
Effect of Movements on the Electrodermal Response after a Startle Event
Authors: Bächlin M. , Setz C. , Arnrich B. , Roggen D. , Tröster G. , Schumm J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary

Objectives:
In this work the effect of quasi-stationary movements on the electrodermal activity (EDA) after a startle event has been investigated and evaluated. In previous EDA research there is a discrepancy between the use of controlled environment studies and daily life surveys. This paper aims to address this by expanding the knowledge about EDA in real life applications.

Methods:
A minimally obtrusive body-worn measurement device was designed and produced that simultaneously records EDA and finger movements. During this study, five subjects walked at different speeds and listened to startling sound events. The EDA response to these startle events was analyzed for different walking speeds using crosscorrelograms and cumulative frequency plots.

Results:
The measured response to the startle event is consistent with the signal characteristics described in the literature. The results show that the faster a person is walking the more the signal property of the phasic part of the EDA is approaching a uniform distribution. However, even at a walking speed of 6 km/h the effect of the startle event is statistically still visible in the EDA (p <0.05).

Conclusions:
The presented work offers a good understanding of the EDA while walking at different speeds. Although the artefacts evoked by walking cannot be determined directly, information on the movement can be useful. Depending on the walking speed a measurement about the reliability of peak detection could be introduced.
Modifying the structure of dinuclear ruthenium complexes with antitumor activity
Authors: Mendoza‐Ferri Maria G. , Hartinger Christian G. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Kandioller Wolfgang , Severin Kay , Keppler Bernhard K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to modulate the structure of a recently developed series of antitumor‐active, dinuclear Ru(II)–arene compounds, complexes 1c–4c were synthesized. The complexes were modified with respect to their pyridinone moieties and the spacer linking the two metal centers. More particularly, the series of dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes was extended to compounds with longer spacers, i.e. tetradecane and 3,7,10‐trioxotridecane, and the pyridinone ring was modified by replacing the methyl group by an ethyl group and by shifting the position of the methyl group. The organometallic ruthenium compounds were obtained from the reaction between [RuCl2(η6‐p‐isopropyltoluene)]2 and ligands 1b–4b with yields ranging from 41 to 67%. All compounds were characterized by standard methods: MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.