bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiobesity effects of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) mediated by PPAR‐γ, GLUT4 and LPL in ob/ob mice
Authors: Mollah Mohammad Lalmoddin , Kim Gi‐Sang , Moon Hye‐Kyung , Chung Shin‐Kyo , Cheon Yong‐Pil , Kim Jong‐Kuk , Kim Kil‐Soo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe antiobesity effect of wild ginseng (WG; Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in male obese leptin‐deficient (B6.V‐Lepob, ‘ob/ob’) mice was evaluated. WG was administered orally to mice at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. The WG‐treated ob/ob mice showed a loss of body weight and a decrease in blood glucose levels compared with control mice. WG regulated the mRNA expression level especially, it increased peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptors‐γ (PPAR‐γ) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue, as well as glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and insulin receptor (IR) in the skeletal muscle and liver. Taken together, these results suggest that WG may play a vital role in the antiobesity effect in ob/ob mice; this has importance in insulin sensitivity. This may prove to be of clinical importance in improving the management of obesity and related metabolic syndromes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New method for aroma barrier testing
Authors: Vähä‐Nissi M. , Hjelt T. , Jokio M. , Kokkonen R. , Kukkonen J. , Mikkelson A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the above article (DOI: 10.1002/pts.791), reference to work published by Drs. Lindner‐Steinert, Piringer and Franz1–3 in which they had developed the method using polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) as a diluting agent in the source cell both for the single aromas and an aroma blend with seven compounds, and where the receiving cell is continuously flushed with nitrogen to transport the permeated aroma compounds to an adsorption trap was accidentally omitted.
Towards norms for accreditation of biobanks for human health and medical research: compilation of existing guidelines into an ISO certification/accreditation norm‐compatible format
Authors: Betsou F. , Luzergues A. , Carter A. , Geary P. , Riegman P. , Clark B. , Morente M. , Vaught J. , Dhirr R. , Druez‐Vérité C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn recent years, biobanks have evolved into professional infrastructures that acquire, validate, process, store, manage and distribute biological material of human origin to public or private end‐users/researchers. This article (a) highlights the importance of quality assurance for both the biobank basic processes and sample annotation in order to ensure reliable results of research based on these samples, (b) suggests that certification according to international standards can contribute to the organization of the biobanking processes while accreditation can contribute to the organization of sample characterization/validation, and (c) provides a compilation of all existing guidelines against an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) format. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GLP SOPs for equipment calibration and maintenance. Part 6: implementation of SOPs
Authors: Colligon Irina , Rosa Michelle 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNo one will argue that writing good Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) is a major undertaking, but success at this task does not guarantee their use and compliance with what they say. In this installment we will look at the critical next step in the life of an SOP: its implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's New?
Authors: Bens Catherine M. , Clemons Stephanie K. , Bosau Anita , Schroeder Robert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe What's New? section in the Quality Assurance Journal aims to draw attention to items of importance to QA professionals. There is usually a three‐month interval between final submission of manuscripts and distribution of the journal. For this issue, the entries in the What's New? section arise from the period of 1 March 2007 to 31 August 2007. If you feel that there is any other new information that should be brought to the attention of readers, please let us know by e‐mailing rha@verdandi.ch. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Foaming Properties and Effect of the Isomeric Distribution of Some Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Azira Hakima , Tazerouti Amel , Canselier Jean Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUsing different reaction conditions of photosulfochlorination of n‐dodecane, two samples of anionic surfactants of sulfonate type are obtained. Their micellar behavior has been already reported and the relationship between their isomeric distribution and their chemical structures and micellar behaviors have been more thoroughly explored. In this investigation, we screened the foaming properties (foaming power and foam stability) by a standardized method very similar to the Ross–Miles foaming tests to identify which surfactants are suitable for applications requiring high foaming, or, alternatively, low foaming. The results obtained for the synthesized surfactants are compared to those obtained for an industrial sample of secondary alkanesulfonate (Hostapur 60) and to those of a commercial sample of sodium dodecylsulfate used as reference for anionic surfactants. The foam formation and foam stability of aqueous solutions of the two samples of dodecanesulfonate are compared as a function of their isomeric distribution. These compounds show good foaming power characterized in most cases by metastable or dry foams. The highest foaming power is obtained for the sample rich in primary isomers which also produces foam with a relatively high stability. For the sample rich in secondary isomers we observe under fixed conditions a comparable initial foam height but the foam stability turns out to be low. This property is interesting for applications requiring low foaming properties such as dishwashing liquid for machines. The best results are observed near and above the critical micellar concentrations and at 25 °C for both the samples.
LysoPtdOH Enhances CXCL16 Production Stimulated by LPS from Macrophages and Regulates T cell Migration
Authors: Kang Shijun , Yang Chunlan , Luo Rongcheng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAs a transmembrane chemokine, CXCL16 has been detected in various tissues and organs under normal and pathological conditions, it also plays an important role in macrophages/dendritic cells (DC) and T cell interactions and trafficking during inflammation and immune responses. LysoPtdOH, a bioactive lipid mediator has been indicated to regulate DC and epithelial functions during wound healing and inflammation responses. However, the direct link of CXCL16 expression with lysoPtdOH has not been established. Using monocyte‐derived macrophages/DC (MoDC), we investigated the roles of lysoPtdOH in CXCL16 production and cell surface presentation. We found that macrophages/MoDC constitutively express and secrete CXCL16, lysoPtdOH significantly enhanced CXCL16 protein production stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by more than twofold, which was reflected by increased mRNA transcription by 64‐fold. Production of CXCL16 increased by lysoPtdOH and LPS from macrophages was inhibited around 70% by Pertussis toxin (Gi/o specific inhibitor), exoC3 (Rho specific inhibitor), and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (the NF‐κB‐dependent pathway inhibitor) separately. LysoPtdOH treatment increased macrophages’ chemotactic activity to activated T cells. The soluble form of CXCL16 produced by macrophages/MoDC was functionally chemoattractive to T cells.
Detailed analytical investigation of magnetic field line random walk in turbulent plasmas: II. Isotropic turbulence
Authors: KOURAKIS I. , TAUTZ R. C. , SHALCHI A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe random walk of magnetic field lines in the presence of magnetic turbulence in plasmas is investigated from first principles. An isotropic model is employed for the magnetic turbulence spectrum. An analytical investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the field-line mean-square displacement 〈(Δx)2〉 is carried out, in terms of the position variablez. It is shown that 〈(Δx)2〉 varies as ~zlnzfor large distancez. This result corresponds to a superdiffusive behavior of field line wandering. This investigation complements previous work, which relied on a two-component model for the turbulence spectrum. Contrary to that model, quasilinear theory appears to provide an adequate description of the field-line random walk for isotropic turbulence.
Language as shaped by the brain
Authors: Christiansen Morten H. , Chater Nick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt is widely assumed that human learning and the structure of human languages are intimately related. This relationship is frequently suggested to derive from a language-specific biological endowment, which encodes universal, but communicatively arbitrary, principles of language structure (a Universal Grammar or UG). How might such a UG have evolved? We argue that UG could not have arisen either by biological adaptation or non-adaptationist genetic processes, resulting in alogical problem of language evolution. Specifically, as the processes of language change are much more rapid than processes of genetic change, language constitutes a “moving target” both over time and across different human populations, and, hence, cannot provide a stable environment to which language genes could have adapted. We conclude that a biologically determined UG is not evolutionarily viable. Instead, the original motivation for UG – the mesh between learners and languages – arises because language has been shaped to fit the human brain, rather than vice versa. Following Darwin, we view language itself as a complex and interdependent “organism,” which evolves under selectional pressures from human learning and processing mechanisms. That is, languages themselves are shaped by severe selectional pressure from each generation of language users and learners. This suggests that apparently arbitrary aspects of linguistic structure may result from general learning and processing biases deriving from the structure of thought processes, perceptuo-motor factors, cognitive limitations, and pragmatics.
Language is shaped by the body
Authors: Aronoff Mark , Meir Irit , Padden Carol , Sandler Wendy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSign languages provide direct evidence for the relation between human languages and the body that engenders them. We discuss the use of the hands to create symbols and the role of the body in sign language verb systems, especially in two quite recently developed sign languages, Israeli Sign Language and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language.
Languages as evolving organisms –Thesolution to the logical problem of language evolution?
Authors: Behme Christina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C) argue persuasively that Universal Grammar (UG) could not have arisen through evolutionary processes. I provide additional suggestions to strengthen the argument against UG evolution. Further, I suggest that C&C's solution to the logical problem of language evolution faces several problems. Widening the focus to mechanisms of general cognition and inclusion of animal communication research might overcome these problems.
Prolonged plasticity: Necessary and sufficient for language-ready brains
Authors: Brooks Patricia J. , Ragir Sonia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLanguages emerge in response to the negotiation of shared meaning in social groups, where transparency of grammar is necessitated by demands of communication with relative strangers needing to consult on a wide range of topics (Ragir 2002). This communal exchange is automated and stabilized through activity-dependent fine-tuning of information-specific neural connections during postnatal growth and social development.
Brain and behavior: Which way does the shaping go?
Authors: Catania A. Charles 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEvolutionary contingencies select organisms based on what they can do; brains and other evolved structures serve their behavior. Arguments that brains drive language structure get the direction wrong; with functional issues unacknowledged, interactions between central structures and periphery are overlooked. Evidence supports a peripherally driven central organization. If language modules develop like other brain compartments, then environmental consistencies can engender both structural and functional language units (e.g., the different phonemic, semantic, and grammatical structures of different languages).
Time on our hands: How gesture and the understanding of the past and future helped shape language
Authors: Corballis Michael C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRecognising that signed languages are true languages adds to the variety of forms that languages can take. Such recognition also allows one to differentiate those aspects of language that depend on the medium (voiced or signed) from those that depend on more cognitive aspects. At least some aspects of language, such as symbolic representation, time markers, and generativity, may derive from the communication of the products of mental time travel, and from the sharing of remembered past and planned future episodes.
Why is language well designed for communication?
Authors: Dessalles Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSelection through iterated learning explains no more than other non-functional accounts, such as Universal Grammar (UG), why language is so well designed for communicative efficiency. It does not predict several distinctive features of language, such as central embedding, large lexicons, or the lack of iconicity, which seem to serve communication purposes at the expense of learnability.
Universal Grammar? Or prerequisites for natural language?
Authors: Goldberg Adele E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis commentary aims to highlight what exactly is controversial about the traditional Universal Grammar (UG) hypothesis and what is not. There is widespread agreement that we are not born “blank slates,” that language universals exist, that grammar exists, and that adults have domain-specific representations of language. The point of contention is whether we should assume that there exist unlearned syntactic universals that are arbitrary and specific to Language.
Niche-construction, co-evolution, and domain-specificity
Authors: Hurford James R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThat language is shaped to fit the human brain is close to the Chomskyan position. The target article by Christiansen & Chater (C&C) assumes an entity, “(the) language,” outside individual heads. What is the nature of this entity? Linguistic niche-construction and co-evolution of language and genes are possible, with some of what evolved being language-specific. Recent generative theory postulates much less than the old Universal Grammar (UG).
Language enabled by Baldwinian evolution of memory capacity
Authors: Landauer Thomas K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe claim that language is shaped by the brain is weakened by lack of clear specification of what necessary and sufficient properties the brain actually imposes. To account for human intellectual superiority, it is proposed that language did require special brain evolution (Deacon 1997), but that what evolved was a merely quantitative change – in representation space – rather than a radically new invention.
Cortical-striatal-cortical neural circuits, reiteration, and the “narrow faculty of language”
Authors: Lieberman Philip 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNeural circuits linking local operations in the cortex and the basal ganglia confer reiterative capacities, expressed in seemingly unrelated human traits such as speech, syntax, adaptive actions to changing circumstances, dancing, and music. Reiteration allows the formation of a potentially unbounded number of sentences from a finite set of syntactic processes, obviating the need for the hypothetical “Narrow Faculty of Language.”
Perceptual-motor constraints on sound-to-meaning correspondence in language
Authors: Namy Laura L. , Nygaard Lynne C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe proposal that language has evolved to conform to general cognitive and learning constraints inherent in the human brain calls for specification of these mechanisms. We propose that just as cognition appears to be grounded in cross-modal perceptual-motor capabilities, so too must language. Evidence for perceptual-motor grounding comes from non-arbitrary sound-to-meaning correspondences and their role in word learning.
Language as ergonomic perfection
Authors: Piattelli-Palmarini Massimo , Hancock Roeland , Bever Thomas 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C) have taken the interactionist approach to linguistic universals to an extreme, adopting the metaphor of language as an organism. This metaphor adds no insights to five decades of analyzing language universals as the result of interaction of linguistically unique and general cognitive systems. This metaphor is also based on an outmoded view of classical Darwinian evolution and has no clear basis in biology or cognition.
On language and evolution: Why neo-adaptationism fails
Authors: Reuland Eric 
Published: October 2008

AbstractI identify a number of problematic aspects of Christiansen & Chater's (C&C's) contribution. These include their suggestion that subjacency and binding reflect non-domain-specific mechanisms; that proto-language is a “cultural product”; and that non-adaptationism requires overly rich innate structures, and is incompatible with acceptable evolutionary processes. It shows that a fully UG (Universal Grammar)-free version of the authors' neo-adaptationism would be incoherent.
Language acquisition recapitulates language evolution?
Authors: Satterfield Teresa 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C) focus solely on general-purpose cognitive processes in their elegant conceptualization of language evolution. However, numerous developmental facts attested in L1 acquisition confound C&C's subsequent claim that the logical problem of language acquisition now plausibly recapitulates that of language evolution. I argue that language acquisition should be viewed instead as a multi-layered construction involving the interplay of general and domain-specific learning mechanisms.
The brain plus the cultural transmission mechanism determine the nature of language
Authors: Smith Kenny , Kirby Simon , Smith Andrew D. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe agree that language adapts to the brain, but we note that language also has to adapt to brain-external constraints, such as those arising from properties of the cultural transmission medium. The hypothesis that Christiansen & Chater (C&C) raise in the target article not only has profound consequences for our understanding of language, but also for our understanding of the biological evolution of the language faculty.
Case-marking systems evolve to be easy to learn and process
Authors: Tallerman Maggie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C) suggest that language is itself an evolutionary system, and that natural languages “evolve” to be easy to learn and process. The tight economy of the world's case-marking systems lends support to this hypothesis. Only two major case systems occur, cross-linguistically, and noun phrases are seldom overtly case-marked wherever zero-marking would be functionally practical.
Language as shaped by the brain; the brain as shaped by development
Authors: Toscano Joseph C. , Perry Lynn K. , Mueller Kathryn L. , Bean Allison F. , Galle Marcus E. , Samuelson Larissa K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThough we agree with their argument that language is shaped by domain-general learning processes, Christiansen & Chater (C&C) neglect to detail how the development of these processes shapes language change. We discuss a number of examples that show how developmental processes at multiple levels and timescales are critical to understanding the origin of domain-general mechanisms that shape language evolution.
Language is shaped for social interactions, as well as by the brain
Authors: Wallentin Mikkel , Frith Chris D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLanguage learning is not primarily driven by a motivation to describe invariant features of the world, but rather by a strong force to be a part of the social group, which by definition is not invariant. It is not sufficient for language to be fit for the speaker's perceptual motor system. It must also be fit for social interactions.
Brains, genes, and language evolution: A new synthesis
Authors: Christiansen Morten H. , Chater Nick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOur target article argued that a genetically specified Universal Grammar (UG), capturing arbitrary properties of languages, is not tenable on evolutionary grounds, and that the close fit between language and language learners arises because language is shaped by the brain, rather than the reverse. Few commentaries defend a genetically specified UG. Some commentators argue that we underestimate the importance of processes of cultural transmission; some propose additional cognitive and brain mechanisms that may constrain language and perhaps differentiate humans from nonhuman primates; and others argue that we overstate or understate the case against co-evolution of language genes. In engaging with these issues, we suggest that a new synthesis concerning the relationship between brains, genes, and language may be emerging.
Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. , Västfjäll Daniel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractResearch indicates that people value music primarily because of the emotions it evokes. Yet, the notion of musical emotions remains controversial, and researchers have so far been unable to offer a satisfactory account of such emotions. We argue that the study of musical emotions has suffered from a neglect of underlying mechanisms. Specifically, researchers have studied musical emotions without regard to how they were evoked, or have assumed that the emotions must be based on the “default” mechanism for emotion induction, a cognitive appraisal. Here, we present a novel theoretical framework featuring six additional mechanisms through which music listening may induce emotions: (1) brain stem reflexes, (2) evaluative conditioning, (3) emotional contagion, (4) visual imagery, (5) episodic memory, and (6) musical expectancy. We propose that these mechanisms differ regarding such characteristics as their information focus, ontogenetic development, key brain regions, cultural impact, induction speed, degree of volitional influence, modularity, and dependence on musical structure. By synthesizing theory and findings from different domains, we are able to provide the first set of hypotheses that can help researchers to distinguish among the mechanisms. We show that failure to control for the underlying mechanism may lead to inconsistent or non-interpretable findings. Thus, we argue that the new framework may guide future research and help to resolve previous disagreements in the field. We conclude that music evokes emotions through mechanisms that are not unique to music, and that the study of musical emotions could benefit the emotion field as a whole by providing novel paradigms for emotion induction.
How music fills our emotions and helps us keep time
Authors: Agostino Patricia V. , Peryer Guy , Meck Warren H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhether and how music is involved in evoking emotions is a matter of considerable debate. In the target article, Juslin & Västfjäll (J&V) argue that music induces a wide range of both basic and complex emotions that are shared with other stimuli. If such a link exists, it would provide a common basis for considering the interactions among music, emotion, timing, and time perception.