bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A broad transition zone between an inner Baltic hybrid swarm and a pure North Sea subspecies ofMacoma balthica(Mollusca, Bivalvia)
Authors: NIKULA RAISA , STRELKOV PETR , VÄINÖLÄ RISTO 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe populations of the bivalve clamMacoma balthicain the low‐salinity Northern Baltic Sea represent an admixture of two strongly diverged genomic origins, the PacificMacoma balthica balthica(approx. 60% genomic contribution) and AtlanticMacoma balthica rubra(40%). Using allozyme and mtDNA characters, we describe the broad transition from this hybrid swarm to the pureM. b. rubrain the saline North Sea waters, spanning hundreds of kilometre distance. The zone is centred in the strong salinity gradient of the narrow Öresund strait and in the adjacent Western Baltic. Yet the multilocus clines show no simple and smoothly monotonic gradation: they involve local reversals and strong differences between neighbouring populations. The transitions in different characters are not strictly coincident, and the extent of introgression varies among loci. The Atlantic influence extends further into the Baltic in samples from the southern and eastern Baltic coasts than on the western coast, and further in deeper bottoms than at shallow (< 1 m) sites. This fits with the counterclockwise net circulation pattern and with a presumably weaker salinity barrier for invading Atlantic type larvae in saline deeper water, and corresponding facilitation of outwards drift of Baltic larvae in diluted surface waters. Genotypic disequilibria were strong particularly in the shallow‐water samples of the steepest transition zone. This suggests larval mixing from different sources and limited interbreeding in that area, which makes a stark contrast to the evidence of thorough amalgamation of the distinct genomic origins in the inner Baltic hybrid swarm of equilibrium structure.
High incidence of the maternally inherited bacterium Cardinium in spiders
Authors: DURON OLIVIER , HURST GREGORY D. D. , HORNETT EMILY A. , JOSLING JAMES A. , ENGELSTÄDTER JAN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInherited bacteria are now recognized as important players in arthropod evolution and ecology. Here, we test spiders, a group recently identified as possessing inherited bacteria commonly, for the presence of two reproductive parasites, Cardinium hertigii (Bacteroidetes group) and Wolbachia (α‐proteobacteria), estimating incidence, prevalence, any sex bias in infection, and infection diversity, for a panel of field‐collected specimens. We identify spiders as a hotspot for Cardinium. Present in 22% of the sampled species, incidence was significantly higher than that previously recorded in insects. Where present, Cardinium infection occurred at medium prevalence without evidence of sex bias in prevalence that would indicate sex‐ratio distortion activity. Wolbachia was present in 37% of species, but revealed a gradation from being rare to very common. In one case, Wolbachia was found significantly more commonly in females than males, indicating it may act as a sex‐ratio distorter in some species. Breeding work conducted on two species confirmed that Wolbachia and Cardinium were transmitted maternally, which represents the first proof of inheritance of these symbionts in spiders. Overall, this study demonstrates that the majority of spider species are infected with inherited bacteria, and their role in host biology clearly requires determination.
Water vapour isotopic exchange by epiphytic bromeliads in tropical dry forests reflects niche differentiation and climatic signals
Authors: REYES‐GARCÍA CASANDRA , MEJIA‐CHANG MONICA , JONES GLYN D. , GRIFFITHS HOWARD 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe 18O signals in leaf water (δ18Olw) and organic material were dominated by atmospheric water vapour 18O signals (δ18Ovap) in tank and atmospheric life forms of epiphytic bromeliads with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), from a seasonally dry forest in Mexico. Under field conditions, the mean δ18Olw for all species was constant during the course of the day and systematically increased from wet to dry seasons (from 0 to +6‰), when relative water content (RWC) diminished from 70 to 30%. In the greenhouse, progressive enrichment from base to leaf tip was observed at low night‐time humidity; under high humidity, the leaf tip equilibrated faster with δ18Ovap than the other leaf sections. Laboratory manipulations using an isotopically depleted water source showed that δ18Ovap was more rapidly incorporated than liquid water. Our data were consistent with a Craig–Gordon (C‐G) model as modified by Helliker and Griffiths predicting that the influx and exchange of δ18Ovap control δ18Olw in certain epiphytic life forms, despite progressive tissue water loss. We use δ18Olw signals to define water‐use strategies for the coexisting species which are consistent with habitat preference under natural conditions and life form. Bulk organic matter (δ18Oorg) is used to predict the δ18Ovap signal at the time of leaf expansion.
Hepatitis C testing and infection rates in bipolar patients with and without comorbid substance use disorders
Authors: Matthews Annette M , Huckans Marilyn S , Blackwell Aaron D , Hauser Peter 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To determine and compare hepatitis C (HCV) screening and testing rates among four groups: those with (i) bipolar disorder [BD group (history of BD but no substance use disorder)]; (ii) substance use disorders [SUD group (history of SUD but no BD)]; (iii) co‐occurring disorders [DD group (history of both BD and an SUD)]; and (iv) a control group (no history of either bipolar disorder or substance use disorder). Our hypothesis was that HCV antibody testing rates and HCV prevalence would be higher in the BD, SUD, and DD groups than the control group.Methods:  Data were retrospectively collected on 325,410 patients seen between 1998 and 2004 within facilities and clinics of the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 20 Northwest Veterans Health Care Administration from electronic medical records. HCV screening and prevalence rates were compared between the BD, SUD, DD, and control groups. Odds ratios and relative risks were determined and compared between groups.Results:  Patients in the BD, SUD, and DD groups had been tested at a higher rate than controls and were at increased risk for HCV infection compared with controls. These high‐risk groups had a 1.31‐fold, 4.86‐fold, and 5.46‐fold increase in the relative risk of HCV infection, respectively. Overall, compared to the control group, the relative risk of a patient having HCV if he or she had BD (with or without an SUD) was 3.6.Conclusions:  Patients with BD and comorbid SUD had an over fourfold increase in relative risk for HCV than our control group and a similar risk as patients in our SUD group. Furthermore, even if bipolar patients did not have a comorbid SUD (the BD group), their relative risk of HCV was significantly higher than that of the control group. This suggests that patients with BD, particularly those with a comorbid SUD, should be screened and tested for HCV.
Clinical predictors of unrecognized bipolar I and II disorders
Authors: Mantere Outi , Suominen Kirsi , Arvilommi Petri , Valtonen Hanna , Leppämäki Sami , Isometsä Erkki 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  Bipolar disorder (BD) is correctly diagnosed in only 40–50% of patients. No previous study has investigated the characteristics of bipolar patients in psychiatric care with or without clinical diagnoses of BD. We investigated the demographic and clinical predictors of the absence of a clinical diagnosis of BD I and II among psychiatric patients.Methods:  In the Jorvi Bipolar Study, 1,630 psychiatric in‐ and outpatients were screened with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Suspected cases were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders‐Patient version (SCID‐I/P) for BD. Patients with no preceding clinical diagnosis of BD, despite previous manic, hypomanic or mixed phases and treatment in psychiatric care, were classified as undiagnosed. The clinical characteristics of unrecognized BD I patients (23 of 90 BD I patients) and BD II patients (47 of 93 BD II patients) were compared to those of patients who had been correctly diagnosed.Results:  No previous hospitalizations [odds ratio (OR) = 10.6, p = 0.001] or psychotic symptoms (OR = 4.4, p = 0.045), and the presence of rapid cycling (OR = 11.6, p = 0.001) predicted lack of BD I diagnosis. No psychotic symptoms (OR = 3.3, p = 0.01), female gender (OR = 3.0, p = 0.03), and shorter time in treatment (OR = 1.1, p = 0.03) predicted the lack of a BD II diagnosis.Conclusions:  Correct diagnosis of BD I is related to the severe phases of illness leading to hospitalizations. In BD II, the illness factors may not be as important as time elapsed in treatment, a factor that often leads to a delay in diagnosis or none at all. Excessive reliance on typical and cross‐sectional presentations of illness likely explain the non‐recognition of BD. The challenge for correctly diagnosing bipolar patients is in outpatient settings.
Rapid Detection by Genomic Amplification of Loofah Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma in Leafhopper Vectors
Authors: Kuan C.‐P. , Kuan M.‐M. , Hsu M.‐C. , Li M.‐L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLoofah (Luffa cylindrical) is a common vegetable crop in Taiwan and other Asian countries. Reported here is a novel rapid approach for detecting loofah witches’ broom (LfWB) phytoplasma in single leafhoppers. Field samples of suspected diseased plants and potential vectors from southern Taiwan were processed to test for the presence of the LfWB phytoplasmas using both strain‐specific DNA hybridization (DH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The commonest pathogen causing loofah disease in southern Taiwan is LfWB phytoplasma. Leafhoopers collected at nine locations near LfWB‐infected plants were found to be positive for LfWB by PCR / DH at an incidence of 28.5–40.0%. Of the different leafhopper species tested, only Hishimonus concavus was positive for LfWB, suggesting that H. concavus is a natural vector of LfWB in Taiwan. Using our proposed primers in this PCR assay, a single LfWB‐infected leafhopper can be detected rapidly and directly.
A NEW POWERFUL TOOL FOR SURVEYING CLEAVAGE FRACTURE SURFACES
Authors: Semprimoschnig C. O. A. , Stampfl J. , Pippan R. , Kolednik O. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— A new tool is presented to investigate cleavage fracture surfaces. It is based on the combined techniques of crystal orientation measurements using the Electron Back‐Scatter Diffraction (EBSD)‐technique and 3‐dimensional surfaces reconstruction by an Automatic Surface Reconstruction System (ASRS).With this tool we can perform crystallographic fractometry of cleavage fracture facets of polycrystals within the limits of the resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), e.g. we can determine the crystallographic indices of cleavage planes and of directions on such planes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DELAMINATION GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID BONDED LAMINATES
Authors: Guo Y. J. , Wu X. R. , Zhang Z. L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The objective of this work is to study the delamination growth behaviour of hybrid composite‐aluminium bonded laminates. A modified Double Crack Lap Shear (DCLS) specimen was chosen for this study. An expression relating the delamination size and the compliance of a DCLS specimen was derived, and a test method for the delamination growth rate in DCLS specimens developed. The delamination sizes and the delamination growth rates of DCLS specimens were determined by monitoring the compliances of specimens during fatigue. Delamination growth rates at different stress ratios (R= 0.1, 0.3,0.5) were measured. A Walker‐type equation for the delamination growth rate was obtained by a multiple linear regression analysis.It was shown that the compliance method for determining the delamination growth rate of DCLS specimens is not only convenient and practical, but also accurate. The delamination size in DCLS specimens increases linearly with cycles during fatigue, i.e. delamination growth rate is constant, independent of delamination size. The energy release rate was adopted to characterize delamination growth behaviour. Good agreement between the Walker equation and test results of the delamination growth rate was found.
Molecular phylogeny of rootworms and related galerucine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Gillespie Joseph J. , Tallamy Douglas W. , Riley Edward G. , Cognato Anthony I. 
Published: February 2008

The Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) sensu stricto (true galerucines) comprise a large assemblage of diverse phytophagous beetles containing over 5000 described species. Together with their sister taxon, the flea beetles, which differ from true galerucines by having the hind femora usually modified for jumping, the Galerucinae sensu lato comprises over 13 000 described species and is the largest natural group within the Chrysomelidae. Unlike the flea beetles, for which robust hierarchical classification schemes have not been erected, an existing taxonomic structure exists for the true galerucines, based mostly on the works of the late John Wilcox. In the most recent taxonomic list of the Galerucinae sensu stricto, five tribes were established comprising 29 sections housing 488 genera. The majority of the diversity within these tribes is found within the tribe Luperini, in which two genera, Monolepta and Diabrotica, are known to contain over 500 described species. Here, we extend the work from previous phylogenetic studies of the Galerucinae by analysing four amplicons from three gene regions (18S and 28S rRNA; COI) representing 249 taxa, providing the largest phylogenetic analysis of this taxon to date. Using two seven‐state RNA models, we combine five maximum likelihood models (RNA + DNA for the rRNAs; three separate DNA models for the COI codon positions) for these partitions and analyse the data under likelihood using Bayesian inference. The results of these two analyses are compared with those from equally weighted parsimony. Instead of choosing the results from one optimality criterion over another, either based on statistical support, tree topology or philosophical predisposition, we elect to draw attention to the similar results produced by all three analyses, illustrating the robustness of the data to these different analytical methods. In general, the results from all three analyses are consistent with each other and previous molecular phylogenetic reconstructions for Galerucinae, except that increased taxon sampling for several groups, namely the tribes Hylaspini and Oidini, has improved the phylogenetic position of these taxa. As with previous analyses, under‐sampled taxa, such as the Old World Metacyclini and all sections of the subtribe Luperina, continue to be unstable, with the few taxa representing these groups fluctuating in their positions based on the implemented optimality criterion. Nonetheless, we report here the most comprehensive phylogenetic estimation for the Galerucinae to date.
The clinical spectrum of phaeochromocytoma: analysis of 115 patients
Authors: Safwat Ahmed S. , Bissada Nabil K. , Seyam Raouf M. , Al Sobhi Saif , Hanash Kamal A. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVETo analyse the presentation, manifestations and outcome in consecutive patients with phaeochromocytoma, as this disease has a wide range of pathological and clinical expressions.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe records of 115 patients with phaeochromocytoma were analysed retrospectively, recording the patients’ age, sex, presenting symptoms and clinical signs, chemical, radiological and pathological findings and associated conditions.RESULTSOf the 115 patients, 90 had adrenal tumours, 18 extra‐adrenal and seven combined adrenal and extra‐adrenal tumours. Ten patients had malignant and 105 had benign phaeochromocytoma. Eighty‐six patients had sporadic and 29 had familial phaeochromocytoma, comprising eight with von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) disease, 17 with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II) and four with von Recklinghausen disease. Two patients with sporadic phaeochromocytoma had Grave’s disease. Ten patients (8.7%) had malignant phaeochromocytoma, of whom two had MEN II. A pregnant woman required prolonged intensive‐care management before adrenalectomy and lost a fetus.CONCLUSIONPhaeochromocytoma is an interesting clinical entity with a wide spectrum of pathological and clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma is confirmed by chemical methods, and located using imaging techniques, with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and 131I‐meta‐iodobenzyl guanidine radioisotope scanning being the most common. This series reflects the pathological and clinical spectrum of phaeochromocytoma. The presence of other manifestations of familial phaeochromocytoma influenced the presentation and prognosis of these patients.
Sexual problems and help‐seeking behaviour in adults in the United Kingdom and continental Europe
Authors: Moreira Edson D. , Glasser Dale B. , Nicolosi Alfredo , Duarte Fernanda G. , Gingell Clive ,   for the GSSAB Investigators’ Group
Published: February 2008

Associate EditorMichael G. WyllieEditorial BoardIan Eardley, UKJean Fourcroy, USASidney Glina, BrazilJulia Heiman, USAChris McMahon, AustraliaBob Millar, UKAlvaro Morales, CanadaMichael Perelman, USAMarcel Waldinger, NetherlandsOBJECTIVESTo study sexual activity, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction, and related help‐seeking behaviour patterns among middle‐aged and older people in the UK and Europe.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA telephone survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, health, relationships, and sexual behaviour, attitudes and beliefs. In the UK, 1500 individuals completed the survey.RESULTSOverall, 69% of men and 56% of women reported having sexual intercourse during the past year. The most common male sexual problems, i.e. early ejaculation (20%) and erectile dysfunction (18%), were more common in the UK than in other European regions. The most common female sexual problems, i.e. a lack of sexual interest (34%) and a lack of pleasure in sex (25%), were also more common in the UK than in other European regions. Only 26% of men and 17% of women had discussed their sexual problem(s) with a doctor.CONCLUSIONMany people in the UK maintain sexual interest and activity into middle age and beyond. Although they experience sexual problems, few seek medical help. This might be because they do not perceive such problems as serious or sufficiently upsetting, and/or are not aware of available treatments.
The measure of a tribe: the cultural politics of constitutional reclassification in North India
Authors: Kapila Kriti 
Published: February 2008

This article is an ethnographic examination of the politics of recognition in postcolonial India and its bearing on anthropological debates on multiculturalism. It investigates how and why the Gaddi (a pastoral group in North India) were successful in forcing the Indian state to reclassify them as a ‘Scheduled Tribe’ in 2002, thereby granting them specific entitlements and rights with regard to aid, education, and jobs. Briefly exploring the history of their struggle, it examines how different sections of Gaddi society understand the status of ‘Scheduled Tribe’, with a view to examining the overlaps and disjuncture between anthropological, official, and popular understandings of the category ‘tribe’. The aim of the article is to uncover some of the challenges posed by ‘indigeneity’ to anthropological understandings of multiculturalism.RésuméLe présent article est un examen ethnographique de la politique de reconnaissance dans l’Inde postcoloniale et de ses répercussions sur le débat anthropologique à propos du multiculturalisme. L’auteur étudie comment et pourquoi les Gaddi (un groupe pastoral du Nord de l’Inde) ont réussi à obliger l’État indien à les reclassifier en 2002 comme tribu « répertoriée » (scheduled), bénéficiant ainsi de droits spécifiques en termes d’aides, d’éducation et d’emploi. Après une brève exploration de l’histoire de cette lutte, l’auteur examine la manière dont différents pans de la société gaddi comprennent le statut de « tribu répertoriée », et tente d’examiner les recoupements et les discordances entre les compréhensions anthropologique, officielle et populaire de la catégorie « tribu ». Le but de l’article est de dévoiler certaines des difficultés posées par l’autochtonie pour la compréhension anthropologique du multiculturalisme.
Generalized Linear Models Incorporating Population Level Information: An Empirical-Likelihood-Based Approach
Authors: Chaudhuri Sanjay , Handcock Mark S. , Rendall Michael S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn many situations information from a sample of individuals can be supplemented by population level information on the relationship between a dependent variable and explanatory variables. Inclusion of the population level information can reduce bias and increase the efficiency of the parameter estimates. Population level information can be incorporated via constraints on functions of the model parameters. In general the constraints are non-linear, making the task of maximum likelihood estimation more difficult. We develop an alternative approach exploiting the notion of an empirical likelihood. It is shown that, within the framework of generalized linear models, the population level information corresponds to linear constraints, which are comparatively easy to handle. We provide a two-step algorithm that produces parameter estimates by using only unconstrained estimation. We also provide computable expressions for the standard errors. We give an application to demographic hazard modelling by combining panel survey data with birth registration data to estimate annual birth probabilities by parity.
Empirical-Likelihood-Based Difference-in-Differences Estimators
Authors: Qin Jing , Zhang Biao 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRecently there has been a surge in econometric and epidemiologic works focusing on estimating average treatment effects under various sets of assumptions. Estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies often requires adjustment for differences in pretreatment variables. Rosenbaum and Rubin have proposed the propensity score method for estimating the average treatment effect by adjusting pretreatment variables. In this paper, the empirical likelihood method is used to estimate average treatment effects on the treated under the difference-in-differences framework. The advantage of this approach is that the common marginal covariate information can be incorporated naturally to enhance the estimation of average treatment effects. Compared with other approaches in the literature, the method proposed can provide more efficient estimation. A simulation study and a real economic data analysis are presented.