bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Analysis of Stochastic Properties in Regression: An Application in Supply Response Identification
Authors: Just Richard E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article demonstrates an empirical investigation of the applicability of the Nerlovian supply response model. Popular statistics, particularly those resulting from regression, may be inadequate and even misleading when a more general adaptive risk model is applicable. Because of the multidimensional nature of spectral tests, the frequency‐domain approach is more robust. The empirical results present a case where popular statistics are misleading, but spectral results support the adaptive risk model. Even spectral techniques may be inadequate for distinguishing between the two models, but at least equal support for both models can be clear with spectral methods.
Efficiency and Equity in Public Research: Rice Breeding in Japan's Economic Development
Authors: Akino Masakatsu , Hayami Yujiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResearch contributes to the public good and public support is required in order to attain a socially optimum level of investment in research. However, the extremely high rate of returns to rice research in Japan provides evidence that an underinvestment in agricultural research is typical. Financing rice research out of government tax revenue is rationalized in terms of its contribution to the national goal of economic development.
Economic Criteria for Freshwater Wetland Policy in Massachusetts
Authors: Gupta Tirath R. , Foster John H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe value of wildlife, visual‐cultural benefits, water supply, and flood control benefits of wetlands (varied by benefit productivity levels) are determined with help from appropriate scientists. Comparison of benefit value with opportunity cost of wetland preservation is demonstrated as the basis for decisions concerning permits for wetland alteration.
Estimating a Theoretical Contract Curve between Vertical Stages in the Illinois Grain Industry
Authors: Baldwin E. Dean , Hill Lowell D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe impact of technological change and the corresponding elevator pricing policy is analyzed for an aggregated corn industry. A set of theoretical and empirical profit and cost functions are estimated and are used to illustrate that the competing sectors are not presently on the presumed contract curve and are not maximizing joint industry profits. The analysis suggests alternative pricing policies and resulting market structure patterns which will simultaneously increase profits for all competing sectors and will minimize total industry costs. Differences in characteristics of the grain industry suggest that alternative sets of market structure patterns and pricing policies may develop.
Weight Loss of Fed Steers during Marketing
Authors: Raikes Ronald , Tilley Daniel S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFeeding and marketing practices are related to weight loss of fed steers during marketing. Liveweight and carcass weight losses are higher if feed and water are withheld from steers before slaughter. Packers have incentive to require this practice because the liveweight‐cost reduction exceeds the value of the lost weight.
Efficiency Aspects of Profit‐Sharing Systems versus Wage Systems
Authors: Markusen James R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome theoretical and practical bases for choosing between wage and profit‐sharing reward structures are considered. The analysis suggests that simple wage systems have theoretical advantages over simple profit‐sharing systems with regard to the optimal provision of labor effort. The opposite conclusion occurs with regard to the optimal use of capital. Furthermore, simple profit‐sharing systems are better able to deal with certain practical problems that arise in large‐scale agricultural production. Finally, a complex type of profit sharing exists which has the same theoretical advantages as the wage system plus practical advantages as well.
Market Intervention Policies When Production Is Risky
Authors: Hazell P. B. R. , Scandizzo P. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe supplies of many agricultural commodities involve important production risks. In analyzing market intervention policies, these risks should enter the analysis as stochastic elements in the slope of the supply function and not just in the intercept term. This specification leads to the result that optimally distorted prices are more efficient for social welfare than competitive market equilibrium prices. Important gains in social welfare may be obtained with risky products through the appropriate use of production quotas and price stabilization schemes designed to optimally distort the market.
Effects of Changes in the Level of U.S. Beef Imports
Authors: Freebairn J. W. , Rausser Gordon C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRegulatory policies pertaining to beef imports are analyzed on the basis of an econometric model of the livestock sector. The model encompasses the consumption, production, trade, and retail and farm prices of fed beef, other beef, pork, poultry, and inventory levels of livestock used in the production of these products. In terms of consumer welfare, increased beef imports reduce the retail price of all meats with the larger reductions occurring for lower quality of manufacturing beef products, while in the case of producer welfare such increases reduce slaughter steer, cull cow, and feeder calf prices with a heavier burden being placed on cattle breeders relative to cattle feeders.
Economic Aspects of a Nuclear Desalination Agro‐Industrial Project in the United Arab Republic
Authors: Chapman Duane 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to investigate the financial feasibility and social benefits and costs of nuclear desalination agro‐industrial projects. As presently designed, such a complex appears to require deficit financing, provide litttle employment, retard national income growth compared to other investment opportunities, and increase the foreign exchange deficit.
A Model for Managing Reservoir Water Releases
Authors: Biere Arlo W. , Lee Ivan M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo surface reservoirs in California's Salinas Basin are used to increase recharge of valley aquifers. Under the assumptions of zero price elasticity of demand for groundwater, unregulated groundwater withdrawals, and the objective of economic efficiency, the management criterion is to maximize the present value of expected aquifer recharge where the value of a unit of recharge is the associated reduction in pumping costs. A cyclical Markov dynamic programming management model is developed; optimal strategies are obtained. Results indicate the optimal strategy is relatively stable within the realistic range of alternative groundwater demand growth rates. The marginal value function for reservoir capacity is obtained by parametric analysis.
Trend Models of Feeder, Slaughter, and Wholesale Beef Cattle Prices
Authors: Franzmann John R. , Walker Rodney L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHarmonic regressions were fitted to monthly data to provide a low cost alternative means of predicting prices at three market levels in the beef industry and to provide information on time interrelationships among these market levels. The results have limited prediction potential and support preconceived ideas concerning time interrelationships.
A Sequential Model of the Farm Firm Growth Process
Authors: Chien Ying I. , Bradford Garnett L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMultiperiod linear programming and computer simulation techniques are integrated into a single recursive‐sequential model of the farm firm growth process. The model is tied to dynamic theories of the firm's planning behavior first developed by Hicks and more recently by Modigliani and Cohen. A central Kentucky beef farm empirically illustrates predictive features of the model. Three alternative beef production management strategies are compared to demonstrate the model's potential for explaining and predicting alternative farm firm growth processes.
The Value of Frost Forecasting: A Bayesian Appraisal
Authors: Baquet A. E. , Halter A. N. , Conklin Frank S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economic value of frost forecasts is estimated under various assumptions concerning prior information, accuracy of forecasts, and the shape of the orchard operator's utility functions. The frost protection decision process is simulated in the context of Bayesian decision making under uncertainty. The averaged seasonal values estimated per day per acre were $@@‐@@5.39 for frost forecasts provided by the U.S. Weather Service, $@@‐@@8.57 for perfect frost forecasts, $@@‐@@4.73 for profit maximizers, and $@@‐@@191.39 for completely ignorant decision makers. The methodology used has general application to determination of economic value of information under conditions of uncertainty.
National Farm Capital Accounts
Authors: Simunek Richard W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFarm capital flows and finance accounts are quantified to the extent possible using national economic accounting procedures applied to existing farm sector data. Outmoded concepts and data gaps preventing accurate monitoring of economic performance are identified. Current accounting definitions cause substantial capital formation to be recorded as asset valuations. Measures of book value capital consumption allowances, net real estate transfers, and saving in the capital finance account reveal that internal capital financing is important for its magnitude and certainty. The national farm capital accounts improve income and production analysis.
Factor Substitution in Colombian Agriculture
Authors: Thirsk Wayne 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA declining labor share in agriculture is consistent with an elasticity of substitution between labor and other factors greater than unity. Using cross‐section data drawn from a small sample of Colombian crop farms, this study develops a three‐factor model and estimates the Allen‐Uzawa partial substitution elasticities between the factor‐pairs land, labor, and farm machinery. Both Ordinary and Generalized Least Squares estimation procedures provide elasticity estimates that agree with each other and with the results of recent and related research: a substitution elasticity between labor and machinery (capital) of about one and a half is strongly indicated.
Canadian Supply Functions for Livestock and Meat
Authors: Tryfos Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model is developed by which the interdependence between livestock supply and inventories is clarified. Data for 1951 to 1971 were used to obtain 3SLS estimates of Canadian supply and stock formation functions for cattle, calves, sheep and lambs, and pigs. Sensitivity of meat production to price and feed cost changes was examined.
An Equilibrium Analysis of U.S. Sugar Poticy
Authors: Gemmill Gordon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractU.S. sugar policy is examined in an international context by means of a spatial equilibrium model of the world sugar economy in which various trade barriers are imposed. The Sugar Act, which expired in 1974, is found to have had only a minor influence on U.S. price and a small net cost to the nation. International free trade would cause greater adjustment in the European Economic Community than in the United States. Discrimination in trade against Cuba continues to impose large costs on that country. A cartel of cane‐sugar exporters would be very unlikely to succeed.
Attitudes Toward Risk Among Peasants: An Econometric Approach
Authors: Moscardi Edgardo , de Janvry Alain 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAttitudes toward risk among peasants in Puebla, Mexico, are derived from survey data in a model of safety‐first behavior. The measurements of behavior toward risk obtained are then explained by a set of socioeconomic and structural variables that characterize peasant households. Knowledge of the determinants of attitudes toward risk is, in tum, useful for the purpose of tailoring technological recommendations to particular categories of peasants.
The Influence of Domestic Pricing Policies and Buffer Stocks on Price Stability in the World Wheat Industry
Authors: Zwart A. C. , Meilke K. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDomestic pricing policies are a major cause of instability in international commodity markets. The modification of such policies could be a viable alternative to buffer stocks in providing stability. A theoretical model of price intervention is developed to show how common forms of intervention destabilize the world market price. A stochastic econometric model is used to show, first, that most countries in the world wheat market have policies which destabilize the wheat market, and, second, that the modification of such policies would prove as effective as a buffer stock policy in stabilizing the wheat market.
Modeling International Grain Trade with Government Controlled Markets
Authors: Abbott Philip C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGovernment interventions have a pervasive impact on international grain trade, yet models of that trade treat the role of government as an exogenous influence. A model endogenizing government is presented as an alternative to spatial equilibrium trade models. That model is also used to interpret parameters in a net import demand model and to argue that the effect of international prices and production on trade often will be smaller than what is derived from domestic supply and demand equations. Econometric evidence supporting that contention is presented for trade in wheat and feed grains by thirty‐three countries.
Controlling Nonpoint Sediment Sources with Cropland Management: A National Economic Assessment
Authors: Wade James C. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUtilization of cropland resources is one of the primary determinants of stream sediment water quality. The management of cropland is one way to improve sediment water quality. Models of the economics and physics of sediment provide insights into the agricultural production system and potential requirements for improved water quality. The application of such a model provides an assessment of the fundamental changes that might be required to accomplish reduced sediment loads through cropland management. The hypothetical water quality policies analyzed give insights into several possible sediment water quality policies.
A Quantitative Investigation of a Political Economy—The Israeli Dairy Program
Authors: Zusman Pinhas , Amiad Amotz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe formation of economic policy reflects the underlying economic and political structure. A game theoretic approach is employed in formulating the political structure, which is then combined with the economic structure to yield a model of a political economy. The parameters of the model are estimable from observed behavior. A model of the Israeli dairy program is constructed and estimated. The power relations and the structure of the conflict among interest groups are investigated.
An Evaluation of the Common Agricultural Policy as a Barrier Facing Agricultural Exports to the European Economic Community
Authors: Sampson Gary P. , Yeats Alexander J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe influence of the European Economic Community's Common Agriculture Policy on world agricultural prices and exports of producing nations is analyzed. CAP reduces demand for agricultural imports, imparting more inelasticity into the world demand for them. Increased inelasticity amplifies price fluctuations born by non‐EEC producers. Results stress the need for incorporating the subject of agricultural protection into the agenda of the current multilateral trade negotiations. Since CAP can amplify fluctuations in world agricultural prices, the system has a direct detrimental effect on non‐EEC producers. CAP's potential for trade restriction, under levies and other protectionist measures, is significant.
Machinery Selection Modeling: Incorporation of Weather Variability
Authors: Danok Abdulla B. , McCarl Bruce A. , White T. Kelley 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn alternative analytical approach to the important and complex machinery selection problem is proposed. A mathematical programming model is developed which embodies (a) the integer nature of machinery decisions, (b) the stochastic nature of weather, (c) the joint selection of machinery and crop plans, and (d) selection among machinery sets rather than among individual machines. Optimal machinery and crop plans are determined for selected weather probability levels. The robustness of machinery sets over a range of weather conditions is evaluated by subjecting the distributions of outcomes for alternative machinery sets to stochastic dominance criteria. Bias of good‐field‐day distributions is also discussed.
A Model of Crop Selection in Semi‐subsistence Agriculture and an Application to Mixed Agriculture in Fiji
Authors: De Boer A. John , Chandra Satish 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe vast majority of the world's farmers operate as semi‐subsistence producers. Models of fully subsistence agriculture are modified to allow a two‐goods analysis of cash crop and staple crop production. A further extension allows comparisons between two groups of farmers possessing different production functions for their respective staple crops. Production possibility curves are constructed for each group of farmers and an empirical test formulated. Empirical results confirmed the hypothesized behavioral relationships which would give rise to the observed differences in resource allocation and resource productivity between Indian and Fijian farmers operating within a similar agricultural environment.
Nontariff Barriers: Major Problem in Agricultural Trade
Authors: Hillman Jimmye s. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNontariff barriers have become one of the key issues in agricultural trade policy and trade negotiations. Laws and regulations of a country, in addition to being directly protective, often give administrators wide leeway for interpretation which results in restrictive trade flows. The domestic agriculture of most developed countries is protected by one or more of the following: quantitative restrictions, licensing requirements, variable levies, export subsidies, minimum import prices, import calendars, state trading, mixing regulations, health and sanitary regulations, and standards and labelling. Ultimately, nontariff barriers must be negotiated like tariffs and other protective devices.
Timber Management Decision Making under Imperfect Capital Markets
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Fortson James C. , Bethune James E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCapital market imperfections seldom have been considered in the choice of financial criteria for making timber management decisions. A forest planning model for evenaged timber management is developed to evaluate criterion selection under imperfect markets. Some investment rules are shown to be equivalent to maximizing the firm's liquidation value for certain capital market conditions. Although imperfect capital markets severely limit wealth accumulation, small deviations from the optimal harvesting schedules do not severely affect the firm's value. Much concern about criterion selection would evaporate if the firm's investing and financing functions were integrated into a single process.
Systems of Land Tenure, Allocative Efficiency, and Economic Development
Authors: Ip P. C. , Stahl C. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses comparative efficiency of resource allocation under alternative forms of land tenure—sharecropping, fixed rental, wage cultivation, and owner cultivation. It shows that when transaction costs, the role of entrepreneurship, and economic incentives are explicitly introduced and analyzed within the framework of intersectoral interactions and linkages, land reform measures redistributing land to the peasants, substituting owner‐cultivators for share tenants, tend to improve agricultural production efficiency, resource allocation between farm and other sectors, and contribute to economic development of less developed countries, contrary to conclusions reached by writers of the “equal efficiency” school.
Empirical Investigation of Beef Gain Roughage‐Concentrate Substitution
Authors: Epplin Francis , Bhide Shashanka , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe shape of the beef gain roughage‐concentrate isoquant is examined. Data from two beef‐feeding experiments designed to investigate response from alternative combinations of roughage and concentrate are utilized. Isoquants derived from estimated production functions are compared with directly estimated isoquants. The estimates indicate that the isoquant is not strictly convex to the origin. The nonconvex region is more pronounced in estimates obtained from data of steers fed diethylstilbestrol.
The Soviet‐American Grain Agreement and the National Interest
Authors: Brada Josef C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the 1970s the Soviet Union became a major importer of grain, giving rise to fears that it could extract an undue share of the gains from East‐West trade through the monopsonistic power of its state‐trading organs and by keeping its buying intentions secret. Offer curves depicting Soviet trade are constructed using two alternative characterizations of Soviet trade decision making. We show that the grain agreement between the two countries negates most of the bargaining advantage attributed to the Soviet trade monopoly and may open the Soviet Union to exploitation by the United States.
Farm Mechanization in a Semiclosed Input‐Output Model: The Philippines
Authors: Ahammed Chowdhury S. , Herdt Robert W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmployment and income distribution consequences of farm mechanization are estimated using a semiclosed input‐output model incorporating factor intensity, consumption, and import substitution effects. Rice production and agricultural machinery vectors from the national input‐output table are disaggregated into technology specific subsectors; consumption is disaggregated into five household classes differing in consumption, savings, and imports. Simulations of a one percent change in consumer spending for rice met from one subsector compared to another indicate that indirect effects partially offset employment reduction from machinery and reinforce the employment increase from irrigation intensification. Furthermore, irrigation is found to offset the inequitable effects of mechanization.
Effects of an Export Embargo on Related Goods: Logs and Lumber
Authors: Wiseman A. Clark , Sedjo Roger A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper extends and applies the Marshallian derived demand model in the context of international trade. The model is utilized to derive estimates of the market equilibrium, net welfare, and welfare incidence effects of a hypothetical embargo of softwood log exports from the Pacific Coast region of the United States. The approach is potentially applicable to the analysis of various restrictions on primary products exports which may be instituted to maintain the viability of domestic processing industries.
Why Do Farmers Fail? Farm Bankruptcies 1910–78
Authors: Shepard Lawrence E. , Collins Robert A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEconometric analysis of aggregate time‐series farm‐sector data suggests that prior to World War II the farm bankruptcy rate appears to be associated with financial risk variables, while postwar data show a strong association with business risk variables. There does not appear to be any evidence that agricultural support payments since World War II have induced, deferred, or reduced farm failures.