bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual Field Campaigns on Deep Tropical Convection in Climate Models
Authors: Mapes Brian , Bacmeister Julio , Khairoutdinov Marat , Hannay Cecile , Zhao Ming 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
High-resolution time–height data over warm tropical oceans are examined, from three global atmosphere models [GFDL’s Atmosphere Model 2 (AM2), NCAR’s Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3), and a NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) model], field campaign observations, and observation-driven cloud model outputs. The character of rain events is shown in data samples and summarized in lagged regressions versus surface rain rate. The CAM3 humidity and cloud exhibit little vertical coherence among three distinct layers, and its rain events have a short characteristic time, reflecting the convection scheme’s penetrative nature and its closure’s concentrated sensitivity to a thin boundary layer source level. In contrast, AM2 rain variations have much longer time scales as convection scheme plumes whose entrainment gives them tops below 500 hPa interact with humidity variations in that layer. Plumes detraining at model levels above 500 hPa are restricted by cloud work function thresholds, and upper-tropospheric humidity and cloud layers fed by these are detached from the lower levels and are somewhat sporadic. With these discrete entrainment rates and instability thresholds, AM2 also produces some synthetic-looking noise (sharp features in height and time) on top of its slow rain variations. A distinctive feature of the NASA model is a separate anvil scheme, distinct from the main large-scale cloud scheme, fed by relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS) plume ensemble convection (a different implementation than in AM2). Its variability is rich and vertically coherent, and involves a very strong vertical dipole component to its tropospheric heating variations, of both signs (limited-depth convective heating and top-heavy heating in strong deep events with significant nonconvective rain). Grid-scale saturation events occur in all three models, often without nonconvective surface rain, causing relatively rare episodes of large negative top-of-atmosphere cloud forcing. Overall, cloud forcing regressions show a mild net positive forcing by rain-correlated clouds in CAM3 and mild net cooling in the other models, as the residual of large canceling shortwave and longwave contributions.
Intraseasonal Land–Atmosphere Coupling in the West African Monsoon
Authors: Taylor Christopher M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Via its impact on surface fluxes, subseasonal variability in soil moisture has the potential to feed back on regional atmospheric circulations, and thereby rainfall. An understanding of this feedback mechanism in the climate system has been hindered by the lack of observations at an appropriate scale. In this study, passive microwave data at 10.65 GHz from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite are used to identify soil moisture variability during the West African monsoon. A simple model of surface sensible heat flux is developed from these data and is used, alongside atmospheric analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), to provide a new interpretation of monsoon variability on time scales of the order of 15 days. During active monsoon periods, the data indicate extensive areas of wet soil in the Sahel. The impact of the resulting weak surface heat fluxes is consistent in space and time with low-level variations in atmospheric heating and vorticity, as depicted in the ECMWF analyses. The surface-induced vorticity structure is similar to previously documented intraseasonal variations in the monsoon flow, notably a westward-propagating vortex at low levels. In those earlier studies, the variability in low-level flow was considered to be the critical factor in producing intraseasonal fluctuations in rainfall. The current analysis shows that this vortex can be regarded as an effect of the rainfall (via surface hydrology) as well as a cause.
North Atlantic Hurricanes Contributed by African Easterly Waves North and South of the African Easterly Jet
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang , Wang Shih-Yu , Clark Adam J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A majority of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic develop from African easterly waves (AEWs), which originate along both the southern and northern flanks of the midtropospheric African easterly jet (AEWS and AEWn, respectively). The purpose of this note is to identify the contribution of AEWSs and AEWns to North Atlantic tropical cyclones that develop from AEWs. Applying a manual backtracking approach to identify the genesis locations of AEWS, it was found that the population ratio of tropical cyclones formed from AEWSs to those formed from AEWns is 1:1.2. Because the population ratio of AEWSs to AEWns is 1:2.5, the conversion rate of the former AEWS to tropical cyclones is twice as effective as the latter waves. In addition, it was found that AEWns travel farther and take longer to transform into tropical cyclones than AEWSs, which is likely because the AEWns are drier and shallower than AEWSs. An analysis of various terms in the moisture and vorticity budgets reveals that the monsoon trough over West Africa provides moisture and enhances low-level vorticity for both AEWns and AEWSs as they move off the West African coast. The monsoon trough appears to be of particular importance in supplying AEWns with enough moisture so that they have similar properties to AEWSs after they have traveled a considerable westward distance across the tropical Atlantic.
Current-Induced Modulation of the Ocean Wave Spectrum and the Role of Nonlinear Energy Transfer
Authors: Tamura Hitoshi , Waseda Takuji , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Komatsu Kosei 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Numerical simulations were performed to investigate current-induced modulation of the spectral and statistical properties of ocean waves advected by idealized and realistic current fields. In particular, the role of nonlinear energy transfer among waves in wave–current interactions is examined. In this type of numerical simulation, it is critical to treat the nonlinear transfer function (Snl) properly, because a rigorous Snl algorithm incurs a huge computational cost. However, the applicability of the widely used discrete interaction approximation (DIA) method is strictly limited for complex wave fields. Therefore, the simplified RIAM (SRIAM) method is implemented in an operational third-generation wave model. The method approximates an infinite resonant quadruplet with 20 optimized resonance configurations. The performance of the model is assessed by applying it to fetch-limited wave growth and wave propagation against a shear current. Numerical simulations using the idealized current field revealed that the Snl retained spectral form by redistributing the refracted wave energy; this suggests that energy concentration due to ray focusing is dispersed via the self-stabilization effect of nonlinear transfer. A hindcast simulation using wind and current reanalysis data indicated that the difference in the average monthly wave height was substantial and that instantaneous wave–current interactions were highly sensitive to small current structures. Spectral shape was also modulated, and the spatial distributions of the directional bandwidth with or without current data were completely different. Moreover, the self-stabilization effect of the Snl was also confirmed in a realistic situation. These results indicate that a realistic representation of the current field is crucial for high-resolution wave forecasting.
CAPE and Convective Events in the Southwest during the North American Monsoon
Authors: Adams David K. , Souza Enio P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe relationship between atmospheric stability, measured as CAPE, and deep precipitating convection has been widely studied but is not definitive. In the maritime tropics, CAPE and precipitation are usually inversely correlated. In continental convection (i.e., midlatitude and tropical), no consistent relationship has been found. In this study of the semiarid Southwest, a moderate positive correlation exists, approaching 0.6. Correlations based on radiosonde data are found to be sensitive to the parcel level of origin. The strongest correlations are found by modifying the preconvective morning sounding with the maximum reported surface temperature, assuming well-mixed adiabatic layers to the level of free convection with pseudoadiabatic ascent. These results show that the upper bounds on parcel instability correlate best with precipitation. Furthermore, the CAPE–precipitation relationship is argued to depend on the convective regime being considered. The North American monsoon convective regime requires essentially only moisture advection interacting with the strong surface sensible heating over complex topography. Elimination of strong convective inhibition through intense surface sensible heating in the presence of sufficient water vapor leads to the positive CAPE–precipitation relationship on diurnal time scales. These results are discussed in light of contradictory results from other continental and maritime regions, which demonstrate negative correlations.
Understanding Satellite-Observed Mountain-Wave Signatures Using High-Resolution Numerical Model Data
Authors: Feltz W. F. , Bedka K. M. , Otkin J. A. , Greenwald T. , Ackerman S. A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Prior work has shown that pilot reports of severe turbulence over Colorado often occur when complex interference or crossing wave patterns are present in satellite water vapor imagery downstream of the Rocky Mountains. To improve the understanding of these patterns, a high-resolution (1-km) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation was performed for an intense mountain-wave event that occurred on 6 March 2004. Synthetic satellite imagery was subsequently generated by passing the model-simulated data through a forward radiative transfer model. Comparison with concurrent Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) water vapor imagery demonstrates that the synthetic satellite data realistically captured many of the observed mesoscale features, including a mountain-wave train extending far downstream of the Colorado Front Range, the deformation of this wave train by an approaching cold front, and the substantially warmer brightness temperatures in the lee of the major mountain ranges composing the Colorado Rockies. Inspection of the model data revealed that the mountain waves redistributed the water vapor within the lower and middle troposphere, with the maximum column-integrated water vapor content occurring one-quarter wavelength downstream of the maximum ascent within each mountain wave. Due to this phase shift, the strongest vertical motions occur halfway between the locally warm and cool brightness temperature couplets in the water vapor imagery. Interference patterns seen in the water vapor imagery appear to be associated with mesoscale variability in the ambient wind field at or near mountaintop due to flow interaction with the complex topography. It is also demonstrated that the synergistic use of multiple water vapor channels provides a more thorough depiction of the vertical extent of the mountain waves since the weighting function for each channel peaks at a different height in the atmosphere.
CNS Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Gerstner Elizabeth R , Abrey Lauren E , Schiff David , Ferreri Andrés J. M , Lister Andrew , Montoto Silvia , Tsang Richard , Thiel Eckhard , Graus Francesc , Behringer Dirk , Illerhaus Gerald , Weaver Susan , Wen Patrick , Voloschin Alfredo , Harris Nancy Lee , Batchelor Tracy T 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is rare. As a result, there is limited guidance for clinicians on how to manage these patients. Detailed information was collected on 16 patients, the largest number to date, with meningeal or parenchymal CNS-HL confirmed by histopathology (15) or CSF (1). Eight patients presented with CNS-HL at diagnosis, 2 of whom had isolated CNS disease, while 8 patients developed CNS-HL at relapse. Patients received a range of treatments including surgery or radiation alone, radiation with chemotherapy, or chemotherapy alone. Median overall survival for all 16 patients was 60.9 months from first diagnosis of HL (systemic or CNS) and 43.8 months from diagnosis of CNS-HL. Although a majority of patients have died, long-term survival is possible in patients who achieve a complete response to treatment, particularly those who present with CNS involvement or involvement of the CNS is the sole site of relapsed disease.
Imaging of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway: insights into oxygen sensing
Authors: Berchner-Pfannschmidt U. , Frede S. , Wotzlaw C. , Fandrey J. 
Published: June 2008

The transcription factor complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 controls the expression of most genes involved in adaptation to hypoxic conditions. HIF-1 is a heterodimer composed of oxygen-labile HIF-α and constitutively expressed HIF-β subunits. The oxygen-dependent regulation of HIF-α is a multistep process that includes degradation under normoxia but stabilisation, translocation into the nucleus and activation under hypoxic conditions.The present paper summarises the contributions of optical methods to the understanding of oxygen-dependent regulation of the HIF-1 pathway. The tissue- and cell-specific distribution of HIF-α was visualised immunohistochemically and by immunofluorescence. Transcriptional activity of HIF-1 was monitored using green fluorescent protein as a reporter under control of hypoxia response elements in living cells, spheroids and tumour tissues in living mice. With cyan and yellow variants of green fluorescent protein fused to HIF subunits and regulatory proteins, subcellular distribution, migration and interaction were imagedin vivoby means of fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Noninvasive imaging of these cellular and molecular processes by laser scanning microscopy complementsex vivomolecular biology assays and provides an additional spatial and temporal dimension to the understanding of the HIF-1 pathway.
Possible role of imatinib in clinical pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: Fig. 1—
Authors: Overbeek M. J. , van Nieuw Amerongen G. P. , Boonstra A. , Smit E. F. , Vonk-Noordegraaf A. 
Published: June 2008

The platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitor imatinib has demonstrated clinical and haemodynamical improvement in both animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and patients with PH. It has been suggested that anti-proliferative effects on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells are responsible for these beneficial effects.The current study describes a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with a suspected pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.Treatment with imatinib resulted in rapid clinical improvement and decrease of ground-glass opacities and lobular septal thickening on high-resolution computed tomography.Based on these findings and onin vitroeffects of imatinib on permeability of the endothelium, the authors hypothesise that the rapid clinical outcome is partly due to effects of imatinib on vascular integrity.
The aftermath of the Merck's HIV vaccine trial
Authors: Iaccino Enrico , Schiavone Marco , Fiume Giuseppe , Quinto Ileana , Scala Giuseppe 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The recently released results of the Merck's Phase IIb "test-of concept" vaccine trials have shown no protection from HIV-1 infection in the vaccinated group compared with a control group vaccinated with placebo. The study was designed to test the Merck's MRKAd5 trivalent candidate vaccine. The vaccine formulation was expected to stimulate a HIV-specific T cell immune response and to either prevent infection, or to reduce the levels of the viral load in vaccinated subjects. Upon the first evaluation of the interim data, the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) underscored no protection from HIV-1 infection in the vaccine-inoculated volunteers compared with the control group; accordingly, the vaccine trial was stopped. This disappointing outcome warrants a critical analysis of the current vaccine studies and calls for a renewed effort toward a rational design of novel immunogens to be tested in large primate trials.
Signaling through ephrin-A ligand leads to activation of Src-family kinases, Akt phosphorylation, and inhibition of antigen receptor-induced apoptosis
Authors: Holen Halvor L , Shadidi Mohsen , Narvhus Kristina , Kjøsnes Oddveig , Tierens Anne , Aasheim Hans-Christian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins play important roles in diverse biological processes such as migration, adhesion, and angiogenesis. Forward and reverse signaling has been reported in receptor- and ligand-bearing cells. The ligands can be divided into the transmembrane ephrin-B family and the GPI-anchored ephrin-A family. Here, we show expression of ephrin-A ligands on CD4+ T cells cultured in medium with human serum and the T cell line Jurkat TAg and on cells isolated from patients with T cell lymphomas and T cell leukemias. Functional role and identification of proteins involved in ephrin-A signaling were investigated here in the T cell line Jurkat TAg. Signaling through ephrin-A induces phosphorylation of several proteins, including the Src kinases Lck and Fyn. In addition, PI-3K is activated, shown by induced phosphorylation of the Akt kinase. An ephrin-A signaling complex could be isolated, containing several phosphorylated proteins including Lck and Fyn. Interestingly, we show that signaling through ephrin-A in Jurkat TAg cells, initiated by interaction with the EphA2 receptor, leads to inhibition of activation-induced cell death. To conclude, ephrin-A signaling in Jurkat TAg cells leads to induced phosphorylation of several proteins including Lck, Fyn, and Akt. A consequence of ephrin-A signaling is inhibition of antigen receptor-induced apoptosis.
Mental state decoding v. mental state reasoning as a mediator between cognitive and social function in psychosis
Authors: McGlade Nicola , Behan Caragh , Hayden Judy , O'Donoghue Therese , Peel Rosie , Haq Farhan , Gill Michael , Corvin Aiden , O'Callaghan Eadbhard , Donohoe Gary 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTheory of mind deficits in schizophrenia have been parsed into mental state reasoning and mental state decoding components. We report that mental state decoding as measured by the ‘Eyes task’ better predicted social function than mental state reasoning as measured by the ‘Hinting task’ in 73 out-patients with chronic schizophrenia. Mental state decoding task performance also partly mediated the influence of basic neuropsychological performance on social function. We discuss these findings in terms of the accumulating evidence that mental state decoding has particular relevance for understanding deficits in social function in schizophrenia
Wake-up call for British psychiatry
Authors: Craddock Nick , Antebi Danny , Attenburrow Mary-Jane , Bailey Anthony , Carson Alan , Cowen Phil , Craddock Bridget , Eagles John , Ebmeier Klaus , Farmer Anne , Fazel Seena , Ferrier Nicol , Geddes John , Goodwin Guy , Harrison Paul , Hawton Keith , Hunter Stephen , Jacoby Robin , Jones Ian , Keedwell Paul , Kerr Mike , Mackin Paul , McGuffin Peter , MacIntyre Donald J. , McConville Pauline , Mountain Deborah , O'Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. , Oyebode Femi , Phillips Mary , Price Jonathan , Shah Prem , Smith Danny J. , Walters James , Woodruff Peter , Young Allan , Zammit Stan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe recent drive within the UK National Health Service to improve psychosocial care for people with mental illness is both understandable and welcome: evidence-based psychological and social interventions are extremely important in managing psychiatric illness. Nevertheless, the accompanying downgrading of medical aspects of care has resulted in services that often are better suited to offering non-specific psychosocial support, rather than thorough, broad-based diagnostic assessment leading to specific treatments to optimise well-being and functioning. In part, these changes have been politically driven, but they could not have occurred without the collusion, or at least the acquiescence, of psychiatrists. This creeping devaluation of medicine disadvantages patients and is very damaging to both the standing and the understanding of psychiatry in the minds of the public, fellow professionals and the medical students who will be responsible for the specialty's future. On the 200th birthday of psychiatry, it is fitting to reconsider the specialty's core values and renew efforts to use psychiatric skills for the maximum benefit of patients
Drug Interventions Programme: clinical profile of service users v. attendees of standard services
Authors: Kouimtsidis Christos , Edwards Jo , Wallis Christine , Drabble Karen 
Published: June 2008

Aims and MethodWe conducted a retrospective survey of all cases referred to the Drug Interventions Programme in Hertfordshire for the first 9 months in order to compare them with those referred to one of the community drug and alcohol teams.ResultsThe Drugs Interventions Programme had significantly more White British clients and clients who had dropped out from previous treatment. Compared with community team clients, the Programme had a higher percentage of clients with an opioid problem (92%), of whom a high percentage also misused other substances (78%) and injected drugs (30%, half of whom shared needles).Clinical ImplicationsMore chaotic clients who had failed previous treatment have entered treatment with the Drug Interventions Programme.
Routine measurement of mental health service outcomes: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales in Nova Scotia
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Campbell Leslie Anne , Robertson Heather , Crossman Doug , Martin Karen , Campbell John 
Published: June 2008

Aims and MethodAlthough the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) were designed for routine clinical use, completion rates in clinical settings rarely exceed 60%. We evaluated two initiatives to increase completion rates: timely feedback to clinicians, useful at individual, team and service levels, and improved supporting materials (tabulated glossaries for all versions covering the life-span).ResultsClinicians in South Shore Health district provided ratings on all outpatient referrals over 12 months as part of routine care. Data were captured using the Nova Scotia routine administrative data system. Completion rates rose from 61% to 86% (n=1190). Clinicians' ratings of the instrument's ease of use were significantly improved.Clinical ImplicationsUse of a tabulated glossary and enhanced feedback of clinically useful information improved clinician support for the routine measurement of health outcomes with HoNOS.
Safety at work: national survey of psychiatrists in basic training in Ireland
Authors: Rush Gavin , Reidy Julianne , Wright Brenda , Campbell Fiona , Ryan Maria , Molyneux Guy , Ambikapathy Anita , Leonard Peter 
Published: June 2008

Aims and MethodsTo investigate the experiences of Irish psychiatric trainees in relation to safety at work and the related training issues. A questionnaire was posted to 243 psychiatric trainees throughout Ireland.ResultsWe obtained 113 responses (46.5%). Results indicated that tutors appear to consider safety at work as an important component of training. The availability of breakaway or similar training is much bigger than previously reported in Ireland. The standard of induction courses appears to be high. However, problems in working environments were revealed: 16% of trainees had been physically assaulted and 72% have felt threatened in the workplace.Clinical ImplicationsDespite improvements in training in Ireland, workplaces remain largely unsafe, putting staff and patients at risk.