bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposed Method for Application of Pressuremeter Test Results to Designing of Offshore Foundations
Authors: Bécue J-P , Brucy F , Le Tirant P 
Published: December 2008

Generalized procedures for soil classification and routine analysis of offshore pile and shallow foundations, directly using self-boring pressuremeter (SBP) test results, are yielded with detailed charts, thus enabling straight application to dimensioning.
The proposed geotechnical classification is based on: — the soil identification coefficient β — and the net pressure p*20 Recommended practice for determination of unit skin friction and end bearing capacity of pipe piles account for phenomena such as critical depth effect and possible pile plugging.
Procedures for generation of lateral load-deflection curves are based on definite analogy between the pressuremeter test and a laterally-loaded pile.
Similarly, the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations may be estimated straightly using SBP test results with empirical coefficients depending on the embedment depth and corrective factors accounting for load eccentricity and inclination and for foundation base shape.
For heterogeneous or multilayered soil profiles procedures are given to derive equivalent parameter values.
The Relative Phytotoxicity of Selected Hydrocarbon and Oxygenated Solvents and Oils
Authors: Krenek MR , King DN 
Published: December 2008

Phytotoxicity is a significant factor in the selection of solvents or oils for a pesticide formulation. This project was undertaken to develop relative data on the phytotoxicity of 20 solvents and oils for four major agricultural crops: corn, soybeans, wheat, and cotton. The solvents and oils were applied neat at a 32.7-L/ha (3.5-gal/acre) rate in a spray booth to approximately two-week-old postemergent plants grown in a greenhouse.
All the solvents and oils were rated by crop for relative phytotoxicity and assigned a relative rating. None of the plants died. No solvent or oil was found to be significantly more phytotoxic than the “industry standard” xylene range aromatic solvent, and the paraffinic and narrow-cut aliphatic solvents were observed to be nonphytotoxic at the 32.7-L/ha rate. Phytotoxicity was shown to be related to polarity, solvency, and the aromatics content of hydrocarbons. Surface tension was seen to be a contributing factor. Volatility did not show up as a major phytotoxicity determinant. The two grasses were seen to be more resistant to solvent-induced phytotoxicity than the two broadleafs.
Nonionic Surfactants as Associative Thickeners in Aqueous Flowable Pesticide Formulations
Authors: Mente DC 
Published: December 2008

A class of nonionic surfactants has been observed to function as associative thickeners, dispersants, and wetting agents in aqueous flowable pesticide formulations at use levels of 1 to 3%. This phenomenon provides an alternative to conventional thickeners such as gums and minerals. These surfactant/thickeners require a finely ground substrate, such as a pesticide active ingredient for rheology modification. Combinations of these surfactants with other nonionic and anionic surfactants permit the formulator to control the rheology or suspensibility, or both, in a wide range of water hardnesses.
This phenomenon has been demonstrated with several pesticide active ingredients including atrazine, linuron, chloroneb, and carbaryl. The viscosity, viscous yield, suspensibility foaming behavior, and product stability of several prototype atrazine formulations are described.
Pesticide Concentrated Emulsion Formulations
Authors: Chasin DG 
Published: December 2008

Pesticides that are (1) hydrolytically stable, (2) water insoluble, and (3) liquid or have melting points too low for milling into conventional aqueous flowables may be formulated as concentrated oil-in-water emulsions (CEs). High-poundage CEs resemble conventional flowables from a formulation perspective as well as physically. The principal advantages include (1) the lower cost of inerts of these less-solvent-dependent formulations, (2) excellent tank-mix and liquid fertilizer compatibility, (3) ease of incorporation of adjuvants, (4) utility in multiple pesticide blend flowables, and (5) lower phytotoxicity.
Surfactant usage in CEs is an economical 4 to 8%. Surfactant selection follows the established procedure for emulsifiable concentrates (that is, optimum hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, anionic/nonionic balance, different chemical types), although dispersants, suspending agents, and preservatives are usually also required in these aqueous systems. Manufacture involves high shear agitation but not necessarily homogenization. Testing is almost identical to that employed in aqueous flowable formulation development and quality control.
Spray Triode Electrostatic Agricultural Atomizer: Development Update
Authors: Simmons HC , Kelly AJ 
Published: December 2008

A new method for the electrostatic atomization of oil-based agricultural products was introduced in ASTM's Fifth Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems. This atomization method involves the direct injection of charge (electrons) into the flowing spray fluid within the spray head and immediately prior to the exit port. The highly charged fluid, on exiting, forms a self-dispersive charged droplet plume. Preliminary test data obtained using a prototype charge injection device, the Spray Triode atomizer, have shown that this method offers promise for the effective, precise, and predictable dispersal of oil-based agricultural fluids.
As a result of additional test characteristics, coupled with an available analytic, predictive model of Spray Triode atomizer operation, a number of design improvements have been instituted. Operational characteristics, including droplet size distribution data, are presented for various hydrocarbon oils. The data indicate that Spray Triode devices have a range of inherent capabilities that meet some agricultural product application needs. The assistance of formulators and applicators in defining these needs is solicited.
Photometric Considerations in the Design and Use of Infrared Microscope Accessories
Authors: Messerschmidt RG 
Published: December 2008

The field of infrared microspectrometry has become, over the past three years, an important analytical technique, used in conjunction with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR). The theoretical limitations of the technique have not before been published. Proper application of the theory can have a significant impact on the attainment of optimal performance from infrared microscope systems. The major limiting issue for the successful application of this technique is the diffraction theorem. This theorem as manifested in the infrared region is explained in detail in this paper, insofar as it is relevant to infrared microsampling.
Several other issues pertinent to the design and use of infrared microspectrometers are also discussed. Specifically, the choice of on-axis mirrors as opposed to lenses or off-axis mirrors in the critical areas of the instrument is explained. Also, specimen-based optical effects are identified and discussed.
Finally, two schemes to deal with the adverse effects of diffraction are presented—ultramicroscopy and redundant aperturing. These have the effect of improving the spatial resolution of the instrument. A spectrum obtained from a 5-µm spot of a polystryrene film is included to demonstrate this improvement.
Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectrophotometry as a Failure Analysis Tool
Authors: Shearer JC , Peters DC 
Published: December 2008

Recent enhancements to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microsampling accessories allow sampling sizes to become vanishingly small. Using a high throughput FT-IR spectrophotometer equipped with an infrared microspectrometer accessory, we can now routinely measure specimens smaller than 10 µm in size.
With such a device, specimen presentations to the infrared (IR) beam is greatly simplified over microbeam/fixed aperture accessories. Little or no specimen preparation is required. The chemist simply places his small specimen on a small potassium bromide (KBr) window, which acts as a substrate. He then locates the region of interest in the specimen, apertures down, and analyzes the exact region in the IR as was viewed in the visible.
This paper presents recent applications of the fXA-515 FT-IR microscope accessory to industrial problems. This accessory, attached to an fX-6260 FT-IR system, was used to analyze contaminate on floppy and hard disk media. Other applications to be discussed include the analysis of defects in epoxy matrices and polarization studies of fibers.
Applications of Microscopic Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry Sampling Techniques for the Analysis of Polymer Systems
Authors: Mirabella FM 
Published: December 2008

The packaging industry is in the midst of a revolution in which plastics are replacing other materials. The form of such plastic packaging is often complex multilayer films. Analytical techniques are described for the characterization of such multilayer structures. These techniques include internal reflection spectroscopy and microsampling/Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR). The composition of polymeric films is shown to be amenable to characterization by these techniques.
A technique to simultaneously measure thermal property response and infrared spectra on specimens of microscopic dimensions has been demonstrated. The apparatus consists of a microscopic differential scanning calorimetric cell and infrared microsampling accessory mounted in a FT-IR. The technique was demonstrated through the study of the melting of polypropylene. The technique is expected to have a wide range of applications in many areas of science, including chemistry, physics, and biology.
Skier Injury Trends
Authors: Johnson RJ , Ettlinger CF , Shealy JE 
Published: December 2008

Between 1972 and 1987, the authors evaluated prospectively all 5701 injuries reported to the injury clinic operating in the base lodge of a moderate sized ski area in northern Vermont. During that time approximately 1 690 000 skier visits occurred at the ski area. The total injury population was divided into 28 groups and subgroups and examined by regression analysis for long-term trends.
Among upper body injuries, only lacerations showed a positive improvement. Among lower extremity injuries, virtually all injuries below the knee improved dramatically, some groups by more than 80%. Knee injuries, although improved as a group, showed a marked 2.7-fold increase in serious (third-degree) sprains, usually involving the anterior cruciate ligament.
A Five-Year Survey of Skiing Injuries in Hemsedal, Norway
Authors: Lystad H 
Published: December 2008

During the 1982–1986 ski seasons 883 injured skiers from Hemsedal Skicenter were recorded and compared to a control group of 379 uninjured skiers.
The injury rate was 0.90/1000 skier days.
The knee was the most common injury site (23%) followed by the head (17%) and the shoulder (10%). Only about 9% suffered a lower leg fracture, but 40% of these skiers were children under 15 years of age.
Every third injury was binding/boot related, and those skiers who had performed a self binding release test were less at risk than those who had not performed this test. The number of skiers who had performed the self-test declined during the recording time.
Eighteen percent of the injuries were due to collision with other skiers or with fixed objects, but the collision injury rate declined dramatically during the last two seasons of this study.
Beginners had a higher injury risk than more experienced skiers, especially in the binding-related injury group.
In conclusion, self-test of bindings and skiing experience protect against skiing injuries.
Influences on the Foot Pressure Pattern in Ski Boots
Authors: Schaff PS , Schattner R , Kulot M , Hauser W 
Published: December 2008

The determination of pressure patterns underneath the footsole inside ski boots may reveal reasons for foot pain and injury risk. In our study a newly developed 72-point measuring mat was used in 5 different ski boots. Data were collected on 10 subjects in different forward flexion positions. In addition, a determination of the pressure distribution over the instep was done by means of single measuring points.
The results prove that a proper adaptation along the dorsum of the foot does lower the forefoot load during flexion. A tightly closed and well-adapted boot will lead to a significant reduction of the total load on the footsole. High shaft models show similar pressure patterns even at earlier forward flexion angles. A pressure-related discrimination between rear entry and traditional boots that was found along the tibia was not the case underneath the footsole. The force transmission is mainly performed along the shaft of the boot. The effect of orthotics designed mainly to support steerability of the ski is therefore doubtful. The results may help to improve our knowledge of the interaction between boot and skier and lead, together with future field research, to a reduction of equipment-related injuries.
Problems Encountered in Flex Measurements on Alpine Ski Boots
Authors: Bonjour F , Delouche G 
Published: December 2008

The alpine boot shaft stiffness is an often discussed parameter. Nevertheless, academics and people from the industry still lack an indisputable method of measurement.
This research investigates some parameters that could influence the measuring of boot shaft stiffness.
The preliminary conclusion is that the boot/foot system, as a whole, should be considered the same way as the boot/binding system is considered for the release of the leg during a fall, and, therefore, the stiffness of the boot cannot be described without considering the foot.
The Effect of Ankle Motion on Ski Binding Release Tests Using an Anthropometric Dummy
Authors: Bahniuk E , Schneider R , Tompkin E 
Published: December 2008

A series of tests were conducted on an anthropometric dummy used for simulating skier impacts. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the amount of ankle plantar-dorsiflexion motion on the moments experienced by the dummy skier at impact.
Two types of binding systems were used for these tests. One type was a classical ski boot-binding system. The second type of system used a unique, very soft boot that incorporates a binding mechanism. Boot bindings were set to release at approximately the same values. The dummy skier impacted a barrier to simulate a mogul impact. In other tests, the dummy skier impacted a pole simulating a slalom pole. One hundred tests were conducted at impact velocities of 19 km/h (12 miles per hour). The maximum moments acting on the dummy skiers tibia (distal third) were recorded.
It was concluded that a change in allowable ankle motion: 1. had more effect on the classical ski boot binding system than on the soft boot system and 2. had more effect on barrier tests (mogul tests) than on the pole tests.
Axial Rotation of the Lower Limb Under Torsional Loading: I. Static and Dynamic Measurements in Vivo
Authors: Hull ML , Johnson C 
Published: December 2008

The relations between the torsional loading applied at the foot and the axial rotations of the three leg joints (that is, ankle/boot, knee, hip) have been determined experimentally for three male test subjects of comparable height, age, and weight (1.83 m, 25 years, 90 kg). Experiments examined these relations under both quasi-static and dynamic loadings. The quasistatic loading was applied manually while the dynamic loading was provided by means of a computer-controlled pneumatic system, which applied single haversine axial moment pulses of variable amplitude (0 to 100 Nm) and duration (60 to 600 ms). Potentiometers measured the absolute rotations of the three leg segments.
Quasi-static loading experiments explored the effects of weight bearing, flexion, and muscle resistance on stiffness, particularly of the knee joint. Experiments were conducted up to the torque limit that subjects felt they could withstand. The results indicate nonlinear stiffness for all three joints with the direction of rotation having a marked effect on overall stiffness especially for the ankle/boot and knee. Both weight bearing and muscle resistance lead to increased overall knee stiffness with muscle resistance having a more pronounced effect. Stiffness increases are accompanied both by a decrease in laxity and by an increase in the torque limit. Although the torque limit changes by as much as a factor of two depending on the test conditions, both the ankle and knee maximum rotations at the torque limit are relatively constant.
Dynamic loading experiments recorded the transient rotational response under long (∼ 600-ms), medium (∼ 250-ms), and short (∼ 60-ms) duration pulses. The leg responds quasi-statically to the long duration pulse, transitionally to the medium duration pulse, and impulsively to the short duration pulse. These results emphasize the potential importance of system dynamics as a mechanism of lower limb injury.
Organization of Skiing Safety in Norway
Authors: Ekeland A , Larsen SR , Tuxen AG , Nygaard P 
Published: December 2008

Many of the papers about skiing injuries in Norway have been epidemiological with identification of groups of skiers at risk. Other papers have studied adjustment and testing of release bindings and evaluated specific brands and types of bindings. The disclosed injury data called for preventive measures, and an Alpine Skiing Safety Council was established in 1984 with representatives from the main skiing-related organizations and the state authorities.
The council has worked to promote and coordinate the work for skiing safety in each organization, and plans of action have been made for five target areas (skiing equipment, skiing injuries, skiing ability and behavior, ski slopes, and rescue service). Parts of these plans have already been implemented.
An improved economy has generated more common initiatives from the council, and a second national conference on skiing safety was arranged in Oslo in November 1987.
Biomedical Tests during a High Mountain Ski Touring Competition (Raid Blanc)
Authors: Zucco P , Bonvecchio A , Casati A , Minelli R 
Published: December 2008

The School of Sport Medicine of the University of Pavia, Italy, provided medical assistance and trauma care during a winter ski touring competition named “Raid Blanc.” This 5-day endurance competition, in the French, Italian, and Swiss Monte Bianco region, included 14 timed trials, with a total vertical drop of about 18 000 m, and a final ski speed contest.
Seven athletes were subjected to biomedical tests to study muscular fatigue (muscular enzymes and lactic acid changes) and hydration problems during a long-term competition at low temperatures.
The medical team evaluated the athletes' condition before the competition, immediately after two of the special laps, and after the speed contest.
Useful information evolved from every observation. The hematocrit level and variations of muscular enzymes have a significant increase when comparing the basic conditions to those following the special lap or the flying kilometre (average: lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]: 199.17, 405.14, 315.25; creatine phosphokinase [CPK]: 172.57, 382.00, 205.50). There is also an increase of the same enzyme in the cardiac fraction (average: LDH1: 106.83, 194.00, 153.00). These data are in contrast with the lactic acid levels, which remained normal. The lack of correlation between the two indexes of muscular fatigue led to the hypothesis that the amount of effort (in trained athletes) does not involve the lactigenetic mechanism.
Soil Characteristics as Criteria for Cathodic Protection of a Nuclear Fuel Production Facility
Authors: Corbett RA , Jenkins CF 
Published: December 2008

The fact that buried metallic structures corrode is well documented. It has been postulated that the extent and rate of attack is controlled predominantly by the characteristics of the surrounding soil. Therefore, prior to constructing a new facility designed to process accumulated nuclear waste, consideration was given to protecting its underground pipelines against corrosion. Leak frequency curves from other nearby plant sites, extensive soil resistivity surveys, and geochemical analysis were used to evaluate the on-site soil characteristics for corrosion susceptibility.
Analysis of the data collected over a three-year period indicated that although the soil is not overly aggressive, substantial heterogeneity existed so as to establish galvanic cells along pipe lengths passing through the soil. To limit the extent of corrosion on underground piping, the application of an impressed current cathodic protection system was recommended to supplement a high-integrity, corrosion-resistant coating and wrap system.
Using the Multidepth Deflectometer to Verify Modulus Backcalculation Procedures
Authors: Scullion T , Briggs RC , Lytton RL 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the use of a multidepth deflectometer (MDD) for determining the resilient modulus of pavement layers. The MDDs are installed in specially drilled holes, and up to six modules may be placed in a single hole. This device measures the relative deflection of each layer with respect to an anchor point located approximately 2.1 m (7 ft)4 below the pavement surface. In this paper are results obtained from two instrumented pavement sections at the Texas Transportation Institute's Research Annex. By obtaining MDD deflections under falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loadings, two independent procedures are available for estimating layer moduli.
A procedure for automatically calculating layer moduli from MDD measurements is described, and the results obtained are compared with those obtained from three backcalculation schemes using FWD surface deflection data. When a semi-infinite depth subgrade was specified, all three procedures predicted subgrade moduli approximately 50% higher than those estimated from MDD measurements. When a finite depth was specified, a rock layer at 6 m (20 ft), all three procedures calculated subgrade moduli values very similar to the MDD values. The ELSDEF program with finite subgrade also produced comparable values for the moduli of base and subbase layers.