bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐Ray diffraction study of sodium soaps of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Jandacek R. J. , Broering W. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractX‐Ray powder diffraction patterns of the sodium soaps of 14 monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were obtained at room temperature. The patterns of the soaps of 9,12‐trans,trans‐octadecadienoic acid, 11,14‐cis,cis‐eicosadienoic acid 11,14,17‐allcis‐eicosatrienoic acid and 5 monounsaturated fatty acids were typical of the crystalline lamellar phase. The patterns of the soaps of 9,12‐cis,cis‐octadecadienoic, allcis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic, allcis‐8,11,14‐eicostrienoic, allcis‐5,8,11,14‐eicosatetraenoic, allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic and allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acids were indicative of the less ordered forms reported for sodium oleate at elevated temperature. The diffraction data from the less ordered soaps are consistent with the melted form of the hydrocarbon chains of the unsaturated acids at room temperature.
Apparent lack of effect of obesity on the soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity in human adipose tissue
Authors: Björkhem Ingemar , Al‐Shurbaji Ayman , Backman Lars , Arner Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn view of previous reports that the activity of the Mg++‐dependent phosphatidic acid phosphatase in adipose tissues of rat and mouse is elevated in obesity, we attempted to assay this activity in biopsies of human omental adipose tissue obtained from normal‐weight and morbidly obese subjects in connection with operations.The major portion of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity was found in the cytosol, and the small amount found in the microsomal fraction was too low for accurate measurement. It was not possible to assay the activity in the crude cytosol. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, however, the enzyme activity was linear with both the incubation time and the concentration of enzyme. It was not possible to obtain substrate saturation of the enzyme under the conditions employed.When assayed in the presence of a high concentration of substrate (0.6 mmol/l) the activity obtained in normalweight pateints, 7.8±2.4 nmol/mg protein/min (n=10), was not significantly different from that in morbidly obese patients, 5.6±0.8 nmol/mg protein/min (n=10). There was no relation between the size of adipose cells and phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity. Furthermore, there was no apparent relation between phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity in omental adipose tissue and that in the liverThe findings suggest that the increased biosynthesis of triglycerides in human obesity is not associated with an increased capacity of the soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase in adipose tissue.
Some radiochemical experiments on minor constitutents in soybean oil
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Evans C. D. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA14C‐labeled high molecular weight hydrocarbon and an insecticidal compound were added as minor constituents in soybean oil samples. Liquid scintillation counting was used to assay the radioactivity of the oil preceding and after laboratory simulations of commercial processing procedures (bleaching and deodorization). Radiochemical techniques were found to be highly sensitive and quantitative and detection was unaffected by chemical modification or decomposition of the parent compound. Labeled (14C) benzo(a)pyrene was retained primarily by the oil during extraction, filtering, solvent stripping, deodorization and treatment with AOCS bleaching earths. Treatment of the oil with activated charcoal effected removal of this hydrocarbon. Bleaching was ineffective in removing added14C‐endrin from the oil but a deodorization using specific conditions of temperature (250 C), time (2 hr), and pressure (4.5 mm) removed this constituent.
Lipids of maturing grain of corn (Zea mays L.): I. Changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe total lipids of the grain from three strains of corn were compared throughout the growing season. The Illinois High Oil stock and the two inbreds, H51 and K6, represented high, intermediate and low oil‐producing lines. In all three strains lipid synthesis was most active between 15 and 45 days after pollination. The lipids were extracted from the grain with a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water and were separated into classes by silicic acid and thin layer chromatography. Triglycerides constituted 10–17% of the total lipids at 10 days after pollination and increased to 75–92% at 75 days. Polar lipids at 10 days represented 70–72% and at 75 days 4–21%. Fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides and polar lipids changed as the grain matured, but the fatty acids of the polar lipids were more saturated than those of the triglycerides throughout the sampling periods. The major polar lipids were digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Removal of copper from hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Moulton K. J. , Moser H. A. , Black L. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydrogenation with a copper‐chromite catalyst at 170 C, 30 psi, increased the copper content of a refined, bleached soybean oil from 0.02 to as much as 3.8 ppm. Removing residual copper from soybean oil is essential to the successful use of copper catalysts for selective hydrogenation. Various methods were examined to remove this copper, including alkali refining, bleaching, acid washing, citric acid treatment and cation‐exchange resin treatment. Properly conducted, each of the methods except alkali refining gives 95% or higher removal of copper introduced during hydrogenation. Ion exchange appears to be the most economical, but addition of about 0.01% citric acid during deodorization may be needed to inactivate traces of unremoved copper. Soybean oil hydrogenated with a copper‐chromite catalyst, bleached or treated with an ion‐exchange resin and deodorized with 0.01% citric acid added had low AOM peroxide values and acceptable flavor scores after eight days at 60 C which indicate that removal of residual copper from the oil should be adequate for the production of stable oils low in linolenic acid content.
Edible oil quality as measured by thermal release of pentane
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Hoffmann R. L. , Moser Helen A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs part of their thermal decomposition products, fatty hydroperoxides produce normal hydrocarbons. The extent of hydrocarbon formation can be measured and associated with the quality and potential stability of an oil. Edible oils containing linoleic acid develop 13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid as one product of autoxidation. On thermal decomposition this hydroperoxide yields pentane; the amount released has been correlated with the flavor scores of fresh and aged soybean and cottonseed oils and with the peroxide values of these oils. The quantity of pentane released has an inverse linear relationship to flavor score and a direct linear relationship to peroxide values. Edible oils exposed to light exhibit a different relationship between flavor score and thermally derived pentane than do the same oils when autoxidized in the dark.
Cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and growth regulators
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M. , El‐Farra Abd El‐Hamid A. , El‐Latif Sania Abd 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out at our research center during the 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg/ha.), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P2O5/ha.) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA) applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing) on protein and oil yields, and oil properties. A randomized complete block design with four replications treatment combinations was used.The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that yields of cottonseed, oil and protein increased by raising nitrogen and phosphorus levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added nitrogen and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of phosphorus levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, although the protein percentage increased, when the nitrogen application rate was raised. Application of growth regulators and a high phosphorus level increased the seed oil percentage, but the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e., acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing the nitrogen application rate and the application of growth substances, but the trend reversed when the phosphorus level was raised. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite responses.
Metal‐catalyzed oxidation in the presence of water in foods
Authors: Labuza T. P. , Silver M. , Cohn M. , Heidelbaugh N. D. , Karel M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl linoleate was oxidized in model systems consisting of either cellulose or casein with which the lipid was dispersed with water containing cobalt salts. The dispersion was extruded into Warburg flasks, frozen and freeze‐dried at 100 µ Hg and with platen temperatures of 80 F. The samples were then humidified over saturated salt solutions to give moisture contents from less than 1 g H2O/100 g solids up to 30 g H2O/100 g solids. The higher moisture contents were obtained by addition of glycerol to the model system during preparation and humidification at 60–75% RH. Chelating agents including EDTA and citric acid in concentrations of 1 to 10 moles per mole of cobalt ion were used in some experiments. Oxidation was followed manometrically and by peroxide analysis. At low water contents, water acts as an antioxidant through hydration of metallic catalysts. As the moisture content increases, water promotes oxidation through its solvent activity. In the region of capillary condensation, antioxidant effect of metal hydration is overshadowed by the prooxidant effect of metal solubilization. The water soluble chelating agents such as EDTA act on metals in aqueous solution and their activity is promoted by increased moisture content.
Calcium requirement for lipoxygenase catalyzed linoleate oxidation
Authors: Koch R. B. , Brumfiel Bradford L. , Brumfiel Mary N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn further studies of the calcium (Ca2+) activation of lipoxygenase, it was observed that Ca2+ was the most specific cation for this enzyme activation. However, Mn2+ and Mg2+ were also activators, while Fe3+ and Cu2+ were competitive inhibitors. The pH activity curves for lipoxygenase showed different pH optima in the presence and absence of Ca2+. The difference can be explained by the presence of two enzymes or a single enzyme requiring two ionizable groups for activity. Buffer type and concentration were found to affect the enzyme activity at constant Ca2+ concentration. Order of addition of enzyme and Ca2+ to reaction mixture was investigated to better understand Ca2+ activation. Tween 20 was found to strongly inhibit the Ca2+ activated lipoxygenase at pH 7.5, while stimulating non‐Ca2+‐activated lipoxygenase at pH 6.4. These results seem to vie for the possibility of two different enzymes. A cold insoluble material was recovered from navy bean extracts which, when added to the reaction mixture, caused stimulation of lipoxygenase activity when low concentrations of imidazole were used as the buffer. These studies give additional evidence to show that despite previous reports to the contrary, a lipoxygenase does exist which requires the presence of a divalent cation for its activity.
Catalysts of lipid peroxidation in meats
Authors: Kwoh Theresa Liu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHemoprotein and non‐heme iron components are active catalysts of lipid peroxidation. The behavior of these two catalysts under a number of conditions was compared as a basis for a study of their activities in meats. In model systems, MetMb accelerated linoleic acid peroxidation in a pH range from 5.6 to 7.8; it catalyzed especially rapidly at higher pH. A complex of ferrous ion [Fe(II)] and EDTA, a non‐heme iron model, in a 1:1 ratio accelerated peroxidation at lower pH; no catalysis took place above pH 6.4. Most chelating agents eliminated Fe(II)‐EDTA catalysis, but had no effect on MetMb catalysis. Reducing agents, on the other hand, accelerated Fe(II)‐EDTA catalysis but inhibited MetMb catalysis. In model systems in which fresh dilute (1.2%, w/v) meat homogenate was the catalyst, the effect of the heme predominated. An exception was ascorbic acid; it accelerated oxidation at pH 5.6. The pattern of linoleate peroxidation catalyzed by heme‐free (H2O2‐treated) beef homogenate and shrimp homogenate was similar to that in the Fe(II)‐EDTA model system. Again, ascorbic acid accelerated the catalysis and the acceleration could be eliminated by adding chelating agents. The presence of a non‐heme iron catalyst in meat is thus indicated. Evidence is presented for both types of catalytic activity in meats. In cooked meats, heme was the dominant catalyst, but significant lipid oxidation, apparently catalyzed by a non‐heme iron‐type catalyst, occurred in cooked meats in which the heme had been destroyed by H2O2. In raw meats, lipid oxidation was inhibited at high pH because of removal of oxygen by enzymatic reducing systems. Both heme and non‐heme iron were active at lower pH values. EDTA inhibited lipid oxidation during storage, presumably by its demonstrated effect on non‐heme iron catalysis. Ascorbic acid also inhibited lipid oxidation, probably indirectly by keeping the heme pigment in the catalytic inactive ferrous state.
Degossypolized cottonseed flour—the liquid cyclone process
Authors: Vix H. L. E. , Eaves P. H. , Gardner H. K. , Lambou M. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPredictions can be made safely that glanded cottonseed is likely to be with us for quite some time. Worldwide, 20 to 22 million metric tons of glanded cottonseed are produced annually. Hence a workable process for the removal of pigment glands is needed urgently if food‐grade products are to be made from cottonseed. A brief history of the development of the Liquid Cyclone Process for the preparation of degossypolized cottonseed flour is outlined. Gossypol is removed in pigment glands via liquid cyclones, thus giving the development its name. The process consists of several unique operations including adequate drying of the meats prior to flaking, fluidizing of the flakes using commercial hexane, comminuting the fluidized slurry in a stone mill and adjusting the solids content of the milled slurry for proper separation of the fine flour from the glands, hulls and coarse meal in the cyclones. Finally, the flour is defatted and washed with hexane on a rotary vacuum filter, dried and desolventized under mild conditions to maintain protein quality. It is visualized that the above operations can be incorporated in a satellite plant operated in conjunction with a parent solvent extraction cottonseed oil mill. Sanitary conditions of the satellite plant will meet the exacting standards of the better food processing plants. Raw material specifications as well as type of plant needed and potential markets are discussed.
Metal inactivation in edible oils by carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid
Authors: Evans C. D. , Schwab A. W. , Cooney Patricia M. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryCarboxymethylmercapto succinic acid was one of the most effective metal inactivators examined for use in glyceride oils. The effectiveness is based on oxidative A.O.M. peroxide tests and on the organoleptic evaluation of various types of oils and shortenings. Indexes as high as 80‐fold have been observed in preventing peroxide development. Extensive taste panel evaluations have shown significant improvements in the initial flavor and flavor stability of oils and shortenings treated with this mercapto acid. Indications are that the material has an extremely low order of toxicity. Acute tests have shown that the toxicity of the sodium salt is less than that of sodium citrate.The thermal instability to withstand deodorization temperatures and the possibility of the development of a mercaptan odor and taste in oils subjected to a high temperature is a serious disadvantage. Under some conditions the low order of fat solubility and the poisoning of hydrogenation catalyst would be detrimental in some oil‐processing operations.Carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid and its derivatives may find use in salad oils, special hydrogenated oils for candy, icing, etc., vitamin preparations, drugs, and similar products where excellent trace metal‐inactivating properties are required and where exposure to high temperatures is not encountered.
Comparative detergency of several built polyethenoxy alkanoates
Authors: Ballun A. T. , Schumacher J. N. , Kapella G. E. , Karabinos J. V. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryPolyethenoxy alkanoates of varying ethenoxy chain length were prepared, and comparative detergency values were obtained on these substances. It was noted that approximately two‐thirds of one ethenoxy group for each carbon atom in the hydrophobic portion of the molecule was essential for optimum detergency values. The nonionic esters prepared from lauric and myristic acids possessed substantially greater detergency than pelgargonic and stearic acids. 12‐Hydroxystearic acid was likewise condensed with ethylene oxide, and curiously enough no ethenoxy groups were found attached to the secondary hydroxyl group. A partial explanation for this behavior based on the addition of ethylene oxide to the hydroxyl group of greatest acidity is presented.
Problems and outlook in evolving food regulation
Authors: Burditt George M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOil chemists and other food technologists are confronted by a rapidly changing food regulatory environment. New concepts of standards, procedures, tolerances, etc., are being reviewed amid the emergence of significant recent and foreseeable legislation. Designed foods such as margarine are significantly affected. Major changes involve a new federal food regulatory organization different from the traditional FDA, problems of interrelationship of FDA and USDA controls and procedures, a mixed situation in state regulatory work where federallaw, funding and leadership is strengthening in some sectors, but where other phases of enforcement may become more state oriented. A definite new problem of uniformity and government intervention has emerged. Leadership personnel also is changing. Net, the responsibility of oils and food technologists is increasing. It is necessary to reexamine their relationships and goals in the regulatory field interest of continued development of food products and public acceptance of existing standards of preparation and handling.
Studies on the physical properties of the system: Barium caproate‐water and propanol‐1
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Varma R. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration of barium caproate has been determined by studying the density and viscosity of the soap solutions in water‐propanol‐1 mixtures of varying composition. Studies on solubility, density, viscosity and molecular conductivity confirm that the change in the nature of the micelles occurs between 50% and 60% propanol‐1 concentrations.
N‐phenylaminomethylation: A one‐step route to N‐substituted anilines from unsaturated fatty derivatives and olefins
Authors: Grimm Robert A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnsaturated fatty materials, such as ethyl oleate and oleonitrile, are found to react with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and aniline at 150 C to give N‐monoalkylanilines. The alkyl group is derived from the unsaturated fatty material plus the group H‐CH2added across the double bond. Similarly 1‐decene, in a rapid reaction, gives N,N‐di‐n‐undecylaniline and N‐undecylaniline as major and minor products respectively. 1,2,3‐Tris‐(triphenylphosphine)trichlorohodium is an excellent catalyst for this reaction.
A new color test for detecting pongam(Pongamia glabra) seed oil
Authors: Thirumala Rao S. D. , Ramachar D. , Murthy G. Krishna 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid color test for the detection of 3% or more of pongam (Pongamia glabra) seed oil in other fats, based on the intense yellow to bright orange color which the oil gives on coming in contact with antimony trichloride, has been described.
Electrophoretic mobility studies of colloidal particles in aqueous solutions of various phosphates
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya 
Published: January 2007

AbstractElectrophoretic mobilities of carbon black, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide and bentonite particles have been systematically measured in solutions of a series of sodium polyphosphates and metaphosphates. The mobilities of those particles carrying negative charge in phosphate solutions are relatively high as compared with those in solutions of various electrolytes other than phosphates. This would be indicative of strong adsorption of phosphate ions onto the surface of the particle. In polyphosphate (Nan+2PnO3n+1) solutions the mobility increases with increasing n in the region of n≤3 and then becomes constant at n>3, while in metaphosphate (NanPnO3n) solutions the mobility is nearly constant independent of n except the case with n of 3. The electrophoretic behavior of the particles is highly dependent on the pH of the solutions—the higher the pH of the solution, the greater the mobility of the particle. However, the mobilities in phosphate solutions are in general much higher than those expected from the pH of the solutions. The electrophoretic data in solutions of acid and neutral phosphates have also been included.
Temperature effects during the storage of cottonseed
Authors: Harris W. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA recently published formula (1) enables persons storing cottonseed to predict the amount of deterioration to be expected as a function of storage time. It permits expected storage losses to be weighed against other economic alternatives such as accelerated processing. However, the formula has a serious limitation inasmuch as it is useful only when the storage temperature remains constant. This paper discusses the effect of temperature upon the seed deterioration rate and it extends the formula to cover the effect of changing temperature conditions.
Process gas chromatography of fatty acid distillation streams. II. Design and construction of the process chromatograph
Authors: Stoll E. H. , Metcalfe L. D. , Nuding N. E. , Hartsuch G. P. , Shapiro S. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWhen applied to fatty acid process chromatography, conventional instrumentation is inadequate because of the temp required for effective vaporization of the sample. The instrument described uses a special injector operating at 300C for analysis of distillate streams containing fatty acids C6 through C18. Tape programmed operation presents analytical data as a chromatogram or as digital printout of electronically integrated peak areas. Details of construction are discussed together with some design problems.