bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Migraine Emergency Department Utilization in the Georgia Medicaid Population
Authors: Kwong Winghan J. 
Published: June 2007

Objective.—This study examined factors that may predispose migraine patients to emergency department (ED) visits.Background.—Headache is noted as the sixth most common reason for ED visits. Previous studies found that migraine headache patients may repeatedly use ED services for headache care. An understanding of the profile of patients who are at high risk of using the ED is important so that interventions to reduce ED use for nonurgent care can be targeted to those that are affected the most.Methods.—Retrospective analysis of medical and prescription claims data was performed. Patients who had at least 1 migraine medical claim (ICD‐9 of 346.xx) or 1 prescription claim of a triptan or ergot medication between January 2002 and December 2005, and were continuously eligible for at least 6 months before and 12 months after the date of the first migraine medical or prescription claim (index date) were included in the analysis.Results.—A total of 43,791 migraine patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 31 years (SD = 17). About 77% were females and 56% were whites. About 7% patients used a butalbital medication and 28% used a narcotic medication 6 months before index date. About 3% (n = 1211) patients had at least 1 migraine ED visit during the 12 months after index date. Female, non‐white patients or patients residing in counties that had fewer general practice physicians or more hospitals were significantly more likely to use the ED for migraine. Prior butalbital use had no effect on ED use, but prior narcotic medication use significantly increased the risk of ED visit.Conclusions.—Patient demographics and health care resource availability significantly affected the likelihood of ED use of diagnosed migraine patients. Additional research is needed for the undiagnosed migraine population to inform the development of interventions to reduce ED utilization for migraines.
IN‐LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A RECREATIONAL LAKE IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS1
Authors: Raman Raman K. , Evans Ralph L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTJohnson Sauk Trail Lake remains highly eutrophic, even though the watershed has long been returned to an undisturbed condition with permanent vegetative cover and with little or no land disturbance in the watershed. Internal regeneration of nutrients has been identified as the major source of nutrients to the lake. Lake destratification, selective harvesting and removal of weeds, and control of algal blooms using chelated copper sulfate application followed by potassium permanganate application have all been chosen as management techniques for improving water quality conditions in the lake. These in‐lake techniques are considered not as palliative measures, but as necessary tools in enhancing the lake's water quality characteristics.
Vegetative
Clostridium difficile
Survives in Room Air on Moist Surfaces and in Gastric Contents with Reduced Acidity: a Potential Mechanism To Explain the Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors and
C. difficile
-Associated Diarrhea?
Authors: Jump Robin L. P. , Pultz Michael J. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been identified as a risk factor for
Clostridium difficile
-associated diarrhea (CDAD), though the mechanism is unclear because gastric acid does not kill
C. difficile
spores. We hypothesized that the vegetative form of
C. difficile
, which is killed by acid, could contribute to disease pathogenesis if it survives in room air and in gastric contents with elevated pH. We compared the numbers of
C. difficile
spores and vegetative cells in stools of patients prior to and during the treatment of CDAD. We assessed the survival of vegetative cells on moist or dry surfaces in room air versus anaerobic conditions and in human gastric contents, in pH-adjusted gastric contents, and in gastric contents from individuals receiving PPI therapy. Stool samples obtained from patients prior to the initiation of antibiotic treatment for
C. difficile
contained ∼10-fold more vegetative cells than spores. On dry surfaces, vegetative
C. difficile
cells died rapidly, whereas they remained viable for up to 6 h on moist surfaces in room air. Vegetative
C. difficile
cells had only marginal survival in gastric contents at low pH; adjustment to a pH of >5 resulted in survival similar to that in the phosphate-buffered saline control. The survival of vegetative
C. difficile
in gastric contents obtained from patients receiving PPIs was also increased at a pH of >5. The ability of the vegetative form of
C. difficile
to survive on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with an elevated pH suggests a potential mechanism by which PPI therapy could increase the risk of acquiring
C. difficile
.
Pneumolysin Causes Neuronal Cell Death through Mitochondrial Damage
Authors: Braun Johann S. , Hoffmann Olaf , Schickhaus Miriam , Freyer Dorette , Dagand Emilie , Bermpohl Daniela , Mitchell Tim J. , Bechmann Ingo , Weber Joerg R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacterial toxins such as pneumolysin are key mediators of cytotoxicity in infections. Pneumolysin is a pore-forming toxin released by
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, the major cause of bacterial meningitis. We found that pneumolysin is the pneumococcal factor that accounts for the cell death pathways induced by live bacteria in primary neurons. The pore-forming activity of pneumolysin is essential for the induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Pneumolysin colocalized with mitochondrial membranes, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and caused the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cell death. Pneumolysin induced neuronal apoptosis without activating caspase-1, -3, or -8. Wild-type pneumococci also induced apoptosis without activation of caspase-3, whereas pneumolysin-negative pneumococci activated caspase-3 through the release of bacterial hydrogen peroxide. Pneumolysin caused upregulation of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and inhibited staurosporine-induced caspase activation, suggesting the presence of actively suppressive mechanisms on caspases. In conclusion, our results indicate additional functions of pneumolysin as a mitochondrial toxin and as a determinant of caspase-independent apoptosis. Considering this, blocking of pneumolysin may be a promising cytoprotective strategy in pneumococcal meningitis and other infections.
Effectiveness of biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation: a systematic review
Authors: Bize Raphaël , Burnand Bernard , Mueller Yolanda , Cornuz Jacques 
Published: June 2007

Objective:To determine the efficacy of biomedical risk assessment (eg, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), or genetic susceptibility to lung cancer) as an aid for smoking cessation.Data sources:Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline (1966–2004) and EMBASE (1980–2004).Study selection:Randomised controlled smoking cessation interventions using biomedical tests with at least 6 months follow-up.Data extraction:Two reviewers independently screened all search results (titles and abstracts) for possible inclusion. Each reviewer then extracted data from the selected studies, and assessed their methodological quality based on the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement criteria.Data synthesis:Of 4049 retrieved references, eight trials were retained for data extraction and analysis. Three trials isolated the effect of exhaled CO on smoking cessation rates resulting in the following ORs and 95% CIs: 0.73 (0.38 to 1.39), 0.93 (0.62 to 1.41) and 1.18 (0.84 to 1.64). Measurement of exhaled CO and spirometry were used together in three trials, resulting in the following ORs (95% CI): 0.60 (0.25 to 1.46), 2.45 (0.73 to 8.25) and 3.50 (0.88 to 13.92). Spirometry results alone were used in one other trial with an OR (95% CI) of 1.21 (0.60 to 2.42). Ultrasonography of carotid and femoral arteries performed on light smokers gave an OR (95% CI) of 3.15 (1.06 to 9.31).Conclusions:Scarcity and limited quality of the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that biomedical risk assessment increases smoking cessation as compared with the standard treatment.
Transcript-level annotation of Affymetrix probesets improves the interpretation of gene expression data
Authors: Yu Hui , Wang Feng , Tu Kang , Xie Lu , Li Yuan-Yuan , Li Yi-Xue 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
The wide use of Affymetrix microarray in broadened fields of biological research has made the probeset annotation an important issue. Standard Affymetrix probeset annotation is at gene level, i.e. a probeset is precisely linked to a gene, and probeset intensity is interpreted as gene expression. The increased knowledge that one gene may have multiple transcript variants clearly brings up the necessity of updating this gene-level annotation to a refined transcript-level.

Results
Through performing rigorous alignments of the Affymetrix probe sequences against a comprehensive pool of currently available transcript sequences, and further linking the probesets to the International Protein Index, we generated transcript-level or protein-level annotation tables for two popular Affymetrix expression arrays, Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 Array and Human Genome U133A Array. Application of our new annotations in re-examining existing expression data sets shows increased expression consistency among synonymous probesets and strengthened expression correlation between interacting proteins.

Conclusion
By refining the standard Affymetrix annotation of microarray probesets from the gene level to the transcript level and protein level, one can achieve a more reliable interpretation of their experimental data, which may lead to discovery of more profound regulatory mechanism.
High occurrence of BRCA1 intragenic rearrangements in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in the Czech Republic
Authors: Vasickova Petra , Machackova Eva , Lukesova Miroslava , Damborsky Jiri , Horky Ondrej , Pavlu Hana , Kuklova Jitka , Kosinova Veronika , Navratilova Marie , Foretova Lenka 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Alterations in the highly penetrant cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 are responsible for the majority of hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancers. However, the number of detected germline mutations has been lower than expected based upon genetic linkage data. Undetected deleterious mutations in the BRCA1 gene in some high-risk families could be due to the presence of intragenic rearrangements as deletions, duplications or insertions spanning whole exons. Standard PCR-based screening methods are mainly focused on detecting point mutations and small insertions/deletions, but large rearrangements might escape detection.
The purpose of this study was to determine the type and frequency of large genomic rearrangements in the BRCA1 gene in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases in the Czech Republic.

Methods
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was used to examine BRCA1 rearrangements in 172 unrelated patients with hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome without finding deleterious mutation after complete screening of whole coding regions of BRCA1/2 genes. Positive MLPA results were confirmed and located by long-range PCR. The breakpoints of detected rearrangements were characterized by sequencing.

Results
Six different large deletions in the BRCA1 gene were identified in 10 out of 172 unrelated high-risk patients: exons 1A/1B and 2 deletion; partial deletion of exon 11 and exon 12; exons 18 and 19 deletion; exon 20 deletion; exons 21 and 22 deletion; and deletion of exons 5 to 14. The breakpoint junctions were localized and further characterized. Destabilization and global unfolding of the mutated BRCT domains explain the molecular and genetic defects associated with the exon 20 in-frame deletion and the exon 21 and 22 in-frame deletion, respectively.

Conclusion
Using MLPA, mutations were detected in 6% of high-risk patients previously designated as BRCA1/2 mutation-negative. The breakpoints of five out of six large deletions detected in Czech patients are novel. Screening for large genomic rearrangements in the BRCA1 gene in the Czech high-risk patients is highly supported by this study.
Frontotemporal Dementias: A Review
Authors: Weder Natalie D , Aziz Rehan , Wilkins Kirsten , Tampi Rajesh R 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Dementia is a clinical state characterized by loss of function in multiple cognitive domains. It is a costly disease in terms of both personal suffering and economic loss. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the term now preferred over Picks disease to describe the spectrum of non-Alzheimers dementias characterized by focal atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal regions of the brain. The prevalence of FTD is considerable, though specific figures vary among different studies. It occurs usually in an age range of 35–75 and it is more common in individuals with a positive family history of dementia. The risk factors associated with this disorder include head injury and family history of FTD. Although there is some controversy regarding the further syndromatic subdivision of the different types of FTD, the three major clinical presentations of FTD include: 1) a frontal or behavioral variant (FvFTD), 2) a temporal, aphasic variant, also called Semantic dementia (SD), and 3) a progressive aphasia (PA). These different variants differ in their clinical presentation, cognitive deficits, and affected brain regions. Patients with FTD should have a neuropsychiatric assessment, neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging studies to confirm and clarify the diagnosis. Treatment for this entity consists of behavioral and pharmacological approaches. Medications such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics, mood stabilizer and other novel treatments have been used in FTD with different rates of success. Further research should be directed at understanding and developing new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to improve the patients' prognosis and quality of life.
A Novel Synthetic Route to Quinazoline-2,4-dione Dimer Derivatives
Authors: Nikpour Farzad , Sheikh Davood 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A novel and simple one-pot synthesis of some quinazoline-2,4-dione dimer derivatives has been described via the condensation reaction of anthranilic acid derivatives with semicarbazide hydrochloride under reflux condition in DMF. The reactions proceed without use of any catalyst.
Structural Characteristic of Outermost Surface of Cubic Mesoporous Silica Film
Authors: Inoue Takashi , Gunjishima Itaru , Kumai Yoko , Inagaki Shinji , Okamoto Atsuto 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The outermost surface structure of a calcined cubic mesoporous silica film was observed for the first time by high-resolution field emission scanning microscopy, which showed a periodic pore arrangement with inherent cage openings and one-dimensional grooves on the surface. The grooves are formed to be the interconnected A-cages associated along the &lt;100&gt; direction on the {210} crystallographic plane of SBA-1.
Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Benzo-15-crown-5 Azoprobes in Response to Alkali Metal Ions in Water
Authors: Sato Fuyuki , Sakamoto Kouki , Umemoto Wakako , Hashimoto Takeshi , Hayashita Takashi 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The amphiphilic benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) azoprobes exhibit a self-assembly in response to alkali metal ions in water based on the exciton interaction of the phenylazo groups in the probes, and the most selective response to K+ was obtained for an azoprobe possessing a hexyl spacer unit.
Identification of rat T and B lymphocytes by surface marker analysis
Authors: Koestner Adelaide W. , Koestner A. , Krakowka S. , Ringler Sue S. 
Published: June 2007

The majority of thymocytes in suspension (72·1%) formed nonimmune rosettes with guineapig erythrocytes but not with erythrocytes from sheep, cats, dogs, pigs, or man. In contrast, only a minority of cells from lymph node (2·1%) or spleen (1·4%) rosetted with guinea pig erythrocytes. Treatment of guineapig erythrocytes with neuraminidase or 2-S-aminoethyl-isothiouronium bromide did not enhance rosette formation. Adherence of the erythrocytes to tissue sections was achieved in the thymic cortex and T-cell-dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Absorbed equine anti-rat antithymocyte serum bound 98% thymocytes and 70·0, 35·1 and 44·6% lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes respectively. Surface immunoglobulin was demonstrated on 2·2% thymocytes, 35% peripheral-blood lymphocytes and 43 and 51% cells from lymph nodes and spleen respectively. Complement receptors were determined in suspension with erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes. Rosetting was observed in 44% splenic, 29% lymph node and 3% thymocyte cellular suspension. The presence of Fc receptors for IgG was assessed by determining the pattern of binding of erythrocyte-antibody complexes to frozen tissue sections. For rats, antithymocyte serum is the method of choice for T cells, whereas SIg determination is the most reliable B-cell marker.
Association of germfree mice with intestinal microfloras obtained from 'normal' mice
Authors: Koopman J. P. , Mullink J. W. M. A , Prins R. A. , Welling G. W. , Hectors M. P. C. 
Published: June 2007

A cultured microflora obtained from the caecum of a 'normal' mouse was given to 4 groups of germfree mice and was supplied 1x, 2x, 3x and 4x respectively at 5-day intervals. Another group received a 10-7 dilution of the caecal flora while a group associated with an 'SPF' flora served as control. The difference (measured by 8 parameters) between mice supplied with the cultured flora or with a 10-7 dilution, both given once only, was small. Supplying the flora 3x resulted in more 'normal' mice compared with mice which received the flora once or twice. The caeca of specified-pathogen-free mice contained more bacteria per gram (microscopic bacterial count), less aerobic and anaerobic bacteria per gram (viable counts), while the yield as percentage of the microscopic bacterial count was lower as compared with the group to which a cultured flora was supplied 4 times.
Reproduction, infant survival and productivity of a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)
Authors: Poole Trevor B. , Evans Rosemary G. 
Published: June 2007

Starting with 4 pairs of marmosets, 204 young were successfully reared during 6 years. They were kept in family groups of 2-10. Litter size varied from 1-4; singletons (2%), twins (35%), triplets (55%), and quadruplets (8%). The mean annual increase of weaned young was 3·24 per pair. The median interbirth interval was 154 days. Of 46 pairs of marmosets, 8 failed to produce young. Approximately 11% of young born were stillborn and a further 32% of all young born died within 3 weeks; perinatal mortality is largely a result of the failure of parents to rear more than 2 young. In only 2 of 68 triplet births did the parents rear the young unaided. 53% of young born were males but differential mortality reduced the final sex ratio for live young to 50·5% males. Females did not accept and rear the young after caesarian sections. The linear regression of the growth curve from 5-17 months (where y = weight in grams and x = months) could be expressed as y = 16·6 x + 163·6. The data from 4 marmoset colonies are compared and the relative efficiency of breeding methods discussed.
Monophasic and diphasic patterns of the circadian caecotrophy rhythm of rabbits
Authors: Jilge Burghart 
Published: June 2007

The circadian caecotrophy rhythm was synchronized with the light-dark cycle of 12 : 12 h. During this the rabbits practised caecotrophy regularly during the light period. While most rabbits manifested 1 caecotrophy per 24 h (monophasic caecotrophy), some had an additional caecotrophy during the dark period (diphasic caecotrophy). During continuous light the circadian caecotrophy rhythm ran free monophasically, even in those rabbits which were diphasic under the preceding 12 : 12 regime. The average period length amounted to 24·7 ± 0·3 h. Following restoration of the 12 : 12 routine animals reestablished their original caecotrophy pattern. In a further test the caecotrophy pattern remained constant during a constant 12 : 12 regimen, but changed in 7 of 16 animals when the photoperiod was reduced first to 60 min and then to 2 × 60 min light every 24 h. The reduction of the lit time resulted in an increased occurrence of diphasic animals. Details of synchronization of the caecotrophy rhythm with the different light-dark schedules are given. These results accord with data obtained in nocturnal rodent species.
Evoluzione strutturale di popolamenti cedui di robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) nel Canavese (Torino - Italia) | Structural development of black locust coppices in Canavese (Turin, Italy)
Authors: Pividori Mario , Grieco Cristina 
Published: June 2007

With a synchronic analysis we studied the main stand parameters of 17 black locust coppices aged between 1–41 years. The homogeneous site conditions of the stands made it possible to study the structure of their dynamics in the context of a time period twice or three times longer than the traditional rotation period.
Main dendrometrical and structural parameters of the studied stands are described.
In undisturbed conditions, 5–7 years after the coppicing,natural regeneration of other broadleaved species starts to occur in the stands and eventually reaches the robinia crown belt, which begins to reduce its cover.
Zur Verwendung von Landschaftsmasszahlen bei Wald- und Landschaftsinventuren: Überblick und Kritik | The application of landscape indices in forest and landscape inventories: review and critique
Authors: Köhl Michael , Oehmichen Katja 
Published: June 2007

Landscape indices have been developed as a mean of describing the spatial structure of landscapes. This paper presents an overview of the concept and the approaches of the most commonly used landscape indices, which are mainly applied to spatial data in raster format. In order to describe the spatial diversity of a landscape, indices can be calculated as moving averages for sections of the landscape. This can be carried out using two concepts: geometric windows make use of fixed sections with low resolution, while geographic windows adapt the window size according to landcover or landuse classes. Geometric windows are sensitive to borderlines and changes between landcover or landuse classes, while geographic windows represent the spatial diversity of landscapes.
Taken alone, matrices provide only limited information on the content of landscape. Only the combination of landscape indices and underlying ecological processes can provide a sound basis for a qualitative evaluation. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for practical applications of landscape indices.
Ergebnisse und Trends der forstlichen Betriebsabrechnung im Kanton Aargau von 1991 bis 2002 | Results and trends of the forest accounts in the canton of Argovia 1991-2002
Authors: Steiner Ernst 
Published: June 2007

In recent years public forest owners in the canton of Argovia have carried out considerable structural changes. The positive consequences to the accounts arising from these changes can be confirmed and documented using a number of various measurements from the forest accounts. Until 1999 the results of structural changes compensated for the decrease in wood revenues, even managing in some cases to move from loss to profit. The falls in profit following the catastrophic damage caused by the hurricane Lothar in December 1999 also meant falling accounts. Even in internationally comparable enterprise structures, the survival of forest enterprises is not assured at these low levels.
Against a background of, above all, falling subventions without corresponding compensation, further structural changes are unavoidable. Such changes, however, can only lead to success if value is added along the entire production chain and the branch of forest and wood management is able to compete internationally.