bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The basic mathematical concepts used in the book are presumed in this chapter. The necessary function spaces framework — Lebesgue spaces, Sobolev spaces, and spaces of continuous functions — are introduced here. In order to underline the physical background of the function spaces, the exact definitions introduced in Chapter 2 are followed by the energy estimates deduced in Chapter 3 directly for any smooth solution of the underlying equations (a priori estimates). Several other fundamental concepts are also treated at length: average continuity of weak solutions, renormalized solutions of the continuity equation, and instantaneous values of the state variables.
OPTIMAL LINEAR REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the question of how to find an optimal linear transformation based on a distance measure. Popular choices for distance measures such as the sum of squared differences, correlation, and mutual information are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the differentiability of the distance measures. The desired transformation is restricted to a parameterizable space, and as such can be expanded in terms of a linear combination of some basis functions. The registration task is considered as an optimization problem, where the objective is to find the optimal coefficient in the expansion while minimizing the distance measure. The well-known Gauss-Newton method is described and used for numerical optimization. Different examples are used to identify similarities and differences of the distance measures.
DIFFUSION REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A gradient-based regularization for registration is introduced, and a fast and stable implementation is developed. In contrast to the physically motivated elastic and fluid registrations, the diffusion regularizer is motivated by smoothing properties of the displacement. Another important motivation is that a registration step can be performed in linear complexity of the number of given data. The main tool is the so-called additive operator splitting scheme (AOS). The idea is to split the original problem into a number of simpler problems which allow for a fast numerical solution. A new proof for the accuracy of AOS is given, which is based purely on matrix analysis. Thus, the result also applies to more general situations. Thirion's demons registration is discussed.
Food webs in lakes—seasonal dynamics and the impact of climate variability
Authors: Straile Dietmar 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Studies on lakes provide some of the most complete investigations on the structure, dynamics, and energetics of food webs encompassing organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. The life cycle of organisms in temperate lakes is adapted to a highly seasonal environment. Food web interactions in these lakes depend on the seasonal overlap of the occurrence of potential prey, competitor, or predator species. This seasonal overlap (i.e., the match-mismatch of food web interactions) depends strongly on the seasonal dynamics of the physical environment of lakes, such as temperature, light availability, and mixing intensity. Consequently, climate variability influences food web interactions and hence the structure, dynamics, and energetics of lake food webs. This chapter provides examples and discusses the importance of seasonality for the understanding of various aspects of lake food webs and the impact of climate variability thereon.
CALABI–YAU GEOMETRIES
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses a particular class of Calabi-Yau geometries characterized by being non-compact, focusing on non-compact toric Calabi-Yau threefolds. These are threefolds that have the structure of a fibration with torus fibres. The manifolds have the structure of a fibration of IR3 by T2 x IR. It turns out that the geometry of these threefolds can be packaged in a two-dimensional graph that encodes the information about the degeneration locus of the fibration. These graphs are called the toric diagrams of the corresponding Calabi-Yau manifolds. A general introduction to the construction of non-compact Calabi-Yau geometries is presented, and the toric approach is discussed. Examples of closed string amplitudes are given.
Laws and Punishments
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the systems and practices of criminal law in Europe towards the end of the old regime. It contrasts the Roman Law codes of much of continental Europe, where the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina was the model for many, with the Common Law practices and the ‘Bloody Code’ of England. It describes the increasing attempts by princes to subordinate to their own the courts of seigneurs and others, and the ways in which ideas of the Enlightenment, especially as crystallized by Cesare Beccaria and John Howard, sought to alleviate the use of torture and of physical punishment.
Smoothing and Decay Estimates for Nonlinear Diffusion Equations
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book is concerned with the quantitative aspects of the theory of nonlinear diffusion equations; equations which can be seen as nonlinear variations of the classical heat equation. They appear as mathematical models in different branches of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering, and are also relevant in differential geometry and relativistic physics. Much of the modern theory of such equations is based on estimates and functional analysis. Concentrating on a class of equations with nonlinearities of power type that lead to degenerate or singular parabolicity (equations of porous medium type), the aim of this book is to obtain sharp a priori estimates and decay rates for general classes of solutions in terms of estimates of particular problems. These estimates are the building blocks in understanding the qualitative theory, and the decay rates pave the way to the fine study of asymptotics. Many technically relevant questions are presented and analyzed in detail. A systematic picture of the most relevant phenomena is obtained for the equations under study, including time decay, smoothing, extinction in finite time, and delayed regularity.
Smoothing effect and time decay. Data inL1 (Rn) orM(Rn)
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the smoothing and decay effects for the porous medium equation, using as a model case the famous Barenblatt solutions that have explicit formulas. Topics covered include source-type solutions, smoothing effect and decay with L 1 functions or measures as data, smoothing exponents and scaling properties, strong and weak smoothing effects, comparison for different diffusivities, a general smoothing result, and estimating the smoothing effect into Lp.
4 Using Artificial Intelligence to Read the Vindolanda Texts
Authors: Terras Melissa M. , Robertson Dr Paul 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the implementation of the artificial intelligence system which was developed to read the Vindolanda texts. An appropriate architecture, the GRAVA system (originally developed for aerial image understanding) was identified, adopted, and adapted for this research. Due to the diverse nature of this text’s audience, this chapter provides an overview of the system for the less computer oriented reader; Appendix A describes the technicalities and mathematical underpinnings of the system in detail. Readers without a background in computing or engineering science should find this chapter sufficient to explain the workings of the computer system. The system in question, GRAVA, allows small modules or computer ‘agents’ to work together to compare and contrast different types of information. It does this using Minimum Description Length. The GRAVA system is introduced, and the application of the system to the data gathered from the Vindolanda texts is demonstrated. It is then explained how and why the GRAVA system had to be adapted to deal with the complexity of the Vindolanda texts, and the basic underlying structure of the system is discussed.
Idealism from Kant to Berkeley
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the most common way in which Anglophone philosophers have offered a subjectivist reading of Kant's own metaphysics, namely, by characterizing it as a system very similar to Berkeley's phenomenalist idealism. Numerous terminological complications, along with the infamous difficulties of Kant's doctrine of transcendental idealism, make it understandable that many readers would attempt to give at least some kind of familiar meaning to Kant's thought by interpreting it in terms of other well-known theories, such as Berkeley's, that at least share the term ‘idealism’. Nonetheless, it is argued here that there are numerous exegetical and systematic reasons why this popular interpretive move, ‘from Kant to Berkeley’, should be strongly resisted. The fundamental error here — the presumption that Kant, like Berkeley, is committed to an equation of existence and representation — expresses an unfortunate idea that can also be found in Reinhold and was highly influential in post-Kantianism and after.
Historical Constellations and Copernican Contexts
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses methodological issues concerning the most extensive research on this era, the massive ‘Jena Project’ directed by Dieter Henrich (who, along with Hans-Georg Gadamer, was one of Manfred Frank's teachers). After decades of very productive traditional scholarship on Kant and Hegel, Henrich turned to devoting most of his energy to guiding a detailed exploration of the various ‘constellations’ out of which the best-known German philosophies developed. The methodology of the Jena Project reflects three central features of the study of constellations in general: it emphasized groups, rather than isolated individuals, it worked to identify stars of enduring significance, and it aimed to discern patterns that are at first hidden.
Mors tua, vita mea? The Rise and Fall of Innovative Industrial Clusters
Authors: Maggioni Mario A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters appear and replace clusters based on obsolete technologies. In the last stage when the cluster matures, it either achieves a national or international leadership in a given sector or technology. The decisive element appears to be a different institutional framework. Using simulation techniques, it is shown how policies that support firm-based micro-level incentives seem to be critical rather than policies aimed at strengthening the ‘carrying capacities’. Most European policy makers overemphasize the latter type of policies as a means to initiate cluster emergence and growth.
Manager selection and monitoring
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractManager selection is one area of investment activity where most institutions in Oxford and Cambridge sought guidance from a consultant. Several Oxbridge colleges reported asset manager changes over the last few years; many adding to their roster of managers, while others seeking to enlist managers specializing in alternative strategies. Monitoring the performance of external asset managers is a key task of the Investment Committee, though the number of managers and the strategies used may involve a high degree of responsibility for the individual concerned, particularly the investment bursar who has a wide range of other college responsibilities. Most (98%) investment committees in Oxford and Cambridge reported being highly engaged in the manager monitoring process, with 80% claiming full responsibility.
Atomic Forces
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the physics and properties of four types of atomic forces occurring in STM and AFM: the van der Waals force, the hard core repulsion, the ionic bond, and the covalent bond. The general mathematical form of the van der Waals force between a tip and a flat sample is derived. The focus of this chapter is the covalent-bond force, which is a key in the understanding of STM and AFM. The concept of covalent bond is illustrated by the hydrogen molecular ion, the prototypical molecule used by Pauling to illustrate Heisenberg's concept of resonance. The Herring-Landau perturbation theory of the covalent bond, an analytical incarnation of the concept of resonance, is presented in great detail. It is then applied to molecules built from many-electron atoms, to show that the perturbation theory can be applied to practical systems to produce simple analytic results for measurable physical quantities with decent accuracy.
4 Literature, History, and Philosophy: The Example of De re publica
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter is the first in a series of detailed readings of individual philosophical dialogues. De republica is examined as an attempt to ground political theory in Roman history, but one that produces ambiguous results. Close reading of the work suggests that although Cicero can conceive of an idealized Rome where political decisions and philosophical insight work together, he also makes clear that the realities of Roman history do not support such an idealization. The notion of ironic history is introduced to describe historical representations that question their own validity.
1 Introduction
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the concept of ‘profession’ during the period and considers the clergy in relation to the other ‘learned professions’, law, medicine, the civil service, and the ministry of dissenting churches. It considers the central role of the Christian religion and the established Church in English and Welsh society throughout the period 1680 to 1840, and the central and distinctive role of clergy in English and Welsh society. The tensions within the Church in relation to government policies are discussed, especially referring to the crises under James II and the Settlement of 1689, and during Queen Anne's reign, and in the 1820s and 1830s. Programmes for reforming and improving the pastoral ministry of the Church, especially during the periods 1660 to 1720 and 1780 to 1840 are discussed. The impact of theological differences within the Church, manifested in ‘party’ disputes, especially among the clergy, is examined.
5 The Incomes of the Clergy
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates evidence for the level of clergy incomes, and compares the results with evidence for the income-levels of other professional groups. Attention is paid to the evidence for the incomes of curates and ‘perpetual curates’. Initiatives to augment the endowments of benefices to increase the incomes of clergy are investigated and evaluated. The sources of clergy incomes are investigated: from fees, cultivating or letting glebe land and collecting tithes, and the difficulties that might be involved in collecting tithes. The very significant increase in incomes from glebe, and especially from tithes, over much of England and Wales from 1770 onwards as a result of agricultural improvements, is discussed.
Legitimate Authority
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that contrary to the tradition of just war theory, every single individual is a legitimate authority and has, under certain circumstances, the right to declare war on others or the state provided only that he or she proceeds responsibly in the decision process, that is, by circumspect and rational consideration of the relevant information and moral aspects. This is only a consequent application of a perspective that is enlightened, liberal, and oriented by individual rights. In contrast, the view that such rights are due only to the state and its representatives and not to the individual is premodern, that is, medieval, or based on some kind of state metaphysics. The chapter also demonstrates that attempts to define terrorism by reference to a lack of legitimate authority fail.
Just Cause (Including Subcriteria) and Right Intention
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows that the jus ad bellum criterion of just cause includes others, apart from right intention, as underlying facets: the legitimacy of the cause cannot be clarified independently of these other criteria. The criterion of right intention is interpreted in a significantly more tolerant way than it traditionally has been. Liberalism is not concerned with purity of heart but with respect for people's rights. Therefore, it cannot exclude going to war for selfish (for example, imperialist or sadistic) reasons, at least not as long as this is coupled with the intention of not exploiting the war more than the pursuit of the just cause, by just means, would allow.
Morphological analysis
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Complex words can be divided into different kinds of morphemes such as roots and affixes. Natural languages show a number of formal operations to make new words: affixation, compounding, conversion, reduplication, and phonetic modification. Languages differ considerably in the way they make use of these possibilities. They can be classified according to the indices of synthesis and fusion. Thus, morphology plays an important role in linguistic typology.
Derivation
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Derivation is the formation of lexemes by means of affixation, reduplication, conversion, or root-and-pattern morphology. The outputs of such processes often exhibit idiosyncratic properties. Morphological processes differ as to the number of constraints they are subject to and in their degree of productivity. Morphological analysis of complex words also comprises the investigation of constraints on affix ordering in multiply complex words.
7 The interface between morphology and phonology
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The morphological structure of a complex word determines how the constituent morphemes of a word are realized phonetically. The phonological structure of a complex word reflects its morphological structure, but is not isomorphic to that structure. Phonology plays a role in the selection of one from a set of competing affixes. This can be modelled in terms of phonological output conditions.
Endogenous Fertility and the Environment: A Parable of Firewood
Authors: Nerlove Marc , Meyer Anke 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses a model which examines interactions between population growth and the environment. In this model, various assumptions are made such as that fertility is endogenous; parents are not altruistic and have children only because of utility; environmental deterioration does not affect population (i.e., no ‘Malthusian’ mortality); time is measured in generations; and population pressure adversely affects the environment. The model gives a system of two non-linear difference equations. The main conclusion is that in the absence of parental altruism and ‘Malthusian’ mortality, the relation between population and environment is inherently unstable when fertility is endogenous. Thus, when parents are concerned only about the utility (net private benefits) and environmental resources are not priced (free), parents may choose the number of children which is optimal from their point of view but which will ultimately lead to environmental degradation.
Macroeconomic Policies and Deforestation
Authors: Repetto Ropert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Macroeconomic policies have pervasive influences on the use and conservation of forest resources in developing countries, and these can be visualized in terms of a set of concentric circles. At the hub are policies directly affecting timber and forest management. These include forest revenue structures, institutions governing property rights (including traditional rights) related to forest land and produce. Policies affecting demand for forest products, such as trade and investment policies related to timber and energy prices are in the second circle. In the next circle are agricultural policies that affect the forces acting on the forest frontier and determining land conversion. In the fourth circle are the macroeconomic policies which at a first glance may appear not to have a role but in reality have powerful impacts. This chapter discusses the empirical aspects of this conceptual sketch of policy linkages using examples from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Brazil.
The Force of Inertia: Telecommunications in France, West Germany, and Italy 1965–87
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows why transnational technological and economic developments and regulatory reforms in the US failed to result in major institutional changes in France, West Germany, and Italy between 1965 and 1987 (just before detailed EU regulation began). Traditional institutional arrangements were highly protective of national suppliers in the mid-1960s, notably publicly-owned suppliers enjoying wide monopolies. During the 1960s and 1970s, suppliers faced major problems, including lack of investment and inability to meet demand. Existing institutions were widely regarded as inefficient and unable to meet transnational technological and economic pressures. Yet even modest reforms were blocked by a determined coalition led by trade unions, employees, and political parties. Instead, policies that did not require major institutional changes were used and/or inefficiencies were tolerated. Insofar as limited reforms were made, they widened cross-national contrasts, so that the two forms of internationalisation did not lead to institutional change or convergence.
British Telecommunications: From Laggard to Leader
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that Britain followed its own distinct route to reform in telecommunications, in similar fashion to securities trading. Despite large-scale failures of supply, arising in part because of transnational technological and economic developments, only limited changes were introduced in 1969 and thereafter inertia reigned. This position altered dramatically in the 1980s. A determined government pushed through privatisation of the incumbent operator, British Telecom, ended its monopoly and transferred important regulatory powers to a newly created independent sectoral regulatory agency. The policies were initiated for domestic reasons, but thereafter examples of institutions in the US were used selectively to legitimate new arrangements. Hence, as in securities, the US example was important in the policy process but EU regulation played very little role in British decisions.