bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent suppression of current through molecular junctions
Authors: Li GuangQi , Schreiber Michael , Kleinekathöfer Ulrich 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUsing a quantum master equation the electron transport through a molecular junction modeled by a single site weakly coupled to two leads is investigated under the influence of a time‐dependent external field. Extending an earlier study [Europhys. Lett. 79, 27006 (2007)] the effect of the laser field amplitude is analyzed in detail. The phenomenon of coherent destruction of tunneling is only obtained for small bias voltages. This is because the current through just one channel can be suppressed by the coherent destruction of tunneling. As soon as other channels are open either because of electron–electron interaction or because of the appearance of virtual photon‐assisted states, a non‐vanishing current can be observed. For time‐dependent laser fields the actual value of the envelope function of the field determines whether the current can be suppressed coherently when bias voltage and electron interaction are in the desired parameter range. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of inter‐site interaction on the exciton Mott transition in the extended attractive Hubbard model
Authors: Ohashi Takuma , Tomio Yuh , Ogawa Tetsuo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigate the effects of the inter‐site interactions on the exciton Mott transition using the extended Hubbard model for the electron–hole systems, which incorporates both repulsive (electron–electron and hole–hole) and attractive (electron–hole) inter‐site interactions in addition to the on‐site Hubbard interactions. The analysis by means of the extended dynamical mean‐field theory clarifies that the inter‐site interactions do not change the nature of the exciton Mott transition in high dimensions but tend to stabilize the metallic electron–hole plasma state, when the inter‐site repulsive and attractive interactions have the same strength. In contrast, we find that small difference between the repulsive and attractive interactions dramatically changes the electronic states. This small perturbation strongly enhances fluctuations of the mass density, and drives the system to the insulator with the strong fluctuations of the mass density wave. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low positive thermal expansion in HfMgMo3O12
Authors: Marinkovic B. A. , Jardim P. M. , Ari M. , Avillez R. R. de , Rizzo F. , Ferreira F. F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the search for materials with negative thermal expansion, the HfMgMo3O12 phase has been synthesized and characterized for the first time. It is established that this phase belongs to a new class of ceramics with the general formula A4+B2+M6+3O12 that crystallizes in orthorhombic symmetry of space group Pnma (62) or Pna21 (33). No evidence is observed for any phase transition of orthorhombic HfMgMo3O12 through differential scanning calorimetry and high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements in the investigated temperature range (298–1013 K). This new phase exhibits unusually low thermal expansion (αl = 1.02 × 10−6 K−1) as determined by high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction using a synchrotron source. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanochemistry in preparation of nanocrystalline semiconductors
Authors: Baláž P. , Pourghahramani P. , Dutková E. , Turianicová E. , Kováč J. , Šatka A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn recent years nanocrystalline semiconductors (QD) have attached much attention due to their great potential in technological applications. Electronic, optical and other properties of QD with respect to corresponding bulk materials are modified considerably, offering a number of potential applications in semiconductor and other industries. Nanophases have been synthesized by a number of techniques starting from vapour phase (i. e. inert gas condensation), liquid phase (i.e. rapid sodification) and solid state. The technique starting from solid state applies mechanochemical approach where synthesis is performed by solid state reactions in high‐energy mills. We have developed the mechanochemical route to produce nanocrystalline semiconductors applying high‐energy milling of metal acetates with sodium sulphide. The main advantage of this route is that it is “a quantity process” permitting kilogram quantities of nanomaterials to be produced at an ambient temperatures in a very short processing time. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Classification and Quantification of the Toxicity of Chemicals to Guppy, Fathead Minnow and Rainbow Trout: Part 1. Nonpolar Narcosis Mode of Action
Authors: Raevsky Oleg A. , Grigor'ev Veniamin Yu. , Weber Eric E. , Dearden John C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDiscrimination of the acute toxicity of chemicals to guppy (Poecilia reticulata), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with nonpolar narcosis and other Modes Of Action (MOA) was successfully carried out by means of discrimination analysis and structural similarity analysis. Good QSARs for acute aquatic toxicity of chemicals with nonpolar narcosis MOA for the three fish species were constructed, based on molecular polarizability and H‐bond acceptor factors calculated by the HYBOT program. These latter relationships are useful alternatives to QSARs based on the experimental parameter log Ko/w because they yield good statistics and because they are amenable to physicochemical interpretation. In this case, the acute aquatic toxicity of chemicals with nonpolar MOA is presented as the result of two contributions (molecular polarizability, which is volume‐related, and hydrogen bonding) with opposite action: molecular polarizability increases acute nonpolar narcosis toxicity and H‐bond acceptor ability decreases it.
Surface properties of polypropylene following a novel industrial surface‐treatment process
Authors: Awaja Firas , Gilbert Michael , Kelly Georgina , Fox Bronwyn , Brynolf Russell , Pigram Paul J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) is used in many automotive applications where good paint adhesion is of primary importance. PP is widely known for its low surface energy which impacts negatively on its adhesion strength. PP surfaces were modified using a new industrial surface‐treatment process known as the Accelerated Thermo‐molecular adhesion Process (ATmaP). ATmaP grafts functional groups to the polymer surface derived from an atomised and vapourised nitrogen‐containing coupling agent. The surface properties and adhesion performance of PP samples treated using the ATmaP process and two different flame processes were compared using XPS, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and mechanical testing (pull‐up tests). The latter showed that ATmaP improved adhesion strength significantly in comparison with conventional flame treatments. XPS showed an increase in oxygen and nitrogen concentration on the surface of ATmaP‐treated samples compared with untreated and flame‐treated samples. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the ToF‐SIMS data revealed the major phenomena occurring during the surface treatment of PP samples. Early stage events, including the chain scission of the PP backbone chain and the subsequent reaction of these chains with the surrounding air, are captured by the first principal component (PC1). The increase in the concentration of NO surface functional groups resulting from ATmaP treatment is captured by the second principal component (PC2). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ar/H/N‐ion bombardment on the surface free energy and friction behavior of the fullerene‐like hydrogenated carbon (FL‐C:H) film
Authors: Wang Xia , Wang Peng , Mu Bo , Yang Shengrong , Zhang Junyan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe surface modification of the fullerene‐like hydrogenated carbon (FL‐C:H) film was achieved by bombardment using Ar, H, and N ions, respectively. A systematic comparison of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformation infrared(FTIR) spectra was made between the FL‐C:H film and ion‐bombarded films. The results show that ion bombardment resulted in the increase of sp3 C content, specially, new CN bonds were formed for N‐ion‐bombarded film. The contact angle (CA) and friction coefficient of those films were measured. The surface free energy evaluated from the contact angle increased for ion‐bombarded films, and the most obvious increase was obtained for N‐ion‐bombarded film. The friction coefficient decreased for H‐ion‐bombarded film whereas it increased for N‐ion‐bombarded film, and the friction coefficient of Ar‐ion‐bombarded film was close to that of the FL‐C:H film. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of standards and guides for multivariate analysis in surface chemical analysis
Authors: Lee J. L. S. , Tyler B. J. , Wagner M. S. , Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe surface chemical analysis community is forging new initiatives to develop clear standards and guides for their use of multivariate mathematical methods. In this short communication, we briefly outline three of these initiatives: the development of an ISO standard terminology for multivariate analysis, the development of an ISO guide for the use of multivariate analysis, and the organisation of an international multivariate analysis workshop. This will accelerate the progress in this field and ensure the widest uptake and impact of these useful methods. © Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the description of the target energy‐loss function on the energy loss of swift projectiles
Authors: Denton Cristian D. , Abril Isabel , Garcia‐Molina Rafael , Moreno‐Marín Juan C. , Heredia‐Avalos Santiago 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe optical energy‐loss function (ELF) of Au and Al, obtained from experiments, is extended to finite wavenumber k using three different widely used models, namely, with the Mermin type ELFs with generalized oscillator strengths (MELF‐GOS) model, the extended Drude model and the Penn model. The resulting ELFs show important differences but the MELF‐GOS model gives more realistic results when compared with the available experimental ELFs for finite k. These differences affect calculations of important parameters in projectile‐solid interaction. The calculated stopping power and energy‐loss straggling of Au and Al for H projectiles as well as the corresponding inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons in Au and Al clearly show that the results depend on the model used for the ELF description. Comparison with experimental data gives support to the MELF‐GOS model, especially in a material with a complex energy‐loss spectrum such as Au. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of spin exchange in alkali atom‐surface scattering
Authors: Hirose Eiji , Torikai Eiko 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have investigated spin dependencies of the survival probability of spin‐polarized alkali atom (K, Rb, Cs) scattered at model target surfaces Fe(001) in the resonant charge transfer process. The difference between majority and minority surface spin densities of states is theoretically taken into account. The survival probability of atoms with spin polarization along majority spins increases drastically against decreasing the interaction time across the lifetime of atomic level, while that with spin polarization along majority spin remains negligibly small. The result strongly suggests that the spin‐polarized atom‐surface scattering method is quite sensitive to the spin density of states (DOS) above the Fermi energy of a metallic surface, that are hard to access in conventional methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐ and Shape‐Controlled Conversion of Tungstate‐Based Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Belts to WO3 Nanoplates with High Specific Surface Areas
Authors: Chen Deliang , Gao Lian , Yasumori Atsuo , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Sugahara Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo‐dimensional monoclinic WO3 nanoplates with high specific surface areas are synthesized through a novel conversion process using tungstate‐based inorganic–organic hybrid micro/nanobelts as precursors. The process developed involves a topochemical transformation of tungstate‐based inorganic–organic hybrid belts into WO3 nanoplates via an intermediate product of H2WO4 nanoplates, utilizing the similarity of the WO octahedral layers in both H2WO4 and WO3. The as‐obtained WO3 nanoplates show a single‐crystalline nanostructure with the smallest side along the [001] direction. The WO3 nanoplates are 200–500 nm × 200–500 nm × 10–30 nm in size, and their specific surface areas are up to 180 m2 g−1. Photocatalytic measurements of visible‐light‐driven oxidation of water for O2 generation in the presence of Ag+ ions indicate that the activity of the as‐obtained WO3 nanoplates is one order of magnitude higher than that of commercially available WO3 powders.
Improvement of spatial resolution of µ‐XRF by using a thin metal filter
Authors: Nakano Kazuhiko , Matsuda Akinori , Nodera Yuta , Tsuji Kouichi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn improvement of spatial resolution of µ‐XRF by using a thin metal filter was investigated. The size of the x‐ray beam focused by the polycapillary x‐ray lens depended on the energy of the characteristic x‐rays. Original spot sizes at the focal point were 48 µm for CrKα, 41 µm for NiKα, and 28 µm for MoKα, respectively. To make the x‐ray beam size small, TiCu thin foil was placed between the output of the lens and the focal point as a metal filter to reduce the continuous x‐rays. Finally, the x‐ray microbeam size was improved to 30 µm by applying a filter. Clear 2D mapping images of Cr, Fe, and Ni in 300‐mesh stainless steel could be obtained by applying this filter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of homemade x‐ray polycapillaries
Authors: Pérez Roberto D. , Sánchez Héctor J. , Rubio Marcelo , Pérez Carlos A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe possibilities of performing non‐destructive elemental microanalysis with synchrotron radiation by means of homemade polycapillary optics are described. Using fiber glass technology, monolithic polycapillary half‐lenses were made by drawing packages of glass capillaries at high temperature in a heating furnace. The performance of polycapillary half‐lenses with different geometries was evaluated. A gold knife‐edge scanned at the output of the lenses was used to determine the spot size at different distances. Measurements of photon flux impinging on the entrance end of the lenses and photon flux leaving the lenses were used to obtain the transmission efficiency. The polycapillary half‐lens made in our laboratory was used in a series of XRF microanalysis tests using white beam. The overall efficiency of the system was studied by means of establishing detection limits for various elements in an organic sample. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Species identification, molecular sexing and genotyping using non‐invasive approaches in two wild bovids species: Bos gaurus and Bos javanicus
Authors: Rivière‐Dobigny Taiana , Doan Lan Pham , Quang Nam Le , Maillard Jean‐Charles , Michaux Johan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSince the second Indochina war, habitat destruction and overhunting has resulted in fragmentation of the remaining populations of Bos javanicus and B. gaurus. Nowadays, both species are in serious danger, especially the gaur. In Vietnam, where these species have become almost impossible to capture in the wild, non‐invasive investigations are the only feasible approach to obtain data on populations. However, non‐invasive derived DNA, especially in tropical areas, is usually characterized by low concentrations, poor quality and/or contamination from alien DNA. To assist in tropical conservation management, baseline information is provided here on assessing the reliability of species identification, molecular sexing and microsatellite genotyping using fecal DNA from B. gaurus and B. javanicus. For species identification using bovine fecal samples, cytochrome b fragment between positions 867 and 1140 was found to contain species diagnostic sites, which distinguishes the four species encountered in the region: B. gaurus, B. indicus, B. javanicus and B. taurus. For sex determination, primers were initially tested on DNA obtained from blood. Then, these primers were successfully used on DNA derived from fecal material. Finally, we also evaluate the feasibility of non‐invasive microsatellite genotyping on fecal samples collected in Vietnamese nature reserves. The results presented here improve on current molecular methods based on fecal material obtained from tropical areas. Zoo Biol 28:127–136, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Romantic attraction and conflict negotiation among late adolescent and early adult romantic couples
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Mayes Linda C. , Cohen Tiffany H. , Swain James E. , Leckman James F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn a sample of 35 couples (college students, aged 18–24) who were dating for no longer than six months, each partner was given a semi‐structured interview to assess the nature and intensity of romantic preoccupation with his or her lover. In addition, partners were jointly given a revealed differences task in which they were asked to discuss the issue of their highest disagreement and to arrive at an agreement. Findings suggested that higher levels of romantic preoccupation are related to partners’ inclination to downplay their disagreement and to negotiate their differences less successfully. The same assessment six weeks later showed that where levels of romantic preoccupation among romantic partners stayed stable, the partners showed an increasing capability to recognize and face their disagreements and even a tendency to better negotiate disagreements started to emerge. Findings of this study suggest that two processes operate within a bond between romantic partners. The first process refers to the attraction or preoccupation between partners and the second refers to the quality of conflict negotiation that evolves over time. Where at the initial stage of a romantic bond the attraction process overshadows partners’ ability to acknowledge and deal with differences, the two processes develop differently over time.
Adequate energy‐protein intake is not enough to improve nutritional and metabolic status in muscle‐depleted patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Aquilani Roberto , Opasich Cristina , Gualco Alessandra , Verri Manuela , Testa Amidio , Pasini Evasio , Viglio Simona , Iadarola Paolo , Pastoris Ornella , Dossena Maurizia , Boschi Federica 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground:An adequate energy‐protein intake (EPI) when combined with amino acid supplementation may have a positive impact nutritional and metabolic status in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).Methods and results:Thirty eight stable CHF patients (27 males, 73.5±4 years; BMI 22.5±1.4 kg/m2), with severe depletion of muscle mass and were randomised to oral supplements of essential amino acids 8 g/day (EAA group; n=21) or no supplements (controls; n=17). patients had adequate EPI (energy ≥ 30 kcal/kg; proteins >1.1 g/kg). At baseline and 2‐months after randomisation, the patients underwent metabolic (plasma lactate, pyruvate concentration; serum insulin level; estimate of insulin resistance by HOMA index), nutritional (measure of nitrogen balance), and functional (exercise test, walking test) evaluations.Body weight increased by >1 kg in 80% of supplemented patients (mean 2.96 kg) and in 30% of controls (mean 2.3 kg) (interaction <0.05). Changes in arm muscle area, nitrogen balance, and HOMA index were similar between the two treatment groups.Plasma lactate and pyruvate levels increased in controls (p<0.01 for both) but decreased in the supplemented group (p<0.01 and 0.02 respectively). EAA supplemented patients but not controls improved both exercise output and peak oxygen consumption and walking test.Conclusions:Adequate EPI when combined with essential amino acid supplementation may improve nutritional and metabolic status in most muscle‐depleted CHF patients.
The effects of interorganizational governance on supplier's compliance with SCC: An empirical examination of compliant and non‐compliant suppliers
Authors: Jiang Bin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOften, there is a huge gap between the requirements of the Supplier Codes of Conduct (SCC) imposed by buyers from advanced economies and actual compliance with SCC in developing countries. It is difficult for reseachers to reach suppliers who have violated SCC, especially within a large sample, because few disclose SCC violations to the public. In this paper, however, we identified 108 non‐compliant Chinese apparel and textile suppliers. Through the investigation of these non‐compliant suppliers and their compliant peers, this paper tests the impacts of antecedent factors (price pressure, production complexity, and contract duration) and buyer's governance mechanisms (peer‐to‐peer and buyer‐to‐supplier) on the likelihood of a supplier's compliance with SCC. While the buyer‐to‐supplier governance does not show significant effects, the peer‐to‐peer governance demonstrates the likelihood of supplier's commitment to SCC. This research reveals that if buyer's governance efforts move away from threat and toward cooperation, supplier's compliance with SCC could be more sustainable.
The Conquered Women of Cacaxtla
Authors: McCafferty Sharisse D. , McCafferty Geoffrey G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe vividly painted “Battle Mural” of Cacaxtla (Tlaxcala, Mexico) depicts the gory results of a battle between racially distinct factions, characterized by their opposing jaguar and bird insignia. The two central Bird figures that remain standing are shown as captives, and in both cases they are attired in elaborate costumes that include diagnostic items of female clothing, including thequechquemitlcape and long skirt. Other figures are nude or are shown in simple male costumes, including themaxtlatlloincloth. This paper considers arguments of whether the two central figures were biological females, or rather, that the presence of female apparel on male actors was used within a context of conquest, symbolically transmitted through a gender ideology of male dominance and female subordination. While the evidence is inconclusive, we employ a contextual analysis of pre-Columbian pictorial manuscripts and Mexican cosmology to argue that these individuals were female. Furthermore, we suggest that the elaborate costume elements associated with these female figures, and their recurrence with the Jaguar Lord 3 Deer Antler “Tlaloc mask,” indicates that this was a noblewoman destined for marriage as a means of binding the Jaguar and Bird dynasties. Thus the Battle Mural depicts the capture of the “founding queen,” with the subsequent union demonstrated by the complementary depictions of Jaguar and Bird lords on Building A.
What Can Be Learned by Estimating Human Energy Costs?
Authors: Drennan Robert D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractArchaeologists have estimated the human energy costs of various undertakings. Confusion has arisen about the notion of energy “profits”–what must be included in their calculation and what we can learn from such calculations. When it comes to assessing the contribution to sociopolitical hierarchy building of energy profits derived from long-distance transport of food staples, it is the energy expended (both in transport and acquisition of the food staples) that matters. The source of the food that produces the human energy so expended is immaterial. What may be learned from such calculations is whether attempts to understand certain behaviors in terms of economic “rationality” succeed or not.