bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a non‐ionic detergent on the detergency of alkylaryl sulfonates and soap in hard water
Authors: Barker G. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA non‐ionic detergent, Renex, has been shown to improve markedly the detergency of alkylaryl sulfonates in the washing of synthetically soiled cotton. This improvement was found to exist also when the alkylaryl sulfonates were built with CMC, salts, and alkalies.A combination of tallow soap with the non‐ionic detergent, Renex, has been shown to have greater effectiveness than tallow soap alone in hard water. Sodium laurate‐Renex combinations show less improvement over straight sodium laurate. When Renex replaces half the tallow soap in a formula containing CMC, sodium carbonate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate as builders, it improves the detergency in hard water. When Renex replaces half the sodium laurate in a formula containing CMC, sodium carbonate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate as builders, it improves the detergency.
The determination of potassium in soap and mixed caustic lye
Authors: Miller W. J. , Andrews J. T. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe method of determining potassium as KIO4, as suggested by Willard and Boyle, has been modified and applied to the analysis of soap and caustic lye. The precipitated periodate is completely reduced, and the liberated iodine is titrated with standard thiosulfate. The determination is sensitive to 0.1 mg. of potassium and the analysis of large numbers of samples may be carried out simultaneously in a relatively short time. This, along with the low cost of the reagents, makes the method applicable to industrial control work. An extensive literature search was made and the complete list of references is included.
Binary mixtures of fatty acid derivatives. I. Dihydrazides of dicarboxylic acids‐glutaric to sebacic
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

A simple preparation of the dihydrazides is given. The recrystallized dihydrazides of glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, and sebacic acids melted at 176, 182, 185, 187, and 188°C., respectively.

The melting point curves are reported for binary mixtures of a) the dihydrazides of adjacent members of the homologous series of dicarboxylic acids from glutaric to sebacic, b) suberic and sebacic dihydrazide, and c) sebacic dihydrazide and stearic hydrazide.

The binary mixtures of the dihydrazides show formation of a eutectic containing 52–53 weight per cent of the lower component.

The binary mixture of stearic hydrazide and sebacic dihydrazide shows no eutectic by the method used.
Effect of temperature on the content of pigments of stored cottonseed
Authors: Castillon L. E. , Hall C. M. , O'Connor R. T. , Miller C. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThree pure‐bred varieties of cottonseed,G. hirsutum, which were planted and grown under similar environmental conditions were stored at 38°, 77°, and 85°F. After determining the initial contents of lipids, nitrogen, moisture, gossypol, and gossypurpurin each lot of seed was stored at the different temperatures and analyzed periodically with respect to changes in pigmentation.The content of gossypurpurin was found to increase during storage in all of the samples. Its increase was proportional to the temperature and length of storage. On the other hand, gossypol decreased during storage of all samples.The antimony trichloride test for gossypol was found to be applicable only to extracts prepared from fresh cottonseed. During storage of the seed another yellow‐colored pigment(s) developed which could be separated from gossypol by alkaline extraction of the original chloroform extract of the stored seed. The alkali extractable portion of the chloroform extract gave a red‐colored antimony trichloride reaction product characteristic of gossypol.It is postulated that at least a fraction of the non‐acidic pigment(s) in the crude chloroform extracts obtained from stored cottonseed is diaminogossypol.
Cellular organelles and lipids
Authors: Wolken Jerome J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThese structural and biochemical studies indicate that the internal structure of the cell is a complex system of macromolecules which are organized into organelles for function. These organelles consist of complicated internal membranes, the structure of which in molecular dimensions is best represented by a double layer of lipid and protein, referred to as the unit membrane (Fig. 3b, 3d, 4d, 5d). Such a structure provides large surface areas for the orientation of pigment molecules as in the photoreceptors (Fig. 8) and sites for enzymatic reactions. Since these membranes contain high concentrations of lipids, their synthesis and molecular organization become important.Such ordered organelle structures behave like liquid crystals for they undergo phase transitions from ordered to disordered states which depend upon temperature and concentration. The determining of the kinds and distribution of the fatty acids in a variety of cells may be an approach for developing phylogenetic relationships as well as biochemical patterns in the evolution of the plant → animal. For a deeper understanding of the biological mechanism however, newer tools need to be developed to study the subtleties in the chemistry of the cell and its organelles in the living state.
The fatty acid composition of edible marine fish oils
Authors: Khalid Qamar , Mirza Ahmed Saeed , Hameed Khan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe body oils of 13 species of marine edible fishes found around the Karachi‐Makran coast were studied by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) for their fatty acid composition. The analyses showed the presence of fatty acids with chain lengths from 10 to 24 carbon atoms and with zero to six double bonds. The oils were found to be rich in polyunsaturated acids, particularly the penta‐ and hexaenoic. Certain major fatty acids were found to vary widely among the species: myristic acid 2.3 to 13.7%; palmitic 11.6 to 41.2%; stearich 7.2 to 23.2%; oleic 6.9 to 29.6%; eicosapentaenoic 1.4 to 19.0%; docosapentaenoic zero to 10.2%; and docosahexaenoic zero to 36.4%. The linoleic and linolenic acids were present in small amounts in some of the fish oils, and arachidonic acid was present in all of them.
Tung oil research and development at the southern regional laboratory
Authors: Kopacz B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews utilization research on tung oil conducted at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory in New Orleans. The tung oil program began with the inception of the Laboratory in 1940. Utilization research on tung oil has been concerned with exploratory chemical reactions to develop new or improved industrial products and with the development of improved paint formulations. The emphasis of the domestic and foreign extra‐mural program supervised by this Laboratory has been aimed at the practical applications of tung oil in plastics and the effects of heat on tung oil. Accomplishments over the past few years in these areas are described, and some projection for future research needs are proposed.
Fractionation and characterization of proteins from Gevuina avellana and Rosa rubiginosa seeds
Authors: Moure Andrés , Rúa María Luisa , Sineiro Jorge , Domíguez Herminia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGevuina avellana and Rosa rubiginosa proteins were evaluated for their potential food use. The proteins were sequentially separated into five fractions according to their solubilities in deionized water, 0.5 M NaCl, 70% (vol/vol) isopropyl alcohol, 50% (vol/vol) glacial acetic acid, and 0.1 M NaOH. The five fractionated protein groups were then characterized by SDS‐PAGE and gel filtration chromatography to determine their M.W. profiles. Ninety‐six percent of G. avellana total protein was solubilized in three extraction stages, and 88% of R. rubiginosa total protein was solubilized in one extraction stage. Albumins were the major protein fraction in G. avellana and glutelins‐1 the most abundant in R. rubiginosa. The protein solubility profile determined over the pH range 1–12 showed minimal solubilities at pH 3–5 and pH 3–7 for G. avellana and R. rubiginosa, respectively. Electrophoretic studies revealed the existence of proteins composed of two major kinds of polypeptides linked together via disulfide bonds and with molecular masses ranging from 13 to 119 kDa. Gel filtration chromatography profiles of globulins and albumins were studied for both seeds. Isoelectric focusing showed an isoelectric point in the ranges of 4.5–6 and 3–6.5 for G. avellana and R. rubiginosa proteins, respectively.
Enzymatic Interesterification of Extra Virgin Olive Oil with a Fully Hydrogenated Fat: Characterization of the Reaction and Its Products
Authors: Criado Manuel , Hernández‐Martín Estela , López‐Hernández Arnoldo , Otero Cristina 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) was studied in a batch reactor operating at 75 °C. The compositions of the semi‐solid fat products depend on the reaction conditions and the initial ratio of EVOO to FHPO. The dependence of the quasi‐equilibrium product TAG profile on the reaction time was determined for initial weight ratios of EVOO to FHPO from 80:20 to 20:80. Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 were employed as biocatalysts. The interesterification reaction was optimized with respect to the type and loading of biocatalyst. Equilibrium was approached in the shortest time with Novozym 435 (80% conversion in 4 h). The chemical, physical, and functional properties of the products were characterized. Appropriate choices of the reaction conditions and the initial ratio of EVOO to FHPO lead to TAG with melting profiles and solid fat contents similar to those of commercial products. Differences were observed in the solid fat contents, melting profiles, and oxidative stabilities of the various interesterified products and also between the indicated properties of each category of product and the corresponding physical blend of the precursor reagents.
Changing patterns of emergency obstetric care at a Nigerian University hospital
Authors: Oladapo O.T. , Ariba A.J. , Odusoga O.L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: To analyze the changing patterns of critical obstetric care over two consecutive 3‐year periods and identify the factors responsible for the trend through combined audits of near miss and maternal mortality at a Nigerian University hospital. Methods: Retrospective audit and comparison of “near misses” and maternal deaths recorded in 1999–2001 and 2002–2004 at a tertiary care center in southwest Nigeria. The definition of near miss morbidity was based on validated disease‐specific criteria. For each near miss and maternal death, the local audit committee compared the actual management with local treatment protocols and explored avoidable factors. Case fatality rate was calculated for “critically ill obstetric patients” (CIOP‐CFR) for both periods. The cause‐specific case fatality rate (CFR) was used to assess the trend in standards of care for life‐threatening obstetric conditions. Data were compared using the χ2 or Fisher's exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 175 near misses and 27 maternal deaths in 1999–2001 and 211 near misses and 44 maternal deaths in 2002–2004. The CIOP‐CFRs for the two periods showed a declining (but non‐significant) trend in the standard of emergency obstetric care for life‐threatening conditions (13.4% to 17.3%, P = 0.250). The CIOP‐CFR for postpartum hemorrhage significantly increased from 3.1% to 21.1% in the 2nd period (P = 0.033), reflecting a decline in the standard of care. Lack of blood for transfusion became a more significant administrative problem in the 2nd period occurring in 17.8% of all critically ill patients managed in 2002–2004. There was a notable though statistically insignificant increase in the non‐adherence to treatment protocol among cases of maternal death in 2002–2004 compared with 1999–2001. Conclusions: The standard of critical obstetric care in this center is suboptimal with no evident improvement over the 6‐year period. This audit supports the feasibility of including near miss reviews in maternal death audits to provide insights into the trend in the quality of emergency services for severe maternal complications while highlighting factors associated with deficiency or improvement in care for specific maternal conditions.
Allies, Constituents or Myopic Investors: Marcus Garvey and Black Americans
Authors: PATSIDES NICHOLAS 
Published: July 2007

Marcus Garvey's ideology had special meaning to West Indian migrants because it helped their economic adjustment in the United States. Despite the relocation of the Universal Negro Improvement Association to New York City, Garvey continued to speak predominantly to West Indians at home and abroad, since he shared their colonial mentality and understood their migrant ideology – the search for economic gain abroad in order to multiply options back home. Garvey scholars have argued that black Americans benefited from Garvey rhetoric as much as West Indian migrants, but tensions between the two communities suggest that black Americans did not think so. Garveyism served to accentuate economic rivalries as black Americans suspected that migrants wanted to transfer their material success back home – indeed, Garvey openly encouraged as much.
Random-mood interpretation of determinants for major depression
Authors: KAPTEIN KIRSTEN I. , De JONGE PETER , KORF JAKOB , SPIJKER JAN , De GRAAF RON , VAN DER WERF SIEBREN Y. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt has recently been proposed that major depression disorder (MDD) may, in a heterogeneous population-based cohort, be interpreted in terms of a random-mood model. Mood fluctuations are thought to result from stressors that occur randomly in time. We have investigated whether this concept also holds for more homogeneous groups, defined by known determinants for MDD, and whether the model's parameters, susceptibility (Z) and relaxation time (T), may be evaluated and used to differentiate between subcohorts.MethodFrom a large epidemiological survey, the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), data on the duration of MDD were obtained for subcohorts, based on gender, severity of depression, recurrence and co-morbidity with dysthymia, anxiety and somatic disorder, and were compared with random-mood simulation calculations.ResultsSusceptibility,Z, is empirically found to be proportional to incidence and may be identified with a risk ratio. A second scaling rule states the proportionality of mean duration with the product ofZandT. ThisZ–Tclassification proves to be more sensitive than conventional significance tests. Notably for men/women and for co-morbid anxiety, differences are seen that have previously gone unnoticed.ConclusionsDepression may be conceptualized as a disorder resulting from random-mood fluctuations, the response to which is influenced by a large variety of determinants or risk factors. The model's parameters can be evaluated and may be used in differentiating between risk factor-defined subgroups.
National fortification of staple foods can make a significant contribution to micronutrient intake of South African adults
Authors: Steyn Nelia P , Wolmarans Petro , Nel Johanna H , Bourne Lesley T 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundA national survey found that micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in South African children, particularly calcium, iron, zinc, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin A, E and C. Mandatory fortification of maize meal and wheat flour were introduced in 2003 to combat some of the deficiencies found in children. To date however, there has not been a national survey on dietary intake in adults.ObjectivesThe main objectives of this study were to evaluate the micronutrient intake of the diet consumed by the average adult South African by means of secondary data analyses and secondly to evaluate the effects of fortification on selected nutrient intakes.Study designSecondary data analysis was carried out with numerous dietary surveys on adults to create a database that included sampling (and weighting) according to ethnic/urban–rural residence in line with the population census, of which 79% were black Africans and the majority resided in rural areas. The effect of fortification was evaluated by substituting fortified foods in the diet for the unfortified products.SubjectsThe combined database used in this study comprised 3229 adults.ResultsMean calcium, iron, folate and vitamin B6 intakes were very low particularly in women. Mean intakes of most micronutrients were lower in rural areas. Fortification of maize meal and wheat flour (bread) raised mean levels of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folate above the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs). In women, despite fortification, mean iron intakes remained below the RNIs, as did calcium since it was not in the fortification mix.ConclusionThe average dietary intake of adults was of poor nutrient density, particularly in rural areas. Fortification of maize meal and wheat flour (bread) considerably improved mean vitamin B6, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate and iron intakes as well as the overall mean adequacy ratio of the diet.
Childhood diet in relation to Sámi and Norwegian ethnicity in northern and mid-Norway – the SAMINOR study
Authors: Brustad M , Parr CL , Melhus M , Lund E 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this work was to identify dietary patterns in the past using cluster analysis of reported diet in childhood, and to assess predictors for dietary patterns in relation to ethnicity in the population in the Sámi core areas in Norway. The Sámis are an indigenous population living in the border areas of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional study, using self-administered questionnaires. A food-frequency questionnaire covering selected food items eaten in childhood was used. The questionnaire also provided data on ethnicity.Subjects and settingThis study was based on data collected from 7614 subjects participating in The Population Based Study of Health and Living Conditions in Areas with a Mixed Sámi and Norwegian Population (the SAMINOR study) who grew up in the SAMINOR geographical areas, i.e. areas with mixed Sámi and Norwegian populations in Norway.ResultsFour dietary clusters were identified: a reindeer meat cluster; a cluster with high intakes of fish, traditional fish products and mutton, in addition to food sources from the local environment; a Westernised food cluster with high intakes of meat balls and sausages; and a cluster with a high intake of fish, but not any other foods in the questionnaire. The cluster distribution differed by ethnicity, but the effect of ethnicity on diet differed by coastal and inland residence.ConclusionOur study has shown that data gathered through the limited questionnaire could be used to group the study sample into different dietary clusters, which we believe will be useful for further research on relationships between diet in childhood and health in the Sámi core areas in Norway.
A school salad bar increases frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption among children living in low-income households
Authors: Slusser Wendelin M , Cumberland William G , Browdy Ben L , Lange Linda , Neumann Charlotte 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo measure change in fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption among elementary-school children after the introduction of a salad bar programme as a lunch menu option in the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) reimbursable lunch programme in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).DesignA cross-sectional sample of children was interviewed before and after a salad bar intervention (1998 and 2000, respectively) utilising a 24-hour food recall questionnaire. Frequencies of F&V consumption were calculated.SettingThe evaluation took place in three LAUSD elementary schools participating in the salad bar programme and the USDA reimbursable lunch programme.SubjectsThree hundred and thirty-seven children in 2nd–5th grade (7–11 years old).ResultsAfter the salad bar was introduced, there was a significant increase in frequency (2.97 to 4.09,P< 0.001) of F&V consumed among the children studied. The increase in frequency of F&V consumed was almost all due to an increase during lunch (84%). Mean energy, cholesterol, saturated fat and total fat intakes were significantly lower in the children after the salad bar was introduced in the schools compared with the intakes in the children before the salad bar was introduced.ConclusionA salad bar as a lunch menu option in the USDA reimbursable lunch programme can significantly increase the frequency of F&V consumption by elementary-school children living in low-income households.
Humoral immune responses in mice using gamma inulin preparations as adjuvants for hepatitis B vaccines
Authors: Leslie D. E. , Nicholson S. , Dimitrakakis M. , Johnston N. , Gust I. D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThere is an urgent need for new, powerful adjuvants suitable for use with sub‐unit and peptide vaccines in humans. We have measured the humoral immune response in BALB/c mice to vaccine formulations using recombinant HBsAg antigens, and gamma inulin and alum adjuvants. Using Merck, Sharpe & Dohme(MSD) HBsAg at 10 μg/mL, high levels of anti‐HBs were generated and geometric mean S/N ratios of 88, 133 and 107 were obtained for alum absorbed vaccine, gamma inulin, and a mixture of the two adjuvants, respectively. A dilution series produced ED50 values of 0·08, 0·15 and 0·22 μg/mL respectively. In a second series of experiments comparing alum and algamulin (a complex of gamma inulin and alum), MSD HBsAg induced anti‐HBs levels of 81 and 52, and ED50 values of 0·1 and 0·4 when used in conjunction with alum and algamulin, respectively. SKF HBsAg induced anti‐HBs levels of 126 and 111 with alum and algamulin, and ED50 values of 0·11 and 0·075. The class, subclass and level of antibody produced in mice boosted with a second dose of vaccine at 21 days was also examined. Both alum and gamma inulin induced higher levels of total antibody, IgGI and minor IgG subclasses than algamulin, or HBsAg alone. Overall, gamma inulin appears to be an equivalent adjuvant to alum, although their mechanisms of action arc different. Mixtures or complexes of the two adjuvants appear to be less effective in inducing humoral immune responses in mice than either alone.
Effect of exogenous prostaglandin E2 and actinomycin D on plasma leakage induced by neutrophil‐activating peptide‐1/interleukin‐8
Authors: Colditz I. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryNeutrophil accumulation and plasma leakage were measured in rabbit skin at sites stimulated with recombinant human neutrophil activating peptide‐1/interteukin‐8 (NAP‐1/IL‐8). Neutrophil accumulation occurred at doses equal to or greater than 10‐11 moles NAP‐1/IL‐8 per site. Co‐injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) extended the threshold of inflammatory activity of NAP‐1/IL‐8 to less than 10‐13 moles/site and caused approximately three‐fold increases in neutrophil accumulation and ten‐fold increases in plasma leakage at the higher doses of NAP‐1/IL‐8 examined. Plasma leakage declined more rapidly than did neutrophil accumulation as lesions aged. It was postulated that an endothelial response may be initiated to limit plasma leakage during ongoing neutrophil emigration at sites stimulated with NAP‐1/IL‐8. The induction of vasodilatation by injection of PGE2 masked the decline of plasma leakage with time in lesions up to 120 min old. Co‐injection of the RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D, failed to abrogate the decline of plasma leakage with time, suggesting that de novo protein synthetic events such as production of the vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin, are unlikely to contribute to the mechanism that restricts plasma leakage in older lesions. Although plasma leakage induced by NAP‐1/IL‐8 is dependent on the emigration of neutrophils, the results indicate that a mechanism, independent of de novo protein synthesis, restricts the rate of plasma leakage per neutrophil as lesions age.