bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of folly in Shakespeare's “Henriad”
Authors: Bell Robert H 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Folly, as Johnson said of comedy, has been “particularly unpropitious to definers,” struggling to conceive a notoriously indeterminate term. “Folly” is usually derogatory, pinned on any disbeliever or adversary, telling us as much about the judge as the judged, or ironically laudatory. While “folly” flaunts its maddening elusiveness, fools will rush in where wise men fear to tread. This essay explores the concept of folly, investigates its pertinence for literary criticism, and tests its usefulness in a consideration of literature's greatest fool, Falstaff.
The fool's cross-eyed vision always threatens to become a revelation; what starts as impish play may end as prophecy. Fools divide and confuse us, so that we either scant or privilege folly by reducing it to diverting babble or magnifying it into encoded prophecy. A great fool has amazing powers of disorientation: he is an avatar of disequilibrium. Disabled yet enabled, invincible yet particularly vulnerable, the fool is always double, both lightning bolt and lightning rod: his bad luck might bring me good luck, so we make room for fools but keep our distance: there with/but for the grace of God go I. The Fool has a strange duality, like the medieval monarch, two separate “bodies,” one enduring, potent, capable of revival, personifying survival and adaptability; the other marginal, susceptible, provisional, easily hurt.
Shakespeare's most majestic fool dramatizes folly's powers, perils, and paradoxes. Foolishly immersed in the “lower bodily element,” Falstaff imagines himself somehow freed from natural law; simultaneously Caliban and Ariel, he is enmired yet aloft, immanent yet transcendent, that quality wonderfully characterized by Bradley as Falstaff 's “inexplicable touch of infinity.” When “Falstaff riseth up” from playing possum, his comic resurrection seems the definitive triumph, “the true and perfect image of life indeed.” This “great fool” not only affirms life but outrageously redeems it with “counterfeit” or bogus scriptural idiom. Falstaff robustly embodies the power of folly and dimly, occasionally perceives its limits. In 2Henry IV, Falstaff, obviously enfeebled, becomes more the object than the source of humor. The banishment of Falstaff is not humorous and it hurts. As a seemingly imperishable fool, exuberantly enacting folly, Falstaff liberates life from fact, in defiance of reason and pursuit of joy. Falstaff's force draws us all into the field of folly, so that the great fool is our double whose loss we deplore.
Foma and Yerema; Max and Moritz; Beavis and Butt-Head: Images of twin clowns in three cultures
Authors: Kozintsev Alexander 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Three texts about comic duos are compared. Foma and Yerema (F&Y), characters of a 17th-century Russian folk poem, are twins. Being harmless idiots, they suffer endless failures, are regularly beaten and eventually drowned. Two other brothers, Max and Moritz (M&M), heroes of a quasi-didactic German poem for children written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch (1865), play ruthless tricks on their neighbors. Eventually they are caught and ground in a mill. Beavis and Butt-head (B&B) are heroes of American animated cartoons by Mike Judge (1993). These juvenile imbeciles are intermediate between F&Y and M&M in terms of mischief and are centered on sex, never realizable. Despite understandable differences between the texts, numerous similarities are evident. All the three duos resemble twin clowns, fools, jesters, and mythical tricksters. F&Y are “dupes”, M&M are “knaves”, and B&B are ambiguous. Archaic parallels include interchangeability of characters, consonant names, grotesque appearance, violence, obscenities, connection with birds, etc. Whether these parallels are “archetypical” or derive from some common source, is not clear. In all cases, the potential moral response evoked by the description of quasi-dramatic events is cancelled by comic devices aimed at dehumanizing the characters and making them similar to puppet-like characters of folk theatre.
Recessive black Is Allelic to the yellow Plumage Locus in Japanese Quail and Associated With a Frameshift Deletion in the ASIP Gene
Authors: Hiragaki Takahiro , Inoue-Murayama Miho , Miwa Mitsuru , Fujiwara Akira , Mizutani Makoto , Minvielle Francis , Ito Shin'ichi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The recessive black plumage mutation in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene (rb) and displays a blackish-brown phenotype in the recessive homozygous state (rb/rb). A similar black coat color phenotype in nonagouti mice is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation at the agouti locus. An allelism test showed that wild type and mutations for yellow, fawn-2, and recessive black in Japanese quail were multiple alleles (*N, *Y, *F2, and *RB) at the same locus Y and that the dominance relationship was Y*F2 &gt; Y*Y &gt; Y*N &gt; Y*RB. A deletion of 8 bases was found in the ASIP gene in the Y*RB allele, causing a frameshift that changed the last six amino acids, including a cysteine residue, and removed the normal stop codon. Since the cysteine residues at the C terminus are important for disulphide bond formation and tertiary structure of the agouti signaling protein, the deletion is expected to cause a dysfunction of ASIP as an antagonist of α-MSH in the Y*RB allele. This is the first evidence that the ASIP gene, known to be involved in coat color variation in mammals, is functional and has a similar effect on plumage color in birds.
Introduction
Authors: Maguire Mary H 
Published: February 2008

This special themed issue includes a selection of articles that emerged from a larger qualitative, ethnographic study of multilingual children’s identity construction, identity politics and cultural positioning in heritage language contexts in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The McGill Multilingual Literacies Research team formed in 2000 is like a microcosm of the very phenomena of multilingualism under consideration. Most team members are people who were multilingual from earliest childhood, went to and/or taught in heritage language contexts and are aware of the nuanced meanings of their particular contexts. Our ‘coming together’ occurred naturally out of a shared interest in the experiences of multilingual students, multiple languages and literacies in a province where French is spoken by a large majority of the population and a city where communities speak in languages from all over the world. Although we have since become more consciously aware of Montreal as a unique space for understanding identity politics and multiple languages (Maguire, Beer, Attarian, Curdt-Christiansen and Yoshida 2005), we were only tacitly aware of its significance in our initial research endeavours. Indeed we were engaged and immersed in multilingual research without knowing how to do it or that we were consciously doing it! (Roth 2006).
Asian Indians Have Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity to Produce ATP in Association With Severe Insulin Resistance
Authors: Nair K. Sreekumaran , Bigelow Maureen L. , Asmann Yan W. , Chow Lisa S. , Coenen-Schimke Jill M. , Klaus Katherine A. , Guo Zeng-Kui , Sreekumar Raghavakaimal , Irving Brian A. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE— Type 2 diabetes has become a global epidemic, and Asian Indians have a higher susceptibility to diabetes than Europeans. We investigated whether Indians had any metabolic differences compared with Northern European Americans that may render them more susceptible to diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We studied 13 diabetic Indians, 13 nondiabetic Indians, and 13 nondiabetic Northern European Americans who were matched for age, BMI, and sex. The primary comparisons were insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by measuring mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA), OXPHOS gene transcripts, citrate synthase activity, and maximal mitochondrial ATP production rate (MAPR). Other factors that may cause insulin resistance were also measured.
RESULTS— The glucose infusion rates required to maintain identical glucose levels during the similar insulin infusion rates were substantially lower in diabetic Indians than in the nondiabetic participants (P &lt; 0.001), and they were lower in nondiabetic Indians than in nondiabetic Northern European Americans (P &lt; 0.002). mtDNA (P &lt; 0.02), OXPHOS gene transcripts (P &lt; 0.01), citrate synthase, and MAPR (P &lt; 0.03) were higher in Indians irrespective of their diabetic status. Intramuscular triglyceride, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were higher, whereas adiponectin concentrations were lower in diabetic Indians.
CONCLUSIONS— Despite being more insulin resistant, diabetic Indians had similar muscle OXPHOS capacity as nondiabetic Indians, demonstrating that diabetes per se does not cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Indians irrespective of their diabetic status had higher OXPHOS capacity than Northern European Americans, although Indians were substantially more insulin resistant, indicating a dissociation between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
Peroxynitrite Mediates Retinal Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting Nerve Growth Factor Survival Signaling in Experimental and Human Diabetes
Authors: Ali Tayyeba K. , Matragoon Suraporn , Pillai Bindu A. , Liou Gregory I. , El-Remessy Azza B. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Recently we have shown that diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration positively correlates with oxidative stress and peroxynitrite. Studies also show that peroxynitrite impairs nerve growth factor (NGF) survival signaling in sensory neurons. However, the causal role of peroxynitrite and the impact of tyrosine nitration on diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration and NGF survival signaling have not been elucidated.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Expression of NGF and its receptors was examined in retinas from human and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Diabetic animals were treated with FeTPPS (15 mg · kg−1 · day−1 ip), which catalytically decomposes peroxynitrite to nitrate. After 4 weeks of diabetes, retinal cell death was determined by TUNEL assay. Lipid peroxidation and nitrotyrosine were determined using MDA assay, immunofluorescence, and Slot-Blot analysis. Expression of NGF and its receptors was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analyses.
RESULTS—Analyses of retinal neuronal death and NGF showed ninefold and twofold increases, respectively, in diabetic retinas compared with controls. Diabetes also induced increases in lipid peroxidation, nitrotyrosine, and the pro-apoptotic p75NTR receptor in human and rat retinas. These effects were associated with tyrosine nitration of the pro-survival TrkA receptor, resulting in diminished phosphorylation of TrkA and its downstream target, Akt. Furthermore, peroxynitrite induced neuronal death, TrkA nitration, and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in RGCs, even in the presence of exogenous NGF. FeTPPS prevented tyrosine nitration, restored NGF survival signal, and prevented neuronal death in vitro and in vivo.
CONCLUSIONS—Together, these data suggest that diabetes-induced peroxynitrite impairs NGF neuronal survival by nitrating TrkA receptor and enhancing p75NTR expression.
X‐LRT: a likelihood approach to estimate genetic risks and test association with X‐linked markers using a case‐parents design
Authors: Zhang Li , Martin Eden R. , Chung Ren‐Hua , Li Yi‐Ju , Morris Richard W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRecently, there has been interest in family‐based tests of association to identify X‐chromosome genes. However, none of the approaches allow for estimation of genetic risks. We propose a likelihood approach to estimate disease‐related marker relative risks and test genotype association using a case‐parents design. The test uses nuclear families with a single affected proband and allows additional siblings and missing parental genotypes. Extension to a haplotype test is based on assumptions of random mating and multiplicative penetrance. We investigate power and type I error rate of the likelihood‐based test, using simulated data and apply our method to marker data from the monoamine oxidase A&B genes in families with Parkinson disease. We show how efficiency with missing parental information can be improved with additional sibling genotype information. Our likelihood approach offers great flexibility for testing different penetrance relationships within and between sexes. In addition, estimation of disease‐related marker relative risks provides a measure of the magnitude of X‐linked genetic effects on complex disorders.Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power of transmission/disequilibrium tests in admixed populations
Authors: Li Miao‐Xin , Jiang Lin , Song You‐Qiang , Sham Pak C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe power of transmission/disequilibrium tests (TDTs) for detecting disease susceptibility loci is expected to be influenced by population admixture through its impact on the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the genetic marker and the DSL. However, few studies have been done to systematically examine this behavior of the TDTs in admixed populations. In the present study, extensive computer simulations were conducted to explore how population admixture affects the power of TDTs. It was found that (1) in newly admixed populations, the LD due to admixture makes no contribution to the power of TDTs, and it is the averaged background LD in the parental populations that determines the power of TDTs; but (2) after random mating between the admixed populations, the LD due to admixture becomes effective in increasing or decreasing the power of the tests, and (3) incomplete random mating can prolong the time for the LD due to admixture to become effective. This study clarifies the potential influence of population admixture on the performance of TDTs. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The changing Amazon forest
Authors: Phillips Oliver L , Lewis Simon L , Baker Timothy R , Chao Kuo-Jung , Higuchi Niro 
Published: February 2008

Long-term monitoring of distributed, multiple plots is the key to quantify macroecological patterns and changes. Here we examine the evidence for concerted changes in the structure, dynamics and composition of old-growth Amazonian forests in the late twentieth century. In the 1980s and 1990s, mature forests gained biomass and underwent accelerated growth and dynamics, all consistent with a widespread, long-acting stimulation of growth. Because growth on average exceeded mortality, intact Amazonian forests have been a carbon sink. In the late twentieth century, biomass of trees of more than 10 cm diameter increased by 0.62±0.23 t C ha
−1
yr
−1
averaged across the basin. This implies a carbon sink in Neotropical old-growth forest of at least 0.49±0.18 Pg C yr
−1
. If other biomass and necromass components are also increased proportionally, then the old-growth forest sink here has been 0.79±0.29 Pg C yr
−1
, even before allowing for any gains in soil carbon stocks. This is approximately equal to the carbon emissions to the atmosphere by Amazon deforestation. There is also evidence for recent changes in Amazon biodiversity. In the future, the growth response of remaining old-growth mature Amazon forests will saturate, and these ecosystems may switch from sink to source driven by higher respiration (temperature), higher mortality (as outputs equilibrate to the growth inputs and periodic drought) or compositional change (disturbances). Any switch from carbon sink to source would have profound implications for global climate, biodiversity and human welfare, while the documented acceleration of tree growth and mortality may already be affecting the interactions among millions of species.
Barley Grain Maturation and Germination: Metabolic Pathway and Regulatory Network Commonalities and Differences Highlighted by New MapMan/PageMan Profiling Tools
Authors: Sreenivasulu Nese , Usadel Björn , Winter Andreas , Radchuk Volodymyr , Scholz Uwe , Stein Nils , Weschke Winfriede , Strickert Marc , Close Timothy J. , Stitt Mark , Graner Andreas , Wobus Ulrich 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPlant seeds prepare for germination already during seed maturation. We performed a detailed transcriptome analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain maturation, desiccation, and germination in two tissue fractions (starchy endosperm/aleurone and embryo/scutellum) using the Affymetrix Barley1 GeneChip. To aid data evaluation, Arabidopsis thaliana MapMan and PageMan tools were adapted to barley. The analyses allow a number of conclusions: (1) Cluster analysis revealed a smooth transition in transcription programs between late seed maturation and germination within embryo tissues, but not in the endosperm/aleurone. (2) More than 12,000 transcripts are stored in the embryo of dry barley grains, many of which are presumably activated during germination. (3) Transcriptional activation of storage reserve mobilization events occurs at an early stage of germination, well before radicle protrusion. (4) Key genes of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis are already active during grain maturation at a time when abscisic acid peaks suggesting the formation of an endogenous store of GA in the aleurone. This GA probably acts later during germination in addition to newly synthesized GA. (5) Beside the well-known role of GA in gene activation during germination spatiotemporal expression data and cis-element searches in homologous rice promoters confirm an equally important gene-activating role of abscisic acid during this developmental period. The respective regulatory webs are linked to auxin and ethylene controlled networks. In summary, new bioinformatics PageMan and MapMan tools developed in barley have been successfully used to investigate in detail the transcriptome relationships between seed maturation and germination in an important crop plant.
EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 Participates in Polycomb Group–MediatedAGGene Silencing inArabidopsis
Authors: Calonje Myriam , Sanchez Rosario , Chen Lingjing , Sung Z. Renee 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPolycomb group (PcG)–mediated gene silencing is a common developmental strategy used to maintain stably inherited repression of target genes and involves different protein complexes known as Polycomb-repressive complexes (PRCs). In animals, the two best-characterized PcG complexes are PRC1 and PRC2. In this report, we demonstrate that the plant-specific protein EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 (EMF1) functions in maintaining the repression of the flower homeotic gene AGAMOUS (AG) during vegetative development in Arabidopsis thaliana by acting in concert with the EMF2 complex, a putative equivalent of Drosophila melanogaster PRC2. We show that AG regulatory sequences are required for its ectopic expression in both emf1 and emf2 mutants and that EMF2 is required for trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 on the AG chromatin. We found that EMF1 interacts directly with AG and that this interaction depends on the presence of EMF2. Together with the finding of EMF1 interference with transcription in vitro, these results suggest that EMF1 enables transcriptional repression of AG after the action of the putative EMF2 complex. Our data indicate that EMF1 plays a PRC1-like role in the PcG-mediated floral repression mechanism.
ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE4Encodes a Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate Phosphatase Required for Proper Root Hair Development inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Thole Julie M. , Vermeer Joop E.M. , Zhang Yanling , Gadella Theodorus W.J. , Nielsen Erik 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPolarized expansion of root hair cells in Arabidopsis thaliana is improperly controlled in root hair–defective rhd4-1 mutant plants, resulting in root hairs that are shorter and randomly form bulges along their length. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in rhd4-1 root hairs, we analyzed membrane dynamics after labeling with RabA4b, a marker for polarized membrane trafficking in root hairs. This revealed stochastic loss and recovery of the RabA4b compartment in the tips of growing root hairs, consistent with a role for the RHD4 protein in regulation of polarized membrane trafficking in these cells. The wild-type RHD4 gene was identified by map-based cloning and was found to encode a Sac1p-like phosphoinositide phosphatase. RHD4 displayed a preference for phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] in vitro, and rhd4-1 roots accumulated higher levels of PI(4)P in vivo. In wild-type root hairs, PI(4)P accumulated primarily in a tip-localized plasma membrane domain, but in rhd4-1 mutants, significant levels of PI(4)P were detected associated with internal membranes. A fluorescent RHD4 fusion protein localized to membranes at the tips of growing root hairs. We propose that RHD4 is selectively recruited to RabA4b-labeled membranes that are involved in polarized expansion of root hair cells and that, in conjunction with the phosphoinositide kinase PI-4Kβ1, RHD4 regulates the accumulation of PI(4)P on membrane compartments at the tips of growing root hairs.
Hypermedia management in television through text processing
Authors: Caldera‐Serrano Jorge 
Published: February 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to describe a working routine for the analysis of audio‐visual documents for serving the needs of television journalists.Design/methodology/approachA description in the form of a synthesis is given of the process by which television information must be put at the user's disposal with a response that is both fast and exhaustive.FindingsIn television, there is a need to adapt the habits and methods of documentation to the productive processes of journalists in order to attain the common goals of information retrieval and reuse of the documents.Research limitations/implicationsThe main drawback of using this working method lies in the intensive use of large numbers of personnel with knowledge in specific areas.Practical implicationsWell‐designed hypermedia management based on knowledge of the creation processes in television will allow the construction of an information management system that adds value to the documents that have been analysed and facilitates the organisation's creation of future audio‐visual products.Originality/valueIt is hoped that readers use this paper in a critical spirit to adapt it to their own particular requirements, and to serve as a guide both for setting up a document/information system and for organising such departments within the TV industry.
Thumbs up: a new definition of reference
Authors: Mitchell Eleanor , Barbara Watstein Sarah 
Published: February 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this editorial is to examine the changing nature of the role of reference services, and to work towards a new definition of the term “reference”.Design/methodology/approachThe paper assesses the current situation and looks forward to a new definition of “reference”.FindingsThe paper finds that a new definition of “reference” holds great promise.Originality/valueA definition of “reference” that takes into account the activities of a twenty‐first century reference librarian will serve to advance reference services and, by so doing, will both impact reference librarians' future and preserve and renew the value of reference librarianship.