bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of disease severity scoring systems for dairy cattle with acute coliform mastitis
Authors: Wenz John R. , Garry Franklyn B. , Barrington George M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare use of 4 disease severity scoring systems to predict bacteremia (yes vs no) and outcome (survived vs died or culled) in dairy cows with acute coliform mastitis (ACM).
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—99 dairy cows with ACM.
Procedures—Cows were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease with a scoring system based on systemic disease signs alone (systemic severity score [SSS] system), a system based on local disease signs alone (local severity score [LSS] system), and 2 previously described systems based on a combination of local and systemic signs (local-systemic score 1 [LS1] and local-systemic score 2 [LS2] systems). Test performance was calculated to determine whether a severe disease classification could be used to predict bacteremia or outcome.
Results—21%, 53%, 63%, and 38% of cows were classified as having severe disease with the SSS, LSS, LS1, and LS2 systems, respectively. For both bacteremia and outcome, sensitivity was highest for the LS1 system, but specificity and accuracy were highest for the SSS system. Examination of a scatterplot of true-positive rate versus false-positive rate for each of the scoring systems indicated that the SSS and LS2 systems were similar in their ability to correctly identify cows with bacteremia or an adverse outcome.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the SSS scoring system was better for identifying cows with bacteremia or an adverse outcome than was the LSS system and that the LS1 and LS2 systems were intermediate in their discriminatory abilities.
Congenital vulvar deformity in 6 alpacas
Authors: Wilkins Pamela A. , Southwood Louise L. , Bedenice Daniela 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Case Description—6 female alpacas, ranging in age from < 1 day to > 2 years, were examined because of primary owner complaints related to urogenital malformation.
Clinical Findings—In all instances, the vulva was totally to subtotally imperforate. One neonate had failure of passive transfer of immunity and mild azotemia at the time of initial examination. No additional urogenital malformations were detected in any of the alpacas.
Treatment and Outcome—Vulvoplasty performed via local anesthesia was successful in all alpacas. The neonate with failure of passive transfer received a plasma transfusion. Postsurgical wound management was limited to topically applied medications.
Clinical Relevance—Congenital vulvar deformity in alpacas may result in interference with urine outflow. Neonates with a completely imperforate vulva may be brought to veterinarians for examination on an emergency basis. Less severely affected alpacas may be examined later in life with owner complaints ranging from stranguria or dysuria to urogenital malformation. No other primary abnormalities of the urogenital tract in alpacas have been reported, to the authors' knowledge. Vulvoplasty, performed with local anesthesia, resolves obstructed urine flow. Because it is possible that this condition is heritable, affected alpacas, and possibly their sires and dams, should not be used for breeding.
Prevalence of Salmonella spp in cloacal, fecal, and gastrointestinal mucosal samples from wild North American turtles
Authors: Saelinger Carley A. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Christian Larry S. , Lemons Carol L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine prevalence of Salmonella spp in samples collected from wild North American turtles.
Animals—94 wild North American turtles of 6 species in 2 genera.
Design—Prospective microbiologic study.
Procedures—A convenience sample of wild North Carolina turtles admitted to a veterinary college was evaluated for Salmonella spp by use of standard techniques via microbiologic culture of cloacal swab and fecal samples. Gastrointestinal mucosa samples were also collected at necropsy from turtles that died or were euthanized. Cloacal swab samples were also collected from wild pond turtles for bacteriologic culture. Controls were established by use of wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium LT2.
Results—94 turtles were tested for Salmonella spp; Salmonella spp were not detected in any sample. By use of a pathogen-prevalence and sample-size table, the true prevalence of Salmonella spp was estimated as < 5%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that wild turtles in central North Carolina may not be active shedders or carriers of Salmonella spp. Despite this 0% prevalence of infection, proper hygiene practices should be followed when handling wild turtles.
Tularemia as a cause of fever in a squirrel monkey
Authors: Beckwith Catherine S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Case Description—A 3-year-old female squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus sciureus) was examined because of sudden onset of lethargy and fever.
Clinical Findings—On initial examination, the monkey was weak and febrile and had petechiae on both thoracic limbs. Following collection, blood samples were slow to clot. During the next week, the monkey developed anemia and thrombocytopenia; Francisella tularensis was isolated from blood samples.
Treatment and Outcome—Treatment with gentamicin resulted in the monkey's gradual return to health, but inguinal lymphadenopathy developed after drug administration was discontinued. Francisella tularensis was isolated from a fine-needle aspirate of an enlarged lymph node. Treatment with streptomycin resulted in resolution of infection. By use of biochemical and molecular tests, the microbial isolate was characterized as F tularensis subsp holarctica. Results of a microagglutination assay confirmed that the monkey had developed serum antibodies against F tularensis.
Clinical Relevance—With timely diagnosis, treatment of tularemia in the squirrel monkey was successful. Francisella tularensis is the cause of a highly infectious zoonotic disease, and infection with this microorganism is enzootic in wildlife throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile disease in animals of any species. Even limited or indirect exposure of humans or other animals to outdoor environments in which reservoir hosts and arthropod vectors are present can lead to transmission of F tularensis. Francisella tularensis is a class A agent of bioterrorism, and all cases of tularemia (regardless of species) should be reported to public health officials.
Efficient Preparation of New Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐[Bis(oxazolinyl)‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl] Complexes by CH Bond Activation: Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Ito Jun‐ichi , Shiomi Takushi , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe bis(oxazolinyl)‐3,5‐dimethylphenylrhodium and ‐iridium complexes were synthesized in high yields by an efficient CH bond activation method with 4,6‐dimethyl‐1,3‐bis(oxazolinyl)benzene derivatives. The catalytic activity of the complexes was examined for the asymmetric conjugate reduction of (E)‐ethyl 3‐phenylbut‐2‐enoate and the asymmetric reductive aldol reaction of tert‐butyl acrylate and benzaldehyde. It was found that the rhodium complex of 3,5‐dmPhebox showed the higher catalytic activity, whereas the corresponding iridium complexes proved to be less active.
2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles through the Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aryl Chlorides with o‐Alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella 
Published: July 2006

Abstract2,3‐Disubstituted indoles can be prepared in moderate to excellent yields by reacting readily available o‐alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides with aryl chlorides in MeCN at 120 °C in the presence of Pd2(dba)3 and Xphos.
Subsequent Enzymatic Galactosylation and Sialylation Towards Sialylated Thomsen–Friedenreich Antigen Components
Authors: Kröger Lars , Scudlo Agnes , Thiem Joachim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSialyloligosaccharides of the type Neu5 Acα2‐3Galβ1‐3GalNAc and a range of corresponding motifs play an important role in nature and are found in gangliosides, Lewis type I structures and the sialyl‐Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen occurring in higher animals, viruses, bacteria, protozoa and pathogenic fungi. There is considerable interest to evaluate the significant functionalities of these glycostructures, and here we present a chemoenzymatic approach by a facile synthesis of such motifs. Employing chemoenzymatic methods, several modified Galβ1‐3GalNAc derivatives were synthesized. Modifications were introduced at the stage of the monomeric building blocks prior to formation of the disaccharides by means of four different β‐galactosidases from bovine testes, Bacillus circulans and Xanthomonas manihotis as well as the phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium bifidum. Finally, the modified disaccharide derivatives could be efficiently sialylated using the recombinant trans‐sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi.
Preparation of a Privileged Silicon‐Stereogenic Silane: Classical versus Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Rendler Sebastian , Auer Gertrud , Keller Manfred , Oestreich Martin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe cyclic silicon‐stereogenic silane (SiR)‐5 decorated with three different substituents of distinct steric demand is an exceptionally useful chiral reagent in asymmetric organosilicon chemistry. Several approaches for its large‐scale preparation in optically pure form have been investigated. These hinge upon the resolution of racemic silane rac‐5 which, in turn, is accessible in multi‐gram quantities by a straightforward one‐pot two‐step reaction sequence. For this, a classical as well as a novel kinetic resolution via its diastereomeric silyl ethers derived from enantiopure secondary alcohols as resolving agents has been elaborated: (1) the use of (−)‐menthol [(−)‐7] allowed for a quantitative separation of silyl ethers (SiS)‐10 and (SiR)‐10 by practical fractional crystallization and (2) a diastereoselective copper‐catalyzed dehydrogenative silicon‐oxygen coupling using pyridyl alcohols (S)‐16 or (R)‐16 capable of two‐point binding has been devised and assessed as a novel kinetic resolution strategy for the synthesis of a silane with silicon‐centered chirality. Subsequent stereospecific reductive cleavage of the silicon‐oxygen bond enabled the preparation of (SiR)‐5 and (SiS)‐5 in excellent enantiomeric excesses of up to 99 % ee.
The Dendrimer Effect in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Helms Brett , Fréchet Jean M. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe immobilization of catalytic groups onto a dendritic support either at the core or at the periphery gives rise to unique properties that affect rates of reaction, substrate activation or selectivity, etc. When advantageous, these properties can be classified as a positive dendrimer effect. Positive dendrimer effects can arise from site isolation, transition state stabilization and/or dielectric effects in the case of core‐modified dendrimers, while peripherally modified dendrimers usually benefit from steric crowding or cooperativity for catalytic residues confined to the surface of the polymer. In this review, the appearance of positive dendrimer effects from the literature will be highlighted as well as prospects for future work in the field.
Iron‐Salen Complexes as Efficient Catalysts in Ring Expansion Reactions of Epoxyalkenes
Authors: Hilt Gerhard , Walter Christian , Bolze Patrick 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe optimisation of the iron‐catalysed ring expansion reaction of epoxyalkenes was considerably improved when the original phosphine ligand system [FeCl2(dppe)] was altered to include nitrogen‐containing ligand systems. Especially, the very potent class of salen ligands gave the best results in inter‐ and intramolecular ring expansion reactions. With a preformed iron(II)‐salen complex the yields and diastereoselectivities were greatly enhanced and the scope of the reaction could also be enlarged.
Genome‐wide linkage analysis of heroin dependence in Han Chinese: Results from wave one of a multi‐stage study
Authors: Glatt Stephen J. , Su Jessica A. , Zhu Shao C. , Zhang Ruimin , Zhang Bo , Li Jixiang , Yuan Xiaobo , Li Jianhua , Lyons Michael J. , Faraone Stephen V. , Tsuang Ming T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe contribution of genes to the etiology of heroin dependence is greater than for any other illicit drug. The specific genes mediating this effect remain unknown, despite several candidate gene association studies of the condition. Here we report the results of a genome‐wide search for heroin dependence susceptibility loci using multipoint linkage analysis. In phase I, we ascertained 207 independent affected sibling pairs from 202 Han Chinese families from Yunnan Province, China (near Asia's “Golden Triangle”). After data‐cleaning, 194 fully independent sibling pairs (i.e., with no overlapping individuals) from 192 families were genotyped on 404 short tandem‐repeat markers spaced at an average inter‐marker distance of 9 cM. Although none of our findings achieved genome‐wide significance, we found two regions with non‐parametric linkage (NPL) Z‐scores greater than 2.0. An NPL Z‐score of 2.19 (uncorrected P‐value = 0.014) was observed at D4S1644, located at 143.3 cM on chromosomal region 4q31.21. The highest NPL Z‐score of 2.36 (uncorrected P‐value = 0.009) was observed at 53.4 cM on chromosomal region 17q11.2 at marker D17S1880. This is among the first published reports of a genome‐wide linkage analysis of heroin dependence. Forthcoming results from other groups and from two additional waves of ascertainment (one planned, one currently ongoing) for our own study should be able to support or refute the putative susceptibility loci we have identified, after which positional candidate genes can be further evaluated as risk factors for the illness. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of seven polymorphisms in four serotonin receptor genes on suicide victims
Authors: Videtic Alja , Pungercic Galina , Pajnic Irena Zupanic , Zupanc Tomaz , Balazic Joze , Tomori Martina , Komel Radovan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA number of molecular genetic studies have investigated if serotonin (5‐HT) receptor subtypes are involved in the pathogenesis of depression, suicidal behavior, aggression, and impulsive behavior. Existence of many receptor subtypes for a single transmitter permits a great diversity of signaling raising the possibility that they may serve as genetic markers for suicidal behavior. Most previous studies of suicide have analyzed polymorphisms of the receptors 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2A, fewer have examined 5‐HT1F. We report a study of possible association between the polymorphisms in the 5‐HT receptor genes (1A, 1B, 1F, and 2A) and suicidal behavior on a sample of 226 suicide victims and 225 healthy control subjects. No significant differences in genotype frequency distributions between the suicide victims and healthy control subjects were observed for four polymorphisms; three were not polymorphic. A single polymorphism, C‐1420T in gene 5‐HT2A, showed a slight association with suicide (χ2 = 4.94, df = 2, P = 0.067), but the correlation was not statistically significant. None of the tested genetic variants of serotonin receptors appears to be associated with suicidal behavior in the Slovenian population which has a relatively high suicide rate. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On‐line estimation of dissolved methane concentration during methanotrophic fermentations
Authors: Yu Yinghao , Ramsay Juliana A. , Ramsay Bruce A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractKnowledge of the aqueous phase methane concentration is critical to understanding and controlling process kinetics in methanotrophic bioreactors. Unfortunately since no dissolved methane probe is commercially available, this data must be obtained off‐line by the time‐consuming gas–liquid partition method. In this study we demonstrate how knowledge of the reactor's kLa for oxygen combined with gas phase methane analysis can be used to continuously estimate the aqueous phase concentration of dissolved methane. The on‐line estimation was verified in two reactor systems with greatly different values of k La. In both systems the measured and calculated dissolved methane concentrations were in good agreement although dissolved methane was underestimated in both cases. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by revealing a possible metabolic bottleneck in the model system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of β‐O‐Glucosylation on L‐Ser and L‐Thr Diamides: A Bias toward α‐Helical Conformations
Authors: Corzana Francisco , Busto Jesús H. , Engelsen Søren B. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Asensio Juan L. , Peregrina Jesús M. , Avenoza A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstractβ‐D‐O‐glucosylation produces a remarkable effect on the peptide backbone of the model peptides derived from serine and threonine. Consequently, this type of glycosylation is responsible for the experimentally observed shift from extended conformations (model peptides) towards the folded conformations (model glycopeptides). The conclusion has been solidly assessed by a combined NMR/MD protocol. Interestingly, the MD (molecular dynamics) results for the glycopeptides point towards the existence of water‐bridging molecules between the sugar and peptide moieties, which could explain the stabilization of the folded conformers in aqueous solution.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Desymmetrization Processes: A Straightforward Methodology for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidines
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Bassas Oriol , Llor Núria , Cantó Margalida , Pérez Maria , Molins Elies , Bosch Joan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA straightforward procedure for the synthesis of enantiopure polysubstituted piperidines is reported. It involves the direct generation of chiral non‐racemic oxazolo[3,2‐a]piperidone lactams that already incorporate carbon substituents on the heterocyclic ring and the subsequent removal of the chiral auxiliary. The key step is a cyclocondensation reaction of (R)‐phenylglycinol or other amino alcohols with racemic or prochiral δ‐oxo (di)acid derivatives in highly stereoselective processes involving dynamic kinetic resolution and/or desymmetrization of diastereotopic or enantiotopic ester groups.
Detection of the chirality of Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids with a dynamic helical poly(phenylacetylene) bearing aza‐18‐crown‐6 ether pendants
Authors: Morino Kazuhide , Kaptein Bernard , Yashima Eiji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA stereoregular poly(phenylacetylene) bearing the aza‐18‐crown‐6 ether pendants (poly‐1) was found to form a predominantly one‐handed helix upon complexation with optically active Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids and their amide derivatives including typical meteoritic Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids such as Cα‐methyl norvaline and Cα‐methyl valine. The complexes exhibited an induced circular dichroism (ICD) in the UV‐visible region of the polymer backbone. Therefore, poly‐1 can be used as a novel probe for detection of the chirality of Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids. The effect of the enantiomeric excess (ee) of Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids on the helicity induction in poly‐1 was also investigated. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric aza‐Henry reaction of N‐tosyl imine
Authors: Gao Feifeng , Zhu Jiang , Tang Yong , Deng Minzhi , Qian Changtao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn efficient stereoselective aza‐Henry reaction of N‐tosyl imine, catalyzed by the coordination of diethylzinc with a chiral semi‐aza‐crown ligand, with moderate to high ee (up to 83%) is reported. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ortho–para spin isomers of the protons in the methylene group—Possible implications for protein structure
Authors: Shinitzky Meir , Elitzur Avshalom C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe two hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon in the methylene group are of two different spin configurations, similar to those in the case of water: ortho, where the two proton spins are parallel to each other, and para, where they are antiparallel. The ortho configuration has three degenerate states, while the para configuration is singular, leading to a statistical ratio of these isomers 3:1 ortho/para. Such spin isomers are present in glycine and most chiral amino acids where they may induce broadening of structural zones, a possibility which remains to be assessed. The implications of this neglected possibility could be far‐reaching, in particular with respect to protein structure and the origins of biochirality. Chirality, 2006 © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long hydrocarbon chains serve as unique molecular features recognized by ventral glomeruli of the rat olfactory bulb
Authors: Ho Sabrina L. , Johnson Brett A. , Leon Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn an effort to understand mammalian olfactory processing, we have been describing the responses to systematically different odorants in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb of rats. To understand the processing of pure hydrocarbon structures in this system, we used the [14C]2‐deoxyglucose method to determine glomerular responses to a homologous series of alkanes (from six to 16 carbons) that are straight‐chained hydrocarbons without functional groups. We found two rostral regions of activity evoked by these odorants, one lateral and one medial, that were observed to shift ventrally with increasing alkane carbon chain length. Furthermore, we successfully predicted that the longest alkanes with carbon chain length greater than our previous odorant selections would stimulate extremely ventral glomerular regions where no activation had been observed with the hundreds of odorants that we had previously studied. Overlaps in response profiles were observed in the patterns evoked by alkanes and by other aliphatic odorants of corresponding carbon chain length despite possessing different oxygen‐containing functional groups, which demonstrated that hydrocarbon chains could serve as molecular features in the combinatorial coding of odorant information. We found a close and predictable relationship among the molecular properties of odorants, their induced neural activity, and their perceptual similarities. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:16–30, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2X2R purinergic receptor subunit mRNA and protein are expressed by all hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons
Authors: Florenzano Fulvio , Viscomi Maria Teresa , Mercaldo Valentina , Longone Patrizia , Bernardi Giorgio , Bagni Claudia , Molinari Marco , Carrive Pascal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNeurophysiologic data suggest that orexin neurons are directly excited by ATP through purinergic receptors (P2XR). Anatomical studies, though reporting P2XR in the hypothalamus, did not describe it in the perifornical hypothalamic area, where orexinergic neurons are located. Here we report the presence of the P2X2R subunit in the rat perifornical hypothalamus and demonstrate that hypothalamic orexin neurons express the P2X2R. Double immunohistochemistry showed that virtually all orexin‐immunoreactive neurons are also P2X2R immunoreactive, whereas 80% of P2X2R‐immunoreactive neurons are also orexin positive. Triple‐labeling experiments, combining fluorescence in situ hybridization for P2X2R mRNA and P2X2R/orexin double immunofluorescence, confirmed these findings. In addition, in situ hybridization demonstrated that P2X2R mRNA is localized in cellular processes of orexinergic neurons. The present data support neurophysiologic findings on ATP modulation of orexinergic function and provide direct evidence that the entire population of orexin neurons expresses a P2XR subtype, namely, P2X2R. Thus, purinergic transmission might intervene in modulating key functions known to be controlled by the orexinergic system, such as feeding behavior and arousal. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:58–67, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.