bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Regional SST Anomalies on the Indian Monsoon Response to Global Warming in the CNRM Climate Model
Authors: Douville H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhile transient climate change experiments with coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models undoubtedly represent the most comprehensive tool for studying the climate response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), less computationally expensive time-slice experiments with atmospheric GCMs are still useful to test the robustness of the projected climate change. In the present study, three sets of time-slice experiments with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) are compared to a reference climate scenario obtained with the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Coupled Climate Model (CCM). The main objective is to assess the sensitivity of the monsoon response to the magnitude or pattern of SST anomalies in two regions where such anomalies are highly model dependent, namely, the circumpolar Southern Ocean and the tropical Pacific Ocean. On the one hand, it is shown that the regional climate anomalies predicted by the CCM can be reproduced at least qualitatively by a pair of time-slice experiments in which the present-day SST biases of the CCM are removed. On the other hand, the results indicate that the Indian monsoon response to increasing amounts of GHG is sensitive to regional uncertainties in the prescribed SST warming. Increasing the sea surface warming in the southern high latitudes to compensate for the weak sea ice feedback simulated by the CCM around the Antarctic has a significant influence on the regional climate change simulated over India, through a perturbation of the regional Hadley circulation. Prescribing zonal mean rather than El Niño–like SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific has an even stronger impact on the monsoon response, through a modification of the Walker circulation. These results suggest that both deficiencies in simulating present-day climate (even at high latitudes) and uncertainties in the SST patterns caused by enhanced GHG concentrations (especially in the tropical Pacific) are major obstacles for predicting climate change at the regional scale.
Decadal Variability in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension Simulated in an Eddy-Resolving OGCM
Authors: Nonaka Masami , Nakamura Hisashi , Tanimoto Youichi , Kagimoto Takashi , Sasaki Hideharu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Through analysis of a hindcast integration of an eddy-resolving quasi-global ocean general circulation model, decadal variability in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension region is investigated, with particular emphasis on that of the subarctic (Oyashio) and the Kuroshio Extension (KE) fronts. The KE front is deep and is accompanied by a sharp sea surface height (SSH) gradient with modest sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. In contrast, the subarctic front is shallow and is recognized as a zone of tight gradient in SST but not SSH.
As a decadal-scale change from a warm period around 1970 to a cool period in the mid-1980s, those fronts in the model migrate southward as observed, and the associated pronounced cooling is confined mainly to those frontal zones. Reflecting the distinctive vertical structure of the fronts, the mixed layer cooling is the strongest along the subarctic front, whereas the subsurface cooling and the associated salinity changes are most pronounced along the KE front. Concomitantly with their southward migration, the two fronts have undergone decadal-scale intensification. Associated with reduced heat release into the atmosphere, the cooling in the frontal zones can be attributed neither to the direct atmospheric thermal forcing nor to the advective effect of the intensified KE, while the advective effect by the intense Oyashio can contribute to the cooling in the subarctic frontal zone.
In fact, their time evolution is not found to be completely coherent, suggesting that their variability may be governed by different mechanisms. Decadal SSH variability in the KE frontal zone seems to be largely explained by propagation of baroclinic Rossby waves forced by anomalous Ekman pumping in the central North Pacific. This process alone cannot fully explain the corresponding variability in the subarctic frontal zone, where eastward propagating SSH anomalies off the Japanese coast seem to be superimposed on the Rossby wave signals.
Attribution of the Late-Twentieth-Century Rainfall Decline in Southwest Australia
Authors: Timbal Bertrand , Arblaster Julie M. , Power Scott 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
There was a dramatic decrease in rainfall in the southwest of Australia (SWA) in the mid-1960s. A statistical method, based on the idea of analogous synoptic situations, is used to help clarify the cause of the drying. The method is designed to circumvent error in the rainfall simulated directly by a climate model, and to exploit the ability of the model to simulate large-scale fields reasonably well. The method uses relationships between patterns of various atmospheric fields with station records of rainfall to improve the simulation of the local rainfall spatial variability. The original technique was developed in a previous study. It is modified here for application to two four-member ensembles of simulations of the climate from 1870 to 1999 performed with the Parallel Climate Model (PCM). The first ensemble, called “natural,” is forced with natural variations in both volcanic activity and solar forcing. The second ensemble, called “full forcing,” also includes three types of human-induced forcing resulting from changes in greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols. The full-forcing runs provide a better match to observational changes in sea surface temperature in the vicinity of SWA. The observed rainfall decline is not well captured by rainfall changes simulated directly by the model in either ensemble. There is a hint that the fully forced ensemble is more realistic, but it is nothing more than a hint. The downscaling approach, on the other hand, provides a much more accurate reproduction of the day-to-day variability of rainfall in SWA than the rainfall simulated directly by the model. The downscaled ensemble mean rainfall in full forcing declines over the region with a spatial pattern that is similar to the observed decline. This contrasts with an increase of rainfall in the downscaled rainfall in the natural ensemble. These results give the clearest indication yet that anthropogenic forcing played a role in the drying of SWA. Note, however, that ambiguities remain. For example, although the observed decline fits within the range of downscaled model simulation, the ensemble mean rainfall decline is only about half of the observed estimate, the timing differs from the observations, drying did not occur in the downscaling of one of the four full-forced ensemble members, and not all potential forcing mechanisms are included in full forcing (e.g., land surface changes). Furthermore, while the observed rainfall decline was a sharp reduction in the 1960s, followed by a near-constant rainfall regime, the full-forcing ensemble suggests a more gradual rainfall decline over 40 yr from 1960.
Weakening of North Indian SST Gradients and the Monsoon Rainfall in India and the Sahel
Authors: Chung Chul Eddy , Ramanathan V. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Indian Ocean have warmed by about 0.6–0.8 K since the 1950s, accompanied by very little warming or even a slight cooling trend over the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). It is reported that this differential trend has resulted in a substantial weakening of the meridional SST gradient from the equatorial region to the South Asian coast during summer, to the extent that the gradient has nearly vanished recently. Based on simulations with the Community Climate Model Version 3 (CCM3), it is shown that the summertime weakening in the SST gradient weakens the monsoon circulation, resulting in less monsoon rainfall over India and excess rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa. The observed trend in SST is decomposed into a hypothetical uniform warming and a reduction in the meridional gradient. The uniform warming of the tropical Indian Ocean in the authors’ simulations increases the Indian summer monsoon rainfall by 1–2 mm day−1, which is opposed by a larger drying tendency due to the weakening of the SST gradient. The net effect is to decrease the Indian monsoon rainfall, while preventing the sub-Saharan region from becoming too dry. Published coupled ocean–atmosphere model simulations are used to describe the competing effects of the anthropogenic radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases and the anthropogenic South Asian aerosols on the observed SST gradient and the monsoon rainfall.
Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation in the Porcine Knee
Authors: Harman Bradley D. , Weeden Steven H. , Lichota Derek K. , Brindley George W. 
Published: May 2006

Background Knee articular cartilage defects are not an uncommon problem. Because articular cartilage is limited in its ability to heal, these defects are difficult to manage. Hypothesis Osteochondral autografts will provide less of a cavitary defect and more viable hyaline articular cartilage than will control knees. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Osteochondral autografts were grossly and microscopically evaluated in the porcine knee and compared with a control at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. In 18 porcine specimens, a 1-stage surgical procedure was performed to harvest an osteochondral graft from a nonweightbearing articular cartilage surface, and the graft was transplanted into a defect created in the weightbearing region of the medial femoral condyle. In the opposite control knee, a similar defect was created in the medial femoral condyle; an osteochondral transplant was not performed. Six pigs each were sacrificed at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Results Gross inspection of the control knees showed a cavitary defect. The defect grossly decreased in size with fibrous ingrowth seen on microscopic analysis. An increasing amount of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage was present at the 3 time periods. Gross inspection of the graft knee showed a healed osteochondral plug with no obvious displacement, cavitary defects, or surrounding necrotic tissue at each time interval. Microscopic analysis revealed the graft knee contained viable hyaline cartilage and healed viable subchondral bone. At all time intervals, 75% to 100% of the hyaline cartilage was viable in all specimens. In 6-month specimens, bridging cartilage at the autograft-host junction was incomplete in 50%, partial in 33%, and complete in 17%. Conclusion Osteochondral autografts in the porcine knee resulted in viable hyaline cartilage for up to 6 months; there was inconsistent bridging hyaline cartilage at the periphery. Grafts appeared to heal into existing subchondral bone without displacement or evidence of necrosis. Clinical Relevance This type of osteochondral transplant can be used as a reliable reconstructive alternative for osteochondral defects.
Signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 tyrosine kinase promotes rheumatoid arthritis through activation of monocytes/macrophages
Authors: Murakami Masato , Iwai Shinobu , Hiratsuka Sachie , Yamauchi Mai , Nakamura Kazuhide , Iwakura Yoichiro , Shibuya Masabumi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1) were shown to be involved in pathological angiogenesis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular basis of their actions is not fully understood. Here we report that in a murine model of RA, deletion of the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of VEGFR-1 decreased the incidence and clinical symptoms of RA. Pathological symptoms, such as synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, pannus formation, and cartilage/bone destruction, became milder in Vegfr-1 tk–/– mice compared with wild-type (Wt) mice in the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) pX–induced chronic models. VEGFR-1 TK-deficient bone marrow cells showed a suppression of multilineage colony formation. Furthermore, macrophages induced to differentiate in vitro showed a decrease in immunologic reactions such as phagocytosis and the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and VEGF-A. Treatment of this RA model with a small molecule inhibitor for VEGFR TK, KRN951, also attenuated the arthritis. These results indicate that the VEGFR-1 TK signaling modulates the proliferation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and immunity of monocytes/macrophages and promotes chronic inflammation, which may be a new target in the treatment of RA.
Differential gene expression in abdomens of the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, after sugar feeding, blood feeding and Plasmodium berghei infection
Authors: Dana Ali N , Hillenmeyer Maureen E , Lobo Neil F , Kern Marcia K , Romans Patricia A , Collins Frank H 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Large scale sequencing of cDNA libraries can provide profiles of genes expressed in an organism under defined biological and environmental circumstances. We have analyzed sequences of 4541 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from 3 different cDNA libraries created from abdomens from Plasmodium infection-susceptible adult female Anopheles gambiae. These libraries were made from sugar fed (S), rat blood fed (RB), and P. berghei-infected (IRB) mosquitoes at 30 hours after the blood meal, when most parasites would be transforming ookinetes or very early oocysts.

Results
The S, RB and IRB libraries contained 1727, 1145 and 1669 high quality ESTs, respectively, averaging 455 nucleotides (nt) in length. They assembled into 1975 consensus sequences – 567 contigs and 1408 singletons. Functional annotation was performed to annotate probable molecular functions of the gene products and the biological processes in which they function. Genes represented at high frequency in one or more of the libraries were subjected to digital Northern analysis and results on expression of 5 verified by qRT-PCR.

Conclusion
13% of the 1965 ESTs showing identity to the A. gambiae genome sequence represent novel genes. These, together with untranslated regions (UTR) present on many of the ESTs, will inform further genome annotation. We have identified 23 genes encoding products likely to be involved in regulating the cellular oxidative environment and 25 insect immunity genes. We also identified 25 genes as being up or down regulated following blood feeding and/or feeding with P. berghei infected blood relative to their expression levels in sugar fed females.
Low serum albumin and the acute phase response predict low serum selenium in HIV-1 infected women
Authors: Drain Paul K , Baeten Jared M , Overbaugh Julie , Wener Mark H , Bankson Daniel D , Lavreys Ludo , Mandaliya Kishorchandra , Ndinya-Achola Jeckoniah O , McClelland R Scott 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Low serum selenium has been associated with lower CD4 counts and greater mortality among HIV-1-seropositive individuals, but most studies have not controlled for serum albumin and the presence of an acute phase response.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate relationships between serum selenium concentrations and CD4 count, plasma viral load, serum albumin, and acute phase response markers among 400 HIV-1-seropositive women.

Results
In univariate analyses, lower CD4 count, higher plasma viral load, lower albumin, and the presence of an acute phase response were each significantly associated with lower serum selenium concentrations. In multivariate analyses including all four of these covariates, only albumin remained significantly associated with serum selenium. For each 0.1 g/dl increase in serum albumin, serum selenium increased by 0.8 μg/l (p < 0.001). Women with an acute phase response also had lower serum selenium (by 5.6 μg/l, p = 0.06).

Conclusion
Serum selenium was independently associated with serum albumin, but not with CD4 count or plasma viral load, in HIV-1-seropositive women. Our findings suggest that associations between lower serum selenium, lower CD4 count, and higher plasma viral load may be related to the frequent occurrence of low serum albumin and the acute phase response among individuals with more advanced HIV-1 infection.
Splenectomy and proximal lieno-renal shunt in a factor five deficient patient with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction
Authors: Chava Srinivas Prabhu , Pal Sujoy , Ghatak Supriyo , Kumar Rajat , Sahni Peush , Chattopadhyay Tushar Kanti 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The clinico-surgical implication and successful management of a rare case of factor five (V) deficiency with portal hypertension and hypersplenism due to idiopathic extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction is presented.

Case presentation
A 16-year old boy had gastro-esophageal variceal bleeding, splenomegaly and hypersplenism. During preoperative workup prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were detected, which on further evaluation turned out to be due to factor V deficiency. Proximal lieno-renal shunt and splenectomy were successfully performed with transfusion of fresh frozen plasma during and after the surgical procedure. At surgery there was no excessive bleeding. The perioperative course was uneventful and the patient is doing well on follow up.

Conclusion
Surgical portal decompressive procedures can be safely undertaken in clotting factor deficient patients with portal hypertension if meticulous surgical hemostasis is achieved at operation and the deficient factor is adequately replaced in the perioperative period.
Fluid structure interaction of patient specific abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison with solid stress models
Authors: Leung James H , Wright Andrew R , Cheshire Nick , Crane Jeremy , Thom Simon A , Hughes Alun D , Xu Yun 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the aortic wall, which can rupture, if left untreated. Previous work has shown that, maximum diameter is not a reliable determinant of AAA rupture. However, it is currently the most widely accepted indicator. Wall stress may be a better indicator and promising patient specific results from structural models using static pressure, have been published. Since flow and pressure inside AAA are non-uniform, the dynamic interaction between the pulsatile flow and wall may influence the predicted wall stress. The purpose of the present study was to compare static and dynamic wall stress analysis of patient specific AAAs.

Method
Patient-specific AAA models were created from CT scans of three patients. Two simulations were performed on each lumen model, fluid structure interaction (FSI) model and static structural (SS) model. The AAA wall was created by dilating the lumen with a uniform 1.5 mm thickness, and was modeled as a non-linear hyperelastic material. Commercial finite element code Adina 8.2 was used for all simulations. The results were compared between the FSI and SS simulations.

Results
Results are presented for the wall stress patterns, wall shear stress patterns, pressure, and velocity fields within the lumen. It is demonstrated that including fluid flow can change local wall stresses slightly. However, as far as the peak wall stress is concerned, this effect is negligible as the difference between SS and FSI models is less than 1%.

Conclusion
The results suggest that fully coupled FSI simulation, which requires considerable computational power to run, adds little to rupture risk prediction. This justifies the use of SS models in previous studies.
HIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causes
Authors: Ghafouri Mohammad , Amini Shohreh , Khalili Kamel , Sawaya Bassel E 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDespite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), neuronal cell death remains a problem that is frequently found in the brains of HIV-1-infected patients. HAART has successfully prevented many of the former end-stage complications of AIDS, however, with increased survival times, the prevalence of minor HIV-1 associated cognitive impairment appears to be rising among AIDS patients. Further, HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is still prevalent in treated patients as well as attenuated forms of HAD and CNS opportunistic disorders. HIV-associated cognitive impairment correlates with the increased presence in the CNS of activated, though not necessarily HIV-1-infected, microglia and CNS macrophages. This suggests that indirect mechanisms of neuronal injury and loss/death occur in HIV/AIDS as a basis for dementia since neurons are not themselves productively infected by HIV-1. In this review, we discussed the symptoms and causes leading to HAD. Outcome from this review will provide new information regarding mechanisms of neuronal loss in AIDS patients.
A paradox of immunodeficiency and inflammation in human aging: lessons learned from apoptosis
Authors: Gupta Sudhir , Agrawal Anshu , Agrawal Sudhanshu , Su Houfen , Gollapudi Sastry 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAging is associated with a paradox of immunodeficiency and inflammation (an evidence of hyperactive immune system). Apoptosis is associated with cellular depletion and suppression of inflammatory response. In this brief review, we will present evidence for the role of increased apoptosis in immunodeficiency and paradoxical increased inflammation associated with human aging. In particular, a role of apoptotic cells in failure to generate anti-inflammatory responses and directly activating inflammatory responses will be discussed.
A nucleolar localizing Rev binding element inhibits HIV replication
Authors: Michienzi Alessandro , De Angelis Fernanda G , Bozzoni Irene , Rossi John J 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The Rev protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facilitates the nuclear export of intron containing viral mRNAs allowing formation of infectious virions. Rev traffics through the nucleolus and shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Rev multimerization and interaction with the export protein CRM1 takes place in the nucleolus. To test the importance of Rev nucleolar trafficking in the HIV-1 replication cycle, we created a nucleolar localizing Rev Response Element (RRE) decoy and tested this for its anti-HIV activity. The RRE decoy provided marked inhibition of HIV-1 replication in both the CEM T-cell line and in primary CD34+ derived monocytes. These results demonstrate that titration of Rev in the nucleolus impairs HIV-1 replication and supports a functional role for Rev trafficking in this sub-cellular compartment.