bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital linear unilateral basal cell nevus: a case report with patched gene molecular studies
Authors: Brailey L. L. , Davis T. , Kolker S. E. , Murry T. C. , Thomas D. , Bale A. E. , Ruhoy S. M. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Linear unilateral basal cell nevus represents a linear collection of macules and papules histologically similar to basal cell carcinoma but with benign clinical behavior. We describe a patient who initially presented at the age of 6 months with a unilateral linear basal cell nevus on the right flank. The differential diagnosis included the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Constitutional PTCH mutations are causative of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and somatic PTCH mutations are found in the vast majority of basal cell carcinomas. Somatic SMO mutations have also been found in some basal cell carcinomas.Methods:  Histologic examination of the lesions is performed. Short tandem‐repeat molecular analysis at the PTCH locus and sequencing of PTCH and SMO genes is performed.Results:  Histologic examination revealed features initially indistinguishable from basal cell carcinoma. Short tandem‐repeat DNA analysis did not reveal loss of heterozygosity at the PTCH locus. DNA sequencing of both the PTCH and the SMO genes from the patient’s lesions revealed neither inactivating mutations of PTCH nor activating mutations of SMO.Conclusion:  Molecular examination indicates that the PTCH and SMO genes are not involved in the pathogenesis of the patients’ congenital linear unilateral basal cell nevus. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between linear basal cell nevus and basaloid follicular hamartoma.
Inflammatory cytokines induce the transformation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells into myofibroblasts: a potential role in skin fibrogenesis
Authors: Chaudhuri V. , Zhou L. , Karasek M. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  The myofibroblast plays a central role in wound contraction and in the pathology of fibrosis. The origin(s) of this important cell type in skin has not been firmly established.Methods:  Human epithelioid dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were isolated from foreskin tissue and maintained in cell culture. The transformation of epithelioid HDMEC into myofibroblasts (EMT) was induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) or tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and the transformed cells were characterized by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT‐PCR.Results:  After short‐term exposure to IL‐1β or TNF‐α (<3 days), EMT was reversible; after long‐term exposure (>10 days), EMT was permanent. The transformed cells were identified as myofibroblasts by cytoplasmic microfilaments with dense bodies and attachment plaques, by the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin, type I collagen and calponin, and by quantitative RT‐PCR gene expression of type I collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin.Conclusions:  Long‐term exposure to TNF‐α or IL‐1β induced the permanent transformation of HDMEC into myofibroblasts in cell culture. A similar transformation following chronic inflammatory stimulation in vivo may explain one source of myofibroblasts in skin fibrogenesis.
P63 expression pattern during rat epidermis morphogenesis and the role of p63 as a marker for epidermal stem cells
Authors: Kai‐Hong Ji , Jun Xiong , Kai‐Meng Hu , Ying Wang , Hou‐Qi Liu 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Recent evidence has suggested that p63 plays a particular role in maintaining the population of epidermal stem cells (ESCs), but the expression pattern of p63 during normal rat epidermis development is still unknown. We investigated the expression of p63 during development and differentiation of rat epidermis and identified whether p63 is a specific marker of rat ESCs cultured in vitro.Methods:  Skin biopsies were obtained from embryonic day (E) 12 rat embryo, newborn, and 4‐week‐old rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to monitor the expression profile of p63. ESCs were isolated from newborn rat epidermis by rapid adhesion to IV collagen and examined by immunofluorescence staining to detect p63 and k14 expression.Results:  P63 expression was first observed at E12 when the epidermis was only a simple‐layer surface ectoderm. P63 continued to be expressed as the epidermis matured but restricted to the basal layer. In adult trunk epidermis, p63 was expressed in both the hair follicle and the sebaceous glands. Immunofluorescence staining for ESCs was double positive for p63 and k14.Conclusions:  These expression data suggest a role of p63 in the development of rat epidermis. P63 transcription factor may be a specific marker of keratinocyte progenitor cells.
Effect of PUVA, narrow‐band UVB and cyclosporin on inflammatory cells of the psoriatic plaque
Authors: Erkin Gul , Uğur Yeşim , Gürer Cansel Köse , Aşan Esin , Korkusuz Petek , Şahin Sedef , Kölemen Fikret 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Because antigen presenting is necessary for T‐cell activation, antigen‐presenting cells should be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, our purpose was to evaluate and compare effects of PUVA, cyclosporine A and narrow‐band UVB on dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes in the psoriatic lesions.Methods:  Forty‐five volunteered patients (15 patients in each treatment group as PUVA, cyclosporin A and narrow‐band UVB) were enrolled in this study. Lesional skin biopsies were taken from each patient before and after treatments. Fresh frozen biopsies were studied for the expressions of CD1a, CD68, CD86, CD4, CD8 and HLA‐DR proteins by immunohistochemistry.Results:  There was no correlation between severity of the lesions and expressions of the antigens. Only PUVA significantly decreased CD1a+ epidermal Langerhans cells' (LCs) counts. Treatment modalities decreased expression of costimulator CD86, and most of them decrease antigen‐presenting capacity of skin by decreasing HLA class‐II expression.Conclusions:  All treatment modalities equally reduce lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. PUVA is the only treatment that decreases epidermal LCs. All treatments effectively diminish expression of CD86 and inhibit this step of inflammation.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐25, and ‐26 and CD43, ‐45, and ‐68 cell‐markers in HIV‐infected patients’ saliva and gingival tissue
Authors: Mellanen Liisa , Lähdevirta Juhani , Tervahartiala Taina , Meurman Jukka H. , Sorsa Timo 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) process the extracellular matrix and act in tissue remodelling in many physiological and pathological conditions. Certain MMPs can also exert protective anti‐inflammatory properties. The levels and expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in saliva and gingival tissues of human immunodeficiency virus‐seropositive (HIV+) patients are unclear.Methods:  Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods and Western blots were used to study levels and molecular forms of MMP‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐25, and ‐26 and TIMP‐1 from salivary samples of HIV+ patients (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 10). The expression of MMPs was also studied by immunohistochemical means in gingival tissue specimens (n = 11, HIV+ patients; n = 10, healthy controls).Results:  The HIV+ patients’ MMP‐8 levels in saliva were statistically significantly higher only in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐phase. MMP‐9 levels in ASX‐ and AIDS‐phases showed increased expression. TIMP‐1 levels were significantly decreased in lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS)‐ and AIDS‐related complex (ARC)‐phases, while MMP‐8/TIMP‐1 and MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 molar ratios were increased in all phases in comparison with controls. The molecular forms of MMP‐7, ‐25, and ‐26 were different between patients and controls as assessed by Western blot. Immunohistochemical studies showed slightly enhanced MMP‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐25, and ‐26 staining in HIV+ gingival tissue samples in comparison with controls.Conclusions:  This study confirmed and further demonstrated differences in salivary amounts and molecular forms of MMPs and TIMP‐1 in HIV+ patients. The results may reflect alterations in host defence reactions associated with HIV infection.
Oral shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 in immunocompetent persons
Authors: Gilbert Stanley C. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Reactivation of herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1) can result in recurrent herpes labialis lesions (RHL) and in oral shedding of virus. This study utilized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to document the frequency and quantity of such shedding.Methods:  Thirty adults with greater than three RHL episodes per year were followed through one recurrence. They collected swabs for PCR every 12 h starting at prodrome and for 10 days thereafter. Shedding was analyzed with regard to frequency, timing and quantity.Results:  HSV‐1 was detectable in 87% of participants for a mean of 4 days. Shedding occurred most frequently during the vesicle/ulcer stage (91% of subjects), but was common in both clinical and subclinical stages (50% vs. 23%, average log DNA copy number/ml2 2.6 vs. 1.4).Conclusion:  The majority of RHL patients shed viral DNA. Shedding occurred before and after the appearance of clinical lesions. Such findings may be useful in designing methods to reduce viral shedding and prevent transmission.
Expression of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55 & CD59) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Ravindranath Naren M. H. , Shuler Charles 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Tumor cells can escape complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by expressing complement restriction factors (CRFs), CD46, CD55 and CD59. CRF‐expression in non‐neoplastic mucosa of the head and neck was compared with biopsies of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and cell lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC).Methods:  Normal mucosa and HNSCC tumor tissue (poor, moderate, or well differentiated) specimens were immunostained with anti‐CRF monoclonal antibodies. Immunostaining of the OSCC cell lines (SCC12 and SCC71) was examined under laser scan fluorescence microscopy.Results:  CD46, CD55 and CD59 were highly expressed in HNSCC cells including T1/T2N0M0 stages. The CRF expression was much lower or absent in non‐neoplastic squamous epithelia or in the submucosa of both normal and tumor tissues.Conclusions:  Enhanced staining of tumor tissues at stages T1/T2 indicates that the CRFs are overexpressed by primary tumors before metastasis to either lymph nodes or organs (N0M0 stage) suggesting that CRFs are formed early during tumorigenesis.
DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL POWER FUNCTION OF SWEETNESS SENSATION: APPLIED PSYCHOPHYSICS AND PROSPECT THEORY ON FORMULATING BAKING PRODUCTS
Authors: CHANG MING HSU , CHIOU WEN BIN 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this project was to develop the optimal sweetness sensation framework for baking products. Phase 1 was designed to measure consumers' differential thresholds of sweetness sensation when the sweetener contents of various sweetener‐leveled products were increased and lowered by using the constant stimuli method. Results indicated that the consumers' differential thresholds increased when the initial sweetener levels of products increased. Phase 2 was designed to establish the psychophysical power function of sweetener‐content changes and consumers' psychological sensation of products with different sweetener levels by adopting the magnitude estimation method. Regardless of the initial sweetener levels of products, the results showed that consumers perceived the products as less sweet immediately after the sweetener contents of products dropped by even a small amount; however, consumers perceived products as sweeter only when products dramatically increased in contents of sweetener.
THURSTONIAN MODELS AND VARIANCE II: EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIANCE ON THURSTONIAN MODELS OF SCALING
Authors: KIM HEE‐JIN , KIM KWANG‐OK , JEON SEON YOUNG , KIM JUNG‐MI , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Subjects rated taste intensities using category scales under a variety of experimental protocols, which induced differences in computed values of d′. These were explained in a Thurstonian/signal detection context, by variation in the effects of adaptation changing perceived intensities (perceptual variance), by the effects of forgetting (memory variance) and by differences in the idiosyncratic ways that subjects use category‐rating scales (boundary variance).
Taxonomy of Listrodromini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) from Korea
Authors: JEONG Jong‐Chul , LEE Jong‐Wook 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe record a new species, Anisobas prominens n. sp., as well as two known species, Neotypus coreensis Uchida and Neotypus nobilitator orientalis Uchida. The genus Anisobas Wesmael is newly included in the Korean fauna. An illustrated key of species and genera, a description of new species, and diagnosis and photographs of each species are provided.
Fine structure of the antennal sensilla of the millipedeOrthomorphella pekuensis(Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae)
Authors: CHUNG Kyung‐Hwun , MOON Myung‐Jin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe fine structural characteristics of various sensory receptors on the antenna of a millipede,Orthomorphella pekuensis, were observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy. The antenna of this millipede has eight segments, called articles. On the surface of the antenna, there are a variety of sensory receptors, including olfactory and mechanical receptors. According to their morphological and fine structural characteristics, we could identify four basic types of antennal sensillum: chaetiform sensilla (CS), trichoid sensilla (TS), basiconic sensilla (BS) and apical cone sensilla (AS). The BS are divided further into three subtypes: large basiconic sensilla (BS1) on the 5th and 6th articles; small basiconic sensilla (BS2) on the 5th article; and a distinct type of basiconic spiniform sensilla (BS3) on the 7th article. The most prominent sensilla are four large AS on the distal tip of the 8th segment. Based on our results, we conclude that the main function of the CS and TS are related to mechanical reception, and that the BS and AS are likely to function in olfactory reception of volatile odors of plants, as these sensilla have base and apex pores, respectively.
Molecular phylogeny of the KoreanRivelliaspecies (Diptera: Tephritoidea: Platystomatidae) based on 16S rDNA sequences: Testing morphological hypotheses using molecular data
Authors: BYUN Hye‐Woo , HAN Ho‐Yeon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe phylogeny of the genusRivelliaRobineau‐Desvoidy was inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal (r)DNA gene sequences of 13 KoreanRivelliaspecies and six species representing other platystomatid genera and the family Tephritidae. We compared the inferred molecular phylogeny with the previously published morphological cladogram. As a result, the following phylogenetic relationships were recognized: (i) monophyly of the genusRivellia; (ii) monophyly of theR. syngenesiaespecies group; (iii)R. depictaandR. apicalis(which were not previously placed in any species group) were recognized as a sister group of theR. syngenesiaespecies group; and (iv) monophyly of theR. basilarisspecies group was recognized to a limited extent. These results, even though geographically limited, provide a new insight into the phylogeny of the genusRivellia. They clearly show the utility of 16S rDNA for phylogenetic analysis of the genusRivellia. Additional study involving samples from different geographical areas will be needed to gain a better understanding of the adaptive radiation of this species‐rich genus.
Regulation of the Arf tumor suppressor in Eμ-Myc transgenic mice: longitudinal study of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis
Authors: Bertwistle David , Sherr Charles J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Lymphomagenesis in Eμ-Myc mice is opposed by the Arf tumor suppressor, whose inactivation compromises p53 function and accelerates disease. Finding nascent Eμ-Myc–induced tumors in which p19Arf causes cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis is problematic, since such cells will be eliminated until Arf or p53 function is lost. Knock-in mice expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lieu of Arf coding sequences allow analysis of Arfpromoter regulation uncoupled from p19Arf action. Prior to frank lymphoma development, unexpectedly low levels of Eμ-Myc–induced p19Arf or GFP were expressed. However, as lymphomas arose in Arf+/GFP heterozygotes, additional oncogenic events synergized with Eμ-Myc to further induce the functionally null Arf-Gfp allele. Concomitant up-regulation of p19Arf was not observed; instead, the wild-type allele was inactivated. We infer that very low levels of Arf are tumor suppressive, and that further induction provides the selective pressure for the emergence of tumors that have inactivated the gene.
Genome-wide DNA polymorphism analyses using VariScan
Authors: Hutter Stephan , Vilella Albert J , Rozas Julio 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
DNA sequence polymorphisms analysis can provide valuable information on the evolutionary forces shaping nucleotide variation, and provides an insight into the functional significance of genomic regions. The recent ongoing genome projects will radically improve our capabilities to detect specific genomic regions shaped by natural selection. Current available methods and software, however, are unsatisfactory for such genome-wide analysis.

Results
We have developed methods for the analysis of DNA sequence polymorphisms at the genome-wide scale. These methods, which have been tested on a coalescent-simulated and actual data files from mouse and human, have been implemented in the VariScan software package version 2.0. Additionally, we have also incorporated a graphical-user interface. The main features of this software are: i) exhaustive population-genetic analyses including those based on the coalescent theory; ii) analysis adapted to the shallow data generated by the high-throughput genome projects; iii) use of genome annotations to conduct a comprehensive analyses separately for different functional regions; iv) identification of relevant genomic regions by the sliding-window and wavelet-multiresolution approaches; v) visualization of the results integrated with current genome annotations in commonly available genome browsers.

Conclusion
VariScan is a powerful and flexible suite of software for the analysis of DNA polymorphisms. The current version implements new algorithms, methods, and capabilities, providing an important tool for an exhaustive exploratory analysis of genome-wide DNA polymorphism data.
Global similarity and local divergence in human and mouse gene co-expression networks
Authors: Tsaparas Panayiotis , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo , Bodenreider Olivier , Koonin Eugene V , Jordan I King 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
A genome-wide comparative analysis of human and mouse gene expression patterns was performed in order to evaluate the evolutionary divergence of mammalian gene expression. Tissue-specific expression profiles were analyzed for 9,105 human-mouse orthologous gene pairs across 28 tissues. Expression profiles were resolved into species-specific coexpression networks, and the topological properties of the networks were compared between species.

Results
At the global level, the topological properties of the human and mouse gene coexpression networks are, essentially, identical. For instance, both networks have topologies with small-world and scale-free properties as well as closely similar average node degrees, clustering coefficients, and path lengths. However, the human and mouse coexpression networks are highly divergent at the local level: only a small fraction (<10%) of coexpressed gene pair relationships are conserved between the two species. A series of controls for experimental and biological variance show that most of this divergence does not result from experimental noise. We further show that, while the expression divergence between species is genuinely rapid, expression does not evolve free from selective (functional) constraint. Indeed, the coexpression networks analyzed here are demonstrably functionally coherent as indicated by the functional similarity of coexpressed gene pairs, and this pattern is most pronounced in the conserved human-mouse intersection network. Numerous dense network clusters show evidence of dedicated functions, such as spermatogenesis and immune response, that are clearly consistent with the coherence of the expression patterns of their constituent gene members.

Conclusion
The dissonance between global versus local network divergence suggests that the interspecies similarity of the global network properties is of limited biological significance, at best, and that the biologically relevant aspects of the architectures of gene coexpression are specific and particular, rather than universal. Nevertheless, there is substantial evolutionary conservation of the local network structure which is compatible with the notion that gene coexpression networks are subject to purifying selection.
Incidence of epidural haematoma and neurological injury in cardiovascular patients with epidural analgesia/anaesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ruppen Wilhelm , Derry Sheena , McQuay Henry J , Moore R Andrew 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Epidural anaesthesia is used extensively for cardiothoracic and vascular surgery in some centres, but not in others, with argument over the safety of the technique in patients who are usually extensively anticoagulated before, during, and after surgery. The principle concern is bleeding in the epidural space, leading to transient or persistent neurological problems.

Methods
We performed an extensive systematic review to find published cohorts of use of epidural catheters during vascular, cardiac, and thoracic surgery, using electronic searching, hand searching, and reference lists of retrieved articles.

Results
Twelve studies included 14,105 patients, of whom 5,026 (36%) had vascular surgery, 4,971 (35%) cardiac surgery, and 4,108 (29%) thoracic surgery. There were no cases of epidural haematoma, giving maximum risks following epidural anaesthesia in cardiac, thoracic, and vascular surgery of 1 in 1,700, 1 in 1,400 and 1 in 1,700 respectively. In all these surgery types combined the maximum expected rate would be 1 in 4,700. In all these patients combined there were eight cases of transient neurological injury, a rate of 1 in 1,700 (95% confidence interval 1 in 3,300 to 1 in 850). There were no cases of persistent neurological injury (maximum expected rate 1 in 4,600).

Conclusion
These estimates for cardiothoracic epidural anaesthesia should be the worst case. Limitations are inadequate denominators for different types of surgery in anticoagulated cardiothoracic or vascular patients more at risk of bleeding.