bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracerebroventricularly Administered Neurotrophins Attenuate Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Breakdown and Brain Pathology following Whole‐Body Hyperthermia
Authors: SHARMA HARI SHANKER , JOHANSON CONRAD E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPrevious studies from our laboratory show that apart from blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) for proteins is also broken down following whole‐body hyperthermia (WBH) in a rat model. Breakdown of the BCSFB alters brain homeostasis and adversely affects the structure and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Since neurotrophins and growth factors (e.g., brain‐derived growth factor [BDNF], glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF], and insulin‐like growth factor 1 [IGF‐1]) are known neuroprotective agents in traumatic and ischemic brain injuries, a possibility exists that these neurotrophins will also attenuate neuronal and choroidal injury in WBH. Subjection of adult rats to 4 h of WBH at 38°C in a biological oxygen demand (BOD) incubator exhibited a profound increase in BCSFB permeability to Evans blue and radioiodine. Degeneration of choroidal epithelial cells and underlying ependyma, dilatation of the lateral ventricular space, and degenerative changes in the adjacent neuropil were frequent. The hippocampus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, and hypothalamus showed profound BBB disruption and brain edema formation. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of BDNF, GDNF, and IGF‐1 into the right lateral cerebral ventricle (1, 2, or 5 μg in 30 μL, 24 h before WBH) significantly reduced the BCSFB and BBB breakdown, brain edema formation, and cellular/tissue injuries. These beneficial effects were most pronounced in GDNF‐ or IGF‐1–pretreated animals. These novel observations suggest that neurotrophins administered into ventricular CSF can attenuate BCSFB and BBB damage following WBH and thereby confer neuroprotection. Stabilization of BCSFB function is thus one of the crucial factors in achieving neuroprotection in WBH.
Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders with Radical Nanomedicine
Authors: SINGH NEERAJ , COHEN COURTNEY A. , RZIGALINSKI BEVERLY A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn engineering and materials science, nanotechnology has provided many advances that effectively reduce oxidative damage generated by free radical production. Despite such advances, there has been little application to biomedical problems. Increased oxidative stress and free radical production are associated with neurodegenerative conditions, including aging, trauma, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and many others. The antioxidant properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles show promise in the treatment of such diseases. Here, we summarize the work on the biological antioxidant actions of cerium oxide nanoparticles in extension of cell and organism longevity, protection against free radical insult, and protection against trauma‐induced neuronal damage. We discuss establishment of effective dosing parameters, along with the physicochemical properties that regulate the pharmacological action of these new nanomaterials. Taken together, these studies suggest that nanotechnology can take pharmacological treatment to a new level, with a novel generation of nanopharmaceuticals.
Effect of Methyl Derivatives of Dopamine on Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: PERIANAYAGAM MARY C. , REQUINTINA PURA J. , JABER BERTRAND L. , OXENKRUG GREGORY F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe recently demonstrated that melatonin, N‐acetylserotonin (NAS), and N‐acetyldopamine (NAD) attenuate the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and the generation of oxidant radicals. In this study, we examined whether acetyl and methyl derivatives of dopamine modulate LPS‐stimulated TNF‐α synthesis and LPS‐ and iron‐induced lipid peroxidation. Differentiated THP‐1–derived human monocytes were coincubated with Escherichia coli and rising concentrations of NAS, NAD, N‐methyldopamine (NMD), or 4‐O‐methyldopamine (4‐O‐MD). After 24 h, TNF‐α was measured in cell supernatants. In addition, lipid peroxidation was induced by adding FeCl2 solution to mouse brain tissue homogenates in the presence of rising concentrations of NAS, NAD, NMD, or 4‐O‐MD. Incubating THP‐1–derived monocytes with rising concentrations of NAS, NAD, NMD, or 4‐O‐MD markedly decreased LPS‐stimulated TNF‐α production, which was dose dependent and on the order of 96%–98%. Rising concentrations of NMD markedly inhibited lipid peroxidation by 59%–98%. Our results indicated that the inhibitory effect of NAS, NAD, NMD, or 4‐O‐MD on LPS‐induced TNF‐α production and FeCl2‐stimulated lipid peroxidation is robust and dose dependent.
The Role of the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand/Osteoprotegerin Cytokine System in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Nakchbandi Inaam A. , Lang Robert , Kinder Barbara , Insogna Karl L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Context: The mechanisms of action of PTH on bone in vivo remain incompletely understood. The objective of this investigation was to examine changes in serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in primary hyperparathyroidism and their relationship to bone loss.
Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had baseline circulating soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) and OPG measured. The relationship to biochemical markers of bone turnover and changes in bone mineral density over 2 yr was examined.
Results: Baseline sRANKL levels were elevated (1.7 ± 0.1 pmol/liter), whereas OPG remained in the normal range (5.6 ± 0.4 pmol/liter). Circulating sRANKL did not correlate with PTH but did correlate with markers of bone resorption (urine deoxypyridinoline cross-links: r = 0.51, P &lt; 0.01; serum N-telopeptide of type I collagen: r = 0.37, P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, sRANKL correlated with both IL-6 and IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6sR) (r = 0.47, P &lt; 0.05 and r = 0.55, P &lt; 0.005, respectively). Serum sRANKL levels also correlated with bone loss at the total femur (r = −0.53, P &lt; 0.01). Lastly, a high value of sRANKL in combination with values of IL-6 and IL-6sR in the upper quartile (sRANKL ≥ 1.81 pg/ml, IL −6 ≥ 11.8 pg/ml, and IL-6sR ≥ 45.6 ng/ml) defined a group of four women with significantly greater rates of bone loss at the total femur than the remaining patients (−2.7 ± 1.7% vs. +0.5 ± 0.3%; n = 4 vs. n = 19, P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusion: Determination of circulating levels of sRANKL may be useful in identifying patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism at greater risk for bone loss. The fact that circulating sRANKL did not correlate with PTH but did correlate with markers of bone resorption suggests that skeletal responsiveness to PTH may differ in this disease.
Growth Hormone (GH) Insensitivity and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Deficiency in Inuit Subjects and an Ecuadorian Cohort: Functional Studies of Two Codon 180 GH Receptor Gene Mutations
Authors: Fang Peng , Girgis Rose , Little Brian M. , Pratt Katherine L. , Guevara-Aguirre Jaime , Hwa Vivian , Rosenfeld Ron G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractContext: Among more than 250 cases of GH insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) reported to date, the largest cohort was identified in southern Ecuador. In the Ecuadorian GHIS cohort, a sense mutation (GAA &gt; GAG) at codon E180 of GH receptor [GHR (E180sp)] results in deletion of codons 181–188. No functional studies of this mutation have been performed, nor have different mutations at codon 180 been reported.Objective: We now report identification of a novel GHR mutation, also within codon E180, in two distantly related GHIS subjects of Inuit origin and provide mechanistic insights into the defects caused by the Inuit and Ecuadorian GHR mutations.Patients: The two Inuit subjects, with heights of −5 sd score and −7 sd score, respectively, had elevated circulating levels of GH but low levels of GH-binding protein, IGF-I, and IGF-binding protein-3.Results: Both Inuit subjects carry the same novel nonsense homozygous GHR mutation at codon E180 (GAA-&gt;TAA, E180X). In vitro reconstitution experiments demonstrated that GHR (E180sp), but not GHR (E180X), could be stably expressed. GHR (E180sp), however, could not bind GH and could neither activate signal transducer and activator of transcription-5b nor induce -5b-dependent gene expression on GH treatment. Furthermore, the GHR (E180sp), which has a deletion of eight amino acid residues within the GHR dimerization domain, although retaining the ability to homodimerize, was defective in trafficking to the cell surface.Conclusions: The E180X mutation identified in two Inuit patients resulted in a truncated, unstably expressed GHR variant, whereas the E180 splicing mutation previously identified in the Ecuadorian cohort, affected both GH binding and GHR trafficking and rendered the abnormal GHR nonfunctional.
Inhibition of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by Testosterone in Men Requires Aromatization for Its Pituitary But Not Its Hypothalamic Effects: Evidence from the Tandem Study of Normal and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Deficient Men
Authors: Pitteloud Nelly , Dwyer Andrew A. , DeCruz Suzzunne , Lee Hang , Boepple Paul A. , Crowley William F. , Hayes Frances J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractContext: Studies on the regulation of LH secretion by sex steroids in men are conflicting.Objective: Our aims were to determine the relative contributions of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) to LH regulation and localize their sites of negative feedback.Design: This was a prospective study with three arms.Setting: The study was conducted at a General Clinical Research Center.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-two normal (NL) men and 11 men with GnRH deficiency due to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) participated.Intervention: Medical castration and inhibition of aromatase were achieved using high-dose ketoconazole (KC) for 7 d with 1) no sex steroid add-back; 2) T enanthate 125 mg im starting on d 4; or 3) E2 patch 37.5 μg/d starting on d 4. Blood sampling was performed every 10 min for 12 h at baseline, overnight on d 3–4 and d 6–7.Main Outcome Measures: Mean LH levels, LH pulse amplitude, and GnRH pulse frequency were assessed at baseline, d 3–4, and d 6–7.Results: In NL men, KC caused a 3-fold increase in mean LH on d 3–4, which was stable on d 6–7 with no add-back. Addition of T reduced LH levels (34.6 ± 3.9 to 17.4 ± 3.6 IU/liter, P &lt; 0.05) by slowing GnRH pulse frequency (13.3 ± 0.4 to 6.7 ± 1.0 pulses/12 h, P &lt; 0.005). LH amplitude increased (6.9 ± 1.0 to 12.1 ± 1.4 IU/liter, P &lt; 0.005). E2 add-back suppressed LH levels (36.4 ± 5.6 to 19.0 ± 2.4 IU/liter, P &lt; 0.005), by slowing GnRH pulse frequency (11.4 ± 0.2 to 8.6 ± 0.4 pulses/12 h, P &lt; 0.05) and had no impact on LH pulse amplitude. In IHH men, restoring normal T levels caused no suppression of mean LH levels or LH amplitude. E2 add-back normalized mean LH levels and decreased LH amplitude from 14.7 ± 1.7 to 12 ± 1.5 IU/liter (P &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: 1) T and E2 have independent effects on LH. 2) Inhibition of LH by T requires aromatization for its pituitary, but not hypothalamic effects. 3) E2 negative feedback on LH occurs at the hypothalamus.
The dilemma of the second surgeon
Authors: Nahum Alan M. , Saltzstein Sidney L. , Robinson Jerald V. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe dilemma of the second surgeon is created when a patient is seen who has received advice and/or treatment by a colleague in the same specialty. The problem is compounded when conflicting opinions as to diagnosis, treatment, and results occur. This is discussed in the context of providing optimal care, maintaining effective communication, and avoiding the obvious pitfalls.
Management of parasymphyseal fractures of the mandible
Authors: McClurg F. L. Don 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFractures of the parasymphyseal mandible occur in 15% of all cases of mandibular fracture. The experience obtained from 32 consecutive parasymphyseal fractures is outlined. Open reduction and internal fixation was required in patients having severe comminution, a mobile central fragment, or bilateral subcondylar fractures. These circumstances constituted 15% of all parasymphyseal fractures. The techniques utilized have been outlined.
The management of facial paralysis due to extracranial injuries
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractImprovements in surgical capabilities in the management of malignancies about the ear and parotid gland, increasing vehicular and interpersonal trauma, and greater concern with cosmetic factors by the public at large, have led to increasing need for the surgeon's ability to manage injuries to the facial nerve. Several important anatomic, physiologic and technical factors bear upon a logical approach to repair of such facial nerve injuries. Careful attention to these concepts had led to satisfactory return of facial function in most cases managed by the author.
Equality, Public Policy and Public Services: The Underclass Hypothesis and the Limits to Equality
Authors: Lineberry Robert L. 
Published: December 2007

If the 1960s represented the era of a dramatic attention to massive urban crises, the 1970s sets its sights lower, focusing increasingly on the production and consumption, distribution and delivery, and equity and efficiency issues in urban public services. As Yates remarks, ‘it is difficult to see how a government can solve its dramatic problems if it cannot solve its routine ones,’ and the distribution of public services represents a critical issue in policy analysis and judicial policy. The case of Hawkins v. Town of Shaw inaugurated litigation to redress discrimination in the distribution of public services. The resuscitation of equalitarian issues, prompted in part by the educational output literature, points up the normative, as well as the constitutional issues in service delivery questions.
The most commonplace hypothesis in the discussion of urban public services is the underclass hypothesis, the suspicion that service provision is a function of the racial, class or political traits of particular neighbourhoods. Evidence, though still limited in time and place, is beginning to appear on the underclass hypothesis, and it is less than definitive. In this paper, the hypothesis is tested in a city, San Antonio, Texas, whose attributes make it propitious for a useful test. Heavily minority, and quite poor, it also exhibits a pattern of highly centralized political power. The paper examines data on the intra-municipal distribution of two services, fire protection and parks. Though the results of the analysis show that distributions may be described as ‘unpatterned inequality’, they are not clearly associated with variations in neighbourhood underclass concentrations. Such analysis raises, though, some fundamental questions about the larger concept of equality as a normative standard for distributing urban services. These questions, including the problem of operationalizing equality and some constitutional issues in service equalization, are also addressed.
Simultaneous Erythema Nodosum and Erythema Multiforme After Local Lidocaine Injection
Authors: Rodríguez-Carreón Alma Angélica , Vega-Memije Elisa , Moreno-Coutiño Gabriela , López-García Lirio , Domínguez-Cherit Judith , Arenas Roberto 
Published: December 2007

Objective: To report a case of simultaneous erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme after local lidocaine injection. Case Summary: A 33-year-old female experienced coexisting erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme after lidocaine spray was used for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The reaction was exacerbated after localized injection of 2% lidocaine for a skin biopsy. An objective causality assessment revealed that an adverse drug reaction was highly probable. Discussion: Lidocaine is the most frequently used local anesthetic agent. The coexistence of erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme has been reported in lepromatous leprosy, Yersinia enterocolítica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis gastrointestinal infection (both with diarrhea), histoplasmosis, hepatitis C, and milker's nodule, but not with lidocaine. Conclusions: If clinicians observe similar lesions after lidocaine exposure, they should suspect an adverse drug reaction and exercise caution in the administration of amide anesthetics to patients with a documented history of adverse reaction to lidocaine.
Daily timing of emersion and elevated atmospheric CO2concentration affect photosynthetic performance of the intertidal macroalgaUlva lactuca(Chlorophyta) in sunlight
Authors: Zou Dinghui , Gao Kunshan , Ruan Zuoxi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe lunar day differs in length from the solar day so that times of low tide vary from day to day. Thus, aerial exposure of intertidal seaweeds may be during the day or during the night. We measured photosynthetic CO2assimilation rates of the intertidal green macroalgaUlva lactucaduring exposures of varied daily timings during sunny days of summer to establish how photosynthetic performance responds to emersion timing under varied CO2levels [at ambient (360 ppmv) and 2× ambient (720 ppmv) atmospheric CO2concentrations]. There was an increase in net photosynthetic rates following some duration of exposure when the initial timing of exposure occurred during early morning (06.30 h) and late afternoon (17.15 h). In contrast, net rates exhibited a sharp decline with exposure duration when the initial timing of exposure occurred at 09.30 h, 15.30 h and especially at noon (12.30 h), implying the occurrence of a severe photoinhibition resulting from mid-day insolation. Doubled atmospheric CO2concentration significantly enhanced the emersed photosynthetic rates, indicating that the emersed photosynthesis is CO2-limited at ambient CO2levels. However, increasing CO2barely stimulates the emersed photosynthetic rates during mid-day insolation.
Invasive seaweeds: global and regional law and policy responses
Authors: Doelle Meinhard , McConnell Moira L. , VanderZwaag David L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We consider law and policy responses to invasive seaweeds at global and regional levels. Key global regimes considered include the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ramsar Convention and the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species. Contributions from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Maritime Organization are also considered in the global context. At a regional level, examples of efforts in North America and Europe are offered to illustrate challenges and opportunities for regional responses to invasive seaweeds. We conclude with law and policy recommendations, most notably the need to approach the issue of invasive seaweeds in a manner consistent with the precautionary principle.
Genetic Analysis of Craniofacial Traits in the Medaka
Authors: Kimura Tetsuaki , Shimada Atsuko , Sakai Noriyoshi , Mitani Hiroshi , Naruse Kiyoshi , Takeda Hiroyuki , Inoko Hidetoshi , Tamiya Gen , Shinya Minori 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Family and twin studies suggest that a substantial genetic component underlies individual differences in craniofacial morphology. In the current study, we quantified 444 craniofacial traits in 100 individuals from two inbred medaka (Oryzias latipes) strains, HNI and Hd-rR. Relative distances between defined landmarks were measured in digital images of the medaka head region. A total of 379 traits differed significantly between the two strains, indicating that many craniofacial traits are controlled by genetic factors. Of these, 89 traits were analyzed via interval mapping of 184 F2 progeny from an intercross between HNI and Hd-rR. We identified quantitative trait loci for 66 craniofacial traits. The highest logarithm of the odds score was 6.2 for linkage group (LG) 9 and 11. Trait L33, which corresponds to the ratio of head length to head height at eye level, mapped to LG9; trait V15, which corresponds to the ratio of snout length to head width measured behind the eyes, mapped to LG11. Our initial results confirm the potential of the medaka as a model system for the genetic analysis of complex traits such as craniofacial morphology.
Diversification Rates Increase With Population Size and Resource Concentration in an Unstructured Habitat
Authors: Stevens M H H , Sanchez M , Lee J , Finkel S E 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling the generation and maintenance of biodiversity provides some of the planet's greatest and most pressing challenges. Variation in resource concentration, which varies widely at multiple scales, may cause biodiversity to increase, decrease, or exhibit a unimodal response and underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We established experimental cultures of long-term stationary phase (LTSP) Escherichia coli to test whether per capita heterozygosity varies with resource concentration, and, if so, whether population sizes associated with different resource concentrations contributed to these patterns. Our results provide the clearest example to date of increasing per capita heterozygosity with increasing resource concentration. Further, our experimental manipulations of population size, independent of resource concentration, provide the first unequivocal evidence that population size is one of the underlying factors controlling per capita heterozygosity along such resource gradients. Specifically, we show that cultures with higher maximum population sizes, associated with higher resource concentrations, have higher per capita heterozygosity. These experiments provide the first experimental evidence for an underappreciated factor controlling biodiversity along resource gradients—population size. This direct evidence of population size influencing diversification rates has implications for regional and global scale patterns of biodiversity.
Zinc Regulates the Stability of Repetitive Minisatellite DNA Tracts During Stationary Phase
Authors: Kelly Maire K , Jauert Peter A , Jensen Linnea E , Chan Christine L , Truong Chinh S , Kirkpatrick David T 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRepetitive minisatellite DNA tracts are stable in mitotic cells but unstable in meiosis, altering in repeat number and repeat composition. As relatively little is known about the factors that influence minisatellite stability, we isolated mutations that destabilize a minisatellite repeat tract in the ADE2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One mutant class exhibited a novel color segregation phenotype, “blebbing,” characterized by minisatellite instability during stationary phase. Minisatellite tract alterations in blebbing strains consist exclusively of the loss of one 20-bp repeat. Timing experiments suggest that these tract alterations occur only after cells have entered stationary phase. Two complementation groups identified in this screen have mutations in either the high-affinity zinc transporter ZRT1 or its zinc-dependent transcriptional regulator ZAP1. The Δzrt1 mutant specifically affects the stability of minisatellite tracts; microsatellites or simple insertions in the ADE2 reading frame are not destabilized by loss of ZRT1. The Δzrt1 blebbing phenotype is partially dependent on a functional RAD50. Zinc is known for its role as an essential cofactor in many DNA-binding proteins. We describe possible models by which zinc can influence minisatellite stability. Our findings directly implicate zinc homeostasis in the maintenance of genomic stability during stationary phase.