bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Constructiveness and Destructiveness Essential Features of Guilt and Shame Feelings Respectively?
Authors: DOST AYFER , YAGMURLU BILGE 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper involves a critical evaluation of a conceptualization of guilt and shame, which guides a number of research mainly in social psychology. In the contemporary literature, conceptualization of guilt and shame shows variation. In one of the leading approaches, guilt is regarded as an experience that targets behavior in evaluative thought and shame as targeting the self. According to this distinction, guilt has a constructive nature and it motivates the individual to take reparative actions, since it targets the behavior, whereas shame has a destructive quality and is linked with problem behaviors, since it targets the self. The claim that guilt and shame are adaptive and maladaptive feelings respectively by their very nature, has been challenged by theory and research. Researchers from non‐Western cultures also criticized compartmentalization of guilt and shame as constructive and destructive emotions by emphasizing cultural variation in the experience of self‐conscious emotions. In this regard, the present paper argues that features of constructiveness and destructiveness do not necessarily follow from the definitions of guilt and shame and that this dichotomous conceptualization of guilt and shame, and the research findings based on this dichotomy need reconsideration.
What's Social About Social Emotions?
Authors: HARELI SHLOMO , PARKINSON BRIAN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new approach to the demarcation of social emotions, based on their dependence on social appraisals that are designed to assess events bearing on social concerns. Previous theoretical attempts to characterize social emotions are compared, and their inconsistencies highlighted. Evidence for the present formulation is derived from theory and research into links between appraisals and emotions. Emotions identified as social using our criteria are also shown to bring more consistent consequences for social behavior than nonsocial emotions. We conclude by considering ways of validating and refining our classification.
Goals of Action and Emotional Reasons for Action. A Modern Version of the Theory of Ultimate Psychological Hedonism
Authors: MEES ULRICH , SCHMITT ANNETTE 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present a modern version of the classic theory of “ultimate psychological hedonism” (UPH). As does the UPH, our two‐dimensional model of metatelic orientations also postulates a fundamentally hedonistic motivation for any human action. However, it makes a distinction between “telic” or content‐based goals of actions and “metatelic” or emotional reasons for actions. In our view, only the emotional reasons for action, but not the goals of action, conform to the UPH. After outlining our model, we will elucidate the similarities and differences between our model and classic UPH. In this context we will clarify several basic misconceptions regarding classic UPH. In a next step, two major criticisms of the theory of ultimate psychological hedonism will be discussed, that is (1) the statement that the hedonistic principle has no motivating effect at all and (2) the argument that the hedonistic motivation is only one of many motivations of human actions. We believe that both of these arguments can be refuted. Finally, we will discuss the compatibility of our model with evolutionary theory.
On Acting Against One's Best Judgement: A Social Constructionist Interpretation for the Akrasia Problem
Authors: ROMAIOLI DIEGO , FACCIO ELENA , SALVINI ALESSANDRO 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAkrasia is a philosophical concept meaning the possibility to perform actions against one's best judgement. This contribution aims to clarify this phenomenon in terms of a social construction, stating it as a narrative configuration generated by an observer. The latter finds himself engaged in justifying a “problematic” line of action with regard to specific cultural beliefs referring to the self, the others and the behaviour. This paper intends to make explicit the assumptions underlying the traditional definitions of akrasia when, paradoxically, an agent performs an action not in accordance with his/her best judgement. In the transition from modern to post‐modern psychology, we here propose an interpretation of the phenomenon in psychological terms, envisaging akrasia as a narrative form functional to the identity processes and to the social dynamics of the structures of contemporary societies. Implications in the psychological practice will be taken into account.
Our Emotional Connection to Truth: Moving Beyond a Functional View of Language in Discourse Analysis
Authors: SULLIVAN PAUL 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis article is a theoretical examination of the relationship between truth (understood experientially) and forms of dialogue, in discursive psychology. To do this, I mainly draw on Bakhtin (1929/1984, 1975/1981) and Kiekegaard (1841/1989, 1846/1968). In contrast to a hermeneutic tradition that has sidelined the importance of the author to discourse (e.g., Barthes, 1967/1977), these authors offer an understanding of truth that depends on the author's emotional connection to the truth they are expressing. They most clearly demonstrate the dynamics of our emotional connection to truth in their descriptions of different forms of speech. Kierkegaard describes the relationship between self and truth in irony, while Bakhtin does the same in the epic, the confession and the quarrel. It is my argument that these forms of speech interact with truth and help organise selfhood. I also argue that our current methodological emphasis on the function of words or the play of dominant discourses tend to overlook the experiential landscape of language and its reciprocal relationship with our subjectivity.
Sexual dimorphism in chelicerae size in three species of nuptial‐gift spiders: a discussion of possible functions and driving selective forces
Authors: Costa‐Schmidt L. E. , De Araújo A. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPositive allometric patterns observed for intersexual signalling characters are related to directional sexual selection, and supported by theoretical and empirical data. Recent models have shown that positive allometry may not hold as a rule if the influence of natural selection is added to the model. Here we tested these models applying traditional morphometrical techniques for the analysis of chelicerae sexual dimorphism and allometric patterns within the genus Paratrechalea: Paratrechalea azul, Paratrechalea galianoae and Paratrechalea ornata. Spider chelicerae are basically used for prey capture, but males of Paratrechalea also use the chelicerae to offer a nuptial gift during courtship, also presenting a clear size and colour sexual dimorphism supporting a possible role as a signal. Chelicerae size was male biased for all the variables studied and showed an isometric pattern, while females showed a higher variation. Our findings are in accordance with models of viability‐related function for prey capture, questioning some statements proposed by the positive allometry model.
Identification of the sensory neuron specific regulatory region for the mouse gene encoding the voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.8
Authors: Puhl III Henry L. , Ikeda Stephen R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVoltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSC) are critical membrane components that participate in the electrical activity of excitable cells. The type one VGSC family includes the tetrodotoxin insensitive sodium channel, NaV1.8, encoded by the Scn10a gene. NaV1.8 expression is restricted to small and medium diameter nociceptive sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial sensory ganglia. To understand the stringent transcriptional regulation of the Scn10a gene, the sensory neuron specific promoter was functionally identified. While identifying the mRNA 5′‐end, alternative splicing within the 5′‐UTR was observed to create heterogeneity in the RNA transcript. Four kilobases of upstream genomic DNA was cloned and the presence of tissue specific promoter activity was tested by microinjection and adenoviral infection of fluorescent protein reporter constructs into primary mouse and rat neurons, and cell lines. The region contained many putative transcription factor‐binding sites and strong homology with the predicted rat ortholog. Homology to the predicted human ortholog was limited to the proximal end and several conserved cis elements were noted. Two regulatory modules were identified by microinjection of reporter constructs into dorsal root ganglia and superior cervical ganglia neurons: a neuron specific proximal promoter region between −1.6 and −0.2 kb of the transcription start site cluster, and a distal sensory neuron switch region beyond −1.6 kb that restricted fluorescent protein expression to a subset of primary sensory neurons.
When is a student not a student? Issues of identity and conflict on a distance learning work‐based nurse education programme
Authors: Watts Jacqueline H. , Waraker Stella M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStudents on work‐based professional programmes experience a range of challenges in their learning and are often required to move between roles to balance their personal, work and study lives. This small‐scale qualitative action research considers factors that help and hinder distance learning nursing students in establishing their student role identity. It reveals that students value recognition by work colleagues of their formal learner status and benefit from the peer support of other students within face‐to‐face and on‐line tutorials. The paper draws out the risk‐laden nature of embarking on professional education programmes as an experienced but unqualified practitioner. It argues that the support structures within both sponsoring employer organizations and higher education institutions, necessary to underpin successful learning, need to be flexible and student‐centred. Encouraging the development of study skills and good academic ‘habits’, as a form of psychological stroking, is central to building learner confidence.
Student nurse transition from traditional to problem‐based learning
Authors: Smith Lynda , Coleman Valerie 
Published: May 2008

AbstractProblem‐based learning (PBL) continues to be a feature of many nursing programmes and has been the subject of a number of empirical studies. This study explored the experience of PBL of a group of registered nurses undertaking a 1 year children's nursing programme. Focus group interviews at the end of the programme and 6 months post‐qualification captured the student's perceptions of how they experienced learning to be a children's nurse on this type of programme and subsequently the impact it had had on them on their return to practice.Themes identified by the focus groups centred on the transitions students have to make to this type of learning and the need to let go of previous education expectations. Adapting to the PBL process led to a range of strategies being employed by the group to cope with the new demand, resulting in largely negative perceptions of PBL on programme completion. The second focus group allowed the group time to reflect on their experience and the impact of it on their role and presented a positive balanced view of their experience. This included increased confidence, assertiveness, being more questioning of practice and likely to search for and use evidence to underpin practice than before this PBL programme.This research demonstrates the need to provide more initial preparation at the start of programmes to support the transition to PBL and provide ongoing mechanisms for listening and responding to student concerns about the PBL process. For those considering PBL in the future, blended approaches rather than curricula wholly delivered by PBL may be more suited to shorter programmes of study. However, the overall message from this research indicates that although the students experienced difficulties in the process, the outcome did in fact meet their needs in the longer term.
Looking Forward: The End of Autonomy
Authors: Nash David B. , Quigley Glen D. 
Published: May 2008

Forecasting how medicine will be practiced 50 years from now presents a challenge. While advances in technology will have a major impact, new cultural outlooks on physician professionalism and autonomy will have an even greater significance in daily practice.The current healthcare system is in crisis. As members of a profession with responsibilities to both individual patients and society, all physicians have a duty to help solve the critical issues plaguing the healthcare system today. Solutions will require some major changes in the way physicians practice medicine.The most important – and the most difficult – change will be relinquishing our long‐held belief in the premise of physician autonomy. As recognized in the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Quality Chasm report, medicine today requires “more to know, more to do, more to manage, more to watch, and more people involved than ever before.” Looking forward, these complexities will only intensify.To create the high‐quality healthcare system of the future, the profession must discard its view of the physician as an independent, self‐governing craftsman and adopt practices that are consistent with the principles of evidence‐based medicine, continuous quality improvement (CQI), and transparency.
A Pivotal Moment in 50 Years of Headache History: The First American Migraine Study
Authors: Tepper Stewart J. 
Published: May 2008

Objective.— To describe the magnitude and distribution of the public health problem posed by migraine in the United States by examining migraine prevalence, attack frequency, and attack‐related disability by gender, age, race, household income, geographic region, and urban vs rural residence.Design.— In 1989, a self‐administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of 15,000 households. A designated member of each household initially responded to the questionnaire. Each household member with severe headache was asked to respond to detailed questions about symptoms, frequency, and severity of headaches.Setting.— A sample of households selected from a panel to be representative of the US population in terms of age, gender, household size, and geographic area.Participants.— After a single mailing, 20,468 subjects (63.4% response rate) between 12 and 80 Years of age responded to the survey. Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ by gender, household income, region of the country, or urban vs rural status. Whites and the elderly were more likely to respond. Migraine headache cases were identified on the basis of reported symptoms using established diagnostic criteria.Results.— In total, 17.6% of females and 5.7% of males were found to have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. The prevalence of migraine varied considerably by age and was highest in both men and women between the ages of 35 to 45 years. Migraine prevalence was strongly associated with household income; prevalence in the lowest‐income group (less than $10,000) was more than 60% higher than in the 2 highest‐income groups (greater than or equal to $30,000). The proportion of migraine sufferers who experienced moderate to severe disability was not related to gender, age, income, urban vs rural residence, or region of the country. In contrast, the frequency of headaches was lower in higher‐income groups. Attack frequency was inversely related to disability.Conclusions.— A projection to the US population suggests that 8.7 million females and 2.6 million males suffer from migraine headache with moderate to severe disability. Of these, 3.4 million females and 1.1 million males experience 1 or more attacks per month. Females between ages 30 and 49 years from lower‐income households are at especially high risk of having migraines and are more likely than other groups to use emergency care services for their acute condition.
Audiogenic kindling in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats: Kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant subpopulations
Authors: Vinogradova Lyudmila V. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryPurpose:  Audiogenic kindling (AK) is a model of naturally occurring epileptogenesis triggered by repeated sound stimulation of rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures. It is accepted that limbic seizure networks underlie progressive changes in behavioral seizure pattern during AK. The present study investigated AK progression in rats susceptible and unsusceptible to absence seizures.Methods:  Progression of AK as indicated by an appearance and intensification of limbic clonus was examined in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats with genetic absence epilepsy and in Wistar rats.Results:  Subpopulations of kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant rats were found in both Wistar and WAG/Rij strains. Despite identical seizure responses to the first sound stimulation, AK progression dramatically differed between the two subpopulations. AK‐prone rats exhibited rapid kindling development up to maximal stage‐5 severity. In AK‐resistant rats, limbic clonus did not appear after 30 stimulations or if it appeared, it did not progress beyond stage 2. The proportions of AK‐prone and AK‐resistant animals within Wistar and WAG/Rij strains were similar. Comparison of Wistar and WAG/Rij rats within the kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant groups did not reveal a significant strain effect on AK progression. However, within the WAG/Rij strain, a significantly higher incidence of absence seizures was found in AK‐resistant rats compared to AK‐prone rats.Conclusions:  The present study demonstrates that sensitivity to sound‐induced epileptogenesis differs dramatically within Wistar and WAG/Rij strains, whereas genetic susceptibility to absence seizures does not change AK progression significantly. It is supposed that an increased incidence of nonconvulsive seizures and resistance to kindling result from a common seizure modulating mechanism.
A BFIS‐like syndrome with late onset and febrile seizures: Suggestive linkage to chromosome 16p11.2–16q12.1
Authors: Weber Yvonne G. , Jacob Miriam , Weber Gabriele , Lerche Holger 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBenign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) is a dominant idiopathic epilepsy with partial and secondarily generalized seizures with age of onsetr between 3 and 12 months. Here we describe a four‐generation family with some characteristic features of BFIS but with unusual clinical signs, in eight affected members with an unusual clinical phenotype. Onset was consistently between 14 and 20 months of age with clusters of complex‐partial or generalized tonic–clonic seizures and a high rate of febrile seizures, which have not been described for BFIS previously. All affected members showed multifocal interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG. The known loci for benign familial neonatal/infantile seizures (BFNS/BFNIS), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and the BFIS locus on chromosome 19q were excluded. Further genetic analysis showed suggestive linkage to the major BFIS locus on chromosome 16 between markers D16S690 and D16S3136. This ``BFIS‐like'' syndrome may enlarge the phenotypic spectrum of diseases linked to the chromosome 16 region.
CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGY AND POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA (CYANOBACTERIA) DURING FLAGELLATE GRAZING1
Authors: Yang Zhou , Kong Fanxiang , Shi Xiaoli , Zhang Min , Xing Peng , Cao Huansheng 
Published: May 2008

To investigate the changes in the morphology and polysaccharide content of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. during flagellate grazing, cultures of M. aeruginosa were exposed to grazing Ochromonas sp. for a period of 9 d under controlled laboratory conditions. M. aeruginosa responded actively to flagellate grazing and formed colonies, most of which were made up of several or dozens of cells, suggesting that flagellate grazing may be one of the biotic factors responsible for colony formation in M. aeruginosa. When colonies were formed, the cell surface ultrastructure changed, and the polysaccharide layer on the surface of the cell wall became thicker. This change indicated that synthesis and secretion of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of M. aeruginosa cells increased under flagellate grazing pressure. The contents of soluble extracellular polysaccharide (sEPS), bound extracellular polysaccharide (bEPS), and total polysaccharide (TPS) in colonial cells of M. aeruginosa increased significantly compared with those in single cells. This finding suggested that the increased amount of EPS on the cell surface may play a role in keeping M. aeruginosa cells together to form colonies.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF THE CONCHOCELIS STAGE OF ALASKAN PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) SPECIES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES1
Authors: Lin Rulong , Lindstrom Sandra C. , Stekoll Michael S. 
Published: May 2008

Photosynthesis and respiration of three Alaskan Porphyra species, P. abbottiae V. Krishnam., P. pseudolinearis Ueda species complex (identified as P. “pseudolinearis” below), and P. torta V. Krishnam., were investigated under a range of environmental parameters. Photosynthesis versus irradiance (P–I) curves revealed that maximal photosynthesis (Pmax), irradiance at maximal photosynthesis (Imax), and compensation irradiance (Ic) varied with salinity, temperature, and species. The Pmax of Porphyra abbottiae conchocelis varied between 83 and 240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1 (where dwt indicates dry weight) at 30–140 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 (Imax) depending on temperature. Higher irradiances resulted in photoinhibition. Maximal photosynthesis of the conchocelis of P. abbottiae occurred at 11°C, 60 μmol photons · m−2·s−1, and 30 psu (practical salinity units). The conchocelis of P. “pseudolinearis” and P. torta had similar Pmax values but higher Imax values than those of P. abbottiae. The Pmax of P. “pseudolinearis” conchocelis was 200–240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1 and for P. torta was 90–240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1. Maximal photosynthesis for P. “pseudolinearis” occurred at 7°C and 250 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 at 30 psu, but Pmax did not change much with temperature. Maximal photosynthesis for P. torta occurred at 15°C, 200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, and 30 psu. Photosynthesis rates for all species declined at salinities <25 or >35 psu. Estimated compensation irradiances (Ic) were relatively low (3–5 μmol · photons · m−2 · s−1) for intertidal macrophytes. Porphyra conchocelis had lower respiration rates at 7°C than at 11°C or 15°C. All three species exhibited minimal respiration rates at salinities between 25 and 35 psu.