bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Contraction of the Human Heart under Normal Circulatory Conditions.
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A study has been made of the contraction of the left ventricle under the influence of various agents acting on the autonomic nervous system. The analyses were made with the help of electro‐kymography, electrocardiography and phonocardiography.Blocking of the vagus with methyl scopolamine nitrate was found to have the following effects: (1) an increase in the heart rate, (2) a decrease in the duration of systolic contraction, (3) an increase in the amplitude of the first and second heart sounds, (4) a rise in the arterial blood pressure and (5) a tendency to an increase in the degree of contraction of the left ventricle. The effect differs from that of adrenaline, administered intravenously, in that the heart rate and the blood pressure are affected considerably more than the contraction of the heart.The action of adrenaline, administered intravenously was intensified by blocking of the vagus.Blocking of the sympathetic nerves with dihydroergotamine was found to have the reverse effect to that of blocking of the vagus. The action of the former seemed to be intensified by the simultaneous intravenous injection of acetylcholine. Doses of dihydroergotamine of 1 to 1.5 mg were found to have only a slight inhibitory effect on the action of adrenaline, administered intravenously.The results are discussed with reference to the regulation of the circulation of the blood and of its distribution under normal circulatory cnoditions. The authors conclude that the autonomic influence on the contraction of the heart must play an essential role in the regulation of the circulation.
Further Investigations on the Phosphorus and Nucleotide Uptake of Actomyosin.
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , DEUTSOH ADAM , KNAPPEIS G. G. , MUNCH‐PETERSEN AGNETE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Untreated actomyosin contained on an average 80 /(g phosphorus per g actomyosin threads (2.2 mg/g dry weight). A minor part of the phosphorus (10 per cent) can be extracted by denatu‐ration of the actomyosin with perchloric acid. This phosphorus is found as orthophosphate, easily hydrolysable phosphate and difficultly hydrolysable phosphate. Moreover, figures are given for the purine and ribose content of the protein.2. Evidence is given that the uptake of phosphorus, purine and ribose by actomyosin from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requires the presence of iron. With increasing iron concentration increasing amounts of phosphorus aha nucleotide were taken up by the actomyosin, the molar ratio always exceeding 10:1.3. The influence of temperature and reaction time on these processes were studied.4. The protein‐bound purine occurred partly as adenine and partly as hypoxanthine, while the nucleotide present in the supernatant was completely deaminated.5. Inorganic pyrophosphate and triphosphate, even in the presence of orthophosphate and Fe+++, did not cause an appreciable uptake of phosphorus by the protein. Adenosine diphosphate, inosine triphosphate and inosine diphosphate behaved similarly to adenosine triphosphate, i. e. a phosphorus and nucleotide uptake occurred only in the presence of iron. Adenylic acid is not bound in the presence of iron.6. No correlation was found between these chemical changes and either the volume constriction or the ATP‐ase activity of actomyosin.
On the Significance of Post‐ and Pre‐Synaptic Events for Facilitation and Inhibition in the Sympathetic Ganglion of the Cat.
Authors: JOB C. , LUNDBERG. A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Transmission of a test reflex through the stellate ganglion of the cat was examined 1) after antidromic conditioning, 2) after Conditioning the same preganglionic nerve as the one from which the test reflex was elicited, 3) after conditioning the other preganglionic nerve. There was less depression after 2 than 1 and, if there was a high degree of occlusion also less after 2 than after 3.When in the same preganglionic nerve as the one used for testing a volley was set up to excite the cells 2 msec. before they were reached by a maximal antidromic volley the depression of the test reflex was again less than after antidromic conditioning alone. If the combination of antidromic and orthodromic conditioning was made so that a preganglionic nerve other than the one used for testing was stimulated to excite the ganglion cells 2 msec. before they were reached by antidromic volley the depression was the same as after antidromic conditioning alone despite a high degree of occlusion. It is therefore concluded that following transmission of a single volley through the ganglion pre‐synaptic potentiation is a facilitatory factor along with post‐synaptic potentials in subliminally excited cells and the negative afterpotentials of excited cells. There is nor indication of a long‐lasting excitatory action from the pre‐synaptic terminals neither of inhibitory preganglionic fibres.In the last section are described conditions under which pre‐synaptic failure may occur.
The Action of Plasmin on Fibrin and Fibrinogen in Blood.1
Authors: MÜLLERTZ. STEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Solutions of plasmin prepared from post‐mortem blood, split purified preparations of fibrinogen and fibrin at nearly the same rate.2. In the blood plasmin is adsorbed to fibrin. The inhibitory effect of antiplasmin on fibrinogenolysis is therefore much greater that on fibrinolysis. In normal blood, fibrinogen was not affected by plasmin, while fibrin was rapidly split.3. After death varying amounts of antiplasmin were found in blood. Correspondingly varying relationships between the rates of fibrinogendysis and fibrinolysis were observed.4. The strong and specific adsorption of plasmin to fibrin and its high affinity for this substrate in blood is evidence of the specific adaption of plasmin to fibrin.5. The identity of fibrinolytic enzymes prepared from blood in widely different ways and the action of these enzymes on different proteins are discussed. The significance of the fibrinolytic activities occurring under physiological conditions in blood is stressed.
Comparison of Water Diffusion and Water Filtration Across Cell Surfaces.
Authors: PRESCOTT DAVID M. , ZEUTHEN. ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Diffusion and filtration constants for water were measured on the plasma membranes of the ovarian eggs of Rana temporaria and Danio rerio, on the body cavity eggs of Rana and Xenopus laevis, on the shed, but not developing eggs of Danio rerio, on the unfertilized and fertilized eggs of Salmo irideus and on the amoeba Chaos chaos. The filtration constant was always higher than the diffusion constant except in the trout egg where no permeability was demonstrated. The two constants varied in the same direction but far from proportionally. It is suggested that the results give information about the structure of the membranes studied.
An Optical Netliod for EEG Freqnency Analysis.
Authors: KRAKAU. C. E. T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An optical method for frequency analysis, suitable for EEG recordings is described. The analysis is continuous both with regard to frequency and time coordinates. Since photographic procedures form part of the method, simultaneous EEG recording and analysis are not possible. A large number of simultaneous records can be analysed. Phase relations between different leads are calculable. A “repeating of pattern”‐analysis may be obtained.
On Proteins in Regenernting Rat Liver
Authors: NORBERG. BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.During rat her regeneration after partial hepatectomy four pyropohosphatases and adenylpyrophosphatase were studied. During regeneration the enzyme activities generally decreased, and the calculated total amounts of the enzymes showed a much slower regeneration than the liver mass. Possible relations to metabolisim are discussed briefly.
Dual Action of Nicotine on the Sympathetic Ganglion of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG A. , THESLEFF S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.When transmission in the sympathetic ganglion has been blocked by arterial injection of nicotine it can in some cases be restored post‐tetanically, in others not.Soon after the injection of nicotine a partial block may be restored only to a small extent, whereas some times after an injection a more pronounced block may be relieved post‐tetanically to a considerable extent.Simultaneous measurements of the demarcation potential and the transmitted action potential have demonstrated that there is not full correlation between the block and the ganglion cell depolarization. Even when the demarcation potential has returned to the normal level the block remains but can now be relieved post‐tetanically. It is concluded that the first phase of block which can not be relieved post‐tetanically is due to ganglion cell depolarization, whereas the block which can be relieved post‐tetanically has another cause.
On the Mechanism of the Intestinal Fat Absorption V.: The Effect of Bile Diversion on Fat Absorption in the Rat.1
Authors: BORGSTROM. BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The absorption of fat in bile‐fistula rat has been studied usiilg free palmitic acid‐1–14C dissolved in corn oil.The fat content of intestinal lymph from bile‐fistula rats in the fasting state was found to be extremely low compared to that found in normal rats. During fat absorption the amount of intestinal lymph fat in the bile‐fistula rats showed only a slight increase and did not even reach the values found in fasting rats with normal bile flow.In the absence of bile from the intestine only about one fourth of the absorbed activity is transported via the lymphatic pathway as compared with the normal condition.The incorporation of absorbed labelled fatty acids into the phospholipids of the intestinal wall during fat absorption showed about the same course whether bile was present or not.
The Influence of Beer on the Rend Excretion of Water, Sodiuum and Potnssium1
Authors: EK JAN , JOSEPHSON BERTIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of the drinking of moderate amounts of beer on the renal excretion of water, sodium and potassium was studied on a number of healthy human subjects. Beer was found to increase the output of water and sodium and to decrease the potassium excretion. This effect seems b arise in the beer during its fermentation. Beer without hops was effective but not unfermen‐tated malt extract. The alcohol in the beer did not seem to be responsible for the effect, because a mixture of brandy and water or brandy and malt extract with the same alcohol concentration as the beer was without effect.
Positive and Negative Muscular Work.
Authors: ASMUSSEN. ERLING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It was the purpose of the present experiments to determine the ratio cost of positive work: cost of megative work under different conditions of work.The cost of the work was expressed as the oxygen uptake per minute in the steady state of work. The work itself consisted in riding a bicycle on the inclined belt of a motordriven treadmill, uphill for positive work, downhill for negative work. The rate of work was expressed in kg/m per minute and defined as the product of the weight of subject plus bicycle and the vertical distance of lifting or lowering this weight per minute.The oxygen uptake per minute (y) plotted against the rate of work (x) was found to lie on two straight lines for the two kinds of work, and the equations for these two lines could be expressed as y = bposx + apos for positive work and y = hneg + aneg for negative work.Under the same conditions of speed, saddle height and pedal length apos and aneg were found to be identical and are assumed to represent the cost of extra work (balancing, postural efforts etc.) plus the resting metabolism. bpos: bneg should consequently represent the ratio cost of positive work: cost of negative work.The ratio bpos: bneg was found to increase from 3.1 ± 0.7 to 6.1 ±w 0.7 when the distance saddle to crank increased from 60 to 90 cm, and the pedal length and velocity of movement were constant.Variation of the pedal length between 8.5 cm and 25.5 cm with constant velocity of muscular movements and saddle height had no statistically significant effect on the ratio, which under these conditions was found to lie between 7.0 and 9.3.With increasing speed of movements the ratio increased from 5.9 to 125, mainly because bneg decreased and approached zero.The results are discussed under consideration of the length‐tension diagrams and the force‐velocity curve of isolated muscle.It is concluded that besides the effects that could be expected from the form of the length‐tension diagrams and from the force‐velocity curve another factor must be responsible for the very low values of bneg and the high value of bpos: brneg. It is tentatively suggested that this factor is the reversal of the chemical processes in excentric muscle contractions previously found by Abbott, Aubert and Hill (1951).The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Mr. P. Rosenfalck, M. Sc., and to Dr. Steen Knudsen, both of the Neurophysiological Institute, Copenhagen, for their kind help with the statistics in this work and for many suggestive discussions during its progress. Dr. Steen Knudsen designed the filter used as an integrator of the electromyograms in fig. 5.
A Method for Enzymic Determination of ATP in Tissues
Authors: FORSNADER O. , REHELL B. , RÁIHÁ C.‐E 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the method for ATP determination from tissues we have presented above the same principle is followed as in the method for determining ATP from blood which we have published earlier; the specific enzyme obtained from potatoes splits off the endphosphate group from the substrate molecule ATP, and the phosphate is measured photometrically.At the same time the protein nitrogen determination is carried out from the precipitated protein with perchloric acid according to the micro‐Kjeldahl method. The nitrogen content gives a statement of the size of the sample in question. We have given the results in γ ATP‐phosphorus/lOO mg protein.
Effect of Thermal Stress and Muscular Exercise, With and Wihout Insulin Hypoglycaemia, on the Body Temperature, Perspiration Rate, and Electrolyte and Lactate Content of Sweat
Authors: HASAN J. , LAAMANEN A. , NIEMI M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Effect of thermal stress (Finnish Sauna‐bath) and muscular exercise (on treadmill) on the rise in body temperature, on the sweating rate, and electrolyte and lactate content of sweat is studied. In one half of the experiments, hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenous injections of insulin. There are no significant differences in the rate of sweating and in the composition of sweat during insulin hypoglycaemia and during euglycaemia. In the lactiite content of sweat there is some tendency to increased values with decreased blood sugar concentrations. The rise in body temperature under insulin hppoglycaemia is significantly lower than in experiments without insulin injection. The reason for this observation is briefly discussed.
L'influence de la fréquence de changement de I'intensité de la sensation sur la durée de la sensation
Authors: HORMIA ARMO 
Published: December 2008

Résumé.Dans l'article ci‐dessus la signification de la fréquence du changement des sensations pour la notion du temps est examinée. Les expérieiices montrent. que l'accroissement de la fréquencc du changement de l'intensité de la sensation d'un son de 1,000 Hertz. est la cause d'une surestimation de la durée, laquelle de nouveau diminue si la fréquence du changement surpasse la lirnite du rythme d'indifférence. La cause de ce phénomène est examinée.
The Potassium Absorption by Pigeon Blood Cells.: A Considerable Potassium Absorption by Pigeon‐ and Hen Blood Cells in Observed when a Hypertonic Sodium Chlorided Solution is Added
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is shown that freshlv drawn pigeon blood when placed at body temperature during the first hour will absorb half or more of the plasma potassium. Later the plasma potassium concentration will increase. Lack of oxygen will stop the potassium absorption and instead potassium of the cells is lost. and sodium increased.Addition of isotonic KCl solution will not change the potassium absorption.But if you besides KCl add a hypertonic solution of NaCl a considerable potassium uptake is seen, and it will carry on for more than three hours. In this way the cell potassium concentration can be augmented by more than 20 %.Blood from hen or cock will not absorb potassium unless a hypertonio NaCl solution is added.The hypertonic solution may increase the active potassium absorption or it may tighten the cell membrane so that the loss of potassiiini from the cells is decreased. The second possibility is considered the most probable. The theory is strengthened by an experiment where 1 % ethyl alcohol produced a loss of potassium, whereas simultaneous addition of hypertonic NaCl solution produced a considerable potassium uptake. Simultaneously with the potassium absorption an increase of the haematocrit values is seen.The find solution of the problem may be given by experiments with radioactive potassium.The experiments correspond to similar experiments made with bacillus coli communis (Ørskov 1948).
The Assay of Thyroid Preparations Based on Increased Sensitivity to Adrenaline.: Studies on a New Method
Authors: PELTOLA P. , VARTIAINEN A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The purpose of the studies was to test the accuracy of a new method of standardization based on the increased sensitivity to adrenaline of mice which is occasioned by thyroid powders. Three different thyroid preparations with practically identical total iodine content, were used.The biological efficacy of the preparations was compared by several biological methods of standardization. The acetonitrile method according to Grab gave no consistent results. The Mörch method, based on the measurement of output of carbon dioxide, and the method to be tested, which rests on increased sensitivity to adrenaline, brought, out, differences in biological efficacy which are in agreement with results obtained in clinical studies. In the results obtained by the method based on increased sensitivity to oxygen deficiency the differences mentioned above are not visible.In clinical studies, the amount of serum protein bound iodine is found to follow sensitively other variations that occur in the clinical picture when different, preparations are used. The reaction must therefore be corisidered a good exponent, of the efficacy of the thyroid preparation. It is a serviceable medium for checking the results of standardization obtained in animal experinments on human patients suffering from hypothyreosis.The standardization method described in the present paper. delveloped on the basis of increase in sensitivity to adrenaline caused by thyroid powder, must he considered biologically specific, and the results obtained by it agree with clinical results. Technically the method is very simple and the possibility of errors is small.
The Use of a Compressed Air Operated Shock Tube for Physiological Blast Research
Authors: CELANDER HJÖRDIS , CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , ERICSSON ULF A. , HULTMAN HOLTER ISON 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The advantage of using a compressed air operated shock tube instead of blasting high explosive charges for certain types of physiological blast injury research is briefly discussed.A description is given of a shock tube and of the special arrangements necessary for exposing mice to shock waves in that tube.Some theoretical considerations concerning the shock tube and the data necessary for the calculation of the physical properties of the shock wave obtained are given.
Effects of Intrathecal Injections of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure in the Cat
Authors: LILJEDAHL S.‐O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A rise of blood sugar was observed after 50 μg noradrenaline per kg body weight injected into the cisterna magna (22–40 mg%) or the third ventricle (30–45 mg%) in anesthetized cats.The effects of the same dose of adrenaline was 50–60 mgyo and 54–66 mg% respectively. These effects were obtained even after interruption of the nervous pathways in the neck. No effects were noted on the blood pressure.Intravenous injection of 0.05 ml of spinal fluid 3/2 hours after intrathecal injection of 50 μg noradrenaline raised the blood pressure 40 mm Hg.In cases where lesions and hemorrhage occurred, a rise in blood pressure was observed after 50 μg noradrenaline intracisternally, suggesting a more rapid resorption. A rise in blood sugar was also noted in these cases prior to the injection.Continuous intravenous infusion of 0.05–0.17 μg/kg/min. noradrenaline and 0.009–0.032 μg/kg/min. adrenaline, caused a rise in the blood sugar level of 32–55 mg% and 35–70 mg% respectively. The rise was of the same degree as injection into the cisterna magna or the third ventricle, without affecting the blood pressure.The effects observed may be accounted for by resorption of small quantities from the dural space.
The Cerebral Blood Flow in Man Determined by the Use of Radioactive Krypton
Authors: LASSEN N. A. , MUNCK O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A method for the determination of cerebral blood flow in man using the radioactive isotope krypton 85 is described.
The standard deviation of cerebal blood flow was esperimentally determined to he 1.6 cc/100 g/min.
Repeateil determinations of cerebral oxygen consumption at an interval of 30 minutes showed insignificant variations in 10 normal subjects and significant variations in 1 subject with slight hypertension.
Repeat ect deteminations of cerebral oxygen consumption at all interval of 3 to 8 days showed significant variations in 3 out of 4 normal individuals and in none out of 5 arteriosclerotic individuals.
In a group of 10 normal males and 10 normal females, mean age 38 years, the mean value for cerebral blood flow was 52 (S. D. = 8.6) cc/100 g/min., the mean value for cerebral oxygen consumption was 3.4 (S. D. = 0.58) cc/100 g/min., and the mean value for cerebral vascular resistance was 1.8 (S. D. = 0.38) mm Hg/cc/100 g/min.
The method described is compared to the nitrous oxide method as described by Kety and Schmidt. The results of the two methods agree, but the krypton 85 method is more accurate, secures more normal physiological conditions during the examination. and demands less manual work.
Sensitivity of the Normal and Denervated Parotid Gland to Chemical Agents
Authors: STRÖMBLAD R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Experiments are described which show that parasympathetic denervation of the parotid gland renders the gland more sensitive to the secretory action of acetylcholine, adrenaline and pilocarpine.
Postganglionic denervation induces a greater sensitization than preganglionie denervation as regards acetylcholine and pilocarpine. The reverse seems to be true for adrenaline.
Some evidence is given to show that sympathetic stimulation arid injection of adrenaline has dual action on the parotid gland of the cat, apart from that on the vessels, one secretory and one expelling.