bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligence‐Sharing in the European Union: Institutions Are Not Enough*
Authors: WALSH JAMES I. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe European Union (EU) has developed three institutions to facilitate intelligence‐sharing between its Member States: the Berne Group, Europol and the European Union Military Staff. These institutions serve the useful function of creating technical mechanisms for the diffusion of intelligence among national authorities. But they do not tackle the problem of mistrust, which is the key barrier to fully effective intelligence‐sharing. This article shows that mistrust of the interests of other Member States inhibits intelligence‐sharing, that existing institutions fail to overcome this mistrust and suggests changes that could lead to more effective sharing.
Losing a self‐expanding relationship: Implications for the self‐concept
Authors: LEWANDOWSKI GARY W. , ARON ARTHUR , BASSIS SHARON , KUNAK JOHNNA 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPrevious research suggests that new relationships expand the self‐concept. The present research applies concepts from the self‐expansion model to examine the conditions under which relationship dissolution may influence the self‐concept. We hypothesized that the more expansion provided by a relationship predissolution, the greater the contraction of the working self‐concept postdissolution, and that this pattern would remain when controlling for predissolution closeness. These hypotheses were tested using recall of relationship qualities for recently dissolved relationships (Studies 1 and 2), as well as with a priming experiment (Study 3). The findings over the 3 studies supported both hypotheses. Those with higher levels of self‐expansion in predissolution relationships showed more detrimental impact on their working self‐concept postdissolution, even after controlling for predissolution closeness.
How do friendship maintenance behaviors and problem‐solving styles function at the individual and dyadic levels?
Authors: OSWALD DEBRA L. , CLARK EDDIE M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFriendship maintenance behaviors and problem‐solving styles are both important for relationship satisfaction and commitment. However, the association between maintenance and problem‐solving styles is unclear. Furthermore, it has not been determined if maintenance and problem‐solving styles are individual‐ or dyadic‐level behaviors. One hundred forty‐eight friendship dyads completed measures of friendship maintenance, problem solving, and satisfaction/commitment. Utilizing the pairwise latent variable model (G. Griffin & R. Gonzalez, 1995), this research found that although there were both individual‐ and dyadic‐level components, maintenance behaviors occurred primarily at the dyadic level, but problem‐solving styles tended to be more of an individual‐level behavior. Maintenance behaviors were positively correlated with the problem‐solving styles of voice and loyalty but were negatively correlated with neglect and exit. Furthermore, friendship maintenance behaviors predicted dyadic‐level satisfaction/commitment. However, problem‐solving behaviors predicted individual‐level satisfaction/commitment. The results are discussed in terms of implications for the friendship maintenance and problem‐solving literature.
Predicting dating relationship fate with insiders’ and outsiders’ perspectives: Who and what is asked matters
Authors: LOVING TIMOTHY J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo recent studies (C. R. Agnew, T. J. Loving, & S. M. Drigotas, 2001; T. K. MacDonald & M. Ross, 1999) investigated the relative ability of outsiders’ (network members) and daters’ perceptions of the daters’ romance to predict relationship fate. Careful analysis of these studies suggests that the types of network members asked and what is asked significantly impact the prognostic ability of outsiders’ perceptions. The current research replicates and extends this literature and highlights the challenges posed when collecting outsiders’ perspectives of their friends’ relationships. Daters and 2 friends (1 female, 1 male) were asked to provide their perceptions of the dating relationship on 2 indexes: a direct prediction of the likelihood that the relationship would last 6 months and an overall qualitative assessment of the dater’s commitment. Results highlight the need for researchers to carefully attend to the instruments and samples employed when obtaining multiple perspectives of the same dating relationship.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics
Authors: Mourad‐Baars Petronella , Chong Sonny 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis review summarizes the literature on Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood between April 2005 and March 2006, and includes guidelines of the Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus Conference, noninvasive tests, optimum therapy regimens and problems with resistance, and reviews on immune mechanisms in the gastric mucosa that may lead to the development of an effective vaccine.
Definitive CAD/CAM‐Guided Prosthesis for Immediate Loading of Bone‐Grafted Maxilla: A Case Report
Authors: Kupeyan Herman K. , Shaffner Matt , Armstrong Joseph 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBackground  The reconstruction of a functional occlusion in the presence of severe residual ridge resorption remains a significant challenge for maxillofacial surgeons and prosthodontists. Removable appliances are unsuccessful in severely resorbed cases and the advanced degree of bone loss precludes conventional implant‐retained prostehesis. In recent years, bone graft reconstruction of the maxilla and the mandible has been advocated to reverse the debilitating effects of alveolar ridge resorption.Purpose  The surgical objective was the reconstruction of the osseous platform of the jaws, thereby allowing implant‐retained definitive prosthetic rehabilitation utilizing the Teeth‐in‐an‐HourTM concept within 4 months.Materials and Methods  A completely edentulous patient received bone grafts from the posterior iliac crest to augment both the maxillary and mandibular alveolar ridges. The manmandible was augmented using Marx’s “soft issue matrix expansion procedure” and was restored in the conventional manor using an impression and a milled framework. The maxilla underwent “inlay/onlay” bone graft augmentation of the right and left maxilla at the same time as the mandiblular procedure. Implant placement was at 4 months post‐bone graft reconstruction. Immediate loading of implants into a bone graft using Nobel Biocare’s Teeth‐in‐an‐HourTM protocol prelaunch was implemented. This included CT‐based implant planning, simultaneous CAD/CAM fabrication of a surgical guide, a CNC‐milled framework, flapless surgical placement of the implants, and immediate placement of a pre‐fabricated definitive prosthesis. This approach reduced the time necessary for an edentulous patient to transform from severely atrophic alveolar support to implant‐retained maxillary and mandibular prosthetic restorations. Immediate loading with an implant retained definitive prosthesis using a bone graft‐reconstructed osseous platform was also performed.Conclusion  The Teeth‐in‐an‐HourTM concept was utilized to restore bone grafted augmentation of the maxilla with immediate loading of a definitive prosthesis within 4 months. The remarkable accuracy of the software, minimally invasive and short surgery and treatment time, uneventful quick recovery with minimal discomfort is a benefit not only to the patient, also to the treating team.
Extended Generic Product Structure: An Information Model for
Representing Product Families
Authors: Callahan Sean 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
An information model is presented that supports sharing of design definition data between the designs of completely configured variants within a product family. Design data sharing is supported across many levels of a design’s product structure hierarchy: A change in one subassembly component does not force the whole subassembly to be duplicated. This is achieved for completely configured models and does not require the use of effectivity or any other filtering mechanism. The key is recognizing a product structure architecture that acts as a template for product variants, maximizing data sharing between them. This approach is applied to many distinct product structure abstractions, including the geometric design and the logical systems design of a product. It is extended to include secondary product structure data such as interface connection points (e.g., ports) and connectivity information, which may involve connections between ports or the mapping from the logical systems design to the geometric design that implements it. This model achieves data scalability for hierarchical product structures, meaning that when adding a new product variant, the amount of new data that must be added is proportional to the amount of design change required for the new variant times the logarithm of the total system size (this logarithm is taken to the base of the branching factor of the product structure tree).
Constructive Heterogeneous Object Modeling Using Signed Approximate Real Distance Functions
Authors: Fayolle Pierre-Alain , Pasko Alexander , Schmitt Benjamin , Mirenkov Nikolay 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe introduce a smooth approximation of the min∕max operations, called signed approximate real distance function (SARDF), for maintaining an approximate signed distance function in constructive shape modeling. We apply constructive distance-based shape modeling to design objects with heterogeneous material distribution in the constructive hypervolume model framework. The introduced distance approximation helps intuitively model material distributions parametrized by distances to so-called material features. The smoothness of the material functions, provided here by the smoothness of the defining function for the shape, helps to avoid undesirable singularities in the material distribution, like stress or concentrations. We illustrate application of the SARDF operations by two- and three-dimensional heterogeneous object modeling case studies.
Associations of traffic related air pollutants with hospitalisation for first acute myocardial infarction: the HEAPSS study
Authors: Lanki T , Pekkanen J , Aalto P , Elosua R , Berglind N , D’Ippoliti D , Kulmala M , Nyberg F , Peters A , Picciotto S , Salomaa V , Sunyer J , Tiittanen P , von Klot S , Forastiere F 
Published: August 2006

Background:Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death attributed to cardiovascular diseases. An association between traffic related air pollution and AMI has been suggested, but the evidence is still limited.Objectives:To evaluate in a multicentre study association between hospitalisation for first AMI and daily levels of traffic related air pollution.Methods:The authors collected data on first AMI hospitalisations in five European cities. AMI registers were available in Augsburg and Barcelona; hospital discharge registers (HDRs) were used in Helsinki, Rome and Stockholm. NO2, CO, PM10(particles <10 μm), and O3were measured at central monitoring sites. Particle number concentration (PNC), a proxy for ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm), was measured for a year in each centre, and then modelled retrospectively for the whole study period. Generalised additive models were used for statistical analyses. Age and 28 day fatality and season were considered as potential effect modifiers in the three HDR centres.Results:Nearly 27 000 cases of first AMI were recorded. There was a suggestion of an association of the same day CO and PNC levels with AMI: RR = 1.005 (95% CI 1.000 to 1.010) per 0.2 mg/m3and RR = 1.005 (95% CI 0.996 to 1.015) per 10000 particles/cm3, respectively. However, associations were only observed in the three cities with HDR, where power for city-specific analyses was higher. The authors observed in these cities the most consistent associations among fatal cases aged <75 years: RR at 1 day lag for CO = 1.021 (95% CI 1.000 to 1.048) per 0.2 mg/m3, for PNC = 1.058 (95% CI 1.012 to 1.107) per 10000 particles/cm3, and for NO2 = 1.032 (95% CI 0.998 to 1.066) per 8 μg/m3. Effects of air pollution were more pronounced during the warm than the cold season.Conclusions:The authors found support for the hypothesis that exposure to traffic related air pollution increases the risk of AMI. Most consistent associations were observed among fatal cases aged <75 years and in the warm season.
Occupational and other risk factors for hand-grip strength: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Authors: Charles L E , Burchfiel C M , Fekedulegn D , Kashon M L , Ross G W , Sanderson W T , Petrovitch H 
Published: August 2006

Background:In certain occupations, including farm work, workers are exposed to hazardous substances, some of which are known to be toxic to the nervous system and may adversely affect muscle strength. Measurement of hand-grip strength may be useful for detecting neurotoxic exposure.Methods:The authors studied 3522 participants of the Honolulu Heart Program and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study to determine whether occupational exposures to pesticides, solvents, and metals assessed at exam I (1965–68) are associated with hand-grip strength at exam IV (1991–93) and change in hand-grip strength over 25 years. Correlation, analysis of variance and covariance, and linear regression were used to evaluate the associations.Results:At exam IV, participants ranged in age from 71–93 years; mean hand-grip strength was 39.6 kg at exam I and 30.3 kg at exam IV. Over 25 years, the decline in hand-grip strength was an average of 8–9 kg for all exposures. Hand-grip strength was inversely associated with age and glucose but directly associated with cognitive function, BMI, and haemoglobin level. No other exposures were associated with hand-grip strength.Conclusion:This study did not provide evidence that occupational exposure to pesticides, solvents, and metals adversely affected hand-grip strength in this population, but confirmed other important associations with hand-grip strength.
Respiratory health and individual estimated exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in a cohort of young children
Authors: Morgenstern V , Zutavern A , Cyrys J , Brockow I , Gehring U , Koletzko S , Bauer C P , Reinhardt D , Wichmann H-E , Heinrich J 
Published: August 2006

Objectives:To estimate long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants on an individual basis and to assess adverse health effects using a combination of air pollution measurement data, data from geographical information systems (GIS) and questionnaire data.Methods:40 measurement sites in the city of Munich, Germany were selected at which to collect particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and to measure PM2.5absorbance and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A pool of GIS variables (information about street length, household and population density and land use) was collected for the Munich metropolitan area and was used in multiple linear regression models to predict traffic-related air pollutants. These models were also applied to the birth addresses of two birth cohorts (German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study (GINI) and Influence of Life-style factors on the development of the Immune System and Allergies in East and West Germany (LISA)) in the Munich metropolitan area. Associations between air pollution concentrations at birth address and 1-year and 2-year incidences of respiratory symptoms were analysed.Results:The following means for the estimated exposures to PM2.5, PM2.5absorbance and NO2were obtained: 12.8 μg/m3, 1.7×10−5m−1and 35.3 μg/m3, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for wheezing, cough without infection, dry cough at night, bronchial asthma, bronchitis and respiratory infections indicated positive associations with traffic-related air pollutants. After controlling for individual confounders, significant associations were found between the pollutant PM2.5and sneezing, runny/stuffed nose during the first year of life (OR 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.34) Similar effects were observed for the second year of life. These findings are similar to those from our previous analysis that were restricted to a subcohort in Munich city. The extended study also showed significant effects for sneezing, running/stuffed nose. Additionally, significant associations were found between NO2and dry cough at night (or bronchitis) during the first year of life. The variable “living close to major roads” (<50 m), which was not analysed for the previous inner city cohort with birth addresses in the city of Munich, turned out to increase the risk of wheezing and asthmatic/spastic/obstructive bronchitis.Conclusions:Effects on asthma and hay fever are subject to confirmation at older ages, when these outcomes can be more validly assessed.
Radiosensitivity Enhancement by Combined Treatment of Celecoxib and Gefitinib on Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Park Ji Sun , Jun Hyun Jung , Cho Moon Jun , Cho Kwan Ho , Lee Jin Soo , Zo Jae Ill , Pyo Hongryull 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Purpose: To characterize the radiation-enhancing effects and underlying mechanisms of combined treatment with celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor, and gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in human lung cancer cells.
Experimental Design: Clonogenic cytotoxicity assays and clonogenic radiation survival assays after treatments with celecoxib and gefitinib with or without radiation were done on three human lung cancer cell lines. Synergisms after combined treatment with celecoxib, gefitinib, and radiation were investigated using isobologram and statistical analyses according to an independent action model. Alterations in apoptosis and cell cycle were measured to identify the mechanisms underlying the cell killing or radiation-enhancing effects of celecoxib and gefitinib combination treatment. Western blots for phosphorylated EGFR, EGFR, cyclooxygenase-2, and G2 checkpoint molecules were conducted after treatment with celecoxib and/or gefitinib with or without radiation.
Results: Combination celecoxib, gefitinib, and radiation treatments were shown to be synergistic in causing clonogenic cell deaths in all cell lines tested, but the nature of synergism was cell type specific. The combined drug treatments induced apoptosis in an additive manner in A549 cells and in a synergistic manner in NCI-H460 and VMRC-LCD cells. Celecoxib or gefitinib attenuated radiation-induced G2-M arrest, and combined drug treatment additively attenuated radiation-induced G2-M arrest in all cell lines. Radiation-induced checkpoint kinase (Chk) 1 and Chk2 phosphorylation were inhibited by celecoxib and gefitinib treatment, respectively.
Conclusions: Combined celecoxib and gefitinib treatments were shown to synergistically enhance the effect of radiation on lung cancer cells. The mechanisms underlying these synergistic effects seem to involve the synergistic enhancement of apoptosis and cooperative attenuation of radiation-induced G2-M arrest, possibly via Chk1 and Chk2 inhibition, by the combined drug treatments.
Delivery of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Small Interfering RNA in Complex with Positively Charged Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Suppresses Tumor Growth
Authors: Zhang Zhuohan , Yang Xiaoying , Zhang Yuan , Zeng Bin , Wang Shujing , Zhu Tianhui , Roden Richard B.S. , Chen Yongsheng , Yang Rongcun 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether -CONH-(CH2)6-NH3+Cl− functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) carrying complexed small interfering RNA (siRNA) can enter into tumor cells, wherein they release the siRNA to silence the targeted gene.
Experimental Design: -CONH-(CH2)6-NH3+Cl− was used to mediate the conjugation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) siRNA to SWNTs. The ability of TERT siRNA delivered via SWNT complexes to silence the expression of TERT was assessed by their effects on the proliferation and growth of tumor cells both in vitro and in mouse models.
Results: The functionalized SWNTs -CONH-(CH2)6-NH3+Cl− could facilitate the coupling of siRNAs that specifically target murine TERT expression to form the mTERT siRNA:SWNT+ complex. These functionalized SWNTs rapidly entered three cultured murine tumor cell lines, suppressed mTERT expression, and produced growth arrest. Injection of mTERT siRNA:SWNT+ complexes into s.c. Lewis lung tumors reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, human TERT siRNA:SWNT+ complexes also suppressed the growth of human HeLa cells both in vitro and when injected into tumors in nude mice.
Conclusions: -CONH-(CH2)6-NH3+Cl− functionalized SWNTs carry complexed siRNA into tumor cells, wherein they release the siRNA from the nanotube sidewalls to silence the targeted gene. The -CONH-(CH2)6-NH3+Cl− functionalized SWNTs may represent a new class of molecular transporters applicable for siRNA therapeutics.
Natural Killer Receptors on CD8 T Cells and Natural Killer Cells from Different HLA-C Phenotypes in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Campillo José A. , Martínez-Escribano Jorge A. , Moya-Quiles M. Rosa , Marín Luis A. , Muro Manuel , Guerra Natalia , Parrado Antonio , Campos Matilde , Frías José F. , Minguela Alfredo , García-Alonso Ana M. , Álvarez-López María Rocío 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurpose: Because immune mechanisms involved in cutaneous melanoma have not been fully elucidated, efforts have been made to achieve prognosis markers and potential targets for immune therapies, but they have not been entirely fruitful thus far. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the involvement of early changes in CD8 T cells and CD56 natural killer (NK) cells expressing NK receptors in different HLA-C dimorphism groups of melanoma patients.Experimental Design: CD8 T cells and CD56 NK cells were analyzed in 41 patients and 39 sex- and age-matched controls with different HLA-C genotypes by flow cytometry. HLA-C dimorphism at position 80 was tested by PCR sequence-specific primers and PCR sequence-specific oligonucleotide to examine whether it could mediate in the emergence of cells expressing killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors.Results: Thirty-five of 41 patients had benign sentinel node, and showed an imbalance in the absolute number of CD8+DR+ or CD8+CD161+ peripheral blood T cells according to the CD28 coexpression compared with controls. CD8+CD28−CD158a+ T and CD56+CD158a+ NK cells were significantly increased in HLA-CLys80 homozygous nonmetastatic patients, whereas only CD56+CD158a+ NK cells increased in heterozygous ones. An up-regulation of the CD158a KIR receptor was also seen on NK cells but not in T cells of patients at advanced disease stages.Conclusions: This work provides, for the first time, evidence of immune activation in early stages of cutaneous melanoma, together with an increase of cells expressing CD158a in patients bearing the corresponding HLA-C ligand, which may be important to evaluate the disease progression and to use individualized immune therapeutic approaches.