bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult attachment in bipolar 1 disorder
Authors: Morriss Richard K. , van der Gucht Emma , Lancaster Gillian , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives. To determine how security of adult attachment style is related to the mania, major depression and euthymic mood states in bipolar 1 (BP1) disorder.Design. An observational cross‐sectional study.Method. One hundred and seven BP1 patients (34 in a manic type episode, 30 in major depressive episode, and 43 in remission) and 41 healthy controls similar in age, gender, reading age, and education were recruited. The groups were compared on self‐reported mean and preferred attachment style controlling for psychiatric comorbidity.Results. Preferred attachment style was insecure in 84 (78%) BP1 patients but only 13 (32%) healthy controls (χ2=34.3, df=3, and p<.001). Healthy controls reported higher secure attachment, lower anxious, and lower preoccupied attachment scores than all groups of patients with bipolar disorder, although the scores for secure attachment in mania and preoccupied attachment in euthymic patients were not significantly different from healthy controls. Overall, within the bipolar groups, anxious attachment style varied little with mood but mania was associated with higher secure and preoccupied attachment style, and depression with higher preoccupied and lower dismissing attachment style scores.Conclusions. Insecure attachment is found in most patients with BP1 disorder. Attachment style is affected by mood episodes so it should be assessed when a patient with bipolar disorder is in remission with minimal residual depressive or manic symptoms.
Surface modification of polymers by direct fluorination: A convenient approach to improve commercial properties of polymeric articles
Authors: Kharitonov Alexander P. , Kharitonova Larisa N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe fundamental features and industrial applications of the direct fluorination of polymers are reviewed. Direct fluorination of polymers (i.e., treatment of a polymer surface with gaseous fluorine mixtures) proceeds spontaneously at room temperature and is a surface modification process. More than 25 polymers have been studied with the aid of a variety of analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The fundamental features of the direct fluorination, such as influence of treatment conditions (composition of the fluorinating mixture, fluorine partial pressure, temperature, and fluorination duration) on the rate of formation, chemical composition, density, refraction index, and surface energy of the fluorinated layer, kinetics of formation of radicals during fluorination and their termination, texture of fluorinated layer, etc. were studied. It was demonstrated experimentally that direct fluorination can be effectively used to enhance commercial properties of polymer articles, such as barrier properties of polymer vessels, bottles, and packaging films and envelopes; gas-separation properties of polymer membranes; adhesion and printability properties of polymer articles; and mechanical properties of polymer-based composites.
Structural Testing of Mobile-Home Roof/Ceiling Assemblies
Authors: Fritz TW 
Published: March 2009

Unlike roof/ceiling assemblies in conventional single-family homes, the mobile-home assembly normally is not sheathed. Thus the ability of the mobile-home roof structure to resist the forces resulting from lateral wind pressure against the side walls depends upon the diaphragm strength of the ceiling material. The ceiling is the primary element in the roof structure capable of resisting lateral forces along the edge of the roof diaphragm. In a mobile home, the ceiling performs not only a decorative function, but a structural one as well.
To evaluate the structural properties of mobile-home roof/ceiling assemblies, full-scale tests were conducted. Actual sections of mobile-home roof structures up to 3.66 by 8.53 m (12 by 28 ft) were tested, using a self-contained hydraulic test apparatus.
The results of the full-scale tests are translated into permissible shear wall spacings within the mobile home. The required diaphragm shear values depend on the anticipated wind loading on the mobile home and the desired shear wall spacing.
This paper discusses the origin of the test requirements in the codes and the development and design of the test frame and the loading system. Typical data from the tests and the application of the test results for mobile-home construction are also discussed.
Studies to Determine Relationships Between Time and Toxicity of an Acidic Effluent and an Alkaline Effluent to Two Estuarine Species
Authors: Hollister TA , Heitmuller PT , Parrish PR , Dyar EE 
Published: March 2009

Acute tests (0.25 to 96 h) and chronic (full life-cycle) tests were conducted with mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) to determine the toxicity of an acidic effluent and an alkaline effluent.
In acute tests with the acidic effluent, the unaltered effluent (pH &lt;0.1) was much more toxic to shrimp and fish than was the pH-adjusted effluent (pH 7 ± 0.2). However, both shrimp and fish were similar in their sensitivity to each of the test materials. Also, three life stages (juvenile, subadult, and adult) of sheepshead minnows exposed to both unaltered and pH-adjusted effluent were very similar in their sensitivity to each of the test materials.
In acute tests with the alkaline effluent, there was little difference between the toxicity of the unaltered effluent (pH 13.0) and that of the pH-adjusted effluent (pH 8.0) to shrimp or fish. Similarly, there was little difference in the sensitivities of the three life stages (juvenile, subadult, and adult) of sheepshead minnows exposed to unaltered or pH-adjusted effluent.
During a chronic exposure of mysid shrimp to the acidic effluent, concentrations of unaltered effluent ≤75 ppm (µl/litre) caused no adverse effects, and in a chronic exposure of sheepshead minnows to the unaltered effluent, concentrations ≤100 ppm caused no adverse effects.
Exposure to concentrations of the pH-adjusted alkaline effluent ≤750 ppm caused no adverse effect on mysid shrimp or sheepshead minnows during chronic exposures. Histopathological examination of the fish from the chronic test showed no effluent-related effects.
Short-Term Toxicity of Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide to Representative Fish Species of Lake Huron
Authors: Fung DK , Bewick PH 
Published: March 2009

The toxicity of aqueous hydrogen sulfide on the fish community in Lake Huron was measured on two life stages of three representative species—whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)—and on three stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The experiments were carried out to simulate existing discharge conditions from a heavy water production plant which uses hydrogen sulfide as an extraction medium.
LC50 tests at various time intervals under selected conditions were completed to evaluate the toxic effects at various parts of a thermal plume discharged into Lake Huron.
The results are discussed in terms of life stages, species, pH changes, and avoidance reactions. These data are also compared with data obtained from reports of experiments on toxicity at dissolved oxygen levels lower than those tested in this study. The sensitivity of the different fish species to unionized hydrogen sulfide varied from 0.002 to 0.063 mg/litre in the 96-h exposures and from 0.046 to 1.719 mg/litre in the 1-h tests. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of all life stages of the experimental organisms and indicate that simulation of the actual environmental conditions under which the organism is exposed to the toxic substance may be important.
A Real-Time X-Ray Topography System
Authors: Hartmann W 
Published: March 2009

Real-time or “live” topography of single-crystalline solids is a direct method to image the fine structure within Laue diffraction spots being generated by deviations from perfection of a crystal lattice, for example, by dislocations. We describe a direct display system which is operative at this institution. A 6-μm-thick fluorescent screen converts the X-ray pattern into an optical image. This optical picture is imaged onto the target of a low-light-level television camera through a magnifying optical system. A digital image processing equipment integrates the video pictures. Time resolution can be thus varied between 20 ms and 5 s in order to achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio, and, therefore, a better spatial resolution. The detector system has a spatial resolution of about 10 μm. The added and stored picture is rendered visible on a television monitor.
A movie shows at first a comparison between integrated and direct pictures. Then, a dislocation array is created above 1273 K by the strain field of an indentation. The indentation is made at room temperature on the silicon specimen. Last, we show the high-temperature behavior of strain fields at the edges of oxide layers grown on silicon substrates.
Real-Time Optical Processing: Automatized Optical Plotter and Interferometric Device for 3D-Imaging
Authors: Landraud AM , Clair JJ 
Published: March 2009

In this paper we are interested in reconstructing, by optical methods, a three-dimensional spatial distribution of a local parameter such as an attenuation coefficient or small differences in the refractive index of objects which are relatively transparent to electromagnetic energy.
We present a computer-controlled optical tracing system to produce the different-amplitude filters needed for the optical treatment and an interferometric device for scanning phase objects.
A new technique for coding image data allows the reconstruction of 3D-amplitude and phase objects to be performed without long and expensive numerical treatments.
Effect of Aging on Bulk Formability of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Ertürk T , Kazazoğlu E 
Published: March 2009

Forming limit lines (FLL) developed for the analysis of workability in bulk deformation processes have been used to evaluate the bulk formability of 2014, 2024, and 7075 aluminum alloys as a function of aging. Using the height (intercept) of FLL's as a workability index allowed bulk formability to be expressed quantitatively. In the three alloys studied, workability was poorest in the naturally aged condition. The workability index increased as the alloys were aged artificially; greatest workability was obtained in the highly overaged condition for all alloys.
It was concluded that the low workability obtained in the naturally aged and peak-aged conditions resulted from localized shear failure. Tension test results on the 2014 alloy showed that shear localization was prevented in the overaged condition, leading to higher workability. Scanning electron microscope fractographs of fracture surfaces of upset cylinders in all conditions revealed dimples representative of microvoid coalescence. Vertical and 45-deg cracks, however, differed in fracture mode; the former showed features of fibrous tearing, while the latter exhibited shear failure characteristics.
Formability Tests Contrasting Ferrous Materials and 2036-T4 Aluminum
Authors: Newby JR 
Published: March 2009

The concept that reduced weight will result in energy (fuel) savings has led to trial usage of aluminum for hoods and rear deck lid parts of automobiles. Conventional low-carbon steel sheets are being replaced by aluminum alloys, including 2036-T4, in selected applications.
Evaluative tests were used to explain performance differences among three samples of 1 mm-(0.040-in.)-thick sheets of 2036-T4 in forming a deck lid in a cooperative program among various testing laboratories.
As an extension of this program, comparative testing was done on low carbon steel sheet samples of types including rimmed and aluminum killed steels using the same techniques as with aluminum. The results show contrasts between values such as yield strengths that are similar in level for steel and aluminum, and elongations that are different. Other test values contribute information relative to formability and form a basis for comparisons of properties among competing materials, such as the plastic strain ratio and strain hardening capacity for deep drawing and stretch forming deformation modes.
Material Flow and Defect Formation in Forging an Airfoil Shape from Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Ertürk T , Kuhn HA 
Published: March 2009

Four types of defects that occur in the forging of a 2024 aluminum-alloy matrix reinforced with 25 volume percent stainless steel wires are characterized, and forming limit criteria for the prediction and prevention of the two major types are established. These criteria, presenting allowable stress states during deformation processing, are combined with an analysis of flow of metal in the forging process to provide design guidelines for the forging of an airfoil shape from rectangular preforms.
The design guidelines developed, based on the forming limit criteria and metal flow analysis, demonstrate a systematic approach to the design of processes for forging complex shapes from metal-matrix composites. Utilizing this approach, process parameters (preform geometry, die configuration, friction) can be evaluated in the development of processes for forging sound, complex shapes from composite materials.
Recent Results Concerning Properties of High-Performance Cast Martensitic Stainless Steels: The 17Cr-4Ni Low-Carbon Steels
Authors: Pichard C , Nectoux G 
Published: March 2009

Between 13 percent chromium cast martensitic steels, austenitic steels, and precipitation hardening 17-4 steels (17-4-PH steels), a new range of stainless steels has been developed over the past few years. These are cast martensitic steels with 16 to 17 percent chromium, 4 to 5 percent nickel, and low carbon.
In this paper are pointed out the basic characteristics of this class of steels, that is, foundry properties, chemical and mechanical properties, weldability, resistance to corrosion and corrosion fatigue, and susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. These are the results of some 20 years of industrial experience and of recently acquired laboratory data.
In the different fields involved, these 17-4 and 17-4 molybdenum steels have exhibited better properties than 13 percent chromium steels and in some cases properties quite similar to those of austenitic steels.
These steels are very widely used in cast parts, and particularly in hydraulic turbines and gas compressors, but they are also frequently used in wrought products, generally in the form of plates.
Iosipescu Shear Properties of SMC Composite Materials
Authors: Adams DF , Walrath DE 
Published: March 2009

A shear test method introduced to ASTM in 1967 by Nicolae Iosipescu of Rumania for testing metals has been adapted by the University of Wyoming for testing many types of composite materials. These have included 3-D carbon-carbon, unidirectional glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy, and five different types of sheet molding compounds (SMC). These SMC materials, all incorporating a polyester matrix, include random orientation chopped glass fiber composites (SMC-R25, SMC-R50, SMC-R65), unidirectional glass fiber plies combined with random, chopped fibers (SMC-C20/R30), and ±7½-deg angle-ply continuous glass fiber plies combined with random, chopped fibers (XMC-3). These various types of SMC materials are of particular interest in automotive applications at the present time.
The Iosipescu test method and associated specimen configuration are briefly described, then detailed experimental results are presented for the five SMC materials described above, including both shear strength and stiffness data. It is demonstrated that the Iosipescu method is capable of testing composites in any one of the six shear loading modes. Short beam shear strengths for these same SMC materials were also determined, for comparison, demonstrating limitations of the short beam test for testing SMC materials, due to the predominance of bending rather than shear failure modes. Literature values of two-rail and three-rail shear tests of SMC materials are also compared with the Iosipescu shear data.
Mechanical Characteristics of T300-6K/V378A Graphite/Polyimide
Authors: McKague L , Reynolds JD , Fruit J 
Published: March 2009

Mechanical characteristics of T300-6K/V378A, a new graphite-fiber-reinforced modified bismaleimide, have been determined. Tests were conducted on batches of material incorporating normal changes in resin and fiber constituent lots. Both fiber-dominated and resin-dominated properties were determined for dry and moisture-conditioned specimens. Investigations included 0-deg and 90-deg flex and tension tests, 0-deg compression, ±45 tension, and bolt-bearing properties. These typical properties show that this graphite/polyimide composite is structurally equivalent to graphite/epoxy for room-temperature dry conditions. However, humidity-conditioned graphite/polyimide has much better mechanical properties than graphite/epoxy at temperatures of 129°C (265°F) or above.
A review of these properties and a comparison with typical properties of graphite/epoxy are presented. The methods of testing are also reviewed, with particular attention to methods of environmental conditioning and testing of moisture-saturated specimens. For elevated temperature properties, these testing procedures involved use of special setups and apparatus to achieve rapid heating of the test section of each specimen. These procedures were required to ensure that the mechanical test specimens did not dry out prior to completion of the test.
History-Dependent Thermomechanical Properties of Graphite/Aluminum Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Min BK , Crossman FW 
Published: March 2009

A high-modulus graphite(VS0054)/aluminum(6061) unidirectional composite was tested to characterize its thermomechanical properties as influenced by the thermomechanical history. The experiments included (1) tension tests at four different temperatures under monotonically increasing load followed by unloading; (2) measurement of the cyclic thermal expansion in the longitudinal and transverse directions, conducted on annealed and T-6 heat-treated composite specimens; and (3) tests on the thermal expansion behavior of specimens simultaneously held at a constant transverse tensile stress during the thermal cycling. The tension test results show that the yield strength of the composite is greatly influenced by the residual stress, which may vary with the thermomechanical loading history. During thermal cycling the aluminum matrix of the annealed specimen undergoes elastic and plastic deformation owing to the thermal mismatch between the matrix and the fiber. This results in a characteristic cyclic nonlinear response during thermal cycling, as observed by the cyclic thermal expansion measurement.
In order to interpret these results, an engineering material model (MET*MAT) was developed to characterize the salient features of this deformation. The model considers the aluminum as an elastic-perfectly plastic material with temperature-dependent yield and thermal expansion properties. The model permitted calculation of the internal (residual) stresses during the thermal and mechanical loading. The observed behavior was correlated to the predictions made by the model within an acceptable accuracy.
Testing of Buried Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pipes
Authors: Galili N , Shmulevich I 
Published: March 2009

The design of buried fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) pipe for cooling systems of power plants was tested experimentally. The tests were conducted in a soil-box, with a pipe specimen of 903 mm internal diameter and 9.92 mm wall thickness. The backfill material was poorly graded sand at three different densities. Radial deflections, hoop strains, and soil pressure distribution around the pipe were measured during backfilling and after over-pressures of up to ten times the design load (200 kN/m2) were applied. The test results were used to evaluate load concentration factors, circumferential bending moments, and total pipe deflections.
The results of the study showed that strains and deflections of the FRP pipe are primarily controlled by the type of backfill and its density. When properly installed, the deflections and the bending moments of the tested pipe were substantially lower than those calculated by conventional design methods, leaving a higher safety factor to assure long-term durability of the FRP pipe. The results also suggest that simple deflection tests made during construction may provide a complementary inspection method to ensure proper installation of the pipe.
An Evaluation of Deformation Models for Grain Boundary Sliding
Authors: Langdon TG , Vastava RB 
Published: March 2009

Grain boundary sliding is an important deformation process during high-temperature creep. Sliding often makes a significant contribution to the total creep strain of the specimen and, in addition, the sliding process is important in the nucleation, growth, and subsequent linkage of intergranular cavities.
The various theoretical deformation models for grain boundary sliding are reviewed, and it is shown that they fall into two groups depending on whether they relate to intrinsic sliding or to sliding with an associated accommodation process. Published experimental data on grain boundary sliding are tabulated for a number of different metals for comparison with the theoretical models, and the data are supplemented with recent results obtained on aluminum. It is demonstrated that all the available models lead to predictions which are inconsistent with one or more of the trends observed experimentally.
A Study of Alabama Black-Belt Soils
Authors: Rosser GK , Moore RK 
Published: March 2009

The adverse physical and engineering behavior of the montmorillonitic soil of calcareous origin of the Alabama “Black-Belt” or “Black Prairie” region has been recognized for over 100 years. However, limited basic data have been developed that characterize these soils and define their behavior when treated with high-calcium lime. The purpose of this study was to determine basic variation of soil characteristics and the influence of sampling location on lime reactivity. Lime reactivity as defined by Thompson is the increase in unconfined compressive strength by comparison of untreated and lime-treated (6 percent lime content calculated by dry weight of soil solids) soil specimens having been cured for 48 h at 49°C (120°F) in a sealed condition. Harvard miniature compaction was utilized.
Basic physicochemical and clay mineralogy data are presented to demonstrate the variation inherent in the 11 soil series. Compaction statistics associated with Harvard miniature compaction are presented.
Eleven soil series (Boswell, Demopolis, Eutaw, Houston, Kipling, Leeper, Oktibbeha, Sumter, Susquehanna, Vaiden, and Wilcox) were sampled at three different locations to determine the effect of sampling location on laboratory lime reactivity. Sampling location significantly affected Eutaw, Kipling, Oktibbeha, Susquehanna, Vaiden, and Wilcox at an alpha level of 5 percent.