bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELECTRICALLY FUSED MAGNESIA *
Authors: White Harold E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractElectrically fused magnesia has gradually won a place in the special refractories group, owing to its physical superiority over the ordinary grades of dead‐burned magnesite. The history of its development dates from the world‐war period, when considerable interest was aroused in the sources of supply of magnesite in this country. The economic advantages depend largely on the European situation and the prevailing price for the fused material, but the practical advantages of using a totally shrunk, well‐crystallized material are obvious. The crystalline material obtained from various grades of raw material differs somewhat in its physical characteristics, and there is a decided difference in the physical properties between dead‐burned magnesite and electrically fused magnesia.
THE USE OF TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE IN SEMIVITREOUS DINNERWARE BODIES *
Authors: Lintz Elmo H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe use of talc and pyrophyllite in semivitreous dinnerware bodies is discussed. The effect of these materials on shrinkage, absorption, modulus of rupture, and moisture expansion are shown. The advantages obtained are better drying and firing properties, higher mechanical strength, and greater resistance to delayed crazing.
DIELECTRIC LOSS OF GLASS AT HIGH FREQUENCIES*
Authors: Thurnauer H. , Badger A. E 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPower factor measurements at frequencies of 100, 500, 1500, and 5000 kilocycles were made on a series of soda‐lime‐silica glasses and on another series of glasses, starting with a base glass of the composition of 17.4% Na2O, 10.1% CaO, 72.5% SiO2 (or 1.4 Na2O to 0.9 CaO to 6.0 SiO2), to which 0.030 gram‐atom of various elements in the form of their oxides were added. In the first series, the power factor for all glasses measured decreased with increasing frequency and increased markedly with increase in Na2O content. In the second series, the power factor decreased with increasing frequency as in the case of the first series. An increase in power factor was produced by additions of Zr, Na, and Al oxides, and a decrease was produced by additions of the oxides of Si, V, Zn, Mg, B, Ti, Co, Ca, Ce, Ni, Mn, Fe, Ba, Pb, Li, and K.
SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENTS ON MOLTEN GLASS BY A MODIFIED DIPPING CYLINDER METHOD*
Authors: Babcock C. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSurface tension measurements have been made on a series of both calcite and dolomite lime glasses by using a modified dipping cylinder method. The measurements cover the temperature range from 1100° to 1400°C. and the viscosity range from logarithm viscosity = 1.65 to logarithm viscosity = 3.30 (45 to 2000 poises). Measurements on ordinary liquids, of known surface tensions were made for check purposes.The results obtained on the glasses agree well with published data obtained by the maximum bubble‐pressure method. The temperature coefficient of surface tension is approximately —0.02 dyne per cm. per degree C. The surface tension of glass at a particular temperature may be represented as a linear function of composition on a mol. fraction basis.
DETERMINATION OF QUARTZ (FREE SILICA) IN REFRACTORY CLAYS*
Authors: Trostbl L. J. , Wynne D. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA rapid procedure is described for determining quartz in refractory clays by fusion in potassium bisulfate and subsequently by dissolving precipitated silica with a hot caustic solution. Data are included on the quartz content of several clays.
EFFECT OF ADSORBED ELECTROLYTES ON PROPERTIES OF MONODISPERSE CLAY‐WATER SYSTEMS*
Authors: Speil S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA sample of Florida kaolin was separated by a supercentrif uge into three nearly mono‐disperse systems whose sizes were, respectively, 0.1 to 0.2, 0.2 to 0.4, and 0.4 to 1.0 micron. These samples were electrodialyzed, and to aliquot samples of the H clay thus obtained, varying concentrations of sodium or barium hydroxide were added.The base‐exchange capacity at pH 7 varied linearly with the surface area. The apparent viscosity was reduced to about 4% of its original value by the addition of 1 milli‐equivalent of sodium hydroxide, after which further additions had a very slight lowering effect. The addition of electrolyte decreased the yield point and increased the maximum strain before rupture at the water content of optimum plasticity. The water of plasticity, pore water, shrinkage water, and film thickness were decreased by adding electrolyte. The dry transverse strength was doubled by the change from H clay to Na clay. Most properties varied linearly with the surface area within the experimental error. The potential concept of plasticity is briefly outlined.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON ABSORPTION AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF CLAY BODIES*
Authors: Graham Robert P. , Sullivan John D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe absorption and transverse strength of clay bodies, both in the fired and unfired state, are influenced greatly by the nature of the exchangeable bases present on the surface of the clay particles. Plastic clays with high exchange capacity are more affected than nonplastic clays, such as flint clays. Of the various common base forms studied, sodium‐type clays in general require less water to give the same degree of stiffness, and their fired and unfired transverse strengths are high. Hydrogen clays require higher water content and have greater porosity and lower transverse strength. Data are given on a plastic fire clay, a ball clay, a bentonite, and two flint fire clays. All experiments made were on stiff‐mud bodies.
THE TEARING OF VITREOUS ENAMELS*
Authors: Rosenberg J. E. , Langerman A. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSimilar to other enamel shop problems, tearing has not been reproducible under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Experiments show that tearing is caused by a cracking of the bisque before enamel fusion. To produce bisque cracking experimentally in the laboratory, a ground‐coated cross‐bend strip, 2 by 12 inches, was covered on one side with a coating of the test enamel. The enamel was dried, and before firing it was flexed to a predetermined degree in a Danielson‐Lindemann cross‐bending machine. The strip was fired, and the degree of tearing was studied. The effect of various factors, such as grinding fineness, application, clay, and other mill additions, in overcoming tearing difficulties was determined by this method. Certain materials which overcome tearing do not prevent bisque cracking but cause the cracked bisque to heal rather than break away during the firing process. Experimental results are given.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE VOLATILITY OF GLAZE CONSTITUENTS BY THE USE OF THE SPECTROGRAPH*
Authors: Harrison H. C. , Lawrence W. G. , Tucker† D. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA procedure, developed for the study of volatile glaze constituents, consists of heating the glazes beneath an absorbing medium which is subsequently tested by the spectrograph for the volatilizable constituents evolved. Data are presented showing temperatures at which certain important glaze constituents begin to volatilize, the order in which they leave the parent glaze, the influence of glaze composition on the volatilization temperature of each volatilizable constituent, and the effect of heat treatment on the volatilization temperatures.
ANALYSIS OF SELENIUM IN GLASS*
Authors: Pavlish A. E. , Silverthorn R. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new method for the determination of selenium in glass is reported. It comprises fusion of the sample with sodium carbonate, dissolution of the melt in sulfuric acid, distillation of the selenium as selenium tetrabromide from a sulfuric‐hydrobromic acid solution, and titration of the distilled selenium by the iodide‐thiosulfate method. The method is rapid, accurate, and precise and recovers all forms of selenium. The recommended procedure is outlined.
STRESSES IN BOTTLES OR JARS FROM DIFFERENCES IN OUTSIDE AND INSIDE TEMPERATURES (STATIC TEMPERATURE GRADIENT)*
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis investigation shows that there is likely to be a severe concentration of stress in bottles or jars on the outside face of the junction of side walls and base when the bottles are subjected to a thermal gradient, that is, hot inside and cold outside. The stress in this area apparently may be two or three times as high as the general average, and its amount depends on the details of design at this point. A general formula, intended as a first approximation to the stress, has been worked out. That this region is a region of weakness is not news, but the reasons for it, as deduced in this study, are different from those generally given. Murgatroyd has shown that scratches on a bottle have a greater influence here than elsewhere and that their vulnerability is greatest if they are horizontal. His results are empirical, and he does not explain them. The explanation is given here.
EXPANSION STRAINS IN THE INITIAL FIRING OF CERAMIC WARE*
Authors: SIEVERT G. E. , Moffat J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe initial firing of some ceramic bodies is accompanied by a preliminary expansion before shrinkage takes place. This expansion, which has been determined for several types of ceramic bodies, may set up strains and result in the cracking of large pieces when they are improperly fired. A firing schedule that will lessen the strains and eliminate the cracking has been effected and is described in this paper.
DIFFUSION OF HELIUM THROUGH SEVERAL GLASSES*
Authors: Smith Paul L. , Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rates of diffusion, R, of helium through four glasses of varied composition have been measured as a function of temperature up to and including the “transformation points” of the glasses. Two borosilicates, a lead glass, and a soda glass were studied, and the effect of heat treatment was investigated. A plot of log R vs. 1/T, in general, proved to be made up partly of a straight line and partly of a curving line at temperatures where the glass became soft enough to relieve strain. The borosilicates showed either no break or only a slight break at the “transformation point,” whereas the lead and soda glasses showed more pronounced changes in slope near the “transformation point.” The borosilicates showed a shift to higher rates with heat treatment; and the lead glass, a shift to lower rates. It is believed that completely annealed glass would show a linear log R vs. 1/T relation over the entire temperature range.The permeability of the glass to the diffusion of helium at any temperature decreases as the percentage of basic oxides or of cations increases. This may be interpreted in terms of the atomic arrangement in these glasses.
STABILITY OF A KILN STACK*
Authors: Garve T. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMathematical proof is presented that the wind pressure on a round stack is two‐thirds that of a square stack with the wind square to one side. A reconsideration is given of a stack section1 where tension occurred, and a correction is presented. A convenient method and its application is also given for calculating the stability of a kiln stack upon the soil. The application of the “kern” theorem is discussed, using the kern for the worst condition, viz., with wind blowing diagonally against a square stack.
PROPERTIES OF CLAY CASTING SLIPS*
Authors: Loomis George A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNine casting slips were prepared, using bodies of the sanitary porcelain type. The electrolyte was a combination of 60%“N” brand sodium silicate and 40% sodium carbonate. Its amount was adjusted in each body slip to produce a cast having the right characteristics according to the “feel” test; the specific gravity of each slip was constant. The grain‐size distribution of each slip was determined as well as the casting rate, consistency, and pH when the casting slips were first prepared and again after 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐hour aging periods.There is a reasonably close relation between castability and the grain‐size distribution. The pH of the body compositions differed, but there was little or no change in its value with the age of the casting slip up to 96 hours. It is concluded that the determination of grain size and pH should be of considerable aid in the control of casting slips.
ZINC‐VAPOR GLAZING OF CLAYS: II, EFFECT OF VARIABLE LIME AND ALKALIS IN CLAYS ON ZINC‐VAPOR GLAZE COLORS*
Authors: Lampman C. Major , Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of the influence of the lime content of brick on their ability to take zinc‐green, yellow, tan, and brown glazes. Desirable greens were obtained with clays containing as much as 3% lime; those with a higher percentage of lime generally produced yellow‐greens. The probability of obtaining good greens was best on clays with more than 6% of alkalis when their absorptions after firing were below 2%. Desirable greens were not obtained on bodies which had absorptions greater than 6.7%. Firing under oxidizing conditions before flashing and slow cooling tended to promote the formation of desirable brown, tan, and straw‐colored zinc‐vapor glazes.
NOTE ON CONE DEFORMATION STUDY IN PART OF THE SYSTEM CALCIUM OXIDE‐JRON OXIDE*
Authors: Rebs Kenneth , Fisk H. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of cones prepared from dicalcium ferrite and ferric oxide was fired under oxidizing conditions. The cone of composition 60% dicalcium ferrite plus 40% ferric oxide consistently showed the lowest deformation temperature (2185°F.). According to the phase diagram for the system, the eutectic should be at about 20% dicalcium ferrite and 80% iron oxide (weight per cent). A possible explanation for the difference observed may be that liquids approaching the composition of monocalcium ferrite exhibit a lower viscosity than liquids formed at the eutectic.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND INDEX OF REFRACTION ON REFLECTANCE*
Authors: King Burnham W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of particle size on the reflectance of thin semitransparent layers, such as enamels, was studied by using mixtures containing opacifying particles of definite sizes in an oil of known index of refraction. The mixtures were applied on a black glass plate, and the reflectance was measured. The coefficient of scatter per unit surface of the particles was calculated and was found to decrease slowly as the particle size decreased. On the other hand, for the range of sizes studied, the reflectance of the semitransparent layer increased rapidly as the particle size decreased.
REACTIONS TAKING PLACE DURING SMELTING OF SUPEROPAQUE ANTIMONY ENAMEL*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reactions taking place during the smelting of a typical superopaque antimony enamel were studied by first determining the thermal effects which occur during the smelting of the raw batch and then by investigating the reactions which produce these effects. By this method, it was found that up to 500°F. the chief reaction was the dehydration of the borax. Between 500° and 800°F., the first liquid developed with the melting of the soda niter. Most of the reactions, however, took place from 800° to 1300°F. Soda niter and sodium silicofluoride were decomposed, and the antimony trioxide was oxidized. Above 1300°F., considerable glass was formed, and the enamel gradually became more uniform.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPACITY IN SUPEROPAQUE ENAMELS*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUsing X‐ray and microscopic technique, a detailed examination was made of the effect of smelting time and temperature on the crystalline material causing opacity in typical superopaque antimony enamels. It was found that, although the crystalline antimony compound causing opacity in such enamels dissolved very slowly at smelting temperatures, there was a decided increase in the particle size of the opacifier particles as the time of smelting was increased. The presence of calcium was found to be beneficial in producing opacity.
PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE AS A FUNCTION OF ITS PARTICLE SIZE*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Fraulini Felix 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether or not certain properties of kaolinite are definite functions of particle size. The studies were carried out on carefully fractionated, single‐base kaolinite. The following properties of these fractions were measured: (a) base‐exchange capacity, (b) permeability, (c) heat of wetting, (d) thermal conduct, and (e) drying shrinkage. Base‐exchange capacity, heat of wetting, and drying shrinkage are not simple functions of the measured particle size of kaolinite because of the unpredictable physical characteristics and habits of the crystalline aggregates. The first three properties named are each linear functions of the other. These properties are independent of the physical groupings of the kaolinite crystals and therefore cannot be predicted from measured particle size except in the case of the finest fractions. Permeability is dependent both on apparent surface and true surface. Thermal‐analysis curves may be useful as a rough guide to clay properties.
USE OF ALUMINUM METAL IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY I, PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORIES PRODUCED WITH MIXTURES OF ALUMINUM, FIRE CLAY, AND GROG*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Sephton H. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe addition of aluminum metal powder to fire‐clay‐grog mixtures greatly increased the strength of the fired brick as a result of an aluminothermic reaction between the metal and the silica in the clay and grog. Because the reaction takes place at 930°C. and causes the temperature to rise rapidly, it is necessary to heat these refractories only to 930°C. to produce hard, well‐fired brick. Such products have a high load‐carrying capacity at furnace temperatures and also a fair spalling resistance.
RELATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASS*
Authors: Badger A. E. , White J. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of some glasses in the soda‐lime‐silica system was measured at 400 °C. with an apparatus which is described. The specific resistance at this temperature ranged from 0.06 to 5.0 × 105 ohms per cc. Measurements were made on other glasses containing equivalent amounts of various oxides incorporated in a parent soda‐lime‐silica glass. It was found that an increase in resistance was produced by additions of MnO, ZnO, B2O3, Fe2O3, BaO, PbO, TiO2, and K2O, the resistances increasing in this order. A decreased resistance was produced by Na2O, CaO, and Al2O3. Previously published data on the power factors of these glasses are reviewed.
ORTHOSILICATES OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN THE REFRACTORY FIELD*
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Staff  
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe orthosilicates of barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium; mixed orthosilicates; and mixtures of the orthosilicates of the alkaline earth group are discussed. The effect of periclase on these types of orthosilicates at high temperatures is described. Tabulations are given of the physical properties and chemical compositions of the orthosilicates, including their chemical and mineralogical names, melting points, decomposition points, molecular weights, chemical compositions, crystalline systems, indices of refraction, optical signs, specific gravities, and specific volumes. New data and many illustrations are submitted to show the range of critical temperatures at which reactions take place and at which stabilization is effective. The order of formation is discussed in detail with special reference to the effect of the composition of the starting materials on the rate of reaction and on the critical temperatures at which the orthosilicates are formed.
PHOSPHATES IN CERAMIC WARE: III, PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AS REDUCING AND FINING AGENTS IN GLASS*
Authors: Weyl Woldemar A. , Kreidl Norbbrt J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhosphorus and phosphorus compounds, which are suitable fining and reducing agents for glasses to be melted under reducing conditions, have been applied in melting heat‐absorbing and copper ruby glasses. Ferrophosphorus conveniently introduces both iron and a reducing agent for heat‐absorbing glasses.By balancing ferrophosphorus and red phosphorus or ferrophosphorus and sodium sulfate, it was possible to obtain glasses with the optimum FeO content under all melting conditions. The use of copper phosphide produced a superior copper ruby glass which strikes at a lower temperature and more rapidly.
ELECTROLYTES IN ACID‐RESISTING ENAMELS*
Authors: Petersen Fred A. , Hutchison Clark 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of various electrolytes on the acid resistance, “set,” and defects of acid‐resisting enamels was studied. The defects encountered were scumming, pitting, and shorelining. It was found that (1) insufficient set caused scumming which was aggravated by aging the enamel; this defect may be eliminated by increasing the set of the enamel; (2) one of the enamels studied had a marked tendency to shoreline whenever a sulfate or an electrolyte containing the sulfate radical was used; and (3) the pitting tendency of one enamel was traced to the high soluble salt content of the mill liquor; this defect was eliminated by spraying the enamel at a high gravity or by applying the acid‐resisting enamel in a heavier coating. Some of this work has been continued in regular plant practice, and a discussion of this phase of the work is included.
NOTE ON MOISTURE EXPANSION OF CERAMIC WHITEWARE IN STORAGE AND IN SERVICE*
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEighteen samples of wall tile and 15 samples of tableware, which had been in service or in storage for periods of time ranging from 23 years to less than 1 year, were tested to determine how much moisture expansion had taken placc. Selected samples were also autoclaved, and the resultant moisture expansions were compared.
EFFECT OF RESIDUAL COLOR ON CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL WHITES*
Authors: Iliff John W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReflectometers are widely used to give a numerical rating for the comparative whiteness of porcelain enamels, but these instruments occasionally show values in disagreement with a careful visual comparison. To find the reason for this disagreement, a survey was made to determine the effect of residual color on the consumer rating of porcelain enamel whites. A series of 12 white plaques was made ranging from 67 to 75% in reflectance, from 478 to 485 m/x in dominant wave length, and from 1.6 to 5.6% in residual color. These specifications were determined from curves run on a Hardy G. E. recording spectrophotometer. The 12 plaques were submitted to 36 persons who arranged them in order of whiteness. The order of arrangement was compared statistically, and the whites were rated in their order of acceptance. Residual color was found to have an important effect on apparent whiteness, and of these typical porcelain enamel whites, those most highly colored (blue) were preferred.
USE OF A HIGH SERICITE PYROPHYLLITE IN VITREOUS BODIES*
Authors: Emrich Emerson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA pyrophyllite containing approximately 15% of sericite is being produced at Hemp, North Carolina. When it is substituted in vitreous bodies for all of the flint or all of the flint and some feldspar, a marked increase in fired strength results, and the shrinkage and absorption properties are not affected by this substitution. The types of bodies studied include electrical porcelain, made by the dry and plastic processes, sanitary ware, vitreous floor tile, and hotel china ware.
EFFECT OF ZIRCOPAX ADDITIONS ON ABRASION RESISTANCE AND VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL GLAZES*
Authors: Commons C. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA test method is described and the results of four series of experiments are given for the empirical evaluation of the effect of Zircopax in improving the resistance to abrasion of glazes. Simultaneous resistance to crazing and the effect on gloss, color, and opacity are noted.