bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect herbicides on weed control, yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Trinidad
Authors: BRATHWAITE R. A. I. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe effects of six herbicides on weed control, yield and quality of transplanted.‘Early Long Purple’eggplant (Solantam melongena L.,) were evaluated in two replicated field experiments during the wet seasons (June to December) of 1976 and 1977 on River Estate loam soil in trifluralin 0 kg and had gave the best yield and excellent weed control for 8 weeks. Benfluralin (kg and ha) isopropalin (1.5 kg m.a ha) and diphenamid (5.0 kg and ha) gave acceptable weed control for 8 weeks and satisfactory yields, but chlorthal‐dimethyl (1 kg a ha) and hotra (40 kg a ha) were less satisfactory. All the herbicides tested controlled weed for 4 weeks. There was no crop injury. Effet des herbicides sur le desherbage de sendement et la qualite de l'aubergine (Solanum melongena L.,) d TrinidadLes effets de herbicides sur le desherbage, le rendement et la qualite de preds transplantes d'aubergine (Solantum melongena L.,) var ‘Farly Long Purple’, ont ete evalues dans deux experiences au champ, durant les sarsons humides (june to December repetees en 1976 et 1977, sur un sol argileux de River Estate a Trinidad La triflurraline 1.0 kg m a has donne le meilleut rendement et un excellent desherbage pendant S sernames I a benfluraline (1.1 kg m.a. ha) l'isopropaline (1.5kg ma. Ha) et le diphenamide (5.0 kg m.a ba) ont donne un desherbage acceptable et des rendements satisfaisant mais le chlorthal dimethyl (10.0 kg m.a ha) et la butraline (4.0 kg m.a ha) ont ete moins satisfaisants Tous les herbicides essayes ont maitrise les measures herbes pendant 4 semaines II n'y a pas eu de degats sur la recolte. Emsatz von Herbizalen in Eterfruchen Solanum melongena in Trinidad Wirkane aut Unkraut. Ertrag und Qualdat.Es wurde die Ergnung von wchs Herniziden fur die Unkraut‐bekämpfung in gepfltanzten Eterfrüchten (Solaman melongena L.) der Sorte ‘Early Long Purple’ sowie the Wirkung aut Ertrag und Qualität in zwer Feldversuchen wahrend der Regen zen (Juni bis December) in den Jahren 1976 und 1977 auf einem River‐Estate‐Lehmnoden in Trinidad gepruit. Mit Trifluralin (1.0 kg ha AS) wurden die hochsten Ertage und cine ausgezetchnete Unkrauthekämpfung über acht Wechen erzielt Benfluralin (1.1 kh ha AS) Isopropalin (1.5 kg ha AS) und Dephenamid (5.0 kg ha AS) wirkten uber acht Wochen zufriedenstellend und führlen zu mittleren Ertagen; Chlorthaldimethyl (10.0 kg ha AS) und Butralin (4.0 kg ha AS) befriedigten weniger. Alle gepruften Herbicide bekämpften die Unkrauter uber cine Zeit von 4 Wochen. Schaden an der Kulturpflanze konnten nicht festgestellt werden.
Studies on the depth distribution and on the germination and growth of Equisetum arvense L (field horsetail) from tubers
Authors: WILLIAMS E.D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Soil core samples taken from a sandy loam soil at Woburn during January 1972, following spring beans during the previous year, indicated that half the rhizome dry weight of Equisetum arvense (L.) occurred in the uppermost 25 cm of soil and 10% between 75 and 100 cm. Tubers occurred relatively more deeply with half the number and three‐quarters of the weight deeper than 50 cm. However, after a 2‐year fallow 80% of the rhizomes and tubers were in the uppermost 25 cm of soil. In general, the weight of individual tubers increased with increasing depth in the soil. In pots in the glasshouse, tubers that were formed in one season lost weight when new shoots emerged in the following year; those formed during summer germinated readily in warmth indoors when detached in the autumn, but not until June of the following year in the field. Burial of tubers at a range of depths down to 25 cm did not affect the number of shoots emerging but emergence was delayed.Plants made more growth in neutral than in acid or basic soil, more in silty clay loam than in sandy loam and appeared well adapted to growth in soils with little nitrogen. In general, rhizome growth was less affected by variations in pH and nitrogen level than were shoots and tubers. Plants grown from tubers were suppressed greatly by wheat sown densely and given a moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer but had negligible effect on the wheat. With fewer wheat plants given less nitrogen, the species partitioned more of its assimilate into tubers than when it was grown alone.The significance of tubers in the biology of the species is briefly discussed and areas meriting further study are highlighted.
The effect of asulam on the growth of tissue cultures of celery
Authors: WATTS M.J. , COLLIN H.A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The response, of cell suspension and callus cultures of celery to asulim (6–600 μmoll−1) in the nutrient medium was compared with that of seedlings. The callus cultures were treated.at three slages of differentiation: undifferentiated callus, differentiated callus on which embryoids had developed to the globular and heart‐shaped stage, and finally plantlets which had secondary leaves and roots. Cell division in the suspension culture was enhanced at low concentrations (6 and 12 μmoll−1) and inhibited at higher concentrations Cell expansion was unaffecte by the presence of asulam In differentiated tissue the growth stimulation at low concentrations was absent. and there was a steady decline in accumulation of fresh weight with increasing concentration. Root length and number of laterals of intact seedlings showed a similar pattern, indicating that the response of the tissue to asulam was not radically altered by differentiation
The decline of propyzamide in soil under field conditions in the Netherlands
Authors: ZANDVOORT R. , VAN DORD D. C. , LEISTRA M. , VERLAAT J.G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Two bio‐assay methods for determining the amount of propyzamide in soil were evaluated and compared with analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography. The root length assay with flax (Linum usitatissiimum L.) as well as the more time‐consuming shoot assay with canary grass (Phalaris canariensis L.) were sufficiently accurate when carried out under favourable growing conditions. However, gas‐liquid chromatography wilh electron‐capture detection was more sensitive to low concentrations of propyzamide and also to moderate concentrations when the soil organic matter content was highAs the organic matter content of the soil increases, propyzamide becomes less available to plants. The rate of decline does not seem to be influenced by Ihe type of soil.A few months after autumn treatment the rate of disappearance of propyzamide was fairly high in the field, even at low temperatures. The rates of decline under summer conditions were in Ihe expected range.When selecting the next crop, it should he taken into account that propyzamide residues may be present in the soil for several months after application.
Effect of intervals between application and tillage on glyphosate control of Cyperus rotundus L.*
Authors: CHASE RICHARD L. , APPLEBY ARNOLD P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Research conducted in El Salvador, Central America, demonstrated that an interval of 3 days between application of glyphosate and tillage was sufficient to cause 90% reduction in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) plants, while delays of 11–23 days generally gave slightly less reduction. à second application to the same plots 35 days following tillage resulted in more than 90% reduction with all intervals. Approximately 3 months after the initial treatment, tuber numbers had been reduced to half the original population. Germination of the remaining tubers was reduced by more than 50%.Glyphosate applied during the dry season caused an average of 79% reduction in plant numbers compared with 88% in the rainy season. However, in the dry season, the remaining plants had no competition from other weeds and after 5 months there was only à 40% reduction in nutsedge population. During the rainy season, 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha were equally effective, but 1 kg/ha was not sufficient in the dry season.
Effects of humidity and moisture stress on glyphosate control of Cyperus rotundus L.*
Authors: CHASE RICHARD L. , APPLEBY ARNOD P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Glyphosate at 2 kg/ha was more effective in reducing regrowth of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) scapes at 90% than at 50% relative humidity (r.h.), and more effective at −2 bars than at −11 bars of plant water potential. Regrowth of treated plants subjected to water potentials of −1 to −8 bars was reduced 54–60% while at −11 bars growth inhibition was only 34%. A time interval of as little as 8 h between application and excision was sufficient to give 47% reduction in regrowth at 90% r.h. None of the treated plants, except those clipped immediately after application, produced new shoots from the basal bulb, while all the untreated control plants produced one or more new shoots. Experiments using 14C‐glyphosate substantiated these results. Three times more 14C‐label was translocated into the underground parts of nutsedge at 90% than at 50% r.h. Twice as much translocated at −2 bars than at −11 bars of water potential.
Über die Beeinflussung der Keimfähigkeit der Samen mancher Grundlandpflanzen beim Durchgang durch den Verdauungstrakt des Schafes und nach Mistgärung
Authors: ÖZER ZEKI 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Bei den mit 10‐monatigen Schafböcken durchgeführten Versuchen wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten:Die Ausscheidungsrate (Versuehsdauer 96 Stunden nach Verfutterung) der Samen von lOverfutterten Weidepflanzenarten betrug bei Medicago sativa 55,5%, Phteum pratense 53,4%, Coronitta varia 42,8%, Lotus cornicutatus 34,8%, Agrostis alba 32,9%, Trifotium repens 24,5%, Stipaviriduta 16,6%, Vicia sativa 9,3%, Hordeum nodosum 1,4%, Onobrychis sativa 0,8%.Ausscheidungszeiten: Ohne bestimmte zeitliche Regelmäßigkeiten wurden die Samen von Hordeum nodosum im Verlauf der 96‐stündigen Versuehsdauer ausgeschieden. Bei Medicago sativa wurde ein Ausscheidungsmaximum bei 62 Stunden, bei Phteum pratense bei 86 Stunden festgestellt. Bei den anderen 7 Samenarten lag das Ausscheidungsmaximum zwischen 38–48 Stunden.Wahrend bei 8 Samenarten eine Verminderung der Keimfähigkeit nach Passieren des Verdauungstrakts im Vergleich zu frischen Samen festgestellt wurde, konnte man eine Erhöhung des Keimwertes bei Agrostis atba und Hordeum nodosum feststellen.Keimfahig waren die Samen von Vicia sativa bis zu einer Ausscheidungszeit von 38 Stunden, Onobrychis sativa bis 48 Stunden. Samen von Hordeum nodosum waren keimfahig bis zu einer Ausscheidungszeit von 62–96 Stunden, Trifotium repens 24–86 Stunden. Bei den restlichen 6 Arten waren die Samen auch nach 96‐stündiger Verweildauer im Verdauungstrakt zumindest noch teilweise keimfähig.Nach 3‐monatiger Mistgärung waren die Samen von Vicia sativa, Hordeum nodosum und Onobrychis sativa vollig vernichtet. Bei den restlichen 7 Samenarten betrug die Keimpotenz bei Coronitta varia 6,8%, Lotus cornicutatus 6,1%, Trifotium repens 5,1%, Phteum pratense 4,9%, Medicago sativa 4,6%, Agrostis alba 3,2% und Stipa viridula 1,1%.
Interactions between barban and benzoylprop etbyl, flamprop metbyl or flamprop isopropyl applied at two growtb stages for wild oat control in cereals
Authors: O'SULLIVAN P. A. , BORN W. H. VANDEN 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Barban was combined with benzoylprop ethyl, flamprop methyl, or flamprop isopropyl, and the eflects of the combinations on wild oat control and crop yield were assessed, tn greenhouse experiments, the interaction in all three combinations was synergistic, following application at the 2‐ or 4‐leaf stage of wild oats. Under field conditions, combinations of barban + benzoylprop ethyl applied at the 2‐ or 4‐leaf stage of wild oats were as eflective for wild oat control and wheat yield response as barban at 028 kg/ha applied at the 2‐leaf or benzoylprop ethyl at 14 kg/ha applied at the 4‐leaf stage of wild oats. Mixtures of barban + flamprop methyl applied at the 2‐ or 4‐leaf stage of wild oats provided excellent wild oat control and wheat yield increases. Mixtures of barban + flamprop isopropyl applied at the 2‐ or 4‐leaf stage of wild oats provided comparable wild oat control and barley yield increases to barban (028 kg/ha) applied at the 2‐leaf or flamprop isopropyl (14 kg/ha) applied at the 4‐leaf stage of wild oats.
Temperature effects on Eleusine indica and Setana anceps grown in association (I)
Authors: HAWTON D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Studies were made at Kairi on the Atherton Tableland of Queensland, Australia, on the effects of varying lemperature regimes, both controlled and natural, on the germination of seed of Setaria antcept Stapf. cv. Nandi and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. The germination of E. indica seed was found to be much more temperature labile than that of S. ancepts. The temperature required for peak germination was higher for E. indica seed than for S. ancepts seed.The effects of temperature on competition between E. indica and S. ancepts were studied in the field by varying the time of planting. It was shown that at mean screen temperatures measured throughout the growth period of <23° C, S. ancepts was dominant in mixtures of the two species. At mean temperatures >23° C E. indica was dominant. There was a tendancy for S. aweps yields to decline with increase in E. indica plant density but there was a much closer negative correlation between E indica top dry weight and S. aancepts yield.From the meteorological data for Kairi for the past 25 years predictions were made on the best times to plant S. ancepts to avoid serious competition from E indica.
Weed control with pre‐sowing herbicides in irrigated cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Sudan. II. Economic, labour requirement, crop safety and operational aspects of trifluralin and benfluralin
Authors: JENNINGS E. A. , DRENNAN D.S.H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Soil incorporated. pre‐sowing application of trifiuralin in cotton or of benfluralin in gruundnut, each at 1–68 kg a.i., ha, cut labour requirement for handweeding to levels where the tenant could he largely independent of hired labour, Economic returns from a combination of these herbicides plus supportive hand‐ weeding for herbicide‐resistant species compared favourably with those from hand‐ weeding only as presently recommended.Application and incorporation of trifluralin and benfluralin fited well into existing practices for seedbed preparation and any likely modifications of these. There was no evidence of crop phytoxicity and crop maturity was not affected. Residue analysis indicated no soil residue problems for crops in rotations and no residues were detected in crop seed. Trifluralin applied many months in advance of cotton planting in the dry season, did not start to disappear until the soils were wetted just before couon planting.
The effect of plant‐induced changes of pH upon the adsorption and phytotoxicity of s‐triazlne herbicides
Authors: HARRIS G.R. , HURLE K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effect of plant‐induced changes of soluiion pH upon the adsorpiion of s‐lriazme herbicides in either K‐monimorillonite or Na ‐ bentonite ciay‐nutrieni suspensions and iheir phyioioxi‐ city in soil was studied. ln clay‐NO3− suspensions (wiih NO3‐ as the nitrogen source) maize planls (Zea may L.) caused a marked rise in solution pH and this resulted in a rapid descrp‐ tion of bound atrazine or simazine. in clay‐NHa + suspensions (with NH4 + as the nitrogen source) the lowering of solution pH through plant aclivity resulted in jnereased adsorption of these herbicides.In soil, changes of rhizosphere pH were also found when either KNO3 or (NH4) 2SO4 were supplied as fertilizers, bul it was nol established whether ihis had a direct effeci upon the significant increase in weight of (NH4)2SO4 treated wheat (Tri‐ ticum aestivum L.) planls at low herbicide concentrations compared with KNO3 treated wheat plants.
Studies of Salvia reflexa Hornem.: II. Examination of specialized leaf surface structures
Authors: LOVETT J. V. , SPEAK M. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Scanning electron microscope examination ofadaxial leaf surfaces of Salria reflexa revealed specialized structures from which chemical release was apparently promoted by immersion in water. The significance of ihese slruciures and their contents is discussed in relation to the alletopathic activiiy of this species.
A possible mechanism for the selective herbicidal activity of iodide in relation to thiocyanate content
Authors: STEPHEN N. H. , COOK G. T. , DUNCAN H. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:In an in vivo study, the rate of iodide oxidation by horseradish peroxidase was found to be reduced by the addition of ammonium thiocyanate to the system. The seleetive herbicidal activity of sodium iodide towards dwarf bean, pea, kale and cabbage was tested while the poicnlial ihioeyanale conteni of these platits was measured, A good relationship between inereasmg thiocyanale content and inereasing resistance to iodide was observed.
Differential growth and response to atrazine between and within susceptible and resistant biotypes of Chenopodium album L.
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B. , WARWICK S. I 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Differential growth and response to atrazine were examined in greenhouse experiment with three populations of Chenopodium album from southwestern Ontario: two known susceptible (SI. SII) and one resistant (R). Germination of the resistant biotype was less than SII but the same as SI. R seedlings were not as mature at 16 days and weighed less at 23 days than seedlings of SI and SII. Within SI. early‐(ESI) and late‐flowering (LSI) variants were recognized. Older plants of R (37 and 44 days) had a greater growth rate than two of the susceptible populations (LSI and SII). In terms of vegetalive, floral, and total biomass. mature individuals of ESI were less productive than the other populations, but devoted a greater percentage of dry weight to floral production.Young plants (37 days old) were sprayed with atrazine at 00125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 kg/ha. Population ESI was most sensitive to at razine; height and weight of stems and production of new leaves showed decreases at 0.25 and 0.125 kg/ha. respectively, compared to the untreated. Populations LSI and SII showed greater tolerance and decreases in these characters occurred at a higher rate of atrazine. Leaf weight per plant decreased at 0.25 kg/ha as a result of decreases in weight per unit area of leaf for all susceptible population. Growth of R as measured by the above criteria was not affected by atrazine treatments but leaf weight per unit area was slightly reduced at 2.5 and 5.0 kg/ha Single leaves of 48 day old plants were infused with at razine concentrations of 0.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 20.0 ppm. Leaf chlorosis increased with concentration and injury was greater in populations LSI and SII than in ESI. A small amount of chlorosis occurred in R.
Interaction between benzoylprop ethyl, flamprop methyl or flamprop isopropyl and herbicides used for broadleaved weed control
Authors: O'SULLIVAN P. A. , VANDEN W. H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:A marked antagonism of A. fatua control was found when 2,4‐D, dicamba, 2,4‐D‐dicamba‐mecoprop or bromoxynil were added to benzoylprop ethyl, flamprop methyl or flamprop isopropyl. Because of the much poorer control of A. fatua by these mixtures obtaining broad spectrum weed control with them in one spray operation would not be possible. The A. fatua herbicides did not affect the activity of the added herbicides on Fagopyrum lataricum. In eight out of nine mixtures tested there was no significant antagonism in the field conditions when MCPA or bromoxynil‐MCPA was added to the A. fatua herbicides. There were significant antagonistic effects, however, in six out of nine such mixtures in glasshouse experiments. This suggests that under farm use conditions benzoylprop ethyl, flamprop methyl or fiamprop isopropyl can be mixed with MCPA amine or ester or with bromoxynil‐MCPA to obtain broad spectrum weed control from one spray operation, though slightly poorer A. fatua control may be expected with these mixtures.
Studies on the weed hosts of the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella spinicaudata Sch. Stek. 1944
Authors: BABATOLA J. O. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Weed hosts of the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella spinicaudata were surveyed in a swamp rice field at Badeggi, Nigeria. Forty‐five weed species, mainly grasses and sedges occurred very frequently and were very good hosts of the nematode. A wild rice, Oryza longistaminata was a preferred host. The importance of the weed hosts is discussed.
Free amino acids of Abutilon theophrasti seed
Authors: ELMORE C. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The free amino acids of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) seed were identified and quantified. The content of several amino acids known to inhibit germination of crop seeds was high. No unusual amino acids or other known toxic amino compounds were detected so it is presumed that the natural amino acids present are responsible for the allelopathic effects.
Quantitative estimation of Alectra and Striga seed in soil
Authors: VISSER J.H. , WENTZEL L.F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:A physical method is established for determining the population in the soil of viable seeds of the parasitic genera Alectra and Striga. Microscopic observation enables seeds of the two genera to be distinguished but it was not always possible to distinguish species within each genus. Correlation of the seed count with number of plants of these parasites was examined and factors lending to obscure correlation discussed.
Field experiments to investigate long‐term effects of repeated applications of MCPA, tri‐allate, simazine and linuron: II. Crop performance and residues 1969–78
Authors: FRYER J. D. , SMITH P. D. , HANCE R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:In four field experiments begun in 1963, each of four herbicides was applied to plots planted wilh the same crop each year. The annual treatments were: MCPA at 17 kg/ha to barley (Hordeum sativa Jess) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at growth stage 15. tri‐allate at 17 kg/ha pre‐emergcnce to barley and wheat, simazine at l7kg/ha pre‐emergence to maize (Zea mays L.) and linuron in two applications of 084 kg/ha pre‐ and post‐emergence to carrots (Daucus carota L.).MCPA did not affect growth or yield of either barley or wheat. In general tri‐allate also did not aftect the crops although wheat yield was depressed in 1978, wheat 1000 grain weight was reduced in 1972 and barley germination percentage was increased in 1973. Simazine did not influence the height, yield or appearance of maize. Linuron normally produced no effect on carrot yield, density and size. However, in 2 years when the post‐emergence application was late, density but not yield was lower than in control plots. There was no accumulation of residues of any of these compounds in the soil. Rates of loss were similar to those predicted on ihe basis of laboratory experiments.In a fifth experiment these herbicides were applied twice per year (3 times in the case of linuron) at double the rales above on each occasion to bare plots. These applications ceased in 1968 (1969 for MCPA) but residues were monitored until 1972 except in the case of MCPA. Disappearance rates were similar to those in the cropped plots and residues were largely confined to the top 10 cm. The plots treated with MCPA had developed an enhanced ability lo degrade il prior to 1968. This persisted for 5 years after the final application.