bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Proliferation Induced In Vitro by Microbial Antigens in HIV‐Infected Subjects
Authors: Maria Vasco A. J. , Pinto Lígia A. , Victorino Rui M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the course of a study of lymphocyte responses to microbial antigens in HIV‐infected patients, we detected a previously unrecognized phenomenon of inhibition of lymphocyte baseline proliferation, induced by the presence of tetanus toxoid and Escherichia coli in the cultures. The effects of tetanus toxoid and Escherichia coli on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro were assessed by comparing the 3H‐thymidine uptake by lymphocytes cultured without stimulant with the uptake of lymphocytes cultured in the presence of the antigens. Twenty‐six patients with HIV infection (20 asymptomatic/persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, 2 AIDS‐related complex, 4 AIDS) were investigated and the controls were 33 healthy individuals without evidence of HIV infection. Eight out of 22 asymptomatic/PGL and ARC patients progressed to full‐blown AIDS in the mean follow‐up of 26 months. The inhibition of proliferation was considered to be significant when the uptake of 3H‐thymidine was reduced by 20% in the presence of the antigens. Using these criteria, 50% of the patients studied with tetanus toxoid and 36% of those studied with E. coli had evidence of the inhibitory phenomenon. Seven of the eight patients who developed AIDS during the observation period had the inhibitory phenomenon. In the group of patients without the inhibitory signs only one evolved to AIDS during the follow‐up. The possibility of this phenomenon being related to an induction of suppressor cell activity by the antigens is discussed.
Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Ng Yee‐Yung , Lee Shou‐Dong , Wu Shiao‐Chi , Yang Wu‐Chang , Chiang Shoou‐Shan , Huang Tung‐Po 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) among 101 uremic patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was evaluated using a synthetic peptidebased HCV antibodies enzyme immunoassay. Thirty (29.7%) were found anti‐HCV positive. This is significantly higher than 500 unselected paid blood donors (4.2%, P < 0.0001). Among CAPD patients, anti‐HCV positivity was found more frequently in patients who had received frequent and longer duration of hemodialysis previously (40.4% vs. 20.4%, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that hemodialysis patients have a higher risk of HCV infection. At present, CAPD may be a suitable way to reduce the incidence of HCV infection in uremic patients.
Humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly
Authors: Falsey Ann R. , Walsh Edward E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between serum immunoglobulins and the severity and risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in the institutionalized elderly was prospectively assessed during the winter of 1989‐1990 at a 591 bed nursing home. Forty RSV infections were identified out of 149 respiratory illnesses by isolation of the virus or by a ≥fold rise in RSV‐specific IgG by EIA. Acute serum RSV IgG levels were similar in those with RSV infection and those with non‐RSV illness. Additionally, among the RSV‐in‐fected elderly there was no correlation between severity of clinical symptoms and level of acute IgG titers by EIA or virus neutralization. The results of this study suggest that humoral immunity does not play a major role in reducing the risk of infection nor modulating the clinical severity of illness in elderly persons with RSV infections.
Hepatitis C virus in the etiology of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis: Possibility of mixed viral infections due to parenteral transmission
Authors: Favorov M. O. , Fields H. A. , Yashina T. L. , Goldberg E. Z. , Yeramishantsev A. K. , Rakchimova H. K. , Burkov A. N. , Margolis H. S. , Lvov D. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera obtained from 381 patients with chronic liver disease from four cities within the USSR were studied for HBV, HDV, and HCV markers of infection. Anti‐HCV activity was detected in 41.2% of non‐A, non‐B cases. The etiological distribution of chronic hepatitis in Moscow and Dushanbe was similar with an approximate 20% prevalence for HBV, HDV, and HCV infections, whereas in Yakatsk 40% of cases were caused by HDV infections. The etiology of disease remained unrecognized in approximately 40% of patients with chronic liver disease in Moscow and Dushanbe and in 15% in Yakutsk. Anti‐HCV activity was detected in 18.8% of patients with chronic HBV infections and in 8.3% of patients with chronic HDV infections. Anti‐HCV activity was detected in 41% of patients without markers of HBV or HDV infections. The reasons for the observed differences in HCV prevalence among patients chronically infected with HDV are discussed.
Persistent rubella‐specific IgM reactivity in the absence of recent primary rubella and rubella reinfection
Authors: Thomas H. I. J. , Morgan‐Capner P. , Roberts A. , Hesketh L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBetween two and seven sera from cases of persistent detection of rubella‐specific IgM for periods in excess of 2.5 months, but in the absence of recent primary rubella or rubella reinfection, were examined for rheumatoid factor, heterophile antibody, and IgM reactivity against toxo‐plasma and a number of viruses. The relative avidity of the rubella‐specific lgG, has been assessed in all the sera by two methods.None of the sera contained rheumatoid factor or heterophile antibody, nor did any contain detectable concentrations of IgM specific for any of the panel of antigens apart from five sera which contained low concentrations of IgM specific for some coxsackieviruses B. No sera were positive for low avidity specific IgG, although three did give equivocal results with one avidity test and one gave equivocal results with the second avidity test.
Virus safety of human immunoglobulins: Efficient inactivation of hepatitis C and other human pathogenic viruses by the manufacturing procedure
Authors: Nowak Thomas , Gregersen Jens‐Peter , Klockmann Ulrich , Cummins Larry Bill , Hilfenhaus Joachim 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman immunoglobulins are plasma derivatives with a low risk of transmitting viral infections. To the present, no proven case of human immunoglobulins transmitting human immunodeficiency viruses has been reported. However, there have been a few reports on the transmission of hepatitis C virus by these plasma proteins. To improve further the safety of both 5s iv human immunoglobulins and 7s im immunoglobulins, we introduced a 10‐hour heat treatment of the aqueous solutions a t 60°C (i.e., pasteurization) into the manufacturing procedure. This treatment was not added to the manufacturing procedure of 7s iv immunoglobulin that already contained the S‐sulfonation as a virus inactivating method. We now report on experimental data that show that the whole manufacturing procedures of the above immunoglobulins inactivate efficiently hepatitis C virus and that the specific virus inactivation methods alone, namely, pasteurization or S‐sulfonation, also inactivate completely viruses of the flavivirus family, to which the hepatitis C virus belongs. The inactivation of the Flaviviridae bovine viral diarrhea virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus by pasteurization or S‐sulfonation was at least 105. The clearance of HCV achieved by the entire manufacturing process of each of these immunoglobulins was also at least 105. The experiments therefore show that pasteurization or S‐sulfonation provides a high margin of safety to human immunoglobulins regarding the transmission of hepatitis C virus.
The specificity of antibodies induced by infection with rhinovirus type 2
Authors: Carey B. S. , Barclay W. S. , Russell S. M. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against three distinct antigenic sites on rhinovirus type 2 have been obtained and the sites identified. We describe how these MAbs were used in a blocking test to detect antibodies in human sera directed against the same three defined sites. Sera from twelve volunteers were studied. All had been exposed to rhinovirus type 2 by intranasal inoculation, four had been uninfected, eight were infected of whom four developed a cold while four did not. Blocking antibodies were high and did not increase in the resistant volunteers, and were lower and increased in the infected volunteers. The antibodies were almost as sensitive as other antibody assays for detecting infection. The responses to all three sites were similar. Correlations between the results of all tests were calculated and the results are summarised.Tests were also devised to measure the lg subclass of antibodies against the whole virus particle. The A1, G1, and G4 classes showed most frequent rises in response to infection. Correlations between these results and other antibody assays were found and are presented.
Prevalence of four blood‐borne viruses (HBV, HC V, HTLV‐I, HIV‐1) among haemodialysis patients in Japan
Authors: Tamura Ikuo , Koda Tetsuzo , Kobayashi Yasunori , Ichimura Hiroshi , Kurimura Osamu , Kurimura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the prevalence of four blood‐borne viruses among a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV), antibody to human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type‐I (anti‐HTLV‐I), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (anti‐HIV‐1) were studied in the sera from 393 consecutive HD patients and in the sera from 786 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals from the general population (controls). The prevalence of anti‐HCV and anti‐HTLV‐I was significantly higher in HD patients than in the controls (17.8% vs. 1.1% and 3.8% vs. 0.5%), but the prevalence of HbsAg showed no significant difference. No patients or controls were positive for anti‐HIV‐1. In HD patients with no history of blood transfusion, anti‐HCV was detected in only one (2.1%) of 48 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti‐HCV in these patients and in the controls. In HD patients who had received blood transfusion, anti‐HTLV‐I was detected in only one (1.0%) of 103 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti‐HTLV‐I in these patients and in the controls. These findings suggest that in recent years, the risk of HCV transmission by routes other than blood transfusion in HD patients is low, and that of HTLV‐I transmission by transfusion is very low or non‐existent.
Comparison of cervical cytology and the polymerase chain reaction for HPV 16 to identify women with cervical disease in a general practice population
Authors: Bavin P. J. , Giles J. A. , Hudson E. , Williams D. , Crow J. , Griffiths P. D. , Emery V. C. , Walker P. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA comparison of the ability of cervical cytology and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV 16) to identify women with cervical disease has been performed in a general practice population of 249 women, none of whom were believed to have current cervical disease prior to examination. Within this population, 29 women were found by colposcopy and subsequent histopathology to have evidence of cervical disease [5 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3; 8 with CIN 2; and 16 with CIN 1]. The prevalence of HPV 16 in this population was 18.9% (CIN 3, 80%; CIN 2, 50%, CIN 1, 12.5%, normal, 16.8%). Women with severe disease (CIN 2 and CIN 3) had a significantly higher incidence of HPV 16 DNA than those with mild cervical disease (CIN 1) or no cervical abnormality (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the ability of either PCR for HPV 16 or cytology to identify women with cervical disease. The combination of screening by cytology and the presence of HPV 16 DNA resulted in the identification of a higher proportion of the women with disease, but this observation did not reach statistical significance. Although the failure to detect disease by the two screening methods was similar, HPV 16 DNA positivity was associated with a higher false‐positive rate for disease detection than cytology (P < 0.03). The PCR assay for detecting HPV 16 in this investigation was shown to have a false‐positive rate of 2.4% and a false‐negative rate of 10.4%. The prospect of screening women for cervical disease using PCR for HPV 16 is discussed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐cost hepatitis B vaccine improves uptake among self‐paying health‐care students
Authors: Pennie Ross A. , O'Connor Annette M. , Dulberg Corinne S. , Bottiglia Anna , Manga Pranlal , Kang C. Yong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdvisory committees recommend hepatitis B (HBV) immunization for professional and student health‐care workers. However, the currently licensed vaccines are expensive, and previous surveys have shown that few students (14%) have been immunized in Canada. A low‐cost immunization program was offered to health‐care students in order to determine whether the effectiveness of HBV immunization could be improved by substantially reducing the vaccine cost to recipients. The immunogenicity, side effects, and 3‐dose completion rate of a low‐cost Korean HBV vaccine were compared with a similar U.S.‐made vaccine. A total of 922 postsecondary students enrolled in 6 health‐care disciplines in Ottawa, Canada were surveyed for hepatitis‐6 immunization status. Nonimmunized students were subsequently offered HBV vaccine at total cost of $15 (Canadian), randomly allocated t o receive 3 intramuscular doses of either Korean or U.S.‐made plasma‐derived HBV vaccine in a double‐blind fashion, surveyed about side effects, and tested for hepatitis B surface antibody seroconversion. Only 12% of the 922 surveyed students had been previously immunized when vaccine was obtainable only at high cost. However, 66% of those not immunized participated in the vaccine trial and paid the $15 fee. Hepatitis‐B surface antibody seroconversion (≥10 sample ratio units by radioimmunoassay) occurred in 291/311 (93.6%) and 299/310 (96.5%) of recipients of 3 doses of the Korean and U.S. vaccines, respectively (P = 0.10). There were no meaningful differences in vaccine adverse effects, and 92.6% of recipients of either vaccine completed 3 doses. These results support the view that HBV immunization would be more effective (vaccine acceptance rates higher, greater proportions of persons protected) if lower cost vaccines were marketed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of (S)‐1‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine and 9‐(1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐propoxymethyl)guanine for the treatment of murine cytomegalovirus infection in severe combined immunodeficiency mice
Authors: Neyts Johan , Balzarini Jan , Naesens Lieve , de Clercq Erik 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) inoculated intraperitoneally with murine cytornegalovirus (MCMV) develop a wasting syndrome at 3–4 days and die at 6–9 days after the infection. 9‐(1,3‐Dihydroxy‐2‐propoxyrnethyl)guanine (DHPG, ganciclovir) and (S)‐1‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylrnethoxypropyl) cytosine (HPMPC) were compared for their efficacy against MCMV‐induced disease and mortality in SCID mice. Under all treatment conditions, i.e., administration of the test compounds for 5 consecutive days starting on the day of infection (day 0), for 5 consecutive days starting on day 4 after the infection, 2 periods of 3 consecutive days starting on day 0 and day 9 after infection, or as a single dose on day 3 before infection, HPMPC proved far superior to ganciclovir in delaying the onset of the disease and increasing the lifespan of the MCMV‐infected mice. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in HBsAg‐negative chronic liver disease in Hong Kong using different assays
Authors: Lai J. Y. , Tam John S. , Lam L. Y. , Leung Nancy W. Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of anti‐HCV antibodies in Chinese patients with HBsAg‐negative chronic liver diseases was studied retrospectively. Anti‐HCV was detected by two different ELISAs. In 97 pa‐ tients with HBsAg‐negative chronic liver disease, 26 (27%) were anti‐HCV positive. Of 157 control subjects, only 1 (0.6%) was anti‐HCV positive (P < 0.001). Anti‐HCV was detected in 18 of 27 (67%) patients with post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B (PTNANB) chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, 5 of 25 (20%) patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, 2 of 33 (6%) patients with alcoholic liver disease, 1 of 5 (20%) patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AICAH), none of 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and none of 3 patients with fatty liver. The prevalence in this group of patients was lower when compared to reports from other countries. The addition of a urea washing step reduced false‐positivity in alcoholic and AICAH groups. The ELISA that employs three recombinant HCV antigens confirmed all positive results by an‐ other ELISA with the exception of one weakly positive result in the AICAH group and one in the alcoholic group. One patient in the PTNANB group was detected in addition by the second generation assay. In conclusion, ELISA with a urea wash proved to be useful in reducing falsepositivity, and the second generation assay proved to be a sensitive and specific test for anti‐HCV antibody. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enteric non‐A, non‐B hepatitis: Epidemics, animal transmission, and hepatitis E virus detection by the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Jameel Shahid , Durgapal Hemlata , Habibullah C. M. , Khuroo Mohammed Sultan , Panda Subrat Kumar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied epidemics of viral hepatitis occurring at three different places in India. One was a combined epidemic due to hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections. In this epidemic, HAV affected children below 10 years of age, whereas HEV infected the young adult population. HEV was transmitted to rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) and confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on bile from the animals. Fecal material from acutely infected patients in one of the epidemics was also found positive for HEV RNA by PCR. This may help in confirming the nature of future epidemics. The bile and liver from experimental animals can be used as a source of material for further virological and molecular biological studies of HEV. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further characterisation of human rotaviruses isolated from asymptomatically infected neonates in South Africa
Authors: Steele A. D. , van Niekerk M. C. , Geyer A. , Bos P. , Alexander J. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStool specimens were collected from healthy neonates a t Ga‐Rankuwa Hospital in the winters of 1984 and 1986 and tested for the presence of rotavirus infection. Asymptomatic excretion was found to occur in 25% of the newborn babies analysed. Gel electrophoresis of the rotavirus RNA genome revealed that a genomically stable strain of rotavirus was endemic in the ward at the time intervals examined. Hybridisation analysis of the VP4 and VP7 rotavirus genes, which encode the outer capsid neutralization proteins of the virus, was conducted. These results showed the presence of a serotype 4 rotavirus strain with an M37‐like VP4 gene allele, which remained conserved in the nursery over the time period examined. Partial nucleotide sequences were obtained for a variable region of the VP7 gene and for the hyperdivergent region of the VP4 gene from 8 of these viruses and showed that remarkable conservation of these regions in the genes of the viruses occurred over time. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM responses to different enteroviruses as measured by a coxsackie B5‐based indirect ELISA
Authors: Boman Jens , Nilsson Birgitta , Juto Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enterovirus‐specific indirect ELISA, based on a single local isolate of coxsackie B5 as antigen, was used to study the IgA, IgG, and IgM responses in 19 patients with a recent or current enterovirus infection. Twelve different enterovirus serotypes were isolated from 15 patients. Paired serum samples were available from 10 and a single serum from 5 of these 15 patients. In addition, 4 patients diagnosed by a significant titer rise of complement fixing antibodies to enterovirus were included. A serological diagnosis, defined as an increase in titer of enterovirus IgG and/or presence of enterovirus IgM, were established in all 14 patients with paired sera. Enterovirus IgM was present i n either a single serum or in both sera in 13 of them. Out of 5 patients with a single serum sample only, enterovirus IgA or enterovirus IgM was found in 4. Specific IgA was present in either a single serum or i n both sera in 14 of the 19 patients. Seven of the 10 enterovirus isolate patients with paired sera had a significant titer rise of complement fixing antibodies; however, all 10 were diagnosed by ELISA. Among 64 healthy controls 2 had enterovirus IgA and none had enterovirus IgM.In conclusion, the use of a single antigenbased ELISA was found t o be reliable for the diagnosis of recent and current enterovirus infections. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of enteroviral RNA by polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from patients with aseptic meningitis
Authors: Glimåker Martin , Abebe Almaz , Johansson Bo , Ehrnst Anneka , Olcén Per , Strannegård Orjan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples was carried out using specimens from 74 patients with aseptic meningitis. The primer pair and probe were derived from the highly conserved 5′ non‐coding enterovirus genomic region. Enteroviral RNA was detected in faeces of all 36 patients in whom an enterovirus was isolated from stool. The PCR assay yielded positive results in additionally 316 cases where enterovirus diagnoses were obtained by virus isolation from cerebrospinal fluid and/or serological tests. Thus, the positive outcome of the PCR assay was 39 (93%) among the 42 patients with enterovirus diagnoses. Furthermore, 7/19 (37%) cases with an etiology that was not established by other means were positive in the test indicating that the PCR assay may give considerable additional etiological information in patients with aseptic meningitis. The limit of RNA detectability in the PCR assay was about 100 TCID, when highly cytopathogenic enterovirus types (coxsackievirus type B5 and echovirus type 11) were tested.The PCR was negative in all 13 patients with non‐enterovirus diagnoses except in one case with a herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Since enterovirus‐specific IgM antibodies could be detected in this case a dual infection seemed probable. All the negative controls, included in the study, were PCR‐negative and no contamination was encountered.This study proves the usefulness of the PCR assay for detection of enteroviral RNA in stool samples and suggests that the test may be an alternative to virus isolation for rapid enterovirus diagnosis in patients with aseptic meningitis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.