bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quetiapine treatment for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease patients: a 6‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Paleacu D. , Barak Y. , Mirecky I. , Mazeh D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSettingTreating elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is challenging due to the increased risk of iatrogenic movement disorders with old neuroleptics and the seemingly increasing risk of cardiovascular events with newer atypical agents. Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent that warrants further investigation.ObjectivesTo assess tolerability, safety, and clinical benefit of quetiapine in AD patients with BPSD.Participants and designAD patients with BPSD participated in a 6‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Quetiapine was increased on the basis of clinical response and tolerability. Primary efficacy assessments included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI‐C). Secondary efficacy measures included the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Simpson‐Angus Scale (SAS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).ResultsForty patients (26 women), mean age 82.2 (SD 6.4) years were enrolled, 27 completed treatment. Median dose of quetiapine was 200 mg/day. Significant NPI total scores reductions (79% for placebo and 68.5% for quetiapine) were observed. The CGI‐C score decreased significantly in the quetiapine group (p = 0.009 at 6 weeks) and did not change significantly in the placebo group (p = 0.48). The MMSE, AIMS, SAS scores and adverse events did not differ significantly between the two arms.ConclusionsQuetiapine did not significantly improve psychosis scores. It did not cause cognitive and motor deterioration. These results might possibly be due to small sample size. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The current state of knowledge on the use of the benchmark dose concept in risk assessment
Authors: Sand Salomon , Victorin Katarina , Filipsson Agneta Falk 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis review deals with the current state of knowledge on the use of the benchmark dose (BMD) concept in health risk assessment of chemicals. The BMD method is an alternative to the traditional no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) and has been presented as a methodological improvement in the field of risk assessment. The BMD method has mostly been employed in the USA but is presently given higher attention also in Europe. The review presents a number of arguments in favor of the BMD, relative to the NOAEL. In addition, it gives a detailed overview of the several procedures that have been suggested and applied for BMD analysis, for quantal as well as continuous data. For quantal data the BMD is generally defined as corresponding to an additional or extra risk of 5% or 10%. For continuous endpoints it is suggested that the BMD is defined as corresponding to a percentage change in response relative to background or relative to the dynamic range of response. Under such definitions, a 5% or 10% change can be considered as default. Besides how to define the BMD and its lower bound, the BMDL, the question of how to select the dose‐response model to be used in the BMD and BMDL determination is highlighted. Issues of study design and comparison of dose‐response curves and BMDs are also covered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of Parkinson disease with C17.2 neural stem cells overexpressing NURR1 with a recombined republic‐deficit adenovirus containing the NURR1 gene
Authors: Li Qing‐Jun , Tang Ya‐Mei , Liu Jun , Zhou Dao‐You , Li Xiang‐Pen , Xiao Song‐Hua , Jian Dong‐Xing , Xing Yi‐Gang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo study the potential benefit of the NURR1 gene in Parkinson's disease (PD), we constructed a recombinant republic‐deficit adenovirus containing the NURR1 gene (Ad‐NURR1) and expressed it in transplanted neural stem cells (NSC). Ad‐NURR1 was constructed, and NURR1 mRNA and protein expression were identified by in situ hybridization and western blot analysis, respectively. The identified NURR1 protein could directly or indirectly induce NSC differentiation into neurons. To identify a potential therapeutic use for the transfected NSCs, cells were transplanted into 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Histopathological and behavioral alterations were evaluated via immunohistochemistry and the ration test, respectively, in rats transplanted with NSCs with or without the Ad‐NURR1 adenovirus. The Ad‐NURR1 construct effectively expressed the NURR1 protein, which could directly or indirectly induce NSC differentiation into neurons. Both histopathological and behavioral alterations were seen in rats treated with NSCs with or without the Ad‐NURR1 construct, although in the case of the latter, the benefits were more robust. These results suggest a potential therapeutic benefit for Ad‐NURR1‐expressing cells in the treatment of PD. The Ad‐NURR1 modification induced NSC differentiation and therefore represents a potential therapy for PD. Synapse 61:971–977, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An example of dB/dt characteristics of the dynamic magnetic loss parameter
Authors: Saotome Hideo , Kuwahara Shun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFerrite cores are used for power electronics circuits operating under excitation conditions of frequency ranging from hundreds of kilohertz to several tens of megahertz. Development of a mathematical model enabling the estimation of the power loss of ferrites in high‐frequency regions, contributes to the designing of power circuits. The power loss in high‐frequency regions consists of hysteresis and dynamic magnetic losses. Although hysteresis loss does not depend on the excitation frequency, the dynamic magnetic loss increases with increasing excitation frequency. The dynamic magnetic loss parameter, λf, has been introduced for identifying the power loss in high‐frequency regions. In this study, λf − dB/dt characteristics are experimentally obtained by a newly introduced hysteresis model that uses a normal distribution function. It is found that the λf − dB/dt characteristics do not depend on the size of B − H loops. The instantaneous power loss of a ferrite core in the high‐frequency region can be calculated using the λf − dB/dt characteristics. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of habitat feature, antenna position, movement, and fix interval on GPS radio collar performance in Mount Fuji, central Japan
Authors: Jiang Zhaowen , Sugita Mikio , Kitahara Masahiko , Takatsuki Seiki , Goto Takehiro , Yoshida Yotaka 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe location performance of a global positioning system (GPS) collar was assessed for different habitats and geographical areas. We tested the effects of habitat features, antenna position, movement, and fix interval on location performance around Mount Fuji, a single peak surrounded by wide and flat areas. Fix rate decreased from 100% in open flat areas to 53% under sloped dense canopy. The openness (the actual available sky, i.e., the percentage of a radio collar exposed to the sky when part of the collar is blocked due to terrain and vegetation) and canopy closure affected location accuracy and most other performance parameters. All nine habitat features except for available sky (theoretical, due to terrain) influenced location time. Any combination of obstructions between collar and satellite decreased the available number of satellites, the fix rate, increased the location time, and resulted in poorer location (higher DOP, lower 3‐D proportion, or greater location error). A horizontal antenna yielded poorer location performance than a vertical one in the forest but not in the open area. Location performance always decreased when moving in forest rather than in open areas. Location performance changed with fix interval. Sixty‐minute intervals resulted in a longer location time and a lower DOP than 10‐min intervals. Vegetation affected location performance more than topography in the Mount Fuji area. Factors that cause a longer location time will shorten battery life. We suggest that location frequency and duration employed for field research should be decided by considering the aim of the study and the effects of habitat features, animal activity, and fix interval on GPS performance and battery longevity. The strengthened effect of canopy closure during windy weather should be considered for forest‐dwelling animals.
The 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV anxiety disorders among Nigerian secondary school adolescents aged 13–18 years
Authors: Adewuya Abiodun O. , Ola Bola A. , Adewumi Tomi A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAimsTo estimate the 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV‐specific anxiety disorders among Nigerian secondary school adolescents aged 13–18 years.MethodA representative sample of adolescents (n=1090) from senior secondary schools in a semi‐urban town in Nigeria was assessed for the 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐IV‐specific anxiety.ResultsThe 12‐month prevalence for all anxiety disorders was 15.0% (females=19.6%; males=11.4%). There were significant gender differences in the prevalence for all anxiety disorders (P<0.001; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.35–2.65) and social anxiety disorder (P=0.035; OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03–3.19) and significant age difference in the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (P=0.045; OR 2.43, 95% CI 0.99–5.96).ConclusionThe prevalence of anxiety disorders in Nigerian secondary school adolescents was comparable to the rates found in the western world. Health policies must integrate adolescents’ anxiety as a disorder of public health significance. Further studies are needed to evaluate the factors associated with anxiety disorders amongst adolescents in this region.
Elite Beliefs, Epistemic Communities and the Atlantic Divide: Scientists' Nuclear Policy Preferences in the United States and European Union
Authors: MITCHELL NEIL J. , HERRON KERRY G. , JENKINS-SMITH HANK C. , WHITTEN GUY D. 
Published: September 2007

Do elites with scientific expertise hold similar policy preferences in technical policy areas irrespective of their ideological and national background? It is expected that elite beliefs will exhibit a higher level of ideological constraint than mass beliefs do, yet we do not know much about the role of ideology and national context in shaping more specific policy preferences. In this research note, we report the findings of an analysis of the influence of ideology and national context on the policy beliefs of scientific elites in the member countries of the European Union and in the United States.Recent research on epistemic communities, or ‘networks of knowledge-based experts’, suggests that scientific elites will achieve transnational convergence on policy positions, particularly over complex and technical policy questions: ‘to the extent that epistemic communities make some of the world's problems more amenable to human reason and intervention, they can curb some of the international system's anarchic tendencies, temper some of the excesses of a purely state-centric order, and perhaps even help bring about a better international order’. Nuclear security issues and environmental issues are policy areas identified as amenable to an epistemic communities approach. Earlier research is divided over the degree to which ideology influences scientists' policy beliefs. But there have been no systematic cross-national analyses of the influence of scientific training in suppressing ‘state-centric’ and ideological concerns in the determination of policy preferences.With a substantive focus on scientific elites' beliefs and preferences on security and energy policy issues, our aim is to extend this research to a comparative setting and provide a preliminary understanding of the extent to which knowledge and scientific training provide insulation from ideology, patriotism and ‘state-centric’ concerns.
Research in organic production systems – past, present and future
Authors: WATSON C. A. , WALKER R. L. , STOCKDALE E. A. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYA large body of published research now exists on economic, social, technical and policy related aspects of organic production. The dramatic increase in published research over the last 20 years reflects not only the existence of policy support for organic farming in some countries but also the availability of government funding for research on organic farming. This has resulted in a broadening out of organic research from privately funded, specifically organic research organizations, into universities and mainstream research institutes. In parallel, publication of research results from organic farming has increasingly appeared in refereed literature in addition to literature sources more available to farmers and advisors. Research scientists from Europe, North America and Australasia have all made important contributions to the peer-reviewed literature. The literature is dominated by comparisons of organic and other forms of agriculture, although in many cases these comparisons are not fully valid. Research directed specifically at organic systems is often much more valuable in developing improved production systems than comparative research. Research on organic farming embodies both holistic and reductionist research approaches. Trans-disciplinary research also has an important role to play in understanding the complexities of the ecological approach to agriculture typified by organic farming. Working within the principles and standards of organic agriculture will mean that some research will always be specific to organic production systems. However, in future an increased transfer of knowledge from organic to conventional agriculture and vice versa is envisaged.
The potential of semi-dwarf oilseed rape genotypes to reduce the risk of N leaching
Authors: SIELING K. , KAGE H. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYIn northwest (NW) Europe, oilseed rape (OSR) is often used as a preceding crop for winter wheat. Due to its low N harvest index (HI) and to favourable soil conditions after harvest, large amounts of mineral N remain in the soil, which cannot completely be taken up by the subsequent wheat crop. This increases the risk of N leaching into the groundwater during the following winter. Recently, semi-dwarf genotypes of OSR were developed and made commercially available that show similar yields but reduced height growth compared to conventional genotypes. The present authors hypothesized that the introduction of dwarfing genes leads to an increase in HI for dry matter (DM) and for N of OSR. As a consequence, semi-dwarf genotypes would accumulate less aerial biomass, return fewer plant residues to the soil and need less N to achieve yield maximum compared to conventional hybrids or open pollinating varieties. This may lead to a reduced risk of N leaching after growing OSR. In order to test this hypothesis, field trials conducted in 2003/04–2005/06 near Kiel in NW Germany combined four commercial varieties of OSR (Express, Talent, Trabant and Belcanto as semi-dwarf genotype), two seeding dates (mid-August and beginning of September) and eight mineral N fertilization rates (0–240 kg N/ha). On average in 2003/04–2004/05, the semi-dwarf genotype Belcanto achieved significantly less seed yield (4·44 t/ha) than the other varieties (4·65–4·88 t/ha). However, all varieties tested required similar N fertilization to achieve maximum yield. In addition, N offtake by the seeds did not differ. No interaction between genotype and N treatment was observed. Detailed analysis of DM accumulation and N uptake during the growth period revealed only small differences between the varieties in the averages of all N treatments and both years. At harvest, Belcanto produced more pods/m2 and a slightly higher 1000 seed weight. Nevertheless, HI and N HI were similar for all genotypes. It is concluded that, despite its lower plant height, the semi-dwarf genotype did not provide the opportunity to reduce the risk of N leaching after growing OSR.
OUTSIDE, LOOKING IN
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
With the advent of the Progressive era, Mencken began to question American attitudes towards emotion, conformity, and Puritanism. This was brought home to him when he watched William Jennings Bryan speak at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Mencken takes a trip to Germany rekindle his deep attachment to the land of his forebears. Influencing him in this regard were his conversations with friends, Percival Pollard and James Huneker, both writers who had influenced his reading as an adolescent. Mencken began to write a series of articles that examined Americans. He also continued his work at The Smart Set magazine, and met his future publisher, Alfred Knopf, as the war in Europe got closer to America.
ROUND ONE!
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken's penchant for battling with reformers took on a new stand when he launched a public outcry against the censorship of The Genius by Theodore Dresier. Together, Mencken and Dreiser were viewed as the drivers of a major literary revolution. At the same time, Mencken met the sister of one of Dreiser's girlfriends — a young writer named Marion Bloom — and began a passionate affair that would continue well into the 1920s. Despite this, Mencken remained depressed about the world situation and his own professional future, and he found life growing unendurably stagnant. Throughout 1916, he constantly thought of Germany, and headed to Berlin to cover the war as a correspondent for the Baltimore Sun.
BANNED IN BOSTON
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter picks up from the opening scene described in the Prologue of this book, when the April 1926 issue of The American Mercury was banned in Boston and Mencken was arrested. Mencken became disillusioned when his fight against censorship was criticized by fellow journalists as being a mere publicity stunt, even though his efforts cleared the way for journalists and publishers to publish whatever they want. Worldwide, Mencken's name became forever identified with freedom of speech.
THE SEA OF MATRIMONY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Sara Haardt began to fill the void left by Mencken's mother. She became a comfortable presence who exacted less demands on him than any other woman in his life, and who, despite her physical ailments, refused to cast herself in the role of victim or martyr. In 1929, Sara was faced with a recurrence of tuberculosis, and doctors told Mencken that she had only three more years to live. Mencken vowed to marry Sara, and make these the happiest years of her life.
FRIENDS AND RELATIVES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The deaths of Mencken's friends, among them Edgar Lee Masters, Theodore Dreiser, and Joseph Hergesheimer left him free to seek out the company of other standbys: his publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, and George Jean Nathan. He also sought out the company of women. Among his siblings, he was closest to August Mencken, who seemed to share his view of the world.
4InvidiaIs One Thing,InvidiaQuite Another
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the various scripts of invidia, the Latin term from which English “envy” is ultimately derived, though the Latin term is of much wider application. A system or “taxonomy” of scripts is described, and it is shown how the emotion — a form of distress felt when you see another person enjoy some sort of good — ranges from sheer malice to righteous indignation depending on whether or not the person experiencing the emotion is applying some principle of right or fairness. The chapter then shows how the different forms of the script commonly interacted in Roman social life.
5 The Dynamics ofFastidiumand the Ideology of Disgust
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the two main forms of fastidium, the Latin term that most closely approximates English “disgust”. One form of fastidium is imagined as entailing an automatic and involuntary reaction of aversion or revulsion, and is taken to be ethically neutral. In the other form of fastidium, which is judged to be ethically offensive, entails making a deliberate judgment that some person or thing is inferior and hence repulsive. It is shown how the two forms of the script interact in ideologically and ethically complementary ways. A brief conclusion places this emotion in relation to the emotions studied in the previous chapters, and points to the possibilities for further research.
Genesis
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents a history of the last two centuries of biology. It covers early evolutionary biology — Lamarck, Cuvier, Darwin, and Wallace through to Mayr and the neodarwinian synthesis — and also discusses social implications, the struggles with our religious understanding, and the interweaving of genetics into evolutionary theory. The book's account is an integration of the cytological tradition and the new understanding of the diversification of life coming from comparative analyses of complete microbial genomes. The book includes the history of research and theories about symbiosis in evolution, research on microbial evolution, bacterial evolution, and symbiosis in evolution.
Chickwallop and the Strange Beast
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Indians’ ideas about animals — rooted in spiritual conceptions that recognized no sharp distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds — shaped native peoples’ responses to colonial livestock. This chapter discusses the place of animals in Native American societies in New England and the Chesapeake region, focusing on religious beliefs, hunting practices, and ideas about animals as property. It also discusses how colonists misunderstood both Indian ideas and practices.
People of Paradox
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is an exploration of the Mormon cultural identity that Joseph Smith and, to a lesser extent, Brigham Young founded. At the heart of their thinking were a number of dynamic tensions, or paradoxes, that give Mormon cultural expression much of its vitality. Arguing that culture can be viewed as the result of a people's efforts to accommodate such irresolvable tensions, Givens looks at the Mormon “habit of mind”, and forms of artistic expression to trace consistent themes and ideas that constitute, or contribute to the formation of a distinct cultural community. This study begins by examining four especially rich and fertile tensions, or thematic pairings in Mormon thought, that have inspired recurrent and sustained engagement on the part of writers, artists, and thinkers in the Mormon community. The safety and strictures of centralized authority, the rhetoric and promise of theological certainty, the collapse of the sacred into the banal, and the retreat into chosen isolation all find their opposite temptation in the allure of radical individualism, the endless and endlessly deferred nature of saving knowledge, the yearning for a theology of transcendence, and the angst of alienation. As Mormonism continues its evolution from American denomination to a new religious tradition and world-wide faith, this study represents a timely look at the role of cultural achievement and self-representation in that process. Genres treated include education, intellectual life, architecture, music and dance, theater (drama) film, literature, and visual art.
Everlasting Burnings and Cinder Blocks
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mormons believe God was once a man, and humans may become gods (theosis). God is embodied, sexuality is divinized, and the mundane, the quotidian, the earthly, is made celestial. Sacred distance collapses, and all things are spiritual. The result is a tension bordering on blasphemy or heresy.