bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Straight‐chain alkylbenzenes: Structure and performance property relations III. Light‐duty dishwashing formulations
Authors: Anstett R. M. , Munger P. A. , Rubinfeld Joseph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA relationship between mixtures of straightchain alkylbenzene sulfonates and their performances in light‐duty dishwashing formulations has been established through studies of many pure isomers and isomer mixtures in both liquid and powder systems. The foam performance characteristics are shown to be directly related to carbon chain length, phenyl position, and water hardness in a readily calculable manner. Solubility studies on pure isomers are also reported.
Reduction of methyl oleate ozonolysis products to aldehydes with activated zinc
Authors: Awl R. A. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReduction of methyl oleate ozonolysis products with active zinc in the absence of acid or water gave an 88% yield of methyl azelaaldehydate. Under these neutral conditions, side reactions such as acetalization and aldehyde condensations could be more conveniently avoided than when zinc‐acetic acid reduction is used. The activated zinc was prepared by treatment with acetic acid followed by washing to remove the acid.
The reaction of picric acid with epoxides I. A colorimetric method
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Bentz A. P. , Sims R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA colorimetric method has been developed for the analysis of epoxides by reaction with picric acid. Picric acid was found to be the best of several acidic chromophores in its reaction with epoxides. Despite a nonquantitative reaction, the product concentration is proportional to the original concentration, i.e., it follows Beer舗s Law.The reaction variables were studied with methyl mono‐ and diepoxystearates, epoxidized cottonseed oil andVernonia anthelmintica oil. The general applicability of the method was demonstrated by reaction with butyl epoxystearate, styrene oxide, a number of 3‐substituted propylene oxides and two commercial epoxy resins.
Relationships between moisture contents of cottonseed flakes and water in miscellas from extractions with acetone‐cyclohexane azeotropes
Authors: Lawhon J. T. , Rao H. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method for determining the composition of acetone, hexane and water mixtures was adapted for use with acetone, cyclohexane and water mixtures.Techniques for drying cottonseed flakes to different moisture contents for extraction with acetone‐cyclohexane azeotropes were devised. Tests for possible gossypol binding occurring during the drying operation were made.Bench scale extractions yielded data which show the water resulting in miscellas when extracting cottonseed flakes at various moisture levels.It is envisioned that in a commercial process utilizing an acetone‐cyclohexane‐water mixture to produce cottonseed protein products for food uses, the water in the extracting mixture would be stablized at a level somewhere between the 0 and 3% by wt water levels of the two azeotropes used in these studies.Efforts are currently being devoted to defining the optimum practical water level that could be easily attained in commercial usage. Additional products evaluations will also be made.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XII. Alternate syntheses of surface active sulfobetaines
Authors: Parris N. , Well J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSulfopropylated amphoteric surfactants, previously reported in this journal, displayed excellent surface active properties and were good detergents in combination with soap. New synthetic routes were investigated for the preparation of such types of compounds to provide a more economical process and eliminate the hazards due to propanesultone, which was used in the previously reported synthetic procedure. A series of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐sulfopropyl amphoteric surfactants was prepared by reacting sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (the addition product of sodium bisulfite to epichlorophydrin) with various primary fatty amines as well as with fat derived N,N‐dimethylalkylamines. Quaternary sulfobetaines not possessing a hydroxyl group were obtained from tertiary amines by reaction with allyl chloride followed by bisulfite addition. The solubility behavior (Krafft points) of these compounds indicated that they were not identical with the sulfobetaines prepared with the aid of propanesultone. The secondary and quaternary ammonium compounds exhibited limited water solubility but were good lime soap dispersing agents. They displayed good detergency in combination with soap. The quaternary ammonium derivatives were particularly effective on cottonpolyester blend fabrics.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XV. Amino esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids
Authors: Smith F. D. , Sucharski M. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAmphoteric surfactants were prepared either by direct esterification of α‐sulfo fatty acids with various alkanolamines or by rearrangement of the corresponding alkanolamides of the α‐sulfo fatty acids to the amino esters with the aid of aqueous hydrochloric acid. The α‐sulfo fatty acid monoesters of diethanolamine could be prepared only via the rearrangement method. The amino esters in the C16−C18 range possessed limited water solubility whereas α‐sulfolaurate esters were soluble at room temperature. The amino esters were found to be stable to acid hydrolysis; however, they were generally not stable to alkali, by which they were either hydrolyzed or rearranged to the corresponding amide. Only the esters of isopropanolamine and diglycolamine were stable to alkali. Surface active properties of the esters were determined. The lime soap dispersant requirements of the compounds were slightly poorer than those of the corresponding amides. The compounds were good cotton detergents by themselves as well as in combination with soap and a silicate builder. The overall surface active properties of the amino esters were greatly inferior to those of the sulfobetaines previously reported. This indicates that an effective amphoteric lime soap dispersant should have its anionic group located at the very end of the molecule and the cationic group somewhat farther away, instead of the reverse.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XVII. Synthesis and surface active properties of alkylbenzene derived amine oxides
Authors: Marmer W. N. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAmine oxides CnH2n+1C6H4SO2NH(CH2)3‐NMe2—O− were prepared for testing as lime soap dispersing agents in phosphate free, soap‐based, sodium silicate built laundry detergents. These amine oxides were synthesized via a three step route from a variety of pure 1‐phenylalkanes and also from a commerical detergent alkylate mixture. The process included (a) the sulfonation of the phenylalkane with chlorosulfonic acid, (b) reaction of the resulting alkarylsulfonyl chloride with H2N(CH2)3NMe2 or with H2N(CH2)3N(CH2CH2OH)2 under anhydrous conditions, and (c) oxidation with aqueous H2O2. The amine oxides were water soluble and in some instances isolable as crystalline hydrates. They were found to be thermally stable below 125 C and highly surface active. Optimum detergency and lime soap dispersability were achieved by the model compound of alkyl chain length n=8. This was in contrast to the behavior of the related amphoteric sulfobetaine series CnH2n+1C6H4SO2NH(CH2)3NMe2(CH2)3‐SO3−, whose optimum detergency and lime soap dispersability previously had been observed to reach a maximum at chain length n=12. Detergency screening tests showed that soap‐based detergents formulated with the sulfobetaines outperformed the ones formulated with the amine oxides.
Incorporation of [1‐14C] acetate into phospholipids by soybean seedlings
Authors: Negishi T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncorporation of [1‐14C] acetate into lipids by slices of soybean seedlings was studied. The results were as follows: (a) the greatest amount of radioactivity was detected in the phospholipid fraction prepared from the main axis; (b) in the cotyledons, radioactivity was about the same in pigment, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol; (c) phosphatidylcholine was the main phospholipid labeled in the axis; (d) the distribution of radioactive fatty acids in the axis suggested that this tissue has the capacity for both phospholipid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation.
The effect of shortening stability on commercially produced army ration biscuits. I. Initial data and results of accelerated stability tests
Authors: Horne L. W. , Stevens H. H. , Thompson J. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn experiment involving the commercial production and packaging of two types of Army ration biscuits prepared from common ingredients with nine lots of vegetable oil shortening of increasing stability values and two lots of lard as the only ingredient variables has been described, and the initial analytical data presented.Evaluation of accelerated stability tests on both shortenings and biscuit shows that:

A linear relationship exists between Swift Stability (A.O.M.) and oxygen absorption (Warburg) values obtained on cottonseed oil and soybean oil shortening.

Increasing the accelerated stability values of the shortening by additional hydrogenation of the vegetable oils resulted in greater accelerated stability values for the biscuits containing the corresponding shortenings. A nearly direct relationship was found between the stability of soybean oil shortenings (Swift Stability Values) with the stability of the corresponding biscuits (Rancimeter). In the case of the cottonseed oil shortenings the increase in biscuit stability was marked to about a 100‐hour accelerated stability value, but was much less pronounced above 100 hours.

Addition of commercial lecithin increased the stability values of the biscuits containing cottonseed oil shortenings, but had an adverse effect on the stability of biscuits containing lard and lard plus N.D.G.A.
Results obtained from examinations of biscuits packaged in fiberboard cartons, punched cans, and sealed cans and stored for two years at 70°F. and 100°F. are contained in the second paper of this series.
Fluoride catalysis at 175°C. of the reaction: Glycerol plus fatty acid
Authors: Wocasek Joseph J. , Koch John R. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

In uncatalyzed reactions the esterification of stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid proceeded at the same general rate though the speed was somewhat enhanced as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid increased. None of the reactions went to completion, after 15 hours being 72%, 83%, and 84%, respectively, completed. Only a small fraction of the distearate was converted to the triglyceride; a greater amount of the dioleate was esterified to the trioleate and about half the dilinolenate was changed to the trilinolenate.

Of 15 metallic fluorides studied, all afforded some catalysis, but only antimony trifluoride and zinc and cobalt fluorides were outstanding. Antimony trifluoride was the most active although in large amount it caused severe decomposition and charring of the products. Zinc fluoride had the best general properties, approaching antimony trifluoride yet causing practically no decomposition even in high concentration. Its activity was enhanced with an increase in amount, the best concentration apparently being 0.1 mole per 100 grams fatty acid. Antimony trifluoride was also better in larger amount within limits, but cobalt fluoride did not exhibit this property.

With zinc fluoride as catalyst the reactions of stearic, oleic and linolenic acids after 15 hours were 95%, 94%, and 92%, respectively, completed. At least three‐fourths of the diglycerides were converted to triglycerides. From a study of reaction velocities, zinc fluoride caused the monoglyceride to form at a rate approximately four times that of the uncatalyzed reaction and the diglyceride at a six‐fold rate. The triglyceride was formed at an almost undiminished rate whereas in the uncatalyzed reaction the formation of triglyceride was diminished rapidly.

Unsaturation and viscosity were not affected seriously in the presence of the fluorides except antimony trifluoride. Certain other fluorides caused severe darkening but without accompanying serious decomposition.
Peanut protein paper coatings
Authors: Arthur Jett C. , Mason T. W. , Adams Mabelle E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPaper coated with peanut protein adhesive and mineral pigments gives high wax pick tests. Critical factors affecting the wax pick value are the type of protein, pigment, and dispersing agent, pH, protein‐pigment ratio, and total solids content of the slip. When neutralized protein is used as the adhesive, coating slips containing 40% solids may be prepared with pH values as low as 6.3; and when these slips are applied to raw stock, the coating has wax pick values satisfactory for many printing operations. Over a pH range of 8 to 12, coatings prepared from unwashed protein give high wax pick values, whereas those prepared with water‐washed protein give slightly lower values.
Relationship of structure to properties in surfactants. III. Adsorption at the solid‐liquid interface from aqueous solution
Authors: Rosen M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurfactants adsorb onto solid substrates from aqueous solution by a number of different mechanisms: ion exchange, ion pairing, hydrogen bonding, physical adsorption by polarization or dispersion forces. The relationship of the mechanism of adsorption to such factors as the nature of the solid substrate, the molecular structure of the surface active adsorbate, and the pH, electrolyte content, or other additive content of the aqueous phase is discussed. The effect of structural groups in the surfactant molecule on the efficiency, effectiveness, and rate of adsorption onto various types of solid substrates, charged, polar, and nonpolar, is reviewed and explained, and typical adsorption isotherms are presented. Adsorption of surfactant affects the properties of the solid substrate, such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic character, dispersibility, and reactivity towards reagents and dyes. These effects are discussed and explained.
Surface active anions in polar solvents: I. Conductometric studies on solutions of sodium decyl and dodecyl sulphate in water, N,N‐Dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Singh H. N. , Singh S. , Tewari K. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConductivity measurements of solutions of sodium decyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate were made in water, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulf‐oxide at 25 C. Within the concentration range 1 to 100 millimoles, the surfactants were found to form micellar aggregates. The critical micelle concentration values were found to depend on the dielectric constant of the medium and also on the hydrogen bonding nature of the solvent. The role of hydrogen bonding nature of the solvent in micelle formation is discussed.
Strength of bonding of food soils to dishes
Authors: Day J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe material which is baked onto ovenware and casseroles is probably more strongly bound than any other food soil. A method has been developed for measuring the relative bonding strength using a calibrated hydraulic jet. Soil‐to‐soil bonds are more readily weakened by aqueous action than soil‐to‐substrate bonds; both types of bonds are stronger on aluminum than they are on glass. Rate of soil removal was increased by increasing the concentration and alkalinity of the detergent. Temperature had the usual exponential effect, doubling the rate each 10.5 C. Time naturally was effective and a number of soaking studies showed this. Time and temperature yielded excellent results in steaming studies. Rather large amounts of energy were necessary to loosen and remove food soil. Some combination of 3 energy inputs was required. Chemical input ranged from water to high concentrations of highly alkaline detergent. Thermal levels ranged from moderate increase in temperature (40 C) to the latent heat of vaporization in steam applications (100 C). Mechanical energy was supplied by impingement of a hydraulic jet at forces from 40 to 350g.
Sperm whale oil. Part 3: Alkanes and alcohols
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Long M. , Raie M. Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPristane has been isolated from sperm whale oil. The monounsaturated alcohols have been isolated and the position of the double bond determined by a modified von Rudloff oxidation technique. Several isomers have been found for each chain length suggesting that many of the alcohols have a dietary origin.
Isomerization phenomena during hydrogenation of methyl oleate and methyl elaidate over nickel‐silica catalysts
Authors: Van Der Plank P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate was hydrogenated at temperatures varying from 50–175 C over three nickel‐silica catalysts of different pore‐size distribution. Methyl elaidate was reduced over one of these catalysts at temperatures between 75–150 C. From the detailed double bond distributions information was obtained on transport phenomena in the pores of the catalyst. It was established that the migration of the double bond in methyl oleate proceeds with a stepwise mechanism, and evidence was obtained that the double bond in methyl elaidate migrates significantly faster than that in methyl oleate, while the rate of hydrogenation of these esters was equal. Thetrans‐cis ratio of the geometrical isomers which are formed by double bond migration varies strongly during hydrogenation.
Binary freezing point determinations for fatty acid‐fatty acid ester mixtures
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Harris J. A. , Skau E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBinary freezing point data are presented for methyl and ethyl stearate with stearic acid, methyl palmitate with palmitic acid, and methyl oleate with oleic acid. Simple eutectic points were observed for each of the systems. Oleic acid crystallized only as the low melting polymorph between ca. 11 and 90%, whereas both the low and the high melting polymorphs of oleic acid could be obtained at concentrations between 0 and 11% and 90 and 100% oleic acid.
The hydrolysis of soap solutions. IV. The composition of acid potassium laurates and acid sodium oleates as determined by conductivity measurements
Authors: John Lucille M. , McBain James W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe effect of excess lauric and oleic acids on the conductivity and on the pH of 0.2–0.02N potassium laurate and 0.1–0.01N sodium oleate systems was observed. The decrease in the specific conductivity corresponded with the formation of the acid soaps, 2KL·HL, KL·HL, 2NaOl·HOl, NaOl·HOl, and the mixed soaps 2KL·HOl and 2NaOl·HL. The mixed soaps resemble the oleates in appearance. All of these systems, even with 100 or 150 moles per cent excess acid, were slightly alkaline.
Autoxidation of fatty materials in emulsions. I. Pro‐oxidant effect of histidine and trace metals on the oxidation of linoleate esters
Authors: Saunders D. H. , Coleman J. E. , Hampson J. W. , Wells P. A. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAqueous emulsions of methyl or ethyl linoleate (sodium dodecylsulfate as emulsifier) together with such added components as 1‐histidine, metal chlorides, buffers, and acid or alkali, were oxidized in the dark with shaking in an oxygen atmosphere. Under optimum conditions (pH 6.5), the linoleate peroxide content, after 2 hr autoxidation at 20C, was increased more than 3‐fold by the addition of 1 ppm of ferrous or ferric ions, approximately 20‐fold by a 0.01 M concentration of histidine and more than 60‐fold by the addition of both histidine and ionic iron. The pro‐oxidative effect of other transition metal ions (Cu++, Co++, Cr+++, Mn++, and Ni++) also was investigated. None of these ions had a significant effect alone. Combined with 0.01 M histidine, only Mn++ increased peroxidation over that when when histidine alone was added.The pro‐oxidative action of histidine was retarded approximately 60% by 0.1 N acetate buffer and completely repressed by 0.05 M phosphate, nonionic emulsifiers, and low and high pH. The threshold concentration of histidine necessary for pro‐oxidative action was greater than 0.0001 M.
Freezing point behavior of the ternary reciprocal salt pair system involving the morpholine and 2,2艂‐dipyridylamine salts of stearic and palmitic acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBinary and quasi‐binary freezing point data have been obtained to establish the freezing point diagram for the ternary reciprocal salt pair system, involving the morpholine and 2,2艂‐dipyridylamine salts of stearic and palmitic acids. The diagram shows that there are six crystallization surfaces representing equilibrium with crystals of MS, MP, DS, DP, DSƃDP, and MSƃDP. The compositions and primary freezing points of the six peritectic and five eutectic mixtures have been determined. From the diagram it is possible to predict for any molten mixture of these four salts under equilibrium conditions the temperature at which crystals of each component will appear on cooling, the yields of these crystals and the composition of the liquid phase at various temperatures, and the temperature at which maximum yields of crystals of the specific salts can be obtained.
Chemistry and technology of some drying oil fatty acid esters of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Monson N. J. , Lantz W. L. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsNo substitute for phenol as the mutual solvent was found. Other solvents which were tried produced deleterious side effects such as bad color and product recovery difficulties. Furthermore, the yields of ester were not as good as those in the phenol process.At the present time, the yield of ester using the standard procedure cannot be improved. The final product analyses seem to indicate polyethers are formed simultaneously with the fatty acid esters, and that polyvinyl alcohol undergoes chain cleavage with the formation of non‐hydroxyl groups, or a deacylation of one of two 1舑2 hydroxyl groups which results in a ketone group.Esters of high and low mol wt polyvinyl alcohol based on 0.5/1 (fatty acid/polyol) equivalents as the optimum can be successfully prepared with and without basic catalysts. An ester as low as 0.1/1 fatty acid/LMPVA can be prepared without a gel. This ester is barely soluble in aromatic solvents.The evaluation data on several coatings indicates that improved clear varnishes and house paints are possible and that further evaluation of these esters as can coatings or industrial bakes should be considered. Linseed esters showed better properties than the soya and tall oil esters. No particular advantages were seen in the other pigmented coatings.
Process Technology for the Production of Micronutrient Rich Red Palm Olein
Authors: Mayamol P. N. , Balachandran C. , Samuel T. , Sundaresan A. , Arumughan C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrude palm oil (CPO) is the richest natural source of carotenes that are destroyed in the conventional processing. There is a growing demand for nutritional products containing bioactive constituents externally fortified or preserved through modified process. A commercially viable process for the production of red palm olein (RPOn) rich in carotenes, tocols and sterols has been developed at pilot scale. The process developed involved neutralization of CPO followed by crystallization at controlled rate of cooling and deodorization of the resultant neutralized and winterized palm olein (WPOn) under controlled conditions of temperature and high vacuum. Analytical data related to micronutrients at each process step was monitored. The RPOn thus produced had not more than 0.25% of free fatty acids (FFA) and it retained more than 80% of the carotenes, about 85% of tocols and 65% of sterols originally present in the CPO. The physico‐chemical characteristics of RPOn revealed that it is nutritionally of superior quality compared to that of the commercial refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm olein currently available in the market. The carotenes, tocols and sterols profile of RPOn by HPLC showed that they were retained in their natural forms.