bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How can Eastern Europe help American manufacturers?
Authors: Raiszadeh Farhad M. E. , Helms Marilyn M. , Varner Michael C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe end of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States will definitely increase Western involvement in the former East Bloc countries. Recent emphasis has been placed on either developing Eastern markets or using inexpensive human capital to manufacture goods to be sold in the West. A third option does exist: the use of Eastern knowledge and technology in the West. Application of this knowledge and technology, currently not feasible in the former East Bloc because of a deficient infrastructure and lack of incentives, could be practical in the fertile environment of the West. Western firms are advised to catch up with their Japanese competitors in taking advantage of the low‐risk opportunities that the break up of the Soviet Union has made available. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
American and European expatriate managers: An empirical investigation
Authors: Culpan Refik , Culpan Oya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article compares American and European expatriate managers' backgrounds, job satisfaction, and perception of local work and cultural environment in Turkey in reference to their adaptation to the host country and their job performance. It reports that the sample managers demonstrate differences in all these dimensions. Therefore multinational companies are recommended to develop human resources policies in choosing expatriate managers most likely to adapt to work and host country environments by paying attention to managerial qualifications and local conditions. They should also train and prepare both expatriate and local managers to ensure smooth relationships between two groups. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soviet all‐union enterprises as new multinationals of the CIS
Authors: Filatotchev Igor , Buck Trevor , Wright Mike 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the restructuring of the former Soviet economy provoked by the break‐up of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Particular attention is devoted to the changes taking place in the former All‐Union enterprises that have now essentially become new multinationals. The pressures influencing the two parallel developments of internalization and divestment are examined and illustrated using two case studies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Canadian perspective on NAFTA
Authors: Rugman Alan M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough most analysis of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has focused on the bilateral relationship between Mexico and the United States this article concentrates on the larger trading and investment linkages of Canada and the United States. From a Canadian perspective the NAFTA is an extension of (and improvement upon) the Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1989. The FTA introduced new dispute settlement mechanisms that Canada views as essential to partially offset U.S. administered protection. The new rules‐based system of the FTA is also the basis for the NAFTA, and it has been extended from the trade law regime to cover foreign investment disputes. All three parties in NAFTA will benefit from a rules‐based system rather than the power‐based system that permits U.S. producer interests to exploit the size asymmetries between the large triad market of the United States and the smaller open trading economies of Mexico and Canada. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What Is happening to middle managers in Europe? problems and promises associated with their changing roles and responsibilities
Authors: Dopson Sue , Stewart Rosemary 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFew people have anything encouraging to say about middle management: past, present, or future. The picture of middle management that comes from many articles and from the business press is predominantly a gloomy one. Most writers portray the middle manager as a frustrated, disillusioned individual caught in the middle of a hierarchy, impotent, and with no real hope of career progression. In this article, these predictions are discussed and compared with a recent study of middle management in Europe that suggests a different picture. The authors have been participating in a six‐country Western European study, initiated and partially funded by the European Foundation for Living and Working conditions, which has been examining the nature of the changes affecting middle management jobs and careers and middle managers' reactions to such changes. Specifically, the study sought to examine the nature of the changes affecting middle management jobs and careers and middle managers' reactions to these changes in six countries: U.K., Germany, Italy, France, Denmark, and The Netherlands. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer ethnocentrism in a developing economy: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Festervand Troy A. , Sokoya Sesan Kim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe attitudes of consumers from a developing economy toward ethnocentrism were assessed in this exploratory study of 123 respondents from Nigeria. The results indicate that consumers hold varying views of ethnocentric behavior. While recognizing the possibility of negative economic consequences for the importing nation, consumers are reluctant to endorse strong measures against imports. This is especially true for products that may be difficult to produce locally or those that offer a distinctly higher level of quality. Contrastingly, consumers appear to support public activity that encourages a spirit of international business cooperation. An exporting nation's social, political, and religious philosophies appear to have minimal impact upon the demand for its products. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Strategy profiles of indigenous MNEs from the NIEs: The case of South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Li Peter Ping 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDespite the argument for stateless firms and global strategy, few deny the existing heterogeneities between nations. However, the linkages between national context, corporate strategy, and market performance have not been adequately studied. This study integrates the fragmented, discipline‐based literature of international business, cross‐cultural management, organization theory, and strategic management to construct a framework for strategic management of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and explores the linkages between national context, corporate strategy, and market performance among the leading computer MNEs from South Korea and Taiwan. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizations as learning systems: The case of the Japanese automobile manufacturing industry
Authors: Coates Norman 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study sought to apply frameworks of organizational learning to companies in the Japanese automobile manufacturing industry and, in the process, to ascertain if Japanese automobile companies exhibit characteristics of high‐ versus low‐learning organizations. Of particular interest are the effects of Japanese culture on organizational behavior. A basis for empirical testing of concepts of organizational learning to establish an explanation as to why some companies are more effective in succeeding in the global market according to accepted measures of success is provided. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The European way to lean management
Authors: Hinterhuber Hans H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLean management is an integrated set of attitudes and decision and action methods with which a firm can achieve sustainable competitive advantages and increase its value in a turbulent environment. In 1992 lean management became a major priority for top management in German and Austrian firms. The article is written from the standpoint of strategic management and presents preliminary lessons to be learned from the experience in progress in leading European firms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The search for external strategic information: An examination of Nigerian executives
Authors: Sawyerr Olukemi O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines how executives of manufacturing firms in Nigeria obtain information needed for the operation of their firms. The results of this study show that Nigerian executives collect information from economic and political/legal sources in contrast to U.S. managers who rely on customer/market information. The results also indicate that Nigerian executives use internal sources, both personal and impersonal, more frequently than external sources. Their U.S. counterparts, however, have a preference for external and personal sources of information. The correlation between scanning frequency and performance was not significant for the Nigerian sample. The findings indicate that international executives preparing to operate in Nigeria, or possibly other developing countries, should anticipate difficulties in obtaining information necessary for their business and should seek creative means to obtain such information. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International strategies of service MNCs in the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: Li Jiatao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) in services has been growing rapidly in the developing countries of the Asia‐Pacific region. In this study we explore the level and distribution of service FDI in the Asia‐Pacific region by examining both country‐level aggregate data and firm‐level data. Using data in 180 large multinational corporations in 10 service industries over the 1980–1986 period, we construct a logistic regression model to examine the effects of client‐following strategy, cultural difference, oligopolistic reaction, firm size, and international experience on the international expansion strategies of service MNCs in the region. Differences in the international strategies are analyzed and policy implications are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leader power and subordinates' organizational commitment and effectiveness: Test of a theory in a developing country
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur , Khan Abbas Ali , Uddin Syed Jamal 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study tested the relationships of bases of leader power (coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent) to subordinates' organizational commitment and of power bases and commitment to subordinates' effectiveness (performance, conformance, dependability, and personal adjustment). Two hundred fifty employees and their supervisors from three banks in Bangladesh were individually interviewed to fill out the Rahim Leader Power Inventory, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, and Minnesota Satisfactoriness Scales, to measure power, commitment, and effectiveness, respectively. Two stepwise hierarchical regression analyses showed that legitimate and expert power bases were positively associated with commitment. Coercive power was negatively associated with effectiveness and expert power was positively associated with the same. Implications of the findings for international managers working in developing countries are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toward lean management? international transferability of Japanese management strategies to Australia
Authors: Shadur Mark A. , Bamber Greg J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThere has been growing international interest in the “lean production” notion with present Japanese car plants as the paragon of this work system. Yet despite its Japanese origins many commentators have taken for granted that this Japanese notion can readily be transferred to other contexts and that it is a preferable alternative to Fordist mass production. Lean management involves continuous improvement, just‐in‐time techniques, total quality management, and team based work organization. These techniques have led to demonstrable major improvements in the efficiency of manufacturing enterprises in Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, and the U.S., as shown by numerous studies. However, there has been little research on the possible transferability of such Japanese management strategies to Australia, which does not have a reputation for having highly committed workers or compliant unions. Therefore, the introduction of lean management in Australia deserves examination. After summarizing the context of the Australian car industry and the literature on lean production, we report on our study of a major car plant, which is based on interviews, observation, and a survey of employees. We were fortunate in having a high degree of cooperation from the company, unions, and government, because this independent study was initiated jointly by these three parties, which is relatively unusual for such research. Although we report several criticisms of lean production, we conclude that, especially when coupled with industry restructuring, lean production can potentially contribute to a substantial improvement in manufacturing competitiveness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic consequences of alternative medication strategies in first episode non-affective psychosis
Authors: Stant A.D. , TenVergert E.M. , Wunderink L. , Nienhuis F.J. , Wiersma D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundMaintenance treatment appears to be successful in preventing relapses in first episode psychosis, but is also associated with side effects. Guided discontinuation strategy is a less intrusive intervention, but may lead to more relapses. In the current economic evaluation, costs and health outcomes of discontinuation strategy will be compared with the results of maintenance treatment in patients with remitted first episode psychosis.MethodThe study was designed as a randomised clinical trial. In total 128 patients were prospectively followed for 18 months after six months of stable remission. The economic evaluation was conducted from a societal perspective. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were used as primary health outcome in the economic evaluation. Relapse rates were assessed in addition to various other secondary outcomes.ResultsThere were no relevant differences in mean costs between groups during the study. Total costs were largely influenced by costs related to admissions to psychiatric hospitals. No differences between groups were found for QALY results.ConclusionsThere were no indications that either of the examined interventions is superior to the other in terms of costs or QALY results. Additional results indicated that the relapse rate in discontinuation strategy was twice as high, but without an increase in hospital admissions or negative consequences on other clinical outcomes. For a minority of remitted first episode patients, guided discontinuation strategy may offer a feasible alternative to maintenance treatment.
Promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training: Preliminary study
Authors: Grepmair Ludwig , Mitterlehner Ferdinand , Loew Thomas , Nickel Marius 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examined whether the promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training can influence the treatment results of their patients. The therapeutic course and treatment results of 196 inpatients, who were treated during a nine week period by nine psychotherapists in training, were compared: in the first phase of the study, the treatment group without (CG, historical control group, n = 55), and in the second phase the treatment group with, (MFG, n = 58) therapists who were currently practicing Zen meditation. The results of treatment were examined (according to the intent-to-treat principle) with the Session Questionnaire for General and Differential Individual Psychotherapy (STEP), the Questionnaire of Changes in Experience and Behaviour (VEV) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and showed significantly better results in the MFG.
Sex and region difference of the expression of ERK in prenatal stress offspring hippocampus
Authors: Cai Qing , Zhu Zhongliang , Huang Shuyun , Li Hui , Fan Xiaoli , Jia Ning , Zhang Boli , Song Liang , Li Qinghong , Liu Jiankang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrenatal stress is known to cause neuronal loss and oxidative damage in the hippocampus of offspring rats. The underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully understood. The extracellularsignal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) is recruited when the brain undergoes synaptic plasticity and remodeling. In the present study, we used Western blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques to examine the effects of prenatal restraint stress (PNS) on the expression of phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) and total ERK. Pregnant rats in the PNS group were exposed to restraint stress on day 14–20 of pregnancy three times daily for 45 min. One‐month‐old offspring rats were used in this experiment. PNS treatment increased the expression of p‐ERK2 compared to that in the control female offspring rats and total ERK2 in female offspring hippocampus compared with that of control group. No significant changes in the amounts of total ERK1 of prenatally offspring hippocampus were observed in both genders compared with control animals. ERK immunodensity was significantly increased in PNS groups in CA3 field in male offspring hippocampus compared with control animals. ERK optical density was significantly increased in PNS female offspring hippocampus CA1, CA3 and CA4 region. However, ERK optical density was not significantly different between male control and PNS groups in CA1, CA4 fields and DG in offspring hippocampus. These findings suggest the sex and region‐dependent effects of prenatal stress on the expression of ERK in offspring hippocampus. ERK expression changes induced by prenatal stress may contribute to hippocampus synaptic plasticity changes of the offspring.
Transmissibility of swine flu at Fort Dix, 1976
Authors: Lessler Justin , Cummings Derek A.T , Fishman Steven , Vora Amit , Burke Donald S 
Published: April 2007

Abstarct
The 1976 outbreak of A/New Jersey/76 influenza in Fort Dix is a rare example of an influenza virus with documented human to human transmission that failed to spread widely. Despite extensive epidemiological investigation, no attempt has been made to quantify the transmissibility of this virus. The World Health Organization and the United States Government view containment of emerging influenza strains as central to combating pandemic influenza. Computational models predict that it may be possible to contain an emergent pandemic influenza if virus transmissibility is low. The A/New Jersey/76 outbreak at the United States Army Training Center at Fort Dix, New Jersey in January 1976 caused 13 hospitalizations, 1 death and an estimated 230 cases. To characterize viral transmission in this epidemic, we estimated the basic reproductive number and serial interval using deterministic epidemic models and stochastic simulations. We estimated the basic reproductive number for this outbreak to be 1.2 (supported interval 1.1–1.4), the serial interval to be 1.9 days (supported interval 1.6–3.8 days), and that the virus had at least six serial human to human transmissions. This places the transmissibility of A/New Jersey/76 virus at the lower end of circulating flu strains, well below the threshold for control.
Quantifying the risk from ovine BSE and the impact of control strategies
Authors: Fryer Helen R , Baylis Matthew , Sivam Kumar , McLean Angela R 
Published: April 2007

Although no naturally infected sheep with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has ever been discovered, it remains possible that BSE once infected the UK sheep population, has been transmitted between sheep, and is still present today. We constructed a mathematical model to assess the current maximum theoretical exposure to consumers from BSE-infected ovine material and to estimate the risk reduction that could be achieved by abattoir-based control options if BSE-infected sheep were ever found in the national flock. We predict that, if present, the exposure to consumers from a single BSE-infected sheep would be high: one sheep, close to the end of its incubation period, is likely to contribute 10–1000 times more infectious material than a fully infectious cow. Furthermore, 30% of this exposure comes from infectivity residing in lymphatic and peripheral tissue that cannot be completely removed from a carcass.
We are 95% confident that throughout Great Britain, no more than four sheep flocks currently harbour an ongoing BSE epidemic. However, since the exposure from a single infected sheep is high, the annual human exposure from four ‘typical’ BSE-infected flocks could be considerable. Small reductions in exposure could be achieved by strategies based on tissue testing, a 12-month age restriction or expanded definitions of high-risk tissues. A six-month age restriction is likely to be more effective and genotype-based strategies the most effective.
Serum albumin‐associated peptides of patients with uterine endometrial cancer
Authors: Kikuchi Satoru , Honda Kazufumi , Handa Yasushi , Kato Hidenori , Yamashita Kohki , Umaki Tomoko , Shitashige Miki , Ono Masaya , Tsuchida Akihiko , Aoki Tatsuya , Hirohashi Setsuo , Yamada Tesshi 
Published: April 2007

The incidence of endometrial cancer is predicted to increase in developed countries. Because of the relatively high incidence of complications and low diagnostic sensitivity associated with endometrial tissue sampling, there is an urgent need for the development of a safe and non‐invasive diagnostic method. The proteomic spectrum of albumin‐associated peptides was obtained from a total of 125 serum samples (92 from endometrial cancer patients and 33 from controls) by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and the candidate markers were selected by the Mann–Whitney U‐test and receiver operator characteristics analysis. We selected three mass peaks at 4769, 6254 and 11 792 m/z from a total of 507 peaks as distinguishing cancer patients from controls (P < 0.00001 and area under curve of over 0.8). When the cut‐off points were defined as the averages of the values in the controls + 2 SD, the combination of the three peptides detected endometrial cancer with a sensitivity of 65.2% (60/92). Even stage I early endometrial cancers were detected with a sensitivity of 60.3% (38/63). Unfortunately, the three peptides were also detected in 44.6% (33/74) of myoma uteri patients, indicating that they are not specific to endometrial cancer. Although a large‐scale study is necessary to confirm the clinical significance of the peptide biomarkers identified in this study, direct profiling of serum‐albumin‐bound peptides by high‐resolution mass spectrometry was proven to have potential as a means of identifying biomarkers for a variety of diseases. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 822–829)