bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-Step Process for the Cyanoethylation of Cotton
Authors: Gruber Arnold H. , Bikales Norbert M. 
Published: March 2008

A simplified one-step process for the partial cyanoethylation of cotton yarn and stock in the package dyeing machine is described. The new feature of this process consists of mixing the required amount of caustic solution with the acrylonitrile, circulating the mixture cold until even distribution of the caustic is obtained on the cotton, and only then heating to reaction temperature. The principal advantages of this procedure are that it eliminates the centrifugation operation of the previously reported two-step process and that it allows the use of water- saturated acrylonitrile with no concurrent increase in by-product formation. Cotton treated by this process is shown to have the improved physical properties characteristic of cyanoethylated cotton. Reconversion of cyanoethylation by-products to acrylonitrile has been achieved and should prove to be of practical importance.
A Comparison of Gradient and Flotation Methods for Determining Density of Degraded Cotton
Authors: Austin J.C. , Roberts J.S. 
Published: March 2008

Using specific gravity columns, the densities of a series of laundered cotton fabrics at 13 levels of regain were determined and compared with values obtained by a flotation method. Pretreatment to remove entrapped air included either centrifuging in organic liquids or boiling in xylene. Water sorption and density curves of the laundered cottons were compared with those of an unlaundered control. Stamm's formula was used for calculations of apparent compression of water. With the unlaundered cotton at low levels of regain, where presumably no mechani cally held water is present, all methods gave comparable results. Variation in values appeared in the control above 3% regain and in the cottons degraded by laundering at all humidity levels. Boiling laundered samples in xylene caused a significant rise in density value. A statistical analysis showed that the gradient method is less sensitive and less re liable than the flotation method for density determinations on degraded cottons.
Effect of Cotton Fiber Bundle Break Elongation and Other Fiber Properties on the Properties of a Coarse and a Medium Singles Yarn
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Sands Jack E. , Little Herschel W. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

Forty-three cottons, varying extensively in fiber properties, were used to show the relationship between cotton fiber properties, particularly fiber bundle break elongation, and the properties of a coarse and medium yarn. In addition, there are presented some practical aspects of a speculative nature based on the results. The cottons were proc essed into a series of yarns of varying twists. Fiber break elongation, along with five other fiber properties (length, fineness, strength, length variability, and maturity), was correlated with yarn break elongation at twists for maximum skein strength, maximum single strand strength, and at two constant twists (4.00 and 5.00 T.M.). It was found that yarns produced from these cottons varied considerably in strength and elongation at break. Yarn strength and break elongation were found to be directly related for the commercially grown short and medium staple cottons, but the long staple and the experimental, strong-fibered cottons were found to be anomalous in that they produced yarns whose strength was disproportionate to their fiber break elongation. Based on multiple correlation analyses, fiber break elongation ranked first and strength ranked second in importance as contributors to yarn elongation for a 30/1 yarn at twists for maximum strength. Secant modulus (average stiffness) and "toughness" index of fibers and yarns are suggested as quality indices for evaluating processing efficiency. This study also demon strated the necessity of controlling carefully spinning and other processing conditions in evaluating the elastic properties of cotton yarns.
The Effect of Yarn Twist on Fabric Crease Recovery
Authors: Steele Richard 
Published: March 2008

When fabrics are bent or creased in other than the warp or fill directions, the de formation of the individual yarns has a torsional component. The interaction of this component with the twist of the yarn should result in anisotropic creasing behavior in the fabric. Crease recovery as a function of test direction was measured for a number of fabrics. Anisotropy attributable to torsion-twist interaction was found in cellulosic fabrics when strong directional effects due to such factors as twill ribs were not introduced by the fabric construction. The effect could be qualitatively related to the yarn twists. With fibers of greater intrinsic resilience, such as wool, nylon, or acetate, the crease recovery was essentially isotropic. When cellulosic fabrics were treated with dimethylol urea, their crease recovery not only became greater but also was more nearly isotropic.
The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Woo H.K. , Dusenbury J.H. , Dillon J.H. 
Published: March 2008

The acid-catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with cellulose has been studied under conditions comparable to those of formaldehyde treatments carried out in textile finish ing plants. Cotton, Fortisan, and viscose rayon fabrics were treated at different pad- bath pH values (2.0, 2.2, and 2.4) and formaldehyde concentrations, at different tempera tures (110°, 120°, and 130° C.), and for different periods of time. At the higher pH values of 2.2 and 2.4, the cross-linking reaction seems to take place primarily in the amorphous regions of the fibers; at the lowest pH, a very rapid reaction occurs in the amorphous regions, accompanied and followed by diffusion of formaldehyde into the crystalline regions which controls the observed reaction rate. Both the rate and extent of reaction appear to depend on the state of internal order of the cellulosic material, being least for cotton, the material of highest crystallinity. Fortisan and viscose rayon have about the same degree of crystallinity, but the reaction with Fortisan is more rapid which causes the extent of reaction at later times to be greater than that observed for viscose rayon. Two possible explanations are either that the higher orientation of Forti san facilitates the cross-linking process or that recrystallization occurs during acid hy drolysis, and viscose rayon has a relatively higher rate of recrystallization. The results of X-ray diffraction studies carried out on the variously treated cellulosic fibers are con sistent with the proposed reaction mechanisms.
The Absorption of Dyes by Cellulose Acetate from Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Heit Calvin , Moncrieff-Yeates Mary , Palm Ann , Stevens Mildred , White Howard J. 
Published: March 2008

Results are given for the absorption of three disperse dyes by secondary cellulose acetate from solutions n benzene at 25° C. and 35° C. Additional results are given on the absorption of one of the dyes from solutions in methanol, butyl acetate, and carbon tetrachloride at 25° C. Formally the isotherms can be well represented by Langmuir's equation. The results obtained using different solvents show that, in general, the solvents do not act as inert transfer media but effect the basic absorption process for the dye. It is shown that the results can be explained if it is assumed that some solvents compete with the dye for absorption sites within the fiber.
Epoxy Resin Blended Finishes for White Cottons'
Authors: Gagliardi D.D. , Shippee F.B. 
Published: March 2008

New finishes based on blends of epoxy resins with selected aldehydes, acetals, formaldehyde-amino resins, hemiacetals, and polymeric materials such as silicones, polyethylene, polyacrylates, and epoxy based plasticizers have been explored to produce new and improved effects on white cotton fabrics. With some of the formulated blends, durable wash-and-wear finishes, crease resistance, and dimensional stability are obtained which will stand repeated laundering and chlorine bleaching operations. An outstand ing finish for white cottons has been developed based on combinations of epoxy resins with dimethylol ethylene urea. The practical conditions of cloth preparation, drying and curing cycles, choice of catalysts, washing procedures, and afterfinishing operations are described for obtaining optimum results. Also discussed are the limitations of these and other presently avail able finishes for cotton, with special emphasis on some theoretical possibilities for new cotton fiber modification.
Fiber Structure and Mechanical Properties of Untreated and Modified Cottons
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , DeLuca Lloyd B. , Burgis Albert W. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

A brief review of investigations relating fiber structure to mechanical properties of cotton is given. The relationship of fibril alignment, as measured by the x-ray technique, to the strength and elongation properties of cottons covering a wide range in physical properties is discussed. Alteration of mechanical properties of cotton brought about by degradation in hydrochloric acid, mercerization, decrystallization in ethylamine, resin treatment, and acetylation are related to changes in the fiber structure. The effects of stresses imposed during some treatments are discussed.
Concerning the Mechanisms of Fiber and Yarn Lubrication
Authors: Schlatter C. , Olney R.A. , Baer B.N. 
Published: March 2008

In the past, the main approach to the problems of friction and its modification, as they apply to textile structures, has been to determine the coefficient of friction and to develop a general determinant for this constant. It is suggested in this paper that a quantitative measure of the frictional relationships between fiber and fiber or between fiber and some other material, rather than being a reasonably constant quantity, is a highly unreasonable variable. This is especially true if the fiber is coated with a finish, which is usually the case; then in addition to depending on such variables as contact pressure and area, stress-strain characteristics of the fiber, etc., the coefficient of friction will depend on such factors as the physical and chemical Characteristics of the finish, the amount of finish present, the relative speeds of the surfaces in frictional contact, and so on. The authors feel that it may be of greater practical significance to evaluate qualita tively the changes that take place in the frictional characteristics (type as well as magnitude) with given changes in the above-described variables. The observed behavior may then be related to performance in the various unit processes employed in textile manufacturing. Evidence justifying this point of view is presented in the paper, and some rather speculative explanations correlating finish properties and frictional behavior are given.
A Study of the Relationship Between Breaking Time and Breaking Load for Fabrics Tested on CRE and CRT Machines
Authors: Tweedie Audrey S. , Mitton Margaret T. , Fry J. Margaret 
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the relation between breaking time and breaking load for six different fabrics, using 1-in. ravelled strips with 3-in. initial clamp separation, tested on a constant-rate-of-specimen-extension (CRE) machine operated at a number of rates of extension, i.e., cross-head speed. The fabrics used were cotton nainsook, heavy cotton duck, acetate/viscose gabardine, viscose crepe, and nylon taffeta, so as to cover a range of extensibilities and breaking loads. In general these fabrics showed a decrease in breaking load with increase in breaking time, as has also been reported in the literature for studies on fibers and yarns. Tests were also carried out on constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) pendulum machines at two or three different speeds for each fabric. Good agreement was obtained between the breaking loads measured on the CRE and CRT machines when compared at equal breaking times. To put the measurement of breaking load of fabrics on a constant-breaking-time basis appears to offer the best means of obtaining comparable results with different types and capacities of testing machines. A breaking time of 20 ± 3 sec. has recently been proposed by ISO/TC 38 for single-strand testing of yarns on CRE, CRT, and CRL (constant-rate-of-loading) machines. The data obtained in this study on fabrics suggest that a breaking time of 20 ± 3 sec. will also be suitable for the measurement of the break ing load of fabrics on different types and capacities of machines. No evidence was ob tained in favor of a longer breaking time such as the 60 ± 10 sec. commonly used with CRL machines abroad.
Chemical and Physical Effects of Finishing Cotton With Methylol Derivatives of Ethyleneurea
Authors: Frick J.G. , Kottes Bethlehem A. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the mechanism by which cotton is made wrinkle resistant by dimethylol ethyleneurea. Estimates are made of the length of cross-links and the relative effect of several factors, including processing conditions, cross-linkage, and acid damage, on the loss in strength of the fabric on treatment. ' Various methylol derivatives of ethyleneurea were used in the study of the effect on chemical and physical properties. It has been demonstrated that the methylol deriva tives of ethyleneurea react chemically with cellulose under the influence of acidic catalysts. Metallic salts are most efficient in promoting this reaction. Both mono functional and difunctional compounds react with the cellulose. The latter, however, cause cross-linkage, which effects marked changes in the physical properties of the treated cotton fabric, particularly wrinkle resistance. Dimethylol ethyleneurea forms cross-links averaging 1.4-1.5 ethyleneurea residues in length. These residues are con nected by methylene groups. The effects of variations in catalyst, composition of the finishing agent, and curing conditions are shown. Relation of the findings to practical finishing is discussed.
Some Observations on the Vibration and Whirling of Continuously Loaded Spindles
Authors: Wroe D. , Nissan A.H. 
Published: March 2008

Formulas are derived for the frequency of flexural vibration of a vertical uniformly tapered circular shaft mounted at one end. The Rayleigh and Dunkerley methods are used and the results compared both with known results of exact analysis and with experi ment. On the basis of an extension of Dunkerley's principle, a simple formula is derived for the effect of the mass of a textile package on the critical speed of a vertical shaft held at its base.
Part II: Effects of Strains During Swelling, Washing, and Drying
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Burgis Albert W. , Creely Joseph J. , Mares Trinidad , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

Yarns from samples of Pima S-1 and Hopi Acala varieties were merceriud and decrystallized when strain was controlled to provide unrestricted shrinkage in length, normal length, and 3% extension beyond normal length during ethylamine treatment. Comparisons of effects of sodium hydroxide and ethylamine at different strain conditions were made from measurements on the cellulose, tensile properties of fiber bundles and yarns, and elastic behavior of the yarns. Densities of the mercerized are in general below those of the decrystallized if occluded solvents are removed. The lower densities are in accord with the higher moisture regains for mercerized than decrystallized cottons. Strains had no influence on the crystallinity ratio during decrystallization but pre vented complete conversion to cellulose type II in mercerization. The decreases in bundle tenacities with increases in gauge length were essentially equal in the decrys tallized and untreated cottons but smaller in the mercerized. Yarn tenacities of the mercerized and untreated increased as the moisture regain was increased, white those of the decrystallized were essentially equal at standard and wet conditions. Elongation at break was decreased by strain during treatment and increased with moisture in the sample when tested. The slack mercerized or decrystallized yarns when strained to less than 2% of their elongation at break have greater recovery and less permanent set than the untreated. At high strains or stresses the reverse in recovery and permanent set was found. Yarns treated at normal length have no appreciable difference in re covery and permanent set from that of the untreated.
Studies of the Movement of Wool Fibers in Fabrics During Felting, With Particular Reference to the Permanency of Pleats
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel 
Published: March 2008

Pleats in a worsted fabric which were fast to relaxation in hot water were readily destroyed by light hand washing. This has been shown to be due to small movements of the fibers, of the order of 0.5-1.0 mm. These movements are the initial stage of felting. They destroy the pleats by blurring the position of the region of maximum set and by imposing temporary opposing sets on the fibers. The shape of the fibers has been studied, and their radius of curvature and two other parameters have been meas ured. Fibers from unpleated regions of the fabric undergo similar movements and deforma tions on washing, but their overall shape is unchanged, since it is determined by the geometry of the fabric.
Electric Network Analog Study of Viscous Flow Normal to Parallel, Evenly Spaced Cylinders
Authors: Shearer J. Lowen 
Published: March 2008

In connection with the study of viscous flow of liquids and gases between textile fibers, an electric resistance network analog was employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for creeping flow normal to an infinite array of circular cylinders arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The results of the analog study predict flow resistances approximately four times as great as those measured with real packages of fibers. The factor of four diner ence between predicted and experimentally measured resistances is very likely due to the uneven spacing of fibers in the real case, giving some very large passages which offer relatively little resistance to a significant fraction of the flow. However, the variation of flow resistance with porosity appears the same, on a per centage basis, for the analog prediction based on equally spaced fibers as for the experi mentally measured resistance of real fiber masses which are unequally spaced in a random fashion. Thus neither the predicted nor measured flow resistance varies with fiber mass porosity in accordance with the Carmen-Kozeny formula which has been successfully applied to flows through granular beds; there is now little reason to believe that the large variation of the Kozeny "constant" with porosity of the fiber mass is due simply to shift of passage size distribution with degree of packing of the textile fibers.
Interpretation of Fiber Properties
Authors: Lefferdink T.B. , Briar H.P. 
Published: March 2008

The resistance of fibers to fracture due to fatigue in flexure is shown to correlate with the wear life of socks and can be used to explain other fabric abrasion resistance phenomena. When single fibers are flexed over a rounded metal bar, the log of the number of flexures to failure has been found to be approximately linearly related to the radius of curvature of the surface of the bar and to the tension on the fiber during the test. An empirical equation is presented relating these variables along with some of the deter mined values for the various proportionality constants for several common fiber types. The relative resistances of different types of fiber to scraping and grinding actions of emery particles was measured and compared with the generally accepted abrasion resistance of fabrics of these fibers. The correlation was so poor as to indicate only a slight probability that the grinding mechanism plays an important role in normal fabric abrasion.
Polyolefin Fibers and Polymer Structure'
Authors: Erlich Victor L. 
Published: March 2008

The polyolefins (or, more restrictedly, the poly-alpha-olefins) are a growing family of polymers which comprise the straight linear polyethylene or polymethylene and its derivatives. Their fiber-forming properties are based on the paraffinic backbone com mon to all these polymers; the derivatives can have an infinite variety of structures, and this has an extremely pronounced influence upon the fiber properties. Present polymerization chemistry and technique permit close control of these structures to a high degree of purity and in turn the control of the fibers processed therefrom. Length and distribution of the molecular chains, their stereospecific configurations, and crystallinity and its degree are shown in their effect on the polyethylenes (low to high density) and on polypropylene, and future developments are foreseen. The case of the polyolefin fibers is not that of "one more" synthetic fiber ; the polyolefins may well become the classical, even textbook example of the intricate relationship between molecular structure and fiber properties. As a new textile material the polypropylene fiber is of particular interest economically and in its characteristics—all the more so as problems such as ultraviolet stability and dyeability are being overcome.
Blending Cottons Differing Widely in Maturity
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Louis Gain L. , Sands Jack E. 
Published: March 2008

The blending of extremely fine and coarse cottons was investigated as a possible way of economically using these difficult-to-market cottons in the blended form. Two cottons differing appreciably in fiber fineness (approximately 3.0 and 6.0 μg./in.) but having other pertinent fiber properties about equal were blended together to produce a mixture averaging about 4.0 μg./in. in fineness. For comparative purposes a control cotton also averaging about 4.0 μg./in. in fineness was used. The blended and control cottons were spun into coarse and medium yarns of varying twists and into yarn num bers suitable for weaving Type 128 sheeting (64 X 64). The spinning efficiency of the two cottons was evaluated, on a pilot plant basis, in terms of ends down per thousand spindle hours. Waste, nep count, yarn properties (skein and single strand strength, break elonga tion, uniformity, and grade), and end breakage rate in spinning were similar for the blended and control cottons. Microscopical examination of yarn cross sections did not reveal any migratory tendencies of either the fine or coarse fibers. For the same yarn number the blended and control cottons produced yarns of similar diameters and softness values.
Influence of Na5P2O10-CaCl2-H2O Phase Equilibrium on Laundering of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Diamond W.J. , Grove J.E. 
Published: March 2008

Study of the phase equilibrium diagram for the CaCl2-Na5P2O10-H 2O system sug gested that washing phenomena would depend on the phase region as well as specific CaCl2 or Na5P2O10 concentration. Radioactive zirconyl phosphate was used as a redeposition soil, and tagged sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate was used for determination of detergent adsorption on cotton fabric. Ca ++ concentrations from 0 to 5.5 mmoles/l. were reacted with sodium tripolyphosphate concentrations from 0 to 32 mmoles/l. The quantity of radioactive ingredients deposited was measured after a 10-min. wash cycle in a Turg-O-Tometer. Desorption by a 5-min. rinse cycle was also evaluated. Both redeposition and rinsability depend upon the CaCl2-Na5P2O 10 phase region in which washing is performed. Higher tripolyphosphate concentrations in the wash cycle retard redeposition and promote the rinsing of detergent from cotton fabrics. Hardness of water definitely influences both redeposition and rinsability. The influence of tripolyphosphate on re deposition is most pronounced at low soil loads.