bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of In‐Situ Vitrification at the Parsons Chemical Site
Authors: Timmerman Craig L. , Zintak Leonard N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article presents the results of demonstration of Geosafe Corporation's in‐situ vitrification (ISV) technology at the Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises Superfund site in Grand Ledge, Michigan. The primary focus of this article is on the EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program assessment of the sixth melt. A total of eight melts were performed during this project. This demonstration was part of the SITE Program Demonstration (USEPA, 1994), which helped develop innovative hazardous waste treatment technologies, especially those offering permanent remedies for contaminated Superfund and other hazardous waste sites. The demonstration results are not only applicable to this particular project, but are also indicative of other Geosafe project experiences and demonstrate the current state of the ISV technology. The demonstration included two phases. In the first phase, the ISV technology was used to treat the Parsons contaminated soil. In the second phase, post‐testing and analysis were conducted about one year after the ISV technology was applied to confirm that the vitrification was completed and that no contamination migration had occurred.
Making the CERCLA Criteria Analysis of Remedial Alternatives More Objective
Authors: Grelk Brian J. , Kloeber Jack M. , Jackson Jack A. , Parnell Gregory S. , Deckro Richard F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article shows how decision analysis techniques assisted decision makers in the critical RI/FS task of technology selection at a specific Superfund site. Each remediation alternative's performance was quantified by creating a set of objective evaluation measures tied to the criteria mandated in the comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. The evaluation measure scores were input into a quantitative decision analysis model used to rank alternatives based on their performance relative to the CERCLA criteria, and to provide insight to the sensitivity of the results to changes in decision maker preferences or technology performance. The model is designed to reflect the site decision maker's preferences and the site‐specific characteristics within the framework of the nine CERCLA criteria. This model will give Superfund site decision makers an objective and transparent framework to evaluate remedial technologies.
Examination of a New Remedial Technology for Capping Contaminated Sediments: Large‐Scale Laboratory Evaluation of Sediment Mixing and Cap Resistance to Erosive Forces
Authors: Hull John H. , Jersak Joseph M. , McDonald Blair J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe potential effectiveness of a new composite‐aggregate capping technology, AquaBlokTM—in physically isolating contaminated, fine‐grained sediments derived from an Ohio, Lake Erie tributary—was evaluated in the laboratory. In particular, large‐scale settling‐column studies were conducted to determine the degree to which composite‐aggregate material penetrates into and/or mixes with the sediment, perhaps affecting the degree to which sediment could be physically isolated through capping. Additionally, large‐scale flume studies were conducted to determine resistance of the composite‐aggregate material to significant and long‐term, fluvial‐like erosive forces; the resistance of other potential capping materials was also evaluated for comparison. Experimental results indicate that the composite‐aggregate material effectively isolates sediment through the formation of a continuous and relatively erosion‐resistant, hydrated capping layer atop the sediments.
You Know Your Environmental Contractor Is Out of Control When…
Authors: Hippensteel David L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFar too often private industry is caught in situations where they become responsible for environmental characterization and remediation projects. The processes involved in successfully completing such tasks may be foreign to the responsible industry. In such cases, an environmental contractor is hired to perform the necessary work. While many environmental contractors claim a high level of ethics and customer orientation, the very essence of their jobs should make the responsible industrial client wary. Far too often, environmental characterizations and remediations become too drawn out and costly. Far too often, environmental contractors need “just a little more data” to complete otherwise simple tasks. To guard against the phenomenon of “never‐ending environmental work,” responsible industrial clients that do not have environmental expertise on their staff would do well to retain a senior level independent environmental contractor to watch out for the best interests of the responsible industry. While the hiring of a contractor to watch a contractor may seem redundant and cost inefficient, the truth of the matter is the exact opposite. By bringing in an expert in environmental characterization and remediation, the responsible industrial client essentially hires another technical employee. It is best to hire this person as a member of the company to avoid additional overhead costs. If such an “environmental guardian” cannot be hired or found, then the responsible industrial client must learn to recognize the warning signs of an environmental characterization or remediation project that is out of control and should be stopped and regrouped. These warning signs become more apparent as time goes on (and money is spent). Having an experienced independent environmental contractor “look over the shoulder” of another contractor is just good business sense. One could say that it is the “potentially responsible party's” (PRP's) right to a second opinion.
Phytoremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Potential Regulatory Acceptability
Authors: Rock Steven A. , Sayre Philip G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhytoremediation has received attention recently, due to promising field test results that indicate potential cost savings when compared with conventional treatments. The various plant‐based technologies that comprise the category phytoremediation have some similarities, many differences, and different possible applications. Each application will be site specific and must be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis by a regulator. A treatment remedy must be “protective of human health and the environment, maintain protection over time, and minimize untreated waste” (40 CFR 300.430). The regulator's view of phytoremediation is the same as for any proposed remediation technology and asks the basic questions, “Why do you think this technology will decrease risk to human health and the environment, and how will you show that it works?” This article reviews issues related to acceptance of the technology and discusses some of the regulations that may be applicable to phytoremediation.
Remediation of groundwater contamination through conjunctive use of landfill gas management and soil vapor extraction
Authors: Hibbs Sherrie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe recently completed performance testing of a conjunctive‐use operation has demonstrated the applicability of combined landfill gas and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) removal with overall contaminant migration management. The extraction of landfill gas (with subsequent control of off‐site gas migration) and the removal of VOCs from the landfill gas/soil air environment will minimize VOC solubilization in the underlying groundwater. This, in turn, will permit cost efficient management of contaminant migration at the site.
Evaluation of surface water quality impacts of hazardous chemical sites
Authors: Lee G. Fred , Jones‐Lee Anne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCommon deficiencies in the typical evaluation of the surface water quality impacts of hazardous chemical sites are discussed. Particular attention is given to deficiencies in monitoring stormwater runoff, as well as the input of contaminated groundwaters that lead to impairment of the beneficial uses of nearby surface waters because of site‐derived hazardous and deleterious chemicals. An alternative approach, Evaluation Monitoring, is presented in this paper. Evaluation Monitoring shifts the monitoring program from periodic sampling and analysis of stormwater runoff and ambient waters for a suite of chemical parameters, to examining the receiving waters to determine what, if any, water quality use impairments are occurring in surface waters due to the runoff‐associated constituents and shallow groundwater input.
A comparison of mesophilic composting and unamended land treatment for the bioremediation of aged tar residues in soil
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA field study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of land treatment and mesophilic composting in removing aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from soil. The soil composting treatment, which had 20 percent (w/w) fresh organic matter incorporated into the soil, reached mesophilic temperatures of 45 to 50°C at week 3–4 and was effective in reducing PAH from 2240 mg/kg to 120 mg/kg after 224 days of treatment. Conventional land treatment with and without added cow manure (5 percent w/w) was less effective in removing the PAH from the soil than was the mesophilic soil composting treatment. In a parallel laboratory trial, PAH concentrations were reduced below 500 mg/kg (the target cleanup concentration for the site) when the contaminated soil was amended with 20 to 30 percent (w/w) fresh organic matter after 186 days of treatment. PAH degradation was lower in the laboratory trial compared with the field trial and no self‐heating of soil was demonstrated in the laboratory. Based on the relatively high total heterotrophic and naphthalene‐degrading microbial populations in the nonsterile treatments, it was apparent that the absence of microorganisms was unlikely to have limited the biodegradation of PAH in the current study. Fresh organic matter amendments of green tree waste and cow manure, regular mixing of the compost, and maintenance of moisture by regular watering were critical factors in achieving the target PAH concentrations.
In‐situ bioremediation of amine‐ and glycol‐contaminated soils using low‐intervention methods
Authors: Lee Douglas W. , Portier Ralph J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiological plugs are an innovative, low‐intervention, in‐situ bioremediation methodology for both saturated and unsaturated contaminated soils. They are modular in‐ground immobilized microbe bioreactors designed to rapidly increase the oxidation of organic contaminants by placing an adapted consortia of microorganisms in close proximity to the contaminants of concern. The approach is versatile, in that contaminants can be remediated in‐situ without the removal of existing structures as well as being able to efficiently and economically treat contaminants over a large area. Amine‐ and glycol‐contaminated soils at gas sweetening plants, represent a significant problem in magnitude, prevalence, and risk along pipelines stretching through Canada's western provinces. A field pilot study was conducted at an isolated former gas sweetening plant in northwestern Alberta. Monoethyamine (MEA) and several glycols were successfully remediated in situ in a 138‐day time frame. Soil toxicity was significantly reduced. The engineering challenges and associated economics of remediating such isolated sites are also presented.
Rethinking groundwater monitoring at the Hanford Site
Authors: Michael Daniel , Dresel Evan , Chou Charissa , Murray Chris , Gilbert Dick , Pulsipher Brent 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGroundwater monitoring at Department of Energy's (DOE's) Hanford Site is a large, expensive undertaking serving multiple purposes, including compliance with regulations and DOE orders, remediation efforts under CERCLA, and sitewide risk evaluations. Like most large Federal facilities, the monitoring program currently in place has evolved and grown overtime as new requirements were established and groups were assigned to address them. DOE and its regulators simultaneously awakened to the fact that there was a need to reevaluate the monitoring activities at Hanford, to better integrate the program, to avoid duplicative sampling, to improve everyone's understanding of the performance of the network, and to evaluate whether adequate data could be collected for lower cost. This paper describes the approch that was developed to guide the rethinking effort with direct and extensive involvement of DOE, EPA, Washington Department of Ecology, Indian Tribes, and DOE Contractors, and how this approach was applied to a large portion of the site. Both the human element of the process (cultural change), as well as some of the technical details associated with the effort, including a flexible application of EPA's data quality objectives process, are discussed.
Validation of petroleum hydrocarbon extraction methodologies
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSolvents, the extraction time and extraction method, influence the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. This paper emphasizes the importance of establishing, and being consistent in the application of, a vigorous extraction, particularly for commercial laboratories that handle samples of soil in batches, at different times, from a single site investigation or remediation process. It is important that laboratories are aware of the performance of their soil contaminant extraction procedures. Equally important is that analytical laboratories communicate to you, the practitioner and user of the data, what variables there are in soil contaminant extractions, whether it be PAH, fuel, or recalcitrant organics, and how these can impact on the final data quality.
The treatment of contaminated water at remedial wood preserving sites
Authors: Grosse Douglas W. , Bates Edward R. , Sahle‐Demessie Endalkachew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContaminated groundwater and surface water have posed a great challenge in restoring wood preserving sites to beneficial use. Often contaminated groundwater plumes extend far beyond the legal property limits, adversely impacting drinking water supplies and crop lands. To contain, treat, and/or remediate these valuable resources is an important part of restoring these impacted sites. Various options are available for remediating the groundwater and other affected media at these sites. Frequently, pump and treat technologies have been used that can provide well‐head treatment at installed extraction wells. This approach has shown to be costly and excessively time consuming. Some of the technologies used for pump and treat are granular activated carbon (GAC), biotreatment, and chemical oxidation. Other approaches use in‐situ treatment applications that include enhanced bioremediation, monitored natural attenuation (biotic and abiotic), and chemical reduction/fixation. Ultimately, it may only be feasible, economically or practicably, to use hydraulic containment systems. Depending upon site‐specific conditions, these treatment approaches can be used in various combinations to offer the best remedial action. A comparison of water treatment system costs extrapolated from the treatability studies performed on contaminated groundwater from the McCormick/Baxter Superfund site in Stockton, California, yielded operation and maintenance costs of $1.19/1,000 gal. for carbon treatment and $7.53/1,000 gal. for ultraviolet (UV) peroxidation, respectively.
Fiberboard plant emissions control using a silent discharge plasma
Authors: Snyder Hans R. , Coogan John J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA silent discharge plasma reactor was constructed to test a potential industrial application for controlling volatile organic carbon emission from fiberboard manufacturing plants. The reactor consisted of a cylindrical single barrier dielectric barrier discharge cell connected to a high‐voltage ac power supply. Various concentrations of turpene in air were introduced into the reactor under dry and wet conditions. The destruction removal efficiencies (DRE) were monitored using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and the concentrations of carbon dioxide generated from the oxidation ofturpene were monitored using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). It was found that 90 percent of the turpenes could be removed at modest energy densities and that adding water to the gas mix greatly enhanced the destruction of the turpenes. However, even at high energy densities, the oxidation of turpenes did not completely form carbon dioxide. The results suggest that the Silent Discharge Plasma (SDP) system can be used to control the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fiberboard plants, but that further testing is needed to limit the emission of carbon monoxide.
Analytical, Risk Assessment, and Remedial Implications Due to the Co‐Presence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Terphenyls at Inactive Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Pagano James J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInvestigations conducted at three inactive hazardous waste sites in New York State have confirmed the co‐presence of polychlorinated hiphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) in soils, sediments, and biota. The PCTs at all three sites were positively identified as Aroclor 5432, with the most probable source being the hydraulic fluid Pydraul 312A utilized for high‐temperature applications. The identification of the lower‐chlorinated PCT formulations in environmental samples is problematical, since PCT Aroclors 5432 and 5442 are not chromatographically distinct from the higher‐chlorinated (PCB) Aroclors 1254, 1260, 1262, and 1268 using conventional gas chromatography–electron capture detection. Results from this study indicate that U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) approved PCB methods routinely utilized by most commercial laboratories based on Florisil adsorption column chromatography cleanup are inadequate to produce valid chromatographic separation and quantitative results with soils, sediment, and biota samples containing both PCBs and PCTs. The presence of co‐eluting PCBs and PCTs precludes accurate quantitation due to significant differences in PCB/PCT electron capture detector response factors, and the potential for misidentification of PCT Aroclors as higher chlorinated PCB Aroclors. A method based on alumina column adsorption chromatography was used, allowing for the accurate identification and quantitation of PCB and PCT Aroclors. The results of this study suggest that the utilization of alumina adsorption column separation may have applicability and regulatory significance to other industrially contaminated sites which historically used Pydraul 312A. Inferences.
Multimedia permitting: A new approach to environmental regulation
Authors: Bryson Nancy S. , Koehn Susan R. , Hemmersbaugh Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExisting federal and state environmental regulatory structures divide the world into three mutually exclusive “media”: air, water, and land. Many experts believe that both pollution prevention and technological innovation would benefit from an integrated, multimedia permitting process. This article profiles groundbreaking programs in the two states that have taken the lead in multimedia permitting—New Jersey and Massachusetts.
Improving public understanding of environmental issues through effective communication
Authors: Shetler Melissa A. , Mangone Flaminia E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA lack of understanding about the environmental implications of a proposed project may cause the public to perceive a risk of inflated value and, ultimately, bring the project to a complete and permanent standstill. The authors outline an approach to public education and involvement that focuses on two‐way communication and promotes the development of acceptable solutions to critical environmental issues.
Economic incentives for TQEM: Are they in your future?
Authors: Bergeson Lynn L. , Campbell Lisa M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTraditional command‐and‐control regulations provide few opportunities for total quality environmental management because they usually do not take into account cost and efficiency factors. However, in the past several years both Congress and EPA have shown increasing interest in using incentive‐type approaches to regulate the environment. These include taxes, marketable pollution privileges, deposits and refunds, information disclosure provisions, and subsidies. The author details examples of each and discusses how they can effectively complement a quality program.
Packaging waste measurement—A key element in digital's total quality program
Authors: Nielsen Larry J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeasurement of packaging waste is a key element of the Total Quality Management program at Digital Equipment Corporation. This case study shows how the company uses measurement techniques to set priorities for which areas of packaging waste should be addressed first and to track improvements over time. To date, an 1,800‐ton annual reduction in packaging waste has been achieved, with associated annual savings of $2.7 million.
Environmental leadership plus total quality management equals continuous improvement
Authors: Bhushan Abhay K. , MacKenzie James C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractXerox was one of the first U.S. companies to discover that environmentally sound practices not only result in good community relations, but also often more than pay for themselves. This case study describes the application of the quality process to environmental management at Xerox and shows how a focus on prevention, employee involvement, teamwork, and the use of quality principles and tools can improve profitability for any company.
A quality approach to environmental communication
Authors: Harrison E. Bruce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToo often in the past, public relations professionals were consulted only when there was a problem—or a crisis—that needed explaining. The author provides a model for a process‐oriented approach to environmental communication that focuses on building and sustaining positive public relationships over time. The key is dialogue with critical publics as well as links with other important actors in the environmental drama that can help position you as part of the solution, not the problem.
Total quality practitioner. Improving environmental process
Authors: Greenberg Richard S. , Unger Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQuick fix. Putting out firs. Do it over. Fix it again. Bottlenecks. Come back to it later. Out of stock. Back order. Not what we ordered. Is that the best you can do? It's the contractor's fault. Not within specs. Defective. Nobody's perfect. Lost in the system. Over budget. Delayed. Late penalities. Fines.