bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of carbon dioxide emission through the sorption in situ using a fluidised bed reactor
Authors: Żukowski Witold , Englot Sylwia , Baron Jerzy , Kandefer Stanisław , Olek Małgorzata 
Published: January 2009

Reduction of carbon dioxide emission through the sorption in situ using a fluidised bed reactor
The paper discusses the possibility of using the reversible reaction CaCO3 ↔ CaO + CO2 for the cyclic capture and release of CO2 directly inside a fluidised bed combustor. This could lead to the lowering of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, as part of an effort to mitigate the greenhouse effect associated with the rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulting from obtaining energy from burning fossil fuels.
An enrichment coefficient E has been introduced and defined as a measure of the production of CO2 (on calcining CaCO3) or its removal (on carbonation of CaO) with respect to the level associated with fuel combustion alone. The observations made on the effect of introducing an additional external stream of CO2 on the efficiency of the chemical capture process have been described. Through an appropriate control of the temperature inside the reactor it is possible to change the value of E over the range [-0.8; 0.8]. This implies that up to about 80% of the CO2 derived from the fuel can be temporarily retained within the bed and released later, at a higher concentration. The proposed method of burning fuel in a chemically active fluidised bed could be an available method leading to CO2 isolation from the flue gases and leading to its eventual sequestration.
Long-term interaction of coal combustion by-product with water
Authors: Żygadło Maria , Woźniak Magdalena 
Published: January 2009

Long-term interaction of coal combustion by-product with water
A terrestrial disposal of the fly ash has been regarded as a potential source of contamination due to the enrichment and surface association of trace elements in ash particles. In laboratory conditions the leaching of soluble components existing in ashes proceeds in a different way than in land deposits.
On the landfill site coal combustion by-products are under the pressure of atmosphere agents, especially water, sun and rain activity (drying and wetting alternately), freeze/thaw (in cold climate) and gases included in the air. Also the time of exposition is an important parameter.
In the presented experiment the observed dynamics of ash solubility over a long period of time provides the evidence that in the ash-water system, a variety of precipitation processes dominate the solubility of solid mass. Simulating the weathering by the freeze/thaw test approximates the effectuated changes in ash particles structure.
The leaching of a particular ash component depends on reactions in the ash-water systems.
Solidification by compaction of the material is often favoured because of the cementitious properties of ashes being in contact with water. Secondary hydrated minerals such as ettringite, portlandite and calcite are formed during a contact with water. Calcium -silicate hydrates, aluminate-hydrates and gypsum can occur as secondary minerals. The solubility of such new phases and the solidification process determine the leaching characteristics of the ash mass.
Value of diagnostic radioiodine scintigraphy and thyroglobulin measurements after rhTSH injection
Authors: de Keizer B. , de Klerk J. M. H. , Lentjes E. G. W. M. , Lips C. J. M. , van Isselt J. W. , Verburg F. A. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryMeasurements of thyroglobulin (Tg) levels 72 h after administration of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) are recommended by the manufacturer in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). In our department, Tg measurements are performed both 24 h and 72 h after administration of rhTSH, together with 72 h post rhTSH 131I whole body scintigraphy (WBS). The objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic usefulness of Tg measurements 24 and 72 h after rhTSH administration, and 131I WBS. Patients and methods: 181 patients were included who had been referred to our Nuclear Medicine Department for follow-up after 131I ablation of DTC. Tg measurements 24 h (Tg24) and 72 h (Tg72) after rhTSH, and 131I WBS, were done in all patients. The lower detection limit of Tg was 0,2 μg/l. Results: 47 patients (26%) had detectable Tg levels: in 4/47 cases (8%) only Tg24 was detectable (always <1 μg/l), and in 6/47 cases (11%), only Tg72 was detectable. In 10/47 patients with detectable Tg-levels, Tg24 and Tg72 tested equally. In 27/47 cases, Tg24 was lower, and in 10/47 higher, than Tg72. Two patients with one or two positive Tg-test results also had a positive 131I WBS. In 8 patients (14%) only the 131I WBS was positive; an anatomical substrate for such a Tgnegative positive WBS was confirmed in only 2 patients. Conclusion: Tg-measurement 72 hours after rhTSH injection reveals all clinically relevant detectable Tg-levels. Diagnostic 131I scintigraphy may be omitted, even in highrisk patients.
Radiation exposure in the environment of patients after application of radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Boldt F. , Kobe C. , Hammes J. , Eschner W. , Schicha H. , Sudbrock F. 
Published: January 2009

Summary
Aim: After therapeutical application of radionuclides the patient has to be regarded as a radioactive source. The radiation exposure differs from diagnostic nuclear medicine due to the amount of radioactivity and due to β-radiation. Measurements of photon dose rates were carried out and estimates of β-radiation outside the patient using Monte-Carlo methods. Calculations of maximum β-ranges in tissue were also performed. Detailed knowledge of the radiation exposure close to the patient is of major importance with respect to radiation protection of the staff. Method: Photon dose rates for 32 patients were determined after treatment with [131I]NaI and [131I]meta-iodobenzylguanidin, [32P]Na2HPO4, [90Y]Zevalin and [153Sm]EDTMP. Readings were taken immediately after application at eight distances. Results: For therapies with 131I photon dose rates amount to 2 mSv·h-1·GBq-1 close to the patient. Taking the typical activities of 3.7 GBq for thyroid carcinoma and up to 11 GBq for mIBG therapies into account this leads to a considerable radiation exposure of approximately 7.5 mSv/h and 20 mSv/h, respectively. At a distance of 2 m the dose rates fall to 1/100 compared to the vicinity. For 153Sm the maximum of 100 μSv·h-1·GBq-1 is significantly lower compared to therapies using radioiodine. After application of 32P or 90Y all photon dose rates are lower (>10 μSv·h-1·GBq-1) but in both cases high energy β-particles associated with high maximum ranges exceeding 1 cm in tissue have to be considered. Conclusion: The remarkable difference of the dose rates in the vicinity of the radioactive patient compared to readings at 2 m distance underlines the major importance of the distance for radiation protection. After application of nuclides emitting high energy β-particles their contribution outside the patient should be considered. For typical procedures in the patient's vicinty the radiation exposure of the personnel remains below the annual limit of 20 mSv.
Three-phase 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT in the evaluation of prostate cancer recurrence
Authors: Steiner Ch. , Vees H. , Zaidi H. , Wissmeyer M. , Berrebi O. , Kossovsky M. P. , Khan H. G. , Miralbell R. , Ratib O. , Buchegger F. 
Published: January 2009

Summary
Aim: Contribution of 3-phase 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT in suspected prostate cancer recurrence at early rise of PSA. Patients, methods: Retrospective analysis was performed in 47 patients after initial treatment with radiotherapy (n = 30) or surgery (n = 17). Following CT, 10 minutes list-mode PET acquisition was done over the prostate bed after injection of 300 MBq of 18F-fluorocholine. Three timeframes of 3 minutes each were reconstructed for analysis. All patients underwent subsequent whole body PET/CT. Delayed pelvic PET/CT was obtained in 36 patients. PET/CT was interpreted visually by two observers and SUVmax determined for suspicious lesions. Biopsies were obtained from 13 patients. Results: Biopsies confirmed the presence of cancer in 11 of 13 patients with positive PET for a total of 15 local recurrences in which average SUVmax increased during 14 minutes post injection and marginally decreased in delayed scanning. Conversely inguinal lymph nodes with mild to moderate metabolic activity on PET showed a clearly different pattern with decreasing SUVmax on dynamic images. Three-phase PET/CT contributed to the diagnostic assessment of 10 of 47 patients with biological evidence of recurrence of cancer. It notably allowed the discrimination of confounding blood pool or urinary activity from suspicious hyperactivities. PET/CT was positive in all patients with PSA ≥ 2 ng/ml (n = 34) and in 4/13 patients presenting PSA values <2 ng/ml. Conclusion: 18F-fluorocholine 3-phase PET/CT showed a progressively increasing SUVmax in biopsy confirmed cancer lesions up to 14 minutes post injection while decreasing in inguinal lymph nodes interpreted as benign. Furthermore, it was very useful in differentiating local recurrences from confounding blood pool and urinary activity.
Myeloablative radioimmunotherapy with 188Re-CD66mAb before stem cell transplantation
Authors: Steinbach G. , Bunjes D. , Reske S.N. , Buchmann I. , Mutschler J. 
Published: January 2009

Summary
Aim: Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) serum levels may increase due to intensive conditioning regimes with highdose- chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) before stem cell transplantation. This increases the risk for developing acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) after stem cell transplantation. In this prospective study we investigated the influence of radioimmunotherapy with 188Re- CD-66-mAb on changes on TNF-α serum levels. Patients, methods: In 18 patients we measured TNF-α before and up to 96 hours after radioimmunotherapy, in 2 patients in addition following TBI, in 9 patients also following chemotherapy. For measuring TNF-α we used an automated immunochemiluminescence assay (Immulite 1000 DPC Biermann, Bad Nauheim). The mean follow up period to record incidence of aGVHD was 100 days after stem cell transplantation. Results: Compared to the basal levels before, the levels of TNF-α after conditioning with 188Re-CD-66-mAb did not increase significantly and remained in the physiological range. In contrast, these initial physiological cytokine levels increased and became pathological following 48 h after total body irradiation (13.2 ± 6.6 pg/ml) and chemotherapy (10.8 ± 15.7 pg/ml). In our study we found a low incidence of aGvHD (22.2%, n = 4/18). Conclusion: These results demonstrate that additional conditioning therapy with 188Re-CD-66-mAb does not increase proinflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α. This finding may indicate that additive radioimmunotherapy may not be a significant factor for increasing the rate of conditioning- associated aGvHD.
Highly Efficient Hole Injection Using Polymeric Anode Materials for Small‐Molecule Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Choudhury Kaushik Roy , Lee Jaewon , Chopra Neetu , Gupta Alok , Jiang Xuezhong , Amy Fabrice , So Franky 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel, highly efficient hole injection material based on a conducting polymer polythienothiophene (PTT) doped with poly(perfluoroethylene‐perfluoroethersulfonic acid) (PFFSA) in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is demonstrated. Both current–voltage and dark‐injection‐current transient data of hole‐only devices demonstrate high hole‐injection efficiency employing PTT:PFFSA polymers with different organic charge‐transporting materials used in fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. It is further demonstrated that PTT:PFFSA polymer formulations applied as the hole injection layer (HIL) in OLEDs reduce operating voltages and increase brightness significantly. Hole injection from PTT:PFFSA is found to be much more efficient than from typical small molecule HILs such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) or polymer HILs such as polyethylene dioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT‐PSS). OLED devices employing PTT:PFFSA polymer also demonstrate significantly longer lifetime and more stable operating voltages compared to devices using CuPc.
Game theory application to Fed Cattle procurement in an experimental market
Authors: Carlberg Jared G. , Hogan Robert J. , Ward Clement E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractConsolidation in meatpacking has elicited many market power concerns and studies. A noncooperative, infinitely repeated game theory model was developed and an empirical model estimated to measure beef packing firm behavior in cattle procurement. Experimental market data from three semester‐long classes using the Fed Cattle Market Simulator (FCMS) were used. Collusive behavior was found for all three data periods though the extent of collusion varied across semester‐long data periods. Results may have been influenced by market conditions imposed on the experimental market in two of the three semesters. One was a marketing agreement between the largest packer and two feedlots and the other involved limiting the amount and type of public market information available to participants. Findings underscore the need for applying game theory to real‐world transaction‐level, fed cattle market data. [EconLit Citations: C730, L100]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vertical integration and cost behavior in poultry industry in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria
Authors: Bamiro Olasunkanmi M. , Shittu Adebayo M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article, the influence of vertical integration on cost behavior in poultry farming in southwestern Nigeria is examined. The study was based on primary data obtained in cross‐section survey of 211 randomly selected poultry farms in the study area. An average farmer in the sample was 44 years old; 85% were males and 72% had tertiary education. An average poultry farm in the sample had 4,342 birds, about half of which were laying birds. A set of cost and revenue share equations estimated by Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method revealed that vertical integration (measured in proxy by value‐added sales ratio) is feed and veterinary service using, labor saving, and output augmenting. However, the scale effect of vertical integration was found to be higher in layers production than what obtains in broilers and cock/cockerel productions. [EconLit citations: Q120, D240, R340]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mergers and acquisitions, employment, wages, and plant closures in the U.S. meat product industries
Authors: Nguyen Sang V. , Ollinger Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on wages, employment, and plant closures in the meat packing, prepared meat products, and poultry slaughter and processing industries during two merger periods, 1977–1987 and 1982–1992. The analysis relies on two balanced panel datasets of all plants owned by meat and poultry firms that existed in the 1977 Census of Manufacturing and survived until 1987 and another dataset of plants that existed in 1982 and survived until 1992. We find that (a) M&As are positively associated with wages in the meat packing and prepared meat products industries during 1977–1987, but not during 1982–1992; (b) changes in employment are positively related to M&As in all three meat and poultry industries during 1977–1987, but only in the poultry industry during 1982–1992; and (c) M&As are generally negatively associated with plant closures [EconLit. Citations: J630]. © 2009 wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding heterogeneous preferences of cooperative members
Authors: Kalogeras Nikos , Pennings Joost M.E. , van der Lans Ivo. A. , Garcia Philip , van Dijk Gert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe study the heterogeneity in the preference structure of cooperative members. Using conjoint analysis the utility that members attach to intra‐organizational and strategic attributes of their cooperative is elicited. Recognizing that members are not homogenous, a concomitant finite‐mixture regression model is employed to allow preferences to vary across different member segments. With data from 120 cooperative members, we find that most members demonstrate rather similar preferences for strategic attributes but differ with respect to the intra‐organizational attributes of control and management. Members' preference structures are affected by business size and attitudes towards risk. [EconLit Citations: Q130; M000, C400]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra‐firm trade in the context of European integration: evidence from the French multinational agribusiness
Authors: Chevassus‐Lozza Emmanuelle , Galliano Danielle 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article identifies the factors that lead multinational firms to internalize their international exchanges and aims to determine the impact of the implementation of the Single European Market on firms' strategies. We analyze the interaction between the microeconomic characteristics of firms and those of their environment because this interaction determines a multinational firm's decision to internalize trade. The empirical work is based on the ‘industrial globalization’ survey conducted by the French statistics institutes in 1993 and 1999. With regard to the French agri‐food trade, there has been an increase in intra‐firm (IFT) trade within the EU‐15 borders and the European multinational networks. The main determinants of intra‐firm trade are the firms' need to generate economies of scale and to protect and exploit their ‘firm‐specific advantages’ related to the technology and nature of the product. The model sheds light on the role and the development of intra‐regional networks of subsidiaries. [JEL classifications: F10, F14, F23]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative variability of cyanogenesis in Cathariostachys madagascariensis—the main food plant of bamboo lemurs in Southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Ballhorn Daniel J. , Kautz Stefanie , Rakotoarivelo Fanny P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGiant bamboo (Cathariostachys madagascariensis) is a major food plant for three sympatric species of bamboo‐eating lemurs (Hapalemur aureus, H. griseus, and Prolemur simus) in the rain forests of southeastern Madagascar. This plant species is strongly cyanogenic. However, quantitative data on cyanide concentration in C. madagascariensis are scarce. Previous studies reported 15 mg cyanide per 100 g fresh shoot material (corresponding to approx. 57 µmol cyanide per gram dry weight). However, we found mean concentrations (±SE) ranging from 139.3±19.32 in ground shoots to 217.7±16.80 µmol cyanide per gram dry weight in branch shoots. Thus, cyanogenesis of C. madagascariensis was up to four times higher than reported before. In contrast to the strongly cyanogenic shoots no cyanide could be detected in differently aged leaves of C. madagascariensis confirming earlier studies. Within individual shoots fine‐scaled analysis revealed a characteristic ontogenetic pattern of cyanide accumulation. Highest concentrations were found in youngest parts near the apical meristem, whereas concentrations decreased in older shoot parts. Beyond the general intra‐individual variability of cyanogenic features analyses indicated site‐specific variability of both, the ontogenetic pattern of cyanide concentration as well as the total amount of cyanide accumulated in shoots. Additionally, analyses of soluble proteins—one important nutritive measure affecting food plant quality—demonstrated a converse quantitative relation of protein concentrations in leaves to cyanide concentration in shoots at the site‐specific level. We, thus, suggest integrative analyses on quantitative variation of cyanogenesis together with nutritive plant parameters in future studies. This approach would allow obtaining more detailed insights into spatial variability of giant bamboo's overall browse quality and its impact on lemur herbivores. Am. J. Primatol. 71:305–315, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleation: What Happens at the Initial Stage?
Authors: Zhang Tian Hui , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDie anfängliche Struktur von Kristallkeimen hängt vom Grad der Übersättigung ab. Bei niedrigen Übersättigungen entstehen flüssigkeitsartige Kristallkeime, die mit zunehmender Größe N einen kontinuierlichen Strukturübergang zu kristallartigen Keimen vollziehen. Dieses allmähliche Wachstum führt zu einer erniedrigten Keimbildungsbarriere ΔG*, und im Vergleich zur anfänglichen Bildung kristallartiger Cluster ist die Keimbildung erleichtert.magnified image
Nucleation: What Happens at the Initial Stage?
Authors: Zhang Tian Hui , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCrystallizing growth: The initial structure of crystal nuclei is supersaturation‐dependent. At low degrees of supersaturation, liquid‐like nuclei are formed initially, which undergo a continuous structure transition from liquid‐like to crystal‐like as the size N increases. This gradual structure evolution substantially lowers the nucleation barrier ΔG* and facilitates the nucleation relative to the formation of crystal‐like clusters from the beginning.magnified image
Cataloging professionals in the digital environment: A content analysis of job descriptions
Authors: Park Jung‐ran , Lu Caimei , Marion Linda 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study assesses the current state of responsibilities and skill sets required of cataloging professionals. It identifies emerging roles and competencies focusing on the digital environment and relates these to the established knowledge of traditional cataloging standards and practices. We conducted a content analysis of 349 job descriptions advertised in AutoCAT in 2005–2006. Multivariate techniques of cluster and multidimensional‐scaling analyses were applied to the data. Analysis of job titles, required and preferred qualifications/skills, and responsibilities lends perspective to the roles that cataloging professionals play in the digital environment. Technological advances increasingly demand knowledge and skills related to electronic resource management, metadata creation, and computer and Web applications. Emerging knowledge and skill sets are increasingly being integrated into the core technical aspects of cataloging such as bibliographic and authority control and integrated library‐system management. Management of cataloging functions is also in high demand. The results of the study provide insight on current and future curriculum design of library and information‐science programs.
Identifying significant facilitators of dark network evolution
Authors: Hu Daning , Kaza Siddharth , Chen Hsinchun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSocial networks evolve over time with the addition and removal of nodes and links to survive and thrive in their environments. Previous studies have shown that the link‐formation process in such networks is influenced by a set of facilitators. However, there have been few empirical evaluations to determine the important facilitators. In a research partnership with law enforcement agencies, we used dynamic social‐network analysis methods to examine several plausible facilitators of co‐offending relationships in a large‐scale narcotics network consisting of individuals and vehicles. Multivariate Cox regression and a two‐proportion z‐test on cyclic and focal closures of the network showed that mutual acquaintance and vehicle affiliations were significant facilitators for the network under study. We also found that homophily with respect to age, race, and gender were not good predictors of future link formation in these networks. Moreover, we examined the social causes and policy implications for the significance and insignificance of various facilitators including common jails on future co‐offending. These findings provide important insights into the link‐formation processes and the resilience of social networks. In addition, they can be used to aid in the prediction of future links. The methods described can also help in understanding the driving forces behind the formation and evolution of social networks facilitated by mobile and Web technologies.