bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of hearing preservation after stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuroma
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Khan Aftab , Flickinger John C. , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: March 2009

Object
Many patients with acoustic neuromas (ANs) have hearing function at diagnosis and desire to maintain it. To date, radiosurgical techniques have been focused on conformal irradiation of the tumor mass, with less attention to inner ear structures for which there was scant radiobiological information. The authors of this study evaluated tumor control and hearing preservation as they relate to tumor volume, imaging characteristics, and nerve and cochlear radiation dose following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using the Gamma Knife.

Methods
Seventy-seven patients with ANs had serviceable hearing (Gardner-Robertson [GR] Class I or II) and underwent SRS between 2004 and 2007. This interval reflected more recent measurements of inner ear dosimetry during the authors' 21-year experience. The median patient age was 52 years (range 22–82 years). No patient had undergone any prior treatment for the ANs. The median tumor volume was 0.75 cm3 (range 0.07–7.7 cm3), and the median radiation dose to the tumor margin was 12.5 Gy (range 12–13 Gy). At diagnosis, a greater distance from the lateral tumor to the end of the internal auditory canal correlated with better hearing function.

Results
At a median of 20 months after SRS, no patient required any other additional treatment. Serviceable hearing was preserved in 71% of all patients and in 89% (46 patients) of those with GR Class I hearing. Significant prognostic factors for maintaining the same GR class included (all pre-SRS) GR Class I hearing, a speech discrimination score (SDS) ≥ 80%, a pure tone average (PTA) < 20 dB, and a patient age < 60 years. Significant prognostic factors for serviceable hearing preservation were (all pre-SRS) GR Class I hearing, an SDS ≥ 80%, a PTA < 20 dB, a patient age < 60 years, an intracanalicular tumor location, and a tumor volume < 0.75 cm3. Patients who received a radiation dose of < 4.2 Gy to the central cochlea had significantly better hearing preservation of the same GR class. Twelve of 12 patients < 60 years of age who had received a cochlear dose < 4.2 Gy retained serviceable hearing at 2 years post-SRS.

Conclusions
As currently practiced, SRS with the Gamma Knife preserves serviceable hearing in the majority of patients. Tumor volume and anatomy relate to the hearing level before radiosurgery and influence technique. A low radiosurgical dose to the cochlea enhances hearing preservation.
Entrapment of the glossopharyngeal nerve in patients with Eagle syndrome: surgical technique and outcomes in a series of 5 patients
Authors: Shin John H. , Herrera Sebastian R. , Eboli Paula , Aydin Sabri , Eskandar Emad H. , Slavin Konstantin V. 
Published: March 2009

Object
Eagle syndrome is characterized by unilateral pain in the oropharynx, face, and earlobe, and is caused by an elongated styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament with associated compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The pain syndrome may be successfully treated with surgical intervention that involves resection of the styloid process. Although nerve decompression is routinely considered a neurosurgical intervention, Eagle syndrome and its treatment are not sufficiently examined in the neurosurgical literature.

Methods
A review was performed of cases of Eagle syndrome treated in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center over the last 7 years. The clinical characteristics, radiographic imaging, operative indications, procedural details, surgical morbidity, and clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results
Of the many patients with facial pain treated between 2001 and 2007, 7 were diagnosed with Eagle syndrome, and 5 of these patients underwent resection of the elongated styloid process. There were 4 women and 1 man, ranging in age from 20 to 68 years (mean 43 years). The average duration of disease was 11 years. In all patients, a preoperative workup revealed unilateral or bilateral elongation of the styloid process. All patients underwent resection of the styloid process on the symptomatic side using a lateral transcutaneous approach. There were no surgical complications. All patients experienced pain relief immediately after the operation. At the latest follow-up (average 46 months, range 7 months to 7.5 years) all but 1 patient maintained complete pain relief. In 1 patient, the pain recurred 12 months postoperatively and additional interventions were required.

Conclusions
Eagle syndrome may be considered an entrapment syndrome of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It is a distinct clinical entity that should be considered when evaluating patients referred for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The authors' experience indicates that patients with Eagle syndrome may be successfully treated using open resection of the elongated styloid process, which appears to be both safe and effective in terms of long-lasting pain relief.
The influence of focal brain cooling on neurophysiopathology: validation for clinical application
Authors: Oku Takayuki , Fujii Masami , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Imoto Hirochika , Uchiyama Joji , Oka Fumiaki , Kunitsugu Ichiro , Fujioka Hiroshi , Nomura Sadahiro , Kajiwara Koji , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Kato Shoichi , Saito Takashi , Suzuki Michiyasu 
Published: March 2009

Object
Focal brain cooling has been recognized to have a suppressive effect on epileptiform discharges or a protective effect on brain tissue. However, the precise influence of brain cooling on normal brain function and histology has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiopathological consequences of focal cooling and to detect the threshold temperature that causes irreversible histological change and motor dysfunction.

Methods
The experiments were performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 250–350 g) after induction of halothane anesthesia. A thermoelectric chip (6 × 6 × 2 mm) was used as a cooling device and was placed on the surface of the sensorimotor cortex after a 10 × 8–mm craniotomy. A thermocouple was placed between the chip and the brain surface. Focal cooling of the cortex was performed at the temperatures of 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, and −5°C for 1 hour (5 rats in each group). Thereafter, the cranial window was repaired. Motor function was evaluated using the beam-walking scale (BWS) every day for 7 days. The rats were killed 7 days after the operation for histological examination with H & E, Klüver-Barrera, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling stainings. The authors also euthanized some rats 24 hours after cooling and obtained brain sections by the same methods.

Results
The BWS score was decreased on the day after cooling only in the −5°C group (p < 0.05), whereas the score did not change in the other temperature groups. Histologically, the appearance of cryoinjury such as necrosis, apoptosis, loss of neurons, and marked proliferation of astrocytes at the periphery of the lesion was observed only in the −5°C group, while no apparent changes were observed in the other temperature groups.

Conclusions
The present study confirmed that the focal cooling of the cortex for 1 hour above the temperature of 0°C did not induce any irreversible histological change or motor dysfunction. These results suggest that focal brain cooling above 0°C has the potential to be a minimally invasive and valuable modality for the treatment of severe brain injury or to assist in the examination of brain function.
Relevance of intracranial hypertension for cerebral metabolism in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Nagel Alexandra , Graetz Daniela , Schink Tania , Frieler Katja , Sakowitz Oliver , Vajkoczy Peter , Sarrafzadeh Asita 
Published: March 2009

Object
Intracranial hypertension, defined as intracranial pressure (ICP) ≥ 20 mm Hg, is a complication typically associated with head injury. Its impact on cerebral metabolism, ICP therapy, and outcome has rarely been studied in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); such an assessment is the authors' goal in the present study.

Methods
Cerebral metabolism was prospectively studied in 182 patients with aSAH. The database was retrospectively analyzed with respect to ICP. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on ICP. There were 164 with low ICP (< 20 mm Hg) and 18 with high ICP (≥ 20 mm Hg, measured > 6 hours/day). Cerebral microdialysis parameters of energy metabolism, glycerol, and glutamate levels were analyzed hourly from the brain parenchyma of interest for 7 days. The 12-month outcome in these patients was evaluated.

Results
In the high ICP group, extended ICP therapy including decompressive craniectomy was necessary in 7 patients (39%). Cerebral glycerol levels and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were pathologically increased on Days 1–7 after aSAH (p < 0.001). The excitotoxic neurotransmitter glutamate and glycerol, a marker of membrane degradation, further increased on Days 5–7, probably reflecting the development of secondary brain damage. An ICP ≥ 20 mm Hg was shown to have a significant influence on the 12-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (p = 0.001) and was a strong predictor of mortality (OR = 24.6; p < 0.001). Glutamate (p = 0.012), the lactate/pyruvate ratio as a marker of anaerobic metabolism (p = 0.028), age (p < 0.001), and Fisher grade (p = 0.001) also influenced the GOS score at 12 months.

Conclusions
The authors confirmed the relevance of intracranial hypertension as a severe complication in patients with aSAH. Because high ICP is associated with a severely deranged cerebral metabolism and poor outcome, future studies focusing on metabolism-guided, optimized ICP therapy could help minimize secondary brain damage and improve prognosis in patients with aSAH.
Localization of bone marrow stromal cells to the injury site after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats
Authors: Seyfried Donald M. , Han Yuxia , Yang Dongmei , Ding Jennifer , Shen Li Hong , Savant-Bhonsale Smita , Chopp Michael 
Published: March 2009

Object
Previous studies demonstrated that intravascular injection of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly improved neurological functional recovery in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). To further investigate the fate of transplanted cells, we examined the effect of male rat BMSCs administered to female rats after ICH.

Methods
Twenty-seven female Wistar rats were subjected to ICH surgery. At 24 hours after ICH, these rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and injected intravenously with 1 ml phosphate-buffered saline or 0.5 million or 1 million male rat BMSCs in phosphate-buffered saline. To evaluate the neurological functional outcome, each rat was subjected to a series of behavioral tests (modified neurological severity score and corner turn test) at 1, 7, and 14 days after ICH. The rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally and killed, and the brain tissues were processed at Day 14 after ICH. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to identify cell-specific markers.

Results
The male rat BMSCs significantly improved the neurological functional outcome and also significantly diminished tissue loss when intravenously transplanted into the rats after ICH. Immunoassay for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and neuronal markers demonstrated a significant increase in the number of BrdU-positive cells, which indicated endogenous neurogenesis, and a significant increase in the number of cells positive for immature neuronal markers. In situ hybridization showed that more BMSCs resided around the hematoma of the rats treated with the 1-million-cell dose compared with the 0.5-million-cell–dose group. In addition, a subfraction of Y chromosome–positive cells were co-immunostained with the neuronal marker microtubule-associated protein–2 or the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Conclusions
Male rat BMSCs improve neurological outcome and increase histochemical parameters of neurogenesis when administered to female rats after ICH. This study has shown that the intravenously administered male rat BMSCs enter the brain, migrate to the perihematomal area, and express parenchymal markers.
Stereotactic coordinates associated with facial musculature contraction during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus
Authors: Gorgulho Alessandra A. , Shields Donald C. , Malkasian Dennis , Behnke Eric , DeSalles Antonio A. F. 
Published: March 2009

Object
High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with parkinsonian symptoms is often used to ameliorate debilitating motor symptoms associated with this condition. However, individual variability in the shape and orientation of this relatively small nucleus results in multiple side effects related to the spread of electrical current to surrounding structures. Specifically, contraction of the muscles of facial expression is noted in a small percentage of patients, although the precise mechanism remains poorly understood.

Methods
Facial muscle contraction was triggered by high-frequency stimulation of 49 contacts in 18 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation of the STN. The mean coordinates of these individual contacts relative to the anterior commissure–posterior commissure midpoint (also called the midcommissural point) were calculated to determine the location or structure(s) most often associated with facial contraction during physiological macrostimulation.

Results
The x, y, and z coordinates associated with contraction of the facial musculature were found to be 11.52, 1.29, and 1.15 mm lateral, posterior, and inferior to the midcommissural point, respectively. This location, along the lateral-anterior-superior border of the STN, may allow for the spread of electrical current to the fields of Forel, zona incerta, and/or descending corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts. Because stimulation of corticobulbar tracts produces similar findings, these results are best explained by the spread of electrical current to nearby internal capsule axons coursing lateral to the STN.

Conclusions
Thus, if intraoperative deep brain stimulation lead testing results in facial musculature contraction, placement of the electrode in a more medial, posterior position may reduce the amount of current spread to corticobulbar fibers and resolve this side effect.
Sampling and Sample Preparation in Process Analysis
Authors: Creasy Kenneth E. , Francisco Troy W. , Baughman Ernie H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to the important design characteristics of sampling and sample preparation systems for process analytical measurements, as well as to discuss several of the most commonly used configurations for gas‐ and liquid‐phase process streams. Design criteria essential to the success of any process‐analyzer installation are discussed at length, and the pitfalls associated with neglecting these items are highlighted. This article provides an overview of what must be considered while building the interface between the analytical instrument and the process stream. It is not intended to be a comprehensive dissertation on the subject or a tutorial. The reader is referred to literature references and textbooks for detailed explanations and relevant design formulae. In addition, we also provide several sections regarding calibration procedures, maintenance concerns, and safety considerations.
Vertical Phase Separation in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene): Fullerene Derivative Blends and its Advantage for Inverted Structure Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Zheng , Chen Li‐Min , Yang Guanwen , Huang Chun‐Hao , Hou Jianhui , Wu Yue , Li Gang , Hsu Chain‐Shu , Yang Yang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA method which enables the investigation of the buried interfaces without altering the properties of the polymer films is used to study vertical phase separation of spin‐coated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):fullerene derivative blends. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis reveals the P3HT enrichment at the free (air) surfaces and abundance of fullerene derivatives at the organic/substrate interfaces. The vertical phase separation is attributed to the surface energy difference of the components and their interactions with the substrates. This inhomogeneous distribution of the donor and acceptor components significantly affects photovoltaic device performance and makes the inverted device structure a promising choice.
The potential of current high‐resolution imaging‐based particle size distribution measurements for crystallization monitoring
Authors: Larsen P. A. , Rawlings J. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHigh‐speed, in situ video microscopy is a promising technology for measuring critical solid‐phase properties in suspension crystallization processes. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of high‐resolution, video‐imaging‐based particle size distribution (PSD) measurement by applying image analysis and statistical estimation tools to images from a simulated batch crystallization of an industrial photochemical. The results also demonstrate the ability to monitor important quality parameters, such as the ratio of nuclei mass to seed mass, that cannot be monitored by conventional technologies. General recommendations are given for achieving appropriate sampling conditions to enable effective imaging‐based PSD measurement. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A patient with Baller–Gerold syndrome and midline NK/T lymphoma
Authors: Debeljak Marusa , Zver Aleksandra , Jazbec Janez 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree autosomal recessive disorders are associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene: Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), Baller–Gerold syndrome (BGS), and RAPADILINO syndrome. BGS is characterized by two major clinical abnormalities: craniosynostosis and preaxial limb anomalies but not cancer development. We performed RECQL4 mutation detection in a patient with BGS and several clinical signs of RTS who developed a midline NK/T‐cell lymphoma. Sequencing was used to identify RECQL4 mutations, and RNA analysis was used to examine expression of mRNA in leukocytes. The patient was found to be compound heterozygous for two mutations in exon 15, namely c.[2492_2493delAT] + c.[2506_2518del13bp]. We found that only the allele with 13 bp deletion was expressed in blood leukocytes. Our patient showed severe phenotypic abnormalities, with clinical signs of both BGS and RTS. She developed an extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, which is extremely rare in children of her age and is the first described case of BGS with development of a cancer. This case of a RECQL4‐related disorder highlights the significant phenotypic overlap between the classically delineated RECQL4‐associated syndromes and questions the need to redefine or combine these clinical entities. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognition and mood in Parkinson's disease in subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation: The COMPARE Trial
Authors: Okun Michael S. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Wu Samuel S. , Kirsch‐Darrow Lindsey , Bowers Dawn , Bova Frank , Suelter Michele , Jacobson Charles E. , Wang Xinping , Gordon Clifford W. , Zeilman Pam , Romrell Janet , Martin Pam , Ward Herbert , Rodriguez Ramon L. , Foote Kelly D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveOur aim was to compare in a prospective blinded study the cognitive and mood effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) vs. globus pallidus interna (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson disease.MethodsFifty‐two subjects were randomized to unilateral STN or GPi DBS. The co‐primary outcome measures were the Visual Analog Mood Scale, and verbal fluency (semantic and letter) at 7 months post‐DBS in the optimal setting compared to pre‐DBS. At 7 months post‐DBS, subjects were tested in four randomized/counterbalanced conditions (optimal, ventral, dorsal, and off DBS).ResultsForty‐five subjects (23 GPi, 22 STN) completed the protocol. The study revealed no difference between STN and GPi DBS in the change of co‐primary mood and cognitive outcomes pre‐ to post‐DBS in the optimal setting (Hotelling's T2 test: p = 0.16 and 0.08 respectively). Subjects in both targets were less “happy”, less “energetic” and more “confused” when stimulated ventrally. Comparison of the other 3 DBS conditions to pre‐DBS showed a larger deterioration of letter verbal fluency in STN, especially when off DBS. There was no difference in UPDRS motor improvement between targets.InterpretationThere were no significant differences in the co‐primary outcome measures (mood and cognition) between STN and GPi in the optimal DBS state. Adverse mood effects occurred ventrally in both targets. A worsening of letter verbal fluency was seen in STN. The persistence of deterioration in verbal fluency in the off STN DBS state was suggestive of a surgical rather than a stimulation‐induced effect. Similar motor improvement were observed with both STN and GPi DBS. Ann Neurol 2009
Serum biomarker for progranulin‐associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Sleegers Kristel , Brouwers Nathalie , Van Damme Philip , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Gijselinck Ilse , van der Zee Julie , Peeters Karin , Mattheijssens Maria , Cruts Marc , Vandenberghe Rik , De Deyn Peter P. , Robberecht Wim , Van Broeckhoven Christine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveMutations that lead to a loss of progranulin (PGRN) explain a considerable portion of the occurrence of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We tested a biomarker allowing rapid detection of a loss of PGRN.MethodsWe used an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to measure in serum the PGRN protein levels of six affected and eight unaffected carriers from within an extended Belgian founder family segregating the null mutation IVS1+5G>C. Further, we measured serum PGRN levels in 2 patients with another null mutation (a Met1 and a frameshift mutation), in 4 patients carrying a predicted pathogenic missense mutation and in 5 patients carrying a benign missense polymorphism, in 9 unaffected noncarrier relatives, and in 22 community controls.ResultsSerum PGRN levels were reduced in both affected and unaffected null mutation carriers compared with noncarrier relatives (pexact < 0.0001), and allowed perfect discrimination between carriers and noncarriers (sensitivity: 1.0; 1 − specificity: 0.0). Serum PGRN levels in Cys139Arg and Arg564Cys mutation carriers were significantly lower than in controls, but greater than in null mutation carriers, fitting the hypothesis of partial loss of function caused by these missense mutations. As expected, levels for carriers of benign missense polymorphisms were not significantly different from controls.InterpretationOur results indicate that the serum PGRN level is a reliable biomarker for diagnosing and early detection of frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by PGRN null mutations, and provided the first in vivo evidence that at least some missense mutations in PGRN may lead to a (partial) loss of PGRN. Ann Neurol 2009