bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unique Allacustrine Migration Patterns of a Bull Trout Population in the Pend Oreille River Drainage, Idaho
Authors: DuPont Joseph M. , Brown Richard S. , Geist David R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We captured and radio-tagged six adult bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in a spawning tributary of the East River basin, Idaho. These fish were tracked for a year to determine the type of migration they endured to reach their overwintering and spawning locations. Our tracking efforts revealed that the fish made complex postspawning migrations downstream and then upstream either towards or into Lake Pend Oreille. To reach the lake, bull trout migrated at least 12 km out of the East River basin into the Priest River, traveled 34 km down the Priest River into the Pend Oreille River, and then turned upstream and migrated 36 km to Lake Pend Oreille. Three of the six bull trout returned to the East River basin during the subsequent spring. These movement patterns are uniquely complex and extensive for outlet-spawning or allacustrine bull trout. This work illustrates the type of allacustrine migrations bull trout can have and suggests the need for new approaches for accomplishing bull trout population expansion into historically occupied habitats. Eliminating barriers downstream of lakes could potentially contribute to and increase bull trout populations considerably.
Genetic Evidence for Relict Atlantic Sturgeon Stocks along the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the USA
Authors: Wirgin Isaac , Grunwald Cheryl , Stabile Joseph , Waldman John 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus is a highly migratory anadromous acipenserid that is distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America. The abundance of Atlantic sturgeon has not increased appreciably in recent years despite the imposition of a moratorium on its harvest in U.S. waters in 1998. Two measures being considered to restore depleted or extirpated populations are designation of Atlantic sturgeon as federally endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the use of hatchery-reared fish to supplement natural reproduction. Implementation of these approaches requires detailed knowledge of this species' population structure. Previous genetic stock identification studies failed to address the discreteness of Atlantic sturgeon populations along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast that historically supported two of the largest fisheries for the species. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data to elucidate the population structure of Atlantic sturgeon in the Delaware River and two tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, the James and York rivers. Haplotypes of individuals from these rivers were compared with those from 14 other estuaries. Levels of mtDNA diversity were moderately high; 45 haplotypes were observed among the 860 specimens analyzed. We found significant temporal instability of haplotypes among collections of subadults made in different years from the Delaware River, including haplotypes not seen elsewhere and others that were common in the adjoining Hudson River and Albemarle Sound. This finding suggests that natural reproduction of a genetically distinct population still occurs in the Delaware River, but that it also hosts migrant subadults from elsewhere. In contrast, temporal instability of haplotype frequencies was absent among collections from different years in the Hudson River. Although private haplotypes were absent from the James and York River samples, significant frequency differences between these collections and those from elsewhere suggest that some tributaries of Chesapeake Bay still host genetically unique populations of Atlantic sturgeon.
Bypass System Modification at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River Improved the Survival of Juvenile Salmon
Authors: Ferguson John W. , Sandford Benjamin P. , Reagan Rachel E. , Gilbreath Lyle G. , Meyer Edward B. , Ledgerwood Richard D. , Adams Noah S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFrom 1987 to 1992, we evaluated a fish bypass system at Bonneville Dam Powerhouse 2 on the Columbia River. The survival of subyearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released into the system ranged from 0.774 to 0.911 and was significantly lower than the survival of test fish released into turbines and the area immediately below the powerhouse where bypass system flow reentered the river. Yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon and yearling coho salmon O. kisutch released into the bypass system were injured or descaled. Also, levels of blood plasma cortisol and lactate were significantly higher in yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon that passed through the bypass system than in fish released directly into a net located over the bypass exit. This original system was then extensively modified using updated design criteria, and the site where juvenile fish reentered the river was relocated 2.8 km further downstream to reduce predation on bypassed fish by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis. Based on studies conducted from 1999 to 2001, the new bypass system resulted in high fish survival, virtually no injuries to fish, fish passage times that were generally similar to water travel times, and mild stress responses from which fish recovered quickly. The mean estimated survival of subyearling Chinook salmon passing through the new bypass system was 0.946 in 2001, which was an usually low‐flow year. Survival, physical condition, passage timing, and blood physiological indicators of stress were all useful metrics for assessing the performance of both bypass systems and are discussed. The engineering and hydraulic criteria used to design the new bypass system that resulted in improved fish passage conditions are described.
Mitochondrial DNA Haplotype Diversity in Apparent XY Female Fall‐Run and Spring‐Run Chinook Salmon in California's Central Valley
Authors: Williamson Kevin S. , May Bernie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype diversity between putative XY females and genetically normal females of fall‐ and spring‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in California's Central Valley were compared to ascertain whether or not a subset of mtDNA haplotypes are unique to putative XY females. Two Y‐chromosome markers, OtY1 and growth hormone pseudogene (GH‐Ψ), were used to screen spring Chinook salmon collected on Butte, Deer, and Mill creeks in 2005 for the presence of XY females. Fall‐run fish collected from 2002 to 2004 had previously been screened for genotypic sex using the same Y markers. A 237‐base‐pair region of the mitochondrial D‐loop segment was sequenced to determine the mtDNA haplotypes of XY females and randomly selected normal females of both runs. Putative XY females, according to OtY1 and GH‐Ψ, were observed in all three newly sampled spring‐run populations: Butte (26%), Deer (33%), and Mill (2%) creeks. No significant differences in haplotype distributions between normal and XY females suggest that these fish are equally represented within the separate fall and spring runs. It is possible that XY female Chinook salmon have been present in the Central Valley of California since before the genetic divergence of the fall and spring runs. Furthermore, XY female Chinook salmon may have become established in this region through a founder event that resulted in fewer modes of variation in genotypic and phenotypic sex compared with populations in the interior Columbia River basin.
Too Poor to Leave, Too Rich to Stay: Developmental and Global Health Correlates of Physician Migration to the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Arah Onyebuchi A. , Ogbu Uzor C. , Okeke Chukwudi E. 
Published: October 2007

Objectives. We analyzed the relationship between physician migration from developing source countries to more developed host countries (brain drain) and the developmental and global health profiles of source countries. Methods. We used a cross-section of 141 countries that lost emigrating physicians to the 4 major destinations: the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. For each source country, we defined physician migration density as the number of migrant physicians per 1000 population practicing in any of the 4 major destination countries. Results. Source countries with better human resources for health, more economic and developmental progress, and better health status appear to lose proportionately more physicians than the more disadvantaged countries. Higher physician migration density is associated with higher current physician (r=0.42, P< .001), nurse (r=0.27, P=.001), and public health (r=0.48, P=.001) workforce densities and more medical schools (r=0.53, P<.001). Conclusions. Policymakers should realize that physician migration is positively related to better health systems and development in source countries. In view of the “train, retain, and sustain” perspective of public health workforce policies, physician retention should become even more important to countries growing richer, whereas poorer countries must invest more in training policies.
High prevalence of accelerated silicosis among gold miners in Jiangxi, China
Authors: Tse Lap Ah , Li Zhi Min , Wong Tze Wai , Fu Zhen Ming , Yu Ignatius Tak Sun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackgroundAccelerated silicosis has become uncommon in developed countries, whereas serious health threat still exists in small‐scale mining in developing countries. This study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of accelerated silicosis among Chinese gold miners.MethodsA cross‐sectional medical examination was conducted among 574 Chinese gold miners. All participants were male rock‐drillers. The concentrations of total dust and quartz content were obtained from the government documentations. Descriptive data analyses were performed.ResultsThe prevalence of accelerated silicosis was 29.1% (95% CI: 24.8–33.4%, 167 cases) after an average of 5.6 years of dust exposure, and a history of tuberculosis seemed to increase the risk. The concentration of respirable silica dust was estimated to be 89.5 mg/m3 (ranged: 70.2–108.8) in the underground goldmine, far exceeding the permissible exposure limits.ConclusionsThis study illustrates a serious health threat to small‐scale goldmine in China and indicates an urgent need for environmental control and disease prevention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:876–880, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergent backward masking performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Association with COMT
Authors: Goghari Vina M. , Sponheim Scott R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSchizophrenia has been reliably associated with impairments in backward masking performance, while bipolar disorder has less consistently been tied to such a deficit. To examine the genetic determinants of visual perception abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, this study evaluated the diagnostic specificity of backward masking performance deficits and whether masking deficits were associated with catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) genotype. A location‐based backward masking task, which equated participants on the perceptual intensity of stimuli, was completed by 41 schizophrenia outpatients, 28 bipolar outpatients, and 43 nonpsychiatric controls. COMT genotype data were available for 39 schizophrenia outpatients, 28 bipolar outpatients, and 20 nonpsychiatric controls. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated impaired backward masking performance compared to controls and bipolar patients. A group by COMT genotype interaction was detected with schizophrenia Met homozygotes performing more poorly than control and bipolar Met homozygotes, and worse than Val homozygote and heterozygote schizophrenia patients. This study provides novel evidence for differential effects of the COMT gene on neural systems underlying visual perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The COMT Met allele may be associated with deficits in schizophrenia that are unrelated to neural systems supporting sustained attention or working memory. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The association analysis of RELN and GRM8 genes with autistic spectrum disorder in chinese han population
Authors: Li Hui , Li Yun , Shao Jie , Li Rong , Qin Yufeng , Xie Chunhong , Zhao Zhengyan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe region on chromosome 7q stands out as the region of suggestive linkage to aetiology of autism with the greatest concordance in many independent genome‐wide scans. RELN and GRM8, the two genes selected in this study, are located within this region. The protein products of both genes are considered to play a pivotal role in the development of the central nervous system. In addition, biochemical and neuroanatomical data indicated that RELN and GRM8 genes are likely involved in the pathogenesis of autistic disorder. Therefore, both RELN and GRM8 genes are considered to be not only the positional but also the functional candidate genes to autism for association research. In this study, we genotyped 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the RELN and GRM8 genes in 213 children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and 160 controls. A significant genetic association between SNP2 (located in intron 59 of RELN) and ASD was observed, and the log‐additive model was accepted as the best inheritance model fitting this data (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54–0.97, P = 0.03). Haplotype‐specific association analysis revealed that the result was consistent with the individual SNP study; the combination of SNP1/SNP2/SNP3/SNP4 which are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) (D′ > 0.75) showed significant association with ASD (P = 0.027). Neither the single SNP nor the haplotype analysis showed significant association between ASD and the markers of GRM8 gene. Hence, our study suggested the possible involvement of RELN gene in the susceptibility to ASD. Future replications are warranted before definitive conclusion can be drawn. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to methylphenidate in adults with ADHD is associated with a polymorphism in SLC6A3 (DAT1)
Authors: Kooij J. Sandra , Boonstra A. Marije , Vermeulen Sita H. , Heister Angelien G. , Burger Huibert , Buitelaar Jan K. , Franke Barbara 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this pharmacogenetic study in adults with ADHD (n = 42), a stratified analysis was performed of the association between response to methylphenidate (MPH), assessed under double‐blind conditions, and polymorphisms in the genes encoding the dopamine transporter, SLC6A3 (DAT1), the norepinephrine transporter, SLC6A2 (NET), and the dopamine receptor D4, DRD4. The VNTR polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of SLC6A3 was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of a response to MPH treatment (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.0–15.2, and OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.4–21.9, depending on the definition of response) in carriers of a single 10‐repeat allele compared to patients with the 10/10 genotype. The polymorphisms in DRD4 and the SLC6A2 were not associated with treatment response. This study supports a role of the SLC6A3 genotype in determining the response to MPH in the treatment of adults with ADHD. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Humanists as information users in the digital age: The case of Jewish studies scholars in Israel
Authors: Baruchson‐Arbib Shifra , Bronstein Jenny 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUser studies provide libraries with invaluable insight into their users' information needs and behaviors, allowing them to develop services that correspond to these needs. This insight has become even more important for libraries since the advent of the Internet. The Internet has brought about a development of information technologies and electronic information sources that have had a great impact on both the ways users search for information and the ways libraries manage information. Although humanists represent an important group of users for academic libraries, research studies into their information‐seeking behavior since the advent of the Internet have been quite scarce (Ellis & Oldman, 2005) in the past decade. This study presents updated research on a group of humanists, Jewish studies scholars living in Israel, as information users in the digital age based on two categories: (a) the use of formal and informal information channels, and (b) the use of information technologies and their impact on humanistic research.
Extending the simple knowledge organization system for concept management in vocabulary development applications
Authors: Tennis Joseph T. , Sutton Stuart A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article, we describe the development of an extension to the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) to accommodate the needs of vocabulary development applications (VDA) managing metadata schemes and requiring close tracking of change to both those schemes and their member concepts. We take a neopragmatic epistemic stance in asserting the need for an entity in SKOS modeling to mediate between the abstract concept and the concrete scheme. While the SKOS model sufficiently describes entities for modeling the current state of a scheme in support of indexing and search on the Semantic Web, it lacks the expressive power to serve the needs of VDA needing to maintain scheme historical continuity. We demonstrate preliminarily that conceptualizations drawn from empirical work in modeling entities in the bibliographic universe, such as works, texts, and exemplars, can provide the basis for SKOS extension in ways that support more rigorous demands of capturing concept evolution in VDA.
Blind men and elephants: What do citation summaries tell us about a research article?
Authors: Elkiss Aaron , Shen Siwei , Fader Anthony , Erkan Güneş , States David , Radev Dragomir 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe old Asian legend about the blind men and the elephant comes to mind when looking at how different authors of scientific papers describe a piece of related prior work. It turns out that different citations to the same paper often focus on different aspects of that paper and that neither provides a full description of its full set of contributions. In this article, we will describe our investigation of this phenomenon. We studied citation summaries in the context of research papers in the biomedical domain. A citation summary is the set of citing sentences for a given article and can be used as a surrogate for the actual article in a variety of scenarios. It contains information that was deemed by peers to be important. Our study shows that citation summaries overlap to some extent with the abstracts of the papers and that they also differ from them in that they focus on different aspects of these papers than do the abstracts. In addition to this, co‐cited articles (which are pairs of articles cited by another article) tend to be similar. We show results based on a lexical similarity metric called cohesion to justify our claims.
Long‐term variations in the aging of scientific literature: From exponential growth to steady‐state science (1900–2004)
Authors: Larivière Vincent , Archambault Éric , Gingras Yves 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDespite a very large number of studies on the aging and obsolescence of scientific literature, no study has yet measured, over a very long time period, the changes in the rates at which scientific literature becomes obsolete. This article studies the evolution of the aging phenomenon and, in particular, how the age of cited literature has changed over more than 100 years of scientific activity. It shows that the average and median ages of cited literature have undergone several changes over the period. Specifically, both World War I and World War II had the effect of significantly increasing the age of the cited literature. The major finding of this article is that contrary to a widely held belief, the age of cited material has risen continuously since the mid‐1960s. In other words, during that period, researchers were relying on an increasingly old body of literature. Our data suggest that this phenomenon is a direct response to the steady‐state dynamics of modern science that followed its exponential growth; however, we also have observed that online preprint archives such as arXiv have had the opposite effect in some subfields.
Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on circumferential margin positivity and its impact on prognosis in patients with resectable oesophageal cancer
Authors: Sujendran V , Wheeler J , Baron R , Warren B F , Maynard N 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Background
The significance of circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery is controversial. This study investigated the relationship between CRM involvement, locoregional recurrence and survival, after surgery alone or with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods
Patients operated on by one surgeon at a tertiary referral centre between October 1997 and May 2004 were identified from a prospective database.

Results
Some 242 patients underwent oesophagectomy; 91 had surgery alone, 142 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nine neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Among patients with histologically confirmed T3 tumours, 26 (55 per cent) of 47 who underwent surgery alone had CRM involvement, compared with 27 (31 per cent) of 88 patients who completed two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0·005). Thirty-seven (42 per cent) of 89 patients with a negative CRM developed locoregional recurrence, compared with 33 (59 per cent) of 56 with a positive margin (P = 0·032); median survival was 28 and 12 months respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Cox multivariable regression analysis identified CRM involvement as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0·006).

Conclusion
A positive CRM is an independent predictor of overall survival after oesophageal cancer resection. There has been a significant decrease in CRM involvement with the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
(M,R)‐Systems, (P,M,C)‐Nets, Hierarchical Decay, and Biological Aging: Reminiscences of Robert Rosen
Authors: Witten Tarynn M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractI have the pleasure to present a number of personal experiences that I had with Robert Rosen, both as his student and as a research colleague, and I will describe how this affected my academic career over the past decades. As a matter of fact, Rosen's work with (M,R)‐systems as well as his continuing mentorship guided me into my own research in gerontology and geriatrics. Amazingly, this still continues to affect my work in complexity theory after 30 years.
Mutasynthesis‐Derived Myxalamids and Origin of the Isobutyryl‐CoA Starter Unit of Myxalamid B
Authors: Bode Helge B. , Meiser Peter , Klefisch Thorsten , Cortina Niña Socorro d. J. , Krug Daniel , Göhring Anke , Schwär Gertrud , Mahmud Taifo , Elnakady Yasser A. , Müller Rolf 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMyxalamids are potent inhibitors of the eukaryotic electron transport chain produced by different myxobacteria. Here, we describe the identification of the myxalamid biosynthesis gene cluster from Myxococcus xanthus. Additionally, new myxalamids (5–13) have been obtained by mutasynthesis from bkd mutants of M. xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca. Moreover, as these bkd mutants are still able to produce myxalamid B (2), the origin of the isobutyryl‐CoA (IB‐CoA) starter unit required for its biosynthesis has been determined. In a M. xanthus bkd mutant, IB‐CoA originates from valine, but in S. aurantiaca this starter unit is derived from α‐oxidation of iso‐odd fatty acids, thereby connecting primary and secondary metabolism.