bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative phylogeography of Trypanosoma rangeli and Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) supports a long coexistence of parasite lineages and their sympatric vectors
Authors: MAIA DA SILVA F. , JUNQUEIRA A. C. V. , CAMPANER M. , RODRIGUES A. C. , CRISANTE G. , RAMIREZ L. E. , CABALLERO Z. C. E. , MONTEIRO F. A. , COURA J. R. , AÑEZ N. , TEIXEIRA M. M. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo make reliable interpretations about evolutionary relationships between Trypanosoma rangeli lineages and their insect vectors (triatomine bugs of the genus Rhodnius) and, thus, about the determinant factors of lineage segregation within T. rangeli, we compared phylogenies of parasite isolates and vector species. Sixty‐one T. rangeli isolates from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts were initially evaluated in terms of polymorphism of the spliced‐leader gene (SL). Further analysis based on SL and SSUrRNA sequences from 33 selected isolates, representative of the overall phylogenetic diversity and geographical range of T. rangeli, supported four phylogenetic lineages within this species. By comparing the phylogeny of Rhodnius species with that inferred for T. rangeli isolates and through analysis of the geographical range of the isolates, we showed that there is a very significant overlap in the distribution of Rhodnius species and T. rangeli lineages. Congruence between phylogeographical analysis of both T. rangeli lineages and complexes of Rhodnius species are consistent with the hypothesis of a long coexistence of parasites and their vectors, with lineage divergence associated with sympatric species of Rhodnius apparently without association with particular vertebrate hosts. Separation of T. rangeli isolates from vectors of distinct complexes living in sympatry favours the absence of gene flow between the lineages and suggests evolution of T. rangeli lineages in independent transmission cycles, probably associated to specific Rhodnius spp. ecotopes. A polymerase chain reaction assay based on SL intergenic sequences was developed for simultaneous identification and lineage genotyping of T. rangeli in epidemiological surveys.
Asian origin and rapid global spread of the destructive dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans
Authors: KAUSERUD HÅVARD , SVEGÅRDEN INGEBORG BJORVAND , SÆTRE GLENN‐PETER , KNUDSEN HENNING , STENSRUD ØYVIND , SCHMIDT OLAF , DOI SHUICHI , SUGIYAMA TOMOAKI , HÖGBERG NILS 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Basidiomycota) is the most damaging destroyer of wood construction materials in temperate regions. While being a widespread aggressive indoor biodeterioration agent, it is only found in a few natural environments. The geographical source of spread and colonization by this fungus in human environments is thus somewhat of an enigma. Employing genetic markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms, DNA sequences and microsatellites) on a worldwide sample of specimens, we show that the dry rot fungus is divided into two main lineages; one nonaggressive residing naturally in North America and Asia (var. shastensis), and another aggressive lineage including specimens from all continents, both from natural environments and buildings (var. lacrymans). Our genetic analyses indicate that the two lineages represent well‐differentiated cryptic species. Genetic analyses pinpoint mainland Asia as the origin of the aggressive form var. lacrymans. A few aggressive genotypes have migrated worldwide from Asia to Europe, North and South America and Oceania followed by local population expansions. The very low genetic variation in the founder populations indicate that they have established through recent founder events, for example by infected wood materials transported over land or sea. A separate colonization has happened from mainland Asia to Japan. Our data also indicate that independent immigration events have happened to Oceania from different continents followed by admixture.
Genetic divergence in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Montagu's blenny, Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus 1758) revealed by molecular and morphological characters
Authors: DOMINGUES VERA S. , FARIA CLÁUDIA , STEFANNI SERGIO , SANTOS RICARDO S. , BRITO ALBERTO , ALMADA VITOR C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Coryphoblennius galerita is a small intertidal fish with a wide distribution and limited dispersal ability, occurring in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. In this study, we examined Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of C. galerita to assess levels of genetic divergence across populations and to elucidate historical and contemporary factors underlying the distribution of the genetic variability. We analyse three mitochondrial and one nuclear marker and 18 morphological measurements. The combined dataset clearly supports the existence of two groups of C. galerita: one in the Mediterranean and another in the northeastern Atlantic. The latter group is subdivided in two subgroups: Azores and the remaining northeastern Atlantic locations. Divergence between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean can be the result of historical isolation between the populations of the two basins during the Pleistocene glaciations. Present‐day barriers such as the Gibraltar Strait or the ‘Almeria‐Oran jet’ are also suggested as responsible for this isolation. Our results show no signs of local extinctions during the Pleistocene glaciations, namely at the Azores, and contrast with the biogeographical pattern that has been observed for Atlantic–Mediterranean warm‐water species, in which two groups of populations exist, one including the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of western Europe, and another encompassing the western tropical coast of Africa and the Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeira and Canaries. Species like C. galerita that tolerate cooler waters, may have persisted during the Pleistocene glaciations in moderately affected locations, thus being able to accumulate genetic differences in the more isolated locations such as the Azores and the Mediterranean. This study is one of the first to combine morphological and molecular markers (mitochondrial and nuclear) with variable rates of molecular evolution to the study of the relationships of the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of a cool‐water species.
Two alternate mechanisms contribute to the persistence of interdependent lineages in Pogonomyrmex harvester ants
Authors: SCHWANDER TANJA , KELLER LAURENT , CAHAN SARA HELMS 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome populations of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants comprise pairs of highly differentiated lineages with queens mating at random with several males of their own and of the alternate lineage. These queens produce two types of diploid offspring, those fertilized by males of the queens’ lineage which develop into new queens and those fertilized by males of the other lineage which mostly develop into functionally sterile workers. This unusual mode of genetic caste determination has been found in 26 populations and a total of four lineage pairs (F1‐F2, G1‐G2, H1‐H2 and J1‐J2) have been described in these populations. Despite the fact that a few interlineage queens are produced, previous studies revealed that there is a complete lack of genetic introgression between lineages. Here we quantify the proportion of interlineage queens produced in each of the four lineage pairs and determine the fate of these queens. In the F1‐F2, G1‐G2 and H1‐H2 lineage pairs, interlineage queens were produced by a minority of colonies. These colonies exclusively produced interlineage queens and workers, suggesting that interlineage eggs can develop into queens in these three pairs of lineages in the absence of competition with pure‐lineage brood. An analysis of three key stages of the colony life cycle revealed that colonies headed by interlineage queens failed to grow sufficiently to produce reproductive individuals. In laboratory comparisons, interlineage queens produced fewer viable eggs, with the effect that they raised fewer workers and lost more weight per worker produced than pure‐lineage queens. In the J1‐J2 lineage pair, we did not find a single interlineage queen, raising the possibility that interlineage eggs have completely lost the ability to develop into queens in this lineage pair. Hence, two distinct mechanisms seem to account for the complete lack of between‐lineage gene flow in the F1‐F2, G1‐G2, H1‐H2 and J1‐J2 lineage pairs.
Detecting hybridization between wild species and their domesticated relatives
Authors: RANDI ETTORE 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe widespread occurrence of free‐ranging domestic or feral carnivores (dogs, cats) or ungulates (pigs, goats), and massive releases of captive‐reproduced game stocks (galliforms, waterfowl) is raising fear that introgressive hybridization with wild populations might disrupt local adaptations, leading to population decline and loss of biodiversity. Detecting introgression through hybridization is problematic if the parental populations cannot be sampled (unlike in classical stable hybrid zones), or if hybridization is sporadic. However, the use of hypervariable DNA markers (microsatellites) and new statistical methods (Bayesian models), have dramatically improved the assessment of cryptic population structure, admixture analyses and individual assignment testing. In this paper, I summarize results of projects aimed to identify occurrence and extent of introgressive hybridization in European populations of wolves (Canis lupus), wildcats (Felis silvestris), rock partridges and red‐legged partridges (Alectoris graeca and Alectoris rufa), using genetic methods. Results indicate that introgressive hybridization can be locally pervasive, and that conservation plans should be implemented to preserve the integrity of the gene pools of wild populations. Population genetic methods can be fruitfully used to identify introgressed individuals and hybridizing populations, providing data which allow evaluating risks of outbreeding depression. The diffusion in the wild of invasive feral animals, and massive restocking with captive‐reproduced game species, should be carefully controlled to avoid loss of genetic diversity and disruption of local adaptations.
Gene flow inDubautia arboreaandD. ciliolata: the roles of ecology and isolation by distance in maintaining species boundaries despite ongoing hybridization
Authors: FRIAR E. A. , CRUSE‐SANDERS J. M. , McGLAUGHLIN M. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relative roles of gene flow and natural selection in maintaining species differentiation have been a subject of debate for some time. The traditional view is that gene flow constrains adaptive divergence and maintains species cohesiveness. Alternatively, ecological speciation posits that the reverse is true: that adaptive ecological differentiation constrains gene flow. In this study, we examine gene flow and population differentiation among populations of two species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance,Dubautia arboreaandD. ciliolata. We compare divergence in putatively neutral microsatellite markers with divergence in leaf morphometric traits, which may be selectively important or physiologically linked to selectively important traits. Gene flow between populations was found to be significant in only one of the two species,D. arborea. Leaf morphometric differentiation between species was significant, though not among populations within species. No evidence of effective genetic introgression was observed between apparently ‘pure’ populations of these species. Gene flow as measured by microsatellites was not correlated with geographic distance between populations, but was correlated with the linear placement of the widest part of the leaf. Because these two species are interfertile, as demonstrated by the presence of active hybrid zone, the lack of genetic introgression and the maintenance of species boundaries may be associated with natural selection on differential habitat.
The star-forming content of the W3 giant molecular cloud
Authors: Moore T. J. T. , Bretherton D. E. , Fujiyoshi T. , Ridge N. A. , Allsopp J. , Hoare M. G. , Lumsden S. L. , Richer J. S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We have surveyed a ∼0.9 square degree area of the W3 giant molecular cloud (GMC) and star-forming region in the 850-μm continuum, using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. A complete sample of 316 dense clumps were detected with a mass range from around 13 to 2500 M⊙. Part of the W3 GMC is subject to an interaction with the H ii region and fast stellar winds generated by the nearby W4 OB association. We find that the fraction of total gas mass in dense, 850-μm traced structures is significantly altered by this interaction, being around 5–13 per cent in the undisturbed cloud but ∼25–37 per cent in the feedback-affected region. The mass distribution in the detected clump sample depends somewhat on assumptions of dust temperature and is not a simple, single power law but contains significant structure at intermediate masses. This structure is likely to be due to crowding of sources near or below the spatial resolution of the observations. There is little evidence of any difference between the index of the high-mass end of the clump mass function in the compressed region and in the unaffected cloud. The consequences of these results are discussed in terms of current models of triggered star formation.
Methylglyoxal‐induced Fibronectin gene expression through Ras‐mediated NADPH oxidase activation in renal mesangial cells
Authors: HO CHENG , LEE PEI‐HSIEN , HUANG WEI‐JAN , HSU YEN‐CHEN , LIN CHUN‐LIANG , WANG JENG‐YI 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  The formation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is accelerated under diabetic conditions. Although recent studies have suggested that apoptotic cell death is involved in diabetic nephropathy, the precise mechanism of MGO‐induced renal fibrosis remains to be elucidated.Methods:  Rat kidney mesangial cells with or without pretreatment with inhibitors, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, L‐NAME, diphenylene iodonium, rotenone, allopurinol, PD98059, SB203580 and SP600125 were cultured in medium containing 100 μM MGO. In the MGO‐treated cell culture system, fibrosis‐related signalling pathway was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Results:  Expression of fibronectin induced by MGO was highest after 48 h treatment. Superoxide production rapidly increased after 2 h and remained at a high level for 24 h. Scavenging O2– reversed transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and fibronectin mRNA level. Pretreatment with diphenylene iodonium significantly suppressed MGO‐induced superoxide, TGF‐β1 expression and fibronectin gene expression, indicating that NADPH oxidase is responsible for inducing superoxide formation and subsequently induced renal fibrosis. High MGO rapidly enhanced Ras activation in 1 h and progressively increased cytosolic p38 activation. Additionally, SB203580 pretreatment reduced MGO promotion of fibronectin gene activation suggesting that cytosolic p38 activation might affect MGO‐induced renal mesangial fibrosis. Inhibiting Ras activity with manumycin A significantly reduced the promoting effect of MGO on superoxide synthesis, and fibronectin expression.Conclusion:  Induction of superxoide by Ras via p38 pathway activates fibrotic gene transcription of mesangial cells. Reduction of oxidative stress by scavenging superoxide may offer an alternative strategy for controlling MGO‐induced renal fibrosis.
HYBRID TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT: OUTCOME AFTER A MEAN FOLLOW UP OF 10 YEARS
Authors: Horne Geoffrey , Culliford Nicola , Adams Kathryn , Devane Peter 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Total hip replacement is one of the most successful surgical procedures of the modern surgical era. The method of fixation of implants continues to evolve, and as cemented acetabular fixation appears to be less durable than anticipated, the use of a cemented stem and an uncemented acetabulum – a so‐called ‘hybrid hip’– has become more popular. This paper reports the results of hybrid total hip replacement at an average of 10 years postoperatively.Methods:  Primary hybrid total hip replacements carried out by a single surgeon in 1994 and 1995 were identified; patients were sent Oxford Hip Score and EuroQuol‐5 Dimension quality‐of‐life questionnaires and, where necessary, a radiograph appointment. Questions about diabetes, cigarette smoking and hip dislocation were included. First postoperative and final radiographs were compared for stem subsidence, cup migration, stem position, osteolysis of the femur and pelvis, and evidence of loosening of both components.Results:  At 10‐year follow up the revision rate for femoral component loosening was 2.9%. Fifteen per cent showed some abnormality at the femoral interface, not related to stem size and more common in titanium stems. Average hip score was 20.9, and quality‐of‐life measures indicated a high level of satisfaction.Conclusions:  Hybrid total hip replacement gives excellent clinical outcomes with low revision rates for both components. The one‐piece uncemented cup offers important advantages over modular devices, the use of which should be re‐evaluated.
PARAUMBILICAL BLOCK FOR UMBILICAL HERNIORRAPHY
Authors: Clarke Frederick K. , Cassey John G. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Umbilical herniorraphy is a common paediatric surgery day case. Paraumbilical blocks have previously been reported to provide excellent analgesia for umbilical hernia repairs.Methods:  Local anaesthesia through a paraumbilical block was compared with local infiltration. Postoperative analgesic requirements were used to gauge the effectiveness of the techniques.Results:  Patients receiving a paraumbilical block required significantly less analgesia postoperatively. These patients were generally discharged from hospital sooner.Conclusion:  Paraumbilical block results in improved postoperative pain control through the more precise delivery of local anaesthetic to the intercostal nerves.
TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS/STEVENS–JOHNSON SYNDROME: CURRENT TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Dalli Rachel L. , Kumar Rohit , Kennedy Peter , Maitz Peter , Lee Stephen , Johnson Rae 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an uncommon but potentially life‐threatening condition that involves sloughing of the skin at the dermoepidermal junction. TEN is a well‐recognized syndrome and is part of a range of severe mucocutaneous intolerance reactions, mostly elicited by drugs and/or their metabolites. Reported mortality rates vary widely from 20 to 75%. Several systemic treatment protocols for TEN have been published; however, none has been formally standardized in a randomized controlled trial. The present study documents the current management principles and trends seen in 16 patients admitted with TEN or Stevens–Johnson syndrome over a 5‐year period at the Concord Repatriation General Hospital Burns Unit.Method:  Data were collected by retrospective chart review, and parameters included in the study were patient demographics, causative agents, percentage total body surface area and/or mucosal involvement, complications, treatment and outcome. In particular, dressing choice and documented healing of skin lesions were noted.Results:  Sixteen patients were identified, with the beta‐lactam antibiotics most commonly implicated as the cause. Complications tended to relate to degree of sepsis and/or mucous membrane involvement. Nanocrsytalline silver dressings, such as Acticoat™ (Smith & Nephew, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia), were used predominantly in more recent cases.Conclusion:  The shift in dressing choice from traditional Vaseline‐impregnated gauze coincided with a general trend towards the use of nanocrystalline silver dressings for superficial burns after 2003. The nanocrystalline silver dressings have shown considerable advantage over previously used dressings, with no adverse reactions noted and good healing of the skin lesions for all patients.
COMPARISON BETWEEN INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE AND MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES
Authors: Lee Kai H. , Snape Leslie , Steenberg Leon J , Worthington James 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Maxillofacial fractures commonly present to the emergency department, interpersonal violence (IPV) and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) being two of the main causes. There is a changing trend in these two aetiologies, which is reflected in a change in demographics, the pattern of fractures and the treatment of maxillofacial fractures.Methods:  A prospective database of patients presenting to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery service at Christchurch Hospital during an 11‐year period was reviewed. Of a total of 2581 patients with radiographic confirmation of facial fractures, 1135 patients sustained injuries following IPV and 286 patients following MVA. Variables examined include demographics, type of fracture, mode of injury, and treatment.Results:  The male : female ratio was 9:1 in patients following IPV and 7:3 following MVA; 16–30‐year‐olds accounted for greatest proportion of injuries (48 and 68%, respectively). There was alcohol involvement in 87% of fractures caused by IPV, compared with 58% for MVA. Mid‐facial fractures were more frequently seen in MVA, whereas mandibular fractures were more prevalent in IPV. Sixty‐two per cent of the patients from MVA required active treatment and 87% were hospitalized, compared with 56% actively treated and 59% hospitalized in the IPV group.Conclusion:  Interpersonal violence has continued to be the main cause of maxillofacial fractures. Both IPV and MVA commonly involve alcohol and young male adults. They frequently require hospitalization and surgical intervention.
A dual biosensor for 2‐alkyl‐4‐quinolone quorum‐sensing signal molecules
Authors: Fletcher Matthew P. , Diggle Stephen P. , Crusz Shanika A. , Chhabra Siri Ram , Cámara Miguel , Williams Paul 
Published: July 2007

Summary Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Alteromonas species produce diverse 2‐alkyl‐4‐quinolones (AHQs) which inhibit the growth of bacteria, algae and phytoplankton, chelate iron, modulate mammalian host immune defences and act as quorum‐sensing (QS) signal molecules. To facilitate the detection, identification and quantification of the major Pseudomonas aeruginosa AHQs 2‐heptyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐quinolone (PQS) and 2‐heptyl‐4‐quinolone (HHQ) we developed two different AHQ biosensors. These were constructed by introducing either a lecA::luxCDABE or a pqsA::luxCDABE reporter gene fusion into a P. aeruginosa pqsA mutant which cannot synthesize AHQs. While both biosensors responded similarly to PQS (EC50 18 ± 4 μM), the pqsA::luxCDABE biosensor was most sensitively activated by HHQ (EC50 0.44 ± 0.1 μM). This biosensor was also activated albeit less sensitively by (i) PQS analogues with alkyl chains varying from C1 to C11, (ii) HHQ analogues with C9 and C11 alkyl chains and (iii) 2‐heptyl‐4‐hydroxyquinoline‐N‐oxide (HHQNO). The AHQ biosensor also responded differentially to the AHQs present in cell free culture supernatants prepared from PAO1 and isogenic strains carrying mutations in genes (pqsA, pqsH, lasR, lasI, rhlR, rhlI) known to influence AHQ production. The AHQ profiles of P. aeruginosa strains was also evaluated by overlaying thin layer chromatogram (TLC) plates with the pqsA::luxCDABE biosensor. In PAO1, three major bioluminescent spots were observed which correspond to PQS, HHQ and a mixture of 2 nonyl‐4‐quinolone and HHQNO. We also noted that on TLC plates the biosensor not only produced bioluminescence in response to AHQs but also the green pigment, pyocyanin which offers an alternative visual indicator for AHQ production.