bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical model for the optimal control mechanism of cellular membrane transport with active transport as control variable
Authors: Hirayama Hirohumi , Fukuyama Yuzo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn optimal control model is proposed to study active transport across biological membranes. the membrane is assumed to be three layers thick. Our concept is based on the teleological creation and the need of biological systems to prefer homeostasis. the active transport was set as an optimal control input for import and export across a membrane separating the cell from the outer world. Temporal changes in particle concentrations throughout the layer are expressed by linear simultaneous differential equations. the minimized performance differential equations. the minimized performance function involves the rates of the time‐dependent change in concentrations of particles static deviations from the target concentrations of particles in all membrane layers. These concentrations are considered simultaneously with the consumption of energy necessary for active transport. the present optimization problem is to form the boundary values problem; the system equations were solved by a multiple shooting method. the optimized temporal changes of the concentrations in layer 1 (the outermost layer) and layer 3 (the innermost layer) are rapid while those of the concentration in the middle layer are gradual. the concentrations in layer 1 and layer 3 are influenced significantly by changes in the transport rate within the membrane and the weighting coefficients that describe the relative magnitude of the minimization of the quantities involved in the performance function. the concentration in the middle layer is not influenced by these changes. the characteristic temporal behaviors of the concentrations in these layers are produced by the optimal control input so as to compensate the disturbed states of the membrane transport and to improve stability.This theoretical investigation is available to produce artificial tissue membranes and evaluate the transport function of these membranes.
Signal matching using wavelet correlation
Authors: Kawata Kouzou , Arimoto Suguru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe problem of detecting corresponding points is studied in the case in which local deformations exist and a new method named “wavelet correlation” is proposed. There is a difficulty in that a reasonable window width cannot be designed in local correlation, which is one of the methods for a corresponding problem. the wavelet correlation is derived by extending the notion of local correlation and is considered to overcome difficulty. the fundamental concept is derived by the belief that a signal can be decomposed to several (sinusoidal) components and the window width can be varied according to each component. It is claimed that any algorithm using local correlation can be replaced by the one using wavelet correlation. In this paper, the wavelet correlation derived from local correlation is compared with the Laplacian distance and the local correlation itself by experiments. Further, a matching method that uses a narrow‐band property of a wavelet correlation function is proposed and the matching error is evaluated through experiments using one‐dimensional signals. Finally, an absolute mesure of matching by using normalized wavelet correlation is introduced and applied for detecting discontinuities of local deformations.
A weighting method for hopfield neural networks with discrete weights
Authors: Mizutani Hikaru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Hopfield neural network is expected to act as the engine to solve the association problem or the optimization problem. In the associative processing using the Hopfield neural network, it is necessary that the precalculated weights should be memorized in the neural network. In the Hopfield neural network, however, there must be m2 weights, where m is the number of neurons. In other words, a tremendous memory capacity is required when m is increased. the weight can be stored either by an analog memory or a digital memory. the analog meomory, however, has problems of error and the decay of the memorized content. Then, digital memory must be used. In this case, the required number of memory elements is m2 × (data bits) and the hardware complexity increases in proportion to the number of data bits.Another point is that the hardware, such as the multiplier of the synapse, becomes more complicated with the increase of the number of bits. A remedy for those problems may be to reduce the number of bits for the weight. When a digital code of some 2 bits is used to represent the weight, for example, the memory capacity for storage can be reduced and the multiplication at the synapse can be simplified. One of the important issues then is how to determine the weight when the number of bits for the wieght is reduced. Since it is difficult to approximate the weight by a continuous variable, it is desirable to realize an efficint method which is differrent from the existing method of weight determination.With the foregoing as background, this paper discusses the weight determination method for the case where the weight determination method for the case where the weight can take only a few number of discrete values. In the proposed method, the evaluation function for the weight is examined and the weights are determined by optimization using an algorithm, which is an application of the branch‐and‐bound method. It is shown by simulation that a high associative ability is realized by the association processing using the weights obtained by the proposed method. Future applications can be expected.
A method for continuing adjustment of adaptive filter coefficients in voiceless noise terms available for acoustic echo canceller systems
Authors: Fujii Kensaku , Ohga Juro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the acoustic echo canceller, the speaker input signal is used as a reference signal to update adaptive filter coefficients, and is sometimes composed of only the far‐end background noise.This paper proposes a configuration in which the estimation error is kept constant also for a voiceless noise period, while continuously updating the coefficients. the summational normalization LMS is used as the adaptive algorithm, where the products of the residual echo and the transmitted signal (i.e., the numerators of the coefficient update resulting from the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm), as well as the norm of the transmitted signal (i.e., the denominator of the forementioned), are accumulated, respectively, for a certain number, and the ratio of the two sums is used as the coefficient update.The summation number is controlled by the power of the transmitted signal. When, for example, the configuration is such that the coefficients are updated only when the sum of the norms reaches a certain value (i.e., the threshold), the echo cancellation is maintained at the desired value, independently of the power of the transmitted signal. the cancellation is enhanced in the period where the power of the transmitted signal is increased. In addition to the control method, which can calculate the power of the environmental noise needed in determining the threshold, this paper analyzes the structure of the filter.
Maximum likelihood estimation of multiple sources using a local optimization method
Authors: Sawamura Shin'Ichi , Kanda Hisashi , Miyanaga Yoshikazu , Tochinai Koji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn effective method for solving a nonlinear optimizing problem is proposed here. This method is based on the maximum likelihood estimation of multiple sources by passive sensor array. The method employs the local optimization using the gradient of nonlinear function. Also described is how to determine the effective initial values leading to the global minimum but not to the local minimum. The proposed method in this paper easily obtained the optimized estimate of the maximum likelihood in multiple sources. This estimation usually requires great processing time using conventional methods because of a heavy computing load. Some simulations show that the proposed method has the properties of both better accuracy and lower computing time than a conventional method.
Use of a linear filter to pulse timing and amplitude from PPM‐PAM multiplexed pulse
Authors: Inoe Tadaaki , Iritani Tadamitsu , Kinouchi Yoshsuke 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe proposed PPM‐PAM modulation that can change pulse timing and pulse amplitude independently has the advantage that analog and digital information can be transmitted in mixed mode. Receiving filter characteristics used in the detection of pulse timing and amplitude are investigated for PPM‐PAM multiplexed transmission. Separation of timing and amplitude information for the isolated pulse is possible by combining the linear filter with the signal zero crossing detector. Here error performance is compared for the isolated pulse by using the optimum and suboptimum filters. Then, using the effect of pulse interference at the filter output, the minimum pulse interval required for information detection and the amount of error increase are calculated. More‐over, by calculating pulse detection error probability, the pulse detection limit and amount of error in signal detection are investigated. As a result of investigations it has been estimated that PPM‐PAM multiplexed transmission can be realized by using suboptimum filters because it can reduce pulse interference and attain better error performance. It has been assumed here that pulse transmission through optical fiber and calculations are based on Gaussian shaped pulses with white and f2 noise.
“Polarized‐x” algorithm for use in fixed‐point processing
Authors: Fujii Kensaku , Ohga Juro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing the operation by fixed‐point processing, cheap and fast processors can be realized, which helps to reduce the production cost. This paper uses a newly defined cost function. It discusses also the convergence of the “polarized‐x” method. This method updates the coefficient of the nonrecursive filter based on the product with the reference signal polarity, which is an operation suited to fixed‐point processing. A normalized recursive adaptation algorithm is derived from the new cost function, which is useful in the application to the system with the reference signal with a rapidly varying power. It is shown that the stability condition is given as 0 < K < 4/π, and the estimation error increases only by approximately 2 dB compared to the conventional normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm. the obtained structure is modified to construct an adaptive algorithm so that the normalization is applied individually to the coefficients and the convergence is deteriorated little for the operation by the fixed‐point processing.
Research policy review: Organization, people, and technology in european manufacturing: Interdisciplinary research for the 1990s
Authors: Kidd P. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article contains proposals for modifications to the European Commission's research programmes so that organization and people issues become part of most if not all manufacturing research projects. The emphasis of the proposals is on addressing organization and people issues during the development of the technology. An interdisciplinary approach is proposed. The emphasis, therefore, is not on addressing the human factors of the technology, but on dealing with the technical factors of organization and people. This involves making some fundamental changes in attitudes toward the organization and people issues, and the development of new approaches to manufacturing system's research and design.
Customer‐oriented manufacturing
Authors: Itoh Shin‐Ichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTime is becoming the most important differentiating element for achieving competitive superiority in today's age; those who can manage time efficiently will attain great success. A time‐oriented competitive strategy can be described as a company‐wide management strategy that aims to reduce the total lead‐time required to adapt to changes in the market. In order to put this concretely, NEC has been conducting the inventory minimization program, since inventory is associated with all business activities ranging from sales to product development, manufacturing, delivery of products to customers, and maintenance.
The effects of training stimuli and feedback on the categorization of welding defects: A test of classification models
Authors: Elsbach Kimberly D. , Simon J. Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study was concerned with the effects of four different training methods on the classification of welding defects. In an initial training phase, subjects learned to classify pictures of defective welds into two categories (A or B). In a later test phase, they classified new examples of defective welds into these same two categories. The independent variables were the type of weld seen during training (one or two defects), and the type of feedback given during training (category only or category plus specific defect names). Results from the training phase indicated that: (1) subjects trained on single‐defect welds performed better than subjects trained on double‐defect welds; and (2) specific defect feedback facilitated classification of single‐defect welds but not double‐defect welds. Results from the test phase indicated that: (1) training on single‐defect welds facilitated classification of single‐defect welds, but training on double‐defect welds did not facilitate classification of double‐defect welds; (2) specific defect feedback during training facilitated classification of single‐defect welds but not double‐defect welds; and (3) double‐defect welds were classified more accurately that single‐defect welds. Results were compared to predictions made by three different models describing classification of members of ill‐defined categories. Data provided support for the mixture model.
A process method for the design of “Intelligent” man‐machine interfaces: Case study: “The decisional module of imagery”
Authors: Kolski Christophe , Tendjaoui Mustapha , Millot Patrick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new concept is appearing in the field of man‐machine interaction: the design of “intelligent” interfaces. The aims of this article are threefold, first to show what an “intelligent” interface is and present a five‐step design process for such an interface–specifically: (1) man‐machine system analysis; (2) operator, task, and process modeling; (3) specifying those assistance tools that form an “intelligent” interface; (4) realization of the assistance tool; and (5) evaluation. The second part describes the structure of an “intelligent” interface, called D.M.I. (Decisional Module of Imagery), which is currently being developed. The final part explains the D.M.I.'s development, using the five process steps outlined above.
Hitop‐A: A tool to facilitate interdisciplinary manufacturing systems design
Authors: Majchrzak Ann , Gasser Les 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComputer‐based manufacturing systems face generally high rates of failure and disappointment in their implementation. Among many causes, the match between features of the embedding organization, features of the people working with the technologies, and features of the technologies themselves have proven central. This study reports on the design and implementation of a software package for design, decision support, and simulation of human infrastructures for advanced manufacturing systems, called HITOP‐A. We discuss the rationales behind HITOP‐A, along with its overall design and implementation, and lessons and insights we have gained. In addition, we give several illustrations of the operation of some key modules of the HITOP‐A system, showing actual HITOP‐A output and results.
Evaluation of worker workload in flexible manufacturing industry
Authors: Landau Kurt , Rohmert Walter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractData collected in various branches of industry by the Ergonomic Job Analysis (AET) method are used to analyze and assess the impact of the trend toward more flexibility in industrial production on the job content of the workers and on the demands placed on them. It is established that a broad spectrum of tasks equates with a broad range of demands. New stresses and strains arising from the changes in tasks and demands are identified and objectives for future research in this area are listed.
Job characteristics and occupational safety of manufacturing jobs at different levels of automation
Authors: Mattila M. , Kiviniitty J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe impact of production automation is one of the main issues in occupational safety and health in industrialized countries. Although very little detailed information of safety is available about man‐machine systems with different levels of automation. The aim of this study was to compare the content and characteristics, as well as occupational safety of jobs differing in the level of automation. Tasks done by CNC machine tools and manually were analyzed in two engineering machine shops. The tasks were examined by the AET job analysis method, and the SDQ safety analysis method. The study showed that the change from manually operated machines to CNC technology improved safety according to most of the safety factors. Safety devices became more crucial to the safety of CNC operator's work. The more advanced technology was linked with an increased frequency of contacts with other people. The incidents that occurred illustrated the problem that the operators were not able to predict the current state of the machine. The study stresses the importance of safety engineering knowledge while automated machines are designed.
Organizational, technical, strategic, and managerial issues along the implementation process of advanced manufacturing technology—a general framework of implementation guide
Authors: Sun Hongyi , Riis Jens Ove 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been widely argued that the organizational and strategic issues have to be considered for the successful implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). However, there are still some questions left unanswered. What specific dimensions of the organization and strategy should be considered? When should they be considered? How could they be interrelated during the process of implementation? This article tries to look at these questions through (1) the development of a conceptual model linking the organization, technology, and strategy through management, (2) the division of the implementation process into four stages, and (3) the proposal of a general framework of the implementation guide.
Strategy for supporting organization and structuring of development teams in concurrent engineering
Authors: Adachi Toshiyuki , Shih Li Chung , Enkawa Takao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA framework for supporting the organization and structuring of product development teams under concurrent engineering environment is presented. The concepts of Team Structuring Dimensions (TSD) and Development Characteristics and Factors (DCF) are defined. Based on the concepts, the framework analyzes the emphasis that should be placed on each TSD according to the DCFs, and each different combination of the emphasis defines a more appropriate team organization and structuring. A more appropriate team organization facilitates the communication and information sharing between the team members, and the quality of this communication is essential for product development effectiveness and efficiency. The effectiveness of the framework is discussed by real cases in product development projects.
Management control and the manufacturing hierarchy: Managing integrated manufacturing organizations
Authors: McPherson Ronald F. , White K. Preston 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe complexity and scale of most manufacturing systems dictate a hierarchical approach to operations management (OM). Current OM models decompose the overall production problem into distinct and more manageable subproblems, at hierarchical levels characterized by product aggregation and time horizon, which mirror the organizational structure of traditional manufacturing concerns. These static models are particularly useful for establishing production goals and plans, but do not adequately capture the dynamic problems of production control and goal achievement in a changing operational environment. This article outlines an OM problem decomposition, based on a hierarchical management‐control framework, which emphasizes the dynamic balance of autonomy and decentralization in achieving planned goals within a hierarchical organization. This conceptual framework is applied to the problem of distributed production scheduling, in which plant facilities are scheduled and controlled in separate groups. Objectives for real‐time scheduling decision aids are developed, which reflect not only static considerations of time horizon and parameter aggregation, but also the organizational dynamics required for schedule control and replanning. In particular, schedule management practices must bound two hierarchical chain reactions, caused by replanning and decision‐deferral, through the use of decentralization and autonomy.
Psychosocial and physical working conditions and associated musculoskeletal symptoms among operators in five plants using Arc welding in robot stations
Authors: Johansson Jan Å. , Nonås Kathe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis correlational study investigates the relationship between, on the one hand, the psychosocial and physical work environment and the technical complexity of welding robots, and, on the other hand, self‐reported musculoskeletal symptoms among operators. The study sample included 30 male operators in five plants using arc welding in their robot stations. All operators answered a questionnaire and participated in an interview. It was found that symptoms in the back were associated with both psychosocial factors and physical stressors, whereas symptoms occurring in the neck were associated mainly with physical job stressors.
Technical support for experience‐based work: A new development perspective for cnc machine tools
Authors: Böhle Fritz , Carus Ursula , Schulze Hartmut 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver the last years we have witnessed the growing gap between more and more sophisticated production technologies and the new trend towards “anthropocentric production systems” (Rosenbrock, 1989). The following article fits into the discussion between these two orientations: on the one hand artificial intelligence and therefore automation (Bainbridge, 1987), and on the other hand human‐centered technology. This human‐centered technology (Brödner and Karwowski, 1992) applies new methods. One domain of its application is the CNC technology with which this article deals.
The stress‐strain concept as an engineering approach serving the interdisciplinary work design
Authors: Rohmert W. , Raab S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe proposed Stress‐Strain Concept can serve as a framework for the retrieval and the application of ergonomic knowledge from different disciplines. It distinguishes and links the objective side and the subjective side of human work. It operationalizes the abstract work task by formulating it in a human‐centered way, such that individual strain is a consequence of the objective stress emerging from work demands. Against the background of the shift from energetic to informatoric work demands, the Stress‐Strain Concept is a tool to reveal the dependency of the efficiency of a work system on humane aspects. It aims at unifying application‐oriented knowledge and at providing a means for achieving interdisciplinary work design, where the multidisciplinary knowledge is comprehended in an anticipative way. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.