bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of localized strain of a crystalline thin layer at the nanoscale by tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microscopy
Authors: Hayazawa Norihiko , Motohashi Masashi , Saito Yuika , Ishitobi Hidekazu , Ono Atsushi , Ichimura Taro , Verma Prabhat , Kawata Satoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince the carrier mobility in a strained silicon thin layer is enhanced compared to unstrained layers, strained silicon is finding tremendous attention as a promising material for ultralarge integrated electronic circuits assembled on one substrate. These strained substrates, however, suffer from nanoscale fluctuation of strain distribution, which can strongly affect the performance of devices. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool because the optical phonons in the Raman spectra are strongly influenced by strain. However, Raman efficiency of a thin layer is extremely small and is often eclipsed under the Raman scattering of the underlying buffer substrates. Also, the spatial resolution is restricted by the diffraction limits of the probing light. Here, in this article we demonstrate the use of surface enhancement in Raman scattering to overcome both these problems. In the first step, a strained silicon thin layer was covered with a silver layer to invoke surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and it was found that SERS can effectively enhance the Raman signal originating from the strained silicon layer, so that it stands distinctly apart from the background signal originating from the buffer layer. In the next step, we demonstrate the utilization of the same mechanism for a point surface enhancement, rather than a large surface enhancement. This is done by utilizing a silver‐coated sharp tip, just like SERS, but only from the sample region very close to the tip apex. This technique, known as tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), provides nanometric resolution in our measurement. We observed localized strains by utilizing TERS. The TERS spectra revealed clear nanoscale variation in the Raman wavenumber. Micro‐Raman measurements, however, show only uniform features because of the averaging effect due to the diffraction limit of light. For further improvement of TERS on silicon materials, we discuss the utilization of shorter wavelength, specialized tip, tip‐pressure effect, and depolarization configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared and Raman Spectra, conformations, ab initio calculations and spectral assignments of 1,3‐disilabutane (SiH3CH2SiH2CH3)
Authors: Guirgis Gamil A. , Mazzone Paul M. , Pasko Daniel N. , Klaeboe Peter , Horn Anne , Nielsen Claus J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRaman spectra of 1,3‐disilabutane (SiH3CH2SiH2CH3) as a liquid were recorded at 293 K and as a solid at 78 K. In the Raman cryostat at 78 K an amorphous phase was first formed, giving a spectrum similar to that of the liquid. After annealing to 120 K, the sample crystallized and large changes occurred in the spectra since more than 20 bands present in the amorphous solid phase vanished. These spectral changes made it possible to assign Raman bands to the anti or gauche conformers with confidence. Additional Raman spectra were recorded of the liquid at 14 temperatures between 293 and 137 K. Some Raman bands changed their peak heights with temperature but were countered by changes in linewidths, and from three band pairs assigned to the anti and gauche conformers, the conformational enthalpy difference ΔconfH(gauche–anti) was found to be 0 ± 0.3 kJ mol−1 in the liquid. Infrared spectra were obtained in the vapor and in the liquid phases at ambient temperature and in the solid phases at 78 K in the range 4000–400 cm−1. The sample crystallized immediately when deposited on the CsI window at 78 K, and many bands present in the vapor and liquid disappeared. Additional infrared spectra in argon matrixes at 5 K were recorded before and after annealing to temperatures 20–34 K. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out at the HF, MP2 and B3LYP levels with a variety of basis sets. The HF and DFT calculations suggested the anti conformer as the more stable one by ca 1 kJ mol−1, while the MP2 results favored gauche by up to 0.4 kJ mol−1. The Complete Basis Set method CBS‐QB3 gave an energy difference of 0.1 kJ mol−1, with anti as the more stable one. Scaled force fields from B3LYP/cc‐pVQZ calculations gave vibrational wavenumbers and band intensities for the two conformers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐degenerate second‐order scattering and difference combination bands in infrared‐pump/anti‐Stokes resonance Raman‐probe experiments
Authors: Kozich V. , Werncke W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNon‐degenerate second‐order scattering due to interaction of infrared and ultraviolet pulses is observed in picosecond infrared‐pump/anti‐Stokes Raman‐probe experiments under electronic resonance conditions. We detected resonance hyper‐Rayleigh scattering at the sum frequency of the pulses as well as the corresponding frequency‐down‐shifted resonance hyper‐Raman lines. Nearly coinciding resonance hyper‐Raman and one‐photon resonance Raman spectra indicate conditions of A‐term resonance Raman scattering. Second‐order scattering is distinguished from transient anti‐Stokes Raman scattering of v = 1 to v = 0 transitions and v = 1 to v′ = 1 combination transitions by taking into account their different spectral and temporal behaviour. Separating these processes is essential for a proper analysis of transient vibrational populations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operator Ideals Generalizing the Ideal of Strictly Singular Operators
Authors: Stephani Irmtraud 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is well‐known that an operator T ∈ L(E, F) is strictly singular if ∥Tx∥≧λ∥x∥ on a subspace Z ⊂ E implies dim Z < + ∞. The present paper deals with ideals of operators defined by a condition — ∥Tx∥≧λ∥x∥ on an infinite‐dimensional subspace Z ⊂ E implies Z ∉ F — F being a „quasi‐injective”︁ class of BANACH spaces.
Eine Reihendarstellung der Spektralfunktion dreidimensionaler Schrödinger‐Operatoren mit flachem Potential
Authors: Schenk Dieter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird für den dreidimensionalen SCHRÖDINGER‐Operator aus einer Reihenentwicklung seiner Resolvente für flaches, jedoch nicht notwendigerweise glattes Potential eine Reihenentwicklung seiner Spektralfunktion gewonnen. Diese Reihenentwicklung findet bei asymptotischen Untersuchungen der Spektralfunktion Anwendung. Insbesondere wird das zweite Glied der Asymptotik der Spektralfunktion angegeben.
Finite element methods for nonlinear elliptic systems of second order
Authors: Dobrowolski Manfred , Rannacher Rolf 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the finite element displacement method for approximating isolated solutions of general quasilinear elliptic systems. Under minimal assumptions on the structure of the continuous problems it is shown that the discrete analogues also have locally unique solutions which converge with quasi‐optimal rates in L2 and L∞. The essential tools of the proof are a deformation argument and a technique using weighted L2‐norms.
Factorization theorems for some scales of operator ideals
Authors: Pietsch Albrecht 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLet 𝔄p and ℭp denote the operator ideals generated by the approximation numbers and entropy numbers, respectively. If 0<p,q< ∞ and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = \frac{1}{r}, $\end{document} then 𝔄p ∘q=𝔄r and ℭp ∘q=ℭr.
The generalized Očan topology on sets of subsets and topological Boolean rings
Authors: Kašuba R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this article the study of OČAN spaces is continued. In a space 𝒫(𝒜, ℬ︁) some topological properties are not disturbed if 𝒜 and ℬ︁ are enlarged. The SORGENFREY plane can be identified with some OČAN space (Example 1). By use of systems of almost disjoint subsets some special topological rings on 𝒫(X) can be constructed (Propositions 8 and 9). A metrisable or a locally compact OČAN ring has a simple structure (Propositions 10 and 11). If 𝒫(𝒜, ℬ︁) neither discrete nor compact, then the closedness of all simple maps is a very strong condition (Theorem 1). The space of VIETORIS is in general not σ‐extremally disconnected space (Theorem 2). At the end of the article some generalizations are made and some bibliographical references are given.
Properties of ergodic random mosaic processes
Authors: Cowan Richard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe consequences of an ergodic assumption for mosaic processes of random convex polygons are explored in detail. Under certain regularity conditions on the “smallness” and “largeness” of polygons it is shown that the geometric characteristics of the so‐called “typical” polygons do in fact exist. New formulae concerning these characteristics are given. The polygon process formed by a Poisson line process is considered as an example of the general theory and, as a result, certain properties of this example which were previously given heuristically, are proved. Edge effects are treated rigorously.
S‐continuous functions and certain weak forms of regularity and complete regularity
Authors: Kohli J. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA topological space is called s‐regular if each closed connected set and a point outside it are separated by disjoint open sets. Similarly notion of complete s‐regularity is introduced; basic properties of s‐regular spaces and completely s‐regular spaces are studied and interrelations between them and the standard separation axioms are observed. It is shown that in the class of semilocally connected spaces s‐regularity coincides with regularity and complete s‐regularity coincides with complete regularity. Moreover, properties of s‐continuous functions are studied and it is shown that s‐regularity and completely s‐regularity are preserved under certain s‐continuous mappings.
Über die Vollständigkeit und Freiheit von verallgemeinerten Fourier‐Systemen
Authors: Schröck‐Pauli Claudia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEs werden Exponentialsysteme nach der Nullstellenmenge gewisser ganzer Funktionen von exponentiellem Typ, die das bekannte FOURIER‐System verallgemeinern, auf ihre Vollständigkeit und Freiheit in verschiedenen topologischen Funktionenrärumen untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß diese Systeme in den bekannten Räumen C und Lp, 1 ≦ p < ∞, ein endliches Vollständigkeitsintervall und eine endlichen Überschuß besitzen, die hier beiden explizit angegeben werden. Darüber hinaus werden neue Funktionenräume eingeführt, in denen die betrachteten Exponentialsysteme Basen sind.
Existence and Density Theorems for Stochastic Maps on Commutative C*‐algebras
Authors: Alberti Peter M. , Uhlmann Armin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents theoremes on the structure of stochastic and normalized positive linear maps over commutative C*‐algebras. We show how strongly the solution of the n‐tupel problem for stochastic maps relates to the fact that stochastic maps of finite rank are weakly dense within stochastic maps in case of a commutative C*‐algebra. We give a new proof of the density theorem and derive (besides the solution of the n‐tupel problem) results concerning the extremal maps of certain convex subsets which are weakly dense. All stated facts suggest application in Statistical Physics (algebraic approach), especially concerning questions around evolution of classical systems.
Stochastic Integrals of Continuous Local Martingales, I
Authors: Engelbert H. J. , Hess Juliaen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConsider a continuous local martingale X. We say that X satisfies the representation property if any martingale Y of X can be represented as stochastic ITǑ integral of X. Using the method of random time change systematically, in the present paper the representation problem for continuous local martingales is treated. We describe a class of martingales Y that can be represented as stochastic integral of X by probabilistic conditions. This leads to sufficient conditions for the representation property of X being true. Besides, an interesting characterization of continuous processes with independent increments is obtained. In part II. we proceed with general examples, applications to the n‐dimensional case, and, in particular, to the n‐dimensional time change of continuous local martingales with orthogonal components.
An axiomatic approach to differentiability on topological groups
Authors: Boseck Helmut , Rudolph Klaus‐Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStarting with a list of “reasonable” properties, called axioms, we are pointing out, that the notion of differentiability is related to the one parameter subgroups of a topological group. This justifies the idea of RISS [5] and the attempts of one of the authors in an earlier paper [1]. In a second part we define differentiable vector valued functions on topological groups. The third part is devoted to a definition of differentiable mappings satisfying the axioms stated before. In this part the considerations are restricted to a rather large class of topological groups including locally compact groups, BANACH LIE groups and current groups.All topological groups and locally convex topological linear spaces occuring in this paper are assumed to be HAUSDORFF.
A Comparison Theorem for Higher Order Elliptic Differential Equations
Authors: Wright Lynne C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUtilizing the quadratic functional criteria and positive functionals, the author develops a comparison theorem for oscillation of partial differential equations. This result parallels a comparison of the oscillation of scalar ordinary differential equations to oscillation of vector‐matrix differential equations established by LEWIS and WRIGHT.We want to look at the matrix partial differential equation.
Stochastic Integrals of Continuous Local Martingales, II
Authors: Engelbert H. J. , Hess Juliane 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConsider a continuous local martingale X. We say that X satisfies the representation property if any martingale Y of X can be represented as stochastic ITÔ integral of X. On the basis of part I of the present paper, in section 4 several general examples of continuous local martingales X satisfying the representation property are given: Stochastic continuous GAUSSian martingales, processes with conditionally independent increments, stopped continuous local martingales, random time change of WIENER processes, weak solutions of stochastic differential equations. Theorem 7 states that every (homogeneous) continuous strong MARKOV local martingale has the representation property. In section 5, the results of part I are applied to n‐dimensional continuous local martingales and analogous representation results are obtained. In section 6, we consider an application of section 5 to the n‐dimensional time change for reducing every n‐dimensional continuous local martingale with orthogonal components to the WIENER process. This improves a theorem of F. B. KNIGHT and simplifies its proof considerably.
Asymptotische Darstellungen für die STOKES‐Multiplikatoren der Differentialgleichung (−1)ny(n)(x)=(x2+λ) y(x)
Authors: Schlosser‐Haupt Silke , Wyrwich Herbert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWir betrachten die Stokes‐Multiplikatoren der Differentialgleichung

als Funktionen des Parameters λ.Dabei leiten wir zunächst Rekursions‐ und Symmetriebeziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Multiplikatoren her. Ein Satz von Braaksma [1] liefert uns zusätzlich aymptotische Informationen. Aus diesen Grundlagen gewinnen wir dann mit Hilfe einer bekannten Technik in Verbindung mit dem Prinzip von Phragmén und Lindelöf unser Hauptergebnis, nämlich asymptotische Darstellungen für alle Stokes‐Multiplikatoren in einer vollen Umgebung des singulären Punktes λ = ∞.
Eine ITO‐Formel für HILBERTraum‐wertige zufällige Felder
Authors: Grecksch W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn vorliegender Arbeit wird eine ITO‐Formel für zweiparametrische Hilbertraum‐wertige zufällige Felder vorgestellt. Vorausgehen Aussagen über Hilbertraum‐wertige Martingalfelder und stochastische Integrale. In einem weiteren Kapitel wird diese ITO‐Formel zur Herleitung eines Satzes vom Girsanov‐TYP angewendet.Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit besitzen u. a. in der Theorie der Filtration und Steuerung zufälliger Felder Bedeutung. In [20] werden mittels dieser ITO‐Formel ein Dualitätssatz und ein Maximumprinzip für eine gesteuerte stochastische Goursatsche Aufgabe hergeleitet.Mittels des Girsanov‐Satzes können Aussagen über die Existenz schwacher Lösungen bei stochastischen partiellen Differentialgleichungen bewiesen werden. Bei der Steuerung solcher schwachen Lösungen ist mittels der ITO‐Formel die Herleitung von Funktionalgleichungen zur Bestimmung optimaler Steuerfelder möglich ([21]).
A fixed point theorem involving a hybrid inwardness‐contraction condition
Authors: Tuy Hoang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA fixed point theorem is proved which involves a hybrid inwardness‐contraction condition and simultaneously extends three earlier results of NADLER, CLARKE and REICH, respectively.The aim of this paper is to prove a fixed point theorem which will simultaneously extends three earlier results of NADLER [5], CLARKE [2], and REICH [7], respectively.
Diskrete Approximation der Hammersteinschen Gleichung mit einer Anwendung auf die Quadraturformelmethode für Hammersteinsche Integralgleichungen
Authors: Zurbrügg Christoph 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDie abstrakte HAMMERSTEINsche Gleichung u + KF(u) = 0, K positiv, symmetrisch, F monoton, wird approximiert durch Näherungsgleichungen derselben Form. Es wird gezeigt, daß die diskrete Konvergenz einer Folge von positiven beschränkten linearen Operatoren die Konvergenz der Folge der Quadratwurzeln dieser Operatoren impliziert. Mit Hilfe dieses Resultates wird die Konvergenz der Lösungen der Näherungsgleichungen gegen die Lösung der HAMMERSTEINschen Gleichung gezeigt, Als Anwendung der allgemeinen Resultate wird die Konvergenz der Quadraturformelmethode für HAMMERSTEINsche Integralgleichungen bewiesen.
Unconditional bases in lp⊕lq, 0 < p < q < 1
Authors: Ortynski Augustyn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe prove that every unconditional basis of lp⊕lq (0 < p < q < 1) is a disjoint union of two subsequences which span subspaces isomorphic to lp and lq respectively. This is an extension of a similar result of EDELSTEIN and WOJTASZCZYK [3] for 1 ≦ p < q <∞.
The Number of Phases of Inhomogeneous Markov Fields with Finite State Spaces on N and Z and their Behaviour at Infinity
Authors: Winkler Gerhard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe consider the set 𝒢 of nonhomogeneous Markov fields on T = N or T = Z with finite state spaces En, n ϵ T, with fixed local characteristics. For T = N we show that 𝒢 has at most \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop N\nolimits_\infty = \mathop {\lim \inf}\limits_{n \to \infty} \left| {\mathop E\nolimits_n} \right| $\end{document} phases. If T = Z, 𝒢 has at most N‐∞ · N∞; phases, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop N\nolimits_{-\infty} = \mathop {\lim \inf}\limits_{n \to -\infty} \left| {\mathop E\nolimits_n} \right| $\end{document}. We give examples, that for T = N for any number k, 1 ≦ k ≦ N∞, there are local characteristics with k phases, whereas for T = Z every number l · k, 1 ≦ l ≦ N‐∞, 1 ≦ k ≦ N∞ occurs. We describe the inner structure of 𝒢, the behaviour at infinity and the connection between the one‐sided and the two‐sided tail‐fields. Simple examples of Markov fields which are no Markov processes are given.
Notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die Optimalität beim Stoppen von Markowschen Prozessen
Authors: Engelbert H. J. , Schröter H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn der Arbeit wird eine Aufgabe des optimalen Stoppens von Markowschen Prozessen mit diskreter Zeit behandelt. Zu einer gegebenen Gewinnfunktion g wird die Wertefunktion v(x) = sup Exg(xT) betrachtet, wobei das Supremum über alle Markowschen Zeiten T gebildet wird, für die die Integrale existieren, und es werden optimale Markowsche Zeiten gesucht. Es ist bekannt, daß die für jedes ϵ ≧ 0 definierten Markowschen Zeiten Tϵ = min {n 0: v(Xn) ≧ g(Xn) + ϵ} ϵ‐optimal sind, wenn die Funktion g beispielsweise nach oben beschränkt ist. Im Artikel werden Bedingungen an die Funktionen g und v formuliert, die nicht nur hinreichend, sondern auch not‐wendig für die ϵ‐Optimalität von Tϵ (ϵ ≧ 0) sind. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden auf den Fall Markowscher Prozesse mit stetiger Zeit verallgemeinert.
Adiabatic switching in abstract scattering theory
Authors: Obermann Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the relations between the usual wave operator, the adiabatic switched one and the ABEL wave operator. By means of H = ‐i d/dx + q(x) examples are constructed where the usual wave operator exists but the adiabatic switched one does not exist, or both exist and they are not equal.
Semi‐Classical Asymptotic of Spectral Function for Some Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Karadzhov G. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper one obtains a result concerning the asymptotic behaviour of the spectral function on the diagonal for SCHRÖDINGER operators Ah = –h2/2 λ + V as h → 0. This asymptotic change the form on the energy level V(x) = λ.
Bemerkungen zur zweidimensionalen stochastischen Navier‐Stokes‐Gleichung
Authors: Schmalfuss B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFür die stochastische NAVIER‐STOKES‐Gleichung auf einem zweidimensionalen Gebiet wird die Konvergenz der ITǑ‐GALERKIN‐Näherungen im quadratischen Mittel nachgewiesen. Weiterhin wird der MARKOV‐Charakter des Lösungsprozesses bewiesen und Eigenschaften der Trajektorien untersucht.
Shift Automorphisms of the Hyperfinite Factor
Authors: Quasthoff Uwe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor a large class of shift transformations of a LEBESGUE measure space (they have to fulfil some mixing condition) we construct automorphisms of the hyperfinite factor of type II1. The CONNES‐STØRMER entropy of the resulting automorphisms equals the measure theoretic entropy of the corresponding shift transformations. Two such automorphisms are conjugate if the conjugacy between the original measure space shifts can be given by a code with finite expected code length.
Copper‐biomolecule complexes in the gas phase. The ternary way
Authors: Tureček František 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis review deals with copper complexes of a variety of organic and bioorganic molecules that have been produced as gas‐phase ions by electrospray and other ionization methods and studied experimentally by mass spectrometry and theoretically by ab initio and density functional theory computations. Ternary complexes of Cu(II) allow one to modify the oxidation state and coordination sphere of the copper ion and thus induce novel fragmentations that involve redox and radical‐based reactions. Structure elucidation, distinction, and quantitation of leucine and isoleucine isomers in peptides, distinction of enantiomers in chiral compounds, and sensitive detection of antibiotics are some of the highlights of mass spectrometry of ternary copper complexes. Binary copper complexes are mainly represented by Cu(I) species in which the copper ion displays the properties of a weak Lewis acid. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spectrom. Rev.