bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size variation in the Cape dune molerat (Bathyergus suillus) and late Quaternary climatic change in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Klein Richard G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin their historic range at the southwestern tip of Africa, Cape dune molerats (Bathyergus suillus) tend to be significantly larger in areas of higher rainfall. They also tend to be large in late Quaternary fossil samples associated with independent evidence for relatively moist climate and small in samples associated with evidence for relatively dry conditions. Together with sedimentologic/geomorphic and other faunal observations, fluctuations in fossil dune molerat size imply that the regional climate was very moist during an early late Quaternary interval corresponding to marine isotope stage 4 (74,000 to 59,000 yr B.P.) or perhaps to substage 5b or 5d (centered on 110,000 and 90,000 yr B.P., respectively.) It was comparably moist again from roughly 14,000 to 8,000 yr B.P., somewhat drier than at present from about 8000 until 4000 yr B.P., and mainly near the modern average after 4000 yr B.P. Together, the modern and fossil data suggest that dune molerat size is a reliable index of past precipitation, but it may not be useful for revealing extremely arid conditions because these seem to be associated with depositional/occupational gaps in most local paleontological/archeological sites.
Relative dating of Quaternary moraines, Rongbuk valley, Mount Everest, Tibet: Implications for an ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Burbank Douglas W. , Cheng Kang Jian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRelative-dating studies applied to high-altitude moraines (5000–5500 m) in the Rongbuk valley on the northern flank of Mt. Everest reveal strong contrasts in the weathering characteristics of the boulders exposed along moraine crests. These differences serve to define three intervals of major Pleistocene glaciation that, on the basis of the degree of weathering, are interpreted to extend back to at least the penultimate glaciation and probably encompass at least one still older glaciation. Either interpretation indicates that some of these moraines are considerably older than their previously assigned ages. The magnitude of equilibrium-line lowering during Neoglacial and late Pleistocene times is calculated to be ca. 50–100 and 350–450 m, respectively. The data described here are incompatible with the recently proposed model (Kuhle, 1987) for large-scale ice-sheet development on the Tibetan Plateau. The reconstructed equilibrium-line lowering in the Everest region is only 30% of that cited in the ice-sheet model. Moreover, the flow patterns and geometry of the former Rongbuk glaciers are in opposition to those proposed by the model. Based on the data from the Everest region, it appears that valley glaciation, rather than ice-sheet growth, characterized the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the middle and late Pleistocene glaciations.
Laurentide Ice Sheet Extent Inferred from Stable Isotopic Composition (O,C) of Ostracodes at Toronto, Canada
Authors: Schwarcz Henry P. , Eyles Nicholas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEarly and Middle Wisconsin glaciolacustrine sediments exposed at Scarborough Bluffs, Toronto, Canada, contain a low-diversity benthic ostracode fauna dominated by Candona subtringulata and C. caudata. We have studied the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the two ostracode species from the base of the Scarborough section to its top immediately below a Late Wisconsin till. We find an upward decrease in δ18O in both species that is more marked in C. caudata. The shift in δ18O of ostracode calcite from interglacial values of −6 to −8‰, to values of −17‰ immediately below the Late Wisconsin till is the result of (1) lowering of δ18O of the lake as a result of addition of isotopically light meltwater from an advancing and thickening Laurentide Ice Sheet combined with (2) lowering of δ18O of local precipitation entering the lake, due to falling temperatures. In the last stages of the lake, δ18O of the lake water was between −17 and −21‰, corresponding to a lake body composed of between 35 and 55% glacial meltwater. The lake appears to have been isotopically and thermally stratified for part of its history. Differences in δ13C values between C. caudata and C. subtriangulata increase upward in the stratigraphic section. This may record enhanced partitioning of carbon isotopes between surface and bottom waters as a result of increased water depths, photosynthesis by algae, and changes in the input of dissolved organic carbon from the oxidation of organic matter. If the age assessments of these sediments are correct, then these data provide valuable information regarding the isotopic composition of ancestral Lake Ontario and also confirm that the basin was only fully glaciated during the Late Wisconsin.
Soil-Carbonate Genesis in the Pinacate Volcanic Field, Northwestern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Slate Janet L. , Bull William B. , Ku Teh-Lung , Shafiqullah Muhammad , Lynch Daniel J. , Huang Yi-Pu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUranium-series methods were used to date and evaluate pedogenic CaCO3 genesis in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Soils are developed in eolian deposits on lava flows. 230Th/234U dates of pedogenic carbonate are mininum soil ages because of (1) the time needed to yield clasts from flows and to accrete enough carbonate to sample, (2) subsequent additions of uranium, and (3) continued solution and reprecipitation of carbonate rinds. K-Ar dates of basalt flows are maximum soil ages. Maximum and minimum rates of CaCO3 accumulation are calculated from the Th/U dates and K-Ar dates, respectively. The mean maximum rate is 0.13 g CaCO3/cm2/1000 yr and the mean minimum rate is 0.05 g CaCO3/cm2/1000 yr. Least-squares regressions of pedogenic carbonate and clay content and of Th/U ages against K-Ar ages suggest additions to soils from atmospheric sources throughout the late Quaternary. Morphology of pedogenic carbonate and laboratory data for soluble salts indicate that the climate of the Pinacate has not changed significantly during the past 150,000 yr. Soil variability is influenced by proximity of the eolian source. Near the periphery of the Pinacate, carbonate and clay are evenly distributed throughout soil profiles. Within the volcanic field, carbonate and clay are concentrated in soil horizons, suggesting that additions from atmospheric sources are slow enough to allow translocation.
Obsidian Hydration Dating and Temperature Controls in the Punta Negra Region of Northern Chile
Authors: Lynch Thomas F. , Stevenson Christopher M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEffective hydration temperature (EHT) is essential for the computation of obsidian hydration dates. In the Atacama Desert, the scarcity of air-temperature records combines with extremes of elevation and local temperature to encourage, or even require, the use of buried thermal cells to record on-site mean annual temperatures. Compositional analysis (sourcing) and hydration rate development in the laboratory are also necessary, especially where other dating methods are unavailable to confirm the hydration rate. Paleoindian or Early Archaic through modern obsidian dates support a human settlement pattern history derived from archaeological/geomorphological studies of climatological and hydrological change.
Carbon Isotope Composition of Lake Sediments in Relation to Lake Productivity and Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Aravena Ramon , Warner Barry G. , MacDonald Glen M. , Hanf Karen I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCarbon-13 profiles and radiocarbon dates were obtained from two Canadian kettle basins having similar geological and hydrological characteristics to develop criteria for evaluating the validity of radiocarbon dates on lake sediment from basins in calcareous terrain. Radiocarbon dates from a site in Alberta show a variable hard-water effect related to local hydrological changes during postglacial history of the lake basin, whereas radiocarbon dates from the other site in Ontario show no noticeable influence of old carbon during its history. These differences are mainly related to lake water residence time, which has influenced carbon isotopic exchange between atmospheric CO2 and dissolved inorganic carbon in lake water. δ13C values for bulk organic sediment and terrestrial and aquatic macrofossils reveal that the main component of lake sediment at both sites is autocthonous in origin. Furthermore, each site supported different submerged aquatic plant communities that used different sources of carbon for photosynthesis, thereby imprinting the organic sediments with a characteristic 13C composition. Both sites reflect a clear relationship between 13C values and paleoproductivity. This study shows the individualistic response of the developing lake system to the hydrology, lake biota, and local geology, and demonstrates the problem of using 13C in lake sediments as a single criterion to recognize the validity of radiocarbon dates of lake sediment without supporting paleoecological information.
Factor structure of the 12‐item aggression questionnaire: Further evidence from Asian adolescent samples
Authors: Ang Rebecca P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBryant and Smith [(2001). Refining the architecture of aggression: A measurement model for the Buss‐Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 138–167] refined the 29‐item Aggression Questionnaire and obtained a 12‐item short form of the AQ that has yet to be validated with samples outside of North America and England. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with two Asian adolescent samples revealed that while the hierarchical AQ model had an acceptable fit to the data, the multidimensional AQ model demonstrated a superior fit. The unidimensional AQ model was shown to be an unacceptable measurement model in both samples. Results obtained replicated previous findings using the original 29‐item measure and supported the AQ's multidimensionality. Multigroup CFA analyses revealed partial measurement invariance for the 12‐item fourfactor AQ model for both samples with respect to gender. Supplementary t‐tests revealed a consistent gender difference on physical aggression in the male direction for both samples and a gender difference on verbal aggression in the male direction only for one sample. No other gender differences were found. These results are consistent with recent meta‐analytic research.
Women's mental health: A silent cause of mortality and morbidity
Authors: Stewart D.E. , Ashraf I.J. , Munce S.E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is estimated that 450 million individuals worldwide are affected by mental, neurological or behavioral problems at any time, and that 873,000 die annually by suicide. Key international authorities and a literature review suggest that women are disproportionately affected by depression, anxiety and eating disorders, which usually go unrecognized and untreated, and that the mental health of women can be understood only if their biological, social, cultural, economic and personal context is considered. International efforts should increase to prevent, recognize and treat mental disorders in girls and women. An International Women's Mental Health Consensus Statement is herein provided, for endorsement by interested organizations wishing to begin this task.
Process innovativeness in technology services organizations: Roles of differentiation strategy, operational autonomy and risk‐taking propensity
Authors: Das Sidhartha R. , Joshi Maheshkumar P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of differentiation strategy on process innovativeness in technology services organization (TSOs). In addition it examines the direct and moderating effects of two organizational constructs—operational autonomy and risk‐taking propensity. Analysis of data from 102 firms in the mid‐Atlantic region of the USA indicates that both differentiation strategy and operational autonomy are positively related with process innovativeness, while an organization's risk‐taking propensity has no such relationship. In addition, operational autonomy moderates the relationship between differentiation strategy and process innovativeness, while no evidence was found for the moderating effect of risk‐taking propensity on this relationship. Further sub‐group analysis shows that in TSOs with high levels of operational autonomy, risk‐taking propensity has a positive moderating effect on the above relationship. Post hoc analysis also establishes positive links among process innovativeness and firm performance.
Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon's work and its role in the renaissance and evolution of operations management
Authors: Singhal Jaya , Singhal Kalyan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEarly work in aggregate production planning has evolved into a major business process known as sales and operations planning. In the 1950s, a team led by Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon, which also included Bonini and Winters, worked on aggregate production planning and forecasting and published a series of papers and a book. The literature contains reports of at least 73 applications of their work in four companies and three application studies. Holt et al.'s work and its visibility led to a renaissance of the field of operations and supply chain management as we know it today and brought two paradigm changes in the domain and the role of operations and supply chain management. First, seemingly unrelated and non‐managerial individual functions started to emerge as parts of an integrated system of managing production. Second, aggregate production planning brought to forefront the central role of operations management by linking it with supply chains and other functions in the organization.
Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature
Authors: Harper S J , Jones N S 
Published: July 2006

Topical cocaine is used by many otorhinolaryngologists because of its good local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties. A review of the available literature suggests a risk/benefit analysis would suggest that in the out-patient setting local anaesthetic agents which do not contain cocaine should be used. For rhinosurgical procedures, preparations containing cocaine and adrenaline in the appropriate concentrations and doseage are safe in the vast majority of patients without previous cardiac disease. The relative benefit of using cocaine in relation to other topical analgesics and vasoconstrictors in surgery remains unproven and alternative preparations should be used wherever there is concern over the cardiac status of the patient.It is important to be alert to the possibility that patients presenting with a septal perforation or destructive midfacial lesions may be suffering from an addiction to cocaine. It is important to arrive at the correct diagnosis in a destructive process and even in the presence of raised antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) a diagnosis of cocaine abuse should actively be excluded.
Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: prognostic factors
Authors: Xenellis J , Karapatsas I , Papadimitriou N , Nikolopoulos T , Maragoudakis P , Tzagkaroulakis M , Ferekidis E 
Published: July 2006

Objectives: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) remains a challenge for the clinician. In the majority of cases, no definite cause can be found and the prognosis is variable.Methods: The present study assessed 114 patients suffering from idiopathic SSHL, with regard to the prognostic value of demographic, epidemiologic, neurotologic and audiometric factors. In addition, the relationship between the identification of wave V in auditory brainstem responses and the final hearing outcome was investigated. All patients received 75 mg/day intravenous prednisolone, divided into three daily doses, for 10 days, with gradual tapering of the dose over the next 10 days.Results: The results (after one year follow up) revealed the following factors to be related to a better hearing outcome: younger age; male sex; less time elapsed between the onset of hearing loss and the beginning of treatment; and an upward-sloping or cupeloid audiogram contour. The detection of wave V early in recovery and within the first month of medical treatment might also constitute a significant favourable factor in respect to hearing recovery.Conclusions: The present study revealed that there are certain factors that affect prognosis in idiopathic SSHL. This is very important in counselling patients and may affect current clinical practice.
Health Policy in Twentieth-Century Europe
Authors: FORSBACH RALF 
Published: July 2006

Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner eds., Facing Illness in Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years 1918–1939 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005), 424 pp., €64.00 (hb), ISBN 363119486.Horst H. Freyhofer The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code, Studies in Modern European History 53 (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 209 pp., €30.00 (pb), ISBN 0820467979.Ulrike Lindner Gesundheitspolitik in der Nachkriegszeit. Großbritannien und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vergleich, Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London 57 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2004), 581 pp., €64.00 (hb), ISBN 3486200143.
Blackening Europe/Europeanising Blackness: Theorising the Black Presence in Europe
Authors: SMITH MICHELLE 
Published: July 2006

Tina Campt, Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender and Memory in the Third Reich (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003), 256 pp., $22.95 (pb), ISBN 0472113607.Paul Gilroy, Postcolonial Melancholia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 192 pp., $24.50 (pb), ISBN 0231134541.Brent Hayes Edwards, The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 397 pp., $24.95 (pb), ISBN 0674011031.Heike Raphael-Hernandez, Blackening Europe. The Afro-American Presence (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), 314 pp., £18.99 (pb), ISBN 0-415-94399X.
Smoking and its correlates in an Australian prisoner population
Authors: BELCHER JOSEPHINE M. , BUTLER TONY , RICHMOND ROBYN L. , WODAK ALEX D. , WILHELM KAY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite evidence of high rates of smoking among prisoners, there has been limited research that describes smoking patterns and risk factors associated with smoking in this group. This study describes inmate smokers and identifies factors associated with smoking in prison, using a survey comprising a cross‐sectional random sample of inmates stratified by sex, age and Aboriginality. A total of 914 adult inmates (747 men, 167 women) were recruited from 29 New South Wales (Australia) correctional centres. Information on the prevalence of smoking, smoking history, smoking behaviours and other risk factors were collected. Of the participants, 79% were current smokers (78% men, 83% women). Younger inmates were more likely than older inmates to smoke (86% vs. 64%). Most individuals smoked between 11 and 20 cigarettes a day and a median of 50 grams per week. In the previous year, over half (52%) of current smokers had attempted to quit or reduce the amount they smoked. At the time of the survey, 58% of smokers had plans to quit; 21% within 3 months. Independent predictors of current smoking in the multivariate analysis were past use of cannabis and a history of illicit drug use. The prevalence of smoking in prison is extraordinarily high and exceeds that of the general community. Despite this, the majority of prisoners report plans to quit. Readily available smoking cessation advice, support and treatment are needed to assist those wanting to quit in this stressful environment. As the prevalence of smoking within the general community declines, assisting cessation in groups containing a disproportionate number of smokers will become increasingly important. Despite high levels of tobacco dependence, many prisoners intend to quit and health planners and custodial authorities need to encourage and support inmates who do attempt to quit.
How the quality of peer relationships influences college alcohol use
Authors: BORSARI BRIAN , CAREY KATE B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPeer relationships are consistently linked to alcohol use in college students. However, this disparate literature often reveals contradictory findings regarding the precise mechanisms of peer influence. In this review, we use an organisational framework based on social learning theory (SLT) to demonstrate how the quality of peer relationships may influence personal alcohol use. We propose that the quality of peer relationships enhance the influence of social reinforcement, modelling and cognitive processes on personal alcohol use. Research indicates that the quality of peer relationships influences drinking via three pathways: the lack or breakdown of quality peer relationships, alcohol use being an integral part of peer interactions, and if peers disapprove of alcohol use or do not drink. This conceptualisation of peer influence informs the consistent finding of gender differences in college student drinking. Limitations of the reviewed research include reliance on cross‐sectional surveys, self‐report and homogeneous populations. Future directions for research on quality peer relationships involve detailed longitudinal assessment and the application of advanced statistical methods.
Diversion and criminal justice drug treatment: mechanism of emancipation or social control?
Authors: CLANCEY GARNER , HOWARD JOHN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn Australia, as elsewhere, there has been a rapid growth in programs to divert drug‐using offenders from the criminal justice system to assessment and treatment. In this Harm Reduction Digest, which builds on papers presented at the APSAD Conference in Melbourne, November 2005, Clancey and Howard take a reflexive look at the Australian experience since the launch of the National Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative in 1999. In putting diversion within a broader criminological and societal context, they suggest that we may have criminalised drug policy and may ultimately be doing more harm than good.
Employment, Family Union and Childbearing Decisions in Great Britain
Authors: Aassve Arnstein , Burgess Simon , Propper Carol , Dickson Matt 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe paper investigates the life-cycle relationship of work and family life in Britain based on the British Household Panel Survey. Using hazard regression techniques we estimate a five-equation model, which includes birth events, union formation, union dissolution, employment and non-employment events. We find that transitions in and out of employment for men are relatively independent of other transitions. In contrast, there are strong links between employment of females, having children and union formation. By undertaking a detailed microsimulations analysis, we show that different levels of labour force participation by females do not necessarily lead to large changes in fertility events. Changes in union formation and fertility events, in contrast, have larger effects on employment.
Neutral Umpires and Leg Before Wicket Decisions in Test Cricket
Authors: Ringrose Trevor J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe proportions of dismissals which were leg before wicket in test cricket matches during 1978–2004 are analysed by using generalized linear and mixed models to assess the effect of location, team and the presence or otherwise of neutral umpires. The location and the team batting are clearly significant. There is also clear evidence of an interaction showing that some teams’ players are out leg before wicket less often at home but there is no further interaction with neutral umpires, suggesting that this is not caused simply by home umpires favouring the home team.