bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing drinking water treatment systems for safety against cyanotoxin breakthrough using maximum tolerable values
Authors: Schmidt Wido , Bornmann Katrin , Imhof Lutz , Mankiewicz Joanna , Izydorczyk Katarzyna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFor assessing the safety of drinking water supplies suffering cyanobacterial blooms in their water source, a methodology is proposed which relates the performance of their current treatment train to the quality of the raw water. The approach considers that different treatment trains can remove algal toxins with different efficiency. Maximum Tolerable (MT‐) values of the raw water expressed by cell counts or by biovolumes of cyanobacteria were calculated. Three MT‐categories were identified by colours; high risk (red), moderate risk (yellow) and no risk (green). Two treatment facilities using a conventional (1) and polishing train (2) were assessed using this methodology. For most of the time during an algal bloom the water quality could be classified as yellow which means short term higher toxin levels in comparison to the guide line in clear water were found. However, the red classification, indicating a high risk for drinking water quality was never reached. The model proposed can be understood as supplement of the common alert level framework, ALF‐concept (Chorus and Bartram, Situation Assessment, Planning and Management. London and New York: E & FN Spon. 1999; House et al., Management Strategies for Toxic Blue Green Algae: Literature Review. Australia: CRC for Water Quality and Treatment. 2004). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Effects of 4‐nonylphenol on the endocrine system of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Lye Christina M. , Bentley Matthew G. , Galloway Tamara 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThere is a considerable body of evidence to suggest that many anthropogenic chemicals, most notably xeno‐estrogens, are able to disrupt the endocrine system of vertebrates. There have been few comparable studies on the effects of exposure to these chemicals that may serve as biomarkers of endocrine disruption in aquatic invertebrate species. In addition, the evidence available is complex, conflicting, and far from conclusive. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the xeno‐estrogen 4‐nonylphenol (4‐NP, nominal concentrations 10–100 μg L−1) on the regulation and functioning of the endocrine system of the shore crab Carcinus maenas. It also set out to establish whether 4‐NP are causing the effects (i.e., changes of exoskeletons including secondary sexual characteristics, pheromonally mediated behavior and ecdysone levels, and the presence of vt in the male hepatopancreas) found recently in wild shore crabs (Lye et al.,2005). The study utilizes morphological (e.g., gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices) and hormonal (ecdysteroid moulting hormone levels and the induction of female specific proteins, vitellins) biomarkers using radioimmunoassay and an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay applied to the soluble protein fraction of adult male hepatopancreatic homogenates. Exposure of C. maenas to an effective concentration as low as 1.5 μg L−1 4‐NP resulted in a reduced testis weight, increased liver weight, and altered levels of ecdysone equivalents compared to controls. Induction of vitellin‐like proteins was absent in all samples tested. The ecological implications and the possible mechanisms for the action of 4‐NP on the response of the shore crab to xeno‐estrogen exposure are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Toxicity of copper and cadmium in combinations to duckweed analyzed by the biotic ligand model
Authors: Hatano Ayumi , Shoji Ryo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe biotic ligand model (BLM) of acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is based on the concept that metals binding onto biotic ligand may cause toxic effect on the organism. The BLM can take into incorporation between metal speciation and the protective effects of competing cations account. The demonstrated BLM can provide a good estimation of the amount of single metal effect under various conditions such as pH, coexistence of other non toxic cations. However, toxic metals are often found as mixture in nature. This study estimated combined toxicity of Cu and Cd examined by growth inhibition of Duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) by using single toxicity data as toxic unit (TU) derived by three types of model, BLM and two conventional models, free ion activity model (FIAM), and total metal concentration model. According to our results, single toxicity data derived by the BLM can estimate combined toxicity described as a function of TU. Particularly under the high level of heavy metals stress, BLM clearly predicted toxicity of heavy metals compared with other two models. According to numeric correlation (R2, root mean square error), the order is BLM (R = 0.83, RMSE = 13.5) > total metal concentration model (R = 0.41, RMSE = 24.9) > FIAM (R = 0.36, RMSE = 26.1). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Effects of bisphenol A on the embryonic development of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus)
Authors: Özlem Çakal Arslan , Hatice Parlak 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA), is one of the most important industrial chemicals synthesized for diverse applications. In this study, tests for embryotoxic and spermiotoxic effects of BPA were utilized in the sperms and embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The sperm and eggs of sea urchins were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPA (300–3500 μg/L) under static conditions. The endpoints were successful sperm fertilization, larval malformations, developmental arrest, and embryonic/larval mortality. BPA concentration (300 μg/L) had spermiotoxic and embryotoxic effects on this species. A dose–response related reduction was observed in fertilization success and significant increases in the number of larvae with skeleton malformations at the pluteus stage when the sperms were exposed BPA. The embryotoxicity of BPA is concentration‐dependent and significant growth reduction at the early life stages and an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities at the pluteus stage were observed. It can be concluded that BPA adversely affects the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of the P. lividus and this is of great ecological importance due to the hazard at the population level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Transcriptional responses of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, HSP70 and Na+/K+‐ATPase in the liver of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) intracoelomically injected with amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin
Authors: Wang Lin , Liang Xu‐Fang , Huang Yan , Li Shi‐Ying , Ip Kok‐Chao 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAmnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA) is a marine neurotoxin that accumulates in fish and shellfish, and has been implicated to be involved in human and marine wildlife mortality. The transcriptional responses of cytochrome P‐450 1A (CYP1A), glutathione S‐transferase alpha (GSTA), glutathione S‐transferase rho (GSTR), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and Na+/K+‐ATPase alpha 1 (ATP1A1) in the liver of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) intracoelomically injected with DA, were investigated. Experimental fish were administered with one injection of DA (2 μg/g wet weight) or PBS as control. After 24 h, fish were killed and hepatic RNA was isolated. Partial cDNA of rabbitfish CYP1A, GSTA, GSTR, HSP70, ATP1A1, and β‐actin were obtained by PCR using degenerate primers. Using β‐actin as an external control, the relative liver CYP1A, GSTA, GSTR, HSP70, and ATP1A1 mRNA abundance of rabbitfish were determined by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR within the exponential phase. The ratio CYP1A/β‐actin mRNA (%) of exposure group was determined to be 148.92 ± 12.69, whereas the ratio of control group was 82.3 ± 8.35, indicating that CYP1A was induced significantly in rabbitfish following DA exposure (P < 0.05). Although the expressions of GSTA, HSP70, and ATP1A1 tended to increase and GSTR tended to decrease, no significant changes were found (P > 0.05). The induction of hepatic CYP1A in response to DA suggests a potential role for fish phase I xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme in DA metabolism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Differential growth of the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis in relation to certain drugs
Authors: Mishra Sarmistha , Mishra Rajani Kanta , Sahu Bijaya Kumar , Nayak Lakhman , Senga Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe survival and growth rate of the Indian freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, (Lamarck) was ascertained in cultivation by using certain drugs in CIFA, fish farm, BBSR (India) during June 1998 to February 1999.Two sets of experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of drugs like Betamethasone, Calcium, Azathioprine, Stanazolol, and Folic acid. Chloramphenicol was added with each treatment as prophylaxis to prevent the bacterial growth. In the first set, the inactiveness and mortality of the mussels in different drugs were studied through two different dosages and in subsequent tests the fixation of dosage was employed. The study in the second set was regarding the survival, increment of shell length, its thickness, and wet weight in response to different drugs therapy. The drugs were administered parenterally in “fixed dosage” at a regular interval of 21–23 days. The survival rate was good with Betamethasone and Azathioprine that is 75%, whereas it was 16.66% in Folic acid treatment. But the mussels originating from the control site had the significant survival rate though the growth rate was average. Calcium treatment had shown a marked increment of shell thickness and luster. The culture was lasted for 160 days. The wet weight gain of mussels in all the treatments were significant, p < 0.0001 whereas increment of shell thickness was significant only in treatment B (Calcium) and treatment D (Azathioprine), p < 0.0001 but with regard to the increment of length of mussel, treatment E (Stanazolol) was not significant, p > 0.05. The regression analysis was adopted to find out the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.90, being the best) from the relationship between length and weight of mussels and to establish the LWR equation with condition factor k = W/Lb. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
In vitro nephrotoxicity induced by propanil
Authors: Rankin Gary O. , Racine Christopher , Sweeney Adam , Kraynie Alyssa , Anestis Dianne K. , Barnett John B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPropanil is a postemergence herbicide used primarily in rice and wheat production in the United States. The reported toxicities for propanil exposure include methemoglobinemia, immunotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. A major metabolite of propanil, 3,4‐dichloroaniline (3,4‐DCA), has been shown to be a nephrotoxicant in vivo and in vitro, but the nephrotoxic potential of propanil has not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study was to determine the nephrotoxic potential of propanil using an in vitro kidney model, determine whether in vitro propanil nephrotoxicity is due to metabolites arising from propanil hydrolysis, and examine mechanistic aspects of propanil nephrotoxicity in vitro. Propanil, 3,4‐DCA, propionic acid (0.1–5.0 mM), or vehicle was incubated for 15–120 min with isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC; ∼4 million cells/mL) obtained from untreated male Fischer 344 rats. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release from IRCC. In 120‐min incubations, propanil induced cytotoxicity at concentrations >0.5 mM. At 1.0 mM, propanil induced cytotoxicity following 60‐ or 120‐min exposure. Cytotoxicity was observed with 3,4‐DCA (2.0 mM) at 60 and 120 min, while propionic acid (5.0 mM) induced cytotoxicity at 60 min. In IRCC pretreated with an antioxidant, cytochrome P450(CYP) inhibitor, flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase activity modulator, or cyclooxygenase inhibitor before propanil exposure (1.0 mM; 120 min), only piperonyl butoxide (0.1 mM), a CYP inhibitor, pretreatment decreased propanil cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that propanil is an in vitro nephrotoxicant in IRCC. Propanil nephrotoxicity is not primarily due to metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of propanil, but a metabolite resulting from propanil oxidation may contribute to propanil cytotoxicity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Effect of Cu stress on the invertase activity and root growth in two populations of Rumex dentatus L. with different Cu tolerance
Authors: Huang Yu , Xiong Zhi‐Ting , Dai Ling‐Peng , Gao Jing‐Qing 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThere has been no study on key enzymes in sucrose cleavage in metallophyte plants so far, which may be crucial for the plants' root growth and heavy metal tolerance maintenance. Acid invertases are rate‐limiting enzymes in sucrose metabolism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the roots of copper‐tolerant plants should manifest a higher activity of acid invertases than nontolerant plants both for supporting growth and for their maintaining tolerance under Cu stress. Two populations of Rumex dentatus L., one from an ancient waste heap at a Cu mine (Cu‐tolerant population), and the other from a noncontaminated site (Cu nontolerant population), were used in the experiments. The seedlings of Rumex dentatus L. were exposed to 0, 10, and 40 μM CuCl2 for 14 days. Cu exposure had a stronger inhibition on root growth and thus resulted in a lower root/shoot ratio in the plants of nontolerant population compared with the Cu‐tolerant population. Cu exposure showed a stronger inhibition of acid invertase activity of Cu nontolerant plants than Cu tolerant plants, whereas neutral/alkaline invertase was insensitive to Cu. A positive correlation between the activity of acid invertases and the root growth and root/shoot ratio was observed. The results suggested that the higher activities in acid invertases of Cu‐tolerant population might at least partly associate with the plants' Cu tolerance, and their higher activities in acid invertases in turn played an role in maintenance of the Cu tolerance by supplying carbon and energy for tolerance mechanisms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Determination of lead in samples of zooplankton, water, and sediments in a Mexican reservoir: Evidence for lead biomagnification in lower/intermediate trophic levels?
Authors: Rubio‐Franchini Isidoro , Mejía Saavedra Jesús , Rico‐Martínez Roberto 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe have determined lead concentration of water, sediment, and zooplankton samples of El Niágara, a reservoir in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Our results include the first report of bioconcentration factor (BCF) obtained in an actual ecosystem (as opposed to the experimental setups in the laboratory) for a rotifer species; Asplanchna brigthwellii (BCF ca. 49 300). The BCF of this predatory zooplanktonic species (A. brigthwellii) are up to four times greater than those of two grazing zooplanktonic species (Daphnia similis and Moina micrura). In this contaminated reservoir that lacks fishes, Asplanchna, and Culex sp. together with ducks and other bigger invertebrates might represent the top predators. Our data suggest that biomagnification of lead through at least one trophic level can occur in freshwater systems. Biomagnification in A. brigthwellii might be explained in part by predation of this voracious predator on young of the herbivorous cladoceran, M. micrura. Our findings stand opposite to the current theoretical framework where lead biomagnification occurs only in lower trophic levels. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Ecotoxicological assessment of industrial wastewaters in Trancão River Basin (Portugal)
Authors: Picado Ana , Mendonça Elsa , Silva Luís , Paixão Susana M. , Brito Fátima , Cunha Maria Ana , Leitão Sara , Moura Isabel , Hernan Robert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIt is important to assess the toxicity of complex effluents, since chemical evaluation alone is insufficient to protect the environment. Direct Toxicity Assessment is valuable in the decision process regarding the final disposal of complex wastewaters as it measures the total effects of the discharge, because of its known and unknown chemicals, additionally having some degree of ecological relevance. In Portugal, ecotoxicity tests are not used on a regular basis to control wastewaters. So, an integrated ecotoxicological, physical, and chemical study of wastewaters from 17 industries, in the Trancão River Basin, was carried out viewing proposing a test battery to be used in wastewater evaluation. An approach which does not include an ecotoxicological characterization may not properly evaluate the potential risks of effluent discharges, especially when they are complex. From the study carried out the use of a battery of assays to apply in the monitoring of complex wastewaters was proposed, including Microtox test, Daphnia test, and an algal test. Moreover, the added value of the ecotoxicological assessment of industrial wastewaters was demonstrated and could support the implementation of EU Directives (e.g. IPPC, WFD) within the Portuguese situation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
No acute toxicity to Uca pugnax, the mud fiddler crab, following a 96‐h exposure to sediment‐bound permethrin
Authors: Stueckle Todd A. , Griffin Kristin , Foran Christy M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn coastal areas, the application of pyrethroid insecticides and the resulting sediment residues pose a potential threat to marine benthic ecosystems. Pyrethroids cause acute toxicity and exhibit a wide range of sublethal effects on fish and crustaceans when exposure is aqueous. Fiddler crabs that inhabit salt marsh sediment are sensitive to sediment‐associated pollutants and serve as a sentinel species for xenobiotic exposure. We exposed adult U. pugnax to salt marsh sediment spiked with different 60% trans/40% cis permethrin concentrations for 96 h, and evaluated changes in oxygen consumption rate, hemolymph osmolarity, and glutathione S‐transferase activity (GST) following exposure. Marsh sediment was not lethal to U. pugnax at permethrin concentrations of 100–10,000 μg/kg. Sediment‐bound permethrin had no significant effect on respiration and osmoregulation. Exposure caused an induction of hepatopancreas GST in a dose‐dependent manner. Gill and midgut tissues showed induction at permethrin concentrations at 10,000 μg/kg. We conclude that short term exposure to permethrin‐contaminated sediment does not pose a significant threat to this species or impact respiration and osmoregulation. Furthermore, increased GST activity allows us to evaluate this enzyme's induction as a generalist biomarker for sediment‐bound pyrethroid exposures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of extracts of mussels originating from Moroccan Atlantic coast, in human colonic epithelial cells Caco‐2
Authors: Nasser Boubker , Moustaid Khadija , Moukha Serge , Mobio Théophile A. , Essamadi Abdelkhalid , Creppy Edmond E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIndustrial processing of phosphates generates chemical wastes which are, without any treatment, discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean at Jorf Lasfar (JL), located 120 km south of Casablanca (Morocco) were shellfish are also collected by people without any control. Marine bivalves concentrate these pollutants by filtration and serve as vectors in human's exposure. The objective of this study was to test and compare in vitro on human intestinal cells (Caco‐2) the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) extracts (either hydrophilic or lipophilic) collected at two coastal sites; JL (neighboring a phosphate processing plat‐form) and Oualidia (OL) (a vegetable growing area) located 160 km south of Casablanca (i.e. 40 km south of JL). Using Caco‐2 cells, the following end‐points have been evaluated, cytotoxicity as measured by MTS test, inhibition of cellular macromolecules syntheses (DNA and protein) and genotoxicity evaluated by DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated, that hydrophilic and lipophilic OL mussels extracts are cytotoxic and inhibit cellular macromolecules syntheses. Moreover these extracts damage the DNA in Caco‐2 cells. The lipophilic JL mussels extract is cytotoxic, inhibits cellular macromolecules syntheses, and damages the DNA in Caco‐2 cells whereas the hydrophilic extract of JL mussels fails to inhibit protein synthesis and does not damage the DNA. This extract rather enhances protein synthesis, suggesting possible metallothioneins induction by metal ions. Altogether these in vitro data indicate that mussels collected from OL could be more harmful than those from JL even though the later is closer to the pollution site than OL. Nevertheless consumption of mussels from all these areas may present a risk for humans. Epidemiological studies will be needed for global risk assessment in humans living in these areas especially those consuming see food regularly. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
NTBC treatment in tyrosinaemia type I: Long‐term outcome in French patients
Authors: Masurel‐Paulet A. , Poggi‐Bach J. , Rolland M.‐O. , Bernard O. , Guffon N. , Dobbelaere D. , Sarles J. , de Baulny H. Ogier , Touati G. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryWe describe a retrospective study of long‐term outcome of 46 patients treated and regularly followed in France with 2‐(2‐nitro‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoyl)‐1, 3‐cyclohexanedione (NTBC) for tyrosinaemia type I. Most had initial good response with normalization of liver function and metabolic parameters. Only one infant had no response to treatment and required liver transplantation. Among the 45 long‐term treated patients, three underwent secondary liver transplantation: one for cirrhosis and two because of hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the latter died of transplantation complications, so that the overall survival rate was 97.5%. However, 17 of 45 showed persistent abnormal liver imaging (heterogeneous liver) and 6 had cirrhosis. Furthermore, 15 had persistently elevated levels of alpha‐fetoprotein, highlighting the question of the persistent risk of carcinoma. Quality of life was usually good but compliance problems were frequent, mainly regarding the low phenylalanine–tyrosine diet. Few adverse effects were observed. A main concern was the high frequency of cognitive impairment causing schooling problems, which may be related to persistent chronic hypertyrosinaemia. In conclusion, this series confirms that NTBC treatment has clearly improved the vital prognosis and quality of life of tyrosinaemia type I patients but that many late complications persist. Long‐term studies are necessary to determine whether this drug may prevent or only delay liver complications, andto survey the possible risks of the drug. A more restricted diet could be necessary to prevent the neurological impact of the disease.