bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SURFACE STATISTICS OF A GROWING AGGREGATE
Authors: Kardar Mehran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe paper on ‘The surface statistics of a granular aggregate’ by Edwards and Wilkinson (1982) established an enduring framework for characterizing dynamic scaling phenomena for growing surfaces. More generally, it provided a new way of analyzing fluctuation phenomena in a variety of non-equilibrium circumstances. After briefly reviewing some key concepts of the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, a number of its generalizations in connection with different types of growing surfaces are described. Growth equations are related by mathematical links to sums over directed paths in random media. The latter reveals further connections to the contributions of Edwards in polymer physics (path integrals) and disordered systems (the replica formalism).
Avoiding Attack
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Tom N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe book discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey can avoid or survive attacks by predators, both from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. There is a particular focus on sensory mechanisms by which prey can avoid being detected, avoid being identified, signal (perhaps sometimes dishonestly) to predators that they are defended or unpalatable. The book is divided into three sections. The first considers detection avoidance through, for example, background matching, disruptive patterning, countershading and counterillumination, or transparency and reflective silvering. The second section considers avoiding or surviving an attack if detection and identification by the predator has already taken place (i.e., secondary defences). The key mechanism of this section is aposematism: signals that warn the predator that a particular prey type is defended. One particularly interesting aspect of this is the sharing of the same signal by more than one defended species (the phenomenon of Mullerian mimicry). The final section considers deception of predators. This may involve an undefended prey mimicking a defended species (Batesian mimicry), or signals that deflect predator’s attention or signals that startle predators. The book provides the first comprehensive survey of adaptive coloration in a predator-prey context in thirty years.
Signalling to predators
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPredators that rely on surprise may be persuaded to desist from attacking if prey use reliable signals that the predator has been detected. Prey may also be able to reliably signal to a predator that they are difficult to catch or subdue, and that cause the predator to desist from attacking or switch their attack to another prey individual. The theory underlying such signals is considered and compared to the available empirical data to determine the evolution of such signals and their ecological prevalence.
Deflection and startling of predators
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrey sometimes have conspicuous marking on specific parts of their body that are considered to deflect the point of predatory attack towards defended or expendable parts of the body. Other signals are generally hidden, but can be revealed suddenly and startle the predator, causing it to desist from attack or at least pause long enough to increase the likelihood of prey escape. This chapter examines the logical basis for such signals and the empirical evidence for them.
Biosimplicity via stoichiometry: the evolution of food-web structure and processes
Authors: Elser James J. , Hessen Dag O. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Food webs are among the most complex entities under study in modern biology. But what if major features of their structure and dynamics were the product of a relatively few simple rules? This chapter describes perspectives arising from the field of biological stoichiometry to argue that major features of food web function in ecosystems are the outcome of a relatively straightforward combination of chemical principles (mass balance, stoichiometric combination) of entities experiencing the Darwinian selective algorithm. It argues that the fate of energy or carbon in food webs, to a major extent, is governed by the availability and packaging of key nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Indeed, phenomena such as transfer efficiency, length of food chains, community composition, degree of omnivory, and the relative importance of grazing versus detrital pathways all appear to have a strong stoichiometric component and the underlying rules generating these phenomena involve fundamental evolutionary trade-offs and coevolutionary dynamics.
Biodiversity and aquatic food webs
Authors: Hillebrand Helmut , Shurin Jonathan B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Biodiversity in freshwater food webs can be considered in terms of the number of species occupying unique trophic positions or the number of species within a trophic position. Either can affect energy flow or biomass partitioning, and the two aspects of diversity may feed back on one another. This chapter analyses the importance of biodiversity in aquatic food webs on three different levels. First, it asks how varying diversity within trophic groups affects the outcome of trophic interactions. It then presents a conceptual framework and contrasts this model against experimental manipulations of consumer or prey diversity. Second, it asks how consumers and resources affect biodiversity within trophic levels. This question has a long history of experimental and modeling studies, and these are reviewed. The role of biodiversity at local and regional spatial scales for freshwater food webs is examined. Dispersal among local habitats can constrain local species diversity and influence the outcome of food web interactions. The interactive effects of the regional pool versus resident diversity on the outcome of trophic interactions are discussed.
INTRODUCTION TO FIXED-PARAMETER ALGORITHMS
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses three introductory examples for studying exact and fixed-parameter algorithms. It starts with the boolean Satisfiability problem and its numerous parameters, then discusses an application problem from railway optimization, and concludes with a communication problem in tree networks (Multicut in Trees). It briefly summarizes the leitmotif of parameterized algorithm design and analysis.
DEPTH-BOUNDED SEARCH TREES
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.
THE DUALITY OF CLASSICAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE NOTIONS AND PROOFS
Authors: Negri Sara , Plato Jan Von 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The method of converting mathematical axioms into rules of sequent calculus reveals a perfect duality between classical and constructive basic notions, such as equality and apartness, and between the respective rules. Derivations with the mathematical rules of a constructive theory are duals of corresponding classical derivations. The class of geometric theories is among those convertible into rules, and the duality defines a new class of ‘co-geometric’ theories. Examples of such theories are projective and affine geometry. The logical rules of classical sequent calculus are invertible. For quantifier-free theories, this has the effect that logical rules can be permuted to apply after the mathematical rules. For mathematical rules involving variable conditions, this separation of logic does not always hold because quantifier rules may fail to permute down. A sufficient condition for the permutability of mathematical rules is determined and applied to give an extension of Herbrand theorem from universal to geometric and co-geometric theories.
SEPARATION PROPERTIES IN CONSTRUCTIVE TOPOLOGY
Authors: Aczel Peter , Fox Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter studies separation properties in topology as done on the basis of the formal system CZF. Until the 1970s, there was only a limited focus on the general notion of a topological space in constructive mathematics, with most attention being paid to metric space notions both in intuitionistic analysis and in Bishop-style constructive analysis. But in later years, because of the development of topos theory, the study of sheaf models, and work on point-free topology, including work on formal topology, the notions of general topology in constructive mathematics have received more attention. This chapter presents a fairly systematic survey of the main separation properties that topological spaces can have in constructive mathematics. These are perhaps the first kinds of properties to consider when moving from the study of metric spaces to the study of general topological spaces.
PREDICATIVE EXPONENTIATION OF LOCALLY COMPACT FORMAL TOPOLOGIES OVER INDUCTIVELY GENERATED TOPOLOGIES
Authors: Maietti Maria Emilia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMartin Hyland first classified the exponentiable locales as the locally compact ones. This chapter proves the counterpart of Hyland's result for inductively generated formal topologies. More precisely, by adapting Hyland's proofs to the context of formal topology, it proves that locally compact formal covers are the exponentiable objects in the category of inductively generated formal covers. Then, it deduces the analogous result for inductively generated formal topologies (that is, formal topologies with a unary positivity predicate). This demonstrates once more how impredicative reasoning can be unwound predicatively with great patience, but with the benefit of a quite explicit proof.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF C*-ALGEBRAS IN CONSTRUCTIVE MATHEMATICS
Authors: Takamura Hiroki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces an elementary theory of C*-algebras in the context of Bishop-style constructive mathematics. It givens proof of the Gelfand-Naĭmark-Segal (GNS) construction theorem in Bishop's constructive mathematics. This important theorem in the theory of operator algebras says that for each C*-algebra and every state, there exists a cyclic representation on some Hilbert space. This chapter's contribution is of particular interest in view of the Bridges-Hellman debate on whether constructive mathematics is able to cope with quantum mechanics. Since quantum mechanics is bound up with the theory of operator algebras on Hilbert spaces, a constructive treatment of the latter has been a challenge for constructive mathematics from the very beginning.
COMPUTABILITY ON NON-SEPARABLE BANACH SPACES AND LANDAU'S THEOREM
Authors: Brattka Vasco 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn computable analysis, a computable normed space turns out to be necessarily separable. In classical functional analysis, non-separable spaces occur naturally, for example as dual spaces of common separable spaces. The question arises whether the notion of a computable normed space can be generalized to the non-separable case in a meaningful way. This chapter proves that there are at least two concepts which capture this notion, one of which is stronger than the other. The first focuses on computability of the norm, while the second one preserves computability of the linear operations. One can measure the quality of these concepts by regarding the number of classical results which can be proved computationally by applying the corresponding concept. Using the first concept, the chapter proves a computable version of Landau's Theorem for sequence spaces, which suggests that priority should be given to the computability of the norm.
Nervous system
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNervous systems are directional signalling systems. Several components of nervous systems are present in non-metazoan organisms, and sponges are able to use electrical signals without having a nervous system. Nervous systems evolved within Eumetazoa, first as a nerve net, but there were numerous tendencies to create heterogeneity within this system by the emphasis of particular regions or pathways. This can be seen in cnidarians, and particularly occurs within bilaterians. A brain and an orthogon (the regular arrangement of longitudinal and circular nerves) are characteristic bilaterian features, and their exact evolution is discussed in this chapter. The tendency to concentrate and specialize the nervous system is very common among bilaterians. A variety of neurotransmitters are used in nervous systems, most of which are broadly distributed, while only few are of phylogenetic importance.
Excretory systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExcretory systems remove excretions from the body and serve as organs of osmoregulation. Active transport and ultrafiltration are the two basic principles of excretion. The structure of filtration organs corresponds with the type of body cavity being present. Both types of organs — protonephridia and metanephridial systems — filter body fluids, either into a canal system (protonephridia) or into the coelom (metanephridial systems), and remove the excretes in a canal system, where modification takes place. Protonephridia and metanephridial systems differ in the location and structure of these two components. There are different models of excretory organ evolution, but the model considered most likely in this chapter is one which describes unique evolution and subsequent differentiation of protonephridia, and multiple evolution of metanephridial systems.
Respiratory systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOxygen uptake is essential for animals, and many animals take up oxygen through their external surface. In these cases particular respiratory structures are not formed; in water these are generally called gills and on land these are called lungs. Structurally, all respiratory organs correspond to create an extended surface with a minimized distance between external environment and transport systems within the body. Their occurrence and structural composition is so diverse that multiple evolution must be assumed. The transport of oxygen in the body is facilitated by carrier molecules, the respiratory pigments. There are three groups of such pigments: hemoglobins, hemerythrin, and hemocyanin. These groups appear to have originated independently, but phylogenetic information can be derived, especially in the case of hemoglobin and hemocyanin.
Intestinal systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAnimals obtain nutrients using a two-step procedure: food collection and uptake by endocytosis. In eumetazoans, a particular intestinal tract evolved, making it possible to digest food prior to the uptake of the smallest compartments. This chapter presents models for the evolution of this intestinal tract and its further evolution. There is a general trend for evolution from a saclike system to a tubelike one-way gut. In particular, the anterior, ectodermal part of the intestinal tract can be very diverse and contains a pharynx in various forms or it contains cuticular hard structures. Feeding is discussed in the context of larvae evolution and in adults.
Ecophysiological and biogeochemical responses to atmospheric change
Authors: Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere are several atmospheric changes that may affect physiological and biogeochemical processes in old-growth tropical forests. Elevated CO2 is likely to directly influence numerous leaf-level physiological processes. To assess potential ecosystem-level responses for a Central Amazon forest, an individual-tree-based carbon cycling model was used to carry out a model experiment constituting experimentally-observed tree growth rate increases linked to the known and expected increase in atmospheric CO2. The results suggested a maximum carbon sequestration rate of only 0.05 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for an interval centred on 1980-2020. This low sequestration rate results from slow-growing trees and the long residence time of carbon in woody tissues. In contrast, changes in disturbance frequency, precipitation, and other factors can cause marked and relatively rapid losses and gains in ecosystem carbon storage. Observed changes in tropical forest inventory plots over the past few decades may be driven by changes in disturbance regimes and factors, rather than by a response to elevated CO2. Whether observed changes in tropical forests are the beginning of long-term permanent shifts or a transient response is still uncertain.
Ecological responses of Amazonian forests to El Niño-induced surface fires
Authors: Barlow Jos , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOver the last twenty years the combined effects of El Niñno-induced droughts and land-use change have greatly increased the frequency of fire incidents in humid tropical forests. Despite the potential for rapid ecosystem alteration and the current prevalence of wildfire disturbance, the consequences of such fires for tropical forest biodiversity remain poorly understood. This chapter provides a pantropical review of the current state of knowledge on these fires, including new data from seasonally dry forests in central Brazilian Amazonia. Tree mortality and changes in forest structure are strongly linked to burn severity. Despite the paucity of data on faunal responses to tropical forest fires, some trends are becoming apparent; for example, large canopy frugivores and understorey insectivorous birds appear to be highly sensitive to changes in forest structure and composition during the first years following fires. Finally, the viability of techniques and legislation for reducing forest flammability and preventing anthropogenic ignition sources from coming into contact with flammable forests is tested.
Late twentieth-century trends in tree-community composition in an Amazonian forest
Authors: Laurance William F. , Oliveira Alexandre A. , Laurance Susan G. , Condit Richard , Nascimento Henrique E. M. , Andrade Ana , Dick Christopher W. , Sanchez-Thorin Ana C. , Lovejoy Thomas E. , Ribeiro José E. L. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe rainforests of central Amazonia are some of the most species-rich tree communities on earth. In recent decades, forests in the central-Amazonian landscape have experienced highly non-random changes in dynamics and composition. These analyses are made on a network of eighteen permanent plots unaffected by any detectable disturbance. Within these plots, tree mortality, recruitment, and growth have increased over time. Of 115 relatively abundant tree genera, twenty-seven changed significantly in density or basal area — a value nearly fourteen times greater than that expected by chance. An independent, eight-year study in nearby forests corroborated these shifts in composition. Despite increasing tree mortality, pioneer trees did not increase in abundance, but genera of faster-growing trees, including many canopy and emergent species, are increasing in dominance or density, whereas genera of slower-growing trees, including many subcanopy species, are declining. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may explain these changes, although the effects of this and other large-scale environmental alterations have not been fully explored. These compositional changes could have important effects on the carbon storage, dynamics, and biota of Amazonian forests.
Late twentieth-century trends in the biomass of Amazonian forest plots
Authors: Baker Timothy R. , Phillips Oliver L. , Malhi Yadvinder , Almeida Samuel , Arroyo Luzmila , Fiore Anthony Di , Erwin Terry , Higuchi Niro , Killeen Timothy J. , Laurance Susan G. , Laurance William F. , Lewis Simon L. , Monteagudo Abel , Neill David A. , Vargas Percy Núnez , Pitman Nigel C. A. , Silva J. Natalino M. , Martínez Rodolfo Vásquez 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses a previous study by Phillips et al. (1998) on biomass changes in Amazonian permanent sample plots which has been used to infer the presence of a regional carbon sink, generating vigorous debate about sampling and methodological issues. A new analysis of biomass change in old-growth Amazonian forest plots is presented here using new inventory data. It has been found that across fifty-nine sites, the above-ground dry biomass in trees of more than 10 cm in diameter has increased since plot establishment by about 1.22 Mg per hectare per year, or about 0.98 Mg per hectare per year if individual plot values are weighted by the number of hectare years of monitoring. This significant increase is not confounded by spatial or temporal variation in wood specific gravity, nor does it depend on the allometric equation used to estimate biomass. Overall, these results suggest a slightly greater rate of net stand-level change than reported in 1998, and indicate the presence of a significant regional-scale carbon sink in old-growth Amazonian forests during the past two decades.
The longevity and resilience of the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter highlights and explains the impressive story of the persistence of the Amazonian rainforest throughout the Cenozoic. Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological records suggest that the Amazon rainforest originated in the late Cretaceous and has been a permanent feature of South America for at least the last 55 million years. During the late Palaocene the ‘rainforest’ or ‘megathermal moist forest’ (MTMF) may have stretched as far south as 45°S in South America. The main climatic feature of the last 55 million years has been global cooling and the general constriction of the megathermal moist forests to the tropics. However, the Amazon rainforest has survived the high temperatures of the early Eocene climate optimum and the aridity and low carbon dioxide levels of the Quaternary glacial periods. The Amazon rainforest should, therefore, not be viewed as a geologically ephemeral feature of South America, but rather as a constant feature of the global Cenozoic biosphere. The forest is now, however, entering a set of climatic conditions with no past analogue.
Multiple guilds
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe problems faced by a hypothetical planet with only one species strongly suggest that any functioning ecological system must have organisms from at least two major ecological guilds: autotrophs and decomposers. While conventional predators do not seem to be crucial to planetary ecologies it is likely that parasites will quickly evolve, and through density dependent processes help to regulate population sizes. Density dependence may be crucial in preventing the runaway population growth of a species, leading to it monopolizing a planet's ecology. While density independent processes (be they a cold winter on a local scale, or the impact of a large meteorite at the planetary scale) can greatly affect abundance, they cannot provide regulation; this requires the ‘thermostat’ like behaviour of density dependence. As such, both multiple guilds and the presence of parasites are likely to have positive Gaian effects in most biospheres.