bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: top‐down or bottom‐up?
Authors: Elmhagen Bodil , Rushton Stephen P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt has been argued that widespread extinctions of top predators have changed terrestrial ecosystem structures through mesopredator release, where increased abundances of medium‐sized predators have detrimental effects on prey communities. This top‐down concept has received much attention within conservation biology, but few studies have demonstrated the phenomenon. The concept has been criticized since alternative explanations involving bottom‐up impacts from bioclimatic effects on ecosystem productivity and from anthropogenic habitat change are rarely considered. We analyse the response of a mesopredator (the red fox) to declines in top predators (wolf and Eurasian lynx) and agricultural expansion over 90 years in Sweden, taking bioclimatic effects into account. We show a top‐down mesopredator release effect, but ecosystem productivity determined its strength. The impacts of agricultural activity were mediated by their effects on top predator populations. Thus, both top‐down and bottom‐up processes need to be understood for effective preservation of biodiversity in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems.
Methanogenesis and methanogenic pathways in a peat from subarctic permafrost
Authors: Metje Martina , Frenzel Peter 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFew studies have dealt so far with methanogenic pathways and populations in subarctic and arctic soils. We studied the effects of temperature on rates and pathways of CH4 production and on the relative abundance and structure of the archaeal community in a mildly acidic peat from a permafrost region in Siberia (67°N). We monitored the production of CH4 and CO2 over time and measured the consumption of Fe(II), ethanol and volatile fatty acids. All experiments were performed with and without specific inhibitors [2‐bromoethanesulfonate (BES) for methanogenesis and CH3F for acetoclastic methanogenesis]. The optimum temperature for methanogenesis was between 26°C and 28°C [4.3 μmol CH4 (g dry weight)−1 day−1], but the activity was high even at 4°C [0.75 μmol CH4 (g dry weight)−1 day−1], constituting 17% of that at 27°C. The population structure of archaea was studied by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and remained constant over a wide temperature range. Acetoclastic methanogenesis accounted for about 70% of the total methanogenesis. Most 16S rRNA gene sequences clustered with Methanosarcinales, correlating with the prevalence of acetoclastic methanogenesis. In addition, sequences clustering with Methanobacteriales were recovered. Fe reduction occurred in parallel to methanogenesis. At lower and higher temperatures Fe reduction was not affected by BES. Because butyrate was consumed during methanogenesis and accumulated when methanogenesis was inhibited (BES and CH3F), it is proposed to serve as methanogenic precursor, providing acetate and H2 by syntrophic oxidation. In addition, ethanol and caproate occurred as intermediates. Because of thermodynamic constraints, homoacetogenesis could not compete with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.
Using a bioaerosol personal sampler in combination with real‐time PCR analysis for rapid detection of airborne viruses
Authors: Pyankov Oleg V. , Agranovski Igor E. , Pyankova Olga , Mokhonova Ekaterina , Mokhonov Vlad , Safatov Alexander S. , Khromykh Alexander A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe have recently developed a new personal sampler and demonstrated its feasibility for detection of viable airborne microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and viruses. To accelerate the time‐consuming analytical procedure involving 2–5 days of biological testing, we employed a real‐time PCR protocol in conjunction with the personal sampler for collection of airborne viruses. The advantage of this approach is that if the presence of a particular pathogen in the air is detected by the PCR, the remaining collecting liquid can be further analysed by more time‐consuming biological methods to estimate the number of airborne infectious/live microorganisms. As sampling of bioaerosols in natural environments is likely to be associated with substantial contamination by a range of microorganisms commonly existing in an ambient air, an investigation of the specificity of detection by targeted PCR analysis is required. Here we present the results of the study on the detection of Influenza virus in the ambient air contaminated with high concentrations of bacteria and fungi using real‐time PCR protocol. The combined sampling PCR detection method was found to be fully feasible for the rapid (∼2.5 h) and highly specific (no cross‐reactivity) identification of the labile airborne virus in the air containing elevated concentrations of other microorganisms.
Identifying the genetic basis of ecologically and biotechnologically useful functions of the bacterium Burkholderia vietnamiensis
Authors: O'Sullivan Louise A. , Weightman Andrew J. , Jones T. Hefin , Marchbank Angela M. , Tiedje James M. , Mahenthiralingam Eshwar 
Published: January 2007

SummarySignature‐tagged mutagenesis (STM) was used to identify genetic determinants of fitness associated with two key ecological processes mediated by bacteria. Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain G4 was used as a model bacterium to investigate: phenol degradation as a model of bioremediation, and pea rhizosphere colonization as a prerequisite to biological control and phytoremediation. A total of 1900 mutants were screened and 196 putative fitness mutants identified; the genetic basis of 137 of these mutations was determined by correlation to the G4 genome. The phenol‐STM screen was more successful at identifying phenol degradation mutations (83 mutants; 4.4% hit rate) than a conventional agar‐based phenol screen (49 mutants, 5319 screened, 0.92% hit rate). The combination of both screens completely defined the components of the TOM pathway in strain G4 and also identified novel accessory genes not previously implicated in phenol utilization. The rhizosphere‐STM screen identified 113 mutants (5.9% hit rate); 107 had reduced tag signals indicative of poor rhizosphere colonization (Rhiz–), while six mutants produced high hybridization signals suggesting increased rhizosphere competence (Rhiz+). Competition assays confirmed that 69% of Rhiz– mutants tested (24/35) were severely compromised in their rhizosphere fitness. Seventy Rhiz– mutations mapped to genes with the following putative functions: amino acid biosynthesis (25; 36%), general metabolism (18; 26%), hypothetical (9; 13%), regulatory genes (4; 5.7%), transport and stress (2 each; 2.8% respectively). One of the most interesting discoveries mediated by the rhizosphere‐STM screen was the identification of three Rhiz+ mutants inactivated within a single virulence‐associated autotransporter adhesin gene; this mutation consistently produced a hyper‐colonization phenotype suggesting a highly novel role for this surface adhesin during plant interactions. Our study has shown that STM can be successfully applied to ecologically important microbial interactions, defining the underlying genetic systems important for biotechnological fitness of environmental bacteria such those from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
Long‐term survival of Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellanii vesicles
Authors: Bouyer Sabrina , Imbert Christine , Rodier Marie‐Hélène , Héchard Yann 
Published: January 2007

Summary Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is ubiquitously found in aquatic environments, associated with free living amoebae. Trophozoite forms of the genus Acanthamoeba have been shown to support the intracellular growth of Legionella while it has been proposed that cyst forms are related to survival in harsh environments. This underlines that amoebae are of primary importance in Legionella spreading. In this study, we followed the survival of L. pneumophila Lens over 6 months in a poor medium, with or without Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results demonstrated that L. pneumophila Lens could survive for at least 6 months in association with A. castellanii and that cultivable bacteria are to be found within expelled vesicles rather than within cysts. Our findings suggest that vesicles might be further studied in order to elucidate their production and their role in the environmental spreading of Legionella.
Pathotyping of Salmonella enterica by analysis of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in cyaA and flanking 23S ribosomal sequences
Authors: Morales Cesar A. , Musgrove Michael , Humphrey T. J. , Cates Carolyn , Gast Richard , Guard‐Bouldin J. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe egg‐contaminating phenotype of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis was linked to single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring in cyaA, which encodes adenylate cyclase that produces cAMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. Ribotyping indicated that SNPs in cyaA were linked to polymorphisms occurring in the rrlC and rrlA 23S ribosomal subunits. Phylogenetic analysis of cyaA discriminated between Salmonella enterica serotypes and within serotype Enteritidis. Serotypes Typhimurium, Heidelberg and Enteritidis produced one, three and six cyaA allelic variants, respectively, among the set of 56 isolates examined. Asparagine702 of CyaA was converted to serine in a biofilm‐producing isolate. Statistical analysis was applied to 42 other genes encoding proteins between 800 and 1000 amino acids (aa). Results show that the 848 aa CyaA of serovar Enteritidis evolved by nucleotide substitutions that did not significantly alter the purine‐to‐pyrimidine nucleotide substitution ratio, which was a characteristic of large genes that was positively correlated with increasing gene size. In summary, these analyses link SNPs occurring in the rrlC–rrlA genomic fragment of S. enterica to genetic drift within S. Enteritidis that is associated with egg contamination.
The Current State and Future Direction of Counseling Psychology in Australia
Authors: Pryor Robert G.L. , Bright Jim E.H. 
Published: January 2007

Cet article décrit l’état actuel de la psychologie du counseling en Australie en termes de forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces. Parmi les forces identifiées, on trouve un champ professionnel très énergique, un large éventail d’activités de plus en plus acceptées de la part du public, des revues à comité de lecture, et une activité de recherche significative s’appuyant sur un engagement manifeste dans une démarche basée sur la preuve et appliquée au counseling. Les faiblesses soulignent l’accès inéquitable en termes de coût et d’éloignement géographique aux services de counseling de larges parties de la population australienne. La technologie fournit une occasion de relever des défis d’accès, de coût et d’implantation. En outre, les rapides changements économiques fournissent des opportunités pour les counselors de travailler activement avec des clients confrontés à des changements rapides et inattendus. Clairement, la psychologie du counseling se différencie comme champ théorique, de recherche et de pratique. Simultanément, elle peut mettre à disposition les compétences des psychologues du counseling lors d’investigations transdisciplinaires et d’applications ce qui constitue l’un des plus grands défis pour les psychologues australiens du counseling. Les développements futurs de la psychologie du counseling en Australie sont dépeints.This article outlines the current state of counseling psychology in Australia in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths identified include a vibrant field of professional activity, a wide range of activities, increasing levels of public acceptance, successful peer‐reviewed journals, and significant research activity that underlies a widespread commitment to an evidence‐based approach to counseling. Weaknesses include the inequitable access to counseling services both in terms of cost and the geographic remoteness of parts of the Australian population. Technology provides an opportunity to address access, cost, and delivery challenges. Furthermore, the rapidly changing economic landscape provides opportunities for counselors to work proactively with clients who are confronted by rapid and unplanned change. Clearly differentiating counseling psychology as a field of theory, research, and practice while at the same time being able to integrate the skills of counseling psychologists within cross‐disciplinary investigations and applications constitute the greatest challenges for Australian counseling psychologists. A vision of the future development of counseling psychology in Australia is proffered.
Counselling Psychology in Canada: Advancing Psychology for All1
Authors: Young Richard A. , Nicol Jennifer J. 
Published: January 2007

La psychologie du counseling au Canada est examinée à l’aide de la matrice SWOT. Quatre forces sont identifiées: l’identité, le paradigme, l’ensemble des compétences ainsi que l’éducation et la formation. Les tensions entre les trois premières forces sont aussi considérées comme des faiblesses. Les opportunités externes à la psychologie du counseling comprennent les changements de la société, la diversité sociale et la santé. Parmi les menaces auxquelles la psychologie du counseling au Canada est confrontée, sont identifiés le contexte universitaire avec les contenus de formation, la compétition avec d’autres groupes professionnels et les pressions externes visant à définir la pratique de la psychologie du counseling. L’un des objectifs pour la psychologie du counseling au Canada est de rendre la psychologie disponible à un large éventail de la population par de nombreux moyens. L’Association Internationale de Psychologie Appliquée peut travailler à accroître cette aire d’application et prendre le Canada comme modèle pour développer ce champ dans d’autres pays.Counselling psychology in Canada was examined using a SWOT analysis. Four strengths were identified: identity, paradigm, skill set, and education and training. Tensions within the first three of these strengths were also considered weaknesses. External opportunities for counselling psychology included changes in society, social diversity, and health. Among the threats to counselling psychology in Canada are the university context for training programmes, competition with other professional groups, and pressure from external influences on how to define counselling psychology practice. The vision for the future of counselling psychology in Canada is based on the principle of making psychology available to a wide range of the Canadian population through a variety of means. The International Association of Applied Psychology can work to enhance this area of professional psychology and can look to Canada for support and models in developing this field in other countries.
Counselling Psychology in India: At the Confluence of Two Traditions
Authors: Arulmani Gideon 
Published: January 2007

En Inde, les besoins en counseling ont émergé dans une situation de changement social important. La réforme économique des dix dernières années a accentué le rythme de ces changements et a transformé les styles de vie. Les services en counseling sont peu définis et actuellement quelqu’un, avec peu ou sans aucune formation dans cette discipline, peut offrir ses services. Les services en counseling se réfèrent largement aux approches occidentales de la psychologie bien qu’elles soient largement critiquées comme n’étant pas appropriées au contexte culturel indien. Ainsi, une psychologie du counseling culturellement pertinente et valide n’en est qu’à ses débuts. La pensée psychologique n’est pas nouvelle en Inde, les traditions anciennes ainsi que les idées actuelles et les concepts sont riches en possibilités d’application. Ce papier examine les approches occidentales et indiennes et propose qu’ensemble elles participent au développement d’une psychologie du counseling empiriquement solide et culturellement appropriée au contexte indien.Counselling needs in the Indian context emerge against the background of tremendous social change. In addition, the last ten years of economic reform have enhanced the pace of these changes and further transformed life styles. Counselling services are poorly defined and presently anyone at all with little or no training can offer these services. Available counselling services are largely based on Western approaches to psychology. These approaches have been widely criticised as not being relevant to the Indian cultural context. A relevant and culturally valid counselling psychology therefore has remained a fledgling discipline. Psychological thought is not new to India, and ancient traditions present ideas and constructs that are rich in possibilities for application. This paper examines the Western and the traditional Indian approaches and proposes that these approaches could together inform the development of a psychology of counselling that is empirically sound and culturally relevant to the Indian context.
Current Status and Prospects of Korean Counseling Psychology: Research, Clinical Training, and Job Placement
Authors: Seo Young Seok , Kim Dong Min , Kim Dong‐il 
Published: January 2007

En Corée, la psychologie du counseling s’est développée régulièrement au cours des six dernières décennies. Au cours de ce développement, divers problèmes sont apparus en provenance aussi bien de l’intérieur que de l’extérieur de la discipline. Dans cet article, nous survolons rapidement l’histoire de la psychologie du counseling coréenne et analysons ses forces et ses faiblesses internes, ainsi que les opportunités et les menaces en provenance de l’environnement. Cette analyse SWOT a été focalisée sur trois thèmes majeurs de la discipline, la recherche, le soutien clinique et l’orientation professionnelle. En conclusion, on esquisse un projet pour la psychologie du counseling en Corée.Counseling psychology in Korea has been steadily growing in the past six decades. Along with its growth, various issues have emerged from the inside of the field as well as from the outside. In this article, we briefly review the history of Korean counseling psychology and then discuss internal strengths and weaknesses of the field and external opportunities and threats that the field is facing. This SWOT analysis was centered on three major themes of the discipline: i.e. research, clinical training, and job placement. Finally, a vision for counseling psychology in Korea is discussed.
Perspectives on Counseling Psychology: Portugal at a Glance
Authors: Duarte M. Eduarda , Paixão M. Paula , Lima M. Rosário 
Published: January 2007

Les auteurs décrivent le statut actuel et réfléchissent à l’avenir possible de la psychologie du counseling au Portugal, cela à partir de ses forces, de ses faiblesses, de ses opportunités et de ce qui la menace. Le counseling est de plus en plus une aide proactive au développement individuel, plutôt qu’une solution aux situations problématiques. Dans ces conditions, l’une des orientations possibles de la psychologie du counseling est le traitement de la diversité des approches théoriques et techniques pour mettre au point des méthodes d’intervention communes. Les défis que rencontreront prochainement les psychologues du counseling sont analysés à partir des demandes universitaires et autres, la qualité des services et la nécessité d’une réglementation officielle. On propose enfin des recommandations relatives à l’avenir de la psychologie du counseling.Based on an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats the authors discuss the current status and possible future directions for counseling psychology in Portugal. Counseling is increasingly being viewed as a proactive support to individual development, rather than as a remedial solution to problem situations. In this environment, pursuing diversity in theoretical and techniques approaches to find common intervention methodologies is one possible direction for counseling psychology. The challenges encountered by counseling psychologists in the near future are analysed relative to academic and other demands, the quality of the services, and the need for statutory regulation. Recommendations pertaining to the construction of the future for counseling psychology are proposed.
Counseling Psychology in France: A Paradoxical Situation
Authors: Bernaud Jean‐Luc , Cohen‐Scali Valérie , Guichard Jean 
Published: January 2007

Quelles sont les spécificités de la situation française concernant le counseling? Après avoir évoqué les termes utilisés en France, pour qualifier ces pratiques et leur origine, les auteurs exposent une situation qualifiée de paradoxale tant sur le plan des professionnels impliqués dans le counseling que de la recherche. En effet, alors que les besoins en accompagnement sont nombreux et croissants, les professionnels oeuvrant dans le champ du counseling présentent des pratiques très diversifiées et des profils hétérogènes et ne semblent pas pouvoir être rassemblés en un groupe professionnel unique. Par ailleurs, si les recherches françaises relevant du champ du counseling commencent à se développer (en particulier pour le counseling de carrière), elles tendent à s’appuyer sur des écoles de pensée séparées les unes des autres. C’est pourquoi on ne peut pas établir l’existence en France d’une psychologie du conseil en tant que telle. Une telle situation apparaît insatisfaisante (notamment en ce qui concerne la qualité de certaines pratiques et le développement d’une spécialisation professionnelle cohérente semble souhaitable). La conclusion présente quelques pistes pour y parvenir.What are the specificities of the French situation regarding counseling? After explaining some of the expressions used in France to qualify counseling practices and their origins, the authors present a situation that they consider paradoxical, both in terms of the counselors themselves and the research carried out in this field. Indeed, while the need to “accompany” populations is vast and on the increase, French counselors develop very different practices, have very heterogeneous profiles, and do not seem to form a unified professional group. Although research in this field is increasing (more particularly for career counseling), it appears to be based on different and separate schools of thought. For these reasons, it is not possible to establish the existence of a “counseling psychology” in France. Such a situation could be considered to be far from satisfactory (notably regarding the quality of certain interventions, and also where the development of a coherent professional specialisation is concerned). Some means to achieve this goal are outlined in the conclusion.