bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substituent effects of the N,N‐dimethyl‐ sulfamoyl group on the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of positional isomers of quinolines
Authors: Maślankiewicz Andrzej , Maślankiewicz Maria J. , Marciniec Krzysztof 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments of seven positional isomers of N,N‐dimethylsulfamoylquinolines 2–8 and quinoline have been made using 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments. ΔδH and ΔδC substituent effects induced by the sulfamoyl group were determined. The sulfamoyl substituent affects proton and carbon chemical shifts both in the parent and in the fused (pyridine or benzene) ring. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure elucidation and NMR spectral assignments of three new lignan glycosides from Akebia trifoliata
Authors: Guan Shu‐hong , Xia Jia‐meng , Lu Zhi‐qiang , Chen Guang‐tong , Jiang Bao‐hong , Liu Xuan , Guo De‐an 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThree new lignan glycosides (1–3) were isolated from the stems of Akebia trifoliata. Their structures were elucidated as (7R,8R,7′R,8′R)3,3′,5,5′tetramethoxy‐4,4′dihydroxy‐7,9′:7′,9‐diepoxylignan‐4‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1), (7S,8S,8′R)‐4,4′,9‐trihydroxy‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethoxy‐7,9′‐epoxylignan‐7′‐one 9‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), (7R,8R,8′S)‐4,4′,9‐trihydroxy3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethoxy‐7,9′‐epoxylignan‐7′‐one 9‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3) by spectral analyses, primarily NMR, MS and CD. The NMR assignments for the compounds were carried out using 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY NMR experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(ethyleneimine) microcapsules: glutaraldehyde‐mediated assembly and the influence of molecular weight on their properties
Authors: Tong Weijun , Gao Changyou , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPoly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) microcapsules were prepared via the method of glutaraldehyde (GA)‐mediated covalent layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly, which utilized GA to cross‐link the adsorbed PEI layer and to introduce free aldehyde group on the surface for the next PEI adsorption on MnCO3 microparticles, followed by core removal. Evidenced by ellipsometry, the PEI multilayers grew nearly linearly along with the layer number and their thickness was controlled at the nanometer scale. The hollow structure, morphology, and wall thickness were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning force microscopy (SFM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), revealing that the capsule structure as well as the cut‐off molecular weight of the capsule wall could be tuned by the molecular weight of PEI. This offers a general and novel pathway to fabricate single component capsules with pre‐designed structure (size, shape, and wall thickness) and properties. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer invasion and metastasis: changing views
Authors: Duffy MJ , McGowan PM , Gallagher WM 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe formation of distant metastasis is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. The aim of this article is to review recent advances in molecular and clinical aspects of metastasis. Traditionally, genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) processing proteases, adhesion proteins, and motility factors were thought to be amongst the main mediators of metastasis. Recently, however, genes activated during the early stages of tumourigenesis were implicated in the process. Conversely, genes thought to be primarily involved in metastasis such as urokinase plasminogen (uPA) and certain matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are now known to also play a role in the early steps of tumour progression, perhaps by stimulating cell proliferation and/or promoting angiogenesis. Paradoxically, certain endogenous protease inhibitors such as PAI‐1 and TIMP‐1 appear to promote cancer metastasis rather than inhibiting the process. These recent advances in our understanding should lead to the development of new molecular markers for predicting the likely formation of metastasis as well as the identification of new targets for anti‐metastatic therapies. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The absorption and diffusion of polyethylene chains on the carbon nanotube: The molecular dynamics study
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Xiao‐Lin , Zhao Li , Zhang Gang , Lu Zhong‐Yuan , Li Ze‐Sheng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractClassical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the absorption and diffusion behavior of polyethylene (PE) chains on the surface of the side‐wall of the carbon nanotube (CNT). Different degrees of polymerization from 50 to 80 at separate temperatures of 300, 400, 500, and 600 K are considered. Through the simulation, it is examined that the PE chains are absorbed on the surface of CNT and form stable composites with the nanotube as capsules. It is found that the most probable distance between the CNT and the C atoms in backbone of PE molecules only attribute to the temperature, and at T = 300 K, this distance is about 3.8 Å. Furthermore, the pattern of the composites mainly depends on the temperature and the length matching of the chains and the CNT. In particular, the PE chains keep approximately linear conformation, and extend along the axis of the CNT at the room temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 272–280, 2008
The humanitarian emergency in Burundi: evaluation of the operational strategy for management of nutritional crisis
Authors: Rossi Laura , Verna Daniel , Villeneuve Susie L 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact and appropriateness of programmes for the management and treatment of severe malnutrition in emergency situations.DesignA central unified database was set up with all data and statistics provided by nutritional centres (NC) active in Burundi.SettingThe paper describes the case of Burundi as an example of the response of the humanitarian community to nutritional crisis.SubjectsSince 1999, more than one million (1 054 210) severely malnourished patients were treated in NC established in Burundi.ResultsPeaks of beneficiaries were registered in 2000 and 2001; the admission rate started to decrease in 2002. In 2004, twenty therapeutic feeding centres (TFC) and 224 supplementary feeding centres (SFC) were active for the treatment of 127 420 beneficiaries. Nutritional programmes were present in every province with a coverage rate of 55 %. The most convincing impact of the nutritional programme in Burundi was the reduction of mortality rate in children under 5 years of age; an impact on the prevalence of acute malnutrition could not be demonstrated. Children under 5 years old accounted for 62 % of beneficiaries in TFC and 76 % in SFC. TFC performance indicators fulfilled the minimum standards in disaster response; the performance of SFC was not so optimal with a low recovery rate (69 % v. >80 %) and a high non-respondent rate (16 % v. <5 %). With the combination of coverage and cure rate, the programme met 44 % of the assessed needs in 2004.ConclusionsIn Burundi the stabilisation of security conditions permitted a combination of humanitarian responses ranging from emergency activities to strengthening of community-based initiatives that could correct the coverage and impact limitations.
Genetic divergence among East Icelandic and Faroese populations of Atlantic cod provides evidence for historical imprints at neutral and non-neutral markers
Authors: Pampoulie Christophe , Steingrund Pétur , Stefánsson Magnus Ö. , Daníelsdóttir Anna K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPampoulie, C., Steingrund, P., Stefánsson, M. Ö., and Daníelsdóttir, A. K. 2008. Genetic divergence among East Icelandic and Faroese populations of Atlantic cod provides evidence for historical imprints at neutral and non-neutral markers. – ICES Journal of marine Science, 65: 65–71. During the past decade, genetic markers have been used increasingly to improve stock discrimination and to aid fisheries management. Today, the Icelandic and Faroese Plateau cod (Gadus morhua) are managed as separate units, belonging to ICES Subareas Va and Vb1, respectively. There is little information on the genetic connectivity of the two units, however, except in terms of tagging experiments which revealed limited adult migration between the two areas, and few genetic studies describing genetic differentiation among Faroese and East Icelandic cod. Here, previously published data on the genetic structure of Icelandic cod were combined with new data from the Faroe Plateau to assess the level and the source of genetic variability of Atlantic cod around the Iceland–Faroe Ridge and the potential sources of genetic variation. In all, 771 cod were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci and at the Pantophysin locus (Pan I). The genetic markers employed were congruent and showed that South Icelandic and East Icelandic–Faroese Plateau populations have limited genetic connectivity. Diversifying selection associated with restricted gene flow is likely to explain the observed pattern with the Pan I locus. Further analyses detected historical imprints in the microsatellite data, suggesting that the divergence could be due to isolation of different cod populations during the last glacial maximum.
Gut‐specific genes from the black fly Simulium vittatum encoding trypsin‐like and carboxypeptidase‐like proteins
Authors: Ramos A. , Mahowald A. , Jacobs‐Lorena M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn haematophagous insects digestion of the blood meal provides nutrients for survival and essential components for egg production. We have isolated and partially characterized two gut‐specific genes from the black fly Simulium vittatum. Sequence analysis revealed that both are highly similar to digestive proteases, one to trypsins and the other to carboxypeptidases. RNA blot analysis indicates that the expression of these two genes is regulated in a sexspecific manner; when fed the same sucrose‐based diet, expression in males is substantially lower than in females. In females, expression of both genes is strongly induced by a blood meal. At 6 h after the blood meal the trypsin‐like gene product was immunolocalized to the midgut epithelium and to the outer layers of the peritrophic matrix.
Molecular characterization of a strain‐specific repeated DNA sequence in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Lu Y.‐J. , Kochert G. D. , Isenhour D. J. , Adang M. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe fall armyworm moth, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a migratory species composed of sympatric corn and rice strains. The strains are indistinguishable in morphology but can be recognized by molecuiar markers. We have cloned and characterized seven monomer units of a repeated DNA sequence, called FR, which is found exclusively in the genome of the rice strain individuals. The 189 bp FR units are tandemly organized in arrays longer than 30 kb. Female individuals possess over 100‐fold more of the FR sequence than male individuals. The repeated sequence is not methylated at GGCC sites, and shows high sequence similarity among repeat units.
Mycetome endosymbionts of tsetse flies constitute a distinct lineage related to Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Aksoy S. , Pourhosseini A. A. , Chow A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) harbour two morphologically different endosymbionts intracellularly associated with gut tissue: a primary (P) and a secondary (S) organism. The P‐endosymbiont is a gram‐negative rod, 8–10 μm in size, and resides intracellularly within specialized cells, mycetocytes which are organized into an organelle (mycetome), in the anterior portion of the gut. The S‐endosymbiont is a smaller (1–2 μm) gram‐negative rod and is harboured in the epithelial sheath cells in midgut. Phylogenetic characterization of S‐endosymbionts from taxonomically distant insects including tsetse flies has shown that they are related to the free‐living bacterium, Escherichia coli, and are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae within the γ‐3 subdivision of Proteobacteria. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay was designed utilizing the conserved sequences of 16S rDNA in order to phylogenetically characterize the mycetome‐associated P‐endosymbionts directly from tsetse mycetome tissue. Analysis from five species of flies representing the three major subgenera of genus Glossina indicates that P‐endosymbionts constitute a distinct lineage within the γ‐3 subdivision of Proteobacteria. Mycetome endosymbiont phylogeny appears to parallel the classic taxonomic assignments independently developed for their insect host species. This suggests an ancient association for this symbiosis, which may have subsequently radiated with time, giving rise to the current species of tsetse flies and their modern‐day endosymbionts. Based on endosymbiont phylogeny, the fusca flies constitute the most ancient subgenus, followed by the morsitans and palpalis groups.
Evaluation of a viral thymidine kinase gene for suicide selection in transfected mosquito cells
Authors: Mazzacano C. A. , Fallon A. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn Aedes albopictus cell line previously shown to be deficient in thymidine kinase activity was transfected with a thymidine kinase gene (tk) from Herpes simplex virus. Survival of the transfected lines in a TK+selective medium' indicated that the viral gene was actively expressed at a level sufficient to rescue the TK‐deficient phenotype of the parent line. Unlike the parental cells, TK+transformants (TK6:hsv cells) were sensitive to 5–bromodeoxyuridine, and contained DNA corresponding to the constructs introduced by trans‐fection. This TK selection system will facilitate recovery of other cotransfected, non‐selectable mosquito genes in cultured cells. Transformed cells were treated with several antiviral drugs to define conditions for a suicide selection' system, in which cells expressing the viral thymidine kinase enzyme (TK) under the control of an inducible promoter would be selectively destroyed, whereas cells expressing the endogenous mosquito enzyme would remain relatively unaffected. The anti‐herpetic drug (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2'‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) showed greater cytotoxicity against transformed cells expressing the viral enzyme, and less toxicity to wild‐type mosquito cells. This cell culture system provides a model for initial evaluation of suicide selection systems that may ultimately be adapted to the mosquito using sex‐ or tissue‐specific promoters to drive expression of heterologous genes.
Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence data
Authors: Howland D. E. , Hewitt G. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA 400 base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was sequenced for thirty‐seven species of beetle, representing fifteen families. The sequence was found to be highly variable, with 12–18% divergence within families, and up to 27% divergence between families. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbour‐joining method shows the Carabidae (Adephaga) as a distinct clade, but also shows that all other beetles (Polyphaga) diverged soon after the Adephaga/Polyphaga split. Whilst some species are grouped within their respective families, others are too diverged for easy resolution. The main disagreement with trees constructed using comparative morphology and the fossil record is the position of the Coccinelli‐dae. Whilst COI may be an informative gene for molecular systematics at lower taxonomic levels, or in other insects, improved resolution of this particular phylogeny will require a more highly conserved sequence.
Issues of reliability and validity in the measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability: a discussion of implications for nursing research and practice
Authors: GATES BOB 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on issues related to the reliability and validity of measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability. A number of practical, theoretical and methodological issues are discussed that have significance for the nurse both as practitioner and/or researcher in learning disability. These issues are equally important to both provider and purchaser of health care in order that resources can be most effectively targeted.
The term ‘challenging behaviour’ would appear to be used both in literature and research synonymously with behavioural difficulties, this has implications for nurses in both their clinical practice and/or research. The author concludes by identifying a need to replace the term challenging behaviour, with ‘behavioural difficulties’. It is argued that such a term is much more explicit in meaning and amenable to operational definition, thus enabling empirical study. Such a proposal will not be accepted by all as justifiable; this is because some might argue that adopting the term behavioural difficulties may be a retrograde step that perpetuates negative imagery and inappropriate labelling of people with a learning disability.
The effects of patient suicide on nursing staff
Authors: MIDENCE KENNY , GREGORY SARAH , STANLEY REA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Attitudes towards patient suicide, and the effects that this has on nursing staff are rather complex, and should not be viewed on a simple negative/positive continuum.
Suicide is a difficult but inevitable incident that affects psychiatric units, and the limited literature on nurses' attitudes to suicide, and the effects that patient suicide has on them has highlighted the need for emotional and professional support from their colleagues, including senior nurses, psychiatrists and managers, to cope better after a patient has committed suicide. Furthermore, the importance of regular meetings and reviews of assessment and prevention policies has also been emphasized.
The present study looked at the effects that suicide has on nursing staff, their attitudes, and ways of improving their coping skills. Major findings include the lack of emotional support, the need for training, formal assessment of patients at risk, regular multidisciplinary meetings following a suicide and nursing staff's acceptance of suicide as the patient's personal choice.
Recommendations for helping nursing staff during the post‐suicide period are suggested.
Health, health promotion and the elderly
Authors: YOUNG KATE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Health promotion is a mode of practice which is being increasingly examined by policymakers (DHSS, 1987; DoH, 1992).
Although practitioners are being required to screen people over 75 years of age and are exhorted to reduce accidents in the elderly by 33% between 1990 and 2005 (DoH, 1992), there is evidence that they do not value this sort of work (Pursey & Luker, 1993).
This paper looks at the findings from 178 interviews with people aged over 75 years, examining the importance of health and health promotion to the elderly.
Further to the work of Cox et al. (1987), it is clear that people aged over 75 years continue to engage in a wide variety of activities which are designed to keep or improve their health.
Elderly people's accounts of their health suggest that the real influence of social circumstances and environment must be assessed and planned for if health promotion activity is to have relevance and meaning to this group of people.
Evidence is presented which indicates that the elderly are a group of people who would welcome health‐promotion activity provided it is given in easily accessible forms.
The notion of client participation is highlighted as a difficult area, which is likely to require particular skill in working with elderly clients. In the light of these findings, practitioners may need to examine their own attitudes to their work with the elderly.
Research in intensive care nursing
Authors: LEINO‐KILPI HELENA , SUOMINEN TARJA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The results of a questionnaire study about intensive care nursing in Finland indicate that the chief problems in intensive care nursing are concerned with staff coping resources, quality development and patient experiences.
Questions on staff stress and coping have been researched quite extensively. Earlier studies have described intensive care nursing as highly stressful and pointed to numerous problems related to coping.
It is clear that intensive care nursing warrants closer attention in research.
‘To be or not to be’– an ethical debate on the not‐for‐resuscitation (NFR) status of a stroke patient
Authors: HERBERT CAROLINE L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Nursing has been described as a moral endeavour (Seedhouse, 1988; Berger et al., 1991), the art of dealing with ethical issues of right and wrong.
Within the nursing literature, ethical issues are a major topic for discussion. Berger et al. (1991) explain that this reflects larger societal concerns about ethics in business, industry and government.
The development of advanced technology and life‐sustaining treatments such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has heightened the dilemmas of moral decision making. CPR was developed in the 1960s as an emergency life‐saving procedure, although it is currently used on anyone who does not have a not‐for‐resuscitation status (Anon., 1980).
In this paper, an ethical issue involving the decision of whether or not to resuscitate a stroke patient is discussed. An overview of the main ethical theories is presented because they provide a framework for an explication of ethical decision‐making. The options available to those involved are then discussed in relation to relevant research. Finally, a conclusion is drawn from the ensuing situation.
The experiences of mothers caring for a child with severe atopic eczema
Authors: ELLIOTT BARBARA E. , LUKER KAREN 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Atopic eczema is a relatively common disease which frequently occurs during childhood.
This paper reports the findings of a research study which explored the effects upon family life of caring for a child with severe atopic eczema.
Seventy‐seven accounts written by mothers of preschool children with this disease were analysed using qualitative latent content analysis.
The focus of this paper is on the implications of the disease for the mothers' role and the additional work generated by the disease.
The implications of these findings for nursing practice, in particular the work of health visitors and paediatric community nurses, is discussed.
Throughout this paper the term ‘nurse’ is used to describe both nurses and health visitors.
‘A thorny problem for feminism’: an analysis of the subjective work experiences of enrolled nurses
Authors: MACKENZIE JENNIFER 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Feminist methodology has been used in this study to investigate the subjective work experiences of 19 enrolled nurses.
Reflexive conversational techniques enabled participants to relate autobiographical narratives examining their experiences of working in a nursing hierarchy.
Two themes are reported: ‘nursing identity’ and ‘exploitation’. Through an analysis of these themes insight has been gained into the manner in which nurses inter‐relate.
The study demonstrates how the correlation between rank, status and expertise within the nursing hierarchy may have negative consequences for patient care.