bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid screening and confirmation for drugs and metabolites in racing animals by tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Brotherton Harry O. , Yost Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A screening and confirmation procedure for drugs and metabolites in the blood serum and urine of racing animals was developed. Equine blood serum was spiked with low concentrations of several drugs of interest. Canine blood serum and urine were collected following oral doses of diethylcarbamazine, procaine, and phenylbutazone. Serum, urine, and extracts of each were analyzed, using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Simultaneous screening of up to 50 drugs was possible in a single sample, in < 2 minutes. Detection limits for most compounds were in the ng/ml to μg/ml range, using 1-μl samples. This procedure provided fast, sensitive screening for selected drugs and metabolites in blood serum and urine.
Quantitation of bovine immunoglobulin G2 antibodies binding Staphylococcus aureus, using a murine monoclonal antibody
Authors: Mathison B. A. , Kelley K. W. , Davis W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for bovine immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to measure serum antibodies against the bovine pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Anion exchange chromatography was used to prepare IgG2 from serum taken from a mastitic cow infected with S aureus. Specific-IgG2 antibodies binding S aureus were purified with an affinity column, using a heat-killed, low protein A strain of S aureus (M-10). Purified antibodies did not contain IgG1 or IgM and were composed of greater than 95% heavy and light chains determined on the basis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified IgG2 anti-S aureus antibody was used as a reference in an elisa that (i) could detect 5.0 ng of IgG2, (ii) was specific for IgG2 antibodies binding S aureus, (iii) was precise within and among different assays, (iv) yielded 112% recovery of the purified standard, and (v) when diluted in nonspecific IgG2, generated a curve that was parallel to the standard when a sample was serially diluted. A field study with cows having elevated California mastitis test scores showed evidence of infection with S aureus, as judged by a 59% increase (P < 0.01) in IgG2 S aureus-specific antibodies and a 25% increase (P < 0.05) in total IgG2 antibodies. There were no differences in IgG1 concentrations in plasma. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we also confirmed that bovine polymorphonuclear cells bound IgG2 preferentially over IgG1 or IgM. Measurement of antigen-specific IgG2 antibodies may therefore be useful as an index of specific antibody immunity to mastitis-causing organisms.
Controlled field trial on the anthelmintic effectiveness of the morantel sustained-release bolus in grazing calves
Authors: Presson B. L. , Yazwinski T. A. , Greenway T. , Pote L. , Newby T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The direct and indirect anthelmintic efficacies of the morantel sustained-release bolus given to calves were assessed in a 154-day controlled field trial. A permanent calf pasture (divided into 2 lots) and naturally parasitized calves were used. The medicated calves were given the bolus at the time they were placed on the pastures. Control calves did not receive anthelmintic therapy. The effectiveness of the bolus to control parasitic gastroenteritis was determined by monitoring various parasitologic determinants.
The treated calves had significantly (P < 0.01) reduced numbers of fecal nematode eggs for every posttreatment sampling period when compared with the control calves. Tracer calves, used periodically during the study to indicate pasture larval infectivities, had equivalent worm burdens at the beginning of the trial (treated vs control pasture). Tracer calves, added later in the study to the lot with treated calves, harbored 83% to 94% fewer nematodes than did their counterparts in the lot with the controls. Plasma pepsinogen concentrations, reflective of abomasal worm burden size and/or activity, were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the control than in the treated calves from day 54 until trial termination. At trial termination, the treated calves weighed an average of 27.8 kg more and harbored 80.9% fewer nematodes than the control calves.
Identification of common antigens in ribosome-rich extracts from Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: Berg J. N. , Evans J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ribosome-rich extracts (rre) were prepared by differential and ultracentrifugation from 25 bovine and 6 ovine isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum (fn) including both biotypes A and B. A pooled rabbit antiserum was prepared against whole-cell and sonicated whole-cell bacterins of F necrophorum isolate fn 3080, and a 2nd pooled rabbit antiserum was prepared against a rre of fn 3080. The rre of the 25 bovine isolates were tested against the fn 3080 whole-cell antiserum, using Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion procedures. One to 3 precipitin lines were observed with the 25 isolates. The individual bovine isolates were found to have lines of identity with 5 to 21 of the other 24 isolates.
The 25 bovine isolates and the 6 ovine isolates were then compared, using the fn 3080 rre antiserum. One to 3 precipitin lines were observed for the 31 isolates with the rre antiserum, and lines of identity were observed between all 31 of the isolates. These results indicated that common antigens are present in the rre from a wide variety of F necrophorum isolates including both A and B biotypes.
Equine herpesvirus type 2: Cell-virus relationship during persistent cell-associated viremia
Authors: Gleeson L. J. , Coggins L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Some aspects of the biology of equine herpesvirus type 2 (ehv-2) were investigated by examination of the persistent cell-associated viremia stage of the infection. The ehv-2 infection of leukocytes was latent, because free virus was not retrieved without first cultivating harvested leukocytes in vitro. A virus infective center (ic) assay was developed to enumerate latently infected cells in the leukocyte population. This assay proved to be simple and reproducible and revealed a linear relationship between c plaques formed and the number of cells inoculated, except where large numbers of cells (> 4 × 106) were inoculated per 10 cm2 dish. This reduction at high cell densities of ic/106 cells inoculated was dependent on cells obtained from an ehv-2-infected horse. There was considerable variation in the numbers of ic/106 leukocytes harvested from different horses, but little variation in the harvests from the same horse at different times. There seemed to be a direct relationship between serum-neutralization titers and ic numbers. Transfer of viable infected leukocytes to 2 fetuses failed to establish ehv-2 infection. Infection of equine fetal kidney cells with ehv-2 virus failed to produce detectable Fc receptors on the cell surface.
Electrophysiologic studies of the facial reflexes of the dog
Authors: Whalen L. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reflexes associated with the trigeminal and facial nerves were investigated electromyographically in 14 barbiturate-anesthetized dogs. Using subcutaneous needle electrodes, electrical stimulation of the infraorbital, frontal, and zygomaticofacial branches of the trigeminal nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Cutaneous and subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the internal auricular branches of the facial nerve also produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of this branch between the vagus and facial nerves, electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve; electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the caudal and middle internal auricular nerves did not produce reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palpebral nerve produced reflex contractions and direct-evoked muscle activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the infraorbital and middle mental nerves produced reflex contractions of the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle.
Aqueous outflow in the Beagle: Unconventional outflow, using different-sized microspheres
Authors: Samuelson Don A. , Gum Glenwood G. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Barrie Kathleen P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the canine eye occurred through the angular aqueous plexus and uveoscleral route. In order to understand more clearly, uveoscleral outflow with regard to larger sized tracer particles and the possible influence that varying intraocular pressure (iop) may have on them, microspheres of 3 sizes, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 μm, were perfused at 3 different iop (20, 50, and 75 mm of Hg) for 3 different times (30, 60, and 90 minutes). Presence of spheres was detected by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and verified by transmission electron microscopy.
By 30 minutes of perfusion, all 3 sphere sizes thoroughly infiltrated the anterior uveal trabecular meshwork. At normotensive pressure (20 mm of Hg), spheres of each size penetrated the outer anterior extension of the ciliary musculature and entered the supraciliary space. Only 0.5- and 1.0-μm spheres moved posteriorly into the suprachoridal space. At hypertensive pressures, movement of the tracer particles increased markedly toward the posterior uveal trabecular meshwork. However, 3.0- and 1.0-μm spheres did not enter the supraciliary space and suprachoroidal space, respectively. Spheres also entered the iris, mostly at its root. They remained comparably sparse at different perfusion times and iop. The present study supported evidence for uveoscleral outflow (vs uveovortex) in the dog and indicated that passage of materials through this pathway may be influenced by iop when these substances are within a critical size range.
Demonstration of rabies viral antigen in paraffin tissue sections: Comparison of the immunofluorescence technique with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method
Authors: Palmer Dieter G. , Ossent Peter , Suter Maja M. , Ferrari Elena 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunofluorescence technique and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method were used to demonstrate rabies antigen in a retrospective study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues from 34 naturally infected wild and domestic animals. Rabies was confirmed with immunofluorescent staining on fresh brain tissue at the time of necropsy of the animals. There was a perfect correlation (serial sections from a given brain area were always positive by both methods), but the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was preferred, since no trypsin digestion was required.
Twenty six of the 34 animals were immunohistochemically positive and had encephalitis, and in 21 of these 26, the hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections contained detectable intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in at least 1 brain area. Of the remaining 8 animals (with no inflammatory lesions), 7 were positive for rabies antigen and 2 had no inclusion bodies.
Rabies antigen was apparent in 62% of the brain areas in which inclusion bodies were not found in the corresponding hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Thus, together with the inclusion body positive areas, which were all immunohistochemically positive, it was possible to diagnose rabies in a total 84% of the areas examined.
Both techniques greatly facilitate the diagnosis of rabies and may be a reliable help to the diagnostic pathologist when only formalin-fixed tissues are available. However, the methods should not be considered substitutes for the immunofluorescence technique and the mouse inoculation test with fresh brain tissue.
Anesthetic potency of nitrous oxide in young swine (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Determination of nitrous oxide (N2O) potency was accomplished by extrapolation using the concepts of minimum alveolar concentration (mac) and additivity among inhalation anesthetics.
Halothane and isoflurane anesthetic requirement (alveolar concentration) necessary to achieve mac in 9 pigs decreased with each successive increase in the percentage of inspired N2O (25%, 50%, 75%). Halothane and isoflurane mac was determined to be 0.94 ± 0.03 and 1.75 ± 0.01 volumes percent, respectively. Halothane and isoflurane requirements decreased to 0.74 ± 0.02, 0.66 ± 0.02, and 0.58 ± 0.02; and to 1.56 ± 0.02, 1.38 ± 0.02, and 1.08 ± 0.03 volumes percent with 25%, 50%, and 75% N2O, respectively. The line of best fit derived from regression analysis of the combined data (isoflurane and halothane mac values) had a correlation coefficient of 0.987 and an X intercept equivalent to 195% N2O. The potency of N2O in pigs was similar to that of other domesticated mammals and reduced halothane and isoflurane anesthetic requirements by approximately 50% of the reduction observed in human beings.
Quantitation of uveoscleral outflow in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles by 3H-labeled dextran
Authors: Barrie Kathleen P. , Gum Glenwood G. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In uveoscleral outflow, aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber and passes caudally through the trabecular meshwork and the sclerociliary cleft to enter the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces. The fluid is then absorbed by choroidal and scleral circulations.
Using 3H-labeled dextran, uveoscleral outflow was quantitated in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles under general anesthesia. The intrascleral plexus was isolated and 3H-labeled dextran was injected into the anterior chamber. Intrascleral plexus contents were sampled every 5 minutes over a 30- to 60-minute period. The eyes were enucleated, sectioned, and prepared for scintillation counting.
Uveoscleral outflow accounted for 15% and 3% of the total aqueous humor outflow in the normotensive dogs and in the advanced glaucomatous dogs, respectively. In the advanced glaucomatous Beagle, conventional and uveoscleral outflow pathways were reduced and contributed to the etiopathogenesis of glaucoma.
Morphologic studies of uveoscleral outflow in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles with fluorescein-labeled dextran
Authors: Barrie Kathleen P. , Gum Glenwood G. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber through 2 pathways: the trabecular meshwork of the iridocorneal angle and the unconventional uveoscleral route. In the latter route, aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber, passes caudally through the trabecular meshwork and sclerociliary cleft to enter the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces. The fluid is absorbed by the choroidal and scleral circulation.
Fluorescein-labeled dextran was slowly infused into the posterior chamber of healthy and glaucomatous Beagles for 30 minutes. The eyes were fixed in a mixture of 70% alcohol and formalin, placed in epoxy resin for histologic evaluation, and examined by fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescence was detected in the healthy dogs throughout the uveoscleral pathway. In the glaucomatous dogs, the uveoscleral outflow was decreased or completely absent.
Mastitis associated with ovine progressive pneumonia virus infection in sheep
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Brogden Kim A. , Bolin Steven R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen ewes were experimentally infected with ovine progressive pneumonia virus and their mammary glands were examined for lesions and virus at 2.5 to 10 years postinoculation. Lesions were seen in 14 of 18 sheep; virus was isolated from 4 of 8 sheep. Lesion consisted of an interstitial accumulation of lymphocytes with periductal lymphoid nodules, and epithelial vacuolation and necrosis at the site of the lymphoid nodules.
Experimental infection of calves with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo: Conjunctival versus intravenous route of exposure
Authors: Thiermann Alex B. , Handsaker Annette L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight-month-old calves, housed under maximum isolation, were exposed to pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by the conjunctival route or iv. One calf served as an unexposed control.
Infection was monitored serologically (microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; elisa) and by leptospiral culture isolation from periodic urine samples and from the kidneys, epididymides, and aqueous humor collected at slaughter.
Microscopic agglutination test titers of ≥ 1:40 were detected among all iv exposed calves at postinoculation day (pid) 7 and among conjunctival exposed calves at pid 14. By elisa, all iv exposed calves were positive by pid 3, whereas conjunctival exposed calves were positive at pid 14. The elisa was more sensitive for the detection of antibodies against leptospires in cattle.
Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 4 calves and from the kidney of 3 calves exposed by the conjunctival route, but not from iv exposed calves.
The results indicated that the conjunctival route of exposure was a more natural and successful route for experimental infection of cattle with serovar hardjo.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses
Authors: Sams R. A. , Ruoff W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin given (iv, im) to horses at the dosage of 11 mg/kg were investigated. The disposition of cefazolin given by iv route was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a half-life of 5 to 10 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a half-life of 35 to 46 minutes. The total plasma clearance of cefazolin averaged 5.51 ml/min/kg and was due mainly to renal clearance (5.39 ml/min/kg) of unchanged drug. The volume of distribution at steady-state averaged 188 ml/kg. Plasma protein binding of cefazolin at a concentration of 10 μ/ml averaged 8.1 ± 1.9%.
Given by the im route, cefazolin was rapidly absorbed; the extent of bioavailability was 78.4 ± 18.8%, and the terminal half-life ranged from 49 to 99 minutes. Thus, cefazolin was extensively absorbed, but was eliminated more slowly than after iv administration.
Dental fluorosis in bovine temporary teeth
Authors: Suttie J. W. , Clay A. B. , Shearer T. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Deciduous incisors from calves born to dams fed an average of 40 mg of fluoride/kg of forage ration (40 ppm) were compared with incisors from calves born to dams fed a normal dairy ration. Skeletal fluoride concentration in the calves born to fluoride-fed dams was increased 5 to 8 fold, but enamel mottling and hypoplasia, typical of permanent bovine incisor dental fluorosis were not seen by gross, histologic, or radiologic examination. Decreases in the amount of enamel on the tooth or hardness of the enamel were not observed. These data do not support recent reports of widespread dental fluorosis of deciduous bovine teeth as a clinical sign of fluoride toxicity.
Cryopreservation of Babesia bigemina for in vitro cultivation
Authors: Vega C. A. , Buening G. M. , Rodriguez S. D. , Carson C. A. , McLaughlin K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Babesia bigemina-infected rbc and merozoites were cryopreserved and used to initiate in vitro cultures in normal bovine rbc; the cryoprotectant was a final 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone in Vega y Martinez solution. A cooling rate of 20 C/min until −80C and then rapid transfer to liquid N2 storage was satisfactory. Samples for culture initiation were rapidly thawed at 37 C, washed in Vega y Martinez solution and resuspended in complete culture media containing 10% normal bovine rbc. The optimum culture conditions to reestablish cultures were a 24-well plate (16 mm id), 5 mm in depth, and an atmosphere of 2% to 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 93% to 90% N2.
Susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents
Authors: Adamson Peter J. W. , Wilson W. David , Hirsh Dwight C. , Baggot J. Desmond , Martin Lori D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined, using the agar-plate dilution method. All organisms were recent clinical isolates and included Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella. In vitro susceptibility levels were outlined for 14 antimicrobics as follows: amikacin ≤ 4.0 μg/ml, ampicillin ≤ 1.0 μg/ml, amoxicillin ≤ 1.0 μg/ml, cefadroxil ≤ 8.0 μg/ml, chloramphenicol ≤ 8.0 μg/ml, erythromycin ≤ 1.0 μg/ml, gentamicin ≤ 2.0 μg/ml, kanamycin ≤ 4.0 μg/ml, penicillin ≤ 1.0 μg/ml, tetracycline ≤ 1.0 μg/ml, sulfadimethoxine ≤ 10.0 μg/ml, ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine ≤ 0.5/9.5 μg/ml, sulfadiazine ≤ 10.0 μg/ml, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine ≤ 0.5/9.5 μg/ml.
Prevalence of trichinosis in southern Louisiana swine
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. , Stewart T. B. , Raby C. , Morrison J. E. , Isenstein R. S. , Klei T. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After an outbreak of human trichinosis in Louisiana involving 45 cases and 1 death in 1979 and 1980, a survey of pigs killed in 21 selected small slaughterhouses in southwestern Louisiana was conducted from November 1980 to September 1981. The sera from 1,225 pigs were examined for trichinella antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa); 1,223 diaphragms were subjected to peptic digestion and examined for the presence of Trichinella spiralis larvae. One diaphragm (0.08%) was found to contain T spiralis (26 larvae/g of muscle) and 4 of the slaughterhouse sera were positive (0.33% seroprevalence). Pigs in 52 herds throughout the state were also tested for elisa antibodies. The elisa-positive pigs were not found among the 267 pigs tested from the 52 herds.
Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone sodium succinate and its metabolites in normovolemic and hypovolemic dogs
Authors: Hankes G. H. , Lazenby L. R. , Ravis W. R. , Belmonte A. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tritium-labeled prednisolone sodium succinate was administered iv to 4 healthy, awake, nonsplenectomized dogs. The concentration of prednisolone and its metabolites in the plasma were measured for 10 hours. Forty-one percent of the blood volume of these dogs was removed, and plasma prednisolone was measured again. The data before and after hemorrhage were fitted to a 2-compartment open model. From plasma profiles, a rapid distributional phase, followed by a slower phase, was observed in control and shock groups. Volume of the central compartment of prednisolone before and after hemorrhage was 165 ml/kg of body weight and 110 ml/kg, respectively; and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The rate of total body clearance of prednisolone before and after hemorrhage was 3.96 ml/min/kg and 2.53 ml/min/kg, respectively the difference was significant. The mean plasma half-lives for prednisolone sodium succinate and its metabolites, before and after hemorrhage, were 166 and 197 minutes, respectively; the difference was not significant. The mean half-life data indicated that prednisolone sodium succinate may be repeated in a patient 2.5 to 3 hours after onset of treatment if signs of hypovolemic shock reappear.