bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions for reducing the use of seclusion in psychiatric facilities
Authors: Gaskin Cadeyrn J. , Elsom Stephen J. , Happell Brenda 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundThe authors of a recent systematic review concluded that the use of non-pharmacological containment methods, excluding restraint and seclusion, was not supported by evidence. Their focus on randomised, controlled trials, however, does not reflect the research that has been, or could be, conducted.AimsTo find empirically supported interventions that allow reduction in the use of seclusion in psychiatric facilities.MethodWe reviewed English-language, peer-reviewed literature on interventions that allow reduction in the use of seclusion.ResultsStaff typically used multiple interventions, including state-level support, state policy and regulation changes, leadership, examinations of the practice contexts, staff integration, treatment plan improvement, increased staff to patient ratios, monitoring seclusion episodes, psychiatric emergency response teams, staff education, monitoring of patients, pharmacological interventions, treating patients as active participants in seclusion reduction interventions, changing the therapeutic environment, changing the facility environment, adopting a facility focus, and improving staff safety and welfare.ConclusionsReducing seclusion rates is challenging and generally requires staff to implement several interventions.
‘Uppers’ keep going up
Authors: Ghodse Hamid 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAmphetamine-type stimulants are the second most widely used drugs in the world. Over prescription results in diversion for recreational use and the development of dependence. The internet plays a significant role in global misuse of amphetamine-type stimulants, permitting uncontrolled dispensing by online pharmacies and providing information on techniques for illicit manufacture.
Recurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Boden Joseph M. , Horwood L. John 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundIt is unclear how the recurrence of major depression in adolescence affects later life outcomes.AimsTo examine the associations between the frequency of major depression at ages 16–21 and later outcomes, both before and after controlling for potentially confounding factors.MethodData were gathered from a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children (n=982). Outcome measures included DSM–IV symptom criteria for major depression and anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, achieving university degree or other tertiary education qualification, welfare dependence and unemployment, and income at ages 21–25 years.ResultsThere were significant (P<0.05) associations between the frequency of depression at ages 16–21 years and all outcome measures. After adjustment for confounding factors, the association between frequency of depression and all mental health outcomes, and welfare dependence and unemployment, remained significant (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe frequency of depression in adolescence and young adulthood is associated with adverse mental health and economic outcomes in early adulthood.
The Compression-Ignition Engine and Its Applicability to British Railway Traction
Authors: Fell L. F. R. 
Published: October 2007

The author considers that, while the internal combustion engine is not universally applicable to British railway traction, there is a wide field which can be more economically covered by the oil engine than by other means. Electric transmission is, in spite of high first cost, the most readily adaptable for use in conjunction with the oil engine, and possesses a balance of advantages over all other known systems. The oil-electric locomotive offers a long list of important advantages for railway operation not possessed by other systems. These advantages are, however, offset by high first cost for powers of 1,000 b.h.p. and over. A comparison is drawn between the first cost of steam and oil-electric locomotives for the various duties called for in the service of a British railway. This shows that, while the first cost of the oil-electric main line express passenger locomotive is three times that of the existing steam locomotive, the first costs of branch passenger, medium goods, and shunting steam and oil-electric engines are comparable. This is owing to the cost per brake horse-power required diminishing with increase of size in the case of the steam locomotive, whereas it remains constant in the case of the oil-electric. Owing to the high rate of acceleration necessary the use of the oil-electric system is considered unsuitable as a substitute for dependent electrification of suburban lines. The railway oil engine is a specialized requirement. It must be of the high-speed type running at speeds of up to 1,500 r.p.m., in order to reduce first cost and for other reasons. Details are given of various types of British compression-ignition engines which are considered suitable for British railway work. The author deduces that an engine of twelve-cylinder “V” type and an engine with six cylinders in line, both incorporating the same design and size of cylinder, would fill all the requirements which can be economically met by the oil engine on a British railway. He selects the single sleeve-valve engine design as having the greatest balance of advantages in its favour for railway purposes. Attention is drawn to the importance of simplifying the installation of the compression-ignition engine and various suggestions are put forward to this end. In conclusion the author stresses the importance of the railway companies giving a lead to the internal combustion engine industry as to the railway requirements in size and type of engine, and states that it is the purpose of his paper to assist those concerned in arriving at this immediately important decision.
The Handling and Storing of Grain, with Special Reference to Canadian Methods
Authors: Broughton H. H. 
Published: October 2007

Few people have either the time or inclination to investigate the means by which the raw material of which their bread is made comes from remote places at the rate of half a million tons a month; but it behoves one to remember that had the machinery to cease functioning from any cause for a time reckoned in weeks, famine would inevitably result. Although by far the largest importer of wheat, Britain has safe storage facilities for a relatively small tonnage. Adequate storage facilities, which can be provided at no great cost, are as necessary near the centres of consumption as they are near the centres of production. Hitherto papers on the subject read before the engineering Institutions have been restricted to a consideration of the machinery and methods employed in the unloading of parcel cargoes at British ports. The author deals with the equally important methods practised in, and the machinery used by, one of the principal grain-exporting countries. The movement is traced step by step from the farm, through the country elevator, past the inspection point and on to the terminal elevator, thence through the transfer elevator and on to the ocean port for shipment. Canadian methods are described because Canada excels in the art of grain handling, and it is the ambition of other countries to follow her example. The grain-handling problem in Canada is that of collecting several hundred million bushels of uncleaned wheat in small quantities from 250,000 or more farms scattered over a very large area, and of rapidly delivering at minimum cost, inspected, graded, cleaned, and conditioned wheat at the shipping point, 1,700 miles distant from the centre of production when the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence route is not icebound, and a substantially greater mileage when this waterway is closed. The trade is regulated by the Dominion Government under the Canada Grain Act, and grain on the move is inspected and graded by Government officials. Weighing is likewise supervised. Elevators are operated under licence, and as the grain is being spouted into the holds of oceangoing vessels it is again sampled for certifying of the grade. After brief reference to the method of handling and to certain sections of the Grain Act, the author describes the functions of country, terminal, and transfer elevators. Typical plants of each kind are illustrated, and special consideration is given to a number of the problems connected with the design, construction, and operation of terminal and port elevators. The receiving, distributing, storage, and shipping sections of the elevator are described in detail; the influence of these on design is discussed, and several of the mechanical and electrical problems are noted. Without exception modern elevators are of reinforced concrete and the “moving forms” used in their construction are described. Itemized costs of elevator buildings are given in an Appendix.
The Production of a Vacuum in an Air Tank by Means of a Steam Jet
Authors: Watson F. R. B. 
Published: October 2007

The paper consists mainly of an account of experiments conducted by the author on a steam-jet operated air ejector with the object of investigating certain quantities which, although they affect the vacuum produced, are not included in the theory of the ejector as it exists at present. The chief of these quantities was found to be the distance from the outlet of the steam nozzle to the throat entrance of the diffuser, and in order to examine the effect of varying this length a special form of air ejector with a sliding diffuser was designed and provision was made in the design for the use of a search tube which could be passed right through the diffuser and up to the nozzle outlet. In addition to the work conducted on this apparatus the author was obliged to carry out a separate set of experiments, with the diffuser removed, and in which an air pump created the vacuum, in order to examine the change in the stationary waves in the steam jet when it was discharging at different vacua. This was done by viewing the jet through a plate-glass window fitted into a part of the ejector. Observations were made and photographic records were obtained at different outlet pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to 27·5 inches of vacuum. These photographs are probably of interest in connexion with steam nozzles in general, as they show the form of the jet when it was over-expanded and under-expanded as well as when it expanded to the designed pressure. The ejector was also operated normally with a glass mouthpiece forming the entrance and parallel throat of the diffuser, and this arrangement was used to view the waves in the throat at the higher vacua. Another quantity which affects the vacuum is the length of the diffuser throat and two throat lengths were used: ( a) inch, and ( b) a length equal to twice the throat diameter, or 1½ inches. Two different forms of diffuser entrance were tried, and the vacuum and steam-air ratio at different initial steam pressures for these two different designs have been recorded in the paper.
The Investigation of the Mechanical Break-Down of Prime Movers and Boiler Plant
Authors: Schuster L. W. 
Published: October 2007

In 1896 a Past-President of the Institution, the late Michael Longridge, read before the Institution a classical paper entitled, “Breakdowns of Stationary Steam-Engines.” This dealt fully with the design and the causes of failure of steam engines in factories. In the thirty-seven years that have intervened progress has naturally been made in methods of carrying out investigations of failure, and the present paper, though it makes no claim to emulate its forerunner, may be looked upon as a sequel to it. In the course of preparation the author discovered that he had entered into a field so vast that a series of papers would be required to deal effectively with the subject. A general review of failures of the type in question would not allow space to treat any effectively; for this reason, though a few examples are taken from public power station plant, the subject matter has been confined mainly to the more important parts of prime movers in factories, and as the paper refers more especially to steam plant than to internal combustion engines, the ground of the previous paper has been extended to cover failure of steam boilers. By the term “mechanical” failure the intention is to exclude failures primarily caused by corrosion. Equally, though the term is undoubtedly arbitrary, the intention is to exclude failures due to casting and other forms of internal stress or to thermal stresses. The entrance of water into the cylinders of steam engines and turbines is also excluded.
Cutting Tools Research Committee: Report on the Ageing of Tool Steel
Authors: Herbert E. G. 
Published: October 2007

Attention is drawn to changes which take place in freshly hardened tool steel, enabling tools to be straightened by bending immediately after hardening. A detailed study was made of hardness changes occurring during several hours after the “secondary heat treatment” of high-speed steel, the treatment being applied repeatedly to the same specimen. The ensuing fluctuations appeared to be periodic and characterized by increasing time periodicity, and they were found to be susceptible to magnetism. Similar, but much more rapid, fluctuations were found to occur in the hot steel during heat treatment. Periodic fluctuations having been observed during the ageing of metals after severe disturbance by thermal, mechanical, or magnetic treatment, an investigation of these phenomena was made in very pure metals, nickel, iron, and gold, and certain general conclusions were reached, the fluctuations being attributed to periodic changes in the state of cohesion, probably electromagnetic in character. Experiments were resumed on high-speed steel, their object being to find the combination of thermal and magnetic treatment which would set up fluctuations of greatest amplitude capable of being stabilized magnetically at a maximum or minimum phase so as to produce the greatest permanent change in the physical characteristics of the steel. Drilling tests were carried out with twist drills subjected to various treatments suggested by the foregoing experiments, and it was found possible to increase the life of a drill many times by a suitable combination of magnetic and thermal treatments. Confirmatory evidence is quoted of hardness variations caused by magnetic treatment in the experiments of other workers. The influence of the mechanism of the various hardness tests is discussed.
Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue with Special Reference to Service Breakages
Authors: Bacon Frederic 
Published: October 2007

There is need for closer co-operation between those who encounter service breakages and those engaged in research on the strength of materials, because various causes are conspiring to enhance liability to fatigue failure in modern prime movers and machines. In the author's investigations, special attention has been paid to the crack spreading process with the twofold object (1) of interpreting the features found on fatigue fractures, and (2) as a method of attacking the problem of crack formation from a new angle. The fatigue testing machines and material used are briefly described. Crack spread in plain specimens has been found to follow definite laws of a very simple character. There is a fixed relationship between the markings on a fracture produced in rotary bending and the direction of rotation, which the author calls “crack slip.” Matters become more complex when “stress raisers” are present, as also when cracks converge from several separate origins. The stresses in revolving beams of square section, and of round section with equal parallel flats, are discussed at some length, and theory and experiment are shown to be in complete agreement. Reference is made to the fatigue fracture of the main haulage shaft at a colliery and to a danger which must be reckoned with in the blading of steam turbines. Attention is drawn to the weakening effect of the local concentrations of stress produced by holes, shoulders, keyways, etc., and two examples are included of an attempt to locate and assess the diminution of fatigue resistance at the weakest spot of a projected design by a single fatigue test of a suitable model. The history of corrosion fatigue is briefly reviewed, with comments as to why its discovery is of such recent origin. An extensive list of practical instances where corrosion fatigue is the known or suspected cause of failure is given. Examples of the pitting and cracking processes peculiar to corrosion fatigue are illustrated and discussed, the corrosive agent being a small steam jet in air, and attention is drawn to the differences which are found according as the limits of cyclic stress are near, or much below, the fatigue limit in air.
The Aluminium Industry in Scotland
Authors: Boex George 
Published: October 2007

The production of aluminium is divided into five sections: mining, alumina manufacture, carbon electrode works, aluminium reduction works, and rolling mills; and the reasons determining the location of factories are set forth. The aluminium industry in Scotland includes the manufacture of alumina and carbon electrodes, and the electrolytic production of the metal. The latter is absolutely dependent on cheap regular supplies of electrical power, as approximately 26,000 kilowatt-hours are required for the manufacture of one ton of aluminium from alumina. The Burntisland Alumina Works of the British Aluminium Company are described. The process is a chemical one: the ore is ground and mixed in caustic soda liquor and digested under pressure and heat. Separation of solid impurities takes place, leaving a sodium aluminate liquor from which alumina hydrate settles out and is subsequently calcined. The plant includes grinding machines, digesters, decomposition tanks, rotary calciners, and accessory plant such as pumps and conveyers. A large supply of steam is necessary for the process. The Carbon Works at Kinlochleven supply the electrodes necessary for three factories in the north of Scotland, and a description is given of the various raw materials used and their conversion into baked electrodes by grinding, mixing whilst hot with a binder of tar and pitch, pressing under 2,000 tons pressure, and baking in producer-gas-fired furnaces. The electrolytic furnaces used to produce aluminium from alumina are similar in principle at the Foyers, Kinlochleven, and Lochaber factories, and as the latter is the latest factory erected in the north, a short description of the power system is given. Ultimately the power house will contain some 120,000 h.p. of generating plant. At present 33,000 kW. are installed. Each of the furnaces takes 40,000 amperes and is built of steel plate with a carbon lining forming a bath and serving as a cathode. The molten aluminium is deposited as a layer under the electrolyte, which is cryolite, and the carbon anode electrodes are consumed as the alumina is decomposed. The cost of the complete development at Lochaber will be in the neighbourhood of £4,500,000.
Factors Affecting the Grip in Force, Shrink, and Expansion Fits
Authors: Russell Robert 
Published: October 2007

Factors affecting the grip, which depends wholly on the elastic properties of the mating materials, are presented in the first part of the paper by a consideration of force fit practice in the assembly of wheel centres on axles. The degree of accuracy obtained in machining operations is determined by an examination of the out-of-roundness and the out-of-straightness of the cylindrical mating surfaces. The importance of considering the physical properties of the materials used in elastic grip assemblies is indicated by results obtained from specimens taken from wheel centres. Curves showing the residual force fit of elements which failed to satisfy back pressure tests suggest that failure was due to excessive fit allowances. The effect of a reduction in the surface contact area is demonstrated by a series of tests on small steel elements. The nature of the lubricant is shown to have a great effect on the force necessary to produce axial slip in a force fit assembly. The lubricants considered include rape, sperm, Bayonne and “Texaco” motor oils, a mixture of graphite and engine bearing oil, and a cutting lubricant used in metal removal operations. The influence of “skin” or film on the mating surfaces before applying the lubricant is examined in a series of tests in which the mating elements are assembled with surfaces made clean by the use of solvents and by rubbing with a clean cloth. The quality of the grip established by mating the elements, by heating the hollow element, by cooling the solid element, and by pressing the hollow element over the solid element, is considered. Experimental results show that the grip is dependent on a surface film condition which may separate the elements on assembly and may be independent of the method of assembly. The condition of the mating surfaces after the fit is broken is examined and illustrated in each case. Torsional resistance to slip is considered in the latter part of the paper. Force and shrink fit assemblies in which the elements are mated with surfaces lubricated, and with surfaces perfectly dry and free from film, are examined. An analysis of the results of tests provides further evidence of the great influence of a surface film condition on the resistance to slip and affords a means of comparing the axial and torsional coefficients of friction.
Sugar Factories and Sugar Machinery
Authors: Kilpatrick William 
Published: October 2007

Figures for the total annual production of sugar show that it forms one of the great crops of the world, and the machinery used, both in handling the canes and in the factory, is of considerable importance. The author describes the method of sugar production, beginning with the supply of cane from the field to the factory, and then describing the simple defecation, sulphitation and carbonatation processes. An account is given of the actual machinery used in sugar factories, and the design of crushing mills is considered. In all modern mills the top roll is fitted with a hydraulic pressure regulator. Until recently the majority of hydraulic attachments which came under the author's observation were badly designed or totally unsuited for their purpose. This was largely due to failure to realize the large amount of friction which can occur in the accumulator rams, in the rams in the cap, and in the bearing which slides in the gap in the mill cheek. The methods adopted to overcome this in the best modern practice are described. The methods of driving, by steam engines or electric motors, are discussed, and mention is made of the types of motors in general use. The variable factors are such that it is not possible to lay down any general rule as to the power necessary, but from a large number of examples in operation it has been found that the power required varies from 10·5 to 12 h.p. per ton of cane ground per hour. To cover faulty operation of the plant a fair margin of power is usually allowed in the prime mover. Diagrams are given showing the variation in the power required at different points in the mill and at different times in the working day. The author then deals with the chief points in the design of evaporators, vacuum pans, and crystallizers. There is little waste in a sugar factory, and the refuse products or “bagasse” are used as fuel in the boilers. Some practical points in connexion with the use of this form of fuel are given, and the author concludes with some remarks on the layout of sugar factories. In an Appendix an analysis of the costs of crop, manufacturing expenses, and maintenance is given.