bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrative strategy of life story in the literature of Margaret Atwood
Authors: Naydenova Roksana Romanovna 
Published: April 2024

The subject of the research in this article is the narrative strategy of life description in the work of Margaret Atwood. Margaret Atwood (b. 1939) is a well–known modern Canadian writer, poet, and literary critic. The work of M. Atwood is considered in three main directions: the search for Canadian identity in the works of M. Atwood; the women's question and theories of feminism in the works of M. Atwood and speculative (conceptual) fiction in the works of M. Atwood. It is these three areas that the largest number of scientific papers about the Canadian writer are devoted to. Based on the life and creative path of M. Atwood, these three highways are justified. But behind them, the basis of the writer's work is lost – the narrative structure, to the study of which M. Atwood devoted many of her literary works. Based on the best practices of foreign and domestic narrative researchers, as well as on the research of M. Atwood herself, in this article we describe how a multi-level narrative of biography unfolds in the writer's fiction, implying a division into narrative layers. Each narrative layer is responsible for a certain time: the past, the present and the timelessness. The relevance and novelty of this article lies in an attempt to describe the narratives of M. Atwood, in isolation from the three main paths, and highlight the features of the narrative of the biography, which is key to the author's works. Thanks to the strategy of biography, the Canadian writer explores the nature of human memory, thinking, and fantasy. By placing the main character, the narrator, at the center of the narrative, M. Atwood allows her characters to independently analyze their own actions, their past, which brings her characters closer to real people. The characters of the writer, like real people, have general ideas about how a story should be built, a story and use literary techniques in talking about themselves. But, gradually opening up, the characters are the narrators of M. Atwood turns to a frank conversation, discarding literary decorations. The approach to the work of M. Atwood from the point of view of narrative, narratology helps to open new facets in the work of the famous author, to emphasize and actualize many artistic features of M. Atwood's books. Atwood, who remain in the shadows with a cultural and ideological approach.
Generation Change of Cropping Intensity in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saif Hasib Bin , Ruma Kanis Fatema , Ahmed Istiak , Islam Md. Riazul , Akhi Afsana Hoque , Nasim Fardus Ahamed , Rimu Rafia Akhtar , Karim Md. Rezaul 
Published: April 2024

The cropping intensity in Bangladesh remained stagnant until the late 18th century, then surged notably during the period of 1987–88 and 2010–11. Cropping intensity increased from 143% to 173.06% with an annual growth rate of 1.20% in the first half of Bangladesh's 50 years of independence. During that period, net cropped area fell from 8248.16 thousand hectares to 7806.07 thousand hectares, while gross cropped area increased from 11785.55 thousand hectares to 13518.64 thousand hectares.
In the second half of 50 years, cropping intensity has increased from 173.06 to 198.00 with an increasing rate of 0.99% per year, in this time both net and gross cropped area increased. Overall, within the 50 years of Bangladesh's independence, cropping intensity has increased from 143% (1971-72) to 198% (2019-20) with an increasing rate of 1.10% per year and will be 211.03 % (projected) by 2030. At that time net cropped area decreased from 8248.16 thousand hectares to 8126.00 thousand hectares but grossed cropped area increased from 11785.55 thousand hectares to 16057.00 thousand hectares. This overall change in cropping intensity is due to an increase in double (17.11%) and tripled cropped area (18.37%) and a decline in single cropped area (-35.76%). Shifting from single to multiple cropping attributed to this change. New short-duration cultivars tailored to fallow time drove intensity. However, limited climate-smart solutions and management practices posed hindrances. Examining rice yield extension, this study used historical and projected trends to forecast 2030 cropping intensity. New four cropped-based CP has also been introduced which occupied 0.28% of the net cropped area and definitely will play a vital role to increase cropping intensity in the future.
Farmer Perceptions on the Effects of Termites in Kwa Vonza Location, Kitui County, Kenya
Authors: Manono Bonface Ombasa , Chelangat Tuikong , Isoe Derrick 
Published: April 2024

Aims: This study aimed to assess (i) the perception of Kwa Vonza farmers regarding the presence of termites in their land, (ii) the perceived importance of termites, and (iii) how they control termites in their properties.
Study Design: This study is based on responses to a questionnaire sent to farmers.
Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in Kwa Vonza Location, Yatta Sub County, Kitui County, Kenya, between April and November 2017.
Methodology: 60 questionnaires, each comprising 20 multiple-choice questions, were sent out to farmers. Out of these, 54 responses were received. Where the response did not require a Yes or No answer, it elicited a response from a standardized five-point scale to demonstrate agreement with the provided proposition. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, in which percentages were tabulated, and frequency tables were generated using Microsoft Excel.
Results: 73% of farmers perceived their land as infertile, with the causes ranging from soil erosion, drought, and mono-cropping. 87% of farmers acknowledged termite infestation in their farms but perceived them as destructive. Termite infestation was attributed to deforestation, drought, and flooding. Chemical control was the method of choice to manage termites.
Conclusion: Kwa Vonza farmers do not perceive termites as of any agronomic significance but view them as destructive agents. Further research to address the complex issue of soil management at the farm-scale level that involves farmers is necessary to fill gaps in scientific knowledge and produce advice for practical use.
The Influence of Capital Intensity, Leverage, Profitability, and Corporate Social Responsibility on Tax Avoidance with Firm Size as a Moderating Variable
Authors: Sulaeman Asep , Surjandari Dwi Asih 
Published: April 2024

Aims: This research aims to test and analyze capital intensity, leverage, profitability, and corporate social responsibility on tax avoidance with firm size as a moderating variable.
Study Design: This research uses a quantitative causality method that relies on secondary data collection originating from the Indonesian Stock Exchange.
Place and Duration of Study: Companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index from 2018 to 2022.
Methodology: The sampling method used purposive sampling, so that 80 samples were obtained from 16 suitable companies. The analytical method used in this research is panel data regression analysis carried out with Eviews 12 software.
Results: The research results show that capital intensity, leverage, and profitability influence tax avoidance, while corporate social responsibility does not affect tax avoidance. The results of the moderation test show that firm size does not moderate the influence of capital intensity, leverage, profitability, and corporate social responsibility on tax avoidance.
Implications: Company managers and tax regulators need to pay attention to factors such as capital intensity, leverage, and profitability in managing and supervising tax avoidance practices.
Retrograde Axonal Tracing with Fluorescent Markers
Authors: Schofield Brett R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe growth of fluorescence imaging technology and the development of sensitive fluorescent retrograde tracers has provided many new approaches for analyzing neuronal circuits. Fluorescent markers provide unparalleled opportunity for combining axonal tract tracing with techniques such as immunohistochemistry or physiological recording. This unit describes the use of six different fluorescent tracers: Fast Blue, fluorescein dextran, FluoroGold, FluoroRuby, red beads, and green beads. Guidance is provided on how to choose a tracer for a particular experiment, and three methods are described for injecting the tracers, including pressure injection through a microsyringe or a micropipet, and iontophoretic injection through a micropipet. Criteria for selecting the most appropriate method are discussed. The protocols provide the information necessary to take advantage of the numerous fluorescent tracers that are available and to apply them to a wide variety of scientific questions. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 43:1.17.1‐1.17.24. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC)
Authors: Forbes S.A. , Bhamra G. , Bamford S. , Dawson E. , Kok C. , Clements J. , Menzies A. , Teague J.W. , Futreal P.A. , Stratton M.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCOSMIC is currently the most comprehensive global resource for information on somatic mutations in human cancer, combining curation of the scientific literature with tumor resequencing data from the Cancer Genome Project at the Sanger Institute, U.K. Almost 4800 genes and 250000 tumors have been examined, resulting in over 50000 mutations available for investigation. This information can be accessed in a number of ways, the most convenient being the Web‐based system which allows detailed data mining, presenting the results in easily interpretable formats. This unit describes the graphical system in detail, elaborating an example walkthrough and the many ways that the resulting information can be thoroughly investigated by combining data, respecializing the query, or viewing the results in different ways. Alternate protocols overview the available precompiled data files available for download. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 57:10.11.1‐10.11.26. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced Application of CFSE for Cellular Tracking
Authors: Witkowski Jacek M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis unit proposes a method to extend the already well known dividing‐cell‐tracking (DCT) cytometric technique based on supravital staining of the lymphocytes with CFSE and allowing them to divide afterwards, beyond simple observation and counting of dividing cells and their generations. Dynamic proliferation parameters that make it possible to determine for in vitro dividing human lymphocytes from various sources, are the actual duration of the pre‐division transition period (G0→︀G1), time of a single division, and number of divisions an average dividing cell performs over the time of an experiment, as well as the number of effective precursors giving rise to viable daughter lymphocytes. As the method does not require purification of the lymphocyte population of interest, yet allows the calculations for any cytometrically discernible subpopulation, it presents a powerful tool for detailed analysis of the efficiency of proliferative response of the immune cells. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 44:9.25.1‐9.25.8. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
From In Vitro to In Vivo: Imaging from the Single Cell to the Whole Organism
Authors: Julie Kang Jung , Toma Ildiko , Sipos Arnold , Peti‐Peterdi Janos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis unit addresses the applications of fluorescence microscopy and quantitative imaging to study multiple physiological variables of living tissue. Protocols are presented for fluorescence‐based investigations ranging from in vitro cell and tissue approaches to in vivo imaging of intact organs. These include the measurement of cytosolic parameters both in vitro and in vivo (such as calcium, pH, and nitric oxide), dynamic cellular processes (renin granule exocytosis), FRET‐based real‐time assays of enzymatic activity (renin), physiological processes (vascular contraction, membrane depolarization), and whole organ functional parameters (blood flow, glomerular filtration). Multi‐photon microscopy is ideal for minimally invasive and undisruptive deep optical sectioning of the living tissue, which translates into ultra‐sensitive real‐time measurement of these parameters with high spatial and temporal resolution. With the combination of cell and tissue cultures, microperfusion techniques, and whole organ or animal models, fluorescence imaging provides unmatched versatility for biological and medical studies of the living organism. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 44:12.12.1‐12.12.26. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reprogramming Primordial Germ Cells (PGC) to Embryonic Germ (EG) Cells
Authors: Durcova‐Hills Gabriela , Surani Azim 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this unit we describe the derivation of pluripotent embryonic germ (EG) cells from mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated from both 8.5‐ and 11.5‐days post‐coitum (dpc) embryos. Once EG cells are derived we explain how to propagate and characterize the cell lines. We introduce readers to PGCs and explain differences between PGCs and their in vitro derivatives EG cells. Finally, we also compare mouse EG cells with ES cells. This unit will be of great interest to anyone interested in PGCs or studying the behavior of cultured PGCs or the derivation of new EG cell lines. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 5:1A.3.1‐1A.3.20. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highly active ethylene/hydroxyl comonomers copolymerization using metallocene catalysts
Authors: Expósito M. T. , Vega J. F. , Ramos J. , Osío‐Barcina J. , García‐Martínez A. , Martín C. , Martínez‐Salazar J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEthylene was copolymerized with 10‐undecen‐1‐ol and 5‐hexen‐1‐ol using stereorigid [rac‐ethylene(Ind)2ZrCl2], [rac‐ethylene(H4Ind)2ZrCl2], and the new catalyst systems [rac‐norbornane(Ind)2TiCl2] and [mesonorbornane(Ind)2TiCl2], activated with methylaluminoxane. The characterization of the copolymers by 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that the polymerization products were copolymers and that the conversion of the polar comonomer was strongly favored in the case of the zirconocene precursors. Very high catalytic activity values, nearly independent on the amount of comonomer in the feed, and comonomer incorporations up to 25.4%‐weight have been found for 10‐undencen‐1‐ol comonomer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Electron and optical microscopy studies of extraterrestrial minerals in NWA4047 meteorite
Authors: Szurgot M. , Polański K. , Krystek M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnalytical electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to determine the elemental and mineral composition of NWA4047 meteorite. The meteorite was found in 2005 in Morocco, and in 2006 was preliminary classified as H4‐5 ordinary chondrite. The main crystalline meteorite minerals: olivines, pyroxenes, kamacite and taenite, feldspars, as well as troilite identified in our sample represent extraterrestrial minerals typical of the ordinary chondrite of high iron content. Low‐Ca orthopyroxene called bronzite has been revealed. Single enstatite and clinopyroxene crystals have also been identified. Olivines in the meteorite contain 18 mol% of fayalite. The meteorite is a monomict breccia, in which fragments of petrographic types 4, 5, and 6 are present, with the groundmass being type 4. Some of clasts contain large grains of feldspars and high content of feldspars, which is typical of petrologic type 6. Chemical and mineral composition, petrologic types of chondrules, their abundance and sizes, the presence of troilite‐kamacite veins, and nonoxidised iron phases prove that the chondrite belong to H group, i.e. to the olivine‐bronzite group. Our results show that the NWA4047 meteorite is H4‐6 ordinary chondrite. The weathering grade of the meteorite W0/1 is the same as previously established, but the shock grade S3 seems to be higher in comparison with the previous classification. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Catanionic surfactants assisted synthesis of dilead pentaoxochromate nanorods
Authors: Tian Guang‐Ru , Sun Si‐Xiu , Song Xin‐Yu , Zhao Wei , You Ting 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSingle‐crystalline dilead pentaoxochromate (Pb2CrO5) with nanorod‐shape has been synthesized by adjusting the pH value of the catanionic reverse micelles formed by a cationic surfactant CTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and an anionic surfactant SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfonate), followed by a hydrothermal process. The results show that reaction parameters play important roles in the formation of the single‐crystalline Pb2CrO5. The reaction parameters include the kinds of the surfactants, the molar ratio (r) between the mixed cationic and anionic surfactants, reaction time and temperature. The as‐synthesized products are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and thermal diffusion of nanostructured porous GaAs
Authors: Srinivasan R. , Ramachandran K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNanostructured porous GaAs samples were prepared by electrochemical anodic dissolution of GaAs for various current densities and etching periods. The samples are characterized by SEM and photoluminescence (PL) where a blue shift is observed in PL. Thermal properties of this nanostructured GaAs are then studied by photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, where one order decrease in thermal conductivity of porous GaAs compared to bulk is observed. Further it is shown that the thermal conductivity of porous GaAs decreases with decrease in size of the particles. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dendritic cells derived from TBP‐2‐deficient mice are defective in inducing T cell responses
Authors: Son Aoi , Nakamura Hajime , Okuyama Hiroaki , Oka Shin‐ichi , Yoshihara Eiji , Liu Wenrui , Matsuo Yoshiyuki , Kondo Norihiko , Masutani Hiroshi , Ishii Yasuyuki , Iyoda Tomonori , Inaba Kayo , Yodoi Junji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThioredoxin‐binding protein‐2 (TBP‐2), also known as vitamin D3‐up‐regulated protein 1 (VDUP1), was identified as an endogenous molecule interacting with thioredoxin (TRX). Here, we show that dendritic cells (DC) derived from TBP‐2‐deficient mice are defective in the function of T cell activation. To compare TBP‐2–/– DC function with wild‐type (WT) DC, we stimulated DC with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although TBP‐2–/– DC and WT DC expressed comparable levels of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80 and CD86, the IL‐12p40, IL‐12p70 and IL‐6 productions of TBP‐2–/– DC were attenuated. In a mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), the concentrations of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in the culture supernatant of MLR with TBP‐2–/– DC were significantly lower than those in the cultures with WT DC. In MLR also, as with LPS stimulation, IL‐12p40 and IL‐12p70 production from TBP‐2–/– DC was less than that from WT DC. Proliferation of T cells cultured with TBP‐2–/– DC was poorer than that with WT DC. In vivo delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses in TBP‐2–/– mice immunized with ovalbumin were significantly reduced compared to WT mice. These results indicate that TBP‐2 plays a crucial role in DC to induce T cell responses.
B7‐H1 restricts neuroantigen‐specific T cell responses and confines inflammatory CNS damage: Implications for the lesion pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ortler Sonja , Leder Christoph , Mittelbronn Michel , Zozulya Alla L. , Knolle Percy A. , Chen Lieping , Kroner Antje , Wiendl Heinz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe co‐inhibitory B7‐homologue 1 (B7‐H1/PD‐L1) influences adaptive immune responses and has been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance and limiting inflammatory damage in parenchymal organs. To understand the B7‐H1/PD1 pathway in CNS inflammation, we analyzed adaptive immune responses in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55‐induced EAE and assessed the expression of B7‐H1 in human CNS tissue. B7‐H1–/– mice exhibited an accelerated disease onset and significantly exacerbated EAE severity, although absence of B7‐H1 had no influence on MOG antibody production. Peripheral MOG‐specific IFN‐γ/IL‐17 T cell responses occurred earlier and enhanced in B7‐H1–/– mice, but ceased more rapidly. In the CNS, however, significantly higher numbers of activated neuroantigen‐specific T cells persisted during all stages of EAE. Experiments showing a direct inhibitory role of APC‐derived B7‐H1 on the activation of MOG‐specific effector cells support the assumption that parenchymal B7‐H1 is pivotal for delineating T cell fate in the target organ. Compatible with this concept, our data investigating human brain tissue specimens show a strong up‐regulation of B7‐H1 in lesions of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of B7‐H1 as an immune‐inhibitory molecule capable of down‐regulating T cell responses thus contributing to the confinement of immunopathological damage.
Regulated release of B cell‐derived exosomes: Do differences in exosome release provide insight into different APC function for B cells and DC?
Authors: Knight Andrew M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe induction of CD4 TH cell activity is a crucial component of the mammalian acquired immune response. In order to activate TH cells, pathogen‐derived peptides are displayed on the plasma membrane of specialized cells termed APC. As well as unravelling common mechanisms in this process, considerable attention has been given to the distinct roles of the various cell types involved. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study examining the release by B cells of small vesicles termed exosomes is presented. This commentary reports that the control of exosome release from B cells appears to differ from that seen in DC. How these differences may relate to important features that differentiate the antigen presenting cell function of B cells and DC in vivo is also discussed.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737694
Analysis of major alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐time of flight mass spectrometry with different background electrolytes
Authors: Chen Junhui , Zhao Hengqiang , Wang Xiaoru , Lee Frank Sen‐Chun , Yang Huanghao , Zheng Li 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCE‐based techniques with DAD and detection ESI‐TOF‐MS have been developed for the analysis of seven protoberberine alkaloids and one aporphinoid alkaloid in Huanglian (Rhizoma coptidis), a well‐known traditional Chinese herbal medicine. One aqueous BGE and one nonaqueous BGE were developed for CE‐DAD and CE‐MS analyses, and the CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS conditions including nebulizer gas pressure, the sheath‐liquid composition, its flow rate, etc. were optimized. Eight main alkaloids in R. coptidis could be separated with baseline resolution by CE‐DAD with these two different BGEs, and identified by TOF‐MS analysis. Moreover, three major alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine) could be quantified accurately by CE‐DAD and CE‐MS with the BGE system consisting of 50:50 v/v water and ACN containing 50 mM ammonium acetate at pH 6.8. Both techniques provided similar LODs and could be applied with confidence within similar linear dynamic range. However, reproducibility and speed of analysis were better using CE‐DAD. When the CE technique was compared with the RP‐HPLC method, the CE‐DAD and CE‐MS methods provided greater efficiency and faster analysis speed, i.e., achieving baseline resolution for all the eight main basic compounds in less than 14 min. The CE method, as a viable alternative to HPLC, is suitable for use as a routine procedure for the rapid identification and quantification of basic compounds in herbal or natural product applications.