bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel 4‐methylene‐3‐borahomoadamantane: 1,1‐organoboration of an alkyn‐1‐ylsilane using 1‐boraadamantane
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Tok Oleg L. , Milius Wolfgang 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1,1‐Dibromo‐2,2‐bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)ethene (2) reacts with two equivalents of 1‐boraadamantane (1) by 1,1‐organoboration of both trimethylsilylethynyl groups to give a triene 3 bearing two 4‐methylene‐3‐borahomoadamantane moieties in terminal positions. The triene was characterized by one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H, 11B, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy in solution and X‐ray structural analysis in the solid state. The planes of the C double bond are strongly twisted against each other as a result of the bulky substituents, and the surroundings of the boron atoms deviate from the ideal trigonal planar geometry owing to the tension in the tricyclic frameworks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐penetrating radar mapping in clay: success from South Carolina, USA
Authors: Weaver Wendy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted in a clay‐rich floodplain of the Savannah River, South Carolina, produced what were very difficult to interpret reflection profiles caused by energy coupling changes. These changes were caused by deep hardened plow furrows at the ground surface that caused antenna movement to be irregular, and energy to be transmitted into the ground at various angles, and with different properties. A dense clay layer also attenuated much of the radar energy at about 50 cm, further obscuring the profiles. Despite these ambiguous data, amplitude mapping at slices below the clay layer yielded images of distinct circular and linear features, which proved to be palisade walls dating from about the late Mississippian to Early Contact period (AD1400‐1740). This survey illustrates that it is possible to obtain good GPR results even when energy passes through dense clay and when reflection profiles are obscured by attenuation and coupling changes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution of ground‐penetrating radar reflections at differing frequencies
Authors: Grealy Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGround‐Penetrating Radar (GPR) data that are frequency filtered will produce a variety of data sets, each with a differing subsurface resolution. At the site of Petra, Jordan, filtered reflection data were processed to produce discrete categories of low (200–350 MHz), middle (500–650 MHz), and high (650–800 MHz) frequency wave amplitudes. The high frequency reflections were especially effective in identifying construction techniques from a buried Nabataean age wall. The results suggest that post‐acquisition GPR data frequency filtering may be helpful in identifying some differences in construction techniques and building materials in otherwise difficult to interpret subtle buried features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correcting for topography and the tilt of ground‐penetrating radar antennae
Authors: Goodman Dean , Nishimura Yasushi , Hongo Hiromichi , Higashi Noriaki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStatic corrections of radargrams can account for the tilt that the GPR antenna encounters on sites with topography. Radargrams that are topography‐tilt corrected, show that changes in the imaged locations of subsurface structures can be significant. The results of these corrections indicate that tilt corrections are necessary to improve the accuracy in imaging subsurface structures on sites with significant topographic changes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging in the ground‐penetrating radar near‐field zone: a case study from New Mexico, USA
Authors: Ernenwein Eileen G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt has long been suggested that the near field zone in GPR data contains no usable information, and should be ignored. This paper shows that there can be usable information in the near‐field zone when accurate time‐zero is chosen, and near‐surface reflections are processed. Reflection data from a Pueblo site in New Mexico were filtered and then re‐gained to reveal floors within the upper 3 nanoseconds, and their presence was confirmed by excavation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive adsorption of labeled and native protein in confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Teske Christopher A. , Lieres Eric von , Schröder Magnus , Ladiwala Asif , Cramer Steven M. , Hubbuch Jürgen J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractConfocal laser scanning microscopy has been previously applied to the study of protein uptake in porous chromatography resins. This method requires labeling the protein with a fluorescent probe. The labeled protein is then diluted with a large quantity of native protein so that the fluorescence intensity is a linear function of the labeled protein concentration. Ideally, the attachment of a fluorescent probe should not affect the affinity of the protein for the stationary phase; however, recent experimental work has shown that this assumption is difficult to satisfy. In the present study, we present a mathematical model of protein diffusion and adsorption in a single adsorbent particle. The differences in adsorption behavior of labeled and native protein are accounted for by treating the system as a two‐component system (labeled and native protein) described by the steric mass action isotherm (SMA). SMA parameters are regressed from experimental linear gradient elution data for lysozyme and lysozyme‐dye conjugates (for the fluorescent dyes Cy3, Cy5, Bodipy FL, and Atto635). When the regressed parameters are employed in the model, an overshoot in the labeled lysozyme concentration is predicted for Cy5‐ and Bodipy‐labeled lysozyme, but not for Atto635‐labeled lysozyme. The model predictions agree qualitatively well with recent work showing the dependence of the concentration overshoot on the identity of the attached dye and provide further evidence that the overshoot is likely caused by the change of binding characteristics due to the fluorescent label. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering microscopy: A biological review
Authors: Rodriguez Luis G. , Lockett Stephen J. , Holtom Gary R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMicroscopic imaging of cells and tissues are generated by the interaction of light with either the sample itself or contrast agents that label the sample. Most contrast agents, however, alter the cell in order to introduce molecular labels, complicating live cell imaging. The interaction of light from multiple laser sources has given rise to microscopy, based on Raman scattering or vibrational resonance, which demonstrates selectivity to specific chemical bonds while imaging unmodified live cells. Here, we discuss the nonlinear optical technique of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, its instrumentation, and its status in live cell imaging. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Densin and filtrin in the pancreas and in the kidney, targets for humoral autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rinta‐Valkama Johanna , Aaltonen Petri , Lassila Markus , Palmén Tuula , Tossavainen Päivi , Knip Mikael , Holthöfer Harry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground and aimThe development of autoantibodies against antigens of the pancreatic islet cells is a typical phenomenon in patients with type 1 diabetes. The expression of densin, recently shown to be present in kidney podocytes, was explored in the pancreas. Additionally, we studied whether densin and filtrin, another molecule shared between the kidney podocytes and pancreatic islet cells, can act as autoantigens and whether autoantibodies against these can be detected in patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsExpression of pancreatic densin was studied with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and immunofluorescence. Children and adolescents (n = 66) with type 1 diabetes and control subjects were analysed for densin autoantibodies (DAA) and filtrin autoantibodies (FAA) using radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The serum samples were obtained at the time of diagnosis and after a duration of 2, 5 and 10 years.ResultsDensin expression was observed in the pancreas, localising to the beta cells. DAA were detected in 33% of the patients and the positivity was typically seen already at diagnosis. FAA were observed in 11% of the patients. The proportion of islet cell antibody (ICA) positive, GADA positive and protein tyrosine phosphatase‐related islet antigen 2 antibody (IA‐2A)‐positive patients decreased during the follow‐up period, and a similar trend was seen for DAA but not for FAA. Among the 14 patients with signs of renal injury, four tested positive for DAA and two for FAA.ConclusionsDensin is a novel molecule shared by the kidney glomerular podocytes and pancreatic islet cells. Densin and filtrin can act as autoantigens, and autoantibodies against these can be detected in patients with type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibration perception threshold—a valuable assessment of neural dysfunction in people with diabetes
Authors: Garrow Adam P. , Boulton Andrew J. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has been identified as a key element in the causal pathway to foot ulceration and other lower‐extremity complications, impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Early detection is essential to optimise effective risk management, including adequate foot care, patient education, and future pharmacological therapy. However, data suggest that screening has been mostly sub‐optimal, and many physicians remain unfamiliar with non‐invasive screening tests. There is evidence in the literature to suggest that vibration perception threshold (VPT) measures can be used to easily and accurately identify at‐risk diabetic patients, including those with early neuropathic deficits. These measures have been used in population‐based studies and are associated with an increased risk of severe and expensive outcomes, such as ulcers and amputations. Incorporating VPT testing into clinical practice has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes in patients with DPN, thereby substantially reducing the socio‐economic burden of this common and challenging disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of macroporous poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogels for tissue engineering application
Authors: Sannino A. , Netti P. A. , Madaghiele M. , Coccoli V. , Luciani A. , Maffezzoli A. , Nicolais L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPeptide activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogels have received wide attention as material for tissue engineering application. However, the close structure of these materials may pose severe barriers to tissue invasion and nutrient transport. The aim of this work was to synthesize highly interconnected macroporous PEG hydrogels, suitable for use as tissue engineering scaffolds, by combining the photocrosslinking reaction with a foaming process. In particular, various porous samples, differing for both the polymer molecular weight and concentration in the starting precursor solution, have been prepared and characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry. Moreover, water swelling properties have been evaluated and compared with those of the conventional nonporous ones, by performing both equilibrium and kinetic swelling measurements in distilled water. Results indicated that foamed hydrogels display a well‐interconnected porous network, suitable for tissue invasion and free molecular trafficking within them. Pores dimension as well as swelling rate can be modulated by polymer concentrations and bubbling agent composition in the precursor solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Bone cell transfection in tissue culture using hydroxyapatite microparticles
Authors: Frayssinet Patrick , Rouquet Nicole , Mathon Didier 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCoprecipitates of calcium phosphate and DNA have been used in vitro for several decades for cell transfection. We evaluated the efficiency of calcium phosphate ceramics associated to plasmid DNA in the transfection of bone cells in vitro when they are grown in tissue culture. Newborn rat calvariae and tibia epiphyses were grown on an agar surface for a period of 48 h to 30 days. The hydroxyapatite (HA)‐particles were loaded with a plasmid bearing a galactosidase reporter gene by incubation of the plasmid solution in PBS with the particles. One milligram of HA‐particles was then placed in contact with the bone explants for 8 and 30 days. Histological sections were then performed and the galactosidase activity was revealed using an X‐gal solution. At eight days, very few cells expressing the galactosidase activity were detected. By 30 days, however, the explants appeared uniformly stained blue. The staining of sections showed that the osteoblasts, chondroblasts, perichondroblasts, and perisoteal cells all expressed the lacZ gene while the number of cells stained in the control was negligible. The time dependence of the transfection suggests that transfection using ceramics is linked to the degradation of the ceramic by the cells. Furthermore, the cells are stained remote from the particles suggesting that the particles induce a coprecipitate of DNA in the explant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Ab initio protein fold prediction using evolutionary algorithms: Influence of design and control parameters on performance
Authors: Djurdjevic Dusan P. , Biggs Mark J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTrue ab initio prediction of protein 3D structure requires only the protein primary structure, a physicochemical free energy model, and a search method for identifying the free energy global minimum. Various characteristics of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) mean they are in principle well suited to the latter. Studies to date have been less than encouraging, however. This is because of the limited consideration given to EA design and control parameter issues. A comprehensive study of these issues was, therefore, undertaken for ab initio protein fold prediction using a full atomistic protein model. The performance and optimal control parameter settings of twelve EA designs where first established using a 15‐residue polyalanine molecule—design aspects varied include the encoding alphabet, crossover operator, and replacement strategy. It can be concluded that real encoding and multipoint crossover are superior, while both generational and steady‐state replacement strategies have merits. The scaling between the optimal control parameter settings and polyalanine size was also identified for both generational and steady‐state designs based on real encoding and multipoint crossover. Application of the steady‐state design to met‐enkephalin indicated that these scalings are potentially transferable to real proteins. Comparison of the performance of the steady state design for met‐enkephalin with other ab initio methods indicates that EAs can be competitive provided the correct design and control parameter values are used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1177–1195, 2006
Efficient transduction of monocyte‐ and CD34+‐ derived Langerhans cells with lentiviral vectors in the absence of phenotypic and functional maturation
Authors: Veron P. , Boutin S. , Bernard J. , Danos O. , Davoust J. , Masurier C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundGene delivery in dendritic cells (DC) has raised considerable interest to modulate DC functions and induce therapeutic immunity or tolerance in an antigen‐specific fashion. Among immature DC, Langerhans cells (LC) are attractive candidates for antigen delivery using lentiviral vectors (LV).MethodsLC derived from monocytes (Mo‐LC), or derived from CD34+ cells (CD34‐LC) in the presence of cytokine cocktail, were transduced with LV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (E‐GFP) under the control of the ubiquitous phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter at a multiplicity of infection of 18, at days 0 to 3 for Mo‐LC, or at days 0 to 12 for CD34‐LC. We assessed gene transfer levels from the percentage of E‐GFP+ cells in the final cultures, and examined the morphology, immunophenotype, state of differentiation and function of transduced LC.ResultsDay 0 transduction of monocytes or CD34+ progenitors before cytokine pre‐activation and LC differentiation resulted in stable gene expression in 7.8% of Mo‐LC and 24% of CD34‐LC. Monocyte‐derived DC (Mo‐DC) differentiated in serum‐free medium were also efficiently transduced up to 13.2%. Interestingly, Mo‐LC cells committed towards LC phenotype were permissive for transduction up to day 3. Transduction levels of CD34‐LC peaked at day 6 to 44% and decreased thereafter. LV transduction did not perturb viability, phenotype and function of E‐GFP‐expressing LC.ConclusionsLC generated ex vivo can serve as vaccine vehicles in humans through efficient transduction by LV. These LC will be helpful to assess in vitro the immunogenicity of gene therapy vectors, from the characterization of their phenotypic and functional maturation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertex partitions of chordal graphs
Authors: Wood David R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA k‐tree is a chordal graph with no (k + 2)‐clique. An ℓ‐tree‐partition of a graph G is a vertex partition of G into ‘bags,’ such that contracting each bag to a single vertex gives an ℓ‐tree (after deleting loops and replacing parallel edges by a single edge). We prove that for all k ≥ ℓ ≥ 0, every k‐tree has an ℓ‐tree‐partition in which each bag induces a connected ${\lfloor k} /(\ell+1) \rfloor$‐tree. An analogous result is proved for oriented k‐trees. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 53: 167–172, 2006
Maximal and maximum independent sets in graphs with at most r cycles
Authors: Sagan Bruce E. , Vatter Vincent R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLet m(G) denote the number of maximal independent sets of vertices in a graph G and let c(n,r) be the maximum value of m(G) over all connected graphs with n vertices and at most r cycles. A theorem of Griggs, Grinstead, and Guichard gives a formula for c(n,r) when r is large relative to n, while a theorem of Goh, Koh, Sagan, and Vatter does the same when r is small relative to n. We complete the determination of c(n,r) for all n and r and characterize the extremal graphs. Problems for maximum independent sets are also completely resolved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 53: 283–314, 2006
Inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia among general medicine patients at a large teaching hospital
Authors: Schnipper Jeffrey L. , Barsky Emily E. , Shaykevich Shimon , Fitzmaurice Garrett , Pendergrass Merri L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDBecause of the relationship between inpatient hyperglycemia and adverse patient outcomes, current guidelines recommend glucose levels less than 180 mg/dL in the non‐ICU inpatient setting and the use of effective insulin protocols for appropriate patients.OBJECTIVETo determine the current state of glucose management on an academic hospitalist service and the relationship between insulin‐ordering practices and glycemic control.DESIGNProspective cohort study.SETTINGHospitalist‐run general medicine service of an academic teaching hospital.PATIENTS107 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus or inpatient hyperglycemia.MEASUREMENTSWe collected data on up to 4 bedside glucose measurements per day, detailed clinical information, and all orders related to glucose management. The primary outcomes were rate of hyperglycemia (glucose > 180 mg/dL) per patient and mean glucose level per patient‐day.RESULTSThe mean rate of hyperglycemia was 31% of measurements per patient. Basal insulin was ordered for 43% of patients, and scheduled rapid‐ or short‐acting insulin was ordered for 4% of patients. Sixty‐five percent of patients who had at least 1 episode of hyper‐ or hypoglycemia had no change made to any insulin order during the first 5 days of the hospitalization. When adjusted for clinical factors, the use of sliding‐scale insulin by itself was associated with a 20 mg/dL higher mean glucose level per patient‐day.CONCLUSIONSManagement of diabetes and hyperglycemia on a general medicine service showed several deficiencies in process and outcome. Possible targets for improvement include increased use of basal and nutritional insulin and daily insulin adjustment in response to hyperglycemia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;3:145–150. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Expression of protein 4.1G in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Ohno Nobuhiko , Terada Nobuo , Yamakawa Hisashi , Komada Masayuki , Ohara Osamu , Trapp Bruce D. , Ohno Shinichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe membrane‐associated cytoskeletal proteins, including protein 4.1 family, play important roles in membrane integrity, protein targeting, and signal transduction. Although protein 4.1G (4.1G) is expressed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues, it can have very discrete distributions within cells. The present study investigated the expression and distributions of 4.1G in rodent sciatic nerve. Northern and Western blot analysis detected abundant 4.1G mRNA and protein in rat sciatic nerve extracts. Immunohistochemical staining with a 4.1G‐specific antibody and double immunolabeling with E‐cadherin, βIV spectrin, and connexin 32 detected 4.1G in paranodal loops, Schmidt‐Lanterman incisures, and periaxonal, mesaxonal, and abaxonal membranes of rodent sciatic nerve. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the immunodistribution of 4.1G in Schwann cells. In developing mouse sciatic nerves, 4.1G was diffusely distributed in immature Schwann cells and gradually localized at paranodes, incisures, and periaxonal and mesaxonal membranes during their maturation. These data support the concept that 4.1G plays an important role in the membrane expansion and specialization that occurs during formation and maintenance of myelin internodes in the peripheral nervous system. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic domain threading
Authors: Taylor William R. , Lin Kuang , Klose Daniel , Fraternali Franca , Jonassen Inge 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA modeling method is described that avoids the need to consider the domain structure of the template used for modeling, and automatically extracts compact fragments of structure that would be of a suitable size to build the model. This aids automation as the size or nature of the template structure can be ignored and does not have to be broken into domain (or multi‐domain) units beforehand. The approach leads to the generation of a large number of models each based on slightly differing domain definitions and this variation was further increased by considering alternative secondary structure predictions. Each model, of which there may be thousands, takes the form of a complete alpha‐carbon trace and some methods (including residue burial) were investigated for their power to discriminate good models from bad models using decoys. The method is also compared to an earlier retroviral capsid modeling problem for which the X‐ray structure is now known. Some potential extensions of the approach to more distant modeling problems are discussed. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.