bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Question of Definition – The Concept of Internal Armed Conflict in the Swedish Aliens Act
Authors: Magnusson Jennie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFleeing the horrors of an internal armed conflict constitutes a ground for subsidiary protection under the Qualification Directive and in the Swedish Aliens Act. However, what is to be defined as such a conflict is disputed. This is obvious within the European context from the inconsistent interpretations of for example the situation in Iraq amongst Member States. In Sweden, the Migration Court of Appeal established the situation in Iraq as severe, but as not amounting to an armed conflict. In France and Great Britain however, Iraq is regarded as such a conflict. The argument of this article is that the concept of internal armed conflict in the Swedish Aliens Law is incoherent and inadequate. This is due to the fact that the Swedish interpretation is based upon international humanitarian law, a law which provides an unclear and anachronistic concept of internal armed conflict.
Development of a Collagen Hydrogel with High Mechanical Strength by a Simple Orientation Method for Triple-helix
Authors: Hongo Chizuru , Matsusaki Michiya , Nishida Kohji , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Collagen hydrogels with oriented triple-helix were fabricated simply via the axial orientation of a dense collagen solution onto a glass plate and cross-linking. The orientation of the collagen triple-helix in the gels was clearly confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. The tensile strength of the oriented collagen gels in parallel was twofold higher than that of non-oriented gels as a control. Our collagen gels with oriented triple-helix can be useful as novel scaffolds in the tissue engineering field.
Remarkable Support Effects of Gallium Compounds on the Activity and Selectivity of Ru Metal Catalyst for Liquid-phase Citral Hydrogenation
Authors: Nishiyama Hiroshi , Takeuchi Junichi , Hayase Hiroshi , Saito Nobuo , Inoue Yasunobu 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Various types of p-block metal oxides and nitrides were employed as catalyst supports for Ru metal in liquid-phase citral hydrogenation. Compounds containing Ga3+ ions, in particular GaOOH, were found to exhibit remarkable support effects on the enhancement of catalytic activity and reaction selectivity for the production of α,β-unsaturated alcohols (nerol and geraniol).
An Efficient One-pot Three-component Reaction to Produce 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles Catalyzed by a Dicopper-substituted Silicotungstate
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Kotani Miyuki , Kamata Keigo , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The dicopper-substituted γ-Keggin silicotungstate with bis-μ-1,1-azido ligands TBA4H2[γ-SiW10O36Cu2(μ-1,1-N3)2] (TBA = tetrabutylammonium) could act as an effective homogeneous precatalyst for the one-pot synthesis of various kinds of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives from organic halides, NaN3, and alkynes.
Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characteristics of 3,3′-Dicyano-[7,7′-biindolizine]-1,1′,2,2′-tetracarboxylic Acid 1,2-Diethyl 1′,2′-Dimethyl Ester
Authors: Matsushima Toshinori , Kimura Ryosuke , Asahara Masahiro , Murata Hideyuki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We investigated photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of 3,3′-dicyano-[7,7′-biindolizine]-1,1′,2,2′-tetracarboxylic acid 1,2-diethyl 1′,2′-dimethyl ester (Et2Me2-biInd). We found that Et2Me2-biInd has efficient blue PL and a multilayer organic light-emitting diode doped with Et2Me2-biInd exhibits a relatively high EL efficiency of 1.8±0.1%.
Self-assembly TiO2 Hierarchical Hollow Microspheres with Rutile Nanorods by Template-free Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Zhang Yanfeng , Feng Xiaohui , Liu Hui , Wang Cici , Liu Jingze , Wei Yu 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Hierarchical TiO2 hollow microspheres composed of rutile nanorods were directly prepared by a simple, efficient, facile, and template-free hydrothermal method with TiCl4 solution in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Amine-modified MSU-H Silica in the Presence of Water Vapor
Authors: Hiyoshi Norihito , Yogo Katsunori , Yashima Tatsuaki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Mesoporous MSU-H silica modified with 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane showed high capacity of 3.08 mmol·g−1 for carbon dioxide adsorption under 15 kPa of carbon dioxide and 12 kPa of water vapor at 333 K.
Preparation of Monodispersed ZnO Nanoparticles via Thermal Growth-inhibitive Action of Polyethyleneimine (PEI) at Low Temperature
Authors: Kim Ki Seok , Kim Sang Mook , Jung Gun Young 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
An effective wet-chemical method to produce highly monodispersed ZnO nanoparticles (4–6 nm diameters) is presented. A thermal growth-inhibitive phenomenon of ZnO precursor by PEI was employed to generate monodispersed nanoparticles at low temperature (40 °C) and to improve the nanoparticle properties in terms of both size distribution and crystallinity.
Habitat Selection Influences Sex Distribution, Morphology, Tissue Biochemistry, and Parasite Load of Juvenile Coho Salmon in the West Fork Smith River, Oregon
Authors: Rodnick Kenneth J. , St.‐Hilaire Sophie , Battiprolu Pavan K. , Seiler Steven M. , Kent Michael L. , Powell Madison S. , Ebersole Joseph L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGiven the strong influence of water temperature on salmonid physiology and behavior, in the summers of 2004 and 2005 we studied juvenile male and female coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in two reaches of Oregon's West Fork Smith River with different thermal profiles. Our goals were to compare the body morphology, tissue biochemistry, genetics, and parasite load and determine whether sex, tissue biochemistry, and infection with multiple parasite species influence swimming performance. Sex differences in habitat selection distribution were apparent; proportionately more females occupied the cooler, upper reach, and males predominated in the warmer, lower reach. Despite having similar genotypes, fish in the upper reach had deeper bodies and higher condition factors, regardless of sex. These fish also had higher blood lipids and elevated citrate synthase activity in epaxial white muscle, suggesting a greater potential for aerobic metabolism. Critical swimming speeds measured streamside at 18°C and endurance time were influenced by sex, females performing much better than males. Plasma lactate levels were inversely correlated with swimming performance, indicating that females relied more on aerobic metabolism for energy production. We also found a high prevalence of tissue‐specific myxozoans (Myxobolus insidiosus and M. kistuchi) and larval trematodes (Nanophyetus salmincola and Apophallus sp.) in the muscle and “black spot” in the skin. The prevalence of these parasites was higher in the warmer, lower reach than in the upper reach and the lower‐reach fish lower condition indices. The degree of parasitism was not correlated with the swimming ability or sex of fish.
Potential Effects of Striped Bass Predation on Juvenile Fish in the Hudson River
Authors: Heimbuch Douglas G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis study addressed the question whether the increase in the abundance of striped bass Morone saxatilis in the Hudson River that began after 1990 and the associated increase in predatory demand could have been responsible for the observed declines in the abundance of juvenile river herring (i.e., blueback herring Alosa aestivalis and alewife A. pseudoharengus), Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod, and white perch Morone americana as well as the apparent decline in the survival of juvenile striped bass in the Hudson River. The seasonal (August through October) predatory demand of Hudson River striped bass (ages 1‐13) was estimated to have increased from an average of 3.4 million kg/year for the period 1982‐1990 to an average of 15.0 million kg/year for the period 1991‐2004. Since 1990, the average abundance of juvenile fish in the Hudson River has declined—60% for river herring, 69% for Atlantic tomcod, and 59% for white perch—and juvenile striped bass survival has declined 87%. These declines could be explained by the increase in striped bass predatory demand if (1) 3.3% of the seasonal predatory demand of age‐1 to age‐13 striped bass was satisfied by consumption of juveniles of the four taxa or (2) 11.1% of the seasonal predatory demand of age‐1 and age‐2 Hudson River striped bass was satisfied by consumption of juveniles of the four taxa. Historical information on the fraction of the Hudson River striped bass stock that inhabits the Hudson River from August through October, combined with the dietary preferences of Hudson River striped bass, appear to be consistent with these levels of consumption.
Successful Control of High-Pressure Gas Well by Use of a Crosslinked Gel During Coiled-Tubing Fishing
Authors: Nwoke Linus , Arukhe James , Uchendu Chike 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Good well- and reservoir-management practices demand that new gas wells be tested to expected potentials at the onset of production and buildup surveys be conducted at specified intervals during the life of the well. This will help to determine the deliverability of the wells, obtain base reservoir parameters, and improve reservoir surveillance in monitoring abandonment conditions. It was the pursuit of these data gatherings that lead to the multirate buildup survey that resulted in stuck temperature and pressure memory gauges at RN® No-Go nipple.
The gas-production capability of this well was estimated at 150 MMscf/D. After the installation of the memory gauges, multirate and 10-hour buildup tests were conducted. During the retrieval of the bottomhole-pressure (BHP) gauges, several incidents led to three fish getting stuck successively in the wellbore. The operator was faced with many options, each with a limitation: Continue the well in an unsafe manner at 50% potential, attempt a workover, or attempt a coiled-tubing (CT) rigless intervention.
During the planning stage of the remedial operation, success in retrieving the multiple fish was identified to be dependent upon the ability to kill the high-pressure gas well with a time-dependent and acid-degradable crosslinked-gel system with a high-rate bullhead pumping technique and appropriate wireline/CT fishing tools. These tools would locate and grab the wire rope simultaneously, minimizing run time in a cost-effective manner. The kill fluid needed to have low damage potential to the formation and be capable of preventing the migration and fingering of formation gas to the surface throughout the fishing operation, which lasted approximately 1 month. Key success was identified in the ability of the CT to compress the wire rope in bunches and withstand the extra overpull required to free the stuck fish.
At the end of the operation, in which some challenges were encountered, five stuck fish (two additional fish became stuck during the attempt to free the first three) were retrieved successfully and prefishing conduit potential was retained, thus indicating that the crosslinked gel degraded completely at the end of the fishing operation, leaving the near-wellbore region undamaged.
The gain from the operation includes leaving the formation in an undamaged state, cost savings, high net present value, and meeting the gas-supply obligation. More than USD 2.0 million was saved operationally with the choice of rigless activity when compared to the rig re-entry alternative. The well is still producing satisfactorily 5 years after this activity.
This paper presents the engineering design and field application of, as well as lessons learned from, fishing operations.
Results of the World&s First 4D Microgravity Surveillance of a Waterflood-Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Brady J. L. , Hare J. L. , Ferguson J. F. , Seibert J. E. , Klopping F. J. , Chen T. , Niebauer T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
The world's first 4D surface-gravity surveillance of a1 waterflood has been implemented at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. This monitoring technique is an essential component of the surveillance program for the Gas Cap Water Injection (GCWI) project. A major factor in the approval process for the waterflood was to show that we could monitor water movement economically where a very limited number of wells penetrated the waterflood area. The drilling of numerous surveillence wells to monitor water movement adequately would have been cost-prohibitive. Field surveys now show conclusively that density changes associated with water replacing gas are being detected readily with high-resolution surface-gravity measurements. The gravity methods used to monitor the water-flood include time-lapse (4D) measurement of surface gravity over the reservoir followed by inversion of the 4D signal for mass-balance calculation and flood-front detection.
This paper will focus on field results of time-lapse surface-gravity surveys. Differences in the gravity field over time reflect changes in the reservoir-fluid density. The inversion procedure was formulated and coded to allow for various constraints on model parameters such as density, total mass, and moment of inertia. The gravity survey was designed to permit the inversion for reservoir mass distribution, with resolution on the order of hundreds of meters in the presence of uncorrelated noise of reasonable magnitude (12-μGal standard deviation).
Time-differenced gravity-survey results clearly show an increase in surface gravity that is a result of the injected-water mass. Density-change maps deduced from measured gravity change show that water movement is reasonably similar to the reservoir simulations and to the water detected in observation wells. The overall ultimate gravity signal is predicted to increase to approximately 250 μGal, ultimately resulting in accurate maps of the water movement.
Quantifying the Reliability and Value of 3D Land Seismic
Authors: Bickel J. Eric , Gibson Richard L. , McVay Duane A. , Pickering Stephen , Waggoner John 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Seismic data provide essential information for guiding reservoir development. Improvements in data quality hold the promise of improving performance even further, provided that the value of these data exceeds their cost. Previous work has demonstrated value-of-information (VOI) methods to quantify the value of seismic data. In these examples, seismic accuracy was obtained by means of expert assessment instead of being based on geophysical quantities. In addition, the modeled seismic information was not representative of any quantity that would be observed in a seismic image.
Here we apply a more general VOI model that includes multiple targets, budgetary constraints, and quantitative models relating poststack seismic amplitudes and amplitude-variation-withoffset (AVO) parameters to the quantities of interest for reservoir characterization, such as porosity and reservoir thickness. Also, by including estimated changes in data accuracy based on signal-tonoise ratio, the decision model can provide objective estimates of the reliability of measurements derived from the seismic data. We demonstrate this methodology within the context of a west Texas 3D land survey. This example demonstrates that seismic information can improve reservoir economics and that improvements in seismic technology can create additional value.
A Model for Gas Coning and Rate-Dependent Gas/Oil Ratio in an Oil-Rim Reservoir
Authors: Mjaavatten Are , Aasheim Robert , Saelid Steinar , Grønning Oddvar 
Published: November 2008

Summary
In oil-rim fields, a thin oil layer lies between an aquifer and a gas cap. Oil may be produced from such fields by use of horizontal wells. Production will lower the local gas/oil contact (GOC) near the well in a process called gas coning. After gas breakthrough, the gas/oil ratio (GOR) from the well may vary strongly with the production rate. The ability to predict this dependency is essential for production optimization for such fields.
We have developed a mathematical model that can predict gas-coning behavior and the resulting rate-dependent GOR for periods of several months or more. Despite a simple model structure and short computation times, the accuracy of the predictions is good. We combine a dynamic model that describes the essential reservoir behavior with a highly simplified description of the interaction between the well and the surrounding reservoir. The full model has three adjustable parameters that allow us to fit the behavior to individual wells, using historical oil-and gas-production rates. The model forms the basis of the GORM (gas/oil ratio model) computer program that, since early 2003, is in regular use for production planning and optimization at the Troll field. We also have tested the model on wells in other fields, with encouraging results.
Note that the model describes the behavior of individual wells only. The focus is short-and medium-time production optimization, not reservoir management.
Analyzing Underperformance of Tortuous Horizontal Wells: Validation With Field Data
Authors: Kerem M. , Proot M. , Oudeman P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
This paper presents the results of a project that was initiated to analyze the inflow performance and inflow distribution of one smart and two problematic conventional, long, and tortuous horizontal wells in Brunei.
Following a detailed hydraulic analysis of these wells, a good match with field measurements was obtained. Simulation results show that the problems in the conventional wells were not as severe as those interpreted from the measurements of distributed temperature sensing systems (DTSs). It is also demonstrated that the compartmentalized completion with inflow control valves (ICVs) in the smart well has added value, because the well would not be producing from over half of the reservoir section without the smart completion.
Maximum-Reservoir-Contact-Wells Performance Update: Shaybah Field, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Salamy S. P. , Al-Mubarak H. K. , Al-Ghamdi M. S. , Hembling D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
This paper is an update on previous SPE technical papers (Saleri et al. 2003; Saleri et al. 2004) highlighting the results of 25 maximum-reservoir-contact (MRC) wells drilled in the Shaybah field either as new wells or as part of a workover strategy to convert existing weak 1-km single-lateral wells to MRC wells with reservoir contacts ranging from 5 to 9 km.
Shaybah field in Saudi Arabia, a low-permeability reservoir overlain by a large gas cap, was developed initially in 1996 with 1-km single-lateral horizontal wells to drain hydrocarbon while reducing gas coning effectively. A step-development approach of increasing reservoir contact to improve well productivity and performance was the basis for the MRC concept. To date, results from 25 MRC wells have indicated a four-fold increase in well productivities and a three-fold decrease in unit-development cost when compared to the 1-km single-lateral wells. A useful byproduct of MRC drilling is the enhancement achieved in reservoir characterization.
In addition to MRC wells, smart technologies such as down-hole-flow-control systems (smart completions), expandable liners, and production equalizers were deployed in Shaybah field. These technologies have improved well performance and recovery greatly. Smart controls assisted in optimizing production from each lateral in a multilateral (ML) well in the event of premature gas or water coning. In addition, downhole smart completions improved well productivity in ML wells with a better well-cleanup process. Production equalizers that were deployed in high-gas/oil-ratio (GOR) wells reduced gas coning and improved well productivity. To date, more than 21 expandable liners have been deployed as enablers to a workover strategy to convert single-lateral wells to ML/MRC wells, thereby providing a platform for installation of downhole-flow-control systems.
Haradh-III: Industry's Largest Field Development With Maximum-Reservoir-Contact Wells, Smart-Well Completions, and the iField Concept
Authors: Al-Kaabi Abdulaziz O. , Afaleg Nabeel I. , Pham Tony , Al-Muallem Ali S. , Al-Bani Fahad A. , Hart Richard G. , Hembling Drew E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
The development of Haradh-III in the southernmost region of Ghawar represents a major shift in paradigm in terms of the combination of the technologies. The field development combines four main technology features, which include maximum-reservoir-contact (MRC) wells, smart completions, extensive use of real-time geosteering, and iField initiatives.
This paper describes the motivation, implementation, and post-production evaluation of this unique field development. In the case of Haradh-III, field development with smart MRC wells delays water encroachment, improves flood-front conformance and recovery, and lowers water production and long-term development and operating costs. Bottomwater encroachment into the wellbore is mitigated as downhole internal control valves (ICVs), as part of the smart completion, are adjusted. This, in turn, lengthens the life of the well, allowing sweep and recovery to take place in the reservoir below the horizontal wellbores with the most effective sweep process: the replacement mechanism by gravity. The objectives of the development are accomplished by use of a reduced number of wells that minimize the accompanying infrastructure, which lowers the capital expenditure while reducing the operating cost by maintaining, on a long-term basis, a low-water-producing system, all in real time and within the iField environment.