bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The judicial development of the Roman-Dutch doctrine of parental authority in South African law
Authors: Schäfer Lawrence 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Roman-Dutch doctrine of parental authority differed markedly from the parallel doctrine in English common law, particularly in relation to the balance of power between parents and generally in relation to illegitimate children. This paper traces the judicial development of the Roman-Dutch doctrine by the South African courts and focuses on two important turning points, at which the unnecessary adoption of principles of English law resulted in a departure from Roman-Dutch principles. The product of this judicial development was a doctrine of parental authority that differentiated sharply between legitimate and illegitimate children, and greatly impeded the capacity of judges to apply the 'best interests' principle in disputes concerning the latter.
Aux origines du droit de l'Union Européenne: Ie "ius commune" national dans les conclusions des avocats généraux: Karl Roemer et Maurice Lagrange (1954–1964)
Authors: Grilli Antonio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe beginnings of EU law: national ius commune in the opinions of the Advocates General Karl Roemer and Maurice Lagrange (1954–1964). – During the first decade of the European Communities' Court of Justice, Karl Roemer and Maurice Lagrange developed the principles of a European common law by borrowing from the Member States' national legal systems. Thus, many of the foundations of European Community law were rooted in a careful comparative analysis of the distinct national legal traditions.
The Relationship between Effective Arterial Capacitance and Pulse Wave Velocity is Dependent on Left Ventricular Stroke Volume
Authors: Olafiranye Oladipupo , Qureshi Ghazanfar , Salciccioli Louis , Vernon-Jones Kinda , Philip Charles , Kassotis John , Lazar Jason M. 
Published: May 2008

Background increased arterial stiffness is a predictor of cardiovascular events. The stroke volume (SV) to pulse pressure (PP) ratio is an estimate of arterial capacitance. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a measure of arterial stiffness. This study evaluated the effect of left ventricular (LV) SV on the SV/PP–PWV relationship. Methods 97 patients had applanation tonometry and echocardiography to measure arterial capacitance (SV/PP), PWV, and central aortic pressure. Results 50 patients had normal SV and 47 had low SV. For all patients, PWV inversely correlated with SV/PP. PWV and SV/PP correlated more strongly in the normal SV group than in the low SV group. Aortic PP was significantly correlated with PWV in all patients, in the normal SV group, and in the low SV group. Conclusion effective arterial capacitance correlates with PWV. The presence of decreased SV weakens the relationship.
Using the longest significance run to estimate region-specific p-values in genetic association mapping studies
Authors: Lian Ie-Bin , Lin Yi-Hsien , Lin Ying-Chao , Yang Hsin-Chou , Chang Chee-Jang , Fann Cathy SJ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundAssociation testing is a powerful tool for identifying disease susceptibility genes underlying complex diseases. Technological advances have yielded a dramatic increase in the density of available genetic markers, necessitating an increase in the number of association tests required for the analysis of disease susceptibility genes. As such, multiple-tests corrections have become a critical issue. However the conventional statistical corrections on locus-specific multiple tests usually result in lower power as the number of markers increases. Alternatively, we propose here the application of the longest significant run (LSR) method to estimate a region-specific p-value to provide an index for the most likely candidate region.ResultsAn advantage of theLSRmethod relative to procedures based on genotypic data is that only p-value data are needed and hence can be applied extensively to different study designs. In this study the proposedLSRmethod was compared with commonly used methods such as Bonferroni's method and FDR controlling method. We found that while all methods provide good control over false positive rate,LSRhas much better power and false discovery rate. In the authentic analysis on psoriasis and asthma disease data, theLSRmethod successfully identified important candidate regions and replicated the results of previous association studies.ConclusionThe proposedLSRmethod provides an efficient exploratory tool for the analysis of sequences of dense genetic markers. Our results show that theLSRmethod has better power and lower false discovery rate comparing with the locus-specific multiple tests.
Antipyretic effect of ibuprofen in Gabonese children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Matsiégui Pierre-Blaise , Missinou Michel A , Necek Magdalena , Mavoungou Elie , Issifou Saadou , Lell Bertrand , Kremsner Peter G 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Antipyretic drugs are widely used in children with fever, though there is a controversy about the benefit of reducing fever in children with malaria. In order to assess the effect of ibuprofen on fever compared to placebo in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabon, a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, was designed.

Methods
Fifty children between two and seven years of age with uncomplicated malaria were included in the study. For the treatment of fever, all patients "received" mechanical treatment when the temperature rose above 37.5°C. In addition to the mechanical treatment, continuous fanning and cooling blanket, patients were assigned randomly to receive ibuprofen (7 mg/kg body weight, every eight hours) or placebo.

Results
The fever clearance time using a fever threshold of 37.5°C was similar in children receiving ibuprofen compared to those receiving placebo. The difference was also not statistically significant using a fever threshold of 37.8°C or 38.0°C. However, the fever time and the area under the fever curve were significantly smaller in the ibuprofen group compared to the placebo group.

Conclusion
Ibuprofen is effective in reducing the time with fever. The effect on fever clearance is less obvious and depends on definition of the fever threshold.

Trial registration
The trial registration number is: NCT00167713
Genetic diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the Amazon basin of Peru
Authors: Chenet Stella M , Branch OraLee H , Escalante Ananias A , Lucas Carmen M , Bacon David J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundSeveral of the intendedPlasmodium falciparumvaccine candidate antigens are highly polymorphic and could render a vaccine ineffective if their antigenic sites were not represented in the vaccine. In this study, characterization of genetic variability was performed in major B and T-cell epitopes within vaccine candidate antigens in isolates ofP. falciparumfrom Peru.MethodsDNA sequencing analysis was completed on 139 isolates ofP. falciparumcollected from endemic areas of the Amazon basin in Loreto, Peru from years 1998 to 2006. Genetic diversity was determined in immunological important regions in circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1) and thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP). Alleles identified by DNA sequencing were aligned with the vaccine strain 3D7 and DNA polymorphism analysis and FST study-year pairwise comparisons were done using the DnaSP software. Multilocus analysis (MLA) was performed and average of expected heterozygosity was calculated for each loci and haplotype over time.ResultsThree different alleles for CSP, seven for MSP-1 Block 2, one for MSP-1 Block 17, three for AMA-1 and for LSA-1 each and one for TRAP were identified. There were 24 different haplotypes in 125 infections with complete locus typing for each gene.ConclusionCharacterization of the genetic diversity inPlasmodiumisolates from the Amazon Region of Peru showed thatP. falciparumT and B cell epitopes in these antigens have polymorphisms more similar to India than to Africa. These findings are helpful in the formulation of a vaccine considering restricted repertoire populations.
Plasmodium vivax trophozoites insensitive to chloroquine
Authors: Sharrock Wesley W , Suwanarusk Rossarin , Lek-Uthai Usa , Edstein Michael D , Kosaisavee Varakorn , Travers Thomas , Jaidee Anchalee , Sriprawat Kanlaya , Price Ric N , Nosten François , Russell Bruce 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundPlasmodium vivaxis a major cause of malaria and is still primarily treated with chloroquine. Chloroquine inhibits the polymerization of haem to inert haemozoin. Free haem monomers are thought to catalyze oxidative damage to thePlasmodiumspp. trophozoite, the stage when haemoglobin catabolism is maximal. However preliminaryin vitroobservations onP. vivaxclinical isolates suggest that only ring stages (early trophozoites) are sensitive to chloroquine. In this study, the stage specific action of chloroquine was investigated in synchronous cryopreserved isolates ofP. vivax.MethodsThein vitrochloroquine sensitivity of paired ring and trophozoite stages from 11 cryopreservedP. vivaxclinical isolates from Thailand and twoPlasmodium falciparumclones (chloroquine resistant K1 and chloroquine sensitive FC27) was measured using a modified WHO microtest method and fluorometric SYBR Green I Assay. The time each stage was exposed to chloroquine treatment was controlled by washing the chloroquine off at 20 hours after the beginning of treatment.ResultsPlasmodium vivaxisolates added to the assay at ring stage had significantly lower median IC50sto chloroquine than the same isolates added at trophozoite stage (median IC5012 nM vs 415 nMp< 0.01). Although only 36% (4/11) of the SYBR Green I assays forP. vivaxwere successful, both microscopy and SYBR Green I assays indicated that onlyP. vivaxtrophozoites were able to develop to schizonts at chloroquine concentrations above 100 nM.ConclusionData from this study confirms the diminished sensitivity ofP. vivaxtrophozoites to chloroquine, the stage thought to be the target of this drug. These results raise important questions about the pharmacodynamic action of chloroquine, and highlight a fundamental difference in the activity of chloroquine betweenP. vivaxandP. falciparum.
FASH: A web application for nucleotides sequence search
Authors: Veksler-Lublinksy Isana , Barash Danny , Avisar Chai , Troim Einav , Chew Paul , Kedem Klara 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
FASH (Fourier Alignment Sequence Heuristics) is a web application, based on the Fast Fourier Transform, for finding remote homologs within a long nucleic acid sequence. Given a query sequence and a long text-sequence (e.g, the human genome), FASH detects subsequences within the text that are remotely-similar to the query. FASH offers an alternative approach to Blast/Fasta for querying long RNA/DNA sequences. FASH differs from these other approaches in that it does not depend on the existence of contiguous seed-sequences in its initial detection phase. The FASH web server is user friendly and very easy to operate.

Availability

FASH can be accessed at

https://fash.bgu.ac.il:8443/fash/default.jsp (secured website)
Incidental pheochromocytoma presenting with sublaboratory findings in asymptomatic surrenal masses: a case report
Authors: Ozkaya Mesut , Yuzbasioglu Mehmet Fatih , Bulbuloglu Ertan , Bakaris Sevgi , Oksuz Hafize , Gisi Kadir , Onder Ahmet 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Adrenal incidentaloma can be described as adrenal lesions that are incidentally diagnosed during abdominal laparotomy or any abdominal screening without prior suspicion of adrenal disease. It is important to diagnose adrenal lesions to learn if they are hormonally active or malignant. The most common clinical sign of pheochromocytoma is sustained or paroxysmal hypertension, and the most common symptoms are headache, excessive truncal sweating, and palpitation. In some cases, the clinical symptoms are not clear. Roughly 70% of adrenal incidentalomas are non-functional. A small group of 5–7% of the functional ones (30%) may exist as pheochromocytoma. Ten percent of pheochromocytoma cases are diagnosed incidentally during computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screenings for other reasons. The most frequent symptom of the pheochromocytoma is hypertension, and 90–100% of cases exhibit it. The literature indicates that incidental pheochromocytoma cases that are smaller than 1 cm have no clinical symptoms. Rarely, some large pheochromocytoma cases do not show any clinical symptoms, and it is difficult to diagnose very small ones.

Case presentation
A 45-year-old male patient experienced an epigastric ache and distended stomach for 7 years. The serum cortisol level was 19.2 ng/dL (normal range: 5–20 ng/dL), and urinary free cortisol excretion was 25.00 μg/24 h (normal range:10.00–100.00 μg/24 h). The serum basal level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was 21 pg/mL (normal range: 9 to 52 pg/mL). Plasma cortisol was under 1.00 μg/dL after low dose (1 mg) overnight dexamethasone suppression test. 24 hours urinary catecholamines level were vanil mandilic acid (VMA) 8.90 mg/day (normal range, 3 to 90 mg/day), metanefrin 330 μg/day (normal range, 52 to 341 μg/day), epinefrin 13 μg/day (normal range, 2 to 24 μg/day), norepinefrin 41 μg/day (normal range; 15 to 100 μg/day). During abdominal ultrasonography (USG), a tumor was diagnosed in the right perirenal space. A regular-shaped mass (dimension 36 × 35 × 35 mm) with a homogeneous and solid structure was diagnosed in CT. The density of the mass was 80 Hounsfield units (HU) in postcontrast CT. The patient was given a diagnosis of a non-functional adrenal incidental lesion, underwent a right adrenalectomy. Histopathological data correlated with pheochromocytoma as well

Conclusion
Pheochromocytoma can be diagnosed by establishing an increase in catecholamines and metabolites in the plasma and urine. The level of catecholamines and metabolites in the plasma and urine provide 95% of the evidence of the disease. Because the dimensions of the lesion were large and the HU was very clear, the patient was underwent surrenalectomy. During laboratory investigation, there was no evidence of abnormality; we, therefore, think that these cases can be named sublaboratory pheochromocytoma.
Finishing the finished human chromosome 22 sequence
Authors: Cole Charlotte G , McCann Owen T , Collins John E , Oliver Karen , Willey David , Gribble Susan M , Yang Fengtang , McLaren Karen , Rogers Jane , Ning Zemin , Beare David M , Dunham Ian 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Background
Although the human genome sequence was declared complete in 2004, the sequence was interrupted by 341 gaps of which 308 lay in an estimated approximately 28 Mb of euchromatin. While these gaps constitute only approximately 1% of the sequence, knowledge of the full complement of human genes and regulatory elements is incomplete without their sequences.

Results
We have used a combination of conventional chromosome walking (aided by the availability of end sequences) in fosmid and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, whole chromosome shotgun sequencing, comparative genome analysis and long PCR to finish 8 of the 11 gaps in the initial chromosome 22 sequence. In addition, we have patched four regions of the initial sequence where the original clones were found to be deleted, or contained a deletion allele of a known gene, with a further 126 kb of new sequence. Over 1.018 Mb of new sequence has been generated to extend into and close the gaps, and we have annotated 16 new or extended gene structures and one pseudogene.

Conclusion
Thus, we have made significant progress to completing the sequence of the euchromatic regions of human chromosome 22 using a combination of detailed approaches. Our experience suggests that substantial work remains to close the outstanding gaps in the human genome sequence.
A computational model of gene expression reveals early transcriptional events at the subtelomeric regions of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Scholz Matthias , Fraunholz Martin J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Background
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, replicates asexually in a well-defined infection cycle within human erythrocytes (red blood cells). The intra-erythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) proceeds with a 48 hour periodicity.

Results
Based on available malaria microarray data, which monitored gene expression over one complete IDC in one-hour time intervals, we built a mathematical model of the IDC using a circular variant of non-linear principal component analysis. This model enables us to identify rates of expression change within the data and reveals early transcriptional events at the subtelomeres of the parasite's nuclear chromosomes.

Conclusion
A delay between subtelomeric and central gene activities suggests that key events of the IDC are initiated at the subtelomeric regions of the P. falciparum nuclear chromosomes.
Cobalt-catalyzed Coupling of Alkenyl Triflates with Aryl and Alkenyl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Imazaki Yusuke , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Co(acac)3–PPh3 was found to effectively catalyze the C(sp2)–C(sp2) coupling of Grignard reagents to give alkenylarenes and conjugated dienes, utilizing close affinity towards alkenyl triflates.
A Bidirectional Tunnel-like Structure with a Rigid, Thick, and Chiral Aromatic Macrocycle Prepared by Self-complementary 6,6′-Substituted Binaphthyl Monomer
Authors: Kumeda Kazuhiro , Ono Munetosi , Kawai Atsushi , Oike Hideaki , Noguchi Keiichi , Yonezawa Noriyuki 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A rigid, thick, and optically active aromatic macrocycle having 6,6′-binaphthylylene moieties was successfully obtained in a moderate yield by synthesis and SNAr of 6-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-6′-hydroxy-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of the obtained macrocycle reveals rigid concavo–concave shape of the molecule and the bidirectional tunnel-like structure assembly consisting of two types of channels along a axis and c axis originated by intra- and intermolecular cavities, respectively.
Bone Disease in Thalassemia: A Frequent and Still Unresolved Problem
Authors: Vogiatzi Maria G , Macklin Eric A , Fung Ellen B , Cheung Angela M , Vichinsky Elliot , Olivieri Nancy , Kirby Melanie , Kwiatkowski Janet L , Cunningham Melody , Holm Ingrid A , Lane Joseph , Schneider Robert , Fleisher Martin , Grady Robert W , Peterson Charles C , Giardina Patricia J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Adults with β thalassemia major frequently have low BMD, fractures, and bone pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of low BMD, fractures, and bone pain in all thalassemia syndromes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, associations of BMD with fractures and bone pain, and etiology of bone disease in thalassemia. Patients of all thalassemia syndromes in the Thalassemia Clinical Research Network, ≥6 yr of age, with no preexisting medical condition affecting bone mass or requiring steroids, participated. We measured spine and femur BMD and whole body BMC by DXA and assessed vertebral abnormalities by morphometric X-ray absorptiometry (MXA). Medical history by interview and review of medical records, physical examinations, and blood and urine collections were performed. Three hundred sixty-one subjects, 49% male, with a mean age of 23.2 yr (range, 6.1–75 yr), were studied. Spine and femur BMD Z-scores &lt; −2 occurred in 46% and 25% of participants, respectively. Greater age, lower weight, hypogonadism, and increased bone turnover were strong independent predictors of low bone mass regardless of thalassemia syndrome. Peak bone mass was suboptimal. Thirty-six percent of patients had a history of fractures, and 34% reported bone pain. BMD was negatively associated with fractures but not with bone pain. Nine percent of participants had uniformly decreased height of several vertebrae by MXA, which was associated with the use of iron chelator deferoxamine before 6 yr of age. In patients with thalassemia, low BMD and fractures occur frequently and independently of the particular syndrome. Peak bone mass is suboptimal. Low BMD is associated with hypogonadism, increased bone turnover, and an increased risk for fractures.
Impact of Genetics on Low Bone Mass in Adults
Authors: Sigurdsson Gunnar , Halldorsson Bjarni V , Styrkarsdottir Unnur , Kristjansson Kristleifur , Stefansson Kari 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Low bone mass in adults is a major risk factor for low-impact fractures and is considered of complex origin because of interaction of environmental and genetic factors, each with modest effect. The objective was to assess the relative impact of genetics and environment and quantify the risk in relatives of osteopenic individuals. We studied 440 Icelandic nuclear families with 869 first-degree relatives of both sexes. Index cases (male or female) had BMD in the lumbar spine or hip &gt;1.5 SD less than sex-matched controls. Heritability of BMD was estimated by maximum likelihood method, and variance component analysis was used to partition the genetic and environmental effects. Relative risk of low BMD (&lt; −1 SD) in first-degree relatives was estimated, and heritable decrement in BMD was calculated compared with controls. Heritability was estimated as 0.61–0.66. Relative risk among first-degree relatives was 2.28, and the yield of screening was as high as 36%. The genetic influence was consistent with one or a few genes with considerable effect in addition to multiple genes each with a small effect. The genetic deficit in BMD was already present before 35 yr of age and equaled bone loss during 8–30 yr after menopause. We confirmed that genetics are more important than environment to low bone mass in adults. Our results are consistent with a few underlying genes with considerable effect. The prevalence among first-degree relatives of both sexes is common, suggesting that screening them should be cost effective and informative to elucidate the underlying genetics.
B-Cell Infiltrates Induce Endosteal Bone Formation in Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Hayer Silvia , Polzer Karin , Brandl Andreas , Zwerina Jochen , Kireva Trayana , Smolen Josef S , Schett Georg 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the function of inflammatory bone marrow infiltrates found in vicinity to joints affected by inflammatory arthritis. These bone marrow infiltrates are rich in B cells and emerge at the interphase between bone marrow and synovial inflammatory tissue, where cortical bone has been broken. We deleted an essential molecule of B-cell development, Brutońans tyrosine kinase (Btk), in arthritic TNF-transgenic mice and studied its effect on bone marrow inflammation. Although antigen responses, immunoglobulin levels, and autoantibody production were diminished in Btk−/−hTNFtg mice, synovial inflammation developed normally. However, bone marrow infiltrates were significantly diminished in Btk−/−hTNFtg mice, which lead to impaired bone formation at endosteal sites underneath bone erosions and an increased invasion of synovial inflammatory cells into the bone marrow. Expression of bone morphogenic protein-7 was dramatically decreased in Btk−/−hTNFtg mice. These results do not only indicate that bone formation at endosteal regions next to bone marrow infiltrates is driven by B cells but also show that bone marrow aggregates in the vicinity of inflamed joint appear as an attempt to counter the invasion of inflammatory tissue into the bone marrow.