bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Argentine welfare state: enduring and resisting change
Authors: Isuani Ernesto Aldo 
Published: February 2009

Isuani EA. The Argentine welfare state: enduring and resisting change Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 104–114 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.It is widely accepted that during the 1990s, the Argentine state experienced a general retrenchment. This article shows that, though this may have been true in the economic realm, this retrenchment did not take place in the diverse arenas of social policy. While privatisations and labour market flexibility dismantled the foundations of Keynesianism, the components of the welfare state experienced substantial growth. At the same time, the changes experienced by the welfare state in the past quarter century have not included a transformation of its basic principles, despite the profound changes experienced by Argentine society during this period.
Possible contemporary evolution in an endangered species, the Santa Cruz Island fox
Authors: Swarts H. M. , Crooks K. R. , Willits N. , Woodroffe R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn ability to mount rapid evolutionary responses to environmental change may be necessary for species persistence in a human‐dominated world. We present evidence of the possibility of such contemporary evolution in the anti‐predator behaviour of the critically endangered Santa Cruz Island fox Urocyon littoralis. In 1994, golden eagles colonized Santa Cruz Island, CA and devastated the predator‐naïve, endemic island fox population by 95% within 10 years. In 1992, just before the arrival of golden eagles, foxes showed substantial diurnal activity, but diurnal activity was 37.0% lower in 2003–2007, after golden eagle colonization; concurrently, overall activity declined and nocturnal activity increased. Moreover, on nearby Santa Catalina Island, where golden eagles were absent but where the fox population recently crashed due to a disease epidemic, remaining foxes were significantly more diurnally active than were those on Santa Cruz Island. The weight of evidence suggests that the change in activity pattern was a response to predation, not to low population density, and that this was probably a heritable rather than a learned behavioural trait. This behavioural change may allow for prolonged island fox persistence, but also potentially represents a loss of behavioural diversity in fox populations.
Implications of river damming: the influence of aquatic hypoxia on the diving physiology and behaviour of the endangered Mary River turtle
Authors: Clark N. J. , Gordos M. A. , Franklin C. E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRiver impoundments are characterized by low oxygen levels as a result of reduced water velocity and increased water depth. Bimodally respiring turtle species are likely to be highly sensitive to changes in aquatic PO2 with decreases in oxygen levels impacting upon their diving ability. The acute and long‐term effects of aquatic hypoxia on dive duration, oxygen consumption and blood respiratory properties were examined in hatchlings of the endangered Mary River turtle Elusor macrurus. It was hypothesized that acute exposure to aquatic hypoxia would cause a decrease in dive duration as a consequence of a decrease in reliance on aquatic respiration. With long‐term exposure to hypoxia, we predicted that Elu. macrurus would have the capacity to compensate for the acute effect of hypoxia and that dive duration would increase due to an increase in aquatic respiration, haemoglobin concentration and oxygen affinity (P50). When exposed to hypoxic conditions, aquatic respiration in Elu. macrurus was substantially reduced resulting in a 51% decrease in dive duration. Contrary to our predictions, Elu. macrurus hatchlings did not acclimate, and long‐term exposure to hypoxic conditions caused Elu. macrurus to lose significantly more oxygen to the hypoxic water than the normoxic acclimated turtles. The exacerbation of long‐term hypoxia on the respiratory physiology and diving ecology of Elu. macrurus raises concerns about the impacts of long‐term environmental change as a result of habitat alteration on the survival of freshwater turtle populations.
Combining genetic and ecological data to assess the conservation status of the endangered Ethiopian walia ibex
Authors: Gebremedhin B. , Ficetola G. F. , Naderi S. , Rezaei H.‐R. , Maudet C. , Rioux D. , Luikart G. , Flagstad Ø. , Thuiller W. , Taberlet P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractKnowledge about the phylogenetic history, genetic variation and ecological requirements of a species is important for its conservation and management. Unfortunately, for many species this information is lacking. Here we use multiple approaches (phylogenetics, population genetics and ecological modelling) to evaluate the evolutionary history and conservation status of Capra walie, an endangered flagship species of wild goat endemic to Ethiopia. The analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b and Y‐chromosome DNA sequences suggests that C. walie forms a monophyletic clade with Capra nubiana, but potentially has been isolated for up to 0.8 million years from this closely related species. Microsatellite DNA analyses show that C. walie has very low genetic variation (mean heterozygosity=0.35) compared with other endangered mammals. This reduced variation likely derives from a prolonged demographic decline and small effective population size. Ecological niche modelling using the bioclimatic features of habitats occupied by C. walie, suggests ecological differences between C. walie and C. nubiana, and identifies the areas most suitable for future reintroductions of C. walie. The genetic and bioclimatic data suggest that C. walie is distinct and requires immediate conservation actions including genetic monitoring and reintroductions to establish independent populations. This study illustrates how combining noninvasive sampling along with genetic and ecological (bioclimatic) approaches can help assess conservation status of poorly known species.
A novel mating system in a solitary carnivore: the fossa
Authors: Hawkins C. E. , Racey P. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe mating strategies of male mammals have long been treated as broadly predictable on the basis of just two factors: the dispersion of females and the benefit of paternal care to male reproductive success. Female strategies and finer scale variations in mating systems remain poorly understood. In the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, we had the rare opportunity to examine the mating system of a wild solitary carnivore directly, and identified features not classified or predicted by mating system theory. Males competed for mating opportunities at a traditional site monopolized by a female, high in a tree. The female mated with multiple males, repeatedly mated with some individuals and appeared to express mate choice. We observed three females thus, one replacing another on the site after each was seen to mate with four to five males over a period of 1–6 days. Copulations were prolonged (up to 3 h 8 min), involving a weak copulatory tie, and males appeared to guard females briefly after mating. Fossas are at low population density and do not use a den regularly; we suggest that both these factors impede individuals from locating a mate. We hypothesize that the observed mating system reduces this problem for both sexes, and increases the number of mates available to a female while ensuring a low risk of sexual harassment.
Early versus delayed oxytocin augmentation in nulliparous women with prolonged labour—a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dencker A , Berg M , Bergqvist L , Ladfors L , Thorsén LS , Lilja H 
Published: February 2009

Objective  To study the effects of early versus delayed oxytocin augmentation on the obstetrical and neonatal outcome in nulliparous women with spontaneous but prolonged labour.Design  Randomised controlled study.Setting  Two delivery units in Sweden.Population  Healthy nulliparous women with normal pregnancies, spontaneous onset of active labour, a cervical dilatation of 4–9 cm and no progress in cervical dilatation for 2 hours and for an additional hour if amniotomy was performed due to slow progress.Methods  Women (n = 630) were randomly allocated either to labour augmentation by oxytocin infusion (early oxytocin group) or to postponement of oxytocin augmentation for another 3 hours (expectant group).Main outcome measure  Mode of delivery (spontaneous vaginal or instrumental vaginal delivery or caesarean section) and time from randomisation to delivery.Results  The caesarean section rate was 29 of 314 (9%) in the early oxytocin group and 34 of 316 (11%) in the expectant group (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5–1.4), and instrumental vaginal delivery 54 of 314 (17%) in the early oxytocin versus 38 of 316 (12%) in the expectant group (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.97–2.4). Early initiation of oxytocin resulted in a mean decrease of 85 minutes in the randomisation to delivery interval.Conclusion  Early administration of oxytocin did not change the rate of caesarean section or instrumental vaginal delivery but shortened labour duration significantly in women with a 2‐hour arrest in cervical dilatation. No other clear benefits or harms were seen between early and delayed administration of oxytocin.
Applying findings from a systematic review of workplace‐based e‐learning: implications for health information professionals
Authors: Booth Andrew , Carroll Christopher , Papaioannou Diana , Sutton Anthea , Wong Ruth 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives:  To systematically review the UK published literature on e‐learning in the health workplace and to apply the findings to one of the most prolific UK e‐learning initiatives in the health sector—the National Library for Health Facilitated Online Learning Interactive Opportunity (FOLIO) Programme.Methods:  Sensitive searches were conducted across assia, Australian Education Index, British Education Index, cinahl, CSA Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts, Emerald, eric, ibss, Index to Theses, lisa, medline, PsycInfo and Social Science Citation Index. Additional citations were identified from reference lists of included studies and of relevant reviews; citation tracking and contact with experts. Twenty‐nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were coded and analysed using thematic analysis as described by Miles & Huberman (Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1984).Results:  Five broad themes were identified from the 29 included studies: (i) peer communication; (ii) flexibility; (iii) support; (iv) knowledge validation; and (v) course presentation and design. These broad themes were supported by a total of eleven sub‐themes. Components from the FOLIO Programme were analysed and existing and proposed developments were mapped against each sub‐theme. This provides a valuable framework for ongoing course development.Conclusion:  Librarians involved in delivering and supporting e‐learning can benefit from applying the findings from the systematic review to existing programmes, exemplified by the FOLIO Programme. The resultant framework can also be used in developing new e‐learning programmes.
REACH: impact on the US cosmetics industry?
Authors: Pouillot Anne , Polla Barbara , Polla Ada 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a recent European regulation on chemical substances meant to protect human health and the environment. REACH imposes the “precautionary principle” where additional data and definitive action are required when uncertainty is identified. The cosmetics industry is only partially concerned by REACH: while the stages of registration and evaluation apply to cosmetics, those of authorization and restriction most likely will not, as cosmetic ingredients are already subject to regulation by various agencies and directives. REACH has potential benefits to the industry including the possibility of reassuring consumers and improving their image of chemicals and cosmetics. However, REACH also has potential disadvantages, mainly with regard to impeding innovation. The American cosmetics industry will be affected by REACH, because all US manufacturers who export substances to Europe will have to fully comply with REACH.
Bioactive peptides: signaling the future
Authors: Fields K , Falla T J , Rodan K , Bush L 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNatural processes within the body are modulated almost exclusively by the interaction of specific amino acid sequences, either as peptides or as subsections of proteins. With respect to skin, proteins and peptides are involved in the modulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, melanogenesis, and protein synthesis and regulation. The creation of therapeutic or bioactive peptide analogs of specific interactive sequences has opened the door to a diverse new field of pharmaceutical and active cosmetic ingredients for the skincare industry. Here, we describe the origin of such sequences, their role in nature, their application to dermatology, as well as the advantages and challenges posed by this new technology.
Hydrating effects of moisturizer active compounds incorporated into hydrogels: in vivo assessment and comparison between devices
Authors: Leite e Silva Vânia Rodrigues , Schulman Marcelo Ariel , Ferelli Cibeli , Gimenis Janine Mailho , Ruas Gabriele Wander , Baby André Rolim , Velasco Maria Valéria Robles , Taqueda Maria Elena , Kaneko Telma Mary 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  Water is an important factor on the appearance and function of the skin and, when dehydrated, it becomes rough and flaky. The measurement of stratum corneum hydration is widely employed to verify the moisture effect of topical products.Aims  This study has evaluated in vivo the stratum corneum hydration, by the electrical measurements of skin, after treatment with different moisturizers presented in gel base. MoistureMeter® and Corneometer were used as bio‐instruments. Urea, the herbal extract (Imperata cylindrical), the NMF™ components and the carbohydrate derivate compound (xylityglucoside, anhydroxylitol, and xylitol) were used as the active substances.Methods  The study protocol was carried out according to the three‐factor factorial design. The gels were applied on both forearms of eight female volunteers. However, each volunteer had one untreated skin area as the skin moisture control. The electrical capacitance of the skin was measured by both instruments in different times: after application (0 time), 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min.Results  Gel base, gel containing herbal extract, and gel containing NMF™ components statistically have equal moisture effect measurements, according to both bio‐instruments. However, the values obtained for urea, carbohydrate derivate compound, and untreated skin (control) have statically different results in both devices.Conclusion  The gel containing urea and the carbohydrate derivate compound gel have promoted the most intense moisture effect compared with the other formulations. The measurements of hydration between the devices generated different absolute values; however, the statistical analysis has shown similar precision among the measurements.
An evaluation of prescription device moisturizers
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMoisturization of the skin is important for both medical and cosmetic purposes. The development of prescription device moisturizers, receiving 510K approval on the basis of the physical reduction in transepidermal water loss, provided a new dermatologic category. This investigator‐blinded research utilized a split body model in 60 subjects to examine the effect of a traditional moisturizer as compared to a prescription device moisturizer in the treatment of mild to moderate symmetrical eczema of the arms or legs. This study demonstrated parity between the two moisturizers based on subject and investigator assessments.
Hand recontouring with calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse)®
Authors: Edelson Kenneth L 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe aging hand is a common area of concern for many patients. Until recently, adequate treatment options have been hampered by pain of injecting into the dorsum and, post‐injection, by the absence of longevity of treatment. In this article, we describe the off‐label use of the soft tissue filler calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse) for hand rejuvenation. The product is inherently biocompatible and, when placed in soft tissue, induces neocollagenesis.An alternative injection mixture of CaHA combined with lidocaine is described, as well as the novel “bolus” injection technique. The CaHA‐lidocaine emulsion reduces the pain of injection to nearly none at all, improves the rheology of the procedure, and allows for deposition of the product into the correct plane of tissue. The volume of CaHA injected as well as the amount of lidocaine used for the mixture vary according to physician preference. In our practice, 1.3 mL of CaHA combined with 0.5 mL lidocaine per hand usually appears to be sufficient to improve the appearance of the atrophic dorsum of the hand.Side‐effects of CaHA (Radiesse), particularly in this off‐label application, are minimal and of short duration. The aesthetic result is immediate and generally persists for longer than 6 months. As a treatment option, hand rejuvenation with CaHA (Radiesse) is a very gratifying procedure both to the patient and to the physician.
Is Helicobacter pylori infection associated with alopecia areata?
Authors: Abdel‐Hafez Hisham Zayan , Mahran Ayman Mohamed , Hofny Eman RM , Attallah Dalia Abdel Aziz , Sayed Doaa Sameer , Rashed Hebat‐Allah G 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  Alopecia areata (AA) is an immune‐mediated form of hair loss that occurs in all ethnic groups, ages, and both sexes. Helicobacter pylori has been associated with certain extra‐digestive dermatological conditions, including chronic urticaria, rosacea, Schönlein‐Henoch purpura, Sweet syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and atopic dermatitis.Objective  The causal relation between alopecia areata and H. pylori is discussed. We have screened for the presence of H. pylori in patients with AA in order to determine any potential role in its pathophysiology.Patients and methods  We have prospectively studied 31 patients with AA and 24 healthy volunteers of similar gender for the presence of H. pylori surface antigen (HpSag) in stool.Results  Optical density values for H. pylori infection were positive in 18 of all 31 patients evaluated (58.1%), while in 13 patients, values did not support H. pylori infection (41.9%). While in the control group, 10 of 24 (41.7%) had positive results. Within the group of AA, there was no significant difference between HpSag‐positive and HpSag‐negative patients.Conclusions  Based on these results, the relation between H. pylori and AA is not supported. We advise that H. pylori detection should not be included in the laboratory workup of AA.
Anti‐inflammatory activity of p‐coumaryl alcohol‐γ‐O‐methyl ether is mediated through modulation of interferon‐γ production in Th cells
Authors: Yu E‐S , Min H‐J , Lee K , Lee M‐S , Nam J‐W , Seo E‐K , Hong J‐H , Hwang E‐S 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  p‐Coumaryl alcohol‐γ‐O‐methyl ether (CAME) was isolated from Alpinia galanga and shown to contain a phenylpropanoid structure similar to p‐coumaryl diacetate (CDA). CDA is known to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, but the biochemical activities of CAME are unknown. Inflammation is mediated by inflammatory cytokine production, in particular, by CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells), but it is unclear whether phenylpropanoids affect cytokine production in Th cells. In this study, we decided to investigate the functions of CAME and CDA in CD4+ Th cells.Experimental approach:  Mouse CD4+ Th cells were isolated from C57BL6 mice and stimulated with an antibody against T cell receptors in the presence of phenylpropanoids. Cytokine production was measured by elisa and intracellular cytokine staining. Gene knockout mice and tetracycline‐inducible transgenic mice were used to examine the molecular mechanisms of phenylpropanoids on modulation of cytokine production.Key results:  CAME potently reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species in Th cells, as does CDA. However, although CDA was cytotoxic, CAME selectively and potently suppresses interferon‐γ (IFNγ) production in CD4+ Th cells, without toxicity. This effect was caused by attenuated expression of the transcription factor, T‐box protein expressed in T cells (T‐bet), and T‐bet was essential for CAME to inhibit IFNγ production in CD4+ Th cells.Conclusions and implications:  CAME selectively and substantially suppresses IFNγ production in CD4+ Th cells by decreasing T‐bet expression. As increased IFNγ production by CD4+ Th cells can mediate inflammatory immune responses, a selective IFNγ suppressor, such as CAME may be an effective, naturally occurring, compound for modulating inflammatory immune disorders.
Atypical P2X7receptor pharmacology in two human osteoblast‐like cell lines
Authors: Alqallaf SM , Evans BAJ , Kidd EJ 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: The expression and function of P2X7receptors in osteoclasts is well established, but less is known about their role in osteoblast‐like cells. A study in P2X7receptor knockout mice suggested the involvement of these receptors in bone formation. We have investigated the expression and pharmacology of several P2X receptors in two human osteosarcoma cell lines to see if they could be involved in bone turnover in man.Experimental approach: Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to study P2X2, P2X4and P2X7receptor expression at mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in human osteoblast‐like cells. P2X7receptor pharmacology was studied by measuring pore formation in the presence of different agonists and antagonists using the YO‐PRO 1 uptake method.Key results: P2X4and P2X7receptor mRNA and protein were found to be expressed by these cell lines. No evidence was found for P2X4/P2X7receptor heteropolymerization. 2′‐3′‐O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (DBzATP) was equipotent to ATP and the antagonists used were either ineffective or weakly blocked pore formation.Conclusions and implications: This study demonstrates that P2X4and P2X7receptors are expressed by human osteoblast‐like cells. The affinities of the different agonists suggest that the P2X7receptor is mainly responsible for pore formation although P2X4receptors may also be involved. The low affinity of DBzATP and the weak action of the antagonists support the previously described atypical pharmacology of the P2X7receptor in osteoblasts. Targeting the P2X7receptor in osteoblasts could represent a promising new treatment for bone diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.