bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveys to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides by woolgrowers in Queensland
Authors: WARD MP , ARMSTRONG RTF 
Published: March 2008

Objective To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks. Design Pesticide residues were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace‐back postal survey. Procedure Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid (SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested. Results The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively. Ninety‐five and 98% of wool samples contained <9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located in southern Queensland. Conclusion Most (95%; 95% CI,92–97%) Queensland wool clips grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides.
Thoracic actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis causing thoracic pyogranuloma formation in three dogs
Authors: SIVACOLUNDHU RK , O'HARA AJ , READ RA 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe three cases of canine thoracic actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis in which the primary pathological lesion was a pyogranulomatous abscess in the mediastinum. Clinical signs, difficulties in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are examined. Comparisons are made between human and veterinary literature to assist in formulating a rational treatment plan.DesignRetrospective clinical study.ProcedureReview of case records from 1984 to 1998.ResultsThree dogs presented with large intrathoracic pyogranulomas producing variable clinical signs, not necessarily associated with the respiratory tract. Ages ranged from 2 to 5 years old. Two dogs responded to surgical opening and passive drainage of the abscess, or surgical excision of the granuloma with associated structures, and medical therapy. One dog died intra‐operatively.ConclusionA combination of surgical and antimicrobial therapy may carry a fair‐to‐good prognosis for thoracic granuloma caused by actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis. The extent of surgery should be based on assessment of individual cases and must include surgical biopsy for histology and culture to enable a specific diagnosis to be made. Complete surgical excision is not necessarily required. Prolonged antimicrobial therapy is indicated.
Simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (Clorocebus aethiops) at an Australian zoo
Authors: JOY AK , VOGELNEST L. , MIDDLETON DJ , DALE CJ , CAMPAGNA D. , PURCELL DFJ , KENT SJ 
Published: March 2008

A number of monkey species, including African green monkeys and African vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a Simian immunodeficiency virus strain, SIVagm, a primate lentivirus. Up to 50% of African green monkeys are estimated to be infected with SIVagm. SIV strains are very closely related to HIV‐2 strains, which are a cause of AIDS in humans, predominantly in western Africa, although cases in Australia have also been reported. It is generally thought that SIV is non‐pathogenic in several natural hosts, including African green monkeys. Nevertheless many SIV strains induce a profound immunodeficiency virtually identical to HIV‐1 induced AIDS in humans when administered to Asian macaque species such as rhesus (Macaca mulatta) or pigtailed macaques (M nemestrina). SIV infection of Asian macaque species is frequently employed as an animal model for AIDS vaccine studies.In November 1996 a group of 10 African vervet monkeys were imported from the USA for display at Victoria's Open Range Zoo in Werribee. Two animals in this group of monkeys later developed a fatal gastroenteric illness. These diagnoses led us to initiate SIV testing of the colony.
Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs
Authors: ATWELL RB , CAMPBELL FE , EVANS EA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To obtain information on tick paralysis in dogs, including the nature of disease, host signalment, tick‐host relationship, treatment, disease progression and recovery, and preventive measures.Design prospective survey of 577 dogs affected by tick paralysis was conducted during 1998. Forty‐two veterinary clinics along the eastern coast of Australia were instructed to complete survey forms for the first 15 dogs that presented with tick paralysis during September to November.Results Five percent of dogs died from tick paralysis. Younger dogs were more likely to survive. Long coat length was associated with a greater tick burden but not greater tick size, whereas coat thickness had no bearing on either. Dogs with mild disease recovered more quickly from tick paralysis. Respiratory and gait scores reflected disease severity and were good prognostic indicators. The size of the tick did not reflect the severity of the clinical condition it induced in the host. No method of tick removal or in situ treatment improved recovery time or reduced mortality. However, the time spent in hospital was significantly less for dogs from which the live tick was manually removed. Inspiratory stridor, evident in some dogs with tick paralysis, was not related to tick attachment on the neck. The use of acepromazine maleate or dexamethasone did not reduce recovery time or mortality. Increasing the dose of tick antitoxin serum (TAS) above 0.1 mL/ kg had no effect on mortality or recovery time. Dogs with severe disease that received an additional dose of TAS were significantly less likely to survive. Subcutaneous use of TAS at the site of tick attachment was of no benefit in reducing mortality or time to initial clinical improvement. A registered preventative product had not been used on the majority of dogs. Clipping the coat to search for ticks did not reduce mortality.Conclusions Therapy needs to address cardiopulmonary dysfunction that may be due directly to the effect of tick toxin and not just respiratory compromise caused by progressive respiratory muscle failure.
Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in Queensland piggeries
Authors: BLACK PF , CRONIN JP , MORRISSY CJ , WESTBURY HA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine piggeries in Queensland for evidence of infection with Hendra virus and Nipah virus.Design serological survey was designed to provide 99% confidence of detecting at least one infected pig herd in Queensland, assuming that for each virus, at least 5% of herds would have been exposed to virus and that at least 40% of the finisher pigs in these herds would have detectable antibodies to virus.Procedure A two stage sampling regimen was used. All samples were tested with serum neutralisation tests developed and performed at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory.Results There was no evidence of antibody to either virus in the 500 samples collected from 100 herds.Conclusion The results of the survey support a case that commercial pigs in Queensland are free of both Hendra virus and Nipah virus infections.
Eradication of ovine footrot by repeated daily footbathing in a solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant
Authors: JELINEK PD , DEPIAZZI LJ , GALVIN DA , SPICER IT , PALMER MA , PITMAN DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the effect on ovine footrot of repeated daily footbathing in a solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant.Design Merino sheep were allocated to control and treatment groups of 119 sheep each at week 0. The sheep had a history of S1, U1, T and/or U6 types of Dichelobacter nodosus in interdigital and underrunning footrot lesions. Feet were not pared prior to treatment.Procedure Treatment sheep were footbathed in a 15 to 18% (w/v) solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant for 10 min on five consecutive days during week 1. At week 2, and fortnightly to week 52, all feet were inspected, lesion scores were recorded and samples were taken for laboratory tests. At week 53, all feet with no lesions at week 52, but with underrunning lesions prior to week 1, were pared and samples were taken.Results After footbathing, there were no lesions in any treatment sheep at any inspection to week 52. The percentage of feet of control sheep with lesions increased from 9% (391 of 4284) between weeks 20 and 36, to 14% (593 of 4284) between weeks 36 and 52. Ninety‐five of 96 control sheep with no lesions at week 20 were still asymptomatic at week 52. D nodosus was not isolated from samples taken from 99 and 87 pared feet of treatment and control sheep, respectively.Conclusion Repeated daily footbathing combined with prolonged exposure to a dry environment eradicated footrot in sheep with both interdigital and underrunning lesions in feet that were not pared prior to treatment.
Ovine Johne's disease in Australia ‐ the first 20 years
Authors: SERGEANT ESG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To review the history of ovine Johne's disease in Australia.Procedure Relevant publications and reports were identified and reviewed to document the spread of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) from1980 until the end of 2000, as well as the response of industry and government to the spread of this disease.Results OJD was first diagnosed in the central tablelands region of New South Wales in 1980. Since then it has spread, either from the initial focus or through separate introductions so that by December 2000 a total of 823 infected flocks had been identified. Cases have been confirmed in New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, on Flinders Island in Tasmania, on Kangaroo Island in South Australia and in Western Australia. In early 1999, agreement was reached to fund and implement a 6‐year, £40 million National OJD Control and Evaluation Program (NOJDP). This program is jointly funded by the sheep industries (national and state), and Commonwealth and State governments, and is managed by Animal Health Australia.Conclusion A national program is now in place to support the control of OJD and research to determine the feasibility and cost‐effectiveness of eradication. The development of new diagnostic techniques, such as abattoir surveillance and pooled faecal culture, provide opportunities to refine surveillance strategies and to define better the distribution and prevalence of this disease, as required by the national program. Effective control measures, combined with quality surveillance data, will enable informed decision making for the future national management of OJD.
Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetra‐cyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats
Authors: RULE R. , MORENO L. , SERRANO JM , ROMAN A GARCIA , MOYANO R. , GARCIA J. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine for two commercial preparations of oxytetracycline (OTC) the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the presence of detectable milk residues and the penetration in milk of OTC administered by intravenous (IV) (conventional formulation [CF]) and intramuscular (IM) routes (CF and long‐acting [LA] formulations) in goats producing milk. The effects of these formulations on plasma activity values of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also determined as indicators of tissue damage.Procedure Five healthy lactating goats producing 1.5 ± 0.5 L/d milk and weighing 56.0 ± 4.8 kg were used. Single doses of OTC chlorhydrate (CF) were administered (20 mg OTC/kg) by IV (Trial 1 IV) and IM (Trial 1 IM) routes and OTC dehydrate (LA) by the IM route. The same goats were first given IV CF, then IM CF followed by IM LA with 3 weeks between each treatment. Blood and milk samples were taken. The quantification of OTC was performed by HPLC and the plasma activities of CK and LDH enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry. The presence of OTC residues in milk was determined by a commercial reagent. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two‐compartment model.Results Estimates of kinetic variables following IV administration were: Vss= 400.0 ± 120.0 mL/kg and CL= 110.0 ± 14.0 (mL/h)/kg. The tfi for IV= 3.0 ± 0.3 h; IM, CF = 10.5 ± 2.1 h and IM, LA = 15.1 ± 3.1 h. The concentration of OTC in milk at 48 h was: IV= 0.6 ± 0.4; IM CF= 1.1 ± 0.2 and at 72 h (IM LA)= 0.6 ± 0.1 μg/mL and the penetration in milk of OTC was: IV= 70.0 ± 18.0; IM CF= 79.0 ± 14.0 and IM LA= 66.0 ± 6.0 %. The areas under the curve of CK and LDH activities in plasma were calculated by the trapezoidal method. Values of CK and LDH IM, LA were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed for IM, CF at 2 and 3 days after administration of the antibiotic. Finally, the bioavailability of OTC CF = 92.0± 22.0 and LA= 78.0 ± 23.0 % was suitable for its usage by the IM route in lactating goats.Conclusion Plasma concentration‐time values of OTC administered parenterally in production dairy goats showed similar bioavailability for the two pharmaceutical preaprations. The presence of detectable residues in milk indicates that milk should not be used for human consumption for 2 and 3 days after administration of conventional and long‐acting formulations, respectively. The increments in CK and LDH activities after the IM administration of LA are consistent with the presence of tissue damage provoked by the pharmaceutical preparations at the injection site.
Cyclosporin and ketoconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog
Authors: MOUATT JG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the use of concurrent ketoconazole and low dose cyclosporin administration in a group of dogs with clinical evidence of perianal fistulas, and to determine if this combination could be used to manage perianal fistulas effectively.Design Prospective clinical trialProcedure Sixteen dogs with clinical evidence of perianal fistulas were given ketoconazole (10 mg/kg once daily) and cyclosporin (1 mg/kg twice daily initially) for 16 weeks. Blood cyclosporin assays were performed regularly and cyclosporin doses were altered to achieve a stable blood level above 200 ng/mL. Regular examinations assessed the dogs general health, changes in clinical behaviour, fistula size and number. A complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis was performed in all dogs before and after the treatment period, and after 8 weeks of treatment in 12 dogs. Dogs were assessed for recurrence of lesions at 1, 3 and 12 months after the trial.Results All dogs showed marked improvement in lesions and behaviour within 14 days of the medication. Fourteen dogs completed the trial. Two dogs were excluded due to concurrent disease. Thirteen dogs (93%) showed complete resolution of fistulas during the treatment period. Seven dogs (50%) had no recurrence after 12 months. Recurrence was seen in three dogs (21%) at 8, 10 and 12 months after treatment, and in three dogs (21%) within 1 month of treatment. The medication was well tolerated. Side effects included transient anorexia, vomiting and lethargy in some dogs, increased shedding of hair and gingival hyperplasia. Ketoconazole administration allowed a dramatic reduction in cyclosporin dose (over 90% in 12 dogs and 80% in the other two) compared to previously reported cases treated with cyclosporin alone.Conclusion The use of combined ketoconazole and cyclosporin provided an effective treatment for perianal fistulas. Outcomes were similar to those seen with cyclosporin alone, but allowed a significant reduction in cyclosporin dose and, therefore, cost. The use of immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of perianal fistulas was effective and avoided many of the problems associated with surgical treament.
Cytological and microbiological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses with head restraint
Authors: CHIESA OA , CUENCA R , MAYAYO E , GUARRO J , SANTAMARIA J , STCHIGEL AM 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the cytological and microbiological contents of guttural pouch washes of ten randomly selected horses restrained so as to prevent them lowering their heads, and to assess the possible effects on the guttural pouch environment in these horses.Procedure Cytological and microbiological studies were performed on guttural pouch washes of ten clinically normal horses restrained in a standing position so as to prevent them from lowering their heads below normal, as would happen during transportation on long journeys. They were restrained for 12 or 24 h and cytological, bacteriological and mycological findings in guttural pouch washes were recorded.Results The cytological gradings and neutrophil concentrations of guttural pouch washings were higher in horses that had their heads restrained for a longer period. Washings from these horses were more likely to contain cultivable bacteria and were the only washes yielding potentially pathogenic bacterial species.Conclusion Variation in the cytological differential counts and bacterial cultures of guttural pouch lavages may be found in clinically normal horses which have had their heads restrained in an elevated position for periods from 12 to 24 h. This should be considered when examining this site and care must be taken when interpreting cytology of guttural pouch lavages in samples taken after transportation for more than 12 h. Restriction of head movement could also affect the normal pouch enviroment and predispose it to disease.
Genotyping Brahman cattle for generalised glycogenosis
Authors: DENNIS JA , HEALY PJ , REICHMANN KG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop procedures for genotyping Brahman cattle for loss‐of‐function alleles within the acidic α ‐glucosidase gene and to assess the risk of generalised glycogenosis in Australian Brahman cattle.Design PCR assays for three loss‐of‐function alleles were designed to exploit internal restriction sites within acidic α ‐glucosidase amplicons that are independent of allelic variants at the mutant sites.Results Genotyping 8529 clinically normal Brahmans between August 1996 and August 2001 revealed 16.4% were heterozygous for the more common of the two mutations (1057Δ TA, often referred to as the ‘E7’ mutation) that cause generalised glycogenosis in this breed. The less common 1783T mutation (often referred to as the ‘E13’ mutation) was restricted to descendants of one imported bull, and was not detected in 600 randomly selected Brahmans. Prior to definition of these two disease‐causing mutations, 640 (18%), and 14 (0.4%), of 3559 clinically normal Brahmans analysed between January 1994 and December 1996, were heterozygous, and homozygous, respectively, for a silent polymorphism (2223GA) that is associated with generalised glycogenosis. In addition to the 1057Δ TA and 1783T mutations, approximately 15% of Brahmans were found to be heterozygous for a single base substitution in exon 9 (1351T, commonly referred to as the ‘E9’ mutation) that significantly reduces acidic α ‐glucosidase activity, but has not been associated with clinical disease. These three loss‐of‐function alleles were found in Brahmans imported, or selected for import, from the USA.Conclusion The PCR procedures reported here represent a significant improvement in reliability and accuracy over previous published methods. Utilisation of these PCR/restric‐tion enzyme based assays will facilitate precise selection against the 1057Δ TA and 1783T alleles, and consequently reduce the incidence of generalised glycogenosis in registered and commercial Brahman herds.
Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle
Authors: MILLER CMD , QUINN HE , WINDSOR PA , ELLIS JT 
Published: March 2008

Objective To isolateNeospora caninumfrom a congenitally infected calf.ProcedureA calf was obtained from aN caninuminfected dam maintained in a dairy herd of Holstein‐Friesian cattle located on the south coast of NSW near Nowra. The calf was euthanased and samples collected for serology and pathology. Samples of brain and spinal cord of the calf were homogenised and injected into immunocompromised mice in an attempt to recover protozoa by in vivo culture. Sequential passage of brain homogenate through IFNgR KO mice was performed and tissue culture flasks were inoculated with brain homogenate. Parasites were identified by electron microscopy and DNA sequencing. The antigen profile of the isolate was analysed using Western blotting. Pathogenicity was examined in BALB/c mice and transmission of the parasite during pregnancy was examined in Qs mice.ResultsThe calf was seropositive forN caninumand histopathological examination of sections of cerebrum identified lesions consistent with a very mild infection withN caninum. The parasites isolated using tissue culture were identified asN caninum, based on the sequence of the ribosomal DNA and electron microscopy. The antigen profile of the new isolate was similar to that of the NC‐Liverpool isolate, but quite different from that ofToxoplasma gondii. In BALB/c mice inoculated with the new isolate, severe clinical signs developed in only three of ten infected mice, compared with six of ten mice infected with NC‐Liverpool. Mild to moderate nonsup‐purative encephalitis was observed in BALB/c mice infected with the new isolate, compared with mice infected with NC‐Liverpool, that developed severe nonsuppura‐tive encephalitis. Transplacental transmission of the isolate arising from an acute infection during pregnancy occurred in about 87% of pups.ConclusionThis is the first isolation of bovineNeospora caninumin Australia. This isolate, called NC‐Nowra, appears to be a less virulent form and may prove to be a suitable candidate for vaccine development.
Attitudes of suburban Western Australians to proposed cat control legislation
Authors: GRAYSON J , CALVER M , STYLES I 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of cat‐owners and non‐owners in suburban Perth, Western Australia, on issues relating to proposed local government regulation of cat‐ownership. Design The 1261 respondents to a mailed survey were ranked on issues regarding restrictions on cat‐ownership and cat roaming (control scale), attitudes to wildlife in suburbia and putative impacts of cats on wildlife (wildlife scale), knowledge of cat behaviour and husbandry (knowledge scale) and attitudes and practices regarding cat sterilisation (sterilisation scale). Age, gender and cat‐ownership status of the survey respondents were explored to see if any of these factors influenced the position of respondents on the scales. Results Cat‐owners, particularly female owners, scored significantly higher on the knowledge scale than non‐owners, whilst non‐owners scored significantly higher than cat‐owners on the control and wildlife scales. Women were more likely to favour compulsory sterilisation of pet cats than men, but men were more willing to implement controls on cat‐ownership. Age was also a significant factor, with older people more willing to implement controls. Analysis of specific questions showed that both cat‐owners and non‐owners agreed that there was a need for cat control legislation and supported measures such as compulsory sterilisation, registering of cats, restricting cats' ability to roam and stipulating a maximum number of cats per property. Nevertheless, both groups rejected the idea that local governments should enforce cat‐free zones. Conclusion Cat legislation that avoids or educates about the contentious issue of cat‐free zones should receive solid community support.