bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of adjuvants on the performance of the new cereal fungicide, metconazole. I glasshouse trials
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Boyd Sarah L. , Sampson Alan J. , Drummond Jeremy N. , Walter David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMetconazole, (1RS, 5RS; 1RS, 5SR)‐5‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)cyclopentanol, is a highly active fungicide, in particular controlling seed‐borne and foliar diseases of cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to maximize its foliar activity, an experimental survey of some types of surfactants and an emulsifiable oil was undertaken. Two types of metconazole formulation were investigated using a biological assay involving the therapeutic control of two diseases (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal and Leptosphaeria nodorum Muell.) of wheat.Enhancements of activity by ‚Genapol’︁ C12/C14 alcohol ethoxylates of an emulsifiable concentrate (ECM) formulation of metconazole were approximately three‐ to four‐fold. For its, initially, less active suspension concentrate (SCM) formulation, enhancements were around 35‐fold, so that with these adjuvants the two formulations were of similar activity. The enhancement ability of these ‚Genapol’︁ surfactants was optimal at lower (5–10 moles) ethylene oxide content. These analogues induced marginally better enhancements of activity than members of a range of nonylphenol ethoxylates (‚Arkopal’︁), and emulsifiable paraffinic/naphthenic oil (HVI 60E) and a castor oil ethoxylate (‚Atlas’︁ G1281) but were equivalent to a similar series of alcohol ethoxylates (‚Dobanol’︁) from another source. Varying the alkyl chain length between C9‐C11 and C14‐C15 in the ‚Dobanol’︁ series had little effect on their high enhancements of metconazole activity.It was determined from trials varying the application rate of the best alcohol ethoxylates that application rates of 1–1.5 kg ha−1 were required for maximum activity. This implied the use of high adjuvant/metconazole ratios in one‐pack adjuvant‐containing formulations. A range of soluble liquid (SL) formulations were prepared with either ‚Dobanol’︁ 23–6.5 or ‚Dobanol’︁ 91‐6/metconazole ratios varying from 5:1 to 15:1. There were found to be highly active and were recommended for field testing.
Influence of permethrin droplets on movement of larval Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Head Graham , Hoy Casey W. , Hall Franklin R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe behavioral response of larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) to permethrin droplets was investigated through computer simulations and videotape analysis of larval movement on treated surfaces. Simulations of pre‐contact avoidance responses and post‐contact hypersensitivity responses indicated that the different response types would produce different effects on larval speeds and leaving times in the presence of insecticide. Analysis of actual larval movement in treated arenas demonstrated that responses to permethrin consistent with the predictions for pre‐contact avoidance did occur. Larval speeds were higher in trials with insecticide droplets than in controls, and these differences arose prior to contact with droplets. When a higher insecticide concentration was used for droplets, the response observed was consistent with a relatively longer distance avoidance response than when droplets had lower permethrin concentrations. Such a response to permethrin should significantly decrease larval exposure to insecticides and increase survival in permethrintreated fields.
The evaluation of global migration and the assessment of related parameters by a spectrophotometric methodology
Authors: Lox F. , de Smet R. , Walden A. , Machiels V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work, the theory and measurement of migration is discussed in terms of the assessment of the ‘change’ of migration as a function of time. Instead of residue measurement, migration can also be evaluated very quickly and with high accuracy by spectrophotometric means. From these data the maximum possible global migration Mx can be found, which allows one to predict quality behaviour of plastics. Also other effects such as weathering and influences from transport‐conditions can be evaluated. It is clear that the proposed testing procedure does not interfere with the conventional weight‐procedure. Indeed, the simulant can be removed for residue measurements at any time. The importance of the proposed methodology is the time response wherein assessment can be performed and knowledge of the migrational behaviour of the plastics can be found.
Packaging dangerous goods for transport
Authors: Mostyn Harri 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe principle of uniformity in national and international transport regulations has now been widely recognized and implemented. Most features of the regulations are now fully operational e.g. in respect of classification, permitted packagings and maximum quantities, labelling etc. So far as packaging standards are concerned, 1990 is scheduled as the end of the transitional period. The major problem anticipated, that of the vast numbers of combination packagings needing testing and certifying, has hopefully been reduced to a level consistent with safety by the development of the UN limited quantity provisions, their adoption in the IMDG Code and the similar provisions in RID/ADR. The outstanding questions relate to air transport. Non‐specification packagings have been acceptable in air transport under the transitional packaging arrangements since the ICAO Technical Instructions came into effect in 1983/84: these are often far larger in size than those covered in Chapter 15 of the UN Recommendations. As far as is known, the use of these non‐specification packagings has not given rise to problems in air transport. It is hoped that the ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel will adopt practical limited quantity provisions from 31 December 1990.
Study of the polyvinyl chloride polymer structure in relation to migration of residual vinyl chloride monomer by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Apostolopoulos Dimitrios , Gilbert Seymour G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer structure was studied using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The specific retention volume (Vg°) of a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) probe, as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction between PVC and VCM were calculated.Changes in Vg°, free energy(ΔG°s), enthalpy (ΔH°s) and entropy (ΔS°s) observed as the temperature and the amount of VCM decreased, clearly indicate that the PVC—VCM interaction was both concentration and temperature dependent. The Vg° and thermodynamic parameters also varied with changes in polymer structure. Data were interpreted in terms of the active site hypothesis. Active sites in the PVC matrix strongly bind VCM at low enough concentrations and temperatures. Inferably, migration of VCM from PVC packaging materials containing very low concentrations of residual monomer should be for all practical purposes, essentially zero, particularly at low temperatures.
Survey of packaging professionals in the USA
Authors: Lai C. C. , Huang W.‐C. , Mackson C. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey on packaging professionals in the USA was conducted by the School of Packaging at Michigan State University. Subjects of the survey were the School's alumni and Food Packaging Division members of the Institute of Food Technologists. The eight‐page questionnaire addressed issues pertaining to their education, training, attitude and opinion about packaging disciplines, employment characteristics, and other aspects of their professional experiences. Out of 4000 people contacted, over 20% responded. The paper examines the general characteristics of packaging professionals in the USA in 1986.
Estimation of the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes and its application to box design using a personal computer
Authors: Kawanishi Katsuoki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany papers have been published on the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes, using such formulae as Kellicut's equation and McKee's equation for the calculation. These equations, however, require known values of the strength of linerboard or corrugated fibreboard, they do not include the influence of moisture content and they are inadequate in the case of wrap‐around boxes. The present author measured the mechanical properties of a large number of fibreboard boxes, and has derived a statistical formula useful for estimating the compression strength of a box based on its specifications — grade of corrugated fibreboard, size of box, type of box, printed area and moisture content. The calculation gives fairly good agreement with experimental results. The estimation technique has further been converted into a personal computer program, which renders the design of corrugated fibreboard boxes an easier task.
Packaging materials as smoke barriers during fire
Authors: Salmén Kristina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring fires in warehouses and shops, the fire smoke and fire‐extinguishing agents often cause great damage to both packaged and non‐packaged goods. Even products that are stored at a great distance from the fire are often contaminated by the smoke.The decision as to whether such products, after re‐packing, are still in perfect condition or not must often be made quickly and it can be especially difficult to judge foodstuffs in this respect. Depending on time aspects and ignorance of the protective functions of a packaging material, the wrong decisions are often made, which results in unnecessary rejections.Generally, it can be said that fire smoke immediately penetrates thin films of, for example, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), uncoated cardboard and paper, as well as PE‐coated cardboard. Packaging materials such as rigid PVC rapidly degrade due to the chemical substances in fire smoke.Evaluation of the barrier properties of packaging materials against model fire smoke shows great differences in breakthrough times between laminates with three or more layers and packaging materials with only one or two layers.
Analysis of vibration and shock occurring in transport systems
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyohide 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe agreement between the practical data and theoretical values has been examined for almost all of the formulae used to determine the optimum function that can express the relationship between the shock‐acceleration or vibration‐acceleration and their number of occurrences. These formulae, however, are not always suitable for all analyses.In order to find the optimum formula for each condition, the following points have been considered:

agreement between the calculated value and measured data
difficulty in the calculation procedure
difficulty in comparison of the data obtained
possibility of extrapolation.
The following results were obtained:

In general, hybrid function, irrational function and Weibull distribution can be used to express the relationship.
For comparison of experimental data obtained in different transport conditions, irrational function and Weibull distribution have fewer parameters than other functions.
In the case of the package test condition where an extrapolation is required, the hybrid function and irrational function are the most suitable.
The role of mathematics and physics in migration predictions
Authors: Chatwin P. C. , Katan L. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhilst one or two mathematical formulae have appeared frequently in papers on migration, little use has yet been made of them in analysing data, or in writing legislation on food contact materials and articles. In this short review, it is argued that mathematics and physics have far greater potential than has so far been realized in such roles, and certain basic principles that are crucial for effective use of these disciplines in migration research are discussed. The first of these is the great importance of the geometry, i.e. shape and size, of the food‐container system; most (if not all) commonly used formulae have serious shortcomings because they apply only to one‐dimensional geometries, which are not met in practice. The second is that results must be plotted in non‐dimensional form if underlying unity of behaviour is to be detected — and the search for such unity is one of the main aims of mathematics. Finally, the paper discusses some causes of the large variability that is observed in practice between the results of nominally identical tests, and concludes that statistical methods should have far greater prominence than hitherto in all stages of migration research, and the drafting of legislation.
Migration of BHT through airspace in food package systems
Authors: Terada Katsuhiko , Naito Yasutoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the system composed of a plastic package and a solid food, which are only partially in contact with each other, the migration of the plastic ingredient to the food may take place through the airspace between the package and the food unless the ingredient is non‐volatile.This paper describes the migration of an antioxidant BHT(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol) from low‐density polyethylene films containing BHT, or from pure BHT crystals used as a source of BHT vapour, to model foods such as casein and granulated sugar.The results obtained:

confirmed that the migration of BHT occurs from the film to the food even when they are separated completely by an airspace between them
showed that the amount of migration increases with time and attains a practically constant value after a certain period, but the value and the time vary significantly with the food
found that the BHT concentration in the film remains virtually unchanged at all times in the experiments carried out in this study, because the amount of BHT migration is very small compared with the total amount of BHT contained in the film initially
elucidated the relation between the BHT concentration in the film and the equilibrium amount of BHT migration to the food. This result should be useful for the estimation of the amount of BHT migrating from a polyethylene package to a contained food.
Sorption of solvents in plastics and solvent desorption and retention
Authors: Thalmann W. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe experiments reported here have studied the following systems within the temperature range 25–50°C: sorption and desorption of solvents on LDPE, OPP, PS, rigid PVC, OPA, PETP and regenerated cellulose with methanol, ethanol, n‐propanol, and ethyl acetate. With reference to these, the theory presented indicates the most important aspects related to the tests, refers to identification data on similar problems and enumerates the possibilities of interaction.The application of equation 1 and the reported measuring method allows the determination of diffusion coefficients within a vapour‐saturated atmosphere system. As the gravimetric method also allows the determination of solubilities (αL, the solubility coefficient), the permeation behaviour in the Fick range is calculable from

The equation used by the author can be related to other equations from the technical literature, such as

for the range Q(t)Q∞>0.4, or where

for the range <0.4The agreement can be considered as good. The D values provide a calculation base within the scope of the outlined problem definition.The taste limits for solvents in water reveal which solvents could, as residual solvents, become critical. These values—connected with sorption/desorption identification values, evaporation numbers etc. —indicate where there is a risk and those cases where sufficient drying, or even the use of more adequate solvents is essential.
Effects of B‐ionizing radiation on the properties of flexible packaging materials
Authors: Rojas Gante C. De , Pascat B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of B‐ionizing radiation on chemical structure and mass transfer phenomena was studied in the principal flexible food packaging materials (LDPE and OPP). No significant changes were observed in the structure of polymer matrices or in oxygen permeability and global migration after ionizing the materials at dose levels approved for food products ( < 110 kGy). Nevertheless, at low doses, it was observed that volatile organic compounds were present in ionized films. Several oxidation products were analysed by a dynamic head space technique. These oxidation products (typically ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids) could play a part in the organoleptic properties of prepackaged foods and, consequently, in their shelf‐life.
Flexible packaging of disposable medical devices—A review
Authors: Czerniawski Bohdan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rapid increase in number of elderly persons with greater needs for medical care in future years will influence considerably the growth of medical packaging. A growing importance of disposable medical devices produced, packed and sterilized in manufacturers plants using various form‐fill‐seal (FFS) packaging systems has been observed during several recent years.The present predominance of flexible package thermoformed by a FFS system results from the considerably lower costs of these packages in comparison with rigid packaging. The role of packaging in this area is still not properly appreciated and analyses that were carried out showed that the major part of claims connected with sterility problems resulted for faulty packaging (mainly defective seals, pinholes and holes).The results of the assessment of heat‐seal strength are presented for thermoformed flexible packages processed on a Multivac machine and made of various laminates (mainly polyamide/polyolefine laminates) sealed with different types of sterilizable paper and used for packing disposable syringes and blood transfusion sets.A large scatter of results was found in both the individual packagings and the various packages processed on the same machine and made of the same materials. This spread of results occurred not only when packages were sealed using uncoated paper but also when paper with a grid pattern coating was used. A distinct advantage of the latter is the peelable opening of packages even when maximum seal strength is recorded. The reduction in the seal strength, which is very difficult to avoid, stresses the importance of selecting such combinations of materials giving distinctly higher average seal values while simultaneously maintaining the requirement for a peelable separation of the sealed layers during opening. An assessment of thickness distribution in the laminate and the PA layer shows that, because of the presence of areas of drastic thinning, the saving achieved by using a PA layer, increases the risk of package puncture, and therefore, may not be worthwhile.The substitution of polyproplyene for polyamide in laminate destined for thermoformed packages for medical devices must take account of the greater local thinning with simultaneous lower puncture resistance of polypropylene.
Mechanical distribution hazards and cushion design
Authors: Li Hua , Jansen R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhereas many products are damaged in distribution for lack of packaging, there are some products that are heavily overpacked. In order to avoid product damage in distribution while reducing excessive packaging as far as possible, the mechanical hazards that are the basis for the simulation of the distribution process in the laboratory must be measured and analysed accurately. The measured results of movement on a roller bed and chain transfer system, on a fork lift truck crossing over a threshold and on the platform of a truck with a full load are presented here.A sensitive product must be packed with cushioning in accordance with the distribution hazards and its sensitivity to them. The development of a suitable cushion with which the product can survive the distribution environment without excessive packaging, depends on many quite complicated things. To ease the choice of cushion materials and their dimensioning, software (named PODI), supported from a data base of various foam materials, has been developed. Three different mechanical models are built in PODI for the mitigation of impacts and the effective attentuation of the vibration hazards.
Requirements for single‐use sterilization papers and paper packaging used for medical devices
Authors: Czerniawski Bohdan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe concept of using paper in medical packaging has been accepted widely. as it provides the essential permeability to allow ingress of the sterilising media whilst preventing the post‐penetration of bacteria. thereby maintaining sterility of the medical device itself.In Europe this widespread application of paper has demanded the introduction of proper standards for sterilization papers and converted items, such as bags and pouches. In this article these standards are discussed, i.e. British Standards, German DIN 58953, French Pharmacopoeia and Eucomed (European Confederation of Medical Suppliers Association).Comparisons of these standards, including results of our testing, also are presented t o underline the essential differences between specifications for the same grade of paper. In particular, special note is made in the case of air permeability of papers used for gas sterilization. The most reasonable solution is put forward by Eucomed, in which permeability performance is more fully addressed. The principles of various methods for the determination of microbial barrier performances of sterilization papers also are described and some comments in this respect are given.
Optimization of protective packaging — a result of the long‐term laboratory and atmospheric tests
Authors: Kubeš Jaroslav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quantity of desiccant required for the effective protection of technical products sensitive to corrosion can be determined by means of the chronological transformation method, even if we do not have exact knowledge of. nor can quantify, all external influences affecting the complete packaging during transport and storage.Information was obtained about the protective effectiveness of barrier systems under extreme climatic conditions. Decisive factors of the deterioration process are discussed, particularly the moisture stress and the temperature stress.
Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh mushrooms
Authors: Halachmy I. Beit , Mannheim C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe storage life of harvested fruits and vegetables is influenced by their continued respiration and biochemical activity. Lowering the temperature, and modifying the atmosphere surrounding the product, can extend the shelf‐life of the produce.Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were placed into different structural containers covered with PVC films and stored at three temperatures. The effect of key variables, such as temperature, respiration rate, critical and optimal concentrations of O2 and CO2, package‐weight/area ratio and film permeability, were studied.It was concluded that a highly perishable product, such as mushrooms, must be wrapped and refrigerated in order to prevent transpiration and shrivelling. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) may be beneficial but was not found to be essential. If a certain batch of mushrooms respires faster than predicted, or is exposed to large temperature fluctuations, MAP could have a damaging effect.