bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycological production of citric and oxalic acids from cane molasses. II.—Effects of some enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Shimi I. R. , El Dein S. Nour 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparative study has been made of the behaviour of preformed mats of a strong and a weak acid‐producing strain of A. niger when floated on sucrose, molasses and citric acid solutions containing various concentrations of sodium arsenite, sodium monoiodo‐acetate, or 2,4‐dinitrophenol (on carbohydrate solutions only). Tracing of the aP‐keto‐acids which accumulated in the metabolism solutions containing arsenite was carried out by paper chromatography of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. The data obtained are discussed in relation to each other and in light of the findings of other workers.
Mycological production of citric and oxalic acids from cane molasses. III.—Effects of some mixed substrates
Authors: Shimi I. R. , El Dein M. S. Nour 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects on the A. niger fermentation of sucrose and molasses exerted by various concentrations of ethanol, acetate and pyruvate are examined in presence of the optimum concentrations of ferrocyanide and phosphate. Such mixtures gave appreciable increases in the yields of citric acid with also traces of oxalic acid and the time of incubation could be reduced. The behaviour of two potent citric‐acid‐producing strains of A. niger on molasses medium supplemented with methanol was also studied. The results are discussed in the light of well‐known metabolic pathways.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. III.—Through‐circulation drying of zostera marina
Authors: Merritt J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests on the through‐circulation drying of Zostera marina on a semi‐commercial scale have been conducted with a batch dryer to determine the optimum conditions. There was a maximum feasible loading for grasswrack (eel‐grass) of approximately 3.8 lb./sq. ft. in each layer. The effects of variations in the rate of air flow, of amount of air recirculated, of air‐flow reversal and of temperature (160–220° F) have been studied with particular reference to output and efficiency.
Determination of the components of plant cuticles
Authors: Martin J. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative methods are described for the determination of waxy substances and cutin in plant cuticles. Surface waxy materials are obtained by immersing leaves or fruits in chloroform at room temperature; waxy substances embedded within the cuticles of fruits are recovered by further extraction of the skin after surface washing. Acidic materials are removed from the extract, and true wax and “oil” fractions are obtained by partition between n‐heptane and methanol. The cuticular membranes are then separated by treatment with ammonium oxalate‐oxalic acid solution, and the cutin in the membranes is determined by saponification. Work by other investigators on the nature and determination of components of plant cuticles is reviewed.
Studies on casein. III.—Preparation of a carbohydraterich fraction and a calcium‐sensitive fraction from α‐casein
Authors: Pilson M. E. Q. , Henneberry G. O. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐Casein was fractionated by the addition of calcium chloride to an α‐Casein solution (pH 7) which had previously been kept for 45 min. at pH 12. One fraction (Fraction A) accounted for 13.4% and another (α‐Casein — Fraction A) for 56.7% of the original α‐Casein.The sugar contents (anthrone) of Fraction A, and α‐Casein — Fraction A, were 3.94 and 0.68 mg./g., respectively, and the hexosamine contents were 4.58 and 0.68 mg./g., respectively.The product α‐Casein — Fraction A was precipitated from aqueous solution (pH 7) by the addition of calcium ion whereas Fraction A was not precipitated under the same conditions. No precipitate was formed on addition of o.IM‐calcium chloride solution to a solution containing 3 parts of α‐Casein — Fraction A to one part of Fraction A but a precipitate was formed if Fraction A was pretreated with rennin.
Phospholipid hydrolysis in cod flesh stored at various temperatures
Authors: Olley June , Lovern J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCod were stored at 20, 0, −14, −22 and −29°, samples being withdrawn at intervals, the lipids extracted and analysed for free fatty acids (FFA) and phosphorus. Chloroform or toluene vapour ultimately inhibited enzymic liberation of FFA, hence studies at o and 20° were with small pieces of flesh obtained aseptically and stored without preservative. Tests with cooked fish showed that non‐enzymic hydrolysis is negligible. Comparison of sterile fish at 0° with non‐sterile iced fish showed that all phospholipid breakdown in iced cod can be attributed to autolysis. At 0°, but not at the other temperatures, there is a marked initial lag before rapid hydrolysis begins. Only rough comparison is possible from the data available, but the rate of hydrolysis at −14° is about 10 times that at −22°. At 0° hydrolysis proceeds little faster than at −14°, while the rate at 20° is about 3 times that at 0°. Data at −29° are too few even for rough comparison. At all temperatures studied the only products accumulating from phospholipid degradation are FFA and water‐soluble phosphorus derivatives. The similar course of phospholipid hydrolysis and of protein denaturation in frozen cod was confirmed and its possible significance is discussed.
Estimation and distribution of some phosphorus fractions in leaves of plants
Authors: Hewitt E. J. , Notton B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure for fractionation of phosphorus compounds in leaves has been studied. Serial extractions with 85% ethanol, 0.2N‐HCl, IN‐HClO4 at 4°, 0.5N‐HClO4 at 70° and 2N‐NaOH removes 99.8% of the total phosphorus from tomato or cauliflower leaves. A method, involving preliminary treatment of fractions with isobutanol, was designed to eliminate interfering effects of unknown compounds on the determination of inorganic and acid‐labile phosphorus by the phosphomolybdic acid method used.Several extractions with ethanol and 0.2N‐HCl are required for exhaustive removal of phosphorus compounds by each of these reagents. Single extractions by these reagents remove about 75% of the respective fractions. A major part of the organic phosphorus remaining after exhaustive ethanol extraction is readily removed by 0.2N‐HCl. By using 32P‐labelled inorganic phosphorus it was shown that whereas ribonucleic acids (RNA) are not decomposed during extraction in IN‐HClO4 at 4° for 18 h. there is appreciable decomposition of nucleic acids including deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) during subsequent extraction by 0.5N‐HClO4 at 70° for 20 min. RNA is estimated as organic phosphorus in the IN‐HClO4 extract and DNA as total phosphorus in the 0.5N‐HClO4 extract. Light extinction values at 260 mμ tend to be higher than expected in relation to phosphorus contents, especially for DNA.The distribution of organic phosphorus by single consecutive extractions into the fractions described above was determined for seven different species or varieties of plants grown in sand culture.
Changes in the lipids of flour induced by treatment with chlorine dioxide or chlorine, and on storage
Authors: Daniels D. G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acid composition of wheat flour oils was measured by gas chromatography, and results were presented either as fractions of the total C16 and C18 acids or, by application of an internal standard, as the percentage of each acid in the original oils.Flour treated with chlorine dioxide (up to 120 p.p.m.) and stored for periods up to 15 weeks showed no changes in the fatty acid composition of the mixed oil extracted successively by light petroleum and acetone. Heavier treatment resulted in significant oxidative changes. After 27 weeks' storage, however, both untreated and lightly treated flour (up to 33 p.p.m. of ClO2) showed changes in the acetone—but not in the light petroleum—extracts. These findings were correlated with measurements of the induction periods of whole flours when heated in oxygen at 100°, both treatment and storage diminishing the induction periods.Chlorine treatment of the flour caused decreases in linoleic acid contents of the extracted mixed oils at all levels of treatment. The effect on induction period was complex, but in general chlorine treatment caused long induction periods, which diminished during storage less than those of untreated flour. The significance of these results is discussed.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. IV.—Comparison of the deterioration in quality during storage of eviscerated chicken carcasses treated with chlortetracycline or radiation
Authors: Coleby B. , Ingram M. , Shepherd H. J. , Thornley M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEviscerated chicken carcasses were treated with chlortetracycline (CTC) or irradiated with 0.3 or 0.6 Mrad, and then stored at 0.°. Changes in quality during storage up to 26 days were studied, and microbial counts made on the carcasses. 0.6 Mrad caused a fairly rapid decline in quality, but with 0.3 Mrad or CTC deterioration of quality was only noticed when the carcasses had been stored at 0° for 19 days or longer. This loss of quality was not due to the growth of micro‐organisms.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. V.—Radiation pasteurisation of beef for chilled storage
Authors: Lea C. H. , MacFarlane J. J. , Parr L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSmall‐scale experiments on the storage of cuts of beef and of beef fatty tissue at chilling temperatures showed that microbial spoilage is considerably retarded by doses of ionising radiation between 25,000 and 100,000 rads, as indicated by a delay in the development of “tainted” odour and flavour, by a retarded appearance of visible bacterial growth and by a slower rate of increase in the free fatty acid content of the fat.It is concluded that the margin between desirable and undesirable effects may be so small as to make the application of irradiation of doubtful benefit for the overseas transport of chilled beef.
Determination of trichloroacetate when incorporated in an N.P.K. fertiliser
Authors: Johnston I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA partition chromatographic method is described for the determination of about 0.5% of trichloroacetate incorporated in an N.P.K. fertiliser. The free acid together with its main contaminant, dichloroacetic acid, is extracted from the fertiliser, chromatographed and the individual acids titrated with sodium methoxide. Although developed for the separation of di‐ and tri‐chloroacetic acids, the method will separate acetic, mono‐, di‐ and tri‐chloroacetic acids in the presence of each other.Once the chromatographic column has been prepared and standardised, a complete analysis can be carried out in about 6 h. Over 50 separations have been made with one column.Experiments indicate a recovery of 97% ± 2%.
Organic acid metabolism in cider and perry fermentations. III.—Keto‐acids in cider‐apple juices and ciders
Authors: Whiting G. C. , Coggins R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe keto‐acids of cider‐apple juices and ciders have been studied qualitatively by conversion to their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation to the corresponding amino‐acids. The metabolism of pyruvic and α‐ketoglutaric acids during fermentation has been followed quantitatively; possible, metabolic pathways are discussed.
Phosphorus compounds of oats. II.—The utilisation of phytate phosphorus by growing chicks
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Evans C. , William P. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe basal phytin‐free diet of 5‐week‐old chicks was supplemented with phosphorus in the form of (a) inorganic P, (b) phytate P, and (c) phytate P containing radioactive phytin extracted from oats. The results obtained suggest that young growing chicks may utilise considerable amounts of phytate P.
Effect of formulation on toxicity to plants and insects of some systemic insecticidal seed dressings
Authors: Bardner R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat, mustard and sugar beet seeds were treated with dressings containing certain systemic insecticides and various stickers and fillers. Activated carbon, polyvinyl acetate emulsion and a chlorinated diphenyl resin lessened the toxicity of the insecticides to seedlings grown in sand. Polyethylene glycol ethers and polyvinyl alcohol solution also had some effect. Carbon and polyvinyl acetate prolonged the period of systemic action of “Thimet” against the mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae F. and the bird‐cherry aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Mustard plants grown from seed treated with γ‐BHC formulated with these materials were slow to attain their maximum insecticidal activity. These effects are attributed to the initial absorption of insecticide by the sticker or filler and its subsequent slow release. Formulations permitting the slow release of insecticides have a practical use because they can combine low phytotoxicity with a long persistence of systemic insecticidal activity.
Acetone‐soluble lipids of grasses and other forage plants. II.–general observations on the properties of the lipids with special reference to the yield of fatty acids
Authors: Shorland F. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExamination of the lipids soluble in acetone at 0° from the leaves of rye‐grass (Lolium perenne), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), white clover (Trifolium repens) and rape (Brassica napus L.) shows that the yield of fatty acids from these sources when corrected for unsaponifiable matter ranges from 70.5 to 76.5% as compared with 95.6% required for a pure triglyceride calculated as trilinolenin. Further investigation of the cold acetonesoluble lipids of rye‐grass by diffusion in light petroleum through a rubber membrane showed that as in the red clover leaf lipids examined by Weenink1 most of the fatty acids were combined in a non‐dialysable form as galactolipids. These results support the view that glycerides do not occur to any appreciable extent in leaves but are replaced by galactolipids.Fatty acid analysis showed marked differences between the dialysable lipids (comprising 28.7% of the total acetone‐soluble fraction) and the non‐dialysable lipids in which the linolenic acid is largely concentrated, forming 88% of the total fatty acids.
The determination of proteins in whole wheatmeal and flour by the biuret procedure
Authors: Williams P. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA colorimetric method for the determination of protein in wheat and flour is described: its application to the routine analysis of these materials has been studied from several technical and chemical aspects. The method has been found to possess certain economical and practical advantages over the Kjeldahl method, whilst the results obtained show excellent correlation with those obtained using the latter procedure.
Effect of processing conditions on nutritive value of soya‐bean oil meals for chicks
Authors: Bornstein S. , Ben‐Adam Z. , Lipstein B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirteen commercial and experimental soya‐bean oil meals were included in practical chick rations either as the only protein supplement (33–35% of the diet) or as 14–23% of the diet together with protein supplements of animal origin, and their nutritional quality was tested in five growth experiments.Growth rate and feed/gain ratio were significantly affected by the nutritive properties of the soya‐bean meals, which depended directly on the degree of processing. Heat treatments, adequate for driving off the solvent according to normal commercial production methods, were insufficient for producing soya‐bean oil meals of maximal nutritional quality. This was obtained only under conditions of heating for a prolonged period after a high level of moisture had been initially obtained.The presence of fishmeal and skim milk powder in the chick rations did not eliminate the importance of adequate processing of soya‐bean oil meals.
Residues in wheat and wheat products after fumigation with ethylene dibromide
Authors: Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPossible methods for determining bromide remaining as reaction product and as unchanged fumigant in wheat and flour after fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB) have been reviewed and tested, and new analytical methods developed. The effects of duration of treatment, temperature, moisture content and milling of wheat on the sorption and desorption of fumigant and on the size of the water‐soluble bromide fraction produced during fumigation were determined and the practical implications of the results are discussed. Recommended procedures for the determination of bromide residues in cereal products after fumigation with EDB are described.
Improved method for detection and approximate estimation of fungal amylase supplementation of wheat flour
Authors: Hayden K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple method is described for the detection and semi‐quantitative estimation of fungal α‐amylase activity of wheat flour. It depends on the selective inactivation of cereal amylases on bentonite in presence of sodium acetate and detection of the fungal amylase by a cup‐plate technique with a starch‐agar substrate.
Determination of traces of copper in rubber latex ash by neutron activation analysis
Authors: Dalziel J. A. W. , Hsia R. C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeutron activation is used to determine copper in latex ash. Purification of the copper activity by homogeneous sulphide precipitation in the presence of carriers is sufficient for the resolution of the 0.51‐MeV γ‐activity of 64Cu by scintillation spectrometry. The further purification, particularly from 32P, which is needed for β‐counting is achieved by electrodeposition. Chemical yields are determined by EDTA titration. A typical ash was found to contain 370 ± 20 p.p.m. of copper.
Value of bush, grass or legume fallow in Ghana
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract(1) Field studies compare the effects of different periods of bush or grass fallow and of different species of grass and legume in fallows, on the nutrient status of fallow plots and on the yields of subsequent crops.(2) Bush fallowing for 2 years was better than for 1 year, while a third year gave no advantage in respect of yield, and a 5‐ or 6‐year period gave yields no better than did a continuous cropping system.(3) Among grasses and legumes used as fallow cover crops, elephant grass followed, in order, by Guinea grass and pigeon pea were the most effective.(4) At two southerly stations maize yields were increased after fallow but this was not so in three more northerly stations. The difference may depend on the type of fallow, whether grass or legume, and on the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Andropogon grass fallow did not prove so successful in the nitrogen‐deficient soils of the north as did the elephant or Guinea grass in the rich soils of the southern area of forest. The pigeon pea which is less demanding on soil‐nitrogen than are the grasses gave good results at one of the stations in the Guinea Savannah.(5) The final cut of the grass burnt in situ and the burning of the surface soil affected the nutrient status of the soil, increasing chiefly the P, K and Mg; there was no significant difference between the three grass fallow treatments in this respect.Probably, the residues of grass in the 2‐ and 3‐year fallows incorporated in the soil improved the physical condition of soil, thus contributing to the superiority of these grass fallows over the 1‐year fallow in regard to yields of succeeding crops.
Entry of fungi and chemical substances in solution into mature cereal grains
Authors: Caldwell F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe literature on the subject is reviewed.The layers of tissue enveloping mature cereal grains are considered in respect of their influence on the selective permeability of the grain. The nature of the semi‐permeable system is discussed, as are its relation to grain viability, response to treatment with fungicides, and the possibility of acceleration of germination by such treatment.
Lead content of Australian brandies
Authors: Rankine B. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lead contents of 37 Australian brandies ranged, with one exception (0.25 p.p.m.), from <0.01 to 0.06 p.p.m. with a mean of 0.029 p.p.m. These included samples of Australian brandies bottled in the United Kingdom.The significance of the results in view of the proposed British legal limit of 0.5 p.p.m. is discussed.
A semi‐micro technique for crude fibre determination
Authors: Bredon R. M. , Juko C. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe semi‐micro technique of Bredon has several advantages over the standard method of the Fertilisers & Feeding Stuffs Regulations. The former gives satisfactory results and, with proper equipment, can give four times as many crude fibre determinations as the latter in the same time.After application of the Dougall corrections for altitude, results by the semi‐micro method showed comparatively small errors as compared with those by the official method (determinations at 3750 and 6800 ft. altitude), and are acceptable for routine analyses.
Protein and lipid constitution of some Pakistani pulses
Authors: Baker B. E. , Papaconstantinou J. A. , Cross C. K. , Khan N. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNineteen fatty acids have been determined by gas chromatography in the light petroleum extracts of five species of pulses commonly grown in West Pakistan.The dispersion of the nitrogenous constituents of the same five pulses by water and by sodium chloride solutions ranging in concentration from 0.005N to 1.0N, has been studied. Two minima were observed in the peptisation curves obtained with mash, mung, masur and gram but only one minimum was observed with lobia.
Enzymic changes in lambs' liver during storage. II.—activation of the autolytic enzymes by freezing
Authors: Rhodes D. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAutolytic degradation of the lipids and protein of lambs' liver at 15° is accelerated three‐to four‐fold by previous freezing and thawing of the tissue. The maximum activation is achieved after freezing for 5 days at −2° or 3 days at −10° and is unaffected by holding at −10° or −20° for periods up to 14 weeks. The effect is due to the elimination of a lag phase preceding the onset of enzymic hydrolysis. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Laboratory and field tests for evaluating the efficiency of wetting agents used in agriculture
Authors: Ashworth R. de B. , Lloyd G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA modified Shapiro's cotton tape test is a satisfactory laboratory method for examining the wetting properties of anionic and non‐ionic wetters when used with agricultural sprays at high volume. It has been shown that the concentration of wetter which wets a standard length of cotton tape in 15 sec. is related to the degree of wetting of a cabbage leaf. The test may be standardised for leaves other than cabbage.
Citrus essential oils. I.—evaluation of natural and terpeneless lemon oils
Authors: Slater C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of natural and terpeneless lemon oil have been examined by a combination of absorption and gas chromatography and infra‐red spectroscopy. Natural lemon oil contains at least seven terpenes and nine sesquiterpenes whilst there are at least twenty‐four oxygenated compounds. It is possible by examination of the oxygenated and hydrocarbon fractions to make a decision as to the authenticity and freshness of an oil, but organoleptic tests are of considerable value.