bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Nature and Development of Viremia
Authors: Weiss Richard C. , Scott F. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Kittens that were seropositive or seronegative to feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) and were experimentally infected with fipv by aerosol exposure developed a persistent cell-associated viremia. When test kittens were inoculated with whole blood, intact or disrupted buffy coat (bc) cells, or cell-free supernatants of disrupted bc cells from these infected kittens, the test kittens developed feline infectious peritonitis (fip). When test kittens were inoculated with plasma or wbc-free erythrocyte suspensions from the infected kittens, they did not develop fip.
Viremia could not be detected in healthy fipv-seropositive kittens before aerosol challenge exposure. Viremia was first detected on postchallenge-exposure day (pcd) 2 in seropositive kittens and on pcd 6 in seronegative kittens. The onset of viremia correlated with the appearance of fever, pulmonary vascular lesions, and fipv antigen in lung macrophages of infected kittens. The fipv-infected wbc were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in the lumen, intima and wall of pulmonary veins and in perivascular foci in lungs of viremic kittens. Marked pulmonary necrosis and severe clinical disease occurred by pcd 7 in seropositive kittens and on or after pcd 16 in seronegative kittens. Significant (P < 0.05) reductions in numbers of circulating platelets and lymphocytes developed earlier in seropositive kittens than in seronegative kittens. Survival times in seropositive kittens were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased compared with survival times in seronegative kittens.
Immunofluorescent or electron microscopic examination of blood smears and bc cells from viremic kittens failed in most instances to demonstrate intracellular virus or viral antigen. Specific antiviral immunofluorescence was, however, readily observed in bc cells from viremic kittens when the cells were maintained in vitro for ≥ 24 hours.
Seemingly, an immune-mediated mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of fip. The fipv-seropositive kittens developed viremia, antiviral immunofluorescence, and lesions earlier and died more rapidly after virus challenge exposure than did fipv-seronegative kittens. In both groups, a fatal disease characterized by progressive vasculitis and necrosis developed during a period of persistent viremia and elevated or increasing serum antibody titers.
Pathologic Alterations in Congestive Cardiomyopathy of Dogs
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. , Weirich Walter E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven large-breed dogs with congestive cardiomyopathy were studied at necropsy. Seven of 11 dogs were Great Dane and 9 of 11 were male. The most common clinical signs in affected dogs were dyspnea, abdominal distention by ascites, and weight loss. Three dogs had severe congestive cardiac failure. At necropsy, gross alterations in the hearts were cardiomegaly, dilation of all chambers, opacity of the endocardium, atrial thrombosis, and disseminated foci of myocardial necrosis. Extracardiac changes included hepatic congestion, pulmonary congestion and edema, ascites, and infarction of kidney, liver, lung, and spleen. Microscopically, the affected hearts had disseminated foci of subendocardial myocardial necrosis, scattered areas of myocardial fibrosis, and medial hyperplasia of intramyocardial arteries. Ultrastructurally, degenerated cardiac muscle cells had myocytolysis, proliferated elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum, numerous myelin figures and autophagic vacuoles, large numbers of lipofuscin granules, and mitochondrial alterations. These ultrastructural alterations are similar to those described for cardiomyopathy in persons and cats.
Comparative Anthelmintic Efficacy of Two Schedules of Mebendazole Treatment in Dogs
Authors: Guerrero Jorge , Pancari Gregory , Michael Bruce 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two schedules of anthelmintic oral treatment, using mebendazole powder, were compared in 73 dogs naturally infected with common helminth intestinal parasites. Mebendazole powder was administered to 26 dogs at doses of 22 mg/kg once daily for 3 days and was compared with the same dose given once daily for 5 days into 23 dogs. The 24 other dogs were kept as controls and received a placebo treatment for 5 days.
Efficacy results for the 3-day treatment schedule of mebendazole were as follows: Toxocara canis, 100%; Uncinaria stenocephala, 100%; Ancylostoma caninum, 99.4%; Trichuris vulpis, 100%; and Taenia pisiformis, 93.9%. Mebendazole powder given on the 5-day treatment schedule was 100% efficacious against the foregoing parasites. Anthelmintic efficacy against Dipylidium caninum was not detected in either schedule of treatment.
Regional Histochemical and Thickness Variations of Adult Canine Articular Cartilage
Authors: Kincaid Steven A. , Van Sickle David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Regional thickness and histochemical variations of the matrix of adult canine articular cartilage were studied. In the caudal-central region of the humeral head, differential staining for the presence of keratan sulfate in the territorial matrix of the chondrocytes was closer to the articular surface than in the thinner articular cartilage of the dorsal plateau region. The relevance of these observations to the biomechanical and physiochemical properties of articular cartilage was discussed.
Experimental Infection of Bovine Mammary Glands with Streptococcus agalactiae During the Nonlactating Period
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Anderson A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were done to determine the rate of intramammary infection (imi) in dairy cows during the nonlactating period. In experiment 1, all glands were equally exposed to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae for the first 3 weeks after the start of the nonlactating period. Nearly all new imi was caused by S agalactiae.
In experiment 2, the susceptibility of nonlactating mammary glands to new imi by S agalactiae after direct inoculation into the lactiferous sinus was determined. During the 1st month of the nonlactating period, 30% of inoculated glands became infected. During the last month of the nonlactating period, 90% of inoculated glands became infected.
Boron Content of Plasma and Urine as Indicators of Boron Intake in Cattle
Authors: Weeth H. J. , Speth C. F. , Hanks D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Yearling beef heifers were offered drinking water (0.8 mg of B/L of water) to which 0, 15, 30, 60, or 120 mg of B/L of water was added for 10-day periods. Feed and water consumption were unaffected by treatments. There were no overt signs of toxicosis. Increased B ingestion increased plasma and urine B concentrations. The percentage of renally filtered B that was excreted was increased with the 30, 60, and 120 mg of B/L of water treatments, and B clearance exceeded endogenous creatinine clearance with these treatments. Ingesting increased amounts of B was associated with decreased plasma PO4-3 concentration and increased renal clearance and urinary excretion of PO4-3.
The B status of cattle can be predicted from plasma or urine B concentrations. Results indicated that prediction can be made from the B/creatinine ratio of urine. With an induced urine sample, the equation for predicting B ingestion is Ŷ = -67.79 + 976.74X - 141.91X2 (r = 0.96; Syx = 121.57) where Ŷ is B in milligrams per 100 kg of body weight per day, and X is the ratio of urine B (mg/L of urine) to creatinine (mg/L of urine).
Isolation of Moraxella bovis Ribosomes and Their Subsequent Use in a Vaccine Against Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Pugh G. W. , Phillips M. , McDonald T. J. , Kopecky K. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether a Moraxella bovis ribosomal vaccine would protect calves from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). Each of 16 calves were given 2 inoculations 21 days apart. Twenty-one days after the 2nd inoculation, 8 of the calves were challenge exposed with a homologous strain culture and 8 calves were challenge exposed to a heterologous strain culture of M bovis.
Sedimentation velocity analysis of the ribosomes used in the study indicated that they were mostly 30S and 50S subunits. Chemical assay indicated that the ribosomes were composed of 64% to 65% RNA and 35% to 36% protein. The cesium chloride buoyant density of the ribosomes was 1.62 g/ml. Ribosomes used as antigen gave 1 line of precipitation in a gel-diffusion precipitin test with hyperimmune serum against the whole-cell antigen of the homologous strain of M bovis.
The eyes of all the experimentally exposed calves became infected and all calves developed clinical signs of either unilateral or bilateral ibk. None of the sera of the vaccinated calves had detectable precipitins against the ribosomal antigen at the time they were challenge exposed, but most of the sera had precipitins against whole-cell and pilus antigens.
The results indicate that M bovis ribosomes, although similar to other bacterial ribosomes, did not protect cattle against ibk.
Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in the Dog: Availability of Storage Iron in Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Feldman B. F. , Kaneko J. J. , Farver T. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The iron-chelating agent deferoxamine (df) was administered as a single dose and also daily over a prolonged period to evaluate availability of storage iron in dogs with induced anemia of inflammatory disease. In a 6-hour period, total urinary ferrioxamine (measured as urinary iron) excretion in controls was 251.22 ± 119.68 μg (mean ± 1 sd), a 5.32 ± 2.64-fold increase over prechelation values. In anemia of inflammatory disease-affected dogs, excretion was diminished to 115.67 ± 34.86 μg, a 2.87 ± 1.10-fold increase, indicating a restricted iron excretion and sequestration of iron in a less soluble, less chelatable form. During prolonged df administration, a pattern of increasing total urinary iron excretion was observed. This pattern is consistent with iron being stored as an insoluble polynuclear hydroxide in protein of ferritin and hemosiderin.
The increase in hemoglobin and serum iron concentrations during prolonged df administration indicates that increased iron stores are present, but in a less labile form. During the process of chelation, iron is converted to a more readily utilized state, and the increased availability of iron promotes hemoglobin synthesis. Thus, storage iron in the form of hemosiderin and ferritin is released to the metabolizable pool.
Intravascular Neutrophilic Granulocyte Kinetics in Horses
Authors: Carakostas M. C. , Moore W. E. , Smith J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in 4 healthy horses were determined with chromium-51 as the cell label. The disappearance rate of labeled granulocytes was an exponential function. Mean total blood granulocyte pool (± 1 sd) was 5.65 ± 1.514 × 108 granulocytes/kg of body weight, of which 2.71 ± 0.715 × 108 granulocytes/kg were circulating and 2.94 ± 0.876 × 108 granulocytes/kg were marginated along blood vessel walls. The mean disappearance half-life (T1/2) was 10.5 ± 1.33 hours and the mean granulocyte turnover rate was 8.84 ± 1.495 × 108 granulocytes/kg/day. A granulokinetic trial performed on a horse recovering from a recent infection revealed increases in all granulokinetic measurements.
Effects of Etiocholanolone and Prednisolone on Intravascular Granulocyte Kinetics in Horses
Authors: Carakostas M. C. , Moore W. E. , Smith J. E. , Johnson D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The functional capacity of the marrow granulocyte reserve (mgr) in 4 adult horses was studied, using 51Cr-labeled leukocytes. The mean increase in the peripheral granulocyte count following injections of etiocholanolone (0.3 mg/kg) was 870 granulocytes/mm3, and the mean increase following prednisolone administration (200 mg) was 5,880 granulocytes/mm3. Etiocholanolone failed to mobilize the mgr and decreased the rate of granulocyte egress from the blood. Prednisolone rapidly mobilized the mgr and markedly decreased the granulocyte specific activity during the first 3 hours after injection.
Efficacy of Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Finco Delmar R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was administered to dogs and cats with induced Escherichia coli urinary tract infections and to clinically normal dogs and cats to determine if the drug had diuretic, antibacterial, or urinary acidification properties.
In dogs, the drug had no diuretic or antibacterial properties and did not modify the postprandial production of alkaline urine.
In cats, the drug had no diuretic or antibacterial properties, but caused a slight reduction in urine pH when multiple doses were administered.
Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride appeared to have no value in the treatment of E coli urinary infection under the conditions of the present study.
Hemagglutination Inhibition of Haemophilus paragallinarum Type 1 Hemagglutinin by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Iritani Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Katagiri K. , Arita H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Action of Haemophilus paragallinarum type 1 hemagglutinin was not inhibited by mannose, methyl-α-d-mannoside, sialic acid, and cholesterol. Hemagglutination was inhibited by lipopolysaccharide from H paragallinarum and from Escherichia coli. Treatment of chicken rbc with trypsin or formalin increased the sensitivity of these cells to H paragallinarum type 1 hemagglutinin.
Acid-Base and Electrolyte Alterations Associated with Salivary Loss in the Pony
Authors: Stick John A. , Robinson N. Edward , Krehbiel Janver D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Esophageal fistulas were made in 6 ponies to evaluate whole blood acid-base values and serum and salivary electrolyte alterations associated with salivary depletion. Acid-base and electrolyte values remained within normal ranges for 15 days in 3 control ponies fed a pelleted diet through nasogastric tubes. In 6 ponies with esophageal fistulas that were fed the same diet through esophagostomy tubes, hypochloremia and hyponatremia developed during the same period. Serum K concentrations were only marginally depleted, probably because of dietary replacement.
Salivary depletion resulted in transient metabolic acidosis from bicarbonate lost in saliva followed by progressive metabolic alkalosis. The alkalosis probably resulted from renal compensation of electrolyte imbalances.
Salivary electrolytes were in high concentrations, probably because of increased salivary flow rates. Initial saliva was rich in Na, Cl, and K, but progressive reduction in salivary Na and Cl concentrations occurred during the 5-day collection period. These electrolyte savings could be explained by dietary influences and hormonal control of electrolyte transport in salivary ducts.
Therapy for correction of acid-base and electrolyte alterations was also discussed.
Total and Differential Cell Counts in Secretions of the Nonlactating Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: Jensen D. L. , Eberhart R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total cell counts and differential patterns in secretion of 52 mammary quarters of 23 Holstein-Friesian cows were determined at intervals in the early dry and the pre-and postpartum periods. Each sample was cultured to determine infection status of the gland.
Twelve quarters remained noninfected, and 10 quarters were infected throughout the test period. Patterns of bacterial isolation from the remaining 30 quarters indicated that transient or intermittent infections had occurred.
In secretions of noninfected quarters, geometric mean cell counts increased from 3.6 × 105 cells/ml on the last day of lactation to 1.8 × 107 cells/ml by the 7th day of the dry period. Total cell concentration remained high through most of the dry period; counts decreased in the prepartum period and reached a level of 2.8 × 105/ml by the 6th day after parturition. Macrophages were the predominant cell type through most of the dry period. The proportion of neutrophils was high initially, decreased as the dry period progressed, and tended to increase as parturition approached, whereas that of lymphocytes increased during involution and then decreased near parturition.
In secretions from persistently infected quarters, concentrations of total cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes were higher at all sampling times than in secretions from noninfected quarters. Neutrophils were the predominant cell type in infected secretions at all sampling times. Peak cell concentrations of 8.5 × 107/ml in infected quarters were reached in the immediate prepartum period.
Effect of Haemophilus somnus on Bovine Endothelial Cells in Organ Culture
Authors: Thompson Keith G. , Little Peter B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of 2 strains of Haemophilus somnus on bovine endothelial cells in cultured arterial segments was investigated and compared with the effects of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
In cultures inoculated with either strain of H somnus, there was widespread contraction and desquamation of endothelial cells, exposing large areas of subendothelial collagen. Many bacteria were adherent to endothelial cells and some were in phagosomes within cells. Endothelial changes were milder in arterial cultures inoculated with E coli or S typhimurium than in those inoculated with either strain of H somnus.
Adhesion of H somnus to vascular endothelial cells followed by exposure of subendothelial collagen may initiate the thrombosis, vasculitis, and ischemic necrosis characteristic of infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle
Arterial cultures might be useful in assaying the virulences of different strains of H somnus, and could be used to investigate the mechanism of their action on endothelial cells.
Localization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Antigens in Mammary Gland of Infected Cows
Authors: Blackwell J. H. , Yilma T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Virolactias as a result of foot-and-mouth disease infection in dairy cattle would indicate active virus replication in the bovine mammary gland. In the present study, virus was readily detected throughout the mammary gland by infectivity assay after cows were exposed to the virus either by aerosol or by a combination of intramammary-iv inoculation. Furthermore, immunofluorescent and hematoxylin and eosin staining of alternate frozen sections showed viral antigens in rounded alveolar cells with pyknotic nuclei.
Development of Immunity to Sarcocystosis in Dairy Goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the virulence of a microscopic species of Sarcocystis, forty-six 39- to 57-day-old goats were inoculated with 101 to 106 sporocysts; 7 age-matched goats served as noninoculated controls. Four of 4 goats fed 106 sporocysts, 4 of 4 goats fed 105 sporocysts, 2 of 4 goats fed 5 × 104 sporocysts, and 1 of 4 goats fed 104 sporocysts died of sarcocystosis, whereas 30 goats fed 101 to 103 sporocysts and the 7 noninoculated controls generally remained asymptomatic.
In 3 immunization trials, groups of 7 to 9 goats were challenge exposed with 105 or 106 (2 or 20 median lethal dose) sporocysts at 14, 30, and 60 days after vaccination. In the 1st trial (14 days after vaccination), 2 of 2 goats vaccinated with 103 sporocysts and 1 of 2 goats vaccinated with 102 sporocysts survived a challenge exposure with 105 sporocysts, whereas 2 of 2 goats fed 101 sporocysts and the control goat died of acute sarcocystosis. In the 2nd trial (30 days after vaccination), 2 of 2 goats vaccinated with 103 sporocysts and the 2 goats vaccinated with 102 sporocysts survived a challenge exposure with 105 sporocysts, whereas 2 goats vaccinated with 101 sporocysts and the control goat died of acute sarcocystosis. In the 3rd trial (60 days after vaccination), 2 goats vaccinated with 5 × 104 sporocysts, 2 goats vaccinated with 103 sporocysts, 2 goats vaccinated with 104 sporocysts, and the 2 goats vaccinated with 102 sporocysts survived after challenge exposure with 106 sporocysts, whereas 2 goats vaccinated with 101 sporocysts and the control goat died of acute sarcocystosis.
The results indicate that goats vaccinated with 102 to 103 sporocysts develop protective immunity against lethal doses of Sarcocystis, whereas goats vaccinated with 101 sporocysts were not protected against a later infection with a lethal dose.
Adrenocortical Suppression in the Dog After a Single Dose of Methylprednisolone Acetate
Authors: Kemppainen R. J. , Lorenz M. D. , Thompson F. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adrenal function was assessed in dogs after intramuscular administration of a single dose of methylprednisolone acetate (mpa). Twelve dogs were test challenged with adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and then assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups and given mpa. Individual groups were test challenged with acth 2, 3, or 4 weeks later. All dogs were rechallenged 5 weeks after mpa administration. Plasma cortisol concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal plasma cortisol (time 0) was depressed on weeks 2 and 3, but not on weeks 4 and 5. Adrenal response to acth (increment of cortisol change) was suppressed on weeks 2, 4, and 5, but not on week 3. It was concluded that a single dose of mpa is capable of altering adrenal cortical function in dogs for at least 5 weeks.
Evaluation of Chemical Disinfectants for Aleutian Disease Virus of Mink
Authors: Shen D. T. , Leendertsen L. W. , Gorham J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine chemicals and commercial disinfectants were tested for inactivation of Aleutian disease virus of mink. In the presence of distilled water, a commercial disinfectant (O-Syl), halogen derivatives (iodophor and sodium hypochlorite), and glutaraldehyde (2.0%) inactivated 4 log10 (based on 0.25 ml) of the virus within 10 minutes at 23 C. Formalin (2.0%) and O-Syl were slower to inactivate the virus, but achieved a 4 log10 reduction in titer by 30 minutes’ contact time. In the presence of 10% bovine serum, formalin (1.0%), O-Syl, and sodium hydroxide (0.5%) achieved a 4 log10 reduction within 10 minutes. All agents tested had some virucidal effect.
Blastogenic Response of Swine Lymphocytes in Whole Blood, Purified Blood, Spleen Cell, and Lymph Node Cell Cultures with Concanavalin A and Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Hussain A. , Tripathy R. N. , Mohanty S. B. , Rockemann D. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microcultures of swine whole blood, purified blood lymphocytes (pbl), spleen cells, and lymph node (ln) cells were tested for stimulation by concanavalin A (conA) and phytohemagglutinin (pha). A cell concentration of 2 × 106/ml and a 1:20 dilution of whole blood were needed for optimal stimulation of conA and pha. Optimal stimulation of whole blood lymphocytes (wbl) and ln cells was obtained by 20 μg of conA/ml, but 10 μg/ml of this mitogen was adequate for spleen cells. The pbl and ln cells were optimally stimulated by 20 μl of pha/ml, but 80 μl/ml and 40 μl/ml of this mitogen were required for stimulating the whole blood and spleen cells, respectively. Four days’ incubation was needed for maximal blastogenesis of wbl with conA. This could be achieved after 3 days’ incubation with pbl and spleen and ln cells. Whole blood and spleen cells were stimulated by pha after 3 days’ incubation, but pbl and ln cells required 4 days’ incubation. Reproducibility, sensitivity, and comparison of various cultures were discussed.