bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Milled Bar‐Retained Removable Bridge Implant‐Supported Prosthesis: A Treatment Alternative for the Edentulous Maxilla
Authors: TIPTON PAUL A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRestoration of the edentulous jaw with dental implants can be achieved using either an implant‐supported prosthesis, such as a fixed bridge, or an implant‐retained prosthesis, such as a traditional overdenture. The implant‐retained prostheses use edentulous ridges as primary stress‐bearing regions, and through stress‐breaking mechanisms, the implants are not loaded during function. However, the success rates of maxillary overdentures do not appear to be as good as for mandibular overdentures; this may be attributable to the adverse loading conditions, short implant length, poor quality of bone, number of implants used, flexible bar design, or poor treatment planning. Many articles have also described the numerous problems and multiple visits required in maintaining a traditional bar‐retained overdenture restoration, often making it more expensive in the long term than a fixed restoration. The milled bar implant‐supported prosthesis offers the benefits of both fixed and removable restorations. Its infrastructure provides the same rigidity as the fixed restoration, owing to the precise fit to the superstructure, which is removable, to promote adequate access for hygiene, yet it still provides lip support and maintains close contact with the soft tissues. These advantages enhance phonetics, esthetics, correct lip support, maintenance, and patient comfort.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCERestoring esthetics and function for the edentulous patient requires a multidiscipline approach for success. This article discusses the techniques for restoring function and esthetics for these patients, using a milled bar restoration supported and retained by dental implants.
Effects of 10% Carbamide Peroxide on the Enamel Surface Morphology: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: TÜRKÜN MURAT , SEVGICAN FIGEN , PEHLIVAN YESIM , AKTENER BEKIR OGUZ 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Background: Several studies have been published about the effect of carbamide peroxide on enamel surface morphology. However, only a few studies have been carried out under intraoral conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two commercially available 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products (Colgate Platinum and Starbrite) on the enamel surface morphology under intraoral conditions. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐four subjects were divided into two groups and assigned a product to use for 2 weeks. Epoxy resin replicas obtained from the maxillary right central incisors of the subjects before, immediately after, and 3 months after the bleaching procedure were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results: Immediately after the bleaching procedure, the surface porosity of enamel had increased in the Colgate Platinum group, whereas erosive surface alterations were observed in the Starbrite group. At 3 months, the surface morphology of enamel in the Colgate Platinum group was similar to the untreated enamel surface. In the Starbrite group, erosive defects on the enamel surface had decreased within 3 months, and the appearance of the enamel surface was almost the same as the untreated enamel. Conclusion: Even though both bleaching agents caused alterations in the surface morphology of enamel, these alterations were reversed within 3 months following treatment.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe results of this study suggest that 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products cause alterations in enamel surface morphology immediately after bleaching, and the degree of these alterations depends on the brand of bleaching agent and duration of application time. However, these alterations revert to almost normal within 3 months.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, GEOMETRY, GAP AND SURFACE FRICTION ON OSCILLATORY RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MASHED POTATOES
Authors: ALVAREZ MARÍA DOLORES , CANET WENCESLAO , FERNÁNDEZ CRISTINA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Oscillatory data obtained for mashed potatoes made from fresh tubers from measuring geometries of different designs and sizes were analyzed and compared at the sample temperatures of 25 and 55C. The measuring geometries used were smooth parallel plates (PP40 and PP20, 40‐ and 20‐mm‐diameter plates, respectively); truncated cone and plate (CP 4/40, 40‐mm‐diameter cone having an angle of 4°); FL25 four‐bladed vane tool (diameter: 25 mm, height: 55 mm); and serrated parallel plate (SPP40, 40‐mm‐diameter plate). Three different gaps between plates were used (2, 1.5 and 1 mm) to simulate the range of aggregate spacing in fresh mashed potatoes. The measured oscillatory rheological properties were significantly affected not only by the sample temperature but also by the test geometry used and the friction of and gap between its shearing surfaces. Dynamic parameter values were higher at 55 than at 25C, possibly indicating the onset and propagation of gelatinization of the potato starch grains. Unexpectedly, test geometries with higher friction capabilities, such as the serrated plate and vane tool, presented lower viscoelastic properties compared with results of other test geometries with lower friction capabilities. This result provides evidence of the influence of other factors on the measured oscillatory rheological properties of the mashed potato, such as measurement accuracy of the rheometer at different very small strains, homogeneity of the temperature for the different samples, existence of a complex dependency on the possibly complex stress condition that is imposed on the material upon loading, or even samples being prone to drying. The effect of the variation of the gap between parallel plates on oscillatory parameters depended on the shearing wall friction. The study highlights the difficulty in reconciling rheological results from different sources and the need for standardized rheological test methods so that rheological interlaboratory results can be critically analyzed and compared.
A SURVEY OF OCHRATOXIN A IN WHEAT AND BARLEY IN INDIA
Authors: VISWANATH PREMA , KAVITHA S. , AYESHA FARHANA , APPAIAH K.M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite produced by the species of Aspergillus and Penicillium has been found to be nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive and teratogenic in many species and is a possible human carcinogen. Its prevalence in cereals, namely wheat and barley, has been reported from many European countries. In this study, 126 samples of wheat and barley collected from different regions in India were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for the presence of OTA. The highest OTA content determined in one sample of wheat was 2.3 µg/kg. None of the 126 samples of wheat and barley contained more than 5 µg/kg. Wheat (82.6%) and barley (90%) samples contained less than 0.1 µg/kg, which is the limit of quantification of OTA in this study. The maximum limit of OTA for wheat, barley and rye that is being debated at Codex Alimentarius Commission meetings is 5 µg/kg. In an attempt to determine if there was any correlation between the ochratoxigenic mold mycoflora and the ochratoxin content in the samples analyzed, enumeration of the molds that belonged to Aspergillus and Penicillium species was determined using general mycological media. The aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic mycoflora was also enumerated using selective agar media. It was observed that more aflatoxigenic molds were recovered in both wheat and barley samples. None of the species of Penicillium detected from the samples was found to be ochratoxigenic. However, Aspergillus species belonging to section Nigri, Aspergillus niger group, also an ochratoxin producer, were recovered from the samples.
OCCURRENCE OF LISTERIA SPECIES IN THE PROCESSING STAGES OF FROZEN PEPPER
Authors: LEE SOLMAZ , CETINKAYA FIGEN , SOYUTEMIZ G. ECE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in a frozen vegetable processing factory was investigated. From May to October 2002, four separate visits were made to the plant and during all of these visits, a total of 216 samples were collected at different stages of the cube and strip pepper processing line. Additionally, 28 swabs were taken from equipment and food‐related contact surfaces. The cube and strip pepper processing lines include raw materials, washing, conveyor belt, scalding, cutting, sieving (drying), and the interior sieve of individually quick frozen (IQF), IQF and finished products. Swab samples were taken from the scalding tank, cooling tank, conveyor belt to IQF, interior part of IQF, mixing shovel of IQF, transport saddles and packaging materials. No Listeria spp. were isolated from the strip pepper processing stages, however, 26 out of 108 (24.1%) samples taken from the cube pepper processing stages were found to be contaminated with Listeria spp. Among these isolates, L. monocytogenes was not identified; however, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria innocua and Listeria ivanovii species were identified in 15, 6 and 5 of the tested samples, respectively. L. welshimeri and L. ivanovii were also isolated from three swab samples. These indicate that even though L. monocytogenes was not isolated, the presence of other Listeria species, particularly L. innocua, in the processing line would be an important criterion for eventual L. monocytogenes contaminations. Thus, periodic controls and application of general hygiene and sanitation principles are necessary in the prevention of possible contaminations.
PREDICTIVE MODELING AND GROWTH MODELS OF AEROBIC MESOPHILIC BACTERIA ON FRESH‐CUT LETTUCE BY HYPOCHLORITE‐WASHING
Authors: LU ZHAO‐XIN , LU FENG‐XIA , ZHANG LI‐KUI , BIE XIAO‐MEI , ZOU XIAO‐KUI 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of three selected factors (chlorine concentration, washing time and water‐to‐lettuce ratio) on reducing aerobic mesophilic bacteria on fresh‐cut lettuce. According to statistical analysis, the model established was effective in predicting the reduction of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on fresh‐cut lettuce by washing with chlorine. In addition, best‐fit Gompertz‐modified models were described to evaluate aerobic mesophilic bacteria growth on fresh‐cut lettuce during storage at 0, 4 and 25C, respectively. The final load of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and shelf life of fresh‐cut lettuce could be predicted in various storing temperatures with the growth models.
COLOR HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON PERCEPTION OF FABRIC HANDFEEL TACTILE PROPERTIES IN COTTON FABRICS
Authors: YENKET RENOO , CHAMBERS EDGAR , GATEWOOD BARBARA M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Many authors suggest evaluating the tactile hand properties of textiles in such a way that the sample cannot be seen, but this can be a cumbersome procedure. This study tested the effect of a strong visual attribute, color, on hand perception of fabrics in both descriptive and consumer studies. Panelists evaluated four cotton fabrics: poplin, flannel, knit and twill, each dyed five colors: white (no dye), dark blue, light blue, pink and yellow. In the descriptive study, minimal differences were found for only one color, yellow, in one fabric type, poplin, for four attributes: gritty, hand friction, fabric friction and softness. For the consumer study, only “brightness,” a visual perception, and “harshness,” which may be either visual or tactile, were different across fabrics from one color to another. Based on this study of color effects, there appears to be negligible impact of visual perception on tactile hand evaluation. This data would suggest there is little need to block the view of fabrics during hand evaluation in either descriptive or consumer studies. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSData from this study suggest that the need to go to extraordinary means, such as blindfolding panelists, to block potential visual bias in tests of fabrichandfeel may not be necessary. The research suggests that both trained and consumer panels were able to provide consistent, accurate data even though the potentially biasing effect of color was not blocked from their view. If the view of fabric products does not have to be blocked, sensory testing protocols of handfeel can be simpler, which ultimately means more efficiencies because less time and money need to be spent to obtain quality data.
Distinct labelling of fusion events in rat lactotrophs by FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 is associated with conformational differences
Authors: Stenovec M. , Šolmajer T. , Perdih A. , Vardjan N. , Kreft M. , Zorec R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim:  Conformational analysis of fluorescent styryl dyes FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was undertaken to clarify if distinct activity‐dependent labelling of single lactotrophs vesicles and plasma membrane by two dyes is associated with their structural differences.Methods:  The activity‐dependent labelling of single vesicles and plasma membrane by FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was studied using confocal microscopy. The fluorescence intensity of vesicles fused with the plasma membrane, and the plasma membrane alone was measured; the ratio of their respective peak amplitudes was calculated. The conformational analysis of FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was further undertaken by employing the Monte Carlo approach to search the conformational space of these molecules.Results:  In FM 1–43 staining of vesicles and plasma membrane, the ratio of the fluorescence peak amplitudes (vesicle vs. plasma membrane) was 2.6 times higher in comparison with FM 4–64 staining. In FM 4–64 molecule the low‐energy conformations are distributed in three conformational states (consisting of 3, 4 and 2 conformers respectively) in which the proportion of the molecules residing in a given state is 62%, 28% and 9% respectively. In FM 1–43 the conformation distribution is limited to just one conformational state with three approximately equally populated conformers what can be explained by greater intrinsic rigidity of the molecule.Conclusions:  The observed structural characteristics of FM 1–43 molecules may account for a higher increase in quantum yield and/or binding affinity upon incorporation of the dye into the vesicle matrix and therefore stronger fluorescence emission in comparison with FM 4–64.
New directions in mental health practice with older people: Canadian strategies for mental health reform
Authors: Clinton Michael 
Published: June 2007

Aim and objective.  The purpose of this article is to draw attention to problems in the Canadian health system that must be overcome if Canada is to ensure that older people can access the services they need.Background.  Projections suggest that 20% of Canadians will be aged 65+ by 2021. If current prevalence rates for mental illness continue, this will result in a significant increase in the number of older Canadians with or at risk for mental illness and mental health problems.Design.  Findings of the final report of the Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology are summarized and related to the intended role and primary strategy of the proposed Canadian Mental Health Commission.Methods.  The relevance of the Interprofessional Education for Collaborative Patient‐Centred Practice initiative launched by Health Canada is then considered in light of the intention that the Commission adopt collaboration with relevant stakeholders as its primary strategy for achieving mental health reform.Conclusions.  Fragmentation in service delivery must be overcome if older Canadians are to receive age appropriate mental health services when and where they need them. Yet there is little evidence that the degree of interprofessional collaboration required can be achieved.Relevance to clinical practice The reforms advocated by the Senate Committee are widely embraced but evidence is needed on how mental health and other professionals can best learn to work together in the interests of older people and other mental health consumers.
Mental health community liaison in aged care: a service of value to all
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Matarasso Beth 
Published: June 2007

Aim.  This paper describes an effective community nursing role in which mental health care is brought to long‐term care in a way that restores and promotes mental health wellbeing in the older person, builds understanding between clinicians, and develops staff confidence in attending to the whole needs of residents of nursing homes.Background.  Mental health is a significant issue in the ageing population and there is much that mental health nurses as well as staff in long‐term care can do to promote early detection of problems, facilitate effective treatment and build coping in the older person and family so that they recover from grief or depression issues and go on to make this stage of life satisfying and rewarding.Conclusions.  The mental health nurse liaison role is a useful contribution to comprehensive aged care in the community. The role provides support to clinicians enabling them to develop skills and expand their area of practice, whilst creating an environment in which the needs of the client may also be better understood and thereby met.
Rural Informal Taxation in China: Historical Evolution and an Analytic Framework
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Liu Mingxing 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present paper examines the historical evolution of China's rural taxation system from the pre‐reform period to the late 1990s. We propose that because of information asymmetry between the upper‐level and the lower‐level governments, local governments had to be granted some informal tax autonomy to fulfill the upper‐level policy mandates. This easily led to excessive local informal taxation on farmers. As market liberalization of the grain sector progressed, the low‐cost tax instruments implemented through the traditional approach of implicit taxation gradually eroded. Local governments in agricultural regions had to resort to informal fees collected directly from individual rural households while the more industrialized regions shifted to non‐agricultural taxes that are less costly in terms of tax collection. Hence, political tension between farmers and local governments in agriculture‐based regions emerged and rural tax reform became necessary.
A Contribution to the Understanding of Psychosomatic Processes in Groups
Authors: Brown Dennis G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.It is proposed that Group Analysis, theoretically and practically, provides a useful approach to the study and treatment of psychosomatic problems. It highlights the struggle to move from a restricted internalisation and somatisation of emotional difficulties to their understanding and resolution within a new network of relationships (the therapeutic group). This throws into relief and reveals their origin in the world of internal objects and the pervading social matrix, as well as in the individual's current life situation.Further communication and verbalisation are encouraged by the example of others in the group, especially by those who have already trodden the path from somatisation to fuller expression of themselves. A clinical example is used to illustrate this process, the difficulties are discussed and the need for a range of treatments, physical, individual and group emphasised.
Importance of inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 in hepatic stellate cell differentiation and proliferation
Authors: Tajima Kunihiko , Terai Shuji , Takami Taro , Kawaguchi Kotaro , Okita Kiwamu , Sakaida Isao 
Published: June 2007

Background/Aim:  In liver fibrosis, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are transformed into myofibroblasts. Helix‐loop‐helix (HLH) transcriptional factors such as MyoD regulate the differentiation of myocytes, and the inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation (Id) family comprises dominant negative HLH transcriptional regulators that inhibit differentiation and promote cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated how the Id family proteins regulate HSC.Methods:  In primary rat HSC, inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation (Id)2 and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) mRNA expression increased 4 days after isolation. Next we established Id2 expressing HSC (HSC‐T6‐Id2‐green fluorescent protein (GFP)) using HSC‐T6 cells with retrovirus that expressed GFP‐tagged Id2.Results:  HSC‐T6‐Id2‐GFP increased cell proliferation with cyclin D1 expression. In contrast, α‐SMA expression wassuppressed. Real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis showed Id2 induction significantly suppressed α‐SMA, collagen‐1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, and MMP‐9 mRNA (P < 0.05) but had no effect on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase or transforming growth factor‐β1 levels.Conclusion:  These findings suggest Id2, an HLH transcriptional regulator, plays an important regulatory role in the proliferation and differentiation of HSC.
Dose comparison of megavoltage cone‐beam and orthogonal‐pair portal images
Authors: Peng Lee‐Cheng , Yang Ching‐Chong Jack , Sim Sang , Weiss Mitchell , Bielajew Alex 
Published: June 2007

The technique of megavoltage cone‐beam computed tomography (MV CBCT) is available for image‐guided radiation therapy to improve the accuracy of patient setup and tumor localization. However, development of strategies to efficiently and effectively implement this technique or to replace the current orthogonal portal images technique remains challenging in the clinical environment. It is useful to compare the difference in absorbed dose between the MV CBCT technique and the orthogonal portal images technique, the current standard practice for treatment verification. Our study analyzed the doses generated from these two imaging techniques for six treatment sites (pelvis, abdomen, lung, head and neck, breast, prostate). The analysis was made by simulating the MV CBCT technique with an arc beam and a beam‐on time of 9 monitor units (MUs), and the orthogonal pair technique with a double‐exposure anterior–posterior and lateral pair and a beam‐on time of 4 MUs. The results are presented as dose per MU (cGy/MU) and absolute dose (cGy). The isocenter doses, integral doses, maximum doses, and mean doses to tumor and critical organs, and the two‐dimensional isodose distributions and dose–volume histograms of each critical organ were investigated. The absolute dose difference between MV CBCT and orthogonal pair at the isocenter was cGy. Major differences were seen between the two techniques in critical organs whose locations are away from the tumor. These organs, such as the contralateral breast (difference: cGy/MU) and lung (difference: cGy/MU), receive a higher dose from MV CBCT images than from orthogonal portal images. Additionally, higher doses and larger dose areas involving more normal tissues were observed for MV CBCT images than for orthogonal portal images in our analysis methodology, which used 200 beam projections delivered from various angles for the MV CBCT simulation and from just two perpendicular angles for the orthogonal pair simulation. In our selected clinical cases, the high‐dose area from the orthogonal pair technique was always located inside the tumor; with MV CBCT, the high‐dose area will most likely be outside the tumor. Therefore, the potentially higher doses to critical organs from MV CBCT images should be properly analyzed to ensure that they do not exceed the tolerance dose when therapy is delivered using that technique. On the other hand, to obtain good image quality, the higher MUs with MV CBCT images may be necessary. The absorbed dose for the tumor and for other critical organs should be calculated accordingly in the treatment plans. Images by MV CBCT are a great tool for three‐dimensional verification of patient treatment position. The trade‐off is that the MV CBCT technique for patient treatment verification might have a higher chance of increasing the dose to normal tissue during image acquisition.PACS number: 87.53.Oq