bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Business‐to‐Business (B2B) Electronic Commerce
Authors: Ray Julian J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractElectronic commerce has been a major driving force in the development of the Internet economy over the past few years and has attracted the attention of large and small businesses across the globe. Business‐to‐business electronic commerce is growing at an estimated rate of between 50% and 100% per year driven by unprecedented opportunities to reduce cost and increase the efficiency of various types of business processes. With an estimated global value of $430 billion in 2000, the total value of business‐to‐business electronic activity is expected to reach $8.5 trillion by the end of 2005; will exceed the value of business‐to‐consumer electronic commerce 15‐fold; and is expected to comprise 24% of all business transactions if the current trends persist. However, these numbers belie mixed experiences and degrees of success by organizations implementing electronic business systems. The initial rush to move into the digital business environment of the late 1990s has been replaced by a more cautious approach in which companies are carefully examining the rationale of developing mission‐critical systems using nascent technologies for which the benefits and risks are not clearly understood.This chapter begins with a brief discussion on general business and technological foundations of business‐to‐business electronic commerce (e‐B2B). Following are sections describing the motivation for companies to participate in electronic business and the various e‐B2B strategies companies engage in, and a section on related technologies that have been employed in recent years. The final two sections examine some of the challenges associated with implementing e‐B2B systems that companies should consider and a perspective on the implementation experience to date.
Business‐to‐Consumer (
B
2
C
) Internet Business Models
Authors: Hamilton Diane M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
With the advent of the World Wide Web, some existing business models were revised and other, new models were invented. Some business models were revised by simply adding a new sales channel—the Internet. Others models were revised by adding value that could only be provided by the Internet itself, such as huge volume coupled with around‐the‐clock operation. Still others redefine a traditional business model in the virtual world. An example of this is the broadcast model, where the public gains free access and revenue is earned elsewhere (e.g., through advertising). The World Wide Web has also provided the catalyst for completely new models, which would not exist without the Internet, and which exist for the purpose of helping people to effectively access the Net. Examples of these new models include search engines and Internet service providers.
Computer Literacy
Authors: Bidgoli Hossein 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a general computer literacy for readers with little or no computer background. It reviews the phenomenal growth of computers and then highlights their processing power and speed. Based on these two features, computers are classified into micro‐, mini‐, mainframe, and supercomputers. The chapter presents distinguishing factors that separate these computers from each other. Four classes of data processing are identified, including manual, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic. The impressive speed, accuracy, storage, and retrieval capabilities of computers are reviewed and their basic operations are highlighted. The chapter introduces popular applications of computers and highlights five generations of computer technology. The chapter explores basic productivity tools, including word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics, desktop publishing, financial planning, and project management and concludes with a series of guidelines for proper maintenance of a microcomputer system.
Databases on the Web
Authors: Yerkey A. Neil 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes how Web browsers are used to connect to databases. The emphasis is on those situations in which an organization wishes to provide live, dynamic, transactional data to persons outside the organization. The evolution of databases and technological requisites for connecting, retrieving, and displaying dynamic database data are considered, including the special demands that the Internet places on databases. The chapter briefly covers data normalization, relationships, and referential integrity. Examples of typical connection and processing approaches are given, such as Common Gateway Interface, Application Program Interfaces, Active Server Pages, PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor, and Cold Fusion.
Data Compression
Authors: Kim Chang‐Su , Kuo C.‐C. Jay 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Data compression is the process of representing data compactly, which is a key technology enabling efficient storage and transmission of a large amount of multimedia data. Many data sources such as speech, audio, and video contain redundant information. By exploiting redundancies, data compression can reduce the number of bits required to represent data. The subject of data compression has been extensively studied since the late 1960's, and has found numerous applications. In this article, we classify data compression techniques into lossless and lossy ones, and describe the main concepts and algorithms for each class. Then, we survey application areas of text compression, speech/audio compression, and image/video compression.
Data Mining in
E
‐commerce
Authors: Braynov Sviatoslav 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of interesting data mining applications in e‐commerce. It starts with an analysis of e‐commerce data and the driving forces behind the success of data mining applications in e‐commerce. The basic notions and techniques of data mining are briefly explained. The chapter discusses Web mining, focusing on its most important field: Web usage mining. It shows how Web usage mining could be employed in recommender systems, customer profiling, and Web site evaluation. Also considered are applications of data mining in Web marketing and market basket analysis. The chapter concludes by summarizing current trends and discussing open problems.
Digital Communication
Authors: Heath Robert W. , Salvekar Atul A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Digital communication is the broad area that deals with the transmission and reception of binary information across analog channels. Digital communication empowers the Internet since it is the primary mechanism for conveying information across the diverse media employed including optical fiber, copper wire, and air. This chapter summarizes the fundamental concepts of digital communication in an exposition that is independent of the transmission medium. The basic principles of digital communication are described, important concepts are highlighted, and the primary performance metrics and system constraints are summarized. Supplemental references to more complete treatments of digital communication systems are given.
Digital Economy
Authors: Singh Nirvikar 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The digital economy refers to the general importance of information or knowledge in the economy, including e‐commerce as an important, but not the sole, component. The digital economy still has a relatively small direct share of the economy, but its importance is growing rapidly, and information technology can have significant impacts on other sectors of the economy. Business strategy in the information age includes greater possibilities for managing information, both as a product in its own right, and as information about other products and services. The organization of firms, as well as their interactions with consumers, changes as information becomes easier and cheaper to store, process, and transmit. The technological developments that make the information revolution possible have implications for intellectual property rights (especially those covered by patents and copyrights) and contracts. Other areas where government policies must adapt are contracts, privacy, antitrust, and international trade. Ultimately, the information revolution has profound implications for the organization of work and play and for all kinds of communities of interest.
Digital Identity
Authors: Reed Drummond , Kindall Jerry 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Digital identity is an emerging technology and application category that revolves around the logical modeling of real‐world actors (such as people and companies) and their attributes and the permission‐based sharing of these attributes between actors on a network. Digital identity touches on consumer privacy and civil liberties issues and also has important implications for the relatively new concept of Web services and for enterprise application integration. This chapter explains the key concepts of digital identity (including identity documents, addressing, linking, negotiation, and trust services), explores the implications of the technology for related fields, looks at the current players in the identity market, and presents a vision of a future Identity Web.
Distance Learning (Virtual Learning)
Authors: Dede Chris , Brown‐L'Bahy Tara , Ketelhut Diane , Whitehouse Pamela 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInternet‐based learning across distance has evolved from a long history of applying new technologies to empower education by transcending geographic barriers. Prior to the introduction of computer technologies in the 1960s, correspondence course and independent study models of distance education posed challenges to the learning process. During the next several decades, computers and telecommunications improved teaching and learning across distance, but they were used more to automate traditional models of educational delivery than to develop new forms of pedagogy. During the 1990s, however, widespread usage of the Internet transformed the nature of distance education. With the participation of many reputable universities and with increased research documenting effectiveness, distance learning is now a credible and viable mode of instruction. As interactive media continue to evolve, real and virtual educational experiences are increasingly interwoven into learning distributed through all aspects of work and life.
E
‐business
ROI
Simulations
Authors: Lewis, Edwin E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter addresses concepts that should be considered in simulating the financial environments and conditions that would affect corporate investments in e‐business projects. It discusses the creation of a basic, standard simulation structure and discusses a project‐centric and framework‐derived approach for collecting cost and benefit estimates. It emphasizes the specific complexities of e‐business projects and the need to recognize that complexity in creating and using simulations for a project analysis. It also provides several methodologies that can be used to prepare a simulation to improve outcome accuracy.
EnhancedTV
Authors: Krause Jim 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEnhanced television is a type of interactive television service provided through analog or digital transmission. Users can experience varying levels of interactivity through single‐ and dual‐screen applications. Through enhanced programming, users can select icons on the screen or press buttons on their remotes to display additional information, visit Web sites, play games, or order products. Return channels must be used in order to send user responses to the appropriate destinations. To receive enhanced television, a basic system with certain components must be in place. Set‐top boxes are the primary devices used to decode enhanced TV broadcasts and allow users to interact with the content. PCs with special tuner cards can provide the same functionality.Broadcasters and content creators are uniquely impacted by the rise of enhanced television. The tools and methods used to produce and deliver television programming are being updated to incorporate a means to embed enhanced content into the signal. Advertising, the historic means of generating revenue for broadcasters, is just one component in a new business model that includes pay‐per‐use, subscription fees, and T‐commerce.
E
‐systems for the Support of Manufacturing Operations
Authors: Lowson Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the strategic implications of e‐systems for manufacturing and a manufacturing strategy. A strategic perspective is used in order to appreciate both the nature and contribution of e‐systems to a manufacturing organization contemplating an e‐business operation. The components of an e‐manufacturing strategy are discussed and the opportunities and challenges involved are debated. One of these, the ability to operate distributed e‐manufacturing facilities, has a number of strategic implications. The chapter also considers how an e‐manufacturing strategy should be formulated and the choices involved. The concluding section offers an empirical case study aimed at demonstrating the potential of e‐systems for manufacturing.
Game Design: Games for the World Wide Web
Authors: Maxim Bruce R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Computer game sales is a multibillion‐dollar‐a‐year enterprise. Internet access is available to more than 50% of homes in the United States and has created a global community of potential game players. Successful game design requires careful attention to the expectations of the intended group of users with regard to such elements as story line, use of multimedia, puzzles, interactivity, and artificial intelligence. With stand‐alone computer games, high‐resolution graphics and game performance are often their most attractive marketing features. Networked games provide users with the opportunity to interact with human opponents in widely scattered geographic locations. Some types of games are easier than others to adapt for delivery on the Internet. The World Wide Web has the potential to support the development, marketing, and delivery of computer games.
Groupware
Authors: Balthazard Pierre A. , Potter Richard E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces readers to groupware. We begin with the “why” of groupware, an explanation of the difficulties of traditional group work. Then we present some traditional and more modern defining concepts of groupware. Our definition is that groupware is technology—typically software and networks—designed to support people working in groups. We combine some traditional and emerging concepts to categorize groupware, including whether it supports synchronous or asynchronous interaction, whether it is designed for collocated or geographically distributed groups, and whether it is accessible at any time from anyplace. Following are definitions and examples of groupware functionality. The next section focuses on management of groupware with the introduction of team theory, incorporated here to guide readers on how to map groupware functionality to organizational processes. The section then details some of the organizational management challenges that often accompany groupware adoption.
Guidelines for a Comprehensive Security System
Authors: Lenk Margarita Maria 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Planning and managing the overall security of a distributed Internet‐related network is a complex process. There are many different stakeholders involved, different types of assets, and new kinds of threats each day. Assessing the “strength” of the comprehensive security system without an overall model may result in significant security vulnerabilities. This article presents a step‐by‐step process for organizational security teams to utilize for building and maintaining comprehensive security systems. These steps include establishing a quality security team, identifying the assets at risk, determining the threats to those assets, developing security controls, implementing the system, and continuously reviewing the assets, risks, and system for continued assurance.
Health Issues
Authors: Lukoff David , Gackenbach Jayne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOur lives have become intertwined with computer‐mediated communication. The Internet, arguably the most potent infotechnology ever created, is changing what it means to be human. It is having both positive and negative effects on health. The Internet is potentially a vehicle for expanding consciousness, yet is also a trigger of socially deviant behavior. Technology is having effects on child development and family dynamics that are just beginning to be recognized by health professionals. Some individuals use the Internet in dysfunctional ways that lead to social isolation and deteriorating work performance. Internet addiction and technostress are both new risks exacerbated by fast growth of the Internet. Repetitive stress injuries are another increasing health hazard associated with Internet and computer use. Health care is also being profoundly influenced by the expanding online delivery of medical and psychological services.
Internet Censorship
Authors: Hersberger Julie 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAs Internet access increases globally, challenges to Internet content and questions of who should have access to what material are growing at a rapid rate both in the United States and abroad. Access to certain subjects, especially those containing sexual content that encompasses both obscene materials and pornographic materials, are questioned in both the legal and ethical arenas and is the primary form that censorship takes as of now. Other subjects often challenged concern topics of hate speech, political speech, violent images, etc. A secondary level of censorship concerns the limiting of access to Internet information in the form of technology issues such as monitoring Internet use; encryption and deep linking are less notable but just as important to note. A growing body of legislative statutes and case law decisions provide a robust forum for discussion of key Internet access and censorship questions. As the Internet evolves and changes, these key issues of who controls access to what material (governance), who should have access to what (content regulation), who owns what (intellectual property), technology issues, and how to protect users (privacy and security).
Internet Literacy
Authors: Bidgoli Hossein 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

This chapter first provides a brief history of the information superhighway and the World Wide Web and discusses domain name systems. Navigational tools, search engines, and directories are explained, and then the Internet services that support electronic commerce will be explored. These services include electronic mail (e‐mail), discussion groups, Internet relay chat (IRC), instant messenger, and Internet telephony. The chapter then explains intranets and extranets as two popular applications and supporting technologies of the Internet and Web technologies. The similarities and dissimilarities of the Internet, intranets, and extranets will be explained and their applications will be explored. The chapter concludes with a survey of some of the popular applications of the Internet and Web technologies. This survey includes tourism and travel, publishing, higher education, real estate, employment, banking and brokerage firms, software distribution, healthcare, and politics. Other chapters throughout the
Encyclopedia
will further discuss most of the topics introduced in this chapter.
Inventory Management
Authors: Carrillo Janice E. , Carrillo Michael A. , Paul Anand 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Effective inventory management is a crucial determinant of business success. Inventory links a firm's purchasing, supply and manufacturing functions with the important task of meeting customer demand. Although the benefits associated with carrying inventory typically include higher customer service levels and a buffer against supply uncertainties, the trade‐offs associated with the costs of excessive inventory can be great. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the long‐term implications of poor inventory management are far reaching, ultimately affecting both firm performance and market value. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the key factors of effective inventory management. We review the classical inventory management techniques along with more recently developed supply chain and e‐commerce practices. Furthermore, we discuss specific technologies that enable effective inventory management. Conclusions summarizing key managerial implications for inventory management are included at the end of the chapter.
Law Firms
Authors: Dennis Victoria S. , Simon Judith C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet is becoming a widely used resource for law firms. One of the most common features of the Internet has to do with the ease of conducting research. Some topics with significant resources on the Web include patent law, income tax law, real property law, litigation, alternative dispute resolution, electronic commerce, and legal ethics. The Internet is also becoming more commonly used for providing client services. In addition, it is being used for internal activities within law firms.
Legal, Social, and Ethical Issues
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhile the creation of the online world and associated information technologies have produced many benefits to individuals and communities, they have also created novel legal, social, and ethical problems that lack obvious precedents. The World Wide Web, for example, not only makes it possible for individuals to share valuable information, but also affords terrorists around the world a convenient way to communicate with one another. This chapter provides an overview of some of the most important legal, social, and ethical problems that have arisen in connection with use of the Internet.
Mobile Operating Systems and Applications
Authors: Mariga Julie R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Mobile computing technologies are having an enormous impact on both companies and individuals. Companies have to face many issues related to mobile computing. Mobile computing, defined as a generalization of all mobile computing devices including personal digital assistants (PDAs, e.g., Palm Pilots, Pocket PCs), smart phones, and other wireless communication devices, will change dramatically in the next 2 to 5 years. Several factors remain to be determined, including which devices will best fulfill business objectives, which operating systems will these devices run, what other devices will they support, and what costs and security issues will be involved in their use. This chapter provides an in‐depth analysis of the three top platforms that are currently running the majority of mobile devices: (a) the Palm, (b) Microsoft Windows CE, and (c) Symbian operating systems. The chapter analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each platform and review market share and future growth, concluding with a discussion of mobile applications.
Multimedia
Authors: Bargsten Joey 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores multimedia in artistic/cultural and digital terms and then describes the key technical elements and concepts of digital multimedia. Techniques and tools for creating and editing still images, motion images, and audio are discussed in detail—defining these media elements, then listing common editing approaches and suitable and/or popular software. Authoring tools for integrating various media elements are then discussed in depth, ranging from desktop publishing applications to Director, Flash, MAX, and DVD Studio Pro. Appendices and glossary are provided for extended information on various media file formats, sound terminology, etc.