bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phytin Contents of Norwegian Flour and Bread Types I.: The Phytin Contents in the Usual Flour Types and the Rate of Deconiposition in Flour Suspensions.
Authors: SCHULERUD ARNE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Phytin has been determined in a number of commercial flours with tho following results: With few exceptions, there is a very near relation between ash and phytin contents of the flours. The results indicate that the phytin contents will be reduced to nought in flours with an ash content about 0.30 g/100 g, or the lowest ash content practically obtainable, flours derived from the inner part of the wheat kernel. The total phosphorus in such flours averages 0.065 g/100 g, which is of the same dimension as the “non‐phytin P” in most of the flours examined. This part of the total P is supposed to be bound in proteins, lipoids and in the amylopectin of the starch. In some whole meal types the non‐phytin P is a little higher, but greater deviations indicate that the flour is abnormal, for instance damaged by germination.The phytin P is accumulated in the outer layers of the grain, bran and germ, and it will increase both absolutely and as percent of the total with increasing degree of extraction.The phytase activity is far greater in rye flours than in wheat and barley. No activity was found in oat meal. The deconiposition is very retarded at lower temperatures. In suspensions, the phosphorus in solution consists of inorganic phosphates from phytin decomposition, dissolved phytin, and small amounts of phosphorus from non‐phytin compounds, going slowly into solution. A little rest of the total phosphorus is always left undissolved, least by sour reaction. In oat meal, this insoluble phosphorus makes a greater part of the total than in other flours. Part of this is brought into solution in mixtures of rye and oat meal, probably due to some enzymatic process. The phytase of rye whole meal is so powerful that it can split the phytin of oat meal in suspensions completely in a short time. even if the rye makes but 25 % of the flour mixture.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Investigations on the Transamination Process
Authors: DARLING SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By means of transaminase prepared from calf‐heart, the reaction: l‐glutamic acid + pyruvic acid ⇄ α‐ketoglutaric acid + l‐alanine is investigated.

The process reaches an equlibrium through a first‐order reaction according to the equation: In(1 ‐ α/α0) = – kt.
The equilibrium constant is: K35 = K25 = 2.07.
The temperature coefficient of the reaction is: Q10 = 2.29.On the basis of these values, some thermodynamic constants of the reaction are computed.
The energy of activation is determined from Q10. E = 15.110 kcal.
The heat of reaction calculated from K35 and K25 is: ΔH = O keal.
The change in free energy is: ΔF = ‐0.43 kcal (25°) ΔF = ‐0.45 kcal (35°).
The free energy of the divalent α‐ketoglutaric acid ion and the monovalent pyruvic acid ion are calculated: ΔFKGA– = – 183.8 kcal (25°) ΔFPA– = – 110.5 kcal (25°).

This work has been aided by a grant from the “Kong Christian X's Fond”.
Untersuchungen über Dextran und sein Verhalten bei parenteraler Zufuhr. II.
Authors: GRÖNWALL ANDERS , INGELMAN BJÖRN 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Frühere Versuche mit körperfremden Kolloiden als Plasmasubstitut werden relatiert und die Bedingungen, die solche Substanzen zu erfüllen haben, in Kürze zusammengefasst.Das nicht hydrolysierte, sehr hochmolekulare Dextran ist für Infusionszwecke nicht anwendbar, da es Schäden u. a. an der Leber und den Nieren verursacht.Die Herstellung und Prüfung partiell hydrolysierten Dextrans wird beschrieben. Partiell hydrolysiertes Dextran ruft bei Infusion an Versuchstieren Keine anderen Schäden als eine erhöhte Senkungsreaktion hervor. Das Dextran wird abgebaut und aus den Blutbahnen so schnell eliminiert, dass eine therapeutische Dosis in ca. 4 Tagen entfernt ist.Lösungen von partiell hydrolysiertem Dextran haben eine günstige Wirkung auf experimentell erzeugten Schock an Versuchstieren. Versuche werden beschrieben, wo das Präparat bei traumatischem Schock, Blutungs‐ und Histaminschock verwendet wurde. Eine klinische Prüfung des Präparates ist eingeleitet.Die Verfasser danken Herrn Professor ARNE TISELIUS für gute Ratschläge bei der Ausführung der Arbeit und den Herren Professoren THE SVEDBERG und ARON WESTERLUND für ihr wohlwollendes persönliches Interesse und für die Vergünstigung, die Arbeit in ihren Laboratorien ausführen zu dürfen.Wir danken Herrn Med. Dr. NILS GELLERSTEDT für wertvolle Hilfe mit den pathologisch‐anatomischen Untersuchungen.Die klinische Vorprüfung ist durch das Entgegenkommen von Herrn Dr. NILS LINDBORG ermöglicht, wofür wir Ihm herzlichst danken. Herrn Ingenieur S. KLEVÅS danken wir für Assistenz im Laboratorium.Die Untersuchung ist mit finanzieller Stütze der A. ‐B. Pharmacia und der Svenska Sockerfabriks A. ‐B., ausgeführt worden.
Studies on the Initial Increase in O2‐capacity of the Blood at Low O2‐pressure.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Determinations of red cell volumes, plasma proteins, blood volumes and water balance were made in a low pressure chamber at 435–450 mm Hg barometric pressure. It was found that the increase in cell volume – and O2‐capacity – during the first days at low pressure was due to a diminished plasma volume, and paralleled by an increase in plasma protein concentration. A similar concentration of the blood was found during fasting (40 hours) at normal barometric pressure, but a much greater concentration of the blood was observed when the subjects fasted at low barometric pressure. In two of the three subjects the increased concentration of the blood at low pressure was accompanied by an extra loss of water from the body. From an estimation of the part played by the extracellular water in this loss, it was found, that about one half of the concentration of the blood was caused by loss of extracellular body water. The other part of the concentration of the blood – and, in the third subject, the whole extra concentration at low pressure – was due to a leaking‐out of fluid from the capillaries, presumably caused by the increased capillary blood pressure and an increased permeability of the capillary walls at low O2,‐pressure. While the excess filtration out of the blood no doubt is a sign of insufficiency of the capillaries, incidentally increasing the oxygen capacity of the blood, it is difficult to decide whether the excess excretion of water (increased diuresis) is the result of a regulation, serving the oxygen supply, or whether it is due to other causes.
The Purification of Aminopolypeptidase from the Hog's Pyloric Mucosa. II.
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The aminopolypeptidase from the hog's pyloric mucosa has been purified about 100 times and obtained in a cataphoretical homogeneous state. The enzyme is practically free from dipeptidase activity and seems to be a protein, free from, or with a very low content of, carbohydrates.
The Effect of Some Drugs on the Chemoceptive Fibre Activity in the Carotid Sinus Nerve
Authors: GERNANDT B. , ZOTTERMAN Y. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The effect of nicetamide, pentametylentetrazol and piperidine introduced directly into the carotid sinus has been tested by recording the action potentials from Hering's nerve.2. Nicetamide and pentametylentetrazol do not exert any direct action upon the afferent mechanisms of the carotid sinus region. Their stimulating effect upon respiration is thus of entirely central origin.3. Piperidine exerts a very strong excitatory action upon Hering's nerve, the strength of which is very similar to that of lobeline.4. The physiological significance of this effect of piperidine is briefly discussed in relation to the recent work by U. S. V. EULER.
Interaction Between Fibrinogen and Polysaccharide Polysulfuric Acids
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , PIPER JØRGEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The interaction between fibrinogen and polysaccharide polysulfuric acids is studied, and it is found that the formation of a precipitate is influenced to a large extent by the composition of the mixture (concentration, salt content, pH) and the nature of the substances used. Even on the basic side of the isoelectric point a precipitate is formed, which may be due to the properties of fibrinogen and the polysaccharide derivatives as thread‐shaped high molecular substances. The precipitate formed probably is a coacervate. These observations explain the toxicity of the substances in question.
The Influence of g‐Strophantin on the Mechanical Properties of Cardiac Muscle
Authors: LUNDIN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The mechanical properties of cardiac muscle have been examined on isolated parallel threaded muscle bundles under aerobic conditions, before and after addition of g‐strophantin. G‐strophantin does not influence any of the following properties: Diastolic tension, extra tension during contraction, stiffness at rest and during contraction, viscosity or the capacity of work during isotonic contraction.
The Influence of Different Temperatures on the Action of Drugs on Autonomic Effector Cells
Authors: RYDIN HÅKAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The action of a number of drugs on the isolated, surviving small intestine of the rabbit was studied at different temperatures according to the method of MAGNUS.Acethylcholine and some closely related parasympathomimetica (pilocarpine, doryl, mecholyl) showed at temperatures roundabout 28° a stronger effect on the intestine than at 38°. The intensified action of those drugs was manifested even at such low temperatures (24°–20°) that the intestine worked irregularly or stopped working altogether. On the addition of physostigmine and prostigmine, on the other hand, these intensified effects were not produced.Epinephrine and certain sympathomimetica closely related to it in structure (corbasil, arterenol, adrianol and adrenalon) showed a maximum effect at temperatures roundabout 28°. This intensified effect, however, was not retained at the lower temperatures. As regards the so‐called pseudosympathomimetica (ephedrine, benzedrine and veritol) no increased effect was produced on lowering the temperature below 38°. The intensified effect at the lower temperatures was obtained only as regards sympathomimetica containing a hydroxyl group in the metaposition.As for atropine, ergotamine, histamine and substance P, no intensified effect was induced.The dissimilar response of the rabbit intestine to different groups of drugs at varying temperature is presumably due to the apparently dissimilar resistance of different kinds of “receptor substances”, or reactive material of the effector cells, to low temperatures.
The Gastric Lipase in Man
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A reexamination has been carried out of the problems concerned with the gastric lipase in man, mainly with pure triglycerides as substrates. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken.

The optimum pH for gastric lipase towards tripropionin, tributyrin and tricaproin in systems without the addition of CaCl2 is found to be between 5.5 and 5.8. With an increasing number of C‐atoms in the fatty acids there is an evident displacement of the optimum pH to the alkaline side, the optimum pH for tricaprin, trilaurin and tristearin being 7.2, 7.3 and 7.9 respectively.
Addition of CaCl2 to the enzyme‐substrate systems causes definite activation of the hydrolysis of trilaurin and tristearin at pH lower than 7, and the optimum pH is shifted 1.5 to 2 pH units to the acid side.
The relative activities of gastric lipase towards different triglycerides have been computed. Tributyrin is split with the greatest initial velocity, whereas the relative activities towards the solid triglycerides are very small.
Experiments on the stability of gastric lipase at 40° C at different pH values show that gastric lipase is a very stable enzyme in the acid medium.
The lipolysis stated in our experiments in vivo is according to our opinion due to a specific gastric lipase and not to a regurgitated pancreatic lipase. Experiments in vivo with test meals containing pure triglycerides show that only the lower triglycerides are split to an appreciable extent during the experimental period of 25 min. Under similar experimental conditions there seems to be hardly any difference between the degrees of hydrolysis of fatty substances in the stomach by means of the gastric lipase in adults and in children. Under similar experimental conditions in children there is a tendency to a higher splitting in the stomach of cow‐butter fat than of woman's milk fat when these fats are given in test meals.
On the Chemical Evaluation of Digitalis with the Baljet Reaction
Authors: ELMQVIST ADA , LILJESTRAND ÅKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The BELL and KRANZ modification of the Knudson‐Dresbach colorimetric assay for digitalis was investigated, with the use of solutions diminishing in strength. The colorimetric method gave no adequate conception of this deterioration.
A Specific Sympathomimetic Ergone in Adrenergic Nerve Fibres (Sympathin) and its Relations to Adrenaline and Nor‐Adrenaline
Authors: EULER U. S. v. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Extracts have been prepared of various kinds of nerves and their content of sympathomimetic activity determined and the actions analyzed.The thoracic and lumbar sympathetic chain and the splenic periarterial nerves were especially suitable for preparation of the active substance and contained some 30–100 μg adrenaline equivalents per g as measured on the blood pressure of the cat.The active substance gives catechol reactions and bears near relations to adrenaline, but differs characteristically from this in the following respects, where a close resemblance to nor‐adrenaline was found:Blood pressure action on the cat after ergotamine or dihydroergotamine (Fig. 2–4).Action on non‐pregnant cat's uterus (Fig. 5 A), pregnant rabbit's uterus (Fig. 6) and the isolated intestine of the cat and rabbit (Fig. 7).Pupil‐dilating action (Fig. 8). Fluorescence test. The active substance occurs in higher amounts in the grey sympathetic rami than in the white rami (Fig. 10).The content is fairly high in sensory nerves of the skin but low in sympathetic ganglia, the vagus and phrenic nerves and various parts of the brain.After degeneration of the main portion of the (post‐ganglionic) periarterial splenic nerves the content of the spleen of the active substance is greatly reduced.The possible physiological significance of the solubility of the active substance in ether in the presence of phospho‐lipids is pointed out.From the experiments it is inferred that the active substance is the physiological transmitter of adrenergic nerve action in mammals and identical with nor‐adrenaline.Extracts of frogs' hearts contain an active substance with the properties of adrenaline.It is suggested that the name sympathin should be used for the ergone demonstrated in adrenergic nerves, exerting the actions of nor‐adrenaline.The relationship of the adrenergic ergone to sympathin E and I is discussed.
The Salicylaldehyde‐method as a Micromethod for the Determination of Total Acetone in Capillary Blood
Authors: KROG PER W. , LUND JACOB C. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A micromodification of the salicylaldehyde method for total acetone determination in small blood samples is described. Total acetone quantities of about 1 γ in the sample may be determined with great accuracy.
Studies on Oxygen Treatment in Connection with Experimental Hydrocyanic Poisoning.
Authors: GORDH TORSTEN , NORBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Rabbits have been poisoned by the inhalation of hydrogen cyanide in air or in oxygen. Signs of failing cardiac activity have been chosen as the indicator of the status ante mortem. Insufflation of pure oxygen in this stage saves the subject's life.The experiments have confirmed the earlier assumption that the hydrogen cyanide poisons the respiratory centre, which leads secondarily to the anoxia that is the immediate cause of death. Oxygen treatment is therefore more rational and more rapid in its effect than the methods based upon detoxication of the hydrogen cyanide.
The Effect of β‐dimethylaminoethyl Benzhydryl Ether Hydrochloride on Histamine‐Induced Gastric Secretion in the Cat.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , FROST. JØRGEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.β‐dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride in a dose which strongly antagonises the effect of histamine on the motility of the gut has no antihistamine action on gastric secretion in cats under chloralose. On the contrary there is an increase in the rate of secretion. This may possibly be due to the fact that the drug itself slightly stimulates gastric secretion.
Observations on Reactive Hyperaemia as Related to Histamine, on Drugs Antagonizing Vasodilatation Induced by Histamine and on Vasodilator Properties of Adenosinetri phosphate
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , HJEGER KNUT , KAHLSON GEORG 
Published: December 2008

A method is described for quantitative studies of reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of cats and dogs.
In cats the sensitivity of the small vessels to histamine varies within a very wide range, the magnitude of reactive hyperaemia, however, was found to be independent of the sensitivity of the vessels to histamine.
The magnitude of reactive hyperaemia is not reduced by rendering the small blood vessels completely insensitive to histamine in physiological concentrations.
Benadryl and related compounds completely annul the vasodilator effect of the minimal doses of histamine which produce maximal vasodilatation. The effect of larger doses of histamine, 5 times greater than the minimum dose and upwards, depending on the basic sensitivity to histamine, is not annulled or even diminished by any amount of antagonistic drug.
It is suggested that there are two types of receptors sensitive to histamine only one of which can be blocked by benadryl and related compounds.
It is demonstrated that adenosinetriphosphate is a very potent vasodilator, 0.1 ±0.2 y causing profound vasodilatation in the hind limbs when injected in the artery.
The Active Ion Transport through the Isolated Frog Skin in the Light of Tracer Studies
Authors: USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Experiments with radio‐sodium (Na24) show that when an isolated frog skin separates two solutions containing NaCl (that on the inside being Ringer) the Na+‐flus from outside to inside is normally much higher than the outflux; this is true even when the outside NaCl concentration is only one millimole/l.
The Na+‐influx (and thus the active sodium transport) shows a pronounced dependency on the pH of the inside solution. High pH values give high values for the Na+‐influx and vice versa.
The pH of the outside solution has little effect on the Na+‐influx until pH is below‐ ca. 5. Then the 53+‐influs drops to a very low value, whereas the Cl–influx goes up.
The Cl–influx is as a rule lower and often much lower than the simultaneous Na+‐influx. The variations in the Cl‐ influx generally go parallel to the variations in Na+‐influx. There is also a pronounced parallelism between the potential difference across the skin and the influx of Na+‐ and Cl‐ so that the more positive becomes the inside relative to the outside. the higher is the influx of Na + and Cl.
When added on the inside of the skin adrenaline in the concentration 1/106 brings about an enormous increase, in the outflux of Na+ and a considerable increase in the influx of this ion. Immediately after the addition of adrenaline a violent drop in the P.D. is observed. This drop and the further course of the P.D. curve depends on the outside salt concentration and the magnitude of the P.D. before the adrenaline addition. It is concluded that the initial drop in P.D. is due to an increased permeability to Na+. The secondary rise in P.D. shortly after the drop must be due to an increased Na+‐transport.
Cyanide poisoning reduces the Na+‐influx to 5–25% of the original value. The outflux of ions is not reduced.
The theoretical basis for the use of tracers to determine the active transport of an ion species through a membrane is considered. In the frog skin the Na+‐influx is as a rule a fairly good measure of the Na+ actually transferred across the skin. But the total transport work performed by the transporting cells is greater than indicated by the flus because, due to back diffusion, some Na‐ions may be subjected to transport more than once before leaving the skin.
Based on the experiments a hypothesis is put forward which will account for the interdependency between the in‐ and outflux of Na+ and Cl— and the potential difference across the skin.The radioactive isotopes used were kindly provided from the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. I wish to extent my gratitude to the head of this institute, Professor N. Bohr and to his staff, notably Dr. O. Lassen who prepared the radioactive samples.
On the Occurrence of Bacterial Growth Factors in Liver Extracts
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Studies have been conducted on the possible growth factor requirements of twelve lactobacilli, several of them used in the microbiological amino acid analysis. Liver extracts and enzyme hydrolysates of casein were used as sources of growth factors. It was shown thatLactobacillus citrovorum(8081),Lactobacillus casein, Lactobacillus acidophilusandLactobacillus lactis100 required a strepogenin similar factor present in both types of materials. Besides, liver extracts containing the anti‐pernicious‐anemia factor were separated in three fractions all of which contained growth factors for these four microorganisms. The possible bearing of the results on the microbiological analysis of amino acids is emphasized. The possibility of using any of the four mentioned microorganisms for the standardization of the anti‐pernicious‐anemia factor is analyzed and discussed. Some of the properties of this factor are also discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Studies on the Role of the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Brain Metabolism as Measured with Radioactive Phosphate1
Authors: BAKAY L. , LINDBERG OLOV 
Published: December 2008

Summary.We injected P32 into Cisterna magna of rabbits. The speed with which this P32 enters into the brain has been determined. It was found that the radioactivity increases gradually in the different parts of brain with approximately the same rapidity. The maximum was reached after 35 minutes.The turnover of radioactive orthophosphate to organic bound phosphate in brain was measured.The different theories for the brain protective barriers have been discussed.The data supports the view that there are two ways of supplying the brain with P32. Some minor parts mainly the hypophysis, the pineal body, the plexus chorioidei and the vegetative centers in hypothalamus are supported mainly by the blood. The nervous tissue on the other hand seems to exchange phosphate via the cerebrospinal fluid.
The Gastric Secretary Response to Insulin in Dogs rind Cats
Authors: JÖGI PRITS , UVNÄP BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Nembutal, ether and morphine in hypnotic doses completely abolish the gastric secretory response to insulin. Chloralose depresses but does not prevent the secretory response. The secretory responses become practically normal as soon as the animals regain conciousness.Insulin hypoglycemia does not evoke any gastric secretion in cats.
Further Observations on Environmental Factors Influencing the Temperature Sensitivity of Mammalian Nerve Fibres. Effects of Ca++ and Other Agents
Authors: LAGET PAUL , LUNDBERG ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.This paper contains a description of the effect of Ca++ on the temperature sensitivity of membrane potential, negative after potential, and spike potential (motor A fibres, cat). The effect of Mg++, phosphate ions, variation in the CO2‐tension, ether and asphyxia has been studied on the temperature sensitivity of the spike potential.