bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the design of a Standard ML library
Authors: Berry Dave 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe describe the Edinburgh SML Library and draw lessons from its development. These lessons are of two kinds. The first concerns how to use SML to write a library, and shows some of the design choices that have to be considered. Most of the paper concerns this topic. The second kind of lesson concerns ways in which the language hinders the construction of a library. We suggest some changes to the language as a result of this experience, the most important being the addition of higher-order functors. We also suggest that language designers should consider the needs of libraries early on in the design of a language.
Residual theory in λ-calculus: a formal development
Authors: Huet Gérard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe present the complete development, in Gallina, of the residual theory of β-reduction in pure λ-calculus. The main result is the Prism Theorem, and its corollary Lévy's Cube Lemma, a strong form of the parallel-moves lemma, itself a key step towards the confluence theorem and its usual corollaries (Church-Rosser, uniqueness of normal forms). Gallina is the specification language of the Coq Proof Assistant (Dowek et al., 1991; Huet 1992b). It is a specific concrete syntax for its abstract framework, the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (Paulin-Mohring, 1993). It may be thought of as a smooth mixture of higher-order predicate calculus with recursive definitions, inductively defined data types and inductive predicate definitions reminiscent of logic programming. The development presented here was fully checked in the current distribution version Coq V5.8. We just state the lemmas in the order in which they are proved, omitting the proof justifications. The full transcript is available as a standard library in the distribution of Coq.
On the generation of specializers
Authors: Glück Robert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSelf-applicable specializers have been used successfully to automate the generation of compilers. Specializers are often rather sophisticated, for which reason one would like to adapt and transform them with the aid of the computer. But how to automate this process? The answer to this question is given by three specializer projections. While the Futamura projections define the generation of compilers from interpreters, the specializer projections define the generation of specializers from interpreters. We discuss the potential applications of the specializer projections, and argue that their realization is a real touchstone for the effectiveness of the specialization principle. In particular, we discuss generic specializers, bootstrapping of subject languages and the generation of optimizing specializers from interpretive specifications. The Futamura projections are regarded as a special case of the specializer projections. Recent results confirm that the specializer projections can be performed in practice using partial evaluators.
Type Reconstruction for Type Classes
Authors: Nipkow Tobias , Prehofer Christian 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe study the type inference problem for a system with type classes as in the functional programming language Haskell. Type classes are an extension of ML-style polymorphism with overloading. We generalize Milner's work on polymorphism by introducing a separate context constraining the type variables in a typing judgement. This leads to simple type inference systems and algorithms which closely resemble those for ML. In particular, we present a new unification algorithm which is an extension of syntactic unification with constraint solving. The existence of principal types follows from an analysis of this unification algorithm.
Generating action compilers by partial evaluation
Authors: Bondorf Anders , Palsberg Jens 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCompiler generation based on Mosses' action semantics has been studied by Brown, Moura, and Watt, and also by the second author. The core of each of their systems is a handwritten action compiler, producing either C or machine code. We have obtained an action compiler in a much simpler way: by partial evaluation of an action interpreter. Even though our compiler produces Scheme code, the code runs as fast as that produced by the previous action compilers.
Functional Pearls
Authors: Kennedy Andrew J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article describes the application of functional programming techniques to a problem previously studied by imperative programmers, that of drawing general trees automatically. We first consider the nature of the problem and the ideas behind its solution (due to Radack), independent of programming language implementation. We then describe a Standard ML program which reflects the structure of the abstract solution much better than an imperative language implementation. We conclude with an informal discussion on the correctness of the implementation and some changes which improve the algorithm's worst-case time complexity.
On the numerical evaluation of electrostatic fields in composite materials
Authors: Greengard Leslie , Moura Monique 
Published: November 2008

A classical problem in electrostatics is the determination of the effective electrical conductivity in a composite material consisting of a collection of piecewise homogeneous inclusions embedded in a uniform background. We discuss recently developed fast algorithms for the evaluation of the potential and electrostatic fields induced in multiphase composites by an applied potential, from which the desired effective properties may be easily obtained. The schemes are based on combining a suitable boundary integral equation with the Fast Multipole Method and the GMRES iterative method; the CPU time required grows linearly with the number of points in the discretization of the interface between the inclusions and the background material.A variety of other questions in electrostatics, magnetostatics and diffusion can be formulated in terms of interface problems. These include the evaluation of electrostatic fields in the presence of dielectric inclusions, the determination of magnetostatic fields in media with variable magnetic permeability, and the calculation of the effective thermal conductivity of a composite material. The methods presented here apply with minor modification to these other situations as well.
WHERE ARE ALL THE BOYS?
Authors: Brunn Rachelle , Kao Grace 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe explore the gender gap in college completion among Blacks and Whites. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, we examine how early school achievement and educational expectations affect attainment by following a nationally representative sample of youths from 1988 (approximately age fourteen) to 2000 (approximately age twenty-six). The odds of attaining an associate's or a bachelor's degree among Black women are greater than the odds among White men after controlling for family socioeconomic status. However, the difference between Black men and White men is additionally dependent on differences in middle school and high school achievement and in high school sequencing.
Die zystische Echinokokkose der Leber - Probleme der Ultraschalldiagnostik
Authors: Badea R. , Tapalaga D. , Badea Gh. , Philippi W. , Cazacu M. 
Published: November 2008

Es wurden 100 Patienten mit insgesamt 119 Leberzysten untersucht, deren Diagnose nachträglich durch Szintigraphie, Radiologie und Laparotomie gesichert wurde.Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine sonographische Analyse der zystischen Echinokokkose der Leber dar, ihrer Lokalisierung im Bereich der Leber, ihrer sonographisch darstellbaren Formen, Strukturen und Komplikationen sowie ihrer Differentialdiagnose. Der klassische Aspekt der zystischen Echinokokkose war in 58% der Fälle anzutreffen (Typ A), 22,7% der Fälle ließen ein Sediment innerhalb der Zyste vermuten (Typ B), 8,4% der Zysten waren septiert (Typ C), 6,7% wiesen Tochterzysten auf (Typ D) und nur 4,2% der Fälle waren differentialdiagnostisch bedeutsam (Typ E), da sie durch ihren solid-tumorösen Charakter von anderen raumfordernden Prozessen abgegrenzt werden mußten.
Imaging Considerations in Pediatric Skeletal Malignancy
Authors: Cassell Ian 
Published: November 2008

Imaging of the Pediatric Musculoskeletal System, Pt. IIMusculoskeletal neoplasms are rare entities in the pediatric population. Imaging, however, is essential in assisting with the pathologic diagnosis, in therapeutic planning, in monitoring the response to therapy, and in assessing complications of therapy. Additionally, imaging is used in the long-term follow-up of the cancer patient following therapy as surveillance for recurrence. Special considerations in imaging the pediatric patient include issues of child development and behavior which may require modification of routine adult protocols as well as different disease entities that are seen routinely in the adult population.
Integration of varying responses of different organisms to water and sediment quality at sites impacted and not impacted by the petroleum industry
Authors: Nascimento A. , Smith D.H. , Pereira S.A. , Sampaio de Araújo M.M. , Silva M.A. , Mariani A.M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The toxicity of surface waters and interstitial waters from sediments were determined at six study sites in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil, to evaluate the possibility of chronic environmental impact induced by 40 years of exposure to the local petroleum industry. Samples collected from four sites associated with the extraction, transportation and refinement of petroleum, and from two control sites, were tested at seven three-month intervals. Toxicological assays using acute mortality of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii and chronic abnormalities of sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter) and mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) larvae were employed. Friedman non-parametric analyses of variance integrated seasonal variations in species response patterns and revealed significant differences among the study sites. Ranging the among-site variations for each organism in each sampling period, on a scale from 0.00 (minimum response) to 1.00 (maximum response), permitted the calculation of a single mean value for each species and the ordination of the sites on a qualitative scale of relative impact. Although the ordinations varied with species, the reduction of three species response patterns to a common relative scale also permitted their integration into a single multispecies ordination of the study sites. A cluster analysis of the six sites and two aquatic substrates, based on their toxicity to all three species, illustrated the similarities and differences between locations. Interstitial waters were more toxic, revealing an integrated ordination of Station 6 ≤ Station 5 ≤ (Station 3 = Station2) ≤ (Station 4 = Station 1). The ordination based on surface waters was Station 6 ≤ Station 5 ≤ (Station 2 = Station 1 = Station 3) &lt; Station 4. In combination, the three procedures served efficiently for the description and inferential testing of the multispecies responses and, complemented with additional data on species diversity and chemical contamination of the sediment, confirmed the existence of chronic impact within the study area.
Lotic ecosystems of Serra do Cipó, southeast Brazil: water quality and a tentative classification based on the benthic macroinvertebrate community
Authors: Galdean N. , Callisto M. , Barbosa F.A.R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A general characterization of the water quality of representative rivers of Serra do Cipó, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil is provided as well as the composition and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates, mainly Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera (Chironomidae). These data are used as a basis to propose a river classification for the area, comprising three major categories: undisturbed waters (Class 1), with no evidence of human influences and showing high taxa richness; waters with intermediate disturbances (Class 2), showing some degree of change in the quality of their trophic resources, due mainly to the influence of human activities (e.g., deforestation, sewage discharges); and disturbed waters (Class 3), showing evidence of eutrophication, although still preserving some diversity of benthic organisms. This proposed classification system, although broad and simple, is believed to provide the necessary basic scientific information to allow for definition of conservation policies in the area, thus contributing to the preservation of rivers and their associated biota.
Delineation of management regions for South African rivers based on water chemistry
Authors: Day J. A. , Dallas H. F. , Wackernagel A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The rivers of South Africa differ in water chemistry because of differences in geology and climate, and in the nature of the terrestrial vegetation. Thus the riverine biotas also differ in their water quality requirements. This paper describes the use of multivariate analytical techniques on a large inorganic chemical database as a means of dividing the country's rivers into regions of like water chemistry for the purposes of water quality management of aquatic ecosystems. Data were used from about 500 usable sites for the three earliest hydrological years (October 1980–September 1983 inclusive) for which information is available for most of the sites. In some cases separate winter (May–September) and summer (November–March) analyses were performed. Those observations in which orthophosphate-phosphorus was greater than 0.1 mg 1-1 and/or nitrate- plus nitrite-nitrogen was greater than 0.5 mg 1-1 and/or conductivity &gt; 500 mS m-1, were excluded. Some of the analyses were run on the subset of records for which the reading of weir height (as a surrogate for discharge) was within 10% of the mean. Chemical variables comprised conductivity and pH, and the concentrations of chloride, total alkalinity (TAL), sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, silicate, nitrate- plus nitrite-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus, as well as the ratios Cl-:(Cl- + TAL), and Na+:(Na+ + Ca2+). Multivariate techniques included principal components analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. Eigenvalues are low (&lt; 0.05) for detrended correspondence analyses but high (&gt; 0.7) for principal components analyses. In all cases, [silicate] correlates most strongly with the first axis, and conductivity, [K+] and/or with the second. Alkalinity correlates inversely with [H+], while [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] are closely correlated with each other and with alkalinity. [Na+] and [Cl-] are correlated with each other and weakly with conductivity. Cluster analysis of secondary drainage regions is used together with biogeographic and physiographic information to produce a map of South Africa divided into five major regions for the management of water quality for riverine ecosystems.
Over-fishing in the Great Lakes: the context and history of the controversy
Authors: Regier H.A. , Whillans T.H. , Christie W.J. , Bocking S.A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The issue of over-fishing has spawned controversy in the Laurentian Great Lakes since the early 1800s. Aboriginal, domestic, commercial food, aquacultural and recreational fisheries have experienced a number of different types of over-fishing that have contributed to the fishing-up sequence in the lakes. Some effects of fish habitat destruction by many environmental abuses interacted synergistically with inappropriate fishing practices. The fish communities near larger settled areas ‘hit the wall’ ecologically beginning in the late 1800s. The fisheries of the whole basin ‘hit the wall’ politically in the period 1955–1968. Since 1968, a managerial transformation to an ecosystem approach has occurred, from a modern progressive approach to a new self-organizing redevelopment approach in which biotic and abiotic interests are more balanced than previously. Controversy continues as emergent grass-roots regimes seek alternatives to remnant and senescent institutional arrangements or seek partnership arrangements with new governance institutions.
Bioavailability of lambda-cyhalothrin to Chironomus riparius in sediment–water and water-only systems
Authors: Hamer M.J. , Goggin U.M. , Muller K. , Maund S.J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The bioavailability of 14C-lambda-cyhalothrin and its bioconcentration by larvae of the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius was studied in laboratory sediment–water systems. Ten different sediments with a range of physico-chemical characteristics were investigated. The chemical was applied to sediment slurries and fourth instar C. riparius were exposed in the test system for 48 h. The distribution of the chemical between the sediment, water and organism phases was determined. In addition, the bioconcentration of 14C-lambda-cyhalothrin by C. riparius in a water-only test system was determined.
In all the sediment–water test systems, the vast majority of the 14C-lambda-cyhalothrin (&gt;99%) was adsorbed to the sediment. Aqueous phase concentrations varied between the test systems, as did concentrations of the chemical in the organisms. However, bioconcentration factors based on the aqueous phase concentrations showed little difference between systems, ranging from 1300 to 3400 (mean 2300, coefficient of variation 25%). These values were very similar to the bioconcentration factor determined in water alone after 48 h (2000). Bioconcentration factors based on measured concentrations of extractable 14C-lambda-cyhalothrin in the sediment phase were much more variable, although they were always &lt;1, ranging from 0.11 to 0.84 (mean 0.39, coefficient of variation 61%). Sediment bioconcentration factors were inversely proportional to the measured sediment Kds, which ranged from 3290 to 22 100. That is, the higher the proportion of the chemical that was adsorbed, the lower the sediment bioconcentration factor.
The results of the study supported equilibrium partitioning theory. In sediment–water systems, the lambda-cyhalothrin that was bioavailable was equivalent to the amount which was measured in the water phase.
The association between non‐biting midges and Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Broza Meir , Gancz Hanan , Kashi Yechezkel 
Published: November 2008

Summary Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems, yet its interactions within this habitat are poorly understood. Here we describe the current knowledge on the interaction of V. cholerae with one group of co‐inhabitants, the chironomids. Chironomids, non‐biting midges (Chironomidae, Diptera), are an abundant macroinvertebrate group encountered in freshwater aquatic habitats. As holometabolous insects, chironomids start life when their larvae hatch from eggs laid at the water/air interface; through various feeding strategies, the larvae grow and pupate to become short‐lived, non‐feeding, adult flying insects. The discovery of the connection between V. cholerae and chironomids was accidental. While working with Chironomus transavaalensis, we observed the disintegration of its egg masses and searched for a possible microbial agent. We identified V. cholerae as the primary cause of this phenomenon. Haemagglutinin/protease, a secreted extracellular enzyme, degraded the gelatinous matrix surrounding the eggs, enabling bacterial growth. Observation of chironomids in relation to V. cholerae continuously for 7 years in various types of water bodies in Israel, India, and Africa revealed that environmental V. cholerae adhere to egg‐mass surfaces of various Chironomini (‘bloodworms’). The flying adults' potential to serve as mechanical vectors of V. cholerae from one water body to another was established. This, in turn, suggested that these insects play a role in the ecology of V. cholerae and possibly take part in the dissemination of the pathogenic serogroups during, and especially between, epidemics.
VEGF neutralizing antibody increases the therapeutic efficacy of vinorelbine for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Sinha Sutapa , Cao Ying , Dutta Shamit , Wang Enfeng , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently one of the most treatment‐resistant malignancies and affects approximately three in 10,000 people. The impact of this disease produces about 31,000 new cases in the United States per year; and 12,000 people in the United States alone die from RCC annually. Although several treatment strategies have been investigated for RCC, this cancer continues to be a therapeutic challenge. For this reason, the aim of our study is to develop a more effective combinational therapy to treat advanced RCC. We examined the effect of vinorelbine on the signalling pathways of two human renal cancer cell lines (A498 and 786‐O) and also examined the in vivo effect of vinorelbine treatment alone and vinorelbine in combination with the anti‐VEGF antibody 2C3 on A498 and 786‐O tumour growth in nude mice. Tumour angiogenesis was measured by vWF staining, and apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay. We observed a significant tumour growth inhibition when using a combinational therapy of anti‐VEGF antibody 2C3 and vinorelbine in both A498 and 786‐O tumour‐bearing mice. The results suggest a breakthrough treatment for advanced RCC.
Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes
Authors: Stets E. G. , Cotner J. B. 
Published: November 2008

A survey of 12 lakes in Minnesota, USA, was conducted to examine the factors controlling variability in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentration. The principal question addressed was whether BDOC concentration was more strongly related to lake trophic status or morphometric parameters. BDOC concentration was determined by incubating filtered lake water for a period of 15 months and fitting an exponential decay curve to measured DOC concentrations. BDOC concentrations varied from 73 to 427 µmol C·L–1 and composed 15%–63% of the total DOC pool. There were no significant correlations between BDOC and measures of lake trophic status. Instead, BDOC was most closely associated with the percentage of lake area covered by littoral zone, suggesting a significant source of BDOC from aquatic macrophytes and lake surface sediments.
Evaluation of photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci after UV disinfection of municipal wastewater
Authors: Locas Annie , Demers Josée , Payment Pierre 
Published: November 2008

Because chlorine disinfection is not permitted in the province of Quebec, wastewater disinfection by ultraviolet (UV) light has been used for years in wastewater treatment plants. Thermotolerant coliforms discharge criteria are set for each plant and are adjusted by a factor of 1 log to compensate for photoreactivation in UV-disinfected effluents. The current study evaluated levels of Escherichia coli and enterococci photoreactivation from disinfected wastewater under varying temperature, visible light, and type of UV lamps. Escherichia coli photoreactivation increased significantly after exposure to 5600 lx compared with 1600 lx of visible light. This increase was significantly higher in warm water (25 °C) than cold water (4 °C). The level of photoreactivation of E. coli was also higher after wastewater disinfection by low-pressure UV lamps as opposed to medium-pressure UV lamps. Enterococci, however, were not photoreactivated under any test conditions. This result suggests that enterococci could be a better indicator than thermotolerant coliforms or E. coli. The use of enterococci would also eliminate the requirement to set different discharge criteria based on disinfection type (UV or chemical) and would also provide a better assessment of treatment efficiency for more resistant microorganisms.