bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct taxonomic position of the Madagascar stonechat (Saxicola torquatus sibilla) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Woog Friederike , Wink Michael , Rastegar-Pouyani Eskandar , Gonzalez Javier , Helm Barbara 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Stonechats (genus Saxicola) are passerine birds with an extraordinarily large breeding distribution. Recent studies provide strong evidence that the taxon shows far greater geographic differentiation than originally suspected, with African, Siberian and European stonechats forming distinct, monophyletic groups that have been suggested to be species in their own right. Here, we present additional data on the geographic differentiation among African stonechats, Saxicola torquatus. Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and cytochrome b genes indicate that the stonechats from Eastern Madagascar (Saxicola t. sibilla) form a distinct clade and that they constitute a monophyletic group with stonechats from mainland eastern Africa (Saxicola t. axillaris) and La Réunion (Saxicola tectes). The genetic and morphological data suggest that the Madagascar stonechat is very likely to be a distinct species, Saxicola sibilla (Linnaeus 1766). However, further studies are needed to verify this. A detailed description of the plumage and various external body measurements is given.
Using Planned Adaptation to Implement Evidence‐Based Programs with New Populations
Authors: Lee Shawna J. , Altschul Inna , Mowbray Carol T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation (Wandersman et al. 2008) elaborates the functions and structures that move evidence‐based programs (EBPs) from research to practice. Inherent in that process is the tension between implementing programs with fidelity and the need to tailor programs to fit the target population. We propose Planned Adaptation as one approach to resolve this tension, with the goal of guiding practitioners in adapting EBPs so that they maintain core components of program theory while taking into account the needs of particular populations. Planned Adaptation is a form of capacity building within the Prevention Support System that provides a framework to guide practitioners in adapting programs while encouraging researchers to provide information relevant to adaptation as a critical aspect of dissemination research, with the goal of promoting wider dissemination and better implementation of EBPs. We illustrate Planned Adaptation using the JOBS Program (Caplan et al. 1989), which was developed for recently laid‐off, working‐ and middle‐class workers and subsequently implemented with welfare recipients.
Unpacking Prevention Capacity: An Intersection of Research‐to‐practice Models and Community‐centered Models
Authors: Flaspohler Paul , Duffy Jennifer , Wandersman Abraham , Stillman Lindsey , Maras Melissa A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCapacity is a complex construct that lacks definitional clarity. Little has been done to define capacity, explicate components of capacity, or explore the development of capacity in prevention. This article represents an attempt to operationalize capacity and distinguish among types and levels of capacity as they relate to dissemination and implementation through the use of a taxonomy of capacity. The development of the taxonomy was informed by the capacity literature from two divergent models in the field: research‐to‐practice (RTP) models and community‐centered (CC) models. While these models differ in perspective and focus, both emphasize the importance of capacity to the dissemination and sustainability of prevention innovations. Based on the review of the literature, the taxonomy differentiates the concepts of capacity among two dimensions: level (individual, organizational, and community levels) and type (general capacity and innovation‐specific capacity). The proposed taxonomy can aid in understanding the concept of capacity and developing methods to support the implementation and sustainability of prevention efforts in novel settings.
The Social Division of Welfare Surveillance
Authors: HENMAN PAUL , MARSTON GREG 
Published: February 2008

AbstractElectronic surveillance has grown rapidly in recent years. Despite this, surveillance practices and their social products are yet to receive serious attention in the academic field of social policy. Extending Titmuss’ classical articulation of the social division of welfare, this article develops the notion of the social division of welfare surveillance to point to the way in which surveillance, compliance burdens and risk management unevenly operate within society. The implications for reinforcing social divisions and critical social policy analysis are discussed.
Between Ideas, Institutions and Interests: Analysing Third Way Welfare Reform Programmes in Germany and the United Kingdom
Authors: HUDSON JOHN , HWANG GYU-JIN , KÜHNER STEFAN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article examines the policy detail of welfare state reform agendas in two countries in which self-proclaimed ‘Third Way’ governments have been in power – Germany and the United Kingdom – in order to explore the competing influences on social policy of an ostensibly common set of ideas and contrasting institutionalised policy legacies. In so doing, it assesses the analytic utility of Bevir and Rhodes’ ideationally rooted interpretive approach against institutionally rooted claims of path dependency. It concludes that while the interpretive approach rightly stresses the need for a stronger focus on ideas as an explanation for policy change, the detail of actual Third Way policy reforms can only be understood from within the two nations’ institutionalised policy legacies. In addition, it argues that policy networks have had a considerable influence on reform trajectories too. The article advocates a closer synthesis of perspectives centred around ideas, interests and institutions in order to further our understanding of processes of policy change.
The tip of the iceberg: laptop music and the information-technological transformation of music
Authors: Grossmann Rolf 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUnderstanding laptop music requires more than a new perspective on the configuration of a ‘weareable computer and an audio interface’ as a musical instrument for performance. It combines the strategies and traditions of electronic media-related music composition of the twentieth century, like reproductive music, electronic music, computer music and Net music in a single, digital, multi-purpose device originally designed for business and multimedia applications. Consequently, what we hear is mostly not a genuine laptop music, but one facet of the information-technological transformation of music that has been the result of the digital integration of these established traditions. This article gives an overview of the aesthetic implications of these traditions and with respect to laptop performance and musical style.
Homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with retinal microvascular abnormalities: the Hoorn Study
Authors: Van Hecke Manon V. , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Nijpels Giel , Teerlink Tom , Jakobs Cornelis , Stolk Ronald P. , Heine Rob J. , Bouter Lex M. , Polak Bettine C.P. , Stehouwer Coen D.A. 
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between homocysteine and homocysteine metabolism components and retinal microvascular disorders in subjects with and without Type 2 diabetes. In this population-based study of 256 participants, aged 60–85 years, we determined total plasma homocysteine, SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) and SAH (S-adenosylhomocysteine) in plasma and erythrocytes, total folate in serum and erythrocytes, 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate), and vitamins B12 and B6. Participants were examined ophthalmologically by means of indirect funduscopy and two-field 45 ° fundus photography, and were graded for retinopathy and retinal sclerotic vessel abnormalities. A computer-assisted method was used to measure retinal vessel diameters. Total plasma homocysteine was inversely associated with retinal arteriolar diameters {standardized β, −0.20 [95% CI (confidence interval), −0.33 to −0.07]} or a decrease of 3.78 μm CRAEs (central retinal arteriolar equivalents) per 1 S.D. increase in homocysteine level (=4.6 μmol/l). In addition, the SAM/SAH ratio in plasma was inversely associated with retinal sclerotic vessel abnormalities and retinopathy [odds ratios, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39–0.96) and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.30–0.83) per 1 S.D. respectively]. The associations were independent of age, sex, glucose tolerance status, other homocysteine metabolism components and cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, the results of the present study support the concept that total plasma homocysteine and a low SAM/SAH ratio in plasma, which may reflect reduced transmethylation reactions, may contribute to the pathogenesis of (retinal) microangiopathy.
Clinical significance of chemosensitivity in chronic heart failure: influence on neurohormonal derangement, Cheyne–Stokes respiration and arrhythmias
Authors: Giannoni Alberto , Emdin Michele , Poletti Roberta , Bramanti Francesca , Prontera Concetta , Piepoli Massimo , Passino Claudio 
Published: February 2008

Increased chemosensitivity has been observed in HF (heart failure) and, in order to clarify its pathophysiological and clinical relevance, the aim of the present study was to investigate its impact on neurohormonal balance, breathing pattern, response to exercise and arrhythmic profile. A total of 60 patients with chronic HF [age, 66±1 years; LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction), 31±1%; values are means±S.E.M.] underwent assessment of HVR (hypoxic ventilatory response) and HCVR (hypercapnic ventilatory response), neurohormonal evaluation, cardiopulmonary test, 24-h ECG monitoring, and assessment of CSR (Cheyne–Stokes respiration) by diurnal and nocturnal polygraphy. A total of 60% of patients had enhanced chemosensitivity. Those with enhanced chemosensitivity to both hypoxia and hypercapnia (i.e. HVR and HCVR), compared with those with normal chemosensitivity, had significantly (all P&lt;0.01) higher noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) levels, higher prevalence of daytime and night-time CSR, worse NYHA (New York Heart Association) class and ventilatory efficiency [higher V̇E (minute ventilation)/V̇CO2 (carbon dioxide output) slope], and a higher incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, but no difference in left ventricular volumes or LVEF. A direct correlation was found between HVR or HCVR and noradrenaline (R=0.40 and R=0.37 respectively; P&lt;0.01), BNP (R=0.40, P&lt;0.01), N-terminal pro-BNP (R=0.37 and R=0.41 respectively, P&lt;0.01), apnoea/hypopnoea index (R=0.57 and R=0.59 respectively, P&lt;0.001) and V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (R=0.42 and R=0.50 respectively, P&lt;0.001). Finally, by multivariate analysis, HCVR was shown to be an independent predictor of both daytime and night-time CSR. In conclusion, increased chemosensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia, particularly when combined, is associated with neurohormonal impairment, worse ventilatory efficiency, CSR and a higher incidence of arrhythmias, and probably plays a central pathophysiological role in patients with HF.
DNA polymerase γ inhibition by vitamin K3 induces mitochondria‐mediated cytotoxicity in human cancer cells
Authors: Sasaki Ryohei , Suzuki Yoko , Yonezawa Yuko , Ota Yosuke , Okamoto Yoshiaki , Demizu Yusuke , Huang Peng , Yoshida Hiromi , Sugimura Kazuro , Mizushina Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2008

Among the vitamin K (VK) compounds, VK3 exhibits distinct cytotoxic activity in cancer cells and is thought to affect redox cycling; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that VK3 selectively inhibits DNA polymerase (pol) γ, the key enzyme responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. VK3 at 30 µM inhibited pol γ by more than 80%, caused impairment of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair, and induced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to apoptosis. At a lower concentration (3 µM), VK3 did not cause a significant increase in ROS, but was able to effectively inhibit cell proliferation, which could be reversed by supplementing glycolytic substrates. The cytotoxic action of VK3 was independent of p53 tumor suppressor gene status. Interestingly, VK3 only inhibited pol γ but did not affect other pol including human pol α, pol β, pol δ, and pol ɛ. VK1 and VK2 exhibited no inhibitory effect on any of the pol tested. These data together suggest that the inhibition of pol γ by VK3 is relatively specific, and that this compound seems to exert its anticancer activity by two possible mechanisms in a concentration‐dependent manner: (1) induction of ROS‐mediated cell death at high concentrations; and (2) inhibition of cell proliferation at lower concentrations likely through the suppression of mitochondrial respiratory function. These findings may explain various cytotoxic actions induced by VK3, and may pave the way for the further use of VK3. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1040–1048)
Cardiopulmonary bypass for surgical correction of congenital heart disease in children with sickle cell disease: a case series
Authors: Harban F. M. J. , Connor P. , Crook R. , Bingham R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe present a series of three children with sickle cell disease aged 3 months, 3 weeks and 18 months, all presenting for cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. The cardiac lesions were atrioventricular septal defect, transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect, with sickle cell loads of 35%, 11% and 39% respectively at presentation. We calculated that the bypass circuit would provide sufficient volume to decrease sickle cell levels to safe values, so we decided to proceed to bypass without pre‐operative exchange transfusion, and modified the bypass technique so as to avoid the likely stimulants of a sickle cell crisis. Haemoglobin S levels after the start of bypass were significantly lower than before bypass, and remained low throughout the case and into the second postoperative day. By adopting this approach, we feel that we achieved a successful outcome with minimal distress to the children and their families.
Light‐chain‐restricted germinal centres in reactive lymphadenitis: report of eight cases
Authors: Nam‐Cha S H , San‐Millán B , Mollejo M , García‐Cosio M , Garijo G , Gomez M , Warnke R A , Jaffe E S , Piris M A 
Published: February 2008

Aims:  Light‐chain‐restricted germinal centres are generally associated with the existence of a neoplastic lymphoproliferative disorder. The aim was to present a series of cases with persistent lymph node enlargement that featured some germinal centres showing light chain immunoglobulin restriction.Methods and results:  A series of six reactive lymphadenitis and two Castleman’s disease cases was analysed by immunohistochemistry, IgH‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microdissected PCR. In all cases some germinal centres contained a population of plasma cells and plasmacytoid germinal centre cells showing light chain immunoglobulin restriction. In three cases the monotypic cells also showed distinct Bcl‐2 expression. Two of the cases showed a predominant IgH rearrangement on a florid polyclonal background and one had an IgH monoclonal rearrangement, as revealed by PCR. Microdissected germinal centre PCR revealed a dominant repeated band in one of three cases and in another case a non‐repeated clonal peak was observed. One of the patients developed a follicular lymphoma, which became evident from a subsequent biopsy.Conclusions:  These findings may be a manifestation of an underlying disorder in the regulation of the immune response, or an exaggeration of the germinal centre oligoclonal nature. This should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of follicular hyperplasia.
Sporadic paediatric and adult Burkitt lymphomas share similar phenotypic and genotypic features
Authors: Chuang S‐S , Huang W‐T , Hsieh P‐P , Jung Y‐C , Ye H , Du M‐Q , Lu C‐L , Cho C‐Y , Hsiao S‐C , Hsu Y‐H , Lin K‐J 
Published: February 2008

Aims:  To characterize the clinicopathological features of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL).Methods and results:  A retrospective study of 17 paediatric and 14 adult BLs with history and histopathology review, immunohistochemistry, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in situ hybridization (EBER) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. There was no statistically significant difference in gender, frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement and leukaemic change at presentation, or frequency of CD10+/Bcl‐2−/Bcl‐6+ (88% versus 86%), Ki67 labelling index, EBER (24% versus 21%), or C‐MYC translocation (100% versus 92%) between paediatric and adult tumours. Correct pretreatment diagnoses were made in 13/17 (76%) paediatric and in 9/14 (64%) adult tumours. Twenty‐eight patients received chemotherapy including 13/16 (81%) paediatric and 3/12 (25%) adult patients with appropriate regimens; 16 (57%) received CNS prophylaxis. The 1‐ and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates for paediatric patients were 80% and 50%, respectively, whereas 1‐year OS for adults was 15%.Conclusions:  Sporadic paediatric and adult BLs were phenotypically and genotypically similar. The significant prognosticators were age (P = 0.001), with or without CNS prophylaxis (P = 0.004), and CNS involvement (P = 0.008) and leukaemic change (P = 0.019) in disease course. The poor outcome in adult patients might be related to incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment.
Prognosis in human melanoma: PAR‐1 expression is superior to other coagulation components and VEGF
Authors: Depasquale I , Thompson W D 
Published: February 2008

Aims: Two hundred and four accessible cases of malignant melanoma from the Grampian region of Scotland, collected over a period of 4 years, with minimum follow‐up of 2 years, were studied for coagulation factors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression as potential prognostic markers. The aim was to allow comparison with previous work using microvessel density on the same cases.Methods and results: Immunohistochemistry for VEGF, tissue factor (TF), fibrin and protease‐activated thrombin receptor (PAR)‐1 in 204 cases of melanoma was performed, and intensity of expression scored. Chalkley microvessel counts (MVD) were obtained for the tumour edge. TF expression and presence of fibrin correlated well with Breslow thickness and ulceration, reaching statistical significance, but surprisingly not for metastatic recurrence. Fibrin was variably present in over half the cases, located at the invasive edge, ulcerated surface and between tumour cell surfaces. In a few cases fibrin was within tumour cells, typically co‐located with melanin and confirmed by electron microscopy. In contrast, immunohistochemistry for PAR‐1 produced statistically significant results, correlating expression with Breslow thickness (P ≤ 0.001), ulceration (P = 0.001) and recurrence (P ≤ 0.005). Intensity of reactivity of VEGF correlated significantly with Breslow thickness, Clark level, ulceration and MVD, but not for metastatic recurrence.Conclusions: It appears paradoxical that VEGF expression is not more predictive of recurrence, but even low expression may be sufficient for tumour angiogenesis and other factors must govern tumour aggression. Antagonism of VEGF may still prove a successful adjunct in future therapeutic trials. Both MVD and PAR‐1 can be used as adjuncts to Breslow thickness and ulceration as prognostic indicators for melanoma, as they appear to give independent information for all thicknesses. PAR‐1 expression is the best antibody marker of recurrence risk from those studied. It remains to be seen whether this methodology can predict response to novel antiangiogenic therapies currently entering trial.
Regional and environmental effects on the species richness of mammal assemblages
Authors: Hortal Joaquín , Rodríguez Jesús , Nieto‐Díaz Manuel , Lobo Jorge M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim  Variation in species richness has been related to (1) environmental conditions (water, energy and habitat characteristics) and (2) regional differences (contingent historical events and regional particularities that result in differences between regional faunas acting at broad extents). Whereas climatic factors have been widely studied, the effects of regional differences are less often quantified. This work aims to characterize global trends in the species richness of mammal assemblages with respect to both current and historical influences.Location  All terrestrial biogeographical realms except Antarctica.Methods  Species richness in checklists from 224 sites distributed worldwide were investigated by partitioning the variation between a general set of habitat/climate factors, biogeographical regions, and their overlaps. Additional analyses studied the specific overlaps of region, water and energy. Data were also divided according to area to determine if the strength of these effects varies according to the size of sites.Results  Environmental effects explained 38% of richness variation across all sites, whereas environmentally independent regional effects explained 11% and the overlap between region and environment explained 13%. Results were similar when only larger sites (between 1000 km2 and 10,000 km2) were considered. However, the importance of the overlap between region and all environmental variables was greater in smaller sites (between 100 km2 and 1000 km2). In contrast, the specific importance of water and energy variables and their overlap with region was greater in larger sites. The strength of the independent effect of region remained almost invariant regardless of the size of the sites studied.Main conclusions  The relationship between species richness and climate varies with scale and among regions. Although environmental variables are the strongest correlates of richness, the unique history and physiographic characteristics of a region produce differences between the richness of mammal assemblages and their response to environmental gradients. The importance of environmental variables varies with scale: climatic gradients are more important at coarse grain (larger sites), possibly as a result of their effects on species ranges, whereas habitat type is more important at the smaller sites, where the importance of ecological interactions increases. Therefore, regional differences and the scale at which richness is measured should be taken into account when evaluating species richness–energy hypotheses.