bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Adaptations of Linear Programming for Planning Rural Development
Authors: Calkins Peter H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLinear programming can help plan rural development if the income‐maximization and least‐cost diet models are integrated within the resource and management limitations of small‐scale representative farms. Seven modifications adapt linear programming to subsistence households. Caveats in this context include risk, level of nutritional awareness, production scale, and result sensitivity. Through six model formulations for a representative Nepalese farm, linear programming identifies the most nutritious and profitable production patterns; trade‐offs between nutrition and income; and the costs of constraints relating to levels of credit, market availability, and human capital development.
Analysis of the Impact of Alternative U.S. Dairy Import Policies
Authors: Salathe Larry , Dobson William D. , Peterson Gustof A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simulation model is used to measure the impact of four U.S. dairy import plans on Wisconsin farm milk prices and other variables. Estimates for different plans show that each additional billion pounds of milk equivalent in dairy imports would depress Wisconsin farm prices initially by $@@‐@@0.14 to $@@‐@@0.21 per hundredweight. Wisconsin farm milk prices initially would fall by 18% if the milk equivalent of butter and cheese imports rose to 12 billion pounds. Within three years, milk prices would recover. But this recovery would occur only after about 13% of Wisconsin's milk producers had exited from dairying.
Perfect Aggregation and Disaggregation of Complementarity Problems
Authors: Paris Quirino 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPerfect aggregation of linear complementarity problems is possible under the notion of constrained consistency. This notion—which also can be interpreted as a disaggregation rule—requires restrictions on the domain of the micro variables to be aggregated. The linear complementarity problem includes symmetric and asymmetric quadratic programming, linear programming, and two‐person, nonzero‐sum games. Hence, all these mathematical programming structures admit consistent aggregation and disaggregation of their primal and dual variables.
Market Intervention Policies for Increasing the Consumption of Nutrients by Low Income Households
Authors: Perrin Richard K. , Scobie Grant M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study employs a market equilibrium displacement approach to examine the nutrient consumption effects of market intervention programs such as food subsidies, income transfers, and agricultural input subsidies. The results permit comparison of the direct treasury costs of achieving marginal increases in nutrient intake with alternative programs. When applied to a case study of the food markets and population of Cali, Colombia, it was found that a marginal increase in caloric intake among the poor could be achieved at lowest cost with a consumer subsidy of certain cereals, although black market activity might raise this cost to that of an income subsidy.
Factor Intensities and Locational Linkages of Rural Consumption Patterns in Sierra Leone
Authors: King Robert P. , Byerlee Derek 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn understanding of consumer behavior is important for the analysis of the effects of changes in income distribution on the development process. Factor intensities and locational linkages of consumption patterns at different income levels are estimated for rural households in Sierra Leone. Results lend support to the hypothesis that low income households consume goods and services requiring less capital and foreign exchange and more labor than do higher income households. At all income levels households allocate more than 75% of consumption expenditures to goods produced in rural areas. Rural consumption linkages with urban sectors, then, are not well developed.
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977: Issues and Decisions
Authors: Spitze R. G. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhile the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 has much in common with previous legislation and continues the evolution of agricultural and food policy, important changes are made in grain reserves, food stamps, procedures for setting target levels, support prices, acreage bases on individual farms, as well as administration and funding of research and education. Some consequences are evident, but much will depend upon unpredictable events of weather and foreign markets. The results of the Act, as compared to no policy, are traced for consumers, producers, foreign trade, and U.S. Treasury payments, under alternative scenarios. If shortages return, much of the law becomes irrelevant.
Japanese Agricultural Distortions and Their Welfare Value
Authors: Bale Malcolm D. , Greenshields Bruce L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUsing a Corden/Johnson model the welfare costs of current and future Japanese agricultural trade and production policies are evaluated for the eight major cereal and livestock commodities produced and imported in Japan. It is estimated that the net social loss in consumption and production of 1975/76 import and production distortions for the eight commodities is $@@‐@@276 million and $@@‐@@111 million respectively. If the 1985/86 Japanese farm production goals are met the net social loss in production will rise dramatically to $@@‐@@7.6 billion. The combined production and consumption net social losses of the 1985/86 plan are equivalent to 2% of Japan's gross national product.
Welfare Implications of Grain Price Stabilization: Some Empirical Evidence for the United States
Authors: Konandreas Panos A. , Schmitz Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis empirical study demonstrates that, although United States producers and consumers taken together benefit from policies which would stabilize feed grain prices, this is likely not the case for wheat. The model specifies a U.S. domestic demand relationship for food and feed use, a stock relationship and a foreign demand sector; these are estimated by ordinary and two‐stage least squares methods. The key to the analysis is in testing a well‐known theoretical model in which the desirability of price stabilization largely depends on the source of instability (i.e., whether instability is generated abroad or is created internally).
The Role of the Marital Deduction in Planning Intergenerational Transfers
Authors: Reinders David , Boehlje Michael , Harl Neil E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe marital deduction is an important and commonly used estate‐planning tool. The optimal marital deduction should be chosen to minimize the present value of the tax outlays at the deaths of both the husband and wife given the expected growth rate, the appropriate discount rate, the expected time of death of the surviving spouse, the distribution of wealth between the spouses, and the total wealth of both spouses. The typical practice of claiming the maximum marital deduction allowed by law or the amount that just reduces the tax liability of the decedent to zero does not necessarily produce an optimal result.
Decomposition Analysis of Derived Demand for Factor Inputs: The Case of Rice Production in Japan
Authors: Kako Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe process of the growth of rice production in Japan is analyzed by decomposition analysis of factor input demand. The variation in factor input demand is broken down into three components: output level, factor substitution along an isoquant, and technical change. The analysis is carried out using the estimates of Allen partial elasticities of substitution calculated from the fitted transcendental logarithmic cost function. The decline in labor input level is found to be due mainly to technical change, and the labor‐saving effect of the factor substitution along an isoquant is relatively small.
Working Wives and the Marginal Propensity to Consume Food Away from Home
Authors: Kinsey Jean 
Published: July 2006

AbstractContrary to predictions from the new household economics theory and heuristic thought, income earned by wives working full time did not increase the marginal propensity to consume food away from home. Tobit estimates of the same propensity from other income sources in married U.S. households in 1978 showed that income earned by part‐time working wives and children, asset income, and transfer payments increased this propensity above that from husband's labor income. Whites had higher expenditures, higher marginal propensities to consume, and lower income elasticities for food away from home than nonwhites.
Understanding Retained Patronage Refunds in Agricultural Cooperatives
Authors: Knoeber Charles R. , Baumer David L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe share of patronage refunds retained by an agricultural cooperative is modeled as arising from the portfolio decision of its median member. The member is viewed as maximizing expected utility by allocating wealth between investments in farming assets and equity in the cooperative. Determinants of the share of patronage refunds retained are the expected rates of return on these two investments, their variances, their covariance, and the expected future share of patronage and its variance. Empirical examinations of aggregate cooperative data and cross‐section analysis of seventeen regional supply cooperatives are found to be consistent with the model.
Economics of the Wet Fractionation System in Alfalfa Harvesting
Authors: Schoney Richard A. , McGuckin J. Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Wet Fractionation System nearly eliminates the risk of weather damage and harvesting delays by substituting mechanical dewatering for field drying in the low moisture silage harvesting process. Bid prices for the wet fractionation are estimated based on stochastic dominance over conventional techniques. Results indicate that the wet fractionation system has significant potential only on large, highly productive Wisconsin dairy farms, but has little economic potential for the majority of dairy farms.
Economic Welfare Evaluations for Producers under Uncertainty
Authors: Pope Rulon , Chavas Jean‐Paul , Just Richard E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe validity of producer and consumer surplus measures of firm welfare under risk is examined. Under constant absolute risk aversion and output price uncertainty only, these measures are an exact measure of firm welfare as defined by compensating variation, equivalent variation or the change in the certainty equivalent. Under decreasing absolute risk aversion, qualitative comparisons of various measures are discussed. For example, producer's surplus as measured by the area above the uncompensated risk averse supply curve overstates the compensating variation of a change in expected price of output. Procedures for calculating firm welfare under production uncertainty and a variety of economic environments are proposed. Generally, these procedures are applicable only when absolute risk aversion is constant.
Dynamic Games and International Trade: An Application to the World Corn Market
Authors: Karp Larry S. , McCalla Alex F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDynamic games are a conceptually useful way of analyzing imperfect markets where both buyers and sellers have potential market power. Previous analysis of imperfect markets was static and limited to either exporters or importers. A dynamic game allows the inclusion of both importers and exporters in a multiperiod framework allowing the derivation of reaction functions. A Nash noncooperative difference game is applied to the international corn market to explore the plausibility of numerical results. The results are reasonable and show that the game approach based on a more comprehensive econometric model has a promising future in policy analysis.
Benefits from Groundwater Management: Magnitude, Sensitivity, and Distribution
Authors: Feinerman Eli , Knapp Keith C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmpirical estimates of benefits from groundwater management are reported for an area in California with heavy reliance on groundwater supplies. Benefits are quite sensitive to the water demand schedule and interest rate but less sensitive to other parameters. However, in all cases considered the increases in welfare from groundwater management are less than ten percent. Tax revenues received under a system of pump taxes are four to five times as large as the benefits from management. Thus, groundwater users gain under a system of quotas but may suffer substantial welfare losses under pump taxes.
Insecticide Use and Crop Rotation under Risk: Rootworm Control in Corn
Authors: Lazarus William F. , Swanson Earl R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economic threshold concept is extended to a combination of two pest controls, insecticide and crop rotation, in a corn‐soybean farm model. Effect of risk attitudes on the optimal combination of controls is explored, using a stochastic simulation with random crop prices, yields, and rootworn damage. Crop insurance may cause a risk‐averse farmer to adopt a riskier cropping program. Reduced risk aversion causes the farmer to specialize in the more profitable corn crop. The insecticide and rotation thresholds both increase with reduced risk aversion. Depending on pest densities on individual fields, insecticide use may increase or decrease.
Estimation of Multicrop Production Functions
Authors: Just Richard E. , Zilberman David , Hochman Eithan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper considers whether separability or nonjointness is the better approach for attaining tractability for multicrop production function estimation. Characteristics of agricultural production associated with allocated inputs, physical constraints, and output determination imply sufficient nonjointness for estimation, whereas separability is less plausible. The paper also addresses estimation of production functions with allocated inputs where allocations are not observed and demonstrates a proposed approach by way of example.
The Irrigation Demand for Electricity
Authors: Maddigan Ruth J. , Rizy Colleen Gallagher , Chern Wen S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the regional differences in the irrigation demand for electricity. The analysis is based upon the Rural Electric Cooperatives' statistics on the sale of power for irrigation. A simultaneous‐equation system is developed to focus on both the short‐run utilization of electricity in irrigation and the long‐run determination of the number of irrigators using electricity. The structural equations are estimated using pooled, state‐level data for the period 1969–79. In light of the model's results, the impacts of changes in relative energy prices on irrigation are examined.
Evidence on Farm Use Value Assessment, Tax Shifts, and State School Aid
Authors: Chicoine David L. , Hendricks A. Donald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe almost universal adoption of farm use value assessments is a fundamental change in the U.S. property tax system. Evidence from the Illinois use value assessment program suggests assessment law changes codified de facto farm property tax preferences and substantially increased property tax liabilities on nonfarm real estate. An evaluation of the effects of use value assessments on state school aid under a district power equalizing formula demonstrates how costs of farm property tax preferences are exported, in part, to state taxpayers.
Improving the Efficiency of Stochastic Dominance Techniques Using Convex Set Stochastic Dominance
Authors: Cochran Mark J. , Robison Lindon J. , Lodwick Weldon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe advantages of convex set stochastic dominance (CSD) are discussed in terms of extending other stochastic dominance criteria in a way which will decrease Type II errors (large efficient sets) without increasing the Type I errors (inaccurate rankings). An empirical example ranking pest management strategies demonstrates the potential of CSD by reducing the efficiency set by almost 60% without imposing additional constraints on the preference set. It is suggested that CSD may permit more imprecise representations of risk preferences, avoiding utility measurement problems, and still identify efficient sets of acceptable sizes.
Sources of Increased Instability in Indian and U.S. Cereal Production
Authors: Hazell Peter B. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent growth in Indian and U.S. cereal production has been accompanied by a more than proportional increase in the standard deviation of production. This study applies variance decomposition procedures to state data on crop production to analyze the sources of this increased instability. It is found that production has become significantly more covariate between states and crops, largely because of increased yield variability and a loss in offsetting patterns of variation between crop yields in different states. These changes may be associated with more variable prices, with higher‐yielding technologies, and with a narrowing of the genetic base.
The Estimation of Product Supply and Input Demand by the Differential Approach
Authors: Rossi Nicola 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper makes use of the differential approach to the theory of the multiproduct firm in order to empirically analyze input demand and product supply in Italian agriculture. Estimation of the parameters of the model with annual (1961–80) data for a sector model of fourteen products and three factors of production suggests possibilities for farmers to change their output mix in response to changes in the expected prices of products. On the input demand side, the derived demand functions seem to satisfy the integrability conditions but turn out to be quite inelastic.
Bargaining, Strategic Reserves, and International Trade in Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Crawford Vincent P. , Sobel Joel , Takahashi Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes a framework for the analysis of optimal strategic reserve policy when ability to withstand embargoes influences terms of trade in an exhaustible resource like oil. The mode embodies two stylized facts: competitive forces are not always strong enough to eliminate other influences on the negotiated price of oil, and long‐term contracts for oil delivery cannot be enforced across national boundaries. Some modeling issues that arise in this context are discussed, and a model of optimal strategic reserve policies is proposed and solved in a leading special case.
On Discarding Low Quality Produce
Authors: Nguyen Dung , Vo Trang T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper considers a model of optimal culling in which demand is generally nonlinear. We show that the shape of the break‐even quality price change curve depends on both the concavity‐convexity of the demand function and the price elasticity. We specify that the actual quality price change is an increasing function of the minimum quality but at a decreasing rate. Conditions ate then obtained to ensure that a minimum quality level chosen from a permissible set would yield maximum total profits for the industry.
Asymmetry in Retail, Wholesale, and Shipping Point Pricing for Fresh Vegetables
Authors: Ward Ronald W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe linkage among retail, wholesale, and shipping point prices for a select group of fresh vegetables is measured using Wolffram's asymmetry model. Procedures for dealing with discontinuous time series are shown, and Granger's causality test is used to show the direction of the price linkage. Wholesale prices are shown to lead both retail and shipping point prices. Asymmetry in the retail‐wholesale response indicates that wholesale price decreases are reflected at the retail more so than are wholesale price increases. Wholesale price decreases are more fully passed through to the shipping point relative to wholesale increases.
Price Trends at Livestock Auctions
Authors: Buccola Steven T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAuction bidders may pursue a large number of reasonable bidding strategies, including those that are risk‐neutral and risk‐averse. Risk‐averse bidders are especially tempted by the auction process to discriminate against themselves, that is, to offer prices close to their reservation prices or target prices. Self‐discrimination, in turn, usually implies that quality‐corrected prices of individual lots trend downward as the sale proceeds. The empirical evidence for downtrending prices at selected yearling steer sales is examined. Implications are then drawn for auction pricing efficiency and equity.
Adoption of Interrelated Agricultural Innovations: Complementarity and the Impacts of Risk, Scale, and Credit
Authors: Feder Gershon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper presents a model of farm decisions which arise when a farm is faced with two interrelated innovations. The innovations are distinguished by their returns to scale, and may be adopted individually. It is shown that under conditions of uncertainty or a binding credit constraint, the intuitive concept of innovations' complementarity may be misleading, and a more relevant definition of complementarity is derived. The latter helps to explain why policies which enhance adoption of one innovation may discourage adoption of the other, even when the two innovations seem to complement each other.
Net Investment in Farm Tractors: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Penson John B. , Romain Robert F. J. , Hughes Dean W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA wide range of assumptions about the capital deterioration and marginal factor cost of tractors has been made in previous studies. This study develops a measure of the implicit rental price of tractors which accounts for the capital structure used by farmers, the capacity depreciation of tractors, and income tax considerations. Estimates of net investment models for alternative capacity depreciation patterns are compared to those suggested by engineering considerations. The results show that the frequently used geometric decay pattern does the poorest job of explaining annual real net investment in farm tractors.
Determinants of Hunter Participation: Duck Hunting in the Mississippi Flyway
Authors: Miller Jon R. , Hay Michael J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper the authors study the relationship between habitat availability, hunter success, and the rate and intensity of participation in duck hunting in the Mississippi Flyway. Using socioeconomic data from the 1975 National Survey of Hunting, Fishing and Wildlife Associated Recreation, and waterfowl habitat data from the 1970 Flyway Habitat Management Unit Project, they estimate probability and intensity of participation equations for duck hunting. The analysis differs from previous population‐specific recreation studies in (a) the narrowly defined activity, (b) more precise definition of supply variables, (c) use of variables representing distance to hunting sites, and (d) the use of logit analysis to estimate participation probability equations.
Dominant Forms of Corporate Control in the U.S. Agribusiness Sector
Authors: Caswell Julie A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo forms of control over corporate decision making are analyzed: direct control through stockholding and network control through interlocking boards of directors. A majority of the 222 large agribusiness firms studied had strong direct control by owners or cooperatives, while the largest firms lacked such control. Tests relating direct control type to level of network control exposure show that strong direct control is associated with weak network control and vice versa, with firm size being the major factor in explaining both types of control. For the largest firms, network‐based rather than direct control appears to limit management discretion.