bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex steroid receptors in normal and hyperplastic human prostate
Authors: Robel Paul , Eychenne Bernard , Blondeau Jean‐Paul , Baulieu Etienne‐Emile , Hechter Oscar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concentrations of sex steroid receptors (per unit DNA) were measured in normal periurethral and peripheral prostatic tissue samples from seven men (mean age 64 years; range 54–71 years) undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer, and in hyperplastic nodules from 15 men with BPH (mean age 69 years; range 60–89). Occupied androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors were measured with an improved exchange procedure, where receptor‐binding sites were stabilized by a combinatorial procedure involving (1) careful washout of extracellular secretory products (including proteases) prior to homogenization, (2) inclusion of 0.5 mM phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and 20 mM molybdate in the exchange medium, and (3) long‐term incubation at 0–4°C. Bound radioligands were separated by a hydroxylapatite (HAP) batch adsorption procedure. Maximal specific exchange binding of 3H‐R 1881 or 3H‐estradiol in total homogenates of human prostate samples was achieved after incubation periods of about 72 hat 0–4°C. In contrast, progestin receptors (PR) were readily available for binding 3H‐R 5020; thus overnight binding at 0–4°C was routinely used to measure PR. Binding specificities and equilibrium binding constants (calculated from 8‐point Scatchard plots, correcting for nonsaturable binding) were found to be characteristic for AR, PR, and ER, respectively. The receptor results obtained in this study demonstrate that (1) no significant differences existed in total AR per unit DNA between hyperplastic and either central or peripheral prostatic tissue samples; (2) PR was present in both zones of normal prostatic tissue as often as in BPH samples, with PR concentrations significantly lower in hyperplastic samples; and (3) ER was irregularly detected in both normal and hyperplastic tissue in low concentration relative to AR and PR; the frequency of ER detection was much lower in BPH than in normal prostate tissue. Studies of steroid receptor content relative to enzyme markers specific for epithelial and stromal cells in BPH samples showed a positive correlation between acid phosphatase activity (a specific marker for epithelial cells) and both AR and PR. No correlation was observed between AR or PR with either prolyl hydroxylase or myosin ATPase (specific markers for stromal cells). These observations suggest that PR, as well as AR, is primarily associated with the epithelial elements of prostate. Because of the relative infrequency of ER, similar correlation of ER with enzyme markers was not possible.
Radioactive iodine‐125 implantation for cancer of the prostate
Authors: Nag Subir 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLocalized cancer of the prostate can be treated by radical prostatectomy, external beam irradiation, or radioactive implantation with similar survival results. Radical prostatectomy, however, almost universally results in impotency, although a new, nerve‐sparing procedure may preserve potency in B1 patients. External beam irradiation radiates a large volume of tissue with significant rectal and bladder morbidity, 23–47% risk of impotency, and requires prolonged treatment (6–8 weeks). Radioactive implantation may be done suprapubically or transperineally using iodine‐125, gold‐198, or radon‐222 permanent implantation techniques and iridium‐192 or radium‐226 removable implantation techniques. Interstitial iodine‐125 implantation is frequently employed since it is a short procedure and limits the morbidity to a 7% incidence of impotency, 20% urinary complications, and 5% rectal complications. The overall 5‐year survival of patients with iodine‐125 is 79%, the survival rate decreasing with increasing T or N stage or increasing grade of tumor.
Testosterone‐induced decrement of prostatic vascular resistance in rats is reversed by estrogens
Authors: Daehlin Lars , Damber Jan‐Erik , Selstam Gunnar , Bergman Bo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe function and growth of the rat prostate are stimulated by androgens and inhibited by estrogens. To study the influence of these hormones on the prostatic blood flow, prostatic vascular resistance was measured in castrated adult rats, which were testosterone supplemented and treated with different estrogenic substances. Prostatic blood flow was measured using the microsphere technique. Testosterone supplementation for 8–9 days after castration resulted in decreased vascular resistance in both the ventral and dorsolateral prostates. In testosterone‐supplemented rats, treatment for the same period of time with estradiol benzoate, ethinyl estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol induced increased vascular resistance in both the ventral and dorsolateral prostates. However, treatment with estromustine or estramustine did not change prostatic vascular resistance significantly. It was concluded that the testosterone‐induced decrease of prostatic vascular resistance was reversed by estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol, possibly by a direct effect on the prostate.
Prostatic calculi: A review
Authors: Klimas Richard , Bennett Betsy , Gardner William A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstatiac calculi are rare in children, infrequent below age 40, and common in males over 50. They may be solitary but usually occur in clusters and are associated with some other disease process (nodular hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma, metabolic abnormalities). They are most often asymptomatic; however, symptoms that may be attributable to prostatic calculi include reduction of the urinary stream, prostatism, and intense lower back and leg pain. Treatment may be accomplished by transurethral resection, but prostatectomy is the best means to insure complete removal.Prostatic calculi may form by two related mechanisms with obstruction and stasis of prostatic fluid as central entities in both. These mechanisms are calcification of corpora amylacea and simple precipitation of prostatic secretion. They may arise spontaneously, initiating an inflammatory reaction that contributes to their growth, or they may arise as the consequence of another pathologic situation producing acinar obstruction. It appears that infection probably occurs secondary to stone formation.
Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: Location, echogenicity, histopathology, and staging
Authors: Lee F. , McLeary R. D. , Kumasaka G. H. , Borlaza G. S. , Straub W. H. , Gray J. M. , Meadows T. R. , Lee F. , Solomon M. H. , McHugh T. A. , Wolf R. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenocarcinoma of the prostate produces specific ultrasonic findings that can be used in diagnosis. We have examined 211 patients using transrectal ultrasound in both the sagittal and axial planes. Thirty‐three carcinomas were detected, and 31 histologically confirmed; 24 by needle biopsy, six by transurethral resection, one by total prostatectomy, and two by the demonstration of distant metatases. On ultrasound, all of the carcinomas were less echogenic than normal prostate. All appeared to originate in the peripheral zone of the prostate and produced asymmetry of the gland. The majority of carcinomas in this series showed capsular involvement and ten penetrated and extended beyond the prostatic capsule.The results of this series indicate that transrectal ultrasound can be used to detect cancer of the prostate gland. Ultrasound demonstrated the extent of tumor involvement and enabled accurate staging of these cancers.
Proteins of the rat prostate: I. Preliminary characterization by two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Lee Chung , Tsai Yvonne , Sensibar Julia , Harrison Harold H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rat prostate consists of three distinct lobes: the ventral, lateral, and dorsal. Proteins in the three lobes of the prostate were studied with the ISO‐DALT system for high‐resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Proteins were detected with ammoniacal silver stain. Comparison of patterns from the three lobes of the prostate of control, noncastrated rats revealed that while there was a remarkable overall similarity, six groups of proteins showed lobe‐specific differences. When prostatic regression was induced by castration, androgen‐dependent proteins showed a decrease in staining intensity. A group of proteins, with pI 5.0–6.0 and MW 65,000–70,000, was consistently observed only during the active phase of prostatic regression (days 3–7 postcastration). Their presence during this specific interval may play a role in tissue involution.
Effect of hormones on growth and ATP content of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line, LNCaP‐r
Authors: Hasenson Michael , Pousette ÅKe , Hartley‐åsp Beryl , Kihlfors Christer , Lundin Arne , Gustafsson Jan‐ÅKe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of ATP content as a measurement for cell growth was evaluated in the LNCaP prostatic cancer cell line. ATP content was found to correlate well with cell counts and was an easy and reliable method for following the effect of substances on cell growth. During cultivation for 9 days no effect on cell counts or ATP content could be seen when testosterone (10–10 to 10–6 M), estradiol‐17β (10–10 to 10–5 M), 5α‐DHT (10–9 to 10–6 M), prolactin, vitamin A, or antiandrogen was added to the cell medium in different combinations. However, a weak positive effect was seen on the mitotic index when 10 or 100 nM 5α‐DHT was added to the cells, whereas 1 μM 5α‐DHT inhibited cell growth. Thus despite the fact that this LNCaP line contained 16 fmol androgen receptor/mg protein (Kd 0.6 nM), it is unresponsive to hormones and should be designated LNCaP‐r (resistant). Chromosome analysis revealed that a shift in the modal chromosome number had occurred from the original LNCaP line, which could account for the lack of hormonal sensitivity.
Changes in immunohistochemical staining in prostatic adenocarcinoma following diethylstilbestrol therapy
Authors: Grignon David , Troster Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐eight pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies from 11 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were stained for prostate‐specific acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), and keratin to determine the effect of hormonal (diethylstilbestrol) therapy on these immunological markers. Treatment intervals ranged from 2 to 63 months. All pretreatment tumors were strongly positive for PAP, and nine were strongly positive for PSA. Two were weakly positive for PSA, and all were negative for keratin. In five of the 11 posttreatment group cases, staining with both PAP and PSA was reduced. In three posttreatment cases, the malignant epithelium showed a squamoid appearance, and in these areas the keratin gave a positive reaction. These findings indicate that immunohistochemical staining with PAP and PSA may change in response to hormonal therapy. These alterations may lead to falsenegative results when using these techniques to identify the primary tumor source of metastatic deposits of prostatic carcinoma.
Measurement of skin blood‐flow and water evaporation as a means of objectively assessing hot flushes after orchidectomy in patients with prostatic cancer
Authors: Frödin Thomas , Ålund Goran , Varenhorst Eberhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHot flushes can occur after orchidectomy for carcinoma of the prostate and are sometimes greatly distressing for patients. Attacks are difficult to register because of their transient and unpredictable nature and have been the object of very little scientific investigation. In 13 postorchidectomy patients who reported hot flushes we recorded cutaneous blood‐flow and sweating by use of a laser‐Doppler flowmeter and an evaporimeter. A total of 23 attacks were recorded. The rate of evaporation increased by more than 60 g/m2/h in ten attacks, from 10 to 60 g/m2/h in five attacks, and by less than 10 g/m2/h in seven attacks. The cutaneous blood‐flow increased synchronously with the increase in evaporation. The intensity of the attacks as experienced by the patients corresponded closely to recorded measurements.
Benign hyperplasia of ventral prostate in rats induced by a monoterpene (preliminary report)
Authors: Abramovici Armand , Sandbank Uriel , Servadio Ciro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis is a preliminary report on the experimental induction of benign prostatic hypertrophy in rats using the nonsteroidal compound, citral, a monoterpene that is widely used in the cosmetics, cleaning, and food industries. The shaved skin of rats 6 weeks of age was smeared daily with citral for 3 months. The ventral prostates of the treated rats were larger and heavier than those of controls, and histology revealed a typical benign process of hyperplasia. Further studies are in progress to assess the nature of the mechanism involved.
Proliferative responses of normal rat ventral prostate in organ culture: Effects of testosterone and its metabolites in chemically defined medium
Authors: Buchanan Lynn J. , Riches Andrew C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProliferative responses of normal rat ventral prostate to testosterone were compared with that of its major metabolites, 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, androstanedione, and 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol in serum‐free organ culture medium using the incorporation of 5‐[125I]‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (125I‐UdR) to monitor DNA synthesis. With the exception of 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol, these androgens induced comparable increases in DNA synthesis at both 4 × 10−9 and 4 × 10−7 M, and at 4 × 10−5 M they exerted a nonspecific cytotoxic effect, resulting in marked suppression of 125I‐UdR uptake. In contrast, 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol was not stimulatory at 4 × 10−9 M, whereas at both 4 × 10−7 and 4 × 10−5 M it stimulated marginal increases in DNA synthesis and effectively maintained the histology of the tissue in a state comparable to the intact gland. Unlike 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, its epimer 5β‐dihydrotestosterone was inactive at all concentrations used. These results support the hypothesis that testosterone action in the prostate is mediated by the formation of active 5α‐reduced metabolites.
Hormonal activation of the adenylyl cyclases of the rat and human prostate gland
Authors: Purvis K. , Rui H. , Gordeladze J. O. , Attramadal H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rat ventral prostate and the human hyperplastic prostate contain adenylyl cyclases which can be activated by a variety of neurotransmittors, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), β2 adrenergic agonists, and dopamine. In both species the response to VIP was predominantly localized to the epithelial fraction. In the human tissue activation of the enzyme could also be achieved with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and an α2 adrenergic agonist both associated with the stromal compartment. Castration in the rat caused a marked reduction in the basal activity of the enzyme and the maximal level of the hormone‐stimulated response per cell (per mg DNA), but had only minor effects on the pattern of activation when expressed per mg membrane protein. Androgen treatment (dihydrotestos‐terone propionate, 2.5 mg/day) prevented the castration effects. Estrogen treatment (estradiol benzoate, 125 μg/day) could not prevent the castrational changes but maintained enzyme activity at a level above that of the castrate. There were no major qualitative differences in the pattern of activation of the cyclase between the different lobes of the rat prostate and the seminal vesicle.
Distribution of glycoconjugates in normal rat ventral prostate and their use as markers of androgen‐controlled secretory function in culture
Authors: Martikainen Paula , Malmi Raija , Suominen Jyrki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution of glycoconjugates in uncultured and cultured rat ventral prostate was studied by using eight fluorescent lectins. The prostate pieces were cultured in defined medium with or without testosterone for 1–14 days. Each lectin revealed a characteristic binding pattern. Con A, LCA, WGA, and RCA I stained both epithelial and interstitial components. SBA and PNA were specific for the epithelium: SBA stained the region of the Golgi complex; PNA showed the brightest fluorescence in the apical part of the cells representing the region of secretory granules.In culture without testosterone the epithelial cells gradually lost their fluorescence, whereas the stromal fluorescence increased. The basement membrane was disorganized. With testosterone the integrity of the epithelium and stroma was maintained, and the staining pattern of the lectins was in the main similar as in vivo. However, at 14 days a change in the staining pattern of apical cytoplasm with PNA was noted, indicating that in long‐term cultures, in addition to testosterone, other hormones and growth factors are necessary to complete especially the last stages of the secretory process in the epithelial cells.
Histopathological observations in the canine prostate treated by local microwave hyperthermia
Authors: Leib Z. , Rothem A. , Lev A. , Servadio C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA large series of repeated experiments were performed applying localized microwave hyperthermia to the prostate in dogs using a new water‐cooled skirt‐type antenna [1], operating at 915 MHz, as part of a new hyperthermia apparatus being developed for the treatment of the prostate in humans. The prostate gland of 20 male dogs was heated repeatedly under general anesthesia, at temperatures between 40°C and 47°C, and for different lengths of time up to 10 h. The prostate and other tissues were evaluated histopathologically following treatments. Invariably, all treatments by hyperthermia of the prostate caused a mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in the interstitium and polymorphonuclear inflitration in the glandular elements. Permanent tissue damage was found to be time‐and temperature‐dependent. Heating at 42.5°C (± 0.5°5C) for up to 1.5 h was found to be harmless and could be safely repeated with our equipment. This study was part of a preclinical evaluation of a new antenna and apparatus.
Correlation of pretreatment plasma levels of estradiol and sex‐hormone‐binding globulin‐binding capacity with clinical stage and survival of patients with prostatic cancer
Authors: Haapiainen R. , Rannikko S. , Adlercreutz H. , Alfthan O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPretreatment plasma concentrations of estradiol‐17β (E2) and the binding capacity of sex‐hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 116 patients with prostatic cancer (PC) categorized into groups according to the UICC classification. By using the SHBG and E2 values, free percentage E2 and free E2 values were calculated. The patients were randomized to orchiectomy or estrogen treatment, and the mean follow‐up time was 42 months. Statistically significant higher (P < .05) pretreatment free E2 and/or E2 values were observed in subjects in which the cancer did not exceed beyond the capsule and was more differentiated and had not metastasized. SHBG values increased significantly (P < .05) with decreasing differentiation. It was observed in addition that survival was statistically significantly longer (P < .05) in subjects with high pretreatment E2 values compared to those with low values when the patients were grouped into three groups according to plasma E2 concentration, ie, 125–175, 75–124, and 20–74 pmol/liter. Survival was particularly poor in the group treated by orchiectomy with the lowest E2 values and statistically significantly different (P < .05) from that of the corresponding group treated by estrogens. However, the overall survival with the two treatments did not differ statistically significantly. Our results support the view that endogenous E2 levels play an inhibitory role in the growth, metastasizing tendency, and differentiation of the tumor and that estrogen treatment may be the treatment of choice for those with low pretreatment E2 levels; for those with medium or high levels orchiectomy seems to be as valuable as estrogen treatment.
Regional variation of cytosol androgen receptors throughout the diseased human prostate gland
Authors: Bowman Susan P. , Barnes Diana M. , Blacklock N. J. , Sullivan P. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe heterogeneous histology of the normal and diseased human prostate is well established. This study has investigated variations in cytosol andrbgen receptor (AR) content throughout the diseased gland to establish the most suitable sites to obtain tissue for AR assay. Only then can AR be investigated as a potential predictor of response to endocrine treatment.In a transverse slice of an enucleated prostate showing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) AR levels in 1‐g segments varied from 109 to 1,212 fmol/g tissue (mean 483 ± 273; median 406), with no negative areas. Areas of higher receptor concentrations corresponded to the glandular regions of sections obtained from a slice taken in juxtaposition; areas of low receptor concentrations corresponded to the stromal regions. A significant correlation (P < .02) was observed between AR concentration and the proportion of glandular components of each segment.Specimens were also obtained from each of three sites from 38 prostates; 45% of all specimens contained AR; however, distribution of receptor throughout the prostate was uneven. AR were significantly more likely to be measured in the peripheral zone (71% positive) than in periurethral tissue (39% positive) whilst only 24% of specimens taken from the limit of the resection possessed AR binding capacity. Similar distribution patterns were observed in both benign and malignant prostates, although 16% more specimens from carcinomatous prostates contained receptor than did those from benign glands; this difference was maintained at each site. In addition receptor levels were consistently lower in benign than in malignant specimens.It is therefore desirable to know the histological composition of specimens used for AR measurement.
Characterization of steroid receptors in human prostate using mibolerone
Authors: Murthy L. R. , Johnson M. P. , Rowley D. R. , Young C. Y. F. , Scardino P. T. , Tindall D. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAccurate quantitation of androgen receptors requires a radioactive ligand which has affinity and specificity for the receptor and which is stable to metabolic enzymes. In this report, we have characterized the properties of 7α,17α‐dimethyl‐17β‐hydroxy‐4‐estren‐3‐one (mibolerone) in human benign hyperplastic prostate cytosol and compared them to those of 17β‐hydroxy‐17α‐methyl‐estra‐4,9,11‐trien‐3‐one (R1881). Mibolerone was found to have an affinity (Kd = 1.5 nM) greater than R1881. (Kd = 2.3 nM) for the androgen receptor in human prostate tissue. Surprisingly, mibolerone was found to bind with high affinity to the progesterone receptor in both human prostate (Kd = 5.9 nM) and rabbit uterus (Kd = 1.1 nM). However, binding to this receptor in both species could be blocked with a 500‐fold excess of triamcinolone acetonide. [3H]Mibolerone binding to the androgen receptor was competed effectively with unlabeled dihydrotestosterone, R1881, and mibolerone but not by progesterone, diethylstilbestrol or R5020, in the presence of triamcinolone acetonide. Interestingly, mibolerone was more resistant to metabolism than R1881 in prostate cytosol when exposed to elevated temperatures (30°C) for extended periods of time. However, when exposed to high‐intensity ultraviolet irradiation, both compounds lost 50% of their binding ability in about 30 minutes. Mibolerone was found to have a very low affinity (Ki = 540 nM) for human sex steroid binding protein. These studies demonstrate that mibolerone is a useful ligand for androgen receptor assays. They also emphasize the need for including competitors of progesterone receptor binding in assays utilizing this steroid for androgen receptor measurements.