bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and control of synchronous generators for wide‐range variable‐speed wind turbines
Authors: Ramtharan Gnanasambandapillai , Jenkins Nicholas , Anaya‐Lara Olimpo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe modelling and control of a wide‐range variable speed wind turbine based on a synchronous generator are presented. Two different methods to control the operation of the synchronous generator are investigated, i.e. load angle control and instantaneous vector control. The dynamic performance characteristics of these control strategies are evaluated and compared using three model representations of the generator: a non‐reduced order model including both stator and rotor transients, a reduced order model with stator transients neglected, and a steady‐state model that neglects generator electrical dynamics. Assessment on the performance of grid‐side controller is shown during network fault and frequency variation. A simplified wind turbine model representation is also developed and proposed for large‐scale power system studies. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ‘trivial’ variant: filled thirds in the Office for St Thomas Becket
Authors: CHEUNG SALISBURY MATTHEW 
Published: March 2007

Abstract.The sources of medieval Offices contain a vast number of characteristics which demand comparative study; consequently, analyses of the repertory necessitate the use of a limited set of data upon which observations can be made. While apparently ‘trivial’ variants may be of limited use at the outset, they contribute to the understanding of the repertory and may provide key information to support the relationships between sources. One of these subtle variants is the filling in of a melodic third by the enclosed pitch. An examination of the instances of filled thirds in a selection of sources of the Office for St Thomas Becket offers evidence for an established source grouping. The author attempts to address the question why these filled thirds would exist in sources of relatively new chant melodies. Finally, proposals for further study of filled thirds and similar variants in the plainchant repertory are outlined.
An examination of the influence of eating location on the diets of Irish children
Authors: Burke SJ , McCarthy SN , O'Neill JL , Hannon EM , Kiely M , Flynn A , Gibney MJ 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the influence of eating location on the quality of the diets of Irish children and to compare intakes at home with intakes at other people's homes and intakes outside the home, and to compare intakes at various locations outside the home.DesignFood intake was measured using a 7-day weighed diary in 594 children from the Republic of Ireland (aged 5–12 years). Details of where the food was prepared or obtained were also recorded.ResultsEighty-nine per cent of all eating occasions occurred at home; < 6% occurred at both other people's homes and outside the home (takeaway, restaurant, shop, other). The percentage of food energy from fat was above the recommended 35% at other people's homes and outside the home, specifically at takeaways and restaurants. Fibre and micronutrient intakes (per 10 MJ) were significantly higher at home than at the other locations (P < 0.05). Within the ‘out’ locations, fibre and micronutrient intakes were generally higher at restaurants and lower at shops. High consumers of foods outside the home had a statistically significant, but relatively small decline in nutrient intakes compared with non- or low consumers. Chips and processed potatoes, meat products, savouries, sugars and confectionery, and savoury snacks made the greatest contribution to foods consumed outside the home.ConclusionsThe main focus of nutrition policies to improve the diets of Irish children should be the home environment rather than the food service sector. However, guidelines could call for better food choices outside the home to improve nutrient intakes.
Symptomatic Remission in Patients with Bipolar Mania: Results from a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Risperidone Monotherapy
Authors: Gopal Srihari , Beyer John L. , Steffens David C. , Kramer Michelle L. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: The purpose of this analysis was to compare symptomatic remission rates between risperidone and placebo in a completed randomized controlled trial. Design and Methods: Two hundred ninety (290) adult patients who met DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar I Disorder Manic or Mixed episode were randomized to flexible doses of risperidone or placebo for 3 weeks. An entry Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score of > 20 was required at trial screening and baseline. Time to first onset of remission (as defined as a YMRS score of < 8) was assessed using Cox proportional hazards. Persence or absence of sustained remission was analyzed using logistic regression. Sustained remission was defined as maintaining a YMRS < 8 for the remainder of the trial or until censor. Results: After adjusting for presence of psychosis, baseline YMRS, gender, number of mood cycles in the previous year and treatment,the odds of sustained remission for subjects on risperidone was 5.6 (p < 0.0001). Similarly the adjusted hazard or remission for subjects on rsiperidone was 4.0 (p < 0.0001). Interpretaion: A statistically significant proportion of manic patients receiving risperidone monotherapy achieved symptomatic remission within 3 weeks as compared to placebo.
Cytokine upregulation of proteinase‐activated‐receptors 2 and 4 expression mediated by p38 MAP kinase and inhibitory kappa B kinaseβin human endothelial cells
Authors: Ritchie E , Saka M , MacKenzie C , Drummond R , Wheeler‐Jones C , Kanke T , Plevin R 
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:Up‐regulation of proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2) is a factor in a number of disease states and we have therefore examined the signalling pathways involved in the expression of the receptor.Experimental approach:We investigated the effects of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), trypsin and the PAR2 activating peptide, 2‐furoyl(2f)‐LIGKV‐OH on both mRNA and functional expression of PAR2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of specific chemical inhibitors and dominant negative adenovirus constructs of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling pathway was assessed. Methods included semi‐quantitative and quantitative RT‐PCR, [3H]inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation and Ca2+‐dependent fluorescence.Key results:The above agonists induced both mRNA and functional expression of PAR2; PAR4 mRNA, but not that for PAR1 or PAR‐3, also increased following TNFα treatment. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase reduced PAR2 and PAR4 expression, whilst inhibition of MEK1/ERK/JNK was without effect. A similar dependency upon p38 MAP kinase was observed for the expression of PAR4. TNFα ‐induced enhancement of PAR2 stimulated [3H]‐inositol phosphate accumulation (IP) and Ca2+signalling was abolished following SB203580 pre‐treatment. Infection with adenovirus encoding dominant‐negative IKKβ (Ad.IKKβ+/−) and to a lesser extent dominant‐negative IKKα (Ad.IKKα+/−), substantially reduced both control and IL‐1β‐ induced expression of both PAR2 and PAR4 mRNA and enhancement of PAR2‐stimulated IP accumulation and Ca2+mobilisation.Conclusions and implications:These data reveal for the first time the signalling events involved in the upregulation of both PAR2 and PAR4 during pro‐inflammatory challenge.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 1044–1054. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707150
Regulation of the expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase by reactive oxygen species
Authors: Gerassimou C , Kotanidou A , Zhou Z , Simoes D D C , Roussos C , Papapetropoulos A 
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:Superoxide anions produced during vascular disease scavenge nitric oxide (NO), thereby reducing its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a direct effect on soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) subunit levels and function and to ascertain the mechanism(s) involved.Experimental approach:Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASM) or freshly isolated vessels were exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐generating agents and sGC subunit expression was determined at the mRNA and/or protein level. cGMP accumulation was also determined in RASM exposed to ROS.Key results:Incubation of smooth muscle cells with H2O2, xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) or menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) significantly decreased protein levels of α1 and β1 subunits of sGC and reduced SNP‐induced cGMP formation. Similarly, sGC expression was reduced in freshly isolated vessels exposed to ROS‐generating agents. The ROS‐triggered inhibition of α1 and β1 levels was not blocked by proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that decreased sGC protein was not due to protein degradation through this pathway. Real time RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated a 68% reduction in steady state mRNA levels for the α1 subunit following exposure to H2O2. In addition, α1 promoter‐driven luciferase activity in RASM decreased by 60% after H2O2treatment.Conclusion and implications:We conclude that oxidative stress triggers a decrease in sGC expression and activity that results from reduced sGC steady state mRNA levels. Altered sGC expression is expected to contribute to the changes in vascular tone and remodeling observed in diseases associated with ROS overproduction.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 1084–1091. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707179
Characterization of [35S]t‐butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) binding to GABAAreceptors in postmortem human brain
Authors: Atack J R , Ohashi Y , McKernan R M 
Published: March 2007

Background and purpose:The aim of the present study was to determine whether binding of [35S]t‐butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) to the convulsant binding site of GABAAreceptors in human postmortem brain samples can be used as anin vitroindex of the functional activation of these receptors.Experimental approach:Postmortem stability of [35S]TBPS binding was assessed in rat brain samples harvested at various times after death and the binding properties of [35S]TBPS binding (KDand Bmax) were determined in human postmortem brain using radioligand binding studies. In addition, the ability of human brain [35S]TBPS binding to be allosterically modulated by compounds that bind at recognition sites distinct from the convulsant binding site was measured.Key results:Whereas binding of [3H]Ro 15‐1788 to the benzodiazepine binding site and [3H]muscimol to the agonist (GABA) binding site were retained over a 20 h postmortem interval, there was a significant decrease in the affinity and number of [35S]TBPS binding sites. Nevertheless, [35S]TBPS binding in human brain could be inhibited by TBPS, picrotoxin, loreclezole and pentobarbital and modulated by GABA with potencies comparable to those observed in rats. In addition, the GABA‐induced reduction in human brain [35S]TBPS binding could be modulated by benzodiazepine site ligands in a manner that reflected their intrinsic efficacies.Conclusions and implications:These results suggest that allosteric coupling between the [35S]TBPS, GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites is preserved in postmortem human brain and that [35S]TBPS binding in this tissue may be used to study functional characteristics of native human GABAAreceptors.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 1066–1074. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707186
Direct labelling of the human P2X7receptor and identification of positive and negative cooperativity of binding
Authors: Michel A D , Chambers L J , Clay W C , Condreay J P , Walter D S , Chessell I P 
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose:The P2X7receptor exhibits complex pharmacological properties. In this study, binding of a [3H]‐labelled P2X7receptor antagonist to human P2X7receptors has been examined to further understand ligand interactions with this receptor.Experimental Approach:The P2X7receptor antagonist,N‐[2‐({2‐[(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl}amino)‐5‐quinolinyl]‐2‐tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec‐1‐ylacetamide (compound‐17), was radiolabelled with tritium and binding studies were performed using membranes prepared from U‐2 OS or HEK293 cells expressing human recombinant P2X7receptors.Key Results:Binding of [3H]‐compound‐17 was higher in membranes prepared from cells expressing P2X7receptors than from control cells and was inhibited by ATP suggesting labelled sites represented human P2X7receptors. Binding was reversible, saturable and modulated by P2X7receptor ligands (Brilliant Blue G, KN62, ATP, decavanadate). Furthermore, ATP potency was reduced in the presence of divalent cations or NaCl. Radioligand binding exhibited both positive and negative cooperativity. Positive cooperativity was evident from bell shaped Scatchard plots, reduction in radioligand dissociation rate by unlabelled compound‐17 and enhancement of radioligand binding by KN62 and unlabelled compound‐17. ATP and decavanadate inhibited binding in a negative cooperative manner as they enhanced radioligand dissociation.Conclusions:These data demonstrate that human P2X7receptors can be directly labelled and provide novel insights into receptor function. The positive cooperativity observed suggests that binding of compound‐17 to one subunit in the P2X7receptor complex enhances subsequent binding to other P2X7subunits in the same complex. The negative cooperative effects of ATP suggest that ATP and compound‐17 bind at separate, interacting, sites on the P2X7receptor.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 84–95. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707196
Bispectral index values during elective rigid bronchoscopy: a prospective observational pilot study
Authors: Bould M. D. , Mahtani D. G. , Davies R. , Roughton M. , Hunter D. N. , Kelleher A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryRigid bronchoscopy is associated with a high incidence of haemodynamic disturbance and awareness under anaesthesia. Anaesthetic agents are given both to attenuate the sympathetic response to bronchoscopy and to prevent awareness. Use of the Bispectral index to guide anaesthesia has shown to reduce awareness and improve recovery times from general anaesthesia. We undertook a prospective observational study of BIS values in 50 patients during routine anaesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy. BIS values were found to be between 40–60 during bronchoscopy for only 0.5% of the time (0–11.5%[0–98.7%]), median (interquartile range [range]). Patients had a BIS < 40 for 99.6% (87.9–100%[0–100%]) of the duration of bronchoscopy. We identified one case of possible awareness. Few of our patients undergoing general anaesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy had BIS scores in the suggested range of between 40 and 60. BIS < 40 was more frequent than in previous studies of different surgical populations. There was no difference in the BIS values of patients anaesthetised with intermittent boluses or target controlled infusions of propofol.
Masculinized dominant females in a cooperatively breeding species
Authors: AUBIN‐HORTH NADIA , DESJARDINS JULIE K. , MARTEI YEHODA M. , BALSHINE SIGAL , HOFMANN HANS A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms underlying complex social behaviours such as dominance are largely unknown. Studying the cooperatively breeding African cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, we show that dominant females were similar to dominant males in dominance behaviour, high testosterone levels and brain arginine vasotocin expression (a neuropeptide involved in vertebrate territorial, reproductive and social behaviours) compared to subordinate helpers, but had lower levels of 11‐ketotestosterone than males. Furthermore, brain gene expression profiles of dominant females were most similar to those of the males (independent of social rank). Dominant breeder females are masculinized at the molecular and hormonal level while being at the same time reproductively competent, suggesting a modular organization of molecular and endocrine functions, allowing for sex‐specific regulation.
crinkled leaves 8 – A mutation in the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase – leads to defects in leaf development and chloroplast division in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Garton Sarah , Knight Heather , Warren Gareth J. , Knight Marc R. , Thorlby Glenn J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe crinkled leaves8 (cls8) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana displays a developmental phenotype of abnormal leaf and flower morphology, reduced root growth and bleached leaf sections. Map‐based cloning identified the mutation as being within the gene encoding the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR1), the enzyme that catalyses the rate‐limiting step in the production of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) for DNA synthesis and repair. Levels of dTTP and dATP were significantly reduced in cls8. Two further mutant cls8 alleles and cls8::RNAi plants show similar or more severe phenotypes. The cls8‐1 mutant has fewer copies of the chloroplast genome, and fewer, larger chloroplasts than wild‐type plants. The ultrastructure of the chloroplast, however, appears normal in cls8‐1 leaves. We present evidence that, under conditions of limited dNTP supply, the inhibition of chloroplast DNA replication may be the primary factor in inducing aberrant growth.
Differential stimulation‐induced receptor localization in lipid rafts for interleukin‐6 family cytokines signaling through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor complex
Authors: Port Martha D. , Gibson Robin M. , Nathanson Neil M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are cytokines which signal through receptor complexes that include the receptor subunits glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and the LIF receptor (LIFR), but CNTF also requires the non‐signal transducing CNTF receptor (CNTFR) for binding. We show here that in IMR‐32 neuronal cells endogenously expressing the receptor subunits for LIF and CNTF, CNTFR, but not gp130 or LIFR, is found in detergent‐resistant lipid rafts. In addition, stimulation of these cells with CNTF resulted in a rapid translocation of a portion of gp130 and LIFR into detergent‐resistant lipid rafts while an equivalent stimulation with LIF did not. Disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion of cell membranes blocked the CNTF‐induced translocation of LIFR and gp130. Interestingly, while cholesterol‐depletion did not inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation by either CNTF or LIF stimulation, it strongly inhibited both CNTF‐ and LIF‐mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 and Akt. LIF and CNTF generally appear to have redundant effects in cells responsive to both cytokines. Intriguingly, the data presented here suggest a possible mechanism whereby CNTF or other cytokines that signal through CNTFR could generate signals distinct from those elicited by cytokines such as LIF which utilize a LIFR/gp130 heterodimer, via association with or exclusion from lipid rafts.
Relaxing/straightening of Afro‐ethnic hair: historical overview
Authors: De Sá Dias Tania Cristina , Baby André Rolim , Kaneko Telma Mary , Robles Velasco Maria Valéria 
Published: March 2007

SummaryAfro‐ethnic hair, when compared with naturally straight hair, presents some important variations such as differences in diameter in many points of the thread, ellipsoidal threads, and low trend of hydrating the scalp thus turning the hair drier, because the natural sebum distribution is irregular along the thread. This kind of hair may be straightened through both chemical and thermal methods. Straightening is a chemical process by which excessively curly hair is straightened in an irreversible way. Generally, the products used are formulated in a cosmetic emulsion with high pH. In this review, we present the historical development of hair straightening or relaxing through the evolution of the product categories.
Maximum Potential Preventive Effect of Hip Protectors
Authors: Van Schoor Natasja M. , Smit Johannes H. , Bouter Lex M. , Veenings Bart , Asma Greetje B. , Lips Paul 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors in older persons living in the community or homes for the elderly.DESIGN: Observational cohort study.SETTING: Emergency departments in the Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: Hip fracture patients aged 70 and older who visited the emergency departments of five hospitals in the Netherlands (n=520).MEASUREMENTS: Using the risk score of the Dutch Guidelines for Osteoporosis, how many patients had a high risk for fractures was retrospectively assessed. In addition, the circumstances of the hip fracture were assessed (n=299). Four factors were specified that might influence the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors: (1) hip fracture occurred in persons having a low risk, (2) hip fracture was not the consequence of a fall, (3) hip fracture occurred during circumstances that preclude the use of hip protectors, and (4) hip fracture occurred during the night.RESULTS: When providing hip protectors to women at high risk of fractures, 48.2% of all hip fractures could have been prevented.CONCLUSION: Many hip fractures occur in persons with a low risk for hip fracture or under circumstances that preclude the use of hip protectors. It was estimated that the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors is approximately 50% in older women living in the community or homes for the elderly. The actual preventive effect will be lower and depends on the acceptance and effectiveness of hip protectors and adherence to wearing them.
Relationship between night myopia and night‐time motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Cohen Yuval , Zadok David , Barkana Yaniv , Shochat Zipora , Ashkenazi Isaac , Avni Isaac , Morad Yair 
Published: March 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the relationship between night myopia and the occurrence of night‐time motor vehicle accidents in a group of professional drivers.Methods:  We examined 136 professional drivers. Refraction was determined in full illumination (100 cd/m2) and after sitting in darkness for 5 mins. The change in refraction, indicative of night myopia, was correlated with the number of motor vehicle accidents in which each driver was involved (detailed in their personal files) and with the results of a visual complaints questionnaire.Results:  The mean age of the study group was 21.0 years. Mean spherical refraction changed from + 0.11 dioptres (D) in light to − 0.17 D after dark adaptation for 5 mins. Night myopia was found in 34 drivers (25%), at a mean of − 1.2 D (range − 0.75 D to − 3.50 D). There was no statistically significant difference between these drivers and the rest of the group in the results of the visual complaints questionnaire, or in the number of accidents occurring during the day. However, drivers with a myopic shift > 0.75 D were involved in more accidents at night than the rest of the group (p = 0.044).Conclusions:  In this study population, drivers with night myopia of > 0.75 D were more likely to be involved in night‐time accidents. This may imply that selected groups of drivers should be examined for night myopia.