bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-2,3-Diarylaziridine by Rearrangement of Aryl-Substituted N-(Silylmethyl)imine
Authors: Komatsu Mitsuo , Ohno Mitsuru , Tsuno Shingo , Ohshiro Yoshiki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Thermal rearrangement of aryl-substituted N-(silylmethyl)imines to N-silylaziridines with high cis-selectivity was revealed and workup of the products readily led to cis-aziridine derivatives.
New Metabolites of Two Hybrid Strains ME 0004 and 0005 Derived from Penicillium citreo-virideB. IFO 6200 and 4692
Authors: Lai Sheng , Shizuri Yoshikazu , Yamamura Shosuke , Kawai Kazuaki , Terada Yukimasa , Furukawa Hideyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
6-Hydroxy-8-methoxy-3S,5-dimethylisochroman and 6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3S,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin have been isolated from the mycelium of a hybrid strain ME 0004 derived from Penicillium citreo-viride B. IFO 6200 and 4692. The latter has also been produced by the hybrid strain ME 0005 in addition to 11-β-hydroxy-12-oxocurvularin.
1,3-Asymmetric Induction in the Reaction of Organometallics to β-Hydroxy Ketones and β-Silyloxy Ketones
Authors: Ukaji Yutaka , Kanda Hiroyasu , Yamamoto Kouji , Fujisawa Tamotsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
High level of 1,3-asymmetric induction was realized in the reaction between β-hydroxy ketones and triisopropoxytitanium reagents to give anti-1,3-diols possessing tertiary alcohols. To the contrary, syn-1,3-diols were obtained by the addition reaction of organometallics to β-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy ketones.
Synthesis of Perfluoroethylmethylether by Direct Fluorination
Authors: Sekiya Akira , Ueda Kunimasa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The direct fluorination of trifluoromethylethers prepared from ethylene or fluorinated ethylenes with trifluoromethyl hypofluorite proceeded in excellent yield to obtain perfluoroethylmethylethers.
New Entry to γ,δ-Unsaturated Seven-membered Lactones
Authors: Kido Fusao , Kazi Abul B , Yoshikoshi Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangement of cyclic allyl sulfonium ylides, generated from the diazo malonates of 2-phenylthio-3-butenol derivatives with catalytic rhodium acetate, afforded γ,δ-unsaturated seven-membered lactones in moderate to good yields.
Reactions of Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl Chlorides with Aromatic Compounds Catalyzed by a Ruthenium(II) Complex
Authors: Kamigata Nobumasa , Fukushima Takamasa , Yoshida Masato 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The reactions of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl chlorides with aromatic compounds in the presence of a catalytic amount of dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) were found to give perfluoroalkylated compounds in good yield.
Synthesis of 2-(Aminomethylene)-2H,3H-1-benzothiophene-3-one from 3-Bromo-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one as a New Donor–acceptor Chromophore
Authors: Nakazumi Hiroyuki , Watanabe Shigeru , Maeda Katsumi , Kitao Teijiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
2-(Amino-substituted methylene)-2H,3H-1-benzothiophene-3-ones were prepared by ring contraction of 3-bromo-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one with amines, as a new donor–acceptor chromophore. The structure of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethylene) derivative was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
N,N′-Bis(8-quinolyl)glutaramide as a Highly Selective and Effective Cu(II) Carrier for the Uphill Transport through Liquid Membranes
Authors: Hiratani Kazuhisa , Taguchi Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
N,N′-Bis(8-quinolyl)glutaramide was found to be an excellent Cu(II) carrier through chloroform liquid membrane. It can selectively and efficiently transport only Cu(II) from aqueous solution containing Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Co(II).
Synthesis of Spiro Sugar Isoxazolidines via Tandem Michael Addition-1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Yokoyama Masataka , Yamada Naoyuki , Togo Hideo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A ribonimido-1,4-lactone reacts with electron-deficient alkenes to give the corresponding spiro furactofuranosyl isoxazolidines regio- and stereoselectively via tandem Michael addition-1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The spiro sugar isoxazolidines formed are converted into the corresponding pyrrolidines by reduction.
Conversion of 2-Heptenolides into Substituted Oxocene Systems. Its Application to the Synthesis of (+)-Lauthisan
Authors: Tsushima Kazunori , Murai Akio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
2-Heptenolide was smoothly transformed into the α,β,γ,δ-dienol triflate, which was reacted with lithium dialkylcuprates to afford α-alkylated oxocenes in good yields. The methodology was applied effectively to the synthesis of (+)-lauthisan.
Synthesis of Ultra-thin Films of Poly(vinylenebenzothiazole) at Air/Water Interface
Authors: Yokoyama Shiyoshi , Yoshida Ayumi , Ueda Tomoko , Watanabe Masayoshi , Sanui Kohei , Ogata Naoya 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Ultra-thin films of poly(vinylenebenzothiazole) (PVBT) were formed at the air/water interface. The resulting PVBT thin films had a repeatable and finely controllable thickness; the per layer thickness of PVBT multilayers was 36 Å. The films remained fairly stable when subjected to heat treatment up to 200 °C. They also had good solvent resistance.
Preparation of Platinum Cluster Catalyst Supported on Porous Chelate Resin–Metal Complexes for Hydrogenation of Olefin and Diene
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Teranishi Toshiharu , Asanuma Hiroyuki , Saito Yasukazu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Platinum cluster catalysts supported on chelate resin–metal complexes were prepared by reduction of platinum ions immobilized on the supports which were characteristic of high porosity. The initial rate of hydrogen uptake in the hydrogenation of olefin or diene over the catalysts increases with the surface area of the resin supports.
Finite projective planes of order n with a 2-transitive orbit of length n – 3
Authors: Biliotti Mauro , Montinaro Alessandro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We characterize the finite projective planes П of order n with a collineation group G acting 2-transitively on a point orbit of length n – 3. Aside from the trivial cases, the plane П must have order 9 or 16 and G is isomorphic to PSL(2,5) or AGL(1,13), respectively.
On the distance between the axes of elliptic elements generating a free product of cyclic groups
Authors: Rasskazov Alexey 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Let f and g be elliptic Möbius transformations of respective orders m≥3, n≥2, and let s, φ be the hyperbolic distance and angle between their axes. In this paper we prove that for

the group 〈f,g〉 is discrete, nonelementary and isomorphic to the free product of cyclic groups. Several examples are given showing the effectiveness of the above estimate for cosh s.
The Two Lost Years of Erasmus: Summary, Review, and Speculation
Authors: Sowards J. K. 
Published: May 2006

In early summer of the year 1509 Erasmus in Italy received the enthusiastic letter of his English friend and patron Lord Mountjoy, announcing the accession of the young Henry VIII to his father's throne and the beginning of an age of gold:O my Erasmus [he wrote], if you could see how everyone here rejoices, how they delight in such a prince, how zealously they wish him well, you would not be able to refrain from tears of joy. The heavens laugh, earth rejoices, every-thing is filled with milk and honey and nectar! All avarice is banished utterly and liberality scatters its blessings with a generous hand.
The Elysium of Julius Caesar Bordonius (Scaliger)
Authors: Richards J. F. C. 
Published: May 2006

The Elysium Atestinum of Julius Caesar Bordonius (or Bordonus) is a Latin poem of 411 hexameters, dedicated to Isabella d'Este, marchioness of Mantua (1474-1539). The purpose of the poem is to flatter Isabella and her brothers, Alfonso I, duke of Ferrara (1486-1534), and Cardinal Ippolito d'Este (1479-1520), by inventing a myth showing the interest of the Olympian gods in the house of Este and by providing it with an eponymous ancestor, the Trojan Atestes.It also describes an elaborate park and zoological garden on an island in the Po, which Alfonso is to make. This is presumably the park belonging to the Belvedere Palace built for Alfonso by Girolamo da Carpi between 1514 and 1516, which was celebrated not only by Bordonius, but also by Scipione Balbo in a Latin poem called Pulcher visus, by Celio Calcagnini in an epigram, and by Ariosto in the Orlando furioso.
A Sixteenth-century French Cosmic Voyage: Nouvelles des régions de la lune
Authors: Ridgely Beverly S. 
Published: May 2006

At the end of Pantagruel, when the conquest of the Dipsodes has been successfully completed and Pantagruel has recovered from his stomach trouble, thanks to the team of stalwarts who venture down his gullet and clean up the source of his indisposition, Rabelais takes leave of his readers, but only after whetting their appetites with this tantalizing hint of what is in store for them in his next volume:Vous aurez la reste de l'histoire à ces foires de Francfort prochainement venantes, et là vous verrez: comment Panurge fut marié, et cocqu dès le premier moys de ses nopces; et comment Pantagruel trouva la pierre philosophale, et la maniere de la trouver et d'en user; et comment il passa les Mons Caspies; comment il naviga par la mer Athlanticque, et deffit les caniballes, et conquesta les isles de Perlas; comment il espousa la fille du roy de Inde, nominee Presthan; comment il combatit contre les diables et fist brusler cinq chambres d'enfer, et mist a sac la grande chambre noire, et getta Proserpine au feu, et rompit quatre dentz a Lucifer et une come au cul; et comment il visita les regions de la lune pour scavoir si, a la verite, la lune n'estoit entiere, mais que les femmes en avoient troys quartiers en la teste; et mille aultres petites joyeusetez toutes veritables.
Croatian Renaissance
Authors: Kadić Ante 
Published: May 2006

A number of recent publications by Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti (the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts, in Zagreb) calls attention to an important literary renaissance in Croatia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Evidence of this renaissance is the considerable amount of writing done by Croatian poets, most of whom lived in the cities and islands of that narrow coastal strip in Dalmatia which had not been overrun by the Turks.At present the Yugoslav Academy is engaged in printing the books of Neo-Latin humanist writers of Croatian origin. It is also making available photostatically reproduced texts of the most important authors who wrote in the national language.
African History, Anthropology, and the Rationality of Natives
Authors: MacGaffey Wyatt 
Published: May 2006

The following exploration of social scientific thought as applied to Africa is an exercise in ethnography, not in debunking. At one level the argument, referring mainly to social change in western Zaire in the last hundred years, offers a descriptive interpretation which I assert is better than others. At another level I seek to establish what kind of phenomenon, in an ethnographic sense, historiography really is. At this level, I apply the methods of social science to a body of work in “social science” which is, in fact, myth, and which itself deals, in part, with a body of “myth” which is, in fact, social science.In “African Traditional Thought and Western Science,” Robin Horton first shows the ways in which the first is like the second in producing model-building explanatory schemes, and then argues that the difference between the two is essentially that “in traditional cultures there is no developed awareness of alternatives to the established body of theoretical tenets; whereas in scientifically oriented cultures, such an awareness is highly developed ” He elaborates this difference between “the open and closed predicaments” in terms of such factors as unreflective versus reflective thinking, mixed versus segregated motives, absence versus presence of experimental method; these factors he finds superior in explanatory power to “most of the well-worn dichotomies used to conceptualize the difference between scientific and tradition religious thought. Intellectual versus emotional; rational versus mystical; reality-oriented versus fantasy-oriented …”Only occasionally does Horton refer to social science, however; he seems to assimilate it to natural science.
Grist for the Mill: On Researching the History of Bulozi
Authors: Prins Gwyn 
Published: May 2006

Since African history began to be produced in quantity one-and-a-half academic generations ago, there have rarely been shortages of new explanatory theory, though sometimes there has been paucity of data, more often of field than of archival materials. Usually there has been little open discussion of the kinds of methodological problems that both of the other circumstances pose. This contribution to that debate attempts to be deliberately simple, perhaps naive, in order to permit general points to peer through specific examples. It is about the intellectual, technical, and personal complications of field work generally and is illustrated from my own research on the last hundred years in Bulozi, the western part of Zambia. In topic as well as technique, I hope that these experiences have a wider relevance, for much attention is focused on the times of colonial impact.I have in the title purposely set limits on the discussion. I look at the grist being brought to the mill rather than at what is done with it after it has been ground, in the belief that if the quantity and nature of adulteration can be judged -- for no grain is entirely pure -- one may hope to compensate for it in the baking and so produce reasonable bread. Also, extending the analogy a little, I shall identify types of grain, for no amount of baker's skill can produce a wheat loaf from rye flour.
Bibliotheca Missionum: A Case of Benign Neglect
Authors: Henige David 
Published: May 2006

“[The historian] ignores this … impeccable bibliography at his (or her) peril.”In this brief note I hope to draw effective attention to Bibliotheca Missionum, a bibliography which, in its scope, reliability, and accessibility stands unequalled among bibliographies of any kind. More important, though, than its superior technical attributes is the fact that Bibliotheca Missionum provides entrée to a vast but largely dormant body of source materials -- materials which are as little used as they are indispensable to the proper study of the African past. With all fairness, it can be said that Bibliotheca Missionum's superiority is rivaled only by our disregard of it.Bibliotheca Missionum was conceived by Robert Streit, a missionary of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The first volume in the series appeared in 1917 and since then twenty-nine others have appeared. Initially the volumes appeared more or less under the auspices of the Oblates, but in the late 1920s the project was taken over by the newly-established Pontificia Biblioteca Missionaria in Rome. Streit was succeeded by Johannes Dindinger in 1930 and other Editors have since held office, but Bibliotheca Missionum continues to be referred to as “Streit and Dindinger.” Of the thirty volumes so far published, six (volumes 15 to 20) relate directly to Africa. All were published between 1951 and 1954 and include the following:
In addition, Vols. 1, 22, and 23 are devoted to work of general missiological import and naturally contain much that relates to Africa.
Trees and Traps: Strategies for the Classification of African Languages and their Historical Significance
Authors: Flight Colin 
Published: May 2006

For the present series there will emerge a complete genetic reclassification of the languages of Africa. These results are so at variance with the commonly accepted scheme that a brief methodological foreword seems in order. There is nothing recondite about the methods which I have employed.…These abruptly articulated sentences form the opening of the first in a series of articles which, with time, would be seen to have initiated a new phase in the historical study of African languages. Seven of these articles appeared, at quarterly intervals, during 1949/50. They offered not only a fresh classification for the languages of the African continent; they also exemplified a fresh approach to the problem of language classification anywhere in the world. Since then, the classification itself has been revised and extended on several occasions, and the methodology has been made more explicit in some respects. But of none of these subsequent developments can it be said that they were not latent in the original publications. Even if the author had lost interest in the subject soon afterwards--which happily was not the case--the indications would still have been there for others to follow up, if and when they chose. In that sense, the achievement was complete by 1950.Recognition of the achievement, however, was only slowly gained. Among Africanists these articles became the focus for a prolonged and sometimes acrimonious controversay, the echoes of which are with us even now. In some quarters, the classification was not at all willingly accepted; nor was the methodology which lay behind it.
The Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft Archives
Authors: Maier D.J.E. 
Published: May 2006

The Norddeutsche Mission archives are located in the Staatsarchiv of Bremen, that is, the archives of the Staat or province of Bremen in West Germany. The headquarters of the Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft (the North German Mission Society) is also in Bremen, but their historical archives were given to the Staatsarchiv in the late 1960s because the mission no longer had space to store them properly. The Norddeutsche missionaries were active the Ewe areas of eastern Asante, the Gold Coast, and Togoland from the 1840s to the present. Consequently the material has great potential use for the west African historian. To my knowledge the archives have been used previously by Arthur Knoll (before the material was indexed and sent to the Staatsarchiv) for his Togo Under Imperial Germany 1884-1914 and by Peter Bühler in “The Volta Region of Ghana, Economic Change in Togoland 1850-1914,” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-San Diego, 1975). I feel, however, that these books and my own research in the archives barely touch the surface of the Bremen data.The Staatsarchiv is open to the public, though I believe it is considered polite to write in advance and introduce yourself. The address is as follows:Herr DirectorStaatsarchiv BremenPräsident-Kennedy-Platz 22800 Bremen 1West GermanyYou should bring some evidence of institutional affiliation. I obtained the permission of the Norddeutsche Mission before going to the Staatsarchiv but I believe this is not necessary.The Staatsarchiv file number for all the mission material is 7,1025. The index for this classification is approximately twenty pages and is divided into five quite unequal parts: Neuseeland (a brief attempt at missionary work there); West Africa; Die Missionare; Heimat; Bildarchiv.
Northwestern University Library Microfilm Collection of Dutch Archival Records
Authors: Yarak Larry W. 
Published: May 2006

During 1976-1981 the Melville J. Herskovits Africana Library of Northwestern University acquired a substantial microfilm collection of archival material from the Netherlands' Algemeen Rijksarchief (National Archives). A brief description of part of that collection was published by David Henige in History in Africa, 4 (1977). At this writing the collection numbers 301 microfilm reels, of which 165 have been cataloged (Film A374). It is no exaggeration to state that the collection places at the disposal of historians an indispensable--and so far underutilized--corpus of documentary source material for reconstructing the political and social history of the eighteenth and nineteenth century Gold Coast.The overwhelming majority of the records are in the Dutch language, though there are several reels containing original correspondence with the English forts on the Gold Coast for both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In general the quality of reproduction is good to excellent; however, a number of reels, particularly those containing eighteenth century material, reproduce documents that have water damage or are otherwise difficult to read. It is important to note that much of this damaged or fragile material is not let out to readers by the Algemeen Rijksarchief staff, and must be consulted on microfilm at the archive.One of the major objectives in putting together the Northwestern collection was to obtain as complete a set as possible of the so-called Elmina Journals, that is, the daily record of events on the coast maintained by successive governors based at the Dutch headquarters at Elmina.
Archival Resources in Mali
Authors: Conrad David 
Published: May 2006

Before departing for Mali, researchers should write a formal request for permit to conduct research to: Ministre de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Bamako. A second letter should be sent to M. Mamadou Sarr, Chef de la Division de Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 159, Bamako, advising him that the first letter has been written and stating both the research topic and the anticipated duration of the research trip.Once in Bamako (if permission is granted), the “Autorisation de Recherche” can be obtained from M. Sarr, whose office is in the Ministry of Education Building on the Place de la Liberté. If this can be done within the first few days after arrival and before expiration of the temporary visa, the research authorization can simplify the visa renewal process at the Direction des Services de Sécurité. Authorization for access to the Archives Nationales du Mali requires a separate application, which also is issued by M. Sarr and can be applied for at the same time as the general authorization.Every researcher is required to work under the aegis of the Institut des Sciences Humaines, of which M. Sarr is director. Those intending to do field work are assigned an I.S.H.M. “technician” who may have some background in the subject and can also be helpful in contacting informants. In principle, the technician is supposed to accompany the investigator on all field trips, and the investigator is expected to pay the technician's transportation costs, food, and lodging, as well as 2,000 Malien francs (about $5.00) per diem.
Ritual Warfare and the Colonial Conquest of the Eggon
Authors: Dorward David C. 
Published: May 2006

A great deal has been written about the colonial conquest of Africa, from the perspectives of both the conquerors and the conquered. Primary resistance has come and gone as an ‘in’ topic in African Studies. Yet to the extent that such literature deals with the colonial conquest, it has been within a structural-functional framework, focusing on social, political, and economic factors. Possible cultural and psychological aspects have been relegated to the occasional vague comment. More often, these latter elements have tended to be assumed, rather than demonstrated, and then generally in the hindsight of nationalist manipulation of oral traditions in the process of decolonization. Only through the elucidation of meaning to participants of events can we transform them from the status of ‘objects of study’ to ‘subjects in action.’This paper examines the impact of colonial conquest of the Eggon of central Nigeria in terms of a reconstruction of indigenous institutions of warfare, in particular, Eggon concepts of ritual warfare and its functions. What met in the Mada Hills were not merely two disproportionately armed fighting forces, but two different military ideologies (for want of a more apt phrase), representing two quite different perceived, experienced, and constructed realities. The impact of that confrontation was such that it has been transformed into a prototype myth encompassing the colonial experience of all Eggon, not just those directly involved in the Wulko hills campaign.