bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE IN BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Authors: MORTON J. J. , KELLY P. , PADFIELD P. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYImmunoactive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma, lung tumours and metastatic tumours of nineteen patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.Ten patients had hyponatraemia and carcinoma of the small oat cell type. Plasma ADH measured in nine of these patients ranged from 11–270 pg/ml and was elevated above the normal range (4.6–6.2 pg/ml) in all subjects. ADH‐immunoreactive material was detectable in all primary lung tumours (range 9–1080 pg/mg wet weight, n= 7) and metastases (range 5–63 pg/mg wet weight, n= 9) obtained from the hyponatraemic patients. A statistical relationship existed between plasma and tumour ADH concentration in six patients where both measurements were performed.Three patients had small cell carcinomas (two oat cell and one anaplastic) without overt hyponatraemia. ADH‐like material was detectable in the lung tumours (18 and 1.1 pg/mg wet weight) and liver metastases (4 and 1.0 pg/mg wet weight) of two patients but not in the third.Four of the remaining patients had squamous cell carcinomas and two had adenocarcinomas. None had hyponatraemia. ADH‐like material was undetectable in all lung tumours, metastatic tumours and uninvolved tissue from these patients.ADH extracted from the pituitaries of four patients ranged from 6400–13200 pg/mg wet weight.ADH immunoreactive extracts of six lung tumours and nine metastases (all oat cell) showed the same pattern on elution from a Sephadex G‐25 column. A large peak, which made up 65% of the total activity, was eluted in the same position as synthetic arginine vasopressin and contained comparable amounts of immunoreactive and bioactive ADH. Two smaller peaks (8 and 27% of total activity) were eluted in positions of higher molecular weight and contained more immunoreactive than bioactive ADH. In contrast, three of four pituitary extracts showed only a single peak which eluted in the same position as marker vasopressin.
PLACENTAL SULPHATASE DEFICIENCY: ANTEPARTUM DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FROM FOETAL ADRENAL HYPOPLASIA
Authors: OAKEY R. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPregnancies complicated by placental sulphatase deficiency and with fetal adrenal hypoplasia present similar clinical features. Antepartum differential diagnosis is required to identify those newborn infants likely to be at risk from adrenal insufficiency. For this purpose, the urinary excretion, near term, of oestrogens and 17‐oxogenic steroids in six pregnancies with placental sulphatase deficiency was compared with the excretion of these groups of steroids by twenty‐one women with an anencephalic foetus. This group served as a model for congenital adrenal hypoplasia.The mean excretion of oestrogens in placental sulphatase deficiency (7.4 μmo1/24 h, mean ± SD, seventeen urines) was significantly lower (P< 0.001) than that of women with an anencephalic foetus (17 ± 10 μmo1/24 h, twenty‐nine urines). In contrast, mean 17‐oxogenic steroid excretion was higher (P < 0.001) in pregnancies complicated by sulphatase deficiency (46 ± 12 μmo1/24 h, seventeen urines) than in those complicated by anencephaly (26 ± 7 μmo1/24 h, twenty‐nine urines).All 24 h urine samples from women with placental sulphatase deficiency contained <11.5 μmol oestrogen and > 26 μmol 17‐oxogenic steroids, whereas all results from women with an anencephalic foetus fell outside both these limits.With these simple urinary steroid assays, it appears possible to distinguish, before delivery, between pregnancies with placental sulphatase deficiency and those with anencephaly, and, by implication, those with congenital adrenal hypoplasia.
HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER: EFFECT OF ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: SHERMAN BARRY M. , WALLACE ROBERT B. , JOCHIMSEN PETER R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe hormonal features of the menstrual cycle determined by measurement of serum LH, FSH, oestradiol, progesterone and prolactin were normal in thirteen breast cancer patients clinically disease free and not taking anti‐tumour therapy. Results of similar studies during seven menstrual cycles in four patients on an adjuvant therapy programme of L‐phenylalanine mustard (L‐PAM) + 5‐flurouracil (5‐FU) also had normal hormonal characteristics after three to fourteen courses of chemotherapy. Amenorrhoea with elevated gonadotrophins occurred after seven courses of chemotherapy in one 48‐year‐old woman. Adjuvant chemotherapy does not appear to result in major alterations in hormone secretion during menstrual cycles of women who continue to menstruate while on therapy.
THE PITUITARY‐GONADAL RESPONSE TO THE GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGUE D‐SER(TBU)6‐DES GLY10‐LHRH‐ETHYLAMIDE IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: HEATH M. , SCANLON M. F. , MORA B. , SNOW M. H. , GOMEZ‐PAN A. , WATSON M. J. , MULLIGAN F. , HALL REGINALD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied the dose‐response characteristics of the LHRH analogue D‐Ser (TBU)6‐Des Gly10‐LHRH‐ethylamide administered subcutaneously to five normal male volunteers. The relative potency of the analogue is about sixty times (FSH) and forty times (LH) that of the parent peptide and the increased potency and duration of action of the analogue lead to enhanced biological effect in terms of testosterone release. The prolonged duration of action of the analogue suggests that a single daily dosage regime could be used although further chronic studies with this potent analogue should be undertaken in normal volunteers to determine optimum dosage schedules.
DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO AN ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST IN ADDISON'S DISEASE
Authors: OGIHARA TOSHIO , HATA TAKESHI , NAKAMARU MITSUAKI , MIKAMI HIROSHI , MARUYAMA ANNA , OAKADA YOSHIAKI , KUMAHARA YUICHI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe synthetic angiotensin II antagonist, 1‐sarcosine, 8‐isoleucine angiotensin II was infused in two patients with untreated Addison's disease. Blood pressure decreased following infusion of this angiotensin II antagonist. Re‐infusion of the antagonist after cortisol replacement therapy for one month caused a slight increase in blood pressure. Addison's disease is one of the conditions in which the renin‐angiotensin system is involved in the maintenance of blood pressure.
EFFECT OF SOMATOSTATIN ON ABNORMAL GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN SECRETION IN PATIENTS WITH THE CARCINOID SYNDROME
Authors: GOMEZ‐PAN A. , SCANLON M. F. , THORNER M. O. , REES L. H. , SCHALLY A. V. , HALL R. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGrowth hormone (GH) secretion has been studied in two patients with the carcinoid syndrome during glucose loading and growth hormone‐release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH, somatostatin) infusion. Both patients had elevated fasting GH levels which were not suppressed by glucose; GH levels fell rapidly during GHRIH infusion. One patient also had hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhoea and the prolactin (PRL) levels were unaltered by GHRIH. The association between carcinoid tumours and abnormalities of GH and PRL secretion is discussed.
THE SHORT METYRAPONE TEST: COMPARISON OF THE PLASMA ACTH RESPONSE TO METYRAPONE AND INSULIN‐INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: STAUB J. J. , NOELPP B. , GIRARD J. , BAUMANN J. B. , GRAF S. , RATCLIFFE J. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma ACTH levels in response to metyrapone and insulin hypoglycaemia were compared in subjects with normal pituitary‐adrenal function. After a single dose of 2 g of metyrapone given with a snack at midnight, the ACTH level was 468 ng/l ± 66 (SEM) at 07.30 h the next morning (mean increment approximately nine fold over normal morning values). After insulin‐hypoglycaemia the peak ACTH level was 369 ng/l ± 31 (SEM). Peak ACTH levels greater than 200 ng/l were achieved in twenty of twenty‐one (95%) subjects after metyrapone and twenty of twenty‐four (83%) after insulin. No major side effects were noted after metyrapone.It is concluded that the short single‐dose metyrapone test produces at least as strong and consistent a stimulus to ACTH release as the standard insulin‐hypoglycaemia test in normal subjects. A direct assay of ACTH avoids misinterpretations which are inherent in a judgement based on compound S increase only. The short test has significant practical advantages over the classical metyrapone test, and provides a convenient and sensitive method of assessing the negative feedback ACTH control mechanism. It may be particularly useful in detecting minor degrees of pituitary suppression. The value of this test in clinical practice for the investigation of patients with hypothalamic‐pituitary diseases in comparison to the classical tests of ACTH stimulation has yet to be demonstrated.
INDUCTION OF PUBERTY LONG‐TERM TREATMENT WITH HIGH‐DOSE LHRH
Authors: BROOK C. G. D. , DOMBEY S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGonadotrophin releasing hormone 500 mcg was administered twice daily to four patients (two male, two female) with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to LHRH deficiency, for a minimum of 1 year. Despite initially encouraging biochemical responses and physical changes in all four patients, gonadotrophin responsiveness waned, sex steroid levels were not maintained and pubertal development has not occurred. This diminishing responsiveness appears to be a severe limitation on the use of LHRH as a therapeutic agent.
EFFECTS OF 1,25‐DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL ON 47CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: CANIGGIA A. , VATTIMO A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMeasurement of 47Calcium absorption was performed on eleven women with post‐menopausal osteoporosis. The study was repeated after 10 days treatment with 1 μg daily of 1,25(OH)2D3. These patients showed a statistically significant improvement of fractional calcium absorption that was inversely correlated to the basal values. The prompt improvement of the intestinal calcium transport in post‐meno‐pausal osteoporotic women, a few days after the administration of physiological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 suggests that these patients synthesize inappropriately small amounts of 1,25(OH)2D3 because of their oestrogen deficiency. This could be an important pathogenetic factor in post‐menopausal osteoporosis, as the efficiency of the adaptation of calcium absorption to low calcium intakes is dependent on 1,25(OH)2D3.
EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES ON LIVER BINDING SITES FOR HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE, AS STUDIED IN THE RAT*
Authors: DURAN‐GARCIA S. , GOMEZ‐NIETO J. , FOUCHEREAU‐PERON M. , PADRON V. F. , OBREGON M. J. , DE ESCOBAR G. MORREALE , REY F. ESCOBAR DEL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeveral weeks after thyroidectomy (t̄), female rats stopped growing, and their pituitary GH content had decreased to less than 2‐3% of the values found for age‐matched controls (C). The liver membranes of such animals were explored with human GH (hGH). It was found that in the severely hypothyroid t̄ rat, the number, but not the affinity, of the lactogenic binding sites was markedly reduced. Treatment of these rats for 3 weeks with 1.75 μg or T4 or 0.5 μg T3/100 g body weight/ day restored growth, increased pituitary GH content and restored the number of liver lactogenic binding sites practically to normal. As regards the lactogenic binding sites, similar results were obtained when the severely hypothyroid rats were treated with a much lower T4 dose (0.2 μg/lOO g/day): this dose was clearly growth promoting, and restored to normal both the low circulating GH levels and the pituitary PRL content of the severely hypothyroid rat. The changes in plasma PRL were not clear. The lactogenic binding sites on liver membranes from rats which were both thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized were decreased in number. Treatment with 0.5 μg T3/100 g/day for 30 days (but not for 12 days) resulted in an increase in the number of lactogenic binding sites, though it did not affect growth or the undetectable plasma CH levels. The effect on the lactogenic binding sites was less marked than in t̄ rats with an intact pituitary. It would appear that minute amounts of thyroid hormones are needed for maintenance of liver lactogenic binding sites; it is possible that this not only occurs through mechanism(s) Correspondence: Prof. S. Duran‐Garcia, Hospital Universitario, Planta 7a, Sevilla, Spain.
EFFECT OF AGE ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH KLINEFEL TER'S SYNDROME
Authors: GABRILOVE J.L. , FREIBERG E.K. , THORNTON J.C. , NICOLIS G.L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTesticular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome parallels the alterations seen with age in the normal subject. Significant decreases are seen in the Klinefelter group in the plasma level of testosterone and in the plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio. Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome appears very much like that seen in a chronologically older subject.
SLEEP‐WAKE PATTERNS AND INTEGRATED VALUES OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, PROLACTIN, GROWTH HORMONE AND THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE IN NORMAL AND CRYPTORCHID PUBERTAL PATIENTS
Authors: GIUSTI M. , BOLOGNESI F. , MORTARA R. , MIGNONE D. , GRIMALDI P. , GIORDANO G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe sleep‐wake behaviour of LH, FSH, PRL, GH and TSH was studied in seven cryptorchid patients (four unilateral and three bilateral cryptorchids) average age 12 years and in nine normal pubertal boys of 13 years (mean age). Blood samples were collected by a continuous withdrawal pump, every hour, for 24 h. The hormonal concentration for every fraction of time was measured and related to the sleep (SC), wake (WC) and total 24 h period (DC). The integrated concentrations of the corresponding periods (IS, IW, ID) were calculated as well as their ratios (IS/IW; IS/ID%). For GH and TSH, the data obtained demonstrated no differences between cryptorchid and pubertal subjects. The PRL secretion in cryptorchid patients was moderately increased during the hours of nocturnal sleep. A normal pubertal sleep‐wake rhythm was found for gonadotrophins in both groups of subjects. More marked levels of LH secretion were observed in cryptorchid boys compared to normal pubertals. The presence of a sleep‐wake rhythm was also found in the cryptorchid patients and normal pubertal subjects in the P 1 stage. These data suggest that the CNS‘programme’which controls the onset of puberty may be normal in cryptorchid patients.
FUNCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMO‐HYPOPHYSIAL‐THYROID AXIS IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: GOMEZ‐PAN A. , ALVAREZ‐UDE F. , YEO P. P. B. , HALL R. , EVERED D. C. , KERR D. N. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHypothalamo‐hypophysial‐thyroid function has been studied in twenty‐five patients with chronic renal failure. Eight were receiving conservative treatment, nine peritoneal dialysis and eight haemodialysis. All were clinically euthyroid. Total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were reduced but free T4 levels were normal, while free T3 was reduced in patients with the most severe renal failure. It is suggested that the binding of thyroid hormones by the transport proteins is reduced and that peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired in renal failure. The thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) is reduced in renal failure but this reduction is probably independent of alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism. Growth hormone was released by TRH in seven of the patients studied, possibly as a result of protein malnutrition.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE‐INDUCED GROWTH HORMONE RISE AND DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS: STUDIES IN PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS OF THE ANIMAL AND MAN
Authors: MÜLLER E. E. , SALERNO F. , COCCHI D. , LOCATELLI V. , PANERAI A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) after thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) and a striking reduction after dopaminergic drugs is present in acromegalic (‘responder’) patients. We have investigated the GH response to dopaminergic stimuli in two conditions of animals and man, which, like acromegaly, are characterized by a TRH‐induced GH rise, i.e. rats with electrolytic lesions of the median eminence (ME) and patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In addition, we have studied the TRH‐induced GH rise in rats with ME lesions, in the cirrhotic patients and in a group of‘responder’acromegalics before and after administration of dopaminergic drugs. In rats with ME lesions an infusion of dopamine (DA) neither modified baseline GH levels nor the TRH‐induced GH rise. In five out of six cirrhotic patients oral administration of l‐Dopa was followed by the usual rise in plasma GH. Infusion of DA increased plasma GH levels in three out of seven cirrhotic patients and in four out of five subjects an earlier GH rise after TRH was seen. However, in the‘responder’acromegalics, the infusion of DA, besides lowering baseline plasma GH, was capable of reducing the TRH‐induced GH rise. Collectively these data indicate that the TRH‐induced GH rise emphasizes defects in the neurohormonal links between the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary. Instead, the paradoxical fall of GH after dopaminergic drugs appears to be a prerequisite of acromegaly and may be attributable to receptors for DA located on the tumorous tissue.
HUMORAL AND CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN LARGE NON‐TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITRE
Authors: MOTA N. G. S. , KIY Y. , REZKALLAH‐IWASSO M. T. , PERAÇOLI M. T. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHumoral and cell‐mediated immunity was investigated in fourteen patients with non‐toxic multinodular goitre and ten healthy controls by in vitro methods. These included determination of sheep erythrocyte and complement rosette‐forming cells in the peripheral blood, immunoglobulin levels, titres of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies and migration inhibition test using thyroid extract and phytohemagglutinin. When compared with controls the patients showed high IgA levels and positive response to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test. There was no correlation between the leucocyte migration results and the presence of auto‐antibodies. These findings indicate a possible role of cell‐mediated immunity in non‐toxic multinodular goitre.
HYPOTHALAMO‐PITUITARY OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THIRTY‐ONE WOMEN WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM
Authors: HUGUES J. N. , COSTE T. , PERRET G. , JAYLE M. F. , SEBAOUN J. , MODIGLIANI E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA study of hypothalamo‐pituitary function was carried out in chronic alcoholic women aged 29–66 years, with chronic pancreatitis or cirrhosis of the liver. Amenorrhoea was present in most of them (67%). The hormonal investigation included assessment of basal plasma steroids, gonadotrophin and prolactin values, followed by an anterior pituitary function test. Clomiphene stimulation and/or hCG tests were performed. The subjects were divided into four groups according to their oestrogen status on the one hand, and the baseline gonadotrophin concentration on the other. Results were compared with two control groups composed of twelve healthy post‐menopausal women and ten normal women of reproductive age. Five different patterns of hypothalamo‐pituitary ovarian activity could be distinguished: post‐menopausal women (eight), perimenopausal women (eight), hypothalamic amenorrhoea (five), anovulation (four) and inadequate luteal phase (six). A normal peri‐ or post‐menopausal hormonal profile was found in most (77%) chronic alcoholics of more than 45 years of age. In contrast, 84% of patients of reproductive age had functional hypothalamic disorders. These observations suggest that chronic alcoholism affects sexual function at the hypothalamo‐pituitary level chiefly during the reproductive period. The pathogenesis of these endocrine changes is not clear. The relative importance of ethanol consumption, liver damage and non‐specific factors such as nutritional status and chronic illness are discussed.
ADRENAL STEROIDOGENESIS IN HIRSUTE WOMEN
Authors: CHILD D. F. , BU'LOCK D. E. , ANDERSON D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAdrenal steroidogenesis has been studied in vivo in ten hirsute and ten normal women. Serum levels of nine steroids on the biosynthetic pathway: the Δ53 β‐hydroxysteroids, pregnenolone (Pe), 17α‐hydroxypregnenolone (17 Pe), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol (Adiol), and their Δ43 keto counterparts, progesterone (Po), 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (17 Po), androstenedione (Adione), and testosterone (T), as well as cortisol, were measured following ACTH stimulation from a dexamethasone‐suppressed state. The results are complicated by the finding of marked heterogeneity in the adrenal steroid response between different subjects in the normal population. One of the ten normal women had a much greater increment of Po and 17Po than the others following ACTH stimulation, suggesting that she has reduced 21‐hydroxylase activity. A similar heterogeneity was also seen in the hirsute women, three of the ten having an exaggerated 17Po response to ACTH. Two of the same hirsute women also had greater Adione responses than normal. Adrenal steroidogenesis was normal in most of the hirsute women, while a subtle adrenal variant, possibly of 21‐hydroxylase, has been demonstrated in a minority as in normal individuals; we do not yet know whether this is of aetiological importance. Our data do not support previous suggestions that adrenal 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is reduced in hirsute women.
MOLECULAR FORMS OF SOMATOSTATIN IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC SOMATOSTATINOMA
Authors: PENMAN ERICA , LOWRY P. J. , WASS J. A. H. , MARKS V. , DAWSON A. M. , BESSER G. M. , REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients with somatostatin‐secreting pancreatic tumours are described, one presenting with hypoglycaemia due to hyperinsulinism, and the other with Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production. When plasma from these patients was subjected to gel chromatography under conditions designed to prevent somatostatin binding to larger proteins, a peak of monomeric immunoreactive somatostatin was observed as well as several large molecular weight forms. These larger forms of somatostatin could be dissociated into monomeric somatostatin by dithiothreitol. Similar studies on plasma obtained from normal subjects also showed heterogeneity of circulating somatostatin. Extracts of tumour tissue from both patients contained predominantly monomeric somatostatin, but only small amounts of high molecular weight somatostatin which differed from the profile seen in plasma. The site(s) of origin of the large molecular weight forms of somatostatin seen in plasma and their relative biological activities remain to be established.
HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA AND LONG‐TERM LACTATIONAL AMENORRHOEA
Authors: DUCHEN M. R. , MCNEILLY A. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYClinical details of lactational and menstrual history post‐partum have been correlated with measurements of serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oestradiol and progesterone in Transkei women in order to gain further insight into the role of prolactin in the maintenance of post‐partum lactational amenorrhoea. Of seventy‐four breast‐feeding mothers studied, sixty‐six had elevated serum levels of prolactin. Forty‐four women were amenorrhoeic with minimal or absent endocrine evidence of ovarian activity. Of the twenty‐seven lactating women who reported menstruation, twelve had high levels of prolactin and no apparent ovarian activity, eleven had lower prolactin levels and increased oestradiol levels suggesting ovarian follicular development, while only four women had increased progesterone levels indicating definite luteal activity. Three lactating women were pregnant. The results support previous reports that lactational amenorrhoea is associated with hyperprolactinaemia and a possible sequence of endocrine events resulting in the return of post‐partum fertility is proposed.