bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A genome wide linkage scan of metacarpal size and geometry in the Framingham Study
Authors: Karasik David , Shimabuku Nicole A. , Zhou Yanhua , Zhang Yuqing , Cupples L. Adrienne , Kiel Douglas P. , Demissie Serkalem 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBone geometry is a significant component of bone strength, and has a clinical utility in predicting fractures and quantifying bone loss. Bone geometry is known to have a substantial genetic component. We performed linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions governing metacarpal bone geometry. A genome‐wide scan (with a set of 615 markers with spacing of ∼5.7 cM) was performed on 1,702 individuals from 330 extended families of the Framingham Study. Midshaft width was measured and several indices calculated, namely Metacarpal Cortical Thickness (MCT), Cortical Index (MCI), and Section Modulus (MZ), using digitized X‐rays of 1,380 participants (men, n = 666, mean age 55.2 yr, women, n = 714, 55.5 yr). Metacarpals 2, 3, and 4 were averaged. Heritability was significant for all indices, ranging from 0.51 to 0.72. Linkage analysis of indices adjusted for age, age2, and estrogen status in women, identified chromosomal regions 6p21, 9p21, 11q21‐q22, and Xq26‐Xq27, with LOD scores >2.0. Additional adjustment for smoking, height, and BMI, generally reduced the LOD scores. Finally, bivariate linkage analysis confirmed that a QTL on chr. 6 (51 cM) was shared by midshaft width and MZ (LOD = 2.40, adjusted for all covariates). Neither MCT nor MCI shared linkage loci with width or MZ. In conclusion, we have identified chromosomal regions potentially linked to bone geometry. Genes in these regions may regulate bone geometry via effects on body size. Identification and subsequent characterization of loci for bone geometry can further elucidate the genetic contributions to bone's resistance to stress. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of degradation of organic coatings in seawater by using EIS and AFM methods
Authors: Zhang Feng , Liu Jingjun , Li Xiaoyu , Guo Ming 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, electrochemical behaviors and their topography observation for four organic coatings used in seawater, by using both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods to study environment behaviors of different coatings as well as the effects of their film formation, pigments, and fillers on anticorrosion behaviors, were measured. The results show that polyurethane, epoxy, and chlorinated rubber coatings all present one capacitive loop in their tested EIS which contains phenomenally only one time constant, whereas alkyd coating presents two capacitive semicircle arcs. With two capacitive loops, the capacitive semicircle in the high frequency range represents barrier layer property, but the semicircle in the low frequency range represents corrosion reaction of metals under the film. Polyurethane coating used in seawater has well anticorrosion property in seawater immersion test. The appearance features of different layers are visible different between different layers of tested coatings at their surface topography. The property of polyurethane paint film coated on metal is better than other layers, and film of alkyd coating has many pits at its surface by observing the layer's images. AFM photos imaged have also been used to further detail surface topography for four organic coatings, and to approve effects of topography of these coatings on its electrochemical behaviors, from two views of both height and phase modes. It is beneficial to explain deeply the environment behaviors and degradation mechanism of organic coatings. To further study failure of these organic coatings and dynamic processes of corrosion of metal under the film, two equivalent circuit models, according to these tested EIS, have been suggested to explain the corrosive kinetics of these four coatings. To polyurethane, epoxy, and chlorinated rubber coatings used in seawater which have good protection effects for substrate metal, the diffusion process for water, from their layer's surface to interface of film/metal, is mainly controlled factor for degradation. However, the electrochemical reaction process has may become a control procedure for corrosion of alkyd coated metal. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Honeybee corpses as an available source of chitin
Authors: Draczynski Zbigniew 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCorpses of naturally died honeybees were used as a raw material for chitin isolation. Process of deproteinization of the powder made from clean bee corpses was carried out in the presence of 1M NaOH at 80°C. Influence of time of alkaline treatment on the yield and molar mass of chitin was studied and optimal conditions of proteins removal were found. Process of final depigmentation of protein‐free remainders was carried out using oxidization–reduction reagents. Dependences of the yield of reaction and molar mass of the obtained chitin samples from concentration of oxidizing agent KMnO4 and from time of discoloring treatment were determined. Final product—high quality chitin with molar masses in range from 318 × 103 to 424 × 103 Da—was obtained in amount of 18% from initial mass of honeybee corpses. Chemical structure of chitin was determined in 1H NMR investigation. It was found that honeybee chitin has high degree of acetylation of about 96%. FTIR spectra of honeybee chitin did not differ from FTIR spectrum of control sample of shrimps chitin with degree of acetylation about 95%. Results of quantitative determination of isolated chitin and its molar characteristic showed that applied treatment of honeybee corpses allowed to acquire successfully chitin of high quality in wide range of molar masses. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Microanatomy of the Palatal Mucosa of the Semiaquatic Malayan Box Turtle, Cuora amboinensis, and Functional Implications
Authors: Heiss Egon , Plenk Hanns , Weisgram Josef 
Published: April 2008

AbstractScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that the palate of Cuora amboinensis has a flat surface with keratinized and non‐keratinized regions. Keratinization is reflected in disc‐shaped keratinized dead cells with rough microplicae on the surface, and is concentrated close to the rhamphotheca. The surface of the non‐keratinized hexagonal epithelial cells is dotted with microvilli and sometimes with cilia. Taste buds are present both in lightly keratinized and non‐keratinized regions and exhibit a crater‐like shape. Light microscopy shows the different tissue layers of the oral mucosa and the different epithelial structures. In keratinized regions, keratinocytes mature from basal to superficial, where they build up keratin layers of varying thickness. In non‐keratinized regions, the epithelial cells are arranged in a stratified fashion, and cuboidal to cylindric cells form a superficial layer. Goblet cells appear to be diffusely distributed, but are often organized in goblet cell fields which can be folded into crypts. Taste buds consist of slender epithelial cells, exhibit the typical barrel‐like shape and are specially concentrated in the anterior, praechoanal palate. This anterior concentration of taste buds is shown by kinematographic analysis to correlate with the food prehension mode in Cuora amboinensis. The lamina propria of the palatal mucosa consists of loose connective tissue with inflammatory cells between capillaries. All these structures of the oral mucosa act as a functional entity and help determine how successfully an organism adapts ecologically to the environment. Anat Rec, 291:876‐885, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of the Rat
Authors: Liao Chia‐Chi , Yen Chen‐Tung 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe hierarchical relationship of the rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) is controversial. The existence of a direct thalamocortical projection from ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL) to S2 is a key factor in determining the relative position of S2 in the processing flow. In this study, the inter‐connections of forepaw and hindpaw representations in VPL, S1, and S2 were examined by neuroanatomical tracing and electrophysiological approaches. In the tracing experiments, VPL, S1, and S2 were electrophysiologically identified, and then iontophoretically injected with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA, a bi‐directional tracer). In the double‐labeling experiments, two of the following retrograde tracers—BDA, Rhodamine dextran (RD), and/or Fluoro‐Gold (FG)—were injected into homotypical S1 and S2 forepaw representations simultaneously. In the electrophysiological studies, paired somatic evoked multiunit responses in S1 and S2 were compared. Our results revealed that: (1) VPL forepaw and hindpaw neurons projected to corresponding S1 and S2 areas in a parallel and somatotopic manner; (2) very low percentage of double projecting VPL neurons were found, indicating parallel and independent pathways from forepaw VPL to S1 and S2; (3) forepaw S1 and S2 were symmetrically and reciprocally connected; (4) response latencies of the S1 and S2 multiunits to forepaw stimulation were in accordance with a direct and parallel pathway. This study provides further evidence to support the equivalent hierarchy of S1 and S2 in processing sensory information of the rat. Anat Rec, 291:960–973, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and Innervation of the Human Cremaster Muscle in Relation to its Function
Authors: Kayalioglu Gulgun , Altay Baris , Uyaroglu Feray Gulec , Bademkiran Fikret , Uludag Burhanettin , Ertekin Cumhur 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe electromyographic properties of the cremaster muscle (CM) are quite different from other skeletal muscles. It shows excessive spontaneous discharges, and the motor unit shape and firing frequency of the CM muscle differ from that of limb muscles. In this study, CM of six adult cadavers and six orchiectomy specimens were used to reveal the detailed histology of the muscle and provide an anatomophysiological explanation for these unusual electromyographic properties. Routine histochemical stains revealed the CM was composed of several distinct bundles of smooth and striated muscle fibers within connective tissue. The smooth muscle fibers that were more profuse than previously known and were not arranged in layers, but widely dispersed between striated muscle fibers. Bielschowsky silver staining technique, anti‐neurofilament and anti‐synaptophysin immunostaining showed the presence of multiple motor end‐plates observed as a series of small dots or lines running along the striated muscle fibers and several nerve endings on a single muscle fiber. Myosin immunostaining confirmed the CM is a slow‐twitch muscle, and α‐actin smooth muscle immunostaining confirmed the presence of a large number of smooth muscle fibers. There were also small multipolar neurons forming nerve plexuses between smooth muscle fibers. Anti‐GFAP immunostaining confirmed the presence of glial cells similar to astrocytes. In conclusion, the findings of this detailed anatomical study showed the CM, widely known as a striated muscle, contains a large number of smooth muscle fibers, and the spontaneous electromyographic discharges are due to the presence of multiple motor end‐plates and dense innervation. Anat Rec,291:790‐796, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The characteristics of the band‐pass filtered time series of the zonal averages of monthly mean values based on ERA‐40 reanalysis
Authors: Lim G.‐H. , Shim Taehyoun , Suh A.‐S. , Lee D.‐I. , Choi Wookap 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBy band‐passing the European Center reanalysis monthly mean values, we examined the frequency components of 2–3 years in height, latitude, and time domains. In the lower stratosphere, these frequencies have the typical shape of a stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). We also found significant power of the same frequency components of specific humidity near the surface over the tropics, which can be regarded as an evidence of the effects of the QBO on the lower troposphere. Such variation of specific humidity might be caused by a change of the mid‐latitude branch of the Hadley circulation instead of direct control through the equatorial upper troposphere. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Rijnland case study: hindcast experiment for anticipatory water‐system control
Authors: van Andel Schalk J. , Lobbrecht Arnold H. , Price Roland K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFlooding problems in low‐lying controlled water systems are being addressed. A methodology is described in which flood‐control strategies based on ensemble precipitation forecasts and hydrological models are developed using simulation and verification analysis. The methodology is applied to the Rijnland channelled storage basin in the Netherlands. A control strategy for lowering the water levels in anticipation of heavy rainfall, and based on 3‐day ensemble water level forecasts, is demonstrated for a heavy rain event in September 1998. The results show that the measured peak is successfully reduced and false alarms do not occur before the precipitation event. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Seasonal hydrologic predictions of low‐flow conditions over eastern USA during the 2007 drought
Authors: Li Haibin , Luo Lifeng , Wood Eric F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA seasonal streamflow monitoring and forecasting component is implemented into the Drought Monitoring and Prediction System (Luo and Wood, 2007a), which supplements the existing soil‐moisture‐based analysis framework by providing real‐time streamflow monitoring and forecasting up to 6 months lead time. Evaluations were conducted over four basins in eastern USA to understand the forecast skill of the system for the extensive hydrologic droughts in 2007. Consistent with the agricultural drought forecasts reported by Luo and Wood (2007a), the streamflow subsystem can forecast low‐flow conditions for up to three months in advance, with Brier scores ranging from 0.10 to 0.49. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Factors' correlation in the Heath–Jarrow–Morton interest rate model
Authors: Tchuindjo Leonard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe propose a new derivation of the Heath–Jarrow–Morton risk‐neutral drift restriction that takes into account nonzero instantaneous correlations between factors. The result allows avoiding the orthogonalization of factors and provides an approach by which interest rate derivatives can be priced by preserving the economic meaning of each underlying factor. An application is given for the term structure of credit‐risky bonds, driven by two correlated factors—the risk‐free forward rate and the forward credit spreads. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalytic Multicomponent α‐Methylenation/Diels–Alder Reactions: A Versatile Route to Substituted Cyclohexenecarbaldehyde Derivatives
Authors: Zou Yue , Wang Quanrui , Goeke Andreas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article describes the design and optimization of an effective organocatalytic three‐component domino α‐methylenation/Diels–Alder reaction to produce vinyl‐substituted cyclohexenecarboxaldehydes in a highly regioselective fashion. In these one‐pot transformations, 2‐formyl‐1,3‐butadienes (4) were prepared in situ from α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and formalin and were subsequently trapped with a variety of buta‐1,3‐dienes. The outcomes of the reactions were dependent on the electronic properties of the dienes. 1‐Vinylcyclohexenecarbaldehydes 6 were formed by use of acyclic electron‐rich dienes, while the initially formed cycloadducts of 4 with cyclopentadiene underwent Cope rearrangements, leading to the formation of tetrahydro‐3H‐indene‐5‐carbaldehyde compounds 7. The mechanisms involved in these reactions were deduced from experimental findings. Furthermore, the method was also extended to one‐pot domino methylenation/Diels–Alder reactions of dihydrofurans and dihydropyrans to yield spirocyclic lactols 22. In these reactions, the unstable intermediate hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl acroleins behaved as dienophiles, undergoing cycloaddition reactions with dienes with good yields and selectivities. The wide variety of functionalized 1‐vinylcyclohex‐3‐enecarbaldehydes 6, 4‐vinylcyclohex‐1‐enecarbaldehydes 7, and spiro lactols 22 generated through the use of these organocatalytic domino processes as a diversity‐oriented synthesis provided useful intermediates for the construction of novel odorants.
Monomer versus Alcohol Activation in the 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide and Lactic O‐Carboxylic Anhydride
Authors: Bonduelle Colin , Martín‐Vaca Blanca , Cossío Fernando P. , Bourissou Didier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractModel reactions for the 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization of lactide and the corresponding lactic O‐carboxylic anhydride (lacOCA) have been studied computationally at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory. The solvent effect of dichloromethane was taken into account through PCM/SCRF single‐point calculations at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory. In marked contrast with that predicted for the reaction of alcohols with acetic anhydride, the mechanism in which nucleophilic activation of the monomer involving acylpyridinium intermediates was found to be energetically less favorable than the base activation of the alcohol through hydrogen bonding. The concerted pathway for the ring‐opening of lactide and lacOCA was shown to compete with the traditional stepwise mechanism involving tetrahedral intermediates. Furthermore, DMAP is proposed to act as a bifunctional catalyst through its basic nitrogen center and an acidic ortho‐hydrogen atom.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties of 2‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde [(1E)‐1‐pyridin‐2‐ylethylidene]hydrazone and Its Rhenium(I) Complexes
Authors: Barbazán Paula , Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Lodeiro Carlos , Lima João Carlos , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde [(1E)‐1‐pyridin‐2‐ylethylidene]hydrazone (HL2) ligand was prepared and its rhenium(I) complexes [ReX(CO)3(HL2)] were obtained by reaction with fac‐[ReX(CO)3(CH3CN)2] (X = Cl, Br) in chloroform. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and IR, UV/Vis, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the structures were also established by X‐ray diffraction. The aromatic rings are almost coplanar in the ligand structure, and the configuration around the hydrazone group is strongly dominated by the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the OH group and the hydrazinic nitrogen atom N1. The rhenium center is coordinated through the pyridine and hydrazinic nitrogen atoms to give a five‐membered chelate ring. In addition, the free ligand shows interesting luminescence properties. The effect of the metal coordination on the photophysical behavior of the resulting complex was also studied.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Alkyne Substitution on Cobaltocenium Triflates
Authors: von der Grün Mareile , Gleiter Rolf , Rominger Frank 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCobaltocenium triflates consisting of a CpCo‐capped η5‐1‐trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrapropylcyclopentadienyl ring were substituted at the Cp ring by a trialkylsilylethynyl group to yield the R–CpCo capped tetra‐n‐propylcyclopentadienone with R = C2SiMe3 (11a) and R = C2SiEt3 (11b). The parent system with R = C2H (11c) was generated by hydrolyzing the SiR3 groups of 11a and 11b. The trialkylsilyl‐1,3‐butadiyne derivatives with alkyl = CH3 (11d) and alkyl = C2H5 (11e) were derived from 11c by using a Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling with bromo(triethylsilyl)acetylene. Removal of the SiEt3 protecting group led to 11f. The alkynes 11c and 11f could be dimerized to 13a and 13b by a Hay coupling. These results were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction studies on the starting materials 7, 8, and 12 as well as the derivatives 11c, 11f, and 13a.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Human Y‐chromosome haplotyping by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Gayden Tenzin , Regueiro Maria , Martinez Laisel , Cadenas Alicia M. , Herrera Rene J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe describe the application of allele‐specific PCR (AS‐PCR) for screening biallelic markers, including SNPs, within the nonrecombining region of the human Y‐chromosome (NRY). The AS‐PCR method is based on the concept that the perfectly annealed primer–template complex is more stable, and therefore, more efficiently amplified under the appropriate annealing temperature than the complex with a mismatched 3′‐residue. Furthermore, a mismatched nucleotide at the primer's 3′‐OH end provides for a poor extension substrate for Taq DNA polymerase, allowing for discrimination between the two alleles. This method has the dual advantage of amplification and detection of alleles in a single expeditious and inexpensive procedure. The amplification conditions of over 50 binary markers, mostly SNPs, that define the major Y‐haplogroups as well as their derived lineages were optimized and are provided for the first time. In addition, artificial restriction sites were designed for those markers that are not selectively amplified by AS‐PCR. Our results are consistent with allele designations derived from other techniques such as RFLP and direct sequencing of PCR products.
Simultaneous separation of basic and acidic proteins using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐based ion liquid as dynamic coating and background electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Wu Xiaoping , Wei Weiping , Su Qingmei , Xu Liangjun , Chen Guonan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids (1B‐3MI‐TFB ILs) were employed as a coating material and BGE in CE for simultaneous separation of basic and acidic proteins such as lysozyme, cytochrome C, ribonuclease A, albumin, and α‐lactalbumin. 1B‐3MI‐TFB ILs effectively reversed the surface charges on the capillary inner surface, preventing the adsorption of postively charged proteins onto the silica surface, as well as associated with proteins, thus benefiting the separation efficiencies and reproducibility. Consequently, simultaneous baseline separation of five proteins was achieved within 14 min by using 10 mM of 1B‐3MI‐TFB ILs as dynamic coating and the only running electrolyte at the voltage of +20 kV. The proposed coating technique is simple, less time‐consuming, reproducible, and also stable enough for proteins separation without the need of additives. Symmetrical peaks with efficiencies up to 670 000 plates/m were obtained. Recoveries of proteins with RSD (for migration times) of 0.23–0.42% (run‐to‐run) and 2.5–3.8% (day‐to‐day) were achieved, respectively. The applicability of the proposed method in proteins separation was evaluated by the separation of egg white samples.