bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional value and diet preference of arboreal lichens and hypogeous fungi for small mammals in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Dubay S. A. , Hayward G. D. , Martínez del Rio C. 
Published: July 2008

Many small mammals consume lichen and fungi, but southern red-backed voles ( Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830)) and northern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) exhibit strong mycophagy compared with other North American taxa. We analyzed nutrient content of lichen and fungi and observed feeding preferences of voles and flying squirrels to understand the foraging behavior of these mammals and their strategy for surviving on relatively low-quality diets dominated by lichen and fungi. We analyzed nutrient characteristics of 10 hypogeous (fruiting belowground) fungi and four arboreal lichens eaten by red-backed voles and northern flying squirrels in the Rocky Mountains. Hypogeous fungi contained higher nitrogen, lipid, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, potassium, and phosphorous concentrations than arboreal lichens, but lichens were higher in calcium. To assess diet preferences, 10 pairwise feeding trials using four hypogeous fungi and two arboreal lichens were conducted with voles and seven trials using three hypogeous fungi and two lichens were conducted with squirrels. In general, squirrels and voles preferred hypogeous fungi over arboreal lichens. We then calculated dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities for flying squirrels and red-backed voles fed diets of arboreal lichen and hypogeous fungi. Overall mean dry matter digestibilities were ≥70% for all diets. For hypogeous fungi, nitrogen digestibility was 12.3% and 24.9% for squirrels and voles, respectively, suggesting that most nitrogen was indigestible. Animals maintained positive nitrogen balance when fed fungi but were unable to maintain positive nitrogen balance when fed lichens. Maintenance nitrogen requirements for flying squirrels were lower than predicted. Low requirements may allow for increased consumption of lichen in winter, but lichen diets must be supplemented with a source of nitrogen because animals were unable to maintain nitrogen balance when fed lichen alone. Consumption of numerous fungi and lichen taxa is necessary to sustain these animals year-round.
Diet quality affects postnuptial molting and feather quality of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): interaction with humoral immune function?
Authors: Pap Péter László , Vágási Csongor István , Czirják Gábor Árpád , Barta Zoltán 
Published: July 2008

We investigated the effects of nutritional limitation, humoral immune activation, and their interaction on postnuptial molting of aviary-kept house sparrows ( Passer domesticus (L., 1758)). In a 2 × 2 experimental design, we measured the progress of molting and the quality of feathers produced during molting by house sparrows exposed to different diet qualities (high and low) and humoral immune activation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Food quality, but not the activation of humoral immunity, affected significantly the body mass and the process of molting. Sparrows feeding on low-quality food had decreased body mass and longer molts than the high-quality group. Low-quality food, but not the activation of humoral immunity, reduced significantly the length and mass (i.e., the quality) of primaries grown during molting. Birds responded significantly to injection with SRBC compared with the control group, but the immune response was similar between nutritional groups. The absence of a negative effect of humoral immunity on molting in house sparrows might be related to the low energy and nutritional requirements of mounting and maintaining a humoral immune response.
Allometry (scaling) of blood components in mammals: connection with economy of energy?
Authors: Kjeld M. , Ólafsson Ö. 
Published: July 2008

Hematocrit (HCT), blood hemoglobin (HGB), and serum concentrations of 14 commonly measured serum constituents in mammals were extracted from 131 publications published within the last 35 years and then subjected to allometric study (Y = aWb, where Y is the characteristic studied, W is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent). HCT and HGB values decreased (b < 0; p < 0.001) with body mass (W), as did serum K+, glucose, triglycerides, and urea values. In contrast, serum total protein and creatinine values increased (b > 0; p < 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively) with W. The associations of HCT, HGB, glucose, triglycerides, and urea values with W may be assumed to coincide with the well-known reduction of metabolic rate per unit mass with increasing W of mammals. The decrease in serum K+values (p < 0.001) has yet to be adequately explained. Despite the ratio of muscle mass and W being constant for large and small mammals, serum values of creatinine rose (b = 0.14; p < 0.0001) with W. This suggests increased phosphocreatine turnover in muscles with W, which in turn might be connected to the increased efficiency reported for leg muscles in larger animals and, conceivably, might affect the measurement of metabolic rate and hence its scaling in mammals.
Wolf body mass cline across Minnesota related to taxonomy?
Authors: Mech L. David , Paul William J. 
Published: July 2008

Recent genetic studies suggest that in northern Minnesota two species of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758 or western wolf and Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 (= Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) or eastern wolf) meet and hybridize. However, little morphological information is available about these two types of wolves in Minnesota. We analyzed the mass of 950 female wolves and 1006 males older than 1 year from across northern Minnesota and found that it increased from 26.30 ± 0.56 kg (mean ± SE) for females and 30.60 ± 0.72 kg for males in northeastern Minnesota to 30.01 ± 0.43 kg for females and 35.94 ± 0.45 kg for males in northwestern Minnesota (females: r2= 0.79, P < 0.02; males: r2= 0.63, P = 0.06). These mass differences add morphological information to the identities of eastern and western wolves and support the view that ranges of the two species meet in Minnesota.
Optimal vertex elimination in single-expression-use graphs
Authors: Naumann Uwe , Hu Yuxiao 
Published: July 2008

The source transformation tool for automatic differentiation of Fortran programs ADIFOR uses a preaccumulation technique to speed up tangent-linear codes significantly compared to the standard forward mode. Reverse mode automatic differentiation is applied to all scalar assignments to generate efficient code for the computation of local gradients. It has been well known for some time that reverse mode is not necessarily the optimal choice for the computation of these statement-level gradients as it does not minimize the number of operations required. This article presents an efficient algorithm for the solution of this combinatorial optimization problem. The corresponding software is freely available for downloading on our website. Developers of software for automatic differentiation are invited to integrate the algorithm into their tools.
Gradients of scalar multivariate functions can be computed by elimination methods on the linearized computational graph. The combinatorial optimization problem that aims to minimize the number of arithmetic operations performed by the elimination algorithm is known to be NP-complete. In this article we present a polynomial algorithm for solving a relevant subclass of this problem's instances. The proposed method relies on the ability to compute vertex covers in bipartite graphs in polynomial time. A simplified version of this graph algorithm is used in a research prototype of the differentiation-enabled NAGWare Fortran compiler for the preaccumulation of local gradients of scalar assignments in the context of automatic generation of efficient tangent-linear code for numerical programs.
GeometryEditor
Authors: Lai Xun , Wang Paul S. 
Published: July 2008

GeometryEditor (previous code name: GeoSVG) is a Web-based environment for authoring interactive geometry manipulatives. Users may create on-line manipulatives to illustrate mathematical concepts for a hands-on learning environment. GeometryEditor provides standard authoring features, such as sketching, measurements, calculation, macros, iteration, loci, animation and coordinate systems. GeometryEditor also offers several its own authoring features, such as synchronized copy, parametric color and visibility, and mouse click events.
The GeoSite provides the GeometryEditor authoring environment and a corresponding page authoring environment to assist in creating lessons around the manipulatives. Other people via the Internet can immediately view completed manipulatives and pages.
Midlatitude Excitation of Tropical Variability in the Pacific: The Role of Thermodynamic Coupling and Seasonality*
Authors: Vimont Daniel J. , Alexander Michael , Fontaine Abigail 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A set of ensemble model experiments using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmospheric Model version 3.0 (CAM3) is run to investigate the tropical Pacific response to midlatitude atmospheric variability associated with the atmospheric North Pacific Oscillation (NPO). Heat flux anomalies associated with the NPO are used to force a set of model simulations during boreal winter (when the NPO is most energetic), after which the forcing is switched off and the coupled model evolves on its own. Sea surface temperature (SST) and wind anomalies continue to amplify in the tropical Pacific after the imposed forcing has been shut off, indicating that coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific alter the spatial and temporal structure of variability associated with midlatitude forcing. The tropical circulation evolves through feedbacks between the surface wind, evaporation, and SST (the WES feedback), as well as through changes in the shortwave radiative heat flux (caused by changes in convection).
Sensitivity experiments are run to investigate how thermodynamic coupling and seasonality affect the tropical response to NPO-related forcing. Seasonality is found to affect the WES feedback through (i) altering the sensitivity of surface evaporation to changes in the low-level wind field and (ii) altering the structure and strength of the lower-level wind response to SST anomalies. Thermodynamic coupling causes an equatorward and westward development of SST anomalies and an associated equatorward shift in the lower-level zonal wind anomalies.
Impact of Barrier Layer Thickness on SST in the Central Tropical North Atlantic*
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Measurements from three long-term moored buoys are used to investigate the impact of barrier layer thickness (BLT) on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical North Atlantic Ocean. It is found that seasonal variations of the BLT exert a considerable influence on SST through their modulation of the vertical heat flux at the base of the mixed layer, estimated as the residual in the mixed layer heat balance. Cooling associated with this term is strongest when the barrier layer is thin and the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer is strong. Conversely, thick barrier layers are associated with a significant reduction in the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer, which suppresses the upward transfer of cooler water into the mixed layer. Forced ocean and coupled ocean–atmosphere models that do not properly simulate the barrier layer may have difficulty reproducing the observed seasonal cycle of SST in the tropical North Atlantic.
Important Factors for the Development of the Asian–Northwest Pacific Summer Monsoon*
Authors: Ueda Hiroaki , Ohba Masamichi , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Asian and northwest (NW) Pacific summer monsoons exhibit stepwise transitions with rapid changes in precipitation at intervals of roughly 1 month from mid-May through mid-July. A new method is developed to evaluate the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and other changes on these rapid monsoon transitions. The latter changes include solar radiation, land memory, and atmospheric transient (SLAT) effects. The method compares two sets of atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) simulations, forced with observed seasonally varying and piecewise constant SST, respectively. The results indicate that the SLAT effects dominate all of the major transitions, except during mid-June when the SST cooling induced by the strong monsoon westerlies is a significant negative feedback resisting the intensification and northward advance of monsoon convection.
The final regional onset of the monsoon system takes place in mid-July over the subtropical NW Pacific characterized by the abrupt enhancement of deep convection there. Despite a weak SST effect from the GCM assessment herein, major changes in convection and circulation are confined to the ocean east of the Philippines during the mid-July transition, suggesting the importance of transient atmospheric adjustments. Intense convection over other regions induces subsidence over the subtropical northwest Pacific during June, contributing to the delayed onset there. Satellite observations reveal a slow buildup of free-tropospheric moisture over the NW Pacific, leading to an abrupt intensification of convective precipitation in mid-July, suggesting a possibility that the gradual tropospheric moistening eventually triggers a threshold transition.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insertions on the Tibia and Femur and Their Relationships to Critical Bony Landmarks Using High-Resolution Volume-Rendering Computed Tomography
Authors: Purnell Mark L , Larson Andrew I. , Clancy William 
Published: July 2008

Background Controversy exists regarding the locations of the anterior cruciate ligament insertions on the femur and tibia and visualization of these insertions during surgical reconstruction. Hypothesis Anatomical insertions of the anterior cruciate ligament have relationships to bony landmarks of the tibia and femur. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Eight cadaveric knees were scanned by computed tomography, reconstructed 3-dimensionally, and examined from simulated arthroscopic, sagittal, and axial perspectives. Volume-rendering software was used to document the relationship of the anterior cruciate ligament to the bony anatomy. Results A bony ridge (Resident's Ridge) at the anterior border of the anterior cruciate ligament was readily noted on the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. Superiorly, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted up to the roof of the notch and to 3 to 3.5 mm of the articular surface posteriorly and interiorly. The anterior cruciate ligament inserted into a fovea anterior to the tibial eminence. Posteriorly, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted up to a ridge between the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles. Medially, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted onto the ridge at the lateral border of the medial tibial condyle. There was no distinct anterior or lateral bony border with anterior cruciate ligament fibers blending into the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. Conclusion The anterior border of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament origin is Resident's Ridge. The ridge between the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles at the base of the tibial eminence is the posterior margin of the anterior cruciate ligament on the tibia. Clinical Relevance Bony landmarks can be used to aid in anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Where do the limits of experience lie? Abandoning the dualism of objectivity and subjectivity
Authors: Greiffenhagen Christian , Sharrock Wes 
Published: July 2008

The relationship between 'subjective' and 'objective' features of social reality (and between 'subjectivist' and 'objectivist' sociological approaches) remains problematic within social thought. Phenomenology is often taken as a paradigmatic example of subjectivist sociology, since it supposedly places exclusive emphasis on actors' 'subjective' interpretations, thereby neglecting 'objective' social structures. In this article, we question whether phenomenology is usefully understood as falling on either side of the standard divides, arguing that phenomenology's conception of 'subjective' experience of social reality includes many features taken to be 'objective' elements of it. We illustrate our argument by a critical examination of Jean Lave's attempt to differentiate social practice theory from phenomenology. We show that many theoretical positions that want to overcome the subjective—objective dualism retain an objectivist conception of the 'subjective' features of social reality.
Macrophage-specific metalloelastase (MMP-12) truncates and inactivates ELR+ CXC chemokines and generates CCL2, -7, -8, and -13 antagonists: potential role of the macrophage in terminating polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx
Authors: Dean Richard A. , Cox Jennifer H. , Bellac Caroline L. , Doucet Alain , Starr Amanda E. , Overall Christopher M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThrough the activity of macrophage-specific matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), we found that macrophages dampen the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)—thus providing a new mechanism for the termination of PMN recruitment in acute inflammation. MMP-12 specifically cleaves human ELR+ CXC chemokines (CXCL1, -2, -3, -5, and -8) at E-LR, the critical receptor-binding motif or, for CXCL6, carboxyl-terminal to it. Murine (m) MMP-12 also cleaves mCXCL1, -2, and -3 at E-LR. MMP-12-cleaved mCXCL2 (macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2]) and mCXCL3 (dendritic cell inflammatory protein-1 [DCIP-1]) lost chemotactic activity. Furthermore, MMP-12 processed and inactivated monocyte chemotactic proteins CCL2, -7, -8, and -13 at position 4-5 generating CCR antagonists. Indeed, PMNs and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased 72 hours after intranasal instillation of LPS in Mmp12−/− mice compared with wild type. Specificity occurred at 2 levels. Macrophage MMP-1 and MMP-9 did not cleave in the ELR motif. Second, unlike human ELR+CXC chemokines, mCXCL5 (LPS-induced CXC chemokine [LIX]) was not inactivated. Rather, mMMP-12 cleavage at Ser4-Val5 activated the chemokine, promoting enhanced PMN early infiltration in wild-type mice compared with Mmp12−/− mice 8 hours after LPS challenge in air pouches. We propose that the macrophage, specifically through MMP-12, assists in orchestrating the regulation of acute inflammatory responses by precise proteolysis of ELR+CXC and CC chemokines.
Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc–derived peptide “Tregitopes”
Authors: De Groot Anne S. , Moise Leonard , McMurry Julie A. , Wambre Erik , Van Overtvelt Laurence , Moingeon Philippe , Scott David W. , Martin William 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have identified at least 2 highly promiscuous major histocompatibility complex class II T-cell epitopes in the Fc fragment of IgG that are capable of specifically activating CD4+CD25HiFoxP3+ natural regulatory T cells (nTRegs). Coincubation of these regulatory T-cell epitopes or “Tregitopes” and antigens with peripheral blood mononuclear cells led to a suppression of effector cytokine secretion, reduced proliferation of effector T cells, and caused an increase in cell surface markers associated with TRegs such as FoxP3. In vivo administration of the murine homologue of the Fc region Tregitope resulted in suppression of immune response to a known immunogen. These data suggest that one mechanism for the immunosuppressive activity of IgG, such as with IVIG, may be related to the activity of regulatory T cells. In this model, regulatory T-cell epitopes in IgG activate a subset of nTRegs that tips the resulting immune response toward tolerance rather than immunogenicity.
ALK+ histiocytosis: a novel type of systemic histiocytic proliferative disorder of early infancy
Authors: Chan John K. C. , Lamant Laurence , Algar Elizabeth , Delsol Georges , Tsang William Y. W. , Lee King C. , Tiedemann Karin , Chow Chung W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We report 3 cases of a previously uncharacterized form of histiocytosis presenting in early infancy and showing ALK immunoreactivity. The patients presented with pallor, massive hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Liver biopsy showed infiltration of the sinusoids by large histiocytes with markedly folded nuclei, fine chromatin, small nucleoli, and voluminous lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm that sometimes was vacuolated or contained phagocytosed blood cells. One patient developed cutaneous infiltrates that morphologically resembled juvenile xanthogranuloma. The histiocytes were immunoreactive for histiocytic markers (CD68, CD163, lysozyme), S100 protein, ALK (membranous and cytoplasmic pattern), and dendritic cell markers (fascin, factor XIIIa), but not CD1a and langerin. One case successfully analyzed by molecular techniques revealed TPM3-ALK fusion. Thus the spectrum of diseases exhibiting ALK translocation should be expanded to include ALK+ histiocytosis. The disease in the 3 patients (2 having been given chemotherapy) resolved slowly over many months.
The dendritic cell subtype-restricted C-type lectin Clec9A is a target for vaccine enhancement
Authors: Caminschi Irina , Proietto Anna I. , Ahmet Fatma , Kitsoulis Susie , Shin Teh Joo , Lo Jennifer C. Y. , Rizzitelli Alexandra , Wu Li , Vremec David , van Dommelen Serani L. H. , Campbell Ian K. , Maraskovsky Eugene , Braley Hal , Davey Gayle M. , Mottram Patricia , van de Velde Nicholas , Jensen Kent , Lew Andrew M. , Wright Mark D. , Heath William R. , Shortman Ken , Lahoud Mireille H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel dendritic cell (DC)–restricted molecule, Clec9A, was identified by gene expression profiling of mouse DC subtypes. Based on sequence similarity, a human ortholog was identified. Clec9A encodes a type II membrane protein with a single extracellular C-type lectin domain. Both the mouse Clec9A and human CLEC9A were cloned and expressed, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against each were generated. Surface staining revealed that Clec9A was selective for mouse DCs and was restricted to the CD8+ conventional DC and plasmacytoid DC subtypes. A subset of human blood DCs also expressed CLEC9A. A single injection of mice with a mAb against Clec9A, which targets antigens (Ags) to the DCs, produced a striking enhancement of antibody responses in the absence of added adjuvants or danger signals, even in mice lacking Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Such targeting also enhanced CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Thus, Clec9A serves as a new marker to distinguish subtypes of both mouse and human DCs. Furthermore, targeting Ags to DCs with antibodies to Clec9A is a promising strategy to enhance the efficiency of vaccines, even in the absence of adjuvants.