bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of the ROOT ZX II to locate the apical foramen and to control the apical extent of rotary canal instrumentation
Authors: Felippe W. T. , Felippe M. C. S. , Reyes Carmona J. , Crozoé F. C. I. , Alvisi B. B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAim  To evaluate the capacity of the ROOT ZX II to locate the apical foramen and to control the apical extent of rotary instrumentation.Methodology  Sixty‐five extracted human single rooted teeth were selected and measured directly using a size 15 K‐Flexofile introduced in the canal until the tip was visible at the major foramen (direct length, DL). The teeth were then measured electronically (EL1) with the ROOT ZX II when used passively, that is without rotation. To test the auto reverse function, the root canals were instrumented with nickel titanium rotary instruments. Instrumentation was carried out apically until rotation was reversed by the automatic apical reverse (AAR) function at different levels (2, 1 and 0.5). The instrumented length at each level was measured and registered as AAR2, AAR1 and AAR0.5, respectively. After instrumentation, a second passive electronic measurement was conducted and noted as electronic length 2 (EL2). All measurements were expressed in millimetres with accuracy set to 0.5 mm. Percentages of acceptable measurements for each electronic reading were calculated and compared using the proportions test. The Wilcoxon’s signed rank test was used to compare the differences between DL/EL1 and DL/EL2, and to compare EL2 with the different AAR measurements. The critical value of statistical significance was 5%.Results  EL1 and EL2 measurements were coincident to DL in 56 (86%) and 54 (83%) of the cases, respectively. The proportions test showed no statistically significant difference between these percentages (P > 0.05). The Wilcoxon’s signed rank test did not show any differences (P > 0.05) when comparing the mean difference between DL with EL1 (0.03) and DL with EL2 (0.10). Statistically significant differences were observed when comparing EL2 with AAR2 and with AAR1.Conclusions  The ROOT ZX II reliably located the major apical foramen, but was not an accurate method for controlling the apical extent of rotary instrumentation. Rotary instrumentation with the automatic apical reverse feature was always closer to the foramen than expected.
Extraoral endodontic treatment, odontotomy and intentional replantation of a double maxillary lateral permanent incisor: case report and 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Sivolella S. , Bressan E. , Mirabal V. , Stellini E. , Berengo M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAim  To describe combined endodontic, surgical and orthodontic treatment of a maxillary lateral incisor fused with a supernumerary.Summary  Double tooth is a dental irregularity consequent to fusion of two or more teeth or dental gemination. The teeth most commonly involved are deciduous, but in 0.1% of cases permanent teeth are affected, in which case aesthetic, functional and periodontal problems can result. This paper reports a clinical case of a double tooth in the position of the maxillary right lateral permanent incisor. Combined orthodontic, endodontic and surgical treatment (intentional replantation) allowed the tooth to be retained without periodontal compromise and with a positive orthodontic result both immediately and 6 years following intervention.Key learning points

A conservative approach that addresses periodontal, pulpal and tooth tissues, can result in the retention of a double tooth.
Maintenance of the root and alveolar bone in young adults at least until full skeletal maturation should be the main treatment objective.
Ridge preservation in cases requiring tooth extraction during endodontic surgery: a case report
Authors: Lin S. , Cohenca N. , Muska E. A. , Front E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAim  To provide a treatment option to endodontists performing surgery that will enhance ridge preservation when tooth extraction is required.Summary  A 47‐year‐old woman was referred to an endodontic practice for apical root‐end resection of tooth 22 because of refractory periradicular disease. Radiographic examination revealed a large periradicular lesion, 5 mm in diameter and a root‐end filling at the root apex. The treatment plan included exploratory surgery and apical root‐end resection. A vertical root fracture was diagnosed and the decision was made to extract the tooth. The socket was grafted with a cancellous bovine bone and covered with a resorbable collagen membrane. Follow‐up examination revealed favourable bone healing with formation of a new cortical plate and the preservation of soft tissue width and height in the aesthetic area.Key learning points

The principles of guided bone regeneration.
Preserving or reconstructing the extraction socket.
Enhances the ability to restore function and provide aesthetically pleasing restorations to patients without violating the predictability and function of the prostheses.
Quality factors and grades for the classification and standardisation of complex ready pasta meals
Authors: Kindt Maddalena , Mazzaracchio Palmira , Barbiroli Giancarlo 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study is to arrive at a new classification of ready pasta meals, through the evaluation of their global quality, since their growing number, present in the market, often may be cause of confusion to consumers, because the parameters that contribute to the quality level are not clearly identifiable and measurable. After having explored several possible quality factors, we arrived at the conclusion that at least five must be taken into consideration: degree of pulping of the pasta, capacity to hold the sauce, weight constancy, wholeness and defects. Then, three quality grades are here proposed and discussed. Particular emphasis should be given to the sauce, because it highly influences on the global quality of these foodstuffs.
Menopausal symptom experience: an online forum study
Authors: Im Eun‐Ok , Liu Yi , Dormire Sharon , Chee Wonshik 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTitle.  Menopausal symptom experience: an online forum study Aim.  The aim of the study was to explore the menopausal symptom experience of White midlife women.Background.  Recent cross‐cultural investigations have indicated important ethnic differences in menopausal symptoms and have challenged the universality of these symptoms. Currently available cultural knowledge on menopausal experience, however, is inadequate to guide appropriate and adequate care even for White women in the menopausal transition.Method.  A cross‐sectional qualitative online forum study was conducted in 2007 with 23 midlife women who self‐identified as non‐Hispanic Whites using convenience sampling. Seven topics related to menopausal symptom experience were used to guide the online forum for 6 months. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results.  The experiences of menopause caused women to redefine themselves within their busy daily life schedules. They were optimistic about their symptoms, and tried to laugh at the experience to boost their inner strength and motivate themselves to persevere. Many thought that both generational and life‐style differences were much more important than ethnic differences in menopausal symptom experiences. In seeking assistance with the symptoms of menopause, women were not satisfied with the guidance of their physicians.Conclusion.  Nurses need to listen carefully to what women themselves say about their own experiences with menopausal symptoms and avoid imposing predetermined symptom management strategies. Further studies of women’s perceptions of life‐style influences are needed to guide symptom management. In addition, studies of generational changes in menopausal symptom experience are needed.
Glycan microarray analysis of Candida glabrata adhesin ligand specificity
Authors: Zupancic Margaret L. , Frieman Matthew , Smith David , Alvarez Richard A. , Cummings Richard D. , Cormack Brendan P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Candida glabrata genome encodes at least 23 members of the EPA (epithelial adhesin) family responsible for mediating adherence to host cells. To better understand the mechanism by which the Epa proteins contribute to pathogenesis, we have used glycan microarray analysis to characterize their carbohydrate‐binding specificities. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains surface‐expressing the N‐terminal ligand‐binding domain of the Epa proteins, we found that the three Epa family members functionally identified as adhesins in Candida glabrata (Epa1, Epa6 and Epa7) bind to ligands containing a terminal galactose residue. However, the specificity of the three proteins for glycans within this class varies, with Epa6 having a broader specificity range than Epa1 or Epa7. This result is intriguing given the close homology between Epa6 and Epa7, which are 92% identical at the amino acid level. We have mapped a five‐amino‐acid region within the N‐terminal ligand‐binding domain that accounts for the difference in specificity of Epa6 and Epa7 and show that these residues contribute to adherence to both epithelial and endothelial cell lines in vitro.
Peroxidases in the early responses of different potato cultivars to infection by Potato virus YNTN
Authors: Milavec M. , Gruden K. , Ravnikar M. , Kovač M. 
Published: March 2008

Peroxidases (POXs) were investigated in three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum) with different susceptibilities to infection by Potato virus YNTN (PVYNTN). Soluble, ionically‐bound and covalently‐bound POXs were analysed over 24 h post inoculation (hpi) in bottom inoculated leaves, upper intact leaves, and in roots. The first changes were observed at 3 hpi when the activity of ionically‐bound POXs increased significantly in the inoculated leaves of tolerant cv. Pentland Squire and of resistant cv. Santé. The most pronounced changes were found in the resistant variety, where the increase was twice that in control plants. In contrast, in the inoculated leaves of susceptible cv. Igor, there was a decrease in ionically‐bound POXs, accompanied by a two fold increase in the activity of covalently‐bound POXs. Also at 3 hpi, cv. Santé showed increased activity of all three types of POXs in the upper intact leaves. Over the period of the experiment, enhanced activity of soluble POXs, correlated with the virus infection, was observed in both types of leaves of the susceptible cv. Igor. However, in resistant cv. Santé, the upper intact leaves of virus‐inoculated plants showed a more intense but transient early response of soluble POXs. Part of a new POX gene was isolated from leaves of potato cv. Igor. A nucleotide sequence of 394 bp was determined and the abundance of the POX transcript was analysed by real‐time PCR. There was no correlation between PVYNTN infection and the abundance of the transcript.
Quantification of within‐season focal spread of wheat take‐all in relation to pathogen genotype and host spatial distribution
Authors: Willocquet L. , Lebreton L. , Sarniguet A. , Lucas P. 
Published: March 2008

Within season gradient of wheat take‐all was measured in field experiments according to line or random sowing host spatial distribution, and two Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) isolates (G1i and G2i), representative of the G1 and G2 genotype groups in terms of aggressiveness. Root disease incidence and severity were assessed at six dates from early March to late June on plants located at regular distances from the inoculum sources. Simple models relating disease intensity at different levels of hierarchy fitted observed data well, and indicated a strong disease aggregation both within and among plants. Disease severity on source plants placed nearby the inoculum source increased over time, ranging from 5 to 46% at the first assessment, and from 55 to 98% at the last assessment, being in general larger for G2i than G1i. In line‐sown plots, disease progressed steadily along the line but did not extend beyond 20 cm, seldom reaching the neighbour line. Disease rarely reached 25 cm in the direct‐seeded crop stands. These results indicate that Ggt intensifies but does not spread to a large extent during a cropping season. Distance from the source, pathogen genotype and assessment date had a significant effect on disease severity according to mixed model analyses, disease spread being larger for G2i than G1i. However, no significant effect of host spatial distribution could be detected. Yield loss within 20 cm of the source plant ranged between 20 and 40%, and was not significantly affected by pathogen genotype or host spatial distribution.
Dimensions and architecture of late Pleistocene submarine lobes off the northern margin of East Corsica
Authors: DEPTUCK MARK E. , PIPER DAVID J. W. , SAVOYE BRUNO , GERVAIS ANNE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSandy lobe deposits on submarine fans are sensitive recorders of the types of sediment gravity flows supplied to a basin and are economically important as hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study investigates the causes of variability in 20 lobes in small late Pleistocene submarine fans off East Corsica. These lobes were imaged using ultra‐high resolution boomer seismic profiles (<1 m vertical resolution) and sediment type was ground truthed using piston cores published in previous studies. Repeated crossings of the same depositional bodies were used to measure spatial changes in their dimensions and architecture. Most lobes increase abruptly down‐slope to a peak thickness of 8 to 42 m, beyond which they show a progressive, typically more gradual, decrease in thickness until they thin to below seismic resolution or pass into draping facies of the basin plain. Lobe areas range from 3 to 70 km2 and total lengths from 2 to 14 km, with the locus of maximum sediment accumulation from 3 to 28 km from the shelf‐break. Based on their location, dimensions, internal architecture and nature of the feeder channel, the lobes are divided into two end‐member types. The first are small depositional bodies located in proximal settings, clustered near the toe‐of‐slope and fed by slope gullies or erosive channels lacking or with poorly developed levées (referred to as ‘proximal isolated lobes’). The second are larger architecturally more complex depositional bodies deposited in more distal settings, outboard more stable and longer‐lived levéed fan valleys (referred to as ‘composite mid‐fan lobes’). Hybrid lobe types are also observed. At least three hierarchical levels of compensation stacking are recognized. Individual beds and bed‐sets stack to form lobe‐elements; lobe‐elements stack to form composite lobes; and composite lobes stack to form lobe complexes. Differences in the size, shape and architectural complexity of lobe deposits reflect several inter‐related factors including: (i) flow properties (volume, duration, grain‐size, concentration and velocity); (ii) the number and frequency of flows, and their degree of variation through time; (iii) gradient change and sea floor morphology at the mouth of the feeder conduit; (iv) lobe lifespan prior to avulsion or abandonment; and (v) feeder channel geometry and stability. In general, lobes outboard stable fan valleys that are connected to shelf‐incised canyons are wider, longer and thicker, accumulate in more basinal locations and are architecturally more complex.
The Lower Permian Wasp Head Formation, Sydney Basin: high‐latitude, shallow marine sedimentation following the late Asselian to early Sakmarian glacial event in eastern Australia
Authors: RYGEL MICHAEL C. , FIELDING CHRISTOPHER R. , BANN KERRIE L. , FRANK TRACY D. , BIRGENHEIER LAUREN , TYE STUART C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Lower Permian Wasp Head Formation (early to middle Sakmarian) is a ∼95 m thick unit that was deposited during the transition to a non‐glacial period following the late Asselian to early Sakmarian glacial event in eastern Australia. This shallow marine, sandstone‐dominated unit can be subdivided into six facies associations. (i) The marine sediment gravity flow facies association consists of breccias and conglomerates deposited in upper shoreface water depths. (ii) Upper shoreface deposits consist of cross‐stratified, conglomeratic sandstones with an impoverished expression of the Skolithos Ichnofacies. (iii) Middle shoreface deposits consist of hummocky cross‐stratified sandstones with a trace fossil assemblage that represents the Skolithos Ichnofacies. (iv) Lower shoreface deposits are similar to middle shoreface deposits, but contain more pervasive bioturbation and a distal expression of the Skolithos Ichnofacies to a proximal expression of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. (v) Delta‐influenced, lower shoreface‐offshore transition deposits are distinguished by sparsely bioturbated carbonaceous mudstone drapes within a variety of shoreface and offshore deposits. Trace fossil assemblages represent distal expressions of the Skolithos Ichnofacies to stressed, proximal expressions of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. Impoverished trace fossil assemblages record variable and episodic environmental stresses possibly caused by fluctuations in sedimentation rates, substrate consistencies, salinity, oxygen levels, turbidity and other physio‐chemical stresses characteristic of deltaic conditions. (vi) The offshore transition‐offshore facies association consists of mudstone and admixed sandstone and mudstone with pervasive bioturbation and an archetypal to distal expression of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. The lowermost ∼50 m of the formation consists of a single deepening upward cycle formed as the basin transitioned from glacioisostatic rebound following the Asselian to early Sakmarian glacial to a regime dominated by regional extensional subsidence without significant glacial influence. The upper ∼45 m of the formation can be subdivided into three shallowing upward cycles (parasequences) that formed in the aftermath of rapid, possibly glacioeustatic, rises in relative sea‐level or due to autocyclic progradation patterns. The shift to a parasequence‐dominated architecture and progressive decrease in ice‐rafted debris upwards through the succession records the release from glacioisostatic rebound and amelioration of climate that accompanied the transition to broadly non‐glacial conditions.
Stress‐responsive microRNAs in Populus
Authors: Lu Shanfa , Sun Ying‐Hsuan , Chiang Vincent L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non‐coding RNAs, have recently become the subject of intense study. They are a class of post‐transcriptional negative regulators playing vital roles in plant development and growth. However, little is known about their regulatory roles in the responses of trees to the stressful environments incurred over their long‐term growth. Here, we report the cloning of small RNAs from abiotic stressed tissues of Populus trichocarpa (Ptc) and the identification of 68 putative miRNA sequences that can be classified into 27 families based on sequence homology. Among them, nine families are novel, increasing the number of the known Ptc‐miRNA families from 33 to 42. A total of 346 targets was predicted for the cloned Ptc‐miRNAs using penalty scores of ≤2.5 for mismatched patterns in the miRNA:mRNA duplexes as the criterion. Six of the selected targets were validated experimentally. The expression of a majority of the novel miRNAs was altered in response to cold, heat, salt, dehydration, and mechanical stresses. Microarray analysis of known Ptc‐miRNAs identified 19 additional cold stress‐responsive Ptc‐miRNAs from 14 miRNA gene families. Interestingly, we found that individual miRNAs of a family responded differentially to stress, which suggests that the members of a family may have different functions. These results reveal possible roles for miRNAs in the regulatory networks associated with the long‐term growth of tree species and provide useful information for developing trees with a greater level of stress resistance.
Analysis of Two‐Category Data from Small Independent Samples
Authors: Lee James 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Analysis of two‐category data from small independent samples. James Lee Aust. N.Z J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 141–146.An exact probability test for the comparison of cure‐rate (or any other 2‐category response variable) among three treatments is presented in detail. Extension of the method to larger contingency tables is also shown. It is suggested that the exact method should be used if the sample size for a particular investigation is small and/or when the chisquare test gives a probability level near borderline statistical significance.
Immediate Hypersensitivity: A Clinical Review*
Authors: Woolcock Ann J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Immediate hypersensitivity: A clinical review. Ann J. Woolcock, Aust N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 158–167.Diseases in which immediate hypersensitivity (IH) reactions occur, (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) are very common in Australia although their overall prevalence is unknown. Until recently the clinical investigation of IH has been undertaken almost exclusively by allergists using scratch tests. The discovery of IgE by Ishizaka et al.1 in 1966 resulted in a rapid increase in the understanding of the processes involved in IH reactions and, although much remains unclear, respiratory physicians, immuno/ogists and epidemiologists are becoming increasingly involved in investigating the IH reactivity of individuals and populations.In this review the immunological basis of IH reactions is briefly presented; the role of skin tests in their assessment is evaluated and the relationship between IH and clinical allergic disease is discussed in terms of patient management.
Renin Unresponsiveness and the Effects of Oxprenolol, Methyldopa and Spironolactone in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Thomas G. W. , Ledingham J. G. G. , Beilin L. J. , Yeates K. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Renin unresponsiveness and the effects of oxprenolol, methyldopa and spironolactone in patients with essential hypertension.Plasma renin activity (PRA), supine, erect and post‐frusemide (1 mg/kg IV) was studied in 51 patients with previously untreated essential hypertension and their age‐and sex‐matched normotensive controls. Supine PRA, and the rise in PRA in response to the erect posture and frusemide, were significantly less in hypertensives compared to controls. When the hypertensives were arbitrarily divided into lower, mid, and upper subgroups according to supine PRA, the renin responsiveness was similar in each subgroup but significantly less in hypertensives compared to controls, subdivided in the same way. This does not support the existence of a separate “low renin” subgroup. The low supine PRA and reduced response to stimulation appears to be a feature of patients with essential hypertension.Thirty‐nine of these hypertensives entered a double‐blind cross‐over drug trial of oxprenolol, methyldopa and spironolactone. All three drugs were equally effective in lowering the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in all three renin subgroups. Spironolactone caused a greater fall in systolic pressure in the lower renin group than in the other groups. Oxprenolol was the best tolerated drug, with only 5% of patients withdrawing due to side‐effects compared to 13% on spironolactone and 29% on methyldopa.