bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiesel production from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) tuber by heterotrophic microalgae Chlorella protothecoides
Authors: Cheng Yun , Zhou Wenguang , Gao Chunfang , Lan Kenneth , Gao Yang , Wu Qingyu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: As a potential source of biomass, Jerusalem artichoke has been studied for bioethanol production; however, thus far it has not been investigated for the production of other liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel. This work aims to develop a novel approach for biodiesel production from Jerusalem artichoke tuber using heterotrophic microalgae.RESULTS: In this study, Chlorella protothecoides utilized hydrolysate of Jerusalem artichoke tuber as carbon source and accumulated lipid in vivo, with lipid content as high as 44% by dry mass, and a carbon source to lipid conversion ratio of about 25% in a 4‐day scale cultivation. The lipids were extracted and then converted into biodiesel by transesterification. Cetane acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester and oleic acid methyl ester were the dominating components of the biodiesel produced. Unsaturated fatty acids methyl ester constituted over 82% of the total biodiesel content.CONCLUSION: This work suggests the feasibility of an alternative method of producing biodiesel from Jerusalem artichoke tuber using microalgae cultivation, and a cost reduction of carbon source feed in algal oil production can be expected. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Modern MALDI time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Vestal Marvin L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper focuses on development of time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry in response to the invention of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Before this breakthrough ionization technique for nonvolatile molecules, TOF was generally considered as a useful tool for exotic studies of ion properties but was not widely applied to analytical problems. Improved TOF instruments and software that allow the full potential power of MALDI to be applied to difficult biological applications are described. A theoretical approach to the design and optimization of MALDI‐TOF instruments for particular applications is presented. Experimental data are provided that are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions of resolving power and mass accuracy. Data on sensitivity and dynamic range using kilohertz laser rates are also summarized. These results indicate that combinations of high‐performance MALDI‐TOF and TOF‐TOF with off‐line high‐capacity separations may ultimately provide throughput and dynamic range several orders of magnitude greater than those currently available with electrospray LC‐MS and MS‐MS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CE with direct sample injection for the determination of metformin in plasma for type 2 diabetic mellitus: An adequate alternative to HPLC
Authors: Wei Shao‐Yun , Yeh Hsin‐Hua , Liao Fen‐Fen , Chen Su‐Hwei 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe developed a simple and selective CE with UV detection at 233 nm for the analysis of metformin in plasma based on direct sample injection without any pretreatment. The sample was employed with an electrokinetic injection of 10 kV for 100 s. CE separation of metformin from biological matrix was performed at 25°C using a BGE consisting of 25 mM Tris buffer at pH 4.0. The linear range of the CE method for the determination of metformin in plasma was over the range of 0.1–2.0 μg/mL; the LOD of the drug in plasma (S/N = 3; injection 10 kV, 100 s) was 30 ng/mL. Data by CE were compared with the results obtained by a validated HPLC method. CE assay of metformin exhibited a very good correlation (r2 = 1) with respect to HPLC. CE determination of metformin is a robust, sensitive, and reproducible method with the advantage over HPLC of being fast, without prior extraction, or precipitation of proteins, also enabling quick assessment of metformin for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies.
Separation of fatty alcohol ethoxylates by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Koike Ryo , Kitagawa Fumihiko , Otsuka Koji 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSeparation methods based on capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography were developed to characterize the distribution of ethylene oxide (EO) homologues in the fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEs). Prior to the separation, the FAEs were derivatized with 2‐fluoro‐1‐methylpyridinium p‐toluenesulfonate (FMPTS) to allow CZE separation and UV detection. To prevent adsorption of cationic analytes onto the inner surface of the capillary and formation of micelles in CZE analysis, a lower pH background solution (BGS) containing a high concentration of acetonitrile was employed. Under optimal conditions, FMPTS‐derivatized FAEs with an average EO number of 6 were completely separated within 11 min. For MEKC analysis of the FAEs, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) was added to the BGS. In the presence of 30 mM DTAC in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 20% (v/v) acetonitrile, superior oligomer separation of the FAEs containing up to 50 EO groups was achieved within 30 min with good analytical reproducibilities. Furthermore, the developed method was applied to the analysis of the FAEs in commercial products such as laundry detergent and fabric softener.
Simple and rapid genotyping ofD‐amino acid oxidase gene recognizing a crucial variant in the ddY strain using microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Tojo Yosuke , Hamase Kenji , Konno Ryuichi , Koyanagi Satoru , Ohdo Shigehiro , Zaitsu Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA rapid genotyping method ofD‐amino acid oxidase (DAO), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of most of theD‐amino acids in mammals, has been established. This method employs a one‐step PCR, restriction enzyme digestion and rapid microchip electrophoresis (MCE), and the DAO genotype of the living individual mice was definitely determined within a day by clearly separating the 95 and 107 bpHpaII digested DNA fragments. For verification of the method, the DAO activity in the kidney of individual mice was also determined, and the obtained values completely matched the estimated genotypes (DAO+/+, DAO+/–, and DAO–/–). The intrinsic amounts ofD‐Pro in the serum and kidney of mice with three DAO genotypes were compared for the first time, and demonstrated that theD‐amino acid amounts in the DAO+/+mice (1.93 ± 0.66 nmol/mL serum, not detectable in the kidney) and DAO+/–mice (1.50 ± 0.24 nmol/mL serum, not detectable in the kidney) were almost the same. The present method should be a powerful tool to establish various pathologic‐model animals under the complete care of their intrinsic DAO activity, which are useful for the screening ofD‐amino acids having physiological activity and/or diagnostic values.
A capillary holder for scanning detection of capillary isoelectric focusing with laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Takahashi Katsuyoshi , Maruo Yuji , Kitamori Takehiko , Shimura Kiyohito 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA holder for a 12 cm long capillary was designed for scanning LIF detection of CIEF. The polyimide coat of a fused‐silica capillary has been removed, and 1.5 mm diameter flanges have been attached near both ends. The holder is fixed on the stage of a fluorescence microscope via a translational stage, and a capillary guide is directly fixed on the microscope stage. The guide has a groove and a pressure plate for the capillary to slide in. The holder has two pulling plates with slits of 1 mm to accept the capillary just inside the flanges. The slits and the groove of the guide have been aligned. The motion of the translational stage brings the pulling plate into contact with the flange at the pulled side, and slides the capillary through the guide. The other end of the capillary is free and produces no strain on the capillary. When the motion of the stage is reversed, an unstrained contact is achieved at the other end. The baseline noise from scanning was only 50% larger than that without scanning. The fluorescence‐signal variation during scanning was about 4% of the total signal, which was about twice that without scanning.
Semiconductor disk lasers for the generation of visible and ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Calvez S. , Hastie J.E. , Guina M. , Okhotnikov O.G. , Dawson M.D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecent developments in semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs) generating visible or ultraviolet light are reviewed. After an introduction on potential applications, we discuss how the combination of vertical‐emitting semiconductor GaAs‐based structures and intra‐cavity nonlinear conversion techniques can be successfully exploited to uniquely meet demands for continuous‐wave radiation in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. To do so, an overview of the device operating principles and performance is presented highlighting the underlying material considerations, semiconductor structural designs, thermal management techniques and suitable cavity configurations. This summary is completed by a presentation of new developments in the field, with a particular focus on the trends towards miniaturization.
Robotic laser tissue welding of sclera using chitosan films
Authors: Garcia Pablo , Mines Michael J. , Bower Kraig S. , Hill J. , Menon J. , Tremblay Eric , Smith Benjamin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the feasibility of scleral wound closure using a novel adhesive made of chitosan film.MethodsFive‐millimeter scleral lacerations were created in enucleated pig eyes. Casted chitosan films were sized to 7×7 mm patches. Lacerations were sealed with chitosan film alone (7 eyes) or chitosan film followed by laser irradiation using a near infrared laser (1,455 nm) at 350 mW for 6 minutes (7 eyes). Seven eyes were closed with 9‐0 nylon suture for comparison (7 eyes). Outcome measures included watertight closure, closure time, and leak pressure. Leak pressure was measured with a pressure transducer attached to tubing continuously monitored intraocular pressure during saline infusion. Watertight closure testing was performed immediately following closure (n = 3 per group) and after 24 hours (n = 3 per group). One eye in each group was fixed in formalin for histology.ResultsAll wounds were watertight for each closure method. Mean closure time with unlasered chitosan film was 2.24 minutes (range 1.80–3.26, 7 eyes) with a mean leak pressure of 303 mm Hg (range 217–364, 3 eyes). Mean closure time with lasered chitosan was 12.47 minutes (range 11.45–14.15, 7 eyes) with a mean leak pressure of 454.7 mm Hg (range 152–721, 3 eyes). Suture closure required a mean of 4.83 minutes (range 4.03–7.30, 7 eyes) and resulted in a mean leak pressure of 570.3 mm Hg (range 460–646, 3 eyes). Both lasered and unlasered chitosan eyes remained watertight after 24 hours. Histology revealed minimal laser tissue damage in lasered eyes.ConclusionsIn this preliminary study chitosan film successfully closed scleral lacerations with and without the application of laser energy. While laser appears to strengthen the closure, it significantly increases the closure time. Chitosan based adhesives hold promise as a scleral wound closure technique. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:59–67, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous laser discectomy guided with stereotactic computer‐assisted surgical navigation
Authors: von Jako Ronald A. , Cselik Zsolt 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivePercutaneous laser discectomy at various wavelengths has been used for minimally invasive surgery of herniated intervertebral discs. Using a high‐intensity diode laser at 980‐nm wavelength, we aimed to improve the safe insertion of the laser trocar with the aid of a stereotactic computer‐assisted surgical navigation system.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe experiments were performed on ex vivo porcine spines with intact soft tissue. Before laser irradiation, each specimen was imaged by computed tomography (CT) with fiduciary markers. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM standard) data sets were retrieved into the GE Healthcare Surgery InstaTRAK®3500 Plus computer‐assisted surgical navigation platform via the hospital Ethernet using a picture archiving and communication system. A special trocar with quartz waveguide connected to the navigation system was inserted into a total of 12 lumbar discs of two fresh intact porcine specimens. Various laser energies (200–700 J) with different exposure times were delivered. Pre‐ and post‐irradiation magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and postoperative macroscopic and histologic studies were carried out.ResultsA navigation system accuracy of better than 2 mm was achieved. Tracking of the instrument from pre‐acquired formatted CT reconstructed images reduced overall radiation exposure by limiting the need for continuous intraoperative C‐arm fluoroscopy. The use of surgical navigation by CT images enhanced the precision insertion of the laser trocar. Irradiation with the 980‐nm wavelength diode laser resulted in tissue evaporation changes of the intervertebral disc material as demonstrated by comparing pre‐ and post‐irradiation changes of MR images and macro‐ and microscopic changes of the dissected disc material.ConclusionThis preclinical study demonstrates the clinical utility of a 980‐nm diode laser delivered through a fiber‐optic waveguide trocar in which precise insertion was enabled by the use of surgical navigation. This in turn decreases the exposure to ionizing radiation during the procedure. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:42–51, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
810 nm Wavelength light: An effective therapy for transected or contused rat spinal cord
Authors: Wu Xingjia , Dmitriev Anton E. , Cardoso Mario J. , Viers‐Costello Angela G. , Borke Rosemary C. , Streeter Jackson , Anders Juanita J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLight therapy has biomodulatory effects on central and peripheral nervous tissue. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system trauma with no effective restorative therapies. The effectiveness of light therapy on SCI caused by different types of trauma was determined.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwo SCI models were used: a contusion model and a dorsal hemisection model. Light (810 nm) was applied transcutaneously at the lesion site immediately after injury and daily for 14 consecutive days. A laser diode with an output power of 150 mW was used for the treatment. The daily dosage at the surface of the skin overlying the lesion site was 1,589 J/cm2 (0.3 cm2 spot area, 2,997 seconds). Mini‐ruby was used to label corticospinal tract axons, which were counted and measured from the lesion site distally. Functional recovery was assessed by footprint test for the hemisection model and open‐field test for the contusion model. Rats were euthanized 3 weeks after injury.ResultsThe average length of axonal re‐growth in the rats in the light treatment (LT) groups with the hemisection (6.89±0.96 mm) and contusion (7.04±0.76 mm) injuries was significantly longer than the comparable untreated control groups (3.66±0.26 mm, hemisection; 2.89±0.84 mm, contusion). The total axon number in the LT groups was significantly higher compared to the untreated groups for both injury models (P<0.05). For the hemisection model, the LT group had a statistically significant lower angle of rotation (P<0.05) compared to the controls. For contusion model, there was a statistically significant functional recovery (P<0.05) in the LT group compared to untreated control.ConclusionsLight therapy applied non‐invasively promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery in acute SCI caused by different types of trauma. These results suggest that light is a promising therapy for human SCI. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:36–41, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A preliminary report about treatment of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw with Er:YAG laser ablation
Authors: Stübinger Stefan , Dissmann Jan‐Philipp , Pinho Nicole Chambron , Saldamli Belma , Seitz Oliver , Sader Robert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis preliminary report describes a new laser‐assisted treatment option for the emerging complication of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis (BON) of the jaw.Materials and MethodsIn eight tumour patients (three women, five men) ten bony lesions in the maxilla and mandible in the course of intravenous bisphosphonate therapy were treated with a variable square pulsed (VSP) Er:YAG laser. For the treatment, the Er:YAG laser was applied with a pulse energy of 1,000 mJ, a pulse duration of 300 microseconds, and a frequency of 12 Hz (energy density 157 J/cm2). The spot size was 0.9 mm and the handpiece was kept at a distance of about 10 mm from the bone surface. The diseased bone was ablated exclusively with the Er:YAG laser by subsequently sweeping the bone surface in a well directed scanning mode.ResultsThe surgical procedure and postoperative wound healing were without any complications and a complete soft tissue recovering was achieved within 4 weeks. During follow‐up examinations over 12 months soft tissue conditions were stable. The pulsed laser ablation caused a characteristic microstructured and craggy bone surface without a condensation or a smear layer on the laser rims.ConclusionThe bone ablation technique using a VSP Er:YAG laser yielded promising clinical results without impairment of wound healing. A further analyse of the chemical, physical and pharmacological aspects of laser assisted treatment of BON lesions is necessary to get a safe and reliable treatment protocol for bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:26–30, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar fractional radiofrequency treatment induces neoelastogenesis and neocollagenesis
Authors: Hantash Basil M. , Ubeid Anan Abu , Chang Hong , Kafi Reza , Renton Bradley 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe recently introduced Renesis™, a novel minimally invasive radiofrequency (RF) device, for the treatment of human skin. The wound healing response post‐fractional RF (FRF™) treatment was examined in human subjects.Study DesignThe FRF system delivered RF energy directly within the dermis via 5 micro‐needle electrode pairs. Tissue temperature was held at 72°C for 4 seconds using an intelligent feedback system. The wound healing response was evaluated histologically and by RT‐PCR up to 10 weeks post‐RF treatment. Neoelastogenesis and the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) were assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsFRF treatment generated a RF thermal zone (RFTZ) pattern in the reticular dermis that consisted of zones of denatured collagen separated by zones of spared dermis. RFTZs were observed through day 28 post‐treatment but were replaced by new dermal tissue by 10 weeks. HSP72 expression rapidly diminished after day 2 while HSP47 expression increased progressively through 10 weeks. Reticular dermal volume, cellularity, hyaluronic acid, and elastin content increased. RT‐PCR studies revealed an immediate increase in IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and MMP‐13 while MMP‐1, HSP72, HSP47, and TGF‐β levels increased by 2 days. We also observed a marked induction of tropoelastin, fibrillin, as well as procollagens 1 and 3 by 28 days post‐treatment.ConclusionOur study revealed a vigorous wound healing response is initiated post‐treatment, with progressive increase in inflammatory cell infiltration from day 2 through 10 weeks. An active dermal remodeling process driven by the collagen chaperone HSP47 led to complete replacement of RFTZs with new collagen by 10 weeks post‐treatment. Furthermore, using both immunohistochemical and PCR studies, we successfully demonstrated for the first time evidence of profound neoelastogenesis following RF treatment of human skin. The combination of neoelastogenesis and neocollagenesis induced by treatment with the FRF system may provide a reliable treatment option for skin laxity and/or rhytids. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:1–9, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting carbon dioxide laser treatment for oral precancer: A patient cohort study
Authors: Hamadah O. , Thomson P.J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the benefits of CO2 laser surgery in oral precancer management have been evaluated, little consideration has been given to the factors which may influence treatment outcome, especially amongst patients developing recurrence or malignant transformation.Study DesignSeventy eight patients (51 males, 27 females; mean age 57.8 years) undergoing CO2 laser excision of single, new dysplastic oral precancer lesions (OPLs) were followed up for a minimum of 2 years and the influence of clinico‐pathological parameters, socio‐demographic factors and the presence or absence of residual dysplasia in excision margins upon clinical outcome were examined.ResultsSeventy three percent of patients were smokers and 78% consumed alcohol regularly. The majority of lesions were leukoplakias arising in the floor of mouth and ventro‐lateral tongue and moderate or severe dysplasia accounted for 86% of histopathological diagnoses. Patient follow up ranged from 24 to 119 months (mean 58 months). Sixty four percent of patients were disease free at most recent clinical follow up, whilst 32% developed local recurrent dysplasia or new site dysplasia with 4% developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (but at sites distinct from their initial OPL). Excision margins were clear in 55% of cases, but 19% showed mild, 21% moderate and 5% severe dysplasia on histopathological examination. No statistically significant associations were seen between patients' age, gender, lesion appearance, site of origin, histopathological grading, presence of dysplasia in resection margins, or alcohol consumption and clinical outcome. Smokers, however, were at significantly higher risk of dysplasia recurrence compared to ex‐smokers or non‐smokers (P = 0.04).ConclusionsIn the absence of agreed treatment protocols for OPLs, we recommend CO2 laser surgery as an effective treatment modality offering precise lesion excision, full histopathological assessment, minimal post‐operative morbidity and a 64% disease free clinical outcome. Regular patient follow up is encouraged due to the persistence of field cancerisation effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:17–25, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low level laser therapy (LLLT): Attenuation of cholinergic hyperreactivity, β2‐adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and TNF‐α mRNA expression in rat bronchi segments in E. coli lipopolysaccharide‐induced airway inflammation by a NF‐κB dependent mechanism
Authors: Mafra de Lima F. , Costa M.S. , Albertini R. , Silva J.A. , Aimbire F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIt is unknown if the decreased ability to relax airways smooth muscles in asthma and other inflammatory disorders, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), can be influenced by low level laser therapy (LLLT) irradiation. In this context, the present work was developed in order to investigate if LLLT could reduce dysfunction in inflamed bronchi smooth muscles (BSM) in rats.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA controlled ex vivo study was developed where bronchi from Wistar rat were dissected and mounted in an organ bath apparatus with or without a TNF‐α.ResultsLLLT administered perpendicularly to a point in the middle of the dissected bronchi with a wavelength of 655 nm and a dose of 2.6 J/cm2, partially decreased BSM hyperreactivity to cholinergic agonist, restored BSM relaxation to isoproterenol and reduced the TNF‐α mRNA expression. An NF‐κB antagonist (BMS205820) blocked the LLLT effect on dysfunction in inflamed BSM.ConclusionThe results obtained in this work indicate that the LLLT effect on alterations in responsiveness of airway smooth muscles observed in TNF‐α‐induced experimental acute lung inflammation seems to be dependent of NF‐κB activation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:68–74, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.