bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea
Authors: Ushida Kazunari , Fujita Shiho , Ohashi Gaku 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe selective ingestion of plant gum exudates by chimpanzees has been frequently observed at various study sites. At Bossou, Guinea, chimpanzees also frequently ingest Albizia zygia gum exudate. A functional explanation for this behavior is lacking, so we evaluated its possible contribution of energy in the form of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) as well as minerals. An in vitro fermentation study of A. zygia gum using the fecal bacteria of a Bossou chimpanzee showed that carboxylic acids were produced with a 6‐hr lag phase up to 44 mmol/l by 18 hr of incubation. Acetate was the most abundant acid produced, followed by lactate and propionate. The energy supplied from the fermentation of a piece of gum exudate (20–30 g) was negligible in comparison with the estimated daily energy requirements of chimpanzees in the wild. However, A. zygia gum exudate (20–30 g) can supply sufficient amounts of calcium, manganese, magnesium, and potassium to fulfill the daily requirements for these minerals in chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 68:143–151, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labile sex differences in long calling in cotton‐top tamarins
Authors: Scott Jillian J. , Carlson Kirsten L. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSex differences in behavior are quite common among nonhuman primates. In sexually monomorphic species, sex differences might be expected to be less evident than in polygynous and highly dimorphic species. Callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins) are cooperative breeders that exhibit little sexual size dimorphism. However, several sex differences in the structure and usage of vocalizations have been reported. In one such study, McConnell and Snowdon [Behaviour 97:273–296, 1986] reported that female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) emitted significantly more normal long calls than males during simulated intergroup encounters. In the course of collecting a library of normal long calls, we replicated a portion of that study 20 years later with the same colony and similar methods. To our surprise we found a reversal of sex differences. In the same experimental situation, males gave significantly more normal long calls than females. In a further replication 2 years later, males still called more but the effect was less pronounced. The dramatic change in sex differences within the same species and colony over a 22‐year period suggests that behavioral sex differences in callitrichids may be quite labile, and that repeated sampling over several years may be necessary to establish true sex differences. Am. J. Primatol. 68:153–160, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lethal intergroup aggression by chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Watts David P. , Muller Martin , Amsler Sylvia J. , Mbabazi Godfrey , Mitani John C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have hostile intergroup relations throughout most or all of their geographic range. Hostilities include aggressive encounters between members of neighboring communities during foraging and during patrols in which members of one community search for neighbors near territory boundaries. Attacks on neighbors involve coalitions of adult males, and are sometimes fatal. Targets include members of all age/sex classes, but the risk of lethal intergroup coalitionary aggression is highest for adult males and infants, and lowest for sexually swollen females. The best‐supported adaptive explanation for such behavior is that fission‐fusion sociality allows opportunities for low‐cost attacks that, when successful, enhance the food supply for members of the attackers' community, improve survivorship, and increase female fertility. We add to the database on intergroup coalitionary aggression in chimpanzees by describing three fatal attacks on adult males, plus a fourth attack on an adult male and an attack on a juvenile that were almost certainly fatal. Observers saw four of these attacks and inferred the fifth from forensic and behavioral evidence. The attackers were males in two habituated, unprovisioned communities (Ngogo and Kanyawara) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We also summarize data on other intercommunity attacks at Ngogo. Our observations are consistent with the “imbalance of power” hypothesis [Manson & Wrangham, Current Anthropology 32:369–390, 1991] and support the argument that lethal coalitionary intergroup aggression by male chimpanzees is part of an evolved behavioral strategy. Am. J. Primatol. 68:161‐180, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Describing the organization of dominance relationships by dominance‐directed tree method
Authors: Izar Patrícia , Ferreira Renata G. , Sato Takechi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMethods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near‐linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed “dominance‐directed tree.” This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group ofCebus apella. Am. J. Primatol. 68:189–207, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predation of arthropods by southern bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas) in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Veiga Liza M. , Ferrari Stephen F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBearded sakis are seed predators, but are also known to consume arthropods. This is the first detailed report of arthropod predation in southern bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas). Two groups were monitored–one in continuous forest, and one on a small island–between January 2003 and February 2004. The arthropod prey included spiders and six insect orders. Island group members spent more time foraging for arthropods (3.8% vs. 2.6% of activity time) but ingested less prey (3.7% vs. 4.6% of feeding time). Arthropods accounted for a small proportion of feeding records in most months, but there were occasional sharp peaks due to the exploitation of temporary agglomerations of insects. In November, arthropods accounted for 26.6% and 14.2% of the feeding records of the mainland and island groups, respectively. The results suggest that bearded sakis actively seek arthropods as a dietary supplement, but that they represent a minor resource during most of the year, even under conditions of intense habitat fragmentation (island group). Am. J. Primatol. 68:209–215, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activities of New Cyanopyrane Derivatives Fused with Steroidal Nuclei
Authors: Amr Abdel‐Galil E. , Abdulla Mohamed M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThirteen new heterocyclic derivatives containing a cyanopyrane ring fused to a steroidal moiety were conveniently synthesized and screened for their anti‐inflammatory potencies comparable to that of the glucocorticoid prednisolone. Four compounds 5a, 5b, 6b, and 8 exhibited superior anti‐inflammatory indices (in rats, protection against carrageenan induced edema and inhibition of plasma PGE). All the candidates were less toxic than the reference drug concerning LD50 values. Synthetic steroidal structures fused to a substituted cyanopyrane ring seem to be a promising approach in search for novel leads for potent anti‐inflammatory agents.
Degree of blockiness of amide groups as indicator for difference in physical behavior of amidated pectins
Authors: Guillotin Stéphanie E. , Van Kampen Janine , Boulenguer Patrick , Schols Henk A. , Voragen Alphons G. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThickening and gelling properties of commercial amidated pectins depend on the degree of amidation and methyl‐esterification, but also the distribution of these groups is of great importance. Methods have been developed during the last few years to determine the distribution of methyl esters over the pectic backbone. We applied the strategies developed for the analysis of high methyl‐esterified pectins for studying the distribution of amide groups in amidated pectins. Low methyl‐esterified amidated (LMA) pectins were digested before and after removal of methyl esters by an endo‐polygalacturonase to determine the degree of blockiness of the substituents. The nature of the substituents (amide groups compared to methyl esters) did not modify the behavior of the enzyme. Oligomers released were separated by using high‐performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC–PAD) at pH 5. Fractions collected after on‐line desalting were identified by using MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry. Oligomers were found to elute from the column as a function of their total charge. For the same overall charge and size, oligomers with methyl esters eluted before oligomers with amide groups. Both amide groups and methyl esters of the LMA pectins studied were found to be semirandomly distributed over the pectic backbone, but this may vary according to the amidation process used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 29–37, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Heat capacity changes associated with nucleic acid folding
Authors: Mikulecky Peter J. , Feig Andrew L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhereas heat capacity changes (ΔCPs) associated with folding transitions are commonplace in the literature of protein folding, they have long been considered a minor energetic contributor in nucleic acid folding. Recent advances in the understanding of nucleic acid folding and improved technology for measuring the energetics of folding transitions have allowed a greater experimental window for measuring these effects. We present in this review a survey of current literature that confronts the issue of ΔCPs associated with nucleic acid folding transitions. This work helps to gather the molecular insights that can be gleaned from analysis of ΔCPs and points toward the challenges that will need to be overcome if the energetic contribution of ΔCP terms are to be put to use in improving free energy calculations for nucleic acid structure prediction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 38–58, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the estimation of nicorandil in human plasma
Authors: Bhatt Jignesh , Jangid Arvind , Shah Bhavin , Shetty Raghavendra , Kambli Sandeep , Subbaiah Gunta , Singh Sadhana 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the estimation of nicorandil in human plasma. Nicorandil was extracted from human plasma using solid‐phase extraction technique. Imipramine was used as the internal standard. A Betasil C18 column provided chromatographic separation of analytes followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The method involves a rapid solid‐phase extraction from plasma, simple isocratic chromatography conditions and mass spectrometric detection that enables detection at nanogram levels. The proposed method has been validated for a linear range of 1.0–500.0 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.9993. The intra‐run and inter‐run precision and accuracy was within 10.0%. The overall recovery for nicorandil was 63.81%. The total run time was just 3.0 min. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the Quadruple‐potential Waveform for the Determination of Gentamicin Sulfate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Cai Ya‐Qi , Mou Shi‐Fen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a quadruple‐potential waveform was investigated and optimized for the determination of gentamicin by reversed phase ion‐pair chromatography. Instead of a relatively high positive potential, a negative potential was adopted as a potential for the cleaning of gold working electrode. By this way, the formation of gold oxide resulting from the application of high positive potential during the analyte detection and electrode cleaning was greatly reduced, and therefore, the dissolution and recession of gold working electrode was also reduced. The good condition of gold working electrode achieved by this quadruple‐potential waveform can help us to obtain a good reproducibility. In order to acquire signal‐to‐noise ratio as high as possible, several waveform parameters affecting the detection of gentamicin were carefully selected. The analytical method has been applied to the determination of two real gentamicin samples, and good results with low relative standard deviation not more than 4% were obtained.
Mild and Efficient CuI Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Amides with Bromides
Authors: Deng Wei , Zhang Chen , Liu Min , Zou Yan , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: January 2006

Abstract In this article, a general, simple, and inexpensive catalyst system was developed for the amidation of aryl bromide by using CuI as catalyst, amino acid as ligand, and K3PO4 as base.
Multipeak Distributions of First Passage Times in Bistable Dynamics in a Model of a Thermochemical System
Authors: Nowakowski Bogdan , Kawczyński Andrzej L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA master equation is used to study transitions between the stable limit cycle and stable focus in the two‐variable bistable system. The distribution function of the mean first passage time between these attractors and the relative dispersion of the mean first return time from the stable focus to itself as a function of the intensity of fluctuations are calculated and discussed. A coherence resonance is observed for the return time from the focus to itself.
Fundamental performance of triple magnetic circuit type cylindrical thermomagnetic engine
Authors: Takahashi Yutaka , Yamamoto Keiji , Nishikawa Masahiro 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe engine essentially consists of a rotor made of temperature‐sensitive magnetic material and permanent magnets. When an object made of this material has a temperature distribution in the magnetic field, the force is generated in the direction from the low‐temperature side to the high‐temperature side by magnetic pressure.This paper describes the fundamental performance of the triple magnetic circuit type thermomagnetic engine. A triple magnetic circuit type engine with water‐cooling system has ben designed. The performance characteristics such as power, resistance loss, and the relation between the temperature of the rotor and the rotation speed have been measured, and compared with the characteristics of a single magnetic circuit type engine. The net power is a maximum value of 3.7 W at a rotation speed of 0.4 rps. The power of the triple magnetic circuit type engine per unit magnetic circuit is about 4 times larger than that of the single magnetic circuit type engine. The resistance loss is 1.7 W at the maximum power point. The total power is 5.4 W. Electromagnetic braking loss is about 25% of the total power. The rate of electromagnetic braking loss to the total power increases with the rotation speed. The disk type rotor with small electromagnetic braking loss has been analyzed. Electromagnetic braking loss of the disk type engine becomes about 95% smaller than that of the cylinder type engine. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 68–74, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20127
Active solution space and search on job‐shop scheduling problem
Authors: Watanabe Masato , Ida Kenichi , Gen Mitsuo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper we propose a new searching method of Genetic Algorithm for the job‐shop scheduling problem (JSP). The coding method represents job number in order to decide a priority to arrange a job in the Gantt chart (called the ordinal representation with a priority) in JSP, and an active schedule is created by using left shift. We define an active solution at first. It is a solution that allows the creation of an active schedule without using left shift, and the setting of a defined active solution space. Next, we propose an algorithm, Genetic Algorithm with active solution space search (GA‐asol), which can create an active solution while solution is evaluated, in order to search the active solution space effectively. We applied it to some benchmark problems for comparison with other methods. The experimental results show good performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 61–67, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20185
Detection of object under outdoor environment by matching with partial and whole templates
Authors: Kunimitsu Satoshi , Asama Hajime , Kawabata Kuniaki , Mishima Taketoshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes the technique of augmented template matching that positions the object having a standard shape of two dimensions under the outdoor environment. The intensity of the object under the outdoor environment usually changes in various ways. The main reason is that the lighting condition changes, and the surface properties of the object change. It is difficult to apply the conventional template matching under the outdoor environment, because conventional template matching assumes the lighting condition does not change and the surface properties of the object do not change. Then, the partial template made by dividing the conventional template (the whole template) to increase information on the object to discriminate the object under the outdoor environment is introduced. The proposed technique is to calculate similarities with the partial and the whole templates, and to judge by the linear discriminant method. In this paper, the principle of the proposed technique and effectiveness based on the experimental result are shown. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 49–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20270
Development of ZnSe‐based white light emitting diodes with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr
Authors: Nakamura Takao 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have demonstrated ZnSe‐based white light emitting diodes (LEDs) with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr at 14.5A/cm2 by introducing an i‐ZnMgBeSe/p‐ZnMgSe double cladding structure, which includes a very thin i‐ZnMgBeSe layer for suppressing electron overflow and a p‐ZnMgSSe layer for efficient p‐type carrier concentration. By adopting the double cladding layer instead of only the conventional p‐ZnMgSSe cladding layer, rapid degradation is suppressed and the lifetime tendency becomes similar to that of the LEDs consisting of a III‐V semiconductor system. The device simulation and the temperature dependence of optical power showed that the i‐ZnMgBeSe layer played the main role in increasing electron confinement. Our experimental data and reliability test results indicate that the suppression of the electron overflow is essential to achieve a long lifetime acceptable for practical use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 42–48, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20285
The Cilix Method: A practical methodology for assessing cumulative impacts in environmental assessments
Authors: Eccleston Charles H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPerforming a cumulative impact analysis that rigorously satisfies the regulatory requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) can be a challenging and resource‐intensive task, particularly when preparing environmental assessments (EAs). A rigorous evaluation of cumulative impacts may require substantially more effort than is necessary to assess the direct and indirect impacts of an action. This article describes a new approach, referred to as the Cilix Method, that can provide a practical, streamlined, and defensible technique for assessing cumulative impacts in an EA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The joint readiness training center and Fort Polk installation Internal Environmental Assessment Program
Authors: Mazion Edward 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor years, the Army has recognized the value of conducting internal environmental assessments as a means to attain, sustain, and monitor compliance with applicable federal, state, Army, and local environmental regulations. Army Regulation (AR) 200‐1, “Environmental Protection and Enhancement,” requires all installations to conduct internal assessments using established Army‐approved protocols. Historically, to comply with the Army's internal assessment requirement, Fort Polk conducted periodic compliance inspections of those installation organizations and facilities using hazardous materials or generating hazardous waste. The compliance inspections resulted in a reduction in the number of installation compliance deficiencies identified by federal, state, and Army compliance inspectors during external inspections. Although the periodic compliance inspections met the intent and regulatory requirements of AR 200‐1, the opportunity existed to expand compliance inspections and develop a more comprehensive internal assessment program. To that end, Fort Polk developed the Internal Environmental Assessment Program (IEAP) in 2004. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
New labdane derivative from the essential oil of Acalypha plicata Müll.Arg.
Authors: Meccia Gina , Rosquete Carmelo , Rojas Luis B. , Feliciano Arturo San 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe essential oil from fresh leaves of Acalypha plicata Müll‐Arg. was obtained by hydrodistillation, yielding 0.03%. 15,16‐Epoxylabda‐13(16),14‐dien‐8α‐ol (1) was the major constituent (20.9%) of the oil and its structure was established by NMR techniques. Twenty‐four additional compounds were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Bicyclogermacrene (8.5%), τ‐muurolol (6.1%), β‐caryophyllene (6.0%) and epi‐bicyclosesquiphellandrene (5.5%) were other abundant constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.