bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Newtonian Heat Transfer on a Plate Heat Exchanger with Generalized Configurations
Authors: Carezzato A. , Alcantara M. R. , Telis‐Romero J. , Tadini C. C. , Gut J. A. W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFor the configuration optimization of plate heat exchangers (PHEs), the mathematical models for heat transfer and pressure drop must be valid for a wide range of operational conditions of all configurations of the exchanger or the design results may be compromised. In this investigation, the thermal model of a PHE is adjusted to fit experimental data obtained from non‐Newtonian heat transfer for eight different configurations, using carboxymethylcellulose solutions (CMC) as test fluid. Although it is possible to successfully adjust the model parameters, Newtonian and non‐Newtonian heat transfer cannot be represented by a single generalized correlation. In addition, the specific heat, thermal conductivity and power‐law rheological parameters of CMC solutions were correlated with temperature, over a range compatible with a continuous pasteurization process.
Chromatic behavior of inorganic pigments in restoration mortars (nonhydraulic lime, hydraulic lime, gypsum, and portland cement). A comparative study
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gordillo José , Sáez‐Pérez María Paz , Durán‐Suárez Jorge Alberto , García‐Beltrán Antonio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSpectral diffuse reflectance was used to make a comparative study of the chromatic behavior (stability, coloring power and effects of time, thermal gradients, and high energy ultraviolet radiation) of the inorganic pigments ultramarine blue, green earth, molybdenum orange, zinc yellow, chrome yellow, chrome green, ochre, and natural sienna when mixed with the binders: nonhydraulic lime, hydraulic lime, Portland cement, and gypsum. The results show acute interference of the limes and the Portland cement, and, to a lesser extent, of the gypsum on the initial colors of ultramarine blue, molybdenum orange, and chrome yellow. The other pigments studied showed good stability in the four binders. Time, thermal gradients, and high energy ultraviolet radiation caused no appreciable color changes, except in the case of chrome yellow, which presented slight changes over time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 65–70, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20289
Preparation of GaN crystals by heating a Li3N‐added Ga melt in Na vapor and their photoluminescence
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Yamane Hisanori , Ohta Takaaki , Goto Takenari , Yao Takafumi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGaN crystals were prepared by heating a Ga melt with 1 at% Li3N against Ga at 750 °C in Na vapor under N2 pressures of 0.4–1.0 MPa. The GaN crystals grown at 1.0 MPa of N2 were colorless and transparent prismatic, having a size of approximately 0.7 mm in length. A secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed the contaminant of lithium in the obtained crystals. A large broad yellow band emission peak of 2.28 eV was observed at room temperature in the photoluminescence spectrum in addition to the near band emission peak of GaN at 3.39 eV and a small broad satellite emission at 3.24 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of L‐histidine hydrochloride monohydrate single crystals
Authors: Madhavan J. , Aruna S. , Thomas P. C. , Vimalan M. , Rajasekar S. A. , Sagayaraj P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGood optical quality single crystal of L‐histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (LHC) a novel semi organic NLO material was grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The crystal was characterized by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR), UV‐Vis‐NIR, TGA, DTA, microhardness and solubility studies. The SHG efficiency is found to be higher than that of KDP crystal. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal was studied as function of frequency and the results are discussed. Photoconductivity studies were also carried out which reveals the positive photoconducting properties of the sample. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trace‐element analysis of native copper: The view from Northern Minnesota, USA
Authors: Mulholland Susan C. , Pulford Mary H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNative copper, both finished artifacts and worked pieces, are relatively common in pre‐Contact sites of northeastern Minnesota. Fifteen artifact samples and seven sources of native copper were submitted for trace‐element analysis as a test of the procedures developed by G. Rapp, Jr. and colleagues (2000). Although the specific sources chosen had high typicality probabilities, very low posterior probabilities preclude confidence that the artifacts were accurately sourced. Potential problems include incomplete characterization of several sources, as well as the limited number of sources in the database. Of more interest than identification of specific sources is the selection of apparent source pairs. Michipicoten (eastern Lake Superior) and Isle Royale (western Lake Superior) are often chosen together; Weyerhauser Mine (Wisconsin) and the Champion Mine (Keewenaw Peninsula) may form another pair. Future research should concentrate on identifying patterns of sources in the region rather than focusing on specific mines. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathogenesis and vascular integrity of breast cancer brain metastasis
Authors: Lu Weixin , Bucana Corazon D. , Schroit Alan J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDogma dictates that brain metastasis originate from the proliferation of extravasated tumor cells and that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between tumor localization and progression and the involvement of BBB function in a murine model of breast cancer brain metastasis. Green fluorescent protein expressing MDA‐MB435 breast cancer cells were injected into the left ventricle of nude mice. At various time points, the entire vasculature was labeled with rhodamine‐conjugated albumin. The tumors and vasculature were then imaged by laser‐scanning confocal and stereo fluorescence microscopy. About 75% of the cells that reached the brain extravasated and grew perivascularly. Twenty five percent of the cells, however, proliferated within the vasculature and ultimately led to thrombosis‐like infarction of the brain parenchyma. The tumorigenic “embolus” served as a sustained release source of tumor cells to downstream sites. Continuing intravascular tumor expansion led to disruption of the BBB and to overflow of cells that progressed along the vessels perivascularly to distant sites that regained protection of the BBB. Breast cancer brain metastases involve both extravascular and intravascular growth of tumor cells. These distinct pathways contribute to different pathological phenotypes that generate a heterogeneous BBB that facilitates or inhibits the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumor. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The addition of biphasic calcium phosphate to porous chitosan scaffolds enhances bone tissue development in vitro
Authors: Sendemir‐Urkmez Aylin , Jamison Russell D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUniform distribution of cells and their extracellular matrix is essential for the in vivo success of bone tissue engineering constructs produced in vitro. In this study, the effects of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules embedded into chitosan scaffolds on the distribution, morphology, and phenotypic expression of osteoblastic cells were investigated. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and preosteoblasts were cultured on chitosan scaffolds with and without BCP under osteoblastic differentiation/maturation conditions for periods up to 4 weeks. The addition of 25 wt % BCP to chitosan created a uniform layer of calcium phosphate (CaP) precipitation similar to bone mineral on the scaffold surfaces as determined by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray spectroscopy. Scaffolds with this CaP layer yielded more uniform and complete cell and ECM distribution than chitosan scaffolds without BCP. The suggestion of chemotaxis in the appearance of this response was confirmed by successive experiments in a Boyden chamber. The CaP layer also altered morphology of cells initially attached to the scaffold surfaces, leading to higher expression of marker proteins of osteoblastic phenotype including alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. The use of chitosan/BCP scaffolds for culture of MSCs and preosteoblasts enhances bone tissue development in vitro. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Fatigue‐crack growth properties of thin‐walled superelastic austenitic Nitinol tube for endovascular stents
Authors: Stankiewicz J.M. , Robertson S.W. , Ritchie R.O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOver the past 10 years, the supereleastic nickel–titanium alloy Nitinol has found widespread application in the manufacture of small‐scale biomedical devices, such as self‐expanding endovascular stents. Although conventional stress/strain‐life (S/N) analyses are invariably used as the primary method for design against fatigue loading and for predicting safe lifetimes, fracture mechanics‐based methodologies provide a vital means of assessing the quantitative effect of defects on such lifetimes. Unfortunately, fracture mechanics studies on fatigue in Nitinol are scarce, and most results do not pertain to the (thin‐walled tube) product forms that are typically used in the manufacture of endovascular stents. In the current work, we document the basic fatigue‐crack growth properties of flattened thin‐walled (∼400 μm thick) Nitinol tubing in a 37°C air environment. Crack‐growth behavior is characterized over a wide range of growth rates (∼6 orders of magnitude) and load ratios, that is, as a function of the alternating and maximum stress intensities, at 50 Hz. Limited experiments at both 5 and 50 Hz were also performed in 37°C air and simulated body fluid to determine whether the cyclic frequency affects the fatigue behavior. Fatigue‐crack growth‐rate properties in such thin‐walled Nitinol tube are found to be quite distinct from limited published data on other (mainly bulk) product forms of Nitinol, for example, bar and strip, both in terms of the relative fatigue thresholds and the variation in steady‐state growth rates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Evaluation of the biological responses of osteoblast‐like UMR‐106 cells to the engineered porous PHBV matrix
Authors: Liu Hui , Raghavan Dharmaraj , Stubbs John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPoly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) has been investigated for biomedical applications due to its many biologically favorable properties. However, to explore its application in bone tissue engineering, the poorly bioactive surface property of PHBV must be improved. To engineer PHBV to achieve a biologically active surface, in this study each porous PHBV matrix was prepared by solute leaching of salt/PHBV cast film and was treated with ozone followed by dip coating with type I collagen. The biological responses of osteoblast‐like UMR‐106 cells after being grown on the engineered PHBV matrix were evaluated. Confocal microscopy and the MTT assay were used to map and quantify the viable cell proliferation on the PHBV matrix, respectively. The cells were cultivated in osteogenic media containing β‐glycerophosphate and later stained with alizarin red to visualize mineralization of the matrix. RNA was extracted from the UMR‐106 cells, and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was applied to detect expression of glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (a house keeping gene) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) (marker of the osteoblastic phenotype). The results showed that the UMR‐106 cells after cultivation on the engineered PHBV matrix retained the osteoblastic phenotype characteristics, indicating that the porous PHBV matrix after ozone treatment and collagen dip coatings are a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Layer‐by‐layer assembly of biomacromolecules on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films and fiber fabrics to promote endothelial cell growth
Authors: Liu Yunxiao , He Tao , Song Haiqing , Gao Changyou 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film and PET vascular graft were modified by layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly of collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS) to mimic the natural composition and structure of extracellular matrix. PET materials were first hydrolyzed to endow the surfaces with negative charge. Alternative assembly of positively charged collagen and negatively charged CS was then conducted in an LBL manner to produce biological multilayers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the occurrence of hydrolysis and existence of collagen and CS. The stepwise layer growth on the PET film was monitored by UV–vis spectroscopy. The multilayers had sufficient stability to pass through the cell culture period (8 days). In vitro endothelial cell culture revealed that the incorporated biomacromolecules could significantly improve the cell attachment, proliferation, and viability. Cells showed more spreading morphology with preserved phenotype, as illustrated by scanning electron microscopy and factor VIII‐related antigen immunocytochemistry, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Holocene climate change in the eastern Mediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Turkey
Authors: Eastwood Warren J. , Leng Melanie J. , Roberts Neil , Davis Basil 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStable isotope and pollen data from Gölhisar Gölü, a small intramontane lake located in southwest Turkey, provide complementary records of Holocene climate change. Modern oxygen and hydrogen isotope water data are used as a means of comparing present‐day isotope composition of the lake water to the past oxygen isotope composition of the lake water as calculated from 18O/16O ratios in calcite precipitated in the summer months. Despite the lake system being chemically dilute, the modern isotope data clearly establish that the lake water is evaporated in relation to its spring input, suggesting that the palaeo data can be interpreted primarily in terms of changing precipitation/evaporation ratios. δ18O and δ13C values from authigenic calcite through the Holocene show predominantly negative values indicating climatic conditions wetter than today. Particularly notable are low (depleted) isotope values during the earliest Holocene (ca. 10 600–8800 cal. yr. BP), a period for which pollen data imply drier conditions than at present. This divergence between pollen‐inferred and stable isotope palaeoclimate data is found in other east Mediterranean lake sediment records, and suggests that vegetation may have taken several millennia to reach climatic equilibrium at the start of the Holocene. Isotopic fluctuations during the early‐to‐mid Holocene (8800–5100 cal. yr. BP) suggest oscillations between aridity and humidity. Higher δ18O and δ13C values for the second half of the Holocene indicate generally drier conditions than during the period before ca.5100 cal. yr BP although there is some evidence for increased humidity coinciding with pollen evidence for increasing human impact and intensification of agriculture, notably during the so‐called Beyşehir Occupation Phase (Classical and early Byzantine periods). The modern trend towards aridity started about 1300 yr ago. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of cultivar, lifting time and nitrogen fertiliser level on quercetin content in onion (Allium cepa L.) at lifting
Authors: Mogren Lars M , Olsson Marie E , Gertsson Ulla E 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCommercial cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) were grown at Torslunda research station, Sweden with different levels of nitrogen fertiliser and lifted at different growth stages. Soon after lifting, before any drying or curing, tissue from the fleshy edible part of onions was extracted in ethanol and the raw extracts were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography without any previous hydrolysis. It was confirmed that the main flavonoid compounds were quercetin monoglucoside and quercetin diglucoside, whereas only trace amounts of quercetin aglycone and other flavonoids were found. The greatest variation in quercetin content, in the range 100–500 mg kg−1 fresh weight, occurred between years. The concentration of quercetin glucosides in the onions was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98) with the total amount of global radiation in August. Individual onions with fallen leaves had significantly higher concentrations of quercetin glucosides than individuals in the same row with erect leaves. Only minor differences were found between the three cultivars analysed. Higher levels of nitrogen fertiliser had only minor effects on onion yield and size and resulted in lower or equal amounts of quercetin glucosides. Nitrogen leakage from the soil, a potential source of environmental problems, could therefore be minimised by avoiding high nitrogen fertiliser levels with almost no effect on onion flavonol content. Late lifting of onions (80% fallen leaves) resulted in up to 45% higher concentrations of quercetin glucosides compared with early lifting (50% fallen leaves). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Iron, zinc and phytic acid content of selected rice varieties from China
Authors: Liang Jianfen , Han Bei‐Zhong , Han Longzhi , Nout MJ Robert , Hamer Robert J 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRice is the major Chinese staple food (per capita approx 250 g day−1) and, as such, is an important source of essential minerals. However, due to a number of factors the bio‐availability of these minerals is limited. In this study, the variation of phytic acid (PA), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels in 56 varieties of Chinese rice was investigated. The samples included in this study were collected in proportion to the importance of the rice‐growing regions in China. Fe levels showed the biggest variation (9–45 mg kg−1) and were not related with PA content or grain shape although growing locations were identified yielding higher (25.2 mg kg−1) and lower (14.2 mg kg−1) Fe levels. Zn showed a moderate variability (13–39 mg kg−1), which was narrower than for Fe, while broader than for PA (7.2–11.9 g kg−1). Zn content is correlated (R2 = 0.5; P < 0.01) with PA content, and shows a relation with growing region and kernel shape. Variation of PA content is the least among the three components. Molar ratios of PA to Fe and Zn ranged from 15 to 105 and 27 to 67, respectively. The results of the mineral contents and PA content can be interpreted in terms of expected bio‐availability. This study shows that the mineral bio‐availability of Chinese rice varieties will be <4%. Despite the variation in mineral contents, in all cases the PA present is expected to render most mineral present unavailable. We conclude that there is scope for optimisation of mineral contents of rice by matching suitable varieties and growing regions, and that rice products require processing that retains minerals but results in thorough dephytinisation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
1H and 13C NMR spectral characterization of some novel 7H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3, 4‐b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine derivatives
Authors: Lei Xinxiang , Zhang Lixue , Zhang Anjiang , Ye Xiaoxia , Xiong Jing 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSome novel 1, 2, 4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines derivatives were synthesized. The complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments were analyzed on one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, including DEPT, NOE‐DIF, COSY, HMBC, and HSQC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring repurchase intention in a performing arts context: who comes? and why do they come back?
Authors: Hume Margee , Mort Gillian Sullivan , Winzar Hume 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Factors such as reduced government spending, increased competition from expanding entertainment markets and shrinking audiences have all placed excess pressure on the ability of performing arts organisations to make ends meet. Many performing arts organisations operate as not‐for‐profit organisations, so rely heavily on the combined efforts of corporate sponsors, government funds and ticket sales to support the organisation. In order to survive in the market economy, the current strategies need to incorporate a thorough understanding of the drivers of return purchase intent to maximise ticket sales in this setting. The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers' experience of a general performing arts experience to identify the predictors of positive repurchase intention so marketing efforts can focus on drawing consumers to return. Experiential service settings, such as the performing, arts are suggested to challenge more traditional service marketing and management theory that repurchase intention is driven by value, service quality and customer satisfaction alone. It is suggested that in an experiential setting a complex anthology of predictors including the need for affect and goal directed emotional attainment must be considered. Much of the research conducted in this setting approaches the field from an artistic discipline. In contrast, this research approaches the performing arts from a service marketing and management paradigm. By doing this, a set of services strategies applicable to the performing arts will become evident. Exploratory investigation was undertaken with 26 candidates. In‐depth qualitative interviews, using open‐ended questioning, were conducted to draw thick description of consumer opinion. The findings reported indicate that in this setting, functional factors, especially value and service qualities, are extremely important to candidates when deciding to repurchase. Factors such as emotional attainment and show experience, which have been the primary focus of current performing arts organisations' strategic focus, were found to play a lesser role in overall intent to repurchase. The paper identifies some conceptual target segments evolving from this research. Importantly, these findings are applicable to the performing arts but may have implications for other non‐profit service organisations, such as fine arts and museums.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical properties of polycrystalline TiO2 at elevated temperatures. Electrical conductivity
Authors: Nowotny J. , Bak T. , Burg T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIN MEMORIAM. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. (1926–2006), long time Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the Northwestern University, Evanston, IL and Regents Professor of the Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Professor Wagner was prominent scientist in the area of solid‐state science, electrochemistry and high temperature chemistry. He served as Director of the Material Research Centre at the Technological Institute of Northwestern University, Director of the Centre for Solid State Science at the Arizona State University. He was also the President of the Electrochemical Society.The present work reports the electrical properties for high purity polycrystalline TiO2 using the measurements of electrical conductivity in the temperature range 1123–1323 K and in the gas phase of controlled oxygen activity (10–13 Pa < p (O2) < 105 Pa). The slope of the log σ vs. log p (O2) dependence is –1/5.4, which is considered in terms of mixed electronic and ionic compensation. The electrical conductivity data within the n –p transition were used for the determination of the conductivity components related to electrons, electron holes and ions. These data were used for the determination of the n –p transition point. The band gap determined from the conductivity components related to electronic charge carriers is equal to 2.8 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)