bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Take-up Debate on the UK Family Income Supplement
Authors: Stanton David 
Published: December 2007

The Family Income Supplement (FIS) is a particularly interesting aspect of UK social security provisions for families. It represents one of the few examples in the world of a social security payment designed specifically to assist low wage-earners in employment, albeit at modest levels. The introduction of FIS to help tackle the problem of family poverty represented an important departure from the philosophy behind the UK social security system as, for the first time, a cash benefit was to be paid to those in full-time employment but whose income was below a certain amount. Prior to FIS, persons in full-time employment were ineligible for any benefits aimed at reducing family poverty e.g. supplementary benefits (SB).
It was opposed by the Labour Party, the Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) and many academics because it utilizes a means test. This opposition is most clearly stated in literature published by CPAG. For instance, Frank Field, secretary of that organization, recently wrote: ‘From the word go, the CPAG has campaigned for family allowance increases for both those in and out of work, and since 1969 every action of the poverty lobby has been aimed at underminin public confidence in means-tested benefits.’
Standard Setting and the Theory of Institutional Choice: The Case of Pollution Control
Authors: Storey D.J. 
Published: December 2007

The argument presented by Majone in a recent article in Policy and Politics may be summarized thus: By all objective criteria effluent charges can be shown to be superior to other policies for controlling discharges to waterways, yet there is a reluctance among policy makers to their usage. He concludes that since it is unreasonable to assume that policy makers are stupid, or blindly prejudiced, the only possible explanation is that the self-interest of the politician or bureaucrat must be interfering with his objectivity.
It is not the purpose of this note to assert that politicians or bureaucrats are always concerned to maximize public welfare, however defined, or – to use Breton’s phrase – to ‘minimize the degree of coercion.’ Instead, it is intended to outline the pitfalls of an approach which justifies unequivocably a policy and proceeds to conclude that because of its non-introduction legislators are pursuing antisocial objectives. Specifically, the balance of the effluent charge versus the standards approach will be redressed.
Majone states that effluent charges are an efficient method of achieving a specified water quality, but that the restriction of quantities discharged in physical form (by the ‘consent’ system in the U.K. context) requires information too costly to be collected.
Women’s Aid Groups: The Economic Case for State Assistance to Battered Wives
Authors: Barr N A , Carrier J W 
Published: December 2007

This paper asks two broad questions: (1) Why is that in a country with such a broadly based welfare state as ours there is so little provision for battered wives? and, (2) What resources should be devoted to assisting this group? These questions are discussed respectively in sections 2 and 3. In this section we start by describing what little assistance there has been up to now for battered wives.
The pioneer group in the field was Chiswick Women’s Aid (henceforth CWA), and it is worthwhile briefly to outline their activities. The primary function of CWA is to give assistance to battered wives and their children, as described by Pizzey The basic structure is that of a wheel, with spokes leading out from the hub to points on the rim. The hub is the so-called Crisis Refuge in Chiswick which accepts mothers and their children on a twenty-four hour, open-door basis. That is to say, mothers can arrive an any time of the day or night and will never be turned away. The Crisis Refuge, as its name implies, deals more with short-run cases than with long-run chronic situations though in this context short-run may mean several months.
Central Controls and Local Budgeting Behaviour: A Test of some Partial Models
Authors: Hansen Tore 
Published: December 2007

Despite the increasing awareness among students of urban and local policy-making of the importance of central controls and regulations in shaping local policies, empirical research in this area still tends to treat local authorities as if they were more or less isolated, self-sufficient decision-making units. Attention has largely been confined to what David Easton calls the intrasocietal part of the system’s environment in searching for determinants of local decision-making behaviour, while extrasocietal forces – factors outside the geographical boundaries of the local system – have been treated only marginally or neglected altogether. The growing concern about the increased interdependencies between national and local authorities and – assumedly – the decreased autonomy of local government, has so far only led to rather general comments on the nature of these relationships in the empirical literature on urban policy-making.
This lack of concern about the wider political context within which the local government operates may be due to the fact that most empirical studies of local policy-making have been limited to local units within one country.
Towards an Economic Model of Local Government Behaviour
Authors: Grand Julian Le , Winter David 
Published: December 2007

Newton and Sharpe in their contribution to this volume have drawn attention to the urgent need for developing a general theoretical framework in which future output research (in the area of British local government) can be undertaken. It is our intention in this paper to explore the possibility of rectifying this omission by the application of some theoretical constructs used by economists in the study of economic behaviour. More specifically, we examine a simple model of government behaviour incorporating the concepts of a social welfare function and production function, illustrate how it might be used in the British case to provide some insight into the determinants of local authority output decisions, and examine some of the difficulties involved. We do not present any empirical tests, and our conclusions must therefore be qualitative and highly tentative. Nonetheless it seems worth while to discuss the approach in the hope that it may be useful for subsequent empirical work.
In the first section, we examine some of the weaknesses in previous studies of UK local government expenditure.
Politics and Expenditure Models
Authors: Alt James E. 
Published: December 2007

The quantitative study of local government expenditure has seen to a great extent British political scientists (as has been so often the case in urban politics) responding to an American lead. What were tested in this country were the Easton-based models of Dawson and Robinson, Dye, Sharkansky, and others, which postulated a very simple (three-variable) system. The three variables were expenditure, socio-economic context and political control, and the question raised was of the relative impact of the last two on the first. While the American studies suggested the primacy of socio-economic context, the British studies appeared to suggest that more importance should be attached to political control. However, this view of the importance of party control is disputed in a number of studies, leaving the question of the relationship of political variables to local expenditures rather a vexed one.
The American studies originated with Key’s argument that welfare policies were better provided in those areas of the American South which had competitive party systems.
Community Care: Some Research Problems and Priorities
Authors: Abrams Philip 
Published: December 2007

To those with a passion for conceptual tidiness the whole field of social care must be exceptionally frustrating; within that field community care is perhaps the least tidy corner. A convenient and in some ways useful definition would see community care as a matter of the provision of help, support and protection to others by lay members of societies acting in everyday domestic and occupational settings. It could thus be distinguished from some of the other main froms of social care – institutional care, institutional treatment and community treatment – by both its typical agents and its typical milieux. The agents of community care are unspecialized and the milieux are open; both are socially given rather than administratively constructed. The distinction could be summarized figurately thus:
Any such distinction at once makes three things apparent.
1. Community care, even defined in this fairly extreme manner, is not an impossibility. We know of social systems in which effective care is provided by lay persons in socially open settings on a comprehensive and continuous basis. The most remarkable instance is possibly the Japanese tsukiai reported by Dore.
Characterization of Adult Prostatic Progenitor/Stem Cells Exhibiting Self-Renewal and Multilineage Differentiation
Authors: Barclay Wendy W. , Axanova Linara S. , Chen Wenhong , Romero Lina , Maund Sophia L. , Soker Shay , Lees Cynthia J. , Cramer Scott D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Demonstration of the hallmarks of stem cells, self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, is a challenge that has not been met for numerous tissues postulated to possess adult stem cells, including prostate tissue. Using a defined medium, we reproducibly isolated and maintained adult mouse prostatic cells with characteristics of progenitor/stem cells. Clonal populations of cells demonstrated tissue-specific multilineage differentiation by their ability to generate organized prostatic ductal structures in vivo, with luminal and basal cell layers, when grafted under the renal capsules of mice in the presence of fetal rat urogenital mesenchyme. Complete differentiation was demonstrated by the expression and secretion of terminally differentiated prostatic secretory products into the lumens. Self-renewal was demonstrated by serial transplantation of clonal populations that generated fully differentiated ductal structures in vivo. In vitro, undifferentiated cells expressed markers associated with prostate stem cells, including Sca 1 and CD49f, as well as basal cell markers (p63 and cytokeratins 5 and 14) and, at a low level, luminal cell markers (androgen receptor and cytokeratins 8 and 18). When grafted and allowed to differentiate in the presence of fetal urogenital mesenchyme, the cells differentiated into luminal cells and basal cells with more restricted protein expression patterns. These studies are the first to report a reproducible system to assess adult prostatic progenitor/stem cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Widespread Nonhematopoietic Tissue Distribution by Transplanted Human Progenitor Cells with High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity
Authors: Hess David A. , Craft Timothy P. , Wirthlin Louisa , Hohm Sarah , Zhou Ping , Eades William C. , Creer Michael H. , Sands Mark S. , Nolta Jan A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Transplanted adult progenitor cells distribute to peripheral organs and can promote endogenous cellular repair in damaged tissues. However, development of cell-based regenerative therapies has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models to efficiently assess multiple organ distribution and difficulty defining human cells with regenerative function. After transplantation into β-glucuronidase (GUSB)-deficient NOD/SCID/mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice, we characterized the distribution of lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood-derived cells purified by selection using high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity with CD133 coexpression. ALDHhi or ALDHhiCD133+ cells produced robust hematopoietic reconstitution and variable levels of tissue distribution in multiple organs. GUSB+ donor cells that coexpressed human leukocyte antigen (HLA-A,B,C) and hematopoietic (CD45+) cell surface markers were the primary cell phenotype found adjacent to the vascular beds of several tissues, including islet and ductal regions of mouse pancreata. In contrast, variable phenotypes were detected in the chimeric liver, with HLA+/CD45+ cells demonstrating robust GUSB expression adjacent to blood vessels and CD45−/HLA− cells with diluted GUSB expression predominant in the liver parenchyma. However, true nonhematopoietic human (HLA+/CD45−) cells were rarely detected in other peripheral tissues, suggesting that these GUSB+/HLA−/CD45− cells in the liver were a result of downregulated human surface marker expression in vivo, not widespread seeding of nonhematopoietic cells. However, relying solely on continued expression of cell surface markers, as used in traditional xenotransplantation models, may underestimate true tissue distribution. ALDH-expressing progenitor cells demonstrated widespread and tissue-specific distribution of variable cellular phenotypes, indicating that these adult progenitor cells should be explored in transplantation models of tissue damage.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Constitutive Expression of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter ABCG2 Enhances the Growth Potential of Early Human Hematopoietic Progenitors
Authors: Ahmed Farid , Arseni Natalia , Glimm Hanno , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Buske Christian , Feuring-Buske Michaela 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCG2, is a molecular determinant of the side population phenotype, which is enriched for stem and progenitor cells in various nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic tissues. ABCG2 is highly expressed in hematopoietic progenitors and silenced in differentiated hematopoietic cells, suggesting a role of ABCG2 in early hematopoiesis. To test whether ABCG2 is involved in human hematopoietic development, we retrovirally transduced umbilical cord blood-derived early hematopoietic cells and analyzed hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. ABCG2 increased the number of clonogenic progenitors in vitro, including the most primitive colony-forming unit-granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage, megakaryocyte, by twofold (n = 14; p &lt; .0005). Furthermore, ABCG2 induced a threefold increase in the replating capacity of primary colonies (n = 9; p &lt; .01). In addition, ABCG2 impaired the development of CD19+ lymphoid cells in vitro. In transplanted NOD/SCID mice, the ATP-binding cassette transporter decreased the number of human B-lymphoid cells, resulting in an inversion of the lymphoid/myeloid ratio. ABCG2 enhanced the proportion of CD34+ progenitor cells in vivo (n = 4; p &lt; .05) and enhanced the most primitive human progenitor pool, as determined by limiting dilution competitive repopulating unit assay (p &lt; .034). Our data characterize ABCG2 as a regulatory protein of early human hematopoietic development.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Identification of a Novel Putative Gastrointestinal Stem Cell and Adenoma Stem Cell Marker, Doublecortin and CaM Kinase-Like-1, Following Radiation Injury and in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/Multiple Intestinal Neoplasia Mice
Authors: May Randal , Riehl Terrence E. , Hunt Clayton , Sureban Sripathi M. , Anant Shrikant , Houchen Courtney W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the gut, tumorigenesis arises from intestinal or colonic crypt stem cells. Currently, no definitive markers exist that reliably identify gut stem cells. Here, we used the putative stem cell marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) to examine radiation-induced stem cell apoptosis and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/multiple intestinal neoplasia (min) mice to determine the effects of APC mutation on DCAMKL-1 expression. Immunoreactive DCAMKL-1 staining was demonstrated in the intestinal stem cell zone. Furthermore, we observed apoptosis of the cells negative for DCAMKL-1 at 6 hours. We found DNA damage in all the cells in the crypt region, including the DCAMKL-1-positive cells. We also observed stem cell apoptosis and mitotic DCAMKL-1-expressing cells 24 hours after irradiation. Moreover, in APC/min mice, DCAMKL-1-expressing cells were negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nuclear β-catenin in normal-appearing intestine. However, β-catenin was nuclear in DCAMKL-1-positive cells in adenomas. Thus, nuclear translocation of β-catenin distinguishes normal and adenoma stem cells. Targeting DCAMKL-1 may represent a strategy for developing novel chemotherapeutic agents.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Intra-articular administration of doxycycline in calves
Authors: Haerdi-Landerer M. Christina , Suter Maja M. , Steiner Adrian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate local tissue compatibility of doxycycline hyclate (DOX) in antebrachiocarpal joints of calves.
Animals—10 healthy calves between 80 and 110 kg.
Procedures—Calves were assigned to 2 treatment groups. Calves in groups DOXlow and DOXhigh were administered 5 and 10 mg of DOX, respectively, locally in 1 antebrachiocarpal joint. The contralateral joint served as a control joint and was injected with 0.9% NaCl solution. General and local clinical findings were scored. Several variables were assessed in blood and synovial fluid for 9 days. Calves were euthanatized and pathologic changes and drug residues evaluated.
Results—Throughout the study, none of the calves had clinical changes or abnormal hematologic values. Significant differences between treatment and control joints were evident only for matrix metalloproteinases at 0.5 hours after injection, with less activity for the DOX-treated joints in both treatment groups. Values for all synovial fluid variables, except nitric oxide, increased significantly during the first 12 to 72 hours after arthrocentesis in control and DOX-treated joints. Histologic examination revealed minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells independent of the treatment. No drug residues were detected 9 days after arthrocentesis in any tissues obtained from the liver, kidneys, fat, and skeletal muscles.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—DOX had excellent intra-articular compatibility in healthy calves. Arthrocentesis induced a mild transient increase of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid. Significant decreases in matrix metalloproteinase activity in DOX-treated joints may indicate a potential chondroprotective effect of DOX.
Desmosomal gene evaluation in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Authors: Meurs Kathryn M. , Ederer Martina M. , Stern Joshua A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective—To sequence the exonic and splice site regions of the 4 desmosomal genes associated with the human form of familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in Boxers with ARVC and identify a causative mutation.
Animals—10 unrelated Boxers with ARVC and 2 unaffected Labrador Retrievers (control dogs).
Procedures—Exonic and splice site regions of the 4 genes encoding the desmosomal proteins plakophilin-2, plakoglobin, desmoplakin, and desmoglein-2 were sequenced. Sequences were compared for nucleotide sequence changes between affected dogs and the published sequences for clinically normal dogs and between affected dogs and the control dogs. Base-pair changes were considered to be causative for ARVC if they were detected in an affected dog but not in unaffected dogs, and if they involved a conserved amino acid and changed that amino acid to one of a different polarity, acid-base status, or structure.
Results—A causative mutation for ARVC in Boxers was not identified, although single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in some affected dogs within exon 3 of the plakophilin-2 gene; exon 3 of the plakoglobin gene; exons 3 and 7 of the desmoglein-2 gene; and exons 6, 14, 15, and 24 of the desmoplakin gene. None of these changed the amino acid of the respective protein.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mutations within the desmosomal genes associated with the development of ARVC in humans do not appear to be causative for ARVC in Boxers. Genomewide scanning for genetic loci of interest in dogs should be pursued.
Assessment of a point-of-care biochemical analyzer and comparison with a commercial laboratory for the measurement of total protein and albumin concentrations in psittacines
Authors: Johnston Matthew S. , Rosenthal Karen L. , Shofer Frances S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine agreement for total protein (TP) and albumin concentrations measured by a point-of-care biochemical analyzer in heparinized whole blood and plasma samples obtained from psittacines and compare results with those from a commercial laboratory.
Sample Population—Hematologic samples from 92 healthy birds.
Procedures—Duplicate samples of heparinized whole blood and plasma were obtained. A point-of-care biochemical analyzer was used to determine TP and albumin concentrations. To assess precision, intraclass correlation coefficient (ri) and Bland-Altman measures of agreement were used. These results were compared by use of Bland-Altman plots with those obtained from a commercial laboratory that used a biuret method for TP concentration and electrophoresis for albumin concentration.
Results—For the analyzer, there was excellent agreement (ri = 0.91) between heparinized whole blood and plasma samples for TP and albumin concentrations. Relative error was 0.9% for TP and 0.7% for albumin. Analyzer results correlated well with commercial laboratory results, with a downward bias of 0.6 for TP and 0.3 for albumin.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The analyzer had excellent precision for analysis of heparinized whole blood or plasma samples for TP or albumin concentrations; analyzer values had good agreement with those from a commercial laboratory. The analyzer could be a valid method to measure plasma TP concentrations and provide point-of-care testing in apparently healthy parrots. Biochemical analyzer results for plasma albumin concentration were not validated by results from a commercial laboratory, so conclusions cannot be drawn regarding use of the analyzer in measurement of albumin concentrations in psittacines.
Phosphodiesterase isoenzymes in equine platelets and their influence on platelet adhesion
Authors: Dunkel Bettina , Rickards Karen J. , Page Clive P. , Cunningham Fiona M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in equine platelets and evaluate their influence on platelet adhesion.
Sample Population—Platelets obtained from healthy New Forest Pony geldings that ranged from 12 to 20 years of age (mean ± SEM, 17.3 ± 1.1 years).
Procedures—PDE isoenzyme activity in equine platelets was determined by use of a 2-step radioactive assay. Functional importance of PDE isoenzymes was established by use of selective inhibitors in a colorimetric adhesion assay.
Results—PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, and PDE5 and small amounts of PDE4 were found in equine platelets. Inhibition of PDE3 abolished platelet adhesion almost completely, whereas inhibition of PDE4 and PDE5 had little effect.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Function of equine platelets can be influenced by inhibition of PDE3. Selective PDE3 inhibitors may be clinically useful to regulate platelet function. They offer the advantage of increased potency with fewer adverse effects, compared with those for nonselective PDE inhibitors.