bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal gradients in the species richness of Australian termites (Isoptera)
Authors: ABENSPERG‐TRAUN MAX , STEVEN DION 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using data on the geographic range of 260 described species in the Atlas of Australian Termites, seven ‘regions’ with more complete data, across a wide range of latitudes were selected for further analysis. For these regions, mean species richness (± SE) was calculated for (i) all species from all families, (ii) Termitidae (197 spp.), (iii) Amitermes spp. (Termitidae, 58 spp.), (iv) all families excluding Amitermes spp. (139 spp.), (v) Termopsidae (5 spp.), (vi) Kalotermitidae (32 spp.) and (vii) Rhinotermitidae (25 spp.). In addition, we compared the Atlas data with species richness for five regions, across a comparable range of latitudes, based on the pooled species richness of described and un‐described species given in community studies. No group of termites showed a consistent decline in species richness from tropical to temperate latitudes for either data set. The Atlas data showed similar total species richness from the tropics to the mediterranean southwest, before declining to lowest species richness at the highest latitudes. Species richness of Amitermes spp. and Rhinotermitidae was highest in the southwest. Termopsidae and Kalotermitidae showed no latitudinal pattern in species richness. Community studies showed highest and lowest total species richness in the southwest and at the highest latitudes (south‐coastal Western Australia), respectively, and similar species richness from the tropics to arid central Australia. Species richness of. Amitermes spp. was highest in the southwest (31 spp.). Kalotermitidae and Rhinotermitidae showed no clear latitudinal pattern.The latitudinal patterns of species richness for the Australian termites is consistent with that for the Australian vertebrates and ants in that they differ from patterns established for these taxa on other continents.
THE ECONOMICS OF AIR TRAVEL GRAVITY MODELS*
Authors: Long Wesley H. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYStarting with the aggregate demand model of economics, a model of demand for intercity air travel is developed which contains the gravity model as a less general submodel. The more general model is referred to as the alternative opportunities model since it takes account of alternative destinations open to travelers, not just origin and destination as does the gravity model. The demand model approach has the virtue of providing a theoretical basis for understanding and analyzing the gravity model.The gains from treating alternative locations and demand motivation variables are a substantial increase in explanatory power over that yielded by the gravity model, the identification of statistically significant determinants of air travel, and better measurement of the coefficients of population and distance by taking account of these other variables and somewhat better forecasts.A shortcoming of procedures used here is aggregation of air trips with different purposes and thus lack of clear specification of the size of effects of different variables on different types of travel. Overcoming this difficulty must await origin‐destination data listed by trip purpose.
K. H. RAU AND THE ECONOMIC LAW OF MARKET AREAS*
Authors: Shieh Yeung‐nan 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt is well‐known that the economic law of market areas was first discovered by Launhardt (1882, 1885, 1900‐1902) in Europe and independently discovered by Fetter (1924) in the United States. This paper shows that the seeds of the law of market areas are contained in a letter of K. H. Rau to M. Quintelet published in 1841, and that Rau's name deserves to be mentioned alongside those of Launhardt, Cheysson, and Fetter, as writers who contributed substantially to the developments of the law of market areas.
SPATIAL COMPETITION WITH LOCATION‐DEPENDENT COSTS*
Authors: Karlson Stephen H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the behavior of spatially‐competitive firms whose costs depend on their locations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimum locations are derived. Comparative‐statistics analysis of the equilibrium shows that the responses of firms to changes in input and output transport rates depend on the properties of consumer demand curves or are ambiguous in sign.
MEASURING THE DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH*
Authors: Liew Chong K. , Liew Chung J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Multiregional Variable Input‐Output (MRVIO) model is introduced to measure the development impact of a transportation system. The MRVIO model is a theoretically flexible, computationally simple, and cost‐responsive model. Under the MRVIO model, regional input‐output coefficients, trade coefficients, and trade flows become cost responsive and easy to compute.The MRVIO model is employed to measure the development impact of the Arkansas waterway during the period of 1974 to 1978. In the study, the U.S. economy is disaggregated into 3 regions and 35 industrial sectors. The MRVIO model estimates the economic conditions of these 3 regions with and without the waterway in terms of industrial output, income, employment, and trade flows.
LEONTIEF TECHNOLOGY AND THE LOCATION OF THE FIRM IN A WEBER TRIANGLE–SPECIFIC LOCALIZATION THEOREMS*
Authors: Kusumoto Sho‐Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn special cases of the Leontief technology's constant input‐output coefficients, the general localization theorem that an interior location is a global optimum if every input or market vertex is not a local optimum [Kusumoto (1984)] is confirmed and strengthened. Sufficient conditions are proposed for the portion of a triangular space in which the firm will locate. Finally, it is shown that, if input substitution is permitted and its effects dominate spatial effects, the firm's total cost function will be monotone, as well as concave, hence the vertex is a global optimum if it is a local optimum.
OPTIMUM LOCATION AND THEORY OF THE FIRM UNDER A REGULATORY CONSTRAINT*
Authors: Mai Chao‐cheng 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to incorporate space in the theory of a regulated firm. It will show that the A‐J effects are not affected in a spatial setting. In addition, it will also demonstrate that as the difference between the regulated fair rate of return and the unconstrained profit‐maximizing rate of return on capital becomes greater, the optimum location of the regulated firm moves towards the site of the product market, if capital and labor are complements (substitutes) and if marginal transportation costs (with respect to distance) are an increasing (decreasing) function of labor usage.
A QUARTERLY ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF FACTOR DEMANDS IN REGIONAL MANUFACTURING
Authors: Hanseman Dennis J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a model of demand for factor inputs in regional manufacturing industry. Demands for labor and capital are distinguished from demands for factor services using a generalization of the disequilibrium adjustment framework of Nadiri and Rosen. The generalization allows for a richer variety of responses to external shocks and involves the distinction between systematic and error dynamics.The model is estimated for the period 1963:I‐1980:I using data from the Cincinnati SMSA and appropriate econometric techniques. Substantial attention is paid to the dynamic response of the estimated equations.
AN ANALYSIS OF TWO‐CENTER COMPETITION
Authors: Kohsaka Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the competition between the two centers which belong to different hierarchical levels. A two‐center competition model is constructed by applying the Lotka‐Volterra equations. This model includes as parameters the scale economies of central places, the consumer's outflow from the region, as well the distance between centers. As it is assumed in this model that the carrying capacity of the region will be affected by the consumer's outflow rate from it, the outflow rate is estimated by a demand generation model and then incorporated into the two‐center competition model.
VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND CONSERVATION CONDITIONS IN VOLTERRA'S ECOLOGY AND IN URBAN RELATIVE DYNAMICS*
Authors: Dendrinos Dimitrios S. , Sonis Michael 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. Relative spatial population dynamics are analyzed in this paper under Volterra‐Lotka specifications. At first, the Volterra conservation conditions under absolute growth and their variational principles are reviewed, extended, and interpreted. Then, the relative dynamics are presented which demonstrate the presence of competitive exclusion.The main aim is to derive the variational principles underlying relative population dynamics. It is found that these principles produce an integrand, the stationary value of its integral being the cumulative entropy of the population distribution over a time horizon. Substantive interpretation of these results in accordance with optimization principles in economic theory is presented.
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HOUSING TRAIT PRICES IN A THIRD WORLD CITY*
Authors: Megbolugbe Isaac F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT.A first step in the process of economic analysis of housing markets in Third World cities is the econometric analysis of housing trait prices. The information on market price of housing is basic to the derivation/estimation of other market parameters such as housing demand and supply elasticities. In addition, housing trait prices constitute invaluable inputs into the analysis of effects of government housing programs.This paper presents estimates of housing trait prices in a Third World city housing market, the city of Jos in Nigeria. Nonlinear stochastic specification of a policy constrained hedonic price function is presented as an unbiased estimator of housing trait prices. The Box‐Cox statistical procedure was employed in the paper to obtain hedonic regression coefficients which are the parameters needed to compute the average prices evaluated both at the mean of each trait and at their margins. The potential uses of housing trait prices for policy analysis are discussed briefly.
LOCATION AND MARKET POWER HOTELLING REVISITED*
Authors: Artle Roland , Carruthers Norman 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the determination of industry structure in a product market, given a monopolistic factor market. The characteristics of industry structure examined include the number of firms, their pricing and locational pattern.It is shown how a monopolistic factor owner–a landowner–structures the product market in order to extract maximum rent. Asymmetry characterizes the resulting locational pattern. All the product market firms charge different prices in equilibrium. No matter how large the number of firms competing in the product market, the landowner can always guarantee himself positive profits.The paper concludes with a discussion of possible applications and tests of the theory.
ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND ENTRY IN SPATIAL MARKETS
Authors: Claycombe Richard J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFor the purposes of simplicity, short‐run cost functions are widely used in spatial markets literature, even when the long‐run effects of entry are in question. In this paper, I show that if a long‐run cost function is incorporated into a Löschian model, counter‐intuitive and novel performance characteristics can result. Under some circumstances welfare per area can decrease as cost levels decrease.
SHARABLE INPUTS, PRODUCT VARIETY, AND CITY SIZES*
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Hesham M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I investigate some of the causes of city formation in spatial economies. A model is proposed in which an intermediate differentiated input shared by more than one industry is the cause of the formation of diversified cities. The desire of both the traded‐good and the local‐good industries to employ a variety of inputs from the intermediate industry provides the reason for the agglomeration of the three industries. In addition, the paper contains a comparative‐statics analysis of the model in an open and a closed‐city framework. It is demonstrated that the larger the city, the more variety of intermediate inputs the city can provide and the more specialized it is in the production of the traded‐good. Moreover, the model suggests that different industrial structures will result in different city Sizes.
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN MANUFACTURING FURTHER EVIDENCE FROM THE STATES*
Authors: Moomaw Ronald L. , Williams Martin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we first develop a measure of total factor productivity (TFP) growth and summarize a source‐of‐growth analysis for the manufacturing sector of 48 states. As have others, we find little association between TFP growth differentials and output growth differentials for census regions. At the staterather than the regional level, however, we find a positive association between TFP growth and output growth. We use cross‐sectional data to estimate the determinants of the variation in TFP growth. Two results emerge that are important for regional policy and for understanding national productivity trends. First, state investments in education and in transportation infrastructure may affect TFP growth. Second, energy price increases in the early 1970s had no differential effects on productivity growth across states. We also explore the determinants of manufacturing output growth and find that TFP growth, demand growth, wage growth, wage levels, and state corporate income tax rates are significant.
THE EMPLOYMENT CREATION EFFECTS OF FACTOR SUBSIDIES: SOME ESTIMATES FOR NORTHERN IRELAND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 1955‐1983
Authors: Harris Richard I. D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I use estimates of the parameters of an industry demand function and a CES production function for Northern Ireland manufacturing in order to measure the relative impact of factor subsidies on employment, capital, and output. A simulation model is able to differentiate the output and substitution effects of subsidies. The results indicate that since manufacturing industry in the province tends to operate with a labor‐intensive technology and, since its price‐elasticity of demand for output is very low, the employment creating effects of capital subsidies are strongly negative.
AN ALGORITHM FOR THE SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM ON A GENERAL NETWORK IN THE SPACE OF THE PATH FLOWS*
Authors: Drissi‐Kaïtouni Omar , Florian Michael 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. The spatial price equilibrium on a general network may be formulated as a nonlinear‐cost mathematical programming problem with simple constraints, when the decision variables are the path flows. The solution of this problem is difficult due to the very large number of variables (paths) and the impracticality of generating all the paths from all the origins to all the destinations.In this paper, we develop a Gauss‐Seidel‐Newton Projection algorithm and combine it with a restriction strategy. That makes it unnecessary to generate a priori all the paths. This algorithm may be further improved by exploiting the equivalence between the spatial price equilibrium on a general network and the network equilibrium. Computational results that we present in this paper demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution algorithms.
A BAYESIAN APPROACH USED TO INCREASE THE POWER IN A TEST OF HYPOTHESIS IN LINEAR REGRESSION
Authors: Cohen Ayala 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn regression problems, we often test a null hypothesis which, according to prior knowledge, is likely to be wrong. In order to decrease the error of the second kind, we then raise the power function and thus, also increase the significance level. In this paper, we will represent our prior knowledge by certain prior probility functions and will apply Bayesian methods to test the null hypothesis. We will show that the results obtained by the Bayesian method are equivalent to the sampling methods with a raised power function.
FUNDAMENTAL MARXIAN THEOREM IN CASE OF MULTIPLE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Murata Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt is proved in this paper that in a non‐joint production system of Leontief type which allows the simultaneous operation of multiple activities for each commodity production there exist unique labour values of commodities defined as the best minimal labour contents and the so‐called fundamental Marxian theorem can be verified and extended. An appendix studies a generalization of Hawkins‐Simon conditions in our framework.
A NOTE ON HICKSIAN STABILITY1
Authors: Woods J. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMetzler has proved that a necessary condition for A to be D‐stable is that A is an N‐P‐matrix, where A is the Jacobian matrix of the excess demand functions. We prove that A is an (N–P)O ‐matrix if and only if, for every positive diagonal matrix D, each real characteristic root of DA is non‐negative. Our result enables us to see directly why the Hicksian perfect stability conditions are not equivalent to the true dynamic stability conditions.
MARKET PROCESSES IN A RICARDIAN FRAMEWORK: THE CASE OF V.K. DMITRIEV
Authors: Skourtos M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The paper examines the significance of V.K. Dmitriev's theory of coin petition for the understanding of the classical prices of production.We emphasize, that without such a comprehensive treatment of the notion of competition many aspects of the logic of the reproduction of the surplus producing capitalist economy remain vague and this may lead to a mere assimilation of the classical theories to « non‐substitution » like explanations.V.K. Dimitriev's theory of competition is built around the central concept of overcapacity, which functions as a potential competitive threat and demonstrates how a modified version of the classical notion of « center of gravitation » can be perceived, so as to incorporate this very distinguished element of modern industry.Dimitriev's ideas on the inherent possibility of crises are further discussed and we conclude with an assesment of his « Ricardianism ».
THE VON NEUMANN VERSION OF DE VITI DE MARCO'S MODEL THE CASE OF PUBLIC INTERMEDIATE COMMODITIES
Authors: Vagliasindi Pietro A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAs a substantial share of the national product is absorbed by the public sector, it may be interesting to examine the consequences of public sector activities introducing externalities into a von Neumann model. Previous approaches have shown some limitations and shortcomings which may be solved by introducing each externality as a different von Neumann commodity, distinguished on the basis of its user. These public intermediate commodities (pic) are related only to the production side of the economy. We will suppose their total available amount to influence directly the use and the intensity of one or more productive processes. Pic are also one of the premises and foundations of the public sector normative and positive theory of De Viti De Marco. In our model we will try to follow his line of reasoning as faithfully as possible, even if we shall confine ourselves to the original von Neumann (or KMT) model. It may be surprising to see how easily pic will fit into the von Neumann model, but this should not be unexpected after the article by Morishima and Thompson.We will show how the rate of growth of the von Neumann economy (where the prices of pic are determined by the equilibrium solution and paid through taxation) is greater than the one which will be determined by the private market equilibrium where pic are free.
ESTIMATION OF ENGEL ELASTICITIES FROM THE BOX‐COX ENGEL FUNCTION
Authors: Haque Mohammed Ohidul 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA general type of Engel function which can be called the Box‐Cox Engel function is developed. This function is used to estimate the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables for which many commonly used Engel functions become special cases. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) method is used to estimate its parameters using grouped Household Expenditure Survey (HES) data. These estimated parameters are then used to estimate Engel elasticities for total food and various non‐food items. The Box‐Cox Engel function is also used to discriminate among the commonly used Engel functions, by performing a parametric test on the power parameters. A joint test on the different power transformation has been done by the likelihood ratio test and it turns out that none of the commonly used Engel functions are appropriate for the Australian HES 1975‐76 data, although the double log Engel function is not significantly different from the Box‐Cox Engel function for five out of ten consumption items.
RISK AND ILLEGAL TRADE
Authors: Schöler Klaus 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn many countries illegal imports have reached a considerable share of all national imports. Therefore, we have to investigate the economic effects resulting from smuggling. This paper explains this phenomenon by means of the managers' different individual attitudes towards risk and their different estimation of the exposure costs of illegal trade. It could be shown that this basis of smuggling is also an important aspect for a national economy, since the relative prices are affected by the risk and cost estimations of the trade firms.
WAGE DIFFERENTIALS AND EMPLOYMENT IN A TWO‐SECTOR MODEL WITH A DUAL LABOUR MARKET
Authors: van de Klundert Th. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe concept of a dual labour market is analysed in a two‐sector general equilibrium model. The primary sector pays efficiency wages, while there is no connection between efficiency and the relative wage level in the secondary sector. The two sectors produce different goods. Capital is assumed sector‐specific. The results under different conditions in the labour market (market clearing, minimum wages and levelling of the wage distribution) are derived analytically.Comparative statics are discussed by applying a linearized version of the model. The outcomes may be used to explain observed differences in wage and employment distributions in the US and Europe.
DYNAMIC MONOPOLIST'S BEHAVIOUR AND CONSUMER LEARNING*
Authors: Scarpa C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the features and the welfare properties of the equilibrium in a monopoly model with asymmetric information: consumers can only learn the quality of the good through experience. Because of word‐of‐mouth communication, cumulated sales help the process of product diffusion. It is proved that usually the profit‐maximizing price policy entails a low introductory price, that is gradually increased over time. Output decreases over time, so that, in order to accelerate the process of information diffusion, the monopolist is induced to produce more than he would with perfect information. For the same reason, the quality level could also be above its full information level. Thus, consumers might even benefit from their own lack of information, becauses this induces the monopolist to offer a larger output, possibly of a better quality.
SEARCH UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE DEMAND POLICY: A DUAL LABOR MARKETS ANALYSIS
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhide 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of aggregate demand policy affecting unemployment under a model of dual labor markets. Recently, some papers have considered the sources of unemployment in OECD countries and have stressed the role of aggregate demand policy in reducing it. However, there exists the argument that aggregate demand policy may have an adverse effect on unemployment. Therefore, in this paper, we will consider in what situations aggregate demand policy has such an effect on unemployment, and propose an analysis of its microfoundation.