bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3 The Preferences of Insiders and Outsiders: Testing the Model's Assumptions about Individual Interests
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter has two main goals: to produce data that provide a complete picture of the preferences of insiders, outsiders, and upscale groups; and to test whether these preferences fit into the partisanship model proposed in this book. The chapter proceeds as follows. The first section provides a brief explanation of the survey used in the analysis and the way insiders, outsiders, and upscale groups have been categorized. The second section offers a detailed explanation of the individual preferences implied in the insider-outsider model and an initial and descriptive assessment of their accuracy. The third section contains a systematic multilevel analysis of the individual preferences of insiders, outsiders, and upscale groups. The fourth section introduces the two macro factors which, in Chapter 2, were hypothesized to affect the differences between insiders and outsiders: job security and corporatism. The final section presents multilevel maximum likelihood models estimating the effects of job security and corporatism. The results corroborate the model's claims: lower levels of employment protection do indeed make insiders more like outsiders (i.e., more supportive of labour market policy). The results support an economic insider-outsider interpretation of the effects of corporatism on insider preferences.
Underdetermination and Evidence
Authors: Bird Alexander 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows that the sceptical empiricist argument, and by extension any argument like it, fails. It considers the concept of evidence, endorsing Williamson's view that all and only knowledge is evidence, (E=K). In particular, it considers the alternative view that only observational knowledge is evidence. Bas van Fraassen's constructive empiricism is then studied. Some commentators employ a caricature of constructive empiricism that takes the same argument. In fact, van Fraassen is careful to distance himself from scepticism about theories and to take constructive empiricism to be a view about the aim of science. It is argued that van Fraassen ought to be committed to the sceptical conclusion, and that constructive empiricism is implicitly committed to the above argument.
Legitimacy and Rightful Membership
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter revisits the recurrent matter of rightful membership as it now manifests itself in contemporary conditions. It argues that recent tendencies in international society's development of that aspect of international legitimacy that deals with rightful membership point towards two starkly different conclusions. On the one hand, they invite the judgement that more so than at any earlier historical period, the two dimensions of legitimacy — the domestic and the international — have been brought into intimate relationship with each other. On the other hand, such a conception has brought to the fore the tension between international society's own commitment to a certain form of state, as appropriate for membership, and the seemingly divergent basis of its own pragmatic and pluralistic activities.
1 From Crisis to Uncertainty: Calculating Athenian Grain Production
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter attempts to calculate the grain production and carrying capacity of Attica by analyzing five key variables: land, use of the land, crop yields, population, and consumption. Previous scholarly attempts to calculate these variables are surveyed. As part of the study of land, soil and climate are examined, as well as the extent of arable space, taking into account the use of terracing. As part of the study of land use, the conventional and revised models of Greek farming are compared. The results confirm the continuing usefulness of the former, which would indicate that half of the cultivable land of Attica required fallowing each year, and that natural fertilizers were insufficiently available to overcome this need or to escape relatively low yields. It is argued that the figures of imported grain transmitted by Demosthenes are reliable, and that recent attempts to demonstrate the opposite are unsatisfactory.
Euonymon: The Agriculture and Economy of the Classical Athenian Deme
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study of the agriculture and economy of the large suburban deme Euonymon. Archaeological evidence from this deme and its neighbors on the southern Athenian plain and the coastal strip of Attica west of Hymettos is examined, particularly aerial photography showing the systematic use of terracing and roads. The deme's demography and economy are examined in the context of the pattern of settlement in the countryside, and the coordinated efforts of neighboring communities. It is argued that the intensive cultivation of cash crops (especially olives), the economic and social interdependence of neighbouring Attic demes, and their reliance on the urban market of Athens, were the basis of the economy of the Athenian countryside in the Classical period. The division sometimes seen by modern scholars between urban and rural life in Athens is therefore fundamentally incorrect.
The Fruits of Empire
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the evidence of Athens' economic exploitation of its Aegean empire in the fifth century bc, particularly the colonization of overseas territories and the division of land into an allotment system (cleruchies) in some cases clearly designed to produce grain surpluses for shipment to Athens. Special attention is given to Euboea and its role as Athens' chief fifth‐century granary, protected by a system of fortifications largely disregarded by previous scholarship. The Peloponnesian War and the political crisis of 411 bc which led to the loss of most of the island are examined in detail. The Athenian method of obtaining grain in the form of taxes is studied in the light of a new interpretation of the recently published Grain‐Tax Law of Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros of the year 374/3 bc.
5 Work and Family in Conflict? The Impact of Work Demands on Family Life
Authors: Scherer Stefani , Steiber Nadia 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines difficulties of reconciling work and family demands in six European countries; looks at divergences in experiences among different sectors of the workforce, different family types, and household employment patterns; and gauges the extent to which such experiences are mediated by different institutional structures. It considers the extent to which successful conciliation between paid work and family life may be facilitated by ‘family-friendly’ social and employment policy and explores alternative explanations of cross-country variations, focusing on national variations in the system of employment regulation. Finally, it examines whether there are general trends towards higher or lower levels of work-family conflict.
The Proper Name and the Definite Description Theories
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the Proper Name and Definite Description Theories. According to Quine and Tarski, quotations lack semantic structure (their position is often misleadingly called the “Proper Name Theory”.) According to (other passages by) Quine and Tarski, and also Geach, quotations are structured definite descriptions. The Definite Description Theory fails for reasons very similar to those that undermine the Proper Name Theory. It is argued that quotation appears to provide a counter-example to Neale's NC theory: Every meaningful noun phrase (NP) in natural language is either a semantically unstructured, referring expression (singular term) or else a semantically structured, restricted quantifier. Quotation expressions don't fit easily into either of the two categories Neale claims that all noun phrases belong to (and quotation expressions are, at least sometimes, noun phrases). The versions of the Proper Name and Description Theories discussed in this chapter were at the centre of the semantics for quotation until Davidson's paper “Quotation”. Since then there have been few, if any, attempts to resurrect these theories.
The Demonstrative Theory
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Donald Davidson's paper “Quotation”, which is the most discussed and influential paper on quotation. Davidson's view is alternatively called “the Demonstrative Theory of Quotation” or “the Paratactic Theory of Quotation”. The strengths and weaknesses of the Demonstrative Theory are discussed. It is argued that seen in its historical context, Davidson's proposal is extraordinarily interesting and highly original. It took into account data that no other theory at the time could accommodate, and took the device of quotation more seriously than any other theory at the time did. However, it is now time to leave that theory firmly behind. The subject has moved to a point where we are much clearer on the totality of data and the relevant facts about syntax and semantics than Davidson was. As a result, the Demonstrative Theory is no longer a useful starting point.
The Minimal Theory
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe following disquotational schema for quotation was noted in Chapter 3: (QS) “e” quotes “e” (where “e” is replaceable by any quotable item). The Minimal Theory of Quotation (MT) is the view that QS is the semantic rule for quotation. MT presumes a principle of Containment — Containment: For any quotable item e, if a quotation expression Q quotes e, then e is contained in Q. This chapter develops the semantic ramifications of MT in some detail; in particular, it aims to explain how MT is compatible with the practices of pure, direct, and mixed quotation.
Clausewitz and Contemporary War
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book sheds light on Clausewitz's purpose in writing On War, and the methodology he employed. While many scholars agree that Clausewitz's work is frequently misunderstood, almost none have explored his methodology to see whether it might enhance our understanding of his concepts. This book lays out Clausewitz's purpose and methodology in a brisk and straightforward style. It then uses that as a basis for understanding his contributions to the ever growing body of knowledge of war. The specific contributions this study addresses are Clausewitz's theories concerning the nature of war, the relationship between war and politics, and several of the major principles of strategy he examined. These theories and principles lie at the heart of the current debates over the nature of contemporary conflict. They also underpin much of the instruction that prepares military and civilian leaders for their roles in the development and execution of military strategy. This book is organized into three parts. The first provides students with background information concerning Clausewitz's purpose and method. The second lays out his theories regarding the nature of war, his ideas concerning the relationship between war and policy, and the complementary balance between friction and military genius. The final part examines his concept of strategy, and several of his strategic principles, particularly the centre of gravity, and reveals how they relate to contemporary war. Together, these themes represent the core of what professional military curricula usually cover of Clausewitz.
6 Combat, War's only Means
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the centrality of combat, or violence, in Clausewitz's theory. He laid the groundwork for a Copernican-style revolution in military theory by placing violence at the center of the universe of war in the same way that Copernicus placed the sun at the center of the celestial universe.
3 Clausewitz's On War: Problems of Text and Translation
Authors: Honig Jan Willem 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The chapter contends that Clausewitz's Vom Kriege exhibits far greater fundamental tensions in the original language than is apparent from the popular and widely acclaimed English translation (On War) by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Their text compromises the ability of English readers to understand and evaluate critically the two issues which lie at the heart of Clausewitz's engagement with the problem of war. On the issue of political control over the instrument of war, the translation suggests more precision and coherence than is warranted, while on the issue of the overwhelming and constant need in war to make the enemy defenceless, it obscures the original's far greater clarity, consistency, and coherence. The German Clausewitz is thus far more reactionary than the English Clausewitz suggests.
9 On Defence as the Stronger Form of War
Authors: Sumida Jon 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Confusion about the meaning of On War is in large part attributable to the failure to recognize the importance of Clausewitz's contention that defence is a stronger form of war than offence. This argument is supported by three interlocking propositions, namely: that war is an extension of policy (or politics) by other means; that policy both affects and is affected by the course of armed conflict; and that policy affects the attacker more than the defender. In particular, Clausewitz believed that a defender capable of waging guerrilla war could not be overcome by a much more powerful attacker.
American Credo
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
American society may be hostile to the thought of ideologies, but it possesses a sophisticated but little understood ability to engage in deep conflicts over political ideas, while at the same time reducing adversarial positions to legitimate derivatives of American history and development. This book asks how this occurs; how the sources, traditions, and usages of core ideas and their derivative compounds animate political discourse and structure the basis of political conflict; and how it is possible to sustain a high incidence of competitive value-laden argument and principled political conflict within a stable political order. The fundamental aim of this book is to examine the traditions and usages of American political ideas within the arena of practical politics. By locating them in their respective contexts, it is possible to assess both their changing meanings and their shifting relationships to one another. In surveying America's core ideas, the book facilitates an informed awareness of their political and cultural leverage as forms of persuasion and sources of legitimacy. The book roots the examination of American political ideas firmly in the milieu of social drives, political movements, and contemporary issues within which the ideas themselves are embedded. This not only allows the study to investigate the interior properties and traditional priorities of America's key values, but permits the theoretical implications and practical consequences of these ideas to be traced and evaluated.
The anarchical society revisited
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter lays out some of the most important features of a pluralist view of the anarchical society of states. It discusses the principal features of a state-based pluralist conception of international society and introduces some of the major issues, debates, and dilemmas to which it has given rise. It establishes an initial framework against which subsequent developments and alternative conceptions can be evaluated. It then gives a sense of just why pluralism has remained such a powerful and influential way of thinking about international order. Although there can be no retreat to a pluralist world, it is important to understand the case for pluralism and to appreciate its continued vitality in political and legal practice, and in political theory. Pluralism continues to be viewed by many as both politically powerful and normatively attractive. The chapter is divided into four sections: pluralism and the state, pluralism and power, pluralism and values, and pluralism and law.
6 Human rights and democracy
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe current rise in the normative ambition of international society is most evident in the field of human rights and democracy — in the idea that the relationship between ruler and ruled, state and citizen, should be a subject of legitimate international concern; that the ill treatment of citizens should trigger international action; and that the external legitimacy of a state should depend increasingly on how domestic societies are ordered politically. The first part of this chapter sketches some of the main features of this process of expansion; it then considers the ways in which this expansion has pushed beyond a state-based liberal solidarism, both conceptually and in terms of an increasingly strong element of transnational legal and political practice. This part of the chapter also examines both the gaps in the process of expansion and the limits to that process. The second part of the chapter looks at three sets of problems: (i) the impact of the changing character of threats to human rights and democratization; (ii) the tensions that exist within the liberal agenda: between human rights and democracy and between democracy and peace; and (iii) the deeply problematic relationship between human rights and democracy on the one hand and the political and security interests of major states on the other.
2 The Role of Economic Groups in Latin America
Authors: Grosse Robert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe largest firms in Latin America are a mix of subsidiaries of foreign multinational enterprises, government-owned companies such as oil companies, and locally-owned Grupos that are involved in multiple businesses. Among private-sector, locally-owned firms, the grupos are the dominant structure in Latin America for very large firms. This chapter explores the grupo form, which also dominates in many other countries around the world. Latin American grupos are often family-based or owned by a few dominant owners. The Latin American grupos tend to possess competitive strengths such as domination of local distribution channels and diversification of industry sectors, which are often difficult to replicate overseas. A set of major grupos from several countries — including Ardila Lulle, Carso, Cisneros, Luksic, and Techint — are described and common competitive strengths identified. This form is likely to persist for a long while in Latin America, and the challenge for these firms is to build competitive advantages that are transferable across national boundaries.
The GATS
Authors: Adlung Rudolf , Mattoo Aaditya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explains the basic structure of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and how it applies to measures that affect trade in services. Although a number of terms and concepts in the GATS have been borrowed from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) — the older agreement covering merchandise trade — there are important differences. That is, the GATS is more comprehensive in coverage, its definition of trade in services extends beyond the traditional notion of cross-border exchange to cover consumer movements and factor flows (investment and labor), and the reach of relevant disciplines is not confined to the treatment of products (i.e., services), but extends to measures affecting service suppliers (producers, traders, and distributors). The breadth in scope and coverage of the GATS contrasts with the flexibility of its rules. Unlike under the GATT, the use of quantitative restrictions is legitimate under the GATS unless explicitly foregone by the Member concerned, and national treatment is not a general obligation, but a negotiable commitment. Country specific schedules of commitments define the extent to which these rules apply to individual service sectors. There are no common templates. The chapter then discusses the achievements to date (or lack thereof) in the current Doha Round of services negotiations, with a focus on the issues especially from a developing-country perspective.
Regionalism in Services Trade
Authors: Mattoo Aaditya , Sauvé Pierre 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews the recent wave of regional trade agreements (RTAs), to assess the benefits and costs of alternative approaches and identify the policy choices developing countries will face in negotiating regional agreements. The chapter focuses on three core issues: (1) whether services trade differs sufficiently from goods trade as to require different policy instruments and approaches in the context of preferential liberalization, whether and how RTAs may allow deeper forms of regulatory cooperation to occur, and the effects on non-members; (2) lessons learned from the practice of preferential liberalization in services in terms of market access and rule design; and (3) the legal dimension of the policy interface, focusing on a number of aspects of rule-design, including the strengths and weaknesses of existing multilateral disciplines on regional approaches to services trade and investment liberalization. A summary is provided of Article V (Economic Integration) of the GATS, including a discussion of the extent to which its disciplines are likely to allow third countries to object to provisions in proposed agreements that are detrimental to their interests. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issue areas that parties to prospective RTAs in services will need to confront and seek novel solutions to in advancing the process of services liberalization and rule-making at the regional level. The addendum to the chapter includes a discussion of liberalizing services trade in ASEAN region and in Latin America.
The Images of Time
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDo we ‘perceive’ time? In what sense does memory give us access to the past? Can photographs and paintings capture more than a single moment? What is ‘fictional time’? These apparently disparate questions all concern the ways in which we represent aspects of time, in thought, experience, art, and fiction. They also raise fundamental problems for our philosophical understanding, both of mental representation, and of the nature of time itself. This book brings together issues in philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, and literary theory in examining the mechanisms underlying our representation of time in various media, and brings these to bear on metaphysical debates over the real nature of time. These debates concern questions over which aspects of time are genuinely part of time's intrinsic nature, and which, in some sense, are mind-dependent. Arguably, the most important debate concerns time's passage: does time pass in reality, or is the division of events into past, present and future simply a reflection of our temporal perspective — a result of the interaction between a ‘static’ world and minds capable of representing it? It is argued that contrary to what perception and memory lead us to suppose, time does not really pass, and this surprising conclusion can be reconciled with the characteristic features of temporal experience. The book goes on to consider the representation of time in art and fiction, and draws on the metaphysical and psychological themes previously discussed to cast light on the nature of depiction and fictional narrative.