bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between ultrasonography (Dermascan C version 3) and transparency profilometry (Skin Visiometer SV600)
Authors: Lee H. K. , Seo Y. K. , Baek J. H. , Koh J. S. 
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: A recently developed method to estimate skin smoothness is the replica method, which may have the limitation of the roughness difference of actual skin due to the skin‐replicating process. Therefore, observation of dermal layer change is very important. For this purpose, ultrasonic display equipment is generally used. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between skin roughness and dermal density in wrinkle evaluation.Methods: We evaluated the crow's feet of 95 Korean females using mechanical assessments; Skin‐Visiometer SV 600 and Dermascan C. Transparency profilometry (Skin Visiometer) use a very thin skin print, which allows parallel light to pass through and is analyzed immediately after production. High‐frequency (20 MHz) ultrasonography (Dermascan C) enables non‐invasive evaluation of skin thickness and echo density.Results: We found a correlation between skin roughness and dermal density. Particularly, we found a significant correlation between skin roughness (R2) and dermal thickness. Also, we found a significant negative correlation between dermal density and dermal thickness (P<0.05).Conclusion: Therefore, the ultrasonography system may be considered a very useful method in wrinkle evaluation with the transparency profilometry. However, further study will be required.
Evaluating lotion transfer to skin from feminine protection products
Authors: Farage Miranda 
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: Adding lotions or emollients to the surface of a variety of paper products improves overall consumer comfort. Techniques to measure lotion transfer to skin are needed.Methods: Two approaches were compared to assess lotion transfer from impregnated feminine pads: (1) pad application to the popliteal fosssa, an adaptation of the previously described ‘behind‐the‐knee (BTK)’ test model, and (2) a clinical in‐use study in which pads were worn in the usual manner. In both approaches, dressings attached to the skin were used to absorb lotion transferred from the pad. Lotion transfer was first evaluated after 3 h in both protocols, and then after either 6 h (BTK method) or after and 24 h (clinical use test).Results: In the BTK model, lotion transfer was a function of both the total amount of lotion contained on the topsheet and the type of absorbent material in the core of the pad. Pads containing absorbent gelling material transferred lotion more effectively than pads containing cellulose absorbent cores. In the in‐use clinical study, the results were directionally similar, but statistical significance was not reached.Conclusions: An adaptation of the BTK test method provides an effective means of evaluating the transfer of lotion formulations from feminine protection pads.
Geochemical Characterization Given by Rock‐Eval Parameters and N‐alkanes Distribution on Ypresian Organic Matter at Jebel Chaker, Tunisia
Authors: Arfaoui Adel , Montacer Mabrouk 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSedimentary rock samples from Jebel Chaker in the eastern part of the Ypresian basin in central‐northern Tunisia were analyzed using various geochemical methods in order to decipher their organic signature. Examination of the distribution of total organic carbon (1.04–1.82%) suggests that the petroleum potential of Ypresian facies is not ignored in such area. The Ypresian episode permitted the accumulation of organic matter, which is typically marine plankton as indicated by the unimodal distribution of N‐alkane at nC18 and by the predominance of the aliphatic hydrocarbons compared to the aromatics. It is concluded that the Ypresian organic matter is relatively immature, as indicated by the high content of polar compounds (3–67%) in bitumen. This conclusion is supported by the relative low Tmax values (433–438°C), suggesting that the organic matter is located towards the end of diagenesis and beginning of catagenesis. These new results testify to the establishment of suboxic conditions that led to the accumulation and preservation of good quantities of organic matter in central‐northern Tunisia during the Ypresian. Due to their geochemical characteristics, the Chaker facies represent new potential source rocks in central‐northern Tunisia.
Replication Fork Stalling at Natural Impediments
Authors: Mirkin Ekaterina V. , Mirkin Sergei M. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYAccurate and complete replication of the genome in every cell division is a prerequisite of genomic stability. Thus, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication forks are extremely precise and robust molecular machines that have evolved to be up to the task. However, it has recently become clear that the replication fork is more of a hurdler than a runner: it must overcome various obstacles present on its way. Such obstacles can be called natural impediments to DNA replication, as opposed to external and genetic factors. Natural impediments to DNA replication are particular DNA binding proteins, unusual secondary structures in DNA, and transcription complexes that occasionally (in eukaryotes) or constantly (in prokaryotes) operate on replicating templates. This review describes the mechanisms and consequences of replication stalling at various natural impediments, with an emphasis on the role of replication stalling in genomic instability.
Application of MRI of the wrist for age determination in international U-17 soccer competitions
Authors: Dvorak Jiri , George John , Junge Astrid , Hodler Juerg 
Published: March 2007

Background:To guarantee equal chances for different age groups, age-related tournaments for male and female players have been established in soccer. However, as registration at birth is not compulsory in some countries, other methods of age determination are needed to prevent participation in the incorrect age group.Objectives:To evaluate the age of soccer players of international U-17 competitions from the degree of fusion of the distal radius and to compare the findings with an age-related normative population.Methods:MRI scans of the wrist of a representative sample of 189 players from four U-17 competitions (FIFA U-17 World Cups 2003 and 2005, and Asian (AFC) U-17 championships 2004 and 2006) were analysed using a previously published grading system.Results:Because of different regulations, all players in the AFC U-17 championships were younger than 17 years, whereas 71% of the players in the FIFA U-17 World Cup competitions were 17 years old. The distal radius of 15% of players from the AFC U-17 tournaments and 27% of the players from the FIFA U-17 tournaments were graded as completely fused on the MRI scans, which is a substantially higher percentage than in the respective age groups of a previously published normative population of soccer players. Furthermore, in contrast with the normative population, no significant correlation between the age category and the fusion grading (r  =  0.13) was observed in U-17 players.Conclusion:From the MRI results, U-17 soccer players seem to be more mature than a normative population of the same age category. However, the lack of correlation between age category and degree of fusion in U-17 players supports the suspicion that the age stated in the official documents of the U-17 players examined might not be correct in all cases.
Relationships among subspecies of New World octoploid strawberry species, Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, based on simple sequence repeat marker analysis
Authors: Hokanson K.E. , Smith M.J. , Connor A.M. , Luby J.J. , Hancock James F. 
Published: March 2007

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, developed from Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier ‘Earliglow’, were used to assess diversity among all of the proposed taxa of Fragaria virginiana Mill. and Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. to facilitate strawberry germplasm utilization and conservation and to help resolve taxonomic relationships. DNA was obtained from 111 individuals representing F. chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt, F. chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gray) Staudt, F. virginiana subsp. virginiana Mill., F. virginiana subsp. glauca (S. Watson) Staudt, F. virginiana subsp. grayana (Vilm. ex J. Gay) Staudt, and F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt from North America, F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. chiloensis and F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. patagonica from South America, F. chiloensis subsp. s andwicensis (Decne.) Staudt from Hawaii, as well as F. ×ananassa subsp. cuneifolia (Nutt ex Howell), and F. ×ananassa subsp. ananassa . A total of 108 bands were scored among all accessions using the five SSR primer pairs, for a mean of 21.6 bands per primer pair with 3–8 bands in individual accessions. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis using Jaccard similarity coefficients based on presence or absence of bands supported the separation of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis as distinct species. The various F. virginiana subspecies were not distinguishable. The two South American forms of F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis are very similar to each other and distinct from the North American subspecies. The F. chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis accessions were distinct from other taxonomic classes. The F. ×ananassa cultivars clustered most closely with the South American F. chiloensis supporting the origin of F. ×ananassa primarily from South American rather than North American F. chiloensis. While the North and South American F. chiloensis subspecies should remain separated based on their molecular distinction, consideration should be given to classifying F. chiloensis subsp. pacifica and subsp. lucida as different forma of a single North American F. chiloensis subspecies, rather than as separate subspecies. This is similar to the current classification of the two South American forma of F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis (L.) Mill. Similarly, the F. virginiana subspecies should be reclassified as forms of a single subspecies, F. virginiana subsp. virginiana, rather than separate subspecies.
The Problem of Equality in the Danish Educational Structure
Authors: Hansen Erik Jorgen 
Published: March 2007

The central theme of this article is. What changes in the educational system might diminish the existing social disparities of opportunity in obtaining an education The point of departure for the discussion is the fact that there exists a continuing stable distribution of education among and between various social classes The author suggests that the educational policy instrumented thus far has been inefficient in achieving a redistribution of education among the various social classes This developmcnt has been largely due to the educational policys general insignificance in effecting the chances of success for those seeking an education In face of this situation he proposes two determining conditions for the diminishment of social Inequality in aquiring an education in part, thorough changes in the educational structure, as shock effects; and in part, through altered student-teacher interaction. In light of the objective of equahty the author then evaluates some of the main tendencies in Danish educational policy in recent ycars and proposes some elements tor a new, more equality-oriented educational policy.
Mental Health Problems of New Ethnic Min Orities in Sweden
Authors: Haavio-Mannila Elina , Stenius Kerstin 
Published: March 2007

Immigrant mental patients attending the psychiatric clinic of Vasterås Central Hospital in Central Sweden were compared with Swedish patients at the samt clinic as regards to diagnosis, expressed problems, amount of care, and social charac teristics. Propensity to seek public psychiatric treatment was lower than among Swedes. It was the higher the greater the geographical and cultural distance between Sweden and their country ot ongin is: immigrants from Northern and Western Europe attended the clinic to a lesser degree than those from Southern and Eastern Europe. Compared with native Swedes immigrant patients were more often diagnosed as paranoid, hysterical, hypochondriacal or neurastenic. Depression was less common than in the native population. Immigrants had fewer problems at work and in human relations, but more somatic symptoms (East- and South-Europeans) or problems with alcohol (Finns). Patients who had migrated at a young age had the most severe problems. Immigrant mental patients were better integrated to the society through work and family than indigeneous patients. Migration status seems so stressinducing that even otherwise socially integrated persons fall mentally ill. With the help of a factor analysis four types of immigrant mental patients could be distinguished according to their main problem area: patients suffering from (1) adjustment problems, (2) human relations and psychotic problems vs. somatic symptoms, (3) political and work problems, and (4) alcohol and housing problems. The frequency ot these problems was analyzed according to sex, ethnicity and duration of stay in Sweden.
Review Article : Myrdal's Dilemma and Soviet Development Studies
Authors: Gould Jeremy 
Published: March 2007

This article attempts, in the loose context of a review of Soviet scholar's R. Ulyanovsky and V. Pavlov's book Asian Dilemma A Soviet View and Myrdal's Concept, to outline some of the concepts and themes of central interest in Soviet development research, as well as to examine Swedish economist G. Myrdal's work in the light of Marxist criteria. Certain central methodological problems which arise in the course of this discussion are examined, with particular attention being paid to, on the one hand the Marxist theory of a multistructural social pattern, and on the other Myrdal's "institutional approach". Myrdal's Dilemma and Soviet Development Studies: a review article of Ulyanov sky, R. and Pavlov, V.: Asian Dilemma: A Soviet View and Myrdal's Concept. Progress Publishers, Moscow 1973, 169 pp.
The Nordic and the Continental European Dimensions in Scandinavian Integration: NORDEK as a Case Study
Authors: Nielsson Gunnar P. 
Published: March 2007

This paper was delivered at the University of Aberdeen's conference on 'Scandinavia and European Integration' in March, 1971. There are four sections, the first of which is a chronological review of the Nordek case. Secondly, an analysis of the Nordek Draft Treaty provisions shows that the treaty represents the most far-reaching step in regard to the integration of social and economic policy spheres yet considered in Scandinavia. Thirdly, the key factor in explaining the collapse of the Nordek plan is the increasing penetration of European 'high politics' into Nordic cooperative arrangements. Political stalemate concerning expanded membership of the European Economic Community favored Nordek. That stalemate was broken after de Gaulle's political demise. The changed conditions brought into sharp relief the incompatibility of Finland's neutrality policy with participation in a Nordek which would include such potential EEC members as Denmark and Norway. Finally, future prospects are examined through the construction of four basic choices presented as models. The Greater European model and the Divided Scandinavia model contain the international dimensions of the dilemma presently facing the Scandinavians.
International Transactions: Some Principal Lines
Authors: Rasmussen Niels Aadal 
Published: March 2007

A very much used and discussed model of international transaction flows by Karl W. Deutsch and I. Richard Savage is combined in this article with an independent model of grouping. A report on the procedure, as presented by a computer, is given, and the results are discussed in relation to the basic foundation of the transaction flows model. This evalutation of the original model points to several suggestions on its further use. In the last section the theoretical relationship between the concepts of transaction and cooperation is discussed, and conditions for further consideration of the concepts are presented. The empirical data on the analysis concern the transactional relationships of the African continent.
Prospects for the Nordic Security Pattern
Authors: Andrén Nils 
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Prospects for the Nordic Security Pattern. Cooperation and Conflict, XIII, 1978, 181-192. The Nordic countries responded to the Cold War division of Europe in different ways. The total effect of the different national choices of position is a pattern which, it is be lieved, has tended to reduce acute tensions between the major blocs on their 'Northern flank', in spite of its increasing significance for both military seasons, viz. Soviet naval expansion and superpower nuclear strategy, and for economic reasons, the new look on sea resources in general and oil in particular. In the present paper the global, European and Nordic conditions for the Nordic security pattern, often referred to as the 'Nordic Balance', and possible effects of future changes are discussed.
Issues Determine Politics Determine Policies: The Case for a 'Rationalistic' Approach to the Study of Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Underdal Arild 
Published: March 2007

Underdal, A. Issues Determine Politics Determine Policies: The Case for a 'Rationalistic' Approach to the Study of Foreign Policy Decision-Making. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV , 1979, 1-9. The author argues that within the study of foreign policy decision-making more energy should be devoted to examining whether and how patterns of participation, interaction, and influence tend to vary from one category of issues to another. For this purpose issue categories designed to catch distinctive configurations of policy preferences are likely to prove the most useful. The argument is developed in two steps: In Part II a crude three-dimensional matrix is offered to indicate how configurations of preferences can be used to explain variations in decision-making processes. In Part III the author explores how decision-making processes within one particular issue-area (foreign aid) is likely to change depending on the policy alternatives in question.
Party System and Foreign Policy in Denmark
Authors: Faurby IB 
Published: March 2007

Faurby, I. Party System and Foreign Policy in Denmark. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 159-170. Using number of parties and their mutual ideological distance as the main variables, this article gives a preliminary description of the Danish party system as it functions within the issue-area of foreign and defence policy. Based upon an analysis of the parties' voting on all foreign and defence policy issues before the Danish parliament from 1953 to 1977 the pattern of party distances in each government period is shown. Among the conclusions are that neither the number of parties nor the parliamentary basis of the governments is the main variable explaining the level of conflict over foreign policy, and that in spite of the dramatic changes in the Danish party system in the 1970s there has been no directly observable consequences on foreign policy. In spite of changes, parties representing an overwhelming majority in parliament support not only NATO and EC membership but all the main elements of Danish foreign policy.
Interdependence and Foreign Policy
Authors: Sundelius Bengt 
Published: March 2007

Sundelius, B. Interdependence and Foreign Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 187-208. This survey briefly dissects the concept of interdependence, indicating its many interpreta tions and dimensions. Following a broad overview of the structure and process of the international politics of interdependence, as indicated in the literature covered, some implications for national foreign policy-making are pointed to. The impact of interdepen dence on state objectives and instruments, the relation between domestic and foreign policy, prevalent international processes and actors, and national processes and strategies are discussed, in particular with a view to the implications for smaller European nations. Finally, some important limitations of the discussed features are emphasized. The conclu sion calls for some empirical research to test the many interesting assertions contained in the interdependence literature.
Nuclear Energy and Dominance: Some Interrelationships between Military and Civil Aspects of Nuclear Energy in U.S. Foreign Policy since 1945
Authors: Skogmar Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

Skogmar, G. Nuclear Energy and Dominance: Some Interrelationships between Military and Civil Aspects of Nuclear Energy in U.S. Foreign Policy since 1945. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 217-235. Some features of the American dominance in the nuclear field are outlined. A basic point of departure is that the military and civil aspects of nuclear energy cannot be separated. American nuclear policy is seen as passing through successive stages with fundamental changes occurring around 1953, in the early sixties, and after the energy crisis in the seventies. The themes most fully discussed are the American deployment of nuclear weapons in Western Europe, the non-proliferation policy, and the control of the nuclear fuel market. One main conclusion is that the dimensions of non-proliferation and dominance/dependence in the energy field are closely intertwined.
The Intervener: Lone Wolf or ... ? Cooperation between Interveners in Civil Wars
Authors: Dunér Bertil 
Published: March 2007

Dunér, B. The Intervener: Lone Wolf or ... ? Cooperation between Interveners in Civil Wars. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 197-213. In a civil war, external actors may either oppose one another or rally to the assistance of the same internal party. The latter situation is in focus in this article. It is sometimes assumed that certain external powers make use of others to promote their aims vis-à-vis a civil war. The author argues that the idea of asymmetry does not lead anywhere. The alternative perspective of military cooperation between interveners is elaborated. Four aspects of military cooperation are singled out, and the formation of hypotheses and related methodological questions discussed. An empirical analysis of major civil wars in the 1970s is presented. In most cases in which at least two interveners assisted the same internal party there tends to have been some form of military cooperation. Moreover, the extent of collaboration in individual cases is related to the number of interveners involved.
Détente and Crisis
Authors: Goldmann Kjell 
Published: March 2007

Goldmann, K. Détente and Crisis. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 215-232. Can a relationship of détente survive a crisis? This question is addressed as a problem of foreign policy stability. A framework of analysis is offered focusing on a number of factors in domestic politics, belief systems and international relations which may function as stabilizers of foreign policy, including détente policy, in times of crisis. It is emphasized that the protection of détente can be rendered difficult by the mechanism of negative interconnections. The slow pace of détente stabilization is another difficulty. Moreover, the stabilization of détente itself may be self-defeating by undermining the credibility of deterrence. The empirical illustration of these mechanisms has to do with Soviet-German relations during the Polish crisis. It is clear that a measure of détente survived the crisis. Even though it is difficult to estimate the exact amount of stress the Polish crisis created, it remains possible that even relatively limited stabilization of détente may have significant effects.