bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Paradigm: Thomas Kuhn and the Trojan Horse
Authors: Advocate Dev L. 
Published: October 2006

All scientists, social and otherwise, have heard of paradigms and Thomas Kuhn. No one, it seems, has read Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions but everyone has a sense of what a paradigm is. Kuhn's book is no help on this point, as dozens of authors at the “Philosophy of Science” symposia have pointed out. We need a metaphor to understand it.Almost all commentators agree that Kuhn's use of the paradigm concept is extremely loose and variable. Some have claimed to find 23 different meanings of “paradigm” in Kuhn's book. In the second edition of Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he adds a 36‐page “postscript” in which he attempts to clarify his thoughts. Kuhn asserts that the scientific community engages in “normal” or “dogmatic” research for long periods between short bouts of “extraordinary” research. During the dogmatic stasis, there is consensus, and controversy ceases; the community concentrates on “puzzle‐solving” to force nature to fit the paradigm. Only during “extraordinary periods” do unsolved puzzles, anomalies, and paradoxes turn into arguments against the paradigm rather than against the data or the observer.
Integrated research program endorsed for prediction of atmospheric, hydrologic change
Authors: Shuttleworth W. James , Shukla J. 
Published: October 2006

More than 60 oceanographic, atmospheric, and hydrologic scientists from academia and the government have endorsed the creation of an integrated U.S. research program forseasonal‐to‐interannual prediction over North America.The endorsement came at a workshop whose primary focus was on modeling studies of mutual interest to the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Continental‐ Scale International Project (GCIP) and the Pan‐American Climate Study (PACS). However, workshop participants recognized that developing the ability to improve seasonal‐tointerannual predictions within the North American continent requires a coordinated U.S. research program. In such a program, PACS will focus primarily on improving the understanding of interactions between the atmosphere and oceans in the Pan‐American region, while GCIP will focus primarily on improving the understanding of interactions between the atmosphere and the land‐surface hydrologic system within North America.
State of the Union: AGU's evolving National Meetings
Authors: Solomon Sean C. 
Published: October 2006

“Boston State‐House is the hub of the solar system.”—Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1858 While the AGU Fall Meeting continues to grow, the Spring Meeting is undergoing several changes in venue, procedures, and focus.The principal purpose of a scientific society is to foster the exchange of scientific information, and AGU's meetings program achieves that aim admirably. Through the two annual national meetings and an everchanging menu of topical Chapman Conferences, AGU members are afforded opportunities to present and hear late‐breaking research findings from every corner of the geophysical sciences. The national meetings, in particular, have become essential gatherings for the international Earth and space science community as well as for students presenting their first public papers.
Geoenvironment: An Introduction
Authors: Boadu Fred Kofi 
Published: October 2006

Geoenvironment: An Introduction looks at the geoenvironment not only from an environmental point of view but also in relation to social and economic factors and the perspective of human life. It is very important that global environment issues be looked at from socioeconomic and to some extent political points of view.The book is written in a way that nonhydrogeologists, nonenvironmental scientists and nonenvironmental engineers can understand the geoenvironment and its impact on human health and life. Theoretical concepts are kept to a minimum while the book conceptually links global contamination of the environment with human health. Based on his longtime experience with the United Nations on health issues, the author makes good efforts in treating the environment from the point of view of the individual's country. This is very desirable since different countries have different environmental policies and regulations as well as socioeconomic conditions. Rules and regulations in effect in developed countries may not be in effect in some third world nations.
Shift in U.S. science advisors
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

On February 13, just a few days after the Clinton Administration released the U.S. fiscal year 1999 budget, which includes substantial increases in funding for many science and environment accounts, the White House announced major personnel shifts for three top science advisors.Jack Gibbons, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and assistant to the president for Science and Technology, has submitted his resignation effective on March 15. The president plans to nominate National Science Foundation (NSF) Director Neal Lane to these positions. He also intends to nominate Rita Colwell, president of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, to lead NSF.
Greenstone Belts
Authors: Abbott Dallas 
Published: October 2006

This book contains the most exhaustive collection of articles on greenstone belts yet assembled and is a vital reference for anyone who is seriously interested in the geology of the early Earth.The contributions focus on lithology, structure, geochronology, metamorphism, and chemistry of rocks within greenstone belts. Tectonic interpretations are included, but only after a thorough description of the geological relationships within the belt. The emphasis on describing both what is present and absent within individual greenstone belts makes the book a classic that will endure.
Bipartisan bill to support Internet development
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. federal funding for developing the next generation of the Internet (NGI) would total $110 million for fiscal year 1999, the same amount the Clinton Administration has requested for its interagency Next Generation Internet initiative, under bipartisan legislation introduced in the House of Representatives on March 2.The House bill calls for an additional $115 million for fiscal year 2000.
Chesapeake Bay subsidence monitored as wetlands loss continues
Authors: Nerem R. S. , van Dam T. M. , Schenewerk M. S. 
Published: October 2006

Fragile wetland ecosystems, which support an abundance of wildlife, are being lost around the Chesapeake Bay at an alarming rate due to an increase in sea level. For example, one third of the total area of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (Figure 1) (approximately 20 km2) was lost between 1938 and 1979 [Leatherman, 1992]. Approximately 4,100 km2 of the perimeter of the Chesapeake Bay are covered by wetlands of which 58% forested wetlands and 28% are salt marshes. It is likely that many factors are responsible for the wetlands loss, some that have global implications, and some that reflect local phenomena.Understanding the mechanisms responsible for wetlands deterioration and loss, however, has been impeded by the lack of adequate data including quantitative monitoring of the types and distribution of flora, Tthe boundaries of specific habitat types, and data on the spatial variations in sea level and land subsidence. This article focuses on the latter problem, which is to determine the relative roles of sea level rise and land subsidence in the region. Over the past four years, a small network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers have been installed near tide gauges in the Chesapeake Bay to help determine the cause of relative sea level rise in this region. These receivers are just beginning to yield results.
Legislation would establish commission to assess marine and coastal resources and develop national ocean policy
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

During 1998, internationally designated as the year of the ocean, perhaps more people are paying heed to the deep seas now than ever before.Transfixed to the big screen by this year's movie blockbuster, they anticipate when the Titanic will scrape into the iceberg and break apart, shiver when household‐name heartthrobs Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet float on the freezing waters, and hum along to the theme sung by Celine Dion.
Brazil prepares for potential conflagrations in vast Amazon region during the coming dry season
Authors: showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The rains finally came to Roraima State in Brazil's northern Amazon region in late March.They have been dousing what could be the worst drought of the century in that region, as well as most of the fires that have burned at least 5%‐and possibly much more—of the 225,000 sq km state since last July. Attempts to determine a more exact fix on the amount of savanna, transition forest, and dense, humid tropical forest that have gone up in smoke becomes lost in the thicket, because up to half of the forest damaged by fire may be among the understory vegetation that aerial surveys do not see.
Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose
Authors: Dickinson Robert 
Published: October 2006

Written for a popular audience, Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose gives an overview of the Earth system and its evolution over time. The book answers questions about climate change and climate modeling and assesses options for dealing with the potential effects of the ever‐increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.Author Stephen Schneider indicates that large concentrations of greenhouse gases made the early Earth much warmer than it is today, despite the fact that solar radiation was 25% weaker. He presents various ideas about biological and inorganic feedbacks that might have operated on geological times‐cales to bring carbon dioxide levels down to present levels.
Underwater film opens a window to life along the ocean ridges
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Robert Gagosian, director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, said that even undersea explorer Jacques Cousteau would be “absolutely stunned” to see a new film that includes pictures of life along the ocean ridges, more than 3 1/2 km beneath the waves.During the world premiere of the 25‐minute film, “The Ribbon of Life: A New View of the World Encircling Mid‐Oceanic Ridge System,” last month in Washington, D.C., an audience that included U.S. State Department officials and a number of ambassadors from other countries heard Gagosian narrate the film that took them on a remarkable deep sea voyage.
As U.S. Ice Core Lab reaches capacity, scientists plan future storage efforts
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Joan Fitzpatrick, technical director of the U.S. National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL), says that most visitors to the curatorial research facility at the Denver Federal Center in Colorado first notice the temperature: −34 °C in the main storage area, and −24 °C in the lab. Afterwards, they may note that the approximately 5000 sq. m repository is packed full with cores, primarily from Antarctica and Greenland.NICL, which is jointly operated by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and jointly funded at $380,000 per year, currently holds about 15,838 m of ice cores in 14,069 canisters of aluminized cardboard. The facility, which houses cores collected through NSF's Office of Polar Programs and USGS' Geologic Division, probably is the most comprehensive collection of ice cores in the world, according to Fitzpatrick.
Anderson and Dziewonski to receive Royal Swedish Academy's Crafoord Prize
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has selected AGU Fellows Don L. Anderson and Adam M. Dziewonski to receive the 1998 Crafoord Prize in geosciences for their research into the composition and dynamics of the Earth.Anderson, of the California Institute of Technology, served as AGU President from 1988 to 1990 and received the Bowie Medal, AGU's highest honor, in 1991. Dziewonski is Frank J. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, where he has been employed since 1972.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Crustal deformation measured in Southern California’”]
Authors: Shen Zheng‐kang , Jackson David D. , Sung Li‐yu 
Published: October 2006

Rydelek and Sacks do not dispute the correctness of our method and results. Rather they question whether our result is a new discovery, and whether we have given enough review to the previous literature on the phenomena and modeling of post‐seismic viscoelastic relaxation.We agree that others before us found evidence for non‐elastic deformation following earthquakes. We cited Thatcher [1983] as an example of such previous studies. Because Eos policy allows no more than 10 references per article, we never set out to do an extensive review on any subject our article covered, including post‐seismic deformation. Had we intended to write a review, there would have been many other relevant papers besides those mentioned by Rydelek and Sacks. Instead, we reported newly available data, remarkable because of their precision, consistency, and spatial resolution, and because the measurements span nearly the entire width of the plate boundary.
Environmental consequences of war
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

At the end of the Third Punic War in 146 B.C., Roman legions tore down the walls around Carthage, and salted the Carthaginian fields to make them infertile.More recent examples of destruction to the environment during wartime include the U.S. military spraying Agent Orange and other chemicals over Vietnam in a massive campaign during the Vietnam War that defoliated much of that country. Also, during the Gulf War, Iraqi forces blackened the skies by detonating more than 700 Kuwaiti oil wells, and threatened drinking water supplies and marine life by dumping more than 6000 barrels of oil into the Persian Gulf.
Stable continental regions are more vulnerable to earthquakes than once thought
Authors: Gupta Harsh K. , Johnston Arch C. 
Published: October 2006

Seismic events at shield areas throughout the world suggest that the stable continental regions (SCR) are much more vulnerable to earthquakes than was once thought. Earthquakes have struck SCRs at a number of locations, including the New Madrid Zone, United States; Tennant Creek, Australia; Ungava, Canada; and Kachchh, Koyna, Latur, and Jabalpur, India. In several developing countries, such as India, the problems caused by SCR earthquakes have become very serious because of high population density and the proliferation of structures not built to withstand earthquake damage.A recent Chapman Conference on SCR earthquakes attracted 90 researchers from 12 countries. Eighty papers were presented. Globally, the stable continental region earthquakes account for about 0.5% of total seismic energy released. The largest SCR earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid zone from 1811 to 1812, when three earthquakes of Mw 7.8‐8.1 occurred within just 53 days.
Space‐age children
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

One of the more dramatic spinoff benefits from NASA research is a space suit to help children with rare diseases venture into the daylight without being harmed.On April 19, 6‐year‐old Mikie Walker of Virginia became the first American child to receive a modified “space suit” that protects him from nearly all of the Sun's ultraviolet rays and other light sources. Mikie has porphyria, a genetic disorder that causes extreme and potentially dangerous sunlight sensitivity that can result in chronic skin inflammation, blistering, inflammation of nerves, abdominal pain, and other disturbances. For some children with light sensitivity disorders, even a 40‐watt light bulb can be dangerous.
Research Council examines roles, challenges, and opportunities for U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Just a few years ago, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) had a near‐death experience. In 1995, Republicans eager to balance the budget proposed to abolish the agency as part of the “Contract with America.” After surviving that onslaught, the agency now is trying to work out its own contract with America, by examining its priorities and demonstrating its value to the public through a strategic plan for 1997–2005 and other initiatives.A key part of that examination includes an 18‐month study of the agency by an outside expert committee of scientists established by the National Research Council (NRC) and requested by USGS. The committee's initial meeting on July 20 to 21 in Washington, D.C. included presentations by the USGS acting director, key personnel within the agency, and representatives from other federal agencies that interact with the Survey.
Press conference bring excitement of geophysical research to the public
Authors: Leifert Harvey 
Published: October 2006

“A Flare to Remember.” “Starbucks for Starfish.” “Earth's Rotation Slows for El Niño.” What do these catchy headlines have in common? They all resulted from presentations at AGU's Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass. Yes, geophysical science can be big news when presented in a way that is interesting to general audiences.Proof? Well, the “Flare to Remember” headline (in the Dallas Morning News) reported the discovery, via the SOHO spacecraft, that a solar flare had produced, deep inside the Sun, seismic disturbances of a magnitude never experienced on Earth. Researchers Valentina Zharkova of Glasgow University and Alexander Kosovichev of Stanford gave media representatives a preview of their session, supported by visual aids, in the AGU press briefing room.
Proclamation establishes American Heritage Rivers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. President Bill Clinton stood by the banks of the New River in North Carolina on July 30 to sign a proclamation recognizing that waterway and 13 others as the first designated “American Heritage Rivers.”The designations are part of the Clinton Administration's American Heritage Rivers Initiative to help communities protect rivers and their corridors in ways that integrate natural resource conservation and economic development with the preservation of historical and cultural values.
U.N. report details El Niño losses
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A recent report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations indicates that while the 1997–1998 El Niño phenomenon is coming to a close, the climate anomaly still is having a considerable impact on many of the more than 60 countries that suffered heavy floods or severe droughts that have been linked to it.According to the report, “Update on FAO's Activities in Relation to the 1997/98 El Niño,” the weather anomaly was at least partly responsible for floods in 41 countries, droughts or dry spells in 22 countries, and widespread forest fires in 2 countries. The report says that Indonesia's worst drought in 50 years, believed to have been triggered by El Niño, dried out vegetation and made conditions almost impossible to control raging fires.
Images in Weather Forecasting: A Practical Guide for Interpreting Satellite and Radar Imagery
Authors: Zaras Daphne S. 
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in meteorological instrumentation coupled with the ongoing data and infrastructure explosion promise significant improvements in the accuracy of weather forecasts. These advancements, however, increase the knowledge burden on the forecaster. Even relatively simple atmospheric upper air and surface sensors require forecasters to have some basic understanding of the instrumentation if they are to properly interpret the data they provide.With whole careers dedicated to designing and interpreting data from meteorological satellites and radars, forecasters must be proficient users of these data. The new Doppler radars were considered so vital to National Weather Service operations that a massive, organized training program was held for operational forecasters, and applied research was funded to develop quantitative applications. Though satellite data have long been considered vital, training for satellite meteorology and image interpretation has largely been neglected. The education of contemporary meteorologists must cover both technical knowledge of individual data sets as well as the application of those data sets to the science of meteorology. Ideally, courses would utilize any and all available data to illustrate concepts being discussed. Few, if any, textbooks attempt to meet this daunting challenge.
Seismic experiments, nuclear dismantlement go hand in hand in Kazakhstan
Authors: Leith William , Kluchko Luke J. 
Published: October 2006

Unique seismic experiments involving large chemical explosions at different depths have been conducted in Kazakhstan, thanks to nuclear dismantlement activity there. Collaborative efforts of several bodies have provided this creative, cost‐efficient extension of the dismantling work, improving technical monitoring and verification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).For the past several years, the Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) has been closing the nuclear test tunnels and bore‐holes at the former Soviet nuclear test site nearSemipalatinsk, eastern Kazakhstan, as part of the Nunn‐Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program. The existence of this program and the infrastructure that was in place to implement it made it possible to conduct the seismic experiments. As a result, benchmark data have been collected on the variations in seismic signals from explosions at different burial depths.
Outstanding student paper award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Sciences Section presented the outstanding student paper award to Ann Pearson at the 1998 AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass., last May.Ann presented a paper titled “Molecular‐level Radiocarbon Analysis as a Tracer of Organic Matter Source: Results for Lipid Biomarkers from Santa Monica Basin Surface Sediment.” Ann completed a B.A. in chemistry from Oberlin College in 1992. She served in the U.S. Peace Corps in Ecuador in 1993–1994, and began graduate study in the MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in 1994. She is currently working towards a Ph.D. with Timothy Eglinton and Ann McNichol, both of WHOI. Her interests are broadly based in light isotope biogeochemistry, and she increasingly finds herself drawn to projects investigating microbial pathways of carbon utilization and their impact on the carbon cycle. For her thesis work, Ann is conducting the first systematic investigation of the uses of molecular‐level radiocarbon analysis as both chronometer and biogeochemical tracer.
Recent El Niño brought downpour of media coverage
Authors: Hare Steven R. 
Published: October 2006

Media coverage of the 1997‐1998 tropical ocean warming event made the term “El Nino” a household word. So pervasive was coverage of El Nino that it became the fodder of late night talk show monologues and an oft‐invoked gremlin responsible for many of society's ailments. As a fisheries biologist studying climate impacts on marine resources, I followed the event very closely and created an El Nino Web site (http://www. iphc.washington.edu/PAGES/IPHC/Staff/ hare/html/1997ENSO/ 1997ENSO.html) in the spring of 1997 when the magnitude of the event was becoming obvious.As part of my daily routine in updating the Web page, I began tracking El Nino media coverage over the Internet. Between June 1997 and July 1998,1 accumulated links to stories about El Nino. I attempted to maintain a constant level of effort so that the number of stories accurately reflected the level of coverage given the event as it progressed. In fisheries lingo, this is known as a Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) index. Because Internet content is often removed after a period of time, a retrospective accumulation of daily stories would not yield as accurate a count as the contemporary CPUE index I maintained.