bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum ich-Gebrauch in Wissenschaftstexten
Authors: Steinhoff Torsten 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper deals with the usage of the personal pronoun ich in German scientific texts. As far as the speaker deixis is concerned, the present linguistic research on German scientific writing is predominated by the assumption of the so-called “Ich-Verbot” or “Ich-Tabu”. I will critically discuss this position and make a plea for a different point of view regarding both functional-linguistic and social-semantic aspects. Afterwards the results of a corpus-based investigation are presented, in which the frequency of ich-tokens is examined and the different usages are classified by introducing the terms “Verfasser-Ich”, “Forscher-Ich” and “Erzähler-Ich”.
Der Gebrauch und die Bedeutungen von auf, an und unter
Authors: Nüse Ralf 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Present approaches to the semantics of the German prepositions auf, an and unter draw on two propositions: First, that spatial prepositions in general specify a region in the surrounding of the relatum object. Second, that in the case of auf, an and unter, these regions are to be defined with concepts like the vertical and/or the topological surface (the whole surrounding exterior of an object). The present paper argues that the first proposition is right and that the second is wrong. That is, while it is true that prepositions specify regions, the regions specified by auf, an and unter should rather be defined in terms of everyday concepts like SURFACE, SIDE and UNDERSIDE. This idea is suggested by the fact that auf, an and unter refer to different regions in different kinds of relatum objects, and that these regions are the same as the regions called surfaces, sides and undersides. Furthermore, reading and usage preferences of auf, an and unter can be explained by a corresponding salience of the surfaces, sides and undersides of the relatum objects in question. All in all, therefore, a close look at the use of auf, an and unter with different classes of relatum objects reveals problems for a semantic approach that draws on concepts like the vertical, while it suggests meanings of these prepositions that refer to the surface, side and underside of an object.
Mündlichkeit, Schriftlichkeit, Synchronizität. Eine Analyse alter und neuer Konzepte zur Klassifizierung neuer Kommunikationsformen
Authors: Thaler Verena 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The arrival of computer-mediated communication has called into question existing classifications such as the distinction between mass- and individual media, dialogic and monologic communication or the concepts of orality and literacy. This paper will focus on the question if and to what extent the orality/literacy-model proposed by Koch/Oesterreicher (1985, 1990, 1995) can be applied to new forms of computer-mediated communication. After some terminological clarifications it will deal with the medial (spoken vs. written) as well as with the conceptual (oral vs. literal) aspects of the model of Koch/Oesterreicher and will propose some adaptations to the latter allowing a more precise and appropriate classification and description of different forms of computer-mediated communication. It will finally introduce an alternative concept, the one of Media Synchronicity recently proposed by Dennis/Valacich (1999, 2002) and try to reveal parallels with the orality/literacy-model which may prove useful in view of an extensive analysis of new forms of communication.
Complexation parameters for the actinides(IV)-humic acid system: a search for consistency and application to laboratory and field observations
Authors: Reiller Pascal E. , Evans Nick D. M. , Szabó Gyula 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The coherence of actinide(IV) complexation by humic substances (HS) is reviewed and new data are proposed. In a first attempt, the values of independent data from literature on Th(IV), U(IV), and Pu(IV) are collected, selected, and compiled. The data obtained follow the “classical” trend of increasing conditional formation “constants” with pH, led both by the increasing ionisation of HS and by the extensive hydrolysis of the tetravalent actinides. Even though a fair agreement is evident, the experimental uncertainties do not permit a full analogy between the actinides(IV) to be ascertained. In a second attempt, the experiments from which the original data are available were reinterpreted using only one hydrolysis constant set for U(IV) as an example, considering that all actinides(IV) have analogous humic complexation behaviour. Hence, the obtained evolution of conditional formation “constants” is much more coherent and the uncertainties do not permit to distinguish an actinide(IV) from one another. The obtained data are then applied to independent laboratory and in situ experiments in order to delimit the domain of possible applicability. This exercise demonstrates the treatment of data through analogy in the case of actinides(IV) and would permit to limit and orientate the number of necessary, but difficult, experiment with redox sensitive elements like U, Np, or Pu. It also demonstrates that complexation-only mechanisms may not be sufficient to understand field observations.
Towards pump-probe resonant X-ray diffraction at femtosecond undulator sources
Authors: Ingold Gerhard , Abela Rafael , Beaud Paul , Johnson Steven Lee , Staub Urs 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The first tunable undulator source for femtosecond hard X-rays in the range 4–12 keV is now in operation at the SLS storage ring. The source combines accelerator and laser technology relevant for future seeded free electron lasers. It provides inherently synchronized femtosecond laser ‘pump’ and X-ray ‘probe’ pulses to enable time-resolved diffraction and absorption experiments. By using X-ray diffraction to probe laser-induced coherent optical phonons in bulk bismuth, we estimate an X-ray pulse duration of 140 ± 30 fs FWHM with timing drifts below 30 fs rms measured over 5 days. The excellent spatial and temporal stability of the source allows quantitative measurement of ultrafast lattice dynamics and associated phase transitions in real space with atomic resolution and instrumental time resolution of 85 fs rms. Studying semimetals such as bismuth, we have demonstrated (i) grazing incidence femtosecond X-ray diffraction on single crystals that allows us to more completely characterize the ultrafast structural dynamics of solids, and (ii) optical control of real space coherent atomic motion. Both methods will be used to study the dynamics of photo-induced phase transitions in strongly correlated systems such as manganites. The time resolution of such measurements could be improved by one order of magnitude at future XFEL facilities at much higher flux. Femtosecond linear and non-linear resonant X-ray scattering employing full polarization control both in the soft (0.3–3 keV) and hard (4–15 keV) X-ray regime will become feasible which allows direct measurement of orbital degrees of freedom. However, a laser and hard X-ray cross-correlation technique with sufficient temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio appropriate for single shot operation has yet to be realized. Again, laser seeding using a phase stabilized few-cycle (5–7 fs) laser may be a viable option to generate <10 fs X-ray pulses.
Excited state isomerization in photochromic ruthenium complexes
Authors: Rack Jeffrey J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Photochromic ruthenium polypyridyl complexes whose action is based on an excited state linkage isomerization are discussed. Picosecond transient absoption spectroscopic data indicate that isomerization occurs along the charge-transfer manifold. These studies indicate that rotation about the Ru–S bond is an important vibration along this coordinate. These complexes are of interest in photonic molecular devices, specifically molecular information storage applications.
Incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm, Sweden, 2003–2005.
Authors: Abraham-Nordling Mirna , Törring Ove , Lantz Mikael , Hallengren Bengt , Ohrling Hans , Lundell Göran , Calissendorff Jan , Jörneskog Gun , Wallin Göran 
Published: May 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate the incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm County, in those patients who were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism for the first time during the years 2003–2005.DesignAll new cases of hyperthyroidism ≥18 years of age were prospectively registered to calculate the total incidence of hyperthyroidism, as well as the incidence of the subgroups: Graves' disease (GD), toxic multinodular goitre and solitary toxic adenoma (STA). Eight specialized units/hospitals in Stockholm County participated in the registration. The participating physicians were all specialists in medical endocrinology, oncology, nuclear medicine or surgery.ResultsDuring a 3-year period, 1431 new patients of hyperthyroidism were diagnosed in a well-defined adult population (>18 years of age) of in average 1 457 036 inhabitants. This corresponds to a mean annual incidence of hyperthyroidism of 32.7/100 000. The incidence of GD was 24.5/100 000 per year, toxic nodular goitre was 3.3/100 000 per year and STA was 4.9/100 000 per year.ConclusionsThe total incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm County was found to be 32.7/100 000 per year, of which 75% had GD. There were a higher percentage of smokers among the patients with hyperthyroidism compared with the overall population in Stockholm, but no difference in the frequency of smoking between patients with GD and toxic nodular goitre.
Screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
Authors: Dosiou Chrysoula , Sanders Gillian D , Araki Sally S , Crapo Lawrence M 
Published: May 2008

ObjectiveUntreated maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have adverse consequences on maternal health and child intelligence quotient (IQ). Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease.DesignWe developed a state-transition Markov model and performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of screening pregnant US women, aged 15–45 years, with no known history of thyroid disease, in the first trimester.MethodsThree strategies were compared: 1) no screening, 2) one-time screening using anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, and 3) one-time screening using TSH. Screening tests were added to the laboratory tests of the first prenatal visit. Abnormal screening tests were followed by further testing and subsequent thyroxine treatment of hypothyroid women.ResultsScreening pregnant women in the first trimester using TSH was cost-saving compared with no screening. Screening using anti-TPO antibodies was cost-effective compared with TSH screening with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $15 182 per quality-adjusted life year. Screening using TSH remained cost-saving across a wide range of ages at screening, costs of treatment, and probabilities of adverse outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of anti-TPO screening compared with TSH screening was mostly influenced by the probability of diagnosing hypothyroidism in unscreened subjects or subjects with a normal screening test. Screening remained highly cost-effective in scenarios where we assumed no improvement of child IQ outcomes by levothyroxine treatment.ConclusionScreening all pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease in the first trimester is cost-effective compared with not screening.
The synergistic effect of sex hormone-binding globulin and aromatase genes on polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype.
Authors: Xita Nectaria , Georgiou Ioannis , Lazaros Leandros , Psofaki Vasiliki , Kolios George , Tsatsoulis Agathocles 
Published: May 2008

ObjectiveExperimental evidence suggests that fetal exposure to androgen excess may program the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in utero. The aim of this study was to examine whether the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)(TAAAA)n and the cytochrome P450, family 19 (CYP19)(TTTA)n polymorphisms, known to influence sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and aromatase activity respectively, play a synergistic role in the development of PCOS.Design and methodsWe studied 180 women with PCOS and 160 healthy women of reproductive age. The body mass index (BMI) was recorded and the hormonal profile determined from the third to fifth day of menstrual cycle. DNA was extracted from blood leucocytes and the SHBG(TAAAA)n and CYP19(TTTA)n polymorphisms were genotyped.ResultsGenotype analysis revealed 6 SHBG(TAAAA)n alleles with 6–11 repeats and 6 CYP19(TTTA)n alleles with 7–12 repeats. Women were subdivided into four groups: those with short SHBG (≤8 TAAAA repeats) and CYP19 alleles (≤9 TTTA repeats), those with short SHBG–long CYP19 alleles, those with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles, and those with long SHBG and CYP19 alleles. Women with PCOS tended to have at greater frequency, long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles compared with controls (57.3 vs 42.4%, P=0.07). Importantly, PCOS women with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles had the lowest SHBG levels (P=0.02) and the highest total testosterone (P=0.008), free androgen index (P=0.002), DHEAS (P=0.02), and testosterone/estradiol ratio (P=0.03), compared with those with other genotypes. This association was independent of age, BMI, and insulin resistance indexes.ConclusionWe speculate that the SHBG and CYP19 genes may have a synergistic role in the developmental programming of PCOS, by affecting androgen bioavailability and aromatization respectively.
Nonindependent Domestication of the Two Rice Subspecies,Oryza sativassp.indicaand ssp.japonica, Demonstrated by Multilocus Microsatellites
Authors: Gao Li-zhi , Innan Hideki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe origins of the Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa from its wild ancestor O. rufipogon have been debated for decades. The question mainly concerns whether it originated monophyletically or polyphyletically. To shed light on the origins and demographic history of rice domestication, we genotyped a total of 92 individual plants from the two O. sativa subspecies and O. rufipogon for 60 microsatellites. An approximate Bayesian method was applied to estimate demographic parameters for O. rufipogon vs. O. sativa ssp. indica and O. rufipogon vs. O. sativa ssp. japonica. We showed that the japonica subspecies suffered a more severe bottleneck than the indica subspecies and thus a greater loss of genetic variation during its domestication. Across microsatellite loci there is a significant positive correlation in the reduction of genetic diversity between the two subspecies. The results suggest that completely independent domestication of indica and japonica subspecies may not explain our data and that there is at least partial sharing of their ancestral populations and/or recent gene flow between them.
Sites of Recombination Are Local Determinants of Meiotic Homolog Pairing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mell Joshua Chang , Wienholz Bethany L , Salem Asmaa , Burgess Sean M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTrans-acting factors involved in the early meiotic recombination pathway play a major role in promoting homolog pairing during meiosis in many plants, fungi, and mammals. Here we address whether or not allelic sites have higher levels of interaction when in cis to meiotic recombination events in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used Cre/loxP site-specific recombination to genetically measure the magnitude of physical interaction between loxP sites located at allelic positions on homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We observed nonrandom coincidence of Cre-mediated loxP recombination events and meiotic recombination events when the two occurred at linked positions. Further experiments showed that a subset of recombination events destined to become crossover products increased the frequency of nearby Cre-mediated loxP recombination. Our results support a simple physical model of homolog pairing in budding yeast, where recombination at numerous genomic positions generally serves to loosely coalign homologous chromosomes, while crossover-bound recombination intermediates locally stabilize interactions between allelic sites.
Regulation of Neurogenesis and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling by the Insulin Receptor/Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Drosophila
Authors: McNeill Helen , Craig Gavin M , Bateman Joseph M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDetermining how growth and differentiation are coordinated is key to understanding normal development, as well as disease states such as cancer, where that control is lost. We have previously shown that growth and neuronal differentiation are coordinated by the insulin receptor/target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase (InR/TOR) pathway. Here we show that the control of growth and differentiation diverge downstream of TOR. TOR regulates growth by controlling the activity of S6 kinase (S6K) and eIF4E. Loss of s6k delays differentiation, and is epistatic to the loss of tsc2, indicating that S6K acts downstream or in parallel to TOR in differentiation as in growth. However, loss of eIF4E inhibits growth but does not affect the timing of differentiation. We also show, for the first time in Drosophila, that there is crosstalk between the InR/TOR pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. InR/TOR signaling regulates the expression of several EGFR pathway components including pointedP2 (pntP2). In addition, reduction of EGFR signaling levels phenocopies inhibition of the InR/TOR pathway in the regulation of differentiation. Together these data suggest that InR/TOR signaling regulates the timing of differentiation through modulation of EGFR target genes in developing photoreceptors.
Natural Variation in the Degree of Autonomous Endosperm Formation Reveals Independence and Constraints of Embryo Growth During Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ungru Alexander , Nowack Moritz K , Reymond Matthieu , Shirzadi Reza , Kumar Manoj , Biewers Sandra , Grini Paul E , Schnittger Arp 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Seed development in flowering plants is a paradigm for the coordination of different tissues during organ growth. It requires a tight interplay between the two typically sexually produced structures: the embryo, developing from the fertilized egg cell, and the endosperm, originating from a fertilized central cell, along with the surrounding maternal tissues. Little is known about the presumptive signal transduction pathways administering and coordinating these different tissues during seed growth and development. Recently, a new signal has been identified emanating from the fertilization of the egg cell that triggers central cell proliferation without prior fertilization. Here, we demonstrate that there exists a large natural genetic variation with respect to the outcome of this signaling process in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. By using a recombinant inbred line population between the two Arabidopsis accessions Bayreuth-0 and Shahdara, we have identified two genetic components that influence the development of unfertilized endosperm. Exploiting this natural variation, we could further dissect the interdependence of embryo and endosperm growth during early seed development. Our data show an unexpectedly large degree of independence in embryo growth, but also reveal the embryo's developmental restrictions with respect to endosperm size. This work provides a genetic framework for dissection of the interplay between embryo and endosperm during seed growth in plants.
The Distribution of Beneficial and Fixed Mutation Fitness Effects Close to an Optimum
Authors: Martin Guillaume , Lenormand Thomas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The distribution of the selection coefficients of beneficial mutations is pivotal to the study of the adaptive process, both at the organismal level (theories of adaptation) and at the gene level (molecular evolution). A now famous result of extreme value theory states that this distribution is an exponential, at least when considering a well-adapted wild type. However, this prediction could be inaccurate under selection for an optimum (because fitness effect distributions have a finite right tail in this case). In this article, we derive the distribution of beneficial mutation effects under a general model of stabilizing selection, with arbitrary selective and mutational covariance between a finite set of traits. We assume a well-adapted wild type, thus taking advantage of the robustness of tail behaviors, as in extreme value theory. We show that, under these general conditions, both beneficial mutation effects and fixed effects (mutations escaping drift loss) are beta distributed. In both cases, the parameters have explicit biological meaning and are empirically measurable; their variation through time can also be predicted. We retrieve the classic exponential distribution as a subcase of the beta when there are a moderate to large number of weakly correlated traits under selection. In this case too, we provide an explicit biological interpretation of the parameters of the distribution. We show by simulations that these conclusions are fairly robust to a lower adaptation of the wild type and discuss the relevance of our findings in the context of adaptation theories and experimental evolution.
Prevalence of Developmental Delays and Participation in Early Intervention Services for Young Children
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Zhang Duan , Robinson Cordelia C. 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objective of this study was to use a nationally representative longitudinal sample of children born in the United States in 2001 to estimate rates of eligibility for Part C early intervention, to estimate rates of access to services for developmental delays, and to examine factors that are associated with access to services.METHODS. Data for this study were collected as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, which obtained data from participants when children were 9 and 24 months of age. Descriptive analyses were used to generate national estimates of the prevalence of developmental delays that would make children eligible for Part C services and rates of participation in early intervention services. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether child developmental delay, race, insurance availability, and poverty status were associated with the probability of receiving services.RESULTS. Results indicated that ∼13% of children in the sample had developmental delays that would make them eligible for Part C early intervention. At 24 months, only 10% of children with delays received services. Children with developmental delays were more likely to receive services than those who do not have delays; black children were less likely to receive services than children from other ethnic and racial groups.CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of developmental delays that make children eligible for Part C services is much higher than previously thought. Moreover, the majority of children who are eligible for Part C services are not receiving services for their developmental problems. Strategies need to be developed to monitor patterns of enrollment in early intervention services and reach out to more minority children, particularly black children.