bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessing northern California earthquake data via Internet
Authors: Romanowicz Barbara , Neuhauser Douglas , Bogaert Barbara , Oppenheimer David 
Published: October 2006

The Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC) provides easy access to central and northern California digital earthquake data. It is located at the University of California, Berkeley, and is operated jointly with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Menlo Park, Calif., and funded by the University of California and the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. It has been accessible to users in the scientific community through Internet since mid‐1992.The data center provides an on‐line archive for parametric and waveform data from two regional networks: the Northern California Seismic Network (NCSN) operated by the USGS and the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) operated by the Seismographic Station at the University of California, Berkeley.
Loma Prieta damage largely attributed to enhanced ground shaking
Authors: Holzer Thomas L. 
Published: October 2006

Earthquake hazards are commonly treated independently by Earth scientists, yet when a large earthquake occurs, property losses are seldom totaled separately for each earthquake hazard. Four years after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake rolled through northern California, a quantitative answer to the following question is not yet available: How much damage was caused by ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, tectonic ground rupture, or tsunami?Although the consequences of one earthquake do not necessarily follow for others, an answer to this question will help guide public policy and set research priorities. The cost effectiveness of earthquake hazard mitigation can be improved when the relative significance of earthquake hazards is known because it enables public agencies to concentrate mitigation efforts on the most portentous hazards.
Cosmic crash may keep some geophysicists smiling for years
Authors: Wakefield J. 
Published: October 2006

By reputation, scientists from chemists to geophysicists to astrophysicists are generally a serious crowd. But last week's explosive and fiery 6‐day collision between Jupiter and the 20‐some nuclei of periodic comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 has left them downright giddy. And it appears that this celestial event is one astronomical party that will be remembered for hundreds if not thousands of years by scientists from all walks.While the world will have to wait for some time to know which comet and planet impact and origin theories will withstand the test of this kamikaze comet, planetologists and the like do have some initial impressions of the “gee‐whiz cut” of data from spacecraft and ground‐based observatories around the world. For starters, they know the comet went out with a bang.
NASA is examining many options
Authors: Butler Dixon M. 
Published: October 2006

The Office of Mission to Planet Earth (OMTPE) at NASA greatly appreciates the opportunity to comment on this topic.NASA is currently working to accommodate the reductions in EOS cost runout explicit in the President's Fiscal Year 1995 submission to the Congress. Initially, NASA planned to accommodate most of this reduction through delays in data acquisition by various flight elements of EOS. Now, we are engaged in an examination of a range of options which include significant relaxation in some EOSDIS requirements. Within this exercise, one potential option for savings, which has been assessed from a management and budget (but not scientific) standpoint, is the consolidation of the three DAACs indicated into the remaining six DAACs of EOSDIS. The identified savings, after allowing for a continuation of all the DAAC's functions and an orderly transition in data holdings, is $55 million over the 5‐year period of FY 1996 to FY2000. This is just one of numerous options under consideration, and no decisions have yet been made.
Looking back at the early years of Pc 1 pulsation research
Authors: Mursula Kalevi , Kangas Jorma , Kultima Johannes 
Published: October 2006

Geomagnetic pulsations—the groundbased signals of magnetospheric hydromagnetic waves—have been studied for well over 100 years. Some of the first observations were reported in 1861 by B. Stewart, who studied the recordings of the great magnetic storm of 1859. In Helsinki in the 1840s, J. J. Nervander observed magnetic “undulations” of constant period of about 30 s in his declination variometer.At the turn of the century, more sensitive magnetic instruments and faster registration systems were developed and the basis was laid for the systematic classification of long period pulsations, which are now called Pc 3‐Pc 5 and Pi 2 pulsations.
Study of solar irradiance variations holds key to climate questions
Authors: Foukal Peter 
Published: October 2006

This article is part of a series in Eos that investigates issues in space physics and aeronomy.In 1838, the French physicist Claude Pouillet published the first measurement of the Sun's total light and heat input to the Earth. He described his new instrument—the pyrheliometer—and the corrections he made for attenuation of solar light in the Parisian atmosphere. Similar measurements were carried out by the English astronomer Sir John Herschel, working at about the same time at the Cape of Good Hope.
Drilling unearths “Fire and Ice” at Southeast Greenland Margin
Authors:   Leg 152 Shipboard Party
Published: October 2006

Leg 152 of the Ocean Drilling Program, part of an ongoing campaign of continental margin drilling, investigated the southeast Greenland volcanic rifted margin (Figure 1) in October and November 1993. Drilling at six sites across the continental shelf and into the adjacent Irminger Basin provided a wealth of information about the tectonic and volcanic development of this margin, including the first penetration through the volcanic cover into underlying continental crust.Sediments recovered during the first deep drilling at the southeast Greenland margin give a detailed chronology of oceanographic and climatological events in the North Atlantic, including the surprising discovery that glaciation began in southeast Greenland as long ago as 7 Ma, far earlier than previously thought. This glaciation was preceded by an influx of cold, North Atlantic Deep Water into the Irminger Basin.
Satellite anomalies linked to electron increase in the magnetosphere
Authors: Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. , Blake J. B. , Klecker B. , Rostoker G. 
Published: October 2006

On January 20, 1994, at 1443 UT, the momentum wheel control circuitry of the Intelsat K spacecraft at geostationary orbit suffered an operational anomaly causing a loss of attitude control. The system was switched to the backup circuitry, and control was reestablished. The same day, at 1735 UT, the Anik E‐l spacecraft, also at geostationary orbit, suffered the same kind of operational anomaly in the momentum wheel control circuitry [Rostoker, 1994].According to newspaper accounts the next day, Telesat Canada operators struggled for 8 hours to regain control of the Anik E‐1 satellite. They were able to finally switch to the backup momentum wheel controller and resume reasonably normal operations.
Kingma awarded Mineral and Rock Physics Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Mineral and Rock Physics Award was presented to Kathleen J. Kingma at the 1993 AGU Fall Meeting. The annual award, given by the AGU Committee on Mineral and Rock Physics, recognizes an undergraduate or graduate student who exhibits unusual promise, as indicated by a letter of support and a published work.Kingma received the award for her work in the area of pressure‐induced amorphization of minerals. In this work, she combined in situ high‐pressure diamond‐anvil cell techniques with high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy of quenched material to investigate the microstructural effects associated with these pressure‐induced transitions in quartz. The letters of nomination attributed her success to the way in which “she combines extraordinary abilities in the laboratory, where she is a tireless and meticulous worker, with a thorough knowledge of mineralogy.”
‘Fire and Ice’ Mission looks promising
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A future joint U.S.‐Russian “Fire and Ice” mission to the Sun and Pluto is looking “very interesting and very feasible,” according to a joint technical review team on space science that met last week at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.Although a concrete plan does not exist, the joint team is evaluating the possibility of sending two probes to explore the Sun and another two probes to fly by Pluto. As in the Ulysses mission to the Sun's poles, Jupiter would be used as a gravitational slingshot to position the probes into appropriate orbits. Each country would develop and monitor one craft in each pair of missions, but reigning technologies would be shared. For instance, the probes would be launched at the same time with the Russian proton rocket, according to Miriam Forman, a NASA cosmic and heliospheric scientist.
Ulysses sees some solar surprises
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Ulysses will reach its maximum latitude this week, as the European Space Agency spacecraft continues its pass over the Sun's south polar region. The craft will climb to 80.2°south of the Sun's equator September 13.Analyses of some surprising data from its trek across the mid‐latitudes have already expanded the frontier of knowledge about the nature of the Sun's corona and solar wind near the poles and have increased excitement in the science community about this first‐ever polar exploration.
Ocean drilling program sets 1995 objectives
Authors: Collins Bill 
Published: October 2006

In April, the Ocean Drilling Program Planning Committee finalized objectives for seven legs of drilling in areas ranging from the equatorial Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. Specific objectives include characterizing the nature of tectonism at transform and collisional margin settings, Arctic glaciation, and gas hydrates.To investigate ridge crest hydrothermal systems, which play a fundamental role in transferring a large fraction of the heat from the Earth's interior to the surface, Leg 158 is planned for September 28 to November 23, 1994, at the TAG hydrothermal mound at 26°N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. The drilling leg will characterize the fluid flow, geochemical fluxes, and associated alteration and mineralization of an active hydrothermal system on a slow‐spreading ridge.
Publications, peer review, and the young scientist
Authors: Kellett R. L. 
Published: October 2006

As scientists and communicators, we all make our living through the expression of our ideas and the results of our scientific research. This expression takes many forms, but, most notably, published articles lie at the heart of our endeavors. I would like to present my opinions on some problems that I, as a young scientist, see in our profession.Several years ago, two wonderful letters appeared in Geology discussing the problems of honorary coauthorship [Zen, 1988, Means, 1988]. Honorary coauthorship is a by‐product of the system set up to fund scientific research. More generally, the problem is the need to publish a great number of articles in order to survive.
Pacific toy spill fuels ocean current pathways research
Authors: Ebbesmeyer Curtis C. , Ingraham W. James 
Published: October 2006

While a container vessel was crossing the North Pacific Ocean along the great circle route from Hong Kong to Tacoma, Wash., severe storm conditions were encountered near the International Date Line on January 10,1992. At44.7°N, 178.1°E, twelve 12.2‐m containers were washed overboard, one of which held about 29,000 plastic bathtub toy animals (Figure 1). Some of the steel cargo containers may have been torn open by the vessel's stays as they fell overboard or may have been ruptured by collisions with other containers.Ten months after the spill, plastic toys began showing up on beaches near Sitka, Alaska. According to computer simulations the toys drifted toward the southeast Alaska coast, past both the site where about 61,000 Nike shoes spilled from a boat in 1990 and Ocean Weather Station Papa, where many drift bottles have been released.
National space academy proposal stalled in committee
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A U.S. National Space Academy will likely remain a creature of the future—a cornerstone only of societies like that depicted in Star Trek's Next Generation.That was the word from the House sub‐committee on space last week, which stymied a bill to establish a National Space Academy as a NASA initiative. The bill probably won't be revived again this year, according to its sponsor, Rep. James Traficant (D‐Ohio).
Time to reset the great count
Authors: Volk Tyler 
Published: October 2006

I have come to a similar conclusion as Emiliani [1994] in one main point: that marking time from the event of Christ's birth has no significance for many of the world's cultures; indeed, the ubiquitous spread of the common era count is a common error [Volk, 1995]. Thus perhaps Agnew [1994], who believes that “Emiliani is the only person who has trouble with our calendar,” should talk to some Buddhists or Muslims.Agnew, however, does damage Emiliani's proposed solution (to start a new great count at the beginning of the Holocene by establishing the birth of Christ at the year 10,000), which Agnew points out is too arbitrary. And, I might add, Emiliani's suggestion continues the essential cultural error—Christ's birth is now merely offset by a power of ten. This was also noted by Schaffer [1994].
Thermoelasticity of perovskite: An emerging consensus
Authors: Jeanloz Raymond , Hemley Russell J. 
Published: October 2006

The current status of how well the thermoelastic properties of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite are known was addressed at a Special Session and Panel Discussion during the Fall 1993 AGU Meeting. Interest in the topic stems from the fact that silicate perovskite is the predominant mineral phase of the Earth's lower mantle, a region comprising over 60 (atomic) percent of the planet. Consequently, the properties of silicate perovskite largely control the evolution and state of the planetary interior.The view emerging from the discussion was that after 10 years of intense study, the thermal and elastic properties of silicate perovskite are finally coming into focus. Indeed, the bulk modulus of (Mg,Fe)Si03 perovskite is now among the best determined of any mineral's. In addition, this is perhaps the only material for which the thermal expansion coefficient has been directly measured at lower‐mantle conditions of pressure and temperature. A number of other properties of silicate perovskites—some of which were discussed peripherally in the Special Session—are the subject of ongoing research and remain to be established. In contrast, there seems to be a growing consensus regarding several key thermoelastic properties that are vital for understanding the Earth's deep interior.
Experiment explores the dynamics of ocean mixing
Authors: Moum J. N. , Caldwell D. R. 
Published: October 2006

In its experimental phase, the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) amassed a wealth of data about the processes that maintain and perturb the western Pacific warm pool, which is believed to be a center of action for the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The COARE data are now being analyzed by five major working groups. The results from this component of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program will make possible a much better understanding of the variability of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere systems on time‐scales of months to years.To clarify the role of the mixing of heat and salt in the warm pool and its contributions to the ENSO mechanism, the Ocean Mixing Working Group is assessing the mechanisms for and the magnitude of vertical mixing between the upper ocean and the cooler, more saline, deep ocean. The group's work will also reveal the impact of episodic atmospheric events on the upper ocean's heat budget as well as their influence on sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the western Pacific Ocean. In particular, the group will map the spatial and temporal variation of the barrier layer and determine the processes by which it is modified and maintained.
Science hiring and societal needs?
Authors: Klein George D. 
Published: October 2006

As a 28‐year AGU member, I would like to share some perspectives on the recent Forum articles by Stephen T. Nelson and Jonathan E. Snow [Eos, June 28 and August 23] about employment for young Ph.D.s. Their concerns are legitimate, but not necessarily new. As survivors of the first “Nixon” recession in 1959–1960, my contemporaries and I could have written similar statements when completing a doctorate, but somehow we made our way.However, times are definitely different now, and the difficulties Nelson and Snow described are real. So where does the problem lie? Is it just the lack of interest of senior members of AGU or is the problem beyond that perception?
International project seeks volunteer teachers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU is looking for a few good scientists. The task? To volunteer to teach atmospheric chemistry in areas around the world where new baseline monitoring stations are being developed.Under the auspices of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) program, AGU is recruiting an international team of lecturers to help establish atmospheric chemistry programs at universities and training centers in developing countries. GAW, an integral part of the World Climate Programme, plays a key role in determining whether the composition of the atmosphere is changing, and, if so, how, where and in what ways. GAW's primary focus is on atmospheric chemistry so the Watch is working with several international programs to foster indigenous capacity building in atmospheric chemistry in developing countries.
Experiment investigates magma in the mantle beneath mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Forsyth Donald W. , Chave Alan D. 
Published: October 2006

Observations of oceanic ridges from the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT), the largest coordinated marine geophysical field program ever attempted, promise to distinguish between two competing models of magma generation. Funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE) program, the experiment will increase current understanding of where melt is formed and how it is transported to the ridge crest to form a new crust of seafloor.The lack of direct, subsurface observations of the melt production region has led to the development of two classes of models that describe the nature of upwelling and melting beneath spreading centers (Figure 1). In passive flow models, viscous drag from the separating plates induces a broad zone of upwelling, with melt produced over a region that may be 100 km or more across. From this melt area, the magma migrates horizontally to a narrow zone at the ridge axis. In models of dynamic flow, in contrast, the buoyancy from retained melt within the mantle matrix, depletion of the mantle, and lower viscosity within the upwelling zone combine to focus upwelling and melting into a narrow zone perhaps only a few kilometers across. In dynamic models, melt transport is primarily vertical, without the horizontal component required by passive models.
New Moon findings will shine at Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

NASA's and the Defense Department's darling, the Clementine mission, continues to yield exciting revelations about the Moon—the latest of which will be unveiled at AGU's Fall Meeting in San Francisco, December 5–9. A dozen planetology sessions will focus on the early fruits of Clementine's mapping expedition.Before the Clementine mission, scientists had limited knowledge about the lunar crust and about how it may be compensated. But now they may have some answers. For starters, the internal structure and thermal history of the Moon are more complex than scientists previously believed, according to Maria Zuber of Johns Hopkins University, who will present a new analysis of Clementine data at the meeting.
Computing in the geosciences kindles interdisciplinary discussion
Authors: King S. D. , Yuen D. A. 
Published: October 2006

Researchers from different backgrounds met to share information about large‐scale numerical simulations in mantle convection, algorithmic developments, scientific visualization, data‐processing, and seismic wave propagation at a special session devoted to high‐performance computing in geosciences at the 1994 AGU Spring Meeting. The session sparked discussions between diverse segments of the community and is very timely in view of the high‐performance computing activities recently sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and NASA.As S. Balachandar pointed out, there are three main issues for high‐performance computing: efficient and accurate computations, data compression and storage, and interpretation and post‐processing of large data sets. The first issue naturally comes to mind when the phrase “high‐performance computing” is heard, but data compression and postprocessing present equally important challenges. Storing output from a three‐dimensional computation that has 256 nodes along each side with four variables at each node—be it for mantle convection, ocean or atmospheric circulation, or seismic wave modeling—for 5000 time steps requires 2.6 Terrabytes of storage. While computers and algorithms to consider such a grid may exist, storing the results of such a computation are not feasible given the current networking and disk storage infrastructure.
Angelopoulos receives Scarf Award
Authors: Lee Martin 
Published: October 2006

AGU's third annual F.L. Scarf Award has been awarded to Vassilis Angelopoulos for his Ph.D. thesis, “Transport Phenomena in the Earth's Plasma Sheet,” which he completed at the University of California, Los Angeles, under the supervision of Charles Kennel. As part of the award, Angelopoulos will give an invited talk on a related topic at the upcoming AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.The award was established to honor Fred L. Scarf, a pioneer and leader in solar‐planetary research. The award is given by the Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar‐planetary science. The major criterion for the award is the impact or potential impact of the research on the field of solar‐planetary studies. The awardee receives $1000 and is invited to deliver a paper at one of the following year's AGU meetings.
Research cruise yields new details of Macquarie ridge complex
Authors: Coffin Millard F. , Karner Garry D. , Faley David A. 
Published: October 2006

During a 44‐day expedition on board the Australian vessel Rig Seismic, scientists collected new information on the morphology of the Macquarie Ridge Complex (MRC), located at the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates. In the joint venture, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Australian Geological Survey Organization (AGSO), investigators from the two countries studied deformation in the area along the MRC, which includes the site of the largest earthquake of the 1980s (May 23, 1989, Mω=8.2).The researchers acquired ∼160,000 km2 of HAWAII MR1 (HIG acoustic wide‐angle imaging instrument, mapping researcher 1) side‐scan sonar/bathymetry images and ∼7000 km of 8‐channel seismic reflection data (Figure 1). In addition, three ∼400‐km gravity transects of the MRC were completed across the morphologic ridge and trench system. The transects were augmented by 96‐channel seismic reflection imaging across the morphologic ridge and trench system. Gravity and magnetic data were collected during the entire survey.