bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of management practice on the spatial distribution of Lepidopteran pests in Brassica crops in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea: implications for sequential sampling plans
Authors: Waters Edward Kyle , Hamilton Andrew John , Hepworth Graham , Kim H. J. , Pak W. S. , Furlong Michael John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPlutella xylostella and Pieris rapae are the key components of a pest complex that attacks Brassica crops in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). We examined the spatial distributions of these insects within crops both as individual species and when combined as a standard insect that was derived from their relative feeding rates. The influence of standard co‐operative management practice and an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy on the dispersion of the standard insect was tested. Iwao's m* − m relation was then used to describe the distribution of standard insects by management categories and of Pieris rapae using all data. Pest management practices only affected the distribution of the species when they were combined into standard insects. Enumerative sampling plans were therefore designed for standard insects based on population data derived from IPM‐managed fields and for Pieris rapae from population data from all experimental fields. The presented plans have the potential to make a significant contribution to managing lepidopteran pests in the DPRK. The approach will be useful in the design of sequential sampling plans for other geographical regions where these pests co‐occur and can also contribute to the development of sequential sampling plans for other pest complexes for which standard insects can be derived.
Holocene beaver damming, fluvial geomorphology, and climate in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Authors: Persico Lyman , Meyer Grant 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe use beaver-pond deposits and geomorphic characteristics of small streams to assess long-term effects of beavers and climate change on Holocene fluvial activity in northern Yellowstone National Park. Although beaver damming has been considered a viable mechanism for major aggradation of mountain stream valleys, this has not been previously tested with stratigraphic and geochronologic data. Thirty-nine radiocarbon ages on beaver-pond deposits fall primarily within the last 4000 yr, but gaps in dated beaver occupation from ~ 2200–1800 and 950–750 cal yr BP correspond with severe droughts that likely caused low to ephemeral discharges in smaller streams, as in modern severe drought. Maximum channel gradient for reaches with Holocene beaver-pond deposits decreases with increasing basin area, implying that stream power limits beaver damming and pond sediment preservation. In northern Yellowstone, the patchy distribution and cumulative thickness of mostly < 2 m of beaver-pond deposits indicate that net aggradation forced by beaver damming is small, but beaver-enhanced aggradation in some glacial scour depressions is greater. Although 20th-century beaver loss and dam abandonment caused significant local channel incision, most downcutting along alluvial reaches of the study streams is unrelated to beaver dam abandonment or predates historic beaver extirpation.
Is There a Late Alexandrian Text of the Gospels?
Authors: Martini Carlo M. 
Published: February 2009

This research was started with the desire to ascertain whether in the papyri of Didymus1, which were discovered at Toura in 1941, and whose regular publication began in 1962 and is still continuing2, it was possible to discover some fresh evidence for the existence of a later Alexandrian text of the Gospels.The existence of this text is taken for granted by manuals of textual criticism today. B. M. Metzger, for instance, states that Alexandrian witnesses are to be divided into Proto-Alexandrian [466675 B Sahidic (in part), Clement of Alexandria, Origen (in part)] and Later Alexandrian [(C) L T W (in Luke I. 1–8, 12 and John) (X) Z Δ (in Mark) Ξ ψ (in Mark; partially in Luke and John) 33 579 892 1241 Bohairic]3.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1. 5 Und Die ΔIAΔOXH TωN ΠPOφHTωN
Authors: Paulsen H. 
Published: February 2009

Zu den Reliquien der altkirchlichen Literatur, die bis heute der Forschung Rätsel aufgeben, gehört das knappe Papyrusstück P.Oxy. 1. 5, dessen erste Edition B. P. Grenfell und A. S. Hunt zu verdanken ist:τιν..[λoς τoπν(ε⋯ματo)ς τo⋯ πρoφητ;[ικo⋯ κε⋯μνoς ⋯π' αὐτπ[..]. […………]. ν, κα⋯5 πλησθε⋯ς ⋯ ἄνθρωπoς ⋯κε-νoς τῳπν(ε⋯ματ)ι τ⋯γ⋯ῳ λαλεκαθὼς ⋯ (κ;⋯ριo)ς βo;⋯λετε,oὕτως φανερ`ν ἔστε τòπν(εμ)α τς θειóτητoς. τó γ⋯ρ10 πρoφητικóν πν(εμ)α τó σωματεóν ⋯στιν τς πρoφητικς τ⋯ξεως, ὃ ἔστιντò σμα τς σαρκòς 'ἰ(ησo)χρισ(τo)τò μιγ⋯ν τ⋯νθρωπóτη15 τι δι⋯ Mαρ⋯ας. ὅτι δ⋯δoχδεκτικóν ⋯στιν
The Gothic ‘Skeireins’ in the Greek Original
Authors: Friedrichsen G. W. S. 
Published: February 2009

The present work is intended to furnish a further contribution to the much debated, yet still unsettled question as to whether the Skeireins was the original work of a Gothic commentator writing in his vernacular, or whether it was translated into Gothic from a commentary in Greek or Latin.The not inconsiderable portions of the N.T. in Gothic bear witness to the manner in which the translators followed the Greek original word by word, and often syllable by syllable. Their literalism extends to the order, the vocabulary, the constructions and often to exact calques of the Greek words.
Le récit lucanien de l'agonie de Gethsémani (Lc xxii. 39–46)
Authors: Feuillet A. 
Published: February 2009

Ces temps derniers, sans parler des commentaires généraux des Évangiles, de nombreuses recherches ont été consacrées aux récits synoptiques de l'agonie de Gethsémani. Mentionnons notamment celles de G. Kuhn, Th. Lescow, E. Linnemann, R. S. Barbour, W. H. Kelber, W. Mohn.Deux ouvrages considérables dûs respectivement á M. Galizzi et á J. Warren Holleran ont été rédigés sur ce même sujet. Tous les deux étudient séparément les trois récits de Marc, Matthieu et Luc et s'efforcent de mettre en évidence ce qui caractérise chacun d'entre eux. L'un et l'autre sont admirablement informés. Celui de J. Warren Holleran est plus analytique, celui de M. Galizzi plus synthétique et, semble-t-il, plus personnel.
The Quest for the Johannine School: The Apocalypse and the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Fiorenza Elisabeth Schussler 
Published: February 2009

The subject presents one of those questions in New Testament criticism in which mental bent, apart from the bias of prejudgment, is chiefly influential in deter-mining the conclusions reached.This statement with which I. T. Beckwith introduced in 1919 his discussion of the authorship of the Apocalypse (Apoc) still proves to be true today. It can be equally applied to the question whether the Apoc should be assigned to the same school or circle that was responsible for the Fourth Gospel (4G) and the Johannine Epistles. The judgement moreover also pertains to the historical and theological interpretation of either the Apoc or the 4G. Mental bent and systematic presuppositions determine the various reconstructions of the history of the Johannine community as well as the theological interpretations of its literary works.
The Earliest Christian use ofChristosSome Suggestions
Authors: Jonge M. De 
Published: February 2009

Anyone who wants to say something about the earliest Christian use ofChristosshould start with the oldest written sources: the (genuine) letters of Paul.1.1.1. Paul's use χριοτòς has been set out convincingly by N. A. Dahl1and W. Kramer.2The apostle uses the term very frequently: 270 out of the 531 occurrences of the word in the New Testament are found in the genuine letters of Paul.3He also uses it in combinations with other words: Jesus Christ, Christ Jesus, Jesus Christ the Lord; but never in the combination κúρως χριτóς.4Certain patterns can be recognized in the use of Jesus Christ and Christ Jesus and also in the use of the article with χριτóςbut nowhere with a clear difference in meaning.5Dahl says: χριτóς is never a general term; the word is also never used as a predicate. Paul never feels the necessity to state ‘Jesus is the Christ’; a genitive is never added (Paul does not use χριτòς κυριου or related expressions) and also Ίηιοṽςò Χριιτóς is not found.6
MS. 88 as Evidence for a Text without 1 Cor 14.34–5
Authors: payne Philip B. 
Published: February 2009

This critical note explains the most likely origin of the dislocated text at the end of 1 Corinthians 14 in the Greek twelfth century AD minuscule 88.1 There are four distinctive features of this passage in ms. 88.1) Cor 14.36 follows immediately after 14.33.2) Cor 14.34–5 follows 14.40.3) Cor 14.34—5 is a distinct unit separated from v. 40 by a double slash on the base line in the space normally occupied by letters. The words on each side of this double slash are much farther apart than any other adjacent words on this page, so the original scribe must have inserted the double slash before writing w. 34–5. (See line 15 of the enlarged photograph, p. 158.) The end of v. 35 coincides with the end of a line. (See line 22 of the enlarged photograph.) Nothing follows on this line after its closing punctuation dot,2 even though each of the remaining three lines on this page extends one or two more letters beyond this dot. The next line, which begins chapter 15, is the only line on this page to be indented.34) There is a corresponding but smaller double slash above the last letter of 14.33.4 (See line 6 of the enlarged photograph.) It is placed at a sharper angle than the double slash before vv. 34–5 to help it fit between the lines of text. Another larger double slash, at the same level as the Greek letters on the last line of v. 33, is in the right margin where it is easy to see.
The Function of the Son of Man according to the Synoptic Gospels
Authors: Maddox Robert 
Published: February 2009

The discussion about the meaning of the title ‘Son of Man’ continues to be a lively part of the quest for the historical Jesus. Nevertheless the discussion gives the impression of having come to a kind of stalemate; and this suggests that we ought to examine the method by which it has been pursued, to see if a fruitful alternative method can be found. The method usually followed is dominated by these three characteristics:(1) Diligent investigation is devoted to trying to distinguish which of the Son of Man sayings in the gospels (if any) are genuine sayings of Jesus.(2) It is accepted that the synoptic Son of Man sayings fall into three distinct groups, referring (a) to Jesus during his earthly life as Son of Man, (b) to predictions of Jesus' death and resurrection as Son of Man, and (c) to the future coming of the Son of Man at the end of the age. Since the meaning of the title is understood to differ from group to group, and especially between the last group and the other two, the discussion of genuineness has mostly taken the form of asking within which group or groups the genuine sayings are to be sought.(3) With respect to the meaning of the title, attention is concentrated on the status which it connotes (e.g. lowliness, suffering, exaltation, authority, vindication, heavenly enthronement, etc.), but little inquiry is made concerning the function which the Son of Man performs.
The Soteriology of R. Akiba and E. P. Sanders' Paul and Palestinian Judaism
Authors: Quarles Charles L. 
Published: February 2009

In his book Paul and Palestinian Judaism, E. P. Sanders challenged the traditional assessment of early rabbinic soteriology as based upon legalistic works-righteousness. Sanders contended that the strict Pauline view of the law was foreign to early rabbinic Judaism:There is no hint in Rabbinic literature of a view such as that of Paul in Gal. 3.10 or of IV Ezra, that one must achieve legal perfection... Human perfection was not considered realistically achievable by the Rabbis, nor was it required.
Wehrlosigkeit Oder Selbstschutz? Aspekte Zum Verständnis des lukanischen Schwertwortes
Authors: Heiligenthal R. 
Published: February 2009

Ein dunkles, viel umrätseltes und mißdeutetes Wort nennt Walter Schmithals den kurzen Abschnitt von den zwei Schwertern (Lk 22.35–8), der die testamentarische Rede Jesu in Lk 22 abschließt:(35) Und er sagte zu ihnen: ‘Als ich euch ohne Geldbeutel und Vorratssack und Sandalen aussandte, hat euch jemals etwas gefehlt?’ Sie antworteten: ‘Nichts’. (36) Er aber sagte zu ihnen: ‘Jetzt aber, wer einen Geldbeutel hat, nehme ihn und ebenso einen Vorratssack und wer nicht hat, verkaufe sein Obergewand und kaufe ein Schwert. (37) Denn ich sage euch: dieses Schriftwort muß in mir erfüllt werden; “Und er ist zu den Gesetzlosen gezählt”; denn, was mir bestimmt ist, kommt zu seiner Vollendung.’ (38) Sie aber sagten: ‘Herr, siehe, hier sind zwei Schwerter.’ Er aber sagte zu ihnen: ‘Es ist genug.’
An OT Background to Rom 8.22
Authors: Tsumura D. T. 
Published: February 2009

There has been much discussion in recent articles on the significance of the Spirit's ‘groaning’ in Rom 8.26. What has not been adequately treated is the OT background to v. 22. That verse reads as follows: οΪδαμεν γ⋯ρ ἵτι π⋯σα ⋯ κτ⋯στε σƲσΤεƲάζει κα⋯ συνωδ⋯νει ἄχρι το⋯ ν⋯ν and can be translated literally as follows:We know that the whole creation groans together and travails together until now.
Oiκουμένη and κόσμος in the New Testament
Authors: Johnston George 
Published: February 2009

Certain considerations make the subject of the ‘world’ peculiarly interesting to Christians at the present time.‘World’ may refer to the wonderful, vast universe in which we live. The more we explore its farthest reaches, the more we win ascendancy over its invisible forces and energy, the more are we being challenged to defend the doctrine that this world is a created order and is everywhere sustained by an intelligent Being. Is there in fact any purpose or any meaning to be discerned in it?
Contextual Evidence in Favour, of ΚАΥΧНΣΩМАІ in 1 Corinthians 13.3
Authors: Petzer J. H. 
Published: February 2009

Four variants are listed in the apparatus of the 3rd corrected edition of theGreek New Testament(UBS3) in 1 Cor 13. 3. They are:κανχήσωμαı (P A B 048pc)κανθήσωμαı (K ψ majority text)κανθήσομαı (C D F G Lpc)κανθήσεταı (1877 2492pc)Of these variants κανθσομαı seems to be the most popular, occurring in texts such as the 2nd edition of the British and Foreign Bible Societies, Vogels, Kilpatrick's Diglot, Von Soden, Tischendorf's 9th edition and the 25th edition of Nestle-Aland. It is also favoured by Elliott, De Boor, Grosheide, Godet, Morris, Bachmann, Billerbeck, Wolff, Weiss, Robertson and Plummer, Pop, Groenewald, Lietzmann, Barrett and Kieffer. Κανθήσωμαı seems to be the second most popular reading, occurring in amongst others theTextus Receptus, Alford, TheGreek New Testament according to the Majority Text, Souter and Scrivener.
Molecular characterization, expression and localization of a peroxiredoxin from the sheep scab mite,Psoroptes ovis
Authors: McNAIR C. M. , NISBET A. J. , BILLINGSLEY P. F. , KNOX D. P. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThe sheep scab mite,Psoroptes ovis, induces an intensely pruritic exudative dermatitis which is responsible for restlessness, loss of appetite and weight loss. Within the first 24 h of infection, there is a rapid inflammatory influx of eosinophils and apoptosis of the keratinocytes at the site of infection. The former cell type is capable of a sustained respiratory burst, toxic products of which may directly damage the mite and also contribute to lesion formation. Analysis of aP. ovisexpressed sequence tag (EST) database identified a number of antioxidant enzyme-encoding sequences, including peroxiredoxin (thioredoxin peroxidase EC 1.11.1.15), all of which may help the mite endure the potentially toxic skin environment. A full length sequence encodingPo-TPx, a protein of 206 amino acids which showed high homology to a peroxiredoxin from the salivary gland of the tickIxodes scapularis, was amplified fromP. oviscDNA. RecombinantPo-TPx was expressed in bacteria and antiserum to this protein was used to localize nativePo-TPx in mite sections. Peroxiredoxin was localized, amongst other sites, to a subpharyngeal region in mite sections. The recombinant protein was recognized by sera from sheep infested with the mite suggesting that it may be secreted or excreted by the mite and interact with the host immune response.
Is the nestedness of metazoan parasite assemblages of marine fishes from the southeastern Pacific coast a pattern associated with the geographical distributional range of the host?
Authors: GONZÁLEZ M. T. , OLIVA M. E. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYNested structure is a pattern originally described in island biogeography to characterize how a set of species is distributed among a set of islands. In parasite communities, nestedness has been intensively studied among individual fish from a locality. However, nested patterns among parasite assemblages from different host populations (localities) have scarcely been investigated. We recorded the occurrence of parasites in 9 fish species widely distributed along the southeastern Pacific coast to determine whether the ecto- and endoparasite assemblages of marine fishes show a nested structure associated with host distributional range. Nestedness was tested using Brualdi-Sanderson index of discrepancy (BR); and 5 null models incorporated in a‘Nestedness’programme (Ulrich, 2006). The ecto- and endoparasite richness do not show similar patterns of latitudinal gradients among fish hosts, with 33–66% of analysed ectoparasite assemblages, and 25–75% of endoparasite assemblages showing nested structures through the host distributional range. For ectoparasites, species richness gradients and nested structure (when present) might be associated with decreased host densities or could reflect negative environmental conditions in the distributional border of the host species, whereas for endoparasites might be caused by geographical breaks of prey or changes in prey availability (intermediate hosts). The sampled extension of the distributional range of the host species, as well as the lack of specificity of some parasites, could influence the detection of nestedness.
Intake of wholegrain products is associated with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric and socio-economic factors in Denmark
Authors: Egeberg Rikke , Frederiksen Kirsten , Olsen Anja , Johnsen Nina F , Loft Steffen , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between wholegrain products intake and other dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric and socio-economic factors.DesignCross-sectional study, with data on diet, lifestyle and socio-economic factors obtained from questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were collected by trained professionals. Multiple linear and principal components regression analyses were used in statistical analyses.SettingPart of the Diet, Cancer and Health study, a prospective cohort study to evaluate the aetiological role of diet on cancer risk, conducted in the greater Copenhagen and Aarhus area, Denmark.SubjectsMen and women (n54 720) aged 50–64 years.ResultsIn multiple linear regression analyses focusing on individual dietary factors, intake of wholegrain products was associated with intake of all dietary factors studied (fish, red meat, poultry, processed meat, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cakes and refined-grain products). The strongest positive associations were seen for intake of vegetables and processed meat, whereas the strongest negative associations were seen for intake of red meat and refined-grain products. Regression analyses on dietary patterns identified by principal components analysis yielded similar results. Also, wholegrain products intake was positively associated with cycling, taking dietary supplements and high school education, and negatively associated with intake of alcohol, BMI and smoking.ConclusionsIntake of wholegrain products is associated with other dietary factors, healthier lifestyle habits and higher socio-economic status. Therefore future studies need to account for the possible confounding by other dietary and lifestyle-related parameters when investigating relationships between wholegrain products intake and disease risk.
Folic acid food fortification prevents inadequate folate intake among preschoolers from Ontario
Authors: Hennessy-Priest Kathleen , Mustard Jill , Keller Heather , Rysdale Lee , Beyers Joanne , Goy Richard , Randall Simpson Janis 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveFolic acid food fortification has successfully reduced neural tube defect-affected pregnancies across Canada. The effect of this uncontrolled public health intervention on folate intake among Canadian children is, however, unknown. Our objectives were to determine folic acid intake from food fortification and whether fortification promoted adequate folate intakes, and to describe folic acid-fortified food usage among Ontario preschoolers.DesignCross-sectional data were used from the NutriSTEP™ validation project with preschoolers recruited using convenience sampling. Mean daily total folate and folic acid intakes were estimated from 3 d food records, which included multivitamin supplement use. Comparisons were made to Dietary Reference Intakes, accounting for and excluding fortificant folic acid, to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes.SettingCanada.SubjectsTwo hundred and fifty-four preschoolers (aged 3–5 years).ResultsAll participants (130 girls, 124 boys) ate folic acid-fortified foods and 30 % (n76) used folic acid-containing supplements. Mean (se) fortificant folic acid intake was 83 (2) μg/d, which contributed 30 % and 50 % to total folate intake for supplement users and non-users, respectively. The prevalence of total folate intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement was <1 %; however, excluding fortificant folic acid, the prevalence was 32 %, 54 % and 47 % for 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds, respectively. The overall prevalence of folic acid (fortificant and supplemental) intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level was 2 % (7 % among supplement users).ConclusionsFolic acid food fortification promotes dietary folate adequacy and did not appear to result in excessive folic acid intake unless folic acid-containing supplements were consumed.
Turning dilemmas into opportunities: a UNU/SCN capacity development network in public nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Pavlovic Mirjana , Pepping Fré , Demes Michal , Biro Lajos , Szabolcs Peter , Dimitrovska Zlatka , Duleva Vesselka , Parvan Camelia , Hadziomeragic Aida Filipovic , Glibetic Maria , Oshaug Arne 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCapacity development in nutrition is a process whereby individuals, groups, institutions, organizations and societies enhance their abilities to identify and meet challenges in a sustainable manner. To address these issues, in 2001 the UN System Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN) established a Working Group on Capacity Development under the joint coordination of the United Nations University (UNU) and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences. Several regional professional networks have developed under this working group, the latest for the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. Ten CEE countries formed a network in 2006 and identified major nutritional challenges in the region, which included: irregular meal patterns; low consumption of fruits/vegetables, milk products and fish; low intake of some micronutrients; and high intakes of fat, sugar and salt. Public policies in nutrition were either weak or absent. Some countries had recently developed nutrition plans. Higher education in nutrition was seen as very important for public nutrition work by professionals in the region, who considered it a prerequisite for reversing the negative trend of the nutrition transition. The network will continue to work on issues that are still not covered adequately. Its activities to date and prospects for the future are assessed against ten principles for good capacity development suggested by the United Nations Development Programme.