bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Early-Middle Triassic faulting and possible rifting from the Helez Deep Borehole in the coastal plain of Israel
Authors: Druckman Yehezkeel 
Published: April 2008

Summary
A 600 m thick conglomerate, the Erez conglomerate, was penetrated in the Helez Deep borehole, drilled in the Coastal Plain of Israel. This conglomerate is underlain by a 40 m thick sandy shale of probable Early Triassic age, and is overlain by 190 m of Late Triassic peritidal dolomites. This sedimentary sequence is underlain by metamorphic Precambrian basement.
The Erez conglomerate is polymictic, consisting of various types of carbonate fragments, of ages varying from Upper Permian to Anisian. The fragments are angular to subrounded, poorly sorted, ranging in diameter from fractions of a millimetre to several decimetres. The matrix consists of black argillaceous micrite, yielding palynomorphs of Scythian-Anisian age.
It is suggested that the Erez Conglomerate is analogous to the thick, well-developed accumulation of polymictic conglomerates along the margins of the Miocene Suez and Plio-Pleistocene Dead Sea rifts, and thus indicating a major faulting phase and possibly an initial stage of rifting during Early-Middle Triassic times. Although an Upper Palaeozoic updoming prior to rifting may be considered, it is not a necessary postulate to explain the borehole data.
Role of the Eastern Mediterranean ophiolites (Turkey, Syria, Cyprus) in the history of the Neo-Tethys
Authors: Whitechurch Hubert , Juteau Thierry , Montigny Raymond 
Published: April 2008

Summary

The internal organization and structure of the Taurus, Troodos, Hatay and Baër-Bassit ophiolite massifs are used, along with K-Ar geochronological data for the different parts of the assemblages, to outline stages in the evolution of the Neo-Tethys ocean during Mesozoic times. The authors distinguish:

(1)
an intra-continental stage, during Middle and Upper Triassic, when alkaline submarine basalts were erupted during rifting of the Arabian platform;

(2)
a Lower Cretaceous to Campanian phase, marked by active spreading for at least 40 Ma, along east-west trending palaeo-spreading axes, offset by north-south transform fracture zones. During that period, the oldest oceanic lithosphere (Tauride ophiolites and the Baër-Bassit complex) began to be sliced up with the development of metamorphic soles (104 to 88 Ma), later intruded by swarms of tholeiitic diabase dykes of Campanian age (ca. 75 Ma). At that time, the latest spreading zones, now represented by the Troodos and Hatay ophiolites, were still active in the Neo-Tethys; and

(3)
during the Maastrichtian (70–65 Ma), all ophiolitic massifs were thrust over the Arabo-African continental margin from a single Neo-Tethys oceanic basin.
Mylonitic ductile shear zones within tectonites and cumulates as evidence for an oceanic transform fault in the Antalya ophiolite, S.W. Turkey
Authors: Reuber Ingrid 
Published: April 2008

Summary
In the coastal ophiolite belt of Antalya, especially in the massifs of Adrasan and Cıralı-Tekirova, tectonites and cumulates have preserved their primary structures. Tectonites display a first, high temperature-low deviatoric stress deformation S1, linked to the diapiric uplift of the asthenosphere below an east-west orientated spreading centre. A second mylonitic deformation produced under high deviatoric stress and lower temperature conditions produced shear zones of millimetric to kilometric scale throughout the tectonites and even in the cumulates. Their mean orientation (N 150 E) is near to perpendicular to the ridge axis, and the associated lineation indicates horizontal, essentially sinistral strike-slip displacement. This deformation must have taken place during the final crystallisation of the cumulates, as indicated by its relationship to intrusive gabbroic ‘dykelets’ representing residual liquids of the cumulates. The S2 deformation is attributed to a transform fault situated SW of the coastal complexes. Later tectonic events include thrusting and wrench faulting, again sinistral, in a north-south trending direction.
The Mesozoic organization of the Taurides: one or several ocean basins?
Authors: Ricou L. E. , Marcoux J. , Whitechurch H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The Taurides are an Alpine chain composed of both continental and oceanic units including ophiolitic massifs organized in three longitudinal belts. The Taurides are also an area of nappes, where overthrusting occurred successively from the Upper Cretaceous on and greatly modified the pre-tectonic organization. A single or a multiple ocean basin system have both been postulated.
It is shown that the nappes composed of slope-basin material, ophiolites and their metamorphic soles vary from place to place in the Taurides. They exhibit a coherent organization which attests to a common origin with transport as a whole entity over the presently underlying platform units. The latter can not be continental slivers within the basin. The inferred large-scale allochthoneity is supported also by palaeontological and palaeomagnetic data, and by a consideration of the mechanisms of ocean-basin opening and obduction.
We concluded that the Tauride ophiolites, the associated slope-basin and horst deposits constitute a unique set of nappes derived from a single northern oceanic basin bordered to the south by a large epi-continental platform. This basin was located north of the platform units which now constitute the Calcareous Axis of the Taurides.
Tauric subduction (Malatya-Elazıǧ provinces) and its bearing on tectonics of the Tethyan realm in Turkey
Authors: Michard A. , Whitechurch H. , Ricou L. E. , Montigny R. , Yazgan E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
In the Eastern Taurus, The Elazıǧ nappes shown an ophiolitic association overlain by andesites and intruded by calc-alkalic granites, both of Late Cretaceous age. The basin was compressed in the Late Cretaceous between two metamorphic massifs each with a sialic basement and platform-type Permian to Mesozoic cover. This history indicates Late Cretaceous subduction under the Taurides and subsequent compression of the basin and arc.
Attempts to place this Tauric subduction in the geodynamic history of Turkey lead to conflicting interpretations and two alternative models are presented.
The first involves a single Tethyan ocean subducting northwards below the Pontides and southwards below the Taurides. The latter led to the Late Cretaceous opening of back-arc basins which split the formerly continuous Tauric-Arabian platform. Southward subduction ended when the ridge reached the trench, leading to compression of the Elazıǧ back-arc basin, southward obduction and closure of the ocean. The residual, Upper Cretaceous marginal basin controlled the subsequent Tertiary development of the area.
The second model involves a northern Tethyan ocean and a southern Mesogean ocean, both subducting northwards. Subduction of the southern ocean generated calc-alkaline magmatism and deformation of the leading edge of the Tauric blocks. The Elazıǧ basin closed as a result, having earlier formed either as a subduction-related marginal basin or as a pre-existing extensional basin. Southward obduction took place from both oceans. After closure of the Tethyan ocean, Tertiary development was controlled by reactivation of Mesogean subduction.
The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin
Authors: Aktaş G. , Robertson A. H. F. 
Published: April 2008

Summary

In this paper we describe and interpret a critical segment of a Tethyan suture zone in SE Turkey dominated by a major nappe pile which, from the structural top downwards, consists of the following units: first, the
Elazıǧ-Palu nappe
, a major Upper Cretaceous volcanic arc complex and cover related to subduction of a southern strand of the Mesozoic Tethys. The arc rocks are regionally underlain by metamorphic rocks of the Bitlis-Pütürge nappe, but in the area studied this is absent and the next unit is the
Hazar-Guleman nappe
, which consists of a sliced ophiolitic assemblage of presumed Upper Cretaceous age unconformably overlain by a relatively undeformed succession of Palaeogene red beds (Ceffan Formation), flysch (Simaki Formation) and both pelagic and redeposited neritic limestones (Gehroz Formation). This nappe is cut by the
South Anatolian transform fault
. Below it the
Kıllan Imbricate Unit
consists of imbricated Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic and other mafic extrusives (Killan Group) associated with, and locally unconformably overlain by, Palaeocene and Eocene rocks ranging from deep sea sediments to sedimentary melange and detached blocks, with minor volcanics. Towards the sole-thrust the Killan Imbricate Unit is mostly tectonic melange. Below, are the autochthonous and para-autochthonous successions of the
Arabian foreland
, including ophiolitic olistostrome of latest Cretaceous age (Koçali Complex). Our Hazar-Guleman nappe and the Killan Imbricate Unit together constitute the
Maden Complex
. We also report on a distinctive assemblage of Middle Eocene mafic extrusives and interbedded deep water sediments further east along the suture zone (
Karadere Formation
), and briefly summarise implications for economic sulphide mineralization in the area.

We interpret the suture zone in terms of formation of a Mesozoic ocean basin followed by northward subduction. The Karadere Formation further east would in one possible model have formed by rifting of the fore-arc, possibly related to oblique convergence in the Middle Eocene. In an alternative model the Neo-Tethys had essentially closed by the latest Cretaceous facilitating ophiolite emplacement over both the northern active margin and the former passive southern margin. In this case the Killan Imbricate Unit would be related to tightening of the suture and the Karadere Formation to renewed rifting controlled by strike-slip faulting. In both models continental collision was well advanced by the Miocene with flysch and sedimentary melange deposition (Lice and Çüngüş Formations), followed by translation along the South Anatolian transform fault.
The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits
Authors: Akıncı Ömer T. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The Eastern Pontide Belt is a major metallogenetic province in the Eastern Black Sea coastal region. Extensive volcanism was initiated in Liassic time. Palaeozoic granites and schists of older units form the ‘basement’. The overlying volcano-sedimentary units reach 7000 m in thickness as follows; Lower Basic Series, 195–88 Ma; Dacitic Series, 88–65 Ma; Upper Basic Series, 65–37 Ma; Tertiary Granitoids, 3772-22.5 Ma; Young Basic Series and Young Dykes.
The Lower Basic Series, cut by granodioritic intrusions, consists of basaltic and andesitic lavas, spilite, tuffs and agglomerates intercalated with limestones. The Dacitic Series consists mainly of andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic lavas and pyroclastics alternating with mudstone, marly limestone and pelitic tuff. A major pillow lava flow divides the Dacitic Series into an ore-bearing lower and a less mineralized upper part. The Upper Basic Series is represented by extensive andesitic volcanism inland, while basaltic lavas and agglomerates occur along the coast. Syenite and quart-monzonites intrude this series. Granite, granodiorite, adamellite and monzonite intrusions form the Tertiary Granitoids. The youngest volcanism is represented by dykes and lavas. Radiometric ages of the intrusions show a continuity between Jurassic and Miocene, with increased activity around 80 and 40 Ma. The Lower Basic Series and the Dacitic Series are mainly tholeiitic; the Upper Basic Series and the other units are calc-alkaline.
More than 400 massive sulphide deposits are associated with tuffaceous horizons in the Dacitic Series of Upper Cretaceous age. These deposits show similarities with the Kuroko massive sulphide ores of Japan.
The role of the Ankara Melange in the development of Anatolia (Turkey)
Authors: Norman Teoman N. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The ‘Ankara Melange’, as defined by Bailey & McCallien (1953), comprises several belts, sub-belts and lenses of melange units, as well as some intercalated ocean floor fragments and continental (magmatic arc?, island arc?) slivers. Two significant observations are the successive younging of melange units from north to south (or northwest to southeast locally) and mega-debris flow features in some of melange units indicating a possible flow direction from east to west (or northeast to southwest). Both observations can be explained by assuming an obliquely northward moving Tethys ocean plate, subducting under a continental mass against which successive accretion and obduction of ocean floor irregularities (such as ocean plateaux, ridges, magmatic island arcs or even continental slivers) from Early Jurassic times to Middle Oligocene, produced the present complex melange system. Flow features can be explained by the development of local high ground where a non-subducting oceanic platform transpressed obliquely against the already-formed melange material, causing it to flow successively to depressed (trench) regions. Such flows were naturally interbedded with, or accompanied by, other types of mass flows and slivers of continental and/or oceanfloor material.
Distribution and characteristics of the north-west Turkish blueschists
Authors: Okay A. I. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
North-west Turkey encompasses two major tectonic units, the Pontides and the Anatolides, separated by the İzmir-Erzincan suture. The Anatolides, the metamorphosed northern extension of the Taurides, consist of several zones. The more southerly Afyon Zone is an Early Palaeozoic to Maastrichtian Tauride shelf-type sequence which rests on gneisses of the Menderes Massif. The Afyon Zone underwent greenschist facies metamorphism, gradually increasing in grade with depth, and overthrust by HP/LT metamorphic rocks and peridotites. A HP/LT metamorphic belt several hundred kilometres long constitutes the second Anatolide zone. There are two tectonic units in the blueschist sequence. A lower more recrystallised blueschist unit consists of a thick basal marble series overlain by meta-cherts, metabasites and meta-shales. An upper unit, with a wider distribution, shows only incipient HP/LT metamorphism, and consists of shales, radiolarian cherts, basic volcanic rocks, pelagic limestones and greywackes. The HP/LT rocks are tectonically overlain by a peridotite nappe, without HP/LT metamorphism. Steeply dipping major faults separate blueschists from the Inner Pontide sequence, which consists of a Permian-Triassic metamorphic basement overlain by carbonates and Upper Cretaceous flysch. Especially in the Ankara region, Upper Cretaceous flysch contains abundant ophiolitic olistoliths. Post-orogenic Palaeocene sediments are transgressive over the HP/LT metamorphic belt and the peridotite nappe. The blueschist sequence may have been the north-facing Anatolide/Tauride platform margin, subducted during the Late Cretaceous. Very fast uplift in the collision zone, aided by buoyancy of subducted continental crust, generated olistostromes in the Pontides and emplaced peridotite nappes over the Anatolide/Tauride platform.
Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure
Authors: Görür N. , Oktay F.Y. , Seymen İ. , Şengör A. M. C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary

The Tuzgölü basin complex represents a cluster of epi-sutural depressions nested on the Ankara Knot in central Anatolia, where several sutures converge. The basin complex consists mainly of two sub-basins, the Haymana and the Tuzgölü (
s.s.
) depressions. During the Late Cretaceous to the Late Palaeocene, the Tuzgölü and the Haymana sub-basins evolved coevally, but independently, as fore-arc basins along the active margins of the Sakarya Continent and the Kırşehir block. Turbidites accumulated in the basin interiors, with shallow marine and terrestrial deposition near the basin margins. Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene collision of the Menderes-Taurus block with the Sakarya Continent and the Kırşehir block along the Inner Tauride Sture, and the coeval collision of the Kırşehir block with the Rhodope-Pontide Fragment along the Erzincan suture juxtaposed and deformed the two sub-basins. Intra-continental convergence continued during the Early to Middle Eocene with further subsidence and turbidite deposition in both sub-basins. After the Middle Eocene, a single molasse basin was characterized by extensive redbeds and evaporites. Extensive salt deposits in the Tuzgölü sub-basin probably relate to marine regression in the later Eocene. The present Tuzgölü basin is part of neotectonic Turkey and constitutes one of the large central Anatolian
ovas
.
High-pressure rocks of Samos, Greece
Authors: Okrusch M. , Richter P. , Katsikatsos G. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The metamorphic complex of Samos is composed mainly of marbles and phyllites, typically with intercalations of serpentinites, meta-gabbros, blueschists, and greenschists.
The meta-gabbros show typical flaser-structures, but contain frequent textural relics of the igneous protolith as well as relict clinopyroxene and brown hornblende. Primary plagioclase is totally replaced by albite, epidote or zoisite. Critical mineral assemblages of the Alpidic metamorphism are:

albite + epidote + chlorite + glaucophane ± barroisite + sphene,

albite + epidote + zoisite + tremolite + muscovite + sphene,

albite + epidote + chlorite + tremolite ± barroisite ± muscovite ± calcite ± sphene.

Associated glaucophanites show the following critical assemblages (+ sphene ± rutile):

garnet + glaucophane + epidote ± barroisite + chlorite + muscovite ± paragonite,

glaucophane + epidote + chlorite + muscovite + albite ± quartz.

The major and trace element chemistry confirms that the metabasites are derived from abyssal tholeiites and related gabbros.
The metapelites of Samos frequently contain chloritoid which, in the eastern part of the island, may be accompanied by kyanite, and rarely by Mg-carpholite. Meta-bauxites in eastern Samos contain diaspore, in western Samos diaspore + corundum (Mposkos 1978).
At the peak of metamorphism temperatures may have reached about 420° and 470°C in east and in west Samos respectively, assuming elevated pressures of about 8 kbar.
Origins and significance of rocks in an imbricate thrust zone beneath the Pindos ophiolite, northwestern Greece
Authors: Kemp Alan E. S. , McCaig Andrew M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary

Major zones of imbrication under the Pindos ophiolite of northwestern Greece relate to the formation of frontal and oblique ramp structures. These are marked by a northwest-trending line of tectonic windows in the ophiolite and a northeast-trending anticlinal structure which folds thrust contacts. The simplified structural sequence from top to bottom is:

(1)
Ophiolite lithologies, mainly pillow basalts and basal serpentinite;

(2)
Metabasites and meta-sediments of the ophiolite dynamothermal aureole ranging up to lower amphibolite facies;

(3)
A complex sequence of basalt, gabbro, pelagic sediments, olistostromes, debris flows and breccias interpreted as a sea floor sequence (the Perivoli Complex);

(4)
Early Cretaceous calcareous flyschoid sediments; and

(5)
Tertiary Pindos Flysch and melange.

All the greenschist facies and the higher grade metamorphic rocks are interpreted as part of the metamorphic aureole and not as Palaeozoic basement. The generalized sequence of major deformational episodes is:

(A)
Thrusting within the sea floor with concurrent metamorphism causing polyphase deformation and juxtaposition of the ophiolite, the dynamothermal aureole and the Perivoli Complex.

(B)
The main imbrication along NNW-trending, E-dipping planes, involving all the lithologies and associated with the formation of major frontal and oblique ramp structures. (A) occurred during the Middle Jurassic ‘displacement’ of the ophiolite sheet. ‘Emplacement’-related deformation may have occurred in (1), (2) and (3), but is difficult to isolate due to the intensity of episode (B) which occurred during westward overthrusting in the Late-Tertiary and may have been related to an E-dipping subduction zone.
Age constraints on the igneous and metamorphic evolution of the Hellenic-Dinaric ophiolites
Authors: Spray J. G. , Bébien J. , Rex D. C. , Roddick J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The available age data from Greek and Yugoslavian ophiolites and related rocks are reviewed and, where necessary, have been corrected using the decay constants of Steiger & Jäger (1977). In addition, new K-Ar ages are presented from igneous mineral phases from the Guevgueli ophiolite and Fanos granitoid. Rb-Sr ages are also presented for the Furka and Stip granitoids of the Vardar Zone. Igneous ages of the dated ophiolites are approximately 160–180 Ma, although data from the Guevgueli Complex indicate that associated basic igneous activity also occurred during the Upper Jurassic. Granitoids yield ages ranging between 150 to 174 Ma. When compared with dates obtained from metamorphic soles beneath the Greek and Yugoslavian ophiolties (160–180 Ma), it is apparent that both sub-ophiolite metamorphism and granitoid intrusion closely followed ophiolite formation at a spreading centre. This indicates that the initial obduction movements occurred when the ophiolites were both young and hot and capable of forming basal dynamothermal soles mainly by the effects of their residual heat. When these ages are integrated with the field evidence for the period of final ophiolite emplacement in the Hellenides and Dinarides (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous), it is possible to reconstruct a simplified igneous, metamorphic and emplacement history for these displaced fragments of oceanic crust and upper mantle.
Tectonic implications of palaeomagnetic results for the Carpatho-Balkan and adjacent areas
Authors: Márton Emö 
Published: April 2008

Summary
From palaeomagnetic results, two different tectonic units can be recognized in the Carpatho-Balkan region and adjacent areas.
The north-western unit comprises the Italian peninsula south of the Po-basin, Sardinia, the Istria peninsula of Yugoslavia, the Transdanubian Central Mountains and the Bükk Mountains in Hungary and the outer and inner West Carpathians of Czechoslovakia. The palaeomagnetic results suggest that this unit was part of the African plate in the Mesozoic and Palaeogene, but was later decoupled from Africa.
The south-eastern unit is not very well defined palaeomagnetically. Palaeopoles are known from the Mecsek and Villány Mountains in Hungary, and the Papuk Mountains of Yugoslavia and North-West Bulgaria. They are similar to the poles of the same age from stable Europe but do not yet provide a coherent pattern. The palaeomagnetic results to date clearly testify to a different rotational history of this unit from the history of the African plate and the north-western unit, but more extensive palaeomagnetic studies especially on post-Palaeozoic rocks are needed to reveal the details of the movement history.
Paleogeography and palinspastic reconstruction of the Neogene of the Mediterranean and Paratethys
Authors: Steininger Fritz F. , Rögl Fred 
Published: April 2008

Summary
Eight palaeogeographic-palinspastic sketches are presented for intervals from Late Oligocene to Pliocene times for the circum-Mediterranean area and the Paratethys. They are based primarily on accurate correlation of marine and continental biogeographic events and take into account the generally accepted ideas of plate tectonics. The marine and continental connections that can be inferred contribute important information on the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean.