bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* V. Decomposition of Haloalkyl Phosphates under Polyurethane Processing Conditions
Authors: Larsen Eric R. , Ecker Ernest L. 
Published: March 2007

The thermal decomposition of a series of commercial FR agents used in polyurethane was studied in dilute solution in bibenzyl at temperatures com monly found in the center of large, slab stock buns. At 216°C all of the haloalkyl phosphates containing the XCH2CYHO- groups, where X is Cl or Br and Y is H or ClCH2-, decomposed at similar rates, i.e., they all gave first order rate constants between 1.0 and 5.8 x 10 -4 min-1. The addition of toluene diamine to the solution increased the rate of acid evolution from the reacting mixture by a factor of at least ten and in one case by a factor of sixty. The amine is postulated to attack the C-X bond to produce a secondary amine hydrohalide salt which releases hydrogen halide at elevated temperatures. Pentabromodiphenyl oxide was found to be stable under both sets of condi tions. Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, in contrast, undergoes decomposition via a free radical mechanism similar to that of vicinal dibromoalkanes. Tribromoneopentyl phosphate was stable at 216°C, though it decomposed slowly at 234 °C. In the presence of the amine, TBNPP decomposed with the liberation of tribromoneopentyl alcohol and minor amounts of HBr.
The Mechanism and Performance of Combustion Modified Flexible Foams in Small Scale Fire Tests
Authors: Batt A.M. , Appleyard P. 
Published: March 2007

The subject of the behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams in a "fire situation" has always been a controversial issue. The introduction in March 1989 of legislation in the United Kingdom requiring all furniture and bedding sold to contain filling materials meeting BS 5852 has led to a complete new grade range of flexible foams. Currently these Combustion Modified High Resilience (CMHR) Foams are, in the main, based on "polymer polyols" or "grafted polyols" and contain Melamine as the major fire retardant additive. Some conventional fire retardant of the phosphorus-halogen type is also in cluded in the formulation. Samples of CMHR foams typical of those available on the European market have been evaluated in small scale fire tests, and their performance used to ob tain "targets" or "yardsticks" for further work. A Limiting Oxygen Index of 25% vol. O2 appears to be typical for these CMHR foams of density 25 kg/m3. We have shown that the combination of melamine and a phosphorus-halogen fire retardant is superior to that of either additive used singly and that the choice of the base polymer polyol also appears to have an influence on the per formance of the final foam. Both the PHD and PIPA polyols require less fire retardant additive than the SAN polyol, Polyurax U.1408, to achieve the same performance in the particular tests used. However these advantages are less obvious at higher fire retardant loadings. Of the potential alternatives to melamine screened in this evaluation urea appears to be the most obvious candidate. Foams containing urea were superior to those based on melamine in all the fire tests used. As an example an increase of about 2% vol. O 2 requirement in the LOI test was obtained. Additives such as alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate and ammonium borates were not as effective as melamine in im proving the fire properties of the CMHR-foams. They did not interact benefi cially with the polymer, nor did they volatilise/decompose over the required temperature range.
Combustion Characteristics of Polyurethane Foams Covered with Fabrics*—An SPI Research Project
Authors: Gallagher J.A. , Zirk W.E. 
Published: March 2007

Combustion-modified polyurethane flexible foams can exhibit different flammability characteristics when covered with a fabric than when the foam alone is exposed to the same conditions. Recognizing this, regulatory and advisory agencies have turned to composite testing rather than component testing (e.g., the Boston Chair Test, California Technical Bulletin 133). It is doubtful that a small scale test could supplant the full scale tests; however, a method of screening composites would be very desirable. The Society of the Plastics Industry's Flexible Foam Combustibility Commit tee previously reported a classification system for foams alone using ASTM E 906 as the test procedure. Using piloted ignition and an imposed flux of 1.75 Watts/cm2, the foams could be partially classified. When the self-propagating flux values were added to the prior data, a classification system was developed. As a continuation of this project, five laboratories participated in a round robin wherein four generic classes of fabric were tested in triplicate over seven different types of foam at 1.75 Watts/cm2. The cumulative heat release at one minute intervals, the maximum rate of heat release, the time at which this oc curred and the percentage weight loss were the parameters studied. The variability of the inter-laboratory data averages was too large to permit the development of a definitive classification system. If the wool/nylon fabric group (which gave the largest inter-laboratory variation but the lowest heat release results) is eliminated from consideration, the remaining composites (save one) could be classified into three categories based on the heat release at both three and four minutes. This project indicates that it is possible to rank foam/fabric composites ac cording to their ability to resist combustion using ASTM E 906. However, fur ther work is necessary to define the causes of poor inter-laboratory agreement. Perhaps some other parameter not previously studied could aid in classifying foam/fabric composites.
Effects of Radiation on Temperature Measurement in a Fire Environment
Authors: Mingchun Luo  
Published: March 2007

Thermocouples have been widely used to measure temperature in research and industry. For the purpose of building fire experiments, the thermo couple has been and will be a major instrument to obtain the temperature field of the fire environment, and hence to quantify the intensity of building fire. It has been found that the radiation error significantly affects the measured tempera ture using thermocouples. However, this issue has not been carefully investigated in the area of building fire research. A suction pyrometer was designed and applied to a series of fire experiments in a full-scale experimental building-fire facility to avoid the effect of radiation on the measured temperature. It was found that the reading from a bare thermocou ple could be more than 100°C higher than the gas temperature obtained from the suction pyrometer during the flaming fire stage and more than 200°C higher dur ing the flashover stage. For a steady-state fire environment obtained from a propane gas burner fire, the radiation error was negligible in the hot upper level near the ceiling. However, the thermocouple significantly overestimated the gas temperature by more than 80°C in the cool lower level near the floor because of the radiation error. The tem perature predicted by the computational fluid dynamics model, CESARE-CFD fire model, was in good agreement with the measured temperature after the ra diation correction in the lower level and deviated slightly in the upper level.
Development of a Novel Hydrophilic, Biocompatible Adhesive
Authors: Mascarenhas Oscar C. , Smith Daniel J. , Andreatta-Van Leyen Sheila , Eckert Richard L. 
Published: March 2007

The synthesis of two novel hydrogel adhesive films, poly(butoxy- Entprol) and poly(butoxy/ethylene-Entprol) was accomplished by crosslinking either epoxy end-capped oligomeric-butoxy-Entprol or epoxy end-capped oligo meric-butoxy/ethylene-Entprol with 5-10 mole% diethylenetriamine. The two oligomers with Mn 1700 to 5000 were obtained in a 78-87% yield, by the reac tion of one equivalent of N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine with either one equivalent of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether or one equivalent of a 1:1 mole ratio mixture of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. Peel adhesion to glass for poly(BE) and poly(BEE) gave peel forces of 12.02 and 13.61 N, respectively, as compared to five acrylate adhesives, ranging from 4.90-11.56 N. Poly(BE) had superior adhesion to skin (3.45 N) compared to poly(BEE) (0.97 N) and the acrylate-based adhesives (0.79-2.64 N). In addition, fully hydrated poly(BE) and poly(BEE) have both a high water uptake (971% and 630%, respectively) and equilibrium water content (90% and 86%, respec tively). Both films lose adhesion with progressive hydration. These hydrogels actively support the growth of 3T3 fibroblasts and SCC-13 epithelial cells. These results strongly support the potential of these films as single-layered adhesive hydrogel dressings.
Codeine and the Breastfed Neonate
Authors: Meny Robert G. , Naumburg Eric G. , Alger Lindsay S. , Brill-Miller Janice L. , Brown Susan 
Published: March 2007

Codeine is an analgesic commonly used to relieve pain in the early post partum. Its metabolite, morphine, is probably responsible for its effectiveness in this use. However, morphine may also cause neonatal apnea. We studied free codeine and morphine levels inbreastmilk of 17 samples from seven mothers and neonatal plasma of 24 samples from 11 healthy, term neonates. Levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Milk codeine levels ranged from 33.8 to 314 ng/ml 20 to 240 minutes after codeine; morphine levels ranged from 1.9 to 20.5 ng/ml. Infant plasma samples one to four hours after feeding had codeine levels ranging from <0.8 to 4.5 ng/ml; morphine ranged from <0.5 to 2.2 ng/ml. Low infant plasma levels are secondary to low excretion into milk and the small amounts of milk available in the first few days. Moderate codeine use during this time (<four 60 mg doses) is probably safe.
Theories of Revolution in the Light of 1989 in Eastern Europe
Authors: Barker Colin , Mooers Colin 
Published: March 2007

This article explores several issues related to the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. How well do contemporary theories of revolution explain these events? What did and did not happen? What theoretical framework makes the best sense of these events? The 1989 revolutions are notable for a number of reasons. Although they were centred in urban areas they were characterized by relatively low levels of popular mobilization. Most importantly, key sections of the old ruling classes welcomed the shift toward the market. Despite differences in the tempo and character of events in different countries, bureaucratic reformers and oppositional intellectuals shared many of the same political and economic views. Neither group saw popular mobilization and alternative forms of institution-building as desirable or necessary. Attempts to theorize the 1989 revolutions have been insufficiently critical of notions of 'civil society', 'modernity', and the supposedly 'post-materialist' values current among opposition intellectuals. The shift from 'communism' to the 'free market' did not represent a qualitative shift in systems but rather a shift from a form of state-directed capital accumulation to a form of 'mixed economy'. As in other recent 'democratic transitions', the need to restructure the process of capital accumulation was accompanied by a transformation in the political regime. As such, the 1989 revolutions should be seen as a form of 'bourgeois revolution' within capitalism.
Labour Market Transitions and Social Exclusion
Authors: Heady Christopher 
Published: March 2007

This article considers the dynamic effects that the labour market has on poverty and social exclusion.1 It shows how the analysis of labour markets can help our understanding of social exclusion and reviews some of the evi dence from Europe and the United States. The evidence is that there is consaderable move ment into and out of poverty. However, there is a significant group who stay in poverty for a number of years and a group that experience repeated poverty spells. The data also show that labour market transitions are an import ant cause of movements into and out of pov erty, although demographic factors are about equally important. There are tnterestang similarities between the pattern of movements into and out of un employment and those for poverty: many people leave unemployment quickly, but there are also important groups who are unem ployed for several years or who become unem ployed repeatedly. It is not only easily observable personal characteristics that are relevant to determining an individual's em ployment patterns: repeated periods of unem ployment appear to result from 'unobserved heterogeneity', rather than any damaging ef fect from earlier unemployment spells. This finding raises the interesting possibility that the observed repeated spells of poverty are also due to unmeasured personal character istics.
A Theology of Corporeality Embodied in the Butch Femme Bar Culture of the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Cartier Marie 
Published: March 2007

It is my intention in this brief study to extend the argument that Nestle begins with her seminal article,' Butch-Femme Relationships: Sexual Cour age in the 1950s', and that Henking and Comstock continue by including it in the critical anthology of writings on'being queer' and 'being religious', Qu(e)erying Religion. I want to do this by making 'an overt claim' that the butch-femme community of the 1950s (actually this community is active from the 40s through the early 60s) created its own spirituality—in the content of a corporeal theology between couples and individually, and that these couples/individuals were also part of this larger 'bar community' that created a space for the community to refine this theology in terms of self-defining community. I want to argue that this self-defined community served to function for its members in many of the same ways any religious community functions that is held together by a common faith and/ or theology. ...I praise those hands, with scars she's proud of, on gender fuck forearms. They steady my pulse, settle down, settle down, curve on my cheek in the dark like a prayer. ...Her hands say yield and make it sound safe. They enter me like something holy. It takes time to interpret the tongue of her hands, the whispering of 'come here', or the bunch and knot of 'back off', as they churn cement, hoist bricks, sludge mortar into cracks, knife off the excess, until she's built Jericho and I have no trumpet... ...I am in the sweet, inquisitive poultice of her hands, proudly helpless, wanted, given. She makes loaves and fishes of me.2
A Response to Amos Yong
Authors: Gelpi Donald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis response by Donald Gelpi appreciates the accuracy of the reviewer's suggestion that the author's experience of charismatic prayer has very much conditioned both the author's written theology and his way of doing theol ogy. More particularly he acknowledges how it has conditioned his under standing of the role of the charisms in the shared faith of the Church, the centrality of the charisms in the practice and theology of the sacraments, and the role of the Spirit in the Paschal Mystery and in revealing the divinity of Jesus. Gelpi proceeds to discuss his notion of 'Christological knowing' as the unique knowledge of Jesus resulting from practical assimi lation to Him in the power of the Spirit—an experience that lies at the heart of Gelpi's Christology and is seen to provide it with its proper object of reflection, as Yong has correctly observed. Gelpi offers affirmation and fur ther elaboration on Yong's recognition of the importance of the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce in his own theological work. He joins Yong in the hope that the theological directions he has pursued and proposed might provide an experiential context for dialogue among the world religions.
Hearing 3 John 2 in the Voices of History
Authors: Landrus Heather 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe hermeneutical method of tracing the 'history of effects', pioneered by Ulrich Luz, has recently been appreciated by Pentecostal biblical scholars as holding much promise for moving beyond notions of 'flat text' to recog nize the word of God moving in and through life. As a case study in this method, this paper examines the interpretations of 3 Jn 2 as they surface in the works of Tertullian, Augustine, Bede, Le Maistre De Sacy, Ambrosius Catharinus, John Bird Sumner, Albert Barnes, Carrie Judd Montgomery, Oral Roberts, Kenneth Hagin, Raymond Brown, Frederick Price, and Paul Yonggi Cho. After discussing each interpretation in relation to the life of its interpreter, the results are assessed in relation to a Pentecostal approach to Scripture. The history of the effects of 3 Jn 2 will remind academicians and the community of faith alike that the Bible is truly a living revelation.Beloved, concerning all thingsI wish you to prosper and be in health,Even as your soul prospers (author's own translation of 3 Jn 2).
A Rebirth of Being 'Born Again': Theological, Sacramental and Pastoral Reflections From a Roman Catholic Perspective
Authors: Canales Arthur 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to alleviate some of the misunderstanding about the phrase 'you must be born-again' found in the Nicodemus Narra tive in John 3.1-15. Particularly, the theological, sacramental, and pastoral aspects ofbeing 'bom-again' will be explored in a Catholic context. Finally, this article will properly situate becoming 'bom-again' as an experience within the process of Christian conversion with implications for Catholic renewal.If you're born once, then you die twice, but if you're born twice, you die once. Pentecostal Riddle
'And the Signs Are Following': Mark 16.9-20— a Journey Into Pentecostal Hermeneutics
Authors: Thomas John , Alexandert Kimberly 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThough often observed that the Acts narrative is the defining paradigm for Pentecostal doctrine and practice, in point of fact Mk 16.9-20 functions as the 'litmus test' of the early Pentecostal Movement's fulfilling of the apos tolic mandates given by Jesus and carried out by the church. Despite the well-known text-critical problems surrounding the passage, the place of Mk 16.9-20 was unrivaled within the early Pentecostal literature in position and significance. Drawing on methodological approaches including textual criticism, literary analysis, canonical criticism and Wirkungsgeschichte, this study argues for the reappropriation of Mk 16.9-20 in Pentecostal theology and practice. The study begins by identifying the place of Mk 16.9-20 in early Pentecostal literature, surveys early Pentecostal responses to the textual problems, and compares these responses with others of the period. This is followed by a re-examination of Mk 16.9-20 in the manuscript tradition, a modest attempt to identify the origin of these non-Markan verses, and a discussion of their authority. The final major section of this article offers a variety of literary, theological and canonical observations on this 'Longer Ending'. The study concludes with an invitation to those within the Pentecostal tradition to reappropriate this most significant passage in the articulation of contemporary Pentecostal theologies.
Pentecostal Soteriology and Pneumatology
Authors: Studebaker Steven 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA profound irony characterizes some examples of Pentecostal theology: the Spirit is made subordinate to Christology in an effort to emphasize the Spirit. Protestant scholasticism is the source of this problem. Historically, Pentecostal theologians adopted the soteriological paradigms of Protestant scholasticism to express their pneumatological concerns. The form of the subordination of the Spirit is the tendency to distinguish salvation into Christocentric and pneumatological categories. (Christ achieves redemp tion, and his work is the objective basis of justification. The Spirit applies the work of Christ, and this work of the Spirit is the subjective sanctifica tion of the believer.) The distinctive doctrine of Pentecostalism, the Baptism in the Spirit, accentuates the bifurcation of the work of Christ and the Spirit by implicitly making the primary work of the Spirit subsequent to and unnecessary for salvation. This essay first illustrates and criticizes the foundational role Protestant scholastic soteriological paradigms play in Pentecostal theology and, second, proposes a redemptive soteriology that synthesizes the work of Christ and the Spirit as a way to transcend the problematic irony of Pentecostal theology.
Theory and Empiricism in the Social Sciences Regarding Physical Culture
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew 
Published: March 2007

Present-day methodological controversies in the Humanities arouse a very weak echo in the sphere or social research and physical culture. That is why this study deals with certain contemporary theoretical and methodological conceptions in the social sciences in order to look there for models to be followed in research. From the above-mentioned experience the conclusion was drawn that it is necessary for further progress in social studies on physical culture to construct a general theory in this field, which is indispensable as a foundation for planning further empirical research, for description, analysis and interpretation of reality. The outlines of such a theory should, according to the author, contain the following ele ments: 1. a set of fundamental analytical categories, 2. a catalogue of the basic the uretical problems, 3. the structure of the fundamental statements related to reality, contained in the conception of ''physical culture", 4. the outlines of the interaction between general physical culture and the particular disciplines. 5. a set of methods of description, measurement and analysis of data.
Semiotic Signs in Sports Activity
Authors: Saraf M.J. 
Published: March 2007

Sport as a form of social activity shapes specific semiotic systems, which ex press its aims and value. That is why an analysis of the problem of the place and role of sport in the culture of the contemporary society means learning to know about the semiotic aspects of sport relations. One can set apart two levels of semiotic sport activity, depending on what functions the semiotic systems perform. The first level are semiotic signs, indispen sable for sport activity as such. They regulate the activity of the sport movement and express its goals. The second — are semiotic signs, arising due to the incorpora tion of sport in the general system of social relations and which properly define its real value status. The change of the status of sport as a value finds its expres sion also in the internal logic of its development. An analysis of these levels helps to reveal the structure of sport relations, to define more distinctly its functional trends and to understand the hierarchy of values. This helps to draw conclusions as to the manner in which the various aspects of sport and sport itself in general are reflected in social and individual conscious ness. A semiotic analysis makes it possible to reveal the mechanism of the taking shape of an orientation regarding the value system, which permits the definition of the principal and indispensable aspects of directing the development of physical culture and sport as essential components of the entire aspect. of culture.