bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural coherence in group robbery: a circumplex model of offender and victim interactions
Authors: Porter Louise E. , Alison Laurence J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe behaviour of offenders and victims in 116 cases of group robbery (61 commercial, 55 personal) was examined. Four interpersonal themes were evident: dominance, submission, co‐operation and hostility. These themes are governed by the principles of complementarity such that offender dominance elicits victim submission (reciprocity) and vice versa, while co‐operative offenders tend to elicit victim co‐operation (correspondence). Hostile offences were hypothesised as eliciting hostility in victims, but few victims in the sample demonstrated active resistance. The existence of behavioural themes suggests that offenders within the same group behave in a homogenous fashion, which is explained by reference to group norms and processes of modelling. Further, differences in interpersonal themes were evident between commercial and personal robberies. Commercial robberies tend to involve greater levels of co‐operation than personal robberies, while personal robberies involve more hostility than commercial robberies. This is discussed in terms of situational and motivational elements of the robberies. Aggr. Behav. 32:330–342, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A developmental perspective on bullying
Authors: Pepler Debra J. , Craig Wendy M. , Connolly Jennifer A. , Yuile Amy , McMaster Loren , Jiang Depeng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we examined the forms and relationship contexts of bullying in adolescence. Using cross‐sectional data, we assessed grade and sex differences in self‐reports of bullying and sexually harassing peers, as well as reports of dating aggression from1896 students from early to late adolescence. Reports of bullying others were highest around the school transition, with lowest levels at the end of high school. Boys reported more bullying and sexual harassment than girls. Sexual harassment of same‐ and opposite‐sex peers increased over the early adolescent years and leveled off in later high‐school years. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of indirect or physical aggression with a dating partner. Adolescents who bullied were at increased risk for the other forms of relationship aggression. These data highlight bullying as a relationship problem and point to the need for prevention programs to curtail the use of power and aggression in adolescent relationships. Aggr. Behav. 32:376–384, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to maternal vs. paternal partner violence, PTSD, and aggression in adolescent girls and boys
Authors: Moretti Marlene M. , Obsuth Ingrid , Odgers Candice L. , Reebye Pratibha 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdolescents who witness interparental violence (IPV) are at increased risk for perpetrating aggressive acts. They are also at risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we examined the relation between exposure to maternal vs. paternal physical IPV and adolescent girls' and boys' aggressive behavior toward mothers, fathers, friends, and romantic partners. We also assessed the influence of PTSD (as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents‐IV (DICA‐IV)) on the relation between exposure to IPV and aggressive behavior. Participants were 63 girls and 49 boys, ages 13–18, consecutively admitted to a youth correctional facility or assessment facility designated to serve aggressive and delinquent youth. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate unique relations between exposure to maternal vs. paternal IPV and youth aggression in relationships. Girls who observed their mothers' aggressive behavior toward partners were significantly more aggressive toward friends. Similarly, boys who witnessed their fathers' aggression were significantly more aggressive toward friends. Adolescent girls and boys who observed aggression by mothers toward partners reported significantly higher levels of aggression toward their romantic partners. Approximately one third of our sample met PTSD criteria; the relation between exposure to parental IPV and aggression was stronger for individuals who met criteria for PTSD. The implications of understanding the relations between parents' and their daughters' and sons' use of aggression are discussed within the context of providing support for families in breaking intergenerational patterns of violence and aggression. Aggr. Behav. 32:385–395, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in the personal costs and benefits of relational and physical aggression in high school
Authors: Leadbeater Bonnie J. , Boone Erin M. , Sangster Nadia A. , Mathieson Lindsay C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhile recent research using peer ratings demonstrates positive relations between youth's reputations for aggression and popularity, it is not clear whether aggressive youth themselves make these links. Using youth's self‐reports, this study assessed the associations of relational and physical aggression with indicators of both personal gains in peer relations (perceived popularity and receipt of prosocial attention) and personal costs in terms of retaliation or depressive responses (peer victimization and depressive symptoms) in a large sample (n=455) of eighth‐ to tenth‐grade students. Regression analyses reveal that more relationally aggressive youth report more prosocial attention but also more relational (but not physical) victimization. In contrast, more physically aggressive youth report more depressive symptoms and physical (but not relational) victimization. Findings suggest that some costs of aggression (victimization) are higher for boys while others (depressive symptoms) are greater for girls. Group differences were also found for aggressive, victimized, and aggressive/victimized youth compared to the typical low aggressive/low victimized youth. These data suggest that the costs of relational and physical aggression may outweigh benefits except for aggressive non‐victimized boys. Aggr. Behav. 32:409–419, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides from the Injection of Metal Oxide Sols in Coordinating Solutions: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal Stabilization, Device Processing, and Gas‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Epifani M. , Díaz R. , Arbiol J. , Comini E. , Sergent N. , Pagnier T. , Siciliano P. , Faglia G. , Morante J. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMetal oxide (SnO2, TiO2, In2O3, ZnO) sols are prepared by various sol–gel processes in such a way as to hinder the condensation reactions. The obtained sols are injected at 160 °C into a solution of tetradecene and dodecylamine, and kept under heating for different periods of time. Depending on the starting sol, variously crystallized oxide nanoparticles are obtained, whose phase compositions and chemical structure have been studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The elimination of the organic residuals has been carried out by thermal treatment, and the thermal evolution of the nanoparticles has been studied by thermal analyses and Raman spectroscopy. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies coupled with XRD measurements show that the thermal treatment does not markedly affect the particle size, which remains in the nanometer‐sized regime (from 3.5 to 8.5 nm, depending on the system), except in the case of ZnO. The thermally purified and stabilized powders, drop‐coated onto alumina substrates with pre‐deposited electrical contacts, have been tested as gas‐sensing devices, displaying outstanding sensing properties even at room temperature.
Exploiting Chemical Switching in a Diels–Alder Polymer for Nanoscale Probe Lithography and Data Storage
Authors: Gotsmann B. , Duerig U. , Frommer J. , Hawker C. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReversibly crosslinked polymer films have properties that are beneficial to scanned‐probe data storage and lithographic applications that use thermomechanical nanoindentation as a write or expose mechanism. The novel polymer under study contains linkages based on thermally reversible Diels–Alder crosslinking. Thermomechanical properties on the nanometer scale are analyzed by indentation experiments on polymer thin films using heated tips. The underlying indentation mechanism is studied at varying tip temperatures and indentation times, revealing Arrhenius kinetics. This is in contrast to the Williams–Landau–Ferry kinetics usually observed for polymer systems. The discrepancy is explained by the reversible crosslinking incorporated into the structure of the polymer that allows switching between two different states: a rigid, highly crosslinked, low‐temperature state, and a deformable, fragmented, high‐temperature state. An individual indentation volume of less than 10–20 L (10 000 molecule pairs) is estimated. These kinetics experiments demonstrate that a chemical reaction of only a few thousand molecules can be transduced into a mechanically measurable action. The ability to cycle between two sets of properties in these materials opens up new perspectives in lithography and data storage. Examples of data storage with densities up to 1 Tb in.–2 and maskless lithography with resolution below 20 nm are demonstrated at writing times of 10 μs per bit/pixel.
AL amyloidosis associated with B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders: Frequency and treatment outcomes
Authors: Sanchorawala V. , Blanchard E. , Seldin D.C. , O'Hara Carl , Skinner M. , Wright D.G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAL amyloidosis, a systemic disorder characterized by widespread deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from monoclonal Ig light chains in organs and soft tissues, is typically caused by an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia. However, this disease can also be associated rarely with a B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder. In this report, we describe the presentation and clinical course of 16 patients with this association. Although amyloid‐related organ involvement in these patients was typical of AL amyloidosis, the patients in this series were on average older and more likely to be female than patients with disease associated with a plasma cell dyscrasia. They were also more likely to have multisystem involvement. Treatment decisions were based primarily on the dominent hematopathologic features of the associated lymphoproliferative disorder. However, high‐dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation was the primary therapy in 5 patients, and each of these patients had prolonged survival, ranging from 36 to 102 months. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary hypertension in thalassemia: Association with platelet activation and hypercoagulable state
Authors: Singer Sylvia T. , Kuypers Frans A. , Styles Lori , Vichinsky Elliott P. , Foote Drucella , Rosenfeld Howard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PAH), a serious complication in thalassemia, is not well understood. Thromboembolism has been postulated as one of the causative factors; however, there are currently limited specific data on its role. To examine whether increased platelet activation and hypercoagulability are linked to PAH, 25 β‐thalassemia major and β‐thalassemia intermedia patients were evaluated with Doppler echocardiograms for estimation of pulmonary artery pressure and with laboratory assays for indications of a prothrombotic state. The association of clinical variables and abnormal coagulation assays with PAH was determined. PAH was identified in 17 (68%) patients; mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 39.8 ± 5.4 mm Hg. PAH was significantly associated with prior splenectomy, older age, and evidence for chronic hemolysis, diagnosed in both transfused (n = 10) and nontransfused (n = 7) patients. Increased platelet activation, measured by P‐selectin, was significantly associated with PAH (P = 0.001). Increased thrombin‐antithrombin III level was more prevalent in the presence of PAH, but increased fibrinolysis or low protein C levels were not. This study underscores the role of platelet activation in the development of PAH and stresses its occurrence even among patients who are regularly transfused, especially those who are older and have had splenectomies. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bloodstream infections in hospitalized adults with sickle cell disease: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Chulamokha Lalita , Scholand Stephen J. , Riggio Jeff M. , Ballas Samir K. , Horn David , DeSimone Joseph A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBloodstream infections (BSI) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in people with sickle cell disease (SCD). In children with SCD, BSI are most often caused by encapsulated organisms. There is a surprising paucity of medical literature that is focused on evaluating SCD adults with BSI. We reviewed the charts of adults with SCD and BSI who were admitted to our hospital between April 1999 and August 2003. During this period a total of 1,692 hospital admissions for 193 adults with SCD were identified and 28% of these patients had at least 1 episode of positive blood cultures, with 69 episodes (17%) considered true BSI. Nosocomial BSI occurred in 34 episodes (49%). Among community BSI, in contrast to BSI in children with SCD, Streptococcus pneumoniae was rarely encountered. A high incidence of staphylococcal BSI in adults with SCD was noted. Twenty‐eight percent of all BSI were caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and 15 of 22 isolates (68%) of these were methicillin‐resistant. Gram‐negative organisms, anaerobes, and yeast were found in 21 (27%), 3 (4%), and 4 isolates (5%) of BSI, respectively. Since over 80% of BSI were considered catheter‐related, the higher incidence of gram‐positive bacterial infections was likely due to the presence of indwelling central venous catheters. Empiric therapy for adults with SCD suspected of having BSI, especially in the presence of indwelling central venous catheters, should include antimicrobial therapy targeted at gram‐positive bacteria (especially MRSA) and gram‐negative bacteria. Also, if patients are critically ill, consideration should be made to include antifungal agents. Additional research into the adult SCD population appears necessary to further define this problem. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gelatin/tannin complex nanospheres via molecular assembly
Authors: Yi Kejing , Cheng Guoxiang , Xing Fubao 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNanospheres were produced by molecular assembly between tannin and gelatin because of the synergistic interaction of the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonding. The factors that influenced the production of nanospheres, such as sample concentration, mass ratio between tannin and gelatin, reaction temperature, pH, and reaction time, were studied. Moreover, the nanospheres were analyzed and characterized by a particle size analyzer, UV–vis spectrophotometer, and TEM. It was concluded that the critical point was important for the assembled nanospheres. The tannin/protein mass ratio should be lower than the critical point. The concentration of tannin should be confined to a relatively low level. The proper range of the reaction temperatures was usually between 10°C and 50°C. It was steady for nanospheres assembled when the pH value of the gelatin solution was within ±1 IEP of the gelatin. After the reaction had gone on for more than 48 h, the assembled nanospheres became stable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3125–3130, 2006
Preparation and swelling behavior of macroporous poly(acrylamide‐co‐sodium methacrylate) superabsorbent hydrogels
Authors: Murali Mohan Y. , Keshava Murthy P. S. , Mohana Raju K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMacroporous superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs) composed of acrylamide (AAm) and sodium methacrylate (NMA) were prepared by aqueous solution polymerization in the presence of a glucose solution. Their swelling capacity was investigated as a function of the concentrations of the glucose solution, sodium methacrylate, crosslinker, initiator, and activator. The porosity of the poly(acrylamide‐co‐sodium methacrylate) superabsorbent hydrogels was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. The SAHs were characterized by IR spectroscopy. To estimate the effect on the swelling behavior, three types of crosslinkers were employed: N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate, and diallyl phthalate. Network structural parameters such as initial swelling rate, swelling rate constant, and maximum equilibrium swelling were evaluated by water absorption measurement. The equilibrium water content (EWC%) of the AAm–NMA macroporous SAHs was found to be in the range of 93.31–99.68, indicating that these SAHs may have applications as biomaterials in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and veterinary fields. Most of the SAHs prepared in this investigation followed non‐Fickian‐type diffusion, and few followed a case II– or super–case II‐type diffusion. The diffusion coefficients of these macroporous SAHs were investigated. Further, the swelling behavior of these SAHs also was investigated at different pHs and in different salt solutions and simulated biological fluids. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3202–3214, 2006
Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of alkali‐treated grass‐fiber‐filled natural rubber composites and effects of bonding agent
Authors: De Debasish , De Debapriya , Adhikari Basudam 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo improve adhesion between fiber and matrix, natural rubber was reinforced with a special type of alkali‐treated grass fiber (Cyperus Tegetum Rox b). The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of grass‐fiber‐filled natural rubber composites with different mesh sizes were studied with various fiber loadings. Increasing the amount of fibers resulted in the composites having reduced tensile strength but increased modulus. The better mechanical properties of the 400‐mesh grass‐fiber‐filled natural rubber composite showed that the rubber/fiber interface was improved by the addition of resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) as bonding agent for this particular formulation. The optimum cure time decreased with increases in fiber loading, but there was no appreciable change in scorch time. Although the optimum cure time of vulcanizates having RFL‐treated fibers was higher than that of the other vulcanizates, it decreased with fiber loading in the presence of RFL as the bonding agent. But this value was lower than that of the rubber composite without RFL. Investigation of equilibrium swelling in a hydrocarbon solvent was also carried out. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3151–3160, 2006
Correlations between processing parameters, morphology, and properties of blown films of linear low‐density polyethylene/low‐density polyethylene blends. I. Crystalline biaxial orientation by IR and mechanical properties
Authors: Branciforti M. C. , Pimentel R. , Bernardi A. , Bretas R. E. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe change of the processing parameters of a blown film operation alters the mechanical and optical properties of the films. This work studied the influence of some of these parameters on the properties of blown films made of blends of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and LDPE. Correlations between the crystalline biaxial orientations of these films and the mechanical properties were found. The crystalline biaxial orientation was measured by IR following the Krishnaswamy approach. The a axis of the unit cell was oriented along the machine direction (MD) at all LDPE concentrations, and it was not affected by the blow‐up ratio (BUR). In contrast, the b axis changed its orientation from orthogonal to MD to along the transverse direction (TD), and it was affected by the BUR. Finally, the c axis changed its orientation from equiplanar between the MD and TD to along the thickness of the film, and it was influenced by the BUR. The decrease of the tensile mechanical properties along the MD with the increase in the amount of LDPE in the blends was attributed to the tilting of the c axis toward the film thickness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3161–3167, 2006
Hydroxybisphosphonate‐containing polymeric drug‐delivery systems designed for targeting into bone tissue
Authors: Hrubý Martin , Etrych Tomáš , Kučka Jan , Forsterová Michaela , Ulbrich Karel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a novel polymeric drug‐delivery system designed for bone targeting of antineoplastics is described. The system was based on biocompatible poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] carrier containing hydroxybisphosphonate targeting moieties and the model radiotherapeutics 125I or 111In or the anticancer drug doxorubicin. The in vitro binding studies with hydroxyapatite as a bone model proved that the system was efficiently adsorbed on this mineral. The systems contained model drugs bound by stable (amide), hydrolytically cleavable (hydrazone) or enzymatically cleavable (Gly‐Phe‐Leu‐Gly tetrapeptide) spacers. It was proven in vitro that, in the case of cleavable spacers, the drug could be released from the polymer carrier at a rate depending on the pH or enzymatic stimulus. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci: 3192–3201, 2006
Tensile behavior of symmetrical laminates made of PCBA and PMMA layers
Authors: Papadopoulos G. A. , Sideridis E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe stiffness and strength of a composite material in form of laminate is obtained from the properties of the constituent laminae. The stacking sequence of the laminate affects the mechanical behavior. The interface between different laminae is also an important factor, since it influences the stresses that are developed in the laminate, and hence the strengths. In this study, a theoretical investigation of the mechanical behavior of symmetrical laminates made of isotropic layers [Lexan (PCBA) and Plexiglas (PMMA)] was attempted. An analysis based on the lamination theory was performed to determine the stress distribution and strains as well as the elastic constants. Experimental measurements with specimens made of laminates with different stacking sequences were carried out. The obtained values were compared with the theoretical values given by the lamination theory and mechanics of materials approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3215–3226, 2006
State of water in chitosan–PVA hydrogel
Authors: Wang Tao , Gunasekaran Sundaram 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe bound water fraction (XBW) of a newly‐ developed pH‐sensitive, biodegradable chitosan‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) was investigated as a function of the chitosan/PVA molar ratio, GA concentration (CGA), and ionization state. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the XBW of the initial hydrogel, and of the hydrogel equilibrated in pH 3 and pH 7 buffers. Changes in XBW during swelling and shrinking of hydrogel were also investigated. In the initial state of hydrogel, XBW increased with increasing PVA concentration (CPVA), without being significantly affected by CGA. In the buffer‐equilibrated hydrogels, XBW decreased with increasing CPVA and decreasing CGA. The amount of bound water based on dry mass (CBW) was substantially higher when the hydrogel was in the ionized (swollen) state compared to its unionized counterpart. This may be due to the association of a large quantity of water molecules with NH3+ groups of chitosan when the gel swelled in the acidic environment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3227–3232, 2006