bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PD-1/PD-L Blockade Prevents Anergy Induction and Enhances the Anti-Tumor Activities of Glycolipid-Activated Invariant NKT Cells
Authors: Parekh Vrajesh V. , Lalani Saif , Kim Sungjune , Halder Ramesh , Azuma Miyuki , Yagita Hideo , Kumar Vipin , Wu Lan , Van Kaer Luc 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells recognize glycolipid Ags, such as the marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) presented by the CD1d protein. In vivo activation of iNKT cells with αGalCer results in robust cytokine production, followed by the acquisition of an anergic phenotype. Here we have investigated mechanisms responsible for the establishment of αGalCer-induced iNKT cell anergy. We found that αGalCer-activated iNKT cells rapidly up-regulated expression of the inhibitory costimulatory receptor programmed death (PD)-1 at their cell surface, and this increased expression was retained for at least one month. Blockade of the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, at the time of αGalCer treatment prevented the induction iNKT cell anergy, but was unable to reverse established iNKT cell anergy. Consistently, injection of αGalCer into PD-1-deficient mice failed to induce iNKT cell anergy. However, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L pathway failed to prevent bacterial- or sulfatide-induced iNKT cell anergy, suggesting additional mechanisms of iNKT cell tolerance. Finally, we showed that blockade of PD-1/PD-L interactions enhanced the antimetastatic activities of αGalCer. Collectively, our findings reveal a critical role for the PD-1/PD-L costimulatory pathway in the αGalCer-mediated induction of iNKT cell anergy that can be targeted for the development of immunotherapies.
Role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 Inhibitory Interaction in Viral-Induced Immunopathology: Shifting the Balance toward Regulators
Authors: Sehrawat Sharvan , Suryawanshi Amol , Hirashima Mitsuomi , Rouse Barry T. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Controlling chronic immunoinflammatory diseases such as lesions in the eye caused by infection with HSV represents a therapeutic challenge. Since CD4+ T cells are the primary orchestrators of lesions, targeting activated CD4+ T cell subsets and increasing the representation of cells that express regulatory function would be a logical therapeutic approach. We show that this outcome can be achieved by therapy, systemic or local, with the lectin family member galectin-9. This molecule, which is a natural product of many cell types, acts as a ligand to the inhibitory molecule TIM-3 (T cell Ig and mucin-3) that is expressed by activated but not naive T cells. We show that 50% or more of T cells in ocular lesions caused by HSV in mice express TIM-3 and that blocking signals from its natural ligand with a mAb results in more severe lesions. More importantly, the provision of additional galectin-9, either systemically or more effectively by local subconjuctival administration, diminished the severity of stromal keratitis lesions as well as the extent of corneal neovascularization. Multiple mechanisms were involved in inhibitory effects. These included apoptosis of the orchestrating effector T cells with consequent reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in the representation of two separate subtypes of regulatory cells as well as inhibitory effects on the production of molecules involved in neovascularization, an essential component of stromal keratitis pathogenesis. Our results indicate that galectin-9 therapy may represent a useful approach to control HSV-induced lesions, the most common cause of infectious blindness in the Western world.
The Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor-Related Protein (GITR)-GITR Ligand Pathway Acts As a Mediator of Cutaneous Dendritic Cell Migration and Promotes T Cell-Mediated Acquired Immunity
Authors: Kamimura Yosuke , Iwai Hideyuki , Piao Jinhua , Hashiguchi Masaaki , Azuma Miyuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) has various roles in the activation of T cells and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the roles of the GITR-GITR ligand (GITRL) pathway in contact hypersensitivity (CH). Treatment with anti-GITRL mAb at sensitization inhibited CH responses. Depletion studies using an anti-CD25 or anti-PDCA-1 mAb revealed that regulatory T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), known to express high levels of GITR and GITRL, respectively, were not apparently involved in GITRL-mediated CH responses. Treatment with/addition of anti-GITRL mAb in the experiments for hapten-specific T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production showed a minor contribution of the GITRL, which was weakly expressed on DCs in draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Interestingly, anti-GITRL mAb treatment inhibited the migration of cutaneous DCs to the dLNs. Epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) constitutively express GITR, whereas Langerhans cells (LCs) express higher levels of GITRL compared with DCs in dLNs. GITR ligation, by an anti-GITR mAb, in KCs promoted expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and blockade of GITRL-inhibited IL-1β and CCR7 expression in sensitized skin. These results suggest that the GITR-GITRL pathway promotes epidermal inflammatory cytokine production by KCs and LCs, resulting in migration of cutaneous DCs from the skin to the dLNs. This is the first report demonstrating the involvement of the GITR-GTRL pathway in interactions with KCs and LCs and the migration of DCs. Our findings provide important implications for understanding the molecular bases of KC-LC interactions and for developing new therapeutic strategies in skin disease.
Cutting Edge: Mucosal Application of a Lyophilized Viral Vector Vaccine Confers Systemic and Protective Immunity toward Intracellular Pathogens
Authors: Kastenmuller Wolfgang , Gasteiger Georg , Stross Leon , Busch Dirk H. , Drexler Ingo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A major problem of current vaccines is storage stability, often requiring strict maintenance of cold chains. In the course of the eradication of smallpox, a freeze-dried vaccinia virus (Dryvax), which proved to be very stable, was used to overcome this limitation. However, Dryvax needs to be reconstituted before usage and is administered using a bifurcated needle, procedures that pose a number of additional health risks. We report in this study that a stable, lyophilized, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine can be directly applied to the nostrils of mice without previous reconstitution. This direct mucosal application induced systemic Ab and T cell responses comparable to those achieved by i.m. administration. Importantly, mucosal application of lyophilized MVA induced long-lasting protective immunity against lethal bacterial and viral challenges. These data clearly demonstrate the potency of a simple needle-free vaccination, combining the advantages of mucosal application with the stability and efficiency of lyophilized MVA.
Cutting Edge: In Vitro Generated Th17 Cells Maintain Their Cytokine Expression Program in Normal but Not Lymphopenic Hosts
Authors: Nurieva Roza , Yang Xuexian O. , Chung Yeonseok , Dong Chen 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Upon activation, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector Th cell subsets. The stability and plasticity of effector Th cells have not been well understood. In this study we used an IL-17F-red fluorescent protein reporter mouse to analyze the plasticity of Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that in vitro generated Th17 cells poorly maintained their differentiation program in vitro and could be reprogrammed into other T cell lineages. Moreover, upon transfer into lymphopenic hosts, Th17 cells rapidly lost their IL-17 expression and were converted into Th1 cells independently of IL-7 signaling. However, Th17 cells maintained their phenotypes well in normal animals, even in the absence of Ag and inflammation. These results, although suggesting the plasticity of Th17 cells, also indicate active maintenance of their program in vivo.
Cutting Edge: Killer Ig-Like Receptors Mediate “Missing Self” Recognition In Vivo
Authors: van Bergen Jeroen , Thompson Allan , Retière Christelle , Trowsdale John , Koning Frits 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Although it is well established that human NK cells are able to detect the absence of autologous HLA class I in vitro by virtue of inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors (KIR), direct evidence that KIR can mediate “missing self” recognition in vivo is lacking. To test this, we generated mice transgenic for a human KIR B-haplotype and HLA-Cw3 on a C57BL/6 background. NK cells in these mice expressed multiple KIR in a stochastic manner, including the HLA-Cw3-specific inhibitory receptor KIR2DL2. KIR and HLA transgenic mice rejected wild-type C57BL/6 spleen cells upon i.v. injection. This rejection was dependent on the presence of the KIR transgene in the host and on the absence of HLA-Cw3 from the injected target cells. Hence, the KIR transgene mediated “missing self” recognition in vivo. We anticipate that this KIR and HLA transgenic mouse will help shed light on KIR and HLA effects in disease and transplantation.
A Sense of ‘unrealness’ about the death of a loved‐one: An exploratory study of its role in emotional complications among bereaved individuals
Authors: Boelen Paul A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAfter a loss, some people develop complicated grief (CG) and depression. A recent cognitive‐behavioural model postulates that three processes account for such problems: (a) lack of integration of the loss with implicit autobiographical knowledge about the relationship with the lost person, (b) negative cognitions and (c) avoidance behaviours. In the current study, it was proposed that the ‘lack of integration of the loss’ is mainly an implicit process, but has an explicit, introspectively accessible counterpart in the form of ‘a sense of unrealness’ that can be defined as a subjective sense of uncertainty or ambivalence about the irreversibility of the separation. The role of this ‘sense of unrealness’ was studied using self‐reported data from 397 mourners. Among other things, findings showed that items constituting unrealness were distinct from those of CG and depression. In addition, unrealness was significantly associated with CG, when controlling for negative cognitions, avoidance and concomitant depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity Fading Mechanism in All Solid‐State Lithium Polymer Secondary Batteries Using PEG‐Borate/Aluminate Ester as Plasticizer for Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Kaneko Fuminari , Wada Shinta , Nakayama Masanobu , Wakihara Masataka , Koki Jun , Kuroki Shigeki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSolid‐state lithium polymer secondary batteries (LPB) are fabricated with a two‐electrode‐type cell construction of Li|solid‐state polymer electrolyte (SPE)|LiFePO4. Plasticizers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐borate ester (B‐PEG) or PEG‐aluminate ester (Al‐PEG) are added into lithium‐conducting SPEs in order to enhance their ionic conductivity, and lithium bis‐trifluoromethansulfonimide (LiTFSI) is used as the lithium salt. An improvement of the electrochemical properties is observed upon addition of the plasticizers at an operation temperature of 60 °C. However, a decrease of discharge capacities abruptly follows after tens of stable cycles. To understand the origin of the capacity fading, electrochemical impedance techniques, ex‐situ NMR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques are adopted. Alternating current (AC) impedance measurements indicate that the decrease of capacity retention in the LPB is related to a severe increase of the interfacial resistance between the SPE and cathode. In addition, the bulk resistance of the SPE film is observed to accompany the capacity decay. Ex situ NMR studies combined with AC impedance measurements reveal a decrease of Li salt concentration in the SPE film after cycling. Ex situ SEM/EDS observations show an increase of concentration of anions on the electrode surface after cycling. Accordingly, the anions may decompose on the cathode surface, which leads to a reduction of the cycle life of the LPB. The present study suggests that a choice of Li salt and an increase of transference number is crucial for the realization of lithium polymer batteries.
Tuning Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors by Direct Pyrolysis of Seaweeds
Authors: Raymundo‐Piñero Encarnación , Cadek Martin , Béguin François 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe sea provides a large variety of seaweeds that, because of their chemical composition, are fantastic precursors of nanotextured carbons. The carbons are obtained by the simple pyrolysis of the seaweeds under a nitrogen atmosphere between 600 and 900 °C, followed by rinsing the product in slightly acidic water. Depending on the origin of the seaweed and on the pyrolysis conditions, the synthesis may be oriented to give an oxygen‐enriched carbon or to give a tuned micro/mesoporous carbon. The samples with a rich oxygenated surface functionality are excellent as supercapacitor electrodes in an aqueous medium whereas the perfectly tuned porous carbons are directly applicable for organic media. In both cases, the specific surface area of the attained carbons does not exceed 1300 m2 g−1, which results in high‐density materials. As a consequence, the volumetric capacitance is very high, making these materials more interesting than activated carbons from the point of view of developing small and compact electric power sources. Such versatile carbons, obtained by a simple, ecological, and cheap process, could be well used for environment remediation such as water and air treatment.
Long‐Cycle Electrochemical Behavior of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized on Stainless Steel in Li Ion Batteries
Authors: Masarapu Charan , Subramanian Venkatachalam , Zhu Hongwei , Wei Bingqing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered to be excellent candidates for high performance electrode materials in Li ion batteries. The nanometer‐sized pore structures of CNTs can provide the hosting sites for storing large numbers of Li ions. A short diffusion distance for the Li ions may bring about a high discharge rate. The long‐cycle performance of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) directly synthesized on stainless‐steel foil as an anode material in lithium battery is demonstrated. An increase in the specific capacity with an increase in the cycle number is observed. Starting at a value of 132 mA hg−1 in the first cycle at a current rate of 1 C, the specific capacity increased about 250% to a value of 460 mA hg−1 after 1 200 cycles. This is an unusual but a welcoming behavior for battery applications. It is found that the morphology of the MWNTs with structural and surface defects and the stainless‐steel substrate play an important role in enhancing the capacity during the cycling process.
Nanocoating hybrid polymer films on large quantities of cohesive nanoparticles by molecular layer deposition
Authors: Liang Xinhua , King David M. , Li Peng , George Steven M. , Weimer Alan W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe conformal coating of ultra‐thin aluminum alkoxide (alucone) polymer films on primary silica and titania nanoparticles using molecular layer deposition (MLD) in a fluidized bed reactor from 100 to 160 °C is described. In situ mass spectrometry revealed that the growth of alucone MLD films was self‐limiting as a function of the individual trimethylaluminum and ethylene glycol exposures. The composition and highly conformal alucone films throughout the surface of both silica and titania nanoparticles were confirmed. The highest growth rate was observed at the lowest sample temperature. Primary nanoparticles were coated individually despite their strong tendency to aggregate during fluidization. Based on the results of chemical and thermogravimetric analysis, the value of x in the formula of Al(OCH2CH2O)x was estimated to be 1.9. The calculated film density slightly increased from 2.0 ± 0.1 to 2.2 ± 0.1 g/cm3 with the increasing of temperature from 100 to 160 °C. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhenotypic traits have been used for centuries for the purpose of racial classification. Developments in quantitative population genetics have allowed global comparison of patterns of phenotypic variation with patterns of variation in classical genetic markers and DNA markers. Human skin color shows a high degree of variation among geographic regions, typical of traits that show extensive natural selection. Even given this high level of geographic differentiation, skin color variation is clinal and is not well described by discrete racial categories. Craniometric traits show a level of among‐region differentiation comparable to genetic markers, with high levels of variation within populations as well as a correlation between phenotypic and geographic distance. Craniometric variation is geographically structured, allowing high levels of classification accuracy when comparing crania from different parts of the world. Nonetheless, the boundaries in global variation are not abrupt and do not fit a strict view of the race concept; the number of races and the cutoffs used to define them are arbitrary. The race concept is at best a crude first‐order approximation to the geographically structured phenotypic variation in the human species. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1918: Three perspectives on race and human variation
Authors: Caspari Rachel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRace was an important topic to the physical anthropologists of 1918, but their views were not monolithic. Multiple perspectives on race are expressed in the first volume of the AJPA, which encompass biological determinism and assumptions about evolutionary processes underlying the race concept. Most importantly, many of the significant alternative approaches to the study of human variation were already expressed in 1918. This paper examines race from the different perspectives of three key contributions to the first volume of the AJPA: papers from Hrdlička, Hooton, and Boas. The meaning of race derived from this work is then discussed. Despite new understandings gained through the neo‐Darwinian synthesis and the growth of genetics, the fundamentals of the modern discussions of race were already planted in 1918. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human DNA sequences: More variation and less race
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Li Jie , Healy Meghan E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractInterest in genetic diversity within and between human populations as a way to answer questions about race has intensified in light of recent advances in genome technology. The purpose of this article is to apply a method of generalized hierarchical modeling to two DNA data sets. The first data set consists of a small sample of individuals (n = 32 total, from eight populations) who have been fully resequenced for 63 loci that encode a total of 38,534 base pairs. The second data set consists of a large sample of individuals (n = 928 total, from 46 populations) who have been genotyped at 580 loci that encode short tandem repeats. The results are clear and somewhat surprising. We see that populations differ in the amount of diversity that they harbor. The pattern of DNA diversity is one of nested subsets, such that the diversity in non‐Sub‐Saharan African populations is essentially a subset of the diversity found in Sub‐Saharan African populations. The actual pattern of DNA diversity creates some unsettling problems for using race as meaningful genetic categories. For example, the pattern of DNA diversity implies that some populations belong to more than one race (e.g., Europeans), whereas other populations do not belong to any race at all (e.g., Sub‐Saharan Africans). As Frank Livingstone noted long ago, the Linnean classification system cannot accommodate this pattern because within the system a population cannot belong to more than one named group within a taxonomic level. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomineralization Nanolithography: Combination of Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Fabrication To Grow Arrays of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles Along Peptide Lines
Authors: Nuraje Nurxat , Mohammed Samia , Yang Linglu , Matsui Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVon oben und von unten: Schneisen in selbstorganisierten Monoschichten (SAM) auf einem Goldsubstrat wurden mit Peptidlinien gefüllt. Eine Kombination von Top‐down‐ (Peptidnanolithographie) und Bottom‐up‐Verfahren (Biomineralisation) ermöglichte es, monodisperse Goldnanopartikel auf diesen Peptidlinien abzuscheiden (siehe Bild). Die Zahl an Nanopartikeln auf den Linien war durch die Breite des Peptidmusters bestimmt.magnified image
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Amphidinolide K
Authors: Ko Haye Min , Lee Chung Whan , Kwon Hyung Kyoo , Chung Hea Seung , Choi Soo Young , Chung Young Keun , Lee Eun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMacrolide magic: An enyne cross‐metathesis reaction of an alkynyl boronate with an alkene derivative as well as a radical cyclization reaction of a homopropargylic β‐alkoxyacrylate are the key transformations in the total synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolide (−)‐amphidinolide K.magnified image
Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPent: An Active, Sterically Demanding Cross‐Coupling Catalyst and Its Application in the Synthesis of Tetra‐Ortho‐Substituted Biaryls
Authors: Organ Michael G. , Çalimsiz Selçuk , Sayah Mahmoud , Hoi Ka Hou , Lough Alan J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIncredible Bulk: A series of N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts (see picture) were prepared and evaluated in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. A variety of sterically encumbered tetra‐ortho‐substituted biaryl products were formed from unreactive aryl chlorides using the isopentyl‐substituted catalyst at temperatures ranging from 65 °C to room temperature. The cyclopentyl‐substituted catalyst was virtually inactive, demonstrating that “flexible bulk” is essential to promote these transformations.magnified image
The variation of the dielectric constant and loss index with temperature and draw ratio in α‐PVDF
Authors: Ozkazanc E. , Guney H. Y. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this study, the effect of measurement temperature and uniaxial drawing on the real (dielectric constant, ε′) and imaginary (loss index, ε″) parts of the complex dielectric constant of α‐crystalline phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was investigated. The samples having different draw ratios (λ) were obtained by drawing the PVDF film at constant speed and temperature. The dielectric measurements were performed in the frequency range of 100 Hz–1 MHz and in the temperature range of 80–400 K. Although ε′ and ε″ were not affected by the orientation process during the β‐relaxation transition, it was observed that there were systematical variations for the α‐relaxation transition. ε′ and ε″ showed different behaviors depending on the draw ratio at different temperatures. Especially, ε″ was more affected by the orientation process at 380 K. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009