bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENAMELS OF STANDARD COLORS FOR VITREOUS CHINA SANITARY WARE AT CONE 6*
Authors: Kautz Karl M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe composition and preparation of the six colored enamels for producing the standard color samples in use in the sanitary ware industry are given. These enamels can also be used for the production of a standard vitreous china sanitary ware at cone 6.
SOME PROPERTIES OF ENGLISH CHINA CLAYS*
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Meyer W. W. , Vachuska E. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study is presented of some of the properties of fifteen English china clays in common use commercially in the United States. Data are presented which may be useful in making substitutions for these clays, as well as furnishing a basis of correlation of some of the properties. A study of the base exchange capacities shows a general relationship to the transverse strengths of the clays in the unfired state.
SOME SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT REBOIL AND BOND STUDIES USING SEVERAL ENAMELING STOCKS*
Authors: Ebright H. E. , Clawson C. D. , Irwin J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents results and observations obtained from a study of metals and some metallic oxides as mill additions to eliminate or reduce reboiling of ground‐coat enamels.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ALUMINATE ON CONSISTENCY AND ACID RESISTANCE OF SOME ACID‐RESISTANT ENAMELS*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Irwin J. T. , Carter W. K. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper includes consistency studies and shows variations in acid resistance occurring with concentration and the method of using sodium aluminate as a setting‐up agent.
DIFFICULTIES IN FIRING DECORATED WHITEWARE*
Authors: Robson J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome of the problems encountered in firing decorated whiteware are discussed. Both commercial and laboratory tests were conducted to show the cause of difficulties and their prevention. The subjects discussed are (1) “spit‐out” or blistered glaze, (3) prevention of crazed or dunted glaze, (3) firing of selenium red overglaze, and (4) prevention of specks in decorating or overglazing one‐fired whiteware.
THE USE OF AUXILIARY FLUXES IN DINNERWARE BODIES*
Authors: Loomis George A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA plant and laboratory study was made of the use of frits as auxiliary fluxes in dinnerware bodies. The frits were added to a commercial earthenware body. Seven‐inch plates of these bodies were jiggered, fired, and glazed at the pottery.Some practical difficulties encountered were as follows: (1) Due to the progressive solubility of the frits, even when this solubility was slight and only 2 to 4% of the frit was used, the slip was deflocculated and the plasticity of the body was destroyed. This trouble apparently was overcome by using a slight excess of hydrochloric acid in the body slip. (2) The ware of the bodies containing frit warped more than the normal body, especially in the glost fire.Results of tests of the slips, bodies, and ware are presented.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE PREPARATION AND THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM ALUMINATE*
Authors: Kammermeyer K. , Peck Albert B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCrystalline sodium aluminate was prepared by heating monomolecular and other mixtures of Na2CO3 and A12O3.3H2O for varying periods to temperatures up to 1700°C.The constituents produced were identified by petrographic‐microscopic methods, and new optical data on sodium aluminate was obtained.Sodium aluminate was found to exist from temperatures below 1100 to above 1700°C, its melting point being above 1700°C.Small amounts of iron oxide aid the formation of sodium aluminate, especially at the lower temperatures.
THE COMMERCIAL UNDERCLAYS OF INDIANA*
Authors: Whitlatch George I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe commercial underclays of Indiana are used extensively in the manufacture of heavy clay products in that State; the use of native underclays for making pottery and refractories has been comparatively limited. Field and laboratory data relating to those underclays now being utilized by the clay plants of the State are summarized. The data, for the most part, are based upon field observations and laboratory tcsts made by the writer. The underclays are discussed with reference to their stratigraphical occurrences, physical characteristics in the outcrop, and physical properties as determined in the laboratory by chemical analyses and fire tests. The data selected for each underclay horizon are representative of the average quality of the clay used commercially from that horizon. Brief mention is made also of the qualities of underclays in horizons other than those being utilized at the present time.
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF “BETA‐ALUMINA”*
Authors: Austin J. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn attempt to determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient of a sample of “beta‐alumina” containing 4.47% K2O and 1.03% Na2O was unsuccessful because the expansion was irregular and not reproducible. On successive heatings, the expansion approached more and more closely that of alpha‐alumina (corundum). This observation, together with the fact that the fused‐silica parts of the expansion apparatus were badly etched during the measurements, apparently by alkali given off by the sample, gives further support to the view that “beta‐alumina” is not an allotropic form of pure alumina but is an alkali aluminate.
ACID AND BASE BINDING CAPACITIES AND VISCOSITY RELATIONS IN CERTAIN WHITEWARE CLAYS *
Authors: Henry Edward C. , Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn studying the relationships between the chemical and the physical behavior of clay slips, correlations otherwise obscured are brought out if the clay is first carefully purified. Electrodialysis seems to be an effective method of removing interfering adsorbed electrolyte from clay in preparing it for such investigations.Electrodialyzed samples of several whiteware clays in wide use in the ceramic industry were found to behave chemically as weak acids and bases. The amount of Na‐OH necessary to neutralize the “acids” coincided with the smallest amount sufficient to produce the minimum viscosity in suspensions of these clays.The pH of exchange neutrality of each clay agreed closely with a maximum in its pH‐viscosity curve. At this point, the addition either of HCl or NaOH reduced the viscosity, although not equally. As further amounts of NaOH were added, two effects were recognized. Some clays continued to become more fluid until complete deflocculation, while other clays passed first through a range of concentration in which NaOH caused increasing Viscosity. Changes in viscosity were observed also in suspensions with increasing concentrations of HCl. A theory for these effects is presented.
LIFE HISTORY OF A GLAZE: I, MATURING OF A WHITEWARE GLAZE *
Authors: Blakely A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlazed specimens of a commercial semivitreous body were fired according to a production tunnel‐kiln schedule, and draw trials were taken out and quenched at frequent temperature intervals. Thin sections of these specimens were examined with a petrographic microscope for a determination of the constituents in the glaze and at the interface. The volume of the bubbles, undissolved feldspar, and undissolved quartz were measured for each temperature.
USE OF THE WATER ELUTRIATOR IN ADDITION TO SCREEN TESTS IN DETERMINING FINENESS DISTRIBUTION OF MILLED ENAMEL *
Authors: Lange L. A. , Fellows R. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method of using a water elutriator in combination with screen tests to determine the fineness distribution of milled enamels is described. Results of tests of milled enamels which were ground under various conditions are given.
RANDOM EXPERIMENTS ON ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe results of various experiments dealing with the behavior of ground‐coat enamels are given. Hydrogen causes metallic nickel or iron to separate from regular molten ground coats, while the gases evolved from sheet iron cause metallic copper to form from molten copper‐bearing glasses and metallic iron to form from regular molten ground coats. Ground coats have only a slight volatilization loss at 1600°F. Because CuO decomposes when heated in absence of oxygen or with iron or FeO, the various experiments performed suggest that glass solutions of CuO are oxidizing and are reduced by such reducing agents as H2, CO, FeO, CoO, NiO, MnO, and Fe.
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF METALLIC PARTICLES AND OXIDES OF IRON, NICKEL, AND COBALT IN FIRED GROUND COATS*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemical methods were investigated and are described for studying the products formed in fired ground‐coat enamels. The results obtained show that (1) the metallic particles are essentially iron with a trace of nickel, (2) a film of free FeO exists between glass and iron, (3) total FeO content increases with firing time, but the NiO and CoO content remains constant, and (4) no metallic cobalt and only a trace of metallic nickel is present on the iron surface on which ground coats have been fired and then removed.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLINOIS POTTERY CLAY*
Authors: Harman C. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFour Illinois pottery clays, representing two extreme types and two intermediate types, are described. Porosity and thermal expansion tests were made on the raw and fired clays. The temperature of the inversion of low to high cristobalite in these clays is much lower than is usually accepted for the lower limit of this inversion because cristobalite is formed at low temperatures. A limited amount of data was obtained on the volume changes of raw clays during firing, the organic matter content, and thermal dissociation.
CONTROL OF CRAZING IN SANITARY WARE GLAZES BY MAYER AND HAVAS COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION FACTORS*
Authors: Knecht A. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA brief history of glaze literature on coefficient of expansion and a short description of methods of determination are given. Using the factors of Mayer and Havas to calculate the coefficient of expansion of glazes from the percentage weights of their oxides, factors were calculated for glaze raw materials. Instead of the empirical formulas for raw materials, chemical analyses supplied by dealers of glaze materials were used. A series of glazes, starting with a high coefficient and gradually decreasing in coefficient, was tested. After determining from this series the calculated coefficient of the noncrazing glaze, a series was made in which the composition was varied and the coefficient was kept constant. Glazes of low coefficient did not craze. No crazing resulted when the composition of the glazes was varied and the calculated coefficient was kept constant. This method is a valuable means of controlling crazing in sanitary glazes because of its simplicity, the economy of experimental equipment, and the relatively short time required to complete the tests.
USE OF NEPHELINE SYENITE IN FLOOR‐TILE AND WALL‐TILE BODIES*
Authors: Koenig C. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe physical properties of wall‐tile bodies and floor‐tile bodies are described. The wall‐tile bodies are fluxed respectively with nepheline syenite; feldspar; talc and feldspar; talc and syenite; talc, pyrophyllite, and syenite; and talc, pyrophyllite, and feldspar. Floor‐tile bodies, developing at lower temperatures, may be formulated with nepheline syenite. The greater refractoriness of American clays used in these bodies, as compared to English clays, is compensated for by the increased fluxing action of nepheline syenite.
PHOSPHORUS STEELS FOR VITREOUS ENAMELING*
Authors: Lorig C. H. , Krause D. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA summary is given of the tests which were conducted to appraise the utility of phosphorus steels in vitreous enameling. Enameling tests were conducted on both killed and rimmed steels of low‐carbon iron and steel with a phosphorus content up to 0.60%. Phosphorus was found to reduce the sag of laboratory‐prepared enameling stock to a marked degree. The most effective range of phosphorus was from 0.10 to 0.15%, and killed steels were superior to rimmed steels in their sag resistance. Phosphorus appeared to have no significant influence on common enameling defects. In amounts of less than 0.40%, it had no marked effect on the adherence of the enamel. The deep drawing qualities of the sheet, based on Olsen ductility tests, were somewhat impaired by phosphorus. This is in line with the strong tendency for phosphorus to raise the strength of the sheet.
RESISTANCE OF GLASS BOTTLES TO NEUTRAL ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBottle surface tests with alcoholic solutions of various strengths and with distilled water show that corrosion decreases with increasing alcoholic concentration. The tendency to form flakes usually, though not always, decreases with increasing alcoholic concentration. The results show no relation that will hold for all glass bottle compositions between extraction values with distilled water in any accelerated test and extraction values or the tendency to form flakes in neutral alcoholic solutions.
REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND MOLTEN GLASS *
Authors: Badger A. E. , Bard B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of melts of soda‐lime‐silica glass cullet in contact with various chemical elements was made to determine by observation the extent of the reaction between metal and glass. The heat treatment consisted of a period of two hours at about 1250°C. An atmosphere of hydrogen gas was used to protect the element from oxidation during the the test period. Various colors were produced by Cu, Ag, Au, Se, C, S, and Zr. Black fogs resulted from melts containing Ba, Cr, or V; gray or black fogs with reddish zones resulted from Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, Si, and Al. A faint blue with large reddish zones was produced by Co. Only slight attack was shown by Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sn, Pb, Mo, and W.
AN ALL‐AMERICAN SANITARY‐WARE BODY*
Authors: Sproat I. E. , Treischel C. C. , Emrich E. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe development of a casting body for sanitary ware is based on the theories that (1) organic deflocculating agents are inherently better than inorganic deflocculants; (2) the use of at least three ball clays and two kaolins permits better control of uniformity of physical properties of casting slip; and (3) the proper selection of domestic clays will give casting slips that cast as fast or faster than those made from imported clays. Comparisons with commercial bodies are made for color, shrinkage, absorption, speed of casting, and rate of thickening.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYS THROUGH CONTROL OF PH AND CHARACTER OF BASE‐EXCHANGE SATURATION*
Authors: Barker George J. , Truog Emil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMarked improvement in the workability of clays and the quality of the fired products can be attained with many clays by a control process that involves the regulation of pH and the character of base saturation by the addition of sodium carbonate and other alkaline materials. The amount of basic material which must be added to effect this proper control is most easily determined by the use of titration curves derived by titrating samples of the clays with alkali. The interpretation of the various types of curves thus obtained is discussed in detail. The control process, if desired, may be used in combination with deairing. The use of certain wetting agents in addition to the control process has given only slight additional benefit.
FACTORS INFLUENCING AUTOCLAVE CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS OF GLASS CONTAINERS*
Authors: Herman A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo secure reproducible results with the chemical durability test in which distilled water is used as the leaching medium, the distilled water must be prepared with special care because certain impurities, of which copper is the most important, are present in small quantities and exhibit a marked effect on alkalinity values. Other impurities, such as lead, iron, sodium silicate, and sodium carbonate, which may be found occasionally in distilled water, do not have as great an effect as copper on alkalinity values. The temperature at which the leaching is carried out has a much greater effect on the test than the length of the test period.
SEPARATION OF INHOMOGENEITIES IN BOTTLE GLASS BY DENSITY DIFFERENCES*
Authors: Turnbull John C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCordy glass consisting of a mixture of fibers or laminations of various glasses of slightly differing compositions is separated in the form of powder by differences of density. These differences in general run parallel with differences of thermal expansion which produce the polariscopic appearance of cordiness. The separated fractions can be analyzed chemically, and therefore, perhaps, for the first time an estimate can be made of the chemical errors involved in the cords of the old polariscopic gradings, A, B, C. The most important features of the technique are (1) the elimination of moisture from the glass and the suspending liquid and (2) the use of a special centrifuge with accurate control of temperature.
THE SYSTEM SODIUM DISILICATE‐BARIUM DISILICATE*
Authors: Greene K. T. , Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe sodium disilicate‐barium disilicate join of the ternary system, Na2O‐BaO‐SiO2, has been studied by means of the quenching method, and the phase‐equilibrium diagram has been determined. The two compounds form a binary system without intermediate compounds and without appreciable solid solution. The eutectic occurs at approximately 32% of barium disilicate by weight and at a temperature of 797° C. The melting point of barium disilicate was determined as 1418° C. The glasses in the field of stability of barium disilicate show a marked tendency toward devitrification.The refractive indices of the glasses for sodium light were measured by the microscopic immersion method. These varied regularly from 1.505 for sodium disilicate glass to 1.610 for barium disilicate glass. The refractive index‐composition curve plotted on a weight percentage basis is definitely convex downward, whereas on a mol percentage basis it is slightly convex upward.
DURABILITY OF OPTICAL GLASS*
Authors: Jones Frank L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples of polished optical glass were exposed under varying conditions, and the optical systems of instruments in use and in storage were studied. Two general types of change in the polished surface were noted in the cases where weathering had taken place. Glass that remained in a humid atmosphere for a long period of time became covered with a hazy film of soluble alkaline salts. All glasses are subject to such dimming in contact with water vapor, but the rate and degree of dimming vary with different glasses. The second type of weathering is the formation of transparent silica‐rich surface films because of the loss of high refractive index oxides such as lead or barium from the surface of the glass by solution in water. A filmed glass is usually not harmed in any way, but interference effects make the surface appear colored so that the user considers it to be stained.A study of durability tests has led to the adoption of a stain test similar to that of Berger. A dimming test has been developed in which glass samples are exposed to a saturated humidity atmosphere for 28 days at 50°C. and then compared with standard ground‐glass samples.
PHASE‐EQUILIBRIUM DATA IN THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Birch Raymond E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt has been possible, with certain types of refractories, to apply phase‐rule data to the manufacturing processes. The fields in which these data are useful include silica, magnesite, chrome, dolomite, forsterite, and, to a limited extent, alumina‐silica refractories. Phase‐rule data frequently are inadequate, and in other cases their use is dependent on certain empirical generalizations. Refractories usually contain five or more oxides which are present in amounts that cannot be ignored. The application of three‐component phase‐rule data is possible because of independent research conclusions which have shown that there is almost no solubility of certain components in the liquid phase in some systems or that one or more components are present almost entirely in solid solution.In predicting which of several types of refractories is likely to succeed best in a given service, the information available is usually insufficient to permit a strict application of phase‐rule data. Slagging action, in a large measure, depends on slag viscosity, and viscosity data are usually not available.
IRON OXIDE IN ENAMEL GLASS AS DISSOLVED FROM THE METAL BASE*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Swift Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe iron oxide content of an enamel glass was measured by the use of a predetermined curve representing iron oxide versus the index of refraction. It was found that the iron oxide content of the glass adjoining the interface between the enamel and the iron base rises sharply in the early stages of firing to a value close to the solubility limit of the glass after which it gradually falls to a constant value. The iron content at the surface remains low until that at the interface decreases, whereupon the surface concentration correspondingly increases. The cobalt additions resulted in a lower iron content in solution at the interface, but they increased the dendrite content of the glass. A decrease in the cobalt content resulted in an opposite effect. There was a direct relation between the amounts of cobalt and dendrites and the adherence. The effects of temperature and thickness of application are given, and the results are discussed.
COMMERCIAL FIRING SURVEY OF CAR‐TUNNEL KILNS*
Authors: Nelson McDonald S. , Wilscon Hewitt 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFiring data were received from forty‐eight manufacturers of many types of ceramic products. The products were divided into six classes, and minimum, maximum, and average values are presented in chart form on the firing cycle, loading, heat consumption, and firing costs. Fuel costs are analyzed, and data are given for two small, electric, twin‐tunnel kilns.
ADSORPTION OF IONS BY LEACHED SURFACE FILMS ON GLASS*
Authors: Hafner Harold C. , Jones Frank L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe leaching of glass by acid or neutral solutions may be complicated by the selective adsorption of certain ions within the hydrated silica film formed on the glass surface. The rate of release of acid‐soluble elements to the attacking solution is thus not necessarily in accordance with the amounts present in the body of the glass. Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 22, 1942 (Glass Division). Received June 8, 1942.
COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN CERAMICS*
Authors: Johnson A. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe advancement of ceramics from an art to a science, a transition which has been in progress for the last forty odd years, parallels the development of the science of colloids. Whereas the application of the fundamentals of the physical and the chemical sciences has indicated to the ceramic engineer the methods to be used in solving his problems, it has been in the interpretation of these researches that the colloid science has contributed more than was ever anticipated. For a more practical knowledge of the basic principles involved in the fabrication of ceramic goods, the ceramist finds that a thorough understanding of the colloid‐physical concept of clays and other raw materials supplies him with the answers to many of his industrial problems.The subject matter of ceramics or, more specifically, the fabrication of ceramic ware is discussed from the colloid‐physical standpoint in an effort to illustrate what colloid chemistry means to the ceramic industry.