bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil from Eremanthus erythropappus leaves
Authors: Sousa Orlando V , Silvério Marcelo S , Del-Vechio-Vieira Glauciemar , Matheus Filipe C , Yamamoto Célia H , Alves Maria S 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oil from air-dried leaves of Eremanthus erythropappus was studied. The main compounds were β-pinene (23.24%), β-caryophyllene (22.92%), β-myrcene (10.03%) and germacrene D (9.40%). The essential oil had an LD50 of 2.90 gkg−1 in mice. Doses of 200 and 400 mgkg−1 inhibited 10.69% and 27.06% of acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice, respectively. In the formalin-induced nociception test in mice, the essential oil inhibited the first phase of paw licking by 29.13% (400 mgkg−1) and the second phase by 32.74% (200 mgkg−1) and 37.55% (400 mgkg−1). In the hot-plate test in mice, doses of 200 mgkg−1 and 400 mgkg−1 significantly increased the reaction time after 30, 60 and 90 min of treatment. Doses of 200 and 400 mgkg−1 inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats by 15.18% and 36.61%, respectively. Doses of 200 and 400 mgkg−1 administered 4 h before intra-pleural injection of carrageenan significantly reduced exudate volume (by 20.20% and 48.70%, respectively) and leucocyte mobilization (by 5.88% and 17.29%, respectively). These results demonstrate that E. erythropappus has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting the use of this plant in folk medicine.
Anti-angiogenic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities ofLonicera japonicaextract
Authors: Yoo Hye-Jung , Kang Hyun-Jung , Song Yun Seon , Park Eun-Hee , Lim Chang-Jin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study aimed to elucidate some novel pharmacological activities of Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae), which is widely used in Oriental folk medicine. The ethanolic extract of L. japonica (LJ) dose dependently inhibited chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis. The antinociceptive activity of LJ was assessed using the acetic acid-induced constriction model in mice. LJ showed anti-inflammatory activity in two in-vivo models: the vascular permeability and air pouch models. LJ suppressed the production of nitric oxide via down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. However, LJ was unable to suppress induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in the stimulated macrophage cells. LJ decreased the reactive oxygen species level in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, the flowers of L. japonica possess potent anti-angiogenic and antinociceptive activities, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity, which partly supports its therapeutic efficacy.
Beneficial influence of capsaicin on lipid peroxidation, membrane-bound enzymes and glycoprotein profile during experimental lung carcinogenesis
Authors: Anandakumar P , Jagan S , Kamaraj S , Ramakrishnan G , Titto A A , Devaki T 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This study was designed to examine the impact of a principal component of hot red peppers and chilli peppers, capsaicin, on alterations in lipid peroxidation, membrane-bound enzyme profiles and glycoprotein levels during benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced lung cancer in Swiss albino mice. BP (50 mgkg−1) induced deleterious changes that were revealed by alterations in lipid peroxidation, membrane-bound enzyme (Na+/K+ATPase, Ca2+ATPase and Mg2+ATPase) activity, levels of total protein and protein-bound carbohydrate components (sialic acid, hexose, hexosamine, hexuronic acid and fucose). Pre-co-treatment with capsaicin (10 mgkg−1) restored the detrimental effects induced by BP, indicating its protective role in BP-induced lung cancer.
Scratch test method: Energy dissipation and crack morphology
Authors: Krenn S , Badisch E , Pauschitz A 
Published: May 2008

Abrasive wear is one of the most dominant wear mechanisms in industrial applications. Abrasive particles groove the metallic surface under various tribological interactions. Different wear mechanisms show a major influence on the abrasive wear behaviour, e.g. depending on the kinematic properties of abrasive particles. The scratch test method can be used to investigate a two-body-abrasion on a lab-scale and is defined as an ideal single tribological contact. Depending on the material behaviour, a certain amount of elastic and plastic deformation occurs during the scratch test. Especially, the characteristics of plastic deformation can give important information about the wear behaviour of the material investigated. The objective of this work is the characterization of selected material properties by the use of a standard scratch tester (Millennium 100, TRIBOtechnic) in combination with special analysis methods, e.g. SEM, confocal white light microscope, and Matlab©. The main focus is laid on the characterization of plastic deformation behaviour correlated with energy dissipation during grooving. Furthermore, a detailed study on the interface properties of multi-phase materials is done. Tests were carried out on single-phase materials with hardness in the range between 270–1100 HV5. The selected single-phase materials can be divided into brass materials, martensitic chromium steels, and complex high-alloyed Fe-based materials. Further investigations were done on multi-phase materials with Ni-based matrix and high content of synthetically added tungsten carbide (WC) with focus on crack initiation and direction of crack propagation. The influence of matrix hardness as well as carbide properties (e.g. shape, content, and orientation) are related to the crack behaviour of the composite material investigated. Results showed a strong correlation between crack morphology and matrix hardness. A soft metallic matrix (450 HV) tends to stop carbide-cracks in the interface, whereas a hard metallic matrix (600 HV) provides less resistance against crack propagation.
Catalytic Radical Cyclization of Oximes Induced by One-Electron Transfer
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Anion radicals generated by one-electron reduction of oxime derivatives act as iminyl radical equivalents. That is, the intramolecular C–N bond formation of γ,δ-unsaturated or β-aryl oximes is induced by one-electron reduction to give various aza-heterocycles. The catalytic electron transfer processes are developed by using hydroquinones or copper reagents as electron donors. Photo-induced electron transfer is also utilized to transform of γ,δ-unsaturated oximes to dihydropyrroles. Total synthesis of peduncularine was achieved by applying the catalytic radical cyclization of oximes as a key step.
Palladium-Catalyzed CH Arylation and Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Heteroaromatic Compounds and Application to the Design of Advanced Organic Materials
Authors: Mori Atsunori , Sugie Atsushi 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
CH arylation of five-membered heteroaromatic compounds such as thiazoles and thiophenes recently developed by the authors is reviewed. The reaction of thiazole with aryl iodides in the presence of a palladium/copper catalyst system and tetrabutylammonium fluoride causes CH arylation at the 2-position of thiazole. The reaction of 2-arylthiazole with aryl iodide by the catalysis of a palladium complex with silver(I) fluoride induces CH arylation at the 5-position. The reactions allow preparation of a variety of 2,5-diarylthiazoles in a facile manner. Spectroscopic, thermal, and electrochemical characteristics of 2,5-diarylthiazole are summarized. Introduction of the 2,5-diarylthiazole moiety, which exhibits photoluminescent and liquid crystalline characteristics, into the side chain of polymethacrylate is also described. CH arylation of thiophene derivatives are described to occur similarly to the case of thiazole. CH homocoupling of thiophene leading to bithiophene, in which the carbon–bromine bond on the thiophene ring is completely intact in the palladium-catalyzed reaction, is also described. Mechanistic studies on the reactions of thiophene are shown with a stoichiometric use of arylpalladium(II) halide complex and thiophene to undergo electrophilic substitution at the thiphene ring toward the palladium atom and the following reductive elimination of the thus obtained aryl(thienyl)palladium complex.
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Sarcophytoxide, a Marine Cembranoid: An Apparently Enantio-Directive Reaction, Unusual Products and Stereochemical Reconsideration of Epoxide–Ketone Rearrangement
Authors: Nii Keiji , Tagami Keiko , Kijima Masaru , Munakata Tatsuo , Ooi Takashi , Kusumi Takenori 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Perchloric acid treatment of sarcophytoxide, a marine cembranoid possessing an epoxide, brought about epoxide–ketone rearrangement affording ketones. When the reaction time was long (22 h), a minor ketone that was antipodal to the ketone obtained in a short-time (10 min) reaction was formed. These puzzling findings, considering that the starting epoxide had three asymmetric carbons, were interpreted by surveying the structures of other ketonic products. The stereochemistry of a major ketone, which had been wrongly assigned, was corrected by extensive analyses of NMR spectra. The correct stereochemistry indicated that the epoxide–ketone rearrangement took a course via a cationic intermediate.
Effects of an Axial Amino Ligand on the Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Amino(methoxo)(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) Complexes
Authors: Tsunami Shin-ichiro , Tanaka Kousuke , Matsumoto Jin , Shiragami Tsutomu , Yasuda Masahide 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
We investigated the effects of an axial amino ligand on the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of alkylamino(methoxo)(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) bromide 1 and anilino(methoxo)(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) bromide 2. Fluorescence measurements of 1 and 2 showed that their fluorescence quantum yields were lower than that of dihydroxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) bromide (3) due to intramolecular electron transfer (ET) from the axial amino ligand to the excited porphyrin ring. Fluorescence was enhanced by the addition of a proton, which was caused by the protonation of the axial nitrogen atom, thereby preventing ET. From the titration curves of fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) versus proton concentration, we estimated the acid dissociation constants (pKa) for the conjugate acid of the axial amino ligand of 1 to be 4.41–5.03. The reduction potentials (E1⁄2red) of 2 depended strongly on the electronic effect of the p-substituents (X) on the axial aniline group whereas the E1⁄2red of methoxo(p-substituted-phenoxo)(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) bromide was little affected by the p-substituents on the phenoxo ligand. These observations were interpreted as reflecting the participation of the axial amino ligand in the LUMO, calculated for 2 by the PM3 method.
Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Doubly Face-Sharing Heterotrinuclear NiII–LnIII–NiII (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) Complexes
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoka , Sunatsuki Yukinari , Ishida Hiroyuki , Kojima Masaaki , Akashi Haruo , Re Nazzareno , Matsumoto Naohide , Pochaba Andrzej , Mrozinski Jerzy 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Heterotrinuclear [(NiIIL)2LnIII(NO3)] complexes (where H3L = 1,1,1-tris[(salicylideneamino)methyl]ethane and Ln = Gd (1), Eu (2), Tb (3), and Dy (4)) were prepared by treating [Ni(H1.5L)]Cl0.5 with Ln(NO3)3·6H2O in the presence of triethylamine. Complexes 1·2CH3OH, 3·2CH3OH, and 4·C2H5OH·0.5H2O crystallized in the triclinic space group,Z=2, while 2·CH3OH·0.5H2O crystallized in the tetragonal space group, I41⁄a (No. 88), with Z=8. All the complexes had very similar structures. Each complex was a doubly face-sharing trinuclear molecule. The NiII ion is coordinated by the L3− ligand in an N3O3 coordination sphere, and the three phenolate oxygen atoms coordinate to an LnIII ion as bridging atoms. The LnIII ion is eight coordinate with six phenolate oxygen atoms of the two L3− ligands and two oxygen atoms of NO3−. Coordination of the NO3− group entails a bending of the Ni···Ln···Ni angle (ca. 140°). All the complexes involve π–π and CH–π interactions between the neighboring molecules to form a three-dimensional structure. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility and field-dependent magnetization measurements on 1 showed a ferromagnetic interaction between the NiII and GdIII atoms. A ferromagnetic interaction was also suggested for NiII–TbIII (3) and NiII–DyIII (4).(No. 2), with
A Great Improvement of the Enantioselectivity of Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis and Esterification Using Co-Solvents as an Additive
Authors: Nishigaki Tomohiro , Yasufuku Yoshitaka , Murakami Sayuri , Ebara Yasuhito , Ueji Shin-ichi 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Addition of co-solvents such as tetrahydrofuran resulted in a great improvement of the enantioselectivity of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of butyl 2-(4-substituted phenoxy)propanoates in an aqueous buffer solution. On the other hand, lipase lyophilized from an aqueous solution containing the co-solvents catalyzed highly enantioselective esterification of 2-(4-substituted phenoxy)propionic acids, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid (ibuprofen), and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid (naproxen) in an organic solvent. An increase in the E value up to two orders of magnitude was observed for some substrates. The origin of the enantioselectivity enhancement caused by the co-solvent addition was mainly attributed to a significant deceleration in the initial reaction rate for the incorrectly binding enantiomer, as compared with that for the correctly binding enantiomer. From the results of FT-IR, CD, and ESR spectra, the co-solvent addition was also found to bring about a partial destruction of the tertiary structure of lipase.
Inflammation in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Parish Roy C , Evans Jeffery D 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To summarize findings regarding the association of inflammatory processes with chronic heart failure (HF). Data Sources: We conducted PubMed/MEDLINE searches (1966–January 2006) of primary literature using the following key words: ACE inhibitors, allopurinol, angiotensin-receptor antagonists, cardiomyopathy, chemokines, cytokines, diuretics, heart failure, Inflammation, interleukins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, immunotherapy, medications used In heart failure, thalidomide, tumor necrosis (actor, and uric acid. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles that appeared to be relevant were read; of 305 articles examined, 87 were selected for discussion. Articles were selected if they were written in English and focused on any of the key words or appeared to have substantial content addressing inflammation in HF. Data Synthesis: Cytokines, uric acid, and other inflammatory mediators are associated with physiologic effects that are also prominent features of HF (eg, reduced contractility and cardiac output, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, autonomic dysfunction as evidenced by reduced resting heart rate variability, insulin resistance). With the exception of elevated tumor necrosis factor-α as a cause of insulin resistance, it is not clear whether elevated inflammatory mediators directly cause HF signs and symptoms or whether they are incidental markers. Awareness of these associations has occurred relatively recently; there have been few clinical studies of efforts to directly modify inflammatory mediators. Most currently accepted drug therapies of HF reduce concentrations of circulating cytokines, but the significance of these findings awaits directed study. Conclusions: Loss of myocardial function, autonomic dysfunction, and glucose intolerance are interrelated and linked by underlying chronic low-grade inflammation. Drug therapy with statins, pentoxifylline, and perhaps urate-lowering agents, in addition to current therapies, holds promise for treatment of HF.
Therapeutic Controversies: Aspirin, Clopidogrel, and Warfarin: Is the Combination Appropriate and Effective or Inappropriate and Too Dangerous?
Authors: Hermosillo A Janelle , Spinier Sarah A 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To review the rationale, clinical practice guideline recommendations, and clinical trial data describing bleeding and clinical outcomes associated with the use of the combination of aspirin, a thienopyridine, and warfarin. Data Sources: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–March 2008) and the search terms aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, thienopyridine, warfarin, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Additional references were identified by reviewing reference citations of articles retrieved. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Applicable data were extracted from published reports and studies that included either clinical outcomes or adverse events. Data Synthesis: Clinical guidelines recommend the combination of antiplatelets and anticoagulants based largely on writing committee consensus. To date, only one randomized clinical trial has evaluated the safety and efficacy of adding warfarin to dual antiplatelet therapy (ie, triple antithrombotic therapy). Other published data are from case series, observational studies, and case-controlled studies primarily of patients undergoing PCI with intracoronary stent placement. Four of 12 studies reported no increased risk of major bleeding events. In the other 8 studies, a 3- to 6-fold increase in bleeding events was reported with triple antithrombotic therapy. Ischemic events were reported in only 6 of the studies. Only 2 studies observed an additional benefit in the reduction of ischemic events, and 1 study reported worsened ischemic outcomes with the triple antithrombotic regimen compared with dual antithrombotic therapy. Conclusions: Available guidelines pertaining to the concomitant administration of aspirin, a thienopyridine, and warfarin are based on limited trial data and consensus judgment. Overall, selection of triple antithrombotic therapy for patients with vascular disease is considered a matter of clinical judgment for an individual patient based on the prescriber's perceived balance between the patient's risk for recurrent ischemic events, expected duration of treatment, and patient's risk for bleeding.
Role of Metformin for Weight Management in Patients Without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Desilets Alicia R , Dhakal-Karki Sushmita , Dunican Kaelen C 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin for weight management in overweight and obese patients without type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: Literature was obtained through MEDLINE Ovid (1950–February week 3, 2008), EMBASE (all years), and a bibliographic review of relevant articles. Key words included metformin, obesity, overweight, and weight loss. Study Selection/Data Extraction: All studies published in the English language that evaluated the effects of metformin on weight in obese or overweight individuals were critically analyzed. Relevant articles were selected for inclusion in this review. Data Synthesis: Metformin is first-line pharmacotherapy in the treatment of overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes, with beneficial effects on weight in this population. Multiple trials have evaluated the effect of metformin on weight and other metabolic parameters in adults and adolescents without diabetes. Five of 12 trials in adults evaluated weight loss as a primary endpoint. Significant weight reduction was found in 4 of these studies; however, the trials were small and of weak design. Weight reduction was significant in 5 of the 6 adolescent trials; similarly, these studies were limited by weak study design and small patient population. Metabolic parameters (blood pressure, waist circumference, cholesterol parameters, insulin/glucose levels) often showed varying results. Metformin was well tolerated; gastrointestinal effects were the most frequently reported adverse effects. Conclusions: The weight loss effects of metformin in overweight or obese adults and adolescents without diabetes appear promising; however, trials have been limited by small patient populations and weak design. Metformin may also have a positive effect on metabolic parameters such as waist circumference, fasting insulin and glucose levels, and triglycerides. Further research involving large-scale trials that evaluate weight loss as a primary outcome is necessary to firmly establish the role of metformin in this population.
China's Skilled Labor on the Move: How Taiwan Businesses Mobilize Ethnic Resources in Asia
Authors: Wang Hong-zen 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper discusses how Taiwanese overseas investment creates an ethnic Chinese skilled labor market in Asia. Low costs, no language barrier, and the cultural “lived Taiwan experience” are the benefits. Through three different channels–internal corporate transfer, social networks, and placement agencies–skilled labor from the People's Republic is mobilized to work overseas.
India and Japan's Growing Synergy: From a Political to a Strategic Focus
Authors: Ghosh Madhuchanda 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the post-Cold War era, India and Japan have been moving closer. The possibility of a comprehensive engagement appears quite likely. This article analyzes the new phase of improved Indo-Japanese bilateral relations and explores the variables contributing to this emerging trend. It also examines continuing obstacles to fully cementing “strategic” relations between the two countries.
Mirroring North Korea's Growing Economic Dependence on China: Political Ramifications
Authors: Choo Jaewoo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
By “mirroring” trade and investment statistics of those engaged in such activities with North Korea, I calculate the prevailing net deficiency in food, fertilizer, and oil, and identify China as the source of replenishment for such deficiency. From such findings, we may infer the political ramifications behind China's persistent economic support for the North.
Rough Music: Tosca and Verismo Reconsidered
Authors: Schwartz Arman 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This article offers a new interpretation of the operatic phenomenon known as verismo, and of the relationship of Puccini's Tosca with that movement. In contrast to previous scholarship on verismo, which often treats the relationship between literature and music as transparent, I stress that marrying empiricist aesthetics to traditional operatic values was a highly unnatural process. I suggest that Italian opera in the 1890s was pushed to a sort of crisis point, and that the very act of singing could no longer be taken as self-evident. Composers developed a set of new techniques—offstage song, performer-characters, an extreme reliance on bells—to deal with this sudden untenability of operatic convention. All of these techniques were elaborated most fully in Tosca, and the opera might be read as an allegory of the verismo moment, embodying the conflict between hard-nosed realism and unapologetic singing in its two antagonists: Baron Scarpia and Floria Tosca. The plot clearly endorses Tosca's position, but a close reading of the opera's music suggests a rather different interpretation. By focusing on the role of bells in the opera, I argue that realistic sound often overwhelms the autonomy of the characters, at times seeming to collapse them into the scenery itself. Early critics were disturbed by this aspect of the music. Listening to the opera with their ears may help us realize that—despite its overt celebration of individual freedom, and its much-lauded critique of state-sanctioned violence—Tosca exhibits an antisubjective impulse that has much in common with other “Fascist” and “proto-Fascist” texts.