bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IRON IN RUMINANT NUTRITION
Authors: Underwood EJ , Morgan EH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe concentrations of total liver storage (non‐haem) iron, of the forms of this iron, and of plasma iron and total iron‐binding capacity, were determined in healthy adult sheep and cattle of both sexes.Individual variability in total non‐haem liver iron and in the water‐soluble (presumably ferritin) and water‐insoluble (haemosiderin) fractions of this iron was found to be high in both sexes of both species. Differences between the sexes were not significant but total storage iron and ferritin iron levels were significantly higher in sheep than in cattle. From two‐thirds to three‐quarters of the total storage iron occurred in water‐soluble form. This was assumed to be ferritin, although attempts to isolate this compound were unsuccessful.Plasma iron and total iron‐binding capacity concentrations and percentage saturation values were found to be of the same order as those found previously for sheep and cattle and for other species. Evidence was obtained that plasma iron concentrations and percentage saturation values are significantly higher in ewes than in rams.
IN VITRO PHAGOCYTIC AND BACTERICIDAL ABILITY OF ALVEOLAR AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES OF NORMAL RATS
Authors: Pavillard ERJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTechniques are described for preparing monolayers of normal rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. A comparison has been made of the relative bactericidal power of these phagocytes against two species of organisms. It has been shown that alveolar macrophages are less able to kill E. coli and S. aureus in vitro than are peritoneal macrophages. Other differences have been measured between these two types of cell; acid phosphatase and lysozyme levels were both found to be considerably higher in the lung macrophages. The part played by normal alveolar phagocytes in immunity is discussed, and it is suggested that present criteria for characterising components of the RES may be inadequate since “RE” cells may differ functionally and physiologically from one organ to another within the same animal.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON EXPERIMENTAL BLOOD ETHYL ALCOHOL LEVELS IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Robertson JS , Kosche ER 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIn a controlled experiment using 86 pairs of male white mice matched for weight, the blood alcohol level after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol was slightly but significantly elevated in animals in which a closed fracture of the femur was produced at the time of the alcohol injection. Significant elevation of blood alcohol was present at half an hour after alcohol injection and was still present three hours after injection. Blood alcohol levels in both injured and control animals decreased linearly at the same rate with the logarithm of time, but the regression line of the blood alcohol levels of the injured animals was higher than that of the control animals.
STUDIES ON PLASMA KININS
Authors: Margolis J , Bishop Elizabeth A 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYRelease of vasodilator peptides (collectively known as “plasma kinin”) from human plasma was measured using synthetic bradykinin as a reference standard.Under optimal conditions an equivalent of 3–4 μg, of bradykinin/ml. of plasma can be recovered. As the kinin is liberated its precursor (kininogen) is quantitatively exhausted. Trypsin and glandular kallikreins (as in saliva or urine) release the maximal amount of kinin and consume all of the precursor. In this they differ from plasma kallikrein whose activation is initiated by contact with foreign surfaces, organic solvents, and acidification, These “intrinsic” mechanisms are dependent on the presence of Hageman factor (also required for blood clotting) and “component A”, which can be identified with plasma kallikreinogen. Activated component A (i.e. plasma kallikrein) releases 1–1.5 μg. of kinin/ml. in a rapid reaction with approximately one‐third of kininogen. It is suggested that this is the precursor of nonapeptide only and corresponds to “component B”. In the other 2/3 of kininogen the kinin is bound as a decapeptide which can either be released as such (by glandular kallikreins) or serve as another source of the nonapeptide (with trypsin). The affinity of plasma kallikrein for this substrate is very low.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF RABBIT PAPILLOMA
Authors: White David O , Huebner Robert J , Rowe Wallace P , Traub Renée 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMethods for the accurate assay of rabbit papilloma virus and its antibody are described. Viral infectivity is titrated by a technique in which up to fifty discrete tumours may be counted on a single inoculation site. Neutralizing antibody is measured with considerable accuracy by determining the dilution of serum producing a 50 p.c. reduction in tumour count. A complement fixation test designed to economize on reagents permits the quick and accurate titration of RPV antigen and antibody.Some of the relationships between tumours, infectious virus, antigen and antibody in naturally and experimentally infected rabbits are examined.
AUTOANTIBODIES PRODUCED AGAINST MOUSE ERYTHROCYTES IN NZB MICE
Authors: Long Gwenneth , Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSerological studies have been carried out in the NZB/BL strain of mice which develop an autoimmune disease spontaneously. Incomplete antibodies were detected on the red blood cell using the direct Coombs test, and in the sera using the indirect Coombs test and papain‐treated red cells. The hypothesis that all the antibodies are directed towards the same antigen, a species specific component of the red blood cell, and the many implications of this, are discussed in relation to the results of the serological tests.
THE EFFECT OF BILE SALTS ON CONTRACTION OF VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Laurence BH , Simmonds WJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSodium taurocholate, 0·125 to 2·0 mg./ml. bath fluid, reversibly inhibited isometric contractions of rat's ileum in response to Ach, 10−8 to 10−4. The degree of inhibition depended on the relative proportions of the two substances. In depolarizing solution, K2SO4‐Ringer, taurocholate inhibited the Ach response of rat's ileum, rat's uterus and circular muscle of toad's stomach. In calcium‐free K2SO4‐Ringer taurocholate inhibited calcium contractures in these three preparations. It is suggested that taurocholate may interfere with a mechanism coupling excitation to contraction and involving calcium.
DETECTION OF AN AVIRULENT VIRUS APPARENTLY RELATED TO FRIEND VIRUS
Authors: Pope JH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe WM1‐B strain of Friend virus was originally recovered from mice which had been inoculated with WM1 virus. The question of relationship between the two strains was examined.Antisera prepared in stock C3H mice against either WM1‐B or WM1 virus neutralized WM1‐B virus but not WM1 virus. Q.I.M.R. mice infected with WM1 virus were resistant to superinfection with WM1‐B virus. These two findings indicated that a relationship existed between some component of the WM1 line and the leukaemogenic component of the WM1‐B line.By treatment of WM1‐B virus with C3H antiserum to WM1 virus, a strain of WM1 virus was obtained which did not produce antibodies to WM1‐B virus in C3H mice and did not protect Q.I.M.R. mice against challenge with WM1‐B virus, but which did produce the lymphoid hyperplasia typical of WM1 virus infection. This pure WM1 strain was still free of relationship to WM1‐B virus at the 8th passage.The original WM1 line therefore contained two viruses. One (WM1 virus) caused lymphoid hyperplasia in Q.I.M.R. mice, while the other (an avirulent variant of WM1‐B virus) caused no signs but was detectable by means of neutralization and protection tests.Seventeen wild mice were studied virologically. Strains of virus resembling pure WM1 virus were isolated from two wild mice, and an avirulent strain related to WM1‐B virus was obtained from a third, while both viruses were isolated from three other wild mice.These results support the view that WM1 virus and the avirulent form of WM1‐B virus are distinct.It was concluded that an avirulent virus, which is apparently related to Friend virus, occurs in wild mice in Queensland.
THE REDUCTION OF THE PRESSOR ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN SODIUM‐DEFICIENT CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Coding JR , Munro JA , Wright RD 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe pressor effect of intravenous infusion of antiotensin II in sheep was greatly reduced by sodium deficiency. There was a similar reduction in the pressor effect of Neosynephrine, Aramine and adrenaline. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of the proposition that angiotensin II is the aldosterone stimulating hormone.In sodium depletion catecholamines in low doses produced cardiac dysrhythmias.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , Ladner Kathryn , Brenk HAS 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe sulphydryl and disulphide contents of rat lungs were measured before and after exposure of rats to oxygen at 5 atmospheres absolute (OHP). After 45 minutes at this pressure lung damage occurred, and a decrease in ‐SH groups together with an increase in ‐SS‐ groups was found, such that the ‐SH/‐SS‐ ratio in the lung tissue was halved. Injections of pentobarbital sodium, which protect against OHP lung damage, reduce auto‐oxidation of ‐SH content of lung homogenate exposed to air in euro and also reduce ‐SH oxidation in lungs of OHP exposed rats.
SPLEEN GRAFT GROWTH IN SPLENECTOMISED MICE
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIsologous subcutaneous spleen grafts attained a two to five times greater size in splenectomised hosts than in sham‐operated hosts. This size difference was greatest when donor spleens were from mice aged less than twenty‐four hours. Isologous thymus grafts grew equally well in splenectomised und sham‐operated mice. The percentage of lymphoid tissue and lymphocyte mitotic activity were higher in spleen grafts in splenectomised hosts than in grafts in control animals.No changes were observed in the host lymphoid tissues in any of the mice carrying spleen grafts.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BILIRUBIN AND ICTERUS OF THE RABBIT BRAIN
Authors: Watson D , Szego G 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIntracerebral injection of the alkylating agent N‐ethyl maleimide facilitated the entry of albumin‐bound bilirubin into the cerebrospinal fluid of adult rabbits.Animals in which very high CSF‐bilirubin levels (> 10 μg./ml.) had been induced showed cerebral icterus. In other animals, no correlation was observed between the CSF‐bilirubin concentration (in the range 1–4 μg./ml.) and the degree of cerebral icterus.The rabbit brain made hypersensitive by experimental allergic encephalomyelitis showed no abnormal entry of bilirubin.The type and degree of change is different from that observed in kernicterus. However, present observations are presented to demonstrate the kind of factor which can affect the normal blood‐CSF barrier.
THE EFFECTS OF A NEW BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENT (NETHALIDE; ALDERLIN) UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM , Robertson Evelyn , Elliott RB 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA beta‐adrenergic blocking agent, Alderlin (2‐isopropyl‐amino‐1‐(2 naphthyl) ethanol hydrochloride), was given intravenously to intact anaesthetised dogs. The following changes were noted: increase in heart rate and cardiac output; decrease in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure and resistances. Coronary blood flow decreased, with an increase in cardiac oxygen consumption. Cardiac efficiency was maintained.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White David O , Harris Alan W , Dwyer Francis P , Shulman Albert 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSome metal chelates of substituted 1, 10‐phenanthrolines inactivate the infectivity of certain viruses. Other viral properties, including haemagglutination, antigenicity and the capacity to adsorb to host cells, are also affected, though to a lesser extent.The interaction between virus and chelate is partly reversible, since the haemagglutinating capacity of treated virus can be restored by washing.The relation between chemical structure and activity of various chelates as well as the sensitivity of viruses of differing chemical constitution, indicates that the chelates act purely physically following adsorption to the viral surface.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White David O , Harris Alan W , Shulman Albert 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn assay system has been developed for the rapid and accurate titration of the virus‐inhibitory activity of antiviral agents.Metal chelates of substituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines, at concentrations well below those lethal to virus, inhibit the growth of influenza virus in chick embryo allantois‐on‐shell in vitro by acting on the host cell.Amongst a Large group of metal chelates there are significant relationships between chemical structure and virus‐inhibitory activity.The most active compound, [Ru(3,5,6,8‐tetramethylphen)2acetylacetone]+, at a con centration as low as 10−6M, completely and irreversibly inhibits the growth of up to 10,000 ID50 of virus within 20 minutes of contact with cells. It has no effect on adsorption or penetration of virus into the cell, but acts during the eclipse period to prevent the synthesis of new virus.All concentrations of [Ru(3,5,6,8‐tetramethylphen2acetylacetone]+ inhibiting viral repro duction also depress the utilization of oxygen by the cells.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE ADHERENCE OF S. TYPHIMURIUM C5 AND MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Auzins Ieva , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA technique has been evolved whereby the rate of attachment or adherence of bacteria to mouse peritoneal macrophages can be studied.The aim of the technique was to obtain samples, taken at intervals after mixing a suspension of bacteria and macrophages, which contained bacteria not yet associated with cells. This was achieved by passing the test suspensions through filters holding back macrophages but allowing tin‐ free passage of bacteria not attached to these cells.Using this method no association of S. typhimurium C5 with macrophages occurs unless the organisms have been opsonised. It has also been shown that there are one or more heat‐labile antigens present on the surface of this organism. These must be covered before the organism will adhere to the surface of mouse macrophages.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF CATION TRANSPORT
Authors: Charnock JS , Post RL 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe distribution and activity of adenosine‐triphosphatase in homogenates and subtractions of guinea pig kidney cortex has been examined. A portion of the activity associated with particulate fractions could be further stimulated, in the presence of magnesium ions, by the combined addition of sodium and potassium ions but not by the addition of either cation alone or in combination with choline.Treatment of the heavy microsome subfraction with deoxycholate resulted in a large increase in the specific activity of this enzyme, which now required sodium and potassium ions in a ratio of 4 : 1 for over 85 p.c. of its total activity. Under such conditions of cation stimulation, optimum pH was found to be between 7.5 and 8.0, and the enzyme also exhibited considerable temperature dependence and was stable up to 55°C.The cardiac glycoside Ouabain completely inhibited that portion of enzyme activity stimulated by monovalent cations but was without effect on the activity observed in the presence of magnesium ions alone.The effect of other reagents and hormones on the cation stimulated adenosine‐triphosphatase activity was also examined, with a discussion of the possible significance of this enzyme in active cation transport.
EGG YOLK PHOSPHOLIPIDS INCLUDING PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS IN BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Fantl P , Ward HA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe coagulation activity of an ether extract of the acetone‐insoluble material from yolks of eggs of domestic fowl was very low in comparison with a similar extract prepared from mammalian brain.The ether‐soluble material was Chromatography on silica gel using chloroform‐methanol for elution with stepwise increases in the methanol concentration.Fractions eluted with chloroform‐methanol, 90:10 (v/v), contained phosphatidic acids and showed considerable coagulation activity.Phosphatidylethanolamines were only slightly active.Phosphatidylcholines were inactive.Heating of ether‐soluble egg yolk phospholipids in air increased coagulation activity and resulted in a decrease in the amino N:P ratio but no significant alteration in unsaturation.Pure phosphatidylethanolamine heated in air did not show an increase in coagulation activity.Admixture of phosphatidylcholines with phosphatidylethanolamines did not result in any increase in activity.Enzymatically prepared phosphatidates were less active than the active fraction of egg yolk phospholipids.
THE LABELLING OF HUMAN PLATELETS WITH RADIOCHROMATE
Authors: Davey MG , Lander Harry 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA technique for the labelling of human blood platelets with radioactive sodium chromate is described, und is compared with those previously in use. The uptake of radiochromate by platelets is greatest when the platelet suspension is of small volume, plasma protein is absent, and the sodium chromate concentration is 0·2 to 3·0 μg. per 1010 platelets. The rate of the reaction is not affected by its duration up to 40 minutes, but is enhanced by an increase in temperature. About one‐third of platelets in suspensions labelled as described are viable, and survive in the circulation for 8–10 days.
GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE VIRULENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FOR MICE
Authors: Krishnapillai V , Reeves PR , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFrom a mouse virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium C5 a leucine‐requiring mutant was obtained by ultra‐violet irradiation. The mutant was found to be relatively avirulent. On transduction of the mutant to prototrophy it still retained its avirulence therefore the leucine mutation appears to be unrelated to virulence.On the basis of the genetic investigations it was suspected that a single genetic difference existed between the two strains. A qualitative antigenic difference could not be demonstrated using serum bactericidal tests or by intravenous clearance of radioactive bacteria. However, a quantitative difference in some heat‐labile antigenic component was suggested by studying the survival characteristics of both the bacterial strains in the mouse peritoneum using suitably absorbed sera to preopsonise the bacteria.
OPSONINS IN PIG SERUM AND THEIR PURIFICATION
Authors: Turner KJ , Rowlky Derrick 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe opsonins in pig scrum to S. typhimurium C5 have been prepared by three methods and shown to be 19S macroglobulins. The opsonins isolated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose contained in addition activity towards E. coli 2206, L. monocytogenes and agglutinated mouse red blood cells. By adsorption of pig serum proteins onto and subsequent elution off C5 cell walls, opsonins specific for this organism could be obtained. While recovery of activity by such procedures was only 10 p.c. the activity per mg. protein was 100‐fold that of pig serum.
MICROELECTRODE MEASUREMETS OF MEMBRANE RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN THE SARTORIUS MUSCLE OF THE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS)
Authors: Pugsley ID 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYElectrical impedance measurements using two inserted microelectrodes have confirmed that the properties of the toad sartorius muscle fibre, over its liner range, may by represented by a core‐conductor model. It was found that for small values of applied current the voltage‐length relation was exponential, with a length constant averaging 0·15 cm. The voltage response to a step function of current was similar to the error function of the squre root of time, with an average membrane time constatat of 20 msec. Input resistance measurments averaged 500,000 ohm, fibre diameter 60 micron, and saline resistivity 69 ohm cm., leading to the values:
membrane conductivity 3·5 × 10−4 mho/cm.2
membrane resistivity 2,800 ohm. cm.2
membrane capacity 7·1 μF/cm.2
myoplasm resistivity 190 ohm. cm.It was shown that the difference between a two‐path and three‐path model for the cell membrane admittance cannot be accurately analysed by means of a time‐response method.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION BY THE SHEEP
Authors: Cross RB , Thornton WM , Tweddell ED 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe acute effects of vasopressin (40 mU) were studied in the conscious sheep.Vasopressin caused consistent increases in K and C1 excretion and variable increases in Na and total solute output. These changes occurred within 10 min., reached a peak within 30 min. and subsided within 60 min.When the urine was initially dilute (< 800 μosmoles/ml.) vasopressin caused an antidiuresis. When the original concentration exceeded 1000 (μosmoles/ml. vasopressin caused small increases in urine flow.Vasopressin always increased water reabsorption relative to solute reabsorption.
ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Lind Patricia E , Ernyei Susi 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA study has been made of the conditions under which antibody to bacteriophage is produced in the chick embryo chorio‐allantoic membrane (CAM), following the direct inoculation of spleen cells from an adult fowl previously inoculated with bacteriophage.Antibody is produced in the CAM when spleen cells are transferred 48 hours after a primary in vivo antigenic stimulus, and in greater amounts following transfer 24 hours after a secondary in vivo stimulus. High titres of antibody also appear in the blood and spleen of the recipients.Cells transferred after a primary stimulus given either in vitro or by simultaneous injection of cells and antigen produced very small amounts of antibody.The transfer of spleen cells from stimulated adult fowls to genetically dissimilar recipients is accompanied by the appearance of proliferative lesions on the CAM. These are characteristic of the Simonsen phenomenon, and are a manifestation of the graft versus host reaction. When the donor and recipient are derived from the same highly inbred strains of fowls, few, if any, lesions develop. There is no macroscopic evidence for the proliferation of the donor cells, but antibody, in comparable amounts to that produced in outbred systems, appears in the recipient membranes.