bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THEORY OF RANDOM SOLID STATES
Authors: Mézard M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is a non-technical, elementary introduction to the theory of glassy phases and their ubiquity. The aim is to provide a guide and some kind of coherent view to the various topics that have been explored in recent years in this very diverse field, ranging from spin or structural glasses to protein folding, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, error correcting codes, and game theory.
REPRINT THE TRANSMISSION OF STRESS IN AN AGGREGATE
Authors: Edwards S. F. , Oakeshott R. B. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper considers the question of how stress is transmitted in aggregates. The macroscopic state of a powder is summarized by its compactivity X ≡ (∂ V/∂S). In aggregates where the particles have stuck together (e.g., lipid crystals in margarines, or in flocculated colloids) the material has a fractal structure on which stress is carried. In a non-cohesive powder, the possibility that the stress will be carried by domes of particles is considered, giving a dimensionality for the set of stressed particles between 2 and 3. Finally, it is observed that there is a coupling between the structure (described by its compactivity X) and the distribution of stress.
Some random thoughts on the statistical analysis of food-web data
Authors: Solow Andrew R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the formal statistical analysis of community food webs. Among the issues covered are testing for hypothesized regularities (e.g., constant connectance) in a collection of food webs and fitting and testing parametric models (e.g., the cascade model). The analysis of partially observed food webs is also covered.
VERTEX COVER—AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter illustrates many facets of fixed-parameter algorithmics using the graph problem, Vertex Cover. These include problem parameterization, aspects of special and more general problem formulations, topics concerning counting and enumeration, lower bound questions, and also practical aspects. Finally, the use of ‘Vertex Cover structure’ for other problems is considered.
APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVE DEFINITIONS AND CHOICE PRINCIPLES TO PROGRAM SYNTHESIS
Authors: Berger Ulrich , Seisenberger Monika 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the problem of finding constructive content in nonconstructive mathematical theorems. By so doing, one gains insight into possible constructive aspects hidden in classical theorems. It describes — in a nontechnical way — how these aspects can be brought to light and computationally exploited. It describes two methods of extracting constructive content from classical proofs, focusing on theorems involving infinite sequences and nonconstructive choice principles. The first method removes any reference to infinite sequences and transforms the theorem into a system of inductive definitions, the other applies a combination of Gödel's negative- and Friedman's A-translation. Both approaches are explained by means of a case study on Higman's Lemma and its well-known classical proof due to Nash-Williams. It also discusses some proof-theoretic optimizations that were crucial for the formalization and implementation of this work in the interactive proof system Minlog.
AN ELEMENTARY CHARACTERIZATION OF KRULL DIMENSION
Authors: Henri Lombardi Thierry Coquand , Roy Marie-Françoise 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the new direction in constructive algebra originated by Coquand, Lombardi, and others, which aims at a partial realisation of Hilbert's programme. The idea is to prove that theorems in commutative algebra constructively, and at the same low type level at which they can be formulated. To this end, the chapter needs to reduce the complexity of some concepts, in the present case that of Krull dimension of a commutative ring. Although the traditional definition of it seems quite intuitive, it requires quantifying over all prime ideals of the given ring. To circumvent this problem the chapter gives an inductive characterization of Krull dimension, without primes, which carries over to this setting the inductive concept of dimension going back to Brouwer, Menger, and Urysohn. This follows the geometrical intuition that an algebraic variety is of dimension ≤ k if and only if each subvariety has a boundary of dimension &lt; k.
APPROXIMATING INTEGRABLE SETS BY COMPACTS CONSTRUCTIVELY
Authors: Spitters Bas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The interplay between intuitionistic mathematics and Bishop-style constructive mathematics is crucial for this chapter's contribution. In locally compact spaces, (Borel-)measurable sets can be approximated by compact sets. Ulam extended this result to complete separable metric spaces. This chapter gives a constructive proof of Ulam's theorem. The technique used aims to first prove the theorem intuitionistically and then, using the logical ‘trick’ seen in Chapter 16, to obtain a proof which is acceptable in Bishop-style mathematics. The proof also provides some insight into the trick seen in Chapter 16. Finally, it shows how several intuitionistic measure theoretic theorems can be extended to regular integration spaces, that is, integration spaces where integrable sets can be approximated by compacts. These results may also help in understanding Bishop's original choice of definitions.
Tropical forests dynamics in response to a CO2-rich atmosphere
Authors: Körner Christian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe fixation and storage of carbon by tropical forests, which contain close to half of the globe's biomass carbon, may be affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Classical theoretical approaches assume a uniform stimulation of photosynthesis and growth across taxa. Direct assessments of the carbon balance either by flux studies or by repeated forest inventories also suggest a current net uptake, although magnitudes sometimes exceed those missing in the global C-balance. Reasons for such discrepancies may lie in the nature of forest dynamics and in differential responses of taxa or plant functional types. This contribution argues that CO2 enrichment may cause forests to become more dynamic and that faster tree turnover may convert a stimulatory effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and growth into a long-term net biomass carbon loss by favouring shorter lived trees of lower wood density. At the very least, this is a scenario which deserves inclusion into long-term projections in the carbon relations of tropical forests. Species and plant functional type specific responses (‘biodiversity effects’) and forest dynamics need to be accounted for in projections of future carbon-storage in tropical forests.
Introducing the thought experiment
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the books central thought experiment: ‘For any planet with carbon-based life, which persists over geological time-scales, what is the minimum set of ecological processes that must be present?’. It contrasts this process base approach with the more conventional ‘entity’-based approach used by most university level ecology texts — where entities are things such as individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The chapter also introduces the concept of the ‘Gaian effect’: the long term effect of any given process on the persistence of life on a planet. The key ‘fundamental processes’ described in the following chapters are summarized.
Energy flow
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is ignored by most ecology text books. It follows from the second law that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in decomposition of these waste products, but in spite of their importance are ignored by most food web studies. The possible relevance of developing ideas on maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAll organisms modify their environment to some extent. Daisyworld models illustrate the theoretical possibility that these modifications could lead to planetary regulation for life friendly conditions, but also illustrate the need for substantial biomass for this to occur. In academic ecology, the recent concentration on biodiversity may have tended to obscure the fundamental importance of biomass, which will often be dominated by a limited number of species. This ‘mass ratio’ effect is important both at the ecological community and planetary scale. Once biomass is sufficient for the merging of organismal and ecological physiology, then the planet will tend to show some level of regulation for life friendly conditions. The size of this effect is currently a key unknown in both Earth based environmental science and astrobiology.
Photosynthesis
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotosynthesis — both anoxygenic and oxygenic — allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, which yields much higher amounts of energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of oxygen added to the atmosphere is intimately linked to the burial of organic matter in sediments, therefore marine phytoplankton are crucially important in maintaining the levels of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Anoxygenic photosynthesis will have a positive Gaian effect by providing an important source of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more problematical; as with anoxygenic photosynthesis it provides an energy source, but the oxygen given off is likely to be toxic to organisms evolved in anoxic conditions. It is currently impossible to know if we should expect most biospheres to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. However, improvements in telescope technology should allow us to look for oxygen-rich atmospheres around distant Earth-like planets.
OPTIMAL EXISTENCE THEORY FOR NON-NEGATIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the PME posed in the whole space, which take a Radon measure as initial data. Section 13.1 constructs limit solutions for data measures with the growth condition found as optimal in the previous chapter (in the non-negative case). The theory is continued in Section 13.2 where it is proven that any non-negative solution defined in a domain QT has a unique initial trace. In Sections 13.3 and 13.4, it is proved that the initial trace determines the solution in a unique way. This is a landmark in the theory of the PME and completes the basic theory of the Cauchy problem developed in previous chapters.
TECHNIQUES OF SYMMETRIZATION AND CONCENTRATION
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter aims to obtain basic estimates for the PME and related equations using as a main tool the techniques of symmetrization and mass concentration comparison, combined with scaling properties. Section 17.1 reviews the main concepts from symmetrization theory and introduces a comparison of mass concentrations. Sections 17.2 and 17.3 derive the basic comparison results for the elliptic equations to which the PME is reduced when it is solved by the ITD method. Comparison theorems for the evolution are then derived in Section 17.4. The application to the PME is in Section 17.5.
REGULARITY AND FINER ASYMPTOTICS IN SEVERAL DIMENSIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates the precise regularity that is to be expected for non-negative solutions of the PME that have free boundaries. Section 19.1 describes the results of Caffarelli, Vázquez, and Wolanski that show that non-negative solutions with compactly supported initial data have pressures that are Lipschitz continuous functions after a certain time which depends on the data. Section 19.2 presents focusing solutions constructed by Aronson et al., which develop a singularity for speed in finite time, precisely where a hole in the initial support is filled. Section 19.3 proves the transfer of regularity that happens in the PME: Lipschitz continuity with respect to the space variable implies the same type of continuity in time. Section 19.4 reports on more refined regularity results for large times. Section 19.5 discusses the conservation of the initial regularity when the data are smooth; conservation can happen either locally in time or globally in time. Then, the chapter presents the property of asymptotic concavity: it is proved that the pressure of a compactly supported solution becomes a concave function in its support for all large times, hence the free boundary (and all the level sets) are convex hypersurfaces.
MOLECULAR CHAOS AND ENTROPY
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses molecular chaos and entropy. It presents the concepts of molecular chaos, statistical equilibrium, and partition law as defining the thermal balance between various parts of a material system, and the idea of a temperature. Next it talks about formulating quantitative rules for equilibria in systems of many atoms and molecules. The quantity called entropy plays a key role in the solution of this problem.
HECKE ALGEBRAS AS GALOIS DEFORMATION RINGS
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe deformation theoretic techniques of Wiles-Taylor were introduced for elliptic modular forms in the introductory Chapter 1, and are generalized to Hilbert modular forms (following Fujiwara's treatment) in this chapter. In particular, Fujiwara's ‘R=T’ theorem (the identification of the Galois deformation ring and the corresponding Hecke algebra) is proven in the minimal case. In addition to the Taylor-Wiles methods, an explicit formula of the L-invariant (of the adjoint L-functions) as well as an integral solution to Eichler's basis problem are presented for Hilbert modular forms.
Crime, Police, and Penal Policy
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book provides a synthesis of recent research on the history of crime and criminal justice in Europe from the mid-18th to the mid-20th centuries. It tackles the subject chronologically, paying due attention to the evolving economic, social, and political aspects of the continent over the two centuries. It addresses specifically the different forms of criminal offending and the changing interpretations and understandings of that offending at both elite and popular levels. It explores how both old regimes and the new nation states, that emerged in the early 19th century, responded to criminal activity with the development of police forces and the refinement of forms of punishment. The book has a comparative perspective and it draws attention to the ways in which different states observed each other's institutions, and adopted and moulded what suited them. It emphasises also the ways in which different reformers exchanged ideas and investigated policing and penal policy in other countries. These kinds of exchanges and observations are commonly missed with the usual focus on a single country or region. There is engagement throughout with the theoretical issues that have underpinned much of the recent research in the area, but the book aims to eschew any close identification with a single theoretical standpoint.
1 Stesichoros and the Story of Geryon
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The focus of the paper presented in this chapter is on the poet Stesichoros and his poem the Geryoneis, the story of Geryon. Stesichoros is a poet to whom the fates have been unkind. He wrote a great deal of poetry and he had a high reputation in antiquity, and apparently a very considerable influence on later literature. Yet all that remained of his works until a few years ago, apart from a few isolated words and phrases, was about twenty fragments amounting in all to the equivalent of about forty hexameter lines.
11 Bacchylides, Ode 13
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the author's dissatisfaction with a number of commonly accepted supplements in Bacchylides' ode. It is based on two things: first, an attempt (primarily with the aid of Kenyon's facsimile) to relate every supplement exactly to the available space; second, an examination of the papyrus itself in London. This second exercise has allowed the correction in seven places of statements made about the smaller vestiges, and nine previously unobserved vestiges have been found. The whole text of the ode (arranged, for convenience of metrical comparison, with a complete triad on each page) is presented, followed by a continuous commentary.
6 Letters of Recommendation and the Rhetoric of Praise
Authors: Rees Roger 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines letters of reference or recommendations written by Charlesworth, Cicero, Pliny, and Fronto, focusing on how the authors emphasize their own discretion in offering their evaluation of the subject and how their statements about the subject's merit can be interwoven with praise. The style confirms its vintage, with the formal pairing of substantives and adjectives, the fondness for abstractions and the contrastive ‘but’ and certain details of phrasing, such as ‘I am glad indeed’ or ‘standing in work or games’. It is easy to identify both continuities and changes. Alignment of interests and obligations through triangulation can be seen throughout surviving letters of recommendation and identify them as best textual evidence for the processes of Roman patronage in action.
8 The Letter's the Thing (in Pliny, Book 7)
Authors: Fitzgerald William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Pliny's Letter found in Book 7, with particular reference to its status and some of the ways in which the letter was seen as the thing itself, as well as a symbol for the relation between the first and last letters of the book. The question of the status of Pliny's Letters in his project of self-immortalization is not unrelated to the status of the Letter itself, which always raises, in some form or other, the question of whether it is the thing itself or an adjunct, substitute, or signpost. On one account, the letter is a pis aller, the substitute for a conversation, a dinner, or some other kind of social intercourse that is prevented by the separation of the participants; it may refer back to some social event, or even anticipate it, but it is not the thing itself. Alternatively, the letter is the distillation of the self in the presence of the other, its words and gestures unaffected by chance, distraction, misunderstanding and all the mishaps that interfere with communication, causing intentions to go astray and meanings to be imperfectly conveyed. It is the thing itself and not a substitute.
Propertius and Cynthia: Elegy 1. 3 (1970)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper interprets 1.3 as a dramatization of disillusionment; the subversion of the character's vision of the sleeping beloved is here made into the author's presentation of a basic experience. But the character and author are identified, the basic experience is seen as the author's experience in love.
Ovid's Metamorphoses, Callimachus, and l'art pour l'art
(1984)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the Metamorphoses, Ovid adopts the aesthetic principles of Callimachus, which are close to l'art pour l'art. He pursues certain of their implications to their logical limit, and at times reminds one strikingly of the theory and practice of specific 19th-century writers in England and France.
Vergil's Aeneid: Subversion by Intertextuality. Catullus 66. 39–40 and Other Examples (1994)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Using the examples of Dido's death and her reappearance in the Underworld, Lyne proclaims a shift to accepting the language of intertextuality rather than of allusion.
5 Turmoil in Barcelona: Busca and Biga
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses tension in Barcelona that spilled into unrest in Catalonia. The tension began from a conflict of interest between groups of citizens — the Biga and Busca factions — that grew into a contest for control of the city. The Biga faction had the city of Barcelona in its grip by manipulating the membership of the two bodies which ran the city: the five-man executive council (the Consell), and the deliberative Council of a Hundred (Consell de Cent Jurats). The opposing Busca faction was seeking a voice in city government commensurate with its social and economic importance.
7 Busca in Triumph and Disillusion
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the battle between the Busca and Biga parties for control of the Catalan capital, a battle which drew Busca and remensa together in the face of common enemies. The Biga didn't accept defeat no more readily than the remensa landlords did, and in its struggle to overthrow the new municipal regime it won support from oligarchic forces entrenched in the Corts and Diputació.
9 Catalonia Defiant
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the power and authority of the Corts of Catalonia. For over two centuries, the Corts of Catalonia's control over legislation and extraordinary taxation had forced monarchs to treat them as partners, and sometimes as rivals, in government. In the Diputació del General de Catalunya — the permanent delegation that watched over their interests between sessions — the Corts possessed an executive instrument that rivaled any belonging to the crown.
Overview
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents the basic designs and working principles of STM and AFM, as well as an elementary theory of tunneling and the imaging mechanism of atomic resolution. Three elementary theories of tunneling are presented: the one-dimensional Schrödinger's equation in vacuum, the semi-classical approximation, and the Landauer formalism. The relation between the decay constant and the work function, and a general expression of tunneling conductance versus tip-sample distance are derived. A brief summary of experimental facts on the mechanism of atomic resolution STM and AFM is presented, which leads to a picture of interplay between the atomic states of the tip and the sample, as well as the role of partial covalent bonds formed between those electronic states. As an introduction to the concept of equivalence of tunneling and atomic forces, atom and molecule manipulation is briefly presented.
1 Introduction
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the subject of the book and its methodology. The approach to Cicero's philosophical writings is a literary one, focussing on historical representation to unlock the ideological complexities of Cicero's thinking. The ambition to bring philosophy from Greece to Rome was bound to cause tensions, and these tensions can be seen clearly if we look at the historical dimension of some of Cicero's philosophical texts. The aim of the book is to reinterpret Cicero to show that he was by no means aiming to provide a solid ideological definition of Rome, but rather his aim was to explore possibilities. By focussing on later traditions of reading Cicero, the obstacles to accessing such a reading will be made apparent. Cicero's interest in Academic philosophy will play a central role in this reassessment.