bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have complementary roles in recovery sleep induction
Authors: Kalinchuk A. V. , Stenberg D. , Rosenberg P. A. , Porkka‐Heiskanen T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSleep homeostasis is the process by which recovery sleep is generated by prolonged wakefulness. The molecular mechanisms underlying this important phenomenon are poorly understood. We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO) generation increases in the basal forebrain (BF) during sleep deprivation (SD). Moreover, both NO synthase (NOS) inhibition and a NO scavenger prevented recovery sleep induction, while administration of a NO donor during the spontaneous sleep–wake cycle increased sleep, indicating that NO is necessary and sufficient for the induction of recovery sleep. Next we wanted to know which NOS isoform is involved in the production of recovery sleep. Usingin vivomicrodialysis we infused specific inhibitors of NOS into the BF of rats during SD, and found that an inhibitor of inducible NOS (iNOS), 1400W, prevented non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) recovery, while an inhibitor of neuronal NOS (nNOS), L‐N‐propyl‐arginine, decreased REM recovery but did not affect NREM recovery. Using immunoblot analysis we found that iNOS was not expressed during the spontaneous sleep–wake cycle, but was induced by prolonged wakefulness (increased by 278%). A known iNOS inducer, lipopolysaccharide, evoked an increase in sleep that closely resembled recovery sleep, and its effects were abolished by 1400W. These results suggest that the elevation of NO produced by induction of iNOS in the BF during prolonged wakefulness is a specific mechanism for producing NREM recovery sleep and that the two NOS isoforms have a complementary role in NREM and REM recovery induction.
Internalization of D2 dopamine receptors is clathrin‐dependent and select to dendro–axonic appositions in primate prefrontal cortex
Authors: Paspalas Constantinos D. , Rakic Pasko , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMuch of our knowledge on trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors derives from heterologous expression systems and neurons in vitro. Understanding these dynamics in vivo for dopamine receptors, and D2 receptors (D2Rs) in particular, presents a foremost challenge as their pharmacological manipulation underlies antipsychotic medications and drug abuse, which may in turn alter response to endogenous dopamine. Here we present the first ultrastructural evidence of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis of D2Rs or any other neurotransmitter receptor in the primate brain. We have captured in situ the insertion of D2Rs in clathrin‐coated membrane pits, resulting in receptor sorting in primary endosomes. Endocytosis was specific to nonsynaptic membranes of distal dendrites, and virtually absent from larger shafts, spines, axons and perikarya expressing D2Rs. The selective association of D2Rs with the clathrin endocytotic pathway of high‐order dendrites identifies a novel substrate for monitoring and adjusting dopaminoception, as well as a potent target for dysregulation, and manipulation, of D2R signalling in mental illness.
Spatial location is accurately tracked by human auditory sensory memory: evidence from the mismatch negativity
Authors: Deouell Leon Y. , Parnes Ariel , Pickard Natasha , Knight Robert T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe nature of spatial representation in human auditory cortex remains elusive. In particular, although humans can discriminate the locations of sounds as close as 1–10 degrees apart, such resolution has not been shown in auditory cortex of humans or animals. We used the mismatch negativity (MMN) event related brain potential to measure the neural response to spatial change in humans in narrow 10 degree spatial steps. Twelve participants were tested using a dense array EEG setup while watching a silent movie and ignoring the sounds. The MMN was reliably elicited by infrequent changes of spatial location of sounds in free field. The MMN amplitude was linearly related to the degree of spatial change with a resolution of at least 10 degrees. These electrophysiological responses occurred within a window of 100–200 milliseconds from stimulus onset, and were localized to the posterior superior temporal gyrus. We conclude that azimuthal spatial displacement is rapidly, accurately and automatically represented in auditory sensory memory in humans, at the level of the auditory cortex.
Exercise affects energy metabolism and neural plasticity‐related proteins in the hippocampus as revealed by proteomic analysis
Authors: Ding Qinxue , Vaynman Shoshanna , Souda Puneet , Whitelegge Julian P. , Gomez‐Pinilla Fernando 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStudies were conducted to evaluate the effect of a brief voluntary exercise period on the expression pattern and post‐translational modification of multiple protein classes in the rat hippocampus using proteomics. An analysis of 80 protein spots of relative high abundance on two‐dimensional gels revealed that approximately 90% of the proteins identified were associated with energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. Exercise up‐regulated proteins involved in four aspects of energy metabolism, i.e. glycolysis, ATP synthesis, ATP transduction and glutamate turnover. Specifically, we found increases in fructose‐bisphosphate aldolase C, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, mitochondrial ATP synthase, ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase and glutamate dehydrogenase 1. Exercise also up‐regulated specific synaptic‐plasticity‐related proteins, the cytoskeletal protein α‐internexin and molecular chaperones (chaperonin‐containing TCP‐1, neuronal protein 22, heat shock 60‐kDa protein 1 and heat shock protein 8). Western blot was used to confirm the direction and magnitude of change in ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase, an enzyme essential for transducing mitochondrial‐derived ATP to sites of high‐energy demand such as the synapse. Protein phosphorylation visualized by Pro‐Q Diamond fluorescent staining showed that neurofilament light polypeptide, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock protein 8 and transcriptional activator protein pur‐alpha were more intensely phosphorylated with exercise as compared with sedentary control levels. Our results, together with the fact that most of the proteins that we found to be up‐regulated have been implicated in cognitive function, support a mechanism by which exercise uses processes of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity to promote brain health.
Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets
Authors: Clarke Shelley C. , McAllister Murdoch K. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. , Kirkwood G. P. , Michielsens Catherine G. J. , Agnew David J. , Pikitch Ellen K. , Nakano Hideki , Shivji Mahmood S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDespite growing concerns about overexploitation of sharks, lack of accurate, species‐specific harvest data often hampers quantitative stock assessment. In such cases, trade studies can provide insights into exploitation unavailable from traditional monitoring. We applied Bayesian statistical methods to trade data in combination with genetic identification to estimate by species, the annual number of globally traded shark fins, the most commercially valuable product from a group of species often unrecorded in harvest statistics. Our results provide the first fishery‐independent estimate of the scale of shark catches worldwide and indicate that shark biomass in the fin trade is three to four times higher than shark catch figures reported in the only global data base. Comparison of our estimates to approximated stock assessment reference points for one of the most commonly traded species, blue shark, suggests that current trade volumes in numbers of sharks are close to or possibly exceeding the maximum sustainable yield levels.
Brooding in Corbicula madagascariensis (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) and the repeated evolution of viviparity in corbiculids
Authors: Glaubrecht Matthias , Fehér Zoltán , Von Rintelen Thomas 
Published: September 2006

The limnic bivalve genus Corbicula Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811 is a hyper‐invasive neozoon in North and South America as well as in Europe, where currently some taxa are rapidly extending their range. In addition to its extraordinarily invasive potential, the ‘Asiatic clam’ is remarkable for its recently discovered wide spectrum of reproductive strategies comprising oviparity, ovoviviparity and euviviparity. It renders Corbicula an ideal model for studying evolutionary transformations of reproductive features, in particular with respect to intrabranchial incubation (brooding) of embryos and shelled larvae in freshwater lineages. Based on rare material from Madagascar we here present evidence for prolonged incubation interpreted as being indicative of euviviparous reproduction in C. madagascariensis Smith, 1882. This mode is not only novel for corbiculids from the Ethiopian biogeographical region, but suggests — in combination with a mtDNA phylogeny — a more complicated pattern of the evolution of reproductive modes in corbiculids than previously assumed. We find an independent origin of viviparity and even euviviparity in the South American Neocorbicula Fischer, 1887 and the Afro‐Asian Corbicula, representing a remarkable example of parallel evolution in New and Old World corbiculids.
Regression‐based Tests for a Change in Persistence*
Authors: Leybourne Stephen J. , Kim Tae‐Hwan , Robert Taylor A. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe show that the minimal forward (reverse) recursive unit tests of Banerjee, Lumsdaine and Stock [Journal of Business and Economics Statistics (1992) Vol. 10, pp. 271–288] are consistent against the alternative of a change in persistence from I(0) to I(1) [I(1) to I(0)]. However, these statistics are also shown to diverge for series which are I(0) throughout. Consequently, a rejection by these tests does not necessarily imply a change in persistence. We propose a further test, based on the ratio of these statistics, which is consistent against changes either from I(0) to I(1), or vice versa, yet does not over‐reject against constant I(0) series. Consistent breakpoint estimators are proposed.
A Logit Model with Missing Information Illustrated by Testing for Hidden Unemployment in Transition Economies
Authors: Caudill Steven B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn an important paper,Dempster, Laird and Rubin (1977)showed how the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm could be used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in a multinomial probability model with missing information. This article extends Dempster, Laird and Rubin's work on the EM algorithm to the estimation of a multinomial logit model with missing information on category membership. We call this new model the latent multinomial logit (LMNL) model. A constrained version of the LMNL model is used to examine the issue of hidden unemployment in transition economies following the approach ofEarle and Sakova (2000). We found an additional 0.5% hidden unemployment among workers describing themselves as self‐employed in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
2. PRESENCE ACHIEVED IN LANGUAGE (WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE PRESENCE OF THE PAST)
Authors: GUMBRECHT HANS ULRICH 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThe aim of this essay is to ask whether what it calls the “presence” of things, including things of the past, can be rendered in language, including the language of historians. In Part I the essay adumbrates what it means by presence (the spatio‐temporally located existence of physical objects and events). It also proposes two ideal types: meaning‐cultures (in which the interpretation of meaning is of paramount concern, so much so that the thinghood of things is often obscured), and presence‐cultures (in which capturing the tangibility of things is of utmost importance). In the modern period, linguistic utterance has typically come to be used for, and to be interpreted as, the way by which meaning rather than presence is expressed, thereby creating a gap between language and presence. Thus, in Part II the essay explores ways that this gap might be bridged, examining seven instances in which presence can be “amalgamated” with language. These range from instances in which the physical dimensions of language itself are made manifest, to those through which the physicality of the things to which language refers is supposed to be made evident. Of particular note for theorists of history are those instances in which things can be made present by employing the deictic, poetic, and incantatory potential of linguistic expression. The essay concludes in Part III with a reflection on Heidegger's idea that language is the “house of being,” now interpreted as the idea that language can be the medium through which the separation of humans and the (physical) things of their environment may be overcome. The hope of achieving presence in language is no less than a reconciliation of humans with their world, including—and of most interest to historians—the things and events of their past.
3. “PRESENCE” AND MYTH
Authors: ANKERSMIT F. R. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThere are no dictionary meanings or authoritative discussions of “presence” that fix the significance of this word in a way that ought to be accepted by anybody using it. So we are in the welcome possession of great freedom to maneuver when using the term. In fact, the only feasible requirement for its use is that it should maximally contribute to our understanding of the humanities. When trying to satisfy this requirement I shall relate “presence” to representation. Then I focus on a variant of representation in which the past is allowed to travel to the present as a kind of “stowaway” (Runia), so that the past is literally “present” in historical representation. I appeal to Runia's notion of so‐called “parallel processes” for an analysis of this variant of historical representation.
4. THE MATERIAL PRESENCE OF THE PAST
Authors: DOMANSKA EWA 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the material presence of the past and the recent call in the human sciences for a “return to things.” This renewed interest in things signals a rejection of constructivism and textualism and the longing for what is “real,” where “regaining” the object is conceived as a means for re‐establishing contact with reality. In the context of this turn, we might wish to reconsider the (ontological) status of relics of the past and their function in mediating relations between the organic and the inorganic, between people and things, and among various kinds of things themselves for reconceptualizing the study of the past. I argue that the future will depend on whether and how various scholars interested in the past manage to modify their understanding of the material remnants of the past, that is, things as well as human, animal, and plant remains. In discussing this problem I will refer to Martin heidegger's distinction between an object and a thing, to bruno latour's idea of the agency of things and object‐oriented democracy, and to Don Ihde's material hermeneutics.To illustrate my argument I will focus on some examples of the ambivalent status of the disappeared person (dead or alive) in argentina, which resists the oppositional structure of present versus absent. In this context, the disappeared body is a paradigm of the past itself, which is both continuous with the present and discontinuous from it, which simultaneously is and is not. Since there are no adequate terms to analyze the “contradictory” or anomalous status of the present‐absent dichotomy, I look for them outside the binary oppositions conventionally used to conceptualize the present‐absent relationship in our thinking about the past. for this purpose I employ Algirdas Julien Greimas's semiotic square.
6. ACTES DE PRÉSENCE: PRESENCE IN FASCIST POLITICAL CULTURE1
Authors: PETERS RIK 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTIn order to discuss the notion of presence, I explore Fascist Italy as an example of a presence‐based culture. In the first part of this paper, I focus on the doctrines of “the philosopher of fascism,” Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944), in order to show that his programme of cultural awakening revolves around the notion of the “presentification of the past.” This notion formed the basis of Gentile's dialectic of the act of thought, which is the kernel of his actual idealism, or actualism. I argue that actualism should primarily be interpreted as an ontology of a historical reality; it expresses the view that reality is history. In his 1914 inaugural “L'esperienza pura e la realtà storica” (Pure Experience and Historical Reality), Gentile drew this view to its ultimate consequence by developing a view of experience that has some striking parallels with the contemporary views of presence as expounded by Gumbrecht, Runia, and Ankermit. In the second part of my paper, I discuss how Gentile and his collaborators put presence into practice in school reforms, the Enciclopedia Italiana, and in hundreds of monuments, memorials, and exhibitions. Finally, I discuss the 1932 Mostra della rivoluzione fascista, which was not only the apex of fascist culture politics, but also of the practice of presence. In this context, I argue that this practice should not be seen as a politics of historical interpretation, as Hayden White once held, but as a politics of sublime historical experience, or presence. The presence of presence in fascist political culture raises some difficult questions for all who embrace the new paradigm, questions that can only be answered if the notion of presence is somehow balanced by the critical historical method, which is the basis for a true dialogue with the past.
Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile
Authors: Jiménez J. E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe behavioral ecology of the critically endangered Darwin's fox Pseudalopex fulvipes was examined during the reproductive season of 2001/2002 on a coastal population, on Chiloé Island in southern Chile. Foxes were radio‐tracked and their diet and feeding behavior, activity patterns, home range sizes and spatial organization, habitat use and selection, social organization and abundance were studied. Foxes were solitary hunters and showed a generalist and opportunistic feeding behavior. Insects were the most abundant prey, followed by crustaceans, rodents, birds, amphibians, ungulates, reptiles, and marsupials. As marine organisms were frequently eaten, the ocean subsidy was important. Plant seeds were dispersed up to +650 m from their sources. Prey were hunted in all habitat types recognized, throughout the daily cycle, and were consumed as they were available along the season. All foxes were active throughout the day, but more so at night. Morphologically, aside from males having broader muzzles, they did not show external sexual dimorphism or differences in weight. The tail and feet of Darwin's foxes were relatively shorter than in other congeneric species. Individual home ranges and core areas ranged from 103 to 488 ha and from 30 to 130 ha, respectively, were similar between males and females, and larger than expected for foxes of that size. All home ranges were elongated (2930 m on average) following the shoreline. Foxes overlapped their home ranges extensively – and core areas less so – with individuals of the same or different gender, showing no apparent territorial behavior. They appear to be monogamous, allowing subordinates in their home ranges. The ecological density was 0.92 foxes km−2, which may be higher than in inland populations. Old‐growth forest was consistently avoided by all individuals, second‐growth forest and shrubland were used as available, and the use of dunes and other lands (mainly shores) was mixed.
Using scissors to quantify hardness of insects: do bats select for size or hardness?
Authors: Freeman P. W. , Lemen C. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractScissors are used to determine the hardness of fresh insects of different size and taxa. Our results indicate a strong relationship between the size of an insect and its hardness, which can be expressed as log(Fmax)=0.65 × log(V)+α.Fmaxis the maximal force needed to cut the insect and is our measure of insect hardness.Vis the volume of the insect andαis a constant that can be derived for different insect taxa. The value of 0.65 was found as an average of beetle and moth samples, and this number appears consistent across insect taxa. We found that beetles averaged about 3.2 times harder than moths of the same size. Beetles were also more variable in hardness than moths, with the softest beetles about equal in hardness to an average moth of the same size. Using our data on insect hardness coupled with data on the diets of bats and their bite forces from the literature, we attempt to determine whether the upper size limit of insects taken by a bat is limited by the insect's dimensions or its hardness. Our results indicate that both these factors may be important.
Migration patterns in a population of cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) inhabiting an isolated wetland
Authors: Glaudas X. , Andrews K. M. , Willson J. D. , Gibbons J. W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFew studies have examined the spatial and temporal migration patterns of snakes to and from active‐season habitats. We conducted a year‐long population‐level analysis of cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus migration patterns by monitoring snakes entering and leaving a Carolina bay wetland that was encircled by a continuous terrestrial drift fence. Cottonmouths used the wetland during the active season and left the bay in the fall to overwinter in other habitats. Adults and juveniles did not differ in time of arrival at the bay but juveniles left the bay earlier than adults. Spatially, captures of adult cottonmouths entering and leaving the bay were distributed non‐randomly, with capture peaks corresponding to the directions to the nearest permanent aquatic habitats. Juveniles' immigration patterns in the spring were biased in the same directions as those of the adults, but they left non‐directionally in the fall. This suggests that neonates do not rely on adult scent trailing to locate hibernacula, and that in a region with moderate winter temperatures, suitable overwintering sites may not be a limited resource. Additionally, our study demonstrates that cottonmouths make extensive use of upland habitats and underscores the importance of both critical upland habitat and forested corridors between wetlands and hibernacula for the conservation of wetlands herpetofauna.