bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Rat Organic Anion Transporter 3 Association with Caveolin‐1 in Rat Kidney
Authors: Kwak Jin‐Oh , Kim Hyun‐Woo , Song Joon Ho , Kim Moon‐Jae , Park Hyeon‐Seon , Hyun Dong‐Keun , Kim Dong Soo , Cha Seok Ho 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) has recently been identified as the third isoform of the OAT family. The mechanisms that regulate rOAT3's functions remain to be elucidated. rOAT3 contributes for moving a number of negatively charged organic compounds between cells and their extracellular milieu. Caveolin (Cav) also plays a role as a membrane transporter. To address the relationship of these two proteins, we investigated the protein‐protein interaction between rOAT3 and Cav‐1. The rOAT3 mRNA and protein expression were observed in the rat kidney, and the expressions of Cav‐1 mRNA and protein were also detected in the kidney. Confocal microscopy of the immuno‐cytochemistry experiments using primary cultured renal proximal tubular cells showed that rOAT3 and Cav‐1 were co‐localized at the plasma membrane. This finding was confirmed by Western blot analysis using isolated caveolae‐enriched membrane fractions from the rat kidney and immuno‐precipitation experimentation. When rOAT3's synthesized cRNA of rOAT3 along with the antisense oligo deoxynucleotide of Xenopus Cav‐1 were co‐injected into Xenopus oocytes, the [3H] estrone sulfate uptake was significantly decreased. These findings suggest that rOAT3 and caveolin‐1 share a cellular expression in the plasma membrane and Cav‐1 up‐regulates the organic anionic compound uptake via rOAT3 under normal physiological conditions.
IUBMB Life, 57: 109‐117, 2005
Tuberculosis Among Adult Visitors of Children With Suspected Tuberculosis and Employees at a Children's Hospital
Authors: Muñoz Flor M. , Ong Lydia T. , Seavy Diane , Medina Denise , Correa Armando , Starke Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2006

Objective:Few children with tuberculosis (TB) have communicable disease, and most do not require isolation within the hospital. However, parents or adult visitors with unrecognized pulmonary TB may be a threat to hospital staff and other patients. We prospectively evaluated adults accompanying children hospitalized for suspected TB at a children's hospital to determine the frequency of undiagnosed, potentially contagious disease.Methods:From 1992 to 1998, chest radiographs were obtained from adult caretakers accompanying 59 consecutive children admitted to Texas Children's Hospital with suspected TB. A child and his or her family were placed under Airborne Precautions only if the child or the accompanying adult exhibited characteristics of potentially contagious disease. Annual rates of tuberculin skin test conversion in hospital employees were obtained for the same period.Results:Of the 105 screened adults, 16 (15%) had previously undetected pulmonary TB. These adults were associated with 14 (24%) of the 59 children. In all instances in which the adult was the patient's parent, he or she was the source of infection to the child. Only 8 (13.5%) of the 59 children required isolation. Tuberculin skin test conversion from a negative to a positive reaction occurred in 127 employees (8 per 1,000 employee-years at risk). Only 4 of these 127 employees performed activities involving direct patient contact. None was in contact with families with a known potentially contagious adult or pediatric patient.Conclusions:The risk of infection of healthcare workers from pediatric patients with primary TB appeared to be minimal, and most children with TB did not need isolation. Infection control efforts should be focused on accompanying adults and adult visitors. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:568-572).
Congenital Tuberculosis and Management of Exposures in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Laartz Brent W. , Narvarte Hugo J. , Holt Douglas , Larkin Julie A. , Pomputius William F. 
Published: February 2006

Objective:We report a case of congenital tuberculosis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and the management of exposure to other neonates in the hospital. We review the literature regarding congenital tuberculosis and management of exposures in the NICU.Design:Case report and a survey of exposures with a 3-month follow-up.Setting:Urban hospital.Patients:Neonates exposed to a case of congenital tuberculosis.Interventions:Exposure to tuberculosis was treated with isoniazid. Purified protein derivative tests were placed at base-line and 3 to 4 months after exposure. Chest radiographs were performed if clinically indicated.Results:Congenital tuberculosis was diagnosed in our patient at 21 days of age during a prolonged hospital course. After initiation of anti-tuberculous medications, the patient gradually recovered from his illness. While he was treated in the NICU, there were 37 potentially exposed infants. Of these, 36 were administered tuberculin skin tests (average age, 1.7 months), all of which were read as 0 mm of induration. Of those 37, 35 began prophylaxis with isoniazid, and 30 were able to complete treatment with a minimum of 3 months of isoniazid therapy. Of those 30, two infants received 6 months of therapy. Additionally, 29 of the 37 infants had chest radiographs, none of which showed suspicious infiltrates or adenopathy. Finally, 30 of the 36 infants had repeat tuberculin skin tests at 3 months, all of which were read as 0 mm of induration (average age, 3.7 months).Conclusion:Congenital tuberculosis is an uncommon disease that requires early diagnosis for successful therapy and vigilant follow-up of potential exposures in the NICU. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:573-579).
Tuberculin Skin Testing Among Healthcare Workers in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Lian-HuatTan  , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Iiam Chong-Kin , Lee Toong-Chow 
Published: February 2006

Objectives:To determine the occupational risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) and to examine the utility of tuberculin skin testing in a developing country with a high prevalence of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination.Design:Tuberculin skin test (TST) survey.Setting:A tertiary-care referral center and a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Participants:HCWs from medical, surgical, and orthopedic wards.Intervention:Tuberculin purified protein derivative RT-23 (State Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for the TST (Mantoux method).Results:One hundred thirty-seven (52.1%) and 69 (26.2%) of the HCWs tested had indurations of 10 mm or greater and 15 mm or greater, respectively. Medical ward HCWs were at significantly higher risk of a positive TST reaction than were surgical or orthopedic ward HCWs (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 3.57; P = .002 for TST positivity at 10 mm or greater) (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 4.70; P = .002 for TST positivity at 15 mm or greater). A previous TST was a significant risk factor for a positive TST reaction at either 10 mm or greater or 15 mm or greater, but a duration of employment of more than 1 year and being a nurse were only significantly associated with a positive TST reaction at a cut-off point of 15 mm or greater.Conclusions:HCWs at the University of Malaya Medical Centre had an increased risk for M. tuberculosis infection that was significantly associated with the level of occupational tuberculosis exposure. A TST cut-off point of 15 mm or greater may correlate better with M. tuberculosis infection than a cut-off point of 10 mm or greater in settings with a high prevalence of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:584-590).
Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion Among Medical Students at a Teaching Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Silva Vania M. C. , Cunha Antonio Jose Ledo A. , Kritski Afranio L. 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To describe the cumulative incidence of and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) infection among medical students.Design:In 1999, a cohort study of medical students with negative results (induration < 10 mm) on tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed. Students who had undergone two-step testing in 1998 were retested.Settings:University and teaching hospital and referral center for TB and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and the Health Sciences Building of the Medical School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Participants:A sample of 618 consecutive medical students with negative TST results who had been tested 12 months before were approached. Information about sociodemographic characteristics, bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination history, and potential exposures to TB was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Four hundred fourteen (67%) students completed the study. Students were at two different levels of their training programs (juniors = no contact with patients; seniors = intensive contact with patients).Results:Of 414 participants, 16 (3.9%; 95% confidence interval, 1.06% to 12.1%) had converted to a positive reaction after 1 year. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher level of clinical training was confirmed to be an independent factor associated with TST conversion (odds ratio, 4.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 22.46; P = .048).Conclusion:Senior medical students are at increased risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in this setting. Therefore, a program of routine tuberculin skin testing and specific TB infection control guidelines are needed for this population (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:591-594).
Failure to Implement Respiratory Isolation: Why Does it Happen?
Authors: Iwata Kentaro , Smith Barbara A. , Santos Eloisa , Polsky Bruce , Sordillo Emilia M. 
Published: February 2006

Background:Respiratory isolation for 90% of individuals with acid-fast bacillus (AFB)-smear–positive tuberculosis (TB) is a recommended performance indicator in recent Infectious Diseases Society of America and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. However, compliance with respiratory isolation reported from multiple centers in the United States and Europe falls short of that goal.Objective:To identify missed clues in TB patients who are not appropriately isolated.Design:Retrospective survey.Setting:A 900-bed voluntary hospital.Patients:All patients with AFB-smear–positive TB admitted between January 1995 and December 1999 who were not appropriately isolated.Results:There were 173 TB cases admitted, including 106 with pulmonary TB. AFB smears were positive in 82 cases; 24 (29%) of these were not appropriately isolated. During the study period, the number of TB cases declined, but the proportion of appropriately isolated patients did not change. Most isolation failure cases were men (median age, 45.5 years); 21 of these patients were black, 2 were Hispanic white, and 1 was Asian, but none was non-Hispanic white. All isolation failure cases had at least one characteristic predictive of TB that could have been elicited at admission (eg, abnormal chest radiograph findings consistent with TB, fever, weight loss, a history of TB, a positive result on tuberculin skin test, hemoptysis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection).Conclusion:Consistent with experiences at other hospitals, we found that the rate of isolation failure remained unchanged despite an overall decline in TB cases. In our experience, almost all isolation failures could be avoided by careful review of the history, physical examination, and chest radiograph for characteristics classically considered predictive of TB. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:595-599).
Utility of Zanamivir for Chemoprophylaxis of Concomitant Influenza A and B in a Complex Continuing Care Population
Authors: Hirji Z. , O'Grady S. , Bonham J. , Mak M. , Takata-Shewchuk J. , Hawkins K. , Gardam M. , Law L. , Mazzulli T. , Conly J. 
Published: February 2006

Objective:To describe compliance with and the safety and prophylactic efficacy of zanamivir among patients at risk of developing influenza-related complications after exposure to both influenza A and B viruses.Design:Nonrandomized trial using both historical and contemporaneous controls from ward populations within the same facility.Setting:A 547-bed urban hospital providing complex continuing care and rehabilitation.Patients:Fifty patients on a single ward concomitantly exposed to both influenza A and B during an influenza outbreak.Interventions:All patients were screened for symptoms of influenza and nasopharyngeal swabs were sent for viral culture prior to treatment (two oral inhalations [2 × 5 mg] twice daily for 5 days) or prophylaxis (two oral inhalations [2 × 5 mg] once daily for 14 days) with zanamivir. Patient symptoms, compliance, and drug tolerance were monitored daily. Demographic data, comorbidities, vaccination status, and functional status (Katz score) were collected for all patients.Results:The mean age of the patients was 70.6 years (standard deviation, ± 16.4 years). Ninety-four percent had two or more comorbidities, 71% were dependent in two or more activities of daily living, 63% had been vaccinated for influenza, and 82% had received amantadine. Zanamivir was well tolerated, with 93% of the patients completing their course. The efficacy for preventing symptomatic infection was 82% and 91% (95% confidence interval, 62% to 98%) based on historical and contemporaneous controls, respectively.Conclusion:These data suggest that zanamivir can be used safely and effectively as a prophylactic agent in the management of influenza outbreaks in a complex continuing care population with multiple comorbidities. (Infect Control Hosp Epidem 2002;23:604-608).
Health Behavior Associated With Influenza Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers in Long-Term-Care Facilities
Authors: Manuel D. G. , Henry B. , Hockin J. , Naus M. 
Published: February 2006

Objective:To investigate the health behavior associated with influenza vaccination among healthcare workers (HCWs) in long-term–care facilities.Design:A cross-sectional, self-administered survey of HCWs, augmented with focus groups to further examine attitudes toward influenza vaccination.Setting:Two long-term–care facilities participated in the survey. The focus groups were held at one of the two facilities.Participants:All HCWs were invited to participate in the survey and all nonmanagerial staff members were invited to participate in the focus groups. The response rate for the survey was 58% (231 of 401).Results:Vaccinated HCWs had a more positive attitude toward influenza vaccination and a greater belief that the vaccine is effective. This was not accompanied by differences in vaccine knowledge or values of potential preventive outcomes. Nonvaccinated respondents were more likely to believe that other preventive measures, such as washing hands, taking vitamins and supplements, eating a nutritious diet, exercising, and taking homeopathic or naturopathic medications, were more effective than vaccination. Additional findings from the focus groups suggest that HCWs believe that the main purpose of influenza vaccination programs is to protect residents' health at the expense, potential harm, and burden of responsibility of the staff.Conclusions:This study identifies challenges to and opportunities for improving vaccination rates among HCWs. A message that emphasizes the health benefits of vaccination to staff members, such as including vaccination as part of a staff “wellness” program, may improve the credibility of influenza immunization programs and coverage rates.(Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:609-614).
Disruption of Services in an Internal Medicine Unit Due to a Nosocomial Influenza Outbreak
Authors: Sartor Catherine , Zandotti Christine , Romain Fanny , Jacomo Véronique , Simon Sophie , Atlan-Gepner Catherine , Sambuc Roland , Vialettes Bernard , Drancourt Michel 
Published: February 2006

Objective:To describe a nosocomial influenza A out-break, how it was managed, what impact it had on subsequent delivery of health care, and the additional charges attributable to it.Design:Prospective cohort study and microbiological investigation.Setting:One internal medicine unit in an acute care, university-affiliated hospital.Participants:Twenty-three patients and 22 staff members from February 28 to March 6,1999.Results:Attack rates were 41% (9 of 22) among patients and 23% (5 of 22) among staff members, with 3 of 14 cases being classified as “certain”. The influenza virus isolates were typed as A/SYDNEY/5/97 (H3N2). The index case was a patient who shared a room with the first nosocomial case. Vaccination rates for influenza virus were 43% (10 of 23) among patients and 36% (8 of 22) among staff members. The outbreak resulted in staff members' taking 14 person-days of sick leave. Furthermore, 8 scheduled admissions were postponed and all emergency admissions were suspended for 11 days. Hospital charges attributable to the influenza outbreak totaled $34,179 and the average extra charge per infected patient was $3,798.Conclusions:Nosocomial influenza outbreaks increase charges and alter the quality of care delivered in acute care settings. Strategies for their prevention need to be evaluated in acute care settings. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:615-619).
Pseudo-Outbreak of Multidrug-ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosisAssociated With Presumed Laboratory Processing Contamination
Authors: Bearman Gonzalo , Vaamonde Carlos , Larone Davise , Drusin Lewis , Zuccotti Gianna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn investigation prompted by six positive cultures for multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisduring a 7-week period found that an unusual resistance pattern, temporal proximity of laboratory processing, and identical DNA fingerprints supported the theory of cross-contamination. Laboratory processing procedures included specimen batching and multi-use vials of buffer solution. Processing procedures were changed and no additional cases of suspected cross-contamination have been observed. '(Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:622).
Isoniazid-Resistant Cavitary Tuberculosis in a Physician Following Isoniazid Prophylaxis
Authors: Karchmer Tobi B. , Phipps John D. , Giannetta Eve T. , Farr Barry M. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Single-drug prophylaxis is recommended after tuberculin skin test conversion, but not when there is active disease on chest radiograph because resistance develops frequently. Isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis developed in a physician receiving prophylaxis despite “faint left upper lobe soft tissue density” on chest radiograph. Ignoring active disease on chest x-ray renders this strategy counterproductive and cost ineffective. '(Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:622-625).
Factors Influencing Decisions Regarding Influenza Vaccination and Treatment: A Survey of Healthcare Workers
Authors: Steiner MaryAnn , Vermeulen Lee C. , Mullahy John , Hayney Mary S. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Surveys conducted in our healthcare facility evaluated factors associated with acceptance of influenza vaccination and opinions regarding influenza prevention and treatment and willingness to pay. Avoiding lost work and low risk were primary reasons for vaccine recipients and non-recipients, respectively. One-third of vaccine recipients would refuse vaccination if asked to pay at least $10.
Nosocomial Influenza at a Canadian Pediatric Hospital From 1995 to 1999: Opportunities for Prevention
Authors: Slinger Robert , Dennis Peggy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNineteen cases of nosocomial influenza occurred at a pediatric hospital during a 5-year period. Only one of the nine children with chronic health conditions had been immunized. Length of stay was prolonged for seven children, with three intensive care unit admissions. We have now implemented strategies to decrease nosocomial influenza infection. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:627-629).
The Role ofClostridium difficileand Viruses as Causes of Nosocomial Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Langley Joanne M. , LeBlanc John C. , Hanakowski Martha , Goloubeva Olga 
Published: February 2006

Objective:We report surveillance of nosocomial diarrhea in children at our institution during the past decade and note different epidemiology of diarrhea due to viruses andClostridium difficile.Design:A prospective cohort study.Setting:A university-affiliated pediatric hospital with 180 beds serving an urban area and providing referral care for the Maritime Provinces of Canada.Participants:Children younger than 18 years.Methods:Surveillance was conducted from 1991 to 1999 using personal contact with personnel and review of microbiology and medical records. Nosocomial diarrhea was defined as loose stools occurring more than 48 hours after admission, with at least two loose stools in 12 hours and no likely non-infectious cause.Results:Nosocomial diarrhea was the third most common nosocomial infection (217 of 1,466; 15%), after bloodstream and respiratory infections, with from 0.5 to 1 episode per 1,000 patient-days. Of 217 nosocomial diarrhea episodes, 122 (56%) had identified pathogens:C. difficile(39 of 122; 32%), rotavirus (38 of 122; 31%), adenovirus (36 of 122; 30%), and other viral (9 of 122; 7%). The median age was 1.3 years (range, 11 days to 17.9 years), 0.80 year for children with viral diarrhea, 3.9 years for children withC. difficile, and 1.5 years for children with diarrhea without a causative organism identified (P< .0001). Most children with nosocomial diarrhea were incontinent (diapered) at the time of their first episode (138 of 185; 75%), but preexisting incontinence was more common in those with viral diarrhea (93%) compared with those with no organism identified (71%) or those withC. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) (49%) (P< .0001).Conclusions:C. difficileis the single most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in our tertiary-care center, although all viral pathogens account for 69% of cases. Diapered status appears to be a risk factor for CDAD in children, and CDAD occurs more often in older children than viral nosocomial diarrhea. Further characterization of risk factors for, and morbidity associated with, nosocomial CDAD in children is warranted.
An Outbreak ofSalmonellaSerotype Saintpaul in a Children's Hospital
Authors: Bornemann Rena , Zerr Danielle M. , Heath Joan , Koehler Jane , Grandjean Marcus , Pallipamu Ravi , Duchin Jeff 
Published: February 2006

Objectives:To describe a nosocomial outbreak ofSalmonellaserotype Saintpaul gastroenteritis and to explore risk factors for infection.Design:Case-control study.Setting:A 208-bed, university-affiliated children's hospital.Participants:Patients hospitalized at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, during February 2001 who had stool specimens obtained for culture at least 24 hours after admission. Case-patients (n = 11) were patients with an indistinguishable strain ofSalmonellaSaintpaul cultured from their stool. Control-patients (n = 41) were patients hospitalized for problems other than gastroenteritis whose stool cultures were negative forSalmonella.Methods:Risk factors were evaluated using the chisquare test or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. A multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression. The predictor of interest was the receipt of enteral feeding formula mixed by the hospital.Results:Case-patients were more likely than control-patients to have received formula mixed by the hospital (OR, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 17.16). Other variables evaluated were not significant predictors ofSalmonellaSaintpaul infection.Conclusions:Formula mixed by the hospital appears to have been the source of thisSalmonellaoutbreak. Strict sanitation measures must be ensured in formula preparation and delivery, and bacterial pathogens should be included in the differential diagnosis for nosocomial gastroenteritis.