bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating hidden populations: a new method of calculating the prevalence of drug‐injecting and non‐injecting female street prostitution
Authors: BLOOR MICHAEL , LEYLAND ALASTAIR , BARNARD MARINA , McKEGANEY NEIL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper outlines a new method we have developed for estimating the prevalence of streetworking prostitution and the proportions of female street‐working prostitutes who are injecting drug users. This method is based on the capture/recapture approach and involves distinguishing new fieldwork contacts from repeat field work contacts. The size of the overall population can be modelled from records of the increasing ratio of repeat to new fieldwork contacts. The method may have a relevance beyond a concern with prostitution and drug injecting, and may be of value in estimating other hidden populations.
Utility of subjective‐effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans
Authors: FISCHMAN MARIAN W. , FOLTIN RICHARD W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEstimates of the likelihood that a drug will be abused have generally been based on the subjective effects engendered by that drug. With the development of standardized subjective effects questionnaires in the 1960s and 1970s, researchers have been able to carefully evaluate self‐reported effects of drugs, generally making measures before and repeatedly after administration of a single dose of drug. The use of multiple doses under controlled laboratory conditions in which physiological measures are also taken, and both the investigator and the subject are blind to the dose administered, has been suggested as most likely to yield useful data about the abuse liability of a test compound. Although questions remain about the specific subjective effects measures to be used, there has been general agreement among researchers in this area that scores on scales from the Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory, and Visual Analog Scales which include measures of “high” or liking' all provide predictive utility. The addition of a measure of actual drug‐taking to this predictive model appears to provide important information about the conditions under which these two behaviors (self‐reported effects and drug self‐administration) vary, and strengthens the model substantially.
Performance and physiological measures in abuse liability evaluation
Authors: ROACHE JOHN D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAbuse liability testing involves an evaluation of the likelihood of drug self‐use and also an evaluation of the harmful effects of drug use. This paper reviews the rationale and utility of examining performance and physiological measures in clinical abuse liability evaluation. It is concluded that there are three important reasons to employ such measures in abuse liability studies: (1) to serve as a reference point to allow for between drug and across measure comparisons; (2) to directly quantify dose‐response functions on multiple dimensions of drug effect and thus evaluate the overall profile of effects; and (3) to provide information on the likelihood that drug use will produce harmful effects. The review illustrates each of these purposes and briefly summarises conclusions from previous studies employing performance and physiological measures in the abuse liability evaluation of sedatives, stimulants, and opioids.
The relationship between stressful life situations and changes in alcohol consumption in a general population sample
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS , LAZARUS NANCY B. , KAPLAN GEORGE A. , COHEN RICHARD D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStudies on the relationship between stressful life situations and alcohol consumption have almost exclusively been based on retrospective information from clinical populations. We conducted multiple regression analyses of the relationship between presumed stressful life conditions in 1965, life events during 1966–73 and psychosocial factors and amount of increase or decrease in alcohol consumption from 1965 to 1974 adjusting for age, alcohol consumption, education and health status in 1965. Data from surveys in 1965 and in 1974 in a general population sample of 4,864 subjects from Alameda County, California were used. The magnitude of the associations between the presumed stressful life situations and amount of change was generally low, although a few were statistically significant. However, among those aged 65 years and above, and especially among men, some of the associations were strong, but imprecise due to the low number of subjects in those ages. While a number of variables were associated with increase or decrease in alcohol consumption, the R2‐values indicated that these variables explained little of the variation over time in alcohol consumption. Thus, people in general seem to cope with stressful life situations by means, other than a longstanding increase in alcohol consumption.
The sharing of injecting equipment among drug users attending prescribing clinics and those using needle‐exchanges
Authors: KLEE HILARY , FAUGIER JEAN , HAYES CATH , MORRIS JULIE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree groups of injecting drug‐users were defined in terms of their experience of methadone treatment: treatment for periods longer than 6 months, treatment for shorter periods, and no treatment. Methadone treatment and the use of needle exchanges were related in subsequent analysis to the sharing of injecting equipment. Comparisons between groups were made on other variables believed to be associated with sharing. Significant differences were observed between treatment groups in the recency of sharing and in the use of needle‐exchanges. Age and length of drug use were important factors in sharing, which was least prevalent among older respondents in long‐term treatment. Regular use of needle‐exchanges was associated with the passing on of used equipment to others. Subsequent analysis of regular users suggested respondents in long‐term treatment were less likely to pass on their equipment than those in the other two groups.
Tobacco epidemic or bonanza? The global connection
Authors: ARAYA RICARDO I. , LARANJEIRA RONALDO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere seems to be ample agreement that tobacco is an addictive harmful substance. The smoking epidemic is most noticeably affecting third world countries but the developed world despite overoptimistic predictions is still far from safe. Profits derived mainly from tobacco trading in poor countries are being used to target vulnerable groups in more developed countries. The fight against smoking in developing countries is hindered by many internal and external factors. The socioeconomic situation is so desperate that governments are prepared to hand over the health of their people as pan of payment. Some developed countries have consistently applied double standards to dealing with harmful drugs, not only ignoring the smoking epidemic affecting less developed countries but also actively protecting and encouraging its spreading. The fight against drugs, including smoking, badly needs a real proof of commitment from these countries.
Cigarette advertising and adolescent experimentation with smoking
Authors: Klitzner Michael , Gruenewald Paul J. , Bamberger Elizabeth 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe extent to which cigarette advertising contributes to increases in smoking has been debated by public health professionals and the tobacco industry. One aspect of this debate has been the degree to which advertising influences smoking among adolescents. Previous research suggests that there are significant relationships between measures of advertising and smoking. However, potential simultaneous relationships between these measures have not been addressed. Observed correlations may arise from the effects of advertising on smoking or from smokers' selective exposure to advertisements. This study examined relationships between cigarette advertising and smoking experimentation. Using environmental and psychological measures of advertising exposure, it was demonstrated that adolescents who experimented with cigarettes were better able to recognize advertised products than those who had not, a selective exposure effect. Conversely, subjects who were better at recognizing advertised brands were more likely to have experimented with cigarettes, an effect due to their exposure to cigarette advertising.
Smoking and smoking cessation in cancer patients
Authors: GRITZ ELLEN R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPersons with malignant disease have been a neglected population for research in smoking cessation. Besides the well‐established role of cigarette smoking in the development of several types of cancers, there are numerous adverse health consequences of continued smoking for the diagnosed cancer patient. These include: increased risk of further neoplasms, poorer survival, and complications of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy; risk of non‐neoplastic smoking‐related diseases; and additional impairment of appetite and nutrition. Smoking prevalence at diagnosis is highest among patients with smoking‐related cancers. Prospective studies of a variety of cancer patient populations are needed to assess patterns of continued smoking and cessation. Systematic quit smoking programs should be integrated into cancer treatment regimens. Currently, two trials testing interventions delivered by medical providers are in progress. Important research issues concerning intervention in cancer patient smoking behavior include: identification of relevant target groups; definition of intervention style and content; delineation of dimensions of treatment; and documentation of beneficial effects. The growing number of long‐term cancer survivors and the complications from other smoking‐related diseases dictate that the smoking cessation needs of this population be addressed.
Smoking cessation and weight gain
Authors: LEISCHOW SCOTT J. , STITZER MAXINE L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in the research on smoking cessation and weight gain since the 1988 Surgeon General's Report, particularly on mechanisms and treatment methods. Smoking cessation results in weight gain in most quitters, primarily due to changes in caloric intake and to a lesser extent from changes in energy expenditure. Thus far, pharmacologic treatments appear more efficacious at preventing the weight gain than behavioral methods. And regarding who should receive treatment, preliminary research suggests that females are more concerned about postcessation weight gain than males, and it is the concern about weight gain‐more than the weight gain itself‐that appears to play an important role in relapse to smoking. Given the progress that has been made along the spectrum from mechanisms to treatment, those concerned about postcessation weight now have treatment options for preventing weight gain in the critical period immediately after smoking cessation. However, continued research into mechanisms, treatment methods, and individual differences will surely result in new and more effectively tailored treatment options.
Refining models of dependence: variations across persons and situations
Authors: SHIFFMAN SAUL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHaving established that tobacco smoking is addictive, research should proceed to refine our models of dependence on nicotine and other drugs. Current theories of addiction do not account for between‐ or within‐subjects variations in addictive behavior. Recent evidence that some people can smoke for decades without developing dependence demonstrates the potential for individual differences in vulnerability to dependence. Study of such anomalous smokers may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying nicotine dependence. Current theory and data also fail to provide adequate accounts of situational variation in addictive behavior and of the developmental progression from initial experimentation to dependence.
Alcohol, social factors and mortality among young men
Authors: ANDRÉASSON SVEN , ROMELSJÖ ANDERS , ALLEBECK PETER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a 20‐year follow‐up the association between alcohol consumption, social and personal background factors and mortality was studied in a cohort of 49464 Swedish conscripts. The relative risk of death among high consumers (those consuming more than 250 g alcohol/week at conscription) was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 2.2–3.7) compared with moderate consumers (1–100 g/week). Deaths caused by direct toxic effects of alcohol were few, less than 5%. Instead suicides and accidents predominated. Abstainers had a slightly lower mortality than moderate consumers, with a relative risk of 0.8 (0.6–1.1), due to a significantly lower risk for traffic deaths. High consumers of alcohol had more than twice as many social and personal risk factors for premature death compared with the cohort as a whole. Yet presence of social risk factors added little to the already increased relative risk of death among high consumers.
Alcohol problems among women in a general hospital ward
Authors: WATSON HAZEL E. , KERSHAW PETER W. , DAVIES JOHN B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a study which was conducted to establish the utility of a screening procedure consisting of a structured interview and blood tests (GGT and MCV) to detect early problem drinking in female patients in a short‐stay general hospital ward. The proportion of women identified by the interview schedule was found to be greater than has been reported in general practice and some other studies of female problem drinking. However, most of the blood tests were normal for this group. Excessive alcohol consumption was significantly associated with attempted suicide by drug overdose.
Alcohol and alcohol problems research 17. Malta
Authors: BALDACCHINO ALEXANDER M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article is an enquiry into the current status of alcohol in Maltese culture. The responses of society to alcoholism depend on the way members of the community perceive the problems incurred by the use and abuse of a dependence producing substance like alcohol. These perceptions and subsequent responses are very much influenced by prevailing attitudes and beliefs. Malta is a melting point of cultures. This factor, together with a high density population and Malta's geopolitical strategic position, combine to make Malta a tolerant society. There is a laissez‐faire response to alcoholism, at least partly due to the present inability to identify the need to take appropriate measures. The police force, medical profession and politicians still do not feel the responsibility or the need to provide effective laws and regulations, specialized treatment services or educative programmes on alcohol‐related issues. A systematic enquiry is needed urgently to determine the severity and degree of the problems posed by alcohol abuse among the Maltese. Such an enquiry should be followed by a well planned national policy which includes local approaches and interventions. Finally, these interventions must be evaluated frequently and developed to achieve better results in the future.
Substance use and problems among Toronto street youth
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , ADLAF EDWARD M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe extent of substance use and problems among adolescent ‘street’ and homeless populations is largely undocumented. This study describes the prevalence of drug use among a sample of 145 adolescent street youth interviewed during February and March 1990 in Toronto, Canada, and compares these data to those derived from other adolescent street and mainstream populations.
Abstaining for foetal health: The fiction that even light drinking is dangerous
Authors: KNUPFER GENEVIEVE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is a strong ideological and political movement in the USA to convince pregnant women not to drink any alcohol. An examination of the research literature on the results of drinking during pregnancy does not provide any evidence that light drinking is harmful to the foetus. The chief defects in the research that make conclusions about the effects of ‘moderate’ or light' drinking invalid are the ways in which drinking patterns are categorized: a) usually the categories used are ‘average per day’, the different effects of bingeing and light drinking being thus confused; b) often the heaviest drinking category is described as ‘two or more drinks a day’, sometimes even ‘one or more’. Obviously, one cannot tell whether any instances of foetal damage occurring in that group came from women who drank only two drinks each day, which would be light drinking, or from those who drank ten drinks each day since “ten drinks a day” is part of the category “two or more”.
Interpersonal versus technological orientations and alcohol abuse in future physicians
Authors: RICHMAN JUDITH A. , PYSKOTY CHARLENE E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEtiologic research on alcohol‐related impairment in physicians has elucidated various risk factors including family history of alcoholism, symptomatic distress, personality deficits, and high academic achievement. This study of medical students points to the additional salience of future practice orientations involving technological/status versus interpersonal concerns. A cohort of students was surveyed at medical school entrance and again in the second training year. Alcohol abusers (particularly medical school onset cases) manifested significantly higher technological/status and lower interpersonal concerns compared to non‐abusers. Differences across future specialty choices were also found. However, additional longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal directionality of these relationships.
The effects of co‐dependence on physicians and nurses
Authors: WILLIAMS ETTA , BISSELL LECLAIR , SULLIVAN ELEANOR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo evaluate the effect on physicians and nurses of being closely involved with one or more chemical dependent persons, a sample of 67 physicians and 133 nurses with chemical dependent significant others was surveyed. The majority reported that the quality of their work was adversely affected by this association. Reduced ability to concentrate, absenteeism, errors, poor judgment, and patient neglect were reported. Most reported their professional education had not prepared them to recognize and assist people with chemical dependence and half thought their professional education negatively influenced their ability to help. About half had attempted to treat the chemical dependent person (s) themselves, sometimes giving medication and occasionally diverting drugs for this purpose. Most said their self‐esteem and self‐confidence were damaged by these relationships. Over one‐third reported being diagnosed as depressed and 12% had attempted suicide. There were few differences between physicians and nurses on the effects of being in a co‐dependent relationship (s), although nurses and women were more likely to have chemically dependent parents. Implications for professional education are identified.
The tobacco withdrawal syndrome in unaided quitters
Authors: GRITZ ELLEN R. , CARR CLIFFORD R. , MARCUS ALFRED C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTobacco withdrawal was assessed over a one year follow‐up period in a prospective study of 554 persons stopping smoking on their own on a target quit date, the Great American Smokeout or New Year's Day. Tobacco dependence was related to smoking status as well as to the tobacco withdrawal syndrome through the one month follow‐up. During the first week of follow‐up at least 87% of subjects reported withdrawal symptoms, and craving was reported by at least two‐thirds. There was consistency in the rankings of the four most prevalent short‐ and long‐term symptoms: restless, eating more than usual, anxious/tense and impatient. During the first week, levels of symptom severity and frequency of craving dropped from days 1 and 2 to week 1. Across long‐term follow‐ups the withdrawal syndrome peaked at 1 month and leveled off at 6 and 12 months. Results are discussed in terms of clinical and treatment implications.
Advertising, price, income and publicity effects on weekly cigarette sales in New Zealand supermarkets
Authors: LAUGESEN MURRAY , MEADS CHRIS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTotal cigarettes (all brands) sold weekly by a panel of 60 New Zealand supermarkets were monitored electronically for 42 weeks, a period when cigarette advertisements were in plain format with strong, varied disease warnings. Real cigarette price, newspaper advertising of old, regular and upmarket brands, and the number of newspaper news items on smoking issues were inversely associated with cigarette sales. Tending to increase total sales (all brands) were: more non‐shopping days in the current week, and in the week following; volume of grocery items purchased, to indicate income and store traffic; and real advertising expenditure in newspapers for new downmarket cigarette brands, particularly one heavily‐advertised brand (Peter Jackson) which was in late 1989 smoked by 4% of teenage smokers. All factors when interacting, explained 93% of changes in weekly cigarette sales. Most of the change occurred in the same week, and was 90% in place after a further 3 weeks. Newspapers, by doubling news coverage of smoking issues or by banning cigarette advertisements, can lower cigarette consumption as much as can a 10% price increase.
Tobacco prevention in hospitals. The British experience From Liz Batten (Department of Psychology, University of Southampton)
Authors: Batten Liz 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere are three themes in this paper of interest to a UK audience. The first draws attention to the importance of congruity between the hospital environment and education about the harmfulness of smoking. A smoking policy is an integral part of the education process. Secondly, there are clear benefits to accrue from combining several educational elements in one smoking control programme, which has a synergistic effect. Thirdly, hospital staff are health promoters, too, and their training should reflect the importance of their public health role.
Familial history of opium use and reported problems among opium addicts in Pakistan
Authors: CHAUDHRY H. R. , ARRIA AMELIA , TARTER RALPH , CHAUDHRY SHANAZ , CHAUDHRY NAZIR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne‐hundred and twenty‐nine opiate addicts on a monthly maintenance regimen were studied. Subjects with a positive family history of opium use had an earlier age of onset than the subjects without a family history of opium use. Self‐reported psychosocial problems resulting from opium use were documented in only seven subjects. Individuals who began opium use after 1979, when it became illegal to use the drug, had a significantly later age of onset than subjects who began before 1979, suggesting that negative legal sanctions can delay initiation of opium consumption.
Treatment of opiate withdrawal on entry to prison
Authors: JEANMONOD ROLF , HARDING TIMOTHY , STAUB CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractForty‐nine opiate‐dependent persons entering remand prison were treated with methadone over 5–10 days in decreasing doses according to standard practice of the prison medical service. The prisoners were mainly young, unmarried men with an average of 5 years regular opiate use and an average of four previous imprisonments; 45% were known to be HIV infected, although routine testing was not carried out. Ten were on methadone maintenance prior to imprisonment. Urine analysis on entry detected an average of three psychoactive substances, principally opiates, benzodiazepines and cannabis. Prescribed starting doses of methadone were not correlated to independently assessed withdrawal severity. Starting doses were related to prisoners' requests and to their age. Withdrawal severity decreased after 4 days treatment but symptom relief was incomplete. Treating withdrawal symptoms on entry to prison poses unsolved ethical and practical problems.