bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of information on geohazards into the planning process
Authors: Marker Brian R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Urban areas require geological resources for construction and maintenance. Most of these come from rural areas and are often considered separately from the planning of the urban area. Uncontrolled urban growth may sterilize resources or lead to contaminative activities occurring close to vulnerable aquifers. Foundation problems may influence both rate and costs of urban development and geological hazards may threaten property or public safety. Urban areas may grow across potential problems of their own making, such as waste disposal sites. Such problems can be minimized if (a) development takes place in the right places and is properly designed and executed; and (b) the implications of urban development are considered in the context of the availability and supply of minerals, water and land, and the environmental effects of exploiting these.
To achieve balanced consideration of planning and development options, sound geological and geomorphological information is needed at (a) the site level, for specific developments; and (b) the regional level, to guide general allocations of land for particular uses and alert those designing site investigations to the range of problems to be considered.
Geological and related factors relevant to decision making are often neglected. There have been increasing efforts by geologists to secure adequate basic information for selected urban areas but results often have been presented in a form which does not meet the requirements of planners and other decision makers, who may have had no geological training. Whilst planning of land use in urban areas will always be led by economic, social and conservation pressures, it is important to involve planners in identification of relevant issues and the design and presentation of results.
Early-Middle Palaeozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana
Authors: Burrett Clive , Long John , Stait Bryan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Contiguity of the Shan-Thai Terrane and NW Australia is suggested for Cambro-Ordovician times by the close faunal affinities seen in Late Cambrian trilobites, Ordovician molluscs, stromatoporoids, brachiopods and conodonts. Taxa such as
Spanodonta
and
Georgina
are found only on these two blocks whilst others have a Shan-Thai North China, Australian distribution. This, with a re-evaluation of early Palaeozoic palaeomagnetism, places Shan-Thai against NW Australia, N China against N Australia, S China against the western Himalayan-Iran region with Indo-China and Tarim lying between S China and Shan-Thai. A palaeomagnetically required anticlockwise rotation of this greater Gondwana from the Early Cambrian to the Middle Ordovician satisfactorily accounts for the changing biogeographic patterns, in particular the differences between North and South China during the Ordovician. Recent studies on micro vertebrates and conodonts suggest that Shan-Thai was still very close to Australia in the Middle Devonian, as seen by similar turiniform thelodont species from western Yunnan, northern Thailand, and South Australia, as well as the polygnathid
P. labiosus
lineage, species of which have recently been found in Thailand. Continental fish faunas were highly endemic in South China from Silurian through to Early and Middle Devonian, indicating prolonged isolation of this terrane and separation of South China from Gondwana probably in the Silurian. In the Late Devonian, shared biotic assemblages between North China and South China (endemic Zhongning/Wuting plant flora; endemic antiarch placoderm and polybranchiaspid agnathan fishes); and between these Chinese terranes and Australia (sinolepid antiarchs, earlier appearances of certain antiarchs) indicate close continental proximity of these three major regions. New palaeomagnetic data for Ningxia, together with biogeographic data suggests that this region may have constituted a separate 'Hexizoulang Terrane'.
Silurian biogeography
Authors: Boucot A. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Silurian biogeography is characterized by a globally moderate climatic gradient, on which is superimposed a low latitude, warm region, moderate level of longitudinal provincialism. The cool to cold region Malvinokaffric Realm is bounded to the north by the warm water North Silurian Realm. The North Silurian Realm is divided into North Atlantic and Uralian-Cordilleran Regions. The North Atlantic Region, in turn, is divided into North American and European Provinces, whereas a Mongolo-Okhotsk Subprovince is recognized within the Uralian-Cordilleran Region. There is no biogeographic evidence favouring shallow water regions in the mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The nonmarine biogeography of the Silurian is largely unknown.
Rugose coral distribution as a test of Devonian palaeogeographic models
Authors: Pedder A. E. H. , Oliver W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A data bank, based on stage by stage distributions of 420 rugose coral genera in 25 regions of the world is analysed, mostly by means of Otsuka coefficients, to test an Emsian reconstruction of the world proposed by Scotese. Devonian rugose corals inhabited a narrower range of facies than some other benthic groups, and even without regard to facies, provide a tool for testing geographic reconstructions. Basin dwelling coral genera typically have longer temporal and broader geographic ranges than corals living in shallower environments, and are less suitable for palaeogeographic studies. They are treated separately in this work.
For the most part, conclusions drawn from the analysis are either consistent with, or positively supportive of, the Scotese reconstruction. However, large but poorly known rugose coral faunas from Mongolia and the Amur Basin are at about 60° N in the reconstruction, and other well known coral faunas, from Altai-Sayan, are at 45°-50°N. In the light of known distributions of both modern corals and Devonian southern hemisphere corals, in all recently proposed palaeogeographic reconstructions, it is questionable that the original latitude of any large northern hemisphere Devonian coral fauna would have exceeded 45°.
Late Palaeozoic provinciality in the marine realm
Authors: Bambach R. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Biogeographic units commonly recognized in large-scale palaeontological studies are usually related to realms, not provinces as recognized in modern zoogeography. In this study the geographic distribution of the Rugosa, Tabulata, Bivalvia, Ammonoidea, Strophomenida, pedunculate Articulata, Bryozoa, and Crinoidea are used to recognize a set of realms and provinces (based on 30% or more generic endemism in the combined fauna within a province) for the Early and Late Carboniferous and Early and Late Permian. Between 12 and 18 provinces in four or five realms are identified in each interval of the Late Palaeozoic. The recently stated view than the Late Palaeozoic was a time of increasing provinciality is related to a decrease in the average range of regionally distributed genera, not an increase in either endemism or in the number of recognizable biogeographic units.
Carboniferous brachiopod migration and latitudinal diversity: a new palaeoclimatic method
Authors: Kelly P. H. , Raymond A. , Lutken C. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Patterns of migration of organisms, coupled with changes in latitudinal diversity, provide useful information for reconstructing palaeoclimate. We apply these tools to the record of 344 articulate brachiopod genera from the Tournaisian, Visean, and Namurian stages of the Carboniferous. Localities from the Northern Hemisphere were assigned to four palaeolatitudinal zones: the palaeoequatorial zone and the low, middle and high latitudes. Generic migrations were tabulated among latitudinal zones for each pair of successive stratigraphic intervals. Latitudinal diversity gradients were calculated based on the number of genera present within each zone.
Two intervals of climatic change were identified by these methods. Between the middle and late Visean, 42% of the genera moved the northern boundary of their range northward, and nonequatorial diversity rose dramatically. These patterns indicate high-latitude warming, which may have been caused by deflection of the circumequatorial current as the collision of Laurussia and Gondwana progressed. Migration and latitudinal diversity patterns indicate both high-latitude cooling and equatorial warming between the Namurian A and B. The onset of Gondwanan glaciation may have been responsible; similar patterns occurred during glacial onset in the Miocene.
The Palaeobiogeography of the Blastoidea (Echinodermata)
Authors: Waters Johnny A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The 100 blastoid genera are known from some 1500 localities on every continent except Antarctica. Although fissiculates were more geographically widespread than spiraculates, the spiraculates tended to dominate most faunas numerically. The typical blastoid genus is monospecific, relatively short lived (range limited to some part of a single stage), relatively rare in terms of abundance, and geographically restricted to one depositional basin. Throughout their evolutionary history, blastoids were a component (sometimes minor, sometimes important) of echinoderm communities dominated by crinoids.
The palaeobiogeographic history of blastoids can be viewed in three phases. Phase one consisted of the initial radiation from eastern North America in the Late Ordovician, followed by an increase in diversity and geographic range in the Silurian and Devonian and culminating in a Late Devonian extinction. Phase two began with a Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous) radiation, primarily in North America and Europe and ended in the sudden decline in blastoid diversity and abundance in the Upper Carboniferous. In phase three the biogeographic centre of the blastoids shifted eastward as the re-radiation of Upper Palaeozoic blastoids was concentrated in the Tethyan seaway not in North America and Europe. Upper Carboniferous-Permian blastoids were widespread but the most diversed faunas are found in southeast Asia and Australia.
The Don Field, Blocks 211/13a, 211/14, 211/18a, 211/19a, UK North Sea
Authors: Morrison D. , Bennet G. G. , Bayat M. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Don Oilfield is located towards the western margin of the Viking Graben. It lies within four UKCS Blocks, 211/13a, 211/14, 211/18a, and 211/19a, some 15 km (9 miles) north of the Thistle Field. The field is structurally complex and consists of two discrete accumulations (Don NE and Don SW) which are separated by a WNW-ESE fault. The oil is trapped in sandstones of the Middle Jurassic Brent Group at depths of between 11 000 and 11 500 ft SS. Reservoir quality is variable with the Etive and Ness formations which contain the most productive intervals.
The Field is structurally complex and reservoir quality is highly variable. In order to minimize the impact of these uncertainties a phased development strategy has been adopted. This approach ensures the systematic reduction of risk and allows for flexibility to modify development plans as additional reservoir performance data is acquired.
The Tern Field, Block 210/25a, UK North Sea
Authors: Van Panhuys-Sigler Van M. , Baumann A. , Holland T. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Tern Oilfield is situated 150 km northeast of the Shetland Islands in Block 210/25a in the UK sector of the northern North Sea. The discovery well 210/25-1 was drilled in 1975 in a water depth of about 541 ft. The trap is defined at around 8000 ft TVSS by a tilted horst-structure. The hydrocarbons are contained in reservoirs belonging to the Middle Jurassic Brent Group sands deposited by a wave-dominated delta system in the East Shetland Basin. Complex faulting of the structure is responsible for the division of the field into two areas with different original oil-water contacts: the Main Area of the field with an oil-water contact at 8260 ft TVSS, and the Northern Area with a possible oil-water contact at 8064 ft TVSS. Reservoir quality is good with average porosities ranging from 20-24% and an average permeability of 350 md. The expected STOIIP and ultimate recovery of oil are 452 and 175 MMBBL, respectively which represents a recovery factor of 39%.
The initial stage of the development plan calls for ten wells, five oil producers and five water injectors, to be drilled from a single platform, Tern Alpha. Development drilling started in February 1989 and first oil was produced on 2 June 1989. The oil is evacuated via the North Cormorant and Cormorant Alpha platforms into the Brent System pipeline for export to the Sullom Voe terminal.
To date, two producers have b een drilled and total cumulative production is 6.4 MMBBL (1 January 1990). Ultimate recovery is estimated to be some 175 MMBBL.
The Glamis Field, Block 16/21a, UK North Sea
Authors: Fraser A. R. , Tonkin P. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Glamis oilfield lies within UK block 16/21a, 140 miles off the northeast coast of Scotland. The structure has the general form of an east-west oriented tilted fault block. The reservoir consists of clean sandstones of Late Kimmeridgian to Volgian age, overlain by the Kimmeridge Clay Formation but effectively sealed by Cretaceous marls. The sandstones were deposited directly on the eroded Devonian surface as the result of a late Jurassic marine transgression from the southwest.
The reservoir is subdivided into four facies: a basal conglomerate (unit 2b); an overlying fine- to medium-grained sandstone of shallow marine nearshore origin (unit 2a); a succeeding facies of coarsening upwards sandstones of barrier bar origin (unit lb), and an uppermost localized silty bar-flank transitional facies (unit la). Units 2a and lb constitute most of the reservoir section, having an average porosity of 15% and permeabilities up to 1.5 Darcies.

Glamis contains recoverable reserves of 17.5
MMBBL
of 41.5° API undersaturated oil with an initial gas/oil ratio of 1037 SCF/STB. Oil production is from two wells, 16/21a-6 and 16/21a-8, with reservoir pressure maintained by water injection in well 16/21a-17z. Dedicated flowlines exist from each of the producers to a manifold on the Balmoral floating production vessel
4
miles northeast of Glamis.
The V-Fields, Blocks 49/16, 49/21, 48/20a, 48/25b, UK North Sea
Authors: Pritchard M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Vulcan, Vanguard, North Valiant and South Valiant gas fields (collectively known as the 4 V-Fields) lie on the eastern flank of the Sole Pit Basin in the southern sector of the UK North Sea. They are contained within Blocks 49/16, 49/21, 48/25b and are operated by Conoco (UK) Limited. The first field to be discovered was South Valiant, in 1970 and exploration drilling continued until 1983 with the discovery of North Valiant, Vanguard and Vulcan Fields. Prominent faults and dip closures define the limits of the fields, and gas is contained within reservoir sands of Early Permian age, which are of desert origin. The gross average reservoir thckness is about 890 feet and porosities vary from 3-23% with permeabilities in producing zones varying from 0.1 md to 1950 md. Initial gas in place is estimated at 2.6 TCF with recoverable reserves of about 1.7 TCF. The fields were brought on-stream in October 1988 and produce, on average 325 MMSCFD of gas through the LOGGS complex to the Conoco/Britoil terminal at Theddlethorpe. Lincolnshire.
P–T–t
evolution of orogenic belts and the causes of regional metamorphism
Authors: Brown Michael 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Barrow (1893) introduced three important ideas that furthered understanding of metamorphic processes: (i) the use of critical index minerals in argillaceous rocks to define metamorphic zones and elucidate spatial features of regional metamorphism; (ii) the concept of progressive metamorphism; and (iii) the concept of magmatic advection of heat as a possible cause of regional metamorphism. This article expands upon these themes by reviewing our understanding of the dynamic evolution of orogenic belts as interpreted from the
P–T–t
paths of metamorphic rocks, and by considering the likely causes of the different kinds of regional metamorphism that we observe within orogenic belts.

Understanding metamorphic rocks allows the distinction of two fundamentally different types of orogenic belt defined by relative timing of maximum
T
and maximum
P
. Orogenic belts characterized by clockwise
P-T
paths achieved maximum
P
before maximum
T
, the metamorphic peak normally post-dated early deformation within the belt and additional heating above the ‘normal’ conductive flux has been related to the amount of overthickening. By contrast, orogenic belts characterized by counterclockwise
P-T
paths achieved maximum
T
before maximum
P
, the metamorphic peak normally pre-dated or was synchronous with early deformation within the belt and additional heating above the ‘normal’ conductive flux has been related to the emplacement of plutons. Techniques used to constrain portions of
P–T–t
paths include: the use of mineral inclusion suites in porphyroblasts and reaction textures; thermobarometry; the use of fluid inclusions; thermodynamic approaches such as the Gibbs method; radiogenic isotope dating; fission track studies; and numerical modelling. We can utilize specific mineral parageneses in suitable rocks to determine individual
P–T–t
paths, and a set of
P–T–t
paths from one orogenic belt allows us to interpret the spatial variation in dynamic evolution of the metamorphism. Recent advances are reviewed with reference to collision metamorphism, high-temperature-low-pressure metamorphism, granulite metamorphism, and subduction zone metamorphism, and some important directions for future work are indicated.
Sedimentary structures: Sorby and the last decade
Authors: Allen J.R.L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Henry Clifton Sorby pioneered in the last century the description and especially the hydrodynamic interpretation of sedimentary structures, together with their use as palaeocurrent indicators. Research completed since the last syntheses were published a decade ago shows that work along these lines continues to be necessary and relevant, particularly as regards the physical explanation of structures, and to present significant challenges and opportunities. Perhaps the most pressing needs are for a better understanding of (1) bedforms in gravels, silts and carbonate sediments, (2) tidal and especially sand-wave bedding, (3) hummocky and swaley cross-stratification, and (4) soft-sediment and dewatering structures in turbidites. Many sedimentary structures present a little-exploited opportunity to quantify process-rates and define short time-periods from the rock record.
Structure and origin of limestones
Authors: Sellwood B. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Sorby’s Presidential Address of 1879 on the structure and origin of limestones was essentially an interim report of research in progress. His petrographic approach to limestones, stemming from three decades of research, laid the foundations for a wide range of research lines, some of which were not fully exploited for almost a century, such as fluid inclusion studies in diagenesis. The significance of many of his discoveries (e.g. that some Jurassic ooids and Palaeozoic corals were originally calcitic) had geochemical implications that have only recently achieved research prominence (e.g. CO
2
and the ‘greenhouse’ Earth). In addition, Sorby’s legacy was the example of his peerless approach to research, applying ruthless empiricism to the problem at hand. In the case of limestones, this involved an application of meticulous descriptive petrography and innovative experimentation. His approach to understand more fully the complex problems posed by carbonates remains unsurpassed, involving a thorough integration of detailed observation, imaginative thinking and judicious use of analytical techniques.
Sediment drifts and contourite sedimentation in the northeastern Rockall Trough and Faroe-Shetland Channel, North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Howe John A. , Stoker Martyn S. , Stow Dorrik A. V. , Akhurst Maxine C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Seismic reflection profiles, shallow cores and seabed photography from the continental margin off NW Britain reveal the variety of bottom current influenced sedimentation in the northern Rockall Trough and Faroe-Shetland Channel. Types of sediment drifts identified include: (1) elongate drifts, both single, and multi-crested; (2) sheeted drift forms, varying from gently domed to flat-lying; and (3) isolated patch drifts, including moat-related drifts. Associated fields of localized sediment waves are developed with the elongate and gently domed, broad sheeted drifts. The contrasting style of sediment drift development reflects the complex interaction between bottom current regime, sediment supply and the bathymetry of the continental margin. The majority of the mounded/gently domed drifts occur in the northern Rockall Trough, with sheetform drifts commonly confined to the Faroe-Shetland Channel, a narrow basin which is an area of net sediment export rather than drift accumulation. Small patch drifts are present in both basins. Muddy, silty muddy and sandy contourites have been recognized from sediment cores sampling the uppermost parts of the drift sequences. Based on their glaciomarine character, the mid- to high-latitude contourites are referred to as glacigenic contourites. Both partial and complete con–tourite sequences are preserved; the former consist largely of sandy (mid-only) and top-only contourites. Modern sandy con–tourites have also been identified from seabed photographs on the Hebrides Slope. The contourites are recognized as a rippled mobile sand layer, reworked from a poorly sorted glaciomarine parent deposit.
Sediment drifts of the Corsica Channel, northern Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Roveri Marco 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA sediment drift complex, resulting from the activity of the northward flowing Levantine Intermediate Water, occurs in intermediate water depth (300-600 m) on the eastern flank of the Corsica Basin. Because of the effect of topo–graphic constriction, bottom currents are here accelerated, reaching velocities that are sufficient to erode, transport and redistribute fine-grained sediment. The sediment drift complex shows a variety of depositional and erosional features that appear very similar to oceanic examples. The development of such features appears to be mainly controlled by an interaction between the bottom current regime and slope topography. Seismic geometries and core data show that such features have grown since middle Pliocene time under a long-term stable bottom-current regime. Short-term variability of current effi–ciency, a concept including the combined effects of current speed, sediment availability and local topography, as a result of climate and sea-level changes, is recorded by the cyclical superposition of small-scale depositional units.