bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYANIZOLE AND LYSOZYME
Authors: RAZAVI‐ROHANI S. MEHDI , GRIFFITHS MANSEL W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The antifungal activity of butylated hydroxyanizole (BHA) and lysozyme alone and combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), at different pH (3.5, 5.6 and 7), and different NaCl concentrations (0.5 to 20%) was screened on 12 fungi. The spiral gradient end point test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). BHA was effective against all the fungi tested in the range of < 12 to 460 μg/mL. In the presence of equal amounts of EDTA, the inhibitory effect was amplified (inhibition occurred between < 12 to 200 μg/mL). The inhibition was more pronounced at pH 5.6 and at higher NaCl concentrations especially when EDTA was present. Lysozyme alone was only effective against Fusarium graminearum PM162 and Aspergillus ochraceus MM 184, but was inhibitory for all fungi, except Candida lipolitica 1591, in the presence of EDTA. The inhibition was greatest at pH 5.6 and higher NaCl concentrations, especially when EDTA was present. These studies show that the antifungal properties of lysozyme and BHA can be greatly influenced by environmental factors.
INACTIVATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E SPORES BY HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING
Authors: REDDY N.R. , SOLOMON H. M. , FINGERHUT G.A. , RHODEHAMEL E.J. , BALASUBRAMANIAM V.M. , PALANIAPPAN S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of high pressure treatments at various temperature combinations on the inactivation of Clostridium botulinum type E spores of strains, Alaska and Beluga in phosphate buffer (0.067 M, pH 7.0) was investigated. No reduction of spores was observed at any pressurization (Maximum = 827 MPa) for temperatures below 35C. At pressurization of 827 MPa for 5 min, log unit reduction of spores increased as temperatures increased from 35 to 55C. An increase in the processing time from 5 to 10 min at a combination of high pressure (827 MPa) and low temperature (40C) resulted in a 5‐log reduction of Alaska spores. About 5‐log reductions for strains Alaska and Beluga occurred at 50 and 55C, respectively, after processing at pressures of 827 MPa for 5 min.
EFFECT OF SOLUBLE POLYLACTIC ACID DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE OF GROUND MEATS INOCULATED WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H71
Authors: ALLANSON ANN , CURRY RANDY , UNKLESBAY NAN , IANNOTTI EUGENE , ELLERSIECK MARK 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Ground beef, ground pork, and commercial breakfast sausage were inoculated (6.5 log10 CFU/mL) with a five strain mixture of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and treated either with sterile water, or 1% or 2% solutions of soluble polylactic acid (SPLA) in sterile water and stored at 4C for 1, 24, 72 and 168 h. After 168 h, 2% SPLA was significantly (p0.05) more effective than both 1% SPLA and sterile water in reducing E. coli 0157:H7 and resulted in overall reductions of 1.68, 1.70, and 1.32 log10 CFU/mL for beef, pork, and pork sausage, respectively, when compared to control samples. The meat samples treated with 1% and 2% SPLA maintained significantly (p 0.05) lower pH values throughout refrigerated storage of 168 h with the higher concentration sustaining pH values from 3.83 to 3.92. Although the inhibitory effect of this acid increased with storage time, E. coli 0157:H7 survived these acidic conditions, with water activity levels ranging from 0.972 to 0.991.
LACTIC ACID INACTIVATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ATTACHED TO CATFISH SKIN
Authors: KIM JANGH , MARSHALL DOUGLAS L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to test sanitizer efficacy of lactic acid on Salmonella typhimurium populations that were firmly attached or loosely attached on catfish skin with or without mucus. For both cell types, counts of S. typhimurium were reduced from 5.9 log10 CFU/skin to below the limit of detection of 2.0 log10 CFU/skin by a 5 min exposure to 2% lactic acid. Exposure for 1 min reduced a 104 CFU/skin inoculum to below the limit of detection. Catfish skin mucus slightly decreased the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid against firmly attached S. typhimurium.
BOTULINAL TOXIN PRODUCTION IN VACUUM AND CARBON DIOXIDE PACKAGED MEAT DURING CHILLED STORAGE AT 2 AND 4C
Authors: MOORHEAD S.M. , BELL R.G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to determine if carbon dioxide packaging of meat afforded a food safety advantage over vacuum packaging with respect to botulinal toxin production during chilled storage. A cocktail of washed spores from five toxigenic clostridial strains – four reference Clostridium botulinumstrains [types A, B (2 strains) and E] and a C. butyricum type E strain – was inoculated onto lamb chumps. Of these strains, two were psychrotolerant. The inoculated chumps were individually carbon dioxide packaged and duplicate packs were placed into storage at 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2C. All storage regimens included a weekly defrost cycle when meat surface temperatures increased by up to 6 to 7C during a 2 to 2.5 h period. After 84 days storage, packs were assessed for the presence of botulinal toxin using the mouse bioassay procedure. All packs contained botulinal toxin. To compare toxin production in vacuum and carbon dioxide packs at chill temperatures, the challenge trials were repeated for 4 and 2C storage. Packs were examined at regular intervals for toxin presence. Both pack types contained toxin after 21 and 48 days storage at 4 and 2C, respectively. In the unlikely, but not impossible, event that raw meat would be contaminated with psychrotolerant toxincapable clostridial spores, product safety, with respect to botulinal toxin presence after prolonged chilled storage, requires storage temperatures to be maintained below 2C for both vacuum and carbon dioxide packaged product.
VARIATION OF LAG TIME AND SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE AMONG 11 STRAINS OF SALMONELLA INOCULATED ONTO STERILE GROUND CHICKEN BREAST BURGERS AND INCUBATED AT 25C1
Authors: OSCAR THOMAS P. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT One strain of 11 serotypes or 11 strains of Salmonella, which were isolated from the ceca of broilers, were surveyed for their growth kinetics on sterile ground chicken breast burgers incubated at 25C to determine the variation of lag time and specific growth rate. Growth curves, four per strain, were fit to a two‐phase linear model to determine lag time (h) and specific growth rate (log10/h). Repeatability of growth kinetics measurements for individual strains had a mean coefficient of variation of 11.7% for lag time (range: 5.8 to 17.3%) and a mean coefficient of variation of 6.7% for specific growth rate (range: 2.7 to 13.3%). Lag time among strains ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 h with a mean of 2.8 h for all strains, whereas specific growth rate among strains ranged from 0.3 to 0.38 log10 per h with a mean of 0.35 log10per h for all strains. One‐way analysis of variance indicated that lag time (P =0.029) and specific growth rate (P =0.025) differed slightly among strains. S. Haardt had a shorter (P < 0.05) lag time than S. Agona and S. Brandenburg, whereas the specific growth rate of S. Enteritidis was less than (P < 0.05) the specific growth rates of S. Typhimurium and S. Brandenburg. All other strains had similar lag times and specific growth rates. The coefficient of variation among strains was 9.4% for lag time and 5.7% for specific growth rate. These results indicate that there were only minor differences in the lag times and specific growth rates among the strains of Salmonella surveyed. Thus, the growth kinetic values obtained with one strain of Salmonella may be useful for predicting the growth of other strains of Salmonella for which data do not currently exist.
ATTEMPTS TO UTILIZE BACTERIOPHAGE TO COMBAT SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR ENTEMTIDIS INFECTION IN CHICKENS
Authors: SKLAR IAN B. , JOERGER ROLF D. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Bacteriophage capable of lysing a nalidixic acid‐resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain (SeE Nalr) were tested for the ability to reduce cecal Salmonella counts in young chickens infected with the bacterium. Qualitative analysis of cloacal swabs suggested that phage treatment can possibly reduce shedding of SeE Nalr, but average SeE Nalr counts of between 105 and 107 cfu of SeE Nalr per g of cecum were obtained even from phage‐treated 14‐day old birds and even when more than 107 plaque forming units of phage were present per gram of cecal content. The average cecal SeE Nalr counts were generally between 0.3 and 1.3 orders of magnitude lower in phage‐treated chickens than in untreated controls birds. The difference in counts was statistically not significant in three animal trials, but significant in two trials using feed particles as delivery vehicles for the phage. Although some of the SeE Nalr in the cecae of phage‐treated chickens had developed resistance to some of the phage used, factors other than phage resistance must have contributed to the failure of the phage to substantially reduce SeE Nalr counts.
CONCURRENT DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 AND SALMONELLA FROM A SINGLE ENRICHMENT IN 24 H
Authors: EVRENDILEK GULSUN AKDEMIR , RICHTER EDWARD R. , CHISM GRADY W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine if a single assay protocol could result in the concurrent detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from a single sample grown in a single enrichment in 24 h. Twenty‐five and 375 g of ground beef nonfat dry milk, and dry pet food samples were seeded with low (10 cfu/sample) and high (100 cfu/sample) levels ofE. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cultures and incubated at 35 and 41C for 18 h for nonselective preenrichment. Incubated samples were analyzed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) following a 6 h incubation for selective enrichment at 37C using M‐broth and enzyme linked immumosorbent assay (ELISA). Depending on the food samples and the inoculation level, the minimum concurrent detection level of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella was <1 cfu/g in the samples at the competitor flora level of 105 cfu/g or less in ground beef samples, but in other cases of higher competitor loads and low target inoculations E. coli O157:H7 could not be detected in the presence of the Salmonella.
INCIDENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN MEALS FROM CAFETERIAS
Authors: SORIANO J.M. , BLESA J. , RICO H. , MOLTÓ J.C. , MAÑES J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT A study to determine the incidence of Staphylococccus aureus in 705 meals from several cafeterias in Valencia, Spain was undertaken. Out of the 705 studied meals, 81 samples (11.1%) had coagulase positive staphylococci with a range of S. aureus from 100 to 53000 cfu/g. The four highest values (> 10,000 S. aureus cfu/g) were obtained with Russian type salad, meatballs, chicken croquettes and salad. These products involved more handling stages. These data show that food handlers may contribute to food poisoning and that there are some handling practices that require more attention.
AN ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL SANITIZERS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF AIR IN A MILK PROCESSING PLANT
Authors: SALUSTIANO VALÉRIA COSTA , JOSÉ DE ANDRADE NÉLIO , CARDOSO BRANDÃO SEBASTIÃO CÉSAR , JUNIOR WILLIAN MOREIRA , NACIFE GABRIELA PIRES 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The efficiency of chemical sanitizing agents to control the microbiota of milk processing areas at a dairy plant was evaluated. Diluted solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate at 1,000 and 2,000 mg.L−1, pH = 5.2 and 5.3, respectively; peracetic acid, at 45 and 75 mg.L−1, pH = 4.2 and 3.8; and a quaternary ammonium compound, pH = 9.2 and 9.3, respectively, were pulverized, at ambient temperature (20–25C) in the milk processing areas using spray equipment which produced a consistent fogging. For each 30 m2 of processing area, 0.5 L of sanitizer solutions were applied at 9 Kgf.cm−2 in 10 min. The sanitizer's efficiency was evaluated against mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds. The microbial counts (APC) in the processing areas were detected by impaction technique, as proposed by APHA. Analysis were done before sanitizer application (T0) and after 0.5, 12 and 24 h (T1, T2 and T3), respectively. Activity of 2000 mg.L−1 of chlorhexidine and 700 mg.L−1 of quaternary ammonium against yeast and molds was observed. The T0 number of microorganisms (1.5 and 1.3 log cfu.m−3) decreased in 0.45 and 0.5 log cycle, respectively. Solutions containing 45 mg.L−1 of peracetic acid were effective to control mesophilic aerobic microorganisms. The T0 number of microorganisms (2.1 log cfu.m−3) decreased in 0.55 log cycle. Residual effects against yeasts and molds were observed for 1000 mg.L−1 of chlorhexidine digluconate and 75 mg.L−1 of peracetic acid. Chemical sanitizer applications to control the microbiological quality of the air in milk processing areas is a barrier technology that helps in the production of foods with good microbiological, sensory and organoleptic characteristics.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR CONTROL OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESIDUES IN MILK
Authors: SHITANDI ANAKALO , KIHUMBU GATHONI 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated a developed risk assessment tool for control of antimicrobial residues in milk within Kenya. Eleven risk characteristics predicting residue contamination were identified and assessed from farms (n = 184), of which five were associated with a higher residue risk(P <0.05). A score (0–5) was derived for each of the five factors and a ± 3 score used to define high risk. The tool was validated on farms (n = 100) in a local and remote cohort study and observed to have a 91% sensitivity and 75% specificity. The risk of violative antimicrobial drug residues in milk supplies decreased by 52%(P <0.05) when the risk tool was applied in a single blind randomized control study on farms (42 cases and 42 controls). The risk assessment tool was concluded to offer good potential of being used within a control program to minimize violative antimicrobial drug residues in farm milk.
IN VITRO STUDIES TO CONTROL THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS OF SPOILAGE AND SAFETY CONCERN IN HIGH‐MOISTURE, HIGH‐pH BAKERY PRODUCTS
Authors: KOUKOUTSIS JOHN , SMITH JAMES P. , DAIFAS DAPHNE PHILLIPS , YAYALAN VAROUJAN , CAYOUETTE BERNARD , NGADI MICHAEL , EL‐KHOURY WASSIM 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Initial agar plate studies were done to determine the effects of various levels (0 to 2,000 ppm) of potassium sorbate (KS) and sorbic hydroxamic acid (SHA) over a wide pH range (5 to 9) on the growth of microorganisms of spoilage and safety concern in high‐moisture, high‐pH bakery products. While growth of most microorganisms was inhibited for > 28 days on agar plates containing ∼1,000 ppm of KS at pH 5 and incubated at 30C, growth of all microorganisms occurred in plates at pH 7 and 9, regardless of the concentration of KS. SHA was equally effective at pH 5, however, it proved to be a more effective inhibitor against most microorganisms at higher pH (9). Subsequent agar plate studies were done with water‐ethanol (WE) and mastic oil‐ethanol (ME) emitters. While WE emitters failed to control the growth of all microorganisms under investigation, ME emitters controlled the growth of most microorganisms, with the exception of Listeria monocytogenes, for ∼12 to 28 days on agar plates packaged in high‐gas‐barrier Cryovac or metallized bags, respectively. Inhibition was not simply due to the levels of ethanol, which ranged from ∼1.2 to 2.8% v/v, but rather, the mastic volatiles in the package headspace. This study has demonstrated the potential of SHA and ME emitters to control the growth of several microorganisms of spoilage and safety concern in high‐moisture, high‐pH bakery products. However, the type of packaging material influenced the antimicrobial efficacy of this vapor‐phase inhibitor.
Survival and Growth of Crangon nigricauda Larvae (Decapoda, Caridea) Raised on Experimental Diets
Authors: Villamar Daniel F. , Brusca Gary J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNewly hatched Crangon zoeae from different maternal shrimp were raised separately using an Imhoff cone larval‐rearing system. Experimental diets were Chaetoceros gracile, live Artemia nauplii, lyophilized Arremia nauplii particles, calcium alginate microencapsulated (CAM) Artemia nauplii, lyophilized Daphnia magna and CAM Daphnia magna. A dependable “atomizer” design for lab oratory preparation of CAM diets was developed. Initially, survival rates of zoeae fed either Chaetoceros or live Artemia nauplii were evaluated in order to establish a suitable control diet for subsequent growth experiments, and the interbrood and intrabrood components of zoed survival variation were analyzed. Crangon zoeae ate every type of food offered to them, but only Chaeroceros‐fed zoeae survived to metamorphosis. Zoeal survival rates were extremely variable. Interbrood variation was greater than intrabrood variation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Zoeae from smaller maternal shrimp were generally more active and had greater survival rates than zoeae from larger, presumably older and senescent shrimp. Zoeae that were fed Chaetoceros supplemented with CAM Artemia nauplii had significantly greater (P < 0.001) growth rates than siblings fed only Chaetoceros.Suspension feeding on Chaetoceros was probably more efficient than raptorial feeding on Artemia nauplii, resulting in greater survival rates. Supplementing a successful microalgal diet with CAM Artemia nauplii allowed greater use of zoeal feeding mechanisms, added an animal nutrient source to the diet, and affected growth rates by increasing the molt increment and decreasing the intermolt period.
Substitution of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal in Pond Feeds for Channel Catfish Reared at Low Densities
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Daniels William H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCottonseed meals were evaluted as partial and complete replacements for soybean meal in pond feeds for channel catfish grown at densities of 5,300/ha. The following dietary treatments were used: 1) glanded cottonseed meal (GC) in which ½ of the soybean meal was replaced; 2) glandless cottonseed meal (GLC) in which all of the soybean was replaced, 3) a control feed (C) typical of commercial catfish feeds. The feeding trial was conducted in 0.04 ha earthen ponds for a period of 176 days. Natural prey species were present in all ponds. Final weights and condition factors of fish fed the GC feed were reduced compared to those fed the GLC or C feeds. This response did not appear to be related to dietary gossypol levels. Even though the GLC feed appeared to be deficient in available lysine, final weight and feed conversion of fish fed the GLC feed were equal to those fed the C feed. Possible nutrient contributions of natural food available in the ponds could not be determined. There were no significant differences in feed conversions or dressout percentages of fish regardless of dietary treatment. Fish fed the GLC feed exhibited a higher percentage of fat and lower percentages of moisture, protein and ash (dry weight basis) in edible tissue than fish fed the other feeds. Free gossypol levels in edible fish tissue were below 100 ppm.
Optimal Product Mix for Integrated Livestock‐Fish Culture Systems on Limited Resource Farms
Authors: Engle Carole R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA mixed integer linear programming model was developed to select constrained optimum combinations of aquacultural production alternatives for limited‐resource farmers. The model maximized production of fish and livestock for home consumption and cash income.Poor farmers without access to credit sources make best use of pond resources by stocking fish and utilizing inorganic fertilizer. Integrated systems require greater levels of capital to cover livestock feed costs. Ponds that cannot be drained are best utilized by stocking a polyculture system of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and fathead minnows (Pimephales pro‐melas) while drainable ponds are more efficiently utilized in tilapia production.
Acclimation of Channel Catfish to Environmental Nitrite
Authors: Urrutia Michael L. , Tomasso J. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEmpirical indications that channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) may acclimate to environmental nitrite were studied in the laboratory. Channel catfish were exposed to 1.31, 2.49, 4.42 or 6.30 mg/L nitrite‐N for 15 days. Methemoglobin concentrations in test fish indicated acclimation occurred in the fish exposed to 2.49 and 4.42 mg/L nitrite‐N. Acclimation was not observed in fish exposed to the highest or the lowest concentration of nitrite. Fish exposed to 6.30 mg/L nitrite‐N also developed anemia. The results indicate that channel catfish do have the ability to acclimate to nitrite and that this acclimation is concentration and time dependent.
Molting, Mortality, and the Effects of Density in a Soft‐Shell Crawfish Culture System 1
Authors: Culley Dudley D. , Duobinis‐Gray Leon 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe molting and mortality patterns at a crawfish density recommended for commercial‐scale soft‐shell crawfish culture systems showed that, over a 116 day period, 74% of the crawfish molted, 22% died, and 4% remained in the system at the end of the study. Approximately three weeks of adaption to the system were required before molting rates of the crawfish began to increase. By the sixth week, the number of malted crawfish per day exceeded the overall mean and remained at this level until 10 days before moltable crawfish were depleted. In a second study, three density levels (3.7,4.9, and 6.1 kg crawfish/m2) were tested for 60 days. The lowest density produced significantly fewer (P < 0.05) molted crawfish. Mortality was significantly greater (P < 0.05) at the highest density compared with the lowest density. The highest density (6.1 kg crawfish/m2) showed a higher molting rate than the lower densities, but it was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the molting rate of 4.9 kg/m2.
Diet and Food Assimilation by Channel Catfish and Malaysian Prawns in Polyculture as Determined by Stomach Content Analysis and Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios 1
Authors: Lilyestrom Craig G. , Romaire Robert P. , Aharon Paul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios (∂3C) and stomach contents were used to determine the diet of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and freshwater Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosen‐bergii) in polyculture. Catfish stomach contents were dominated by formulated rations. Macrophyte fragments and catfish ration were predominate in prawn stomachs. Catfish ∂13C ratios became lighter from June to October, which paralleled the change in ∂13C ratio of the formulated feeds fed to the fish. Prawn ∂13C ratios became heavier from June to October with a change in diet from seston to aquatic macrophytes and formulated catfish feed. Formulated feeds contributed 68‐99% of catfish growth, and “natural” pond biota, principally insects, the remainder. Prawns depended to a greater extent on the autotrophic food web for their diet. Seston and macrophytes contributed 18‐75% of prawn growth, and formulated feeds the remainder. The prawns fed on seston at small sizes (<7 g) and consumed more aquatic macrophytes and formulated catfish ration at larger sizes (<7 g).