bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ITM Ceramic Membrane Technology to Produce Synthesis Gas
Authors: Miller Christopher , Carolan Michael , Chen Christopher , Minford Eric , Waldron William , Steppan James 
Published: November 2006

Air Products and Chemicals and its partners are developing Ion Transport Membrane (ITM) technology for the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas or	syngas). The ITM Syngas process is a breakthrough technology that combines air separation and high-temperature synthesis gas generation processes into a single ceramic membrane reactor, with significant savings in the capital cost of synthesis gas production. Because synthesis gas is a feedstock for a range of different processes, ITM Syngas represents a technology platform that has numerous applications, such as hydrogen, clean fuels and chemicals. ITM ceramic membranes are fabricated from non-porous, mixed-metal oxides and operate with exceptionally high oxygen flux and selectivity when exposed to an oxygen chemical potential gradient at high temperatures. This paper describes the development of the ITM Syngas ceramic membrane and the development of the reactor design, resulting in stable oxygen fluxes at our commercial target.
High Throughput Corrosion Assessment of AA2024-T3 in the Presence of Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Chambers Brian D. , Taylor Shelton 
Published: November 2006

New corrosion inhibitors to replace chromate must be discovered and characterized via experimentation. One approach to accelerate the discovery and characterization process is through use of high throughput screening (HTS) methods. This paper presents three methods for rapid screening of potential corrosion inhibitors and identification of their synergistic combinations for aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (AA2024- T3). Methods examined include DC polarization, cyclic voltammetry characterization of surface copper enrichment, and fluorometric detection of Al+3. Tests were conducted on single and binary combinations of the following inhibitors: cerium chloride, yttrium chloride, sodium metatungstate, sodium metavanadate, lanthanum chloride, sodium molybdate, sodium metasilicate, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, and barium metaborate. Testing was performed at 3.4 mM total inhibitor concentration in 0.6M NaCl. Testing of the inhibitor combinations revealed both synergistic and antagonistic pairings.	Mixtures of rare earth chlorides paired with sodium molybdate rivaled sodium chromate corrosion inhibition using all three HTS methods at pH 7.
Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Different Galvanized Steels Treated in Cerium Salt-Based Solutions
Authors: Mansfeld Florian , Song Yon-Kyun , Speckert Leif 
Published: November 2006

Various treatments based on cerium salts have been evaluated in an attempt to develop surface modification treatments for galvanized steels that can replace the presently used processes that are based on hexavalent chromium. The substrates used in this study included pure zinc, electroplated zinc and zinc-nickel as well as hot dipped zinc and zinc-iron. In initial screening tests Zn and hot dipped Zn were immersed in Ce(NO3)3 or CeCl3 + H2O2 solutions at different concentrations and treatment times. The films formed in these solutions were sealed in Na2SiO3. The effect of the substrate chemistry was studied for bare electroplated zinc, zinc-nickel and hot dipped zinc as well as samples treated in a Ce(NO3)3 solution. Based on these results a new conversion coating process for electrogalvanized (EG) steel based on a cerium nitrate solution with several additives such as colloidal silica and silane has been developed that reduces the total treatment time to 70 seconds. The treated EG sample passed the 72 h salt spray test without white rusting.	Similar improvements of corrosion resistance were obtained for the other types of galvanized steel.
Cut Edge Corrosion Protection in Organically Coated Galvanized Steels Using Ion Exchanged and Naturally Occurring Clay Mineral Pigments
Authors: Worsley David A. , McMurray Neil , Williams David 
Published: November 2006

Two bentonite clays Wyoming-(W), Hybond-(H) and versions exchanged with Ce3+, Y3+, La3+ and Ca2+ cations were used as the corrosion inhibitors in the 5μm polyester primer layer on 0.7mm galvanized steel materials coated with a 20μm architectural polyester. Similar primer systems have been prepared containing Strontium Chromate-(Cr), ShieldexTM-(Shd) and Titanium Dioxide-(TiO2).	The scanning vibrating electrode technique was used to investigate cut edge corrosion in 5% NaCl. The zinc losses over 24 hours were as follows: Shd (920 μg), Cr (740 μg), W-Y (655 μg), W-Ce (560 μg), W(550 μg) and W-Ca (496 μg). Samples were also subject to salt spray testing and there was good agreement between the SVET and salt spray data. The average maximum cut edge corrosion delamination distances were Cr (14mm), Shd (20mm), TiO2 (100mm), W (13mm), H (17mm), WCa (10mm), HCa (15mm), WCe (9mm), HCe (10mm), WY (13mm) and HY (15mm).
The Investigation on the Electrical Properties of a-SiCO:H as a Diffusion Barrier to Copper
Authors: Kim Hyeong Joon , Heo Jaeyeong 
Published: November 2006

In this paper, we attempted to deposit low dielectric constant a-SiCO:H as a copper diffusion barrier	by PECVD method using a organosilicon precursor, bis-trimethylsilylmethane (BTMSM, C7H20Si2). The dielectric constant of a-SiCO:H films increases from 2.5 to 3.2 with increasing the deposition temperature from room temperature to 280°C. Refractive index gradually increases with deposition temperature, indicating that film has a denser structure as well as a higher dielectric constant. FT-IR and XPS analyses resulted that chemical structure of Si atoms in the films changed from D moiety to T moiety with increasing the deposition temperature. The electrical conduction mechanism of the a-SiCO:H films was determined to be Schottky emission current at high field region (E > 0.4MV/cm).
“What” and “Where” in Word Reading: Ventral Coding of Written Words Revealed by Parietal Atrophy
Authors: Vinckier Fabien , Naccache Lionel , Papeix Caroline , Forget Joaquim , Hahn-Barma Valerie , Dehaene Stanislas , Cohen Laurent 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The visual system of literate adults develops a remarkable perceptual expertise for printed words. To delineate the aspects of this competence intrinsic to the occipitotemporal “what” pathway, we studied a patient with bilateral lesions of the occipitoparietal “where” pathway. Depending on critical geometric features of the display (rotation angle, letter spacing, mirror reversal, etc.), she switched from a good performance, when her intact ventral pathway was sufficient to encode words, to severely impaired reading, when her parietal lesions prevented the use of alternative reading strategies as a result of spatial and attentional impairments. In particular, reading was disrupted (a) by rotating word by more than 50°, providing an approximation of the invariance range for words encoding in the ventral pathway; (b) by separating letters with double spaces, revealing the limits of letter grouping into perceptual wholes; (c) by mirror-reversing words, showing that words escape the default mirror-invariant representation of visual objects in the ventral pathway. Moreover, because of her parietal lesions, she was unable to discriminate mirror images of common objects, although she was excellent with reversible pseudowords, confirming that the breaking of mirror symmetry was intrinsic to the occipitotemporal cortex. Thus, charting the display conditions associated with preserved or impaired performance allowed us to infer properties of word coding in the normal ventral pathway and to delineate the roles of the parietal lobes in single-word recognition.
Patterns of Regional Brain Hypometabolism Associated with Knowledge of Semantic Features and Categories in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zahn Roland , Garrard Peter , Talazko Jochen , Gondan Matthias , Bubrowski Philine , Juengling Freimut , Slawik Helen , Dykierek Petra , Koester Bernd , Hull Michael 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The study of semantic memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has raised important questions about the representation of conceptual knowledge in the human brain. It is still unknown whether semantic memory impairments are caused by localized damage to specialized regions or by diffuse damage to distributed representations within nonspecialized brain areas. To our knowledge, there have been no direct correlations of neuroimaging of in vivo brain function in AD with performance on tasks differentially addressing visual and functional knowledge of living and nonliving concepts. We used a semantic verification task and resting 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in a group of mild to moderate AD patients to investigate this issue. The four task conditions required semantic knowledge of (1) visual, (2) functional properties of living objects, and (3) visual or (4) functional properties of nonliving objects. Visual property verification of living objects was significantly correlated with left posterior fusiform gyrus metabolism (Brodmann's area [BA] 37/19). Effects of visual and functional property verification for non-living objects largely overlapped in the left anterior temporal (BA 38/20) and bilateral premotor areas (BA 6), with the visual condition extending more into left lateral precentral areas. There were no associations with functional property verification for living concepts. Our results provide strong support for anatomically separable representations of living and nonliving concepts, as well as visual feature knowledge of living objects, and against distributed accounts of semantic memory that view visual and functional features of living and nonliving objects as distributed across a common set of brain areas.
Measurements of the Total Water Content of Cirrus Clouds. Part I: Instrument Details and Calibration
Authors: Weinstock E. M. , Smith J. B. , Sayres D. , Spackman J. R. , Pittman J. V. , Allen N. , Demusz J. , Greenberg M. , Rivero M. , Solomon L. , Anderson J. G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper describes an instrument designed to measure the sum of gas phase and solid phase water, or total water, in cirrus clouds, and to be mounted in a pallet in the underbelly of the NASA WB-57 research aircraft. The ice water content of cirrus is determined by subtracting water vapor measured simultaneously by the Harvard water vapor instrument on the aircraft. The total water instrument uses an isokinetic inlet to maintain ambient particle concentrations as air enters the instrument duct, a 600-W heater mounted directly in the flow to evaporate the ice particles, and a Lyman-α photofragment fluorescence technique for detection of the total water content of the ambient air. Isokinetic flow is achieved with an actively controlled roots pump by referencing aircraft pressure, temperature, and true airspeed, together with instrument flow velocity, temperature, and pressure. Laboratory calibrations that utilize a water vapor addition system that adds air with a specific humidity tied to the vapor pressure of water at room temperature and crosschecked by axial and radial absorption of Lyman-α radiation at the detection axis are described in detail. The design provides for in-flight validation of the laboratory calibration by intercomparison with total water measured by radial absorption at the detection axis. Additionally, intercomparisons in clear air with the Harvard water vapor instrument are carried out. Based on performance of the Harvard water vapor instrument, this instrument has the detection capability of making accurate measurements of total water with mixing ratios in the mid- to upper troposphere of up to 2500 ppmv and mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere of about 5 ppmv, corresponding to almost three orders of magnitude in measurement capability.
Measurements of the Total Water Content of Cirrus Clouds. Part II: Instrument Performance and Validation
Authors: Weinstock E. M. , Smith J. B. , Sayres D. , Pittman J. V. , Allen N. , Anderson J. G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the performance and in-flight validation of an instrument mounted in a pallet on the NASA WB-57 research aircraft that measures the sum of gas phase and solid phase water, or total water, in cirrus clouds. Using a heated isokinetic inlet and a Lyman-α photofragment fluorescence technique for detection, measurements of total water have been made over three orders of magnitude. During the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL FACE), the instrument operated at duct temperatures sufficiently warms to completely evaporate particles up to 150-μm diameter. Laboratory calibrations, in-flight diagnostics, intercomparison with water vapor measured by absorption in flight, and intercomparisons in clear air with the Harvard water vapor instrument validate the detection sensitivity of the instrument and illustrate the minimal hysteresis from instrument surface contamination. The Harvard total water and water vapor instruments together provide measurements of the ice water content of cirrus clouds in the mid- and upper troposphere with an uncertainty of 18%.
Nonintrusive Measurement of Ocean Waves: Lidar Wave Gauge
Authors: Irish Jennifer L. , Wozencraft Jennifer M. , Cunningham A. Grant , Giroud Claudine 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In December 1999, a nonintrusive directional lidar wave gauge (LWG) was field tested at the Field Research Facility (FRF) in North Carolina. The LWG uses proven lidar technology to directly measure water surface elevation from above the water’s surface. Therefore, unlike bottom-mounted gauges, the surface elevation measurement from the LWG is independent of other hydrodynamic processes. The LWG prototype consists of four rangefinders, where each collects water surface elevation time series at a rate of 10 Hz. During the field test, ground truth data were collected concurrently with the LWG data using a biaxial current and pressure meter mounted directly beneath the LWG. Additional ground truth data were available from the existing FRF wave-gauging infrastructure. This paper describes principles of LWG operation and field experiment setup, LWG environmental and technical constraints, and LWG performance in measuring spectral wave parameters.
Microwave Radiative Transfer in the Mixed-Phase Regions of Tropical Rainfall
Authors: Wilheit T. T. , Hobbs P. V. , Jin K. , Rangno A. L. , Triesky M. E. , Wang J. R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Here airborne observations of the mixed-phase regions of tropical oceanic rainfall are reported as part of the Kwajalein Experiment. The University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft carrying upward-viewing 21- and 37-GHz microwave radiometers spiraled down through stratiform rain. It was observed that the microwave absorption coefficient in the bright band (melting layer) in the stratiform rainfall was roughly twice or thrice that of the rain below. Radiative transfer models of the melting layer have a similar range of uncertainties. In addition to the potential bias from modeling uncertainties, comparison with previous observations suggests that there is a natural variability of about the same magnitude.
The aircraft also made penetrations of a convective line at altitudes of 2.6, 3.4, and 4.5 km. From the microwave observations, it can be concluded that the effect of supercooled water above the freezing level was extremely small, on the order of 2% or less of the total rain signal for this case.
A Gas Tension Device with Response Times of Minutes
Authors: McNeil Craig , D’Asaro Eric , Johnson Bruce , Horn Matthew 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The development and testing of a new, fast response, profiling gas tension device (GTD) that measures total dissolved air pressure is presented. The new GTD equilibrates a sample volume of air using a newly developed (patent pending) tubular silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane interface. The membrane interface is long, flexible, tubular, and is contained within a seawater-flushed hose. The membrane interface communicates pressure to a precise pressure gauge using low dead-volume stainless steel tubing. The pressure sensor and associated electronics are located remotely from the membrane interface. The new GTD has an operating depth in seawater of 0–300 m. The sensor was integrated onto an upper-ocean mixed layer, neutrally buoyant float, and used in air–sea gas exchange studies. Results of laboratory and pressure tank tests are presented to show response characteristics of the device. A significant hydrostatic response of the instrument was observed over the depth range of 0–9 m, and explained in terms of expulsion (or absorption) of dissolved air from the membrane after it is compressed (or decompressed). This undesirable feature of the device is unavoidable since a large exposed surface area of membrane is required to provide a rapid response. The minimum isothermal response time varies from (2 ± 1) min near the sea surface to (8 ± 2) min at 60-m depth. Results of field tests, performed in Puget Sound, Washington, during the summer of 2004, are reported, and include preliminary comparisons with mass-spectrometric analysis of in situ water samples analyzed for dissolved N2 and Ar. These tests served as preparations for deployment of two floats by aircraft into the advancing path of Hurricane Frances during September 2004 in the northwest Atlantic. The sensors performed remarkably well in the field. A model of the dynamical response of the GTD to changing hydrostatic pressure that accounts for membrane compressibility effects is presented. The model is used to correct the transient response of the GTD to enable a more precise measurement of gas tension when the float was profiling in the upper-ocean mixed layer beneath the hurricane.
Artificial Neural Network Models for Forecasting Stock Price Index in the Bombay Stock Exchange
Authors: Dutta Goutam , Jha Pankaj , Laha Arnab Kumar , Mohan Neeraj 
Published: November 2006

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been shown to be an efficient tool for non-parametric modelling of data in a variety of different contexts where the output is a non-linear function of the inputs. These include business forecasting, credit scoring, bond rating, business failure prediction, medicine, pattern recognition and image processing. A large number of studies have been reported in literature with reference to the use of ANN in modelling stock prices in western countries. However, not much work along these lines has been reported in the Indian context. In this article we discuss the modelling of the Indian stock market (price index) data using ANN. We study the efficacy of ANN in modelling the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) SENSEX weekly closing values. We develop two networks with three hidden layers for the purpose of this study which are denoted as ANN1 and ANN2. ANN1 takes as its inputs the weekly closing value, 52-week moving average of the weekly closing SENSEX values, 5-week moving average of the same, and the 10-week Oscillator for the past 200 weeks. ANN2 takes as its inputs the weekly closing value, 52-week moving average of the weekly closing SENSEX values, 5-week moving average of the same and the 5-week volatility for the past 200 weeks. Both the neural networks are trained using data for 250 weeks starting January 1997. To assess the performance of the networks we used them to predict the weekly closing SENSEX values for the two-year period beginning January 2002. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are chosen as indicators of performance of the networks. ANN1 achieved an RMSE of 4.82 per cent and MAE of 3.93 per cent while ANN2 achieved an RMSE of 6.87 per cent and MAE of 5.52 per cent.
Oxidation of Structural Ferrous Iron in Vermiculites: I. Oxidation by Fe3+
Authors: Graf H. , Reichenbach V. , Beyme B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVermiculite prepared from biotite by interlayer cation exchange was reacted with solutions exhibiting redox potentials between 625 and 765 mV. The redox potential was controlled by the Fe2+/Fe3+ activity ratio, measured with a Pt electrode, and kept constant by addition of hydrogen peroxide to balance electron transfer from structural Fe2+ to Fe3+ in solution. Oxidation of structural Fe2+ was followed by Eh-stat titration and the rate of oxidation was shown to depend on the amount of Fe3+ penetrating into interlayer positions. Consequently, it was affected not only by the redox potential, but also by the activity between Fe3+ and all other cations present in solution or in an exchangeable state. Oxidation and cation exchange are coupled reactions. In contrast to the redox potential in solution, the effective redox potential controlling the oxidation of structural Fe2+ was increased by preferential sorption of the Fe3+ ion.
The intercalation of CsF in kaolinite
Authors: Lapides I. , Yariv S. , Lahav N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCaesium aluminium silicates, caesium aluminium fluoride and aluminium fluoride were identified in a mixture obtained through the evaporation of kaolinite aqueous suspension with CsF. The mixture was studied by X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Two types of intercalation complexes of kaolinite were identified (A and B) which were characterized by c-spacings of ∼0.99 and 0.83 nm, respectively. Complex A seems to be an hydrated CsF intercalation complex, whereas complex B is a water intercalation complex, probably containing H3O+ and F−. It showed an IR absorption band at 3518 cm−1. The c-spacings of similar CsCl and CsBr complexes depend on the ionic radii. The intercalated ions are keyed into the ditrigonal cavities of the oxygen plane. A straight line plot of the keying values versus the ionic size indicates that keying is high for F−and decreases with increasing ionic size.
Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients
Authors: Patte Catherine , Auperin Anne , Gerrard Mary , Michon Jean , Pinkerton Ross , Sposto Richard , Weston Claire , Raphael Martine , Perkins Sherrie L. , McCarthy Keith , Cairo Mitchell S. ,   for the FAB/LMB96 International Study Committee
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A previous study (LMB89) of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology for childhood mature B-cell lymphoma (B-NHL) demonstrated a 92% 3-year event-free survival (EFS) for intermediate-risk group B defined as “non-resected” stage I/II and CNS-negative advanced-stage III/IV (70% of cases). We performed the FAB/LMB96 trial to assess the possibility of reducing treatment in children/adolescents with intermediate-risk B-NHL without jeopardizing survival. “Early responding” patients (tumor response > 20% at day 7) were randomized in a factorial design between 4 arms, 2 receiving half-dose of cyclophosphamide in the second induction course with cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), prednisone, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), methotrexate (COPADM) and 2 not receiving the maintenance course M1. A total of 657 patients were randomized (May 1996 to June 2001) and 637 were analyzed. The analysis showed no significant effect of any of the treatment reductions on EFS and survival. The 4-year EFS was 93.4% and 90.9% in the groups with full-dose and half-dose of cyclophosphamide (RR = 1.3, P = .40) and 91.9% and 92.5% in the groups with and without M1 (RR = 1.01, P = .98). There was no interaction between the 2 treatment reductions or between each treatment reduction and LDH level or histologic subtypes (Burkitt/Burkitt-like or large B-cell). Children/adolescents with intermediate-risk B-NHL who have an early response and achieve a complete remission after the first consolidation course can be cured with a 4-course treatment with a total dose of only 3.3 g/m2 cyclophosphamide and 120 mg/m2 doxorubicin.