bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the occurrence and abundance of plant species in a Norwegian boreal coniferous forest, 1988–1993
Authors: Økland Rune Halvorsen 
Published: March 2008

Økland, R. H. 1995. Changes in the occurrence and abundance of Dlants sDecies in a Norwegian boreal coniferois forest, 1988–1993. — Nord. J. Bot. 15: 415–438. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.Changes in the occurrence and abundance of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in a S Norwegian old‐growth coniferous forest were studied, using 1 m2 plots divided into 16 subplots. Fifty plots were analyzed for six consecutive years, 199 plots were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the study (in 1988 and 1993). Nonparametric tests were performed for combinations of species, data type (occurrence or abundance), forest type (spruce or pine), and time period (one‐year or five‐year). Results are interpreted by use of species persistence data, and by detailed comparisons with European long‐term and experimental studies. Abundance changes in the pine forest are probably due to short‐term (between‐year) climatic fluctuations, notably drought. Some effects of the observers are also seen. True five‐year trends were found in the spruce forest: (1) Deschampsia flexuosa (increase), (2) several vascular plant species with preference for richer sites, notably Oxalis acetosella (decrease), and (3) most bryophyte species (increase). True trends for vascular plants are discussed in relation to deposition of airborne nitrogen and soil acidification, while the increase of bryophytes probably is due to particularly favourable growth conditions in the five‐year period.
On the taxonomic relation between Synura curtispina and S. favus (Synurophyceae).
Authors: Kristiansen Jørgen , Lind Jeanne Funch 
Published: March 2008

Krisitansen, J. & Lind, J. F. 1995. On the taxonomic relation between Synura curtispina and S. favus (Synurophyceae). ‐ Nord. J. Bot. 15: 443–448. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.Petersen & Hansen described several forms of Synura spinosa, among them f. curtispina. Asmund clarified further differences and raised f. curtispina to species rank. Besides S. curtispina, she described an additional form: f. reticulata. Bradley described S. favus from Scotland. This species shows obvious similarity with S. curtispina f. curtispina and S. curtispina f. reticulata. In the present study, scale morphology and ultrastructure are compared in order to clarify the taxonomic relation between these three taxa. Because of their obvious similarities, it is concluded that they should be united under the name of S. curtispina.
Biodiversity of wood‐inhabiting fungi in a boreal coniferous forest in Ser‐Trendelag County, Central Norway
Authors: Høiland Klaus , Bendiksen Egil 
Published: March 2008

A survey of the patterns of lignicolous fungi to record occurrence of fruitbodies on fallen logs ofPicea abies. has been performed. Ninetythree forest stands with different ages. ecology, and histories of management in Ser‐Trendelag County, Central Norway were investigated. In each stand an investigation plot of 40 m diameter was established, in which five logs were randomly selected. Environmental variables of the logs and plots and geographical positions of the plots were recorded. The numerical methods used include detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).A total of 140 species of Aphyllophorales, Agaricales with eccentrically attached caps, heterobasiodomycetes, and prominent ascomycetes and deuteromycetes were registered. More than one third of the species were only found once. The main gradient in the data set was shown to be related to decay. The second gradient was related to size of the logs and some forest management variables (in addition to decay). Of the variation in composition of the species, 13.8 % can be ascribed to solely environmental variance, 6 % to solely spatial structure, and only 0.8 % to the combination of the environment and spatial component of variation. The results are discussed in the light of wood decay, forest management, and landscape fragmentation.
Covariation among Alaskan chrysophyte stomatocyst assemblages and environmental gradients: A comparison with diatom assemblages
Authors: Stewart Kevin , Gregory‐Eaves Irene , Zeeb Barbara A. , Smol John P. 
Published: March 2008

Northern lakes, for which we have little long‐term data, are predicted to experience profound impacts with greenhouse warming. In order to assess the usefulness of chrysophytes as paleoenvironmental indicators, stomatocysts were enumerated from the surface sediments of 51 Alaskan lakes distributed along a strong climatic gradient. A total of 142 cyst morphotypes were described using light microscopy, of which 13 are believed to be new forms.Principal components analysis of the stomatocyst assemblages showed a limited amount of variation (Λ1= 0.11, Λ2= 0.09). However, redundancy analysis identified total phosphorus (TP), sodium (Na), and altitude (ALT) as significant variables in terms of their ability to describe the distribution of stomatocysts. Major ion and nutrient concentrations were also found to be strong predictors of diatom variation from the same lake set. In comparison to the diatom assemblages from the same lakes, the cysts were less abundant and showed a lower amount of species variation. Reasons for the lack of variation may be due to the predominance of unornamented and collective category cysts (i. e. cysts which cannot be differentiated under the light microscope).
Efficacy of Autologous Blood Predonation
Authors: Mercuriali F. , Inghilleri G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAllogeneic transfusion was traditionally considered an effective therapeutic intervention, but the fear of contracting blood‐borne infectious diseases has led to allogeneic blood transfusion now being regarded as an outcome to be avoided. Although the current blood supply is safer than ever owing to improved donor screening and testing1,2, allogeneic blood transfusion still carriesthe risks of causing immunological modifications3–6, and it is always possible that disease transmission will occur7–9. In addition, allogeneic blood transfusion should be avoided or at least limited in view of the increasing demand for blood productsdue to an aging population with a greater use of invasive procedures and major surgery (orthopedic. cardiovascular and cancer surgery) with high transfusion requirements.Moreover, the introduction of stricter criteria for blood donor selection hasfurther decreased the availability of donor blood for transfusion and has increased the cost of procurement, storage and administration leading to the adoption of strategies to save this precious, limited and perishable resource.The first strategies proposed were the strict observance of the M aximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule (M SBOS) for blood ordering in order to avoid wasting blood units10 and a reassessment of the indication for blood transfusion11. In addition, the use of donor blood in surgery can be substantially reduced by the introduction of autologousblood (AB) transfusion programs.
Cost‐effectiveness of Autologous Blood Predonation
Authors: Karger Ralf , Kretschmer Volker 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe diminishing risks of allogeneic transfusion and the recognition of limited health care budgets cast doubt on the value of preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD). The criteria for estimating the alleged benefit of PABD are provided by the discipline of clinical epidemiology and are referred to as efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency. The efficacy of PABD can be assumed for colorectal cancer surgery, hip replacement and liver resection. PABD may be efficacious in most other elective surgical interventions with significant, anticipated blood loss. PABD is effective in these cases if there is no significant risk of donation or if a high statistical or individual risk of allogeneic transfusion isto be prevented. PABD is probably efficient, i.e. cost‐effective, if additional conditions such as low patient age, low production cost and/or high transfusion probability additionally apply. Production costs can be reduced by storing and delivering autologous blood as whole blood without harm to the patient.
Practical Limits of Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Shander Aryeh 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAcute normovolemic hemodilution (AN H) is an intraoperative blood conservation technique whereby fresh autologouswhole blood iswithdrawn from a patient during the induction of anesthesia or prior to the start of surgery and concurrently replaced with an acellular fluid resulting in red cell massdilution. The reduction in circulating red cells results in a reduction in the number of red cells lost due to surgical bleeding. Although some controversy exists regarding the efficacy and benefits of this procedure1,2, it has been utilized by numerouscliniciansfor several decades to avoid allogeneic blood transfusion in a wide variety of procedures that typically involve significant blood lossand subsequent blood replacement3–9. It may not be appropriate for patients undergoing procedures with a low risk for transfusion. Generally speaking, AN H is a safe and cost‐effective alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion10,11 that is currently underutilized5 and deservesto be more fully investigated and exploited.
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Vaccine Strains Lack
narK2
and
narX
Induction and Exhibit Altered Phenotypes during Dormancy
Authors: Honaker Ryan W. , Stewart Amanda , Schittone Stephanie , Izzo Angelo , Klein Michèl R. , Voskuil Martin I. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease that affects one-third of the world's population. The sole extant vaccine for tuberculosis is the live attenuated
Mycobacterium bovis
bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We examined 13 representative BCG strains from around the world to ascertain their ability to express DosR-regulated dormancy antigens. These are known to be recognized by T cells of
M. tuberculosis
-infected individuals, especially those harboring latent infections. Differences in the expression of these antigens could be valuable for use as diagnostic markers to distinguish BCG vaccination from latent tuberculosis. We determined that all BCG strains were defective for the induction of two dormancy genes:
narK2
(Rv1737c) and
narX
(Rv1736c). NarK2 is known to be necessary for nitrate respiration during anaerobic dormancy. Analysis of the
narK2/X
promoter region revealed a base substitution mutation in all tested BCG strains and
M. bovis
in comparison to the
M. tuberculosis
sequence. We also show that nitrate reduction by BCG strains during dormancy was greatly reduced compared to
M. tuberculosis
and varied between tested strains. Several dormancy regulon transcriptional differences were also identified among the strains, as well as variation in their growth and survival. These findings demonstrate defects in DosR regulon expression during dormancy and phenotypic variation between commonly used BCG vaccine strains.
Involvement of Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 7 in Human Gastric Epithelial Cell Vacuolation Induced by
Helicobacter pylori
-Produced VacA
Authors: Mashima Hirosato , Suzuki Junko , Hirayama Toshiya , Yoshikumi Yukako , Ohno Hideki , Ohnishi Hirohide , Yasuda Hiroshi , Fujita Toshiro , Omata Masao 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
-produced cytotoxin VacA induces intracellular vacuolation. The VacA-induced vacuole is assumed to represent the pathological status of intracellular trafficking. The fusion mechanism of the endosomes requires the formation of a tight complex between the Q-SNAREs and the R-SNAREs. We recently reported that syntaxin 7, a family member of the Q-SNARE protein, is involved in VacA-induced vacuole formation. In order to further elucidate the molecular mechanism, we identified the participation of vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7) as a partner of syntaxin 7. Immunocytochemistry revealed endogenous VAMP7 to be localized to the vacuoles induced by VacA. A Northern blotting study demonstrated that VacA intoxication increased VAMP7 mRNA in a time-dependent manner. VAMP7 was coimmunoprecipitated with syntaxin 7, and the amounts of endogenous VAMP7 and syntaxin 7 bound to syntaxin 7 and VAMP7, respectively, increased in response to VacA. The down-regulation of VAMP7 using small interfering RNA inhibited VacA-induced vacuolation, and the transient transfection of dominant-negative mutant VAMP7, the N-terminal domain of VAMP7, also inhibited the vacuolation. We therefore conclude that R-SNARE VAMP7 plays an important role in VacA-induced vacuolation as a partner of Q-SNARE syntaxin 7.
Identification of a Novel Prophage-Like Gene Cluster Actively Expressed in Both Virulent and Avirulent Strains of
Leptospira interrogans
Serovar Lai
Authors: Qin Jin-Hong , Zhang Qing , Zhang Zhi-Ming , Zhong Yi , Yang Yang , Hu Bao-Yu , Zhao Guo-Ping , Guo Xiao-Kui 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

DNA microarray analysis was used to compare the differential gene expression profiles between
Leptospira interrogans
serovar Lai type strain 56601 and its corresponding attenuated strain IPAV. A 22-kb genomic island covering a cluster of 34 genes (i.e., genes LA0186 to LA0219) was actively expressed in both strains but concomitantly upregulated in strain 56601 in contrast to that of IPAV. Reverse transcription-PCR assays proved that the gene cluster comprised five transcripts. Gene annotation of this cluster revealed characteristics of a putative prophage-like remnant with at least 8 of 34 sequences encoding prophage-like proteins, of which the LA0195 protein is probably a putative prophage CI-like regulator. The transcription initiation activities of putative promoter-regulatory sequences of transcripts I, II, and III, all proximal to the LA0195 gene, were further analyzed in the
Escherichia coli
promoter probe vector pKK232-8 by assaying the reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activities. The strong promoter activities of both transcripts I and II indicated by the
E. coli
CAT assay were well correlated with the in vitro sequence-specific binding of the recombinant LA0195 protein to the corresponding promoter probes detected by the electrophoresis mobility shift assay. On the other hand, the promoter activity of transcript III was very low in
E. coli
and failed to show active binding to the LA0195 protein in vitro. These results suggested that the LA0195 protein is likely involved in the transcription of transcripts I and II. However, the identical complete DNA sequences of this prophage remnant from these two strains strongly suggests that possible regulatory factors or signal transduction systems residing outside of this region within the genome may be responsible for the differential expression profiling in these two strains.
Decoupling of Balanced and Unbalanced Motions and Inertia–Gravity Wave Emission: Small versus Large Rossby Numbers
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of recent results on decoupling of fast [inertia–gravity wave (IGW)] and slow (vortex) motions at small Rossby numbers obtained in the framework of the geostrophic adjustment of localized perturbations. Special attention is paid to the IGW emission and its interpretation in the context of “spontaneous imbalance.” Several mechanisms that lead to spontaneous IGW emission and, thus, to violations of fast–slow splitting at large Rossby numbers are reviewed: Lighthill radiation, symmetric/inertial instability, and ageostrophic shear (Rossby–Kelvin) instability. New results on the saturation of symmetric instability and on the existence of Rossby–Kelvin instability in continuously stratified fluid are presented.
Social Work as an Integral Part of Family Planning Service for Low-Income Families: an Example of U.S. Experience
Authors: Strng Kyu-taik 
Published: March 2008

[The family planning movement in the United States is oriented not only toward regulating the fertility rate but also toward promoting the welfare of families. Thus, family planning assistance has become a standard component of public health and welfare services. The intent of the movement has been well realized in the government-supported maternity and infant care program designed to serve mothers and children of low-income families. Social work and family planning services are maior parts of this comprehensive, free-of-charge, health care program. Citing an example of this program, the paper discusses the types of human problems that social workers handle in this program, ways in which the social workers deliver their services, and the significance that their services have to family planning for indigent mothers and pregnant teen-age girls.]
Developing a Concept for Childhood Survival in Modern Nigeria
Authors: Kalu W.J. 
Published: March 2008

[There are numerous problems facing childhood in contemporary Nigeria. This paper discusses the major features of the problems as they affect the two major institutions for socialisation, the family and the schools. The needs of the modern Nigerian child, especially for his future survival are highlighted. A description is given of the Child ren's Centre project which is now in operation in one of the Nigerian University Campuses. It serves as an interpretation of a new, positive concept of childhood survival necessary to meet the challenges posed on such a level in a developing country.] The child is entitled to receive education which shall be free and com pulsory, at least in the elementary stages. He shall be given an education which will promote his general culture, and enable him on a basis of equal opportunity to develop his abilities, his individual judgement... The best interests of the child shall be the guiding principle of those res ponsible for his education and guidance... The child shall have full opportunity for play and recreation, which should be directed to the same purposes as education....
Pacific Developments: Implications for Future Direction in American Social Work
Authors: Sanders Daniel S. 
Published: March 2008

[A critical assessment is made of new developments in the Pacific region, their impact on the lives of the Pacific peoples, and the social work profession's current and likely future contribution in humanizing development. It is predicated on the assumption that the profession could make a positive con tribution in the development of the region and that the ultimate test of 'its' contribution to individuals, families and communities is the enhancing of the quality of life. This necessitates deeper understanding of the Pacific peoples' life styles, culture patterns, socio-economic conditions and the fostering of strong support for the Pacific peoples' own efforts to reshape their destiny.]
Investigative Analysis of Neonaticide
Authors: Beyer Kristen , McAuliffe Mack Shannon , Shelton Joy Lynn 
Published: March 2008

Neonaticide (defined as the killing of an infant within the first 24 hours of birth) has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons. Law enforcement files involving 40 female offenders resulting in 41 infant deaths were examined. Descriptive and frequency statistics revealed that the majority of offenders were young women who had never been married and had no criminal or psychological history. However, approximately a quarter of the sample did not fit these characteristics, which has implications for broadening the scope of investigations. The findings of this research identified four main challenges associated with neonaticide investigations: (a) variation in offender characteristics and situational factors, (b) intermittent denial of the pregnancy, (c) the physical resiliency of the offenders, and (d) lack of documented mental health and criminal history. Correspondence should be addressed to Kristen R. Beyer, P.O. Box 6566, Fredericksburg, VA 22403; email: kristen.beyer@krbconsultants.com and/or Joy Lynn E. Shelton, FBI Academy - NCAVC, Quantico, VA 22135; email: jlshelton@fbiacademy.edu
Some psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale with cross validation
Authors: Yuan Siyang , Freeman Ruth , Lahti Satu , Lloyd-Williams Ffion , Humphris Gerry 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Objective
To assess the factorial structure and construct validity for the Chinese version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS).

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2006 from adults in the Beijing area. The questionnaire consisted of sections to assess for participants' demographic profile and dental attendance patterns, the Chinese MDAS and the anxiety items from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The analysis was conducted in two stages using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Cross validation was tested with a North West of England comparison sample.

Results
783 questionnaires were successfully completed from Beijing, 468 from England. The Chinese MDAS consisted of two factors: anticipatory dental anxiety (ADA) and treatment dental anxiety (TDA). Internal consistency coefficients (tau non-equivalent) were 0.74 and 0.86 respectively. Measurement properties were virtually identical for male and female respondents. Relationships of the Chinese MDAS with gender, age and dental attendance supported predictions. Significant structural parameters between the two sub-scales (negative affectivity and autonomic anxiety) of the HADS anxiety items and the two newly identified factors of the MDAS were confirmed and duplicated in the comparison sample.

Conclusion
The Chinese version of the MDAS has good psychometric properties and has the ability to assess, briefly, overall dental anxiety and two correlated but distinct aspects.
Organ-specific inflammation following acute ethanol and burn injury
Authors: Bird Melanie D , Kovacs Elizabeth J 
Published: March 2008

AbstractClinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that ethanol exposure prior to injury alters local and systemic inflammatory responses, increasing morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the aberrant inflammatory responses can directly and indirectly lead to the poor prognosis after injury by altering leukocyte infiltration into the wound site and remote organs and by suppressing immunity leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Recent studies from our laboratory have focused on inflammatory responses at the wound site and in other distal organs after exposure to acute ethanol and burn injury. This combined insult leads to increased mortality after dermal or intratracheal pseudomonas infection, relative to infected mice given ethanol or burn injury alone. The increased mortality in mice given ethanol and burn injury parallels elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, marked infiltration of leukocytes into the lung and gut, as well as immunosuppression at the sites of infection. Bacterial translocation from the gut is likely to be responsible, in part, for the aberrant accumulation of leukocytes in the lungs of ethanol-exposed, burn-injured mice. Additionally, other factors, such as expression of adhesion molecules, increased chemokine production, and leakiness of the vascular endothelium, may also be involved.