bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Precipitation on the Upper-Ocean Response to a Hurricane
Authors: Jacob S. Daniel , Koblinsky Chester J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The effect of precipitation on the upper-ocean response during a tropical cyclone passage is investigated using a numerical model in this paper. For realistic wind forcing and empirical rain rates based on satellite climatology, numerical simulations are performed with and without precipitation forcing to delineate the effects of freshwater forcing on the upper-ocean heat and salt budgets. Additionally, the performance of five mixing parameterizations is also examined for the two forcing conditions to understand the sensitivity of simulated ocean response. Overall, results from 15 numerical experiments are analyzed to quantify the precipitation effects on the oceanic mixed layer and the upper ocean. Simulated fields for the same mixing scheme with and without precipitation indicate a decrease in the upper-ocean cooling of about 0.2°–0.5°C. This is mainly due to reduced mixing of colder water from below induced by the increased stability of the added freshwater. The cooler rainwater contributes a maximum of approximately 10% to the total surface heat loss from the ocean. The rate of freshening due to precipitation exceeds the rate of mixing of the more saline water from below, leading to a change in sign of the mixed layer salinity response. As seen in earlier studies, large uncertainty exists in the simulated upper-ocean response due to the choice of mixing parameterization. Although the nature of simulated response remains similar for all the mixing schemes, the magnitude of freshening and cooling varies by as much as 0.5 psu and 1°C between the schemes to the right of the storm track. While changes in the mixed layer and in the top 100 m of heat and salt budgets are strongly influenced by the choice of mixing scheme, integrated budgets in the top 200 m are seen to be affected more by advection and surface fluxes. However, since the estimated surface fluxes depend upon the simulated sea surface temperature, the choice of mixing scheme is crucial for realistic coupled predictive models.
Contradictions in the ideologies of helping
Authors: Moldovan Vadim , Moyo Otrude 
Published: June 2007

English This article explores conflicting social work ideologies of helping and social justice in an international context. Ideological distinctions are examined in the countries of Zimbabwe and Moldova, both societies in transition. The article indicates the need for an ideological reorientation of international social work in the direction of the fundamental value of social justice. French Cet article explore les diffé rentes contradictions idé ologiques en travail social en matiè re d’aide et de justice sociale dans un contexte international. On y examine les diffé rences idé ologiques qui ont cours au Zimbabwe et en Moldavie, deux socié té s en transition. Cette é tude fait valoir la né cessité de ré aligner les ré flexions du travail social international sur la valeur fondamentale de la justice sociale. Spanish Este artículo explora las ideologías conflictivas de ayuda y justicia social en el contexto internacional. Distinciones ideoló gicas son examinadas en los países de Zimbabwe y Moldava, ambas sociedades en transició n. Este artículo indica la necesidad de una reorientació n ideoló gica del trabajo social internacional en la direcció n de los valores fundamentales de la justicia social.
Social participation and psychological distress among immigrants from the former Soviet Union
Authors: Slonim-Nevo Vered , Mirsky Julia , Nauck Bernhard , Horowitz Tamar 
Published: June 2007

English The adaptation of immigrants to Israel and to Germany is compared. While in Germany immigrants were oriented towards the general society, in Israel they tended towards less social participation. Adolescent immigrants in Israel reported more stress than did their German peers, but no differences in the psychological stress were found among their parents. French Cette é tude compare la façon dont des immigrants en Israë l et en Allemagne se sont adapté s. Il en ressort que les immigrants en Allemagne ont é té , de façon gé né rale, davantage inté gré s à la socié té comparativement aux immigrants en Israë l, qui tendent à être moins engagé s socialement. Les immigrants adolescents en Israë l font é tat d’un plus grand stress que leurs pairs en Allemagne, alors qu’on ne relè ve pas de diffé rences chez leurs parents respectifs. Spanish La adaptació n de los inmigrantes a Israel y Alemania es comparada. Mientras que en Alemania los inmigrantes se orientan hacia la sociedad en general, en Israel ellos tienden hacia una participació n social baja. Inmigrantes adolescentes en Israel reportaron má s estré s que sus contrapartes alemanes, pero no se encontraron diferencias en el estré s psicoló gico entre los parientes.
Survival strategies of street children in Ghana
Authors: Orme Julie , Seipel Michael M.O. 
Published: June 2007

English Children are working and sleeping in the streets of many urban centers. They are sometimes viewed as deviants and often treated with harshness. Despite difficult circumstances, not all of them manifest antisocial behaviors or hopelessness. This study shows how street children in Accra, Ghana, manage street life by adopting socially constructive strategies. French Dans un grand nombre de centres urbains, les enfants travaillent et dorment dans les rues. Ils sont parfois perçus comme des personnes dé viantes et ils sont souvent traité s avec brutalité . En dé pit de ces difficulté s, ces enfants ne pré sentent pas tous des comportements antisociaux et ils ne sont pas tous en proie au dé sespoir. Cette é tude té moigne de la façon dont les enfants de la rue à Accra, au Ghana, gè rent leurs conditions en adoptant des straté - gies socialement constructives. Spanish Niños se encuentran trabajando y durmiendo en las calles de muchos centros urbanos. Ellos son vistos a veces como desviados y frecuentemente tratado con dureza. A pesar de circunstancias difíciles no todos ellos mani- fiestan conductas antisociales o desesperació n. Este estudio muestra como los ninños de la calle en Accra, Gana gestionan la vida en las calles incorporando estrategias sociales constructivas.
Social capital as a strategy to overcome poverty in Latin America
Authors: Saracostti Mahia 
Published: June 2007

English Poverty reduction remains one of the main challenges globally. New measures indicate that poverty has declined in most Latin American countries since 2002. Some countries have pioneered new poverty policies and programs, including components of social capital. This paper explores the concept of social capital in overcoming poverty and analyzes its application in the Latin American region. French La ré duction de la pauvreté demeure un enjeu crucial à l’é chelle de la planè te. Des donné es ré vè lent que la pauvreté a diminué dans les pays d’Amé rique Latine depuis 2002. Certains pays ont mis de l’avant de nouvelles politiques anti-pauvreté , y compris des é lé ments du capital social. Cette é tude examine le concept de capital social associé à la lutte contre la pauvreté et en analyse l’application en Amé rique Latine. Spanish Reducció n de la pobreza continú a siendo un desafío globalmente. Indicadores sugieren que la pobreza ha declinado en la mayoría de los países de Amé rica Latina desde 2002. Algunos países han sido pioneros en nuevas políticas contra la pobreza que incluye componentes de capital social. Este artículo explora el concepto de capital social para la superació n de la pobreza y analiza sus aplicaciones en Amé rica Latina.
Utilizing a social work perspective to enhance sustainable development efforts in Loreto, Mexico
Authors: Carrilio Terry E. 
Published: June 2007

English Social work with its unique person-in-environment focus can play a key role in international sustainable development efforts. This paper offers a case study of impending mega-development in the small town of Loreto, and illustrates ways that a social work perspective can contribute to efforts to address sustainability and social development. French En mettant l’accent de façon particuliè re sur la personne dans son environnement, le travail social peut jouer un rôle dans les initiatives de dé veloppement durable à l’é chelle internationale. Cet article pré sente une é tude de cas sur un imminent projet de trè s grande envergure dans la petite ville de Loreto, au Mexique. Elle illustre comment la perspective du travail social peut contribuer aux efforts dé ployé s pour assurer la durabilité et le dé veloppement social. Spanish Trabajo social con su perspectiva ú nica que enfatiza la persona-en-ambiente puede jugar un role internacional en esfuerzos de desarrollo sostenible. Este artículo ofrece un estudio de caso sobre un inminente mega-desarrollo en la ciudad pequeñ a de Loreto, Mé xico, e ilustra maneras como una perspectiva de trabajo social puede contribuir a los esfuerzos de toman en cuenta sostenibilidad y desarrollo social.
Incidence and clinical implications of GATA1 mutations in newborns with Down syndrome
Authors: Pine Sharon R. , Guo Qianxu , Yin Changhong , Jayabose Somasundaram , Druschel Charlotte M. , Sandoval Claudio 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Somatic mutations in the GATA1 gene are present in almost all cases of Down syndrome (DS)–associated acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and transient leukemia (TL). An in utero origin of the GATA1 mutation suggests it is an early leukemogenic event. To determine the detectable incidence and clinical relevance of GATA1 mutations in DS newborns, we screened Guthrie cards from 590 DS infants for mutations in the GATA1 gene. Twenty-two (3.8%) of 585 evaluable infants harbored a predicted functional GATA1 mutation; 2 were identified exclusively within intron 1. Hispanic newborns were 2.6 times more likely to have a mutated GATA1 gene than non-Hispanics (P = .02). Two newborns with a GATA1 mutation subsequently developed AMKL, and none of the infants without a functional GATA1 mutation were reported to have developed leukemia. In addition to screening for TL, a GATA1 mutation at birth might serve as a biomarker for an increased risk of DS-related AMKL.
Communicating genetic information: a difficult challenge for future pediatricians
Authors: Rosas-Blum Eduardo , Shirsat Pratibha , Leiner Marie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe role of the pediatrician as genetic counselor is ideal because pediatricians have medical knowledge and experience with genetic disorders (e.g. Down syndrome). Moreover, pediatricians can provide comprehensive care in a medical home to patients with genetic disorders. However, changes in the curriculum of the pediatric resident are necessary to address the future challenges of effectively communicating genetic information to patients. The objective of this study was to explore these challenges and make recommendations for training to adequately prepare pediatricians for their future role as genetic counselors.MethodsThree reviewers independently searched PubMed, OVID, and Medline databases to identify articles describing the challenges of communicating genetic information to patients, published from 1960 to December 2005. After the publications were identified and reviewed, four major areas of interest were identified in order to categorize the findings.ResultsTwenty-five publications were identified during the literature search. From the review, the following categories were selected to organize the findings: (1) Inherent difficulties of communicating and comprehending genetic information; (2) Comprehension of genetic information by pediatricians; (3) Genetics training in residency programs; and (4) The effect of genetic information on the future role of pediatricians and potential legal implications.ConclusionPediatricians and residents lack essential knowledge of genetics and communication skills for effective counseling of patients. The review indicated that successful communication of genetic information involves a number of important skills and considerations. It is likely that these skills and considerations are universally required for the communication of most complex specialized medical information. In the past, communication skills have not been considered a priority. Today, these skills have become a demanding professional and even legal obligation. However, the challenges involved in communicating complex medical information cannot be successfully addressed with universal, one-size-fits-all recommendations. Residency training programs require changes to adequately prepare future pediatricians for the growing challenge of communicating genetic information. Four important skills should be considered in the training of residents to improve the communication of complex information to patients. These skills are (1) discriminating, (2) understanding, (3) simplifying, and (4) explaining information.
Fas (CD95) induces macrophage proinflammatory chemokine production via a MyD88-dependent, caspase-independent pathway
Authors: Altemeier William A , Zhu Xiaodong , Berrington William R , Harlan John M , Liles W Conrad 
Published: June 2007

AbstractActivation of the prototypical death receptor, Fas (CD95), can induce both caspase-dependent cell death and production of proinflammatory chemokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment and end-organ injury. The precise mechanism(s) by which Fas up-regulates chemokine production and release, is currently unclear. We hypothesized that Fas-induced chemokine release by macrophages is dependent on the MyD88 adaptor molecule and independent of caspase activity. To test this hypothesis, we measured chemokine response to Fas activation both in RAW 264.7 cells with RNAi-attenuated MyD88 expression and in MyD88-deficient primary macrophages. We found that Fas-induced chemokine release was abrogated in the absence of MyD88. In vivo, MyD88−/− mice had impaired CXCL1/KC release and polymorphonuclear cell recruitment in response to intratracheal treatment with the Fas-activating monoclonal antibody, Jo-2. Furthermore, Fas-induced chemokine release was not dependent on either IL-1 receptor signaling or on caspase activity. We conclude that MyD88 plays an integral role in Fas-induced macrophage-mediated inflammation.
Identification of a New Subset of Myeloid Suppressor Cells in Peripheral Blood of Melanoma Patients With Modulation by a Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulation Factor–Based Antitumor Vaccine
Authors: Filipazzi Paola , Valenti Roberta , Huber Veronica , Pilla Lorenzo , Canese Paola , Iero Manuela , Castelli Chiara , Mariani Luigi , Parmiani Giorgio , Rivoltini Licia 
Published: June 2007

PurposePhenotypic and functional features of myeloid suppressor cells (MSC), which are known to serve as critical regulators of antitumor T-cell responses in tumor-bearing mice, are still poorly defined in human cancers. Here, we analyzed myeloid subsets with suppressive activity present in peripheral blood of metastatic melanoma patients and evaluated their modulation by a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) –based antitumor vaccine.Patients and MethodsStage IV metastatic melanoma patients (n = 16) vaccinated with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein peptide complex gp96 (HSPPC-96) and low-dose GM-CSF provided pre- and post-treatment whole blood specimens. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry, separated into cellular subsets, and used for in vitro proliferation assays. PBMCs from stage-matched metastatic melanoma patients (n = 12) treated with non–GM-CSF-based vaccines (ie, HSPPC-96 alone or interferon alfa/melanoma–derived peptides) or sex- and age-matched healthy donors (n = 16) were also analyzed for comparison.ResultsThe lack of or low HLA-DR expression was found to identify a CD14+cell subset highly suppressive of lymphocyte functions. CD14+HLA-DR–/locells were significantly expanded in all metastatic melanoma patients, whereas they were undetectable in healthy donors. Suppressive activity was mediated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), whereas no involvement of the arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways could be detected. CD14+HLA-DR–/locells, as well as spontaneous ex vivo release and plasma levels of TGF-β, were augmented after administration of the HSPPC-96/GM-CSF vaccine. No enhancement of the CD14+-mediated suppressive activity was found in patients receiving non–GM-CSF-based vaccines.ConclusionCD14+HLA-DR–/locells exerting TGF-β–mediated immune suppression represent a new subset of MSC potentially expandable by the administration of GM-CSF–based vaccines in metastatic melanoma patients.
Identification of a Proliferation Signature Related to Survival in Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Cuadros Marta , Dave Sandeep S. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Honrado Emiliano , Milne Roger , Alves Javier , Rodríguez Jose , Zajac Magdalena , Benitez Javier , Staudt Louis M. , Martinez-Delgado Beatriz 
Published: June 2007

Purpose Nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, suggesting the existence of molecular differences contributing to their histologic and clinical variability. Initial expression profiling studies of T-cell lymphomas have been inconclusive in yielding clinically relevant insights. We applied DNA microarrays to gain insight into the molecular signatures associated with prognosis. Materials and Methods We analyzed the expression profiles of 35 nodal PTCLs (23 PTCLs unspecified and 12 angioimmunoblastic) using two different microarray platforms, the cDNA microarray developed at the Spanish National Cancer Centre and an oligonucleotide microarray. Results We identified five clusters of genes, the expression of which varied significantly among the samples. Genes in these clusters seemed to be functionally related to different cellular processes such as proliferation, inflammatory response, and T-cell or B-cell lineages. Regardless of the microarray platform used, overexpression of genes in the proliferation signature was associated significantly with shorter survival of patients. This proliferation signature included genes commonly associated with the cell cycle, such as CCNA, CCNB, TOP2A, and PCNA. Moreover the PTCL proliferation signature showed a statistically significant inverse correlation with clusters of the inflammatory response (P < .0001), as well as with the percentage of CD68+ cells. Conclusion Our findings indicate that proliferation could be an important factor in evaluating nodal PTCL outcome and may help to define a more aggressive phenotype.
Lost Opportunities: Physicians' Reasons and Disparities in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Bickell Nina A. , LePar Felice , Wang Jason J. , Leventhal Howard 
Published: June 2007

Purpose Women with breast cancer do not consistently receive adjuvant treatments that have been shown to increase survival. Acquiring an understanding of the reasons for these lost opportunities may inform strategies for quality improvement. Methods Interviews were conducted with surgeons treating 119 women who did not receive guideline-recommended adjuvant therapy to ascertain reasons underlying treatment omission. Primary reason for underuse was categorized as not recommended, recommended but declined, or system failure (treatment recommended, not refused but did not ensue). Logistic regression identified patient characteristics, and surgeons' practice and referral patterns associated with underuse. Results Surgeons did not recommend adjuvant treatment for 41 (34%) of 119 women, most often because perceived risks exceeded benefits (37 of 119; 31%); unawareness of treatment benefits was rare (four of 119; 3%). Among the 78 (66%) of 119 for whom surgeons recommended treatment, 37 (31%) declined therapy; 41 (34%) system failures occurred. System failures occurred more commonly among minority than white women (73% v 54%; P < .01), and more commonly in women who were receiving Medicaid or were uninsured than those with Medicare or commercial insurance (54% v 19%; P < .01). Women treated by a surgeon who works closely with oncologists were less likely to experience a system failure (84% v 68%; P < .05). Conclusion One third of underuse episodes were attributable to surgeons' perceptions that treatment was not indicated, one third because women did not accept recommendations, and one third were the result of system failures. Reasons for underuse of adjuvant breast cancer treatments appear multifactorial and this heterogeneity suggests the need for simultaneous development of different strategies to improve care.
Age, Health, and Education Determine Supportive Care Needs of Men Younger Than 70 Years With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Smith David P. , Supramaniam Rajah , King Madeleine T. , Ward Jeanette , Berry Martin , Armstrong Bruce K. 
Published: June 2007

Purpose It is important to meet the supportive care needs of cancer patients to ensure their satisfaction with their care. A population-wide sample of men younger than 70 years and newly diagnosed with prostate cancer was surveyed to determine their unmet needs in five domains and the factors predicting them. Patients and Methods Eligible men were younger than 70 years and residents in New South Wales, Australia, with newly diagnosed histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer. Sixty-seven percent of eligible men diagnosed between October 2000 and October 2001 participated. Demographic, treatment, and self-reported health data were collected. Information on cancer stage, grade, and prostate-specific antigen was obtained from medical records. Logistic regression analyses determined patient and treatment variables that predicted higher unmet needs. Results More than half (54%) of men with prostate cancer expressed some level of unmet psychological need, and 47% expressed unmet sexuality needs. Nearly one fourth expressed a moderate or high level of unmet need with respect to changes in sexuality. Sexuality needs were independently predicted by being younger, having had a secondary school education only, having had surgery, and being married, living as married, or divorced. Uncertainty about the future was also an important area of unmet need. Conclusion Attention should be given to sexual and psychological needs in the early months after diagnosis or treatment of prostate cancer, particularly in younger men, those with less education, and those having surgery. Research into better ways of meeting these needs will enable us to meet them with as much rigor as we meet clinical treatment needs.