bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in semen obtained after inoculation of seronegative postpubertal bulls
Authors: Givens M. Daniel , Heath Allen M. , Brock Kenny V. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Carson Robert L. , Stringfellow David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate persistence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in semen after inoculation of postpubertal bulls.Animals—Three 2-year-old bulls and five 6-month-old calves.Procedure—3 seronegative 2-year-old bulls were inoculated intranasally with BVDV. Serum and semen samples were obtained at regular intervals until 7 months after inoculation. Serum samples were tested for BVDV by use of virus isolation (VI) and reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RTnPCR) tests. Semen samples were tested for virus by use of VI and RT-nPCR tests. Testicular biopsy specimens were obtained 7 months after inoculation and tested for BVDV by use of immunohistochemical analysis and VI and RT-nPCR tests. Semen samples collected from 1 bull immediately before and 5 and 7 months after inoculation were administered IV to seronegative calves, which were monitored for subsequent viremia and seroconversion.Results—Use of VI and RT-nPCR tests detected transient virus in serum of all bulls. The VI test detected BVDV in semen of 2 bulls for < 21 days after inoculation, whereas RT-nPCR assay detected BVDV until 7 months after inoculation. Virus was detected in testicular biopsy specimens of these 2 bulls by use of immunohistochemical analysis and RT-nPCR assay but could only be isolated from the biopsy specimen of 1 bull. Of the calves administered semen IV to detect infectious virus, only the recipient of semen collected 5 months after inoculation of the adult bull was viremic and seroconverted.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in semen of acutely infected bulls for several months after exposure. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:428–434)
Quantitative renal scintigraphy in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) exposed to toxic doses of gentamicin
Authors: Marshall Kemba L. , Craig Linden E. , Jones Michael P. , Daniel Gregory B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To standardize techniques for renal scintigraphy in birds, to use scintigraphy to assess gentamicin nephrotoxicosis in birds, to compare nuclear medicine assessments with histologic assessment of gentamicin nephrotoxicosis and serum uric acid concentrations, and to determine the radiopharmaceutical that best quantifies avian renal function.Animals—12 domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica).Procedure—Serum uric acid concentrations were determined for all birds. Renal scintigraphy techniques that used technetium-m99 (99mTc)-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA; 4 hours after injection) and99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA; 15- minute dynamic study) were evaluated in all birds. Renal biopsy specimens were collected following baseline scans. Number and size of renal tubule granules positive for periodic acid-Schiff stain were scored for severity (scale of 0 to 4). Nephrotoxicosis was induced by administration of gentamicin. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured, and99mTc-DMSA and99mTc-DTPA scans were repeated after gentamicin administration. Birds were euthanatized, and complete necropsies were performed.Results—Standard avian renal scintigraphy techniques were developed for99mTc-DMSA and99mTc- DTPA. Decreased renal radiopharmaceutical uptake for99mTc-DMSA and99mTc-DTPA indicated nephrotoxicosis. Cloacal accumulation of99mTc-DTPA was significantly decreased after administration of gentamicin. Histologic grading of renal tissue before and after gentamicin administration confirmed nephrotoxicosis. Inconsistent serum uric acid concentrations could not be used to assess nephrotoxicosis.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Renal nuclear scintigraphy is a useful, noninvasive means to determine renal function in birds. Although99mTc-DMSA may prove useful in the evaluation of renal morphology,99mTc-DTPA is the radiopharmaceutical agent of choice for the assessment of renal function in avian species. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:453–462)
Assessment of halothane and sevoflurane anesthesia in spontaneously breathing rats
Authors: Steffey Michele A. , Brosnan Robert J. , Steffey Eugene P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize halothane and sevoflurane anesthesia in spontaneously breathing rats.Animals—16 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats.Procedure—8 rats were anesthetized with halothane and 8 with sevoflurane. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined. Variables were recorded at anesthetic concentrations of 0.8, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 times the MAC of halothane and 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 times the MAC of sevoflurane.Results—Mean (± SEM) MAC for halothane was 1.02 ± 0.02% and for sevoflurane was 2.99 ± 0.19%. As sevoflurane dose increased from 1.0 to 1.75 MAC, mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased from 103.1 ± 5.3 to 67.9 ± 4.6 mm Hg, and PaCO2increased from 58.8 ± 3.1 to 92.2 ± 9.2 mm Hg. As halothane dose increased from 0.8 to 1.5 MAC, MAP decreased from 99 ± 6.2 to 69.8 ± 4.5 mm Hg, and PaCO2increased from 59.1 ± 2.1 to 75.9 ± 5.2 mm Hg. Respiratory rate decreased in a dose-dependent fashion from 88.5 ± 4.5 to 58.5 ± 2.7 breaths/min during halothane anesthesia and from 42.3 ± 1.8 to 30.5 ± 4.5 breaths/min during sevoflurane anesthesia. Both groups of rats had an increase in eyelid and pupillary aperture with an increase in anesthetic dose.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An increase in PaCO2and a decrease in MAP are clinical indicators of an increasing halothane and sevoflurane dose in unstimulated spontaneously breathing rats. Increases in eyelid aperture and pupil diameter are reliable signs of increasing depth of halothane and sevoflurane anesthesia. Decreasing respiratory rate is a clinical indicator of an increasing dose of halothane. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:470–474)
Longitudinal study to investigate variation in results of repeated ELISA and culture of fecal samples for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in commercial dairy herds
Authors: van Schaik Gerdien , Rossiter Christine R. , Stehman Susan M. , Shin Sang J. , Schukken Ynte H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine sources and amounts of
variation in a kinetics ELISA (KELA) and results of culture
of fecal samples for Mycobacterium avium subsp
paratuberculosis (MAP) in repeated tests of individual
cows.

Animals—112 cows on 6 commercial dairy farms in
New York.

Procedure—A nonrandom longitudinal study was
conducted from January 2001 to March 2002. A KELA
was performed monthly, and MAP culture was performed
bimonthly. Cow- and herd-level data were collected.
The KELA and culture results were analyzed by
use of models that corrected for clustering within
herds and repeated measures on cows.

Results—Cows of second or higher lactation had
increased KELA values, compared with values for
first-lactation cows. Cows had lowest KELA values
during the first 15 days in milk; KELA values increased
until 60 days in milk and then stabilized. Moderate
and heavy shedders had significantly higher KELA values
than culture-negative cows, and KELA values of
shedders progressively increased over time. On average,
the KELA value was significantly increased 132
days after a cow was first detected to be a moderate
shedder and 236 days after a cow was first detected
to be a low shedder.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis suggests
that KELA results vary on a cow-level on the
basis of lactation number and stage of lactation. High
KELA values indicate heavy fecal shedding, but the
KELA is not useful in identifying low and moderate
shedders that can require up to 236 days to have a
significant increase in KELA value. (Am J Vet Res
2003;64:479–484)
Effect of heterogeneity of rabies virus strain and challenge route on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice
Authors: Wunderli Peter S. , Dreesen David W. , Miller Timothy J. , Baer George M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effect of route of challenge and strain of rabies virus on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice.Animals—3,056 mice.Procedure—Challenge was performed with fixed and street rabies virus strains by use of footpad and intracerebral routes as well as IM injection into the hip, shoulder, neck, and masseter muscles. Intraperitoneal and IM vaccination was performed with 1 or 2 doses of 1 of 3 vaccine-strain inactivated rabies vaccines. For 2 of the vaccine strains, the vaccines were adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted.Results—Incubation periods were dependent on route, dose, and virus strain used for challenge. Use of an intramasseter challenge route with challenge virus-strain rabies virus, which more accurately models natural exposure to rabies virus, resulted in reproducible mortality rates in mice. Use of this route revealed that differences among vaccines and challenge virus strains affected mortality rate less than that observed in the National Institutes of Health potency test, even when street isolates of widely variant origin were used for challenge.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results, combined with earlier data, support a proposal for a new rabies potency test that more closely models current vaccine administration practices and natural infection routes. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:499–505)
Evaluation of treatment of colostrum-deprived kittens with equine IgG
Authors: Crawford P. Cynda , Hanel Rita M. , Levy Julie K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate equine IgG as a treatment for kittens with failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT).Animals—13 specific pathogen-free queens and their 77 kittens.Procedure—Kittens were randomized at birth into 9 treatment groups. One group contained colostrumfed (nursing) kittens; the other groups contained colostrum-deprived kittens that were administered supplemental feline or equine IgG PO or SC during the first 12 hours after birth. Blood samples were collected at serial time points from birth to 56 days of age for determination of serum IgG concentrations. The capacity of equine IgG to opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis by feline neutrophils was determined via flow cytometry.Results—Kittens that received feline or equine IgG SC had significantly higher serum IgG concentrations than those of kittens that received the supplements PO. In kittens that were administered supplemental IgG SC, serum IgG concentrations were considered adequate for protection against infection. The half-life of IgG in kittens treated with equine IgG was shorter than that in kittens treated with feline IgG. Feline IgG significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of bacteria by feline neutrophils, but equine IgG did not.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum concentrations of equine IgG that are considered protective against infection are easily attained in kittens, but the failure of these antibodies to promote bacterial phagocytosis in vitro suggests that equine IgG may be an inappropriate treatment for FPT in kittens. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:969–975)
Quantitative in vivo measurement of central benzodiazepine receptors in the brain of cats by use of positron-emission tomography and [11C]flumazenil
Authors: Shimada Yuhei , Kiyosawa Motohiro , Nariai Tadashi , Oda Keiichi , Toyama Hinako , Ono Kenichirou , Senda Michio , Ishiwata Kiichi 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To map central benzodiazepine receptors
(BZRs) in the brain of cats by use of positron-emission
tomography (PET) and [11C]flumazenil.

Animals—6 male cats that weighed between 2.0 and
3.6 kg.

Procedure—Brain images obtained by PET evaluation
of [11C]flumazenil were superimposed on T2-weighted
magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the
same cats. Detailed anatomic regions, such as the
cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, midbrain, and
cerebellum, on the PET images were evident by PETMRI
registration. Regional binding of [11C]flumazenil to
BZRs was quantitatively measured by use of a model
with 2 tissue compartments and 4 variables.

Results—The highest value for distribution volume
was observed in the cerebral cortex, and the lowest
value was found in the midbrain of cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Binding of
[11C]flumazenil to BZRs in the brain of cats can be
quantitatively measured by use of PET with the aid of
PET-MRI registration. It is difficult to diagnose
changes in these neuroreceptors within the field of
current veterinary science. In the future, PET should
prove useful for investigating and diagnosing brain
disorders in animals in clinical settings. (Am J Vet Res
2003;64:999–1002)
Assessment of the metabolic effects of hydrocortisone on llamas before and after feed restriction
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , Jester Rebecca M. , Stelletta Calogero 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effects of administration of hydrocortisone on plasma concentration of insulin and serum concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in llamas before and after feed restriction.Animals—9 adult female llamas.Procedure—Feed was withheld from llamas for 8 hours. Blood samples were collected before (0 minutes) and 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after IV injection of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (1 mg/kg) for determination of plasma insulin concentration and serum concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, and NEFAs. The llamas were then fed a limited diet (grass hay, 0.25% of body weight daily) for 21 days, after which the experimental procedures were repeated.Results—Compared with llamas that were not feedrestricted, llamas after feed restriction had significantly higher plasma insulin concentration and serum concentrations of triglycerides and NEFAs. Feed-restricted llamas after hydrocortisone injection had a significantly smaller increase in serum glucose concentration, a decrease (rather than an increase) in serum concentration of NEFAs, and no change in blood concentrations of insulin or triglycerides.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-acting glucocorticoid hormones did not appear to increase blood lipid concentrations in healthy llamas, regardless of ongoing fat mobilization. Thus, these hormones appear unlikely to be major direct contributors to diseases such as hepatic lipidosis or hyperlipemia. Although administration of hydrocortisone reduced serum concentration of fatty acids in feed-restricted llamas, its use has not been evaluated in sick camelids and cannot be considered therapeutically useful. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1002–1005)
Comparison of the effects of caudal pole hemi-meniscectomy and complete medial meniscectomy in the canine stifle joint
Authors: Johnson K. A. , Francis D. J. , Manley P. A. , Chu Q. , Caterson B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the effects of caudal pole hemi-meniscectomy (CPHM) and complete medial meniscectomy (MM), specifically with respect to development of secondary osteoarthritis, in the stifle joints of clinically normal dogs.Animals—14 large-breed dogs.Procedure—Unilateral CPHM (7 dogs) or MM (7) was performed, and the left stifle joints served as untreated control joints. Gait was assessed in all dogs before surgery and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks postoperatively. After euthanasia, joints were evaluated grossly; Mankin cartilage scores, subchondral bone density assessment, and articular cartilage proteoglycan extraction and western blot analyses of 3B3(–) and 7D4 epitopes were performed.Results—Weight distribution on control limbs exceeded that of treated limbs at 4 and 16 weeks after surgery in the CPHM group and at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery in the MM group; weight distribution was not significantly different between the 2 groups. After 16 weeks, incomplete meniscal regeneration and cartilage fibrillation on the medial aspect of the tibial plateau and medial femoral condyle were detected in treated joints in both groups. Mankin cartilage scores, subchondral bone density, and immunoexpression of 3B3(–) or 7D4 in articular cartilage in CPHM- or MM-treated joints were similar; 7D4 epitope concentration in synovial fluid was significantly greater in the MM-treated joints than in CPHM-treated joints.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall severity of secondary osteoarthritis induced by CPHM and MM was similar. Investigation of 7D4 epitope concentration in synovial fluid suggested that CPHM was associated with less disruption of chondrocyte metabolism. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1053–1060)
Development of a questionnaire to measure the effects of chronic pain on health-related quality of life in dogs
Authors: Wiseman-Orr M. Lesley , Nolan Andrea M. , Reid Jacqueline , Scott E. Marian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a reliable, validated questionnaire that can be used for the assessment of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in dogs.Sample Population—17 owners of dogs that had chronic pain associated with chronic degenerative joint disease and 165 other dog owners.Procedures—Psychometric methods were used to identify relevant domains, create an item pool, select and validate items, and construct and preliminarily test a structured questionnaire. Relevant domains were identified through semi structured interviews. Descriptor-generating exercises provided the terms owners used to describe these domains and formed an item pool. A selection from this pool was validated and used to construct a questionnaire that underwent preliminary testing.Results—The structured questionnaire contained 109 simple, familiar, descriptive terms associated with good health or chronic pain (most describing subtle aspects of behavior that owners interpreted as expressions of subjective experiences of their dogs) for 13 possible HRQL domains. Each descriptor was associated with a 7-point numeric scale.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The questionnaire was intended to facilitate rapid, sensitive, and accurate rating of a comprehensive range of relevant domains by naïve raters with minimal burden on respondents. The principles underlying the development and design of this structured questionnaire offer a novel approach to the proxy measurement of HRQL and changes in HRQL associated with chronic pain for a range of animal species.Impact for Human Medicine—This novel approach may be applicable to other nonverbal populations (eg, young children or elderly people with cognitive impairment). (Am J Vet Res2004;65;1077–1084)
Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats
Authors: Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Robertson Sheilah A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically designed for cats.Animals—6 domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—The study was a masked, randomized, crossover design. Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat's skin with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, prior to activation of the heater. On detection of a response (eg, the cat flinched, turned, or jumped), the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded. Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. Each cat received all doses in a randomized order at least 1 week apart. The investigator was unaware of the treatment received. Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours.Results—Mean ± SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8 ± 2.2°C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments. There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection. Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1085–1089)
Clinical and pathologic comparison of acute leptospirosis in dogs caused by two strains of Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa
Authors: Greenlee Justin J. , Bolin Carole A. , Alt David P. , Cheville Norman F. , Andreasen Claire B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a method for inducing acute leptospirosis in dogs.Animals—31 nine-week-old female Beagles.Procedure—Beagles were randomly assigned to 2 inoculation groups or a control group. Dogs were inoculated on 3 successive days by conjunctival instillation of 5 X 107cells ofLeptospira kirschneriserovar grippotyphosa strain 82 (12 dogs) or strain RM 52 (14 dogs). Control dogs (n = 5) were similarly inoculated with sterile leptospiral culture media. Clinical signs, clinicopathologic variables, anti-leptospiral antibody titers, and evidence of leptospires in tissues and body fluids were evaluated. Dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on days 7, 14, 22, or 28 after inoculation or as required because of severe illness.Results—Clinical signs in infected dogs included conjunctivitis, lethargy, diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, and icterus. Consistent clinicopathologic alterations included azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased anion gap, hyperbilirubinemia, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Leptospires were cultured from the kidneys (11/12), urine (6/9), aqueous humor (9/12), blood (12/12), and liver (12/12) of dogs inoculated with strain 82. Only 3 of 14 dogs became infected after inoculation with strain RM 52. Histopathologic lesions in infected dogs included interstitial nephritis, renal tubular degeneration and necrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and hepatic edema and perivasculitis.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Conjunctival exposure toL kirschneriserovar grippotyphosa strain 82 resulted in acute leptospirosis in all inoculated dogs, but only 3 of 14 dogs inoculated with strain RM 52 became infected. This method of infection by serovar grippotyphosa can be used to study the pathogenesis and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1100–1107)