bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Malnutrition RiskFor Older Home Care Clients
Authors: Bocock Mary Ann , Keller Heather H. , Brauer Paula M. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: The Resident Assessment Instrument–Home Care (RAI-HC) is widely used to assess needs of home care clients and includes five items used to screen for malnutrition. This study involved defining malnutrition risk and identifying other items within the RAI-HC that might improve malnutrition screening among adults aged 65 or older receiving home care.Methods: A literature review, three focus groups of community care access centre case managers (n=29), and five key informant interviews with registered dietitians were used to identify malnutrition risk factors and indicators. A nominal group (n=5) was used to rank RAI-HC malnutrition risk items. Data were charted and integrated to create the final list of potential risk factors.Results: Seven malnutrition indicators (dietary intake, appetite, dysphagia, nutrition support, end-stage disease, weight status, and fluid intake) and seven risk factors (health status, functional ability, self-reported poor health, mood status, social function, cognitive performance, and trade-offs) were considered important concepts in the construct of malnutrition for older home care clients.Conclusions: These items identified through divergent methods form the basis for developing a screening-formalnutrition-risk tool for home care.
Measurement of Cysteine Dioxygenase Activity and Protein Abundance
Authors: Stipanuk Martha H. , Dominy Jr. John E. , Ueki Iori , Hirschberger Lawrence L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCysteine dioxygenase is an iron (Fe2+)–dependent thiol dioxygenase that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize the sulfhydryl group of cysteine to generate 3‐sulfinoalanine (commonly called cysteinesulfinic acid). Cysteine dioxygenase activity is routinely assayed by measuring cysteinesulfinate formation from substrate L‐cysteine at pH 6.1 in the presence of ferrous ions to saturate the enzyme with metal cofactor, a copper chelator to diminish substrate oxidation, and hydroxylamine to inhibit pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent degradation of product. The amount of cysteine dioxygenase may be measured by immunoblotting. Upon SDS‐PAGE, cysteine dioxygenase can be separated into two major bands, with the upper band representing the 23‐kDa protein and the lower band representing the mature enzyme that has undergone formation of an internal thioether cross‐link in the active site. Formation of this cross‐link is dependent upon the catalytic turnover of substrate and produces an enzyme with a higher catalytic efficiency and catalytic half‐life. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 38:6.15.1‐6.15.25. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Protein Sulfenic Acid Content
Authors: Poole Leslie B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractProtein sulfenic acids are reactive, reversibly oxidized cysteinyl residues with roles in redox catalysis and regulation. Detection and quantification of these species in proteins is accomplished through chemical modification by reagents such as 7‐chloro‐4‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole (NBD chloride), 2‐nitro‐5‐thiobenzoate (TNB), dimedone, or derivatives of dimedone, followed by UV‐visible spectroscopy or mass spectrometric analysis. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 38:17.2.1‐17.2.27. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complex I Assay in Mitochondrial Preparations from CNS
Authors: Diwakar Latha , Ray Ajit , Ravindranath Vijayalakshmi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMammalian NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is made up of at least 46 subunits and is one of the largest enzyme complexes known. It catalyzes the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain through the oxidation of NADH, providing two electrons for the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol, thus propelling protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which subsequently drive ATP synthesis. Dysfunction of complex I has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, and it is probably the most vulnerable component of the electron transport chain to inhibition by reactive oxygen species. We describe a simple spectrophotometric method for estimating the activity of complex I from mitochondria isolated from regions of the central nervous system of mice. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 38:17.10.1‐17.10.7. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Protein Lysine Acetylation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Pelletier Nadine , Grégoire Serge , Yang Xiang‐Jiao 
Published: November 2008

AbstractProtein lysine acetylation, referring to acetylation of the ɛ‐amino group of a lysine residue, has recently emerged as an important post‐translational modification for regulating protein functions in various organisms. Like phosphorylation, lysine acetylation is a rapidly reversible and precisely controlled covalent modification that serves as a simple on/off switch or participates in a codified manner with other post‐translational modifications to regulate protein functions in different cellular and developmental processes. This unit describes and discusses methods used for in vitro and in vivo determination of lysine acetylation. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 54:14.11.1‐14.11.17. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Protein Lysine Deacetylation
Authors: Ellis Danielle J.P. , Yuan Zhigang , Seto Edward 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are members of a diverse family of enzymes that catalyze the removal of an acetyl moiety from an acetyl‐lysine‐containing substrate. HDACs target a variety of substrates, including histone and nonhistone proteins, to mediate alterations in protein localization, stability, and activity. In addition, HDACs have been shown to modulate changes in gene expression, primarily through the recruitment of transcriptional cofactors to promoter regions. Mammalian HDACs are organized into distinct classes based on their homology to yeast HDACs. Classes I, II and IV HDACs are structurally and catalytically similar, whereas, class III HDACs require NAD+ as a cofactor in the deacetylation reaction. This unit provides guidance for choosing and preparing a substrate suitable for assaying an HDAC of interest and describes key protocols necessary for assaying HDAC activity. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 54:14.12.1‐14.12.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection and Analysis of Protein‐Protein Interactions of Organellar and Prokaryotic Proteomes by Blue Native and Colorless Native Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Krause Frank , Seelert Holger 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNative gels enable the analysis of protein complexes on a proteome‐wide scale in a single experiment. The protocols described in this unit are based on separation of protein complexes by blue native polyacrylamide electrophoresis (BN‐PAGE), the most versatile native gel system, and the closely related milder colorless native PAGE (CN‐PAGE). Both BN‐PAGE and CN‐PAGE are described on analytical to preparative scales. In addition, methods for subsequent analysis of protein complexes are given, including electroelution from native gels as well as denaturing and native two‐dimensional PAGE. Finally, the removal of Coomassie dye from electroeluted proteins is detailed along with a discussion of fundamental considerations for the solubilization of membrane protein complexes from various biological samples, which are exemplified for mitochondria, chloroplasts (thylakoids), and cyanobacteria. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 54:19.18.1‐19.18.36. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ELISPOT Assay to Detect Cytokine‐Secreting Murine and Human Cells
Authors: Klinman Dennis 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEnzyme‐linked immunospot assays (ELISPOT) were initially developed to detect and quantify individual antibody‐secreting B cells. As the sensitivity of this assay improved, the much smaller amounts of cytokine and chemokine produced by individual T cells became amenable to detection. ELISPOT assays utilize high‐affinity antibody pairs directed against different epitopes on a single cytokine/chemokine. The critical first step involves binding the highest affinity Ab to a solid matrix. The plates are blocked to prevent nonspecific interactions, and the cells of interest incubated in the Ab‐coated wells, during which time they secrete the cytokine/chemokine of interest. The secreted protein binds to the Abs immediately below the producer cell. This bound protein is recognized by a secondary enzyme‐linked Ab. A colorimetric substrate is used to generate a dark precipitate or “spot” that marks the position of the protein‐producing cell. The resultant spots are permanent and can be quantified visually, microscopically, or electronically. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 83:6.19.1‐6.19.9. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Winston (tank transfer systems) Scott E. , Fuller (tank transfer systems) Steven A. , Hurrell (tank transfer systems; reversible staining of prote John G.R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractImmunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides protocols for all steps, starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually by means of SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining with Ponceau S. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. After nonspecific binding sites are blocked, the membrane is probed with the primary antibody and washed. The antibody‐antigen complexes are tagged with horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase coupled to a secondary anti‐IgG antibody, and detected using appropriate chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 83:8.10.1‐8.10.28. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endoglycosidase and Glycoamidase Release of N‐Linked Glycans
Authors: Freeze Hudson H. , Kranz Christian 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNearly all proteins entering the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) become glycosylated en route to a cellular organelle, the plasma membrane, or the extracellular space. Many glycans can be attached to proteins, but the most common are the N‐linked glycans (oligosaccharides). These chains are added very soon after a protein enters the ER, but they undergo extensive remodeling (processing), especially in the Golgi. Processing changes the sensitivity of the N‐glycan to enzymes that cleave entire sugar chains or individual monosaccharides, which also changes the migration of the protein on SDS gels. These changes can be used to indicate when a protein has passed a particular subcellular location. This unit details some of the methods used to track a protein as it traffics from the ER to the Golgi toward its final location. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 83:8.15.1‐8.15.26. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Colon Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Kreso Antonija , O'Brien Catherine Adell 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for working with colon cancer stem cells. To work with these cells one must start by generating single‐cell suspensions from human colon cancer tissue. These cell suspensions are sorted using flow cytometry–assisted cell sorting to fractionate the cells into tumor‐initiating and nontumor‐initiating subsets. Once the cells have been fractionated, they must be functionally tested to determine tumor‐forming capacity, the gold standard being the in vivo xenograft assay. Methods have also been developed to grow these cells in vitro in a sphere‐forming assay. This unit will describe how to isolate and functionally test colon cancer stem cells, as well as provide advice on the potential challenges of the research. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 7:3.1.1‐3.1.12. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Laboratory Maintenance of Moraxella catarrhalis
Authors: Balder Rachel , Lafontaine Eric R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMoraxella catarrhalis is a Gram‐negative bacterium that has recently emerged as the third leading cause of bacterial ear infections in children. This organism is also responsible for a variety of upper respiratory tract illnesses in adults, including ∼10% of all cases of respiratory exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is interest in studying M. catarrhalis for vaccine development, and this unit provides guidelines for the laboratory maintenance of the organism. The three Basic Protocols presented in this unit describe how to culture and prepare M. catarrhalis cells for use in experiments pertaining to various biological aspects of this important respiratory pathogen. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:6B.1.1‐6B.1.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Chick Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Davis Lindsay , DiRita Victor 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCampylobacter jejuni is commonly isolated from animals, including rodents, farm animals, and especially birds. The most common route of infection for humans is through the ingestion of contaminated chicken. Although C. jejuni commonly inhabits a number of animals, it does so asymptomatically. Many animals have been explored for use in pathogenic models; however, the most commonly used and established animal model is the chick colonization model described in this unit. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:8A.3.1‐8A.3.7. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aseptic Technique
Authors: Bykowski Tomasz , Stevenson Brian 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes common laboratory procedures that can reduce the risk of culture contaminations (sepsis), collectively referred as “aseptic technique.” Two major strategies of aseptic work are described: using a Bunsen burner and a laminar flow hood. Both methods are presented in the form of general protocols applicable to a variety of laboratory tasks such as pipetting and dispensing aliquots, preparing growth media, and inoculating, passaging, and spreading microorganisms on petri dishes. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:A.4D.1‐A.4D.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Growth and Maintenance of Vero Cell Lines
Authors: Ammerman Nicole C. , Beier‐Sexton Magda , Azad Abdu F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractVero cells are derived from the kidney of an African green monkey, and are one of the more commonly used mammalian continuous cell lines in microbiology and molecular and cell biology research. This unit includes protocols for the growth and maintenance of Vero cell lines in a research laboratory setting. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:A.4E.1‐A.4E.7. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Commentary a few can catch a liar, sometimes: Comments on Ekman and O'Sullivan (1991), as well as Ekman, O'Sullivan, and Frank (1999)
Authors: Bond Charles F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn two influential articles, Paul Ekman and associates have determined ‘who can catch a liar’ and reported that ‘a few can catch a liar’. The current article seeks to clarify these contributions. It provides information that was not mentioned in Ekman's journal articles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do textual features affect credibility judgment? It all depends on who is the judge
Authors: Nahari Galit , Glicksohn Joseph , Nachson Israel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis study examined the moderating role of absorption (a disposition associated with vivid imagination and rich mental experiences) in the process of interpersonal reality monitoring. Seventy five participants were assessed for absorption, and read a text describing an event that was either rich or poor in perceptual–emotional–contextual detail. They were asked to assess the credibility of the narrator; that is, the likelihood that he or she had actually experienced the event. For a text poor in detail, high‐absorption individuals believed the narrator more than low‐absorption individuals, whereas for a text rich in detail, no group differences appeared. The data seem to suggest that for high‐absorption individuals, credibility judgment depends on the degree to which the text can be assimilated into their own vivid imagination. Consideration of the judges' characteristics might therefore bring about a better understanding of the biases and errors involved in interpersonal reality monitoring. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forensic interviews with children in CSA cases: A large‐sample study of Norwegian police interviews
Authors: Thoresen Christian , Lønnum Kyrre , Melinder Annika , Magnussen Svein 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe study was designed to investigate changes in how children are interviewed in cases of child sexual abuse over a fairly long period of time. The interviewers' utterances were analysed in a large sample of forensic interviews conducted in Norway during the period of 1990–2002. The results indicate that interviewer strategies have improved during this period; there is a decrease in the proportion of suggestive, yes/no and option‐posing utterances, accompanied by a comparable increase in directive utterances. However, the frequency of open‐ended utterances is low, and has not changed much over time. An index of the overall quality of the interviews likewise showed a positive trend, with an increase in the proportion of interviews that were labelled ‘good’. However, even in recent years, interviews rated as ‘inadequate’ or ‘poor’ constituted half of the interviews conducted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust fault diagnosis of networked control systems
Authors: Sauter Dominique , Li Shanbin , Aubrun Christophe 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe fault detection problem is studied in this paper for a class of linear networked control systems (NCS) with communication delays. The aim is to generate residual signals which, in the fault‐free case, are supposed to be identical to zero. In practice, this condition is not respected due to various factors such as measurements noises, model uncertainties, and in particular for NCS communication‐induced delays. In this work, the communication delays are described as a random Markov jump process and a fault isolation filter is developed. Directional residuals, decoupled from the disturbance, are generated to ensure the treatment of multiple faults appearing simultaneously or sequentially. The parameters of the filter are determined to satisfyH∞disturbance attenuation and poles assignment constraints in the frame of Markov jump linear systems. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the fault detection filter are set in terms of linear matrix inequalities. An illustrative example is given to show the efficiency of the proposed method for NCS. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dielectric Constant of Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Romaner Lorenz , Heimel Georg , Ambrosch‐Draxl Claudia , Zojer Egbert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSelf‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are fundamental building blocks of molecular electronics and find numerous applications in organic (opto)electronic devices. Their properties are decisively determined by their response to electric fields, which are either applied externally (e.g., when biasing devices) or originate from within the monolayer itself in case it consists of dipolar molecules (which are used to tune charge‐injection barriers). This response is typically described by the dielectric constant of the monolayer. In this work it is explicitly show that there is no “general” dielectric constant that simultaneously applies to both cases. This is first derived on the basis of density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations for substituted biphenyl‐thiol SAMs at varying packing densities. Depolarization effects, which play a crucial role for the dielectric properties of the monolayers, are subsequently analyzed on the basis of packing‐dependent charge rearrangements. Finally, the DFT results are rationalized using an electrostatic model. In this context, the importance of finite‐size effects is highlighted and a connection between the macroscopic dielectric properties and the molecular polarizability is established providing a monolayer equivalent to the Clausius–Mossotti relationship. This allows deriving general trends for the packing‐density dependent dielectric response of monolayers to both external and internal electric fields.
Ultra Low‐k Films Derived from Hyperbranched Polycarbosilanes (HBPCS)
Authors: Rathore Jitendra S. , Interrante Leonard V. , Dubois Geraud 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDense and porous hyperbranched carbosiloxane thin films (HBCSO) are obtained by sol–gel processing using methylene‐bridged hyperbranched polycarbosilanes (HBPCSs) with the general compositional formula {(OMe)2Si(CH2)}. Introduction of porosity is achieved using a porogen templating approach, allowing the control of the films' dielectric constant from 2.9 to as low as 1.8. Over the entire dielectric range, the HBCSO films exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, 2–3 times superior to those obtained for non‐alkylene bridged organosiloxanes such as methylsilsesquioxanes (MSSQs) of similar densities and k‐values.
Biological Assemblies Provide Novel Templates for the Synthesis of Biocomposites and Facilitate Cell Adhesion
Authors: Gajjeraman Sivakumar , He Gen , Narayanan Karthikeyan , George Anne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMechanical mismatch and the lack of interactions between implants and the natural tissue environment are major drawbacks in bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials mimicking the self‐assembly process and the composition of the bone matrix should provide new routes for fabricating biomaterials possessing novel osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties for bone repair. In the present study, bioinspired strategies are employed to design de novo self‐assembled chimeric protein hydrogels comprising leucine zipper motifs flanking a dentin matrix protein 1 domain, which is characterized as a mineralization nucleator. Results show that this chimeric protein could function as a hydroxyapatite nucleator in pseudo‐physiological buffer with the formation of highly oriented apatites similar to biogenic bone mineral. It could also function as an inductive substrate for osteoblast adhesion, promote cell surface integrin presentation and clustering, and modulate the formation of focal contacts. Such biomimetic “bottom‐up” construction with dual osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties should open new avenues for bone tissue engineering.
On the implementation of linear diffusion in transconductance‐based cellular nonlinear networks
Authors: Fernández‐Berni J. , Carmona‐Galán R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn theory, cellular nonlinear networks (CNN) are well capable of implementing discrete‐space linear diffusion by means of the appropriate templates. In practice, good results have not been demonstrated with transconductance‐based circuits. In this paper, we prove that inherent mismatch to very large scale integration implementation is the reason. Although previous works consider that the small perturbations of the network parameters lead to small deviations from the ideal behavior, we consider that this is over optimistic. When interactions between nodes are supported by unidirectional building blocks, originally balanced current paths are realized by mismatched elements. In the case of linear diffusion, the singular location of natural frequencies of the system implies that a small perturbation of balanced current paths renders qualitatively different network dynamics. We analyze and compare a set of linear templates performing unconstrained and constrained linear diffusion in transconductance‐based CNN hardware. Several numerical examples are also presented to visualize the consequences of mismatch on the processing. Finally, in order to emphasize the importance of having balanced current paths, we tested the influence of mismatch in a grid built with MOS transistors. In spite of their nonlinearity, the resulting network is much more robust to mismatch. This last result coincides with previous studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.