bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report on Session 1b
Authors: Little J. A. 
Published: April 2008

INTRODUCTION

The published literature on the topic of glacigenic sediments is both transdisciplinary and extensive.
Table 1 shows the papers in this session but includes two papers shown, at the bottom of the Table, which were included in Session 1a. Nine out of the twelve papers listed deal with till as one of the soils, consequently this review concentrates on this particular soil type.

BACKGROUND

Glacial soils of the Quaternary may be as old as 2 million years on the one hand and yet may be very recent on the other. In reality, most of the glacially-derived soils (at least in the mid-latitudes) derive from the Anglian stage of the Pleaistocene or younger, and therefore are less than 500,000 years old.
Subsequent to deposition, Pleistocene soils may have experienced multiple episodes of vertical and horizontal ice-loading and unloading and the further combined effects of, for example, permafrost, freeze-thaw, oxidation, decalcification and weathering may all have contributed to the making of an end-product quite difference as an Engineering material from the original sediment.
The generalised lowland glacial domain, within which these sediments are formed, classically embodies proglacial, subglacial, englacial and supraglacial components which, taken together, can produce complex superimposed till-outwash-till sequences.

GRADING

It could be argued, therefore, that textural and mineralogical criteria along are inadequate as a basis for the identification of difference till types due, mainly to the considerable overlap in this respect. Therefore as a basis for discrimating between various till types there has been increasing emphasis in the geological literature
The influence of late and post glacial slope development on the engineering geology of Wenlock Shale near Ironbridge, Salop
Authors: Gostelow T. P. , Hamblin R. J. O. , Harris D. I. , Hight D. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A section of the road route chosen for the Ironbridge bypass crosses the northern valley slopes of the River Severn, near Buildwas, Salop. The slopes are underlain by Silurian Wenlock Shale which have been affected by slope degradation dating from the end of the last (Devensian) glaciation. The road design included cuttings and a large embankment up to 20 m high and circa 300 m long which was constructed across landslipped ground. This paper describes the engineering geology of the shale and the slopes, and draws particular attention to the difficulties of selecting critical potential failure mechanisms where there are complex, periglacially disturbed ground conditions.
The in situ density and shearing resistance of the Hampshire Basin Plateau Gravels
Authors: Barton M. E. , Evans G. J. , Haji Yusof S. B. , Wai Kin Ho 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
One of the principal Quaternary deposits in Central Southern England are extensive spreads of sandy fine to coarse, mainly flint gravels: those at the higher elevations being referred to as “Plateau” Gravels to distinguish them from the “Valley” Gravels. The most widely accepted view of the origin of the Plateau Gravels is that they represent fluvial terraces deposited under periglacial conditions. Although they have provided excellent conditions for foundations, their actual in-situ density and shear strength characteristics were virtually unknown. To remedy this deficiency, a series of in-situ density tests using the sand replacement technique and direct shear tests using 300 mm square samples have been carried out.

Samples of sandy gravel from Highcliffe were compacted by hand tamping to minimise particle breakdown and tested in a saturated condition with a dry density approximately 97% of the in-situ value. The results show a curved failure envelope which in the usual form of power law notation gives a best fit result of:-
τ = 1.475 σ
n
′ 0-955
Over the range of normal Stresses from 80 to 370 kPa used in the tests, this corresponds to secant φ′ values from 51°. to 48°. Tests carried out on dry samples gave φ′ values up to 4° higher. Tests on other samples with different grain size distributions show that the shearing resistance increases with the percentage gravel (as opposed to sand) content. These results have been combined with published work on other well graded, mainly flint gravels to give a preliminary quantitative evaluation of the influence of percentage gravel content on shearing resistance.
Ground investigation, design and construction monitoring of a full-face tunnel drive in layered Quaternary deposits
Authors: Starr D. C. , Mulroney A. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper describes the results of ground investigations carried out to assess alternative methods of constructing a pipeline at shallow depth close to old buildings. A layered sequence of Quaternary alluvial and fluvio-glacial deposits is described, and high groundwater flows in gravels are linked to upstream underground sources in limestone. The effectiveness of two sets of ground probing radar equipment is assessed, and a maximum penetration of 4m is indicated where gravel layers are thickest. The first use in the UK of an Iseki Unclemole EPB tunnelling machine is described, and measurements of settlement and heave above the centre line of the pipeline indicate maximum vertical displacements of about 10mm. Mix design for the bentonite slurry face support is briefly discussed.
Pleistocene deposits of the South Wales Coalfield and their engineering significance
Authors: Wright M. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The importance of glaciation in the modification of landscape in the South Wales coalfield has long been acknowledged. The effect of periglacial conditions has never been fully assessed, even though these are of enormous relevance to the geomorphology and to the prediction of the engineering characteristics of the superficial deposits.
Examination of field relationships and sedimentology has proved the presence, in valley-floors, of glacial lodgement tills, meltout tills and associated water-lain deposits. On lower valley-sides, however, a large proportion of the drift has moved downslope by gelifluction or as mudflows. These redistributed sediments contain silt bands which can cause side-slope collapse in cuttings. They also extend over valley-floors and may conceal glaciolacustrine deposits which can contain water at artesian pressures.
Higher valley-side slopes and hilltops show extensive modification by periglacial processes, and there are solifluction terraces and nivation hollows. A good understanding of depositional processes is required for any investigation of slope stability.
Theme lecture: Tropical processes causing rapid geological change
Authors: Blight G. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geological conditions and processes in the tropics may differ considerably from those in temperate climates. After briefly considering the nature of tropical soils, the paper describes some of the geological processes, occurring in the tropics, that may result in rapid geological change. These processes may act sufficiently quickly to produce significant change in a lifetime or at the very least, in a few centuries.
Undisturbed pit sampling of tropical red clay soils
Authors: Culshaw M. G. , Northmore K. J. , Hobbs P. R. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The tropical red clay soils, formed by the Quaternary weathering of volcanic deposits (and other rock types) in tropical and subtropical environments, have a very open structure and consequent high voids ratio. These soils are particularly sensitive to disturbance during sampling and subsequent transportation and extrusion of the samples. This technical note describes a simple method for obtaining high quality, undisturbed samples from pits in a way that does not require extrusion or trimming of the sample in the laboratory prior to triaxial testing, and only minimal preparation prior to oedometer testing.
Recent developments in engineering Quaternary geology in the Geological Survey of The Netherlands
Authors: de Mulder E. F. J. , Hillen R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Geological Survey of The Netherlands is involved in a number of Quaternary engineering geological projects. Traditionally, a “top-down” approach is followed, that is, at a client’s request, thematic maps derived mainly from the basic data of the geological mapping Programme are produced. More recently, projects have been started that require a “bottom-up” approach: for each such project, criteria are formulated that are to be met throughout all phases of the project, that is, from data aquisition to the presentation of the results. Both approaches are needed to maintain the vitality of the geological advisory work as well as of the regular geological mapping programme.
Mass Classification of Quaternary gravel deposits
Authors: Maurenbrecher P. M. , Kronieger R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A mass Classification index was devised to determine the variability of highly variable Quaternary gravel deposits in the Netherlands. To classify the “mass” properties trials have been carried out using the “scanline” concept. The scanline concept was verified in Spain to classify river gravel and glacial deposit mass properties such as grading, particle shape and rock type. Using a mass Classification system called the Scanline Quantification of Uniformity for Aggregate Designation or SQUAD, the scanline concept was adapted to determine representativeness of a sample with respect to the surrounding soil mass e.g. for aggregate assessment. When mapping the Quaternary gravel deposits the SQUAD values can be used to determine the confidence levels of contour lines.
Landslide history in a Tertiary sedimentary basin in the Quaternary in Japan
Authors: Okusa S. , Takahama N. , Fujita Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The landslide activities in the Quaternary of the Japanese Islands have been controlled by active neotectonic movements and humid climatic conditions. Most of the present active landslides in Cenozoic muddy sediment in the Japanese Islands occur in the ancient landslides site. In the Musigame landslides site in the Cenozoic Niigata sedimentary basin, the present active landslides are concentrated along the fissures and cracks in the ancient primary landslide blocks. The initial failure of the primary Musigame landslides might have occurred in the mudstone with the intact undrained shear strength and the retrogressive failures with a combination of the intact undrained shear strength and residual undrained strength. Secondary and presently active landslides have occurred in the previously disturbed mudstone in accordance with the residual drained shear strength. The analysis of the occurrence, movement and history of the primary and secondary landslides is essential to understand the present activity of landslide.
Predictive models for the engineering properties of some Quaternary clay deposits in the U.S.S.R
Authors: Tkachuk E. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The influence of indicators of composition, induration state and physical property on strength (durability) and deformation characteristics of genetically dissimilar Quaternaryclay rocks has been investigated. About 200 samples describing specific territorial geological-genetic rock types and including from 18 to 980 values for each of between 12 to 60 property indicators are analyzed. The type, form and closeness of relationships are considered together with the quantitative behaviour pattern of the most important property variations. From this the most informative indirect indicators are determined, property behaviour Statistical models are obtained and the predictive values of the model parameters are analyzed.
The relationship between Quaternary geology and ground subsidence for some cities in China
Authors: Yu Hai L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three problems are discussed in this paper in relation to subsidence: the present Situation, the geological environment models relating to the ground subsidence in certain cities of China, and the relationships between the ground subsidence and the Quaternary geological environment. It is pointed out that the layers which consolidate giving rise to ground subsidence are controlled by the type and the character and the age of the Quaternary deposit. The differences in the ground subsidence in Chinese cities depends on the Quaternary geological environment. It is pointed out, also, that neotectonic activity has some influence on the ground subsidence in certain areas. Therefore, research into the Quaternary geological environment is important in solving ground subsidence problems.
Case history of a piled embankment in London's Docklands
Authors: Card G. B. , Carter G. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Innovative geotechnical solutions were required to overcome the difficult logistics of construction phasing and poor ground conditions at the Royal Albert Dock Spine Road in London's Docklands. The ground conditions comprised up to 7 m of variable fill overlying soft compressible alluvium. To control settlement, a piled raft solution was designed to support the road embankment on either side of the conventionally piled Docklands Light Railway trough. The raft, comprising a granular mattress
reinforced with layers of geogrid, was designed to transfer about 85% of the embankment loading onto the pile caps. This novel load transfer platform to the piled embankment produced a stable and economical foundation solution on poor ground while enabling a fast overall construction programme of 12 months to be achieved. The foundation options for the embankment and the subsequent design philosophy for the geogrid reinforced piled embankment are reviewed, together with a description of its
construction.
Jet grouting in construction
Authors: Morey J. , Harris R. R. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This is a descriptive paper which outlines the basic jet grouting methods, and provides examples of their versatile application in applied geotechnical engineering. However, the technique requires the application of concentrated force and could be immensely destructive if incorrectly applied. A cautionary section of this paper is therefore devoted to the control of this force in order to achieve the required results.
Role of engineering geology in NATM construction
Authors: Beveridge J. P. , Rankin W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The basic design philosophy of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) of construction is implicitly reactive; it has been referred to as an observational method as monitoring is required to allow the optimization of support and to ensure that deformations are maintained within the definitions of safety. Benefits are obtained by optimizing the timing and nature of the primary ground support to suit the conditions exposed based on observations of performance during incremental construction. Engineering geologists have a pivotal role in investigating ground conditions and assessing the key design parameters in design modelling, monitoring and in observing the changing ground conditions during construction. Engineering geologists are also involved in decision-making processes for altering support types based on feedback from performance monitoring.
Four major projects are discussed where multiple heading and incremental excavation and sequential support techniques have been implemented, which required the skill of engineering geologists and rock mechanics engineers. There is a need for a systematic appraisal of ground conditions and for further documented case studies. There are many opportunities for engineering geologists in this interdisciplinary, interactive, observational design and construction process.
A new tunnel roof support system with specific reference to the Brovello Tunnel
Authors: Kettle C. T. , Gandais M. 
Published: April 2008

Recent practical and technical developments in traditional geotechnical and foundation engineering techniques have opened the way to new applications and opportunities for contractors, and more efficient and cost-effective solutions for clients.
In the UK contractors have traditionally lagged behind their continental colleagues because of the contractual procedures which have prevented the client, contractor and engineer from working more closely together at the design stage of projects. In addition, the fact that many of the new techniques have been entirely developed by specialist contractors has meant that many consultants have been unaware or unsure of such techniques and their application.
The Brovello Tunnel is an example where extreme limitations on the allowable settlement have necessitated specialist expertise not available internally within the client or main contractors' organizations. Potential subcontractors were therefore asked to make their own independent assessment of the ground conditions and submit proposals for a design and build agreement with the main contractor and client. In the light of the sensitivity of the site to settlement, the subcontract was awarded to the subcontractor whose scheme was considered to most significantly reduce the risk of settlement.
The approved scheme involved a combination of conventional minipiling and ground anchoring techniques, subvertical and inclined jet mix columns for block ground stabilization and subhorizontal jet mix columns for tunnel roof support. The combination of these techniques has provided a degree of support which could not have been guaranteed by traditional ground stabilization or construction techniques.
Assessments of ease of blasting in Troodos Sheeted Dyke Complex and Lower Pillow Lava Series
Authors: Nathanail C. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 1974, ceasefire lines were established running approximately east-west across the island and through the capital, Nicosia. The United Nations buffer zone in the western part of the DANCON sector crosses the northwestern foothills of the Troodos Mountains. The track that runs along the buffer zone is used by United Nations patrols and requires regular repair. Engineering geological assessments using two published schemes were applied at seven sites along the track in basalts of the Sheeted Dyke Complex and the Lower Pillow Lava Series. The different discontinuity patterns in the two formations were reflected by the schemes. The classification schemes had been developed to assist in selecting the method of excavation and assumed ANFO explosive would be used. Only PE4, a high explosive, was available, and a correlation factor with ANFO of 2:1 was found to give satisfactory results.
Slope works associated with site formation excavation at Tsing Lung Tau, Western New Territories, Hong Kong
Authors: Nicholls K. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A substantial site formation has been carried out on a hill slope in the Western New Territories of Hong Kong for a water treatment works and service reservoir as part of ongoing infrastructural development. Formation of the site required substantial slopes to be formed and existing slopes to be modified.
The geotechnical works undertaken included excavation by drill and blast, upgrading of an existing rock slope overlooking a major highway, and stabilization works to internal slopes formed by blasting. Substantial works were required as part of the contractor's temporary works to safeguard the highway during construction, especially to guard against possible failures associated with blasting.
Engineering properties of two types of pulverized fuel ash
Authors: Mahmoud M. , Morley R. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The engineering characteristics of two types of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) are investigated in terms of their geotechnical properties. The two PFAs investigated are (1) a ‘lagoon’ PFA, subsequently stockpiled and then end-tipped for infilling an old gravel pit in Staffordshire, and (2) a ‘conditioned’ PFA used to create a mound adjacent to a coal power station in Yorkshire. Measurements of strength and compressibility characteristics are discussed with respect to predicting the behaviour of these two PFAs
vis-à-vis
slope stability and settlement. Charts are presented (a) for determining settlements of lagoon PFAs, and (b) for establishing strength parameters of conditioned PFAs.
Avian botulism associated with a waste disposal site
Authors: Lloyd B. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An epidemic of botulism in gulls was reported in 1989 near a waste disposal site at Stewartby in Bedfordshire, England. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that all samples taken from the leachate treatment plain of the waste disposal site were contaminated with botulinum toxin, whereas control samples from the Stewartby lake edge, where gulls were seen dying, were negative. A causal relationship between botulism in the gulls and the waste disposal site was indicated. It is suggested that the organically enriched, anaerobic mud flats from which the toxins were isolated require ploughing in order to manage and reduce the risk of toxaemia arising from such sources.
Stabilization of an urban refuse dump and its planned extension near Ancona, Marche, Italy
Authors: Bromhead E. N. , Coppola L. , Rendell H. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The paper describes the stabilization of a solid urban waste dump near Ancona, Marche Region, Italy. The 40 000 m
2
dump was established on the western slope of Monte Umbriano on a slope of 8°–10° over underlying materials comprising sandy-silty colluvial clays. Refuse was deposited to a maximum height of 13 m with a graded slope. Prior to placing the refuse, trench drains were constructed parallel to the direction of maximum slope. These drains were filled with 18–21 mm washed river gravel protected by geotextiles. The leachate from the tip was collected from the drains, and led to drainage shafts connected to a treatment plant.

In August 1988, active slip surfaces were encountered in the inspection shaft at a depth of about 9 m below ground surface. Following the installation of inclinometers, the slow mass movement of the whole of the slope was confirmed. The causes of the slip were studied via a series of field and laboratory investigations, and a series of stability analyses were undertaken.
The slope was stabilized by the construction of a system of deep drainage. The area of the existing tip was drained by installing subhorizontal drilled drains from pits near the toe of the waste dump, and the area of extension of the tip was drained by deep shafts from which an array of bored drains were installed. The extension of the tip over the drained area appears to have been successfully completed. Leachate from the tip has been collected and fed to the existing purification works for treatment.
Application of the STRATA3 visualization software to the investigation of landfill sites
Authors: Al Masmoum A. , Bentley S. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
STRATA3 is a PC-based computer program which provides a powerful means of storing and interrogating quantitative information on subsurface ground conditions. The input data may be any items of geological or geotechnical information that can be defined spatially; the program is at its most powerful when it is used to create three-dimensional models of subsurface environments. Two categories of data can be extracted from the models: qualitative data in the form of visual images and graphics and quantitative data in the form of precise measurements displayed in numeric form. The practical applications of the STRATA3 program to civil engineering practice are described and two case studies are presented. The first concerns the collation of site investigation data in an environmental geology project. The second case study illustrates the use of the program for managing chemical contamination data at an old gasworks adjacent to Cardiff Bay.