bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotype and function of neonatal DC
Authors: Willems Fabienne , Vollstedt Sabine , Suter Mark 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNewborns face complex physical and immunological changes before and after birth. Although the uterus is a sterile environment for the fetus, it also contains non‐self material from the mother. Birth involves the transition from the sterile intra‐uterine environment to an environment rich in microbes and requires rapid induction of appropriate responses to control these microbes. In this review we focus on the similarities and differences of human and murine neonatal DC and their reaction to various stimuli. A better understanding of the newborn immune system – in particular, the DC–T‐cell interaction – will be beneficial for the development of improved strategies to prevent or treat infections in this vulnerable population and prepare the immune system to cope with allergens and tumors later in life.
Identification of CpG methylation of the SNRPN gene by methylation‐specific multiplex PCR
Authors: Hung Chia‐Cheng , Lin Shin‐Yu , Lin Shuan‐Pei , Niu Dou‐Ming , Lee Ni‐Chung , Cheng Wen‐Fang , Chen Chih‐Ping , Lin Win‐Li , Lee Chien‐Nan , Su Yi‐Ning 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article, we show that methylation‐specific multiplex PCR (MS‐multiplex PCR) is a sensitive and specific single assay for detecting CpG methylation status as well as copy number aberrations. We used MS‐multiplex PCR to simultaneously amplify three sequences: the 3′ ends of the SNRPN gene (for unmethylated sequences), the KRITI gene (as internal control), and the promoter of the SNRPN gene containing CpG islands (for methylated sequences) after digestion with a methylation‐sensitive restriction enzyme (HhaI). We established this duplex assay for the analysis of 38 individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome, 2 individuals with Angelman syndrome, and 28 unaffected individuals. By comparing the copy number of the three regions, the methylation status and the copy number changes can be easily distinguished by MS‐multiplex PCR without the need of bisulfite treatment of the DNA. The data showed that MS‐multiplex PCR allows for the estimation of the methylation level by comparing the copy number aberrations of unknown samples to the standards with a known methylated status. The in‐house‐designed MS‐multiplex PCR protocol is a relatively simple, cost‐effective, and highly reproducible approach as a significant strategy in clinical applications for epigenetics in a routine laboratory.
The effect of aggregation on the separation performance of bacteria in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Haugg Melanie , Kaiser Viktoria , Schmidtkunz Christoph , Welsch Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDuring the last 15 years, methods for the capillary electrophoretic separation of different bacteria species have been developed, which exploit their characteristic cell surface‐charge to volume ratio. A special variant, the polymer‐based CE of bacteria, includes a focusing step, which forces the bacteria cells to form aggregates at the beginning of the electrophoretic process, resulting in very high apparent efficiencies. Our experiments presented in this article reveal that the migration time of bacteria species in polymer‐based CE increases with a growing amount of injected cells. Thus, the electrophoretic mobilities are not characteristic for the single cells of one species, but for the aggregates of the bacteria species, which are formed during the focusing process. Electrophoretic mobility (EM) data are obviously inapplicable for the identification of bacteria if the concentration of the bacteria sample solution is not constant. Fractions taken during the electrophoretic separation of different bacteria species were cultivated and tested for species purity. Interestingly, the electrophoretic bands were never pure, as all of them contained different mixtures of the injected species. We attribute this to the formation of stable mixed‐species aggregates during polymer‐based focusing. The mixed clusters migrate in the electric field with consistent velocity as a whole and are not separated electrophoretically.
A conceptual model for the longitudinal distribution of wood in mountain streams
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Jaeger Kristin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWood load, channel parameters and valley parameters were surveyed in 50 contiguous stream segments each 25 m in length along 12 streams in the Colorado Front Range. Length and diameter of each piece of wood were measured, and the orientation of each piece was tallied as a ramp, buried, bridge or unattached. These data were then used to evaluate longitudinal patterns of wood distribution in forested headwater streams of the Colorado Front Range, and potential channel‐, valley‐ and watershed‐scale controls on these patterns. We hypothesized that (i) wood load decreases downstream, (ii) wood is non‐randomly distributed at channel lengths of tens to hundreds of meters as a result of the presence of wood jams and (iii) the proportion of wood clustered into jams increases with drainage area as a result of downstream increases in relative capacity of a stream to transport wood introduced from the adjacent riparian zone and valley bottom. Results indicate a progressive downstream decrease in wood load within channels, and correlations between wood load and drainage area, elevation, channel width, bed gradient and total stream power. Results support the first and second hypotheses, but are inconclusive with respect to the third hypothesis. Wood is non‐randomly distributed at lengths of tens to hundreds of meters, but the proportion of pieces in jams reaches a maximum at intermediate downstream distances within the study area. We use these results to propose a conceptual model illustrating downstream trends in wood within streams of the Colorado Front Range. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meltwater discharge through the subglacial bed and its land‐forming consequences from numerical experiments in the Polish lowland during the last glaciation
Authors: Piotrowski Jan A. , Hermanowski Piotr , Piechota Agnieszka M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNumerical experiments suggest that the last glaciation severely affected the upper lithosphere groundwater system in NW Poland: primarily its flow pattern, velocities and fluxes. We have simulated subglacial groundwater flow in two and three spatial dimensions using finite difference codes for steady‐state and transient conditions. The results show how profoundly the ice sheet modifies groundwater pressure heads beneath and some distance beyond the ice margin. All model runs show water discharge at the ice forefield driven by ice‐sheet‐thickness‐modulated, down‐ice‐decreasing hydraulic heads. In relation to non‐glacial times, the transient 3D model shows significant changes in the groundwater flow directions in a regionally extensive aquifer ca. 90 m below the ice–bed interface and up to 40 km in front of the glacier. Comparison with empirical data suggests that, depending on the model run, only between 5 and 24% of the meltwater formed at the ice sole drained through the bed as groundwater. This is consistent with field observations documenting abundant occurrence of tunnel valleys, indicating that the remaining portion of basal meltwater was evacuated through a channelized subglacial drainage system. Groundwater flow simulation suggests that in areas of very low hydraulic conductivity and adverse subglacial slopes water ponding at the ice sole was likely. In these areas the relief shows distinct palaeo‐ice lobes, indicating fast ice flow, possibly triggered by the undrained water at the ice–bed interface. Owing to the abundance of low‐permeability strata in the bed, the simulated groundwater flow depth is less than ca. 200 m. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human‐induced changes in bed shear stress and bed grain size in the River Waal (The Netherlands) during the past 900 years
Authors: Frings Roy M. , Berbee Bastiaan M. , Erkens Gilles , Kleinhans Maarten G. , Gouw Marc J. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHuman impact has changed the flow characteristics and bed‐sediment characteristics of lowland rivers, affecting channel stability, flood risk, navigability and biodiversity. We analysed the effect of human activities on the flow and bed‐sediment characteristics of the River Waal (The Netherlands). The objectives were: (a) to reconstruct the historical change in bed shear stress during the past 900 years; (b) to reconstruct the contemporary change in bed grain size; and (c) to identify the main causes of these changes. Various data types were used, such as borehole descriptions, historical river maps and modern hydraulic data. It was found that the bed shear stress in the River Waal strongly increased during the past 900 years. In the same period, the gravel content of the sandy river bed increased, causing a coarsening of the river bed. Before ad 1870 the shear stress increase and bed coarsening were mainly due to embankment (artificial levee construction). After ad 1870, the shear stress increase and bed coarsening were mainly due to river narrowing and dredging. The systematic grain‐size difference between present‐day and historical rivers should be taken into account in river restoration projects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon dioxide generation calorimetry—Errors induced by the simplifying assumptions in the standard test methods
Authors: Brohez S. , Delvosalle C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCarbon dioxide generation (CDG) calorimetry is commonly used for measuring heat release rates of materials. Calorimetric equation provided in the ASTM E 2058 and the NFPA code 287 is a simplified equation since the water content in the ambient air and the fumes as well as the expansion factor of the combustion gases are neglected. This paper provides general equation for CDG calorimetry based on the Tewarson formulation. A comparison is proposed between the Standard test methods (simplified equation) and the general one. It is shown that the errors induced by the simplifying assumptions are negligible for oxygen depletion factor values commonly encountered in the Fire Propagation Apparatus (where large dilution factors of the combustion gases are used before the measurements of species concentrations). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating affective customer needs for luxuriousness into product design attributes
Authors: Bahn Sangwoo , Lee Cheol , Nam Chang S. , Yun Myung Hwan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn a highly competitive market, customers' product affection is a critical factor to product success. However, understanding customers' affective needs is difficult to grasp; product design practitioners often misunderstand what customers really want. In this study we report our experience in developing and using an affective design framework that identified critical affective features customers have on products and are systematically incorporated into product design attributes. To identify key affective features such as luxuriousness, we utilized the Kansei engineering methodology. This approach consists of three steps: (1) selecting related affective features and product design attributes through a comprehensive literature survey, expert panel opinion, and focus group interviews; (2) conducting evaluation experiments; and (3) developing Kansei models using multivariate statistical analysis and analyzing critical product design attributes. To demonstrate applicability of the proposed affective design framework, 30 customers and 30 product design practitioners participated in an evaluation experiment for car crash pads, and 44 customers and 20 designers participated in an evaluation experiment for two interior room products (wallpapers and flooring materials). The evaluation experiments were conducted via systematically developed questionnaires consisting of a 7‐point semantic differential scale and a 100‐point magnitude estimation scale. The results of the experiments were analyzed using principal component regression and quantification theory type I method. Using the analyzed survey data, the relationship between luxuriousness and related affective features and product design attributes were identified. This relationship indicated that there was a significant difference in the perception of luxuriousness between customers and designers. Consequently, it is expected that the results of this study could provide a foundation for developing affective products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fashion design styles recommended by consumers' sensibility and emotion
Authors: Na Youngjoo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTo develop high‐quality and consumer‐oriented sensible textiles and fashion designs, a design expert system using the collaborative filtering personalization technique was set up, and its efficiency with the user interface model was examined. A database for 60 textiles, 41 fashion designs, 28 pairs of sensibility words and connection mechanisms, and a 2‐D cyber product visualized model with user‐manipulating keys was established. It includes feedback of the recommended fashion design that matches the user's sensibility by using visual element adjustment tools provided by the system. Also, through Type III analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most important design category of developing each sensibility on women's dress was found. For the example of contemporary sensibility, the most effective category was skirt length, then sleeve type, color tone, collar type, and the skirt type. All the styles of each category were positioned in 3‐D sensibility, using scores of factor analysis from the factors Contemporary, Adult, and Character. The similarity and difference among the fashion style by positioning in 3‐D space of sensibility can be visualized. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing an integrated primary care practice: strategies, techniques, and a case illustration
Authors: Walker Barbara B. , Collins Charlotte A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNumerous studies have now demonstrated that integrating behavioral health and medical care can reduce medical costs, improve patient and provider satisfaction, and enhance clinical outcomes. Given this, one might expect that behavioral health programs would be fully integrated into primary care clinics across the country, but in fact integrated primary care programs remain quite rare. One reason for this discrepancy is that implementing such programs has proven to be extraordinarily challenging. Most of the integrated programs that are currently operating successfully are in settings where professionals are all members of the same health care system (e.g., HMOs, the Veterans Administration, Departments of Family Practice, etc.). Many providers, however, are in communities where various services are provided in different locations from different organizations that have very different clinical, administrative, and financial structures. In these situations, the challenges are even greater. The authors describe a set of strategies and techniques providers can use to move their health care system toward a higher level of integration and illustrate how they applied these steps to develop and assess the impact of an integrated primary care program in the state of Rhode Island. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–13, 2009.
The role of the dental lamina in mammalian tooth replacement
Authors: Järvinen Elina , Tummers Mark , Thesleff Irma 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have applied the ferret,Mustela putorius furo, as a model for tooth replacement. Ferret has a heterodont dentition, which includes all tooth families, and all antemolar teeth are replaced. Compared with mouse, the ferret therefore has a less derived mammalian dentition resembling that of humans. We have studied tooth replacement in serial histological sections in embryonic and young postnatal ferrets. Our observations indicate that the replacement teeth form from the dental lamina that is intimately connected to the lingual aspect of the deciduous tooth enamel organ. It grows as an offshoot from the enamel organ, elongates in cervical direction and later buds to give rise to the replacement tooth. The extent of the dental lamina growth, preceding replacement tooth budding, varied between different teeth. The dynamic gene expression patterns ofSostdc1,ShhandAxin2brought new insight into the signal networks regulating the tooth replacement process. The distinct expression ofSostdc1at the interface between the dental lamina and the deciduous tooth is the first indication of a specific tissue identity of the dental lamina. We suggest that the reactivation of a competent dental lamina is pivotal for the replacement tooth formation.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:281–291, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early alternative derivations of Fechner's law
Authors: Masin Sergio Cesare , Zudini Verena , Antonelli Mauro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHistorians of psychology, notably Boring, fostered Fechner's idea that Weber's law is the indispensable basis for the derivation of the logarithmic psychophysical law. However, it is shown here that Bernoulli in 1738 and Thurstone in 1931 derived the logarithmic law using principles other than Weber's law and that Fechner and Thurstone based their derivations on the principles originally employed by Bernoulli. It is concluded that awareness of researchers about Bernoulli's and Thurstone's derivations could expand the directions of research on the form of the psychophysical law. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro dexamethasone pretreatment enhances bone formation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vivo
Authors: Song In‐Hwan , Caplan Arnold I. , Dennis James E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBone grafting is the current standard of care for treatment of fracture nonunions, while alternative strategies such as bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells are also used. MSCs can be induced towards the osteogenic lineage by in vitro treatment with dexamethasone (dex). This study aimed to determine the optimal duration of dex treatment for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and evaluate the effect of this dex pretreatment on bone formation in vivo. To determine the optimal dex treatment, MSCs were cultivated in osteogenic medium for 5 weeks with a varying dex withdrawal schedule, such that MSCs were exposed to dex for either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. During this period, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and DNA assays, as well as von Kossa staining and morphological observations were performed. One and 2 week dex‐treated groups returned to control levels rapidly, whereas 3 and 4 week groups retained higher levels of differentiation markers, with the 4 week group being the highest. Based on these in vitro results, MSCs (with and without dex) and control fibroblasts were seeded into ceramic cubes, cultured for 4 weeks, and implanted into SCID mice, and harvested 6 weeks postimplantation for histologic evaluation. There was no bone formation in fibroblast‐seeded controls, little bone formation in control (CS 1), and extensive bone formation (CS 3–4) in dex‐treated MSCs. These results indicate that pretreatment of MSCs with dex results in greater bone formation than in untreated controls. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 916–921, 2009
Purification of α‐amylase from human saliva by superparamagnetic particles
Authors: Lin Jenshinn , Lin Yeong‐Shenn , Kuo Sho‐Tin , Jiang Chii‐Ming , Wu Ming‐Chang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Several studies of magnetic carrier technology have focused on the application of separation technology, because the magnetic support can separate the target from the reaction medium by application of a magnetic field and because the magnetic carrier can be easily recovered. In the present study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) modified by epichlorohydrin was employed as a support whose surface could be coated with starch. The starch‐coated support was used for isolating human salivary amylases.RESULTS: The results showed that the starch‐SPIO support could isolate amylases from human saliva with 91.1% recovery and 3.5‐fold purification to high specific activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purifed amylase comprised two isoamylases with estimated molecular weights of 55 and 59 kDa. The activities of crude and purified amylases showed optimal pH values of 6–7 and 7 and optimal temperatures of 40 and 30 °C respectively. The thermal stability range for both crude and purified amylases was between 20 and 40 °C.CONCLUSION: The attachment of substrates to SPIO could offer a novel and efficient method for purifying enzymes either as an initial step prior to further purification or as a final step for diagnostic usage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of bromate in highly saline samples using CZE with on‐line transient ITP
Authors: Fukushi Keiichi , Yamazaki Ryohei , Yamane Takeshi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe developed CZE with direct UV detection for the determination of bromate in highly saline samples such as seawater and salts using transient ITP as an on‐line concentration procedure. The following optimum conditions were established: BGE, artificial seawater containing no bromide adjusted to pH 3.0; detection wavelength, 210 nm; vacuum injection period of sample, 18 s (378 nL); terminating ion solution, 600 mM sodium acetate; vacuum injection period of the terminating ion solution, 7 s (147 nL) for seawater and 12 s (252 nL) for salts; applied voltage, 7 kV with the sample inlet side as the cathode. The LOD for bromate was 30 μg/L (BrO3––Br) with S/N of 3. The respective values of the RSD of the peak area, peak height, and migration time for bromate were 6.4, 1.5, and 0.51%. Seawater and salt samples, with bromate added, were analyzed using this method. The recovery of bromate in seawater samples was 85–105%. Linear regression equations relating area and height responses to concentration for bromate were obtained using the salt samples.
Covalent modification of fused silica capillaries with quaternized polyamines to achieve robust and stable anodic electroosmotic flow
Authors: Stine Jesse J. , Palmer Christopher P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSynthetic chemistry originally developed for the manufacture of chemically stable silica polyamine composites was adapted for the modification of fused silica capillaries for application in CE. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyallylamine (PAA) were covalently bonded to the interior surface of fused silica capillaries utilizing 3‐chloropropyltrichlorosilane (CPTCS) or 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to anchor the polymers to the surface. The surface‐bound polymers were subsequently quaternized using methyl iodide (MeI). The resulting modified capillaries were studied using CE, and were shown to provide reproducible, stable, and robust anodic EOF throughout the pH range of 2–10. Surface modifications utilizing CPTCS could be rinsed with up to 6 M HCL or 1 M NaOH without significant loss of surface modifier. The utility of the modified capillaries for the separation of simple anions and cations was demonstrated.
Profit and productivity of US Class I railroads
Authors: Lim Siew Hoon , Lovell C.A. Knox 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper examines how productivity changes and price changes have contributed to short‐run profit change in the railroad industry. Using an unbalanced panel of US Class I railroads for the period 1996–2003, a short‐run profit change decomposition model is used to attribute intertemporal profit change to its causal factors. We find that productivity improvements and an increased scale of production contributed to increases in profit, and that variation in operating efficiency had a mixed impact on profit. We also find that relative changes in rail rates and variable input prices exerted downward pressure on profit. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.