bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable chelating agent ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid reduces uptake of copper through alleviation of copper toxicity in hydroponically grown Chrysanthemum Coronarium L.
Authors: Wei Lan , Luo Chunling , Wang Chunchun , Li Xiangdong , Shen Zhenguo 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Hydroponic cultures were conducted to investigate the effects of the biodegradable chelating agent S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) on the growth and copper uptake by garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.), a plant species sensitive to soil chelate amendment. In the presence of 50 μmol/L Cu, the addition of EDDS increased shoot and root biomass and the vitality of cells in root tips and decreased the relative electrolyte leakage of root cells and the concentration of Cu in shoots. When the roots were pretreated with 65°C hot water for 0.5 to 2 h or with 0.001 to 0.1 mol/L HCl for 24 h before the exposure to 50 μmol/L Cu + 100 μmol/L EDDS, the concentration of Cu in shoots increased considerably compared with the plants without any pretreatment. A statistically significant correlation was found between the Cu concentrations in shoots and the relative electrolyte leakage of root cells. These results indicated that Cu—EDDS might be a less bioavailable form to plants and that some physiological damage to the roots led to enhanced accumulation of Cu in plant shoots.
Analysis of organotins in seawater of the Southern Ocean and Suruga Bay, Japan, by gas chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Kurihara Ryo , Rajendran Ramaswamy Babu , Tao Hiroaki , Yamamoto Itsuaki , Hashimoto Shinya 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Organotins are widespread in the world's oceans and have a detrimental effect on organisms. However, there is little information on their distribution in the Southern hemisphere. We analyzed organotins in seawater from the Southern Ocean and Suruga Bay, Japan, using gas chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Organotins were compared in two contrasting environments—one in shallow, temperate coastal waters (Suruga Bay) and the other in cold, deep waters of the far Southern Ocean. Twelve kinds of organotins were detected from Suruga Bay, with tributyltin (0.184–13.6 ng Sn/L) and total organotins (0.801–19.7 ng Sn/L). In contrast, three kinds of organotins were detected in the Southern Ocean, with total organotins (from not detected to 0.266 ng Sn/L). The ratios of degraded products of tributyltin and triphenyltin from the Southern Ocean were higher than those in Suruga Bay, suggesting that fresh input of organotins into the Southern Ocean is relatively low. The presence of butyltins in Antarctic sediments and biota has been demonstrated previously; however, the present study is the first to describe trace levels of organotins in the Southern Ocean approximately 1,000 km from Antarctica.
Effects of methylmercury exposure on the immune function of juvenile common loons (Gavia immer)
Authors: Kenow Kevin P. , Grasman Keith A. , Hines Randy K. , Meyer Michael W. , Gendron-Fitzpatrick Annette , Spalding Marilyn G. , Gray Brian R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We conducted a dose-response laboratory study to quantify the level of exposure to dietary Hg, delivered as methyl-mercury chloride (CH3HgCl), that is associated with suppressed immune function in captive-reared common loon (Gavia immer) chicks. We used the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test to assess T-lymphocyte function and the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination test to measure antibody-mediated immunity. The PHA stimulation index among chicks receiving dietary Hg treatment did not differ significantly from those of chicks on the control diet (p = 0.15). Total antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig] M [primary antibody] + IgG [secondary response]) production to the SRBC antigen in chicks treated with dietary methylmercury (MeHg), however, was suppressed (p = 0.04) relative to chicks on control diets. Analysis indicated suppression of total Ig production (p = 0.025 with comparisonwise α level = 0.017) between control and 0.4 μg Hg/g wet food intake treatment groups. Furthermore, the control group exhibited a higher degree of variability in antibody response compared to the Hg groups, suggesting that in addition to reducing the mean response, Hg treatment reduced the normal variation attributable to other biological factors. We observed bursal lymphoid depletion in chicks receiving the 1.2 μg Hg/g treatment (p = 0.017) and a marginally significant effect (p = 0.025) in chicks receiving the 0.4 μg Hg/g diet. These findings suggest that common loon chick immune systems may be compromised at an ecologically relevant dietary exposure concentration (0.4 μg Hg/g wet wt food intake). We also found that chicks hatched from eggs collected from low-pH lakes exhibited higher levels of lymphoid depletion in bursa tissue relative to chicks hatched from eggs collected from neutral-pH lakes.
1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging of water and chemical distribution in soil columns
Authors: Simpson Myrna J. , Simpson André J. , Gross Dieter , Spraul Manfred , Kingery William L. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique that has great potential for the study of soil processes. Hydrogen-1 NMR microimaging techniques were used to examine the distribution of water in four different soil cores. Fluorine-19 NMR microimaging is also used to study the transport of three model contaminants (hexafluorobenzene, sodium fluoride, and trifluralin) in soil columns. The 1H water distribution studies demonstrate that NMR microimaging can provide unique detail regarding the nature and location of water in soils. Image distortion (magnetic susceptibility) was observed for soil samples low in water (20–28% by weight) and that contained an iron content of 0.73 to 0.99%. Highly resolved images were obtained for the organic-rich soil (Croatan sample) and also facilitated the analysis of bound and unbound soil water through varying spin echo times. The contaminant studies with 19F NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes can be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. Studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the definition decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Nonetheless, both 1H and 19F NMR microimaging techniques demonstrate great promise for studying soil processes.
Coupling contaminants with demography: Effects of lead and selenium in Pacific common eiders
Authors: Wilson Heather M. , Flint Paul L. , Powell Abby N. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We coupled intensive population monitoring with collection of blood samples from 383 nesting Pacific common eiders (Somateria mollisima v-nigrum) at two locations in Alaska (USA) from 2002 to 2004. We investigated annual, geographic, and within-season variation in blood concentrations of lead and selenium; compared exposure patterns with sympatrically nesting spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri); and examined relationships with clutch size, egg viability, probability of hatching, and apparent survival of adult females. Lead concentrations were elevated in 3.6% of females, and all individuals exhibited elevated selenium, most (81%) at concentrations associated with death in captive waterfowl. Blood lead and selenium concentrations varied both within and among site-years and were lower than those of spectacled eiders. During incubation, blood lead concentrations in females increased significantly (possibly via re-release of stored lead from bone), whereas selenium concentrations decreased (likely because of natural excretion). Probability of a nest containing at least one nonviable egg was positively related to blood selenium in hens, but adverse effects in other life-history variables were not supported. Although reproduction appeared to be sensitive to selenium toxicity, our data suggest that high rates of nonviability are unlikely in this population and that selenium-related reductions to clutch size would be inconsequential at the scale of overall population dynamics. We conclude that Pacific common eiders and other wild marine birds likely have higher selenium tolerances than freshwater species and that interspecific differences in exposure levels may reflect differences in reproductive strategies.
A potential genomic biomarker for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants: Multidrug resistance gene 49 in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vache Christel , Camares Olivier , Marie-Céleste  , Cardoso-Ferreira  , Dastugue Bernard , Creveaux Isabelle , Vaury Chantal , Bamdad Mahchid 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major source of air, water, and soil pollution. The multidrug resistance (mdr)/permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) complex is implicated in the multidrug resistance pattern developed against various drugs and xenobiotics, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to develop a genomic biomarker, we investigated the response of the mdr49 gene (mdr49) of Drosophila melanogaster to PAHs. Structural analysis of mdr49-PA, which is the putative protein expressed from Drosophila mdr49gene, demonstrated that this transmembrane protein indeed belongs to the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter superfamily. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR analysis revealed that the mdr49 gene is expressed continuously at all the stages of fly development, including embryos, pupae, larvae, and adults, as well as in embryonic Drosophila S12 cells. In the adult fly, the mdr49 gene was expressed in all the analyzed segments (head, thorax, and abdomen) and organs (olfactory and sexual organs). The quantification of mdr49 transcripts by real-time PCR in adult flies exposed to benzo[a]pyrene over time or in presence of increasing concentrations of this pollutant showed a clear dose-dependent response. Similarly, mdr49 gene expression increased after adult flies were exposed to structurally varied PAHs. The detection of tested PAHs by Drosophila P-gp efflux pump was checked by flow cytometry.
Preceding Crop Affects Grain Cadmium and Zinc of Wheat Grown in Saline Soils of Central Iran
Authors: Khoshgoftarmanesh Amir H. , Chaney Rufus L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnhanced Cd concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grain produced on saline soils of central Iran have been recently reported. Because wheat bread is a major dietary component for the Iranian people, practical approaches to decrease Cd concentration in wheat grain were investigated. This study investigated the influence of sunflower–wheat vs. cotton–wheat rotations on extractable Cd and on Cd uptake by wheat in these salt‐affected soils. Two fields with different levels of Cd contamination (1.5 and 3.2 mg total Cd kg−1dry soil) were cropped with different rotations (cotton–wheat and sunflower–wheat) in Qom province, central Iran. Seeds of cotton (GossypiumL.) or sunflower (Helianthus annuusL. cv. Record) were planted in plots. After harvesting of the plants and removal of crop residues, wheat (cv. Rushan) was seeded in all plots. For both studied soils, the concentrations of Cd extracted by 0.04MEDTA and 1MCaCl2were significantly (P≤ 0.05) greater after cotton than after sunflower. Accordingly, the total amount of Cd in sunflower shoot was significantly (P≤ 0.05) greater than in the cotton shoot. Shoot Cd content in wheat plants grown after cotton and sunflower were significantly different; wheat shoots after cotton accumulated more Cd (two to four times) than after sunflower. Wheat grain Cd concentration after sunflower was much lower (more than seven times) than after cotton. The results of this study showed that sunflower in rotation with wheat in salt‐affected soils of central Iran significantly reduced the risk of Cd transfer to wheat grain.
Effects of GABAB receptor antagonists CGP63360, CGP76290A and CGP76291A on learning and memory processes in rodents
Authors: Getova Damianka , Dimitrova Darinka 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Data in literature that use methods for studying the learning and memory processes suggest that GABA and especially GABAB receptor antagonists may be active against amnesia. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of three new GABAB-antagonists on learning and memory processes. Active and passive avoidance tests with negative reinforcement in rats were used. The rats treated with different GABAB receptor antagonists showed improving effects in both tests (active and passive avoidances)on learning as well as on memory retention. There are some differences in their activities, probably due to its chemical structures. The phosphinic analogue CGP63360A is potent to the point that the benzoic one CGP76290A and the left isomer of the benzoic analogue CGP76291A has no effect. It may be concluded that the obtained results on the GABAB receptor antagonists could contribute to their pharmacological characteristics and might be of interest for potential clinical implication.
Equine idiopathic cheek teeth fractures: Part 3: A hospital‐based survey of 68 referred horses (1999–2005)
Authors: DIXON P. M. , BARAKZAI S. Z. , COLLINS N. M. , YATES J. 
Published: June 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is limited information available on the more serious sequellae of idiopathic cheek teeth (CT) fractures. Objectives: To obtain information on clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings in referred horses with idiopathic CT fractures. Methods: Details of all horses suffering from idiopathic CT fractures referred to the Equine Hospital at the University of Edinburgh 1999–2005 were examined, and information concerning fracture patterns, clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings, treatments and long‐term response to treatments were obtained and analysed. Results: A total of 60 maxillary and 17 mandibular idiopathic CT fractures were diagnosed in 68 horses. Fracture patterns included maxillary CT lateral slab fractures (45%), maxillary CT midline sagittal fractures (16%) and various other patterns of maxillary CT fractures (17%). In the mandibular CT, lateral slab fractures were found (12%) and various other CT fracture patterns were present in 10%. The more centrally positioned CT (maxillary and mandibular Triadan 08s and 09) were preferentially fractured. Clinical signs included quidding in 47% of cases; bitting and behavioural problems (28%); signs of apical infection, including bony swellings and nasal discharge (21%); anorexia/weight loss (15%); halitosis (13%); and buccal food impaction (12%). The treatment of all cases was conservative whenever possible and included corrective rasping of the remaining tooth (46% of cases); oral extraction of the smaller and loose dental fragment (32%) and extraction of the entire fractured tooth by oral extraction (28%) or by repulsion (13%). Prophylactic treatment of adjacent, nonfractured CT with carious infundibula was possibly of value in preventing further midline sagittal maxillary CT fractures. Conclusions: Horses referred with idiopathic CT fractures frequently have clinical signs of apical infection of the fractured CT and these teeth require extraction, orally if possible. More conservative treatment of idiopathic CT fractures without signs of gross apical infection can resolve clinical signs in most cases. Potential relevance: In the absence of apical infection, extraction of only the loose dental fragments of CT with idiopathic fractures is usually successful.
The effects of disappointment on hindsight bias for real‐world outcomes
Authors: Pezzo Mark V. , Beckstead Jason. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExamined the effects of motivated processing on hindsight bias. One hundred fifty three college students estimated and later recalled the likelihood that 30 self‐relevant events would occur during the next 2 months. Multi‐level modelling was used to determine the (within‐subject) effects of expectations, event valence and event controllability on hindsight bias and the extent to which these effects were moderated by participants' need for cognition (NFC) scores (between‐subjects). For events that actually occurred, we found support for defensive processing in that the bias was smaller for negative events. Also, for events that actually occurred, those judged as more controllable produced a larger bias. Neither valence nor controllability had any effect on the size of the bias for events that did not occur. The size of the bias for occurrences did not differ significantly from that for non‐occurrences. Finally, NFC did not moderate the effects of valence or controllability, nor did it directly affect the size of the bias. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative skeletal features between Homo floresiensis and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron syndrome)
Authors: Hershkovitz Israel , Kornreich Liora , Laron Zvi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComparison between the skeletal remains of Homo floresiensis and the auxological and roentgenological findings in a large Israeli cohort of patients with Laron Syndrome (LS, primary or classical GH insensitivity or resistance) revealed striking morphological similarities, including extremely small stature and reduced cranial volume. LS is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a molecular defect of the Growth Hormone (GH) receptor or in the post‐receptor cascades. Epidemiological studies have shown that LS occurs more often in consanguineous families and isolates, and it has been described in several countries in South East Asia. It is our conclusion that the findings from the island of Flores, which were attributed to a new species of the genus Homo, may in fact represent a local, highly inbred, Homo sapiens population in whom a mutation for the GH receptor had occurred. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Play in adult bonobos (Pan paniscus): Modality and potential meaning
Authors: Palagi Elisabetta , Paoli Tommaso 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to thoroughly investigate social play and its modalities among adult bonobos. We evaluated how play intensity varies according to the sex‐class combination of the playmates and we also performed an analysis on social locomotor‐rotational movements (L‐R play) and contact interactions (C play). Rough and gentle play sessions were performed with comparable frequencies by male–female and female–female adult dyads, with play signals unlikely when the playmates strongly differed in age and in rank position. L‐R play rates did not differ according to the sex‐combination of the players; in contrast, C play sessions were particularly frequent among females. Play faces (play signals) were significantly higher during C play than L‐R play sessions, thus suggesting that playmates assess reciprocally yet safely their relationships by using facial displays to avoid any kind of misunderstanding. Play was positively correlated with grooming and contact sitting interactions, suggesting that it may be used as a social enhancer. Finally, we found no correlation between both play contexts (L‐R and C play) and age, size and rank differences of the players. In conclusion, we suggest that bonobos with their egalitarian society, peculiar social structure, and playful tendency represent an attractive testing subject to examine empirically many emerging hypotheses on adult play behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal dynamics of nutrition, parasitism, and stress in colobus monkeys: Implications for population regulation and conservation
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Saj Tania L. , Snaith Tamaini V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe need to develop conservation plans calls for the ability to identify ecological factors that influence population density. Because stress is known to affect fecundity and mortality, increasing stress may provide a warning of potential population declines. We examined the effects of temporal variation in nutrition and parasitism on stress in endangered red colobus monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda. First, we tested the hypothesis that parasitism and nutrition would individually affect stress levels. We found that periods of poor‐quality diet corresponded with an increase in cortisol. Similarly, increases in parasite infections were associated with increased cortisol. Next, we predicted that a poor‐quality diet would facilitate increased parasite infections, and that together, they would lead to amplified stress. However, we found no support for such amplification, likely because the quality of the diet had little effect on parasite infections. Third, we tested whether individuals in a larger group were subject to food stress due to greater within‐group competition, which would intensify nutritional stress and parasitism, and lead to reduced reproduction. Although we found no evidence to support a group size effect on parasites, cortisol levels in the large group tended to be higher than those in the small group, and the large group had fewer infants per female. The results suggest that parasitism and poor nutrition lead to increased stress which, because they are known to be associated with reduced fecundity and increased mortality, may lead to population declines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals
Authors: Notarbartolo‐di‐Sciara Giuseppe , Agardy Tundi , Hyrenbach David , Scovazzi Tullio , Van Klaveren Patrick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn February 2002, France, Italy and Monaco agreed to establish an international sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals. The resulting Pelagos Sanctuary encompasses over 87500 km2of the north‐western Mediterranean Sea, extending between south‐eastern France, Monaco, north‐western Italy and northern Sardinia, and surrounding Corsica and the Tuscan Archipelago.The Pelagos Sanctuary illustrates how the tenets of Marine Protected Area (MPA) design can be reconciled with the dynamic nature of oceanic systems, because its spatial scale was defined by oceanographic and ecological considerations, specifically the location of the Ligurian permanent frontal system.By expanding protective measures beyond national waters, the Pelagos Sanctuary also sets a precedent for the implementation of pelagic protected areas in the high seas. The Pelagos Sanctuary will contribute to the conservation of the Mediterranean Sea at two scales: (i) locally, by protecting important cetacean foraging and breeding grounds in the Ligurian Sea, and by providing ‘umbrella’ protection to other marine predators in this area; and (ii) regionally, by empowering other conservation measures, such as the Specially Protected Areas Protocol of the Barcelona Convention and the wider goals of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black and Mediterranean Seas (ACCOBAMS).However, because few cetacean species are resident within the Sanctuary, their effective long‐term conservation will require large‐scale management and coordinated monitoring throughout the Mediterranean basin.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.