bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TRANSFER OF [131I]‐LABELLED IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND SERUM ALBUMIN FROM BLOOD INTO MILK OF LACTATING EWES
Authors: Mackenzie DDS , Lascelles AK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHuman serum albumin, 7S globulin, slow IgG and fast IgG were Labelled with [131I] iodine and injected intravenously into a total of 19 ewes. The mean (whey : serum) ratios for human serum albumin, 7S globulin (mainly fast IgG), slow IgG and fast IgG were respectively 0·044, 0·052, 0·025 and 0·062. There was a sharp increase in the (whey : serum) ratios for human serum albumin, and slow IgG compared with fast IgG as the glands became inflamed following the infusion of virulent staphylococci or α‐haemolysin into the test sinus. Thus 12hr. after infection the (whey : serum) ratio for slow IgG and human serum albumin had increased 250–500% above pre‐infection values while the ratio for fast IgG had increased by only 160%.Each under half became acutely inflamed within 4hr of the infusion of α‐haemolysin. At this time the (whey : serum)ratios for slow IgG were increased 317–640% above the pre‐infection values, whereas those for IgG were increased only 135–188%.There result suggest that a Selective mechanism of transfer for fast IgG into milk similar to that existing during colostrum formation continues into lactation and that acute inflammation inhibits this mechanism
THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN RESPONSE OF RATS TO AMPLICAECUM ROBERTSI INFESTATIONS
Authors: Dobson C 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats infested with Amplicaecum robertsi responded by the formation of IgM and IgG antibodies and by showing Prausnitz‐Küstner activity. The IgM response was large and protracted and the antiboidy was heat‐ and mercapto‐ethanol‐labile. The production of IgG antibody started 2 days after IgM and was never very large reaching an early low peak titre. The theoretical implications of the IgM response are discussed in relation to the antigenicity of nematodes.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Thonard JC , Crosby RL , Dalbow MH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFallowing injection of the rudimentary Peyer's patches of germ‐free rats with formolized sheep red cells, a serum haemolytic and haemaggiutinating antibody respose occur. Judged by the plaque‐forming cell respose, the antibody is derived solely from the injected patch and a draining mesenteric lymph nods. The histoiogical changes which occur in these tissue following antigenic stimulation have been studied. The most significant finding concerned the reations in the Peyer's patch and support the belief that these tissue behave as secandary lymphoid organs. Unstimulated patches. were found of. consist of losse sheets of small lymphocytic cells; within 24 hr. of antigen injection the tissues had increased considerably in size. By the 48th hr. characteristic follicles had developed; withthin these, many blast cells and occasional mitoti cells were observed. By the 4th day well‐developed garminal centres were found in the follicles, while the interfollicular areas Contained blast Cells and occasional immature plasma cells; at this time, and later, the appearance of these tissues was almost identical to that of uninjected patches taken from conventional animals. Characterictic garminal centre formation in the follicles, together with blast.cell and immature plasma cell development in the medullary areas of the stimulated mesenteric lymph nodes occasional; though it is believed that these tissues were principally responsible for the serum antibody respose the histological reaction were slower to develop than those observed in the related Peyer's patches.
FURTHER STUDIES REGARDING THE QUESTION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Rowley D , Auzins I , Jenkin CR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe immunity of mice to Salmonella typhimurium infections has been investigated, using killed and living vaccines of the specific organism and also an apparently unrelated rough strain of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. It is concluded from the result of these experiments that treatment of mice, with living vaccines of both strains, that leads to immunity to S. typhimurium infection is dependent on an increased bactericidal activity of the macrophage population which requires specific antibody for its expression.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS IN THE RAT: THE AS2 STRAIN IN RELATION TO THE AS, BS AND HS STRAINS
Authors: Heslop Barbara F 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe origin of the inbred albino rat strain AS2 is described. With the exception of weak male → female incompatibility, the strain appears to be isohistogenic and homozygous at all loci determining histocompatibility antigens. The weak antigen distinguishing males from otherwise isohistogenic females is identical in the AS2 and HS strains. The AS2 strain possesses at least one histocompatibility antigen in common with each of strains AS, BS and HS. The AS. BS and HS strains possess identical alleles at a major histocompatibility locus at which they differ from the AS2 strain. Donor‐host disparity at this locus regularly leads to the development of local graft versus host reactions following the injection of 50 × 106 normal parental strain spleen cells beneath the renal capsule of F1 hybrids. Where donor and host are compatible at this locus, despite disparity at up to 3 other loci determining strong antigens, local graft versus host reactions do not occur following normal spleen cell transfer, although they occur somewhat irregularly if specifically sensitised spleen donors are used. It therefore seems likely that this major locus is the Ag‐B locus. Mean skin graft survival times are only slightly shorter in Ag‐B incompatible combinations than in those combinations which are compatible at Ag‐B hut differ in respect of other strong histocompatibility antigens. Parental strain → F2 hybrid skin grafts show the closely related AS and AS2 strains to differ from each other at an estimated 4‐5 histocompatibility loci, one of which is the Ag‐B locus.
GROWTH OF PARAMYXOVIRUSES IN ANUCLEATE CELLS
Authors: Cheyne IM , White DO 
Published: December 2007

Summary.Anucleate fragments of HeLa cell cytoplasm support the growth of the paramyxoviruses, parainfluenza type 1 and Newcastle disease virus at least to the point of development of haemadsorption. These viruses are therefore genetically self‐sufficient, insofar as they can code for all the steps in the multiplication cycle up to this stage without the participation of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERIARTERIAL NERVE FIBRES ON AN ISOLATED AND PERFUSED SMALL MESENTERIC ARTERY
Authors: Speden RN 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn isolated perfused preparation of the first side branch of the posterior mesenteric artery of the rabbit constricted during periarterial electrical stimulation. The vasoconstriction was unaffected by hexamethonium or atropine, was abolished by bretylium and reserpine pretreatment of the rabbit and was potentiated by cocaine when the frequency of stimulation was 5/sec. Phentolamine, dibenamine and phenoxybenzamine reduced, but failed to abolish, the vasoconstriction, although they abolished the response to large amounts of nor‐adrenaline. Vasoconstriction increased with increasing stimulus frequency up to a frequency of 20/sec. and then declined as the stimulus frequency was further increased. It was concluded that periarterial electrical stimulation activated postganglionic nerve fibres in the wall of the artery. Part of the released transmitter acted on α‐adrenergic receptors and port on either α‐adrenergic receptors inaccessible to three α‐adrenergic receptor blocking agents or on receptors which were not α‐adrenergic.
THE PRODUCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN C IN ADULT SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Blunt MH , Huisman THJ , Lewis JP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe production of haemoglobin C (Hb‐C) was examined in three sheep and two goats which were kept anaemic by bleeding for 5–7 weeks. A fourth sheep was made acutely anaemic by bleeding severely for three days.In the chronically bled sheep the production of Hb‐C was variable and difficult to maintain unless the animals were made severely anaemic.In the goats the replacement of the β chain was almost complete with an anaemia which was equivalent to that produced in the sheep, and Hb‐C could be maintained for a considerable period.In the acutely bled sheep Hb‐C increased to a maximum by the 16th day.Reticulocytosis was not marked, but, in general, an increase occurred about 15 days before maximum Hb‐C production was evident.Erythropoietin activity was examined in four animals with variable results, but in the severely bled animal it was evident before the reticulocytes appeared. This activity did not appear to be related to the amount of Hb‐C which was produced.The elimination of Hb‐C from the circulation was very variable, but the rates of decrease in goats were slower than in sheep.
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN INVOLUTING MAMMARY GLANDS OF EWES IN RELATION TO THE LOCAL ALLERGIC RESPONSE
Authors: Lee CS , Lascelles AK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe histological changes in normal mammary glands of ewes at various stages of involution have been compared with the changes occurring in involuting glands infused with antigen at weaning. Attention was specifically focused on the changes in concentration and on the location of cells of the lymphocyte‐plasma cell and macrophage‐monocyte series.In both infused and non‐infused glands there was an enormous increase in the concentration of lymphocytes during involution, especially during the 4‐ to 16‐day period, and in fully involuted glands the lymphocyte was the dominant cell type. The lymphocytes were usually located adjacent to the epithelium of the alveolar remnants and small ducts.Large cells with a deeply staining nucleus and foamy cytoplasm, identified as fat‐laden macrophages, were observed in increasing numbers in the secretion within alveoli and ducts as involution progressed. Mast cells which were distinguished from other cell types by the use of alcian blue and methyl green‐ pyronin Y were observed to increase in concentration during involution. Most of these cells were found in the connective tissue septa between lobules and only occasionally adjacent to the alveolar epithelium.The most significant feature in glands infused with antigen at weaning was the striking appearance of pyroninophilic cells of the lymphocyte‐plasma cell series usually situated in areas adjacent to the degenerating alveoli. These were found in highest concentration 16 days after weaning when many resembled mature plasma cells.It is considered that the changes described provide a cellular basis for the local allergic reaction which can be elicited in mammary glands at this stage of lactation.
“PREGNANCY PROTEIN” IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GRADIENT‐GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Margolis J , Kenrick KG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA protein band appearing in gradient gel electrophoresis between the second and third terms of the haptoglobin 2–1 haemoglobin complex has been demonstrated in the sera of pregnant women and of women taking oestrogen‐containing oral contraceptive pills. The appearance in the serum of this “pregnancy protein” has been shown to be oestrogen‐dependent. The location of the pregnancy protein just below the Hp.Hb (2–1) trimer in the gradient gel implies a molecular weight of around 450,000.The gradient technique gives sharper resolution of the pregnancy protein and appears to be more sensitive than the electrophoretic methods previously used.
THE NATURAL RESISTANCE OF PIGEONS TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Bateman RG , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA search has been made for immunological reasons to account for the susceptibility of mice and the resistance of pigeons to challenge by Diplococcus pneumoniae type III. Comparative studies have been made of the abihty of mice and pigeons to respond to a pneumococcal vaccine. It has been shown that the pigeon responds with a higher antibody titre to small doses of pneumococcal antigen. A study has been made ofthenatural opsonins present in normal pigeon serum against this organism. Pigeons, in contrast to mice, show an immune‐type clearance after intravenous injection of these organisms and this clearance can be inhibited by the specific capsular polysaccharide, indicating its dependence on specific antibody. It is suggested that the natural resistance of pigeons can be accounted for by the existence of natural antibody and by the rapidly acquired antibody response to the injection of the organisms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFER REACTIONS PRODUCED IN SHEEP
Authors: Jones MAS , Lafferty KJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe normal lymphocyte transfer reaction produced in the skin of sheep is a proliferative response that can be followed by measuring the change in skin thickness at the injection site. In the majority of pairs the lymphocytes of either sheep are sensitive to the tissues of the other member of the pair and so the reaction probably represents the mutual interaction of donor and recipient lymphocytes. About 5 to 6 days after the injection of the donor cells, the host mounts an immune response that effectively inhibits the further development of the normal lymphocyte transfer reaction. There is no indication that a hyper‐sensitivity reaction on the part of the host contributes to the intensity of the dermal response. Lymphocytes obtained from other species will produce a dermal reaction in the skin of sheep. However, the intensity of these reactions falls to an undetectable level as the phylogenetic separation of the donor and recipient increases. Cells obtained from chickens will produce a dermal reaction in the skin of sheep only after an intensive course of immunization with sheep tissues. Such reactions differ in character from normal lymphocyte transfer reactions.
ACID AND PEPSIN SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS CHOLINERGIC STIMULATION AND PENTAPEPTIDE
Authors: Cooke AR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn conscious dogs with a simple gastric fistula, acid and pepsin outputs in response to endogenous (insulin, 2 deoxy D‐glucose) and exogenous (bethanechol chloride) cholinergic stimulation and in response to pentapeptide were compared. In response to insulin the highest 15 min. acid output was not significantly different, using doses varying from 0·1 U/kg. to 1·0 U/kg. but the 1 hr., 2 hr. and 4 hr. acid outputs increased with increased dose. Insulin (1·0 U/kg.). 2 deoxy D‐glucose (150 mg./kg.) and pentapeptide (8 μg./kg./hr.) were equal as stimulants of acid output. Maximal acid output in response to bethanechol was not obtained because of the severe side effects. Pepsin output in response to insulin, 2 deoxy D‐glucose and bethanechol paralleled acid output. Insulin. 2 deoxy D‐glucose and bethanechol were more powerful than pentapeptide as stimulants of pepsin output. Pepsin output in response to pentapeptide decreased with doses greater than 2·0 μg./kg./hr. even though acid output was still increasing.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ASSAY OF RENIN IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R , Skinner SL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn enzyme was detected in normal urine that was identical to plasma renin in all respects tested and was totally inhibited by antibody to human renin. A method is described for its quantitative determination involving incubation with a standard substrate in an angiotensinase‐free medium and measurement of velocity of angiotensin formation by bioassay. The recovery of renin through the method is complete. Errors due to the action of pepsin forming pepsitensin from renin substrate were avoided by incubating at pH 7·5. The concentration of renin in normal random male urine averaged 0·07 that of plasma.
DEPLETION OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM RAT HEART BY PHENOXYBENZAMINE, TYRAMINE AND RESERPINE
Authors: Chang P , Fearn HJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of phenoxybenzamine and tyramine were examined on the catecholamine content of perfused rat heart The hearts were compared with those taken from reserpinized rats. Phenoxybenzamine and tyramine both caused a reduction in the intensity of the fluorescence which was characteristically that of noradrenaline, and the area of fluorescence associated with nerve bundles was reduced. These drugs also caused significant decreases in the concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the ventricle as determined by biological assay of extracts. In hearts from reserpinized rats, fluorescent material was absent and the noradrenaline and adrenaline contents were almost entirely depleted. These results suggest that the sympathomimetic action of phenoxybenzamine is due to release of catecholamines from stores in the heart.
LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFER REACTIONS AND ANTIGEN MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS PRODUCED IN THE SKIN OF SHEEP—A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Jones MAS , Yamashita A , Lafferty KJ 
Published: December 2007

SummarySheep were used to study the histology of normal lymphocyte transfer reactions and lesions that result from the interaction of sensitized cells with antigen. Reactions of the latter type were produced, either by the injection of antigen into the skin of sensitized sheep, or by the intradermal injection of sheep with spleen cells obtained from chickens that had been previously immunized with sheep tissues. The normal lymphocyte transfer lesion was found to be histologically distinct from the other dermal lesions. The most striking difference observed was the marked cellular proliferation that occurred in normal lymphocyte transfer lesions. The proliferating cells invaded and damaged blood vessels and other cellular structures present in the recipient's skin.
STUDIES ON THE PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING OF [58Co]‐VITAMIN B12
Authors: Beal RW , Read Wendy MF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryGranulocyte‐rich plasma is capable of binding more added vitamin B12 than is lymphocyte‐rich plasma or leucocyte‐poor control plasma. Some possible implications of this finding upon the binding of vitamin B12 in normal and disease states are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING OF [58Co]‐VITAMIN B12
Authors: Beal RW , Read Wendy MF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe vitamin B12 binding capacity of separated plasma protein fractions has been measured at levels ranging from 10–100 ng./ml. of added radioactive vitamin B12. An α1 acid glycoprotein has shown much greater vitamin B12 binding properties than all other proteins tested; this protein has the same column chromatographic mobility as that protein fraction which binds abnormally large amounts of vitamin B12 in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
MEASUREMENTS OF PROTEIN LEAKAGE IN THE ACUTE AND RECOVERY STAGES OE A THERMAL INJURY
Authors: Roberts JC , Courtice FC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe concentrations of albumin, α, β and γ‐globulins were determined in blood serum and in lymph draining from the hind paws of rabbits before and after L thermal injury induced by immersing one paw in water at 55, 60, 70 or 80° for 60 sec.The protein concentrations in the lymph from the Injured paw increased immediately after injury and gradually returned to levels equal to those in the lymph from the uninjured paw within 7 to 14 days. On the other hand the rate of protein turnover from plasma to lymph determined by measurements of specific activities following the intravenous injection of albumin labelled 131 I returned to normal levels within 1 day after injury.The lymph: serum ratios of the concentrations (CL:C8) were less for α, β‐ and γ‐globulins than for albumin when lymph was collected from the uninjured paw or from the injured paw from I day to β months after injury, suggesting that in the leakage of proteins from plasma a degree of molecular sieving occurred. In lymph collected 0–2 hr. after injury, however, the CL:C8 ratio for γ‐globulin was greater then that for albumin, α‐ or β‐ globulins at all grades of injury. This suggests that immediately after thermal injury a protein which migrates as a γ‐globulin on electrophoresis is released transiently from the injured tissues.The mechanisms concerned in all of these phenomena in relation to the ultrastucture of the small blood vessels have been discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF ALBUMIN BETWEEN PLASMA AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPH AFTER HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAnaesthetised dogs, which had undergone previous splenectomy, were subjected to moderate (30% blood volume) and severe (45% blood volume) hemorrhage. The rate of lymph flow, and of 131I labelled albumin equilibration between plasma and thoracic duct lymph and the thoracic duct lymph albumin concentration were measured before and after hemorrhage. In the moderately bled dogs the rate of lymph flow and the rate of 131I albumin equilibration were unchanged and the concentration of albumin in thoracic duct lymph suggested release of albumin from protein stores immediately after haemorrhage and the release of newly synthesized albumin. In the severely bled animals the rate of lymph flow was increased then drastically reduced. There was no apparent equilibration of 131I albumin between plasma and lymph, nor was there an apparent release of newly synthesized albumin. These findings are suggestive of a gross reduction in the area of the splanchnic nutritive vascular bed after severe haemorrhage.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White DO , Harris AW , Cheyne IM , Shew Marilyn , Shulman A , Bradley TR 
Published: December 2007

Summary.Metal chektes of 1, 10‐phenanthroline bases are lethal to cultured mammalian cells at concentrations as low as 10–7 molar. Chektes of Fe(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) are more potent than those of Ru(II), which are highly stable and chemically inert. Activity is generally enhanced by increasing the number of methyl substituents in the phenanthroline ring or, in the case of Ru(II) chektes, by replacing one phenanthroline by an acetylacetonato ligand.There are striking differences between the chektes in the rapidity with which they kill cells Compounds containing Fe(II) or Ni(II), and those derived from unsubstituted 1,10‐phenanthroline, take days to initiate lethal changes at limit dilution. On the other hand, chektes containing Cd(II) or Cu(II) and hexamethylphenanthroline ligands, or Ru(II) together with the acetytacetonato ligand, initiate lethal cell damage that cannot be reversed following 2 hours’contact.A number of metal chektes actually prolong the survival of cells in culture at concentrations two to ten times lower than those damaging the cell. At cytocidal concentrations some depress the pH of the culture medium, whereas others increase it.By repeated passage of a mouse leukaemia cell line in the presence of acetykcetonato bis (3, 4, 7, 8‐tetramethyl‐1, 10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) chloride, a stable mutant has been obtained which is resistant to ten times the dose of chekte lethal to the parental line. The correspondence between the cytocidal and virostatic titres of chektes in this and other cell lines suggests that these compounds inhibit virus multiplication by one of the mechanisms whereby they kill the cell.