bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol State‐Dependency and Autonomic Reactivity
Authors: Crow Lowell T. , Ball Corbin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐two college students were randomly assigned to alcohol (A) or no alcohol (S) treatment groups to provide the drug sequences: SS, SA, AS, and AA, in a training and a 24‐hr subsequent testing session. Alcohol by vodka mixed with a soft drink (soft drink alone as placebo) was given within a 1‐hr period preceding the particular session. Behavioral measures consisted of word association recall (WA), picture identification, (PI), and time and errors in the completion of a finger maze (MT, ME). Physiological measures of electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate (HR), finger pulse volume (FPV), skin resistance (SR), and respiration rate were recorded throughout the training and testing sessions.Behavioral state‐dependent effects were noted for both word association and picture identification tasks, but not for maze time or errors. State‐dependent effects were indicated for heart rate, finger pulse volume, and skin resistance. Multiple linear regression coefficients for WA and PI as dependent variables and HR, FPV, and SR as predictors were significant for WA for Ihe AS and SA groups combined, but not significant for the SS and AA groups combined. The results are discussed as they relate to arousal and drug stimulus hypotheses of state‐dependency.
Cardiovascular Function During Pre‐Avoidance, Avoidance, and Post‐Avoidance in Dogs
Authors: Lawler James E. , Obrist Paul A. , Lawler Kathleen A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour dugs, implanted with aortic blood flow probes and catheters, were trained to press a panel during signalled shock avoidance and switched to an hour of Sidman avoidance per day for a minimum of 10 days, Cardiovascular function (heart rate=HR; stroke volume=SV: blood pressure = BP; cardiac output = CO; total peripheral resistance =TPR; and maximum aortic (dp/dt) was determined during the hour preceding avoidance, during avoidance, and during a 10 min post‐avoidance period, Data from 4 dogs were analyzed. Two behaviorally reactive dogs showed elevated BP due to increased TPR during pre‐avoidance and increased CO during avoidance. Increases in SV. HR. and dp/dt, most pronounced at the beginning of avoidance, suggest a change in left ventricular function. Intercorrelations between HR and dp/dt revealed apparent influences of the Frank‐Starting mechanism during pre‐avoidance, and cardiac contractility during avoidance. The 2 remaining animals were less reactive and showed only some of the patterns consistently seen in the 2 more reactive dogs. The data were discussed in terms, of obtaining a model for early stages of human hypertension.
Respiratory Patterns as Predictors of Laughter
Authors: Svebak Sven 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEarlier research on respiratory patterns indicates that they are sensitive to emotional processes. Abdominal and thoracic patterns were therefore used as predictors of laughter responses in 25 subjects participating in an entertainment situation. The abdominal respiratory body circumference changes (the abdominal amplitude) of the women predicted their laughter responses; the greater the abdominal amplitudes during the entertainment period, the more frequent and enduring were their laughter responses. No prediction was obtained by the respiratory patterns of men. The results suggest that respiratory patterns are sensitive indicators of laughter response habits in women only. The variability of tonus in the abdominal muscles was suggested to be of particular importance to the results, i. e. great variability yields frequent and enduring laughter responses in women.
Multivariate Visual Evoked Response Correlates of Intelligence
Authors: Plrry Nathan W. , McCoy Julia G. , Cunningham Walter R. , Falgout Janet C. , Street W. Jfanne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt was hypothesized that determination of The type and degree of the relationship between the multidimensional visual evoked response (VER) and intelligence would be enhanced using multiple VER measures. It was further assumed that any relationship found would have more empirical and conceptual utility, the more homogeneous the subject sample with respect to intellectual ability. A battery of abilities tests was administered to 98 5‐yr‐old children (50 girls, 48 boys: mean age. 67.16 mos; mean IQ, 119.5, SD), 9.6. VERs were recorded from three different scalp locations (left and right hemispheres and occipital midline) to three stimulus conditions (2/sec flashes. 2/sec pattern. 6/sec flashes). Seven specific factors derived from measures of the VERs (e.g. amplitude, latency. complexity, linearity) were then used as predictor variables to abilities variables in multivariate analyses. Significant multiple correlations were found between the VER variables and WPPPSI total IQ and WPPSI performance scaled score. Correlation to the WPPSI verbal scaled score was not significant. The relationship between VER and performance was further explored with canonical correlations, which were significant (R,=.50, p<.01).
Learned Helplessness, Depression, and Physiological Responding
Authors: Gatchel Robert J. , McKinney Mark E. , Koebernick Larry F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to assess whether the physiological correlates of learned helplessness are similar to the physiological response patterns found in naturally occurring depression. One group of subjects was pretreated with a series of inescapable aversive tones, and the degree of impairment measured on a subsequent solvable anagram solution task. These subjects were compared to a group pretreated with escapable aversive tones, and a control group which passively listened to the tones without attempting to escape them. Half of the subjects in each group were depressed as measured on the Beck Depression Inventory; the other half were nondepressed. Results indicated that depressed‐control group subjects demonstrated impaired performance at solving anagrams relative to nondepressed‐control group subjects. Inescapable noise produced parallel deficits in nondepressed subjects, thus demonstrating a similarity of impairment in naturally occurring depression and laboratory‐induced learned helplessness. More importantly, findings indicated that learned helplessness was associated with less phasic skin conductance responding, while depression was associated with greater responding to uncontrollable aversive events. These data suggest that there may be different underlying deficits involved in depression and learned helplessness.
A Single‐Channel System for Recording Eye Movements
Authors: Wells David T. , Allen Richard P. , Wagman Althea M. I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA single‐channel method of recording eye movements, using two active electrodes, is described. Illustrations are presented of its accuracy, efficiency, and degree of common‐mode rejection. The method appears to offer advantages in possible computer scoring of eye‐movement data, as well as improvements in speed and accuracy of hand‐scoring such data.
An Infra‐Red Photoplethysmograph Coupler
Authors: Spaiser L. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of miniature infra‐red transducers for plethysmography has proven superior to previous methods. This article describes a coupling circuit, specifically designed for the Beckman Type R polygraph but adaptable to any high gain differential input instrumentation recorder, which provides balancing and input termination suitable for these transducers.
Do Task and Sex Differences Influence the Visual Evoked Potential?
Authors: Beaumont Graham , Mayes Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVisual evoked potentials were recorded from each hemisphere of both male and female subjects at a parietal and a central site while concurrent spatial or verbal mental tasks were performed. The data were analyzed by means of an automated procedure for peak identification and each component's latency and amplitude was submitted to analysis of variance. No convincing taskhemisphere interactions were found, although several components, particularly the later ones, showed either task or hemisphere related effects. At both sites, females showed greater amplitude of the N2 component for both hemispheres and both cognitive tasks. Sex differences also emerged on components P6 and N6 which were consistent with the idea that females show differential hemisphere involvement in spatial tasks.
Training and Transfer of Training Effects in EMG Biofeedback Assisted Muscular Relaxation
Authors: Alexander A. Barney , White Pamela Diane , Wallace Henry M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐two normal adults participated in an electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback experiment designed to test if the feedback stimulus is necessary in obtaining EMG reductions during typical laboratory procedures, and if prior training on one muscle facilitates the training of a second muscle. One group of subjects received forearm feedback training followed by frontalis training. A second group received training in the reverse order. Two control groups relaxed first on their own followed by either forearm or frontalis training. Attention was directed toward motivating control subjects to perform maximally during relaxation without feedback. Heart and respiration rates and skin conductance and temperature were also recorded. Both trained and untrained subjects produced significant EMG reductions but did not differ from each other; nor did a transfer of training effect emerge. No differences resulted between feedback and non‐feedback conditions for the other physiological measures or for changes in state anxiety. These data compromise somewhat the previous demonstrations of EMG biofeedback “learning,” and are unsupportive of EMG biofeedback as a general relaxation training technique.
Site Differences in Electrolyte Concentration Assessed by the Water Bottle Sweat Measure
Authors: Strahan Robert F. , Hill Michael K. , Mount Michael K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrolyte concentration of sweat as a function of sampling site was assessed by the water bottle technique in 36 female and 36 male, right‐handed college students. Sweat samples were taken under resting conditions from the five finger tips and the palm of both hands. Electrolyte concentration was lower at the palm than at the fingers, among which concentrations were not appreciably different. There was no evidence of different electrolyte concentrations between matching sites on the left and right hands, nor were sex differences in concentration observed. Because the fingers seem to be similar in electrolyte concentration, they might be used interchangeably in group studies involving multiple water bottle sweat samplings.
Orienting Responses and Conditioning of Electrodermal Responses
Authors: Stern John A. , Walrath Larry C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews our continued concern with the identification of electrodermal response measures to which we are willing to accord the label conditioned, contingent or conditional. One restriction previously held, namely, that dealing with the learning curve associated with the development of conditional responses, has been discarded. We are now willing to accept the position that conditional responses may extinguish during conditioning and would like to attribute such “extinction with reinforcement” to the possibility that “temporary connexions” evolve during the conditioning process. We now conceive of two types of anticipatory responses (ARs): one, a specific response which should become temporally localized with respect to the UCS, and the second, an increase in nonspecific responses which occur at random points in time following CS and preceding UCS presentation. The OR to stimulus onset is a particularly difficult response with which to work, especially in the context of simple (opposed to discriminative) conditioning. This response appears to reflect conditioning via a marked retardation of habituation. Proper controls, against which to assess conditionability of this response, are difficult to specify. It is our contention that a wide variety of response (OR to stimulus complex onset and termination; ARs; UCRs; nonspecific responses during CS presentation; and intertrial interval nonspecific responses) can be affected by the conditioning process. Whether these responses should be given the label “conditioned” is a question which has, in our opinion, yet to be answered.
EEG Alpha Correlates of Non‐Smokers, Smokers, Smoking, and Smoking Deprivation
Authors: Knott Verner J. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTComputer analysis of tonic EEG alpha amplitude and dominant alpha frequency was employed to test the hypotheses that relative to non‐smokers, smokers deprived of cigarettes are in a state of cortical hypo‐excitation, and that smoking induces a state of excitation comparable to that of non‐smokers. Ten non‐smokers, 17 deprived smokers and 13 non‐deprived smokers were used to record alpha activity with a right occipital‐right ear placement before and after smoking two cigarettes. Analysis of pre‐smoking activity (employing a .05 rejection region) revealed a slower dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers relative to non‐smokers and non‐deprived smokers. Smoking increased dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers to a level comparable to non‐smokers and non‐deprived smokers. No significant results were obtained with alpha amplitude. The significance of increased alpha frequency is discussed both in relation to present results and comparable work on humans and animals, and a suggestion is forwarded regarding smoking‐induced specific excitation (attention) and the maintenance of smoking behavior.
Impedance Cardiography
Authors: Miller J. C. , Horvath S. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this review was to integrate recent evidence supporting the reliability of thoracic impedance plethysmography as an estimator of cardiodynamic function. Reports regarding the development of the method for NASA, and numerous investigations comparing impedance cardiography to indicator dilution and other methods were discussed. It was concluded that impedance cardiography provides a reliable intra‐subject estimation of relative changes in stroke volume and cardiac output. However, the reliability of the technique was found to depend greatly upon its use within a limited range of applications. Myocardial contractility and cardiopathology were also considered.
Salivation: The Significance of Imagery in Its Voluntary Control
Authors: White K. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a series of experiments, with over 100 subjects ranging in age from 14 to 43, issues in the control of salivation were examined. Using the sublingual cotton swab technique it was shown that salivation can be controlled by practitioners and non‐practitioners of transcendental meditation. Sex differences were unimportant; the use of specific imagery relating to food and anxiety aided control, and there was a highly significant relationship between the degree of self‐reported imagery vividness and the ability to increase and decrease salivation. Results were discussed in terms of the Pavlovian notion of signalling systems, and the suggestion was made that self‐generated imagery could be important for the control, and in the conditioning, of other autonomic effectors.
The REM Cycle in Altered Sleep/Wake Schedules
Authors: Moses J. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe length and rhythmicity of the REM cycle was studied using data from three laboratories. In the three studies, 25 subjects obtained their sleep in naps under three different sleep/wake schedules: 60/160 min (N =8), 30/60 min (N =10), and 60/120 min (N =7), over a period of 40 hrs to 10 days. Previous results from these subjects (Moses, Lubin, Johnson, & Naitoh, 1977) indicated that the REM cycle is sleep‐dependent, rather than an expression of an ongoing Basic Rest‐Activity Cycle (BRAC). As a further test of the sleep‐dependent hypothesis, autocorrelation and r2 analysis was applied to the compressed sleep (i.e., all wake time between and within sleep periods subtracted) of the baseline, nap, and recovery conditions. Compared to baseline, there were no significant differences in nap REM cycle length in the 60/160 and 60/120 groups; the 30/60 group had significantly shorter cycles. It appeared that this REM cycle shortening was due to the significantly shorter REM episodes in this group. The nap r2 values were significantly lower than baseline in the 30/60 and 60/120 groups, indicating increased variability in the timing of REM episodes during naps. All the nap r2 values, however, were significantly larger than those obtained from a random distribution of sleep stages.To further examine the effects of the degree of sleep fragmentation on REM cycle rhythmicity, two additional groups of subjects whose sleep was fragmented by either REM or SWS deprivation were compared to the nap groups. REM deprivation was the most disruptive of REM cycle rhythmicity; the r2 values for REM deprivation were significantly less than those for napping or SWS deprivation.These data offer further support that the REM cycle is a sleep‐dependent rhythm and is not an expression of an ongoing BRAC.
Cortical and Autonomic Arousal in Primary and Secondary Psychopaths
Authors: Blackburn Ronald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAbnormal offenders were classified as primary or secondary psychopaths, or as conforming or inhibited nonpsychopaths by means of empirically derived dimensions of psychopathy and social withdrawal. Measures of electrocortical, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity were taken during rest, during repeated auditory stimulation, and during the cold pressor test. Psychopaths were not significantly differentiated from nonpsychopaths, but several differences were found between primary and secondary psychopaths. Primary psychopaths were more aroused cortically and electrodermally, and showed less rapid adaptation and habituation. Secondary psychopaths were the least aroused and showed signs of increasing drowsiness with repetitive stimulation. Secondary psychopaths in this study performed like primary or undifferentiated psychopaths in other reports, and possible explanations are discussed. The high arousal of primary psychopaths is not consistent with current theories of psychopathy, and attention to the relationship between psychopathy and the labelling of arousal is suggested.
Similarities and Differences Among the P3 Waves to Detected Signals in Three Modalities
Authors: Snyder Elaine , Hillyard Steven A. , Galambos Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related brain potentials were recorded from the scalp while subjects detected visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli presented near threshold. The waveforms were characterized by large, late‐positive (P3) waves to signal detections in all three modalities. The scalp distributions of these P3s revealed no substantial differences among the three modalities. There were, however, reliable latency and amplitude differences, with the P3 to visual signals occurring later than to somatic (Study 1) or to auditory (Study 2) signals. Further, the P3s to detected visual signals were substantially larger than those to auditory or somatosensory signals. Taken together, the data suggest that P3 waves to all modalities arise from a common neural generating system but that visual signals access this system in a different fashion from the other modalities.
Pulse Transit Time in the Analysis of Autonomic Nervous System Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Weiss Theodore , Del Bo Alberto , Reichek Nathaniel , Engelman Karl 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was the development of a simple method for assessing autonomic nervous system (ANS) effects on the cardiovascular system. Pulse transit time (PTT) is the interval between ventricular electrical activity and the peripheral appearance of the pulse (here measured by ear densitography). Six normal subjects were studied with six drugs which either enhanced or blocked activity of one of the three major divisions of the ANS: parasympathetic, beta‐sympathetic, alpha‐sympathetic. Data analysis revealed characteristic patterns of change in PTT and heart rate (HR) which permitted differentiation of five of the six drugs' effects. Vagal enhancement (edrophonium) and alpha‐sympathetic enhancement (phenylephrine)—which reflexly also increases vagal tone to the heart—could not be distinguished from one another unless blood pressure also was monitored. Monitoring of PTT and HR offers a simple, non‐invasive method which can be used on‐line to evaluate ANS effects on the cardiovascular system.
Cognitive Modulation of Time‐Dependent Primary Bradycardia
Authors: Lacey Beatrice C. , Lacey John I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn one experiment, 60 male college students counted silently the number of rarely presented tones embedded in a sequence of “standard” tones. The tones differed by 50 Hz. Both rare and standard tones produced a primary bradycardia which exhibited time‐dependency: Stimuli which happened to fall relatively early in the cardiac cycle prolonged the duration of that very cycle more than late‐occurring stimuli. The latter slowed the subsequent cardiac cycle. These effects are identical qualitatively with those found in acute animal experiments upon direct electrical stimulation of the vagus, and they verified and extended results from previous experiments with human subjects in response to other sensorimotor events. The effects of expectancy, evaluated by serial positional effects on the magnitude and slope of time‐dependent cardiac slowing, were different for standard and for rare tones. Comparisons with P300, the late positive component of the average evoked potential, suggest that while P300 is most strongly associated with poststimulus decisional processes, primary bradycardia and its time‐dependent aspects reflect both early stimulus registration and later decision making. The results suggest limbic and neocortical modulation of primary bradycardia. In a second experiment with 20 male college students, in which tones were presented at experimentally controlled times within the cardiac cycle, the basic effects obtained with post hoc separation of tones into relative cycle time of occurrence were verified.
EMG Measurement as a Function of Electrode Placement and Level of EMG
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Epstein Leonard H. , Lombardo Thomas W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFrontal EMG was concurrently measured using two different electrode placements for each of 12 subjects. One electrode placement was the standard placement of one electrode above each eyebrow (referred to as the horizontal placement). For the other placement, electrodes were positioned vertically above only the left eyebrow (referred to as the vertical placement). Comparisons between the measures of EMG using the two placements were assessed for three different levels of biofeedback‐influenced EMG activity.The horizontal and vertical EMG measures were found to be positively correlated both for the entire group and for individual subjects. Also, the two measures of EMG were positively correlated at three different levels of EMG, i.e., high, medium, and low. Comparisons of horizontal and vertical EMG indicated that horizontal EMG was consistently higher than vertical EMG at all levels of EMG. These findings suggest that placement of EMG electrodes is a very important variable in accurately measuring the magnitude of muscular electrical activity. However, if repeated measures of EMG are used to evaluate changes in muscle tension, and electrode placement is consistent across conditions, electrode placement is of only marginal importance.