bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of an Objective Index for the Assessment of the Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater by Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Gray N. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTemporal and spatial comparisons of acid mine‐drainage contaminated waters are difficult because of the complex physico‐chemical nature of the pollutant, and an objective index has been developed and evaluated for the assessment of such waters. The acid mine‐drainage index is calculated using a modified arithmetic weighted index utilizing seven parameters which are most indicative of acid mine‐drainage contamination, i.e. pH value, sulphate, iron, zinc, aluminium, copper and cadmium. Weighting is used to express the relative indicator value of each parameter. pH and sulphate are considered to be of greatest indicator value as they are unaffected by sorption processes, while sulphate is also unaffected by natural neutralization processes. The acid mine‐drainage index, as proposed, is designed to detect and quantify contamination from acid mine drainage, and to help categorize samples, quantify impact and to monitor the recovery of receiving waters.
Modelling the Impacts of Climatic Change on Water Resources
Authors: Wardlaw R. B. , Hulme M. , Stuck A. Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing the prolonged drought at the end of the 1980s in the south east of the UK, Anglian Water undertook (a) to review the reliable yields of their resource systems and (b) to investigate the potential risks associated with alternative future investment programmes. One of the major identifiable risks is climate change, and there is a clear need to understand how different scenarios of climate change could affect the reliable output of existing sources, and thereby affect investment programmes.This paper highlights the approach which was adopted to model climate change impacts on rainfall, and on the limitations which exist for this type of assessment.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring: the Use of Flow‐Through Cells
Authors: Howsam P. , Thakoordin M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe monitoring of groundwater quality is a necessary and growing activity for those concerned with groundwater resource protection. In order to gain a true understanding of changes occurring in the aquifer, it is important that monitoring is carried out properly and that reliable data are obtained. It would appear that appropriate procedures for measuring unstable groundwater quality parameters at the well‐head are not in common use. Field tests, with and without the utilization of a flow‐through cell, clearly demonstrate the differences in parameter values which can be recorded. For the measurement of dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and pH in the field, a flow‐through cell must be used, otherwise data are not likely to be of use. The use of a flow‐through cell also enhances purging and sampling procedures during the monitoring of other groundwater quality parameters.
Remote Sensing: Latest Developments and Uses
Authors: Redfern H. , Williams R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers currently available airborne and satellite‐derived data suitable for monitoring coastal and river zones, and the potential offered by geographical information systems to manage this information. The main advantage of satellite data is the relatively low cost of acquisition over broad areas at regular intervals in time. Examples are (a) LANDSAT thematic mapper data and ‘satellite pour l'observation de la terre’multi‐spectral and panchromatic imagery which provide high resolution imagery for land‐use mapping and bathymetric analysis, (b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's advanced very high resolution radiometer which provides a synoptic view of sea surface temperature and meteorological conditions, and (c) European remote sensing satellites whose array of sensors provide information on wave characteristics and wind speed and direction. In the field of geographical information systems, the challenge is to create systems which can both store the large quantity of data available and incorporate models which can predict the effects of change to the environment.
Improved Guidelines for the Use of the Rising Air Float Technique for River Gauging
Authors: Toop C. J. , Webster P. , Hawnt R. J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rising air float technique is a method of river discharge measurement involving the release of air bubbles from a perforated pipe laid across the bed of a river. This paper describes field and laboratory analyses which seek to extend previous work and to assess the potential of the technique as an alternative for conventional methods of spot and continuous gauging.The results have confirmed that the technique is a cheap, accurate and robust alternative to other methods of spot gauging, and is sensitive to the operating pressure, with a value of 10 psi producing an optimum bubble envelope at the surface. A major constraint to the implementation of the technique for continuous monitoring remains the procedure for automatic processing of a photographic image of the bubble envelope.Guidelines are presented for the optimum configuration of equipment for both spot and continuous gauging.
Demands and Resources for Public Water Supplies in Scotland from 1991 to 2016
Authors: Anderson P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an assessment, which was carried out during 1994, of demands and resources for public water supplies in Scotland from 1991 to 2016. The assessment is the third in a series published by The Scottish Office – the two previous studies being carried out in 1973 and 1984. In the 1994 study, demands were assessed on a component basis from 1991 to 2016 in five‐year steps for each of the nine mainland and three islands councils. These were aggregated to give the all‐Scotland picture, and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine what effect any changes in underlying assumptions might have on the forecast demands; and a demand envelope was constructed.
Viscosity as a Criterion for Optimum Dosing of Polymers in Waterworks Sludges
Authors: Papavasilopoulos E. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study was carried out to evaluate the use of viscosity measurements as a method of assessing the optimum use of organic polymers as conditioning agents in sludge dewatering. The study focused on sludge from the clarifiers of a water‐treatment works. In addition to viscosity measurements, the programme included an appraisal of other techniques for specifying dewater‐ability, e.g. the specific resistance to filtration, the capillary suction time and the electrical charge status via streaming‐current measurements.
The Role of Groundwater as a Strategic and Economic Asset in Northern Ireland
Authors: Robins N. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Northern Ireland, groundwater contributes 77 Ml/d out of 700 Ml/d in public supply, and a further 31 Ml/d to private users. Of the latter, agriculture takes about 11 Ml/d and industry uses 18 Ml/d; a further 2 Ml/d are consumed by up to 15 000 people for rural domestic needs. Groundwater is a protected asset and, as such, its use should be maximized for both strategic and commercial gain. Increased demand on the public supply system by the year 2001 will involve no new major groundwater input, but private exploitation of groundwater will increase, particularly by the specialist industries such as electronics and water bottling.
Assessing the Flow Needs of Rivers
Authors: Evans D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHuman and environmental needs sometimes conflict: the more for the environment, the less for the people and vice versa. Environmental needs include soil water, wetlands, lakes, rivers and estuaries. The paper recognizes that all these aspects must be catered for, but focuses on the flow needs of rivers; in particular, it suggests a method to determine river‐flow targets which are objective, sustainable, integrated with river‐quality characteristics and economically justified. Such targets could help the Environment Agency to balance human and environmental water needs in a rational manner.
Welsh Water's Partnership Approach to Beating the Drought in North Wales
Authors: Morrison J. A. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes how Dwr Cymru – Welsh Water managed the drought of 1995–1996 in North Wales without restricting supplies to customers. The summer of 1995 experienced a major increase in the demand for water which, when combined with thirteen months of below‐average rainfall, meant that resources had to be skilfully managed, using control rules and minimizing leakage on the network. The subsequent winter replenishment of the resources was critical and, with over thirty scattered resources supplying North Wales, a variety of solutions had to be employed. A key to the successful implementation of the chosen solutions was the partnership approach adopted with interested parties such as angling clubs and the Environment Agency.The paper outlines a variety of differing solutions which were adopted and identifies the role of partnership.
Hydrological Data for Wetland Management
Authors: Hollis G. E. , Thompson J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrology is the prime control in wetland ecosystems, but little formal hydrological data are gathered in wetlands by hydrometric authorities. Normally, most of the hydrological data for wetlands can be obtained from informal sources, non‐hydrological organizations, the local population and archival information ‐ especially photographs. Some short‐term field monitoring can be useful in augmenting the large hydrological data sets which can be gathered ‐ even when initial enquiries yield minimum information. A case study from the North Kent Marshes is used to illustrate this fact.
The Quality of Shallow Groundwaters in Northern Ireland
Authors: Robins N. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNorthern Ireland has a diverse range of rock types and lithologies which create small hydrogeological units, each with its own characteristics. The restricted geometry of these units permits only short and shallow groundwater flowpaths to develop, most with at least partial access to atmospheric oxygen. Each hydrogeological unit has a distinctive distribution of mineralization and major ions. In general, groundwater chemistry is stable with time, except for a few areas of intense agricultural activity where trends in nitrate nitrogen concentration are apparent. The relatively high rainfall in Northern Ireland dilutes surplus nutrients which, combined with year‐round moist soils with an active bacterial population, ensures that nitrate nitrogen concentrations are generally low.
Aquifer Recharge: An Operational Drought‐Management Strategy in North London
Authors: O'Shea M. J. , Sage R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe North London Artificial Recharge scheme, which comprises thirty‐seven wells and boreholes, is designed to boost resources during a drought. All sources discharge groundwater either to the Lee Valley reservoirs or the New River during the abstraction, which avoids the need for expensive on‐site water treatment and significantly enhances the cost effectiveness of the scheme. Fully treated drinking water provides the source of gravity‐fed artificial‐recharge water, via the normal distribution system.This paper describes the strategy which was introduced in 1997, in response to a deteriorating water‐resources situation. Abstraction occurred over a period of four months prior to the onset of autumnal winter rainfall. Daily abstraction rates peaked at 150 Ml/d, and a total of about 10 700 Ml were withdrawn.
Beach‐Profile Measurement, Theory and Analysis: Practical Guidance and Applied Case Studies
Authors: Cooper N. J. , Leggett D. J. , Lowe J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhilst beach‐profile surveying is a relatively long‐established and widely utilised shoreline monitoring technique, a considerable gap exists between theoretical and practical requirements from, and uses of, beach‐profile data. The paper bridges this gap by providing a summary of the key elements of beach‐profile measurement, theory and analysis. The benefits of applying these elements to practical coastal management are given in three case studies. The first case study presents results from beach‐profile analysis on a regional scale in East Anglia. The second case study applies both analytical and theoretical techniques to investigate erosional problems along a coastal bay in Jersey. The third case study assesses the performance of two major sand‐replenishment schemes in Poole Bay (on the south coast of England) based upon beach‐profile volumetric analyses. Most importantly, the paper demonstrates that beach‐profile measurement, theory and analysis can provide information of practical use in coastal management.
The Condition of Public Urban Parks and Greenspace in Britain
Authors: Reeves N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPublic urban parks and greenspaces are an important aspect of the urban environment. It was the UK that pioneered the concept of municipal parks in the nineteenth century, for reasons of improved public health and a better environment, in response to the creeping industrialisation of our towns and cities. For generations, public parks have contributed to the social, economic, environmental and cultural fabric of local communities, and it was local authorities which pioneered their provision, development and management. Such has been their success that almost every town and city has a public park or network of public greenspace, and they now account for about 20% of the developed land areas in England (13.5% in England and Wales). Their status and quality depends upon the good stewardship of local authorities. However, year‐on‐year budget cuts over the last thirty years, a lack of recognition of parks services in the Government's annual Standard Spending Assessment for local authorities, and the fact that provision of public parks is a non‐statutory service of local government have all contributed to their declining condition and status.This paper provides an assessment of the history, status and condition of public urban parks and greenspace, and discusses how these important assets can be rejuvenated to service the needs of present and future generations.
Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Groundwater Pollution from a Coal‐Carbonisation Plant: Developing a Local‐Scale Model using MODFLOW, MODTMR and MT3D
Authors: Davison R. M. , Lerner D. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effluent from a former coal‐carbonisation plant in Nottinghamshire has contaminated the underlying aquifer with ammonium and organic compounds. In terms of flow and contamination, the site has experienced a complex history. MODFLOW has been used to unravel the past flow directions and to provide a basis for solute transport and biodegradation modelling. The modelling has shown that a fine grid is required to represent local flows to prevent incorrect site interpretations. A telescopic mesh technique was essential for this study to enable the site features to be adequately represented while including the regional hydrogeological influences. The influence of grid size to numerical dispersion was investigated for the MT3D computer program. The ‘method of characteristics’and ‘hybrid method of characteristics’modules of MT3D were found to be relatively free from numerical dispersion for all the grid sizes investigated. However, the ‘modified method of characteristics’suffered extensively, and a linear relationship between grid size and numerical dispersion was demonstrated for this complex model.
Managing Water Services Through Service Differentiation and Pricing in an African City
Authors: Njiru C. , Smout I. K. , Sansom K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA key challenge for managers of water utilities in developing countries is to provide services to the rising urban population in a financially sustainable manner. The paper examines the management of water services in an African city which piloted service differentiation and pricing. Among the key findings was that substantial improvement in the provision of water services to the urban poor was attained. Cost recovery was achieved through innovative structuring of public/private partnerships, an appropriate pricing policy, and flexible payment systems. The project demonstrates that (a) by structuring service delivery with appropriate pricing, utilities could serve more customers (including people living in informal settlements) at affordable cost and achieve financial sustainability, and (b) service differentiation and appropriate pricing has the potential to improve urban water services in low‐income countries.
Neural Network Simulation of the Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction in a Biological Activated‐Carbon Filter
Authors: Mohanty S. , Scholz M. , Slater M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper is primarily aimed at encouraging further use of neural networks by the water‐ and wastewater treatment industry. The study demonstrates the principle of using a network method of simulating the performance of a biological activated‐carbon filter based on a biological water‐quality assessment and measurements of pH and dissolved oxygen during the bio‐regeneration mode with untreated river water. Protozoa, worms, rotifers, bacteria, fungi and algae were used as biological parameters. The neural network model could reasonably estimate the chemical oxygen demand reduction in an exhausted filter. The neural network model gave much better results than a second‐order polynomial regression model; however, a much larger database is required than is currently available.
The Influence of Water‐Column Mixing on Dissolved‐Oxygen Concentrations and Saline Stratification in the River Tawe Barrage, Wales, UK
Authors: Taylor S. L. , Morgan H. , O'Hara K. , Rutstein A. , Thomas K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Tawe barrage was an early amenity barrage, and studies after its construction showed a deterioration in water quality within the impounded area. The main concern was the effect of low dissolved‐oxygen concentrations upon the migrating salmonids during their passage upstream. An aeration/mixing system was chosen in a combination of diffusers and a propeller, which has proved to be capable of maintaining satisfactory water quality. However, additional diffusers need to be installed to (a) achieve a satisfactory concentration of dissolved oxygen at all points in the river and (b) complete the full scheme.
The UK Floods of 2000–2001: A Hydrometeorological Appraisal
Authors: Marsh T. J. , Dale M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe protracted and widespread flooding, which was experienced across much of the UK during the autumn and winter of 2000–01, was the most severe since 1947. Catchments remained saturated for lengthy periods and the high flow regimes of many rivers were significantly redefined. There is no modern parallel to the magnitude of groundwater replenishment over the 2000–01 winter recharge season, and groundwater flooding was exceptionally protracted in the English lowlands. This paper examines the synoptic background to an extremely wet episode and uses a hydrological framework to document the magnitude, duration and extent of a flood episode outside the previous experience of the greater part of the population of England and Wales.
Public Attitudes to In‐House Water Recycling in England and Wales
Authors: Jeffrey P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study, which is based on responses from over 300 individuals in England and Wales, explores how a willingness to use a water‐recycling system of specific configuration varies against a number of factors which are linked to system design, system scale, system context, and water‐conservation behaviour. Findings show that there is broad willingness to accept in‐house water recycling provided that public health is not compromised.
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN WATER‐RESOURCES PLANNING
Authors: Garis Y. de , Lutt N. , Tagg A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses experiences of consultation and participation in water‐resource planning studies in the Thames catchment. Two different case studies are presented and the challenges which were encountered are discussed. The authors conclude that, whilst the inclusion of stakeholders in the decision‐making process has clear benefits, the answers to questions such as (a) who to involve, (b) when to involve them, and (c) how to present information to them, are not always clear.
ESTIMATING URBAN LOADS OF NITROGEN TO GROUNDWATER
Authors: Lerner D. N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTUrban areas can impose significant loads of nitrogen, as ammonium or nitrate, onto the underlying groundwater. There are many sources of nitrogen pollution, including diffuse sources (parks and gardens), intense point sources (industrial chemical spills), and multi‐point sources (leaking sewers). Data on the loadings associated with the various sources are scarce, although an estimate of the overall load is available for Nottingham. For other cities, a total load could be estimated by factoring the Nottingham result, or by considering each component of the load separately. Both approaches are described, and the integrated method is recommended for its simplicity.
FLOOD MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A STRATEGY FOR THE SOMERSET LEVELS AND MOORS
Authors: Hicklin A. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Somerset Levels and Moors have been designated a ‘special protection area’under the EU Habitats Directive and a Ramsar wetland of international importance. Water management is important to their well being, but drainage to improve agricultural productivity has reduced habitat quality and biodiversity interest. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made towards halting and (in some areas) reversing the declining wetland flora and fauna. However, the UK Government's target of achieving favourable conservation status by 2010 is unlikely to be achieved without further change.This paper examines the changes which are needed to achieve sustainable agricultural flood‐management and conservation objectives in Somerset as a model for wetlands in England and Wales. Agricultural policy and, in particular, the lack of cross‐compliance and limited discretionary modulation, is failing marginal areas such as the Somerset Levels and Moors; also, farmers and the environment are losing out. In order to ensure that objectives are clear and options and constraints are understood, increased dialogue between stakeholders is essential.
PLANNING SITE‐SPECIFIC WATER‐DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Makropoulos C. K. , Butler D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWater‐demand management is a pro‐active approach to water conservation, which considers water‐consumption ‘needs’as ‘demands’rather than requirements. Taking into account a variety of engineering strategies to reduce urban water consumption, this research discusses the use of a tool for developing a master plan for site‐specific implementation. The tool links the characteristics of urban areas (engineering, economic and social) with the applicability of particular water‐demand management strategies within a fuzzy logic framework, to provide spatially‐sensitive decision support ‐ both at a strategic and an application level. The initial results, under various user‐defined scenarios, are presented and discussed. It is argued that decision‐support tools are beneficial in assisting the water industry to move towards a more pro‐active approach to urban water management, similar to the approach which has already been adopted by the Telecommunication and Energy sector.