bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NAD(P)H-NAD(P)+ Models. 74. Entropy-Controlled Kinetics, Stereochemistry, and Tunneling Effect
Authors: Ohno Atsuyoshi , Goto Mutsuo , Mikata Yuji , Kashiwagi Takeshi , Maruyama Tetsushi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Kinetics have been studied for the reactions of three NAD(P)H analogs and their 4-deuteriated compounds with 2,6-dichloro- and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinones. It has been elucidated that the entropy term occupies 50–90% of the Gibbs energy of activation at 298 K. Thus, the reaction is almost entropy-controlled. For certain combinations of the reducing and oxidizing reagents, quantum mechanical tunneling effect plays a large role to determine the reaction rate. The tunneling effect may be another measure of the stereochemistry.
Pressure Effect on Proton Jumps in t-Butyl Alcohol–Water Mixtures at 25°C
Authors: Ueno Masakatsu , Matsukawa Kazuhito , Tsuchihashi Noriaki , Shimizu Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The limiting molar conductances, Λ°, of hydrochloric acid and potassium chloride in 2,3,5,7,10, and 25 mol% t-butyl alcohol (TBA)–water mixtures were determined at 25°C as a function of the pressure up to 2000 kgf cm−2 (1 kgf cm−2=0.9807×105 Pa) from the conductances measured within a dilute concentration range. In each solvent mixture the value of Λ° (HCl) was about three- to five-times larger than that of Λ° (KCl) The anomalous excess proton conductance, λ°E, as estimated by the equation [λ°E=Λ° (HCl)−Λ°(KCl)], was found to increase with increasing pressure in 2,3,5,and 7 mol% TBA–water mixtures, but to decrease in 10 and 25 mol% TBA-water mixtures. The rate of increase with pressure of the excess proton conductance normalized to the molar concentration of water in the mixture was largest in a 2 mol% TBA mixture, and its magnitude decreased in the order: 2&gt;3&gt;0&gt;5&gt;&gt;7&gt;&gt;10&gt;&gt;25 mol% of TBA. These results are compared with those obtained in ethanol–water mixtures and are discussed in relation to the effect of alcohol molecules on the water structure in the mixtures: the three-dimensional network of water in TBA–water mixtures is more stable at a lower mol% of alcohol, and collapses more rapidly with increasing alcohol content than in ethanol–water mixtures.
Detection of Surface Resistance in a Gas/Porous-Adsorbent System by Frequency Response Method
Authors: Yasuda Yusuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The frequency-response (FR) method for studying an X\ightleftharpoonsC system (Yasuda, 1982) has been extended to an X\displaystyle\mathop\ightleftharpoonsIA\displaystyle\mathop\ightleftharpoonsIIC system, where X denotes a molecule in the gas phase, A is an adspecies on the external surface of a porous adsorbent, and C is an adspecies within micropores. Based on the characteristic functions for a system derived analytically, it is shown that both rate constants for steps I and II can be determined separately from the FR data. According to actual data of CH4/5A zeolite systems, it has been confirmed that both the adsorption and desorption rate constants for step I, ka and kd, respectively, and also the Fickian diffusional time constant at step II, \ ildeD, can be evaluated. The present method is expected to provide quantitative information conerning the existence and intensity of surface barriers of zeolite crystals.
Contribution of Latin America to Pharmacovigilance
Authors: González Juan Camilo , Arango Victoria E , Einarson Thomas R 
Published: July 2006

Background: Pharmacovigilance activities have been ongoing for 4 decades. However, little is known (especially outside of the area) about the contribution of Latin America to this field. Objective: To review and quantify the published literature on pharmacovigilance in Latin American countries. Data Sources: We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE (1966–2004), EMBASE (1980–2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–2004), Toxline (1992–2004), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (1982–2004), Sistema de Información Esencial en Terapéutica y Salud (1980–2004), and the Pan American Health Organization Web site (1970–2004) for articles on pharmacovigilance or adverse drug reactions in any of the 19 major Latin American countries. Papers were retrieved and categorized according to content and country of origin by 2 independent reviewers. Study Selection and Data Extraction: There were 195 usable articles from 13 countries. Data Synthesis: Fifty-one of the papers retrieved dealt with pharmacovigilance centers (15 national centers, 10 hospitals, 26 other), 55 covered pharmacovigilance itself (21 theoretical papers, 9 with description of models, 25 educational papers), and 89 were pharmacoepidemiologic studies of adverse drug reactions (69 case reports, 13 observational cohorts, 2 cohort studies, 1 randomized clinical trial, 4 clinical papers on adverse reaction management). Studies have increased exponentially since 1980. Five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela) published reports from national centers. No studies were found from 6 countries: Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, or Uruguay. Most studied categories were antiinfectives and drugs affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system. Conclusions: Contributions of Latin American countries to the field of pharmacovigilence have been remarkable, considering the constraints on these countries. A need exists for an increased number of formal pharmacovigilance studies and research using methodologically stronger pharmacoepidemiologic models.
Fatal impact? The effects of emotional arousal and weapon presence on police officers' memories for a simulated crime
Authors: Hulse Lynn M. , Memon Amina 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. (1) To investigate the effects of emotional arousal and weapon presence on the completeness and accuracy of police officers' memories; and (2) to better simulate the experience of witnessing a shooting and providing testimony.Methods. A firearms training simulator was used to present 70 experienced police officers with either a shooting or a domestic dispute scenario containing no weapons. Arousal was measured using both self‐report and physiological indices. Recall for event details was tested after a 10‐minute delay using a structured interview. Identification accuracy was assessed with a photographic line‐up.Results. Self‐report measures confirmed that the shooting induced greater arousal than did the other scenario. Overall, officers' memories for the event were less complete, but more accurate, when they had witnessed the shooting. The recall and line‐up data did not support a weapon focus effect.Conclusions. Police officers' recall performance can be affected both qualitatively and quantitatively by witnessing an arousing event such as a shooting.
Measuring criminal attributions with a normative instructional set: Is there a difference?
Authors: Kroner Daryl G. , Hemmati Toni , Mills Jeremy F. 
Published: July 2006

1Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Criminal Attribution Inventory's (CRAI) normative instructional set (respondent's perception of the average type of crime) in assessing criminal attributions.Methods. To determine the role of the CRAI's instructional set, a content‐equivalent, personal instructional CRAI set was created. Correlations with an established criminal attribution scale (Blame Attribution Inventory [BAI]) and a measure of socially desirable responding (Paulhus deception scales [PDS]) were calculated. Partial correlations between the CRAI and BAI, controlling for the personal instructional CRAI, were calculated. Partial correlations were also calculated between the personal instructional CRAI and the BAI, controlling for socially desirable responding.Results. The normative instructional CRAI assessed similar domains as the personal instructional CRAI and made an additional contribution to criminal attributions. Socially desirable responding was minimally related to the normative instructional CRAI and could not account for the differences between the normative and personal instructional CRAI sets.Conclusions. The CRAI's normative instructional set assesses personal criminal attributions within the external blame domain assessing unique attributional variance. Such an instructional set has utility in assessing criminal attributions among those offenders who deny their offences.
Domestic violence and panic attacks – common neural mechanisms?
Authors: Mitchell Ian J. , Gilchrist Elizabeth 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. This paper combines material from domestic violence, animal aggression and neuropsychology research to construct a model to account for some domestic violence offending. The basic hypothesis is that some incidents of domestic violence can be understood in terms of the operation of primitive defence mechanisms, which are also implicated in panic attack. Perceptions of threat from an intimate partner could potentially trigger these same neuronal circuits thus releasing violent and emotionally charged responses at the spouse.Arguments. The hypothesis is based on:

the marked anatomical/physiological overlap of the neural substrates underlying defensive aggression and those implicated in panic attack,
reports of panic attack‐like symptoms experienced by perpetrators during domestic violence assaults,
experimental evidence that demonstrates that standard physiological challenges can elicit panic/anger attacks in some domestic violence offenders (George et al., 2000).

Conclusions. Panic/anger attack represents inappropriate activation of affective defensive responses due to inappropriate control of critical midbrain sites by the amygdala and/or prefrontal cortex. Panic attacks could be potentially suppressed by increasing the capacity of the prefrontal cortex to inhibit the midbrain affective defence mechanisms. However, learnt associations between stimuli and panic responses are difficult to extinguish and panic responses typically show sensitization overtime. The same may be true of the behaviour of domestic violence offenders. There is a need to establish the typology of the subgroup of offenders who perpetrate panic attack related domestic violence.
Effect of an Aromatase Inhibitor on BMD and Bone Turnover Markers: 2-Year Results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trial (18233230)
Authors: Eastell Richard , Hannon Rosemary A , Cuzick Jack , Dowsett Mitch , Clack Glen , Adams Judith E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors reduce estrogen levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Residual estrogen is an important determinant of bone turnover. Adjuvant anastrozole was associated with significant BMD loss and increased bone remodeling, whereas tamoxifen reduced bone marker levels.
Introduction: In the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial after a median follow-up of 68 months, a significant improvement in disease-free survival was observed with anastrozole treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78–0.97; p = 0.01). Anastrozole was also associated with tolerability benefits compared with tamoxifen, but with higher fracture rates. The HR of anastrozole compared with tamoxifen after 60 months of treatment was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.25–1.77).
Materials and Methods: This prospectively designed subprotocol (n = 308) of ATAC assessed changes in BMD and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with invasive primary breast cancer receiving anastrozole 1 mg/day, tamoxifen 20 mg/day, or combination treatment with both agents for 5 years. Patients with osteoporosis were excluded (osteopenia permitted at the investigators discretion). Lumbar spine and total hip BMD was assessed at baseline and after 1 and 2 years; bone turnover markers (serum C-telopeptide, urinary N-telopeptide [NTX], free deoxypyridinoline, serum procollagen type-1 N-propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) were assessed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. Results were expressed as median percentage change.
Results: After 2 years of anastrozole treatment, BMD was lost at lumbar spine (median 4.1% loss) and total hip (median 3.9% loss) sites; increases of 2.2% and 1.2%, respectively, were observed with tamoxifen. After 1 year of anastrozole treatment, increased bone remodeling was observed (NTX, +15%; 95% CI, 3–25%; bone ALP, +20%; 95% CI, 14–25%); decreased bone remodeling was observed with tamoxifen (NTX, −52%; 95% CI, −62% to −33%; bone ALP, −16%; 95% CI, −24% to −11%).
Conclusions: Anastrozole is associated with significant BMD loss and a small increase in bone turnover, whereas tamoxifen (and the combination) is associated with increased BMD and decreased remodeling. These data may explain the increased fracture risk observed with anastrozole treatment in the ATAC trial. The impact of anastrozole on bone should be weighed against its overall superior efficacy and tolerability as observed in the main ATAC trial.
Benzidine transformation processes in natural sediments
Authors: Harden Joel , Jewell Amy , Donaldson Francis P. , Nyman Marianne C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aromatic amines, such as benzidine and 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine, are chemicals used in the pigment and dye processes. Release of these compounds into the environment is important because of their carcinogenic and toxic nature. In the present study, the sediment and water samples were collected from Lake Macatawa (Holland, MI, USA) and subsequently spiked with benzidine. The grain size distribution of the sediment samples investigated here ranged in composition from sandy to silty-clay sediment types. The sediment–water systems spiked with benzidine were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 4, 15, and 23°C for 211 d. Degradation of benzidine was observed over the time-course analysis of the sediment–water mixtures. Three possible metabolites (aniline, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and 1-amino-2-hexene) were observed during this investigation as a result of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. No metabolites were observed in autoclaved bottles, suggesting that the transformation of benzidine in the sediment–water mixtures was the result of microbial activity. From sediment–water distribution experiments, benzidine demonstrated higher sorption affinity for the different sediment phases than its degradation product, aniline. Therefore, microbially mediated transformation of benzidine to aniline is expected to yield a greater total concentration of the more mobile compound, aniline, in the water phase and a greater possibility for transport of aniline in the water phase.
Polychlorinated biphenyl load, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and cytochrome P4501A1 induction in a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Baltic Sea
Authors: Hansson Maria C. , Persson Maria E. , Larsson Per , Kjellman Christian , von Schantz Torbjörn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe toxicity induced by several environmental pollutants is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which controls the expression of many biotransformation genes, such as cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1). Previous studies have indicated that fish populations can evolve tolerance to persistent chlorinated pollutants by down-regulating the AHR pathway. Here, we measure to what extent tissue loads of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and AHR genotypes contribute to biotransformation capacity in wild, foraging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the Baltic Sea. In muscle, the sum of the 21 most common PCB congeners (ΣPCB) was correlated with three extracted AHR agonists (PCBs 77/110, 118/123/149, and 105/132/153). Both the AHR agonists as well as ΣPCB were correlated with lipid content. The ΣPCB, controlled for the effects of sex and lipid content in muscle tissue, did not predict mRNA transcript levels of the measured AHRs (AHR2α, AHR2-γ, and AHR2δ) or CYP1A1 in liver. However, all AHR2 mRNA transcript levels were positively correlated with CYP1A1 level. In turn, the CYP1A1 level was negatively correlated with concentration of the muscle-tissue antioxidant astaxanthin, suggesting that astaxanthin is depleted when biotransformation processes (CYP1A1) are activated. No correlation was found between ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and ΣPCB, CYP1A1, or antioxidant levels. In 5′-flanking regions of the AHR2 genes, we identified multiple allelic variants that were used for genotyping. The mRNA transcript level of AHR2α was significantly associated with the AHR2α 5′-flanking region genotype and with the interaction of the genotype and individual PCB level. These results suggest that in wild Atlantic salmon from the Baltic Sea, active production of AHR2 mRNA by means of PCB exposure may be affected by genetic polymorphisms at the AHR2 loci.
Pharmaceutically active compounds in Atlantic Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters, and potential for environmental effects as measured by acute and chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Authors: Brun Guy L. , Bernier Marc , Losier René , Doe Ken , Jackman Paula , Lee Hing-Biu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ten acidic and two neutral pharmaceuticals were detected in the effluents of eight sewage treatment plants (STPs) from across Atlantic Canada. Concentrations varied between nondetectable and 35 μg/L. The analgesic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and naproxen were predominant. Carbamazepine, a neutral compound used as an antiepileptic drug, was observed consistently at a median concentration of 79 ng/L. Acetaminophen was found in the effluents of the three largest mechanical STPs at a median concentration of 1.9 μg/L, but not in the lagoon treatment systems. The substantially longer hydraulic retention times may have contributed to more effective removal of acetaminophen in the lagoon treatment systems. Drugs generally were not detected at significant concentrations in the larger bodies of receiving water (Saint John River, Hillsborough River, and Bedford Bay, Canada). However, drug residues in the small receiving streams were 15 to 30% of the effluent median concentrations. Six compounds (caffeine, naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, metoprolol, and sotolol) were found to persist in a small stream for a distance of at least 17 km, suggesting that small stream exposure to pharmaceutically active residues may be relatively greater than that in large bodies of water. Bioassays assessing acute and chronic effects on four organisms were conducted on four high-use drugs: Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and salicylic acid (metabolite of acetyl salicylic acid). Results indicated no negative effects except for the chronic algal (Selanastrum capricornutum) growth test on ibuprofen (no-observed-effect concentration, 10 μg/L; lowest-observed-effect concentration, 32 μg/L). Effects of these four compounds on invertebrates and plants in the receiving environments are unlikely based on the concentrations measured.
Variations of chemical compositions in coarse aerosols and fine aerosols in two successive episodes
Authors: Kuo Chung-Yih , Lin Chuan-Yao , Chiang Wan-Fu , Ko Li-Chin , Wu Chia-Wen , Shang Wen-Ling 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ranging between 10 to 2.5 μm (PM10-2.5) were simultaneously collected at four air-quality monitoring stations in the Taichung area of central Taiwan during the period of February 12 to 22, 2004. Two different types of PM10 episodes, a nonlocal dust-storm episode and a local episode, were observed in the present study. High concentrations of coarse aerosols occurred during the dust-storm episode, whereas high concentrations of fine aerosols were present during the local episode. Relatively high levels of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl− in coarse aerosols were observed during the dust-storm episode. Very high concentrations of secondary aerosols (NH+4, SO2−4, and NO−3) in fine aerosols were observed during the local episode. The nitrate ion demonstrated the greatest increase in the ratios of ionic species to PM2.5 and ionic species to PM10-2.5 during the local episode. Significantly high ratios (0.444) of NO−3 to NO2 in fine aerosols were present during the local episode, indicating that the relatively high formation rate of NO−3 was one of the important factors leading to the increase of the NO−3 to PM2.5 ratio during the local episode. Results also showed that an abundant quantity of fine ammonium nitrate was formed during the local episode, and chloride depletion probably was the major pathway to form coarse NaNO3 during this episode.
Contrasting uptake routes and tissue distributions of inorganic and methylmercury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus)
Authors: Pickhardt Paul C. , Stepanova Maria , Fisher Nicholas S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
High Hg concentrations in freshwater fish are a concern for human health, yet we lack a clear understanding of the mechanisms that produce high Hg concentrations in fish. Controlled studies in natural surface waters that quantify the uptake and retention of Hg in fish tissues following exposures from the aqueous phase and from invertebrate prey diets are rare. Using 203Hg, we contrasted the accumulation of inorganic Hg (HgI) and methylmercury (MeHg) from the dissolved phase and from invertebrate food in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) feeding on Daphnia pulex (representing a pelagic food chain) and in redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) feeding on amphipods (Hyallela sp., representing a benthic/macrophyte-based chain). Experiments were conducted with environmentally realistic Hg concentrations in two freshwaters from the San Francisco Bay Delta (CA, USA) with significantly different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Mercury uptake rates following aqueous exposures were consistently higher for fish in the water with lower DOC, whereas efflux rates were similar for both water types. Approximately 50% of the ingested HgI associated with invertebrate prey was lost from mosquitofish, and 90% or more from sunfish, within 48 h. Assimilation efficiencies for ingested MeHg for both fish were 86 to 94%, substantially higher than those for HgI regardless of water type. Biokinetic modeling using the parameters determined in these experiments accurately predicted Hg burdens for fish in the San Francisco Bay Delta system. Despite considerable accumulation of HgI from both aqueous and dietary exposure routes, the high assimilation efficiencies and slow loss of MeHg from dietary sources are the principal determinants of predicted Hg burdens in both fish species.
Occupational Community and the Creation of a Self-Styled Elite: Railroad Workers in Argentina
Authors: Horowitz Joel 
Published: July 2006

During the 1930s Argentina's two railroad unions were the dominant labor organizations in the country. Their members considered themselves the elite of the working class. Through collective contracts and the efforts of the unions, the workers had gained favorable conditions for themselves, so that they were in many ways an elite, despite the harsh reality that the industry in which they worked was in decay.Why were they able to do this? Not because they all possessed special skills. Groups of skilled workers have often been able to secure for themselves a strong position, as have the engineers and firemen who make up La Fraternidad. In countries in which the position of labor unions is not protected by law the ability of widely differentiated groups to organize successfully is unusual. Therefore, this paper will concentrate on the members of the Unión Ferroviaria. Membership in the Unión Ferroviaria was extended all along the far-flung railroad network and ranged from craftsmen in the repair shops to poorly paid and unskilled crews that maintained the tracks.