bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading too little into reading?: Strategies in the rehabilitation of acquired dyslexia
Authors: Nickels Lyndsey 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper examines four recent therapy studies, two involving deep dyslexic patients and two involving surface dyslexic patients. These studies illustrate that remediation of aspects of acquired dyslexia can have positive benefits for the patients concerned which often extend beyond an improvement in reading aloud. It is argued that, although it may not be immediately apparent, the remediation of acquired reading impairments (and even of reading aloud) can be of functional significance for an aphasic subject.L'article examine quatre études récentes de thérapie; dans deux de ces études les patients étaient atteints de dyslexies profondes, et dans les deux autres de dyslexies de surface. Ces études montrent que le fait de remédier à certains aspects de dyslexies acquises peut avoir des effets positifs pour les patients en question, qui vont souvent bien au‐delà de l'amélioration de la lecture à haute voix. L'argument présenté ici est que, me&#x030a;me si cela n'apparai&#x030a;t pas immédiatement, le fait de remédier aux deficiences acquises de la lecture (et me&#x030a;me de la lecture à haute voix) peut avoir une portée fonctionelle chez le sujet aphasique.Vier neuere Therapiestudien werden besprochen, zwei mit tiefendysleischen und zwei mit oberflächendysleischen Patienten. Diese Studien zeigen, daß sich die Behandlung von bestimmten Aspekten erworbener Dyslexie in einer Weise positiv auswirken kann, die über die Besserung des Vorlesens hinausgeht. Es wird postuliert, daß obwohl nicht sofort erkennbar, die Behandlung erworbener Leseschwäche (und auch des Vorlesens) für aphasische Kinder hilfreich sein kann.
Articulation in Down's syndrome adolescents and adults
Authors: Van Borsel John 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSSpeech samples of 20 adolescents and adults with Down's syndrome were analysed and compared with speech samples from 20 normal toddlers. Consonant, vowel and diphthong productions were studied. Error rate, sounds in error, nature of the errors and phonetic characteristics of the errors of both groups were compared. It was found that the similarities between productions of persons with Down's syndrome and the utterances of normal children by far outnumbered the differences. The results of this study strongly support the contention of Lenneberg (1967) that the disordered articulation in subjects with Down's syndrome reflect a delay in speech development.Des échantillons de parole de 20 adolescents et adultes trisomiques ont été analysés et comparés à des échantillons de parole de 20 enfants en bas âge normaux. L'on a étudié les productions de consonnes, voyelles et diphtongues, en comparent les taux d'erreurs, les sons erronés, la nature et les caractéristiques phonétiques des erreurs pour les deux groupes. L'on a trouvé que les similitudes entre les productions des trisomiques et les énoncés des enfants normaux étaient beaucoup plus nombreuses que les différences. Les résultats de cette étude confirment nettement l'affirmation de Lenneberg (1967) que l'articulation désordonnée des trisomiques traduit un retard due développement de la parole.Sprechproben von 20 Pubertären und Erwachsenen mit Down Syndrom wurden analysiert und mit Sprechproen von 20 normalen Kleinkindern verglichen. Die Produktion von Konsonanten, Monophthongen und Diphthongen wurden analysiert. Die Fehlerrate, falsche Laute, Art der Fehler und die phonetischen Eigenschaften der Fehler bei den zwei Gruppen wurden verglichen. Die Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Produktionen der Personen mit Down Syndrom und den Äußerungen der normalen Kinder waren viel größer als die Unterschiede. Das Ergebnis stützt die These von Lenneberg (1967), daß die gestörte Artikulation bei Personen mit Down Syndrom eine Verzögerung der Sprachentwicklung widerspiegelt.
A further application of the Fishbein and Ajzen model to therapy for adult stammerers
Authors: Stewart Trudy 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper attempts to address the continuing problem of long term maintenance of fluency‐controlling techniques in adults who stammer by applying a number of aspects of the Fishbein and Ajzen model of belief, attitude, intention and behaviour. A group of 15 adult stammerers involved in group therapy were monitored, in terms of speech and attitude change, throughout the programme and followed up two years later. Links between successful maintenance of a fluency‐enhancing technique and change in stammerers' attitudes to fluent speech are made.Cet article s'intéresse au problème persistant du maintien à long terme de techniques de contrôle de la fluidité de l'élocution chez les adultes bègues, en utilisant certains aspects du modèle de Fishbein et Ajzen de conviction, d'attitude, d'intention et de comportement. Un groupe de 15 adultes bègues, qui avaient entrepris une thérapie de groupe, a été observé du point de vue des changements d'élocution et d'attitude pendant toute la durée du programme, et il a été suivi deux ans plus tard. L'on fait le lien entre le maintien réussi de la technique d'amélioration de la fluidité d'élocution et les changements d'attitude des bègues envers la fuidité d'élocution.Dieser Aufsatz befaßt sich mit dem andauernden Problem des langfristigen Erhalts von Techniken zur Kontrolle des Sprechflusses bei Erwachsenen die Stottern. Einige Aspekte des Modells von Fishbein und Ajzen (Glaube, Einstellung, Absicht und Verhalten) werden angewandt. Eine Gruppe von 15 erwachsenen Stotteren, die an Gruppentherapie teilnimmt, wird während des gesamten Programms und wieder nach Ablauf zwei weiterer Jahre hinsichtlich ihres veränderten Sprechens un ihrer veränderten Einstellung erfaßt. Eine Beziehung zwischen dem erfoireichen Erhalt von Techniken zur Stärkung des Sprechflusses und der Einstellung von Stotterern zum flüssigen Sprechen werden gefunden.
Speech error patterns in Cantonese‐speaking children with cleft palate
Authors: Stokes Stephanie F. , Whitehill Tara L. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThe subjects were seven Cantonese‐speaking children with repaired cleft palate, aged between 3;2 and 10;2. Speech samples were obtained by use of two word lists. Error patterns were described by use of a detailed analysis based on perceptual judgements. A ‘confusion matrix’ was constructed for each subject to illustrate the relative frequency of error type. The results showed high within‐subject and across‐subject variability. The data partially support findings from other languages, for example, showing posterior placement for alveolar targets. However, some language‐specific errors were identified, such as initial consonant deletion. Four possible explanations for the data are discussed.Comme locuteurs l'on a pris sept enfants âgés entre 3:2 ans et 10:2 ans, de langue maternelle cantonaise et dont les palais fendus avaient été réparés. L'on a obtenu des échantillons parlés au moyen de listes de groupes de deux mots. L'on a décrit les types d'erreurs grâce à une analyse détaillée fondée sur des jugements perceptifs. L'on a construit une matrice de confusion pour chaque locuteur afin d'illustrer les fréquences relatives des types d'erreurs. Les résultats ont révélé une forte varìabìlìté au sein de chaque sujet et de locuteur à locuteur. Les données confirment en partie les résultats en provenance d'autres langues, qui montrent des lieux d'articulation postérieurs pour les cibles alvéolaires. Cependent, l'on a identifié aussi certaines erreurs propres au cantonais, comme la suppression de consonnes intiales. La discussion porte sur quatre explications possibles des données.Die Sprecher waren sieben kantonesischsprechende Kinder mit opereirten Gaumenspalten im Alter zwischen 3; 2 und 10; 2 Jahren. Das Sprachmaterial wurde mit zwei Wortlisten definiert. Die Fehlermuster wurden in einer detaillierten auf perzeptueller Beurteilung basierten Analyse erfaßt. Für jede(n) Sprecherin wurde die relative Häufigkeit der Fehlerarten in einer individuellen Fehlermatrix dargestellt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde starke Intra‐ und Intersprechervariabilität deutlich. Die Daten unterstützen z. T. Beobachtungen an anderen Sprachen; z.B. die Rückverlagerung bei alveolarer zielposition. Einige sprachspezifische Fehler wurden jedoch beobachtet; z.B. die Tilgung initialer Konsonanten. Veir mögliche Erklärungen für die Beobachtungen werden erörtert.
A play‐based methodology for assessing idiom comprehension in children with semantic‐pragmatic difficulties
Authors: Kerbel Debra , Grunwell Pam , Grundy Kim 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSIn response to the lack of suitable material for assessing idiom comprehension in children with semantic–pragmatic difficulties, a new, play‐based methodology is presented. The child listens to a tape‐recorded story into which are embedded a range of idiomatic expressions. The child then acts out the story as it is played again, sentence by sentence. The play is video‐recorded and transcribed. Actions for each idiom are categorised and are then amenable to within‐child, between‐child, and between‐group analyses. The results of a pilot project indicate that this methodology overcomes may of the problems inherent in assessing children identified as having semantic–pragmatic difficulties.Pour répondre au manque de documentation nécessaire pour l'évaluation de la compréhension des phrases idiomatiques ches les enfants souffrant de difficultés sématico–pragmatiques l'on présente ici une nouvelle méthode qui repose sur le jeu. L'enfant écoute l'enregistrement sur bande magnétique d'une histoire dans laquelle sont enchâssées toute une série d'expressions idiomatiques. Ensuite il joue l'histoire à mesure qu'elle est réentendue phrase par phrase. Le jeu de l'enfant est enregistré sur vidéo et transcrit. L'on catégorise ses actions pour chaque expression idiomatique, ce qui permet des analyses pour chaque enfant, entre les enfants et entre des groupes. Les résultats d'un projet pilote indiquent que cette méthode résout bien des problèmes inhérents à l'évaluation des enfants que l'om identifie comme ayent des difficultés sémantico–pragmatiques.Als Reaktion auf den Mangel passender Materialien für die Bewertung des Idiomverständnisses bei Kindern mit semantisch–pragmatischen Schwierigkeiten wird eine neue, spielbasierte Methodologie präsentiert. Das Kind hört sich eine Reihe idiomatischer Ausdrücke eingebettet sind. Danach spielt das Kind die Handlung der Geschichte, während sie Satz für Satz noch einmal vorgespielt wird Das Schauspiel wird per Video aufgezeichnet und transkribiert. Die Handlungen für die einzelnen idiomatischen Ausdrüke werden kategorisiert, um sie einer Intrakind‐, Interkind‐ und Intergrup‐penanalyse zugänglich zu machen. Die Ergebnisse eines Pilotprojekts zeigen, daß dieser Ansatz viele der Probleme überwindet, die der Bewertung von Kindern innewohnen, von denen semantisch–pragmatische Schwierigkeiten angenommen werden.
The use of simulated clients to develop the clinical skills of speech and language therapy students
Authors: Syder Diana 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper reports the pilot of a new technique for the development of students' clinical skills. A bank of simulated clients was used in the teaching of generic clinical skills to two groups of speech and language therapy students. The method for the training of actors and running of sessions is described in detail by use of both group and individual formats. The intervention was used with three groups of students at different points in a 2‐year Masters degree course. Questionnaires to students evaluate the technique and the timing of its use in the course. It is concluded that this new type of clinical teaching is a valid and much‐needed supplement to traditional individual National Health Service (NHS) placements.Cet article rend compte d'une nouvelle technique pour développer les capacités cliniques des étudiants. Un groupe de pseudo‐clients est utilisé pour enseigner les capacités cliniques génériques à deux groupes d'étudiants en orthophonie. L'article décrit en détail la méthode d'entraînement des acteurs et le déroulement des sessions avec les étudiants au moyen de formats individuels et de groupes. L'intervention a été utilisée pour trois groupes d'étudiants à différents moments de leurs deux années de cours de Maîtrise. Les questionaires remplis par les étudiants en évaluent la technique et l'organisation temporelle lors des cours. L'on conclut que ce nouveau type d'enseignement clinique constitue un supplément valable et très utile aux placements individuels traditionnels dans les services médicaux.Dieser Aufsatz berichtet vom Pilotversuch einer neuen Methode zur Entwicklung klinischer Fähigkeiten bei Studenten. Eine Datenbank simulierter Patienten bzw. Klienten wird für das Lehren grundlegender klinischer Fähigkeiten bei zwei Gruppen von Studenten der Sprachtherapie verwendet. Die Methoden für das Schauspielertraining und für die Führung von Behandlungen werden unter Anwendung sowohl des Gruppen‐ als auch des Individualformats im Detail beschrieben. Die Methode ist bei drei Studentengruppen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten während eines zweijährigen Postgraduiertenkurses eingesetzt worden. Fragebögen von den Studierenden beiten eine Evaluierung der Methode und der Zeitpunkte ihrer Verwendung im Kurs. Es wird geschlossehn, daß diese neue Art des klinisch orientierten Unterrichts eine gültige und dringend benötigte Ergänzung zu den traditionellen individuellen Praktikumsstellen im Gesundheitswesen (NHS = National Health Service) ist.
Predicting and understanding transcription factor interactions based on sequence level determinants of combinatorial control
Authors: van Dijk A.D.J. , ter Braak C.J.F. , Immink R.G. , Angenent G.C. , van Ham R.C.H.J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Transcription factor interactions are the cornerstone of combinatorial control, which is a crucial aspect of the gene regulatory system. Understanding and predicting transcription factor interactions based on their sequence alone is difficult since they are often part of families of factors sharing high sequence identity. Given the scarcity of experimental data on interactions compared to available sequence data, however, it would be most useful to have accurate methods for the prediction of such interactions.
Results: We present a method consisting of a Random Forest-based feature-selection procedure that selects relevant motifs out of a set found using a correlated motif search algorithm. Prediction accuracy for several transcription factor families (bZIP, MADS, homeobox and forkhead) reaches 60–90%. In addition, we identified those parts of the sequence that are important for the interaction specificity, and show that these are in agreement with available data. We also used the predictors to perform genome-wide scans for interaction partners and recovered both known and putative new interaction partners.
Contact: roeland.vanham@wur.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SNPtoGO: characterizing SNPs by enriched GO terms
Authors: Schwarz Daniel F. , Hädicke Oliver , Erdmann Jeanette , Ziegler Andreas , Bayer Daniel , Möller Steffen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFor the analysis of complex polygenic diseases, one does not expect all patients to share the same disease-associated alleles. Not even will disease-causing variations be assigned to the identical sets of genes between patients. However, one does expect overlaps in the sets of genes that are involved and even more so in their assigned molecular processes. Furthermore, the assignment of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to genes is highly ambiguous for intergenic SNPs. The tool presented here hence adds external information, i.e. GeneOntology (GO) terms (Gene Ontology Consortium), to the analysis of SNP data.Availability: A web interface and source code are offered at https://webtools.imbs.uni-luebeck.de/snptogoContact: schwarz@imbs.uni-luebeck.de
A hierarchical statistical model to assess the confidence of peptides and proteins inferred from tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shen Changyu , Wang Zhiping , Shankar Ganesh , Zhang Xiang , Li Lang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMotivation: Statistical evaluation of the confidence of peptide and protein identifications made by tandem mass spectrometry is a critical component for appropriately interpreting the experimental data and conducting downstream analysis. Although many approaches have been developed to assign confidence measure from different perspectives, a unified statistical framework that integrates the uncertainty of peptides and proteins is still missing.Results: We developed a hierarchical statistical model (HSM) that jointly models the uncertainty of the identified peptides and proteins and can be applied to any scoring system. With data sets of a standard mixture and the yeast proteome, we demonstrate that the HSM offers a reliable or at least conservative false discovery rate (FDR) estimate for peptide and protein identifications. The probability measure of HSM also offers a powerful discriminating score for peptide identification.Availability: The algorithm is available upon request from the authors.Contact: chashen@iupui.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evaluation of the Miniature Swine for Use in Immunotoxicity Assessment: I. Quantitation of Humoral Responses to Sheep Red Blood Cells and Effects of Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Hinton Dennis M. , Khan Mushtaq A. 
Published: November 2007

T-cell-dependent and t-independent humoral responses as well as cell-mediated re-sponses(1) were assessed with groups of young, Hormel-Hanford miniature swine. Test antigens established in various immunotoxicity studies with rodents were used. Results with the widely used t-dependent test antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC), are presented in this report. Groups of swine were immunized with varying dosages of SRBC to evaluate basal responses. Serum antibody titers were estimated by the standardized hemolysin (HLY) visual endpoint (EP) assay and a quantitative spectro-photometric (SP) variation using highly purified immunoglobulin (Ig) M and Ig G standards. The sensitivity of the EP HLY assay is about 0.5-1.0 μg for Ig G anti-SRBC; the SP variation is 10 times more sensitive. Peak responses were obtained 7 days after either the first or second injection for both males and females. Peak responses for females, however, were two to four times greater than those in males. Ig M antibodies had a three times higher specific HLY titer than those in the Ig G class. Use of purified antibody standards in either assay variation permitted conversion of dilution titers to specific amounts of antibody. The latter is a more meaningful parameter for various comparisons in either inter-or intraspecies evaluations in immunotoxicity studies. To evaluate SRBC as a test antigen, low and intermediate doses of the immunotoxicant, cyclophosphamide, were given i.p. starting 2 days before SRBC injection. Antibody levels were reduced correspondingly to approximately 25 and 60% immunosuppression for the two dose levels in both primary and secondary responses. After 2 weeks of rest, animals recovered from treatment with CP. These studies demonstrate that SRBC immunization can be used in the FDA, Hormel-Hanford miniature swine to evaluate the immunotoxicity potential of chemicals without adjuvants or apparent harmful effects to the animal.
Flexible Polyurethane Foam: A Literature Review of Thermal Decomposition Products and Toxicity
Authors: Orzel R. A. , Womble S. E. , Ahmed F. , Brasted H. S. 
Published: November 2007

This report presents a comprehensive literature review of the toxicity of the combustion products of flexible polyurethane foam and the thermal decomposition products of this polymer. Combustion toxicity results obtained using different test methods but measuring the same toxicologic endpoints were compared. That is, time to incapacitation and time to death using the USF and FAA test methods were compared. Also, LC50 values using the DIN, NBS, and University of Pittsburgh tests were compared. The results indicate that despite the use of different test methods, foam densities, formulations, fire retardants, and other additives, combustion toxicity data were generally considered comparable when similar endpoints were compared. Neither CO nor HCN appeared to be the primary cause of death due to the combustion products of flexible polyurethane foam, although they were probably contributory factors. Under conditions of oxidation and pyrolysis, polyurethane foams decomposed into a liquid polyol component and a “yellow smoke.” The polyol decomposed into CO, CO2, and low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons including ketones, ethers, and/or esters. At high temperatures (greater than 800°C), the “yellow smoke” decomposed into HCN and other nitrogen-containing compounds such as acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, and benzonitrile. Twice as much HCN was produced under pyrolytic conditions as in oxygen-rich atmospheres. Various amounts and types of other combustion compounds were produced, depending on the temperature and oxygen availability.
VOICE QUALITY AND INDEXICAL INFORMATION
Authors: Laver John D. M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe outline of a componential descriptive model of voice quality is suggested, in the hope of facilitating discussion about voice quality among phoneticians, linguists, speech therapists, psychologists and psychiatrists. Emphasis is laid on the function of voice quality as an index to biological, psychological and social characteristics of the speaker.
SPEECH THERAPY MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING LARYNGECTOMY
Authors: Gordon Margaret T. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryProficient alaryngeal speech can be acquired by 76% of patients if adequate speech therapy is given following operation. Patients should be taught to introduce air into the oesophagus by injection aided by lower costal diaphragmatic breathing. Speech therapy should be begun immediately the patient is informed that laryngectomy is necessary and, in the absence of other complicating factors, should be continued intensively in some form until he has acquired useful speech and has returned to full employment, if under retiral age. An artificial larynx should be provided only in the case of a patient who is unable to acquire a competent oesophageal voice.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR TEACHING POST‐LARYNGECTOMY SPEECH
Authors: Simmons Mary Frances , Shanks Susan Jane , Austin Stephen F. , Fresno  
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe authors have compared the therapeutic constructs of six authorities in alaryngeal speech. Three major and one minor type of post‐laryngectomy speech are described, methods of air intake are reviewed, and therapy procedures are contrasted. Reasons for using an artificial larynx are given. An approach which meets the needs of the person is recommended.
FEATURES OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ARTICULATORY PERFORMANCE
Authors: Fawcus R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article is a description of the preliminary stages of a study of articulatory behaviour. An attempt is made to show how improvement in physical and physiological techniques in both research and treatment requires a similar level of development in the application of psychological principles.No attempt has been made at this stage to relate performance to linguistic criteria above the phonological level. Such a step is obviously as important as either psychological or physiological analyses.