bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedienermodellgestützte Bewertung des Ablenkungspotentials von Komfortsystemen im KFZ in frühen Phasen der Systementwicklung (Model Based Assessment of Driver Distraction by In-Vehicle Information Systems in Early Phases of System Development)
Authors: Urbas Leon , Heinath Marcus , Leuchter Sandro 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Die Entwicklungen in der Fahrzeugelektronik und neue Dienstangebote versprechen das Autofahren komfortabler zu machen. Die Systeme und Ideen reichen von fahrzeugnahen Angeboten wie Unfallwarner, Tankstellenassistent, dynamischer Navigation und Reiseführer bis hin zu Kommunikations- und Unterhaltungsdiensten. Ein zentrales Gestaltungsproblem ist dabei das Primat der Hauptaufgabe „sichere Kraftfahrzeugführung” – die Bedienung des neuen Dienstes darf den Fahrer davon nicht unbotmäßig ablenken. Der Beitrag diskutiert zunächst verschiedene regulative und empirische Ansätze zur Bewertung des Ablenkungspotentials neuer Zusatzsysteme. Anschließend wird eine neu entwickelte Methode zur Berechnung der Interferenz zwischen Haupt- und Nebenaufgabe aus Bedienmodellen vorgestellt, die bereits in frühen Phasen der Systemgestaltung zum Einsatz kommen kann. Die Fahraufgaben werden dabei als ideal-typische Ressourcenprofile beschrieben. Für die zu bewertende Sekundäraufgabe muss lediglich eine formativ-quantitative Aufgabenanalyse vorliegen – dabei kommt die bewährte Methode GOMS (Goals, Operatos, Methods, and Selection Rules: Card, Moran und Newell 1983) mit einigen neuen Erweiterungen für das Multitasking zum Einsatz. Die Methode wird anhand eines Beispiels illustriert, und erste Ergebnisse zur Anwendung und empirischen Fundierung der Methode werden berichtet.
Efficiency of the Conversion of Work of Drainage to Surface Energy for Sandstone and Carbonate
Authors: Seth Siddhartha , Morrow Norman R. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe increase in surface energy resulting from drainage of a wetting phase from a porous medium is often equated to the work of displacement determined from the area under its capillary pressure curve. However, capillary pressure vs. saturation relationships are not reversible and do not represent quasistatic displacement. The increase in surface energy is less than the work done because of inherent capillary instabilities that are the basic cause of capillary pressure hysteresis. Nevertheless, relating the area under a capillary pressure curve to the thermodynamic work of displacement can be justified by interpreting the curve as a series of alternating isons (reversible displacements) and rheons (spontaneous redistribution at constant saturation). The efficiency of conversion of work to surface energy, Ed, depends on the increase in surface area that accompanies drainage. Surface areas of nonwetting phase/solid and nonwetting phase/wetting phase have been determined through displacement of a colored low-viscosity liquid resin that can be solidified so that thin sections reveal the distribution of phases and surfaces within the pore space of the rock. Two-dimensional images obtained from thin sections were analyzed using stereology to obtain estimates of saturations and interfacial areas in three dimensions. For drainage of Berea sandstone to 20% wetting-phase saturation, Ed was 36%, which was less than one-half of the efficiency of 85% for the same range of change in saturation determined previously for random packings of equal spheres. Values of Ed for the tested carbonate were approximately one-half of those for sandstone. The wide variation is explained in terms of a simple pore model that relates Ed to aspect ratio.
Dynamic Modeling of Invasion Damage and Impact on Production in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Suryanarayana P. V. , Wu Zhan , Ramalho John , Himes Ronald Earl 
Published: August 2007

Summary
We present a novel approach that combines dynamic reservoir simulations and special core tests to model the extent of invasive damage and its impact on flowback during production. A radially adaptive 3D microsimulator is used to estimate the extent and impact of filtrate invasion on near-wellbore saturation and reservoir pressure. Time-varying reservoir exposure is used to simulate the acts of drilling, tripping, completions, and workovers. Extremely fine, core-scale grids are used to capture saturation and pressure in the invasion zone. Special core tests using a specially designed core holder are conducted on the subject reservoir core. Test results are interpreted to obtain an estimate of endpoint relative permeabilities, dynamic mudcake effect on filtrate loss, and impact of solids invasion on return permeability. The saturation and pressure profiles from this model are then used as initial conditions in a sector-scale simulator to model flowback effects. Absolute-permeability damage is modeled using the core-test results as an incremental and hyperbolically recovering effect during flowback simulations. A near-wellbore fine-grid overlay is used to capture the near-wellbore effects from the microsimulator results. Several sensitivities, including initial reservoir pressure, degree of overbalance and drawdown, heterogeneity, anisotropy, and mudcake effect, are examined. Equivalent skin factors that vary with time and depth are developed to enable comparison with full-field simulations. A horizontal-well example is used to illustrate the results of the study. Results illustrate the stark and often underappreciated effects of invasive damage on flowback and, therefore, on production performance. The methods described in this work can be used in reservoir-specific studies to quantify formation damage and aid in the selection of mud types, drilling techniques, and remediation methods required to improve performance. It is hoped that this work bridges the typically empirical damage-characterization methods and dynamic reservoir simulations.
The blockade of the renin-angiotensin system reverses tacrolimus related cardiovascular toxicity at the histopathological level
Authors: Agirbasli Mehmet , Papila-Topal Nurdan , Ogutmen Betul , Deniz Hicran , Cakalagaoglu Fulya , Tuglular Serhan , Akoglu Emel 
Published: August 2007

Introduction. In this study, we investigate the toxic effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on the cardiovascular system at the histopathological level in a rat model and whether these effects can be reversed by the blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-inhibitors) or an angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB).Methods and results. Thirty-one Wistar rats were divided into four groups. FK506 group was treated with FK506 intraperitoneally (i.p.), FK506+ACE-inhibitors and FK506+ARB groups were treated with either quinapril or valsartan orally in addition to FK506. Control group was treated with saline i.p. Histological and immunohistochemical staining of cardiovascular tissue in the FK506 group showed increased vacuolar degeneration (11.2 vs. 5.8, p=0.008), arterial hyalinosis (10.7 vs. 6. G 3, p=0.036), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (12.2 vs. 4.8, p=0.001) and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (VEGF) (10.7 vs. 6.3, p=0.036), elastic van Gieson (11.5 vs. 5.5, p=0.004), and periodic acid O Schiff stain scores (12.5 vs. 4.5, p<0.001) compared to the control group. Immunohistochemical scores showed that expression of TGF-β is up-regulated, and bone morphogenic protein (BMP-7) is down-regulated with FK506 toxicity. Adding RAS blockade with either an ACE-inhibitor or an ARB could reverse FK506 induced changes. Both FK506+ACE-inhibitors and FK506+ARB groups demonstrated decrease in arterial hyalinosis (22.1 vs. 14.4 (FK506+ACE-inhibitor) and 13.6 (FK506+ARB), p=0.09) and vacuolar degeneration (23.1 vs. 16.1 (FK506+ACE-inhibitor) and 12.4 (FK506+ARB), p=0.006) scores compared to the FK506 group.Conclusion. Blockade of RAS could reverse the histopathological signs of FK506 induced cardiac toxicity in a rat model.
Activation of protective and damaging components of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system after myocardial infarction in experimental diabetes
Authors: Bäcklund Tom , Lakkisto Päivi , Palojoki Eeva , Grönholm Tina , Saraste Antti , Finckenberg Piet , Mervaala Eero , Tikkanen Ilkka , Laine Mika 
Published: August 2007

Introduction. Diabetes is associated with prolonged apoptotic cell death of cardiac myocytes and adverse remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). Because the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a major role in the remodelling, we studied whether diabetes is associated with altered regulation of RAS after MI in rats. Methods. Male Wistar rats were randomised to receive either streptozotocin (diabetic group) or citrate buffer (control group) intravenously. MI was produced four weeks later by ligating the left descending coronary artery.The rats were sacrificed 1, 4 and 12 weeks after the operation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors (AT1-receptor, AT2-receptor), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA expression were determined. Results. The expression of both protective and damaging components of RAS increased after MI. However, myocardial ACE 2 and AT2-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels were significantly lower in diabetic compared to non-diabetic rats 1 week after MI. In contrast, AT1-receptor, ACE and CTGF mRNA levels were up-regulated in diabetic as compared with non-diabetic rats 12 weeks after MI. Conclusion. The activation of the protective components of RAS (ACE 2 and AT2-receptor) was blunted early after MI in diabetic rats, whereas the levels of ACE, AT1-receptor and CTGF mRNA leading to adverse effects on myocardium, were elevated in diabetic as compared with non-diabetic rats.This unbalanced activation of the RAS may influence the pathophysiology of myocardial injury in diabetes after MI.
Dairy Substitutes
Authors: Euston Stephen R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Dairy substitutes encompass a wide range of products and are manufactured by most food companies, utilizing fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and functional food additives including starches, gums, and emulsifiers. The specific requirements for individual ingredients is dependent on the type of product being manufactured and the processing methods employed. Substitutes are available for every common dairy food.
Products that have gained the largest markets are substitutes for butter and creams. Substitute evaporated milk and whole milk powders have become widely established in Far Eastern countries, where they can replace up to 80% of standard dairy foods. Much of the basis for the development of substitute dairy foods lies in the lower cost of vegetable fats compared to butter fat. In certain cases, the substitute food products have largely replaced dairy products. This is particularly true for vegetable‐based spreads (eg, oleomargarines and related products, whipped toppings, and coffee whiteners).
Casein, a milk protein, is widely used in many dairy substitutes. Imitation dairy foods that are considered to be important in human nutrition must be nutritionally equivalent to the dairy product that they imitate.
Flavors, Overview
Authors: Deibler Kathryn 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Flavor chemistry research introduces aspects unique to this field of chemistry requiring interdisciplinary collaborations. Human perception integrated with chemical analysis is critical for flavor analyses. The precision of sensory analyses limits the precision of the overall evaluation, despite the highly precise techniques available to the chemist. Flavor may primarily be broken into taste and olfaction. Aroma chemicals exhibit three key characteristics: volatile, odor active, and present at a concentration above its detection threshold. Taste components impart perception at much higher concentrations than aroma components. This article covers parameters to consider in designing and understanding flavor chemistry investigations, including a brief discussion of flavor neurology, physiology, chemical characteristics, and modality interactions.
Teletext
Authors: Kinghorn John R. , Tarrant David R. , Thorne Nicholas R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The teletext system was first devised around 1971; experiments and field trials refined the standard, and the first public service was launched in 1976. Teletext decoders were still expensive (around $50), and it took until about 1980 before the first million teletext TVs had been sold. In the early 1980s, growth was rapid and prices fell quickly, and by the end of the 1980s, teletext was a standard feature in midrange and high‐end TVs in Europe. Since then, teletext has penetrated to cheap small‐screen TVs as well, the incremental component cost being negligible as it has now become a standard feature of the system solution. The total number of teletext TVs passed the 100 million mark around 1995, and currently (2006), the total number produced is over 400 million.

Introduction

Teletext Principles for Analog Television

Teletext Specification for Analog Television

Signal Degradation and Error Protection in Analog Teletext Systems

Teletext Decoders: Functions and Interfaces

Database Navigation and Access Time Improvements

Additional Features and Services in Analog
TV
Systems

Other Teletext Standards for Analog
TV

Teletext Principles for Digital Television

Teletext Specification for Digital Television

Teletext Decoders for Digital Television

Additional Features and Services in Digital
TV
Systems

Digital Teletext Evolution

Teletext Market Development
Power Flow Fundamentals
Authors: Sheblé Gerald B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe term “power flow” recognizes that a different technique is now used to determine the state of the power system. A more correct description is that a power flow solution is numerically found. The main output of such a solution is the power flow on all transmission and/or distribution devices. The power flow on each device is checked against the device flow capability to determine whether the device will stay within operationally accepted limits.Introductory Comments and BackgroundNewton‐‐Raphson Method Using the Augmented Jacobian MatrixExample SystemExtensions
The comparative bioavailability of an extended‐release niacin and lovastatin fixed dose combination tablet versus extended‐release niacin tablet, lovastatin tablet and a combination of extended‐release niacin tablet and lovastatin tablet
Authors: Menon R. , Tolbert D. , Cefali E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLovastatin and extended‐release (ER) niacin in a fixed dose combination (Advicor®) is approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Since both drugs are extensively metabolized, this study investigated the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of their co‐administration following single‐dose administration. In a 4‐way crossover study 40 subjects received: two 1000/20 Advicor tablets (ADV), two 1000mg niacin ER tablets (NSP), two 20mg lovastatin tablets (Mevacor®; MEV), and two niacin ER 1000mg tablets with two lovastatin 20mg tablets (NSP+MEV). Plasma was assayed for niacin, nicotinuric acid (NUA), lovastatin, lovastatin acid and HMGCoA reductase inhibition. Urine was assayed for niacin and its metabolites, NUA, N‐methylnicotinamide and N‐methyl‐2pyridone‐5‐carboxamide. Least square mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC(0−t) were determined for NSP+MEV versus MEV or NSP, ADV versus MEV or NSP, and ADV versus NSP+MEV. Co‐administration of niacin and lovastatin did not significantly influence Cmax and AUC(0−t) of lovastatin, niacin, NUA and total urinary recovery of niacin and metabolites. A 22 to 25% decrease in lovastatin acid Cmax was observed while lovastatin acid AUC(0−t) was not affected. The HMGCoA reductase inhibition Cmax and AUC(0−t) were not affected indicating that the difference in lovastatin acid Cmax was not clinically relevant. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose‐proportionality of a final market image sitagliptin formulation, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bergman Arthur , Mistry Goutam C. , Luo Wen‐Lin , Liu Q. , Stone Julie , Wang Amy , Zeng Wei , Chen Li , Dilzer Stacy , Lasseter Kenneth , Herman Gary A. , Wagner John A. , Krishna Rajesh 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSitagliptin is a highly selective orally active dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor recently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ten healthy subjects received single oral doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg final market image tablets in five separate treatment periods in randomized fashion to assess dose proportionality. Blood (up to 72 h post‐dose) and urine (up to 24 h post‐dose) samples for sitagliptin pharmacokinetic analysis were collected at pre‐specified times following administration of sitagliptin. Dose‐proportionality of AUC0–∞, Cmax and C24 h was assessed using a power‐law model. The results of this study indicate that plasma AUC0−∞ increased in a dose‐proportional manner over the 25–400 mg dose range. Over the same dose range, plasma Cmax increased in a greater than dose‐proportional manner and C24 h increased in a modestly less than dose proportional manner. No clinically meaningful differences in Tmax or apparent t1/2 were noted across the dose range. Differences in the percentage of the sitagliptin dose excreted unchanged in urine (72.5% pooled across doses) and renal clearance (344 ml/min pooled across doses) were not statistically significant. Sitagliptin was generally well tolerated at all the doses evaluated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved flow cytometric method using FACS Lysing Solution for measurement of ZAP‐70 expression in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bekkema Roelof , Tadema Afke , Daenen Simon M. G. J. , Kluin‐Nelemans Hanneke C. , Mulder André B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground:B‐cell expression of ZAP‐70, normally expressed in T and NK cells, correlates with poor prognosis in B‐CLL. Poor discrimination between ZAP‐70 positive and negative cells hampers routine application of flow cytometry. We examined the usefulness of FACS Lysing Solution.Methods:ZAP‐70 expression in 65 healthy volunteers was measured by four‐color flow cytometry, comparing FACS Lysing Solution for fixation and permeabilization with the Fix & Perm kit. Separation between ZAP‐70 positive T cells and negative B cells was based on a ratio of median ZAP‐70 staining of T cells to B cells. In 25 B‐CLL patients, ZAP‐70 expression was estimated using the lower limit of the fluorescence range corresponding with 98% of ZAP‐70 positive T cells as threshold marker as well as a ratio of B‐CLL cell to internal T‐cell median ZAP‐70 staining.Results:Use of FACS Lysing Solution resulted in approximately fourfold increased separation between ZAP‐70 positive T cells and negative B cells, when compared with the Fix & Perm kit. In B‐CLL samples, ZAP‐70 negative and positive B‐cell expression could be clearly discerned.Conclusions:FACS Lysing Solution is a simple procedure that markedly improves discrimination between ZAP‐70 positive and negative cells. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Cervical cytology reading times: A comparison between thinprep imager and conventional methods
Authors: Davey Elizabeth , Irwig Les , Macaskill Petra , Chan Siew F. , D'Assuncao Jefferson , Richards Adele , Farnsworth Annabelle 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe aimed to compare the times cytologists spend reviewing cervical cytology slides processed by the ThinPrep Imager® (TPI) with times they spend examining conventional cytology (CC) slides. We also aimed to examine the effect of cytologists' experience on reading times.Using a cross‐sectional analytical design, we analyzed routine laboratory data, collected retrospectively over 7 months, for 41 cytologists, including paired data for 20 who read both TPI and CC slides.For the 20 cytologists who read both types of cytology, the mean reading rate was 13.3 slides per hour for TPI slides and 6.1 slides per hour for CC slides. The mean within‐reader difference between TPI and CC rates was 7.2 slides per hour (P < 0.001). For CC reading, mean times did not differ between those who were additionally trained to read TPI slides and those who only read CC. Slower readers had greater increases in speed when using the TPI compared with CC reading than did faster readers (P < 0.001). More experienced cytologists tended to read CC slides more quickly than did those less experienced, but experience did not affect TPI reading times or within‐reader differences in reading times between cytology types.The TPI significantly reduced reading times compared with CC. This reduction was greater amongst slower readers, and was unrelated to experience. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:550–554. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normoblasts in pleural fluid: Are they significant?
Authors: Kini Usha , Singh Amrita 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe hemopoietic cell elements in body fluids is a rare encounterance. From among the normal bone marrow inhabitants, only megakaryocytes are occasionally seen in pleural and peritoneal fluids due to extramedullary hemopoiesis as a result of myeloproliferative disorders. The finding of isolated normoblasts in body fluids with no other marrow elements is described here for the first time in pleural fluid from two patients. The normoblasts which have a close resemblance morphologically to mesothelial cells, need to be differentiated from one another. A supravital stain is of help when in doubt. Because of their close resemblance, normoblasts may get missed during evaluation. This report highlights the need for a larger number of positive cases with emphasis on their course details to understand the significance of normoblasts in body fluids. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:590‐592. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrofollicular variant of papillary carcinoma: A potential thyroid FNA pitfall
Authors: Chung Daniel , Ghossein Ronald A. , Lin Oscar 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMacrofollicular variant of papillary carcinoma (MFPC) is a rare variant of papillary carcinoma in which over 50% of the follicles are represented by macrofollicles. The cytologic features from 7 cases of histologically confirmed MFPC were evaluated. The cytology specimens were evaluated for the following criteria: cellularity, cluster arrangement (micro and macrofollicular), chromatin pattern, nuclear grooves, pseudonuclear inclusions, nuclear shape, nuclear overlap, nucleoli, presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and Hurthle cell, amount and characteristics of background colloid. Most cases were moderately to highly cellular with presence of both microfollicles as well as macrofollicles, but nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma were absent or focal in all cases. MFPC is a variant of papillary carcinoma that can be extremely difficult to diagnose cytologically. The presence of abundant colloid, macrophages, macrofollicular follicular cell arrangement and/or absence of widespread cytologic features associated with papillary carcinoma can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of goiter. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:560‐564. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Metastatic renal carcinoid to the thyroid diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Bhalla Ritu , Popp Aimee , Nassar Aziza 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report a case of primary renal carcinoid arising in a horseshoe kidney. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case to be reported in the cytology literature, which has been diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). A 32‐year‐old male, presented to the Emory University Hospital, with a renal mass arising in a horseshoe kidney; along with a thyroid mass. FNA of the renal mass resulted in an initial diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma, unclassified. A thyroid aspiration was attempted later, and revealed a neuroendocrine morphology. This was compared with the renal aspiration and both of them were found to have similar morphology. With the help of immunostains, a diagnosis of renal carcinoid tumor metastatic to the thyroid was made. Thus, we demonstrate that renal carcinoid, being a rare entity, can pose a diagnostic challenge. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:597‐600. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.