bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design of the Online Auction Channel: Analytical, Empirical, and Computational Insights*
Authors: Bapna Ravi , Goes Paulo , Gupta Alok , Karuga Gilbert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is on business‐to‐consumer (B2C) online auctions made possible by the advent of electronic commerce over an open‐source, ubiquitous Internet Protocol (IP) computer network. This work presents an analytical model that characterizes the revenue generation process for a popular B2C online auction, namely, Yankee auctions. Such auctions sell multiple identical units of a good to multiple buyers using an ascending and open auction mechanism. The methodologies used to validate the analytical model range from empirical analysis to simulation. A key contribution of this study is the design of a partitioning scheme of the discrete valuation space of the bidders such that equilibrium points with higher revenue structures become identifiable and feasible. Our analysis indicates that the auctioneers are, most of the time, far away from the optimal choice of key control factors such as the bid increment, resulting in substantial losses in a market with already tight margins. With this in mind, we put forward a portfolio of tools, varying in their level of abstraction and information intensity requirements, which help auctioneers maximize their revenues.
Is the Ref Blind? Crime and Punishment in English Premier League Football
Authors: Goddard John 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Justice is traditionally portrayed as being blind; so are football referees, but for different reasons. For years, football managers have been complaining that referees are inconsistent, and biased in favour of home teams. Recently, a team of university researchers has investigated whether or not there is any factual or statistical basis for such claims. John Goddard describes their findings.
Head Over Heels in Debt?
Authors: Tapp Chris 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The average household in the UK is in debt to the tune of nearly £9000—and that is not including the mortgage. Consumer borrowing, on credit cards, car and retail finance deals, overdrafts and unsecured personal loans was £4525 per average UK adult at the end of February 2007. Are we drowning in debt? Chris Tapp, Associate Director of Credit Action, reports.
ROCK‐PAPER‐SCISSORS: PLAYING THE ODDS WITH THE LAW OF CHILD RELOCATION
Authors: Duggan W. Dennis 
Published: June 2007

This article offers for inspection the proposition that the adversarial evidence‐based litigation process is unsuitable for resolving custody cases in general and relocation cases in particular. It analyzes the leading cases from New York, Massachusetts, California, England, Canada, and Australia. It reaches a conclusion that no jurisdiction has devised a legal standard or formula that enables a judge to predict the future best interest of a child if that child is allowed to relocate with one parent away from the other. For this reason, the court has a duty to offer as sophisticated and friendly a settlement process and atmosphere as possible. However, knowing that judges will still be required to resolve these difficult cases because they often seem impervious to settlement, the article offers thirty‐six factors that a court should consider in all move‐away cases. By relying on each of these factors that is relevant to the case, the parents will have an understanding of why the decision was made the way it was and it will also allow for effective appellate review.
MAXIMUM COMPONENTS INTEGRATION FOR IMAGE PROCESSING: AN APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND FOR DETECTION OF SMALL OBJECTS IN CONTAINERS
Authors: ZHAO BOSEN , BASIR OTMAN A. , MITTAL GAURI S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Detection of small objects, those that lie on the bottom or stick to the wall of containers, constitutes a challenging issue for ultrasonic detection techniques. This is because echo signals from the object are fused with that of the inner surface of the container when subjected to ultrasound scanning. This study proposes a maximum component integration method based on the short‐time Fourier transform algorithm to detect these objects. Experiments were conducted using glass fragments of about 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 to test the proposed method. Compared with other signal‐processing methods (statistical calculations, backscattered amplitude integral and maximum frequency calculation), this method is able to make selective and full use of multiecho information, and hence demonstrated to have improved detection ability to the extent that it can detect small glass fragments contained inside glass containers. Principles are introduced for choosing the optimized WINDOW size and signal size to be processed when applying this method.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN SINGLE‐SCREW EXTRUSION PROCESSING OF FULL FAT AFRICAN BREADFRUIT (TRECULIA AFRICANA) BLENDS
Authors: NWABUEZE TITUS UGOCHUKWU , IWE MADUEBIBISI OFO 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Full fat African breadfruit, corn and defatted soy blends with moisture content range of 6.20–7.50% (wet basis) were extruded in a single‐screw Brabender laboratory extruder (DCE 330, Brabender Instruments Inc., South Hackensack, NJ) at varying independent process variables of feed composition (fc), feed moisture (fm) and screw speed. A central composite design was employed to study the effects of these variables and extrusion cooking on several quality characteristics of the center point blend, and energy input as torque and specific mechanical energy (SME). SME is relevant in that the more the energy applied, the greater the degradation of starch while torque is directly correlated with power usage. Extrusion cooking significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected bulk density, water absorption, water solubility and nitrogen solubility indices. Torque and SME ranged from 4.00 to 8.50 N·m and 216 to 376 kJ/kg, respectively. Regression analysis of data generated of experimental data showed that fc had significant (P ≤ 0.05) quadratic effect on both energy measurements. Screw speed and fm showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) linear effects on SME while screw speed alone showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) linear effect on torque. At 160‐rpm screw speed and 85% fc, the torque value was maximum (8.50 N·m). Maximum SME value of 376.72 kJ/kg was obtained at 85% fc, 24% fm and 120‐rpm screw speed. Economically, therefore, extruded products made from blends of breadfruit, corn and soy flours will require lower extruder power usage given the fat and fm levels. Findings of this research might be useful to processors for better process control and optimal energy utilization when extruding these or related blends in a single‐screw extruder.
KINETICS OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WHEAT MILLING BY‐PRODUCTS
Authors: NEVES MARCOS ANTONIO DAS , SHIMIZU NAOTO , KIMURA TOSHINORI , SHIIBA KIWAMU 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT An overview of the potential application of wheat milling by‐products as substrate for bioethanol production is presented. In order to select a suitable microorganism, model fermentations were conducted using glucose and dry baker's yeast. The overall ethanol yield was nearly stable (ca. 0.35 g/g), independent of mash glucose concentration; mashes with 100 g glucose/L resulted in an overall ethanol productivity of 3.48 g/L·h. Slurries containing low‐grade wheat flour (LG) (100, 200 or 300 g/L) were used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Zymomonas mobilis. Fermentation performance was evaluated based on ethanol concentration (P), productivity (Qv), yield (YP/S), production rate (Qp) and glucose consumption rate (Qs). Mashes containing 200 g LG/L produced about 52 g ethanol/L, with Qvof 2.17 g/L·h. Based on the relatively high fermentation rate of LG, reaching peak ethanol productivity within ca. 9 h of SSF, considerable savings on fermentation time was achieved. Using Z. mobilis for LG fermentation, P was about 30% higher than that obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
HIGH‐PRESSURE DESTRUCTION KINETICS OF SPOILAGE AND PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN RAW MILK CHEESE
Authors: SHAO Y. , RAMASWAMY H.S. , ZHU S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Raw milk cheese samples were individually inoculated with Escherichia coli K‐12, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, and subjected to high‐pressure (HP) treatments (200–400 MPa) in both pressure hold and pressure pulse modes. Pressure inactivation of E. coli K‐12 at 350 MPa (5 min) at different temperatures demonstrated a strong temperature effect when temperature was 40C and above. Pressure destruction kinetics and pressure sensitivity were evaluated at 25C (where the temperature effect was minimal). HP treatment generally demonstrated a step‐change pressure pulse effect followed by a holding time destruction that was well described by a first‐order model (R2 > 0.90) with higher pressures resulting in a faster rate of microbial reduction (smaller D values). The associated D values at an intermediate pressure of 300 MPa were 4.4, 14.5 and 3.6 min for E. coli K‐12, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with E. coli O157:H7 thus demonstrating a higher‐pressure resistance than the other two. The corresponding pressure zp values were 156, 128 and 82 MPa, and ΔV≠(Arrhenius volume change of activation) values were −3.6, −4.4 and −7.0 (×10−5 m3/mole), respectively. Pulse mode treatments showed similar pressure resistance trends to pressure hold mode, but were not effective for E. coli O157:H7.
THE FOULING AND CLEANING OF ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES DURING THE FILTRATION OF MODEL TEA COMPONENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: WU DAN , BIRD MICHAEL R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Proteins and polyphenols are the principal fouling constituents in the ultrafiltration (UF) of black tea liquor. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of individual components in the fouling process, to investigate any synergetic interactions that were occurring and to compare the cleaning characteristics of different fouled membranes. A 30‐kD molecular weight cutoff polysulfone UF membrane in dead‐end mode was challenged with model solutions of tea components. Model solutions consisted of tea proteins, theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins and caffeine. Sodium hydroxide was used as a cleaning reagent. Permeate flux decline curves were presented for single components and mixtures. Individual component transfer fluxes and rejections were also presented. An unexpected finding was that protein in a mixture with TFs could permeate the membrane to a degree, while a protein solution in the absence of the polyphenol was completely rejected. The inspection of membranes fouled by different solutions revealed different foulant morphologies. Membrane cleaning with 0.2 wt % sodium hydroxide was generally found to be effective.
Comparison between measured and calculated dynamic wedge dose distributions using the anisotropic analytic algorithm and pencil‐beam convolution
Authors: Caprile Paola , Venencia Carlos Daniel , Besa Pelayo 
Published: June 2007

We used the two available calculation algorithms of the Varian Eclipse 7.3 three‐dimensional (3D) treatment planning system (TPS), the anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) and pencil‐beam convolution (PBC), to compare measured and calculated two‐dimensional enhanced dynamic wedge (2D EDW) dose distributions, plus implementation of the dynamic wedge into the TPS. Measurements were carried out for a 6‐MV photon beam produced with a Clinac 2300C/D linear accelerator equipped with EDW, using ionization chambers for beam axis measurements and films for dose distributions. Using both algorithms, the calculations were performed by the TPS for symmetric square fields in a perpendicular configuration. Accuracy of the TPS was evaluated using a gamma index, allowing 3% dose variation and 3 mm distance to agreement (DTA) as the individual acceptance criteria. Beam axis wedge factors and percentage depth dose calculation were within 1% deviation between calculated and measured values. In the non‐wedged direction, profiles exhibit variations lower than 2% of dose or 2 mm DTA. In the wedge direction, both algorithms reproduced the measured profiles within the acceptance criteria up to 30 degrees EDW. With larger wedge angles, the difference increased to 3%. The gamma distribution showed that, for field sizes of cm or larger, using an EDW of 45 or 60 degrees, the field corners and the high‐dose region of the distribution are not well modeled by PBC. For a cm field, using a 60‐degree EDW and PBC for calculation, the percentage of pixels that do not reach the acceptance criteria is 28.5%; but, using the AAA for the same conditions, this percentage is only 0.48% of the total distribution. Therefore, PBC is not reliable for planning a treatment when using a 60‐degree EDW for large field sizes. In all the cases, AAA models wedged dose distributions more accurately than PBC did.PACS numbers: 87.53.Bn, 87.53.Dq, 87.53.Kn
Molecular Characterization and Distribution of Genes Encoding Members of the Type III Effector NleA Family among Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains
Authors: Creuzburg Kristina , Schmidt Herbert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of the previously described gene
nleA
4795
and variants of
nleA
, putatively encoding non-locus-of-enterocyte-effacement-encoded type III effector proteins with functions that are unknown.
nleA
variants were detected in 150 out of 170 enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
strains and enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
strains, two of them being
eae
negative. Besides the known variants
nleA
4795
, Z6024, and the
espI
-like gene, 11 novel
nleA
variants with different lengths and sequence identities at the deduced amino acid level (between 71% and 96%) have been identified. Whereas most of the serogroups associated with more severe disease were quite homogenous with respect to the presence of a particular
nleA
variant, other serogroups were not. Moreover, Southern blot hybridization revealed that certain strains carry two copies of
nleA
in their chromosome, frequently encoding different variants. In most cases, the open reading frame of one of the copies was disrupted, usually by an insertion element. Furthermore, transmission of the type III effector-encoding gene could be shown by transduction of
nleA
-carrying bacteriophages to a laboratory
E. coli
strain.
Assessment of
Candida glabrata
Strain Relatedness by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing
Authors: Lin Chi-Yang , Chen Yee-Chun , Lo Hsiu-Jung , Chen Kuo-Wei , Li Shu-Ying 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

In this study, 80
Candida glabrata
isolates from intensive care unit and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and mating type class determination. Among the 25 patients with multiple isolates, 19 patients (76%) contained multiple isolates exhibiting identical or highly related PFGE and MLST genotypes, which may indicate the maintenance or microvariation of one
C. glabrata
strain in each patient. However, isolates from six patients (24%) displayed different sequence types, PFGE genotypes, or mating type classes, which may indicate colonization with more than one clone over time or strain replacement. High correlations among PFGE genotypes, sequence types, and mating types were found (
P
< 0.01). MLST exhibited less discriminatory power than PFGE with BssHII. The genotypes, sequence types, and mating type classes were independent of anatomic sources, drug susceptibility, and HIV infection status.
Measles Virus-Specific CD4 T-Cell Activity Does Not Correlate with Protection against Lung Infection or Viral Clearance
Authors: Pueschel Karen , Tietz Annette , Carsillo Mary , Steward Michael , Niewiesk Stefan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
Acute measles in children can be prevented by immunization with the live attenuated measles vaccine virus. Although immunization is able to induce CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies, only the latter have been correlated with protective immunity. CD8 T cells, however, have been documented to be important in viral clearance in the respiratory tract, whereas CD4 T cells have been shown to be protective in a mouse encephalitis model. In order to investigate the CD4 T-cell response in infection of the respiratory tract, we have defined a T-cell epitope in the hemagglutinin (H) protein for immunization and developed a monoclonal antibody for depletion of CD4 T cells in the cotton rat model. Although the kinetics of CD4 T-cell development correlated with clearance of virus, the depletion of CD4 T cells during the primary infection did not influence viral titers in lung tissue. Immunization with the H epitope induced a CD4 T-cell response but did not protect against infection. Immunization in the presence of maternal antibodies resulted in the development of a CD4 T-cell response which (in the absence of neutralizing antibodies) did not protect against infection. In summary, CD4 T cells do not seem to protect against infection after immunization and do not participate in clearance of virus infection from lung tissue during measles virus infection. We speculate that the major role of CD4 T cells is to control and clear virus infection from other affected organs like the brain.
The Amino Terminus of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Glycoprotein E Is Required for Binding to Insulin-Degrading Enzyme, a VZV Receptor
Authors: Li Qingxue , Krogmann Tammy , Ali Mir A. , Tang Wei-Jen , Cohen Jeffrey I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) is required for VZV infection. Although gE is well conserved among alphaherpesviruses, the amino terminus of VZV gE is unique. Previously, we showed that gE interacts with insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and facilitates VZV infection and cell-to-cell spread of the virus. Here we define the region of VZV gE required to bind IDE. Deletion of amino acids 32 to 71 of gE, located immediately after the predicted signal peptide, resulted in loss of the ability of gE to bind IDE. A synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 24 to 50 of gE blocked its interaction with IDE in a concentration-dependent manner. However, a chimeric gE in which amino acids 1 to 71 of VZV gE were fused to amino acids 30 to 545 of herpes simplex virus type 2 gE did not show an increased level of binding to IDE compared with that of full-length HSV gE. Thus, amino acids 24 to 71 of gE are required for IDE binding, and the secondary structure of gE is critical for the interaction. VZV gE also forms a heterodimer with glycoprotein gI. Deletion of amino acids 163 to 208 of gE severely reduced its ability to form a complex with gI. The amino portion of IDE, as well an IDE mutant in the catalytic domain of the protein, bound to gE. Therefore, distinct motifs of VZV gE are important for binding to IDE or to gI.
Reversible Inhibition of the Fusion Activity of Measles Virus F Protein by an Engineered Intersubunit Disulfide Bridge
Authors: Lee Jin K. , Prussia Andrew , Snyder James P. , Plemper Richard K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
In search of target sites for the development of paramyxovirus inhibitors, we have engineered disulfide bridges to introduce covalent links into the prefusion F protein trimer of measles virus. F-Edm-452C/460C, predicted to bridge head and stalk domains of different F monomers, shows a high degree of proteolytic maturation and surface expression, predominantly as stable, dithiothreitol-sensitive trimers, but no fusion activity. Reduction of disulfide bridges partially restores activity. These findings underscore the importance of reversible intersubunit interactions between the stalk and head domains for F activity. Noncovalent small molecules mimicking this behavior may constitute a potent strategy for preventing paramyxovirus entry.
N-Linked Glycosylation Attenuates H3N2 Influenza Viruses
Authors: Vigerust David J. , Ulett Kimberly B. , Boyd Kelli L. , Madsen Jens , Hawgood Samuel , McCullers Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
Over the last four decades, H3N2 subtype influenza A viruses have gradually acquired additional potential sites for glycosylation within the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Here, we have examined the biological effect of additional glycosylation on the virulence of H3N2 influenza viruses. We created otherwise isogenic reassortant viruses by site-directed mutagenesis that contain additional potential sites for glycosylation and examined the effect on virulence in naïve BALB/c, C57BL/6, and surfactant protein D (SP-D)-deficient mice. The introduction of additional sites was consistent with the sequence of acquisition in the globular head over the past 40 years, beginning with two sites in 1968 to the seven sites found in contemporary influenza viruses circulating in 2000. Decreased morbidity and mortality, as well as lower viral lung titers, were seen in mice as the level of potential glycosylation of the viruses increased. This correlated with decreased evidence of virus-mediated lung damage and increased in vitro inhibition of hemagglutination by SP-D. SP-D-deficient animals displayed an inverse pattern of disease, such that more highly glycosylated viruses elicited disease equivalent to or exceeding that of the wild type. We conclude from these data that increased glycosylation of influenza viruses results in decreased virulence, which is at least partly mediated by SP-D-induced clearance from the lung. The continued exploration of interactions between highly glycosylated viruses and surfactant proteins may lead to an improved understanding of the biology within the lung and strategies for viral control.
Equivalent Clinical Results of Arthroscopic Single-Row and Double-Row Suture Anchor Repair for Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Ruzzini Laura , Longo Umile Giuseppe , Martina Francesca Maria , Beomonte Zobel Bruno , Maffulli Nicola , Denaro Vincenzo 
Published: June 2007

Background Restoring the anatomical footprint may improve the healing and mechanical strength of repaired tendons. A double row of suture anchors increases the tendon-bone contact area, reconstituting a more anatomical configuration of the rotator cuff footprint. Hypothesis There is no difference in clinical and imaging outcome between single-row and double-row suture anchor technique repairs of rotator cuff tears. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods The authors recruited 60 patients. In 30 patients, rotator cuff repair was performed with a single-row suture anchor technique (group 1). In the other 30 patients, rotator cuff repair was performed with a double-row suture anchor technique (group 2). Results Eight patients (4 in the single-row anchor repair group and 4 in the double-row anchor repair group) did not return at the final follow-up. At the 2-year follow-up, no statistically significant differences were seen with respect to the University of California, Los Angeles score and range of motion values. At 2-year follow-up, postoperative magnetic resonance arthrography in group 1 showed intact tendons in 14 patients, partial-thickness defects in 10 patients, and full-thickness defects in 2 patients. In group 2, magnetic resonance arthrography showed an intact rotator cuff in 18 patients, partial-thickness defects in 7 patients, and full-thickness defects in 1 patient. Conclusion Single- and double-row techniques provide comparable clinical outcome at 2 years. A double-row technique produces a mechanically superior construct compared with the single-row method in restoring the anatomical footprint of the rotator cuff, but these mechanical advantages do not translate into superior clinical performance.