bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of low‐discrepancy point sets of small size
Authors: Gnewuch Michael 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe report on recently developed algorithms that construct small point sets in the d ‐dimensional unit cube whose star discrepancies satisfy good and meaningful bounds. These bounds are proved by probabilistic arguments and the algorithms derandomize the corresponding underlying random experiment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hybrid method for the chemical master equation
Authors: Ferm Lars , Hellander Andreas , Lötstedt Per 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn order to make the solution of the chemical master equation computationally tractable, it is approximated in two different ways: The first two moments of the probability density function are computed or a macroscopic description is coupled to the master equation. In this way the computational complexity is reduced from exponential to polynomial growth of the work in the number of reacting chemical species and the dimension of the problem is lowered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assimilation of Lagrangian data in oceanography
Authors: Nodet Maëlle 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWithin the framework of Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE), an increasing amount of data are available. A crucial issue for oceanographers is to exploit at best these observations, in order to improve models, climatology, forecasts, etc. Thanks to the international program Argo and to more localized experiments, a new type of data is now available: positions of floats drifting at depth in the ocean. Unlike other data, mainly Eulerian, these ones are Lagrangian: the measuring instrument move in the flow. I will briefly described methods about 4D‐Var assimilation of Lagrangian data in the OPAVAR ocean model, and show some results assessing the complementarity with temperature data. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strategies for shotgun identification of integral membrane proteins by tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lu Bingwen , McClatchy Daniel B. , Kim Jin Young , Yates John R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntegral membrane proteins (IMPs) are difficult to identify, mainly for two reasons: the hydrophobicity of IMPs and their low abundance. Sample preparation is a key component in the large‐scale identification of IMPs. In this review, we survey strategies for shotgun identification of IMPs by MS/MS. We will discuss enrichment, solubilization, separation, and digestion of IMPs, and data analysis for membrane proteomics.
n‐type silicon solar cells with surface‐passivated screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed rear emitter
Authors: Bock Robert , Schmidt Jan , Brendel Rolf 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAluminium‐doped p‐type (Al‐p+) silicon emitters fabricated by means of a simple screen‐printing process are effectively passivated by plasma‐enhanced chemical‐vapour deposited amorphous silicon (a‐Si). We measure an emitter saturation current density of only 246 fA/cm2, which is the lowest value achieved so far for a simple screen‐printed Al‐p+ emitter on silicon. In order to demonstrate the applicability of this easy‐to‐fabricate p+ emitter to high‐efficiency silicon solar cells, we implement our passivated p+ emitter into an n+np+ solar cell structure. An independently confirmed conversion efficiency of 19.7% is achieved using n‐type phosphorus‐doped Czochralski‐grown silicon as bulk material, clearly demonstrating the high‐efficiency potential of the newly developed a‐Si passivated Al‐p+ emitter. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scientists' teaching orientations in the context of teacher professional development
Authors: Schuster Dwight A. , Carlsen William S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDuring the past decade science educators have taken steps to identify seminal structures and approaches of science teacher professional development. This literature, which is increasingly informing how and in which contexts professional developers design and implement programs, states that scientists' divergent research interests and knowledge about K‐12 science teachers often limit their involvement in these programs. Conversely, concerns persist that there is very little empirical evidence to support these programmatic recommendations made by the science education literature. This embedded case study was bounded by the contextual similarities between seven professional development workshops with the goal of examining the relationship between scientists' views of teachers as professionals and the pedagogical orientations that the scientists used within these professional development contexts. Multiple methods were employed including systematic classroom observation by nine trained observers, as well as analysis of course materials, interviews, and questionnaires. Altogether, the teacher comments and observation data paint a picture of how the instructors implemented specific pedagogical orientations. Participants appear to have realistic views about the practical roles that research scientists can play in professional development. We explore how these findings merit attention and suggest alternatives to current practice and policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:635–655, 2009
Effective service delivery and group management in integrated terrestrial‐HAP systems for multicast communications
Authors: Araniti Giuseppe , Iera Antonio , Molinaro Antonella 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMulticast service delivery can be easily guaranteed to users in disadvantaged areas by effectively integrating HAPs (High Altitude Platforms) into the terrestrial cellular system. HAPs are meant to be as unmanned aerial vehicles, airships or aircrafts, which remain relatively stationary in the stratosphere at short distance from Earth compared to satellites. In the scientific literature, there is evidence of the effectiveness of a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems) system augmented by the presence of HAPs, which are equipped with UMTS payloads and play the role of additional base stations. This integrated terrestrial‐space platform intrinsically fits the exigencies of rural and emergency scenarios, which are characterized by network resource scarcity, due to either geographical reasons (such as in rural areas) or to temporary resource over‐utilization/reduction (due to emergency status). In this paper, the focus is on the delivery of Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS) in the reference integrated architecture. Main objectives are designing resource allocation policies to manage multicast groups between space and terrestrial coverages, and analysing their feasibility and performances in terms of offered grade of service. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the performance anomaly in WiMAX networks
Authors: Detti Andrea , Loreti Pierpaolo , Pomposini Remo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe WiMAX system carries a wide range of services in urban and rural environments supporting quality of service. A key element of the QoS framework is the scheduling algorithm adopted by the Base Station (BS). In this paper, we analyze the saturation throughput perceived by Mobile Stations in the cases of two BS scheduling algorithms: Deficit Round Robin (DRR) and time‐based DRR. We demonstrate that the WiFi issue of ‘Performance Anomaly’ also occurs in WiMAX networks: when the BS uses scheduling approaches aimed at achieving throughput‐fairness, like DRR. Performance Anomaly means that when some Mobile Stations (MSs) use a very low bit rate, the throughput of MSs with a high bit rate is dramatically degraded. We propose time‐based DRR as a viable solution to remove the Performance Anomaly. Time‐based DRR is a simple modification of the DRR algorithm that achieves time‐fairness. Its implementation is feasible in WiMAX. The analysis is carried out by means of analytical models supported by NS2 simulations. Two scenarios are considered: the first is suitably set up to highlight and understand the phenomenon of Performance Anomaly; the second examines the impact of Performance Anomaly on a system level focusing on a rural environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic rendezvous‐based architectures for emergency data dissemination
Authors: Seada Karim , Helmy Ahmed 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCommunication and information dissemination in times of disasters could have a critical role in aiding the emergency personnel and saving lives. Unfortunately, regular communication becomes more challenging at these times, as the infrastructure might be damaged or overloaded, and the requirements for communication (e.g., response time, capacity) becomes highly critical. Ad‐hoc networks forming between wireless devices have always been considered as a promising technology at disaster recovery situations. In this paper, we examine the need for efficient and robust information dissemination mechanisms on top of infrastructure‐less ad‐hoc networks. We argue that distributed rendezvous‐based approaches are more promising for emergency data dissemination than approaches based on network flooding or centralized storage. We present the design of a geographic rendezvous‐based architecture and evaluate its performance in detail against other variants and traditional approaches. The study shows its efficiency, high success rate in delivering data, and its robustness to failures and mobility; characteristics highly valuable at emergency situations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary corticosteroid excretion patterns in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
Authors: Bennett Cynthia , Fripp Deborah , Othen Leanne , Jarsky Tim , French Jeffrey , Loskutoff Naida 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStress is known to alter a variety of biological processes, including behavior and reproduction. It is therefore important to understand the stress levels of animals in captivity, especially those for whom captive breeding is a priority, such as the okapi. Levels of stress hormones can be measured from samples collected noninvasively, such as urine or feces, which are preferable with nondomestic species for whom drawing blood might in itself be a considerable stressor. To understand the excretion of cortisol in urine in the okapi, four (1.3) animals were subject to three injections: saline, 200 IU of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogue, and 300 IU of the analogue. Their 24‐hr urinary corticosteroid levels were compared with 4 baseline days. Injection with the ACTH analogue significantly increased the urinary corticosteroid levels compared with saline injections and baseline. Eight (3.5) okapi were then observed for 24 hr per day for 5 days to determine their normal patterns of corticosteroid production. The mean corticosteroid levels varied significantly by individual. A significant circadian pattern in urinary corticosteroid was apparent independent of individual or gender, with cortisol rising during the daylight hours and decreasing again at night. Zoo Biol 27:381–393, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bivalvulidan (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasites of damselfishes with description of twelve novel species from Australia's Great Barrier Reef
Authors: GUNTER N. L. , ADLARD R. D. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYBivalvulidan parasites from the gall bladder of 31 species of damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) were examined for their taxonomic identity and their relatedness to other species of myxozoans. This paper describes 11 novel ceratomyxid species and a novel Myxidium sp. Each species is characterized morphologically and small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Five pomacentrid species were found to harbour multiple infections of bivalvulidan species. One species of Ceratomyxa and Myxidium were found to infect more than a single species of damselfish. Phylogenetic analyses revealed there has been no radiation of ceratomyxids that can be associated with the fish host taxon and that Myxidium queenslandicus n.sp. was more closely related to Zschokkella mugilis and Ellipsomyxa gobii than other members of the genus Myxidium.
From Labour to Capital: Intra-Village Inequality in Rural China, 1988–2006
Authors: Yingying Zhou , Hua Han , Harrell Stevan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEconomic inequality has increased greatly in China since the end of state socialist industry and collective agriculture, but the story of inequality is much more complex than just the rural–urban and coastal–inland dichotomies or the relative contributions of inter-regional and intra-regional inequality. Even within inland rural areas, inequality between villages and within villages has also increased greatly. In 2005–06, we were fortunate to be able to work with the Sichuan Nationalities Research Institute to re-survey 90 per cent of 300 families in three villages that we had originally surveyed in 1988. On the basis of these surveys and of ethnographic information, we found that income inequality had increased quite dramatically in all three villages. In structural terms, the primary reason for this increase was the shift from labour power to small-scale capital as the primary source of family income, a shift that occurred differently in each village.
Retreat from Equality or Advance towards Efficiency? Land Markets and Inequality in Rural Zhejiang
Authors: Zhang Qian Forrest 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBased on a 2001 survey, this study finds increased disparities in land distribution in rural Zhejiang. Regression analyses yield three main findings. First, increased disparities in land distribution are associated with growth of land markets. Second, rural households who acquired land through markets significantly increased their farm income. Land markets thus gave rise to a new venue of income generation and increased inequality in farm income. Widening disparities in land rights and farm income, however, did not constitute a further retreat from equality, but instead had compensatory effects on overall inequality, as land markets brought up families who would have fallen at the lower end of income distribution in the absence of such markets. Third, land markets increased efficiency in farming, as households who acquired land were using it more productively. In rural Zhejiang, growth of land markets broadened access to market opportunities and enhanced both efficiency and equity.
Danwei Profitability and Earnings Inequality in Urban China
Authors: Xie Yu , Wu Xiaogang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPrior research has debated the relative importance of such factors as human capital, political capital and region in determining workers' earnings in reform-era urban China. This article argues that a main agent of social stratification in contemporary China continues to be the danwei, the work unit. Using data from a 1999 survey we conducted in three large Chinese cities, Wuhan, Shanghai and Xi'an, we assess the extent to which workers' earnings (including regular wages, bonuses and subsidies) depend on the profitability of their danwei. Results show that the financial situation of the danwei is one of the most important determinants of earnings in today's urban China. Furthermore, the importance of danwei profitability does not vary by city or by employment sector.
Is China Abolishing the Hukou System?
Authors: Wing Chan Kam , Buckingham Will 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn recent years, China has instituted a variety of reforms to its hukou system, an institution with the power to restrict population mobility and access to state-sponsored benefits for the majority of China's rural population. A wave of newspaper stories published in late 2005 understood the latest round of reform initiatives to suggest that the hukou is set to be abolished, and that rural residents will soon be “granted urban rights.” This article clarifies the basic operations of the hukou system in light of recent reforms to examine the validity of these claims. We point out that confusion over the functional operations of the hukou system and the nuances of the hukou lexicon have contributed to the overstated interpretation of the initiative. The cumulative effect of these reforms is not abolition of the hukou, but devolution of responsibility for hukou policies to local governments, which in many cases actually makes permanent migration of peasants to cities harder than before. At the broader level, the hukou system, as a major divide between the rural and urban population, remains potent and intact.
When Communist Party Candidates Can Lose, Who Wins? Assessing the Role of Local People's Congresses in the Selection of Leaders in China
Authors: Manion Melanie 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article draws on Party and government documents, Chinese-language books and articles, interviews and firsthand observation, and electoral outcome data to contribute to the emerging literature on the changing role of people's congresses in mainland China. It focuses on the crucially important but neglected relationship between local congresses and local Communist Party committees in the selection of congress and government leaders. It analyses the 1995 reforms to Party regulations and the law, which resulted in electoral losses of more than 17,000 Communist Party candidates in the first set of elections after 1995. It concludes that the reforms created the conditions for local congress delegates to matter – and delegates responded. More broadly, it concludes that congressional assertiveness has significant (although not radical) implications for the relationship between the congresses and Party committees. The winners in the broader (not narrowly electoral) sense of the term are both the congresses and the ruling Communist Party, strengthened as an organization with selection of leaders opened up to more players.
China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Stähle Stefan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhile China has been portrayed as a reluctant supporter of UN peacekeeping in the past, it has voted in favour of every newly established UN peacekeeping operation since the beginning of the new millennium. Previous studies of China's behaviour in UN peacekeeping explained this phenomenon primarily with recent shifts in its foreign and security policy rather than with changes in UN peacekeeping itself. This article analyses China's voting behaviour in the UN Security Council on peacekeeping resolutions in the context of the evolving concepts of UN peacekeeping. It argues that China's recent enthusiasm for these missions is the result of two developments. On the one hand, Beijing was able to reinterpret its understanding of UN peacekeeping after its experience in the 1990s, especially with regard to the use of force; while on the other hand, the way UN peacekeeping missions are conducted was reformed after the Brahimi Report in 2000, which made UN peacekeeping more agreeable to the China.
The Political Economy of Land Reform in China's “Newly Liberated Areas”: Evidence from Wuxi County
Authors: Kai-Sing Kung James 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA farm survey conducted in Wuxi county in the 1950s found that the Chinese Communist Party had successfully “preserved the rich peasant economy” in the “newly liberated areas”: the landlords were indeed the only social class whose properties had been redistributed, yet without compromising on the magnitude of benefits received by the poor peasants. A higher land inequality in that region, coupled with an inter-village transfer of land, allowed these dual goals to be achieved. Our study further reveals that class status was determined both by the amount of land a household owned and whether it had committed certain “exploitative acts,” which explains why some landlords did not own a vast amount of land. Conversely, it was the amount of land owned, not class status, that determined redistributive entitlements, which was why 15 per cent of the poor peasants and half of the middle peasants were not redistributed any land.
Enter the Dragon? Chinese Oil Companies & Resistance in the Niger Delta
Authors: Obi Cyril 
                      I. 
Published: September 2008

This article explores the ramifications of the entry of Chinese state oil companies into the volatile Niger Delta for the politics of local resistance in the region ‐ until recently, virtually the preserve of Western oil multinationals and smaller Independents. The entry of Chinese oil companies in the context of a ‘new’ scramble for Africa's resources, and as a response to strategic moves by the Nigerian petro‐state and ruling elite to increase oil revenues, and diversify its near‐total dependence on Western actors, oil technology, markets and conditionalities, has drawn a quick response from the local communities in the Niger Delta. On 29 April 2006, an Ijaw youth militia, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), exploded a car bomb in the city of Warri, warning the Chinese oil companies to stay away from the Niger Delta, and further threatening that they would be treated as ‘thieves’ and attacked. Since then, there have been reports of the kidnapping and subsequent release of some Chinese oil workers in the region.
What is the potential impact of the entry of Chinese oil capital on the fragile oil environment and the human rights situation in this volatile oil‐rich region? Does the existing evidence suggest a fundamental difference in local responses to Chinese and Western oil capital in the Niger Delta? What explanations can be advanced for the local response to the entry of Chinese oil companies in the Niger Delta? The paper also analyzes the likely response of the Chinese oil companies to the perceived threat(s) that local resistance in the Niger Delta could pose to their extractive, profit and energy security interests, given their antecedents in other African new oil states, particularly Sudan, where Chinese companies or Chinese oil workers were targeted by rebels, and were deeply involved with the state and dominant elite in mining oil and repressing local resistance. This assumes further significance in the securitization of the Niger Delta's oil within the context of a post‐9/11 US‐led (militarised) energy security paradigm that has placed the region in the context of an energy‐rich Gulf of Guinea, which is central to Western global strategic interests. While demonstrating that a clear anti‐Chinese oil position does not as yet exist in the Niger Delta, the article critically examines the prospects for the future of the forces and trajectories of local resistance in the Niger Delta.
The Schenker Project
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractToday we think of Heinrich Schenker, who lived in Vienna from 1884 until his death in 1935, as the most influential music theorist of the 20th century. But he saw his theoretical writings as part of a comprehensive project for the reform of musical composition, performance, criticism, and education — and beyond that, as addressing fundamental cultural, social, and political problems of the deeply troubled age in which he lived. This book aims at an understanding of Schenker's project through reading his key works within a series of period contexts. These include music criticism, the field in which Schenker first made his name; Viennese modernism, particularly the debate over architectural ornamentation; German cultural conservatism, which is the source of many of Schenker's most deeply entrenched values; and Schenker's own position as a Galician Jew who came to Vienna just as traditional anti-semitism was becoming fully racialized. As well as presenting an unfamiliar perspective on the cultural and political ferment of fin-de-siècle Vienna, this approach reveals how deeply the social and political were thought into Schenker's theory. It also raises issues concerning the meaning and value of music theory, and the extent to which today's music-theoretical agenda unwittingly reflects the values and concerns of a very different world.