bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of subtotal thyroidectomy in the management of the follicular neoplasm of the thyroid
Authors: De Souza F. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractClinically apparent thyroid nodules affect 4% to 7% of the population in North America. Malignant neoplasms of the thyroid comprise only about 1% of all cancers and are found in only 20% of patients undergoing thyroid surgery for suspected thyroid carcinoma. A follicular neoplasm of the thyroid is the most common histologic finding. During surgery, using frozen‐section techniques, it is often difficult to distinguish between a benign and malignant lesion. The diagnosis may be deferred following intraoperative frozen‐section examination of tissue or changed on evaluation of embedded tissue.In this series of 1224 thyroidectomies from 1976 to 1990, the pathology data from thyroidectomy surgical specimens submitted to tissue analysis were evaluated. It was found that subtotal thyroidectomy was effective in the management of the follicular neoplasm. This approach significantly reduced the morbidity and complications of patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
Facial nerve dysfunction in osteopetrosis
Authors: Benecke James E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen facial nerve dysfunction occurs in conjunction with one of the rare temporal bone dysplasias, the physician faces a therapeutic dilemma. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the management of facial paralysis or facial spasm under these circumstances.During the past 2 years, four patients were seen with forms of osteopetroses and neurotologic symptoms. A patient with malignant, recessive osteopetrosis and a patient with Engelmann's disease were surgically managed for facial paralysis and facial spasm. The outcome of the treatment is discussed as well as the available literature on this subject. A new complication of facial nerve decompression in children with osteopetrosis is described, as well as appropriate caveats in the management of facial nerve disorders in the osteopetroses.
Prognostic significance of sinus histiocytosis in metastatic laryngeal cancer
Authors: Patt Bradford S. , Close Lanny G. , Vuitch Frank 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA histopathologic analysis of regional lymph node specimens in 48 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was performed to determine which parameters, if any, correlated with 3‐year patient survival. The presence of sinus histiocytosis in lymph nodes containing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was statistically related to survival (P<.007). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent significance of this variable compared to tumor stage, nodal status, and extracapsular spread from lymph nodes.Previous studies have linked improved survival with an active immunologic response in head and neck cancer patients. However, few studies have examined a homogeneous group of patients who all underwent the same type of treatment. This study's findings support the concept that an active immunologic response in lymph nodes has prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.
Lentigo maligna melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Johns Langford F. P. , Fisher Samuel R. , Molter David W. , Seigler Hilliard F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHistorically, lentigo maligna melanoma has been considered a “favorable” histological type of melanoma, and treatment by wide local excision was considered curative. A retrospective multivariate analysis of 143 head and neck patients with stage I lentigo maligna melanoma was performed from a database of 1067 head and neck patients followed at Duke Medical Center. Fifty‐six percent of all lentigo maligna melanomas presented with lesions deeper than 0.76 mm, and 8% presented with stage II or III disease. Recurrent disease occurred in 45% of stage I patients, with a 5‐year disease‐free interval of 6 years and a median survival time of 10 years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated no significant difference in disease‐free interval or survival by histological subtype. The data suggest that treatment should be based on tumor thickness and not histologic subtype.
Complications of laryngeal framework surgery (phonosurgery)
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. , Wanamaker John , Trott Martin , Hicks Douglas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe rising popularity of surgery involving the laryngeal framework (surgical medialization of immobile vocal folds, vocal fold tightening, pitch variation, etc.) has resulted in increasing case experience. Little has appeared in the literature regarding complications or long‐term results of this type of surgery. Several years' experience in a major referral center with various types of laryngeal framework surgery has led to a small number of complications. These have included late extrusion of the prosthesis and delayed hemorrhage. A review of these complications and recommendations for modification of technique to minimize them in the future are discussed.
Prognostic value of histopathological parameters in 51 supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: De Guzmán R. Barona , Martorell M. A. , Basterra J. , Armengot M. , Alvarez‐Valdés R. , Garin L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe prognosis for supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas is difficult to establish. A study of 19 histopathological parameters (14 from the primary tumor and 5 from the lymph node metastases) was undertaken in 51 supraglottic epidermoid carcinomas. All patients were subjected to supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy with bilateral functional neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy. A discriminant analysis was performed to relate the different histopathological variables to 5‐year survival. Capsule rupture and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were the only two parameters significantly related to survival (P <.01). Histopathology (in particular, lymph node metastases) proved more effective in predicting patient evolution than TNM staging.
Rabbit facial nerve regeneration in NGF‐containing silastic tubes
Authors: Spector J. Gershon , Lee Patty , Derby Albert , Frierdich Gregory E. , Neises Gabrielle , Roufa Dikla G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrevious reports suggest that exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) enhanced nerve regeneration in rabbit facial nerves.1 Rabbit facial nerve regeneration in 10‐mm Silastic® tubes prefilled with NGF was compared to cytochrome C (Cyt. C), bridging an 8‐mm nerve gap. Three weeks following implantation, NGF‐treated regenerates exhibited a more mature fascicular organization and more extensive neovascularization than cytochrome‐C‐treated controls. Morphometric analysis at the midtube of 3‐ and 5‐week regenerates revealed no significant difference in the mean number of myelinated or unmyelinated axons between NGF‐ and cytochrome‐C‐treated implants. However, when the number of myelinated fibers in 5‐week regenerates were compared to their respective preoperative controls, NGF‐treated regenerates had recovered a significantly greater percentage of myelinated axons than cytochrome‐C‐treated implants (46% vs. 18%, respectively). In addition, NGF‐containing chambers reinnervated a higher percentage of myelinated axons in the distal transected neural stumps (49% vs. 34%).Behavioral and electrophysiologic studies demonstrated spontaneous and induced activities in the target muscles when approximately one third of the myelinated axons were recovered in the midchamber (1280 axons). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) studies demonstrated retrograde axonal transport to the midchamber and proximal transected neural stump. PC12 bioassay demonstrated persistent NGF activity in the intrachamber fluids at 3 (5:1 dilution) and 5 (2:1 dilution) weeks of entubation. Electrophysiologic tests demonstrated a slow conduction velocity of a propagated electrical impulse (43.5 m/s−1 vs. 67 m/s−1) and shallow wide compound action potential. In wider defects (15‐mm chambers) and longer entubation periods (7 weeks), no regeneration or NGF activity was seen. Therefore, exogenous NGF provides an early but limited neurotrophic effect on the regeneration of the rabbit buccal division of the facial nerve and a limited behavioral and physiological improvement in the target muscles.
The polyfunctional Malay focus particle pun
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This is a study of the usage and semantics of the focus particle pun in contemporary Malay (Bahasa Melayu), the national language of Malaysia. Drawing on a sizeable corpus of naturally occurring textual examples, I propose a small set of semantic explications for pun, within the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework (Wierzbicka 1992, 1996; Goddard 1998). The polyfunctionality of pun, and its diverse range of translation equivalents and effects, is shown to be attributable partly to polysemy and partly to the operation of contextual inference.
Components of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Regulate the Anaphase-Promoting Complex During Meiosis inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Stein Kathryn K , Davis Edward S , Hays Thomas , Golden Andy 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTemperature-sensitive mutations in subunits of the Caenorhabditis elegans anaphase-promoting complex (APC) arrest at metaphase of meiosis I at the restrictive temperature. Embryos depleted of the APC co-activator FZY-1 by RNAi also arrest at this stage. To identify regulators and potential substrates of the APC, we performed a genetic suppressor screen with a weak allele of the APC subunit MAT-3/CDC23/APC8, whose defects are specific to meiosis. Twenty-seven suppressors that resulted in embryonic viability and larval development at the restrictive temperature were isolated. We have identified the molecular lesions in 18 of these suppressors, which correspond to five genes. In addition to a single intragenic suppressor, we found mutations in the APC co-activator fzy-1 and in three spindle assembly checkpoint genes, mdf-1, mdf-2, and mdf-3/san-1, orthologs of Mad1, Mad2, and Mad3, respectively. Reduction-of-function alleles of mdf-2 and mdf-3 suppress APC mutants and exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes in an otherwise wild-type background. Analysis of a single separation-of-function allele of mdf-1 suggests that MDF-1 has a dual role during development. These studies provide evidence that components of the spindle assembly checkpoint may regulate the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in the absence of spindle damage during C. elegans meiosis.
Unexpected High Polymorphism at the FABP4 Gene Unveils a Complex History for Pig Populations
Authors: Ojeda Ana , Rozas Julio , Folch Josep M , Pérez-Enciso Miguel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFatty acid bing protein 4 (FABP4) plays a key role in fat regulation in mammals and is a strong positional candidate gene for the FAT1 quantitative trait locus located on porcine chromosome 4. DNA resequencing of the FABP4 gene region in 23 pigs from 10 breeds and wild boar revealed 134 variants in 6.4 kb, representing a silent nucleotide diversity of πS = 0.01, much higher than reported so far in animal domestic species. Moreover, this diversity was highly structured. Also strikingly, the FABP4 phylogenetic tree did not show any geographical or breed origin clustering, with distant breeds sharing similar haplotypes and some of the most heterozygous samples pertaining to highly inbred animals like Iberian Guadyerbas (inbreeding coefficient ∼0.3) or British Tamworth. In contrast, the cytochrome b (mtDNA) phylogenetic tree was coherent with geographical origin. The estimated age of the most recent common ancestor for the most divergent Iberian or Tamworth haplotypes was much older than domestication. An additional panel of 100 pigs from 8 different breeds and wild boar from Spain, Tunisia, Sardinia, and Japan was genotyped for seven selected single nucleotide polymorphisms and shows that high variability at the porcine FABP4 is the rule rather than the exception. Pig populations, even highly inbred, can maintain high levels of variability for surprisingly long periods of time.
Cytological Visualization of DNA Transposons and Their Transposition Pattern in Somatic Cells of Maize
Authors: Yu Weichang , Lamb Jonathan C , Han Fangpu , Birchler James A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGlobal genomic analysis of transposable element distributions of both natural (En/Spm, Ac–Ds, and MuDR/Mu) and modified (RescueMu) types was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on somatic chromosomes coupled with karyotyping of each chromosome. In lines without an active transposable element, the locations of silent En/Spm, Ac–Ds, and MuDR/Mu elements were visualized, revealing variation in copy number and position among lines but no apparent locational bias. The ability to detect single elements was validated by using previously mapped active Ac elements. Somatic transpositions were documented in plants containing an engineered Mutator element, RescueMu, via use of the karyotyping system. By analyzing the RescueMu lines, we found that transposition of RescueMu in root-tip cells follows the cut-and-paste type of transposition. This work demonstrates the utility of FISH and karyotyping in the study of transposon activity and its consequences.
The Rate, Not the Spectrum, of Base Pair Substitutions Changes at a GC-Content Transition in the Human NF1 Gene Region: Implications for the Evolution of the Mammalian Genome Structure
Authors: Schmegner Claudia , Hoegel Josef , Vogel Walther , Assum Günter 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The human genome is composed of long stretches of DNA with distinct GC contents, called isochores or GC-content domains. A boundary between two GC-content domains in the human NF1 gene region is also a boundary between domains of early- and late-replicating sequences and of regions with high and low recombination frequencies. The perfect conservation of the GC-content distribution in this region between human and mouse demonstrates that GC-content stabilizing forces must act regionally on a fine scale at this locus. To further elucidate the nature of these forces, we report here on the spectrum of human SNPs and base pair substitutions between human and chimpanzee. The results show that the mutation rate changes exactly at the GC-content transition zone from low values in the GC-poor sequences to high values in GC-rich ones. The GC content of the GC-poor sequences can be explained by a bias in favor of GC &gt; AT mutations, whereas the GC content of the GC-rich segment may result from a fixation bias in favor of AT &gt; GC substitutions. This fixation bias may be explained by direct selection by the GC content or by biased gene conversion.
Impact of Transcriptional Properties on Essentiality and Evolutionary Rate
Authors: Choi Jung Kyoon , Kim Sang Cheol , Seo Jungmin , Kim Sangsoo , Bhak Jong 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We characterized general transcriptional activity and variability of eukaryotic genes from global expression profiles of human, mouse, rat, fly, plants, and yeast. The variability shows a higher degree of divergence between distant species, implying that it is more closely related to phenotypic evolution, than the activity. More specifically, we show that transcriptional variability should be a true indicator of evolutionary rate. If we rule out the effect of translational selection, which seems to operate only in yeast, the apparent slow evolution of highly expressed genes should be attributed to their low variability. Meanwhile, rapidly evolving genes may acquire a high level of transcriptional variability and contribute to phenotypic variations. Essentiality also seems to be correlated with the variability, not the activity. We show that indispensable or highly interactive proteins tend to be present in high abundance to maintain a low variability. Our results challenge the current theory that highly expressed genes are essential and evolve slowly. Transcriptional variability, rather than transcriptional activity, might be a common indicator of essentiality and evolutionary rate, contributing to the correlation between the two variables.
A Comparison of Black Carp, Redear Sunfish, and Blue Catfish as Biological Controls of Snail Populations
Authors: Ledford Jonathan J , Kelly Anita M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus were compared with black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus as potential biological controls for rams-horn snails Planorbella spp. Comparisons were made with regard to snail size selection, total consumption, and the effects of alternative prey and temperature on consumption rates of two size-classes for each species, small (≤100 mm total length [TL]) and large (&gt;100 mm TL). Examination of stomach contents revealed that black carp and redear sunfish crush snails, whereas blue catfish do not. Electivity indices showed that large black carp randomly consumed snails from all shell lengths, whereas large redear sunfish avoided snails larger than 13 mm. Large black carp, redear sunfish, and blue catfish consumed commercial feed when provided in conjunction with snails. The largest amount of snail consumption by all fish species occurred at 26°C, and declined slightly as water temperature decreased from 26°C to 12°C. Black carp were the most effective consumers of rams-horn snails and did not show any preference for a particular size or range of sizes of snails. Redear sunfish consumed significantly fewer snails than black carp but significantly more than blue catfish. In this study, redear sunfish were a better biological control of rams-horn snails than blue catfish but not as effective as the exotic black carp. However, further studies need to be conducted under natural conditions to determine whether the presence of other natural prey items will affect the selectivity of redear sunfish with respect to rams-horn snails.
Safety of Fish Therapeutants to Glochidia of the Plain Pocketbook Mussel during Encystment on Largemouth Bass
Authors: Rach Jeff J , Brady Tony , Schreier Theresa M , Aloisi Doug 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Mussel biologists and fisheries managers have developed propagation techniques to duplicate the natural glochidia infestation on host fish. However, in intensive culture situations, fish diseases may threaten the survival of both fish and their attached glochidia and chemical treatments may be required to control a disease epizootic. Five therapeutants were evaluated for their safety to largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides encysted with mussel glochidia by comparing the number of sloughed glochidia in the chemical treatment groups with that of an untreated control group. Largemouth bass were infested with glochidia from the plain pocketbook mussel Lampsilis cardium and treated with 20 mg chloramine-T/L, 2 mg Cutrine/L, or 200 mg formalin/L (trial 1) and 200 mg formalin/L, 100 mg hydrogen peroxide/L, or 20,000 mg sodium chloride/L (trial 2). Chemicals were applied for 60 min (15 min in the case of sodium chloride in trial 2) once every other day, for a total of three treatments (six in the case of formalin in trial 2). After the first treatment, aquaria were siphoned each weekday to determine the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles. In trial 1, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 257 to 294, and approximately 94% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. In trial 2, the initial mean number of glochidia per fish ranged from 97 to 115, and approximately 91% of the glochidia transformed to juveniles. The mean percent of sloughed glochidia varied by less than 2% among all test groups in each trial. There were no significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the number of sloughed glochidia or transformed juveniles among control or treatment groups in either trial. Therapeutic treatment of diseased fish with chloramine-T, Cutrine, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium chloride at the treatment regimens evaluated are viable options for enhancing the survival of fish encysted with glochidia.
Population Thinning to Control Furunculosis in Steelhead
Authors: Glenn Richard A , Taylor Peter W 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Furunculosis, which is caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, is a major source of mortalities at hatcheries rearing coldwater fish species, such as salmonids. Thinning and density reduction during an outbreak may be a viable method to control mortality. In this study, we tested whether a significant reduction in mortality would occur if an infected stock were split into smaller populations. A subpopulation of infected steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss was removed from a raceway and split among 12 troughs to test for mortality differences between high-density (3.99 fish/L) and low-density (1.59 fish/L) populations and between fish treated with Terramycin-medicated feed and fish given nonmedicated feed. Fish placed in the high-density troughs were 1.6 times more likely to die than those in the low-density troughs. Fish fed nonmedicated feed were 5.8 times more likely to die than those fed medicated feed. Additional observations of mortality differences between high (4.69 and 4.45 fish/L) and low densities (1.88 and 1.79 fish/L) within a raceway during furunculosis outbreaks in two separate years were also made. In both years, differences in mortality were apparent between density groups. The study showed that mortality reduction can occur when infected stocks are split into less dense populations.
Solid and Liquid Formulations of Copper Sulfate: Efficacy at High and Low Alkalinities
Authors: Goodwin Andrew E , Straus David L 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
To assess the efficacy of new commercial formulations of copper sulfate, the toxicity of three such formulations to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was compared at low (48-mg/L) and high (243-mg/L) alkalinities. The formulations were copper sulfate crystals dissolved in water, a commercially available liquid copper sulfate formulation, and copper sulfate mixed with citric acid (a weak chelator). The former two formulations were also used to determine the doses required to kill theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) in vitro. Both copper sulfate and the liquid formulation killed Ich theronts at concentrations well below the concentration that is lethal to 50% of the test population for catfish. Neither liquid copper sulfate nor copper sulfate plus citric acid appears to offer any advantage over plain copper sulfate, and both forms are considerably more expensive than copper sulfate alone.