bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Antibiotics and immunostimulants are used in the systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections in small animals. The major antibiotic groups commonly utilized are the macrolides, lincosamides, potentiated sulphonamides, β‐lactamase‐resistant penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Empirical usage, culture and sensitivity, mode of action, dosages, efficacy and side‐effects are reviewed. A summary of the veterinary literature relative to immunostimulants is also included.Résumé—Antibiotiques et immunostimulants sont utilisés dans le traitement systémique des infections bactériennes cutanées des animaux de compagnie. Les families d'antibiotiques les plus utilisées sont les macrolides, les lincosanides, les sulfonamides potentialisés, les pénicillines résistantes à la lactamase, les céphalosporines et les fluoroquinolones. L'utilisation empirique, l'isolement et l'antibiogramme, le mode d'action, les dosages, l'efficacité et les effets secondaires sont présentés. Un résumé de la littérature vétérinaire concernant les immunostimulants est également inclus. [White, S. D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats. (Traitement systémique des infections bactériennes cutanées du chien et du chat). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]Resumen Para el tratamiento sistémico de ls infecciones bacterianas cutáneas en pequeños animales se usan antibióticos e inmunoestimulantes. Los grupos de antibióticos más frecuentemente utilizados incluyen los macrólidos, lincosamidas, sulfonamidas potenciadas, penicilinas beta‐lactamasa resistentes, cefalosporinas y fluoroquinolonas. Se revisan su uso empirico, cultivo y sensibilidad, mecanismo de acción, dosis, eficacia y efectos colaterales. Se incluye un resumen de la literatura veterinaria sobre immunoestimulantes. [White, S. D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats. (Tratamiento sistemico de las infecciones bacterianas cutaneas de perros y gatos). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]Zusammenfassung—Antibiotika und Immunstimulantien werden in der systemischen Behandlung von bakteriellen Hautinfektionen bei Kleintieren eingesetzt. Die Hauptgruppen der gewöhnlich verwendeten Antibiotika sind Markrolide, Lincosamide, potenzierte Sulfonamide, beta‐Laktamase‐resistente Penicilline, Cephalosporine und Fluroquinolone. Die empirische Anwendung, Kultur und Empfindlichkeit, Wirkungsweise, Dosierung, Wirksamkeit und Nebenwirkungen werden dargestellt. EineZusammenfassungder Veterinärliteratur bezüglich Immunstimulantien wird miteingeschlossen. [White, S.D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats (Systemische Behandlung von bakteriellen Hautinfektionen bei Hund und Katze). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]
A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat
Authors: PATEL ANITA , WHITBREAD TREVOR J. , MCNEIL PAULINE E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This report describes clinical, histological and post‐mortem findings in a cat, that are similar to necrolytic migratory erythema in humans and to metabolic epidermal necrosis in dogs.Resumen Este articulo describe los hallazgos clinicos, histopatológicos y post mortem en un gato, similares a Eritema Necrolitico Migratorio en la especie humana y a Necrosis Epidérmica Metabólica en el perro. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Un caso de necrosis epidérmica en un gato.) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]Résumé Ce cas décrit les lésions cliniques, histopathologiques et nécropsiques chez un chat, évoquant l'érythème nécrolytique migrant de l'homme et la nécrose épidermique métabolique du chien. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Un cas de nécrose épidermique métabolique chez un chat.) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht beschreibt klinische, histopathologische und Sektionsbefunde bei einer Katze, die dem hekrolytischen migratorischen Erythem beim Menschen und der stoffwechselbedingten epidermalen Nekrose beim Hund ähneln. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Ein Fall von stoffwechselbedingter epidermaler nekrose bei der Katze) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]
Inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression in Digitalis purpurea: optimal outcrossing distance in a tetraploid
Authors: GRINDELAND J. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn optimal crossing distance exists within plant populations if inbreeding and outbreeding depression operate simultaneously. In a population of tetraploid Digitalis purpurea, maternal plants were pollinated with donors at four distances: 0 (self‐pollination), 1, 6 and 30 m. Lifetime fitness of F1 progeny was investigated in greenhouse experiments, and significant inbreeding and outbreeding depression were detected at five vs. three life history traits. Inbreeding depression increased at later life stages, whereas outbreeding depression was relatively constant. The existence of within‐population outbreeding depression suggests substantial genetic structuring at moderate distances in D. purpurea, and corroborates recent findings of significant outbreeding depression in F1 progeny in polyploids. The moderate inbreeding depression found in this predominately outcrossing population supports the notion that effects of inbreeding are less severe in polyploids than in diploids.
Effects of Social Structure on the Behaviour and Performance of Alternative Reproductive Phenotypes in Male Rock Shrimp, Rhynchocinetes typus
Authors: Dennenmoser Stefan , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMales that adopt alternative mating tactics within a conditional strategy often undergo costly morphological changes when switching to the next phenotype during ontogeny. Whether costs of changing to a subsequent reproductive phenotype are outweighed by a higher mating probability may depend on the frequencies of different phenotypes in a group of competitors. Benefits and costs associated with different phenotype frequencies depend on interactions within and between alternative phenotypes, but the underlying behavioural mechanisms have rarely been studied. Herein, we used the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus as a model: ontogenetic male stages of this species differ in morphological and behavioural traits that indicate alternative reproductive phenotypes. The small, subordinate, male stage (typus) develops via several intermediate stages (intermedius) to the dominant male stage (robustus): in competitive interactions the typus males usually employ the sneaking tactic, while the robustus males invariably employ the monopolizing fighter tactic. In laboratory experiments, we manipulated phenotype frequencies to examine whether there are frequency‐dependent effects on searching behaviour, aggressiveness and mating probability. With increasing frequency of robustus males, the rate of aggressive interactions among them increased. Furthermore, robustus males increased walking velocity when more than one robustus male was present. In contrast, typus males did not adjust their searching or aggressive behaviour. The increase of aggressive interactions among robustus males provided more opportunities for typus males to seize a temporarily unguarded female. While typus males exploit fights among robustus males that produce mating opportunities for them, robustus males benefit from typus males, which reveal the presence of receptive females. We suggest that each phenotype benefits from the presence of the other phenotype and suffers costly interference among individuals of the same phenotype. Whether frequency‐dependent effects on the mating probability of subordinates also affect their ontogenetic switchpoint should be examined in future studies.
Mating Success in the Polyandrous Social Wasp Vespula maculifrons
Authors: Kovacs Jennifer L. , Hoffman Eric A. , Goodisman Michael A. D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe mating decisions made by social insect males and females profoundly affect the structure of colonies and populations. However, few studies have used experimental approaches to understand mating behavior and mate choice in social insect taxa. This study investigated mating success in the polyandrous social wasp Vespula maculifrons. Mating trials were designed to test predictions that characteristics of body size and colony‐of‐origin would affect mating success. We first investigated if size differences existed among individuals and found that males from different colonies differed significantly in the size of nine morphological traits. However, male trait size was not significantly associated with male mating success. In contrast, females from different colonies differed significantly in only six of the nine measured traits, and four of these traits were associated with successful mating behaviors. Specifically, the correlated traits of gaster length, third tergum length, antennal length, and total length were positively associated with female mating success. Thus, long females experience mating advantages over females that are short. We also found that males and females from one particular colony displayed significantly greater mating activity than individuals from other colonies. Thus, the colony from which individuals originate plays an important role in determining mating success. Finally, our experiments failed to detect any evidence of nestmate avoidance during the mating trials. Overall, our data suggest that social insect reproductives may experience differential mating success based on their phenotype or developmental environment.
Personality and Nest Defence in the Great Tit (Parus major)
Authors: Hollander Franck A. , Van Overveld Thijs , Tokka Iris , Matthysen Erik 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA growing number of studies have shown that individuals differ consistently in a suite of correlated behavioural traits across various contexts and situations. Yet, most work on animal personalities has been performed under laboratory conditions and still little is known about the ecological significance of differences in personality in the wild, and the behavioural mechanisms underlying possible fitness consequences. In this study, we investigated individual differences in personality in relation to nest defence behaviour in wild great tits. Nest defence is an important aspect of parental care and involves a trade‐off between two fitness components (i.e. survival and reproduction). As a measure of personality we used exploratory behaviour in a novel environment as this has been shown to be correlated with several other behavioural traits including risk‐taking and aggression, two important behavioural components of nest defence. We found that the intensity of alarm calling towards a human intruder was positively associated with exploratory behaviour, while there was a negative association between exploration score and number of movements during nest defence. Thus, fast explorers are shown to respond more boldly towards predators in the field. More generally we show that individuals with different personalities vary in their anti‐predator and reproductive investment strategies.
Targeted gene analysis in Ulmus americana and U. pumila tissues
Authors: Nasmith C. , Jeng R. , Hubbes M. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySteady‐state gene expression was compared between Dutch elm disease (DED)‐susceptible Ulmus americana and DED‐resistant U. pumila callus, leaf midrib, root and inner bark tissues. Stress‐related cDNAs including phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHT) and polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein (PGIP) were isolated and compared following RT‐PCR of elm tissues. Complete CHT and partial PAL and PGIP cDNA transcripts were identified, each displaying sequence variation between elm species. These transcripts were Dig‐labelled and subsequently used for northern analyses of the elm tissues. Midrib and root tissue displayed highest steady‐state gene expression compared with inner bark and callus tissues. A modified nucleic acid isolation technique was necessary for downstream RNA analyses. Lithium chloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone were critical for efficient removal of polysaccharides and phenolics associated with some of the elm tissues. Steady‐state gene expression is discussed in relation to the tissues investigated. The use of tissues other than in vitro callus culture more closely represents the tissues associated with the elm’s vascular response to DED.
A comparison of in vivo targeted gene expression during fungal colonization of DED‐susceptible Ulmus americana
Authors: Nasmith C. , Jeng R. , Hubbes M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis study examined in vivo gene expression associated with the colonization of Dutch elm disease‐susceptible Ulmus americana by H175, an aggressive strain of Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi Brasier. Stress‐related genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHT) and polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (PGIP) were used to observe gene expression changes during U. americana colonization by H175. A novel non‐invasive method employing leaf midribs was used to observe plant gene expression, fungal colonization and mansonone F accumulation. RNA dot blots determined that all transcripts probed were induced during colonization compared with unchallenged controls. PAL and PGIP expression were increased in leaf midrib tissue prior to fungal colonization, suggesting a remote signal induction. CHT expression was increased locally with the presence of fungus, suggesting a local signal induction. Mansonone F accumulation was detected prior to fungal colonization suggesting a remote signal induction. The in vivo method used will provide a useful tool for in vivo disease research, particularly in trees, where chemically complex tissue can impede RNA isolation and downstream analysis.
Indication of intracellular magnesium deficiency in lactating dairy cows revealed by magnesium loading and renal fractional excretion
Authors: Schweigel M. , Voigt J. , Mohr E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNine non‐pregnant, lactating dairy cows were used to study plasma and urinary magnesium concentrations ([Mg]pl; [Mg]u), and the urinary fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg) before, during and after an 120 min intravenous magnesium (Mg) administration (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Animals received a total mixed ration, and Mg content of the diet was within recommended range. Basal mean [Mg]pl, [Mg]uand FEMgwere 0.89 ± 0.09 mm, 5.92 ± 2.99 mmand 8.3 ± 9.7% respectively. For all parameters, a substantial inter‐individual variation was observed. Three cows showed suboptimal [Mg]pland/or [Mg]uas well as low FEMgvalues of approximately 2% indicating an insufficient Mg supply to these animals (depressed feed intake, reduced absorption of Mg). The applied Mg challenge induced no significant change of mean [Mg]plin the cows because part of the excess Mg was excreted in the urine. But in five out of nine cows, a decrease of the FEMg, during and after an intravenous Mg load was observed showing that part of the infused Mg is used to replenish intracellular Mg pools. Thus, the existence of an intracellular Mg deficiency in these cows was unmasked by performing the Mg loading test only. Because a reduced free intracellular [Mg] impairs cell and tissue functions, the results highlight the importance of an accurate definition of the intracellular Mg status. The Mg loading test is a suitable procedure, however, for practical purposes less expensive and time consuming methods must be developed.
Dietary protein concentration affects intestinal microbiota of adult cats: a study using DGGE and qPCR to evaluate differences in microbial populations in the feline gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Lubbs D. C. , Vester B. M. , Fastinger N. D. , Swanson K. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to identify qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial populations of adult cats fed diets containing different protein concentrations. Following a 4 week baseline period, eight healthy adult domestic short‐hair queens (>1‐year‐old) were randomly allotted to a moderate‐protein (MP;n = 4) or high‐protein (HP;n = 4) diet for 8 weeks. Fresh faecal samples were collected after baseline and 8 weeks on treatment and stored at −80 °C. Following DNA extraction, samples were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to distinguish qualitative changes between diets. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measureE. coli,Bifidobacterium, Clostridium perfringens,andLactobacilluspopulations. Compared to baseline, cats fed MP had a bacterial similarity index of 66.7% as opposed to 40.6% similarity for those fed HP, exhibiting marked changes in intestinal bacteria of cats fed HP.Bifidobacteriumpopulations were greater (p < 0.05) in cats fed MP versus HP (9.44 vs. 5.63 CFU/g).Clostridium perfringenspopulations were greater (p < 0.05) in cats fed HP than MP (12.39 vs. 10.83 CFU/g). In this experiment, a high‐protein diet resulted in a dramatic shift in microbial populations. DecreasedBifidobacteriumpopulation in cats fed HP may justify prebiotic supplementation for such diets.
Daily pattern of some fatty acids in the athletic horse
Authors: Piccione G. , Assenza A. , Borruso M. , Fazio F. , Caola G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn the sport field, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are important for the physical performance during the aerobic exercise of short intensity and long duration. In man, rat, goat and in the sedentary horse studies on the chronometabolism showed the presence of a circadian rhythm of the plasmatic concentration of NEFA while data for the athletic horse are lacking. To define a chronogram helpful for a specific planning and the differentiation of the training programmme in the athletic horse, the circadian pattern of some fatty acids (NEFA, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) was studied in five Sella Italiana horses. These horses trained following a daily model of activity consisting of walk, trot, gallop and jump of obstacles of different heights. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein every 4 h, starting at 08:00 hours, for 2 days to assess the concentrations of total NEFA (by spectrophotometry), palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids (by gas chromatography).anovafor repeated measures showed a statistical significant effect of the time of the day in NEFA, oleic and linolenic acids. The application of the periodic model showed the periodic pattern of NEFA, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Acrophases were in the afternoon for all parameters. The results obtained showed a different trend of the circadian pattern of the studied parameters in the athletic horse than in the sedentary one because the physical activity and the post‐prandial metabolism acted as zeitgebers.
Symmorphosis and livestock bioenergetics: production animal muscle has low mitochondrial volume fractions
Authors: Hudson N. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA comparative analysis of skeletal muscle structure reveals that production species (nine species, representing three mammalian families and an avian family) have mitochondrial volume fractions (MVF) 37% lower than the non‐production species at equivalent size (17 species, with representatives from 10 mammalian families) (Fig. 1; F1,25 = 4.79; p = 0.039). As MVF provides evidence of oxidative capacity, this comparative analysis indicates that production animals share an exceptionally low oxidative capacity muscle phenotype. A possible bioenergetic reason for this observation, relating to a reduction in the cost of maintaining trans‐membrane ion gradients is briefly discussed. This discussion is framed within a biological economic design theory called symmorphosis and makes predictions about avenues for improvements in livestock bioenergetics. The scaling of log skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density (MVF) with log endotherm size. Production species (PS) (red circles, red line) have a 37% lower MVF than non‐production species (NPS) (blue circles, blue line). NPS log MVF = −0.11 log Mb + 0.88 (r2 = 0.48, n = 17). PS log MVF = −0.11 log Mb + 0.74 (r2 = 0.69, n = 9).image
Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post‐prandial glucose and insulin response*
Authors: Carciofi A. C. , Takakura F. S. , De‐Oliveira L. D. , Teshima E. , Jeremias J. T. , Brunetto M. A. , Prada F. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effects of six extruded diets with different starch sources (cassava flour, brewer’s rice, corn, sorghum, peas or lentils) on dog total tract apparent digestibility and glycemic and insulinemic response were investigated. The experiment was carried out on thirty‐six dogs with six dogs per diet in a completely randomized design. The diets containing brewer’s rice and cassava flour presented the greatest digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and gross energy (p < 0.05), followed by corn and sorghum; pea and lentil diets had the lowest. Starch digestibility was greater than 98% in all diets and was greater for brewer’s rice and cassava flour than for lentils and peas diets (p < 0.05). Dogs’ immediate post‐prandial glucose and insulin responses (AUC ≤ 30 min) were greater for brewer’s rice, corn, and cassava flour diets (p < 0.05), and later meal responses (AUC ≥ 30 min) were greater for sorghum, lentil and pea diets (p < 0.05). Variations in diet digestibility and post‐prandial response can be explained by differences in chemical composition of each starch source including fibre content and starch granule structure. The nutritional particularities of each starch ingredient can be explored through diet formulations designed to modulate glycemic response. However, more studies are required to support these.
Chemical form of dietary l‐Carnitine affects plasma but not tissue Carnitine concentrations in male Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Lambert B. D. , Dobson C. M. , Cherry N. M. , Sanderford M. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn Experiment 1, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l‐Carnitine supplemented at either 100 or 200 μmol/kg/day and were allowed to acclimate for 14 days. Following a 12‐h fast, plasma samples were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 min after l‐Carnitine feeding and assayed for free l‐Carnitine concentration. Plasma‐free l‐Carnitine levels were affected by time after treatment intake (p < 0.0001) and l‐Carnitine source (p < 0.0001). The time × source interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.99). In Experiment 2, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l‐Carnitine at either 100 or 200 μmol/kg/day and were acclimated as in experiment 1. Rats were sacrificed 120 min after feeding. Samples of liver and skeletal muscle were obtained and assayed for free l‐Carnitine concentration. Neither skeletal muscle (p = 0.44) or liver (p = 0.59) tissue concentrations of l‐Carnitine were affected by any l‐Carnitine source as compared with the control. We conclude that some differences exist in plasma concentrations of free l‐Carnitine following ingestion of different chemical forms of l‐Carnitine. It is unclear if these differences in the circulating concentration of free l‐Carnitine translate into any physiological differences for the animal. In this study, chemical form of l‐Carnitine had no effect on skeletal muscle or liver tissue concentrations of l‐Carnitine in young male Wistar rats.