bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SESAR and NextGen: Investing In New Paradigms
Authors: Brooker Peter 
Published: March 2008

SESAR is Europe's ‘Single European Sky Air traffic Research system’. NextGen is the USA's ‘Next Generation Air Transport System’. SESAR and NextGen are developments targeted at post 2020. The common vision is to integrate and implement new technologies to improve air traffic management (ATM) performance – a ‘new paradigm’. SESAR and NextGen combine increased automation with new procedures to achieve safety, economic, capacity, environmental, and security benefits. The systems do not have to be identical, but must have aligned requirements for equipment standards and technical interoperability.A key component is a ‘cooperative surveillance’ model, where aircraft are constantly transmitting their position (from navigational satellites), flight path intent, and other useful aircraft parameters – known as ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast). The focus for planning and executing system operations will increasingly be aircraft 4D trajectories: a 4D trajectory is the aircraft path, three space dimensions plus time, from gate-to-gate, i.e. including the path along the ground at the airport.In analysing potential major ATM system changes, a simple division into five Key Test areas might be: Safety Credibility, Operational Concept, Technological Feasibility, Benefits and Costs, and Transition Path. The main attention here is on Benefits and Costs of SESAR. The strategic challenge will be to convince customers and stakeholders of the benefits of paradigm shift expenditure, given the associated impacts on future user charges, aircraft equipment investments and public expenditure. The analysis here shows that the existing cost benefit analysis results for SESAR are not particularly robust, possibly over-estimating Net Present Values by some tens of € billions.
The Potential Impact of GNSS/INS Integration on Maritime Navigation
Authors: Moore Terry , Hill Chris , Norris Andy , Hide Chris , Park David , Ward Nick 
Published: March 2008

A version of this paper was presented at ENC-GNSS 2007, Geneva. Its reproduction was kindly authorised by the ENC-GNSS 07 Paper Selection Committee.The General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland commissioned an assessment of the impact that the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) would have on the aids to navigation (AtoN) services currently provided, and those to be provided in the future. There is concern about the vulnerability of GNSS, and the provision of complementary and backup systems is seen to be of great importance. The integration of INS could provide an independent and self-contained navigation system, for a limited time period, invulnerable to external intentional or unintentional interference, or the influences of changes in national policies. The study included an analysis of the potential use of GNSS-INS in three of the four phases of a vessel's voyage: coastal, port approach and docking. The project consisted of a technology assessment, looking at the different inertial technologies that might be suitable for each phase. This was followed by a technology proving stage, evaluating suitable equipment using simulation and field trials to prove that the claimed performance could be achieved in practice. The final stage of the project was to assess the effects of the availability of such systems on existing and planned aids to navigation services.
Comparative antiviral and proviral factors in semen and vaccines for preventing viral dissemination from the male reproductive tract and semen
Authors: Christopher-Hennings Jane , Nelson Eric A. , Althouse Gary C. , Lunney Joan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMany animal and human viruses are disseminated via semen, but there is little information on how to measure and stimulate protective antiviral immunity in the male reproductive tract and semen. This information is important since successful vaccination through the stimulation of protective immune responses could be a mechanism to prevent viral contamination of semen and subsequent wide spread viral dissemination. Even control of the infection by shortening the duration of viral shedding and lowering the viral load in semen would lessen the chances of viral dissemination through this route. This review will highlight the current knowledge of immunity in the male reproductive tract and summarize ‘antiviral’ as well as ‘proviral’ factors in semen such as cytokines, cells, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, hormones and growth factors. These factors must provide a fine balance between ‘immunosuppression’ in semen needed to protect sperm viability and ‘immunocompetency’ to prevent pathogen contamination. The review will also suggest continuing challenges to researchers for preventing viral dissemination via semen and propose a large animal model for continued research in this important area.
Human multipotent adipose‐derived stem cells restore dystrophin expression of Duchenne skeletal‐muscle cells in vitro
Authors: Vieira Natássia M. , Brandalise Vanessa , Zucconi Eder , Jazedje Tatiana , Secco Mariane , Nunes Viviane A. , Strauss Bryan E. , Vainzof Mariz , Zatz Mayana 
Published: March 2008

Background information. DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) is a devastating X‐linked disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. The use of cell therapy for the repair of defective muscle is being pursued as a possible treatment for DMD. Mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate and display a myogenic phenotype in vitro. Since liposuctioned human fat is available in large quantities, it may be an ideal source of stem cells for therapeutic applications. ASCs (adipose‐derived stem cells) are able to restore dystrophin expression in the muscles of mdx (X‐linked muscular dystrophy) mice. However, the outcome when these cells interact with human dystrophic muscle is still unknown.Results. We show here that ASCs participate in myotube formation when cultured together with differentiating human DMD myoblasts, resulting in the restoration of dystrophin expression. Similarly, dystrophin was induced when ASCs were co‐cultivated with DMD myotubes. Experiments with GFP (green fluorescent protein)‐positive ASCs and DAPI (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole)‐stained DMD myoblasts indicated that ASCs participate in human myogenesis through cellular fusion.Conclusions. These results show that ASCs have the potential to interact with dystrophic muscle cells, restoring dystrophin expression of DMD cells in vitro. The possibility of using adipose tissue as a source of stem cell therapies for muscular diseases is extremely exciting.
Fostering the Literacy of indigenous Elementary School-Age Children
Authors: Loeb Diane Frome , Redbird Kathy 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Purpose:
In this article, we describe the existing literacy research with school-age children who are indigenous. The lack of data for this group of children requires speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to use expert opinion from indigenous and non-indigenous people to develop culturally sensitive methods for fostering literacy skills.

Method:
We describe two available curricula developed by indigenous people that are available, which use authentic materials and embed indigenous stories into the learning environment: The Indian Reading Series and the Northwest Native American Reading Curriculum. We also discuss the importance of using cooperative learning, multisensory instruction, and increased holistic emphasis to create a more culturally sensitive implementation of services. We provide an example of a literacy-based language facilitation that was developed for an indigenous tribe in Kansas.

Conclusion:
SLPs can provide services to indigenous children that foster literacy skills through storytelling using authentic materials as well as activities and methods that are consistent with the client's values and beliefs.
Models of RTI for SLPs: Is This What We Have Been Waiting for?
Authors: Montgomery Judy K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In this article, the author reviews recent changes in professional practices and perspectives that have supported the important need for an RTI framework for supporting literacy development in children. In addition to reviewing the three tiers of service included in an RTI model, the author presents examples of RTI models in addressing speech, language, and reading difficulties in children. The article concludes with suggestions for speech-language pathologists for starting an RTI program.
Preventing Long-Term Reading Difficulties through Kindergarten and First Grade Intervention: The Case for Early Intervention
Authors: Vellutino Frank R. , Zhang Haiyan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This article reviews recent intervention studies that have provided the foundation for a variety of RTI approaches to reading disability classification and remediation. The three-tier model of RTI is defined and discussed. Selected findings from a kindergarten and first grade intervention study are summarized.
Dysphagia in the Elderly and in Dementia: Helping the Helper
Authors: Sullivan Paula A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In order to explore the literature on the role of family in dysphagia intervention, key search terms were identified and literature was reviewed from Pub Med since 1999. Much of the literature dealing with dysphagia in the elderly, and in persons with dementia, focuses primarily on the patients. Limited attention is often focused on the needs of family. Families should be a focus during planning, as well as during treatment of dysphagia, in order to optimize outcomes. This article addresses the role of the family in this process, strategies for improving the involvement of family in decision-making, and also discusses issues related to caregiver burden and burnout.
Current Court Decisions Impacting School Practice
Authors: Moore Barbara J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Court decisions in special education lawsuits lay the foundation for decisions in Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Recent decisions are reviewed in this article in order that speech-language pathologists and other educators can remain current on judicial trends. Specific cases are landmark for making offers of placement, ensuring the presence of a general education teacher at the IEP meeting, which party bears the burden of proof in a due process hearing, procedural violations and denial of a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), and how the courts view a student's lack of progress in terms of a district's obligation to provide FAPE.
Current Procedural Terminology: Where and How Do We Get CPT Codes?
Authors: Fifer Robert C. , Nikjeh Dee Adams 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This tutorial provides the background and rationale for the establishment of the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Manual as well as instructions for its beneficial use. Current Procedure Terminology selection procedure is contingent upon finding the code descriptor that describes precisely what is performed. Guidelines and procedures for CPT code development and the process for valuation of new CPT codes are discussed. Also included in this tutorial is a brief discussion of the documentation requirements to justify and support the particular codes that were selected.
Needle tract seeding after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy
Authors: Michalopoulos N. V. , Zagouri F. , Sergentanis T. N. , Pararas N. , Koulocheri D. , Nonni A. , Filippakis G. M. , Chatzipantelis P. , Bramis J. , Zografos G. C. 
Published: March 2008

Background: A matter of substantial concern regarding all needle biopsy techniques is seeding along the biopsy needle tract. Purpose: To assess cell seeding along the needle tract of vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB). Material and Methods: The study included 21 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 10 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) diagnosed by VABB for nonpalpable mammographic lesions. VABB (11G, on a Fischer table) was performed, and the duration of the procedure was measured. After surgery, the whole needle tract was embedded in paraffin blocks, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined by a pathologist. Results: Cases with dissemination of cancer cells in the needle tract were not observed (one-sided 97.5% CI 0–10.0%). In 2/31 (6.5%) cases (95% CI 0.8–21.4%), benign epithelial cell displacement was observed, and the duration of VABB was significantly longer in these two cases (52.5±3.5 min vs. 42.0±4.4 min for cases without benign cell displacement; P = 0.018, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for independent samples). Conclusion: No displacement of malignant cells within the 11G needle tract was documented. Benign cell displacement was associated with longer VABB duration. The phenomenon of tumor cell dissemination along the needle tract is of questionable clinical significance when the treatment guidelines are followed.
Role of scintigraphy with technetium-99m depreotide in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected lung cancer
Authors: Axelsson R. , Herlin G. , Bååth M. , Aspelin P. , Kölbeck K. G. 
Published: March 2008

Background: In Sweden, there are over 3000 new lung cancer cases every year. There are still numerous patients with undetermined lesions after routine diagnostic evaluation by clinical examination, chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) of the thorax, and bronchoscopy. An appropriate method for further diagnostic workup is therefore needed. Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic value of the somatostatin analogue depreotide in patients with suspected lung cancer, and to determine in which clinical settings it would be beneficial to use 99mTc-depreotide scintigraphy. Material and Methods: We included 99 consecutive patients referred to our hospital with suspected lung cancer. A clinical examination, bronchoscopy, chest radiography, CT of the thorax and upper abdomen, and scintigraphy were done. Scintigraphy was performed after injection of 740 MBq 99mTc depreotide with tomographical imaging of the thorax and whole-body scanning. The diagnostic outcome of the scintigrams was compared to CT, using morphology or clinical outcome as the endpoint. Results:99mTc-depreotide uptake was found in 62 out of 66 malignancies, including 57 of 58 primary lung cancer cases. Two cases of lung metastasis (one from a colon cancer and one from an adenoid cystic carcinoma originating in the palate) and one rib chondrosarcoma did not show depreotide uptake. There were 33 patients with benign lesions, of whom 16 displayed false-positive 99mTc-depreotide uptake, whereof 11 were pneumonias. Tc-99m-depreotide uptake was absent in 17 patients with benign lesions, including all 10 hamartomas. The sensitivity in detecting malignancy was 94%, and in detecting lung cancer 98%. The specificity was calculated based on two sets of data. When all cases were used, the specificity was 52%. If the 12 pneumonias are excluded, the specificity was 77%. Conclusion:99mTc-depreotide scintigraphy has a high sensitivity in detecting lung cancer. The method is useful in decision-making with respect to surgery.
Nutrition, sleep and recovery
Authors: Halson Shona L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEnsuring athletes achieve an appropriate quality and/or quantity of sleep may have significant implications for performance and recovery and reduce the risk of developing overreaching or overtraining. Indeed, sleep is often anecdotally suggested to be the single best recovery strategy available to elite athletes. A number of nutritional factors have been suggested to improve sleep, including valerian, melatonin, tryptophan, a high glycaemic index diet before bedtime, and maintenance of a balanced and healthy diet. Conversely, consumption of alcohol and caffeine and hyper‐hydration may disturb sleep. Strategies such as warming the skin, hydrotherapy, and adoption of appropriate sleep hygiene (maintenance of good sleep habits and routines) are other tools to aid in sleep promotion. Ensuring athletes gain an appropriate quality and quantity of sleep may be important for optimal athletic performance.
Creationism and Intelligent Design
Authors: Lurquin Paul F. , Stone Linda 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Intelligent Design can be called a form of neocreatonism that, just like old-style creationism, confuses the word “theory” with the words “postulate” and “fact”. It shows that Intelligent Design implies purpose in the universe, a concept that science can neither support nor refute. It further describes creation myths as found in Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, discussing how these myths influence scientific thinking in various societies.
Cellulose Synthesis inPhytophthora infestansIs Required for Normal Appressorium Formation and Successful Infection of Potato
Authors: Grenville-Briggs Laura J. , Anderson Victoria L. , Fugelstad Johanna , Avrova Anna O. , Bouzenzana Jamel , Williams Alison , Wawra Stephan , Whisson Stephen C. , Birch Paul R.J. , Bulone Vincent , van West Pieter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCellulose, the important structural compound of cell walls, provides strength and rigidity to cells of numerous organisms. Here, we functionally characterize four cellulose synthase genes (CesA) in the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight. Three members of this new protein family contain Pleckstrin homology domains and form a distinct phylogenetic group most closely related to the cellulose synthases of cyanobacteria. Expression of all four genes is coordinately upregulated during pre- and early infection stages of potato. Inhibition of cellulose synthesis by 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile leads to a dramatic reduction in the number of normal germ tubes with appressoria, severe disruption of the cell wall in the preinfection structures, and a complete loss of pathogenicity. Silencing of the entire gene family in P. infestans with RNA interference leads to a similar disruption of the cell wall surrounding appressoria and an inability to form typical functional appressoria. In addition, the cellulose content of the cell walls of the silenced lines is &gt;50% lower than in the walls of the nonsilenced lines. Our data demonstrate that the isolated genes are involved in cellulose biosynthesis and that cellulose synthesis is essential for infection by P. infestans.
Serological response against Mycobacterium avium complex glycolipid antigens in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Ashino Yugo , Guio Heinner , Iwamoto Aikichi , Yano Ikuya , Matsumura Takeshi , Hattori Toshio 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn 43 MAC infected patients (23 non‐HIV and 20 AIDS) the IgG response against 3 BCG and 2 MAC antigens was assessed. The response to four antigens in patients with AIDS was considerably lower than in non‐HIV infected patients. Therefore, antibody production against MAC glycolipid antigens was impaired in AIDS patients.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE‐INHIBITING HORMONE: METHOD AND QUANTITATIVE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: KRONHEIM S. , BERELOWITZ M. , PIMSTONE B. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA specific antiserum has been produced to haemocyanin conjugated synthetic growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH). This has allowed the development of a radioimmunoassay for GHRIH sensitive to 5 pg/tube. GHRIH content in 2 m acetic acid extracts of rat tissues have been measured and show the majority to be in CNS—especially hypothalamus and septum and preoptic areas with substantial amounts in spinal cord and thalamus. Extra neurological localization in pancreas, gastric antrum, colon and thyroid have also been demonstrated.
MEASUREMENT OF SERUM 3,3‘,5’‐(REVERSE) T3, WITH COMMENTS ON ITS DERIVATION
Authors: GRIFFITHS R. S. , BLACK E. G. , HOFFENBERG R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA radioimmunoassay for the measurement of l‐3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) has been developed for use with unextracted serum. The highly specific antiserum showed no cross‐reactivity with l‐3,3'5‐triiodothyronine (T3) or tetraiodothyroacetic acid (T4A) and cross‐reaction with l‐thyroxine (T4) was low enough to be discounted for routine assay purposes. If a normal amount of rT3 was added to serum T4 cross‐reactivity decreased considerably. Serial dilutions of hyperthyroid sera gave dose‐response curves which were parallel to the rT3 standard curve. Serum concentrations of rT3 (mean ± SEM) were 0.68 ± 0.02 nmol/1 in sixty‐seven normal subjects, 0.19 ± 0.02 nmol/1 in twelve hypothyroid patients and 1.18 ± 0.12 nmol/1 in seventeen hyperthyroid patients. In sixteen patients with T3‐toxicosis rT3 was 0.42 ± 0.04 nmol/1 and eighteen patients with high circulating TBG had a mean rT3 of 0.54 ± 003 nmol/1.
MEASUREMENT OF PROGESTERONE IN SALIVA: ASSESSMENT OF THE NORMAL FERTILE RANGE USING SPONTANEOUS CONCEPTION CYCLES
Authors: LENTON E. A. , GELSTHORP C. H. , HARPER R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe concentration of progesterone in saliva can be used as an alternative to the measurement of the hormone in plasma because the steroid profiles are qualitatively, although not quantitatively, similar. Reference values for concentrations of the hormone during the luteal phase have been established using data derived from selected, apparently normal women, some of whom conceived in the study cycle. Six to eight days after the LH surge salivary progesterone values of 300–800 pmol/l can be regarded as ‘normal’ and can therefore be used as a reference for the clinical assessment of infertile women. Moreover, since there is a significant within‐subject, between‐cycle correlation (P < 0.001) in salivary progesterone index values, the clinical information derived from one cycle is likely to be representative for that individual.
Tetrahydroxylated bile acids in healthy human newborns
Authors: STRANDVIK BIRGITTA , WIKSTRÖM S‐Å. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Urine was collected in four healthy infants, born after 35–39 weeks of gestation. The collections were made for 24 h starting immediately after birth. Bile acids were extracted, separated into conjugate groups, solvolysed, hydrolysed and quantified by gas–liquid chromatography as methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Identification was made by gas‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.Cholic acid was the predominating primary bile acid. Non‐sulphated tetrahydroxylated bile acids, tentatively identified as 1,3,7,12‐and 3,6,7,12‐tetrahydroxycholanoic acids, were present in almost the same amounts as cholic acid. A previously unknown tetrahydroxylated cholanoic acid, which might be 2‐hydroxylated hyocholic acid, was found in all infants in similar amounts. 3β‐Hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid was present in the sulphate fraction in the urine from all infants. Lithocholic acid was not found. Small amounts of allo and 6‐hydroxylated bile acids were mainly found in the sulphate fraction. Bile acids hydroxylated in the 1‐position were found predominantly in the taurine fraction.