bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a scaling model to establish and validate an interval level pain scale for assessment of acute pain in dogs
Authors: Morton Carolyn M. , Reid Jacky , Scott E. Marion , Holton Lynne L. , Nolan Andrea M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To establish interval level measurement in a prototype composite measure pain scale (CMPS) for assessment of acute pain in dogs and to investigate the scale's validity.Animals—20 clinically normal dogs, 20 dogs with medical conditions, and 117 dogs undergoing surgery.Procedure—First, a scaling model was applied to the CMPS descriptors to establish weights for each and create a continuous scale. Subsequently, 5 observers independently used the scale to score signs of pain in 4 groups of dogs (control dogs, dogs with medical conditions, and 40 dogs undergoing soft tissue or orthopedic surgery). Scores from each group and from groups of conditions perceived to cause no, mild, moderate, and severe pain were compared. In addition, the scale was applied to 77 dogs undergoing orthopedic or soft tissue surgery and scores were compared with simultaneously derived numeric rating scale (NRS) scores; comparisons were made between surgical groups and with time after surgery.Results—Calculated scale descriptor weights ranged from –2.0 to 2.0 and were transformed to create a continuous scale from 0 to 10. Median CMPS scores differed significantly among the 4 study groups and among pain severity groups and were typically greater with increasing perceived pain severity. Agreement was determined between CMPS and NRS scores, and there was a significant and expected time effect and difference between the CMPS scores of dogs undergoing orthopedic and soft tissue surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that this interval level measurement scale is a valid measure of acute pain in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:2154–2166)
Ex vivo investigation of the use of hydrothermal energy to induce chondrocyte necrosis in articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses
Authors: Jenner Florien , Edwards III Ryland B. , Voss Jessica R. , Southwood Louise , Markel Mark D. , Richardson Dean W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the use of hydrothermal ablation
of articular cartilage for arthrodesis in horses
through investigation of the effects of joint lavage
with physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80°C) for
various treatment times on chondrocyte viability in
the articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and
metatarsophalangeal joints of cadaveric horse limbs.

Sample Population—7 pairs of metacarpophalangeal
and 8 pairs of metatarsophalangeal joints
from 8 Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—The horses were euthanatized for reasons
unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. On a random
basis, 1 joint of each pair underwent intra-articular
lavage for 5, 10, or 15 minutes with heated saline
solution (80°C); the other joint underwent sham treatment
of similar duration with saline solution at 22°C
(control). Cartilage samples from the distal articular
surface of metacarpus III (or metatarsus III), the proximal
surface of the proximal phalanx, and the lateral
and medial proximal sesamoid bones were assessed
for chondrocyte viability via confocal microscopy and
viability staining following enzymatic digestion.

Results—Compared with the control joints, findings
of both viability assays indicated that the percentage
of sites containing viable chondrocytes in heat-treated
joints was decreased. Treatment hazard ratios of 0.048
(confocal microscopy) and 0.2 (digestion assay) were
estimated. Histologically, periarticular soft tissues had
minimal detrimental effects after heat treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ex vivo intraarticular
lavage with saline solution at 80°C resulted in
the death of almost all articular chondrocytes in the
joint. This technique may be a satisfactory method for
extensive cartilage ablation when performing
arthrodesis by minimally invasive techniques. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:36–42)
Effects of preanesthetic administration of morphine on gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation during anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Wilson Deborah V. , Evans A. Tom , Miller RoseAnn 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effect of morphine
administered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of
gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs during the subsequent
anesthetic episode.

Animals—90 dogs (30 dogs/group).

Procedure—The randomized prospective clinical
study included healthy dogs with no history of vomiting.
Dogs were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic
surgery. Food was withheld for (mean ± SD)
17.8 ± 4.1 hours prior to induction of anesthesia. The
anesthetic protocol included acepromazine maleate,
thiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly
selected to receive morphine at various dosages (0,
0.22, or 1.10 mg/kg, IM) concurrent with acepromazine
administration prior to induction of anesthesia.
A sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure
esophageal pH, and GER was defined as a decrease
in pH to < 4 or an increase to > 7.5.

Results—40 dogs had acidic reflux, and 1 had biliary
reflux. Proportions of dogs with GER were 8 of 30
(27%), 15 of 30 (50%), and 18 of 30 (60%) for morphine
dosages of 0, 0.22, and 1.10 mg/kg, respectively.
Mean duration of GER was 91.4 ± 56.8 minutes.
There was no significant association between GER
and age, weight, vomiting after preanesthetic medication,
administration of antimicrobials, or start of
surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most healthy
dogs vomit after a large dose of morphine, but vomiting
does not increase the likelihood of GER during the
subsequent anesthetic episode. Administration of
morphine prior to anesthesia substantially increases
the incidence of GER during the subsequent anesthetic
episode. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:386–390)
Influence of medetomidine on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic effects caused by butorphanol, fentanyl, and ketamine administration in dogs
Authors: Ambrisko Tamas D. , Hikasa Yoshiaki , Sato Kota 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To examine stress-related neurohormonal
and metabolic effects of butorphanol, fentanyl, and
ketamine administration alone and in combination
with medetomidine in dogs.

Animals—10 Beagles.

Procedure—5 dogs received either butorphanol (0.1
mg/kg), fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg), or ketamine (10 mg/kg)
IM in a crossover design. Another 5 dogs received
either medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol
(0.1 mg/kg), medetomidine and fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg),
medetomidine and ketamine (10 mg/kg), or medetomidine
and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.1 mL/kg) in
a similar design. Blood samples were obtained for 6
hours following the treatments. Norepinephrine, epinephrine,
cortisol, glucose, insulin, and nonesterified
fatty acid concentrations were determined in plasma.

Results—Administration of butorphanol, fentanyl, and
ketamine caused neurohormonal and metabolic
changes similar to stress, including increased plasma
epinephrine, cortisol, and glucose concentrations. The
hyperglycemic effect of butorphanol was not significant.
Ketamine caused increased norepinephrine concentration.
Epinephrine concentration was correlated
with glucose concentration in the butorphanol and fentanyl
groups but not in the ketamine groups, suggesting
an important difference between the mechanisms
of the hyperglycemic effects of these drugs.
Medetomidine prevented most of these effects
except for hyperglycemia. Plasma glucose concentrations
were lower in the combined sedation groups
than in the medetomidine-saline solution group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Opioids or
ketamine used alone may cause changes in stressrelated
biochemical variables in plasma.
Medetomidine prevented or blunted these changes.
Combined sedation provided better hormonal and
metabolic stability than either component alone. We
recommend using medetomidine-butorphanol or
medetomidine-ketamine combinations for sedation or
anesthesia of systemically healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:406–412)
Risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in dairy cattle in the New York City watershed
Authors: Nydam Daryl V. , Lindergard Gabbriella , Santucci Fiametta , Schaaf Stephanie L. , Wade Susan E. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the risk posed by
Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium
hominis from dairy cattle in the New York City watershed
(NYCW).

Sample Population—Samples from cattle at risk for
shedding Cryptosporidium organisms on randomly
selected dairy farms in the NYCW.

Procedure—Feces were collected for 4 years from
calves at risk for infection on 37 dairies. Oocysts were
detected by use of centrifugation concentration-flotation
microscopy. The DNA was directly isolated from
fecal samples and used to amplify fragments of the
small subunit ribosomal RNA and thrombospondinrelated
adhesion protein C-2 genes by use of nested
polymerase chain reaction assays. Small subunit ribosomal
RNA fragments were restriction digested by
the enzyme VspI and thrombospondin-related adhesion
protein C-2 fragments were digested by Eco91I
to distinguish between C hominis (formerly known as
genotype 1) and C parvum (formerly known as genotype
2).

Results—Of 437 fecal samples examined, 214 contained
oocysts. Amplicons were generated for 200
samples. We can be certain, with 95% confidence,
that cattle in the NYCW did not harbor C hominis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cryptosporidium
infections in cattle are under examination
because of the potential contamination of public waters
by manure. Although cattle may be the source of
zoonotic infection via C parvum, they pose little risk for
C hominis (the strain commonly isolated from humans
in waterborne outbreaks of disease). Other sources of
oocysts should be considered when investigating outbreaks
attributable to contaminated urban drinking
water because cattle pose only a small risk via shedding
of C hominis. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:413–417).
Effect of early training on the jumping technique of horses
Authors: Santamaría Susana , Bobbert Maarten F. , Back Willem , Barneveld Ab , van Weeren P. Rene 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the effects of early training for jumping by comparing the jumping technique of horses that had received early training with that of horses raised conventionally.Animals—40 Dutch Warmblood horses.Procedure—The horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping at 6 months of age. Subsequently, they were allocated into a control group that was raised conventionally and an experimental group that received 30 months of early training starting at 6 months of age. At 4 years of age, after a period of rest in pasture and a short period of training with a rider, both groups were analyzed kinematically during free jumping. Subsequently, both groups started a 1-year intensive training for jumping, and at 5 years of age, they were again analyzed kinematically during free jumping. In addition, the horses competed in a puissance competition to test maximal performance.Results—Whereas there were no differences in jumping technique between experimental and control horses at 6 months of age, at 4 years, the experimental horses jumped in a more effective manner than the control horses; they raised their center of gravity less yet cleared more fences successfully than the control horses. However, at 5 years of age, these differences were not detected. Furthermore, the experimental horses did not perform better than the control horses in the puissance competition.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Specific training for jumping of horses at an early age is unnecessary because the effects on jumping technique and jumping capacity are not permanent. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:418–424)
Evaluation of the phospholamban gene in purebred large-breed dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Stabej Polona , Leegwater Peter A. , Stokhof Arnold A. , Domanjko-Petrič Aleksandra , van Oost Bernard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the role of the phospholamban gene in purebred large-breed dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Animals—6 dogs with DCM, including 2 Doberman Pinschers, 2 Newfoundlands, and 2 Great Danes.Procedure—All dogs had clinical signs of congestive heart failure, and a diagnosis of DCM was made on the basis of echocardiographic findings. Blood samples were collected from each dog, and genomic DNA was isolated by a salt extraction method. Specific oligonucleotides were designed to amplify the promoter, exon 1, the 5'-part of exon 2 including the complete coding region, and part of intron 1 of the canine phospholamban gene via polymerase chain reaction procedures. These regions were screened for mutations in DNA obtained from the 6 dogs with DCM.Results—No mutations were identified in the promoter, 5' untranslated region, part of intron 1, part of the 3' untranslated region, and the complete coding region of the phospholamban gene in dogs with DCM .Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that mutations in the phospholamban gene are not a frequent cause of DCM in Doberman Pinschers, Newfoundlands, and Great Danes. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:432–436)
Inheritance of hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in Quarter Horses
Authors: Tryon Robert C. , White Stephen D. , Famula Thomas R. , Schultheiss Patricia C. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Bannasch Danika L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To assess heritability and mode of inheritance
for hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia
(HERDA) in Quarter Horses.

Animals—1,295 horses with Quarter Horse bloodlines,
including 58 horses affected with HERDA.

Procedure—Horses were classified as affected or
unaffected or as undetermined when data were insufficient
to assess phenotype. Pedigree data were analyzed
to determine the probable mode of inheritance.
Heritability was estimated by use of Bayesian statistical
methods.

Results—Heritability (mean ± SD) of HERDA was
estimated to be 0.38 ± 0.13, with both sexes having
an equal probability of being affected. Results for evaluation
of the pedigrees were consistent with a single
Mendelian autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HERDA in
Quarter Horses is an inherited disease, and affected
horses are more likely to produce affected offspring.
An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance should be
considered by people making breeding decisions
involving Quarter Horses when a first-degree relative
has been confirmed with HERDA or has produced
affected offspring. In addition, breeders whose horses
have produced affected offspring can reduce the likelihood
of producing affected horses in the future by
avoiding inbreeding. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:437–442)
Association of maximum voluntary dietary intake of freeze-dried garlic with Heinz body anemia in horses
Authors: Pearson Wendy , Boermans Herman J. , Bettger William J. , McBride Brian W. , Lindinger Michael I. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize hematologic and clinical
consequences of chronic dietary consumption of
freeze-dried garlic at maximum voluntary intake in
horses.

Animals—4 healthy sex- and age-matched horses.

Procedure—An initial garlic dose (0.05 g/kg, twice
daily) was fed to 2 horses in a molasses carrier as
part of their normal ration and was gradually
increased to maximum voluntary intake (0.25 g/kg,
twice daily) over 41 days. Dietary supplementation
then continued for a total of 71 days. Two control
horses were fed molasses with no garlic with their
ration. Blood samples were collected weekly and
analyzed for hematologic and biochemical changes,
including the presence of Heinz bodies. Recovery of
affected blood values was followed for 5 weeks
after termination of dietary supplementation with
garlic.

Results—At a daily dose of > 0.2 g/kg, horses fed garlic
developed hematologic and biochemical indications
of Heinz body anemia, as characterized by
increases in Heinz body score (HBS), mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin,
platelet count, and serum unconjugated and total
bilirubin concentrations and decreases in RBC count,
blood hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration, and serum haptoglobin
concentration. Recovery from anemia was largely
complete within 5 weeks after termination of dietary
supplementation with garlic. Heinz body score and
MCV remained high at the end of the 5-week recovery
period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses will voluntarily
consume sufficient quantities of garlic to cause
Heinz body anemia. The potential for garlic toxicosis
exists when horses are chronically fed garlic. Further
study is required to determine the safe dietary dose of
garlic in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:457–465)
Effects of oral potassium supplementation on acid-base status and plasma ion concentrations of horses during endurance exercise
Authors: Hess Tanja M. , Kronfeld David S. , Williams Carey A. , Waldron Jeannie N. , Graham-Thiers Patricia M. , Greiwe-Crandell Kathleen , Lopes Marco A. , Harris Pat A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare effects of oral supplementation with an experimental potassium-free sodiumabundant electrolyte mixture (EM-K) with that of oral supplementation with commercial potassium-rich mixtures (EM+K) on acid-base status and plasma ion concentrations in horses during an 80-km endurance ride.Animals—46 healthy horses.Procedure—Blood samples were collected before the ride; at 21-, 37-, 56-, and 80-km inspection points; and during recovery (ie, 30-minute period after the ride). Consumed electrolytes were recorded. Blood was analyzed for pH, PvCO2, and Hct, and plasma was analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+, lactate, albumin, phosphate, and total protein concentrations. Plasma concentrations of H+and HCO3–, the strong ion difference (SID), and osmolarity were calculated.Results—34 (17 EM-K and 17 EM+K treated) horses finished the ride. Potassium intake was 33 g less and Na+ intake was 36 g greater for EM-K-treated horses, compared with EM+K-treated horses. With increasing distance, plasma osmolarity; H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, phosphate, lactate, total protein, and albumin concentrations; and PvCO2and Hct were increased in all horses. Plasma HCO3–, Ca2+, and Cl–concentrations were decreased. Plasma H+concentration was significantly lower in EM-K-treated horses, compared with EM+K-treated horses. Plasma K+concentrations at the 80-km inspection point and during recovery were significantly less in EM-K-treated horses, compared with EM+K-treated horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increases in plasma H+ and K+ concentrations in this endurance ride were moderate and unlikely to contribute to signs of muscle fatigue and hyperexcitability in horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:466–473)
Effects of sodium hyaluronate and methylprednisolone acetate on proteoglycan synthesis in equine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Doyle Aimie J. , Stewart Allison A. , Constable Peter D. , Eurell Jo Ann C. , Freeman David E. , Griffon Dominique J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of sodium hyaluronate (HA) on corticosteroid-induced cartilage matrix catabolism in equine articular cartilage explants.Sample Population—30 articular cartilage explants from fetlock joints of 5 adult horses without joint disease.Procedure—Articular cartilage explants were treated with control medium or medium containing methylprednisolone acetate (MPA; 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 mg/mL), HA (0.1, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/mL), or both. Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis was measured by incorporation of sulfur 35-labeled sodium sulphate into PGs, and PG degradation was measured by release of radiolabeled PGs into the medium. Total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in media and explants and total explant DNA were determined.Results—Methylprednisolone acetate caused a decrease in PG synthesis, whereas HA had no effect. Only the combination of MPA at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL and HA at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL increased PG synthesis, compared with control explants. Methylprednisolone acetate increased degradation of newly synthesized PGs into the medium, compared with control explants, and HA alone had no effect. Hyaluronate had no effect on MPAinduced PG degradation and release into media. Neither MPA alone nor HA alone had an effect on total cartilage GAG content. Methylprednisolone acetate caused an increase in release of GAG into the medium at 48 and 72 hours after treatment. In combination, HA had no protective effect on MPA-induced GAG release into the medium. Total cartilage DNA content was not affected by treatments.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results indicate that HA addition has little effect on corticosteroid- induced cartilage matrix PG catabolism in articular cartilage explants. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:48–53)
Detection of synovial macrophages in the joint capsule of dogs with naturally occurring rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Klocke Nathan W. , Snyder Paul W. , Widmer William R. , Zhong Wenxuan , McCabe George P. , Breur Gert J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To test the hypotheses that the densities
of macrophages in the synovial membranes and capsules
of stifle joints in dogs with ruptured cranial cruciate
ligaments are greater than those of normal joints
and that those densities in affected joints are positively
correlated with the chronicity and severity of
the disease.

Animals—17 dogs with naturally occurring rupture of
the cranial cruciate ligament and 5 healthy control
dogs.

Procedure—All dogs underwent orthopedic and radiographic
evaluations. In affected dogs, duration of clinical
signs was used as an indicator of disease chronicity
and the severity of osteoarthritis in the stifle joint
was determined radiographically. Joint capsule specimens
were evaluated histologically; macrophages,
interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were identified
by use of immunocytochemical techniques.

Results—Compared with unaffected joints,
macrophage density was increased in all affected
joints. Duration of disease was significantly associated
with radiographic severity of osteoarthritis and
synovial macrophage density. Synovial macrophage
density was significantly associated with severity of
osteoarthritis and with the presence of interleukin-6
and tumor necrosis factor-α.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that synovial macrophages may be involved in the
development of pathologic changes (including osteophyte
formation) in the stifle joints of dogs with
osteoarthritis secondary to rupture of the cranial cruciate
ligament. Determination of the importance of synovial
macrophages in the development of changes in
osteoarthritic joints may result in new treatment strategies
that involve elimination of the deleterious effects
of those cells. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:493–499)