bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual factors related to the drinking behaviors of American business and professional women
Authors: SHORE ELSIE R. , BATT STEVE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAmerican women in business and professional occupations (n=453) completed a survey that included questions on alcohol use, drinking context, and work and other activities. Spouses' and best friends' consumption and subjects' frequency in drinking settings correlated with their consumption and negative consequences of alcohol use. Multiple regression analyses indicated that predictor variables for consumption were frequency in drinking settings, a measure of three personal motives for drinking, age, and number of organization memberships. Predictor variables for negative consequences were subject's consumption, spouse's drinking, frequency in drinking settings, and age.The results suggest that social context may be important in understanding women's drinking. Variables directly related to drinking, such as time spent in drinking situations, are correlated with increased drinking, while other contextual variables, such as membership in organizations, may play a preventive role.
A longitudinal study of New Zealand children's experience with alcohol
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , STEWART JOANNA , CONNOLLY GARY , SILVA PHIL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA longitudinal study assessed the use of alcohol and related measures among New Zealand children aged 9, 11, 13 and 15 years. The proportion of children who were abstainers was at a similar level to the adult population by age 15 years. Those remaining abstainers were more likely to have infrequently drinking parents and to have been warned of the bad effects of alcohol by their parents. In terms of amount consumed and frequency of drinking, there was an increase with age and a marked increase between the ages of 13 and 15 years. Frequency of drinking was positively associated with the frequency of drinking by the mother and father. Girls drank less than boys until the age of 15 years, when they drank slightly more and a difference in terms of socio‐economic status (SES) emerged at age 15 years with tower SES groups drinking more.
Homicides committed by abusers of alcohol and illicit drugs
Authors: LINDQVIST PER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper concerns 52 abusers of alcohol and 19 abusers of illicit drugs who had committed a homicide in northern Sweden between 1970 and 1981 or in Stockholm between 1971 and 1980. Twenty‐three individuals were found guilty of murder, 21 of manslaughter and 27 of assault and causing another's death. The study group was characterized by a high prevalence of personality disorders, alcohol‐induced brain damages and social derangement. Alcohol intoxication during the acts was seen in all cases of alcohol abusing offenders. Most of the victims were abusers themselves, were (ex‐)partners or acquaintances of the offenders and had been drinking together with their killer. Homicides where the victim seemed to have been the prime aggressor constituted almost half of all instances. The homicides committed by abusers of illicit drugs were characterized by less intimacy and the offenders were often considerably younger than their victims.
Implications of using the composite and short versions of the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ)
Authors: GORMAN D. M. , CARTWRIGHT A. K. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ) has often been used in studies seeking to understand or change the attitudes of workers towards alcohol abusers. Data are normally presented in terms of either individual subscales or as a composite scale, and recently a short version of the composite scale has been proposed. Using data from a quasi‐experimental community intervention the information provided by the summary scales is compared with that from the individual subscales. The analysis suggests that there are two systems within the data—a role security/basic role requirements system and a therapeutic commitment system. Both summary scales are misleading in that they reflect the role security/basic role requirements system scales and not those measuring therapeutic commitment. It is concluded that the summary scales should only be used when the underlying data structure is understood.
The relevance of receptor binding studies to tobacco research
Authors: WONNACOTT SUSAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe initial event in the process by which nicotine acts on the nervous system is its interaction with specific receptor molecules in the neuronal membrane. This interaction can be characterised in radioligand binding assays, using [3H]nicotine. While this approach has generated a detailed description of recognition sites for nicotine in the brain, caution is necessary in correlating these binding proteins with physiologically relevant sites of action of nicotine. Of particular interest is the disparity between effective nicotine concentrations in binding and functional assays, which may reflect receptor desensitization and could be pertinent to the development of dependence. Receptor heterogeneity, reflecting subtypes of nicotine receptor having different radioligand binding specificities and differing properties, introduces a new dimension in the consideration of nicotine's actions. Thus, receptor binding assays have an important role to play, in conjunction with other approaches, in unravelling the complex mechanisms that can lead to nicotine dependence.
Is nicotine more addictive than cocaine?
Authors: HENNINGFIELD JACK E. , COHEN CAROLINE , SLADE JOHN D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIs nicotine more addictive than cocaine? That claim is increasingly in vogue, often supported by data showing the high likelihood of progression to daily tobacco use following experimentation and the high percentage of cigarette smokers, compared with cocaine users who appear addicted. In the context of criteria for addiction or dependence presented by the World Health Organization, the American Psychiatric Association, and the US Surgeon General, we consider several lines of evidence, including patterns of use, mortality, physical dependence potential, and pharmacologic addiction liability measures. Within each line of evidence, we compare nicotine with cocaine. We conclude that on the current evidence nicotine cannot be considered more addicting than cocaine. Both are highly addicting drugs for which patterns of use and the development of dependence are strongly influenced by factors such as availability, price, social pressures, and regulations, as well as certain pharmacologic characteristics.
A bioinformational systems perspective on tobacco dependence
Authors: NIAURA RAYMOND , GOLDSTEIN MICHAEL , ABRAMS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent thinking about tobacco dependence has been influenced largely by a focus on the pharmacological effects of nicotine. We advocate a return to earlier views of dependence as comprising both pharmacological and non‐pharmacological aspects. Moreover, we suggest that it may be profitable to reformulate research on dependence in terms of a bioinformational process model. The basic tenets of such a model are outlined, as are the challenges in exploring the nature of dependence simultaneously across the cognitive, physiological and behavioral domains of function.
The future of nicotine replacement
Authors: RUSSELL MICHAEL A. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFollowing in the wake of progress forged by nicotine chewing gum, a new generation of nicotine replacement products will soon be available as aids to giving up smoking. These range from nicotine skin patches, which take 6–8 hrs to give very flat steady‐state peak blood levels, to nicotine vapour inhalers which mimic the transient high‐nicotine boli that follow within a few seconds of each inhaled puff of cigarette smoke. Other products undergoing clinical trials include a nasal nicotine spray and nicotine lozenges. It is argued here that it is not so much the efficacy of new nicotine delivery systems as temporary aids to cessation, but their potential as long‐term alternatives to tobacco that makes the virtual elimination of tobacco a realistic future target. Their relative safety compared with tobacco is discussed. A case is advanced for selected nicotine replacement products to be made as palatable and acceptable as possible and actively promoted on the open market to enable them to compete with tobacco products. They will also need health authority endorsement, tax advantages and support from the anti‐smoking movement if tobacco use is to be gradually phased out altogether.
High retention rates within a prospective study of heroin users
Authors: DESLAND MALCOLM , BATEY ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe process of achieving a high retention rate of subjects in a 12‐month prospective study of intravenous heroin users in Sydney, Australia is presented. Self‐referred heroin users were compared with heroin users from a court diversion programme. The retention rates throughout the prospective study interview schedules were high, ranging from 69 to 83% of the original sample. No statistical differences were detected between the proportions located at each interview, indicating a high retention rate was maintained despite the passage of time. It is argued that contact with State services, i.e. Methadone Maintenance Programmes and the legal system, particularly the prison service, contributed to this high maintenance. It is speculated that the effectiveness of location strategies reflect prominent characteristics of the populations studied.
Alcohol and other drugs: the response of the political and medical institutions
Authors: PITTMAN DAVID J. , STAUDENMEIER WILLIAM J. , KAPLAN ABE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFormal and informal social control in shaping individual behaviors toward the use of alcohol and other drugs is discussed. Emphasis is placed on formal social control as it occurs in two major institutions. The state, which embodies the political and legal structures of the society is discussed in terms of the social control of some of the consequences of drinking, such as public drunkenness, alcoholism, operating vehicles with specific blood alcohol levels, and crime and alcohol use. The medical institution's involvement in alcohol and drug control is discussed in terms of the physician's role in diagnosing alcohol and drug dependent individuals. Two contemporary cases, those of pregnant addicts and alcohol‐related organ transplant patients, illustrate the significant interactions between the responses of the political and medical institutions, and the broader influences that help shape these responses.
Addiction as an occupational hazard: 144 doctors with drug and alcohol problems
Authors: BROOKE DEBORAH , EDWARDS GRIFFITH , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractInformation was abstracted from the hospital notes of 144 doctors who had received treatment for drug and alcohol dependency. These problems affect those in every speciality, and at all degrees of seniority. Over half came into treatment following medical referral. Social morbidity was an important contributory reason for seeking help. The mean age at presentation was 43.1 years; the mean duration of problematic use prior to this was 6.4 years for drug misusers and 6.7 years for alcohol misusers. Alcohol was the current problem for 41.6% and drug misuse for 26.4%; 31.3% were misusing both alcohol and drugs at presentation. Of the 83 subjects who were misusing drugs, only four had ever used blackmarket supplies. Psychotropic agents are readily available to doctors, but the consequences of this are not addressed. Those who develop dependency suffer a delay of years before reaching help.
Cannabis psychosis following bhang ingestion
Authors: CHAUDRY HAROON RASHID , MOSS HOWARD B. , BASHIR AMIR , SULIMAN TAHIR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this preliminary investigation is to systematically characterize the signs and symptoms of cannabis psychosis in individuals who presented for psychiatric treatment in Pakistan after ingestion of bhang; a beverage containing cannabis. In order to control for the behavioral effects of cannabis alone, symptoms produced by bhang ingestion among non‐patients consuming the same beverage were compared with those symptoms found among psychotic patients. Patients differed from controls in that a higher proportion of patients were found to be chronic users of bhang, and had a past history of psychotic episodes. Presenting symptoms of bhang‐induced psychosis found in patients included grandiosity, excitement, hostility, uncooperativeness, disorientation, hallucinatory behavior and unusual thought content. Neuroleptic treatment successfully attenuated psychotic symptoms within five days of the initiation of the episode. The presenting symptoms of bhang‐induced psychosis are consistent with a brief mania‐like disorder with paranoid psychotic features, and cognitive dysfunction. Several etiologic hypotheses are proposed.
Increased severity of alcohol withdrawal in in‐patient alcoholics with a co‐existing anxiety diagnosis
Authors: JOHNSTON AMANDA L. , THEVOS ANGELICA K. , RANDALL CARRIE L. , ANTON RAYMOND F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether alcoholics with a co‐existing anxiety disorder (dual‐diagnosed group) experienced different withdrawal symptomatology from alcoholics without an anxiety disorder (alcohol‐only group). Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were measured on admission to an in‐patient treatment program and throughout treatment (days 0, 2, 7, 14 and 21) using the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA‐Ar) scale. The dual‐diagnosed group exhibited more severe alcohol withdrawal, as indicated by higher total CIWA‐Ar scores, at all time points than the alcohol‐only group. The possibility that anxiety disorders and alcohol withdrawal share a common neurochemical basis and that the CIWA‐Ar scale may be useful as a screening instrument for anxiety disorders in alcoholics is discussed.
Sharing spoons: a risk factor for HIV‐1 infection in Vienna
Authors: LOIMER N. , WERNER E. , PRESSLICH O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSharing of needles and syringes plays a central role in HIV‐1 transmission among intravenous drug users (IVDUs). There have been several suggestions to protect the injecting population from further harm, but focused mainly on the use of sterile needles and syringes as well as information about safer sexual behavior. This study examined a total of 366 IVDUs at the drug dependence out‐patient ward of the Psychiatric University Clinic of Vienna. HIV‐1 antibodies were found in 29.7% (58) in 1989 and in 26.9% (42) in 1990. The results show that in 1989 14% and in 1990 5% IVDUs who never shared needles or syringes or other drug paraphernalia were found to be HIV‐1 positive. In spite of the high information standard among Viennese drug addicts on risk reduction, the underestimated co‐factors during drug administration might be responsible for a further HIV‐1 transmission. Educational interventions on this subject should address even IVDUs who do not share needles and have adjusted to ‘safer sex’ practices.
Cannabis use in a large sample of acute psychiatric admissions
Authors: MATHERS D. C. , GHODSE A. H. , CAAN A. W. , SCOTT S. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 908 patients drawn from two London Psychiatric Hospitals is described in terms of age, sex, self‐reported drug and alcohol history, drug urinalysis results and initial psychiatric diagnosis. Some (34.5%) of respondents admitted to using cannabis at least once in their lifetime and 13% of those tested had urines positive for cannabis on admission. Cannabis use is commoner in young males. These is a higher likelihood that an initial diagnosis of‘psychosis’will be made at admission if patients either report use of cannabis or present a urine sample positive for cannabis.
Determinants of teenage smoking, with special reference to non‐standard family background
Authors: ISOHANNI MATTI , MOILANEN IRMA , RANTAKALLIO PAULA 
Published: January 2006

Abstract The prevalence of teenage smoking in a cohort of 12 058 subjects born in northern Finland in 1966 is discussed in terms of its social and family determinants, especially in “non‐standard” families (with one or more of the parents absent for at least pan of the child's upbringing). The prevalence of experimental or daily smoking was 67.4%, the rate being 65.5% in the standard, two‐parent families and 75.5% in the non‐standard families, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.001). The corresponding prevalence of daily smoking was 6.4%, but the rate was 5.1% in standard families and 12.1% in non‐standard families (p<0.001). An elevated risk of smoking existed among adolescents who had experienced death of their father or divorce of their parents and among girls who had experienced death of their mother. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal age under 20 years at the time of delivery increased the risk, while being the first‐born child reduced it. Among family factors existing in 1980, paternal smoking increased the risk for both sexes, while more than three siblings, mother's unemployment or gainful employment (i.e. not a housewife) were associated with smoking by the boys as was urban living, and for the girls migration by the family to a town. The results suggest that juvenile smoking may be a kind of indicator of possible problems experienced by the parents and/or the adolescents themselves with respect to parenthood and family development.
A survey of pre‐arrest drug use in sentenced prisoners
Authors: MADEN ANTHONY , SWINTON MARK , GUNN JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a retrospective, self‐report survey of pre‐arrest drug use in a representative sample of 1751 men serving a prison sentence. Reported drugs used were cannabis (34%), opiates (9%), amphetamine (9%) and cocaine (5%), including 1%‘crack’ users. Pre‐arrest injecting was reported by 11% of inmates, including 68% of all opiate users and 57% of amphetamine users.Drug dependence was reported by 11%, including 7% dependent on opiates, 2% on amphetamines and l% on cocaine. Relative to other drugs, the figure for cocaine is higher than is suggested by a previous clinic survey.Pre‐arrest cannabis use was reported by 54% of black prisoners and 34% of white. White prisoners are more likely to report use of ‘hard’ drugs, drug dependence and injecting, but this masks a higher rate of cocaine use by black prisoners. Opiate use varied between health regions, from 3% of prisoners in the West Midlands to 25% of those from the Mersey region. These findings have implications for service provision and for an understanding of cultural influences on illicit drug use.
Correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users: are treatment‐program samples misleading?
Authors: ALCABES PHILIP , VLAHOV DAVID , ANTHONY JAMES C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing a community‐based sample of 1632 intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, this study evaluated a possible selection bias faced when studying risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV‐1) in intravenous drug users drawn solely from treatment programs. Consenting subjects, recruited by extensive distribution of brochures and word‐of‐mouth, underwent confidential interviews about drug use behaviors in a setting that was independent of community service agencies. Of 1632 subjects, 275 (17%) were currently enrolled in treatment programs. These subjects were similar in many respects to those not currently in treatment, including HIV‐1 seroprevalence; however, they differed in that those not in treatment were more likely to be male, younger and black than those currently in treatment, and to have started injecting drugs more recently. However, associations between HIV‐1 seropositivity and a series of demographic and drug‐using characteristics were mostly similar in direction and magnitude among subjects currently in treatment and those not in treatment. These results suggest that one‐time samples of drug users enrolled in treatment programs do not necessarily present a misleading picture of correlates of HIV‐1 seropositivity.
The prices of alcoholic beverages in the Nordic countries
Authors: HORVERAK ØYVIND , ÖSTERBERG ESA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractApart from Denmark, all the Nordic countries have state‐owned monopolies which handle all of the off‐premise retail sales of wine and spirits. In some of the countries, the state monopoly also distributes strong and medium‐strong beer. This paper discusses how the prices of beer, wine and spirits are set in the Nordic countries and compares the setting of prices in each. The paper shows that there are great differences both between the prices of alcoholic beverages in the Nordic countries and between the price‐fixing mechanisms. The main pan of the price differential is due to differences in taxation, but substantial discrepancies still exist when we look at prices exclusive of alcohol taxes. The reason for this is to be found in differences in profits and in the efficiency of producing and distributing alcoholic beverages. According to our data, it seems that some of the state monopolies are more effective than firms in the Danish market.
What happens to drinking after therapeutic intervention?
Authors: DUCKERT F. , AMUNDSEN A. , JOHNSEN J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEighty‐four men and 51 women who had been recruited to treatment through newspaper advertisements were matched pairwise and randomly assigned to either brief counselling or short‐term group therapy. All participants were followed‐up after 3, 9, 15 and 21 months by personal interviews and medical examinations. The average reduction in alcohol consumption was greatest to start with in the group attending group therapy, but this group experienced greater set‐back during the following period. At 21 months there were no significant differences between the two groups as regards amount of alcohol consumed, GGT‐levels, deaths or number of alcohol‐related hospitalizations. The sample as a whole maintained a significant reduction in alcohol consumption throughout the follow‐up period. At 21 months half of the sample had reduced their consumption with more than 50%, one‐fourth had reduced 20–50%, one‐tenth changed less than 20% and only 18% of the sample had increased their consumption with more than 20% compared with their baseline consumption. The reductions took place mainly by way of less frequent drinking, fewer episodes of heavy drinking and reduced consumption during weeks of moderate drinking. When heavy drinking episodes did occur, there were only minor changes in the amounts consumed.
Tobacco smoking in Moscow school students
Authors: PROKHOROV ALEXANDER V. , ALEXANDROV ALEXANDER A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA cross‐sectional study on tobacco smoking prevalence and related socio‐psychological parameters in Moscow school students aged 10–17 was performed. Data from an anonymous self‐report (n=4802) on smoking prevalence was confirmed by special technique–expert assessment. Widespread smoking was found: among male 5th graders (the youngest group) 14.4% are smokers (those who smoked at least 1 cigarette over the past 3 months); among male 10th graders (oldest group) 53.2% smoke; among females these figures were 0.8% for the youngest students and 28.2% for the oldest ones. A significant difference in awareness of smoking health hazards and attitudes towards the habit was shown among school students with various smoking statuses. Complaints about cough and shortness of breath after light physical stress were significantly more prevalent in regular smokers as compared to non‐smokers. The possible causal role of some psychological factors in early formation of smoking habit is discussed.