bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits to Liberalization: Local Culture in a Global Marketplace
Authors: Bickerton James 
Published: March 2008

Limits to Liberalization: Local Culture in a Global Marketplace, Patricia Goff, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007, pp. viii, 197.This book is written from a concern that liberalization of the cultural sector will lead to cultural loss, the dilution of unique national idioms and the diminishment of diversity. This creates the need for governments to find ways and means of reducing or offsetting the cultural costs of globalization. The dynamics under consideration here are “the appearance on the trading agenda of culture industry regulation and the ensuing tendency to mischaracterize a defensive effort to offset the perceived contemporary costs of liberalization as veiled economic protectionism” (84). Accordingly, the book's focus is on government efforts to implement culture-sustaining policies in the face of condemnation by trading partners who view such measures as discriminatory trade practices. In this connection, two case studies are examined: measures taken by Canada within the context of the NAFTA agreement and by the European Union, in particular by France, in the context of the GATT.
Not this Time: Canadians, Public Policy and the Marijuana Question, 1961–1975
Authors: Erickson Patricia G. 
Published: March 2008

Not this Time: Canadians, Public Policy and the Marijuana Question, 1961–1975, Marcel Martel, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. x, 277.It is said of the 1960s, “If you can remember them, you weren't really there.” For those who need a refresher course, this book is an alternative to time travel. For the younger, post-1970s generation who literally were not there, this book tells them all they ever need to know about the history of Canada's marijuana laws and why they have been so resistant to change. Considering that nearly three quarters of this current crop of young adults has tried marijuana, according to the Canadian Addiction Survey of 2004, perhaps they should be asking why the drug of choice for so many is still illegal. Martel's detailed snapshot of this crucial 15-year period sets out the actors, forces and political pressures that are still very much a part of the ongoing and unresolved debate on drug policy reform in Canada.
Results with continuous cardiopulmonary bypass for the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis
Authors: MacIver Robroy H. , Stewart Robert D. , Backer Carl L. , Mavroudis Constantine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveSome centres have proposed creating the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis without cardiopulmonary bypass, while others continue to use deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the results of using continuous cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia, perhaps the most commonly used of the three techniques for this procedure.MethodsBetween 1990 and 2005, 114 patients, having a mean age of 1.58 years, with a median age of 8 months, and ranging from 3 months to 16 years, underwent creation of either a unilateral cavopulmonary anastomosis, in 94 cases, or bilateral anastomoses in 20 cases. All had continuous cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia at 32 degrees Celsius, with 24 also having aortic cross-clamping with cardioplegia for simultaneous intracardiac procedures. Interrupted absorbable sutures were used to create the anastomosis in 105 patients.ResultsPerioperative mortality was 5%, with 6 of the patients dying. The mean period of cardiopulmonary bypass for an isolated anastomosis was 91 minutes, with a range from 44 to 160 minutes. In 10 patients (8.8%), it was necessary to place a graft to augment the anastomosis. The average postoperative length of stay was 7.9 days for those undergoing an isolated unilateral anastomosis, and 16.4 days for patients undergoing combined cardiac operations. We have now created the Fontan circulation in 79 of the patients, at an average interval from the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis of 2.1 plus or minus 1.14 years. In 76 patients, we performed postoperative angiograms, and none revealed any stenoses.ConclusionsThe bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis can be performed successfully with continuous cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia with a beating heart, avoiding circulatory arrest. The use of interrupted and absorbable sutures was not associated with any late anastomotic stenosis.
Identifying trait clusters by linkage profiles: application in genetical genomics
Authors: Sampson Joshua N. , Self Steven G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Genes often regulate multiple traits. Identifying clusters of traits influenced by a common group of genes helps elucidate regulatory networks and can improve linkage mapping.
Methods: We show that the Pearson correlation coefficient, ρ∧L, between two LOD score profiles can, with high specificity and sensitivity, identify pairs of genes that have their transcription regulated by shared quantitative trait loci (QTL). Furthermore, using theoretical and/or empirical methods, we can approximate the distribution of ρ∧L under the null hypothesis of no common QTL. Therefore, it is possible to calculate P-values and false discovery rates for testing whether two traits share common QTL. We then examine the properties of ρ∧L through simulation and use ρ∧L to cluster genes in a genetical genomics experiment examining Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Results: Simulations show that ρ∧L can have more power than the clustering methods currently used in genetical genomics. Combining experimental results with Gene Ontology (GO) annotations show that genes within a purported cluster often share similar function.
Software: R-code included in online Supplementary Material.
Contact: joshua.sampson@yale.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reference descriptions of cellular electrophysiology models
Authors: Nickerson David P. , Corrias Alberto , Buist Martin L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Summary: In recent years there has been much development of the fundamental ideas underlying mathematical model curation in regard to models of biology. While much has been achieved in the realms of systems biology and bioinformatics, little progress has been made in relation to cellular electrophysiology modeling. The primary reason for slow progress in this field is the lack of a consistent and machine-readable reference description for a given model. CellML has been widely used to describe mathematical models of cellular electrophysiology in an unambiguous, machine-readable format. Through the use of well-annotated CellML models we propose a standard by which reference descriptions of cellular electrophysiology models can be similarly defined in an unambiguous, software independent, and machine-readable format. Adoption of this standard will provide a consistent technology by which cellular electrophysiology models can be curated.
Availability: http://www.bioeng.nus.edu.sg/compbiolab/p2/
Contact: david.nickerson@nus.edu.sg
Supplementary information: Example reference descriptions are available at http://www.bioeng.nus.edu.sg/compbiolab/p2/
Network-constrained regularization and variable selection for analysis of genomic data
Authors: Li Caiyan , Li Hongzhe 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMotivation: Graphs or networks are common ways of depicting information. In biology in particular, many different biological processes are represented by graphs, such as regulatory networks or metabolic pathways. This kind of a priori information gathered over many years of biomedical research is a useful supplement to the standard numerical genomic data such as microarray gene-expression data. How to incorporate information encoded by the known biological networks or graphs into analysis of numerical data raises interesting statistical challenges. In this article, we introduce a network-constrained regularization procedure for linear regression analysis in order to incorporate the information from these graphs into an analysis of the numerical data, where the network is represented as a graph and its corresponding Laplacian matrix. We define a network-constrained penalty function that penalizes the L1-norm of the coefficients but encourages smoothness of the coefficients on the network.Results: Simulation studies indicated that the method is quite effective in identifying genes and subnetworks that are related to disease and has higher sensitivity than the commonly used procedures that do not use the pathway structure information. Application to one glioblastoma microarray gene-expression dataset identified several subnetworks on several of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) transcriptional pathways that are related to survival from glioblastoma, many of which were supported by published literatures.Conclusions: The proposed network-constrained regularization procedure efficiently utilizes the known pathway structures in identifying the relevant genes and the subnetworks that might be related to phenotype in a general regression framework. As more biological networks are identified and documented in databases, the proposed method should find more applications in identifying the subnetworks that are related to diseases and other biological processes.Contact: hongzhe@mail.med.upenn.edu
Non-indigenous tunicate species in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada
Authors: LeGresley Murielle M. , Martin Jennifer L. , McCurdy Paul , Thorpe Bruce , Chang Blythe D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
LeGresley, M. M., Martin, J. L., McCurdy, P., Thorpe, B., and Chang, B. D. 2008. Non-indigenous tunicate species in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 770–774. The frequency of fouling tunicates is increasing in Atlantic Canada and along the New England coast of the US. Canadian shellfish industries in the Gulf of St Lawrence and along the south shore of Nova Scotia have been affected by the heavy infestation of fouling tunicates. Because little research on tunicates has been conducted in the Bay of Fundy, a Canadian monitoring programme was established to look for the non-indigenous tunicates Ciona intestinalis, Botryllus schlosseri, Didemnum sp. A, Botrylloides violaceus, and Styela clava, in southwest New Brunswick. Collectors were deployed at 11 stations in May/June 2006. Some were retrieved in August 2006; others remained until November of the same year. Ciona intestinalis had established at three survey sites, St Andrews Harbour, St Andrews Biological Station, and Fairhaven, Deer Island, but the heaviest infestation was in the Lime Kiln Bay–Charlie Cove area. The greatest settlement of B. schlosseri was at the Dipper Harbour site, with minimal settlements in St Andrews Harbour and Harbour de Loutre. The other species of interest were not detected during the survey.
Non‐immediate reactions to β‐lactams: diagnostic value of skin testing and drug provocation test
Authors: Padial A. , Antunez C. , Blanca‐Lopez N. , Fernandez T. D. , Cornejo‐Garcia J. A. , Mayorga C. , Torres M. J. , Blanca M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBackground
β‐Lactam (BL) antibiotics can induce non‐immediate skin reactions, frequently manifested as exanthema or urticaria. The time between drug intake and the reaction appearance is generally 24–48 h. Because the mechanisms involved are not completely understood, diagnostic tests for these reactions have still to be fully validated.Objective
To evaluate the role of skin and drug provocation tests (DPTs) in the diagnosis of patients with non‐immediate reactions to BL.Methods
We evaluated a group of 22 patients who developed maculopapular exanthema or urticarial exanthema after BL intake. Diagnosis was confirmed by DPT with BL. Intradermal/patch testing was performed with benzylpenicilloyl, minor determinant mixture, amoxicillin (AX), ampicillin (AMP) and the culprit drug in patients and in 22 negative controls. Immunohistochemical studies were done in the affected skin at the acute phase of the reaction and after a delayed positive skin test/DPT. IFN‐γ and IL‐4 were quantified in peripheral mononuclear cells, obtained during the positive response to DPT and after resolution of the symptoms.Results
From the total number of cases, 12 patients developed urticarial exanthema and 10 maculopapular exanthema after DPT. Only two of the 22 patients (9%) had a positive delayed intradermal skin test: one to AX/AMP and the other to cloxacillin. Biopsies showed a mononuclear CD4, CD8 infiltrate and activated and memory cells. The cytokine expression showed a Th1 pattern in patients, in contrast with the Th0 pattern in controls.Conclusion
In patients with non‐immediate reactions to BLs (maculopapular exathema or urticarial exanthema), the sensitivity of skin testing is low and DPT may be required to establish the diagnosis. The reproducibility of the reactions and the cytokine pattern expressed during the acute episode support a T cell‐induced non‐immediate response.
Soil substrate classification and the FAO and World Reference Base systems: examples from Yemen and Jordan
Authors: Pietsch D. , Lucke B. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe World Reference Base for Soil Resources and the FAO Guidelines for Soil Description are tools to identify, describe and classify a soil by diagnostic horizons, diagnostic properties, diagnostic materials, and other soil features. While bedrock and residual fragments can be defined by their lithology and abundance, the parent material of soil formation is not clearly classified. Therefore a substrate classification was implicated in descriptions of layered soils, because these consist often of allochthonous, polygenetic and heterogeneous substrates. Results of soil investigations in Yemen developed into a substrate classification key for parent materials that focuses on parameters of substrate variety. Primarily, the present approach was developed to describe layered soils on the Island of Socotra, but it is assumed to be valid for any semi‐arid region in the Tropics and Subtropics. To assess the operational reliability of the system, it was applied to classify parent materials of soils from Yemen mainland and Jordan. The classification key is partly based on the FAO Guidelines, and partly on the German Soil Mapping Guidelines. The substrate variety includes lithology, weathering intensity, stratigraphical unit and substrate form. Different substrate varieties within one profile are called substrate orders and closely relate to sedimentary bedding. The proposed classification key is based additionally on parameters such as geogenesis and relief position. It can be used separately from soil description. However, soil identification and description become more precise by using this classification system. This contribution should be understood as a first approach to an international substrate classification.
An empowerment process: successful recovery from alcohol dependence
Authors: Yeh Mei‐Yu , Che Hui‐Lian , Lee Li‐Wei , Horng Fen‐Fang 
Published: March 2008

Aims.  The purpose of this study was to explore the concepts and processes for successful abstinence from alcohol for Taiwanese Alcoholics Anonymous members.Background.  Attempting to identify the psychological and social influences upon alcohol consumption remission outside of alcoholism treatment could help professionals to engage in a broad array of community interventions in an informed fashion.Methods.  Grounded theory method was utilized in this study. The study chose nine participants who had succeeded in abstinence, using theoretical sampling and conducted in‐depth interviews by an open‐ended questionnaire.Results.  The results of this study indicated that the core of the process during which alcoholic individuals succeeded in abstaining from further alcohol consumption was an empowerment process for the involved individual. Alcoholics felt that their family, interpersonal relationships, jobs and personal finances all had been at ‘rock‐bottom’ level following a long period of alcohol dependence. This feeling caused the individual to experience an emotion of a loss of control and provoked the arousal of an alcoholic's inner consciousness levels, this then resulting in the generation of a driving force for abstinence from alcohol for these individuals.Conclusions.  The expansion of an individual's internal awakening power helps the individual to obtain assistance and to resist the temptation of further alcohol consumption. Therefore, the power derived by individuals from the stages of repositioning, releasing, active sharing, resistance and assistance are the maintenance factors for an individual's empowerment process that help maintain the successful recovery from alcohol for the involved individual.Relevance to clinical practice.  A good comprehension of the recovery processes for alcoholics, we believe, will trigger clinical professionals to pay appropriate attention to the specific problems and needs of alcoholic individuals, to build an effective resource network for treatment and to help solve alcoholics’ physical and psychosocial problems.
SNOM on cell thin sections: observation of Jurkat and MDAMB453 cells
Authors: ZWEYER M. , TROIAN B. , SPREAFICO V. , PRATO S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn this study a comparison of scanning near‐field optical microscopy with a traditional, well‐known microscopic technique like transmission electron microscopy is discussed. To establish a reliable and comparable method for high‐resolution scanning near‐field optical microscopy imaging of biological samples, the attention is focussed on cell sections. In particular, we present a study of ultrathin sections of Jurkat T‐cells and MDAMB453 cells. We show the relationship among the scanning near‐field optical microscopy (topographic and optical) images and the kind of embedding medium (resin), the sections thickness and the staining of the sample. For a complementary investigation atomic force microscopy measurements are carried out, as well. The study reveals that scanning near‐field optical microscopy technique on opportunely prepared thin sections can be applied successfully for investigation of the interior of the cells. Scanning near‐field optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy allow to obtain different, however comparable, and complementary information of the cell sample.
Differential effects of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 on Culex quinquefasciatus and its competitor Culex cinereus in West Africa
Authors: NICOLAS L. , DOSSOU‐YOVO J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The larval susceptibility to Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 of the non‐man‐biting mosquito Culex cinereus and the urban filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus, two competitor mosquitoes in polluted habitats, was compared. In the laboratory, both species ingested a similar amount of B.sphaericus spores when fed c. 2×l05 spores per ml for 30 min. However, in the same experiment, third‐instar larvae of Cx quinquefasciatus were reduced by 98% at 24 h exposure while Cx cinereus larvae were only reduced by 6% at 72 h. In the field, preimaginal populations of Cx cinereus ingested, within a week, more than 99% of the applied spores, but showed no significant decrease through 14 days in cesspools treated at 10 g/m2 of a flowable concentrate of B.sphaericus 2362, containing 2times 1010 spores/g.It is proposed that specific biological control of Cx quinquefasciatus could result from appropriate treatment of breeding‐sites with larvicidal B. sphaericus and competitive displacement by Cx cinereus or other mosquitoes with larvae that are more tolerant of B.sphaericus.
Light and suction trap catches of Culicoides midges in southern England
Authors: HOLMES P. R. , BOORMAN J. P. T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The seasonal flight periods are given for eleven species or species groups of Culicoides midges at Pirbright, Surrey, U.K., from 1979 to 1981 and in 1983.2. Most species were relatively uniformly distributed both within the study site and between years; only C.clintoni Boorman was limited in its spatial distribution and only C.segnis Campbell and Pelham‐Clinton varied greatly in numbers between years.3. Species fall into one of three patterns of seasonal abundance: spring emergers, summer emergers, or spring to autumn emergers.4. Only the C.obsoletus group showed a pattern of emergence that could correspond to distinct generations, of one or more species in the group. Three distinct emergences were observed, and possible explanations for these discussed.5. For all species except C.impunctatus Goetghebuer the catches from suction/light and suction only traps are poorly correlated whereas for C.impunctatus they are highly correlated. This may suggest that this species is not greatly attracted to light.
The influence of permethrin‐impregnated bednets and mass drug administration on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: HII JEFFREY L. K. , VUN Y. S. , CHIN K. F. , CHUA R. , TAMBAKAU S. , BINISOL E. S. , FERNANDEZ E. , SINGH N. , CHAN MECHIEL K. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A small‐scale trial was carried out in the Upper Kinabatangan district of Sabah, Malaysia, to determine the effect of using permethrin‐impregnated bednets on malaria transmission. A total of 306 nylon bednets with cotton borders, impregnated at a dose estimated to have been 0.062 g permethrin/m2 of nylon netting, were distributed to 139 households in five villages. At the time of distributing bednets, mass drug administration with Fansidar plus primaquine was also administered to the human population to clear all parasitaemias due to Plasmodium falciparum Welch. In another village, for comparison, mass drug administration was the only intervention.After intervention measures in December 1984 and January 1985, the parasite rates in children declined in all villages during the first month, significantly more in the villages with impregnated bednets than in the control, thus proving that the nets had an impact on malaria. However, after about 2 months, parasite rates started to increase again. After 4–6 months, parasite rates in the villages with bednets approached the rate in the control village without nets. The increase in parasite rates was paralleled by a significant deterioration in the quality, physical condition and the degree of non‐utilization of bednets.Entomological evaluation proved the efficacy of permethrin‐impregnated nets for controlling Anopheles balabacensis Baisas and other ano‐phelines. Bioassays (1 h exposure) of permethrin‐impregnated bednets gave 100% mortality initially and 44–61% mortality after 85–106 days. Mosquito collections in treated bednets were significantly reduced for at least 217 days.The project failed to achieve prolonged suppression of malaria transmission for a combination of entomological, sociological and practical reasons which are discussed in relation to the objectives and implementation of future bednet studies.
Diel biting activity of Culex (Melanoconion) caudelli in Trinidad, West Indies
Authors: CHADEE DAVE D. , TIKASINGH ELISHA S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The diel biting periodicity of the arbovirus vector Culex (Melanoconion) caudelli Dyar and Knab (Diptera; Culicidae) in the Aripo‐Wallerfield forest, Trinidad, was studied by collecting mosquitoes attracted to mouse‐baited traps at 2‐hourly intervals during eight 24 h periods.Biting females of Cx caudelli were collected during all night‐time hours, 18.00–06.00 hours, with an overall unimodal pattern, i. e. one well‐defined peak between 22.00 and 04.00 hours. This contrasts with previous reports that Cx caudelli is diurnally active.During the four moon phases, the period of peak biting activity varied from 22.00 to 24.00 hours at fullmoon, from 22.00 to 04.00 hours at first quarter, and from 24.00 to 02.00 hours at new moon and last quarter phases.The number of mosquitoes collected varied significantly with moon phases, the highest (152/24 h) being collected in the first lunar quarter and the lowest (71/24 h) in the last lunar quarter.Cloud cover and rainfall had no significant effect on the diel biting periodicity of Cx caudelli.