bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of the Indian mole rat with alpha‐chlorohydrin: laboratory studies on bait acceptance and antifertility effects
Authors: SAINI MANJIT S. , PARSHAD V. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryToxic and antifertility effects of feeding poison baits of a toxicant‐sterilant, alpha‐chlorohydrin, were studied against the Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis. It was found that 0.5% alpha‐chlorohydrin bait was the most palatable formulation which delivered the amount of active ingredient equal to or more than MLD (82 mg/kg) to B. bengalensis in a single day's feeding. The rats suffered maximum mortality with this bait concentration both in no‐choice and bi‐choice feeding trials. Male survivors of 0.5% and 1.0% alpha‐chlorohydrin baits showed functional abnormalities of their testes as revealed by loss in testicular weight, decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of seminiferous epithelium and abnormally low levels of spermatogenic cells. Effect of the poison on epididymis became apparent by the presence of epididymal lesions in caput epididymides and low levels of sperm concentration, live sperms and sperm motility in the cauda epididymal fluid. Our findings on the acceptance and toxiccum‐antifertility effects of feeding alpha‐chlorohydrin baits suggest field evaluation of this poison for the management of B. bengalensis would be appropriate.
Effects of the neem product, RD‐Repelin, on settling behaviour and transmission of zucchini yellow mosaic virus by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: HUNTER WAYNE B. , ULLMAN DIANE E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe botanical product RD‐Repelin® was highly repellent to pea aphids at concentrations of 1%, 4% or 10%. Repellency occurred prior to leaf contact by aphids at all three concentrations. RD‐Repelin® delayed symptom expression of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in 81% of plants treated with 1% concentration, although virus transmission was not prevented. The effects of RD‐Repelin® on aphid settling behaviour, symptom expression and potential for pest management are discussed.
The effects of deep cultivation and oxamyl on control of potato cyst‐nematode, Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. , NICHOLS A. J. F. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySoil compaction associated with frequent cultivation of potatoes was partly removed with a deep winged‐tine coulter. This increased the yield of tubers of cv. Cara in 1987 and 1988 and of cv. Désirée in 1987 in soil which was heavily infested with potato cyst‐nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.), and which was treated with oxamyl at 5.6 kg ha‐1. In 1988, in soil not treated with oxamyl, deep cultivation significantly decreased the yield of cv. Cara. In both years, oxamyl decreased numbers of G. rostochiensis eggs in the soil following cv. Désirée potatoes but not following cv. Cara which were resistant to the nematode.
Sources of resistance to stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev, in species of Medicago and Trifolium
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe putatively resistant lucerne cv. Euver was as susceptible to 11 English and 11 French populations of ‘lucerne race’ stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, as the susceptible cv. Europe. The ‘resistant’ cv. Vertus showed some resistance to five of the English and four of the French populations but was just as susceptible as Europe to three English and four French populations. Twelve annual species of Medicago were very resistant to a mixture of two English and two French populations of the nematode. None of 13 perennial spp. of Medicago was very resistant to the same mixture of nematodes but resistant plants were identified in M. borealis, M. dzhawakhetica, M. glutinosa and M. romanica. Twenty six spp. of Trifolium were resistant to a mixture of two English and two French populations of ‘red clover race’ stem nematode.
Surveys of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) in England
Authors: COTTEN J. , COOKE D. A. , DARLINGTON P. , HANCOCK M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn 1977, all restrictions on cropping imposed by successive Beet Eelworm Orders, in force since 1943, were removed. To monitor the effect of this relaxation, surveys for beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), were undertaken annually between 1977 and 1988 in seven sugar‐beet‐growing areas thought to be most at risk from the nematode. In Area 1 (approximately the “Scheduled Area” of the Beet Eelworm Orders, comprising mainly the East Anglian fens), detectable infestations increased from 8.3% of fields sampled in 1977 to 34.0% in 1985, and thereafter stabilised at about 30% of fields sampled. Detectable infestations increased in only one other Area (West Norfolk and West Suffolk, adjacent to Area 1). The incidence of detectable infestations was directly related to the length of the break between host crops. Soil‐applied pesticides, principally targetted at arthropod pests, had no apparent effect on the incidence of detectable infestations of H. schachtii.
Seedbank persistence and seedling emergence of seven weed species in autumn‐sown crops following a single year's seeding
Authors: WILSON B. J. , LAWSON H. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySeedbanks and seedling emergence, resulting from seeds shed in wheat crops and ploughed in, were monitored in two experiments for 3–4 years in successive autumn sown crops, in which herbicides were used to prevent re‐seeding. Populations of Galium aparine, Papaver rhoeas, Lamium purpureum, Myosotis arvensis, Veronica persica, Viola arvensis and Veronica hederifolia were studied in separate plots. The numbers of viable seeds in the soil declined exponentially; G. aparine and V. hederifolia declined most, and P. rhoeas and V. arvensis least rapidly. Total weeds (all species) over the 3–4 years, (obtained by adding successive numbers of seedlings recorded in each autumn or winter), represented 3–4% of the first year seedbank for the combined species. Few seedlings emerged in the first year after seeding due to effective burial by the initial ploughing. The species showing the greatest emergence in the first year, relative to seedbank size, were G. aparine and V. hederifolia. Other, smaller seeded, species produced their main seedling flushes in the second and third years after seeding. It is concluded that poor weed control in one year is likely to result in large weed infestations for up to four years and probably longer for some species.
The complementary effects of plant resistance and reduced pesticide dosage in field experiments to control the turnip root fly, Delia floralis, in swedes
Authors: TAKSDAL GUDMUND 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe integration of different doses of chlorfenvinphos with plant resistance to different levels of Delia floralis attack in swedes was investigated at Saerheim Research Station in field experiments during 1987, 1988 and 1989. The indices of damage and grade 1 yields indicated different levels of resistance ranging from the partially resistant cvs Melfort, Angus and Vige down to the susceptible cvs Gry and Ruta. The relative resistance of the cvs changed with increasing levels of damage. Cvs Melfort and Angus were consistently the most resistant, while the resistance of Vige seemed to break down at high levels of attack. At these levels and in the absence of chemical treatment Gry was as resistant as Melfort and Angus. At the lowest level of attack, the resistance alone gave satisfactory control with Melfort, Angus and Vige. A half dose of chlorfenvinphos was sufficient to protect Melfort and Angus at higher levels of attack. Damage levels recorded in October showed that the different cultivars expressed widely different levels of resistance to D. radicum than to D. floralis.
Race non‐specific resistance to Bremia lactucae
Authors: GUSTAFSSON INGRID 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThree ways of measuring race non‐specific resistance to Bremia lactucae in lettuce were studied to determine the most important components of this form of resistance. Tests were conducted on leaf discs from 4–6 wk‐old plants that were quantitatively inoculated and incubated under controlled conditions. Observations were made of disease intensity, latent period and production of conidia. Inoculum concentration markedly influenced disease intensity and latent period. Cv. Iceberg exhibited race non‐specific resistance and this was characterised by a longer latent period, a lower disease intensity and reduced production of conidia compared to the susceptible control cv. Cobham Green. On older, intact plants, the differences in latent period and disease intensity between cultivars were even greater. Production of conidia was a particularly good criterion for discriminating levels of resistance.
Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries
Authors: THOMAS M. B. , SOTHERTON N. W. , COOMBES D. S. , WRATTEN S. D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe winter distributions of a range of polyphagous predators were investigated in relation to field boundary structure. The distribution of Demetrias atricapillus was significantly positively correlated with the density of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) tussocks, and Forficula auricularia and Tachyporus chrysomelinus were significantly positively correlated with percentage cover of deciduous leaf litter, However, although densities of predators varied significantly between field boundaries, no further relationships were identified to explain the observed predator distribution patterns. It is suggested that detailed intensive investigations rather than the extensive approaches of the present study, are required to address questions relating to successful over wintering and selection of over wintering site.
The effect of plant phenology on the induction of alatae and the development of populations of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), the rose‐grain aphid, on winter wheat
Authors: HOWARD M. T. , DIXON A. F. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn field experiments apterous Metopolophium dirhodum produced significantly more alatae when reared on mature plants (milky ripe stage) than on young plants. Nymphal and adult survival and relative growth rate were little affected by the developmental stage of the host plant. Relative growth rate and fecundity were strongly related to temperature.Laboratory experiments confirmed that the developmental stage of wheat had no significant effect on survival or relative growth rate of the aphids. However, laboratory grown plants did not produce the levels of alate production seen in field crops and in the field experiments. It is suggested that in investigations into the effects of the host plant on cereal aphids field grown plants should be used whenever possible.Alate production is proposed as the major plant induced factor affecting the development of M. dirhodum populations on wheat in the field. Alatae developed on mature plants even when the number of aphids was very low.
Mango stem end rot pathogens ‐ Fruit infection by endophytic colonisation of the inflorescence and pedicel
Authors: JOHNSON G. I. , MEAD A. J. , COOKE A. W. , DEAN J. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe stem end rot pathogens of mango (Mangifera indica), (Dothiorella dominicana, Dothiorella mangiferae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Syn. Diplodia natalensis Phomopsis mangiferae, Cytosphaera mangiferae, Pestalotiopsis sp. and Dothiorella‘long’), as well as other fungi (including Alternaria alternata), were found to occur endophytically in the stem tissue of mango trees prior to inflorescence emergence. On samples from trees with a record of low stem end rot levels, colonisation did not extend into the most recently produced flush of stem tissue. At a site with a history of high stem end rot levels, sequential monitoring of inflorescence tissue between flowering and harvest by plating out small (c. 8 mm3) tissue pieces revealed, that at least some of the pathogens ‐ Dothiorella spp., P. mangiferae, Pestalotiopsis sp. and C. mangiferae gradually colonised the inflorescence, reaching the pedicel tissue of young fruit ‐ 8 wk after flowering. Subsequently, detection frequency of the pathogens in inflorescence tissue declined, possibly because of interference from copper residues (from field sprays) accumulating on tissue samples. The detection frequency of A. alternata also increased as Dothiorella spp. declined, however these changes could not be attributed to antagonistic interactions between the two fungi.Using larger tissue pieces (1–2 mm thick transverse sections, or a square of tissue 25 mm2× 3 mm thick) in isolations, endophytic colonisation by Dothiorella spp. and P. mangiferae was detected in stem, inflorescence and pedicel tissues of mature‐fruit‐specimens from two different sites, one unsprayed, and the other regularly sprayed with copper. The fungi were detected more frequently in the samples from unsprayed trees. Fruit from the sprayed orchard subsequently developed a high level of stem end rot caused by D. dominicana, while a lower level of stem end rot developed in unsprayed fruit, possibly because the latter fruit were also extensively diseased by anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.). Endophytic colonisation of inflorescence and pedicel tissue was found to be a primary route of infection for fruit which develop stem end rot during ripening.
The effect of the systemic fungicide benomyl on survival and reproduction of the bird cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi)
Authors: AKHTAR S. , EMDEN H. F. VAN. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWeight gain and intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) of Rhopalosiphum padi were measured on wheat plants given soil drenches of benomyl at various concentrations. Reduced weight gain occurred with concentrations as low as 3.125 ppm. Mortality of aphids significantly exceeded control mortality at 25 ppm, and no aphids survived concentrations above 50 ppm. Development time was extended at 12.5 ppm and above. Reductions in fecundity and rm became statistically significant by 25 ppm.Topical application of benomyl at 100 ppm or above increased aphid mortality, which reached 97% at 400 ppm. Weight gain of aphids was also reduced by topical application at 100 ppm.A factorial experiment showed absence of interaction between the effects on aphid weight of soil drench application to plants and topical application to aphids.
Plant resistance to fungal diseases induced by the infection of cucumber mosaic virus attenuated by satellite RNA
Authors: QIN BINGYI , ZHANG XIUHUA , WU GUSUI , TIEN PO 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBiological control agents (BCAs) composed of attenuated cucumber mosaic (CMV) and its satellite RNA for controlling CMV diseases were found to induce plant resistance to a number of fungal diseases. Tests conducted in both the field and greenhouse showed evident protective effects against fungal infections by the BCAs. Artificial inoculation with a fungal spore suspension using BCA‐treated plants, satellite transgenic plants and plants infected with CMV alone indicated that the resistance to fungi was induced by the virus infection, not by the presence of satellite RNA.
The use of tracers to estimate the exposure of beneficial insects to direct pesticide spraying in cereals
Authors: ÇILGI TAMER , JEPSON PAUL C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA fluorescent spray tracer was used to measure the profile of spray deposits through winter‐wheat crop canopies and upon beneficial insects, placed in fixed positions which approximated to their natural distributions. Tracer deposition profiles were recorded on a series of occasions between G.S. 47 to G.S. 90. Deposition levels declined through the canopy on each occasion but the proportion of the spray reaching the ground varied between growth stages. Deposition rates upon insects followed the same trends but insects on the aerial parts of the plant received a higher volume of tracer per unit area than the part of the crop that they were placed upon. Insects placed on the ground received a dose equivalent to their ground area. For a given distribution of insects, these data permit direct spray exposure to be estimated. The general application of the method to a wide range of crops, to the calculation of risk indices, to the standardisation of field tests and to the development of selective spray placement methods are discussed.
Genome affinities and epitope profiles of whitefly‐transmitted geminiviruses from the Americas
Authors: SWANSON M. M. , BROWN J. K. , POULOS B. T. , HARRISON B. D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe relationships among fifteen isolates of whitefly‐transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs) from North, Central and South America and six from other continents were assessed (a) in nucleic acid hybridisation tests with sulphonated DNA probes for eight of the viruses, and/or (b) in triple‐antibody‐sandwich ELISA with panels of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to particles of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV). Probes specific for DNA‐A of four American viruses, abutilon mosaic (AbMV), bean golden mosaic (BGMV), squash leaf curl (SLCV) and tomato golden mosaic (TGMV), detected virtually all the American viruses but reacted weakly if at all with ICMV, ACMV or tomato yellow leaf curl virus from Thailand (TYLCV‐T). Conversely, the probe for ACMV DNA‐A did not detect any of the American viruses, and that for TYLCV‐T DNA‐A reacted weakly with SLCV and TGMV0020but did not detect the others. In contrast, probes specific for DNA‐B of the four American viruses or ACMV detected only the homologous virus, except for slight reactions between the AbMV DNA‐B probe and both chino del tomate virus (CdTV)‐DNA and SLCV‐DNA. However, a probe for DNA‐B of bean calico mosaic virus (BCMoV) reacted weakly with BGMV‐PR DNA, and a probe for DNA‐B of CdTV from Mexico detected several American viruses.Six out of 17 MAbs specific for ACMV and six out of 10 MAbs specific for ICMV reacted with one or other of the 14 American virus isolates tested. Two and‐ACMV MAbs reacted with all, and one anti‐ACMV MAb and two anti‐ICMV MAbs reacted with nearly all the American viruses, one anti‐ACMV MAb reacted with about half the American viruses and six other MAbs reacted with only one or two of them. Of the American viruses, CdTV and AbMV were the least closely related to the others. The epitope profiles of BCMoV, BGMV, cotton leaf crumple virus, serrano golden mosaic virus and SLCV were virtually indistinguishable. TGMV, potato yellow mosaic virus (PYMV) and an euphorbia virus had profiles intermediate between those of the BGMV cluster and AbMV‐CdTV. In general, the epitope profiles and the results of hybridisation tests with DNA‐A probes show that the similarities among the American viruses are greater than those between the American viruses and the viruses from other continents; the hybridisation tests with DNA‐B probes show that substantial differences exist between individual American viruses. In America, geminivirus evolution seems to have proceeded convergently from different progenitor viruses, or divergently from one ancestral form, with DNA‐B diverging to a greater extent than DNA‐A and its particle‐protein gene.
Development of pepper (Capsicum annuum) seed quality
Authors: DEMIR I. , ELLIS R. H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryChanges in seed quality in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were monitored during seed development and maturation in two seasons. Seed quality was assessed by a number of different tests, but principally by determining seed storage longevity in laboratory tests and seedling growth in glasshouse tests. Mass maturity (defined as the end of the seed‐filling phase) occurred 49–53 days after anthesis (DAA) in 1989 (varying among fruit layers) and 53 DAA in 1990 when seed moisture contents were 51–53%. The onset of both germinability and desiccation tolerance occurred either just before or at mass maturity. Maximum potential longevity (assessed by the value of the seed lot constant Ki) was achieved 63–65 DAA, i.e. not until 10–12 days after mass maturity (DAMM), in both years. Seedling dry weights in the glasshouse growth tests were maximal later still ‐ for seeds harvested 17–21 DAMM in 1989 and 17 DAMM in 1990; the effects on seedling weight arose from differences in times from sowing to emergence (P < 0.005) among different seed harvests, with no significant differences in subsequent relative growth rates (P > 0.25). Seed priming reduced mean germination times for seeds harvested at all stages of development, but had little effect on germination capacity and potential longevity, and did not affect the pattern of changes in potential longevity during seed development and maturation. The results contradict the hypothesis that seed quality is maximal at the end of the seed‐filling phase and that viability and vigour begin to decline immediately thereafter.
Non‐target effects of repeated methiocarb slug pellet application on carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity in winter‐sown cereals
Authors: PURVIS GORDON , BANNON JAMES W. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effects of repeated annual application of methiocarb‐based slug pellets, broadcast on the soil surface and drilled into the seed bed, on carabid beetle activity were investigated over a four year period on a winter‐sown cereal field using pitfall traps in barriered plots. Following applications in late autumn all winter‐active carabid populations were severely depressed; total carabid activity falling to less than 5% and 10–15% following broadcast and drilled applications, respectively, compared with untreated plots. Spring and summer‐active species, not active at the time of application, were largely unaffected by applications and were responsible for a gradual recovery of total activity from early spring onwards. Activity of all affected winter species remained demonstrably depressed on treated areas for the remainder of their seasonal incidence. However, all except one species, Bembidion obtusum, recovered to normal activity levels in the following season prior to reapplication. Recovery patterns are discussed in terms of the known biology of the species involved. Evidence that a minority of summer‐active species were also affected by treatments, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, were attributed to indirect effects possibly involving prey availability and foraging behaviour. The long‐term ecological and short‐term agronomic implications of methiocarb effects on carabid populations in winter‐sown cereals are discussed.
The role of annual grasses in the phenology of Rhopalosiphum padi in the low rainfall belt of South Australia
Authors: BARRO PAUL J. DE. , WALLWORK HUGH 
Published: February 2008

Summary Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was the first species of cereal aphids to colonise annual grasses across the state each year. Numbers were higher in the Lower Murray Valley than in the Mount Lofty Ranges or Adelaide Plains. At all locations, numbers generally increased until grasses reached the boot stage after which they declined. Alatoid production commenced in late July in response to crowding, but thereafter plant age and photoperiod were more important determinants. Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hem‐pitera: Aphididae) and Sitobion nr fragariae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) first appeared in annual grasses in late July.