bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PRACTICAL AND NATURAL TAXONOMY FOR CANNABIS
Authors: Small Ernest , Cronquist Arthur 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVariation in Cannabis is evaluated in the context of the confusing systematic history of this genus. Aside from some experimentally produced polyploids, all Cannabis is diploid (n = 10), and there appear to be no barriers to successful hybridization within the genus. The present pattern of variation is due in large part to the influence of man. Two widespread classes of plant are discernible: a group of generally northern plants of relatively limited intoxicant potential, influenced particularly by selection for fibre and oil agronomic qualities, and a group of generally southern plants of considerable intoxicant potential, influenced particularly by selection for inebriant qualities. These two groups are treated respectively as subsp. sativa and indica, of C. sativa, the only species of the genus Cannabis. Within each subspecies two parallel phases are recognizable. The “wild” (weedy, naturalized or indigenous) phase is more or less distinguishable from the domesticated (cultivated or spontaneous) phase by means of an adaptive syndrome of fruit characteristics. The resulting four discernible groups are recognized as varieties.
FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE COMPUTER: ASSESSMENT OF THE “PRECIS” TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
Authors: Russell G. E. Gibbs , Arnold T. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPRECIS (Pretoria National Herbarium Computerized Information System) is designed to provide information about plants in southern Africa, a region that lacks a completed modern flora. The system now consists of four separate but linked components: Specimen, Taxon, Nomenclatural and Curatorial. The “PRECIS experiment” covers an estimated nine per cent of the world's plant species. It provides a broad and continuously up‐to‐date overview of the southern African flora as well as detailed information about particular species, specimens and localities. PRECIS results have wide applicability in taxonomic and vegetation studies, and could not have been obtained without computerization.
ORIGINS OF HETEROSPORY AND THE SEED HABIT: THE ROLE OF HETEROCHRONY
Authors: DiMichele William A. , Davis Jerrold I. , Olmstead Richard G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe origin of the seed‐plant life history, and subsequent diversification of seed morphology, should be considered two independent, fundamentally distinct evolutionary problems. Gametophytic endospory may have arisen paedomorphically from homosporous ancestors, specifically by progenesis in the gametophyte generation. Heterospory and gametophytic unisexuality are not necessarily evolutionary antecedents of endospory; rather, they may have arisen as developmental consequences of endospory. Once seeds existed, their early pattern of diversification was not one of gradual change in form, but of a proliferation of integumentary types differing widely from one another. Subsequently, the morphological spectrum narrowed, with closed integuments eventually prevailing. This two‐stage pattern of diversity suggests an initial phenotypic breakthrough into a largely “empty” adaptive zone, followed by intensified biotic competition as the adaptive zone filled.
SUGGESTIONS FOR A NEW FAMILIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES
Authors: Buck William R. , Vitt Dale H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBased on correlated gametophytic and sporophytic characteristics, 57 families of pleurocarpous mosses are classified in four orders. Four new families are recognized. Five families are segregated into a new suborder of the Bryales, the Rhizogoniineae. The remaining 52 families are arranged in three orders. Suborders and superfamilies are used to reflect the proposed phytogeny. A standardized ending for superfamilies, ‐acanae, is proposed. Each family is discussed, light microscope and scanning electron micrographs are provided to illustrate salient structural features, and cladograms are presented to summarize the classification.
INSECT REPRODUCTION AND FLORAL FRAGRANCES: KEYS TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANGIOSPERMS?
Authors: Pellmyr Olle , Thien Leonard B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPollination systems in extant archaic angiosperms and cycads share three important characteristics. Based on these, it is suggested that insect pollination evolved primarily through meshing of the sexual life cycles of phytophagous insects with flowers in which floral odors served as chemical cues for mating sites and food. Floral fragrances may have originated from chemicals serving as herbivore feeding deterrents.
AN APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY TO BIOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Atkinson W. D. , Gammerman A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe computer program, EXPERT KEY, is an application of expert‐systems technology to the problem of biological identification. The user can use easily‐obtained information about an unknown specimen's colour, location, habitat, etc. to minimise the subsequent search through an ordinary dichotomous key. EXPERT KEY uses the Dempster‐Shafer theory of evidence, a method of reasoning with uncertainty, to combine the heuristic rules. Uncertain inference is also used to allow the user to express Jack of certainty about the statements in the key. The system can reduce considerably the number of difficult key couplets which a user has to assess to make an identification. Unlike previous computer programs in this field, EXPERT KEY is aimed at the non‐specialist who may have problems with technical terms and microscopic examination.
A SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING THE REMOVAL OF ACORUS FROM THE ARACEAE
Authors: Grayum Michael H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe history of classification of the genera Acorus and Gymnostachys, generally considered to constitute the tribe Acoreae in the family Araceae, is briefly reviewed. Phenetic data appearing to have an important bearing on the placement of these genera are summarized in Table 1, and discussed more fully in the text. These data are interpreted as supporting the removal of Acorus to its own family, while favoring the retention of Gymnostachys in Araceae.
HYBRIDIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE WHITE PINES (PINUS SECTION STROBUS)
Authors: Critchfield William B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany North American and Eurasian white pines retain their ability to hybridize even after long isolation, and about half of all white pine hybrids from controlled pollinations are inter‐hemisphere crosses. Within the morphologically homogeneous and otherwise highly crossable core group of white pines, an exception in crossing behavior is Pinus lambertiana of western North America. Although it is an archetypal white pine in its winged seeds and long, unarmed cones that open at maturity, P. lambertiana has not been successfully crossed with any other species in the core group. It has been hybridized only with P. armandii and P. koraiensis, two natives of eastern Asia that do not resemble P. lambertiana or each other in the characteristics used to classify white pines. Both Asian species have seeds without wings, and P. koraiensis has indehiscent cones that retain the seed at maturity. Wingless seeds and seed‐retaining cones may have evolved more than once as adaptations to seed dispersal by birds, and their taxonomic value is questionable. Lack of agreement among the kinds of data that bear on relationships of the white pines emphasizes the need for new approaches to their classification.
ORDINAL ORTHOGRAPHY: NEMALIONALES VS. NEMALIALES (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Norris James N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe name Nemalion is a Second Declension neuter word with the stem Nemalio‐, not a Third Declension masculine word with the stem Nemalion‐. The stems of all suprageneric names based on Nemalion are correct as published, except Nemalionales, which is correctable to Nemaliales.
Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales ‐ gene sequence data
Authors: Rettig J. H. , Wilson Hugh D. , Manhart James R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRettig, J. H., Wilson, H. D. & Manhart, J. R.: Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales ‐ gene sequence data. ‐ Taxon 41: 201–209. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Phylogenetic relationships among selected families of the Caryophyllales were examined by analyses of nucleotide sequences of the large subunit of ribulose‐l,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL). Sequences from 12 Caryophyllalean families were examined using parsimony and bootstrap analysis. The parsimony analysis produced two minimal trees with 778 steps. Major clades supported by bootstrap analysis are (1) Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), Atriplex and Spinacia (Chenopodiaceae); (2) Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae), Rivina (Petiveriaceae), Phytolacca (Phytolaccaceae) and Trianthema (Aizoaceae); (3) Basella (Basellaceae), Alluaudia (Didiereaceae), Portulaca (Portulacaceae) and Schlumbergera (Cactaceae); and (4) Silene, Dianthus, Arenaria and Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae). The Caryophyllaceae and Mollugo are the only taxa examined that do not produce betalains but they are neither closely allied nor basal to other elements of the order. Stegnosperma is not allied with the Mirabilis‐Rivina‐Phytolacca‐Trianthema clade. Thus, the Phytolaccaceae (s.l.) are not monophyletic.
On inferring hybridity from morphological intermediacy
Authors: Wilson Paul 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWilson, P.: On inferring hybridity from morphological intermediacy. ‐ Taxon 41: 11–23. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The type of intermediacy that separates hybridity from divergence is not multivariate intermediacy; it is the coincidence of intermediate character states. For the purpose of showing hybridity, analyses should distinguish between the two types of intermediacy. (1) Hybrid indices fail to do so. (2) Principal components analysis does so only in an ambiguous way. (3) Pictorialized scatter diagrams properly present the evidence for an interpretation that is intuitive. (4) Counting characters as intermediate or not‐intermediate is an explicit approach that allows for statistical evaluation given that certain assumptions are made. Simulated data representing hybridity and divergence are presented to illustrate each method and to provide a prototype of how to document hybridity using the favored methods.
Integrating herbarium data into a geographic information system: requirements for spatial analysis
Authors: Rhoads Ann F. , Thompson Laura 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRhoads, A. F. & Thompson, L.: Integrating herbarium data into a geographic information system: requirements for spatial analysis. ‐ Taxon 41: 43–49. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.This paper addresses the importance of spatial resolution and data accuracy for the development and use of herbarium data with geographic information systems (GIS). Using the Pennsylvania Flora Database as an example, we discuss the variable quality of the spatial information in herbarium databases and present suggestions for standardizing spatial information for future data collection. GIS applications are discussed and examples of these applications are provided.
Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican pine
Authors: Christensen Knud Ib 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChristensen, K. I.: Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican pine. – Taxon 42: 649–653. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The correct varietal name for the Corsican pine, occurring in Corsica, Sicily and Calabria, is P. nigra var. corsicana (Loudon) Hyl., based on P. laricio var. corsicana Loudon. The Corsican pine is often referred to as P. nigra var. maritima (Aiton) Melville, based on P. sylvestris var. maritima Aiton, but the type of the latter is conspecific with P. halepensis. The Corsican pine belongs to P. nigra subsp. salvnannii, the westernmost of the two subspecies of the variable P. nigra.
Report of the Committee for Algae: 1
Authors: Silva Paul C. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySilva, P. C: Report of the Committee for Algae: 1. – Taxon 42: 699–710. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The previous Committee deferred 36 proposals to conserve family names to the present Committee (1987–1993). Seven, based on orthographic variants, were deemed unnecessary and have been withdrawn. Of the remaining 29 proposals 19 are recommended and 10 are not.
Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA‐ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository
Authors: Chambers Henrietta L. , Hummer Kim E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChambers, H. L. & Hummer, K. E.: Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA–ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository. – Taxon 43: 423‐432. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The present chromosome number survey is based on the holdings of the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, which houses a world Mentha collection which includes most of the known taxa. The survey complements previously published counts and provides information about 73 accessions that are available to researchers. It includes chromosome counts for two accessions of M. australis, a previously uncounted Australian endemic, and accessions of M. japonica, M. diemenica, and M. cunninghamii, taxa with but one or a few published previous counts.
The infra‐familial taxonomic circumscription of the Velloziaceae: A historical and critical analysis
Authors: de Mello‐Silva Renato 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMello‐Silva, R. de: The infra‐familial taxonomic circumscription of the Velloziaceae: A historical and critical analysis. ‐ Taxon 40: 45–51. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.This historical revision of the family Velloziaceae emphasizes a comparison between the two most recent systems of classification. The author's own opinion as to delimitation of Brazilian genera is given, and possibly represents an intermediary classification between those of Smith & Ayensu, and of Menezes.
Dr. Herbert F. Mooney, founder of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH)
Authors: Tadesse Mesfin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTadesse, M.: Dr. Herbert F. Mooney, founder of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH). ‐ Taxon 40: 267–272. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The life and achievements of Dr. Herbert F. Mooney are outlined, principally in regard to his involvement with the foundation of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia. Unpublished correspondence of Dr. Mooney with various Kew botanists documents his unique contribution to the early stages of that herbarium.
The recent neotypification and proposal (977) to reject the name Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (Gramineae)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Wilbur Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe recent neotypification and proposal (977) to reject the name Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (Gramineae). ‐ Taxon 40: 326–330. 1991. ‐ ISBN 0040‐0262The recent neotypification of Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (1788) should be ignored as unjustifiable in terms of the original circumscription. The rejection proposal should be opposed and Walter's name returned to its historic status of ‘nomen dubium‘. The generally accepted name, C. incertus M. Curtis (1837), may also be threatened by C. spinifex Cav. (1799).
CLINAL MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF ALLIUM SCHŒNOPRASUM IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Tardif Bernard , Morisset Pierre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNineteen populations of Allium schœnoprasum L., distributed throughout the region between Lévis (near Québec City) and western Newfoundland, Canada, were sampled for a study of morphological variation. These populations overlapped the eastern Canadian ranges of var. laurentianum Fern. (an endemic taxon of eastern North America) and var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. (a circumboreal taxon). Twenty morphological characters were measured on 20 plants from each population. Kruskal‐Wallis tests showed that (1) all the characters exhibited very significant differences between populations, and (2) 17 characters were different between habitats. Principal coordinate analyses, based on the 14 characters related more strongly to locality than to habitat, showed that similarity values were generally higher between populations from the same region. Using populations from both ends of the geographic gradient as a priori defined groups, canonical discriminant and classification analyses indicated that the overall variation pattern of A. schœnoprasum was clinal on a longitudinal gradient. The proportion of plants per population classified in one or the other group changed gradually along that gradient, and longitude alone accounted for most of the variance in mean population discriminant scores. Populations from Newfoundland and the eastern part of the Gaspé Peninsula, corresponding to var. laurentianum, are different from native populations of the upper St. Lawrence estuary region (var. sibiricum), but the clinal variation between these two extremes casts doubts on the need of retaining var. laurentianum in future taxonomic treatments of that species. Present variation patterns of A. schœnoprasum in eastern North America are interpreted as resulting from widespread introgression, following secondary contacts between two population systems that survived Wisconsin glaciation in refugia situated around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in southern New England, respectively.
HESPEROPHYCUS SETCHELL & GARDNER, NOM. CONS. PROP., A PROBLEMATIC NAME APPLIED TO A DISTINCTIVE GENUS OF FUCACEAE (PHAEOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Silva Paul C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHesperophycus harveyanus (Decaisne) Setchell & Gardner (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae), the type and only known species of its genus, is representative of Fucus L., not of Hesperophycus as described by Setchell and Gardner. Hesperophycus is therefore proposed for conservation with Gardner 1842, on which the generic description was based, as type. The species is redescribed as H. californicus P. C. Silva. It ranges from Santa Cruz, California, to Punta Eugenia, Baja California, but is scarce on the southern California mainland. It occurs on all of the Channel Islands of southern California, but is especially abundant on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands, where it forms an extensive belt in the upper intertidal zone, above Pelvetia.
TYPIFICATION OF SARGASSUM FILIPENDULA C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES, SARGASSACEAE) AND THE NAMES OF TWO VARIETIES
Authors: Hanisak M. Dennis , Kilar John A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLectotype specimens are designated for the brown alga, Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh var. filipendula, and two of its varieties, S. filipendula var. laxum J. Agardh and S. filipendula var. contractum J. Agardh.
Nothoscordum gracile and N. borbonicum (Alliaceae)
Authors: Ravenna Pierfelice 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRavenna, P.: Nothoscordum gracile and N. borbonicum (Alliaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 485–487. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The weedy species long known as Nothoscordum fragrans is N. borbonicum Kunth, not N. gracile. It is postulated that N. borbonicum originated as a natural hybrid between two wild species, N. entrerianum and genuine N. gracile, in the area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The differences between N. gracile and N. borbonicum are given. Nothoscordum subg. Euryscordum (type: N. gracile) is proposed to replace N. subg. Platyscordum, the type of which, N. inodorum, belongs in Allium.
Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and its species to Solanum
Authors: Bohs Lynn 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBohs, L.: Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and its species to Solanum. – Taxon 44: 583‐587. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Data from recent molecular studies demonstrate that the genus Cyphomandra is nested within Solanum. Recognition of Cyphomandra as a separate genus therefore is not tenable unless Solanum is broken up into smaller monophyletic units. All Cyphomandra species are transferred to Solanum, necessitating twelve new names and twelve new combinations.
A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature
Authors: Moore Gerry 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMoore, G.: A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. – Taxon 47: 561‐579. 1998.–ISSN 0040‐0262.The traditional method of biological nomenclature and the phylogenetic nomenclature method are reviewed. Under a phylogenetic nomenclature, ranks would not be required, and names of taxa would be given definitions based on descent. The phylogenetic nomenclature method, as currently proposed, would be in conflict, not only with the Linnaean hierarchy, but also with the notion of nomenclatural types. While the phylogenetic method would increase explicitness and universality regarding the application of names, it may do so at the expense of taxonomic flexibility and circumscriptional stability of a taxon represented by a given name. Suggestions are provided on how a code of nomenclature could be designed so as to accommodate both systems.
Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phytogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL‐F sequence variation
Authors: Compton James A. , Culham Alastair , Jury Stephen L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCompton, J. A., Culham, A. & Jury, S. L.: Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phytogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL‐F sequence variation. – Taxon 47: 593‐634. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony were performed on three independent data sets to test generic relationships between Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Souliea. Analyses of morphology and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS were performed on 23 species of Cimicifuga, 4 species of Actaea, and the single species of Souliea. Analysis of chloroplast DNA trnL‐F was applied to the same species, less two of Cimicifuga. The outgroup taxa Eranthis and Anemonopsis both resolved outside the ingroup in all parsimony analyses, whereas Souliea resolved within it. Jukes‐Cantor pairwise sequence distances confirm Eranthis and Anemonopsis to be most distant. Souliea distances are comparable with those of taxa within the Actaea‐Cimicifuga assemblage. A strongly supported monophyletic clade including all studied species of Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Souliea was found in all analyses. Evidence presented here allows a broader concept of Actaea to be adopted, reverting to the circumscription of Linnaeus in 1753. Seven sections, based on clades found in the total analysis, could be defined by morphological characters: A. sect. Actaea, sect. Podocarpae, sect. Cimicifuga, sect. Dichanthera, sect. Oligocarpae, sect. Pityrosperma, and sect. Souliea. One species, A. taiwanensis, is newly described and 23 new combinations are made in the ranks of section, species, and variety. Keys are provided to identify taxa at all ranks within the revised circumscription of Actaea. Maps showing the distributions of all seven sections and their constituent species are presented. Phytogeographic patterns suggest a Tertiary origin for the newly redefined genus, with species surviving in refugia during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene.
Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids
Authors: Backlund A. , Pyck N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBacklund, A. & Pyck, N.: Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. – Taxon 47: 657‐661. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Two new families of caprifolioids, Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, are proposed. They correspond to the former subfamilies Diervilloideae and Linnaeoideae. A key to their genera and those remaining in Caprifoliaceae is provided.
Typification of Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginata, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa
Authors: Stapleton Chris 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStapleton, C: Typification of Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginata, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa. – Taxon 49: 235–238. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Arguments are given regarding typification of Indocalamus tesselatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginatus, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa (ail Poaceae).