bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel algorithm for automatic tropical cyclone eye fix using Doppler radar data
Authors: Wong Ka Yan , Yip Chi Lap , Li Ping Wah 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) is among the most destructive of weather phenomena. A key element in issuing early TC warnings is an accurate and timely knowledge of the location of the circulation centre, or ‘eye’, of the TC. However, TC radar eye fix is often carried out manually in practice, and results may vary among forecasters. In this paper, a novel motion field structure analysis method is described as an aid to locate TC eyes more accurately. The method is comprehensive, and can handle incomplete data and landfalling cases. Implemented on a standard desktop computer, an average error of 0.15 degrees in latitude/longitude on a Mercator Projection map for TCs that are completely inside the radar image is obtained. This is well within the relative errors given by different TC warning centres. The method provides an independent and objective source of information to assist forecasters to fix the TC centre. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Weather and cycling—a first approach to the effects of weather conditions on cycling
Authors: Brandenburg Christiane , Matzarakis Andreas , Arnberger Arne 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn urban and suburban recreation areas, walking and cycling constitute an important part of leisure activities. Both activities involving motion, are not only carried out for recreation but also for commuting to and from work. The mixture of recreation and commuting cycling is a challenge for park management. Conflicts between user groups, such as walkers and cyclists, exist due to the different movement speeds and also different user profiles: walkers, leisure cyclists and cyclists who commute have distinctive degrees of acceptance towards other user groups. Another challenge for park management is the damage caused by the bicycles. There is damage to the surface of gravel trails due to the frequency of use and there is damage to the vegetation next to the trails as a result of evasive manoeuvres by the cyclists. Paved trails are preferred by cyclists as this results in increased speed.Important issues associated with park management are: degradation of the soil surface in general, and trails in particular, as well as conflicts between different recreational users, such as walkers and cyclists caused by their different user profiles including different speeds and acceptance of social carrying capacities.To shed some light on bicycling activities in Vienna, an analysis of the pattern of the temporal use of daily frequency of recreational and commuting cyclists was carried out, taking weather conditions into consideration. The results show that, principally, cycling is an activity performed during fine weather. This is especially the case for recreational use. Fine weather is interpreted as generally sunny weather with an ambient temperature of more than 5 °C, few clouds and no precipitation for a period of 1 year. In this study, the temperature, precipitation and cloud cover, as well as the thermal index ‘physiologically equivalent temperature’ (PET), were used as parameters to describe more precisely the dependence of both cyclist groups on the local weather conditions. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial distribution of climatic indices in northern Greece
Authors: Baltas E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractResults of research work concerning the spatial estimation of precipitation and air temperature and the representation of different climatic indices, which assess the climate of a region in northern Greece, are reported. The climatic indices used were the Johansson Continentality Index, the Kerner Oceanity Index, the De Martonne Aridity Index and the Pinna Combinative Index. Data from 15 meteorological stations located in northern Greece during the period 1965–1995 were analysed and processed on a monthly basis and graphs of precipitation and temperature were constructed for use in agricultural applications. Köppen's classification was also investigated for the 15 stations. GIS interpolation techniques, such as the inverse distance weighted (IDW) function, were used for the areal estimation of the above mentioned parameters in northern Greece and an evaluation of the climate indices was made, based on the results. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Prediction of occurrence and quantity of daily summer monsoon precipitation over Orissa (India)
Authors: Mohanty U. C. , Mohapatra M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe precipitation over Orissa State, a meteorological subdivision on the east coast of India, shows large‐scale spatio‐temporal variation caused by the interaction of the basic monsoon flow with the monsoon disturbances over the Bay of Bengal and the orography owing to the Eastern Ghats and other hill peaks in Orissa and its neighbourhood. Hence, it is difficult to predict daily precipitation over Orissa. The objective of this study is to predict the occurrence and quantity of precipitation 24 h ahead, over specific locations of Orissa during the summer monsoon season (June‐September). For this purpose, a probability of precipitation (PoP) model has been developed by applying stepwise regression with the available surface and upper air parameters from synoptic and radiosonde and radio wind stations in and around Orissa as potential predictors. The parameters selected through stepwise regression for the PoP model have been used to develop a probabilistic model for a Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) in different ranges, such as 0.1–10, 11–25, 26–50, 51–100 and > 100 mm, using Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA). Both the PoP and QPF models have been developed based on data from 1980 to 1994 and verified with the data from 1995 to 1998.Considering six representative stations for six homogeneous regions in Orissa, the PoP model performs very well with percentages of correct forecast for occurrence/non‐occurrence of precipitation being about 73 and 65% respectively for developmental and independent data. However, the skill score of the MDA model for categorical forecast is poor, especially for higher values of precipitation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Cold environmental stress induces detrusor overactivity via resiniferatoxin‐sensitive nerves in conscious rats
Authors: Imamura Tetsuya , Ishizuka Osamu , Aizawa Naoki , Zhong Chen , Ogawa Teruyuki , Nakayama Tsuyoshi , Tanabe Tomoaki , Nishizawa Osamu 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAimsWe determined if cold environmental stress induced detrusor overactivity in conscious rats. We then examined the role of resiniferatoxin (RTX)‐sensitive nerves in this response.MethodsThree days prior to cystometric investigation, the urinary bladders of 12 female rats were cannulated. Six of the rats were treated with RTX 24 hr prior to cystometric investigation. The rats were exposed to three ambient temperature conditions: room temperature (RT, 27°C) for 20 min, low temperature (LT, 4°C) for 40 min, and RT again for 20 min. During each exposure, cystometric patterns of the rats were recorded. Additionally, neuronal structures of urinary bladders were visualized by immunohistochemistry.ResultsWhen the conscious rats were suddenly transferred from RT to LT, the cooled rats exhibited micturition patterns of detrusor overactivity. After 20 min at LT, the response slowly improved. After returning to RT, the overactive detrusor response disappeared, reverting to patterns similar to those before transfer to LT. When the RTX‐treated rats were exposed with cold stress, they also exhibited detrusor overactivity. However, it was significantly mitigated compared to the non‐RTX‐treated normal rats. The normal rats had distinct neuronal structures labeled with S100 and calcitonin gene‐related peptide antibodies in the urinary bladders, but the RTX‐treated rats had few.ConclusionDetrusor overactivity of the conscious rats was induced by cold environmental stress. A portion of the cold‐stress detrusor overactivity might be mediated by RTX‐sensitive neurological pathway. The cold‐stress model would be useful to investigate lower urinary tract functions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:348–352, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A numerical method for one‐dimensional nonlinear Sine‐Gordon equation using collocation and radial basis functions
Authors: Dehghan M. , Shokri Ali 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this article, we propose a numerical scheme to solve the one‐dimensional undamped Sine‐Gordon equation using collocation points and approximating the solution using Thin Plate Splines (TPS) radial basis function (RBF). The scheme works in a similar fashion as finite difference methods. The results of numerical experiments are presented and are compared with analytical solutions to confirm the good accuracy of the presented scheme.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008
CFD‐based risk assessment for hydrogen applications
Authors: Hansen Olav R. , Middha Prankul 
Published: August 2007

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics calculations for gas explosion safety have been widely used for doing risk assessments within the oil and gas industry for more than a decade. On the basis of predicted consequences of a range of potential accident scenarios a risk level is predicted. The development of applications using hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has accelerated in recent years, and hydrogen may be used widely in the future. Because of the very high reactivity of hydrogen, safe handling is critical. For most applications it is not realistic to perform an extensive risk assessment similar to what is done for large petrochemical installations. On the other hand, simplified methods, like venting guidelines, may have a questionable validity for hydrogen. The use of simple methods, if these actually are conservative, will in general predict too high consequences for the majority of scenarios, as these are not able to represent actual geometry and physics of the explosion.In this article a three‐step approach is proposed. The initial approach will be to carry out a “worst‐case” calculation evaluating the consequences if a full stoichiometric gas cloud is ignited. Mitigation measures can also be considered. As a second step, if potential consequences of the initial approach are not acceptable, the assumptions are refined and more calculations are performed to make the evaluations more realistic and reduce unnecessary conservatism of the chosen worst‐case scenarios. Typically a number of dispersion calculations will be performed to generate likely gas clouds, which are subsequently ignited. If estimated consequences are still not acceptable, a more comprehensive study, including ventilation, dispersion, and explosion, is performed to evaluate the probability for unacceptable events. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2007
Safety instrument system manuals—a need to balance reliability and safety
Authors: Thomas Harold W. , Deibert David , Arner David C. , Weir David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWith the recently approved IEC 61511 and ANSI/ISA‐84.00.01 standards, process industry companies are being challenged to determine the level of performance required from their safety instrumented functions (SIF) and to verify that the design, installation, operation, and maintenance employed is sufficient to ensure that the required performance is sustained until the SIF is decommissioned. As a practical matter, user companies must self‐certify or user approve their SIF equipment, since they are responsible for the correct operation of the SIF in the operating environment, not just individual components as manufactured. To accomplish this, user companies need lifecycle assistance from equipment manufacturers, irrespective of hardware or software certification status related to IEC 61508. One of the best means to communicate the necessary information is via a safety manual for those involved in instrument system design installation and operation. IEC 61508 requires that equipment manufacturers provide a safety manual with any product claimed to comply with IEC 61508. Although required for product certification, it is the authors' current experience that quality and consistency in safety manuals is lacking. Part of this is due to IEC 61508 not providing a clear concise template with minimum requirements. The safety manual requirements are scattered throughout the rather complex standard. This article seeks to provide a user's perspective of what essential information is needed from equipment manufacturers to not only comply with IEC 61508, but also to provide enough information to the user of the product to allow the essential balance of reliability and safety in both SIF and instrumented protective function applications. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2007
Positron annihilation studies in plastically deformed Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni‐C
Authors: De Baerdemaeker J. , Mostafa Khaled M. , Van Caenegem N. , Segers D. , Houbaert Y. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni‐C samples with deformations from 2 to 20% were investigated using positron annihilation spectroscopy, optical microscopy (OM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Both Doppler broadening of the annihilation radiation (DBAR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) measurements were performed. The DBAR experiments, carried out using a slow positron beam, indicate a sudden increase in the defect concentration in between 4 and 6% deformation. This is confirmed by the lifetime measurements. In between 6% and 8% deformation the lineshape parameter significantly changes which coincides with the drastic increase of the concentration of the martensite phase as confirmed by XRD. Positron annihilation spectroscopy indirectly probe the γ/ε martensitic phase transformation by probing correlated dislocations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of swift heavy ion‐induced defects in Fe‐Rh alloy by using positron beam technique
Authors: Hori Fuminobu , Fukuzumi Masafumi , Kawasuso Atsuo , Zushi Yoshihiro , Chimi Yasuhiro , Ishikawa Norito , Iwase Akihiro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecently, we have found that 100–200 MeV heavy ion irradiation induces ferromagnetic state in B2 type Fe‐50at.%Rh intermetallic alloy below antiferromagnetic‐ferromagnetic transition temperature of unirradiated alloy. In order to characterize the lattice defects induced by swift heavy ion irradiation, we performed Doppler‐broadening experiments for unirradiated Fe‐Rh alloy and that irradiated with 200 MeV 136Xe ions by using a slow positron beam. The S‐parameter increases gradually with increasing the ion‐fluence up to 5 x 1012 ions.cm–2. Above 5 x 1012 ions.cm–2, the rate of S‐parameter increase is slowly saturated. From the dependence of S‐parameter on ion‐fluence, we have calculated the concentration of vacancy‐type defects surviving in the specimen, which is much smaller than that estimated by TRIM‐code. The result implies that anti‐site type defects dominantly remain in the irradiated specimen, which stabilize the ferromagnetic state in Fe‐50at.%Rh alloy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation in structural vacancies in Al‐rich NiAl alloys
Authors: Morales A. L. , Leon L. A. , Raigoza N. , Duque C. A. , Kuriplach J. , Hou M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPositron annihilation in structural vacancies in B 2 Al‐rich NiAl alloys is studied theoretically. For this purpose we use the atomic superposition method combined with molecular dynamics employed for relaxations of random vacancy configurations. We found that the defect lifetime decreases with the increasing Ni vacancy concentration. Calculated positron lifetimes are discussed in terms of the ‘vacancy‐superstructure' effect and compared with experimental positron lifetime data available. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal formation of vacancies in Cu3Sn
Authors: Shishido I. , Yasueda H. , Mizuno M. , Araki H. , Shirai Y. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe formation of thermal vacancies in Cu3Sn has been investigated by using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Positron lifetime measurement was performed in‐situ between 293 K and 673 K. The positron lifetime below 433 K was found to be about 140 ps, which indicates that there are no detectable vacancies below 433 K. A sharp increase of the mean positron lifetime τm, which is due to thermal vacancy formation, starts around 453 K and the saturation trapping of positrons by thermal vacancies are observed above 633 K. The Arrhenius plot of the positron trapping rate, which is proportional to the vacancy concentration, represents a linear behavior and the vacancy formation enthalpy was determined to be 0.63±0.02 eV. This value is relatively low comparing with that expected from the melting temperature (950 K) of this alloy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Composition influence on positron annihilation parameters in ZnO‐based nanocrystal semiconductor powders
Authors: Damonte L. C. , Hernández Fenollosa M. A. , Donderis V. , Marí B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractZn1–xMgxO powders at various compositions were obtained by mechanical milling from the binary oxides. The progressive incorporation of Mg atoms into the ZnO lattice was monitored by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The evolution of annihilation parameters with milling time and composition were analyzed and related to the possible types of mechanical and substitutional induced defect present. It was concluded that the average lifetime constitute a useful parameter to sense the complete cation substitution in the wurtzite structure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanocrystalline alloys studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Petriska Martin , Pavúk Milan , Slugeň Vladimír , Kršjak Vladimír , Miglierini Marcel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNanocrystalline alloys present a new class of materials that exhibit interesting magnetic properties. These stem primarily from the presence of crystalline grains with the size of several tens of nanometers embedded in a residual amorphous matrix. In this paper, we employ positron annihilation spectrometry to investigate the relation between positron lifetime and microstructure of the NANOPERM‐type metallic Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 alloy. The behaviour of positron lifetime with respect to the annealing temperature is discussed for samples, which were prepared by one hour thermal treatment in a vacuum at temperatures ranging from 330 up to 700 °C. Samples in amorphous (as‐quenched) state were analysed, too. The results of this work confirm that the optimum annealing temperature of 550 °C correlates with the minimum of free volume and coincide with the temperature at which superior magnetic properties are observed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation spectroscopic study of hydrothermal grown n‐type zinc oxide single crystal
Authors: Hui C. W. , Zhang Z. D. , Zhou T. J. , Ling C. C. , Beling C. D. , Fung S. , Brauer G. , Anwand W. , Skorupa W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPositron lifetime and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopic (CDBS) measurements were carried out to study the defects in two hydrothermal (HT) grown ZnO single crystal samples (HT1 and HT2) obtained from two companies. Single component model could offer good fittings to the room temperature spectra of HT1 and HT2, with the positron lifetimes equal to 199 ps and 181 ps respectively. These two lifetime components were associated with saturated positron trapping into two VZn‐related defects with different microstructures. The positron lifetimes of HT1 was found to be temperature independent. For the HT2 sample, the positron lifetime remained unchanged with T > 200 K and decreased with decreasing temperature as T<200K. This could be explained by the presence of an additional positron trap having similar electronic environment to that of the delocalized state and competing in trapping positrons with the 181 ps component at low temperatures. Positron‐electron autocorrelation function, which was the fingerprint of the annihilation site, was extracted from the CDBS spectrum. The obtained autocorrelation functions of HT1 and HT2 at room temperature, and HT2 at 50 K had features consistent with the above postulates that the 181 ps and the 199 ps components had distinct microstructures and the low temperature positron trap existed in HT2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of cuprous oxide using time of flight positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Authors: Nadesalingam M. P. , Mukherjee S. , Somasundaram S. , Chenthamarakshan C. R. , De Tacconi Norma R. , Davis B. , Rajeshwar K. , Weiss A. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChanges in the surface of copper (I) oxide resulting from vacuum annealing and reoxidation after vacuum annealing have been investigated using positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES). The PAES measurement shows a large monotonic increase in the intensity of the annihilation induced Cu (M2,3 VV) Auger peak as the sample is subjected to thermal anneal in the vacuum at 300 °C temperature for 13 minutes. Exposure of the vacuum annealed surface to oxygen resulted in a large reduction of Cu (M2,3 VV) intensity and an increase in the signal due to the KLL transition in O. These results provide a clear demonstration of the utility of PAES in the study of oxide surfaces. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How many random edges make a dense hypergraph non‐2‐colorable?
Authors: Sudakov Benny , Vondrák Jan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe study a model of random uniform hypergraphs, where a random instance is obtained by adding random edges to a large hypergraph of a given density. The research on this model for graphs has been started by Bohman et al. (Random Struct Algorithms 22 (2003) 33–42), and continued in (Bohman et al., Random Struct Algorithms 24 (2004) 105–117) and (Krivelevich et al., Random Struct Algorithms 29 (2006), 180–193). Here we obtain a tight bound on the number of random edges required to ensure non‐2‐colorability. We prove that for anyk‐uniform hypergraph withΩ(nk‐ε) edges, addingω(nkε/2) random edges makes the hypergraph almost surely non‐2‐colorable. This is essentially tight, since there is a 2‐colorable hypergraph withΩ(nk‐ε) edges which almost surely remains 2‐colorable even after addingo(nkε/2) random edges.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Bootstrapping for confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing for parameters of system dynamics models
Authors: Dogan Gokhan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMethods for confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing used in the literature and implemented in system dynamics software packages typically assume that the data are normally distributed, not autocorrelated and not heteroskedastic. In dynamic models these assumptions are often violated. Here we propose the bootstrapping method for confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing in system dynamics models and provide an overview of the issues involved in applying bootstrapping properly in dynamic models. Bootstrapping is a widely used and robust method but its use in system dynamics models is rare. Bootstrapping can handle violations of the maintained assumptions of traditional methods. It is also valid for small samples whereas traditional methods are valid only asymptotically. Another advantage of bootstrapping is that it is a convenient tool for testing hypotheses including complicated functions of parameters (e.g., multiplication, division of parameters). We provide two examples for illustration, one in discrete time and one in continuous time, including experimental data from the beer distribution game and field data from a study of service quality in the banking industry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.