bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk‐reducing effect of education in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sando Sigrid Botne , Melquist Stacey , Cannon Ashley , Hutton Michael , Sletvold Olav , Saltvedt Ingvild , White Linda R. , Lydersen Stian , Aasly Jan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the effect of education on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods373 patients diagnosed with AD and 559 healthy control individuals without first degree relatives with known dementia, were included in a case‐control study (2003–2006). All individuals were genotyped for APOE alleles. Odds ratio (OR) for developing AD was calculated by binary logistic regression, with the number of APOE ε4 alleles and educational level as covariates. Analyses were carried out separately for men and women and for different age groups.ResultsCarriers of one APOE ε4 allele had OR of 4.2, and carriers of two APOE ε4 alleles OR of 12.4 for developing AD. When adjusted for the number of APOE ε4 alleles, OR for developing AD was significantly reduced in participants with 8–9 years of education compared to those with only 6–7 years, and was reduced further for those with 10–18 years of education. These findings were obtained for all the age groups studied and for both men and women.ConclusionsEducation had a consistently protective effect on the risk of developing clinical AD in a dose‐dependent manner in both men and women, and in all age groups, also when adjusting for the number of APOE ε4 alleles. Male gender was protective, probably at least in part because of a higher educational level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A double dissociation of subcortical hippocampal efferents for encoding and consolidation/retrieval of spatial information
Authors: Hunsaker Michael R. , Tran Giang T. , Kesner Raymond P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCA3 lesions impair encoding, whereas CA1 lesions impair retrieval during learning of a Hebb‐Williams maze. CA3 efferents in the fimbria were transected, taking care to spare cholinergic and GABAergic afferents. CA1 efferents in the dorsal fornix were similarly transected. Fimbria transections, but not dorsal fornix transections, resulted in deficits for the encoding of spatial information during learning of a Hebb‐Williams maze. Dorsal fornix, but not fimbria, transections resulted in deficits for retrieval of spatial memory during learning of a Hebb‐Williams maze. These results reveal a double dissociation for the roles of CA3 and CA1 subcortical efferents in encoding and retrieval processes that mirror the double dissociation seen after excitotoxic lesions of CA1 and CA3. These data provide support for the theory that the cholinergic projections from the septal nuclei modulate the dynamics for encoding and consolidation/retrieval in the hippocampus. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes of hippocampal signaling protein levels during postnatal brain development in the rat
Authors: Weitzdörfer Rachel , Höger Harald , Shim Ki‐Shuk , Cekici Leyla , Pollak Arnold , Lubec Gert 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDevelopmental regulation of individual signaling proteins in the brain has been reported, although no systematic approach to study postnatal signaling protein expression in the rat has been described. This formed the rationale to compare hippocampal protein levels in rat hippocampus at different developmental time points. Sprague‐Dawley rats at 3 days, 3 weeks, and 3 months of age were used, hippocampi were extirpated, proteins extracted and run on two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent identification of protein spots by mass spectrometry. Identified signaling proteins were quantified by specific software and for between group comparison Fisher's exact or Mann–Whitney U tests were applied. Annexin A3, GTP‐binding nuclear protein RAN, phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein, adenylyl cyclase associated protein 1, Rho‐associated protein kinase 1, nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, LIM, and SH3 domain protein 1 were developmentally regulated. High‐abundance hippocampal signaling proteins from several cascades in three different postnatal stages are presented, showing temporal regulation of signaling protein levels that have not been described in literature so far. Results are relevant for design and interpretation of further studies at the protein level and, moreover, an analytical tool concomitantly determining regulation of a large series of signaling proteins in the hippocampus is provided. These data contribute to the understanding that different time points may use different signaling cascades. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in mossy fiber physiology and GAP‐43 expression and function in transgenic mice overexpressing HuD
Authors: Tanner Daniel C. , Qiu Shenfeng , Bolognani Federico , Partridge L. Donald , Weeber Edwin J. , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora I 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHuD is a neuronal RNA‐binding protein associated with the stabilization of mRNAs for GAP‐43 and other neuronal proteins that are important for nervous system development and learning and memory mechanisms. To better understand the function of this protein, we generated transgenic mice expressing human HuD (HuD‐Tg) in adult forebrain neurons. We have previously shown that expression of HuD in adult dentate granule cells results in an abnormal accumulation of GAP‐43 mRNA via posttranscriptional mechanisms. Here we show that this mRNA accumulation leads to the ectopic expression of GAP‐43 protein in mossy fibers. Electrophysiological analyses of the mossy fiber to CA3 synapse of HuD‐Tg mice revealed increases in paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) at short interpulse intervals and no change in long‐term potentiation (LTP). Presynaptic calcium transients at the same synapses exhibited faster time constants of decay, suggesting a decrease in the endogenous Ca2+ buffer capacity of mossy fiber terminals of HuD‐Tg mice. Under resting conditions, GAP‐43 binds very tightly to calmodulin sequestering it and then releasing it upon PKC‐dependent phosphorylation. Therefore, subsequent studies examined the extent of GAP‐43 phosphorylation and its association to calmodulin. We found that despite the increased GAP‐43 expression in HuD‐Tg mice, the levels of PKC‐phosphorylated GAP‐43 were decreased in these animals. Furthermore, in agreement with the increased proportion of nonphosphorylated GAP‐43, HuD‐Tg mice showed increased binding of calmodulin to this protein. These results suggest that a significant amount of calmodulin may be trapped in an inactive state, unable to bind free calcium, and activate downstream signaling pathways. In conclusion, we propose that an unregulated expression of HuD disrupts mossy fiber physiology in adult mice in part by altering the expression and phosphorylation of GAP‐43 and the amount of free calmodulin available at the synaptic terminal. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep to find your way: The role of sleep in the consolidation of memory for navigation in humans
Authors: Ferrara Michele , Iaria Giuseppe , Tempesta Daniela , Curcio Giuseppe , Moroni Fabio , Marzano Cristina , De Gennaro Luigi , Pacitti Claudio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough a large body of evidence indicates that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory processes, the actual existence of a sleep‐dependent spatial memory consolidation has been not firmly established. Here, by using a computerized 3D virtual navigation tool, we were able to show that topographical orientation in humans largely benefits from sleep after learning, while 10 h of wakefulness during the daytime do not exert similar beneficial effects. In particular, navigation performance enhancement needs sleep in the first post‐training night, and no further improvements were seen after a second night of sleep. On the other hand, sleep deprivation hinders any performance enhancement and exerts a proactive disruption of spatial memory consolidation, since recovery sleep do not revert its effects. Spatial memory performance does not benefit from the simple passage of time, and a period of wakefulness between learning and sleep does not seem to have the role of stabilizing memory traces. In conclusion, our results indicate that spatial performance improvement is observed only when learning is followed by a period of sleep, regardless of the retention interval length. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biotransformation of Vermitaline by Cunninghamella echinulata
Authors: Lü Yi‐Feng , Chen Ke‐Yu , Li Hui‐Liang , Pei Yue‐Hu , Liu Run‐Hui , Zhang Wei‐Dong 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBiotransformation of vermitaline (1) by Cunninghamella echinulata (ACCC 30369) was carried out. Four biotransformation products were obtained and three of them were characterized as new compounds. On the basis of their NMR and mass‐spectral data, their structures were characterized as 7α‐hydroxyrubijervine (2), 7α‐hydroxyrubijervine‐7‐O‐β‐D‐galactofuranoside (3), 7α‐hydroxyvermitaline (4), and 7α‐hydroxyvermitaline‐7‐O‐β‐D‐galactofuranoside (5).
A One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinoline Derivatives from Isoquinoline via a Four‐Component Reaction
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Zohreh Nasrin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA four‐component reaction for the synthesis of 1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline derivatives is described. The Huisgen 1,4‐dipolar intermediate, which is produced from isoquinoline and an electron‐deficient acetylene compound 1, reacts with H2O in the presence of diketene to produce 1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline derivatives 2 (Scheme 1). In addition, reaction of isoquinoline, dibenzoylacetylene (=1,4‐diphenylbut‐2‐yne‐1,4‐dione), and diketene in the presence of H2O leads to pyrroloisoquinoline derivative 7. The structures of the compounds 2a–f and 7 were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, EI‐MS) and by elemental analyses. A plausible mechanism for the reaction is proposed (Schemes 2 and 3).
Efficient Iminophosphorane‐Mediated Preparation of Benzofuro[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones and Unexpected Ring Opening Products
Authors: Hu Yang‐Gen , Liu Ming‐Guo , Ding Ming‐Wu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe carbodiimides 4, obtained from aza‐Wittig reactions of iminophosphorane 3 with aromatic isocyanates, reacted with secondary amines, phenols or alcohols in the presence of catalytic amounts of K2CO3 or sodium alkoxide to give 2‐substituted benzofuro[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones 6. However, when 2,2′‐iminobis[ethanol] was used, the unexpected ring opening product 7 was formed instead of 6. Reaction of 4 with primary amines RNH2 (R=Et, Pr, Bu, etc.) gave guanidine intermediates 8, which were further treated with EtONa to give only one regioisomer 9 via a base catalyzed cyclization. However, another regioisomer 11 was obtained when NH3 or ‘small’ amines RNH2 (R=Me, NH2) were used in the absence of EtONa via a spontaneous cyclization of 8.
Expression and enzyme activity of α(1,6)fucosyltransferase in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Muinelo‐Romay Laura , Vázquez‐Martín Cristina , Villar‐Portela Susana , Cuevas Elisa , Gil‐Martín Emilio , Fernández‐Briera Almudena 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChanges in enzyme activity and the expression levels of α(1,6)fucosyltransferase [α(1,6)FT] have been reported in certain types of malignant transformations. To develop a better understanding of the role of α(1,6)FT in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC), we analysed the enzyme activity in healthy and tumour tissues. α(1,6)FT activity was considerably higher in tumour tissue than in healthy tissue and was related to gender, lymph node metastasis, type of growth and tumour stage. We also observed a significant increase in the α(1,6)FT expression in tumour tissues as compared to healthy and transitional tissues, inflammatory lesions and adenomas. The immunohistochemical expression in tumour tissues was correlated with the degree of infiltration through the intestinal wall. Finally, a statistical correlation was found between enzyme activity and expression obtained by Western blot in colorectal tumours when compared in the same patient. All these findings demonstrate an alteration of α(1,6)FT activity and expression in CRC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What controls TOR?
Authors: Jacinto Estela 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase with numerous functions in cell growth control. Some of these functions can be potently inhibited by rapamycin, an immunosuppressive and potential anticancer drug. TOR exists as part of two functionally distinct protein complexes. The functions of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) are effectively inhibited by rapamycin, but the mechanism for this inhibition remains elusive. The identification of TORC2 and recent reports that rapamycin can inhibit TORC2 functions, in some cases, challenge current models of TOR regulation. This review discusses the latest findings in yeast and mammals on the possible mechanisms that control TOR activity leading to its many cellular functions. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(8): 483–496, 2008
The foreign body reaction in T‐cell‐deficient mice
Authors: Rodriguez Analiz , MacEwan Sarah R. , Meyerson Howard , Kirk James T. , Anderson James M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe role(s) of T lymphocytes in the foreign body response has not been thoroughly elucidated. Lymphocytes are known to augment macrophage adhesion and fusion in vitro. Furthermore, T lymphocytes are a possible source of the cytokines, IL‐4 and IL‐13, which induce macrophage fusion. In this study, we used BALB/c mice and BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice to investigate foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation in a T‐cell‐deficient setting. Mice were implanted with Elasthane 80A (PEU), silicone rubber (SR), or poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) for 7, 14, or 21 days using the cage implant system. Exudate cells and IL‐4 and IL‐13 levels in exudate supernatants were analyzed by flow cytometry and a multiplex immunoassay, respectively, at Days 7, 14, and 21. Macrophage adhesion and fusion on material surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy. T‐cell‐deficient mice had lower total leukocyte concentrations at the biomaterial implant site at all time points. Adherent cell density was comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice except in the PEU group at Day 21. However, percent fusion, average nuclei per FBGC, and FBGC morphology were comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice. IL‐4 was not detected in any sample, but IL‐13 levels were also comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice indicating Th2‐polarized T‐cells are not the sole source of this cytokine. We have shown that there are pathways that do not require thymus‐matured T lymphocytes, which lead to a normal foreign body response to biomaterials in a murine model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Evaluation of the interactions between collagen and the surface of a bioactive glass during in vitro test
Authors: Oréfice Rodrigo , Hench Larry , Brennan Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInteractions between biomaterials and the body environment usually determine the lifetime and performance of biomedical devices used as implants. Among a variety of different types of interactions that occur whenever biomaterials are implanted into the body, adsorption of biomacromolcules onto the surface of biomaterials can guide other relevant processes such as cell attachment, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, tissue growth and biomaterials degradation. In this work, fundamental mechanisms associated with the interactions between collagen and the surface of biomaterials were studied by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The ultimate goal of this work is to isolate and simulate phenomena occurring at the molecular level, when biological entities are brought in contact with biomaterials. These results can then be used to design and test new biomedical devices. This manuscript reports the evaluation of interactions between collagen and the surface of bioactive glasses. These bioactive glasses are known to bond to soft and hard tissues through the formation of a hydroxy‐carbonate‐apatite layer. Collagen was grafted onto AFM cantilevers. AFM force‐displacement curves were obtained using these modified tips against the surface of a bioactive glass at different stages of an in vitro test performed in a simulated body fluid. The results showed that the structure of the bioactive glass surface affects the adsorption of collagen on the biomaterial. The magnitude of the adhesion force measured is highly dependent on the deposition of a hydroxyl‐carbonate‐apatite at the surface of the glass. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Testing of silicon nitride ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Bal B. Sonny , Khandkar Ashok , Lakshminarayanan R. , Clarke Ian , Hoffman Aaron A. , Rahaman Mohamed N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractModern ceramic bearings used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) consist of a femoral head (ball) articulating inside a hemispherical acetabular cup (socket); the ball and socket are made of alumina (Al2O3) and Al2O3‐based composite materials. In the present study, total hip bearings were made from a different ceramic material, silicon nitride (Si3N4), by sintering and hot isostatic pressing of powders. The resulting material had improved mechanical properties over modern Al2O3 THA bearings, with a flexural strength of 920 ± 70 MPa, a Weibull modulus of 19, and a fracture toughness of 10 ± 1 MPa m1/2. Unlike zirconia‐based ceramics that have also been used in THA, accelerated aging of Si3N4 did not adversely affect the flexural strength. In simulated wear tests, Si3N4 acetabular cups produced low‐volumetric wear whether articulating against Si3N4 or cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) femoral heads. The results of this investigation suggest that Si3N4 may allow improved THA bearings that combine the reliability of metal femoral heads with the low wear advantages of ceramic materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Seasonal variation in the oviduct of female Agkistrodon piscivorus (Reptilia:Squamata): An ultrastructural investigation
Authors: Siegel Dustin S. , Sever David M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe annual oviductal cycle of the Cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, is described using electron microscopy. This is only the second such study on a snake and the first on a viperid species. Specimens were collected in reproductive and nonreproductive condition throughout the year and five ultrastructurally unique regions were recognized: the anterior infundibulum, posterior infundibulum, glandular uterus, nonglandular uterus, and vagina. Except for the anterior infundibulum and vagina, which exhibit no seasonal variation in ultrastructure, the oviduct becomes highly secretory at the start of vitellogenesis. This includes the entire luminal border of the uterus, the tubular glands of the glandular uterus, and the luminal border and sperm storage tubules of the posterior infundibulum. The secretory materials produced in the oviduct vary among regions of the oviduct, and also can vary among time periods in the same region of the oviduct. Variation is especially evident in the sperm storage tubules. Secretory activity in the sperm storage tubules ceases after ovulation, but the tubular glands of the glandular uterus remain secretory until parturition, at which time secretory activity in the varying sections of the oviduct decreases dramatically. After parturition, the oviduct remains in a dormant state until the next reproductive season. The seasonal variation in oviducal morphology mirrors the temperate primitive reproductive cycle known for some pitvipers. Uterine glands of A. piscivorous are more similar in secretory activity to those of an oviparous lizard than a viviparous colubrid snake, suggesting variation in uterine gland morphology between snakes of different families. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The extracellular matrix protein SC1/hevin localizes to excitatory synapses following status epilepticus in the rat lithium‐pilocarpine seizure model
Authors: Lively Starlee , Brown Ian R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe epileptic brain is characterized by increased susceptibility to neuronal hyperexcitability. The rat lithium‐pilocarpine model, which mimics many features of temporal lobe epilepsy, has been used to study processes leading to the development of recurrent seizures. After a prolonged seizure episode, termed status epilepticus (SE), neural changes occur during a period known as epileptogenesis and include neuronal cell death, reactive gliosis, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis. Extracellular matrix adhesion molecules are important regulators of synaptogenesis and axonal sprouting resulting from SE. SC1, also known as hevin, is an antiadhesive extracellular matrix molecule that localizes to synapses in the mammalian brain. In this study, the distribution of SC1 protein in neurons following SE was examined using the lithium‐pilocarpine model. SC1 protein levels in neuronal cell bodies showed a transient decrease at 1 day post‐SE, which coincided with an increase of SC1 in the synapse‐rich neuropil that was identified with the synaptic marker synaptophysin. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the decrease of SC1 signal in neurons at 1 day post‐SE and showed that SC1 remained localized to postsynaptic elements throughout the seizure time course. Increased colocalization of SC1 was detected with the excitatory synaptic markers vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit NR1, but not with the inhibitory synaptic markers vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) and GABAA receptor subunit β2 (GABAA β2), which could reflect enhanced association of SC1 with excitatory synapses. These findings suggest that SC1 may be involved in synaptic modifications underlying epileptogenesis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal
Authors: Li Xiu‐xia , Han Lu‐jia , Chen Long‐jian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Corn gluten meal (CGM), a major by‐product of corn wet milling, is mainly used as forage in China. Because of its particular amino acid composition, in which there are large amounts of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, alanine and phenylalanine, CGM protein was thought to be a good resource to obtain antioxidant peptides. CGM protein was hydrolysed with a biochemical grade alcalase and the derived hydrolysates were assessed for their antioxidant properties in different in vitro assay systems, including inhibiting activity on lipid peroxidation, by reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The effects of concentration and molecular weight (MW) of hydrolysates on antioxidant activity were investigated.RESULTS: The results showed that CGM hydrolysates were effective antioxidants, and there was a dose‐dependent relationship between hydrolysate concentration and antioxidant activity; the highest antioxidant activity was found in peptides 500–1500 Da, and the antioxidant activity of peptides below 500 Da or peptides above 1500 Da were all lower than that of total hydrolysates.CONCLUSIONS: The finding showed that the antioxidant activity of CGM hydrolysates was related to molecular weight and hydrolysate concentration, and the active antioxidant fraction should be in the peptides fraction of 500–1500 Da. CGM protein hydrolysates can be a source of natural antioxidant and used as a food additive. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Training in head and neck surgery and oncology
Authors: Shaha Ashok R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractManagement of head and neck cancer truly represents the need for a multimodality approach. This manuscript discusses the history of head and neck surgery, head and neck fellowships and the current trends in the practice of head and neck surgery and oncology. Increasing emphasis is placed on organ preservation and non‐operative treatment modalities. The head and neck surgeon (leader of the orchestra) must be familiar with appropriate indications of each treatment modality and outcome. The head and neck surgeon of today should be an all‐rounder. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:717–720. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.