bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Value-Added Polymeric Dispersants and Uses Thereof in Agricultural Formulations
Authors: Narayanan KS , Jon DI , Patel J 
Published: April 2008

Polymeric dispersants are dispersants of choice for formulating suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, and solid delivery systems (WP, WDG, and Tablets). We have developed a new line of polymeric dispersants, as 25 % aqueous solution, based on partially neutralized methyl vinyl ether maleic acid half esters (ethyl/butyl) copolymers (MVE-MAHE), (with trade name EASY-SPERSE®2). They were used in formulating suspension concentrates and aqueous dispersions for a host of active ingredients like herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other growth regulators, organic dyes, inorganic pigments, including certain water-insoluble polymers. Some of these dispersions also showed suspensibility above 80 % and rainfastness at use level concentrations.
Other commonly used polymeric dispersants are: Lignosulfonates, Naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (NSFC), Poly acrylates, and olefin maleic acid co-polymers. Their film forming properties and binding efficacy can be improved when used with pyrrolidone co-polymers.
Our recent findings show synergy between vinylpyrrolidone homo/co-polymers and commonly used polymeric dispersants as above. Further, a combination of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymeric dispersants showed built-in rainfastness in suspension concentrates. Examples of prototype formulations and a working model explaining the synergistic role of polyvinylpyrrolidone are provided. Solid composites from Polyvinylpyrrolidone and MVE-MAHE were prepared via spray drying the liquid slurries. The solid dispersants with Polyvinylpyrrolidone incorporated will be useful in formulating solid delivery systems.
Analysis of Fuels, Lubricants, and Greases Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Wolska J , Vrebos B , Brouwer P 
Published: April 2008

X-ray spectrometry (XRF) is a versatile instrumental method for elemental analysis in a wide variety of materials. The performance of three different XRF systems will be compared: a high power wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer (WDXRF), a low-power WDXRF, and a bench-top energy dispersive instrument (EDXRF).
The data obtained show quite clearly the large difference in sensitivities between instruments. This translates into varying lower limits of detection (LLD) or quantification and sample throughput. For quantitative analysis well above the LLD, the accuracy of the results obtained on the different instruments is similar, or — for practical purposes of quality control in many applications — the differences in accuracy between the different instruments can be considered insignificant.
Most of the applications and methods developed by a variety of laboratories and regulatory organizations are applicable to specimens of a specified nature and matrix. Some of the more versatile procedures include a method to account for differences in matrix between standard reference materials and unknowns. One of the effects that is usually neglected in this case is the wedge effect, which is caused by the fact that the volume that is excited by the beam and the volume from which characteristic radiation can be observed are not the same and vary (for a given spectrometer system) depending upon the density and the quantity of the sample. This effect will be illustrated and discussed.
Various Aspects of Sodium Bentonite Testing
Authors: Olsta JT , Chung JH , Daniel DE 
Published: April 2008

Sodium bentonite samples were obtained from seven bentonite mining pit stockpiles. Swell index, fluid loss and hydraulic conductivity testing of the sodium bentonite was performed at two different laboratories. The major objectives of the study were: • To determine the correlation, if any, between swell index, fluid loss and hydraulic conductivity. • To examine the sensitivity of swell index (ASTM D 5890) to variations in the test procedures.
There was a poor correlation between swell index and hydraulic conductivity. There was a good correlation between fluid loss and hydraulic conductivity. A swell index ⩾19 mL and fluid loss ⩽16 mL appeared sufficient to yield a hydraulic conductivity of 5 × 10-9 cm/sec at 5 psi confining pressure.
Swell index testing was performed with varying the number of scoops of bentonite dispensed into a graduated cylinder and with three different types of reagent water (distilled/deionized, deionized and tap water).
Methods for Improving the Efficiency of Alpine Ski Equipment Rental Operations
Authors: Ettlinger CF , Shealy J , Johnson RJ 
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to develop principles and practices which could improve the efficiency and reliability of alpine ski equipment rental facilities operating in compliance with ASTM or ISO rental standards.
Tests were conducted using a commercially available device to measure the release moments of boot/binding combinations, with contact areas between boot and binding alternately in clean and lubricated conditions. Bindings were also tested in combination with a test sole adjustable for length. The study provided a measure of the variability of the components of the release system and an estimate of the system variability experienced by rental facilities using various inspection, maintenance, and dispatch procedures. It also produced guidelines for reducing the need for applying correction factors to the release indicator scales of bindings in the rental inventory.
Among 60 boot/binding combinations the study found that the difference between clean and lubricated tests ranged from 0 % to 34 % with an overall average difference of 7 %, half that observed twenty years ago. The difference in tests comparing actual boots in a lubricated condition with a test sole of the same length in a lubricated condition ranged from +3 Nm to -3 Nm with a mean and standard deviation of less than 1 Nm, a fraction of differences noted in years past. However, release value selection tables currently in common use do not accurately reflect the relationship between boot sole length, release indicator value, and the target release torque. The study found the indicator value displayed in 64 % of the most commonly used cells in these charts varied from the optimal by release indicator increments ranging from -0.5 to +2.5.
The release characteristics of modern alpine rental boot/binding combinations are more predictable and reliable than ten or twenty years ago. However, inspection, maintenance, and dispatch procedures currently in use do not take full advantage of these capabilities. A simple procedure exists for the routine documentation of boot/binding compatibility so that rental procedures can be updated to reflect the true characteristics of contemporary rental products and thereby minimize the potential for time-consuming correction procedures and improve the release retention performance of equipment dispatched to the rental customer.
Injury Rates and Injury Types in Alpine Skiing, Telemarking, and Snowboarding
Authors: Ekeland A , Sulheim S , Rødven A 
Published: April 2008

A central ski patrol-based registration of skiing and snowboarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. A control material of 3002 randomly sampled uninjured skiers was collected from the same ski resorts throughout the 2001–2002 season.
6138 injured skiers/snowboarders and 4 167 476 skier/snowboarder days were recorded during the two seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.5 injured per 1000 skier/snowboarder days. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (49 %) and snowboarding (45 %), whereas telemark skiing accounted for 6 % of the injuries. The injury rate for snowboarders (2.3 injuries per 1000 skier days) was significantly higher than that of alpine skiers (1.1) and telemarkers (0.7) (P &lt; 0.001). Wrist injuries were common among injured snowboarders (26 %) compared to only 4 % for alpine and telemark skiers (P &lt; 0.001). Snowboarders also suffered more arm and back injuries than alpine skiers and telemarkers (P &lt; 0.001). The knee was the main injury location in alpine skiers (28 %) compared to 13 % among telemarkers and only 6 % among snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001), but the percentage of knee injuries was almost twice as high for females compared to males in alpine skiers and snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001).
As percent of all injuries injured snowboarders suffered more fractures (33 %) than alpine (20 %) and telemark skiers (19 %) (P &lt; 0.001), but fracture of the lower leg was uncommon among snowboarders (1 %) and telemarkers (3 %) compared to alpine skiers (6 %) (P &lt; 0.001). Lower leg fractures accounted for 3 % of the injured alpine skiers 20 years and older compared to 5 % for adolescents aged 13–19 years and 17 % for children 12 years and younger ( P &lt; 0.001 ).
Beginners had an injury rate 3 times that of expert skiers/snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001), and use of a protective helmet reduced the injury rate P &lt; 0.001).
In conclusion, snowboarders had a higher injury rate then alpine skiers and telemarkers. Beginners had an injury rate 3 times that of experts, and use of protective helmet reduced the injury rate. Injured alpine skiers were most prone to knee injuries, and lower leg fractures were still a common injury in children. Injured snowboarders were most prone to suffer wrist, arm, and back injuries. The percentage of knee injuries among females was almost twice that of males in alpine skiers and snowboarders.
Exploratory Test of 288°C Radiation Resistance of Two USSR-Produced Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Hawthorne JR , Sokolov MA , Server WL 
Published: April 2008

The effects of 288°C (550°F) irradiation to 1.0 × 1019 n/cm2, E &gt; 1 MeV, on the Charpy V-notch ductilities of two USSR-produced forging materials were determined experimentally. The materials were provided by the Kurchatov Institute under the umbrella of a joint USA-USSR agreement and represent the Cr-Mo-V forgings employed in the construction of USSR light-water VVER-440 reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) before and after 1980, respectively. The primary difference between the two materials is phosphorus content (0.019% vs. 0.007% P) consistent with their respective USSR Steel Specifications 15Kh2MFA and 15Kh2MFA-A. Specimens for post-irradiation property determinations were irradiated in the Ford Nuclear Reactor in a controlled-temperature assembly at an average fluence rate of 5.6 × 1012 n/cm2-s, E &gt; 1 MeV. The post-irradiation Charpy V-notch 41 J (30 ft-lb) transition temperature elevation for the material representing pre-1980 RPVs was 31°C (55°F). This elevation was accompanied by a 27% reduction in Charpy V-notch upper-shelf energy level. for the material representing the post-1980 RPVs, the transition temperature elevation was ≤ 8°C (15°F); the concomitant post-irradiation reduction of upper-shelf energy was not established.
The observed transition temperature elevations are considerably less than the elevations predicted by NRC Regulatory Guide 1.99, Rev. 2. The converse is true for the reduction in upper-shelf energy level found for the pre-1980 RPV construction material. A higher fluence test is required for full qualification of the radiation resistance capabilities of the materials.
Fracture Toughness of the Ni-Modified A302-B Plate of the BR3 Reactor Pressure Vessel
Authors: Chaouadi R , Fabry A , van Walle E , Van de Velde J 
Published: April 2008

The present paper aims to compare regulatory predictions of fracture toughness to direct measurements using precracked Charpy specimens tested in three-point bending. Trepans were extracted from the vessel of the BR3 reactor in order to perform fracture toughness tests in addition to Charpy impact and tensile testing. This vessel was successfully wet-annealed at 343°C during 1 week after a maximum neutron fluence of 3.3 1019 n/cm2. The reactor is presently under decommissioning after a maximum neutron fluence of 4.0 1019 n/cm2. The trepans (base metal and weld) were taken from two regions: vessel mid-plane and nozzle elevation (no neutrons, negligible thermal aging). Here, the base metal (Ni-modified A-302 grade B) is investigated: Tensile, Charpy impact and fracture toughness tests were performed at thickness ranging from 1/4T to 1/2T.
The determination of the reference temperature, T0, is performed according to the ASTM E1921 standard.
It is found that the 41J-shift of the Charpy impact transition curve is similar to the T0-shift of the master curve: ΔT41J= 96°C and ΔT0= 115°C. This is an important result as current regulation is based on the 41J-shift. This regulation indexes the ASME fracture toughness curve to the initial RTNDT for the baseline condition and is increased by the 41J-energy shift for the irradiated condition. This results in an over-conservatism of about 40°C. It is found also that the T41J and T0 shifts fall within the regulatory predictive bounds based on the chemistry factor (Cu and Ni-content) and neutron fluence.
Irradiation Creep and Stress-Affected Swelling in Austenitic Stainless Steel 16Cr-15Ni-3Mo-Nb-B Irradiated in the BN-350 Reactor
Authors: Porollo SI , Vorobjev AN , Konobeev YV , Budylkin NI , Mironova EG , Gamer FA 
Published: April 2008

Irradiation creep and void swelling are important damage processes for stainless steels when subjected to neutron irradiation at elevated temperatures. To date, most published data of this type have been derived from steels prepared by various Western nations and Japan. This paper describes the results of an experiment involving irradiation of gas-pressurized tubes constructed from Russian niobium-stabilized austenitic steel EP-172 of type 16Cr-15Ni-3Mo-Nb doped with boron. The tubes were irradiated in the lowenrichment zone of the BN-350 fast reactor to three doses of 20, 45 and 60 dpa at temperatures in the range of 480–520°C.
It was shown that the swelling of 16Cr-15Ni-3Mo-Nb stainless steels can vary strongly with minor changes in composition. Whereas EI-847 swelled easily, boron addition and other minor changes to produce EI-172 yielded a significant reduction in swelling. In both alloys, however, the swelling increased linearly with applied stress and the irradiation creep coefficients were very similar. Applied stresses influence the void number density, but not the void size or dislocation density.
Thermoelectric Power: A Nondestructive Method for Monitoring Irradiation Effects in Ferritic Steels
Authors: Miloudi S , Jumel S , Pareige P , Coste J-F , Van Duysen J-C 
Published: April 2008

We try to develop nondestructive methods to monitor the effects of neutron irradiation in ferritic alloys. In this paper we report results obtained with a method based on thermoelectric power (TEP). This method is already used to monitor the thermal aging of duplex stainless steels.
It is shown that the measurement of the thermoelectric power allows the monitoring of the effects of i) electron irradiations on Fe-Cu model alloys, and ii) neutron irradiations on industrial pressure vessel steels. The recovery of these irradiation effects during thermal annealing can also be followed with the proposed method.
On the basis of the results obtained on Fe-Cu alloys, we propose a law to determine the limit of copper solubility in α iron at temperatures below 600°C.
Design of a Dedicated Electron Beam Facility for Material Treatment
Authors: Mittendorfer J 
Published: April 2008

Electron beam has been applied as source of ionizing radiation in a wide field of applications. Sterilization, decontamination, treatment of materials for cross-linking, curing, and polymerization have been carried at an industrial scale.
Interest in material treatment with accelerated electrons increased significantly over the last years. Especially industrial strength electron accelerators with energies up to 10 MeV make it possible to process with increased penetration depth, and offer new opportunities in electron curing of polymer matrix composites (PMC) and cross-linking.
10 MeV accelerators are currently used mostly in contract facilities such as sterilization of medical devices and material treatment. Therefore these facilities are not optimized for material processing tasks and thus less efficient and versatile.
In this paper requirements and design guidelines for a dedicated material processing facility are discussed.
Promoted Ignition-Combustion Behavior of Engineering Alloys at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Oxygen Gas Mixtures
Authors: Zawierucha R , Million JF 
Published: April 2008

Promoted ignition, and more recently, promoted combustion are terms which have been used to describe a situation where a substance with low oxygen compatibility ignites and promotes the combustion of a more combustion resistant material. The literature in recent years has been enriched by studies of this phenomenon as it relates to carbon steel, stainless steels and significant alloys in the nickel, cobalt and copper families.
However, the bulk of past literature has involved experiments conducted at ambient temperatures and elevated pressures. Published elevated temperature promoted ignition-combustion data and studies are scarce. Yet, applications involving the use of oxygen-enriched atmospheres at elevated temperatures are increasing.
In this paper, a unique experimental apparatus, which has been used to conduct flammability tests of engineering alloys at elevated temperatures and pressures in heated flowing oxygen, is described. Issues pertinent to elevated temperature flammability tests in heated oxygen are discussed. Promoted ignition-combustion data for carbon steel, stainless steel and nickel alloys in various heated pressurized oxygen gas mixtures at temperatures up to 895°C are presented and discussed.
Ignition of Aluminum by Impact in LOX — Influence of Contaminants
Authors: Barthélémy H , Roy D , Mazloumian N 
Published: April 2008

Impact tests in LOX according to ASTM D 2512 were conducted on thin aluminum films (7 to 20 μm) together with glass fibers films used for the super insulation of vacuum insulated cryogenic vessels. Influence of the film thickness, type of material and number of layers were investigated. Practical information is given concerning the requirements for such insulation.
Impact tests in LOX according to ASTM D 2512 were also conducted on thick aluminum foils (0.2 mm) used for heat exchangers of air separation units (ASU). Test samples were usually three layers of corrugated foil contaminated by various hydrocarbons but mainly by hexadecane. The standard striker pin as per ASTM D 5212 and also a modified striker pin were used. The influence of HC contaminants (type and quantity) on the Al foils, but also of impurities in the LOX (N2O, Ar, N2), was investigated. The results of these tests can be used to understand the risk of ignition of some aluminum exchangers or structures used in ASU.
Promoted Ignition-Combustion Tests of Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Samples in Gaseous and Liquid-Oxygen Environments
Authors: Zawierucha R , Million JF 
Published: April 2008

Most air separation plants employ compressors to increase oxygen pressure for customer usage. An alternative approach is to extract liquid oxygen from the separation column, which is pumped to higher pressure and then boiled in a heat exchanger to directly provide an elevated pressure gaseous oxygen product. Brazed aluminum heat exchangers (BAHX) are normally utilized as the product oxygen vaporizers.
The increased use of BAHXs to produce pressurized oxygen as an alternative to the use of oxygen compressors led to a series of experimental programs pertinent to the safe use of BAHXs for boiling oxygen at elevated pressures. One of these programs, involving flammability experiments with 3 kg to 13 kg miniature BAHX samples, was presented in an earlier ASTM publication, STP 1319. This is a companion to that study and the experimental work actually preceded the work reported in STP 1319.
In this experimental program, over 60 separate tests were conducted on 200 g – 400 g BAHX block samples in gaseous and liquid oxygen. Oxygen purities ranged from 86.90% to 99.96%. Test pressures ranged from atmospheric to 7858 kPa. Nichrome-hydrocarbon and several different reactive metal promoters were utilized. The purity of the liquid oxygen was found to affect the pressure threshold above which a violent energy release (VER) occurred. Data cited from the program form a part of the technical basis for a Compressed Gas Association pamphlet entitled: “Safe Use of BAHXs for Producing Pressurized Oxygen”.
Determination of Hydrocarbon Adsorption on Solid CO2 and N2O in LOX at Ambient Pressure
Authors: Lassmann E , Meilinger M 
Published: April 2008

The enrichment of hydrocarbons represents a serious hazard for Air Separation Units (ASU), as several incidents have shown in the past. Regarding the potential hazard due to acetylene accumulation in Revex-plants, literature exists reporting a considerable acetylene amount adsorbed on solid CO2. Thus a potential risk was estimated due to hydrocarbon adsorption on solids in the liquid oxygen (LOX) bath of ASUs. Therefore, Linde Process Engineering and Contracting Division was interested in checking the literature results.
With two model hydrocarbons, acetylene and propane, adsorption tests on solid CO2 and N2O in LOX at ambient pressure were performed. The loading was determined by evaporation of the liquid (“indirect determination” method) or the solid CO2/N2O (“direct determination” method) in a pressure vessel. The loading was consistent with the ratio concentration hydrocarbon/concentration CO2 or N2O and is expressed in Vppm (Volume parts per million).
Propane exhibited a very small loading on CO2 as well as on N2O. In comparison with the alkane the alkine, acetylene, adsorbed much better on CO2 and N2O. Amounts of up to 700 Vppm acetylene on solid CO2 were found at 89.7 K. The loading depended on the way the solid was generated, but was not affected by the concentration of acetylene in the investigated range. However, the accumulation of acetylene by adsorption should not attain a dangerous amount in the LOX of ASUs.