bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas chromatography of the fat‐soluble vitamins: A review
Authors: Sheppard A. J. , Prosser A. R. , Hubbard W. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe application of gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as an analytical tool for the determination of the fat‐soluble vitamins A, D, E and K has yet to be utilized to its full potential. A review of the published work of many researchers in this field is presented. GLC methods to measure the vitamin A isomers have not been developed to any appreciable practical extent. Liquid liquid chromatography might well be the technique of choice. In the field of vitamin D there are indications that a practical GLC analysis is feasible for pharmaceutical preparations. The GLC applications for vitamin E are diverse, well defined and generally widely accepted in research laboratory situations and for regulatory and quality control usage. Vitamins K1 and K2 have been measured with limited success in a few research laboratories, but the GLC methods have not developed on a practical basis. However GLC is used for measuring vitamin K3 (menadione and menadione sodium bisulfite) on a fairly routine basis in quality control laboratories.
Pilot run, plant design and cost analysis for reductive ozonolysis of methyl soyate
Authors: Throckmorton P. E. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPreparation of methyl azelaaldehydate dimethyl acetal (MAzDA) from methyl soyate was investigated on a pilot scale via the sequence ozonization, hydrogenation, acetalization and fractional distillation. A water‐methyl soyate emulsion for the ozonization step was preferred to methanolic solution or neat methyl soyate for reasons of cost and safety. Ozonization of the water‐methyl soyate emulsion (1.63:1 ratio) in a six‐plate sieve tower produced 1271 lb aqueous peroxidic emulsion during 12 days of continuous operation. Because a continuous hydrogenation facility was not available, reduction was done in 200 lb batches. Since batch hydrogenation of the peroxidic emulsion in this quantity was difficult to control and optimum conditions were difficult to maintain, maximum yield of the product was only 56%. The average yield for seven batches was 48.3%. However laboratory hydrogenation under optimum conditions of periodic samples taken from the sieve tower discharge indicated an overall yield of 74.5% (average of eight monitor samples). A plant designed to produce 10 million lb annually should be capable of producing MAzDA at a total manufacturing cost of 39 cents/lb or a net manufacturing cost of 27 cents/lb with byproduct credit conservatively estimated. Methyl soyate ozonolysis products are not sensitive to detonation, and their exothermic decomposition is greatly moderated by the presence of water.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: IV. The synthesis and surface active properties of sulfopropyl esters of N‐substituted iminodiacetic acids
Authors: Micich T. J. , Sucharski M. K. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of di(potassium 3‐sulfopropyl) N‐alkyl and N‐acyliminodiacetates were prepared by reacting 1,3‐propanesultone with the corresponding dipotassium N‐alkyl and N‐acyliminodiacetates, respectively. The washing ability of these products was examined alone and in combination with soap. Whereas the surfactant properties of the precursor iminodiacetates were poor, the addition of two sulfopropyl groups resulted in products with excellent lime soap dispersing power, calcium ion stability and water solubility.
Rapid deter mination of protein in soybean meals
Authors: Deacon Benjamin D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProtein content of soybean meal is determined by a modified biuret method. Samples are stirred with 0.5N sodium hydroxide containing normal or isopropyl alcohol and copper hydroxide at 70 C. Protein is determined from the absorbance of the filtered solution at 550 nm. Satisfactory correlation with the standard Kjeldahl method was obtained.
Some new developments in surfactant analysis
Authors: Lew H. Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree new analytical methods for surfactants have been developed and evaluated, and the stoichiometry in cationic titration of a dianionic surfactant has been determined. The three methods include: (a) a rapid method for pyrolytic cleavage of hydrophobic groups from surfactants to hydrocarbons, which can be used for quantitative identification of the hydrophobic groups; (b) a molecular weight method for alkylphenoxy and alkoxy polyethoxylates based on sulfation followed by cationic titration; and (c) a microcationic titration method designed for low levels (1–10 microequivalents) of anionic surfactants, which possesses certain advantages over conventional methods. Previously stoichiometry in cationic titration has been reported only for monoanionic surfactants. In a study of a dianionic surfactant,n‐octadecylbutane 1,4‐disulfate, each sulfate group was found to react in a 1:1 equivalent ratio with a cationic titrant.
Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts: III. Hydrogen addition and isomerization
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: April 2007

Abstractβ‐Eleostearate was found to be reduced by 1,6 addition of hydrogen. Because of the extensive isomerization of conjugated trienes during hydrogenation, the occurrence of 1,2 and 1,4 addition reactions could not be proven. Conjugated dienes were reduced by both 1,2 and 1,4 addition of hydrogen. The double bond distribution in the products formed from linoleate, linolenate and their isomers was consistent with the assumption that the double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty esters conjugate and then add hydrogen. Extensive isomerization (positional and geometric) of the conjugated double bond systems occurred during hydrogenation. Monoenes were not isomerized under similar conditions of hydrogenation. Since double bond distribution in monoenes formed from linoleate and alkali‐isomerized linoleate was identical, indications are that conjugation precedes hydrogenation.
Determination of aldehydes in mixtures of mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Crowell E. P. , Burnett B. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDetermination of total aldehydes in fatty acid oxidation products was accomplished by using a colorimetric procedure based on 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐hydrazine derivatives. To overcome problems of high reagent blanks and poor reproducibility the carbonyl derivatives were separated from excess reagent by extraction. Solubility and phase interface problems were avoided by using a sample dispersing solvent. Potential interferences were explored. The final procedure was demonstrated to be applicable from 25 µmoles to 2 mmoles/g carbonyl with a relative standard deviation of 3.5%.
Monohydroxylation of unsaturated oils: II. Autoxidation‐reduction
Authors: Venkateswara Rao G. , Achaya K. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAfter an initial induction period the rate of autoxidation of safflower oil was linear at 0–5 C under ultraviolet illumination in glass and proceeded to a maximum peroxide value of 2200. Reduction of hydroperoxy to hydroxy groups was easily accomplished by shaking with stannous chloride solution. The product showed hydroxyl value (HV) 76, iodine value (IV) (total) 122 and conjugated diene 20%. Attempts to increase the degree of this hydroxylation either by controlled oxidation, or by additional autoxidation after blocking the hydroxyl in the oncehydroxylated oil, or by autoxidizing in the presence of silver nitrate or stannous chloride, were unsuccessful. After preliminary treatment with an acidic earth, the rate of autoxidation of a commercial linseed oil was linear up to a PV of 1840. Reduction with stannous chloride gave a product with a HV of 50 containing 15% diene and 3% triene conjugation.
Cationic fatty acid derivatives aid retention of starch and pigment color in cellulosic pulp
Authors: Wilham C. A. , Mehltretter C. L. , McGuire T. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCellulosic pulp in water suspension treated with 0.06% selected cationic fatty acid derivatives at pH 4.5 retained up to 99% of gelatinized corn starch and a pigment color.
The art of oilseed meal grinding
Authors: Thomas George R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMeal grinding must be set up to give a definite and desired product. The original concept of solvent extracted soybean meal grinding was to use the two‐stage grinding system. However, the advent of front end hull removal equipment resulted in the development of the single stage grinding system, utilizing the grinders with just one sifter. This system lends itself well to grinding on stream. Meal grinding installations must be carefully planned to accommodate all parameters, such as desired consistency of finished product, dust control, conveyance systems, placement of all equipment in meal grinding system, and provisions for hot‐meal, or wet‐meal grinding requirements.
Moisture extraction concepts, design and practices from soybeans
Authors: Bunn Julian W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExpanded markets for soybean products have dictated large increases in processing plant capacities. Larger and more sophisticated oil extraction plants are being put on stream by the industry. Lower moisture beans, and in larger volumes, are necessary for the production of high protein meal. Standard grain drier design criteria no longer suffice, a special Soybean Process Drier‐Cooler has evolved. The resulting driers must have a large production capacity while producing bean to bean uniformity with a high degree of reliability and safety. Consideration is given to the physical and chemical characteristics of the bean, to drying concepts and to drier requirements. Rate of moisture migration, allowable air temperatures versus heat tolerance of the bean air flow requirements for moisture removal, and operational as well as safety controls are discussed. Soybean Process Drier‐Coolers of today demand a new perspective of the engineer in predicting capacity requirements, in designing adequate feed and take‐away equipment, and in the location in the processing plant. Fields are currently being explored to assure the processor of the bigger, better drier that will be required.
Male Urogenital Function After Confirmed Nerve‐Sparing Total Mesorectal Excision with Dissection in Front of Denonvilliers’ Fascia
Authors: Kneist W. , Junginger T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis prospective study addresses the rate of male genital dysfunction following total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal carcinoma using the anterior extramesorectal plane and its correlation with early urinary function, pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP), and intraoperative neurostimulation (INS). A consecutive series of 44 men operated on by the same surgical team was analyzed. After excluding 18 patients considered to be impotent preoperatively, urogenital function was evaluated in 26 patients on the basis of the International Prostatic Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function. PANP was assessed with INS of parasympathetic nerves. PANP was complete in 21 patients (80.8%). Deterioration of urinary function was observed in six patients (23.1%) at early follow‐up. Postoperative erectile dysfunction assessed in seven patients (26.9%) was associated with micturition disturbances in four (57%). Despite dissection in front of Denonvilliers´ fascia, the incidence of erectile dysfunction was low in patients with nonanterior tumors (1/10). INS results had higher sensitivity for predicting urinary dysfunction than for predicting erectile dysfunction (67% vs. 43%). Values for specificity and accuracy were 95% and 90%, and 89% and 77%, respectively. The correlation between the findings on INS and urinary function was good (κ = 0.66) at a fair (κ = 0.36) correlation for erectile function. Nerve‐sparing TME using the anterior extramesorectal plane results in a justifiable rate of postoperative impotence in patients with nonanterior tumors. Patients with negative results on INS or early urinary dysfunction are at greater risk of erectile dysfunction.
Is Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Colorectal Cancer a Future Prognostic Factor? A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Des Guetz Gaëtan , Uzzan Bernard , Nicolas Patrick , Cucherat Michel , de Mestier Philippe , Morere Jean‐François , Breau Jean‐Luc , Perret Gérard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial. Prognostic factors for CRC must be detected to improve its treatment. A PubMed query (key words: colorectal cancer, sentinel node) provided 182 studies on the sentinel lymph node (SLN) for CRC, the abstracts of which were reviewed. Altogether, 48 studies dealing with the diagnostic value of SLNM were selected from PubMed, and 6 other studies were retrieved from reviews. We compared the diagnostic value of SLNM with that of conventional histopathologic examination. We used the diagnostic accuracy odds ratio (DAOR) method. Because of significant heterogeneity, we chose the random effect model (Der Simonian and Laird). Statistics were performed on 33 studies, including 1794 patients (1201 colon and 332 rectum cancers). The mean SLNM failure rate was 10%. The global sensitivity and specificity of the SLNM were, respectively, 70% and 81%. The pooled DAOR was 10.7 (95% confidence interval 7.0–16.5). That means that a patient whose SLN is invaded has 10.7 times more risk to be node‐positive than an SLN‐negative patient. Lymphatic mapping appears to be readily applicable to CRC. One of the main reasons for the heterogeneity is the performance of the SLNM by Saha et al., whose data had better sensitivity (90%) than those in other studies. The SLNM technique should be better standardized in future studies. Understanding the cause of false‐negative SLNs (9%) is a major issue to resolve before routinely using this technique in CRC management. The prognostic implication of micrometastases found in SLNs requires further evaluation.
Staging Laparoscopy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Is It Also Useful for the Group Which has an Aggressive Surgical Strategy?
Authors: Song Kyo Young , Kim Jin Jo , Kim Seung Nam , Park Cho Hyun 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundStaging laparoscopy has been shown to be useful for increasing the accuracy of preoperative staging. However, controversy still exists regarding patient selection and subsequent treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the role of staging laparoscopy for a group that has a policy to perform aggressive surgery for advanced gastric cancer.MethodsTwenty‐four patients with clinical T3 or T4 gastric cancer expected to undergo curative resection, based on conventional preoperative diagnostic methods underwent staging laparoscopy. We examined the accuracy and the impact of staging laparoscopy on the further treatment options.ResultsThe mean running time for the staging laparoscopy was 40.7 min (range: 25–75 min), and one complication was noted (4.2%). In regard to the tumor depth, 11 of 24 (45.8%) cases had a discrepancy after staging laparoscopy. In addition, 15 of 24 patients (62.5%) were found to have unsuspected peritoneal metastases, and 8 patients (33.3%) were excluded from laparotomy. The remaining 16 patients (66.7%), including 9 patients with localized peritoneal metastases (P1), underwent resection. The diagnostic accuracy for T factor was 81.3% in 16 laparotomy cases and overall accuracy of P factor was 91.7%.ConclusionsStaging laparoscopy had a significant impact on decisions regarding the treatment plan in patients with advanced gastric cancer for a group that has an aggressive treatment strategy.
Adolescent psychological well‐being by identity style
Authors: Phillips Tommy M. , Pittman Joe F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigh school‐age adolescents (N=262) in two samples completed a measure of identity style, along with measures of self‐esteem, hopelessness, delinquent attitudes, educational expectations, and optimism/efficacy. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the relationship between identity style and the other psychosocial variables. Participants classified as having a diffuse/avoidant orientation had lower self‐esteem and higher delinquent attitude scores than those with either an information or normative orientation. At the same time, the diffuse‐avoidant style was associated with higher hopelessness and lower optimism/efficacy scores than the normative and information styles. The normative and information styles did not differ significantly in terms of the dependent variables. Results also indicated that males were more likely to be diffused and females more likely to be information‐oriented.
Asthma and the unified airway
Authors: Krouse John H. , Brown Randall W. , Fineman Stanley M. , Han Joseph K. , Heller Andrew J. , Joe Stephanie , Krouse Helene J. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Ryan Matthew W. , Veling Maria C. 
Published: April 2007

Inflammatory processes of the upper and lower airway commonly co‐exist. Patients with upper respiratory illnesses such as allergic rhinitis and acute and chronic rhinosinusitis often present to both otolaryngologists and primary care physicians for treatment of their symptoms of nasal and sinus disease. These patients often have concurrent lower respiratory illnesses such as asthma that may be contributing to their overall symptoms and quality of life. Unfortunately, asthma frequently remains undiagnosed in this population. It was the objective of this paper to examine the relationship between upper respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis and rhinosinusitis and lower respiratory illnesses such as asthma, and to provide a framework for primary care and specialty physicians to approach these illnesses as a spectrum of inflammatory disease. The present manuscript was developed by a multidisciplinary workgroup sponsored by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. Health care providers in various specialties contributed to the manuscript through preparation of written materials and through participation in a panel discussion held in August 2006. Each author was tasked with reviewing a specific content area and preparing a written summary for inclusion in this final document. Respiratory inflammation commonly affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, often concurrently. Physicians who are treating patients with symptoms of allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis must be vigilant to the presence of asthma among these patients. Appropriate diagnostic methods should be used to identify individuals with concurrent respiratory illnesses, and comprehensive treatment should be instituted to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Zinc homeostasis in 1–4 year olds consuming diets typical of US children
Authors: Griffin Ian J. , Lynch Mary Frances , Hawthorne Keli M. , Chen Zhensheng , Hamzo Maria G. , Abrams Steven A. 
Published: April 2007

Few data have evaluated Zn balance in young children after the first year of life. The objective of the present study was to study the relationships among Zn intake, absorption, endogenous faecal excretion, and retention in a group of healthy children. Thirty children, aged 15–48 months, were studied on a diet representative of their usual daily mineral intake. Zn absorption was assessed using a dual-tracer stable-isotope technique. Endogenous Zn faecal excretion and Cu absorption were determined in a subset of children. We found that Zn intake from the in-patient weighed dietary record (5·0 (sd 2·1) mg/d) was significantly greater than the current estimated average requirement (EAR; 2·5 mg/d; P < 0·0001). Neither fractional Zn absorption, urinary Zn excretion, nor endogenous faecal Zn excretion was significantly related to Zn intake (r2 < 0·1; P>0·4, for all). Absolute Zn absorption was significantly related to Zn intake (r2 0·696; P < 0·0001), as was Zn retention (r2 0·506; P < 0·0001). Cu absorption was relatively high (75·1 (sd 10·8) %) despite the high Zn intake. The EAR for Zn based on this dataset would appear to be between 4·2 and 4·7 mg/d to allow for a net average retention of 120 μg/d consistent with growth needs. We concluded that at relatively high Zn intakes there was little evidence of down regulation of absorption or up regulation of urinary or endogenous faecal Zn excretion across the intake range studied. Zn retention was positively correlated with intake. A Zn intake between 4·2 and 4·7 mg/d should meet the requirement for normal growth for this age group.
Hypocholesterolaemic effects of plant sterol analogues are independent of ABCG5 and ABCG8 transporter expressions in hamsters
Authors: Jia Xiaoming , Ebine Naoyuki , Demonty Isabelle , Wang Yanwen , Beech Robin , Muise Victoria , Fortin Marc G. , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: April 2007

The hypolipidaemic effects of plant sterols are well established. However, mechanisms by which plant sterols lower plasma cholesterol levels, particularly at the molecular level, have not been clearly elucidated. The objective of the present study was to determine whether different plant sterol analogues reduce plasma cholesterol levels by up regulating the sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 in the liver and/or small intestine. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into eight groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a maize starch–casein–sucrose-based diet that did not contain cholesterol (control; Con) or the Con diet with the addition of 0·25 % cholesterol (Ch-Con). Groups 3–8 were fed the Ch-Con diet supplemented with 1 % plant sterols, 1 % plant stanols, 1 % of a plant sterol and stanol mixture (50:50), 1·76 % plant sterol–fish oil esters, or 0·71 or 1·43 % stanol–ascorbic acid esters, respectively. After 5 weeks, the Ch-Con diet up regulated the ABCG5 mRNA expression and tended (P = 0·083) to increase ABCG8 mRNA expression in the liver, but did not affect both genes’ expression in the small intestine compared with the Con diet. Hamsters fed 0·7 % stanol esters showed lower plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0·001) and also lower liver ABCG5 mRNA expression (P < 0·05) compared with the Ch-Con diet. Plant stanols, stanol esters, and sterol esters did not affect the ABCG5 or ABCG8 mRNA expressions in the liver and intestine although they reduced plasma cholesterol levels. These results suggest that plant sterols and their derivatives reduce plasma cholesterol levels independently from the mRNA expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 transporters.