bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Dynamic of Action on Cortical and Subcortical Structures of Anesthetic Agents during Induction of Anesthesia
Authors: Velly Lionel J. , Rey Marc F. , Bruder Nicolas J. , Gouvitsos François A. , Witjas Tatiana , Regis Jean Marie , Peragut Jean Claude , Gouin François M. 
Published: July 2007

Background
Dynamic action of anesthetic agents was compared at cortical and subcortical levels during induction of anesthesia. Unconsciousness involved the cortical brain but suppression of movement in response to noxious stimuli was mediated through subcortical structures.

Methods
Twenty-five patients with Parkinson disease, previously implanted with a deep-brain stimulation electrode, were enrolled during the implantation of the definitive pulse generator. During induction of anesthesia with propofol (n = 13) or sevoflurane (n = 12) alone, cortical (EEG) and subcortical (ESCoG) electrogenesis were obtained, respectively, from a frontal montage (F3-C3) and through the deep-brain electrode (p0-p3). In EEG and ESCoG spectral analysis, spectral edge (90%) frequency, median power frequency, and nonlinear analysis dimensional activation calculations were determined.

Results
Sevoflurane and propofol decreased EEG and ESCoG activity in a dose-related fashion. EEG values decreased dramatically at loss of consciousness, whereas there was little change in ESCoG values. Quantitative parameters derived from EEG but not from ESCoG were able to predict consciousness versus unconsciousness. Conversely, quantitative parameters derived from ESCoG but not from EEG were able to predict movement in response to laryngoscopy.

Conclusion
These data suggest that in humans, unconsciousness mainly involves the cortical brain, but that suppression of movement in response to noxious stimuli is mediated through the effect of anesthetic agents on subcortical structures.
Activation of Opioid μ Receptors in Caudal Medullary Raphe Region Inhibits the Ventilatory Response to Hypercapnia in Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Zhang Zhenxiong , Xu Fadi , Zhang Cancan , Liang Xiaomin 
Published: July 2007

Background
: Opioids, extensively used as analgesics, markedly depress ventilation, particularly the ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia in humans and animals predominantly via acting on mu receptors. The medullary raphe region (MRR) contains abundant mu receptors responsible for analgesia and is also an important central area involving carbon dioxide chemoreception and contributing to the ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia. Therefore, the authors asked whether activation of mu receptors in the caudal, medial, or rostral MRR depressed ventilation and the response to hypercapnia, respectively.

Methods
: Experiments were conducted in 32 anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats. Ventilation and it response to progressive hypercapnia were recorded. The slopes obtained from plotting minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, and tidal volume against the corresponding levels of end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide were used as the indices of the respiratory responsiveness to carbon dioxide. DAMGO ([d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin), a mu-receptor agonist, was systemically administered (100 mug/kg) before and/or after local injection of CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) (100 ng/100 nl), a mu-receptor antagonist, into the caudal MRR, or locally administered (35 ng/100 nl) into the MRR subnuclei.

Results
: The authors found that systemic DAMGO significantly inhibited ventilation and the response to carbon dioxide by 20% and 31%, respectively, and these responses were significantly diminished to 11% and 14% after pretreatment of the caudal MRR with CTAP. Local administration of DAMGO into the caudal MRR also reduced ventilation and the response to carbon dioxide by 22% and 28%, respectively. In sharp contrast, these responses were not observed when the DAMGO microinjection was made in the middle MRR or rostral MRR.

Conclusions
: These results lead to the conclusion that mu receptors in the caudal MRR rather than the middle MRR or rostral MRR are important but not exclusive for attenuating the hypercapnic ventilatory response.
The ability of the SCORE high-risk model to predict 10-year cardiovascular disease mortality in Norway
Authors: Lindman Anja S. , Veierød Marit B. , Pedersen Jan I. , Tverdal Aage , Njølstad Inger , Selmer Randi 
Published: July 2007

Aims To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) project high-risk function in Norway. Methods and results We included 57229 individuals screened in 1985-1992 from two population-based surveys in Norway (age groups 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years). The data have been linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The SCORE high-risk algorithm for the prediction of 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was applied, and the risk factors entered into the model were age, sex, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking (yes/no). The number of expected events estimated by the SCORE model (E) was compared with the observed numbers (O). The SCORE low-risk algorithm was studied for comparison. In men, the observed number of CVD deaths was 718, compared with 1464 estimated by the SCORE high-risk function (O/E ratios 0.53, 0.53 and 0.45, for age groups 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69, respectively). In women, the observed and expected numbers were 226 and 547. The O/E ratios decreased with age (ratios 0.60, 0.45 and 0.37, respectively), i.e. the overestimation increased with age. The low-risk function predicted reasonably well for men (ratios 0.85, 0.92 and 0.79, respectively), whereas an overestimation was found for women aged 50-59 and 60-69 years (ratios 0.69 and 0.56, respectively). Conclusion The SCORE high-risk model overestimated the number of CVD deaths in Norway. Before implementation in clinical practice, proper adjustments to national levels are required.
A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components among native Japanese and Japanese Brazilians residing in Japan and Brazil
Authors: Schwingel Andiara , Nakata Yoshio , Ito Lucy S. , Chodzko-Zajko Wojtek J. , Shigematsu Ryosuke , Erb Christopher T. , Oba-Shinjo Sueli M. , Matsuo Tomoaki , Shinjo Samuel K. , Uno Miyuki , Marie Suely K. N. , Tanaka Kiyoji 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundThis study investigated the prevalence of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among individuals of Japanese descent exposed to different cultural environments.DesignA cross-sectional study to assess component risk factors for the diagnosis of MetSyn was undertaken in urban areas in Japan and Brazil. A total of 773 men and women aged 35 years or over were included in three groups: 249 native Japanese, 269 Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Japan, and 255 Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil.ResultsHigher rates of metabolic abnormalities with respect to central obesity and serum lipid profiles were observed among Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil compared with those residing in Japan and native Japanese. Likewise, an increased risk of hypertension was observed among Japanese Brazilian individuals residing in Japan. The prevalence of MetSyn in men was significantly higher among Brazilians of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil (37.5%) compared with those residing in Japan (25.3%) or native Japanese (21.4%), whereas no significant difference was observed among women. In the logistic model, Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residinginBrazil weretwice as likely to develop MetSyn compared with native Japanese, whereas no significant differences were found among those residing in Japan.ConclusionsThese findings underscore the significant heterogeneity in risk factors among communities of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil and Japan, and suggest that immigrants exposed to the Brazilian cultural environment are more susceptible to the development of risk factors associated with MetSyn than native Japanese.
Association between anthropometric measures of obesity and cardiovascular risk markers in a self-selected group of indigenous Australians
Authors: Chan Lionel C.K. , Ware Robert S. , Kesting Janine , Marczak Maureen , Good David , Shaw Joanne T.E. 
Published: July 2007

Background Indigenous Australians have a high prevalence of obesity and an unacceptably high rate of cardiovascular disease. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 93 high-risk indigenous Australians to assess how strongly three anthropometric measures correlated with known cardiovascular risk factors. Results Both waist circumference and body mass index were strongly associated with important risk factors. The waist: hip ratio was less useful. Waist circumference was the only measure that significantly correlated with the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ρ = 0.14; P =0.04). Conclusion Measuring the waist circumference is a cheap, effective way of monitoring cardiovascular risk.
Cardiovascular disease risk profiles among ‘healthy’ siblings of patients with early-onset cardiovascular disease: application of the new SCORE system
Authors: Horan Paul G. , Kamaruddin Muhammad S. , Moore Michael J. , McCarty David , Spence Mark S. , McGlinchey Paul G. , Murphy Gillian , Jardine Tracy C.L. , Patterson Chris C. , McKeown Pascal P. 
Published: July 2007

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs more frequently in individuals with a family history of premature CVD. Within families the demographics of CVD are poorly described. Design We examined the risk estimation based on the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system and the Joint British Guidelines (JBG) for older unaffected siblings of patients with premature CVD (onset ≤ 55 years for men and ≤ 60 years for women). Methods Between August 1999 and November 2003 laboratory and demographic details were collected on probands with early-onset CVD and their older unaffected siblings. Siblings were screened for clinically overt CVD by a standard questionnaire and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Results A total of 790 siblings was identified and full demographic details were available for 645. The following siblings were excluded: 41 with known diabetes mellitus; seven with random plasma glucose of 11.1 mmol/l or greater; and eight with ischaemic ECG. Data were analysed for 589 siblings from 405 families. The mean age was 55.0 years, 43.1% were men and 28.7% were smokers. The mean total serum cholesterol was 5.8 mmol/l and hypertension was present in 49.4%. Using the SCORE system, when projected to age 60 years, 181 men (71.3%) and 67 women (20.0%) would be eligible for risk factor modification. Using JBG with a 10-year risk of 20% or greater, 42 men (16.5%) and four women (1.2%) would be targeted. Conclusions Large numbers of these asymptomatic individuals meet both European and British guidelines for the primary prevention of CVD and should be targeted for risk factor modification. The prevalence of individuals defined as eligible for treatment is much higher when using the SCORE system.
Smoking and myocardial infarction case-fatality: hospital and population approach
Authors: Elosua Roberto , Vega Gema , Rohlfs Izabella , Aldasoro Elena , Navarro Carmen , Cabades Adolfo , Demissie Serkalem , Segura Antonio , Fiol Miquel , Moreno-Iribas Concepción , Echanove Ildefonso , Tormo María José , Arteagoitia José María , Sala Joan , Marrugat Jaume ,   on behalf of the IBERICA investigators
Published: July 2007

Background Smoking is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, but it has been associated with better short-term prognosis in hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. The aims of this study were to determine the association between smoking and myocardial infarction 28-day case-fatality in hospitalized patients and at the population level; and, whether smokers presenting with fatal myocardial infarction are more likely to die before reaching a hospital. Design and methods Population-based myocardial infarction registry, carried out in 1997-1998 in seven regions of Spain, used standardized methods to find and analyze suspected myocardial infarction patients (10 654 patients; 7796 hospitalized). Four categories of smoking status were defined: never-smokers, former smokers for more than 1 year, former smokers for less than 1 year, and current smokers. Results The main end-point was 28-day case-fatality, found to be 20.1, 17.1, 15.6, and 8.9%, in the four smoking status categories, respectively, for hospitalized patients; and 37.4, 33.0, 24.5, and 23.2%, respectively, at population level. Hospitalized current smokers had lower age, sex, and comorbidity-adjusted 28-day case-fatality than never-smokers (odds ratio = 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.90). This association held at population level (odds ratio = 0.68; 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.76), in which former smoking was also associated with lower case-fatality. In fatal cases, recent former smokers presented a lower risk of out-of-hospital death than never-smokers (odds ratio = 0.47; 95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.77), whereas current smoking was marginally associated with out-of-hospital death (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.50). Conclusions Current smoking is associated with lower 28-day case-fatality in hospitalized myocardial infarction patients. This association held at population level. Among fatal cases, smoking is associated with higher and recent former smoking with lower risk of dying out-of-hospital.
Cardiorespiratory fitness relates more strongly than physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study
Authors: Hurtig-Wennlöf Anita , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Harro Maarike , Sjöström Michael 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundPhysical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are closely related to health variables in adults, especially those considered to be among risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The possible tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factors from childhood to adulthood makes it important to increase our understanding of the complex relationships between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors early in life.DesignA cross-sectional, school-based study on healthy children and adolescents, aged 9-10 years (295 girls, 295 boys) and 15-16 years (302 girls, 233 boys) was performed during a school year in Sweden and Estonia, as part of the European Youth Heart Study.MethodsTotal physical activity, and minutes spent in inactivity and activity of moderate or higher intensity were measured by accelerometry. A maximal ergometer bike test was used for estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness. The risk factors included blood pressure and fasting blood levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ResultsCanonical correlations between physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness versus cardiovascular disease risk factors showed significant associations in both age and sex groups ( rc=0.46-0.61, P < 0.0001). The cardiorespiratory fitness was found to be the strongest contributor to these relationships. In girls high values of the physical activity variables were also associated with a favourable cardiovascular profile.ConclusionsCardiorespiratory fitness relates more strongly to cardiovascular risk factors than components of objectively measured physical activity in children and adolescents. Physical activity becomes more important in the 15-year-old adolescents, indicating that these modifiable lifestyle factors increase in importance with age.
An international parentage and identification panel for the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Lipinski M. J. , Amigues Y. , Blasi M. , Broad T. E. , Cherbonnel C. , Cho G. J. , Corley S. , Daftari P. , Delattre D. R. , Dileanis S. , Flynn J. M. , Grattapaglia D. , Guthrie A. , Harper C. , Karttunen P. L. , Kimura H. , Lewis G. M. , Longeri M. , Meriaux J.‐C. , Morita M. , Morrin‐O'Donnell R. C. , Niini T. , Pedersen N. C. , Perrotta G. , Polli M. , Rittler S. , Schubbert R. , Strillacci M. G. , Van Haeringen H. , Van Haeringen W. , Lyons L. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeventeen commercial and research laboratories participated in two comparison tests under the auspices of the International Society for Animal Genetics to develop an internationally tested, microsatellite‐based parentage and identification panel for the domestic cat (Felis catus). Genetic marker selection was based on the polymorphism information content and allele ranges from seven random‐bred populations (n = 261) from the USA, Europe and Brazil and eight breeds (n = 200) from the USA. Nineteen microsatellite markers were included in the comparison test and genotyped across the samples. Based on robustness and efficiency, nine autosomal microsatellite markers were ultimately selected as a single multiplex ‘core’ panel for cat identification and parentage testing. Most markers contained dinucleotide repeats. In addition to the autosomal markers, the panel included two gender‐specific markers, amelogenin and zinc‐finger XY, which produced genotypes for both the X and Y chromosomes. This international cat parentage and identification panel has a power of exclusion comparable to panels used in other species, ranging from 90.08% to 99.79% across breeds and 99.47% to 99.87% in random‐bred cat populations.
Aneuploidy and RAS mutations are mutually exclusive events in the development of well‐differentiated thyroid follicular tumours
Authors: Banito Ana , Pinto António E. , Espadinha Carla , Marques Ana Rita , Leite Valeriano 
Published: July 2007

SummaryObjective  Follicular thyroid tumours present several genetic alterations such as aneuploidy, RAS mutations and PAX8/PPARγrearrangements. The molecular basis of aneuploidy remains undefined in the majority of human cancers. It has been proposed that mutations in RAS oncogenes could be related to chromosomal instability, although this issue remains controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between aneuploidy, RAS mutations and PAX8/PPARγ gene rearrangement in thyroid follicular tumours.Design  Ploidy status was determined by flow cytometry in 111 thyroid lesions (42 follicular thyroid adenomas, 27 follicular thyroid carcinomas, 19 follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma, 20 poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and 3 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas). RAS mutations and PAX8/PPARγ fusion gene were investigated in 101 and 87 of these samples, respectively.Results  Altogether, 12 of 50 (24%) diploid tumours presented RAS mutation which contrasts with 3 of 51 (5·9%; P = 0·0124) RAS mutations in the group of aneuploid tumours. The aneuploid tumours harbouring RAS mutations were two poorly differentiated carcinomas and one follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with poorly differentiated areas. None of the tumours with RAS mutations expressed the PAX8/PPARγ fusion gene. Three of five (60%) follicular thyroid adenomas and 1 of 7 (14%) follicular thyroid carcinomas, with the PAX8/PPARγ fusion gene, were aneuploid.Conclusions  Our data suggest that aneuploidy and RAS mutations are mutually exclusive events in the development of well‐differentiated thyroid follicular tumours.
Similar clinical and laboratory findings in patients with symptomatic autosomal dominant and sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib despite different epigenetic changes at the GNAS locus
Authors: Linglart Agnès , Bastepe Murat , Jüppner Harald 
Published: July 2007

SummaryObjective  Most patients with autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (AD‐PHP‐Ib) carry an identical maternally inherited 3‐kb microdeletion up‐stream of GNAS (STX16del4‐6mat), which is associated with a methylation loss restricted to exon A/B. STX16del4‐6mat is not found in sporadic PHP‐Ib (sporPHP‐Ib) patients, who show broad GNAS methylation changes. Because of the epigenetic differences between both groups, we searched for clinical and/or laboratory differences.Patients and methods  Age at diagnosis, calcium, phosphorus and PTH were analysed in 43 patients with AD‐PHP‐Ib due to STX16del4‐6mat and in 22 patients with sporPHP‐Ib.Results  All AD‐PHP‐Ib patients with STX16del4‐6mat showed only loss of exon A/B methylation. Of the 43 individuals, 26 were symptomatic when diagnosis was established at age 12·1 ± 1·34 years (mean ± SEM); laboratory findings at presentation were calcium 1·69 ± 0·06 mmol/l, phosphorus 2·25 ± 0·12 mmol/l and PTH 442 ± 54·1 pg/ml. The remaining 17 individuals with STX16del4‐6mat were asymptomatic when diagnosed at age 23·5 ± 3·93 years (calcium 2·18 ± 0·05 mmol/l, phosphorus 1·63 ± 0·10 mmol/l, PTH 222 ± 40·3 pg/ml). Patients with sporPHP‐Ib showed methylation changes at two or more GNAS exons, presented at age 10·0 ± 1·01 years and had, as a group, similar laboratory findings as patients with symptomatic AD‐PHP‐Ib (calcium 1·51 ± 0·06 mmol/l, phosphorus 2·65 ± 0·10 mmol/l, PTH 634 ± 162·1 pg/ml). However, sporPHP‐Ib females appeared to be more severely affected.Conclusions  Patients with symptomatic AD‐PHP‐Ib due to STX16del4‐6mat and sporPHP‐Ib have similar changes in calcium, phosphate and PTH. STX16del4‐6mat often leads to asymptomatic disease and screening of all siblings of affected individuals is therefore advised. The cause of the apparent sexual dimorphism in patients with sporPHP‐Ib remains uncertain.
Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism – need for multicentre studies
Authors: Mihai Radu , Wass John A. H. , Sadler Gregory P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLong‐term follow‐up is initially considered appropriate for the majority of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) having small increases in calcium levels (< 2·8 mmol/l) and lacking the ‘classical’ symptoms of PHPT. The supportive reasoning is that many such patients never progress to more severe biochemical or clinical disease. There are, however, arguments in favour of early surgical treatment of such patients but adequately powered studies have not been carried out in this subgroup of patients to asses the impact of PHPT on their quality of life, cardiovascular risk and bone density.Progressive loss in bone mineral density and an increased risk of bone fracture become increasingly significant in an ageing population. Left ventricular hypertrophy, an increased risk of arrhythmia and/or myocardial infarction in addition to changes in atherogenic lipid profile and impaired glucose tolerance may translate into an increased risk of premature death in this group of patients. Changes in the quality of life identified using standardized questionnaires are sometimes recognized by patients only in retrospect (i.e. after resolution of symptoms following successful parathyroidectomy). In addition, many series fail to assess and record accurately such symptoms.Multicentre cohort studies of patients with asymptomatic PHPT randomized to immediate or delayed surgical treatment could address some of the debated issues highlighted in this review. Until such studies are set up, most surgeons would consider that parathyroid surgery should represent the first choice of treatment for all patients, but many physicians would favour a long‐term follow‐up. Nevertheless, the threshold for referral for surgical treatment has been lowered since the introduction of scan‐directed minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which enables the experienced parathyroid surgeon to successfully treat patients with PHPT with a minimum of complications as a day‐case operation.In the context of improved surgical treatment, we need more data on the benefits or otherwise in so‐called asymptomatic patients with a thorough assessment of their bone quality, cardiovascular risk and quality of life.