bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term Height Gain of Prematurely Born Children With Neonatal Growth Restraint: Parallellism With the Growth Pattern of Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Finken Martijn J.J. , Dekker Friedo W. , de Zegher Francis , Wit Jan M. ,   for the Dutch Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age-19 Collaborative Study Group
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. It is unknown whether children born very preterm (&lt;32 weeks' gestation) with appropriate size for gestational age, who grow poorly in the first postnatal months (ie, preterm growth restraint), show a similar growth pattern as children born small for gestational age.
OBJECTIVE. Childhood growth and adult height of children with preterm growth restraint were compared to those of very preterm small-for-gestational-age and non–preterm-growth-restraint children.
METHODS. Data were drawn from the Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants cohort. Preterm growth restraint was considered to have occurred after appropriate-size-for-gestational-age birth and if length and/or weight was below −2 SD score at 3 months postterm.
RESULTS. Among 380 very preterm children, 274 experienced no preterm growth restraint and showed near-normal growth, whereas 79 (21%) experienced preterm growth restraint and subsequently displayed a growth pattern similar to that of very preterm small-for-gestational-age children (n = 27). Adult height of these children was −1.1 to −1.2 SD score. Very preterm small-for-gestational-age and preterm-growth-restraint children with a height below −2 SD score at 5 years had an adult height of approximately −2.5 SD score.
CONCLUSIONS. Childhood growth and adult height were similar in very preterm small-for-gestational-age and preterm-growth-restraint children. These long-term findings further strengthen the plausibility of extending the small-for-gestational-age indication for growth hormone therapy in such a way that preterm-growth-restraint children are no longer excluded if they have a short stature persisting beyond the age of ∼5 years.
The AlaskaHaemophilus influenzaeType b Experience: Lessons in Controlling a Vaccine-Preventable Disease
Authors: Singleton Rosalyn , Hammitt Laura , Hennessy Thomas , Bulkow Lisa , DeByle Carolynn , Parkinson Alan , Cottle Tammy E. , Peters Helen , Butler Jay C. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Before 1991, Alaska Native children experienced one of the highest rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. H influenzae type b vaccine has led to a near-elimination of invasive H influenzae type b disease in the United States. We describe challenges encountered in controlling H influenzae type b disease in Alaska and update the current status of H influenzae disease and carriage in Alaska as lessons to other populations.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We reviewed data from statewide H influenzae disease surveillance conducted during 1980–2004. Vaccine coverage data were based on audits from tribal facilities and the National Immunization Survey. H influenzae type b colonization data were based on 6 carriage studies.RESULTS. After universal infant vaccination in 1991, H influenzae type b disease among Alaska Native and non-Native children &lt;5 years of age decreased by 94% and 96%, respectively. After a 1996 change in H influenzae type b vaccine from polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine to H influenzae type b oligosaccharide-CRM197 vaccine, the incidence of H influenzae type b disease increased in rural Alaska Natives from 19.8 to 91.1 cases per 100000 per year &lt;5 years of age. During 2001–2004, with use of polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine, the rate of H influenzae type b disease in Alaska Native and non-Native children aged &lt;5 years decreased to 5.4 and 0 per 100000 per year, respectively. In postvaccine studies, H influenzae type b carriage has decreased in Alaska Native children &lt;5 years of age.CONCLUSIONS. H influenzae type b vaccination has resulted in a dramatic decrease in invasive H influenzae type b disease in Alaska; however, despite high rates of H influenzae type b vaccine coverage, H influenzae type b disease rates among rural Alaska Native children &lt;5 years of age remain higher than the rates among non-Native Alaska and other US children. Equity in disease rates may not be achieved in indigenous populations with the current vaccines unless other environmental and household factors contributing to disease transmission are addressed.
Variations in Management of Common Inpatient Pediatric Illnesses: Hospitalists and Community Pediatricians
Authors: Conway Patrick H. , Edwards Sarah , Stucky Erin R. , Chiang Vincent W. , Ottolini Mary C. , Landrigan Christopher P. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to test the hypothesis that pediatric hospitalists use evidence-based therapies and tests more consistently in the care of inpatients and use therapies and tests of unproven benefit less often, compared with community pediatricians.METHODS. A national survey was administered to hospitalists and a random sample of community pediatricians. Hospitalists and community pediatricians reported their frequency of use of diagnostic tests and therapies, on 5-point Likert scales (ranging from never to almost always), for common inpatient pediatric illnesses. Responses were compared in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses controlling for gender, race, years out of residency, days spent attending per year, hospital practice type, and completion of fellowship/postgraduate training.RESULTS. Two hundred thirteen pediatric hospitalists and 352 community pediatricians responded. In multivariable regression analyses, hospitalists were significantly more likely to report often or almost always using the following evidence-based therapies for asthma: albuterol and ipratropium in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. After the first urinary tract infection, hospitalists were more likely to report obtaining the recommended renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram. Hospitalists were significantly more likely than community pediatricians to report rarely or never using the following therapies of unproven benefit: levalbuterol, inhaled steroid therapy, and oral steroid therapy for bronchiolitis; stool culture and rotavirus testing for gastroenteritis; and ipratropium after 24 hours of hospitalization for asthma.CONCLUSION. Overall, in comparison with community pediatricians, hospitalists reported greater adherence to evidence-based therapies and tests in the care of hospitalized patients and less use of therapies and tests of unproven benefit.
Presentation and Echocardiographic Markers of Neonatal Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Peterson Amy L. , Frommelt Peter C. , Mussatto Kathy 
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Systemic hypertension is a rare but important cause of neonatal heart failure. It is critical that this etiology be recognized and distinguished from other causes of myocardial dysfunction in young infants, because diagnostic studies, treatments, and prognoses are quite different.
METHODS. Between 1991 and 2005, 11 neonates were diagnosed as having neonatal cardiomyopathy and systemic hypertension through retrospective review of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin database.
RESULTS. All infants in the cohort were found to have systemic hypertension (blood pressure of &gt;95th percentile for gestational age and weight). Causes included renovascular disease (n = 9), aortic obstruction secondary to thrombus (n = 1), and steroid use (n = 1). Echocardiography was performed at presentation for all patients because of cardiomegaly and/or hypertension. Echocardiographic findings were consistently striking for (1) left ventricular systolic dysfunction without chamber dilation, (2) concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, (3) left atrial dilation, and (4) aortomegaly. No anatomic aortic arch obstruction was identified, but Doppler findings for the descending thoracic aorta were uniformly consistent with elevated systemic vascular resistance. One patient died as a result of overwhelming thrombotic disease; all other patients responded to afterload reduction therapy with normalization of left ventricular systolic function during infancy.
CONCLUSIONS. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy can present in neonates with nonspecific symptoms and systemic hypertension. Because sometimes hypertension in infants is ignored or misinterpreted as agitation, echocardiography can provide critical markers of the disease.
Improving Safety-Restraint Use by Children in Shopping Carts: Evaluation of a Store-Based Safety Intervention
Authors: Smith Gary A. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Approximately 20700 children who are &lt;5 years old are treated in US hospital emergency departments annually for shopping cart–related injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an in-store intervention to increase the use of restraints in shopping carts by children who are &lt;5 years old.METHODS. The study intervention consisted of greeters at the store entrance who encouraged the use of appropriate shopping cart restraints plus the use of a small cash coupon incentive. The study used a preintervention and postintervention design with an untreated “control” group. Three stores served as intervention stores, and 4 stores served as nonintervention stores. Trained study personnel conducted the observations unobtrusively in all 7 stores simultaneously, recording the status of children's restraint use in the shopping cart as caregivers approached store checkout areas. The main outcome measure of the study was the change in the proportion of children who were &lt;5 years old, riding in a shopping cart, and restrained correctly.RESULTS. There were a total of 967 observations, 57% of which were in the 4 nonintervention stores and 43% of which were in the 3 intervention stores. There were 442 observations on the baseline day and 525 on the follow-up day. Interrater reliability was good. Overall, among the 761 cases in which a shopping cart was used, 38% of children were transported in the shopping cart seat with the restraint off or used improperly, and 24% were seated with the restraint used correctly. In the 4 nonintervention stores, the percentage of children who were in shopping carts and restrained correctly increased from 19% at baseline to 31% during the follow-up observation period 1 week later. In the 3 intervention stores, the percentage of correct restraint use among children in shopping carts went from 15% at baseline to 49% after the intervention during the second observation period. The change in correct restraint use among children in shopping carts in intervention stores was significantly greater than that in nonintervention stores.CONCLUSIONS. A safety intervention, consisting of a $2 incentive coupon plus greeters at the store entrance who encouraged the use of appropriate shopping cart restraints, significantly increased the correct use of restraints among young children who rode in shopping carts. The correct use rate increased to 49% in stores with this modest intervention. However, half of the young children in shopping carts remained unrestrained or restrained incorrectly. Higher rates of correct restraint use may occur with a more comprehensive and sustained shopping cart safety intervention. Shopping cart designs that seat children close to the floor and that do not rely on caregiver behavior change and vigilance for injury protection also should be implemented and evaluated as a passive strategy to prevent shopping cart–related injuries to young children.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Glu298Asp Gene Polymorphism in Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Berdeli Afig , Gürkan Ali , Emingil Gülnur , Atilla Gül , Köse Timur 
Published: August 2006

Background: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is involved in key steps of immune response. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genotype distribution and genotype‐phenotype association in periodontal disease regarding Glu298Asp polymorphism of the eNOS gene.Methods: A total of 272 subjects were included into the study. Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of 51 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients, 48 generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), and 173 reference controls. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subsequent BanII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were used to detect eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque accumulation, and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. The data were analyzed by the χ2 test, logistic regression, and Mann‐Whitney U test.Results: The distributions of eNOS Glu298Asp genotypes and alleles were similar among study groups. Subjects with the Asp allele (Asp+) were statistically higher in the CP group compared to the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.957; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.038 to 3.689). In the GAgP group, BOP (%) was significantly higher in patients with the 298Asp allele (Asp+) compared to patients without the Asp allele (Asp−) (P = 0.015).Conclusions: The present study showed that eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism is associated with BOP in GAgP patients. Moreover, the 298Asp allele of the eNOS gene might be related to CP in the Turkish population.
Significance of Keratinized Mucosa in Maintenance of Dental Implants With Different Surfaces
Authors: Chung Dyeus M. , Oh Tae‐Ju , Shotwell Jeffrey L. , Misch Carl E. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: August 2006

Background: The need for keratinized mucosa (KM) or immobile keratinized mucosa (i.e., attached mucosa [AM]) for the maintenance of osseointegrated endosseous dental implants has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of KM in the maintenance of root‐form dental implants with different surfaces.Methods: A total of 339 endosseous dental implants in place for at least 3 years in 69 patients were evaluated. The width of KM and AM, modified plaque index (mPI), gingival index (GI), modified bleeding index (mBI), probing depth (PD), and average annual bone loss (ABL) were measured clinically and radiographically by a masked examiner. Based on the amounts of KM or AM, implants were categorized as follows: 1) KM <2 mm (KL); 2) KM ≥2 mm (KU); 3) AM <1 mm (AL); and 4) AM ≥1 mm (AU). Implants were further subdivided into the following four subgroups based on their surface configurations: 1) smooth surface implants (SI) with KM <2 mm (SKL); 2) SI with KM ≥2 mm (SKM); 3) rough surface implants (RI) with KM <2 mm (RKL); or 4) RI with KM ≥2 mm (RKM); or 1) SI with AM <1 mm (SAL); 2) SI with AM ≥1 mm (SAM); 3) RI with AM <1 mm (RAL); or 4) RI with AM ≥1 mm (RAM). The effect of KM or AM on clinical parameters was evaluated by comparing the different KM/AM groups. In addition, the significance of the presence of KM on implant prostheses types (i.e., fixed versus removable) and on implant locations (i.e., anterior versus posterior) was evaluated.Results: Comparison of ABL among the four subgroups in KM or AM failed to reveal statistically significant differences (P >0.05); however, statistically significantly higher GI and mPI were present in SKL or SAL compared to the other three subgroups (P <0.05). GI and mPI were significantly higher in KL (0.94 and 1.51) than KU (0.76 and 1.26) and higher in AL (0.95 and 1.50) than AU (0.70 and 1.19) (P <0.05), respectively. The difference in GI between posterior implants with or without an adequate amount of KM was also significant (P <0.05).Conclusions: The absence of adequate KM or AM in endosseous dental implants, especially in posterior implants, was associated with higher plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation but not with more ABL, regardless of their surface configurations. Randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the results obtained in this retrospective clinical study.
Protective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipopolysaccharides of Periodontopathogens
Authors: Houde Vanessa , Grenier Daniel , Chandad Fatiha 
Published: August 2006

Background: During phagocytosis or stimulation with bacterial components, macrophages activate various cell processes, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are critical for successful defense against invading organisms. Increased levels of ROS/RNS create oxidative stress that results in tissue and bone destruction. Grape seed proanthocyanidins have been reported to possess a wide range of biologic properties against oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSE) and commercial polyphenols on the production of ROS and RNS and on the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of periodontopathogens.Methods: Macrophages (RAW 264.7) were treated with non‐toxic concentrations of either GSE or commercial polyphenols (gallic acid [GA] and [−]‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate [EGCG]) and stimulated with LPS of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or Fusobacterium nucleatum, and iNOS expression was evaluated by immunoblotting. Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantified using the colorimetric Griess assay, whereas ROS production was measured with the fluorescent 123‐dihydrorhodamine dye.Results: GSE strongly decreased NO and ROS production and iNOS expression by LPS‐stimulated macrophages. GA also revealed a strong inhibitory effect on NO production without affecting iNOS expression but slightly increasing ROS production. EGCG showed an inhibitory effect on NO and ROS production and on iNOS expression by macrophages.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that proanthocyanidins have potent antioxidant properties and should be considered a potential agent in the prevention of periodontal diseases.
The Effect of Periodontitis on Biting Abilities
Authors: Alkan Arzu , Keskiner Ilker , Arici Selim , Sato Shuichi 
Published: August 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the biting abilities (bite force [BF] and occlusal contact area [OCA]) of chronic periodontitis patients with those of control patients with healthy periodontia by using pressure‐sensitive sheets.Methods: The study population consisted of 20 patients with chronic periodontitis whose initial periodontal therapy was completed and 20 control subjects with healthy periodontia. Periodontitis was diagnosed by radiographs and measurements of probing depth and clinical attachment level. Pressure‐sensitive sheets were used for the quantitative analysis of BF and OCA.Results: Both mean BF and OCA values were greater in the healthy control group compared to those of the study group. The differences between the groups were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.Conclusion: Reduced periodontal support in the absence of inflammation negatively affected biting abilities.
Comparison of techniques for determination of chondrocyte viability after thermal injury
Authors: Rauch Beth , Edwards Ryland B. , Lu Yan , Hao Zhengling , Muir Peter , Markel Mark D. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare 2 methods of quantitating chondrocyte viability and to determine chondrocyte response to thermal injury over time.
Sample Population—108 stifle joints from 54 adult rats.
Procedures—Cartilage from the distal aspect of the femur was treated ex vivo with radiofrequency energy at a probe setting that would result in immediate partial-thickness chondrocyte death; untreated sections served as controls. Explants were cultured, and cell viability was compared by use of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) histochemical staining and calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 confocal laser microscopy (CLM) cell viability staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated X-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptosis. All labeling studies were performed 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment.
Results—In the treated tissues, a greater percentage of viable cells were found with CLM, compared with LDH staining. This result contrasted that of control tissues in which LDH staining indicated a greater percentage of live cells than CLM. The greatest number of TUNEL-positive chondrocytes was present at day 3, declining at later time intervals.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CLM and LDH histochemistry techniques yield different absolute numbers of live and dead cells, resulting in differing percentages of live or dead cells with each technique. These differences may be related to the enzymes responsible for activation in each technique and the susceptibility of these enzymes to thermal injury. Results of TUNEL indicate that apoptosis contributes to chondrocyte death after thermal injury, with a peak signal identified 3 days after insult.
Use of infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of traumatic arthritis in horses
Authors: Vijarnsorn Monchanok , Riley Christopher B. , Shaw R. Anthony , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Ryan Daniel A. J. , Rose Patricia L. , Spangler Elizabeth 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate use of infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of traumatic arthritis in horses.
Animals—48 horses with traumatic arthritis and 5 clinically and radiographically normal horses.
Procedures—Synovial fluid samples were collected from 77 joints in 48 horses with traumatic arthritis. Paired samples (affected and control joints) from 29 horses and independent samples from an affected (n = 12) or control (7) joint from 19 horses were collected for model calibration. A second set of 20 normal validation samples was collected from 5 clinically and radiographically normal horses. Fourier transform infrared spectra of synovial fluids were acquired and manipulated, and data from affected joints were compared with controls to identify spectroscopic features that differed significantly between groups. A classification model that used linear discriminant analysis was developed. Performance of the model was determined by use of the 2 validation datasets.
Results—A classification model based on 3 infrared regions classified spectra from the calibration dataset with overall accuracy of 97% (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 100%). The model, with cost-adjusted prior probabilities of 0.60:0.40, yielded overall accuracy of 89% (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 100%) for the first validation sample dataset and 100% correct classification of the second set of independent normal control joints.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The infrared spectroscopic patterns of fluid from joints with traumatic arthritis differed significantly from the corresponding patterns for controls. These alterations in absorption patterns may be used via an appropriate classification algorithm to differentiate the spectra of affected joints from those of controls.