bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The robustness of communication of emotion via facial expression: Emotion recognition from photographs with deteriorated pictorial quality
Authors: Wallbott Harald G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis studyThe studies reported here were conducted within the TELEMED project which is funded by the European Community within the RACE program.
examines whether the recognition of emotion from facial expressions is impaired by deterioration of spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and picture size. Eighty judges rated 65 stimuli under 11 conditions: Undistorted, reduced spatial resolution (three steps), reduced contrast resolution (three steps), reduced picture size (three steps), and a very ‘hard’ condition combining the severest spatial and contrast resolution. Variation in picture quality was achieved by using a digital video recorder. Recognition rate and intensity ratings were not significantly affected by variations in contrast resolution or picture size. The only significant reduction of recognition rate and intensity ratings resulted from reduction in spatial resolution, but only with the largest deterioration in such resolution. Results are discussed with respect to the fundamental importance of facial expressions in interaction and communication, and with respect to applications, such as tele‐conferencing systems.
Behavioural conversion in a compliance paradigm: A replication and a refinement
Authors: Joule Robert Vincent , Fointiat Valerie , Pasquier Claude , Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhile a compliance strategy induced almost all subjects to agree to forego first a lunch and then a dinner and the following breakfast, simply observing an accomplice break his commitment to forego lunch was enough to produce a significant reduction in subjects' commitment to forego two meals, even though the effect was not immediate. This pattern of influence, similar to a ‘behavioural conversion’, appeared if the accomplice had first agreed to the initial request and only later refused to continue, but not if he refused to make the commitment at the outset.
Perception of epistemic authority and attribution for its choice as a function of knowledge area and age
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel , Raviv Amiram , Raviv Alona , Brosh Marianne E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree age groups of children and adolescents (9–10, 13–14, and 17–18 years old) were asked to indicate sources of information which serve as their epistemic authority in nine knowledge areas and to attribute reasons for their choices. In general, the results showed that children and adolescents differentiate among sources and select their epistemic authorities according to knowledge areas. It was found that while the perception of parents as epistemic authorities decreases with age, the perception of self increases considerably and becomes an important epistemic authority. In spite of the decrease in the perception of parents as epistemic authorities, they continue to be a significant source of knowledge. In addition, the perception of friends as epistemic authority increases relatively in social knowledge areas. With regard to causal explanation, it was found that children and adolescents use various reasons to explain their selection of epistemic authority. They differentiated among their reasons on the basis of the selected source. Knowledge‐denotating source expertise was used as the most important reason. The selection of oneself was mainly attributed to familiarity, and helpfulness was used to explain the selection of mother, friend and father as epistemic authorities. Friend was also selected because of similarity. Age differences with regard to use of reasons reflected changes in source selection. This line of research sheds light on the interpersonal nature of knowledge acquisition.
Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Turner John C. , Oakes Penelope J. , McGarty Craig , Hayes Brett K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the 1990‐1991 Persian Gulf conflict an experiment was conducted with Australian university students (N = 200) to investigate whether the social stereotyping of Americans varied with social contextual manipulations related to the hostilities. The study, conducted in two phases at the start and end of the conflict, examined how the assignment of standard stereotypical traits to Americans was affected (a) by the large‐scale social change constituted by the war and (b) by variation in the frame of reference provided by relevant comparison groups. The elicited stereotypes were sensitive to both of these contextual variables, demonstrating significant variation and fluidity. Overall, stereotypes of Americans were relatively negative. They were significantly more negative (a) at the end of the war than at the beginning in the restricted frame (when Australia and Britain were comparison groups) and (b) in the first phase of the conflict when the frame was extended to include Iraq as a comparison group. The findings were in line with expectations derived from self‐categorization theory (Turner, 1985) that the social categorization of self and other into ingroup and outgroup is inherently variable, comparative and context‐dependent. They question the long‐held view of stereotypes as fixed, rigid and resistant to change.
Adorable woman, expert man: Changing gender images of women and men in management
Authors: Kirchler Erich 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the past, leadership was perceived to be the special province of males and still females tend not to occupy top management positions. Traditional social stereotypes hold that a leader needs to have typical masculine characteristics: he needs to be competitive, aggressive, tough and successful. Due to important changes in the conception of the societal female and male gender role during the last decades it can be assumed that the classical sex role stereotypes have at least become less polarized.Obituaries concerning deceased male and female managers, published in the years 1974, 1980 and 1986 in four daily newspapers were content analysed. Terms used to describe the managers were classified into 53 categories and included in a correspondence analysis. The results show that images of male and female managers were dissimilar in 1974 and 1980 and were still different in 1986. Male managers were perceived as intelligent, knowledgeable, experienced, outstanding instructors, unselfish opinion‐leaders with an enviable entrepreneurial spirit. Women, on the other hand, were described as adorable, likeable superiors in 1974 and 1980. Some years later, in 1986, they became fighting managers: their surviving colleagues described them as courageous, highly committed workers who, nevertheless are still lacking in knowledge and expertise.
Construct asymmetry and the range of relevance of personal anticipations
Authors: Adams‐Webber Jack 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses the logical structure of personal construct systems in terms of relations of partial entailment between constructs and the relative frequencies of positive and negative judgments concerning both self and others. It is argued that conditional hypotheses (‘anticipations’) which incorporate the positive poles of constructs (e.g. happy) as antecedent terms will have wider ranges of relevance, on average, if self is assigned to the positive poles of those constructs. Conversely, hypotheses with antecedents based on the negative poles of constructs (e.g. sad) will tend to have wider ranges of relevance when self is assigned to their negative poles. Some theoretical implications of these relationships for the adaptability of personal construct systems are elaborated.
Religiosity and adolescents' premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour: An empirical study of conceptual issues
Authors: Sheeran Paschal , Abrams Dominic , Abraham Charles , Spears Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA review of the literature concerning the relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour revealed inconsistencies in research findings and problems with methodology and operationalizations of variables. A postal questionnaire to 527 16‐ to 18‐year‐olds examined the associations between six models of religiosity (religious upbringing, denominational affiliation, ritual/behavioural, self‐attitude/self‐schema and salience of religious identity) and personal sexual standards, attitudes towards sexually active others, virginal status, anticipation of sexual intercourse and frequency of both coitus and non‐coital sexual experiences over the previous year. A negative relationship between religiosity and a number of sexual attitudes and behaviours was observed, though non‐significant relationships in the case of sexual experiences without intercourse suggested the maintenance of a technical virginity to accord with religious precepts. There was also some evidence that Catholic adolescents were more likely to be sexually active than non‐Catholics when current religiosity was controlled for. The results lent strongest support to models which implicated self‐conception either in terms of self‐attitudes/self‐schemas or the salience of religious identity. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Processing load and memory for stereotype‐based information
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Hewstone Miles , Griffiths Riana J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present research considered the effects of stereotypes on judgmental and memorial processes. In particular, we investigated the heuristic utility of stereotype application in difficult or demanding information‐processing contexts. Our results supported the prediction that stereotypical effects on memory are contingent upon the characteristics of the task environment. Whereas perceivers displayed preferential recall for stereotype‐inconsistent information under low processing loads, this switched to a preference for consistent information as task demands increased. Likewise, target‐based judgments were most stereotypic under high processing loads. Judgment‐recall correlations supported the contention that, under high‐loads, these inferences are related to the relative memorability of stereotypic information. We consider these findings in the wider context of stereotype‐based effects on social cognition.
Soft tissue reactions to bioactive glass 13‐93 combined with chitosan
Authors: Asikainen A.J. , Hagström J. , Sorsa T. , Noponen J. , Kellomäki M. , Juuti H. , Lindqvist C. , Hietanen J. , Suuronen R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate rabbit soft tissue reactions to bioactive glass 13‐93 mesh by using a histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Bioactive glass (13‐93) mesh fixed with 3 wt % chitosan was implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous space of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 18) for six, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. After 6 weeks the bioactive glass remnants were surrounded by foreign‐body granuloma with eosinophilic granulocytes. After 12 and 24 weeks the implanted material was mainly absorbed, but, if any particles still remained the foreign‐body reaction was notably milder. Yet, a mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate was present. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) ‐2, ‐3, ‐13 and tissue inhibitory protein (TIMP‐1 and ‐2) expressions were studied by immunohistochemistry. MMP‐3, ‐13, TIMP‐1, and ‐2 positivity were detected throughout the follow‐up period. MMP‐2 positivity was only occasionally seen in the 24 week samples, which is constitutively expressed but is not related to inductive MMP‐3 and ‐13 cascade. The presence of eosinophilic granulocytes in some of the samples raises the possibility of an allergic reaction to the materials. MMP‐3 and ‐13 are suggested to participate in the host reaction to either bioactive glass or chitosan. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Highly accurate biomolecular electrostatics in continuum dielectric environments
Authors: Zhou Y. C. , Feig Michael , Wei G. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImplicit solvent models based on the Poisson‐Boltzmann (PB) equation are frequently used to describe the interactions of a biomolecule with its dielectric continuum environment. A novel, highly accurate Poisson‐Boltzmann solver is developed based on the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method, which rigorously enforces the continuity conditions of both the electrostatic potential and its flux at the molecular surface. The MIB based PB solver attains much better convergence rates as a function of mesh size compared to conventional finite difference and finite element based PB solvers. Consequently, highly accurate electrostatic potentials and solvation energies are obtained at coarse mesh sizes. In the context of biomolecular electrostatic calculations it is demonstrated that the MIB method generates substantially more accurate solutions of the PB equation than other established methods, thus providing a new level of reference values for such models. Initial results also indicate that the MIB method can significantly improve the quality of electrostatic surface potentials of biomolecules that are frequently used in the study of biomolecular interactions based on experimental structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
In vivo MRI of submillisecond T2 species with two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional radial sequences and applications to the measurement of cortical bone water
Authors: Techawiboonwong Aranee , Song Hee Kwon , Wehrli Felix W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWater in dense collagenous tissues such as tendons and ligaments, as well as water in cortical bone that occupies the spaces of the lacuno‐canicular system or is tightly bound to collagen, is not ordinarily detectable by MRI. Water proton T2 in these structures is generally less than 1 ms. Recent advances in instrumentation in conjunction with non‐Cartesian imaging strategies now allow center of k‐space to be scanned 100 µs or less after excitation. We examined the performance of two radial pulse sequences, a 2D sequence with half‐pulse excitation and a new 3D hybrid sequence with variable‐echo Cartesian encoding in the third dimension, on a whole‐body 3 T scanner. Both pulse sequences used long‐T2 soft‐tissue suppression pulses. The half‐pulse slice profiles observed experimentally agreed well with those computed on the basis of a numerical solution of Bloch equations. The techniques yielded a signal‐to‐noise ratio of the order of 25 in 9 min scan time at a nominal voxel size of 0.58 × 0.58 × 8 mm3 and 50–90 µs ‘echo time’ in the cortex of the tibial mid‐shaft. With the use of an external reference, the water volume fraction of cortical bone in four subjects (mean ± SD age 32.25 ± 5.3 years) was found to be 22.5 ± 2.7%, in good agreement with literature values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrative force: Arlington's committee of 100
Authors: Stowe Mary E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvery month since 1954, the Committee of 100, an influential organization of businessmen, civic leaders and government officials representing all the principal points of view in urban‐suburban Arlington County, has been proving that there can be a constructive approach to controversial issues. And it does it without taking stands, introducing motions or seeking votes.
Baltimore downtown revived through private/public cooperation
Authors: Kennedy R. Evan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBorn in the 1950s out of a realization by a few individuals that something was going badly wrong, a reconstruction effort has been taking place in downtown Baltimore—the city everybody tried to avoid if possible. And, thanks to the Beltway, it was possible. Its success is in large measure due to the local government support it received every step of the way.
Choosing the candidates: Time for reform
Authors: May Stephen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis year's experience has demonstrated more clearly than ever before the crucial need to change the lengthy, costly, wearying, irrational and fragmented method by which we select the nominees for the highest office in the land, and the haphazard, even dangerously casual processes by which their running mates are chosen. Such change is always the subject of talk following an election. This time more than talk is needed.
Disruption of URA7 and GAL6 improves the ethanol tolerance and fermentation capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yazawa Hisashi , Iwahashi Hitoshi , Uemura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractScreening of the homozygous diploid yeast deletion pool of 4741 non‐essential genes identified two null mutants (Δura7 and Δgal6) that grew faster than the wild‐type strain in medium containing 8% v/v ethanol. The survival rate of the gal6 disruptant in 10% ethanol was higher than that of the wild‐type strain. On the other hand, the glucose consumption rate of the ura7 disruptant was better than that of the wild‐type strain in buffer containing ethanol. Both disruptants were more resistant to zymolyase, a yeast lytic enzyme containing mainly β‐1,3‐glucanase, indicating that the integrity of the cell wall became more resistance to ethanol stress. The gal6 disruptant was also more resistant to Calcofluor white, but the ura7 disruptant was more sensitive to Calcofluor white than the wild‐type strain. Furthermore, the mutant strains had a higher content of oleic acid (C18 : 1) in the presence of ethanol compared to the wild‐type strain, suggesting that the disruptants cope with ethanol stress not only by modifying the cell wall integrity but also the membrane fluidity. When the cells were grown in medium containing 5% ethanol at 15 °C, the gal6 and ura7 disruptants showed 40% and 14% increases in the glucose consumption rate, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die dünne Kreisringplatte mit großer Ausbiegung
Authors: Federhofer Karl 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUm die Zulässigkeit der Anwendung der Ringmembrantheorie bei der Berechnung von dünnen Ringplatten mit großer Ausbiegung beurteilen zu können, ist die Kenntnis des Verhaltens solcher Ringplatten bei Berücksichtigung ihrer Biegungssteifigkeit notwendig. Es werden für den Fall der nur am Innenrande belasteten Ringplatte die Grundgleichungen (zwei nichtlineare Differentialgleichungen 2. Ordnung) aufgestellt und sodann genähert integriert. Die numerische Auswertung ergibt beträchtliche Unterschiede in der Formänderung und in den Spannungen, wenn anstatt der genauen Theorie die einfachere Ringmembrantheorie benützt wird.
Knickung einer axial gedrückten, um ihren Mittelpunkt rotierenden Speiche
Authors: Olsson R. Gran 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIm Rahmen einer größeren Untersuchung ergab sich folgendes Teilproblem: Eine in einen starren Kreisring unter Vorspannung eingebaute Speiche rotiert mit dem Kreisring um den gemeinsamen Mittelpunkt, wobei die Speichenachse mit einem Durchmesser des Kreisringes zusammenfällt. Durch die als konstant angenommene Winkelgeschwindigkeit wird die Speiche infolge der Zentrifugalkraft entlastet, indem diese in einem um seinen Mittelpunkt rotierenden, freien Stab bekanntlich Zugkräfte erzeugt. Es ist die größte mit der Stabilität der Speiche verträgliche Druckkraft zu ermitteln.
Lösungen der klassischen Wellengleichung für bewegte Quellen
Authors: Küssner H. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Methoden und Ergebnisse der Elektrodynamik werden für die Lösung der akustischen Wellengleichung nutzbar gemacht. Es werden Lösungen für geradlinig, kreislinig und schraubenlinig bewegte Quellen berechnet, die als Kernfunktionen in den Integralgleichungen der Tragflächentheorie und der Propellertheorie erscheinen. Auch die Entstehung des Propellerschalles hängt von diesen Lösungen ab und wird näherungsweise behandelt.
Impuls‐ und Wärmeaustausch in freier Turbulenz
Authors: Reichardt H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAus den Bewegungsgleichungen folgen Beziehungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Austausch des Impulses und der Wärme in freier Turbulenz. Dieser Zusammenhang wird an den Beispielen des ebenen Nachlaufes und des ebenen Freistrahles auf Grund von Experimenten im einzelnen untersucht.
Profile mit vorgegebener Druckverteilung
Authors: Riegels F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Aufgabe, für bestimmte Flügelprofile die Druckverteilung zu berechnen, ist seit Bestehen der modernen Aerodynamik von vielen Autoren behandelt worden. Man könnte sie die erste Aufgabe der Profiltheorie nennen. Die zweite Aufgabe dieser Theorie, diejenige Profilform zu bestimmen, die eine vorgeschriebene Druckverteilung besitzt, ist demgegenüber bisher etwas vernachlässigt worden. Hier soll daher versucht werden, die bekannten Ansätze zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe auf der Grundlage der konformen Abbildung) durch eine Theorie erster Ordnung zu ergänzen, wobei sowohl die Form der Skelettlinie als auch die Dickenverteilung bestimmt werden soll.
Bemerkungen zur Prandtlschen Affintransformation für Strömungen mit Unterschallgeschwindigkeit
Authors: Sauer R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie von der ungestörten Parallelströmung nur wenig abweichenden Unterschallströmungen kompressibler Gase lassen sich, wie L. Prandtl in der Aerodynamikvorlesung 1922 erstmals mitgeteilt hat, durch eine Affintransformation auf Strömungen nichtkompressibler Gase zurückführen, falls man die Abweichungen von der ungestörten Grundströmung nur in der ersten Größenordnung berücksichtigt. Man gelangt durch dieses die Rechnung erheblich vereinfachende Verfahren zu den praktisch wichtigen und in weiten Grenzen mit der Erfahrung gut übereinstimmenden “Prandtlschen Regeln” über den Kompressibilitätseinfluß auf die Druckverteilung an hinreichend schlanken und spitzen Profilen und Drehkörpern bei Anströmung unter kleinem Anstellwinkel.Im folgenden werden die Prandtlschen Regeln unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Strömung durch eine kontinuierliche Belegung der x‐Achse mit geeigneten Singularitäten (Quellen, Senken, Doppelquellen und Wirbel) dargestellt werden kann, unmittelbar verifiziert.
Die Strömung aus einer Wirbelquelle zwischen ebenen Wänden mit Berücksichtigung der Wandreibung
Authors: Vogelpohl Georg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird die Grenzschichtbildung in Flüssigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung bei rotationssymmetrischer Strömung aus einer Wirbelquelle zwischen ebenen Wänden behandelt. Für die nur geringfügig vereinfachten Navier‐Stokesschen Gleichungen in Zylinderkoordinaten ergibt sich ein exaktes Integral mit der Weierstraßschen α‐Funktion, die je nach der Reynoldsschen Zahl die Zwischenstufen von der rechteckigen bis zur parabolischen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung liefert.
Über die turbulente Strömung im Rohr und längs einer Platte
Authors: Wieghardt K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der rechnerischen Übertragung der turbulenten Strömung in einem Rohr auf die längs einer ebenen Platte ergeben sich gewisse Abweichungen, die durch den verschiedenen Turbulenzzustand in Rohrmitte und am Rand der Plattenreibungsschicht erklärt werden.
A CSP model of Eiffel’s SCOOP
Authors: Brooke Phillip J. , Paige Richard F. , Jacob Jeremy L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The current informal semantics of the simple concurrent object-oriented programming (SCOOP) mechanism for Eiffel is described. We construct and discuss a model using the process algebra CSP. This model gives a more formal semantics for SCOOP than existed previously.
We implement the model mechanically via a new tool called CSPsim. We examine two semantic variations of SCOOP: when and how far to pass locks, and when to wait for child calls to complete. We provide evidence that waiting for child calls to complete both unnecessarily reduces parallelism without any increase in safety and increases deadlocks involving callbacks.
Through the creation and analysis of the model, we identify a number of ambiguities relating to reservations and the underlying run-time system and propose means to resolve them.