bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate by selective hydroformylation of oleic oils
Authors: Frankel E. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA highly selective catalyst system has been discovered for the hydroformylation of methyl oleate into methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate in high yields. A rhodium catalyst in the presence of triphenylphosphine is used with oleic esters, acids or triglycerides. Hydroformylation proceeds smoothly at 95‐110C with a 1:1 mixture of H2 and CO at 500 to 2000 psi with or without a solvent, such as toluene. The formylstearate obtained in 90% to 99% conversion from oleate can be either hydrogenated (Raney Ni) or reduced (NaBH4) to hydroxymethylstearate or oxidized (KMnO4) to carboxystearate. According to TLC and mass spectrometry, the methylated carboxystearate consists of about equal proportions of the 9 and 10 isomers. Addition of triphenylphosphine inhibits isomerization of the double bond and leads to the formation of a rhodium carbonyl triphenylphosphine complex, which is apparently the active catalyst. Other known methods for hydroformylation (cobalt carbonyl) and carboxylation (Koch’s method) of oleate give a wide distribution of isomers.
1,3‐Diacyl derivatives of imidazolidine and hexahydropyrimidine: II. Antimycotic activity
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Sumrell Gene , Novak Arthur F. , Solar James M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeries of 1,3‐diacylated derivatives of imidazolidine and hexahydropyrimidine have been screened for antimycotic activity. Optimum activity was found for the 1,3‐dihexanoyl derivatives in the imidazolidine series, with the higher and lower derivatives being much less active. In the hexahydropyrimidine series the 1,3‐dipentanoyl, ‐dihexanoyl,‐diheptanoyl and ‐dioctanoyl derivatives all exhibited a high degree of inhibition against all four of the test organisms. The latter wereTrichophyton rubrum, T violaceum, Microsporum gypseum andAspergillus flavus.
Emulsifier/oil system for reduced calorie cakes
Authors: Rasper V. F. , Kamel B. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral emulsifiers were tested for their effects on the functionality of white layer cake batters in which plastic shortening was replaced with vegetable oil. The RV‐1 emulsifier, a water dispersion of a mixture of sodium stearoyl lactylate, sorbitan monostearate and polysorbate 60 gave the best results when used in cake batters having the oil (corn oil or canola oil) content reduced as low as 6 or 3% (on flour basis) and sucrose (30%) replaced with either sorbitol or polydextrose. The cakes were comparable in quality with the plastic shortening control. To achieve this comparable quality, the emulsifier was used at 3% on flour basis and at a higher hydration than that of the control. Somewhat lower, but still acceptable, rating was received by cakes prepared with Atlas A. Propylene glycol mono fatty acid Esters (PGME, Atmul P 44 and RV) were found unsuitable for the tested system under the given conditions of formula and procedure.
Cholesterol oxides in Swedish food and food ingredients: Lard and bacon
Authors: Nourooz‐Zadeh Jaffar , Appelqvist Lars‐Åke 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLard samples, manufactured from adipose tissue, were found to contain traces and/or quantifiable concentrations of certain cholesterol oxides, viz., 5α‐, 6α‐epoxycholestanol, 7‐ketocholesterol, 7α‐hydroxycholesterol, 20α‐hydroxycholesterol and 25‐hydroxycholesterol at the detection limit 0.1 ppm. The influence of steam refining and chemical refining on the cholesterol oxide levels in a few of the crude lard samples was investigated. The analyses showed that these processes had no appreciable effect on the concentrations of cholesterol oxides, compared with the controls. Analysis of cold‐stored consumer packages of lard (2‐mo old up to 18‐mo old samples) indicated that there were no differences in the pattern of cholesterol oxides. On the other hand, storage of refined superior and regular grade lard samples at 50°C for up to 18 days caused only a slight increase in the levels of the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholestanols. Raw bacon, bacon fried at 170°C for 10 and 20 min and bacon dripping were analyzed. The analyses showed that quantifiable levels of 5α‐,6α‐epoxycholestanol, C‐7 oxidation derivatives of cholesterol and 25‐hydroxycholesterol could be detected only in the fried rind. A substantial amount (about 0.5 ppm) of a cholesterol metabolite was detected in the lard samples. Its identification as 7α‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one was based on the comparison of RRT value and mass spectral information, as TMS‐ether, to that of synthetic 7α‐hydroxycholest‐4‐en‐3‐one.
PPARs as therapeutic targets for correction of inborn mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders
Authors: Djouadi F. , Bastin J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryEnzyme defects in the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are a large family of inherited metabolic disease well characterized clinically and genetically, but for which pharmacological strategies remain limited. It is now well established that regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial FAO is under control of the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor) signalling pathway, and this led us to test a possible pharmacological correction of FAO disorders by fibrates and other PPAR activators. This review presents the basic data supporting our initial hypothesis, summarizes the results obtained in cells from patients with CPT II (carnitine palmitoyltransferase II) or VLCAD (very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase) deficiency, and discusses the perspectives and limits of this approach for therapy of these disorders.
On the entropy of linear factors
Authors: WEISS BENJAMIN 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn general, the entropy $h(\mathcal {Y})$ of a stationary process $\mathcal {Y}$, which is a factor of the process $\mathcal {X}$, can take any value in the interval $(0, h( \mathcal {X} ) ]$. For linear factors the situation is completely different. In fact it even matters how the class of linear factors is defined. We will investigate both moving averages of bounded sequences by coefficients in l1 and the natural notion in L2.
Large deviations in non-uniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems
Authors: REY-BELLET LUC , YOUNG LAI-SANG 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe prove large deviation principles for ergodic averages of dynamical systems admitting Markov tower extensions with exponential return times. Our main technical result from which a number of limit theorems are derived is the analyticity of logarithmic moment generating functions. Among the classes of dynamical systems to which our results apply are piecewise hyperbolic diffeomorphisms, dispersing billiards including Lorentz gases, and strange attractors of rank one including Hénon-type attractors.
Dynamics of two-dimensional Blaschke products
Authors: PUJALS ENRIQUE R. , SHUB MICHAEL 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper we study the dynamics on $\mathbb {T}^2$ and $\mathbb {C}^2$ of a two-dimensional Blaschke product. We prove that in the case when the Blaschke product is a diffeomorphism of $\mathbb {T}^2$ with all periodic points hyperbolic then the dynamics is hyperbolic. If a two-dimensional Blaschke product diffeomorphism of $\mathbb {T}^2$ is embedded in a two-dimensional family given by composition with translations of $\mathbb {T}^2$, then we show that there is a non-empty open set of parameter values for which the dynamics is Anosov or has an expanding attractor with a unique SRB measure.
Preference‐weighted health‐related quality of life measures and substance use disorder severity
Authors: Pyne Jeffrey M. , French Michael , McCollister Kathryn , Tripathi Shanti , Rapp Richard , Booth Brenda 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAims  Examine the validity of preference‐weighted health‐related quality of life measures in a sample of substance use disorder (SUD) patients. The implications of cost–utility analyses (CUAs) of SUD interventions are discussed.Design  Cross‐sectional analysis of subjects seeking SUD treatment.Setting  Seven SUD treatment centers in a medium‐sized Midwestern metropolitan area in the United States.Participants  Data from 574 SUD subjects were analyzed from a study to test interventions to improve linkage and engagement with substance abuse treatment.Measurements  Subjects completed the following preference‐weighted measures: self‐administered Quality of Well‐Being scale (QWB‐SA) and Medical Outcomes Study SF‐12 (standard gamble weighted or SF‐12 SG); and clinical measures: Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and a symptom checklist based on the DSM‐IV.Findings  In unadjusted analyses, the QWB‐SA was correlated significantly with six of seven ASI subscales and the SF‐12 SG was correlated with four of seven. In adjusted analyses, both preference‐weighted measures were significantly correlated with diagnostic, physical health, mental health and drug use measures, but not with legal or alcohol use measures. The QWB‐SA was also correlated with employment problems and the SF‐12 SG was correlated with family/social problems.Conclusions  This study generally supports the construct validity of preference‐weighted health‐related quality of life measures in SUD patients. However, the QWB‐SA and SF‐12 SG did not correlate with all ASI scales. Cost–benefit analysis may be preferable when policy‐makers are interested in evaluating the full range of SUD intervention outcomes.
Relationship between ADAMTS13 activity in clinical remission and the risk of TTP relapse
Authors: Jin Ming , Casper T. Charles , Cataland Spero R. , Kennedy Melanie S. , Lin Shili , Li Yu J. , Wu Haifeng M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIdiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by frequent recurrences. Effective screening for relapses will enable intervention prior to overt episodes of TTP. The present study used a modified assay to detect ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 13) activity as low as 0·5%. This analytical improvement permits adequate measurement of ADAMTS13 activity levels in 97% of remission samples used for statistical modelling. ADAMTS13 activity and ADAMTS13 antibody (IgG) were measured in 157 serial samples prospectively collected from 24 TTP patients during periods of clinical remission. These patients were followed‐up quarterly for an average of 23 months, during which time nine episodes of TTP relapse occurred among six patients. Finally, logistic regression modelling was used to define the relationship between ADAMTS13 activity levels (0·5–100%) and the probability of TTP relapses. Our data demonstrated that lower ADAMTS13 activity and younger age were significantly associated with higher risk of relapse in the 3 months after specimens were taken. In contrast, ADAMTS13 antibody IgG levels were not predictive of TTP relapses. Identification of low ADAMTS13 activity during clinical remission as a key risk factor for TTP relapses provides a new screening strategy to identify patients who may benefit from prophylactic therapy prior to disease relapses.
Impact of immunohistochemical markers, CK5/6 and E‐cadherin on diagnostic agreement in non‐invasive proliferative breast lesions
Authors: MacGrogan G , Arnould L , De Mascarel I , Vincent‐Salomon A , Penault‐Llorca F , Lacroix‐Triki M , Bibeau F , Baranzelli M C , Fridman V , Antoine M , Bécette V , Brouste V , Jacquemier J , Mathoulin‐Pélissier S ,   the GEFPICS group
Published: April 2008

Aims:  To assess the impact of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and E‐cadherin immunohistochemistry on diagnostic agreement of non‐invasive proliferative breast lesions.Methods and results:  Twenty pathologists classified 105 cases of non‐invasive proliferative breast lesions into 10 diagnostic categories. One haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slide of each case was analysed on a first round and one H&E slide with corresponding CK5/6 and E‐cadherin immunohistochemistry was analysed on a second round. Interobserver reproducibility for category‐specific and management‐specific lesions was measured on each round. CK5/6 and E‐cadherin had little impact on diagnostic agreement, which remained moderate between the first and second rounds (overall κ coefficients of 0.47 and 0.53, respectively, P = NS). Levels of agreement slightly improved for lesions with specific CK5/6 and E‐cadherin immunoprofiles (usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, non‐high‐grade ductal carcinoma in situ), but the differences observed were not statistically significant. However, diagnostic agreement improved when lesions were grouped according to their management category (overall κ coefficients of 0.58 and 0.66 in the first and second rounds, respectively).Conclusions:  CK5/6 and E‐cadherin immunohistochemistry has little impact on interobserver reproducibility for non‐invasive breast lesions. Diagnostic agreement can, however, be improved by grouping lesions in management categories.
Teacher education for using microcomputers in the classroom: generic skills to think about
Authors: Dubuc L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract  My purpose is to talk about the generic skills a teacher should master to take best advantage and get the most fruitful pedagogical results from the use of microcomputers in the classroom. Yet, the organization of teacher training differs from country to country so that it is difficult to imagine a single way to prepare a teacher for these skills. So, I intend to address my topic in terms of what I think should be known by a teacher instead of in terms of what should be taught through a specific curriculum.There is another reason for me to avoid talking formally about pre‐service and in‐service education. Four years ago, Quebec's Ministry of Education launched a plan of action for the pedagogical use of the computer in the classroom and we have gone through quite an evolution in our vision of how teacher training should be organized. We are still wondering whether what we do in that respect is a final picture of what ought to be done. I shall then speak more from the empirical evidence of our action plan than from established scientific proofs.
New debates on learning support
Authors: Linard M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract In the present debate on knowledge management and multimedia support of human learning, the word ‘mediation’ (of conduct) is often used as a natural correlate and rough equivalent to the word ‘mediatisation’ (of information). It is suggested that the distinction between the two words points to a basic difference between two types of processes which are crucial to a much needed rethinking of the conception and design of humanmachine interaction (HCI).A redefinition of the ‘appropriateness’ of media support as the quality of the help to people's self‐help rather than of direct control of their behaviour is proposed. Such a redefinition implies a radical shift of paradigm allowing for approaches to human learning as a cognitive activity in its own right. Another view of technological mediation is advocated, in keeping with some recent developments in HCI.
Childhood neurological morbidity and its association with gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal stress
Authors: Berg ANNE T. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryData from 7‐year‐old children (n=5363) enrolled prena‐tally during the 1960s in the Boston sector of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP) have been used to study the associations of abnormal neurological findings at 7 years of age with gestational age, intrauterine growth‐retardation (IUGR) and hypoxia‐related perinatal stress. Among infants without perinatal stress, pre‐term infants were at higher risk of abnormal neurological findings at 7 years than were term and post‐term infants. IUGR infants, in the absence of stress, were not at any increased risk relative to non‐IUGR infants. The odds ratio associated with perinatal stress increased with gestational age and was greater in the IUGR than in the non‐IUGR infants.
Frequency of and risk factors for allergy in primary school children: results of a population survey
Authors: Angioni Anna Maria , Fanciulli Giovanni , Corchia Carlo 
Published: April 2008

SummaryDuring May 1986, a survey to assess the frequency of allergic disorders was conducted among primary school children of Alghero, Sardinia, using a structured self‐administered questionnaire. The following problems were investigated: allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, wheezing, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and eczema. Of the original 1823 questionnaires distributed, 1691 (92.8%) were completed by parents and returned. Overall, 238 children (14.1%) were reported to have shown at least one episode of one or more of the above and were regarded as ‘allergic’. Among the potential risk factors investigated, statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between allergic and nonallergic children were only found for history of allergy in at least one parent (odds ratio, OR=2.2) and exposure to passive smoking (OR=1.4).
Thirty years of retinoblastoma (1960–89): changing patterns of incidence
Authors: Parkes S.E. , Amoaku W.M.K. , Muir K.R. , Willshaw H.E. , Mann J.R. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. This study of a 30‐year population‐based dataset investigates further an earlier observation that the incidence of sporadic bilateral retinoblastoma appeared to be increasing in recent years in the West Midlands Health Authority Region (WMHAR).Stringent measures were applied to ensure complete ascertainment of all cases of retinoblastoma in children in the region, resulting in a total of 117 cases diagnosed during the period 1960–89 in the WMHAR. Hospital case notes were abstracted and follow‐up data obtained. Incidence rates were calculated.The overall incidence remained constant over the 30‐year period, but that of sporadic bilateral tumours increased, with a corresponding decline in familial cases. There was a statistically significant excess seen in Asian children.
Past obstetric history and risk of perinatal death in Jamaica
Authors: Greenwood Rosemary , Samms‐Vaughan Maureen , Golding Jean , Ashley Deanna 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Singleton survivors born to multigravidae in the whole island of Jamaica in 2 months (September‐October 1986) were compared with singleton perinatal deaths occurring to multigravidae throughout the island in the 12‐month period September 1986 to August 1987. Past obstetric history was obtained from the mothers using a structured questionnaire. Deaths were categorised using the Wigglesworth classification. Logistic regression was used to compare current outcomes in women who had had at least one previous pregnancy.Antepartum fetal deaths were associated with (1) outcome of last pregnancy; (2) previous Caesarean section; (3) previous stillbirth; and (4) increasing gravidity. In the presence of these factors maternal age ceased to be statistically significant. Deaths from immaturity were strongly associated with the past obstetric history, with increased risks for pregnancies to mothers with a history of previous miscarriage, perinatal death and premature live births. In general, however, the higher the gravidity the lower the risk. In the presence of these factors, maternal age showed no significant association. Intrapartum asphyxia was also associated with the outcome of the last pregnancy, history of prior stillbirth or neonatal death. First pregnancies were at significantly higher risk than second pregnancies (P < 0.05).For perinatal deaths as a whole, and in the presence of maternal age, the following were statistically significant independent factors: (1) the outcome of the immediately preceding pregnancy (high risks associated with prior miscarriage, stillbirth and premature live births); (2) previous Caesarean section (increased risk); (3) previous perinatal deaths; and (4) more than one prior early fetal loss.The results indicated that prior poor obstetric history bears similar risks of subsequent adverse outcome in the developing as in the developed world. There was no variation in risk, however, with interpregnancy interval or previous termination. Much of the variation in risk of perinatal death with maternal age among multigravidae appears largely to be secondary to past obstetric history.
The epidemiology of antepartum fetal death in Jamaica
Authors: Greenwood Rosemary , Foster‐Williams Karen , Ashley Deanna , Keeling Jean , Golding Jean 
Published: April 2008

Summary. All perinatal deaths occurring over a 12‐month period on the island of Jamaica were classified using the Wigglesworth schema. In all, there were 584 antepartum fetal deaths (incidence 10.7 per 1000 total births).Comparison of the 558 singleton deaths with 9919 singleton survivors revealed, using logistic regression, strong associations with union (marital) status, maternal employment status, the composition of the household, the sole use of a toilet by the household, the parish of residence, whether the mother was trying to get pregnant and the mother's age (the older the mother the higher the risk). Independent of these factors were strong statistically significant relationships with syphilis, diabetes, maternal anaemia, third‐trimester bleeding, highest diastolic blood pressure of 90mm or more and highest proteinuria of ++ or more. Mothers who had taken prophylactic iron were at substantially lower risk compared with those who had not. We conclude that appropriate identification and treatment of syphilis, diabetes, anaemia and hypertension give the best chance of reduction of the high antepartum fetal death rate on the island.
Perinatal deaths as a result of immaturity in Jamaica
Authors: McCaw‐Binns Affette , Greenwood Rosemary , Coard Kathleen , Ashley Deanna , Golding Jean 
Published: April 2008

Summary. During the 12‐month period from 1 September 1986 to 31 August 1987 an attempt was made to collect information on all perinatal deaths occurring on the island of Jamaica. Of the 2069 late fetal and early neonatal deaths identified, 19% fell into the Wigglesworth1 definition of ‘deaths from immaturity’. Twins were 11 times more likely to die of immaturity than were singletons, and twins comprised 18% of all deaths in this group.Comparison of the singleton deaths from immaturity, with 9919 singletons born on the island during the 2‐month period of September and October 1987 and who survived the first 7 days, revealed several strong risk factors. These included history of previous miscarriages, stillbirth, early neonatal death or preterm delivery, and complications of bleeding and hypertension (highest diastolic, proteinuria and eclampsia all having independent associations). None of these factors ‘explained’ a strong negative relationship with the number of young children in the household. There was an apparent protective effect of maternal folic acid ingestion which warrants further investigation.