bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans-Chelating Chiral Peralkyldiphosphine Ligands (R,R)-(S,S)-2,2″-Bis[1-(dialkylphosphino)ethyl]-1,1″-biferrocenes (AlkylTRAPs) and Their Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Sawamura Masaya , Okuda Satoshi , Asai Tomohito , Ito Yoshihiko , Redon Martine , Krief Alain 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
New chiral peralkyldiphosphines (S,S)-2,2″-bis[(R)-1-(dialkylphosphino)ethyl]-1,1″-biferrocenes ((R,R)-(S,S)-alkylTRAPs) were synthesized from (R)-N,N-dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine in four steps in 38—68% overall yields (MeTRAP: 38%, EtTRAP: 68%, PrTRAP: 53%, BuTRAP: 56%, i-BuTRAP: 51%, i-PrTRAP: 42%). The reactions of alkylTRAP (Et-, Bu-, i-Bu, and i-PrTRAP) with 1 molar amount of PdBr2 gave trans-[PdBr2(alkylTRAP)] in good yields. The X-ray crystal structures of these palladium complexes revealed that alkylTRAPs coordinated to a palladium atom in a trans-chelating manner regardless of the P-alkyl substituents. The structures of palladium complexes of Et-, Bu-, and i-PrTRAP had nearly C2-symmetry, but that of i-BuTRAP was deviated from C2-symmetry significantly. AlkylTRAPs also reacted with [PtCl2(MeCN)2] and [RhCl(CO)2]2, giving the corresponding trans-chelate platinum and rhodium complexes. The crystal structure of trans-[RhCl(CO)(BuTRAP)] revealed that the conformation of the BuTRAP ligand in the complex was almost the same as that in the palladium complex trans-[PdBr2(BuTRAP)].
Gelation of Fluoroalkylated End-Capped Oligomers Containing Triol Segments under Non-Crosslinked Conditions, and Binding or Releasing of Metal Ions by These Oligomers
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Nakamura Yutaka , Katayama Shinsuke , Kawase Tokuzo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
New fluoroalkylated end-capped oligomers containing triol segments were prepared by the reactions of N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylacrylamide and fluoroalkanoyl peroxides. Under the non-crosslinked conditions, these fluoroalkylated oligomers were found to cause a gelation, where the aggregations of fluoroalkyl segments and the hydrogen-bonding interaction are involved in establishing a physical gel network not only in water, but also in organic solvents. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the aggregation of the end-capped fluoroalkyl segments in water and/or in organic media become a new driving factor for gelation as well as such well-known interactions as the hydrogen bond and ionic interaction. These thus-obtained fluorinated oligomer hydrogels had a high Cr3+ or Co2+ binding power, and the metal ions were easily released from the metal ions-bound oligomers into water.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for 4 Adrenal Steroids
Authors: Kushnir Mark M , Rockwood Alan L , Roberts William L , Pattison Elizabeth G , Owen William E , Bunker Ashley M , Meikle A Wayne 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by a deficiency of 1 of 4 enzymes required for the synthesis of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. Analysis of 11-deoxycortisol (11DC), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17OHPr), and pregnenolone (Pr) in blood allows detection of these enzyme defects.
Methods: The steroids were extracted from 200 μL of serum or plasma by solid-phase extraction, derivatized to form oximes, and extracted again with methyl t-butyl ether. Instrumental analysis was performed on an API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction-monitoring acquisition.
Results: The limits of detection were 0.025 μg/L for 11DC, 17OHP, and Pr and 0.10 μg/L for 17OHPr. The method was linear to 100 μg/L for 11DC, 17OHP, and Pr, respectively, and to 40 μg/L for 17OHPr. Within- and between-run (total) imprecision (CVs) were &lt;7.1% and 11%, respectively. Reference intervals for children in Tanner stages 1 through 5 and adult males and females for 17OHP, 11DC, Pr, and 17OHPr were established. Prepared samples were stable for &gt;72 h.
Conclusions: The detection limit and selectivity of this method and its small sample volume requirement allow analysis of endogenous concentrations of adrenal steroids in serum or plasma from children and adults. The method thus has an important potential role in the evaluation of the status of 4 of the enzymes involved in adrenal steroid biosynthesis.
X-ray Microdiffraction for the Analysis of Bearing Operation Conditions
Authors: Vegter RH , Verschoor HA , Girones A 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The use of residual stress measurements for the analysis of the performance of rolling bearings has become a common tool in the bearing industry. The effects of rolling contact fatigue on the development of residual stresses in the loaded zones of a bearing has been investigated in much detail. In this paper, the developments of the use of X-ray microdiffraction for residual stress measurements in bearings will be described. In microdiffraction, measurements are performed with very small irradiated spots. Advances in X-ray diffraction technology have made it possible to determine the residual stresses in loaded components in small areas with a high level of detail. The method and its consequences for bearing analysis is discussed in this paper. Using the method, much more information on the exact operation conditions of a bearing can be extracted from the components compared to conventional X-ray diffraction methods. Residual stress measurements using microdiffraction have been successfully applied in an application analysis case, where the measurements were used to show the residual stress development in the bearing surface during operation. In such a case, microdiffraction could also be used to investigate local bearing life limiting features, such as surface damages.
Reduced Formalin and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments during Walleye Egg Incubation
Authors: Soupir Craig A , Barnes Michael E 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Formalin use was evaluated as part of an investigational new animal drug study to determine its effectiveness in controlling fungus (water molds: Saprolegniaceae) on incubating eggs of the walleye Sander vitreus. Hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated as an egg treatment alternative to formalin. In total, three antifungal chemical treatment regimes (15 min daily) were evaluated during this study. Eggs were treated with 200 mg of hydrogen peroxide/L of water, 834 mg formalin/L, and the industry standard of 1,667 mg formalin/L. Untreated control eggs were severely infested with fungus and experienced survival to hatch that was significantly lower than that of the chemically treated eggs. Formalin and hydrogen peroxide treatments both controlled fungus and produced similar egg survival to initial hatch. However, walleye egg survival was significantly greater in jars treated with 1,667 mg formalin/L than in any other treatment. This study provided important new data on the use of chemical treatment concentrations lower than the standard of 1,667 mg formalin/L or 500 mg hydrogen peroxide/L to control fungus on incubating walleye eggs.
Advanced simulation in design
Authors: Weinstock Michael , Stathopoulos Nikolaos 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSimulations are essential for designing complex material systems, and for analysing their behaviour over extended periods of time. As Michael Weinstock and Nikolaos Stathopoulos explain, working with simulations requires the development of a mathematical model of physical processes, and generative computational design can now inexpensively incorporate the advanced physics of nonlinear behaviour to explore the dynamic changes that structures and materials undergo in response to changing conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation and performance: multi‐performance architectures and modulated environments
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe architectural tradition of the West is fundamentally characterised by substantial structures and building typologies that link tectonics with function and representation. It has been focusing on the relation between the material constituents that frame space and its direct relation to programme on the one hand, and to social formations on the other. Interior environments are largely homogenised, a preference inherited from Modernist open‐plan arrangements and facilitated by vast paraphernalia of electrical and mechanical equipment. Here, Michael Hensel and Achim Menges argue for an ecological understanding of architecture that promotes the differentiation of environmental conditions through a morphological intelligence, which promises not only a new spatial paradigm for architectural design, but also a far more sustainable one that links the performance capacity of material systems with environmental modulation and the resulting provisions and opportunities for inhabitation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Michael Hensel; Frei Otto;
Authors: Menges Achim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAchim Menges presents a range of morphogenetic design techniques and technologies that synthesise processes of formation and materialisation. Through a series of design experiments, he explains his research into an understanding of form, materials and structure, not as separate elements, but rather as complex interrelations in polymorphic systems resulting from the response to varied input and environmental influences, and derived through the logics of advanced manufacturing processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive generation of falling motions
Authors: Tang Bing , Pan Zhigeng , Zheng Le , Zhang Mingmin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInteractive generation of falling motions for virtual character with realistic responses to unexpected push, hit or collision with the environment is interesting work to many applications, such as computer games, film production, and virtual training environments. In this paper, we propose a new method to simulate protective behaviors in response to the ways a human may fall to the ground as well as incorporate the reactive motions into motion capture animation. It is based on simulated trajectory prediction and biomechanics inspired adjustment. According to the external perturbations, our system predicts a motion trajectory and uses it to select a desired transition‐to sequence. At the same time, physically generated falling motions will fill in the gap between the two‐motion capture sequences before and after the transition. Utilizing a parallel simulation, our method is able to predict a character's motion trajectory real‐time under dynamics, which ensures that the character moves towards the target sequence and makes the character's behavior more life‐like. Our controller is designed to generate physically plausible motion following an upcoming motion with adjustment from biomechanics rules, which is key to avoid an unconscious look for a character during the transition. Based on a relatively small motion database, our system is effective in generating various interactive falling behaviors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental abstraction and path planning techniques for realistic crowd simulation
Authors: Paris Sébastien , Donikian Stéphane , Bonvalet Nicolas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper treats two linked subjects underlying behavioural simulation. First, the way to describe a virtual environment through an informed hierarchical abstract graph. This graph stores some pre‐computations such as potential visibility sets, oriented grids, or densities of people, which can be used individually by simulated entities. Second, the way to use this abstract graph to perform a realistic and efficient path planning, which takes care of individual preferences as well as individual knowledge of the environment. Moreover, the path planning method we propose is reactive to some events, reflecting the perceived modifications of the environment, which allows the entity to adapt its behaviour in consequence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized linear FEM for modeling deformable objects
Authors: García Marcos , Mendoza César , Pastor Luis , Rodríguez Angel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe main contribution of our work is a technique to accelerate the real‐time simulation of deformable objects using a stable finite element method. Our purpose is to construct a preconditioner matrix for the coefficient matrix of the implicit integration scheme based on the global rotation matrix of the object. We describe some required steps to compute an optimal preconditioner in an off‐line step. Our technique can be used to accelerate the element stiffness warping method and could be used to solve the system directly for objects with small deformations or for objects that appear outside of the users' interest zone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Entries to Water‐Compatible Lewis Acids
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Ogawa Chikako 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLewis acid catalysis has attracted much attention in organic synthesis as it often affords access to unique reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Although various kinds of Lewis acids have been developed and applied in industry, these Lewis acids must be generally used under strictly anhydrous conditions, as the presence of even a small amount of water interferes with the reactions due to preferential reaction of the Lewis acids with water rather than the substrates. In contrast to this, rare earth and other metal complexes have been found to be water‐compatible. Furthermore, Bi(OTf)3‐ and Ga(OTf)3‐basic ligand complexes have also been found to be stable in water, and have been used as water‐compatible Lewis acids. This application is particularly significant, as Bi(OTf)3 and Ga(OTf)3 themselves are unstable in the presence of water, but are stabilized by the basic ligands. This observation has led to the development of a new approach to Lewis acid catalysis in which Lewis acids that are generally unstable in the presence of water are rendered amenable to aqueous systems when combined with basic ligands. In particular, the use of chiral basic ligands leading to new types of water‐compatible chiral Lewis acids may enable a wide range of asymmetric catalysis in aqueous media.
Correlation Between Structure and Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of La0.7Pb0.3(Mn1 – xCox)O3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) CMR Manganites
Authors: Peña Alazne , Gutiérrez Jon , de Muro Izaskun Gil , Campo Javier , Barandiarán Jose Manuel , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStructural and magnetic properties of La0.7Pb0.3(Mn1 – xCox)O3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) manganites are reported. Samples were fabricated by the sol‐gel low temperature method. At room temperature, the first structural characterisation of all phases gave as a result the rhombohedral space group (R$\bar {3}$c). All compositions show ferromagnetic behaviour and magnetoresistance. The measured low‐temperature magnetic moment and the Curie temperature continuously decrease with respect to the undoped composition, as Mn ions are substituted progressively by Co. This is interpreted in terms of substitution of Mn3+ by Co3+ and the appearance of a small amount of Co4+. The measured magnetoresistance reaches 40 % for the 10 % Co‐doped one at the corresponding Curie temperature. The resistivity behaviour of all the studied compounds is determined by the intra‐ and intergrain conduction mechanisms, with grain sizes in the range of 10–25 nm. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of (1′R,3S,4S)‐3‐[1′‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]‐ 4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyloxy)azetidin‐2‐one
Authors: Laurent Mathieu , Cérésiat Marcel , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe novel carbapenem precursor 1e has been synthesized from L‐threonine, cyclopropyl methyl ketone and benzhydrylamine (for the introduction of the azetidinone N‐protecting group). Two independently prepared building blocks – sodium (2R,3R)‐2,3‐epoxybutyrate as a mixed salt with NaBr (2b) and N‐(benzhydryl)aminomethyl cyclopropyl ketone (4e) – were coupled to give (2R,3R)‐N‐(benzhydryl)‐N‐(2‐cyclopropyl‐2‐oxoethyl)‐2,3‐epoxybutyramide (8e). This key intermediate gave a regio‐ and stereoselective C3–C4 ring closure on LiHMDS treatment in THF at 0 °C to yield(1′R,3S,4S)‐4‐cyclopropylcarbonyl‐1‐diphenylmethyl‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)azetidin‐2‐one (13e). N‐Deprotection of 13e was performed by photochemical bromination and subsequent hydrolysis. The resulting (1′R,3S,4S)‐4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyl)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)azetidin‐2‐one (23e) reacted in a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation with a total control of the regioselectivity (due to the poor migratory aptitude of the cyclopropyl group) to furnish (1′R,3S,4S)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyloxy)azetidin‐2‐one (24e), subsequent O‐silylation achieving the total synthesis of 1e (title compound).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Self‐Assembly Film of Zeolite Y Nanocrystals Loading Palladium on an Au Electrode for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Jiang Yan‐Xia , Si Di , Chen Sheng‐Pei , Sun Shi‐Gang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNano‐scale zeolite Y crystals were synthesized, and palladium nanoparticles were prepared in the supercage of the zeolite by “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” approach. A novel method to fabricate zeolite‐modified electrode (ZME) loading Pd nanoparticles was developed, in which the zeolite Y loading Pd2+ ions was self‐assembled on (3‐mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane‐attached Au surface to form the stable and density packed multilayers (SAM‐ZME). The structures of zeolite Y and the SAM‐ZME were investigated by using TEM, XRD and SEM techniques. Pd2+ ions in the SAM‐ZME were converted into Pd nanoparticles (Pdn0) by two steps consisting of the electrochemical reduction as well as the succeeding admission and release of CO. The redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was used to probe the electron‐transfer barrier properties during self‐assembling process. Moreover, the special properties of the SAM‐ZME loading Pdn0 were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and CO‐probe in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The results illustrated that Pdn0 in the SAM‐ZME exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of adsorbed CO than that of ZME prepared in our previous study by zeolite coating method. The present study is of importance in design and preparation of SAM‐ZME, which poccesseses excellent properties for the immobilization of electrocatalysts or biomolecules.
Study of Factors Affecting the Performance of Voltammetric Copper Sensors Based on Gly‐Gly‐His Modified Glassy Carbon and Gold Electrodes
Authors: Liu Guozhen , Nguyen Quynh Thu , Chow Edith , Böcking Till , Hibbert D. Brynn , Gooding J. Justin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a study of the factors affecting the analytical performance of gold and glassy carbon electrodes modified with the tripeptide Gly‐Gly‐His for the detection of copper ions. Gly‐Gly‐His is attached to a glassy carbon (GC) surface modified with 4‐carboxyphenyl moieties or a gold surface modified with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid by the reaction of the N‐terminal amine group of the peptide with the carboxylic acid groups of the monolayer via carbodiimide activation. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the steps in the biosensor fabrication. It was found that the analytical performance of a sensor prepared with Gly‐Gly‐His on a GC electrode was similar to that on a gold electrode under the same conditions. The performance was greatly enhanced at higher temperature, no added salt during copper accumulation and longer accumulation time within a pH range of 7–9. Interference studies and investigations of stability of the Gly‐Gly‐His sensor are reported. Analysis of natural water samples show that the sensors measure only copper ions that can complex at the sensor surface. Strongly complexed copper in natural water is not measured. Despite greater stability of diazonium salt derived monolayers on carbon surfaces compared with alkanethiols self‐assembled monolayers on gold, the stability of the sensors was essentially the same regardless of the modification procedure.
Changes in some quality factors of frozen ginger as affected by the freezing storage conditions
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ho , Lee Young‐Chun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of types of ginger root, the freezing storage temperature and time on quality factors associated with color, off‐odor and acceptability of frozen ginger were evaluated to establish the freezing storage conditions of ginger roots. Whole and ground ginger was packed in Nylon/polyethylene (PE) bags and stored at −5, −20 and −40 °C. The quality of the ginger was determined at the following times and storage temperatures: the ginger stored at −5 °C, −20 °C, and −40 °C was sampled at 30‐day intervals for 4 months, at 90‐day intervals for 12 months, and at 120‐day intervals for 16 months, respectively. The content of free sugars, free amino acids (FAAs), unsaturated fatty acids (FUFAs) and volatile compounds noticeably decreased during the storage period, while the total color difference (ΔE) increased, and the temperature effect was significant. The changes in these compounds were generally less in the whole ginger samples. The overall preference of ginger roots stored at −5, −20 and −40 °C was significantly different after 2–3, 9 and 16 months of storage, respectively. The increase of ΔE with decreases of free sugars, FAAs and sensory color indicated the discoloration of frozen ginger was due to the browning reaction. The sensory off‐odor scores were closely associated with the decrease of FUFAs, suggesting that the oxidation of FUFAs caused the development of off‐odor in the frozen ginger. Multiple regression analysis between the overall preference scores and other determined quality factors indicated that FAAs, FUFAs and volatile compounds significantly affected the overall preference scores of ground ginger samples stored at −5 °C or −20 °C. The sensory off‐odor and overall preference scores showed that whole ginger could be stored for 2 or 9 months at −5 or −20 °C, respectively, maintaining a good overall quality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
First‐order system least squares for the Oseen equations
Authors: Kim Sang Dong , Lee Chang‐Ock , Manteuffel Thomas A. , McCormick Stephen F. , Röhrle Oliver 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFollowing earlier work for Stokes equations, a least squares functional is developed for two‐ and three‐dimensional Oseen equations. By introducing a velocity flux variable and associated curl and trace equations, ellipticity is established in an appropriate product norm. The form of Oseen equations examined here is obtained by linearizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. An algorithm is presented for approximately solving steady‐state, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with a nested iteration‐Newton‐FOSLS‐AMG iterative scheme, which involves solving a sequence of Oseen equations. Some numerical results for Kovasznay flow are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.