bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injury Risk in Professional Basketball Players
Authors: Deitch John R. , Starkey Chad , Walters Sheri L. , Moseley J. Bruce 
Published: February 2006

Background Gender-based differences in injury rates have been reported in scholastic and collegiate basketball. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare injury rates in women's and men's professional basketball. Hypothesis Female professional basketball players are injured at a higher rate than are men. Study Design Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Women's National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association injury data were retrospectively reviewed for 6 full seasons. The frequency of all injuries and the rate of game-related injuries were calculated. Results Complete player profiles were obtained on 702 National Basketball Association athletes and 443 Women's National Basketball Association athletes who competed in their respective leagues during the data collection period. Total game exposures totaled 70 420 (National Basketball Association) and 22 980 (Women's National Basketball Association). Women's National Basketball Association athletes had a higher overall game-related injury rate (24.9 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 22.9-26.9; P < .05) when compared with National Basketball Association athletes (19.3 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 18.3-20.4) and sustained a higher rate of lower extremity injuries (14.6 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 13.1-16.2; P < .05) than seen in the National Basketball Association (11.6 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 10.8-12.4). The lower extremity was the most commonly injured body area (65%), and lateral ankle sprain (13.7%) was the most common diagnosis in both leagues. The incidence of game-related knee injury was higher in Women's National Basketball Association players. The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the National Basketball Association (n = 22, 0.8%) and Women's National Basketball Association (n = 14, 0.9%) accounted for 0.8% of the 4446 injuries reported. Conclusion The lower extremity is the most frequently injured body area in both leagues, and Women's National Basketball Association athletes are more susceptible than are National Basketball Association athletes. There were, however, few statistical differences in the actual injuries occurring between the 2 leagues.
The Significance of Peroneus Tertius Muscle in Ankle Injuries
Authors: Witvrouw Erik , Vanden Borre Kathleen , Willems Tine Marieke , Huysmans Joris , Broos Ellen , De Clercq Dirk 
Published: February 2006

Background The peroneus tertius is absent in 5% to 17% of the human white population. The function of the peroneus tertius is eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot. These 2 strength parameters have been identified as important parameters in the development of ankle ligament injuries. Hypothesis Subjects without the peroneus tertius are at higher risk for ankle ligament injuries. Study Design Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. Methods One hundred physical education students were palpated for the presence of peroneus tertius before the start of their education; they were also isokinetically measured for eversion and dorsiflexion strength. All ankle injuries were registered during 2 years, and exposure to sport was recorded. Results The peroneus tertius was absent in 37 of the 200 subjects (18.5%). In the group with peroneus tertius (n = 163), 21 ankle sprains (12.9%) were observed during the 2-year follow-up. In the group without peroneus tertius (n = 37), 7 ankle sprains (18.9%) were noted. Statistical analysis (Cox regression) showed no significant difference between both groups in the incidence of ankle sprains (P = .335). Comparisons between the group of subjects with peroneus tertius and the group without peroneus tertius concerning the concentric and eccentric isokinetic eversion and the concentric dorsiflexion strength did not attain significance at any tested velocity (P > .05). Conclusion This study shows that subjects without peroneus tertius are not at higher risk for an ankle ligament injury. In addition, subjects without peroneus tertius do not exhibit decreased eversion or dorsiflexion strength. Clinical Relevance This study is the first to clarify the exact contribution of the peroneus tertius within the muscular system around the ankle. As a result, the clinical importance of the peroneus tertius concerning prevention and treatment of ankle ligament injuries is low.
Incidence, Risk, and Prevention of Hamstring Muscle Injuries in Professional Rugby Union
Authors: Brooks John H. M. , Fuller Colin W. , Kemp Simon P. T. , Reddin Dave B. 
Published: February 2006

Background The incidence of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union is high, but evidence-based information on risk factors and injury-prevention strategies in this sport is limited. Purpose To define the incidence, severity, and risk factors associated with hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union and to determine whether the use of hamstring strengthening and stretching exercises reduces the incidence and severity of these injuries. Study Design Cohort study (prevention); Level of evidence, 3. Methods Team clinicians reported all hamstring muscle injuries on a weekly basis and provided details of the location, diagnosis, severity, and mechanism of each injury; loss of time from training and match play was used as the definition of an injury. Players’ match and training exposures were recorded on a weekly basis. Results The incidence of hamstring muscle injuries was 0.27 per 1000 player training hours and 5.6 per 1000 player match hours. Injuries, on average, resulted in 17 days of lost time, with recurrent injuries (23%) significantly more severe (25 days lost) than new injuries (14 days lost). Second-row forwards sustained the fewest (2.4 injuries/1000 player hours) and the least severe (7 days lost) match injuries. Running activities accounted for 68% of hamstring muscle injuries, but injuries resulting from kicking were the most severe (36 days lost). Players undertaking Nordic hamstring exercises in addition to conventional stretching and strengthening exercises had lower incidences and severities of injury during training and competition. Conclusion The Nordic hamstring strengthening exercise may reduce the incidence and severity of hamstring muscle injuries sustained during training and competition.
Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Noyes Frank R. , Mayfield William , Barber-Westin Sue D. , Albright Jay C. , Heckmann Timothy P. 
Published: February 2006

Background High tibial osteotomy has been associated with significant complications, including delayed union or nonunion, loss of correction, arthrofibrosis, and patella infera. Hypotheses A technique for opening wedge osteotomy that incorporates an autogenous iliac crest bone graft will prevent delayed union or nonunion, allow early rehabilitation and weightbearing, and prevent knee arthrofibrosis and patella infera. Secondly, the authors’ methods for calculating the desired correction of valgus alignment prevent undesired alterations in tibial slope. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 55 consecutive patients who underwent high tibial osteotomy were observed at a mean of 20 months postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative measurements of radiographs were conducted by independent examiners for bony union, tibial slope, and patellar height. The osteotomy opening size ranged from 5 to 17.5 mm; 35 knees (64%) had openings [.lessequal]10 mm, and 20 knees (36%) had openings >11 mm. Results The osteotomy united in all patients. Three patients had a delay in union, which resolved by 6 to 8 months postoperatively. A loss of fixation occurred in 1 patient, who admitted to full weightbearing immediately after surgery; the osteotomy required revision. The iliac crest graft site healed without complications, and there were no infections, loss of knee motion, nerve or arterial injuries, alterations in tibial slope, or cases of patellar infera postoperatively. Full weightbearing was achieved at a mean of 8 weeks (range, 4-11 weeks) postoperatively. Conclusions The operative technique including use of an autologous iliac crest bone graft in addition to a progressive rehabilitation program successfully prevented nonunion, change in tibial slope, and knee arthrofibrosis in this study.
Clarifying the role of Stat5 in lymphoid development and Abelson-induced transformation
Authors: Hoelbl Andrea , Kovacic Boris , Kerenyi Marc A. , Simma Olivia , Warsch Wolfgang , Cui Yongzhi , Beug Hartmut , Hennighausen Lothar , Moriggl Richard , Sexl Veronika 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Stat5 transcription factors Stat5a and Stat5b have been implicated in lymphoid development and transformation. Most studies have employed Stat5a/b-deficient mice where gene targeting disrupted the first protein-coding exon, resulting in the expression of N-terminally truncated forms of Stat5a/b (Stat5a/bΔN/ΔN mice). We have now reanalyzed lymphoid development in Stat5a/bnull/null mice having a complete deletion of the Stat5a/b gene locus. The few surviving Stat5a/bnull/null mice lacked CD8+ T lymphocytes. A massive reduction of CD8+ T cells was also found in Stat5a/bfl/fllck-cre transgenic animals. While γδ T-cell receptor–positive (γδTCR+) cells were expressed at normal levels in Stat5a/bΔN/ΔN mice, they were completely absent in Stat5a/bnull/null animals. Moreover, B-cell maturation was abrogated at the pre–pro-B-cell stage in Stat5a/bnull/null mice, whereas Stat5a/bΔN/ΔN B-lymphoid cells developed to the early pro-B-cell stage. In vitro assays using fetal liver-cell cultures confirmed this observation. Most strikingly, Stat5a/bnull/null cells were resistant to transformation and leukemia development induced by Abelson oncogenes, whereas Stat5a/bΔN/ΔN-derived cells readily transformed. These findings show distinct lymphoid defects for Stat5a/bΔN/ΔN and Stat5a/bnull/null mice and define a novel functional role for the N-termini of Stat5a/b in B-lymphoid transformation.
M17, a gene specific for germinal center (GC) B cells and a prognostic marker for GC B-cell lymphomas, is dispensable for the GC reaction in mice
Authors: Schenten Dominik , Egert Angela , Pasparakis Manolis , Rajewsky Klaus 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn T-cell–dependent antibody responses, antigen-specific B cells undergo a phase of secondary antibody diversification in germinal centers (GCs). Somatic hypermutation (SHM) introduces mutations into the rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) region genes, and class-switch recombination (CSR) alters the Ig heavy (H) chain constant region. Aberrant SHM or CSR is thought to contribute to the development of GC-derived B-cell malignancies. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are a heterogeneous group of such GC-derived tumors. Based on their gene expression profile, DLBCLs can be divided into activated B-cell–like and GC-like subgroups. The human gene HGAL is predominantly expressed in GCs. It is also part of the gene expression signature of GC-like DLBCL, and its high expression in DLBCL has been associated with a better clinical prognosis. We have generated mice deficient of the HGAL homologue M17 in order to investigate its functional significance. The mutant animals form normal GCs, undergo efficient CSR and SHM, and mount T-cell–dependent antibody responses similar to wild-type controls. Thus, M17 is dispensable for the GC reaction, and its potential function in the pathogenesis of DLBCL remains elusive.
Cellular localization and trafficking of tissue factor
Authors: Mandal Samir K. , Pendurthi Usha R. , Rao L. Vijaya Mohan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTissue factor (TF) is the cellular receptor for clotting factor VIIa (FVIIa). The formation of TF-FVIIa complexes on cell surfaces triggers the activation of coagulation cascade and cell signaling. In the present study, we characterized the subcellular distribution of TF and its transport in fibroblasts by dual immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and biochemical methods. Our data show that a majority of TF resides in various intracellular compartments, predominantly in the Golgi. Tissue factor at the cell surface is localized in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and extensively colocalized with caveolin-1. FVIIa binding to TF induces the internalization of TF. Of interest, we found that TF-FVIIa complex formation at the cell surface leads to TF mobilization from the Golgi with a resultant increase in TF expression at the cell surface. This process is dependent on FVIIa protease activity. Overall, the present data suggest a novel mechanism for TF expression at the cell surface by FVIIa. This mechanism could play an important role in hemostasis in response to vascular injury by increasing TF activity where and when it is needed.
Prothrombin 20210G>A is an ancestral prothrombotic mutation that occurred in whites approximately 24 000 years ago
Authors: Zivelin Ariella , Mor-Cohen Ronit , Kovalsky Victoria , Kornbrot Nurit , Conard Jacqueline , Peyvandi Flora , Kyrle Paul A. , Bertina Rogier , Peyvandi Ferial , Emmerich Joseph , Seligsohn Uri 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProthrombin 20210G>A and factor V Leiden are common prothrombotic mutations in whites for which founder effects have been established. In this study, we analyzed the frequencies of 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 microsatellites flanking the prothrombin gene (F2) in 88 homozygotes for 20210A and 66 homozygotes for 20210G. For estimating the age of the prothrombin 20210G>A mutation, we used the DMLE+2.0 program, which analyzed linkage disequilibria between the mutation and the multiple markers that had been assessed. This analysis yielded an age estimate of 23 720 years (95% credible set, 19 080-31 340 years). A similar analysis by the DMLE+2.0 program was performed on 5 SNPs from previously studied homozygotes for factor V Leiden and controls that yielded an age estimate of 21 340 years (95% credible set, 16 880-29 480 years). The occurrence of the 2 mutations in whites toward the end of the last glaciation and their presently wide distribution in whites suggest selective evolutionary advantages for which some evidence was reported (diminished blood loss) or is controversial (protection against infections).
False-positive detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine following strenuous physical exercise
Authors: Beullens Monique , Delanghe Joris R. , Bollen Mathieu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractErythropoietin (Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone that promotes the production of red blood cells. Recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) is illicitly used to improve performance in endurance sports. Doping in sports is discouraged by the screening of athletes for rhEPO in urine. The adopted test is based on a combination of isoelectric focusing and double immunoblotting, and distinguishes between endogenous and recombinant human Epo. We show here that this widely used test can occasionally lead to the false-positive detection of rhEpo (epoetin-β) in postexercise, protein-rich urine, probably because the adopted monoclonal anti-Epo antibodies are not monospecific.
The Association of Obesity and Hyperandrogenemia during the Pubertal Transition in Girls: Obesity as a Potential Factor in the Genesis of Postpubertal Hyperandrogenism
Authors: McCartney Christopher R. , Prendergast Kathleen A. , Chhabra Sandhya , Eagleson Christine A. , Yoo Richard , Chang R. Jeffrey , Foster Carol M. , Marshall John C. 
Published: February 2006

Context: Adolescent hyperandrogenemia is considered a forerunner of adult polycystic ovary syndrome, but its etiology remains uncertain.
Objective: Our objective was to explore the hypothesis that peripubertal obesity is associated with hyperandrogenemia.
Design and Setting: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data obtained at General Clinical Research Centers.
Subjects: Subjects were 41 obese [body mass index (BMI) for age, ≥95%] and 35 normal-weight (BMI for age, &lt;95%) peripubertal girls.
Intervention: We used pooled blood samples (∼0500–0700 h; n = 64) while fasting or single morning (fasting) samples (n = 12).
Main Outcome Measures: We assessed adiposity and androgen concentrations.
Results: BMI correlated with total testosterone (T) (rs = 0.59), SHBG (rs = −0.69), and free T (rs = 0.69); free T was three times as great in obese girls compared with normal-weight girls (P &lt; 0.0001 for all). BMI correlated with insulin (rs = 0.52); both insulin and LH correlated with free T (rs = 0.45 and 0.44, respectively; P &lt; 0.001 for all). When analyzing early pubertal girls (pubertal stages 1–3; n = 36) alone, BMI correlated with total T (rs = 0.65), SHBG (rs = −0.74), and free T (rs = 0.75); free T was five times as great in obese early-pubertal girls (P &lt; 0.001 for all). BMI correlated with insulin (rs = 0.65), and insulin correlated with free T (rs = 0.63, P &lt; 0.01 for both). BMI correlated with free T while simultaneously adjusting for age, pubertal stage, insulin, LH, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
Conclusion: Peripubertal obesity is associated with marked hyperandrogenemia, which is especially pronounced in early puberty.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Incorporated with Dendrimer Encapsulated with Pt Nanoparticles: An Attractive Material for Sensitive Biosensors
Authors: Zhu Huiyu , Zhu Yihua , Yang Xiaoling , Li Chunzhong 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Dendrimer encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt-DENs) with a diameter of 2–3 nm were used in combination with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for fabricating electrochemical sensors with remarkably improved sensitivity toward glucose. TEM images illustrated the deposition of Pt-DENs on carbon nanotubes whereas cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed an electrical contact through MWCNTs between Pt-DENs and electrode. And the MWCNTs incorporated with Pt-DENs modifying Pt/GOx elelctrode-based biosensors response more sensitively to glucose than the electrode modified with MWCNTs alone reported by others. The response time and detection limit of this biosensor was determined to be 5 s, and 2.5 μM, respectively.
Electron Transport in Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films Sensitized with [NBu4]2[cis-Ru(Hdcbpy)2(NCS)2] (N719; [NBu4]+ = Tetrabutyl Ammonium Cation; H2dcbpy = 4,4′-Dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine) and [NBu4]2[Ru(Htcterpy)(NCS)3] (B-dye; H3tcterpy = 4,4′,4″-Tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)
Authors: Miyamoto Koji , Yanagida Masatoshi , Sayama Kazuhiro , Sugihara Hideki , Abe Yoshimoto 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
We compared electron transport in nanocrystalline TiO2 films sensitized with [NBu4]2[cis-Ru(Hdcbpy)2(NCS)2] (N719; [NBu4]+ = tetrabutylammonium cation; H2dcbpy = 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine) and with [NBu4]2[Ru(Htcterpy)(NCS)3] (B-dye; H3tcterpy = 4,4′,4″-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine). The electron diffusion coefficient (D) and the electron lifetime (τ) of the N719-sensitized TiO2 were comparable to those of B-dye-sensitized TiO2, although the open circuit photovoltage (Voc) of the solar cells based on N719-sensitized TiO2 was ca. 60 mV larger than that of the solar cells based on B-dye-sensitized TiO2. We concluded that the energy of the conduction band edge (Ecb) of TiO2 sensitized with N719 was ca. 50 mV more negative than that of TiO2 sensitized with B-dye.
Duplex-defined spatial anatomy of the saphenopopliteal junction
Authors: Pittathankal A A , Adamson M , Pursell R , Richards T , Galland R B , Magee T R 
Published: February 2006

Background: Failure to disconnect the saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) can occur in spite of duplex marking prior to operation indicating that more information on the short saphenous vein (SSV) termination in addition to the duplex mark is necessary to improve operative outcomes. The aim of this study was to establish the three-dimensional anatomy of the SSV termination to aid in improving operative localization of the SSV and SPJ. Method: A prospective colour duplex study of 50 consecutive primary refluxing SSV was undertaken. The spatial orientation of the SSV termination in terms of location within the popliteal fossa and depth from the skin was determined. Results: The SPJ was located in most cases (98%) in the upper lateral quadrant of the popliteal fossa. The median depth of the SPJ beneath the skin was 2.9 (1.6–5.2) cm. The SSV leaves the midline at a distance of approximately 5 (0–8) cm below the midpoint of the popliteal fossa and travels laterally towards the SPJ. It stays close to the skin and makes the descent into the fossa at 2–3 cm below the SPJ. The mean rate of descent between the SPJ and 2 cm below it was 7.0 (1–12) mm/cm, while that between 2 and 4 cm below the SPJ was only 2.3 (0–7) mm/cm. Conclusion: The SPJ lies at a variable depth beneath the skin in the upper outer quadrant of the popliteal fossa. Locating the incision 2 cm below and medial to the SPJ, where the SSV lies relatively superficial and at a less variable depth, will allow easier identification of the SSV and thus easier localization of the SPJ.
Renal carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: vascular surgical aspects
Authors: Vik B F , Angelsen A , Egey A , Myhre H O 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To study surgical technique and results of treatment in patients receiving surgery for renal carcinoma or Wilm's tumour with extension into the vena cava. Methods: During the period 1993–98, altogether 15 patients received surgery. The investigation was retrospective. All patients were followed until death or at follow-up examination in December 2004. Results: A transverse laparotomy incision was used in 12 patients and a longitudinal incision in three. Two patients were primarily regarded as inoperable. Cardiopulmonary bypass was applied in one patient. At follow-up five patients were alive from 49 to 82 months postoperatively. The other 10 had died between two and 30 months after surgery, eight from carcinoma and two from other causes. Conclusion: In conclusion, involvement of the vena cava does not in itself indicate a dismal prognosis in patients with renal carcinoma. The tumour can usually be removed from the vena cava using exposure depending upon the extent of the tumour proximally into the vena cava.
Ovarian vein ablation: coils or surgery?
Authors: Richardson G D , Driver B 
Published: February 2006

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the results, namely improvement in pelvic pain and overall satisfaction with treatment by surgery, or by coils and sclerotherapy, for pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) when caused by ovarian vein incompetence based on ultrasound assessment. To do so requires a brief description of the diagnosis of PCS and ovarian vein incompetence, and a discussion of the indications for treatment. Methods: The same questionnaire as used for a previous surgical series in 1989–95 was used for the present study. Independent assessment of responses to the questionnaire using visual analogue scales, together with review of the clinical notes, enabled statistical evaluation of two treatment groups. Treatment was by surgery from 1989 to 1998, and by coils and sclerotherapy from January 1999 to June 2002. Obtaining demographic and presenting symptom data has enabled us to compare the two groups, as well as the results of the two treatments. Results: There was no significant difference between the demographics and presenting symptoms of surgical and coil treatment groups. Surgical and coil groups combined show a statistically significant reduction in perceived pelvic pain, and overall satisfaction with treatment. There is no difference in reduction of perceived pelvic pain or in overall satisfaction between surgical and coil treatment groups. Conclusion: Treatment based on ultrasound diagnosis is justified. Surgical ovarian vein ablation should not be considered as having been superseded by coils. The latter has some advantages but also cost implications. Long-term success of coil treatment has not yet been proven. Recanalization of the ovarian vein, if it occurs, can be treated by further coils or surgery.