bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large volume “mammotome” biopsy may reduce the need for diagnostic surgery in papillary lesions of the breast
Authors: Carder P J , Khan T , Burrows P , Sharma N 
Published: May 2008

Background:There is currently debate as to whether all papillary lesions diagnosed on breast needle core biopsy (BNCB) require surgical excision. The development of large volume “mammotome” biopsy now permits non-operative removal. Few studies have assessed the usefulness of this approach.Aim:To review the pathological and radiological findings in a series of B3 and B4 papillary lesions identified on conventional BNCB with a view to assessing the usefulness of mammotome biopsy as a means of avoiding diagnostic surgery.Methods:All BNCBs from 23 June 2005 to 14 August 2007 that contained a B3 or B4 papillary lesion were identified by searching the pathology department records. Follow-up histology and radiological details were obtained.Results:34 papillary BNCBs were included in this study: 21 from screen-detected lesions and 13 from patients presenting symptomatically. 31 were classified B3 and three were B4. Four cases included an atypical ductal epithelial proliferation (three B4, one B3). 14 patients had undergone open surgical biopsy, 15 had undergone mammotome excision, and five had had no subsequent procedure. All cases that had undergone mammotome biopsy had not shown atypia on the core, and 13 (87%) proved benign. In two cases the mammotome biopsy was either atypical or malignant, prompting surgery; the biopsy changes deriving from areas of ductal carcinoma in situ arising in the context of multiple intraduct papillomas and both were distinctive mammographically in presenting with large areas of segmental calcification. 11/14 cases that had undergone surgical excision had not shown atypia on the core, and proved benign. All three cases with atypia on the core proved malignant.Conclusion:In selected cases, mammotome biopsy may improve sampling of papillary lesions such that malignancy may be excluded without recourse to diagnostic surgery. Mammotome in such cases effectively acts as a therapeutic procedure. This has important implications for symptomatic and breast screening services.
A comparative study of mycorrhizas in several genera of Pyroleae (Ericaceae) from western Canada
Authors: Massicotte H. B. , Melville L. H. , Tackaberry L. E. , Peterson R. L. 
Published: May 2008

Genera in the tribe Pyroleae (subfamily Monotropoideae, family Ericaceae) occur as understory plants in northern temperate zones where some form major components of ecosystems. Most have been poorly studied in terms of their association with symbiotic fungi. In this study, colonization patterns of mycorrhizal roots of five members of the Pyroleae ( Pyrola asarifolia Michx., Pyrola chlorantha Sw., Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart., Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray) were explored. Root samples were processed for light, fluorescence, and laser scanning confocal, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, as well as for immunocytochemistry. Roots of all species had enlarged epidermal cells containing hyphal complexes, Hartig nets confined to the epidermis, and mantles. Epidermal cells were penetrated by hyphae originating from the Hartig net at more than one site either along the inner tangential wall or radial walls. The outer tangential wall of epidermal cells of all species, except M. uniflora, was thicker than radial and inner tangential walls and consisted of two layers, the outer containing nonesterified pectins that were labeled with JIM 5 antibodies. Radial walls and inner tangential walls did not label, but cortical cell walls did. Intracellular hyphal complexes developed initially around centrally positioned, enlarged epidermal cell nuclei and, through branching, occupied most of the cell volume. Senescence and degradation of the complexes followed. The fungal species in these symbiotic associations may be important functionally in nutrient exchange, as well as in contributing to broader linkages with other hosts in these plant communities.
Glyphosate induces transient male sterility in Ipomoea purpurea
Authors: Baucom Regina S. , Mauricio Rodney , Chang Shu-Mei 
Published: May 2008

Plant death is the most common effect resulting from the application of glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup®. Individual seedlings of the morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth, however, have been shown to exhibit tolerance to glyphosate, surviving after what should have been a lethal dose. Those that grow and reach reproductive maturity often exhibit deformed anthers within what appear to be normally developed flowers. Ipomoea purpurea has a mixed mating system and normally has hermaphroditic flowers that are capable of both selfing and outcrossing. The deformed anthers do not produce pollen, essentially converting a hermaphroditic flower to a female. Here we describe this morphological change and investigate the reproductive consequences of anther deformation. First, there is phenotypic variation for the propensity of an individual to exhibit male sterility through deformed anthers in response to treatment, but a series of field and greenhouse studies suggest that this variation is not genetic. The male sterility is also transient; within an individual, the frequency of flowers with deformed anthers declines over time. Although flowers with deformed anthers do not produce pollen, we observed mixed effects on female function of such flowers. In the greenhouse, flowers with deformed anthers that were hand-pollinated produced as many seeds as flowers with normal anthers, suggesting no effect on female fertility. In the field, however, plants with a higher proportion of anther deformation set significantly fewer seeds than those untreated, suggesting either reduced female fertility, or a reproductive penalty in flowers with deformed anthers due to the inability to self pollinate. Thus, the presence of this trait could alter the selfing to outcrossing ratio in populations that are sprayed with the herbicide. Individuals that exhibited a higher proportion of anther deformation also produce fewer total flowers than untreated plants, suggesting that anther deformation is part of a suite of responses to damage by glyphosate.
Anamorphs in the Strophariaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)
Authors: Walther Grit , Weiß Michael 
Published: May 2008

We describe and illustrate conidiogenesis in 21 species of Strophariaceae sensu Singer in culture, including first reports of conidiogenesis from nine species. Two modes of thallic conidiogenesis were revealed. The first mode, present in Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma fasciculare (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma marginatum (Pers.) J. Schröt., Hypholoma subericaeum (Fr.) Kühner, Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél., Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm., Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer, Pholiota lucifera (Lasch) Quél., Pholiota mixta (Fr.) Kuyper & Tjall.-Beuk., Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer, Psilocybe cf. coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe inquilina (Fr.) Bres., Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe sp., Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, and Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél., is characterized by straight or often coiled conidiogenous hyphae, not or only slightly sympodially proliferating conidiophores lacking geniculate parts, and hyaline, rod-shaped conidia. Conidiogenesis in Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm., Pholiota gummosa (Lasch) Singer, and Pholiota squarrosa (Batsch) P. Kumm. followed a second mode, distinguished by straight conidiogenous hyphae, sympodially proliferating geniculate conidiophores, and coloured, swollen conidia formed on older mycelia. These two modes also differed concerning the number of nuclei in the conidia. Pholiota alnicola (Fr.) Singer and Pholiota tuberculosa (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. possessed specific modes of conidiogenesis that deviated from the two prevalent modes described above. Careful analysis of anamorph descriptions compiled from literature supports these modes and allows conidia to be distinguished from nondetaching hyphal swellings that have also been designated as conidia in the past.
Induced twining in Convolvulaceae climbing plants in response to leaf damage
Authors: Atala C. , Gianoli E. 
Published: May 2008

Plant responses to herbivory include slow changes in growth patterns and biomass distribution. A recent study, however, showed that a convolvulaceous vine began twining sooner around a stake after 25% of the plant was defoliated (damaged). We evaluated whether this induced response is widespread within the Convolvulaceae, and made preliminary studies of its underlying mechanisms. Leaf damage was applied to seven twining vine species from the genera Convolvulus, Calystegia, and Ipomoea. We compared the twining rate (proportion of plants successfully climbing at a given time), growth rate, and twining geometry in the control and in damaged plants. We further evaluated the consequences of jasmonic acid application on the twining rate of Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Five out of the seven species tested showed an enhanced twining rate after leaf damage. Growth rate did not differ between damaged and undamaged plants in any species. The angle of ascent of the twining stem was lower in damaged plants during the first gyres. Jasmonic acid increased twining rate in I. purpurea, as did leaf damage. The induced twining was not due to increased growth, but to changes in the climbing process, and further mechanistic approaches should consider the jasmonate pathway. Induced twining may be common in the Convolvulaceae, and its occurrence in other families should be tested.
Suberin lamellae of the onion root endodermis: their pattern of development and continuity
Authors: Waduwara C. Ishari , Walcott Shantel E. , Peterson Carol A. 
Published: May 2008

In many plant species, suberin lamellae are deposited in the cells of the endodermis. Some cells near the xylem poles tend to remain without these lamellae and are known as “passage cells”. To develop a three-dimensional picture of the pattern of suberin lamella deposition, procedures were developed to isolate large pieces of onion endodermis and to stain their suberin lamellae for various types of microscopy. Sudan red 7B proved satisfactory with white-light, Fluorol yellow and berberine with epifluorescence, and Nile red with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Lamella deposition commenced in a few cells 10 mm from the root tip and then proceeded in a scattered manner. However, lamella deposition in more cells (seen 125–155 mm from the root tip) resulted in the formation of longitudinal files of cells with lamellae alternating with files of passage cells. In older regions (255–285 mm from the tip), almost all cells had deposited suberin lamellae, leaving only a few passage cells. At higher magnification, three-dimensional reconstructions of CLSM images of endodermal suberin lamellae revealed that they are perforated by pores all along the roots. Such pores could serve as points for water and ions to enter the cytoplasm of the endodermis.
Change in leaf structure in relation to crown position and size class for tree species within a Sri Lankan tropical rain forest
Authors: Panditharathna P. A.K.A.K. , Singhakumara B. M.P. , Griscom H. P. , Ashton M. S. 
Published: May 2008

The purpose of our study was to examine change in leaf structure (anatomy and morphology) through different phases of tree size and crown position within a Sri Lankan rain forest. We selected four late-successional canopy species that represented dominant genera ( Shorea , Mesua ) within an Asian tropical rain forest. All are considered shade-tolerant and capable of growing to maturity beneath closed-canopy late-successional forests. Species within each genus were either restricted to seepages and bottom slopes (valley species) or to upper slopes and ridges (ridge species). The size classes represented (i) seedlings, (ii) saplings, (iii) poles growing beneath closed-canopy conditions, and (iv) trees of the rain forest canopy. Between size classes, leaves were thicker and with higher stomatal densities for canopy trees than for seedling, sapling, and pole size classes. Plasticities for measures of leaf structure were greater for ridge species than valley species; except for cuticle thickness, which showed the opposite trend (valley > ridge). Area, length, and width of leaves attained maxima for the sapling size class for all species. Drip-tip lengths were greatest for seedlings of all species, and least for canopy trees. Trends in leaf structure and morphology dimensions across size classes for late-successional canopy tree species are the same as those trends reported between rain forest species of different habitat strata (e.g., understory shrubs versus upper canopy trees). Our results suggest leaf dimensions could provide robust measures of environment, irrespective of species, or size class of tree.
Tolerance of Brassica nigra to Pieris brassicae herbivory
Authors: Blatt S. E. , Smallegange R. C. , Hess L. , Harvey J. A. , Dicke M. , van Loon J. J.A. 
Published: May 2008

Black mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, is a wild annual species found throughout Europe and fed on by larvae of the large cabbage-white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. We examined the impact of herbivory from P. brassicae, a gregarious herbivore, on B. nigra grown from wild seed collected locally. In greenhouse studies, the response of B. nigra to four herbivore densities in two developmental stages of the plant was quantified by measuring leaf damage, plant height, days to flowering, silique number, and seed production. Pieris brassicae readily attacked B. nigra leaves, although the timing of the attack did not affect seed production; attacked plants produced as many seeds as as nonattacked plants. Plant height was affected when plants were attacked early, but not later, in development, suggesting a connection between their belowground zone of influence and ability to regain biomass. These results demonstrate that at the herbivore densities and timing of damage studied, B. nigra tolerates folivory from Pieris brassicae through compensation.
Assessing the role of orogen-parallel faulting in post-orogenic exhumation: low-temperature thermochronology across the Norumbega Fault System, Maine
Authors: West David P. , Roden-Tice Mary K. , Potter Jaime K. , Barnard Nellie Q. 
Published: May 2008

As a part of a regional effort to determine the extent of low-temperature thermochronological discontinuities across major orogen-parallel faults in northern New England, 41 apatite fission track (AFT) ages and 11 (U–Th)/He ages are used to constrain the ∼65 to 100 °C cooling history of rocks flanking a 160 km long segment of the Norumbega fault system in southern and south-central Maine. These data are used to evaluate the role of this structure in the late Mesozoic and younger exhumation history of the northern Appalachians. AFT ages flanking the fault system range from 159 to 95 Ma and record cooling below ∼100 °C in the late Mesozoic. (U–Th)/He ages from the same region range from 126 to 100 Ma and record cooling below ∼65 °C. Previously published AFT ages from an ∼40 km long segment of the fault system just north of Casco Bay reveal a dramatic time–temperature discontinuity across the structure and suggest kilometre-scale late Mesozoic displacement in this region. However, new AFT and (U–Th)/He ages along the strike of the Norumbega fault system to the northeast and southwest of this discontinuity show no significant differences in late Mesozoic cooling and suggest no significant displacements occurred along these portions of the fault system during this time. Collectively the data suggest differential late Mesozoic reactivation of the Norumbega fault system with the reactivation localized in areas that had previously experienced episodes of vertical displacement in the late Paleozoic (i.e., the “Casco Bay restraining bend”).
Late Quaternary sedimentation on the southwestern Scotian Slope, eastern Canada: relationship to glaciationGeological Survey of Canada Contribution 20070176.
Authors: Hundert Thian , Piper David J.W. 
Published: May 2008

The sedimentary record on continental slopes has the potential to preserve a record of glacial retreat on the adjacent continental shelf. The glacial history of the southwestern part of the Scotian Shelf is poorly known. Air-gun and high-resolution sparker profiles and numerous sediment cores up to 10 m long have been used to determine the character of sedimentation on the southwestern Scotian Slope since the last glacial maximum (LGM). Seismic-reflection profiles show that glacial till was deposited at shallow depths on the upper continental slope, and correlation to dated piston cores farther downslope show that this till dates from the LGM. Slope sedimentation at this time was dominated by local ice and deposited as plume fallout and turbidites. Progressively increasing importance of red-brown sediment derived from glacial supply to Laurentian Channel indicates retreat of ice from the shelf edge and diminishing supply of proglacial sediment from the calving embayment in the mid-Scotian Shelf. With the termination of distal proglacial sediment supply, the sedimentation rate diminished rapidly and hemipelagic sedimentation prevailed through the Holocene.
Effects of sand supply on the morphodynamics and stratigraphy of active parabolic dunes, Bigstick Sand Hills, southwestern SaskatchewanGeological Survey of Canada Contribution 20060654.
Authors: Hugenholtz Chris H. , Wolfe Stephen A. , Moorman Brian J. 
Published: May 2008

Sand supply is a major controlling factor on parabolic dune form and stratigraphy in inland settings. In this study, aerial photographs, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and stratigraphic analysis document the morphodynamics of an individual and compound parabolic dune in the Bigstick Sand Hills, southwestern Saskatchewan. Migration rates for the last 60 years are comparable, although the profile morphologies differ, with the individual dune having a more aerodynamic form. Stratigraphic facies are also similar in both dune types, but the overall internal architecture imaged by GPR differs considerably. Configurations of cross-strata parallel to the downwind axis represent dominant foreset development and lee-slope slipface advance of the individual dune, and impeded slipface development of the compound dune. Stratigraphy transverse to the downwind axis represents radial deposition and foreset development at the individual dune, and vertical accumulation at the compound dune. The overall difference in parabolic dune form and stratigraphy is attributed to variations in sand supply, which determine vegetation development and sedimentation processes along the crest and lee slope. Sand supplied from active blowouts upwind of the individual dune inhibits vegetation colonization on the dune, whereas an absence of sand supply upwind of the compound dune leads to high levels of vegetation cover on the dune. Once supply drops below a threshold level, vegetation cover increases, causing sediment deposition and vertical accretion, and ultimately changing dune form. Overall, this study demonstrates that local sand supply and feedback processes are critical to understanding dune development in vegetated, inland settings.
Correlation of mid-Cretaceous granites with source terranes in the northern Canadian CordilleraLithoprobe Publication 1475.
Authors: Morris George A. , Creaser Robert A. 
Published: May 2008

This study presents a broad geochemical and isotopic synthesis of mid-Cretaceous granites in the southern Yukon as well as a comparative data set for granites sourced from, and hosted by, accreted terranes in the west through to ancient cratonic rocks in the east. We present data from a traverse perpendicular to the strike of the northern Canadian Cordillera allowing comparison with the growing body of such data derived from the host terranes. Trace elements, specifically the “subduction signature,” allow the discrimination of oceanic verses continental crustal sources. Comparison of isotopic ratios of Sr and, particularly, Nd with published data further refine the correlation of granites with their source terranes. Granites are initially divided based upon their host morphogeological belts, however, our study indicates that the source terranes transcend these traditional boundaries. For Intermontane Belt hosted granites three distinct sources can be identified: an isotopically primitive (Sri, 0.7050; ϵNdT, 2.3 to –1.2), subduction-related source probably associated with the mid-Cretaceous continental margin; an isotopically primitive (Sri, 0.7032 to 0.7035; ϵNdT, 4.2 to 1.4), non-subduction-related source identified as the host Cache Creek terrane; and an isotopically slightly more evolved (Sri, 0.7094 to 0.7101; ϵNdT, 4.5 to –7.3), subduction-related source identified as the host Stikine terrane. Immediately east of the Teslin Tectonic Zone (TTZ), pericratonic Omineca granites (Sri, 0.7032 to 0.7076; ϵNdT, 2.0 to –5.4) do not correlate with their host terranes, but instead show marked similarities with granites immediately to the west of the TTZ suggesting that the same, or similar crustal sources extend further east in the subsurface than previously thought. In the eastern pericratonic Omineca Belt, there is a substantial jump to more evolved isotopic values (Sri, 0.7172 to 0.7354; ϵNdT, –16.6 to –21.7) for granites that extend to the most easterly exposed plutons of the cratonic Omineca Belt. These more isotopically evolved granites correlate with isotopic values for the pericratonic Yukon–Tanana and Cassiar terranes, as well as cratonic North America.
Stable isotope record of the Eifelian–Givetian boundary Kačák–otomari Event (Middle Devonian) from Hungry Hollow, Ontario, Canada
Authors: van Hengstum Peter J. , Gröcke Darren R. 
Published: May 2008

The Kačák Event in the Middle Devonian (Eifelian–Givetian (E–G) boundary) is a period of apparent global anoxia coincident with widespread deposition of black shale in hemipelagic, pelagic, and some neritic facies. Conodont biostratigraphy in the North American Appalachian Basin has proven to be problematic in precisely demarcating the E–G boundary. In this study, we show that the E–G boundary may be defined more accurately through isotope stratigraphy (δ13C) in conjunction with a conodont faunal change across this boundary, identified as the Kačák– otomari Event. The Canadian Hamilton Group outcropping in Hungry Hollow, Ontario, is a 22 m sedimentary succession spanning the Middle Devonian. Conodont biostratigraphy for this section makes it difficult to define the E–G boundary, but the otomari Event can be detected. High-resolution isotopic analysis of bulk sedimentary carbonate and organic matter for this succession records a significant negative δ13C excursion (δ13Ccarb = up to 2‰; δ13Corg = ∼3.0‰) that is synchronous with total organic carbon (TOC) values up to 12.5%. We identify this negative δ13C excursion as a result of marine anoxia associated with the Kačák–otomari Event and suggest that the excursion is a global event driven by a source of isotopically light carbon, followed by a productivity event, similar to Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Such similarities between Devonian and Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events may become more evident with increased high-resolution isotopic and geochemical investigations of Devonian successions.