bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marijuana Neurobiology and Treatment
Authors: Elkashef Ahmed , Vocci Frank , Huestis Marilyn , Haney Margaret , Budney Alan , Gruber Amanda , el-Guebaly Nady 
Published: December 2008

Marijuana is the number one illicit drug of abuse worldwide and a major public health problem, especially in the younger population. The objective of this article is to update and review the state of the science and treatments available for marijuana dependence based on a pre-meeting workshop that was presented at ISAM 2006. At the workshop, several papers were presented addressing the neurobiology and pharmacology of marijuana and treatment approaches, both psychotherapy and medications, for marijuana withdrawal. Medicolegal and ethical issues concerning marijuana medical use were also discussed. Concise summaries of these presentations are incorporated in this article, which is meant to be an updated review of the state of the science. Major advances have been made in understanding the underpinning of marijuana dependence and the role of the CNS cannabinoid system, which is a major area for targeting medications to treat marijuana withdrawal and dependence, as well as other addictions.Behavioral therapies are efficacious for facilitating abstinence from marijuana. Nefazadone, Marinol, and buspirone are showing early positive signals for efficacy in ameliorating marijuana withdrawal symptoms. Effective psychotherapeutic approaches are available and promising medications studies need to be confirmed in outpatient trials. The next few years looking promising for translational research efforts to make treatment widely accessible to patients with marijuana dependence.
In Vitro Sumoylation of Recombinant Proteins and Subsequent Purification for Use in Enzymatic Assays
Authors: Vethantham Vasupradha , Manley James L. 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe sumoylation reaction is mechanistically similar to ubiquitination. It is ATP-dependent and in vitro can be completed in two steps using purified E1 (SAE1/SAE2), E2 (ubc9), and SUMO. Even without the inclusion of an E3 ligase, many substrates can be modified at the same lysines in vitro as in vivo. Here we describe a simplified in vitro sumoylation protocol using recombinant sumoylation substrate, E1, E2, SUMO, and an ATP-regenerating system. The modified substrate can then be repurified from the reaction mixture in a single step to be used in assays to assess the impact of sumoylation on enzymatic and/or other activities.
Isolation of 19 strains of Malassezia dermatis from healthy human skin in Korea
Authors: LEE Yang Won , KIM Sang Min , OH Byung Ho , LIM Sang Hee , CHOE Yong Beom , AHN Kyu Joong 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis research was conducted on the cultured samples of 160 healthy men and women aged 0–80 years without any skin disease. Nineteen clinical isolates of Malassezia dermatis showed positive in a catalase test and all grew in 0.5% Tween‐60 and 0.1% Tween‐80 added to 2% glucose/1% peptone culture medium. Round and ellipsoidal yeast cells and budding of the yeast cells were observed by microscopy, resembling Malassezia sympodialis, Malassezia furfur and Malassezia nana. The 26S rDNA polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) pattern was the same as for M. dermatis (JCM 11348), the standard strain. 26S rDNA and ITS1 sequencing were performed for exact identification, showing 99% accordance with M. dermatis (AB070361), M. dermatis (AB070356), confirming the species to be new and first to be reported in Korea. Taking a molecular biological classification approach by analyzing the 26S rDNA PCR‐RFLP patterns, we have successfully isolated 19 cases of M. dermatis– the first in Korea.
Quantitative trait loci for fatty acid composition in longissimus dorsi and abdominal fat: results from a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross F2population
Authors: Guo T. , Ren J. , Yang K. , Ma J. , Zhang Z. , Huang L. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA whole‐genome scan was performed on 660 F2animals including 250 barrows and 410 gilts in a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross population to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fatty acid composition in the longissimus dorsi muscle and abdominal fat. A total of 153 QTL including 63 genome‐wide significant QTL and 90 suggestive effects were identified for the traits measured. Significant effects were mainly evident on pig chromosomes (SSC) 4, 7, 8 and X. No association was detected on SSC3 and 11. In general, the QTL detected in this study showed distinct effects on fatty acid composition in the longissimus muscle and abdominal fat. The QTL for fatty acid composition in abdominal fat did not correspond to those identified previously in backfat and the majority of QTL for the muscle fatty acid composition were mapped to chromosomal regions different from previous studies. Two regions on SSC4 and SSC7 showed significant pleiotropic effects on monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in both longissimus muscle and abdominal fat. Another two QTL with significant multi‐faceted effects on MUFA and PUFA in the longissimus muscle were found each on SSC8 and SSCX. Chinese Erhualian alleles were associated with increased ratios of MUFA to saturated fatty acid at most of the QTL detected, showing beneficial effect in terms of human health.
Factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale using a normative sample
Authors: Gilmore L. , Cuskelly M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground  The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parental self‐efficacy. Previous investigations of the factor structure of this instrument have been unsatisfactory and there is no adequate normative group against which at‐risk groups can be compared.Methods  A non‐clinical sample of 586 mothers and 615 fathers completed the PSOC.Results  Factor analysis produced three acceptable factors (Satisfaction, Efficacy, Interest) that accounted for 47.3% and 50.1% of the variance for mothers and fathers respectively. Mothers reported higher efficacy than fathers, and fathers reported greater satisfaction with the parenting role than did mothers.Conclusion  The PSOC contains three useful factors that reflect satisfaction with the parental role, parenting efficacy and interest in parenting. The paper provides normative data against which at‐risk groups can be compared.
The effect of multimodal stimulation and cutaneous application of vegetable oils on neonatal development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Vaivre‐Douret L. , Oriot D. , Blossier P. , Py A. , Kasolter‐Péré M. , Zwang J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground  Preterm newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit are deprived of sensory stimulation. Tactile/kinaesthetic stimulation results in weight gain. Studies involving the cutaneous application of vegetable oils have shown improvement in somatic growth and on skin barrier function.Objective  To assess the neurodevelopmental and biological benefits of the simultaneous use of multimodal stimulation (SMS) and the cutaneous application of vegetable oils.Setting  Tertiary referral centre serving the Poitou‐Charentes region of France.Methods  Randomized controlled trial of 49 low‐risk preterm infants, born at 31‐ to 34‐week gestation. Each infant was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, Sensori‐Tonico‐Motor (STM) touch for 10 days with either: sweet almond oil, ISIO4 blended oil, or placebo – normal saline, or to a control group who did not receive any intervention. The primary outcome was weight gain. Secondary outcomes were linear growth, neurological maturation, psychomotor development and number of days of admission. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.Results  The group who received STM with ISIO4 oil demonstrated enhanced weight gain (+57%, 95% CI 37–76) compared with controls (P = 0.030). All STM groups showed shorter admission times (mean reduction 15 days, 95% CI 23–50 days hospitalised, P = 0.005), and an increase in body length (P = 0.030).Both groups of oil massaged babies (almond and ISIO4) showed an increased neurological score (P = 0.001) compared to controls. The infants receiving ISIO4 oil had an associated increase in psychomotor scores (P = 0.028), time spent in quiet wakefulness (P = 0.036), improved orientation (P = 0.036), and enhanced development of the oculomotor (P = 0.012) and sensorimotor (P = 0.003) systems. An additional benefit seen was improved moisturization (P = 0.001), and quicker recovery of dermatological conditions. No adverse dermatological events were observed.Conclusions  The combination of STM and cutaneous application of oils to healthy preterm babies resulted in enhanced weight gain and neurological development, and a shorter stay in hospital.
A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: December 2008

.

Maguire S.,
Moynihan S.,
Mann M.,
Potokar T. &
Kemp A. M.
(
2008
)

,
34
,
1072
–
1081
.

DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.02.011
.
Background  Most intentional burns are scalds, and distinguishing these from unintentional causes is challenging.Aim  To conduct a systematic review to identify distinguishing features of intentional and unintentional scalds.Methods  We performed an all language literature search of 12 databases 1950–2006. Studies were reviewed by two paediatric/burns specialists, using standardized methodology. Included: Primary studies of validated intentional or accidental scalds in children 0–18 years old and ranked by confirmation of intentional or unintentional origin. Excluded: Neglectful scalds; management or complications; studies of mixed burn type or mixed adult and child data.Results  A total of 258 studies were reviewed, and 26 included. Five comparative studies ranked highly for confirmation of intentional/unintentional cause of injury. The distinguishing characteristics were defined based on best evidence. Intentional scalds were commonly immersion injuries, caused by hot tap water, affecting the extremities, buttocks or perineum or both. The scalds were symmetrical with clear upper margins, and associated with old fractures and unrelated injuries. Unintentional scalds were more commonly due to spill injuries of other hot liquids, affecting the upper body with irregular margins and depth.Conclusions  We propose an evidence‐based triage tool to aid in distinguishing intentional from unintentional scalds, requiring prospective validation.
Cost‐effectiveness of gastrostomy placement for children with neurodevelopmental disability
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: December 2008

.

Craig G.,
Lawson M.,
Reilly S. &
Spitz L.
(
2008
)

,
93
,
873
–
877
.
Introduction  Malnutrition and growth deficiency are common in neurologically impaired children. Gastrostomy placement has been shown to result in significant catch‐up growth, improved health of the child and reduction in family stress; its cost‐effectiveness has not been investigated.Aims  Costs related to gastrostomy placement are estimated here from a prospective controlled study of children referred to a tertiary paediatric centre in the UK.Methods  Costs of inpatient stay, medication, tests, general practitioner consultations, community health care, equipment and parents' indirect costs were estimated at baseline and follow‐up. Costs of the different types of gastrostomy surgery are given.Results  Results for both time periods were available for 54 of the 76 children recruited to the study. Five‐day food diaries were kept at baseline and follow‐up. Costs of food increased slightly but not significantly post surgery from £33 to £40 (€44 to €54, US$65 to US$78) per week. Variation in cost between cases was considerable, but the mean net cost difference of £20.80 (CI £−43.79 to £85.35) [€28 (CI €−59 to €115), US$41 (CI US$−86 to US$167)] per week per child including for food and surgery was also not significant. Community service costs were significantly lower post surgery. Few parents reported personal costs at either time point, although many had reduced or stopped paid work to care for the child.Conclusion  As gastrostomy placement for these children resulted in significant clinical benefit at no significant extra cost, it is concluded that the procedure is cost‐effective.
What are the keys to successful adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism?
Authors: Young William F. , Stanson Anthony W. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAdrenal venous sampling (AVS) is the criterion standard to distinguish between unilateral and bilateral adrenal disease in patients with primary aldosteronism. The keys to successful AVS include appropriate patient selection, careful patient preparation, focused technical expertise, defined protocol, and accurate data interpretation. The use of AVS should be based on patient preferences, patient age, clinical comorbidities, and the clinical probability of finding an aldosterone‐producing adenoma. AVS is optimally performed in the fasting state in the morning. AVS is an intricate procedure because the right adrenal vein is small and may be difficult to locate – the success rate depends on the proficiency of the angiographer. The key factors that determine the successful catheterization of both adrenal veins are experience, dedication and repetition. With experience, and focusing the expertise to 1 or 2 radiologists at a referral centre, the AVS success rate can be as high as 96%. A centre‐specific, written protocol is mandatory. The protocol should be developed by an interested group of endocrinologists, radiologists and laboratory personnel. Safeguards should be in place to prevent mislabelling of the blood tubes in the radiology suite and to prevent sample mix‐up in the laboratory.
Spatio‐temporal impact of climate change on the activity and voltinism of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus
Authors: JÖNSSON ANNA MARIA , APPELBERG GUSTAF , HARDING SUSANNE , BÄRRING LARS 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is one of the major insect pests of mature Norway spruce forests. In this study, a model describing the temperature‐dependent thresholds for swarming activity and temperature requirement for development from egg to adult was driven by transient regional climate scenario data for Sweden, covering the period of 1961–2100 for three future climate change scenarios (SRES A2, A1B and B2). During the 20th century, the weather supported the production of one bark beetle generation per year, except in the north‐western mountainous parts of Sweden where the climate conditions were too harsh. A warmer climate may sustain a viable population also in the mountainous part; however, the distributional range of I. typographus may be restricted by the migration speed of Norway spruce. Modelling suggests that an earlier timing of spring swarming and fulfilled development of the first generation will significantly increase the frequency of summer swarming. Model calculations suggest that the spruce bark beetle will be able to initiate a second generation in South Sweden during 50% of the years around the mid century. By the end of the century, when temperatures during the bark beetle activity period are projected to have increased by 2.4–3.8 °C, a second generation will be initiated in South Sweden in 63–81% of the years. The corresponding figures are 16–33% for Mid Sweden, and 1–6% for North Sweden. During the next decades, one to two generations per year are predicted in response to temperature, and the northern distribution limit for the second generation will vary. Our study addresses questions applicable to sustainable forest management, suggesting that adequate countermeasures require monitoring of regional differences in timing of swarming and development of I. typographus, and planning of control operations during summer periods with large populations of bark beetles.
Climate warming and the evolution of morphotypes in a reptile
Authors: LEPETZ VIRGINIE , MASSOT MANUEL , CHAINE ALEXIS S. , CLOBERT JEAN 
Published: December 2008

AbstractClimate warming is known to have effects on population dynamics through variations in survival, fecundity and density. However, the impacts of climate change on population composition are still poorly documented. Morphotypes are powerful markers to track changes in population composition. In the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, individuals display two types of dorsal patterns: reticulated (R individuals) and linear (L individuals). We examined how local warming affected intrapopulation frequencies of these morphotypes across 11 years. We observed changes in morph frequency of dorsal patterns across years, paralleling the rise of spring temperatures. The proportion of R individuals increased with June temperatures in juveniles, yearlings, and adult males and females. Three mechanisms could explain these changes: phenotypic plasticity, microevolution and/or dispersal between populations. We investigated the ontogenetic determinism, fitness and recruitment rates associated with dorsal morphotypes. Dorsal pattern ontogeny showed temperature dependence but this relationship was not associated with the warming trend during this study. We found variation by morphotype in survival and clutch size, but these factors did not explain R frequency increases. Among all the parameters considered in this study, only a decrease of immigration, which was more pronounced in the L morphotype, could explain the change in population composition. To our knowledge, this provides the first evidence of the impact of climate warming on population composition due to its effects on immigration.
Wood composition and energy content in a poplar short rotation plantation on fertilized agricultural land in a future CO2 atmosphere
Authors: LUO ZHI‐BIN , POLLE ANDREA 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo study the influence of elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) fertilization on wood properties and energy, Populus×euramericana trees were exposed to ambient CO2 (about 370 μmol mol−1 CO2) or elevated CO2 (about 550 μmol mol−1 CO2) using Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) technology in combination with two N levels. Elevated CO2 was maintained for 5 years. After three growing seasons, the plantation was coppiced, one half of each experimental plot was fertilized and secondary sprouts were harvested after two growing seasons. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of wood revealed significant effects of both elevated CO2 and N fertilization on wood chemistry, in particular, significant increases in lignin and decreases in N content. These results were corroborated by chemical analysis. Neither elevated CO2 nor N fertilization affected the calorific value of wood, which was 19.3 MJ kg−1. N fertilization enhanced the energy production per land area by 16–69% because of higher aboveground woody biomass production than on nonfertilized land. Estimates indicate that high yielding poplar short rotation cultivation may significantly contribute as an alternative feedstock for energy production.
Changes in fertilizer‐induced direct N2O emissions from paddy fields during rice‐growing season in China between 1950s and 1990s
Authors: ZOU JIANWEN , HUANG YAO , QIN YANMEI , LIU SHUWEI , SHEN QIRONG , PAN GENXING , LU YANYU , LIU QIAOHUI 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNitrogen fertilizer‐induced direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions depend on water regimes in paddy fields, such as seasonal continuous flooding (F), flooding–midseason drainage–reflooding (F‐D‐F), and flooding–midseason drainage–reflooding–moist intermittent irrigation but without water logging (F‐D‐F‐M). In order to estimate the changes in direct N2O emission from paddy fields during the rice‐growing season in Mainland of China between the 1950s and the 1990s, the country‐specific emission factors of N2O‐N under different water regimes combined with rice production data were adopted in the present study. Census statistics on rice production showed that water management and nitrogen input regimes have changed in rice paddies since the 1950s. During the 1950s–1970s, about 20–25% of the rice paddy was continuously waterlogged, and 75–80% under the water regime of F‐D‐F. Since the 1980s, about 12–16%, 77%, and 7–12% of paddy fields were under the water regimes of F, F‐D‐F, and F‐D‐F‐M, respectively. Total nitrogen input during the rice‐growing season has increased from 87.5 kg N ha−1 in the 1950s to 224.6 kg N ha−1 in the 1990s. The emission factors of N2O‐N were estimated to be 0.02%, 0.42%, and 0.73% for rice paddies under the F, F‐D‐F, and F‐D‐F‐M water regimes, respectively. Seasonal N2O emissions have increased from 9.6 Gg N2O‐N each year in the 1950s to 32.3 Gg N2O‐N in the 1990s, which is accompanied by the increase in rice yield over the period 1950s–1990s. The uncertainties in N2O estimate were estimated to be 59.8% in the 1950s and 37.5% in the 1990s. In the 1990s, N2O emissions during the rice‐growing season accounted for 8–11% of the reported annual total of N2O emissions from croplands in China, suggesting that paddy rice development could have contributed to mitigating agricultural N2O emissions in the past decades. However, seasonal N2O emissions would be increased, given that saving‐water irrigation and nitrogen inputs are increasingly adopted in rice paddies in China.
Herbage growth rates on heterogeneous swards as influenced by sward‐height classes
Authors: Şahin Demirbağ N. , Röver K.‐U. , Wrage N. , Hofmann M. , Isselstein J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe contribution of four classes of sward height to daily herbage growth rates of a heterogeneous sward in eight periods throughout a grazing season was investigated in two continuous cattle‐grazing systems differing in intensity (moderate stocking rate: MC; lenient stocking rate: LC). At the beginning and end of periods of 12 to 28 d, the compressed sward height (CSH) was measured in exclusion cages at eighteen fixed points per cage to derive daily growth rates for the four classes of sward height. Stratified calibrations were made to relate sward height to herbage mass for each treatment in each period. Quadratic regressions described the relationship between herbage growth rate and initial CSH for each treatment in each period. For scaling up to the scale of the plot, CSH was measured monthly at 100 points per plot. Daily herbage growth rates declined from more than 100 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 d−1 on both treatments at the beginning of the grazing season to 20 kg DM ha−1 d−1 or less, especially on treatment LC. This was due to the larger area covered by tall herbage on treatment LC than on treatment MC. On treatment MC, daily herbage growth rate was predominantly derived from short sward areas of up to 12 cm in height while sward areas taller than 12 cm contributed most to daily growth rates on treatment LC in early summer. The method used is considered suitable for estimating daily herbage growth rates of different classes of sward height in extensively managed pastures and can easily be adapted to deal with more heterogeneous swards than used in this study.