bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jews and Non‐Jews: Paul's Ethnic Map
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Pauline scholarship has typically downplayed Paul's ethnic language, masked it as something else, or juxtaposed ethnic particularity with a universal faith in Christ. This chapter offers an examination of Paul's “us/them” language and shows how ethnicity, far from being invisible or irrelevant in Paul's thinking, organizes his religious categories. Paul employs oppositional ethnic construction (a phrase borrowed from Jonathan Hall) to contrast the plight of the gentiles (before Christ) with the Jews. This juxtaposition highlights the primary problem he seeks to address: gentile alienation from the God of Israel. The chapter concludes with a survey of Paul's ethnic terminology, which is often presented in the form of oppositional pairs: Jew/gentile, Jew/Greek, circumcised/foreskinned, etc. These pairings highlight the “otherness” of non-Jews on Paul's ethnic map.
1 Yes and No
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter defines supplication as a quasilegal practice consisting of four steps — an approach made by the suppliant, his use of a gesture or word, his presentation of request, and a response by the party entertaining the request, the supplicandus. This chapter also reviews scholarly literature on the subject, concentrating on the late 19th- and early 20th-century sources for contemporary work, notably that of John Gould. Last comes the plan of the book, which is partly typological, partly developmental. The relation between supplication and the Greek and Roman legal systems is crucial to the developmental aspect. Hebrew and Near-Eastern supplication are also discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book begins by describing the eighteenth‐century American city and its cultural landscape. The introduction discusses the social, economic, political, cultural, and military importance of the cities in the British Empire. A brief synopsis recounts the history of the cities from the turbulent 1740s through the Seven Years' War and the imperial crisis, and summarizes the content of the book's chapters. The introduction explains why political mobilization is a useful concept for understanding the imperial crisis and the origins of the American Revolution. Americans who sought to overturn the policies of Parliament (and later sought to overthrow the British government) faced a number of challenges: the pluralistic urban environment and the potential for civic impasse; social unrest; Loyalist countermobilization; and communication with the rural hinterlands.
ORDERLY AND DISORDERLY MOBILIZATION IN THE TAVERNS OF NEW YORK CITY
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.
Chapter 3 “AND YET THERE IS ROOM ”
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The churches, meetinghouses, and synagogues where colonial Americans participated in religious life could be a source of political mobilization or a source of civic impasse. The political allegiances of many Newport, Rhode Island, residents drew upon the prevailing New England conflicts between Congregationalists and Anglicans. In addition, the religious diversity of Newport's residents‐including Baptists, Quakers, Jews, and others‐fostered a pluralistic political climate. Amidst the acceptance and flexibility that characterized a cosmopolitan city, Ezra Stiles observed that this religious diversity also caused suspicion and contention. The urban setting also provided fertile ground for religious revivals among women and blacks, such as those at the home of Sarah Osborn. While the attendant social agitation (especially against slavery) failed to create lasting revolutionary transformation, such revivals nevertheless had a significant impact on public life.
Religion and Politics in Post‐Communism
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The introductory chapter serves as theoretical, historical and factual background for the volume. In it we review the book's theoretical framework, research design and structure, and investigate the relationship between religion and politics in communist and post‐communist times, emphasizing the communist authorities’ control over religious affairs, the positions adopted by the Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic Churches in response to the state's encroachment on their activity, and the changing nature of church‐state relations from 1947 to 2006.
Summary of Results for the Euro Area
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Loupias Claire , Druant Martine , Hernando Ignacio , Kwapil Claudia , Landau Bettina , Martins Fernando , Mathä Thomas , Roberto Sabbatini , Stahl Harald , Stokman Ad 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the results of firms' pricing practices collected through surveys conducted by the national central banks of nine countries. The results suggest that the model of perfect competition with the law of one price is not the blueprint for euro area markets: markup pricing is the dominant practice adopted by firms in setting prices and price discrimination, across customers and markets, and it is very common. Around one-third of the companies follow mainly time-dependent rules while the remaining two-thirds use pricing rules with some element of state dependence. Firms review prices with a frequency between one and three times per year and take into account a wide range of information including expectations, although about one-third of them follows a purely backward-looking behavior. Price movements in response to shocks are asymmetrical: price increases are mostly affected by cost shocks, and price reductions mostly affected by changes in market conditions (demand and competitors' prices).
Price Reactions to Demand and Cost Shocks
Authors: Kwapil Claudia , Baumgartner Josef , Scharler Johann 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates price rigidity after cost and demand shocks in Austria. We find that the average time lag between a shock and the price adjustment is four to six months. Furthermore, firms' price reactions to cost and demand shocks are asymmetric: prices are stickier downward than upward in the face of cost shocks and the opposite is true in the case of major demand shocks. Finally, our results suggest that tight customer relationships increase price stickiness in response to demand shocks.
Price Setting in German Manufacturing
Authors: Stahl Harald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents new evidence on the formation of producer prices based on a one-time survey that was conducted on a sample of 1,200 German firms in manufacturing in June 2004. Most of the firms have price-setting power and apply mark-up pricing. Fixed nominal contracts are the most important reason for postponing price adjustment. The second most likely reason is coordination failure, which causes more upward than downward stickiness. A cluster analysis shows that firms can be assigned to four different groups according to an increasing complexity of reasons of price stickiness.
The Pricing Behavior of Italian Firms
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Gattulli Angela , Sabbatini Roberto 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines price setting behaviour of Italian firms on the basis of the results of a survey conducted by Banca d'Italia in early 2003 on a sample of around 350 firms belonging to all economic sectors. Prices are mostly fixed following standard mark-up rules, although customer-specific characteristics have a role and rival prices mostly affect price-setting strategies in industrial firms. In reviewing their prices, firms follow either state-dependent rules or a combination of time and state-dependent ones. The most important explanations of nominal rigidity are: explicit contracts, coordination failure and the perception of the temporary nature of the shock. Asymmetries are also important: cost shocks impact more when prices have to be raised than when they have to be reduced, whereas demand decreases are more likely to induce a price change than demand increases.
The Pricing Behavior of Spanish Firms
Authors: Álvarez Luis J. , Hernando Ignacio 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reports the results of a survey carried out by the Banco de España on a sample of around 2,000 Spanish firms to deepen the understanding of firms' price setting behaviour. Most firms are price setters that use predominantly state-dependent rules or a combination of time- and state-dependent rules when reviewing their prices. Changes in costs are the main factor underlying price increases, whereas changes in market conditions (demand and competitors' prices) are the main driving forces of price decreases. The degree of price flexibility is directly related to the share of energy inputs over total costs and to the intensity of competition, whereas it is inversely linked to the labour share. The three theories of price stickiness that receive the highest empirical support are implicit contracts, coordination failure, and explicit contracts.
Rethinking Solidarity
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses one of the most contested issues in feminist theology today: solidarity. Three important contemporary approaches to this issue (by white feminists Sharon Welch and Sheila Greeve Davaney and womanist M. Shawn Copeland) are examined. In critical conversation with Welch's views on communicative action, Davaney's pragmatism, and Copeland's appeal to eucharistic unity, the chapter proposes some conditions under which feminists might continue rethinking the notion of solidarity. This is followed by discussion of how a metaphor borrowed somewhat eclectically from the field of dance improvisation theory can help us look anew (though still very skeptically) at solidarity in light of inescapable and determinative differences in women's experience.
5 Two Conceptions of Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter compares two conceptions of morality, one championed by Aristotle, Ross, and Kant, the other championed by Hobbes and Mill. In The Good in the Right, Audi develops a version of the first tradition by using Kant as a foundation for Ross, and presents ten midlevel axioms that are intended as modifications of Ross's prima facie duties. In addition to being self‐evident, Audi claims that these middle axioms are supported by various versions of Kant's categorical imperative. This chapter compares these ten midlevel axioms with the ten moral rules that it claims are the universally known rules of common morality. The point of this comparison is to show the great difference between the two conceptions of morality mentioned above. Gert defends the Hobbes‐Mill conception.
17 Belief, Intention, and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Audi addresses challenges to his views about intention, moral psychology, and reasons for action that are raised by Fred Adams (Chapter 12), Alfred R. Mele (Chapter 13), and Raimo Tuomela (Chapter 14) in Part III, “Intention, Self‐Deception, and Reasons for Action.”
Economics
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Enlightenment philosophers' defense of commercial society and free trade. They defended the new commercial society because they believed it represented a better society — better morally, in the triple sense of being more just and tending toward greater liberty as well as equality; better economically, in the sense of producing more wealth and higher living standards; and better in terms of its beneficial spillover effects. The ultimate moral argument behind the multiple Enlightenment campaigns for free trade is that — commerce not only civilizes people, “operating to cordialize mankind”; if universalized, it will eventually “extirpate the system of war” and bring world peace.
Introducing Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe reader is introduced to possession, and many of the key “why” questions that the book addresses, through the description of a possession healing ceremony and to the principal ethnographic focus of the book—a terreiro, or Afro‐Brazilian cult house in the city of Belém, northern Brazil. Brief introductions to dominant approaches to possession within academic scholarship and to the explanatory approach adopted by the author are given. This is followed by a chapter‐by‐chapter summary of the book.
FIVE Virginia'S Response toMcCulloch v. Maryland
Authors: Ellis E. Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the great newspaper debate over the broader, long-range significance of McCulloch v. Maryland that took place between William Brockenbrough and Spencer Roane who were critical of it and the defense of the opinion in a series of anonymously published essays written by Chief Justice Marshall. It also treats the relationship between Cohens v. Virginia and the problem of national corporations. In addition, it discusses John Taylor and Thomas Jefferson's opposition to Marshall's opinion and how all this relates to the emerging issue of slavery.
SIX Ohio and the Bank of the United States
Authors: Ellis E. Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Ohio's vigorous opposition to the decision handed down in McCulloch v. Maryland, and how the state defended its forceful removal of the $100,000 tax it levied on the branches of the 2BUS. This controversy revealed in a clear and direct manner the basic economic and constitutional issues in the controversy between the states and the 2 BUS as well as how these developments led to the U.S. Supreme Court case of Osborn et. al. v. The Bank of the United States which was, in effect, a rehearing of many of the same issues that had been decided in McCulloch v. Maryland.
How the Blue Goddess of Speech Turns Blue
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problem of violence toward women and the silencing of women through violence. Through a myth in the Great Blue Tantra (Bṭhannīla Tantra) this chapter examines a metaphorical enactment of violence towards women where the Blue Goddess of Speech is abducted by two demons. In this myth a metaphorical rape occurs where the Goddess of Speech is silenced and metaphorically defiled, registered through her loss of fair white skin. That it is the Goddess of Speech who loses her voice in the face of violence records a psychological acuity on the part of this text's author. This myth narratively makes transparent the links between violence and the loss of speech. How do men and women respond to violence towards women? In this case the myth's calm compassionate response offers a refiguring of the ability and stategies for speech for women as victims of male violence.
Appendix 2
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Bṭhannīla Tantra, which forms the primary text used in this study, has not yet been translated from Sanskrit into English or any European language, though it has been published, in its various versions as many as five times in India since the 1880s. This appendix is presented to give some sense of the contents of this text. This synopsis covers the major themes and topics addressed in the Bṭhannīla Tantra. The Bṭhannīla Tantra is a comparatively large text, 256 pages of Sanskrit. This synopsis will focus less on the minutiae of precise ritual details, the most substantial element within the Bṭhannīla Tantra, and more upon that element of the Bṭhannīla Tantra that presents the greatest amount of authorial reflection—the “voice” of these authors through its stories and occasional philosophical explanations, for culling out the view of women that the Bṭhannīla Tantra presents.
The Christology of Theodoret of Cyrus
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Theodoret of Cyrus (c.393-466) was the most able Antiochene theologian in the defence of Nestorius from the Council of Ephesus in 431 to the Council of Chalcedon in 451. While the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius are extant today only in translations or in fragments, Theodoret's voluminous works are largely available in their original Greek. This study of his writings throws light on the theology of those councils and the final evolution and content of Antiochene Christology. This book demonstrates that Antiochene Christology was rooted in the concern to maintain the impassibility of God the Word and is consequently a two-subject Christology. Its fundamental philosophical assumptions about the natures of God and humanity compelled the Antiochenes to assert that there are two subjects in the Incarnation: the Word himself and a distinct human personality. This Christology is not the hypostatic union of the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon.
Combinatoriality
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the most striking features of language is the fact that speakers can understand and construct an indefinitely large number of sentences that they have never experienced before. This leads to the conclusion that a speaker's knowledge is instantiated as a set of generative principles (or rules) for constructing and recognizing sentences; these principles constitute the speaker's mental grammar. After enumerating some of the general types of rules proposed in various frameworks of generative grammar, the chapter discusses some problems that combinatoriality poses for popular theories of semantic memory and neural nets.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis concluding chapter reviews the various topics discussed in the preceding chapters. It is argued that enriched composition and the multiple tiers of semantics liberate syntactic theory from a great deal of the complexity with which it has become encumbered over the years. This complexity rose from the demand that syntax be the sole generative component, responsible for all combinatorial structure in semantics. Now that semantics has its own generative organization, syntax needs to share with it only enough structure to get words into the right order for phonology. We can therefore envision a far leaner syntactic component, taking some of the burden off the learner and off Universal Grammar as well.
Heads, Arguments, and Adjuncts
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers an analysis of heads, arguments and adjuncts in terms of the symbolic relation between the syntactic unit and the semantic structure of the construction. The various syntactic tests proposed to identify syntactic heads are invalid or do not match, since they are manifestations of different phenomena. The chapter turns to semantic definitions, and revises the Cognitive Grammar definition to profile equivalence (the denotation of the head is equivalent to that of the construction as a whole). This definition does not differentiate between lexical and functional heads, but the grammaticalization and fusion of functional elements to the lexical heads implies a further condition that defines the lexical profile equivalent as the head. The argument-adjunct distinction behaves differently for form and meaning. Semantically, it is gradient, in terms of valence. Syntactically, the difference corresponds to whether the null instantiation of the unit is free (adjunct) or definite (argument).
Fundamental properties of harmonic morphisms
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter characterizes harmonic morphisms between Riemannian manifolds and discusses their basic properties. The first non-constant term of the Taylor series of a harmonic morphism at a point called ‘symbol’ is considered. The tension field of a submersion is related to the mean curvature of the fibres, yielding geometrical criteria for harmonic morphisms that leads to a study of the associated foliations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the second variation of energy and volume.
Climatic Fluctuations and Marine Systems: A General Itroduction to the Ecological Effects
Authors: Ottersen Geir , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Hurrell James W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief account of the Atlantic as a whole and how it is linked to other oceans, before focusing on the main currents and hydrography of the North Atlantic. This is followed by a brief account of some of the main circulation patterns in the world's oceans and the role of large-scale climate variability. It provides an overview of oceanographic processes that are believed to be of particular importance to marine ecology. Finally, examples are presented to illustrate how diverse the responses of ecology are to atmospheric and ocean climate variability.
Climate Variability Over the North Atlantic
Authors: Hurrell James W. , Dickson Robert R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad review of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of particular interest is the long, irregular amplification of the oscillation towards one extreme phase during winter over recent decades. This climatic event, which is unprecedented in the modern instrumental record of NAO behaviour, has produced a wide range of effects on North Atlantic ecosystems. Some attention will also be given to the climatic impacts of periods of atypical NAO behaviour, such as the spatial displacement of the main centres of action in some winters, or to periods when other patterns of large-scale Atlantic climate variability are more pronounced.
FLUCTUATIONS IN MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the effect of a magnetic field on superconducting fluctuations. First, the self-consistent treatment of the critical temperature shift in a magnetic field is demonstrated. The fluctuation corrections to magnetoconductivity are then calculated at points near and far from the transition temperature. The effect of fluctuations on the Hall conductivity and its specifics in the high-temperature superconductors are discussed. In addition to the phenomenological results seen in Chapter 2, the short wave-length and dynamical fluctuation contributions to the fluctuation magnetic susceptibility far from transition are analysed. The quantum fluctuations in magnetic fields above Hc2 are considered.
EFFECT OF FLUCTUATIONS ON THERMOELECTRICITY AND HEAT TRANSPORT
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces a phenomenological definition of the heat current. An explicit expression for the heat current operator in interacting electron system is derived in the framework of microscopic theory, and is used to study the behaviour of fluctuation thermoelectric power and thermal conductivity above the superconducting transition. The final section of this chapter discusses the manifestation of fluctuations in the Nernst effect, which is of current interest in relation to the giant effect observed in high-temperature superconductors.