bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical characteristics of wheat and their relation with apparent metabolisable energy value in broilers with or without non‐starch polysaccharide enzyme
Authors: Maisonnier‐Grenier Séverine , Clavurier Karine , Saulnier Luc , Bonnin Estelle , Geraert Pierre‐André 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExogenous non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes do not always exhibit the same improvement in AMEn (apparent metabolisable energy corrected for nitrogen balance) in wheat‐fed broiler chickens. In order to understand the factors that determine this variation, the in vitro mode of action of an NSP enzyme preparation (Rovabio™ Excel) was investigated in several wheats and wheat extracts. In vivo experiments were also performed in broilers fed seven different wheat cultivars. In vitro studies showed an important solubilisation of insoluble arabinoxylan (AX) in wheat flours, ranging from 65 to 85% depending on the wheat cultivar. The negative correlation observed between arabinose/xylose ratio and AX solubilisation (r2 = 0.45, P = 0.001) suggests that the variation in solubilisation can be partly explained by the AX structure. NSP enzymes are also able to hydrolyse wheat bran AX by 30–50% depending on the enzyme dosage. Whereas rapid solubilisation of insoluble AX was confirmed in pig digestive physiological conditions (TIM‐1), only a minor proportion of AX was hydrolysed as <8 kDa oligomers and then absorbed. In vivo studies on wheat‐based diets showed an average AMEn improvement of 108 kcal kg−1 dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001), but a large variation in enzyme efficacy (up to 200 kcal kg−1 DM) was observed. Among the wheat characteristics measured, only a significant negative correlation between AMEn improvement and wheat moisture content was found (r2 = 0.71, P = 0.035). A tendency of positive correlation between AMEn improvement with Rovabio™ Excel and the arabinose/xylose ratio of water‐soluble AXs of wheat (r2 = 0.42, P = 0.068) and between the arabinose/xylose ratio of water‐soluble AXs and the moisture content of wheat (r2 = 0.52, P = 0.064) was also observed. It can be deduced from the results that the AX structure might influence the efficiency of enzyme supplementation. In feed, Rovabio™ Excel quickly solubilises the different AXs of various wheat cultivars as a result of its broad enzyme activity profile. However, relationships between wheat characteristics and the response of wheat batches to enzyme addition are not yet fully understood. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of pesticide residues by online reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography in the oil from olives grown in an experimental plot. Part II
Authors: Sánchez Raquel , Cortes Jose Manuel , Vazquez Ana , Villén‐Altamirano José , Villén Jesús 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of the pesticide dose used to control pests in olive trees and the date of treatment on the residues present in the oil were studied for four organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, malathion, trichlorphon and chlorfenvinphos) and one organochlorine (endosulfan). Pesticide residue analysis was performed using online reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography, using an automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface and selective detectors, such as nitrogen–phosphorus detector and electronic capture detector. A simple filtration step was necessary before the chromatographic analysis of samples. The obtained data were statistically analyzed and conclusions about olive pesticide treatments are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of cross‐linking on some properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) starches
Authors: Kaur Lovedeep , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Narpinder 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStarches separated from different potato cultivars were modified using two different cross‐linking agents: epichlorohydrin (EPI) and phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) at different concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 g kg−1 POCl3; 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g kg−1 EPI). Differential scanning calorimetry, rheological and retrogradation measurements were performed to characterise the influence of cross‐linking on the properties of potato starches. Cross‐linking considerably reduced swelling power, solubility, water‐binding capacity and paste clarity. The decrease became greater as the reagent concentration increased. The starches treated with 1.0 g kg−1 POCl3 exhibited exceptionally higher swelling power than their counterpart native starches. Neither cross‐linking agent caused any change in morphology of the starch granules. Studies on the phase transitions associated with the gelatinisation showed significantly higher values for the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinisation (ΔHgel) for the cross‐linked starches than the native starches. Starches treated with both the reagents showed lower peak storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) than their native counterparts. The tendency of the starch pastes towards retrogradation increased considerably with increases in storage duration. However, the starches treated with 1 g kg−1 POCl3 exhibited much lower syneresis than the other cross‐linked starches. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of different ozone treatments on aflatoxin degradation and physicochemical properties of pistachios
Authors: Akbas Meltem Yesilcimen , Ozdemir Murat 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficiency of ozone for the degradation of aflatoxins in pistachio kernels and ground pistachios. Pistachios were contaminated with known concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1 and G2. Pistachio samples were exposed to gaseous ozone in a chamber at 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 mg L−1 ozone concentrations for 140 and 420 min at 20 °C and 70% RH. Aflatoxin degradation was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficiency of ozone for aflatoxin degradation in pistachios increased with increasing exposure time and ozone concentration. The results indicated that AFB1 and total aflatoxins could be reduced by 23 and 24%, respectively, when pistachio kernels were ozonated at 9.0 mg L−1 ozone concentration for 420 min. Only a 5% reduction in AFB1 and total aflatoxin levels could be achieved for ground pistachios under the same conditions. No significant changes occurred in pH, color, moisture content and free fatty acid values of pistachio kernels and ground pistachios. Fatty acid compositions of pistachios did not change significantly after the ozonation treatments. No significant changes were found between sweetness, rancidity, flavor, appearance and overall palatability of ozonated and non‐ozonated pistachio kernels. Significant changes were observed in the organoleptic properties of ground pistachios, except rancidity, after 5.0 mg L−1 ozone treatment for 140 min. Ozonation was found to be more effective for degrading aflatoxins in pistachio kernels than ground pistachios. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of nitrogen on the biological aging of sherry wine
Authors: Berlanga Teresa M , Millán Carmen , Mauricio Juan C , Ortega José M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNitrogen compounds are essential to the growth and metabolism of yeasts. The uptake and metabolism of nitrogen compounds by Saccharomyces cerevisiae depend not only on the strain and its physiological condition, but also on the chemical and physical properties of its environment. The effect of the addition of different amino acids (L‐proline, L‐threonine, L‐arginine, L‐glutamic acid, L‐leucine and L‐valine) to nitrogen‐depleted natural or nitrogen‐free synthetic wine on the cell growth, flor velum formation and sherry wine compound production was investigated under controlled biological aging by S. cerevisiae var. capensis strain G1 a typical flor yeast. The formation of flor velum was dependent on particular amino acid, oxygen availability and the composition of wine. Consumption of glycerol was related with the cell growth; in contrast, acetaldehyde tended to be released. Amino acid supplementation resulted in the release to wine of amino acids, esters and higher alcohols. The amino acid which was released in nearly all cases was L‐leucine. Addition of L‐glutamic acid resulted in the release mainly of ethyl acetate, in the case of L‐leucine isoamyl alcohols were released, and for L‐valine isobutanol. In the three cases, 1,1‐diethoxyethane was released in large quantities. The findings might indicate that the regulation of metabolism succeeds in the most efficient balancing of the redox potential. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of Semicrystalline Morphology on the Glass Transition of Poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Wang Yaming , Funari Sérgio S. , Mano João F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Semicrystalline specimens of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were prepared by isothermal cold‐ or melt‐crystallization over a wide temperature range. The morphologies at different length scales were characterized using polarized optical microscopy, WAXS and SAXS. The glass transition temperature (Tg), determined calorimetrically, exhibited a general decrease with an increase in crystallization temperature (Tc) for either cold‐ or melt‐crystallized specimens. The measurements of the heat capacity increment at Tg indicated that a significant amount of the rigid amorphous fraction coexisted with the crystalline and mobile amorphous phases in semicrystalline PLLA. A three‐phase model (crystalline phase, mobile amorphous phase and rigid amorphous phase) is, therefore, appropriate for the interpretation of the structure of semicrystalline PLLA. According to a one‐dimensional layer stack model, the layer thicknesses of the three phases were further evaluated approximately. The increasing of Tg was found to be correlated to significant decreasing thickness of the crystalline layer, gradual decreasing thickness of the rigid amorphous layer, and a slight increasing trend in the thickness of the mobile amorphous layer. We suggest that the rigid amorphous layer of semicrystalline PLLA may possibly play a role in loosening the constraints imposed by the crystalline layer on the amorphous chain motions inherent to the glass transition.The optical microscopy photograph shows the spherulitic morphologies developed after melt crystallization at 140 °C.magnified imageThe optical microscopy photograph shows the spherulitic morphologies developed after melt crystallization at 140 °C.
Novel High Temperature Polypyrrolones with Asymmetric Biphenyl Moieties in the Main Chain: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Liu Jin‐Gang , Zhao Xiao‐Juan , Yang Hai‐Xia , Li Hong‐Shen , Fan Lin , Yang Shi‐Yong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Two novel polypyrrolones (PPys) with asymmetric biphenyl moieties in the main chains have been synthesized from 2,3,3′,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (a‐BPDA) and two aromatic tetra‐amines: 3,3′,4,4′‐tetra‐amino biphenyl (TABP) and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetra‐amino diphenyl ether (TADPE) respectively, via soluble poly(amide amino acid) (PAAA) precursors, followed by thermal cyclization at elevated temperatures. The polymerization and curing conditions were studied and confirmed. Asymmetric biphenyl structures endowed the polymers with good combined properties. For example, flexible and tough PPy films with acceptable mechanical properties were obtained. Tensile strengths of higher than 70 MPa and elongations at break of higher than 6% were achieved. The PPy films with a final curing temperature of 350 °C exhibited good thermal stability and the 10% weight loss temperatures were 610.3 °C for PPy‐I, and 607.8 °C for PPy‐II. The residual weight ratios at 700 °C were higher than 80%. In addition, the PPy films showed good dielectric properties with dielectric breakdown strengths of higher than 100 V · µm−1 and dielectric constants of 3.64 for PPy‐I and 3.53 for PPy‐II.Chemical structures of polypyrrolones with asymmetric biphenyl moieties.magnified imageChemical structures of polypyrrolones with asymmetric biphenyl moieties.
Novel Electrochromic Displays Using Monodisperse Viologen‐Modified Porous Polymeric Microspheres
Authors: Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Hun , Han Seung‐Jin , Suh Kyung‐Do 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: In order to achieve a reasonable response time in an electrochromic display, viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres of various porosities have been used as substrates. Porous microspheres are prepared using seeded polymerization in the presence of a porogen. Based on ionic conductivity and the chronocoulometry measurements, it is confirmed that the electrolyte content increases, and the resistance of the polymer particles in the device decreases as the specific surface area of the porous particles increases. This results in a rapid response time of 270 ms.Schematic representation of the viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres in the manufactured ECD device (A). Images of the device (B) in the OFF state (left) and in the ON state (right).magnified imageSchematic representation of the viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres in the manufactured ECD device (A). Images of the device (B) in the OFF state (left) and in the ON state (right).
Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electroluminescence of Poly(dibenzofluorene)s
Authors: Wang Wei‐Zhi , Zhu Rui , Fan Qu‐Li , Xu Hui , Hou Lin‐Tao , Cao Yong , Huang Wei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: A series of soluble poly(dibenzofluorene) derivatives that contain dibenzo[a,g]fluorene, dibenzo[a,i]fluorene, and dibenzo[c,g]fluorene repeat units in the main chain have been synthesized, characterized, and explored as emissive materials in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). These polymers possess higher glass transition temperatures (108–133 °C) than that of poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dialkyl)fluorene) (PFO). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the steric hindrance effect. These polymers emit blue light in dilute solution (378–400 nm) and in the solid state (426–447 nm). As emissive materials in PLEDs, blue electroluminescence with a brightness of up to 3 130 cd · m−2 is obtained from single‐layer diodes of P2 with aluminum/barium in air.The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect.magnified imageThe photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect.
Monomers for Adhesive Polymers, 6
Authors: Moszner Norbert , Pavlinec Juraj , Lamparth Iris , Zeuner Frank , Angermann Jörg 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: 1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate (1) was synthesised by phosphorylation of 1,3‐bis(methacrylamido)‐2‐hydroxypropane (2) with phosphorus oxychloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). The structure of the new monomer 1 was characterised by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The monomer dissolves well in water, ethanol or aqueous THF and shows an improved hydrolytic stability compared to the corresponding methacrylate‐based dihydrogen phosphates. 1 was homopolymerised in ethanol with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator at 55–75 °C under the formation of an insoluble, cross‐linked product. Aqueous solutions of 1 are strongly acidic and enable to etch enamel and dentin. Nevertheless, 1 did not show any cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, the adhesive properties of 1 were measured.1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate.magnified image1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate.
Temperature‐Responsive Glycopolymer Brushes Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization Using the Z‐group Approach
Authors: Stenzel Martina H. , Zhang Ling , Huck Wilhelm T. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes composed of N‐acryloyl glucosamine (AGA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were prepared using RAFT polymerization. The RAFT agent was immobilized on the surface of a treated silicon waver via covalent attachment using the Z‐group. PAGA and PNIPAAm brushes showed a linear increase in brush thickness with the consumption of monomer in solution. The polymers generated in solution confirm the living behavior with the molecular weight increasing linearly with monomer conversion while the molecular weight distribution remains narrow. Additionally, the ability of PAGA brushes to grow further in the presence of NIPAAm reveals the presence of an active RAFT end group indicative of a living system. PAGA and PNIPAAm homopolymer brushes up to 30 nm were grown using this technique. PAGA brushes were utilized for further chain extension to generate stimuli‐responsive brushes with block structures of PAGA and PNIPAAm. The PAGA‐block‐PNIPAAm brushes were found to grow in size with the consumption of NIPAAm. Contact angle measurements confirm the suggested mechanism showing that the second monomer is incorporated between the first layer and the silicon surface as expected using the Z‐group approach.Structure of the stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes.magnified imageStructure of the stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes.
CuBr2/N,N,N′,N′‐Tetra[(2‐pyridal)methyl]ethylenediamine/Tertiary Amine as a Highly Active and Versatile Catalyst for Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization via Activator Generated by Electron Transfer
Authors: Tang Huadong , Radosz Maciej , Shen Youqing 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: A highly active and versatile CuBr2/N,N,N′,N′‐tetra[(2‐pyridal)methyl]ethylenediamine (CuBr2/TPEN)‐tertiary amine catalyst system has been developed for atom transfer radical polymerization via activator‐generated‐by‐electron‐transfer (AGET ATRP). The catalyst mediates good control of the AGET ATRPs of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene at 1 mol‐% catalyst relative to initiator. A mechanism study shows that tertiary amines such as triethylamine reduces the CuBr2/TPEN complex to CuBr/TPEN.The GPC traces of PSt, PMA, and PMMA prepared by AGET ATRP at 1 mol‐% of catalyst relative to initiator are monomodal and have low polydispersities.magnified imageThe GPC traces of PSt, PMA, and PMMA prepared by AGET ATRP at 1 mol‐% of catalyst relative to initiator are monomodal and have low polydispersities.
Perceived risk and interest in screening for lung cancer among current and former smokers
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Hopenhayn Claudia , Christian W. Jay 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFactors associated with perceived risk, interest in screening information, and interest in being screened for lung cancer were examined among current and recent former smokers. Cross‐sectional data were analyzed from 585 current and former smokers who participated in 12‐month follow‐up telephone interviews as part of a population‐based cessation intervention trial. Current smokers who were thinking about or preparing to quit were more likely to perceive risk of lung cancer and be interested in lung cancer screening information than those who were not motivated to quit or who were in the process of actively quitting or maintaining abstinence. Smokers who participate in lung cancer screening may be motivated to participate in a broad range of tobacco dependence treatment options. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 359–370, 2006
Identifying predictors of breastfeeding self‐efficacy in the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Dennis Cindy‐Lee E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResearchers have found evidence that breastfeeding self‐efficacy is an important variable that significantly influences initiation and duration rates. The purpose of this study was to develop a multi‐factorial predictive model of breastfeeding self‐efficacy in the first week postpartum. As part of a longitudinal study, a population‐based sample of 522 breastfeeding mothers in a health region near Vancouver, British Columbia completed mailed questionnaires at 1‐week postpartum. Bivariate correlations were used to select variables for the multiple regression analysis. The best‐fit regression model revealed eight variables that explained 54% of the variance in Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale (BSES) scores at 1‐week postpartum: maternal education, support from other women with children, type of delivery, satisfaction with labor pain relief, satisfaction with postpartum care, perceptions of breastfeeding progress, infant feeding method as planned, and maternal anxiety. The BSES may be used to identify risk factors, enabling health professionals to improve quality of care for new breastfeeding mothers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 256–268, 2006
Effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate and corticosteroid therapy on sleep states of preterm infants
Authors: Black Beth , Holditch‐Davis Diane , Schwartz Todd , Scher Mark S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis exploratory longitudinal study was designed to compare the neonatal illness severity, sleep–wake, and respiratory sleep behaviors of preterm infants whose mothers received prenatal corticosteroids and/or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) with those of infants whose mothers did not receive these medications. The 134 infants were divided into four groups: those whose mothers received MgSO4 only, those who received steroids only, those who received both MgSO4 and steroids, and those who received neither. The groups did not differ on infant characteristics or illness severity. Infants exposed to MgSO4 had more active sleep without rapid eye movement, indicating poorly organized active sleep. The MgSO4‐only group had higher quiet sleep regularity scores and fewer state changes. These findings suggest that fetal exposure to MgSO4 may subtly affect the central nervous system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 269–280, 2006
Three months in the symptom life of a teenage girl undergoing treatment for cancer
Authors: Docherty Sharron L. , Sandelowski Margarete , Preisser John S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this case study was to examine the daily symptom experience of a teenage girl, Abby, undergoing treatment for cancer. Quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques were used to ascertain patterns in daily experiences of pain, nausea, vomiting, retching, stress, sleep alterations, and anxiety. A time‐series analysis focused on change and variability in patterns of symptom data. A key finding was that the predictability evident in Abby's symptom patterns were in direct contrast to her perception that there was no predictability or pattern to her symptoms. Her perceived lack of control over her symptoms generated worry, anxiety, and depression and led Abby to question whether she could continue with the treatment. Abby represented a case of “fighting the treatment,” as opposed to “fighting the cancer,” and it is the difference between these responses that may explain children's overall ability to tolerate intensive chemotherapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 294–310, 2006
Knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors among Korean immigrants in the United States
Authors: Hwang Seon Y. , Zerwic Julie J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractKorean immigrant's knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors was assessed in a convenience sample (n = 119) in a Midwestern metropolitan area. Knowledge ranged from very low to moderate. Cluster analysis showed that there were two groups. One cluster had higher knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors, but lower knowledge of symptoms and risk factors not associated with stroke. Participants who were older, were not married, and had a history of hypertension had significantly lower knowledge of stroke symptoms and stroke risk factors. Lower knowledge among older adults and/or those who had hypertension is a particular concern because such individuals are at highest risk for stroke. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 337–344, 2006