bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A natural 15N approach to determine the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by biological soil crusts of the Negev Desert
Authors: Russow Rolf , Veste Maik , Böhme Frank 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBiological soil crusts are important cryptogamic communities covering the sand dunes of the north‐western Negev. The biological crusts contain cyanobacteria and other free‐living N2‐fixing bacteria and are hence able to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). This is why they are considered to be one of the main N input pathways into the desert ecosystem. However, up to now, in situ determinations of the N2 fixation in the field are not known to have been carried out. We examined the natural 15N method to determine the biological N2 fixation by these soil crusts under field conditions. This novel natural 15N method uses the lichen Squamarina with symbiotic green algae—which are unable to fix N2—as a reference in order to determine N2 fixation. Depending on the sampling location and year, the relative biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen was estimated at 84–91% of the total N content of the biological soil crust. The cyanobacteria‐containing soil lichen Collema had a fixation rate of about 88%. These fixation rates were used to derive an absolute atmospheric N input of 10–41 kg N ha−1 year−1. These values are reasonable results for the fixation of atmospheric N2 by the biological crusts and cyanolichens and are in agreement with other comparable lab investigations. As far as we are aware, the results presented are the first to have been obtained from in situ field measurements, albeit only one location of the Negev with a small number of samples was investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the surface excitation parameter from reflection‐electron‐energy‐loss spectra
Authors: Pauly N. , Tougaard S. , Yubero F. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA theoretical method to determine the so‐called surface excitation parameter (SEP) is presented. This method is based on the modelling of reflection‐electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy and more particularly on the analysis of energy‐differential inelastic electron scattering cross sections calculated within the model. The SEP is extracted from theoretical cross‐section spectrum by calculating the ratio between the surface loss component of the spectrum and the elastic peak intensity. The calculations have been performed entirely with the dielectric function, using the software QUEELS (Quantitative analysis of Electron Energy Losses at Surfaces) recently developed by Yubero and Tougaard [Surf. Interface Anal. 2004; 36: 824]. The angular distribution of SEP is calculated for angles between 10° and about 70° for aluminium and silicon. We propose also an extension of the method for materials (e.g. copper) that do not present clear surface and volume plasmons. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Moreano Edwin H. , Hutchison Joseph L. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Graham Scott M. , Funk Gerry F. , Hoffman Henry T. 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEPostoperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgical procedures. In contrast to other surgical fields, the incidence of these life‐threatening conditions has not been studied in our specialty. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus in patients after otolaryngologic operations and to identify specific risk factors that may contribute to the development of these conditions.METHODSA retrospective analysis was done of 12,805 total operations on adults done by the Department of Otolaryngology at our institution from January 1987 to December 1994 to determine the number of patients in whom postoperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus developed. Patients in whom a postoperative thromboembolic event developed after an otolaryngologic surgical procedure were identified by the medical records department with use of an abstracting database. This search cross‐referenced disease‐specific codes for otolaryngologic procedures with the codes for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus to identify the 34 patients in this report. Results (rounded to the nearest decimal point) were then categorized according to the different sub‐specialties within otolaryngology, and appropriate statistical analysis tests were performed on the resulting data.RESULTSThirty‐four patients with postoperative deep vein thrombosis were identified during the study period, for an overall incidence of 0.3%. Of these 34 patients, 24 also had a pulmonary embolus for an overall incidence of 0.2%. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (and pulmonary embolus) in the subspecialties was as follows: head and neck surgery, 0.6% (0.4%); otology/neurotology, 0.3% (0.2%); head and neck trauma and plastic surgery, 0.1% (0.1%); and general otolaryngology, 0.1% (0.04%). Only the patient's age and the presence or absence of pneumatic compression devices were identified as independent risk factors for the development of a thromboembolic event.CONCLUSIONSPostoperative pulmonary embolus is a rare occurrence in the field of otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery. When it does occur, it causes significant morbidity and increases the cost of care for that patient. We discuss our approach to categorizing patients into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups, as well as prophylaxis against pulmonary embolus. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:777‐84.)
A New Dosage Regimen for Topical Application of Ciprofloxacin in the Management of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Aslan Asim , Altuntas Ali , Titiz Ali , Arda Hasan Nedim , Nalca Yildirim 
Published: November 2005

The clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of topically applied ciprofloxacin was studied in 60 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Two hundred fifty and 125 μg/ml concentrations of ciprofloxacin solutions were given to two groups of patients. The duration of therapy was determined according to the clinical cure at follow‐up. More than 21 days of therapy was not needed in any patient. The clinical cure rate with 250 μg/ml ciprofloxacin was 78.1% at 14 days and with 125 μg/ml it was 83.3%. However, a 100% clinical cure rate and complete bacteriologic eradication was obtained in 21 days in both groups. In each group only one patient had otomycosis by the fourteenth day of therapy, although ear discharge had ceased. It was concluded that 125 μg/ml ciprofloxacin could be applied as successfully as 250 μg/ml, and the duration of therapy had to be at least 14 days. This new dosage regimen can be adopted as an optimal dosage for ototopical application of ciprofloxacin in chronic suppurative otitis media. It will also obviously decrease the expense of therapy. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:883–5.)
Relevant issues in revision canal‐wall‐down mastoidectomy
Authors: Harvey Steven A. , Fox Mary C. 
Published: November 2005

The role of canal‐wall‐down (CWD) versus intactcanal‐wall (ICW) mastoidectomy in the treatment of chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma remains a debated issue. Although past conventional wisdom has held that CWD mastoid surgery leads to a “safe” ear and is technically less demanding than the more controversial ICW mastoidectomy, this is often not the case. Although our preference is an ICW technique when possible, 47 of 109 (43%) mastoid procedures for chronic otitis media performed between January 1993 and June 1996 involved a CWD mastoid cavity. More than two thirds of these procedures (32 of 47) represented revision surgery, the most common indication being a poorly contoured, preexisting CWD mastoidectomy with persistent otorrhea. A dry, well‐epithelialized ear was obtained in 90% of cases. Our preferred method of ossicular reconstruction (double cartilage block ossiculoplasty) is detailed, and hearing results according to American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery guidelines are reported.
First Place—Resident Basic Science Award 1998: Role of Membrane Type 1‐Matrix Metalloproteinase and Gelatinase a in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion in Vitro
Authors: Rosenthal Eben L. , Hotary Kevin , Bradford Carol , Weiss Stephen J. 
Published: November 2005

The proteolytic activity of gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, is considered to be a critical factor in tumor cell penetration of the extracellular matrix. To express catalytic activity, however, gelatinase A requires activation by another MMP, membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP). The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line, UM‐SCC‐1, forms a quiescent monolayer atop collagen unless stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF; 3.5 nmol/L), which induces single cell invasion within 48 hours. To determine the role of the MT1‐MMP/gelatinase A protease system in an in vitro stromal invasion model, expression vectors for MT1‐MMP and gelatinase A were transfected into UM‐SCC‐1 (SCC‐1/MT and SCC‐1/gelA, respectively). SCC‐1/MT tumor cells were found to invade in the absence of growth factor stimulation. Additionally, these cells displayed shorter onset to invasion and penetrated deeper into the collagen gel with EGF stimulation than did control vector transfectants. SCC‐1/gelA cells similarly demonstrated invasion in the absence of EGF and a heightened invasive potential under EGF‐stimulated conditions. These results suggest that the MT1‐MMP/gelatinase A protease system participates in squamous cell carcinoma invasion of collagenous matrices. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:337‐43.)
Magnetic Resonance Sialography
Authors: Jungehülsing Markus , Fischbach Roman , Schröder Ursula , Kugel Harald , Damm Michael , Eckel Hans Edmund 
Published: November 2005

To evaluate a new noninvasive sialographic technique, we applied a new magnetic resonance technique to 10 healthy volunteers and 21 patients with lesions of the parotid gland. In addition to the usually performed T1 and T2 cross‐sectional sequences, a heavily T2‐weighted sequence (TR = 3600 msec, TE = 800 msec) was performed that allowed depiction of the fluid‐filled parotid duct system. Twenty‐one patients with benign as well as malignant parotid gland pathologies were examined: sialadenitis (n = 6), sicca syndrome (n = 2), pleomorphic adenoma (n = 4), carcinoma of the parotid gland (n = 2), lymphoepithelial carcinoma (n = 1), cystadenolymphoma (n = 3), non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 2), and congenital duct dilatation (n = 1). Stensen's duct was reliably depicted in all volunteers and patients. The primary branching ducts were reliably depicted in all normal cases. Intraglandular and extraglandular duct dilatations and duct strictures were well depicted in patients with chronic sialadenitis. Sialolithiasis with a calculus obstructing the duct was demonstrated in 2 cases. In conclusion, Initial experience indicates that magnetic resonance sialography can be applied successfully to investigate the duct system of the parotid gland. The usually performed cross‐sectional MRI (T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, gadolinium‐DTPA) depicts the internal architecture of the parotid gland with high reliability. Magnetic resonance sialography with heavily T2‐weighted images adds important information about the ductal system. Because it is completely noninvasive, the only contraindications are the ones generally accepted for MRI.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Levofloxacin and Amoxicillin‐Clavulanate for the Treatment of Acute Sinusitis in Adults
Authors: Adelglass Jeffrey , Deabate C. Andrew , McElvaine Phillip , Fowler Cynthia L. , Lococco John , Campbell Theresa 
Published: November 2005

In this comparative trial, outpatients with acute sinusitis were randomly assigned to receive levofloxacin (500 mg orally once daily) or amoxicillin‐clavulanate (500/125 mg orally 3 times daily) for 10 to 14 days. The success rates (cured and improved) 2 to 5 days after the end of treatment were 88.4% for the 267 clinically evaluable patients who received levofloxacin and 87.3% for the 268 clinically evaluable patients who received amoxicillin‐clavulanate. Drug‐related adverse events occurred in a smaller percentage of patients in the levofloxacin treatment group (7.4%) than in the amoxicillin‐clavulanate treatment group (21.2%). The most common of these were nausea, diarrhea, vaginitis, and abdominal pain for levofloxacin‐treated patients and diarrhea, vaginitis, nausea, genital moniliasis, abdominal pain, vomiting, and flatulence for amoxicillin‐clavulanate‐treated patients. The results of this study show that once‐daily administration of levofloxacin is as effective and better tolerated than amoxicillin‐clavulanate administered 3 times daily for treating acute sinusitis in adult outpatients.
Is Parental Perception an Accurate Predictor of Childhood Hearing Loss? A Prospective Study
Authors: Stewart Michael G. , Ohlms Laurie A. , Friedman Ellen M. , Sulek Marce , Duncan Newton O. , Fernandez Alberto D. , Bautista Marilyn H. 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEWe performed this study to assess whether parental perception of hearing loss predicted the results of audiometric testing in children with recurrent otitis media or persistent otitis media with effusion.METHODSAs part of a larger prospective observational outcomes study of children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement, the child's parent completed a standardized questionnaire before and after tube placement. In addition, patients underwent age‐appropriate audiologic threshold and tympanometry testing before and after tube placement.RESULTSWe enrolled 113 patients (median age, 2 years), and 93 (82%) completed follow‐up. Before treatment, parental perception of hearing loss did not predict hearing threshold level. After tube placement, parental perception of hearing loss was also poorly correlated with change in threshold.CONCLUSIONSParental perception of their child's hearing loss is a poor predictor of objective audiologic findings both before and after treatment with tympanostomy tubes. These findings have important implications concerning the importance of screening for hearing loss in children with otitis media with effusion.
Surgical Modification of the Difficult Mastoid Cavity
Authors: Dornhoffer John L. 
Published: November 2005

This retrospective study used a computerized otologic database to identify patients undergoing revision surgery for a draining cavity unresponsive to medical therapy, with at least a 2‐year follow‐up. The surgical intervention involved partial mastoid obliteration and restoration of the middle ear space by use of cartilage reconstruction of the tympanic membrane. Ossicular reconstruction was achieved with either a partial or total ossicular replacement prosthesis. Because this technique involved contouring the mastoid cavity, the problems that usually occur, such as drainage or debris collection, were alleviated. In addition, re‐establishment of the middle ear space often restored hearing. A completely dry cavity was achieved in 18 of 20 patients. An overall statistically significant improvement in hearing (P < 0.05) was obtained, with the mean pure‐tone average air‐bone gap decreasing to 16.1 dB from 36.5 dB. This technique has proven to be a useful adjunct in the surgical management of the chronically draining cavity.
Behaviors of Bulbar Respiratory Interneurons during Fictive Swallowing and Vomiting
Authors: Nakazawa Ken , Umezaki Toshiro , Zheng Yu , Miller Alan D. 
Published: November 2005

Behaviors of the same individual medullary respiratory interneurons were examined during both swallowing and vomiting. In 8 decerebrated and paralyzed cats, 18 neurons having either augmenting expiratory (E‐AUG), decrementing expiratory (E‐DEC), decrementing inspiratory (I‐DEC), or constant inspiratory (I‐CON) firing patterns were recorded near the most rostral part of the nucleus ambiguus. All neurons exhibited elementary reflexes to single‐shock stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. During fictive swallowing elicited by superior laryngeal nerve stimulation, all neurons were basically inactive. During fictive vomiting induced by vagal stimulation and/or emetic drugs, all E‐AUG and E‐DEC neurons tested either were silent or fired weakly between successive retches, whereas I‐DEC and I‐CON neurons tested exhibited burst activity during the retching and early‐expulsion phases. These results indicate that these bulbar respiratory neurons, which may be involved in respiratory rhythmogenesis, are multifunctional neurons that could also be involved in vomiting but not likely in swallowing.
The conceptual framework for estimating food energy requirement
Authors: Ferro-Luzzi Anna 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveIn anticipation of the revision of the 1985 Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/ WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation Report on ‘Energy and Protein Requirements’, recent scientific knowledge on the principles underlying the estimation of energy requirement is reviewed.DesignThis paper carries out a historical review of the scientific rationale adopted by previous FAO/WHO technical reports on energy requirement, discusses the concepts used in assessing basal metabolic rate (BMR), energy expenditure, physical activity level (PAL), and examines current controversial areas. Recommendations and areas of future research are presented.ConclusionsThe database of the BMR predictive equations developed by the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation Report on Energy and Protein Requirements needs updating and expansion, applying strict and transparent selection criteria. The existence of an ethnic/tropical factor capable of affecting BMR is not supported by the available evidence. The factorial approach for the calculation of energy requirement, as set out in the 1985 report, should be retained. The estimate should have a normative rather than a prescriptive nature, except for the allowance provided for extra physical activity for sedentary populations, and for the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. The estimate of energy requirement of children below the age of 10 years should be made on the basis of energy expenditure rather than energy intake. The evidence of the existence of an ethnic/tropical factor is conflicting and no plausible mechanism has as yet been put forward.
Energy requirements of adults
Authors: Shetty Prakash 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo describe issues related to energy requirements of free living adults and discuss the importance of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and their relationships to total energy expenditure (TEE ) and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex.DesignBased on a review of the literature, this paper examines the variability in BMR due to methodology, ethnicity, migration and adaptation (both metabolic and behavioural) due to changes in nutritional status. Collates and compiles data on measurements of TEE in free living healthy adults, to arrive at limits and to compare TEE of populations with different life-styles.Results and ConclusionsThe constancy of BMR and its validity as a reliable predictor of TEE in adults as well as the validity of PAL as an index of TEE adjusted for BMR and thus its use to categorise the physical activity pattern and lifestyle of an individual was confirmed. The limits of human daily energy expenditure at around 1.2×BMR and 4.5×BMR based on measurements made in free living adults have been reported in the literature. A large and robust database now exists of energy expenditure measurements obtained by the doubly labelled water method in the scientific literature and the data shows that, in general, levels of energy expenditure are similar to the recommendations for energy requirements adopted by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). The review also confirms that metabolic adaptation to energy restriction is not an important factor that needs to be considered when recommending energy requirements for adults in developing countries.
Insights into energy requirements in disease
Authors: Elia Marinos 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAccurate information about the energy needs of a range of acute and chronic diseases and morbidity is lacking and often complicated by the medication prescribed to treat the condition and also because of the presence of pre-existing malnutrition. Assessing the energy requirements of patients with acute and chronic diseases is more complex than for those in good health. These requirements not only depend on the aggressiveness of the disease and level of inactivity it causes, but also on the treatment, and the presence of prior malnutrition. It used to be generally believed that the energy requirements were increased in a number of diseases. It is now realised that this is not usually the case. Therefore, it is necessary to put these changing ideas into context by considering a wide range of acute and chronic diseases which this paper proposes to do. This paper is almost exclusively restricted to studies that have measured total energy expenditure (TEE) using tracer techniques in both hospital and the community (mostly doubly labelled water and to a lesser extent bicarbonate–urea), and continuous 24–hour indirect calorimetry in artificially ventilated patients in hospital.
Consequences of inadequate food energy and negative energy balance in humans
Authors: Kurpad AV , Muthayya S , Vaz M 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEnergy deficiency is probably best measured in adults by the body mass index (BMI). Acute energy deficiency (AED) is associated with body weight loss, along with changes in body composition, as well as a reduced BMR and physical activity. Chronic energy deficiency (CED) is an inadequacy in food to which individuals adapt, at some cost. Individuals with this have never ‘lost’ weight: they have simply grown less. They adapt to the decreased food energy by reductions in their total energy expenditure (TEE), linked mainly to a lower body size, and to their physical activity. It seems unlikely that enhanced metabolic efficiency contributes substantially to energy saving in CED. Supplementation of energy deficient individuals is accompanied by significant fat deposition; this may have deleterious consequences.Women in many developing countries achieve a successful outcome to pregnancy in spite of being chronically undernourished. Reductions in basal metabolism and behavioural changes in the form of diminished physical activity could meet most of the extra energy needed for pregnancy. Milk energy output is maintained within the expected range in undernourished lactating mothers. Energy deficiency in children is best measured by height-for-age for stunting, and weight-for-height for wasting. Deficits in behavioural and functional parameters in children exist with undernutrition, and can be reduced by early nutritional supplementation along with the appropriate environment.