bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who's Calling the Shots? Women Coaches in Division I Women's Sports*
Authors: Welch Susan , Sigelman Lee 
Published: November 2007

Objective. During the past 30 years, women have become an increasingly small proportion of coaches of women's sports. We test several explanations for why some institutions have women coaches and others do not.Methods. Taking the 329 NCAA Division I institutions with women's sports programs as the cases in point, we explore possible explanations for the dearth of women coaches: the resources and prestige of an institution or sport; the gender of the athletic director; and institutional traditionalism.Results. Within Division I schools, women coaches are more frequently found in more prestigious, resource‐richer institutions and those that devote more resources to women's sports.Conclusions. Although the analysis is confined to Division I schools, it appears that more institutional and organizational efforts need to be made to increase the number of women in the eligible pools for head coaching jobs.
Material Hardship, Poverty, and Disability Among Working‐Age Adults*
Authors: She Peiyun , Livermore Gina A. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We used data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine the extent to which working‐age people with disabilities experience several types of material hardships.Methods. We constructed a series of logistic regression models to assess the importance of disability to material hardship experiences after controlling for income and other sociodemographic characteristics.Results. The findings indicate that disability is an important determinant of material hardship even after controlling for these factors. We also found that a large majority of the low‐income respondents reporting a material hardship also reported being work‐limited for some period of time.Conclusions. Our findings provide support for policies that account for disability‐related expenditures and needs when determining eligibility for means‐tested assistance programs, and highlight an important limitation of the official poverty measure—it overstates the relative economic well‐being of people with disabilities.
The Effect of Black Descriptive Representation on Black Electoral Turnout in the 2004 Elections*
Authors: Whitby Kenny J. 
Published: November 2007

Objective. The principal objective in this study is to examine the effects of African‐American descriptive representation on African‐American voter turnout levels. As it stands, the extant literature on minority electoral empowerment has produced conflicting reports.Methods. Unlike previous investigations, this study employs official voter turnout data from the States of Louisiana and South Carolina to test the theoretical assertion that black descriptive representation has a politicizing effect on the black potential electorate. The voting records of the 2004 general elections are examined using ordinary least squares regression.Results. The findings show that descriptive representation does matter, that is, there is a positive association between African‐American officeholders and African‐American turnout levels. Moreover, this study demonstrates that African‐American turnout levels are linked to changes in African‐American descriptive representation across time.Conclusions. The benefits of African‐American descriptive representation extend beyond the realm of public policy and can be found in the electoral process where the presence of African‐American officeholders positively affects the politicalization of the black potential electorate.
Definitions of recovery and outcomes of major depression: results from a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Furukawa T. A. , Fujita A. , Harai H. , Yoshimura R. , Kitamura T. , Takahashi K. 
Published: November 2007

Objective:  Consensus operational definitions for symptomatic remission and recovery of a major depressive episode have been proposed but only irregularly followed.Method:  We examined the predictive validity of different definitions of recovery in a multi‐center 10‐year follow‐up study of an inception cohort of untreated unipolar major depressive episodes (n = 95). Time to recovery and time to recurrence after recovery were estimated by Kaplan–Meier survival analyses for alternative definitions requiring 2, 4, 6 or 12 months of remission to declare recovery.Results:  The median time to recovery was 3.0, 4.0, 4.0 and 12.0 months respectively. The index episode lasted longer than 24 months in 9.4%, 9.2%, 12.6% and 24.5%. The median time to subthreshold recurrence was 16.0, 32.0, 42.0 and 74.0 months.Conclusion:  Either 4‐ or 6‐month duration of remission defined a change point before which the episode was continuous and after which the recurrence was reasonably unlikely.
Writing Eighteenth‐Century Women's Literary History, 1986 to 2006
Authors: Schellenberg Betty A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUnder the influence of feminist theory and criticism, the late 1980s saw a flowering of literary histories of eighteenth‐century women writers. This work was very influential in assuming the existence of a distinct women's literary history conditioned by an increasingly rigid gender ideology of the time, in focusing on the novel genre, and in creating appreciation for the more recognizably feminist writers of the early and latter portions of the ‘long eighteenth century’. Subsequent work questioned the dependence of these histories on the ‘separate spheres’ model of gender, on a limited group of genres associated with women and with the literary, and on notions of feminism congenial to the late‐twentieth‐century critic. More broadly, feminist generalizations of women's experience were challenged by the rise of class, race and sexuality studies, while the very enterprise of historiography was placed under suspicion by postmodernist criticism of master narratives and of claims to objective interpretation of evidence. In response, studies of eighteenth‐century women's writing began to attend to a broader range of genres and spheres of action within the larger field of print culture, as well as to produce more nuanced studies of individual writers and the conditions within which they wrote. However, general literary studies remained dependent on the models of the 1980s, while writers seemed reluctant to write new literary histories. Only recently are there indications of a return to large‐scale women's literary histories. This return revises the pioneering work of the 1980s by attending to new, detailed studies of numerous individual writers, expanding generic coverage, incorporating electronic resources, experimenting with inclusive studies of male and female writers, and reconsidering questions of literary value.
Analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor gene 936 C/T polymorphism in patients with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Gunesacar R. , Erken E. , Ozer H. T. E. , Bozkurt B. , Dinkci S. , Deveci D. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a cytokine that promotes endothelial cell proliferation, leucocyte chemotaxis and expression of adhesion molecules and is a major mediator of vascular permeability. It has been demonstrated that VEGF directly activates neutrophils and it could promote acute recruitment of leucocytes. It is known that neutrophils are the major cell population involved in acute inflammation in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and the role of VEGF in these cells may be crucial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the 936 C/T functional polymorphism of the VEGF gene is associated with susceptibility to FMF and its relationship with the main clinical features of the disease. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to determine 936 C/T polymorphism within the VEGF gene in 75 patients with FMF and 122 non‐related healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies of the VEGF 936 C/T polymorphism between patients with FMF and healthy control groups were not significantly different (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.40–1.37, P = 0.335 for CT genotype; OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.67–1.83, P = 0.700, for T allele). Although VEGF 936 TT genotype was found to be more frequent in patients with FMF than in healthy controls (6.7% vs. 1.6%, respectively), the difference was not significant (OR = 4.28, 95% CI = 0.81–22.67, P = 0.108). No associations were found between the studied polymorphism and either the clinical features such as arthritis, abdominal pain, pleuritis, myalgia, arthralgia and erysipelas‐like erythema of the disease or the four common studied exon 10 mutations (M694V, M680I, V726A, M694I) of the Mediterranean fever gene. Present results suggest that VEGF gene 936 C/T polymorphism does not seem to be associated with susceptibility to FMF and its clinical manifestations.
Delirium in Acute Stroke: A Review
Authors: Oldenbeuving A. W. , de Kort P. L. M. , Jansen B. P. W. , Roks G. , Kappelle L. J. 
Published: November 2007

Background Delirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by disturbances of consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception. It may be the presenting feature of acute stroke, but more often it complicates the clinical course in the early stage of rehabilitation. Summary of review Risk factors for delirium are older age, pre-existing cognitive decline, metabolic disturbances, infections, and polypharmacy. Recognition of delirium in patients with stroke is important because of its association with a longer stay in the hospital, a poor functional outcome, and an increased risk of developing dementia. The diagnosis may be difficult because of the fluctuating course and the neurological deficits that are caused by the stroke. Nonpharmacological preventive measures, early identification, and additional medical intervention are the key measures in the management of delirium after stroke. Conclusion This review describes incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and management of delirium in patients with a recent stroke.
New developments in predicting stage–discharge curves, velocity and boundary shear stress distributions in open channel flow
Authors: Omran Mazen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe stage–discharge curve, depth‐averaged velocity and boundary shear stress distributions are required to be determined for flood alleviation schemes. These parameters are hard to predict because of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) aspects of flow in open channels. This paper proposes a new approach for modelling open channel flow based on the Shiono and Knight Method (SKM), which is a depth‐averaged model based on the governing Navier–Stokes equations. The modelling philosophy is applied to natural rivers and artificial channels both in inbank and overbank flow conditions. Accurate results are obtained when compared with field data and experimental measurements. Modelling philosophies are presented for the three calibration coefficients of the SKM. These coefficients represent the most important features of the 3‐D flow mechanism.
De facto independence after delegation: A fuzzy‐set analysis
Authors: Maggetti Martino 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of delegating public authority from elected politicians (or ministries headed by elected politicians) to formally independent regulatory agencies (RAs) is becoming increasingly widespread. This paper examines the relation between formal independence, as prescribed in the constitutions of agencies, and de facto independence. Toward this end, it conceptualizes and assesses de facto independence of RAs, and discusses organizational, institutional, and political explanations for divergence from formal independence. The complex relations between de facto and formal independence are examined with a cross‐national, cross‐sectoral comparison of 16 Western European RAs using fuzzy‐set analysis. The results show that formal independence is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for explaining variations in the de facto independence of agencies. Other factors, such as the lifecycle of agencies, veto players, and European networks of agencies, have a decisive impact.
Increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination
Authors: Gulati Upma , Keitel Wendy A. , Air Gillian M. 
Published: November 2007

Objective  Our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. The frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed.Methods  We measured the amount and avidity of serum antibodies against native H3N2 influenza glycoproteins or denatured virus (unfoldons) in pre‐ and post‐vaccinated sera of 36 elderly subjects.Results  Eighty percent of subjects had high pre‐immunization antibody levels and only 13% showed ≥2fold increase after vaccination, but 33% showed ≥2fold increase in avidity. With increasing dosage there was a significant increase in avidity against unfoldons with 50% of subjects showing ≥2fold increase at the highest dose. Elderly subjects given subunit vaccine showed higher reactivity with unfoldons (78% of native) than younger subjects studied earlier who were given inactivated whole virus vaccine (19% of native).Conclusion  The clear inverse relationship between pre‐immunization antibody levels and antibody increase after vaccination implies that a major reason for the low frequency of antibody responses in elderly subjects is simply because they have high pre‐immunization antibody levels. Only low reactivity was observed with earlier viruses. The increased proportion and avidity of antibodies against unfoldons is of concern, as these are not protective, and vaccine developers need to be aware of the role of age or vaccine formulation in inducing anti‐unfoldon antibodies.
Variability of UV Irradiance in Europe
Authors: Seckmeyer Gunther , Pissulla Darius , Glandorf Merle , Henriques Diamantino , Johnsen Bjorn , Webb Ann , Siani Anna‐Maria , Bais Alkis , Kjeldstad Berit , Brogniez Colette , Lenoble Jacqueline , Gardiner Brian , Kirsch Peter , Koskela Tapani , Kaurola Jussi , Uhlmann Beate , Slaper Harry , Den Outer Peter , Janouch Michal , Werle Peter , Gröbner Julian , Mayer Bernhard , De La Casiniere Alain , Simic Stana , Carvalho Fernanda 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe diurnal and annual variability of solar UV radiation in Europe is described for different latitudes, seasons and different biologic weighting functions. For the description of this variability under cloudless skies the widely used one‐dimensional version of the radiative transfer model UVSPEC is used. We reconfirm that the major factor influencing the diurnal and annual variability of UV irradiance is solar elevation. While ozone is a strong absorber of UV radiation its effect is relatively constant when compared with the temporal variability of clouds. We show the significant role that clouds play in modifying the UV climate by analyzing erythemal irradiance measurements from 28 stations in Europe in summer. On average, the daily erythemal dose under cloudless skies varies between 2.2 kJ m−2 at 70°N and 5.2 kJ m−2 at 35°N, whereas these values are reduced to 1.5–4.5 kJ m−2 if clouds are included. Thus clouds significantly reduce the monthly UV irradiation, with the smallest reductions, on average, at lower latitudes, which corresponds to the fact that it is often cloudless in the Mediterranean area in summer.
Transient and Stationary Spectroscopy of Cytochrome c: Ultrafast Internal Conversion Controls Photoreduction
Authors: Löwenich Dennis , Kleinermanns Karl , Karunakaran Venugopal , Kovalenko Sergey Alexander 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhotoreduction of cytochrome c (Cyt c) has been reinvestigated using femtosecond‐to‐nanosecond transient absorption and stationary spectroscopy. Femtosecond spectra of oxidized Cyt c, recorded in the probe range 270–1000 nm, demonstrate similar evolution upon 266 or 403 nm excitation: an ultrafast 0.3 ps internal conversion followed by a 4 ps vibrational cooling. Late transient spectra after 20 ps, from the cold ground‐state chromophore, reveal a small but measurable signal from reduced Cyt c. The yield φ for Fe3+→Fe2+ photoreduction is measured to be φ403 = 0.016 and φ266 = 0.08 for 403 and 266 nm excitation. These yields lead to a guess of the barrier EfA = 55 kJ mol−1 for thermal ground‐state electron transfer (ET). Nanosecond spectra initially show the typical absorption from reduced Cyt c and then exhibit temperature‐dependent sub‐microsecond decays (0.5 μs at 297 K), corresponding to a barrier EAb = 33 kJ mol−1 for the back ET reaction and a reaction energy ΔE = 22 kJ mol−1. The nanosecond transients do not decay to zero on a second time scale, demonstrating the stability of some of the reduced Cyt c. The yields calculated from this stable reduced form agree with quasistationary reduction yields. Modest heating of Cyt c leads to its efficient thermal reduction as demonstrated by differential stationary absorption spectroscopy. In summary, our results point to ultrafast internal conversion of oxidized Cyt c upon UV or visible excitation, followed by Fe‐porphyrin reduction due to thermal ground‐state ET as the prevailing mechanism.
Fluorescence Studies of the Interactions of Ubiquinol‐10 with Liposomes
Authors: Fiorini Rosamaria , Ragni Letizia , Ambrosi Simona , Littarru Gian Paolo , Gratton Enrico , Hazlett Theodore 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUbiquinone‐10 plays a central role in energy production and its reduced form, ubiquinol‐10 is also capable of acting as a potent radical scavenging antioxidant against membrane lipid peroxidation. Efficiency of this protection depends mostly on its localization in lipid bilayer. The intrinsic fluorescence of ubiquinol‐10 and of the exogenous probe, Laurdan, has been used to determine the location of ubiquinol‐10 in unilamellar liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine (EggPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. Laurdan fluorescence moiety is positioned at the hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface of the phospholipid bilayer and its parameters reflect the membrane polarity and microheterogeneity, which we have used to explore the coexistence of microdomains with distinct physical properties. In liquid–crystalline bilayers ubiquinol has a short fluorescence lifetime (0.4 ns) and a high steady‐state anisotropy. In a concentration‐dependent manner, ubiquinol‐10 influences the Laurdan excitation, emission and generalized polarization measurements. In EggPC liposomes ubiquinol‐10 induces a decrease in membrane water mobility near the probe, while in dimyristoyl liposomes a decrease in the membrane water content was found. Moreover the presence of ubiquinol results in the formation of coexisting phospholipid domains of gel and liquid–crystalline phases. The results indicate that ubiquinol‐10 molecules are mainly located at the polar‐lipid interface, inducing changes in the physico‐chemical properties of the bilayer microenvironment.
Silver‐Bearing and Associated Minerals in El Zancudo Deposit, Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Gallego Hernández Alba Nury , Akasaka Masahide 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe occurrence and the chemical compositions of ore minerals (especially the silver‐bearing minerals) and fluid inclusions of the El Zancudo mine in Colombia were investigated in order to analyze the genetic processes of the ore minerals and to examine the genesis of the deposit. The El Zancudo mine is a silver–gold deposit located in the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Antioquia Department. It consists mainly of banded ore veins hosted in greenschist and lesser disseminated ore in porphyritic rocks. The ore deposit is associated with extensive hydrothermally altered zones. The ores from the banded veins contain sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, Ag‐bearing sulfosalts, Pb‐Sb sulfosalts, and minor chalcopyrite, electrum, and native silver. Electrum is included within sphalerite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, and is also partially surrounded by pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite. Native silver is present in minor amounts as small grains in contact with Ag‐rich sulfosalts. Silver‐bearing sulfosalts are argentian tetrahedrite–freibergite solid solution, andorite, miargyrite, diaphorite, and owyheeite. Pb‐Sb sulfosalts are bournonite, jamesonite, and boulangerite. Two main crystallization stages are recognized, based on textural relations and mineral assemblages. The first‐stage assemblage includes sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and electrum. The second stage is divided into two sub‐stages. The first sub‐stage commenced with the deposition and growth of sphalerite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite. These minerals are characterized by compositional growth banding, and seem to have crystallized continuously until the end of the second sub‐stage. Tetrahedrite, Pb‐Cu sulfosalts, Ag‐Sb sulfosalt, and Pb‐Ag‐Sb sulfosalts crystallized from the final part of the first sub‐stage and during the whole second sub‐stage. However, one Pb‐Ag‐Sb sulfosalt, diaphorite, was formed by a retrograde reaction between galena and miargyrite. The minimum and maximum genetic temperatures estimated from the FeS content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite and the silver content of electrum are 300°C and 420°C, respectively. These estimated genetic temperatures are similar to, but slightly higher than the homogenization temperatures (235–350°C) of primary fluid inclusions in quartz. The presence of muscovite in the altered host rocks and gangue suggest that the pH of the hydrothermal solutions was close to neutral. Most of the sulfosalts in this deposit have previously been attributed as the products of epithermal mineralization. However, El Zancudo can be classified as a xenothermal deposit, in view of the low pressure and high temperature genetic conditions identified in the present study, based on the mineralogy of sulfosalts and the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions.
Types, Characteristics, and Geodynamic Settings of Mesozoic Epithermal Gold Deposits in Eastern China
Authors: Mao Jingwen , Li Xiaofeng , White Noel C. , Zhao Caisheng , Zhang Zuoheng , Wang Yitian , Hu Huabin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMesozoic epithermal gold deposits in eastern China are divided into calc‐alkaline and alkaline magma‐related gold deposits, and are also grouped as low‐sulfidation, intermediate‐sulfidation and high‐sulfidation types, of which the first two predominate. These gold deposits are distributed in the Tianshan–Yinshan–Great Xing’anling Variscan fold belt of North China craton, Qinling‐Dabie Indo‐Sinian fold belt of Yangtze craton, and South China fold belt or Cathaysian block, from north to south along the eastern China continent. Most of the epithermal gold orebodies are hosted either in volcanic rocks or their related granitoids, and volcanic breccia pipes. These orebodies are mainly associated with adularia–chalcedony–sericite, and alunite–kaolinite–quartz alteration. These orebodies formed in four mineralization pulses at 175, 145–135, 127–115, and 110–94 Ma. The first three pulses correspond to the post‐collision period between the North China and Yangtze cratons, an extension period during late‐stage rotation of the principal compressional stress from N‐S to E‐W, and a dramatic thinning period of the lithosphere, respectively. The last mineralizing pulse was the result of another extension in South China. Although the mineralizing pulses occurred at different times, they all occurred in extensional settings and were accompanied by crust and the mantle interaction.