bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a prostate biopsy strategy for cancer detection using a computer simulation system with virtual needle biopsy for three‐dimensional prostate models
Authors: NOGUCHI MASANORI , DEGUCHI DAISUKE , TORIWAKI JUNICHIRO , MORI KENSAKU , MEKADA YOSHITO , MATSUOKA KEI 
Published: September 2006

Aim: We evaluated a prostate biopsy strategy for cancer detection using a computer simulation system with virtual needle biopsy for three‐dimensional (3D) prostate models.Methods: Two 3D prostate models with a volume of 25 cc or 50 cc were constructed from computed tomographic images of radical prostatectomy specimens. The peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) were arranged in the prostate models according to the anatomical information. Four thousand patterns of cancer lesions were automatically inserted into each prostate model with a proportion of 75% in PZ and 25% in TZ. Average hit rates (AHR) in prostate models were evaluated both with an increased number of biopsy cores and various angles of virtual needle biopsy. The influence of adding secondary tumors for hit rates was also evaluated.Results: For both sizes, the laterally angled biopsy in 4‐8 core biopsy schemes showed higher AHR than the vertical plane biopsy, while the vertical plane biopsy in 10‐18 core biopsy schemes showed higher AHR than the laterally angled biopsy. A higher number of biopsy cores increased the AHR of secondary tumors.Conclusions: Our results suggest that it is important in prostate cancer detection to change the needle placement according to the number of biopsy cores and the size of the prostate.
Predation on mutualists can reduce the strength of trophic cascades
Authors: Knight Tiffany M. , Chase Jonathan M. , Hillebrand Helmut , Holt Robert D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEcologists have put forth several mechanisms to predict the strength of predator effects on producers (a trophic cascade). We suggest a novel mechanism – in systems in which mutualists of plants are present and important, predators can have indirect negative effects on producers through their consumption of mutualists. The strength of predator effects on producers will depend on their relative consumption of mutualists and antagonists, and on the relative importance of each to producer population dynamics. In a meta‐analysis of experiments that examine the effects of predator reduction on the pollination and reproductive success of plants, we found that the indirect negative effects of predators on plants are quite strong. Most predator removal experiments measure the strength of predator effects on producers through the antagonist pathway; we suggest that a more complete understanding of the role of predators will be achieved by simultaneously considering the effects of predators on plant mutualists.
The silver spoon effect and habitat selection by natal dispersers
Authors: Stamps Judy A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe silver spoon effect in the context of habitat selection occurs when dispersers in good condition are more likely to settle in high‐quality habitats than dispersers in poor condition. Positive relationships between disperser condition and the quality of post‐dispersal habitats are predicted by at least two non‐exclusive ultimate hypotheses. The competition hypothesis assumes that a disperser's condition affects its chances of competing for space or joining an established group after arriving at a high‐quality habitat, while the search hypothesis assumes that a disperser's condition affects its selectivity, and hence its chances of accepting a lower‐quality habitat when it is searching for a new habitat. Thus far, silver spoon effects in the context of habitat selection have been reported in only a handful of species (several birds and marine invertebrates), but this study suggests that they may be relatively common in particular species and situations.
Enhancing tissue integration in cartilage repair procedures
Authors: Archer Charles W. , Redman Samantha , Khan Ilyas , Bishop Joanna , Richardson Kirsty 
Published: September 2006

AbstractArguably, the gold standard of biological repair of articular cartilage lesions is autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Although the clinical outcomes appear to range between good and excellent in most cases, there are, nevertheless, both clinical and biological challenges that remain to improve rehabilitation and clinical outcome. One of the major biological problems relates to tissue integration of the reparative tissue into the host tissue at a predictable level. Often within a single lesion, varying degrees of integration can be observed from total integration through to non‐integration as one passes through the defect. Here we briefly review some of the literature relating to this problem and include some of our own data drawn from questions we have posed about the biological nature of cartilage/cartilage integration. The nature and status of the tissue that comprises the wound lesion edge is central to tissue integration, and controlling aspects of trauma and free‐radical‐induced cell death together with matrix synthesis are identified as two components that require further investigation. Interestingly, there appears to be a limited ability of chondrocytes to be able to infiltrate existing cartilage matrices and even to occupy empty chondrocyte lacunae. Proliferation as a result of blunt and sharp trauma shows differential responses. As expected, blunt trauma induces a greater proliferative burst than sharp trauma and is more widespread from the lesion edge. However, in the case of sharp trauma, the basal cells enter proliferation before surface zone chondrocytes, which is not the case in blunt wounds. Regulation of these and associated processes will be necessary in order to devise strategies that can predict successful integration in biological repair procedures.
Soluble and insoluble signals and the induction of bone formation: molecular therapeutics recapitulating development
Authors: Ripamonti Ugo , Ferretti C. , Heliotis M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe osteogenic molecular signals of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily, the bone morphogenetic/osteogenic proteins (BMPs/OPs) and uniquely in primates the TGF‐β isoforms per se, pleiotropic members of the TGF‐β supergene family, induce de novo endochondral bone formation as a recapitulation of embryonic development. Naturally derived BMPs/OPs and gamma‐irradiated human recombinant osteogenic protein‐1 (hOP‐1) delivered by allogeneic and xenogeneic insoluble collagenous matrices initiate de novo bone induction in heterotopic and orthotopic sites of the primate Papio ursinus, culminating in complete calvarial regeneration by day 90 and maintaining the regenerated structures by day 365. The induction of bone by hOP‐1 in P. ursinus develops as a mosaic structure with distinct spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression of members of the TGF‐β superfamily that singly, synergistically and synchronously initiate and maintain tissue induction and morphogenesis. The temporal and spatial expressions of TGF‐β1 mRNA indicate a specific temporal transcriptional window during which expression of TGF‐β1 is mandatory for successful and optimal osteogenesis. Highly purified naturally derived bovine BMPs/OPs and hOP‐1 delivered by human collagenous bone matrices and porous hydroxyapatite, respectively, induce bone formation in mandibular defects of human patients. By using healthy body sites as bioreactors it is possible to recapitulate embryonic developments by inducing selected biomaterials combined with recombinant proteins to transform into custom‐made prefabricated bone grafts for human reconstruction. The osteogenic proteins of the TGF‐β superfamily, BMPs/OPs and TGF‐βs, the last endowed with the striking prerogative of inducing endochondral bone formation in primates only, are helping to engineer skeletal reconstruction in molecular terms.
Location of injury influences the mechanisms of both regeneration and repair within the MRL/MpJ mouse
Authors: Beare Alice H. M. , Metcalfe Anthony D. , Ferguson Mark W. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe adult MRL/MpJ mouse regenerates all differentiated structures after through‐and‐through ear punch wounding in a scar‐free process. We investigated whether this regenerative capacity was also shown by skin wounds. Dorsal skin wounds were created, harvested and archived from the same animals (MRL/MpJ and C57BL/6 mice) that received through‐and‐through ear punch wounds. Re‐epithelialization was complete in dorsal wounds in both strains by day 5 and extensive granulation tissue was present by day 14 post‐wounding. By day 21, wounds from both strains contained dense amounts of collagen that healed with a scar. The average wound area, as well as α‐smooth muscle actin expression and macrophage influx were investigated during dorsal skin wound healing and did not significantly differ between strains. Thus, MRL/MpJ mice regenerate ear wounds in a scar‐free manner, but heal dorsal skin wounds by simple repair with scar formation. A significant conclusion can be drawn from these data; mechanisms of regeneration and repair can occur within the same animal, potentially utilizing similar molecules and signalling pathways that subtly diverge dependent upon the microenvironment of the injury.
Cluster randomised trial of an active, multifaceted educational intervention based on the WHO Reproductive Health Library to improve obstetric practices
Authors: Gülmezoglu AM , Langer A , Piaggio G , Lumbiganon P , Villar J , Grimshaw J 
Published: September 2006

Objective  We conducted a trial to evaluate the effect of an active, multifaceted educational strategy to promote the use of the WHO Reproductive Health Library (RHL) on obstetric practices.Design  Cluster randomised trial. The trial was assigned the International Standardised Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN14055385.Settings  Twenty‐two hospitals in Mexico City and 18 in the Northeast region of Thailand.Methods  The intervention consisted primarily of three interactive workshops using RHL over a period of 6 months. The focus of the workshops was to provide access to knowledge and enable its use. A computer and support for using both the computer and RHL were provided at each hospital. The control hospitals did not receive any intervention.Main outcome measures  The main outcome measures were changes in ten selected clinical practices as recommended in RHL starting approximately four to six months after the third workshop. Clinical practice data were collected at each hospital from 1000 consecutively delivered women or for a 6‐month period whichever was reached sooner.Results  The active, multifaceted educational intervention we employed did not affect the ten targeted practices in a consistent and substantive way. Iron/folate supplementation, uterotonic use after birth and breastfeeding on demand were already frequently practiced, and we were unable to measure external cephalic version. Of the remaining six practices, selective, as opposed to routine episiotomy policy increased in the intervention group (difference in adjusted mean rate = 5.3%; 95% CI −0.1 to 10.7%) in Thailand, and there was a trend towards an increased use of antibiotics at caesarean section in Mexico (difference in adjusted mean rate = 19.0%; 95% CI: −8.0 to 46.0%). There were no differences in the use of labour companionship, magnesium sulphate use for eclampsia, corticosteroids for women delivering before 34 weeks and vacuum extraction. RHL awareness (24.8–65.5% in Mexico and 33.9–83.3% in Thailand) and use (4.8–34.9% in Mexico and 15.5–76.4% in Thailand) increased substantially after the intervention in both countries.Conclusion  The multifaceted, active strategy to provide health workers with the knowledge and skills to use RHL to improve their practice led to increased access to and use of RHL, however, no consistent or substantive changes in clinical practices were detected within 4–6 months after the third workshop.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory
Authors: Angelo Marco , Plattner Florian , Giese K. Peter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase with a multitude of functions. Although Cdk5 is widely expressed, it has been studied most extensively in neurons. Since its initial characterization, the fundamental contribution of Cdk5 to an impressive range of neuronal processes has become clear. These phenomena include neural development, dopaminergic function and neurodegeneration. Data from different fields have recently converged to provide evidence for the participation of Cdk5 in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. In this review, we consider recent data implicating Cdk5 in molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. We relate these findings to its emerging role in learning and memory. Particular attention is paid to the activation of Cdk5 by p25, which enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory, and suggests formation of p25 as a physiological process regulating synaptic plasticity and memory.
Population recovery and spatial dynamics of colony recruitment in a harvester ant: a case study in a park
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Takeshi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe recovery process of Messor aciculatus (Fr. Smith) harvester ant colonies from habitat disturbance by construction work in an urban park was investigated from 1989 to 1994. Colonies located in 1989 were considered to be survivors of the disturbance, and colonies located for the first time after 1990 were considered to be recruits. The colonies continuously increased in number after the disturbance, and the population size more than doubled just after the disturbance. Analyses of the nest site distribution of colonies in 1989 and 1994 suggest that landform modification destroyed some of them, and that the changed nest site distribution in 1989 affected the distribution in 1994, or, in other words, the disturbance indirectly affected the nest distribution 5 years later. Analyses of the nearest neighbor to each colony suggested that established colonies would obstruct newly recruited colonies around their nests. Construction may open up space for recruitment colonization by removing established colonies, and may also create suitable conditions by destruction of original vegetation, or returning vegetation to the early stages of plant community succession. As a result, the disturbance may facilitate the subsequent recruitment of new colonies and rejuvenate the population.
Life history strategy and taxonomic position of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing leaf galls on Styrax japonicus (Styracaceae)
Authors: TOKUDA Makoto , NOHARA Machiko , YUKAWA Junichi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFour gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induce leaf galls on Styrax japonicus (Styracaceae) were identified to generic level based on larval morphology. Three of these gall midges, which induce whitish hemiglobular galls, flattened subglobular galls, and purple globular galls, respectively, were identified as three genetically distinct species of Contarinia, and the remaining species, which induces globular galls with dense whitish hairs, was identified as a species of Dasineura. Field surveys in Fukuoka, Japan, revealed that adults of these gall midges emerged and oviposited in late March to mid‐April at Mount Tachibana (approximately 200 m a.s.l.) and in late April to early May at Mount Sefuri (about 1050 m a.s.l.), coinciding with the leaf‐opening season of S. japonicus. Larvae of these gall midges mostly developed into third instars by June and then left their galls and dropped to the ground. These species therefore have a life history strategy that differs from that of another S. japonicus‐associated gall midge, Oxycephalomyia styraci, which overwinters as the first instar in ovate swellings, matures rapidly in spring, and emerges directly from the galls.
Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of species of the genus Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)
Authors: ARCHER Michael E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe genus Dolichovespula consists provisionally of 18 species. Aerial nest site characteristics have been established for seven species but most of these species show flexibility in their choice of nest sites and two species often nest in shallow subterranean situations. Colony length is usually just over 3 months to approximately 4 months, but at lower latitudes may extend to more than 5 months. Mature colony size is usually approximately 1000 cells with more large cells than small cells. Parasitized colonies have a shorter colony cycle and smaller colonies. During the production of the sexual brood the larva/worker ratio reaches its lowest value of approximately 2.5 larvae per worker. Colonies often have upper mixed combs of small and large cells. Total adult production is usually less than 2000 adults. Colonies of D. arenaria and D. norwegica may specialize in mainly producing males or queens. Variations in mature colony size and production of queens is probably a consequence of the number of workers present, particularly early in the colony cycle.
The Arhopala butterflies described by Fabricius: A. centaurus is from Java, A. democritus from Phuket (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Authors: VANE‐WRIGHT Richard I. , GAONKAR Harish 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe origins and identities of two Fabrician butterfly species now included in the genus Arhopala Boisduval, 1832, are examined; the species are Papilio centaurus Fabricius, 1775, and Hesperia democritus Fabricius, 1793 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). To dispel recent confusion, complete taxonomic histories are presented for both. The type locality of Arhopala centaurus is established as near Jakarta, Java, and that of Arhopala democritus as Phuket Island, south‐western peninsular Thailand. Amblypodia pseudocentaurus Doubleday, 1847, described from Java, is re‐established as a subjective synonym of Arhopala centaurus sensu stricto. The subspecies of centaurus that flies in the Malay Peninsula is re‐established as A. centaurus nakula (Felder & Felder, 1860). The distinct Australian species misidentified in recent literature as Arhopala centaurus should be known as Arhopala eupolis (Miskin, 1890). Lectotype designations are made for the nominal species Papilio centaurus, Hesperia democritus, Amblypodia pseudocentaurus and Amblypodia nakula.
Fontana‐Positive Grains in Mycetoma Caused by Microsporum canis
Authors: Kramer Sasha C. , Ryan Michael , Bourbeau Paul , Tyler William B. , Elston Dirk M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract:  We describe mycetoma caused by Microsporum canis occurring in a 9‐year‐old African‐American girl. Pathologic evaluation showed a granulomatous dermatitis with numerous large fungal grains containing septate hyphae that were Fontana–Masson positive. Two cultures of pure grains grew M. canis. Mycetoma due to dermatophytes is very uncommon. The few instances reported have been pseudomycetoma (grains in the absence of sinus tracts). Our patient developed sinus tracts (true mycetoma). No prior reports were found of M. canis staining Fontana positive. Differentiation of dermatophyte‐induced mycetoma from kerion is important because mycetomas require a combined approach including surgical debridement in addition to oral antifungal therapy.
“Sticking One's Neck Out”: Reducing Mistrust in Sri Lanka's Peace Negotiations
Authors: Höglund Kristine , Svensson Isak 
Published: September 2006

Lack of trust has been widely used as an explanation for the failure of peace negotiations. However, we know little about how mistrust can be reduced between belligerents involved in negotiating peace. Why are some confidence‐building strategies more successful than others? For theory‐building purposes, this article explores how a party can send conciliatory signals to the other party that increase trust by exposing itself to three different kinds of political risks. More specifically, it compares the variables that reduced mistrust — or failed to reduce mistrust — during two peace negotiations in Sri Lanka: in 1994–1995 and in 2002. Using a theoretical framework that combines social psychology and rational choice approaches, this article examines the communicative signaling process between the parties.In addition, by drawing out the implications from this argument, we offer some insight into why the peace process in Sri Lanka became politically stalemated in 2003. We also use our comparison of Sri Lanka's peace processes to develop general propositions about the dynamics that can reduce mistrust. The main proposition that remains to be tested empirically is whether obstacles to peace can be transformed into important catalysts for the reduction of mistrust.
Have we detected the most luminous ULX so far?
Authors: Miniutti G. , Ponti G. , Dadina M. , Cappi M. , Malaguti G. , Fabian A. C. , Gandhi P. 
Published: September 2006

abstract
We report the XMM–Newton detection of a moderately bright X-ray source (F0.5−7∼ 8.2 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1) superimposed on the outer arms of the inactive spiral galaxy MCG–03-34-63 (z= 0.0213). It is clearly offset from the nucleus (by about 19 arcsec) but well within the D25 ellipse of the galaxy, just along its bar axis. The field has also been observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), enabling us to compute a lower limit of &gt;94 on the X-ray-to-optical flux ratio which, together with the X-ray spectrum of the source, argues against a background active galactic nucleus. On the other hand, the detection of excess X-ray absorption and the lack of a bright optical counterpart argue against foreground contamination. Short time-scale variability is observed, ruling out the hypothesis of a particularly powerful supernova. If it is associated with the apparent host galaxy, the source is the most powerful ultraluminous X-ray source detected so far, with a peak luminosity of ∼1.35 × 1041 erg s−1 in the 0.5–7 keV band. If confirmed by future multi-wavelength observations, the inferred bolometric luminosity (∼3 × 1041 erg s−1) requires a rather extreme beaming factor (larger than 115) to accommodate accretion on to a stellar-mass black hole of 20 M⊙ and the source could instead represent one of the best intermediate-mass black hole candidate so far. If beaming is excluded, the Eddington limit implies a mass of &gt;2300 M⊙ for the accreting compact object.
The Influence of
Variable Gas Properties on Turbomachinery Computational Fluid
Dynamics
Authors: Northall John
D. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the inclusion of variable gas properties within a Reynolds average Navier-Stokes solver for turbomachinery and its application to multistage turbines. Most current turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models the gas as perfect with constant specific heats. However, the specific heat at constant pressure CP can vary significantly. This is most marked in the turbine where large variations of temperature are combined with variations in the fuel air ratio. In the current model CP is computed as a function of the local temperature and fuel air ratio using polynomial curve fits to represent the real gas behavior. The importance of variable gas properties is assessed by analyzing a multistage turbine typical of the core stages of a modern aeroengine. This calculation includes large temperature variations due to radial profiles at inlet, the addition of cooling air, and work extraction through the machine. The calculation also includes local variations in fuel air ratio resulting from the inlet profile and the dilution of the mixture by the addition of coolant air. A range of gas models is evaluated. The addition of variable gas properties is shown to have no significant effect on the convergence of the algorithm, and the extra computational costs are modest. The models are compared with emphasis on the parameters of importance in turbine design, such as capacity, work, and efficiency. Overall the effect on turbine performance prediction of including variable gas properties in three-dimensional CFD is found to be small.