bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereological and biochemical analysis of muscular and connective tissue components in the penile corpus cavernosum adjacent to the fibrous plaque of Peyronie’s disease
Authors: Costa Waldemar S. , Rebello Sabrina B. , Cardoso Luiz E.M. , Cavalcanti Andre G. , Sampaio Francisco J.B. 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVETo investigate the structural organization of the connective tissue in the corpus cavernosum (CC) adjacent to the fibrous plaque in Peyronie’s disease (PD) using stereological and biochemical techniques, as most studies on PD have focused on the analysis of the fibrous plaque that forms in the tunica albuginea (TA). Because this fibrotic reaction is mediated by various inflammatory soluble factors, adjacent connective tissues might also be affected and this secondary effect might explain, for example, the erectile dysfunction that occurs in PD.PATIENTS AND METHODSDuring surgery biopsies were taken from the CC adjacent to the fibrous plaque and from the plaque itself in seven patients with PD (mean age 48.3 years). All the patients had normal erections. Control samples were similarly located samples from ‘normal’ penises obtained during autopsy of five men (mean age 52.3 years). Tissue samples were stained with Weigert’s stain (elastic fibres), Van Gieson’s stain (connective tissue), and Sirius red (collagen). Stereological analysis was done using a 42‐point grid to determine volumetric densities (Vv). Total collagen content was estimated as micrograms of hydroxyproline per milligram dry CC.RESULTSThe Vv of elastic fibres was significantly reduced in PD by 17.3% compared with controls, at a mean (sd) of 19.49 (3.27)% vs 23.56 (1.87)% (P < 0.05). While in PD the Vv of smooth muscle at 34.46 (2.06)% and connective tissue at 35.39 (6.15)% were not significantly different from those of controls at 38.38 (3.17)% and 38.02 (5.03)%, respectively. The Vv of elastic fibres in the fibrous plaque was decreased by 38.3% compared with the normal TA, at 20.25 (5.49)% vs 32.81 (4.75)% (P < 0.02). The mean (sd) collagen concentration in the CC from controls was 77.94 (24.26) µg/mg and in the patients with PD was 66.57 (19.39) µg/mg, which did not differ significantly. Sirius red‐stained sections under polarized light showed that, in the normal CC, collagen‐associated colours were homogeneously distributed. However, in the PD samples, stained collagen had a disrupted orientation and had a more heterogeneous birefringence, implying looser collagen bundles.CONCLUSIONSThe quantitative analyses indicated that collagen in the CC close to the fibrous plaque was not affected, although its organization was noticeably altered. The CC elastic fibres were reduced though, and there was a similar change in the fibrous plaque of the TA. These results suggest that, although occurring primarily in the TA, the PD fibrous plaque may induce changes in the adjacent CC.
Intermediate‐term results, up to 4 years, of a bone‐anchored male perineal sling for treating male stress urinary incontinence after prostate surgery
Authors: Guimarães Miguel , Oliveira Rui , Pinto Rui , Soares Alfredo , Maia Eurico , Botelho Francisco , Sousa Teixeira , Pina Francisco , Dinis Paulo , Cruz Francisco 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVETo examine the intermediate‐term outcome (up to 4 years) of a bone‐anchored perineal sling (InVanceTM, American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA) in men with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after prostate surgery.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 62 men with SUI were implanted with the InVance sling. SUI was diagnosed after radical prostatectomy in 58 patients and after benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostatectomy in four patients. Implantation of the InVance bone‐anchored bulbourethral sling was conducted primarily under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were considered cured, if they stopped wearing continence pads and improved if the daily number of pads used decreased by at least half. The Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire and a simple verbal question about patient satisfaction with the surgery were also used and complications were measured.RESULTSIn all, 40 patients (65%) were cured and 14 (23%) were improved after a mean follow‐up of 28 months. The UI cure rates at 3 and 4 years follow‐up were 70% and 66%, respectively. The most common side‐effect was transient scrotal or perineal pain or numbness, which affected 12 patients (19%). There was a prolonged postvoid residual urine volume of >100 mL in six patients (10%), which resolved within 2 weeks of indwelling catheterization. Explantation of the sling was required in two cases (3%) because of infection. In one patient (2%), revision was required for bone‐anchor dislodgement.CONCLUSIONThe InVance sling offers good intermediate‐term cure and improvement rates for SUI after prostatectomy. The procedure has an acceptably low rate of minor complications, and should be considered for treating men with less severe forms (≤5 pads per day) of SUI.
Short‐ and long‐term complications of open radical prostatectomy according to the Clavien classification system
Authors: Constantinides Constantinos A. , Tyritzis Stavros I. , Skolarikos Andreas , Liatsikos Evangelos , Zervas Anastasios , Deliveliotis Charalambos 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVETo assess the use of the Clavien classification system in documenting the complications related to open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP).PATIENTS AND METHODSThe medical records of 995 patients, who had open RRP during a period of 7 years, were reviewed retrospectively. Short‐ and long‐term complications were classified according to the recently revised Clavien classification system. We also compared the results with a recently reported series of laparoscopic and robotic RRP.RESULTSThe overall complication rate was 26.9%; Grade I, Id, II, IIIa, IIIb and V complications were recorded in 3.4%, 3.9%, 12.8%, 2.6%, 3.8% and 0.3% of cases, respectively. Rectal injuries (10) and postoperative wound infections (24) were included in the Grade I category. Anastomotic leakage was recorded in 39 patients and rated as Grade Id. Grade II included cases of deep vein thrombosis (11), urinary tract infections (42), lymphorrhoeas (22) and haemorrhage requiring transfusion (53). Anastomotic strictures (26) and incisional hernias (38) were included in Grade IIIa and IIIb, respectively. Pulmonary embolism was fatal for three patients (0.3%) of Grade IV and V.CONCLUSIONSTo avoid incoherence in reporting morbidity data, a reproducible and practical classification system is necessary. The Clavien system could provide, after refinement and validation, a common language among urologists.
Matrix attachment region elements have small and variable effects on transgene expression and stability in field‐grown Populus
Authors: Li Jingyi , Brunner Amy M. , Meilan Richard , Strauss Steven H. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryMatrix attachment regions (MARs) are thought to buffer transgenes from the influence of surrounding chromosomal sequences, and therefore to reduce transgene silencing and variation in expression. The statistical properties of more than 400 independent transgenic events produced in Populus, with and without flanking MAR elements from the tobacco root gene RB7, were analysed. The expression of two reporter genes in two poplar clones during three phases of vegetative growth, and the association of T‐DNA characteristics with expression, was examined. It was found that MARs did not show a consistent effect on transgene expression levels; they had no effect on the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, but reduced expression in the Basta resistance (BAR) reporter gene by 23%. The presence of MARs reduced expression variability within transformant populations, apparently by reducing the number of silenced or weakly expressing events. Transgene expression was highly stable over vegetative growth cycles that spanned 3 years of growth in the glasshouse and field, but MARs showed no association with the strength of correlations in expression over the years. Nonetheless, MARs increased the correlation in expression between a p35S::GFP and prbcS::BAR transgene linked on the same vector, but the effect was small and varied between the years. The presence of MARs had no effect on the transgene copy number, but was positively associated with T‐DNA truncations, as well as with the formation of direct over inverted repeats at the same chromosomal locus.
JOINT BEHAVIOUR OF PRECEDENCES AND EXCEEDANCES IN RANDOM THRESHOLD MODELS
Authors: Bairamov Ismihan , Eryilmaz Serkan 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThis paper concerns the joint behaviour of precedence and exceedance statistics in random threshold models. Joint distributions of precedence and exceedance statistics, both exact and asymptotic, are obtained, and the results are illustrated for random thresholds based on order statistics and record values.
ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCY OF THE BLEST‐TYPE TESTS FOR INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Stepanova Natalia , Wang Shu 
Published: September 2008

SummaryBlest(2000, Aust. N. Z. J. Stat.42, 101–111) proposed a new measure of rank correlation that is sensitive to discrepancies in the small ranks. This paper investigates the efficiency properties of non‐parametric tests for independence based on Blest's correlation coefficient and its modifications. Pitman efficiency comparisons are made with analogous tests existing in the literature. Conditions for Pitman optimality of the Blest‐type tests are established.
A GENERALIZED EMERSON RECURRENCE RELATION
Authors: Rayner J. C. W. , Thas O. , De Boeck B. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe Emerson (1968, Biometrics 24, 695–701) recurrence relation has many important applications in statistics. However, the original derivation applied only to discrete distributions. In the following, a simple derivation is given that generalizes the Emerson recurrence relation to any distribution for which the necessary expectations exist. A modern application is outlined.
Fear, Human Rights and New Labour Policy Post‐9/11
Authors: Denney David 
Published: September 2008

Abstract New Labour's domestic and foreign policy have been driven by a complex and contradictory precautionary logic. Fear management appears to have replaced coherent principles in the development of some areas of policy. The preoccupation with fear and anxiety has provided a rationale for the suspension of liberty and the adoption of measures that Western democracies have only usually seen in times of war. Fear‐based policy has also created a more exclusivist, segmented society.
Does Difference Make a Difference in Financial Planning for Risk?
Authors: Quilgars Deborah , Jones Anwen , Abbott David 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCurrent policy‐making assumes people perceive and respond to financial risk in a uniform and rational way. This research sought to investigate whether social and cultural differences along the dimensions of disability, sexuality, faith and ethnicity influence attitudes to money and approaches to planning for possible financial risk eventualities. Eighty in‐depth interviews with individuals committed to different faiths (Muslim and Christian), disabled people, gays, lesbians and bisexuals, and members of black and minority ethnic groups (black and Asian) were conducted in 2005/2006. Mainstream cultural reference points were dominant in respondents’ accounts; however, difference was also found to be more determining in some areas than has previously been documented. The article explores the impact of these relationships on financial planning and draws out the policy implications of the different elements of difference on financial planning. The study argues that socio‐cultural approaches to risk need to be better understood at the policy‐making level.
The Great Cut: The Support for Private Modes of Social Evasion by Public Policy
Authors: Atkinson Rowland 
Published: September 2008

Abstract The counterpart city represents an attempt to conceptualize the hidden spaces inhabited by social problems and ‘problem’ people who are counter to the mainstream, or included, modes of contemporary urban social life. This ‘opposite’, or negative, space comprises the spatially withdrawn and socially excluded who are largely outside the purview of the comfortable classes of the same cities. Not only has residential segregation been sustained over recent decades, so too have mobile circuits of mutual exclusion been created, which enable higher‐income groups to avoid the associated negative externalities of poverty (visibility, disorder, aggression and so on). As responsibility for dealing with social risks has become devolved to the level of the household, the desire for social evasion, as politicians, media systems and welfare patterns mark out threatening territories, has become more evident. The counterpart city is shunned in ever more elaborate ways and with the support of public policies. As the ‘spatial’ social policies, housing and urban, have become increasingly criminalized in the focus of their agendas, such interventions expend energy to facilitate this separation between affluent and poor. Traditional imperatives for public intervention are diminished as poverty has become more concealed from affluence – its costs and impacts evaded by technologies, socio‐spatial circuits and policies that skirt those who are locked into places of poverty and abject marginality, a constellation of social forces and effects I term the great cut.
Fear of Others: Social Exclusion and the European Crisis of Solidarity
Authors: Delanty Gerard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract In recent years a major challenge for the EU has emerged around social issues and collective identities. With the emergence of a European political community that has diminished national sovereignty at a time when global forces are also undermining nation states, both Europe and migration become linked as sources of instability. Anxieties about Europe and migration are linked with fears of a clash of civilizations and anxieties about social securities. Social discontent, fuelled by socio‐economic changes, has undermined the traditional sources of identity around class and the nation, releasing xenophobic and nationalistic currents. Fear of others and anxieties about the future have emerged as potent social forces in contemporary society. The result is a crisis of European solidarity, along with a wider crisis of collective purpose. To combat such developments it is essential that the European project gives greater attention to issues of social justice and inclusive forms of social solidarity.
Water management of human hair
Authors: Wortmann F.‐J. , Hullmann A. , Popescu C. 
Published: September 2008

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 10 (2007) (4) 317–320Temperature dependent isotherms for the water ab‐ and desorption of human hair were determined (25–65°C) together with the related diffusion coefficients and hysteresis effects. Special care was taken to standardize the physical history of the samples. With increasing temperature, isotherms, while preserving their shape, shift to lower regains while the hysteresis effect decreases. This is in accordance with expectations derived from the Rosenbaum‐model for water sorption. The differential heat of water sorption changes from dry to wet hair between 1020 and 50 J/g H2O. Diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10‐9 cm2/s. The coefficients increase with temperature and show a pronounced maximum in the range of medium regains. The temperature dependence follows the Arrhenius equation and exhibits activation energies that change from dry to wet hair between 55 and 30 kJ/mol. The sorption performance of strongly bleached hair, with and without an additional treatment with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, was investigated. No significant effects either of the cosmetic treatment or of the ingredient were found. It is concluded that human hair exhibits a rather robust static and dynamic water sorption performance that, against initial expectations, is not readily changed by cosmetic processes and ingredients.Keywords: cosmetic treatments, diffusion coefficients, human hair, hysteresis, water sorptionPaper presented at the IFSCC Conference 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
My first year of experience in the cosmetic field – problems and future hopes
Authors: Mutasa M. G. 
Published: September 2008

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 10 (2007) (4) 331–3336Where do I begin to tell my adventures as a new research and development chemist? It has been a mixed bag of excitement, frustration, hope, pride in achievement and much potential. Before I take you through the obstacle course that I have been exposed to in the cosmetic industry let me give you background information on myself. I have always been inclined towards the sciences. I took up science subjects for my A‐Level Cambridge exams, but surprised my father for a little while by registering for a BA in psychology. After two weeks I decided that was not for me and registered for a BSc in natural and environmental sciences with biochemistry and psychology as my majors with the notion that one day after my studies I would become a neuropsychologist. When I had to decide between taking my honors in psychology or biochemistry, I chose biochemistry mainly because I thought I had better prospects of finding a job soon after completing the degree, which would free my parents from the financial burden of paying for tuition through to a PhD in psychology (you have to be a doctor first before earning any real money in psychology, I had been told). Boy was I wrong! The carefree, self‐assured graduate with the world at her feet slowly changed into a grasping‐at‐straws, ‘I will do anything to pay the bills’ nobody until nearly 2 years after graduation the advertisement for a junior R&D chemist magically appeared in my email! That opened up the floodgates for my childhood dreams of making people feel better by making them look better through makeup and fashion, my adult inclination towards psychology with a scientific twist. I felt this was the opportunity I had been waiting for but had not known it! Thus, my adventure began… This essay won the 2007 Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Prize that is awarded for either the first or second paper in cosmetic science or a specially written essay on a topic selected by the 2006–2007 IFSCC President for an author of 35 years or younger. This Prize was awarded to Muchaneta G. Mutasa during the Openings Ceremony of the 2007 IFSCC Conference »Building on Water«, Amsterdam, The Netherlands on 24 September 2007. The purpose of the Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Prize is to stimulate young cosmetic scientists to write scientific papers/essays. The prize covers all expenses to attend the first IFSCC Congress or Conference that is held after the prize was awarded.
The perception threshold measurement can be a useful tool for evaluation of sensitive skin
Authors: Kim S.‐J. , Lim S.‐U. , Won Y.‐H. , An S.‐S. , Lee E.‐Y. , Moon S.‐J. , Kim J. 
Published: September 2008

SynopsisSensitive skin is characterized by subjective symptoms that are hard to quantify. However, a neurobiological approach could improve our understanding of the nature of skin sensitivity. In this study, we measured the sensory perception of well‐controlled electric currents on the skin that stimulated sensory nerve fibres such as the myelinated A fibre, A delta fibre and unmyelinated c‐fibre. The sensory perception thresholds were obtained quantitatively from subjects with sensitive‐prone skin and controls. Application of 0.075% capsaicin, known to stimulate the nociceptor c‐fibre, was topically applied; then the sensory perception thresholds were measured to determine whether the exposure to nociceptive stimulation could affect the subsequent sensory perception. The results showed that the perception thresholds of skin sensitive‐prone subjects were low for the c‐fibre measurements at 5 Hz electric current stimulation. Furthermore, a wide variation in sensory perception was noted in the skin sensitive‐prone subjects after topical application of capsaicin. In conclusion, the abnormal sensory perception in individuals with sensitive skin appears to be related to neurological instability, where c‐fibre nociception plays a role. Thus, quantitative sensory perception threshold measurement was found to be a useful method for the identification of skin sensitive‐prone subjects.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 58, 621–627 (November/December 2007) High‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry of colorant products
Authors: Marsh J. M. , Clarke C. J. , Meinert K. , Dahlgren R. M. 
Published: September 2008

Accepted for publication July 16, 2007SynopsisHigh‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HPDSC) can be used to gain information on both the degree of crystallinity in the intermediate filaments (IFs) and the structural rigidity of the surrounding matrix or intermediate filament associated proteins (IFAP) of the hair cortex (1–3). We have used HPDSC to measure changes in the denaturation temperature (TD) and enthalpy (ΔHD) of the crystalline components after multiple treatments with permanent hair colorant products. We have observed that after three repeat treatments both the denaturation enthalpy and peak temperature are significantly decreased vs. the untreated starting substrate. However, on dialysis of the fibers in deionized water this decrease is shown to be completely reversible, returning the enthalpy and temperature to that of the untreated hair. It is proposed that the decrease is due to the incorporation of formulation components such as the alkalizer and surfactants etc. and metal ions such as calcium and magnesium from the tap wash water. These components are predicted to have a non‐permanent effect on the salt bridges and hydrogen bonds and hence the rigidity or viscosity of the matrix. We have compared the denaturation temperature with the tensile properties of the fiber after treatment both before and after removal of actives from the fiber.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 158, 637–650 (November/December 2007) Use of quaternized cassia galactomannan for hair conditioning
Authors: Staudigel J. A. , Bunasky K. , Gamsky C. J. , Wagner M. S. , Stump K. J. , Baker J. M. , Marple R. L. , Thomas J. H. 
Published: September 2008

Accepted for publication May 22, 2007SynopsisThere is a continuing need for hair care formulas to deliver superior conditioning benefits with highly efficient deposition of hair‐enhancing components. In this paper, we describe high‐charge‐density (3.0 mEq/g) cassia hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (cassia HPTC), a quaternized galactomannan from the endosperm of Cassia tora and Cassia obtusifolia. Cassia HPTC is shown to participate in the coacervate phase of conditioning shampoos, from which it is deposited onto hair to provide conditioning benefits. Cryoscanning electron microscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry were used to observe and characterize the cassia HPTC deposits left on hair. The high‐charge‐density cassia HPTC resulted in improved deposition efficiency compared with a quaternized guar‐containing formula. Cassia HPTC offers benefits as an alternative to traditional cationic polymers as conditioning agents or as an adjunct conditioner to decrease the amount of cationic polymer needed to achieve the desired conditioning performance.