bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Acid‐Catalyzed Formaldehyde‐Induced Fluorescence in the Hypophysis of the Human Fetus
Authors: Partanen Seppo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe acid‐catalyzed formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence (FIF) was studied in Epon embedded hypophyses of human fetuses aged between 12 and 19 weeks. To test the validity of Epon embedded sections in glacial acetic acid induction of FIF, sections of the hypophyses of adult rats were used. It was observed that Epon embedded sections were suitable. After acidification a large number of fluorescent cells was observed in the pars distalis of the hypophyses of human fetuses: new fluorescent cells appeared and the fluorescence intensity in the cells, already fluorescent after the ordinary FIF, increased. On the basis of this increase the fluor‐ogenic substance is probably the same as in other mammalsi.e.a peptide with NH2‐terminal tryptophan. This peptide has been proposed to be somehow involved in the storage and/or release of protein hormones. The fluorescence is probably a sign of maturity of secretory granules in large number of PAS‐positive cells in the pars distalis of the fetal hypophysis. First fluorescence after acidification was observed in the cells of the pars intermedia at the age of 15 weeks. At the age of 19 weeks most cells exhibited yellow fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity was weaker than in the cells of the pars distalis. Thus the pars intermedia of man does not differ in this respect from that of other mammals.
Capillary Permeability to Glucose and Raffinose Studied with Single‐Injection Technique
Authors: ÅBerg Bo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn a series of single‐injection experiments on continuously weighed isolated cats' hind legs, the extractions of glucose and raffinose in pair were calculated. The extraction was calculated by using albumin tagged with Evans' blue as a reference. The reference was found to exchange with the tissue, and after a correction for this loss from the bolus, the extraction ratio raffinose over glucose ranged between 0.681–0.764. This was slightly above the ratio of the free diffusion coefficients (D38raffinose/D38glucose = 0.645) and much above the ratio of the corresponding restricted diffusion coefficients (0.42–0.44 assuming an average pore radius of 4 nm).
The Turnover of 85Zn in Rats Fed a Zinc‐Deficient Diet
Authors: Bergman Bo , Wing Kenneth R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe fresh weight zinc concentration in spleen is unchanged, the concentrations in serum, kidney, pancreas, liver and heart are reduced moderately and those in incisors and four bone samples are reduced markedly in rats fed a zinc‐deficient diet (7.2 fig Zn/g) for six weeks compared to those in rats pair‐fed the same diet and given a 200 fig zinc supplement daily. The ash weight zinc concentrations in mineralized tissue samples from both groups decrease rapidly and, after three weeks on the diet, assume relatively stable levels. The retention of 85Zn in the serum, heart and viscera is higher in rats not given the supplement. The pattern is consistent with decreased turnover of zinc due to reduced intake and excretion. The 65Zn retention data from the bones and teeth were analyzed using the Bauer, Carlsson, Lindquist equation. Reduced zinc intake causes a decrease in bones of the rate at which zinc is “accreted”, most likely as a result of decreased accretion of bone as well as decreased availability of zinc. The slowly exchanging zinc in incisors and cortical bone is markedly reduced while the rapidly exchanging zinc in bones is less affected.
Intra‐ and Extraperitoneal Pressures
Authors: Bjerle Per , Sandström Bo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to determine the reliability of various methods of recording intraabdominal pressure, seven healthy women were investigated in connection with routine laparoscopy. Intraabdominal pressure was measured through a trochar in the gas‐filled abdomen. Intragastric pressure was measured with an air‐filled balloon, perivesical pressure through a catheter in the space of Retzius and intravesical pressure through a Foley catheter introduced via the urethra. With the urinary bladder empty, intraabdominal, perivesical and intravesical pressures did not differ. The intragastric pressure was somewhat higher than the other three pressures, possibly due to hydrostatic pressure effects from the viscera. In conclusion, if the bladder is empty, perivesical as well as intravesical pressure registration appears to be a useful method of fairly closely following the intraabdominal pressure in the supine position without perforating the peritoneum.
Transmural Pressure of the Urinary Bladder Wall
Authors: Bjerle Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIntragastric, perivesical and intravesical pressures were registered during slow filling of the urinary bladder in nine healthy men in the supine and sitting positions. Intragastric pressure was fairly constant in both positions, but intravesical pressure rose and there was also a slight rise of perivesical pressure. In both body positions transmural pressure, i.e. the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the tbladder, rose during bladder filling. In both body positions at bladder volumes ^ 300 ml, in this material, transmural pressure, determined as the difference between intravesical and perivesical pressures, did not differ statistically significantly from transmural pressure calculated as the difference of intravesical and intragastric pressures minus a hydrostatic component. At maximal bladder volumes transmural pressure determined in the first way was statistically significantly lower than that calculated in the second way. In the supine position the transmural pressure at bladder volume 300 ml, calculated as the difference of intravesical and perivesical pressures, was lower than in the upright position.
Tension, Stress and Modulus of Elasticity of the Urinary Bladder Wall
Authors: Bjerle Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransmural bladder pressure, i.e. the difference between the intravesical and perivesical pressures, was continuously registered during slow filling of the bladder in nine healthy men. On the basis of the pressure thus obtained, the surface tension of the bladder was calculated. From the latter and from the assumed thickness of the bladder wall, the normal stress in the wall and a differential modulus of elasticity were calculated. The surface tension, the normal stress and the differential modulus of elasticity increased markedly as the radius of the bladder increased. The logarithm of the maximal differential modulus of elasticity registered was linearly correlated to the bladder radius. This relationship makes it possible to predict in normal subjects the differential modulus of elasticity from the bladder radius and thereby obtain information regarding possible abnormalities in the mechanical properties of the bladder wall.
Inhibitory Effect of Prostaglandins on Isosmotic Fluid Transport by Rabbit Gall‐Bladder In Vitro, and its Modification by Blockade of Endogenous PGE‐Biosynthesis with Indomethacin
Authors: Leyssac P. P. , Bukhave K. , Frederiksen O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the presence of indomethacin serosal application of PGEi and PGE2 caused significant inhibition of net isosmotic fluid transport by the gall‐bladder with maximum effect (50%inhibition) at 0.5ftgPGE/ml. Mucosal application was much less effective. PGF2a was about 100 times less potent than PGE. In the absence of indomethacin the sensitivity to low concentrations of PGEi was about 10 times less than in the presence of this drug (p < 0.001). Maximum effective doses of PGEi depressed the unidirectional Na+‐efflux about 35%and the Na+‐influx about 20%.Transepithelial potential difference and ohmic resistance remained unchanged. It is concluded that PGE inhibits isosmotic fluid transport by an effect mainly on the active component of the transfer process. In the absence of indomethacin endogenous PGE2 (but not PGEi) was released to both serosal and mucosal medium. Net release to mucosal medium was 35–600 pg.h‐1.mg dry weight‐1; release was higher to the serosal medium. Mucosal concentrations of 0.2–4.5 ng PGEa/ml were independent of the serosal concentration, which did not exceed 0.8 ng/ml under the present conditions. The data suggest that mucosal PGEs‐release originates, in part at least, from the epithelial cells. Indomethacin (10 μg/ml) blocked almost completely thein vitroPGE‐biosynthesis.
Increased Inulin Absorption from the Gat Stomach Exposed to Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Flemström Gunnar , Marsden N. V. B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPolydisperse14C‐inulin was absorbed from the stomach of the cat when 15 mM acetylsalicylic acid, mainly in the unionized form, in isotonic NaCl solution, was also present in the lumen. The absorbed inulin was rapidly excreted and accumulated in the urine in sufficient quantities for molecular weight distribution analysis. The latter showed that about 95 percent of the urinary inulin had a molecular weight greater than 2000 and that only moderate molecular sieving of the instilled inulin (weight average molecular weight 5200) occurred. This means very probably that larger molecular species than tested here could be absorbed from the stomach. The instillation of14C‐inulin in acetylsalicylic acid‐free isotonic NaCl, however, also resulted in a smaller but significant inulin absorption. The latter was further considerably reduced if the inulin was not added together with the isotonic saline, but later (20 min) in a small liquid volume. This suggests that mere distension of the stomach causes a temporary increase of the permeability which, however, is much smaller than that after acetylsalicylic acid. It may be relevant that acetylsalicylic acid was found here to increase gastric absorption of saccharide molecules of a size earlier reported to be sufficiently large to evoke immune reactions.
Autoradiographic ‐ Histochemical Demonstration of Tyrosinase Activity in Melanin‐forming Tissues of Mammals
Authors: Lindquist Nils Gunnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe tyrosinase activity in melanin‐forming tissues was investigated in a series of rats (6 days to 1 year old), one cat 30 days old, and one 4 month old human fetus. The technique used was an autoradiographic‐histochemical method, utilizing the HC‐labelled melanin precursor tyrosine as a substrate. A high accumulation was found in the iris and ciliary body in the young pigmented animals and also in the human fetus. In addition a rather high activity was observed in the choroid of these specimens. When sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (10‐2 M), a tyrosinase inhibitor, was added to the incubation solution no specific uptake was seen. The level in the corresponding tissues of the albino rats was low. In the 1 year old pigmented rat a significant activity was still seen in the uveal tract and was very pronounced in the iris–indicating that the melanin formation in the eye may continue even into the adult stage. High tyrosinase activity was also found in other melanin‐forming tissues such as those in the inner ear and the hair follicles of the human fetus, and in the hair follicles, skin, and meninges of the young pigmented rats.
Apparent Efficiency and Storage of Elastic Energy in Human Muscles during Exercise
Authors: Asmussen Erling , Bonde‐Petersen Flemming 
Published: December 2008

Abstract3 subjects ran on the treadmill (10 km/h) against varying horizontal impeding forces. One subject was further studied during the same kind of walking and bicycling on the treadmill, and during work consisting in lowering and lifting the body by flexing and extending the legs from a standing or sitting position at varying frequencies, with or without rebound in the deepest position. Workpower (W kcal/min), and the corresponding steady state metabolic rate (E kcal/min, Douglas bag method) were measured. Apparent efficiency (N) was calculated as Δẁ/ΔÈ× 100 %. During load running N was 53.8, 37.6 and 41.2 %, respectively, in the 3 subjects. In the subject more extensively studied N was: running 53.8, walking 32.3, bicycling 25.1, knee‐flexions (deep or half) with rebound 39.4 or 41.0, without rebound 26.1 or 21.9 %. These variations in N % were explained in accordance with the possibilities for re‐using the energy, absorbed and stored in the muscles as elastic energy during a phase of negative exercise, in a subsequent phase of positive exercise. The condition of this is that the positive phase follows immediately after the negative. A calculation showed that during running 35–53 % of the energy absorbed during the negative phase was re‐used. Corresponding figures for walking and rebounding knee‐extensions were 23 % and 34 %, respectively, while in bicycling and knee‐extensions without rebound all of the negative work degenerated into heat.
Catecholamine Output of Males and Females over a One‐Year Period
Authors: Johansson Gunn , Post Birgitta 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUrine samples were collected under constant conditions once every fourth week over 1 year. The subjects, 13 male and 11 female office employees and workers in industry, participated in the study during their ordinary daily work routine. Large interindividual differences in the rate of catecholamine excretion were obtained, whereas most subject showed a high intra‐individual constancy of excretion. Neither variations over the year, nor differences between men and women in the excretion of adrenaline or noradrenaline, were statistically significant. However, the women differed from the men in that their adrenaline excretion was not significantly higher in a test session than during daily work routine.
Circulatory Responses to Stimulation of the Carotid Body Chemoreceptors in the Cat
Authors: Little Rod , ÖBerg Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCardiovascular responses to carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation were followed in the ‘curarized’, vagotomized, artificially ventilated cat. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors by perfusion of the carotid sinus regions with venous blood induced a reflex vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle, kidney, intestine and skin, and, in most cases, an increased heart rate. A comparison of the chemoreceptor reflex responses with those obtained by direct electrical stimulation of the regional vasomotor fibres indicated that in chemoreceptor reflexes the vasomotor fibre activity increased to the same extent in skeletal muscle and intestinal resistance vessels and, probably, in the ‘nutritional’ skin vessels but to a smaller extent in the renal vessels and the skeletal muscle capacitancc vessels. The renal vessels and the muscle capacitance vessels seemed, however, to respond more during chemoreceptor stimulation than when the baroreceptors were unloaded, indicating that an excitation of the bul bar vasomotor centre is more effective than the withdrawal of an inhibitory restraint in activating the vasomotor fibres to these vascular sections.
Changes in the Fetal Heart Rate and ECG during Hypoxia
Authors: Rosén K. G. , Kjellmer I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPrevious reports on the fetal hypoxic bradycardia in animals have indicated, that there is a vagal influence, especially when asphyxia is induced by umbilical cord occlusion. In the present study hypoxia was induced oia the mother, thus keeping the fetal circulation intact. The experiments were conducted on mature fetuses of three different species, namely 20 guinea‐pig, 3 cat and 3 lamb fetuses. The ECG was recorded continuously and used for measuring the fetal heart rate. The vagal influence on the fetal hypoxic bradycardia was tested by comparing the time for the onset of the bradycardia with or without vapl activity. There was no indication of any vagal component in the fetal hypoxic bradycardia, which is therefore to be regarded rather as a sign of myocardial hypoxia and failing fetal circulation. The ECG recordings showed that the fetal bradycardia initially is an AV‐block, type II, and that there are progressive changes in the S‐T interval as an early sign of hypoxia.
Conductance Recording of Ionic Outflow from Frog Skin Glands during Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Lang L. , Sjoberg E. , Skoglund C. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method for continuous recording of the ionic efflux from frog skin glands has been developed which under given experimental conditions provides a convenient index on glandular secretion. A nerve skin preparation from the calf is mounted so that the outside of the skin forms the bottom of a small test compartment with distilled water while the corium side is bathing in Ringer's solution. After determination of the adequate nerve stimulus parameters for discernible gland secretion to occur, the skin nerve was stimulated at 10 Hz during varying periods and chemical control analyses performed of the changes in ionic content of the test compartment solution. The main ionic outflow consisted of Na+ and Cl‐ in equal amounts, the outflow of other ions during stimulation being negligible. The concomitant conductance changes were measured as variations of absorption in a high‐frequency field applied to a conductance probe placed in the test chamber. Determinations of the NaCl outflow based on the conductance changes were in good agreement with the values obtained by chemical analysis. The continuous conductance recordings proved to give approximative information of the quantities and time relations of the glandular secretion, allowing a direct comparison with, e.g., skin potential changes.
Aspects of the Central Integration of Arterial Baroreceptor and Cardiac Ventricular Receptor Reflexes in the Cat
Authors: Little Rod , Wennergren Göran , ÖBerg Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe possible central integrative mechanisms, responsible for the earlier reported, differentiated reflex engagement of the renal and muscle vessels and the heart from cardiac ventricular receptors and arterial baroreceptors, respectively, were analyzed in atropinized cats. The reflex renal vessel, muscle vessel and heart rate responses, expressed as per cent of maximum, to graded activations of arterial baroreceptors (sinus pressure variations) and stimulations of ventricular receptor afferents in the cardiac nerve were systematically compared. Cardiac nerve stimulation with low frequencies was found to elicit more pronounced reflex renal vessel responses than muscle vessel and heart rate responses. In contrast, elevations of sinus pressure induced equally pronounced renal and muscle vessel responses. High frequency cardiac nerve stimulation elicited maximal reflex renal vessel responses, but only submaximal effects on muscle vessels and heart rate, while intense baroreceptor stimulation induced maximal reflex effector responses throughout. The submaximal heart rate response to cardiac nerve stimulation is probably due to a simultaneous activation of excitatory afferents. On the other hand, the less pronounced muscle than renal vessel responses when the cardiac nerve was stimulated probably reflect a relatively sparse innervation of muscle vasomotor neurons by ventricular receptor afferents, which seem instead to be preferentially oriented towards renal vasomotor and, possibly, cardiac motor neurons.
Measurement of Endometrial Blood Flow in Guinea‐pig Uterus by Clearance of Intraluminally Applied 133Xenon: Effects of Oophorectomy, Estrogen Treatment and Pregnancy
Authors: Einer‐Jensen N. , Edvinsson L. , Falck B. , Owman Ch. , Sjöberg N.‐O. , Walles B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEndometrial blood flow (EBF) was studied atraumatically in guinea‐pigs by the 133xenon clearance technique. With the aid of an otoscope, a xenon‐saline solution was deposited via the vagina through a cannula into the uterine lumen. Radioactivity curves were obtained by a small external scintillation detector. Oophorectorny lowered total flow whereas this was markedly increased (also per unit weight) by estrogen treatment, alone or in combination with oophorectomy. During early pregnancy there was a tendency to increase in the flow, while the values (for the parietal decidua) were markedly reduced at later stages of pregnancy. In the fetus‐placenta unit (133xenon solution injected intra‐amniotically) the flow was three times higher than in the parietal decidua at this advanced stage of pregnancy.
Ionic Requirements for Rapid Axonal Transportin vitroin Frog Sciatic Nerves
Authors: Edström Anders 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of K+, Na+, hypo‐ and hypertonicity on the synthesis and fast axonal transport of3H‐leucine‐labelled protein were studiedin vitroin the frog sciatic system. The methodology used made it possible to discriminate between effects on synthesis and transport of protein. The preparation which consisted of the dorsal ganglia, the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle was placed in an incubation chamber. The ganglia were incubated in standard Ringer containingSH‐leucine and the nerve was prefused with modified Ringer. Perfusion of the nerve for 17 h with K+‐free Ringer or Na+‐free Ringer did not affect the rapid axonal transport of3H‐leucine‐labelled material from the ganglia along the nerve towards a ligature in front of which it accumulated. Nor was the transport influenced by concentrations of K+up to 68.8 mM. In contrast concentrations exceeding 100 mM K+partially inhibited the transport. Inhibition by ouabain (0.1 mM) was not prevented by elevating K+to 30 mM. Deviation from isotonicity, towards a hypo‐ or a hypertonic medium, partially inhibited axonal transport. The transport inhibitory effects showed reversibility. Experimental conditions, which arrested the transport, were tested in separate experiments for effects on uptake of3H‐leucine into TCA‐soluble and insoluble ganglionic components. K+substituted for Na+, ouabain (0.1 mM) and hypotonic Ringer partially inhibited the amino acid uptake hut also subsequent steps in the incorporation process, whereas only the latter was inhibited by hypertonic Ringer. The results are discussed in relation to possible changes in energy metabolism.
The Excitatory Action of Acetylcholine on Intradental Sensory Units
Authors: Haegerstam Glenn , Olgart Leif , Edwall Lennart 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that ACh mediates the transmission of pain stimuli from dentin to sensory intradental nerve endings the following experiments were performed.Intradental nerve impulses were recorded by means of low impedance electrodes inserted in dentinal cavities in the tooth of the cat. An air blast proved to be an efficient physical stimulus to excite the intradental nerves. Local application of acetylcholine caused a similar response. This response to acetylcholine was followed by a transient blockage to repeated application. The response to acetylcholine could be blocked by d‐tubocurarine, atropine, succinylcholine and hexamethonium administered locally. In contrast, the response to physical stimuli (air blasts) could not be blocked by these drugs. Moreover, during the period of depression following acetylcholine the preparation responded to physical stimuli. These findings suggest that acetylcholine is not a mediator in the intradental pain transmission provoked by physical stimuli.