bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Rolle des Prüfingenieurs im System der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr
Authors: Dressel Bernd 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDas Prinzip der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr zieht sich wie ein roter Faden durch die historische Entwicklung des Bauordnungsrechts. In der gegenwärtigen Musterbauordnung ist gefordert, dass die öffentliche Sicherheit und Ordnung, insbesondere Leben, Gesundheit und die natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen durch bauliche Anlagen, nicht gefährdet werden. Die Kontrolle darüber ist Aufgabe des Staates und obliegt den Bauaufsichtsbehörden.Zu ihrer Entlastung beauftragen die Bauaufsichtsbehörden staatlich anerkannte Prüfingenieure mit der Wahrnehmung der bauaufsichtlichen Prüfung der Standsicherheit und des Brandschutzes. Entscheidend dabei ist, dass die Prüfingenieure unabhängig sind von den wirtschaftlichen Interessen des Bauherrn. Bisher war diese Unabhängigkeit dadurch gesichert, dass die Prüfingenieure hoheitlich tätig waren und ihre Aufträge unmittelbar von den Bauaufsichtsbehörden erhielten.Im Zuge sogenannter Deregulierungsmaßnahmen haben einige Bundesländer in den letzten Jahren ihre Bauordnungen verändert mit der fatalen Folge, dass Sicherheitsdefizite entstanden sind. Die Unabhängigkeit der Prüfingenieure und damit die Qualität der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr wurde durch das Gestatten privater Beauftragungen entscheidend verringert. Darüber hinaus wurden verschiedene Bauvorhaben mit vermeintlich geringeren Sicherheitsanforderungen von der Prüfpflicht freigestellt.Diese Veränderungen widersprechen dem Sicherheitskonzept der DIN 1055‐100, das mit der Europäischen Normung abgestimmt ist. Das dort geforderte Sicherheitsniveau setzt expressis verbis die unabhängige Prüfung der Tragwerksplanung voraus.Weitere Risiken für die Unabhängigkeit und Qualität der bautechnischen Prüfung durch die Prüfingenieure drohen bei einer unkritischen Anwendung der Europäischen Dienstleistungsrichtlinie.In Übereinstimmung mit den Erfahrungen der Prüfingenieure zeigen aktuelle Risikoanalysen, dass es für ein modernes System der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr unerlässlich ist, Umfang und Intensität der bauaufsichtlichen Kontrollmaßnahmen dem Gefährdungspotential des jeweiligen Bauvorhabens anzupassen. Nach dem Vorschlag der Bundesvereinigung der Prüfingenieure auf dem IABSE‐Symposium 2007 sollten die Kontrollmaßnahmen künftig auf der Grundlage des Eurocodes EN 1990 entsprechend dem Sicherheitsrisiko nach drei Gefährdungsklassen abgestuft werden.
A 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR Study of an Anionic Surfactant/Neutral Polymer Complex
Authors: Landry Josette M. , Marangoni D. Gerrard , Arden Deborah A. , MacLennan Ian J. , Kwak Jan C. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNMR chemical shifts and linewidth measurements were examined for mixtures of sodium 10‐phenyldecanoate (Na ω‐PhDec) in deuterated aqueous solutions in the presence of varying compositions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymers of 2000 and 4000 molecular weight. In addition, variable temperature NMR spectra and NMR spin lattice relaxation times (T1) were obtained for the PEO‐4000/Na ω‐PhDec system as a function of varying polymer concentrations. As expected, the polymer/surfactant systems exhibit the behaviour typical of that of an anionic surfactant/neutral polymer system with well defined critical aggregation concentrations (CMC) corresponding to the formation of polymer/surfactant complexes below the CMC of the free surfactant. The 1H‐NMR linewidths acquired for the Na ω‐PhDec/PEO‐4000 system before and after the CMC region of the surfactant indicate that the maximum in the linewidth of the PEO proton peak is reached at approximately twice the CMC of the free surfactant. 2D‐NMR NOESY measurements on this system exhibit cross peaks between the PEO protons and the protons on the surfactant backbone, consistent with the location of the phenyl group in the micellar interior. All these NMR experiments are interpreted in terms of the structure of the polymer/surfactant complexes as a function of the system composition.
Nitrous oxide and the inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat dorsal horn neurons
Authors: Georgiev Stefan K. , Baba Hiroshi , Kohno Tatsuro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe analgesic effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) is thought to depend on noradrenaline release in the spinal cord following activation of descending inhibitory neurons. In addition to this indirect facilitation of inhibition in the spinal cord, we previously showed direct inhibition of glutamate receptors in dorsal horn neurons by N2O. Since general anesthetics could possibly affect excitatory and/or inhibitory components of synaptic transmission, we sought to evaluate the direct effect of N2O on inhibitory transmission in spinal cord neurons.Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording from rat transversal spinal cord slices, we investigated the actions of 50% N2O and 0.5% isoflurane (both 0.3 rat MAC; minimum alveolar concentration) on exogenously applied γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and glycine‐induced currents in rat dorsal horn lamina II neurons. The amplitudes and integrated areas of GABA‐ and glycine‐induced currents were not significantly affected by N2O, but were increased in the presence of isoflurane. N2O did not affect the amplitude, frequency or decay time probability distribution of either GABA or glycine receptor‐mediated miniature postsynaptic currents. We further sought to determine the effect of N2O on focal stimulation‐evoked synaptic currents mediated by GABA and glycine receptors, and found no effect in the majority of neurons.These and other findings suggest that N2O has a discrete action in the spinal cord, distinct from the effects of the volatile anesthetics, consisting of inhibition of excitation in SG neurons through an action on ionotropic glutamatergic receptors and potentiation of inhibition through the descending noradrenergic system.
What is civil society and who represents civil society in the EU?—Results of an online survey among civil society experts
Authors: Kohler-Koch Beate , Quittkat Christine 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The paper presents results of an online survey among academics on the existing conceptions of civil society as related to the EU. The study reveals that there exist two independent conceptions of civil society, one of which sees civil society as composed of civil society organisations articulating and representing the interests of a constituency, the other locates civil society in the sphere of social interaction. These different conceptions as well as preferences for specific definitions of civil society impact on the classification of general interest groups, trade unions, professional organisations and business interest associations as CSO. As it is only the first, encompassing conception of civil society which is easily incorporated in a governance approach and well in line with the principles of representative democracy conception of civil society as promulgated by the European Commission while scholars lining up with the social sphere approach have difficulties to see EU associations as part of Europe's civil society, the conclusion is that the distinction between the two conceptions of civil society should be brought out more clearly.
Did you call in Mexican? The racial politics of Jay Leno immigrant jokes
Authors: SANTA ANA OTTO 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes a set of anti-immigrant jokes with which Jay Leno entertained his national television audience in 2006, when the U.S. public was focused on unprecedented demonstrations urging justice for immigrants. Leno adroitly mocks immigrants and their cause to give his audience emotional release by distancing them from immigrants. It is argued that political comedy can be an insidious discursive practice that reduces its audience’s critical judgment as it signifies social boundaries. It should be carefully scrutinized because, with a few laughs, Leno can steer sentiment about public policy and instantiate divisiveness for an audience of 6 million who, in the words of Leno’s official website, “are drifting off to dreamland.” (Humor, political comedy, late-night television, immigrant rights marches)*
“Normal” in Catalonia: Standard language, enregisterment and the imagination of a national public
Authors: FREKKO SUSAN E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTScholars have long noted that the imagination of a national public hinges on ideologies of standard language. This study uses ethnographic and media data from Catalonia to reflect on this relationship, focusing on language professionals, the stewards of Catalan’s standard register. The ideological portrait of Catalonia that emerges is one of a national public that is precarious because a standard register of the Catalan language is taken to be the whole language. It is argued that the imagined failings of a Catalan national public suggest conditions for the successful imagining of a national public more generally. In particular, the projection of a taken-for-granted national public appears to depend on a language imagined as standard and homogeneous when contrasted with other national languages but as internally variable when examined within the national context. At one taxonomic level, registers are erased in order for one register imagined as standard and homogeneous to count as the named language in contrast with other named national languages. At a lower recursive level, these registers must be imagined to exist in order for the language and its corresponding national public to be able to account for “everyone” in the projected national public. When these conditions are not met, as in the case of Catalonia, the national public is imagined as fragile. (Language ideology, standardization, publics, enregisterment)*
Prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuscolonization outside the healthcare environment
Authors: MALIK S. , VRANKEN P. , SILIO M. , RATARD R. , VAN DYKE R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCommunity-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) infections are increasingly recognized in persons without established risk factors. Population-based prevalence studies of CA-MRSA colonization in persons without risk factors are relatively limited. Subjects aged 2–65 years were enrolled from a student recreation centre, public office building, and out-patient clinics. Persons or close contacts with a history of hospitalization, nursing-home residence, surgery, emergency-department visit, or healthcare employment during the previous year and persons with chronic debilitating illness, indwelling catheter, or surgical device were excluded. Swabs of anterior nares were obtained. Demographic and clinical information was collected. During January–June 2005, three (1·2%) of 259 subjects were colonized with MRSA. All three subjects were adults enrolled at the recreation centre. Healthy persons living in households without recent exposure to healthcare environments were at low risk for MRSA colonization. Studies from other geographic locations are needed to elucidate differences in prevalence of CA-MRSA.
Salivary cortisol in maltreated children: Evidence of relations between neuroendocrine activity and social competence
Authors: Hart Jordan , Gunnar Megan , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSalivary cortisol concentrations (10:30–11:30 a.m.) and social behavior (observations and teacher reports) were examined in 33 maltreated (26 boys) and 16 comparison (8 boys) children. The maltreated children were studied for 31 days while they attended a therapeutic preschool for abused and neglected children. Children in the comparison sample were studied while attending a preschool serving economically disadvantaged families. Each child's cortisol values over days were used to compute measures of basal activity (median cortisol) and reactivity (ratio of quartile ranges). Median cortisol was not significantly correlated with social behavior measures. Cortisol reactivity was positively correlated with social competence and negatively correlated with shy/internalizing behavior. Maltreated children exhibited less cortisol reactivity then did comparison children. Maltreated children also scored lower in social competence and higher in shy/internalizing and acting out/externalizing behaviors. In additional analyses, maltreated children failed to show elevations in cortisol on days of high versus low social conflict in the classroom. Social competence was also found to correlate positively with cortisol levels on high-conflict days. In all, the results suggest a reduction in cortisol reactivity in maltreated children related to the impairment in social competence frequently noted among these children.
Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A functionalist perspective
Authors: Kobak Roger , Ferenz-Gillies Rayanne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper uses a functionalist view of emotion to consider family factors that create risk for depressive symptoms in adolescents. Two adolescent siblings and their mothers were assessed for emotion regulation during autonomy-related communication tasks, whereas their mother's attachment- and intimacy-related functioning was assessed through interview and self-report. The results indicate that older teens' failure to establish autonomous stances during communication and their mothers' dissatisfaction with intimate relationships increase risk for teenagers reporting depressive symptoms. Further, mothers' preoccupation attachment-related issues was found to be associated with less autonomous communication from older teenagers. Implications of these findings and future directions for investigating the family factors associated with adolescent depression are discussed.
Self-cognitions and expressed negative emotions during midadolescence: Contributions to young adult psychological adustment
Authors: Gralinski J. Heidi , Safyer Andrew W. , Hauser Stuart T. , Allen Joseph P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study explored developmentally salient cognitive and emotional facets of personality during adolescence and their contribution to psychological functioning in young adulthood. Specifically, we examined the of relations among two kinds of actual-ideal self-discrepancies, expressed negative emotions, and self-dissatisfaction during midadolescence and assessed their longitudinal contribution to young adult symptoms of hostility and depression, as well as self-worth. We drew upon a dataset that included both a group of youngsters who had been psychiatrically hospitalized at age 14 and a normative comparison group of high school students studied over an 11-year period. Findings demonstrated that the magnitude of particular actual-ideal discrepancies, expressed negative emotions, and self-dissatisfaction differed between the groups. Contrary to expectation, actual-ideal self-discrepancies were not related to expressed negative emotions during midadolescence. For the psychiatric group, however, both self-discrepancies and expressed negative emotions made unique contributions to individuals' general sense of self-dissatisfaction. Moreover, particular types of actual-ideal self-discrepancies, specific expressed emotions, and self-dissatisfaction differentially predicted symptoms of hostility and depression, as well as diminished self-worth in young adulthood, albeit differently for the two groups. The importance of cognitions and emotions in the course diverse developmental pathways and future directions of the study are discussed.
Infant-mother attachment and behavior problems in healthy and chronically ill preschoolers
Authors: Goldberg Susan , Gotowiec Andrew , Simmons Robert J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnalysis of longitudinal data for 145 children [51 healthy, 40 with cystic fibrosis (CF), and 54 with congenital heart disease (CHD)] was conducted: (a) to ascertain whether behavioral problems evident in older medically compromised children would be reported as early as 2–3 years-of-age; and (b) to test theoretical predictions concerning the role of infant-mother attachment in the etiology of behavior problems. As predicted, children with a medical diagnosis received higher scores from parents on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), primarily on the Internalizing scale. Reports of somatic symptoms did not account for this effect. Contrary to predictions, children with CHD were reported to have more behavior problems than those with CF. Secure attachment was associated with lower CBCL scores for internalizing problems regardless of medical status. The increase in behavior problem reports associated with insecure attachment was shown to reflect an effect of avoidance rather than insecurity per se. The importance of distinguishing effects of different types of insecurity and the need for meta-analytic strategies to do so is emphasized.
The social problem-solving skills of anxious-withdrawn children
Authors: Stewart Shannon L. , Rubin Kenneth H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to contrast the social competencies of groups of extremely withdrawn and average children. Fifty-five kindergarten, Grade 2 and Grade 4 children were observed during dyadic play in a laboratory setting. Results indicated that (a)withdrawnchildren displayed fewer social problem-solving initiations, produced fewer socially assertive strategies, and were less successful in their attempts, compared to their more sociable age-mates; (b)averagechildren experienced fewer failures in meeting their social goals with increasing age but withdrawn children did not; (c) the discrepancy in failure rates for “high cost” social goals between the two target groups increased with increasing age; and (d) withdrawn children were less likely than average children to reinitiate a social problem-solving attempt subsequent to failure.
Social and school adjustment of shy and aggressive children in China
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Rubin Kenneth H. , Li Boshu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFifty-seven extremely shy-inhibited children, 59 extremely aggressive children, and 352 of their average counterparts, 8 and 10 years-of-age, residing in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China, were compared on sociometric nominations of peer acceptance and rejection, teachers' assessments of school related competencies, a self-report measure of depression, and Chinese measures of normative school behavior, honorship, leadership, and academic achievement. The results indicated that, as in the Western literature, aggressive children in China were more likely to have difficulties in adjustment than their average age-mates. Inconsistent with the results in Western literature, shy-inhibited children in China were found to be more accepted by peers than their average age-mates. Furthermore, compared with the average and aggressive children, shy-inhibited children were most likely to be considered for honorship and leadership positions and were regarded by teachers as the most competent in school. Finally, the three comparison groups did not differ on a measure of depression. Children in China, however, evidenced higher depression scores than a comparison group in the West. Given these findings, it seems to be important to examine, in the future, the processes of socialization that lead to social adjustment and maladjustment of shy-inhibited and aggressivedisruptive children in non-Western cultures.
Adjustment of antisocial and nonantisocial rejected adolescents
Authors: French Doran C. , Conrad Jody , Turner Tamara M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to expand the investigation of peer-rejected subgroup differences to adolescence. A sample of 501 eighth-grade adolescents (age 13–14 years) were assessed. These students and their classmates (1,082 15–16-year-olds) were assessed at 10th grade. Rejected-antisocial and rejected-nonantisocial subgroups were identified at both time periods using peer ratings of social status and antisocial behavior. They were compared with accepted, accepted-antisocial, and accepted-nonantisocial subgroups. Results are consistent with past research indicating significant heterogeneity within the rejected population. Rejected-antisocial adolescents exhibited elevated problem behavior (substance use and deviant peer involvement), depression, and school adjustment difficulties (low attendance, low achievement, and school discipline problems). Rejected-nonantisocial students in contrast exhibited little problem behavior, but were characterized by low physical attractiveness and lower involvement in athletics. Discussions of psychopathological risk associated with peer rejection must account for the heterogeneity and extreme differences between antisocial and nonantisocial-rejected adolescents. Comparison of antisocial and nonantisocial-rejected children with their respective antisocial and nonantisocial-accepted comparison groups revealed few differences. This calls into question the unique contribution of rejection in the development of psychopathology.
Behavior problems in 5-year-old monozygotic and dizygotic twins: Genetic and environmental influences, patterns of regulation, and internalization of control
Authors: Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Schmitz Stephanie , Fulker David , Robinson Joann , Emde Robert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGenetic influence on externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and attentional/activity problems in 5-year-olds was consistently identified across informants and assessment contexts. Effects of the shared environment were identified as well but with less consistency (i.e., only from parents, not teachers, and more from father than mother reports). Correlations between observed patterns of regulation at ages 3, 4, and 5 years and behavior problems at age 5 years were often significant, but low in magnitude and specific to teacher reports. Adaptive internalization of control at each age (e.g., frustration tolerance, capacity to attend and focus, good impulse control) predicted fewer externalizing problems. Internalization of standards, reflected in children's moral themes, understanding of reciprocity, and constructive social problem solving, also were sometimes associated with fewer problems. Significant correlations were low in magnitude and again specific to teacher reports. Externalizing problems were more prevalent for boys than girls, and regulation (i.e., internalization of control and standards) was more characteristic of girls than boys.
Regulatory processes and the development of cognitive representations
Authors: Derryberry Douglas , Reed Marjorie A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough the construct of regulation is usually applied to ongoing behavior, it also has implications for ongoing cognition and the development of cognitive representations. We propose that subcortical motivational systems influence cortical representations in two general ways. First, they regulate response processes, promoting a general selection of information to which the child is exposed. Second, motivational systems regulate attention, promoting a more selective stabilization of representations for motivationally relevant sources of information. Together with the environment, these regulatory processes shape the child's developing representations. Individual differences in these processes result in cortical representational systems that enhance the motivational systems* ability to detect relevant inputs and to guide behavior in light of them. Examples are provided that focus on fearful children, discussing how their self-representation may contribute to anxious psychopathology.