bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Handling Expansion Facilities at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Metz W. P. , Elliott R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The Prudhoe Bay Unit Owners are completing installation of the first major phase of Gas Handling Expansion (GHX) facilities at Prudhoe Bay. GHX will add significant crude oil reserves as well as slow oil production decline by allowing production of higher gas/oil ratio wells. The GHX facilities include several large components which are being used to increase field gas offtake (FGO) rates. The first phase of GHX (GHX-1) will increase FGO from a nominal 3.6 billion standard cubic feet per day (BSCFD) to about 5.1 BSCFD; the second phase (GHX-2) will increase FGO to about 7.5 BSCFD. As is with most major projects, aggressive schedule targets were established for GHX-1 to optimize project economics. Preliminary Engineering was initiated in June 1988, with major facility modules sealifted in summer of 1990. The fabrication and construction effort involved work in Portland, Oregon and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. All GHX-1 facilities should be in place and operating in early 1992. Current forecast cost for the overall project is approximately $450 million.
Watchdog: An Anti-Collision Wellhead Monitoring System
Authors: Stagg T. O. , Reiley R. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
BP Exploration undertook the development of a new rig safety system to provide an increased level of protection against sub-surface well collisions. The Watchdog system is an acoustic wellhead monitoring system designed to warn the driller when a collision with an existing well is imminent. Monitors are placed on the wellhead of each well considered an intersection risk to detect vibrations created by an approaching drill bit. This data is processed in real time and plotted versus measured depth of the well being drilled. By this means the approach of a drill bit can be detected before impact occurs and correctional action may be taken to avoid collision.
Drilling Smaller Surface Holes Results in Substantial Cost Savings
Authors: Krawietz T. E. , Gremley R. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract:
This paper addresses ARCO Alaska's successful program of drilling smaller holes for 13.375 inch [339.73 mm] surface casing strings. Data is presented from wells drilled by Arco Alaska Inc. on the Alaska North Slope along with a detailed breakdown of cost reductions in cement, rig, bit and mud costs.
Applicability of Soviet Arctic Mining Technology to Northern America
Authors: Skudrzyk F. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The author has visited the northern part of the Soviet Union several times in recent years and has had the opportunity to acquaint himself with Soviet arctic mining technology through visits to mines, discussions with Soviet mining professionals and extensive studies of available Soviet mining literature.
In this paper Soviet mining technology for arctic/subarctic regions is reviewed and critical assessment is offered from a perspective of its applications to northern climates in Alaska and Canada. Several specific examples of the Soviet mining technologies are given indicating that the mines and equipment can successfully function at prolonged periods of temperatures down to −60 °F.
Arctic and Offshore Research Information System
Authors: Shoemaker H. D , Chiang D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The unique Arctic environment effects significant technological and economic barriers to developing the Alaskan oil and gas resources. Therefore, the U.S. Department of Energy has established a computerized information system to assist industry and government in the development of these Arctic resources. This paper describes the DOE Arctic and Offshore Research Information System (AORIS), its development and public assessment, which sources were accessed for inventory, examples of contents, how it can be queried, and potential uses. The AORIS has an on-line thesaurus and other personal computer, user-friendly aids to assist in querying the AORIS. There are three principal components:a directory that lists 85 data bases containing Arctic energy-related information and how to access them; a bibliographic information system containing over 8,000 references and abstracts on energy-related research (sea ice, ice gouging, seafloor soils, subsea permafrost, seismic activity, and offshore structures); and a scientific and engineering information system (or data component) containing over 800 data sets, extracted from the cited material, in both tabular and graphical formats, on sea ice characteristics (morphological, mechanical, and physical properties) and ice-structure interaction. This unique data component provides preliminary information useful in the design of Arctic offshore oil and gas development structures. The AORIS, its operational software, and users' manual are contained on Compact Disk—Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) media. The AORIS is available through the DOE National Energy Software Center, Argonne National Laboratory.
Environmental Compliance Assessment Review
Authors: Holliday G. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the period 1972-1991, The United States Congress passed stringent environmental statutes which the Environment Protection Agency implemented via regulations. The statutes and regulations contain severe civil and criminal penalties. Civil violations resulted in fines, typically payable by the company. The act of willfully and knowingly violating the permit conditions or regulations can result in criminal charges being imposed upon the responsible part, i.e., either the company or individual. Criminal charges can include fines, lawyer fees, court costs and incarceration.
Traditionally, there has been a clear demarcation between civil and criminal sanctions. Recently, the two sanctions have overlapped so that what a few years ago would clearly have been a civil charge may now be classed as a criminal charge. Criminal charges have been extended to include Senior Management who fail to initiate and monitor an environmental program designed to assure environmental compliance. Accordingly, most large and many small operators have initiated audit programs.
Such a compliance review program provides protection from criminal charges for Senior Management but makes Middle Management and first line supervisors more vulnerable unless management provides them with environmental training and monitoring of the effectiveness of the environmental program. Although this paper concentrates on Environmental Compliance Assessment Review [CAR] programs, other types of environmental audits exist. The most important being the Preacquisition/ Predivestiture Audit. This is an audit of a facility prior to purchase or sale with emphasis on recognizing liabilities which might be transferred as the result of the purchase or sale of the facility. Preacquisition/Predivestiture audits are beyond the scope of this paper.
This paper describes steps necessary to (1) form an effective Environmental Compliance Assessment Review [CAR] program, (2) train field and engineering personnel and (3) perform a CAR audit. Additionally, the paper discusses the findings of a number of Exploration and Production [E&P] field audits.
Surface Area Measurements on Sedimentary Rocks
Authors: Brooks C.S. , Purcell W.R. 
Published: December 2007

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 195, 1952, pages 289–296.

Abstract
The internal surfaces of rocks which are in contact with interstitial fluids are known to influence in some degree the recovery of hydrocarbons from pay zones. Despite the admitted importance of the influence of solid surfaces on hydrocarbon recovery, little information is available concerning the extent of surface of reservoir rocks. In this paper a description is given of the apparatus and procedure employed in the determination of the surface areas of sedimentary rocks, and values are reported for a variety of sandstone and limestone cores. In addition, consideration is given to the Kozeny equation, which relates surface area to porosity and permeability. A comparison is made between the surface areas as calculated from this equation and the geometrical areas of a series of packs of spherical glass beads. Also, for a group of sandstone cores, Kozeny areas are compared with surface areas as determined by the gas adsorption method employed in this investigation.

Introduction
It has long been recognized that many processes which are of importance to hydrocarbon production are controlled in some degree by the extent of the surface of the reservoir rock through which the hydrocarbons move. For example, the recovery efficiency that is obtained in a given reservoir is certainly determined in part by the action of interfacial forces between the reservoir fluids and rock, and this action is influenced in turn by the extent of solid surface. Despite the admitted importance of surface effects to problems of petroleum recovery, little information is available concerning the extent of surface of reservoir rocks. A recent paper by Kulp and Carr reports surface areas of deep-sea sediments. Their values are in general much higher than those reported herein for reservoir rocks probably because of the high clay and silt content of the sediments. It is the purpose of this paper to describe an apparatus which has been employed for the measurement of the surface areas of rock samples and to present the values which have been obtained for a variety of sandstone and limestone cores. In addition, the relationship of surface area to permeability and porosity, as given by the Kozeny equation, will be discussed.
Oilfield Percussion Drilling
Authors: Smith F.W. , Kopczynski Wink 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Advancements in tools and technology for air drilling have been quite numerous. One of the more publicized tools in recent years has been the air-rotary-percussion drill. This paper is prepared to evaluate the tool performance and to indicate problem areas where the tool may be used to the greatest economical advantage.
Continued improvement of the tool, along with improved bit design, will extend the application of air-rotary-percussion techniques to greater hole intervals in oil and gas wells.

Introduction
Percussion drilling, as used in the oil field today, is a combined action in which positive rotation of the tool together with a high static thrust on it has been superimposed on the basic percussive action. The percussive action is a process of rock drilling in which repeated blows are applied to the surface of a rock through a pointed bit as used in cable tool drilling. One of the most successful ways of drilling a hardrock formation, this method has been improved recently by the percussive rotary technique. The tool is installed next to the bit and is actuated by air the circulating media. The volume of air and the pressure requirements of the percussion tool are designed to be compatible with air drilling equipment currently being used Due to the greater penetration rate of the down-hole machine, the volume of air required to remove all the cuttings from the annulus is sometimes 20 per cent greater than conventional rotary air drilling.
Air not consumed in the operation of the machine is directed through the bit for bottom-hole cleaning while the used air is discharged at or near the bit, thus giving total hole-cleaning capacity.
The pressure required to operate a percussion tool varies with the individual tool. Some tools operate with as little as 50 psi, while others require as much as 200 psi, with their maximum efficiency at 400 psi.
The percussion tool advances by punching rather than by boring under pressures; therefore, its progress is more nearly vertical while drilling in hard, slanting formations. The tool also maintains a higher penetration rate without the excessive hole deviation sometimes encountered in conventional air drilling. Some percussion tools with heavy impacts have a tendency to destroy the standard-type bits; therefore, this requires that the manufacturers "beef-up" their bits with reinforced seam welds to withstand the excessive blows.
Parameterizing Environmental Assessments for Oil and Gas Facility Construction
Authors: Semenov L. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews several issues concerning the possibility of setting quantitative norms for individual natural parameters and for technogenic loads on the environment resulting from oil and gas facility construction. Such standards are set with the object of effectively planning environmental assessments for projects and forecasts of changes over long periods (up to 50 years) in natural-technical complexes or in individual sites. The determination of certain complex or simple inter-relationships involving the oil and gas facility system permits quantitative determination of system stability at both regional and local levels.
Methods of Engineer-Ecological Identification of Designs of Oil and Gas Facilities
Authors: Moldananov O. I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the criteria and methods of objective estimation of designs at the stage of designing and construction of oil and gas facilities from the point of view of the minimum ecological damage. The paper also presents the principles of quantitative analysis of comparable processes and construction objects. Presented as the most preferable are the criteria of ecologically rational limitations and ecologic equivalence.
Biological Rehabilitation of Disturbed Lands in the Arctic Gas-Producing Regions
Authors: Masalkin S. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a number of research projects on rehabilitation of disturbed (being disturbed) Arctic territories during the development of gascondensor fields in the North of Tumen Region, and describes some techniques and methods of rehabilitation. Soil-vegetation cover characteristice as well as physical characteristics of tundra soils are given, the rates of mineral fertilizer application for different revegetation plants, rates, terms and techniques of seeding are defined.Our experience in shrub planting as means of technical and biological rehabilitation of slopes subject to erosion is presented. The stationary test plots are situated on the Tazovsky peninsula (68 degrees North) and the Yamal peninsula (70 degrees North).
Foundation Rehabilitation at ADOT/PF Jim River Maintenance Camp
Authors: Rooney J. W. , Riddle C. H. , Scher R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The vehicle maintenance shop at the Jim River highway camp experienced severe total and differential settlement following original construction in 1977. Although the exact original grade could not be precisely determined, the lowest depth of building settlement was believed to be 3 to 4 feet (. 91 to 1.2 m) below the finish floor grade while slab diffential settlement of up to 2.5 feet (.76 m) occurred inside the building.
Previous exploratory work completed at the site indicated that settlement was most likely caused by thawing of ice-rich permafrost below the building. The original foundation design included 4 inches (101.6 mm) of insulation which was not adequate to counteract thermal degradation below the building. A sandy gravel material with cobbles extended beneath the floor slab to depths ranging from 10 to 14 feet (3 to 4.3 m). This coarse granular layer was underlain by a glaciofluvial deposit of frozen mixed fine and coarse-grained material having high ice content.
Rehabilitation of the building structure included short-term stabilization over a two to three month period that was accomplished using a mechanical refrigeration system. The "active" system was required because of the necessity for achieving shortterm stabilization of the building foundation. Following near total freezeback by the "active" system, it was planned to install permanent "passive" heat pipes to maintain the integrity of the frozen foundation soils on a long-term basis. Because of inadequate casing installation, the contractor was allowed to substitute a liquid-forced convection system.
The "active" mechanical refrigeration system began operating at the site on June 28, 1986, and was removed after 75 days of operation, when the degree of freezeback below the building was considered to be adequate. This paper presents design and construction considerations and provides information on the changing thermal regime beneath the building as revealed by thermistor readings versus the heat extraction calculated from temperature and flow measurement of the circulating coolant. Slab displacements are also described.
Comparison of Geostatistical Characterization Methods for the Kern River Field
Authors: Vogt J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years, three dimensional conditional simulation (3DCS) has become a popular technique to interpolate reservoir characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and facies between wells. 3DCS is usually thought to be the best characterization method for flow studies. However, this technique is also quite CPU intensive. Other geostatistical methods, such as pseudo 3D conditional simulation (P3DCS), 3D kriging (3DK), and pseudo 3D kriging (P3DK) are less CPU intensive. Therefore it is important to know how much less intensive these methods are and when they can be substituted for 3DCS.
In this paper, we will compare results from the above methods using actual resistivity data from the Kern River Field in California as input. We will also compare the output from two different 3D graphics packages.
3D Connectivity and Architecture in Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Budding M. C. , Paardekam A. H. M. , van Rossem S. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional geological modelling of oil and gas fields has in practice been restricted to illustrations on paper. Complex spatial configurations are usually represented as a limited number of 2D maps and cross-sections, perhaps complemented by a conceptual reservoir model in a block diagram. This approach precludes a quantitative assessment of essentially 3D characteristics such as reservoir connectivity and effective permeability or transmissibility of reservoir intervals.
The computer modelling package Monarch, developed in Shell Research, enables the user to overcome this problem by subdividing the reservoir volume into a 3D grid of discrete volume cells (voxels) which can be used as a data base to integrate all available information. A set of modelling tools is provided to assign properties to groups of voxels, according to predefined geological rules.
For this purpose, well data are related to geological information via a genetic classification scheme. Monarch first models the distribution of geologically meaningful objects, such as genetic sand-body types or lithofacies units within an undeformed stratigraphic framework. If sufficient information is available, these objects are mapped directly in three dimensions, using any information available on their expected geometry. If insufficient information is available, their distribution is modelled by means of stochastic techniques, honouring established stratification patterns and architectural trends. Subsequently the structural configuration is restored, and the effects of through-fault communication are established. In a last step, the distribution of reservoir properties within the genetic elements is included.
By evaluating the resulting models statistically, probable hydrocarbon volumes connected to existing or planned wells can be calculated and optimal well locations selected. The method has been used over the last five years to assist in the development planning of oil and gas fields in the appraisal stage, to delineate optimal infill locations in producing fields and to locate remaining oil in a mature field.
Induction, Resistivity, and MWD Tools in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Gianzero S. C. , Chemali R. E. , Su S-M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We shall investigate the applicability of induction and resistivity devices to horizontal wells, where the borehole runs parallel to the bed boundaries.
The presence of the borehole may be simply ignored for induction sondes and log response is computed analytically for entire trajectories for the more common radii of curvature used in the drilling process.
Since the borehole is an essential part of the problem for focused resistivity devices, the tool response must be evaluated numerically.
The modeling results for the resistivity devices indicate that the measurement is more sensitive to conductive than to resistive shoulder beds, whereas, the reverse physical situation is evidenced with induction devices.
Reservoir Simulation Facilitates Synergism in Management of the Attaka Field
Authors: Zagalai B. M. , Houtzager J. F. , Mahadi S. , Partono Y. , Goodwin B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Attaka field, located northeast of the Mahakam delta, offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia, consists of complex arrangements of distributary/tidal channels and tidal/barrier bars. Over the last 18 years, the field has produced about 460 million STB of oil and 700 billion SCF of gas. Despite the mature status of the field, lateral correlation of the various sand bodies is uncertain. This paper describes how reservoir simulation is helping to characterize the field architecture. Matching the production history with simple reservoir models is providing a means for combining geological and engineering data and is serving as a catalyst for synergism.
A simple approach is described for constructing a large multilayered model in a complex geological setting. Models of single reservoirs are developed and a preliminary history match is obtained by use of pseudo functions. Because most completions involve commingled production from two or more reservoirs, several reservoir models are combined to refine the history match. Finally, all reservoir models are stacked to form a large-scale field model.
The approach may be classified as adaptive deterministic. As more history matching studies are completed, a more unified set of generic pseudo functions which describe the various reservoir facies is obtained. Classification of rock types and facies is based on gamma ray logs. History matching is guided by descriptive use of gamma ray log fence diagrams and by analogy to the modern Mahakam delta. The history matching process is directed to define facies distributions and reservoir connectivity.
Integrating Transient Well Test Data with Field-Wide Simulation of Fluid Flow in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Ehlig-Economides C. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When derived from adequate geophysical, geological, petrophysical, and dynamic data, numerical simulation of reservoir fluid flow provides a means for forecasting production under various scenarios of interest in a decisionmaking process. Routine pressure buildup tests provide flowing well and static reservoir pressure data which can be used for material balance computations and production history matching. Analytical models provided for buildup test interpretation permit estimation or characterization of wellbore damage or simulation, reservoir permeability or dual porosity parameters, and boundary effects such as faults or fluid contacts at or near the tested well. In multiwell reservoir models, features quantified by an analytical model interpretation appear to be more complex and variable. At the same time, field-wide simulations are designed to model a much larger volume of reservoir over a much longer span of time than a well test. Hence, the trends observed in the pressure buildup data are not readily usable in this context. This paper explains how to simulate pressure transient tests in a field-wide simulation model, and how a match with the test data can be used to improve the reservoir model, thereby enhancing its value as a predictive tool.