bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating ecological uncertainty and farm‐scale economics when planning restoration
Authors: Dorrough Josh , Vesk Peter A , Moll Jim 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Many ecological management problems involve assessing competing options based on the trade‐off between economic costs and short‐ and long‐term probabilities of success. In many cases the time to success is crucial, and opportunity costs may be greater than direct costs of implementation. We analyse the problem of how to choose between options when risks of failure vary systematically.
Ecological uncertainty propagates through to uncertainty about economic outcomes. We used an ecological model of tree recruitment that accounted for uncertainty surrounding the effects of climate and seed fall, coupled with a farm economics model, to examine how a land manager should act when deciding between active and passive revegetation (planting seed/seedlings or relying on natural recruitment, respectively) for restoration purposes on a farm managed for livestock production.
The outcome of the analysis was driven by the relative sizes of up‐front costs and opportunity costs, which were a function of potential productivity and the time until successful revegetation was achieved. Active revegetation was less costly than passive revegetation in high‐productivity situations, because there was less risk of long periods without production and the associated opportunity costs. At low productivity, passive revegetation was less costly than active revegetation. However, because the probability of a successful outcome increased over time, passive revegetation is only likely to be preferred over medium time‐frames (> 5 years) and the strategy may not be chosen by risk‐averse farmers.
Synthesis and applications. This analysis has implications for (i) decision‐making by individual land managers and regional planners and (ii) the design of policies for delivery of incentive schemes targeted at revegetation. Risk‐averse individual land managers are likely to select active regeneration scenarios, particularly when costs of capital works are shared with the community. For a regional planner, the analysis aids thinking about the probable balance of financial assistance schemes for attaining regional objectives: over high‐productivity areas, capital works programmes and short‐term opportunity cost incentives (< 5 years) are cheaper; at low productivity, incentive schemes for medium‐ to long‐term land retirement will be cheaper. This analysis provides a starting point for devising the mix of approaches required to achieve broad‐scale revegetation targets, which would include greater investment in uncertain, long‐term strategies.
Lower skin capillary density, normal endothelial function and higher blood pressure in children born preterm
Authors: Bonamy A.‐K. E. , Martin H. , Jörneskog G. , Norman M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Bonamy A‐KE, Martin H, Jörneskog G, Norman M (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). Lower skin capillary density, normal endothelial function and higher blood pressure in children born preterm. J Intern Med 2007; 262: 635–642.Background.  Preterm birth is a risk factor for blood pressure (BP) elevation already at young age. The mechanisms are unknown. Low skin capillary density and impaired endothelial function characterize adults with hypertension.Objectives.  To investigate the early relationships between BP, capillary density and endothelial function after very preterm birth.Design and subjects.  Clinical follow‐up study of 60 healthy school children aged 7–12 years; 39 born very preterm (mean gestational age 29 weeks) and 21 control subjects born at term with normal birth weights.Methods.  Using intravital video‐microscopy, the dermal capillary densities in the fingers were measured before and during venous occlusion. Endothelial function was assessed using a Laser‐Doppler technique to determine skin perfusion before and after transdermal delivery of acetylcholine, an endothelium‐dependent vasodilator. Brachial BP and heart rate (HR) were also recorded.Results.  Children born very preterm had lower functional capillary density than term controls (89.9 capillaries mm−2 vs. 96.6 capillaries mm−2, P = 0.04). During venous occlusion – measuring structural differences – this difference diminished (91.4 capillaries mm−2 vs. 96.8 capillaries mm−2, P = 0.12). In multivariate analysis, systolic BP (SBP) was higher in children born preterm, but SBP and capillary density did not correlate. HR was also higher in children born preterm, but did not correlate to BP or capillary density. Endothelial function did not differ between groups and did not correlate to capillary density.Conclusion.  Children born very preterm have lower functional skin capillary density, higher BP and higher HR. Longitudinal studies are needed to fully understand the long‐term significance of these findings.
Mid‐life adiposity factors relate to blood–brain barrier integrity in late life
Authors: Gustafson D. R. , Karlsson C. , Skoog I. , Rosengren L. , Lissner L. , Blennow K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Gustafson DR, Karlsson C, Skoog I, Rosengren L, Lissner L, Blennow K (Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Mid‐life adiposity factors relate to blood–brain barrier integrity in late life. J Intern Med 2007; 262: 643–650.Objective.  We explored the relationship between adiposity factors measured during mid‐life and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity measured via the cerebrospinal fluid/serum (CSF/S) albumin ratio in late life. Adiposity factors included body mass index and blood levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and leptin.Design.  Retrospective analyses over 24 years within a longitudinal study.Setting.  Population‐based sample.Subjects.  Eighty‐one women.Main outcome measures.  CSF/S albumin ratio.Results.  The CSF/S albumin ratio measured at age 70–84 years was higher amongst women who were overweight or obese (6.50 ± 2.79 vs. 5.23 ± 1.61, age‐adjusted P = 0.012), and was inversely correlated with SHBG (age‐adjusted r = −0.321, P < 0.005) at age 46–60 years. In stepwise regression models, SHBG predicted the CSF/S albumin ratio (beta = −0.017, R2 = 0.107, P = 0.007). The best model (R2 = 0.187) predicting CSF/S albumin ratio included SHBG, age group (age 46 years versus >46), overweight or obesity, and an age group by SHBG interaction.Conclusions.  Lower levels of SHBG in mid‐life were related to worse BBB integrity in women after 24 years in late life, even considering other adiposity factors. SHBG may be important for understanding sex hormone‐mediated mechanisms in brain health or as an independent marker of adipose tissue, the largest endocrine organ.
A multimarker risk stratification approach to non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: implications of troponin T, CRP, NT pro‐BNP and fibrin D‐dimer levels
Authors: Tello‐Montoliu A. , Marín F. , Roldán V. , Mainar L. , López M. T. , Sogorb F. , Vicente V. , Lip G. Y. H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Tello‐Montoliu A, Marín F, Roldán V, Mainar L, López MT, Sogorb F, Vicente V, Lip GYH (Hospital General Universitario, Alicante; Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia; Hospital de Requena, Valencia; Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain and City Hospital, Birmingham, UK). A multimarker risk stratification approach to non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: implications of troponin T, CRP, NT pro‐BNP and fibrin D‐dimer levels. J Intern Med 2007; 262: 651–658.Introduction.  Biomarkers have emerged as interesting predictors of risk in non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (non‐ST ACS). The aim of this study was to define the utility of the combined measurement of troponin T (TnT), C‐reactive protein (CRP), NT pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro‐BNP) and D‐dimer as biomarkers to predict adverse events.Methods.  We included 358 consecutive patients admitted in two hospitals for non‐ST ACS. Baseline measurements of TnT (associated with myocardial injury, positive, if ≥0.1ng mL−1), CRP (a marker of inflammation), NT‐proBNP (associated with left ventricular (dys)function) and fibrin D‐dimer (and index of thrombogenesis) were performed. A positive CRP, NT‐proBNP and D‐dimer test was considered upper than the 75th percentile of our population. The risk for major events (death, new ACS, revascularization and heart failure) at 6 months’ follow‐up was analysed.Results.  Troponin T, NT pro‐BNP and CRP were predictors of adverse events in the multivariate analysis [hazards ratio (HR): 2.00 (1.30–3.07), P = 0.0016; HR: 2.27 (1.47–3.50), P = 0.0002; HR: 1.90 (1.24–2.92), P = 0.0034 respectively], but not D‐dimer levels [HR: 1.26 (0.79–2.02), P = 0.337). After adjusting for baseline characteristics and electrocardiographic changes, multimarker risk approach was associated with adverse events at 6 months, especially with the presence of three positive biomarkers [HR 2.80 (95%CI 1.68–4.68), P < 0.001]. When we divided patients by risk groups [Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score], patients with two or three elevated biomarkers had higher event rates [HR 2.59 (95% CI 1.37–4.91), P = 0.004].Conclusion.  A multimarker approach based on TnT, CRP and NT‐proBNP provides added information to the TIMI risk score in terms of ACS prognosis at 6 months, with a worse outcome for those with two or three elevated biomarkers.
A Genetic Locus Controlling Aging‐sensitive Regression of B Lymphopoiesis in an Autoimmune‐prone MRL/lpr Strain of Mice
Authors: Nakatani K. , Qu W.‐M. , Zhang M.‐C. , Fujii H. , Furukawa H. , Miyazaki T. , Iwano M. , Saito Y. , Nose M. , Ono M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAging readily affects immune system under the influence of environmental and/or intrinsic factors while accelerating the development of various immune disorders including autoimmune diseases. Little is known about molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting between immune senescence and development of autoimmune diseases. Here, we first show strain‐specific and aging‐sensitive onset of B‐cell abnormality in a lupus‐prone MRL/Mp.Faslpr (MRL/lpr) strain of mice. This abnormality was characterized by the regression of B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow of this strain. We next examined the association between the B‐cell regression and onset of autoimmune diseases in aged (MRL/lpr × C3H/He.Faslpr) F2 mice, in which pathologic phenotypes, such as glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, sialoadenitis and arthritis, variously developed. We also searched whole genome to identify genetic loci linked to the B‐cell regression by using the same F2 mice. The B‐cell regression manifested in the spleen of F2 mice was retrospectively evaluated by reverse transcriptase‐based PCR quantification. The results demonstrated that the onset of autoimmune diseases in the F2 mice was not associated with the aging‐sensitive B‐cell regression. The genetic study identified a significant locus responsible for the B‐cell regression in the vicinity of D5Mit233 (29 cM). This is first evidence for the presence of a genetic locus that affects B lymphopoiesis in an aging‐sensitive manner.
Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor genotypes in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mogami S. , Hasegawa G. , Nakayama I. , Asano M. , Hosoda H. , Kadono M. , Fukui M. , Kitagawa Y. , Nakano K. , Ohta M. , Obayashi H. , Yoshikawa T. , Nakamura N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe investigated killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genotypes in 92 patients with young‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (YT1DM: ≤35 years old), 112 patients with adult‐onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (AT1DM: >35 years old) and 240 control subjects. There were no differences in the frequency of KIR genotypes between controls and all the patients with T1DM or patients grouped according to age at onset of the disorder. However, when the subjects were classified into three groups according to combinations of the presence or absence of KIR3DS1/KIR3DL1 and its ligand human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐Bw4, or KIR2DL1 and its ligand HLA‐C group 2, the genotype distribution was significantly different between the patients with AT1DM and controls [χ2= 5.993, 2 degrees of freedom (d.f.), P= 0.0500]. These data suggest that KIR polymorphisms may be associated with the age at onset of T1DM.
Identification and characterization of three novel HLA alleles, HLA‐A*240214, HLA‐A*3215 and HLA‐DQB1*060302
Authors: Heinold A. , Bauer M. , Opelz G. , Scherer S. , Schmidt A. H. , Tran T. H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe describe three novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles found in three different Caucasians, HLA‐A*240214, HLA‐A*3215 and HLA‐DQB1*060302. As compared with HLA‐A*24020101, HLA‐A*240214 has a synonymous nucleotide (nt) exchange in codon 132. HLA‐A*240214 may have arisen from intergenic recombination between HLA‐A*24020101 and an HLA‐B or HLA‐C allele. The second novel allele, HLA‐A*3215, has three nucleotide exchanges as compared with HLA‐A*320101. These variations result in amino acid exchanges in codons 62 and 63, generating the public epitope of the serological HLA‐A10 group. The third novel allele, HLA‐DQB1*060302, has one synonymous nucleotide exchange within codon 38 as compared with HLA‐DQB1*060301. In a family segregation study, we found that HLA‐DQB1*060302, similar to the known HLA‐DQB1*060301 allele, cosegregates with HLA‐DRB1*1301.
Drip loss in pork: influencing factors and relation to further meat quality traits
Authors: Fischer K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe paper deals with some general features of drip loss and the most important factors influencing it. Moreover, it shows some exemplary results of an own investigation. Up to now there is no generally valid definition of drip loss available. Therefore measurement procedures have to be strongly standardized, otherwise they provide no comparable results. Drip loss depends on the shortening of sarcomeres which is regulated by the interaction of muscle temperature and rigour development. Hence, the chilling conditions are highly important. However, the main point is the velocity and the extent of the pH fall after slaughter. All factors influencing the occurrence of quality deviations like PSE, DFD, Acid meat, RSE, PFN will inevitably affect the degree of drip loss too. Under the conditions of an own study, investigating material of a progeny testing station, untypically, one third of the loins with higher‐than‐average wateriness were red rather than pale, and one third of the loins with higher‐than‐average brightness were only slightly exudative, which is untypical too. Pork with higher‐than‐average brightness and low wateriness exhibited, apart from the colour deviation, no crucial disadvantages. It showed only a marginally higher loss during storage, thawing and heating. Pork with higher‐than‐average drip loss – regardless of dark or pale colour – was predominantly combined with a pH1 less than 6.2, an electrical conductivity 24 h p.m. higher than 5.0 and a loin area higher than 56 cm2.
Effects of nutritional modifications on the water‐holding capacity of fresh pork: a review
Authors: Apple J. K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAlthough genetics and preslaughter handling and management have the greatest impact on pork quality – especially water‐holding capacity (WHC) – modifications to swine diets may offset the negative effects of genotype and/or pig handling on pork quality or improve quality attributes of pork from pigs with the genetic potential for good quality. There is little evidence that pork WHC is altered by the lysine or protein level (and source), cereal grain, or fat source used in growing‐finishing diets. Yet, recent research indicates that feeding low‐starch, high‐fibre, high‐fat, glycogen‐reducing diets effectively improves the WHC of pork. Moreover, meta‐analysis of the available information indicated that including 100, 200, or 400+ mg of α‐tochopherol per kilogram of diet reduced pork drip losses by 10.1%, 30.5%, and 25.9%, respectively, whereas supplementing swine diets with magnesium for 1–2 days, 3–4 days, or 5–7 days reduced drip losses by 23.1%, 13.7%, or 15.9%, respectively. Some swine nutritionists have advocated the removal of vitamins and trace minerals from finishing diets; however, deletion of vitamin/trace mineral premixes actually reduced the WHC of pork, whereas drip losses were reduced by elevating the dietary inclusion levels of vitamins and trace minerals 150–250% of the recommended levels. Additionally, there is no evidence that feeding pigs ractopamine hydrochloride or injections of porcine somatotropin affect pork WHC. There may not be a single ‘silver bullet’ that will remedy poor quality genetics or poor animal management, but improvements in pork WHC can be achieved with some modifications to swine finishing diets.
Estriolum Treatment in the Bitch: A Risk for Uterine Infection?
Authors: Schotanus BA , De Gier J , Van Der Lugt JJ , Okkens AC 
Published: November 2007

ContentsPurulent vaginal discharge in a bitch in which ovariohysterectomy has been performed is often caused by inflammation of the uterine stump. The inflammation is due to either cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) induced primarily by progesterone from remnant ovarian tissue or exogenous progestagens, or it is due to the presence of unabsorbed suture material. This report describes a 9‐year‐old Irish setter with hemopurulent vaginal discharge and non‐pruritic symmetrical alopecia, which had undergone ovariohysterectomy 3.5 years ago and which had been treated with estriolum daily for the past 2.5 years because of urinary incontinence. Vaginoscopy revealed hemopurulent discharge throughout the vagina and vestibule. Cytological examination of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsies of a large mass in the hypogastricum, which appeared to be the uterine cervical stump, revealed septic purulent inflammation. The concentration of plasma progesterone was low and the concentration of plasma 17‐ß oestradiol did not increase after gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone administration. No remnant ovarian tissue was found by abdominal ultrasonography, laparotomy, or histological examination of mesovarian pedicles. Laparotomy revealed uterine stump empyema. Histological examination of the surgically removed mass excluded both CEH and unabsorbed suture material as the cause of the stump empyema. Instead, it is hypothesized that the long‐term treatment with estriolum was a causative factor. This suggests that bitches treated with estriolum should be examined regularly.
Automatic Tear‐Delivery Spectacles—Recent Advances*
Authors: Flynn Rev. Frank 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper describes a device for the treatment of aqueous lacrimal deficiency. Essentially it is a simple, self‐contained, compact, automatic, gravity‐activated mechanism by which a regular, continuous, controllable supply of aqueous tear‐substitute fluid can be delivered to the conjunctival sacs throughout the whole of each working day in a manner compatible with the normal requirements of an active ambulatory patient.
Glaucomatocyclitic Crises
Authors: Lowe Ronald F. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThree cases are reported. A man had his first glaucomatocyclitic crisis at the age of 52 years and none subsequently, to the age of 66 years. A woman had her first glaucomatocyclitic crisis at the age of 31 years, had four further attacks within 18 months that contributed to a total of 9 in 17 years, but none over the last six years, to the age of 54 years. Another woman had 17 attacks over 35 years and retinal venous occlusion in the affected eye at the age of 74 years. Her other eye developed mild chronic glaucoma at the age of 77 years. Vision became very poor from macula degeneration.
VISUAL HANDICAP IN CHILDREN
Authors: BULL MARGARET , EVANS PETER J. , MACLEAN HECTOR 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVision is the primary mode of learning and if it is absent or impaired, other pathways must be stimulated. The range of appropriate servicesavailableto visually handicapped children is explained in relation to the school run by the Royal Victorian Institution for the Blind in Melbourne. A period of residential education may be needed for children with multiple impairment. Those whose handicap is primarily visual can usually live at home and have their education integrated with that of their normal peers. Home‐based services and parent support systems for preschool and kindergarten age children are outlined. To be successful, they require sharing confidential medical and educational information. The school provides a major input to a discussion group of all professionals dealing with such children. Information from the group includes the causes, statistics, and educational implications of visual handicap in Victorian children. The commonest pathologies are macular problems and congenital cataract.
THE INCIDENCE AND THE RESULTS OF ACTIVE TREATMENT OF ACUTE RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA
Authors: STARK D. J. , MANNING L. M. , LENTON L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOver a four year period three hundred and thirty‐nine (339) “at risk” premature neonates were examined, and sixty‐five (65) cases of acute R.L.F. (19%) were detected. The overall observed incidence of acute R.L.F. in those surviving babies under 1000 gms birthweight was 47%, in those whose birthweight was 1001–1500 gms the incidence was 22%. The incidence of acute R.L.F., in those babies whose birthweight was greater than 1501 ‐2000 gms was 4.0%. Most of the cases of acute R.L.F. that were detected, occurred in those infants with a birth weight less than 1500 gms. Seventy‐eight per cent (78%) of these cases of acute R.L.F. were mild and resolved spontaneously. Severe cases occurred only in those babies with a very low birthweight (<1100 gms). Active treatment with cryopexy or photocoagulation was undertaken in 15 eyes of 9 infants. Thirteen (13) of the fifteen (15) eyes treated resolved, and there were no blind patients in the series at the end of the study.19%
INTRAOCULAR LENSES: EXPERIENCE AT THE WILMER INSTITUTE
Authors: MD WALTER J. STARK , MD A. EDWARD MAUMENEE , MD WARREN R. FAGADAU , MD LAWRENCE W. HIRST , MD MANUEL B. DATILES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNine hundred and thirty‐eight consecutive primary intraocular lens (IOL) implant cases performed at The Wilmer Institute during the past six years by two surgeons were reviewed. Progressive corneal endothelial cell loss and an increased rate of late‐onset corneal oedema were detected in the group with the Morcher (European) four‐loop iris‐clip Binkhorst IOLs. A higher rate of clinically‐significant cystoid macular oedema developed in eyes with the American‐manufactured four‐loop Binkhorst lens, presumably from chronic iritis caused by contaminants on the IOLs. Our short‐term results with the American‐manufactured Shearing‐type IOLs implanted at the time of extracapsular cataract extraction are encouraging, with 96% of cases achieving 20/40 vision or better, excluding those with known macular degeneration or amblyopia.Analysis of data submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicates, that most of the four classes of intraocular lenses (anterior chamber, pupillary‐supported, iridocapsular. and posterior chamber) are safe and effective at one‐year follow‐up. During the past three years there has been a gradual shift of preference in the type of IOLs being implanted—away from pupillary‐supported and iridocapsular IOLs and, in part, from anterior chamber IOLs, to posterior chamber IOLs. A continued conservative approach to IOL implantation is recommended.