bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories of Precedent
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the most prominent theories which social scientists and legal scholars have developed to explain the role of precedent in constitutional law. It shows that legal variables matter more to the outcomes of cases than social scientists typically acknowledge, but less than many legal scholars claim. Nor, for that matter, have legal scholars been able to dismiss altogether the relevance of external factors to constitutional decision making, including the justices' personal attitudes about constitutional law and policy preferences.
Recognition in Mozart's Operas
Authors: Waldoff Jessica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSince its beginnings, opera has depended on recognition as a central aspect of both plot and theme. Recognition — or anagnôrisis, Aristotle's term in the Poetics — is a moment of new awareness that brings about a crucial reversal in the action. Employing both literary and musical analysis, and drawing on critical thought from Aristotle to Terence Cave, this book explores the ways in which the themes of Mozart's operas — clemency, constancy, forgiveness, and other ideals cherished by late 18th-century culture — depend for their dramatization on recognition. Several of the operas culminate in a moment of climactic recognition, many involve the use of disguise, and all include scenes in which characters make significant realizations of identity, feeling, or purpose. Many turn explicitly on themes of knowledge, themes that possess a special resonance in an age that named itself the Enlightenment. A critical understanding of recognition in Mozart's operas reveals the late 18th-century culture of sensibility as an influential but uneasy presence in the age of enlightenment. At the same time, it opens up new ways of thinking about questions of cultural identity, conventions of ending, and the representation of cultural values in these works. Theoretical chapters are devoted to the concepts of recognition and plot; analytical chapters are devoted to Die Zauberflöte, La finta giardiniera, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte, and La clemenza di Tito. Idomeneo, Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Le nozze di Figaro, and other works of Mozart and his contemporaries are also considered.
Singing from the Right Songbook
Authors: Holzapfel Otto 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
German-language hymns and hymnals played a foundational role in American Protestant life, providing historical counterpoint to the English Protestant traditions. By the eve of World War I, nonetheless, English-language hymns had largely supplanted German originals, or had been introduced because of their great relevance to the American religious experience of ethnic Germans and followers of Lutheran and Reformed Protestantism. This chapter traces the transformation in language and tradition, assigning agency to immigrant and ethnic Germans who used hymnody as a medium for adapting to American culture. Specific compilers and publishers, such as Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg and C. F. W. Walther, are compared, as are denominational distinctions, such as those between Missouri Synod Lutherans and the Pennsylvania Germans.
Prayer on the Panorama
Authors: Bohlman Philip V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter shifts the focus of the book from congregations, immigrant groups, and collective experience to the role of individuals and the concept of individualism in shaping American religious experience. Case studies of sacred musicians and music publishers, such as Alfred Grimm and David Einhorn, who variously reflect individualism in Lutheranism and Judaism, illustrate the ways in which discourse networks and embodied musical experience empower the individual to find a place against the metaphorical representation of vast American landscapes as panoramas. Hymnals are examined as personal and personalized collections of sacred song. The chapter concludes by examining the ways in which sacred music allows for processes of otherness, resistance, and the assertion of individuality.
After the Golden Age
Authors: Hamilton Kenneth 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book dissects the oft-invoked myth of a romantic Golden Age of Pianism. It discusses the performance-style of great pianists from Liszt to Paderewski and Busoni, and delves into the far-from-inevitable development of the piano recital. The book recounts how classical concerts evolved from exuberant, sometimes riotous events into the formal, funereal trotting out of predictable pieces they can be today; how an often unhistorical “respect for the score” began to replace pianists' improvizations and adaptations; and how the clinical custom arose that an audience should be seen and not heard. The book chronicles why pianists of the past did not always begin a piece with the first note of the score, nor end with the last. It emphasizes that anxiety over wrong notes is a relatively recent psychosis, and that playing entirely from memory a relatively recent requirement. The book presents a vivid tale of how drastically different are the recitals of the present compared to concerts of the past, and how their own role has diminished from noisily active participants in the concert experience to passive recipients of artistic benediction from the stage. The book's broad message proclaims that there is nothing divinely ordained about our own concert-practices, programming, and piano-performance styles. Many aspects of the modern approach are unhistorical — some laudable, some merely ludicrous. They are also far removed from those fondly remembered as constituting a Golden Age.
"My Brother Esau Is a Hairy Man"
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The story of Jacob and Esau is told in the book of Genesis. With his mother's help, Jacob impersonates his hairy older twin by dressing in Esau's clothes and covering his own hands and the nape of his neck with the hairy hide of goats. Fooled by this ruse, their blind father, Isaac, is tricked into giving the younger son the blessing of the firstborn. This is only one of many biblical stories in which hair plays a pivotal role. In recent years, there has been an explosion of scholarly interest in the relationship between culture and the body. Hair plays an integral role in the way we represent and identify ourselves. The way we treat our hair has to do with aesthetics, social structure, religious identity, and a host of other aspects of culture. In ancient Israel, hair signifies important features of identity with respect to gender, ethnicity, and holiness. This book seeks a deeper understanding of Israelite culture as expressed, shaped, and reinforced in images of hair. Among the examples used is the tradition's most famous long-haired hero, Samson. The hair that assures Samson's strength is a common folktale motif, but is also important to his sacred status as a Nazirite. The book examines the meaning of the Nazirite identity null held by Samuel as well as Samson null arguing that long hair is involved in a complex set of cultural assumptions about men, warrior status, and divine election. The book also looks at pictorial and other material evidence. It concludes by examining the troubling texts in which men impose hair cutting or loosening upon women, revealing much about attitudes to women and their place in Israelite culture.
2 Event Concepts
Authors: Casati Roberto , Varzi Achille C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the concept of an event and of event representation as an umbrella notion. It provides an overview of different ways events have been dealt with in philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive science. This variety of positions has been construed in part as the result of different descriptive and explanatory projects. It is argued that various types of notions — common-sense, theoretically revised, scientific, and internalist psychological — be kept apart.
4 Perceptual Development in Infancy as the Foundation of Event Perception
Authors: Johnson Scott P. , Amso Dima , Frank Michael , Shuwairi Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines event perception in infancy. To address the question of infants' segmentation and integration of the units of perceptual input, it considers the nature of the auditory and visual environment itself and how it might appear to infants, as well as intermodal events, in particular development of infants' sensitivity to audiovisual information. It also focuses on the broader theme of developmental mechanisms — how it is that emerging sensory skills contribute to developments in cognitive capacities to segment, synthesize, and interpret information to make sense of events. It is shown that despite the dramatic differences between auditory and visual information processing, there are some parallels, such as an analysis of distributional information.
6 Event Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Bauer Patricia J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of changes in the study of event memory in children. It then describes some of the most salient developmental changes in event memory over the first years of life and relates them to developmental changes in the neural substrate that permit the storage and later retrieval of memories of events long past. The chapter ends with suggestions of directions for future research.
7 Current Events: How Infants Parse the World and Events for Language
Authors: Pruden Shannon M. , Hirsh-Pasek Kathy , Golinkoff Roberta M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on what children need to know about events before they learn their first verbs and, more broadly, their first relational terms. Topics covered include when infants begin to perceive, process, and represent actions and spatial relations; the cues used to segment events into meaningful units; research on infants' ability to discriminate the semantic components containment, support, and degree of fit; research on infants' discrimination of path and manner; and factors that hinder or support infants' abstraction and categorization of spatial relations.
11 Movement Style, Movement Features, and the Recognition of Affect from Human Movement
Authors: Pollick Frank E. , Paterson Helena 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explains the recognition of affect from human movement within the broader context of the recognition of different styles of movement. It begins by defining the meaning of movement style and then discusses possible theoretical constraints and what essential properties of a movement might support recognition. This leads to the notion of decomposing movements into features and a review of studies investigating the decomposition of movements into features. The recognition of affect from human movement is then explored.
14 Animacy and Intention in the Brain: Neuroscience of Social Event Perception
Authors: Heberlein Andrea S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines a set of related concepts, including judgments of animacy, judgments of agency or intentionality, and anthropomorphizing, focusing on the functional neuroanatomy of each process. Anthropomorphizing can be viewed as an illusion: stimuli possessing certain features appear to automatically elicit attributions of mental states and other qualities associated with people, in the face of declarative knowledge that the stimuli are not only not human but, in many cases, inanimate. Studies of illusions are particularly useful in revealing the organization of perceptual processes. The chapter considers studies of anthropomorphizing — that is, the attribution of personhood and person-related features such as emotions, intentions, personality traits, and beliefs to inanimate objects. It gives particular attention to the neural circuitry underlying social attributions based on the kind of minimal stimuli described above, relating these findings to other social processes in which the same neural regions have been implicated. Finally, it proposes a framework relating judgments of animacy, agency or goal, and emotion.
Selling the Korean War
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
How presidents spark and sustain support for wars remains an enduring and significant problem. Korea was the first limited war the United States experienced in the contemporary period—the first recent war fought for something less than total victory. This book explores how Truman and then Eisenhower tried to sell it to the American public. Based on primary sources, this book explores the government's selling activities from all angles. It looks at the halting and sometimes chaotic efforts of Truman and Acheson, Eisenhower and Dulles. It examines the relationships that they and their subordinates developed with a host of other institutions, from Congress and the press to Hollywood and labor. And it assesses the complex and fraught interactions between the military and war correspondents in the battlefield theater itself. From high politics to bitter media spats, this book guides the reader through the domestic debates of this messy, costly war. It highlights the actions and calculations of colorful figures, including Taft, McCarthy, and MacArthur. It details how the culture and work routines of Congress and the media influenced political tactics and daily news stories. And the book explores how different phases of the war threw up different problems.
Introduction
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although the Korean War was the first limited war the United States fought in the modern period, and although historians now view it as a watershed moment in the growth of the “national security state,” no one has undertaken a systematic analysis of the domestic debates sparked by the war. This chapter first examines the reasons for this gap in the literature. The remainder of the chapter then sets out the book's methodological background: the central individuals and organizations that were engaged in domestic propaganda; how they interacted with the “clubby” yet highly partisan Congress of this era; and the opportunities and difficulties they faced when dealing with a media that, while generally wedded to norms of objective reporting, was a highly complex and diverse entity.
11 Steady Improvements
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The campaign to sell voluntary repatriation was not the administration's only PR success in 1952. As the war persisted, officers and officials at all levels made big improvements in their publicity efforts. Many learned from earlier mistakes. In the Far East, senior officers also established more effective bureaucratic structures and brought in more personnel to help deal with reporters. On the ground in Korea, the changing nature of the war also eased the military's task. As the fighting bogged down in stalemate, it became less newsworthy. For the first time, the military also had enormous control over what reporters saw. And at the same time, they were now in a position to alleviate the two practical problems that had soured military‐media relations in 1950: appalling billets and antiquated communications. In Washington, meanwhile, officials undertook numerous information campaigns that helped sustain a measure of support for the war.
Introduction: Teaching Confucianism as a Religious Tradition
Authors: Berthrong John H. , Richey Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough “Confucianism,” both as a term and as a category of religious tradition, has been the subject of much controversy, reasons to regard and teach Confucianism as an authentic East Asian religious tradition are both abundant and sound. Problematizing and historicizing Confucianism as a religious tradition are necessary first steps toward understanding how Confucian ideas, institutions, and practices both accommodate and challenge understandings of religion. These in turn can benefit both teachers and learners of Confucianism.
Learning Confucianism through Filial Sons, Loyal Retainers, and Chaste Wives
Authors: Knapp Keith N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides instructors with a means of introducing an alternate and more popular side of Confucianism: stories and images of historical men and women whose actions embodied the Ru teachings. These figures are usually noted for, in the case of men, their filiality or loyalty, and in the case of women, their chastity. Instead of presenting the tradition as merely a system of ideas, this approach indicates that for most Chinese Confucian values were not just intellectual notions, but forms of behavior that could and had to be embodied by its practitioners. Instead of merely plodding through dry texts, through these materials, students interact with the tradition by reading arresting and strange accounts and looking at vivid and telling images. Finally, instead of merely perusing the books read by the elite, these tools of propaganda furnish a sense of how the great majority of premodern Chinese understood and viewed the Confucian tradition.
King Janaka's Contest
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at the Upanishads, primarily the Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya. It focuses on a priestly contest at the court of King Janaka where the philosopher Yajnavalkya explains the nature of reality, particularly Atman and Brahman. The foundation of the Indian Vedanta philosophy is explained.
Kanishka and Krishna
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at the city of Mathura, which lies on the Yamuna, during the period between the Mauryan and Gupta empires. Dominated by the Kushana ruler Kanishka, this period saw the rise of devotional religion focused on Krishna. The religious texts of the period achieved a sophisticated cultural synthesis, best exemplified in the Bhagavad Gita and Manu Smriti.
The Second Rationality
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter sets aside the work of the intellectual and cultural elites. It identifies the cultural productivity of the lower classes of Hindu society, including women, low castes, magicians and sorcerers, medical practitioners, and others. Much of this material comes from texts like the Atharvaveda, Rig Vidhana, medical literature, and Tantra. The underlying assumption, that religious values are embedded within practical affairs, is carefully examined.
Water Is Thicker than Blood
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMarriage and singleness appear in the contemporary era as problems for scholars and laypeople alike. Several problems related to marriage and singleness include questions of gender roles, the nature of public and private, and sexual ethics. Many contemporary theologians focus almost exclusively on “theology of marriage” and offer solutions using sociopolitical means, but they fail to see the damage that this limited focus on marriage alone has for ecclesiology.Augustine of Hippo becomes a reference point for addressing this split between married and single people, as well as questions about gender and public/private distinctions. This book argues that Augustine's theological method shows a better way of thinking through some contemporary problems by demonstrating how Augustine views marriage and single states of life in light of the church's life and history.Via retelling salvation history (creation, fall, redemption, and eschatology) and taking a look at the political life of the church in its worship practices, this book shows that marriage and singleness cannot be intelligibly separated from each other, that gender and gendered relationships must be seen in light of friendship with God, and that the marriage between Christ and the church is the first mediator in any state of life. The water of baptism, Christians' first birth and initiation into the life of Christ, becomes the primary standard for relationships, rather than familial ties.
Seeing the World with Augustine
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of how marriage and singleness might be related to the Household of God by considering the church's own life and focus: Christ, scripture, worship. To think about relationships between things like scripture and marriage beyond simple proof‐texting or in theological terms rather than social‐scientific terms requires, in George Lindbeck's words, “a scriptural world” that provides an “interpretive framework.” Augustine of Hippo, a premodern theologian who wrote extensively on both marriage and singleness (and influenced many other theologians), appeals as a good interlocutor, despite being out of favor in recent years for his supposed views on sex and sexuality. This chapter briefly examines Augustine's use of scripture and liturgy in his own work and considers the ways in which Augustine makes use of salvation history as a primary way to discuss Christian states of life.
The Political Household of God
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers God's own reconfigured eschatological Household, the church, by examining the third dichotomy raised in chapter 1: the public/private distinction. Reflecting on Augustine's City of God in conjunction with contemporary scholars John Milbank and Bernd Wannenwetsch, this chapter shows how the church is itself a politic that holds polis and oikos in tension. There can be no intelligible distinction made between the City of God and the Household of God given that the church is made to be Christ's body and is oriented to life in God. Christians are first members of this Household, and only secondarily members of smaller households, which are themselves formed in relation to the church.
At Home in Christ
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the Household of God and smaller households by looking more specifically at how members of those households ought to live in this “in‐between” time. This chapter considers, first, virtue and practice as part of how the Household of God forms constituent households and then looks at specific practices of the Household and households. Some practices considered include Eucharist, baptism, and hospitality; baptism and confirmation in relation to dating, novitiates, marriage, and procreation; being dependent on other members of the household; and related questions about gender differences, bodily differences (as in disability), and ecumenical conversation.
4 IMPERIAL EXPANSION AND THE PROBLEM OF HAWAII, 1898–1902
Authors: Sneider Allison L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In 1898, during the Spanish‐American War, many anti‐imperialists assumed that members of the U.S. woman suffrage movement would be staunch critics of antidemocratic U.S. efforts to establish sovereignty over foreign peoples against their will because of suffragists' own aspirations for self‐government. But suffragists proved to be complex critics of U.S. imperial ambitions. Susan B. Anthony urged suffragists to focus their energies less on opposition to the war and more on keeping the word “male” out of the territorial constitutions and “organic acts” that Congress created to govern its new island possessions in Puerto Rico and the Philippines and thus tacitly lent the support of the suffrage movement to the creation of a U.S. empire.