bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Disulfide
Authors: Lay Manchiu D. S. , Sauerhoff Mitchell W. , Saunders Donald R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Thermodynamics and Rates of Reaction

4.2.

Production from Charcoal and Sulfur

4.3.

Production from Methane and Sulfur

4.4.

Other Processes

5.

Environmental Aspects

6.

Quality Specifications and Analytical Methods

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Uses and Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

10.

Carbonyl Sulfide
Carboxylic Acids, Aromatic
Authors: Röhrscheid Freimund 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Carboxylation with Carbon Dioxide3.2.Dicarboxylic Acids Formed by Rearrangement3.3.Side‐Chain Chlorination of Methylbenzenes3.4.Oxidation with Nitric Acid3.5.Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen in the Vapor Phase3.6.Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen in the Liquid Phase3.6.1.Solvent‐Free Oxidation3.6.2.Oxidation in Acetic Acid4.Polycarboxylic Acids and Anhydrides4.1.Trimellitic Acid and Trimellitic Anhydride4.2.Pyromellitic Acid and Pyromellitic Dianhydride4.3.Other Benzenepolycarboxylic Acids and Anhydrides4.4.Naphthalic Acid and Naphthalic Anhydride4.5.3,4,9,10‐Perylenetetracarboxylic Acid and Perylene Dianhydride4.6.2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid4.7.1,4,5,8‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Acid and 1,8 : 4,5‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology
Copper Alloys
Authors: Isbell Clarence A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Wrought Coppers

2.1.

Coppers, ≧ 99.3 % Cu

2.2.

High‐Copper Alloys, ≧96.0 % Cu

3.

Wrought Brasses

4.

Wrought Leaded Brasses

5.

Wrought Tin Brasses

6.

Wrought Tin Bronzesand Brazing Alloys

6.1.

PhosphorBronzes

6.2.

Leaded Phosphor Bronzes

6.3.

BrazingAlloys

7.

Wrought Specialty Alloys

7.1.

Copper‐Aluminum Alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)

7.2.

Copper ‐ Silicon Alloys (Silicon Bronzes)

7.3.

Miscellaneous Copper ‐ Zinc Alloys

8.

Wrought Copper ‐ Nickel Alloys

8.1.

Cupronickels

8.2.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Zinc Alloys

9.

Casting Alloys

9.1.

Cast Coppers

9.2.

High‐Copper Alloys

9.3.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Zinc andCopper ‐ Tin ‐ Zinc ‐ LeadAlloys

9.4.

Copper ‐ Manganese Alloys

9.5.

Copper ‐ Zinc ‐ SiliconAlloys

9.6.

Copper ‐ Tin Alloys

9.7.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Lead Alloys

9.8.

Copper ‐ Tin ‐ Nickel Alloys

9.9.

Copper ‐ Aluminum ‐ Ironand Copper ‐ Aluminum ‐ Iron ‐ NickelAlloys

9.10.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Iron Alloys

9.11.

Copper ‐ Nickel ‐ Zinc ‐ Tin ‐ LeadAlloys

9.12.

Special Cast Alloys

10.

Master Alloys

11.

Safety and Environmental Aspects

12.

Economic Aspects
Crop Protection
Authors: Cramer Hans‐Hermann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Agricultural Aspects1.1.Ecological Conditions1.2.Economic Conditions2.World Food Supply3.Crop Protection in Modern Agriculture4.Economic Threshold and Prognosis5.Methods of Crop Protection5.1.Physical and Mechanical Methods5.2.Chemical Methods5.2.1.Goals5.2.2.Requirements5.2.3.Effects on Farming5.3.Biological Methods5.4.Cultivation5.5.New Methods5.5.1.Biotechnology5.5.2.Research Methods5.5.3.New Indications5.5.4.Integrated Systems6.Safety Aspects6.1.Safety for the User6.2.Safety for the Consumer7.Legal Aspects
Cyanuric Acid and Cyanuric Chloride
Authors: Huthmacher Klaus , Most Dieter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Cyanuric Acid2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis2.6.Storage and Transportation2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects2.9.Toxicology and Occupational Health3.Cyanuric Chloride3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Environmental Protection3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.6.Storage and Transportation3.7.Uses3.8.Economic Aspects3.9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Silicon
Authors: Zulehner Werner , Neuer Bernd , Rau Gerhard 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

3.

Physical and Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Metallurgical Silicon

4.2.

Semiconductor Silicon

4.2.1.

Purification

4.2.2.

Chemical Vapor Deposition

4.2.3.

Single‐Crystal Growth

4.2.4.

Wafer Manufacture

4.2.5.

Epitaxy

4.2.6.

Characterization

4.3.

Solar Silicon

4.3.1.

Crystalline Silicon

4.3.2.

Amorphous Silicon

5.

Silicides

6.

Ferrosilicon

7.

Calcium Silicon
Thin Films
Authors: Wahl Georg , Davies Paul B. , Bunshah Rointan F. , Joyce Bruce A. , Bain Colin D. , Wegner Gerhard , Remmers Markus , Walsh Francis C. , Hieber Konrad , Sundgren Jan‐Eric , Bachmann Peter K. , Miyazawa Shintaro , Thelen Alfred , Strathmann Heiner 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Preparation of Thin Films1.1.Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes1.2.Plasma Polymerization1.3.Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processes1.3.1.Sputter Deposition1.3.2.Evaporation Deposition1.3.3.Deposition of Metals, Alloys, and Compounds1.4.Thin Film Growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)1.4.1.Introduction1.4.2.The Configuration of MBE Growth Systems1.4.3.Monitoring Facilities1.5.Thin Films by Adsorption Processes1.5.1.Self‐Assembled Monolayers1.5.2.Self‐Assembled Multilayers1.6.Langmuir ‐ Blodgett and Related Techniques1.6.1.Low Molecular Mass Substances1.6.2.Polymeric Amphiphilic LB Layers1.6.3.Hairy Rod Polymers1.7.Electrochemical Deposition Processes1.7.1.Scope1.7.2.Electrochemical Deposition of Metals and Alloys1.7.3.Electrophoretic Coatings1.7.4.Trends in Electrodeposition2.Thin Films as Materials2.1.Coatings for Electronic Applications2.1.1.Introduction2.1.2.Hybrid Technology2.1.3.Microsystems2.1.4.Data Storage2.1.5.Microelectronics2.1.6.Semiconducting Films2.1.7.Ferroelectrics2.2.Hard and Decorative Nitride and Carbide Coatings2.2.1.Introduction2.2.2.Growth Techniques2.2.3.Coating Microstructures2.2.4.Adhesion2.2.5.Hard Coatings2.3.Carbon Films2.3.1.Carbon Phases: Composition and Stability2.3.2.Properties and Applications of Diamond Films2.3.3.Properties and Applications of a‐C : H, a‐C, and ta‐C Films2.4.Metallic Films2.4.1.Introduction2.4.2.Electronics Applications2.4.3.Engineering Coatings2.4.4.Dispersed Catalytic Coatings2.4.5.Developments and Trends2.5.Superconductive Coatings2.6.Polymer Films2.6.1.Langmuir ‐ Blodgett Layers of Polymer Films as Materials2.6.2.Films by Plasma Polymerization2.7.Optical Coatings2.7.1.Introduction2.7.2.Theory2.7.3.Deposition Methods2.7.4.Coating Materials2.7.5.Classical Coatings2.7.6.Nonclassical Coatings2.7.7.Applications2.8.Membranes2.8.1.Introduction2.8.2.Fundamentals2.8.3.Membrane Structures and their Preparation
Thiocyanates, Inorganic
Authors: van Hoek Theo H. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Thiocyanates2.1.Ammonium Thiocyanate2.2.Sodium Thiocyanate2.3.Potassium Thiocyanate2.4.Alkaline Earth Thiocyanates2.5.Other Thiocyanates3.Thiocyanic Acid4.Economic Aspects5.Toxicology
Zinc
Authors: Graf Günter G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Starting Materials for Zinc Production3.1.Zinc Minerals3.2.Zinc Reserves3.3.Secondary Raw Materials4.Pretreatment of Raw Materials for the Production of Zinc Metal4.1.Roasting4.2.Pyrometallurgical Concentration Processes5.Production of Zinc Metal5.1.Pyrometallurgical Zinc Production by the Retort Process5.2.Zinc Production in the Shaft Furnace5.3.Refining of Crude Zinc5.4.Hydrometallurgical Zinc Production5.5.Treatment of Leaching Residues5.6.Liquor Purification5.7.Electrolytic Production of Zinc5.8.New Developments in Zinc Production6.Uses and Economic Aspects6.1.Galvanizing6.2.Zinc as a Construction Material6.3.Pressure Die Casting with Zinc6.4.Zinc as a Chemical6.5.Economic Aspects
Zinc Compounds
Authors: Rohe Dieter M. M. , Wolf Hans Uwe 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Zinc Halides

1.1.

Zinc Fluoride

1.2.

Zinc Chloride

1.3.

Zinc Bromide

1.4.

Zinc Iodide

2.

Zinc Sulfate

3.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Abrasion and Erosion
Authors: Schneemann Klaus 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Types of Wear and Wear Mechanisms3.Behavior of Materials3.1.Metals3.2.Plastics and Elastomers3.3.Ceramics4.Surface Treatment and Coatings5.Practical Examples of Abrasion and Erosion Damage5.1.Sliding Wear, Elastic Rolling Wear, and Oscillation Wear5.2.Abrasion Wear5.3.Damage by Particle Erosion5.4.Solid Particles‐Free Erosion5.5.Damage Caused by Erosion ‐ Corrosion
Flotation
Authors: Yarar Baki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Interfacial Energies and Contact Angle1.2.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Solids2.Flotation Reagents2.1.Functional Classification of Flotation Reagents2.2.Chemical Classification2.3.Surface and Solution Chemistry2.3.1.Solubility2.3.2.Surface Activity2.4.Interactions between Flotation Reagents and Solids2.4.1.Adsorption ‐ Desorption of Inorganic Reagents2.4.2.Adsorption ‐ Desorption of Organic Reagents3.Electrical Phenomena4.Bubble ‐ Particle Interactions5.Flotation Processes5.1.The Gamma Flotation Process5.2.Design of Flotation Operations5.3.Flotation Machines5.4.Industrial Applications5.4.1.Sulfide Mineral Flotation5.4.2.Nonsulfide Flotation5.4.3.Coal Flotation5.4.4.Flotation of Precipitates and Ions5.4.5.Use of Oil Droplets instead of Air Bubbles6.Future Trends
Mixing of Solids
Authors: Sommer Karl 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Mixedness

1.1.

Theoretical Variance

1.2.

Variance of the Precision of Measurement

1.3.

Variance of Random Mixing

1.4.

Mixedness versus Time

2.

Practical Determination of Mixedness

2.1.

Sampling

2.2.

Empirical Variance

2.2.1.

Frequency Distribution and Chi‐Square Distribution

2.2.2.

Confidence Intervals

2.2.3.

Determination of Mixing Time

3.

Designs of Solid ‐ Solid Mixers

3.1.

Tumblers

3.2.

Screw Mixers

3.3.

Paddle Mixers

3.4.

Pneumatic Mixers

3.5.

Silo Mixers

3.6.

Pile Mixing
Sublimation
Authors: Mullin John W. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Phase Equilibria

3.

Vaporization and Condensation

4.

Sublimation Processes

4.1.

Simple and Vacuum Sublimation

4.2.

Entrainer Sublimation

4.2.1.

Process Description

4.2.2.

Product Yield

4.2.3.

Comparison of Entrainer Sublimation and Crystallization

4.3.

Fractional Sublimation

5.

Sublimation Equipment

5.1.

Vaporizers

5.2.

Condensers
Electrically Generated Heat
Authors: Perkin Robert M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Resistance Heating

2.1.

Direct Resistance Heating of Electrically Conducting Materials

2.2.

Indirect Resistance Heating of Materials

3.

Infrared Heating

4.

Induction Heating

4.1.

Direct Induction Heating of Metals

4.2.

Indirect Induction Heating of Materials

5.

Dielectric Heating of Nonmetals

6.

Thermal Plasma Heating

7.

Electron Beam Heating

8.

Laser Heating
Vacuum Technology
Authors: Lorenz Hans Peter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Principles1.1.Components1.2.Physical Principles1.2.1.Equations of State of Gases1.2.2.Pressure and Temperature1.2.3.Thermal Mean Velocity1.2.4.Thermal Particle Interactions1.2.5.Flow Regimes, Momentum, and Heat Transfer1.2.6.Vacuum Regimes1.3.Matter under Vacuum1.3.1.Vapor Pressure1.3.2.Sorption, Gettering, Permeation2.Evacuation2.1.Characteristic Quantities2.2.Classification of Vacuum Pumps2.3.Technology of Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.Displacement Pumps2.3.1.1.Liquid and Gas Ring Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.2.Sliding Vane Rotary, Rotary Plunger, Rotary Piston Pumps2.3.1.3.Rotary Lobe Vacuum Pumps2.3.1.4.Pump Oils for Rough and Medium Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.Kinetic Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.1.Working Fluid Jet Vacuum Pumps2.3.2.2.Diffusion Pumps2.3.2.3.Jet Pumps‐Working Fluids2.3.2.4.Drag Vacuum Pumps‐Turbomolecular Pump2.3.3.Entrapment Vacuum Pumps2.3.3.1.Sorption Vacuum Pumps2.3.3.2.Getter Ion Pumps2.3.3.3.Condensation Pumps3.Vacuum Diagnostics3.1.Total Pressure Measurement3.1.1.Mechanical Vacuum Instruments3.1.2.Viscosity Vacuum Gauge3.1.3.Thermal Conductivity Vacuum Gauge3.1.4.Ionization Vacuum Gauge3.1.5.Measuring Systems3.2.Partial Pressure Measurement3.3.Leak Surveys4.Vacuum System Components4.1.Piping Components4.2.Vacuum System Feedthroughs4.3.Valves5.Vacuum System Applications5.1.Perspectives on Design of Vacuum Systems5.2.Examples of Vacuum Systems and Their Application5.2.1.Decontamination of Groundwater5.2.2.Degassing Steel with a Steam Jet Vacuum System5.2.3.High Vacuum Systems for Manufacturing Thin Films5.2.4.Ultra High Vacuum System for the LEP Storage Ring at Geneva
Reactor Types and Their Industrial Applications
Authors: Henkel Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Basic Types of Reactors

3.

Survey of Real Reactors and Their Uses

3.1.

Reactors for Gas‐Phase Reactions

3.2.

Reactors for Liquid‐Phase Reactions

3.3.

Reactors for Gas ‐ Liquid Reactions

3.4.

Reactors for Solid‐Catalyzed Reactions

3.4.1.

Reactors for Heterogeneous Gas Catalysis

3.4.2.

Reactors for Liquid‐Phase and Gas ‐ Liquid Reactions over Solid Catalysts

3.5.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Reactions Involving Solids

3.5.1.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Gas ‐ Solid Reactions

3.5.2.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Liquid ‐ Solid Reactions

3.5.3.

Reactors for Noncatalytic Solid‐Phase Reactions

3.6.

Electrothermal Reactors

3.7.

Reactors for Electrochemical Processes

3.8.

Reactors for Biochemical Processes

3.9.

Reactors for Photochemical and Radiochemical Processes

3.9.1.

Photochemical Reactors

3.9.2.

Radiochemical Reactors
Tubular Reactors
Authors: Cresswell David , Gough Arthur , Milne Graeme 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Olefin Production by Steam Cracking2.1.Background2.2.Chemistry of Olefin Production2.3.The Reactor2.4.Reactor Design2.5.Heat Recovery2.6.Control of the Reactor2.7.Coking2.8.Alternatives to the Tubular Reactor3.Gas‐Phase Chlorocarbon Cracking Reactions3.1.Reaction Description3.2.Reaction Thermodynamics3.3.Reaction Mechanism3.4.Reactor Design and Operating Conditions3.5.Reactor Modeling3.6.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation4.Gas‐Phase Halogenation Processes4.1.Reaction Description4.2.Substitutive Chlorination Reactors4.2.1.Reactor Modeling4.2.2.Reactor Coking and Soot Formation4.3.Substitutive Bromination Reactors4.3.1.Reactor Design4.3.2.Reactor Modeling4.3.3.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation4.4.Perhalogenation Reactors4.4.1.Reaction Description4.4.2.Reactor Design and Operation4.4.3.Reactor Modeling4.4.4.Reactor Coking and Carbon Formation5.Fundamental Modeling Approaches — An Evaluation5.1.Thermal Decomposition of Ethane5.2.Improving the Model6.Conclusions
Three‐Phase Trickle‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Westerterp K. Roel , Wammes Wino J. A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Design

2.1.

Flow Regimes

2.2.

Liquid Holdup

2.3.

Pressure Drop

2.4.

Mass Transfer

2.4.1.

Gas‐Side Mass Transfer

2.4.2.

Liquid‐Side Mass Transfer

2.4.3.

Liquid ‐ Solid Mass Transfer

2.5.

Heat Transfer

2.6.

Wetting Efficiency

3.

Scale‐Up

4.

Industrial Applications
Chemical Plant Design and Construction
Authors: Mosberger Erich 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Feasibility Study2.1.Initial Work2.2.Cost Estimation2.2.1.Investment Costs2.2.1.1.Global Methods of Investment Cost Estimation2.2.1.2.Detailed Methods of Investment Cost Estimation2.2.1.3.Item‐by‐Item Calculation2.2.1.4.Cost Indexes2.2.2.Operating Costs2.2.3.EDP Support2.3.Profitability Analysis2.3.1.Profitability Analysis as an Engineering Task2.3.2.Methods of Profitability Analysis2.4.Site Selection2.5.Decision between Alternative Investments3.Preliminary Design3.1.Preliminary Design Costs3.2.Final Selection of Site Locations3.3.Process Design3.3.1.Optimization3.3.2.Safety Aspects and Environmental Control3.3.2.1.Protection Against Emissions3.3.2.2.Noise Control3.3.2.3.Occupational Safety and Health3.3.2.4.Plant Availability3.3.2.5.Authority Engineering3.4.Basic Engineering3.4.1.Equipment Specification from the Process Engineering Standpoint3.4.2.Materials of Construction3.4.3.Plant Layout3.4.4.Preliminary Piping and Instrumentation Diagram3.5.Calculation of Plant Costs3.5.1.Equipment3.5.2.Bulk Materials3.5.3.Other Costs3.6.Conclusion of Preliminary Design Phase4.Contract Writing and Forms of Contracts4.1.Licensing Agreements4.1.1.Patent Licenses4.1.2.Process Licenses4.1.3.Process Licenses via Engineering Contractors4.1.4.Know‐How Contracts via Engineering Contractors4.2.Design and Supply Contracts with Engineering Contractors4.2.1.Selection of Engineering Contractors4.2.1.1.Importance of Risk in the Plant Business4.2.1.2.Selection and Award Criteria4.2.2.Form and Content of Contracts4.2.2.1.Basic Concerns in Contract Writing4.2.2.2.Contract Types and Provisions4.2.2.3.Essential Elements of a Contract5.Execution of the Project5.1.Scope of Work5.2.Project Organization and Management5.2.1.Matrix Project Management5.2.2.The Project Manager5.2.3.The Project Team5.2.4.The Start Phase of a Project5.3.Project Control (Schedules, Progress, Costs)5.3.1.Time Scheduling5.3.2.Progress Planning and Control5.3.3.Cost Planning and Control5.3.4.Project Report5.4.Detail Engineering5.4.1.Process Engineering5.4.2.Plant Layout5.4.3.Apparatus and Machinery5.4.4.Piping5.4.5.Control Systems5.4.6.Electrical Design5.5.Procurement5.5.1.Purchase of Equipment and Services5.5.2.Expediting5.5.3.Shipping5.6.Planning and Execution of Civil Work and Erection5.6.1.Planning of Civil Work and Erection5.6.1.1.Planning of Civil Work (Including Structural Steel Work)5.6.1.2.Erection Planning5.6.2.Execution of Construction5.6.2.1.Construction‐Site Organization and Management5.6.2.2.Time Scheduling and Progress Control5.6.2.3.Construction Work5.7.Commissioning5.7.1.Plant Design and Commissioning5.7.2.Operating Manual5.7.3.Responsibility and Organization5.7.4.Preparation for Commissioning5.7.5.Plant Startup6.Computer Support6.1.Role of Computers in Project Execution6.2.EDP Infrastructure and Systems6.3.Coordination and Interfaces7.Quality Assurance8.Training of Plant Personnel
Weighing
Authors: Kupper Walter E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Principle of Magnetic Force Compensation3.Automatic and Semiautomatic Calibration4.Processing and Computing Functions5.Balance Performance6.Fitness of a Balance for Its Application7.Gravity and Air Buoyancy8.The Distinction Between Mass and Weight9.Qualitative Factors in Weighing10.Governmental Regulations and Standardization
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gremlich Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Techniques

2.1.

Fourier Transform Infrared Technique

2.2.

Dispersive and Fourier Transform Raman Techniques

3.

Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy

3.1.

The Vibrational Spectrum

3.2.

QuantitativeAnalysis

3.3.

The Symmetry of Molecules and Molecular Vibrations; SelectionRules

4.

Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds

4.1.

The Concept of Group Frequencies

4.2.

Methyl and Methylene Groups

4.3.

Alkene Groups

4.4.

Aromatic Rings

4.5.

Triple Bonds and Cumulated Double Bonds

4.6.

Ethers, Alcohols, and Phenols

4.6.1.

Ethers

4.6.2.

Alcohols and Phenols

4.7.

Amines, Azo, and Nitro Compounds

4.7.1.

Amines

4.7.2.

Azo Compounds

4.7.3.

Nitro Compounds

4.8.

CarbonylCompounds

4.8.1.

Ketones

4.8.2.

Aldehydes

4.8.3.

Carboxylic Acids

4.8.4.

Carboxylate Salts

4.8.5.

Anhydrides

4.8.6.

Esters

4.8.7.

Lactones

4.8.8.

Carbonate Salts

4.8.9.

Amides

4.8.10.

Lactams

4.9.

Sulfur‐Containing Compounds

4.9.1.

Thiols

4.9.2.

Sulfides and Disulfides

4.9.3.

Sulfones

4.10.

Computer‐Aided Spectral Interpretation

5.

Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy

5.1.

Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.1.

Transmission Spectroscopy

5.1.2.

External Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.3.

Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.4.

Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy

5.1.5.

Emission Spectroscopy

5.1.6.

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

5.1.7.

Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.8.

Thermogravimetry/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

5.1.9.

Vibrational Circular Dichroism

5.2.

Raman Spectroscopy

5.3.

Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy

5.4.

Time‐Resolved FT‐IR and FT‐Raman Spectroscopy

5.5.

Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging

5.6.

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers

6.

Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

6.1.

Comparison of Mid‐Infrared and Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

6.2.

Applications of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Linscheid Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Techniques and Definitions2.1.Resolution2.2.Tools for Structure Elucidation2.2.1.Full Spectra: Low Resolution2.2.2.Elemental Compositions of Ions2.3.Fragmentation in Organic Mass Spectrometry2.4.Quantitative Analysis3.Sample Inlets and Interfaces3.1.Direct Probe3.2.Batch Inlets3.3.Pyrolysis3.4.GC/MS Interfaces3.5.LC/MS Interfaces3.5.1.Moving Belt3.5.2.Continuous Flow FAB3.5.3.Direct Liquid Introduction3.5.4.Supercritical Fluid Interface3.5.5.Particle Beam Interface3.5.6.Chemical Ionization at Atmospheric Pressure3.5.7.Thermospray3.5.8.ESI Interface3.6.TLC/MS4.Ion Generation4.1.Electron Impact4.2.Chemical Ionization4.3.Negative Chemical Ionization (Electron Capture)4.4.Field Ionization (FI)4.5.Plasma Ionization4.6.Thermal Ionization4.7.Optical Methods4.8.Desorption Methods4.8.1.Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS)4.8.2.Field Desorption (FD)4.8.3.Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)4.8.4.252Cf Plasma Desorption4.8.5.Laser Desorption/Ionization4.9.Electrospray5.Analyzers5.1.Electromagnetic Sector Fields5.2.Quadrupoles5.3.Time‐of‐Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer5.4.Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry5.5.Ion Traps5.6.Isotope Mass Spectrometer5.7.Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)5.8.Other Analyzers6.Metastable Ions and Linked Scans6.1.Detection of Metastable Ions6.2.Mass Selected Ion Kinetic Spectrometry6.3.Linked Scans7.MS/MS Instrumentation7.1.Triple Quadrupoles7.2.Multiple‐Sector Instruments7.3.Hybrids (Sector ‐ Quadrupoles)7.4.Ion‐Storage Devices (FTMS, Ion Traps)7.5.Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometers7.6.Others8.Detectors and Signals8.1.Faraday Cage8.2.Daly Detector8.3.Secondary Electron Multiplier (SEM)8.4.Microchannel Plates8.5.Signal Types9.Computer and Data Systems9.1.Instrument Control, Automation9.2.Signal Processing9.3.Data Handling9.4.Library Searches9.5.Integration into Laboratory Networks9.6.Integration in the World Wide Web10.Applications10.1.Environmental Chemistry10.2.Analysis of Biomedical Samples10.3.Determination of High Molecular Masses10.4.Species Analysis10.5.Determination of Elements10.6.Surface Analysis and Depth Profiling
Sustainability and the Chemical Industry—Ethical Aspects and Approaches
Authors: Müller‐Eisen Ute , Hulpke Herwig 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Structural Change and Change of Paradigms

2.1.

Chemistry and Industry

2.2.

Social System

2.3.

Environmental Awareness

3.

Ethical Aspects

4.

Chances for the Future

4.1.

Concept of Sustainable Development

4.2.

Dialogue

4.3.

Risk/Chance Assessment

4.4.

Innovations

5.

Approaches of the Chemical Industry

5.1.

Responsible Care

5.1.1.

Basic Idea

5.1.2.

Management Systems

5.1.3.

Production‐Integrated Environmental Protection

5.1.4.

Product Stewardship

5.1.5.

Dialogue

5.2.

Environmental Agreements