bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Huggins Robert , Kitagawa Fumi , Prokop Daniel , Theodoraki Christina , Thompson Piers 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe concept of an ‘entrepreneurial ecosystem’ has become a major means for both theorizing and making policy decisions concerning entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development. The notion of an entrepreneurial ecosystem captures the way in which entrepreneurship is increasingly performed and undertaken via the innate interdependencies existing between the elements and components of what are essentially biotic communities (consisting of complex interactions between human agents and an array of tangible and intangible components). This book takes a multi-lensed view and perspective on the emergence of entrepreneurship within ecosystems in cities and regions, the manner in which these ecosystems evolve and operate, and their future development. This introductory chapter provides some initial theoretical background relating to the nature of ecosystems in the context of entrepreneurship and urban and regional development, before providing a summary of the book’s three parts: (1) The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems; (2) The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems; and (3) The Future of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.
Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Herbertson Max , Lee Neil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cities and regions with the strongest entrepreneurial ecosystems are often marked by high levels of inequality. These inequalities have, however, often been overlooked in policy and academic circles. Seeking to remedy this neglect, the aim of this chapter is to engage with research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and inclusive entrepreneurship, and to stimulate fresh thinking about what an inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem might look like and what policies could be used to get there. In this, inclusion comes in different guises. It can mean encouraging disadvantaged groups into entrepreneurship. Or, it can relate to wider inclusive growth outcomes such as the reduction of inequality and poverty. The level of entrepreneurial activity among different groups, and how their entrepreneurship interacts with inequality and poverty, will depend on factors such as a territory’s culture and formal institutions, and the support networks and finance available. As these factors vary between territories, place-based policy which maintains an intersectional understanding of privilege will be needed to stimulate inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, the chapter also makes clear how encouraging entrepreneurial activity may produce inequalities and accentuate poverty as many new businesses fail. In this, it is suggested that policymakers should consider the efficiency of their actions. While encouraging entrepreneurship may assist with inclusive growth outcomes, stimulating high-growth firms which employ locally could be far more efficient.
Policy Impacts on Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Okamuro Hiroyuki , Kitagawa Fumi , Izushi Hiro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Entrepreneurship policy is by nature multi-level and multi-dimensional. Contextual factors—geographical and institutional—influence the policy’s operations and cumulative impacts. This chapter seeks to better understand the interdependence and interplay of the policy across different levels of government, and its evolution over time, as an integral part of innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. We look at the case of Japan, examining small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policies introduced at national and sub-national levels since the mid-1990s. Our examination reveals three related policy turns—entrepreneurial, networking, and local ecosystem—in the country’s SME policies, which constitute the evolutionary dynamics of its innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. The chapter also assesses the effects of those policy measures and programmes, showing varied contributions of subsidies, an overall shift of policy instruments from subsidies to networking supports and the latter’s greater effectiveness, and significant effects of a recent place-based start-up support programme. The chapter concludes by identifying opportunities and challenges, showing the diversity and complexity of recent place-based policymaking for the revitalization of local economies.
Industrial Composition and Entrepreneurial Heritage in Medium-Sized Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Mack Elizabeth A. , Mayer Heike , Catalano Isabella A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
New firm activity is an important component of vibrant regional economies and entrepreneurial ecosystems. New businesses not only create new jobs but also ensure there is a steady pipeline of businesses at various stages in the life cycle (e.g. birth, growth, maturity, and death). New firms may be created by entrepreneurs as new standalone ventures or may be spun off from existing businesses within the region. In the case of the latter, new firms are a source of entrepreneurial heritage: they inherit the practices and perspectives of parent firms. Understanding the extent to which a new business stems from existing businesses or is created alone as a new standalone venture can provide important insights into the entrepreneurial dynamics of ecosystems. To this end, prior studies have analysed these dynamics in manufacturing and high-technology regions. That said, new firm dynamics have not been studied in small and medium-sized ecosystems, which is critical to fostering and/or creating supporting infrastructure for fledgling ventures. To address this gap, this chapter undertakes an in-depth examination of the industrial composition and spin-off dynamics within the Albuquerque, New Mexico entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Centring Context within Discussions of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems from a Global Perspective
Authors: Pugh Rhiannon , Schmutzler Jana , Gonzalo Manuel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the concept of context, as utilized by scholars in the entrepreneurship field, in relation to entrepreneurial ecosystems. We argue that the bulk of EE scholarship to date has assumed context or relegated it to a background discussion, instead of privileging the concept within studies of EEs. This has led to a lack of consideration of the institutions, resources and social backgrounds that surround the EE in its regional and national settings. In this chapter, we make an argument for centring the concept of context so that it is at the heart of our discussion and analysis. In particular, we elucidate some existing gaps within the body of work on EEs, which we argue are a result of a lack of context appreciation and analysis. We draw on work carried out on EEs in various international settings to highlight contextual aspects of EE functioning and actualization that emerge as key when we place context at the heart of our analysis.
Applying the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Concept to Regional Entrepreneurship Policy Analysis
Authors: Potter Jonathan , Smith Helen Lawton 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGiven substantial regional variations in rates of productive entrepreneurship within countries, a critical task for policymakers is to identify what is influencing the generation of productive start-ups and scale-ups in different cities and regions and what policy levers can be used to improve their performance. This chapter discusses the application of Stam’s (2015) conceptual framework to the provision of place-based policy advice through case study analyses in five regions in two countries (United Kingdom and Poland). Based on a combination of quantitative data analysis and qualitative stakeholder discussions, the analysis shows that there are variations across regions in some of the dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems requiring most policy attention. Although some of the same policy issues occur in all or most of the regional contexts, the responses to them often need to be different. Drawing on the experiences from the case studies, the chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the entrepreneurial ecosystems conceptual framework for the purpose of policy development. While offering the advantages of focusing on impactful entrepreneurship, institutional conditions, and spatial disparities and viewing policy as a holistic package, challenges include defining dimensions that correspond closely to the influences on entrepreneurship, finding sufficiently fine-grained quantitative indicators for the dimensions, and identifying which policy interventions should receive the greatest priority in a region. In addition, a sectoral differentiation will often be needed within regional entrepreneurial ecosystem analysis, and more comprehensive policy support is likely to be needed in weaker ecosystems.
The Socio-Economic Transformation of the Radical Right
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The second chapter provides a historical background and contextualization of the radical right’s socio-economic trajectory in the post-war era. As most Western European radical right parties emerged as challenger parties during the 1970s and 1980s, their neoliberal programme had an insurgent quality against the ‘political class’ of the Keynesian post-war era. In the neoliberal era, however, they downgraded their free market appeals in favour of a nativist-authoritarian platform. Meanwhile, the Eastern European mainstream right called into question the neoliberal devices of the Washington Consensus and the EU accession process by undergoing an ideological radicalization that moved them closer to the Western European radical right. In the USA, by contrast, the Republican Party remained loyal to neoliberal economic policies while falling back on a white nativist platform. I conclude this chapter with a critical discussion of existing hypotheses on the policy impact we should expect from the post-neoliberal radical right.
Chauvinist and Familialist Insider Protection in Continental Europe
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Austrian Freedom Party has aimed to defend and expand the welfare entitlements of ‘hard-working’ labour market insiders (e.g. early retirement) and male breadwinners (e.g. child benefits), in line with Austria’s conservative welfare regime that has traditionally privileged the status protection of the male core workforce. The FPÖ is thus a case of how conservative legacies translate an ideological agenda of nativism and authoritarianism into insider-oriented and, more recently, welfare chauvinist social policy choices. Whereas the male core workforce has been the material winner of the FPÖ’s social policy impact, the opposite can be said about immigrants and those without steady and secure employment, leading to a policy combination termed chauvinist and familialist insider protection. Shadow case studies of Germany (AfD) and Italy (Lega) support this claim about the radical right’s policy impact in welfare states characterized by conservative legacies.
Chauvinist Insider Protection in Northern Europe
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Danish People’s Party (DF) has prioritized the benefit entitlements of ‘deserving’ benefit recipients—i.e. the elderly and labour market insiders—while retrenching the social rights of immigrants at the same time. The Danish DF and Austrian FPÖ have thus had a relatively similar pro-elderly and welfare chauvinist policy impact, but they diverged in the area of family policy. Unlike the FPÖ, the DF has not supported a familialist strategy that would allow (and expect) families, mostly women in practice, to reduce working hours in order to care for children. The institutional legacies of Nordic family policy and the related absence of a ‘male breadwinner’ model cut off political support for a familialist approach. The DF’s policy impact may thus be summarized as chauvinist insider protection: cuts in welfare for non-citizens while expanding social security for the elderly and labour market insiders.
Grace
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Despite the complexity of its history, grace often connotes something simple. It is an Hellenic grace, refashioned in Mannerism, lauded by Baldesar Castiglione and Giorgio Vasari, that names style as a supplemental excess or lack. For the New York School, grace is one mode held in tension by the materiality of the city, its mass and noise. New York School grace reveals itself through attention to accidents and moments of lucidity. Chapter 2 argues that O’Hara’s mannerist grace drew on his affection for the attitude of dance critic and poet Edwin Denby, and their mutual love for George Balanchine and Fred Astaire. These artists shared an ethos of attention toward the artworks of their day and the choreography of everyday life, its maniera, rhythms, and styles of inhabiting space. The chapter concludes by integrating Friedrich Schiller’s reading of grace. The central reading is of ‘A Step Away from Them’.
Agon
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Agon (1957) is widely considered George Balanchine’s masterpiece. Chapter 3 explains why Agon became a favourite of Frank O’Hara’s and the various ways in which it encapsulates the concept of the agon. The agon names the public forum of contestation in ancient Greece, as well as the argumentation held within lyric poetry, specifically the ode form. This chapter pursues a genealogy of agonism, including its significance for Friedrich Nietzsche and later Renato Poggioli, author of the earliest monograph on the avant-garde, The Theory of the Avant-Garde (1962) and O’Hara’s teacher at Harvard. Agon helps gloss the social energies at work in the court of New York, including its art scene, and to comprehend O’Hara’s genealogical project of queer revaluation. The chapter concludes with a reading of O’Hara’s agonistic ‘Ode to Willem de Kooning’.
Wolff on Obligation
Authors: Walsh John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, I both outline and offer an alternative to the standard psychologistic reading of Wolff’s account of obligation, according to which obligation consists in being motivated by an occurrent representation. I argue that Wolff’s concept of obligation should be understood in terms of what I call his theory of ideal practical rationality––that is, the normative theory of rational agency based on the ideal use of the rational faculties. On this view, obligation indicates the normative relation between putative actions and ideal agents. It prescribes how agents ought to act by virtue of how an ideally rational agent would act. After considering two potential issues this interpretation faces, I sketch the reception of Wolff’s account of obligation through the lens of the theory of ideal practical rationality.
Is Christian Wolff’s Practical Philosophy Eudaimonistic?
Authors: Stobbe Emanuel Lanzini 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to offer an interpretation of Wolff’s practical philosophy as non-eudaimonistic. The background for such a discussion goes back, as secondary literature attests, to Wolff’s own time, where his philosophy started to be considered a form of eudaimonism by his followers and opponents. However, considered properly, we see that it rests on perfection, which conditions happiness—and not the opposite. In order to defend such a thesis, this chapter is divided in three sections. First, it shows that happiness depends on perfection with respect to the relation between perfection and happiness. Second, it examines the foundation, principle, and final end of morality for Wolff, and shows that all three cases refer to perfection, and not happiness. Third, it responds to specific passages where Wolff’s philosophy seems to be a textbook case of eudaimonism, as well as to interpretations from the secondary literature.
Wolff on the Duty to Cognize Good and Evil
Authors: Walschots Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter I offer an account of the nature, scope, and significance of Wolff’s claim that human beings have a duty to cognize moral good and evil. I illustrate that Wolff conceives of this duty as requiring that human beings both acquire distinct cognition of good and evil as well as avoid ignorance and error. Although Wolff intends for the duty to be quite demanding, he restricts its scope by, among other things, claiming it primarily concerns those who have the skills, circumstances, and opportunity to acquire such cognition. Wolff calls these individuals the “inventors” of the truths of morality and he considers himself to be such an inventor. I argue that part of the significance of this duty lies in the fact that Wolff conceives of himself as living up to it by writing the German Ethics, thereby sharing the knowledge he has invented with others.
Can the Will Go Wrong on its Own?
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims at elucidating the conception of a deficit of the will that figures only in Wolff’s later, Latin works. The problem is that the conception of such a deficit independent of cognitive error appears to be inconsistent with some of Wolff’s core metaphysical commitments, including the Principle of the Best: if willing is determined by cognition, how can there be a “bad” volition without any cognitive deficit? The chapter suggests that Wolff appeals to affects to render his conception consistent: the point is that the motivational power of affects, in the guise of pleasure and pain, can undermine the motivational power of our beliefs. Wolff’s goal, however, is not to “eliminate” the affects; rather, affects should support and magnify the motivational power of true beliefs. Thus, the general aim of the chapter is to offer a more nuanced view on the relation between affects and morality in Wolff’s rationalist account.
Human Nature and Human Minds
Authors: Dyck Corey W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that Wolff contributes to the development of anthropology in the first chapters of his German Ethics. As it shows, Wolff’s account of the “essence and nature of the human being” in connection with his initial derivation of the moral imperative introduces considerations that are (for the time) recognizably anthropological. Similarly, Wolff’s speculations concerning the art of gaining cognition of the minds of human beings in the fourth chapter of the first part engages with a novel anthropological project initiated by his colleague Christian Thomasius, but with some significant amendments. After presenting these neglected aspects of Wolff’s moral philosophy, the chapter considers the largely overlooked legacy of (what will here be called) Wolff’s moral anthropology, and ultimately makes the case that Kant’s careful separation of the metaphysics of morals from practical anthropology may be considered a response to Wolff’s deliberate and influential intermingling of the two.
Where the Wild Things Are
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 2 focuses on Achilles Tatius’ dazzling descriptions of three Egyptian animals—the phoenix (3.25), the hippopotamus (4.2–3), and the crocodile (4.19)—which, it argues, define the reaches and limits of (the Roman) empire in Egypt. Leucippe and Clitophon is part of a long, multi-faceted history of representing Egypt in Greek and Roman culture; it also draws on Egyptian traditions that destabilize the connections between ethnography and power. Understanding both contexts is essential. The final section shows how the novel’s description of a phoenix is implicated in its depiction of the human world of Roman Egypt, and, in particular, how it draws together questions of identity, religious and cultural traditions, and the very process of representation. As often as Leucippe and Clitophon affirms the connection between representing animals and control over the landscape, it also undermines and resists a univocal reading of Egyptian fauna—not through violent rebellion, but rather a more discursive mode of resistance, which draws attention to the multiple contexts for Egyptian animals and to the challenges of representing Egypt’s landscape in textual form.
A ‘Government of National Unity’?
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The two elections of 1974, and the cross-party politics in between, provide a case where both pre- and post-election coalitions were contemplated by Ted Heath’s Conservative Party and the Liberal Party led by Jeremy Thorpe. The general election of 28 February 1974 saw a Liberal insurgency, a third-party vote that was twice as large as any that had been recorded since 1929 and the first hung parliament in the post-war era. This led to frenetic, but fruitless, negotiations between Heath and Thorpe, and the appointment of Harold Wilson as head of a minority Labour government. Yet that summer of 1974 saw sustained discussion of a ‘Government of National Unity’, electoral pacts, and pressure on Heath to form an alliance with the insurgent Liberals. Jeremy Thorpe’s belief that a formal agreement would be electorally damaging, Heath’s intra-party weakness, and, ultimately, a slim Labour majority punctured the prospect of a Conservative-Liberal alliance.
Sanctions and Degree of Harmonization
Authors: Grigoleit Hans Christoph 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Sanctions ensure that legal norms have effects and thus fulfil their purposes—the very purposes that are crucial to legitimize any intervention by legal force. With respect to the EU’s multi-level legal system, specifying sanctions is even more important, as the harmonizing effect of EU regulation can only be achieved if sanctions are aligned to a sufficient degree as well. Considering these quite evident observations, it is astounding that there is an enormous level of obscurity on the sanctions side of European capital markets law. While all the relevant legal acts provide for some general structure of public enforcement, the specification of public law sanctions is left to the member states, offering a wide leeway and significant potential for variation. Even more questionable are the lacunae regarding private law sanctions in general and damages claims in particular. Few of the capital markets acts address the issue of damages at all—in fragmentary and incoherent sets of provisions. Within the national jurisdictions, the chaos is completed by the enforcement of capital markets law under 27 private law systems with significant differences. All this is hardly compatible with the objective of harmonization, and even less so with the ostensible trend towards ‘maximum harmonization’. The following chapter examines the deplorable status quo of legal sanctions in European capital markets law and aims to develop guidelines for more coherence in future legislation.
Market Transactions and the Case of Insider Dealing
Authors: Lau Hansen Jesper 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the boundaries between legal and illegal behaviour in respect of insider dealing by examining the fundamentals of market transactions in order to establish the purpose of the ban. After observing the nature of voluntary transactions and, notably, George Akerlof’s Lemon Theory, the ban is placed within a theoretical framework where the Trinity of Information Regulation prevents the detrimental effects of information asymmetries and is balanced with the need to preserve competition among market participants, which is achieved by calibrating the notion of ‘inside information’. This leads to the conclusion that the ban is not about possession of inside information, but its abuse. The ban as articulated in Article 8 of MAR is examined as is the supplementary nature of Article 9. The chapter finishes by discussing the critique of the ban by Henry Manne et al and the need for reform in the proposed Listing Act package.