bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lean Woman
Authors: Baghaei Fariba , Rosmond Roland , Westberg Lars , Hellstrand Monica , Landén Mikael , Eriksson Elias , Holm Göran , Björntorp Per 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: In the current obesity epidemic, the ability to remain lean is beginning to be uncommon. Therefore, it was considered of interest to characterize such subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: From a population of premenopausal women (n = 270), all 40 years of age, those with a similar body mass index (BMI) as women at the age of 21 years, born the same year (BMI = 21.1 kg/m2) were selected among nonsmokers and compared with the remaining nonsmoking women.Results: Lean women showed, as expected, low waist‐to‐hip circumference ratio and abdominal sagittal diameter as well as absence of other disease risk factors. Compared with the remaining women, 17β‐estradiol was high and androgens were low, whereas insulin‐like growth factor I and thyroid hormones showed no differences. Dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate was lower, whereas cortisol, measured in saliva repeatedly over a day, and adrenocorticotropin hormone were not different. Results from questionnaires indicated higher education and socioeconomic status, frequent sports activities, and better psychosocial adaptation and psychological health. A tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in the fifth intron of the aromatase P450 gene was longer among the lean (187 base pairs) than the rest of the women. Women with opposite phylogenetic characteristic have a short microsatellite (168 base pairs) in this gene locus.Discussion: Lean, nonsmoking women enjoy an excellent health in not only anthropometric and metabolic factors, but also in neuroendocrine, endocrine, and psychological variables. The endocrine measurements suggest a well‐functioning aromatase, which in turn might have a genetic background, contributing to health. The aromatase gene might be important for regulation of body fat mass.
Does Ethnicity Influence Body‐Size Preference? A Comparison of Body Image and Body Size
Authors: Cachelin Fary M. , Rebeck Ramona M. , Chung Grace H. , Pelayo Elizabeth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is most common in the United States among women of ethnic minority groups (black and Hispanic). Researchers have hypothesized that these subcultures are more accepting of overweight figures. The purpose of this study was to examine body image and body size assessments in a large community sample of men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 801 women and 428 men: 23% Asian, 45% Hispanic, 17% black, and 15% white. The figure rating scale was used to rate: body dissatisfaction, attractive male and female shapes, acceptable female size, and perceptions of underweight to obese female figures.Results: Controlling for age, education, and body weight, no ethnic differences were found for men. Asian women reported less body dissatisfaction than the other groups. Women were more dissatisfied with their size than men and chose thinner female figures as attractive and acceptable.Discussion: Ethnicity, independent of age, education, and body weight, does not influence preference for female and male shapes or tolerance for obesity.
Chronic Application of MTII in a Rat Model of Obesity Results in Sustained Weight Loss
Authors: Hamilton Bradford S. , Doods Henri N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the effects of a cafeteria diet and a chronic treatment with melanocortin agonist (MTII) on mature weight‐stable female rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Ex‐breeder Chbb:Thom rats (350 to 400 g) were divided into two groups: highly palatable food (HPF) and normal rat chow (RC). Both groups had ab libitum access to rat chow. The HPF group had access to chocolate bars, cookies, cheese, and nuts (∼20 g/d). After 21 days, the rats in each group were then divided into control and treated groups. Mini‐pumps delivering saline or MTII (1 mg/kg per day) for minimally 28 days were implanted. Oxygen consumption was measured for 17 days in a second group of rats implanted with mini‐pumps containing MTII (1 mg/kg per day) or saline.Results: HPF rats ate less (<50%) rat chow than RC rats. After 20 days, the HPF group had reached a plateau and weighed significantly more (p < 0.005) than the RC group (411.7 ± 9.3 g; n = 17 vs. 365.1 ± 9.4 g; n = 16). HPF rats and RC rats receiving MTII reduced their pellet intake and body weight in the initial 2 weeks of treatment (day 14, RC‐saline: −1.6 ± 1.8 g; RC‐MTII, −22.5 ± 3.7 g; HPF‐saline, −7.1 ± 1.7 g; HPF‐MTII, −30.7 ± 4.8 g). Subsequently, pellet intake returned to pre‐implantation values, although body weights remained reduced in both HPF and RC groups. Oxygen consumption was increased in rats treated with MTII.Discussion: This suggests that MTII initially reduced body weight by limiting food intake; however, maintenance of weight is most likely due to increased energy expenditure under conditions of normal and highly palatable diets in mature animals.
Leptin's Sexual Dimorphism Results from Genotype by Sex Interactions Mediated by Testosterone
Authors: Martin Lisa J. , Mahaney Michael C. , Almasy Laura , MacCluer Jean W. , Blangero John , Jaquish Cashell E. , Comuzzie Anthony G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent studies have reported the existence of marked sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels in humans, with women having approximately three times the levels of men. As we have shown for other measures of adiposity, such sexual dimorphism can arise from a special case of genotype by environment interaction, that of genotype by sex interaction.Research Methods and Procedures: Using maximum likelihood‐based variance decomposition techniques, we examined the genetic and environmental architecture of sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels in 1147 Mexican Americans from the San Antonio Family Heart Study.Results: Both the genetic and environmental variances for this trait differed significantly between the sexes (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), with women displaying larger values for both components. We found significant evidence that different genes influence variation in serum leptin levels between the two sexes (p = 0.05). Furthermore, this pattern of sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels persisted even after accounting for the effects of either the percentage of body fat or total body fat. However, this pattern of sexual dimorphism was eliminated after accounting for the effects of testosterone.Discussion: These findings suggest that the sexual dimorphism seen in leptin levels is not simply explained as differences in total adiposity between the sexes. We conclude that the genes, which influence variation in serum leptin levels, are differentially expressed depending on sex, and that the sexes also show differences in response of the expression of this obesity‐related trait to unmeasured residual effects.
Modeling the Impact of Adjustable Gastric Banding on Survival in Patients with Morbid Obesity
Authors: Sendi Pedram , Palmer Andrew J. , Hauri Philipp , Craig Bruce A. , Horber Fritz F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Morbid obesity is associated with premature death. Adjustable gastric banding may lead to substantial weight loss in patients with morbid obesity. Little is known about the impact of weight loss on survival after adjustable gastric banding. We therefore developed a mathematical model to estimate life expectancy in patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 undergoing bariatric surgery.Research Methods and Procedures: We developed a nonhomogeneous Markov chain consisting of five states: the absorbing state (“dead”) and the four recurrent states BMI ≥40 kg/m2, BMI 36 to 39 kg/m2, BMI 32 to 35 kg/m2, and BMI 25 to 31 kg/m2. Scenarios of weight loss and age‐ and sex‐dependent risk of death, as well as BMI‐dependent excess mortality were extracted from life tables and published literature. All patients entered the model through the state of BMI ≥40 kg/m2.Results: In men aged either 18 or 65 years at the time of surgery, who moved from the state BMI ≥40 kg/m2 to the next lower state of BMI 36 to 39 kg/m2, life expectancy increased by 3 and 0.7 years, respectively. In women aged either 18 or 65 years at the time of surgery, who moved from the state BMI ≥40 kg/m2 to the next lower state BMI 36 to 39 kg/m2, life expectancy increased by 4.5 and 2.6 years, respectively. Weight loss to lower BMI strata resulted in further gains of life expectancy in both men and women.Discussion: Within the limitations of the modeling study, adjustable gastric banding in patients with morbid obesity may substantially increase life expectancy.
Familial Resemblance for Plasma Leptin: Sample Homogeneity across Adiposity and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Rice Treva , Chagnon Yvon C. , Borecki Ingrid B. , Pérusse Louis , Collier Greg , Gagnon Jacques , Leon Arthur S. , Skinner James S. , Wilmore Jack H. , Bouchard Claude , Rao D. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies show a wide range in the percentage of variance in leptin levels attributable to genetic factors. These studies differ markedly with respect to ethnicity, study design, and statistical methodology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate heterogeneity hypotheses across ethnic groups and by adiposity level, using the same statistical methods.Research Methods and Procedures: Samples included black vs. white (HERITAGE Family Study) and random vs. obese (Québec Family Study) individuals from 432 families (1432 individuals). Heritability for leptin, alternatively adjusted for age and sex and then for age, sex, and adiposity was estimated with the use of familial correlations. Heterogeneity in the magnitude of the familial resemblance between samples and the effect of adjusting for adiposity was explored.Results: Heritability did not vary across samples stratified by adiposity level or ethnic group or across adjustment schemes. Maximal heritability, the percentage of additive phenotypic variability due to all familial sources, was 32%.Discussion: Whereas leptin and adiposity were highly correlated within individuals, removing the effects of adiposity did not significantly alter the magnitude of the familial component for leptin. Moreover, this effect did not vary as a function of ethnicity (black vs. white) or adiposity level. Thus, no evidence for heterogeneity was detected. However, a comparison among previous studies raises questions concerning possible genetic heterogeneity in other ethnic groups in which complex interactions among leptin, adiposity, and diabetes status may be important.
Body Image Partially Mediates the Relationship between Obesity and Psychological Distress
Authors: Friedman Kelli E. , Reichmann Simona K. , Costanzo Philip R. , Musante Gerard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Body image is considered as a potential mediator of the relationship between obesity and psychological distress.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred ten men and women in a residential weight control facility completed the Multidimensional Body Self‐Relations Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, and the Binge Eating Scale.Results: For both men and women, body‐image satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between degree of overweight and depression/self‐esteem.Discussion: Sociodemographic factors that may influence the relationships among weight, body image, and depression/self‐esteem are discussed.
A Prospective Study of Adiposity and All‐Cause Mortality: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Authors: Lahmann Petra H. , Lissner Lauren , Gullberg Bo , Berglund Göran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study aims to examine the association between various measures of adiposity and all‐cause mortality in Swedish middle‐aged and older men and women and, additionally, to describe the influences of age and sex on these associations.Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 10,902 men and 16,814 women ages 45 to 73 years who participated in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study in Sweden. Baseline examinations took place between 1991 and 1996, and 982 deaths were documented during an average follow‐up of 5.7 years. All‐cause mortality was related to the following variables measured at baseline: body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, lean body mass (LBM), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), with adjustment for age and selected covariates. Body composition data were derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis.Results: The association between percentage of body fat and mortality was modified by age, particularly in women. For instance, fatness was associated with excess mortality in the younger women but with reduced mortality in the older women. Weaker associations were seen for BMI than for percentage of body fat in both sexes. Placement in the top quintiles of waist‐to‐hip ratio, independent of overall body fat, was a stronger predictor of mortality in women than in men. The observed associations could not be explained by bias from early death or antecedent disease.Discussion: The findings reveal sex and age differences for the effects of adiposity and WHR on mortality and indicate the importance of considering direct measures of adiposity, as opposed to BMI, when describing obesity‐related mortality risks.
Association of the TNF‐α−308 G/A Promoter Polymorphism with Insulin Resistance in Obesity
Authors: Dalziel Bronwen , Gosby Alison K. , Richman Rosemary M. , Bryson Janet M. , Caterson Ian D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is a candidate gene for the development of both obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated whether a common polymorphism in the promoter region (−308 G/A) of the TNF‐α gene was associated with increased risk for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in an obese Australian population.Research Methods and Procedures: Obese, non‐diabetic subjects (146 women and 34 men) were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements were analyzed. A homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score was used to gauge the level of insulin resistance.Results: The frequencies of the G allele and the A allele were 0.759 and 0.241, respectively. Subjects homozygous for the A allele had higher fasting insulin levels (226 vs. 131 pM; p < 0.001), higher HOMA scores (10.2 vs. 5.3; p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (143 vs. 129 mm Hg; p = 0.02), and lower high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (1.13 vs. 1.25 mM; p = 0.04) than did subjects homozygous for the G allele. Whereas an association between insulin resistance and body mass index or waist circumference was seen in all subjects, a highly significant negative correlation of HDL cholesterol to HOMA scores (r = −0.710; p < 0.001) occurred in subjects with the A allele only.Discussion: The −308 G/A TNF‐α gene variant conveys an increased risk for the development of insulin resistance in obese subjects. The presence of low HDL cholesterol levels further increases the risks associated with insulin resistance in carriers of the A allele.
Liver Volume and Visceral Obesity in Women with Hepatic Steatosis Undergoing Gastric Banding
Authors: Busetto Luca , Tregnaghi Alberto , de Marchi Francesco , Segato Gianni , Foletto Mirto , Sergi Giuseppe , Favretti Franco , Lise Mario , Enzi Giuliano 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationships between visceral obesity and hepatic steatosis in obese patients undergoing adjustable silicone gastric banding with the LAP‐BAND.Research Methods and Procedures: Six premenopausal, morbidly obese women with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of liver steatosis were evaluated before surgery and 8 and 24 weeks after surgery. Liver volume and body fat distribution were simultaneously analyzed by total‐body multislices magnetic resonance imaging.Results: Before surgery, the only variable found to be correlated with liver volume was visceral adipose tissue volume (r = 0.91; p < 0.01). Weight loss was 9.9 ± 3.8 kg in the period from 0 to 8 weeks (p < 0.01) and 7.1 ± 4.9 kg in the the period from 8 to 24 weeks (p < 0.05). Total fat showed a statistically significant reduction of 6.2 ± 4.0 liters in the 0‐ to 8‐week period and a further significant reduction of 7.7 ± 3.9 liters in the 8‐ to 24‐week period. Visceral adipose tissue showed a statistically significant reduction of 1.0 ± 0.9 liters in the 0‐ to 8‐week period (p < 0.05) but only a further, not significant reduction of 0.6 ± 0.7 liters in the 8‐ to 24‐week period. The relative reduction of visceral fat in the 0‐to 8‐week period was higher than the relative reduction of total fat. Liver volume also showed a statistically significant reduction of 0.24 ± 0.26 liters in the first phase of weight loss (p < 0.05), corresponding to a relative reduction of 12.3 ± 10.6%. During the 8‐ to 24‐week period, liver volume was substantially stable.Discussion: Hepatomegaly was associated with visceral obesity in morbidly obese women with liver steatosis. In the phase of rapid weight loss after gastric surgery, a preferential mobilization of visceral fat, compared with total adipose tissue, occurred. This preferential visceral fat loss was associated with a significant reduction in liver volume.
Effect of Group vs. Single Housing on Phenotypic Variance in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Nagy Tim R. , Krzywanski David , Li Jing , Meleth Sreelatha , Desmond Renee 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine if group housing affects the variance of body composition parameters in a highly inbred mouse strain.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty 3‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Fifteen mice were housed individually, and 15 mice were housed in groups of 5/cage. Animals were fed ad libitum and maintained in the same room under a 12:12‐hour light/dark photoperiod at 22 °C for 9 weeks. Animals were killed, and fat mass, soft‐lean tissue mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by DXA. At necropsy, weights of the paired epididymal fat pads, paired retroperitoneal fat pads, right inguinal fat pad, liver, kidneys, paired testes, and seminal vesicles were obtained.Results: Relative to mice housed singly, group‐housed mice showed significantly greater variance in percentage of body fat, testes weight, and BMC. Group‐housed mice tended to show greater variance in liver weights and BMD. Mice housed singly were smaller, had less soft‐lean tissue mass and BMC, and lower BMD when compared with group‐housed mice.Discussion: These results suggest that with respect to body composition parameters, mice housed singly are more similar to one another than are group‐housed mice, most likely because of a reduction in environmental (predominately behavioral/social) effects. Thus, mice housed singly may be more representative of genotypic effects on body composition than group‐housed mice. Whether other inbred strains of mice show similar responses to housing condition is unknown.
The Relation of Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and All‐Cause Mortality in Women
Authors: Farrell Stephen W. , Braun LeeAnn , Barlow Carolyn E. , Cheng Yiling J. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relation of body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and all‐cause mortality in women.Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of women (42.9 ± 10.4 years) was assessed for CRF, height, and weight. Participants were divided into three BMI categories (normal, overweight, and obese) and three CRF categories (low, moderate, and high). After adjustment for age, smoking, and baseline health status, the relative risk (RR) of all‐cause mortality was determined for each group. Further multivariate analyses were performed to examine the contribution of each predictor (e.g., age, BMI, CRF, smoking status, and baseline health status) on all‐cause mortality while controlling for all other predictors.Results: During follow‐up (113,145 woman‐years), 195 deaths from all causes occurred. Compared with normal weight (RR = 1.0), overweight (RR = 0.92) and obesity (RR = 1.58) did not significantly increase all‐cause mortality risk. Compared with low CRF (RR = 1.0), moderate (RR = 0.48) and high (RR = 0.57) CRF were associated significantly with lower mortality risk (p = 0.002). In multivariate analyses, moderate (RR = 0.49) and high (RR = 0.57) CRF were strongly associated with decreased mortality relative to low CRF (p = 0.003). Compared with normal weight (RR = 1.0), overweight (RR = 0.84) and obesity (RR = 1.21) were not significantly associated with all‐cause mortality.Discussion: Low CRF in women was an important predictor of all‐cause mortality. BMI, as a predictor of all‐cause mortality risk in women, may be misleading unless CRF is also considered.
Dietary Patterns and Their Associations with Obesity in the Brazilian City of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Sichieri Rosely 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the dietary patterns of adults living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and their associations with body mass index (BMI).Research Methods and Procedures: A survey was conducted in 1996 in a probabilistic sample of 2040 households. Weight and height were measured and food intake was based on an 80‐item semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified through factor analysis.Results: More than one‐third of the adult population (20 to 60 years old) was overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2), and 12% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Three major dietary patterns were identified: mixed pattern when all food groups and items had about the same factor loading, except for rice and beans; one pattern that relies mainly on rice and beans, which was called a traditional diet; and a third pattern, termed a Western diet, where fat (butter and margarine) and added sugar (sodas) showed the highest positive loading and rice and beans were strong negative components. Among men, the Western diet also included deep‐fried snacks and milk products with high positive values. The traditional diet was associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity in logistic models adjusted for dieting, age, leisure physical activity, and occupation (13% reduction in men and 14% reduction in women comparing the traditional and Western diets).Discussion: Factors contributing to the effects of the Brazilian traditional diet may include low‐energy density, high‐dietary fiber content, incorporation of low glycemic index foods such as beans, or a relatively low food variety.