bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ETHINYLOESTRADIOL ON PLASMA LEVELS OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS, TESTICULAR STERIODS AND SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: VAN LOOK P. F. A. , FRÖLICH MARIJKE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDaily measurements of plasma FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, 17β‐oestradiol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) activity were made in eight healthy, normal men during treatment with oral ethinyloestradiol (EE2) in a dose of 30 μg/day for 5 days following a 5‐day control period. No significant changes in plasma levels of FSH and prolactin during oestrogen treatment occurred. In contrast, plasma concentrations of both LH and testosterone showed a biphasic pattern. Following an initial suppression during the first 3 days of oestrogen treatment both LH and testosterone increased again to baseline values despite continuation of oestrogen administration. The secondary rise of both hormones was associated with (and probably resulted from) a nearly 100% increase in the plasma concentration of SHBG binding activity, and hence reduction of free testosterone index (FTI). Unlike testosterone, plasma 17β‐oestradiol during EE2 administration did not show a biphasic pattern, but a progressive decline that was positively correlated with the fall in FTI. The rapidity of onset and magnitude of the observed rise in SHBG levels emphasizes the need for measurement of this binding protein (or the free testosterone fraction) in studies on feedback regulation of gonadotrophins employing exogenous EE2 in human males. The observed increase of SHBG to supraphysiological values suggests that currently employed EE2 doses in such studies may be less ‘physiologic’ than is often assumed.
OESTROGEN‐GONADOTROPHIN FEEDBACK MECHANISMS IN THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: GLASS M.R. , RUDD B.T. , LYNCH S.S. , BUTT W.R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of oestradiol benzoate on serum gonadotrophin concentrations before and after LHRH administration was studied in lactating and non‐lactating women at 3 and 6 weeks post‐partum. Except in the non‐lactating women at 6 weeks, basal serum FSH concentrations were suppressed by oestrogen. There were no significant changes in basal concentrations of LH after oestrogen in the lactating women in either the 3‐ or 6‐week studies. Individual increases in the basal LH concentrations in two out of six non‐lactating subjects in the 6‐week study occurred but overall there were no significant changes.In the 6‐week study amplification of the LH response to LHRH was found in both groups, the effect being significantly greater in the non‐lactating women. Overall FSH responses were also significantly different in the two groups, being suppression in those lactating and amplification in those not lactating. The LH/FSH ratios following LHRH administration in the 6‐week non‐lactating study were similar to those seen in the early follicular phase in regularly menstruating subjects. The basal ratios in the lactating subjects were, however, significantly less than those seen in the non‐lactating subjects both at 3 and 6 weeks. This difference was associated with the relative enhancement of LH release in non‐lactating subjects and enhancement of FSH release in those lactating.Taken together the results indicate the presence of an intact negative feedback of oestrogen on gonadotrophin release in both groups being enhanced at 6 weeks post‐partum in the lactating subjects; also in the lactating subjects at 6 weeks there was less amplification by oestrogen of the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to LHRH. At 6 weeks, however, in the non‐lactating group these responses were similar to those seen in normal regularly menstruating subjects. These dynamic endocrine studies suggest a possible hypothalamic‐ pituitary mechanism which may help to explain the delayed return of ovulatory cycles in lactating women.
ENDORPHINS AND THE REGULATION OF THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: BLANKSTEIN J. , REYES F.I. , WINTER J.S.D. , FAIMAN C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to assess a possible influence of endogenous opioids upon gonadotrophin secretion in women, we examined the effects of i.v. administration of 10 mg naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist, in ten normal menstruating women, in thirteen women with amenorrhoea and/or hyperprolactinaemia and in two women with putative deficiency of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). In thirteen subjects, a saline vehicle control study (randomized order of administration) was also performed. In the normal women, naloxone failed to elicit changes in serum gonadotrophin levels when administered during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. However, significant increments of LH were observed from 30 to 165 min following naloxone administration during the late follicular phase. Similar LH responses occurred in the amenorrhoeic and hyperprolactinaemic women. There was a tendency towards a concomitant increment in FSH levels, which reached statistical significance variably from 60 to 105 min post‐naloxone. The LH response to naloxone in individual subjects showed a significant (P > 0·01) quadratic (U‐shaped) relationship to the log basal oestradiol concentration. No response to naloxone was observed in the two patients with GnRH deficiency despite a brisk response to an exogenous GnRH bolus. Taken together, these data suggest that central nervous system inhibitory opioid pathways may be involved in the regulation of LH secretion in normal women and that excessive production of endogenous opioids may play a role in the pathophysiology of some amenorrhoeic conditions.
THE EFFECTS OF MILD IODINE DEFICIENCY ON NEONATAL THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: BECKERS C. , CORNETTE C. , GEORGOULIS A. , SOUVATZOGLOU A. , SFONTOURIS J. , KOUTRAS D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to assess neonatal thyroid function in the endemic goitre areas of Greece, T4 and TSH have been measured. Previous studies had shown that in these endemic areas, adults had low T4 but normal TSH values, probably because of an increase in the serum T3 level. In this study, T4 and TSH were measured in dried blood spots from 259 neonates. The fifty‐four full‐term neonates from the Greek endemic villages had a lower T4 value (8·8 ± 0·66 μg/dl SE) but a higher TSH (15·37 ± 1·12 mu/l) than the seventy‐three full‐ term neonates from the non‐endemic villages (T4:10·0 ± 0·33 μg/dl, TSH: 11·93 ± 0·59 mu/l) or the ninety‐eight from Athens (T4:10·0 ± 0·33 μg/dl, TSH: 10·96 ± 0·64 mu/l). Premature neonates, both from Athens and from the endemic areas, have significantly lower T4 and significantly lower TSH values than the full‐term ones from the same areas, probably because of the immaturity of the pituitary‐thyroidal axis. It is concluded from these observations that (a) Neonates suffer more from the consequences of iodine deficiency than adults. The biochemical hypothyroidism reported here may be relevant to the delayed skeletal maturation previously reported from children of these same areas. This emphasizes the need for correcting even moderate iodine deficiency. (b) The occurrence of non‐toxic goitre with normal TSH levels in adults is best explained by assuming that increased TSH stimulation is necessary for goitre formation during neonatal life, but not for goitre maintainance during adulthood. (c) Newborn screening programmes in these areas should take into account the present findings.
THE EFFECT OF NALOXONE ON PULSATILE GONADOTROPHIN RELEASE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: MOULT P. J. A. , GROSSMAN A. , EVANS JOAN M. , REES LESLEY H. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe gonadotrophin response to naloxone infusion has been investigated in three adult males, and three adult females in the early follicular phase. The frequency of LH secretory episodes and the mean LH levels increased in both sexes. The data suggest that the pulsatile release of LH is under inhibitory opiate control.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DOSE REGIMES OF D‐SER(TBU)6‐LHRH‐EA10 (HOE 766) IN SUBJECTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM
Authors: MOORE M. P. , SMITH R. , DONALD R. A. , ESPINER E. A. , STRONACH S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEight male patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were treated with injections of a long acting LHRH analogue, HOE 766. Six of the patients were on daily subcutaneous injections of 5 μg of this analogue at the start of this study and were changed to alternate‐daily injections of the same dose for 1–3 months. They were then treated with twice‐daily injections of 0·5 μg HOE 766, as was another subject not previously treated. The HOE 766 twice‐daily was given alone for 1 or 2 months and then sex steroid replacement therapy was added to this for a further 4–5 months. There was no clinical improvement or rise in plasma testosterone levels until sex steroid therapy was commenced. Basal LH and FSH levels and peak responses to 100 μg LHRH remained low throughout the study. It is concluded that these variations in dose and interval of administration do not overcome the lack of pituitary response which is a feature of prolonged treatment with LHRH analogues.
SERUM LEVELS OF T4, T3, REVERSE T3, 3,3′‐DIIODOTHYRONINE AND 3′,5′‐DIIODOTHYRONINE IN OBESITY, BEFORE AND AFTER JEJUNO‐ILEAL BYPASS
Authors: FABER J. , SØRENSEN T. I. A. , LUMHOLTZ I. B. , KLEIN H. C. , KIRKEGAARD C. , BLICKERT‐TOFT M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum T4, 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), 3,3′‐diiodothyronine (3,3′‐T2), 3′,5′‐diiodothyronine (3′,5′‐T2) and thyrotrophin (TSH) levels were studied in nineteen obese patients before and 6, 12, and 18, months after a jejuno‐ileal bypass. Before surgery, the obese patients had increased serum T3 levels compared with a group of lean, matched controls (median: 1·94 nmol/1 v. 1·44 nmol/l, P < 0·01). Serum T3 decreased to normal (1·64 nmol/l) 18 months after surgery. A slight decrease was also observed in serum 3,3′‐T2 levels, whereas progressive reductions in serum concentrations of rT3 and 3′,5′T2 occurred. Eighteen months postoperatively the serum levels of rT3 and 3′,5′‐T2 had decreased from 0·676 nmol/l to 0·430 nmol/l (P < 0·02) and 55–2 pmol/l to 40.0 pmol/l (P < 0·01), respectively, and the values at 18 months were also reduced compared with the control group [0·722 nmol rT3/1 (P < 0·01), 51·4 pmol 3′,5′‐T2/1 (P < 0·01)]. Concomitant with the decrease in serum levels of the iodothyronines, serum TSH concentrations increased from 0 μu/ml to 0·9 μu/ml (P < 0·01).
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN THALASSAEMIA
Authors: VANNASAENG S. , PLOYBUTR S. , VISUTKUL P. , TANDHANAND S. , SUWANIK R. , WASI P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐one Thai patients with β‐thalassaemia/haemoglobin E and haemoglobin H diseases, 8–20‐years‐old, were studied. These patients had received none or minimal blood transfusions. The important clinical endocrine abnormalities were growth retardation and sexual immaturity. GH secretion was found to be impaired in the majority of patients. Oral GTT showed chemical diabetes in one out of sixteen tested, a much lower incidence than in thalassaemic patients treated by hypertransfusion in the West. The mean insulin levels basally and after glucose loading were lower than those of the normal controls. Thyroid function was normal in all the patients. Serum cortisol and 24‐h urinary oxogenic steroids (17 OGS) levels were normal, as was adrenal cortical reserve in all the patients. The literature on endocrine function in thalassaemia is reviewed.
THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL THYROIDECTOMY FOR GRAVES' DISEASE ON SERUM LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR PROTECTOR (LATS‐P)
Authors: HARDISTY C. A. , TALBOT C. H. , MUNRO D. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of partial thyroidectomy on serum LATS‐P has been investigated in twenty‐one consecutive patients. Before surgery, LATS‐P was detectable in seventeen (81%) but 1 year after operation only five (24%) had activity. The activity did not fall immediately after surgery but declined progressively throughout the year. In no patient was an increase in activity demonstrated; nor did LATS‐P appear in those patients who did not have activity before operation.
HUMAN CORTICOSTEROID BINDING GLOBULIN
Authors: BRIEN T. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe literature on corticosteroid binding globulin (transcortin) in the human is reviewed under the following headings: physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, measurement, and physiological, pharmacological and pathological variations with particular emphasis of the effects of pregnancy and oral contraceptives. Finally, the physiological implications of corticosteroid binding globulin are discussed.
ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOUR IN UNTREATED CONGENITAL ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERPLASIA ASSOCIATED WITH INADEQUATE ACTH SUPPRESSIBILITY
Authors: VAN SETERS A. P. , VAN AALDEREN W. , MOOLENAAR A. J. , GORSIRO M. C. B. , VAN ROON F. , BACKER E. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYData are presented concerning a 60‐year‐old woman with untreated congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency, who presented with a tumour of the left adrenal gland. Steroid excretion was partly suppressed with dexamethasone. After removal of the tumour, the excretion of several steroid fractions decreased substantially, but suppression by dexamethasone remained inadequate. Preoperatively, plasma ACTH was elevated in the afternoon and decreased only slightly after dexamethasone administration. After surgery, cortisol secretion decreased markedly, whereas ACTH dysregulation became more prominent. Negative feedback failure precluded the use of normal suppressive therapy with low doses of glucocorticosteroids and led to the therapeutic removal of the right adrenal gland, which showed histological signs of nodular hyperplasia.
SUPPRESSION BY BROMOCRIPTINE OF THE SERUM LACTALBUMIN PEAK ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN LACTOGENESIS
Authors: MARTIN R. H. , GLASS M. R. , CHAPMAN C. , WILSON G. D. , WOODS K. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe endocrine environment necessary for human lactation has not yet been clearly defined. In particular the role of prolactin is uncertain, since levels of this hormone usually fall to the normal non‐lactating range during the course of prolonged lactation. We have found that the immediate post‐partum peak of serum lactalbumin associated with lactogenesis was abolished by treatment with bromocriptine. This suggests a direct relationship between prolactin and lactalbumin production at this time.
THYROID HORMONES IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: WIERSINGA W. M. , LIE K. I. , TOUBER J. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid hormones were serially measured over a 2‐week period in thirty‐four consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A transient increase in plasma rT3 and a decrease in plasma T3 was found, with the maximum changes occurring on the third day after the onset of AMI. The changes in plasma rT3 and T3 were greater in the seventeen patients with a complicated AMI (mean peak SGOT 145 u/l) than in the seventeen patients with an uncomplicated AMI (mean peak SGOT 79 u/l). A correlation was found between infarct size (as estimated by the peak SGOT value) and the following indices: ΔrT3, ΔT3, highest rT3/T3 and highest rT3/T4 ratios. A transient increase in plasma TSH (peak on days 4 and 5) and in plasma T4 and FT4 index (peak on days 6 and 7) was also observed, whereas T3 resin uptake (T3U) decreased. These findings suggest that the following sequence of events occurs in thyroid hormone metabolism during AMI: (1) inhibition of the 5′‐deiodination of T4, resulting in increased plasma rT3 and decreased plasma T3 values, and in a lower metabolic clearance of T4. (2) Increased secretion of TSH (provoked by the lower T3 levels) resulting in increased thyroidal secretion of T4 and T3, which is then switched off by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones on the pituitary.
ABNORMAL HYPOTHALAMIC‐PITUITARY FUNCTION IN POLYOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Authors: ALBIN JOAN , WU R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHypothalamic‐pituitary dysfunction was found in two patients with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and leontiasis ossea. Both patients probably had McCune‐Albright syndrome with early sexual development, disfiguring craniofacial bone lesions, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and gigantism in childhood. Endocrinological studies revealed measurable plasma growth hormone throughout a 24‐h sampling period with preservation of sleep augmented rises. The mean 24‐h values were 329 and 7 ng/ml, respectively. Both their mean plasma prolactin concentrations, 385 and 45 ng/ml, and the 24‐h secretory patterns of prolactin were abnormal. One patient had an elevated mean plasma cortisol concentration of 8·5 μg/dl but the 24‐h pattern of cortisol secretion was normal. Basal plasma LH, FSH, TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations were normal but neither patient had a TSH response to TRH. Prolactin and growth hormone secretions were, however, increased after TRH. Oral glucose resulted in partial suppression of GH but an exaggerated insulin response in both patients. Post‐mortem in one patient revealed a thick calvarium with bony encasement of the pituitary gland. The pituitary and hypothalamus appeared normal on gross, light microscopic and electronmicroscopic examination. These data strongly suggest the presence of hypothalamic‐pituitary dysfunction in these two patients.
METABOLIC RESPONSE TO SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY IN PROPRANOLOL‐TREATED THYROTOXIC PATIENTS
Authors: RASMUSSEN ULLA , CLEMENTSEN H. J. , JØRGENSEN J. V. , GULDHAMMER BIRGITTE , MOLLERUP CHARLOTTE , KEHLET H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChanges in plasma cortisol, glucose, cyclic AMP, blood leucocytes, pulse rate and body temperature were measured during and for 24 h after subtotal thyroidectomy in eight propranolol‐treated (120–160 mg per day) mild to moderate thyrotoxic patients and eight patients with a non‐toxic goitre. The results showed a similar metabolic response to surgery in the two groups without any trends towards a hypermetabolic response in the toxic group. The accumulating evidence of the safety of preoperative preparation with propranolol in patients with mild to moderate thyrotoxicosis is thus supported by our results.
PATTERNS OF PLASMA CORTISOL AND ACTH CONCENTRATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE TREATED WITH CONVENTIONAL CORTICOSTEROID REPLACEMENT
Authors: FEEK C. M. , RATCLIFFE J.G. , SETH J. , GRAY C. E. , TOFT A. D. , IRVINE W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) profiles were estimated in twelve patients with Addison's disease following randomized oral administration of either cortisone acetate (25 mg) or hydrocortisone (20 mg) alternately, at 0900 h on consecutive days. Normal corticosteroid replacement therapy was discontinued from 1200 h on the day prior to the study period.In four patients elevated basal plasma ACTH concentrations were not suppressed to the limit of detection following the administration of either drug, and in three of these no suppression was found following the prolonged administration of pharmacological doses of dexamethasone. Diminished sensitivity of pituitary ACTH secretion to cortisol inhibition may result from chronic loss of negative feedback before and/or after diagnosis and treatment. In three patients elevated basal plasma ACTH concentrations were suppressed adequately during the administration of either drug, but in five, low basal ACTH concentrations following corticosteroid withdrawal suggested chronic inhibition of anterior pituitary corticotrophs by over‐replacement with glucocorticoid. However, further study is necessary to determine whether the estimation of ACTH profiles is a more accurate reflection of the adequacy of corticosteroid replacement than the estimation of cortisol profiles alone, and whether this estimation leads to an improvement in patient management.Hydrocortisone (20 mg) achieved higher mean cortisol levels and lower mean ACTH levels than cortisone acetate (25 mg), but either drug may be suitable for glucocorticoid replacement provided the dose is tailored to the individual needs.
TESTICULAR FUNCTION AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: HANDELSMAN D. J. , RALEC V. L. , TILLER D. J. , HORVATH J. S. , TURTLE J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGonadal function was assessed in seventeen adult male renal transplant recipients, with well established good homograft function, for a mean of 4·9 years. Patients were assessed clinically and by measurement of basal concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol, FSH and LH responses to bolus injections of LHRH and semen analysis. Retrospectively all had symptoms consistent with marked hypogonadism prior to transplantation but in nine out of sixteen this was reversed with transplantation. Residual hypogonadism was evident in seven of sixteen patients and correlated with duration of haemodialysis longer than 1 year (P < 0·01). Even among patients with clinically normal gonadal function, defects in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐testicular axis remained. Elevated basal serum FSH, excessive FSH responses to LHRH and lowered basal serum testosterone were found. In the group with residual hypogonadism more marked changes, including elevated basal LH and excessive LH responses to LHRH, were also found. Fertility was recorded in two men on three occasions since transplantation. Sperm counts were normal in five and abnormal in four patients. Testicular volume and sperm density were inversely correlated with basal and stimulated FSH and LH levels.
SECRETION OF LH, FSH AND PRL SHOWN BY CELL CULTURE AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN FUNCTIONLESS PITUITARY ADENOMAS
Authors: MASHITER K. , ADAMS E. , VAN NOORDEN SUSAN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHormone secretion by ten functionless human pituitary adenomas in cell culture has been measured, and compared with tissue immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, as well as results with a normal pituitary. Patients presented following routine x‐ray and had no clinical or biochemical endocrine abnormality apart from one male with raised serum FSH and PRL, normal LH, and low testosterone. Of the ten adenomas, nine secreted both LH and FSH in cell culture and five of these also secreted PRL, one did not secrete any anterior pituitary hormones (ACTH was not measured). No GH or TSH was detectable in the cultures of the nine LH/FSH secretors excluding the possibility of contamination by normal anterior pituitary. The normal pituitary cells secreted all anterior pituitary hormones; the amounts of FSH/LH being comparable with those of the adenomas. Immunostaining confirmed the cell culture results and showed the adenoma FSH/LH cells to be scattered singly or in small groups of two to five cells with both hormones usually being in the same cell. PRL where found was in separate cells. Hormone granules were small (50–160 nm), round or irregular and scattered in the cytoplasm of rounded cells of low secretory activity. The negatively staining cells were not different ultrastructurally to those staining positively. It is concluded that a significant proportion of functionless pituitary adenomas have detectable low levels of LH/FSH secretion often accompanied by PRL when examined by cell culture or immunocytochemistry. Although these adenomas were endocrinologically quiescent activity could have been masked because of post‐menopausal secretion and one male probably had an FSH‐secreting adenoma.