bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tooth wear in Australian Aboriginal populations from the river Murray valley
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Richards Lindsay , McKee Jeffrey , Molnar Iva 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of tooth wear among prehistoric and recent populations has frequently been concerned with the rate and pattern of wear over the dental arches. In this report we considered the question of tooth wear variation among collections of Australian Aboriginal crania recovered from several sites along the Murray River in Southeastern Australia. These crania represent the remains of relatively recent populations from about 2,000 years ago until the early 19th century. The degree of tooth wear for each dental arch was recorded by an established method of determining the ratio of exposed dentin. The pattern or distribution of wear over each arch was summarized by principal component analysis. The mean wear degree and pattern were compared among four geographical grouping of crania separated by up to 700 miles of river frontage.Our results showed, as expected, a significant difference between the well‐defined population at the Lower Murray site (Swanport) and the three upriver groups. However, there were significant differences among these three collections as well. Sexual dimorphism was noted but was only significant in the Lower Murray group; the mean wear was greater and also more variable among the males. At the second of the Middle Murray sites the pattern of wear was different and the degree of wear was significantly less than in the other groups. A possible explanation for this diversity may be environmental and subsistence base differences. The evidence from the Lower Murray supports this possibility, but the differences among the other three groups are not as clearly established. However, our results do suggest that the Murray Black collection, from which these crania were obtained, may not be as homogeneous a group as previously believed.
The radiographic preauricular groove: Its non‐relationship to past parity
Authors: Spring David B. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Bender Gregory N. , Duerr Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDeep preauricular sulci were identified on abdominal radiographs in 29 of 190 (15%) adult females and in none of 110 adult males. To assess the value of the deep preauricular sulcus as an index of past pregnancy, we examined gravidity and parity records of 190 women, using standard films that included the sacroiliac region. Deep, radiographic preauricular grooves were identified in 4 of 41 (10%) nulliparous women and in 25 of 149 (17%) women with positive pregnancy histories. We also examined radiographs obtained before and after pregnancy in six primigravidas. No evidence of radiographic changes in the preauricular grooves was seen in any of the six women. We conclude that the presence of a deep, radiographic preauricular sulcus is not necessarily an indication of past pregnancy.
Familial aggregation of blood pressure and anthropometric variables in patrilocal households
Authors: Byard P. J. , Mukherjee B. N. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Russell J. M. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFifty‐three households in a small Indian fishing community were surveyed for blood pressure, pulse rate, and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and three skinfolds). In addition to nuclear family relationships, correlations for extended family members and in‐laws living within a common household were estimated by maximum likelihood. Based on likelihood ratio tests, the hypothesis that correlations among genetically unrelated pairs from the same household are zero is rejected for systolic blood pressure. Among genetically related individuals, the degree of relationship does not affect the magnitude of the blood pressure correlations. For the anthropometric measurements, family resemblance is significant only for first‐degree relatives, except that the correlation for uncle‐child pairs is significant for subscapular skinfold, and brother‐in‐law‐sister‐in‐law pairs resemble each other for height and weight. The results suggest that common household environment is a significant determinant of blood pressure but not fatness in this population.
New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans formation (1979–1986 excavations): Craniodental specimens
Authors: Grine Frederick E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeventy‐two individually numbered hominid craniodental fossils from recent excavations at Swartkrans are described. All derive from in situ decalcified breccia and/or unconsolidated sediments. A total of 20 specimens, representing 13 to 16 individuals derive from Member 1 “Lower Bank,” two teeth derive from sediments along the Member 1–2 Interface, 38 fossils representing 19 to 24 individuals come from Member 2, and 12 teeth representing 9 to 11 individuals derive from Member 3. All but four of the specimens are attributable at the generic level; one specimen from Member 1 “Lower Bank” and five specimens from Member 2 are attributed to Homo, while the others represent Paranthropus. The proportional representation of Homo in the Swartkrans Formation is markedly higher in Member 2 (c. 33%) than in the Member 1 “Lower Bank” (c. 8%) and Member 1 “Hanging Remnant” (c. 5%) samples.
A probable case of prehistoric kidney stone disease from the northern cape province, South Africa
Authors: Morris Alan G. , Rodgers Allen L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDuring the excavation of isolated graves along the north shore of the Orange River in the Cape Province of South Africa, a skeleton was uncovered that showed two large calcareous deposits near the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The individual was an adult female of about 55 years of age at the time of death. The calcified residue did not in any way resemble the external or internal anatomical form of a kidney, but X‐ray powder diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy identified the material as apatite (Ca10(PO4)6 · (OH)2), a common constituent of human urinary calculi. It is postulated that the bilateral calcification was the result of a chronic renal disorder. Although it is rarely possible to identify the cause of death from skeletal remains alone, the disorder as seen in this specimen would appear to have been very severe and may well have been the ultimate cause of death.
Australopithecine anterior pillars: Reassessment of the functional morphology and phylogenetic relevance
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe australopithecine anterior pillars defined by Rak (The Australopithecine Face, New York: Academic Press, 1983) were re‐examined in the fossil hominids of southern Africa. The structure and extent of this buttressing pillar was found to be variable among Australopithecus africanus and A. robustus specimens. A reduced anterior pillar was observed in Homo habilis, and a morphological equivalent can be discerned in modern specimens of H. sapiens. The anterior pillars and associated features can be viewed as a response to the occlusal forces of the entire anterolateral dentition, with a special affinity to the canine but limited functional relationship to the “molarized” premolars. Furthermore, a functional assessment of the hominid masticatory biomechanics implies that the adaptations of A. africanus are well within our expectations of a viable ancestor to the genus Homo and are not irrevocably derived toward a “robust” type of adaptation.
Analysis of the Ft. Laurens, Ohio, skeletal sample
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Gramly Richard M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report describes the analysis of the Colonial Period (1779) skeletal sample (N = 21) from Ft. Laurens, Ohio. The determination of age, sex, and ancestry reveals a relatively young sample (x = 23.5 years) of males of northern European ancestry. Morphometric analysis shows little difference in cranial and postcranial size and shape measures between this sample and a modern sample of Euro‐Americans and previously described Colonial to Civil War samples. The analysis of skeletal pathologies indicates that the individuals in the Ft. Laurens sample were active and subject to at least moderate amounts of stress. Dental pathologies were frequent, with a caries incidence higher than would be expected for a Euro‐American Colonial period sample. Numerous traumatic pathologies, in the form of cut and hack marks, are present in this sample. These marks were expected, since historical records indicate a violent death and scalping for virtually all individuals lost at Ft. Laurens. The results of the various analyses are interpreted in light of available historical information. In most cases the results are consistent with historically based expectations.
Pattern matching of age‐at‐death distributions in paleodemographic analysis
Authors: Milner George R. , Humpf Dorothy A. , Harpending Henry C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractModel age‐at‐death distributions are generated from fertility and mortality rates derived from two present‐day, traditional human societies with widely differing cultural systems: the !Kung hunters‐and‐gatherers and Yanomamo horticulturalists. Visual examination of these models demonstrates that fertility has more of an effect than mortality on the overall configuration of the age‐at‐death distributions of stable populations. Comparisons with a late prehistoric Oneota skeletal sample from the American Midwest illustrate how reference age‐at‐death schedules can be used 1) to identify whether a given skeletal sample approximates an age‐at‐death distribution expected of an extant human population and 2) to provide a basis for developing further testable hypotheses about the demographic and cultural characteristics of past populations.
Male age, dominance, and mating success among rhesus macaques
Authors: McMillan Carol A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome previous primate studies have found a positive correlation between male dominance and mating success when data from subadult males were included in the analyses. The information in this paper suggests that an unconscious bias may have been introduced when data on subadult males were included because of the lower dominance rank of these animals. Data from a study of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago showed that subadult males mated significantly less than adults. Because these monkeys are not fully mature, data on them should not be used in any test for correlation between adult male dominance and mating success.The only significant correlation found for adult male mating success was an inverse one with relation to age. Based on behavioral data young, fully adult males have the best chance of fathering offspring regardless of their dominance rank.
Bone mass in Guamanian patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism‐dementia
Authors: Garruto Ralph M. , Plato Chris C. , Yanagihara Richard , Fox Kathleen , Dutt James , Gajdusek D. Carleton , Tobin Jordan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBone mass, as assessed by measurements of total subperiosteal diameter and medullary width of the second metacarpal bone on hand‐wrist radiographs, was evaluated for 31 Guamanian patients (15 males, 16 females) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 67 patients (39 males, 28 females) with parkinsonism‐dementia (PD), and 66 (34 males, 32 females) nonaffected Guamanian controls. Comparisons between the two disease groups and between each disease group and the nonaffected controls were made taking into account the sex, age, and disability status of each participant. At all ages, ALS patients of both sexes had significantly lower percent cortical areas (PCA) than did nonaffected controls. The ALS males also had significantly lower PCA than PD males, although no significant differences were observed between female ALS and PD patients. The PD patients of either sex had a lower PCA when compared to controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. The observed differences in PCA were due solely to increased medullary width, suggesting that the diminished cortical bone thickness resulted from greater bone resorption rather than differential bone growth. Longitudinal studies support the cross‐sectional findings of accelerated bone loss among ALS patients. It is not possible to determine from the present data whether the observed differences in PCA of the second metacarpal of the ALS patients are due to atrophy of the first interosseous muscle, to a generalized resorption process inherently associated with the development and progression of ALS, or to factors not accounted for by the present analysis.
Phenotypic consequences of nonrandom migration in the Jirels of Nepal
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe phenotypic structure of human populations is shaped by a number of factors such as population size and martial migration. This paper examines the impact of migration on the between‐village phenotypic differentiation of the Jirels, a tribal group of eastern Nepal. Data on stature and five cranial measurements for 526 individuals (males and females) are utilized to illustrate the patterns of phenotypic variation. A permutation method is used to generate the phenotypic consequences of random migration constrained to observed levels of movement. The results suggest that Jirel migration is nonrandom and that it produces higher levels of phenotypic differentiation than would result from a random migration process.
Dental pathologies in ten free‐ranging chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Kilgore Lynn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dental remains of ten adult chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, were examined for enamel attrition, caries, abscesses, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Age was the underlying factor in the development of dental pathology, in that enamel wear was present to some extent in all ten but was uniformly severe only in the three for whom estimated age at death was 39–43 years. In turn, enamel wear appears to have been the direct cause of abscess development, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Periodontal disease was commonly expressed as alveolar resorption, particularly around the premolars and molars. This involvement was variable in all except the two youngest. Some interesting wear patterns were evident in the form of deep grooves in the upper incisors and dramatic notching of the lower canines. These patterns, and enamel attrition in general, were attributed to normal mastication and to various stripping activities. Only one carious lesion was observed, in a male with an estimated age of 26 years. An accurate assessment of the actual prevalence of caries was obscured by enamel wear and tooth loss in the older individuals.
Trauma, degenerative disease, and other pathologies among the gombe chimpanzees
Authors: Jurmain Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe well‐known and extremely well‐documented chimpanzees from Gombe National Park were analyzed for presence of skeletal pathologies. Of the 15 animals available for study, 11 were old and complete enough to permit systematic analysis. Of these, 10 showed some evidence of skeletal pathological involvement. The most common type of lesion seen resulted from trauma. Those chimps with the most fractures (Old Female, 3; Flo, 4; Hugo, 8) are consistently the oldest individuals in the sample. In addition to accidental falls, the most common cause of trauma was from interpersonal violence, resulting in bite wounds (see in two individuals) and fractures (see in three individuals). Conversely to trauma, degenerative disease was exceedingly rare in this population, found in no large intervertebral joints (N = 344) and only two major synovial joints (N = 186). In fact, the complete lack of osteophytosis, even in older individuals, stands in stark contrast to the situation seen in modern humans, perhaps in our species reflecting a biomechanical cost of bipedality.
Severe neural tube defect syndrome from the early archaic of Florida
Authors: Dickel D. N. , Doran G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Early Archaic Windover site is on the east coast of mid‐peninsular Florida. A subadult skeleton (about 15 years old at time of death) was recovered with multiple pathologies related to spina bifida aperta of the neural arch at the L3‐S2 level of the spine. Other evidence indicates s. b. cystica, although the degree of severity of the dysraphic neural tube syndrome cannot be directly determined. In addition to spina bifida, the lumbar region is scoliotic from malformation of zygapophyses. The defect is accompanied by severe infection of the right tibia and fibula, and disuse atrophy of long bones. It is hypothesized the NTD (neural tube defect) led to progressive sensory deprivation, which in turn led to increased loss of mobility, ulceration, and risk of serious infections. Other “minor” anomalies such as cone‐shaped epiphyses, enlarged nutrient foramina, and vental vertebral cavitation are also discussed. The chronic nature of these defects provide insight on the high level of long‐term care and attention provided a severely handicapped individual 7,500 years ago.
Ape‐like endocast of “ape‐man” Taung
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractI have identified and illustrated a spherical “dimple” or “depression” on the Taung endocast as indicating the most likely position of the medial end of the lunate sulcus but have not drawn an actual lunate sulcus on Taung because one is not visible. In a recent paper, R.L. Holloway (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 77:27–33, 1988) drew a lunate sulcus on his copy of the Taung endocast, incorrectly attributed this sulcus to me, and used it to obtain a ratio of 0.254 to describe “Falk's” position of the lunate sulcus. My published ratio of 0.242 for Taung (Falk: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:313–315, 1985a) was not considered, although the focus of Holloway's paper was my assessment of the position of the lunate sulcus. Holloway also excluded published ratios for a chimpanzee in my collection from his statistical analysis but, even so, my published ratio for Taung is still only 1.5 standard deviations from his chimpanzee mean. If my chimpanzee brain is included in the sample, the ratio for Taung is 1.2 standard deviations from the mean. Furthermore, one of Holloway's own chimpanzees (B60–7) has a ratio of 0.241, just 0.001 below my ratio for Taung. There is no sulcus where Holloway has drawn one on Taung, his “F(LS)” is not mine, his 2 mm error is not mine, and the correct ratio for my measurement of Tuang is the one that I published, not the one that Holloway attributes to me. Assessment of Holloway's chimpanzee data supports my claim that the dimple on the Taung endocast is within the chimpanzee range for the medial end of the lunate sulcus.
Nutritional determinants of high‐altitude growth in nuñoa, Peru
Authors: Leonard William R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on nutritional intake and patterns of physical growth in the rural Andean community of Nuñoa, Peru (elevation 4,000 m), are described and compared to data previously collected from this location. Food consumption data and selected anthropometric measures were obtained from a sample of 33 households. Estimates of caloric intake from this study are very similar to those obtained in Nuñoa during the mid‐ and late 1960s. However, within the present sample, upper income (i.e., middle class) individuals have significantly higher caloric intakes than those of the lower income group and also appear to have an improved diet relative to individuals of 20 years ago. Anthropometric data show that children of the upper socioeconomic status (SES) group are significantly taller and heavier than the lower SES group children. Moreover, the children of the wealthier families are taller and heavier than the children measured 20 years ago at the same location, whereas the poorer children are not. These results indicate that nutritional factors have significantly contributed to the extreme pattern of slow growth previously reported for children of Nuñoa and, moreover, demonstrate how social and environmental forces interact to create differential levels of stress that contribute to variation in biological well‐being.
Relationships between the size and spatial morphology of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, the craniofacial skeleton, and jaw biomechanics
Authors: Hannam A. G. , Wood W. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between human craniofacial morphology and the biomechanical efficiency of bite force generation in widely varying muscular and skeletal types is unknown. To address this problem, we selected 22 subjects with different facial morphologies and used magnetic resonance imaging, cephalometric radiography, and data from dental casts to reconstruct their craniofacial tissues in three dimensions. Conventional cephalometric analyses were carried out, and the cross‐sectional sizes of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles were measured from reconstituted sections. The potential abilities of the muscles to generate bite forces at the molar teeth and mandibular condyles were calculated according to static equilibrium theory using muscle, first molar, and condylar moment arms. On average, the masseter muscle was about 66% larger in cross section than the medial pterygoid and was inclined more anteriorly relative to the functional occlusal plane. There was a significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) between the cross‐sectional areas of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles (r = 0.75) and between the bizygomatic arch width and masseter cross‐sectional area (r = 0.56) and medial pterygoid cross‐sectional area (r = 0.69). The masseter muscle was always a more efficient producer of vertically oriented bite force than the medial pterygoid. Putative bite force from the medial pterygoid muscle alone correlated positively with mandibular length and inversely with upper face height. When muscle and tooth moment arms were considered together, a system efficient at producing force on the first molar was statistically associated with a face having a large intergonial width, small intercondylar width, narrow dental arch, forward maxilla, and forward mandible. There was no significant correlation between muscle cross‐sectional areas and their respective putative bite forces. This suggests that there is no simple relationship between the tension‐generating capacity of the muscles and their mechanical efficiency as described by their spatial arrangement. The study shows that in a modern human population so many combinations of biomechanically relevant variables are possible that subjects cannot easily be placed into ideal or nonideal categories for producing molar force. Our findings also confirm the impression that similar bite‐force efficiencies can be found in subjects with disparate facial features.