bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thin layer and anion exchange chromatography of soybean saponins
Authors: Wolf W. J. , Thomas Betty W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two solvent systems were evaluated for TLC of soybean saponins on silica gel. A maximum of four fractions separated by single development with the different solvents. Six successive developments with chloroformmethanol‐water (65:25:4) separated soybean saponins into 10 or more fractions. Column chromatography of soybean saponins on an anion exchange resin with a linear gradient of acetic acid yielded seven fractions. Multiple development TLC of the saponins separated by column chromatography showed that a definite fractionation occurred. Several column chromatographic fractions contained components with identical TLC Rf values, but the components were clearly different on the basis of colors detected with sulfuric acid and on the basis of their elution positions from the ion exchange resin. Soybean saponins are more complex mixtures than previously recognized but can be fractionated by chromatography on thin layer plates and anion exchange resins.
Pretreating delintered cottonseed to increase yield of whole kernels
Authors: Lawhon J. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPretreatment of delintered glandless seed before decortication by (a) heating seed containing different kernel moistures with live steam followed by drying with indirect heat, (b) heating seed containing different kernel moistures with live steam followed by rapid cooling with air, (c) heating seed containing different kernel moistures with superheated steam followed by drying with indirect heat, and (d) heating seed containing different kernel moistures with super‐heated steam followed by rapid cooling with air to ambient temperatures, was investigated. Also reported are analytical data which allow an assessment of any changes in protein quality resulting from the treatments applied and data from organoleptic evaluations of treated and untreated glandless cottonseed kernels prepared as high‐protein edible nuts.
Carotenoids and tocols of corn grain determined by HPLC
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed that permits determinationof carotenoids and tocols in the same sample preparation of corn grain. For 15 inbreds, the total carotenoids ranged from 16 to 77 µg/g dry wt and the total tocols from 30 to 128 µg/g dry wt. For four inbreds, total carotenoids were concentrated in the horny endosperm (83±2%) and total tocols in the germ (77±6%). After six months storage at room temperature, the mean loss of total carotenoids for four inbreds was 42±4%, while the tocols had a mean loss of 5%.
Synthesis of 18‐octadecanolide, a major constituent of dufour's gland secretion ofColletes bees
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract18‐Octadecanolide, a major constituent of Dufour's gland secretion ofColletes bees, was synthesized by polymerization followed by depolymerization of 18‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid which in turn was obtained by hydrogenation of kamlolenic acid (18‐hydroxy, 9‐cis, 11‐trans, 13‐trans‐octadecatrienoic acid) isolated fromMallotus philippinensis seed oil. The structures of the intermediates as well as the final lactone were established by infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric methods.
Octadecatrienoic fatty acid isomers of partially hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Smick Cathysue 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe octadecatrienoic fatty acids of partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) were concentrated, isolated and analyzed. The results indicated that the 18:3 acids present in PHSBO are composed of four isomers. The isomer present in the largest amount (2.7%) is the allcis isomer, c9,c12,c15‐18:3 linolenic acid, and comprises 68.60% of all the isomeric 18:3 acids of PHSBO.The remaining three 18:3 isomers found were t9,t12,c15‐,t9,c12,c15‐and c9,c12,t15‐18:3, which in total accounted for 1.2% of the total fatty acids of PHSBO.
Adsorption of lutein from soybean oil on silicic acid I. Isotherms
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Snyder Harry E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdsorption of lutein from crude soybean oil miscella on dispersed silicic acid resulted in three different Freundlich type isotherms, depending on the amount of adsorbent used. Normally, changing the amount of adsorbent gives a new point on the same isotherm. Further investigation of the lutein adsorption revealed that addition of 1% isopropanol to the hexane solvent and deactivation of the silica acid with water decreased lutein adsorption. Purification of the lutein resulted in increased adsorption, indicating that triglyceride was competing for adsorption sites. The triglyceride competition was confirmed by calculating an adsorption isotherm for triglyceride from crude soybean oil miscella. Use of silicic acid as a column rather than dispersed yielded multiple isotherms for lutein adsorption based on the amount of adsorbent used. Also, lutein adsorption on columns was concentrated at the entrance to the column. Experiments showed that lutein adsorption was not due to partitioning between bound triglyceride and hexane solvent.
Cholesterol metabolism in swine fed diets containing either casein or soybean protein
Authors: Beynen A. C. , West C. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDiets containing casein produce higher concentrations of serum cholesterol in swine than those containing soybean protein, but only when such diets contain high levels of cholesterol. We suggest that dietary casein causes an increase in the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids, thus explaining the observed decrease in fecal excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids when compared to soybean protein. The mechanism in molecular terms by which dietary proteins influence steroid absorption remains to be established.
Serum lipoproteins of rabbits fed semi‐purified diets varying in protein and carbohydrate source
Authors: Bauer John E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate type on the composition and properties of serum lipoproteins in rabbits was studied. The animals were pair‐fed either casein‐sucrose and soy protein‐sucrose or casein‐dextrose and soy protein‐dextrose‐containing low fat, low cholesterol, semi‐purified diets for 84 days. Main effects due to protein and carbohydrate type were observed to be altered lipoprotein class compositions. These effects were due primarily to the presence of casein which resulted in cholesterol‐rich, triglyceride‐poor lipoproteins among all isolated classes. Increases in serum low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and protein concentrations, as well as lipoprotein total mass, were also observed with casein feeding. Carbohydrate effects due to dietary sucrose were elevated high density lipoprotein phospholipid and protein concentrations, independent of protein source. When casein was included, sucrose‐containing diets resulted in increased intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol; when soy protein was used, low density lipoprotein cholesterol elevations were observed. Dietary interactions were also found especially between casein and sucrose, resulting in increased intermediate lipoprotein mass and total lipoprotein concentrations. Comparisons of lipoprotein class particle size among rabbits indicated similar particle diameters among animals in all dietary groups. Evidence that casein feeding caused increased lipoprotein particle number in addition to compositional differences was obtained. It was concluded that lipoprotein structure within a given class is maintained in spite of compositional variations due to dietary protein or carbohydrate source.
Systemic Inflammation and Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Tambyraja Andrew L. , Dawson Raymond , Valenti Domenico , Murie John A. , Chalmers Roderick T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is integral to the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study examines preoperative biomarkers of systemic inflammation in patients undergoing open repair of intact and ruptured AAA.MethodsOne‐hundred twelve patients were entered into a prospective observational study. Preoperative POSSUM physiology score, C‐reactive protein (CRP), white blood count (WBC), platelet count, fibrinogen, and albumin were recorded and related to clinical variables using univariate analysis.ResultsSixty‐one patients with a ruptured AAA, 39 with an asymptomatic intact AAA, and 12 with an acutely symptomatic intact AAA underwent attempted repair. There were two inflammatory asymptomatic aneurysms and one inflammatory ruptured aneurysm. No patient had clinical evidence of coexistent inflammatory disease. Patients with a symptomatic intact AAA had a significantly greater level of CRP and fibrinogen, higher WBC, and lower serum albumin, than those with an asymptomatic intact AAA. Patients with a ruptured aneurysm had a significantly greater level of CRP, higher WBC, and lower serum albumin than those with an asymptomatic intact aneurysm. Patients with a symptomatic intact AAA had a significantly higher CRP level, but lower WBC, than those with a ruptured AAA. There was no difference in CRP level, WBC, or serum albumin between survivors and non‐survivors of attempted repair of asymptomatic, symptomatic and ruptured AAA.ConclusionsAcutely symptomatic and ruptured AAAs are associated with an early elevation in systemic inflammatory biomarkers. This early activation of the inflammatory response might influence perioperative outcome.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Bovine Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase Isoform with Homology to Human SCD5
Authors: Lengi Andrea J. , Corl Benjamin A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme responsible for the production of cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant fats, and for the synthesis of palmitoleoyl‐CoA and oleoyl‐CoA. To date, only one SCD isoform has been described in ruminant species, although multiple isoforms have been found in many other mammalian species. In this paper, we describe for the first time a second SCD isoform in cattle, which appears to be an ortholog of human SCD5 rather than a homolog of bovine SCD1 or any of the described murine SCD isoforms. As described in other SCD proteins, the predicted amino acid sequence of bovine SCD5 includes four transmembrane domains and three conserved histidine motifs. The amino‐terminus of the predicted protein sequence of SCD5 lacks the PEST sequences typically found in SCD1 homologs, which are thought to target proteins for rapid degradation. Similar to human SCD5, the bovine SCD5 gene is organized into five exons and four introns, and is highly expressed in the brain. In other tissues examined, mRNA expression of SCD5 was minimal. Furthermore, the expression levels of SCD5 between brain gray and white matter are not different. This is the first description of a homolog of human SCD5 in a non‐primate species.
Functionalization of Oleyl Carbonate by Epoxidation
Authors: Kenar James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCarbonates (esters of carbonic acid H2CO3) are a class of compounds that are of increasing interest in commercial applications due to their physical properties and relatively straightforward synthesis. Herein, oleyl carbonate, an oleochemical‐based compound derived from oleyl alcohol, was epoxidized utilizing performic acid generated in situ from formic acid and 50% H2O2. The reaction proceeded smoothly and furnished the corresponding oleyl carbonate bisepoxide, (bis[8‐(3‐octyloxiran‐2‐yl)octyl] carbonate), in good yields (83–85% isolated yields after purification by silica gel chromatography). The carbonate moiety was found stable to the reaction conditions utilized for epoxidation and the isolated oleyl carbonate bisepoxide was subsequently characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Oleyl carbonate bisepoxide compound may be of potential interest as a plasticizer, monomer, or a substance for further chemical elaboration.
Familiäre Leukämien
Authors: Fonatsch C. , Wimmer K. 
Published: April 2007

Zusammenfassung
Im Gefolge einer Vielzahl von genetisch bedingten Erkrankungen, wie den DNA-Reparatur-Defizienz-Syndromen, Tumordispositions-, Immundefizienz-, Cancer-Family- und Bone-Marrow-Failure-Syndromen sowie bei einigen angeborenen Chromosomenanomalien werden oft Leukämien und andere hämatologische Neoplasien beobachtet. In letzter Zeit konnten darüber hinaus in Familien mit erhöhter Leukämieinzidenz konstitutionelle Mutationen spezifischer Gene identifiziert werden, die auch bei sporadischen Leukämien in Form von somatischen Mutationen involviert sind. Neben diesen Mutationen mit hoher Penetranz scheinen Genveränderungen mit niedriger Penetranz oder auch Polymorphismen von Genen, die bei der Zellproliferation, der DNA-Reparatur, der Apoptose, der Detoxifizierung u. a. m. eine Rolle spielen, die Disposition zur Leukämieentwicklung bzw. den Krankheitsverlauf zu beeinflussen. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse über konstitutionelle, zu Leukämien disponierende genetische Veränderungen könnten die Kluft zwischen angeborenen und erworbenen genetischen Erkrankungen allmählich überbrücken.
The emerging structure of global agricultural trade in the aftermath of the Doha Round.
Authors: Bigman D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The main goal of the Doha Round was to reduce and gradually eliminate trade barriers on agricultural trade that are damaging for developing countries. The Doha Round was therefore referred to as the 'Development Round', but it eventually encountered a stalemate that was primarily due to difficulties in reaching the agreement on agricultural trade. There are considerable disagreements on the reasons for the stalemate of the negotiations and on the resulting impact on the least developed countries (LDCs). This article provides an overview of the negotiations in this round and discusses the reasons for the difficulties that the negotiations encountered as well as the different opinions on the resulting impact on the LDCs; the conclusion offers an evaluation of the emerging structure of agricultural production and trade in the developing countries in the aftermath of the Doha Round.
Grassland science in Europe facing new challenges: biodiversity and global environmental change.
Authors: Soussana J. F. , Duru M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In Europe, grassland is one of the dominant forms of land use. Within 20 years, the area of permanent grasslands and pastures in Western Europe has declined by 12%. Semi-natural grasslands are often hot spots of biodiversity and are threatened both by intensive farming and by the abandonment of farmland in marginal areas. In this review, we show that biodiversity, climate change, C sequestration and farming systems issues are highly interconnected in grassland ecosystems. In this context, there are new risks (induced by climate change), new opportunities (linked to carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation for example) and new challenges (concerning farm management and agricultural practices) for managed grasslands. An assessment of the current research perspectives underlines some key questions: (i) How to reduce the sensitivity and increase the resilience of grassland biodiversity to heat waves and droughts in an altered climate? (ii) How to protect soil organic carbon stocks under global warming? (iii) How to preserve the habitat for rare or endangered species, while managing the functional diversity of the vegetation for agricultural purposes? (iv) How to maintain the heterogeneity and diversity of grassland vegetation at the farm and landscape levels? (v) How to design innovative farming systems that integrate the impacts of farm activity on biodiversity, water and air quality, fossil energy use and greenhouse gas effect? (vi) How to produce integrated knowledge taking account of the consistency of the different management practices and their feasibility at farm level according to four criteria (profitability, labour, agricultural and environmental performance)?
Lupins as a protein source in pig diets.
Authors: Kim J. C. , Pluske J. R. , Mullan B. P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Lupins are a valuable source of protein that can partially replace traditional proteins of animal origin such as meat and bone meal and fish meal. Lupins also have been used as alternatives for soyabean meal (SBM) and other oilseed meals in some countries such as Australia and northeastern Europe where use of locally-grown lupins in pig diets is cost-effective. However, the presence of high levels of antinutritional factors (ANF), such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, protease inhibitors, tannins, saponins and alkaloids, have hampered progressive use of lupins in pig diets. Advances in lupin breeding programmes have contributed to the release of varieties with improved digestibility and lower ANF contents. The scope of this review is to evaluate the nutritional value of current varieties of lupins and to summarize recent nutritional concepts covering the strengths and weaknesses of lupins as ingredients in pig diets. The topics discussed will include: (1) chemical characteristics of currently available lupin species; (2) energy and amino acid availability; (3) performance and carcass composition response to lupin-based diets; (4) ANF in lupins; and (5) processing of lupins to improve nutrient digestibility.
Irrigated rice production systems and greenhouse gas emissions: crop and residue management trends, climate change impacts and mitigation strategies.
Authors: Wassmann R. , Butterbach-Bahl K. , Dobermann A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The overall purpose of this review is to assess current and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated rice fields with emphasis on the ongoing trends in both, (i) crop and residue management practices and (ii) global climate change. While irrigated rice fields were traditionally flooded for the entire vegetation period or at least a substantial portion thereof, current trends in crop management encompass lower consumption of irrigation water through intensification (using water more efficiently under high yield levels) and diversification (replacing the second or third rice crop per year by an upland crop like wheat or maize). These trends have numerous impacts on the GHG budget. Methane emissions will be lower, but these emission savings are at least in part offset by increased nitrous oxide emissions. Moreover, the shift to prevailing upland conditions entails (in most cases) losses in soil organic carbon that translate into carbon dioxide emissions and may threaten the sustainability of the cropping system as a whole. Increasing temperatures exert another risk for rice production systems mainly through spikelet sterility as the principal mechanism of heat damage in rice plants. However, the temperature effect has to be seen in context with the simultaneous increase in carbon dioxide (CO
2
). Based on the available results for temperature and CO
2
effects, we assume that GHG emissions will increase unless the production base of the irrigated rice systems is severely damaged. The ongoing pressure on rice production systems from societal and environmental drivers limits the scope for designing mitigation options. We have outlined several mitigation approaches of crop and residue management as promising candidates that reconcile low emissions and high production levels and that can also be seen as adaptive response to changing socio-economic and environmental conditions.
DITOP: drug-induced toxicity related protein database
Authors: Zhang Jing-Xian , Huang Wei-Juan , Zeng Jing-Hua , Huang Wen-Hui , Wang Yi , Zhao Rui , Han Bu-Cong , Liu Qing-Feng , Chen Yu-Zong , Ji Zhi-Liang 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Drug-induced toxicity related proteins (DITRPs) are proteins that mediate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or toxicities through their binding to drugs or reactive metabolites. Collection of these proteins facilitates better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity and the rational drug discovery. Drug-induced toxicity related protein database (DITOP) is such a database that is intending to provide comprehensive information of DITRPs. Currently, DITOP contains 1501 records, covering 618 distinct literature-reported DITRPs, 529 drugs/ligands and 418 distinct toxicity terms. These proteins were confirmed experimentally to interact with drugs or their reactive metabolites, thus directly or indirectly cause adverse effects or toxicities. Five major types of drug-induced toxicities or ADRs are included in DITOP, which are the idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions, the dose-dependent toxicities, the drug–drug interactions, the immune-mediated adverse drug effects (IMADEs) and the toxicities caused by genetic susceptibility. Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and cross-links to related resources are also provided while available. Moreover, a series of user-friendly interfaces were designed for flexible retrieval of DITRPs-related information. The DITOP can be accessed freely at http://bioinf.xmu.edu.cn/databases/ADR/index.html
Contact: zhiliang.ji@gmail.com or appo@bioinf.xmu.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Identifying the biologically relevant gene categories based on gene expression and biological data: an example on prostate cancer
Authors: Huang D. , Chow Tommy W. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMotivation: Most gene-expression based studies aim to identify genes with the capability of distinguishing different phenotypes. Although analysis at the genomic level is important, results of the molecular/cellular level are essential for understanding biological mechanisms. To deliver molecular/cellular-level results, a two-stage scheme is widely employed. This scheme just evaluates biological processes/molecular activities individually, totally overlooking the relationship between processes/activities. This treatment conflicts with the fact that most biological processes/molecular activities do not work alone. In order to deliver improved results, this shortcoming should be addressed.Results: We design a selection model from a novel perspective to directly detect important gene functional categories (each category represents a cellular process or a molecular activity). More importantly, the correlations between gene categories are considered. Contributed by this capability, the proposed method shows its advantages over others.Availability: the source code in Matlab is accessible via http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~twschow/category_selection/category_selection.htmContact: ifkorf@ucdavis.eduSupplementary information: http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~twschow/category_selection/category_selection.htm