bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Televised, Tobacco Company–Funded Smoking Prevention Advertising on Youth Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions, and Behavior
Authors: Wakefield Melanie , Terry-McElrath Yvonne , Emery Sherry , Saffer Henry , Chaloupka Frank J. , Szczypka Glen , Flay Brian , O’Malley Patrick M. , Johnston Lloyd D. 
Published: November 2006

Objective. To relate exposure to televised youth smoking prevention advertising to youths’ smoking beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. Methods. We obtained commercial television ratings data from 75 US media markets to determine the average youth exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted and parent-targeted smoking prevention advertising. We merged these data with nationally representative school-based survey data (n = 103 172) gathered from 1999 to 2002. Multivariate regression models controlled for individual, geographic, and tobacco policy factors, and other televised antitobacco advertising. Results. There was little relation between exposure to tobacco company–sponsored, youth-targeted advertising and youth smoking outcomes. Among youths in grades 10 and 12, during the 4 months leading up to survey administration, each additional viewing of a tobacco company parent-targeted advertisement was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking (odds ratio [OR]=0.93; confidence interval [CI]=0.88, 0.98), stronger approval of smoking (OR=1.11; CI=1.03,1.20), stronger intentions to smoke in the future (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.21), and greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.19). Conclusions. Exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted smoking prevention advertising generally had no beneficial outcomes for youths. Exposure to tobacco company parent-targeted advertising may have harmful effects on youth, especially among youths in grades 10 and 12.
Inclination of the patellar ligament in relation to flexion angle in stifle joints of dogs without degenerative joint disease
Authors: Dennler Renate , Kipfer Nicolas M. , Tepic Slobodan , Hassig Michael , Montavon Pierre M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To measure the angles between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent at the tibiofemoral contact point (TFCP) throughout the full range of motion of the stifle joint in dogs and determine the flexion angles at which the patellar ligament is perpendicular to the tibial plateau or to the common tangent.
Sample Population—16 hind limbs from cadavers of 9 adult dogs without radiographically detectable degenerative joint disease.
Procedures—Mediolateral radiographic views of the stifle joints from full extension through full flexion were obtained (10° increments). Angles between the tibial and femoral long axes (β), between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau γ), and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent at TFCP (α) were measured. Data were analyzed via simple linear regression.
Results—In canine stifle joints, angles γ and α decreased linearly with increasing flexion (angle β). The patellar ligament was perpendicular to the tibial plateau and perpendicular to the common tangent at the TFCP at 90° and 110° of flexion, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—By use of the conventionally defined tibial plateau, data suggest that at approximately 90° of flexion in stifle joints of dogs, shear force in the sagittal plane exerted on the proximal portion of the tibia shifts the loading from the cranial to the caudal cruciate ligament. Analyses involving the common tangent at the TFCP (a more anatomically representative reference point) identified this crossover point at approximately 110° of joint flexion.
Differences in hematocrit of blood samples obtained from two venipuncture sites in sharks
Authors: Mylniczenko Natalie D. , Curtis Eric W. , Wilborn Rachel E. , Young Forrest A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate differences in Hct between 2 venipuncture sites in captive and free-ranging sharks.
Animals—32 healthy adult captive sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Stegastoma fasciatum, Orectolobus japonicus, and Triaenodon obesus) and 15 captured free-ranging adult sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus and Carcharhinus acronotus).
Procedures—Blood samples were collected from the caudal tail artery followed by collection from the sinus located immediately caudal to the cranial dorsal fin. The Hct was determined for each sample and results were compared. Additionally, results for sharks that were highly active and used aerobic metabolism were compared with results for sharks that were less active and tolerant of anaerobic conditions.
Results—Mean Hct for all sharks was significantly less (8% less) in blood samples obtained from the cranial dorsal fin sinus, compared with the Hct for samples obtained from the caudal tail artery. When compared on the basis of metabolic class, sharks that were more tolerant of anaerobic conditions had lower Hct values and smaller differences between the 2 venipuncture sites.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hct values were significantly lower in blood samples collected from the cranial dorsal fin sinus compared with values for samples collected from the caudal tail artery. It is important to recognize this difference when evaluating hematologic variables in sharks and when establishing reference ranges for Hcts for shark populations. Sharks that were more active and relied on aerobic metabolism had higher Hct values than did anaerobic-tolerant sharks, and the difference in Hct values between venipuncture sites was more pronounced.
Thin-slice three-dimensional gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs
Authors: van der Vlugt-Meijer Roselinda H. , Meij Björn P. , Voorhout George 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate thin-slice 3-dimensional gradient-echo (GE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs.
Animals—11 healthy dogs.
Procedures—By use of a 0.2-Tesla open magnet, MRI of the skull was performed with T1-weighted GE sequences and various protocols with variations in imaging plane, slice thickness, and flip angle before and after administration of contrast medium; multiplanar reconstructions were made. The pituitary region was subjectively assessed, and its dimensions were measured. Image quality was determined by calculation of contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios.
Results—Best-detailed images were obtained with a T1-weighted GE sequence with 1-mm slice thickness and 30° flip angle before and after administration of contrast medium. Images with flip angles > 50° were of poor quality. Quality of multiplanar reconstruction images with 1-mm slices was better than with 2-mm slices. The bright signal was best seen without contrast medium. With contrast medium, the dorsal border of the pituitary gland was clearly delineated, but lateral borders were more difficult to discern.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MRI of the canine pituitary gland with a 0.2-Tesla open magnet should include a T1-weighted GE sequence with 1-mm slice thickness and flip angle of 30° before and after administration of contrast medium. The neurohypophysis was best visualized without contrast medium. The MRI examination permitted differentiation between the pituitary gland and surrounding structures.
Age-dependent seroprevalence of antibodies against a Helicobacter pylori–like organism and Helicobacter pylori in commercially reared swine
Authors: Ellis John A. , Waldner Cheryl L. , McIntosh Kathleen A. , Rhodes Carrie , Harding John C. , Ringler Susan S. , Krakowka Steven 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence of antibodies against a swine-origin Helicobacter pylori–like organism (HPLO) and H pylori in conventionally reared swine.
Animals—640 conventionally reared swine of various ages from 16 high-health farms in Canada, 20 sows from Ohio, and 35 gnotobiotic swine.
Procedures—Blood was collected from the cranial vena cava. Sera were collected and tested via ELISA for antibodies against antigen prepared from a swine-origin HPLO and human H pylori strain 26695.
Results—Antibodies reactive with a swine HPLO, H pylori, or both were detected in 483 of 640 swine from all 16 farms in western Canada. Seroprevalence varied with age and was low (5.6%) in suckling (≤ 4-week-old) swine and increasingly high in swine ranging from > 4 weeks old to adulthood.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that colonization by a swine-origin HPLO, H pylori, or both and resultant seroconversion, like that of H pylori infection in humans, were common in commercial swine operations. Furthermore, data indicated that gastric infection was acquired at an early age. The relationships to gastric colonization by HPLOs and clinical manifestations of disease such as gastritis and gastroesophageal ulceration remain to be determined.
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy without intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Mihai R , Palazzo F F , Gleeson F V , Sadler G P 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) is the preferred operation for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and positive preoperative imaging. This non-randomized case series assessed the long-term results of MIP performed without the use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) monitoring.

Methods
The study involved prospective collection of demographic, biochemical and operative details on a consecutive, unselected cohort of 298 patients who underwent surgery for non-familial primary HPT during a 5-year interval. The mean preoperative serum calcium level was 3·00 mmol/l with a mean parathyroid hormone concentration of 25·8 pmol/l. 99mTc-labelled sestamibi scanning and neck ultrasonography were performed in 262 patients.

Results
Sestamibi scan showed unilateral uptake in 182 patients and a single parathyroid adenoma was confirmed on ultrasonography in 161 patients. MIP was performed in 150 patients. The mean duration of operation was 25 (range 8–65) min. Four patients needed conversion to conventional neck exploration. There was one postoperative haematoma and three cases of temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve neuropraxia. All but four patients were normocalcaemic after MIP. All the parathyroid tumours removed were adenomas, with a mean weight of 1·3 (range 0·1–17·4) g. No patient developed recurrent HPT after a median follow-up of 16 (range 3–48) months.

Conclusion
The outcome of MIP without ioPTH monitoring was comparable to that reported in series that used ioPTH monitoring.
High‐throughput liquid‐chromatography method with fluorescence detection for reciprocal determination of furosemide or norfloxacin in human plasma
Authors: Galaon Toma , Udrescu Stefan , Sora Iulia , David Victor , Medvedovici Andrei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple, high‐throughput, highly selective and sensitive HPLC‐FLD method for isolation and determination of furosemide and/or norfloxacin in human plasma samples following a simple organic solvent deproteinization step with acetonitrile as sample ‘clean‐up’ procedure is reported. One of the two drug substances plays the internal standard role for the determination of the other. Separation of analyte and internal standard was achieved in less than 5.3 min (injection to injection) on a Chromolith Performance RP‐18e column, using an aqueous component containing 0.015 mol/L sodium heptane‐sulfonate and 0.2% triethylamine brought to pH = 2.5 with H3PO4. The composition of the mobile phase was: acetonitrile–methanol–aqueous component = 70:15:15 (v/v/v) and the flow‐rate was set up to 3 mL/min. The chromatographic method applied to the determination of furosemide relies on fluorescent detection parameters of 235 nm for the excitation wavelength, and 402 nm for the emission wavelength. In case of norfloxacin, the excitation wavelength is set up to 268 nm and the emission wavelength is set up to 445 nm. The overall method leads to quantitation limits of about 27 ng/mL for furosemide, and 19.5 ng/mL for norfloxacin, using an injection volume of 250 µL. The method was applied to the bioequivalence study of two furosemide‐containing formulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and specific approach for direct measurement of pravastatin concentration in plasma by LC‐MS/MS employing solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Jain Deepak S. , Subbaiah Gunta , Sanyal Mallika , Jain Vinod. K. , Shrivastav Pranav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid, specific and sensitive LC‐MS/MS assay using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) for the determination of pravastatin, in human plasma is described. The plasma filtrate obtained after SPE, using a polymer base, a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge, was submitted directly to short‐column liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) assay, with negligible matrix effect on the analysis. For validation of the method, the recovery of the free analytes was compared with that from an optimized extraction method, and the analyte stability was examined under conditions mimicking the sample storage, handling, and analysis procedures. The extraction procedure yielded extremely clean extracts with a recovery of 107.44 and 98.93% for pravastatin and IS, respectively. The intra‐assay and inter‐assay precisions for the samples at the LLOQ were 3.30 and 7.31% respectively. The calibration curves were linear for the dynamic range 0.5–200 ng/mL with correlation coefficient r ≥ 0.9988. The intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracy ranged from 95.87 to 112.40%. The method is simple and reliable with a total run time of 3 min. This novel validated method was applied to the pharmacokinetic (PK) study in human volunteers receiving a single oral dose of 40 mg immediate release (IR) formulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of neutral endopeptidase and activation of protein kinase B (Akt) is associated with prostate cancer progression
Authors: Osman Iman , Dai Jie , Mikhail Maryann , Navarro Daniel , Taneja Samir S. , Lee Peng , Christos Paul , Shen Ruoqian , Nanus David M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell‐surface peptidase that can regulate the activation of Akt kinase through catalytic‐dependent and independent mechanisms. NEP expression is absent in approximately 50% of prostate cancers. The authors investigated whether NEP loss in vivo would result in Akt phosphorylation and potentially contribute to prostate cancer progression by examining the interaction of NEP, Akt, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in a prostate xenograft model and in clinical specimens from patients with prostate cancer.METHODS.Using a tetracycline‐repressible expression system to express NEP in a tumor animal xenograft model, the effects of NEP were tested on tumor growth, Akt phosphorylation, and PTEN expression. The clinical relevance of NEP, phosphorylated Akt, and PTEN protein expression also was investigated in 204 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy.RESULTS.The results indicated that the induction of NEP expression inhibited established xenograft tumor growth, diminished Akt phosphorylation, and increased PTEN protein levels. In humans, prostate cancers with complete loss of NEP expression were significantly more likely to express phosphorylated Akt (P = .02). Moreover, patients who had prostate cancers with concomitant loss of NEP and expression of phosphorylated Akt had an increased, independent risk of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence (P = .03). In the study cohort, loss of PTEN protein expression did not correlated significantly with phosphorylated Akt or with patients' clinical outcome.CONCLUSIONS.The findings from this investigation demonstrated that NEP loss leads to Akt activation and contributes to the clinical progression of prostate cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The study of the aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp during storage by the combination sampling method coupled with GC–MS
Authors: Zhang Zhuo‐Min , Zeng Dan‐Dan , Li Gong‐Ke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, a combination sampling method, including headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction (HSSPME), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and steam distillation (SD), were used to study the aroma profile characteristics of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) pulp during storage, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) detection; 26 and 22 aroma volatiles of fresh and deteriorated durian pulps were identified according to different degrees of certainty. Volatile esters were identified as the main aromatic components of durian pulp. Most ethyl esters reduced in concentration during storage, whereas the methyl, propyl and butyl esters increased. Different aroma profile characteristics at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases obtained by HSSPME were specified by principal component analysis (PCA). Five typical aroma volatiles contributing greatly to the difference of aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases were distilled by common model strategy. These compounds are potential bio‐markers for durian degradation, but further study is needed. Tentative results suggest that combining HSSPME with conventional volatile isolation methods would yield more representative data on changes in the aroma of durian pulp during storage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Abies koreana Wils.
Authors: Baran Szymon , von Reuss Stephan H. , König Wilfried A. , Kalemba Danuta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile constituents of Abies koreana Wils. from Poland have been investigated by GC, GC–MS, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of needles, twigs and cones, as well as twigs with needles, with yields of 1.0%, 0.64%, 0.42% and 0.83%, respectively. Eighty‐four compounds were identified in the essential oil, which consisted mainly of monoterpenes, such as α‐pinene, camphene, limonene and bornyl acetate, and sesquiterpenes such as intermedeol and the new (+)‐(1R,4R,5R,7S)‐guaia‐10(14),11‐diene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluß einer reduzierten Ernährung und körperlichen Belastung auf die Leberlysosomen. Morphologische und biochemische Untersuchungen
Authors: Krustev L. , Taschev T. , Pokrovskij A. , Tuteljan W. , Apostolov I. , Krawtschenko L. , Popov A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEs werden Gruppen von 15 Ratten (I — freie Ernährung, II — freie Ernährung und körperliche Belastung, III — um 40% reduzierte Ernährung, IV — reduzierte Ernährung und körperliche Belastung) nach 20 bzw. 140 Tagen untersucht. Elektronenmikroskopisch werden die größten Veränderungen in Gruppe III festgestellt; hier liegt ein Überschuß an Autophagolysosomen vor. Die biochemischen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die reduzierte Ernährung (Gruppe III) auch von einer erheblichen Zunahme der Aktivität der meisten Lysosomenenzyme in der Leber begleitet ist.
Pflanzliche Proteine in Mehrkomponenten‐Systemen. 1. Mitt. Einfluß von Natriumalginat auf die Löslichkeit des 11‐S‐Globulins aus Sonnenblumensamen
Authors: Braudo E. E. , Sologub L. P. , Schwenke K. D. , Tschimirov Ju. I. , Tolstoguzov W. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMit Hilfe der Trübungstitration wurde der Einfluß von Natriumalginat auf die Löslichkeit des II‐S‐Globulins aus Sonnenblumensamen im pH‐Bereich 2 bis 8 untersucht.In Lösungen niedriger Ionenstärke (μ ≦ I) wird das Trübungsmaximum mit steigenden Alginat‐Anteilen nach niedrigeren pH‐Werten verschoben. Gleichzeitig verringert sich die Höhe des Maximums. Bei Erhöhung der Ionenstärke auf einen Wert von μ = 1,0 wird die Lage des Maximums durch Alginat nicht verändert. Dieses weist auf die elektrostatische Natur der Wechselwirkung hin. Der Koeffizient der Trübung im Maximum verringert sich jedoch nach wie vor, wenn auch in geringerem Maße als in Lösungen niedrigerer Ionenstärke.In Abwesenheit von Natriumchlorid wächst das Ausmaß der Irreversibilität der Titration mit dem Alginat‐Anteil; in I M Natriumchloridlösungen ist sie vom Gehalt an Natriumalginat unabhängig. In den untersuchten Konzentrationsintervallen übt Natriumchlorid einen stärkeren Effekt auf die Irreversibilität der Titration aus als Natriumalginat.
Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during Preparation of Pre‐Cooked dehydrated minced meats
Authors: Arya S. S. , Parihar D. B. , Vijayaraghavan P. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during preparation of pre‐cooked dehydrated minced meats from goat and sheep are reported.Major changes took place during cooking stage only; the changes during dehydration were relatively minor. Addition of EDTA at 500 ppm level significantly reduced the rate of dephosphorylation during curing process. Concentration of free nucleotides and related compounds were very low in commercially prepared accelerated freeze dried meat chunks.
Einfluß molekularer Parameter des Galakturonansubstrats auf die Aktivität und Wirkung von Polygalakturonasen aus Aspergillus spec
Authors: Dongowskl G. , Anger H. , Bock W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Aktivität der Polygalakturonasen (PG) aus ROHAMENT P und Aspergillus niger wird von der Molmasse des Substrates bei Viskositatszahlen [n] von > 60 bzw. 77 ml/g Galakturonan nicht beeinflußt, während sic unterhalb dieses Wertes mit fallender Molmasse kontinuierlich geringer wird. An Substraten mit statistischer Verteilung der Estermethoxylgruppen wird zwischen dem Veresterungsgrad des Substrates und der PG‐Aktivität eine lineare Beziehung gefunden, wobei an Citruspektinsäure die maximale Aktivität gemessen wird. Auf die bestimmbare PG‐Aktivität wirken sich auch die Herkunft und die Herstellungsweise der Substrate aus. Niederveresterte Pektine mit blockweiser Verteilung der freien Carboxylgruppen, die durch partielle Entesterung mit pflanzlicher Pektinesterase herstellbar sind, verhalten sich als Substrate den Pektinsäuren ähnlich.In der Anfangsphase des enzymatischen Abbaus von Pektinsäuren und niederveresterten Pektinen ent‐stehen makromolekulare Bruchstücke. Oligomere Galakturonsauren treten erst im weiteren Verlauf der Hydrolyse auf. Nach intensiver PG‐Einwirkung erniedrigt sich der Oligomerenanteil mit steigendem Veresterungsgrad des Substrates. Hochverestertes Pektin wird ausschließlich in makromolekulare Abbauprodukte zerlegt.
Untersuchungen zur Bildung und zum Vorkommen krebserzeugender Kohlenwasserstoffe in Getreide und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Reduzierung
Authors: Fritz W. , Engst R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNach Untersuchungen der Autoren nimmt jeder DDR‐Bürger jährlich zwischen 0,2 und 1,0 mg BaP mit den Lebensmitteln zu sich, davon allein Mengen zwischen 0,03 und 0,17 mg über Getreide und Mahlprodukte.Als Quellen für die Kontamination des Getreides kommen in Frage: Umweltbedingte Kontaminationen über den Luftstaub (industriefern 0,1 his 0,6. industrienah 0,3 bis 4,2 pg BaP/kg), Übergang aus dem Boden in die Pflanze (in Modellversuchen bei Böden über 10000 μg BaP/kg his 22,3 μg BaP/kg i. T.) sowie technologisch bedingte Kontamination, z. B. durch direkte Rauchgastrocknung (mit Rohbraunkohle his zu 10 pg BaP/kg). Bei der Vermahlung geht nach Modellversuchen BaP in Abhängigkeit vom Ausmahlungsgrad in Mehl über. Durch Entfernen der Getreideschalen vor dem Mahlvorgang kann der BaP‐Gehalt des Mahlgutes zu über 50% entfernt werden.