bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Summary of SAF's Comments on ICBEMP
Authors: Hill Larry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Five local units of the Society of American Foresters reviewed the ICBEMP documents. A reading of their comments reveals common issues: that ICBEMP prescribes standards that will limit local managers' flexibility, that implementation of those standards will be expensive in both time and money, and that the potential consequences to local communities are not adequately or accurately described.
A Decision Support System for the Menominee Legacy Forest
Authors: Wood D. Brent , Dewhurst Stephen M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Managers of the Menominee Tribe's reservation timberlands determined that one third of the tribal forest could be converted to more productive and valuable tree species. With Northern Arizona University, they developed a decision support system to devise a schedule for implementing the conversion. This comprehensive planning tool coordinates conversion activities with other management so that general tribal goals for both harvest and forest structure are accomplished forestwide. The planning problems faced by the Menominee in defining the desired future state of their forest and developing strategies for achieving it are representative of problems faced by forest managers throughout North America.
Emerging Agroforestry Opportunities in the Upper Midwest
Authors: Josiah Scott J. , Kemperman Jerry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Agroforestry, the integration of trees and shrubs into agricultural systems, is thriving in the upper Midwest because of changing farm economics, new plant materials, useful research results, and growing markets for specialty forest products. Shelterbelts, riparian zones, living snow fences, and short-rotation plantations all create opportunities for environmentally friendly profit. Agroforestry's transdisciplinary nature requires partnerships, however, and although more landowners are practicing agroforestry, today's scattered installations need to be integrated into a systems approach if agricultural landscape management is to improve.
Community Forestry, Defined
Authors: Brendler Thomas , Carey Henry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The new discipline of community forestry links sustainable forestry to community wellbeing. Although community forestry has been practiced for many years in the developing world, it did not emerge in the United States until relatively recently. Community forestry efforts, which have been undertaken most visibly in rural areas, combine conservation with economic development and cultural values to benefit the local population.
Development or Dependency? Sustaining Alabama's Forest Communities
Authors: Bliss John C. , Walkingstick Tamara L. , Bailey Conner 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Comparison of two forest-dependent communities in Alabama illustrates how prospects for sustainable development are shaped by history, social structure, prevailing pattern of resource ownership, and forest industrial sector structure. Opportunities appear stronger if a community's forest products industry is diversified and entrepreneurial spirit is strong. Conversely, simply recruiting forest industry will not lead to sustainable development and might, in the absence of sound policy, actually impede it. Truly sustainable development requires expanding people's opportunities and protecting and enhancing the natural resource base on which those opportunities are built.
Reforestation of Flooded Farmland: Policy Implications from the Mississippi River Delta
Authors: Amacher Gregory S. , Sullivan Jay , Shabman Len , Zepp Laura , Grebner Don 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Environmental concerns have spurred interest in reforesting frequently flooded farmland in the Mississippi Delta. A comparison of land-owners' returns from agriculture and forest production shows that on many sites, Nuttall oak and cottonwood can be more profitable than soybeans. Reforestation can also affect the regional economy. If timber processing expands, the economic benefits of reforestation are greater than those generated under soybean production for some sites. The results of this study have policy implications for targeting subsidies for reforestation in the Delta--and in other regions where farmers who reforest may represent the next important source of timber.
The Effects of Harvesting Practices on West Virginia's Wood Supply
Authors: Fajvan Mary Ann , Grushecky Shawn T. , Hassler Curt C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The status of West Virginia's timber resource was assessed by comparing preharvest and postharvest stand structures of 99 recent harvests. Stands were classified according to silvicultural practice and their potential for production of high-quality sawlogs. Results indicate that West Virginia's forest owners focus on extracting sawtimber. Only 27 stands could sustain another commercial sawlog harvest in the current rotation. Because local demand for low-grade logs and pulpwood is increasing, in the next forest rotation there exist opportunities for landowners to abandon diameter-limit sales in favor of more productive, managed forests.
The Politics of Wildfire: Lessons from Yellowstone
Authors: Lichtman Pamela 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Land managers and ecologists generally agree that the 1988 fires in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were an ecologically important part of a natural disturbance pattern and that little could have been done to stop them. For policymakers, however, the fires were a major public relations failure. Land managers and ecologists need to understand how citizens' and politicians' view of wildfire as a crisis can undermine the stability of natural resource agencies, then find ways to build support for natural fire.
Uneven-Aged Management in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Emmingham Bill 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Naturally occurring uneven-aged stands are uncommon in the productive Douglas-fir region west of the Cascade crest. Eastside, unmanaged interior forests are multistoried with multiple species but overstocked to the point of instability. Lacking both good natural models and reliable experience with uneven-aged forests, regional silviculturists will need many decades to develop and maintain productive uneven-aged stands. With interest in silvicultural alternatives to even-aged management of Pacific Northwest forests increasing dramatically, better how-to information is badly needed.
Silviculture for Structural Diversity: A New Look at Multiaged Systems
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Movement away from even-aged silviculture and toward maintenance of continuous cover and structural diversity has generated renewed interest in two-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems. New approaches for multiaged stands suggest managers can achieve many goals with systems that integrate the structural features associated with natural disturbance processes with systems that are simpler than the uneven-aged silviculture of the past. The result is flexible systems for designing and implementing diverse stand structures for many objectives, including biodiversity. An understanding of forest stand dynamics and landscape ecology is a prerequisite.
The Adirondacks: Ecosystem Partners of the Northwest Flow
Authors: Luzadis Valerie A. , Thill Mary K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the northwest corner of Adirondack Park in New York State, foresters meet informally with landowners to share ideas and tools for problem solving -- and not incidentally help increase public understanding of forestry. In the long run, such forums should yield better results than costly and contentious political advocacy and enable foresters to impart their scientific and technical expertise. Members of the Adirondack Nature Conservancy have no less compelling reasons to take this approach to conservation.
The Edge of the Cut: Implications for Wildlife Populations
Authors: Temple Stanley A. , Flaspohler David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest edges created by management practices are the stage for complex ecological interactions. Traditionally, foresters and wildlife managers have viewed the creation of forest edges as a win-win situation because certain favored species -- namely game -- benefited. But recent reevaluations of edge effects have resulted in a different conclusion: that when viewed as landscape features, forest edges also threaten biological diversity.
Multiple Use in the National Forests: Rise and Fall or Evolution?
Authors: Gorte Ross W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Multiple use, as established by Congress and practiced by USDA Forest Service, has evolved as the guiding principle for national forest management. Concerns, philosophical developments, and congressional debates continue. Is today's ecosystem management an extension of multiple use, or a change in direction that warrants legislative sanction? SAF has an opportunity and a responsibility to help shape the future by participating in and influencing those changes.
Rationale for a National Annual Forest Inventory Program
Authors: Gillespie Andrew J. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is changing to an annual inventory system that will operate at reduced intensity simultaneously in all states every year. This system will provide annual inventory updates in all parts of the country every year, and will make it easier for partners (mainly state forestry agencies) to collaborate in program planning and implementation. The change has significant implications for traditional and new users of the national inventory system.
Analytical Alternatives for an Annual Inventory System
Authors: Roesch Francis A. , Reams Gregory A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Methods for analyzing data from the Southern Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS) are discussed. Differences between the annual inventory approach and the more traditional periodic approach require that we revisit the previous assumption that there are no important spatial and temporal trends in the data. Over the next few years, the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station will be evaluating models of varying complexity to determine the most efficient estimation approach for each variable, at all spatiotemporal scales of interest.
Forest Survey Sampling Designs: A History
Authors: Frayer W. E. , Furnival George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Extensive inventories of forested lands in the United States were begun in the early part of the 20th century, but widespread, frequent use was not common until after World War II. Various sampling designs have been tried; some have proved efficient for estimating certain parameters but not others. Some designs, though efficient in many respects, have been abandoned because of their complexity Others, while possibly not demonstrating high efficiency, have been adopted because of their simplicity. This is a history of these applications.
Multistage Remote Sensing: Toward an Annual National Inventory
Authors: Czaplewski Raymond L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Remote sensing can improve efficiency of statistical information. Landsat data can identify and map a few broad categories of forest cover and land use. However, more-detailed information requires a sample of higher-resolution imagery, which costs less than field data but considerably more than Landsat data. A national remote sensing program would be a major undertaking, requiring unprecedented partnerships between federal programs and stakeholders.
Third-Party, Performance-Based Certification: What Public Forestland Managers Should Know
Authors: Mater Catherine M. , Sample V. Alaric , Grace James R. , Rose Gerald A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two state forests and one county forest have completed pilot programs testing verification of sustainable forest management by outside organizations. Among other goals, each agency wanted to assure citizens that their forests were well managed and to create models for nonindustrial private forestlands. All three agencies' performance was certified, and areas marked for improvement had already by targeted by staff. The certifed then evaluated the certifiers and found them generally professional and technically competent, if occasionally unrealistic. Reaction from environmental organizations, which are cautious about promoting certification for public lands, has been mixed.
Gypchek: Biological Insecticide for the Gypsy Moth
Authors: Podgwaite John D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Responding to concerns over the use of chemical pesticides, the USDA Forest Service has developed narrow host-range products for the control of forest pests. Among them is Gypchek, a viral Pesticide for gypsy moths, but its future availability is not assured. If the private sector will not produce a safe and useful pesticide because the market is unstable, some other approach toward developing such products and making them available is needed. A federal center may be necessary to research biopesticides, transfer technology to the private sector, and develop, register, produce, and market those products that industry will not.
The Evolving Use of Insecticides in Gypsy Moth Management
Authors: Liebhold Andrew , McManus Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The gypsy moth, an exotic defoliating insect, persists in the United States despite 100 years of attempts at eradication and management using many insecticides. Efforts to eliminate the pest in the Northeast eventually gave way to containment and suppression strategies using broad-spectrum, persistent insecticides. Those products have since been replaced by biologically based technologies that have fewer environmental impacts. With continued expansion of the gypsy moth into the South and Midwest--and with valuable forests at risk--there are renewed efforts to slow its spread with environmentally acceptable insecticides and to eradicate isolated outbreaks in new habitats far from the infested area.
The Certification Model for Forestry in Bolivia
Authors: Nittler John B. , Nash Daniel W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bolivia, a landlocked country with high transportation costs, has embraced FSC certification as a way of boosting its timber exports, which often consist of species unfamiliar to buyers in the Northern Hemisphere. Certification costs have been largely institutionalized through aggressive policy and organizational reforms that impose similar technical standards on all forest products companies, certified or not, and recognize voluntary certification as a legitimate mechanism to evaluate concession compliance.
The Second Committee of Scientists: Moving Forward While Looking Backward
Authors: Cooper Arthur W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The author, who chaired the first Committee of Scientists, appointed in 1977, finds that Sustaining the People's Lands offers thoughtful recommendations about the issues that are central to public acceptance of forest management. Perhaps more valuable than any of its proposed revisions to the planning process, however, is its call for clarification of policy. At some point, and the author hopes it will be soon, Congress and the pressure groups representing environmental and industry interests must together ask, What is the best thing for the country?
The Planning Process: Panacea or False Hope?
Authors: Nygren Harold T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A former Forest Service planner who knows first-hand the challenges of making decisions under the current regulations finds that if the committee of Scientists' recommendations are followed, planning will occur almost continually over several spatial levels as new information and decisions surface. The proposed process is inclusive and idealistic, but the changes will likely increase the cost and time of developing plans and make it difficult to win public acceptance and obtain adequate funding. Decision makers will still have to choose among strongly held values, and if compromise proves elusive, the process will become irrelevant.
Public Involvement and Dispute Resolution Courses in Natural Resources Schools
Authors: Harmon William J. , McKinney Matthew J. , Burchfield James A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a survey of SAF-accredited natural resources schools, 36 of 40 educators said natural resource professionals need more training in public involvement and dispute resolution, and 96 percent of respondents said such training was important" or "essential." Despite budgetary and staff constraints, the number of SAF-accredited schools offering specific courses in these topics has grown dramatically, from a reported three in 1992 to 15 in 1997. At most schools, these topics also have been incorporated into already-required courses on policy, planning, and management. The authors describe a model course in public involvement and conflict resolution and list resources for educators.
Employment and Education in Forestry: National Perspectives, North Carolina Trends
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Jervis Larry G. , Smith P. Gregory 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A comparison of data on the first jobs of one university's forestry graduates with national data on members of the foresters' professional association points to some trends in forestry employment. Compared with older alumni and with Society of American Foresters members as a whole, recent graduates from North Carolina State University are taking fewer positions with federal agencies and in land management, but more consulting jobs and specialized procurement or environmental services positions. Graduates with advanced degrees are finding more career opportunities than bachelor's-degree foresters. To prepare their graduates for future employment, forestry education programs need to reflect regional differences in employment.
Professional Forestry Education in New York: An Old Lesson, a New Model
Authors: Bentley William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A lesson of 100 years ago guides the forestry program at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry: forestry is value-driven and science-based. This leads to a goal of educating professionals to be problemsolvers and leaders and, as a consequence, lifelong learners. Recent changes in the professional program are driven by internal accountability, responses to the needs of potential students and their future employers, and shifts toward external funding.
THE FORESTER'S LEVER: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY & WOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: Wernick I.K. , Waggoner P.E. , Ausubel J.H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Despite increases in the nation's population, affluence, and timber removals, US forest area has remained constant and timber inventory has risen 30 percent since 1952. Industrial ecology, which analyzes the flow of timber through systems of production and consumption, seeks to explain how that happened; it also shows the leverage that consumers, millers, and foresters have to reduce harvested area and continue the rebirth of the American forest. Changes in demand by consumers, wood utilization by millers, and management by foresters can help conserve forests for uses other than timber. Of the three actors, however, foresters can exert the most leverage—by increasing the growth rate of trees.
Perspective: The Perennial Challenge for Forestry: Sustaining Biological Capital
Authors: Pinchot P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Averting a catastrophic decline in biodiversity is the most significant challenge to sustainability that the forestry profession has faced in the past century. It will take the kind of bold and visionary leadership that Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt brought to building the public lands system 100 years ago.
The Forest Bank ™: An Experiment in Managing Fragmented Forests
Authors: Dedrick Jason P. , Hall Troy E. , Hull IV R. Bruce , Johnson James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As the trend toward smaller parcels of land continues, many of the values associated with forestland are at risk. The Forest Bank ™, an ecosystem-based approach to forest management on private lands in southwestern Virginia, points to a potential new direction in forest management. Sponsored by The Nature Conservancy, this program attempts to blend economic and ecological objectives into an effort that will appeal to private landowners.
Harvest Restriction: An Analysis of New Capital Expenditures in the Pacific Northwest and the South
Authors: Guan Hongshu , Munn Ian A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The short-term response of the forest products industry to harvest restrictions in the Pacific Northwest has been to shift harvesting to other regions. However, the long-term response is not yet clear. New capital expenditure patterns in the Pacific Northwest and the South provide insight into the industry's long-term intentions. Southern investment increased significantly after the harvest restrictions were imposed. Pacific Northwest investment has been declining over time, but no significant shifts occurred after restrictions were imposed.
Foresters' Roles in Remote Sensing
Authors: Olson Charles E. , Weber Frederick P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Foresters have played central roles in the development of today's remote sensing techniques. They were among the pioneers in research leading to advances in many of the methods and tools used in this field. Since the early 20th century, foresters have been working with remote sensing technology in private industry, universities, and government agencies. Just as important as the technique themselves is the ability to use them wisely; guidelines are offered to avoid some common pitfalls.
Facing Difficult Questions Can the SAF Code of Ethics Help?
Authors: Coufal James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By calling ourselves professionals, we foresters expose ourselves to the scrutiny of our fellow citizens. In the interests of creating a stronger, more defensible basis for forestry, we need to explore issues that arise from our Code of Ethics. Is it enough for us, as individuals, to practice "sound forestry," or do we need to go further? Have we fully examined the scientific basis of that sound forestry, or do we fall back on conventional wisdom and false dichotomies that divide us from the public we have pledged to serve?
Restoring Bottomland Hardwood Ecosystems in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Authors: Stanturf John A. , Gardiner Emile S. , Hamel Paul B. , Devall Margaret S. , Leininger Theodor D. , Warren Melvin E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Programs to restore southern bottomland hardwood forests to the floodplains of the Mississippi have been tested on federal land and are now being applied to private holdings. The initial goals were to provide wildlife habitat and improve water quality, but other benefits--possible income from biomass and carbon credits--may make restoration cost-effective, even for small landowners. One challenge is finding the right mix of tree species that are adapted to soil saturation and root anoxia, can be planted and managed economically, and will produce a closed canopy and complex structure quickly. Bringing back the understory is another challenge.
Restoring Forest Ecosystems: The Human Dimension
Authors: Hull R. Bruce , Gobster Paul H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Why should society restore forest ecosystems? What kinds of restorations are likely to succeed socially as well as ecologically? How do we maintain the volunteer force needed to implement and maintain restoration projects? Scholars are beginning to address these questions and finding that human dimensions are key to the successful implementation and maintenance of restoration projects. We recommend making clear the range of benefits resulting from restoration, negotiating ecologically sound and socially acceptable alternatives, and creating volunteer communities that sustain projects over the long run.