bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the validity of potential alcohol‐related non‐fatal injury indicators
Authors: Langley John , Kypri Kypros , Cryer Colin , Davie Gabrielle 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To assess critically the face validity of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm (MACRH) for deriving indicators, for the purposes of developing non‐fatal alcohol‐related injury indicators in New Zealand.Design  MACRH's five solutions for deriving indicators are: (i) use only alcohol‐specific cases; (ii) identify subsets of events known to be highly alcohol‐related; (iii) utilize control indicators that are rarely alcohol‐related; (iv) estimate alcohol attributable fractions (AAFs) and adjust indicators accordingly; and (v) develop composite indicators. These were assessed in terms of their face validity with particular reference to New Zealand.Findings  There are significant face validity issues with each of the five options. Solution 4 offers the greatest promise, provided that: (i) valid AAFs can be derived and they are updated regularly; and (ii) appropriate adjustment is made for extraneous influences on the estimates of alcohol‐related harm. To date, the latter has not been carried out.Conclusions  Most potential sources of data on alcohol‐related harm are subject to extraneous influences, which vary over time and space. While the attempt by WHO to offer solutions to this problem is laudable, the solutions do not address the problem adequately. MACRH guidelines need to be revised to include criteria for a valid outcome indicator.
Happy Ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention
Authors: Brendryen Håvar , Kraft Pål 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the long‐term efficacy of a fully automated digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention.Design  Two‐arm randomized control trial (RCT).Setting  World Wide Web (WWW) study based in Norway.Participants  Subjects (n = 396) were recruited via internet advertisements and assigned randomly to conditions. Inclusion criteria were willingness to quit smoking and being aged 18 years or older.Intervention  The treatment group received the internet‐ and cell‐phone‐based Happy Ending intervention. The intervention programme lasted 54 weeks and consisted of more than 400 contacts by e‐mail, web‐pages, interactive voice response (IVR) and short message service (SMS) technology. The control group received a self‐help booklet. Additionally, both groups were offered free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).Measurements  Abstinence was defined as ‘not even a puff of smoke, for the last 7 days’, and assessed by means of internet surveys or telephone interviews. The main outcome was repeated point abstinence at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following cessation.Findings  Participants in the treatment group reported clinically and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants [22.3% versus 13.1%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–3.26, P = 0.02; intent‐to‐treat). Improved adherence to NRT and a higher level of post‐cessation self‐efficacy were observed in the treatment group compared with the control group.Conclusions  As the first RCT documenting the long‐term treatment effects of such an intervention, this study adds to the promise of digital media in supporting behaviour change.
The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale unravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe
Authors: SCHMITT THOMAS , HAUBRICH KAROLA 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe distribution of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe throughout time is not sufficiently understood. One character species of this habitat type is the large ringlet, Erebia euryale well reflecting the extension of this biome today, and the genetic differentiation of this species among and within mountain systems may unravel the late Pleistocene history of this habitat type. We therefore analysed the allozyme pattern of 381 E. euryale individuals from 11 populations in four different European mountain systems (Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Rila). All loci analysed were polymorphic. The mean FST over all samples was high (20%). Furthermore, the mean genetic distance among samples was quite high (0.049). We found four different groups well supported by cluster analyses, bootstraps and hierarchical variance analyses: Pyrenees, western Alps, eastern Alps and southeastern Europe (Carpathians and Rila). The genetic diversity of the populations was highest in the southeastern European group and stepwise decreased westwards. Interestingly, the populations from Bulgaria and Romania were almost identical; therefore, we assume that they were not separated by the Danube Valley, at least during the last ice age. On the contrary, the differentiation among the three western Alps populations was considerable. For all these reasons, we assume that (i) the most important refugial area for the coniferous mountain forest biome in Europe has been located in southeastern Europe including at least parts of the Carpathians and the Bulgarian mountains; (ii) important refugial areas for this biome existed at the southeastern edge of the Alps; (iii) fragments of this habitat types survived along the southwestern Alps, but in a more scattered distribution; and (iv) relatively small relicts have persisted somewhere at the foothills of the Pyrenees.
Binary coalescence from case A evolution: mergers and blue stragglers
Authors: Chen Xuefei , Han Zhanwen 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We have constructed some main-sequence mergers from case A binary evolution and we have studied their characteristics using the stellar evolution code written by Eggleton. The values of both total mass and orbital angular momentum are conservative in our binary evolutions. Assuming that the matter from the secondary homogeneously mixes with the envelope of the primary and that no mass is lost from the system during the merger process, we found that some mergers might be on the left of the zero-age main sequence as defined by normal surface composition (i.e. helium content Y= 0.28 with metallicity Z= 0.02 for Population I) on a colour–magnitude diagram because of enhanced surface helium content. The study also shows that the central hydrogen content of the mergers is independent of mass. Our simple models can possibly explain a few blue stragglers observed on the left of zero-age main sequence in some clusters. However, the concentration towards the blue side of the main sequence with decreasing mass, as predicted by Sandquist et al., will not appear in our models. The products with little central hydrogen in our models are probably subgiants when they are formed, as the primaries in the progenitors also have little central hydrogen and will likely leave the main sequence during the merger process. As a consequence, we fit the formula of magnitude Mv and B–V of the mergers when they return to thermal equilibrium with maximum errors 0.29 and 0.037, respectively.
Taking the above into account, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to examine our models in an old open cluster NGC 2682 and an intermediate-age cluster NGC 2660. The angular momentum loss (AML) of low-mass binaries is very important in NGC 2682, and its effect can be estimated in a simple way. In NGC 2682, binary mergers from our models cover the region with high luminosity and those from the AML are located in the region with low luminosity, which has a certain width. The blue stragglers from the AML are much more numerous than those from our models, indicating that the AML of low-mass binaries makes a major contribution to blue stragglers in this old cluster. Our models can account for several blue stragglers in NGC 2660. For the most likely region on the colour–magnitude diagram, however, no blue stragglers have yet been observed. Our results are well matched with the observations if there is ∼0.5 M⊙ of mass loss in the merger process; however, it is difficult to find a physical mechanism for this much mass loss.
Effects of trauma on bipolar disorder: the mediational role of interpersonal difficulties and alcohol dependence
Authors: Maguire Chrissie , McCusker Christopher G , Meenagh Ciaran , Mulholland Ciaran , Shannon Ciaran 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  This study examined: (i) the prevalence of trauma in a bipolar disorder (BD) sample, and (ii) how trauma histories mediated by interpersonal difficulties and alcohol dependence impact on the severity of BD. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its relationship to outcomes in BD were also examined.Methods:  Sixty participants were recruited from a geographically well‐defined mental health service in Northern Ireland. Self‐reported trauma histories, PTSD, interpersonal difficulties and alcohol dependence and were examined in relation to illness severity.Results:  A high prevalence of trauma was found. Trauma predicted the frequency of hospital admissions (R2 = 0.08), quality of life (R2 = 0.23) and inter‐episode depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.13). Interpersonal difficulties, but not alcohol dependence, appeared to play an important role in mediating these adverse effects. While only 8% of the sample met criteria for active PTSD, this comorbid disorder was associated with BD severity.Conclusions:  This study indicates that awareness of trauma is important in understanding individual differences in bipolar presentations. The theoretical and clinical implications of evidence that trauma is related to more adverse outcomes in BD are discussed. The finding that interpersonal difficulties mediate the relationship between trauma and BD severity is novel. The need for adjunctive evidence‐based treatments targeting interpersonal difficulties is considered.
One big, and many small reasons that direct selection on offspring number is still open for discussion
Authors: SIMONS A. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn a recent paper, I proposed that natural selection should act to increase offspring number when diversification bet hedging is favoured. The simple underlying reasoning is that a target diversification strategy is more reliably generated with increasing sample size. The intention of opening a discussion has been realized; recent criticisms of the idea argue that selection does not act to increase offspring number when population size is large or infinite. Here I agree that criticisms have merit; indeed they are largely confined to the caveats discussed in my original paper. The critique, however, implies a verdict of outright rejection of the idea of selection on offspring number, which would be erroneous. Contrary to the assertions of the criticism, then, the importance of selection acting directly on offspring number remains an open question.
Slow molecular evolution in 18S rDNA, rbcL and nad5 genes of mosses compared with higher plants
Authors: STENØIEN H. K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe evolutionary potential of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) has been debated for decades. Fossil record and biogeographical distribution patterns suggest very slow morphological evolution and the retainment of several ancient traits since the split with vascular plants some 450 million years ago. Many have argued that bryophytes may evolve as rapidly as higher plants on the molecular level, but this hypothesis has not been tested so far. Here, it is shown that mosses have experienced significantly lower rates of molecular evolution than higher plants within 18S rDNA (nuclear), rbcL (chloroplast) and nad5 (mitochondrial) genes. Mosses are on an average evolving 2–3 times slower than ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms; and also green algae seem to be evolving faster than nonvascular plants. These results support the observation of a general correlation between morphological and molecular evolutionary rates in plants and also show that mosses are ‘evolutionary sphinxes’ regarding both morphological and molecular evolutionary potential.
A test of fitness consequences of hybridization in sibling species of Lake Victoria cichlid fish
Authors: VAN DER SLUIJS I. , VAN DOOREN T. J. M. , SEEHAUSEN O. , VAN ALPHEN J. J. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSeveral hundred species of haplochromine cichlid fish have evolved rapidly in Lake Victoria. Divergent sexual and ecological selection probably played an important role in this radiation, generating divergent mating preferences and preference–trait covariance. However, the segregation of hybrid inviability or infertility genes could also potentially generate preference–trait covariance, and the mechanisms that cause the evolution of divergent mating preferences have not been investigated in detail in any cichlid species pair. We investigated intrinsic fitness of hybrids between two sister species in the genus Pundamilia, one of the most species‐rich genera of Lake Victoria cichlids. Fitness‐related traits were measured in nonhybrid offspring of both species, and in the first and second hybrid generations. There were no differences in fecundity, fertility, sex ratio or growth rates either between the sister species or between these and their hybrids. By contrast, there was a difference in offspring survival between the two sister species. Offspring survival was dependent only on the species of the mother, regardless of whether the cross was conspecific or heterospecific. Further, eggs tended to be larger in the hybrids than in one of the parental species. Hence, hybrids suffered no intrinsic fitness reduction relative to nonhybrids. Our data suggest that intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities are unlikely to have caused speciation in Pundamilia, nor to maintain species boundaries in this system.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE‐METAL LAMINATE GLARE‐1 AND METAL LAMINATE 7475 WITH DIFFERENT BLUNT NOTCHES
Authors: Papakyriacou M. , Schijve J. , Stanzl‐Tschegg S. E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The fatigue crack growth behaviour of the fibre metal laminate “GLARE‐1” has been investigated for different blunt notches in Constant Amplitude (CA) tests. In order to investigate the influence of the fibres, the same laminate material but containing no fibres (Laminate 7475) was also tested. The fatigue crack growth properties of GLARE‐1 are superior to those of Laminate 7475. GLARE‐1 shows lower crack growth velocities at the same Knom values and in addition the crack growth rates decrease with increasing crack length. The Laminate 7475 shows typical metal behaviour for single crack propagation and accelerating crack growth with increasing crack length. In GLARE‐1, multiple crack propagation takes place. The cracks propagate independent of each other and have similar crack growth rates, in part due to closure effects caused by the unbroken fibre layers.The crack growth rates of specimens having a small root radius are higher in both materials than in specimens with a large notch radius. In GLARE‐1, the superiority of a larger notch radius is more pronounced than in the Laminate 7475 and is attributed to a stronger crack closure effect owing to fibre bridging. The reason for the higher bridging capability in specimens containing larger notches is that less fibres are broken or damaged in the notch vicinity.
Cryoablative response of prostate cancer cells is influenced by androgen receptor expression
Authors: Klossner Daniel P. , Baust John M. , VanBuskirk Robert G. , Gage Andrew A. , Baust John G. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVETo investigate in prostate cancer cells the consequences of androgen‐insensitivity (AI) development on the cellular and molecular responses to freezing, as a challenge in prostate cancer treatment occurs when the androgen‐sensitive (AS) phenotype switches to an AI phenotype, the latter of which is often refractory to many therapies.MATERIALS AND METHODSPC‐3 (AI) and LNCaP (AS) were each genetically altered to express the opposite phenotype and subjected to an in vitro freezing model. Viability, caspase inhibitor and Western blot studies were used to determine the basis of the differential responses of AI and AS cells.RESULTSLNCaP high‐passage cells, formed by repeated passage of LNCaP (AS) cells, were AI and showed a phenotypic shift to freeze resistance matching the freeze response of PC‐3 cells (AI). While stably transfected androgen receptor (AR)‐transfected cells (PC‐3 AR) had a freezing sensitivity similar to that of the LNCaP (AS) cell line. Importantly, AI cell lines survived and recovered from freezing exposure to temperatures as low as −40 °C whereas AS cell lines did not. Caspase inhibition studies and related fluorescent probes showed an elevated level of apoptotic involvement in both AS cell lines after freezing compared with their AI counterparts. Western blot analysis showed that AR expression was modified after exposure to freezing.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that AS cancers may be far more sensitive to a freezing insult and this might be linked to elevated apoptosis and caspase activity. As such, cryoablation may prove most effective in cancer cells that have not yet progressed to a more resistant AI phenotype, but both generic variants can be fully ablated at sufficiently low temperatures.
Pattern Bargaining: An Investigation into its Agency, Context and Evidence
Authors: Traxler Franz , Brandl Bernd , Glassner Vera 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPattern bargaining stands out as both an under‐researched and controversial subject. This article is an analytical and empirical contribution to this debate. Theoretically, it provides a conceptual framework, which enables analysis to systematically differentiate between distinct forms of pattern bargaining in terms of scope, agency, development and function, which arise from differing contexts in terms of interest configuration, power relations and economic conditions. This framework is used to develop testable hypotheses on pattern bargaining as a mechanism of inter‐industry bargaining co‐ordination. The empirical part of the article examines these hypotheses for collective bargaining from 1969 to 2004 in Austria, which is commonly seen as a paradigm case of pattern bargaining. The article concludes by highlighting the broader implications its findings have from a cross‐nationally comparative perspective.
Whose closure? Appearances, temporality, and mineral extraction in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon Alex 
Published: February 2008

In this article I explore community ideas about mine closure as they are informed by history, memory, and imagined futures. I argue that, through their aesthetic qualities, practices such as mining remain persuasive long after their dissolution. Biangai‐speakers (Morobe province, Papua New Guinea) have worked for miners during colonial gold rushes since the mid‐1920s, and many more have tried their hands at artisanal mining along the Bulolo and its tributaries. Such events continue to inform aspirations for development and ideas about what development should look like. This article argues for attention to be paid to the appearances of the past in order to acknowledge the attractive hold that historical actions, events, practices, and so on, retain on post‐mining (and post‐development) communities. Such qualities of the past, distilled in the contours of the land and contemporary discourses about development, continue to motivate the folding of the past into present practices.RésuméL’auteur explore ici les idées sur la fermeture de mines, en tant qu’elles sont informées par l’histoire, la mémoire et un futur imaginé. Il avance qu’à travers leurs qualités esthétiques, des pratiques telles que l’exploitation minière restent présentes très longtemps après leur disparition. Les Biangai (dans la province de Morobe, en Papouasie‐Nouvelle‐Guinée) ont travaillé pour les compagnies minières pendant les ruées vers l’or de l’époque coloniale, à partir du milieu des années 1920, et se sont eux aussi essayés à une exploitation artisanale le long du Bulolo et de ses affluents. De tels événements contribuent à informer les aspirations au développement et les idées de ce que devrait être ce développement. Le présent article plaide pour que l’on accorde de l’attention aux apparences du passé, afin de tenir compte de l’attrait exercé par les actions, événements, pratiques historiques et autres sur les communautés post‐minières (et post‐développement). Ces qualités du passé, qui imprègnent les paysages et les discours contemporains sur le développement, favorisent une imbrication du passé dans les pratiques présentes.
When gifts become commodities: pawnshops, valuables, and shame in Tonga and the Tongan diaspora
Authors: Addo Ping‐Ann , Besnier Niko 
Published: February 2008

Far from being displaced by modernity, the exchange of women's textile valuables of little practical value but enormous ritual significance is increasing in importance in Tonga and amongst Tongan migrants in the industrial West. The dwindling production of and increasing demand for these textile valuables have prompted entrepreneurs to open pawnshops, where customers who are monetarily poor mortgage valuables and customers lacking in exchange networks buy unclaimed valuables. Pawnshops convert valuables into commodities and transform the social relations among those involved. However, the one emotion that underlies traditional exchange, shame, remains central to the transactions, albeit in unevenly distributed fashion. The transformation of textiles from gift to commodity displays both rupture and continuity with pre‐modern forms of exchange, continuity operating at the level of emotional subjectivities. Our analysis foregrounds objects, on the one hand, and emotions, on the other, as shaping the course of cultural and social history.RésuméLoin d’être supplanté par la modernité, l’échange des textiles féminins sans grande valeur pratique mais de signifiance rituelle considérable augmente en importance à Tonga et parmi les immigrés tongiens dans les pays occidentaux industriels. La production décroissante de ces textiles précieux et leur demande croissante ont motivés des entrepreneurs à ouvrir des monts‐de‐piété, où les clients manquant d’argent mettent à gage leurs textiles précieux et où les clients dépourvus de réseaux de fournisseurs achètent ceux qui restent non réclamés. Les monts‐de‐piété convertissent ces objets précieux en commoditiés et transforment les relations sociales entre les personnes concernées. Néanmoins, la honte, une émotion qui sous‐tend les échanges traditionnels, continue à occuper une position centrale à ces transactions, bien que de façon non équilibrée. La transformation des textiles en commoditiés présente aussi bien des aspects de rupture que de continuité avec les formes d’échanges pré‐modernes, où la continuité s’opère au niveau des subjectivités émotives. Notre analyse met en valeur le rôle déterminant des objets d’une part et des émotions d’autre part dans le cours de l’histoire sociale et culturelle.