bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐correlation patterns of air and soil temperatures, rainfall and Diaprepes abbreviatus root weevil in citrus
Authors: Li Hong , Futch Stephen H , Syvertsen James P 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTime series cross‐correlation analysis is appropriate when measuring relationships between two different time series. Using this approach, the authors quantified the relationship between the time series air temperature (AT), soil temperature (ST), rainfall, relative humidity (RH) and Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) root weevil across a period of 30 months, and examined how closely the distribution of Diaprepes root weevil was related to AT, ST, rainfall and RH within this period of time. The study was conducted on a poorly drained Spodosol in a citrus [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] grove in DeSoto County, south‐west Florida, from April 2001 to September 2003. Adult weevil populations were monitored using 100 Tedders traps in a 30 × 15 m grid. Weather data (0.6 m AT, 0.1 m ST, 2 m rainfall and 2 m RH) were monitored by Florida Automated Weather Networks. The monthly mean and standard deviation were 22.3 ± 4.0 °C for AT, 24.7 ± 4.2 °C for ST, 146.0 ± 122.7 mm for rainfall, 78.2 ± 4.7% for RH and 0.74 ± 0.59 adults trap−1 for the root weevil. Weevil density was positively correlated with AT (r = 0.45, P < 0.0133), ST (r = 0.49, P < 0.0067) and rainfall (r = 0.38, P < 0.0450). The environmental variables AT, ST, rainfall and RH were correlated with each other (0.42 < r < 0.99, 0.0246 < P < 0.0001). All weather and Diaprepes variables were autocorrelated with each other within a time of 3 months. The cross‐correlation coefficients varied between − 0.59 and 0.65 for the pair‐variable between Diaprepes, AT, ST and rainfall, and these pair‐variables were correlated across a time period of 4 months. The present results suggested that warm, wet conditions contributed to the root weevil outbreaks, and environmental temperature and rainfall were the variables most closely related to Diaprepes root weevil distribution in time. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Facilitating meta‐analyses by deriving relative effect and precision estimates for alternative comparisons from a set of estimates presented by exposure level or disease category
Authors: Hamling Jan , Lee Peter , Weitkunat Rolf , Ambühl Mathias 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEpidemiological studies relating a particular exposure to a specified disease may present their results in a variety of ways. Often, results are presented as estimated odds ratios (or relative risks) and confidence intervals (CIs) for a number of categories of exposure, for example, by duration or level of exposure, compared with a single reference category, often the unexposed. For systematic literature review, and particularly meta‐analysis, estimates for an alternative comparison of the categories, such as any exposure versus none, may be required. Obtaining these alternative comparisons is not straightforward, as the initial set of estimates is correlated. This paper describes a method for estimating these alternative comparisons based on the ideas
originally put forward by Greenland and Longnecker, and provides implementations of the method, developed using Microsoft Excel and SAS. Examples of the method based on studies of smoking and cancer are given. The method also deals with results given by categories of disease (such as histological types of a cancer). The method allows the use of a more consistent comparison when summarizing published evidence, thus potentially improving the reliability of a meta‐analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model selection in logistic joinpoint regression with applications to analyzing cohort mortality patterns
Authors: Czajkowski Michal , Gill Ryan , Rempala Grzegorz 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe consider a general model for anomaly detection in a longitudinal cohort mortality pattern based on logistic joinpoint regression with unknown joinpoints. We discuss backward and forward sequential procedures for selecting both the locations and the number of joinpoints. Estimation of the model parameters and the selection algorithms are illustrated with longitudinal data on cancer mortality in a cohort of chemical workers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new generation of getter‐coated sputter ion pumps for XHV applications
Authors: Mura M. , Paolini C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new concept of sputtered ion getter pump is presented. The body of this pump is internally coated by a getter thin film constituted by a layer of TiZrV together with a protective covering of palladium, according to a technology that CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research) licensed us.TiZrV is a well‐known alloy able to pump getterable gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide. With the exception of H2, the sorption of these gases is not reversible and it causes a progressive contamination of the bulk of the material. With the addition of the palladium overlayer, the pumping action is limited to hydrogen and carbon monoxide, but the lifetime of the film is strongly enhanced, thanks to the possibility of an unlimited number of thermal activations, which restore the initial performances of the film.An innovative sputter ion pump design, optimized for both pumping speed in ultra high vacuum and getter film sputtering, will be introduced. Moreover, pumping speed measurements and ultimate pressure data, obtained after a relatively short bake‐out at temperature lower than standard procedures, will be reported.
Plasma investigation of PVD processes operating in dc continuous and/or dc pulsed mode
Authors: Strauss Georg N. , Schlichtherle Stefan , Pulker Hans K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe plasma of different dc and dc pulsed pvd processes (TiN and Ta2O5 magnetron sputtering, Ta2O5 ion plating) has been investigated by means of a mass spectrometric plasma monitoring system PPM421 (Inficon). The ion energy distribution of the process relevant positive ions has been measured and the dependence of the plasma properties on the process parameters like pulse frequency and pulse voltage was analysed. Starting with an overview concerning a theoretical concept behind the plasma properties in dc pulsed sputter processes, theoretical predictions from this theory about the kinetic energy of the ions and the shape of the ion energy distribution are compared with the experimental results in different dc pulsed sputter processes. A significant difference can be seen in level and distribution of the ion energy in conventional dc magnetron processes compared to dc pulsed processes. The process parameters pulse frequency and pulse voltage control the kinetic energy of the process ions. The theoretically predicted properties of a pulsed plasma could experimentally be confirmed.
Preparation of glycerides by controlled esterification
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Willich R. K. , Guice W. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simple procedure for esterifying glycerides without interesterification occurring would be highly useful for preparing on a large scale a number of tailor‐made fats, including cocoa butter‐like fats. Such esterifications were carried out by employingp‐toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst and continuously removing the water of esterification by azeotropic distillation with aliphatic hydrocarbons or by stripping with vaporized hydrocarbons. Even thoughp‐toluenesulfonic acid rapidly disproportionated 1‐monostearin, even at 120C, apparently esterification was faster and only a moeerate amoung of ester‐ester interchange and acidolysis occurred. Diacid glycerides might be prepared from monoglycerides by the procedure which was employed. Saturated diglycerides were esterified with oleic acid with little ester‐ester interchange or acidolysis occurring; however, intraesterification was extensive. The reaction between 1,3‐distearin and oleic acid yielded approximately 75% 1‐oleodistearin and 25% 2‐oleodistearin. Saturated diglycerides were esterified with sebacic acid, again with little or no interesterification occurring.
Three new oilseeds rich incis‐11‐eicosenoic acid
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMarshallia cacspitosa Nutt. seed oil (family Compositae) contains 44%cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid, and is the first oil from the Compositae found to contain a high proportion of C20‐monoenoic acid. Seed oils ofAlyssum maritimum (L.) Lam. and ofSelenia grandis Martin (family Cruciferae) contain 42 and 58% of the same acid, respectively.The C20 acids from all three oils were obtained in nearly pure form by fractional distillation of the mixed methyl esters by means of a spinning band column. Permanganate‐periodate oxidation of the purified methyl esters yielded predominantly nonanoic and undecanedioic acids.
The impact of biodegradable surfactants on water quality
Authors: Brenner Theodore E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review some of the recent contributions of the detergent industry to the national effort for cleaner water. Probably the single most important achievement to date has been the industry’s voluntary conversion from the use of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) to linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) and other biodegradable surfactants. This changeover was completed in mid‐1965 at a cost that has been estimated to exceed $150,000,000.Since LAS was the surfactant of primary interest, the bulk of the pre‐ and postconversion research, in terms of water‐pollution control, has been with that material. This paper concerns itself mainly with the over‐all impact of the conversion to LAS on water quality. Data from pilot and full‐scale sewage‐treatment plants throughout the country are included, which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the conversion in terms of significantly lower surfactant residue levels.
Autoxidation of fatty materials in emulsion. III. Application of GLC and TLC to studies of the histidine‐catalyzed autoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Hampson J. W. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate, emulsified with sodium dodecyl‐sulfate, was extensively oxidized, and the amount of oleate which was reacted was determined by GLC using methyl palmitate as an internal standard. The effects of histidine, iron, and histidine plus iron were compare with the uncatalyzed reaction in the presence and absence of ultraviolet light. Results in the absence of ultraviolet light confirmed previous findings that histidine and histidine plus iron are prooxidants at the concentration studied. In the presence of ultraviolet light the rate of oleate oxidation was about 100× faster than that of the nonirradiated reaction, and the effect of the catalysts was almost negligible. The principal products, determined by GLC and TLC, were epoxide and α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl. Hydroperoxy, hydroxy, acid and aldehyde compounds were also present. Epoxy stearate, determined by GLC, compared favorably with epoxy stearate as determined by use of the Durbetaki method.
Isolation of two isomeric 2, 6‐nonadienals and two isomeric 4‐heptenals from beef and mutton tallow
Authors: Hoffmann G. , Meijboom P. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBy the use of mainly chromatographic and UV spectrophotometric techniques, 4cis‐ and 4trans‐heptenal (with a “green” odor, characterized in high dilution as tallowy, creamy, butterscotch‐like) and 2trans,6cis‐ and 2trans,6trans‐nonadienal (with a “green”‐cucumber‐like and a tallowy odor) were isolated from reverted beef and mutton tallow.
Hydrogenation: principles and catalysts
Authors: Allen R. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenation reaction is the most important chemical reaction in the fat and oil industry. It is also perhaps the least understood.The most critical factor in the reaction is the catalyst. Several different types of metal catalysts can be used. The reaction conditions as well as other factors determine the type of product produced. However, all the factors can be related to effects on the catalyst.The “selectivity” concept of catalyst evaluation is not new. However, the term has come to have several different meanings. It is believed the term should be used only for chemical selectivity which can be easily determined. The “selectivity ratio” number is very useful and can be used to judge the performance of a catalyst.
Polymorphism of saturated triglycerides: II. 1,3‐dipalmito triglycerides
Authors: Gray M. S. , Lovegren N. V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry was used to examine triglycerides of the 16‐N‐16 series, whereN is an even‐carbon, saturated fatty acid of 2 to 18 carbons in length. The procedures used to obtain heats of fusion and crystallization of the various triglycerides and their polymorphs are described. Small samples (ca. 1‐2 mg) were used to investigate polymorphs with relatively rapid rats of conversion, but more accurate calorimetric data were obtained with larger samples. Capillary melting points were also obtained for the various triglycerides and their polymorphs. Calorimetric and melting point data are given.
Trace metal content of a herring oil at various stages of pilot‐plant refining and partial hydrogenation
Authors: Elson C. M. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSamples of a typical Atlantic herring oil at various stages of pilot‐plant processing were analyzed for cadmium, selenium, arsenic, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc. The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius requirements for low levels of specific metals in edible oils were always difficult to meet completely in either a washed and bleached oil or in two lots of oil processed from one crude oil by the additional steps of partial hydrogenation and deodorization. The mercury content of the crude oil was relatively low and was not greatly affected by processing. The selenium level of 47 ppb in the crude oil was significantly lowered by hydrogenation and deodorization. Arsenic was removed by alkali refining. The lead content was reduced by only 40% upon refining, probably because lead was present as an organometallic material. The concentration of the other heavy elements was generally lowered during processing.
The palm oil situation
Authors: Doak Thomas E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn broad perspective, total world demand for oils is growing rapidly, and palm oil will be seen in future years as a welcome addition to total world supply. It also seems clear that palm oil utilization is broadening at a faster rate than production is increasing. It appears this utilization is growing fastest in the “new markets” of Asia, the Mid‐East and Latin America, rather than in the “old markets” of Europe and the United States.
1978 world fats and oils situation
Authors: Holz Alan E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAs expected, world oil and meal production and demand this year have been above trend, but the U.S. share of world markets has been greater than projected because of smaller than anticipated oilseed crops in Brazil, the Soviet Union, India, and Senegal. World 1978 fats and oils supplies should be around 53 million metric tons with export markets absorbing about 17 million metric tons. The U.S. 1978 soybean crop may equal or excel the 1977 crop; Canada's oilseed crops are expected to be up, and Brazil's 1979 soybean crop is expected to rebound from the 1978 level.
Manufactured hard butters
Authors: Marcus J. G. , Puri P. S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe physical characteristics of various commercial hard butters are compared by determining their solid contents (dilatometrically) and melting thermograms (DSC). For most applications in the confectionery industry, hard butters manufactured by the hydrogenation and interesterification of fats and oils offer economic advantages over those obtained by the fractionation of fats.
Chemometrics in food research: Relationships between triglyceride groups and fatty acid composition in olive oil
Authors: Damiani P. , Burini G. , Daddi P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe values (mol %) of the triglyceride Gnu groups, each containing all the molecular species with the same carbon numer and unsaturation, are different for various oils; in this paper, their use for analytical purposes is therefore hypothesized. To this end, the values (mol %) of Gnu groups—with respective means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation‐were first of all established using the l, 3‐random‐2‐random distribution hypothesis on 50 olive oil samples; with these values, along with the relative data of the fatty acid composition, a computer study was carried out to obtain some regression models of use for estimating the Gnu values (mol %) of other olive oil samples. The evaluation of the regression models procedure (RMP) was carried out comparing the values obtained by such a method for 6 other commercial olive oils with those experimentally determined by Ag+‐TLC coupled with direct triglyceride GLC analysis. Moreover, these models were tested with the data of fatty acid composition of 4 different seed oils, providing often negative Gnu values, always different, however, from those of olive oil.
Synthesis and properties of Mono‐, Di‐ and trienoic fatty esters containing a 12,13 double bond
Authors: Rakoff H. , Emken E. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMethyl trans‐12‐octadecenoate‐9, 10‐d2 was obtained from methyl threo‐12, 13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoate by a sequence of reactions involving formation of an ethoxydioxolane, catalytic deuteration of the double bond, and conversion of the ethoxydioxolane group to an ethylenic bond. Methyl cis‐ and trans‐12‐octadecenoate‐15, 15, 16, 16‐d4 and methyl cis‐ and trans‐12‐octadecenoate‐9, 10, 15, 15, 16, 16‐d6 were obtained from the Wittig coupling of hexyl‐3, 3, 4, 4‐d4‐triphenylphosphonium bromide with methyl 12‐oxododecanoate and methyl 12‐oxododecanoate‐9, 10‐d2, respectively. The four geometrically isomeric methyl 12, 15‐octadecadienoates‐9, 10‐d2 were prepared by the Wittig reaction between cis‐ or trans‐3‐hexenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and methyl 12‐oxododecanoate‐9,‐10‐d2 with butyl lithium in ethyl ether. The Wittig reaction between hexyl‐3, 3, 4, 4‐d4 ‐triphenylphosphonium bromide and methyl 12‐oxo‐cis‐ or trans‐9‐dodecenoate was used to prepare the four geometric isomers of methyl 9, 12‐octadecadienoate‐15, 15, 16, 16‐d4, whereas the same reaction between eis‐ or trans‐3‐hexenyltriphenyl‐phosphonium bromide and methyl 12‐oxo‐cis‐ or trans‐9‐dodecenoate afforded the eight geometrically isomeric methyl 9, 12, 15‐octadecatrienoates. In each case, the stereochemistry of the double bond formed in the Wittig reaction was controlled by choice of reaction conditions. Pairs of isomers formed during each synthesis were separated by partial silver resin chromatography. Physical constants presented include13C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, melting points, equivalent chain lengths and percentage trans by infrared spectroscopy.
Vapor‐Phase hydrogenation of methyl linoleate in the presence of a supported copper catalyst
Authors: Lidefelt J. ‐O. , Magnusson J. , Schöön N. ‐H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMethyl linoleate was hydrogenated in the vapor phase in the presence of a copper‐on‐alpha alumina catalyst. The kinetics of the reaction could be formulated with a Eley‐Rideal mechanism including the reaction between chemisorbed methyl ester and hydrogen in the gas phase. The absorption coefficients in the rate equation were based on separately performed adsorption studies recently reported.
Vapor‐Phase hydrogenation of methyl oleate in the presence of a supported nickel catalyst
Authors: Lidefelt J.‐ O. , Magnussoim J. , Schöön N.‐ H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reaction order with respect‐to hydrogen was found to be higher than unity and increased with increasing temperature in the vapor‐phase hydrogenation of methyl oleate in the presence of a supported nickel catalyst. These findings may be of certain interest in understanding the role that hydrogen plays in fat hydrogenation selectivity. Two reaction mechanisms were discussed to explain the high reaction order. The two reaction models were shown to give the same rate equation.
The role of hydrogen in the selectivity of vapor‐Phase hydrogenation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Lidefelt J.‐ O. , Magnusson J. , Schöön N.‐ H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMethyl linoleate was hydrogenated in the vapor phase in the presence of a nickel on alpha‐alumina catalyst. A reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the fact that the selectivity is influenced by the hydrogen pressure. A rate equation was derived based on the mechanism and the rate constant was evaluated from kinetic experiments. The adsorption coefficients in the rate equation were based on separately performed adsorption studies recently published.
Optimization of an industrial chemical cleaning process for glass lenses
Authors: Zoller U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe chemical cleaning of glass constitutes an extremely complicated problem, since its exposure to chemical attack by either water, acid, alkali salt solutions or even gases in the atmosphere may result in corrosion. In reality, corrosion generally occurs in a combination of ways simultaneously. This is particularly true with respect to industrial chemical cleaning of glass lenses, in which the absolute cleanliness (and spotlessness) of the surface of the lenses is the primary condition for further processing and/or fitness to the ultimate use. This paper presents data of a selected industrial field study (in vivo conditions) in which an application, optimization, and assessment of the chemical cleaning process (and its results) of glass lenses involving various surfactant‐based formulations has been carried out. With a high level content of polyphosphates (i.e., sodium tripolyphosphates), the phosphate ester‐based formulations were found to perform better than formulations based on other classes of surfactants (i.e., anionics and nonionics). The best results were achieved with 2.5–3.5% solutions of the formulation that contained ca. 3% of surface active agent. The optimal ratio of alkali‐phosphate in the formulations was found to be in the range of 1:1.7–1:2.4. The results are discussed and conclusions with regard to the “real world” of such industrial processes have been drawn.
A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of BHA and BHT in vegetable oils
Authors: Hartman Kenneth T. , Rose Lucien C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) technique has been developed which requires about 20 min for the determination of BHA and BHT in vegetable oils. This method involves the addition of an internal standard to a weighed portion of the oil, dilution of the mixture with carbon disulfide, and injection into the Gas Chromatograph. BHA and BHT are isolated from the nonvolatile vegetable oil by using a short precolumn located in the sample port block of the gas chromatograph. Up to 35 consecutive sample injections per day have been made on the same precolumn with no appreciable effect on the accuracy of the determination. The precolumn is cleaned at the end of each day’s operation. The clean precolumn is allowed to equilibrate to sample port block temperature overnight for the following day’s analysis. Identification of BHA and BHT can be confirmed with a second GLC column which reverses the elution order of these compounds. Soybean, cottonseed, corn and peanut oils fortified with 20, 60 and 100 ppm each of BHA and BHT showed a recovery range of 97% to 104%.