bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phytotoxicity of narrow distillation range petroleum spraying oils to valencia orange trees in South Australia. Part II: The influence of distillation temperature and spray timing on fruit quality
Authors: Furness Geoffrey O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPetroleum oils sprays are used as pesticides on citrus in South Australia to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), but may have phytotoxic effects on trees and fruit. As part of a programme to establish improved specifications for spray oils for South Australia, three oils with different 50 %‐distillation temperatures were applied to trees each month from October to May for two seasons in order to observe their effects on fruit quality. The 50 %‐distillation temperatures of the three oils were 211, 224 and 240°C at 10 mmHg (in order of increasing molecular weight) and the oils are subsequently referred to as the 211, 224 and 240 oils. The 224 and 240 oils significantly reduced the amounts of sugar and acid in the juice, and delayed and inhibited colouring. These effects increased in severity, the closer to harvest the trees were sprayed and the higher the distillation temperature of the oil. The 240 oil prevented full colour development, and caused ‘re‐greening’ if sprayed later than February. Oil sprays applied to the same trees in the following season caused similar effects. However, if oil sprays were omitted in the following season, there was no residual effect, of the previous season's spray, on the sugar and acid contents or the colour of the fruit. Individual fruit weight was not affected in the first spraying season, but there was an increase in the average individual fruit weight in the second season, regardless of whether a second spray was applied that season or not. The effect was more severe, the closer to harvest the trees were sprayed and the greater the distillation temperature of the oil. The effects on yield resulted from a change in the number of fruit per tree.
The metabolism of the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb in the rat and in man
Authors: Challis Iain R. , Adcock John W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb (2,2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐yl methylcarbamate) has been investigated in male and female rats and in a male human volunteer using radiolabelled material. The compound was rapidly and extensively absorbed and completely metabolised following oral administration. In man, absorption was complete, >99% of the dose being excreted in the urine within 22 h. In the rat, > 86% of the radiolabel was excreted in the urine within the first 24 h. Faecal excretion from the rat was minor (3–8% of dose) and a small amount of the compound (1–3%) was metabolised and excreted as [14C]carbon dioxide. The major metabolic pathway in both species involved cleavage of the carbamate ester group to yield the phenol,2,2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐ol (I). This metabolite, occurring as sulphate and glucuronide conjugates, accounted for more than 95% of the dose excreted by the human volunteer. In man, small amounts of conjugates of 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐yl N‐(hydroxymethyl)carbamate (II) were also found in early samples. In the rat, the metabolism was more complex with the formation of small amounts of conjugates of II and several minor metabolites, thought to be ring‐hydroxylated derivatives of bendiocarb and I.
Deposits of the mildew fungicide binapacryl on the leaves of apple trees of differing sizes after mist blower spraying
Authors: Warman Timothy M. , Hunter Laurence D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrials in 1975 and 1976 showed that deposit levels of the fungicide binapacryl, on the leaves of bush trees of Cox's Orange Pippin (Cox) after mist blower spraying, varied inversely with tree spread. Deposit levels were measured on young mildew‐susceptible leaves from a well‐sprayed zone around the periphery of the tree canopy at a height of 1.5 m. Low deposit levels in large, dense trees were associated with poor mildew control. Leaves from the smallest trees had deposit levels considerably greater than those found for larger trees (in another nearby orchard) which had adequate mildew control. Fungicide deposit levels on leaves from up to five different zones of trees of three different sizes (the largest trees were of the variety Bramley's Seedling) were measured in 1977. The smallest trees had significantly higher deposit levels than the larger trees in the lower centre and lower outside zones of the trees, whereas both orchards of Cox had the same (commercially acceptable) level of mildew infection at the end of the season. Leaves from zones less accessible to spray had lowerdeposit levels than those nearer the sprayer.
Changes in membrane phospholipids, identified by Arrhenius plots of acetylcholinesterase and associated with pyrethroid resistance (kdr) in houseflies (Musca domestica)
Authors: Chialiang Chiang , Devonshire Alan L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMembrane‐bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE), extracted from the heads of susceptible and knockdown‐resistant (kdr) houseflies, was assayed at a range of temperatures between 5 and 35°C. Arrhenius plots using the results showed discontinuities commonly associated with membrane‐bound enzymes and generally attributed to an abrupt change in the viscosity of the lipids as they undergo a phase change at a temperature characteristic of their chemical composition. The enzyme from susceptible flies had a transition temperature of 14°C compared with 19°C and 21°C for the enzymes from kdr and super‐kdr strains, respectively. This variation was associated with a progressive decrease in activation energies, both above and below the transition temperature, with increasing resistance. The enzyme from a hybrid between susceptible and super‐kdr flies had the same properties as that from susceptible flies, corresponding with the genetically fully‐recessive behaviour of this resistance mechanism in toxicological studies. After digestion with phospholipase A2, the AChE from super‐kdr flies gave unchanged Arrhenius plots, whereas with the susceptible enzyme, both transition temperature and activation energies changed markedly to resemble more closely the enzyme from kdr flies. These results are discussed in relation to the likely changes in phospholipid composition and its effect on the conformation of the, as yet unidentified, target(s) of pyrethroids and DDT.
Transfer of insecticide residues to food stored on or near plywood impregnated with organochlorine insecticides
Authors: Fishwick F. Bernard , Rutter Irene 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormulations of aldrin and dieldrin have been used for a number of years to treat exposed timber components used in the construction of freight containers. The extent to which these insecticides migrate to foodstuffs stored on or near treated plywood has been examined under laboratory conditions and is reported here. A limited survey of organochlorine insecticide residues in samples of foodstuffs, taken from commercial loads carried in freight containers, indicated that residue levels are unlikely to present a health hazard.
Determination of the vapour pressure of pesticides
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Fosbraey Lynda A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn instrument for measuring the vapour pressures of pesticides has been constructed using a suitably adapted gas chromatographic oven. Using this apparatus and a method involving gas saturation, followed by chromatographic analysis of the trapped pesticide vapour, the vapour pressures of a number of pesticides and non‐pesticides have been determined. It has been demonstrated that this procedure gives repeatable and accurate values by statistical comparison of the results obtained with data abstracted from the literature.
The rational design of the optically active wild oat herbicide L‐flamprop‐isopropyl
Authors: Venis Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn esterase, that has been partially purified from oat tissues, catalyses the hydrolysis of the wild oat herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl and of the related esters of N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine, including flamprop‐methyl and flampropisopropyl. The enzyme is virtually stereospecific for the L‐isomers in the racemic mixtures. Hydrolysis of flamprop‐methyl in oat tissues shows similar enantiomeric discrimination, but the ethyl and isopropyl ester analogues are converted in vivo to the free acid with very little overall stereoselectivity. Oat tissues must, therefore, contain another enzyme, labile to isolation, that acts on the D‐isomers of the higher esters. This was confirmed by showing that it is possible to manipulate the stereoselectivity of the de‐esterification of the ethyl ester in vivo by selective inhibition of either the L‐isomer pathway with paraoxon (diethyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate), or the D‐isomer route with piperonyl butoxide. The relationship of these findings to the superior herbicidal performance of the L‐isomers of these esters, relative to their racemates, is discussed.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XII: α‐substituted‐3‐phenoxybenzyl esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeventy‐three α‐substituted 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters were synthesised, mostly using one of two general routes, based on the Grignard and related reactions. Esters with simpler (smaller and more polar) α‐substituents were generally more insecticidally active; correlations based on substituent volume and substituent polarity parameters were about equally significant.
Insecticidal activity of N,N‐diethyl‐, N,N‐dipropyl‐, N,n‐di‐isopropyl‐, and n,n‐di‐isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae
Authors: Hwang Yih‐Shen , Mulla Mir S. , Pope Mary Mistrot , Rodriguez Cesar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN,N‐Diethyl‐, N,N‐dipropyl‐, N,N‐di‐isopropyl, and N,N‐di‐isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C8 to C21 were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first‐instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N‐Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N‐dipropylundecanamide, N,N‐di‐isopropylundecanamide, and N,N‐di‐isobutlynonanamide or ‐dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N‐dimethylalkanamides previously studied.
Synthesis and antifungal activity of new nitro‐alcohol derivatives
Authors: Mikite Gyula , Jakucs Erzsébet , Kis‐Tamás Attila , Darvas Ferenc , Lopata Antal 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐six new nitro‐alcohol derivatives were synthesised. Tested in vitro against Helminthosporium sativum, the compounds had high antifungal activities; the EC50 values varied between 10−2 and 10−6 M, and for the majority of the compounds between 10−4 and 10−6 M. The EC50 values were calculated by probit analysis, except for the compounds with low activity, for which the values were estimated. Interesting relationships between the structure and antifungal action of the compounds were established.
Photo‐induced fungicidal activity elicited by naturally occurring thiophene derivatives
Authors: DiCosmo Frank , Towers G. H. Neil , Lam JØrgen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhoto‐induced fungitoxicity was observed inAlternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium variabile, Colletotrichumsp.,Rhizopus nigricans, Pythium aphanidermatum, andSaprolegniasp., elicited by 5‐(but‐3‐en‐l‐ynyl)‐2,2′‐bithienyl, 2,2′: 5′,2″‐terthienyl, and 2‐chloro‐4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diynyl)‐2‐thienyl]but‐3‐ynyl acetate in the presence of near ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation (320–380 nm). Conidiogenesis inA. niger, and sporangiosporogenesis inR. nigricanswere depressed on media treated with 2,2′: 5′,2″‐terthienyl and irradiated with near u.v. light. Radial growth of mycelia of all fungi tested was dramatically reduced by all three compounds in the presence of near u.v. light. The viability of conidia ofA. niger, andR. nigricanswas unaffected by 2,2′: 5′,2″‐terthienyl, both in the dark and in near u.v. light. Newly emergent germ‐tubes were most sensitive to toxicity mediated by u.v. light. The oomycetous fungi tested were the most sensitive to the photo‐activated toxicity generated by the three compounds used. The results indicate that ED50values are dependent upon the species and the presence or absence of near u.v. light. Dramatically lowered ED50values were always observed in all systems treated with near u.v. light. The dose of near u.v. light used had no effect on the radial growth of fungi in the absence of the three compounds.
Comparisons of simulated with measured transport and transformation of methyl bromide gas in soils
Authors: Rolston Dennis E. , Glauz Robert D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simulation model is described for the transport of the fumigant, methyl bromide gas, away from injection chisels within the field. The injected methyl bromide is assumed to form cylindrical, parallel sources at the depth of injection. Transport of the methyl bromide is described by radial diffusion from the injection cylinders. The dissolution‐distillation of methyl bromide gas in the soil water and on soil particles is accounted for by a first‐order reversible kinetic equation or by an equilibrium relationship. The hydrolysis of methyl bromide gas to bromide anion is considered to occur according to a first‐order irreversible equation. The model considers cases where the soil surface is and is not covered with an impermeable barrier to the diffusion of the gas. Simulated methyl bromide concentrations in the soil air, and bromide concentrations in the soil, compared reasonably well with measured values from several field sites. Comparison of the results of calculations, with and without plastic barriers at the soil surface, with experimental data, indicate that plastic barriers are ineffective in preventing diffusion of gas from the soil to the atmosphere. Calculations of mass balances show that as much as 70% of the applied methyl bromide had escaped to the atmosphere by 14 days after fumigation.
Control of potato late blight using controlled‐release granules containing ofurace
Authors: Cooke Louise R. , Clifford Derek R. , Deas Adrian H. R. , Holgate Margaret E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to reduce or eliminate the need for spraying to control potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, investigations were made on the use of controlled‐release granules containing the systemic fungicide ofurace. The granules when mixed with sand and buried in soil released the fungitoxicant for about 100 days. When the granules were applied in furrows at planting, protection of potato plants (cv. Maris Bard), assessed by inoculation of detached leaflets with P. infestans, lasted for between 85 and 100 days. Application of the granules when the plants were earthed up 48 days after planting did not result in better late‐season protection, possibly due to poorer uptake of the fungitoxicant by the plants at this time. Chemical analysis of leaves from plants that had received in‐furrow treatment indicated that ofurace at 0.2–0.5 μg g−1 fresh weight was needed to confer protection from late blight.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXVI. Analogues of fenvalerate from acyclic‐substituted 3‐methylbutyric and related acids
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Methylbutyric and 3‐methylbut‐3‐enoic acids were prepared and esterified with pyrethroidal alcohols. The insecticidal activities of 46 esters, analogues of fenvalerate in which non‐aryl substituents replaced the 4‐chlorophenyl group, were determined to establish the structural requirements for activity in this part of the molecule.
The use of [3H] permethrin to investigate the mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity to adult and larval stages of the sheen blowfly Lucilia sericata
Authors: Nicholson Russell A. , Botham Roger P. , Collins Chrystal 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObservations suggest that more than one mechanism is responsible for the increased tolerance to permethrin in the larval stage of Lucilia sericata. While the penetration rate of permethrin was much reduced in larvae, they remained more tolerant than adults when this compound was injected. Following the injection of sublethal amounts of [3H]‐(1 RS)‐trans‐permethrin, a substantial proportion of the dose was accumulated and retained in the larval fat body. In adults, less permethrin was absorbed and retained in the tissues. However, compared to the larvae, detoxication was faster, haemoplasm levels were lower, and substantially more breakdown products were excreted. The injection of sublethal amounts of permethrin into the larva led to severe disruption of sensory function. These findings suggest that an important difference may exist between adults and larvae in either the sensitivity of vital sites within the nervous system, or in the sequence of events which follow nervous system disruption and lead to death.
Some observations on pest damage to grassland and some possible control measures
Authors: Clements Robert O. , Henderson Ian F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGrassland pests often cause obvious damage at the establishment phase, but it is rare for established swards to be visibly affected. Despite this, insidious damage to established grass is widespread and there are several reasons why it is not easily detected. Insidious pest damage is particularly prevalent in sown ryegrass‐dominant swards in the lowlands. Permanent pastures, in the uplands at least, appear to suffer less from pest damage. In one experiment, established legumes did not suffer markedly from pest damage. Sward damage varies considerably from year to year, during the season, with location, with sward age and with botanical composition.Much of the blame for damage to established swards and to those being established can be attributed to stem‐boring Dipterans, such as the frit fly (Oscinella frit L.). Certain non‐persistent insecticides can be used to control the pest, but are unlikely to be cost‐effective except when used at the establishment stage or, possibly, on efficiently utilised lowland ryegrass swards. Alterations in management practice do not seem feasible in controlling frit fly. However, large differences have been found between the varieties of perennial and Italian ryegrass, in the level of susceptibility to pests (especially frit fly), and it may be possible to develop resistant varieties.
Synthesis and insecticidal properties of derivatives of propane‐1, 3‐dithiol (analogues of the insecticidal derivatives of dithiolane and trithiane from the alga Chara globularis Thuillier)
Authors: Jacobsen Niels , Pedersen Lars‐Erik K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFunctional derivatives of 2‐(methylthio)propane‐1, 3‐dithiol (open chain analogues of the insecticidal 4‐methyithio‐1, 2‐dithiolane and 5‐methylthio‐1, 2, 3‐trithiane from the alga Chara globularis) possess insecticidal properties similar to those of the structurally related nereistoxin. Some derivatives of propane‐1, 3‐dithiol, bearing 2‐substituents different from the methylthio group, have also been shown to have insecticidal pioperties.
The antifungal activity of some sulphonyl derivatives of isoxazole, pyrazole, thiazole and thiophene
Authors: Goulding Kenneth H. , Yung Kin‐Man , Hall Avice M. , Cremlyn Richard J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifty‐three heterocyclic sulphonyl derivatives including eight sulphonamides, three sulphonyl azides, nine sulphonohydrazides and twenty sulphonohydrazones of substituted thiophenes, and a smaller range of analogous isoxazoles pryazoles and thiazoles, were tested as potential fungicides in a simple screening procedure against Mucor mucedo, Septoria nodorum, Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum and Aspergillus niger. Several thiophene‐2‐sulphonyl based compounds exhibited a high level of antifungal activity at 100 mg litre−1 against the five test species, especially the mono‐halogen‐substituted sulphonamides and sulphonohydrazines, in which a single chlorine or bromine atom was substituted in the para position of an attached phenyl ring. The most active compound, against all five species of fungus was N‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐(trichloromethylthio) thiophene‐2‐sulphonamide which had average MIC50 and MIC100 values of 86 and 180 μmol respectively. (MIC50 and MIC100 values are, respectively, the concentrations required to inhibit fungal growth by 50% and to inhibit it totally.) In general, the isoxazole analogues of the thiophene‐2‐sulphonyl compounds exhibited a much lower fungitoxic activity, whilst the pyrazole and thiazole based compounds had little or no activity. Compared with the other results, the considerable activity shown by 4‐[2′‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzylidene)hydrazinosulphonyl]thiophene‐2‐carboxylic acid was unexpected.
Organophosphorus insecticide residues in olives and olive oil
Authors: Ferreira Júlia R. , Taínha António M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to check the pre‐harvest intervals established in Portugal for olive trees, residue dissipation studies have been carried out for the organophosphorus insecticides diazinon, dimethoate, methidathion, parathion and phosphamidon. Simul‐taneously with the analyses of the olives, olive oil produced in the laboratory by a mechanical procedure of pressing the olives was also analysed. The analyses were car‐ ried out by gas‐liquid chromatography. Residues found in the fresh olives, sampled at the end of pre‐harvest intervals in force for each of the insecticides, were accept able. However, for diazinon and parathion, unacceptable high residue levels were found in the olive oil. The concentration of methidathion residues in the olive oil was also observed. For dimethoate and phosphamidon, no detectable residues were found in the olive oil, even when the olives were sampled one day after spraying.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XIIIa: Comparison of the effects of a‐substituents in different esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activities of esters from a series of alcohols with four different groups (H, ‐CH3, ‐CCH and ‐CN) in the α‐position, and containing different A‐rings or bridging groups, were evaluated. The results show a complex interaction between these two parts of the molecule; the strongest enhancement of activity by some α‐substituents was found in 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters, while other systems responded weakly or even negatively to the substitution.
Synthesis of some acetylenic and halovinyl heterocyclic carbonyl compounds and their activity against some phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: Arnoldi Anna , Betto Eliseo , Bizzozero Nicoletta , Farina Gandolfina , Formigoni Attilio , Galli Remo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three acetylenic or halovinyl carbonyl compounds with heterocyclic substituents were synthesised and tested in vivo against eight phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. Some of them were fungicidal against Uromyces appendiculatus on Phaseolus vulgaris, though none showed a wide spectrum of activity.