bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in association with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis: Views over hidden possibilities
Authors: Shankar Esaki Muthu , Vignesh Ramachandran , Murugavel Kailapuri G , Balakrishnan Pachamuthu , Sekar Ramalingam , Lloyd Charmaine AC , Solomon Suniti , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGut immune components are severely compromised among persons with AIDS, which allows increased translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the systemic circulation. These microbial LPS are reportedly increased in chronically HIV-infected individuals and findings have correlated convincingly with measures of immune activation. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an adverse consequence of the restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses in a subset of HIV-infected subjects with underlying latent infections during the initial months of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Whether IRIS is the result of a response to a high antigen burden, an excessive response by the recovering immune system, exacerbated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or a lack of immune regulation due to inability to produce regulatory cytokines remains to be determined. We theorize that those who develop IRIS have a high burden of proinflammatory cytokines produced also in response to systemic bacterial LPS that nonspecifically act on latent mycobacterial antigens. We also hypothesize that subjects that do not develop IRIS could have developed either tolerance (anergy) to persistent LPS/tubercle antigens or could have normal FOXP3+ gene and that those with defective FOXP3+ gene or those with enormous plasma LPS could be vulnerable to IRIS. The measure of microbial LPS, anti-LPS antibodies and nonspecific plasma cytokines in subjects on HAART shall predict the role of these components in IRIS.
Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview (AANEX): a
multidimensional measure of psychological responses to anomalies associated
with psychosis
Authors: Brett C. M. C. , Peters E. P. , Johns L. C. , Tabraham P. , Valmaggia L. R. , Mcguire P. K. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundCognitive models of psychosis suggest that whether anomalous experiences
lead to clinically relevant psychotic symptoms depends on how they are
appraised, the context in which they occur and the individual's emotional
responseAimsTo develop and validate a semi-structured interview (the Appraisals of
Anomalous Experiences Interview; AANEX) to assess (a) anomalous
experiences and (b) appraisal, contextual and response variablesMethodFollowing initial piloting, construct validity was tested via
cross-sectional comparison of data from clinical and non-clinical samples
with anomalous experiences. Interrater reliability was also assessedResultsScores from AANEX measuring appraisals, responses and social support
differentiated the clinical and nonclinical groups. Interrater
reliability was satisfactory for 65 of the 71 items. Six items were
subsequently amendedConclusionsThe AANEX is avalid multidimensional instrument that provides a detailed
assessment of psychotic-like experiences and subjective variables
relevant to the development of a need for clinical care
Basic symptoms in early psychotic and depressive
disorders
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Ruhrmann Stephan , Picker Heinz , Von Reventlow Heinrich Graf , Brockhaus-Dumke Anke , Klosterkötter Joachim 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundDepression is a frequent condition in early psychosis. Therefore, early
detection instruments should distinguish depression from beginning
psychosisAimsTo examine whether basic symptoms, i.e. subtle subjective deficits,
differ between participants suffering from a potential prodrome
(n = 146), first-episode schizophrenia
(n= 153) and non-psychotic depression
(n = 115)MethodBasic symptoms were assessed with the Schizophrenia Proneness
InstrumentResultsThe prodrome and schizophrenia groups did not differ in level of basic
symptoms but both had higher levels than the depression group. DSM – IV
depression was frequent in those suffering from a potential prodrome
(38%) and first-episode schizophrenia (21%). In both groups, participants
with and without depression did not differ in basic symptoms. In
multivariate analyses, consideration of current depression generally
facilitated correct group classification, except for participants
suffering from both a potential prodrome and depressionConclusionsCognitive basic symptoms distinguished well between all three groups.
However, identification of persons suffering from a potential prodrome
might be enhanced by considering current affective status
Turning behaviour depends on frictional damping in the fruit flyDrosophila
Authors: Hesselberg Thomas , Lehmann Fritz-Olaf 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYTurning behaviour in the fruit fly Drosophila depends on several factors including not only feedback from sensory organs and muscular control of wing motion, but also the mass moments of inertia and the frictional damping coefficient of the rotating body. In the present study we evaluate the significance of body friction for yaw turning and thus the limits of visually mediated flight control in Drosophila, by scoring tethered flies flying in a flight simulator on their ability to visually compensate a bias on a moving object and a visual background panorama at different simulated frictional dampings. We estimated the fly's natural damping coefficient from a numerical aerodynamic model based on both friction on the body and the flapping wings during saccadic turning. The model predicts a coefficient of 54×10–12 Nm s, which is more than 100-times larger than the value estimated from a previous study on the body alone. Our estimate suggests that friction plays a larger role for yaw turning in Drosophila than moments of inertia. The simulator experiments showed that visual performance of the fruit fly collapses near the physical conditions estimated for freely flying animals, which is consistent with the suggested role of the halteres for flight stabilization. However, kinematic analyses indicate that the measured loss of flight control might be due predominantly to the limited fine control in the fly's steering muscles below a threshold of 1–2° stroke amplitude, rather than resulting from the limits of visual motion detection by the fly's compound eyes. We discuss the impact of these results and suggest that the elevated frictional coefficient permits freely flying fruit flies to passively terminate rotational body movements without producing counter-torque during the second half of the saccadic turning manoeuvre.
Parasites, proteomics and performance: effects of gregarine gut parasites on dragonfly flight muscle composition and function
Authors: Schilder Rudolf J. , Marden James H. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
In previous work, we found that dragonflies infected with gregarine gut parasites have reduced muscle power output, loss of lipid oxidation in their flight muscles, and a suite of symptoms similar to mammalian metabolic syndrome. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in muscle protein composition underlie the observed changes in contractile performance. We found that gregarine infection was associated with a 10-fold average reduction in abundance of a ∼155 kDa fragment of muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC;∼206 kDa intact size). Insect MHC gene sequences contain evolutionarily conserved amino acid motifs predicted for calpain cleavage, and we found that calpain digestion of purified dragonfly MHC produced a peptide of ∼155 kDa. Thus, gut parasites in dragonflies are associated with what appears to be a reduction in proteolytic degradation of MHC. MHC155 abundance showed a strong negative relationship to muscle power output in healthy dragonflies but either no relationship or a weakly positive relationship in infected dragonflies. Troponin T (TnT) protein isoform profiles were not significantly different between healthy and infected dragonflies but whereas TnT isoform profile was correlated with power output in healthy dragonflies, there was no such correlation in infected dragonflies. Multivariate analyses of power output based on MHC155 abundance and a principal component of TnT protein isoform abundances explained 98% of the variation in muscle power output in healthy dragonflies but only 29% when data from healthy and infected dragonflies were pooled. These results indicate that important, yet largely unexplored, functional relationships exist between (pathways regulating)myofibrillar protein expression and (post-translational) protein processing. Moreover, infection by protozoan parasites of the midgut is associated with changes in muscle protein composition (i.e. across body compartments) that,either alone or in combination with other unmeasured changes, alter muscle contractile performance.
Weight Loss in Overweight Mexican American Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Johnston Craig A. , Tyler Chermaine , McFarlin Brian K. , Poston Walker S.C. , Haddock C. Keith , Reeves Rebecca , Foreyt John P. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVES. Childhood overweight has increased significantly in the past 20 years, with the highest rates noted among Mexican Americans. Although this minority group is in significant need of intervention, few programs have demonstrated actual decreases in weight. In this study we evaluated an intensive healthy lifestyle program designed to result in weight reduction for overweight Mexican American children. We hypothesized that children randomly assigned to an intensive intervention would significantly reduce their standardized BMI when compared with children randomly assigned to a self-help condition.PATIENTS AND METHODS. A total of 60 children (33 boys; 55%) between the ages of 10 and 14 years at or above the 85th percentile for BMI were randomly assigned to a 6-month intensive-intervention or self-help condition.RESULTS. Children in the intensive-intervention condition significantly reduced their standardized BMI when compared with the children in the self-help condition. The change in standardized BMI was significantly different at both 3 and 6 months, with intensive-intervention participants showing greater decreases in weight.CONCLUSIONS. Overall, the results were promising, suggesting that an intensive, individualized intervention may be an effective means for promoting weight loss in overweight Mexican American children.
Propofol Sedation: Intensivists' Experience With 7304 Cases in a Children's Hospital
Authors: Vespasiano Michael , Finkelstein Marsha , Kurachek Stephen 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the safety profile of propofol as a deep-sedation agent in a primarily outpatient program consisting of pediatric critical care physicians and specifically trained nurses with oversight provided by anesthesiology. One hypothesis was investigated: adverse events and/or airway interventions are more likely to occur in children with an abnormal airway score.METHODS. A 36-month dual-site prospective, observational, clinical study was conducted in a single center with interchangeable providers operating within the guidelines of a single sedation program. A total of 7304 propofol sedations for 4464 unique patients who ranged in age from 1 month to 21 years were studied; &gt;97% of the children were &gt;1 year of age.RESULTS. The following adverse reactions were identified, and a descriptive statistical analysis of the data were performed: mild oxygen desaturation (85%–90%), 1.73%; serious oxygen desaturation (&lt;85%), 2.9%; laryngospasm, 0.27%; regurgitation without aspiration, 0.05%; regurgitation with aspiration, 0.01%; bronchospasm, 0.15%; and hypotension, 31.4%. Interventions required included oral airway, 0.96%; nasal trumpet, 1.57%; rescue breaths for &gt;1 minute, 0.37%; intubation, 0.03%; volume requirement of &gt;40 mL/kg per hour, 0.11%; sedation-induced ward or PICU admission, 0.04%; cardiac arrest medications, 0%; and aborted sedation or procedure, 0%. We devised an airway score to identify at-risk patients. Patients with an abnormal airway score were significantly more likely to: have oxygen desaturation (13.1% vs 4.3%); require an oral airway (5.9% vs 0.8%); and require a nasal trumpet (13.9% vs 1.2%).CONCLUSIONS. Propofol has an acceptable safety profile for deep sedation when used in the context of a program with critical care physicians, specifically trained nurses, and anesthesiology oversight. A preprocedure airway score can assist in identifying patients who may require airway interventions.
Fasting Nonesterified Fatty Acid Profiles in Childhood and Their Relationship With Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Lipid Levels
Authors: Sabin Matthew A. , De Hora Mark , Holly Jeff M.P. , Hunt Linda P. , Ford Anna L. , Williams Simon R. , Baker Julien S. , Retallick Christopher J. , Crowne Elizabeth C. , Shield Julian P.H. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to examine the major constituent of nonesterified fatty acids in children with respect to auxologic parameters, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels, because nonesterified fatty acid levels are elevated in obesity and are important in the development of comorbidities.
METHODS. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 73 children (43 girls; 49 obese; median [range] age: 11.4 [0.9–17.6] years). Concentrations of the major circulating nonesterified fatty acids (myristate, palmitate, oleate, stearate, and arachidate) were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, alongside measurement of insulin, adiponectin, and lipid profiles.
RESULTS. The sum of all nonesterified fatty acids was significantly higher in obese versus normal-weight children, although gender (but not age or puberty) was an important determinant, with the difference remaining significant only in boys. Overall, obese children had higher concentrations of myristate, palmitate, and oleate but not stearate or arachidate. Age was an important determinant of myristate and arachidate, whereas gender proved more important for palmitate and stearate. Fasting insulin concentrations were not associated with either total nonesterified fatty acid concentrations or any of the individual nonesterified fatty acids, although a positive correlation was found between adiponectin and total nonesterified fatty acid concentrations that was independent of obesity status and that seemed mediated by changes in palmitate and stearate. Serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (but not high-density lipoprotein) levels seemed to correlate positively with circulating concentrations of palmitate, oleate, and stearate, whereas serum triacylglycerols correlated with myristate, palmitate, and oleate concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS. Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations are elevated in obese children, primarily as a result of increases in myristate, palmitate, and oleate. Independent effects of nonesterified fatty acids on circulating adiponectin levels and lipid parameters were observed, although we found no relationship between nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and the insulin resistance identified with obesity.
Patient Safety in the Pediatric Emergency Care Setting
Authors:   Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Published: November 2007

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed June 2011, July 2014, and August 2018.
Patient safety is a priority for all health care professionals, including those who work in emergency care. Unique aspects of pediatric care may increase the risk of medical error and harm to patients, especially in the emergency care setting. Although errors can happen despite the best human efforts, given the right set of circumstances, health care professionals must work proactively to improve safety in the pediatric emergency care system. Specific recommendations to improve pediatric patient safety in the emergency department are provided in this policy statement.
Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum Levels of High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With or Without Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Tüter Gülay , Kurtis Bülent , Serdar Muhittin 
Published: November 2007

Background: Most studies have evaluated serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients, and a few investigations have examined gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) CRP levels. The aims of this study were to determine GCF and serum levels of high‐sensitivity CRP (HsCRP) in CP patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) and to investigate the relationship between the GCF and serum HsCRP levels in CP patients with and without CAD.Methods: Thirty CP patients with angiographically proven CAD, 20 CP patients, and 17 healthy individuals were included in the study. Clinical parameters were recorded, and serum and GCF samples were collected. The level of HsCRP in GCF was assayed by a high‐sensitivity enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The HsCRP level was assayed in the plasma on a nephelometer.Results: The serum HsCRP levels were significantly higher in CP patients with or without CAD than in the control group, and there was a correlation between serum HsCRP levels and clinical parameters and between serum HsCRP levels and GCF volume. There was no statistically significant difference in GCF HsCRP levels between the groups. There was no correlation between GCF HsCRP levels and clinical parameters, GCF volume, or serum HsCRP levels.Conclusions: Patients with CP and CP + CAD had statistically significant elevations in serum HsCRP levels compared to healthy subjects. However, HsCRP levels of GCF did not differ from those of the control and CP groups or the control and CP + CAD groups. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between GCF CRP levels and periodontal diseases.
Epidemiological Characterization of Individuals With Newly Reported HIV Infection: South Carolina, 2004–2005
Authors: Ogbuanu Ikechukwu U. , Torres Myriam E. , Kettinger Lynda , Albrecht Helmut , Duffus Wayne A. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We used statewide data to assess HIV disease stage at initial diagnosis and laboratory indications for initiating antiretroviral therapy among South Carolina residents with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Methods. Initial CD4+ counts and viral loads among individuals diagnosed with HIV between May 2004 and April 2005 were categorized according to current staging and treatment guidelines. Results. Of 759 individuals who had a CD4+ count reported, 34% and 56% had counts of 200 cells/mm3 or below and 350 cells/mm3 or below, respectively. CD4+ counts of 200 cells/mm3 or below were significantly associated with male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 3.16), age above 29 years (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.51, 3.96), and hospital-reported patients (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.41, 3.36). The same characteristics were significant risk factors for elevated viral loads. Conclusions. At least in South Carolina, HIV diagnoses are delayed in a significant percentage of patients. New testing strategies need to be implemented to encourage earlier HIV diagnoses, and future studies should evaluate the effects of expanded routine testing on earlier detection.
Autonomy, Paternalism, and Justice: Ethical Priorities in Public Health
Authors: Buchanan David R. 
Published: November 2007

With attention to the field of public health ethics growing, significant time has been devoted to identifying a sound ethical justification for paternalistic interventions that override individual autonomy to prevent people from adopting unhealthy behaviors. Efforts focused on specifying the conditions that warrant paternalism, however, are largely misplaced. On empirical and ethical grounds, public health should seek instead to expand individual autonomy to improve population health. To promote autonomy, the field should redirect current efforts toward clarifying principles of justice. Although public health’s most highly visible stance is associated with an egalitarian conception of “social justice,” it is imperative that public health professionals address gaping divisions in public understandings of justice. I present recommendations for initiating this process.
The role of F A1:Ag+ defects in laser light generation and coadsorption of CO and halogen atoms at the KCl and KBr surface sites. First principles calculations
Authors: Abdelrazik Safaa , Shalabi Ahmed 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFA1:Ag+ color center at the low coordination (100) and (110) surface sites of KCl and KBr thin films play an important role in providing tunable laser oscillation and adsorbatesubstrate interactions. Double-well potentials at this site are investigated using ab initio molecular electronic structure calculations. The calculated Stokes shifted (optical transition bands), opticaloptical conversion efficiencies, the probability of orientational destruction, exciton (energy) transfer and Glasner-Tompkins empirical rule suggest that laser light generation is sensitive to (i) the lattice anion, (ii) the coordination number of surface ions, and (iii) the choice of the basis set centered on the anion vacancy. The adsorbate-substrate interactions were found to be dependent on the electronegativity of the adatom and on the lattice anion. Optimised geometries and the coadsorption of CO and (F, Cl, Br, I) on KCl and KBr (100) crystals are presented. Calculated chemisorption energies for CO on the (halogen atom/defect free sites of KCl and KBr (100) crystals) showed that the coadsorption of halogen atom tends to block other adsorbate-substrate interactions at the nearest neighbour sites. Thus if halogen atom coverage increases, the CO prefers to be adsorbed on the K+ site of the KCl and KBr (100) surfaces and on KBr relative to KCl.
Good Natured Stuff
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNeil Spiller ruminates on nature and what ‘the odd naughty leaf’ has contributed to art and architecture over the years ‐ culminating in evolutionary design and parametrical modelling today. He flags up the work of two of the most ‘talented young bucks’ in the field ‐ Dennis Dollens and Cloud 9. But how realistic is it for us to really expect biomimicry to influence how and what we build? Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.