bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioning with facial expressions of emotion: Effects of CS sex and age
Authors: MAZURSKI EVALYNN J. , BOND NIGEL W. , SIDDLE DAVID A. T. , LOVIBOND PETER F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo experiments examined the effects of facial expressions of emotion as conditioned stimuli (CSs) on human electrodermal conditioning and on a continuous measure of expectancy of the shock unconditioned stimulus. In Experiment 1, the CS+ was a picture of a person displaying an angry face and CS− was a neutral face. For half of the subjects, the expressions were depicted by males, for the other half by females. Male subjects showed larger skin conductance responses to pictures of males than did females. The responding of female subjects was the same regardless of the sex of the person in the picture. In Experiment 2, the CS+ and CS− were pictures of an angry or a happy face. For half of the subjects, the expressions were depicted by adult males, for the other half by preadolescent males, Subjects displayed greater differentiation when an adult male depicting anger was employed as the CS+ than when a preadolescent male depicting anger was the CS+. There were no differences when an adult or a child displayed happiness.
The impact of performance uncertainty on the postimperative negative variation
Authors: KLEIN CHRISTOPH , ROCKSTROH BRIGITTE , COHEN RUDOLF , BERG PATRICK , DRESSEL MARC 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a delayed matching‐to‐sample task, the impact of clear or ambiguous go versus clear no‐go signals on the post‐imperative negative variation (PINV) was examined in 11 patients with a chronic schizophrenic disorder (DSM‐III‐R) and in a control group of 13 healthy subjects matched to the patient sample by age, sex, and education. Size and spatial position of a visual S2 had to be matched to one of two visual patterns in the S1 presented 4 s earlier. In 96 trials, the S2 was identical in size with one of the two patterns of S1 (clear matching). These trials varied pseudorandomly, with 60 trials in which the S2 was of intermediate size. On a randomly interspersed additional 48 trials, an S2 differing in color and shape signaled no‐go. The electroencephalogram was recorded from Fz, Cz, Pz, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, and P4. Although groups did not differ in contingent negative variation amplitude the PINV was generally more pronounced in patients than in controls. In both groups, ambiguity of the to‐be‐matched S2 produced larger PINV amplitudes; the no‐go signal elicited only a small PINV. Differential effects of ambiguity and no‐go on PINV amplitude and its scalp distribution suggest that “performance” and “action” uncertainty contribute to PINV generation and that thresholds for both effects are reduced in schizophrenics.
The ontogenetically earliest discriminative response of the human brain
Authors: CHEOUR‐LUHTANEN M. , ALHO K. , SAINIO K. , RINNE T. , REINIKAINEN K. , POHJAVUORI M. , RENLUND M. , AALTONEN O. , EEROLA O. , NÄÄTÄNEN R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpeech sounds elicited electric brain responses in healthy premature infants born 30–35 weeks after conception, demonstrating that the human brain is able to discriminate speech sounds even at this early age, well before term, and supporting previous results suggesting that the human fetus may learn to discriminate sounds while still in the womb. We presented preterm infants with stimulus sequences consisting of a repetitive vowel that was occasionally replaced by a different vowel. This infrequent vowel elicited a response resembling the adult mismatch negativity, which is known to reflect the brain's automatic detection of stimulus change. The present results constitute the ontogenetically earliest discriminative response of the human brain ever recorded.
Blood pressure publication guidelines
Authors: Shapiro David , Jamner Larry D. , Lane James D. , Light Kathleen C. , Myrtek Michael , Sawada Yukihiro , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBlood pressure is one of the most commonly recorded functions in physiology and medicine, and it has become a major variable in recent psychophysiological and behavioral medicine research. Many methods have been developed for the measurement of blood pressure in clinical, laboratory, and natural settings. The broad objectives of this report are to summarize the most critical methodological issues in the measurement of blood pressure and to present principles and recommendations for the evaluation of blood pressure methods and findings in published studies.
Event‐related brain potentials and error‐related processing: An analysis of incorrect responses to go and no‐go stimuli
Authors: Scheffers Marten K. , Coles Michael G. H. , Bernstein Peter , Gehring William J. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent research has suggested that there is a component of the event‐related brain potential, the error‐related negativity (ERN), that is associated with error detection and remedial actions such as error inhibition, immediate error correction, or error compensation. The present experiment used a go/no‐go task to define more precisely the functional significance of this component. In this task, an ERN was observed for incorrect responses on go trials (errors of choice) and for response on no‐go trials (errors of action). Because errors of action cannot be corrected immediately by executing another response, these results indicate that the process manifested by the ERN is not dependent on immediate error correction. Other aspects of the data converge in suggesting that the ERN process is more U related to error detection and that the connections between detection and remedial actions may depend on the task situation.
Heart rate reactivity and heart period variability throughout the first year after heart transplantation
Authors: Shapiro Peter A. , Sloan Richard P. , Bagiella Emilia , Bigger J. Thomas , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeart rate reactivity to mental stress is substantially blunted early after heart transplantation, suggesting that the loss of neural modulation limits the cardiovascular response to mental stress. We tested whether reactivity to mental stress recovers during the first year after heart transplantation. Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to mental arithmetic challenge were studied in 20 heart transplant recipients 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. A normal comparison group was studied at equivalent intervals. Heart rate reactivity to mental arithmetic was significantly reduced in the cardiac transplant group compared to the normal subjects. This effect persisted up to 1 year after transplantation. Heart period variability in the heart transplant recipients was minimal in all three‐test sessions. The findings suggest that no functional reinnervation or other compensatory adaptation occurs up to 1 year after heart transplantation.
Effect sizes and p values: What should be reported and what should be replicated?
Authors: Greenwald AnthonyG. , Gonzalez Richard , Harris Richard.J. , Guthrie Donald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite publication of many well‐argued critiques of null hypothesis testing (NHT). behavioral science researchers continue to rely heavily on this set of practices. Although we agree with most critics' catalogs of NHT's flaws, this article also takes the unusual stance of identifying virtues that may explain why NHT continues to he so extensively used. These virtues include providing results in the form of a dichotomous (yes/no) hypothesis evaluation and providing an index (p value) Mini has a justifiable mapping onto confidence in repeatability of a null hypothesis rejection. The most‐criticized flaws of NHT can be avoided when the importance of a hypothesis, rather than the p value of its test, is used to determine that a finding is worthy of report, and when p=.05 is treated as insufficient basis for confidence in the replicability of an isolated non‐null finding. Together with many recent critics of NHT, we also urge reporting of important hypothesis tests in enough descriptive detail to permit secondary uses such as meta‐analysis.
How we think about cognition, emotion, and biology in psychopathology
Authors: MILLER GREGORY A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe variety of potential relationships assumed between psychological and biological concepts fosters considerable misunderstanding of what our data can tell us. A naively reductionistic view of psychological concepts is prevalent, particularly in the psychopathology literature. A series of examples of the application of psychophysiological methods in studies of cognition, emotion; and psychopathology provides a background for a discussion of these problems. Unwarranted distinctions between cognition and emotion, between classes of measures, and between psychological and biological approaches to understanding normal functioning and psychopathology undermine the ability of cognitive neuroscience to achieve its considerable potential. A nondualistic, nonreductionistic, noninteractive relationship is recommended, with psychological and biological concepts both having central, necessary, and distinct roles.
Cortical correlates of semantic classical conditioning
Authors: MONTOYA PEDRO , LARBIG WOLFGANG , PULVERMÜLLER FRIEDEMANN , FLOR HERTA , BIRBAUMER NIELS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials to visually displayed pseudowords were registered from 13 individuals. In a differential conditioning paradigm, half of the pseudowords had previously been paired with a painful electric shock (shock words) and the other half had been presented without shock (nonshock words). Participants were asked to decide if the words had been presented during the conditioning phase or not. Larger N100 amplitudes and a more negativegoing slow wave 400–800 ms after word presentation were found for shock as compared with nonshock words. This effect was stronger over the left than over the right hemisphere. This left‐lateralized negativity might reflect the activation of a cell assembly representing the memory of the learned word‐shock contingency. Furthermore, the increased N100 amplitude elicited by shock as compared with nonshock words may be interpreted as an increased attentive facilitation for aversive pain‐related information as a consequence of conditioning.
Differential involvement of the human temporal lobe structures in short‐ and long‐term memory processes assessed by intracranial ERPs
Authors: GUILLEM FRANÇOIS , N'KAOUA BERNARD , ROUGIER ALAIN , CLAVERIE BERNARD 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntracranial event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited during a recognition memory task were recorded in 25 epileptic patients by using depth electrodes sampling four different regions within the temporal lobe (amygdala, hippocampus, anterior and posterior temporal cortices). The task was a continuous recognition memory task in which repeated items were presented after 6 or 19 intervening items following their first presentation. This study was performed to investigate the respective role of the different temporal lobe structures in short‐term memory (STM) and long‐term memory (LTM) processing. Subregions of the temporal lobe were differently involved in these two memory systems. The posterior temporal cortex is specifically involved in STM processing, whereas the amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior temporal cortex contribute to both STM and LTM. Moreover, it appeared that the latter structures play their own role in LTM. The anterior temporal cortex and amygdala may contribute to recency discrimination, and the hippocampus seems rather to be involved in maintaining memory traces. These findings suggest that the temporal lobe structures may function in a complementary way by subserving different aspects of information processing.
Effects of cigarette smoking on EEG spectral‐band power, dimensional complexity, and nonlinearity during reaction‐time task performance
Authors: HOULIHAN MICHAEL E. , PRITCHARD WALTER S. , KRIEBLE KELLY K. , ROBINSON JOHN H. , DUKE DENNIS W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate (HR) were recorded while individuals performed visual and auditory go/no‐go reaction time (RT) tasks. Overnight‐abstaining smokers smoked two types of cigarettes in a single morning session. The first type was smoked once and had a nicotine yield of 0.05 mg. Two cigarettes of the second type (1.1 mg) were smoked. Four recordings were made: presmoking, postsmoking 0.05 mg, and postsmoking each 1.1 mg. HR was increased only by the first 1.1‐mg cigarette. Smoking both the 1.1‐mg cigarettes decreased RT. Smoking the first 1.1‐mg cigarette increased EEG power in the beta2 band. A flexible effect of smoking the first 1.1‐mg cigarette on EEG dimensional complexity (DCx) was obtained at locus Cz. Specifically, DCx was (a) raised when the presmoking level was low, (b) not affected when the presmoking level was intermediate, and (c) lowered when the presmoking level was high. Surrogate‐data testing indicated the presence of nonlinearity in the EEG data that was not affected by smoking. Decreased RT was associated with increased DCx in the visual task only.
Negative difference potential isolates scalp potentials generated by activity in supraspinal nociceptive pathways
Authors: DOWMAN ROBERT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA negative difference potential (75–240 ms poststimulus) was computed by subtracting the sural nerve‐evoked somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) elicited at the pain threshold level from SEPs elicited at noxious levels. The effects of stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval on the negative difference potential amplitude plus conduction velocity measurements and a dipole source localization analysis all suggest that the negative difference potential reflects the response of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex to inputs that arise from the nociceptive A delta peripheral afferents. Furthermore, a comparison of these results with our earlier sural nerve‐evoked SEP studies suggests that these pain‐related inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex are largely inhibitory.
Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis and masseter muscle activity is enhanced in offspring of hypertensives
Authors: FRANCE CHRISTOPHER R. , FRENCH DOUGLAS J. , PAGE GARY D. , BONK VALERIE A. , MEADE MICHELLE A. , STEWART KATHRYN M. , HOLROYD KENNETH A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExteroceptive suppression of temporalis and masseter muscle activity was examined in young men with and without a parental history of hypertension. Recent clinical studies suggest that the second exteroceptive suppression period is attenuated in several chronic pain disorders and that this brainstem reflex may serve as a noninvasive index of endogenous pain control. In the present study, offspring of hypertensives exhibited a significant protraction of the late exteroceptive suppression period for both muscle sites, suggesting that the decreased pain sensitivity previously observed in individuals at risk for hypertension may be related to enhanced central pain modulation.
Cardiac rhythmicities and attention in young children
Authors: HYDE CHRISTOPHER , IZARD CARROLL E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examined the changes in three cardiac rhythmicities (angiotensin‐renin vasomotor [ARV], Traube‐Hering‐Meyer [THM], and respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) during prolonged attention in preschool children. Electrocardiogram data were collected from children during resting baseline and a 5‐min attention condition at ages 3, 4, and 5 years in a longitudinal study. The ARV and THM rhythmicities decreased during prolonged attention for most participants. The RSA rhythmicity did not change consistently. The results were replicated at all three ages. The ARV and THM effect sizes were large and moderate, respectively. Only the ARV decrease correlated with duration of attention.
Effects of item repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test
Authors: ELAAD EITAN , BEN‐SHAKHAR GERSHON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo mock‐crime experiments were designed to examine the effects of question repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test. In the first experiment, two factors (single vs. multiple questions, and high vs. low motivation) were manipulated and in the second experiment, which was an analog study conducted in a police laboratory using field equipment, only the first factor was examined. Similar detection efficiencies were obtained in both experiments when a single question was repeated 12 times, and when each of four different questions was repeated 3 times. The results also showed that accumulating information across repetitions and across physiological measures tended to increase detection efficiency and reduce false positive errors. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that motivation to avoid detection may be associated with better detection efficiency.
On the utility of P3 latency as an index of mental chronometry
Authors: Verleger Rolf 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe stimulus evaluation view on P3 latency holds that P3 latency mainly reflects stimulus‐processing time, in contrast to response‐processing lime. A review of the experimental evidence, however, leads to the conclusion that P3 is not a sensitive tool for separating between stimulus and response‐related processes. Rather, it appears that P3 latency is a sensitive index of any response‐time changes when response times in the fast condition are brief, with its sensitivity decreasing when response times in the fast condition get longer. This regularity was confirmed by a detailed analysis of the published evidence from Steinberg's task and was not attributable to speed‐accuracy trade‐off or to different methods of parameterization. The structures generating the scalp P3b are involved both in stimulus processing and in response selection. Response selection may exert its effect on P3 in one of two ways: either directly, fully delaying P3 latency, or affecting a second P3 component (P‐CR) only, thus having an attenuated effect on P3 latency.
The effect of adrenergic blockade on blushing and facial flushing
Authors: DRUMMOND PETER D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of adrenergic blockade on vascular responses in the forehead was assessed during stressful mental arithmetic, singing, and moderate exercise in 21 frequent blushers and 21 infrequent blushers. Adrenergic antagonists were introduced into a small site on the forehead by iontophoresis, and vascular responses were monitored bilaterally with laser Doppler flowmetry. Beta blockade prevented increases in blood flow in infrequent blushers during mental arithmetic and partially inhibited vasodilatation during singing, indicating minor participation of β‐adrenoccptors in blushing. Alpha blockade did not affect blushing but augmented vasodilatation during exercise. Despite higher ratings of self‐consciousness in frequent than in infrequent blushers, vascular responses were similar in both groups. Thus, blushing propensity does not appear to be related to the density of α or β‐adrenoceptors in facial vessels and may have a psychological basis.
Electrophysiological evidence for cross‐modal plasticity in humans with early‐ and late‐onset blindness
Authors: KUJALA T. , ALHO K. , HUOTILAINEN M. , ILMONIEMI R. J. , LEHTOKOSKI A. , LEINONEN A. , RINNE T. , SALONEN O. , SINKKONEN J. , STANDERTSKJÖULD‐NORDENSTAM C.‐G. , NÄUÄUTÄUNEN R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is commonly believed that sensory deprivation can lead to cross‐modal reorganization in an immature hut not in a mature brain. The results of the present study suggest, however, that plasticity between sensory modalities is possible even in adults: activity indicating involvement of parietal or occipital brain areas in pitch‐change discrimination was found in individuals blinded after childhood. Event‐related brain potentials of early blinded (before the age of 2 years). late‐blinded (12–28 years of age), and sighted adults were recorded to stimulus sequences consisting of standard tones occasionally replaced by deviant tones. Even when participants were not attending to auditory stimuli, the deviant tones elicited the mismatch negativity (MMN) in each group. There were no significant MMN front‐back scalp distribution differences among the groups. However, when participants were detecting deviant stimuli, these stimuli elicited N2 and P3 waves that were posterior in distribution in both groups of blind participants relative to those of the sighted participants. These results suggest that cross‐modal reorganization may occur even in the mature human brain.
Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , THOMAS BIGGER J. , ECKBERG DWAIN L. , GROSSMAN PAUL , KAUFMANN PETER G. , MALIK MAREK , NAGARAJA HAIKADY N. , PORGES STEPHEN W. , SAUL J. PHILIP , STONE PETER H. , VAN DER MOLEN MAUROTS W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractComponents of heart rate variability have attracted considerable attention in psychology and medicine and have become important dependent measures in psychophysiology and behavioral medicine. Quantification and interpretation of heart rate variability, however, remain complex issues and are fraught with pitfalls. The present report (a) examines the physiological origins and mechanisms of heart rate variability, (b) considers quantitative approaches to measurement, and (c) highlights important caveats in the interpretation of heart rate variability. Summary guidelines for research in this area are outlined, and suggestions and prospects for future developments are considered.
Cardiovascular recovery from stress and hypertension risk factors: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: HOCKING SCHULER JENNIFER L. , O'BRIEN WILLIAM H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent research has suggested that cardiovascular recovery from stress can play a potential role in hypertension pathogenesis. Sixty nine studies were included in meta analytic review to evaluate the effect of various hypertension risk factors (e.g., race, lack of exercise) on cardiovascular recovery from stress. Small mean effect sized were observed for studies examining hypertension status and race as risk factors associated with delayed diastolic blood pressure recovery. Lack of fitness was also associated with delayed heart rate recovery. These results revealed that, for the specified risk factors and cardiovascular variables, high risk individuals exhibited delayed cardiovascular recovery as compared with low risk individuals. Further, the relationships between hypertension status, race and cardiovascular recovery were typically associated with the use of “ctive” laboratory stressors. The relationship between lack of fitness and cardiovascular recovery was also associated with the use of “active” and exercise laboratory stressors.
Startle reflex modulation by pleasant and unpleasant odors in a between‐subjects design
Authors: EHRLICHMAN HOWARD , BROWN KUHL SANDRA , ZHU JOHN , WRRENBURG STEPHEN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParticipants were presented with an acoustic startle probe while they smelled either a pleasant odor or an unpleasant odor (n = 40 pet condition). Within each condition, participants were presented with lour blocks in which odor was present and four in which odor was not present (no‐odor control). Significant differences were found in both conditions between the odor and no‐odor blocks. In the unpleasant odor condition, blink magnitude was greater during the odor blocks; in the pleasant odor condition, blink magnitude was smaller during the odor blocks.