bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal Function - Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Dajak Marijana , Ignjatović Svetlana , Majkić-Singh Nada 
Published: April 2007

Funkcija Bubrega - Procena Brzine Glomerularne Filtracije
Brzina glomerularne filtracije (GFR) je široko prihvaćena kao najbolja opšta mera funkcije bubrega. Vodiči američke Nacionalne fondacije za bubreg definišu hroničnu bubrežnu bolest (HBB) bilo sa vrednošću GFR koja je manja od 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 ili sa prisustvom oštećenja bubrega, bez obzira na uzrok, u toku 3 ili više meseci i klasifikuju stadijume težine HBB prema GFR. GFR se može meriti kao urinarni ili plazma klirens egzogenih filtracionih markera kao što je inulin. Međutim, zbog teškoća u primeni, troškova i radijacionog izlaganja, ove metode imaju ograničenu upotrebu u rutinskim laboratorijama. Klirens kreatinina može biti korisna alternativa kada egzogeni markeri nisu dostupni, ali sakupljanje urina u vremenskim intervalima nije pogodno za pacijente i osetljivo je na grešku pri sakupljanju. GFR se često procenjuje klinički iz serumskih koncentracija egzogenog kreatinina ili cistatina C. Cistatin C u serumu još uvek nije adekvatno procenjen kao indeks GFR, a na kreatinin u serumu utiču GFR i faktori nezavisni od GFR, uključujući godine, pol, rasu, telesnu veličinu, ishranu, izvesne lekove i laboratorijske analitičke metode. Prema kliničkim vodičima Nacionalne fondacije za bubreg, kliničke laboratorije bi trebalo da izdaju >>procenjenu<< GFR (estimated GFR), izračunatu iz prediktivnih jednačina, kao dodatak izveštavanja vrednosti markera u serumu. Trenutno preporučena jednačina za procenu je razvijena iz MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) studije. Ova jednačina koristi godine, pol, rasu (afro-američka prema ne-afro-američkoj) i koncentraciju kreatinina u serumu, a ne zahteva varijablu za telesnu težinu zato što normalizuje GFR za standardnu telesnu površinu od 1,73 m2. Da bi se postigla poboljšana tačnost preračunate GFR sa ovom jednačinom, preporučuje se da komercijalne metode za kreatinin budu kalibrisane prema sertifikovanim referentnim materijalima i sledljive sa IDMS (isotope dilution mass spectrometry) metodologijom. Za MDRD jednačinu je pokazano da je korisna za pacijente sa HBB, ali njena upotreba je još uvek nejasna za ljude sa niskim vrednostima kreatinina u serumu i visokim vrednostima za GFR, uključujući zdrave pojedince, decu i trudnice. Validacione studije su u razvoju kako bi se procenila MDRD jednačina za druge etničke grupe i različita bolesna stanja.
Comparison of Two Different Methods for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: Framingham Risk Score and Score System
Authors: Jovičić Snežana , Ignjatović Svetlana , Majkić-Singh Nada 
Published: April 2007

Comparison of Two Different Methods for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment:Framingham Risk ScoreandScoreSystemNumerous studies have shown that the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (cigarette smoking, hypertension, elevated serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - HDL, diabetes mellitus and advancing age), are additive in predictive power. Accordingly, the total risk of a person can be estimated by summing up the risk imparted by each of the major risk factors. Using data obtained from population studies, various risk assessment algorithms have been developed. The aim of this study was to compare the two most common risk scores. Risk assessment for determining 10-year risk in 185 healthy, asymptomatic individuals of both sexes, 30-85 years old, was carried out according to both Framingham (FRS) and SCORE risk scoring. The risk factors included in the calculation of 10-year risk are gender, age, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension and cigarette smoking. The determinations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were made in sera collected after a 12h fasting period using an Olympus AU2700 automated analyzer. The Framingham risk score was determined using an electronic calculator - ATP III Risk Estimator, and the risk status according to SCORE was obtained using charts for the 10-year risk in populations at high risk. Among 185 participants, in 152 (82%) 10-year risk for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) death was <10%, 24 (13%) had intermediate and 9 (5%) had high risk (⩾20%) according to FRS. According to SCORE, 110 (60%) participants had <1%, 56 (30%) had 1-5% and 19 (10%) had ⩾5% of 10-year risk for cardiovascular death. Different categories of risk were assigned to ~30% of individuals according to different risk assessment models. Differences in risk classification when using two different risk assessment algorithms can be explained with several important issues, including different endpoints, consideration of interactions and incorporation of antihypertensive use. It is important to note that neither FRS nor SCORE have been appropriately adjusted for our population, according to the national cardiovascular mortality rate.
Recommendations For Clinical Use Of Tumor Markers In Lung Cancer
Authors: Stanković Sanja 
Published: April 2007

Preporuke Za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Kancera PlućaKancer pluća predstavlja jedan od najozbiljnijih problema moderne onkologije. Uprkos kontinuiranom napretku u dijagnostičkim metodama, kod 50-70% pacijenata s kancerom pluća, bolest se dijagnostikuje u uznapredovalom stadijumu, isključujuci na taj način mogućnost radikalne terapije. Određivanje tumorskih markera kod kancera pluća može biti od pomoći u postavljanju dijagnoze, praćenju pacijenta i terapije, a takođe može da pruži dodatne informacije u prognostičke svrhe. U daljem tekstu opisani su odgovarajući serumski markeri kod dve glavne forme tumora pluća-mikrocelularnog i nemikrocelularnog (SCLC i NSCLC), kao i abnormalne supstance identifikovane u tumorima pluća ili njihovim metastazama, kao što su molekularni markeri, markeri prognoze u primeni neoadjuvantne ili adjuvantne terapije i mikrometastazama koštane srži ili limfnom čvoru.
Guidelines for the Use of Tumor Marmers in Breast Cancer
Authors: Ignjatović Svetlana 
Published: April 2007

Vodiči Za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Karcinoma DojkeNajbolje validovani markeri karcinoma dojke pripadaju tkivnim markerima i uključuju receptore za estrogen (ER), receptore za progesteron (PR), HER-2, urokinaza plazminogen aktivator (uPA) i plazminogen aktivator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Kod svih novodijagnostikovanih pacijenata sa karcinomom dojke određivanje ER, PR i HER-2 je danas obavezno. Mada je merenje uPA i PAI-1 tehnički validovano, do danas nije klinički rasprostranjeno i to uglavnom zbog zahteva za minimalnom količinom svežeg ili sveže zamrznutog tkiva. Određivanje ovih proteina može da se iskoristi kao pomoć pri selekciji »limfni čvor negativnih« pacijenata s karcinomom dojke kojima nije potrebna adjuvantna hemoterapija. Mada se dosta koristi u postoperativnom praćenju i praćenju terapije u poodmaklom oboljenju, klinička vrednost CA 15-3 i drugih serumskih markera nije joŠ uvek validovana u studijama nivoa dokaza I. Nedavna poboljšanja u razumevanju biologije karcinoma dojke i paralelno povećanje mogućih opcija tretmana treba da vode ka poboljšanju ishoda ove veoma hetrogene bolesti. Onkolozi joŠ uvek imaju teškoće u odabiru specifičnih strategija tretmana prema molekularnim karakteristikama oboljenja svakog pacijenta ponaosob.
Recommedition for Apllication and Determination Tumor Markers of Neuroendocrine System
Authors: Mirković Duško 
Published: April 2007

Preporuke Za Primenu I Određivanje Tumorskih Markera Kod Neoplazmi Neuroendokrinog SistemaNeuroendokrini tumori vode poreklo iz neuroendokrinih ćelija, koji pod uslovima specifične stimulacije sekretuju hormone, regulišući niz različitih funkcija u organizmu. U radu je opisana grupa neuroendokrinih tumora koja se sastoji od: karcinoida endokrinih tumora pankreasa, neuroblastoma, medularnog karcinoma tiroidee i feohromocitoma. Biće diskutovani tumori koji potiču iz endokrinih žlezda, kao i oni koji vode poreklo iz takozvanog »difuznog« neuroendokrinog ćelijskog sistema gastrointestinalnog trakta. Radi se o najvećem endokrinom organu u organizmu. Oko 50 različitih neuroendokrinih ćelijskih tipova gastrointestinalnog trakta je indentifikovano. Važan dijagnostički segment u tretmanu ovih tumora, je određivanje biogenih amina i peptida, čija je aktivnost izmenjena kod pojave neoplazmi. Širok je spektar kliničkih simptoma kod pojave ove vrste tumora, a svi su posledica sposobnosti tumora da sekretuju povećane količine peptinih hormona i biogenih amina. Glavni ciljevi ovog teksta su procena važnosti ove grupe tumorskih markera, kao i predlozi za njihovo koriŠćenje u našim uslovima.
Recommendations for use of Tumor Markers in Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Dajak Marijana 
Published: April 2007

Preporuke za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Monoklonskih GamapatijaMonoklonske gamapatije čine grupu poremećaja koji se karakterišu klonskom proliferacijom plazma ćelija. M protein je tumorski marker specifičan za monoklonske gamapatije jer odražava klonsku produkciju imunoglobulina. Monoklonske gamapatije uključuju: multipli mijelom,Waldenström-ovu makroglobulinemiju (WM), nesekretorni mijelom, prikriveni (smoldering) multipli mijelom, monoklonsku gamapatiju od neodređenog značaja (MGUS,Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), primarnu sistemsku amiloidozu i bolest teških lanaca. Dijagnoza multiplog mijeloma je zasnovana na detekciji M proteina u serumu i/ili urinu, infiltraciji plazma ćelija u koštanoj srži i litičkim koštanim lezijama na radiografiji skeleta. Prema NACB (National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry) preporukama, tumorski markeri za dijagnozu,screening, identifikaciju klonaliteta, praćenje bolesti i prognostičku evaluaciju kod monoklonskih gamapatija su: elektroforeza proteina u serumu i/ili urinu, imunofiksacija u serumu i/ili urinu, slobodni laki lanci (SLL) u serumu i/ili urinu, viskoznost seruma i β2-mikroglobulin. Imunofiksacija se koristi za identifikaciju klonaliteta (tipa) M proteina primećenog na elektroforezi i kada postoji sumnja bez obzira na normalan proteinski elektroforetogram. Posebno je korisna za prepoznavanje i razlikovanje biklonskih ili triklonskih gamapatija. Viskoznost seruma trebalo bi određivati ako pacijent ima znake i simptome sindroma hiperviskoznosti. WM je najčeŠći uzrok hiperviskoznosti, ali se takođe može pojaviti i kod pacijenata sa velikim nivoima monoklonskog IgA ili IgG. Automatizovana imunoodređivanja SLL u serumu su osetljivija od tradicionalne elektroforetske metode i imunofiksacije za detekciju mijeloma monoklonskih lakih lanaca, nesekretornog mijeloma i AL amiloidoze. Osim toga, odnos SLL u serumu je nezavisan faktor rizika za nastanak maligne progresije kod pacijenata sa MGUS. Određivanje SLL u serumu i elektroforeze proteina seruma kao testova prve linije za razmatranje prisustva mogućih poremećaja B ćelija daje dodatnu dijagnostičku informaciju.
II risanamento pedemontano castanile nel canton Ticino: 1956-1992: un bilancio di politica forestale | Program to Re-Establish Chestnut Forests in the Ticino (Switzerland): 1956-1992: a Forest Political Assessment
Authors: Ceschi Ivo 
Published: April 2007

Since 1956, the canton of Ticino has carried out an extensive program to re-establish chestnut forests damaged by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). This program was concluded in 1992 when the new federal forest law came into effect.
Its realization has met difficulties of all kinds and was marked by a drastic change of sylvicultural methods.
Various objectives have not been achieved; however, the project went hand in hand with many other realizations such as the professional training of forest workers, the creation of new forest enterprises, forest research within the chestnut region, the improvement of accessibility and the combatting of forest fires.
Diradamenti di cedui castanili invecchiati - risultati di due parcelle sperimentali (1975–1997) a Novaggio, Ticino | Study of the Problem of Thinning Ageing Chestnut Coppice Forest over 25-Years-Old: Findings from Two Study Areas near Novaggio, in the Canton of Ticino (1975–1997)
Authors: Ott Ernst , Conceprio Fabrizio , Pedrini Andrea 
Published: April 2007

A study was undertaken to determine the extent to which practical and scientific results of a study in the Swiss Central plateau can be applied to the chestnut coppice to the south of the Alps in Switzerland. The Central plateau study was carried out using selective thinning in former coppice with standards and seedling forests. The neglect of the chestnut coppices which occurred during the early 1970s made this a topical issue at the time.
With this in mind, our experiment was primarily aimed at answering the following question:
Can selective thinning contribute to the long-term transformation of these chestnut coppices, and eventually bring about natural regeneration through seedlings? Particular interest was paid to the effect it has on improving timber production,timber quality, vitality, and species mixture.
Two stands were selected for the study: these were sufficiently large to produce valid results, and had as homogeneous a structure as possible. One was a typical stand of chestnut coppice forest; the other contained chestnut coppice but also had a high proportion of Turkey oak and pedunculate oak. Two sub-plots of 50 ares were marked out on each stand; selective thinning was carried out on one sub-plot, the other was left untouched.
In 1975, the condition of the four sub-plots was surveyed in great detail. All trees with a DBH of over 8 cm were permanently numbered, measured with calipers, and classified on the basis of the IUFRO system. The trees selected for culling in the two relevant sub-plots were then marked. In 1976, these trees were felled as planned. A second survey was conducted in 1980 and a final one carried out in 1996/97.
Our findings largely match and confirm the practical experience gained over the last 20 years when thinning ageing chestnut coppice on dry sites, including those with an intermixture of Turkey and pedunculate oak.
Coppice forests over the age of 25 were unable to replenish the loss of timber reserves by thinning. Both their growth and ability to react diminish greatly with age. As strongly light-demanding trees, the chestnuts and oaks in the saw-timber stage are unable to sufficiently regenerate their crowns once these are reduced by too great an extent through pressure from competing trees.
Altogether, these findings match our practical observations and experiences. Thinning techniques used on sites to the north of the Alps cannot be applied to the chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south. We can conclude that the technique used in this study will not significantly improve the condition of chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south of the Alps.
Untersuchung zur Behandlung von Kastanienniederwäldern in Nordgriechenland | Study on the Treatment of Chestnut Coppices in Northern Greece
Authors: Zagas Theocharis 
Published: April 2007

The chestnut coppices of Greece are the most productive forests in that country. The aim of this experiment was to determine the most suitable thinning intensity for 13-year-old chestnut coppice stands or coppice forest to allow them to reach optimum production capacity at the age of 20.The experiment was carried out on the northern slopes of Mount Titaros in northern Greece. In 1989, chestnut coppice forest stands with site quality I and II were selected for the study. Both stands were divided into 4 sub-plots which were then treated using four different silvicultural treatments:(1) control, no thinning(2) positive selection thinning, low intensity treatment, removal over 10% of basal area;(3) positive selection thinning, moderate intensity treatment, removal over 20% of basal area;(4) positive selection thinning, high intensity treatment, removal over 30% of basal areaThe best results were obtained in the sub-plots with the most intensive treatment. The more intensive the treatment, the more timber was produced and the healthier the trees became. H/D-values decreased relative to the amount of control,particularly in the sub-plots with high treatment intensity.
Altersstruktur und Wachstum anhand geworfener Bäume auf einer Windwurffläche im Waldreservat Bödmeren | Estimation of Age Structure and Growth Patterns on a Windthrow Area in the Bödmeren Forest Reserve
Authors: Gabriel Josef , Bräker Otto Ulrich , Matter Jean-François 
Published: April 2007

The forest reserve Bödmeren near Muotathal in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, covers an area of 4.8 ha and is situated between 1200 and 1500 m a.s.l. It was established in 1971 and the terms of utilisation were drawn up in a contract with the proprietors of the ‹Oberalmeind Corporation›. The forest reserve serves as a multidisciplinary study area in which research of the natural succession without the influences of silvicultural treatment is conducted.
In February 1990, a severe storm threw trees on an area of approx. 20 a, allowing a preliminary study to assess the age structure and growth patterns of small clusters of trees.
The difference of the pith age of the 27 studied trees covered a range of 120 years, and contrary to expectations, the age difference of 24 trees was only 53 years. The trees were selected from 7 clusters and included all tree stages from the dominant tree to the suppressed tree. The b.h.d. ranged between 19.9 and 72.4 cm even though the age span within the cluster itself and amongst the clusters was generally small.
The social position of the individual tree is usually reflected in the height as well as in the diameter growth pattern. The growth dynamics of a suppressed tree can change considerably during its lifetime: a tree was found to be the smallest in the cluster at the age of 20 years and then improved its position in the next 30 years to one of above average height and diameter.
The average diameter increment at breast height culminated in the first decade and then decreased continuously.
The height increment in the first two decades was restrained: the trees needed 16 years to attain a height of 1.3 m. After this period the individual height increment varied according to the competitional situation. Even though a cluster was dense, the dominated trees retained their vitality to an old age. The average height increment culminated at the age of 50 years.
Exemples de projets réalisés dans le cadre du programme «Bois 2000» de l'OFEFP – Concours | Examples of Projects Carried Out as Part of the SAEFL «Timber 2000» Programme – Competitions
Authors: Mooser Markus 
Published: April 2007

The «Timber 2000» promotional programme, sponsored by SAEFL, consists of many varied projects. The aim of this review is to detail 3 complementary competitions which show one of the many aspects of «Timber 2000». The competitions are:• The Lignum Prize – an architecture prize for wooden structures• Cyclo-Bivouac – an architectural competition for students• Meuble 21 – a competition of wooden furniture design
The article details the inevitable logistical problems that must be overcome to successfully organise such competitions. The organisers want to put what they have learned to good use when organising future competitions, which will be necessary to promote timber effectively. The information provided could prove invaluable for future competition organisers, and prevent them from overlooking essential items.
Typologies de la structure des peuplements – Outils adaptés à la multifonctionnalité et à la dynamique: cas des peuplements irréguliers en forêt de montagne | Typology of stand structures: adapted tools for estimating the multifunctionality and dynamics of irregular mountain forests
Authors: Leclerc Dominique 
Published: April 2007

Forests in mountain regions must fulfill a number of important functions under sometimes difficult climatic and economic conditions. The main goal of management must be the maintenance or improvement of stability, of which the stand structure is a clear indicator. Therefore, the typology of the description of the stand must be brought into line with the functions that must be fulfilled. The description is based on reference areas. Knowledge of the dynamics of the stand types as well as of the functions is also important in order to suggest practical silvicultural measures for maintaining stability. In particular,this knowledge enables the determination of the minimal intervention that is necessary, while considering stability, in an area where economic conditions are difficult.
Special emphasis will be placed on presenting the conditions under which spruce grow in the northern French Alps. These considerations lead to an elaboration of agroforestry guidelines, which are defined from case to case.
Zwanzig Jahre Versuchsaufforstung Stillberg: Überleben und Wachstum einer subalpinen Aufforstung in Abhängigkeit vom Standort | Twenty years experimental afforestation Stillberg: Survival and growth in a subalpine afforestation in relation to site conditions
Authors: Senn Josef , Schönenberger Walter 
Published: April 2007

In an experimental afforestation (Stillberg near Davos) close to the subalpine tree line, we studied mortality and height development of planted Swiss stone pines, mountain pines and European larches, and their relationship to microsite parameters such as exposure, soil type and duration of snow cover in spring, as well as to meteorological parameters.
The most important cause of mortality among the planted trees was the pathogenic fungus Gremmeniella abietina,which particularly occurred on sites with prolonged snow cover in spring. This study revealed changes in the ranking order among the species three times within twenty years,both for survival and for tree height, which demonstrates the necessity of long-term studies.
Organisation des Luzerner Forstdienstes – konsequente Entflechtung von hoheitlichen und betrieblichen Aufgaben | Organisation of the forestry services in Lucerne – differentiating between sovereign and management tasks
Authors: Iselin Georg , Schmidhauser Albin 
Published: April 2007

During the past ten years most cantonal forest services have undergone re-organisations. Lucerne's cantonal forest administration initiated a fundamentally new way of providing forestry services by differentiating between sovereign tasks and management tasks. By examining the individual steps of the process we demonstrate how starting with the mandate,goals were developed and implemented over several years.
Product managers assumed responsibility for products, as defined in the New Public Management Project, on a cantonal-wide basis. Work within a matrix organisation has led to significant changes. Territorial responsibilities are increasingly assumed by district foresters, who have modern infrastructures at their disposal in the new forestry centres. The re-organisation has led to forest districts being re-drawn and to a reduction in the number of forest regions. To provide greater efficiency,state forest management has been consolidated into a single management unit. The new forest reserve plan removes almost half of the state forest from regular forest management,resulting in a reduction in the volume of work and in the work force. We show how effective the differentiation of sovereignty tasks and management tasks has been in coping with the effects of hurricane Lothar.