bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chlorination of ethylene and propylene. I. The chlorination of ethylene
Authors: Galitzenstein E. , Woolf C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe chlorination of ethylene in the liquid phase to form 1 : 2‐dichlorocthanc (ethylene dichloride), has been investigated in some detail, catalysts such as antimony trichloride and ferric chloride being employed, at temperatures between 4° and 44° c. The effect of excess of either reactant has been studied, and the use of mixtures of ethylene with methane tried.The influence of sunlight and water in these reactions, and the formation of by‐products such as 1:1: 2‐trichloroethonc and β‐β′‐dichlorodiethyl ether, arc discussed.
The chlorination of ethylene dichloride
Authors: Galitzenstein E. , Woolf C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe chlorination of ethylene dichloride to form mainly 1:1:2‐trichloroethane has been investigated. Various catalysts have been tried, but with most of those described in the literature, e.g. antimony chloride, the reaction is slow in the absence of light; in the presence of sunlight substitution is rapid. The use of aluminium chloride leads to the formation of tetrachloroethanes.Smooth chlorination to trichloroethane is also possible by the use of sulphuryl chloride, with benzoyl peroxide as catalyst; the bulk of the sulphuryl chloride is recoverable with the aid of activated charcoal.
The dehydrochlorination of propylene dichloride
Authors: Galitzenstein E. , Woolf C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe catalytic dehydrochlorination of propylene dichloride has been studied, with particular reference to the preparation of allyl chloride. Various solid catalysts have been tried, at temperatures between 200° and 450° c, but in every case mixtures of the three isomeric monochloropropenes have resulted. The most satisfactory performance was given by iodine at 450° c. which, at 0·5% concentration, gave 20°, conversion into mixed chloropropenes containing 31% allyl chloride. Side reactions were small, the yield of chloropropenes based on propylene dichloride consumed being 85·8°.
The corrosion of steel by sea salt of given moisture content
Authors: Duly S. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe moisture content of the residue obtained by evaporating sea water is shown here to be determined by the relative humidity of the air in which it is subsequently kept, provided that the storage temperature does not vary: samples of such sea salt corrode mild steel in proportion to their moisture contents. It follows that the extent of corrosion of mild steel by sea salt is governed by the relative humidity of the ambient air and that keeping the moisture content of the salt‐complex at 8% or less substantially prevents corrosion from this cause.
The effect on water vapour pressure of superimposed air pressure
Authors: Webster T. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a compressed gas saturated with water vapour the vapour pressure of the water exceeds the normal value by an amount which is greater than can be predicted by Poynting's thermodynamic relationship. A quantitative knowledge of this behaviour is important in the design of equipment for drying compressed gases, particularly for drying by refrigeration, which is commonly used in the low‐temperature separation of air.The equilibrium moisture‐content of compressed air at pressures from atmospheric to 200 atm, has been experimentally determined at temperatures between 15° c. and −35° c. It has been found that the vapour pressure of water and ice increases progressively as the total pressure on the system is increased and that the relative increase in vapour pressure at a particular pressure becomes grester as the temperature of the system is lowered. At a total pressure of 200 atm. and a temperature of −35° c. the water content of saturated air is more than three times the calculated value assuming the normal vapour pressure and 2.6 times that derived from Poynting's relationship.
The derivation of job designs
Authors: Clegg Chris W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical account of the derivation of job designs incorporating consideration of technology, structure and managerial control, viewed from an information processing perspective. A conceptual distinction is made between tasks and roles which has practical relevance in that organizations have independent choices regarding their design. These choices are underpinned by economic and psychological values as well as by managerial needs for control.The paper argues that whilst options exist, organizations typically choose to simplify jobs, a strategy which may well be ineffective, especially under conditions of uncertainty. New, more complex job designs may be very difficult to implement for economic, psychological, managerial and political reasons. Research and development should now be directed towards a more detailed cognitive and social psychological understanding of the derivation and impact of job designs as well as towards study of the introduction and impact of new technology. These represent qualitative shifts in research emphasis.
The effects of perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support on employee turnover
Authors: Maertz Carl P. , Griffeth Rodger W. , Campbell Nathanael S. , Allen David G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examines mediated effects of perceived supervisor support (PSS) and perceived organizational support (POS) on turnover cognitions, and their interactive effects on turnover behavior in a sample of 225 social services workers. In this study, we address a seeming contradiction in current findings regarding support and attachments to managers versus attachments to the organization itself. The POS literature suggests fully mediated causal paths to turnover from POS and PSS, through affective commitment. Whereas, the commitment, LMX, and turnover literatures suggest alternative causal paths that imply broader effects for POS and PSS on turnover. Contrary to earlier POS literature, findings showed that PSS had independent effects on turnover cognitions not mediated through POS. Model tests also indicated that POS had significant effects on turnover mediated through normative commitment, as well as affective organizational commitment. Moreover, a new significant interactive relationship was discovered such that low PSS strengthened the negative relationship between POS and turnover, while high PSS weakened it. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi‐analytical static solution for the generalized boxed coplanar waveguide
Authors: Drake Enrique , Medina Francisco , Horno Manuel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA quasi‐analytical method for computing the quasi‐static‐TEM parameters of the generalized coplanar waveguide (GCPW) is reported. The structure is assumed to be enclosed in a rectangular frame and embedded in a layered medium. Essentially, the method is an analytically enhanced spectral domain formulation. Its application leads to virtually exact results in very short CPU times, making it suitable for CAD purposes. Although the method is somewhat more time consuming than conformal mapping approaches, it is a useful alternative because of its exactness and ability to deal with multilayer structures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient analysis of passive microstrip elements in MMICs
Authors: Naishadham Krishna , Nuteson Todd W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new full‐wave, space‐domain moment method implementation is developed for the analysis and circuit‐characterization of passive microstrip elements (in an open environment) at microwave frequencies. The computational time and memory requirements are significantly reduced by filling the moment matrix efficiently utilizing closed‐form Green's functions and symmetries in the problem formulation, such that a circuit of moderate electrical size can be analyzed in reasonable time on a personal computer. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Dielectric resonator antennas—a review and general design relations for resonant frequency and bandwidth
Authors: Mongia Rajesh K. , Bhartia Prakash 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOpen dielectric resonators (DRs) offer attractive features as antenna elements. These include their small size, mechanical simplicity, high radiation efficiency due to no inherent conductor loss, relatively large bandwidth, simple coupling schemes to nearly all commonly used transmission lines, and the advantage of obtaining different radiation characteristics using different modes of the resonator. In this article, we give a comprehensive review of the modes and the radiation characteristics of DRs of different shapes, such as cylindrical, cylindrical ring, spherical, and rectangular. Further, accurate closed form expressions are derived for the resonant frequencies, radiation Q‐factors, and the inside fields of a cylindrical DR. These design expressions are valid over a wide range of DR parameters. Finally, the techniques used to feed DR antennas are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of fault modeling to continuous built‐in test (c‐BIT) for microwave and MMIC circuits
Authors: Rhodes David L. , Cummings Michael T. , Tempel George F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simulation‐before‐test method has been applied to the linear and nonlinear microwave built‐in test (BIT) problem. Fault simulation via a harmonic balance simulator is used to analyze and optimize BIT hardware placement based on figures of merit such as fault coverage, ambiguity size, and part isolation. Fault models for a prototype microwave mini‐system were developed along with models for the BIT hardware itself. The search method developed to automate the placement of BIT hardware is an essential design‐for‐test tool. The techniques developed were applied to an example system and results are given.
Three‐dimensional electromagnetic simulation of electronic circuits of general shape
Authors: Zheng Jian‐X. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general purpose CAD tool, the IE3D electromagnetic simulator is presented in this article. The simulator is based on an integral equation, a method‐of‐moment formulation for a full‐wave solution of three‐dimensional (3D) arbitrarily shaped structures in microwave and millimeter‐wave integrated circuits (MMIC), high temperature superconductor (HTS) circuits, microstrip antennas, RF printed circuit boards (PCB), and high speed digital circuit packaging. The primary solution of the simulator is the current distribution on a metallic structure in an environment of multilayered substrates on infinitely extended ground plane. The circuit parameters of the structure in either S‐parameter form or RLC‐SPICE equivalent circuit form is extracted from the solved current distribution. The simulator consists of an MS‐Windows‐based layout editor, a schematic editor, an electromagnetic simulator, and a post processor. The simulator can perform stand‐alone electromagnetic simulation and optimization and mixed electromagnetic and nodal analysis. Simulation results for structures in various high frequency and high speed domains are presented and compared to measured results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of rectangular dielectric waveguide with sinusoidally varying width
Authors: Mohammadi Abbas , Pramanick Protap 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWave propagation along a rectangular dielectric waveguide with slowly varying width has been studied using a transformed coordinate system and an effective cross‐section approach. The associated differential equation has been solved using numerical analysis and Hill's analysis. The computed results have been verified using the cascaded transmission line matrix analysis of the structure in the original coordinate system. The agreement is found to be excellent. Many properties of the modulated periodic structure, for example, the propagation constant, the phase and the group velocities, the axial dependence of theEy11mode. and the space harmonic, have been studied. The results and the method will be useful in computer‐aided design of dielectric waveguide phase shifters and filters. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An accurate dispersion expression for shielded microstrip lines
Authors: Wells Garnet , Pramanick Protap 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA closed‐form dispersion expression for shielded microstrip lines is presented here for the first time. The expression is valid for a wide range of frequencies, geometrical parameters, and substrate dielectric constants. Unlike previous expressions for open microstrip lines, the inflection frequency of the dispersion curve has been chosen to be a quadratic function of the frequency at which the quasi‐TEM mode of the microstrip couples strongly with the lowest order transverse electric mode of the equivalent parallel plate waveguide of the microstrip. Because this expression is accurate with respect to numerical techniques, it will be useful in time and frequency domain analyses of various shielded microstrip discontinuities, components, resonators, and VLSI packagings. Dispersion in open microstrip can be treated as a special case of this expression. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimizing a microstrip bandpass filter using electromagnetics
Authors: Swanson Daniel G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this article, we will describe the design and optimization of a microstrip bandpass filter using an electromagnetic field‐solver as the analysis engine. The filter is analyzed and optimized using a cascade of field‐solver solutions. Convergence issues and proper mesh setup for the various subnetworks are discussed. And the necessary compromise between accuracy and solution time is also explored. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accurate design equations for covered microstrip coupled lines
Authors: Wan Changhua 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing the modified conformal mapping technique, closed‐form quasistatic design equations for covered microstrip slot/parallel‐coupled lines are derived in this article. They are found to be more accurate than the existing ones, when compared with the rigorous results by numerical methods. Specifically, the derived equations for the even‐mode properties of slot‐coupled lines and those for the odd‐mode properties of parallel‐coupled lines are extremely useful because the existing counterparts are either too rough or too inaccurate for use. In addition, two sets of available design equations for covered microstrip single line, which is equivalent to the covered microstrip slot‐coupled lines under odd‐mode excitations, are checked and recommendations are given.
An investigation on the effect of undercutting on the propagation parameters in single and coupled quasi‐TEM lines in a multilayered dielectric
Authors: Gentili Gian Guido 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of undercutting on the electrical parameters of general single and coupled quasi‐TEM lines in a multilayered dielectric is studied by an efficient quasistatic numerical method. Results are presented for characteristic impedance, propagation constant, and attenuation constant in single lines; two symmetrical coupled lines; and a four‐line system. In all cases studied a significant increase of losses has been observed.
Targeted ROTational magnetic resonance angiography (TROTA)
Authors: Goldfarb James W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn MR angiographic method is presented in which a rotating 2D slice is centered on and targets a region or vessel of interest. Collecting a series of slices rotating about the center of the targeted region yields projection data sufficient for the calculation of 3D volumetric data of the region using conventional backprojection reconstruction techniques. These volumetric data depict the internal structure of the vessel and can be processed and displayed with multiplanar reformation, maximum intensity projections, and 3D rendering algorithms. The rotational angiographic acquisition preserves the high temporal resolution of 2D‐MR digital subtraction angiography with the added benefit of 3D reformatting and display. The method is explained in detail and results from phantom and human experiments are presented. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance trending for management of packet‐switched networks
Authors: Sankar Ravi , Singh Ranvir 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective in this paper is to develop and demonstrate the capability of applying modeling and simulation techniques to maintain the network integrity of a packet‐switched network. Here a new technique called performance trending is presented, in which key network parameters are monitored and network failure is predicted. A typical packet‐switched network is simulated to verify performance trending for network performance management.
A study of FTP traffic: Estimation of the non‐optimality
Authors: Johannsen Thomas , Mansfield Glenn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFile retrieval constitutes a major component of the traffic in the Internet. In the Internet the same file is in general offered by several servers and this redundancy gives rise to a lot of avoidable non‐optimality. In this work a study has been carried out to examine and estimate this non‐optimality.
HSSI Facilitates Bandwidth Allocation among Broadband Applications
Authors: Muller Nathan J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) is a standard recommended by the Electronic Industries Association — Telecommunications Industry Association. It is designed to meet the growing demands of high‐speed data applications, eliminating the serial interface bottlenecks of V.35 and EIA‐422/499 when running applications over highspeed WANs.
An Optimal File Allocation Policy in a Networked Database Management System
Authors: Saha D. , Mukherjee A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOptimal file allocation has been shown to be effective in reducing the average transaction processing time in a database system built upon a computer communications network. This paper investigates the use of a networked computing system to distribute files and to manage the system in an optimal fashion so as to minimize the sum of file storage and internode file transfer cost.
Cableless LANs: An emerging technology
Authors: McCarthy William R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last year, the concept of Wireless Communications received enormous attention in the trade and financial journals worldwide. Unfortunately, as often occurs, everything from high‐performance LANs to cordless telephones is being lumped together, creating a great deal of confusion in the user community. So as not to add to that confusion, it should be made clear that this article deals exclusively with wireless systems for data communications.
Sidewinder: Defense in depth using type enforcement
Authors: Smith Richard E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSites use firewalls to defend against external attacks while providing necessary Internet services. Firewalls make a site safer: They present a smaller risk since they provide fewer services. However, most firewalls use standard computer operating systems. This can allow an attacker to overrun the firewall if a known security flaw is present. The Sidewinder(TM) firewall system overcomes this problem using type enforcement.Network server applications operate in independently controlled compartments called domains, each granted specific permission to access particular types of files or communicate with other domains. If a server succumbs to an attack, type enforcement restricts the amount of damage an attacker can do. In particular, Sidewinder prevents an attack on an Internet server from accessing domains serving internal, protected networks. An attacker cannot overrun a Sidewinder because the type enforcement restrictions cannot be disabled while the system is handling network traffic.
High‐efficiency silicon solar cells: Full factor limitations and non‐ideal diode behaviour due to voltage‐dependent rear surface recombination velocity
Authors: Aberle Armin G. , Robinson Stephen J. , Wang Aihua , Zhao Jianhua , Wenham Stuart R. , Green Martin A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite exceptionally high open‐circuit voltages, record high‐efficiency PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally diffused) silicon solar cells recently developed at the University of New South Wales demonstrate relatively low fill factors. This behaviour is shown to result from a surface recombination velocity at the rear Si‐SiO2 interface that increases with reducing voltage across the cell, leading to non‐ideal I‐V curves with high ideality factors (>1.3) near the maximum power point. When corrected for series resistance losses, the Air Mass 1.5 (AM1.5) fill factor of actual PERL cells is found to be limited to values below 82.9%, as opposed to the ideal theoretical limit of 85‐86% for silicon cells operating in low injection conditions. Relatively large series resistance losses (Rs > 0.35 ω cm2) further reduce this value to the experimentally observed fill factors below 81.4%.Analysis of measured illuminated and dark I‐V characteristics of PERL cells reveals that the AM1.5 efficiency is mainly limited by recombination losses at the rear oxidized surface. Optimum PERL cell resistivity is about 2 ω cm. Owing to increased rear surface recombination velocity, lower resistivity material shows no advantage in open‐circuit voltage and suffers from short‐circuit current losses, while a strong reduction in the surface recombination velocity above the maximum power point results in smaller fill factors. High‐resistivity cells do show an improved short‐cuircuit current but suffer from voltage and fill factor losses.
A novel high open‐circuit voltagep‐nInP solar cell design
Authors: Kilmer Louis C. , Barnett Allen M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe performance of InP solar cells has been limited by low open‐circuit voltages. While the reported short‐circuit current densities are approaching the theoretical limit, the open‐circuit voltages have yet to obtain what is expected from a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.35 eV. This work investigates the factors that determine the open‐circuit voltage and presents the design and fabrication of a novel high open‐circuit voltage p‐n InP solar cell. the key aspect of the novel design is a complete analysis of the top contact metallization effects on the reverse saturation current density and the open‐circuit voltage. the features of the design are not specific to InP solar cells but are applicable to other advanced material solar cells that require a thin emitter for an optimal design (those materials with a high absorption coefficient). By minimizing the reverse saturation current density, a high open‐circuit voltage and high efficiency may be obtained. In addition, a complete analysis of the solar cell modelling is provided, with comparisons to other published InP solar cell models and device results to juxtapose the key material and design parameter effects.