bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF REPRODUCTION ON BODY WEIGHT IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Data recorded in respect of all women whose children were born in a county borough during one year included the weight at the first antenatal examination (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation), and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months after delivery. The present communication is concerned with the influence of reproduction on body weight.
2. It is estimated that between conception and 24 months after birth women gained, on the average, approximately 6·6 lb. This is about 5 lb. more than would have been added in the same period if they had not been pregnant. Reasons are given for believing that these estimates may be a little low, probably not by more than 1 lb.
3. The increase in weight occurred mainly during pregnancy. From 3 months after delivery changes in mean weight were relatively small: a loss of 1·8 lb. between 3 and 12 months, and a gain of 0·6 lb. between 12 and 24 months.
4. The increment in mean weight between conception and 24 months increased slightly with parity, and, less certainly, with age. The most striking association with these variables occurred between 3 and 12 months after birth, when the proportion of women who gained weight decreased with increasing parity and increased with increasing age (Fig. 5). It is suggested that this relationship is probably attributable to an association between age and parity and social circumstances, and it is shown that the same trend was exhibited by the growth rates of the offspring of the same mothers during the first year of life (Fig. 6).
5. Lactation had little influence on mean weight. It resulted in a small loss during the period of lactation, but its effect was almost eliminated at 24 months after delivery (Fig. 7).
6. During the various intervals between early pregnancy and 24 months after delivery weight changes appear to be continuously distributed (Fig. 1). The constants of the distributions are given (Table 4).
THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT ON WEIGHT CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three hundred and eighty-three women whose weights were recorded during and after pregnancy were divided into groups of short (under 64 in.) and tall (64 in. and over) individuals, and further subdivided according to an index of body build (based on the observed regression of antenatal weight on height). Differences between the weight 12 months after delivery and the antenatal weight (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation) were examined.
The proportion of short women who added weight in this interval was relatively high for those who were thinnest at the antenatal examination, was lowest for those who were moderately thin and thereafter increased with increasing degree of obesity (from about 1 in 3 to 4 in 5); the proportion of tall women who added weight showed no significant change (Fig. 2). This variation in weight change according to height is exhibited by women pregnant for the first time (Table 3).
For both short and tall women, the mean weight increment of those who added weight, and the mean weight decrement of those who lost weight, increased with increasing degree of obesity (Fig. 3). When weight change is expressed as a proportion of the antenatal weight these trends disappear (Fig. 4).
ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERPLASIA: REPORT OF A CASE WITH STUDIES OF THE EXCRETION OF STEROID METABOLITES
Authors: BUSH I. E. , SWYER G. I. M. , STERN MARGARET I. , WILLOUGHBY M. L. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Clinical details are given of a case of adrenocortical hyperplasia causing macrogenitosomia praecox in a boy aged eight.
2. Urinary steroids were investigated using 'group' methods of analysis and also chromatographic procedures for the estimation of individual steroids.
3. Patterns of excretion in the untreated patient, under exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) treatment and with oral cortisone and prednisone, were obtained. Following the intramuscular injection of ACTH, there was a fall rather than an increase in the plasma cortisone and cortisol levels, and no increase in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS), pregnanetriol (P'triol), pregnanediol (P'diol) and oestrogens. The only urinary steroid which was excreted in significantly greater amounts was dehydroepiandrosterone. Oral cortisone and prednisone caused marked falls in the output of 17-KS, P'triol and P'diol.
4. The urine of the patient contained increased amounts of certain normally occurring steroids as well as others which are not usually found. There was a high content of total neutral 17-KS, 17-KGS, P'triol, P'diol and oestrogens. Analysis of individual steroids showed the presence of 17α-hydroxypregnanolone and 11-oxo-pregnanetriol which are not normally found in urine by methods in current use. 11-Hydroxyandrosterone and aetiocholanolone were present in increased amounts. The ratio of 11-oxygenated 17-KS to total 17-KS was abnormally high. On the other hand, the urinary excretion of cortisone and cortisol, and of their metabolic products tetrahydrocortisone and tetrahydrocortisol, was not increased. These changes can largely be explained by current concepts of the abnormal steroidogenesis in this disorder.
DEMONSTRATION OF A GLUCOCORTICOID-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN THE SPLEEN
Authors: FAZEKAS I. Gy. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Fresh splenic tissue from pigs was extracted by the method of Swingle & Pfiffner for adrenocortical extracts, 1 ml. being equivalent to 100 g splenic tissue.
2. The material extracted was readily soluble in ethanol, benzene, acetone and water, but not in petroleum ether. It contained no protein, bile pigments, fat, fatty acids or cholesterol, and had marked reducing properties.
3. Administration of the extract to adrenalectomized male mice caused an increase, continuous with increasing dose of extract, in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. The increase in liver glycogen produced by 1·2 ml. extract was about the same as that caused by 2 mg cortisone.
4. In intact rats the extract caused an increase in blood sugar and in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. Cortisone had a similar effect.
5. Neither the splenic extract nor cortisone raised the glycogen content of the brain in adrenalectomized mice or intact rats.
6. Thus the spleen contains a substance which has a glucocorticoid-like effect on the carbohydrate metabolism of adrenalectomized and intact animals. In view of its chemical and biological properties, this substance is thought to be a glucocorticoid originating in the adrenal cortex. A substance with similar effects has been previously detected in liver, brain and muscle.
HORMONE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AFFECTING THE SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF 65Zn BY THE DORSO-LATERAL PROSTATE OF THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: GUNN S. A. , GOULD THELMA C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The efficiency of the dorso-lateral prostate (d.l.p.) of the rat to concentrate 65Zn was markedly depressed following hypophysectomy, but this glandular function could be maintained in the absence of the pituitary by the administration of suitable doses of chorionic gonadotrophin or testosterone. Removal of the testes in the hypophysectomized rat did not alter appreciably the maintenance effect of testosterone on the d.l.p.
The effects of oestradiol on the efficiency of the d.l.p. to concentrate 65Zn were diverse and involved multiple sites of action. With a dose of 0·1 μg of oestradiol there was stimulation of uptake of 65Zn, and with 1 μg a sudden depression. The latter effect was paralleled by decreased size of the gland and histological evidence of marked cell atrophy. Neither the stimulatory nor depressant effects of oestradiol on 65Zn uptake could be reproduced in hypophysectomized rats maintained on gonadotrophin, indicating that these two actions of oestrogen involved the pituitary axis.
Larger doses of oestradiol administered to hypophysectomized and hypophysectomized-castrated rats maintained on testosterone also exerted an inhibitory effect on the efficiency of the d.l.p. to concentrate 65Zn. There was maximal antagonism with an androgen: oestrogen ratio of 5:1, and as the proportion of oestrogen was increased there was a rebound rise in efficiency of the d.l.p. to take up 65Zn. The depression of 65Zn uptake by this peripheral-type of antagonism was not accompanied by depression in glandular weight. Even more striking was the observation that, in the face of this lowered glandular function, there was no evidence of any depression histologically or cytologically.
AN ADDITIONAL PURIFICATION STEP FOR A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING OESTRIOL, OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL-17β IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: BROWN J. B. , BULBROOK R. D. , GREENWOOD F. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A modification of a method for estimating urinary oestrogens is described and its accuracy confirmed.
2. For most urine specimens the modified method gives practically the same results as the original method. In large series of comparisons, however, small but significant differences are found in the amounts of oestrone and oestriol measured by the two methods.
3. Interference caused by administration of certain drugs or by the secretion of large amounts of neutral steroids is reduced or abolished by using the modified method. The amounts of impurities in the final urine extracts are reduced by approximately 50%.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISOL ACETATE ON OESTRONE-INDUCED MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN IMMATURE OVARIECTOMIZED ALBINO MICE
Authors: MUNFORD R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The response of the mammary glands of ovariectomized albino mice to treatment with 0·003 or 0·006 μg oestrone daily could be distinguished after 21 days of treatment. Differences in mammary gland areas of oestrone-treated ovariectomized mice, and of both ovariectomized and intact controls, were significant.
When injected at a level of 12·5 μg daily for 21 days, cortisol acetate (CA) stimulated mammary development in ovariectomized and ovariectomized oestrone-treated albino mice, both growth in area and increase in the number of duct junctions being affected. At higher dosage rates (25 and 50 μg daily) CA was without detectable influence on the mammary glands.
The effect of the two steroids upon the mammary glands appeared to be simply additive when analysed on the transformed (logarithmic) scale.
The estimate of the density of duct branching—number of duct junctions per unit area—of the mammary glands was not significantly affected by either steroid. Differences in this estimate of mammary gland structure were in general inversely related to differences in area or number of duct junctions.
The effects of treatment with CA and with oestrone upon the body weight, adrenal and thymus gland weight, uterine weight and vaginal changes were also observed.
THE MOTILITY AND REACTIVITY OF THE OESTROGENIZED RABBIT UTERUS IN VIVO; WITH COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The spontaneous motility of the intact uterus of spayed oestrogenized rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia has been recorded. Both uteri of each animal behaved similarly, and contractions often appeared to be synchronous. Small changes of load affected the amplitude of contractions, but did not alter uterine responsiveness to neurohypophysial or adrenomedullary hormones. Mid-thoracic section of the spinal cord obliterated spontaneous motility of the uterus; spinal anaesthesia did not. Spontaneous motility persisted for as long as 7 hr after decerebration and removal of the pituitary gland.
The threshold dose of oxytocin for activating the oestrogenized uterus was the same as that for the lactating mammary gland, i.e. 1–5 mu. Doses up to 50 mu. usually gave an increase in frequency and amplitude of contractions. In the same dose range vasopressin either had little effect or inhibited spontaneous uterine motility, although milk ejection was stimulated. Slow infusion of oxytocin at rates of 1·5–48 mu./min produced graded increases in the rate and depth of uterine contractions and, at the same time, in similarly treated, lactating animals, rhythmic milk-ejection responses which at the higher rates of infusion merged to give a tetanic (plateau) type of milk ejection.
Adrenaline or noradrenaline in doses of 1–5 μg produced diphasic uterine responses, initial contractions being followed by inhibition of spontaneous motility. They also inhibited the uterine, as well as the milk-ejection response to oxytocin injected 10–30 sec later. The inhibitory effect of adrenaline on both organs was about twice that of noradrenaline.
The above-mentioned responses to adrenaline and oxytocin could also be elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Stimuli in the dorsal, lateral, perifornical and posterior hypothalamic areas produced effects equivalent to those of 1–5 μg adrenaline on both the uterus and mammary gland. These responses were abolished by mid-thoracic section of the spinal cord or by spinal anaesthesia. In such preparations responses typical of those produced by oxytocin were seen in both organs after stimulation of the paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nuclei and the hypothalamo-hypophysial nerve pathways of the tuber cinereum and neural stalk.
Dilatation of the vagina (or rectum) gave rise to a uterine response similar to that resulting from adrenaline or noradrenaline. The response was abolished by spinal anaesthesia, but not by mid-thoracic spinal section or decerebration. The same stimuli also produced 'bearing down' contractions of the abdominal muscles. Contractions of the uterus could also be elicited by mechanical stimuli, in the absence of functional spinal connexions.
ON THE MECHANISM OF LABOUR IN THE RABBIT
Authors: CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The parturitional behaviour of full-term rabbits injected with 100 or 200 mu. oxytocin is described. Young were born at rates varying from twelve in 7 min to three in 20 min. Newborn pups suckled the doe while she was still in labour.
Labour was induced in full-term does under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia by injection of 50–200 mu. oxytocin or by electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract. Abdominal contractions, milk ejection and delivery of young were recorded kymographically. The delivery of every pup was assisted by reflex straining movements of the doe. Though commonly labour was completed without the secretion of additional oxytocin from the neurohypophysis (as shown by the milk-ejection record), occasionally a reflex release of oxytocin did occur in amounts sufficient to influence the course of labour. In many cases labour appeared to be as efficient as in the conscious animal.
Suppression of abdominal contractions by spinal anaesthesia did not prevent effective delivery of young after injection of oxytocin. However, the time taken to expel individual pups from the vagina tended to increase, and the last of the litter was generally retained in the vagina.
The physiological mechanisms involved in parturition in the rabbit are discussed in the light of these and earlier findings.
EGG DEVELOPMENT IN THE RABBIT: THE INFLUENCE OF POST-COITAL LIGATION OF THE UTERINE TUBE AND OF OVARIECTOMY
Authors: ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of post-coital, unilateral ligation of the uterine tube and of bilateral ovariectomy on egg development have been studied in fifty rabbits. Ligation and ovariectomy were performed between 14 and 72 hr, and 11 and 30 hr, respectively, after mating. The animals were killed for examination of the eggs between 3 and 10 days after mating.
284 eggs from thirty-five operated rabbits and 214 fertilized eggs from twelve unoperated rabbits were measured with an eye-piece micrometer as fresh specimens. Until 72 hr after mating the zona pellucida and intra-zonal space were relatively constant at 20 and 125 μ, respectively, while the mucin increased in thickness from 11 μ at 24 hr to 103 μ at 72 hr. The diameter of the intra-zonal space increased to 168 μ at 84 hr and 273 μ at 96 hr, whereas the zona pellucida showed a corresponding decrease to 14 and 5 μ, respectively, but it was still present as a very thin membrane on 6-day blastocysts. In most eggs the mucin began to thin between 72 and 84 hr and apparently disappeared before 120 hr.
Ten does in which one uterine tube had been ligated were autopsied 10 days after mating. On the non-ligated, control side, 67·5% of the ovulations (fifty-two eggs) were represented as conceptuses, whereas thirty-six eggs (85·7% of the ovulations) recovered from the ligated tubes were degenerated. When twenty similarly treated does were examined between 3 and 5 days after mating, it was found that egg development continued normally for some 84 hr after mating and then collapse of the early blastocyst occurred. Following ovariectomy in fourteen does, egg development was arrested at approximately 84 hr after mating. In the majority of ovariectomized does, the rate of egg transport to the uterus was normal. Treatment of six ovariectomized does with progesterone prevented degeneration only when the eggs reached the uterus; in three of the six progesterone-treated does some of the eggs were retained in the uterine tubes and degenerated.
JOINT ACTION OF GONADOTROPHIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: LAMOND D. R. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Four experiments are described in which the joint action of certain pairs of six gonadotrophic preparations was studied. In every case similar joint action was demonstrated using the uterine weight in the immature mouse as the criterion of response.
These results are discussed with regard to the early action of gonadotrophins on the immature mouse ovary.
A STUDY OF THE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO PURIFIED PREPARATIONS OF SHEEP INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: HENRY SARAH S. , van DYKE H. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The antibodies produced in rabbits in response to purified preparations of sheep interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) have been studied by the Ouchterlony technique for the analysis of precipitins. It has been possible to identify the ICSH precipitin in vitro.
2. The antibody to sheep ICSH forms precipitin bands with sheep ICSH and with ox ICSH, but not with hog ICSH or with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).
3. Antiserum to sheep ICSH, absorbed so that a single demonstrable antibody is present, inhibits the biological effect of sheep and of ox ICSH but not of hog ICSH or of HCG. This antiserum did not interfere with the action of endogenous rat ICSH.
4. There was no cross-reaction demonstrable between the sheep ICSH antigen-antibody system and the pneumococcus polysaccharide type XIV system as has been reported for the antigen-antibody system of HCG.
5. Two attempts to repeat the method of Takeda, Otsuka & Noda [1952] for the preparation of crystalline ox ICSH were unsuccessful.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND SEMINAL EMISSION
Authors: CROSS B. A. , GLOVER T. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in adult male rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced immediate contractions of the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle, with emission of semen. Kymographic records were obtained of the contractions of the seminal vesicle.
2. Intravenous injections of 1–5 μg adrenaline gave similar effects, but with latencies of 7–30 sec. Measured by its action on the seminal vesicle, adrenaline was two to five times more potent than noradrenaline.
3. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal, lateral or posterior areas of the hypothalamus evoked an immediate contraction of the seminal vesicle followed by a delayed contractile effect. Contractions of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also occurred.
4. The immediate response of the seminal vesicle to stimulation of the hypothalamus was abolished by section of the hypogastric nerves, and the delayed effect by adrenalectomy. After these interferences the two types of response could be simulated by stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut hypogastric nerves, and by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline, respectively.
5. Neither electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, nor injection of oxytocin or vasopressin induced a contraction of the seminal vesicle.
6. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of sexual excitation at coitus on the volume and quality of ejaculated semen.
THE ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RESISTANCE TO COLD OF ADRENALECTOMIZED AND THYROIDECTOMIZED-ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: GANJU S. N. , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of thyroid medication on the oxygen uptake and resistance to cold of normal, adrenalectomized (adx) and thyroidectomized-adrenalectomized (thyx-adx) mice was studied. All adx animals were maintained on salt.
1. 3–12 mg dried thyroid gland or 2·5 μg l-thyroxine, given daily for 7 days, prolonged the survival times of adx and thyx-adx mice in cold. 24 mg, however, decreased survival time.
2. 3–6 mg dried thyroid gland given daily for 6 days raised the oxygen uptake of both normal and thyroidectomized (thyx) but not of adx mice.
3. 10 μg l-thyroxine given daily for 14 days increased the oxygen uptake of adx mice, but 40 μg failed to do so in mice which were also thyx.
ADRENALECTOMY IN THE GOAT REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION
Authors: COWIE A. T. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mean survival period of twelve goats after adrenalectomy was 7·8±1·2 days. Adrenalectomy resulted in a progressive rise in the concentration of K and a fall of Na in the plasma. In the lactating goat there was a rapid inhibition of milk secretion and the concentration of K in the milk fell, while that of Na rose slightly as the yield dropped. Partial to complete maintenance of lactation was achieved in five lactating goats after adrenalectomy by implanting tablets of cortisone (or cortisone acetate) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), a daily absorption of at least 6–12 mg cortisone (or its acetate) and 2·5 mg DCA being required. DCA was the more critical component of the combination. During replacement therapy, when the daily milk yield had become relatively steady, the composition of the milk (fat and solids-not-fat percentages) and the Na and K concentrations in the milk were within the pre-operative ranges, but during the periods of adrenal insufficiency, when the milk yield declined, there was a concomitant rise in milk-fat percentage and a fall in milk K. These changes, however, also occurred when the milk yields fell from other causes and so they may not be directly attributable to the lack of adrenal steroids.