bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MIXED SIGNALS? PUBLIC SECTOR CHANGE AND THE PROPER CONDUCT OF PUBLIC BUSINESS
Authors: DOIG ALAN 
Published: April 2007

What begun after the 1979 General Election as an exercise to reduce the public sector's size and cost developed during the 1980s into continuous change to its organization, functions and structure. Throughout this process it appeared that certain assumptions were made about the presence and continuity of standards of conduct, the proper conduct of public business and the sense of public service. Such assumptions appear to have been based on a belief that these standards were general throughout the public sector and would be maintained or adapted during change. Little attention was given to what comprises the standards, how they are perceived and implemented across the public sector and who monitors or polices them, particularly in times of change.Various aspects of the changes, from devolved management to privatization, have brought a number of new pressures and perspectives on the conduct of public business which have led to cases involving failure to follow established procedures, the lack of expertise, conflict of interest, mismanagement, and misconduct. Together various cases have raised questions about dysfunctional consequences of change, the signals given to officials in terms of how change affects their functions, and the implications for the continued adherence to and effectiveness of both standards of conduct and of the means and procedures whereby probity and standards of conduct are maintained.
THE QUASI‐MARKET, THE ENTREPRENEUR AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NHS BUSINESS MANAGER
Authors: BOYETT INGER , FINLAY DONALD 
Published: April 2007

The recent changes in the UK National Health Service were heralded by the publication of the Griffiths report in 1983 which highlighted the need for a business‐like’approach to management. The policy makers’generic strategy of the late 1980s and early 1990s centred around the concept of‘quasi‐markets’. These were artificial internal markets encompassing the purchasers and providers of public services.Little research has been undertaken into this new phenomenon of the‘quasi‐market’but entrepreneurship economic theory would suggest that for markets to be efficient would require a supply of alert and aware entrepreneurs. Within the restructured NHS, the mantle for entrepreneurial management seems to have been placed firmly on the shoulders of the newly created‘business managers’.A 1993 survey amongst NHS business managers in first and second wave trust hospitals in the Trent Regional Health Authority indicated that whilst business managers were knowledgable of what entrepreneurial activity is, they currently feel constrained in their new roles for a variety of reasons. The authors suggest that rational economic analysis is insufficient to explain this lack of innovatory endeavour. Instead policy makers’attention should be devoted to liberating health managers from their current constraints to encourage their entrepreneurial development.
POLICY EVALUATION: INCORPORATING USERS’VIEWS
Authors: KNOX COLIN , McALISTER DENISE 
Published: April 2007

There is a growing recognition that obtaining feedback from users is a fundamental and integral part of measuring effectiveness and without such a perspective, policy evaluation will have limited legitimacy. There is still, however, widespread uncertainty about how best to carry this out or in what circumstances, given methodological and other constraints, such an approach is likely to be worthwhile.The aim of this article is not to rehearse in detail the merits and demerits of users as stakeholders, thereby providing a rationale for their inclusion in the evaluation process. This has been adequately covered elsewhere despite the subsequent paucity of empirical studies seeking to incorporate user perspectives. Rather, it is an attempt to suggest a set of co‐requisites which would provide some guidance to would‐be evaluators as to those conditions in which incorporation of user perspectives will be both methodologically sound and practically useful. In so doing, it suggests a referential rather than just an exclusively schematic approach to evaluation. It is hoped that the insights provided by the case studies described in the article will help those involved in evaluations to more quickly vet or validate desiderata in which inclusions of this stakeholder's group is desirable, expedient, permissible and authoritative.
SHOULD ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM COMMISSIONS BE DECOMMISSIONED?
Authors: POLIDANO CHARLES 
Published: April 2007

This article compares two approaches to administrative reform. The first, the traditional approach, relies on the generation of a reform blueprint by an autonomous commission made up of non‐bureaucrats. The second and more recent approach relies instead on a small unit often staffed by civil servants and reporting directly to the highest political authorities.The new approach offers reformers the flexibility needed to circumvent opposition yet achieve rapid results: an advantage essential to successful reform, yet signally lacking in the traditional approach. This is amply borne out by case studies from Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The administrative reform commission may now be an obsolete instrument.
NEW MODES OF CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Authors: HOGGETT PAUL 
Published: April 2007

Controversy exists regarding whether recent changes in the organization of the public services in the UK and elsewhere constitute a paradigm shift towards a post‐bureaucratic form. This article argues that in Britain three fundamental but interlocking strategies of control have been implemented over the last decade. First, there has been a pronounced shift towards the creation of operationally decentralized units with a simultaneous attempt to increase centralized control over strategy and policy. Second, the principle of competition (often attached to the development of market relations but sometimes not) has become the dominant method of co‐ordinating the activities of decentralized units. Third, during the most recent period there has been a substantial development of processes of performance management and monitoring (including audits, inspections, quality assessments and reviews), again a phenomenon largely directed towards operationally decentralized units.Taken together these three strategies do not describe a simple movement from a bureaucratic to a post‐bureaucratic form, rather they combine strong elements of innovation with the reassertion of a number of fundamentally bureaucratic mechanisms. This may be a peculiarly British phenomenon, certainly the excessive elements of centralization and formalization appear to depart from the ideal‐type of the post‐bureaucratic organization. It is argued that this‘British trajectory’can best be understood in terms of the continued relative decline of the British economy and the Conservative response to it, i.e. the drive to create a‘high output, low commitment’workforce.
CONTRACTING IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM THE NHS
Authors: BENNETT CHRIS , FERLIE EWAN 
Published: April 2007

The contract is the main mechanism for governing transactions within public sector‘quasi markets’. This article explores the nature of the contracting process in the light of new empirical data from a qualitative study of the development of contracting for hiv/aids services within the National Health Service. These data are compared with four possible models of the contracting process emerging from the academic literature, classical, relational, regulated and pseudo contracting.The White Paper on the nhs reforms uses a classical concept of contracting, in which purchasers are represented as making well informed and unrestricted choices between competing options. This bore little relation to the process observed within the four purchasing organizations studied. Instead, elements of all the models were observed, with the dominance of any one model varying with different situations, times and localities. Competition was only patchily evident, with purchasers more commonly encouraging co‐operative relationships between providers to preserve stability. Attempts to utilize the contract process to mould and reconfigure services were often hampered by restrictions imposed by regulations and slow implementation of new mechanisms. Contracting was also adversely affected by rapid organizational change and lack of adequate information. It is concluded that contracting in the nhs is an evolving process and has yet to achieve its full potential as a management mechanism.
REFLECTIONS ON THE TRUE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCOTT REPORT FOR GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: FOSTER CHRISTOPHER 
Published: April 2007

The immediate impact of the Scott report was slight because it had no conclusion and led to no ministerial or other resignations. Reasons for this inconclusiveness were examined, including conventions of the judicial process, the difficulty Scott had in defining the offences he was examining, the slipperiness of those offences as constitutional conventions and Scott's lack of grasp of administrative processes.Yet his report is a mine of information on problems of accountability in the area of government defence sales. It was atypical in that three departments pursuing four policies between them and with another department as policeman had a locus in the process. Given the nearly 100,000 licences being processed at one time, it was a large, complex and fragmented administrative activity which might easily have resulted in more mishaps than it did.Despite its special features the author argues that it does provide evidence of six areas of difficulty in government accountability which are also of (growing) relevance outside the area Scott surveyed: how one finds who is responsible for policy and policy change; how accountability is secured where confidentiality is justified for national security or other reasons; how one gets operational accountability for executive operations within departments; the accountability of junior to departmental ministers; of junior to more senior civil servants; and of civil servants to ministers.
THE SCOTT REPORT
Authors: BOGDANOR VERNON 
Published: April 2007

The Scott report shows that the two most serious allegations made against ministers ‐ that they conspired to sell lethal arms to Iraq in violation of government guidelines, and that they conspired to send innocent men to prison ‐ are unfounded.The inquiry violated the Salmon guidelines for the conduct of tribunals and is further evidence that an informal tribunal of this type is less well‐equipped to examine a matter causing nation‐wide public concern and to secure justice to individuals, than a statutory tribunal appointed under the Act of 1921.Nevertheless, the Scott report raises three issues of fundamental constitutional importance ‐ ministerial accountability to which the final section of the report is devoted, freedom of information which Sir Richard regards as a corollary of ministerial accountability, and the proper relationships between ministers and civil servants.Sir Richard believes that constitutionally improper things occurred during the period which his inquiry covers. The fact that no minister or civil servant paid any penalty casts doubt as to whether ministerial accountability is a genuine convention of the constitution or a convenient fiction enabling both ministers and officials to evade responsibility.
Books on International Economic Affairs
Authors: Howarth Anne 
Published: April 2007

IMPACT OF EAST‐WEST TRADE ON LIBERAL TRADE POLICIES THE TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF SOVIET INDUSTRY edited by Ronald Amann, Julian Cooper and R. W. Davies ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES AND THE THIRD WORLD edited by Deepak Nayyar SOVIET FOREIGN TRADE by William Nelson Turpin
Topsy‐turvy Uranium World
Authors: Kovach Yugo 
Published: April 2007

MARKET STRUCTURE, BARGAINING POWER AND RESOURCE PRICE FORMATION, by Walter C. Labys WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER: REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES, edited by Ervin Laszlo and Joel Kurtzman TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE IN THE PEOPLE'sREPUBLIC OF CHINA, by Jon Sigurdson FUTURE MARKETS FOR CONSULTANCY: PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ABROAD, by Reginald Bidgood INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION, by Alan M. Rugman IMPLICATIONS OF JAPAN'sEMERGING SERVICE ECONOMY, by Kazuo Nukazawa, Keidanren Paper No. 8 STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY, edited by F.A. Olaloku UNITED STATES TAXATION AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by Robert Hellawell THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST, by Irving Millman Grossack FOREIGN ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, by Isaiah Frank BRITAIN'sECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, edited by Richard E. Caves and Lawrence B. Krause
India: the Land of Unfulfilled Promise
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: April 2007

THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE EXECUTIVE, by Peter Drucker THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY ECONOMY AND THE THIRD WORLD, by George Macesich RESTRICTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: A SURVEY, by Frank Long THE POLITICAL ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL BANK LENDING, by David Gisselquist DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN A TURBULENT WORLD: PATTERNS OF ADJUSTMENT SINCE THE OIL CRISIS, by Ching‐yuan Lin IMPORT COMPETITION AND RESPONSE, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati THE PROMISE OF PEACE: ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN EGYPT AND ISRAEL, by Henry J. Bruton, Staff Paper NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, edited by John W. Kendrick and Beatrice N. Vaccara
Economic Sanctions and Foreign Policy
Authors: Bull Hedley 
Published: April 2007

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS, by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, assisted by Kimberly Ann Elliott ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, by Robin Renwick ECONOMIC SANCTIONS: IDEALS AND EXPERIENCE, by M.S. Daoudi and M.S. Dajani
Book Reviews
Authors: BLISS CHRISTOPHER , ARTIS MICHAEL J. , SNOWDEN P.N. , STEGEMANN KLAUS , FILATOCHEV IGOR 
Published: April 2007

Companion to Contemporary Economic Thought by DAVID GREENAWAY, MICHAEL BLEANEY and IAN M.T. STEWART (eds.), (London, New York: Routledge, 1991, pp xii and 858, ISBN 0 415 02612 1. International Adjustment and Financing. the Lessons of 1985–1991 by C. FRED BERGSTEN, (ed.), (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1992), pp xiii and 335, US $34.95 hardback, US $24.95 softback, ISBN 0 88132 142 7 and 0 88132 112 5. Financial Instability and the International Debt Problem by GEORGE MCKENZIE and STEPHEN THOMAS (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), pp ix and 211, $40 hardback, ISBN 0 333 46419 2. Down in The Dumps, Administration of the Unfair Trade Laws by RICHARD BOLTUCK and ROBERT E. LIT AN (eds.), (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991). pp xii and 350, US $34.95 hardback, US $15.94 softback, ISBN 0 8157 1020 8, 0 8157 1019 4. Industrial Reform in Socialist Countries, From Restructuring to Revolution by IAN JEFFRIES (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1992), pp x and 294, $45.00 hardback, ISBN 1 85278 380 X.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN CHINA: LOWER BOUND ESTIMATES
Authors: Chow Gregory C. , Kwan Yum K. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTWe construct a structural econometric model to measure partially the economic effects of political movements in China. Consumption, or equivalently investment, is determined by a central planner trying to maximize a multiperiod objective function. Political events are modeled by exogenous changes in the shocks to productivity and to investment which affect the time paths of major economic variables. Effects of the events are measured by comparing the time paths generated by the model with and without the changes in the shocks. The dynamic optimization model is estimated using data from 1952 to 1993. In contrast with our earlier work, we assume a trend‐stationary process for log total productivity rather than a random walk process and estimate that without the Great Leap Forward Movement output per capita in China up to 1993 would have been on average 1.18 to 1.71 times as great. Without the Cultural Revolution the corresponding figure would have been 1.08 to 1.12 times as great.
NONSUBSTITUTION THEOREMS FOR A SMALL TRADING COUNTRY
Authors: Bergstrom Theodore C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper proves a nonsubstitution theorem for small trading economies, under quite plausible conditions. Conditions are established under which the consumption possibility set for an economy that has nontradeable factors of production and nontradeable consumption goods is bounded by a hyperplane, rather than by a curved surface. The theorem allows the possibility that the prices of nontradeable factors, and hence the incomes of their owners, may depend on domestic supplies of nontradeable factors. It is concluded that the equilibrium wage and the equilibrium prices of all consumption goods are independent of domestic endowments or the shape of demand functions. The theorem tends to strengthen the view that, in the absence of trade barriers, differences in real wages across countries cannot be explained by differences in resource endowments.
THE TAO OF MARKETS: SIMA QIAN AND THE INVISIBLE HAND1
Authors: Young Leslie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdam Smith's famous doctrine of the Invisible Hand, introduced in the Wealth of Nations in 1776, was anticipated by the great Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian (145–87 BC) in his Records of the Historian. Sima Qian's statement is deeper in that, unlike Smith, he links the “invisible hand”’explicitly to the price mechanism. Their analyses had a common philosophical foundation: the characteristically Chinese concept of a general, spontaneous natural order. They arrived at their similar conclusions by applying this concept to a similar contemporary issue in political economy ‐ the appropriate extent of government intervention. More intriguing, if more equivocal, is the possibility of a direct intellectual debt through the agency of A. R. J. Turgot and two Chinese who were visiting Paris as guests of the Jesuits just before Adam Smith's famous visit to the same city.
Patterns and frequency of atypical antipsychotic prescribing in psychiatric medical centers: a cross‐sectional national survey
Authors: Diatta Thierno , Blazejewski Sylvie , Portier Arnaud , Lignot Séverine , Quesnot Ariane , Moore Nicholas , Fourrier‐Réglat Annie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStudies describing atypical antipsychotics when compared with conventional antipsychotic drugs are few in France. This study aimed to describe the frequency and characteristics of atypical antipsychotic prescribing. A cross‐sectional national survey was conducted from February to June 2003 in a random sample of 100 volunteer French psychiatrists practicing in public psychiatric medical centers. Each psychiatrist was asked to complete a questionnaire for patients to whom at least one antipsychotic was prescribed during the period of the survey. The characteristics of the patients treated with atypical antipsychotics were identified with a logistic regression model. A total of 1733 patients were included in the study. The main diagnoses were schizophrenia (46.1%) and other psychoses (40.8%), followed by mood disorders (10%) and other psychiatric disorders (2.5%). Among these patients, 56% had at least one prescription of an atypical antipsychotic, 42.1% at least one conventional antipsychotic with immediate action and 29.9% at least one conventional antipsychotic with delayed action. Seventy percent of patients were treated with single‐drug atypical antipsychotics. Compared with conventional antipsychotics with immediate action, atypical antipsychotics were less likely to be prescribed to patients over 35 years of age [odds ratio (OR) 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3–0.6], with duration of illness >10 years (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.7), and were less likely to be used with concomitant corrector agents for neurological side effects (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3–0.6). This study shows the important use of atypical antipsychotic drugs especially in schizophrenic patients and younger patients.
Hepatocyte senescence in end‐stage chronic liver disease: a study of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in liver biopsies as a marker for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Brunt Elizabeth M. , Walsh Sarah N. , Hayashi Paul H. , LaBundy Jennifer , Di Bisceglie Adrian M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Histologic markers to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include small cell change and dysplastic nodules. Hepatocyte senescence is noted in chronic liver disease and may or may not be important in progression to HCC.Aim: The study was undertaken to compare standard histologic features of chronic liver disease as well as markers of senescence and proliferation in two groups of biopsies from patients followed for at least a year.Methods: Standard histologic evaluation of necroinflammatory activity, fibrosis, steatosis, and iron, internationally accepted criteria of dysplasia, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation and hepatocyte senescence were compared in 47 liver biopsies from noncholestatic chronic liver disease patients who subsequently either underwent transplant (the Control group, n=19) or had biopsy‐proven (HCC group, n=28) over a similar time period of 34.9 months (mean) and 42.5 months (mean) respectively.Results: Both groups were predominantly men; the MELD score was higher, and mean age was less in the Control group (46.9 vs 53.8 years, P=0.01). Small cell change was not significantly different in the biopsies between the two groups; neither were grade, stage (Ishak scores), nor presence or location of iron. Steatosis was more common in the group that subsequently developed HCC (P=0.04). The MIB‐1 proliferation index was greater in the biopsies from the Control group. The senescence marker p21, and the ratio of p21:MIB‐1 were not statistically different between the two groups. However, a Spearman's rank correlation showed a linear correlation of p21/MIB‐1 with a greater amount of dyplasia in the explant livers of Controls.Conclusions: These findings suggested the Control groups' livers maintained effective removal of cells from the cell cycle by overexpression of p21 and, while not ‘protected’ from significant involvement by dysplasia, may have been precluded from development of HCC.
Retinal pigment epithelium tears following intravitreal ranibizumab therapy
Authors: Kiss Christopher , Michels Stephan , Prager Franz , Geitzenauer Wolfgang , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Two patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) developed a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tear following intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. One patient developed the RPE tear within 2 weeks of the injection, the other within 6 weeks of a second injection. Both patients presented with vision loss of one line at diagnosis of the RPE tear. During long‐term follow‐up, visual acuity improved in one patient by one line and deteriorated in the second patient by three lines. RPE tears may occur after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in patients with neovascular AMD, probably because of the rapid regression of the fibrovascular membrane.