bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Electrophoresis and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Cows with Lymphoma
Authors: Jacobs R. M. , Valli V. E. O. , Wilkie B. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Changes in the serum electrophoretic patterns and immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were examined in cows with lymphoma, in clinically normal cows, and in cows with various inflammatory conditions. Cows with lymphoma had moderately increased concentrations of α2-globulin which were significantly different from concentrations in normal animals (P ≤ 0.01) and in animals with inflammatory conditions (P ≤ 0.05). This was possibly due to the increase in acute-phase reactant proteins which occurs with inflammation and neoplasia; however, there was the suggestion that these α2-globulins may be qualitatively different in animals with neoplasia. β2-Globulins were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased in cows with lymphoma, and this was attributed to lower concentrations of Ig observed in this group. All Ig classes, except IgA, were decreased in cows with lymphoma, but the greatest decrease was observed in the IgM class.
Immunization of Calves Against Salmonellosis
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Habasha Faisal G. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Hardy Allen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-six normal colostrum-fed Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Angus crossbred calves ranging in age from 3 to 9 weeks were divided into 4 vaccinated groups and 1 nonvaccinated (control) group. Group I consisted of 10 calves vaccinated 2 or 3 times subcutaneously with formalin-killed Salmonella dublin-S typhimurium bacterin with added adjuvant. Group II consisted of 4 calves vaccinated orally with formalin-killed S typhimurium daily for 21 days. Group III consisted of 17 calves given colostrum from dams which had been vaccinated twice subcutaneously with a formalin-killed S dublin-S typhimurium bacterin with added adjuvant. Group IV consisted of 8 calves orally given small doses of live virulent S typhimurium twice. Seventeen calves served as nonvaccinated controls.
One to 2 weeks after the final vaccine dose (or at 3 weeks of age for group III), all calves were orally challenge exposed with virulent S typhimurium. Oral challenge dose levels ranged from 1.5 × 109 viable organisms to 1.5 × 1011 viable organisms. Mortality following oral challenge exposure was 11 of 17 controls, 6 of 10 group I calves (ns), 2 of 4 group II calves (ns), 11 of 17 group III calves (ns), and 1 of 8 group IV calves (P = 0.001). Twenty calves, 4 from group I, 8 from group III, and 8 from the control group, given 1.5 × 1011 challenge organisms (the largest challenge inoculum) died, whereas only 1 of 6 calves in group IV given this dose died. Group II calves were not given the 1.5 × 1011 challenge dose.
Under the conditions of this experiment, bacterins given parenterally or orally to calves or given parenterally to the dams of calves did not decrease morbidity and mortality, whereas small numbers of live organisms given orally to calves were effective in lessening morbidity and mortality following oral challenge exposure with virulent S typhimurium.
Bovine Babesiosis: Pathogenicity and Heterologous Species Immunity of Tick-Borne Babesia bovis and B bigemina Infections
Authors: Smith Ronald D. , Molinar Enrique , Larios Fernando , Monroy Juan , Trigo Francisco , Ristic Miodrag 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 22 nonsplenectomized Hereford, Holstein-Friesian, and cross-bred 18-month-old cattle were used to assess the degree of protection conferred by previous infection with Babesia bovis or B bigemina against infection and disease from tick-borne challenge exposure with the heterologous species. Prior infection with B bigemina or B bovis did not significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the susceptibility of cattle to tick-borne infection and disease caused by the heterologous species. Carrier infections were not activated during heterologous species challenge exposure, nor was the severity of the challenge-exposure infection aggravated. Immunologic cross-reactivity in the indirect fluorescent antibody test was restricted to the period during and shortly after recovery. Homologous indirect fluorescent antibody titers persisted long after primary infections with B bovis, but gradually declined in B bigemina-immune cattle. Babesia bovis infections caused severe reactions characterized by high fever, pancytopenia, and death of 9 of 15 infected cattle. Total serum bilirubin and urea nitrogen values increased markedly within 24 hours preceding death and were often accompanied by clinical signs of cns involvement (incoordination, opisthotonos, and paddling). Microscopic lesions were restricted largely to kidney, cns, and liver parenchyma and were characterized by vascular congestion and aggregation of infected erythrocytes in small vessels. Babesia bigemina, in contrast, caused only mild fever and anemia despite prolonged parasitemia and marked thrombocytopenia. The absence of significant (P < 0.05) heterologous species immunity indicated that protection of cattle from these 2 babesial parasites will require specific immunization against each species.
Neural Changes in Vaccinated Calves Challenge Exposed with Virulent Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
Authors: Narita Minoru , Inui Sumio , Nanba Koichi , Shimizu Yukio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Recurrent infection in calves vaccinated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-(ibr) modified live virus was induced by dexamethasone (dm) treatment given 49 days after challenge exposure with virulent ibr virus. Nonchallenge-exposed im and intranasally vaccinated calves did not excrete the virus after dm treatment; however, im and intranasally vaccinated and subsequently challenge-exposed calves excreted the challenge-exposure virus into the nasal secretions 5 to 11 days and 6 to 10 days after the dm treatment, respectively. The calves were killed 15 to 18 days (experiment 1) and 14 days (experiment 2) after dm treatment was started and then were examined by histopathologic and fluorescent antibody techniques. All dm-treated calves that were inoculated with the vaccinal virus and challenge exposed with the virulent virus developed nonsuppurative trigeminal ganglionitis and encephalitis. On the contrary, the dm-treated nonchallenge-exposed vaccinated calves did not have lesions in the peripheral nervous system and cns. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antigens were not observed in tissues of any of the calves examined (experiments 1 and 2) by fluorescent antibody techniques.
These observations indicated that the modified live ibr virus neither produced lesions nor induced latent infection and that modified live ibr virus vaccination did not protect the calves against the establishment of a latent infection after their exposure to large doses of the virulent ibr virus.
Studies on Canine Parvovirus Infections; Development of an Inactivated Vaccine
Authors: Eugster A. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Parvoviruses isolated from the intestines of dogs that died of an enteric infection were propagated in various parasynchronized canine and feline cell cultures. Viral antigen could be visualized in infected cell cultures with the aid of fluorescein-labeled feline, as well as porcine, parvovirus antisera, and in an indirect test with sera from dogs that had recovered from a parvovirus infection. The virus hemagglutinated porcine rbc at 4 C and 25 C but not at 37 C.
An inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine elicited an immune response, but no adverse reactions, when inoculated into dogs. Vaccinated dogs were immune and did not show any clinical signs when challenge exposed with virulent virus, whereas nonvaccinated, nonimmune dogs became clinically ill when inoculated with the same virus. Humoral hemagglutination-inhibiting parvovirus antibody values corresponded well with susceptibility and resistance to experimental inoculation of dogs with canine parvoviruses.
Optimization of the Suspension Culture Method for in Vitro Cultivation of Babesia bovis
Authors: Erp Elton E. , Smith Ronald D. , Ristic Miodrag , Osorno B. Miguel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An evaluation of some system variables for the suspension-culture method of in vitro Babesia bovis cultivation has identified some variables as critical and suggested optimum values for others. Growth of Babesia was not affected by siliconizing the culture vessels or including HEPES buffer in the culture medium. The culture pH, however, markedly influenced the growth rate. When supplemented with a large amount of serum, even Hanks's balanced salt solution was an adequate medium to support growth of B bovis, but growth improved with increasing medium complexity. A comparison of growth in the complex mammalian tissue culture mediums RPMI-1640, medium- 199, and NCTC-135 showed no significant differences. Heparinized plasma (plasma with added heparin) could not be substituted for serum. While serum could be stored by either freezing or refrigeration at 4 C for up to a week, rbc rapidly lost their ability to support growth of B bovis when stored at 4 C. Preliminary experiments with the gaseous environment indicated that CO2 is required and that the optimum oxygen tension was near the normal atmospheric level of about 20%.
Lymphocyte Immunostimulation in the Diagnosis of Corynebacterium equi Pneumonia of Foals
Authors: Prescott J. F. , Ogilvie T. H. , Markham R. J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A lymphocyte stimulation test using antigens of Corynebacterium equi was used to compare the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from foals with C equi pneumonia with ithose of clinically normal foals and adult horses. The test clearly distinguished infected foals from normal foals when tested in animals ≥ 2 months old. After the 2nd month, stimulation response from individual normal foals sometimes exceeded those from infected foals, but mean stimulation response to C equi antigens was significantly (P < 0.025) greater in 3- to 5-month-old infected foals when compared with mean values of 3- to 5-month-old normal foals. Mean stimulation responses in 5- to 7-month-old foals, which had recovered from C equi pneumonia, could not be distinguished from mean responses of normal foals. The test could still, however, be used diagnostically in foals > 2 months of age if stimulation responses were low. The test indicated the great extent of exposure to C equi in the normal horse population.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Antibodies to Brucella abortus in Bovine Milk and Serum
Authors: Heck F. C. , Williams J. D. , Pruett J. , Sanders R. , Zink D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method was evaluated for the detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in cows milk. Milk samples from seropositive or -negative cows were used to determine the distribution of absorbance values to classify milk as elisa positive or elisa negative. Brucella abortus was isolated from milk samples from 10 (45%) of the 22 cows whose milk and serum were elisa positive. The elisa was evaluated and determined to be an appropriate method for detecting antibodies to B abortus in bovine milk.
Anaplasma marginale in Bovine Erythrocyte Cultures
Authors: Mazzola V. , Kuttler K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were standardized with normal bovine erythrocytes at 1.4% and 3.5% parasitemia and cultured under low oxygen pressure at 37 C. The number of erythrocytes infected by A marginale appeared to increase 3.3-fold by day 11 and 4.5-fold by day 3, as determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin films of the culture suspension. Anaplasma parasites in experimental cultures were proven to be viable and pathogenic by calf inoculation for up to 16 days.
Relationship Among Particle Size Distribution, Dissolution Profile, Plasma Values, and Anthelmintic Efficacy of Oxfendazole
Authors: Shastri S. , Mroszczak E. , Prichard R. K. , Parekh P. , Nguyen T. H. , Hennessey D. R. , Schiltz R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three mean particle sizes of oxfendazole raw material (1.65 μm, lot A; 3.2 μm, lot B; 12,0 μm, lot C) were prepared and identically formulated as corresponding (A, B, and C) suspensions at 2.26% (w/v) concentration. Studies involving microscopic examination, scanning electron microscope analysis, particle size distribution, and surface area measurement were carried out on raw materials. In vitro dissolution profiles were obtained for the suspensions. A comparative bioavailability study of these 3 suspensions was performed in 12 sheep with each sheep given each formulation in a Latin square crossover study design; oxfendazole was dosed at a rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma-value measurements were made followed by an analysis of various bioavailability studies. Plasma area values indicated that suspension C (dw = 12.0 μm) was significantly (P < 0.05) less bioavailable than was suspension A (dw = 1.65 μm); there was no difference between suspension A and suspension B. Significant differences were not seen in biological halflife and maximum plasma concentrations.
The term dw refers to that particle diameter (determined by Coulter counting) at which 50% of the oxfendazole mass was in the form of particles having a lesser diameter and 50% was in the form of particles having a greater diameter.
In a separate study involving 20 Merino weaner sheep infected with benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus larvae, oxfendazole's anthelmintic efficacy was demonstrated in the 2.26% suspension dosage form (90% particles < 10 μm) at a dosing rate of 5 mg/kg. A correlation was found between its anthelmintic activity and plasma area values when compared in individual sheep.
Data demonstrated that substantial differences in particle size distribution of oxfendazole could influence its dissolution rate, plasma concentrations, and absorption characteristics, thus indicating that oxfendazole's absorption could be dissolution-rate limited.
Purification and Properties of Haemophilus paragallinarum Hemagglutinin
Authors: Iritani Y. , Katagiri K. , Arita H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemagglutinin (ha) of Haemophilus paragallinarum was purified, and its immunologic, chemical, and morphologic properties were studied. The ha was purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and by subsequent ultracentrifugation of trypsinized cells after pretreatment with neuraminidase. After gel filtration, the ha component (fractionated ha) gave 1 precipitin line by gel diffusion, and after inoculation in chickens, hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to trypsin-sensitive ha antigen was found. Chickens inoculated with the fractionated ha were protected from challenge exposure with H paragallinarum. In a sample further purified by ultracentrifugation (purified ha), a single protein band was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; it had a molecular weight of approximately 39,000. A molecular weight of several hundred thousand to several million was observed by gel filtration. Seemingly, ha of H paragallinarum is an aggregate of more than 20 ha subunits. The purified ha included protein and some sugars, and according to electron microscopic observation, had a filamentous structure.
Development of a Migration Inhibitory Factor Assay Under Agarose of Bovine Mononuclear Leukocytes, Using an Antigen of Brucella abortus
Authors: Azadegan Aliakbar , Kaneene John M. B. , Muscoplat Charles C. , Johnson Donald W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to develop a migration inhibitory factor assay under agarose of bovine mononuclear leukocytes, with an antigen of Brucella abortus. Different concentrations of mononuclear leukocytes were prepared by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique from the blood of nonvaccinated calves and from calves previously vaccinated with strain 19. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 × 106 leukocytes were suspended in RPMI-1640 medium and various dilutions (20, 10, 1, and 0.1 μg) of B abortus-soluble antigen, dispensed in triplicate wells cut in 1% agarose containing minimal essential medium and 10% bovine fetal serum. These agarose plates were incubated for 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, and 24-hour periods and then were fixed; leukocytes were stained with Wright’s stain. Migration distances were measured, and statistical analyses of the data revealed a concentration of 2 × 106 cells/well and an antigen concentration of 10 μg/well. An incubation period of 20 hours was optimal for the assay.
Congenital Tremor in Pigs Farrowed from Sows Given Hog Cholera Virus During Pregnancy
Authors: Vannier P. , Plateau E. , Tillon J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
At different stages of gestation, 3 groups of pregnant sows were inoculated with a strain of hog cholera virus (hcv). After the infection, clinical signs of hog cholera were not observed in the sows. Pigs from the sows infected on day 22 or 43 of gestation showed varying degrees of muscular tremor, ataxia, splayleg, and suckling inability. Of the pigs with tremor, 83% had cerebellar hypoplasia. Surviving pigs demonstrated persistent viral infection and continued to shed hcv, but did not have antibodies to hcv. Sows infected at 72 days of gestation farrowed numerous mummified and stillborn pigs. Signs of tremor were not seen in any pigs from these sows.
Revised Surgical Procedure for the Derivation of Gnotobiotic Dogs
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Austin Nancy J. , Long David J. , Helphrey Melvin 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A revised surgical procedure for derivation of gnotobiotic pups was described. Pregnant bitches (n = 11) were sedated and anesthetized (epidural anesthesia). Fetal pups were removed from the uterine horns and then transferred to the isolation units where they were removed from the sacs and stimulated. The method compares favorably with the previously used hysterectomy procedure.
Endemicity of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in Dogs of Pleasants Valley, Northern California
Authors: Walters L. L. , Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Timm K. I. , Jahn S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A house-to-house survey of dogs in a 26-km2 area of Pleasants Valley (Northern California) was done to determine the prevalence of the filariids Dirofilaria immitis Leidy and Dipetalonema reconditum Grassi in the canine population. Blood samples were taken from the cephalic vein of 97 dogs (≥ 5 months of age) and were tested for the presence of microfilariae, using a modification of the Knott technique. Two dogs with autochthonous D immitis (2.1% of the dogs examined) were discovered. These dogs were outdoor-housed working or sporting dogs, 5 to 8 years old, 1 female and 1 male. Five male dogs, > 2 years of age (5.1%), were positive for Dip reconditum microfilariae. Mixed infections were not detected.
Neomycin Toxicosis in Calves
Authors: Crowell W. A. , Divers T. J. , Byars T. D. , Marshall A. E. , Nusbaum K. E. , Larsen L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves (n = 4) were given neomycin (2.25 or 4.5 mg/kg) twice daily im and were compared with 2 calves given penicillin im. The 2 hallmarks of aminoglycoside toxicosis, nephrotoxicosis and ototoxicosis, were seen with both dosages of parenterally administered neomycin. Nephrotoxicosis was confirmed by abnormal findings in urinalysis (granular casts, proteinuria, low specific gravity), renal biopsy results (tubular degeneration and necrosis), and increased 24-hour amounts of urinary enzymes (alanine aminopeptidase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase). Azotemia, decreased creatinine clearance, polyuria, and polydipsia also were documented in calves given neomycin. Clinically, deafness was suspected in 2 calves and was documented by electrical auditory-evoked response tests.
Abnormalities in partial thromboplastin times and renal residues of neomycin were seen in all 4 calves that were given neomycin, but not in calves that were given penicillin.
Vitamin E Deficiency Retinopathy in Dogs
Authors: Riis R. C. , Sheffy B. E. , Loew E. , Kern T. J. , Smith J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs fed purified diets developed retinopathy consistently when the nutrition was deficient in vitamin E. Deleting dl-methionine along with vitamin E and selenium (group 3 dogs) varied the development minimally. Supplementation of vitamin E to a selenium-deficient diet (group 1 dogs) protected the retina from changes. Ethoxyquin added to a diet deficient in vitamin E, but supplemented with National Research Council levels of selenium or 10 times the National Research Council levels, induced no beneficial recognizable changes in the retinopathy. The characteristic retinopathy was ophthalmoscopically visible as early as 3 months (group 2 to 9 dogs). Typical lesions developed first in the central, outer layers and progressed slowly toward the periphery. The tapetal retina was more extensively involved, showing a color change and mottling.
Microscopically, a yellow autofluorescent pigment accumulated in large amounts within the retinal epithelium. Later stages of retinopathy showed this pigment was present in migrating cells in all the retinal layers. The early disappearance of a recordable electroretinogram, night blindness, and eventual severe day visual impairment makes this retinopathy similar to some aspects of degenerations described for persons and pure breed dogs.
Systemic and Digital Vascular Effects of Intravenous Histamine in the Pony
Authors: Robinson N. E. , Scott J. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of a 60-minute iv infusion of histamine (0.5 mg of histamine base/minute) on the systemic, pulmonary, and digital vasculature were investigated in mature ponies. Immediately after the start of histamine infusion, there were a transient decrease in systemic pressure lasting less than 1 minute and then a brief period of systemic hypertension. Systemic pressure then returned to preinfusion levels for the remainder of the infusion period. Pulmonary arterial pressure increased transiently coincident with systemic hypotension. Histamine increased cardiac output and decreased both total peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistances. In the digit, blood flow increased for the duration of the systemic hypertension, but was otherwise unchanged. Digital lymph flow and protein concentration were unchanged by histamine. Hematocrit increased significantly after 60 minutes of histamine infusion, but plasma and blood volumes were unchanged. Histamine caused cyanosis, hyperpnea, and sweating in all ponies. The effects of histamine given iv do not mimic the systemic and digital vascular effects of acute alimentary laminitis.
Experimental Intramammary Infection of the Dairy Cow with Escherichia coli During the Nonlactating Period
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Anderson A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The nonlactating mammary gland was experimentally inoculated with Escherichia coli. During the first half of the nonlactating period, 32% of 34 inoculated glands were temporarily infected. All intramammary infections were eradicated by the cow without therapy and no signs of mastitis were observed.
During the 30 days before parturition occurred, 88% of 42 inoculated glands in the cows became infected. Twenty-three intramammary infections were eradicated by the cow and infection in 14 glands persisted after parturition occurred. Peracute toxic mastitis occurred in those cows with infected glands.