bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in photocatalytic remediation technology
Authors: Kittrell J. R. , Dupre Carl R. , Gerrish David A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe cost of remediation at hazardous waste sites is estimated at billions of dollars annually. It is imperative that more cost‐effective remediation technologies be developed, particularly to address the more complex megasites. Chlorinated hydrocarbons represent the major contaminants at many such sites. It has long been recognized that chlorinated hydrocarbons can be destroyed by photocatalytic oxidation. Traditional photocatalysts, however, have often shown inadequate destruction activity, a loss of activity over time, and poor selectivity, thereby producing substantial amounts of phosgene and chloroform by‐products. This article presents results obtained using novel photocatalyst compositions. The results demonstrate the ability to achieve high photocatalytic destruction activity for chlorinated hydrocarbons with full retention of activity over extended time periods and with complete elimination of phosgene and chloroform by‐products. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional correlates of Doppler flow study of the female urethral vasculature
Authors: Yang J.‐M. , Yang S.‐H. , Huang W.‐C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the effect of individual patient factors (age, parity, body mass index, menstrual cycle, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, bladder neck position and urethral mobility) on the appearance of Doppler flow in urethral vessels, to investigate the association between the Doppler flow parameters and intrinsic urethral function, storage and voiding, and to explore differences in the urethral vasculature between subjects with and without urodynamic stress incontinence (USI).MethodsOver a 4‐year period we prospectively performed imaging studies in 355 women, including 244 who denied any lower urinary tract symptoms within the previous 3 months (Group A) and 111 who had had lower urinary tract symptoms (Group B). Studies included morphologic assessment and Doppler flow investigation of the lower urinary tract. Vascular flow velocity and vessel density in the urethral vasculature were measured. For women in Group B, multichannel urodynamic studies were also performed.ResultsThe urethral vasculature has five main branches of vessels. Their appearance was not affected by the menstrual cycle or menopause except for those of the anterior vaginal vessel and anterior branch of the middle urethral vessel. Other than that of the posterior urethral vessel, in which there was a correlation with parity, the resistance index (RI) was not affected by individual patient factors. However, there was a correlation between the vascular index (VI) and individual factors such as age (r = −0.336, P = 0.002), body mass index (r = −0.287, P = 0.028), menopause (r = −0.402, P < 0.001), and hormone replacement therapy (r = 0.392, P = 0.027). Only the VI and RI of the posterior urethral vessel correlated significantly with the urethral pressure profile. In subjects with lower urinary tract symptoms, the appearance of the urethral vasculature on power Doppler imaging and the corresponding RI and VI values were not correlated with objective evidence of USI.ConclusionPatient factors may affect specific Doppler flow parameters of the urethral vasculature, which are related to intrinsic resting urethral closure. There is no difference in the appearance of the urethral vasculature in subjects with or without USI. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INPLAS ‐ Das Kompetenznetz Industrielle Plasma‐Oberflächentechnik
Authors: Bräuer G. , Brand C. , Baar A. , Bub O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDeutschland gehört zu den Weltmarktführern in der Plasmatechnik und ihren Anwendungen. Dies hat eine vom BMBF im Jahr 2003 in Auftrag gegebene Studie gezeigt. Um die weltweite Spitzenposition zu sichern und auszubauen, ist neben weiteren Fördermaßnahmen, die bereits eingeleitet sind, eine Vernetzung und Bündelung von Einzelaktivitäten notwendig. Aus diesem Grund wurde im Herbst 2005 das Kompetenznetz Industrielle Plasma‐Oberflächentechnik e.V. (INPLAS) gegründet. Die Auftaktveranstaltung fand am 22. März 2006 in Dresden statt. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über Ziele und Leistungen des Netzwerks sowie dessen Aufbau und Struktur.
Elephant importation from range countries: ethical and practical considerations for accredited zoos
Authors: Hutchins Michael , Keele Mike 
Published: June 2006

AbstractZoo elephant populations are in serious demographic peril. Advances in elephant management and care are expected to lead to improved reproductive success. The existing cohort of reproductively viable adult females is aging, however, and effective changes may not come fast enough to sustain the population over time. If so, importation of captive, semi‐domesticated, and wild elephants from range countries may be necessary for zoo programs to survive. Yet, due to the high profile elephants now have with animal rights activists, there may be increasing legal and political barriers to elephant importation. This makes it especially important that zoos become more proactive in addressing remaining weaknesses in elephant management and care and building the case for elephants in zoos. This article summarizes the key considerations for AZA‐accredited zoos that are contemplating future importations. These include ethical, legal, practical, public relations, and other considerations. The authors strongly recommend that zoos position themselves for possible future importations immediately instead of waiting until the last minute. It is equally critical that zoos recognize their existing vulnerabilities and attempt to address them proactively; only then, can they take control of their own fate and reduce the potential for later regret. Zoo Biol 25:219–233, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Who Will be the Shade of Our Tree When You Leave? Collaborating as Women to Advance Community Emancipation
Authors: Daniels Doria 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn 1994, out of a population of 45 million people an estimated 7.7 million people lived in informal settlements in South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations, 1994). This article focuses on one community whose residents' desperation to own housing contributed to community disintegration, typified by infighting among women, and threats to human life. Issues of diversity became more prominent and destabilized community‐building efforts. One effort to collaboratively break down barriers that deterred women from working together is presented to illustrate how these women created bonds based on “discovered similarities.” The participatory and personal‐experience approach described here contributed to their becoming active protagonists of their learning and encouraged tolerance and understanding among community women from differing ethnic, linguistic, and political backgrounds. The article concludes with a discussion of the critical importance of recognizing and working with and through differences within the current South African reality.
Where am I? Locating Myself and its Implications for Collaborative Research
Authors: Langhout Regina Day 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper examines how a younger white female graduate student and an African American female undergraduate viewed the relationship between the graduate student and older African American working class women. This relationship was formed around a community garden project. The graduate student understood the relationship to be based on gender and class background similarities; the undergraduate viewed it based on race differences and unexamined white privilege. Both interpretations are challenged as unidimensional. Through this re‐telling, questions are raised about why situating ourselves via our identities is not practiced more frequently. Possible explanations of this lack of attention to situativity include a Cartesian philosophy of science that separates objectivity and subjectivity, a general unawareness of privilege by those who have it, and a dominant scientific discourse that neglects the role of the researcher. This paper illustrates why reflexivity is crucial for the work of community psychology.
HUMIDITY SYSTEM OF DRYING TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Ortman F. B. , Davis H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief discussion of the theory of humidity drying is followed by a description of the construction and operation of a five room dryer installed above a tunnel kiln and supplied with automatic temp. and humidity control and air circulation. As compared with the older system having controlled air circulation only, the new dryer has been found to have the following advantages: (1) Reduced steam consumption; (2) 50% reduction in floor space; (3) 50% reduction in drying time; (4) Reduction in labor costs owing to elimination of a second handling of incompletely dried pieces; (5) Reduced losses from cracking and warping.
VARIATION IN HEAT TREATMENT OF A SILICA BRICK IN THE CROWN OF A TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Klein A. A. , Ramsdell L. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is possible through microscopic investigation of a silica brick to ascertain approximately the heat treatment to which it has been subjected. In this way the temperature difference between the inner and outer ends of a silica brick which had seen service in the arch of a Dressler tunnel kiln was estimated to be at least 200°.
THE PRODUCTION OF SOME WHITE ENAMELS FOR COPPER1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Reinecker H. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe investigation deals with the development of some white enamels for copper watch dials, thermometer scale plates, and signs. The effect of varying Na2O, PbO, cryolite, SiO2 and B2O3 on the properties of the enamels was studied in twenty enamel compositions. The following conclusions were reached: (1) Correct melting is extremely important in the preparation of copper enamels; (a) Slow air cooling of the frit is preferable to quenching in water. (b) Repeated melting tends to promote opacity and to eliminate dissolved gases. (2) A somewhat reducing atmosphere during firing avoids oxidation of the copper. (3) Slight changes in enamel composition have a decided effect on the resultant properties. (4) Sodium oxide promotes gloss but reduces opacity very decidedly. (5) Lead oxide promotes fusibility without materially reducing opacity, except by dilution. (6) Cryolite is not a desirable flux or opacifier as it tends to develop a matt finish. (7) It is desirable to keep the boric oxide content low and good enamels may be produced without it. (8) By using “white arsenic” as an opacifier tin oxide is unnecessary. (9) The following were the best enamels obtained and these appear to be equal to a number of watch dial enamels examined: C‐19 and C‐20. 20. (10) A second group of compositions which appear to promote results equal to those in use for thermometer scales, advertising letters, etc., are C‐10. 10. C‐21, C‐22, and C‐24. In selecting these compositions, all factors such as opacity, gloss, texture, fit and resistance to attack of copper have been considered.
AN OXYGEN‐ACETYLENE HIGH‐TEMPERATURE FURNACE1
Authors: Wilson Hewitt 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA detailed description, with drawing, is given to show the use of oxy‐acetylene gas in a small furnace for using refractory cones. The advantages claimed, are (1) simplicity of construction, operation and repair; (2) ease of control; (3) high temperatures obtainable; (4) oxidizing atmosphere; (5) comfortable working conditions, owing to the small volume of hot combustion gases; and (6) portable character of the furnace, fuel and firing apparatus, permitting its use in localities where gas or electricity can not be obtained, such as in the field or at the mine. The following change is suggested in the Ceramic Society's specified rate of heating for cone fusion tests. “The rate of heating shall not exceed that corresponding to one‐half a cone (approximately 10 degrees C) per minute within a range of ten cones below that of the final fusion cone and this rate shall preferably be decreased to one cone per five minutes within two cones of the final cone of fusion.”
POSSIBILITIES OF TERRA COTTA CASTING
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperimental method.—The casting properties, viscosity, specific gravity and drying behavior of three kaolins, two ball clays, one fire‐clay and four representative commercial bodies, together with terra cotta clays, were studied. The clays and bodies were treated with varying amounts of salts and cast in the form of small ashlars.Conclusions.—Kaolins have an open structure but do not develop strength on drying. Bonding properties are furnished by ball clays which, however, tend to seal against the mold. Commercial terra cotta bodies tested do not possess good casting properties but can be modified through a study of the component clays. Mechanical difficulties attending the casting of terra cotta render the feasibility of the process doubtful at the present time.
NOTE ON THE HARDNESS OF GLAZES1
Authors: Blumenthal George 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethod of measurement.—The apparatus used (figure 1) consisted of a hardened tungsten‐steel point which was allowed to bear on the glaze surface for 3 min. under a pressure of 50 lbs. The hardness was then computed from the dimensions of the resulting indentation. Results were reproducible to about 5 per cent. (See table III.) The presence of ridges and bubbles in the glaze was the principal cause of discordant readings.Results and conclusions.—The enamels show the lowest and the porcelain glazes the greatest hardness, while the whiteware glazes occupy an intermediate position. The difference in hardness between the enamels and the whiteware glazes is quite marked. There is also a rather well defined difference between the whiteware and the porcelain glazes, but not a sharp separation between the lower and the higher fired porcelain glazes. Enough evidence has been accumulated to show that increased firing of the same glaze will increase the hardness. It appears also that increase in the alumina content brings about greater hardness.
A STUDY OF SOME BOND CLAY MIXTURES1
Authors: Fuller D. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn order to determine whether as good results could be obtained from mixtures of American clays as from the Gross Almerode clay in glass pot bodies, two American ball clays were combined in various proportions with two silicious American bond clays and compared with the Gross Almerode clay in bodies containing 50% grog. Physical properties and resistance to glass batch corrosion were determined. It was not found possible to duplicate the physical properties, especially the low water of plasticity and low drying shrinkage of the Gross Almerode body but several of the bodies gave better results as regards resistance to corrosion than the one containing the Gross Almerode clay. In general it was concluded that it is possible by blending American clays to produce a body equal or superior to the Gross Almerode body. More thorough heat treatment of pots or tank blocks in the arches and greater uniformity in temperature during the burning is required.
A STUDY OF THE HEATING AND COOLING CURVES OF JAPANESE KAOLINITE
Authors: Satoh S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEffect of heating Japanese kaolinite at 100° to 1400° C for 3 to 4 hours.—Ignition loss of weight Was found to occur chiefly between 400° and 600°C, the rate of increase per degree reaching a maximum at about 460 °C. Changes of microstructure were observed at 600°, 900–1000°, 1250–1300° and at 1400 °C, when sillimanite began to develop.Heating and cooling curves for Japanese kaolinite, to 1400°C.—A differential method was used with quartz sand as the comparison substance. In addition to the known reactions: (1) an endothermic from 450° to 700°, and (2) an exothermic near 950°, (3) an exothermic change between 1200° and 1300° was discovered, and it was observed that the endothermic reaction seems to include two periods of heat absorption, (1a) 450° to 650° and (1b) 650° to 700°. In explanation, the author suggests that 1a is due to dehydration, 1b to dissociation of kaolinite into free alumina and free silica, 2 to a polymerization of the alumia and 3 to the formation of amorphous sillimanite. In the discussion, E. W. Washburn calls attention to the fact that the author has neglected the endothermic reaction of quartz at 575 °C and suggests that some of his conclusions are therefore erroneous.Heating and cooling curves for alumina obtained from the nitrate, hydroxide and sulfate by calcination are given in figure 6. Exothermic reactions which are ascribed by the author to polymerization of alumia occur at 800° to 900° and at 1100° to 1200° instead of at 950° and at 1250° as in the case of kaolinite.
TESTS OF FIRE‐BRICK MADE FROM GANISTER, FLINT CLAY, AND PLASTIC CLAY MIXTURES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPALLING1
Authors: Howe Raymond M. , Sheppard Mark 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTInfluence of the alumina‐silica ratio on properties of fire‐brick.—Five experimental batches of fire‐brick were made by mixing various proportions of ganister, flint clay and plastic clay in such a way as to vary the silica content from 53 to 77 per cent and the alumina content from 43 to 20 per cent. (1) The fusion points were found only slightly lower than those of corresponding pure silica‐alumina mixtures. (2) Load tests at high temperature showed that the behavior under compression does not depend on chemical composition so much as on other factors such as the temperature of burning. (3) The resistance to spalling, as tested by alternate heating and dipping in cold water, was found to decrease as the temperature of burning was increased from 1300° to 1400 °C. The higher silica bricks were relatively more resistant at the lower temperature but not so at 1400 °C. Therefore the substitution of ganister for flint clay increases the resistance to spalling at moderate operating temperatures but is of no advantage at 1400° or above.
THE METALLOGRAPHY OF THE OXY‐ACETYLENE WELD AS AFFECTED BY ENAMELING1
Authors: Poste E. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMetallography of Low Carbon Steel.—A discussion of the cooling of steel through the critical range is followed by a consideration of the general structure of low carbon material. A brief discussion of mechanical and thermal treatments follows including the statement of the essential conditions for annealing.Investigation of Oxy‐Acetylene Welds.—The temperature reached by the steel in the enameling operation is discussed with reference to the annealing temperature. An examination of plates and welds before and after enameling shows that a thorough annealing of the weld has been accomplished.
THE SEPARATION OF LIME FROM DOLOMITE1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCalcination.—Magne ium carbonate in dolomite is decomposed by calcining for one hour at 800°C. Calcium carbonate is not completely decomposed until after calcination at 960°‐1040°C for one hour.Treatment with sulphuric acid.—By adding sufficient H2SO4 to milk of dolomite to react with the lime present, a bulky precipitate of Mg(OH)2 is formed which may be partially separated from the finer CaSO4 by screening through a 120 mesh sieve. The residue on the screen contains about 68.3 per cent MgO and represents over 50 per cent of the original CaMgO.Flotation.—The best results by flotation were obtained by removing the fine material from the raw dolomite and then calcining at 920°C. Wood creosote flotation oil number 400 was found best suited for this separation. The concentrates removed by flotation, however, represent only 25 per cent of the dolomite originally treated.Leaching and screening.—By a leaching and screening treatment it is possible to obtain a product containing about 80 per cent MgO. This is superior to Canadian magnesite in MgO content.Elutriation.—By an elutriation treatment it is possible to obtain a residue containing over 85 per cent MgO and representing about 30 per cent of the, original dolomite.
DESIGN OF A FURNACE FOR ANNEALING OPTICAL GLASS1
Authors: Sharp Donald E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDesign of a natural‐gas furnace for annealing optical glass.—Most of the furnaces built for annealing regular glassware are unsuitable for optical glass due to irregularity and inequality of temperatures. Working drawings are given for a successful optical glass annealing furnace operated by natural gas. The design is novel in the placing of the flues and burners in such a manner as to supply the heat and remove it in a symmetrical manner, thus obtaining uniformity of temperature.
THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF FIRE‐CLAY TILES AT FURNACE TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCommercial fire‐clay tiles, were tested at furnace temperatures, for transverse strength. This was supplemented by tests of tiles of known composition made in the laboratory. Moduli of rupture obtained varied from 245.5 pounds per square inch at 1275°C, to 28.9 pounds per square inch at 1350°C but the data collected do not warrant definite conclusions.
THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF FISH SCALING OF ENAMELS FOR SHEET IRON AND STEEL1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Souder W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData obtained.—This paper presents measurements of the following factors and properties and their influences upon fish scaling in the case of typical single and three‐coat enamels: time and temp. during melting of the frit; fusibility of the enamel; coeff. of expansion of the enamel, and of a variety of representative irons and steels up to 500°C (accuracy about 0.1%); annealing the enamel coat after firing; chem. comp. of the steels and irons; mechanical treatment (rolling, spinning, drawing, and so forth of the stock; microscopic surface structure of the stock; effect of chem. comp. upon thermal expansion of enamel.Incidentally it was found that the formulas of Mayer and Havas for computing the thermal expansion of enamel from its chem. comp. can not be relied upon:Conclusions.—On the basis of these exhaustive tests, the following conclusions have been drawn as to the causes and the control of fish scaling.(A) Causes.—1. The cause of fish scaling lies in the difference of the coefficients of expansion of the enamel and the stock, that for steel being higher than for enamels so that the latter are under a compressive stress. The factors influencing this phenomenon are as follows: (a) Composition of the enamel as affecting the coefficient of expansion of the enamel; (b) Overfiring—thus volatilizing those substances which tend to keep the coefficient high; (c) Lack of annealing enameled ware, the enamel coating of which is a glass and should logically be treated as such.2. Fish scaling is due secondarily to a number of factors which may affect the strength of the enamel or its adherence to the metal. (a) The physical condition of the surface of the metal as influenced by drawing, spinning, cold rolling or other mechanical treatment; (b) Composition of the glass as affecting its elastic strength; (c) Underfiring, enamel not fused to metals; (d) Cleanliness of the surface as regards removal of drawing compounds, grease, etc.(B) Remedies.—1. (a) Adjusting the composition of the enamel so as to increase its coefficient, e. g., by decreasing the boric acid content; (b) Correct firing of the enamel to avoid unnecessary volatilization of such fluxes as soda and cryolite; 2. (a) Adjusting enamel composition to increase its strength; (b) Correct firing to give proper adherence. 3. Treatment of metal to give best adhesion by (a) cold rolling or other suitable mechanical treatment of the untreated steel; (b) thorough cleaning.(C) Summary.—Broadly stated, then, fish scaling can be absolutely controlled by one or all of the following methods: (1) By the development of an enamel with an expansion fitting the metal; (2) by annealing the enameled ware; (3) by treatment of the metal as cold rolling or some other method of working: (4) by developing an enamel with a wide range of compressional elasticity and applying this enamel to metal treated as indicated above.