bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE SWARMING OF AUSTROSIMULIUM PESTILENS MACKERRAS AND MACKERRAS (DIPTERA:SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Moorhouse D. E. , Colbo M. H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Austrosimulium pestilens was found to exhibit two distinct types of aggregation, one concerned with mating, the other with oviposition. The mating swarms, composed mainly of male flies, used a variety of Callistemon viminalis as a marker and were not found in association with other bushes or objects. Males paired with flies entering the swarm and then the pairs fell to the ground. Some pairs separated within 30 seconds, and these were believed to comprise two males or males paired to non‐receptive females. The others remained in copula for up to 7 minutes. Oviposition swarms were found over smooth water where oviposition took place directly into the water. Both types of swarm were observed throughout the daylight hours.
A COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING BY NYMPHS OF FOUR PSYLLID SPECIES ON THE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTS
Authors: Woodburn T. L. , Lewis* E. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe feeding sites of four species of psyllids were compared histologically. Cardiaspina albitextura, Creiis costatus and Lasiopsylla rotundipennis draw their food from cells of the sheathing parenchyma and pholem tissue of small vascular bundles. Glycaspis sp. feeds from the pholem cells of much larger bundles.Obvious damage to leaf tissue was associated only with C. albitextura and Glycaspis sp., and was much more severe for the former. The damaged tissue resembled that of naturally‐senescing leaves. This suggests that these two species are able to augment the food available from vascular bundles by causing a breakdown of palisade mesophyll.
REDISCOVERY OF THE SPECTACULAR AUSTRALIAN GRASSHOPPER PETASIDA EPHIPPIGERA WHITE (ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHIDAE)
Authors: Calaby J. H. , Key K. H. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe colourful Australian grasshopper Petasida ephippigera has been rediscovered after more than 70 years. The history of the five previously known specimens is briefly reviewed, and the finding of some 30 additional individuals at nine different localities in and near western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, between July 1971 and November 1972 is documented. The insect feeds upon a restricted group of aromatic shrubs found on sandstone pediments and low hills fronting the Arnhem Land escarpment, and on the plateau itself.
STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MUSCIDAE (DIPTERA) V. MUSCIDAE AND ANTHOMYIIDAE FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND AND NORFOLK ISLAND
Authors: Pont* Adrian C. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract30 Muscidae and 2 Anthomyiidae are recorded from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. They are discussed from the point‐of‐view of their biology and distribution. Four new species are described: Coenosia spumicola, Helina cryptohowei, Helina liepae and Spilogona ferrari.
OBSERVATIONS OF ECTOPARASITES OF THE WILD RABBIT ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (L.) IN THE WERRIBEE DISTRICT OF VICTORIA.
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds* J. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObservations were made of a population of wild rabbits during 1969 and 1970. The louse Haemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) and the mites Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Megnin) and Listrophorus gibbus (Pagenstecher) were present throughout the year. The flea Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc) was also collected. The percentages of rabbits infested and the numbers of ectoparasites on some skins are given.
A TURBULENT OVERFLOW PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING WEEVIL LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM LARGE SOIL SAMPLES.
Authors: Rand* J. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA “turbulent overflow” process of insect extraction from soil is described and shown to be faster and more efficient than a modified Salt and Hollick process. The process extracted up to 100% of three species of weevil larvae in four experiments with 95% of the larvae recovered before the paraffin extraction stage. Other advantages and applications of the process are also described.
THE INTEGRATION PROCESS AS IT AFFECTS ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Hogan* T. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMid‐century developments in science and technology have given man the ability to destroy insect enemies by powerful chemicals which comprise one aspect of man's new powers to alter the environment rapidly and drastically. The application of these forces without prior and adequate studies of the likely long‐term effects on complex systems often leads to unpredicted disruptions. Accordingly, in pest control as in any activity that substantially alters the existing environment, multi‐disciplinary studies and model building have become necessary, to enable prediction of the effects of preventing excessive disturbances. Examples are given of the application of integrated control programmes in Australia including projects on red scale of citrus and the pest complex of pome fruits.
A REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN HAPLOTHRIPINI, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES (THYSANOPTERA: PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE)
Authors: Pitkin* Brian R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty three Australian species of Haplothripini (Phlaeothripidae: Phlaeothripinae) are recognised; three new species [Apterygothrips australis, Priesneria longistylosa, and Xylaplothrips reedi] are described; seven new combinations [Adraneothrips braccatus (Karny), Antillothrips cingulatus (Hood), Xylaplothrips darci (Girault), Xylaplothrips clavipes (Karny), and Haplothrips nigricoxae (Girault) from Australia, Priesneria doliicornis (Bianchi) from Hawaii, and Priesneria insolitus (Ananthakrishnan) from India] and six new synonymies [Antillothrips cingulatus (Hood) (=Antillothrips graminatus Stannard and Watsoniella latiaureus Girulat); Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) (=Zygothrips inermis Hood); Haplothrips pallescens Hood (=Haplothrips cingulatus Pelikan and Watsoniela helena Girault); Girault); Haplothrips victoriensis Bagnall (=Haplothrips nigroculex Girault)] are recognised. A key is provided to the Australian haplothripines and most of these are figured. Brief notes on the distribution and host preferences where known are given for each species. One species [Watsoniella brevitibia Girault] formerly regarded as a haplothripine is transferred to a genus [Katothrips Mound] of Hoplothripini.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF PERIPSOCUS HAGEN (PSOCOPTERA, PERIPSOCIDAE) FROM SOUTH EAST AUSTRALIA
Authors: NEW T. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree new species of Peripsocus, edwardsi sp.n., hickmani sp.n. and tillyardi sp.n., are described from Victoria. Two Tasmanian species names, macropterus Edwards and eucalypti Edwards, are synonymised with the New Zealand maoricus (Tillyard) and milleri (Tillyard) respectively, and additional Australian records of these species given. A third New Zealand species, morulops (Tillyard), is recorded from Australia for the first time, on the basis of specimens from Tasmania and Victoria.
FOUR NEW GUINEA AND NORTHERN QUEENSLAND SPECIES OF ATRICHOPOGON KIEFFER (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) WITH ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE THORACIC SETAE
Authors: Debenham Margaret L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGeneric diagnoses of Atrichopogon note that the scutum is bare or has only short setae. The present paper describes four new species, hystricoides, vepres, clavator, and bellicosus, in which the thoracic setae are modified into stout, erect, spine‐like structures. In one of these species there is also a unique modification of the scutellum, the central part of which is produced posteriorly into a long, spinose, rod‐like structure. In other respects the species resemble typical Atrichopogon species. From an examination of the female mouthparts it is concluded that at least one of the two species for which females are described is possibly predatory on insects.
PARASITISM OF THE PALM WEEVIL RHYNCHOPHORUS BILINEATUS (MONTROUZIER) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) BY PRAECOCILENCHUS RHAPHIDOPHORUS (POINAR) (NEMATODA: APHELENCHOIDEA) IN NEW BRITAIN.
Authors: Bedford G. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractApproximately 15% of 914 specimens of the palm weevil Rhynchophorus bilineatus from New Britain were parasitized by the nematode Praecocilenchus rhuphidophorus. Parasitized females were still capable of oogenesis and the formation of mature eggs.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES AGAINST NYSIUS VINITOR BERGROTH AND NYSIUS CLEVELANDENSIS EVANS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Attia F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe susceptibility of nymphs and adults of Nysius vinitor Bergroth and N. clevelandensis Evans to malathion, fenitrothion, carbaryl and DDT was determined by placing the insects on filter papers impregnated with a series of insecticide concentrations. The Id‐p data obtained were similar for both species and a further 17 insecticides were tested against N. vinitor adults. Promecarb, mevinphos, ethyl‐parathion, naled, methidathion and diazinon were the most effective chemicals tested.
THE LARVAL HABITS OF TWO SPECIES OF SPHALLOMORPHA WEST WOOD (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE, PSEUDOMORPHINAE)
Authors: Moore B. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdults of Sphallomorpha colymbetoides (Westwood) and of S. nitiduloides Guérin have been reared from larvae found living in burrows beside nests of the ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus (F. Smith). These larvae capture passing ants and kill them, possibly by application of a venom from their maxillary glands; they then feed upon the juices of the prey. The morphology and habits of the larvae are described and discussed.
A STANDARDIZED BAIT TRAP FOR BLOWFLY STUDIES
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Havenstein D. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA trap is described for use in population studies on blowflies. It embodies devices for the exclusion of ants and other predators, a screen to prevent blowflies having access to the bait, where they may get drowned and become unsuitable for study, and a screen to exclude large‐bodied flies, not needed for study but whose presence in the catches would greatly complicate sorting.
THE BIOLOGY AND PEST STATUS OF OXYCANUS FUSCOM ACULATUS WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE) IN TASMANIA
Authors: Hardy R. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Oxycanus fuscomaculatus, which has a life cycle of 2 years duration, inhabits south‐eastern Australia including Tasmania, and the south‐west comer of Western Australia.The adults emerge at night in late April and May particularly shortly after falls of rain. The females mate before flying and each lays about 1,800 eggs. It appears that in the field the eggs hatch in September or October. The larvae inhabit almost vertical tunnels in the soil and emerge at night to feed on the foliage of herbaceous plants, particularly grasses. Pupae are present from February to May. O. fuscomaculatus appears to have few insect parasites or predators in the pasture habitat.Since 1949 the larvae have caused sporadic but widespread serious damage to improved pastures, particularly in the autumn, winter and early spring on King Island and on the north‐west coast of Tasmania. Outbreaks of O. fuscomuculutus and 2 other pasture inhabiting hepialids, Oncopera intricata and O. rufobrunnea, appear to have occurred independently of each other, in spite of the concurrence of these 3 species in many pastures.
EFFECT OF PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE ON THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF CHLORDIMEFORM BY LARVAE OF THE CATTLE TICK, BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS*
Authors: Knowles Charles O. , Schuntner Charles A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCattle tick larvae continuously exposed to 0.02%N′‐(4‐chloro‐o‐toryi)‐N, N‐dimethylformamkline (chlordimeform‐14C) in impregnated packets absorbed the acaricide and metabolized it to N′‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐N‐methylformamidine (demethylchlordimeform), 4′‐chloro‐o‐formotolutdide, 4‐chloro‐o‐toluidine, and an unidentified polar conjugate. Larval mortality was greatest between 24 and 48 h, and more than 85% of larvae were dead by 48 h. During this time interval (24 to 48 h) demethylchlordimeform, itself an acaricide, was the major metabolite.Cattle tick larvae continuously exposed to 0.02% chlordimeform‐14C in the presence of 0.2% piperonyl butoxide absorbed less of the acaricide, metabolized comparatively little of it, and were all still alive at 48 h. Thus piperonyl butoxide blocked the metabolism of chlordimeform probably by inhibiting the mixed function oxidase system responsible for catalyzing the oxidative N‐dealkylation to demethylchlordimeform. The data are consistent with the view that demethylchlordimeform is the lethal toxicant in chlordimeform‐poisoned cattle tick larvae.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DUNG BREEDING FLY, PARASARCOPHAGA KNABI PARKER
Authors: Woolcock L. T. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe dung breeding fly, Parasarcophaga knabi, occurs in the warmer, wetter parts of Australia. Mating is prolonged, and the females are ovoviviparous, the larvae being deposited on freshly dropped dung. The lifespan of females is more than 100 d at 27°C, during which they may produce up to 8 batches of up to 37 offspring. Prepupal larvae enter the soil to form puparia. The duration of immature development varies with temperature above 10°C, and lasts 20d at 27°C. Females kept under short day lengths (<12 h) deposit larvae, a proportion of which enter a pupal diapause.
STERILIZATION OF DACUS CUCUMIS FRENCH (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) BY GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Hooper G. H. S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of gamma radiation administered to newly emerged adults of Dacus cucumis French on sterility and competitiveness was evaluated. A dose of 11 krad caused almost complete sterility in males while females given 6 krad were totally sterile, through infecundity. Sterilized males showed reduced competitiveness. In competitive mating tests a dose of 7 krad gave the lowest egg hatch and this hatch was significantly lower than that given by 9 and 11 krad. In a paired comparison mating test, 7 and 9 krad treated males mated significantly less frequently than untreated males, but the ability of 6 krad treated males was unimpaired.
FIELD COLLECTION AND LABORATORY MAINTENANCE OF MASTOTERMES DARWINIENSIS FROGGATT (ISOPTERA: MASTOTERMITIDAE) FOR BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDIES
Authors: Howick C. D. , Creffield J. W. , Lenz M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Mastotermes darwiniesis Froggatt can cause extensive damage to wood and wood products in service. With increasing development of tropical Australia, where M. darwiniensis is abundant, the necessity for field collection, trasnportation and maintenance of the species in laboratory conditions has become more evident. M. darwiniensis were collected from an infested fence post near Townsville and confined in boxes (150 × 150 × 40 mm) in a matrix of vermiculite and satwdst. Mortality was less than 20% after 50d (including 10d of transportation), even at concentrations of 70g (approax, 1600 individuals) per box. In jar olonies containing 10 g of pseudergates increased feeding and improved survival ocurred at 32 °C as opposed to 26 °C.The formulation f a reproducible, standard laboratory bio‐assay technique is now possible.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF DIELDRIN RESISTANCE IN BANANA WEEVIL BORER, COSMOPOLITES SORDIDUS GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Edge V. E. , Wright W. E. , Goodyer G. J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTDieldrin has been used in New South Wales to control Cosmopolites sordidus, banana weevil borer, since 1956. In 1968 control failure was recorded in plantations near Mullumbimby and resistance was diagnosed. The distribution of resistance has been monitored since 1969 using a discriminating dose of 1 μl of 1% dieldrin in kerosene and resistant weevils were detected in 241 of the 548 samples tested. Resistance was widespread in the Brunswick River district by 1970 and is now widespread in the Tweed River district. Resistant weevils were also detected in a number of localities in the Richmond River district, but not in the important banana areas around Coffs Harbour and Nambucca.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE NAMOI VALLEY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Goodyer G. J. , Wilson A. G. L. , Attia F. I. , Clift A. D. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Heliothis armigera damaged cotton in the Namoi Valley in summer‐autumn 1973. In laboratory studies larvae exhibited several hundredfold resistance to DDT, 15‐fold to DDT/chlorcam (1:2) mixture and 30‐fold to endrin compared with a susceptible strain from Bathurst. The Namoi Valley larvae were found to be 5 times less susceptible than Bathurst larvae to parathion methyl, a difference which may be no more than normal variation between non‐resistant strains. No resistance to insecticides was demonstrated in H. punctigera Wallengren from the Namoi Valley.
LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF THE LEAF BAGWORM, HYALARCTA HUEBNERI (WESTWOOD) (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Heather N. W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe endemic Australian psychid Hyalarcta huebneri commonly damages Pinus radiata growing in forestry plantations, and attacks fruit trees, ornamental trees and shrubs. It occurs in subcoastal and coastal areas from north‐eastern Queensland to Western Australia, and a total of 41 host plants are recorded. It is normally univoltine with 6 larval instars; the final instar in the male does not feed. Field populations of larvae have been apportioned to instars on the basis of head size. The sex ratio approximated 2 males: 1 female. The life history stages are described, the larval heads being treated in more detail.
MARKING OF ADULT CULICOIDES BREVITARSIS KIEFFER (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Campbell M. M. , Kettle D. S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTOf 23 dyes fed once to adults of both sexes of Culicoides brevitarsis in 10% sucrose solutions, 5 were readily ingested, caused minimal mortality, persisted without colour change for 8 days, and included the colours red, (eosin, acid fuchsin, food colour red), yellow (food colour yellow) and green (light green). A blue (food colour blue) and an orange dye (orange G) were as readily ingested but their colour was less persistent. All 8 dyes were clearly visible in the crops of live but immobilised males and females and hence were ideal for marking. The various dyes that produced red marks could not be distinguished. Methylene blue gave good marking but only for a maximum of 2d and hence would be suitable where a short term, transitory mark was required.
THE AUSTRALIAN GENUS TYMPANOPHORA WHITE (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE: TYMPANOPHORINAE)
Authors: RIEK E. F. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTettigoniid grasshoppers of the genus Tympanophora inhabit the open heaths of temperate coastal Australia. The 7 known species, pellucida White, uvarovi Zeuner, insolita sp. n., splendida sp. n., similis sp. n., picta sp. n. and diminuta sp. n., are described and illustrated, and a key presented for their separation. The subfamily Tympanophorinae is redefined.
REDUCTION IN SEXUAL RESPONSIVENESS OF MALE LIGHT‐BROWN APPLE MOTH FOLLOWING PREVIOUS BRIEF PHEROMONAL EXPOSURE IS CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT
Authors: BARTELL R. J. , LAWRENCE L. A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe degree of reduction in sex pheromone mediated responsiveness of male light‐brown apple moth which is brought about by previous brief exposure to the pheromone is related to the concentration of that pre‐exposure, and hence to the level of excitatory sensory input generated by it.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME AUSTRALIAN CULICOIDES LATREILLE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: KETTLE D. S. , ELSON M. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDescriptions are given of the third and fourth instar larvae and pupae of nine species of Australian Culicoides (C. angularis Lee and Reye, C. austropalpalis Lee and Reye, C. brevitarsis Kieffer, C. marksi Lee and Reye, C. marmoratus (Skuse), C. molestus (Skuse), C. narrabeenensis Lee and Reye (larval descriptions incomplete), C. subimmaculatus Lee and Reye and C. victoriae Macfie). Additional information is given on the larval setae of four other species of Culicoidini—C. gladysae Kettle, Elson and Dyce, C. interrogatus Lee and Reye, C. belkini Wirth and Arnaud and Paradasyhelea minuta Wirth and Lee. Keys are provided for fourth instar larvae and pupae of all 13 species.
NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF AN AUSTRALIAN DESERT SPECIES OF CALOM YRMEX (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: BROUGH ELAINE J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe ecology of a formicine desert ant, Calomyrmex, was studied in an arid region of southern N.S.W. The patterns of foraging activity are noted and the nest structure is described. A nearest neighbour analysis of nest distribution found the nests to be strongly aggregated into groups. ***Óbservations of fighting behaviour demonstrated that certain groups of nests were compatible, suggesting that colonies are integrated as a social unit.The mandibular gland secretion released by disturbed foragers and guard ants was deep orange in colour while that released by workers tending young within the nest, was often white or yellow.
NOTES ON THE NESTS AND PREY OF FOUR AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OFTACHYSPHEXKOHL, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: EVANS HOWARD E. , MATTHEWS ROBERT W. , PULAWSKI WOJCIECH 
Published: April 2007

AbstractData on nests and prey are presented for four species of AustralianTachysphex: depressiventrisTurner,mackayensisTurner,pilosulusTurner andmultifasciatusPulawski.T. multifasciatus(from Queensland and the Northern Territory) is described as new. The first two of these species attack cockroaches, the second two mantids. A discussion of structural features associated with predation on these insects is included. The nests are simple burrows in the ground terminating in one or two cells.
THE SYNONYMY OF ISCHNURA HETEROSTICTA (BURMEISTER) AND ISCHNURA TORRESIANA TILLYARD (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE)
Authors: Watson J. A. L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe synonymy of Ischnura heterosticta (Burmeister) and I. torresiana Tillyard is demonstrated.
A NEW AUSTRALIAN MITE, ARCHAEOPODELLA SCOPULIFERA GEN. ET SP. N. (GAMASIDA: LIROASPIDAE)*
Authors: Athias‐Henriot C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe new genus Archaeopodella (monotypic for A. scopulifera sp. n.) is known only from nymphs collected on Rattus fuscipes (Waterhouse) (Muridae) in Victoria and New South Wales. It is intermediate between Asternolaelaps Berlese and Liroaspis Banks. Thus the suppression of the family Ichthyostomatogasteridae Sellnick (= Uropodellidae Camin) and the transfer of Asternolaelaps and Uropodella Camin to the Liroaspidae Trägårdh are proposed. A diagnosis of the new genus is given. The gnathosoma resembles that of Asternolaelaps, and the pattern of dorsal desclerotisation that of Liroaspis. The presence on the idiosoma of a posteromarginal row of modified, stout, cylindrical and truncate hairs is characteristic. The chaetotaxy of the legs is remarkable in its primitive and unstable composition. The type‐species is described and figured in the deuto‐ and protonymphal stages. Compared to the deutonymph, the protonymph shows at once characters that are more primitive, as well as those that are more evolved (more regressive), a combination resulting from ontophylogenetic retardations.
NOTES ON THE DROSOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) OF TOWNSVILLE, QUEENSLAND, INCLUDING FOUR NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES RECORDS
Authors: Bock Ian R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn an investigation of the urban drosophilid fauna of Townsville, Queensland, 18 species were collected, 16 of them at household refuse heaps effectively acting as baits. Four of the baited species (Drosophila bipectinata Duda, D. kikkawai Burla,.1). sp. ef. jambulina Parshad and Paika, Sphaerogastrella javana (de Meijere)) are new records for Australia. The Townsville fauna is to some extent similar in species composition to that of the north Queensland rain forests, although some species abundant in Townsville are considerably rarer in the undisturbed natural forests and, conversely, a few of the most common forest species were not detected in the city. The Townsville urban drosophilid fauna differs substantially from that of southern Australia.