bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synovial fluid gelatinase concentrations and matrix metalloproteinase and cytokine expression in naturally occurring joint disease in horses
Authors: Trumble Troy N. , Trotter Gayle W. , Oxford Julie R. Thom , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Cammarata Sheryl , Goodnight Jennifer L. , Billinghurst R. Clark , Frisbie David D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in synovial fluid; and mRNA expression of MMP-1, -13, and -3; interleukin[ IL]-1α and β; and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in synovial membrane and articular cartilage from horses with naturally occurring joint disease.Sample Population—Synovial fluid (n = 76), synovial membrane (59), and articular cartilage (45) from 5 clinically normal horses and 55 horses with joint disease categorized as traumatic (acute [AT] or chronic [CT]), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), or septic (S).Procedure—Synovial fluid gelatinase concentrations were analyzed, using zymography. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage mRNA expression for MMP-1, -3, and -13, IL-1α and β, TNF-α, type-II collagen, and aggrecan were analyzed, using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.Results—Synovial fluid pro-MMP-2 concentration was significantly higher in diseased joints than normal joints. Septic joints had significantly higher concentrations of pro and active MMP-9. Stromelysin-1 was expressed in ≥ 80% of synovial membrane and articular cartilage samples and was strongly influenced by age. Collagenases were rarely expressed, with MMP- 13 expressed only in diseased joints. Interleukin-1β expression was significantly higher in all OCD samples and was influenced by age. Tumor necrosis factor- α expression was significantly higher in cartilage from joints with AT and OCD. There was no correlation between MMP or cytokines and type-II collagen or aggrecan expression.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Matrix metalloproteinase- 2 and -3 are abundant in naturally occurring joint disease and normal joints. Interleukin-1β and TNF-α may be important in the pathogenesis of OCD. Age affects MMP and IL-1β concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1467–1477)
Evaluation of a signal-adapted filter for processing of periodic electromyography signals in horses walking on a treadmill
Authors: Peham Christian , Licka Theresia F. , Scheidl Martin 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate an adaptive-filter method for
use in analysis of periodic electromyography (EMG)
signals in which the transfer function of the filter is
matched to characteristics of the signal.

Animals—15 adult horses without clinical signs of
back pain.

Procedure—Electromyography signals of the left and
right longissimus dorsi muscles, middle gluteal muscles,
and triceps brachii muscle were recorded from
horses walking on a treadmill, using bilaterally placed
surface electrodes. A reflective marker was placed on
the hoof of the left hind limb for simultaneous kinematic
measurement of motion cycles. Absolute value
of the measured EMG signal was convoluted by use
of a filter signal equivalent to the length of 3 motion
cycles. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated
from the autocorrelation function and compared with
the SNR of the unfiltered and the low-pass filtered
signals.

Results—The signal-adapted filter significantly
increased SNR (by 7.3 dB, compared with the lowpass
filter, and by 11.1 dB, compared with the unfiltered
EMG signal).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The signal adapted
filter eliminates signal parts that are not correlated
to periodic motion. The method reported here
improves the applicability of periodic EMG signals as
a clinical tool. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1687–1689)
Comparison of ultrasonography and pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase release for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage in sheep
Authors: Ferré Pierre J. , Concordet Didier , Laroute Valérie , Chanoit Guillaume P. , Ferré Jean-Pierre , Manesse Martial , P. Lefebvre Hervé 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To investigate and validate noninvasive methods for the quantitative evaluation of postinjection muscle damage.Animals—5 adult sheep.Procedures—Muscle lesions were induced twice in the lumbar region of the longissimus dorsi muscles (2 sides) by IM administration of a 20% formulation of long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg of body weight). Clinical signs and local cutaneous temperature above the injection site were recorded. Muscle lesions were quantitatively evaluated by ultrasonography and by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma creatine kinase activity, and both were compared with a comprehensive planimetric computer-assisted analysis of the injection sites after euthanasia.Results—Transient cutaneous hypothermia (temperature change, –3.9 ± 0.62 C) and subsequent persistent hyperthermia (3.1 ± 1.35 C) were observed after the administrations. Despite coefficient of variation < 10% for precision of ultrasonographic measurement of normal muscle, measurements of the lesions, with coefficient of variation > 60% for precision, were systematically underestimated. Quantitative evaluation of muscle damage by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase (12.1 ± 4.96 g) was in agreement with results of macroscopic planimetric evaluation (10.8 ± 3.64 g).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography cannot be used for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage. Pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase provides an accurate quantitative evaluation of macroscopic muscle damage after IM administration of drugs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1698–1705)
In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats
Authors: Brideau Christine , Van Staden Carlo , Chan Chi Chung 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine potency and selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) specific inhibitors in whole blood from horses, dogs, and cats.Sample Population—Blood samples from 30 healthy horses, 48 healthy dogs, and 9 healthy cats.Procedure—Activities of COX-1 and COX-2 were determined by measuring coagulation-induced thromboxane B2and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2concentrations, respectively, in whole blood with and without the addition of various concentrations of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, carprofen, 5-bromo-2[4-fluorophenyl]-3-[4- methylsulfonylphenyl]-thiophene (DuP 697), 5,5- dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulphonyl) phenyl-2(5H)-furan one (DFU), 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)- 4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone (MF-tricyclic), and celecoxib. Potency of each test compound was determined by calculating the concentration that resulted in inhibition of 50% of COX activity (IC50). Selectivity was determined by calculating the ratio of IC50for COX-1 to IC50 for COX-2 (COX-1/COX-2 ratio).Results—The novel compound DFU was the most selective COX-2 inhibitor in equine, canine, and feline blood; COX-1/COX-2 ratios were 77.5, 74, and 69, respectively. Carprofen was the weakest inhibitor of COX-2, compared with the other COX-2 selective inhibitors, and did not inhibit COX-2 activity in equine blood. In contrast, NSAID such as phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine were more potent inhibitors of COX-1 than COX-2 in canine and equine blood.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The novel COX-2 inhibitor DFU was more potent and selective in canine, equine, and feline blood, compared with phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and carprofen. Compounds that specifically inhibit COX-2 may result in a lower incidence of adverse effects, compared with NSAID, when administered at therapeutic dosages to horses, dogs, and cats. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1755–1760)
Activation-induced mobilization of secretory vesicles in bovine neutrophils
Authors: Swain Steve D. , Siemsen Daniel W. , Hanson Angela J. , Quinn Mark T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize mobilization of secretory granules in bovine neutrophils.Sample Population—Neutrophils obtained from four 6- to 18-month-old Holstein cattle.Procedure—Mobilization of secretory granules in bovine neutrophils was determined by measuring changes in cell-surface alkaline phosphatase activity on cells treated with various inflammatory mediators. Subcellular distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity was determined by analysis of bovine neutrophil homogenates fractionated on density gradients.Results—Alkaline phosphatase-containing secretory granules of bovine neutrophils were readily mobilized by a number of inflammatory agents, including platelet-activating factor, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, lipopolysaccharide, leukotriene B4, and zymosan-activated plasma. In contrast,N-formylmethionyl- leucyl-phenylalanine did not have a significant effect. Phorbol myristate acetate induced a biphasic response with up-regulation of cell-surface alkaline phosphatase at low doses and a return to baseline or even a reduction in cell-surface alkaline phosphatase at higher doses (≥ 10 ng/ml). Subcellular fractionation of bovine neutrophil homogenates revealed that alkaline phosphatase activity resided in light-density membrane vesicles (ie, location of secretory granules), which were distinct from specific, azurophil, and large granules.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine neutrophils respond to various inflammatory mediators by mobilizing alkaline phosphatase-containing secretory granules. This suggests that the process is an important early step in the host-defense response of bovine neutrophils. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1776–1781)
Adsorption of colostral antibodies against classical swine fever, persistence of maternal antibodies, and effect on response to vaccination in baby pigs
Authors: Vandeputte Joris , Too Henry L. , Ng Fook K. , Chen Cindy , Chai Kim K. , Liao Guo A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine kinetics of antibody absorption,
persistence of antibody concentrations, and
influence of titers on vaccination of baby pigs with a
vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF).

Animals—15 sows and their litters.

Procedure—Farrowings were supervised. Initial time
of suckling was recorded. In the first experiment,
blood samples were collected at farrowing, 2 and 4
hours after suckling, and hourly until 10 hours after initial
suckling. Samples were assayed for CSF antibodies,
using a serum neutralizing (SN) test. A second
experiment included 33 baby pigs vaccinated as follows:
10 prior to ingestion of colostrum, 18 between
1 and 4 hours after ingestion of colostrum, and 5 at 12
hours after ingestion of colostrum. Fourteen pigs
were vaccinated when 7 weeks old, and 15 pigs were
not vaccinated. At 10 weeks of age, pigs were challenge-
exposed with virulent CSF virus. Blood samples
were collected and assayed for CSF antibodies and
p125 antigen and p125 antibodies.

Results—CSF antibodies were detected in pigs beginning
2 hours after suckling. Colostral antibodies persisted
for > 7 weeks (half-life, 7.9 days). Vaccination of
pigs before suckling provided effective protection from
severe disease after challenge-exposure. However,
vaccination of neonates with antibody titers was not
effective, because 19 of 23 (82%) pigs succumbed
after challenge-exposure. All pigs vaccinated when 7
weeks old resisted challenge-exposure, whereas all
unvaccinated control pigs succumbed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination
before ingestion of colostrum conferred good protection
against CSF in baby pigs. Vaccination of 7-weekold
pigs that had decreasing concentrations of passively
acquired antibodies was efficacious. (Am J Vet
Res 2001;62:1805–1811)
Use of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying in dogs
Authors: Wyse Cathy A. , Preston Tom , Love Sandy , Morrison Douglas J. , Cooper Jon M. , Yam Philippa S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the13C-octanoic acid breath test for determining gastric emptying in dogs.Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.Procedure—Food was withheld for 12 hours before each test. Expired air was collected 30 minutes and immediately before each test and at frequent intervals thereafter for 6 hours. Concentration of13CO2in expired air was determined by use of continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Basal concentration of13CO2was measured in dogs that were not fed a test meal. Effects of the standard unlabeled test meal on basal concentration of13CO2were then assessed. The optimum dose of substrate was determined by measuring13CO2concentration after ingestion of the standard test meal containing 50 or 100 mg of13C-octanoic acid, whereas effect of energy density of the test meal on gastric emptying was determined after ingestion of the standard or high-energy labeled test meal. Gastric emptying coefficient (GEC), time to peak13CO2concentration (tmax), and half-dose recovery time (t½) were calculated.Results—Basal concentration of13CO2in expired air was not significantly affected by ingestion of the unlabeled test meal. However,13CO2concentration significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of the labeled meal. Gastric emptying coefficient, tmax, and t½were significantly different between dogs fed the standard and high-energy test meals, indicating that ingestion of a high-energy meal delays gastric emptying.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The13C-octanoic acid breath test may be a useful noninvasive and nonradioactive method for assessment of gastric emptying in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1939–1944)
Effects of intestinal ischemia on in vitro activity of adjacent jejunum in samples obtained from ponies
Authors: Malone Erin D. , Kannan Mathur S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether intestinal ischemia would alter activity of the jejunum in vitro or alter staining characteristics for certain types of enteric neurotransmitters.Sample Population—Jejunal samples obtained from 10 ponies.Procedure—Jejunal samples were obtained from locations proximal and distal to an area of small intestine made ischemic for 60 minutes. A portion of each sample was stained to detect substance P-like immunoreactivity, cholinergic and adrenergic neurons, and nitric oxide synthase. Portions of the remaining samples were suspended in muscle baths. General activity patterns (frequency and amplitude of contraction), responses to neuronal depolarization induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and responses to 1 µMnorepinephrine (NE) were compared with responses of a normal section of small intestine obtained prior to ischemic insult.Results—Staining patterns were not altered. Proximal and distal sections had evidence of decreased contractility, compared with the normal section. Contraction frequency also was decreased, and distal sections had lower contraction frequency than proximal sections. Relaxation responses were decreased in distal sections. Responses to NE differed significantly for distal and proximal sections, compared with normal sections.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term ischemia can significantly affect adjacent bowel. Contractile and relaxation responses are impaired. Discrepancies in intestinal motility patterns and alterations in response to NE for sections proximal and distal to ischemic intestine could lead to clinical ileus or slowed transit of ingesta. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:1973–1978)
Estimation of the probability for exceeding a threshold concentration of furosemide at various intervals after intravenous administration in horses
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Chu Karin K. , Stanley Scott D. , Wang Naisyin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate the probability for exceeding a threshold concentration of furosemide commonly used for regulatory purposes after IV administration of furosemide in horses.Animals—12 mature healthy horses (6 Thoroughbreds and 6 Quarter Horses).Procedure—Venous blood was collected from each horse prior to and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, and 6 hours after administration of 250 or 500 mg of furosemide. Concentrations of furosemide were determined, using an ELISA. Concentration of furosemide was modeled as a function of time, accounting for inter- and intrahorse variabilities. On the basis of pharmacokinetic data, the probability for exceeding a concentration of 100 ng/ml as a function of time was determined, using a semiparametric smooth functional averaging method. A bootstrap approach was used to assess inherent variation in this estimated probability.Results—The estimated probability of exceeding the threshold of 100 ng of furosemide/ml ranged from 11.6% at 4 hours to 2.2% at 5.5 hours after IV administration of 250 mg of furosemide/horse and 34.2% at 4 hours to 12.3% at 5.5 hours after IV administration of 500 mg of furosemide/horse. The probability of a horse being falsely identified in violation of regulatory concentrations was inversely associated with time and positively associated with dose.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Interhorse variability with respect to pharmacokinetics of furosemide will result in misclassification of some horses as being in violation of regulatory concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:320–325)
Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Brown Cathy A. , Jacobs Gilbert , Stiles Jean , Hendi Rim S. , Wilson Shawn 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency.Animals—32 cats.Procedure—Renal mass was surgically reduced, and cats were assigned to 1 of 4 eight-cat groups. Group 1 received placebo, whereas groups 2, 3, and 4 received benazepril hydrochloride orally once daily for approximately 6.5 months at the following doses: group 2, 0.25 to 0.50 mg/kg of body weight; group 3, 0.50 to 1.00 mg/kg; and group 4, 1.00 to 2.00 mg/kg. Arterial blood pressures, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal plasma flow were determined before treatment and during the treatment period. Other determinants of renal hemodynamics were measured by use of micropuncture techniques. Renal biopsy specimens were examined microscopically.Results—Compared with cats that received placebo, mean systolic arterial blood pressure was significantly less and GFR significantly greater in cats that received benazepril. Glomerular capillary pressure and the ratio of efferent to afferent arteriolar vascular resistance were also significantly less in treated cats. However, histologic differences in renal specimens were not detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with benazepril sustained single nephron GFR in remnant nephrons of cats with induced renal insufficiency. Administration of benazepril was also associated with a small but significant reduction in degree of systemic hypertension and an increase in whole kidney GFR. Benazepril may be an effective treatment to slow the rate of progression of renal failure in cats with renal disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:375–383)
Clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Authors: Ryeng Kathrine A. , Larsen Stig , Ranheim Birgit , Albertsen Gunn , Arnemo Jon M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate clinical effects and repeatability
of clinical effects for an optimal immobilizing
dose of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride
(MED) and ketamine hydrochloride (KET) in reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus tarandus).

Animals—12 healthy 6- to 8-month old reindeer.

Procedure—Each reindeer was immobilized once
with an initial dose (combination of 0.06 mg of
MED/kg of body weight and 0.3 mg KET/kg) and
twice with an optimal dose of MED-KET. Reversal
was achieved with 5 mg of atipamezole/mg of MED
injected 45 minutes after MED-KET administration.
Observational variables were recorded. Oxygen saturation
of arterial hemoglobin measured by pulse
oximetry (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR),
and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded 10, 25,
and 40 minutes after immobilization.

Results—Mean time to first sign of sedation and time
until a recumbent animal lifted its head were significantly
reduced for reindeer given the optimal dose,
compared with the initial dose. Mean SpO2 remained
> 90% during initial immobilization; this value was significantly
lower for the optimal dose, but increased
during immobilization from 85 to 89%. At all doses,
RR increased significantly throughout the recorded
period; however, RT and HR were constant. Except
for time until reindeer stood, all time variables, SpO2,
RR, RT, and HR were repeatable.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Immobilization
of captive reindeer achieved by use of the optimal
dose established here is clinically acceptable,
although SpO2 should be carefully monitored.
Administration of the optimal dose produced the
same clinical effect during repeated immobilization of
the same reindeer. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:406–413).
Impact of environmental temperature on response of neonatal pigs to an endotoxin challenge
Authors: Carroll Jeffery A. , Matteri Robert L. , Dyer Cheryl J. , Beausang Lee A. , Zannelli Michael E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of various environmental temperatures (ET) on the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an endotoxin challenge.Animals—28 crossbred male pigs that were 24 hours old.Procedure—At 24 hours of age, pigs were placed in environmentally controlled chambers maintained at 18 or 34 C (14 pigs/ET). Rectal temperatures (RT) were recorded at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours following an IP injection of 0.9% NaCl (7 control pigs/ET) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 µg/kg of body weight; 7 LPS-treated pigs/ET). Tissue specimens and blood samples were collected following the 3-hour challenge period.Results—LPS-treated pigs exposed to 18 C had a period of hypothermia whereas RT for LPS-treated pigs at 34 C did not differ from control pigs. The LPS-treated pigs maintained at 18 C lost the most body weight during the 3-hour period and also had the greatest increase in serum cortisol concentration. Serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was decreased in pigs at 18 C, compared with pigs at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in serum PRL concentration at 18 C but had no effect on serum PRL at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin- 1 beta, and interleukin-6 receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Exposure to a cold ET can inhibit the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an exogenous endotoxin challenge. When combined, cold stress and exposure to exogenous endotoxin induces a rapid and potentially dangerous loss of body temperature in neonatal pigs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:561–566)