bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birmingham anticlinorium in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt, basement fault system, synsedimentary structure, and thrust ramp
Authors: Thomas William A. , Bearce Denny N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
At Birmingham, in the central part of the Appalachian foldthrust belt in Alabama, the Birmingham anticlinorium is associated with a large-scale ramp on the regional decollement and includes the Opossum Valley and Jones Valley thrust sheets (Figs. 1,2, and 3). The southeast limb of the asymmetric anticlinorium in the hanging wall of the Jones Valley fault dips gently southeast into the Cahaba synclinorium (Locality 42); the northwest limb in the footwall of the Opossum Valley fault is overturned and dips steeply southeast (Locality 43) (Fig. 3). The youngest rocks in the anticlinorium are Early Pennsylvanian, indicating thrusting during the Alleghanian orogeny. The Middle Cambrian Conasauga Formation is the oldest unit in the hanging walls of the Opossum Valley and Jones Valley thrust faults, thus indicating the stratigraphic level of the regional decollement (Fig. 3).
The Appalachian fold-thrust belt in Alabama may be divided into three domains (Thomas, 1982). The Birmingham anticlinorium is the most northwesterly structure in the central domain, which is characterized by large-scale thrust ramps and associated folds having structural relief of more than 15,000 ft (4,500 m). In contrast, the northwestern domain is characterized by broad, flat-bottomed synclines and narrow, asymmetric anticline having relief of less than 10,000 ft (3,000 m). The southeastern domain is characterized by broad, low-angle, multiplelevel thrust sheets. Amplitude of structures within the central domain, as indicated by dip angles on fold limbs and by preserved thickness of Paleozoic rocks in the synclines, defines a minimum depth to basement of approximately 23,000 ft
Shores Complex and Mélange in the central Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Brown William Randall 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A 1 mi (l.6km) section just east of Shores Station on the north side of the James River, Fluvanna County, Arvonia 7½-minute quadrangle (Fig. 1). Exposure is along a rough gravel Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad access road beside the tracks. It is a private road and no questions are asked of small groups, but large groups should get permission from: Chessie System Railroad, Division Office, P.O. Box 1254, Richmond, Virginia 23210, phone (804)-226-7400.
Linville Falls fault at Linville Falls, North Carolina
Authors: Hatcher Robert D. , Butler J. Robert 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
One half mi (1 km) south of the Linville Falls parking area off Blue Ridge Parkway east of the town of Linville Falls, North Carolina, Linville Falls 7½-minute Quadrangle, North Carolina (Fig. 1). This locality is within the Blue Ridge Parkway National Park. Consequently, the collecting of samples and breaking of rocks is prohibited. The actual fault exposure is about 100 yd (90 m) above the falls at the end of the trail from the parking lot and is in the area indicated by a sign to not enter because of the dangerous rapids and the river. This area can be entered by walking carefully.
The Kings Mountain belt and spodumene Pegmatite District, Cherokee and York Counties, South Carolina, and Cleveland County, North Carolina
Authors: Horton J. Wright , Butler J. Robert 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Kings Mountain belt and spodumene Pegmatite district are located in Cherokee and York Counties, South Carolina, and Cleveland County, North Carolina, south of Kings Mountain, North Carolina (Fig. 1). This area includes the most complete stratigraphic section, the most productive mineral deposits, and the most intensively studied parts of the belt.
Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group and Kentucky River fault System in central Kentucky
Authors: Kuhnhenn Gary L. , Haney Donald C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group and Kentucky River fault system are exposed along the new part of U.S. 27 just north and south of the Kentucky River near the village of Camp Nelson, Kentucky, in the southwestern quarter of the southwestern section of the Little Hickman 7½-minute quadrangle (Fig. 1). There is ample room to safely park along roadcuts here, but caution is strongly urged because of the common occurrence of heavy traffic. Stop 4 is located on the east side of “Old U.S. 27” along an unnamed road just north of the river and below stop 1.
The Brevard fault zone at Rosman, Transylvania County, North Carolina
Authors: Horton J. Wright , Butler J. Robert 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Brevard fault zone is exposed near Rosman, Transylvania County, North Carolina (Fig. 1), in the southwestern quadrant of the Rosman 7½-minute Quadrangle. The stops are along public roads and are accessible without special permission. Busloads of approximately 50 people have visited these outcrops in the past.
Winding Stair Gap granulates
Authors: Absher B. Steven , McSween Harry Y. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Winding Stair Gap exposure is a l,220-ft-(370 m) long road cut on U.S. 64 in Macon County, North Carolina. The outcrop is located in the northeastern part of the Rainbow Springs 7½-minute Quadrangle within the Nantahala National Forest, 10.5 mi (17.5 km) south of the U.S. 64 South and U.S. 441 intersection near Franklin, North Carolina (Fig. 1). Paved parking areas suitable for buses are available at the crest of Winding Stair Gap adjacent to the Appalachian Trail, and just north of the exposure at a scenic overlook. Access to the upper tiers (for specimen collecting) is via the northern end of the outcrop.
The Cartersville fault at Carters Dam
Authors: McConnell Keith I. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Cartersville fault is exposed near the powerhouse at the base of Carters Dam located in southeastern Murray County, approximately 60 miles (96 km) north-northwest of Atlanta on the Oakman 7½-minute Quadrangle (Fig. 1). To reach Carters Dam, travel north from Cartersville on U.S. 411 until you see the signs for the Carters Dam powerhouse.
The Brevard fault zone west of Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: McConnell Keith I. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
One of the best exposures of the Brevard fault zone is located along I-285 approximately 12 mi (19 km) west of the center of Altanta, Georgia. This exposure is present just south of the Chattahoochee River (Fig. 1) on both sides of the Interstate. The outcrop on the east side of the Interstate is better for examining the textures and structures of the Brevard zone. Traffic along this section of Atlanta's Interstate system is very heavy, and extreme caution should be used in viewing this outcrop.
Structural and petrologic features of the Stone Mountain granite pluton, Georgia
Authors: Grant Willard H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Stone Mountain is located 14 mi (22.5 km) due east of the intersection of I-85 and I-75 in north Atlanta. The park is accessible from any interstate going to Atlanta by exiting on I-285 and following it until it intersects U.S. 78 (Stone Mountain Freeway) east of Atlanta. A modest fee is charged at the gate, where a map of the entire park is available. Since access to most of the field trip stops is in parts of the park not open to the general public, permission must be obtained. This can bedone by going to Confederate Hall at the west end of the mountain and requesting permission at the administrative offices to visit the quarry on the east end of the mountain (East Quarry), Stop 3, and the extension of Old U.S. 78, Stop 2, that terminates in the lake (Figs. 1 and 2).
The Confederate Memorial, a carving of Lee, Jackson, and Davis, the steep north-facing slope of the mountain, is a readily visible landmark for orientation. Structural features are best observed on dark, wet, cold winter days when the clouds hang low on the mountain. All the light is diffuse and the wetness enhances structural details to the maximum. Mid-summer viewing, especially on bright sunny days, ranges from poor to impossible in the quarries.
Carbonate rock environments of south Florida
Authors: Bond Paulette A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Representative exposures of Florida's Pleistocene carbonate rock environments are clustered at the southern tip of peninsular Florida (Fig. 1). The carbonate rocks can be examined onshore in Miami and on Windley Key, and offshore on Grecian Rocks and Rodriquez Bank, which are accessible by small boat. More precise location information is provided with the discussions for individual stops.
Providence Canyons
Authors: Donovan Arthur D. , Reinhardt Juergen 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Providence Canyons State Park is located in Stewart County, Georgia, in the Lumpkin SW 7½-minute quadrangle. The park entrance (Fig. 1) is located 0.15 mi (0.24 km) west of the intersection of Stewart County Road 23 and Georgia Road 39c.
The leader of any major field trip should advise the Park Superintendent of the purpose of the visit. No sampling or climbing of the canyon walls is allowed without the written permission of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 270 Washington Street, S.W., Atlanta, GA 30334.
The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian transition along Interstate 64, northeastern Kentucky
Authors: Ettensohn Frank R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A 17 mile segment of I-64 crosses the Mississippian-Lower Pennsylvanian outcrop belt nearly perpendicular to strike in Rowan and Carter counties, northeastern Kentucky (Fig. 1), revealing a series of approximately 30 roadcuts. All cuts are on highway right-of-way on either side of the road, Large-scale relationships and features in some cuts are best viewed from the opposite side of the road.
The Bashi-Tallahatta section at Mt. Barton, Meridian, Mississippi
Authors: Dockery David T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Mt. Barton is a prominent hill south of Meridian, Mississippi, in the SE¼ SE¼, sec. 24, T. 6 N., R. 15 E., Lauderdale County, Meridian South 7½-minute quadrangle (Fig. 1). The section at Mt. Barton is readily accessible by taking the 31st Street South exit off of 1-20 at Meridian. Stop 1 of the section is at a field of boulders lining the right side of the exit ramp. Stops 2 and 3 are at Mt. Barton off of the first dirt road to the left from 31st Street South.
Earthquake-related features in the Reelfoot Lake area of the New Madrid Fault Zone in northwest Tennessee
Authors: Blythe Ernest W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Reelfoot Lake area is accessible from the east by 1-40 and Tennessee 22; from the south by U.S. 51 and Tennessee 78; from the west by I-55 and 1-155 and Tennessee 78; and from the north by the Purchase Parkway, U.S. 51-45W, and Tennessee 22 (Fig. 1).
Domes of the North Louisiana Salt Basin
Authors: Martinez Joseph D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Nineteen salt domes (Fig. 1) are located in the North Louisiana Salt Basin, which lies between the Sabine Uplift and the Monroe Uplift. U.S. 167 from Alexandria to Ruston, Louisiana, provides access to this area. Winnfield, Vacherie, and Rayburns domes are precisely located on Figures 2, 5, and 7 in this paper. For greater detail on others see Kupfer (1975) and Anderson and others (1973).
Overflights of the lower deltaic plain of the Mississippi River delta complex
Authors: Roberts Harry H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Two overflight routes of the Mississippi River Delta complex augment or substitute for actual observation of depositional settings in the field (see Roberts, this Guidebook) (Fig. 1). Both overflights start and end at Lakefront Airport in New Orleans and incorporate depositional environments of the modern river, especially the Balize delta lobe. Arrangements can be made at Lakefront Airport to rent a light aircraft for the purpose of an overflight.
The Bayou Lafourche delta, Mississippi River delta plain, Louisiana
Authors: Penland Shea , Ritchie William , Boyd Ron , Gerdes Robert G. , Suter John R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In southeast Louisiana, State Highway 1 provides the only direct access to the shoreline of the delta plain along the natural levee of Bayou Lafourche through Cheniere Caminada to Grand Isle (Fig. 1). Abandoned approximately 300 years ago, the Bayou Lafourche delta represents the last major distributary of the larger Lafourche delta complex to be built. The Bayou Lafourche landscape contains some of the best examples of regressive and transgressive delta cycle landforms to be found within the entire Mississippi River delta plain. This cluster stop is designed to examine these features, particularly the regressive distributaries and beach ridges of Bayou Lafourche as well as the transgressive Caminada-Moreau coast, Caminada Pass spit, and Grand Isle flanking barrier island.
“Four Corners”
Authors: Chesnut Donald R. , Cobb James C. , Kiefer John D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The “Four Corners” exposure is located at the intersection of Kentucky 80, Kentucky 15, and the Daniel Boone Parkway about 2.7 mi (4.3 km) northward of Hazard in Perry County, Kentucky. The stop is located in Carter coordinate section 14-S-76, on the Hazard North 7½-minute Quadrangle (Fig. 1). The multilane highways offer easy accessibility by vehicle. Buses may park along the shoulder of the Daniel Boone Parkway or Kentucky 80. Multiple benches on these high roadcuts offer access to most of the strata by foot; however, much of the geology is visible from the road. Potential dangers such as traffic, extreme heights, rock falls, and unstable footing should be stressed. Be particularly aware of people below you. Do not enter adits or overhangs of adits.
Burning Springs Anticline, West Virginia
Authors: Filer Jonathan K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The site is located in northwestern West Virginia, straddling the Wood/Ritchie county line along U.S. 50, 12 mi (20 km) east of the intersection of that highway with Interstate 77 near Parkersburg, West Virginia (Fig. 1). The site is on the southeast corner of the Willow Island, West Virginia, 7½-minute Quadrangle. Exposures are in road cuts on either side of the highway. No permission is necessary for access.
Hydrogeology of Turnhole Spring groundwater basin, Kentucky
Authors: Quinlan James F. , Ewers Ralph O. , Palmer Arthur N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Turnhole Spring groundwater basin covers more than 85 mi2 (220 km2) in parts of Edmundson and Hart Counties, Kentucky, approximately 30 miles (50 km) north of Bowling Green, Kentucky and 10 miles (16 km) west of Interstate 65 at Cave City, Kentucky (Fig. 1).
Devonian to Mississippian section, Elkins, West Virginia
Authors: McColloch J. S. , Schwietering J. F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The site is a series of twenty road cuts along the four-lane section of U.S. 33 between Can field and Bowden in northern Randolph County, West Virginia. It is depicted on the Elkins and Bowden 7½-minute Quadrangles (Fig. 1). The seven-milelong section begins 2.1 miles (3.4 km) east of the intersection of U.S. 33,250, and 219 in Elkins, West Virginia, and is accessible by car and bus.
The Catskill elastic wedge (Acadian Orogeny) in eastern West Virginia
Authors: Fichter Lynn S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Exposures of the Catskill elastic wedge are located in Pendleton County, West Virginia, and include parts of the Brandywine and Fort Seybert 7½-minute quadrangles (Fig. 1). The left hand topographic map in Figure 1 shows all six stops along U.S. 33; it is an enlarged portion of the 2 degree Charlottesville quadrangle. The right hand map is a part of the 7½-minute Brandywine quadrangle showing location of Stop 5.
Volcanic hazards in the Mexico City metropolitan area from eruptions at Popocatépetl, Nevado de Toluca, and Jocotitlán stratovolcanoes and monogenetic scoria cones in the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field
Authors: Siebe Claus , Macías José Luis 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTephrochronological studies carried out over the past decade in the area surrounding Mexico City have yielded a wealth of new radiocarbon ages from eruptions at Popocatépetl, Nevado de Toluca, and Jocotitlán stratovolcanoes and monogenetic scoria cones in the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field. These dates allow us to constrain the frequency and types of eruptions that have affected this area during the course of the past 25,000 yr. They have important implications for archaeology as well as future hazard evaluations. Late Pleistocene and Holocene volcanic activities at the stratovolcanoes are characterized by recurrent cataclysmic Plinian eruptions of considerable magnitude. They have affected vast areas, including zones that today are occupied by large population centers at Puebla, Toluca, and Mexico City. During Holocene time, Nevado de Toluca and Jocotitlán have each experienced only one Plinian eruption, ca. 10,500 yr B.P. and 9700 yr B.P. respectively. During the same period of time, Popocatépetl had at least four such eruptions, ca. 8000, 5000, 2100, and 1100 yr B.P. Therefore, the recurrence interval for Plinian eruptions is less than 2000 yr in this region. The last two Plinian eruptions at Popocatépetl are of particular interest because they destroyed several human settlements in the Basin of Puebla. Evidence for these disasters stems from pottery shards and other artifacts covered by Plinian pumice falls, ash-flow deposits, and lahars on the plains to the east and northeast of the volcanic edifice. Several monogenetic scoria cones located within the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field at the southern margin of Mexico City were also dated by the radiocarbon method in recent years. Most previous research in this area was concentrated on Xitle scoria cone, whose lavas destroyed and buried the pre-Hispanic town of Cuicuilco ca. 1665 ± 35 yr B.P. The new dates indicate that the recurrence interval for monogenetic eruptions in the close vicinity of Mexico City is also &lt;2000 yr. The longest lava flow associated with a scoria cone was erupted by Guespalapa and reached 24 km from its source; total areas covered by lava flows from each monogenetic eruption typically range between 30 and 80 km2, and total erupted volumes range between 0.5 and 2 km3/cone. An average eruption rate for the entire Chichinautzin was estimated at ~0.5 km3/1000 yr. These findings are of great importance for archaeological as well as volcanic hazard studies in this heavily populated region.
Correlation of Middle Devonian Hamilton Group-equivalent strata in east-central North America: implications for eustasy, tectonics and faunal provinciality
Authors: Bartholomew A. J. , Brett C. E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
An integrated approach, involving nearly all available biostratigraphic data, event and sequence stratigraphy, has been utilized in correlation of the Middle Devonian (latest Eifelian–Givetian) Hamilton Group and equivalent strata in north-central North America. This approach permits high-resolution correlation of strata equivalent to the Oatka Creek (upper Marcellus), Skaneateles, Ludlowville and Moscow Formations from New York into sections bordering the Michigan Basin in Ontario, Canada, as well as southern Michigan, northern Ohio and Indiana, USA. Most member and submember-scale units, herein slightly redefined and interpreted as 3rd and 4th order sequences, respectively, and their bounding condensed beds can be correlated regionally. Moreover, many faunal patterns also persist across this region, which, together with sequence stratigraphy, provides a bridge for correlation into the Michigan Basin. The detailed stratigraphy presented herein permits a more-resolved understanding of far-field tectonics, eustasy and biotic responses during the Middle Devonian. Allocyclic processes, primarily eustasy, played a key role in generating persistent sedimentary cycles. Episodes of rapid mud sedimentation occurred over large areas of the cratonic interior, distal to Acadian source terrains. The major Algonquin–Findlay Arch, which presently separates the Michigan Basin from the Appalachian foreland basin, was not present during deposition of these strata. Conversely, a roughly north–south trending region, running approximately through present-day Cleveland, Ohio, was first a local subsiding area during late Eifelian–early Givetian time and then underwent topographic inversion to form a local arch at which upper Hamilton units were condensed and then bevelled during the later Givetian; we infer that this feature may represent a migrating forebulge. Finally, fossil biotas do not show strong partitioning into Appalachian and Michigan basin faunal subprovinces during the early Givetian, as there appears to have been no physical barrier to migration at least in the study area. However, Hamilton-equivalent strata in the most proximal portion of the Appalachian Basin do show a relatively minor admixture of typical Michigan Basin taxa with normal Hamilton forms.
Givetian (Middle Devonian) brachiopod–goniatite–correlation in the Dra Valley (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) and Bergisch Gladbach–Paffrath Syncline (Rhenish Massif, Germany)
Authors: Ebbighausen V. , Becker R. T. , Bockwinkel J. , Aboussalam Z. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The Givetian pelagic and dysoxic outer shelf facies of the Dra Valley (SW Morocco) yielded as minor benthic faunal elements a number of stringocephalid and uncitid brachiopods that allow a precise correlation of these marker brachiopods with the regional, detailed goniatite zonation. In a reverse situation, the predominant neritic shallow-water succession of the Bergisch Gladbach area (Rhenish Massif, Germany), which is characterized by a detailed succession of stringocephalids and
Uncites
, has yielded rare and new Middle Givetian goniatite species. These findings allow, with some help of conodont data, neritic–pelagic correlations within and between widely separated basins. New species are
Tornoceras
n. sp. from the Büchel Formation (with coloration remains), ‘
Trevoneites
’
paffrathensis
n. sp. from the Lower Plattenkalk Formation, and
Maenioceras heinorum
n. sp. from the Hornstein Member. New material of stringocephalids and
Uncites
is described from the Dra Valley. The identical, well-defined range of
Uncites (U.) gryphus gryphus
in the lower to middle parts of the Middle Givetian of the Dra Valley and Rhenish Massif underscores the stratigraphical significance of this genus that was widely distributed in Europe, northern Gondwana, the Urals, and Central and Eastern Asia.