bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of GM1, a marker of lipid rafts, defines two subsets of human monocytes with differential endocytic capacity and lipopolysaccharide responsiveness
Authors: Moreno‐Altamirano M. Maximina Bertha , Aguilar‐Carmona Israel , Sánchez‐García F. Javier 
Published: January 2007

SummaryMonocytes constitute 5–10% of total human peripheral blood leucocytes and remain in circulation for several days before replenishing the tissue macrophage populations. Monocytes display heterogeneity in size, granularity and nuclear morphology, and in the expression of cell membrane molecules, such as CD14, CD16, CD32, CD64, major histocompatibility complex class II, CCR2, CCR5, among others. This has led to the suggestion that individual monocyte/macrophage populations have specialized functions within their microenvironments. This study provides evidence for the occurrence of two peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations on the basis of their differential expression of GM1, a sphingolipid found mostly in lipid rafts, a CD14+ GM1low population and a CD14+ GM1high population comprising about 97·5% and 2·5% of total CD14+ cells, respectively. GM1 expression correlates with functional differences in terms of endocytic activity, susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, and response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (modulation of Toll‐like receptor‐4 expression). CD14+ GM1low cells proved to be less endocytic and more responsive to LPS, whereas CD14+ GM1high cells are more endocytic and less responsive to LPS. In addition, during monocyte to macrophage differentiation in vitro, the percentage of CD14+ GM1high cells increases from about 2·5% at day 1 to more than 50% at day 7 of culture. These results suggest that GM1low and GM1high monocytes in peripheral blood, represent either different stages of maturation or different subsets with specialized activities. The expression of CD16 on GM1high favours the first possibility and, on the other hand that up‐regulation of GM1 expression and probably lipid rafts function is involved in the monocyte to macrophage differentiation process.
Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons
Authors: Cunha‐Oliveira Teresa , Rego A. Cristina , Garrido Jorge , Borges Fernanda , Macedo Tice , Oliveira Catarina Resende 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCortical function has been suggested to be highly compromised by repeated heroin self‐administration. We have previously shown that street heroin induces apoptosis in neuronal‐like PC12 cells. Thus, we analysed the apoptotic pathways involved in street heroin neurotoxicity using primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Our street heroin sample was shown to be mainly composed by heroin, 6‐monoacetylmorphine and morphine. Exposure of cortical neurons to street heroin induced a slight decrease in metabolic viability, without loss of neuronal integrity. Early activation of caspases involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was observed, culminating in caspase 3 activation, Poly‐ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Apoptotic morphology was completely prevented by the non‐selective caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk, indicating an important role for caspases in neurodegeneration induced by street heroin. Ionotropic glutamate receptors, opioid receptors and oxidative stress were not involved in caspase 3 activation. Interestingly, street heroin cytotoxicity was shown to be independent of a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain, as determined using NT‐2 rho0 cells. Nonetheless, in street heroin‐treated cortical neurons, cytochrome c was released, accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial potential and Bcl‐2/Bax. Pure heroin hydrochloride similarly decreased metabolic viability but only slightly activated caspase 3. Altogether, our data suggest an important role for mitochondria in mediating street heroin neurotoxic effects.
Fibrocytes from burn patients regulate the activities of fibroblasts
Authors: Wang Jian Fei , Jiao Haiyan , Stewart Tara L. , Shankowsky Heather A. , Scott Paul G. , Tredget Edward E. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWound healing requires an elaborate interplay between numerous cell types that orchestrate a series of regulated and overlapping events. Fibrocytes are a unique leukocyte subpopulation implicated in this process. One role proposed for these cells in wound healing is to synthesize extracellular matrix. Interestingly, using mass spectrometry to quantify hydroxyproline, we discovered that the capacity of fibrocytes from normal subjects or from burn patients to produce collagen is much less than that of dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, we investigated whether fibrocytes could play an indirect, regulatory, role in the healing of burn wounds by affecting the functions of dermal fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts treated with medium conditioned by burn patient fibrocytes, but not by those derived from normal subjects, showed an increase in cell proliferation and migration. Using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting, we found the level of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expression to be increased in these treated dermal fibroblasts, which also showed an enhanced ability to contract collagen lattices. To determine whether these effects could be attributed to transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β1) or to connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), we measured total TGF‐β1 levels in the conditioned medium by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbtion assay and assessed levels of CTGF mRNA and protein in fibroblasts and fibrocytes by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The results showed significantly higher levels of TGF‐β1 and CTGF produced by burn patient fibrocytes. In addition, the application of a TGF‐β1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the effect of burn patient fibrocyte medium on dermal fibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen lattice contraction. Our results suggest that in healing burn wounds, fibrocytes could regulate the activities of local fibroblasts.
The Use of CVD Diamond Burs for Ultraconservative Cavity Preparations: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Carvalho Carlos Augusto R. , Fagundes Ticiane C. , Barata Terezinha J. e. , Trava‐airoldi Vladimir Jesus , Navarro Maria Fidela L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the past decades, scientific developments in cutting instruments have changed the conventional techniques used to remove caries lesions. Ultrasound emerged as an alternative for caries removal since the 1950s. However, the conventional technology for diamond powder aggregation with nickel metallic binders could not withstand ultrasonic power. Around 5 years ago, an alternative approach using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) resulted in synthetic diamond technology. CVD diamond burs are obtained with high adherence of the diamond as a unique stone on the metallic surface with excellent abrading performance. This technology allows for diamond deposition with coalescent granulation in different formats of substrates. When connected to an ultrasonic handpiece, CVD diamond burs become an option for cavity preparation, maximizing preservation of tooth structure. Potential advantages such as reduced noise, minimal damage to the gingival tissue, extended bur durability, improved proximal cavity access, reduced risk of hitting the adjacent tooth resulting from the high inclination angles, and minimal patient’s risk of metal contamination. These innovative instruments also potentially eliminate some problems regarding decreased cutting efficiency of conventional diamond burs.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis clinical report presents the benefits of using CVD diamond burs coupled with an ultrasonic handpiece in the treatment of incipient caries. CVD diamond burs coupled with an ultrasonic device offer a promising alternative for removal of carious lesions when ultraconservative cavity preparations are required. Additionally, this system provides a less‐painful technique for caries removal, with minimal noise.
Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration
Authors: Seshagiri Urmila , Zimring Rishona 
Published: January 2007

This paper introduces a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM ENDOCRINE FACTORS, HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LONGISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE AND MEAT QUALITY IN PIGS
Authors: RYU Y.‐C. , CHOI Y.‐M. , KO Y. , KIM B.‐C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The circulating growth factors, interleukin, cortisol and glycolytic enzyme activities were measured at 7 days before slaughter, and the muscle histochemical characteristics were measured using longissimus dorsi muscle at 45 min postmortem. The total fiber number tended to negatively relate to the concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). The percentage of type I muscle fiber was negatively related to serum IGF‐I concentration, and positively related to serum epidermal growth factor and TGF‐β. Circulating growth factors, interleukin and cortisol were poorly correlated with muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality. These results suggest that endocrine factors measured in antemortem serum may not be appropriate parameters for the prediction of muscle fiber characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSelection for lean growth appears to have adversely affected various aspects of pork quality. A higher frequency of pale, soft and exudative meat is often associated with aggressive muscling in pigs. Research on the relationships between muscle intrinsic factors and phenotypic expression in skeletal muscle is important for improving our understanding of the variation of meat quality. This research suggests that endocrine factors measured at 7 days before slaughter may not be appropriate parameters for the prediction of muscle histologic characteristics.
The specificity of motor neurone regeneration (preferential reinnervation)
Authors: Madison R. D. , Robinson G. A. , Chadaram S. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major determinant of functional recovery after lesions in the peripheral nervous system is the accurate regeneration of axons to their original target end‐organs. Unfortunately, regenerating motor axons are often misrouted to sensory target end‐organs, and sensory axons formerly innervating skin are often misrouted to muscle. As such regeneration is robust, but often inaccurate, a better understanding of how regenerating axons reinnervate terminal pathways would be of fundamental interest to basic and clinical neuroscience. This review will consider the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence the accuracy of peripheral nerve regeneration, within the context of ‘preferential motor reinnervation’ (PMR). Much previous work with PMR has utilized the rodent femoral nerve and has shown that regenerating motor axons preferentially, albeit incompletely, reinnervate a distal terminal nerve branch to muscle (quadriceps) vs. skin (saphenous). One interpretation of this body of work has been that Schwann cell tubes have a specific identity that can be recognized by regenerating motor axons and that influences their subsequent behaviour. We disagree with that interpretation, and suggest motor and cutaneous pathways are not inherently different in terms of their ability to support regeneration of motor axons. In fact, recent experiments indicate under certain conditions motor axons will preferentially reinnervate the inappropriate terminal cutaneous pathway instead of the appropriate pathway to muscle. We suggest that it is the relative level of trophic support provided by each nerve branch that determines whether motor axons will remain in that particular branch. Within the context of the femoral nerve model, our results suggest a hierarchy of trophic support for regenerating motor axons with muscle contact being the highest, followed by the length of the terminal nerve branch and/or contact with skin.
Teaching Brown: Reflections on Pedagogical Challenges and Opportunities: Introduction
Authors: Dougherty Jack 
Published: January 2007

These first-person reflective essays were written from our perspectives as educators who find it immensely rewarding, yet incredibly challenging, to teach about Brown vs Board of Education. Rarely do we address an issue in our classroom that is wrapped up in so many layers of racial meaning, people's lived experiences, ongoing policy debates, and historical mythology. Teaching Brown forces many of us to confront a number of dilemmas that have no easy answers:
•How do we “keep the struggle alive” in our students' hearts and minds while simultaneously teaching them to think like historians, who do not uncritically accept simplistic or celebratory accounts of the civil rights movement?•How do we bridge the gap between two diverging bodies of historical scholarship: one that praises desegregation activists who courageously challenged White supremacy and another that celebrates the good qualities of Black segregated schools?•How can we help our students see connections between historical struggles and contemporary debates over race, education, and power without slipping into presentism, the unfortunate tendency to perceive the past solely through present-day lenses?•Or how do we connect any of this academic literature to everyday people's lived experiences in the communities around us, whether we teach in the South, the North, or the West?
In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of Heteroaryl Isothiazolones against Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens
Authors: Pucci Michael J. , Cheng Jijun , Podos Steven D. , Thoma Christy L. , Thanassi Jane A. , Buechter Douglas D. , Mushtaq Gohar , Vigliotti Gerald A. , Bradbury Barton J. , Deshpande Milind 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

The activities of several tricyclic heteroaryl isothiazolones (HITZs) against an assortment of gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates were assessed. These compounds target bacterial DNA replication and were found to possess broad-spectrum activities especially against gram-positive strains, including antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and streptococci. These included methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), vancomycin-nonsusceptible staphylococci, and quinolone-resistant strains. The HITZs were more active than the comparator antimicrobials in most cases. For gram-negative bacteria, the tested compounds were less active against members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
but showed exceptional potencies against
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Moraxella catarrhalis
, and
Neisseria
spp. Good activity against several anaerobes, as well as
Legionella pneumophila
and
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
, was also observed. Excellent bactericidal activity against staphylococci was observed in time-kill assays, with an approximately 3-log drop in the numbers of CFU/ml occurring after 4 h of exposure to compound. Postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of 2.0 and 1.7 h for methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
and MRSA strains, respectively, were observed, and these were similar to those seen with moxifloxacin at 10× MIC. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated in murine infections by using sepsis and thigh infection models. The 50% protective doses were ≤1 mg/kg of body weight against
S. aureus
in the sepsis model, while decreases in the numbers of CFU per thigh equal to or greater than those detected in animals treated with a standard dose of vancomycin were seen in the animals with thigh infections. Pharmacokinetic analyses of treated mice indicated exposures similar to those to ciprofloxacin at equivalent dose levels. These promising initial data suggest further study on the use of the HITZs as antibacterial agents.
Francisella tularensis
Replicates within Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells In Vitro and In Vivo following Inhalation
Authors: Hall Joshua D. , Craven Robin R. , Fuller James R. , Pickles Raymond J. , Kawula Thomas H. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Francisella tularensis
replicates in macrophages and dendritic cells, but interactions with other cell types have not been well described.
F. tularensis
LVS invaded and replicated within alveolar epithelial cell lines. Following intranasal inoculation of C57BL/6 mice,
Francisella
localized to the alveolus and replicated within alveolar type II epithelial cells.
Immunogenic and Protective Potential of Mutans Streptococcal Glucosyltransferase Peptide Constructs Selected by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Allele Binding
Authors: Culshaw S. , LaRosa K. , Tolani H. , Han X. , Eastcott J. W. , Smith D. J. , Taubman M. A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTMutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases (GTF) have been demonstrated to be effective components of dental caries vaccines. We had previously selected peptide subunits of GTF for vaccine development based on putative functional significance and conservation of GTF primary structure among enzyme isoforms. In this study, 20 20-mer linear GTF peptides were synthesized, 17 identified on the basis of the highest potential major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-binding activity using computer-generated algorithms (Epimatrix and ProPred) and 3 with previously demonstrated functional significance. The immunoreactivities of these peptides were explored with rodent systems. Sera from GTF-immunized rats, assessed for binding to linear peptides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, demonstrated immunoglobulin G antibody reactivity with peptides 6 and 11 and a T-cell proliferation response to peptides 6, 9, 11, and 16. Multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) constructs were synthesized from promising linear sequences. Rats that were immunized with MAP 7, 11, or 16, respectively, responded well to the immunizing MAP. Most importantly, a robust immune response (antibody and T-cell proliferation) was observed to native GTF following MAP 11 (amino acids 847 to 866; VVINNDKFVSWGITDFEM) immunization. This response inhibited GTF enzyme function. Two dental caries pathogenesis experiments were performed wherein rats were immunized with MAP constructs 11, 16, and/or 11 plus 16, followed by infection with cariogenicStreptococcus sobrinus. In both experiments cariogenic bacterial recoveries were reduced relative to total streptococci in the MAP 11- and MAP 11 plus 16-immunized groups, and the extent of dental caries was also significantly reduced in these groups. Thus, we have identified a peptide with projected avid MHC-binding activity that elicited immunoreactivity with native GTF and demonstrated protection against dental caries infection after immunization, implying that this peptide may be important in a subunit dental caries vaccine.
Minimal Access Surgery for Total Hip Arthroplasty – Current Beliefs and Activity Profile in The UK
Authors: White SP , Smith EJ 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION There is a strong drive from patients, industry and the media to perform total hip arthroplasty (THA) through a minimal access incision. Currently in the UK, the exact definition and uptake of this procedure is not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS A postal questionnaire was sent to all consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the UK registered with the British Orthopaedic Association. RESULTS Of those performing THA, 23% have performed minimal access hip surgery (MAS). Of users, 63% perform less than 20 cases per year, 62% use the mini-posterior approach, and 12% intend to perform MAS in the future. There is an association with specialisation. The mean and mode scar sizes for MAS were 9.9 cm and 10 cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MAS is increasing in popularity but is currently performed in small numbers by those with a specialist interest in hip arthroplasty. Because no long-term results have been published regarding this procedure, it will be important to ensure that standards of implantation are not jeopardised and training remains critical. Cases should be registered with the National Joint Registry using the current definition of scar size less than 10 cm.
Influence of micropile inclination on the performance of a micropile network
Authors: Sadek M. , Shahrour I. , Mroueh H. 
Published: January 2007

Micropiles are defined as small-diameter, drilled and grouted piles. They are used in groups for underpinning existing structures and as a foundation support for new structures. They can also be used in networks as a technology of ground improvement. In this case, both vertical and inclined micropiles are utilised to create a geocomposite material with both high stiffness and resistance. This paper aims at analysing the performances of a micropile network implemented in a wall configuration. The first part of the paper describes the numerical model used for the analysis of this network, and the second and third parts analyse the performance of the micropile network under lateral and vertical loads. Analysis shows that the inclination of micropiles results in an improvement of both the tiffness and the bearing capacity of the micropile network. Les micropiles sont définies comme étant des piles de petit diamètre, forées et cimentées. Elles sont utilizées par groupes pour soutenir les structures existantes et comme support de fondation pour les nouvelles structures. Elles peuvent aussi être utilizées en réseau, comme technologie d'amélioration des sols. Dans ce cas, des micropiles verticales et inclinées sont utilizeées pour créer un matériau géocomposite ayant aà la fois une forte rigidité et une haute résistance. Cet exposé a pour but d'analyser les erformances d'un réseau de micropiles implanté dans une configuration de mur. La première partie décrit le modèle numérique utilizé pour l'analyse de ce réseau; les seconde et troisième parties analysent la performance du réseau de micropile sous charges verticales et latérales. L'analyse montre que l'inclinaison des micropiles donne une amé lioration de la rigidité et de la résistance mais aussi de la capacité porteuse du réseau de piles.