bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access to Healthcare Among Working‐Aged Hispanic Adults in the United States*
Authors: Durden T. Elizabeth , Hummer Robert A. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. The purpose of this research is to examine differences in access to and sources of healthcare for working‐aged adults among major Hispanic subpopulations of the United States. Nativity, duration in the United States, citizenship, and sociodemographic factors are considered as key predictors of access to and sources of care.Methods. Using pooled National Health Interview Surveys from 1999–2001, logistic and multinomial logistic regression models are estimated that compare Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and other Hispanics with non‐Hispanic blacks and non‐Hispanic whites.Results. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and other Hispanics display significantly less access to care than non‐Hispanics whites, with immigrant status and socioeconomic status variables accounting for some, but not all, of the differences. For sources of care, Mexican‐American, Puerto Rican, and other Hispanic adults were all much more likely than non‐Hispanic whites to report clinics or emergency rooms as their source of regular care.Conclusions. There are wide differences in access to and sources of care across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Mexican‐American adults, regardless if born in Mexico or the United States, appear to be most in need of access to regular and high‐quality care. Naturalization may be an especially important factor in greater access to regular and high‐quality care for Hispanic immigrants.
Clonality in the setting of Sweet’s syndrome and pyoderma gangrenosum is not limited to underlying myeloproliferative disease
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Kiani Bahram , Li Jingwei , Crowson A. Neil 
Published: November 2006

Background:  The neutrophilic dermatoses encompass, among others, Sweet’s syndrome (SS) and pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), which are associated with underlying systemic diseases including myeloid dyscrasias.Methods:  On skin biopsies from 16 patients with biopsy‐proven SS and/or PG, we performed an X‐inactivation assay to detect clonal restriction of neutrophils. There were two patient categories based on known diseases at the time of diagnosis: patients with myeloproliferative disease and patients without myeloproliferative disease.Results:  Among seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and two with myelodysplastic syndrome, clonal restriction was found in five; three were homozygous, precluding analysis. Among the seven control patients, infiltrates were clonally restricted in five; one was polyclonal and the other was homozygous for the allele, precluding analysis. Of the five patients with clonally restricted infiltrates, one was subsequently diagnosed with myelodysplasia, one had unexplained neutropenia and an additional patient developed breast cancer. Overall, the incidence of clonality in both groups was the same, averaging 81%.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that clonality in neutrophilic dermatoses, while characteristic of underlying myeloid dyscrasia, is not observed exclusively in the setting of myeloproliferative diseases. The significance of clonal neutrophilic infiltrates unassociated with myeloproliferative disease is unclear, but it may have some implications regarding the pathogenesis of sterile neutrophilic infiltrates. Clonality is well described in the setting of lymphomatoid hypersensitivity, reflecting an overzealous response to antigenic stimuli. One could speculate a similar mechanism operational in cases of apparently reactive SS/PG associated with monoclonality; a localized form of cutaneous neutrophilic dyscrasia is also possible.
Cosmic microwave background anisotropies from outflows in Lyman break galaxies
Authors: Babich Daniel , Loeb Abraham 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Thomson scattering of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on moving electrons in the outflows of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at redshifts 2–8 contributes to the small-scale CMB anisotropies. The net effect produced by each outflow depends on its level of deviation from spherical symmetry, caused either by an anisotropic energy injection from the nuclear starburst or quasar activity, or by an inhomogeneous intergalactic environment. We find that for plausible outflow parameters consistent with spectroscopic observations of LBGs, the induced CMB anisotropies on arcminute scales reach up to ∼1 μK, comparable to the level produced during the epoch of reionization.
Source Zone Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Hydrocarbon Spill Sites—II: Application to a Former Oil Field
Authors: Lundegard Paul D. , Johnson Paul C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPetroleum spills often create persistent “source zones” of hydrocarbon‐impacted soils that are either in direct contact with ground water or in indirect contact through soil moisture infiltration and dissolution. Understanding the natural attenuation of source zones is critical to anticipating their longevity and the future chemical composition of their associated dissolved ground water and vapor plumes. A companion paper to this work presents an approach for site‐specific assessment of source zone natural attenuation (SZNA), based on three levels of data collection and analysis oriented toward answering common questions of interest. Use of this SZNA assessment approach is illustrated here through application to the 3000‐acre former Guadalupe Oil Field in California, where numerous petroleum source zones are present within a dune sand aquifer system. SZNA processes and mass loss rates are assessed through use of data from geochemical profiles of continuous cores, nested ground water wells, and soil‐gas probes. Mass loss rates are estimated by quantifying fluxes of dissolved electron acceptors and degradation products in ground water and in soil gas. Under current conditions, gas transport processes coupled with aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation acting on exposed portions (above the water table) of source zones are the most significant loss mechanisms. Depending on the depth of contamination and other factors, the mass loss rate per unit surface area for those processes varies from approximately 0.1 to 1.0 kg total petroleum hydrocarbons per m2/year. In comparison, mass losses from the submerged part of the source zone and involving ground water transport processes (i.e., dissolution and biodegradation) were estimated to be about approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower. Once aerobically degradable hydrocarbons above the water table are depleted, the slower mass loss processes operating on the submerged parts of the source will control source zone mass loss.
What's new about wandering behaviour? An assessment of recent studies
Authors: Algase Donna L. 
Published: November 2006

Problem.  The number and quality of studies on wandering and other behaviours has lagged that of biological sciences in the field of dementia research. Recent studies of wandering are examined for quantity, rigour, and findings.Approach.  Medline, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched systematically for studies of wandering. Research reports were reviewed and data was abstracted to characterise quantity and rigour. Study findings were organised by topic and summarised.Results.  Between 2003 and 2005 inclusive, 47 studies met inclusion criteria. The largest proportion of studies was quantitative and descriptive; an explicit theory or framework guided about half of the studies. Major findings encompassed quantification and description, epidemiology, associated factors, and intervention and management of wandering.Conclusions.  The growing body of research on wandering in becoming more rigorous. Newer measures of wandering have strong psychometric properties. Wandering occurs in multiple dementias and affects patients in larger numbers as dementia worsens. Wandering manifests similarly across cultural/ethnic groups and care settings and is associated with falls and increased mortality. A variety of interventions have been evaluated, but studies lack rigour.
Evaluation of Solanum xanthocarpum extract as a synergist for cypermethrin against larvae of the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)
Authors: MOHAN Lalit , SHARMA Preeti , SRIVASTAVA C. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCypermethrin and crude extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum were both observed for their larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. Petroleum ether extract with lethal concentration (LC)50 and LC90 of 41.28 and 111.16 p.p.m. after 24 h and LC50 38.48 and LC90 80.83 p.p.m. after 48 h, respectively, was found to be the most effective, followed by carbon tetrachloride and methanol extracts. LC50 and LC90 for cypermethrin were 0.0027 and 0.0097 p.p.m. after 24 h and 0.0013 and 0.0092 p.p.m. after 48 h of exposure, respectively. Combined formulations were evaluated for synergistic activity and a 1:1 ratio of cypermethrin and petroleum ether extract was observed to be more effective than 1:2 and 1:4 ratios. Combinations of S. xanthocarpum extracts and cypermethrin demonstrated higher larvicidal activity, indicating synergistic activity. These results demonstrate the need for further studies on the effectiveness and toxicity to humans and animals, particularly aquatic forms.
Diguanylate Cyclases Control Magnesium-Dependent Motility ofVibrio fischeri
Authors: O'Shea Therese M. , Klein Adam H. , Geszvain Kati , Wolfe Alan J. , Visick Karen L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTFlagellar biogenesis and hence motility ofVibrio fischeridepends upon the presence of magnesium. In the absence of magnesium, cells contain few or no flagella and are poorly motile or nonmotile. To dissect the mechanism by which this regulation occurs, we screened transposon insertion mutants for those that could migrate through soft agar medium lacking added magnesium. We identified mutants with insertions in two distinct genes, VF0989 and VFA0959, which we termedmifAandmifB, respectively, formagnesium-dependentinduction offlagellation. Each gene encodes a predicted membrane-associated protein with diguanylate cyclase activity. Consistent with that activity, introduction intoV. fischeriof medium-copy plasmids carrying these genes inhibited motility. Furthermore, multicopy expression ofmifAinduced other phenotypes known to be correlated with diguanylate cyclase activity, including cellulose biosynthesis and biofilm formation. To directly test their function, we introduced the wild-type genes on high-copy plasmids intoEscherichia coli. We assayed for the production of cyclic di-GMP using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and found that strains carrying these plasmids produced a small but reproducible spot that migrated with anRfvalue consistent with cyclic di-GMP that was not produced by strains carrying the vector control. Disruptions ofmifAormifBincreased flagellin levels, while multicopy expression decreased them. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed no significant difference in the amount of flagellin transcripts produced in either the presence or absence of Mg2+by either vector control ormifA-overexpressing cells, indicating that the impact of magnesium and cyclic-di-GMP primarily acts following transcription. Finally, we present a model for the roles of magnesium and cyclic di-GMP in the control of motility ofV. fischeri.
Experimental and Computational Assessment of Conditionally Essential Genes inEscherichia coli
Authors: Joyce Andrew R. , Reed Jennifer L. , White Aprilfawn , Edwards Robert , Osterman Andrei , Baba Tomoya , Mori Hirotada , Lesely Scott A. , Palsson Bernhard Ø. , Agarwalla Sanjay 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTGenome-wide gene essentiality data sets are becoming available forEscherichia coli, but these data sets have yet to be analyzed in the context of a genome scale model. Here, we present an integrative model-driven analysis of the KeioE. colimutant collection screened in this study on glycerol-supplemented minimal medium. Out of 3,888 single-deletion mutants tested, 119 mutants were unable to grow on glycerol minimal medium. These conditionally essential genes were then evaluated using a genome scale metabolic and transcriptional-regulatory model ofE. coli, and it was found that the model made the correct prediction in ∼91% of the cases. The discrepancies between model predictions and experimental results were analyzed in detail to indicate where model improvements could be made or where the current literature lacks an explanation for the observed phenotypes. The identified set of essential genes and their model-based analysis indicates that our current understanding of the roles these essential genes play is relatively clear and complete. Furthermore, by analyzing the data set in terms of metabolic subsystems across multiple genomes, we can project which metabolic pathways are likely to play equally important roles in other organisms. Overall, this work establishes a paradigm that will drive model enhancement while simultaneously generating hypotheses that will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the organism.
GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ Have Distinct Roles in Stress Responses and during Cell Cycle Progression inCaulobacter crescentus
Authors: Susin Michelle F. , Baldini Regina L. , Gueiros-Filho Frederico , Gomes Suely L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTMisfolding and aggregation of protein molecules are major threats to all living organisms. Therefore, cells have evolved quality control systems for proteins consisting of molecular chaperones and proteases, which prevent protein aggregation by either refolding or degrading misfolded proteins. DnaK/DnaJ and GroES/GroEL are the best-characterized molecular chaperone systems in bacteria. InCaulobacter crescentusthese chaperone machines are the products of essential genes, which are both induced by heat shock and cell cycle regulated. In this work, we characterized the viabilities of conditionaldnaKJandgroESLmutants under different types of environmental stress, as well as under normal physiological conditions. We observed thatC. crescentuscells with GroES/EL depleted are quite resistant to heat shock, ethanol, and freezing but are sensitive to oxidative, saline, and osmotic stresses. In contrast, cells with DnaK/J depleted are not affected by the presence of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, NaCl, and sucrose but have a lower survival rate after heat shock, exposure to ethanol, and freezing and are unable to acquire thermotolerance. Cells lacking these chaperones also have morphological defects under normal growth conditions. The absence of GroE proteins results in long, pinched filamentous cells with several Z-rings, whereas cells lacking DnaK/J are only somewhat more elongated than normal predivisional cells, and most of them do not have Z-rings. These findings indicate that there is cell division arrest, which occurs at different stages depending on the chaperone machine affected. Thus, the two chaperone systems have distinct roles in stress responses and during cell cycle progression inC. crescentus.
DNA Adenine Methylation Regulates Virulence Gene Expression in
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Balbontín Roberto , Rowley Gary , Pucciarelli M. Graciela , López-Garrido Javier , Wormstone Yvette , Lucchini Sacha , García-del Portillo Francisco , Hinton Jay C. D. , Casadesús Josep 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Transcriptomic analyses during growth in Luria-Bertani medium were performed in strain SL1344 of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium and in two isogenic derivatives lacking Dam methylase. More genes were repressed than were activated by Dam methylation (139 versus 37). Key genes that were differentially regulated by Dam methylation were verified independently. The largest classes of Dam-repressed genes included genes belonging to the SOS regulon, as previously described in
Escherichia coli
, and genes of the SOS-inducible
Salmonella
prophages ST64B, Gifsy-1, and Fels-2. Dam-dependent virulence-related genes were also identified. Invasion genes in pathogenicity island SPI-1 were activated by Dam methylation, while the fimbrial operon
std
was repressed by Dam methylation. Certain flagellar genes were repressed by Dam methylation, and Dam
−
mutants of
S. enterica
showed reduced motility. Altered expression patterns in the absence of Dam methylation were also found for the chemotaxis genes
cheR
(repressed by Dam) and STM3216 (activated by Dam) and for the Braun lipoprotein gene,
lppB
(activated by Dam). The requirement for DNA adenine methylation in the regulation of specific virulence genes suggests that certain defects of
Salmonella
Dam
−
mutants in the mouse model may be caused by altered patterns of gene expression.
Characterization of
myo
-Inositol Utilization by
Corynebacterium glutamicum
: the Stimulon, Identification of Transporters, and Influence on
l
-Lysine Formation
Authors: Krings Eva , Krumbach Karin , Bathe Brigitte , Kelle Ralf , Wendisch Volker F. , Sahm Hermann , Eggeling Lothar 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Although numerous bacteria possess genes annotated
iol
in their genomes, there have been very few studies on the possibly associated
myo
-inositol metabolism and its significance for the cell. We found that
Corynebacterium glutamicum
utilizes
myo
-inositol as a carbon and energy source, enabling proliferation with a high maximum rate of 0.35 h
−1
. Whole-genome DNA microarray analysis revealed that 31 genes respond to
myo
-inositol utilization, with 21 of them being localized in two clusters of >14 kb. A set of genomic mutations and functional studies yielded the result that some genes in the two clusters are redundant, and only cluster I is necessary for catabolizing the polyol. There are three genes which encode carriers belonging to the major facilitator superfamily and which exhibit a >12-fold increased mRNA level on
myo
-inositol. As revealed by mutant characterizations, one carrier is not involved in
myo
-inositol uptake whereas the other two are active and can completely replace each other with apparent

K
m

s for
myo
-inositol as a substrate of 0.20 mM and 0.45 mM, respectively. Interestingly, upon utilization of
myo
-inositol, the
l
-lysine yield is 0.10 mol/mol, as opposed to 0.30 mol/mol, with glucose as the substrate. This is probably not only due to
myo
-inositol metabolism alone since a mixture of 187 mM glucose and 17 mM
myo
-inositol, where the polyol only contributes 8% of the total carbon, reduced the
l
-lysine yield by 29%. Moreover, genome comparisons with other bacteria highlight the core genes required for growth on
myo
-inositol, whose metabolism is still weakly defined.
In Silico Prediction and Functional Validation of σ
28
-Regulated Genes in
Chlamydia
and
Escherichia coli
Authors: Yu Hilda Hiu Yin , Kibler Dennis , Tan Ming 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

σ
28
RNA polymerase is an alternative RNA polymerase that has been proposed to have a role in late developmental gene regulation in
Chlamydia
, but only a single target gene has been identified. To discover additional σ
28
-dependent genes in the
Chlamydia trachomatis
genome, we applied bioinformatic methods using a probability weight matrix based on known σ
28
promoters in other bacteria and a second matrix based on a functional analysis of the σ
28
promoter. We tested 16 candidate σ
28
promoters predicted with these algorithms and found that 5 were active in a chlamydial σ
28
in vitro transcription assay.
hctB
, the known σ
28
-regulated gene, is only expressed late in the chlamydial developmental cycle only, and two of the newly identified σ
28
target genes (
tsp
and
tlyC_1
) also have late expression profiles, providing support for σ
28
as a regulator of late gene expression. One of the other novel σ
28
-regulated genes is
dnaK
, a known heat shock-responsive gene, suggesting that σ
28
RNA polymerase may be involved in the response to cellular stress. Our σ
28
prediction algorithm can be applied to other bacteria, and by performing a similar analysis on the
Escherichia coli
genome, we have predicted and functionally identified five previously unknown σ
28
-regulated genes in
E. coli
.
The ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Contributes to Ebola Virus Glycoprotein-Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zampieri Carisa A. , Fortin Jean-Francois , Nolan Garry P. , Nabel Gary J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Ebola virus is a highly lethal pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the seven known viral gene products, the envelope glycoprotein (GP) alone induces cell rounding and detachment that ultimately leads to cell death. Cellular cytoxicity is not seen with comparable levels of expression of a mutant form of GP lacking a mucin-like domain (GPΔmuc). GP-induced cell death is nonapoptotic and is preceded by downmodulation of cell surface molecules involved in signaling pathways, including certain integrins and epidermal growth factor receptor. To investigate the mechanism of GP-induced cellular toxicity, we analyzed the activation of several signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth and survival. The active form of extracellular signal-regulated kinases types 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), phospho-ERK1/2, was reduced in cells expressing GP compared to those expressing GPΔmuc as determined by flow cytometry, in contrast to the case for several other signaling proteins. Subsequent analysis of the activation states and kinase activities of related kinases revealed a more pronounced effect on the ERK2 kinase isoform. Disruption of ERK2 activity by a dominant negative ERK or by small interfering RNA-mediated ERK2 knockdown potentiated the decrease in αV integrin expression associated with toxicity. Conversely, activation of the pathway through the expression of a constitutively active form of ERK2 significantly protected against this effect. These results indicate that the ERK signaling cascade mediates GP-mediated cytotoxicity and plays a role in pathogenicity induced by this gene product.
E6AP Ubiquitin Ligase Mediates Ubiquitylation and Degradation of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein
Authors: Shirakura Masayuki , Murakami Kyoko , Ichimura Tohru , Suzuki Ryosuke , Shimoji Tetsu , Fukuda Kouichirou , Abe Katsutoshi , Sato Shigeko , Fukasawa Masayoshi , Yamakawa Yoshio , Nishijima Masahiro , Moriishi Kohji , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Wakita Takaji , Suzuki Tetsuro , Howley Peter M. , Miyamura Tatsuo , Shoji Ikuo 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a major component of viral nucleocapsid and a multifunctional protein involved in viral pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously showed that the HCV core protein is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, the molecular machinery for core ubiquitylation is unknown. Using tandem affinity purification, we identified the ubiquitin ligase E6AP as an HCV core-binding protein. E6AP was found to bind to the core protein in vitro and in vivo and promote its degradation in hepatic and nonhepatic cells. Knockdown of endogenous E6AP by RNA interference increased the HCV core protein level. In vitro and in vivo ubiquitylation assays showed that E6AP promotes ubiquitylation of the core protein. Exogenous expression of E6AP decreased intracellular core protein levels and supernatant HCV infectivity titers in the HCV JFH1-infected Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous E6AP by RNA interference increased intracellular core protein levels and supernatant HCV infectivity titers in the HCV JFH1-infected cells. Taken together, our results provide evidence that E6AP mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of HCV core protein. We propose that the E6AP-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway may affect the production of HCV particles through controlling the amounts of viral nucleocapsid protein.