bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of Smooth Muscle Cells in Nonmalignant and Malignant Human Prostate Tissue
Authors: Taboga Sebastião R. , Scortegagna Eduardo , Siviero Maristela P. , Carvalho Hernandes F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDifferently graded areas of human prostate adenocarcinoma were examined after Masson's trichrome staining or immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle alpha‐actin, type IV collagen and laminin. In addition, the ultrastructure of the prostatic smooth muscle cells (SMC) during glandular proliferation and epithelial invasion in selected tumors was studied. The SMC formed a thick layer below the epithelial structures in unaffected areas and were closely associated with each other in homotypic interactions. As the tumor grade increased, the SMC gradually lost interactions with each other and became atrophic. With the growth of the epithelial compartment, the SMC initially segregated to the tumor periphery and the intercellular spaces increased. In high grade tumors, the epithelial cancer cells invaded the spaces between the SMC. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basal membrane revealed increased disruption of the usually thick basal membrane, which became thinner and faintly stained with each of the antibodies used. We conclude that most SMC become atrophic following epithelial invasion in human tumors and that degradation of the basal membrane is an important factor in this process. At the ultrastructural level, different SMC phenotypes occur in prostatic tissues during epithelial invasion. Interconversion between these phenotypes is suggested and a probable relationship among them is proposed. Anat Rec, 291:1115–1123, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation and Immunolocalization of Substance P Nerve Fibers and Activated Immune Cells in Human Chronic Gastritis
Authors: Sipos Gábor , Sipos Péter , Altdorfer Károly , Pongor Éva , Fehér Erzsébet 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNeuropeptides are able to modulate cytokine production by macrophages in response to various stimulators and have a major role in inflammation of different organs. Mammalian poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) both have been suggested to play a crucial role in inflammatory disorders. Unregulated increase of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) may also be pathogenic in inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the number of Substance P (SP) containing nerve fibers and activated immune cells using immunohisto‐, immunocytochemical (EM) and confocal laser microscopic methods. To investigate expression and activation of immune cells gastric biopsy samples from patients with chronic gastritis were used. The number of SP containing nerve fibers and activated immune cells increased significantly in gastritis. Using monoclonal p65 antibody, activated NF‐κB was found in inflamed mucosa but was absent in uninflamed mucosa. Immunobinding for the activated form of p65 of NF‐κB was found in 22% of macrophages and 45% of lymphocytes. The number of immune cells showing IR for NF‐κB, PARP and TNF‐α correlated with the increasing number of SP containing fibres. Confocal laser microscopy was used to confirm the colocalization of SP in TNF‐α and NFκB positive lymphocytes and mast cells in inflamed mucosa. Immunoelectronmicroscopic investigation confirmed that these cells belong to lymphocytes, mast cells and macrophages. Conclusions: The increase of SP in nerve fibers and in activated immune cells further activate the production of other proinflammatory mediators (e.g. TNF‐α) and therefore generate the chronic inflammation. Anat Rec, 291:1140–1148, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal Myocardial and Coronary Vasculature Development in Experimental Hypoxia
Authors: Nanka Ondrej , Krizova Petra , Fikrle Michal , Tuma Michal , Blaha Milan , Grim Milos , Sedmera David 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOxygen availability is one of the necessary prerequisites for normal embryonic development. In our previous study we found that quail embryos incubated under hypoxic conditions (16% O2) die at embryonic day (ED) 9 with signs of heart failure. By ED4 and ED6 we found thinner ventricular wall and increased capillary density. We thus hypothesized that the cause of death would lie in severe myocardial and coronary maldevelopment. ED6 and 7 hypoxic hearts had thinner ventricular wall, especially left. There was a simultaneous increase in capillary density, most pronounced in the interventricular septum. This site corresponds to an area of tissue hypoxia and ensuing increased angiogenesis, and also formation of ventricular conduction system. Hypoxia had a positive effect on normal sequence of maturation of the conduction system evaluated by optical mapping at ED7. In sections from ED9 hypoxic hearts we found, in addition to thinner ventricular walls, irregularities in development of coronary tree (missing coronary ostia, absence of one coronary artery, and irregular arterial wall). This deficiency was due to decreased myocyte proliferation rather than to increased apoptosis. By Indian ink injection through the left ventricle we found in normoxic hearts regular coronary branching pattern, while in the hypoxic ones there was often only an irregular plexus. Embryonic hypoxia thus leads to increased capillarity and trabeculation to minimize diffusion distance. In the subsequent period there is a failure in organization of vascular plexus into normal vasculature, resulting in thin compact myocardium that likely leads to heart failure and embryonic death. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphoid Tissue Ontogeny in the Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Hunt Laura R. , Rice Charles D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMost studies that examine the ontogeny of lymphoid organ development in teleostean fishes use species of interest to aquaculture or genetic research and, to date, have focused strictly on marine or freshwater species. The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, also known as the estuarine killifish, is a unique model for studies on developmental immunobiology, because it is euryhaline, has a high degree of thermal tolerance, and has a unique reproductive strategy. Embryonic and larval mummichogs were examined for the ontogeny of lymphoid tissue development. The first lymphoid organ to appear was the head kidney at 1 dph, followed by the spleen at 1 wph, and then the thymus at 3 wph. Rag‐1 was partially cloned and sequenced and shown to be highly conserved among other vertebrate Rag‐1 genes. Using QT‐PCR to monitor the temporal expression of Rag‐1, it was shown to reach a maximum intensity at 3 and 4 wph and then to drop to pre‐2‐wph levels. Overall, this study suggests that juvenile mummichogs do not possess the ability to mount T‐ or B‐cell responses until some time after 5 wph. Even though the estuarine killifish tolerates a wide range of salinities, the developmental patterns of lymphoid tissues are similar to what has been reported for strictly marine (stenohaline) teleosts. Thus, the mummichog should be a convenient model for understanding the developmental immunobiology of most marine teleosts. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucose Transporter Distribution in the Vessels of the Central Nervous System of the Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela: Ambystomatidae)
Authors: Lazzari Maurizio , Bettini Simone , Ciani Franco , Franceschini Valeria 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe GLUT‐1 isoform of the glucose transporter is commonly considered a reliable molecular marker of blood–brain barrier endothelia in the neural vasculature organized in a three‐dimensional network of single vessels. The central nervous system of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is characterized by a vascular architecture that contains both single and paired vessels. The presence and distribution of the GLUT‐1 transporter are studied in this urodele using both immunoperoxidase histochemistry and immunogold technique. Light microscopy reveals immunopositivity in both parenchymal and meningeal vessels. The transverse‐sectioned pairs of vessels do not show the same size. Furthermore, in the same pair, the two elements often differ in diameter. The main regions of the central nervous system show a different percentage of the paired structures. Only immunogold cytochemistry reveals different staining intensity in the two adjoined elements of a vascular pair. Colloidal gold particles show an asymmetric distribution in the endothelia of both single and paired vessels. These particles are more numerous on the abluminal surface than on the luminal one. The particle density is calculated in both vascular types. The different values could indicate functional differences between single and paired vessels and between the two adjoined elements of a pair, regarding glucose transport. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biglycan Overexpression on Tooth Enamel Formation in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Wen Xin , Zou Yanming , Luo Wen , Goldberg Michel , Moats Rex , Conti Peter S. , Snead Malcolm L. , Paine Michael L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPreviously, it was shown that the volume of forming enamel of molar teeth in biglycan‐null mice was greater than that in genetically matched wild‐type mice. This phenotypic change appeared to result from an increase in amelogenin expression, implying that biglycan directly influences amelogenin synthesis. To determine whether biglycan overexpression resulted in decreased amelogenin expression, we engineered transgenic mice to overexpress biglycan in the enamel organ epithelium. Biglycan overexpression did not significantly affect the amelogenin expression in incisor and molar teeth in 3‐day postnatal transgenic mice. In the transgenic animals, we observed that the immature and mature enamel appeared normal. These results suggested that increasing the biglycan expression, in the cells that synthesize the precursor protein matrix for enamel, has a negligible influence on amelogenesis. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reduction of starch accumulation in transgenic sugarcane cell suspension culture lines
Authors: Ferreira Stephanus J. , Kossmann Jens , Lloyd James R. , Groenewald Jan‐Hendrik 
Published: August 2008

AbstractStarch only occurs in small amounts in sugarcane, but is, nevertheless an unwanted product because it reduces the amount of sucrose that can be crystallized from molasses. In an attempt to reduce the starch content of sugarcane, the activities of ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and β‐amylase were manipulated using transgenic approaches. Transformation vectors to reduce AGPase activity and to increase plastidial β‐amylase activity were constructed and used for the transformation of sugarcane calli. The results of the manipulations were analyzed in suspension cultures. AGPase activity was reduced down to between 14 and 54% of the wild‐type control. This led to a reduction in starch concentration down to 38% of the levels of the wild‐type control. β‐Amylase activity was increased in the transgenic lines by 1.5–2 times that of the wild‐type control. This increase in activity led to a reduction in starch amounts by 90% compared to wild‐type control cells. In both experiments, the changes in starch concentrations could be correlated with the change in enzyme activity. There were no significant effects on sucrose concentrations in either experiment, indicating that these approaches might be useful to engineer regenerated sugarcane for optimized sucrose production.
Driving on liquid sunshine – the Brazilian biofuel experience: a policy driven analysis
Authors: Zapata Clovis , Nieuwenhuis Paul 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper analyses Brazil's experience with biofuels, focusing on the central role of the federal government as the main force driving the implementation of alternative locally produced ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel. The pioneering, large scale ethanol programme that started over 30 years ago can be considered the most successful experience with the use of biofuels to date, as the government was able to rapidly implement the use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a substitute for petrol in the 1970s and 1980s. The work contributes to the general discussion of sustainable and renewable energy sources and sets out the key policy mechanisms used. The paper also innovatively looks at the second large governmental intervention in the renewable fuels market – the biodiesel programme. In addition to the contribution to the debate surrounding command‐and‐control measures and economic incentive instruments, the paper analyses how lessons learned from the ethanol experiment were taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the biodiesel mandate, including social and environmental facets. It emphasizes the uniqueness of producing sugarcane ethanol in the Brazilian context and how attempts to carry out similar fast growing biofuels programmes may not be possible in other parts of the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Simultaneous Doppler Tracing of the Mitral Inflow and Annular Motion Provides a Useful Means of Evaluating Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
Authors: Choi Jin‐Oh , Park Seung Woo , Shin Dae‐Hee , Han Hyejin , Cho Sungwon , Kim Jun Hyung , Song Young Bin , Lee Sang‐Chol 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, we evaluated the feasibility and clinical usefulness of TS, the time interval between the onsets of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) and mitral annular velocity (E′), obtained by simultaneously tracing E and E′, in terms of evaluating diastolic function.MethodsBy the diastolic functional status, 105 patients were allocated to abnormal relaxation, pseudonormal filling (PN), or normal diastolic function groups (n = 30, 43, and 32, respectively). The TS was measured in the same cardiac cycle by the pulsed‐wave Doppler (PWD) tracing of mitral inflow near the septal annulus with appropriate filter and gain settings.ResultsTS was prolonged in the PN group versus the normal group (34.1 ± 12.2 msec versus 12.1 ± 8.5 msec, p≤0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of TS for the detection of PN was 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.85 ∼ 0.97, p<0.001), and 24.0 msec was determined to be the optimal cut‐off value (specificity 83.7%, sensitivity 90.3%).ConclusionSimultaneous measurement of TS is feasible and clinically applicable for the grading of diastolic dysfunction (DD). Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid and Accurate Quantification of Right Ventricular Volume and Stroke Volume by Real‐time 3‐Dimensional Triplane Echocardiography
Authors: Liu Ya‐Ni , Deng You‐Bin , Liu Bing‐Bing , Zhang Qing‐Yang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that 3‐Dimensional (3‐D) echocardiography can determine right ventricular (RV) volume accurately. However, this technique has not been feasible in everyday clinical practice because of the necessity of time‐consuming off‐line processes.HypothesisA newly developed real‐time 3‐D triplane echocardiography, which acquires 3 apical rotational cross‐sectional images simultaneously, holds the promise to resolve these problems.Methods and ResultsSixteen excised formalin fixed porcine hearts and 24 healthy human subjects underwent real‐time 3‐D triplane echocardiography. In an anatomic in vitro study, the actual volume of RV was obtained by spilling water in the RV cavity into a graduated cylinder for measurement, which served as a reference standard for comparison. For healthy subjects, the RV stroke volume (SV) was measured by triplane echocardiography which was compared with the left ventricular (LV) SV obtained by conventional 2‐Dimensional echocardiography (2‐DE). Excellent correlation and agreement between 3‐D triplane imaging derived RV volume and the actual one for excised porcine hearts were observed (r = 0.979, p < 0.001, mean difference 2.2 mL). In healthy human subjects, good correlation and agreement between 3‐D triplane imaging derived RV SV and LV SV measured by 2‐DE were obtained (r = 0.970, p < 0.001, mean difference 5.9 mL).ConclusionsReal‐time 3‐D triplane echocardiography provides us a new method for rapid and accurate quantification of RV volume. Furthermore, this new method holds the promise for evaluating RV volume and SV in routine clinical practice. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Continuing Value of Invasive Coronary Angiography
Authors: Richard Conti C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn 1975, Gofredo Gensini stated, “The primary goal of coronary arteriography is the identification, localization, and assessment of obstructive lesions present within the arteries of the heart.” The operative word here is assessment. I interpret assessment to mean determining the pathophysiologic significance (ischemia versus no ischemia) of the coronary stenosis in question. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Lysakowski Anna , Goldberg Jay M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractType I hair cells outnumber type II hair cells (HCs) in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) cristae by a nearly 3:1 ratio. Associated with this type I HC preponderance, calyx fibers make up a much larger fraction of the afferent innervation than in rodents (Fernández et al. [1995] J. Neurophysiol. 73:1253–1269). To study how this affects synaptic architecture, we used disector methods to estimate various features associated with type I and type II HCs in central (CZ) and peripheral (PZ) zones of monkey cristae. Each type I HC makes, on average, 5‐10 ribbon synapses with the inner face of a calyx ending. Inner‐face synapses outnumber those on calyx outer faces by a 40:1 ratio. Expressed per afferent, there are, on average, 15 inner‐face ribbon synapses, 0.38 outer‐face ribbons, and 2.6 efferent boutons on calyx‐bearing endings. Calyceal invaginations per type I HC range from 19 in CZ to 3 in PZ. For type II HCs, there are many more ribbons and afferent boutons in PZ than in CZ, whereas efferent innervation is relatively uniform throughout the neuroepithelium. Despite outer‐face ribbons being more numerous in chinchilla than in squirrel monkey, afferent discharge properties are similar (Lysakowski et al. [1995] J. Neurophysiol. 73:1270–1281), reinforcing the importance of inner‐face ribbons in synaptic transmission. Comparisons across mammalian species suggest that the prevalence of type I HCs is a primate characteristic, rather than an arboreal life‐style adaptation. Unlike cristae, type II HCs predominate in monkey maculae. Differences in hair‐cell counts may reflect the stimulus magnitudes handled by semicircular canals and otolith organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:47–64, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of Helix‐Handedness Inversion: Folding and Unfolding in Aromatic Amide Oligomers
Authors: Delsuc Nicolas , Kawanami Takahiro , Lefeuvre Julien , Shundo Atsuomi , Ihara Hirotaka , Takafuji Makoto , Huc Ivan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA series of helically folded oligoamides of 8‐amino‐2‐quinoline carboxylic acid possessing 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 16 units are prepared following convergent synthetic schemes. The right‐handed (P) and the left‐handed (M) helical conformers of these oligomers undergo an exchange slow enough to allow their chromatographic separation on a chiral stationary phase. Thus, the M conformer is isolated for each of these oligomers and its slow racemization in hexane/CHCl3 solutions is monitored at various temperatures using chiral HPLC. The kinetics of racemization at different temperatures in hexane/CHCl3 (75:25 vol/vol) are fitted to a first order kinetic model to yield the kinetic constant and the Gibbs energy of activation for oligomers having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 16 quinoline units. This energy gives the first quantitative measure of the exceptional stability of the helical conformers of an aromatic amide foldamer with respect to its partly unfolded conformations that occur between an M helix and a P helix. The trend of the Gibbs energy as a function of oligomer length suggests that helix‐handedness inversion does not require a complete unfolding of a helical strand and may instead occur through the propagation of a local unfolding separating two segments of opposite handedness.
Internal structure of silver crystallites: going beyond nanostructure using novel processing technique
Authors: El‐Daly A. A. , Tolba M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractUsing novel processing of TEM image to investigate nanoparticles of metallic solutions is exemplified in the case of silver nano‐crystals. The results show for the first time that the real internal structure of silver crystallites consists of nuclei and multi‐layers. The multi‐layers of the crystals are arranged symmetrically around their nuclei. The dimensions of nuclei lie in the range of atomic‐scale. The shape of nuclei determined the final shape of the crystals. The mechanisms of formation and growth for both silver crystallites and silver nanoparticles are demonstrated. This technique will give birth to the ongoing revolution in nano‐technology. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diamagnetic and photoabsorption characterisation of gel‐grown cadmium oxalate single crystals
Authors: Chauhan K. M. , Arora S. K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPerfect single crystals of cadmium oxalate trihydrate have been grown using the slow and controlled reaction between Cd+2 and (C2O4)‐2 ions in agar‐agar gel, resulting in the formation of insoluble product Cd(COO)2.3H2O. The optimum growth parameters have been determined. The variation of magnetic moment of the grown crystals under an applied static magnetic field is studied and the material is found to be diamagnetic. The polarizability is found sensitive to optical band gap. An empirical relation between magnetic susceptibility and electronic polarizability has been established. Optical absorption spectra of the sample recorded in the range 200‐2500 nm reveal transitions involving absorption and emission of phonons. The detailed study supports the existence of allowed direct and indirect allowed gaps in the material. The direct allowed transition prevails in the region of relatively higher photon energy. Some feeble disorder in the crystal is conceived to be present. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser‐induced crystal growth of nonlinear optical Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 on glass surface
Authors: Oikawa T. , Honma T. , Komatsu T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNonlinear optical Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 crystals were patterned on the surface of CuO (1 mol%)‐doped 40BaO‐40TiO2‐20B2O3 glass by irradiations of continuous‐wave Nd:YAG (wavelength: λ=1064 nm) and Yb:YVO4 (λ=1080 nm) lasers. Laser energies absorbed by Cu2+ ions were transferred to the lattice system through a nonradiative relaxation process, consequently heating the glass and inducing local crystallizations. For the lines patterned by Yb:YVO4 laser irradiations with a power of 1 W and a scanning speed of 20 μm/s, a c‐axis orientation of Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 crystals along the laser scanning direction is proposed from measurements of X‐ray diffraction analyses, polarized optical photographs, polarized micro‐Raman scattering spectra, and azimuthal dependence of second harmonic generations. The laser‐induced crystallization technique is found to be applied successfully for the spatially selective patterning of nonlinear optical Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2 crystals in glass. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and characterization of nano ZnS doped with Mn
Authors: Lakshmi P. Vinotha Boorana , Raj K. Sakthi , Ramachandran K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNanocrystalline samples of Zn1‐xMnxS (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04) were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and characterized for magnetism. EPR studies showed an evidence of ferromagnetism around room temperature. Hysterisis from vibrating sample magnetometer supports the observation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)