bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glazed Polish on Flint Tools
Authors: Witthoft John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLaboratory and experimental studies of glazed polish (corn gloss) on sickle edges, trillo teeth, hoe blades, and mealing stones indicate that this polish is analogous to modern lapidary polishes which are produced as submicroscopic frictional fusion zones by rubbing with soft powders. Frictional contact with opaline inclusions in grasses has produced corn gloss by fusion of flint surfaces and by fusion to them of dehydrated molecules of opal. The one-to-one equation of corn gloss to grasses has many implications to culture history. Among others, a previously unsuspected type of intense agriculture, closely adapted to conservation of prairie soils, is indicated for Hopewell, Middle Mississippi, and other American Indian cultures.
The Historical Significance of the Murals in the Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza
Authors: Wray Donald E. 
Published: April 2006

According to Alfred M. Tozzer, events relating to the taking of Chichen Itza by the Toltecs are depicted in the frescoes and bas-reliefs on buildings at that site which date from the Mexican period. In a paper entitled “Maya and Toltec Figures at Chichen Itza,“ he analyzes scenes from the Temple of the Jaguars, the Monjas, the North Temple of the Ball Court, and the Northeast Colonnade with reference to the known historic conquest and interprets them as portrayals of the Mexican attacks, the submission of the Maya, and the recognition of Toltec supremacy.In his paper, Tozzer tells us that the Toltec warrior is characterized by a mosaic headdress; a breast ornament, probably also of mosaic; a back shield or dorsal mirror; decorated garters; bands below the knee; and sandals. He carries a bundle of spears and a bag in his left hand and an atlatl in his right. His left arm is protected by padding or a round shield.
The Gallina Architectural Forms
Authors: Hibben Frank C. 
Published: April 2006

In 1932 and 1933 the Laboratory of Anthropology and the University of New Mexico started independently on research projects which involved certain provocative cultural manifestations in north central New Mexico. Dr. H. P. Mera published the results of his investigations in 1938 under the title, “Some Aspects of the Largo Cultural Phase, Northern New Mexico.” In the same year, the author reported on some preliminary work in the same area in an article entitled “The Gallina Phase.“ As the university has continued its work in the more easterly section of this area, the name “Gallina” is retained in this connection, although the two types of material are obviously referable to the same cultural horizon.In the excavating seasons just prior to the war, sporadic excavations were carried on in this area and a survey of the whole cultural province was continued.
Ecologic Adaptation and Cultural Change in Archaeology
Authors: Barth Fredrik 
Published: April 2006

The new age-dating method based on the radioactive carbon isotope C14 is now turning out absolute dates and promises to reorganize the chronological framework of American archaeology. The results demonstrate that conventional methods of determining relative and absolute age are often uncertain, and that a much more exact technique can in most cases be substituted for the type seriation of archaeology.Of course the new technique still has its shortcomings, but that does not basically affect the argument. C14 agedating represents the first clear step towards making archaeology an exact science. As a result, a reorientation of the central emphasis in archaeology must sooner or later take place.Actually, this situation makes it possible for the archaeologist to go one step further in his interpretation than has generally been the case till now. The temporal framework will soon be established with reasonable security, and when a fertile approach to the subject matter is adopted, generalizations of value to all in anthropology should be forthcoming.
Early Central Californian and Anasazi Shell Artifact Types
Authors: Gifford E. W. 
Published: April 2006

In his recently published paper on “The Archaeology of Central California I: The Early Horizon” Robert F. Heizer writes “it is possible to anticipate at least in the later Southwestern horizons, for which we have dendrochronologic dates, a direct cross-chronology between the Southwest and California in terms of actual year dates.“Fourteen Californian shell types from Anasazi sites, ranging from Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV, have been listed. Nine of these fourteen types come from Basketmaker III sites, one also from Basketmaker II, indicating that they were already being made in California contemporaneously and probably considerably earlier. These Basketmaker examples thus establish a minimum dating for the types in California.
Suggested Change in Nomenclature of the Major American Time Periods
Authors: Smith Arthur George 
Published: April 2006

In the Handbook of Texas Archeology by Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks, 4 major time periods are defined under the terms, “Paleo-American,” “Archaic,” “Neo-American,” and “Historic.”I can see no reason to use the element “American” in the names of time periods in Indian prehistory. Strictly speaking, “American” can be applied to any inhabitant of North, Central, or South America, past or present. But popular usage restricts the term “American” to the people of the United States, and unless qualified, often further restricts it to the whites only.
Preclassic Metal?
Authors: Sorenson John L. 
Published: April 2006

The usually accepted earliest date for metal objects in Mesoamerica is the 8th century A.D. (Copan and Tazumal). There are, however, two occurrences reported in the literature which seem to have been ignored despite apparent ages much before this.
One is reported found by Cummings at Cuicuilco in 1924-25. In part his account reads, “… resting upon the top of the horseshoe-shaped walls were the fragments of a copper wand that had been made of thin copper plate hammered around a wooden core and held together by copper nails. Some of the charred remains of the wooden core still clung to the copper plate.” The stratigraphy is somewhat difficult to follow in the account, but it appears that the find dates between the last stone construction and the volcanic action which partly covered the site. The spot was overlain by a uniform layer of yellow sand and clay and above this, “surface loam with traces of ashes and carbonized material at the bottom,” a total of at least 7 feet of soil. Cummings speaks of the copper as “crude.” It is uncertain whether the term was used in a metallurgical sense. If the object can now be located, a metallographic examination should be made.
Fresh-Water Archaeology
Authors: Jewell Donald P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBecause fresh-water dams are flooding areas faster than archaeologists can investigate them, it has become urgent to develop a method of underwater archaeological research. Some technical equipment, such as “scuba” and other devices used by amateur divers, is already available. This, together with specialized techniques, some already developed, makes it possible to carry on archaeological research under water. The action of water is not always destructive. In fact, certain kinds of lakes act to preserve objects, either organic or metallic, which would be destroyed out of water. The objective of underwater research, then, would be twofold: (1) to recover data endangered by too long exposure to the destructive action of water, and (2) to recover data protected by the preservative action of water.
Underwater Archaeology: Its Nature and Limitations
Authors: Goggin John M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe recent development of efficient free-diving apparatus has made possible underwater exploration for both sport and science. Human and cultural remains underwater are being extensively exploited. Although the term “underwater archaeology” is frequently applied to such activities, most are at the best only underwater salvage. Archaeological remains in lakes, springs, rivers, or the sea have considerable to offer. Perhaps their greatest value is the more complete condition of such artifacts in contrast to similar remains on land. However, they often suffer from decomposition, impregnation with minerals, or incrustation by algae or corals. Although context and sequential (or stratigraphic) position are not so easily found or recognized as on land, they are present in many cases. Any body of water is a possible site of study, but in practice, areas of potential importance are limited by location, depth, visibility, and bottom factors. There are four major types of underwater archaeological sites: (1) discarded refuse and “lost” material; (2) submerged sites of former human occupation; (3) shrines or places of offerings; and (4) shipwrecks.
A Fluted Point from Highland Guatemala
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn obsidian fluted point was found on the slope of a gorge near San Rafael, just west of Guatemala City. The point probably washed from hills on the thick beds of volcanics through which the gorge is cut. This would confirm previous beliefs that the paleo-Indian occupation of the area post-dates the volcanics. The San Rafael point resembles the fluted points from Costa Rica and Durango, Mexico, and Clovis forms from the eastern United States. Thus, paleo-Indian influences from the north into Middle America may have been of predominately eastern rather than western origins.
Observations on the Butchering Technique at a Prehistoric Bison-Kill in Montana
Authors: Kehoe Thomas F. , Kehoe Alice B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe analysis of the bone from a bison drive in north-central Montana corroborates the implications of White's analyses of bison bone from Plains villages: the heaviest non-meaty bone was left at the kill site, the bones rich in marrow were chopped up for marrow-extraction; even when many animals were available all were thoroughly utilized by the hunters. This excavation also confirms ethnographic data on season of drives, methods of butchering, and use of arrows for killing.
Quantitative Analyses of Ancient Peruvian Metal
Authors: Kroeber A. L. 
Published: April 2006

In January, 1927, soon after my return from an exploring expedition in Peru under the Chicago (then Field) Natural History Museum, I arranged with Dean Frank H. Probert of the University of California College of Mining for quantitative analysis of samples from 17 specimens of ancient Peruvian metal objects selected by me from the Max Uhle collections in the University's Museum of Anthropology. Professor Walter S. Morley kindly undertook to make the analyses in person. On February 26, the last of the specimens were returned to the Museum, and soon after that Professor Morley turned over to me a typewritten sheet giving the proportions, to a hundredth of a per cent, of copper, tin, antimony, arsenic, zinc, lead, gold, silver, and silica or insoluble materials determined.I filed the sheet, but when next I went to use it, it could not be found. Neither Morley nor Probert any longer possessed a copy by then, and both of them have since died.
The Pre-Columbian Obsidian Industry of El Chayal, Guatemala
Authors: Coe Michael D. , Flannery Kent V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEl Chayal is an extensive obsidian workshop site in an area of major obsidian deposits northeast of Guatemala City. Surface collections include a great number of elongated, unretouched flakes that were probably used as blanks, stemmed projectile points resembling the Wells type, shouldered knives, very large discoidal scrapers, a heavy chopper, bifacial utility implements, and large unretouched blades similar to that found with the Iztapan mammoth in Mexico. Pre-Columbian pottery does not occur. On the basis of this absence, and from a comparison of the artifacts with stone tools from other regions in Mesoamerica, it is believed that the El Chayal industry can be dated to the middle and late Archaic period, roughly from 5000 to 1500 B.C.
Aboriginal Occupation and Changes in River Channel on the Central Ucayali, Peru
Authors: Lathrap Donald W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study of the relationships between archaeological sites and the previous channels of the Ucayali River in eastern Peru supports the archaeological chronology already established on stratigraphic grounds. These relationships also suggest that the average duration of a meander loop from inception to cut-off is about 500 years. This 500-year cycle offers an explanation for, and a measure of, the temporal lacunae separating the various components of multicomponent sites on the bluffs adjoining the Ucayali flood plain. The extent and rapidity of geomorphological evolution in this region must be considered when one attempts to evaluate the data of site density and site location, since many archaeological sites are quickly destroyed or buried.
The Mono Craters Petroglyphs, California
Authors: Davis Emma Lou 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn unreported group of petroglyphs, all versions of a single "horseshoe" symbol carved in high relief, occur on an isolated volcanic peak. The more realistic ones appear to represent female genitalia and the rest seem to be more abstract versions of the same motif. Archaeological investigation has disclosed similar motifs in Southern California and ethnological research has turned up clues in the literature suggesting that the same "horseshoe" symbol survived until recently as a magical element in the Diegueño girls’ initiation ceremony.
The Potential of AFDC Manpower for Archaeological Research
Authors: McMichael Edward V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPublic Law 87-543 passed by Congress in 1962 provides a five-year program called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This is very similar to the PWA-WPA programs of the 1930's. Since 1961, when this was a pilot program, small AFDC crews have been used in West Virginia to excavate archaeological sites. Other archaeologists with a labor problem may want to investigate this potential source of manpower.
The Alamito Culture of Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Regueiro Víctor A. Núñez 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAs a result of five field seasons in the Campo del Pucará, Prov. of Catamarca, the Alamito culture, dated in the fourth century A.D., is one of the best known archaeological cultures of the Valliserrana subarea of northwestern Argentina. The 50 sites excavated show only slight variation in subsistence (essentially agricultural), technology, ceremonial structures, burial pattern, settlement pattern, and inferred social organization. Close affiliations are evident with the Ciénaga, Condorhuasi, and possibly Tafí cultures of Argentina; further afield, similarities can be observed with the Megalithic culture of Bolivia, Chiripa and Titicaca Basin complexes, and more remotely with Peru.
Comments on Griffin's Review of The Eastern Dispersal of Adena
Authors: Ritchie William A. , Dragoo Don W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRitchie and Dragoo criticize Griffin, who rejected in his review their hypothesis that Adena groups migrated to the East Coast and Northeast, for basing his judgment on a few poorly documented sites, rather than on the large and recently excavated Adena sites in the Upper Ohio Valley and the Chesapeake Bay area. They summarize the evidence from these sites in terms of the questions raised in the review.
Comments on the Associations of Archaeological Materials and Extinct Fauna in the Valsequillo Region, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Irwin-Williams Cynthia , MacNeish Richard S. , Petersen F. A. , Wormington H. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn view of the potential significance to American archaeology of the discovery of man-made artifacts along with extinct fauna near Valsequillo, Puebla, Mexico, it is considered useful, in addition to the detailed field documentation, to present the evidence of independent observers concerning the in situ associations. Comments by three such independent scientists, R. S. MacNeish, F. A. Petersen, and H. M. Wormington, on the character of the evidence at Valsequillo are quoted.
The Botanical Identification of Archaeological Cotton
Authors: Stephens S. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCotton plant parts recovered from archaeological sites usually consist of cordage and textile fragments, raw cotton, boll segments, and seeds. All of these can be readily identified as cotton, but much less easily as particular species of cotton. Some possibilities for obtaining a more precise botanical identification are presented. Peduncles (i.e., the stalks to which the bolls are attached in living material) might be particularly useful for identification purposes.
A Synthesis of the Prehistory of the Central Little Colorado Valley, Arizona
Authors: Gumerman George J. , Skinner S. Alan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent excavation by the Museum of Northern Arizona has provided a basis for a review of the prehistory of the poorly known region of the central Little Colorado basin of northeastern Arizona. A regional sequence of considerable complexity is established beginning with a Clovis-Folsom horizon and culminating in Pueblo IV (see Table 1). An amalgam of Anasazi and Mogollon traditions with a dominant Kayenta base is apparent as early as Basketmaker III. The introduction of Little Colorado White ware, beginning about A.D. 1075, signals the beginning of the Winslow branch, a distinguishable regional Anasazi variant, lasting until the abandonment of much of this desert region in the mid-13th century. The archaeological distinctiveness of the region is apparently due to its location between the Anasazi and Mogollon area and the necessary adaptations to the arid, basin environment.
A Pennsylvania Transitional Period Radiocarbon Date
Authors: Kinsey W. Fred 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Peters-Albrecht site in the upper Delaware Valley in Pennsylvania has yielded a radiocarbon date of 1720 B.C. ± 100 (Y-1826) for the Lehigh complex of the Transitional period. This is the earliest date for this complex, and it poses some problems of correlation with respect to the Late Archaic sequence in New York. Regional manifestations of the Transitional period are discussed.
A Unique Maya Shrine Site on the Mountain Pine Ridge of British Honduras
Authors: Bullard William R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA small ruin of presumed ancient Maya origin is described. This ruin is the only certain prehistoric structure discovered on the Mountain Pine Ridge of British Honduras, and it is associated with a natural granite outcrop of monumental appearance in such a way as to suggest that the two formed a shrine of a type not previously reported in Lowland Maya archaeology.
In Reply to Olson’s Review ofJeddito264
Authors: Daifuku Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOlson’s review ofJeddito264 is criticized because it attributes to the author remarks that are quotations from other publications. The interpretation of Mogollon and Anasazi as cultural traditions is discussed, as well as the manufacture of unslipped red pottery in the Anasazi area. A number of questions are posed concerning the late prehistory of the Southwest, with particular reference to the Athapaskans and the Yaqui.
The Paleolithic of Trans-Baikal
Authors: Okladnikov A. P. , Chard Chester S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPaleolithic remains, mostly surface finds from blowouts, are known from 63 sites in the Trans-Baikal, one of the five large regional subdivisions of the Siberian Paleolithic. Most important recent discoveries are the stratified sites of Oshurkovo and Sannyi Mys and the Pleistocene faunal sequence on Tologoi Mountain. Characteristic stone tools are made from whole or split pebbles and from blades removed from prismatic cores. Bone artifacts, known only from Oshurkovo, include slotted points and knives and flat antler harpoons. The Trans-Baikal finds, all Upper Paleolithic in time, are tentatively arranged in five chronological stages. The earliest period is based on the lower levels at Sannyi Mys in which microblades, but no pebble tools, are found with woolly rhinoceros and mammoth. The next period is represented by large pebble tools and cores from Ust"-Kiakhta Locality 3. Typical Siberian pebble tools found with horse in the upper levels at Sannyi Mys are assigned to the third stage. The fourth is best known from Oshurkovo where all the common Siberian Paleolithic stone tools are found along with bone artifacts in deposits which contain abundant fish bones. A number of sites are assigned to the fifth stage, but it is best represented by the uppermost level at Oshurkovo where flakes, flaked pebbles, and small blade tools of regular outline replace the large blades and pebble cores of the earlier periods. This tentative sequence is strengthened by correlations with the Angara and Yenisei areas to the west and with Mongolia and North China to the east. The Trans-Baikal is seen as an area in which the prismatic core and blade tradition of Eurafrican origin and the split pebble-tool tradition of eastern Asia were in contact from the earliest known period.
An Olmec Serpentine Figurine at Dumbarton Oaks
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn Olmec figurine said to have been found at La Venta falls stylistically within the range of variation of other figurines known to be from that site. Four designs engraved on the upper parts of the limbs represent abstract were-jaguar heads identical with those of the serpentine mosaic pavements at La Venta. Thus, the pavements should be considered as examples of the Olmec style and not, as has been claimed, pre-Olmec.
Archaeological Excavations in Hohokam Sites of Southern Arizona
Authors: Johnson Alfred E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1963 archaeological investigations were conducted by the Arizona State Museum in a series of Hohokam sites on the Gila River Indian Reservation of south-central Arizona. Significant data were derived from two of the eight sites tested. One site, Arizona U:13:9, included two small villages. The earlier village was first occupied during the Snaketown phase, which is estimated to date between A.D. 300 and 500. Occupation continued through the Sacaton phase or until about A.D. 1100. The later village was occupied during two phases of the Classic period, or from A.D. 1100 to about 1450. At this ruin both inhumations and cremations, apparently contemporaneous, were found in a distinct burial zone. The patterning noted in the placement of these two types of burials is a new feature for the Hohokam Classic period. The other site, Arizona U:13:11, a small Soho phase village that was occupied between A.D. 1100 and 1300, is important for the support it adds to the establishment of a pattern of burial placement during the Classic period.
The Atlatl: Function and Performance
Authors: Howard Calvin D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPopular misconceptions relative to atlatl functions are identified. The manner in which an atlatl functions to increase spear impetus is explained and illustrated. Its performance is tested by experiments and resulting data are provided. These data indicate that the atlatl provides approximately 60% increased spear thrust. Experiments fail to indicate any benefit derived from the use of atlatl "weights."
Extreme Closeup Photography and Photomacrography
Authors: Sanger David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn alternative to photomicrography is suggested for photography of specimens in analysis of technology and artifact functions. The photomacrographic system yields superior results up to 40x, at which point photomicrography is preferred. It is suggested that enlarging, movie camera, or specialized macro lenses coupled to view or press cameras, can duplicate results achieved with expensive commercial systems.