bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Fédération Solidaires unitaires démocratiques des PTT (SUD-PTT) : creuset d'une contestation pragmatique
Authors: Sainsaulieu Ivan 
Published: October 2008

The sud-ptt [postal workers'] union : a crucible of pragmatic protest
The emergence of new SUD labor unions raises the question of the conditions of success of protest unionism today. With its source in the stormy waters of 1968 revolutionary mili-tantism, does the SUD-PTT stream bring new post-modern or post-materialist values or are we witnessing the revival of either class struggle or corporatism ? A composite pheno­menon, SUD-PTT is striking for its capacity to harmonize diverse cultural origins, in par­ticular the three major labor confederations, into a profile of «pragmatic protest» that wavers between a social transformation ideal and reformism. It reflects the return of social protest, the search for radical and humanist values, without proposing a societal project.
Émission, médiation, réception... Les opérations constitutives d'une réforme par imprégnation
Authors: Simoulin Vincent 
Published: October 2008

Production, mediation, reception... constituent operations of reform through impregnation
This article discusses the conditions for reform success and the implementation of new ideas and visions ; it is based on an empirical study of the restructuring of one instance of regional cooperation - Nordic cooperation since 1980. It first suggests a repertoire of actors (producer, mediator, receiver) whose combination in a reforming system is necessary to the success of any reform. It then develops a model that describes reform as a phenomenon of impregnation, whose success depends on the existence and the strength of the reforming system(s), the powers of the reformed system and the impact of time.
Les recompositions du Norte Grande chilien pendant la transition démocratique : enjeux d'une gestion territoriale en contexte néolibéral
Authors: Amilhat Szary Anne-Laure 
Published: October 2008

The reorganisation of the Chilean Norte Grande during the democratic transition : the stakes involved in territorial management in a neoliberal context.
In the elongated and politically centralised country of Chile, the debate on the virtues of planning has been going on for some fifty years. Paradoxically, it was under the dictatorship (1973-1990) that profound changes in the administrative organisation were made, including the creation of a new reference scale for planning, the Region. Planning at this scale should allow a closer control of the territory as well as diffusion, at the local scale, of the neoliberal economic principles promoted by the military government. In the Norte Grande, internationalisation of the economy took the form of an increase in foreign investment in the mining sector. In the 1990s, it lead to the opening up of new private mines which were much bigger than earlier mines. Since 1990, the democratic transition governments have tried to manage this economic and administrative heritage with a view to promoting both the regional spinoffs of growth and a type of development involving greater local participation. However, the context in which the Regions were created makes their adaptation to a democracy quite difficult : the identification of the actors likely to take part in the democratic process and of the scale at which their claims are expressed are illustrative of the stakes involved in territorial politics in a neoliberal environment.
Les rapports internes entre le syndicat et ses membres en droit grec (La légalisation de la démocratie syndicale)
Authors: Stergiou Angelos 
Published: October 2008

No one can doubt that trade unions are instruments of democracy in so far as they are genuinely representative of the wishes of the workforce. Thus we may suggest that democracy within trade unions legitimâtes the trade unions in a democracy. We are interested primarily in the following question : whose responsability is it to ensure democracy in the internal structures of trade unions ? Is it up to trade unions organisations themselves ? Or is it up to the law to establish and supervise trade unions democracy ? When the legislature does decide to intervene to impose democracy on the internal life of trade unions there arises a conflict between trade unions democracy and trade unions autonomy.
The present article examines the role of the law in defining and protecting trade union democracy in Greece. The current legislation has as its central purpose the organisation of trade unions elections, the protection of the right to membership, the guarantee of equality between members. Although such legislation guarantees the democratic process in the internal affairs of the trade unions, it tends to restrain their freedom in adopting internal structures adequate to their specific purposes.
Réflexions sur l'introduction de l'État de droit en Afrique noire francophone
Authors: Moyrand Alain 
Published: October 2008

Face à l'échec des régimes autoritaires en Afrique, nombreux sont ceux qui souhaitent introduire le concept d'État de droit sur ce continent. Or, ce concept, né en Europe, est profondément lié à une certaine culture et idéologie qui ne font par partie du vécu africain. De ce fait, le transfert risque d'être encore un échec.
Cette étude analyse les raisons du transfert des principes de l'État de droit (des intellectuels africains, occidentaux et la pratique des gouvernements français et africains). Puis, elle met en exergue les obstacles à l'épanouissement de l'État de droit. Ceux-ci sont essentiellement d'ordre culturel : liés à la conception du droit et de la justice que se font ces sociétés stucturées sur un mode segmentaire.
Marge nationale d'appréciation et internationalisation du droit. Réflexions sur la validité formelle d'un droit commun pluraliste
Authors: Delmas-Marty Mireille , Izorche Marie-Laure 
Published: October 2008

The concept of margin is at the very heart of legal Systems. The effect of internationalisation, or even globalisation of law, has been to introduce, as a consequence of the "national" margin of appreciation, both recognition of the diversity of legal Systems and possibility of a common law. This is why use of the comparative method is necessary. But the latter is insufficient, since it invites diversity without giving the key to a real legal pluralism, that is, ordered according to legal reasoning. Legal logic is helpful here, insofar as the concept of margin breaks with the traditional conception of the legal order as unified and hierarchical but not pluralistic.
After a description of pluralism by juxtaposition, linked to the appea-rance of a national margin of appreciation (whether implied or express), the requirements for the logical validity of a real ordered pluralism (concept and functioning of the margin) will be considered.
Photochemistry
Authors: Neckers D. C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Photochemistry involves chemical reactions caused by the absorption of light and photochemists study the interaction of light with matter. Light in this context is defined as radiation from uv (ultraviolet) and visible (vis) sources including the sun. Mostly photoscientists work with lamps made from gas vapors (mercury or xenon) or from lasers. The interests of photoscientists in natural systems range from understanding the processes of vision of humans, animals, insects, invertebrates and even birds to developing new methods to study photosynthesis—the conversion of sunlight and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates and oxygen. Studies in solar energy conversion—the use of sunlight to produce electrical energy, heat, or even hydrogen from water—are, also, topic of substantial current interest.
Commercial applications of photochemical reactions include xerography, photography, imaging, photolithography, stereolithography, rapid prototyping and photopolymerization. These likely amount to $100 billion or more in sales annually. Nearly 15% of all the publications in American Chemical Society journals involve the photosciences in one form or other, and more than 1000 photosciences papers were published in the top 24 journals in chemistry alone in 2007. The photosciences represent a huge, burgeoning academic, industrial and environmental area of basic and applied research.
A fractional adaptation law for sliding mode control
Authors: Efe Mehmet Önder , Kasnakog̃lu Cosku 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a novel parameter tuning law that forces the emergence of a sliding motion in the behavior of a multi‐input multi‐output nonlinear dynamic system. Adaptive linear elements are used as controllers. Standard approach to parameter adjustment employs integer order derivative or integration operators. In this paper, the use of fractional differentiation or integration operators for the performance improvement of adaptive sliding mode control systems is presented. Hitting in finite time is proved and the associated conditions with numerical justifications are given. The proposed technique has been assessed through a set of simulations considering the dynamic model of a two degrees of freedom direct drive robot. It is seen that the control system with the proposed adaptation scheme provides (i) better tracking performance, (ii) suppression of undesired drifts in parameter evolution, (iii) a very high degree of robustness and improved insensitivity to disturbances and (iv) removal of the controller initialization problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of intention to purchase chicken in Italy: the role of consumer risk perception and trust in different information sources
Authors: Stefani Gianluca , Cavicchi Alessio , Romano Donato , Lobb Alexandra E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article investigates how purchasing intentions among a sample of Italian consumers are influenced by different levels of risk perception and their trust in food‐safety information provided by different sources such as the food industry, government agencies, or consumers' associations. The assessment of the determinants of intention to purchase was carried out by estimating a causal model for the chicken case in which attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived risk play a major role in determining buyer's behavior. In particular, the role of trust in influencing risk perception is highlighted either as a general construct or as specific constructs targeting food chain, policy actors, and the media. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q190, D120]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of EU export subsidy reductions on U.S. dairy exports
Authors: Muhammad Andrew , Kilmer Richard L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this article, we consider the impact of European Union (EU) export subsidy reductions on the U.S. dairy trade. We assume reductions of 36% similar to the 1995 World Trade Organization agreement. The price substitutability between U.S. and EU dairy products is estimated using a Rotterdam‐type production model. Past analyses have suggested that EU export subsidy reductions will increase U.S. dairy exports because the removal of EU subsidies will raise EU export dairy prices, rendering U.S. dairy products more competitive on world markets. This is partially true for nonfat dry milk, where our projections indicate an increase of 4.6% in U.S. exports. U.S. cheese, butter, and whey exports, on the other hand, rise by only 0.2, 0.1, and 0.2%, respectively. The main reason for the relatively modest gains is that the U.S. and EU dairy products are independent, not substitutes, for one another in a majority of the countries studied. [JEL classifications: Q17, Q18, F53] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of hyperoxia on the carbohydrate metabolism of human lymphocytes
Authors: Sagone Arthur L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLymphocytes incubated under high oxygen tensions have impaired lymphoblastic transformation to nonspecific mitogens. Since carbohydrate metabolism may be essential for an optimal proliferation of these cells following an antigenic stimulus, we have characterized the effect of hyperoxia on the glucose metabolism of human lymphocytes in vitro. The mean rates of glucose utilization, Krebs cycle activity, and hexose monophosphate shunt activity were determined for unstimulated and phyto‐hemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated cultures incubated for 3 days. In unstimulated cultures, hyperoxia stimulated glucose utilization and markedly impaired Krebs cycle activity but did not alter HMPS activity. These observations suggest that hyperoxia impairs the mitochrondrial activity of lymphocytes and that increased glycolysis compensates for the loss of cellular energy normally produced by this organelle. Under high oxygen tension PHA‐stimulated cultures failed to show the burst in HMPS activity and increased Krebs cycle activity characteristic of cultures incubated under physiological oxygen tensions and consumed less glucose. Our results indicate that hyperoxia alters the glucose metabolism of lymphocytes. This metabolic alteration may be related to the impaired function of the cells under hyperoxic conditions.
Tetrahydrouridine, cytidine analogues, and hemoglobin F
Authors: Desimone Joseph , Heller Paul , Molokie Robert E. , Hall Lemuel , Zwiers David 
Published: October 2008

Abstract5‐Azacytidine (azaC) has previously been shown to raise Hb F levels in the repeatedly phlebotomized baboon (PCV: around 20%). The administration of tetrahydrouridine (THU), an inhibitor of the enzymatic conversion of azaC to 5‐azauridine, made it possible to reduce the amount of azaC and also of 2‐deoxy‐5‐azacytidine (d‐azaC) by more than 90% and still achieve maximal Hb F elevations. However, the granulocytopenia, usually occurring after 5‐azaC, was not altered by the lowering of the dosages in the presence of THU. Thus, the granulocytopenia is not due to 5‐azauridine or other catabolic products resulting from deamination. It is also unlikely that it is caused by a direct influence of azaC on RNA since d‐azaC also causes granulocytopenia. The persistence of reticulocytosis throughout the treatment with azaC or d‐azaC makes it appear likely that the observed increase in Hb F levels to more than 60% of total hemoglobin is not due to a cytotoxic effect on erythropoiesis resulting in a shift of cell populations toward greater immaturity, but to a direct influence of the drug on the regulation of γ globin chain production.
Supernumerary marker chromosomes management in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Gruchy Nicolas , Lebrun Marine , Herlicoviez Michel , Alliet Jacques , Gourdier Dominique , Kottler Marie‐Laure , Mittre Hervé , Leporrier Nathalie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo assess the practical usefulness of array‐comparative genomic hybridization (a‐CGH) when supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are detected during prenatal diagnosis, we retrospectively studied SMC management in our laboratory before a‐CGH availability. In this 11‐year study, SMCs were observed in 20/16,810 routine karyotypes (0.12%). Their chromosomal origin, ascertained in 13 cases, remained elusive in seven using conventional cytogenetics and FISH. In the literature, most of SMCs (2/3) are easily identified through conventional cytogenetics and targeted FISH, and in these cases a‐CGH would have been unneeded. This technique would have been less helpful in nine cases, that is, bisatellited SMC, isochromosomes and translocation derivatives. On the other hand, a‐CGH would have been helpful for the 11 remaining cases. It would have improved diagnostic accuracy of six SMC whom chromosomal origin was ascertained by cytogenetics and FISH and for which prognosis was only based on literature and ultrasonographic data. Among five unidentified SMCs, a‐CGH would have been more reassuring for four heterochromatic SMCs than normal ultrasonography alone and would have characterized the unidentified case associated with malformations that was interrupted. However potential pitfalls should be outlined. Using high level resolution chip expose to polymorphism detection and misinterpretation, a very sensitive problem in prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, low grade mosaicism could remain undetectable with this technique, leading to erroneous conclusions. Wisest use of a‐CGH should be a complementary approach in prenatal management of SMC. It is specifically appropriate when SMC interpretation remains equivocal and only indirectly based on mode of inheritance, literature data and ultrasonography. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the nosology and pathogenesis of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome: Genotype–phenotype correlation analysis of 80 patients and literature review
Authors: Zollino Marcella , Murdolo Marina , Marangi Giuseppe , Pecile Vanna , Galasso Cinzia , Mazzanti Laura , Neri Giovanni 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBased on genotype–phenotype correlation analysis of 80 Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) patients, as well as on review of relevant literature, we add further insights to the following aspects of WHS: (1) clinical delineation and phenotypic categories; (2) characterization of the basic genomic defect, mechanisms of origin and familiarity; (3) identification of prognostic factors for mental retardation; (4) chromosome mapping of the distinctive clinical signs, in an effort to identify pathogenic genes. Clinically, we consider that minimal diagnostic criteria for WHS, defining a “core” phenotype, are typical facial appearance, mental retardation, growth delay and seizures (or EEG anomalies). Three different categories of the WHS phenotype were defined, generally correlating with the extent of the 4p deletion. The first one comprises a small deletion not exceeding 3.5 Mb, that is usually associated with a mild phenotype, lacking major malformations. This category is likely under‐diagnosed. The second and by far the more frequent category is identified by large deletions, averaging between 5 and 18 Mb, and causes the widely recognizable WHS phenotype. The third clinical category results from a very large deletion exceeding 22–25 Mb causing a severe phenotype, that can hardly be defined as typical WHS. Genetically, de novo chromosome abnormalities in WHS include pure deletions but also complex rearrangements, mainly unbalanced translocations. With the exception of t(4p;8p), WHS‐associated chromosome abnormalities are neither mediated by segmental duplications, nor associated with a parental inversion polymorphism on 4p16.3. Factors involved in prediction of prognosis include the extent of the deletion, the occurrence of complex chromosome anomalies, and the severity of seizures. We found that the core phenotype maps within the terminal 1.9 Mb region of chromosome 4p. Therefore, WHSCR‐2 should be considered the critical region for this condition. We also confirmed that the pathogenesis of WHS is multigenic. Specific and independent chromosome regions were characterized for growth delay and seizures, as well as for the additional clinical signs that characterize this condition. With the exception of parental balanced translocations, familial recurrence is uncommon. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency‐detected acoustic ranging solutions in wireless sensor networks: an experimental study
Authors: Chen Jiming , Shen Xingfa , Ren Huijin , Sun Youxian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRanging is a basic distance estimation for many range‐based localization approaches, which are important to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) applications at many levels. In this paper, we propose a simple frequency‐detected based time difference of arrival (FD‐TDoA), which can be implemented by detecting acoustic frequency to compute the time of flight in air. Furthermore, we put forward a new acoustic ranging solution named time of arrival (TOA)2, which can be applied to WSNs with asynchronous nodes. Unlike other published works, the design of TOA2uses a bidirectional acoustic signal exchange between a pair of communication nodes. This technique is significantly simple and effective. The latency between the time at which the Mica2 is commanded to emit an acoustic pulse and the earliest possible time that can be detected anywhere, is considered in our solutions. The error of these ranging solutions, the correction expressions by fitted lines and the sensitivity on hardware are analyzed by a large number of experiments based on a resource‐constrained Mica2 hardware platform. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(L‐lactic acid)/silicon dioxide nanocomposite prepared via the in situ melt polycondensation of L‐lactic acid in the presence of acidic silica sol: Isothermal crystallization and melting behaviors
Authors: Cao Dan , Wu Linbo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn a previous article, we reported the preparation and characterization of a nanocomposite of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and silica via the in situ melt polymerization of L‐lactic acid in the presence of acidic silica sol. In this study, the isothermal crystallization and melting behaviors of a PLLA/silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanocomposite with 5 wt % well‐dispersed SiO2 nanoparticles (PLLASN5) and pure PLLA were comparatively studied with differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The SiO2 nanoparticles acted as nucleation agents in the PLLA matrix and enhanced its nucleation rate and overall crystallization rate, especially at high crystallization temperatures. However, no deleterious effect on the crystal morphology or crystallinity was observed. The crystals that formed at a low temperature were imperfect; therefore, double melting peaks occurred during the second heating scan because of melt recrystallization. With the crystallization temperature increasing, the crystals became increasingly perfect; as a result, the low melting peak increased and shifted to a higher temperature. The existence of SiO2 nanoparticles had no effect on the equilibrium temperature of the PLLA matrix. Pure PLLA and PLLASN5 have the same equilibrium temperature of 171.5°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thiocompounds as simulants of sulphur mustard for testing of protective barriers
Authors: Dubey Vinita , Parmar Toral , Saxena Amit , Agarwal D. D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe protective potential of protective devices such as respirators, suits, gloves, and overboots is widely evaluated using the standard colorimetric test (spot disc breakthrough time test, also called SD BTT) involving sulfur mustard (SM) as the challenge chemical. The vesicant nature of SM makes the test inconvenient and poses stringent safety demands. Moreover, such tests are allowed only at a limited number of facilities, causing delay in product development and supply. This prompted the present study on the search for suitable SM simulant responsive to SD BTT test. The diffusivities at BTT (DBTT) of 10 commercially available thiocompounds through butyl rubber (IIR) were compared vis‐a‐vis DBTT of SM. For three representative thiocompounds, namely methyl (phenyl thio)acetate, 2‐chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (2‐CEPS) and phenyl‐n‐propyl sulfide (PNPS), the transport parameters through IIR were obtained. PNPS and 2‐CEPS were further compared with respect to DBTT in elastomers such as IIR, ethylene–propylene–diene methylene rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, nitrile rubber, polybutadiene, and natural rubber. 2‐CEPS showed generally same order of DBTT as SM implying its potential use as a simulant. The transport parameters for various 2‐CEPS/elastomer systems were also determined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009