bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of the oral healthcare team in countries with emerging economies
Authors: Nash D. , Ruotoistenmäki J. , Argentieri A. , Barna S. , Behbehani J. , Berthold P. , Catalanotto F. , Chidzonga M. , Goldblatt L. , Jaafar N. , Kikwilu E. , Konoo T. , Kouzmina E. , Lindh C. , Mathu‐Muju K. , Mumghamba E. , Nik Hussein N. , Phantumvanit P. , Runnel R. , Shaw H. , Forna N. , Orliaguet T. , Honkala E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHealth is a critical dimension of human well‐being and flourishing, and oral health is an integral component of health: one is not healthy without oral health. Significant barriers exist to ensuring the world’s people receive basic healthcare, including oral healthcare. Amongst these are poverty, ignorance, inadequate financial resources and lack of adequate numbers of educated and trained (oral) healthcare workers. Emerging economies are encouraged to develop a national strategic plan for oral health. International organizations have developed goals for oral health that can be referenced and adapted by emerging economies as they seek to formulate specific objectives for their countries. Demographic data that assess the nature and extent of oral diseases in a country are essential to sound planning and the development of an oral healthcare system that is relevant, effective and economically viable. Prevention should be emphasized and priority consideration be given to oral healthcare for children.The types and numbers of members of the oral healthcare team (workforce) will vary from country to country depending on the system developed. Potential members of the workforce include: generalist dentists, specialist dentists, dental therapists, dental hygienists, denturists, expanded function dental assistants (dental nurses) and community oral health workers/aides. Competences for dentists, and other members of the team, should be developed to ensure quality care and developed economies should cooperate with emerging economies. The development, by more advanced economies, of digital, virtual curricula, which could be used by emerging economies for educating and training members of the oral healthcare team, should be an important initiative. The International Federation of Dental Educators and Associations (IFDEA) should lead in such an effort.
Leadership, governance and management in dental education – new societal challenges
Authors: Townsend G. , Thomas R. , Skinner V. , Bissell V. , Cohen L. , Cowpe J. , Giuliani M. , Gomez‐Roman G. , Hovland E. , Imtiaz A. , Kalkwarf K. , Kim K.‐K. , Lamster I. , Marley J. , Mattsson L. , Paganelli C. , Quintao C. , Swift J. , Thirawat J. , Williams J. , Soekanto S. , Jones M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDental schools around the world face new challenges that raise issues with regard to how they are governed, led and managed. With rapid societal changes, including globalization and consumerism, the roles of universities and their funding have become intensely debated topics. When financial burdens on universities increase, so does the pressure on dental schools. This is exacerbated by the relative expense of running dental schools and also by the limited understanding of both university managers and the public of the nature and scope of dentistry as a profession. In these circumstances, it is essential for dental schools to have good systems of leadership and management in place so that they can not only survive in difficult times, but flourish in the longer term. This paper discusses the concept of governance and how it relates to leadership, management and administration in dental schools and hospitals. Various approaches to governance and management in dental schools on different continents and regions are summarized and contrasted. A number of general governance and leadership issues are addressed. For example, a basic principle supported by the Working Group is that an effective governance structure must link authority and responsibility to performance and review, i.e. accountability, and that the mechanism for achieving this should be transparent. The paper also addresses issues specific to governing, leading and managing dental schools. Being a dean of a modern dental school is a very demanding role and some issues relating to this role are raised, including: dilemmas facing deans, preparing to be dean and succession planning. The importance of establishing a shared vision and mission, and creating the right culture and climate within a dental school, are emphasized. The Working Group advocates establishing a culture of scholarship in dental schools for both teaching and research. The paper addresses the need for effective staff management, motivation and development, and highlights the salience of good communication. The Working Group suggests establishing an advisory board to the dean and school, including lay persons and other external stakeholders, as one way of separating governance and management to some extent and providing some checks and balances within a dental school. Several other suggestions and recommendations are made about governance, management and leadership issues, including the need for schools to promote an awareness of their roles by good communication and thereby influence perceptions of others about their roles and values.
Why Didn't Jesus Write a Book?
Authors: Armitage J. Mark 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn Summa Theologiae III.42.4 Aquinas asks whether or not Christ should have committed his teaching to writing, and in this article I offer an in-depth analysis of his answer. I begin with a point-by-point account of III.41.4, noting that Aquinas's concerns are with salvation-history rather than with questions of the practicalities of preaching and theologizing or with problems of hermeneutics. Drawing on other parts of the Summa, I then examine the three principal reasons why, according to Aquinas, Jesus should not have committed his teaching to writing – his excellence as a teacher, the excellence of his teaching, and the requirement that his teaching should be disseminated in an orderly manner. Observing that for Aquinas ‘Christ's action is our instruction’, I show how his actio operates as both mystery and teaching to implant the New Law within human hearts. Jeremiah 31:31–33 and Hebrews 8:8,10 are key texts for Aquinas, who believes that the promise that the New Law would be written on hearts could never have been fulfilled had Christ committed his teaching to writing.
Archi-Liturgical Culture Wars
Authors: Nichols Aidan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFrom a comparison of the much-discussed and supposedly epoch-making Neo-Modernist ‘Jubilee church’ in Rome and a new study of John Ninian Comper's church architecture, the article enquires into theologically informed principles of church design and in their light considers some crucial elements in the symbolics of ecclesial space, notably altar, screen, communion rails and tabernacle.
Theological Aesthetics and Revelatory Tension
Authors: O'Connor John D 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMuch contemporary theological aesthetics treats beauty as straightforward. This is, however, to neglect tensions in our experience and understanding of beauty. The issue of these tensions arises in the examination of the role of the imagination in the epistemology of beauty, as well as in the examination of the relationships between beauty and truth, and beauty and goodness. The treatment of these relationships in the work of Kant and Maritain is assessed. The aesthetics of Kant and Maritain are classic attempts to address and even overcome the tensions in these relationships, but on close examination fail to do so. That writers whose works are often cited in favour of clear-cut positions do not resolve these tensions, and that questions raised by these issues fail to go away, supports the view that these tensions are inherent in our experience and understanding of beauty. If so, and if beauty is understood as in some way revelatory of the divine, it follows that there are tensions inherent in our experience and understanding of beauty as revelatory. Such tensions need to be incorporated into theological aesthetics.
Effect of inorganic polyphosphate in periodontitis in the elderly
Authors: Yamaoka Minoru , Uematsu Takashi , Shiba Toshikazu , Matsuura Takashi , Ono Yuusuke , Ishizuka Masahide , Naramoto Hiroko , Takahashi Masahiro , Sugiura‐Tomita Maki , Iguchi Kousei , Yamashita Shuichiro , Furusawa Kiyofumi 
Published: February 2008

Aim: Inorganic polyphosphate exists as chains of phosphate molecules and is distributed in osteoblasts, and regulates osteoblastic cell differentiation and bone matrix calcification. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of inorganic polyphosphate on periodontitis.Material and methods: Subgingival local irrigation with inorganic polyphosphate was studied in a randomised double‐blind study of 33 patients with periodontitis. Scaling and root planing were performed 1 week after the initial examination.Results: No significant differences between the inorganic polyphosphate group and control were detected in each item except IL‐1β. Patients in whom both the bleeding on probing and gingival index at 1 week had improved were significantly older in the inorganic polyphosphate group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Bone regeneration was seen in one case of the inorganic polyphosphate group.Conclusions: Inorganic polyphosphate was useful in the treatment of periodontitis in the elderly, indicating a probable effect of anti‐ageing, with similar bone regenerations occurring in both groups.
Factors associated with negative self‐perception of oral health among elderly people in a Brazilian community
Authors: Mesas Arthur Eumann , De Andrade Selma Maffei , Cabrera Marcos Aparecido Sarria 
Published: February 2008

Objective:  Self‐perception of oral health is an important measurement for assessing the health and quality of life of elderly people. The aim of this study was to analyse associations between negative self‐perception of oral health and poor oral state, socio‐demographic variables, depression and use of medications.Method:  In this cross‐sectional study, elderly people aged 60 to 74 years living in the urban zone of a city in southern Brazil were interviewed and examined. Functionally dependent individuals were excluded. Self‐perception was measured using the General Oral Health Assessment Index, and scores of 30 points or less were considered to represent negative perception. The physical, social and worry dimensions of this indicator were also analysed.Results:  Two hundred and sixty‐seven elderly people (mean age 66.5 years, 59.9% female) were included in the study. Most of them had had little schooling. Negative self‐perception was identified in 18.7%, although none of the poor oral state was associated with this variable. In multivariate analysis, negative self‐perception was associated with female gender and depression. The women presented significantly lower means in the three dimensions analysed and individuals with depression, in the physical and social dimensions. Poor oral health (edentulism and absence of posterior occlusion) were associated with the physical dimension.Conclusion:  Negative self‐perception of oral health was associated with gender and depression, but not with poor oral health. Therefore, gender and the presence of depression are factors to be taken into account in assessments involving this age group.
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash and oral gel containing the antimicrobial proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in elderly patients with dry mouth – a pilot study
Authors: Gil‐Montoya Jose Antonio , Guardia‐López Inmaculada , González‐Moles Miguel Angel 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash and oral gel containing the antimicrobial proteins lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozyme, in a sample of elderly individuals with dry mouth.Material and methods:  Twenty elderly institutionalised subjects with dry mouth and with a certain degree of independence for daily life activities were included in this pilot study. A randomised, double blind and cross‐over design was used. The study variables comprised subjective dry mouth sensation, the severity of discomfort assessed by means of a visual analogical scale (VAS), the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), the presence of signs and symptoms of dry mouth, sialometry and Candida albicans culture. All the variables were recorded before and after each of the two periods of the study.Results:  The 20 selected subjects we made up of 16 women and four men, with a mean age of 81.3 years. Improvement was observed on analysing the data between the first and second intervention period in terms of the OHIP values, the presence of dry mouth, and the need to drink fluids to swallow. However, the improvement in certain variables before and after treatment did not take a positive course in all cases, and some subjects even improved with placebo.Conclusions:  The evaluated mouthwash and oral gel improved some subjective and clinical aspects in elderly individuals with dry mouth, though a placebo effect cannot be entirely discarded.
Watch This Space! Designing for Children's Play in Public Open Spaces
Authors: Woolley Helen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article reviews one important aspect of children's environments in urban areas: play in public open spaces. The focus is on the provision of spaces for play for children aged between about 4–11 years old. The article argues that children's play is important for their development and for society as a whole and the article includes a short introduction to this, drawing on literature from a range of disciplines. The article then moves on to discuss aspects of the history of playgrounds during the 19th and 20th centuries, both in America and England. The article continues to draw on a range of literature while discussing play in public open spaces with respect to play value and need; design concepts and themes and design elements. The article concludes by contemplating whether the design of play in public open spaces will in the future draw more on the conclusions from academic literature than has happened during the last 40 years.
The Contours of Political Transformation and Conservation Areas in Southern Africa
Authors: Ramutsindela Maano 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEcology and other conservation sciences have largely been preoccupied with the establishment, number, size and the functions of nature conservation areas around the globe. Beyond these concerns, nature conservation areas mirror complex interrelationships between society and the environment, and how those relationships are, or should be managed in various contexts. These interrelationships cannot appropriately be understood within the confines of disciplinary boundaries; they require multi‐ and interdisciplinary perspectives. The aim of this article is to illustrate that various categories of nature conservation areas, including protected areas, embody ideas about nature and how it should be governed in changing socio‐economic conditions. The article draws on examples from southern Africa to argue that significant turns in strategies for protecting nature were made during periods of political transformation. It concludes that the gradation of protected areas, as a group of conservation areas, reflects different ways in which human activities are incorporated or marginalised in these areas. These processes are contingent on sociopolitical conditions.
Geographies of Environmental Governance: The Nexus of Nature and Neoliberalism
Authors: Himley Matthew 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEnvironmental governance has emerged as both a key organizing concept and priority arena of research for nature–society geographers. This article offers a critical review of the burgeoning geographical literature on environmental governance, emphasizing how geographers have employed the concept to analyze how neoliberal globalization has entailed a fundamental reconfiguration of the organizational and institutional arrangements through which society–environment relations are governed. I begin by tracing the diverse bodies of scholarship and theoretical perspectives – including political ecology and institutional theories of political economy – that have shaped how geographers have approached environmental governance. I then examine three themes central to work on the ‘neoliberalization’ of environmental governance: privatization and enclosure, the rescaling of governance, and the role of oppositional social movements. Finally, I propose that future research place more emphasis on documenting and analyzing the practices of neoliberal environmental governance through ethnographic methods.
The Neglected Social Psychology of Institutional Racism
Authors: Berard Tim J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTheories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination have been remarkably influential in the understanding of continuing racial inequality and contemporary race relations. These theories and related claims have also been criticized as being improperly conceptualized, employing circular reasoning, neglecting nonracial dimensions of inequality, failing to specify causal mechanisms, and employing questionable inferences and attributions. These issues can be illuminated by critically reviewing how theories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination handle issues of social psychology. Issues of social psychology are often treated only minimally or implicitly, and often dismissively. This neglect is the root of many concerns about theories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination. Increased attention to and employment of scholarship in social psychology can contribute greatly to an understanding of contemporary racial inequality and race relations that advances both academic interests and practical interests in the evaluation and reform of the institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequality.
Youth Transitions: Debates over the Social Context of Becoming an Adult
Authors: Pollock Gary 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe study of young people has become a mainstay of social science. Education, employment, leisure, criminality, family life are all spheres within which the different experiences of young people have been examined. The principal tool for many of these studies has been a focus on transitions, looking at origins, journeys and destinations. The transition from school to work has been given the most attention, but increasingly there is interest in other life transitions such as (i) family development through relationships, marriage and children; and (ii) setting up a home outside that in which one was brought up. The focus on youth transitions has been found to be of use in both theoretical and policy developments. This paper reviews debates in the contemporary field of youth research and argues that only through taking a context‐specific transitional approach, focusing primarily on education and employment, can one fully understand and theorise the position of young people in society.
Rapid biodiversity assessment of spiders (Araneae) using semi‐quantitative sampling: a case study in a Mediterranean forest
Authors: CARDOSO PEDRO , SCHARFF NIKOLAJ , GASPAR CLARA , HENRIQUES SÉRGIO S. , CARVALHO RUI , CASTRO PEDRO H. , SCHMIDT JESPER B. , SILVA ISRAEL , SZÜTS TAMÁS , DE CASTRO ALBERTO , CRESPO LUIS C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.

A thorough inventory of a Mediterranean oak forest spider fauna carried out during 2 weeks is presented. It used a semi‐quantitative sampling protocol to collect comparable data in a rigorous, rapid and efficient way. Four hundred and eighty samples of one person‐hour of work each were collected, mostly inside a delimited 1‐ha plot.
Sampling yielded 10 808 adult spiders representing 204 species. The number of species present at the site was estimated using five different richness estimators (Chao1, Chao2, Jackknife1, Jackknife2 and Michaelis–Menten). The estimates ranged from 232 to 260. The most reliable estimates were provided by the Chao estimators and the least reliable was obtained with the Michaelis–Menten. However, the behavior of the Michaelis–Menten accumulation curves supports the use of this estimator as a stopping or reliability rule.
Nineteen per cent of the species were represented by a single specimen (singletons) and 12% by just two specimens (doubletons). The presence of locally rare species in this exhaustive inventory is discussed.
The effects of day, time of day, collector experience and sampling method on the number of adults, number of species and taxonomic composition of the samples are assessed. Sampling method is the single most important factor influencing the results and all methods generate unique species. Time of day is also important, in such way that each combination of method and time of day may be considered as a different method in itself. There are insignificant differences between the collectors in terms of species and number of adult spiders collected. Despite the high collecting effort, the species richness and abundance of spiders remained constant throughout the sampling period.
Longitudinal patterns of benthic invertebrates along a stream in the temperate forest in Japan: in relation to humans and tributaries
Authors: YOSHIMURA MAYUMI 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.

The relationship between benthic invertebrate assemblage composition and surrounding land use has been examined in various ways, but most studies are undertaken at a coarse scale, or they compare obviously different landscapes. In Japan, these obvious differences in landscape are rare, and humans reside even in remote montane areas.
In order to clarify the influence of human residence on benthic invertebrate assemblages, seasonal and site differences among benthic samples collected from a 15‐km stretch of Kuroson Stream and their relation with riparian land use were examined.
The number of individuals and genera differed significantly both spatially and temporally. Multivariate assemblage structure also differed significantly across space and time along the stream.
Increase of residential areas affected the in‐stream benthic invertebrate assemblage. Site differences along the stream and the effect of human residence were not masked by the potentially homogenizing influence of tributary streams.
The composition of surrounding vegetation was the most important factor influencing benthic community structure. The presence or absence of human residential areas and seasonal change were also important variables.
Benthic invertebrates may be carried and migrate to main streams from tributaries; however, this phenomenon was not observed. Assemblages of benthic invertebrates that inhabit a particular site do not change and are considered to vary seasonally across a certain range.