bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Tristan in Ingeborg Bachmann's Ich weiss keine bessere Welt and Malina
Authors: McMurtry Áine 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how the recent, controversial collection of Ingeborg Bachmann's draft poems, Ich weiß keine bessere Welt (2000), casts new light on the genesis of the acclaimed Todesarten prose. Identifying the poetological interest of the texts, the article seeks to expand the predominantly biographical response to the collection and clarify how the experience of crisis provoked a move towards prose forms during the 1960s. The article focuses on the problem of the aesthetic representation of crisis through examination of references to Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in the draft poems and in Malina, the novel published later. It explores how, in the poems, the musical motifs and allusions enable primary engagement with aspects of experience conventionally excluded from the public sphere and how the same intertextual references are developed into a sophisticated aesthetic strategy in the novel's central dream chapter, whilst retaining the crucial concern with problems of expression. Drawing on the work of Friedrich Nietzsche, Arnold Schönberg and Theodor W. Adorno, ultimately the paper illuminates the beginnings of a textuality that arises out of personal crisis but develops into a metonymic mode using dream narrative and musical counterpoint to enable oblique expression of gendered cultural critique.
The Taxonomy, Model and Message Strategies of Social Behavior
Authors: HSU TSUEN‐HO , CHANG KUEI‐FENG 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTIn an era of rising social awareness, both academics and practitioners have been concerned about the effectiveness of pro‐social consumer influence strategies. The main assumption here is that for social marketing to succeed one must first understand the factors underlying pro‐social consumer behavior. Firstly, drawing on two dimensions (i.e. the welfare receiver and restitution intention) the authors first identify four types of social behavior (altruism, compensation, reciprocity, and egoism). Next, the model describes social behavior as a result of preceding social behavior motivation and actual social behavior intention. Norms and economic evaluation have an impact on social behavior motivation, which in turn influences social behavior intention, eventually leading to actual social behavior. Actual control factors, such as the availability of resources and opportunities, decide whether social behavior intention can really translate into actual social behavior. Finally, authors propose message strategies (incorporating message appeal, message frame and central/peripheral processing) for each type of social behavior.
Measuring Self‐Respect
Authors: KRISTJÁNSSON KRISTJÁN 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTCan “self‐respect” supplant the now much‐maligned “global self‐esteem” in psychological research and therapy? The aim of the present paper is to examine this suggestion and develop it further. It is argued that there are two distinct philosophical concepts of self‐respect abroad in the literature, Kantian and Aristotelian, between which psychologists need to choose. The main components of Aristotelian self‐respect are then worked out. The paper concludes by exploring how, in order to make those components objectively measurable, certain methodological pitfalls must be avoided.
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in soil, soil water and surface run‐off following grading of irrigation bays used for intensive grazing
Authors: Nash D. , Webb B. , Hannah M. , Adeloju S. , Toifl M. , Barlow K. , Robertson F. , Roddick F. , Porter N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSoil tests are often used to identify areas at risk of excessive phosphorus (P) exports. We investigated the changes in soil P (0–20 mm) in four recently laser‐graded (<1 year) and four established (>10 years) irrigated pastures in south‐eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. At the second sampling, soil water P and nitrogen (N), and P and N in surface run‐off (overland flow) were also measured enabling comparison of P in surface run‐off with measures of soil P. In surface soil (0–20 mm), grading reduced measures of soil P, while P sorption increased. Over 3 years, in the graded bays, Olsen P, Colwell P and P sorption decreased and water extractable P and P sorption saturation increased, while Olsen P and Colwell P decreased in the established bays. After 3 years, total dissolved P (TDP) concentrations in soil water were greater in the established bays, but dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations were unaffected. Organic P in soil water comprised 70 and 32% of TDP in the established and graded bays, respectively. The soil water analyses were reflected in surface run‐off. After 3 years, laser grading decreased TDP, TDN, TP and TN exports in wetting front run‐off by 40, 29, 41 and 36%, respectively, compared with established bays. This is an important result for the management of dairy systems as it suggests that the regular cultivation used to renovate pasture on more intensive dairy farms decreases the exports of P and N.
Field assessment of soil structural quality – a development of the Peerlkamp test
Authors: Ball B. C. , Batey T. , Munkholm L. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIncreased awareness of the role of soil structure in defining the physical fertility or quality of soil has led to the need for a simple assessment relevant to the environmental and economic sustainability of soil productivity. A test is required that is usable by farmer, consultant and researcher alike. Here an assessment of soil structure quality (Sq) is described which is based on a visual key linked to criteria chosen to be as objective as possible. The influences of operator, tillage and crop type on Sq value were tested. The test takes 5–15 min per location and enough replicates were obtained for statistical comparison of data sets. The assessments of individual operators were influenced to an extent by differences between fields, making the use of multiple operators desirable. Differences in soil management were revealed by the test and related to differences in soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and porosity) and crop growth. Indicative thresholds of soil management are suggested. The assessment should be viewed as complementary to conventional laboratory assessments of soil structure. Visual soil structure assessment can indicate to the soil scientist where to sample and what soil measurements are likely to be worthwhile.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Putative nutritive factors
Authors: ASADA Takashi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDuring the last decades, researchers have found several risk factors for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses. Among them, lifestyle‐related factors such as exercise and nutrition have received increasing attention. Only recently, several encouraging studies, both in animal experiments and human clinical trials, have been reported. These studies inspire us to develop effective interventions including lifestyle changes that might prevent the onset of human AD. In order to provide sound interventions against the development of AD, it is indispensable to evaluate in detail the putative risk factors for AD, especially modifiable lifestyle‐related factors. Thus, in this article, we review recent findings regarding nutrition as a possible prevention against AD. The main issues dealt in this review are as follows: dietary fat including omega‐3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA); diabetes (glucose, insulin); antioxidants (vitamin C & E); Ginkgo biloba and the Mediterranean diet.
Supply and Demand Shifts in the Shorting Market
Authors: COHEN LAUREN , DIETHER KARL B. , MALLOY CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTUsing proprietary data on stock loan fees and quantities from a large institutional investor, we examine the link between the shorting market and stock prices. Employing a unique identification strategy, we isolate shifts in the supply and demand for shorting. We find that shorting demand is an important predictor of future stock returns: An increase in shorting demand leads to negative abnormal returns of 2.98% in the following month. Second, we show that our results are stronger in environments with less public information flow, suggesting that the shorting market is an important mechanism for private information revelation.
Exchange Rates and Cash Flows in Differentiated Product Industries: A Simulation Approach
Authors: FRIBERG RICHARD , GANSLANDT MATTIAS 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTHow do exchange rate changes impact firms' cash flows? We extend a simulation method developed in industrial organization to answer this question. We use prices, quantities, and product characteristics for differentiated products, coupled with a discrete choice framework and an assumption of price competition, to estimate marginal costs for all producers. Using a Monte Carlo approach we generate counterfactual prices and profits for different levels of exchange rates. We illustrate the method using the market for bottled water. Our results stress that even in a relatively simple market such as this one, different brands face very different exchange rate risks.
Momentum and Credit Rating
Authors: AVRAMOV DORON , CHORDIA TARUN , JOSTOVA GERGANA , PHILIPOV ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper establishes a robust link between momentum and credit rating. Momentum profitability is large and significant among low‐grade firms, but it is nonexistent among high‐grade firms. The momentum payoffs documented in the literature are generated by low‐grade firms that account for less than 4% of the overall market capitalization of rated firms. The momentum payoff differential across credit rating groups is unexplained by firm size, firm age, analyst forecast dispersion, leverage, return volatility, and cash flow volatility.
Are intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth associated with dental caries?
Authors: Saraiva Maria C.D. , Bettiol Heliosa , Barbieri Marco A. , Silva Antonio A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To assess the association between two intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) surrogates – IUGR [small for gestational age birth (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR)] and preterm birth with dental caries.Methods:  Data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (1988–1994) were used, including 2‐ to 5.9‐year‐old singletons (n = 3189). Dental caries was defined as presence of any teeth with dental caries (treated or untreated) and also as presence of at least two teeth with dental caries. Exposure variables were preterm birth (<37 gestational weeks), FGR, and SGA. Covariates included were poverty, race/ethnicity, age, sex, sucrose intake, environmental tobacco smoking, dental visits, education of head of household, breastfeeding, and use of baby bottle. Separate statistical analyses were conducted for IUGR and for preterm birth through the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR), taking complex sampling design into consideration and adjusting for confounders. Sensitivity analysis was conducted including and excluding 2‐year‐old children and also with the two definitions of dental caries.Results:  In general, the inclusion of 2‐year‐old children and the case definition of presence of any teeth with dental caries biased the results toward the null, but with no major changes in the results. In bivariate analysis, SGA and FGR birth were both negatively but not significantly associated with dental caries while a significant positive association was found for preterm birth. Sensitivity analysis showed that the PR for preterm in bivariate analysis varied from 1.65 (95% CI 1.14–2.40) to 1.84 (95% CI 1.19–2.83). After adjusting for confounders, the PR for preterm birth varied from 1.38 (95% CI 1.00–1.89) to 1.64 (95% CI 1.22–2.20). After adjustment, the PR for SGA varied from 0.79 (95% CI 0.56–101) to 0.66 (95% CI 0.33–0.96). For children from 3 to 5.9 years old, the adjusted PR for FGR using the category ‘none’ as reference were mild (PR 1.10; 95% CI 0.76–1.58), moderate (PR 0.66; 95% CI 0.26–167), and severe (PR 0.59; 95% CI 0.36–0.99). These values for FGR were very similar for the other models using other classifications of case definition or inclusion of 2‐year‐old children.Conclusions:  Preterm birth was found to be positively associated with dental caries while there is an indication that SGA and FGR are negatively associated with dental caries. Although the negative association is counterintuitive, it is possible that increased antibiotic use and delayed tooth eruption may explain the negative association between IUGR and dental caries.
Monotherapy with low‐dose thalidomide for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: better response rate with earlier treatment
Authors: Maisnar Vladimír , Radocha Jakub , Büchler Tomáš , Bláha Václav , Malý Jaroslav , Hájek Roman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground:  Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug used in the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). The optimal dosing regimen of thalidomide is not known.Patients and methods:  We retrospectively analysed the overall response rate and response duration of 53 patients with relapsed MM who received thalidomide in a median dose of 100 mg daily. The aim of the study was to compare the response rates of thalidomide given as the second‐line treatment to those of thalidomide given as the third‐line therapy.Results:  Of 33 patients receiving thalidomide as second line, 13 (39%) had overall treatment response. Of 20 patients treated with thalidomide monotherapy as the third‐line treatment, there were three treatment responses (15%) (P = 0.039). The median duration of treatment response in the second‐line thalidomide group (12 months, range 6–60 months) was twice as long as that in the third‐line thalidomide group (6 months, range 3–57 months), although the difference was not statistically significant, probably due to low number of patients. Only 6% of patients (3/53) had to stop the treatment because of toxicity.Conclusions:  Monotherapy with low‐dose thalidomide results in treatment responses in approximately 30% of patients with advanced MM. The response rate appears to be higher if thalidomide treatment is started after the first relapse or progression in comparison with the second relapse or progression. Treatment toxicity is acceptable even with prolonged exposure to the drug.
Leptin as an indicator for carcass composition in farm animals
Authors: ALTMANN Monika , VON BORELL Eberhard 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe function of leptin in livestock species has been intensively studied during recent years. Due to the associations between plasma leptin concentrations and body fat, leptin could be used as an indicator for the in vivo evaluation of carcass composition in breeding programs. This review specifically discusses leptin mRNA expression in several fat tissues, the relationship between plasma leptin and body fat and the influence of fasting on this association. It also refers to the limitations of the use of plasma leptin concentrations as a predictor for selection purposes in breeding animals. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin gene have some effects on carcass traits and the leptin gene is considered to be a candidate gene for a marker‐assisted selection. However, these results are very inconsistent across various populations and need to be confirmed in future studies before leptin can be used efficiently in breeding programs and management.
Pinpointing the candidate region for muscular dystrophy in chickens with an abnormal muscle gene
Authors: MATSUMOTO Hirokazu , MARUSE Hideaki , YOSHIZAWA Kanako , SASAZAKI Shinji , FUJIWARA Akira , KIKUCHI Takeki , ICHIHARA Nobutsune , MUKAI Fumio , MANNEN Hideyuki 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTMuscular dystrophies, a group of inherited diseases with the progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle, contain genetically variable diseases. Though chicken muscular dystrophy with abnormal muscle (AM) has long been known, the gene responsible has not yet been identified. In this study, a resource family for AM was established with 487 F2 individuals and 22 gene markers, including microsatellite and insertion–deletion markers, were developed. The haplotypes were analyzed with these markers for the candidate region of GGA2q described in a previous study. The candidate region was successfully narrowed down to approximately 1Mbp. The region included seven functional genes predicted as the most likely AM candidates.
Ca2+‐Calmodulin is Involved in Betacyanin Accumulation Induced by Dark in C3 Halophyte Suaeda salsa
Authors: Wang Chang‐Quan , Wang Bao‐Shan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract The C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa was used to investigate the roles of Ca2+, Ca2+ channels, and calmodulin (CaM) in betacyanin metabolism. Seeds of S. salsa were cultured in both the dark and light for 3 days. The fresh weight and betacyanin content were much higher in S. salsa seedlings formed in the dark than in seedlings formed in the light. The addition of Ca2+ to the half‐strength MS nutrient solution promoted betacyanin accumulation in the dark, whereas Ca2+ depletion by EGTA suppressed the dark‐induced betacyanin accumulation in shoots of S. salsa. The Ca2+ channel blocker LaCl3 also inhibited dark‐induced betacyanin accumulation. The highest activity of CaM and the maximum betacyanin content decreased by 51% and 45%, respectively, in shoots of S. salsa seedlings treated with the potent CaM antagonist chlorpromazine in the dark. Furthermore, the other CaM antagonist N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐5‐chloro‐1‐naphthalenesulfonamide (W‐7) also inhibited the activity of CaM and dark‐dependent betacyanin accumulation, whereas its less active structural analog N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐1‐naphthalenesulfonamide (W‐5) had little effect on the responses to dark of S. salsa seedlings. These results suggest that Ca2+, Ca2+‐regulated ion channels, and CaM play an important role in dark‐induced betacyanin accumulation in the shoots of the C3 halophyte S. salsa.
Evidence that Natural Selection is the Primary Cause of the Guanine‐cytosine Content Variation in Rice Genes
Authors: Shi Xiaoli , Wang Xiyin , Li Zhe , Zhu Qihui , Yang Ji , Ge Song , Luo Jingchu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Cereal genes are classified into two distinct classes according to the guanine‐cytosine (GC) content at the third codon sites (GC3). Natural selection and mutation bias have been proposed to affect the GC content. However, there has been controversy about the cause of GC variation. Here, we characterized the GC content of 1 092 paralogs and other single‐copy genes in the duplicated chromosomal regions of the rice genome (ssp. indica) and classified the paralogs into GC3‐rich and GC3‐poor groups. By referring to out‐group sequences from Arabidopsis and maize, we confirmed that the average synonymous substitution rate of the GC3‐rich genes is significantly lower than that of the GC3‐poor genes. Furthermore, we explored the other possible factors corresponding to the GC variation including the length of coding sequences, the number of exons in each gene, the number of genes in each family, the location of genes on chromosomes and the protein functions. Consequently, we propose that natural selection rather than mutation bias was the primary cause of the GC variation.
Stochastic modelling of water demand by domestic washrooms in residential tower blocks
Authors: Wong L. T. , Mui K. W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAccurate estimates of probable simultaneous maximum demand are essential for appropriate decisions on sizing water supply plants and piping systems for high‐rise residential buildings at a balance of acceptable plant reliability and construction cost. This study proposes a stochastic model of the probable maximum simultaneous water demands of domestic washrooms at some usage patterns for which the appliances in the same washroom would not operate simultaneously. The model parameters were determined from surveys of usage patterns in 597 domestic washrooms of typical high‐rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. The results showed that the probable maximum simultaneous demands due to a number of domestic washrooms in a typical high‐rise residential building were only about 50–60% of those estimates with an assumption of all appliances in simultaneous operation. This study is a useful source of reference in determining loadings of water supply plants and piping systems for high‐rise residential buildings.
Thyroid hormone abnormalities and outcome in dogs with non‐thyroidal illness
Authors: Mooney C. T. , Shiel R. E. , Dixon R. M. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives:To document thyroid hormone abnormalities in dogs with non‐thyroidal illness and identify markers of prognostic value.Methods:Circulating total and free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine and thyrotropin concentrations were measured in 196 dogs with non‐thyroidal illness. Clinical signs, previous medications and outcome were recorded in each case. Data were analysed to determine endocrine prognostic factors, and to document the prevalence of thyroid hormone abnormalities.Results:Total triiodothyronine, and total and free thyroxine concentrations were decreased in 75·9, 34·7 and 4·5 per cent of cases, respectively. Dogs which were euthanased had significantly decreased total triiodothyronine, and total and free thyroxine concentrations compared with those which made a full recovery. Total triiodothyronine concentrations were significantly lower in dogs that were euthanased compared with those which made a partial recovery.ClinicalSignificance:Thyroid hormone concentrations may be used as prognostic indicators in dogs with non‐thyroidal illness. Low triiodothyronine syndrome may be more common in dogs than previously recognised.
Blood transfusion: challenges and limitations
Authors: KNOWLES SUE 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYBlood transfusions provide essential supportive therapy but are costly and not without risk. The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus through the blood supply has led to public, political and legal scrutiny of the safety of blood. Increasing numbers of precautionary measures have been introduced which both increase the costs and reduce the available donor base. Errors frequently occur in the multistep process of giving the correct blood to the correct patient, leading to ABO‐incompatible transfusions and indefensible patient morbidity and mortality. Against this background, there is a paucity of evidence upon which to base the clinical practice of blood transfusion, and established prescribing habits are not regularly reviewed as a result of published clinical trials. Consequently, there is considerable inappropriate use. The essential challenges are to educate both clinicians and patients to appreciate the limitations and risks of allogeneic transfusion and to support the use of more rational alternatives.
Evaluation of anemia in the elective surgical patient
Authors: GOODNOUGH LAWRENCE T. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYA national audit demonstrated that 35% of patients scheduled for orthopedic joint replacement surgery have a hemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL on preadmission testing. Current practice consists of preadmission testing within 72 hours before an elective operative procedure, which precludes the opportunity effectively to evaluate and manage a patient with unexpected anemia. A standardized approach for the detection, evaluation and management of anemia in the preoperative surgical setting was identified as an unmet medical need. A panel of physicians developed a clinical care pathway for anemia management in this setting. Recommendations were that patients undergoing elective surgery should receive a hemoglobin determination up to 30 days before the scheduled surgical procedure. The identification and evaluation of anemia in this setting will assist in expedited diagnosis and treatment of underlying comorbidities, and will improve patient outcomes.