bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Control Procedures in Deep Water
Authors: Lage A. C. V. Martins , Nakagawa E. Y. , Cordovil A. G. D. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Well control procedures are revised aiming at the minimization of problems related to kicks and blowouts in deep water operations. The analysis and definition of the most suitable early kick detection methods, well shut-in technique and kick killing procedure are performed to lead us to safer operations.
Kick scenarios are defined and studied with the help of a kick simulator to investigate the influence of some parameters and operational practices in the whole well control procedure. The consequences of flow-check, hard or soft shut-in, and the driller's or engineer's methods of kick control are discussed to serve as the basis for the definition of the most appropriate techniques to be adopted in deep water drilling operations.
Experimental Tests for Gas Kick Migration Analysis
Authors: Lage A. C. V. Martins , Nakagawa E. Y. , Cordovil A. G. D. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas kick migration experiments were performed in a training well for the purpose of analyzing kick behavior under two conditions: open and closed well. The objective was to estimate the migration velocities in each of these situations with no circulation in the well. At present, just the results with air and water mixtures are available. Air and water-base drilling fluids will be used in future experiments.
During the tests in closed well conditions, the casing pressure build-up was monitored at surface. Simplified analysis, which do not take into account the system's compressibility, assume that the gas keeps its pressure as it migrates through the well. However, it was observed that the pressure variation was not so severe. A simple method to estimate it was developed considering mud and gas compressibilities and filtrate losses.
Practical applications of these results include: (1) availability of more precise values of kick migration velocities and pressure build-up estimation to be adopted by field personnel; (2) support for enhancing kick simulators.
Development of Whirl Resistant PDC Bits
Authors: Clayton R. I. , Ivie B. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The destructive effects of the dynamic forces typically induced by bit whirl have beert identified in previous works. The material presented deals with innovative design features recently developed for PDC bits which resist initiation and propagation of bit whirl.
As stated in previous work, bit whirl can be initiated by both cutter/rock interaction forces and extraneous factors such as formation characteristics and undesirable BHA motions. Previous work has also shown how conventional PDC bit technology provides little resistance to whirl and in many cases may reinforce whirl once initiated.
Several PDC bit features have been identified that improve bit stability. Cutter force balancing, bit asymmetry, gage design, bit profile, and cutter configuration and arrangement can all contribute to eliminating the propagation of whirl. All of these features will be investigated and assessment of their benefits reported.
Reservoir Characterization Using Multiple Formation Pressure Tester: El Furrial Field, Venezuela
Authors: Russo A. J. , Dumont O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT1
The El Furrial field is located in Monagas State, Eastern Venezuela. It was discovered in February 1986 with the drilling of The Furrial-1 well (Ful-1) in the Naricual foraation at a depth of 14,000 feet, which resulted in a potential of 7,000 BPD of oil with a gravity of 27 oAPI (1/2" choke).
The structure of the field is an asymmetric anticline that is cut by reverse faults which run almost parallel to the axis of the structure and by normal cross faults. The Naricual formation is the most important in the structure and contains the largest volume of medium crude which is deposited in a marine environment near the coast. Its thickness ranges from 1,470 to 1,700 feet. This formation is characterized by a marked variation in fluid composition and oAPI gravity with depth, ranging from 29 oAPI at the top of the structure to 8 oAPI on its flanks. The complexity of the field posed a significant engineering challenge to design a plan to obtain information that would, at the lowest assessment costs, clarify the degree of vertical and areal communication between the bodies of sand, characterize the vertical distribution of fluids and optimize the selection of completion intervals. All of this was possible with the use of the tool called Formation Multiple Test (FMT).
This article describes the use of the FMT in the effective characterization of the Naricual foraation and its contribution to the identification of the optimum development strategy for the field.
Computer-Aided Design and Optimization of Sucker Rod Pumping Systems
Authors: Miska S. Z. , Khodabandeh Ardeshir , Rajtar J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Predicting the performance of a sucker-rod pumping system is vital for optimizing/designing a system or diagnosing the problems associated with it. An accurate prediction of the system's performance is complicated because of the dynamic behavior of the sucker-rod string and the complex interactions between components of the system.
This paper presents an application of a comprehensive mathematical model that predicts the surface and downhole dynamometer cards, production rates, downhole and surface forces, and energy consumption of sucker-rod pumping systems for a variety of operating conditions. The model is defined by a system of linear algebraic equations. The results of modeling are compared with the actual field measurements. The results show a very good match of the field data. Applications of the model are illustrated by example of the optimization of existing system and the design procedure of a new one.
Experience with the Use of Reeled Tubing in Gas Lift Completion in Lake Maracaibo
Authors: Bortolin L. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Throughout time changes in the reservoir and economic conditions have motivated the oil industry to develop artificial lift methods.
This paper demonstrates the application of reeled (coiled) tubing to gaslift technology and the addition of another use to the growing list of its service and production capabilities.
The use of coiled tubing In gaslift installations allows the production of many wells without affecting workovers or changes of existing tubulars.
The design parameters, components and actual field results obtained in a pilot project conducted in areas of Lake Maracaibo are discussed.
Analysis of Beam Pump System Efficiency from Real-Time Measurement of Motor Power
Authors: Podio A. L. , McCoy J. N. , Collier F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A systematic study was undertaken in order to establish a procedure by which the effect of operating conditions on the efficiency of beam pumping systems can be determined with a minimum of expense. The study concentrated on the effect of easily controllable parameters such as direction of rotation, counterbalance effect, motor selection, torque mode for variable torque motors, tubing back pressure, stuffing box friction and motor slip on the energy usage.
The paper describes the instrumentation, data acquisition and processing system which allows accurate measurement of instantaneous motor power during a pump stroke. This measurement was correlated with dynamometer measurements in order to determine the surface system efficiency. Calculation of the downhole pump dynamometer allows determination of the effect of operating conditions on the volumetric efficiency of the pump. From these measurements, an overall efficiency can be established as a means of comparison; that is , the overall work output at the pump versus the work input at the motor.
A Method for Diagnosing the Performance of Sucker Rod String in Straight Inclined Wells
Authors: Xu J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most existing state-of-the-art diagnostic models, that determine the downhole conditions from polished rod data, are based on the limitations of presuming vertical hole and neglecting the rod-tubing rub. Sometimes, the current diagnostic techniques have been found to cause unrealistic results in the wells where excessive rod friction is suspected. This paper presents an improved model of rod motion with combined Coulomb and viscous friction. Using Fourier series, an exact steady-state solution of longitudinal vibrations of sucker rod has been developed analytically. The effect of transverse displacement is calculated with Galerkin energy principles. It provides a uesful tool to diagnose the downhole operating conditions in straight inclined well even in vertical well with severe dog leg.
An Evaluation of Natural Gas Huff ‘n’ Puff Field Tests in Brazil
Authors: Lino U. de R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an extended evaluation of the results of natural gas huff ‘n’ puff field tests performed in a light oil reservoir in Brazil (in Miranga field, state of Bahia), Both advantages and disadvantages of natural gas and CO2 cyclic injection are compared. The wells submitted to the process presented increase in the oil production in spite of some operational limitations. The cost of the process is vary low, what encourages its application to a larger number of wells in the sate field and in other ones. Some of the reasons to low costs are due to make good use of the available gas lift facilities and the injected gas recovery during production. The process can be applied to in substitution to CO2 cyclic injection with great advantages such as: lower corrosion levels, no contamination of the produced fluids, recovery of the injected gas and lower project costs. The use of natural gas in substitution to CO2 is very attractive because brings the opportunity of spreading out the application of the precess to a larger number of projects than before.
Experience with Electrical Submergible Pumps in Heavy Crude Oil (Boscan Field)
Authors: Bortolin L. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During recent years, optimization of lifting methods has been applied in the oil industry in order to evaluate the effect on oil well production and establish a company's optimal investment policies.
The higher costs of new artificial lif ting equipment and facilities for new fields have created the necesity to review the latest available technology of different lifting methods and specially that of the electrical submergible pump (ESP).
Few studies in the area of heavy crude oil production optimization using ESP's as a lifting method have been published. This paper discusses the results of a pilot ESP project performed in ten wells in the Boscan field and analyses the performance of the equipment and its application range. This equipment was installed in completions at depths ranging from 7000 to 9000 feet, with a 10° API crude gravity and bottom-hole temperatures of 180°F.
It was concluded that despite a reduction of the pump's efficiency, the ESP equipment does qualify as a good alternative lifting method for heavy oil production. It is also possible to obtain higher production rates.
The results obtained in this project confirms that submergible pump is an alternative method for lifting heavy crude oil from relatively deep reservoirs.
Gas Sales Contracts And Allied Problems
Authors: Thorp John P. 
Published: December 2007

The type of transaction to be considered is the sale of a large reserve of high pressure (over 1,000 pound) gas well gas to an interstate market. Delivery will be to a transmission line for transportation and resale outside of the state. Such sales are now under the jurisdiction of the Federal Power Commission.
My presentation will, I hope, be slightly different from the type that has become customary of late years. I don't intend to lay down a barrage of statistics showing how interstate natural gas sales have increased from one trillion cubic feet in 1944 to 6.5 trillion in 1959, or how 16 billion dollars have been spent during this 15 years to build pipelines—now measuring nearly 900,000 miles—you are all as familiar with these figures as I.
There is, however, one statistic which is of tremendous importance to us all in the industry, as well as to the 32 million consumers of natural gas in the United States. This is that during this period the average field price of gas has increased from around 6.8cts to 14cts/MCF. Producers are, as a matter of fact, actually negotiating sales now at around 24cts/MCF, including tax reimbursement, in South Louisiana. While this increase causes concern on the part of Distributors and Consumers, it also causes Management of the Producing Companies to look more closely at the contracts we negotiate.
Estimating Facies and the Permeability from an Integrated Database Using Statistical Methods in the Boqueron Field, North Monagas, Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Sinha A. K. , Deghirmandjian O. , Mendez M. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the absence of any direct continuous permeability measurement logging tool, predicting permeability distribution in the field is a difficult task. Standard log-core regression relationships for permeability has its limitations and sometimes provide unsatisfactory results on a field basis. Similarly, facies description on a field wide basis is a costly and time consuming process.
A novel statistical technique is described to estimate a more reliable permeability and facies utilizing an integrated database of well log and core information built by this technique.
A database is built, using information from selected depth intervals in wells having reliable permeability or facies information. This database is then used for estimating permeability or facies in other wells, or other depth intervals in the same well, where data is missing. No predetermined relationships between variables are assumed.
The technique is used in the Boqueron field, located north of Monagas area, Eastern Venezuela. The paper describes the technique and application to estimate the permeability over depth interval where core permeability information is absent. A separate database is built with the facies description and well log data. To estimate the facies in wells where no facies description is available, log data is used to query this category database. The quality control and error involved in the technique are discussed.
The examples shown in this paper will demonstrate that this novel statistical method significantly improves the estimation of the continuous permeability curve and facies description, when compared to traditional methods.
Identification of Productivity Problems in Clastic Sandstone Reservoirs of the Eocene Lower C Group, Block III, Lake Maracaibo, Western Venezuela using Well Log Data
Authors: Coll M. C. , Cortiula B. , Toledo A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstracts
Productivity in sandstone reservoirs can be adversely affected by changes in permeability and porosity due to varying cementation materials, diagenetic clays and dual porosity systems. Extended use of conventional log evaluation techniques have resulted in poor well completion strategies and misunderstanding of the log behavoir on the best production pay zones.For improving the well completion strategy, a methodology for quantitative evaluation of this type of reservoir is given. This evaluation is made using core-log correlation,thin section analyses, crossplot techniques and clay volume calculations in order to evaluate effective primary porosity and water saturation using inversion models. This methodology was successfully applied for identifying changes in permeability, clay volume and formation factor in this area and allowing for a reliable estimate of hydrocarbon production capabilities of the Lower C sandstones A case by case study of wells is presented. The productivity of these sandstones is calculated using different evaluation methods and compared with production data from the wells. The excellent correlation between the estimation of well production and actual production data led to a better calculation of the oil reserves and will aid future development plans..
Fracturing with Screen-Out Mode - Optimum Treatment for San Francisco Field, Huila-Colombia
Authors: Chauvez R. Beltrán , Sepulveda E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A great diversity of treatments are attempted every day to restore wells inflow performance relationship, (IPR). For the specific case of Sandstones, chemical type treatments, including Matrix Acidizing, aromatic solvent flushes, emulsifiers and others are pumped under radial flow into the formation to try to dissolve near wellbore damage. However, due to the combined nature and depth into the formation of the damaging mechanisms, chemical type treatments are not always successful.
As an alternative solution, hydraulic fracturing treatments have been performed in numerous Sandstone formations to by-pass damage around the wellbore, even if the formation's permeability is relatively high.
This paper discusses the case of a Sandstone Formation where Hydraulic Fracturing treatments have positively responded to increase the well's productivity index.
Several fracturing treatments performed in this Field over five years, have shown that a change in the design of the fracturing treatments, starting by conventional large volume treatments and ending with very small size jobs with induced screen-out, have lead to better results with respect to productivity index increase and cost savings.
Modification of Relative Permeability Curves by Polymer Adsorption
Authors: Barrufet M. A. , Ali L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A newly developed starch based biopolymer treatment to modify the relative permeability curves is presented. The hydrophilic nature of the adsorbed biopolymer causes a reduction in the water relative permeability while having a variable effect on the relative permeability to the non-wetting phase.
Starch based biopolymers have excellent viscosity in brines. Their viscosity has been found to increase with an increase in the salt concentration in the brine irrespective of the polymer concentration up to 10,000 ppm. Moreover, starch is naturally abundant, cost-effective, and environmentally safe.
Results of laboratory corefloods demonstrate a marked change in the relative permeability curves due to an adsorbed polymer layer in the sand grains. The change of the relative permeability to water is greater than the change of the non-wetting phase relative permeability. The reduction in the water relative permeability, as demonstrated in this study, indicates that starch based biopolymers should be useful in blocking water in production wells, and in plugging thief zones in injection wells while maintaining the polymer treatment cost at its minimum.
Three Modified Calculation Procedures for Estimating Swabbing Effect in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Jorge N.D.M. , Santos O.L.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents three modified calculation models for predicting swab pressure when the drillstring is pulled out of a horizontal well. They have been implemented in a computer program and the simulation runs have shown a good agreement of their predictions. The results have shown to be very dependable on the rheological model adopted for the calculations. Two rheological models have been investigated: Bingham and Power Law.
Also, the effects of some variables on swab pressure have been analyzed. The rheological properties of the drilling fluid, the drillstring speed and the length of the horizontal section have shown to have major effects on swab pressure calculations.
A more complex calculation procedure is also discussed in this paper. This procedure includes a transient flow model for a gas reservoir that allows to estimate the amount of gas entering the horizontal well when tripping out.
An Algorithm for the Stochastic Simulation of Sand Bodies
Authors: Suro-Pérez V. , Martinez L. Ramos , Pino A. Villavicencio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Boolean method is presented to simulate 2D sand lobes in a deltaic environment. Two different alternatives are used to define the shapes of geological bodies. The first defines shape using parametric functions. The second considers a discrete representation, defining each shape through a finite set of coordinates. A fast algorithm for yielding unconditional and conditional simulations of these shapes is presented and applied to model actual outcrops in Spain.
Thermodynamic Characterization of Volatile Hydrocarbon Reservoirs by Neuronal Networks
Authors: Briones M. F. , Rojas G. A. , Moreno J. A. , Hidalgo O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper we present the application of the technique of artificial neural networks to the thermodynamic characterization of reservoir fluids.The development of a demarcation system that allows the prediction of reservoir fluid type, (black oil, volatile oil or gas condensate) based on field information from production tests and validated PVT analysis is described.
Neural networks are coarse models of the human neural system an they have been used successfully in solving practical problems of pattern recognition. In this work, a carefully selected data set of eighty (80) gas-oil ratios API gravity and percentage of C7+ composition values, corresponding to black oil, gas condensate and volatile oil were used for training the neural network. The training objective was the recognition of fluid type. The trained system, was validated with two hundred and fifty (250) PVT laboratory test from eastern Venezuela showing an excellent performance in fluid type characterization. The reservoir fluid type forecasts obtained with this approach were found to be outstanding when compared to those made through the application of classifying criteria proposed by other authors. It is concluded that the proposed demarcation system is superior to the previously reported techniques.
Safety and Maintenance Management - An Overview of Program Analysis
Authors: Dey A. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Direct costs associated with the plant, facility and equipment installation and operation have continued to hold steady for many years, but the indirect costs have gone up significantly. The result of the research provided herein indicates that the indirect costs account for more than 30% of every dollar spent and the safety and maintenance issues account for over 50% of these indirect costs.
This paper provides a synopsis of an overview of the safety and maintenance management program analysis that impacts Oil, Gas and Petrochemical industries in the day-to-day operations. The rationalization and implementation of an effective program management can potentially reduce at least one-third of these costs and save billions of dollars annually for the industries world-wide. The implementation of total quality management (TQM) can extend the benefit which otherwise might not be realized.
Characterizing a Naturally Fractured High Transmissibility Gas Reservoir by Pressure Transient Tests
Authors: Quiroga H. R. , García J. Mellado , Lúquez J. A. , Alvarado R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a field case study of a naturally fractured gas reservoir, and describes monitoring and characterizing of a high transmissibility gas reservoir using pressure transient tests. The 6 wells (well system) interfere with each other and have high absolute open flow (AOF). The reservoir gas has a large quantity of high molecular weight hydrocarbons and the current static bottom hole pressure is below dew point pressure. The reservoir was stabilized at constant flow rate (total system) and transient pressure disturbances were generated in each well tested.