bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More on the mantle carbon flux
Authors: Tingle Tracy N. 
Published: October 2006

I would like to continue the discussion of the mantle carbon flux featured in the January 3, 1989, issue of Eos, between B. Marty and D. Des Marais. Although the controversy over carbon recycling by subduction is not new, the current discussion suggests that the time has come to organize a special session for the AGU 1990 Spring Meeting to address this important issue. I will be taking the initiative to organize this session and would appreciate input on the appropriate format and focus.My first of three points is that all of the isotopically light carbon (−20 to −30 ‰) liberated below 500°C in stepped‐heating carbon isotope measurements of basalts and mantle xenoliths is probably not contamination in most cases, as has been argued by Des Marais and others [Des Marais and Moore, 1984; Mattey et at., 1984]. Exley et al. [1987], in their study of basalts from Loihi seamount presented in their reply to Craig [1987], showed that a low‐temperature iso opically light component is observed even when special precautions are taken to avoid contamination. Mantle xenoliths and basalt are known to contain condensed carbonaceous films on crack surfaces and grain boundaries [Mathez and Delaney, 1981; Mathez, 1987]. It has been suggested that the isotopically light carbon is derived from these carbonaceous films [Nadeau et al, 1987] and that the films may be partly organic [Mathez, 1987; S. Nadeau et al., unpublished manuscript, 1989]. This hypothesis has been confirmed in our laboratories by thermal desorption combined with photoionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of mantle‐derived olivine single crystals, xenoliths, and host basalt from San Carlos, Ariz., and Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. A brief report of our results for San Carlos olivine crystals is given here.
JGOFS moves to the Pacific
Authors: Livingston Hugh D. 
Published: October 2006

A process study in the equatorial Pacific Ocean for 1991‐1992 has been recommended as the next major field program of the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. The study will be preceded by a planning workshop in spring 1990.The equatorial study was selected at the September meeting of the U.S. JGOFS Committee at the University of Hawaii. The committee reviewed progress made since the issuance of the U.S. Pacific Planning report (U.S. JGOFS Planning Report No. 9) and the recommendations from the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) JGOFS Pacific Planning meeting, which was at the university two days earlier.
Lancang—Gengma Earthquake: A Preliminary Report on the November 6, 1988, Event and Its Aftershocks
Authors: Chen Yuntai , Wu Francis T. 
Published: October 2006

On November 6, 1988, two earthquakes with magnitude >7 occurred within 15 minutes in southwestern Yunnan Province, China, near the Burmese border. The aftershock series in the next six weeks included three earthquakes with magnitude >6.0. Rapid deployment of accelerographs enabled us to record a large number of aftershocks, including two Ms >6 events, at near‐source distances.At 130314.5 UT on November 6 an earthquake with Ms = 7.6 (U.S. Geological Survey Ms = 7.3) occurred 40 km northwest of Lancang (Figure 1). Thirteen minutes later another large event with Ms = 7.2 (USGS Ms 6.4) occurred 60 km north‐northwest of the first shock. By December 20 more than 600 aftershocks with Ms >3 had occurred.
Seismicity of the interiors of plates in the Pacific Basin
Authors: Walker Daniel A. 
Published: October 2006

Historical listings of instrumentally recorded earthquakes raise serious questions about the validity and usefulness of the long‐held presumption that the interiors of ocean plates are aseismic stable masses. Unusual distributions of epicenters within these regions may indicate stress patterns resulting from plate motions, or may indicate nascent subduction zones, ridge systems, or hot spots.Data recorded on ocean‐bottom hydrophones and seismometers in an earlier investigation [Walker and McCreery, 1988] revealed 28 intraplate earthquakes in the deep interior of the Northwestern Pacific Basin that were unreported by the worldwide network of land‐based seismic stations. The data sources included drum recordings of hydrophones near Wake and Enewetok islands in operation for different time intervals from 1963 through 1969, tape recordings from a 9‐element 1500‐km‐long linear array of hydrophones in operation for 2 months in 1981, and tape recordings from September 1982 through 1985 of an 8‐element hydrophone array near Wake Island.
Try “SPA”
Authors: Horwitz J. S. 
Published: October 2006

We at the University of Alabama at Huntsville went through a similar discussion of names about two and a half years ago, when we were in the process of forming a research center. After rejecting possibilities involving “Space Physics” and “Solar‐Terrestrial,” we settled on the name “Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research” (CSPAR). It seems to be a comfortable but not broad umbrella to fit the various disciplines here at our institution.Hence, I suggest that the replacement for SPR could be Space Plasma and Aeronomy SPA). This is very close to one of the titles Tsurutani mentioned in his letter. I don't agree with the objection that “aeronomy” is not in the dictionary; the word is used commonly enough in the field. And the new title really isn't so long, especially since the acronym SPA would be used in most communications.
Aeronomy: The word
Authors: Chamberlain Joseph W. 
Published: October 2006

In his eloquent plea for a more appropriate name for the AGU Solar‐Planetary Relationships Section (“SPR: The Right Name?” Eos, August 1, p. 747), Bruce T. Tsurutani, SPR President‐Elect, suggests that “aeronomy” might have a place in the name but for two objections: One, it is not acceptable to some aeronomers and, two, it has not been adopted by dictionaries. Regarding the first objection, I have nothing to offer: As Bernard Shaw's Devil points out in Man and Superman, “There is no accounting for tastes.” As for the dictionaries, there isn't a problem, as I shall show.Tsurutani is essentially correct and certainly quotes conventional wisdom when he notes that “aeronomy” was coined by Sydney Chapman. However, Chapman's wife Katharine was a classics scholar and must be regarded as an “unindicted co‐conspirator” for introducing “ aeronomy” as well as for extending in 1950 the then current terminology for atmospheric regions (troposphere, tropopause, and stratosphere) to all heights. Chapman (or the Chapmans) defined aeronomy (which literally, from the Greek, is the science of air) as “the science of that part of the upper atmosphere where dissociation and ionization are important.”
Future Missions Strategy‐Implementation Study
Authors: Fox Kenneth , Siscoe George L. 
Published: October 2006

The Space Physics Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Office of Space Science and Applications will sponsor a study in 1990 to develop strategies and their implementation for future missions into the first decade of the 21st century. This Strategy‐Implementation Study has been chartered by the Space Physics Subcommittee of the Space Science and Applications Advisory Committee. The chairs for this study and this subcommittee are, respectively, Kenneth Fox and George L. Siscoe.The study includes two Division‐wide workshops preceded by several disciplinary workshops (Cosmic Ray/Heliospheric, Ionospheric‐/Mesospheric/Thermospheric, Magnetospheric, and Solar). The first Division‐wide workshop will be held in Baltimore, Md. during the week of January 24–26, 1990. The second workshop is also planned for the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. area during June 18–22, 1990. The entire space physics scientific community may participate in these and related activities. However, to assign responsibility and guarantee continuity, there will be 65 designated attendees distributed uniformly among the disciplines of the Space Physics Division. The space physics community is therefore encouraged to bring forward its concepts and suggestions to this Workshop through these appropriate Panel members. The ultimate purpose of this Study and its Workshops and other deliberations is to deliver a plan for future missions to the Space Physics Subcommittee and the Space Science and Applications Advisory Committee.
Is it safe?
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

How much chance is there that nuclear waste will leak out of its proposed resting place at Yucca Mountain in Nevada over the next 100 centuries? According to the Department of Energy, about as much chance as a volcano erupting through the site.Continued concerns about the geologic suitability of the site are behind DOE's decision to concentrate on looking for features that would disqualify it; the search will prevent the facility from receiving waste until at least 2010.
Arctic research gains new support
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Arctic Research Consortium of the United States is a new group of 15 universities and other institutions with direct interests in arctic research and education. The consortium was planned last January and formalized by representatives from 31 organizations in October in Fairbanks at the 1988 Arctic Science Conference. ARCUS president is Luis Proenza of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.ARCUS aims to provide agencies and policy makers with information about arctic problems, improve educational opportunities in arctic science, and develop partnerships in research. “We're working on our first proposals,” said executive director Chris Shepherd at ARCUS headquarters at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He said the executive committee was also considering how ARCUS could work on arctic components of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program, based on recommendations in Arctic Interactions (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., September 1988).
John H. Wolfe
Authors: Smith E. J. , Sonnett C. P. , Intriligator D. , Billingham J. 
Published: October 2006

His many friends and colleagues were shocked to learn of the untimely death of John H. Wolfe on February 27, 1989. He had been a Senior Resident Research Associate at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California for the past year.John was well known as one of the pioneers of solar wind research, and was part of the “first wave” of scientists to be involved in the scintillating scientific opportunites that characterized what many now see as the golden age of space research. In addition to being principal investigator of numerous space experiments, John was deeply involved in the planning and execution of space missions.
Charting the boreal forest's role in global change
Authors:   BOREAS Science Steering Committee
Published: October 2006

A new study lasting from 1990–1996 will focus on the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere, to clarify their roles in global change. The Boreal Eco‐system‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) centers on a cooperative field experiment integrating land surface climatology, tropospheric chemistry, and terrestrial ecology; remote sensing will play a strong integrating role. A major field effort will take place on the study's two 20×20 km sites in the boreal forest of North America, located near the biome's northern and southern limits.Studies at the two sites will explore the roles of various environmental factors such as temperature and soil moisture in controlling the extent and character of the biome. Observations of the sites from the surface, from the air, and from space aim to improve understanding of the biological and physical processes and states that govern the exchanges of energy, water, heat, carbon, and trace gases between boreal forest ecosystems and the atmosphere, with particular reference to those processes and states that may be sensitive to global change. The study will also seek to develop remote sensing techniques so that understanding of the exchange processes can be extended from local to regional scales.
New marine science organization formed
Authors: Wooster Warren S. 
Published: October 2006

A new international organization, the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) will be established to promote and coordinate marine scientific research in the northern North Pacific Ocean and the Berlin Sea. This was decided in Ottawa on December 12, 1990, when a draft convention was approved by representatives of Canada, China, Japan, the United States, and the Soviet Union.PICES will focus on research on the ocean environment and its interactions with land and atmosphere, its role and response to global weather and climate change, its flora, fauna and ecosystems, its uses and resources, and impacts upon it from human activities. Such studies relate not only to the effects of fishing and environmental change on fish stocks but also to such issues as the impacts of oil spills and other forms of pollution and the eventual consequences of climate change for uses of the ocean and its resources.
Institute for Rock Magnetism established
Authors: Banerjee Subir K. 
Published: October 2006

There is a new focal point for cooperative research in advanced rock magnetism. The University of Minnesota in Minneapolis has established an Institute for Rock Magnetism (IRM) that will provide free access to modern equipment and encourage visiting fellows to focus on important topics in rock magnetism and related interdisciplinary research. Funding for the first three years has been secured from the National Science Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the University of Minnesota.In the fall of 1986, the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism (GP) section of the AGU held a workshop at Asilomar, Calif., to pinpoint important and emerging research areas in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, and the means by which to achieve them. In a report of this workshop published by the AGU in September 1987, two urgent needs were set forth. The first was for interdisciplinary research involving rock magnetism, and mineralogy, petrology, sedimentology, and the like. The second need was to ease the access of rock magnetists and paleomagnetists around the country to the latest equipment in modern magnetics technology, such as magneto‐optics or electronoptics. Three years after the publication of the report, we announced the opening of these facilities at the GP section of the AGU Fall 1990 Meeting. A classified advertisement inviting applications for visiting fellowships was published in the January 22, 1991, issue of Eos.
Hydrologic processes in global climate change
Authors: Lettenmaier Dennis 
Published: October 2006

Popular concerns over global resource issues have focused attention on the description of the dynamics of hydrologic processes at scales much larger than the traditional river basin. Improved, remotely sensed land surface data on a global scale and improved large‐scale global circulation models (GCMs) have fueled the need to better integrate hydrologic processes with land surface features and atmospheric dynamics. Until recently, however, the interaction between climate modelers and hydrologists has been weak.Given a prescribed geographic distribution of sea surface temperature, GCM models can approximately simulate long‐term, large area mean precipitation, runoff, and other hydrologic variables. Runoff is the amount of precipitation leaving an area in surface drainage in contrast to that which infiltrates into the subsurface. Some hydrologists have been involved in so‐called “effects” modeling, in which they attempt to use GCM output to assess the sensitivity of hydrologic systems to global warming. These efforts have made hydrologists painfully aware of the incompatibility of temporal and spatial scales between the GCMs and basin‐scale hydrologic models in common use. GCM model simulations with and without mountains have been used to demonstrate the role of the mountains in controlling soil wetness in the North American mid‐continent “Manabe, 1990”. Improvements in spatial resolution of the land surface does affect model performance, particularly in the influence of orographic processes and the scale‐dependence of the representation of mountain‐induced gravity wave drag. Simulation of runoff at the river basin scale using a GCM “pot model” (a lumped representation of hydrologic processes) has been compared with simple nonlinear soil moisture models. The results suggest that runoff predicted by the GCM has statistical characteristics much more similar to the rainfall input of the model itself than it does to actual observed runoff. Incorporation of a relatively simple representation of the soil moisture dependence of infiltration, along with a simple representation of base flow, leads to much better agreement with the statistical character of simulated runoff. Hydrologic characterization of large areas will improve as spatially distributed soil moisture modeling continues to evolve and remotely sensed data becomes available from the Earth Observing System [Wood, 1990].
OEDIPUS‐A: Space research with a new tether
Authors: James H. G. , Whalen B. A. 
Published: October 2006

The launch of the tethered payload OEDIPUS‐A on January 30, 1989 established a new record for the maximum length (958 m) of a space tether. The flight achieved a number of novel objectives in ionospheric plasma physics and tether technology. This report outlines the OEDIPUS experiment (defined as Observations of Electric‐field Distributions in the Ionospheric Plasma—a Unique Strategy) and gives some of its preliminary scientific results.In the 1970s, the word “tether” took on new meaning as space scientists began to plan pairs of spacecraft wired together to co‐orbit. Much of the work on tethers in space centers on the idea of flying the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Shuttle with a tethered subsatellite. This will materialize in 1992 when NASA and the Italian Space Agency collaborate on the Shuttle experiment Tethered Satellite System [Bonifazi, 1987]. The first version of this experiment uses a conducting tether to draw current from the ionospheric plasma, thereby inducing a variety of electrodynamic phenomena. In addition to providing an experimental facility for plasma electrodynamics, the tethered system is a large flexible structure, and hence an interesting subject for space mechanics research in its own right.
Topographic stress in the oceans
Authors: Holloway Greg , Müller Peter 
Published: October 2006

The influence of seafloor topography on ocean circulation has long been a subject of research and speculation. Recent attention to this topic has shown that the interaction with currents is both more complicated and (possibly) more influential than may have been supposed.An important question is whether inadequate representation of topographic effects in numerical ocean models may be a significant source of model infidelity. On the other side, direct observation of momentum exchange between the ocean and variations of seafloor elevation remains a daunting challenge. To focus on these and related issues and to consider possible avenues for future research, the workshop Topographic Stress was held January 23–25, 1989, at Keahou Bay, Kona, Hawaii, drawing on numerical modelers, oceanic observers, theorists, atmospheric scientists and laboratory modelers.
Mineral physics and mineral chemistry in Canada
Authors: McCammon Catherine 
Published: October 2006

A number of different groups in Canada carry out research on the physics and chemistry of minerals. The majority of the research is conducted within universities, with the remainder occurring at government laboratories. Research groups span a wide range of disciplines, which include physics, chemistry, and materials science, as well as geology.Mineral physics research in Canada differs somewhat from the research that is carried out south of the border, and the difference can be attributed to several factors. With a population of one‐tenth that of its southern neighbor, Canada has significantly fewer scientists working on mineral physics problems. The smaller number of scientists combined with the vast area over which Canadian research institutions are distributed means that there are fewer scientists per institution that are working on mineral physics problems. The result is that many research groups focus not on mineral physics alone, but on problems such as magnetic properties of materials, with studies of minerals being but one component of the research.
Ambient noise beneath the seafloor
Authors: Stephen Ralph A. 
Published: October 2006

Simultaneous measurements of ambient noise were first made at several depths in the seafloor in August/September 1989, in a borehole off the Florida coast. Ambient noise levels decreased by a factor of three in amplitude (10 dB) between 10–100 m downhole (see figure) in the frequency range 2–50 Hz. As distance increased between the detector and the seafloor, the ambient noise levels decreased.Why do we care about ambient noise in the seafloor? One reason is that ambient noise levels limit the magnitude of earthquakes that can be detected. On land, earthquake monitoring stations are frequently placed in boreholes where better observations can be obtained. The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology consortium has identified the need for borehole seismic installations on the seafloor to improve the resolution of earthquake locations and of the source mechanisms of oceanic earthquakes. However, the study of ambient noise can be a fascinating subject in its own right. We do not yet completely understand how weather generates noise in the ocean, nor how the noise propagates and is distributed within the ocean and seafloor.
New study assesses federal research support
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The Office of Technology Assessment's (OTA) new study on research funding began to spark controversy even before being released in its entirety. Science magazine called the report “heresy” for violating reigning beliefs on the state of U.S. science.“Given the exceptional history, strength, and character of U.S. research, there will always be more opportunities than can be funded, more deserving researchers competing than can be sustained, and more institutions seeking to expand than the prime sponsor—the federal government—can fund,” said the report's summary. “The objective for government, then, is to ensure continued funding for a full portfolio of first‐rate research and a high‐caliber research work force to assure long‐term scientific progress.”
Space‐based surface wind vectors to aid understanding of air‐sea interactions
Authors: Atlas R. , Bloom S. C. , Hoffman R. N. , Ardizzone J. V. , Brin G. 
Published: October 2006

Our understanding and prediction of the large‐scale air‐sea interactions that are thought to significantly influence both the atmosphere and ocean can be improved by consistent oceanic surface wind data of high quality and high temporal and spatial resolution. Surface wind stress provides the most important forcing of the ocean circulation and the fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum across the air‐sea boundary are important factors in theories of El Nñio‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the 50‐day oscillation. Unfortunately, an adequate observational data base to perform such studies has been lacking.In this paper, we describe a new and unique ocean surface wind data set derived by combining the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data with other conventional data, presenting both the methodology and some examples of the results. We are currently using these data in several studies, as discussed in the conclusion, and are preparing a more detailed description of the development and testing of our algorithms. These data are available through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ocean Data System (NODS).