bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of health expenditures in China from 2000 to 2019 compared with the world and upper-middle-income countries
Authors: Zeng Xindian , Chen Lijie , Chen Lu 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundFairness in health funding has always been a priority in China. This article aims to study the trends in total health expenditure (THE), government health expenditure (GHE), social health expenditure (SHE), and out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOPHE) among China, the world, and upper-middle-income countries from 2000 to 2019. The goal is to provide a theoretical basis for the Chinese government to adjust and formulate health-related policies.MethodsAggregate time-series data were collected from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank (WB) Open Data sources from 2000 to 2019. These data were compared and some of it analyzed using cluster analysis methods.ResultsThe financing structure level of THE in China is currently above average among upper-middle-income countries. The proportion of THE in GDP for upper-middle-income countries and China remains relatively stable and slow growth, and is consistently lower than the world average. The proportions of GHE and SHE in THE in China and upper-middle-income countries converged toward the world average level. But the proportion of OOPHE in THE in China is higher than that of two. Overall, the proportions of GHE exhibited an upward trend and the proportion of SHE and OOPHE exhibited a downward trend in China. What's more, the changes in China are more pronounced. The proportion of THE in GDP of China increased by 0.84% from 2000 to 2019, and it ranked 24th among the 51 upper-middle-income countries in 2019, and Compared with it in 2000 there has been a consistently positive increase rate. The per capita health expenditure in China was $42.11 in 2000 and it's $535.13 in 2019, which rapidly grow to the level of upper-middle-income countries and narrow the gap with the level of the world.ConclusionThe financing structure of THE is increasingly optimized, but the level of financing still needs improvement in China. The government should continue to optimize the financing structure of THE, increase GHE, encourage social capital investment, decrease the proportion of OOPHE, diversify financing and reimbursement policies to promote hierarchical medical system, promote health management for an aging population, and formulate health expenditure plans for public health emergencies.
The role of C-reactive protein in predicting all-cause mortality among Chinese arthritis patients: implications for public health education and promotion
Authors: Ye Shuchao , Ye Damei , Lin Changyi , Lu Dongming , You Xuelan , Xu Chaoyan , Wu Yongyang 
Published: February 2025

ObjectiveArthritis poses a significant public health challenge, contributing to increased healthcare resource utilization and reduced quality of life. C-reactive protein (CRP), a key inflammatory biomarker, plays a critical role in monitoring disease progression and guiding health promotion strategies. This study aims to investigate the association between CRP levels and all-cause mortality in Chinese arthritis patients, highlighting its implications for public health education and intervention programs.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2020. Individuals diagnosed with arthritis in 2011 were included, with CRP levels as the primary exposure variable and mortality as the outcome of interest. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess the relationship between CRP levels and mortality risk, emphasizing the potential for targeted health education and promotion interventions.ResultsA total of 3,413 participants were analyzed, with 87 deaths recorded during the 10-year follow-up period. Deceased individuals were older and exhibited higher levels of CRP, creatinine, and uric acid, alongside lower BMI, MET, eGFR, and HGB. Across three Cox regression models, elevated CRP levels (≥3 mg/L) were significantly associated with increased mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.73 (2.23–6.23), HR = 3.00 (1.79–5.01), HR = 4.94 (1.77–13.78), respectively]. Kaplan–Meier survival curves further confirmed that arthritis patients with CRP levels ≥3 mg/L faced a markedly higher mortality risk.ConclusionElevated CRP levels are strongly associated with increased all-cause mortality in arthritis patients, underscoring the importance of integrating CRP monitoring into public health education and promotion strategies. Efforts to control inflammation and promote health literacy regarding arthritis management may improve survival outcomes and reduce the public health burden associated with arthritis.
Is leisure sedentary time associated with mental health issues? Evidence from China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Li Hao , Zeng Weihong 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundThe relationship between leisure sedentary behaviors and mental health remains inconclusive. This study aims to provide evidence on leisure sedentary behaviors on mental health using longitudinal data, along with its moderating and mediating roles.MethodsWe utilized data from four waves (2006–2015) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), focusing on adults who completed their education, with a total sample of 23,693 observations. Leisure sedentary time, the independent variable, was measured based on self-reported data, while mental health issues were the dependent variables based on the Simplified Symptom Self-Rating Scale (SCL) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). The primary analysis employed ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Potential endogeneity was addressed by instrumental variable (IV) method via two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression and a continuous difference-in-differences (DID) design.ResultsOur findings indicate that high levels of sedentary time are associated adversely with mental health issues. Moderating roles show that improving health literacy and reducing sedentary time were effective in alleviating this adverse impact. Among older adults, social engagement and support from female caregivers showed greater potential to reduce the detrimental mental health impact of leisure sedentary time. Furthermore, obesity serve as its mediating role.ConclusionThis study highlights the potential adverse impact of increased leisure sedentary time on mental health among Chinese population. These results provide a foundation for public health initiatives aimed at addressing the rising prevalence of sedentary behavior and its association with mental health issues.
Clinical validation of an artificial intelligence algorithm for classifying tuberculosis and pulmonary findings in chest radiographs
Authors: de Camargo Thiago Fellipe Ortiz , Ribeiro Guilherme Alberto Sousa , da Silva Maria Carolina Bueno , da Silva Luan Oliveira , Torres Pedro Paulo Teixeira e Silva , da Silva Denise do Socorro Rodrigues , de Santos Mayler Olombrada Nunes , Filho William Salibe , Rosa Marcela Emer Egypto , Novaes Magdala de Araujo , Massarutto Thiago Augusto , Junior Osvaldo Landi , Yanata Elaine , Reis Marcio Rodrigues da Cunha , Szarf Gilberto , Netto Pedro Vieira Santana , de Paiva Joselisa Peres Queiroz 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundChest X-ray (CXR) interpretation is critical in diagnosing various lung diseases. However, physicians, not specialists, are often the first ones to read them, frequently facing challenges in accurate interpretation. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms could be of great help, but using real-world data is crucial to ensure their effectiveness in diverse healthcare settings. This study evaluates a deep learning algorithm designed for CXR interpretation, focusing on its utility for non-specialists in thoracic radiology physicians.PurposeTo assess the performance of a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)-based AI algorithm in interpreting CXRs and compare it with a team of physicians, including thoracic radiologists, who served as the gold-standard.MethodsA retrospective study from January 2021 to July 2023 evaluated an algorithm with three independent models for Lung Abnormality, Radiological Findings, and Tuberculosis. The algorithm's performance was measured using accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Two groups of physicians validated the model: one with varying specialties and experience levels in interpreting chest radiographs (Group A) and another of board-certified thoracic radiologists (Group B). The study also assessed the agreement between the two groups on the algorithm's heatmap and its influence on their decisions.ResultsIn the internal validation, the Lung Abnormality and Tuberculosis models achieved an AUC of 0.94, while the Radiological Findings model yielded a mean AUC of 0.84. During the external validation, utilizing the ground truth generated by board-certified thoracic radiologists, the algorithm achieved better sensitivity in 6 out of 11 classes than physicians with varying experience levels. Furthermore, Group A physicians demonstrated higher agreement with the algorithm in identifying markings in specific lung regions than Group B (37.56% Group A vs. 21.75% Group B). Additionally, physicians declared that the algorithm did not influence their decisions in 93% of the cases.ConclusionThis retrospective clinical validation study assesses an AI algorithm's effectiveness in interpreting Chest X-rays (CXR). The results show the algorithm's performance is comparable to Group A physicians, using gold-standard analysis (Group B) as the reference. Notably, both Groups reported minimal influence of the algorithm on their decisions in most cases.
Perspectives on the adoption of black-soldier fly larvae for animal feed among livestock farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nyamuhirwa Dieu-Merci Akonkwa , Feleke Shiferaw , Dontsop Nguezet Paul-Martin , Sissoko Dioukou , Moussa Bokar , Kouakou Abel-Gautier , Zakari Seydou , Abdoulaye Tahirou , Manyong Victor 
Published: February 2025

IntroductionBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are increasingly promoted as cost-effective, and environmentally friendly source of protein in animal nutrition. However, there is limited information about farmers' adoption rates and the factors influencing their adoption decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article assesses livestock farmers' actual and potential adoption rates of BSFL and determinants of their adoption decisions.MethodsIn this paper, we used the treatment effect framework approach on data collected from 1,885 fish, poultry, and pig smallholder farmers in five cities of four West and Central African countries, including Kinshasa and Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Accra in Ghana, Bamako in Mali, and Niamey in Niger.Results and discussionThe results show that about 20 percent of surveyed farmers are aware of BSFL as a protein source in animal feed, and the actual adoption rate of BSFL is four percent. However, the treatment effect analysis showed that the adoption rate could quadruple if all farmers were aware. This result suggests that successful awareness creation can boost the actual adoption of BSFL, which currently stands at four percent. The awareness creation should target educated livestock farmers with access to group membership, credit, extension services, and diversified income sources to influence their decisions to adopt BSFL as a source of protein in animal feed.
ETIKA PERANG SALAHUDDIN AL-AYYUBI DALAM PERANG SALIB 1174-1192 M.
Authors: Nurrohim Nurrohim 
Published: February 2025

Terdapat beberapa cerita berkenaan dengan kemasyhuran etika/ akklak Salahuddin al-Ayyubi terhadap lawannya, salah satunya adalah kisah rivalitas sehat antara dirinya dengan Raja Richard. Dalam upaya merebut Jerussalem dari tangan kekuasaan Salahuddin, Raja Richard memenangkan pertempuran Asur, namun ketika berusaha untuk melanjutkan penyerangan ke Jerussalem Raja Richard menderita kelelahan yang sangat dan kekuarangan suplai makanan. Salahuddin kemudian dengan sukarela mengirimkan bantuan makanan dan mengirim dokter pribadi untuk memeriksa kesehatan Raja Richard. Kisah rivalitas sehat ini yang kemudian masyhur di kalangan Barat. Penelitian ini berusaha menggali data berkenaan tentang individu Salahuddin dan etika yang ia terapkan selama Perang Salib. Batasan 1174-1192 M. adalah batasan ketika Salahuddin mulai memerintah dan mendirikan Daulah Abbasiyah sampai ketika ia meninggal di tahun 1192 M.. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah penedekatan multidimesional yang meliputi pendekatan sejarah, agama dan politik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertimbangan dalam pengambilan keputusan oleh Salahuddin selama Perang Salib selalu ia hubungkan dengan pemahaman maupun kepatuhan keagamaannya. Ia berpegang kepada al-Qur’an maupun Hadis serta senantiasa berpegang kepada uswah hasanah Nabi Muhammad SAW. Ini menjadi jawaban terhadap etika perang yang dianut oleh Salahuddin al-Ayyubi.
Sejarah Perang Salib dan Akibat yang Ditimbulkan Terhadap Peradaban Islam
Authors: Juirah  , Tajuddin Fatjri Nur 
Published: February 2025

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Mengkaji dan menganalisis sejarah perang salip; 2) Mengulas akibat yang ditimbulkan dari perang salib terhadap peradaban Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian library research dengan menggali data dari beberapa literatur sejarah mengenai peristiwa perang salib dan dampaknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa perang salib merupakan peperangan politik yang dibalut dengan desas-dasus agama antara pasukan Barat (Kristen) dengan pasukan Timur (Islam) di Asia Barat dan Eropa. Awal mula pecahnya perang adalah saat tersiarnya berita tuduhan oleh Peters Amin, bahwa umat Islam telah bertindak tidak wajar kepada umat Kristen di Yerussalem, dan pidato Paus Urbanus II yang menyeru kepada umat Kristiani agar melakukan perang yang mereka sebut perang suci. Perang ini berlangsung pada tahun 1096 M- 1291 M. Dikenal sebagai perang salib karena pasukan Barat menggunakan atribut salib sebagai identitas dan lambang mereka selama peperangan berlangsung. Akibat yang ditimbulkan perang tersebut terhadap peradaban Islam adalah adanya kerugian dari segi materil sebab perang terjadi di wilayah kekuasaan Islam. Selain itu, perang salib juga menyebabkan akulturasi antara dunia Timur dengan dunia Barat. Penerjemahan kitab orang Timur oleh Orang Barat, serta pengadopsian arsitektur Barat seperti pada Masjid al-Nashir, dan terjalinnya hubungan dagang antara keduanya.
A Unifying Polarization Formalism for Electric and Magnetic Multipole Interactions
Authors: Casini R. , Manso Sainz R. , López Ariste A. , Kaikati N. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We extend the spherical tensorial formalism for polarization to the treatment of electric and magnetic multipole transitions of any order. We rely on the spherical-wave expansion to derive the tensor form of the operator describing the interaction of the atomic system with a polarized radiation field, which naturally leads to the introduction of spherical tensors describing the polarization properties of the interacting field. As a direct application, the formalism is used to model the radiation anisotropy affecting the scattering of radiation in an electric quadrupole transition and the associated Hanle effect in the presence of a magnetic field.
Investigating the Efficacy of Topologically Derived Time Series for Flare Forecasting. I. Data Set Preparation
Authors: Williams Thomas , Prior Christopher B. , MacTaggart David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The accurate forecasting of solar flares is considered a key goal within the solar physics and space weather communities. There is significant potential for flare prediction to be improved by incorporating topological fluxes of magnetogram data sets, without the need to invoke three-dimensional magnetic field extrapolations. Topological quantities such as magnetic helicity and magnetic winding have shown significant potential toward this aim, and provide spatiotemporal information about the complexity of active region magnetic fields. This study develops time series that are derived from the spatial fluxes of helicity and winding that show significant potential for solar flare prediction. It is demonstrated that time-series signals, which correlate with flare onset times, also exhibit clear spatial correlations with eruptive activity, establishing a potential causal relationship. A significant database of helicity and winding fluxes and associated time series across 144 active regions is generated using Space-Weather HMI Active Region Patches data processed with the Active Region Topology (or ARTop) code that forms the basis of the time-series and spatial investigations conducted here. We find that a number of time series in this data set often exhibit extremal signals that occur 1–8 hr before a flare. This publicly available living data set will allow users to incorporate these data into their own flare prediction algorithms.
Fluctuations Driven by Multicomponent Pickup Ion Distributions in the Outer Heliosheath
Authors: Mousavi Ameneh , Roytershteyn Vadim , Fraternale Federico , Pogorelov Nikolai 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The stability of a realistic multicomponent pickup ion (PUI) velocity distribution derived from a global model of neutral atoms in the heliosphere, which treats hydrogen and helium atoms self-consistently and includes equations for electrons and helium ions, is investigated using linear instability analysis and hybrid simulations. Linear instability analysis shows that the excited oblique mirror waves and the parallel/quasi-parallel Alfvén-cyclotron (AC) waves have lower growth rates than those obtained previously by A. Mousavi et al. for the PUI velocity distributions given by J. Heerikhuisen et al. The PUI scattering by each of the two modes alone is studied. In contrast to the previous investigations, our current simulations using the updated realistic distributions indicate that mirror waves alone do not effectively scatter PUIs in pitch angle. Instead, they primarily contribute to reducing the thermal spread anisotropy of the PUIs originating from the neutral solar wind. The unstable AC waves exhibit lower growth rates but higher saturation levels than the mirror waves. Two-dimensional (2D) simulation results show that when all unstable waves are present, the predominant contributor to the fluctuating magnetic field energy is the AC mode. The AC waves quickly scatter the PUIs with pitch angles away from 90∘ toward isotropy, while the PUIs near 90∘ pitch angle maintain a degree of anisotropy within our simulation timeframe. Moreover, several 1D and 2D hybrid simulations with different numbers of particles per cell are performed to examine the impact of numerical noise on PUI scattering. Finally, the implications of these results for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer energetic neutral atom ribbon are discussed.
Dust Dynamics in Radially Convective Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Lin Min-Kai , Lehmann Marius 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Hydrodynamic instabilities likely operate in protoplanetary disks. One candidate, convective overstability (COS), can be triggered in regions with a negative radial entropy gradient. The ensuing turbulence and flow structures are expected to affect dust dynamics directly. We revisit the interaction between dust and the COS with high-resolution spectral simulations in the unstratified, axisymmetric Boussinesq shearing box framework. We find zonal flows, or pressure bumps, formed by the COS trap dust, as expected, but dust densities increase at most by a factor of O(10) over its background value due to the zonal flows’ unsteady nature. Furthermore, dust feedback can impede the formation of zonal flows, even at small dust-to-gas ratios ϵ ∼ O(0.1). We interpret this phenomenon as a competition between the negative gas angular momentum flux associated with zonal flow formation and the positive dust angular momentum flux associated with its drift toward pressure maxima. Dust concentration significantly weakens when a large-scale radial pressure gradient induces a background dust drift. Ultimately, we find that dust concentration by COS-induced zonal flows is limited to ϵ ≲ 1. Whether this can be improved under more realistic geometries must be addressed with stratified and full 3D simulations at equivalent resolutions.
Constraints on the Variation of the Fine-structure Constant at 3 < z < 10 with JWST Emission-line Galaxies
Authors: Jiang Linhua , Fu Shuqi , Wang Feige , Bosman Sarah E. I. , Cai Zheng , Jun Hyunsung D. , Pan Zhiwei , Sun Fengwu , Yang Jinyi , Zhang Huanian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present constraints on the spacetime variation of the fine-structure constant α at redshifts 2.5 ≤ z < 9.5 using JWST emission-line galaxies (ELGs). The galaxy sample consists of 621 high-quality spectra with strong and narrow [O iii] λλ4959,5007 doublet emission lines from 578 galaxies, including 232 spectra at z > 5. The [O iii] doublet lines are arguably the best emission lines to probe the variation in α. We divide our sample into six subsamples based on redshift and calculate the relative variation Δα/α for the individual subsamples. The calculated Δα/α values are consistent with zero within 1σ at all redshifts, suggesting no time variation in α above a level of (1–2) × 10−4 (1σ) in the past 13.2 billion yr. When the whole sample is combined, the constraint is improved to be Δα/α = (0.2 ± 0.7) × 10−4. We further test the spatial variation in α using four subsamples of galaxies in four different directions on the sky. The measured Δα/α values are consistent with zero at a 1σ level of ∼2 × 10−4. While the constraints in this work are not as stringent as those from lower-redshift quasar absorption lines in previous studies, this work uses an independent tracer and provides the first constraints on Δα/α at the highest redshifts. With the growing number of ELGs from JWST, we expect to achieve stronger constraints in the future.
Looking at Infrared Background Radiation Anisotropies with Spitzer: Large-scale Anisotropies and Their Implications
Authors: Kashlinsky A. , Arendt Richard G. , Ashby M. L. N. , Kruk J. , Odegard N. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We use Spitzer/IRAC deep-exposure data covering two significantly larger than before sky areas to construct maps suitable for evaluating source-subtracted fluctuations in the cosmic infrared background (CIB). The maps are constructed using the self-calibration methodology eliminating artifacts to sufficient accuracy, and subset maps are selected in each area containing approximately uniform exposures. These maps are clipped and removed of known sources and then Fourier transformed to probe the CIB anisotropies to new larger scales. The power spectrum of the resultant CIB anisotropies is measured from the data to >1°, revealing the component well above that from remaining known galaxies on scales

>
1
′

. The fluctuations are demonstrated to be free of Galactic and solar system foreground contributions out to the largest scales measured. We discuss the proposed theories for the origin of the excess CIB anisotropies in light of the new data. Out of these, the model where the CIB fluctuation excess originates from the granulation power due to LIGO-observed primordial black holes as dark matter appears most successful in accounting for all observations related to the measured CIB power amplitude and spatial structure, including the measured coherence between the CIB and unresolved cosmic X-ray background (CXB). Finally we point out the use of the data to probe the CIB-CXB cross power to new scales and higher accuracy. We also discuss the synergy of these data with future CIB programs at shorter near-IR wavelengths with deep wide surveys and subarcsecond angular resolution as provided by Euclid and Roman space missions.