bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flour quality tests for selected wheat cultivars and their relationship to Arabic bread quality
Authors: Quail Ken J , McMaster Graham J , Wootton Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalytical and rheological parameters were established for flours from nine selected wheat cultivars, each covering a range of protein contents. Arabic and pan breads were baked from these flours and baking quality was determined.Wheat cultivars were found to differ in their suitability for Arabic bread production. Within cultivars the relationship between protein content and Arabic bread score was best described by a quadratic equation.Traditional flour quality tests do not adequately describe the flour quality requirements for Arabic bread as clearly as for pan bread. Ranges and optimum values for a number of parameters can be set to describe flours most likely to be suited to the production of Arabic bread. However, for reliable evaluation of baking quality for Arabic bread, flours fitting the prescribed range must be test baked.
Liquid/liquid phase equilibrium in the globulin/salt/water systems. Vicilin
Authors: Popello Irina A , Suchkov Vladimir V , Grinberg Valeriy Ya , Tolstoguzov Vladimir B 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of temperature, salt concentration and dielectric constant of the medium on the liquid/liquid equilibrium in broad bean vicilin/sodium chloride/water and pea vicilin/sodium chloride/water systems was investigated, and the upper critical points were obtained. The critical protein concentration and critical exponents for vicilin‐containing systems are compared with those for legumin‐containing systems. Phase separation in the vicilin solutions was observed at a lower salt concentration than phase separation in the legumin solutions.
Poured feed blocks using distillery by‐products as supplements for ruminants
Authors: Zhu Xinsheng , Deyoe Charles W , Behnke Keith C , Seib Paul A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA technique was developed in this study for preparing solid poured feed blocks as supplements for ruminants. Blocks containing liquid condensed solubles and dried distillers grain with solubles as the base material and protein source were prepared with different cementing agents. A method for testing the hardness of blocks, an index of the physical durability, was also developed. The hardness of blocks was positively related to the concentration of magnesium oxide and to the length of storage time. Ferrous sulphate, on the other hand, had a synergistic effect with magnesium oxide which accelerated the setting of blocks after 24 h. A feeding trial revealed a negative relationship between daily intake by cattle and hardness of blocks. Blocks prepared with about 4% magnesium oxide and 3% ferrous sulphate provide a dry, weather‐resistant supplement with a degree of hardness that allows an optimum rate of intake.
Influence of different mulch materials on soil temperature, soil water content and yield of three cassava cultivars
Authors: Mbagwu J S C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a study with three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars (Local, TMS4(2)1425 and TMS30572) grown under straw, black polythene and white polythene mulches the fresh tuber yield and yield components were greater than for those grown on bare (control) plots, although the magnitude of increase was cultivar dependent. The order of response was white polythene > straw > black polythene > bare (control). The yield differences were caused by the effects of the mulches on the temperature and water content of the soil surface. Maximum daily soil temperature was lowest on the straw plots (32·5°C), about equal on the bare and white polythene treatments (38·6°C vs 39·8°C) and highest on the black polythene plots (45·0°C). In 1986 the soil moisture reserve was depleted by 84%, 46%, 29% and 24% on the bare, straw, black polythene and white polythene plots within a 60‐day period following the last rain, suggesting that it was soil temperature rather than soil moisture which accounted for the large yield differences under black and white polythene.
Effect of relative humidity and incubation time on the O‐methylation of chlorophenols in fibreboard by Paecilomyces variotii
Authors: Hitfield Frank B , Nguyen T H Ly , Tindale C Ross 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of relative humidity and incubation time on the extent of O‐methylation of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol by Paecilomyces variotii as studied ith fibreboard as the groth medium. Over a 10‐eek incubation period the yields of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole and 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole ere greater the higher the relative humidity; hoever, the degree of methylation of pentachlorophenol as almost negligible. At 30°C and 98% relative humidity, the methylation of the tri‐ and tetrachlorophenols ceased after the fourth eek; maximum chloroanisole concentrations ere observed at this time. The results indicated that methylation as the principal mechanism by hich P variotii detoxified 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol and 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol in fibreboard.
Biochemical basis of insect resistance in inged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds
Authors: Gatehouse Angharad M R , Hoe David S , Flemming Joyce E , Hilder Vaughan A , Gatehouse John A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMature seeds of the inged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) are toxic to developing larvae of a range of cosmopolitan storage Bruchidae of economic importance, including the copea seed eevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Insect feeding trials ere carried out in hich protein fractions from seeds of inged bean ere incorporated at a range of concentrations into artificial seeds, and their effects upon development of C maculatus determined. Both albumin and globulin fractions ere toxic to the developing larvae and their toxicity correlated ith their haemagglutinating activity. Assay of Psophocarpin A, B and C fractions demonstrated Psophocarpin B to be the most insecticidal and to contain the highest haemagglutinating activity. Purified basic seed lectin as highly insecticidal to C maculatus larvae, ith an LC50 value of c. 3·5 g kg−1. The physiological level of this protein in inged bean seeds is sufficient to account for their resistance to attack by C maculatus. inged bean trypsin inhibitor as also purified and tested in artificial seeds against C maculatus. Hoever, even at concentrations in excess of tice the physiological concentration it had no deleterious effects upon development.
Breadmaking quality of ten greek breadheats. II. Relationships of protein, lipid and starch components to baking quality
Authors: Matsoukas Nikitas P , Morrison Illiam R 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProtein, lipid and starch components of ten Greek inter bread heats (four poor quality soft milling varieties, and to soft and four hard milling varieties of good quality) ere examined for possible relationships ith bread loaf volume and volumes in sedimentation tests for flour quality. High molecular eight glutenin subunit quality scores ere loer (4, 4, 6, 6) in the poor quality heats than in the good quality heats (6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 10) and ere only roughly correlated ith the other quality parameters. Gliadin electrophoregram patterns ere distinctive for most heats and might be useful for variety identification, but consistent occurrence of γ‐gliadin 40, associated ith eakness, and γ‐gliadin 43.5, associated ith strength, as not observed. The ratio non‐polar/polar free lipids as highly correlated (P < 0.001) ith loaf volumes using both long fermentation and activated (chemical) dough development processes. Starch granule composition, selling and gelatinisation properties, hich ere very similar to those of other heat starches, did not relate to baking quality. A 15‐kDa protein on the surface of starch granules associated ith endosperm softness as found in the soft heats.
Effect of natural fermentation on phytate and polyphenolic content and in‐vitro digestibility of starch and protein of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum)
Authors: Kheterpaul Neelam , Chauhan Bhag Mal 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNatural fermentation at 20, 25 and 30°C for 72 h brought about a significant reduction in phytic acid content of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich) flour. The phytate content was almost eliminted in the flour fermented at 30°C. An increase in polyphenol content of fermented flour was noticed, the higher the temperature of fermentation the greater was the increase in polyphenol content of pearl millet. An improvement in starch as well as protein digestibility (in vitro) was noticed at all the temperatures of natural fermentation, the highest being at 30°C.
Effects of long‐term herbicide use, irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility in an apple orchard
Authors: Hipps Neil A , Samuelson Timothy J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1972 an experiment was set up to investigate the long‐term effects of herbicide, irrigation and two rates of nitrochalk fertiliser application on soil fertility in a Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard. Samples taken in 1986 showed that uncultivated soil which had been maintained bare by herbicide had much lower organic C, total N and extractable K and Mg concentrations than soil which had been maintained under grass. Extractable P concentrations were lower in soil under grass than in soil under herbicide. In the absence of grass, soil pH was slightly lower than in its presence. All these effects were much greater at depths above 7·5 cm than below.Irrigation of the grass slightly increased organic C and total N levels at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass but had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg.Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha−1 had no effect on organic C, total N, extractable P and K. Yet, throughout the soil profile, extractable Mg concentrations were greater at the low than at the high N fertiliser rate.In a seedling growth test on soil taken from the orchard in 1988 (and confirmed to be free from residual herbicide), apple seedlings grown in soil which had previously been under grass grew significantly better than those in soil which had been bare. These differences were ascribed to a greater rate of N mineralisation in the soil formerly under grass.The results of this trial indicate that to safeguard soil fertility it is necessary to maintain a grass cover in the orchard. In addition, fertiliser application on newly planted trees should be adjusted to take account of the presence or absence of grass in the previous soil management treatment.
Chemical and physico‐chemical characterisation of fibres from Laminaria digitata (kombu breton): A physiological approach
Authors: Fleury N , Lahaye M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe content and chemical composition of soluble and insoluble dietary fibres from the brown marine alga Laminaria digitata (kombu breton) were determined. Two enzymic‐gravimetric methods were used to determine (1) the content of soluble and insoluble fibres according to a modification of the AOAC procedure, and (2) the distribution of the soluble fibres in saline buffer at 37°C and at pH 2·0 and 7·5 used to simulate the gastric and intestinal phases of digestion, respectively. The total dietary fibre contents obtained by the two methods were similar (37·3 and 40·0%) and of these 84·8–87·4% was soluble. A partitioning of soluble fibres may occur during digestion since 49·3% was recovered in saline buffer at pH 2·0 whereas 50·7% was recovered in saline buffer at pH 7·5. Solubility of dietary fibres was related to the chemistry of brown algal polysaccharides. Fucans and laminarans were essentially soluble at pH 2·0 and alginate at pH 7·5, and insoluble fibres consisted primarily of cellulose.Oil adsorption and hydration properties (uptake, retention and swelling) in water, 154 mM NaCl, and 38 mM CaCl2 at 20 and 37°C of three particle sizes of L digitata were measured. Oil adsorption was low (0·16–0·41 g g−1) and was related to the particle size of the fibres. Hydration properties were more important with small particles except in CaCl2 solution and followed the order water > NaCl > CaCl2. Water uptake and swelling were greater at 37°C than at 20°C. The overall decrease in hydration properties observed with solutions of ionic strength ∼0·15 was interpreted as reflecting the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between charged polysaccharides. The lowest water uptake, water retention and swelling were obtained with solutions of CaCl2, and were related to the known selective afinity of alginate for calcium. Thus, L digitata is especially rich in soluble dietaryfibres, and these have physico‐chemical properties characteristic of the polysaccharides present. Water absorption and uptake and swelling can be modulated according lovarious physical and chemical parameters.
Analytical recovery of chromium from diet and faeces determined by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Saha Dhanonjoy C , Gilbreath Rex L 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present study examined whether differences in mineral content of the diet or faecal samples contribute to variation in analytical recovery of marker chromium from these samples. Three corn/soya bean diets containing various levels of Ca, P and Mg, and the corresponding faeces of swine fed these diets were used. Diet and faecal samples were analysed by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with increments of Cr added to samples either preceding or following the acid digestion procedure. Results indicated significant differences (P <0·05) in analytical recovery of Cr between diets and corresponding faeces, between individual diets and faeces, and between methods of determination. The acid digestion step leads to the lower recovery of Cr (diets, P <0·05; faeces, P <0·01) whereas no significant differences were found in post‐digestion procedure by either method of determination, indicating that marker‐chromium loss due to the acid digestion procedure was not higher than the apparent loss due to the acid analytical method. Results suggest that the analytical recovery factors should be considered when estimating faecal recovery of marker chromium or digestibility of nutrients.
Protein solubility and emulsifying capacity in frozen stored fish mince
Authors: Srikar L N , Reddy G Vidya Sagar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEffect of initial freshness on the relationship between emulsifying capacity and protein solubility of frozen stored fish mince was investigated. The emulsifying capacity of proteins was significantly (P <0.05) affected by the initial freshness. A positive correlation (P <0.05) between protein solubility and the ability of the soluble proteins to emulsify and stabilise an emulsion was observed. Correlation between salt‐soluble proteins and emulsifying capacity revealed that myofibrillar proteins (P <0.05) are the main proteins that decide the emulsion properties.
Biochemical changes and in‐vitro protein digestibility of the endosperm of germinating dolichos lablab
Authors: Shastry Manjula , John Elizabeth 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA gradual decrease was noted in total protein, soluble protein and protein fractions such as albumin, globulin, prolamine andglutelin in the endosperm of Dolichos lablab L germinated for 8 days. Prolamine showed a maximum decrease of 85% whereas only a 25% decrease was noted in the globulin fraction. Both acid and alkaline protease activities increased during germination, and the acid protease activity was consistently higher than the alkaline protease activity throughout. Electrophoretic studies showed that high molecular weight polypeptide bands disappeared with the appearance of new low molecular weight polypeptide bands in the endosperm proteins of the germinating seeds. Total phenolics and tannin contents and trypsin inhibitory activity also increased during the progressive germination. Germination increased the in‐vitro protein digestibility of the endosperm of Dolichos lablab in the presence of proteolytic enzymes like pepsin, trypsin and pancreatin. It showed a negative but non‐significant correlation with trypsin inhibitory activity, phenolics and tannin contents. Amylase activity also increased gradually up to the sixth day of germination which coincided with the increase in the reducing sugars.
Non‐structural carbohydrate partitioning in Phaseolus vulgaris after vegetative growth
Authors: Peña‐Valdivia Cecilia B , Ortega‐Delgado María Luisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study provides information on the concentration and quantity of starch, reducing sugars, total sugars, and non‐reducing oligosaccharides in the organs of the common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgarisL cv Jamapa) during growth. The following observations were made: (1) the root, stems and branches were temporary carbohydrate storage organs; (2) until 80 days after sowing (DAS), the leaves were the major contributors to the non‐structural carbohydrates of the whole plant; (3) during the developmental period studied, non‐structural carbohydrate content in the rachis and pulvinus changed frequently; (4) the pod walls contained between 5 and 8% of total sugars at 72 DAS and by maturity soluble sugars diminished to less than 1%; (5) during seed growth (until 80 DAS), the pod walls contained between 11 and 18% starch (dry weight basis) and by maturity this carbohydrate had decreased to 2% of dry weight; and (6) starch represented the major non‐structural storage carbohydrate in mature seeds (29%), as opposed to soluble sugars, which amounted to 2·3% of the dry weight.
In‐vitro iron dialysability from legumes: Influence of phytate and extrusion cooking
Authors: Lombardi‐Boccia Ginevra , Lullo Giuseppe Di , Carnovale Emilia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn‐vitro iron dialysability from five Italian legumes (mottled bean, white bean, faba bean, chickpea, lentil) and the influence of phytate and extrusion cooking on it were evaluated. Iron dialysability was 2·3 and 2·4% in mottled and white bean respectively, 1·2% infaba bean, 2·7% in chickpea and 1·1% in lentil. After extrusion cooking the flours showed a marked iron contamination and a decrease in iron dialysability, but these changes were significant only for mottled bean. Enzymic phytate removal induced an increase in iron dialysability > 100% in all the raw legumes except mottled bean which showed an increase of only 57%. This finding indicates that, although phytate consistently modifies iron dialysability, it is difficult to identify a quantitative relationship between phytate content and iron dialysability.
Growth potential of Salmonella infantis and Escherichia coli in fermenting tempeh made from horsebean, pea and chickpea and their inhibition by Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Ashenafi Mogessi , Busse Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSalmonella infantis and Escherichia coli multiplied to varying degrees during the fermentation of unacidified horsebean, pea and chickpea tempeh. Active mycelial growth on the beans resulted in a sharp increase in pH. This was always accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of the test organisms. Acidification of the beans during soaking decreased the growth rate of the test organisms only until active mycelial growth started. Inoculation of cooked beans with Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in a complete inhibition of E coli in unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh and acidified pea tempeh. Marked inhibition of E coli was also noted in unacidified pea tempeh and acidified horsebean tempeh. S infantis was also completely inhibited by L plantarum in unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh. In pea and horsebean tempeh, counts of S infantis were always lower in Lactobacillus‐inoculated fermenting beans than in the control. Beside the pH, undissociated acids and other substances produced by L plantarum may be inhibitory to the test organisms. The use of L plantarum may be considered for the control of pathogens during commercial‐scale tempeh production.
Determination of fat and water content in vitro and in vivo by proton nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Mitchell Alva D , Elsasser Theodore H , Wang Paul C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProton NMR spectroscopy was performed on a series of pork samples containing varying proportions of fat and muscle and on a series of control and obese mice. Initial measurements were made using a 0.5 T (21 MHz) whole body imaging system and the results were expressed as the ratio of water and lipid hydrogen peak areas. With pork samples the NMR results correlated well with per cent water or lipid in the tissue (r = 0.99 for 20‐ and 50‐g samples). For the mice the correlation between per cent water or lipid in the body and the NMR measurement was 0.92. Subsequent measurements were made using a 4.7 T (200 MHz) imaging/spectrometer from which separate integral values were obtained for the water and lipid hydrogen peaks. The separation of the water and lipid peaks was 3.5 ppm. For pork samples measured with the 4.7 T system the correlation between the peak area and the amount of water or lipid in the sample was 0.997 with the standard error of the estimate being ±0.72 g for water and ±1.00g for lipid. NMR imaging was used to determine the relative amount of fat and muscle in a cross‐section of a control and an obese rat.
Seasonal variations in lipid composition of spanish wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) meat
Authors: Cambero María I , de la Hoz Lorenzo , Sanz Bernabé , Ordöñkez Juan A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour batches of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus: winter, spring, summer and autumn) were caught at the end of the respective season of the year. A study of the meat chemical composition of these animals was carried out. The classes and amounts of total, apolar and polar lipid fractions, and their fatty acids, have been extensively studied. The total, apolar and polar lipid contents from the muscle of the four batches ranged from 37 to 14, 30‐1 to 8–4 and 9–0 to 4–8 g kg−1 FW respectively. Triglycerides accounted for more than 59% of the apolar lipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine were the major phospholipids (>44% and >35% of total phospholipids, respectively). Almost always, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 were the more abundant fatty acids of the total lipid fraction. Many seasonal differences may be observed in the fatty acid composition of total and apolar lipid fractions which are obviously related to the kinds of feed available in each season. One of the most significant differences is in 18:1 concentration. This fatty acid accounted for more than 50% in the apolar lipids from rabbits caught in autumn whereas the same fatty acid never reached 30% in other seasons. On the contrary, 18:2 and 20:0 showed a lower concentration in the autumn batch by comparison with those of the other seasons.
Glucose content of nut water in four varieties of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: Ogundiya M O 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L, is grown in almost all the tropical regions of the world. The Nigerian Tall (NT), the Nigerian Dwarf Green (NDG), the hybrid between the Nigerian Tall and the Nigerian Dwarf Green (NT × NDG), and the Malayan Dwarf Yellow (MDY) were the four varieties used for this study. They were grown in the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research main station, Benin City, Nigeria. There was a significant variation in the glucose content of water contained in the nuts of the four varieties, and a positive and significant association between the nut weight and glucose level of both NT × NDG and MDY.