bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mahdist faith and the legitimation of popular revolt in western Sudan
Authors: Kapteijns Lidwien 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article is based on a wider study of the history of the western Sudan, in particular the border area between the historical sultanates of Dar Fur and Wadai (Kapteijns, 1985). The period under discussion is 1882–1930, from the successful struggle against foreign domination led by the Sudanese Mahdi to the firm establishment of British colonial rule in the western Sudan. The theme which this article explores for this area and period is that of popular revolt and Islamic (specifically Mahdist) ideology. The source materials for this study consist of Arabic correspondence from the Mahdist archives, oral data and British and French colonial records.
Swahili stratification and tourism in Malindi Old Town, Kenya
Authors: Peake Robert 
Published: April 2006

The Leisure ClassAt the turn of the century Veblen (1899) wrote on the socio-economic base of the leisure class. He suggested that, in addition to the ‘bourgeois’ and working classes identified in the nineteenth century, there existed an upper strata which was more than a mere anachronistic remnant of the preindustrial aristocracy, but was in fact reproduced by the developed industrial society.
Legacies of the Past? The Results of the 1980 Election in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe
Authors: Rich Tony 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWestern journalists and other commentators offered two contrasting explanations for the results of the 1980 elections in Zimbabwe. The defeat of Bishop Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council (UANC) by the guerrilla parties was explained in terms of immediate and short-term intimidation. On the other hand, the victory of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) (ZANU(PF)) over Joshua Nkomo's Patriotic Front was explained in terms of primordial history. The Shona and the Ndebele, it was held, were divided by 'traditional' tribal history–and in the elections the majority Shona voted for Mugabe and the minority Ndebele voted for Nkomo.
Enriching the landscape: social history and the management of transition ecology in the forest–savanna mosaic of the Republic of Guinea
Authors: Fairhead James , Leach Melissa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mosaic of forest and savanna vegetation found along the northern margin of West Africa's moist forest zone has generally been understood in policy circles as a degraded and degrading forest landscape, following savannisation by its farming populations. Some ecologists have suggested that the vegetation mosaic may, however, be more stable, determined by soil differences, and others still that forest may be encroaching on savanna as a result of long-term climatic rehumidification. This article presents historical evidence from Kissidougou which shows that, contrary to scientific and policy orthodoxy there, forest areas have been increasing at the expense of savanna in recent times. The article outlines the local agro-ecological practices which have been enriching the landscape, and examines how the observed course of vegetation change this century can be accounted for in the articulation of these practices with political, economic, demographic and climatic changes. A retheorisation of ecology in the forest–savanna mosaic is offered which, in drawing on non-equilibrium dynamics, offers a better framework for understanding people's impact on forest–savanna ecology.
Pollen and gene flow in fragmented habitats
Authors: Kwak Manja M. , Velterop Odilia , van Andel Jelte 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Habitat fragmentation affects both plants and pollinators. Habitat fragmentation leads to changes in species richness, population number and size, density, and shape, thus to changes in the spatial arrangement of flowers. These changes influence the amount of food for flower‐visiting insects and the quantity and quality of pollinations.Seed set in small populations is often reduced and genetic variation is expected but not always found to be low. The majority of studies show that low flower densities have reduced pollination success and higher inbreeding. Density effects are stronger than size effects.Most studies concluded that species richness in flower‐visiting insects is directly related to richness in plant species. However, the consequences of low insect species richness for pollination are not always clear, depending on the studied pollinator‐plant relationship. The effects of the presence of simultaneously flowering species are highly dependent on the circumstances and may range from competition to facilitation. Other flowering plant species may play a role as stepping stones or corridor in the connection between populations. In the absence of stepping stones even short distances between populations act as strong barriers for gene flow.We illustrate the present review paper with own data collected for three plant species, rare in The Netherlands: Phyteuma spicatum ssp. nigrum (Campanulaceae), Salvia pratensis (Labiatae) and Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsacaceae). The species differ in their breeding systems and in the assemblage of visitor species. Data are shown on the effects of population size on species richness with consequences for seed set. Effects of flower density and isolation on pollen exchange are given. Since plant reproduction depends on the behaviour of individual insects and not on the overall behaviour of the species, the examples all point to individual insects and extrapolate to effects at the species level.
One-dimensional fibers of rigid subanalytic sets
Authors: Lipshitz L. , Robinson Z. 
Published: April 2006

Let K be an algebraically closed field of any characteristic, complete with respect to the non-trivial ultrametric absolute value ∣·∣: K → ℝ+. By R denote the valuation ring of K, and by ℘ its maximal ideal. We work within the class of subanalytic sets defined in [5], but our results here also hold for the strongly subanalytic sets introduced in [11] as well as for those subanalytic sets considered in [6]. Let X ⊂ R1 be subanalytic. In [8], we showed that there is a decomposition of X as a union of a finite number of special sets U ⊂ R1 (see below). In this note, in Theorem 1.6, we obtain a version of this result which is uniform in parameters, thereby answering a question brought to our attention by Angus Macintyre. It follows immediately from Theorem 1.6 that the theory of K in the language (see [5] and [6]) is C-minimal in the sense of [3] and [9]. The analogous uniformity result in the p-adic case was recently proved in [12].Definition 1.1. (i) A disc in R1 is a set of one of the two following forms:A special set in R1 is a disc minus a finite union of discs.(ii) R-domains u ⊂ Rm, and their associated rings of analytic functions, , are defined inductively as follows. Rm is an R-domain and , the ring of strictly convergent power series in X1,…, Xm over K. If u is an R-domain with associated ring , (where K 〈X, Y〉 〚ρ〛S is a ring of separated power series, see [5, §2] and [1, §1]) and f, have no common zero on u and ◸ ϵ {<, ≤}, thenis an R-domain andwhere J is the ideal generated by I and f − gZ (Z is a new variable) if ◸ is ≤, andwhere J is the ideal generated by I and f − gτ (τ a new variable) if ◸ is <. (See [8, Definition 2.2].) R-domains generalize the rational domains of [2, §7.2.3]. It is true, but not easy to prove, that only depends on u as a point set, and is independent of the particular representation of u.
An Aboriginal Hematite Quarry in Oakland, California
Authors: Wallace William J. 
Published: April 2006

At the junction of Redwood Road and Mountain Boulevard in Oakland, California is an outcrop of rock containing hematite which shows signs of having been worked aboriginally. The exposed stratum measures 30 by 20 feet by 6.5 feet at its highest point. Hematite occurs in almost pure form as thin layers in the main body of rock.Sizeable cavities can be seen at the base of the deposit, indicating where the hematite was chipped out. Fire may have been used as an aid in getting out the ore, this being suggested by the presence of charcoal and smoke blackening. No quarrying tools were found.
Artifact Transport by Migratory Animals and Other Means
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

Two recent papers, one by Arthur Woodward, the other by J. Alden Mason, have called attention to the transportation of artifacts by the process of animal migrations. The impulse for both of these works derived from the finding of an Eskimo arrowhead imbedded in the breast of a duck shot at Bakersfield, California. Similar cases from the states of Indiana, North Carolina, and Nebraska are on record in these reports. Undoubtedly there are other known instances, but these four should serve to illustrate the fact that sizeable migrating birds may import projectiles of outland origin from tremendous distances.I should like to present some additional instances which have come to my attention. These deal chiefly with transport of artifacts by migrating sea mammals and fish. The larger sea mammals are peculiarly suited,to carrying weapon points, since they have a thick protective fat covering in which a projectile could remain imbedded without having a harmful or hindering effect on the animal's health or movement.
Tiponi, or Corn Goddess Symbols
Authors: Lange Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

Among the less frequently encountered, yet widely distributed, items of material culture recovered in the Anasazi Province are tiponi, or Corn Goddess symbols.In the excavation of the Evans Site in the Gallina region of northern New Mexico three tiponi were found. Two, the largest and the smallest, were in the North House; the third was in the South House. All were of sandstone and were simply-fashioned cones, flat on one end and bluntly pointed on the other. Aside from their shape, no distinguishing features were discernible. The largest was 48 cm. in height and 20 cm. in basal diameter; the smallest was 18.4 cm. in height and 15.2 cm. in basal diameter.The tiponi found in the South House was one of a number of miscellaneous stones which had been used as fill in the bottom of the fireplace or had fallen into the pit.
A Carved Stone from D'Arcy, Saskatchewan
Authors: Vigfusson Vladimar Alfred 
Published: April 2006

In recent years, the attention of some archaeologists has been directed to the Canadian Northwest with the expectation of finding some evidence or indication of the early migrations of man on this continent. That man reached North America by Bering Strait from Asia, is generally accepted, but the theory that the migrations took place in late Pleistocene times and by way of an open corridor between the Keewatin ice and the Rockies, requires confirmation. It is significant that Folsom and Yuma points from Saskatchewan, described by E. B. Howard, were found mainly in areas bordering the ancient glacial Lake Regina.As a further contribution to this problem, it seems desirable to present a brief description of a carved stone relic found in gravel in central Saskatchewan about three years ago.The stone was found about seven miles southeast of the town of D'Arcy in a gravel pit located on Sec. 9, Tp. 28, Rge. 18, W. 3rd Meridian, on the north bank of a ravine running east into Bad Lake.
Progress at Zaculeu, Guatemala
Authors: Woodbury Richard 
Published: April 2006

The excavation and restoration of Zaculeu, now in progress, is a project of the United Fruit Company, under the direction of John M. Dimick. The site of Zaculeu is in the western highlands of Guatemala about 3 kilometers from the town of Huehuetenango. At least one more season's work is planned, but the general outlines of the archaeological picture are already emerging.The most important contribution which the work at Zaculeu will make to the archaeology of the Highland Maya is in furnishing a continuous record of architecture and pottery from Early Classic times to the Conquest, a period of nearly 1000 years (PI. XVI). The initial occupation of the site was contemporary with the Early Classic (Tzakol) phase of the lowlands and the Esperanza phase at Kaminaljuyu, to judge from several pieces of pottery found in graves. There was intensive building activity and many burials were incorporated in or dug through the stairways of terraced platforms.
Supplement to Archaeological Work in South America 1934–1936
Authors: Bennett Wendell C. 
Published: April 2006

Several articles have come to my attention which should have been included in the summary of recent archaeological work in South America. A brief notation of these articles and a bibliography will remedy in part their omission from the original text.Wassén (1936) has published a report of his excavations at the Hacienda of El Dorado between the villages of Yotoco and Restrepo in the Cauca Valley region of the western cordillera of Colombia. He describes the excavating of deep tombs, some from four to six meters in depth, and illustrates their contents.
Squash-Blossom Headdress in Basket Maker III
Authors: Hawley Florence 
Published: April 2006

Notations on the discovery of a figure of Kokopelli, the hunch-backed flute player, on a Pueblo I sherd in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, and speculations on the place of this figure in the prehistoric pantheon, brought forth a series of items of hitherto unpublished and illuminating data. It is hoped that this note on a second find of a human figure on a sherd in Chaco Canyon may likewise lead to some controversy and new information.This new figure, discovered during the 1937 field season of the University of New Mexico, was that of a woman with squash-blossom headdress, the old fertility symbol of the Hopi maidens. The potsherd was of La Plata Black-on-white, a typical Basket Maker III type, dating probably some time before 700 A.D. Similar figures with the squash-blossom headdress have been noted from time to time as petroglyphs on boulders or on cliff walls in the northern part of the Southwest; but the Chaco sherd provides the best opportunity that I know of for dating this interesting coiffure.
Material Culture of an Upper Coulee Rockshelter
Authors: Mills John E. , Osborne Carolyn 
Published: April 2006

Though the number of recovered cultural remains are few, the authors believe that the brief description and analysis of these artifacts are important, as site 45GR2 is the first dry shelter to be excavated in the Columbia Plateau.The area itself falls into the Upper Sonoran life zone. The plateau above the coulee is generally treeless and is more or less well covered with bunch grass. Lupines and sunflowers are important parts of the flora. In the coulee, ground water is more available, and better stands and more species of grasses are present. Successful wheat farms and a few orchards indicate that the area must, at least during certain seasons, have had an extensive floral cover. Aspen, willow, alder, and cottonwoods are found near the springs. The draws support heavy stands of brushy growth, with sage being outstanding. Juniper (cedar) trees are found both on the plateau and in the coulee. The bottom of the coulee, at least during and after the spring and early summer rains, is swampy, and standing water was probably present in earliest times in some places throughout most of the year. Rodents, small carnivore, and bird populations are large. The mule deer was no doubt the largest game animal of importance.
The Randall Component
Authors: Hurt Wesley R. 
Published: April 2006

In a review of the Scalp Creek report (Hurt 1952) Donald J. Lehmer questions the evidence which would warrant the denning of a Randall component at the Scalp Creek site (39GR1), Gregory County, South Dakota (Lehmer 1954). In addition, Lehmer makes this statement, “However, when a subsequent report by Hurt tentatively derives the St. Helena focus of the Upper Republican aspect from a component established on the basis of 39 potsherds, it becomes a matter of somewhat more concern.” The writer wishes to summarize the evidence which led him to define a Randall component, since it is not fully covered in the review, and also to disclaim any adherence to the hypothesis quoted by Lehmer.The writer defined 3 components at the Scalp Creek site. The lowermost component was assigned to the Loseke Creek focus of the Plains Woodland tradition. The Randall component occupied a midplace in stratigraphy and contained, in addition to the Loseke Creek ceramic types, 39 sherds classified Ellis Plain and Randall Incised (Hurt 1952, Fig. 16, 1-6).
The Excavation and Historical Identification of a Huron Ossuary
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2006

The unusual opportunity of excavating a Huron ossuary presented itself to the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology in 1946. The fact that probably less than a half dozen such sites still remain, coupled with the possibility that the ossuary in question was the one which the French Jesuit, Jean de Brebeuf, saw in use in 1636, led the Museum to decide upon excavation. A special grant from the Province to the Museum for archaeological purposes enabled work to begin.The site was situated on a small sandy plain about one hundred acres in extent (Fig. 115), on the farm of Mr. Charles Daoust, in the north half of lot 14, concession 7, Tiny township, Simcoe county. The nearest stream is one-half mile to the west. Remains of historic Huron villages lie one mile north and one and one-half miles northwest of the site. When first seen by the writer, the ossuary was visible as a broad, saucer-shaped depression in the ground, whose maximum depth was about two feet, with a slightly elevated rim marking its borders. The owner said that he had long known the place for what it was, since he had once attempted to bury a sheep in itr but he believed it had not previously been disturbed. After finding human bones, and recovering them, he had not again touched the pit (Fig. 116).
Stratigraphic Excavations in the Sambaqui of Araujo II, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Orssich Adam , Orssich Elfriede Stadler 
Published: April 2006

Large accumulations of shells can be found in flat coastal regions and along the lower course of big rivers all over the world. Many of these shellmounds have been investigated by archaeologists and have been found to contain, besides shells, considerable quantities of ash, numerous artifacts of stone and bone, occasionally potsherds, and often a relatively large number of human skeletons. Their contents and stratification reveal these mounds to be deposits of kitchen refuse, accumulated on prehistoric dwellings sites by tribes whose main source of food was fish and mollusks.In Brazil such shellmounds can be found not only all along the Atlantic coast and up the Amazon, but even in Mato Grosso, along the banks of the Paraguay River. No systematic survey of Brazilian shellmounds has yet been made.
Stratigraphy and Seriation
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStratigraphic interpretation rests on two principles: the principle of superposition and the principle that deposition units can be identified by cultural content. The sequence of deposition units derived from a case of superposition may not give a true cultural sequence if mixing, filling, or collecting has affected the cultural contents of the units. There are two kinds of seriation: evolutionary seriation, done on the basis of an assumed general law of cultural development, and similary seriation, done on the basis of similarities and differences in objects or deposition units compared. Similiary seriation assumes only that cultural change is normally gradual. Of the two kinds of seriation, only similiary seriation can give credible results. Some evidence of archaeological associations is necessary to control the possibility of non-gradual change resulting from sudden outside influence or archaism. If the conditions for success can be met, either stratigraphy or seriation can provide a credible sequence. Each method provides a check on the other; the most credible results are achieved by combining the two.
The Cogged Stones of Southern California
Authors: Eberhart Hal 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCogged stones are one of the few classes of artifacts which are limited in occurrence to the “middle” period of southern California's prehistory. They are stone discs, 6⅛ inches or less in diameter, characterized by grooves or indentations in the edge. On the basis of the nature of the latter and of the presence or absence of perforation they are described in four types. Some of the variations may have historical significance, but this cannot be proven with the data at hand. Few specimens have been excavated under controlled conditions. The distribution is virtually limited to the coastal drainage south of Ventura County and appears to center along the Santa Ana River Valley. According to the interpretation of coastal chronology employed, cogged stones were made during the period 6000-3500 B.C. Their use is unknown, but the absence of any pattern of wear and the conjunctions of certain of the specimens suggest that they served some ritual function.
Miniature Peruvian Shirts with Horizontal Neck Openings
Authors: VanStan Ina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree miniature cotton shirts, found among the textiles of the Uhle collection from beneath the Temple of Pachacamac, in the University Museum, Philadelphia, show an unusual style of tubular construction in which the warp yarns run horizontally and the neck and arm apertures are located along the upper edge of the shirt. Apparently falling in Uhle's early classification of “Epigone Style” these miniatures show the same general garment form as that of a large shirt reported from the La Capilla cemetery of Hacienda Marques, and in addition, display pleats and a yoke-like use of warp-wise bands seen in a few garments of a related style reported from Piedras Gordas and Huacho, the latter presumably of later date than the former. Although the miniatures are sufficiently sturdy to have served as doll clothing, their purpose is unknown.
Gondi-Medici Business Records in the Lea Library of the University of Pennsylvania
Authors: Hirsch Rudolf 
Published: April 2006

This summary description of 143 recently acquired Italian Renaissance manuscripts is not a detailed list nor an evaluation of the collection. An evaluation would require considerably greater familiarity with the business history of Florence than this reporter possesses.According to the limited information available, the entire group of these business records originally formed part of the Gondi archives, described by Roberto Ridolfi in Gli archivi delle famiglie fiorentine. More specifically it belonged to that part of the Gondi archives which was left by the sisters Caterina (b. 1694) and Elisabetta (b. 1693), descendants of Giuliano il Vecchio, to the Ritiro della Quiete in Florence. Ridolfi refers rather briefly to the commercial papers then in the Ritiro, but fails to explain how they came to include so few Gondi and so many Medici and Amadori volumes.
Two Unpublished Stage Songs for the ‘Aery of Children’
Authors: Sabol Andrew J. 
Published: April 2006

At the turn of the century, a few years before the First Quarto of Hamlet (1603) was printed, the reappearance of the choirboy troupes—the Children of the Chapel and the Children of Paul's—at their own private theaters in London provided serious competition to the adult companies acting on the public stages, and among them the Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare's company. In a topicality in this corrupt, ‘reported’ version of the play, Guildenstern alludes to the popularity of the child actors as he accounts for the visit of the traveling players:Yfaith my Lord, noueltie carries it away,For the principall publike audience thatCame to them, are turned to priuate playes,And to the humour of children.