bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root development of rat tooth germs implanted in the tooth socket and in the subcutaneous tissue
Authors: Ina Y , Sasano Y , Akiba N , Hatori K , Honma T , Sasaki K 
Published: July 2008

Objective:  This study was designed to investigate root development of a rat tooth germ implanted in a tooth socket or in a subcutaneous region.Materials and methods:  Tooth germs of the upper left first molars in 2‐week‐old rats were extracted and implanted in the original tooth socket or in the subcutaneous region of the back. The upper right first molar was used as a control. The rats were fixed in weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12. The root development was examined quantitatively with X‐ray radiographic morphometry. The cellular activity of producing matrix proteins was assessed using in situ hybridization for type I collagen.Results:  Root development was observed in the implanted teeth in the tooth socket as also in the control teeth. In contrast, roots hardly developed in subcutaneously implanted teeth. Histology showed that periodontal ligaments were arranged around roots of implanted teeth in the tooth socket as around control teeth, but few periodontal ligaments were identified in the subcutaneous implantation. Dentin and cementum formed in both the implanted teeth as also in the control teeth and odontoblasts, cementoblasts and cementocytes expressed type I collagen.Conclusion:  Tooth sockets may possess specific environments that allow root development of a tooth germ.
Impact of preoperative positron emission tomography scans on survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Riffat Faruque , Niu Rui , Zhu Charles , Chu Francis , Morris David L. 
Published: July 2008

Aim:  Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to detect extrahepatic disease in patients in order to determine their suitability for liver resection from colorectal metastases. Our hypothesis is that PET scanning would result in a better 5‐year survival after liver resection due to better patient selection through downstaging of disease.Methods:  Between 1997 and 2005 there were 467 patients undergoing potentially curative liver resections in three cohorts. PET scanning was available to our patients without restriction from 2002. There were 215 patients in the pre‐PET era (Group 1), 188 in the PET era where a PET scan was not performed (Group 2) and 64 patients with preoperative PET scanning (Group 3). Our three cohorts were followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively with a median follow up of 24, 21 and 20 months, respectively.Results:  The 5‐year survival rate for patients with preoperative PET scanning was 68%. The 5‐year survival rate for patients without preoperative PET scanning was 40% in the PET era and 30% in the pre‐PET era (P = 0.0113). The disease‐free interval was 35% in the PET group and 20% without PET scans at 3 years (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The usage of preoperative PET scanning has led to an improved overall survival because of better patient selection from detection of occult extrahepatic disease missed by traditional staging techniques.
Evaluation of a Pilot Hospital‐Based Community Program Implementing Fitness and Nutrition Education for Overweight Children
Authors: Gabel Speroni Karen , Tea Christine , Earley Cynthia , Niehoff Vonzie , Atherton Martin 
Published: July 2008

PURPOSE.  Evaluate the effect of the Kids Living Fit™ hospital‐based intervention on body mass index (BMI) percentile, adjusted for age (months) and gender in children ages 8–12 years with BMI percentiles ≥ 85. DESIGN AND METHODS.  Twelve weekly exercise sessions and three nutrition presentations were held. Nurses recorded BMI and waist circumference at baseline, week 12, and week 24. Participants completed food and activity diaries.RESULTS.  Of the 32 participants enrolled, 16 completed all outcome measures and experienced a decrease in average BMI, BMI percentile, and waist circumference between baseline and weeks 12 and 24. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Hospitals can offer exercise and nutrition programs to decrease childhood obesity in their communities.
Mollusc herbivory influenced by endophytic clavicipitaceous fungal infections in grasses
Authors: Barker G.M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractClavicipitaceous fungi of the genus Neotyphodium occur widely as mutualistic, systemic, seed‐borne infections in festucoid grasses. Grass infection by these fungi is associated with the presence of a range of secondary metabolites (SM), several of which have been demonstrated to confer to the plant resistance against herbivorous vertebrates and insects. An initial experiment demonstrated that endophytic infection by Neotyphodium can influence the utilisation of grasses by Deroceras, with feeding preferences and impact on plant yields affected differentially by endophytes with different SM profiles. The role of Neotyphodium SM in feeding preferences of Deroceras slugs were then evaluated in artificial diets. Among the indole diterpenoids tested, lolitrem B was demonstrated to reduce feeding, while diets containing paxilline, lolitriol, α‐paxitriol and β‐paxitriol tended to be preferred over that of untreated diet. The pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid peramine had no effect. Among the ergopeptine alkaloids tested in the diets, ergotamine and ergovaline were demonstrated to be phagostimulatory. These results with artificial diets were generally consistent with Deroceras reticulatum preferences among plants of known Neotyphodium endophyte strain and SM profile. Deroceras slugs obtained from sites containing contrasting frequencies of Neotyphodium‐infected grasses, exhibited differential responses to Neotyphodium SM incorporated into artificial diet. This study demonstrates that infection of grasses by different isolates of Neotyphodium endophytes differentially influence herbivory by molluscs, reflecting their SM profile. These results offer an explanation for variable acceptability of grasses to molluscs and their importance in the diet of molluscs in the field reported in previous studies in both natural and agricultural systems. Neotyphodium endophytes potentially offer novel approaches to management of mollusc pests in agricultural gramineous crops.
Clonal genetic diversity and populational genetic differentiation in Phragmites australis distributed in the Songnen Prairie in northeast China as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence‐specific amplification polymorphism molecular markers
Authors: Li M. , Gong L. , Tian Q. , Hu L. , Guo W. , Kimatu J.N. , Wang D. , Liu B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGenetic variation within and between four naturally occurring Phragmites australis land populations, DBS, QG, SS1 and SS2 (named after locality), which colonise distinct habitats (different edaphic conditions) in the Songnen Prairie in northeast China, were investigated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence‐specific amplification polymorphism (S‐SAP) markers. It was found that the selected primer combinations of both markers were highly efficient in revealing the inter‐clonal genetic diversity and inter‐populational genetic differentiation in P. australis from a molecular ecological perspective. Cluster analysis categorised the plants into distinct groups (DBS, QG and SS groups), which were in line with their localities, albeit the two SS group populations (SS1 and SS2) showed a lower degree of inter‐populational differentiation. These results were strongly supported by multiple statistical analysis including Mantel’s test, principal coordinate analysis, allocation test and analysis of molecular variance, which further suggested that gene flow, genetic drift and differences in as yet unidentified edaphic factors may all underpin the inter‐clonal genetic diversity and inter‐populational differentiation at the nucleotide sequence level. Analysis of intra‐population clonal diversity also revealed that the QG population harboured a strikingly lower amount of within‐population variation compared with those of the other three populations, presumably being caused by genetic drift and followed by physical and/or biological isolation. Homology analysis of a subset of population‐specific or population‐private AFLP and S‐SAP bands suggested that regulatory genes and retroelements might play important roles in the ecological adaptation and differentiation of the P. australis populations. Possible causes for and implications of the extensive genetic variability in P. australis were discussed for its future genetic conservation and use in ecological revegetation.
Genetic diversity in a collection of old and new bread wheat cultivars from Iran as revealed by simple sequence repeat‐based analysis
Authors: Mohammadi S.A. , Khodarahmi M. , Jamalirad S. , Jalal Kamali M.R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGenetic diversity in a collection of 70 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes was studied using 73 microsatellite [simple sequence repeat (SSR)] loci evenly spaced on wheat chromosomes. A total of 592 alleles with an average of 8.53 allele/locus were detected, of which 185 (31.25%) occurred only in a specific group of genotypes. A set of SSR markers consisted of 22 loci with polymorphic information content values of 0.80 or higher were selected for rapid fingerprinting of many genotypes. Average of gene diversity was 0.74 ± 0.017, and significant difference between observed and maximum theoretical values of gene diversity in the analysed SSR loci was obtained using a paired t‐test. Genetic distance‐based clustering methods including unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average and neighbour joining (NJ) were used for grouping of genotypes. The resulted dendrogram based on NJ and number of differences coefficient hinted of the existence of three groups. This grouping was in agreement with the pedigree information and confirmed by high within‐group bootstrap value. A comparatively higher genetic diversity in the studied wheat collection as revealed by presence of high allelic diversity and large number of specific alleles could be utilised in development of new cultivars with desired characteristics.
Extreme-ultraviolet laser metrology of O i transitions
Authors: Ivanov T. I. , Salumbides E. J. , Vieitez M. O. , Cacciani P. C. , de Lange C. A. , Ubachs W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Some 16 transitions in atomic oxygen originating from its 3P ground state were measured using a tunable narrow-band extreme-ultraviolet laser source, with an unprecedented accuracy of Δλ/λ = 8 × 10−8. The results are relevant for comparisons with spectral absorption features observed in the line of sight of quasars, in order to test a possible variation of the fine-structure constant α on a cosmological time-scale.
Weight Management and Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among US High School Students*
Authors: Lowry Richard , Lee Sarah M. , McKenna Mary L. , Galuska Deborah A. , Kann Laura K. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Consumption of fruits and vegetables is often recommended to promote healthy weight. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between fruit and vegetable intake and common weight management behaviors among US high school students who were trying to lose or stay the same weight.Methods:  Data from the 1999, 2001, and 2003 national high school Youth Risk Behavior Surveys were combined and the analyses stratified by gender (females, N = 16,709; males, N = 10,521). We considered 3 common weight management strategies—being physically active (ie, moderate activity for 30 minutes on 5 or more days per week or vigorous activity for 20 minutes on 3 or more days per week), eating a reduced calorie or fat diet, and limiting TV viewing. Sufficient fruit and vegetable intake was defined as eating 5 or more servings per day. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression.Results:  Only 21.3% of females and 24.7% of males ate sufficient fruits and vegetables. Being physically active was associated with sufficient fruit and vegetable intake. Eating a reduced calorie or fat diet and limiting TV viewing (among males) were associated with sufficient fruit and vegetable intake only among physically active students. The odds of sufficient fruit and vegetable intake were greatest among female (OR = 3.01) and male (OR = 2.91) students who combined all 3 strategies (31.5% of females, 21.6% of males).Conclusions:  Interventions that promote fruit and vegetable intake within the context of healthy weight management may be more effective if they combine nutrition and physical activity strategies. Further research is needed to test this approach.
Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students During Physical Education Classes
Authors: Hannon James C. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  This study examined physical activity (PA) levels of overweight and nonoverweight African American and Caucasian students (n = 198) during game play in physical education classes.Methods:  Body fat percentages (%BFs) were determined using the skinfold technique and Slaughter et al prediction equations. Girls were classified as overweight if their %BF was ≥32; boys were classified as overweight if their %BF was ≥25. PA was monitored using pedometers during flag football, ultimate Frisbee, and soccer game play. Three 2 (weight classification) × 2 (gender) × 2 (race) factorial analyses of variance were conducted.Results:  Results indicated no significant difference in steps per minute between overweight and nonoverweight students regardless of game. Males were more active than females, and Caucasians were more active than African Americans.Conclusions:  The most important implication of the current study is that the overweight and nonoverweight students accumulated similar amounts of PA during physical education. This emphasizes the importance physical education plays in providing both overweight and nonoverweight students with opportunities for PA. For many students, it may be their only source of regular PA.
THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE SANDINO FOREARC BASIN, OFFSHORE WESTERN NICARAGUA
Authors: Struss I. , Artiles V. , Cramer B. , Winsemann J. 
Published: July 2008

The underexplored Sandino Basin (Nicaragua Basin/Trough) is located within the forearc area of western Nicaragua and NW Costa Rica. Exploration activity since 2004 has focussed on the onshore sector of the basin, and has included the first drilling campaign for over 30 years. Recent 2D basin modelling of the offshore sector together with organic geochemical studies has attempted to reassess the basin's petroleum potential. Geochemical data from the deepest offshore well indicate that Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene sediments of the Brito Formation, as well as Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene sediments of the Masachapa Formation, may have source rock potential. A third and perhaps more significant potential source rock interval is associated with the Lower Cretaceous black shales of the Loma Chumico Formation, which has been studied in the adjacent forearc area in NW Costa Rica (Tempisque Basin) and is inferred to be present in the Sandino Basin.The thermal history of the forearc basin is controlled by the low basal heat flow (39 mW/m2). 2D modelling has shown that the Sandino Basin is thermally mature, resulting in the potential for hydrocarbon generation in organic‐rich intervals in the Brito and Masachapa Formations. A petroleum‐generating “kitchen” has tentatively been identified on a NE‐SW seismic section which crosses the basin. Modelling suggests that this kitchen has been active from the Late Eocene until the present day, and that the main phases of petroleum generation in general coincide with phases of maximum subsidence in the Late Eocene, Late Oligocene and Plio‐Pleistocene. Hydrocarbon migration most probably occurred from the deep basin towards the flanks. Significant volumes of petroleum may have been lost prior to the Late Miocene before the formation of a coastal flexure which can be recognised in the NE of the seismic profile.
OIL POLYMERISATION AND FLUID EXPULSION FROM LOW TEMPERATURE, LOW MATURITY, OVERPRESSURED SEDIMENTS
Authors: Antia D. D. J. 
Published: July 2008

A mechanism for hydrocarbon expulsion from low temperature (T = <20 – 150° C), low maturity (Ro=<0.6), overpressured sediments (clays, shales and enclosed sands) with active hydrocarbon concentration and/or generation is outlined. Low temperature polymerisation of light hydrocarbons (e.g. biogenic methane) is considered to be a potential source for some oils found in association with hydrates (resulting from fluidisation discharges from overpressured zones), and some oils found in shales displaying suppression of vitrinite reflectance. It is observed that low temperature polymerisation will increase the potential pressure load retained within an overpressured zone and increase the overall volume of gas/fluids discharged on pressure release.Field observations, including measured recharge volumes and the fluid discharge volumes through a chimney from an overpressured zone, have been used to produce a triple porosity, poroelastic fluidisation expulsion model which links the discharge volume to pressure loading. The model predicts that expulsion from an active pressure mound will be cyclic and episodic.Published geochemical results from seismic chimneys in the Lower Congo Basin have been reinterpreted using the model to demonstrate that expulsion through a chimney is episodic, and to identify overpressured zones where the dominant fluid is oil and others where the overpressured zone contains both oil and gas. It is suggested that some of the oil in these overpressured zones, currently interpreted as thermogenic, may be derived from the polymerisation of biogenic gas.
DEVONIAN CARBONATES OF THE NIGEL PEAK AREA, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, CANADA: A FOSSIL PETROLEUM SYSTEM?
Authors: Köster J. , Littke R. , Machel H. G. 
Published: July 2008

In this study we report on Devonian (Frasnian – Famennian) limestones and dolostones exposed near Nigel Peak in the Main Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. These carbonates are a proximal facies of the Southesk‐Cairn Carbonate Complex. The investigated strata are stratigraphically equivalent to the oil‐ and gas bearing Nisku Formation in the subsurface of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, about 300 km to the east. The rocks were investigated by polarisation and cathodoluminescence microscopy, total organic carbon analysis, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, solid bitumen reflectance measurements, gas chromatography and fluid inclusion analysis.Thin section analyses showed that silt‐grade quartz and saddle dolomite increase upward from the base of the stratigraphic section, and that porosities are generally low. This is due to reduction of pore space due to early cementation and extensive dolomitization. Cathodoluminescence identified up to four generations of calcite cements. TOC values ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 %. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis of carbonate samples resulted in measurable S1 peaks but not S2 peaks, indicating that there was no residual petroleum generation potential. Organic petrographic analyses identified dispersed kerogen and migrabitumen, and calculated vitrinite reflectance values were around 4 % on average which implies peak temperatures of 234–262 °C (due to deep burial) or 309–352 °C (due to short term hydrothermal heating). Fluid inclusion data indicates at least one pulse of hot fluids with elevated homogenization temperatures of > 300 °C, and this may explain the high thermal maturity of the studied rocks.
Trends in Tuberculosis Reported From the Appalachian Region: United States, 1993‐2005
Authors: Wallace Ryan M. , Armstrong Lori R. , Pratt Robert H. , Kammerer J. Steve , Iademarco Michael F. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Appalachia has been characterized by its poverty, a factor associated with tuberculosis, yet little is known about the disease in this region. Purpose: To determine whether Appalachian tuberculosis risk factors, trends, and rates differ from the rest of the United States. Methods: Analysis of tuberculosis cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) within the 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1993 through 2005. Results: The 2005 rate of tuberculosis in rural Appalachia was 2.1/100,000, compared to 2.7/100,000 in urban Appalachia. Urban non‐Appalachia had a 2005 tuberculosis rate of 5.4/100,000. Over the 13‐year period, tuberculosis rates fell in Appalachia at an annual rate of 7.8%. In one age group (15‐ to 24‐year‐olds) the rates increased at an annual rate of 2.8%. Foreign‐born Hispanics were the largest racial/ethnic group in this age group. When private providers gave exclusive care for tuberculosis disease, Appalachians were less likely to complete therapy in a timely manner when compared to non‐Appalachians (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5‐0.7). Conclusions: Tuberculosis rates and trends are similar in urban and rural Appalachia. It is crucial for public health officials in Appalachia to address the escalating TB rate among 15‐ to 24‐year‐olds by focusing prevention efforts on the growing numbers of foreign‐born cases. Due to the increased risk of treatment failure among Appalachians who do not seek care from the health department, public health authorities must ensure completion of treatment for patients who seek private providers.
Attitudes Toward Telehealth Use Among Rural Residents: A Danish Survey
Authors: Sørensen Jens F.L. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Rural communities tend to be underserved by medical services. Low access to medical services affects quality of life and may also affect settlement decisions. The use of telehealth has often been mentioned as an alternative way to provide health care services in remote, underserved areas. One prerequisite for successful delivery of health care by means of telehealth is the existence of positive attitudes toward telehealth solutions among the potential end beneficiaries. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes toward telehealth use among residents in a Danish rural area. Method: A representative sample from the island of Ærø (n = 1,000) was selected and attitudes toward 2 telehealth applications were examined by structured telephone interviews regarding: (1) video consultation between patient and specialist, and (2) transfer of work tasks from local hospital to a hospital outside Denmark. Findings: As many as 58% did not like the idea of having a consultation with a specialist carried out by video consultation, whereas 26% did not like the idea of having their X‐rays assessed by a hospital outside Denmark. The reluctance regarding both telehealth solutions was higher among older people and people with no education beyond primary school. Conclusions: As the rural population in Denmark, as well as in other countries, tends to be older and less educated than the national average, the introduction of telehealth services faces special challenges in rural areas.