bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Impact Assessment and Disaster Risk Financing Strategies in Mali: A Comprehensive Analysis of Drought and Flood Events
Authors: Neya Tiga , Yanon Galine , Soubeiga Jonas , Kiribou Razak , Neya Oble , Magistro John 
Published: March 2024

Climate change impact increasingly led to humanitarian assistance increase and needed. To better address climate change impacts mitigation, a suitable financing instrument is essential to facilitate government, humanitarian, and other stakeholders' finance mobilization. However, few studies have been done on disaster risk profiling to guide decision-makers in their choices. Disaster risk profile analysis has been conducted in Mali to facilitate financial resources mobilization and climate finance instrument choice by identifying Historical drought and flood events. To do so, published papers; and some international institution websites dealing with climate hazard events such as Reliefweb, Hazard/risk, climate information services, Relief Web; CRED- EM-DAT; World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal, World Bank- UNDRR -ThinkHazard, WFP ARC/GeoNode/VAM/DataViz addressing Mali country have been assimilated for evidence accumulation and synthesis and presented in a database. Furthermore, national statistics and national reports on hazards have been also reviewed. Before starting the reading exercise, a reading/analytical framework has been elaborated. In Mali the year 1984 to 2019, 21 flood events occurred in Mali and the most exposed regions to floods are Koulikoro, Bamako and Gao. From 1969 to 2020, 21 drought events were registered in in Mali and the most affected regions are Koulikoro, Mopti, Gao, Kayes. The time return period of drought has been estimated to 3 years while the time return of flood has been estimated to be about 2 years. Drought events are less frequent than flood events, however, drought events affect more population than floods. Also, Also, the yearly response cost for drought events is USD million 277.46 with an average US USD 204.37 cost per affected population. For the flood, even the yearly response cost is USD 11.107 million With USD 261.82 per affected population. Macro-insurance and CAT bonds are more suitable disaster risk financing instruments and are recommended to better address drought events while Anticipatory action and government contingency funds are more suitable climate disaster risk financing instruments to better address flood events in Mali.
Developmental regulation of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. I. Rodent cerebral white matter and cortex
Authors: Talos Delia M. , Fishman Rachel E. , Park Hyunkyung , Folkerth Rebecca D. , Follett Pamela L. , Volpe Joseph J. , Jensen Frances E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis is the first part of a two‐part study to investigate the cellular distribution and temporal regulation of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunits in the developing white matter and cortex in rat (part I) and human (part II). Western blot and immunocytochemistry were used to evaluate the differential expression of AMPAR subunits on glial and neuronal subtypes during the first 3 postnatal weeks in the Long Evans and Sprague Dawley rat strains. In Long Evans rats during the first postnatal week, GluR2‐lacking AMPARs were expressed predominantly on white matter cells, including radial glia, premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and subplate neurons, whereas, during the second postnatal week, these AMPARs were highly expressed on cortical neurons, coincident with decreased expression on white matter cells. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that cell‐specific developmental changes in AMPAR expression occurred 2–3 days earlier by chronological age in Sprague Dawley rats compared with Long Evans rats, despite overall similar temporal sequencing. In both white and gray matter, the periods of high GluR2 deficiency correspond to those of regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury in each of the two rat strains, supporting prior studies suggesting a critical role for Ca2+‐permeable AMPARs in excitotoxic cellular injury and epileptogenesis. The developmental regulation of these receptor subunits strongly suggests that Ca2+ influx through GluR2‐lacking AMPARs may play an important role in neuronal and glial development and injury in the immature brain. Moreover, as demonstrated in part II, there are striking similarities between rat and human in the regional and temporal maturational regulation of neuronal and glial AMPAR expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:42–60, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Country of birth and hospital admission rates for mental disorders: a cohort study of 4.5 million men and women in Sweden
Authors: Westman J. , Johansson L.M. , Sundquist K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study analysed the association between country of birth and psychotic, affective, and neurotic disorders in seven immigrant categories, after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors. A 2-year national cohort study of 4.5 million individuals in the age group 25–64 years was performed. Swedish national registers including individual demographic and socioeconomic data were linked to the hospital discharge register. Cox regression was used in the analysis. Several groups of immigrants, both men and women, had risks of hospital admission for psychotic, affective, or neurotic disorders compared to the Swedish-born reference group. The impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on these risks seemed to be larger for men than for women. For foreign-born men, several of the risks no longer remained significant after adjustment for income and marital status. In contrast, most of the risks for foreign-born women remained significant after adjustment for income and marital status. Low income and being single were associated with an increased risk of psychiatric hospital admission. These results represent important knowledge for clinicians and public health planners who are involved in treatment and prevention of mental disorders among certain groups of immigrants, and among low income men and women irrespective of immigrant status.
Assessing aggressiveness quickly and efficiently: the Spanish adaptation of Aggression Questionnaire-Refined version
Authors: Gallardo-Pujol David , Kramp Uwe , García-Forero Carlos , Pérez-Ramírez Meritxell , Andrés-Pueyo Antonio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe assessment of aggressiveness and the prediction of aggression has become a relevant research and applied topic in Psychiatry and Psychology. There have been many attempts in order to get a fast and reliable tool to measure aggression. Buss and Durkee started the pathway, and recently Bryant and Smith developed a tool with an enormous potential, a fast-applicable, reliable and valid test. We herein report a Spanish adaptation of this test and we show that aggressiveness can be measured rapidly, and in a simple, valid and reliable way across different populations. We focus on the discriminant capacity of this test to detect aggressive individuals.
The Evolutionarily Conserved Tetratrico Peptide Repeat Protein Pale Yellow Green7 Is Required for Photosystem I Accumulation in Arabidopsis and Copurifies with the Complex
Authors: Stöckel Jana , Bennewitz Stefan , Hein Paul , Oelmüller Ralf 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Pale yellow green 7-1 (pyg7-1) is a photosystem I (PSI)-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant. PSI subunits are synthesized in the mutant, but do not assemble into a stable complex. In contrast, light-harvesting antenna proteins of both photosystems accumulate in the mutant. Deletion of Pyg7 results in severely reduced growth rates, alterations in leaf coloration, and plastid ultrastructure. Pyg7 was isolated by map-based cloning and encodes a tetratrico peptide repeat protein with homology to Ycf37 from Synechocystis. The protein is localized in the chloroplast associated with thylakoid membranes and copurifies with PSI. An independent pyg7 T-DNA insertion line, pyg7-2, exhibits the same phenotype. pyg7 gene expression is light regulated. Comparison of the roles of Ycf37 in cyanobacteria and Pyg7 in higher plants suggests that the ancient protein has altered its function during evolution. Whereas the cyanobacterial protein mediates more efficient PSI accumulation, the higher plant protein is absolutely required for complex assembly or maintenance.
Illumination Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Histone Acetylation Independent of Transcriptional Activity at the C4-Specific Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Promoter in Maize
Authors: Offermann Sascha , Danker Tanja , Dreymüller Daniela , Kalamajka Rainer , Töpsch Sonja , Weyand Katrin , Peterhänsel Christoph 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Expression of the C4-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-PEPC) gene in maize (Zea mays) is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, but affected by light and nutrient availability. We manipulated these stimuli in a combinatorial manner and analyzed concomitant changes in histone acetylation of the nucleosomes associated with the C4-PEPC gene in relation to transcriptional activity and steady-state mRNA levels. Whereas the transition from the lowest activity to an intermediate activity was observed in the absence of histone acetylation, the light-induced boost to full activity was associated with strong enhancement of the acetylation of both histones H3 and H4 limited to the gene region. Once activated by light, prolonged darkness was necessary to reduce both transcription and, in parallel, histone acetylation. Unexpectedly, histone acetylation was also induced in bundle sheath cells, although the transcriptional activity did not respond to illumination in this tissue. Furthermore, we were able to down-regulate the promoter by nitrogen depletion in the light without any decrease in the hyperacetylation of histone H4. When plants kept in prolonged darkness were nitrogen depleted and then exposed to light, transcription was not induced, but the promoter chromatin became hyperacetylated. We suggest a model where inhibition of a histone deacetylase in the light triggers H4 hyperacetylation at the C4-PEPC gene promoter regardless of the transcriptional activity of the gene. Our data indicate that an understanding of the interplay between histone modification and transcription requires analysis of signal integration on promoters in vivo.
The Juristic Conception of the State
Authors: Willoughby W. W. 
Published: May 2006

A society of human individuals viewed as a politically organized unit is termed a state. The state, which, in its various activities and forms of organization, furnishes the material for political science, may be regarded from a number of standpoints. It may be studied sociologically as one of the factors as well as one of the results of communal life; it may be examined historically for the purpose of ascertaining the part which it has played in the life of humanity, its varying phases of development being traced and their several causes and results determined; it may be considered as an entity, to the existence and activities of which are to be applied the ethical criteria which the moralist and philosopher establish; it may be psychologically surveyed in order to make plain the manifestations of will, emotion and judgment which support and characterize its life; it may be regarded from the purely practical standpoint to determine how it may be most efficiently organized and operated; and, finally, it may be envisaged and studied simply as an instrumentality for the creation and enforcement of law. It is with the state, as viewed in this last aspect, that analytical political philosophy is concerned.The point of departure of the analytical jurist is that in all communities which have reached any degree of definite political organization, public affairs, whether domestic or international, are not carried on in a haphazard manner, without system or fixed principles, but are governed by bodies of rules logically related to one another and all depending, as deductive conclusions, upon certain assumptions regarding the juristic nature of the state, of its sovereignty, of its law, and of the relations which it bears towards other bodies politic as similarly viewed.
Simplified Procedure in Municipal Courts
Authors: Saby Rasmus S. 
Published: May 2006

American democracy is not combating crime successfully. We are given the unenviable distinction of leading the civilized world in murder, robbery, burglary and other of the graver crimes against person and property. As a nation we have a disconcertingly high criminal ratio and in our large cities, where the opportunities and temptations for crime are greater, constantly recurring crime waves threaten our social organization.The administration of justice is a state function. Police officers are technically state officials and justices of the peace, police and municipal courts are performing state functions, yet it nevertheless is true that the prevention, detection and treatment of crime and criminals are of special importance to city dwellers and under our decentralized administration of justice the city ought to feel its responsibility and be given the opportunity to deal with the problem in an intelligent manner.It has been estimated that in Cleveland, Ohio, two-thirds of those who commit serious crimes are never arrested, and of the one-third arrested two-thirds are never convicted. The administration of criminal law has been declared a failure in Cleveland but few of our other large cities have any special reason for self-congratulation. Our criminal statistics in general are very unreliable and inadequate. The census bureau has been making an ambitious attempt at securing criminal statistics but has found it difficult and at times impossible to secure even the simplest data.
Political Science in the International Field
Authors: Potter Pitman B. 
Published: May 2006

Political science, like all other branches of social science, has, in the past century, become increasingly inductive in method. Attempts to deduce conclusions regarding the details of political organization and practice by speculative thought concerning the nature of man, of liberty, of authority, of society, and so on, have now largely ceased. In their place we have efforts to collect as much data as possible concerning actual forms of state organization and governmental methods, and efforts to analyze that data and discover therein the main lines of causation and the fundamental principles of politics.This is all a matter of common knowledge. It is, moreover, a change which most of us regard with approval. The reason for calling attention to it here, therefore, is principally to point out its effect upon the study of the international field by political scientists.There are several consequences which flow from the placing of political science upon the basis of inductive method. The consequence of which we think most frequently is that of rendering our conclusions more certain and secure, and of reducing as much as possible the element of subjective personal judgment therein.
The Problem of Sovereignty
Authors: Korff Baron S. A. 
Published: May 2006

One of the most difficult problems of modern political science is that of sovereignty. The commonly accepted theory contains many elements that seem to be in obvious contradiction to our ideals of democracy; some of them do not fit into the present-day conception of state and government, while others are plain remnants of feudalism and autocracy. One should keep in mind, however, that it is not only a purely theoretical problem closely associated with the general idea of the state, but that it is also an eminently practical one, as it necessarily involves the political question of limitations on the state's powers. Those limitations are of equal importance internally, in the relations between state and citizen, and externally, in the domain of international law.As often happens in cases where political questions are involved, the theory of sovereignty has two extreme wings of proponents. On the one hand there are theorists who defend an all-powerful state and make of the idea of sovereignty the emblem and symbol of the all-powerful state authority. On the other hand, there have appeared recently many writers, who believe that dangers lurk in the views of the first-mentioned school and who are loath to admit that any power, state or personal, may be unlimited; they distrust the theory of sovereignty, because of its association with unlimited power; consequently, they deny the existence of sovereignty altogether, asserting that it has no place whatever in the modern theory of the state.
Democracy in Administration
Authors: Turner Jennie McMullin 
Published: May 2006

When the late Dr. Charles McCarthy wrote The Wisconsin Idea he put into it a prediction and a warning which deserve our most thoughtful study in these days of increasing complexity of government. He saw several great dangers facing the commission plan of administration. It is one of these dangers with which we are concerned: “In spite of vigilance the stiffness and red tape of the bureau may eventually appear. …. While some commissions may grow sluggish, others may be inclined to be arrogant toward their masters—the people. There should be some means whereby commissions may be called before the legislature in the same manner in which members of the English cabinet are subjected to questioning or interpellation in the British Parliament.“In the case of the proposed Interstate Trade Commission, supplementing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the members should be subject to recall by a majority vote of Congress. It is the belief of the author that sooner or later such a plan will be developed in addition to the program which has been laid down in Wisconsin. When all is said there is no sure cure in commissions.”
Pan-Turanism
Authors: Stoddard T. Lothrop 
Published: May 2006

In practical politics the vital thing is not what men really are, but what they think they are. This simple truth, so often overlooked, is actually of tremendous import. It gives the key to many a riddle otherwise insoluble.The European war is a striking case in point. That war is very generally regarded as being one of “race.” The idea certainly lends to the struggle much of its bitterness and uncompromising fury. And yet, from the genuine racial standpoint, it is nothing of the kind. Ethnologists have proved conclusively that, apart from certain palaeolithic survivals and a few historically recent Asiatic intruders, Europe is inhabited by only three stocks: (1) the blond, long-headed “Nordic” race, (2) the brown, round-headed “Alpine” race, (3) the brunet, long-headed “Mediterranean” race. These races are so dispersed and intermingled that every European nation is built on atleast two of these stocks, while most are compounded of all three. Strictly speaking, therefore, the present European war is not a race-war at all, but a domestic struggle between closely knit blood-relatives.
The Report of the Steiwer Committee
Authors: Pollock James K. 
Published: May 2006

The special Senate committee investigating presidential campaign expenditures presented its report on February 28, 1929. The report contains five pages of explanatory material and recommendations, and twenty-five pages of tabulations. The recommendations are not very sweeping, but they strike at four existing defects in our present federal corrupt practices act, namely, the failure to regulate the conduct of conventions and primary elections for the nomination of presidential candidates, to extend the law to political groups operating in individual states, to require careful and accurate itemization of every party expenditure, and to regulate the borrowing of money by political committees. The committee does not argue the constitutional points involved in its first two recommendations, and it does not reach the real problem involved in party deficits with its fourth recommendation. It leaves many vital problems to future committees.The information collected by the committee, by means of hearings and correspondence principally, has been set forth in fourteen tables. There is much useful material in these tables, and several angles of the problem of party finance are clearly brought out by the figures. But there are some serious errors, especially in the tabulation of totals. Tables IV and V dealing with the national committee accounts are inaccurate and misleading. The proof of this statement is as follows. The accounts filed by the two national committees, both with the clerk of the House (according to law) and with the Steiwer committee, show that the Republican national committee received for its own purposes the sum of $3,814,000. On page 8 of the report we find the figure $5,715,000.
Selection and Tenure of Bureau Chiefs in the National Administration of the United States II
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W. 
Published: May 2006

The Public Health Service, the Coast Guard, and (under very recent legislation) the Coast and Geodetic Survey constitute a special group of bureaus, distinguished by the fact that their heads are selected as a matter of rule from groups of higher subordinates who are originally admitted by non-competitive examinations and advanced under the closed systems of commissioned personnel peculiar to these services.In the case of the surgeon general of the Public Health Service, the statutes say merely that he shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. A regulation of the service, however, provides that the surgeon general shall be selected from the commissioned medical officers above the rank of “passed assistant surgeon”—next to the lowest grade. The President presumably could override this regulation, and indeed an opinion of the Attorney General has indicated that his choice is not confined to the list of commissioned officers by any law relating to the service. In fact, however, the principle has been observed in the selection of the four surgeons general appointed since 1879. This system of selecting the heads of the service guarantees training and acquaintance with its problems, but—especially in view of the flexible type of assignments so characteristic of the Public Health Service and so useful in freshening a permanent personnel—the options open to the President and the Secretary of the Treasury are numerous enough to leave room for the possibility of a sort of administrative politics.
The Chief Whip in the British Parliament
Authors: Gladstone Viscount 
Published: May 2006

The post of Chief Whip is characteristically English. It is an undefined offshoot of the constitution. It is not mentioned in Sir Erskine May's “Parliamentary Practice.” It has a sporting origin—“whipper-in of foxhounds.”Formerly, when a division was taken in the House of Commons, members on one side remained and were counted in the House. The other side went into the lobby and were counted on their return into the House. But in 1836 the present system was adopted. Members divide into Aye and No lobbies and are counted by tellers. These tellers were, and are, appointed by the Speaker, from men identified with each side of the question at issue.Obviously, the Government of the day was primarily concerned in the result of divisions on critical or important occasions. Before going to a division it was essential to know as accurately as possible what was the general sense of their supporters. The flock had to be herded in the fullest strength possible.