bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Rabeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Gatifloxacin After Treatment Failure of Initial Helicobacter pylori Eradication
Authors: Sharara Ala I. , Chaar Hani F. , Aoun Elie , Abdul‐Baki Heitham , Araj George F. , Kanj Souha S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectives:  To evaluate the efficacy of a 7‐day regimen of gatifloxacin (400 mg daily), amoxicillin (1 g twice a day), and rabeprazole (20 mg twice a day) in the secondary eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection.Methods:  Eligible patients with persistent infection following one or more conventional clarithromycin‐containing triple therapies were enrolled in this open‐label trial. Eradication of infection was documented by 14C‐urea breath test a minimum of 4 weeks after therapy and 2 weeks off any acid suppressive therapy. Culture of H. pylori and in vitro susceptibility testing to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and gatifloxacin was done in cases of failed eradication.Results:  A total of 45 patients (22 females:23 males; mean age 44.5 ± 13 years) were enrolled. Eradication occurred in 38 patients [both per‐protocol (PP) and intention‐to‐treat analysis: 84.4%; 95% CI: 74–95%]. No significant adverse effects were reported. In vitro susceptibility testing showed no secondary resistance to gatifloxacin or amoxicillin in any of the seven nonresponders. Smoking, age, and sex were not predictors of potential eradication failure.Conclusions:  A 7‐day regimen of gatifloxacin, rabeprazole, and amoxicillin is effective after failed eradication therapy for H. pylori and does not appear to result in secondary resistance. This combination is simple, well tolerated, and may lead to higher compliance and lower costs.
External invasive resorption in a three‐rooted lower first molar*
Authors: Jensen Arna‐Lee 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral pathoses can be present concurrently in one tooth, and if that tooth has an unusual anatomical variation, the diagnosis and treatment can be further complicated. This case stresses the importance of accurate assessment and diagnosis prior to intervention and their role in identifying cases for referral to a specialist in today's increasingly litigious environment.
Case assessment and treatment planning: What governs your decision to treat, refer or replace a tooth that potentially requires endodontic treatment?*
Authors: Pothukuchi Kiran 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral factors determine whether a tooth will require treatment by a general dentist, treatment by an endodontist or whether prosthodontic care is necessary after the tooth in question is extracted. This paper will present and discuss those factors, which govern the decisions made by the general dentist, and the resultant treatment options ranging from conservative endodontic therapy to the extraction of the offending tooth and its prosthodontic replacement. The impact of prognosis during endodontic therapy will also be discussed.
Endodontics versus implantology: To extirpate or integrate?
Authors: Dawson Anthony S. , Cardaci Santo C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn increasingly frequent dilemma in restorative dentistry is the question of whether to retain a badly damaged tooth and restore it, or to remove and possibly replace it. Given the ethical difficulties inherent in testing this question, it is unlikely that we will ever see a properly designed clinical trial that will provide an answer. One of the most strongly debated components of this question is whether endodontic treatment and restoration can compete with a dental implant‐borne prosthesis in terms of longevity and success. In the current paper, the authors will attempt to: (i) answer this question based on our current understanding of the dental literature; and (ii) provide practitioners with guidelines that might be applied to their daily practices.
Accuracy of three different electronic apex locators in detecting simulated horizontal and vertical root fractures
Authors: Ebrahim Aqeel K. , Wadachi Reiko , Suda Hideaki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs): Root ZX, Foramatron D10 and Apex NRG, in the detection of fractures in teeth having simulated horizontal and vertical root fractures. A total of 90 extracted intact, straight, single‐rooted teeth were divided into six groups of 15 teeth each. In Groups A, B and C, an incomplete horizontal fracture was simulated by preparing a horizontal incision in the coronal, middle or apical portion of the root until the circumferential half of the canal was exposed in the horizontal plane respectively. In Groups D, E and F, an incomplete vertical root fracture was simulated by preparing a vertical straight incision to expose the canal in the coronal, middle or apical portion of the root all the way in the longitudinal plane respectively. The simulated fractures were 0.25 mm in thickness in all groups. The teeth were embedded in 1% agar and the canals were irrigated with saline solution during electronic measurement. Detection of the simulated root fractures was established with a size 10 K‐file when the meter value reached ‘APEX’ on each EAL. In Groups A, B and C, Kruskal–Wallis tests revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between the three EALs. However, statistically significant differences were found among the EALs in Groups D, E and F (P < 0.0001, one‐way anova and Tukey’s post‐hoc test). In conclusion, the three EALs tested were accurate and acceptable clinical tools in the detection of horizontal root fractures. However, the three EALs were unreliable in detecting the position of vertical root fractures.
DEVELOPMENT OF DISPLAY BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG CAPTIVE BEARDED SEALS
Authors: Davies Caroline E. , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian , Van Parijs Sofie M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this study of the ontogeny of vocal behavior in captive bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus, (three males and three females), only males exhibited vocal displays. The onset of display behavior coincided with sexual maturity. Males exhibited three types of dive displays associated with the performance of vocalizations. Vocalizing individuals were frequently attended by another male that maintained passive muzzle contact with the vocalizing male. These interactions were non‐aggressive and might play a role in the establishment of a social hierarchy or they might allow the attendee to obtain “near‐field” vocal information from the displaying male. Captive males’ vocalizations resembled those of males in the wild. However, display dives were shorter, and fewer vocalization types were documented among the captive males compared to bearded seals in the wild. The capacity of the captive males for producing well‐formed, long calls with large frequency changes was also significantly less than for wild males. These capacities will likely develop further as the males grow older. Individual capacity for vocal production appears to develop gradually, showing plasticity in form development over time.
Losses of adult sheep due to ovine Johne's disease in 12 infected flocks over a 3‐year period
Authors: BUSH RD , WINDSOR PA , TORIBIO J‐ALML 
Published: July 2006

Objective  To measure the biological and financial impact of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) mortalities on 12 infected flocks within the endemic area of southern New South Wales over a 3‐year period.Design and population  An observational study was conducted over a 3‐year period from 2002 to 2004 on sheep from 12 OJD‐infected flocks from southern NSW. Flocks ranged from between 3,500 and 20,000 sheep. At the start of the study owner estimates of OJD mortality were 5% or greater.Method  Annual mortality rates were estimated from farm records provided by owners. The proportion of OJD mortalities was assessed after histological examination of tissues collected from dead and moribund sheep during 5‐day necropsy inspections conducted in autumn, winter, spring and summer in 2002. The financial impact was estimated using a gross margin analysis for each of the three study years and by placing a financial value on the necropsied sheep.Results  On the 12 farms, the average OJD mortality rate was 6.2% (range 2.1% to 17.5%) in 2002, 7.8% (range 1.8% to 14.6%) in 2003 and 6.4% (range 2% to 11.9%) in 2004. The average decrease in gross margin due to OJD infection on a farm in 2002 was 6.4% (range 2.2% to 15.4%), 8.5% (range 3.1% to 15.8%) in 2003 and 7.4% (range 1.5% to 15.4%) in 2004. This equates to an average reduction in annual income of $13,715 per farm per year. OJD losses accounted on average for two thirds of the total estimated financial loss associated with sheep deaths.Conclusion  This study demonstrates the significant biological and financial impact of OJD on sheep flocks. These findings are of relevance to all Australian sheep flocks infected or at risk of OJD infection.
The impact of malnutrition and other causes of losses of adult sheep in 12 flocks during drought
Authors: BUSH RD , TORIBIO J‐ALML , WINDSOR PA 
Published: July 2006

Objective  To establish the range and cost of losses in Merino flocks in southern New South Wales during drought conditions by determining the cause of death, morbidity or wasting in adult sheep.Design and population  Pathological studies were performed on 392 dead or moribund adult sheep from 12 Ovine Johne's disease (OJD)‐infected flocks during 2002 and a further 58 sheep culled due to wasting from one of these flocks in 2003. Flocks ranged between 3,500 and 20,000 sheep.Method  The most likely cause of death, morbidity or wasting was determined following consideration of the environment in which the animal was found, clinical and gross pathological findings, plus histopathology of tissues collected during necropsy.Results  A most likely cause of death, morbidity or wasting was determined for 362 sheep in 2002 and 58 sheep in 2003. OJD contributed to the death of 250 sheep in 2002, and wasting of 48 sheep in 2003. Of the sheep that died or were euthanased due to other causes, malnutrition was a contributing factor in the death of 70 sheep (63%) in 2002 and 2 sheep (20%) in 2003. Losses were not evenly distributed across flocks, with 57% of mortalities caused by malnutrition in 2002 occurring in one flock. Malnutrition accounted for 18% of the annual cost of all deaths among adult sheep in 2002 with an average cost of $16,882 per farm. Losses not attributed to malnutrition included a range of infectious and non‐infectious disorders. These included balanoposthitis, clostridial enterotoxaemia, cutaneous myiasis, endoparasitism, enteritis, intestinal adenocarcinoma, misadventure, peritonitis, periparturient death of ewes, photosensitisation, pneumonia, post‐shearing stress and squamous cell carcinoma of the perineum.Conclusion  Almost one third of mortalities in OJD‐infected flocks during drought were unrelated to OJD and could be reduced by improving nutritional and disease management practices. The importance of close supervision of the flock is highlighted so that early management intervention can be instituted, including the culling of cases of welfare concern.
Chronic shoulder osteoarthritis in a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Authors: RAIDAL SR , SHEARER PL , PRINCE RIT 
Published: July 2006

This report describes the lesions seen in an extremely weak and emaciated adult male loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) found stranded near Perth, Western Australia. Blood collected from a dorsal cervical sinus immediately prior to euthanasia demonstrated severe anaemia, markedly elevated plasma concentrations of creatinine kinase (2263 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (58 U/L), urea (18.1 mmol/L) and hypoglycaemia (glucose 0.7 mmol/L). Necropsy examination demonstrated a severe chronic osteoarthritis of the right shoulder joint with marked remodelling of the glenoid fossa, coracoid, scapula and humerus. There was marked synovial effusion and periarticular fibrosis. Cytological examination and culture of synovial fluid failed to demonstrate an infectious agent. Other findings were low numbers of trypanorhynch cysts present on the surface of the liver and numerous spirorchid eggs in the attached mesentery. Several large and small spirorchid flukes were present in the heart and there was a localised endarteritis in the left aortic arch associated with this infection. Numerous nematode eggs and at least three species of spirorchid eggs were seen microscopically in faeces collected from the terminal colon. The pathogenesis and significance of these lesions is discussed.
Nocardiainfections in cats: a retrospective multi‐institutional study of 17 cases
Authors: MALIK R , KROCKENBERGER MB , O’BRIEN CR , WHITE JD , FOSTER D , TISDALL PLC , GUNEW M , CARR PD , BODELL L , MCCOWAN C , HOWE J , OAKLEY C , GRIFFIN C , WIGNEY DI , MARTIN P , NORRIS J , HUNT G , MITCHELL DH , GILPIN C 
Published: July 2006

Objective To record 17 cases of nocardiosis in cats from eastern Australia and to compare this series with cases previously reported.Design Retrospective/prospective study.Results Nocardiaspp infections were diagnosed in 17 cats over 14 years from the three eastern states of Australia. There were no isolates from dogs during this period, but one isolate from a koala and two from dairy cows. The majority of cats presented with spreading lesions of the subcutis and skin associated with draining sinus tract(s). Early cutaneous lesions consisted of circumscribed abscesses. Infections spread at a variable rate, generally by extension to adjacent tissues. Lesions were generally located in regions subjected to cat bite or scratch injuries, including limbs, body wall, inguinal panniculus and nasal bridge. In some other cases, lesions were situated on distal extremities. The clinical course was variable, from chronic, indolent, initially localised infections to acute fulminating disease. Of the 17 cats, 14 were domestic crossbreds and three were purebreds. There was a preponderance of male cats (12 castrated, 1 entire young adult, 1 entire kitten). Nine of 17 cats were 10 years or older. Interestingly, the majority of infections were attributable toN nova. Immediate and/or predisposing causes could be identified in all cases, and included: renal transplantation [one cat]; chronic corticosteroid administration [three cats]; catabolic state following chylothorax surgery [one cat]; fight injuries [seven cats]; FIV infections [three of seven cats tested]. Of the 17 cats, three were apparently cured. Four were thought to be cured, but infection recurred after several months. Three cats responded partially but were euthanased, while another was improving when it died of unrelated complications. Two died despite treatment and two were euthanased without an attempt at therapy. For two cats there were either insufficient records or the patient was lost to follow up.Conclusion Nocardiosis is a rare, serious disease. Currently it is more common in cats than dogs. Nocardial panniculitis may be clinically indistinguishable from the syndrome caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Although the prognosis is guarded, patients with localised infections caused byN novaoften respond to appropriate therapy. If definitive treatment is delayed because of misdiagnosis, the disease tends to become chronic, extensive and refractory. Insufficient duration of therapy leads to disease recurrence.
The Structure of G4, the Poxvirus Disulfide Oxidoreductase Essential for Virus Maturation and Infectivity
Authors: Su Hua-Poo , Lin David Yin-wei , Garboczi David N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

The possibility of the release of smallpox virus into a predominantly nonimmunized population highlights the importance of understanding poxvirus biology. Poxviruses encode a conserved pathway that is required to oxidize disulfide bonds in nascent viral proteins that fold in the reducing environment of the eukaryotic host cytoplasm. We present the structure of the last enzyme of the vaccinia virus pathway, G4, which is almost identical in smallpox virus. G4 catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins that are critical for virus maturation and host cell infection. G4 contains a thioredoxin fold and a Cys-X-X-Cys active site. In solution, G4 monomers and dimers are observed. In the crystal, G4 is found as a dimer that buries 4,500 Å
2
in the interface and occludes the active site, which could protect the reactive disulfide from reduction in the cytoplasm. The structure serves as a model for drug design targeting viral disulfide bond formation.
Interleukin-6 Induction of Protein S Is Regulated Through Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
Authors: de Wolf Cornelia J.F. , Cupers Rosemiek M.J. , Bertina Rogier M. , Vos Hans L. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—The protein C anticoagulant pathway is an essential process for attenuating thrombin generation by the membrane-bound procoagulant complexes tenase and prothrombinase. In this pathway, protein S (PS) serves as a cofactor for activated protein C. PS circulates in plasma both in a free form and in complex with complement component 4b-binding protein (C4BP). C4BP is a known acute phase reactant, thereby suggesting a relation between PS and the acute phase response. Interleukin (IL)-6 has been shown to increase both PS and C4BP gene expression. Our objective was to study the regulation of PS gene expression by IL-6 in detail.Methods and Results—IL-6 upregulates both PS mRNA and protein levels in liver-derived HepG2 cells. The promoter of the PS gene (PROS1) was cloned upstream from a luciferase reporter gene. After transfection in HepG2 cells, the luciferase activity was shown to be stimulated by the addition of IL-6. IL-6 exerts its effect through Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) that interacts with thePROS1promoter at a binding site in between nucleotides 229 to 207 upstream from the translational start.Conclusion—IL-6 induces PS expression via STAT3. A possible function for IL-6–induced PS expression in cell survival is discussed.
ADAM17 Mediates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Hypertrophy Induced by Angiotensin II
Authors: Ohtsu Haruhiko , Dempsey Peter J. , Frank Gerald D. , Brailoiu Eugen , Higuchi Sadaharu , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Nakashima Hidekatsu , Eguchi Kunie , Eguchi Satoru 
Published: July 2006

Background—Angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) transactivation mediated through a metalloprotease-dependent shedding of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). However, the identity of the metalloprotease responsible for this process remains unknown.Methods and Results—To identify the metalloprotease required for Ang II-induced EGFR transactivation, primary cultured aortic VSMCs were infected with retrovirus encoding dominant negative (dn) mutant of ADAM10 or ADAM17. EGFR transactivation induced by Ang II was inhibited in VSMCs infected with dnADAM17 retrovirus but not with dnADAM10 retrovirus. However, Ang II comparably stimulated intracellular Ca2+elevation and JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation in these VSMCs. In addition, dnADAM17 inhibited HB-EGF shedding induced by Ang II in A10 VSMCs expressing the AT1receptor. Moreover, Ang II enhanced protein synthesis and cell volume in VSMCs infected with control retrovirus, but not in VSMCs infected with dnADAM17 retrovirus.Conclusion—ADAM17 activated by the AT1receptor is responsible for EGFR transactivation and subsequent protein synthesis in VSMCs. These findings demonstrate a previously missing molecular mechanism by which Ang II promotes vascular remodeling.
An fMRI Analysis of the Human Hippocampus: Inference, Context, and Task Awareness
Authors: Greene Anthony J. , Gross William L. , Elsinger Catherine L. , Rao Stephen M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving semantic and episodic memories. Animal studies indicate that the hippocampus is also required for relational learning tasks. A prototypical relational learning task, and the one investigated in this experiment, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, is the transitive inference (TI) task. In the TI task, participants were to choose between A and B (A?B) and learned by trial and error to choose A (A &gt; B). There were four such premise pairs during a training (A &gt; B, B &gt; C, C &gt; D, D &gt; E). These can be acquired distinctly or can be organized into a superordinate hierarchy (A &gt; B &gt; C &gt; D &gt; E), which would efficiently represent all the learned relations and allow inferences (e.g., B &gt; D). At test there was no reinforcement: In addition to premise pairs, untrained pairings were introduced (e.g., A?E, B?D). Correctly inferring that B &gt; D is taken as evidence for the formation of a superordinate hierarchy; several alternatives to the superordinate hierarchy hypothesis are considered. Awareness of the formation of this hierarchy was measured by a postscan questionnaire. Four main findings are reported: (1) Inferential performance and task awareness dissociated behaviorally and at the level of hemodynamic response; (2) As expected, performance on the inferred relation, B &gt; D, corresponded to the ability to simultaneously acquire B &gt; C and C &gt; D premise pairs during training; (3) Interestingly, acquiring these “inner pairs” corresponded to greater hippocampal activation than the “outer pairs” (A &gt; B, D &gt; E) for all participants. However, a distinct pattern of hippocampal activity for these inner pairs differentiated those able to perform the inferential discrimination, B &gt; D, at test. Because these inner premise pairs require contextual discrimination (e.g., C is incorrect in the context of B but correct in the context of D), we argue that the TI task is hippocampal-dependent because the premise pair acquisition necessary for inference is hippocampal-dependent; (4) We found B &gt; D related hippocampal activity at test that is anatomically consistent with preconsolidation recall effects shown in other studies.
Hurricane Juan (2003). Part I: A Diagnostic and Compositing Life Cycle Study
Authors: McTaggart-Cowan Ron , Atallah Eyad H. , Gyakum John R. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A detailed analysis of the complex life cycle of Hurricane Juan (in 2003) is undertaken to elucidate the structures and forcings that prevailed over the period leading up to the hurricane’s landfall in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Despite the presence of easterly wave precursors, Hurricane Juan’s initial development is shown to occur in a baroclinic environment beneath a low-latitude potential vorticity streamer. This feature interacts with a lower-level shear line as the incipient vortex begins to effectively focus ascent and convection. The system undergoes a slow tropical transition over a period of several days as the deep-layer shear over the developing storm decreases. The hurricane is repeatedly perturbed by subsynoptic-scale waves traveling along the leading edge of a large upstream trough. However, Hurricane Juan maintains its tropical structure despite its relatively high formation latitude (28°N) and its northward trajectory. The unusual persistence of the storm’s tropical nature as it propagates northward is of primary interest in this study. In particular, the role of persistent ridging along the east coast of North America is investigated both in high-resolution analyses for Hurricane Juan and in a compositing framework. Dynamic tropopause, quasigeostrophic, and modified Eady model diagnostics are used to elucidate the interactions between Hurricane Juan and this amplified midlatitude flow. Given the strength and persistence of the anomalous ridge–trough couplet both in the case diagnosis and in the composite fields, the study concludes that the presence of prestorm, high-amplitude ridging along the east coast likely reinforced by diabatic ridging downshear of the storm itself produces an environment both dynamically and thermodynamically conducive to the high-latitude landfall of hurricanes still in the tropical phase.