bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Mammalian Cells VI. Soluble and Polyribosome Associated Components Controlling
In Vitro
Polypeptide Initiation in HeLa Cells
Authors: Goldstein Elliott S. , Reichman Marsha E. , Penman Sheldon 
Published: May 2006

The
in vitro
initiation of polypeptides on endogenous polyribosomes has been studied in extracts from HeLa cells. Regulation of the rate of initiation of polypeptides can be examined. In these experiments an assay using [
35
S]fMet-tRNA
f
Met
has been developed, and the system further characterized.

The system has been separated into a fraction containing polyribosomes with subunits and a fraction containing soluble components. The regulation of initiation has at least two distinct components.
There is one factor in the soluble fraction which develops a stimulated response after protein synthesis has been inhibited in intact cells. This stimulation does not require new RNA synthesis during the period of cell “stress.”
A second component is associated with ribosomes. This factor is necessary for the initiation of polypeptides on endogenous polyribosomes. It disappears gradually when cells are exposed to actinomycin. The disappearance is first manifested by an inability of polyribosomes to respond to stimulated supernatants. This unstable component, which decays in the presence of actinomycin, has no apparent counterpart in systems that measure initiation on exogenous mRNA.
Function of Individual 30S Subunit Proteins of
Escherichia coli
. Effect of Specific Immunoglobulin Fragments (Fab) on Activities of Ribosomal Decoding Sites
Authors: Lelong J. C. , Gros D. , Gros F. , Bollen A. , Maschler R. , Stöffler G. 
Published: May 2006

Specific anti-30S protein immunoglobulin G fragments (Fab) were used to determine the contribution of each of the 30S ribosomal proteins to: (
1
) polyphenylalanine synthesis, (
2
) initiation factor-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA, (
3
) T-factor-dependent binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA, and (
4
) fixation of radioactive dihydrostreptomycin. Twenty of the 21 possible antibodies (antibody against S17 excepted) were used. In conditions where all the 30S proteins were accessible to Fabs, all of these monovalent antibodies strongly inhibited polyphenylalanine synthesis
in vitro
. Antibodies against S4, S6, S7, S12, S15, and S16, however, showed a weaker effect.

30S proteins can be classified into four categories by their contributions to the function of sites “A” and “P”: class I appears nonessential for tRNA positioning at either site (S4, S7, S15, and S16); class II includes proteins whose role in initiation is critical (S2, S5, S6, S12, and S13); class III (S8, S9, S11, and S18) corresponds to proteins whose blockade prevents internal (elongation factor Tudependent) positioning; and class IV includes entities that are essential for activities of both “A” and “P” sites (S1, S3, S10, S14, S19, S20, and S21). Dihydrostreptomycin fixation to the 30S or 70S ribosomes was inhibited by antibodies against S1, S10, S11, S18, S19, S20, and S21, but only weakly by the anti-S12 (Str A protein) Fab.
The significance of these results is discussed in relation to 30S protein function, heterogeneity, and topography.
Mode of Action of a Supernatant Activity from T-Cell Cultures that Nonspecifically Stimulates the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Hunter Philippa , Kettman J. R. 
Published: May 2006

The mode of action of “allogeneic supernatant” (the culture supernatant of a 24-hr mixedlymphocyte reaction), has been studied. This factor stimulates the response of spleen cell cultures depleted in thymus-derived lymphoid cells (T-cells) to antigens that elicit a thymus-dependent response. We used a limiting dilution analysis, in which the frequency and size of response of individual bone-marrow-derived lymphoid cells (B-cells) could be measured. In confirmation of other reports, the occurrence of B-cells responding to antigen under different conditions was shown to follow a Poisson distribution in mouse spleen cell suspensions. Allogeneic supernatant increased responses to thymus-dependent antigens, both by increasing the frequency of B-cells whose response is initiated and by increasing the numbers of antibody-forming cells obtained from each responding B-cell. Two fractions were obtained by dialysis of the supernatant. The nondialyzable fraction contained factors able to increase both the frequency of B-cells responding to sheep erythrocytes, and the size of the responding unit. The dialysate contained factors that were only able to increase the numbers of antibody-forming cells obtained per responding B-cell from B-cells whose response had already been initiated by antigen-specific T-cells.
Since the nondialyzable factors were active in the absence of detectable functional T-cells, it was concluded that these factors, produced by T-cells, might represent one mechanism whereby T-cells cooperate with B-cells in the initiation or development of a humoral immune response.
A Dynamical Model for Human Population
Authors: Yellin Joel , Samuelson P. A. 
Published: May 2006

We analyze a simple, deterministic model of the dynamics of population changes in a bisexual, reproductive system based on marriage. Our model is one of a general class, special cases of which have been previously discussed within the framework of population biology by D. G. Kendall, L. A. Goodman, J. H. Pollard, and others. Here, we extend and complete previous analyses of systems characterized by first-degree homogeneous, unbounded marriage functions, allowing for arbitrary birth and death rates.
The dynamics of the model is determined by three coupled first-order, nonlinear differential equations, similar to those used in the description of chemical reactions and of radioactive decay chains. Solutions of the differential equation system are classified according to the associated patterns of birth and death rates of the two sexes, and growth and stability properties are discussed.
This preliminary report gives conditions sufficient to insure the existence of a unique, exponential mode of population growth or decay, with a finite ratio of the sexes. We also exhibit other conditions which, in contrast to the standard, linear demographic analysis of Lotka, guarantee that the sex ratio asymptotically becomes infinite.
The model manifests a delicate balance between the vital parameters that alerts one to the possibility of selfaggravating distortions of the sex ratio, once a monogamous society's fertility falls below the replacement value.
Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (A Review)
Authors: Malloch D. W. , Pirozynski K. A. , Raven P. H. 
Published: May 2006

Mycorrhizae, the symbioses between fungi and plant roots, are nearly universal in terrestrial plants and can be classified into two major types: endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae. About four-fifths of all land plants form endomycorrhizae, whereas several groups of trees and shrubs, notably Pinaceae, some Cupressaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and most Myrtaceae form ectomycorrhizae. Among legumes, Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae have endomycorrhizae and usually form bacterial nodules. The members of the third subfamily, Caesalpinioideae, rarely form nodules, and one of the included groups, the two large, pantropical, closely related tribes Amherstieae and Detarieae, regularly form ectomycorrhizae. Nodules and ectomycorrhizae may well be alternative means of supplying organic nitrogen to the plants that form them.
Those plants having endomycorrhizae usually occur in forests of high species richness, whereas those with ectomycorrhizae usually occur in forests of low species richness. The roots of ectomycorrhizal trees, however, support a large species richness of fungal symbionts, probably amounting to more than 5000 species worldwide, whereas those of endomycorrhizal trees have low fungal species richness, with only about 30 species of fungi known to be involved worldwide. Ectomycorrhizal forests are generally temperate or occur on infertile soils in the tropics. They apparently have expanded in a series of ecologically important events through the course of time from the Middle Cretaceous onward at the expense of endomycorrhizal forests.
Cloning and expression analysis of takeout/JHBP family genes of silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Saito K. , Su Z.‐H. , Emi A. , Mita K. , Takeda M. , Fujiwara Y. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA Bombyx EST cDNA database was searched using the Drosophila takeout gene and nine cDNAs were obtained. The homology search suggested that these genes are widespread in insects and organize a large gene family, and that they have hydrophobic ligands. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the genes are first divided into two large groups, juvenile hormone binding protein and other protein genes, and the latter group diversified within a short time at an early stage. The expression study of five Bombyx genes indicated that they are expressed in various tissues and are regulated by development and feeding conditions. The Bombyx genes might have roles related to the regulation of metabolism, growth or development related to nutritional conditions.
Normative reference values for lung transfer factor in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: AMRA Babak , ASADI Mehrnaz , SALEHI Hassan , ZAMANI Ahmad R. , GOLSHAN Mohammad 
Published: May 2006

Objectives and background:  Transfer factor or carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) is a particularly valuable test of the appropriateness of gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane. The purpose of this study is to derive predictive equations for DLCO and its derivative volume‐corrected DLCO (DLCO/VA) measured by single‐breath method in a large non‐smoking population sample in Isfahan.Methodology:  We evaluated 1429 randomly selected subjects (732 men, aged 5–85 years). Gender‐specific linear prediction equations were developed by multiple regression analysis; with measured DLCO, and DLCO/VA values (mmol/min/kPa), as dependent variables regressed against age (A), height (H) and body surface area (BSA).Results:  For both genders, age had negative effects on DLCO, while height had a positive effect on DLCO and DLCO/VA (P < 0.01). The prediction equations for DLCO and DLCO/VA are: ‘0.152 × height − 0.056 × age − 11.595’ and ‘−0.12 × age + 2.467’, for men and: ‘−0.035 × age − 0.133 × height − 10.707’ and ‘−0.012 × age − 0.02 × height + 2.755’, for women, respectively.Conclusions:  Our results therefore provide an original frame of reference for either DLCO or DLCO/VA in Iranian population, obtained from a standardized single‐breath technique.
Populations of hippocampal inhibitory neurons express different levels of cytochrome c
Authors: Gulyás Attila I. , Buzsáki György , Freund Tamás F. , Hirase Hajime 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCytochrome c (CC) immunoreactivity was quantified in functionally distinct rat hippocampal inhibitory neuron populations using double immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy to measure the CC expression level as well as the amount of mitochondria within the cells, which is a sign of neuronal activity. The CC signal showed a similar distribution to cytochrome c oxidase histochemical staining. Strongly stained somata, dendrites and axon terminal clouds were dispersed over the low intensity neuropil staining. The staining was granular and electron microscopic investigation confirmed that the signal was localized in mitochondria. Intensively labeled neurons, showing the morphological features of inhibitory cells, were most frequently found in the principal cell layers, stratum oriens of the CA1–3 areas, stratum lucidum and hilus. These neurons contained not only a higher number of mitochondria than the principal cells but the intensity of the mitochondrial staining was evidently stronger. Among the examined interneuronal populations, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were intensively labeled for CC. Calbindin D28k‐ (CB), somatostatin‐ and cholecystokinin‐labeled cells showed heterogeneous CC levels, whereas calretinin‐immunoreactive cells never showed a strong CC signal. CB cells in stratum oriens and alveus layers, lucidum and the hilus were strongly labeled for CC. CB cells in such regions are known to project to the medial septum and contain somatostatin. We have demonstrated that the CA1 interneurons that project to the medial septum (hippocampo‐septal neurons) express a high level of CC. Thus, similar to the parvalbumin‐containing basket and axo‐axonic cells, the hippocampo‐septal neurons potentially have a high average activity level.
Cross‐Shattered Christ: Meditations on the Seven Last Words – Stanley Hauerwas
Authors: Fout Jason A. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: Cross‐Shattered Christ: Meditations on the Seven Last Words, Stanley Hauerwas, Brazos 2004 (1‐58743‐131‐9), 108 pp., hb $14.99/£9.95
A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom – Edited by Huston Smith (ed.)
Authors: Smith‐Christopher Daniel L. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom, Huston Smith (ed.), University of California Press 2006 (0‐520‐24439‐7), xxi + 232 pp., hb $24.95
The God Who Believes: Faith, Doubt, and the Vicarious Humanity of Christ – Christian D. Kettler
Authors: Schweitzer William 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: The God Who Believes: Faith, Doubt, and the Vicarious Humanity of Christ, Christian D. Kettler, Cascade 2005 (1‐59752‐188‐4), xiv + 194 pp., pb $24.00
Revisionist Koran Hermeneutics in Contemporary Turkish University Theology: Rethinking Islam – Felix Körner
Authors: Marshall David 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: Revisionist Koran Hermeneutics in Contemporary Turkish University Theology: Rethinking Islam, Felix Körner, Ergon Verlag 2005 (3‐89913‐373‐0), 230 pp., n/p
Is Scripture the Origin of Halakhah? – Jacob Neusner  The Talmud: Law, Theology, Narrative: A Sourcebook – Jacob Neusner  Theology of Normative Judaism: A Source Book – Jacob Neusner  The Vitality of Rabbinic Imagination: The Mishnah against the Bible and Qumran – Jacob Neusner
Authors: Chester Michael A. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: Is Scripture the Origin of Halakhah?, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3117‐7), xiv + 217 pp., pb $34.00 The Talmud: Law, Theology, Narrative: A Sourcebook, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3115‐0), xxxiv + 251 pp., pb $39.00 Theology of Normative Judaism: A Source Book, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3116‐9), vi + 156 pp., pb $26.00 The Vitality of Rabbinic Imagination: The Mishnah against the Bible and Qumran, Jacob Neusner, University Press of America 2005 (0‐7618‐3118‐5), xxxiv + 226 pp., pb $35.00
After the Spirit: A Constructive Pneumatology from Resources outside the Modern West – Eugene F. Rogers
Authors: Fout Jason A. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: After the Spirit: A Constructive Pneumatology from Resources outside the Modern West, Eugene F. Rogers Jr, Eerdmans Press 2005 (0‐8028‐2891‐4), xi + 251 pp., pb $22.00/£12.99
A More Profound Alleluia: Theology and Worship in Harmony – Leanne Van Dyk (ed.)
Authors: Thangaraj M. Thomas 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: A More Profound Alleluia: Theology and Worship in Harmony, Leanne Van Dyk (ed.), William B. Eerdmans Publishing 2005 (0‐8028‐2854‐X), xx + 155 pp., pb $15.00
The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper – Vincent E. Bacote
Authors: Ables Travis E. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper, Vincent E. Bacote, Baker Academic 2005 (0‐8010‐2740‐3), 172 pp., pb $18.99
The Eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar: Being as Communion – Nicholas J. Healy
Authors: McCosker Philip 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: The Eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar: Being as Communion, Nicholas J. Healy, Oxford University Press 2005 (0‐19‐927836‐9), viii + 232 pp., hb £55.00
Approximate Variance for a Standardized Composite Measure of Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Hamilton D. C. , Liu Q. , Cole D. E. C. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe approximate variance for the standardized measure of gametic linkage disequilibrium has been described. However, this approach assumes knowledge of the phase of double heterozygotes or Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Here we give the approximate variance for a composite measure of linkage disequilibrium which depends only on genotype frequencies. We show by simulation that this variance approximation is valid over a range of allele probabilities and departures from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.
Factors affecting the predation of otter (Lutra lutra) on European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis)
Authors: Lanszki J. , Molnár M. , Molnár T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this case study, the ecological background of an unusual hunting behaviour was investigated, when ottersLutra lutrapreyed upon European pond turtlesEmys orbicularisin a Hungarian fish pond system during an 18‐month period. Predation on turtle was found only during cold periods (established by spraint analysis and also by the collection of 182 turtle carcasses in 2003). The relationship was not close between fish availability and turtle consumption (rP=−0.325,P=0.19). The crude protein content of the turtle head and leg was higher than that of fish, frog and turtle body, whereas the energy content of the samples was similar. The mean body weight of the killed turtles (460 g) fell within the range of the optimal prey size of the otter. Turtles were used as cache foods by otters during extreme environmental conditions (as in the long winter), but occurred only rarely as buffer foods during moderate winter. In fish ponds, the conservation of the coexistent otter and turtle depends on pond management. The maintenance of a higher fish availability in ponds during winter makes it possible to avoid the need to acquire a proper hunting technique on turtle, indicated by the scarcity of primary fish food.
Craniofacial sexual dimorphism in Alouatta palliata, the mantled howling monkey
Authors: Blanco M. B. , Godfrey L. R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOntogenetic scaling has been hailed as an explanation of the differences in craniofacial morphology between adult males and females of a number of non human primate species. This inference has implications for the evolutionary processes underlying patterns of sexual variation, as several heterochronic processes (rate and time hypo‐ and hypermorphosis) predict ontogenetic scaling. Primary among species for which ontogenetic scaling of craniofacial dimensions has been claimed is Alouatta palliata, the mantled howling monkey. This study uses a variety of analytical tools to explore the efficacy of ontogenetic scaling as an explanatory paradigm for this classic example. Multivariate analysis captures shape far better than does bivariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis does not support the traditional inference of ontogenetic scaling. Explanations for contradictory results are considered.
Association of Moderate Consumption of Alcohol With Rates of Heavy Drinking and Abstinence in Spain
Authors: Rodriguez‐Artalejo Fernando , de Andrés Manzano Belén , Guallar‐Castillón Pilar , Banegas Banegas José Ramón , del Rey Calero Juan 
Published: May 2006

Background: Moderate consumption of alcohol reduces general mortality among middle‐aged and elderly persons through a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, higher consumption of wine is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in northern Spain. This information may be used to promote moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages in Spain. However, alcohol consumption is influenced by the drinking habits of the individual's social environment. Therefore, we examine the relation between average consumption of alcohol and the prevalence of heavy drinkers, who most often have adverse effects from alcohol, and the prevalence of abstainers, who do not benefit from alcohol, in Spain.Methods: Spam's 17 administrative regions are the units of analysis. Alcohol consumption data were taken from the 1993 National Health Survey. Data were analyzed using weighted correlation coefficients and linear regression.Results and Conclusions: Mean alcohol consumption among moderate drinkers showed a positive correlation with the proportions of men (r= 0.63; p= 0.007) and women (r= 0.58; p= 0.015) whose alcohol intake was above the 90th percentile of consumption distribution. Similar results were yielded when median rather than mean consumption was used, and when heavy drinking was defined as the consumption of 210 g and 140 g of alcohol per week, in men and women, respectively. The association also was observed across all ages and all types of beverages. However, no statistically significant association was seen between mean and median alcohol consumption and the proportion of abstainers.Significance: Moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with the prevalence of heavy drinkers in all regions of Spain. Therefore, promotion of moderate consumption of alcohol in Spain might be associated with a rise in the prevalence of heavy drinkers, those who most frequently suffer the harmful effects of alcohol.
In Utero Ethanol Exposure Increases Proenkephalin, a Precursor of a Neuropeptide That Is Inhibitory to Neuronal Growth
Authors: Druse Mary J. , Hao Hong‐Lin , Eriksen Jason L. 
Published: May 2006

Background: One of the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is altered motor function. In an attempt to elucidate a potential cause of this ethanol‐associated damage, we investigated the effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the production of proenkephalin (PE).Methods: PE is the precursor of met‐ and leu‐enkephalin, two neuropeptides that inhibit the proliferation of neurons and astrocytes. PE mRNA and PE peptide were measured in the striatum and nucleus accumbens because of the importance of these brain regions to motor function, their sensitivity to the effects of in utero ethanol exposure, and their high concentration of PE mRNA and PE peptide.Results: The present studies demonstrated that in utero ethanol exposure is associated with increased PE mRNA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Of specific interest is the elevation in PE mRNA in the nucleus accumbens in 5‐, 12‐, and 19‐day‐old ethanol‐exposed offspring and the fact that this change persists for at least 19 days after the last exposure to ethanol. Further studies of postnatal day 19 (PN19) offspring localized the abnormality in the nucleus accumbens to the core region, an area that contains enkephalinergic projections to another motor area–the substantia nigra. In the nucleus accumbens, the increased PE mRNA was associated with a greater proportion of PE‐expressing neurons that have 41% to 60% of the cell area covered by grains associated with PE mRNA.Conclusions: Although we were not able to detect a change in the concentration of the PE peptide in the nucleus accumbens or striatum, we cannot rule out the possibility that the increase in PE mRNA was reflective of a functional abnormality.