bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of Self‐reported Alcohol Use: a literature review and assessment*
Authors: MIDANIK LORRAINE T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecently, there has been increased attention to the validity of self‐reported alcohol use. Yet, much of the literature appears to be inappropriately seeking the definitive answer to a relative question, e.g. are self‐reports of alcohol use valid?. The literature on the validity of self‐reported alcohol use was reviewed with a primary focus on concurrent criterion‐oriented validity. Validity studies using collateral reports, diaries, official records, different interviewing methods, laboratory tests and multiple measures were assessed. It is concluded that research on the validity of self‐reported alcohol use should emphasize the interactions of the respondent, the interviewer, the information being obtained and the context of the interview to determine under which conditions valid responses can be maximized. Further, research on validity should focus on specific processes involved in providing accurate responses. Emphasis should be placed on developing a range of strategies and determining their appropriateness for obtaining more accurate reports from specific populations.
Problem Drinking in a Military Endoscopy Clinic
Authors: WILSON K. C. M. , WHITEOAK R. , DEWEY M. E. , WATSON J. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe prevalence of alcohol problems was studied in a consecutive series of 60 soldiers attending an endoscopy clinic, in a matched sample of non‐endoscoped soldiers from medical wards, and in a reference sample from the military alcohol treatment unit. Data were obtained using CAGE, MAST and SADQ questionnaires and MCV and Liver Function Tests and were analysed by discriminant function analyses. The endoscopy sample did not have an increased prevalence of problem drinking when compared to the medical inpatient sample. Of the instruments that were used, the MAST proved to he the most useful in identifying those patients that fulfilled the criteria for admission to the alcohol treatment unit and identified 50% of patients in the medical and endoscopy sample as having an alcohol problem.
Preference for 2 mg versus 4 mg Nicotine Chewing Gum
Authors: Hajek Peter , Belcher Michael , Feyerabend Colin 
Published: January 2006

SummarySmokers attending a 4‐week course of treatment at a Smokers Clinic were given free choice of 2 and 4 mg nicotine chewing gum. Data on gum use beyond the first week of treatment were obtained from 117 gum users. Of these 40.2% were using 2 mg gum only, 24.8% were using 4 mg gum only and 35.0% were using a combination of both. More 2 mg gum was used during the first week but there was no difference in the use of the two preparations during the last 3 weeks of treatment. Smokers clinic clients seem to accept the 4 mg gum well. The choice of the gum was not related to pre‐treatment cigarette consumption, CO and blood nicotine levels, or to questionnaire measures of cigarette dependence. Subjects choosing 4 mg gum or a combination of 2 mg and 4 mg gum used significantly more pieces of gum per day than those using 2 mg gum only, and the nicotine content of their daily gum ration was almost three times higher. Five to 10 weeks after stopping smoking, subjects still using 2 mg gum showed a significant drop in blood nicotine concentration compared with smoking, while 4 mg gum users remained close to their smoking level. Possible reasons for individual differences in gum use are discussed.
A Comparison of Brief Advice and Conjoint Therapy in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse: the results of the Marital Systems study
Authors: ZWEBEN ALLEN , PEARLMAN SHELDON , LI SELINA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Marital Systems Study (MSS) compared the effectiveness of a short‐term systems‐based outpatient treatment consisting of eight sessions of Conjoint Therapy with a single session of Advice Counselling which also involved the spouse. Eligible couples were randomly assigned to either Conjoint Therapy or Advice Counselling. In all, 218 couples were recruited for the Study. From this initial sample, 102 couples dropped out of treatment or follow‐up leaving the remaining 116 couples as the Study sample. Couples in both Advice Counselling and Conjoint Therapy showed significant improvement on all marital adjustment and drinking‐related outcome measures. Although significant treatment‐by‐time interactions were found on three of the nine variables, there were no significant differences in the change pattern between the groups on the principal drinking outcome measure, the percentage of heavy drinking days. There were also no significant between‐group differences on any of the outcome measures. In essence, a single session of Advice Counselling was as effective as eight sessions of Conjoint Therapy. Couples completing the Study represented a socially stable group, with a moderate degree of alcohol‐related difficulties and relatively non‐distressed marital relationships. Thus, the findings pertaining to the relative effectiveness of the two treatments may be limited to this specific client population.
Do Drinking Experiments have a Negative Effect on Alcoholics’ Recovery?
Authors: LØSBERG TOR , LABERG JON CHRISTIAN , ANDRESEN SVERRE , LARSEN GUNNAR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA representative sample of 14 male alcoholics who participated in an experimental drinking study were interviewed 1 year after discharge. Four subjects were abstinent, six were significantly improved and four were unimproved. At follow‐up, average amount consumed was significantly reduced from 96.5 to 44.8 Standard Units (SU)/week; consumption had been halved. In a control group one subject was abstinent, seven were significantly improved, and none were unimproved. However, six experimental and 12 control subjects were not interviewed. Reduced alcohol consumption was correlated with improved social and psychological adjustment. Despite missing subjects, data suggest that participation in drinking experiments did not have negative effects on alcoholics’ subsequent alcohol consumption or social and psychological adjustment.
Drinking Outcome Expectancies among Male Alcoholics During Relapse Situations
Authors: CONNORS GERARD J. , O'FARRELL TIMOTHY J. , PELCOVITS MARJORIE A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent research suggests that alcohol expectancies may affect drinking decisions and also predict relapse among alcoholics. In the present investigation, information on 22 alcoholics’expectancies regarding what alcohol would achieve for them in 31 discrete relapse situations was gathered. Results showed that almost half of the expectancies reported dealt with drinking as an aid in coping with a social situation. Another one‐quarter of the expectancies dealt with drinking to gain control of a situation, with the remainder divided between drinking to cope with a non‐social situation or to create an altered physical state. The majority (81%) of drinking outcome expectancies were characterized by the subjects as being achieved. Taken together, these data emphasize the importance of understanding alcohol expectancies in drinking situations.
Alprazolam Versus Chlormethiazolc in Acute Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: TUBRIDY P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this 7‐day, double‐blind, parallel‐group study of patients undergoing acute alcohol withdrawal, alprazolam and chlonnethiazole were equally effective as rated by both patients and physician. The starting doses were alprazolam 4 mg/day and chlormethiazole base 3.072 g/day (equivalent to 8g of the edisylate) and a specific tapered dosage regimen teas adhered to. Patients received study medication on days 1‐S; no study medication was given on days 6 and 7. Of the 102 patients who participated in the study, 90 were considered evaluable for efficacy; all available data were included in safety analyses. There was some evidence that alprazolam produced a faster response and was more effective than cklormethiasole in controlling tremor. One patient, in the chlormethiazole group, withdrew from the study early because of side effects (allergic reaction). One alprazolam‐treaced patient had a generalized seizure on day 3 that required treatment with diazepam and carbamazepine, but the patient remained in and completed the study.
Letting the Client Speak: drug misusers and the process of help seeking
Authors: OPPENHEIMER EDNA , SHEEHAN MARGARET , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is the third report on a study of 150 drug misusers new to treatment at three London drug treatment agencies: a Drug Treatment Clinic, a Therapeutic Community and a Drug Crisis Centre. The focus here is on the clients’perceptions of the help seeking process, and particularly on their reasons for coming to services and their fears about treatment. Analysis of responses revealed an underlying structure to the‘reasons’and‘fears’. There were significant between‐agency differences, and differences between those who injected drugs and those who did not. The importance of mood disturbance in the help‐seeking process is discussed. The implications of the findings for the development of strategies and the provision of earlier and more appropriate treatment are examined.
Drug Injecting, AIDS, and Risk Behaviour: potential for change and intervention strategies
Authors: POWER ROBERT , HARTNOLL RICHARD , DAVIAUD EMMANUELLE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe sharing of unsterile needles and syringes is a primary means by which drug users who inject put themselves at risk of HIV infection. This paper examines a sample of 127 regular illicit drug users (both in and out of treatment) in terms of injecting and needle sharing patterns, and investigates the impact of concern about AIDS upon these behaviours. Amongst those that had ever injected, it was found that 54% had substantially reduced their risk behaviour, in that they either no longer injected, or else no longer shared injecting equipment. A further 32% had to some extent reduced their risk behaviour, and only 14% staled that they had been unaffected by concern about AIDS. Those who were in contact with agencies were more likely to have substantially reduced their risk behaviour than those not in contact with agencies. Regarding the impact of HIV testing, the data suggest that it may be associated with reduced rather than increased risk behaviours, though the differences only approach significance. In two consecutive time periods, similar proportions reported that they were still sharing; but by the second time period almost all reported some attempt at change. In general, the results confirm other studies, from the USA and Britain, that have shown that drug users are not inherently irrational, and are capable of modifying their risk behaviour. Availability of clean injecting equipment was given as the prime reason for sharing, and the free supply of needles and syringes is advocated as a complement to effective health education. Aggressive outreach work is to be encouraged so as to reach those individuals unlikely to use established schemes.
Chasing the Dragon: characteristics of heroin chasers
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , GRIFFITHS PAUL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLittle is known about those heroin users who take the drug by inhalation (‘chasing the dragon’). This study investigates patterns of heroin use among a group of chasers, and compares them with injectors. The results suggest that chasing was not merely a pre‐injection phase of heroin use; 87% had been chasers for more than 2 years and 27% for more than 5 years whereas 69% of the injectors had begun using heroin intravenously within 1 year of first use. Chasers were younger than injectors and had started using heroin earlier. Results do not support the suggestion that the move from chasing to injecting is linked to the costs of sustaining a habit. A small group of young black males was seen, all of whom were either exclusively or predominantly heroin chasers. Implications of these results are discussed.
Psychosocial Variables Related to Quantity of Alcohol Consumed at a Single Session by Young Czech Males
Authors: KUBIČKA LUDĚK , KOŽENY̌ JIŘǏ 
Published: January 2006

SummaryResults based on interviews with a representative sample of 1,050 men aged 22–33, all residents of Prague, Czechoslovakia, are presented. The number of drinks consumed during the last drinking session was the dependent variable in a hierarchical stepwise multiple regression using 32 developmental, social, psychological and situational measures as independent variables. In the stepwise procedure, 17 variables were accepted as statistically significant predictor of the last session's consumption. Undisciplined behaviour in childhood is the strongest developmental predictors of high consumption, tolerant drinking norm of friends is the best social predictor, an appreciative attitude toward intoxicating drinking is the primary psychological predictor, and the context of drinking (social versus nutritional) heads the situational predictors. In summary, the more or less enduring individual characteristics explain 17% of the consumption variance and the situational variables explain an additional 11%.
Mortality among Male and Female Hospitalized Alcoholics in Stockholm 1962–1983
Authors: LINDBERG STAFFAN , ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe general and case‐specific mortality has been studied in a cohort consisting of 3,910 male and 962 female patients admitted to the Magnus Huss clinic, Karolinska hospital 1962–1981. The clinic is specialized in the care of voluntarily admitted patients with alcohol problems. The cohort has been followed until 20 March 1983. During this period there were 1,141 deaths among the male patients which gives the relative risk of 3.0, compared with the male population in Stockholm. Among the females there were 191 cases of death and the relative risk is 5.2.Among males there was a significant excess mortality due to alcoholism, cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, alcohol intoxication, suicide, other causes of violent death, ischaemic heart disease, cancer in upper digestive tract, primary hepatic cancer and lung cancer. Causes of death where a significant excess mortality was found among females were alcoholism, alcohol intoxication, cirrhosis of the liver, suicide, other causes of violent death and mammary cancer.The mortality ratios among males were lower for the married patients than among those living single. Among females the ratio was lower for divorced patients. There were no significant variations in the mortality ratios among different social classes, with the exception of females from the highest social class, who showed a lower mortality ratio. The mortality was higher among the patients who entered the clinic during the latter part of the observation period. The ratio was highest the first year after admission but there was a significant excess mortality as long as 20 years after the first treatment period.
Patterns of Heroin Use: what do we know?
Authors: HARDING G. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySet against a background of assumptions that heroin use is inevitably problematic, there is significant evidence of its controlled use. This paper attempts to draw together the literature on patterns of heroin use which avoid physical and psychological dependence. However, studies of such patterns of use are hampered by the absence of a common definition. ‘Occasional’ use, ‘recreational’ use and ‘controlled’ use have been used interchangeably. Moreover, these terms have been defined variously by frequency of use, quantities of heroin used and consequences of such use. Nonetheless, these studies suggest that patterns of heroin use which avoid physical and psychological dependence do exist. However there is a paucity of research on non‐dependent patterns of use. Potential issues for future research are accordingly outlined.
Peer Influence and Adolescent Substance Abuse: a promising side?
Authors: SWADI HARITH , ZEITLIN HARRY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe reasons as to why individuals engage in substance abuse remain varied and in most instances multiple. Drug‐taking adults commonly refer to childhood and adolescence as the time when they first tried drugs. Preventing substance abuse among the young has constantly proved to be a trying task. Although drug education is still in abundant use, it proved to be of very little effect, but there are certain areas that hold some promise. This paper examines the influence of peer group on initiating and maintaining drug‐taking behaviour among the young and looks at the possibility of a positive use of such influence.
An Investigation of the Ability of Young Male and Female Social Drinkers to Discriminate Between Regular, Calorie Reduced and Low Alcohol Beer
Authors: McLAUGHLIN KARI 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNine female and nine male social beer drinkers aged 21–28 years participated in a beer discrimination study. Each participant consumed nine glasses of beer. All participants received three glasses of each of Swan Lager (5.0% V/V), Swan Gold (3.7% V/V) and Swan Special Light (0.9% V/V) in counterbalanced order. Participants were required to identify each glass of beer by brand name—first after one mouthful and again after consuming the whole glass. Results indicated that participants were identifying the beers at chance levels only on the first taste measure. On the second taste measure performance exceeded chance expectation but this was due to the respondents having a response bias towards Lager. There were no sex differences in performance, nor did amount of beer usually consumed have any effect on number of correct identifications. Rising blood alcohol levels/satiation did not have any significant effects on identification performance over the nine trials, nor were there any significant differences in number of correct identifications for each of the three different types of beer over the first and second taste measures.
Assessment of Opioid Dependence with Naloxone
Authors: PEACHEY J. E. , LEI H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe reliability and validity of a naloxone rating scale (CINA) for assessing opioid dependence were studied in 75 opiate‐abusing patients. Patients received 0.4 mg naloxone IV, and the naloxone‐precipitated withdrawal effects were systematically measured at three five minute intervals using the 13‐item CINA scale. The reliability coefficient alpha of the total withdrawal score was 0.81. The item scores and total score were correlated well except for nasal congestion, abdominal pain, and muscle pain. The inter‐rater reliability of the total scores for the two raters was 0.93. The final methadone dose used in the treatment of individual patients was regressed on the CINA score. The simple regression equation was: METHADONE DOSE=11.2+ 0.72 CINA SCORE. This equation accounted for 69% of the variance of the final dose. By including a quadratic term, the prediction of the final methadone dose was improved by 3% (or a total of 72% of the variance); the regression equation was: METHADONE DOSE=4.36+1.26 CINA SCORE—0.01 CINA SCORE.2 The relatively large correlation (above 0.83) between CINA and the final methadone dose may be taken as an indication of the validity of the CINA score.
Central Embolization of Needle Fragment following Intravenous Drug Abuse
Authors: GYRTRUP H. J. , ANDREASSEN K. H. , PEDERSENSS J. H. , MORTENSEN L. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA case of migration of a broken needle from the right femoral vein to the heart leading to severe pericarditis in a heroin addict is described.
The Therapeutic Community: exploring the boundaries ⋆
Authors: ROSENTHAL MITCHELL S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe past 20 years have demonstrated the effectiveness of therapeutic community (TC) treatment for drug abuse as it evolved in the United States. We now better understand the influence that psychodynamic features of TC treatment have on character disorder. Best perceived as a setting designed‐as society is not‐to encourage and support social learning, the TC has succeeded in modifying its programs and adapting self‐help methods to serve drug abusers of all kinds and abusers of all drugs. Continued evolution of the TC depends upon development of its already‐demonstrated capacity to affect disordered behaviour other than drug abuse. The growth of disordered populations in the United States and increasingly in Great Britain gives urgency to such future employment. Therapeutic communities and TC‐like programs for non‐drug abusers already exist. But widespread use depends upon strengthening the theoretical underpinnings of TC treatment and establishing closer working relationships between TC's and mainstream medical, mental health and social service institutions.
Treatment of Drug Misuse in the General Practice Setting
Authors: ROBERTSON J. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite several decades of contact between health workers and drug misusers and recent publicity aimed at increasing the use of this contact to control HIV infection, there remains a persistent belief that control of drug taking is possible either by medical intervention with substitute drugs or provision of facilities to detoxify those addicted. This paper describes, in the absence of a cure or control for drug abuse, the role of the primary care physician in preventing illness and promoting less damaging drug use among drug users and their social, sexual and domestic contacts. Extensive involvement with family and non‐statutory workers is seen as the best way to understand the pressures and dangers to which individual patients are exposed.
Can a Computer Reliably Elicit an Alcohol History?
Authors: BERNADT M. W. , DANIELS O. J. , BLIZARD R. A. , MURRAY R. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe drinking histories of 102 patients were elicited by both a computer and a nurse, with 48 of the patients also being interviewed by a psychiatrist. The computer agreed as closely with the nurse and the psychiatrist as they did with each other. For all three, there was better agreement for screening interviews whose questions are dichotomous (i.e. yes/no) than for interval data such as volume of alcohol consumed. Nevertheless, the agreement for alcohol volume was at least as good as that reported in the literature for inter‐rater reliability. Thus a computer can interview patients about their drinking habits as accurately as a nurse or a psychiatrist. In many clinical settings computer interviewing might prevent patients with alcohol‐related illnesses remaining undetected.
State Monopoly Systems and Alcohol Prevention in Developing Countries: report on a collaborative international study
Authors: KORTTEINEN TIMO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn many countries, state alcohol monopoly systems have been adopted as a means of public control over alcohol availability. These countries include industrialized as well as developing countries. In this paper, an analysis is presented on the present state and potentials of state alcohol monopoly systems in preventing alcohol abuse. Special reference is given to the specificity of alcoholic beverages supply in developing countries and the potential contributions of existing state monopoly systems in developed countries to assist developing countries willing to adopt and implement preventive national alcohol policies.
An 11‐year Follow‐up of a Network of Cocaine Users
Authors: MURPHY SHEIGLA B. , REINARMAN CRAIG , WALDORF DAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents findings from an exploratory 11‐year follow‐up study of a small network of cocaine users. These findings suggest that while serious abuse potential exists, addiction is not a uniform outcome of sustained use and that long‐term controlled use is possible. In all, four types of career use pattern are described, in addition to one case of regular abuse. These data also suggest the importance of user norms and informal social controls in mitigating against the force of pharmacological and physiological factors leading toward dependence or addiction.