bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dependence on Sedative‐hypnotics: neuropsychological impairment, field dependence and clinical course in a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: BERGMAN HANS , BORG STEFAN , ENGELBREKTSON KARIN , VIKANDER BRITT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite some neuropsychological improvement in a group of 30 patients who had been hospitalized for primary abuse of sedatives or hypnotics 4–6 years earlier, the prevalence of intellectual impairment was still increased and about as high as before. As in alcoholic patients CAT scan of the brain showed an increased prevalence of dilatation of the ventricular system, but unlike alcoholics not of widened conical sulci. Field dependence and visuo‐spatial skills during treatment predicted abuse status at follow‐up. Patients with improved drug habits had less pronounced withdrawal symptoms during treatment and a better social situation at follow‐up than patients without improvement of drug habits. The results suggest that despite some neuropsychological improvement cerebral disorder diagnosed in patients abusing sedatives or hypnotics is often permanent through the years and that neuropsychological status is linked to long‐term prognosis.
Economic Aspects of Illicit Drug Markets and Drug Enforcement Policies
Authors: WAGSTAFF ADAM 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the economics literature on illicit drug markets and drug enforcement policies. The first pan of the paper examines the problems involved in establishing the parameters of the illicit market. The second part of the paper examines the contribution economics can make to the evaluation of drug enforcement policies: the discussion covers the determination of both the appropriate level of enforcement expenditure and the appropriate mix of policy measures.
The Influence of Advertising on Tobacco Consumption: some problems with Chetwynd et al.'s analysis
Authors: JACKSON JOHN D. , JR. EKELUND ROBERT B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a recent study of the relationship between cigarette advertising and the aggregate consumption of cigarettes in New Zealand between 1973 and 1985, Chetwynd et al. (1988) argue that quarterly data suggest that advertising affects overall consumption of cigarettes with an elasticity of +0.07. In addition, they argue that advertising has a ‘carry over’ effect of about four quarters on current consumption. These results are potentially important for two reasons. Although the evidence is mixed, the conventional view is that cigarette advertising affects brand choice among smokers but not aggregate demand for cigarettes. Chetwynd et al.'s results, (hereafter, Chetmynd) contradict this traditional view. Secondly, if advertising does increase the aggregate demand for cigarettes, then a public policy banning cigarette advertising might reduce aggregate demand for cigarettes. Unfortunately, the Chetwynd, study is sufficiently flawed with conceptual and econometric problems that their inference that advertising increases cigarette demand is questionable. Certainly cigarette advertising may increase or decrease cigarette consumption. The point we wish to make is that, any inference one way or the other based on the results of Chetwynd, cannot be viewed as well‐grounded in either scientific methodology or statistical principles.
A Randomized Study of Secondary Prevention of Early Stage Problem Drinkers in Primary Health Care
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS , ANDERSSON LENA , BARRNER HAKAN , BORG STEFAN , GRANSTRAND CLAES , HULTMAN OLLE , HÄSSLER ANNIKA , KäLLQUIST ANNA , MAGNUSSON PETER , MORGELL ROLAND , NYMAN KJELL , OLOFSSON ANDERS , OLSSON EVA , RHEDIN ANDERS , WIKBLAD OLLE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe subjects were recruited from participants in a health examination of random samples of the adult population in Stockholm county. Those aged 18–64years who admitted a high alcohol consumption (>40 g 100% ethanol/day) among men and <30 g among women) or had an elevated value of serum‐gammaglutamyltransferase (GOT) (cut‐off point 1.0 microkatal/l for men and 0.6 microkatal/l for women) or had certain other indications of a high alcohol consumption were included. More severe cases, and those with an elevated GOT due to reasons other than alcohol, were excluded. The remaining subjects, 70 men and 13 women, were allocated at random to either an intervention or a comparison group. An elevated GGT was the main inclusion criteria. The subjects in the comparison group were advised by the general practitioner to cut their alcohol consumption, while those in the intervention group made further visits to their general practitioner, who gave general support and used an elevated GGT as an indication of the recent level of alcohol consumption at consecutive visits. There were three visits on average, so we are comparing a group receiving advice with a group receiving further minimal intervention. At the one‐year follow‐up there were greater, however not significant, reductions in GGT‐level, in self‐reported alcohol consumption and in a ‘problem index’ in the minimal intervention group than in the comparison group.
Use of Alcohol among High School Students in Lesotho
Authors: MEURSING K. , MOROJELE N. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData on alcohol consumption, attitudes to and knowledge of alcohol were collected by means of questionnaires from 1133 high school students aged 11–22 years in Lesotho. Additional data were obtained by means of classroom discussion and 13 in‐depth interviews. About half of the students (54% of the boys and 42% of the girls) had drunk alcohol at some point in their lives. Drinking was found to be related to age, sex, drinking of friends, family income, and drinking in the family. No indication of widespread alcohol abuse was found, but about half of the students (drinkers and non‐drinkers) believed that moderate drinking is impossible and that the fun of drinking is to get drunk, indicating the possibility of alcohol abuse in the future. The results have implications for future research and for preventive work among youth and adults in Lesotho.
Calcium Carbimide in Alcoholism Treatment. Part 2: medical findings of a short‐term, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: PEACHEY JOHN E. , ANNIS HELEN M. , BORNSTEIN EVELYN R. , MAGLANA SILVERIA M. , SYKORA KATHY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrug‐induced toxicity in chronic alcoholics who participated in a 4‐month placebo (PI)—controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of calcium carbimide (CC) is reported. Daily monitoring of patients' compliance indicated that 85% of study medications were taken, and very little drinking took place during the study. Patients did not report more symptoms or experience more medical problems during CC administration than during placebo administration. There was no evidence of hepatotoxicity, or behavioural toxicity. Mean white blood cell count was slightly increased during CC treatment, and returned to baseline values when CC was stopped. Thyroid function was not affected by CC in patients with normal pretreatment function. However one patient with pretreatment reduced thyroid function became hypothyroid after CC administration, which indicates a need for systematic monitoring. We conclude that CC is safe for use in alcoholics with normal thyroid function, and may be the preferred alcohol‐sensitizing drug in some situations.
Calcium Carbimide in Alcoholism Treatment. Part 1: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of short‐term efficacy⋆
Authors: PEACHEY JOHN E. , ANNIS HELEN M. , BORNSTEIN EVELYN R. , SYKORA KATHY , MAGLANA SILVERIA M. , SHAMAI SHMUEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled single cross‐over study of the alcohol sensitizing drug, calcium carbimide (CC), was conducted in 128 patients with alcohol dependence. Seventy‐one (55%) completed the 4‐month study. Patients reported drinking and pill‐taking behaviour, and submitted urines (for analysis of alcohol and the tablet marker riboflavin) on 97%, and 91% of treatment days, respectively. All of the 69 analyzable computers were abstinent on at least 85% of days, and 58% (40) were alcohol‐free during the study. Medications were taken on at least 85% of days. Symptoms and adverse clinical findings were not increased in frequency during CC, compared to placebo. Seventy‐eight per cent of the patients believed they had received CC throughout the study, suggesting that CC exerts a strong psychological deterrent effect. Alcohol consumption was significantly reduced to the same extent with CC and placebo, compared to pre‐treatment levels.
Long‐term Outcomes of Drinking: a 20‐year longitudinal study of men
Authors: TEMPLE MARK T. , LEINO E. VICTOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper examines long‐term changes in drinking, with regard to: (a) the degree to which overall patterns of drinking have shifted or remained across a 20‐year period; (b) whether these patterns vary on the basis of age; and (c) the degree to which distinct patterns of drinking may be differentially subject to mortality and/or nonresponse. Data for this investigation are from a 20‐year prospective follow‐up study of two general population surveys. The first of these was originally interviewed in 1964 and consists of interviews with 405 males aged 23 and older; the second, originally interviewed in 1967, consists of interviews with 786 males aged 21–59. The results indicate that while consumption was modestly associated with mortality from all causes, no significant relationship was observed between consumption and non‐response. The results also indicate that as respondents aged 20 years, mean levels of alcohol consumption remained stable. This was true despite the fact that when individual respondents did change their drinking, they were more likely to decrease their consumption than increase it. These results do not support conclusion drawn from cross‐sectional studies that aging modifies consumption patterns.
Consistency of Reported Levels of Alcohol‐related Problems in the Community
Authors: RITSON BRUCE , PECK DAVID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRegular drinkers identified in a general population survey of adults in the Lothian region were followed up 3 or 4 years later, with respect to alcohol‐related problems. Using a variety of analytic methods, a moderate degree of temporal consistency in problems was found, for total number of problems, and for individual problems, with feeling ashamed of having done something while drunk being the most consistent.
Help‐seeking Behaviour in Problem Drinkers: a review
Authors: JORDAN C. MAJELLA , OEI TIAN P. S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHelp‐seeking behaviour in problem drinkers is still poorly understood. This paper summarizes the research conducted so far into alcohol related help–seeking, and attempts to integrate existing models of illness behaviours to help‐seeking behaviour in problem drinkers. A conceptualization of alcohol related help‐seeking behaviour is presented and empirical findings are reviewed. It was concluded that much of the research so far is exploratory in nature and the findings are still not easily related. Help‐seeking behaviour in problem drinkers still awaits further exploration and advancement.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Associated with Amyl Nitrite Inhalation
Authors: MATHEW ROY J. , WILSON WILLIAM H. , TANT STEPHEN R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRegional cerebral blood flow (CBF), mood states and somatic symptoms were measured before and after inhalation of amyl nitrite in 10 physically healthy volunteers with a prior history of using volatile nitrites for recreational purposes. CBF was measured with the same technique, under identical laboratory conditions, in an equal number of normal volunteers. During CBF measurements, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and end‐tidal levels of carbon dioxide were monitored. The amyl nitrite group and the control group were compared on CBF, rating scale scores and physiological indices via analysis of variance. Amyl nitrite inhalation was associated with significant global increases in CBF, while the control group did not show any change. Pulse rate increase was the only physiological change associated with administration of the drug. Subjects who received the drug reported significant decrease in anger, fatigue and depression and increased palpitation, breathing difficulty, dizziness and headache. Changes in the rating scale scores, physiological indices, and somatic symptoms after amyl nitrite did not correlate with regional CBF change.
Parent, Peer and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Drinking
Authors: WILKS JEFFREY , CALLAN VICTOR J. , AUSTIN DEREK A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study examined direct and indirect influences of parents and peers on adolescent drinking. One hundred and six adolescents, their parents and a same‐sex best friend of the adolescent each completed measures that tapped actual and perceived drinking behaviour, and normative standards for alcohol use. Of methodological interest was that adolescents of both sexes provided accurate reports of their parents' and peer's drinking, as well as drinking norms. Path analyses revealed different effects for male and female adolescents. Strongest predictors of alcohol use for males were their perceptions of their father's and mother's drinking, and their father's actual drinking. Best friend's drinking was positively related to the adolescent males' perceptions of themselves as a drinker. The single predictor of their internalized norms was the perception adolescent males had of their friend's drinking. Significantly, the adolescent male's own norms predicted how much and what they drank. For adolescent females, how much they believed their best friend drank, and their friend's normative standards, were the strongest predictors of alcohol use. Father's drinking also influenced the drinking practices of daughters, but mothers had no impact on their daughters' alcohol use. In contrast to young males, females' personal preferences or liking of alcohol successfully predicted most of their drinking behaviour.
Use of Alcohol Among High School Students in Lesotho—a health promotion perspective
Authors: AMOS AMANDA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA recently published article on alcohol use among young people in Lesotho highlighted an important public health issue—the changing pattern of alcohol consumption in many Third World countries. In this commentary I wish to consider some of the factors which might be contributing to this growing problem and some of the steps that need to be taken to address this issue. In particular I will focus on the role of the alcohol industry and the tactics used to create and develop new markets.
Severity of Opiate Dependence in an Australian Sample: further validation of the SODQ
Authors: BURGESS PHILIP M. , STRIPP ANDREW M. , PEAD JOHN , HOLMAN C. PAUL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Severity of Opiate Dependence Questionnaire (SODQ) was administered to 114 subjects attending an Australian drug dependency treatment canter. The psychometric properties of the SODQ were examined and compared with previous findings reported on American and British samples of opiate addicts. Severity of opiate dependence was assessed independently using a structured clinical interview based on DSM‐III‐R criteria (i.e. SCID‐R). Together those analyses suggested (i) measurement difficulties with some aspects of the opiate dependence syndrome and (ii) only a modest relationship between subjects' self‐report and clinicians’judgments of severity of opiate dependence.
The Diagnosis of Alcohol and Cannabis Dependence in Cocaine Dependents and Alcohol Dependence in their Families
Authors: MILLER NORMAN S. , GOLD MARK S. , BELKIN BETH M. , KLAHR ARYEH L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryGenetic research in alcoholism has made major advances in recent decades. Twin, adoption, high‐risk and familial studies have demonstrated an inheritance factor in alcoholism. Few studies have demonstrated a genetic predisposition to cocaine and cannabis dependence. Two hundred and sixty‐three inpatients were given a structured psychiatric interview retrospectively (180) and prospectively (113) to obtain DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of cocaine, alcohol and cannabis dependence disorders in the inpatients and of alcohol dependence in family members. Our study reveals a large number of cocaine dependents with a positive family history for alcohol dependence. Approximately 50% of cocaine addicts had at least a first or second degree relative with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence when studied by the family history and study methods. As many as 89% of cocaine dependents diagnosed by DSM‐III‐R criteria for cocaine dependence qualified for other alcohol and drug dependence diagnoses. Our study finds a high prevalence of alcohol (67% and 89%) and cannabis dependence (51% and 46%) in patients with cocaine dependence. Previous reports regarding alcohol and other drug dependence among cocaine dependents and their families are few and inconclusive. The diagnosis of other drug and alcohol dependence in cocaine dependence and in family members of cocaine dependents has important impact on etiology, prognosis and treatment.
A systems approach to estimating the required capacity of alcohol treatment services
Authors: RUSH BRIAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper describes a model for estimating the required capacity of alcohol treatment systems at the local or regional level. Previous attempts at developing comprehensive forecasting models for addiction services are briefly described. The four steps followed in the development of the present model are then outlined. In many respects, the resulting model is specific to Ontario, Canada. However, the general approach, and many of the underlying concepts and assumptions, may have wider application in assessing the need for alcohol treatment services.
Home detoxification for problem drinkers: acceptability to clients, relatives, general practitioners and outcome after 60 days
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , BOLT LIZ , MILNER INGRID , PUGH PETER , YOUNG IAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe value of a new Home Detoxification service was assessed in a variety of ways employing data collected from 41 clients of the service, their family and GP's. By 60 days from the start of treatment, 11 clients were abstinent, two were controlling their drinking with relatively few problems, 13 had ‘improved’, 14 were not “improved’ and one had an unknown outcome. Subsequent involvement in treatment by both clients and then–partners was high in comparison with other studies. Significant predictors of ‘Good’ outcome included attendance for after–care by client and by spouse/partner and a low Alcohol Problems Inventory score. High levels of satisfaction were expressed with the HD service by clients, their carers and GP's. The great majority of clients gave “home’ as their preferred place of treatment and nearly half claimed they would have been unwilling to accept hospital care. There was evidence of significant, though modest, shifts in GP's management practices towards less use of hospitals and greater use of the patient's home after 15 months of the programme.
AIDS and HIV: the challenge for British drug services *
Authors: STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBritish drug policies are undergoing a major reassessment and reformulation in response to problems raised by HIV disease and AIDS. The years from 1986 to 1989 are one of the key periods of crisis and transformation in the history of the British response to drug problems, with the emergence in current debate of a new public health paradigm of drug use. Drug policies can be analysed by examining their assumptions about the nature of (a) the problem (b) the drug user and (c) the task facing policy makers and practitioners; and their assumption about (d) the appropriate people to deal with the problem and (e) their relationships with clients. The emergent public health paradigm assumes that (a) the main problem with drug use is the injection of drugs (b) drug injectors are concerned about their health (c) the task is to promote change in health and risk behaviours (d) people dealing with the problem must be broadly skilled ‘poly‐drug workers’ and (e) relationships with clients must be non‐judgemental and ‘user‐friendly’.
Reinforcing effects of cigarette advertising on under‐age smoking
Authors: AITKEN P. P. , EADIE D. R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractInterviews were conducted with 848 Glasgow children aged between 11 and 14 years. There were consistent differences between smokers and non‐smokers. Smokers tended to be more adept at recalling, recognizing and identifying cigarette advertisements. This suggests they tend to pay more attention to cigarette advertising. Smokers also tended to be generally more appreciative of cigarette advertising. Moreover, this greater awareness and appreciation of cigarette advertising was independent of other important predictors of under‐age smoking, such as smoking by peers, siblings and parents. These findings, taken in conjunction with previous research, indicate that cigarette advertising is reinforcing under‐age smoking. The smokers showed an enhanced or heightened preference for Kensitas Club, the brand favoured by adults. This is consistent with previous research indicating that promotional devices which help determine and reinforce adult cigarette brand preferences have an even greater effect on under‐age smokers.
Addiction: definition and implications
Authors: GOODMAN AVIEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIntegration of addiction into the theory and practice of psychiatry has been hampered by the lack of a definition of addiction which is scientifically useful. A definition is proposed, with diagnostic criteria specified in a format similar to that of DSM‐III‐R. Essentially, addiction designates a process whereby a behavior, that can function both to produce pleasure and to provide escape from internal discomfort, is employed in a pattern characterized by (1) recurrent failure to control the behaviour (powerlessness) and (2) continuation of the behaviour despite significant negative consequences (unmanageability). Some practical and theoretical implications of this definition are then explored.
Behavioural addictions: common features and treatment implications
Authors: BRADLEY BRENDAN P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMarks’ editorial is welcome in that is suggests common treatment approaches for chemical and behavioural addictions, namely, exposure and relapse prevention. There are other common features of addictive substances or activities which may explain their addictive potential: they act as operant reinforcers and as Pavlovian unconditioned stimuli, tolerance develops, an initial positive mood is followed by dysphoria and addictions are stimulated by common states (arousal, stress, pain). Most of Marks' features are not unique to addictions but apply to primary drive states (normal eating, sleeping, elimination, sex) and many apply to normal goal‐orientated behaviour. Normal repetitive behaviour is more flexible than addictive behaviour, in allowing satisfactory substitution of alternatives. The restrictive range of activities which are satisfactory for the addict suggest that building up the behavioural repertoire may help in prevention and rehabilitation. Tics and Tourettes syndrome should not be regarded as addictions, since they involve simple, involuntary and non‐goal‐directed behavioural sequences. Considering addictions as goal‐directed is important: addicts are often ambivalent about whether they want to give up or continue. This often underlies dropout and relapse. Treatment must address this issue.