bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra‐oral carcinomas in Maiduguri, north‐eastern Nigeria
Authors: Otoh EC , Johnson NW , Olasoji HO , Danfillo IS , Adeleke OA 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To document the pattern of intra‐oral carcinomas diagnosed in north‐eastern Nigeria.Design and setting:  A retrospective clinical and histopathological review seen in a tertiary care hospital (January 1987–December 2002).Materials and methods:  Information on socio‐demographic characteristics of patients and details of cancer management were retrieved from the files and histopathology records of cases diagnosed at the hospital.Results:  A total of 378 biopsies, 317 primary cancers including 279 carcinomas of the head and neck were diagnosed during the study period. Intra‐oral carcinomas constitute 43 (15.4%) of all head and neck carcinomas reported, with no occurrence in children. The overall mean age of occurrence was 51.2 ± 15.6 years (male = 56.2 ± 13.7 years; females = 47.5 ± 16.2 years) and an overall male–female ratio of 3:4.Carcinomas were commonly reported in the palate 19 (44.2%) and lip six (13.9%) and floor of mouth four (9.3%). Squamous cell carcinoma 28 (65.1%), adenoidcystic carcinoma seven (16.3%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma five (11.6%) were the commonly reported carcinomas.Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common carcinoma in all sites, in the sixth decade of life, of equal gender distribution and commonly reported in users of kola nuts and tobacco.The occupation of patients diagnosed with oral carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was farming (50%, 61.5%). All the staged cancers patients (n = 7) reported in the late stages (III/IV) of the disease.The mean interval between symptoms and presentation for the different carcinomas ranged between 9 and 25 months, with the least interval reported for mucoepidermoid carcinoma.Conclusions:  Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common oral carcinoma, commonly reported in the palate, among farmers and in the sixth decade of life. Its occurrence in under 40 year olds is three to six times greater than reported for the USA and Europe and may be associated with poor diet and the habitual use of kola nuts and tobacco.The survival rates of patients diagnosed with intra‐oral carcinomas, although not available, would be expectedly low in view of the prognostic indicators recorded in this series. The routine oral cancer screening of each patient, and counselling of patients with high‐risk habits, by dentists is recommended to improve the prognosis of the disease.
Salivary gland neoplasms in Maiduguri, north‐eastern Nigeria
Authors: Otoh EC , Johnson NW , Olasoji H , Danfillo IS , Adeleke OA 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To document the pattern of salivary gland neoplasia in Maiduguri, Nigeria.Design and setting:  A retrospective clinical and histopathological review (January 1987–December 2002) of cases diagnosed at a tertiary care hospital.Materials and methods:  Information on demographics, diagnosis and cancer management in the hospital were retrieved from biopsy reports and case notes of patients.Results:  The palatal (71.9%) and parotid (78.3%) glands were the most common minor and major salivary glands involved, with a benign–malignant ratio of 1:1 and 1.4:1, respectively. Pleomorphic adenoma (44.3%) was the most common salivary gland neoplasm recorded. It was commonly reported in the third decade (mean 30.4 years) and among males (M:F, 1.4:1). Ectopic lesions (17.1%) were reported in the neck, nose and cervical nodes. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10.1%) was the most common salivary gland malignancy, occurring in the second and sixth decades; of equal gender distribution and predominantly in the palate (50%). The squamous cell carcinoma (10.9%) and adenoidcystic carcinoma (21.9%) were the most common malignancies in the major and minor glands respectively. There was a higher prevalence of malignancies of the parotid than previously reported for northern Nigeria (P = 0.036).Conclusion:  Pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were the most commonly reported benign and malignant neoplasia in this series. The prevalence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma contrasts with reported findings in other African studies.
Number V Oral lichen planus: clinical features and management
Authors: Eisen D , Carrozzo M , Bagan Sebastian J‐V , Thongprasom K 
Published: November 2005

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting stratified squamous epithelia. Whereas in the majority of instances, cutaneous lesions of lichen planus (LP) are self‐limiting and cause itching, oral lesions in OLP are chronic, rarely undergo spontaneous remission, are potentially premalignant and are often a source of morbidity. Current data suggest that OLP is a T cell‐mediated autoimmune disease in which auto‐cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of oral epithelial cells.The characteristic clinical aspects of OLP may be sufficient to make a correct diagnosis if there are classic skin lesions present. An oral biopsy with histopathologic study is recommended to confirm the clinical diagnosis and mainly to exclude dysplasia and malignancy.The most commonly employed and useful agents for the treatment of lichen planus (LP) are topical corticosteroids but other newer agents are available.
Impact on patients triage distribution utilizing the Australasian Triage Scale compared with its predecessor the National Triage Scale
Authors: Yousif Khalid , Bebbington Jane , Foley Bernard 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective  To assess the impact of the change from the National Triage Scale (NTS) to the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) within a hospital ED.Methods  A retrospective audit of consecutive adult patients attending the ED of Auckland Hospital from July to September 2001, during which patients were triaged according to the NTS, were compared with patients triaged according to the ATS during July to September 2002.Results  In total, 8715 patients attended the department during July to September 2001 compared with 9047 patients during July to September 2002. There was a significant shift in the triage ratios with patient number increases of 28 and 24% in triage categories two and three, respectively, and decreases of 15 and 67% in categories four and five, respectively.Conclusions  The revision of the ATS has had a significant impact on the triage distribution of patients who present to ED. The change of distribution might have implications for meeting performance criteria and assessing casemix.
Prehospital intubation and chest decompression is associated with unexpected survival in major thoracic blunt trauma
Authors: Bushby Nathan , Fitzgerald Mark , Cameron Peter , Marasco Silvana , Bystrzycki Adam , Rosenfeld Jeffrey V , Bailey Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective:  Application of the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) to a trauma population identifies patients with ‘unexpected survival’. This study used TRISS analysis to identify ‘unexpected survivors’ suffering major thoracic trauma, who survived to hospital discharge. Further analysis determined prehospital interventions that appeared to contribute to ‘unexpected survival’.Methods:  The present study was a single‐centre, retrospective case review with comparative statistical analysis. Patients were identified from the Alfred Trauma Registry between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2003.Results:  There were 336 adult trauma patients treated at The Alfred Trauma Centre with an Injury Severity Score >15 (major trauma) and at least one thoracic Anatomical Injury Score of 3 (severe) or greater. Of the eligible patients, 322/336 (95.8%, 95%[confidence interval] CI 95.1–96.5%) had complete data available for analysis. The study population mortality was 42/322 (13.0%, 95% CI 12.3–13.7%). There were 20 ‘unexpected survivors’ (5.9%) and 5 (1.5%) ‘unexpected deaths’ on TRISS analysis. Chest decompression and/or endotracheal intubation prehospital was performed on 16/20 ‘unexpected survivors’. GCS for ‘unexpected survivors’ and ‘expected deaths’ (3.8 vs 3.5, P = 0.27) was not a predictor of survival. Respiratory rate per minute (16.2 vs 8.8, P = 0.01) and systolic blood pressure – mmHg (98 vs 80, P = 0.03) were significantly greater in the ‘unexpected survivors’ group compared with the ‘expected death’ group.Conclusion:  For patients sustaining severe thoracic blunt trauma, prehospital intubation and chest decompression appear to be associated with unexpected survival. A low GCS at scene is not predictive of ‘unexpected survival’ or ‘expected death’.
Self‐reported antibiotic compliance: Emergency department to general practitioner follow up
Authors: Dinh Michael M , Chu Matthew , Zhang Kai 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground:  General practitioner (GP) follow up is important in the management of patients who are discharged from an ED.Objectives:  To determine the antibiotic compliance and GP follow‐up compliance rates in a population of patients seen and discharged from the ED with an antibiotic prescription. To test the hypothesis that the ability to nominate a GP is associated with improved antibiotic and GP follow‐up compliance.Design:  A prospective cohort study enrolling consecutive adults who were discharged from the ED with antibiotic prescriptions over a 3 month period. Patients were divided into those who nominated a GP at the time of ED presentation and those who did not. Two weeks after enrolment, patients were contacted and asked standardized questions regarding compliance.Results:  In total, 123 patients were enrolled into the study. Of patients 76% were able to nominate a GP upon ED presentation. Analysis revealed that those patients who were able to nominate a GP had better compliance to follow up instructions (85 vs 44%, P < 0.01) and improved antibiotic compliance (99 vs 88%, P = 0.01).Conclusion:  The majority of patients who were seen and discharged from the ED with an antibiotic prescription were able to nominate a GP and this was associated with improved follow‐up compliance and antibiotic compliance. Improving follow‐up compliance and thus the quality of patient care would involve identifying those patients who present to the ED who are unable to nominate a GP.
Difference in trauma team activation criteria between hospitals within the same region
Authors: Smith Jason , Caldwell Erica , Sugrue Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives:  The present study was conducted to establish the current criteria for trauma team activation (TTA) in hospitals in the Metropolitan Sydney area, and examine the rationale behind their use.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken of the seven hospitals in the Metropolitan Sydney area designated to receive adult major trauma in March 2004. Trauma coordinators in each hospital provided the criteria used for adult TTA within their hospital.Results:  All seven hospitals replied with their TTA criteria and completed the survey. The results show a wide variation in those criteria used by hospitals to activate their trauma team. Universally used criteria included penetrating injury to the head, neck or torso, limb amputation, spinal cord injury and systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. Physiological limits for TTA varied between hospitals, with different limits for pulse rate and GCS used in different hospitals. All hospitals used mechanism of injury criteria alone as an activation prompt.Conclusions:  The criteria for TTA differ between hospitals within the same region. The criteria currently used will result in over‐triage of trauma patients, but this might be of benefit in training the trauma team in centres that do not see a large volume of trauma patients. There are several advantages in standardization of criteria including optimization of patient care, training, research and audit. Further work is needed to validate existing criteria for use throughout the region.
Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in unstable angina and non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Crosbie Deanne J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAcute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society. The commonest underlying pathology is the coronary atherosclerotic plaque complicated by thrombosis. Platelets play a central role. As the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor is involved in the final step of platelet thrombus formation development and investigation of its blockage in ACS is at the fore. Initial hospital management of ACS occur in the ED setting. The present article outlines the above topics and clarifies the place of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition in ED.
Use of Rapid Genomic Deletion Typing To Monitor a Tuberculosis Outbreak within an Urban Homeless Population
Authors: Freeman Robert , Kato-Maeda Midori , Hauge Kirsten A. , Horan Kathleen L. , Oren Eyal , Narita Masahiro , Wallis Carolyn K. , Cave Don , Nolan Charles M. , Small Peter M. , Cangelosi Gerard A. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Beginning in mid-2002, a large tuberculosis outbreak occurred among homeless persons in King County, Washington. In order to further monitor the outbreak following its peak in 2003,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates from all new King County tuberculosis (TB) patients in 2004 and the first half of 2005 (
n
= 220) were genotyped by using a rapid comparative genomics-based (genomic deletion-typing) approach, with confirmation by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units and repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). Results were compared to retrospective genotypic data from 1995 to 2003. The outbreak strain SBRI9, which was not seen among King County homeless persons prior to 2002, accounted for 16 out of 30 TB cases (53%) within this population in 2002. This trend continued with 27 out of 35 cases (77%) caused by the outbreak strain in 2003, 11 out of 13 cases (85%) caused by the outbreak strain in 2004, and 4 out of 10 cases (40%) caused by the outbreak strain in the first 5 months of 2005. Thus, the outbreak strain remained well established within this homeless population throughout the study period. At least four SBRI9 cases were in people who had previously been infected by other strains. The novel PCR-based strain-typing approach used in this investigation proved to be cost-effective and very rapid. In most cases, it was possible to analyze DNA extracted directly from primary isolation (
Mycobacterium
growth indicator tube) cultures submitted by clinical laboratories, a feature that markedly reduced the delay between diagnosis and strain typing results. This rapid turnaround facilitated public health efforts to prevent new outbreaks involving this strain.
Analytical Verification of a PCR Assay for Identification of
Bordetella avium
Authors: Register Karen B. , Yersin Andrew G. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Bordetella avium
is the etiologic agent of turkey coryza or bordetellosis, a respiratory disease responsible for substantial economic losses to the turkey industry. At present, identification of this bacterium relies on isolation and biochemical testing. Although a PCR for the detection of
B. avium
was proposed a number of years ago (P. H. Savelkoul, L. E. de Groot, C. Boersma, I. Livey, C. J. Duggleby, B. A. van der Zeijst, and W. Gaastra, Microb. Pathog. 15:207-215, 1993), lack of analytical verification precludes its use as a diagnostic tool. Furthermore, a number of details pertaining to the reaction conditions used are missing or unclear. In the present study we have identified an optimal set of PCR conditions for use with the previously described primer pair and determined the limit of detection under these conditions to be approximately 20 pg. Assay sensitivity is 100%, based on an analysis of 72
B. avium
isolates from diverse geographic locations and covering a time span of at least 25 years. Evaluation of a separate group of 87 bacterial isolates from poultry, comprising both gram-positive and gram-negative commensals and pathogens representing 11 genera, demonstrated an assay specificity of 98.8%. Reproducibility is 100% using either purified genomic DNA or boiled cell lysates less than 3 days old. Sequence analysis of the
B. avium
PCR amplicons identified only three occasional sequence polymorphisms. These data indicate the
B. avium
PCR assay can provide clinically significant results.
Direct Detection and Identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosisandMycobacterium bovisin Bovine Samples by a Novel Nested PCR Assay: Correlation with Conventional Techniques
Authors: Mishra A. , Singhal A. , Chauhan D. S. , Katoch V. M. , Srivastava K. , Thakral S. S. , Bharadwaj S. S. , Sreenivas V. , Prasad H. K. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisandM. bovisinfect animals and humans. Their epidemiologies in developed and developing countries differ, owing to differences in the implementation of preventive measures (World Health Organization, 1999). Identification and differentiation of these closely related mycobacterial species would help to determine the source, reservoirs of infection, and disease burden due to diverse mycobacterial pathogens. The utility of thehupBgene (Rv2986c inM. tuberculosis, orMb3010cinM. bovis) to differentiateM. tuberculosisandM. boviswas evaluated by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay with 56 characterized bovine isolates (S. Prabhakar et al., J. Clin. Microbiol.42:2724-2732, 2004). The degree of concordance between the PCR-RFLP assay and the microbiological characterization was 99.0% (P< 0.001). A nested PCR (N-PCR) assay was developed, replacing the PCR-RFLP assay for direct detection ofM. tuberculosisandM. bovisin bovine samples. The N-PCR products ofM. tuberculosisandM. boviscorresponded to 116 and 89 bp, respectively. The detection limit of mycobacterial DNA by N-PCR was 50 fg, equivalent to five tubercle bacilli.M. tuberculosisand/orM. boviswas detected in 55.5% (105/189) of the samples by N-PCR, compared to 9.4% (18/189) by culture. The sensitivities of N-PCR and culture were 97.3 and 29.7, respectively, and their specificities were 22.2 and 77.7%, respectively. The percentages of animals or samples identified as infected withM. tuberculosisorM. bovisby N-PCR and culture reflected the clinical categorizations of the cattle (Pof <0.05 to <0.01). Mixed infection by N-PCR was detected in 22 animals, whereas by culture mixed infection was detected in 1 animal.
Sensitive Phenotypic Detection of Minor Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Variants
Authors: Nissley Dwight V. , Halvas Elias K. , Hoppman Nicole L. , Garfinkel David J. , Mellors John W. , Strathern Jeffrey N. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Detection of drug-resistant variants is important for the clinical management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and for studies on the evolution of drug resistance. Here we show that hybrid elements composed of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
retrotransposon Ty1 and the reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 are useful tools for detecting, monitoring, and isolating drug-resistant reverse transcriptases. This sensitive phenotypic assay is able to detect nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant RT domains derived from mixtures of infectious molecular clones of HIV-1 in plasma and from clinical samples when the variants comprise as little as 0.3 to 1% of the virus population. Our assay can characterize the activities and drug susceptibilities of both known and novel reverse transcriptase variants and should prove useful in studies of the evolution and clinical significance of minor drug-resistant viral variants.
Campylobacter coliin Swine Production: Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Molecular Epidemiology
Authors: Thakur Siddhartha , Gebreyes Wondwossen A. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance, to evaluate and compare the use of two genotyping methods for molecular epidemiology purposes, and to determine the genotypic diversity ofCampylobacter coliof porcine origin. A total of 100C. coliisolates from swine were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobials using the agar dilution method and genotyped using two high-resolution fingerprinting approaches: multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Evaluation of the methods was based on their resistance patterns, discriminatory indexes (DI), high test throughputs, costs, and turnaround times. Resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline was the most common. Both genotypic methods were found to have high discriminatory power, although MLST had a higher DI (0.936) than PFGE (DI = 0.889). It also had a higher throughput than PFGE. Isolates were clustered into 27 groups by MLST compared to 11 by PFGE. MLST was able to further discriminate the isolates grouped under the same cluster by PFGE. Out of the 65 MLST sequence types (STs) identified among the total isolates, 50 were reported for the first time. Most STs were found to be specific to the farm (n= 38) and to slaughter (n= 22). Resistance against tetracycline and erythromycin was encoded by thetet(O) gene and a A2075G point mutation in the 23S rRNA gene, respectively. A high ciprofloxacin MIC (>64 μg/liter) was conferred by a point mutation in thegyrAgene. The weak clonal structure of theC. colipopulation among swine was further highlighted by the index of association value of 0.293. The findings of this study indicate that multidrug-resistant diverseC. colistrains exhibiting resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin are concerning, since these are the drugs of choice for treating invasive campylobacteriosis cases in humans.
Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Aas Jørn A. , Paster Bruce J. , Stokes Lauren N. , Olsen Ingar , Dewhirst Floyd E. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

More than 700 bacterial species or phylotypes, of which over 50% have not been cultivated, have been detected in the oral cavity. Our purposes were (i) to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend our knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and (ii) to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization. Nine sites from five clinically healthy subjects were analyzed. Sites included tongue dorsum, lateral sides of tongue, buccal epithelium, hard palate, soft palate, supragingival plaque of tooth surfaces, subgingival plaque, maxillary anterior vestibule, and tonsils. 16S rRNA genes from sample DNA were amplified, cloned, and transformed into
Escherichia coli
. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes were used to determine species identity or closest relatives. In 2,589 clones, 141 predominant species were detected, of which over 60% have not been cultivated. Thirteen new phylotypes were identified. Species common to all sites belonged to the genera
Gemella
,
Granulicatella
,
Streptococcus
, and
Veillonella
. While some species were subject specific and detected in most sites, other species were site specific. Most sites possessed 20 to 30 different predominant species, and the number of predominant species from all nine sites per individual ranged from 34 to 72. Species typically associated with periodontitis and caries were not detected. There is a distinctive predominant bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity that is highly diverse and site and subject specific. It is important to fully define the human microflora of the healthy oral cavity before we can understand the role of bacteria in oral disease.
New Quinolone Resistance Phenomenon in
Salmonella enterica
: Nalidixic Acid-Susceptible Isolates with Reduced Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility
Authors: Hakanen Antti J. , Lindgren Marianne , Huovinen Pentti , Jalava Jari , Siitonen Anja , Kotilainen Pirkko 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

We describe the emergence of a new quinolone resistance pattern in
Salmonella enterica
isolates from Southeast Asia. These isolates are susceptible to nalidixic acid but exhibit reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. The increase of such strains may threaten the value of the nalidixic acid disk test to screen for reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility in salmonellas.