bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea
Authors: Diemert David J. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Of the millions who travel from the industrialized world to developing countries every year, between 20% and 50% will develop at least one episode of diarrhea, making it the most common medical ailment afflicting travelers. Although usually a mild illness, traveler's diarrhea can result in significant morbidity and hardship overseas. Precautions can be taken to minimize the risk of developing traveler's diarrhea, either through avoidance of potentially contaminated food or drink or through various prophylactic measures, including both nonpharmacological and antimicrobial strategies. If diarrhea does develop despite the precautions taken, effective treatment—usually a combination of an antibiotic and an antimotility agent—can be brought by the traveler and initiated as soon as symptoms develop. In the future, vaccines—several of which are in the advanced stages of clinical testing—may be added to the list of prophylactic measures.
Peptide Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Jenssen Håvard , Hamill Pamela , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYAntimicrobial host defense peptides are produced by all complex organisms as well as some microbes and have diverse and complex antimicrobial activities. Collectively these peptides demonstrate a broad range of antiviral and antibacterial activities and modes of action, and it is important to distinguish between direct microbicidal and indirect activities against such pathogens. The structural requirements of peptides for antiviral and antibacterial activities are evaluated in light of the diverse set of primary and secondary structures described for host defense peptides. Peptides with antifungal and antiparasitic activities are discussed in less detail, although the broad-spectrum activities of such peptides indicate that they are important host defense molecules. Knowledge regarding the relationship between peptide structure and function as well as their mechanism of action is being applied in the design of antimicrobial peptide variants as potential novel therapeutic agents.
Insights into the Interaction between Influenza Virus and Pneumococcus
Authors: McCullers Jonathan A. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYBacterial infections following influenza are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Based on the historical importance of pneumonia as a cause of death during pandemic influenza, the increasingly likely possibility that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses will trigger the next worldwide pandemic underscores the need to understand the multiple mechanisms underlying the interaction between influenza virus and bacterial pathogens such asStreptococcus pneumoniae. There is ample evidence to support the historical view that influenza virus alters the lungs in a way that predisposes to adherence, invasion, and induction of disease by pneumococcus. Access to receptors is a key factor and may be facilitated by the virus through epithelial damage, by exposure or up-regulation of receptors, or by provoking the epithelial regeneration response to cytotoxic damage. More recent data indicate that alteration of the immune response by diminishing the ability of the host to clear pneumococcus or by amplification of the inflammatory cascade is another key factor. Identification and exploration of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this synergism will provide targets for prevention and treatment using drugs and vaccines.
Regular exercise did not modify significantly superoxide dismutase activity in adolescents with Down’s syndrome
Authors: Ordoñez F J , Rosety M , Rosety-Rodriguez M 
Published: July 2006

Background:Superoxide dismutase (SOD) overexpression in people with Down’s syndrome negatively modifies the equilibrium SOD/glutathione peroxidase+catalase, which may ultimately lead to an increased hydroxyl radical formation.Objective:To assess the influence of regular exercise on erythrocyte SOD activity to determine the ability of exercise to attenuate increased oxidative damage.Method:Thirty one male adolescents with Down’s syndrome (mean (SD) age 16.3 (1.1) years) performed a 12 week training programme (three days a week), consisting of a warm up, exercise at a work intensity of 60–75% of peak heart rate (the latter calculated from 194.5 – (0.56 × age)), and a cool down period. The reduction of cytochromecat 550 nm was used to monitor SOD activity in the supernatant of erythrocyte haemolysates.Results:Mean (SD) SOD activity in non-exercised adolescents with Down’s syndrome was 679.0 (82) U/g haemoglobin (95% confidence interval 642.2 to 715.8). After the 12 week training programme, it had increased to 706.8 (91) U/g haemoglobin (95% confidence interval 663.9 to 749.8). This increase was not significant (p  =  0.099).Conclusion:Regular exercise did not significantly increase SOD activity and consequently did not affect the unbalanced equilibrium SOD/glutathione peroxidase+catalase observed in patients with Down’s syndrome. Further studies are required to assess the behaviour of other antioxidant enzymes included in this pathway in order to highlight potential benefits of regular exercise in redox metabolism of patients with Down’s syndrome.
A Process-specific Functional Dissociation of the Amygdala in Emotional Memory
Authors: Sergerie Karine , Lepage Martin , Armony Jorge L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Converging evidence highlights the important role of the amygdala in the enhanced memory for emotional material. However, it is unknown whether any regional and/or hemispheric specificity exists regarding its involvement in the different memory stages, such as encoding and retrieval. We directly addressed this issue by conducting an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of memory for faces with different emotional expressions, in which both encoding and recognition were scanned. We found significant amygdala activation associated with both successful encoding and retrieval of fearful faces. Critically, a direct comparison between both stages revealed that whereas the right amygdala was involved in emotional memory formation, the retrieval of those memories relied on the left amygdala. Thus, this study demonstrates a hemispheric dissociation of amygdala involvement in different stages of emotional memory in humans.
The “Mosaic Stage” in Amodal Completion as Characterized by Magnetoencephalography Responses
Authors: Plomp Gijs , Liu Lichan , van Leeuwen Cees , Ioannides Andreas A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We investigated the process of amodal completion in a same-different experiment in which test pairs were preceded by sequences of two figures. The first of these could be congruent to a global or local completion of an occluded part in the second figure, or a mosaic interpretation of it. We recorded and analyzed the magnetoencephalogram for the second figures. Compared to control conditions, in which unrelated primes were shown, occlusion and mosaic primes reduced the peak latency and amplitude of neural activity evoked by the occlusion patterns. Compared to occlusion primes, mosaic ones reduced the latency but increased the amplitude of evoked neural activity. Processes relating to a mosaic interpretation of the occlusion pattern, therefore, can dominate in an early stage of visual processing. The results did not provide evidence for the presence of a functional “mosaic stage” in completion per se, but characterize the mosaic interpretation as a qualitatively special one that can rapidly emerge in visual processing when context favors it.
Sea Ice Concentration Analyses for the Baltic Sea and Their Impact on Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Drusch Matthias 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sea ice concentration plays a fundamental role in the exchange of water and energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. Global real-time datasets of sea ice concentration are based on satellite observations, which do not necessarily resolve small-scale patterns or coastal features. In this study, the global National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 0.5° sea ice concentration dataset is compared with a regional high-resolution analysis for the Baltic Sea produced 2 times per week by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). In general, the NCEP dataset exhibits less spatial and temporal variability during the winter of 2003/04. Because of the coarse resolution of the NCEP dataset, ice extent is generally larger than in the SMHI analysis. Mean sea ice concentrations derived from both datasets are in reasonable agreement during the ice-growing and ice-melting periods in January and April, respectively. For February and March, during which the sea ice extent is largest, mean sea ice concentrations are lower in the NCEP dataset relative to the SMHI product. Ten-day weather forecasts based on the NCEP sea ice concentrations and the SMHI dataset have been performed, and they were compared on the local, regional, and continental scales. Turbulent surface fluxes have been analyzed based on 24-h forecasts. The differences in sea ice extent during the ice-growing period in January cause mean differences of up to 30 W m−2 for sensible heat flux and 20 W m−2 for latent heat flux in parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland. The comparison between spatially aggregated fluxes yields differences of up to 36 and 20 W m−2 for sensible and latent heat flux, respectively. The differences in turbulent fluxes result in different planetary boundary height and structure. Even the forecast cloud cover changes by up to 40% locally.
Quantifying Aerial Concentrations of Maize Pollen in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Remote-Piloted Airplanes and Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Aylor Donald E. , Boehm Matthew T. , Shields Elson J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The extensive adoption of genetically modified crops has led to a need to understand better the dispersal of pollen in the atmosphere because of the potential for unwanted movement of genetic traits via pollen flow in the environment. The aerial dispersal of maize pollen was studied by comparing the results of a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model with pollen concentration measurements made over cornfields using a combination of tower-based rotorod samplers and airborne radio-controlled remote-piloted vehicles (RPVs) outfitted with remotely operated pollen samplers. The comparison between model and measurements was conducted in two steps. In the first step, the LS model was used in combination with the rotorod samplers to estimate the pollen release rate Q for each sampling period. In the second step, a modeled value for the concentration Cmodel, corresponding to each RPV measured value Cmeasure, was calculated by simulating the RPV flight path through the LS model pollen plume corresponding to the atmospheric conditions, field geometry, wind direction, and source strength. The geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of the ratio Cmodel/Cmeasure over all of the sampling periods, except those determined to be upwind of the field, were 1.42 and 4.53, respectively, and the lognormal distribution corresponding to these values was found to fit closely the PDF of Cmodel/Cmeasure. Model output was sensitive to the turbulence parameters, with a factor-of-100 difference in the average value of Cmodel over the range of values encountered during the experiment. In comparison with this large potential variability, it is concluded that the average factor of 1.4 between Cmodel and Cmeasure found here indicates that the LS model is capable of accurately predicting, on average, concentrations over a range of atmospheric conditions.
Expression of T-lineage-affiliated transcripts and TCR rearrangements in acute promyelocytic leukemia: implications for the cellular target of t(15;17)
Authors: Chapiro Elise , Delabesse Eric , Asnafi Vahid , Millien Corinne , Davi Frederic , Nugent Elizabeth , Beldjord Kheira , Haferlach Torsten , Grimwade David , Macintyre Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAcute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the most differentiated form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and has generally been considered to result from transformation of a committed myeloid progenitor. Paradoxically, APL has long been known to express the T-cell lymphoid marker, CD2. We searched for other parameters indicative of T-cell lymphoid specification in a cohort of 36 APL cases, revealing a frequent but asynchronous T-cell lymphoid program most marked in the hypogranular variant (M3v) subtype, with expression of PTCRA, sterile TCRA, and TCRG transcripts and TCRG rearrangement in association with sporadic cytoplasmic expression of CD3 or TdT proteins. Gene-expression profiling identified differentially expressed transcription factors that have been implicated in lymphopoiesis. These data carry implications for the hematopoietic progenitor targeted by the PML-RARA oncoprotein in APL and are suggestive of a different cellular origin for classic hypergranular (M3) and variant forms of the disease. They are also consistent with the existence and subsequent transformation of progenitor populations with lymphoid/myeloid potential.
CD45RA on human CD8 T cells is sensitive to the time elapsed since the last antigenic stimulation
Authors: Carrasco Javier , Godelaine Danièle , Van Pel Aline , Boon Thierry , van der Bruggen Pierre 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe expression of CD45RA on CCR7– human CD8+ memory T cells is widely considered to be a marker of terminal differentiation. We studied the time course of CD45RA and CCR7 expression on human antitumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones and blood CD8+ T cells after antigenic stimulation. Our results indicate that CD45RA+CCR7– CD8+ T cells are resting memory cells that, upon antigenic stimulation and during the next 10 days, proliferate, lose CD45RA, and transiently acquire CCR7. In the absence of further antigenic stimulation, they progressively re-express CD45RA and become CD45RA+CCR7–. We conclude that the expression of CD45RA on these cells is indicative of the time elapsed since the last antigenic stimulation rather than the incapacity to proliferate or particularly high lytic potential. This concept leads to a reinterpretation of the significance of the presence of CD45RA+ CD8+ memory cells in patients affected by viral infections or by cancer.
α-Chain phosphorylation of the human leukocyte CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) integrin is pivotal for integrin activation to bind ICAMs and leukocyte extravasation
Authors: Fagerholm Susanna C. , Varis Minna , Stefanidakis Michael , Hilden Tiina J. , Gahmberg Carl G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe promiscuous CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) integrin has important roles in regulating many immunologic functions such as leukocyte adhesion and emigration from the bloodstream via interactions with the endothelial ligands ICAM-1 and ICAM-2, iC3b-mediated phagocytosis, and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms for Mac-1 inside-out activation have remained poorly understood. Phosphorylation of integrin cytoplasmic domains is emerging as an important mechanism of regulating integrin functions. Here, we have studied phosphorylation of human CD11b, which takes place on the cytoplasmic Ser1126 in neutrophils. We show that mutation of the serine phosphorylation site leads to inability of Mac-1 to become activated to bind the cellular ligands ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. However, CD11b-mutant cells are fully capable of binding other studied CD11b ligands (ie, iC3b and denatured BSA). Activation epitopes expressed in the extracellular domain of the integrin and affinity for soluble ICAM ligands were decreased for the mutated integrin. Additionally, the mutation resulted in inhibition of chemokine-induced migration in a transendothelial assay in vitro and significantly reduced the accumulation of intravenously administered cells in the spleen and lungs of Balb/c mice. These results characterize a novel selective mechanism of Mac-1–integrin activation, which mediates leukocyte emigration from the bloodstream to the tissues.
Plasma inhibitory activity (PIA): a pharmacodynamic assay reveals insights into the basis for cytotoxic response to FLT3 inhibitors
Authors: Levis Mark , Brown Patrick , Smith B. Douglas , Stine Adam , Pham Rosalyn , Stone Richard , DeAngelo Daniel , Galinsky Ilene , Giles Frank , Estey Elihu , Kantarjian Hagop , Cohen Pamela , Wang Yanfeng , Roesel Johannes , Karp Judith E. , Small Donald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have developed a useful surrogate assay for monitoring the efficacy of FLT3 inhibition in patients treated with oral FLT3 inhibitors. The plasma inhibitory activity (PIA) for FLT3 correlates with clinical activity in patients treated with CEP-701 and PKC412. Using the PIA assay, along with in vitro phosphorylation and cytotoxicity assays in leukemia cells, we compared PKC412 and its metabolite, CGP52421, with CEP-701. While both drugs could effectively inhibit FLT3 in vitro, CEP-701 was more cytotoxic to primary samples at comparable levels of FLT3 inhibition. PKC412 appears to be more selective than CEP-701 and therefore less effective at inducing cytotoxicity in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples in vitro. However, the PKC412 metabolite CGP52421 is less selective than its parent compound, PKC412, and is more cytotoxic against primary blast samples at comparable levels of FLT3 inhibition. The plasma inhibitory activity assay represents a useful correlative tool in the development of small-molecule inhibitors. Our application of this assay has revealed that the metabolite CGP52421 may contribute a significant portion of the antileukemia activity observed in patients receiving oral PKC412. Additionally, our results suggest that nonselectivity may constitute an important component of the cytotoxic effect of FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3-mutant AML.
Enumeration of leukocyte infiltration in solid tumors by confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Biggerstaff J , Weidow B , Amirkhosravi A , Francis JL 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Leukocytes commonly infiltrate solid tumors, and have been implicated in the mechanism of spontaneous regression in some cancers. Conventional techniques for the quantitative estimation of leukocyte infiltrates in tumors rely on light microscopy of immunostained thin tissue sections, in which an arbitrary assessment (based on low, medium or high levels of infiltration) of antigen density is made by the pathologist. These estimates are relatively subjective and often require the opinion of a second pathologist. In addition, since thin tissue sections are cut, no data regarding the three-dimensional distribution of antigen can be obtained.

Results
To overcome these problems, we have designed a method to enumerate leukocyte infiltration into tumors, using confocal laser scanning microscopy of fluorescently immunostained leukocytes in thick tissue sections. Using image analysis software, a threshold was applied to eliminate unstained tissue and residual noise. The total antigen volume in the scanned tissue was calculated and divided by the mean cell volume (calculated by "seeding" ten individual cells) to obtain the cell count. Using this method, we compared the calculated leukocyte counts with those obtained manually by ten laboratory personnel. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the cell counts obtained by either method.
We then compared leukocyte infiltration into seven tumors and matched non-malignant tissue obtained from the periphery of the resected tissue. There was a significant increase in the infiltration of all leukocyte subsets into the tumors compared to minimal numbers in the non-malignant tissue.

Conclusion
From these results we conclude that this method may be of considerable use for the enumeration of cells in tissues. Furthermore, since it can be performed by laboratory technical staff, less time input is required by the pathologist in assessing the degree of leukocyte infiltration into tumors.
Political dynamics promoting the incremental regulation of secondhand smoke: a case study of New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Bryan-Jones Katherine , Chapman Simon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe history of governmental responses to the accumulation of scientific evidence about the harms of secondhand smoke (SHS) presents an intriguing case study of incremental public health policy development. Australia has long been considered a world-leader in progressive tobacco control policies, but in the last decade has fallen behind other jurisdictions in introducing SHS legislation that protects all workers. Bars, clubs and pubs remain the only public indoor spaces where smoking is legally permitted, despite SHS exposure in the hospitality industry being higher and affecting more people than in any other setting after domestic exposure. This paper examines the political dynamics that have shaped this incremental approach to SHS.MethodsIn-depth interviews with 21 key stakeholders in the state of New South Wales (NSW), including politicians, their advisors, health officials and tobacco control advocates, were conducted and subjected to thematic content analysis. Interviewees' comments provided insights into the dynamics surrounding the debates and outcomes of SHS legislative attempts and the current political environment, and about how to progress SHS legislation.ResultsSHS restrictions have been delayed by several broad factors: the influence of industry groups successfully opposing regulation; issue wear-out; and political perceptions that there is not a salient constituency demanding that smoking be banned in bars and clubs. Interviewees also provided suggestions of strategies that advocates might utilise to best overcome the current political inertia of incremental compromises and achieve timely comprehensive smoking bans.ConclusionAdvocates concerned to shorten the duration of incremental endgames must continue to insist that governments address SHS fundamentally as a health issue rather than making political concessions to industry groups, and should broaden and amplify community voices calling on governments to finish the job. Publicity to the growing number of state and national governments that have successfully implemented total bans over the past decade is likely to make incrementalism an increasingly unattractive political option.