bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening Social Capital through Bilingual Competence in a Transnational Migrant Community: Mexicans in Upstate New York
Authors: Grim‐Feinberg Kate 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTTemporary migrants in the United States face the challenge of adapting to their host society while maintaining a cohesive social network within their newcomer communities. Among the principal factors affecting Mexican migrant social networks is bilingual competence. Most Mexican migrants plan to live in the United States for only a few years, sending money to support their families and communities in Mexico. While in the United States, they work long hours in jobs largely invisible to the public, often alongside other Spanish speakers and with little exposure to English. They have few opportunities and little motivation to integrate into the English‐speaking community.In upstate New York, where few people in the host community speak Spanish, Mexican migrants remain largely dependent on English speakers as they negotiate housing, employment, health care, and other basic resources. Lack of English language is a barrier to obtaining local cultural information essential for migrants to navigate these resources successfully. On the other hand, migrants’maintenance of a close‐knit transnational social network provides invaluable resources both for those living in the United States and those in Mexico. Young migrant children immersed in English at school with little positive valuation of Spanish are socialized in a network from which their parents are excluded, and risk losing the social capital provided by their Mexican social networks. To maintain and strengthen communal social capital in their transnational migrant communities, these temporary Mexican migrants must preserve their close‐knit internal social networks while simultaneously forming social links with outsiders in the host society.In this paper, I examine the interplay of language and social networks in a recently formed Mexican migrant community in upstate New York. I suggest that, despite the challenges Mexican migrants face in obtaining fluent Spanish‐English bilingualism, some degree of bilingual competence is well within their reach. The expansion and adaptation of local language programmes in English and Spanish could contribute significantly to migrants’bilingual competence, increasing their communal social capital and facilitating successful adaptation into their host community, as well as reintegration into their sending community.
Genetic tracking of basking shark products in international trade
Authors: Magnussen J. E. , Pikitch E. K. , Clarke S. C. , Nicholson C. , Hoelzel A. R. , Shivji M. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMounting evidence that sharks are being over‐fished to supply shark fin markets is causing widespread concern about the sustainability of these practices. The basking shark Cetorhinus maximus, whose fins command high market prices, has proven especially sensitive to exploitation. To prevent further population declines, this species is now protected in the territorial waters of several countries, and is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) requiring monitoring of trade in its products by all parties to CITES. Tracking trade in basking shark products, however, is often hampered by difficulties in identifying shark products to species of origin. Here, we present the development and application of a streamlined genetic forensics assay that does not require DNA sequencing to identify basking shark products. The dual‐primer, species‐specific polymerase chain reaction strategy provides diagnostic redundancy for robustness in legal venues. It is also effective for identifying basking shark products regardless of geographic origin, an important consideration, given the global distribution of the species and international sourcing of fins to the trade. Application of the assay confirmed the presence of basking shark fins in the Hong Kong and Japan markets, and indicated an apparent relationship between the Chinese fin trader category ‘Nuo Wei Tian Jiu’ and fins from basking sharks. The assay was also used in a law enforcement investigation to document illegal trade in basking shark fins in the United States where this species is prohibited from harvest and trade. These trade detections suggest that the high market value of basking shark fins is continuing to drive the exploitation, surreptitious and otherwise, of this highly threatened species, underscoring the need for improved trade monitoring. The streamlined assay developed here can assist in monitoring and conservation on a worldwide scale.
Identifying potentially suitable nesting habitat for golden eagles applied to ‘important bird areas’ design
Authors: López‐López P. , García‐Ripollés C. , Soutullo Á. , Cadahía L. , Urios V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGeographic information systems (GIS)‐based habitat‐suitability modelling is becoming an essential tool in conservation biology. A multi‐scale approach has been proposed as a particularly useful way to identify different factors affecting habitat preferences. In this paper, we developed predictive models of potentially suitable habitat for golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos at three spatial scales in a representative Mediterranean area on the Iberian Peninsula. We used logistic regression through a generalized linear model (GLM) to model golden eagle breeding habitat preferences. The best‐occurrence GLM models were those that involved topographic factors as independent predictors. Golden eagles seemed to prefer rugged and higher places of the study area for nesting. Climatic factors identified cold temperatures in January and temperate ones in July as the best predictors of eagles' occurrence. This was also higher in places with less agricultural areas and higher surface of pine forests. The distribution of potentially suitable area matches the distribution of mountain ranges, mainly in inner sectors of the study area. In contrast, potentially suitable nest sites in coastland areas remain unoccupied by golden eagles. Avoidance of coastland places for nesting may be due to the synergistic effects of human avoidance and the occurrence of potential competitors, like the endangered Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus. When mapped at a fine spatial resolution, the best GLM model identified large areas that fall outside the current network of protected areas. We therefore propose three new important bird areas for the region.
Nurse Migration: A Canadian Case Study
Authors: Little Lisa 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To synthesize information about nurse migration in and out of Canada and analyze its role as a policy lever to address the Canadian nursing shortage.Principal Findings. Canada is both a source and a destination country for international nurse migration with an estimated net loss of nurses. The United States is the major beneficiary of Canadian nurse emigration resulting from the reduction of full‐time jobs for nurses in Canada due to health system reforms. Canada faces a significant projected shortage of nurses that is too large to be ameliorated by ethical international nurse recruitment and immigration.Conclusions. The current and projected shortage of nurses in Canada is a product of health care cost containment policies that failed to take into account long‐term consequences for nurse workforce adequacy. An aging nurse workforce, exacerbated by layoffs of younger nurses with less seniority, and increasing demand for nurses contribute to a projection of nurse shortage that is too great to be solved ethically through international nurse recruitment. National policies to increase domestic nurse production and retention are recommended in addition to international collaboration among developed countries to move toward greater national nurse workforce self sufficiency.
Migration of Nurses from Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Review of Issues and Challenges
Authors: Dovlo Delanyo 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To assess the impact of out‐migration of nurses on the health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).Setting. The countries of SSA.Design and Methods. Review of secondary sources: existing publications and country documents on the health workforce; documents prepared for the Joint Learning Initiative Global Human Resources for Health report, the World Health Organization (AFRO) synthesis on migration, and the International Council of Nurses series on the global nursing situation. Analysis of associated data.Principal Findings. The state of nursing practice in SSA appears to have been impacted negatively by migration. Available (though inadequate) quantitative data on stocks and flows, qualitative information on migration issues and trends, and on the main strategies being employed in both source and recipient countries indicate that the problem is likely to grow over the next 5–10 years.Conclusions. Multiple actions are needed at various policy levels in both source and receiving countries to moderate negative effects of nurse emigration in developing countries in Africa; however, critically, source countries must establish more effective policies and strategies.
Potential of China in Global Nurse Migration
Authors: Fang Zhiwu Zack 
Published: March 2007

Objective. The purpose of this paper is to examine what is known about the nurse workforce and nursing education in China in order to assess the likely potential for nurse migration from China in the future.Principle Findings. There is a severe shortage of nurses in China (only one nurse per thousand in population), but at the same time there is a very high level of unemployment and underemployment of nurses. China's nursing education system is huge in size (about 500,000 nursing students in 2005), but weak in quality and career development.Conclusions. As a result of lack of limited job opportunities, low salary, and low job satisfaction, many talented Chinese nurses intend to switch occupation or work outside China. Commercial recruiters have expressed a strong interest in recruitment of nurses in China, but to date there are few examples of successful ventures. Even if the Chinese government were to implement health care financing reforms that led to an increase in nursing jobs and improved work conditions, some level of surplus will remain. As such, it is likely that China will become an important source of nurses for developed nations in the coming years.
Isotopic evidence for channeled fluid flow in low‐grade metamorphosed Jurassic accretionary complex in the Northern Chichibu belt, western Shikoku, Japan
Authors: SAKAKIBARA M. , UMEKI M. , CARTWRIGHT I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe low‐grade metamorphosed Jurassic accretionary complex of the Northern Chichibu Belt, Hijikawa area, western Shikoku, is divided into two units, the Hijikawa and Kanogawa units, that are separated by an out‐of‐sequence thrust (OOST), the Ozu‐Kawabegawa Fault. The Kanogawa unit south of the Ozu‐Kawabegawa fault consists mainly of sandstone, shale, broken formation of alternating sandstone and shale, greenstone, chert, and pelitic melange, while the Hijikawa unit is characterized by a stack of subunits separated by small‐scale thrusts. The subunits are mainly made up of basic, pelitic and psammitic semischists, schistose pelitic melange, and chert. Petrological and mineralogical constraints suggest peak metamorphic conditions of 204–247 °C at 1–3 kbar in the Kanogawa unit, and 228–289 °C at 3–5.6 kbar in the Hijikawa unit. Quartz and quartz‐calcite veins are widely developed in the study area, especially in the Hijikawa unit. Regional variations in stable isotopic data show that the δ18Oquartz and δ18Ocalcite values in veins tend to increase towards the Ozu‐Kawabegawa Fault. The δ18Owhole rock values are remarkably high in some subunits close to OOSTs within the Hijikawa unit. Oxygen isotopic compositions from vein quartz indicate that a higher δ18O fluid migrated upward from depth along the Ozu‐Kawabegawa Fault within the accretionary prism during prehnite‐pumpellyite facies metamorphism. The fluid source is inferred to be pelitic rocks at higher temperatures and greater depths within the accretionary prism.
Ethanol Intake in the Juvenile, Adolescent, and Adult Rat: Effects of Age and Prior Exposure to Ethanol
Authors: Truxell Eric M. , Molina Juan C. , Spear Norman E. 
Published: March 2007

Background: Initial ingestion of ethanol by naïve rats has seemed to decrease dramatically with age. During the preweanling period, infant rats consume large quantities of high concentrations of ethanol without initiating procedures, in some instances exceeding doses required for severe motor incoordination. During adulthood, however, initial ingestion of ethanol without initiation procedures is low and infrequent. In the present study, the ontogeny of ethanol intake was measured in juvenile, adolescent and adult rats using a technique [consume off the floor (COF)] similar to that used to study intake during infancy. How this initial experience with ethanol affected subsequent affinity for ethanol intake was later assessed using 2‐bottle choice preference tests.Methods: Independent ingestion of ethanol was measured at 3 developmental periods, the juvenile period (P22–P28), adolescence (P30–P34) and adulthood (P60–P64), with systematic variation in ethanol concentration (15 or 30% v/v) and palatability (sweetness) of ethanol. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were determined in all animals. This dependent variable served as an estimate of absolute ethanol ingestion. Three COF sessions were conducted for each age group. Following these sessions animals' ethanol consumption was also assessed using a 2‐bottle choice test (water vs 15% v/v unsweetened ethanol).Results: In all experiments, groups consuming 30% v/v ethanol exhibited significantly higher BECs than those exposed to 15% v/v ethanol. Adding saccharin to the ethanol increased absolute ethanol ingestion in only the oldest animals. During the pre‐exposure phase (COF sessions) of each experiment, absolute ethanol intake was found to decline with repeated exposures. Sex effects were particularly evident during later stages of ontogeny (adolescents and adults). The overall pattern of results indicated that juveniles relative to adults show a marked predisposition to consume highly concentrated ethanol solutions and that BECs derived from the COF sessions influenced ethanol acceptance patterns in the subsequent 2‐bottle test.Conclusions: Using the (COF) technique with BECs as an estimate of intake, absolute ethanol consumption seems to be quite high early in ontogeny and decline gradually into adulthood. Adding saccharin to ethanol solutions at the concentration used in the present study (0.1%) was generally not sufficient to increase absolute ethanol intake from the floor, except during adulthood. The experimental strategy employed in this study represents a novel approach for examining ethanol acceptance patterns across ontogeny and how experience with the process of intoxication affects subsequent ethanol preferences.
Information Asymmetry and Financing Arrangements: Evidence from Syndicated Loans
Authors: SUFI AMIR 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTI empirically explore the syndicated loan market, with an emphasis on how information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers influences syndicate structure and on which lenders become syndicate members. Consistent with moral hazard in monitoring, the lead bank retains a larger share of the loan and forms a more concentrated syndicate when the borrower requires more intense monitoring and due diligence. When information asymmetry between the borrower and lenders is potentially severe, participant lenders are closer to the borrower, both geographically and in terms of previous lending relationships. Lead bank and borrower reputation mitigates, but does not eliminate information asymmetry problems.
A Theory of Takeovers and Disinvestment
Authors: LAMBRECHT BART M. , MYERS STEWART C. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe present a real‐options model of takeovers and disinvestment in declining industries. As product demand declines, a first‐best closure level is reached, where overall value is maximized by closing the firm and releasing its capital to investors. Absent takeovers, managers of underleveraged firms always close too late, although golden parachutes may accelerate closure. We analyze the effects of takeovers of under‐leveraged firms. Takeovers by raiders enforce first‐best closure. Hostile takeovers by other firms occur either at the first‐best closure point or too early. Closure in management buyouts and mergers of equals happens inefficiently late.
Diabetic Retinopathy and Coronary Implantation of Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents
Authors: Ohno Takayuki , Takamoto Shinichi , Ando Jiro , Morita Toshihiro , Fujita Hideo , Hirata Yasunobu , Shigeeda Takashi , Hirose Akira , Nagai Ryozo 
Published: March 2007

Introduction: The prognostic value of identifying the retinal status of diabetic patients undergoing coronary implantation of drug‐eluting stents is unknown.
Methods: We evaluated the outcomes of 318 consecutive patients undergoing implantation of sirolimus‐eluting stents for coronary artery disease. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to the diabetic and retinal status: diabetic patients without retinopathy (43 patients); diabetic patients with nonproliferative retinopathy (34); diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy (37); diabetic patients with unknown retinal status (30); and nondiabetic patients (174).
Results: During a mean follow‐up of 385 days, 64 patients had target‐vessel failure (defined as a composite of death from cardiac causes, myocardial infarction, and target‐vessel revascularization). At 1 year, Kaplan‐Meier estimates of the rate of target‐vessel failure were 15.3% for diabetic patients without retinopathy, 56.6% for those with nonproliferative retinopathy, 17.3% for those with proliferative retinopathy, 19.0% for those with unknown retinal status, and 16.0% for nondiabetic patients. After adjustment for the potential confounders and differences between groups, the relation of nonproliferative retinopathy to target‐vessel failure remained significant. In an analysis in which diabetic patients without retinopathy were used as the reference group, the hazard ratios for target‐vessel failure were 3.9 for those with nonproliferative retinopathy, 1.3 for those with proliferative retinopathy, 1.1 for those with unknown retinal status, and 1.4 for nondiabetic patients (P for trend = 0.015).
Conclusions: As compared with diabetic patients without retinopathy, those with nonproliferative retinopathy have an increased risk for target‐vessel failure after coronary implantation of sirolimus‐eluting stents.
Alopecia Areata in the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N. , Srivastava Govind , Aggarwal Ashok , Sethi Geetanjali , Adhikari Tulsi 
Published: March 2007

Background and objectives. Although alopecia areata is a well‐recognized entity, it is riddled with issues that need to be addressed; therefore, the epidemiology, clinical data, and psychological impact of alopecia areata were investigated.
Materials and methods. An observational study was performed in 65 consecutive patients in the Indian subcontinent. Physical examination and questionnaires on medical, socioeconomic, and psychological status were performed.
Results. The data observed in the present study revealed that socioeconomic factors and stress play a significant role in the initiation, development, and persistence of alopecia areata. This assumes greater importance in resource‐poor settings where due attention to this disease can improve the management of this benign yet frustrating condition. Further studies may be warranted.
Host preference of the plum curculio
Authors: Leskey Tracy C. , Wright Starker E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe assessed host preference of adult plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), based on the total number of mark‐released and wild adults recovered and the total distance moved by mark‐released adults in an orchard whose layout was designed to specifically allow foraging plum curculios to choose among host tree species. Host trees included apple, Malus domestica Borkh.; pear, Pyrus communis (L.); peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; apricot, Prunus armeniaca L.; tart cherry, Prunus cerasus L.; sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.); European plum, Prunus domestica L.; and Japanese plum, Prunus salicina Lindl. (all Rosaceae). We released 2900 marked adults and recovered 17.7%. We used screen traps to provide a measure of the number of adults that arrived at and climbed up particular host trees and found that significantly greater numbers of marked adults and the greatest number of wild adults were recovered from screen traps attached to Japanese plum. We sampled host tree canopies by tapping limbs to provide a measure of the number of adults within a tree canopy at a particular moment. Again, significantly greater numbers of marked and wild adults were recovered from plum species, with no difference between Japanese and European plum cultivars for marked individuals, but with significantly greater numbers of wild individuals recovered from Japanese plum. The preference index (PI) for Japanese plum based on total distances moved by all marked adults recovered on Japanese plum divided by the total distance moved by marked adults recovered on other host trees indicated that Japanese plum was the most highly preferred host, followed by European plum, peach, sweet cherry, tart cherry, apricot, apple, and pear, respectively.