bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freeing the Mind through the Body: Women's Thoughts on Physical Education in Late Qing and Early Republican China
Authors: Gimpel Denise 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhysical education (tiyu/ticao) was an important topic in China at the turn of the nineteenth century. Healthy citizens were to provide the foundations of a healthy China, one that could find its rightful place among the strong nations of the world and no longer be considered the "sick man of Asia." Many texts dealt with the kind of physical education that was perceived as necessary, and the physique was an issue in both educational regulations, school curricula and general reform demands. However, as elsewhere in the world, there was a clear distinction made between what was felt appropriate and necessary for men and women. Moreover, as the present article shows, there was also a clear gender line in the manner in which physical training and culture were functionalized by individual writers. By highlighting some of the different approaches to and interpretations of the concept of tiyu/ticao, the present text seeks to demonstrate how it could be used to maintain the status quo by simply remolding the subordinate female role but also to seek a real autonomous realm for female development.
The Rhetoric of Legitimation: Prefaces to Women's Poetry Collections from the Song to the Ming
Authors: Xu Sufeng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the legitimation of women's literary culture in the late Ming by examining the rhetoric in male-authored prefaces to women's poetry collections produced from the Song to the Ming. It aims to show that the very strategy of associating women's poetry with the Shijing was not only a late imperial phenomenon as often assumed, but a general approach in Neo-Confucian scholarship beginning in the Northern Song. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the late Ming preface-writers often associated folk songs and "licentious songs" (yin shi) with the Shijing to legitimize the unorthodox. It concludes that the anthologizing of women's poetry and the promotion of women's culture in the late Ming functioned more as opportunities or strategies for male literati to negotiate and sustain their unofficial power than as genuine efforts to construct a canon of women poets.
Praise and Slander: The Evocation of Empress Lü in the Shiji and the Hanshu
Authors: van Ess Hans 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article contains a close reading of the accounts of Empress Lü in the Shiji and the Hanshu. Its main argument is that the views of Sima Qian and Ban Gu about her are marked by considerable differences, although they may seem alike at first sight. For Sima Qian, the main feature dominating the life of Empress Lü was fear for herself and for her clan, whereas Ban Gu attributed her actions to naked cruelty. According to Sima Qian, the battle between the Lü family and those members of the Liu family who put Emperor Wen on the throne was one between two equal competitors, whereas for Ban Gu it was a struggle between the dynasty itself and a family who had wrongfully usurped power. Because Ban Gu changed the account of Sima Qian, albeit in very subtle ways, his image of Empress Lü has become more influential than the original version by his predecessor.
Extreme Makeover: Daiyu and Baochai in Two Early Sequels to Honglou Meng
Authors: Widmer Ellen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper attempts to make sense of two radically changed characters in two early sequels to Honglou meng. One is the managerial Daiyu of Hou Honglou meng, the other is the military Baochai of Honglou fumeng. The analysis begins with a comparison to oral literature, especially the genre known as zidishu. It concludes that the likeliest influences lie elsewhere, perhaps in such vernacular novels as Shuihu zhuan and the rhymed prosimetric text Zaisheng yuan. Readerly dissatisfaction with the parent novel certainly also played a role. There are some grounds on which to argue that women readers had input into Baochai's transformation, although the case cannot be made for sure.
Galen and the Stoics: Mortal Enemies or Blood Brothers?
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGalen is well known as a critic of Stoicism, mainly for his massive attack on Stoic (or at least, Chrysippean) psychology in On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato (PHP) 2-5. Galen attacks both Chrysippus' location of the ruling part of the psyche in the heart and his unified or monistic picture of human psychology. However, if we consider Galen's thought more broadly, this has a good deal in common with Stoicism, including a (largely) physicalist conception of psychology and a strongly teleological view of natural entities, shared features which are acknowledged in several treatises outside PHP. Why, then, is Galen such a remorseless and negative critic of Stoicism in PHP? Various factors are relevant, including the shaping influence on Galen of the Platonic-Aristotelian (part-based) psychological framework. But, it is suggested here, an important underlying factor is the contrast between two ways of thinking about the part-whole relationship, a 'composition' and a 'structure' approach or an atomistic and holistic approach. This contrast is most evident and explicit in one section of PHP 5, where Galen, criticising Chrysippus' holistic psychology, denies that the Stoic thinker is entitled to use the concept of part at all. But the contrast is also seen as pervading Galen's response to Stoic thought more generally, in PHP and elsewhere, in ways that inform his explicit disagreements with Stoic theory. Stoicism is presented here as having a consistently 'structure' (or holistic) approach. Galen's approach is seen as more mixed, sometimes sharing, or aspiring towards, a holistic picture, and yet sometimes (especially in PHP 5), adopting a strongly 'composition' or atomistic standpoint. This (partial) contrast in conceptual frameworks is presented as offering a new perspective on Galen's critique of Stoic psychology in PHP and on his relationship to Stoic thought more generally.
Blood and the Nations in Ritual and Myth
Authors: Geyer John B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn my book Mythology and Lament (2004) I suggested that the oracles about the nations might have had their Sitz im Leben in the ceremonies of the Day of Atonement (more properly called the Day of Purgation) as this developed into the celebration of the Year of Jubilee. The present paper is an initial exploration of that possibility linking ritual, myth and stories about the elimination of the enemy. Anat's blood bath (KTU I 3 ii) is seen as having the same purpose as Lev. xvi in terms of cleansing the sanctuary through blood rites which, in the case of Anat, means the slaughter of the unspecified foe. Exod. xvii 8-16 is found to be a narrative that applies the same principles and the same ritual setting to the slaughter of a supposed foe. It is suggested that the oracles about the nations fit into the same mythological/ritual setting.
Reforming History: The Hermeneutical Significance of the Books of Chronicles
Authors: Jonker Louis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDifferent views have been expressed in past scholarship about the nature of the Books of Chronicles. Some regard the Chronicler to be an exegete, others see the Chronicler as theologian, and still others see the Chronicler as a historian. The opinion expressed in this article is that Chronicles could be characterized as "reforming history". The ambiguity of this designation is intentional. The Books of Chronicles are an attempt to reformulate and sanitize the past. It is, however, simultaneously an attempt to reformulate the identity of God's people during the Second Temple period. Such a "reforming history" forms a unique bridge between past and present. The focus of this article is therefore on the hermeneutical significance of the Books of Chronicles.
David in the Service of King Achish of Gath: Renegade to His People or a Fifth Column in the Philistine Army?
Authors: Shemesh Yael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe biblical presentation of David's ostensible willingness to fight on the side of the Philistines against Israel (1 Sam. xxvii-xxix) is examined. Through a literary analysis it is shown that David is not depicted as intending to betray Saul and Israel. On the contrary, the narrator provides many hints that the Philistine commanders' assessment of David is correct and that had he not been sent away he would have fought against the Philistines and for Israel. His dismissal, instigated by the Philistine commanders, is compatible with the divine plan for Israel's defeat, the destruction of the House of Saul, and David's succeeding Saul on the throne of Israel (1 Sam. xxviii 16-19).
Permutatio religionis – Ps. cxxxix und der Wandel der Israelitischen Religion zur Bekenntnisreligion
Authors: Wagner Andreas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the Old Testament, religion is a matter of constant change and development. Various religious contexts have led to changing kinds of text forms. This paper sees Psalm cxxxix as an abjuration form for an individual believer. We find three sections (Ps. cxxxix 1-6; 7-12; 13-18) declaring the qualities of JHWH, whereas in the last part (vv 19-24) the praying person separates himself from those inimical to JHWH (vv 21-22). The implication is that JHWH is the only and true God who demands abjuration from nonbelievers and true confession (cf. Ps. xci with its similar thought). This type of JHWH religion is typical for the post-exilic time. Ps. cxxxix may be taken as a kind of "performance" of the "Mosaic distinction" (Jan Assmann).
The Metaphor of the So-Called 'Weaned Child' in Psalm cxxxi
Authors: Labuschagne C.J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIconographic evidence is adduced to show that the practice of carrying an infant on the back was known in the Ancient Near East. Documentary evidence from the Old Testament shows that it was also known in Ancient Israel. This insight sheds new light on the interpretation of the cruces in both Deut. xxxiii 12 and Ps. cxxxi 2 and renders every emendation of MT unnecessary.
Finding the Naked Woman in Hosea ii 11
Authors: Mitchell Matthew W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA recent proposal concerning the meaning of Hosea ii 11 (MT) argues that both modern and ancient interpreters have misread the meaning of the verse by associating the root ksh with the verse's infinitive, and that the root kss provides a better meaning in the context. Reading kss allows for an interpretation within the legal language of the ancient Near East. This short note argues that the proposal to read kss ignores some important considerations for reading Hosea ii, and that there are still compelling reasons for interpreters to see a naked woman in Hosea ii 11.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Parallel Texts in the Bible. The Case of 2 Kings xviii-xix and Its Parallels in Isaiah and Chronicles
Authors: van Peursen Wido , Talstra Eep 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn literary-critical and text historical studies of the Bible the comparison of parallel texts plays an important role. Starting from the description of the proximity of parallel texts as a continuum from very close to very loose, this article discusses the way in which the computer can facilitate a comparison of various types of parallel texts. 2 Kings 18-19 and Isaiah 37-38 are taken as an example of two closely related texts. The Kings chapters and their parallels in 2 Chronicles 32 occupy a position at the other side of the continuum. These chapters differ so much, that it is sometimes impossible to establish which verses should be considered parallel. The computer-assisted analysis brings to light some striking correspondences, that disappear in traditional synopses, such as Ben David's Parallels in the Bible. These observations have an impact on our evaluation of the Chronicler's user of his sources and his literary taste.
Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from India. Description of Sclerorhabditis tridentatus gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Authors: Ahmad Irfan , Shah Ali Asghar , Mahamood Mohammad 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A new rhabditid nematode, Sclerorhabditis tridentatus gen. n., sp. n. is
described and illustrated. The body is small, less than 0.5 mm, and has an
unusual labial and cephalic organisation. The dorsal and ventral lips have
strongly sclerotised tridentate structures with the free ends of the forks
directed towards the stoma, and the anterior margins of the lateral lips are
sclerotised. An unusual feature of this species is the contour of the
cephalic border that has axillae-like structures on the lateral sides. The
stoma is wide and lacks a glottoid apparatus. The females are amphidelphic
with reflexed ovaries and elongate conoid tails. Males were not found. The
new genus resembles Diploscapter and the related genus Carinoscapter in
having membranous lateral lips, absence of glottoid apparatus and
amphidelphic reproductive system, but is clearly distinguishable by the
shape and orientation of the sclerotisation of the dorsal and ventral lips
and by the presence of a cephalic border.
Distribution of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers and comparison of extraction methods
Authors: Viaene Nicole , Mahieu Tina , de la Peña Eduardo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax are quarantine organisms in Europe. One
measure to restrict the spread of these nematodes is careful inspection of
potato tubers. The distribution of M. chitwoodi in heavily infected tubers
was studied and several methods for extraction of these nematodes from
tubers were compared. The majority of the nematodes (96%) were found in the
first 5.25 mm of the tuber, corresponding to the depth of the vascular ring.
About half of them were found between 1.75 and 3.50 mm deep. Incubation of
small pieces of tuber on Baermann funnels in the misting chamber during 36
days yielded about 12 times fewer juveniles than mixing potato tissues and
extracting them using zonal centrifugation, a process that took about 1 h.
Enzymatic maceration of potato tissues for 24 or 48 h did not liberate more
nematodes than 2 min of blending the tissues at high speed. More nematodes,
with 95% consisting of eggs, were extracted by zonal centrifuging than by
pouring the macerated suspension over a set of 500 μm, 250 μm and 20 μm
sieves.
Redescription of Enchodelus species studied by Thorne in 1939 (Dorylaimida: Nordiidae)
Authors: Guerrero Pablo , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSix species belonging to the genus Enchodelus that were studied by Thorne in 1939 and deposited at the Nematode Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture, are redescribed, namely: E. arcuatus, E. brevidentatus, E. geraldi, E. hopedorus, E. macrodorus, and E. striatus. Complete descriptions, measurements, illustrations, photographs and remarks for all the species, are provided. Special attention has been paid to lesser known characters, such as the morphology of the female genital system. In addition, the identity of subsequent records of the same species are analysed and discussed.
Cohabitation of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and fungal species in pine trees inoculated with B. xylophilus
Authors: Sriwati Rina , Takemoto Shuhei , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The relationship between the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, and fungi cohabiting in 15-year-old Japanese black pine, Pinus
thunbergii, was examined at intervals of 2 months over a year following
inoculation with PWN. The population of PWN in the trees was large in
August, but decreased slightly in December then increased again in February.
Eighteen species of fungi were isolated from wood samples of the pine trees
examined. Among them were Phialophora repens, Sphaeropsis sapinea,
Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizoctonia sp., which were detected most frequently
every season. All of these dominant fungi had positive effects on increasing
the nematode population except for Rhizoctonia sp., on which PWN propagated
less. Under laboratory conditions, 18 species of fungi isolated from pine
trees and Botrytis cinerea cultured on potato dextrose agar served as food
for PWN, and PWN population build up was compared at 20°C. PWN increased
significantly on Pestalotiopsis sp. 1, Pestalotiopsis sp. 2, Sphaeropsis
sapinea, Phialophora repens and B. cinerea from 10-15 days after
inoculation. From the viewpoint of food quality and their cohabiting
ability, we concluded that the species of fungi that were dominant in the
pine trees, except for Rhizoctonia sp., had a compatible relationship with
PWN, whilst Rhizoctonia sp. and Penicillium spp. were neutral, and
Trichoderma spp. had an incompatible relationship with PWN.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Costa Joana C. , Lilley Catherine J. , Urwin Peter E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Many studies on aspects of the biology of plant-parasitic nematodes can be
facilitated by using the information and resources available for the model
species Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparative genomics of shared processes can
provide insights into plant-parasitic nematode biology that would otherwise
be intractable. In this article we consider some of the resources available
for C. elegans. We describe the practical utility of C. elegans and the use
of available information to facilitate the characterisation of
neurobiological processes in plant-parasitic nematodes.
Application of alkaline-stabilised biosolids for Meloidogyne incognita suppression in microplots
Authors: Zasada Inga , Rogers Stephen , Sardanelli Sandra 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
N-Viro Soil (NVS) is an alkaline-stabilised biosolid that has been shown to
suppress Meloidogyne incognita. In separate microplot studies, NVS was
applied either alone at different rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 dry t ha−1), or
in combination with M. incognita-resistant and M. incognita-susceptible
cultivars, to different M. incognita initial densities (0, 37 500, 75 000
eggs/microplot). NVS suppressed M. incognita. During year 1, increasing
rates of NVS resulted in higher soil solution pH and greater M. incognita J2
and egg suppression. Soil solution pH remained higher in NVS-amended plots
compared to the unamended control in years 2 and 3. NVS was more effective
in reducing moderate than in reducing high initial nematode populations,
with 94-100% reduction in egg and juvenile populations compared to 75-79%,
respectively. In all experiments, a reduction in nematode populations by
NVS, alone or in combination with a resistant cultivar, did not occur
consistently in years 2 or 3. Unfortunately, the application rate of NVS
required to achieve this reduction in nematode populations is probably not
agronomically realistic. Additional research may allow the rate of NVS
required to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes to be reduced.
Riders on the sperm: sperm dimorphism and spermatozeugmata in nematodes from the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Yushin Vladimir V. , Yoshida Mutsuhiro , Spiridonov Sergei E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A comparative ultrastructural study of the male gametes in entomopathogenic
nematodes of the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) is based
on two species producing monomorphic (S. feltiae) and dimorphic (S. tami)
spermatozoa. The spermatozoa of both species are basically the same as in
many other Rhabditida. Immature spermatozoa from the testis are unpolarised
cells containing a nucleus without a nuclear envelope, mitochondria and
membranous organelles (MO), a unique component of the nematode spermatozoa.
Mature spermatozoa have a nucleus, mitochondria and emptied MO, each
attached to a sperm plasmalemma and opening to the exterior via a pore.
Monomorphic mature spermatozoa of S. feltiae are 5 μm in diam., bear
pseudopods, and form chains of several cells joined by gap junctions. The
dimorphic immature spermatozoa of S. tami form spermatozeugmata where the
single giant megaspermatozoon (30-35 μm diam.) bears numerous tiny, 3 μm
microspermatozoa, intimately attached to the megaspermatozoon surface by gap
junctions. Mature megaspermatozoa from the uterus are motile cells 35-50 μm
diam.; they have prominent pseudopods and convey immotile, 2 μm
microspermatozoa towards the oviduct. Unlike many other invertebrates, sperm
dimorphism in S. tami does not change the basic set and structure of
organelles, only their number. The genus Steinernema has two strategies for
sperm agglomeration: i) chains of monomorphic spermatozoa of normal size, as
in S. feltiae; and ii) spermatozeugmata based on a dramatic size difference
between spermatozoa formed in the testis, as exemplified by S. tami.
According to the types of sperm agglomeration, the genus Steinernema is
divided into two main clades.
Role of the surface coat of Romanomermis culicivorax in immune evasion
Authors: Shamseldean Muhammad M. , Platzer Edward G. , Gaugler Randy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Interactions of the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax with the
immune system of mosquito larvae were examined by scanning electron
microscopy. The host immune system rapidly recognised invading parasites, as
granulocytes and discharged granules were observed attached to parasitic
nematodes within 5 min. Melanin deposition was infrequently observed. As a
counter measure, the parasites secreted and shed an extracellular surface
coat which aided immune evasion. During the first 4 days of infection, when
parasite growth was limited, the coat served as a disposable, renewable
barrier between parasite and host that was intermittently shed to cleanse
the nematode of adhering host immune products. In the later infection phase
the parasite grew rapidly and was beyond the effect of the depleted host
immune response. The broad host range of R. culcivorax within culicines may
be partly a function of the nonspecific defence it mounts against the host
immune system. In summary, shedding of the surface coat is an adaptive
counter response by R. culicivorax to the mosquito immune reaction to
infection and provides a classic example of host-parasite coevolution.
Bacterial residence time in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ghafouri Shervin , McGhee James D. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We fed adult Caenorhabditis elegans fluorescent microspheres mixed with their
Escherichia coli food and then measured the total fluorescence of expelled
faeces as a function of time after transfer to unlabelled bacteria.
Intestinal clearance obeys a simple first-order decay or dilution curve: we
estimate that 43 ± 10% of the maximum intestinal volume is expelled in each
defecation and the average residence time of a bead (by inference, a
bacterium) is less than 2 min. Our results raise questions how bacteria can
be sufficiently digested in this brief period to provide energy and material
to sustain the high rate of C. elegans oocyte production.
Plant induced spatial distribution of nematodes in a semi-natural grassland
Authors: Viketoft Maria 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study describes the nematode community in a semi-natural grassland and investigates if certain individual plant species can cause a spatial structure in the nematode fauna. Nematode communities were analysed in soil under Trifolium repens, Festuca ovina and from randomly taken samples. Seventy-nine nematode genera were identified. Some of the species found have not previously been reported from Sweden. Multivariate analysis separated the nematode communities associated with the two selected plant species from each other, and several individual nematode genera differed in abundance between the plant species. Trifolium repens supported greater populations of the plant feeder Tylenchorhynchus and the bacterial feeders Eucephalobus, Chiloplacus, Eumonhystera and Panagrolaimus, but fewer numbers of the bacterial feeder Achromadora. Soil under F. ovina contained more nematodes from the family Alaimidae. A comparison is given with other studies from grassland systems in Sweden.