bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting models of genetic co-morbidity for cannabis and other illicit drugs in adult Australian twins
Authors: AGRAWAL A. , LYNSKEY M. T. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MARTIN N. G. , MADDEN P. A. F. , HEATH A. C. 
Published: November 2006

Background. The use of cannabis and other illicit drugs (OIDs) and their co-morbid misuse are frequently reported in the literature. Correlated vulnerabilities and causal or gateway influences have been implicated in this association. We investigated the source of this co-morbidity between cannabis use (experimentation, early and repeated use, and problems) and OID experimentation and problems using genetic models proposed by Neale and Kendler (American Journal of Human Genetics 1995, 57, 935–953).Method. In a sample of 4152 same-sex male and female adult Australian twin individuals, we fit 13 genetically informative models of co-morbidity to data on experimentation, early use, repeated use of cannabis and co-morbid OID experimentation, and to abuse/dependence (A/D) problems with cannabis and OIDs.Results. Model-fitting results suggest that common genetic, shared and unique environmental factors are responsible for the association between cannabis experimentation, early use, repeated use and A/D problems and OID experimentation or problems. The liability causation model, which is a reduced form of the correlated vulnerabilities model, also fit very well. In women, we found evidence for high-risk cannabis experimenters and repeated users to be at increased risk for OID experimentation, despite being below the risk threshold on the liability distribution for OID experimentation (extreme multiformity).Conclusions. Co-morbid cannabis and OID use and misuse are due partly to a common predisposition to substance use disorders. Putative causal effects could not be ruled out. These models warrant further research, so that features of the correlated vulnerabilities model and the gateway models can be studied jointly in a single series of adaptive nested models.
Rubella seroprofile of the Italian population: an 8-year comparison
Authors: ROTA M. C. , BELLA A. , GABUTTI G. , GIAMBI C. , FILIA A. , GUIDO M. , DE DONNO A. , CROVARI P. , DEGLI ATTI M. L. CIOFI ,   on behalf of the Serological Study Group
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYThe objective of this study is to evaluate how increasing MMR infant vaccination coverage in recent years has modified the epidemiology of rubella in Italy. A cross-sectional population-based seroprevalence study of rubella antibodies was conducted on 3094 sera, in 2004, and results were compared with data obtained by the same method in 1996. The overall proportion of rubella-seropositive individuals was found to be significantly higher in 2004 with respect to 1996 (84·6% vs. 77·4%). However, an increase in seropositivity was observed only in the 1–19 years age groups. Recent increases in childhood MMR vaccination coverage, therefore, have not had an impact on seroprevalence in women of childbearing age, over 5% of whom remain susceptible to rubella. Preconception screening and postpartum vaccination of susceptible women are fundamental if the WHO target of less than one case of congenital rubella syndrome per 100 000 live births is to be attained.
NEW LEARNING STRATEGIES IN BUSTILLOS AND OLIVEIRA MODEL
Authors: HE MINGFENG , PAN XIAOWEN , MU XIAOJIA , FENG LIN 
Published: November 2006

Armando Ticona Bustillos and Paulo Murilo C. de Oliveira first combined learning strategy with Penna model using a third bit string to represent knowledge. There are two forms of learning strategy in their model: individual learning through trial-and-error and social learning through copying knowledge from others. Based on the Bustillos-Oliveira model, we propose a new learning strategy:. (1) Individual learning ability depending on knowledge, through which the individual learning ability is not a constant but in direct proportion to the knowledge level of individual;. (2) Double-direction Social learning, under this, not only the young can learn from the elder, but also the elder can learn from the young;. (3) The age-dependent learning capacity, we make the learning capacity a variable in inverse proportion to the age, unlike which has been represented in Bustillos and Oliveira's model as a constant. Under this new learning strategy represented above, we get different result in the level of knowledge of individuals from B-O model.
Wild-type p53 Inhibits Nuclear Factor-κB–Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promoter Activation: Implications for Soft Tissue Sarcoma Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Liu Jue , Zhan Maocheng , Hannay Jonathan A.F. , Das Parimal , Bolshakov Svetlana V. , Kotilingam Dhanashankren , Yu Dihua , Lazar Alexander F. , Pollock Raphael E. , Lev Dina 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Human soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a highly lethal malignancy in which control of metastasis determines survival. Little is known about the molecular determinants of STS dissemination. Here, we show that human STS express high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and that MMP-9 expression levels correlate with sequence analysis–defined p53 mutational status. Reintroduction of wild-type p53 (wtp53) into mutant p53 STS cell lines decreased MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels, decreased zymography-assessed MMP-9 proteolytic activity, and decreased tumor cell invasiveness. Reintroduction of wtp53 into STS xenografts decreased tumor growth and MMP-9 protein expression. Luciferase reporter studies showed that reintroduction of wtp53 into mutant p53 STS cells decreased MMP-9 promoter activity. Deletion constructs of the MMP-9 promoter identified a region containing a p53-responsive element that lacked a p53 consensus binding site but did contain a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) site. Mutating this NF-κB binding site eliminated the wtp53-repressive effect. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed decreased NF-κB binding in STS cells in the presence of wtp53. Our findings suggest a role for MMP-9 in STS progression and expand the role of p53 in molecular control of STS growth and metastasis. Therapeutic interventions in human STS targeting MMP-9 activity directly or via reintroduction of wtp53 merit further investigation. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(11):803–10)
Ideological roots of Philippine social welfare
Authors: Yu Nilan G. 
Published: November 2006

English Mainstream accounts of Philippine social welfare history trace its roots to welfare initiatives under centuries of colonial rules without pointing out their ideological implications. This article argues that the so-called advances nurtured ideological elements now embedded in contemporary Philippine social welfare and social work that should be critically analysed. French Les récits historiques majoritaires sur le bien-être social aux Philippines en font découvrir les racines dans les initiatives d'aide entreprises pendant les centaines d'années de régime colonial, sans que soient démontrées leurs implications idéologiques. Cet article suggère que les soi-disant progrès ont contribué à nourrir des éléments idéologiques aujourd'hui ancrés dans le bien-être social et les services sociaux des Philippines. L'auteur recommande une analyse critique de cette situation. Spanish Las discusiones dominantes de la historia del estado de beneficencia en las Filipinas trazan sus raíces a las iniciativas de beneficencia bajo dominación colonial, pero lo hacen sin mencionar las implicaciones ideológicas. Este artículo argumenta que las llamadas ventajas fomentan elementos ideológicos que se encuentran incorporados en el estado de beneficencia y trabajo social contemporáneo filipino los cuales deberían ser analizados críticamente.
Rural social work in Scotland and eastern Canada
Authors: Turbett Colin 
Published: November 2006

English Scotland's highland and island communities are linked historically with Canada's eastern seaboard and both countries share a similar social care infrastructure. This article compares social work services in three different settings: western Newfoundland and Cape Breton in Canada and a Scottish island and highland community. The potentials for developing specifically rural models of social work are explored. French Les Highlands écossais et les communautés insulaires écossaises sont historiquement liées aux provinces atlantiques canadiennes et les deux contrées font preuve d'infrastructures similaires dans leurs services sociaux. Cet article compare les services sociaux dans trois endroits: l'Ouest Terre-neuvien et le Cap Breton au Canada et une île ainsi qu'une communauté des Highlands écossais. Le potentiel pour le développement de modèles de services sociaux spécifiquement ruraux est exploré. Spanish Las comunidades montañosas y de las islas de Escocia esta históricamente con la costa éste de Canadá y los dos países comparten infraestructura social de servicio. Este artículo compara los servicios de trabajo social en tres diferente localidades. El Oeste de Terranova y Cabo Bretón en Canadá, y una isla escocesa y una comunidad de zona alta. La potencialidad para desarrollar modelos de trabajos social rurales es explorado.
The Exception and the Rule: On French Colonial Law
Authors: Le Cour Grandmaison Olivier 
Published: November 2006

The native cannot be compared to the European, … he shares neither the latter's moral qualities, nor his education, nor his religion …, nor his civilization. The mistake is a commendable one and is typically French; it was committed by those who first drew up the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’, instead of more modestly drawing up the ‘Declaration of the Rights of the French Citizen’.P. Azan (1925)The native has a style of behaviour, sets of laws and an attachment to his land that are not ours. We will not bring him happiness either by applying the principles of the French Revolution, which is our Revolution, nor by imposing upon him the Code Napoléon, which is our Code.F. Eboué (1941)
Proteinase 3 and CD177 are expressed on the plasma membrane of the same subset of neutrophils
Authors: Bauer Susanne , Abdgawad Mohamed , Gunnarsson Lena , Segelmark Mårten , Tapper Hans , Hellmark Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProteinase 3 (PR3) is found in granules of all neutrophils but also on the plasma membrane of a subset of neutrophils (mPR3). CD177, another neutrophil protein, also displays a bimodal surface expression. In this study, we have investigated the coexpression of these two molecules, as well as the effect of cell activation on their surface expression. We can show that CD177 is expressed on the same subset of neutrophils as mPR3. Experiments show that the expression of mPR3 and CD177 on the plasma membrane is increased or decreased in parallel during cell stimulation or spontaneous apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed a rapid internalization and recirculation of mPR3 and plasma membrane CD177, where all mPR3 is replaced within 30 min. Our findings suggest that the PR3 found on the plasma membrane has its origin in the same intracellular storage as CD177, i.e., secondary granules and secretory vesicles and not primary granules. PR3- and CD177-expressing neutrophils constitute a subpopulation of neutrophils with an unknown role in the innate immune system, which may play an important role in diseases such as Wegener’s granulomatosis and polycythemia vera.
Comparative effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics
and haloperidol in acute schizophrenia
Authors: McCue Robert E. , Waheed Rubina , Urcuyo Leonel , Orendain Geraldine , Joseph Michel D. , Charles Richard , Hasan Syed M. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundThere is little information on the comparative effectiveness of
second-generation antipsychotic agents.AimsTo determine if any of five second-generation antipsychotics or
haloperidol is more effective in treating acutely ill patients with
schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder.MethodA sample of 327 newly admitted patients were randomised to open-label
treatment with aripiprazole, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine,
risperidone or ziprasidone for a minimum of 3 weeks. Measures of
effectiveness were improvement in mental status so that the patient no
longer required acute in-patient care, and changes in Brief Psychiatric
Rating Scale (BPRS) scores.ResultsBy the first measure, haloperidol (89%), olanzapine (92%) and risperidone
(88%) were significantly more effective than aripiprazole (64%),
quetiapine (64%) and ziprasidone (64%). Changes in BPRS ratings were not
significant among treatments.ConclusionsHaloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone are superior to aripiprazole,
quetiapine and ziprasidone for the acute treatment of psychosis in
hospitalised patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or
schizophreniform disorder.
The ecological fallacy and the gender ratio of suicide in
China
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Liu Ka Y. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryChina is the only country in which the suicide rate is higher among women
than men. We provide a demographic perspective on the gender differential in
suicide in China. This shows that the male/female ratio of suicide increased
between 1991 and 2001 and there is reason to believe this trend will
continue. Among the population subgroups, only young women living in rural
areas had much higher suicide rates than their male counterparts. It is
argued that consideration of the gender ratio of suicide in China must take
age-, gender- and region-specific suicide patterns and the population
structure into account. The increasing urbanisation of China is likely to be
associated with more male suicides and we predict that before long the male
suicide rate will overtake that of females.
Monitoring Thyroglobulin in a Sensitive Immunoassay Has Comparable Sensitivity to Recombinant Human TSH-Stimulated Thyroglobulin in Follow-Up of Thyroid Cancer Patients
Authors: Smallridge Robert C. , Meek Shon E. , Morgan Melissa A. , Gates Geoffrey S. , Fox Thomas P. , Grebe Stefan , Fatourechi Vahab 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Context: Most thyroglobulin (Tg) assays have a sensitivity of 0.5–1 ng/ml. A minority of patients with undetectable T4-suppressed Tg levels have a recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)-stimulated Tg above 2 ng/ml and identifiable residual disease.
Objective: The objective was to determine whether a Tg assay with improved sensitivity could eliminate the need for rhTSH stimulation when baseline Tg is below 0.1 ng/ml.
Design: A retrospective study of two academic endocrine practices was conducted.
Population: A total of 194 patients undergoing rhTSH stimulation participated in the study.
Results: Of the 80 patients with Tg below 0.1 ng/ml, two (2.5%) had rhTSH-stimulated Tg above 2 ng/ml. One other patient with stimulation to 0.3 ng/ml and negative 123I scan had an ultrasound-detected malignant lymph node resected. None had 131I/123I imaging after rhTSH stimulation suggestive of local recurrence or distant metastasis. If T4-suppressed Tg was 0.1–0.5 or 0.6–2.0 ng/ml, rhTSH Tg was above 2 ng/ml in 24.2 and 82.4%, respectively.
Conclusions: Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a T4-suppressed serum Tg below 0.1 ng/ml rarely have a rhTSH-stimulated Tg above 2 ng/ml, and none of these patients had 131I or 123I imaging after rhTSH stimulation suggestive of local recurrence or distant metastasis. We recommend monitoring such patients with a T4-suppressed Tg level and periodic neck ultrasonography. An increase in T4-suppressed serum Tg to a detectable level or the appearance of abnormal lymph nodes by physical or ultrasound exam should prompt further investigation.
Concomitant Agranulocytosis and Hepatotoxicity After Treatment with Carbimazole
Authors: Vilchez Francisco J , Torres Isabel , Garcia-Valero Amor , López-Tinoco Cristina , los Santos Alberto de , Aguilar-Diosdado Manuel 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To describe a case of agranulocytosis and severe hepatotoxicity associated with Carbimazole treatment. Case Summary: A 37-year-old woman was diagnosed with severe hyperthyroidism resulting from Graves' disease. Treatment with Carbimazole 30 mg/day was initiated. Within 15 days following the start of therapy, both minor (eg, pruritus, rash, urticaria, fever, arthralgias) and potentially life-threatening (eg, agranulocytosis, severe mixed hepatotoxicity with severe cholestatic jaundice) adverse effects developed. The patient's symptoms and laboratory abnormalities resolved following withdrawal of Carbimazole. Treatment with other antithyroid drugs was not attempted, and 131I ablation of the thyroid was successfully performed. Thyroid function was maintained with standard follow-up care. Agranulocytosis, identified following bone marrow biopsy, was treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Discussion: Agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity are rare adverse effects associated with Carbimazole treatment and are usually dose- and age-related. The likelihood that Carbimazole induced these undesirable events in our patient is rated as probable based on the Naranjo probability scale. We believe this case to be the first to describe minor and major adverse effects related to Carbimazole therapy in a patient with Graves' disease. Conclusions: Major adverse effects associated with Carbimazole are infrequent. However, clinicians need to be aware that the effects described here, including severe liver failure and bone marrow toxicity, may occur in patients receiving this drug.
Understanding teachers' perceptions of the motor difficulties of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Authors: Rivard Lisa M. , Missiuna Cheryl. , Hanna Steven. , Wishart Laurie. 
Published: November 2006

Background. Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are often identified by classroom teachers and the identification process relies heavily on teachers' perceptions. The literature would suggest that teachers' perceptions may be influenced by a child's gender, behaviour and the type of motor problem they demonstrate. To date, the influence of these factors on teachers' perceptions of children with DCD has not been empirically tested.Aim. This study investigated whether child gender, behaviour and type of motor problem influenced teachers' ratings of concern and importance of intervening for children with motor difficulties.Sample. One hundred and forty‐seven teachers of children from 6 to 9 years of age participated in this study.Method. Hypothetical case scenarios were developed that experimentally manipulated the factors of child gender (male/female), behaviour (disruptive/non‐disruptive) and type of motor problem (fine motor/gross motor). Teachers were given two case scenarios of the same gender (that varied by behaviour) and rated: (a) their degree of concern about children's motor problems and (b) how important they thought it was for the child to receive intervention for that problem.Results. The effect of child gender on teachers' perceptions depends upon the type of motor problem. While child behaviour had a marginal influence on teachers' perceptions, interestingly, teachers appeared to recognize motor problems only in the absence of disruptive behaviour. The type of motor problem demonstrated also influenced teachers' perceptions.Conclusion. This study provides preliminary insight into factors that influence teachers' perceptions of children with DCD with clear implications for the classroom identification of children with DCD.
Integrated pictorial mnemonics and stimulus fading: Teaching kindergartners letter sounds
Authors: de Graaff Saskia. , Verhoeven Ludo. , Bosman Anna M. T. , Hasselman Fred. 
Published: November 2006

Background. The conclusion from a vast literature on literacy acquisition is that letter knowledge is one of the best predictors of literacy development. The question of the best way to teach children letter sounds has not, as yet, been answered satisfactorily.Aims. The aim of this study was the evaluation of a computer training program using integrated‐picture mnemonics combined with a fading procedure to teach children letter sounds.Sample. Thirty‐nine kindergartners attending mainstream primary education participated in this study.Method. A within‐subject design was used. Each kindergartner learned letters under three conditions: (a) a fading condition in which letters are taught using a picture‐supported first‐sound mnemonics procedure in combination with a fading procedure; (b) an embedded condition in which letters are taught using the picture‐supported first‐sound‐mnemonics procedure only and (c) a without‐picture condition in which letters are taught using a first‐sound procedure without‐picture support. Dependent measures included a productive and receptive letter‐sound test, and a first‐sound isolation task.Results. Productive letter‐sound knowledge in the fading condition was better than in the other two conditions. In addition, kindergartners with good and those with poor first‐sound isolation ability performed equally well in the fading condition. However, in the embedded and in the without‐picture conditions, the kindergartners with good first‐sound isolation ability outperformed those with poor isolation ability.Conclusion. These findings indicate that an integrated‐picture mnemonics procedure combined with a fading procedure is effective in teaching kindergartners letter sounds and that the success of such a procedure does not depend on their initial first‐sound isolation ability.
Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis appendix opens with detailed discussions on the latest principles of sterile technique and preparation of culture media. Step‐by‐step protocols describe trypsinizing and subculturing monolayer cultures, passaging suspension cultures, freezing and thawing cells, counting cells using a hemacytometer, and preparing cells for transport.
Analysis of Proteins
Authors: Scopes R.K. , Smith John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis overview discusses a broad array of aspects involved in protein purification, including historical background, determining the purpose for purifying a particular protein, and methods and recommendations for specific purification procedures. Strategies are discussed based on the classification of the protein according to shape, oligomeric structure, function, as well as location and associations within the cell. Specifically, critical issues are detailed for extracellular, cytoplasmic, and membrane‐associated proteins, as well as for insoluble proteins. Strategies for purification of both soluble and insoluble (inclusion bodies) recombinantly expressed proteins are also provided. Protein purification flow charts are presented to give a broad outline of the methods used for different types of proteins. Also covered are methods of analysis and detection, and techniques for characterizing a purified protein.
Quantitation of DNA and RNA with Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. , Desjardins Philippe R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitation of nucleic acids is a fundamental tool in molecular biology that requires accuracy, reliability, and the use of increasingly smaller sample volumes. This unit describes the traditional absorbance measurement at 260 nm and three more sensitive fluorescence techniques, as well as three microvolume methods that use fiber optic technology in specialized cells or instrumentation. These procedures allow quantitation of DNA solutions ranging from 1 pg/l to 50 mg/ml.