bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physique and thermoregulation in prepubertal males during exercise in a warm, humid environment
Authors: Docherty David , Eckerson John D. , Hayward John S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hyperthermic response to exercise in a warm (30°C), humid (80% relative humidity) environment was obtained for 23 prepubertal males. After the initial increase of core temperatures (tympanic and rectal) to elevated set points, further hyperthermia was minimal and was unrelated to any physique variable except for the case of endomorphy, which was weakly correlated with hyperthermia at the rectal site. This result for boys is attributed to the combination of small body size (relative to adults) and absence of pronounced, age‐dependent muscular development as evidenced by low rating and small variation of the mesomorphy component of somatotype. Both of these factors were associated with a high surface area to weight ratio compared to adults, which facilitated heat loss. It is concluded that prepubertal males thermoregulate efficiently during moderate exercise in a warm, humid environment. Other than cases of obesity, variation in physique is not an important consideration for assessing the risk of heat strain.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of mummified corpses
Authors: Piepenbrink H. , Frahm J. , Haase A. , Matthaei D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractClinical applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging have demonstrated its great potential for noninvasive examinations of soft tissues. Here preliminary experiments are reported on mummified human tissue by means of NMR cross‐sectional and transmission imaging. For this purpose the natural viscosity of the tissues has been lowered by rehydration with an aqueous solution of 20% acetone.
The first rib of hominoids
Authors: Ohman James C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHomo sapiens is unique among extant hominoids in displaying a univertebral articular pattern for the first rib; that is, the head of the first rib articulates only with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. All other hominoids, indeed virtually all other mammals, display a bivertebral pattern; that is, the head of the first rib articulates with the bodies of both the seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae, as well as the intervening disk. Two fossil hominid partial first ribs, A.L. 288‐lax and A.L. 333‐118, show that the univertebral pattern was fully established in the hominid lineage by the appearance of Australopithecus afarensis.Four hypotheses, based in functional anatomy, can be postulated for the evolution of the univertebral pattern: (1), it increases the volume (via increased length) of the neck, which could, in turn, compensate for the functional loss of the laryngeal sac systems in hominid vocalization; (2), it is a consequence of the more barrel‐shaped thorax in hominids; (3), it is a consequence of functional modifications in the hominid shoulder girdle; and/or (4), it is a consequence of modifications in hominid first rib motion while breathing in an upright stance. Fossil evidence supports all but the first hypothesis, and most strongly supports the third. However, evidence for the first hypothesis does suggest that the evolution of descent of the upper respiratory system in the hominid lineage may have been permitted by the presence of the univertebral pattern, while the reverse is probably not true. Furthermore, fossil evidence for the third hypothesis shows that, by the appearance of A. afarensis, the hominid upper limb had been freed from locomotor constraints, which concomitantly confirms full adaptation to upright posture. Thus, because of their potential relationship with upright posture, the two remaining hypotheses (i.e., “thoracic shape” and “first rib movement during breathing”) also have support from the fossil evidence.
An elemental analysis of archaeological bone from Sicily as a test of predictability of diagenetic change
Authors: Klepinger Linda L. , Kuhn John K. , Williams Wendell S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCorticalhuman bone samples from three tightly dated components of a single Sicilian sitewere chemically analyzed employing the highly sensitive technique of inductivelycoupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Although the skeletons appeared to beexcellently preserved, significant diage‐nesis was detected. Moreover, amajority of the elements tested showed no constant or linear variation overtime, implying that diagenetic change tends not to be a predictable function of duration of interment. Variation among major long bones of a single skeleton wasquite high, as was variation across the cortex. The latter may reflect chemicalinhomogeneity in bone tissue or may be an artifact of postmortem change. Theresults demonstrate the hazards of unsuspected and unpredictable diagenesis, which must be controlled before reliable dietary inferences can be drawn.
The use of nonmetric variation in estimating human population admixture: A test case with Brazilian blacks, whites, and mulattos
Authors: Wijsman Ellen M. , Neves Walter A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements in populations which serve as valid indicators of biological relationship should be proportional to genetic distance. In order to test the utility of discrete cranial traits for estimating genetic distances among populations, estimates of admixture are obtained for gene frequency data and nonmetric cranial data in São Paulo mulattos (M). The gene frequency data serve as a control that the three populations are related as stated: estimates of admixture are obtained by using São Paulo whites (W) and blacks (B) as parental populations and by estimating the parameter of admixture, m, in the model pM = (1 − m) pW + mpB (Elston, 1971) where the p's are either gene frequencies or nonmetric trait frequencies. A test of goodness of fit of the model provides a means of ascertaining whether or not the data fit this linear model. While the gene frequency data indicate distances among the three populations which are highly compatible with the linear model of admixture, the nonmetric data show significant deviations from the model. This implies that the frequencies of the nonmetric traits in the populations used in this analysis are not a linear function of genetic distance. This discourages the use of nonmetric traits in making quantitative conclusions about genetic relationships. It also suggests the need for investigation of the use of other skeletal characters for estimating genetic distance, as well as approaches for such investigations through the study of hybrid individuals.
Frequencies of complex diseases in hybrid populations
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDiseases of complex etiology demonstrate considerable variation in their frequencies in different ethnic populations. Noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), rheumatoid arthritis, and several cardiovascular diseases constitute examples of such disorders. In genetic studies involving hybrid populations of known ancestry, it is of interest to compare and correlate disease prevalence with the admixture proportion, the latter estimated from a number of polymorphic genetic markers. Theoretical formulations are provided relating disease prevalence in a hybrid population to the admixture proportion under different models of disease transmission. It is shown that the relationship between admixture proportion and disease frequency provides discriminatory power regarding the mode of inheritance. This method is illustrated with an example comparing the proportion of Amerindian ancestry in Mexican‐Americans and the prevalence of NIDDM. It is found that genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to NIDDM, but the mode of inheritance cannot be explained by any simple genetic model, and the role of sporadic events cannot be totally ruled out.
Dental function and diet in the carpolestidae (primates, plesiadapiformes)
Authors: Biknevicius Audrone R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrowear analysis has long been used to infer dental function in primates; however, this is the first study to combine microwear and morphometric analyses to infer the dental function of the highly derived dentition of an early Tertiary primate. The Carpolestidae, a family of plesiadapiform primates, are characterized in part by a bladelike lower dentition (P4 and trigonid of M1). This study reveals a dual function of this dental complex.During the preparatory cycle, the tall, vertical enamel surfaces and broad basal lobes on P4 and trigonid of M1 probably functioned to wedge foods apart. This cycle is designated slicing‐crushing and is uncommon among mammals, having been documented only for two extinct taxa: the multituberculates and the carpolestids. In addition to this special function, P4 and trigonid of M1 were used extensively with the molars in Phase I shearing. Facet analysis has revealed two new Phase I facets located on P3,4, whose formation is a result of normal Phase I movements and the derived morphology of these teeth. Slicingcrushing, used with Phase I shearing, would probably be most useful in processing food items of combined textures, particularly a soft interior covered by either a brittle or ductile coat, which are characteristic of an omnivorous diet composed of invertebrates, nuts, and seeds.
Periodontal disease in ancient populations
Authors: Clarke N. G. , Carey S. E. , Srikandi W. , Hirsch R. S. , Leppard P. I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent clinical and anthropological findings indicate that the conventional concept of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease requires review. The periodontal lesion has been defined as a generalised horizontal loss of crestal bone resulting from host immune and inflammatory responses triggered by the action of commensal bacteria, and the extension of gingivitis into the deeper periodontium to become periodontitis has been assumed to occur slowly but steadily over many years. Anthropological and clinical investigations reveal that the widespread loss of crestal tissue is relatively unusual and that lesions of the alveolus are commonly localised and severe. Longitudinal studies have shown that the disease progresses in bursts and is stable in both the gingivitis and periodontal modes in between the burst activity. The findings of the present study demonstrate that generalised horizontal periodontitis has been unusual and has not been responsible for tooth loss. Other factors responsible for deficient alveolar margins in dry bones have been overlooked in most studies, leading to overassessment of the incidence of periodontal disease in postmortem materials; the same assumptions have led to overassessment of periodontal disease in clinical studies and practice.
Enthesopathies (lesions of muscular insertions) as indicators of the activities of Neolithic Saharan populations
Authors: Dutour O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEnthesopathies are bony lesions involving the sites of insertion of muscles or ligaments. Those caused by hyperactivity of the relevant muscles may be distinguished clearly from those of metabolic or inflammatory origin. Observations from sporting and occupational medicine indicate that specific enthesopathies are correlated with different activities. Examination of the enthesopathies present on two groups of well‐preserved neolithic skeletons from separate regions of the Sahara with different paleoenvironments show that overall 20% of the skeletons presented lesions. Three different forms of enthesopathy involved the arm, principally the elbow, and may be tentatively correlated with javelin throwing, wood cutting, and archery. Two types of lesion involving the foot were observed in skeletons from a hunter‐gatherer population and may be correlated with much walking or running over hard ground. I suggest that the analysis of such lesions on ancient skeletons may, in concert with other archaeological data, throw light on the activities of ancient people.
Gene differentiation among ten endogamous groups of West Bengal, India
Authors: Chakraborty R. , Walter H. , Mukherjee B. N. , Malhotra K. C. , Sauber P. , Banerjee S. , Roy M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTen endogamous populations of West Bengal, India have been surveyed for genetic variation in 12 systems. These populations encompass all social ranks in the caste hierarchy and cover almost the entire geographic area of the state. Gene diversity analysis suggests that these groups exhibit significant allele frequency variation at all but three loci. The overall genetic difference is not, however, in accord with the classification based on caste. Two low‐ranking scheduled caste groups are, in fact, in close proximity with the high‐caste ones, suggesting evidence of past generations of gene flow among them. Three different clusters of groups emerge from the present data, providing support for the anthropologic assertion that in Bengal Proto‐Australoid, Caucasoid, and Mongoloid racial elements generally coexist. However, these three components are not uniformly present in all groups. Geographic separation of the groups is a strong determinant of the gene differentiation that exists among these populations.
Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. II. Estimates and accuracy
Authors: Condon Keith , Charles Douglas K. , Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cementum annulation aging technique was evaluated in a sample of 80 clinically extracted premolars (age range 11–70 years). Demineralized thin sections (7μm) stained with hematoxylin were used. The correlation (r) between age and adjusted count (number of annulations added to age of tooth eruption) was 0.78 for the entire sample (N = 73) and 0.86 for a subsample in which teeth with periodontal disease were excluded (N = 55). Standard error of the estimates ranged from 4.7 to 9.7 years depending on sex and health status of the tooth. The technique provided significantly better estimates for females than for males. The overall inaccuracy (mean absolute error) of the technique was 6.0 years, with a bias (mean error) of 0.26 years. Reduced major axis regression of adjusted count on age produced a slope of 0.797 for the entire sample and 0.889 for the nonperiodontal disease subsample. These slopes are consistent with a hypothesis of annual deposition of cementum rings given a decrease in cementogenesis with increasing age.
Ultrasonic and skinfold caliper measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in elderly men and women
Authors: Chumlea W. Cameron , Roche Alex F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUltrasonic and skinfold caliper measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken in a sample of elderly men and women, 65 to 99 years of age with an A‐mode Ithaco Body Composition Meter and a Holtain skinfold caliper. For most of the measurements, standard deviations for the ultrasonic measurements were three or more times larger than corresponding caliper measurements. Also, mean absolute interobserver errors for the ultrasonic measurements were considerably larger than those for skinfold calipers. At best, the interobserver reliability for the ultrasound machine was 68% while the poorest reliability for the skinfold caliper was 88%. In the form tested, the Ithaco Body Composition Meter is not as accurate for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in the elderly as a Holtain skinfold caliper.
Correlations between relatives in small populations
Authors: Rogers Alan R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCorrelations between relatives in small, closed populations can be substantially smaller than predicted by the classical formulas of population genetics. This effect is especially pronounced for relatives whose most recent common ancestor is several generations removed. When the effective population size is small, correlations between even close relatives can be negative. This implies that in small populations conventional estimators of quantitative genetics parameters will be biased and that preferential treatment of close relatives will be less likely to evolve.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry as a measure of odontogenic canalization in man
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Groeneveld H. T. , Preston C. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFluctuating odontometric asymmetry was evaluated in 202 Lengua Indians and in 125 contemporary caucasoids using Euclidean map analyses, rescaled asymmetry values, and Naperian logarithmic transformations. Both populations showed bimodal distributions of canalizing ability, with significantly more Lengua Indians being less well canalized. Student t‐tests indicated that significant interpopulation differences in rescaled asymmetry values centered around mxillary mesiodistal dimensions. Analyses of variance failed to show significant levels of sexual dimorphism in the magnitude of asymmetry for both populations. It is concluded that even in a relatively stress‐free population, there exist some individuals who are less well canalized than others. When a population is subjected to elevated levels of parasitic and nutritional stress, the number of less‐well‐canalized individuals increases significantly.
Blood types of the native Americans of Oklahoma
Authors: Kasprisin D. O. , Crow M. , McClintock C. , Lawson J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLarge numbers of Indians from Oklahoma were screened for a variety of red cell antigens. Sufficient numbers of Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws were studied to calculate gene frequencies. These tribes originated in the Southeastern United States and were forcibly moved to Oklahoma. The Creeks and Choctaws have not been studied previously. A small number of Cherokees remained in North Carolina, and their blood types have been reported. The blood types of the Oklahoma Cherokees are quite similar to those observed there but one important difference was discovered. The data previously reported concerning the Eastern Cherokees revealed the absence of the Dia antigen. The present study found that the Oklahoma Cherokees do have the Dia antigen, although in a lower percentage than the other southeastern tribes. The Creeks and Choctaws share a linguistic heritage as well as having similar red cell phenotypes.
Evolution of P3 morphology in Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Leonard William R. , Hegmon Michelle 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Australopithecus afarensis dental sample exhibits a wide range of variation, which is most notable in the morphology of the lower third premolar (P3). P3 morphology in the A. afarensis sample ranges from the primitive sectorial extreme in AL 128‐23 to the derived, bicuspid (molarized) extreme in AL 333w‐1. In this paper, the degree and patterning of variation of the 20 known A. afarensis P3s are examined and the evolutionary implications are discussed.Initially, a series of dental and mandibular metric criteria are evaluated to determine whether this sample may be analyzed as a single species. From the metrics, it is clear that the single species hypothesis cannot be rejected. Next, a series of morphological criteria is devised to measure P3 molarization. Taken as a whole, the A. afarensis P3 sample displays more variation than a sample of modern hominoids (Pan troglodytes) and shows a slight trend toward increased molarization through time. When separated by sex, the A. afarensis sample still displays greater variation than the chimpanzee sample; however, only the male A. afarensis specimens show a trend toward increased molarization. Additionally, the male A. afarensis P3s are more molarized than the female, a pattern that is seen as well (though less markedly) in the chimpanzee sample.The trend toward increased molarization over time indicates selection for grinding in A. afarensis. The sexual differences parallel those seen in the postcrania (cf. Stern and Susman: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60:279–318, 1983), as the females tend to retain the primitive condition, while the males display the derived morphology. Consequently, a model of sexual differences in niche exploitation, with the females exploiting a more arboreal environment, would seem to be supported by both the dental and postcranial evidence.
Vitamin C biosynthesis in prosimians: Evidence for the anthropoid affinity of Tarsius
Authors: Pollock J. I. , Mullin R. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report examines the taxonomic distribution of the in vitro biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in the Prosimii (Order: Primates). Liver and kidney samples of 15 prosimian taxa, including Tarsius bancanus, were quantitatively tested for the enzyme L‐gulono‐1,4‐lactone oxidase. Liver samples from all taxa except Tarsius had substantial levels of the enzyme. Furthermore, unlike other eutherian mammals, kidney tissue from members of the family Lemuridae showed low but consistent levels of enzyme activity. The result for Tarsius, by fitting with the pattern exhibited by the monkeys, apes, and man, adds significant independent evidence for this animal's relatively close genetic relationship with the Anthropoidea.
Effect of reproductive state and body size on food consumption in captive Galago senegalensis braccatus
Authors: Sauther Michelle L. , Nash Leanne T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements of food consumption for different types of foods were made for seven Galago senegalensis braccatus. Differences because of reproductive state in females and body size were found. Lactating females consumed more food in total and had greater energy and protein intake than they did during other reproductive states. Near‐term pregnant females consumed less food, energy, and protein than they did during other reproductive states. Body size affected food intake, with smaller animals ingesting more per unit metabolic weight than larger subjects.
A new species of Propliopithecus from the Fayum, Egypt
Authors: Simons E. L. , Rasmussen D. T. , Gebo D. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPropliopithecus ankeli is described as a new species of hominoid from the early Oligocene of Egypt. The new species occurs at a stratigraphic level 80 m below quarries yielding P. chirobates and Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. P. ankeli differs from other species of the genus in its large size, relatively robust canines, larger and proportionally broader premolars, and M1 that has as great or greater mesiodistal length than M2. Thus, P. ankeli is characterized by increased relative size and robustness of the antemolar dentition, which contrasts with the pattern observed in the Fayum′s other large hominoid, A. zeuxis. P. ankeli probably represents a lineage not ancestral to other Fayum hominoids. Discovery of this new species emphasizes the diversity of anthropoid primates that had already evolved by the early Oligocene.
More lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth in American Indians: Prehistoric panamanians
Authors: Irish Joel D. , Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSA‐MAT) has been found in additional prehistoric Latin American Indian skeletons. LSAMAT was first observed in crania from an Archaic Brazilian site. This second finding occurs in teeth from Venado Beach, a late prehistoric site in Panama. LSAMAT is also present in some fragmentary specimens from the Archaic Cerro Mangote site in Panama. LSAMAT at Venado Beach is present in 57% of 28 adult crania. As in the Brazilian study, LSAMAT is associated with a high caries rate (82% of 50 adults; 11.7% of 852 permanent teeth). As first suggested, eating and processing of some type of abrasive carbohydrate food, such as manioc, is the possible cause of LSAMAT. However, other possible causes relating to habitation on or near marine coasts cannot be totally ruled out.