bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of cytological criteria for diagnosing osteosarcoma in dogs
Authors: Reinhardt S. , Stockhaus C. , Teske E. , Rudolph R. , Brunnberg L. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the specific cytological criteria of osteosarcomas in dogs.Methods: Significant cytological characteristics of osteosarcoma and benign mesenchymal bone proliferations were determined from imprint smears of 25 dogs with osteosarcoma (group 1) and 20 dogs admitted for removal of surgical bone implants after uncomplicated healing of bone fractures (group 2).Results: Mild to moderate cellular necrosis occurred frequently in patients with osteosarcoma. The cytoplasm of osteoblasts was pale blue to blue with a more pronounced basophilia in group 2. In 48 per cent of the patients in group 1, but none in group 2, osteoblasts showed a slight to moderate eosinophilic cytoplasmic granulation. In both groups, osteoblasts contained one red to pale blue nucleus with one or two grey‐red to blue nucleoli in group 2. Forty‐four per cent of animals in group 1 had osteoblasts with more than two nucleoli per nucleus. The median nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio was higher in group 1 (1:2·0) than in group 2 (1:3·5). Osteoblasts in group 1 were frequently seen to have a clumped chromatin pattern and showed significantly more criteria of malignancy (median six criteria per patient) than those in group 2 (median two criteria per patient). In group 1, mitoses of osteoblasts were detectable in 23 of 25 dogs, whereas only one dog in group 2 had evidence of mitotic osteoblasts.Clinical Significance: Cytological criteria can be helpful in the diagnosis of canine osteosarcoma.
Inheritance of dermoid sinus in the Rhodesian ridgeback
Authors: Hillbertz N. H. C. Salmon 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To define the mode of inheritance of dermoid sinus.Methods: A chi‐squared analysis was performed on data from 46 litters produced between 1990 and 2001. Data were corrected to avoid bias in the segregation ratio.Results: In data from 57 litters (n=492), 82 dermoid sinus positive offspring were observed. The frequency of affected offspring in the Swedish Rhodesian ridgeback population is estimated to be between 8 and 10 per cent.Clinical Significance: Bias in heredity pattern may be caused by undetected dermoid sinus type V. Improved clinical diagnosis of all dermoid sinus types is therefore crucial.
Use of a multi‐stage exercise test to assess the responsiveness of rate‐adaptive pacemakers in dogs
Authors: Ferasin L. , Faena M. , Henderson S. M. , Langford K. , Darke P. G. G. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the ventricular rate response of rate‐adaptive (VVIR) pacemakers in dogs using a multi‐stage exercise test.Methods: The rate‐responsiveness of VVIR pacemakers was assessed in seven dogs with complete atrioventricular (AV) block and implanted with various models of pulse generators (six motion sensors and one automatic dual‐sensor rate‐response pacemaker). Response activity was assessed with a multi‐stage exercise test on a treadmill. Atrial and ventricular rate were analysed retrospectively at the end of the test and the AV ratio was calculated after each minute of exercise.Results: During exercise, the mean (sd) AV ratio recorded in all paced dogs was 1.7 (0.5) (expected physiological ratio 1.0), although a variety of individual performances was observed. A poor response (AV ratio 2.8 [0.2]) was obtained with the automatic dual‐sensor pacemaker, suggesting that this type of rate‐responsive device may not be indicated for implantation in dogs with complete AV block. The overall AV ratio for the six dogs implanted with motion sensors was 1.4 (0.2), showing a better performance of these pacemakers during exercise.Clinical Significance: This multi‐stage exercise test represents an easy and repeatable method for assessing the accuracy of rate‐responsive sensors and offers valuable information for the correct setting of VVIR pacemakers in dogs.
Bilateral fixation of Y‐T humeral condyle fractures via medial and lateral approaches in 29 dogs
Authors: Mckee W. M. , Macias C. , Innes J. F. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To describe bilateral fixation of Y‐T fractures of the humeral condyle via combined medial and lateral approaches, and to determine the technique's clinical and radiographic short‐term outcomes.Methods: Details of 30 consecutive fractures in 29 dogs were reviewed. These included signalment, method of fixation, complications, and follow‐up limb function and range of elbow joint motion.Results: The age of the dogs ranged from three months to nine years, and bodyweight ranged from 1.9 to 48 kg. The humeral condyle was reattached to the shaft using medial and lateral bone plates in 18 fractures, a medial plate and lateral Kirschner wire(s) in six fractures, and medial and lateral Kirschner wire(s) in six fractures. Major complications were recorded in four fractures and minor complications in two fractures. Limb function at follow‐up was graded as excellent in 12, good in 15 and fair in three fractures. The range of elbow flexion was normal in seven, mildly reduced in 18, moderately reduced in four and severely reduced in one fracture.Clinical Significance: In contrast to the caudal approach, combined medial and lateral approaches decrease the extent of periarticular soft tissue dissection, avoid complications associated with olecranon osteotomy and enable exposure of the entire humeral diaphysis for fixation. Bilateral fixation is likely to be better at counteracting bending and torsional forces compared with unilateral fixation.
Retrospective study of indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Bass M. , Howard J. , Gerber B. , Messmer M. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats.Methods: The medical records of 59 cats that had undergone perineal urethrostomy were evaluated. Short‐term follow up information (for a period of four weeks following surgery) was available for all of the cats. Long‐term follow up information (for a period of at least four months) was available for 39 cats.Results: Early complications occurred in 25.4 per cent of cats and late complications were observed in 28.2 per cent of cats. The most frequent late complication was recurring bacterial urinary tract infection.ClinicalSignificance: Despite frequent complications and recurring signs of lower urinary tract disease, 32.2 per cent of the cats had a disease‐free long‐term outcome (mean four years, median 3.9 years), and 88.6 per cent of clients interviewed thought that their cats had a good quality of life after surgery.
Computed tomography as an aid in the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs
Authors: Lefebvre J. , Kuehn N. F. , Wortinger A. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the use of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs.Methods: A retrospective study of 85 dogs with chronic nasal discharge due to primary nasal disease, which had undergone CT and biopsy, was carried out. Medical records were reviewed signalment, clinical signs, CT findings, endoscopic findings and histopathology. The results obtained via CT were correlated with nasal histopathology and gross anatomical observations were recorded at the time of rhinoscopy.Results: Neoplasia was diagnosed in 37 dogs for which CT typically revealed a soft tissue density associated with extensive turbinate destruction. Inflammatory rhinitis was diagnosed in 40 dogs. CT disclosed either normal turbinate structures or mild to moderate turbinate destruction, with or without the presence of soft tissue densities (mucopus) within the nasal passages. Fungal rhinitis was diagnosed in seven dogs for which CT disclosed extensive turbinate destruction with hyperlucency of the nasal passages. One dog had normal CT and histopathology findings.ClinicalSignificance: CT greatly enhanced the ability to diagnose chronic nasal disease in dogs, providing detailed information regarding the extent of the disease, accurate discrimination of neoplastic versus non‐neoplastic diseases, and identification of areas of the nose to examine rhinoscopically and suspicious regions to target for biopsy.
Complications following full‐thickness small intestinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Shales C. J. , Warren J. , Anderson D. M. , Baines S. J. , White R. A. S. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To retrospectively report the complications seen after full‐thickness multiple small intestinal biopsies were performed in 66 dogs.Methods: Animals that died as a result of enteric wound breakdown were compared with the surviving population to identify fatal risk factors.Results: Seventeen dogs had hypoalbuminaemia and eight had albumin levels below 20 g/l at surgery. Twelve dogs had concurrent disease, of which seven had skin disease. Seven dogs suffered minor complications which resolved with treatment. Eight dogs (12 per cent) died or were euthanased between three and nine days postoperatively (mean [sd] 4·5 [2·1]) due to enteric wound breakdown. Seven of these dogs developed septic peritonitis and one died of haemorrhage. No statistically significant differences were identified in any of the parameters examined for the development of fatal enteric wound dehiscence.ClinicalSignificance: Full‐thickness intestinal biopsy is not a benign procedure. However, this study concludes that there are no consistent predictors for patients at increased risk of enteric wound breakdown.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the small intestinal wall in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Rudorf H. , van Schaik G. , O'Brien R. T. , Brown P. J. , Barr F. J. , Hall E. J. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To establish whether the intestinal wall thickness, as measured ultrasonographically, is significantly increased in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results would provide the information necessary to decide whether measurement of ultrasonographic wall thickness can predict IBD in dogs.Methods: The intestinal wall thickness of 75 dogs with idiopathic IBD, as measured by ultrasonography, was compared with recently published normal values. IBD was either confirmed histologically (n=54) or suspected (n=21). In all cases there was a positive response to immunosuppressive treatment.Results: A positive association between intestinal wall thickness in dogs and either the histological diagnosis or the response to treatment was not found. Ultrasonographic intestinal wall measurements do not appear to be able to establish a diagnosis of intestinal inflammation and may result in a false negative diagnosis in cases of IBD.Clinical Significance: The same ‘grey zone’ of between 4 and 6 mm used in humans can be used in the canine duodenum to distinguish the normal range, reserving the term ‘abnormal’ for an intestinal measurement greater than 6 mm in the duodenum and greater than 4·7 mm in the jejunum.
Survey of dermatophytes on clinically normal cats in the southeast of England
Authors: Patel A. , Lloyd D. H. , Lamport A. I. 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To report the incidence of dermatophytes on the hair coat of asymptomatic cats in the southeast of England. Asymptomatic cats are often blamed for transmission of dermatophytes between animals and humans. This study may help to clarify whether cats are responsible for the increase in fungal infections among the human population.Methods: A total of 169 clinically healthy cats without any dermatological signs were sampled using the Mackenzie brush technique and cultured for dermatophytes. Thirty cats were from a closed colony and 139 were feral or from domestic households in the southeast of England.Results: The incidence of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in household and feral cats was 2.16 per cent for each dermatophyte. This survey shows little difference in the isolation rates of M canis between the southeast and southwest of England, which was reported on in 1994.ClinicalSignificance: Given the low number of dermatophytes isolated, asymptomatic cats are unlikely to be responsible for the increasing incidence of human infection. Asymptomatic carriers with T mentagrophytes in the hair coat have not been previously reported and may need to be considered when treating humans with trichophytosis.
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF LARGE WHALE ENTANGLEMENT INJURIES
Authors: Woodward Becky L. , Winn Jeremy P. , Moore Michael J. , Peterson Michael L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe abrasive impact of commercial fishing gear on right whale fluke tissue was modeled using a reciprocating load generator. A line passing over the leading edge of a fluke specimen was fixed at one end while the other end was loaded in an oscillatory manner. A 24‐h abrasion test using an accelerated loading rate of 60 cycles/min and a 9.0‐kg load on the fixed end of the most abrasive line tested (old sink line) was used to simulate a whale swimming 2 m/s towing four standard lobster buoys for five days. A tension load of 267 N was generated on the oscillatory side of the fluke. The test line failed to break the skin on the fluke but, instead, produced a compression furrow (maximum depth 0.31 cm) that closely resembled marks found on stranded right (Eubalaena glacialis) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales. Different line types (float vs. sink) and ages of rope (new vs. old) produced furrows of varying depths and appearances. Further tests characterizing whale skin/fishing line interactions will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern entanglement injuries and provide a framework for better forensic analysis and interpretation of gear‐related injuries observed in large whales.
LONG‐TERM TRENDS IN HARBOR SEAL NUMBERS AT TUGIDAK ISLAND AND NANVAK BAY, ALASKA
Authors: Jemison Lauri A. , Pendleton Grey W. , Wilson Carol A. , Small Robert J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe conducted land‐based counts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) and collected related environmental data at Tugidak Island (Gulf of Alaska, 1994–2000) and Nanvak Bay (Bristol Bay, 1990–2000) to estimate population trends and identify factors influencing counts. At Tugidak Island, the seal population declined substantially during molting from 1976 through the 1980s, stabilized in the early 1990s, and increased at a moderate rate (3.4%/yr, CI: 1.0%–5.8%) from 1994 to 2000. Pups and all seals ashore during pupping increased at higher annual rates of 5.4% (CI: 2.2%–8.8%) and 8.3% (CI: 4.5%–12.3%) from 1994 to 2000 at Tugidak Island. At Nanvak Bay seals declined in abundance between 1975 and 1990 but increased during the 1990s at 9.2%/yr (CI: 7.2%–11.3%) during pupping and 2.1%/yr (CI: 0.6%–3.6%) during molting. Date and time‐of‐day were significant covariates in all analyses. Factors that led to declines at Tugidak Island and Nanvak Bay have seemingly abated sufficiently such that these populations are currently increasing, though still greatly reduced from the 1970s. Index sites are useful adjuncts to aerial surveys, providing survey‐related information not always available from aerial counts, which is useful in survey design and data analysis.
BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION OF THE NEW ZEALAND SEA LION (PHOCARCTOS HOOKERI)
Authors: Beentjes Michael P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBehavioral thermoregulation of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) was studied at a male haul‐out ground at Papanui Beach, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. The proportion of time spent by sea lions in each of five postures (prone, curled, oblique, ventral‐up, dorsal‐up) and also with the number of flippers exposed or tucked (hind and fore) at different black‐bulb temperature (Tbb°C) ranges was recorded. Use of prone and curled postures (0–1 flippers exposed) declined as Tbb increased, suggesting that these are adopted to conserve heat; oblique and dorsal‐up postures (3–4 flippers exposed) use increased with Tbb indicating a role in heat dissipation. The transition between heat conserving and heat dissipating postures occurred at about 14°–20°C (Tbb). Both foreflipper and hind flipper exposure increased with Tbb and the trends were similar, but overall hind flipper exposure was 89% of foreflipper exposure. The results show that surface area of flippers exposed to air is largely controlled by postural adjustment. The increase in flipper exposure with Tbb provides evidence of behavioral thermoregulation and that flippers are major sites for heat loss in the New Zealand sea lion, as observed for other otariid species. Nonpostural thermoregulatory behaviors such as flipper waving and sand flipping increased with Tbb, and may provide additional means of dissipating heat. Total body surface areas of six sea lions ranged from 1.72 to 3.39 m2 (curvilinear length range from 1.60 to 2.35 m), and total flipper surface area averaged 22.7% of total body surface area. As otariids do not employ their hind limbs for aquatic propulsion, their role in behavioral thermoregulation may provide an explanation for the relatively large size of the hind flippers of the New Zealand sea lion.
DIFFERENCES IN FORAGING LOCATION OF MEXICAN AND CALIFORNIA ELEPHANT SEALS: EVIDENCE FROM STABLE ISOTOPES IN PUPS
Authors: Aurioles David , Koch Paul L. , Le Boeuf Burney J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemale northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, from Año Nuevo (AN) in central California feed offshore in mid‐latitude waters (40°–55°N). Migratory patterns and foraging locations of seals from Mexico are unknown. Rookeries on San Benitos (SB) islands in Baja California Sur, Mexico, are ∼1,170 km south of AN. Although the colonies are similar in size, seals from SB begin breeding earlier and have an earlier breeding birthing peak than seals from AN. To determine if the foraging location of seals from Mexico was similar to that of seals from California, we measured δ13C and δ15N values in the hair of 48 suckling pups at SB and 37 from AN, assuming that their isotopic signatures reflected those of mothers' milk, their exclusive diet. The mean δ13C and δ15N values for SB pups (−16.1‰± 0.9‰ and 17.7‰± 0.9‰, respectively) were significantly higher than those for AN pups (−17.6‰± 0.4‰ and 15.6‰± 1.0‰, respectively). From data on environmental isotope gradients and known behavior of SB and AN populations, we hypothesize that the isotope differences are due to females in the SB colony foraging ∼8° south of seals from AN. This hypothesis can be tested by deployment of satellite tags on adult females from the SB colony.
CETACEAN ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS ESTIMATED FROM A SUMMER/FALL SURVEY IN 2002
Authors: Barlow Jay 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCetacean abundance is estimated for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Islands based on a ship line‐transect survey from August to November, 2002. Sighting detection functions are estimated from this and other NOAA research surveys from 1986 to 2002 using a new, multiple‐covariate approach. Twenty‐four species were seen on this survey, including two species (Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei] and sei whale [Balaenoptera borealis]) that had not been previously documented to occur in Hawaiian waters. The most abundant large whales are sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The most abundant delphinids are pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), rough‐toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Fraser's dolphins, spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia simaandKogia breviceps) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are also estimated to be quite abundant. Some of the migratory baleen whales (fin whales [Balaenoptera physalus], sei whales, minke whales [B. acutorostrata], and humpback whales [Megaptera novaeangliae]) were seen only late in the survey. Abundance is estimated for 19 cetacean species. The overall density of cetaceans is low in the study area, especially for delphinids. The precision of density and abundance estimates is generally low for all species because of the low number of sightings.
NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO SEA‐SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES CALVING GROUNDS
Authors: Keller Chérie A. , Ward‐Geiger Leslie I. , Brooks William B. , Slay Christopher K. , Taylor Cynthia R. , Zoodsma Barbara J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStandardized aerial surveys were used to document the winter (December–March) distribution of North Atlantic right whales in their calving area off the coasts of Georgia and northeastern Florida (1991–1998). Survey data were collected within four survey zones in and adjacent to federally designated critical habitat. These data, including whale‐sighting locations and sampling effort, were used to describe right whale distribution in relation to sea‐surface temperature (SST) from satellite‐derived images. Locations where whales were sighted (n= 609) had an overall mean SST of 14.3°C ± 2.1° (range 8°–22°C). Data from two survey zones having sufficient data (including the “early warning system” (EWS) zone and the Florida nearshore) were pooled by season and stratified by month to investigate changes in monthly ambient SST and fine‐scale distribution patterns of right whales in relation to SST within spatially explicit search areas. Using Monte Carlo techniques, SSTs and latitudes (means and standard deviations) of locations where whales were sighted were compared to a sampling distribution of each variable derived from daily‐search areas. Overall, results support a nonrandom distribution of right whales in relation to SST: during resident months (January and February), whales exhibited low variability in observed SST and a suggested southward shift in whale distribution toward warmer SSTs in the EWS zone; while in the relatively warmer and southernmost survey zone (Florida nearshore), right whales were concentrated in the northern, cooler portion. Our results support that warm Gulf Stream waters, generally found south and east of delineated critical habitat, represent a thermal limit for right whales and play an important role in their distribution within the calving grounds. These results affirm the inclusion of SST in a multivariate predictive model for right whale distribution in their southeastern habitat.
TAXONOMIC STATUS AND GEOGRAPHICAL CRANIAL VARIATION OF COMMON DOLPHINS (DELPHINUS) IN THE EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
Authors: Murphy Sinéad , Herman Jerry S. , Pierce Graham J. , Rogan Emer , Kitchener Andrew C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe common dolphin has a widespread distribution and is relatively abundant in the temperate to subtropical waters of the eastern North Atlantic. However, it is not known whether different species, subspecies, or populations occur in this region. We examined 393 common dolphin skulls obtained from both stranded and bycaught individuals collected between 1901 and 2005. The series included skulls of 152 females and 199 males, from animals ranging in body length from 93 to 230 cm and 105 to 244 cm, respectively. The ranges of total body length, skull size, RL/ZGW ratio and maximum upper alveolar (tooth) count of common dolphins in the eastern North Atlantic overlapped with those of both short‐ (D. delphis) and long‐beaked (D. capensis) species found off the Californian coast. However, in the absence of additional data, the common dolphin in the eastern North Atlantic is regarded here as a large form of Delphinus delphis. Sexual dimorphism and possible sex‐linked characters were identified within the sample. Results of the current study indicate some population differentiation within the eastern North Atlantic, with common dolphins off Portugal showing segregation in morphometric characteristics from common dolphins in other areas.