bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MC1R common variants, CDKN2A and their association with melanoma and breast cancer risk
Authors: Dȩbniak Tadeusz , Scott Rodney , Masojc Bartłomiej , Serrano‐Fernández Pablo , Huzarski Tomasz , Byrski Tomasz , Dȩbniak Bogusław , Górski Bohdan , Cybulski Cezary , Mȩdrek Krzysztof , Kurzawski Grzegorz , van de Wetering Thierry , Maleszka Romuald , Kładny Józef , Lubinski Jan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe sought to examine the association between MC1R variants and the risk of melanoma and breast cancer in Polish population. We also determined the prevalence of compound heterozygous carriers of MC1R and CDKN2A (A148T) variants. We examined 500 unselected melanoma cases, 511 consecutive invasive breast cancer patients, 800 newborns, 421 healthy adults matched for sex and age with the melanoma cases and 511 healthy women matched for sex and age with the breast cancer cases. A statistically significant association of all 4 MC1R variants with the melanoma risk was found. For the R151C variant p value was 0.000008 and odds ratio 2.9; for the V60L variant p value was 0.007 and OR 1.78; for the R160C p was 0.006 and OR 1.76; for the R163Q p was 0.015 and odds ratio 2.1. None of the compound heterozygotes were significantly over‐represented among any of the melanoma cases, the highest OR (4.2) observed in patients harbouring the A148T variant in CDKN2A and the R151C variant in MC1R. Positive association was found between carrying any of the MC1R variants and (i) increased occurrence of melanoma among I degree relatives of the carriers; (ii) increased occurrence of melanoma on UV‐non‐exposed skin areas. We also observed a tendency of increased risk of multiple melanomas among carriers of MC1R variants. The haplotype analysis demonstrates that MC1R variants do not co‐occur in cis, compound carriers have both alleles affected. We found no association with the MC1R variants and breast cancer risk. In conclusion, the results of this population‐based study show herein that MC1R variants are associated with increased melanoma risk in the Polish population. The risk of disease seems to be increased additively for patients harbouring also the CDKN2A common variant A148T. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of IGF‐1R/EGFR cross‐talks on hepatoma cell sensitivity to gefitinib
Authors: Desbois‐Mouthon Christèle , Cacheux Wulfran , Blivet‐Van Eggelpoël Marie‐José , Barbu Véronique , Fartoux Laetitia , Poupon Raoul , Housset Chantal , Rosmorduc Olivier 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐ and type 1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF‐1R)‐dependent pathways are up‐regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cross‐talks between both pathways have been described in other systems. Gefitinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, has shown to reduce significantly, although not completely, HCC formation in rat cirrhotic liver. Here, we investigated whether IGF‐1R‐dependent pathways may interfere with EGFR signalling in hepatoma cells and, if so, whether such cross‐talks may affect the antitumoral effect of gefitinib in these cells. We show that the proliferative action of IGF2 in HepG2 and Hep3B cells requires EGFR activation through the autocrine/paracrine release of amphiregulin. Thus, IGF2‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activity and DNA synthesis were inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against either EGFR or amphiregulin and by TAPI‐1, a pharmalogical inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor‐α converting enzyme, a sheddase of amphiregulin. Accordingly, IGF2 and EGF stimulating effects on cell proliferation were both strongly repressed by gefitinib. However, while gefitinib blocked Akt activation by EGF, it had no effect on Akt activation by IGF2 and did not cause apoptosis by its own. AG1024, a selective IGF‐1R inhibitor, induced apoptosis and this effect was potentiated by gefitinib. In conclusion, we show that in HCC cells IGF2/IGF‐1R activation triggers proliferative and survival signals through EGFR‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms, respectively. The IGF2/IGF‐1R survival pathway may contribute to gefitinib resistance in these cells. Therefore, the inhibition of IGF2/IGF‐1R signalling could potentiate the anti‐tumoral effect of gefinitib in HCC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of activated platelet‐derived growth factor receptor in stromal cells of human colon carcinomas is associated with metastatic potential
Authors: Kitadai Yasuhiko , Sasaki Takamitsu , Kuwai Toshio , Nakamura Toru , Bucana Corazon D. , Hamilton Stanley R. , Fidler Isaiah J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPlatelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGF‐R) expression has been reported in a variety of cancers, including colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, but the role of PDGF‐R expression in the development and progression of colon carcinoma has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PDGF and PDGF‐R in human colon carcinomas. The expression of PDGF, PDGF‐R and phosphorylated PDGF‐R (p‐PDGF‐R) was examined by immunofluorescence in 12 surgical specimens of colon carcinoma and in human colon carcinoma cells growing in the subcutis (ectopic site) and the cecal wall (orthotopic site) of nude mice. In most surgical specimens, tumor cells expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B subunits, without corresponding levels of PDGF‐Rα and PDGF‐Rβ. PDGF‐Rβ was predominantly expressed by tumor‐associated stromal cells and pericytes of tumor vasculature. The expression of PDGF‐Rβ in the stroma was associated with advanced stage disease. Under culture conditions, human colon carcinoma cell lines expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B, but not PDGF‐R. In orthotopic tumors, the KM12 cells (Duke's stage B) expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B, but PDGF‐Rβ was expressed only by stromal cells and pericytes in the tumor vasculature. This expression of PDGF‐Rβ by stromal cells and pericytes was higher in tumors growing at the orthotopic site than in those at the ectopic site. The expression of PDGF‐Rβ in the stroma was higher in highly metastatic KM12SM tumors than in low metastatic KM12C tumors. In conclusion, the expression of PDGF‐Rβ in stromal cells is influenced by the organ‐specific microenvironment and is associated with metastatic potential. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rethinking the political economy of development: back to basics and beyond
Authors: Nixson Frederick 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper explores a number of key issues in Development Economics which should be central concerns of contemporary development debates but which rarely attract the attention they deserve. It argues that there were fundamental insights in much of the early theoretical work of the ‘first generation’ of development economists, including the Latin American structuralists, that remain important. It then discusses the view that much of this earlier work is in danger of being ignored, forgotten or for various ideological reasons, airbrushed out of history. Recent examples include the omission of Latin American structuralism from recent editions of otherwise highly regarded texts, the omission of any reference to Harrod or to Domar in another recently published book which purports to discuss the evolution of growth theory, and a third book focussing on Economic Growth which excludes both Harrod and Domar and gives Arthur Lewis only one mention. The main conclusion is that Development Economics has moved too far away from its core competencies, and that a move ‘back to basics’ is long overdue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finance for small enterprise growth and poverty reduction in developing countries
Authors: Green Christopher J. , Kirkpatrick Colin H. , Murinde Victor 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which financial sector development policy might contribute to poverty reduction, particularly by supporting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Specifically, the paper draws on case studies and empirical work on the changing role of MSEs in the development process and the access of MSEs to informal and formal finance, including the role of microfinance. A number of research priorities relating to the links among financial policy, small enterprise development and poverty reduction are identified for the immediate attention of researchers engaged in contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving global poverty by 2015. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controversies over the impact of development aid: it works; it doesn't; it can, but that depends …
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Feeny Simon , Hermes Niels , Lensink Robert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper surveys five decades of empirical research on the macroeconomic impact of aid, looking mainly at studies examining the link between aid and growth. It argues that studies dating until the late 1990s produced either contradictory or inconclusive results. Aid either worked, or it didn't, according to this research. The paper then highlights a major shift in the literature that coincided with the release of the World Bank's Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn't and Why. Practically, all research published since that report agrees with its general finding that aid works to the extent that in its absence, growth would be lower. One controversy may therefore have been settled. Yet, as shown in this paper, the report has set‐off an intense debate over the context in which aid works. That debate centres on whether the effectiveness of these inflows depends on the policy regime of recipient countries. Some possible avenues through which the heat might be taken out of this debate are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman imaging of ancient rust scales on archaeological iron artefacts for long‐term atmospheric corrosion mechanisms study
Authors: Neff Delphine , Bellot‐Gurlet Ludovic , Dillmann Philippe , Reguer Solenn , Legrand Ludovic 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIron archaeological artefacts were studied to understand long‐term corrosion by the atmosphere. Indeed, these samples collected on the construction elements of ancient monuments present ancient rust layers formed during their exposure over centuries to the indoor atmosphere. Thanks to Raman spectroscopy and the acquisition of hyperspectral images of the corrosion scales, several zones of the samples observed on cross sections could be characterised. It has been shown on six dated samples that the main phase is goethite (α‐FeOOH). Lepidocrocite and akaganeite (γ‐FeOOH and β‐FeOOH) occur locally in the corroded products, often correlated with cracks. A less crystallised phase, a hydrated oxy‐hydroxide, has been identified abundantly in more or less extended zones inside the layer. This phase could play an important role in atmospheric corrosion mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering techniques to the ultrasensitive identification of natural dyes in works of art
Authors: Leona Marco , Stenger Jens , Ferloni Elena 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique for the detection of natural dyes found in archeological and historical textiles, in paintings, and in other works of art. Natural organic products historically used as textile dyes or lake pigments are often fluorescent under normal dispersive Raman measurement conditions. To add to the fluorescence problem, the amount of dye actually present on works of art is minimal, requiring extremely sensitive analytical techniques. The enhancement of the Raman signal and the quenching of the background fluorescence resulting from the adsorption of dye molecules on metal nanoparticles in SERS concur to solve the problems encountered when studying dyes by Raman spectroscopy. Reproducible spectra of several reference dyes were obtained, and extraction and adsorption protocols to optimize the analysis of samples from actual work of art were developed. SERS supports evaluated include citrate‐reduced and hydroxylamine‐reduced Ag colloids, as well as Tollens mirrors and silver nanoisland films. Dyes for which SERS spectra were observed include: alizarin, purpurin, laccaic acid, carminic acid, kermesic acid, shikonin, juglone, lawsone, brazilin and brazilein, haematoxylin and haematein, fisetin, quercitrin, quercetin, rutin, and morin. The incompatibility with SERS of techniques traditionally used to extract dyes from artwork samples was demonstrated, and a nonextractive hydrolysis technique specially suited to prepare SERS microscopic samples was developed. Finally, SERS was successfully used to identify alizarin in a 1mm by 50 µm (diameter) single fiber sample form a sixteenth‐century tapestry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of acrylic consolidants in wood by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ohlídalová Martina , Kučerová Irena , Novotná Miroslava 
Published: September 2006

AbstractConsolidation is an important conservation treatment of damaged wooden historical monuments. Successful consolidation is based on sufficient penetration of the consolidant into the wood. For this reason, it is very important to prove the presence of the consolidant in wood.In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used for identification of acrylic consolidants in wood. Prior to the measurement, it was necessary to find the most suitable settings of instrumental parameters of the Raman spectrometer. It was necessary to suppress the fluorescence of the wood itself, as well as the fluorescence of the acrylic consolidants used, as much as possible. Another task was to find the most suitable measuring area from the point of view of the wooden microstructure. This study deals with developing a methodology that examines acrylates in wood that can be successfully used to examine the penetration of acrylate consolidants in wood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence and Raman spectra on painting materials: reconstruction of spectra with mathematical methods
Authors: Osticioli Iacopo , Zoppi Angela , Castellucci Emilio Mario 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSERDS (shift excitation difference spectroscopy) and SSRS (subtracted shifted Raman spectroscopy) methods were applied for fluorescence‐background rejection in the Raman spectra of colored materials. These techniques are based on the assumption that the fluorescence contribution can be completely eliminated by subtracting two Raman spectra acquired at two shifted laser excitation frequencies. For the SERDS method a micro‐Raman experimental apparatus coupled with a tunable diode laser (central emission at 684 nm) was set up. SSRS measurements were made on a commercial micro‐Raman instrument; in this case the shifted spectrum was obtained by moving the spectrometer grating. Raman spectra were then reconstructed by applying the difference deconvolution method that automatically converts the difference signals in Raman peaks through a deconvolution operation. These techniques were tested on two reference colors (ultramarine and 6,6′‐dibromoindigotine) and two colored samples of unknown composition (a Pompeian pink powder and a blue paint from a XVII century painting). Fluorescence‐background subtraction and the following operation of spectra reconstruction took place successfully with no errors in Raman peaks, width and wavenumber position. In addition, even weak spectral details were revealed favoring the comparison with reference data for a molecular identification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigment identification of a XIV/XV c. wooden crucifix by means of the Raman spectroscopic technique
Authors: Kamińska A. , Sawczak M. , Oujja M. , Domingo C. , Castillejo M. , Śliwiński G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe historical polychrome pigments used originally and those applied for later restoration were identified on a wooden crucifix (about 1400 A.D.) from the collection of the National Museum in Gdansk by means of the Raman spectroscopic technique. Characteristic bands associated with the pigments on different areas of the object were observed in the spectra of the paint layers and also on their cross sections. Sets of bands corresponding to the original white, red and green pigments allowed the identification of chalk (283, 1087 cm−1), vermilion (253, 284, 343 cm−1) and red lead (313, 390, 548 cm−1), and also numerous bands ascribed to malachite and azurite. Bands corresponding to the pigments Prussian blue, (Fe[Fe3+Fe2+(CN)6]3) (282, 538 cm−1), and chrome yellow, (PbCrO4) (338, 360, 403 cm−1), were also observed. As these pigments have been known since 1704 and 1803, respectively, it is concluded that partial retouching of some areas of the statue had taken place. For confirmation, elemental analysis was performed using LIBS (laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy) and recorded for the green paint retouching after excitation at 248 nm by a KrF laser. In the plasma emission, the elements Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, CN, C2, Ca were identified, supporting the pigment assignment based on the Raman spectra. Results of this work enabled the mapping of the polychrome pigments and also the layer stratigraphy, contributing in this way to the restoration of the statue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of copper nitrate‐based patinas
Authors: Hayez V. , Segato T. , Hubin A. , Terryn H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractArtificial patination is mostly based on empirical recipes for which the result is difficult to forecast. Little is known about the final corrosion compound formed on the patinated object. Therefore, different patinas based on copper nitrate—an ingredient recurrent in numerous references—were realized according to traditional recipes. Their characteristics of morphology and molecular composition were studied using various methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). A better understanding of artificial patinas will not only allow developing appropriate methods of conservation and restoration, but also differentiating between natural and artificial patinas. An example of a patina present on an ancient artifact is discussed and compared with the studied artificial patinas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scientific investigations of the Tokhung‐Ri tomb mural paintings (408 A.D.) of the Koguryo era, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Authors: Mazzeo R. , Joseph E. , Minguzzi V. , Grillini G. , Baraldi P. , Prandstraller D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the framework of the UNESCO workshops on the Conservation and Preservation of the Koguryo mural paintings, which were held in Pyongyang in 2004 and 2005, paint samples were collected from the Tokhung‐Ri tomb located in suburban Pyongyang and analyzed by optical, polarized and FTIR microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) as well as Raman spectroscopy, in order to characterize the composition of pigments, the execution technique adopted and the state of conservation of the murals. The first scientific results seem to confirm the suggestion of local conservators about the adoption of a fresco technique, even though it is not yet clear whether this was intentionally achieved by the North Korean painters. As regards this, analyses of more samples as well as confirmations from a survey of the historical literature are needed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman study of synthetic organic pigments and dyes in early lithographic inks (1890–1920)
Authors: Centeno Silvia A. , Buisan Virginia Lladó , Ropret Polonca 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe colorants and additives present in lithographic inks used in a group of posters manufactured during the period between 1890 and 1920, an extremely fruitful period regarding the development of the synthetic dye and pigment industry, were identified by Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic organic pigments and dyes were detected along with inorganic pigments. Red, blue and yellow synthetic organic pigments were more frequently observed in posters manufactured by the end of the 1890–1920 period, reflecting that lithographers were actively experimenting to achieve hues not accessible using inorganic pigments alone. The water‐sensitivity of the inks containing synthetic organic colorants is discussed in relation to the potential application of aqueous conservation treatments to early posters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of Japanese artists' materials: The Tale of Genji by Tosa Mitsunobu
Authors: Eremin Katherine , Stenger Jens , Li Green Melanie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMicro‐samples from the earliest complete copy of the Japanese masterpiece The Tale of Genji were analyzed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to determine the materials used. The album was commissioned in 1509 and consists of 54 illustrations by Tosa Mitsunobu with matching calligraphic pages painted by six different court calligraphers. The pages were originally pasted onto a folding screen but were remounted in an album in the 17th century and a frontispiece and finispiece illustration painted by Tosa Mitsuoki. The illustration for chapter 52 is a replacement of unknown date.The following materials were identified in the illustrations: azurite, indigo, malachite, atacamite, botallackite, chrysocolla, gamboge, vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), red ochre/haematite, calcite and basic lead carbonate (lead white). A smaller range was used on the calligraphic pages: vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), indigo, gamboge, yellow ochre and calcite.Most of the materials identified are part of the traditional Japanese palette, and a wide range of tones was created by mixing pigments from this relatively restricted set. The hydrated copper chlorides, atacamite and botallackite, may be alteration products of original malachite. The chrysocolla, a natural amorphous copper silicate, was probably incorporated accidentally with the malachite, as the two can occur together in nature. Chrysocolla occurs with malachite only on the replacement illustration for chapter 52, which lacks copper chlorides.The lead carbonate and red lead are both discolored in many areas. Lead sulfate was identified in some altered areas of red lead and probably represents a secondary alteration product. The primary alteration product of both lead pigments is assumed to be lead(II) sulfide, as silver in the manuscript has altered to silver sulfide. The alternative alteration product, lead(IV) oxide, is considered less likely. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.