bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of blood donors with serologic tests reactive for the presence of syphilis in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Neto Cesar de Almeida , Murphy Edward L. , McFarland William , Junior Alfredo Mendrone , Chen Sanny , Chamone Dalton A.F. , Sabino Ester C. 
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Syphilis screening of blood donors is a common practice worldwide, but very little is known about the meaning of a positive serologic test for syphilis in blood donors and the risk profile of these donors. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic characteristics and risk behaviors of blood donors with recent and past syphilis and their implications for blood bank testing and deferral strategies.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Demographic characteristics, category of donation, number of previous donations, sexual behavior, and history of sexually transmitted diseases were reviewed comparing blood donors with recent and past syphilis from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2003.RESULTS: A total of 2439 interviews were reviewed, including 2161 (88.6%) donors with past and 278 (11.4%) with recent syphilis infection. Factors associated with recent infection included younger age (≤20 years odds ratio [OR], 36.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8‐84.1), two previous donations (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9‐3.9), male‐male sex (homosexual OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 3.2‐20.8; and bisexual OR, 11.4; 95% CI, 3.6‐36.3), two or more partners in the past 12 months (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3‐4.0), symptoms for syphilis (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.8‐7.1), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity (OR, 39.6; 95% CI, 4.6‐339.8). Community donors were also associated with recent syphilis infection (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.9) compared to replacement donors.CONCLUSION: Sexual history, including male‐male sex and multiple partners, were strongly associated with recent syphilis infection, which in turn was strongly associated with HIV. Continuous and vigilant surveillance that includes assessing sexual history and other factors associated with syphilis are needed to guide blood safety policies.
Campaigning for the Bench: The Corrosive Effects of Campaign Speech?
Authors: Gibson James L. 
Published: November 2008

A new era has emerged in the ways in which candidates for state judicial office campaign. In the past, judicial elections were largely devoid of policy content, with candidates typically touting their judicial experience and other preparation for serving as a judge. Today, in many if not most states, such campaigns are relics of the past. Modern judicial campaigns have adopted many of the practices of candidates for other types of political office, including soliciting campaign contributions, using attack ads, and even making promises about how they will decide issues if elected to the bench.Not surprisingly, this new style of judicial campaigning has caused considerable consternation among observers of the courts, with many fearing that such activity will undermine the very legitimacy of legal institutions. Such fears, however, are grounded in practically no rigorous empirical evidence on the effects of campaign activity on public evaluations of judicial institutions.The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of campaign activity on the perceived legitimacy of courts. Using survey data drawn from Kentucky, I use both post hoc and experimental methods to assess whether public perceptions of courts are influenced by various sorts of campaign activity. In general, my findings are that different types of campaign activity have quite different consequences. For instance, policy pronouncements by candidates do not undermine judicial legitimacy, whereas policy promises do. Throughout the analysis, I compare perceptions of courts and legislatures, and often find that courts are far less unique than many ordinarily assume. I conclude this article with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the contemporary debate over the use of elections to select judges to the high courts of many of the American states.
The Adoption of State Climate Change Policies and Renewable Portfolio Standards: Regional Diffusion or Internal Determinants?
Authors: Matisoff Daniel C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper draws upon policy innovation literature and quantitatively explains the adoption of state climate change policies, leading to a broader question—what makes states more likely to adopt policies that provide a global public good? First, existing empirical evidence relating to state climate change policy adoption is reviewed. Following this brief discussion, several analytic approaches are presented that test specific hypotheses derived from the internal determinants and regional diffusion models of policy adoption. Policy diffusion is tested as a function of the motivations, resources, and obstacles of policy change. Motivations for policy innovation include environmental conditions and demands of citizens. Resources include state financial and geographic resources, such as wind and solar potential. Obstacles include a state's reliance on carbon‐intensive industries such as coal and natural gas. The results show that internal factors, particularly citizens' demands, are stronger predictors of states' policies than are diffusion effects from neighboring states.
Comparing Implementation of Internet Diffusion in the United States and France: Policies, Beliefs, and Institutions
Authors: Amougou Jules , Larson James S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractComparing Internet diffusion policies in the United States and France from an implementation perspective brings to light institutional and historical differences, even though both countries used the same top‐down approach. We find that France not only followed the technological lead of the United States in information technology but also emulated some of its more business‐oriented approaches in the implementation of the Internet, despite its own longstanding tradition of government intervention in industrial and commercial matters. This policy shift appears to be spurred by the global economy. Traditionally state‐controlled national economies are now increasingly leveraging private interests for successful industrial policy. When applying Sabatier and Jenkins‐Smith's advocacy coalition framework to the American and French diffusion of the Internet, we find policy communities actually expanding to private and public actors, including industry captains, legislators, and civil servants. These subsystems work together through classic lawmaking and lobbying under technological and economic constraints.
Ruled by records: The expropriation of land and the misappropriation of lists in Islamabad
Authors: HULL MATTHEW S. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn this article, I investigate the ongoing battle between villagers on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, and the state development agency attempting to expropriate their land. This battle has been waged through the medium of documents, particularly lists, which villagers and colluding officials have used to defraud the Pakistani government of the equivalent of millions of dollars. Through this case study, I develop an approach to contemporary state governance as material practice, showing how government discourse is shaped by the material forms it takes and highlighting the issue of reference and predication (or how words relate to things). [governance, documents, state, semiotics, technology, materiality, South Asia, Pakistan]
Policing ambiguity: Muslim saints‐day festivals and the moral geography of public space in Egypt
Authors: SCHIELKE SAMULI 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn this article, I explore how the festive culture of mulids, Egyptian Muslim saints‐day festivals, troubles notions of habitus, public space, and religious and civic discipline that have become hegemonic in Egypt in the past century and how state actors attempt to “civilize” mulids by subjecting them to a spectacular, representative order of spatial differentiation. I argue that habitus must be understood as a political category related to competing relationships of ideology and embodiment and that the conceptual and physical configuration of modern public space is intimately related to the bodily and moral discipline of its users. [veneration of saints, festivals, habitus, public space, state, Islam, Egypt]
When the state and your kidneys fail: Political etiologies in an Egyptian dialysis ward
Authors: HAMDY SHERINE F. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn this article, I describe how poor Egyptian kidney‐disease patients understand and experience their illness in terms of Egypt's larger social, economic, and political ills. The suffering that patients in end‐stage renal failure endure, as they articulate it, extends beyond the pathological kidney and implicates corrupt institutions, polluted water, the mismanagement of toxic waste, and unsafe food. End‐stage kidney failure patients in Egypt depend on state‐provided medical services, which they deeply mistrust. In this context, they understand the breakdown of their kidneys, their dialysis machines, and their bodies as a direct outcome of the breakdown of the welfare state. I argue that patients' perceptions of their disease and their mistrust of medical treatment and state service provision should make us reconsider how all etiologies are political. Further, the “political etiologies” in this case inform ethical decisions about kidney transplantation and maintaining life on dialysis. [bioethics, the body, kidney disease, organ transplantation, state welfare, neoliberalism, Egypt]
Memory in our body: Thick participation and the translation of kinesthetic experience
Authors: SAMUDRA JAIDA KIM 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAnthropologists studying dance, sports, or other kinesthetic cultures may face the difficulty of rendering into analytic discourse those bodily practices consultants do not express verbally. Through thick participation, we may use our bodies to acquire shared cultural knowledge, but then we must translate our somatic experience into words. Encoding kinesthetic details, describing new sensations, and narrating physical training episodes are three different ways of writing about participatory experiences in the field to yield data that can then be compared with observations and life histories of consultant practitioners. Each approach provides distinctive avenues for investigating coherence across multiple bodies inhabiting the same kinesthetic culture, in this case, a Chinese Indonesian self‐defense and health movement system known as White Crane Silat. [body, kinesthetic culture, thick participation, ethnography, silat, martial art]
Take it from the top (down)? Rethinking neoliberalism and political hierarchy in Mexico
Authors: SCHWEGLER TARA A. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn this article, I unpack the relationship between neoliberalism as a policy framework and as a rationality of governance by examining the daily practices of Mexican technocrats with advanced academic degrees in neoclassical economics. Neoclassical economics is implicitly regarded as the transparent technical mechanism through which neoliberal ideas are transmitted to policy. In contrast, I approach neoclassical economics as a system of knowledge for analyzing how markets work that is constituted and negotiated as it is applied to policy. Whereas existing accounts suggest that neoclassical economics effectively sanitizes politics by rendering the political technical, I argue that technical struggles are embedded in and prefigured by political struggles. I take the negotiations between political teams as a starting point from which to interrogate deep‐seated assumptions about the rigidity of neoclassical economics, and I emphasize the role of what I call “anticipatory knowledge,” knowledge marshaled by political teams in anticipation of the knowledge claims of rival teams. [neoliberalism, economics, governmentality, expert knowledge, Mexico, policy]
Neoliberal associations: Property, company, and family in the Argentine oil fields
Authors: SHEVER ELANA 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe transformation of Argentina's state‐owned oil company into a transnational joint‐stock corporation and a series of worker‐owned subcontracting microenterprises in northwestern Patagonia provides an example of an actually existing neoliberal project. In this article, I illustrate how this project was as much a process of sustaining affective relationality as it was a process of fostering calculative rationality. The privatization process generated corporate subjects attached through familial associations of property, company, and family. Kinship sentiment was also the crucial force that incorporated former state oil workers into the inequitable circuits of the global petroleum industry. I argue that this neoliberal process was effective inasmuch as it worked affectively. [neoliberal, kinship, property, affect, corporations, structural adjustment, petroleum, Argentina]
Guardian Availability in Children Evaluated in the Emergency Department for Blunt Head Trauma
Authors: Holmes James F. , Holubkov Richard , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Enrolling children in research studies in the emergency department (ED) is typically dependent on the presence of a guardian to provide written informed consent.Objectives:  The objectives were to determine the rate of guardian availability during the initial ED evaluation of children with nontrivial blunt head trauma, to identify the reasons why a guardian is unavailable, and to compare clinical factors in patients with and without a guardian present during initial ED evaluation.Methods:  This was a prospective study of children (<18 years of age) presenting to a single Level 1 trauma center after nontrivial blunt head trauma over a 10‐month period. Physicians documented patient history and physical examination findings onto a structured data form after initial evaluation. The data form contained data points regarding the presence or absence of the patient’s guardian during the initial ED evaluation. For those children for whom the guardian was not available during the initial ED evaluation, the physicians completing the data forms documented the reasons for the absence.Results:  The authors enrolled 602 patients, of whom 271 (45%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 41% to 49%) did not have a guardian available during the initial ED evaluation. In these 271 patients, 261 had reasons documented for lack of guardian availability, 43 of whom had multiple reasons. The most common of these was that the guardian did not ride in the ambulance (51%). Those patients without a guardian available were more likely to be older (mean age, 11.4 years vs. 7.6 years; p < 0.001), be victims of a motor vehicle collision (MVC; 130/268 [49%] vs. 35/328 [11%]; p < 0.001), have a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <14 (21/269 [7.8%] vs. 11/331 [3.3%]; p = 0.02), and undergo cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning (224/271 [83%] vs. 213/331 [64%]; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified similar independent risk factors for lack of guardian presence.Conclusions:  Nearly one‐half of children with nontrivial blunt head trauma evaluated in the ED may not have a guardian available during their initial ED evaluation. Patients whose guardians are not available at the time of initial ED evaluation are older and have more severe mechanisms of injury and more serious head trauma. ED research studies of pediatric trauma patients that require written informed consent from a guardian at the time of initial ED evaluation and treatment may have difficulty enrolling targeted sample size numbers and will likely be limited by enrollment bias.
Measurement by electroantennogram of airborne pheromone in cotton treated for mating disruption of Pectinophora gossypiella following removal of pheromone dispensers
Authors: Koch Uwe T. , Lüder Wolfgang , Andrick Ulf , Staten Robert T. , Cardé Ring T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe presence of pheromone in cotton foliage after removal of pheromone dispensers was assessed by measuring the airborne pheromone concentration with an electroantennogram device. Plots of 0.4 ha in isolated cotton fields were treated with Shin‐Etsu PBW‐Rope® pheromone dispensers for mating disruption of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The dispensers contained (Z,Z)‐ and (Z,E)‐7,11‐hexadecadienyl acetates (gossyplure) in a 49:51 ratio and were applied at a density of 1 000/ha. The 400 pheromone dispensers were removed 1–12 days later. In four experiments involving canopy heights from 30–150 cm, the decay of the pheromone concentration was recorded repeatedly in short intervals for up to 7 h. Decay to undetectable concentrations generally occurred within 1–10 h, depending on plant size and wind conditions. In all four experiments, pheromone concentration 24 h after removal was found to be near or below detection threshold of the electroantennogram. The presence of pheromone within and above the cotton after dispenser removal would be due to re‐entrainment of pheromone that had been adsorbed on cotton foliage or possibly some residual airborne pheromone.
Effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development in the ‘primitive’ granivorous carabidAmara(Curtonotus)macronota
Authors: Sasakawa Kôji 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGranivory is one of the most specialized food habits in the Carabidae and has been reported for species from the tribes Zabrini and Harpalini. Most studies of carabid granivory have been conducted using specialized granivorous species, and few have examined primitive ones. This study examined effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development inAmara(Curtonotus)macronota(Solsky) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a member of the most basal clade of the tribe Zabrini; a previous study indicated that larvae of this species are omnivores with a tendency toward carnivory. Three diet types,Tenebrio molitorL. larvae, mixed seeds [Bidens frondosaL. (Asteraceae),Setariaspp., andDigitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koeler (both Poaceae)], andT. molitorlarvae + mixed seeds, were used as maternal diets, and larvae were reared onT. molitorlarvae + mixed seeds (optimal diet) orT. molitorlarvae (suboptimal diet). Fecundity differed significantly among treatments, with individuals fed theT. molitorlarvae + mixed seeds diet having the highest fecundities and the mixed seeds diet producing the lowest values. Larval development [survival and duration of development through pre‐overwintering stages (first and second instars)] was not significantly affected by either maternal or larval diets, but the addition of seeds to the maternal diet had a weak negative effect on larval survival. These results are in contrast with findings from specialized granivorous carabids, in which both adults and larvae performed best with pure‐seed diets. Recent molecular phylogenies indicate that these specialized granivorous carabids belong to derived lineages, whileA. macronotais the most basal clade of each tribe. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that carabid granivory has evolved gradually from ancestral carnivory, with omnivorous habits occurring as a transient state.
Is dental care utilization associated with oral cavity cancer in a large sample of community‐based United States residents?
Authors: Holmes Jr L. , DesVignes‐Kendrick M. , Slomka J. , Mahabir S. , Beeravolu S. , Emani S. R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Objectives:  Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx remains one of the 10 leading causes of cancer deaths in US. Besides smoking and alcohol consumption, there are no well‐established risk factors. While poor dental care had been implicated, it is unknown if lack of dental care, implying poor dental hygiene predisposes to oral cavity cancer. This study aimed to assess the relationship between dental care utilization during the past 12 months and the prevalence of oral cavity cancer.Methods:  A cross‐sectional design of the National Health Interview Survey of Adult, noninstitutionalized US residents (n = 30 475) was used to assess the association between dental care utilization and self‐reported diagnosis of oral cavity cancer. Chi‐square statistic was used to examine the crude association between the explanatory variable, dental care utilization and other covariates, while unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between oral cavity cancer and dental care utilization.Results:  There were statistically significant differences between those who utilized dental care during the past 12 months and those who did not with respect to education, income, age, marital status, and gender (P < 0.05), but not health insurance coverage (P = 0.53). In addition, those who utilized dental care relative to those who did not were 65% less likely to present with oral cavity cancer, prevalence odds ratio (POR), 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12–0.98. Further, higher income, advanced age, people of African heritage, and unmarried status were statistically significantly associated with oral cavity cancer (P < 0.05), but health insurance coverage, alcohol use, and smoking were not, P > 0.05. After simultaneously controlling for the relevant covariates, the association between dental care and oral cavity cancer did persist but imprecise. Thus, when compared with those who did not use dental care, those who did were 62% less likely to be diagnosed with oral cavity cancer, adjusted POR, 0.38, 95% CI, and 0.13–1.10.Conclusions:  Among US adults residing in community settings, use of dental care during the past 12 months was marginally statistically significantly associated with oral cavity cancer, but clinically relevant in assessing oral cavity cancer prevalence in this sample. However, because of the nature of our data, which restricts temporal sequence, a large sample prospective study that may identify modifiable factors associated with oral cavity cancer development, namely poor dental care is needed.
Subcutaneous palisading granulomatous pseudocysts of Echinococcus granulosus origin
Authors: Deonarain Julian , Ramdial Pratistadevi K. , Sing Yetish , Calonje Eduardo , Singh Bhugwan 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Palisading granulomatous reactions are documented in many diseases. Although subcutaneous cystic echinococcosis (CE) is documented rarely, a subcutaneous palisading, granulomatous, pseudocystic (PGP) reaction to elusive Echinococcus granulosus membranous components, in the absence of cutaneous fistulisation, is undocumented.Methods:  Seven‐year clinicopathological review of subcutaneous echinococcal PGP reactions.Results:  Gross: seven thick‐walled ‘cysts’ containing clear or straw‐colored fluid were investigated. Histopathology: the pseudocysts contained a palisade of epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells. Focal periodic acid Schiff (PAS)‐positive eosinophilic fragments, some resembling keratin ‘flakes’, were identified within the lumen or within the cellular palisade, consistent with a PGP reaction to fragmented E. granulosus membrane. Clinical correlation: the initial histopathological diagnosis of two patients was ruptured epidermoid cysts with an assumed granulomatous reaction to eosinophilic keratinous debris. Subsequent diagnosis of CE in the liver and cervical soft tissue necessitated review of the ‘epidermoid cysts’; PAS‐positive E. granulosus membranous fragments masqueraded as keratinous debris. Renal, hepatic and pleuropulmonary CE were confirmed in the remaining patients following confirmation of an echinococcal PGP reaction.Conclusion:  Heightened awareness and obsessive appraisal of subcutaneous PGP reactions for subtle, focal, PAS‐positive and echinococcal membranous fragments are pivotal to the diagnosis that also serves as a clue to visceral CE.