bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap
Authors: Ariyan Stephan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe sternocleidomastoid muscle has three blood supplies: the occipital artery superiorly, the superior thyroid in the middle, and the thyrocervical trunk inferiorly. A compound flap has been developed to transport segments of neck skin on either end of a pedicle of sternocleidomastoid muscle to reconstruct defects in the oral cavity or orophaynx. It permits one‐stage reconstruction at the time of the primary resection and eliminates the need for skin grafts to the donor sites.
Thermoplastic Acrylic Rubber Physically Crosslinked by Tiny Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Crystals
Authors: Li Yongjin , Oono Yuko , Nakayama Kazuo , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Acrylic rubber showed greatly improved mechanical properties and very nice elasticity when blended with small amount of PVDF. PVDF crystallized into very sparse and loose spherulites in the blends with ACM molecular chains incorporated into the PVDF lamellae. These micro‐crystals were precisely dispersed in the ACM matrix and acted as the physical crosslink points for the matrix upon stretching. Therefore, the ACM/PVDF blends containing small amounts of PVDF display the typical properties of thermoplastic elastomers with large elongation at break, high tensile strength, and excellent strain recovery from the highly deformed state.Schematic diagram of physically crosslinked ACM by the tiny PVDF crystals in ACM‐rich PVDF/ACM blends.magnified imageSchematic diagram of physically crosslinked ACM by the tiny PVDF crystals in ACM‐rich PVDF/ACM blends.
Moments of truth in gift exchanges: A critical incident analysis of communication indicators used to detect gift failure
Authors: Roster Catherine A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis research examines how gift recipients communicate gift failure to givers, whether through paralinguistic indicators, direct verbal comments, and consumption (or not) of the gift. Critical incident reports identified specific communication indicators that signaled displeasure with the gift and measured the impact of these indicators on important exchange outcomes. Overall, failed gifts have a greater impact on future exchanges than on relationship quality. However, failure to appreciate the gift can have a significant negative effect on relationships. Gift failures between friends, co‐workers, and in‐laws are more susceptible to relationship harm than those involving close kin, like parents, spouses, and children. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social influence: The role of self‐monitoring when making social comparisons
Authors: Harnish Richard J. , Bridges K. Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe self‐monitoring construct (Snyder, 1987) may prove to be useful when examining who individuals choose when making social comparisons. In Study 1, the self‐monitoring propensity of individuals who provide social comparison information and the self‐monitoring propensity of individuals who use such information were examined. Results supported the hypothesis that high self‐monitors have advisors (i.e., individuals to whom they first turn for advice) that are high in self‐monitoring, whereas low self‐monitors have advisors that are low in self‐monitoring. In Study 2, high and low self‐monitors identified their advisors as experts and generalists. Results supported the hypothesis that high self‐monitors have more expert advisors than low self‐monitors. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for consumer decision making. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International variations in the treatment and co‐morbidity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: Data from the EuroHeart Failure Survey
Authors: Lainščak Mitja , Cleland John G.F. , Lenzen Mattie J. , Follath Ferenc , Komajda Michel , Swedberg Karl 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground:Treatment of heart failure (HF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is effective, but many patients are not treated in accordance with guidelines. This may reflect a lack of adequate organisation of care or co‐morbidity contra‐indicating therapy.Aims:To evaluate the effect of co‐morbidities on the prescription of neurohormonal antagonists for HF.Methods and results:The EuroHeart Failure Survey identified 10,701 patients with suspected or confirmed HF during 2000 and 2001, 64% of whom had an imaging test and 3658 had documented LVSD. This last group constitutes the focus of this report. Renal dysfunction was associated with lower prescription of ACE inhibitors at discharge (74% vs. 83%, p<0.001). Beta‐blockers were less often used in patients with respiratory disease (32% vs. 53%, p<0.001). Co‐morbidity did not appear to affect the use of spironolactone. There were few important international differences in uptake of key therapies amongst European countries with widely differing cultures and economic status.Conclusions:Guidelines appear successful in creating a relatively uniform approach to the treatment for HF due to LVSD in diverse medical cultures. Relevant co‐morbidity seems to be responsible for a substantial reduction in the prescription of ACE inhibitors and beta‐blockers. However, whilst co‐morbidity indicates the need for greater caution, it is often not a valid contra‐indication to life‐saving therapy.
Phototrichogram findings in women with androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Rezan Ekmekci Tugba , Koslu Adem 
Published: October 2006

Background/purpose: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in women is characterized by diffuse thinning in the frontal and parietal areas of the scalp; preservation of the frontal hairline is norm. Hair over the occipital scalp is preserved. The purpose of this work was to investigate the findings of phototrichogram (PTG) of the affected and the spared areas in women with AGA and to compare them with those of healthy subjects.Methods: Twenty‐two controls and 60 untreated women with AGA (32 with Ludwig I, 28 with Ludwig II) were included in this study. Hair density, percentages of thin hair, and non‐growing hair were estimated both on the midscalp and on the occiput by using PTG with digital camera attached to a dermoscope.Results: In the control group, hair density was higher on the midscalp than the occiput. In AGA groups, hair density was lower on the midscalp than the occiput and percentages of thin hair and non‐growing hair were higher on the midscalp than the occiput. These findings were more prominent in Ludwig II group. In the occiput there were findings mimicking the changes seen on the midscalp. These were less striking than those seen on the midscalp yet the difference between the control and Ludwig II group was statistically significant.Conclusion: We concluded that the hair is not equally distributed on the scalp, the occiput may be affected in females with AGA and further studies are necessary to support these findings.
Hypolithic community shifts occur as a result of liquid water availability along environmental gradients in China's hot and cold hyperarid deserts
Authors: Pointing Stephen B. , Warren‐Rhodes Kimberley A. , Lacap Donnabella C. , Rhodes Kevin L. , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryHypolithic cyanobacterial communities occur in hot and cold hyperarid environments but the physical factors determining their diversity are not well understood. Here we report hypolithic diversity and colonization of a common quartz substrate at several hyperarid locations in the ancient deserts of north‐western China, that experience varying mean annual temperature, rainfall and concomitant availability of liquid water in soil. Microscopy and enrichment culture resulted only in Chroococcidiopsis morphotypes which were ubiquitous, but community phylogenetic analysis revealed considerable cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial diversity. Species Richness and Shannon's Diversity Index displayed a significant positive linear correlation with availability of liquid water but not temperature or rainfall alone. Several taxonomic groups occurred only in specific climatically defined locations, while for Chroococcidiopsis, Deinococcus and Phormidium location specific lineages within these genera were also evident. Multivariate analysis was used to illustrate pronounced community shifts due to liquid water availability, although these did not significantly affect the predicted functional relationships within any given assemblage in either hot or cold, wet or dry hyperarid deserts. This study clearly demonstrates that availability of liquid water, rather than temperature or rainfall per se is the key determinant of hypolithic diversity in hyperarid locations, and furthermore that functionally similar yet taxonomically distinct communities occur, characterized by the presence of taxa that are specific to defined levels of aridity.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CEREBRAL TUMOURS: SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, COPPER AND SULPHUR CONTENTS OF ASTROCYTOMATA, MEDULLOBLASTOMATA AND GLIOBLASTOMATA MULTIFORME
Authors: Canelas H. M. , De Jorge F. B. , Pereira W. C. , Sallum J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Twenty‐nine autopsy specimens of intracerebral tumours (nine astrocytomata, ten medulloblastomata and ten glioblastomata multiforme), as well as samples of peritumoral and apparently normal brain tissue, have been studied for Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, and S contents.The tumour tissue, irrespective of the histological characteristics, as compared to the ‘normal’ and perineoplastic tissues, showed higher concentration of Ca, Mg, Cu and S. The peritumoral tissue, regardless of the tumour type, showed a higher concentration of Cu than the ‘normal’ control brain.The more malignant glioblatomata and medulloblastomata. The Cu levels did not show a significant diference.
THE INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF PYRIDOXAL KINASE AND THE LEVEL OF BIOGENIC AMINES IN RABBIT BRAIN1
Authors: Ebadi M. S. , Russell R. L. , McCoy E. E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—In a series of experiments, an inverse relationship was found to exist between the activity of pyridoxal kinase and the concentrations of brain norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. When the biogenic amine content of the brain is lowered, the activity of pyridoxal kinase rises. Conversely, when the concentration of brain biogenic amines is elevated, a depression occurs in the activity of pyridoxal phosphokinase. This relationship, which resembles an in vivo allosteric inhibition phenomenon, not only is highly suggestive of a definite relation between the brain vitamin B6 content and the metabolism of the biogenic amines, but also suggests that the concentration of brain biogenic amines might control the production of coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate.
EFFECTS OF DI‐n‐PROPYLACETATE, AN ANTICONVULSIVE COMPOUND, ON GABA METABOLISM1
Authors: Godin Y. , Heiner L. , Mark J. , Mandel P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The effects on GABA metabolism of an anticonvulsant drug, di‐n‐propylacetate (DPA), were studied. Given intraperitoneally DPA increases the brain GABA content and does not change its biosynthesis from glutamic acid. However, it inhibits in vitro both glutamate decarboxylase and aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA‐T) activities. The inhibition is more pronounced on the GABA‐T and this observation might explain the increase of GABA level.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE AND PYRIDOXAL KINASE IN RABBIT BRAIN1
Authors: Ebadi M. S. , McCoy E. E. , Kugel R. B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—An inverse relationship was demonstrable between the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate and the activity of pyridoxal kinase in rabbit brain. The administration of pyridoxine elevated the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate and decreased the activity of pyridoxal kinase. Conversely, the administration of deoxypyridoxine decreased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate and increased the activity of pyridoxal kinase. The increase in the activity of pyridoxal kinase by deoxypyridoxine was blocked by actinomycin D or puromycin. These results were interpreted to indicate that the tissue availability of pyridoxal phosphate regulated the activity of pyridoxal kinase.
FORMATION OF SEROTONIN BY ISOLATED SEROTONIN‐CONTAINING NEURONS AND BY ISOLATED NON‐AMINE‐CONTAINING NEURONS
Authors: Cottrell G. A. , Powell B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIsolated giant serotonin‐containing neurons of the cerebral ganglia of Helix pomatia were shown to produce serotonin when incubated with 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) whereas cells of the buccal ganglia, which are non‐amine‐containing cells did not. The rate of production was comparable to that for Ach in the isolated neurons of Aplysia. The significance of these results is discussed.
BRAIN PEPTIDASES: CONVERSION AND INACTIVATION OF KININ HORMONES
Authors: Camargo A. C. M. , Ramalho‐Pinto F. J. , Greene L. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Two enzymes that selectively hydrolyse kinins at pH 7.5 were obtained in partially purified form from the supernatant fraction of homogenates of previously frozen rabbit brain by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100. The enzymes were detected and their activity estimated by bioassay with the isolated guinea pig ileum The products of the enzymic reactions were identified by high voltage electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and by the determination with the amino acid analyser of the amino acids released from the kinins.One enzyme, kinin‐converting enzyme, catalyses the hydrolysis of kinin‐10 (Lysbradykinin) and kinin‐11 (Met‐Lys‐bradykinin) into kinin‐9 (bradykinin). It also hydrolyses the aminoacyl‐8‐naphthylamides of methionine, lysine, arginine and leucine. The conversion of kinin‐10 to kinin‐9 was inhibited by puromycin (Ki 3.5 × 10−5 M) These properties are similar to those of brain arylamidases described in the literature.Kininase, the second enzyme, inactives kinins 9, 10 and 11 by peptide‐bond hydrolysis. Similar rates of release of arginine and phenylalanine were observed for the three kinins, suggesting that kininase acts at the carboxy‐terminus of these peptides.Our results suggest that brain contains proteases which apparently selectively metabolize polypeptide hormones that exert definite pharmacological effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEURONAL PERIKARYA ISOLATED FROM CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE IMMATURE RAT1
Authors: Kohl H. H. , Sellinger O. Z. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Homogenates of neuronal perikarya isolated from the cerebral cortex of the 8‐day‐old rat were incubated with [3H]leucine, and the characteristics of the protein synthetic process were studied. Incorporation of leucine into protein was linear up to 90 min, proceeded optimally at pH 7.6 and was stimulated by K+ and NH4+, unaffected by Li+ and inhibited by Na+. Puromycin, cycloheximide, RNAse, sulphhydryl blocking agents and phospholipase A exerted a pronounced inhibition, whereas chloramphenicol and phospholipase C had no effect. About 42 per cent of the total radioactive protein formed in the optimally fortified in uitro system was recovered in non‐sedimentable form. Incorporation into the subcellular fractions of the neuronal perikarya increased steadily with increasing time of incubation. The microsomal fraction acquired the highest specific radioactivity (d.p.m./mg of protein), followed by the mitochondrial and the nuclear + cell debris fractions. The high‐speed soluble fraction exhibited the lowest specific radioactivity.Although the addition of L‐methionine to a suitably fortified incubation medium inhibited neuronal protein synthesis by about 80 per cent, the addition of D‐methionhe, α‐methyl‐DL‐methionine or L‐tryptophan was relatively ineffective by comparison.
DEGENERATION OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NORADRENALINE NEURONS PRODUCED BY 6‐HYDROXY‐DOPA
Authors: Sachs Charlotte , Jonsson G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The effects of systemically administered 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylalanine (6‐OH‐DOPA) on endogenous noradrenaline, [3H]amine uptake and fluorescence morphology has been investigated in mouse brain, heart and iris. 6‐OH‐DOPA in a dose of 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally caused practically no changes in these parameters. Pretreatment with a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor (nialamide) led to a pronounced long‐lasting 6‐OH‐DOPA induced reduction in endogenous noradrenaline, [3H]amine uptake and nerve density of noradrenaline nerve terminals both in the central and peripheral nervous system. Histochemically accumulations of noradrenaline were observed in non‐terminal axons. These results strongly support the view that 6‐OH‐DOPA can produce degeneration of both central and peripheral noradrenaline neurons. The degeneration is mediated by decarboxylation of 6‐OH‐DOPA to 6‐OH‐DA, since the effects could be abolished by decarboxylase inhibition. The effect of 6‐OH‐DOPA was selective on noradrenaline neurons in the brain, since neither 5‐hydroxytryptamine nor dopamine neurons were affected, opening up new possibilities for studies on central noradrenaline transmitter mechanisms. In the brain there were pronounced accumulations of noradrenaline in the ascending noradrenaline axons making 6‐OH‐DOPA a powerful tool in the mapping of central noradrenaline pathways.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW MYELIN PROTEIN COMPONENT
Authors: Agrawal H. C. , Burton R. M. , Fishman M. A. , Mitchell R. F. , Prensky A. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new protein component has been demonstrated in myelin isolated from rat whole brain and from white matter dissected from bovine, dog and rabbit brain. It is also present in rabbit optic nerve. It does not appear to be present in other subcellular fractions of rat brain. It has a molecular weight of 20,540 ± 490(S.D.), as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. A rapid procedure for the isolation of myelin is also described.
PERMEABILITY OF THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER TO FRUCTOSE AND THE ANAEROBIC USE OF FRUCTOSE IN THE BRAINS OF YOUNG MICE1
Authors: Thurston Jean Holowach , Levy C. A. , Warren Sheila K. , Jones Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Fructose levels were determined in plasma and brain of 8‐ to 12‐day‐old mice at intervals after the injection of 30 mmol/kg intraperitoneally; controls received NaCl, 15 mmol/kg. In normal animals brain fructose increased very slowly despite a rapid rise in plasma levels (120 times the control value in 5 min). At 40 min the cerebral level was 1.54 ± 0.23 mmol/kg; the corresponding plasma level was 47.1 ± 4.8 mM. The data suggest that fructose can serve as a source of energy to the brain in times of critical need: during insulin hypoglycemia brain fructose increased to only 0.88 ± 0.05 mmol/kg during the same interval (40 min) despite plasma fructose values equal to those in control animals; also 30 s after cerebral ischemia (decapitation) brain fructose fell from a zero time value of 1.19 ± 0.09 mmol/kg (20 min after fructose injection) to 0.76 ± 0.06 mmol/kg (P= 0.005). Under both circumstances (hypoglycemia and ischemie anoxia) an apparent threshold concentration of fructose for utilization was observed—0.6–0.7 mmol/kg. The most likely explanation for this finding appears to be that this level of fructose was in the extracellular space of the brain. Hexokinase activity in brain homogenates of 8‐ to 12‐day‐old mice with fructose and ATP at concentrations found in vivo and during ischemie anoxia did not appear to be rate‐limiting. We concluded that the major handicap to the use of fructose by the brain was the limited penetration of fructose from the blood to the brain.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TURNOVER OF CEREBRAL GLYCOGEN AND LIMIT DEXTRIN IN VIVO
Authors: Watanabe H. , Passonneau J. V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe turnover of cerebral glycogen in mice has been investigated by using [U‐14C]glucose as a precursor. The time required for turnover of total glycogen and limit dextrin has been determined in normal animals and animals given phenobarbital or hydrocortisone. In all 3 groups, the turnover time for limit dextrin was twice that of total glycogen. Phenobarbital increased the time for turnover of total glycogen and limit dextrin approximately 2‐fold, whereas hydrocortisone diminished the turnover time of both fractions to one‐half. The accumulation of glycogen during phenobarbital anesthesia (2·5‐fold) is attributed to the decrease in rate of phosphorolysis rather than elevated glycogenesis. The ratio of phosphorylase a to total phosphorylase was significantly decreased in the brains of phenobarbital‐treated mice, while the ratio of glycogen synthetase I to total synthetase activity was not affected. The administration of hydrocortisone had no effect on either the phosphorylase or synthetase of mouse brain. A mathematical model was devised to determine the rate constants for incorporation of labelled glucose into brain glycogen and the subsequent loss of radioactivity. Metabolite levels and enzyme activities have been correlated with the observed changes in glycogen turnover.
TRANSPORT, TURNOVER AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE AND ACETYLCHOLIN‐ESTERASE IN THE VAGUS AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Fonnum F. , Frizell M. , Sjöstrand J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The transport, distribution and turnover of choline O‐acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) in the vagus and hypoglossal nerves were studied in adult rabbits. The enzymes accumulated proximally and distally to single and double ligatures on both nerves and thus indicated both a proximo‐distal and retrograde flow of the enzymes. Double ligature experiments indicated that only 5–20 per cent of the enzymes were mobile in the axon. The rate of accumulation of both enzymes above a single ligature corresponded to the slow rate of axonal flow provided that all the enzymes were mobile, but to an intermediate or fast flow if only a small part of the enzymes was transported. The distribution of ChAc along the hypoglossal neurons was studied and only 2 per cent of ChAc was confined to cell bodies, 42 per cent was localized to the main hypoglossal nerve trunks and 56 per cent to the preterminal axons and axon terminals in the tongue. The ratio of AChE to ChAc was about 3 in the hypoglossal nerve and 32 in the vagus nerve.Transection of the hypoglossal nerve was followed by a decrease in the activity of ChAc in the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve and in the axons and their terminals in the tongue. The activity of AChE decreased in the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve but not in the tongue. The half‐life of ChAc in preterminal axons and terminals of the hypoglossal nerve was estimated to be 16‐21 days from the results obtained on transport, axotomy and distribution of the enzyme. Intracisternal injection of colchicine inhibited the cellulifugal transport of both enzymes and led to an increase in enzyme activity in the hypoglossal nucleus.
EFFECT OF PROTEOLYTIC ATTACK ON THE STRUCTURE OF CNS MYELIN MEMBRANE
Authors: Wood J. G. , Dawson R. M. C. , Hauser H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRat CNS myelin particles have been incubated with trypin and acetyltrypsin under conditions which ensured a selective and substantial removal of the basic proteins leaving acidic Wolfgram and proteolipid proteins. Some trypsin became associated with the basic protein denuded pellet while no attachment of acetyltrypsin was observed. The removal of basic proteins ‘solubilized’ some myelin and produced a lighter ‘fluff’ layer on top of the myelin pellet, but this amounted to no more than 10 per cent of the total myelin lamellae. Electron microscopy indicated a more dense‐straining interperiod line in a small percentage of lamellae which otherwise remained normal. Selective extraction of complex lipids with solvents of increasing polarity, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and X‐ray diffraction patterns showed no significant changes on removing basic proteins from myelin. The results are interpreted as suggesting that the basic proteins are not uniformly distributed in myelin but preferentially located in the outside layers of the myelin sheath and that they play little part in stabilizing the bulk of the myelin membrane structure.