bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural Patterns in Women Requesting Postcoital Contraception
Authors: Rowlands Sam , Booth Margaret , Guillebaud John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a sample of women presenting for postcoital contraception in central London, two main categories of women were apparent. The first comprised those having regular intercourse: the majority of these had experienced a contraceptive method failure. Many of the second category had used no contraceptive; they were often having intercourse for the first or second time with a new partner, for the first time after an interval with an existing partner or for the first time ever. Many women had experienced difficulty in finding out where they could be treated but were persistent in their efforts to obtain the necessary expert advice. Almost all had used contraception in the past. Acceptance of a contraceptive method for future use was high.
Orientations Towards Voluntary Childlessness
Authors: Baum Frances E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports on a study of decision-making among voluntarily childless couples that was conducted in Britain. The discussion is based on evidence from an intensive interview survey with 38 childless husbands and wives. Four main orientations towards childlessness have been delineated, hedonistic, idealistic, emotional and practical. These are based on the decision-making processes childless couples go through. Each orientation is described, showing that childless individuals can differ markedly in their attitude towards not having children and in their values and ideas about life in general. It is maintained that these differences are important in understanding the complexities of voluntary childlessness and can have practical value in studying aspects of the phenomenon, such as forecasting changes in the pattern of childlessness.
Admixture and Heterozygosity in West Alaskan Populations
Authors: Byard Pamela J. , Schanfield M. S. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAverage heterozygosities for four communities (Savoonga and Gambell on St Lawrence Island, the King Island community now located in Nome, and Wales) are computed from blood allele frequencies. No significant relationship is found between this measure of heterozygosity and the amount of European admixture calculated from gamma globulin haplotype frequencies, indicating that forces other than European gene flow are affecting relative heterozygosity. However, within the two villages on St Lawrence Island, admixed individuals as a group have significantly higher average heterozygosity than non-admixed individuals. These results suggest that European gene flow significantly increases population heterozygosity when examined from a micro-populational or individual level, but may be obscured by other factors when several different populations are compared. This is probably because inter-village variation in admixture proportions, which range from zero to 8%, is small.
Age pattern of fertility in the Sudan
Authors: Khalifa M. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn the absence of reliable fertility statistics in the Sudan, estimates are based on census or sample survey data. Methods of analysis are applied which are suitable to the kind and quality of the collected information. This paper uses data provided by the World Fertility Survey of the Sudan. The number of children ever born tabulated by the duration of marriage is used to derive an estimate of the age pattern of fertility. The level of natural fertility is found to be low. However, the calculated crude birth rate is high and consistent with rates calculated by other methods using different data.
Infant and child mortality in Kuwait
Authors: Kohli K. L. , Al-Omaim Musa'ad 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the levels, trends and Kuwaiti–non-Kuwaiti differentials in stillbirth, infant and child mortality rates during the 1957–79 period. The present infant mortality rate (33 per 1000) and its component parts are high in contrast to those in more developed countries. But during the last few decades, the rates showed definite decline. The decline in infant and child mortality was rapid between 1955 and 1970 when the infant death rate was about 100 or more per thousand livebirths, but slowed after the infant mortality rates were brought down to around 50 in 1970. The large scale reduction in mortality since 1950 is closely associated with socioeconomic progress and improvements in standards of living as well as wider availability and better accessibility of health services. Kuwait is still in a position where mortality can be reduced further, provided that investment in health and education continues.
Family size and social class in nineteenth century Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Kosten M. , Mitchell R. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData on fertility in a white Australian population based upon the vital records of the nineteenth century for two districts in Tasmania are presented. Mean family size was apparently low (3·2) and reproductive period short. However, when allowance was made for the truncation of birth records of migrant families, family size increased (4·9) markedly. Social class is shown to have a consistent effect on fertility levels in the larger community with low fertility associated with inferior economic status. Owing to the paucity of information contained within the vital records, it was impossible to investigate either age structure or migration effects on fertility. There is also evidence to suggest inbreeding is associated with higher, not lower, fertility.
The rapid fertility decline in Guam natives
Authors: Tung Shui-Liang 
Published: July 2008

SummarySince the end of World War II, the Guam native population, who are mostly Roman Catholics, has undergone one of the most dramatic socioeconomic developments ever recorded. They have rapidly become incorporated into the dominant American culture and economy. This accelerated process of modernization has been accompanied by a very sharp fertility decline. One reason for this decline has been the increasing defection of Guam Roman Catholic women from the traditional teaching of their Church on the subject of birth control. This trend of fertility decline, although at higher levels, resembles that of East Asian countries with rapid fertility decline.
Variations in historical natural fertility patterns and the measurement of fertility control
Authors: Hinde P. R. A. , Woods R. I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper considers two main issues: the definition of Henry's concept of natural fertility, and the use of standard age-specific marital fertility schedules to measure the extent of fertility control. It suggests that regional as well as temporal variations are to be expected in the pattern of marital fertility and in consequence argues the need for a variety of standard marital fertility schedules specific to the underlying fertility conditions of the particular population under investigation. A detailed example drawn from the fertility patterns of Britain, Denmark and Sweden is presented.
Prevalence of mental disorders in Australia: some evidence from the Hospital Morbidity Collection in New South Wales
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Sheikh M. Hamid 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines data from 47,238 episodes of hospitalization in New South Wales, Australia, pertaining to the patients suffering from mental disorders, i.e. those patients with a principal diagnosis coded from 290 to 315 inclusive, according to the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.An overall prevalence of nine episodes of hospitalization due to mental disorders was found per 1000 population per annum. Major disease categories were neuroses and alcoholism (each accounting for 21% of the total episodes) followed by schizophrenia (16%) and affective psychosis (11%); there were substantial differences by age, sex, marital status and ethnic origin.
Rainfall and birthweight distribution in rural Tanzania
Authors: Bantje Han , Niemeyer Rudo 
Published: July 2008

SummarySeasonal variations in birthweights over a 10-year period are compared with the local rainfall pattern in a rural area of Tanzania. Mean birthweight falls by about 60 g in the course of the rainy season. Lagged regression analysis reveals a negative impact of rainfall on birthweight after 3 months. Deviations from average rainfall show a positive correlation with birthweight after 4 months, but only in the months when rainfall is critical for food crop production. The interactions of these contrary effects are held responsible for the sudden fluctuations in mean birthweight that were observed.
Demographic structure of the migrant groups of fishermen of Puri coast, India
Authors: Reddy B. Mohan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe demographic structure of the migrant groups of fishermen living in Puri, India, is studied. Data on age, sex, birth place, endogamy, consanguinity, and reproductive histories of 1409 couples and a census of 690 households are utilized. The results suggest the existence of three breeding units within the complex, in different stages of settlement as local populations. Random genetic drift has not yet assumed any significant role in any of these populations. Childhood mortality rates are high; 22% in the Vadabalija of Penticotta, 32% in the Vadabalija of Vadapeta and 35% in the Jalary.In almost all the components of population structure and demographic variables studied, sympatric populations with similar recent migratory histories show greater similarity than the ethnically similar groups.
Breast-feeding and sexual abstinence in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Agyei William K. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData collected in Papua New Guinea between November 1979 and March 1980 show that the main reason for prolonged breast-feeding and sexual abstinence is to ensure the welfare of the mother and child (which is indirectly a means of child spacing). The mean period of breast-feeding for the rural mothers is 21·8 months and for the urban mothers is 20·7 months. The mean duration of sexual abstinence for the rural male respondents is 21·4 months and for the female is 20·2 months. The figures for their urban counterparts are 19·5 months and 16·6 months respectively.
Menarcheal age in University of Warwick students
Authors: Dann T. C. , Roberts D. F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFollowing a suggestion that in Swansea students the downward trend of mean menarcheal age in Britain had ceased, data were collected on girls admitted to the University of Warwick over an 11-year period. There appears a slight increase in menarcheal age during the course of the study, similar to the upward trend seen in the latter part of the Swansea survey. This is not due to any change in the regional representation of the students, or in any of the other variables examined. Menarcheal age is not affected by father's socioeconomic status. It tends to be delayed in girls of larger families, while girls born later in a family of a given size have earlier menarche. Girls of more linear physique tend to have later menarcheal age.
Demographic and endocrinological aspects of low natural fertility in highland New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W. , Johnson Patricia L. , Campbell Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe Gainj of highland Papua New Guinea do not use contraception but have a total fertility rate of only 4·3 live births per woman, one of the lowest ever recorded in a natural fertility setting. From an analysis of cross-sectional demographic and endocrinological data, the causes of low reproductive output have been identified in women of this population as: late menarche and marriage, a long interval between marriage and first birth, a high probability of widowhood at later reproductive ages, low effective fecundability and prolonged lactational amenorrhoea. These are combined with near-universal marriage, a low prevalence of primary sterility and a pattern of onset of secondary sterility similar to that found in other populations. Of all the factors limiting fertility, by far the most important are those involved in birth spacing, especially lactational amenorrhoea.
Abridged life tables for Pakistan based on the 1971 Population Growth Survey
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Hussain Mazhar 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA new set of abridged life tables for Pakistan is presented. Data from the 1971 Population Growth Survey were first analysed to estimate the degree of completeness of the reporting of male and female deaths; female deaths were substantially more under-reported than male deaths. Age–sex specific mortality schedules were adjusted accordingly.Life expectancy was around 50 years at birth, but increased by 8–9 years for those surviving the substantial risks of dying in the first year of life. No significant sex differential in mortality could be discerned from the life tables.
Family size and religious denomination in Northern Ireland
Authors: Compton Paul A. , Coward John , Wilson-Davis Keith 
Published: July 2008

SummarySome initial results from the recently conducted Northern Ireland Fertility Survey are examined with particular reference to the relationship between family size and religious denomination. While the overall average family size of Roman Catholics is still larger than that of non-Catholics, the extent of this differential is now narrowing as a result of the more rapid recent decline in the average size of Catholic families. In addition, there are variations in family size among the main Protestant denominations; a broad regional dimension to the Catholic-non-Catholic differential is also apparent. Although subsequent analyses will document these trends in greater detail, some of the main hypothesized explanatory variables are briefly discussed along with some of the socioeconomic and political implications of these recent trends.
Divorce, widowhood, remarriage and geographic mobility among women
Authors: Grundy Emily 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from the 1971 Census records included in the OPCS Longitudinal Study were used to examine the relationship between geographic mobility and marriage termination and remarriage. Remarried women had high rates of mobility and there seemed to be a clear ‘excess’ of moves made around the time of remarriage, shortly after the end of the first marriage. There was a suggestion too of a peak in movements following widowhood but no indication of excess movement at the time of de jure divorce. The data were not adequate to allow examination of moves made at the the time of separation. Additional data from linked 1971–81 Census information showed that changes of marital status were strongly associated with changes of tenure. Other characteristics of divorced, widowed and remarried women were also examined to see how they might affect their patterns of geographic movement.
The trend of the male-female differential in various speed sports 1936–84
Authors: Dyer K. F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe changes in the average male-female performance difference for nine running, six swimming and four skating events between the years 1936 and 1984 are examined. The data, world records and verified best performances, confirm the conclusions derived in earlier more circumscribed studies that women's performances relative to men's have improved markedly and are continuing to improve. This improvement is manifest in long and short distance events and in those in which women have been competing for a long time as much as those they have taken up recently. Regression analyses suggest that eventual equality of performance may be attained in the foreseeable future. The implications of these findings for women's sport are discussed. Women still have a more restricted programme in these three sports and many others; in particular several of the longer distance events are not open to them at Olympics, World Championships and so forth. These restrictions are obviously based on false perceptions of women's biology. With increasing participation, media exposure, training and social acceptance, women's improvements are likely to continue. The reasons for and implications of the previous incorrect scientific assessment of women's sporting potential are also discussed.
The one-child family: international patterns and their implications for the People's Republic of China
Authors: Poston Dudley L. , Yu Mei-Yu 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe campaign for one-child families in the People's Republic of China has created world-wide interest. This study compares the general rates of single-child families in China and in 60 other countries and shows that China's current rate (12.5) is relatively low in comparison with some developed countries, e.g. Hungary (25.0). The mean age-specific single-child rate for 54 less developed countries shows a different pattern from that for seven developed countries; this is likely to be due to the later age of marriage and longer birth intervals of women in the developed countries.
Differential fertility in the United States, 1980: continuity or change?
Authors: Wineberg Howard , McCarthy James 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper considers how changes in women's socio-cultural characteristics have influenced recent patterns of differential fertility in the United States and whether the convergence of fertility differentials observed up to 1970 has continued. Analysis of data from the June 1980 United States Current Population Survey, suggests that there has been no change in differential fertility in recent years. Age at first birth, length of first birth interval, income and education were all negatively associated with fertility, among both older and younger women. When fertility expectations were examined, however, the association of the independent variables with expected completed fertility was weaker among younger women, indicating that there has been some convergence in expected completed fertility. Further narrowing of differentials in actual fertility depends on how successful the younger women are in preventing future unplanned births.
Migration and fertility behaviour in England and Wales: a record linkage study
Authors: Grundy Emily 
Published: July 2008

SummaryRelationships between migration and fertility are examined, using data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study of England and Wales, including linked information from the 1971 and 1981 Censuses and birth registration data for the period 1971–80. The results showed that the proportion moving between the 1971 Census and the first subsequent birth was higher among tenants than owner occupiers, particularly for women in shared accommodation in 1971. The association between tenure and moving was more consistent than the relationship between moving and the husband's social class. Differences in the proportions moving between the censuses were positively associated with fertility in the same period particularly for women in potentially crowded accommodation in 1971. Moving in 1970–71 was not associated with differences in parity progression ratios 1971–81. There were, however, differences in the timing of births, suggesting that long distance migration was associated with a postponement of the first or second child, probably because both longer distance migration and fertility behaviour are associated with other characteristics such as education.
Infant mortality in relation to internal migration in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury A. K. M. Alauddin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn Matlab thana, a rural area of Bangladesh, there is a substantial deficit of males of reproductive age owing to urban migration of males who leave their families behind. These men nevertheless return to visit their families frequently. Thirty percent of the births in this area occur to families with migrant fathers: neonatal mortality rates in these families are nearly double those of families with non-migrant fathers. This high risk, in turn, interacts with educational attainment and maternal nutrition. Only those migrant families where mothers have no education or low body weight experience high neonatal mortality rates. Psychological stress during pregnancy, probably caused by fear and anxiety related to the husband's absence may in part be responsible for such differential risk of mortality during the neonatal period.
Social change, migration and pregnancy intervals
Authors: Pool I. , Sceats J. E. , Hooper A. , Huntsman J. , Plummer E. , Prior I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMaternity histories from residents of a Pacific Island society, Tokelau, and migrants to New Zealand, are analysed using life table techniques. Inter-cohort differentials in patterns of family formation were found in the total Tokelau-origin population. The process of accelerated timing and spacing of pregnancies was more pronounced among migrants who tended to marry later, be pregnant at marriage, have shorter inter-pregnancy intervals at lower parities and to show evidence of family limitation occurring at higher parities. These results point to the significance of changing patterns of social control on strategies of family building.
Reasons for consanguineous marriages in Japan
Authors: Imaizumi Yoko 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey of consanguineous marriages in Japan was conducted in September 1983 using questionnaires. The number of couples studied was 9225, chosen from six widely different areas of Japan. Recommendation by parents or relatives was the most frequent reason for consanguineous marriage, for both husbands and wives, followed by knowledge of the partner by relatives.The rate of consanguineous marriage on the recommendation of parents or relatives was higher in endogamy, arranged marriages, childhood friends, and groups in which there is external pressure for marriage. It was lower in love match marriages, school, workplace and social gatherings that give opportunities for meeting, and where there was personal marital motivation.
Cause of death in widow(er)s and spouses
Authors: Jones D. R. , Goldblatt P. O. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMany studies have suggested that following the experience of ‘stressful’ life events the risks of accidents, myocardial infarctions and other diseases are elevated. In the OPCS Longitudinal Study, routinely collected data on deaths, and deaths of a spouse occurring in a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales in the period 1971–81 are linked together, and with 1971 Census records of sample members. The timing and patterns of death following the very stressful event of conjugal bereavement may thus be analysed.Overall the mortality of widowers was about 10% in excess of that in all males in the sample whereas that of widows was only slightly raised. Some increases in death rates shortly after widow(er)hood are observed. Unusually, these increases in all-cause mortality rates are more marked in widows than in widowers, with a two-fold increase in mortality from all causes in the first month after widowhood. Marked peaks of post-bereavement mortality from accidents and violent causes are clear in both sexes. Possible explanations for the increased mortality rates are examined.
Use of maternal–child health services and contraception in Guatemala and Panama
Authors: Warren Charles W. , Monteith Richard S. , Johnson J. Timothy , Santiso Roberto , Guerra Federico , Oberle Mark W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper presents data from two recent maternal–child health (MCH) and family planning surveys in Guatemala and Panama and examines the extent to which the use of contraception is influenced by the use of MCH services as compared with the influence of an increase in parity. The findings suggest that utilization of MCH services and parity independently are associated with a woman's decision to use contraception. The study also found two groups that appear to be particularly in need of both MCH and family planning services: high parity women and Indians. In both Guatemala and Panama, improved health care services for these two groups should be a priority.