bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four Stories in One: Environmental Protection and Rural Reconstruction in China
Authors: Tiejun Wen 
Published: December 2008

Within China, evaluating the experiences of the reform since 1978 is a hot topic among intellectuals. However, the economic theories in today's China are almost all imported from abroad and cannot adequately explain China's economic development. The author, having been long engaged in grassroots research work, tells four cautionary stories in order to expound on the question of the institutional cost induced by the “rural-urban dichotomy” and the fundamental systemic contradictions in China, as well as to discuss the rural reconstruction efforts that he has embarked on as an endeavor to resolve the systemic contradictions.
Story 1. The Story of the Zapatistas, the Masked Army: how the indigenous Indians have changed their ancient tradition of living in harmony with nature and are now “destroying” nature in order to farm and subsist.
Story 2. The Story of the “Straw-Hat Plot of Land”: how the poor peasants in Guizhou Province in southwest China are compelled to farm on steep slopes, showing that China does not have an overall strategy that takes care of the nation's environmental protection and sustainable development.
Story 3. The Story of “Enclosures”: how the grave traffic jams and air pollution in Beijing partly stem from a monopoly by the authorities over land and capital.
Story 4. The Story of Disease from Food: how food security is compromised with the excessive use of pesticide, chemical fertilizer, and heavy metal in farming and husbandry.
From the four cautionary stories is derived the Story of Rural Reconstruction, which the author has been engaged in, together with many volunteers, and which works for the integration of environmental protection and the reconstruction of rural culture. As Western-style modernization is not appropriate for China, which is superpopulous with extremely scarce resources, Chinese peasants should revive traditional patterns of small peasantry in growing grain and raising pigs at the same time and use natural energy conducive to environmental protection. Peasants should also organize themselves and, through collective effort and cooperative labor, transform human resources into social capital and use the surplus rural labor for changing the conditions of the villages. The James Yen Rural Reconstruction Institute (YIRR), set up in a village in Hebei Province, of which the author is the director, has been an experiment on self-reliant ways of development through the contribution of volunteers and villagers. Their production and daily life have been environmentally friendly, ecologically sound, and organically cyclical, in pursuit of sustainability.
Sustaining Jouissance: Commercial and Heian Modes of Intertextuality in Tanka by Tawara Machi
Authors: Brink Dean 
Published: December 2008

This essay argues that Tawara Machi's poetry both sustains the intertextual bias of classical court poetry and uses it to incorporate some of the most ubiquitous texts of our age: advertising and other consumer discourse. Tawara's reinvention of contemporary tanka is based on the application of the conventional matrices of associations in classical poetic language to contemporary consumer-oriented intertexts. Foregrounding intertextuality provides a means of gauging premodern and modern texts in terms of multiple modes of textuality, canons, and cultural assumptions in Japanese verse.
Roland Barthes's analysis of fashion discourse provides a specific critical apparatus for situating Heian poetics and consumer discourse on common ground. I borrow his insights on how classes of commodities and language concerning their uses enter into creative cross-referencing, in a way that resembles how premodern tanka attributed qualities according to seasonal and other (formally and informally) classifiable associations. While the Heian mode forms the template, Tawara's poetics is shown to operate in precisely this ahistorical consumer mode, passively absorbing and reflecting dominant media-projected attitudes.
While thematically arranged, usually in sequences more or less centered on romantic entanglements, these poems reflect the rational, national, industrial capitalist environment and its totalizing effects. Critical lines of escape are left only in the force of fresh juxtaposition of words and consumer items, thus providing a contained sandbox for aesthetic play without endangering corporate decorum and sponsorship.
A running theme in her tanka is the ever-elusive partner in love, a motif providing the basis for the building up toward an always-deferred satisfaction, jouissance. By alluding to Heian serial relationships, she aestheticizes alienation from her partners on her dates. By echoing classical matrices of seasonal words, poetic places, and conventional associations in all stages of romance, her accounts of consumer objects carry their own advertised associations as well as a reified canonical force.
Thus her verses expand the intertextual modality in premodern Japanese poetry seamlessly into consumer culture, and one must examine the subject being reproduced here. Slavoj Žižek is helpful in understanding the appearance of passivity in her positioning. Jouissance, in Žižek's Lacanian usage, is used to understand the mechanism by which Tawara personally and socially excuses herself from having to engage her material in a more critical way that would alter rather than simply reflect her media- and advertising-defined environment. Jouissance is the key to her postponement of personal intimacy as well as public involvement and, ultimately, to understanding her ahistorical poetics.
A Highly Efficient Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Based on a Triarylamine-functionalized Ruthenium Dye
Authors: Jin Zhengzhe , Masuda Hideki , Yamanaka Noriyo , Minami Masaki , Nakamura Tsutomu , Nishikitani Yoshinori 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A new ruthenium dye with an electron donating triarylamine ligand, J8, has been synthesized as a highly efficient sensitizer for a dye-sensitized solar cell, giving an overall conversion efficiency of 7.2% in the preliminary tests.
Oxidation Mechanism of Diesel Particulate Matter in Plasma Discharges
Authors: Kodama Satoshi , Yao Shuiliang , Yamamoto Shin , Mine Chieko , Fujioka Yuichi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The oxidation mechanism of diesel particulate matter (PM, carbon is the main component) in plasma discharges is investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetry. XPS analysis results showed that the ratio of sp2 carbon decreased and the ratio of sp3 carbon increased after plasma discharge; while the ratio of sp2 carbon increased and the ratio of sp3 carbon decreased after reacting in O3 atmosphere without plasma discharge.
Identification of Sulfonic Phthalocyaninatozinc Isomers
Authors: Jiang Zhou , He Wenyi , Wang Jian , Chen Naisheng , Huang Jinling 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A combination of UV–vis, HPLC, and NMR methods was used to identify isomers of mono- and disulfonic phthalocyaninatozinc, which provides a good reference for isomer research of such compounds.
Rapid Formation of Silver Shells on Gold Nanorods in a Micellar Solution of Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Okuno Yoshifumi , Nishioka Koji , Nakashima Naotoshi , Niidome Yasuro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Rapid chemical reduction of silver ions forming silver shells on gold nanorods was realized in a micellar solution of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. It was shown that the stable bilayers of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide on gold surfaces contributed to retard the chemical reduction of silver ions on the gold surfaces.
Efficient Panchromatic Sensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2-based Solar Cells Using 2-Pyridinecarboxylate-substituted Ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Funaki Takashi , Yanagida Masatoshi , Onozawa-Komatsuzaki Nobuko , Kasuga Kazuyuki , Kawanishi Yuji , Sugihara Hideki 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes containing a 2-pyridinecarboxylate ligand (1 and 2) were synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The solar cells containing 2 exhibited efficient panchromatic sensitization over the entire visible wavelength range, extending into the near-IR region. An overall solar light-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 9.66% was achieved under standard air mass (AM) 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2). This efficiency was superior to that of black dye (9.58%) under the same cell fabrication and measuring procedure.
Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in nucleotide excision repair and genotoxicity in response to As(III) and Pb(II)
Authors: Li Ju-Pi , Wang Chun-Yu , Tang Yen-An , Lin Yun-Wei , Yang Jia-Ling 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Arsenic and lead can induce genetic injuries and epigenetic signaling pathways in cultured mammalian cells. To test whether signaling pathways affect the extent of genetic injuries, we explored the impacts of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK) on nucleotide excision repair (NER), cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity following sodium arsenite [As(III)] and lead acetate [Pb(II)]. Sustained ERK activation was observed in human cells exposed to As(III) and Pb(II). As(III) inhibited the cellular NER synthesis capability; conversely, Pb(II) stimulated it. ERK activation contributed to the As(III)-induced NER inhibition and micronucleus formation. In contrast, this signal was required for inducing cellular NER activity and preventing mutagenesis following Pb(II). ERK activation by Pb(II) was dependent on protein kinase C (PKCα) that also exhibited anti-mutagenicity. Enforced expression of ERK signaling markedly elevated the cellular NER activity, which was suppressed by As(III). Nonetheless, ERK activation could counteract the cytotoxicity caused by these two metals. Together, the results indicate that pro-survival ERK signaling exhibits dual and opposing impacts on NER process following As(III) and Pb(II) exposures. The findings also suggest that ERK is an important epigenetic signaling in the determination of metal genotoxicity.
Water and Polymer Quenching of Aluminum Alloys: A Review of the Effect of Surface Condition, Water Temperature, and Polymer Quenchant Concentration on the Yield Strength of 7075-T6 Aluminum Plate
Authors: Sarmiento Gustavo Sánchez , Bronzini Carlos , Canale Antonio Carlos , Canale Lauralice C. F. , Totten George E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Cold water is perhaps the most common quenchant used for heat treatable aluminum alloys. In many situations, excessive distortion and cracking problems require the use of a less severe quenchant such as hot water or a Type I aqueous polymer quenchant. However, when these alternative quenching media are used, the distortion improvement achieved is typically accompanied by a corresponding loss of strength. This paper will provide an overview of cold versus hot water quenching and the potential use of Type I polymer quenchants. The potential use of quench factor analysis to aid in quenchant media selection and corresponding property prediction is reviewed and applications are demonstrated. The often dramatic impact of the surface condition of aluminum on quenching performance and properties achieved will also be included in this review.
Influence of Film Thickness on the Permeation Resistance Properties of Unsupported Glove Films
Authors: Schlatter CN , Miller DJ 
Published: December 2008

Permeation data, where available to date, cover only one style in any product line. Most unsupported glove product lines are made in several styles, generally differing in thickness. This is a report on an investigation of the effects of these differences in thickness on measured permeation properties.
Five typical industrial chemicals were tested: aniline, dimethylformamide (DMF), hexane, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and toluene. Film specimens were made in thicknesses of about 15 mils and about 25 mils from each of five unsupported glove formulations. Two of these formulations are available commercially as Edmont 29-series neoprene and Sol-Vex nitrile gloves; the other three were experimental butyl latex systems. All the tests were run in duplicate using apparatus and procedures from the ASTM Test for Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to Permeation by Hazardous Liquid Chemicals (F 739-81). The collecting medium was a continuous stream of dry nitrogen, sampled at intervals with a gas sampling valve. The samples were passed through the analytical column of a Gow-Mac gas Chromatograph and detected by flame ionization detection (FID).
For 3 of the possible 25 combinations of chemicals and protective films, no break throughs were observed. In 5 others, the chemical did not breakthrough the film soon enough or in sufficient quantity to provide complete data on the effects of film thickness. For 10 combinations, the change in thickness had a much greater effect on breakthrough time than on permeation rate. In only 6 cases did an increase in thickness reduce the measured steady-state permeation rate, and the breakthrough time was increased for 5 of these. One case was an anomaly, since the thicker specimen had a longer breakthrough time but a higher rate measurement. Repeat tests confirmed this anomaly.
We conclude that a change in thickness is more likely to affect breakthrough time than steady-state permeation rate.
Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure Hazards in the Use of Chemical Protective Clothing—An Overview
Authors: Mansdorf SZ 
Published: December 2008

Occupational exposure of the skin to toxic chemicals is a recognized health problem. The magnitude of the problem is evidenced by the fact that dermatitis is the major occupational disease in the United States. Perhaps more important, the occurrence of a dermatitis of unknown etiology may be indicative of a more serious and insidious systemic exposure. Very little research has been published on the significance of dermal exposures as they relate to the incidence of occupational disease from toxic chemicals. This is evidenced by the lack of any published standards or recommendations for “safe” levels of skin exposure to most toxic chemicals.
The majority of workers having a potential for skin contact with hazardous materials are protected by utilizing some form of chemically resistant clothing or gloves. These applications range from simple latex gloves to totally encapsulating suits. However, the selection, use, and maintenance of these protective garments have largely been determined empirically. More important, the commonly accepted belief that most rubber garments are “impermeable” has been recently dispelled through the development and use of standard resistance tests by ASTM and others. It is now known that most chemical protective clothing has some level of permeation to toxic chemicals. Additionally, a steady-state rate of release, with the garment base material acting as a toxic reservoir, is possible. The author has termed this phenomenon “matrix release.” The question therefore arises, “What is an acceptable level of dermal exposure?” Obviously, many variables will distinguish the level of risk to the worker. These include the toxicity of the chemical or chemicals, permeability through the skin, location of the exposure site, rate and extent of contact, synergistic or additive effects of other routes of exposure, and other factors. Confounding the evaluation of an acceptable level of skin exposure to toxic chemicals are the pragmatic questions of the effects of reuse, situations requiring entry into atmospheres in which no dermal contact is acceptable, and the potential effects of garment failure.
Pragmatically, the previously discussed assessment criteria must be scrutinized within cost/benefit constraints. These constraints, plainly expressed, could be the choice between using a $2 glove that leaks a little or a $12 glove that leaks a little less.
This paper suggests a need for 1) a series of recommended dermal exposure levels within the framework of atmospheric exposure limits and 2) a field-validated method to measure exposure quantitatively inside the protective garment or glove.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Decontamination of Fire Fighter Turnout Gear
Authors: Ashley KC 
Published: December 2008

This study addresses two key issues: (1) a decontamination methodology to remove polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminants from fire fighter protective clothing and (2) application techniques for various types of protective clothing, so as to minimize damage to the garments subjected to the decontamination process. The occupational exposure situations evaluated include fire fighting, organic chemical manufacturing, and fueling of liquid fuel rockets. Removal efficiencies of up to 99+% for PCBs have been achieved using a Freon solvent technique.
With respect to physical damage to the garment, a tumble wash action proved satisfactory for rugged garments (that is, fire fighter turnout gear).
A surface spray-flush action in an enclosed chamber was required for butyl-covered fabric-type construction. The latter type of garment had internal construction and hardware items that tended to cause wear points and fabric gouging when subjected to tumbling action. Some protective clothing fabrics proved unsuitable for the Freon solvent because of plasticizer removal.
These decontamination techniques were originally developed to remove radioactive contaminants from protective clothing worn in the nuclear utility and radioactive materials industries. The Freon-based decontamination system is a closed system that flows solvent across the fabric surfaces; the solvent is “cleaned” using filtration, adsorption, and partial distillation. Removal of solvent and vapors from the garments and cleaning chamber is achieved by mechanical refrigeration.
Do Test Methods Yield Meaningful Performance Specifications?
Authors: Holcombe BV , Hoschke BN 
Published: December 2008

There is an urgent need for standards to evaluate the protection against intense heat afforded by textile materials. But there is equally a need to look carefully at where and how they should be applied. In most intense heat exposure accidents in which fires or explosions are involved, the bulk of the energy incident on the victim is in the form of radiant heat. Convective heat tests are subject to a number of problems that create uncertainty in the interpretation of test data, and in many instances, high-intensity radiation tests would provide the information required.
The performance requirements for each application should be carefully considered. In some occupations, it is more important that other risks, such as heat exhaustion, be given higher priority in the setting of garment performance requirements. Protective clothing can reduce the risk of injury but cannot guard against all hazards.
Where the test exposure exceeds about 10 kW/m2, a mandatory pass-fail screening, consisting of a simple mechanical rigidity assessment following exposure, should be included. This eliminates materials that maintain a rigid char until the moment deformation is applied.
It is important not to misinterpret test results. Test methods are essentially a means of ranking performance, whereby the heat transfer of materials can be compared under similar conditions, and a measure of the degradation obtained under those conditions. They ought not to be regarded as duplicating real-life exposures.
New Test Method for Determination of Emissivity and Reflection Properties of Protective Materials Exposed to Radiant Heat
Authors: Schleimann-Jensen A , Forsberg K 
Published: December 2008

A new test method has been developed for rapid testing of protective materials' behavior when exposed to infrared IR radiation. The test equipment uses an IR thermometer, which, without contact with the test specimen, calculates the surface temperatures by measuring the IR radiation emitted from the object. The thermometer is updated every ¼ s.
Several protective materials have been studied, and emissivity has been measured from 0.1 to 1.0. Reflection has been calculated from 0.0 to 0.9. Dynamic temperature measurements have been performed on the “cool” side of the protective material when the other side was suddenly exposed to radiant heat. The results show great differences for various protective materials.
The authors conclude that the method has a capacity that makes it possible to select radiant heat protective clothing materials. The method is also useful for dynamic temperature measurements, showing the time required to heat and cool the material. Four types of dynamic heat behavior were observed when the whole heating and cooling phase was measured.
This method should be discussed as a standard method by ASTM Committee F-23 on Protective Clothing.
Advances in Flame-Retardant Safety Apparel
Authors: Mischutin V , Brown D 
Published: December 2008

The paper discusses recent advances in fabrics used for flame-retardant work wear in those occupations in which people are exposed to open flames, flammable materials, hot molten substances, and high intensity currents.
Some of these work wear needs are currently satisfied by fabrics made of inherently flame-resistant fibers or topically treated 100% cotton or wool. However, these fabrics do not fully satisfy the requirements of some critical professions.
New technology has now been developed to economically flame retard 100% cotton fabrics suitable for use by foundry workers and polyester/cotton fabrics for use in other occupations.
In addition to fire retardancy, fabrics can also be made water-repellent and oil-repel-lent with good properties for easy care and shrinkage resistance, which makes them attractive to some fashion-conscious professions.
Incendiary Behavior of Electrostatic Spark Discharges from Human Beings
Authors: Wilson N 
Published: December 2008

An examination has been made of the critical voltages on the body for the ignition of the most easily ignitable mixtures of methane and air and of hydrogen and air by electrostatic spark discharges from the body to earthed electrodes of optimum dimensions.
At normal temperatures, the critical body voltages for the ignition of methane and hydrogen are 5.5 and 1.3 kV, respectively. The effects on the critical body voltage of increasing the temperature of the gas and the electrode independently to up to 80°C indicate that the primary factor controlling the ignition of methane is the temperature of the electrode, which in the present work is the cathode. An increase in the temperature of the electrode generally causes a fall in the critical body voltage. With the electrode at 80°C, the lowest voltage on the body for an ignition is 4.8 kV.
An increase in the gas and electrode temperatures has little effect on the critical body voltage at which hydrogen is ignited, the lowest value remaining at 1.3 kV.
The author suggests that the importance of the electrode rather than the gas temperature on the critical body voltage, particularly with methane, arises from the effects of electron emission at the electrode on the incendiary behavior of the gas, but this needs to be confirmed.
Manufacturing of Welded Polyblock Turbine Rotors for Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Plants; Optimization of the Steel Grade; Effect of Impurities
Authors: Pisseloup J , Poitrault IS , de Badereau A , Bocquet PG 
Published: December 2008

Le Creusot Heavy Forge has been manufacturing low-pressure (LP) disks and shaft ends for 1300-MW nuclear power plants. These forgings, in weldable 1.8Cr-1Ni-0.8Mo steel, are welded by Alsthom Atlantique.
With the aim of improved quality, homogeneity of mechanical properties, hardenability, and weldability, this metallurgical research has been carried out: 1. Optimization of the steel grade (the effect of silicon, manganese, and molybdenum). 2. The influence of tempering and stress relief treatment parameters. 3. The effect of impurities.
These studies have led the Steel Melting Shop of Creusot-Loire Factory to invest in a high-performance process of steelmaking: the heating ladle refining process. This new process has had spectacular results that have been confirmed by investigations on cut-up industrial forgings.