bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rooming‐in for preterm infants: How far should we go? Five‐year experience at a tertiary hospital
Authors: DE CARVALHO GUERRA ABECASIS FRANCISCO , GOMES ANTÓNIO 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the rate of rooming‐in among preterm infants born in a tertiary hospital. Methods: We reviewed the records of all preterm infants born at our hospital during a 5‐y period, 2000 to 2004. Results: Of the 18953 neonates born at our institution during this time, 1356 (7.2%) were <37 wk gestational age. Considering only preterm infants with birthweight 1500 g, 806 (74.1%) stayed with their mothers and 282 (25.9%) were admitted to the NICU. Of all the preterm infants that initially stayed with their mothers, 42 (5.2%) needed to be transferred to the NICU. When we stratified these preterm infants according to birthweight, we found that 29% of those <1750 g were transferred to the NICU, compared to only 5% of those 1750 g. Conclusion: Our study supports the idea that the majority of preterm infants, especially those with birthweight <1750 g, can safely remain near their mothers at all times during hospital stay, with both clinical and financial benefits. Neonates with birthweight <1750 g should be evaluated carefully to decide whether rooming‐in is the best option. Rooming‐in should be encouraged in preterm infants.
Patent ductus arteriosus in extremely preterm infants receiving phototherapy: Does shielding the chest make a difference? A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Travadi Javeed , Simmer Karen , Ramsay James , Doherty Dorota , Hagan Ronald 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), a common complication in extremely preterm infants, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Phototherapy has been associated with PDA, and one randomized, control trial has shown that shielding of the chest may decrease the risk of PDA. Aim: To examine if chest shielding reduces the incidence and severity of PDA in extremely preterm infants. Study design: Randomized clinical trial of infants < 29 wk gestation (stratified into two groups: <27 wk gestation and 27–28 wk gestation). Methods: Following written parental consent, eligible infants were randomized to receive phototherapy, with or without a chest shield. Ductal parameters were assessed by Doppler echocardiogram in all infants prior to starting phototherapy and at 48 h after initiation, or earlier if phototherapy was discontinued. Results: 54 infants were enrolled in the study. The incidence of PDA (shield 19/27 vs no shield 21/27), ductal size (1.4 vs 1.0 mm) and left atrial/aortic root (LA/Ao) ratio (1.2 vs 1.3) were similar in the two groups pre‐phototherapy. There was no difference between the groups post‐phototherapy in incidence (shield 12/27 vs no shield 13/27), ductal size (1.4 vs 1.5 mm) or LA/Ao ratio (1.1 vs 1.3). Conclusion: Chest shielding did not alter the incidence or severity of PDA in our population of extremely preterm infants.
Autoantibodies linked to autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I are prevalent in Down syndrome
Authors: SÖDERBERGH ANNIKA , GUSTAFSSON JAN , EKWALL OLOV , HALLGREN ÅSA , NILSSON TOMAS , KÄMPE OLLE , RORSMAN FREDRIK , ANNERÉN GÖRAN 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Background: Patients with Down syndrome are prone to autoimmune diseases which also occur in the recessive disease autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I). Since this disease is caused by mutations in the gene AIRE on chromosome 21, one might speculate that altered expression of AIRE contributes to autoimmune disease in Down syndrome. Aim: To study the prevalence of 11 well‐defined autoantibodies, five of which are specific for APS I, associated with various manifestations of APS I in patients with Down syndrome. Methods: Sera from 48 patients with Down syndrome were analysed. Autoantibodies against 21‐hydroxylase, 17α‐hydroxylase, side‐chain cleavage enzyme, aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, cytochrome P4501A2, tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, tyrosine phosphatase IA‐2 and transglutaminase were analysed using an immunoprecipitation assay, and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies were measured using a haemagglutination assay. Results: Seven of 48 patients had elevated titres of autoantibodies: one against 21‐hydroxylase, three against aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, one against cytochrome P4501A2, one against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and one against tyrosine phosphatase IA‐2. None of the patients had clinical or laboratory signs of disease coupled to the respective autoantibody. Conclusion: Four patients with Down syndrome had autoantibodies hitherto regarded as unique for APS I, which may suggest a dysregulation of AIRE.
Maternal cigarette smoking and breastfeeding duration
Authors: Giglia Roslyn , Binns Colin W. , Alfonso Helman 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Aim: To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and breastfeeding duration at 2 wk, 6 mo, and longer. Methods: Design. A 12‐mo longitudinal study. Setting. Two public maternity hospitals in the Perth metropolitan area (Western Australia). Subjects. Eligible mothers of healthy newborn infants. Interventions. Participants completed a self‐administered baseline questionnaire while in hospital or shortly after discharge. All women regardless of their chosen infant feeding method were followed up by telephone interview at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 wk postpartum. Main outcome measures. Prevalence of breastfeeding at 2 wk, 2 wk to 6 mo and >6 mo in women who smoked during pregnancy, and breastfeeding duration. Results: Women who smoked during pregnancy had a lower prevalence and shorter duration of breastfeeding than non‐smoking mothers (28 vs 11 wk, 95% CI 8.3–13.7). This effect remained even after adjustment for age, education, income, father's smoking status, mother's country of birth, intended duration of breastfeeding >6 mo and birthweight (risk ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.22–2.08). Conclusion: Women who smoke during pregnancy are at greater risk of not achieving national and international targets for breastfeeding. Encouraging smoking cessation in the antenatal setting is an area for considerable public health gain.
The impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Júlíusson Pétur Benedikt , Graue Marit , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Søvik Oddmund 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Aim: To study the impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy on health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: 31 children and adolescents with poorly regulated type 1 diabetes (mean HbA1c 10.4%, SD 1.8), mean age 14.4 (1.5) y (range 9.7–17.1) and mean diabetes duration of 6.8 (3.2) y (range 1.3–14.6) were consecutively assigned to CSII therapy. Data for generic (CHQ‐CF87) and diabetes‐specific quality of life (DQOL) were obtained before initiating pump therapy and twice during 15 mo of treatment. HbA1c, BMI and episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis were recorded over 15 mo prior to and 15 mo during pump therapy. Results: Analysis showed improvements on the family activity scale (p=0.041) and change in health score (p=0.042) (CHQ‐CF87). Mean HbA1c decreased from 10.4% (1.8) to 9.0% (0.9) after 3 mo, increasing to 9.6% (1.2) after 15 mo. The number of overweight and obese children increased from 4 and 2 before CSII, to 6 and 3 after 15 mo (IOTF criteria). There was a reduction in severe hypoglycaemia episodes from 43.8 to 5.2 per 100 patient years, but no change in ketoacidosis episodes. Conclusion: The degree of limitation experienced by families due to adolescents’ general health and well‐being was significantly reduced. Expected improvement in metabolic control and frequency of severe hypoglycaemia was observed.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism due to a thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene mutation (S505R)
Authors: POHLENZ JOACHIM , PFARR NICOLE , KRÜGER SILVIA , HESSE VOLKER 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Aim: To identify the molecular defect by which non‐autoimmune subclinical hyperthyroidism was caused in a 6‐mo‐old infant who presented with weight loss. Methods: Congenital non‐autoimmune hyperthyroidism is caused by activating germline mutations in the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene. Therefore, the TSHR gene was sequenced directly from the patient's genomic DNA. Results: Molecular analysis revealed a heterozygous point mutation (S505R) in the TSHR gene as the underlying defect. Conclusion: A constitutively activating mutation in the TSHR gene has to be considered not only in patients with severe congenital non‐autoimmune hyperthyroidism, but also in children with subclinical non‐autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
Preterm birth in Sweden: What are the average lengths of hospital stay and the associated inpatient costs?
Authors: RINGBORG ANNA , BERG JENNY , NORMAN MIKAEL , WESTGREN MAGNUS , JÖNSSON BENGT 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Aim: To provide estimates of the first‐year length of stay and inpatient costs of Swedish infants admitted for neonatal care by week of gestation and by birthweight; and to provide estimates of the length of stay and inpatient costs of delivering mothers during the ante‐ and postpartum period by week of gestation and birthweight of the infant. Methods: Population‐based registry study covering all live singleton deliveries in Sweden between 1998 and 2001 (n=336 136). First‐year hospitalizations of infants admitted for neonatal care 0–6 d after birth (n=24 583) were tracked, as were hospitalizations of mothers for whom the date of admission lay±1 mo from the date of delivery. Monetary values were assigned to each hospitalization using the Nord‐DRG classification system. Results: On average, preterm infants (GA<37 wk) had first‐year lengths of stay roughly four times as long as full‐term infants admitted for neonatal care (30 d vs 8 d, p<0.0001). The average first‐year length of stay of the extremely immature infants (GA 22–25 wk) was more than six times as long that of infants born at 34–36 wk (108 d vs 17 d, p<0.0001). Mothers delivering preterm had an average length of stay slightly more than twice as long (p<0.0001) as that of mothers of full‐term infants during the ante‐ and postpartum period. Conclusion: The estimated lengths of stay and costs may serve as reference values for a Swedish setting.
A diary approach to analysing young adults' drinking events and motivations
Authors: WILKS JEFFREY , CALLAN VICTOR J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCompleting a diary over two weeks, 201 young adults recorded each of their drinking events, and information about the context and their motivations for alcohol use. Males reported almost twice as many drinking events and three times the number of drinks over the two‐week period. At the same time, males and females mostly drank from Wednesdays to Sundays, with the majority of beer, wine and spirit consumption being between 4 p.m. and midnight. Most drinking occurred in mixed‐sex peer groups, and the next greatest in family gatherings. Males mostly drank beer, while females chose either wine or spirits. Most drinking was in bars or at home. Males tended to drink for a wider range of reasons. The advantages of using prospective diaries in studies of young adults' alcohol use are discussed.
Alcohol consumption patterns of women in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: CORTI BILLIE , BLAZE‐TEMPLE DEBRA , HOWAT PETER , BINNS COLIN , RADALJ TONY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA survey of women aged 18–64 living in Perth in February 1987 showed that a prospective alcohol consumption diary measured a higher level of consumption (9.3%) than did a retrospective alcohol consumption diary. According to the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH) guidelines for safe and responsible drinking, 11.2% of women drank alcohol at hazardous levels (14 + drinks per week). Although on an overall weekly basis there was no significant association between age and consumption level, drinking patterns varied on a daily basis according to age. The current study may provide a conservative estimate of the percentage of women at risk. The reasons for this underestimation and the implications are discussed, together with the need to develop health promotion messages based on drinking patterns.
Consumption and advertising of alcoholic beverages in Australia, 1969‐86
Authors: SMITH D. IAN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption per adult (≥15 years old) and expenditure on alcohol advertising per adult in Australia for the 18 years from 1969 to 1986. In addition, analyses were made of the extent to which annual changes in consumption were related to annual changes in advertising. The results showed that at the macro or aggregate level, alcohol advertising appeared to have little or no effect on alcohol consumption. By contrast, the level of consumption was positively related to the level of advertising 42 months later. In the very short term, an increase in consumption was followed by a decrease in advertising, and vice versa. The Australian results were found to be consistent with a large number of overseas studies which failed to find that alcohol advertising increased total consumption, although the advertising may have affected brand and beverage preferences. Attention is drawn to a number of methodological issues relevant to the study, and in particular the need for evaluation studies of specific advertising campaigns.
Data collection in studies of life events and the harmful use of alcohol
Authors: GORMAN D. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlthough stressful life events have been found to play a role in the development of a number of physical and psychiatric disorders, the research into their influence upon the harmful use of alcohol has been inconsistent. The published studies are reviewed in terms of the methods employed in data collection. It is concluded that a true test of the hypothesis that life events play an aetiological role in the development of the harmful use of alcohol has yet to be carried out, since valid and reliable techniques have not been used in assessing both life events and the onset of harmful use in any one study. Alternative procedures are suggested for use in future research.
Labelling alcoholic drinks: percentage proof, original gravity, percentage alcohol or standard drinks?
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , HONIG FRANCES 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDrivers who wish to stay ‘under the limit’, problem drinkers wishing to control their drinking and literally anyone who drinks alcohol and is concerned about their health are all increasingly exhorted to monitor their alcohol intake by counting ‘standard drinks’ (each containing 8–14 g, depending on the country in question). Unfortunately, the evidence presented in this paper suggests that this system permits many errors. In particular, it requires two assumptions to be met: (1) that drinks of the same beverage type (i.e. beer, wine, fortified wine or spirits) normally contain the same percentage of alcohol by volume; and (2) that people serve, or are served, alcoholic drinks in standard serves. It is shown that in practice the strength of drinks available for sale of a given beverage type varies widely and that ‘atypical’ strengths form a significant proportion of alcohol sales. Furthermore, whether drinking occurs in a private residence or on licensed premises, it is usual for quantities greater than the supposed Australian standard of 10 g to be served. In practice, most people are unaware of the strengths of different beverages or the rough equivalences between them. Even if they are taught the standard drink system, they cannot make allowances for ‘atypical’ variations in strength. It is suggested these problems could be readily overcome if all alcohol containers were labelled in terms of standard drinks. The benefits of such a labelling system are discussed with regard to health promotion, accident prevention and the accuracy of surveys of alcohol use.
The watering down of Australia's health policy on alcohol
Authors: HAWKS D. V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe draft National Health Policy on alcohol in Australia, prepared by the Alcohol Sub‐Committee of the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy and presented to that Council in November 1987, is compared to that approved by Ministers at their meeting in March 1989. Attention is directed to those policies and strategies which were substantially altered from the draft document and which, it is argued, represented the policy's most significant recommendations. The role of the alcohol industry in effecting these changes is speculated upon.
Alcohol and human performance
Authors: GLENCROSS DENIS J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present paper presents a comprehensive review of studies concerned with the effects of alcohol on human performance. It attempts to review the studies within the framework of the information processing model. The effects of alcohol on information processing and transmission rates, sensory and perceptual processes, motor‐control processes, attentional processes, and cognitive processes are described and discussed. It is proposed that such a processes analysis of human performance is a useful vehicle to describe the specific effects of alcohol. From the review it is concluded that much of the evidence from simple task description is equivocal. However, when information load is increased, when the stimulus‐response incompatibility increases, and when the number of competing information processes occur in ‘parallel’, then a strong, consistent and coherent pattern of performance deterioration is associated with alcohol consumption.
Drinking and cognitive impairment: current concepts and controversies
Authors: CLIFFORD CHRISTINE A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe study of drinking and cognitive impairment has been very popular. Over the past 15 years much work has been conducted examining the specific characteristics of alcohol‐related impairment, concurrent morphological changes and the process itself. Numerous theories have been advanced and progress has been made in a number of areas. However, at the present time the area is undergoing a period of re‐evaluation. It is clear that if there is an association between alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment, there are a multitude of ‘other factors’ which need to be controlled for, before one can maintain that observed impairment is indeed a result of alcohol consumed.
Relapse prevention and management
Authors: ALLSOP STEVEN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe prevention and management of relapse has become a central theme in the research and literature of the addiction behaviours. The major focus of this work has been on identifying relapse precipitants and equipping clients with appropriate coping strategies. Such a focus either ignores or plays down the importance of the individual's decision‐making processes: both the quality of the initial decision to change and the role of decision‐making in any return to the behaviour are essential ingredients of an understanding of relapse. In reviewing the process of relapse within a context of ‘giving up addiction behaviour’, a model can be developed with clear clinical implications. This model emphasizes the role of decision‐making interacting with a client's resources and coping skills. The paper includes a summary examination of a clinical programme based on this model.
Cue exposure in the treatment of drug dependence: the potential of a new method for preventing relapse
Authors: HEATHER NICK , GREELEY JANET 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCue exposure has been used successfully in the treatment of neurotic disorders. Its application to the treatment of drug dependence is founded on the premise that craving for drugs can become classically conditioned to internal and external drug‐related cues and that such conditioned craving responses play an important part in relapse to drug use. This article reviews the theoretical background for the use of cue exposure, research on cue reactivity in samples of drug‐dependent persons and the role of cue reactivity in relapse. What evidence exists on the clinical effectiveness of cue exposure is reviewed in some detail and a number of clinical issues relating to its practical application are discussed. It is concluded that controlled trials of the effectiveness of cue exposure treatment for drug dependence should be implemented without further delay.
Mass media and the prevention of drug problems: a psychological appraisal
Authors: O'CONNOR JOHN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is often assumed that the mass media are capable of exerting great influence over large sections of their audience. In fact, to achieve anything like mass persuasion, certain conditions need to be met. The mass media can be a powerful influence if directed at emergent trends or attitudes, or in reinforcing behaviour that is being shaped by other forces. Messages to stop, curtail, or engage in new behaviours which run counter to prevailing norms will be ineffective without instruction and access to the means for change within an integrated system approach. It is crucial that the target population is segmented to receive tailored messages to which each group will be optimally receptive. The ‘stage of change’ a drug user is in is likely to be of particular importance.
Curious, bored and wanting to feel good: the drug use of detained young offenders
Authors: HOWARD JOHN , ZIBERT ERNIE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe drug use and related perceptions of 292 young offenders, 94% of those resident in the nine detention centres operated by the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Family and Community Services, were surveyed. The average age of the detainees was 16.3 years and 90.1% were male. Illicit drug use had commenced about 2 years after the use of non‐medicinal, but licit substances, and nearly 25% had used drugs from nine or more drug groupings. Alcohol (94.8%), analgesics (94.5%) and nicotine (92.4%) were the drugs most used, with 86.6% having used cannabis, 53.3% stimulants, 48.5% inhalants, 40.5% hallucinogens and 25.8% narcotics. The major reasons given for use were: wanting to feel good, curiosity and boredom. Familial drug use was common and heroin was perceived as the drug most dangerous to both body and mind. The results are discussed and suggestions made regarding appropriate services for adolescents, as most surveyed did not or would not use those which exist.
A study of an alcohol advertisement for low alcohol beer
Authors: McLAUGHLIN K. L. , SMITH D. I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA study was undertaken to measure the blood alcohol levels (BALs) of five men and five women after they had consumed seven middies of Emu 2.2 (2.2% alcohol by volume) beer in 1 hour. This study was conducted in response to a newspaper advertisement which depicted a well‐known football player drinking seven middies of Emu 2.2 beer over 1 hour and registering a BAL of 0.012%. As predicted, the BALs of the ten adults varied considerably, but all greatly exceeded the very low result obtained by the football player. More importantly, from the point of view of road safety, all ten BALs exceeded the 0.02% probationary driver limit in Western Australia, and two of the BALs were above the 0.05% legal limit for driving in several other Australian states.