bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super‐simple resolvable balanced incomplete block designs with block size 4 and index 2
Authors: Zhang Xiande , Ge Gennian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe necessary conditions for the existence of a super‐simple resolvable balanced incomplete block design on v points with block size k = 4 and index λ = 2, are that v ≥ 16 and $v \equiv 4\; (\bmod\; {12})$. These conditions are shown to be sufficient. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 341–356, 2007
A Class of 2‐(3n7, 3n−17, (3n−17−1)/2) Designs
Authors: Tonchev Vladimir D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGeneralized Hadamard matrices are used for the construction of a class of quasi‐residual nonresolvable BIBD's with parameters $2\hbox{-}(3^{n}7, 3^{n-1}7, (3^{n-1}7-1)/2), n\ge 2$. The designs are not embeddable as residual designs into symmetric designs if n is even. The construction yields many nonisomorphic designs for every given n ≥ 2, including more than 1017 nonisomorphic 2‐(63,21,10) designs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 460–464, 2007
Low doses of ethanol and hypoxia administered together act synergistically to promote the death of cortical neurons
Authors: Genetta Thomas , Lee Ben H. , Sola Augusto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe majority of clinically relevant injuries to the developing brain are increasingly being recognized as the result of a combination of least two insults. Evidence from epidemiologic and clinical studies suggests that many of these insults do not cause injury in and of themselves. Rather, they act as predisposing factors (pre‐conditioning cytotoxic factors, such as chronic ethanol consumption), increasing the susceptibility to a second, injury‐producing (precipitating), unfavorable event (such as hypoxia‐ischemia). In this study we make use of primary neuronal cultures to test, in a reproducible system, this two‐hit hypothesis. We show that, when administered in combination, low levels of two clinically important environmental insults, hypoxia and ethanol, despite having minimal effects on their own, can act synergistically produce a significant degree of neuronal injury. We further show that one indicator of apoptotic cell death, activated caspase 3, undetectable in neurons subjected to low levels of either insult alone, is detectable when they are administered together. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling the neurovascular niche: VEGF‐ and BDNF‐mediated cross‐talk between neural stem cells and endothelial cells: An in vitro study
Authors: Li Qi , Ford Millicent C. , Lavik Erin B. , Madri Joseph A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) exist in vascularized niches. Although there has been ample evidence supporting a role for endothelial cell‐derived soluble factors as modulators of neural stem cell self‐renewal and neuronal differentiation there is a paucity of data reported on neural stem cell modulation of endothelial cell behavior. We show that co‐culture of NSCs with brain‐derived endothelial cells (BECs) either in direct contact or separated by a porous membrane elicited robust vascular tube formation and maintenance, mediated by induction of vascular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of vascular VEGFR2 and TrkB by NSC NO. Nitric oxide (NO) scavengers and sequestration of VEGF and BDNF blunted this induction of tube formation, whereas addition of exogenous NO donor, rBDNF and rVEGF rescued the induction of tube formation. Further, rBDNF enhanced NSC eNOS activation and NO generation, suggesting an inducible positive feed‐back signaling loop between NSCs and BECs, providing for homeostasis and responsiveness of the resident NSCs and BECs comprising the neurovascular niche. These findings show the importance of reciprocal modulation of NSCs and BECs in induction and maintenance of the neurovascular niche and underscores their dynamic interactions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2′, 3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase cells derived from transplanted marrow stromal cells and host tissue contribute to perineurial compartment formation in injured rat spinal cord
Authors: Cao Qiong , Ding Peng , Lu Jia , Dheen S. Thameem , Moochhala Shabbir , Ling Eng‐Ang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTransdifferentiation of transplanted marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and reactive changes of glial cells in a completely transected rat spinal cord were examined. Marrow stromal cells exhibited 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) at the plasma membrane and this has allowed their identification after transplantation by immunoelectron microscopy. In the control rats, the lesion site showed activated microglia/neural macrophages and some elongated cells, whose cytoplasm was immunoreactive for CNP. Cells designated as CNP1 and apparently host‐derived expressed CXCR4. In experimental rats receiving MSCs transplantation, CNP1 cells were increased noticeably. This was coupled with the occurrence of a different subset of CNP cells whose plasma membrane was CNP‐immunoreactive and expressed CXCR4. These cells, designated as CNP2, enclosed both myelinated and unmyelinated neurites thus assuming a spatial configuration resembling that of Schwann cells. A remarkable feature was the extensive ramifications of CNP1 cells with long filopodia processes delineating the CNP2 cells and their associated neurites, forming many perineurial‐like compartments. Present results have shown that CNP2 cells considered to be MSCs‐derived can transform into cells resembling Schwann cells based on their spatial relation with the regenerating nerve fibers, whereas the CNP1 glial cells participate in formation of perineurial compartments, probably serving as conduits to guide the nerve fiber growth. The chemotactic migration of CNP cells either derived from host tissue or MSCs bearing CXCR4 may be attracted by stromal derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) produced locally. The coordinated cellular interaction between transplanted MSCs and local glial cells may promote the growth of nerve fibers through the lesion site. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive effects of treatment for childhood cancer
Authors: Butler Robert W. , Haser Jennifer K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe review research on the neuropsychological effects that central nervous system (CNS) cancer treatments have on the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents. The authors focus on the two most common malignancies of childhood: leukemias and brain tumors. The literature review is structured so as to separate out earlier studies, generally those published prior to 1995, as opposed to manuscripts that have been published within the past decade. This is an important distinction for both leukemia and brain tumors. Earlier studies were ground breaking in that they began to map out what could be expected in terms of intelligence and academic problems in survivors of pediatric malignancies. Survivorship in this population has and continues to markedly increase and this is largely due to changes in treatment protocols. Research on neurocognitive effects of disease and treatment in pediatric oncology has become increasingly sophisticated, and this literature review not only reflects this trend, but highlights the growing collaboration between neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and neuro‐imaging. Thus, our goal was to provide a historical foundation, lead the reader towards the progression of research methodology up to the current state of the art, and perhaps most importantly, discuss future directions. These directions are especially relevant to the concepts of remediation and treatment of cognitive problems, and this is emphasized at the conclusion of the review. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:184–191. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sickle cell disease as a neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Schatz Jeffrey , McClellan Catherine B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) is a blood disorder; however, the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the organs frequently affected by the disease. Brain disease can begin early in life and often leads to neurocognitive dysfunction. Approximately one‐fourth to one‐third of children with SCD have some form of CNS effects from the disease, which typically manifest as deficits in specific cognitive domains and academic difficulties. We discuss SCD as a neurodevelopmental disorder by reviewing the mechanisms of neurological morbidity in SCD, the timing of these mechanisms, the types of cognitive and behavioral morbidity that is typical, and the interaction of social‐environmental context with disease processes. The impact of the disease on families shares many features similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders; however, social‐environmental factors related to low socioeconomic status, worry and concerns about social stigma, and recurrent, unpredictable medical complications can be sources of relatively higher stress in SCD. Greater public awareness of the neurocognitive effects of SCD and their impact on child outcomes is a critical step toward improved treatment, adaptation to illness, and quality of life. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:200–207. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of cold‐induced stress on rat bladder tissue contractility and histomorphology
Authors: Demir Aslan , Önol Fikret Fatih , Ercan Feriha , Tarcan Tufan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effects of cold‐induced stress on bladder tissue histomorphology and contractility in a rat model.MethodsEighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Control group (Group 1), acute cold‐stress group (Group 2, kept at +4°C for 8 hr), and chronic cold‐stress group (Group 3, kept at +4°C for 4 hr/day for 21 days). At the end of protocols, histological examination of general bladder tissue morphology and determination of mast cells was performed. Organ bath studies were conducted at basal tone where contractile responses to 120 mM potassium, electrical field stimulation (EFS), and carbachol (10−9–10−4 M) were assessed. Relaxation responses to EFS, isoproterenol (10−9–10−4 M), papaverine plus sodium nitroprusside (10−4 M each) were recorded in carbachol pre‐contracted strips. All data were compared by one‐way ANOVA test.ResultsGroup 1 revealed regular bladder mucosa with intact urothelium. Groups 2 and 3 showed degeneration of urothelium with accumulation of neutrophils and significantly increased number of mast cells in both mucosa and muscularis. Mast cell counts were significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2. Contractile responses to 120 mM potassium and EFS were significantly greater in the control group compared to other groups. Carbachol caused dose‐dependent contractions that were significantly higher in the control group (at 10−5, 3 × 10−5, and 10−4 M doses). There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of relaxation responses.ConclusionsIn vivo cold exposure induces significant bladder injury and decreased tissue contractility. Mechanistic pathways involved in the response of the urinary bladder to cold‐induced stress need further investigation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:296–301, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A logarithmic‐exponential backward‐Euler‐based split of the flow rule for anisotropic inelastic behaviour at small elastic strain
Authors: Svendsen Bob 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA basic aspect of modern algorithmic formulations for large‐deformation hyperelastic‐based isotropic inelastic material models is the exponential backward‐Euler form of the algorithmic flow rule in the context of the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. Advantages of this approach in the isotropic context include the exact algorithmic fulfilment of inelastic incompressibility. The purpose of this short work is to show that such an algorithm can be formulated for anisotropic inelastic models as well under assumption of small elastic strain, i.e. for metals. In particular, the current approach works for both phenomenological anisotropy as well as for crystal plasticity. The major difference between the current and previous approaches lies in the fact that the elastic rotation is reduced algorithmically to a dependent internal variable, resulting in a smaller internal variable system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fixed‐mesh Eulerian–Lagrangian approach for stress analysis in continuous casting
Authors: Fachinotti Víctor D. , Cardona Alberto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present a method for the analysis of the strains and stresses developed in the solidified portion of a metal strand during the continuous casting process. Steady‐state conditions are assumed. The solidified metal is modelled as a standard inelastic solid with isotropic hardening and von Mises yield criterion. Constitutive equations are formulated over the material particles (Lagrangian approach) that instantaneously occupy a fixed domain attached to the casting machine, which is discretized (Eulerian approach). Particle tracking, needed to record the deformation history at each fixed sampling point, becomes trivial because of the usual hypothesis of constant and homogeneous advection velocity. Backward‐Euler (implicit) finite differences and mixed finite elements are used for time and spatial discretization, respectively. The resulting non‐linear algebraic equations are solved using the Newton–Raphson method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of lithium salt and poly(4‐vinyl phenol) on crystalline and amorphous phases in poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Lin Jia‐Hsien , Woo E. M. , Huang Yin‐Ping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEffects of a strong‐interacting amorphous polymer, poly(4‐vinyl phenol) (PVPh), and an alkali metal salt, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), on the amorphous and crystalline domains in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, up to 10% of the total mass) led to enhanced Tg's, but did not disturb the miscibility state in the amorphous phase of PEO/PVPh blends, where the salt in the form of lithium cation and ClO anion was well dispersed in the matrix. Competitive interactions between PEO, PVPh, and Li+ and ClO ions were evidenced by the elevation of glass transition temperatures and shifting of IR peaks observed for LiClO4‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. However, the doping distinctly influenced the crystalline domains of LiClO4‐doped PEO or LiClO4‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. LiClO4 doping in PEO exerted significant retardation on PEO crystal growth. The growth rates for LiClO4‐doped PEO were order‐of‐magnitude slower than those for the salt‐free neat PEO. Dramatic changes in spherulitic patterns were also seen, in that feather‐like dendritic spherulites are resulted, indicating strong interactions. Introduction of both miscible amorphous PVPh polymer and LiClO4 salt in PEO can potentially be a new approach of designing PEO as matrix materials for electrolytes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3357–3368, 2006
Effective use of differential scanning calorimetry in reactive chemicals hazard evaluation
Authors: Frurip David J. , Elwell Tim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDSC (differential scanning calorimetry) is one of the most commonly applied thermal stability testing methodologies in reactive chemicals hazard evaluation. This is certainly because of many factors, including the relative low cost of the equipment, rapid turnaround time of experiments, small sample size, ease of interpretation, relative accuracy of the calorimetric results, and the wide range of temperatures over which a DSC can operate. Traditionally DSC is mainly used as a screening method used to identify possible energy release hazards, which may require further, more sophisticated testing to elucidate and quantify the actual hazard. Practitioners have learned to maximize the information obtainable from DSC testing. This article highlights how DSC is applied to routine day‐to‐day hazard screening and summarizes the collective knowledge of Dow in this area for over 20 years. Some applications discussed include: recognizing thermal events from peak shape, high energy materials, chemical compatibility, and eliminating unnecessary testing. Also presented are examples of the limitations of DSC and examples where it should not be used. Finally, this article discusses how DSC may be used to estimate reaction kinetics by quantitative thermokinetic modeling. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Infant growth modelling using a shape invariant model with random effects
Authors: Beath Ken J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractModels for infant growth have usually been based on parametric forms, commonly an exponential or similar model, which have been shown to fit poorly especially during the first year of life. An alternative approach is to use a non‐parametric model, based on a shape invariant model (SIM), where a single function is transformed by shifting and scaling to fit each subject. In the model a regression spline is used as the function, with log transformation of the data and a simplification of the SIM, obtained from the relationship with the exponential model. All subjects are fitted as a nonlinear mixed effects model, allowing the variation in the parameters between subjects to be determined. Methods for the inclusion of covariates in growth models based on SIM are developed, with parameters for time independent covariates included in the model by varying either the shape, the size parameter or the growth parameter and time‐dependent co‐variates included by transforming the time axis, to either increase or decrease the growth rate dependent on the co‐variate, similar to methods used for accelerated failure‐time models. The model is used to fit weight data for 602 infants, measured from 0 to 2 years as part of the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) trial, and to determine the effect of breastfeeding on infant weight. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of interactivity in the Linux 2.6 scheduler and an MLFQ scheduler
Authors: Torrey Lisa A. , Coleman Joyce , Miller Barton P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe implemented a simple multilevel feedback queue scheduler in the Linux 2.6 kernel and compared its response to interactive tasks with that of the new Linux 2.6 scheduler. Our objectives were to evaluate whether Linux 2.6 accomplished its goal of improved interactivity, and to see whether a simpler model could do as well without all of the special cases and exceptions that the new Linux 2.6 scheduler acquired. We describe the two algorithms in detail, report their average interactive response times under different kinds of background workloads, and compare their methods of deciding whether a task is interactive. The MLFQ scheduler performs comparably to the Linux 2.6 scheduler in all response time tests and displays some inadvertent improvements in turnaround time, while avoiding the complex task of explicitly defining interactivity. We maintain an inverse relationship between priority and time slice length, and this seems to be the primary reason that the MLFQ remains simple, yet performs comparably to the Linux 2.6 scheduler. These results may provide some guidelines for designers of new scheduling systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ablego: a function outlining and partial inlining framework
Authors: Zhao Peng , Amaral José Nelson 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrequently invoked large functions are common in non‐numeric applications. These large functions present challenges to modern compilers not only because they require more time and resources at compilation time, but also because they may prevent optimizations such as function inlining. Often large portions of the code in a hot functionfhostare executed much less frequently thanfhostitself. Partial inlining is a natural solution to the problems caused by includingcoldcode segments that are seldom executed intohotfunctions that are frequently invoked. When applying partial inlining, a compileroutlinescold statements from a hot functionfhost. After outlining,fhostbecomes smaller and thus can be easily inlined. This paper presentsAblego, a framework for function outlining and partial inlining that includes several innovations: (1) an abstract‐syntax‐tree‐based analysis and transformation to form cold regions for outlining; (2) a set of flexible heuristics to control the aggressiveness of function outlining; (3) several possible function outlining strategies; (4)explicit variable spilling, a new technique that overcomes negative side‐effects of function outlining. With the proper strategy, partial inlining improves performance by up to 5.75%. A performance study also suggests that partial inlining's effect on enabling more aggressive inlining is limited. The performance improvement from partial inlining actually comes from better code placement and better code generation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A style for integrating MS‐Windows software applications to client–server systems using Java technology
Authors: Lin Jim‐Min , Hong Zeng‐Wei , Fang Guo‐Ming , Lee Che‐Tai 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDeveloping software systems by integrating the existing applications/systems over the network has become an established and practical technique. The Microsoft (MS) Windows operating systems today support a huge number of software applications. If these commercial applications could be transformed to software components, this may accelerate the construction of new components. This paper proposes an architectural style to support a three‐phase process for integrating MS‐Windows applications in a distributed system using Java technologies. This style provides a solution with clear documentation and sufficient information that is helpful for the rapid integration of MS‐Windows applications. Finally, an exemplary graphical construction part management system that assembles two MS‐Windows applications was developed in this study to demonstrate the feasibility of this style. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomic configuration and recovery in a mobile agent‐based distributed event monitoring system
Authors: Tripathi Anand R. , Kulkarni Devdatta , Talkad Harsha , Koka Muralidhar , Karanth Sandeep , Ahmed Tanvir , Osipkov Ivan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper we present a framework for building policy‐based autonomic distributed agent systems. The autonomic mechanisms of configuration and recovery are supported through a distributed event processing model and a set of policy enforcement mechanisms embedded in an agent framework. Policies are event‐driven rules derived from the system's functional and non‐functional requirements. Agents in the network monitor the system state for policy violation conditions, generate appropriate events, and communicate them to other agents for cooperative filtering, aggregation, and handling. A set of agents perform policy enforcement actions whenever events signifying any policy violation conditions occur. Policies are defined using a specification framework based on XML. The policy enforcement agents interpret the policies given in XML. We illustrate the utility of this framework in the context of an agent‐based distributed network monitoring application. We also present an experimental evaluation of our approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient deletion method for a minimal prefix double array
Authors: Yata Susumu , Oono Masaki , Morita Kazuhiro , Fuketa Masao , Aoe Jun‐ichi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA minimal prefix (MP) double array is an efficient data structure for a trie. The MP double array only requires a small amount of space and enables fast retrieval. However, the space efficiency of the MP double array is degraded by deletion. This paper presents a fast and compact adaptive deletion method for the MP double array. The presented method is implemented with C. Simulation results for English and Japanese keys show that the adaptive method is faster than the conventional method and maintains higher space efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.