bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapeutics of the Newer Tetracyclines
Authors: Aronson Arthur L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The newer tetracyclines are defined as those tetracyclines available in the United States but not approved for veterinary use. These include demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. Of these, doxycycline and minocycline appear to offer advantages that would render them useful in certain situations in veterinary medicine. Their major advantage lies in their greater lipid solubility relative to other tetracyclines. This characteristic probably accounts for their enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness for some organisms, more efficient absorption after oral administration, and enhanced distribution in the body. The principal excretory organ for doxycycline is the intestine, where the drug diffuses through the intestinal mucosa into the intestinal tract. This unique characteristic makes this drug useful in cases of preexisting renal dysfunction and may render this drug superior to other tetracyclines in the treatment of intestinal infections. Doxycycline is used in other countries for respiratory tract and intestinal tract diseases of poultry. The usefulness of doxycycline and minocycline in food-producing animals may be limited because of persistent drug residues. Minocycline has, in large doses, been used with streptomycin in the elimination of the carrier state of canine brucellosis. The superiority of doxycycline and minocycline, relative to other tetracyclines, in their distribution to areas of the body such as the eye, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and prostate gland suggests that trials of their efficacy in tetracycline-sensitive infections of these areas are indicated. Pharmacokinetic studies designed to determine optimal dosage schedules have not been made for domestic animals. These determinations are necessary to evaluate most effectively the usefulness of the newer tetracyclines in veterinary medicine.
Distribution of Antimicrobial Agents in Normal and Diseased Animals
Authors: Baggot J. Desmond 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antimicrobial agents are distributed throughout the body by the circulating blood and must reach the focus of infection to exert their action; the majority are excreted unchanged in the urine. Extensive (> 80%) binding to serum proteins (mainly albumin) reduces the fraction of drug which is free in the serum and which consequently is available to enter other tissues. It may either hinder or facilitate elimination, depending on the mechanism of the process. Lipid solubility is the principal physicochemical property of an antimicrobial agent which influences the pattern and extent of distribution, as well as the rate of elimination. Abnormal pH reaction of extracellular fluid can, by changing degree of ionization, alter drug distribution. When comparing the apparent volume of distribution of a drug between normal and diseased animals, the apparent steady-state distribution volume (Vd(ss)) is the only meaningful term as it is independent of elimination processes. This term may be considered in conjunction with the apparent volume of the central compartment (Vc) and the individual rate constants (k12, k21, kel) of the pharmacokinetic model.
When renal function is impaired, elimination of drugs which are excreted mainly by the kidneys is decreased. This necessitates an appropriate adjustment of the dosage regimen. Reduced serum protein binding (mostly organic acids), resulting from hypoalbuminemia (nephrotic syndrome) or the uremic state (chronic renal failure), will increase the free, unbound fraction of drug that is available for extravascular distribution. Based on limited evidence, it appears that fever increases the steady-state distribution volume of antimicrobial agents without changing the apparent volume of the central compartment and the total body plasma clearance. The increased distribution volume associated with the febrile response might be attributed to an enhanced capacity to penetrate cellular barriers. It may be tentatively concluded that the response to therapy, which depends on an effective concentration of drug being achieved and maintained at the focus of infection, should be favorably influenced by the febrile state.
Drug Selection and Use in Mastitis: Systemic vs Local Therapy
Authors: Ziv G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The optimal properties of antibacterial drugs, (administered parenterally or intracisternally during clinical mastitis) required for achieving and maintaining effective drug concentrations at the site of infection are reviewed. The in vitro sensitivity of the udder pathogen, expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of the drug, and the physicochemical properties of the antibiotic are major determinants in the duration of effective drug concentrations in the udder.
Injectable oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol possess limited im bioavailability properties, and therefore, should be administered iv. Effective passage of drug from blood into the udder is best achieved with the macrolide antibiotics, but the antibacterial spectra of these drugs are limited to gram-positive pathogens.
For intramammary treatment, drugs that are distributed throughout the udder and are quickly absorbed into the general blood circulation should be preferred. A second priority should be given to those drugs possessing more limited distribution characteristics. Some of the most active drugs in vitro are poorly and unevenly distributed in the udder and are absorbed only to a limited extent.
Availability and Usage of New Antibacterial Drugs in Europe
Authors: Ziv G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The present-day availability and usage of established and new antibacterial drugs approved for clinical and therapeutic purposes in food-producing animals and poultry in the United States and Europe were compared. Presently, 42 such drugs are approved in Europe, 13 of which were approved since Dec 31, 1974. In the United States, 17 such drugs are currently approved, only four were approved since Dec 31, 1974. Most drug products approved in Europe contain two or more antibacterial agents, whereas most of the products approved in the United States are single drug entities.
Drugs approved in Europe but not in the United States include sulfonamide and trimethoprim combinations, nafcillin, oxacillin, metampicillin, cephoxazole, cephalonium, cephacetrile, cephalexin, gentamicin, rifamycin SV, nifuroquine, tiamulin, chloramphenicol, colistin, and polymyxin B. Pharmacologic and clinical features of several of these drugs are briefly described.
Safety Assessment of Drug Residues
Authors: Jackson Benjamin A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The safety assessment of drug residues is part of the process for defining the conditions for the safe use of drugs in food-producing animals. The information needed to assess the safety of drug residues is provided by chemical and toxicity tests. Toxicity tests are conducted to identify the type of effect produced and to determine the exposure concentrations that would be expected not to produce the effect. These tests include acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity tests, as well as reproduction studies and other special tests. The results are used to find an acceptable daily intake for drug residues that can be used to set a tolerance.
Statistical Considerations in Clinical Field Evaluation of Drugs
Authors: Powers J. D. , Powers T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Statistical problems associated with clinical field evaluation of drugs are many. The Food and Drug Administration requires that the safety and efficacy of a drug must be shown in adequate and well-controlled clinical investigations. From a statistical point of view, safety and efficacy must be precisely defined, and a quantitative method must be developed to measure these properties. It is proposed that efficacy be defined in both the therapeutic and pharmacologic aspects. Further, to measure therapeutic efficacy, it is suggested that an appropriate health index be used. This index would provide information regarding degree of improvement and also the time course of improvement. To measure or evaluate pharmacologic efficacy, it is suggested that kinetic studies be done to compare half-lives, volumes of distribution, and any other relevant kinetic parameter(s).
Toxicity and Drug Interactions of Levamisole
Authors: Hsu Walter H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical signs and lesions of levamisole toxicosis include: nausea, vomiting, increased salivation, frequent urination and defecation, colic, dizziness, headache, muscle tremors, ataxia, anxiety, hyperesthesia with irritability, clonic convulsions, depression, rapid respiration, dyspnea, prostration, collapse, hemorrhages in the subepicardium and thalamus, enteritis, hepatic degeneration and necrosis, and splenic congestion. Most of these signs and lesions are similar to those observed in nicotine poisoning. Levamisole causes vasopressor and panting effects which are blocked by ganglionic blocking agents hexamethonium and mecamylamine but are not blocked by atropine. The vasopressor effect of levamisole is blocked by α-adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and dibenamine; however, the respiratory effect of levamisole is not affected by these α-adrenergic antagonists. Repeated iv injections of levamisole cause a tachyphylactic response. With levamisole-induced tachyphylaxis, the effects of other ganglionic stimulants dimethylpiperazinium and nicotine are also abolished. Levamisole causes an electroencephalographic arousal which is antagonized by atropine sulfate and mecamylamine. There is also a structural similarity of levamisole to nicotine. These studies suggest that levamisole is a nicotine-like compound. Possible treatment of levamisole poisoning is discussed. Drug interactions of levamisole with organophosphates and anthelmintics, eg, pyrantel, methyridine, and diethylcarbamazine, are also discussed.
Chemotherapeutic Management of Transmissible Venereal Tumors in 30 Dogs
Authors: Brown Nancy O. , Calvert Clay , MacEwen E. Gregory 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty dogs with transmissible venereal tumors were examined either at The Donaldson-Atwood Cancer Clinic of The Animal Medical Center or at The University of Georgia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. After biopsy, all dogs were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Results of therapy were evaluated after a mean interval of 533 days; 28 had complete regression of tumor, 1 had a partial response, and 1 had a minimal response.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs
Authors: Lissman Barry A. , Benach Jorge L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infection with rickettsiae of the spotted fever group was clinically and serologically diagnosed in four dogs from two households on Long Island. In two dogs, clinical signs included high fever (to 40.5 C), abdominal pain, lethargy, depression, anorexia, and nystagmus. One of these dogs had conjunctivitis and petechial hemorrhages in the oral mucous membranes. The third dog initially had high fever, evidence of abdominal pain, anorexia, and depression. The fourth dog appeared clinically normal. Clinical signs disappeared following treatment with tetracycline given orally.
Gapeworm Infection of Domestic Cats in Puerto Rico
Authors: Cuadrado Ricardo , Maldonado-Moll José F. , Segarra Joaquín 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a survey of 40 adult cats in Puerto Rico, 13 (33%) were found to be infected with the gapeworm Syngamus (Mammomonogamus) ierei. Direct fecal smear and necropsy were the methods used to detect the infection. Fourteen adult worm pairs were collected in one cat; the average was four. Histologically, evidence of chronic inflammation was observed in the nasopharynx of infected cats.
The parasite occurs widely in the Caribbean region. It was concluded that the similarity of the gapeworm egg with those of hookworms and the recondite location of the adult gapeworm probably explain the lack of reports on the infection.
Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Findings in Four Cases of Bovine Endocarditis
Authors: Lacuata Alfredo Q. , Yamada Haruo , Nakamura Yokichi , Hirose Tsuneo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Surface limb lead electrocardiograms were recorded in four cases of endocarditis in dairy cows in which the clinical diagnosis was suggested by echocardiography, then later confirmed at necropsy. The electrocardiographic findings common to all cases were sinus tachycardia, right axis deviation (between −178 and −137 degrees); and a QRS complex of a QS variety, with an average amplitude of −0.7 mV and a mean duration of 0.06 second in lead II. These findings were not diagnostic of endocarditis.
Identification and Epidemiologic Significance of Nematodes in a Dairy Barn
Authors: Herd R. P. , Riedel R. M. , Heider L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a study on nematodes recovered from dairy barn mangers, stalls, calf pens, and exercise yards at The Ohio State University, over 99% of the nematodes were nonparasitic species of the family Rhabditidae. The only parasitic species recovered was Strongyloides sp, a rhabditoid nematode of minor clinical importance to adult cattle. These findings were in disagreement with widely publicized claims that adult dairy cattle in confinement are continuously exposed to trichostrongylids and that all cows should be routinely treated with anthelmintics.
Evaluation for Immune System Failures in Horses and Ponies
Authors: Perryman Lance E. , McGuire Travis C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Between January 1973 and September 1979, 2,092 horses and ponies were evaluated for immunologic disorders. A total of 418 abnormalities were detected in 416 (20%) of the animals tested. Disorders encountered were failure or partial failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer from mare to foal (228 cases), combined immunodeficiency (159 cases), selective immunoglobulin M deficiency (19 cases), agammaglobulinemia (3 cases), transient hypogammaglobulinemia (2 cases), and lymphosarcoma (7 cases).
Four conclusions were drawn from the study. (1) Immunologic abnormalities occur commonly in horses and ponies. (2) Failure and partial failure of passive transfer were the most common disorders, involving 19.7% of surveyed foals at risk. (3) Combined immunodeficiency remains a disease limited to Arabian horses. (4) Considering the high frequency of immunologic disorders in horses and the availability of diagnostic tests for the disorders, older animals with recurrent infections as well as all newborn foals should be evaluated for immune disorders.
Subepiglottic Cyst in Three Foals
Authors: Stick John A. , Boles Charles 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three foals with chronic cough, bilateral nasal discharge, and pneumonia were found to have a subepiglottic cyst as the inciting cause. Consistent findings were dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia, in addition to the abnormal respiratory noise usually found in the adult horse with a subepiglottic cyst. Histologic examination of the cysts suggested their origin was traumatic rather than embryonic.
Canine Tuberculosis
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Weitzman Irene , Johnson Gerald G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a survey of 15,272 canine necropsies, natural infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found to have been diagnosed in eight dogs (0.05%). Clinical findings were anorexia, loss of body weight, lethargy, vomiting, and leukocytosis; radiography revealed pleural and pericardial effusion, ascites, and hepatomegaly. Granulomatous lesions with acid-fast bacilli were consistently found. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from lesions in the lungs, liver, or lymph nodes of five dogs. All eight dogs had a history of contact with human patients with tuberculosis.
Evaluation of a Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Strain as a Replacement for Infectious Canine Hepatitis Vaccine
Authors: Bass E. P. , Gill M. A. , Beckenhauer W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modified live strain of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) was developed and evaluated as a replacement for infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus type 1; CAV-1) vaccines. In a genetic stability test, the vaccine strain remained nonpathogenic through five back passages in dogs and when given by the intranasal route. Following necropsy of 16 vaccinated dogs, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of CAV-2 infection were not observed. Results of virus isolation tests for various tissues from the same dogs were negative except for low viral infectivity titers for tonsillar tissue from two dogs and bronchial lymph nodes from one dog. Ninety seronegative dogs remained clinically normal following iv inoculation with the CAV-2 vaccine strain. Of 37 control dogs inoculated with a CAV-1 vaccine strain, 8 (21.6%) developed postvaccination ocular lesions. In an immunogenicity test, 20 vaccinated dogs remained clinically normal following CAV-1 challenge that killed all five susceptible control dogs. A second group of 20 vaccinates remained clinically normal following CAV-2 challenge that clinically affected all five susceptible control dogs. Postchallenge necropsy findings and results of virus isolation tests for tissues from the 40 vaccinates were negative. The vaccine strain (in various combinations with canine distemper and canine parainfluenza vaccine and Leptospira bacterin) was evaluated for safety in 19,323 dogs vaccinated by private practitioners. A total of 170 reactions, most of them minor and transient, were reported. Ocular lesions attributable to vaccination were not reported.
Diskospondylitis in Dogs
Authors: Kornegay Joe N. , Barber Don L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During a 3-year period, diskospondylitis was diagnosed in 32 dogs. The condition affected primarily large dogs, with males outnumbering females by approximately 2:1. Diagnosis was made principally by evaluation of radiographs, wherein various degrees of vertebral lysis, sclerosis, and spondylosis were seen.
Evaluation of titers for Brucella canis and bacterial cultures of blood, urine, and bone were used to identify the causative organism(s). Six of 24 dogs were seropositive for B canis, 21 of 26 dogs were blood culture-positive, 10 of 23 dogs were urine culture-positive, and 9 of 11 dogs were bone culture-positive. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism identified by cultures of blood, urine, and bone.
Antibiotic therapy alone and in combination with vertebral curettage was used to treat dogs with minimal neurologic dysfunction. Dogs with severe neurologic deficits were treated with curettage, hemilaminectomy, vertebral immobilization, and antibiotics.
Follow-up information was available for 29 dogs. Twenty dogs were clinically normal after treatment. Five dogs were euthanatized because of the severity of neurologic dysfunction; three of these dogs were not treated, and two deteriorated despite treatment. Three dogs died while hospitalized, and one dog died after discharge.
Repair of Digital Flexor Tendon Lacerations in the Horse, Using Carbon Fiber Implants
Authors: Valdez H. , Clark R. G. , Hanselka D. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Flexible medical grade carbon fiber was surgically implanted in tenectomized or lacerated superficial and deep digital flexor tendons of 13 horses (7 clinical cases and 6 experimental), ranging in age from 15 months to 10 years and weighing 300 to 500 kg. The 6 experimental horses were euthanatized at 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-day intervals for gross and histologic evaluation of the results. Three of the experimental horses served as their own controls. Of the 7 clinically affected horses, 3 were euthanatized because they developed laminitis or the wound failed to heal. The remaining 4 horses in that group were discharged; 3 returned to their previous activities, and 1 was unavailable for follow-up. Carbon fiber produced a structure of approximately the same size and function as a normal tendon. Histologically, the fibroblasts and collagen fibers organized and aligned themselves in the early stages of healing. The implants appeared grossly and histologically to produce a cosmetically acceptable, strong, and functional tendon.
Myocarditis Induced by Parvoviral Infection in Weanling Pups in the United States
Authors: Mulvey James J. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Haskins Mark E. , Jezyk Peter F. , Taylor H. Wayne , Eugster A. Konrad 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a nationwide survey from January 1978 through September 1979, acute parvovirus-induced myocarditis was identified in 76 of 147 (52%) pups in 19 litters. The affected pups were from 12 states. Birth of all pups registered with the American Kennel Club during this period increased during the spring months, peaking in May, which was correlated in 4 to 8 weeks with the greatest number of cases in the study. Serologic data available for 4 dams, for 6 of their surviving pups, and for 3 contact pups indicated that all had been exposed to parvovirus. In 2 kennels, cases of acute myocarditis were preceded within 2 months by cases of severe gastroenteritis in older litters on the same premises.
Miracidia Hatching Technique for Diagnosis of Canine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Goff W. L. , Ronald N. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method of processing feces with subsequent hatching of Heterobilharzia americana eggs was found to be preferable to saline sedimentation for the diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis. The feces were filtered and washed in 3 changes of 0.85% NaCl solution. The remaining sediment was flooded with distilled water to promote the hatching of viable eggs. Miracidia were subsequently observed, which confirmed infection in naturally infected raccoons and experimentally infected dogs.
A Pasteurella sp Associated with Respiratory Disease in Captive Desert Tortoises
Authors: Snipes K. P. , Biberstein E. L. , Fowler Μ. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bacteria isolated from captive healthy desert tortoises were compared with bacteria from captive tortoises with respiratory illness and with bacteria from free-ranging tortoises from the Mojave Desert. Major differences were not observed among these groups when bacteria from the mouth, nares, trachea, lungs, and cloaca were compared.
Frequently encountered organisms in all 3 groups included: coagulase-negative, catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci; Corynebacterium sp; members of Enterobacteriaceae, including Proteus spp; and a bacterium apparently belonging to the genus Pasteurella. The Pasteurella sp was consistently found to be associated with respiratory lesions in captive tortoises with signs of respiratory disease but was also found to be part of the gastrointestinal and nasal flora of healthy tortoises. It was hypothesized that respiratory disease in captive desert tortoises involves a commensal bacterium with the potential to be an opportunistic pathogen when the tortoise is stressed by a captive environment.
Contagious Streptococcal Lymphadenitis in Cats
Authors: Swindle Μ. Μ. , Narayan O. , Luzarraga Μ. , Bobbie D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A Lancefield group G β-hemolytic streptococcus was isolated from a group of laboratory cats with acute lymphadenitis of the head and neck and systemic signs of sepsis. The infection appeared to be transmitted by the oral route and was experimentally reproduced in cats after the isolant was inoculated by oral and subcutaneous routes.