bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE TESTIS OF DOGFISH (SQUALUS ACANTHIAS)
Authors: SIMPSON T. H. , WRIGHT R. S. , HUNT S. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Incubation of the testis of S. acanthias with [4-14C]progesterone led to the formation of labelled testosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, Reichstein's substance S, 20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 17α,20β,21-tri-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. Additional compounds obtained from other incubations were 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one and 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. Each of these compounds was identified by chromatography and by formation of suitable derivatives.
The formation of 21-hydroxylated steroids does not necessarily imply that 21-hydroxylation normally takes place in the testis tissue; it may merely reflect the presence of spermatozoa with their associated enzymes.
There is slight evidence of seasonal variation in the steroid-modifying capacity of the dogfish testis.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF THE GOAT KID AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: TINDAL J. S. , YOKOYAMA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A quantitative study has been made of the effects of hypophysectomy on the growth of the young goat kid. Four pairs of castrated male twins and two pairs of intact female twins were used. The heavier member of each pair was hypophysectomized at the age of 25–39 days and animals were killed when 8½–9½ months old. Hypophysectomy significantly retarded the rate of body growth and prevented normal development of the ruminal mucosa. The thyroid glands of the hypophysectomized animals were more inactive than those of the controls, the adrenal cortices were less well developed, the livers were vacuolated, and in the females the uteri and vaginae were smaller. One of the two hypophysectomized females was found to be an intersex, with 'ovaries' composed of testicular tissue, while the ovaries of the other hypophysectomized female contained Graafian follicles.
3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE IN THE FOETAL MOUSE LEYDIG CELL
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five male foetal mice were killed daily from the 11th day of gestation until term, the 21st day. Sections of testis from every animal were incubated with three steroid substrates to demonstrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase histochemically. The substrates were (1) 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone), (2) 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone), and (3) 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA). With pregnenolone as substrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrable from the 11th day, when the testis is first histologically recognizable, until the end of gestation. Using 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, no 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was present in the foetal testis. With DHA as substrate weak activity was first seen in the testis of the 15-day foetal mouse, and increased steadily thereafter. These findings are thought to support the concept of substrate-specific 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
EFFECT OF LUTEAL HORMONE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONES IN PSEUDOPREGNANT RATS
Authors: CROSS B. A. , SILVER I. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A polygraphic recording method was used to study unit activity in the hypothalamus (mainly the lateral hypothalamic area) and thalamus (mainly N. anteroventralis and N. ventralis) in adult female rats under light urethane anaesthesia.
The percentage of hypothalamic neurones excited by mechanical probing of the cervix in rats, 7–11 days pseudopregnant, was only one-fourth of that previously observed in cyclic rats, and a fourfold increase was procured by removing the pseudopregnant ovaries before commencing unit recording. In the ovariectomized rat initially responsive hypothalamic neurones ceased to be excited by cervix stimuli 30 min. after the i.v. injection of 400 μg. progesterone and regained their responsiveness in 1 hr.
Only small differences were recorded in the percentage of hypothalamic neurones excited by pain or cold stimuli on the tail in cyclic, pseudopregnant and ovariectomized pseudopregnant rats. There was likewise little change in the small percentage of neurones inhibited by the test stimuli in the presence or absence of pseudopregnant ovaries.
The percentage of thalamic neurones excited by cervical stimuli in pseudopregnant rats was not depressed below that of ovariectomized animals. The findings are thought to indicate that exogenous or endogenous progesterone selectively depresses the excitation of hypothalamic neurones by stimuli from the genital tract.
A COMPARISON OF THE HEAT STABILITY OF LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR AND HUMAN THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: McGIVEN A. R. , ADAMS D. D. , PURVES H. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Studies of the heat stability of a human antibody against thyroglobulin showed that after heating at 70° for 10 min. its potency was reduced to 2% of the initial value. Similarly, the potency of a preparation of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) was reduced to significantly less than 10% by this treatment, whereas the potency of a human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) preparation was reduced only to 45%, with a lower fiducial limit of 26% for P = 0·05.
It is concluded that LATS is less stable to heat than is TSH. LATS did not differ from the antibody in heat stability.
THE EFFECTS OF THE DURATION OF TREATMENTS WITH OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE HORMONAL INDUCTION OF MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION IN THE GOAT
Authors: COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , HOSKING ZENA D. , NAITO M. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of the duration of hormonal treatments for inducing mammary growth and lactation were studied in ovariectomized goatlings. The injection periods were 35, 70 or 140 days for each of three hormone treatments. Treatment H: hexoestrol (0·5 mg./day); treatment HP: hexoestrol (0·5 mg./day) and progesterone (70 mg./day) and treatment HHP: treatment H for the first 40% of the period followed by treatment HP for the rest of the period. One half-udder was removed from each goat at the end of the injection period for histological examination, i.e. just before milking was started, and the other half after the peak of lactation had been attained.
In general the longer the injection period the sooner were peak milk yields obtained, the interval from the beginning of the injection period to the peak yield ranging from 32 to 41 weeks. With treatment H the best yields were obtained from goats treated for only 35 days, the best yields with treatment HP were from goats treated for 140 and 70 days. On the basis of the total milk yield for the first 24 weeks of lactation, the treatment giving the highest yields was HP for 140 days; then, in descending order of efficacy, came HP for 70 days, H for 140 days, H for 35 days, HHP for 140 days, HHP for 70 days, H for 70 days, HHP for 35 days and HP for 35 days.
With the exception of treatment H for 140 days, in which lactogenesis was induced during the injection period, the half-udders removed at the peak of lactation were significantly heavier than their contralateral halves removed before milking was started. Considerable growth of glandular tissue had occurred during lactation, i.e. after the hormonal treatments had ended. It is presumed that this growth is the result of the milking stimulus acting by way of the anterior pituitary; since the goats were ovariectomized ovarian hormones cannot have been involved.
THE DAILY ADRENAL RHYTHM IN EQUATORIAL AMERINDIANS
Authors: SIMPSON H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The circadian rhythm of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) excretion in Europeans and Equatorial Amerindians has been compared. The precise daily habits of the Equatorial Amerindians did not result in a more marked rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion. Amerindian men and women excreted much less 17-OHCS than their European counterparts; the difference is still substantial when body weight is taken into consideration. The rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion in Amerindians had a minimum and maximum corresponding to their early reveille and bedtime confirming the importance of environmental stimuli in setting the timing of the rhythm.
HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND RELAXIN ON GLYCOGEN, AMYLOPHOSPHORYLASE, TRANSGLYCOSYLASE AND URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN TRANSFERASE IN UTERI OF MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) The effects of combinations of oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin on glycogen content, and on amylophosphorylase, transglycosylase and uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen glucosyl transferase activities in the corpus uteri of intact and ovariectomized virgin mice were investigated by histochemical techniques.
(2) Glycogen and the enzyme activities were localized to myometrial and arterial muscle fibres, mobilized leucocytes when present, and luminal and glandular epithelium. Transglycosylase activity was not found in glandular epithelium and no information was obtained about UDPG-glycogen synthesis in epithelium or in leucocytes; otherwise the distribution of the three activities appeared to be similar.
(3) In untreated ovariectomized mice no glycogen was detected in vivo and phosphorylase activity was low. In untreated intact mice little histochemically detectable glycogen was found in myometrial muscle at any stage of the cycle and almost no UDPG-synthesized glycogen; amylophosphorylase activity appeared to be increased during pro-oestrus and oestrus.
(4) Oestrogen produced increased amounts of glycogen in vivo and stimulated phosphorylase activity in both muscle layers in intact and ovariectomized mice; UDPG-glycogen synthesis was probably also increased.
(5) Relaxin had no detectable effect on myometrial glycogen or on phosphorylase activity in non-primed ovariectomized mice, but both were increased when relaxin was given to oestrogen-primed ovariectomized mice or to intact mice at pro-oestrus or oestrus. Only small increases were detected in UDPG-glycogen synthesis.
(6) In both intact and ovariectomized oestrogen-primed mice progesterone had a differential action on the two layers of the myometrium: it increased both glycogenolysis and phosphorylase activity in the longitudinal fibres, but inhibited phosphorylase activity in the circular fibres without resulting in glycogen synthesis in vivo. Results on UDPG-glycogen synthesis were inconclusive. Simultaneous administration of relaxin prevented the inhibitory action of progesterone on glycogen and phosphorylase activity in the circular muscle layer and UDPG-glycogen synthesis was also high in these mice.
(7) No consistent effects of the hormones were detected on glycogen or enzyme activities in arterial muscle.
(8) The histochemical tests visualized total phosphorylase activity but gave no information about hormonal influence on phosphorylase a and b ratios.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A BOVINE GROWTH HORMONE PREPARATION
Authors: WALLACE A. L. C. , SOBEY W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The NIH-B2-GH preparation of ox growth hormone (GH) was separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into six fractions. Five of these fractions when assayed in hypophysectomized rats showed GH activity ranging in potency from 0·25 to 2·5 times the starting material. Growth activity could not be correlated with the concentration of any single component revealed by starch gel electrophoresis.
Antisera produced to NIH-B2-GH had antihormone activity and produced two precipitin lines in Ouchterlony diffusion tests. One of these lines was associated with serum γ-globulin and was shared by all five fractions. The other line was present in only two of the fractions, and these contained the more anionic components.
It is suggested that the more cationic growth-active components present in bovine and ovine GH preparations do not readily produce precipitating antibodies and that this may complicate the results of precipitin and gel diffusion tests when heterogeneous GH preparations have been used to prepare the antisera.
3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE OVARY
Authors: FERGUSON M. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Sections of ovaries from 30 Swiss white mice were incubated with ten steroid substrates to demonstrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity histochemically. The substrates were: (1) 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone), (2) 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone), (3) 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA), (4) 3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (androstenediol), (5) 3β-sulphoxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone sulphate), (6) 3β-sulphoxy-17α-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate), (7) 3β-sulphoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA sulphate), (8) 3β-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone acetate), (9) 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA acetate), and (10) 3β-acetoxy-17β-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (androstenediol acetate).
Pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, DHA and androstenediol gave a colour reaction in the corpora lutea, interstitial tissue, theca interna and stroma of all ovaries examined. The granulosa of many follicles, some thought to be atretic, also contained diformazan granules. 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone did not give as intense a reaction as the other free steroids.
No diformazan was deposited with DHA sulphate as substrate. Pregnenolone sulphate and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate were used by the same tissues as were the free steroids, although they were much less well utilized.
Utilization of 3β-acetoxy derivatives was similar to that of the free steroids.
AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE AFRICAN LUNGFISH (PROTOPTERUS SP.)
Authors: JANSSENS P. A. , VINSON G. P. , JONES I. CHESTER , MOSLEY W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cells set about the renal tributaries of the post-cardinal veins of lungfish displayed staining properties similar to those generally characteristic of adrenocortical tissue in tetrapod vertebrates. Furthermore, the reactions of these cells in the lungfish, during aestivation and in the free-living forms, after injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol or hydroxylase inhibitor, metyrapone (Metopirone, Ciba), paralleled those occurring in the adrenal cortex of a variety of animals after equivalent treatment. Tissue, separated from the kidney so as to contain these cells, was capable of converting, in vitro, progesterone to corticosterone whilst control renal tissue had this capacity to only a negligible degree. On these grounds, it is suggested that these cells, in cord-like groups of three to ten, situated by the post-cardinal veins between renal and peri-renal tissue are true adrenocortical cells. The arrangement and nature of these cells are very similar to the adrenocortical tissue of amphibians, particularly adult urodeles and developmental stages of anurans. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible pattern of the evolution of the adrenal gland.
THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL OR PROGESTERONE ON THE HAMSTER OVARY
Authors: GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A single injection of 0·25 mg. stilboestrol or 5 mg. progesterone at metoestrus (day 1) affected follicular development in the hamster ovary in different ways. Stilboestrol induced widespread follicular atresia but apparently did not interfere with the release of ovulating hormone at the end of the oestrous cycle. The atresia produced by stilboestrol appears to be mediated by changes in the levels of circulating gonadotrophin rather than by a direct effect on the ovary. This was demonstrated by injecting pregnant mare serum on day 1 of the cycle followed by stilboestrol treatment at various times thereafter. Under these circumstances the ovulation rate was only reduced below control values when stilboestrol was injected on day 1.
Progesterone given on day 1 of the cycle did not interfere with the maturation of healthy Graafian follicles but acted on the terminal stages of follicular growth by blocking ovulation. After a single injection of progesterone, the life span of antral follicles was prolonged to 8–9 days. The ovulation-inhibiting effects of progesterone given on day 1 of the cycle were overcome by the injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin on day 4. Thus, progesterone blocked ovulation indirectly by preventing release of ovulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.
The effects of shifting the single injection of stilboestrol or progesterone to the other days of the oestrous cycle are also considered.
ALDOSTERONE SECRETION BY DOGS DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASE OF GOLDBLATT HYPERTENSION
Authors: McCAA CONNIE S. , RICHARDSON T. Q. , McCAA R. E. , SULYA L. L. , GUYTON A. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The hypothesis that experimental renal hypertension results from increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been tested by determining aldosterone secretion in six dogs during the rising phase of pressure in Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertension was produced by placing a Goldblatt clamp on one kidney followed by removal of the second kidney. The animals were kept on a normal diet with a constant sodium and potassium content. The mean control blood pressure was 127 ± 6 (s.e.m.) mm. Hg and the pressure in the hypertensive stage 169 ± 5 mm. Hg. Control aldosterone secretion was 29·1 ± 7·0 μg./24 hr., but fell to 8·6 ± 1·1 μg./24 hr. in the 1st week after application of the clamp during which the arterial pressure was rising to hypertensive levels. After the blood pressure had reached its maximum value, the rate of aldosterone secretion had risen slightly to 14·5 ± 2·7 μg./24 hr. These results show that the rate of aldosterone secretion is not necessarily increased during the developing phase of benign renal hypertension.
THE GLUCOSE UPTAKE INDUCED IN RAT HEMIDIAPHRAGMS BY INSULIN IN THE PRESENCE OF HUMAN ALBUMIN
Authors: ASHTON W. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of glucose uptake induced in rat hemidiaphragm by insulin in the presence of albumin was tested to examine whether synalbumin-insulin antagonism is distributed as a continuous or trimodal variable. The results are consistent with a trimodal distribution, but further studies are required to confirm or refute this conclusion.
OESTROGEN AND THE EARLY STAGES OF HEXADIMETHRINE NECROSIS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY AND ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: CARROLL R. , KOVÁCS K. , TAPP E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Infarction of the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex caused by hexadimethrine in experimental animals was found to be variable in incidence and extent. Pretreatment with oestrogen made the lesions more severe and almost of constant occurrence.
The early stages of the lesions were studied in rats from 1 to 6 hr. after the administration of hexadimethrine. The local vasospasm which caused the infarction in the adrenal cortex seemed to pass off in 2 or 3 hr. and to be followed by a failed reflow which produced much haemorrhage. On the other hand, it appears that there was little or no reflow into the dead anterior pituitary during the first 6 hr. Necrotic changes did not develop within that period in animals pretreated with oestrogen but secondary thrombosis occurred in vessels of the marginal zones of the necrotic anterior pituitary after about 12 to 24 hr.
CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION IN THE MONOTREME TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS
Authors: WEISS MAGDA , McDONALD I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Corticosteroid secretion and excretion by the Australian monotreme Tachyglossus aculeatus was investigated by assay of peripheral blood, adrenal venous blood, urine and faeces.
Free corticosteroids could be demonstrated in only one out of five samples of peripheral whole blood, in which trace amounts of cortisol and corticosterone were detected at concentrations of the order of 0·1–0·2 μg./100 ml.
Quantitatively, the major corticosteroid detected in adrenal venous blood of three males and one female was identified as corticosterone, at concentrations of 8–25 μg./100 ml. whole blood. Lesser amounts of cortisol were detected in samples of adrenal venous blood from two males and the female, the ratios 'F:B' being 0·25 and 0·40 in the males, and 0·13 in the female. The highest rate of corticosterone secretion was only 2·6 μg./100 mg. adrenal/hr. or 1·17 μg./kg. body weight/hr.
No free or conjugated corticosteroids were detected in either urine or faeces. Zimmermann chromogens were found in both urine and faeces, and total daily excretion varied unpredictably from undetectable levels to a maximum of only 25 μg./kg. body weight/day.
THE RELATION BETWEEN FREE CORTISOL IN URINE AND 'URINARY FREE 11-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS' AS MEASURED BY FLUORESCENCE
Authors: ESPINER E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The relation between free cortisol in urine and 'free Δ4·3 keto-11-hydroxycorticosteroids' has been explored by measurements in sixty urine samples. Free cortisol was measured by a method which involved paper chromatography and incorporated an internal isotopic standard to correct for losses. A rapid and simple technique, measuring fluorescence in ethanolic sulphuric acid, was used to determine the free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. Although there was a good correlation between the two measurements (r = 0·96), the percentage contribution to the free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids made by true cortisol was small (mean 33 %) and varied from 8 to 73 % in different urine samples.
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM: THE HISTOLOGICAL APPEARANCES OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL ABDOMINAL TESTES IN THE RAT
Authors: CLEGG E. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Comparison of the findings in this investigation with those in naturally occurring cryptorchidism indicates that whereas under the latter circumstances degenerative changes only occur at puberty, in the experimental condition they may be seen at all ages. It is suggested that this difference is due to inherent defects of the testis in naturally occurring cryptorchidism.
Comparison of the abdominal testes of unilaterally and bilaterally cryptorchid rats indicates that the testes are developmentally more mature in the latter and it is suggested that this difference is due to the circulation of greater amounts of gonadotrophins. This assumption is supported to some extent by findings in the adenohypophyses of such animals: castration cells appear to be more frequent in bilateral cryptorchids.
The conclusion is drawn that although simple androgen deficiency may explain the various changes which occur in the reproductive system and adenohypophysis of cryptorchid animals, deficiency of a hormone produced by the seminiferous tubules cannot be excluded completely; the findings also indicate that this hormone is more likely to be produced by the germ cells than by the Sertoli cells.