bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Fraser R. M. , Glass I. B. , Fraser R. M. , Glass Ilana B. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐nine depressed elderly patients receiving ECT were randomly assigned to a unilateral or bilateral group; post‐ictal recovery times, memory changes, and clinical improvement during and after each course were measured by blind and independent observers. All patients but one showed full recovery on testing 3 weeks after treatment. There was no significant difference between the unilateral and bilateral groups either in terms of improvement or the number of treatments needed in each course.A good outcome was predicted by the presence of pathological guilt, impairment of work and interests, agitation, subjectively depressed mood, psychic anxiety and greater overall severity. Longer duration of illness predicted a relatively poor outcome.Memory functions showed uniform impairment before treatment, but during treatment all improved, with some changes reaching high statistical significance; on testing 3 weeks after treatment memory functions in all patients had reached normal values. There was no difference between the two groups.Post‐ictal recovery times were significantly longer in the bilateral than in the unilateral group after the first treatment and after the fifth treatment more than three times as long. Recovery time showed a significant decrease during courses of unilateral treatment.There was a very low incidence of side‐effects, and all were relatively mild.We conclude that unilateral ECT is a safe and highly effective treatment for selected elderly patients suffering from depression, but that there is nothing to be said for the continued use of bilateral ECT.
Hospital and outpatient care for psychotic patients during the last three decades SUBSEQUENT HOSPITAL AND OUTPATIENT TREATMENT OF PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1949–50, 1959–60 OR 1969–70
Authors: Salokangas R. K. R. 
Published: August 2007

The study deals with the development in the extent of hospital treatment and trends concerning outpatient visits for psychotics in Turku hospitalized for the first time in 1949‐50 (period of shock therapy), 1959–60 (period of neuroleptics) or 1969–70 (period of intensified outpatient treatment).The bed capacity for psychiatric patients increased in Turku in the 1950's, but has declined slowly since then. The number of hospitalized cases nevertheless continued to rise up to the 1970's. The number of caretaking personnel in the outpatient sector has increased five‐fold and the extent of outpatient visits 20‐fold over the 25 years covered by the study.After the introduction of neuroleptics, first hospitalizations became shorter, as fewer and fewer patients remained in long‐term hospital treatment. At the same time the annual extent of hospital treatment declined, whereas rehospitalizations became more frequent. Along with intensified outpatient treatment first hospitalizations became still shorter, but the total need for hospital treatment was not reduced. During intensified outpatient treatment, rehospitalization was rapid and, at first, frequent; subsequently rehospitalizations became less frequent compared to the period of neuroleptics. In the 1970's, intensive outpatient treatment provided immediately after the first hospital stay appears to be most clearly associated with a reduction in the number of hospital treatment days of schizophrenics. In the case of psychoses of old age an increased extent of outpatient treatment did not lead to a decline in the need for hospital treatment.
Psychiatric disorders in a U.S. community THE APPLICATION OF RESEARCH DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA TO A RESURVEYED COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Authors: Weissman M. M. , Myers J. K. 
Published: August 2007

Point prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, risk factors, and treatment sought for the disorders are presented, based on a 1975–1976 follow‐up of a community probability sample originally surveyed in 1967. These data, while preliminary because of the limitations of a follow‐up study, demonstrate the first application to a community sample of new psychiatric diagnostic techniques (SADS‐RDC), which are being used with increasing frequency in the United States. The forthcoming DSM‐III will be based on these diagnostic techniques.These results, consistent with other reports, show that depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in the community; that schizophrenia and bipolar disorders both have low frequency; and that psychiatric disorders are heterogeneous by age, sex, race, social class, marital status. While persons with a psychiatric disorder tend to use the health care system in the United States, they do not specifically seek help for emotional problems. Since the majority of psychiatric disorders are untreated in the mental health system, prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders based on cases receiving treatment in psychiatric facilities are a gross underestimate.
Prevalence of mental disorders in a 70‐year‐old urban population
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

The prevalence of mental diseases and abnormalities in a representative, systematic sample of 70‐year‐olds in Gothenburg, Sweden, is presented. Out of 460 selected subjects, 392 (85.2 %) took part and the responders and non‐responders were similar in several respects. A case was defined by cut‐off points on symptom and/or sign rating scales and diagnoses were defined operationally but as closely as possible to the ICD‐classification.The total psychiatric morbidity, excluding personality deviations, was 16.9% in men and 26.1% in women, and excluding also mild neuroses 12.7% in men and 15.5% in women. The prevalence of psychoses was 3.0% in men and 3.5% in women, of neuroses of moderate‐severe degree 6.6% in men and 11.5% in women, of neuroses of mild degree 4.2% in men and 10.6% in women, of alcoholism 3.0% in men and 0.0% in women and of oligophrenia 0.0% in men and 0.4% in women. The prevalence of demential syndromes of a psychotic degree was 2.4% in men and 1.3% in women, of a neurotic degree 4.2% in men and 1.8% in women and the total prevalence of demential syndromes was thus 6.6% in men and 3.1% in women. Indications of previous alcohol problems and no or a low current consumption of alcohol were noted among 18.1% of the men.
Intramuscular haloperidol decanoate for neuroleptic maintenance therapy Efficacy, dosage schedule and plasma levels AN OPEN MULTICENTER STUDY
Authors: Deberdt R. , Elens P. , Berghmans W. , Heykants J. , Woestenborghs R. , Driesens F. , Reyntjens A. , Wijngaarden I. van 
Published: August 2007

Thirty‐eight hospitalized chronic psychotic patients were injected (i.m.) every 4 weeks with haloperidol decanoate using different dosage schedules which were calculated from the previously prescribed daily oral dose of haloperidol multiplied by a factor of 30, 20 or 10.The 20‐fold schedule appeared to be adequate in most of the patients. All patients were well stabilized on their optimal dose schedule and several symptoms improved even further during treatment.No increase of extrapyramidal or other side‐effects was reported in any of the patients. Antiparkinson medication could be omitted in 37 patients without problems. There was neither pain nor irritation at the site of injection.Plasma levels of haloperidol reaching a steady state after the second injection of haloperidol decanoate were about two times higher than during the previous oral treatment with haloperidol. No accumulation was observed.Haloperidol decanoate injected every 4 weeks proved to be as safe and therapeutically reliable as orally administered haloperidol.
Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on postnatal development
Authors: Blomberg S. 
Published: August 2007

Children of women whose applications for legal abortion in 1960 had been refused were compared with the next same‐sexed children born in the same delivery wards, whose mothers were of similar age, parity and social class. The postnatal somatic and psycho‐social development in 90 pairs thus matched was followed up to 15 years of age using school grades, the school health card and the register of the social welfare authorities.The initially unwanted children had a more insecure childhood with more cases of divorce. They performed worse at school and displayed more psychosomatic symptoms, they were more often registered with the social welfare authorities and in need of psychiatric treatment. When the 48 pairs that were formally equivalent as to having lived with their biological parents were compared the difference in school achievement remained. The result may be seen as support of the hypothesis of a negative prenatal influence.
Delirium tremens: Some clinico‐chemical features A STUDY OF ALANINE‐AMINOTRANSFERASE, ALCALINE PHOSPHATASE, PROTHROMBINE AND ENOLASE
Authors: Hemmingsen R. , Kramp P. , Dissing J. 
Published: August 2007

The relationship between variables reflecting liver disease (serum‐alanine‐aminotransferase (SGPT), serum alcaline phosphatase and plasma prothrombine) and the clinical signs and symptoms during delirium tremens (DT; grade 3) and related clinical states (grade 2) was studied. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the two isoenzymes of enolase which predominate in brain tissue were present in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in DT patients.A correlation between SGPT and clinical state was not observed, which indicates that a causal relationship does not exist between acute liver cell damage and clinical state during DT of grade 3 or 2. In grade 2 patients, but not in grade 3 patients, both SGPT and serum alcaline phosphatase decreased between admission and recovery. This difference between the groups may be due to a higher alcohol consumption and a shorter interval between last drink and admission in grade 3. The difference in recent drinking history may also account for the finding of a higher plasma prothrombine index in grade 3 compared with grade 2, because chronic ethanol intoxication may be accompanied by enhanced hepatic protein synthesis.“Brain‐enolase” was not present in detectable amounts in blood or CSF during DT thus suggesting that brain cell damage resulting in leakage of this enzyme from the cells did not prevail during DT.
Cerebrospinal fluid endorphins in schizophrenia
Authors: Rimón R. , Terenius L. , Kampman R. 
Published: August 2007

Opioid‐receptor‐active material, endorphins, has been measured in cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from schizophrenics. A chromatographic procedure isolated the Fraction I endorphin which was quantitated in a receptorassay.At least two cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from each patient, at Day 0 with no medication and at Days 30 and 60 after medication with fluphenazine under standardized conditions. Three series of patients were included: acute schizophrenics (n = 11); re‐entry schizophrenics (n = 7) who have previously been treated with neuroleptics but were readmitted to hospital usually as a consequence of stopped medication, and chronic schizophrenics (n = 9) who had been without neuroleptics for at least 2 weeks prior to Day 0.At Day 0, 6/9 acute cases, 4/6 of re‐entry and 2/9 chronic cases had endorphin levels above the range of healthy volunteers. The levels in chronic cases were significantly lower than those in acute cases. Treatment with neuroleptics significantly lowered the endorphin levels in acute cases. These results confirm and extend previous observations.
Psychiatry and primary health services in developing and developed countries
Authors: Nimb M. 
Published: August 2007

In most developing countries, psychiatric and other mental health services are in a very weak position, not only in relation to other branches of medicine, but tend to have followed European institutional models, which only respond poorly to the overall mental health needs of the people. It is difficult to visualize any broad coverage of mental health services unless these become despecialized, decentralized and deinstitutionalized and from the ground level integrated with existing or planned general primary health services.In developed countries existing institutions have been upgraded and modernized to a considerable extent over the last decades. But the mental health component of the primary health services still leaves much to be desired. Much of the primary mental health services in industrialized countries are today being taken care of by the administrators and practitioners of the social welfare system. These services would have much to gain through a closer collaboration with the psychiatrists, who have so far had little influence in this important sphere.
The use of rating scales exemplified by a comparison of the Hamilton and the Bech‐Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale
Authors: Bech P. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

A psychiatric rating scale is a method directed towards standardization of the recording of clinical data. Depending on the various levels of information such scales can be divided into questionnaires, observer scales and interviewing or case‐recording scales.The most commonly used observer scale is the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) which consists of 17 items or symptoms. The sum of the scores of each item is intended to give the rating for the patient's state. However, our previous work with the HDS has shown that the scale is not a one‐dimensioned measure of the depressive state. Our statistical evaluation of summing the HDS‐items will include both homogeneity (the consistency of a scale across items) and transferability (the consistency of a scale across patients). On this background the construction of our own depression scale will be discussed.
The description and classification of social disability by means of a taxonomic hierarchy
Authors: Cooper J. E. 
Published: August 2007

Many schedules for the description of various forms of disability and handicap have been developed, but even the more satisfactory ones have a limited coverage, and virtually all separate disabilities and handicaps due to physical causes from those with psychological causes. Since the end result of interference with social life is often the same whatever the cause, there is a case for trying to develop a classification of disability and handicap which can be applied to patients with any form of illness. Impairments, disabilities and handicaps, however defined, are all aspects of interference with behaviour, so we are really seeking to classify performance of behaviour. To do this satisfactorily, we first need a general and comprehensive classification of human behaviour.This paper, therefore, attempts to provide a conceptual basis for the development of such a general classification of human behaviour upon which a classification of disabilities and handicaps could be based. The problem is approached in the following steps:a) A brief summary of conclusions about current progress in the classification of behaviour and social disability in social psychology, ethology and psychiatry.b) A discussion of the most successful method of classification in biology, technically known as a taxonomic hierarchy.c) An outline of a taxonomic hierarchy of human behaviour, which makes it clear how the effects of physical and psychological disorders can be encompassed within the same scheme.d) A discussion of how this framework can be used to describe and classify physical and social disabilities and handicaps, and psychiatric symptoms.
MMPI in a study of unemployment
Authors: Lajer M. 
Published: August 2007

A random sample of active members from the bricklayers’ trade union in Aarhus was interviewed and MMPI tested. Unemployment data were collected up to six years previous to the date of interview. For the same period the number of days of absence due to illness, additional education, military service etc. (out days) were registered.The bricklayers were distributed according to age, marital status and unemployment. For the 14 basic validity and clinical scales of the MMPI, the relations between the score and the three variables were examined. Several scales had scores correlated to unemployment.
Sheltered workshops and economy
Authors: Bille M. , Salling‐Poulsen Aa. , Videbech Th. 
Published: August 2007

The study concerns the sheltered workshops in Randers, a town with 65,000 inhabitants, 35 km north of Aarhus, Denmark. The purpose of the investigation is to review the patients attending the sheltered workshops in Randers, to investigate the extent to which patients, who had been without employment, could become productive again with the help of sheltered workshops, and to review the social economical funtion of these workshops. The problem is of interest on account of the great number of persons pensioned at an early age.A description is given of the privately owned institution for rehabilitation in Randers. The present Danish legislation regarding sheltered workshops is reviewed. There is no quota arrangement in Denmark which requires employers to engage disabled persons. It is shown that the three sheltered workshops in the privately owned institution for rehabilitation in Randers receive very moderate subsidies from public funds compared with their turnover and that the machine factory “Viva” is run with a social profit. The 45 persons who were employed on January 7,1976 in the three sheltered workshops of the privately owned institution for rehabilitation are described socially and medically by means of tables. It is shown that disablement is a relative expression.It is concluded that sheltered workshops are reasonable and sensible establishments which should be extended for the sake of handicapped and for the society as a whole. Even if quota arrangements are made, there will always be persons whose handicap is so pronounced that they will only be able to work in sheltered workshops.
Selection of variables in a prospective study of young men at high risk for alcoholism
Authors: Knop J. 
Published: August 2007

The Danish adoption studies on alcoholism have established a considerable genetic factor in the development of alcoholism.The basis for the present prospective high risk study is a consecutive birth cohort born 1959–1961 in Copenhagen (n= 9,000). The extensive pre‐and perinatal data include information about admissions in psychiatric departments for all 18,000 parents.We have selected 250 boys, who have a parent treated for alcoholism (high risk group). They have been matched with boys from the same birth cohort, whose parents have not been registered as alcoholics (low risk group).The boys are just entering the age of risk for development of alcoholism, and no abnormalities found at the present time can be described as consequences of heavy drinking.The study is multidisciplinary in its approach, and we have selected neurophysiological, psychophysiological, neuropsychological, metabolic, psychiatric, psychological and social variables to test the most solid hypotheses about alcoholism. The hypotheses and variables are described in this paper.In 10–15 years, when all severe cases of alcoholism will have manifested themselves, we will go back to the 1979 data and see which constellation of variables was most predictive.
Suicidal areas: Cluster analysis profiles of urban environments
Authors: Welz R. 
Published: August 2007

For a 12 year period from 1966–1977 epidemiological data on attempted suicide will be presented for the city of Mannheim, Germany. In the line with Durkheim's theory of social disintegration within the tradition of ecological studies like Faris & Dunham's“Mental Illness in Urban Area” or Sainsbury's“Suicide in London”, we have done an ecological study on attempted suicide in Mannheim. The ecological study was based on the level of municipal wards, on the level of smaller enumeration districts and even on the level of streets and small neighborhood areas.As the results of the eclogical study it was found that the strength and the direction of correlations between attempted suicide rates and ecological properties of social disintegration varied with the level of the ecological unit. At the level of streets and small neighborhoods a high concentration of attempted suicide was found. Within the street with the highest rate any 10th inhabitant has attempted suicide within the 12 years’ period. The cluster analysis profiles show two types of areas with high rates of attempted suicide, where both, social anomie and social disintegration, are high.
Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar affective disorder METHODS BASED ON TREATMENT WITH LITHIUM
Authors: Eastwood R. , Stiasny S. , Tice S. 
Published: August 2007

During this century the epidemiology of the affective disorders has been studied, several classifications have been described and effective treatment measures have been introduced. Difficulties have been encountered in the epidemiology area due to inconsistent use of the terminology of measurement and varying types of classification; although it is possible to arrive at a broad consensus of agreement if the data are examined restrictedly.The clinical need for accurate rates of illness has become greater since the inception of the prophylactic drug lithium carbonate. While not used specifically for bipolar affective disorder, it is only for this disorder that its use has been demonstrated beyond doubt. The occurrence of mania in this disorder enables this aspect of the condition to be used as a marker. This paper describes three measures of the period prevalence of bipolar affective disorder, based upon treatment with lithium, two of which are of the ‘unobtrusive’ type. Agreement was found between the three approaches and the utility of these for general use is discussed.
Hemispheric quantitative EEG changes following emotional reactions in neurotic patients
Authors: Hoffmann E. , Goldstein L. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐four right‐handed patients undergoing primal therapy served as subjects in the study. They all showed symptoms of tension, anxiety, and/or depression. The patients’ right and left temporal EEGs were recorded immediately before and after a therapy session. Recordings were done while the patients were resting, and while they were performing a verbal and a visual task with their eyes closed.The EEG data were analyzed off‐line with a computer, using quantitative amplitude analysis in the 1.5 to 30 Hz frequency band. A “high intensity” group (n= 13) having high ratings of emotional activity in their therapy session was compared with a “low intensity” group (n= 11) with low ratings. The results showed that only in the “high intensity” group was there a significant increase in mean amplitude and amplitude variance in the right hemisphere, measured across conditions. A between‐group comparison revealed that the “high intensity” group showed a significantly larger increase in right hemisphere variance and in right over left variance ratio, relative to the “low intensity” group, in which these variables were almost unchanged. These results indicate a greater involvement of the right hemisphere in emotional activity. It is also suggested that the EEG changes found in the “high intensity” group, following a therapy session, reflect a general deactivation of the brain and a functional improvement of the right hemisphere.