bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Population‐based Case‐Control Teratological Study of Three Parenteral Penicillins G
Authors: CZEIZEL A.E. , ROCKENBAUER M. , SøRENSEN H.T. , OLSEN J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to check the human teratogenic potential of three penicillins G: parenteral treatments with benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin‐procaine, and benzylpenicillin + benzylpenicillin‐procaine during pregnancy in the population‐based dataset of the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996. Of 38,151 pregnant women who had babies without any defects (population control group), 303 (0.8%) were treated with penicillin G. Of 22,865 pregnant women who had offspring with congenital abnormalities, 236 (1.O%) were treated with penicillin G (crude OR with 95% CI = 1.3, 1.1–1.5). Of 812 mothers who deliveried babies affected with Down syndrome (patient controls), 15 (1.8%) had penicillin G treatment, and this rate exceeded significantly the figure of both the case and population control groups. This finding needs further studies. The case‐control pair analysis did not indicate a teratogenic risk of three parenteral penicillin G treatments during the second‐third months of gestation, i.e., in the critical period for major congenital abnormalities. The lower use of penicillins G was explained mainly by recall bias in the population control group. Thus, parenteral penicillin G treatments during pregnancy do not present a detectable teratogenic risk to the fetus.
Similarities and Differences in Reproductive Endocrinology Between Non‐Human Primates and Humans
Authors: YOSHIDA Takashi 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSimilarity in reproductive functions between non‐human primates and humans makes non‐human primates generally serve as better experimental animals in reproductive researches. Cynomolgus monkeys show such similarity in their menstrual cycle patterns of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormones (FSH), and sex steroid hormones. Although similarities include significant increase in serum estradiol (E2) concentrations just before ovulation, cynomolgus monkeys differ in their negligible increase in E2 and single increase in progesterone (P) during the luteal phase. Unique to humans and great apes (e.g., gorillas and chimpanzees) are apparently biphasic patterns in serum E2 concentrations at the periovulatory period and at the luteal phase and synchronous increases in serum concentrations of P with E2 at the luteal phase. Although humans and non‐human primates differ in their secretory activity of steroid hormones from the functional corpus luteum, they share the same controlling mechanism of the function of the corpus luteum by LH, based on our analysis of the LH‐receptor characteristics throughout the menstrual cycle of cynomolgus monkeys. Although humans and cynomolgus monkeys show similarities in the fluctuation patterns of maternal serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones during the pregnancy period, they differ in the fluctuation patterns of protein hormones. For cynomolgus monkeys, maternal serum concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and somatomammotropin (i.e., placental lactogen, or CS) increase only in the first quarter of pregnancy. However, for humans, higher serum concentrations of those two hormones (CG and CS) are maintained throughout the entire pregnancy. Similarities and differences among non‐human primates and humans are discussed in this article.
An Embryotoxic/Teratogenic Potential and Abortifacient Effect Study of Interferon alfacon‐1 (Infergen®) via Subcutaneous Administration to Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: IHARA Toshio , ONEDA Satoru , YAMAMOTO Takashi , BOUDREL Lionel , LAU David , MILLER Dennis , NAGATA Ryoichi 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTInterferon alfacon‐1 (Infergen®, CIFN, r‐metIFN Con 1, hereunder interferon alfacon‐1) is a type I interferon currently used to treat patients infected with the hepatitis C virus. In order to assess the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of interferon alfacon‐1, doses of 0, 1, 3 and 10 μg/kg/day were administered subcutaneously to pregnant rhesus monkeys daily from Day 20 to Day 50 of gestation.No maternal deaths occurred, and no interferon alfacon‐1 related abnormalities were noted in general signs, body weight, food consumption or necropsy findings in any group. Abortions and embryonic deaths occurred in 4 out of the 10 dams of the 3 μg/kg/day group and 8 out of the 10 dams of the 10 μg/kg/day group between Days 25 and 62 of gestation. The concentrations of serum 17β‐estradiol and/or progesterone levels decreased before embryonic death in some, but not all monkeys in the 3 and 10 μg/kg/day groups. Microscopic changes to the uterus and placenta in the dams that experienced embryonic/fetal cardiac arrest included hemorrhage and necrosis in the chorionic villi, hemorrhage in the uterine gland, granular leukocyte infiltration, hemorrhage and/or thrombus in the endometrium.In the surviving fetuses, no test article related abnormalities were observed in body weight. placental weight, external measurements, organ weights, external, placental, visceral or skeletal findings.The mean serum concentration of interferon alfacon‐1 at 10 μg/kg/day was consistent with previous pharmacokinetic data in non‐pregnant rhesus monkeys, suggesting that pregnancy does not greatly alter the pharmacokinetics of interferon alfacon‐1. Antibodies to interferon alfacon‐1 were first detected on Day 40 of gestation in all groups receiving the drug. It was concluded that the non‐toxic maternal dose level of interferon alfacon‐1 is 10 μg/kg/day. Doses of interferon alfacon‐1 of 3 and 10 μg/kg/day were associated with an increase in abortion/embryonic death rate, but 1 μg/kg/day did not result in any effect on the fetus. No teratogenic or growth retardation effect from interferon alfacon‐1 was observed in the surviving fetuses at 10 μg/kg/day.
Orthodontic Morphological Evaluation of Treacher Collins Syndrome
Authors: UMEMURA Sachio 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTTo establish a treatment for Treacher Collins syndrome, the maxillocraniofacial morphology was quantitatively evaluated by means of cephalometric radiography and the following results were obtained.1. The cranial base showed a small value of S‐ER’(length of sphenoid bone in anterior cranial base), S‐SOS’(length of sphenoid bone in posterior cranial base) and S‐Ba (length of posterior cranial base) in addition to similarly reduced NSBa, indicating undergrowth of the the cranial base as well.2. Though the orbit had large BIOD and BIOD/W with ocular hypertelorism, no abnormal finding was obtained in the antero‐posterior positioning of the orbit in the skull.3. In the maxillary region, the maxilla showed undergrowth but no abnormal finding was recorded on the vertical and antero‐posterior positioning of the mandible.4. The mandible showed undergrowth with a wide mandibular angle.In conclusion, the morphology evaluated quantitatively in patients with Treacher Collins syndrome varied considerably. Therefore, it was considered essential to evaluate the morphology accurately for treating this syndrome including surgery and orthodontic treatment.
Reproductive Effects of Early Neonatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol or Tamoxifen in Rats
Authors: KUWAGATA Makiko , SAITO Yoshiaki , YOSHIMURA Shinsuke , NAGAO Tetsuji 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the effects of potential estrogenic or anti‐estrogenic compounds on reproduction, male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with 50 μg/kg diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 20 mg/kg tamoxifen (TAM) from postnatal day 1 to 5. Growth, estrous cycle, locomotor activity, and reproductive function including masculine sexual behavior, sperm motion, and development of reproductive organs were examined. Decrease in body weight gain and abnormal estrous cycle, such as persistent estrous, or prolonged estrous cycle were observed following early neonatal exposure to DES or TAM, while there was no effect on locomotor activity evaluated in the open field in the DES‐or TAM‐treated group. A marked decrease in sperm motility was found in the TAM‐treated group. Anatomical and histological alterations of reproductive organs were observed in male and female rats in the DES‐treated group and in female rats in the TAM‐treated group. Early neonatal exposure to DES or TAM affected the masculine sexual behavior, resulting in a marked decrease in the ability to copulate and in fertility. In matings of the DES‐or TAM‐treated rats and intact rats, none of the treated females copulated successfully, whereas approximately 30% of treated males showed normal fertility. These results suggested that early neonatal exposure to DES or TAM induced more marked reproductive dysfunction after puberty in females than in males.
Male‐Mediated Developmental Toxicity: Enhanced Susceptibility to Induced Teratogenesis in the Offspring of Male Mice Treated with Ethylnitrosourea
Authors: NAGAO Tetsuji 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTMale ICR strain mice were injected intraperitoneally with ENU at 50 mg/kg daily for 5 days and mated to untreated virgin females of the same strain on days 64–80 after the last dose. Copulations during this period involved spermatogonial stem cells at the time of the last treatment. Subsequently, copulated females were injected intraperitoneally with ENU at 25–100 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation, at 50–200 mg/kg on day 12 of gestation or injected subcutaneously with triamcinolone acetonide at 1.25–10 mg/kg on day 12 of gestation. The uterine contents were examined on day 18 of gestation. Fetuses of dams treated on day 8 of gestation were inspected for external and skeletal abnormalities, and those of dams treated on day 12 were inspected for external abnormalities including cleft palate. Frequencies of microphthalmia and cleft palate in the group in which females mated with ENU‐treated males were treated with ENU at 50 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation or with ENU at 50 mg/kg on day 12 of gestation, respectively, were significantly higher than those in the group in which females mated with phosphate buffer‐treated males were treated with ENU at 50 mg/kg on day 8 or at 50 mg/kg on day 12. No significant increases in the frequency of cleft palate were observed in the groups in which females mated with ENU‐treated males were treated with triamcinolone acetonide on day 12 of gestation as compared with groups in which females mated with phosphate buffer‐treated males were treated with triamcinolone acetonide on day 12 of gestation. These results suggested the increased susceptibility to induced teratogenesis (congenital malformations induced by exposure of embryo/fetus during gestation) in the offspring derived from paternal germ cells treated with the potent mutagen ENU, but not the non‐mutagen triamcinolone acetonide.
Prenatal developmental toxicity studies of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane (p, p‘‐DDT) in rats and rabbits
Authors: Takahashi Ken L. , Aoyama Hiroaki , Hojo Hitoshi , Shimizu Naoko , Kikuta Masayuki , Kushida Hiromi , Kawakatsu Hisao , Ebino Koichi , Teramoto Shoji 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT  The studies were conducted in rats and rabbits to elucidate the potential developmental toxicity of p, p'‐DDT in general accordance with the improved Japanese MAFF guidelines (12‐Nousan‐No. 8147,2–1–18, 2000). p, p'‐DDT suspended in 1% aqueous solution of CMC was administered orally to pregnant Jcl:SD rats on gestational days (GD) 6–19 at a dose of 0,5, 25, or 100 mg/kg/day and to pregnant KbI: JW rabbits on GD 6–27 at a dose of 0,5,20, or 80 mg/kg/day. Maternal animals were killed on the day after the last day of administration for morphological examination of their fetuses with special attention to the reproductive organs.Adverse effects on maternal animals were found only at the highest dose in both species; i.e., clonic convulsion (2/24 in rats, 5/22 in rabbits), mortality (1/24 in rats), abortion or premature delivery (4/22 in rabbits), and reduced body weight gains and food consumption. However, the control and treated groups showed comparable values for the numbers of corpora lutea and implants, percent preimplantation losses, number of live fetuses, percent resorptions and fetal deaths, sex ratio, fetal body weights, and placental weights in both species, and anogenital distance and testicular histology in rats. Although fetal examination revealed slightly increased incidence of 27 presacral vertebrae in the highest dose group in rats, there was no treatment‐related increase in the incidence of malformations in any of the species.Based on these results, it is concluded that p, p'‐DDT causes no malformations, including male reproductive organ abnormalities, in either rats or rabbits, although it results in an increased incidence of skeletal variations in rats at a maternally toxic dose.
Prehistory of the Japanese Teratology Society: The pioneers of teratology in Japan and the founders of the Society
Authors: Kameyama Yoshiro 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT The significant achievements of teratological research in Japan were traced from the beginning of the 20th century to the foundation of Japanese Teratology Society (JTS) in 1961 as a bird's‐eye view of the prehistory of JTS. The activities of the leaders of foresight who contributed to establish the JTS and to consolidate its basis for future growth were introduced in chronological order; Japanese pioneers before 1945, early developing stage of research (1948–1954), study groups furnishing the basis of JTS (1955–1961), and the final step for JTS establishment (1960–1961).Teratological research in Japan was initiated independent of foreign studies and had obtained original findings before World War II. The studies in Japan progressed with their main target the prevention of exogeneous malformations as a feasible approach from the standpoint of practical medicine. Accordingly, a close collaboration between experimental and clinical teratologists, one of the grand traditions of JTS, was in place even before the early stages of JTS foundation.
Chromosome analysis of blastocysts cultured under the diabetic condition
Authors: Tatewaki Reiko , Kagohashi Yukiko , Furuse Kosuke , Otani Hiroki 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT  Chromosomes of Slc:ICR mouse blastocysts cultured under the diabetic condition were analyzed to clarify the effect of glucose and ketone body (DL‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid). In the group exposed to glucose plus ketone body or glucose alone, blastocysts showed higher incidences of chromosome abnormalities, especially numerical abnormalities such as aneuploidy and polyploidy, than in the control group (p < 0.01). The association of nucleolus organizing regions was increased in the blastocysts exposed to glucose plus ketone body, which seems to be related to the increase in numerical abnormalities. Structural abnormalities such as break and fragment were also observed, but there was no significant difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic conditions.These results from chromosome analysis of the cultured blastocysts suggest that the diabetic condition may directly cause chromosome abnormalities in early embryos, especially aneuploidies, and may thus induce duplications or deletions of genes. These chromosomal damages may disrupt the developmental programs for organogenesis and may be involved in diabetes‐induced teratogenesis.
Integration of a transposon into the Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse
Authors: Ueta Etsuko , Nanba Eiji , Naruse Ichiro 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT  The phenotype of the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn) is similar to Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), whose responsible gene is GLI3. Suppression of Gli3 gene expression has been observed in the Pdn/Pdn and integration of retrotransposon in Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse has been reported. Thus, the responsible gene for Pdn/Pdn is thought to be Gli3, but the site of mutation within the gene has not been demarcated.In the present study, we demonstrated that 5442 bp of early retrotransposon was inserted into intron 3 of Gli3 gene in the Pdn mouse (Gli3Pdn). This transposon had almost the same sequence as MMY17106 (EMBL). It had 317‐bp long terminal repeat at both ends followed by the identical 6‐bp target duplication sequence, GAGACT. Forward and reverse PCR primers were constructed in intron 3 near the insertion point, and a forward primer in the transposon was also constructed. These primers allowed us to discriminate +/+, Pdn/+ and Pdn/Pdn embryos by the PCR products. Morphological determination of the genotypes in the Pdn mouse embryos is impossible before day 12 of gestation. Quick discrimination method of genotypes developed in the present study allows us to investigate the early dysmorphogenetic mechanisms in the brain and limbs in the Pdn/Pdn embryos. Then, the dysmorphogenetic mechanisms in the Pdn/Pdn may be extrapolated to those in GCPS.
Modeling Ground Water Flow in Alluvial Mountainous Catchments on a Watershed Scale
Authors: Wolf Jens , Barthel Roland , Braun Jürgen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn large mountainous catchments, shallow unconfined alluvial aquifers play an important role in conveying subsurface runoff to the foreland. Their relatively small extent poses a serious problem for ground water flow models on the river basin scale. River basin scale models describing the entire water cycle are necessary in integrated water resources management and to study the impact of global climate change on ground water resources. Integrated regional‐scale models must use a coarse, fixed discretization to keep computational demands low and to facilitate model coupling. This can lead to discrepancies between model discretization and the geometrical properties of natural systems. Here, an approach to overcome this discrepancy is discussed using the example of the German‐Austrian Upper Danube catchment, where a coarse ground water flow model was developed using MODFLOW. The method developed uses a modified concept from a hydrological catchment drainage analysis in order to adapt the aquifer geometry such that it respects the numerical requirements of the chosen discretization, that is, the width and the thickness of cells as well as gradients and connectivity of the catchment. In order to show the efficiency of the developed method, it was tested and compared to a finely discretized ground water model of the Ammer subcatchment. The results of the analysis prove the applicability of the new approach and contribute to the idea of using physically based ground water models in large catchments.
Multicomponent Simulations of Contrasting Redox Environments at an LNAPL Site
Authors: Miles B. , Peter A. , Teutsch G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA two‐dimensional multicomponent reactive transport modeling approach was used to simulate contaminant transport and the evolution of redox processes at a large‐scale kerosene‐contaminated site near Berlin, Germany. In contrast to previous site‐scale modeling studies that focused either on one or two contaminants or on steady‐state redox conditions, multiple contaminants and electron acceptors, including mineral phase Iron (III), were considered with an evolving redox zonation. Inhibition terms were used to switch between the different electron acceptor processes in the reaction scheme. The transient evolution of redox zones and contaminant plumes was simulated for two separate transects of the site, which have different geology and ground water recharge distributions and where quite different downstream contaminant and terminal electron–accepting process (TEAP) distributions are observed. The same reaction system, calibrated to measured concentrations along one of the transects, was used in both cases, achieving a reasonable match with observed concentrations. The differences between the two transects could thus to some extent be attributed to the different hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, in particular ground water recharge distributions. Long‐term simulations showed that the distribution of TEAPs evolves as Fe(III) becomes depleted, with conditions becoming increasingly methanogenic, leading to changes in contaminant plume lengths. The models were applied to assess the potential effects of planned changes in land use at the site that may affect the ground water recharge distribution. The simulated redox zonation responded strongly to changes in recharge, which in turn led to changes in the contaminant plume lengths.
The role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in asthma
Authors: Huggins Sandra 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPurpose: To emphasize the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and asthma symptoms or exacerbations.Data sources: Selective review of the scientific literature.Conclusions: Although studies in recent years have offered insight into the relationship between GERD and asthma symptoms, many nurse practitioners (NPs) fail to recognize atypical GERD symptoms, which may explain difficult‐to‐treat asthma and exacerbation. It has become evident that patients suffering from persistent asthma display an increased prevalence of GERD.Implications for practice: While there are increasing constraints that limit the provider–patient interaction time, it is imperative that NPs develop keen assessment skills to effectively diagnose and treat asthma symptoms that are a product of GERD. Awareness of the asthma–GERD relationship allows NPs to quickly obtain pertinent information and successfully determine how to efficiently treat symptomatic asthmatic patients.
Against the grain: An overview of celiac disease
Authors: Martin Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPurpose:To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of celiac disease (CD).Data sources:Review of literature using Pub Med and Access Medicine. The following search terms were used: celiac disease, malabsorption syndromes, diarrhea, and gluten‐free diet (GFD). There was no limitation placed on publication year. Only articles written in English were included.Conclusions:CD is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by the ingestion of gluten proteins (wheat, barley, and rye). CD often presents atypically, and diagnosis delays are common. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict adherence to a GFD. This is a difficult diet to comprehend and follow. Adherence to a GFD requires ongoing education and support from a multidisciplinary healthcare team, support groups, family, and friends.Implications for practice:Once considered a rare disease of childhood, CD is now recognized as a common disorder that can occur at any age. Clinicians need to be cognizant of risk factors, clinical manifestations, conditions, and complications associated with CD in order to make a timely diagnosis, ameliorate symptoms, and minimize disease complications.
Wheat from chaff: Third‐party monitoring and FEC enforcement actions
Authors: Lochner Todd , Apollonio Dorie , Tatum Rhett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRegulatory theory suggests that providing agencies with multiple sanctioning options allows them to dispose promptly of less serious matters and thereby conserve resources to pursue serious offenders. However, agencies dependent on third‐party monitoring may have their enforcement agendas skewed toward more trivial violations. We consider these competing expectations by analyzing enforcement actions at the US Federal Election Commission(FEC) from 1999 to 2004. The FEC – an agency heavily dependent on third‐party monitoring – expanded its enforcement options in 2000 by creating two new programs to pursue low‐level offenders, while leaving its monitoring strategy unchanged. We hypothesized that more sanctioning options would allow the FEC to allocate its resources more efficiently, and thus deal more effectively with the skew created by third‐party monitoring. We found instead that although the FEC disposed more promptly of low‐level infractions, it was no more effective at focusing on serious violations. Our results suggest that for many agencies, expanding enforcement options without addressing monitoring has limited ability to resolve enforcement problems.