bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First report of microcystin‐LR in the cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata
Authors: Carey Cayelan C. , Haney James F. , Cottingham Kathryn L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGloeotrichia echinulata is a bloom‐forming cyanobacterium that is common in eutrophic lakes, and less prevalent but increasing in oligotrophic lakes. We used an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analysis to test for the presence of the hepatotoxin microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) in G. echinulata collected from an oligotrophic lake in central New Hampshire, USA. We found that G. echinulata contained MC‐LR at mean concentrations of 97.07 ± 7.78 (1 s.e.) ng MC‐LR g−1 dry wt colonies. This suggests that recent outbreaks of G. echinulata in oligotrophic lakes used as water sources throughout New England (USA) may pose a health concern. The toxicity of G. echinulata reported here suggests the need for future monitoring of microcystins in oligotrophic lakes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 337–339, 2007.
Application of high‐intensity focused ultrasound for umbilical artery occlusion in a rabbit model
Authors: Ichizuka K. , Ando S. , Ichihara M. , Ishikawa T. , Uchiyama N. , Sasaki K. , Umemura S. , Matsuoka R. , Sekizawa A. , Okai T. , Akabane T. , Kushima M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the application of high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for fetal umbilical artery blood flow occlusion in a rabbit model.MethodsA prototype HIFU transducer in combination with an imaging probe with Doppler capability was constructed. Using this transducer, HIFU was applied at 1.4, 2.75 or 5.5 kW/cm2 through the maternal abdominal skin to the fetal intra‐abdominal umbilical arteries of four time‐mated Japanese White rabbits (11 fetuses) on gestational day 25. Courses of 5‐s HIFU exposure were performed until cessation of umbilical blood flow and cardiac arrest were confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography. Fetal necropsy was performed and exposed lesions were assessed by microscopic histological analysis.ResultsThe mean diameter of the fetal umbilical artery was 0.6 ± 0.2 mm and the mean peak systolic velocity of arterial blood flow was 44.7 ± 18.5 cm/s. When HIFU was applied at 5.5 kW/cm2, blood flow was completely occluded within 15 courses. HIFU exposure brought about vacuolar degeneration and destruction of elastic fibers in the tunica media of the artery.ConclusionsHIFU can be used to occlude umbilical artery blood flow in fetal rabbits. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where two oceans meet: distribution and offshore interactions of great-winged petrels Pterodroma macroptera and Leach’s storm petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa off southern Africa
Authors: Camphuysen Kees C. J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
During seabird surveys off southern Africa, great-winged petrel Pterodroma macroptera and Leach’s storm petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa were widespread and relatively common. Similar aerial displays, frequent (social) interactions, a tendency to “huddle” in tight (mixed) gatherings and interactions during foraging inspired a study of their behaviour and distribution. Both species peaked at >2,000-m-deep ocean waters, with lower densities over the shelf and with Leach’s storm petrels (ca. 0.5 km−2) twice as abundant as great-winged petrels (ca. 0.25 km−2). The results suggest half a million great-winged petrels and well over a million Leach’s storm petrels occurring over deep waters off southern Africa. Active fishing vessels elevated background densities of petrels in some areas, indicating the utilisation of discarded material, but in most areas hardly any fisheries were encountered and on the shelf with no discernable effect on petrel densities. Both species showed an association with meso-scale hydrographic features in the Agulhas current retroflection region. High densities of Leach’s storm petrels occurred in offshore areas with steep salinity and sea surface temperature gradients. No such tendency was found in great-winged petrels. Great-winged petrels spent relatively little time feeding during daylight (10.3% of birds observed) in comparison to Leach’s storm petrels (66.2%), but were frequently seen to join feeding Leach’s storm petrels where they profited from the searching skills of Leach’s. Both species performed displays as individuals, in pairs, in larger groups and in mixed-species groups. Tight gatherings of petrels swimming at sea (huddling) occurred, consisting either of one species or both. When disturbed, such flocks would disperse after take off and often engage in aerial displays. It is speculated that the formation of these flocks is part of the anti-predator strategy of petrels against attacks from under water.
Growing Up and Living with Neurofibromatosis1 (NF1): A British Bangladeshi Case‐study
Authors: Rozario Santi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article, I analyse a narrative by Rohima1, a Bangladeshi woman now living in the UK who was diagnosed in adulthood as having NF1 (neurofibromatosis). While some themes in her narrative account resemble those of persons with NF1 in the general European and American population, other themes relate specifically to Bangladeshi cultural issues and practices. These particularly concern gender, sexual identity and marriage. As a young woman, Rohima's dark skin coloration and the tumors or lumps associated with her condition led her parents and relatives to regard her as unmarriageable and in effect, despite her evident intelligence and competence, to deny that she was a woman. Bangladeshi men and women alike found her appearance a bar to any social acceptability. Even after her marriage (to a non‐Bangladeshi man), her family have been unwilling to accept her and her children fully into their kinship network. The article explores the consequences of genetic disorders such as NF1 in cultures where social identity and concepts of personhood, particularly for women, are inextricably related to appearance and to judgements regarding marriageability.
First Report of Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, and Garlic common latent virus in Garlic in Washington State
Authors: Pappu H. R. , Hellier B. C. , Dugan F. M. 
Published: May 2007

Washington State ranks fourth in the country in garlic (Allium sativum) production (2). The impact of viruses on garlic production may be significant in Washington State, but little is known about the occurrence or identity of specific viruses (2). The USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) collects, maintains, and distributes garlic accessions. As part of the regeneration process, accessions are grown in field conditions at the WRPIS farm in Pullman, WA. In June 2004, several WRPIS accessions developed symptoms indicative of viral infection, primarily chlorotic spots and yellow stripes on leaves and scapes. Cultivars Georgia Fire and Georgia Crystal showed more than 90% incidence of symptomatic plants. Some chlorotic spots appeared similar to those caused by Iris yellow spot virus on other Allium spp. such as A. cepa. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with IYSV-specific primers (1) did not reveal the presence of IYSV. Degenerate, group-specific primers to potyviruses (3) and carlaviruses (courtesy of S. D. Wyatt) were used on total nucleic acids extracted from each symptomatic plant with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The samples (n = 26) gave an RT-PCR product of the expected size with the group-specific potyvirus RT-PCR test. One sample was positive with the carlavirus group RT-PCR test. RT-PCR products from both tests were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons with sequences in GenBank showed that all but one had Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), whereas one sample had a mixed infection of OYDV and Leek yellow stripe virus. Sequence analysis showed that the carlavirus was Garlic common latent virus. Sequence identities ranged from 95 to 99% for each of the viruses when compared with those available in GenBank. All samples were then tested for each of these viruses with commercially available antisera. Results of ELISA confirmed the findings of RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report for each of these garlic viruses from Washington State. This finding prompts the need for evaluating all garlic accessions for the potential impact of these viruses on garlic germ plasm conservation and distribution. References: (1) L. J. du Toit et al. Plant Dis. 88:222, 2004. (2) R. M. Hannan and E. J. Sorensen. Crop Profile for Garlic in Washington. Washington State University Coop Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. (3) S. S. Pappu et al. J. Virol. Methods 41:9, 1993.
First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria Race 2 from Several Vegetable Crops in Jordan
Authors: Karajeh M. , Abu-Gharbieh W. , Masoud S. 
Published: May 2007

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood (race 2) is reported for the first time in Jordan. The nematode populations were recovered from several vegetable crops, including tomato (Lycopersicon esulentum Mill), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), at Dier Alla in the northern area of the Jordan Valley. Symptoms included root galling, leaf chlorosis, and stunting. Galled plant root samples were collected during a survey conducted from May 2002 to August 2003 covering most of the irrigated agricultural areas of Jordan. Eighty-three Meloidogyne spp. populations were collected from various vegetable crops and fruit trees. Identification to species and race levels of the nematode populations was based on combination of currently available methods including nematode morphology, host preference based on the North Carolina (NC) differential host test (1), and cytogenetics and DNA-fingerprinting. Seventy of the eighty-three collected populations were identified as M. javanica, five as M. incognita (race 1), three as M. incognita (race 2), and five as M. arenaria (race 2). The perineal patterns of M. arenaria were characterized by a low, round to indented dorsal arch near the lateral field with irregular forks in the lateral field, fine smooth striae, and a distinct whorl. Race 2 was identified with the NC differential host test. Cytogenetic studies indicated that M. arenaria populations were triploid with an average of 52.2 chromosomes, while the populations of M. incognita (race 1), M. incognita (race 2), and M. javanica were hypotriploid with an average of 45.2, 46.1, and 46.7 chromosomes, respectively. Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were used to confirm species identification and to study genetic variability of the Meloidogyne spp. populations including sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). In the SCAR-PCR-based assay (2), typical DNA products of 420, 670, or 1,200 bp in size were amplified by using extracted DNA of M. arenaria (race 2), M. javanica, or M. incognita (race 1 or 2), respectively, as template DNA. The RAPD-PCR primer, OPA-01, produced DNA patterns with bands that clearly distinguished M. arenaria from the other two Meloidogyne spp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode, M. arenaria race 2, in Jordan. References: (1) A. Taylor and J. Sasser, North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, NC, 1978. (2) C. Zijlstra et al. Nematology 2:847, 2000.
Impatiens necrotic spot virus in Greenhouse-Grown Potatoes in New York State
Authors: Perry K. L. , Miller L. , Williams L. 
Published: May 2007

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV; genus Tospovirus) was detected in experimental greenhouse-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and Nicotiana benthamiana in New York State in July and August of 2003 and 2004. Potato leaves exhibiting necrotic lesions with a concentric pattern similar to those induced by Tomato spotted wilt virus (1) were observed on cvs. Atlantic, Huckleberry, NY115, and Pentland Ivory. The presence of INSV was confirmed using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a rapid ‘ImmunoStrip’ assay (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). INSV-specific sequences were amplified from total RNA extracts using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with ‘Tospovirus Group’ primers (Agdia, Inc.) and two independently amplified DNAs were sequenced. A common sequence of 355 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. AY775324) showed 98% identity to coding sequences in an INSV L RNA. The virus was mechanically transmitted to potato and N. benthamiana and could be detected in asymptomatic, systemically infected potato leaves. Stems nodes and leaves were removed from infected potato plants, and sterile in vitro plantlets were established (2). None of the regenerated in vitro plantlets of cvs. Pentland Ivory (6 plantlets) or NY115 (5 plantlets) were infected with INSV. Two of ten regenerated cv. Atlantic plantlets initially tested positive, but INSV could not be detected after 6 months in tissue culture. In vitro tissue culture plantlets could not be established from infected cv. Huckleberry plants, even though they were consistently obtained from uninfected plants. Infected greenhouse plants were grown to maturity and the tubers harvested, stored for 6 months at 4°C, and replanted in the greenhouse. INSV could not be detected in plants from 26 cv. Huckleberry, 4 cv. NY115, or 4 cv. Atlantic tubers. Although this isolate of INSV was able to systemically infect potato, it was not efficiently maintained or transmitted to progeny tubers. This might explain why INSV has not been reported as a problem in potato production. Lastly, in both years, dying N. benthamiana provided the first sign of a widespread greenhouse infestation of INSV in a university facility housing ornamental and crop plants. INSV induced a systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana, and this host may be useful as a sensitive ‘trap’ plant indicator for natural infections in greenhouse production. References: (1) T. L. German. Tomato spotted wilt virus. Pages 72–73 in: Compendium of Potato Diseases. W. R. Stevenson et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 2001. (2) S. A. Slack and L. A. Tufford. Meristem culture for virus elimination. Pages 117–128 in: Fundamental Methods of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture and Laboratory Operations. O. L. Gamborg and G. C. Philips, eds. Springer-Velag, Berlin, 1995.
Crown Rot of Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Virginia
Authors: Hong C. X. , Marston C. D. 
Published: May 2007

In early July 2004, a severe crown rot of Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.) was reported to the Virginia Cooperative Extension, Frederick County Office, and subsequently to the Virginia Tech Disease Clinic in Virginia Beach. One thousand five-year-old Canaan fir transplants (approximately 11 mm in caliper and 31 cm high) had been purchased from a tree nursery in Oregon and planted in the field in Frederick County, VA, in April of 2004. The field site had not been cultivated for 4 years after an apple orchard had been removed in 2000. By mid-May, needle browning had become serious, affecting the lower crown first. By August, transplants had suffered 40% mortality. Basal stems of affected plants were obviously discolored. Root and basal stem samples from several infected plants were then cultured on PARP-V8 agar on three different dates. Phytophthora sp. isolates were recovered from all stem samples but none from the roots. These isolates produced a large number of papillate sporangia that were caducous with short pedicels. Abundant oogonia with paragynous antheridia formed oospores directly on isolation plates within 7 days. The isolates were keyed as P. cactorum (2). This identification was confirmed using a single-strand-conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 (4). It appears that the source of inoculum was P. cactorum associated with the previous apple crop, since Canaan fir from the same transplant lot planted in a nearby field without a history of apples remained healthy. P. cactorum has been reported to cause root rot of noble fir (A. procera Rhedo), Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica var. shastensis Lemm.) in the Pacific Northwest (3). It has also caused crown rot of Fraser fir (A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), noble fir, white fir (A. concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.), and balsam fir (A. balsamea (L.) Mill.) in Michigan (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cactorum attacking Canaan fir. Canaan fir currently is a recommended Christmas tree species for areas where Fraser fir does not do well due to root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. This study suggests that such a recommendation must be used with caution. Growing Canaan fir trees in P. cactorum-infested soil could result in devastating crop losses as reported in this note. References: (1) G. C. Adams, Jr. and A. Bielenin. Plant Dis. 72:79, 1988. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (3) P. B. Hamm and E. M. Hansen. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 12:167, 1982. (4) P. Kong et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 39:238, 2003.
The Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne fallax on Strawberry in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Sommen A. T. C. , den Nijs L. J. M. F. , Karssen G. 
Published: May 2007

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne fallax Karssen is closely related to M. chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley. Both species have a wide host range and have been designated as quarantine nematodes by several countries. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) is considered a poor host for M. chitwoodi (2,3), but the host status for M. fallax in unknown. During 2003, a host suitability study was performed with four common strawberry cultivars (Ciflorette, Elsanta, Kimberly, and Mara des bois) on a field naturally infested with M. fallax near Wintelre, the Netherlands. The identity of the nematode was confirmed, prior to and after the test, by using morphological characteristics, isozymes, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The field was not infested with M. hapla Chitwood. The host test included 15 replicates per cultivar and started in April with a mean initial M. fallax density of approximately 4,500 second-stage juveniles per 100 ml of soil. The plants used in the field trial were multiplied by cuttings and grown on artificial substrate free from any Meloidogyne species. Upon plant harvesting in October, the number of root galls were counted and cvs. Mara des bois and Ciflorette did not show any typical root-knot symptoms, while cvs. Elsanta and Kimberly expressed only a few small galls. Additionally, high numbers of nematodes were found in the roots using the centrifugal floating method (1). The mean numbers of isolated nematodes for all cultivars (females, 116; males, 80; second-stage juveniles, 6,636; third- and fourth-stage juveniles, 49; and eggs, 920 per 10 g of roots) suggests that the tested strawberry cultivars are good hosts for M. fallax despite the lack of clear root galling or visible plant grow reduction as has been observed in the past for M. javanica on strawberry (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry as a host for M. fallax, and it suggests that M. fallax could be spread by strawberry transplant grown in M. fallax infested soil. The Dutch Plant Protection Service is currently discussing appropriate action, such as an additional root-knot nematode test in addition to visual root inspection, before strawberry plants are shipped and cultivated. References: (1) W. A. Coolen and J. D'Herde. A method for the quantitative extraction of nematodes from plant tissue. Ghent State Agriculture Research Centre, 1972. (2) A. M. Golden et al. J. Nematol. 12:319, 1980. (3) J. H. O'Bannon et al. Plant Dis. 66:1045, 1982. (4) D. P. Taylor and C. Netscher. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M, Ser. Biol. 10:247, 1975.
Allamanda Mosaic Caused by Cucumber mosaic virus in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Y. K. , Yang C. C. , Hsu H. T. 
Published: May 2007

Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L., family Apocynaceae) is native to Brazil and is a popular perennial shrub or vine ornamental in Taiwan. Plants showing severe mosaic, rugosity, and leaf distortion symptoms on leaves are common in commercial nurseries and private gardens. Examination of crude sap prepared from symptomatic leaves using an electron microscope revealed the presence of spherical virus particles with a diameter of approximately 28 nm. The virus was mechanically transmitted to indicator plants and induced symptoms similar to those incited by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The virus caused local lesions on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor and systemic mosaic in Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, and N. tabacum. On N. tabacum, necrotic ringspots developed on inoculated leaves followed by systemic mosaic. Tests of leaf sap extracted from naturally infected allamanda and inoculated indicator plants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were positive to rabbit antiserum prepared to CMV. Viral coat protein on transblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reacted with CMV subgroup I specific monoclonal antibodies (2). With primers specific to the 3′-half of RNA 3 (1), amplicons of an expected size (1,115 bp) were obtained in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA extracted from infected allamanda and N. benthamiana. The amplified fragment (EMBL Accession No. AJ871492) was cloned and sequenced. It encompasses the 3′ part of the intergenic region of RNA 3 (158 nt), CP ORF (657 nt), and 3′ NTR (300 nt) showing 91.8–98.9% and 71.4–72.8% identities to those of CMV in subgroups I and II, respectively. Results of MspI-digested restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the RT-PCR fragment and the nucleotide sequence analysis indicate that the CMV isolate from allamanda belongs to subgroup IB, which is predominant on the island. To our knowledge, CMV is the only reported virus that infects allamanda and was first detected in Brazil (3), and this is the first report of CMV infection in allamanda plants occurring in Taiwan. References: (1) Y. K. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:1631, 2001. (2) H. T. Hsu et al. Phytopathology 90:615, 2000. (3) E. W. Kitajima. Acta. Hortic. 234:451, 1988.