bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural classification of CDR‐H3 revisited: A lesson in antibody modeling
Authors: Kuroda Daisuke , Shirai Hiroki , Kobori Masato , Nakamura Haruki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAmong the six complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) in the variable domains of an antibody, the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR‐H3), which lies in the center of the antigen‐binding site, plays a particularly important role in antigen recognition. CDR‐H3 shows significant variability in its length, sequence, and structure. Although difficult, model building of this segment is the most critical step in antibody modeling. Since our first proposal of the “H3‐rules,” which classify CDR‐H3 structure based on amino acid sequence, the number of experimentally determined antibody structures has increased. Here, we revise these H3‐rules and propose an improved classification scheme for CDR‐H3 structure modeling. In addition, we determine the common features of CDR‐H3 in antibody drugs as well as discuss the concept of “antibody druggability,” which can be applied as an indicator of antibody evaluation during drug discovery. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The environmental fate of diuron under a conventional production regime in a sugarcane farm during the plant cane phase
Authors: Stork Peter R , Bennett Frederick R , Bell Michael J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Field studies of diuron and its metabolites 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4‐dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA) were conducted in a farm soil and in stream sediments in coastal Queensland, Australia.RESULTS: During a 38 week period after a 1.6 kg ha−1 diuron application, 70–100% of detected compounds were within 0–15 cm of the farm soil, and 3–10% reached the 30–45 cm depth. First‐order t1/2 degradation averaged 49 ± 0.9 days for the 0–15, 0–30 and 0–45 cm soil depths. Farm runoff was collected in the first 13–50 min of episodes lasting 55–90 min. Average concentrations of diuron, DCPU and DCPMU in runoff were 93, 30 and 83–825 µg L−1 respectively. Their total loading in all runoff was > 0.6% of applied diuron. Diuron and DCPMU concentrations in stream sediments were between 3–22 and 4–31 µg kg−1 soil respectively. The DCPMU/diuron sediment ratio was > 1.CONCLUSION: Retention of diuron and its metabolites in farm topsoil indicated their negligible potential for groundwater contamination. Minimal amounts of diuron and DCMPU escaped in farm runoff. This may entail a significant loading into the wider environment at annual amounts of application. The concentrations and ratio of diuron and DCPMU in stream sediments indicated that they had prolonged residence times and potential for accumulation in sediments. The higher ecotoxicity of DCPMU compared with diuron and the combined presence of both compounds in stream sediments suggest that together they would have a greater impact on sensitive aquatic species than as currently apportioned by assessments that are based upon diuron alone. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistence of naturally occurring and genetically modifiedChoristoneura fumiferananucleopolyhedroviruses in outdoor aquatic microcosms
Authors: Holmes Stephen B , Fick William E , Kreutzweiser David P , Ebling Peter M , England Laura S , Trevors Jack T 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:To assess the persistence of genetically modified and naturally occurring baculoviruses in an aquatic environment, replicate (three) outdoor, aquatic microcosms were spiked with spruce budworm viruses [Ireland strain ofChoristoneura fumiferanamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) and the recombinant CfMNPVegt−/lacZ+] at a rate of 1.86 × 1010occlusion bodies (OBs) m−2of surface area. The presence of virus in water samples collected at various times after inoculation was determined by PCR amplification of baculoviral DNA extracted from OBs.RESULTS:Although UV radiation rapidly degrades baculoviruses under natural conditions, both viruses persisted above the level of detection (>100 OBs 450 µL−1of natural pond water) for at least 1 year post‐inoculation, with little difference between the viruses in their patterns of persistence.CONCLUSION:The present microcosm study suggests that occlusion bodies of baculoviruses can persist in the flocculent layer of natural ponds. On disturbance, OBs could re‐enter the main water column and thus be available for transport to new locations. Implications for environmental risk assessment are discussed. © 2008 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service. Published by John Wiley & Ltd.
Ballooning of the levator hiatus
Authors: Dietz H. P. , Shek C. , De Leon J. , Steensma A. B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe levator hiatus defines the ‘hernial portal’ through which female pelvic organ prolapse develops. Hiatal area may therefore be an independent etiological factor for this condition. In this retrospective study we defined ‘normality’ for hiatal area by assessing its relationship with symptoms and clinical signs of prolapse.MethodsDatasets of 544 women seen in a tertiary urogynecological unit were assessed. Patients had undergone an interview, clinical examination and three‐/four‐dimensional (3D/4D) pelvic floor ultrasound imaging. All analysis was performed off‐line, blinded against clinical data.ResultsInformation on prolapse symptoms was available for 538 women and 171 (32%) of these complained of such symptoms. There was a strong statistical relationship between hiatal dimensions, both at rest and on Valsalva maneuver, and prolapse symptoms (all P < 0.001). Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.60–0.70) for hiatal area at rest and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.66–0.76) for hiatal area on Valsalva. Cut‐offs of 25 and 30 cm2 on Valsalva gave sensitivities of 0.55 and 0.34 and specificities of 0.77 and 0.86, respectively, for detecting symptomatic prolapse. Similar values were obtained when significant prolapse (Grade 2 or higher) was used as the state variable.ConclusionsLevator hiatal area as measured by 3D translabial pelvic floor ultrasound examination is strongly associated with symptoms and clinical signs of prolapse. Based on the ROC curves that we obtained, we suggest that a hiatal area of > 25 cm2 on Valsalva be defined as abnormal distensibility or ‘ballooning’ of the levator hiatus. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin E as a food additive
Authors: Wittings Lloyd A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVitamin E is a cheap, nontoxic food additive or dietary supplement. The vitamin is such a poor antioxidant that very little, if any, increase in stability is attained by its addition to any food product containing linoleic acid or other more highly unsaturated fatty acid. Increased ingestion of vitamin E results in decreased absorption. Since α‐tocopherol is present in tissues largely in subcellular membranes, it is not surprising that incorporation and storage in such sites is severely restricted. On the basis of the kinetics of autoxidation in vitro, it does not seem reasonable to expect massive ingestion of vitamin E to significantly ameliorate slow deteriorative processes, such as those associated with the generalized phenomenon of aging.
Strongly torsion generated groups fromK-theory of realC*-algebras
Authors: Berrick A. J. , Matthey M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe pursue the program initiated in [7], which consists of an attempt by means ofK-theory to construct a strongly torsion generated group with prescribed center and integral homology in dimensions two and higher. Using algebraic and topologicalK-theory for realC*-algebras, we realize such a construction up to homological dimension five. We also explore the limits of theK-theoretic approach.
Tangent bundle of hypersurfaces in G/P
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Schumacher Georg 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLet G be a simple linear algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p ≥ 0, and let P be a maximal proper parabolic subgroup of G. If p > 0, then we will assume that dimG/P ≤ p. Let ι : H ↪ G/P be a reduced smooth hypersurface in G/P of degree d. We will assume that the pullback homomorphism is an isomorphism (this assumption is automatically satisfied when dimH ≥ 3). We prove that the tangent bundle of H is stable if the two conditions τ(G/P) ≠ d and hold; here n = dimH, and τ(G/P) ∈ is the index of G/P which is defined by the identity = where L is the ample generator of Pic(G/P) and is the anti–canonical line bundle of G/P. If d = τ(G/P), then the tangent bundle TH is proved to be semistable. If p > 0, and then TH is strongly stable. If p > 0, and d = τ(G/P), then TH is strongly semistable.
Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Operational Research (OR) in Agriculture and Forest Management (EWG-ORAFM)
Authors: PLÀ L. M , SANDARS D. L 
Published: May 2008

The working group, which is concerned with operational research methods and applications to agricultural science in its broad meaning (i.e. including Forest Management and Fisheries), was formed in 2003 within the European Association of Operational Research Societies (EURO). The first meeting of the group was held at the former Silsoe Research Institute in 2004. The group intends to have regular meetings in Europe at approximately yearly intervals, usually within the EURO Conferences. However, the next meeting will be held in 2008 within the British Operational Research Society's OR50 Conference in York, followed by the EURO XXIII Conference in Bonn in 2009 and the EURO XXIV Conference in Lisbon in 2010. The third meeting of the working group, chaired by Dr L. M. Plà of the University of Lleida, with the assistance of D. L. Sandars of Cranfield University and organized as a stream within the XXII EURO Conference, was held at the University of Economics in Prague from 8 to 11 July 2007 where the following papers were read in a set of 10 sessions.
Estimation of Serpa cheese ripening time using multiple linear regression (MLR) considering rheological, physical and chemical data
Authors: Alvarenga Nuno , Silva Paula , Garcia José Rodriguez , Sousa Isabel 
Published: May 2008

Raw ewes' milk semi-soft cheeses (RESS-cheeses) are important products in Portugal and in several European regions. Creamy texture is an essential attribute of these cheeses, which results from structural properties that are not always well characterized. Here, the structural changes occurring during the ripening period of a traditional RESS-cheese, known as Serpa cheese, were analysed through small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS). Rheological data was complemented with other physical and chemical parameters, that were monitored during ripening, in order to estimate Serpa cheese ripening time using multiple linear regression (MLR). Mechanical spectra indicated a relatively strong structure, comparable to a gel, with a low dependence on frequency at the beginning of ripening and a weak structure, comparable to a concentrated suspension, with a crossing point (G″=G′) at the left of the graphic and with both moduli highly dependent on frequency, at the end of ripening. Good correlations (P<0·05) were obtained between structural (hardness and storage modulus) and proteolysis indicators. Using a combination of chemical, colour and rheological parameters we were able to obtain a multiple linear regression (MLR) which allows the estimation of Serpa cheese ripening time with an estimation error of 1·7 d (adjusted R2=0·98, P<0·0001).
Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Huber Johann , Winter Petra , Gottardi Waldemar , Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Prokop Wolfgang , Nagl Markus 
Published: May 2008

N-Chlorotaurine (NCT) is a promising endogenous agent for topical treatment of infections. We tested the tolerability and pharmakokinetics of NCT in the bovine mammary glands in a phase 1 study. Three concentrations of NCT in water (0·1%, 1·0%, 2·0%) were administered intramammarily in each of two cows. Into two quarters of the udder 100 ml NCT was injected into each twice daily for 5 d, while 0·9% NaCl was injected into the other two quarters in a randomized and blinded manner. Samples of milk were taken to determine the number of leucocytes and the activity of NCT, and samples of urine and blood to determine the taurine and chloride concentration. Chloride concentrations in serum samples were determined by an ISE-Unit of a Modular-System of the Roche Diagnostics company. The udder was monitored clinically for signs of inflammation. Oxidative activity could be detected in the milk after single irrigations for 15 min (0·1% NCT) and for maximally 5 h (1% and 2% NCT), respectively. On day 2, leucocytes increased to 4×106/ml in the NCT group, while they remained ⩽1×106/ml in the saline group. However, on days 3–5 they increased to (5–7)×106in both the NCT and control group without any statistical difference. One day after the end of dosing the number decreased significantly and reached the baseline (<1×106/ml) on day 10. The decrease was similar in both groups. Except for sporadic slight induration of single quarters in both groups and slight reduction of milk performance no disorders occurred. Taurine levels in blood and urine did not change. Irrigation of the bovine mammary gland with both NCT and saline caused a transient increase of leucocytes in the milk, but no severe side effects. The absence of residues and decay products may be a great advantage of NCT over other antimicrobial agents.
Manipulation of host food availability and use of multiple exposures to assess the crowding effect onHymenolepis diminutainTribolium confusum
Authors: SHOSTAK A. W. , WALSH J. G. , WONG Y. C. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYWe studied the ‘crowding effect’ inTribolium confusuminfected withHymenolepis diminuta. Manipulations included age and number of parasites, and diet, sex, age and number of exposures of hosts. Volume per parasite was unaffected until an intensity of at least 5–10 parasites per host, then declined approximately inversely as intensities increased. Parasite size was affected by host sex but not age or reproductive status. Host diet affected parasite size and the impact of crowding. Daily gain in parasite volume peaked partway through the developmental period and preceded the first evidence of a crowding effect. Parasites that established during a second exposure had a transient developmental delay but eventually grew as large or larger than parasites from a single exposure with the same total intensity. Parasites responded to crowding by differential allocation of resources. Cercomer volume decreased even with slight crowding, the capsule surrounding the scolex was not reduced until crowding became more severe, and scolex width was reduced only in the most extreme conditions. The data support the hypothesis that the crowding effect in this system is driven primarily by nutrient, rather than space limitations.
A(p)parent play: Blending frames and reframing in family talk
Authors: GORDON CYNTHIA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis study extends Goffman's idea that frames are laminated in various ways in interaction by demonstrating how work and play frames are interrelated in two distinct ways in naturally occurring family conversations. An analysis of excerpts from everyday interactions between parents and young children in three families illustrates how frames of play and parenting are laminated (i) by using language to sequentially transform interaction from a literal frame to a play frame (reframing), and (ii) by creating two definitions of the social situation simultaneously through language and sometimes through physical actions as well (blending frames). It identifies linguistic and paralinguistic features by which these laminations are accomplished and shows how the parents in each family use the two different types. Finally, the analysis demonstrates in what ways play constitutes “work” for parents, contributing to our understanding of play as both ambiguous and “paradoxical.”
A Creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry
Authors: DÍAZ-CAMPOS MANUEL , CLEMENTS J. CLANCY 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTMcWhorter challenges the validity of the limited access model for creole formation, noting that “the mainland Spanish colonies put in question a model which is crucial to current creole genesis.” His thesis is that in the Spanish mainland colonies the disproportion between the Black and White populations was enough for the emergence of a creole language. This article focuses on one colony, Venezuela, and argues that Africans there had as much access to Spanish as they did in islands such as Cuba. Based on this fact, the relevant linguistic evidence is analyzed. The most important contribution of this study is the discussion of the Spanish crown's monopolization of the slave trade, which kept the Black/White ratio relatively low in certain Spanish colonies until the end of the 18th century. Until now, this part of the puzzle has been absent in the discussion of the missing Spanish creoles.
When names fail: Referential practice in face-to-face service encounters
Authors: MOORE ROBERT J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTReferential practice – the variety of ways in and through which speakers refer to things in social interaction – involves a range of very different methods. When referring to physical objects or processes in face-to-face interaction, people may choose from a variety of resources, including verbal categories, names, pointing, verbal descriptors, depictive gestures, and prop demonstrations. This raises the question: Under what circumstances do speakers choose particular resources over others? To address this question, this study examines referential practice in a particular kind of face-to-face workplace setting, the service counter of a quick print shop. At the service counter, not only do customers use alternative resources in referring to the document services they want, but these resources appear to be ordered relative to one another in terms of a preference for minimization. In referring to document services, customers first try the most minimal form, the official name, but if that fails or is unknown, customers fall back on more expanded forms of reference, such as pointing or depicting.
Multilithic English(es) and language ideologies
Authors: Pennycook Alastair 
Published: May 2008

Braj Kachru, Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. Pp xxiv, 333. Pb. $27.95.>Yamuna Kachru & Cecil Nelson, World Englishes in Asian contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006. Pp. xxiv, 412. Pb. $32.50.Rana Rubdy & Mario Saraceni (eds.) English in the world: Global rules, global roles. London: Continuum, 2006. 218 pp. Pb. £30.00.With the growth of Asia's manufacturing and service industries, the prediction that China and India, respectively, will have the first and third largest global economies within 30 years, a population that comprises over 50% of the world's people, and massive English language programs throughout the region, it is no surprise that the role of English in Asia has become a major concern. At a recent (2006) Asia TEFL conference in Japan, the notions of Asian English(es), along with Asian methodologies and Asian knowledge, were topics of considerable discussion. The size and diversity of Asia, however, makes it a very difficult entity to define: The Asia TEFL conference included delegates from Israel and Iran, and two of the books under review here, Braj Kachru's Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon (AEBC) and Yamuna Kachru & Cecil Nelson's World Englishes in Asian contexts (WEAC), include (with identical maps) Australia and New Zealand. In some ways, the idea of Asia is defined by what it is not: Europe and North America. It is also not, of course, South America or Africa, though with WEAC containing a chapter on African Englishes (as well as African American Vernacular English, or AAVE), it seems as if they might be allowed in. It is clear nevertheless that various notions of Asia – as an economic zone, as a cultural entity, and as a user of a type or types of English – are widely used. We need to take the notion of Asia and Asian English(es) seriously, if only to try to understand what is meant by Braj Kachru's explanation that AEBC is “essentially about the Asianness in Asian Englishes and their gradual, yet marked, distinctiveness” (p. xv).
Effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in Japanese children during a non-epidemic period: a matched case-control study
Authors: OKADA K. , OHASHI Y. , MATSUO F. , UNO S. , SOH M. , NISHIMA S. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThe number of pertussis cases in Japan has decreased dramatically following the nationwide use of an acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids (DTaP vaccines) which began in 1981. However, the effectiveness of the DTaP vaccine has not been systematically evaluated using appropriate epidemiological methods during a non-epidemic period in Japan. We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the Kaketsuken DTaP vaccine which contains two-component pertussis antigens in Japanese children from 1999 to 2001 using a matched case-control design and data from the Basic Resident Registration and Maternal and Child Health Handbooks. The DTaP vaccination history of 15 children with pertussis and 59 controls was obtained. The VE of 3 or 4 pertussis vaccinations compared with non-vaccination (baseline) was 96·9% for coughing attacks that lasted ⩾7 days, 96·4% for those lasting ⩾14 days, and 95·9% for those lasting ⩾21 days. These findings suggest that DTaP vaccination effectively prevented pertussis during a non-epidemic period in Japan.
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in seven Asian countries
Authors: CHUANG C.-H. , SU L.-H. , PERERA J. , CARLOS C. , TAN B. H. , KUMARASINGHE G. , SO T. , VAN P. H. , CHONGTHALEONG A. , HSUEH P.-R. , LIU J.-W. , SONG J.-H. , CHIU C.-H. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYTwo hundred and four Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates were collected from seven Asian countries during 2002–2004. Multidrug-resistant S. Typhi (resistant to ⩾3 antibiotics) was detected in 84 (41·2%) isolates and 142 (69·6%) showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (minimum inhibitory concentration=0·125–1·0 mg/l). This study highlights the worsening situation of antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhi in Asia.
CLASSIC MAYA TEXTILE PRODUCTION: INSIGHTS FROM MOTUL DE SAN JOSÉ, PETEN, GUATEMALA
Authors: Halperin Christina T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTextiles in ancient Mesoamerica served as a critical economic resource and symbolic display of status, wealth, and social affiliation. The economic significance of textiles can be explored, in part, by the archaeological identification and distribution of production tools: spinning and weaving implements. In the Maya area, however, few studies have examined the organization of textile production, and systematic documentation of tool distributions is lacking. This paper reviews previous archaeological research on Maya textile production and introduces new data from the Classic-period site of Motul de San José, Guatemala. These data complement current understandings of Classic Maya household economies by stressing the relative economic autonomy of households from the state in textile production and the heterogeneity of productive strategies within and between different households. Such heterogeneity is expressed, at least in the case of Motul de San José, by more intensive or larger-scale production conducted by large, elite households than by small, commoner households. This finding implies that textile production for tribute was not a central concern among lower-status groups in this area as it was among many Postclassic- and Contact-period commoners in Mesoamerica. Rather, Classic-period Maya royal and elite individuals were able to bolster further their economic and social standings through textile production because they had easier access to resources or surplus labor found in or associated with their own households.