bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of canopy drying time after rainfall using sap flow measurements in an emergent tree in a lowland mixed‐dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Kume Tomonori , Kuraji Koichiro , Yoshifuji Natsuko , Morooka Toshiyuki , Sawano Shinji , Chong Lucy , Suzuki Masakazu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study emphasizes the importance of canopy drying time (CDT) after rainfall in a lowland tropical rain forest. In this study, we estimate CDT using sap flow velocities measured by a heat‐pulse method in an emergent tree in a lowland mixed‐dipterocarp forest. Estimated CDT (ECDT) for each rain event has been defined as the time from rainfall cessation to the specific time derived from the difference between diurnal courses of sap flow velocities on a rainy day versus bright days. ECDT could be derived for 22 rain events that were grouped into two types, depending on whether rainfall ceased before or after noon. The ECDTs were distributed more widely and with greater values when rainfall ceased before noon (Type 1) than after noon (Type 2). The ECDTs of both Type 1 and Type 2 decreased with increases in net radiation (Rn) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) after rainfall. This result shows that ECDT is determined mainly by post‐rainfall evaporation rates. The sap flow velocity as a detector of canopy wetness worked out well because of the specific rainfall characteristics at this site. The practical limitations of the method using sap flow velocities are discussed in relation to rainfall characteristics and time lags between transpirations and sap flow velocities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modification to the Soil Conservation Service curve number method for steep slopes in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Gallichand Jacques , Wang Zhanli , Goulet Monique 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Soil Conservation Service curve number (CN) method is widely used for predicting direct runoff from rainfall. However, despite the extent of cultivation on hillslope areas, very few attempts have been made to incorporate a slope factor into the CN method. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate existing approaches integrating slope in the CN method, and (2) to develop an equation incorporating a slope factor into the CN method for application in the steep slope areas of the Loess Plateau of China. The dataset consisted of 11 years of rainfall and runoff measurements from two experimental sites with slopes ranging from 14 to 140%. The results indicated that the standard CN method underestimated large runoff events and overestimated small events. For our experimental conditions, the optimized and non‐optimized forms of the slope‐modified CN method of the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator model improved runoff prediction for steep slopes, but large runoff events were still underestimated and small ones overpredicted. Based on relationships between slope and the observed and theoretical CN values, an equation was developed that better predicted runoff depths with an R2 of 0·822 and a linear regression slope of 0·807. This slope‐adjusted CN equation appears to be the most appropriate for runoff prediction in the steep areas of the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth distribution of interrill overland flow and the formation of rills
Authors: Parsons Anthony J. , Wainwright John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA Gumbel distribution for maxima is proposed as a model for the depths of interrill overland flow. The model is tested against three sets of field measurements of interrill overland flow depths obtained on shrubland and grassland hillslopes at Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southern Arizona. The model is found to be a satisfactory fit to 81 of the 90 measured distributions. The shape δ and location λ parameters of all fitted distributions are strongly correlated with discharge. However, whereas a common relationship exists between discharge and δ for all depth distributions, the relationships with λ vary systematically downslope. Using the Gumbel distribution as a model for the distribution of overland flow depths, a probabilistic model for the initiation of rills is developed, drawing upon the previous work of Nearing. As an illustration of this approach, we apply this model to the shrubland and grassland hillslopes at Walnut Gulch. It is concluded that the presence of rills on the shrubland, but not on the grassland, is due to the greater runoff coefficient for the shrubland and/or the greater propensity of the shrubland for soil disturbance compared with the grassland. Finally, a generalized conceptual model for rill initiation is proposed. This model takes account of the depth distribution of overland flow, the probability of flow shear stress in excess of local soil shear strength, the spatial variability in soil shear strength and the diffusive effect of soil detachment by raindrops. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces apoptosis through activation of Bax in human gallbladder adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Ariyama Hiroshi , Qin Baoli , Baba Eishi , Tanaka Risa , Mitsugi Kenji , Harada Mine , Nakano Shuji 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlthough gefitinib, a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, has been clinically demonstrated to be effective for certain cancer cell types, the molecular mechanisms of the anti‐tumor activity have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of gefitinib‐induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in HAG‐1 human gallbladder adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment of gefitinib at a dose of 1 µM resulted in a significant growth inhibition, and the cell number irreversibly declined after 72‐h incubation, with a progressive expansion of apoptotic cell population over 120‐h. Following 2‐h treatment, gefitinib significantly inhibited EGFR autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling pathway through Erk and Akt, and induced accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle at 24‐h, accompanied by a concomitant increase in p21 transcript and increased expression of p27. Gefitinib did not affect the amount of total and phosphorylated p53 at serine 15, but upregulated the expression of total Bax, with subsequent increase in p18 Bax, an active form of Bax. The expression of Bcl‐2 and Bad was unchanged. An increase in gefitinib‐induced expression of total Bax might be due to the decreased degradation of Bax, because the level of Bax mRNA has not been altered by gefitinib treatment. Gefitinib promoted the cleavage of full‐length p21 Bax into p18 Bax in mitochondrial‐enriched fraction, a characteristic feature of Bax activation toward apoptosis. Moreover, blockade of Bax by using anti‐Bax small interfering double stranded RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced gefitinib‐induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest a critical role of p18 Bax in gefitinib‐induced apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 724–734, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIF‐1α has an anti‐apoptotic effect in human airway epithelium that is mediated via Mcl‐1 gene expression
Authors: Liu Xiu‐Huai , Yu Erik Z. , Li Ying‐Yue , Kagan Elliott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) proteins have been shown to regulate apoptosis in some cell systems but have not been studied in this context in airway epithelium. Using a model of anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R), the present study employed RNA interference (RNAi) targeting HIF‐1α and Mcl‐1 to evaluate their possible anti‐apoptotic effects on HBE1 cells, an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line. The cells were either cultured under normoxic conditions or were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes targeting HIF‐1α or Mcl‐1 mRNA and then immediately exposed to A/R. As controls, non‐transfected HBE1 cells and cells transfected with scrambled RNA duplexes were subjected to A/R. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and RNAi was assessed by knockdown of HIF‐1α and Mcl‐1 mRNA and protein expression using real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR (Q‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blots. HBE1 cells transfected with siRNA duplexes targeting either HIF‐1α or Mcl‐1 and subjected to A/R manifested considerable apoptosis, a finding not observed in either non‐transfected cells or cells transfected with scrambled RNA duplexes. Specific knockdown of mRNA and protein expression by RNAi in HBE1 cells after A/R was shown for siRNA duplexes targeting either HIF‐1α or Mcl‐1. Unexpectedly, knockdown of HIF‐1α induced parallel knockdown of Mcl‐1 mRNA and protein expression, whereas Mcl‐1 knockdown had no noticeable effect on HIF‐1α expression. Thus, although both of these proteins were shown to be anti‐apoptotic, the action of HIF‐1α appeared to be mediated in part via Mcl‐1. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 755–765, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Internet‐based robotic laser scissors and tweezers microscopy
Authors: Botvinick Elliot L. , Berns Michael W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have engineered a robotic laser ablation and tweezers microscope that can be operated via the internet using most internet accessible devices, including laptops, desktop computers, and personal data assistants (PDAs). The system affords individual investigators the ability to conduct micromanipulation experiments (cell surgery or trapping) from remote locations (i.e., between the US and Australia). This system greatly expands the availability of complex and expensive research technologies via investigator‐networking over the internet. It serves as a model for other “internet‐friendly” technologies leading to large scale networking and data‐sharing between investigators, groups, and institutions on a global scale. The system offers three unique features: (1) the freedom to operate the system from any internet‐capable computer, (2) the ability to image, ablate, and/or trap cells and their organelles by “remote‐control,” and (3) the security and convenience of controlling the system in the laboratory on the user's own personal computer and not on the host machine. Four “proof of principle” experiments were conducted: (1) precise control of microscope movement and live cell visualization, (2) subcellular microsurgery on the microtubule organizing center of live cells viewed under phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, (3) precise targeting of multiple sites within single red blood cells, and (4) optical trapping of 10 μm diameter polystyrene microspheres. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:65–74, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel technique for flat‐embedding cryofixed plant specimens in LR white resin
Authors: Palmieri Maria , Kiss John Z. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAcrylic LR White is used preferentially for many research applications because it possesses unique advantages over other commercially available resin types. LR White has low toxicity; its low viscosity and hydrophilic properties enable it to infiltrate specimens with comparative ease, and specimens embedded in LR White take up stains for light microscopy well and tend to retain superior antigenicity relative to other resins. These qualities make LR White a good choice for immunohistochemistry, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. However, LR White does not heat‐polymerize in the presence of oxygen, which precludes its use with many commercially available embedding molds. Furthermore, flat‐embedding specimens in LR White is often an arduous task. Therefore, in this paper, we report on the development of novel flat‐embedding chambers for use with LR White. Another goal of our studies was the rapid fixation of larger specimens. Chemical fixation was inadequate because of the time required for tissue infiltration, but cryofixation quickly and effectively immobilized intracellular organelles. Mean amyloplast positions differed in vertically oriented versus control specimens after chemical fixation, whereas no significant difference was observed after cryofixation. Furthermore, cryofixation provided acceptable preservation at the light microscopy level, even though our specimens were relatively larger. This underscores the utility of cryofixation for light microscopy determination of organelle positioning within plant cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:80–84, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of photoconversion technique for correlated confocal and ultrastructural studies in organotypic slice cultures
Authors: Nikonenko Irina , Boda Bernadett , Alberi Stefano , Muller Dominique 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPhotoconversion of fluorescent staining into stable diaminobenzidine (DAB) precipitate is widely used for neuroanatomical and developmental studies. An important advantage of the approach is to make correlations between light and electron microscopy analyses possible, the DAB reaction product formed during photoconversion being electron dense. By combining a photoconversion approach with biolistic transfection of neurons in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, we describe here a methodology that allowed us to study at the electron microscopy level the fine details of cells expressing specific genes of interest. The same approach has also been used to analyze the ultrastructural characteristics of specific cells such as neurons recorded with patch clamp techniques. This approach revealed particularly useful for studies of dendritic arborisation, dendritic spines, and axon varicosities of identified cells, as precise morphometric parameters of these structures can only be obtained by electron microscopy. The techniques used for fluorescent staining and photoconversion of these different cell structures and the results obtained by electron microscopic analyses are described. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:90–96, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversible Photo‐Mechanical Switching Behavior of Azobenzene‐Containing Semi‐Interpenetrating Network under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Kyoung , Wang Xiao‐Shui , Fujita Yukihiro , Sudo Atsushi , Nishida Haruo , Fujii Masayuki , Endo Takeshi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Light‐induced reversible changes in elasticity of semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) films bearing azobenzene moieties were achieved under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation. The semi‐IPN film was prepared by a cationic copolymerization of azobenzene‐containing vinyl ethers in a linear polycarbonate (PC) film as a matrix. When the irradiation was switched on and off, the semi‐IPN film showed rapid reversible deformation with the same behavior occurring over a range of wavelengths, including both the UV and visible regions. The observed reversible deformation of the film was attributed to the decrease in the film's elasticity, which was assumed to be caused by the frequent trans‐cis cycling isomerization of azobenzene moieties taking place during the UV and visible light irradiation. This cycling makes it difficult for the azobenzene groups to aggregate, thus hindering their ability to function as pseudo‐crosslinking points.
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Robust Poly(allylamine)‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Particles Prepared by Physical Crosslinking with Poly(styrene sulfonate)
Authors: Chen Bo , Gao Changyou 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Robust thermosensitive PAH‐g‐PNIPAAm/PSS particles were prepared by addition of a poly(allylamine)‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) particle suspension into poly(styrene sulfonate) solution above the LCST of PAH‐g‐PNIPAAm. Scanning force microscopy revealed stable and well‐separated particles in water at room temperature. The zeta‐potential showed a negative surface charge of the particles. Their thermosensitive behavior was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering. The release of rhodamine 6G loaded particles could respond to the incubation temperature.Fabrication of thermosensitive and robust particle by suspension of in situ formed PAH‐g‐PNIPAAm particle above the LCST in PSS solution.imageFabrication of thermosensitive and robust particle by suspension of in situ formed PAH‐g‐PNIPAAm particle above the LCST in PSS solution.
Effect of amantadine in essential tremor: A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Gironell Alexandre , Kulisevsky Jaime , Pascual‐Sedano Berta , Flamarich David 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere is a need for new medication for essential tremor (ET). Preliminary evidence suggests that amantadine may be effective in the treatment of ET. We studied the effects of amantadine in a double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled trial in ET patients. Sixteen patients with ET received amantadine 100 mg b.i.d. and placebo for 15 days, with a 1‐week wash‐out period between treatments. Major evaluation outcomes consisted of a tremor clinical rating scale, accelerometric recordings, and a self‐reported disability scale obtained before drug intake and on study days 1 and 15 of each treatment period. A two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance (treatment, time) was applied. Any P value < 0.05 was considered significant. On day 15, amantadine did not demonstrate any significant efficacy in reducing tremor with respect to baseline in any tremor measures. An increase in postural tremor as an adverse effect of amantadine was referred by 37.5% of patients. Results from the present trial indicate amantadine at 100 mg b.i.d. is not effective as a treatment for ET. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Long‐term benefits of rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: An active treatment extension study
Authors: Poewe Werner , Wolters Erik , Emre Murat , Onofrj Marco , Hsu Chuanchieh , Tekin Sibel , Lane Roger 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn patients with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the efficacy and safety of rivastigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, were previously demonstrated in a 24‐week double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Our objective was to determine whether benefits were sustained over the long term. Following the double‐blind trial, all patients were permitted to enter an active treatment extension study, during which they received rivastigmine 3–12 mg/day. Standard safety assessments were performed. Efficacy assessments included the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog) and other measures of cognition, daily function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and executive function. Of 433 patients who completed the double‐blind trial, 334 entered and 273 completed the active treatment extension. At 48 weeks, the mean ADAS‐cog score for the whole group improved by 2 points above baseline. Placebo patients switching to rivastigmine for the active treatment extension experienced a mean cognitive improvement similar to that of the original rivastigmine group during the double‐blind trial. The adverse event profile was comparable to that seen in the double‐blind trial. Long‐term rivastigmine treatment appeared well tolerated and may provide sustained benefits in dementia associated with PD patients who remain on treatment for up to 48 weeks. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
A two‐species plasma in the limit of large ion mass
Authors: Rein Gerhard 
Published: October 2005

AbstractClassical solutions of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system are considered, describing a collisionless plasma with two species of particles. ions and electrons. It is shown that as the ion mass m tends to infinity, the corresponding solution of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system tends to the solution of a system, in which the ions are given by a fixed ion background and only the electrons move. The convergence is uniform on compact time intervals, with an asymptotic convergence rate of m−1.
On a contact problem for a system of parabolic equations in the thermal conductivity of electric machines: II
Authors: Małecki Romuald , Olszewski Paweł , Urbanowicz Jacek , Urbański Wojciech 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe non‐linear contact problem for the parabolic system of second order in the sense of Pietrovski, which is the generalization of the problem considered in Part I (preceding paper), is formulated. The matrix of fundamental solutions for parabolic systems of second order with coefficients containing unknown functions and their first‐order derivatives is constructed and used to reduce the problem to the equivalent system of integral equations which is then reduced to a system of Volterra type of the second kind. The existence of the solution of the system obtained is proved by using the Schauder fixed‐point theorem.
The kinetics equations in a multiplying medium with free boundaries
Authors: Belleni‐Morante A. , Lauro G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe study a mathematical model of neutron multiplication in a slab 𝒮, by taking into account temperature feedback effects and considering one group of delayed neutrons. The thickness 2a of 𝒮 is time dependent because of temperature variations due to the energy released by fissions.Starting from a quite detailed picture of the physical phenomena occurring in 𝒮, we derive a system of three coupled ordinary differential equations for the total number of neutrons F̂ = F̂(t), for the total number of precursors Ĉ = Ĉ(t), and for the half‐thickness of 𝒮, a = a(t).We finally examine some stability properties of such a system of ordinary differential equations.
Modelling of dynamic networks of thin thermoelastic beams
Authors: Lagnese J. E. , Leugering G. , Schmidt E. J. P. G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe derive a distributed‐parameter model of a thin non‐linear thermoelastic beam in three dimensions. The beam can also be initially curved and twisted. Our main task is to formulate the non‐homogeneous initial, boundary and node value problem associated with the dynamics of a network of a finite number of such beams. The emphasis here is on a distributed‐parameter modelling of the geometric and kinematic node conditions. The forces and couples appearing in the boundary and node conditions can then be viewed as control variables. The analysis of the resulting control systems and their controllability and stabilizability properties is the subject of [25] and of forthcoming papers.
A non‐isentropic Euler–Poisson model for a collisionless plasma
Authors: Markowich Peter A. , Pietra Paola 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe analyse transonic solutions of the one‐dimensional Euler–Poisson model for a collisionless gas of charged particles in the non‐isentropic steady‐state case. The model consists of the conservation of mass, momentum and energy equations. The electric field is modelled self‐consistently (Coulomb field). Boundary conditions on the particle density and particle temperature are imposed.The analysis is based on representing solutions piecewise as orbits in the particle‐density‐electric‐field phase plane and connecting the orbit segments by the jump and entropy conditions.We characterize the set of all solutions of the Euler–Poisson problem. In particular, we show that, depending upon the length of the interval on which the boundary value problem is posed, fully subsonic, one‐shock and (in certain cases) two‐shock transonic and smooth transonic solutions exist. Also, numerical computations illustrating the structure of the solutions are reported.
Study of global solutions of parabolic equations via a priori estimates. Part I: Equations with principal elliptic part equal to the laplacian
Authors: Lieberman Gary M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe study global solutions of ut=Δu + f(u, Du) with zero boundary data. Under suitable hypotheses on f, we show that an energy, which is roughly the H1 norm of u, cannot change too rapidly. When f depends only on u, this estimate implies that all global solutions are bounded.