bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HLA mismatch combinations associated with decreased risk of relapse: implications for the molecular mechanism
Authors: Kawase Takakazu , Matsuo Keitaro , Kashiwase Koichi , Inoko Hidetoshi , Saji Hiroh , Ogawa Seishi , Kato Shunichi , Sasazuki Takehiko , Kodera Yoshihisa , Morishima Yasuo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe finding that the risk of relapse in hematologic malignancy decreases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has lead to the concept of a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, this beneficial effect is considered to be frequently offset by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Thus, improving HSCT outcomes by separating GVL from GVHD is a key clinical issue. This cohort study registered 4643 patients with hematologic malignancies who received transplants from unrelated donors. Six major human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci were retrospectively genotyped. We identified 4 HLA-Cw and 6 HLA-DPB1 mismatch combinations responsible for a decreased risk of relapse; of these, 8 of 10 combinations were different from those responsible for severe acute GVHD, including all 6 of the HLA-DPB1 combinations. Pairs with these combinations of HLA-DPB1 were associated with a significantly better overall survival than were completely matched pairs. Moreover, several amino acid substitutions on specific positions responsible for a decreased risk of relapse were identified in HLA-Cw, but not in HLA-DPB1. These findings might be crucial to elucidating the mechanism of the decreased risk of relapse on the basis of HLA molecule. Donor selection made in consideration of these results might allow the separation of GVL from acute GVHD, especially in HLA-DPB1 mismatch combinations.
Clinicopathological significance of expression of p-c-Jun, TCF4 and beta-Catenin in colorectal tumors
Authors: Takeda Kayoko , Kinoshita Ichiro , Shimizu Yasushi , Ohba Yusuke , Itoh Tomoo , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Dosaka-Akita Hirotoshi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
A recent study has shown that phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) interacts with TCF4 to form a complex that cooperatively enhances their transcriptional activity in the presence of β-Catenin, and that their interaction is critical for mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. To determine the significance of these three proteins in human colorectal tumors, we analyzed their nuclear expression by immunohistochemistry.

Methods
we analyzed their nuclear expression by immunohistochemistry using paraffin-embedded specimens of 68 resected colorectal tumors, which consisted of 19 adenomas, 14 high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGINs) and 35 adenocarcinomas. We also analyzed the expression of MMP7, which has functional AP-1 and TCF binding sites in its promoter.

Results
Expression of p-c-Jun, TCF4 and β-Catenin were significantly higher in adenomas than in the adjacent normal epithelia. Expression of p-c-Jun and β-Catenin in HGINs and adenocarcinomas were also significantly higher than in the adjacent normal epithelia. p-c-Jun expression, but not TCF4 and β-Catenin, was higher in adenomas and HGINs than in adenocarcinomas, in which p-c-Jun expression was negatively correlated with pT stage progression. Furthermore, significant correlations of expression were observed between p-c-Jun and TCF4 (r = 0.25, p = 0.04), TCF4 and β-Catenin (r = 0.30, p = 0.01), p-c-Jun and MMP7 (r = 0.26, p = 0.03), and TCF4 and MMP7 (r = 0.39, p = 0.0008), respectively.

Conclusion
These results suggest that nuclear expression of p-c-Jun, TCF4 and β-Catenin have important roles in human colorectal tumor development and that p-c-Jun may play a pivotal role in the earlier stages of tumor development.
A System for Control of Order Backlog
Authors: Schaffir Kurt H. , Scott James H. 
Published: November 2008

The application of inventory control theory to job shop operation has been limited, largely because the made-to-order nature of the product prohibits its accumulation in finished form prior to sale. In this situation it is, in fact, not inventory which must be controlled in order to achieve optimal operation, but rather it is the backlog of orders on hand at any time for production and delivery at some future time which requires management's attention. This paper describes a heuristic system for control of order backlog which was developed for a rather special type of job shop operation. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
“Management Science” and the Manager
Authors: Drucker Peter F. 
Published: November 2008

Most of the writing on the new “Management Science,” that is on the application of systematic methodology to the job of managing in the business enterprise, has so far come from the scientists. Understandably it has therefore focused on the finding of areas in business to which the scientist can apply tools and techniques with which he is already familiar, and on the sharpening and development of these tools. The all but universal approach has been: here is a scientific method, here are scientific tools and techniques; let us find applications for them in the business enterprise. This paper proposes to look at “Management Science” from the point of view of the Manager. Its focus will therefore be on determining what methodology, what tools and techniques the Manager needs to do an orderly and systematic job of managing. Concretely the focus will be on the specific process through which the Manager does his work, and on the specific object to which his work is directed; one focus will be on Decision Making, one on the Business Enterprise and its structure. And the aim of this paper is to develop, albeit in rough and sketchy form, some specifications for “Management Science.”
Some Observations on Adaptive Forecasting
Authors: Theil H. , Wage S. 
Published: November 2008

The procedure of “adaptive” or “exponential” forecasting is based on weighted averages of two sources of evidence; one is the latest evidence (the most recent observation), the other the value computed one period before. As such, it is an easy, quick and cheap method; very little information is needed for a forecast; also, the most recent information is used. This article serves a dual purpose. One is to simplify the forecasting procedure and to clarify its characteristics in the simplest possible manner. This objective is pursued in Sections 2–4. The second purpose is to formulate a probabilistic model underlying the prediction procedure and to select weights which minimize the mean-square prediction error. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to that purpose.
The Sizes of Simulation Samples Required to Compute Certain Inventory Characteristics with Stated Precision and Confidence
Authors: Geisler Murray A. 
Published: November 2008

This study presents calculations of sample sizes, measured in number of simulated time periods, required to estimate certain parameters of selected inventory models with specified precision and confidence. In particular, the inventory models used include the classical zero procurement lead-time case, plus selected non-zero procurement lead-time cases having 2-, 5-, and 10-period lead-times. The parameters estimated are the mean number of shortages and of overages per time period, an overage being the amount of stock on hand at the end of the period, with negative amounts (or shortages) equated to zero. The calculations presented include the number of time periods to be sampled to produce estimates of mean shortages and overages per time period within approximately 100 per cent of the true value, with 95-per-cent confidence. These calculations were done for the procurement lead-time models described above, using 100 different inventory policies with each model, as defined by selected stock-control levels and reorder points. The underlying demand distribution was assumed to be exponential. From this brief study of sample sizes on comparatively simple inventory models, we find that over the range of conditions examined, the sample sizes required to estimate shortages per period and overages per period tend not to be excessive; that is, sample sizes of less than 100 are usually required to obtain the level of precision specified (a sample estimate within approximately 100 per cent of the true value) at a 95-per-cent confidence level.
Measuring Risk on Consumer Instalment Credit
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: November 2008

The advantages of statistical measures for grading credit risks in lending to consumers have been widely recognized but relatively little use has been made of such systems. The paper develops a relatively simple statistical method for measuring risk on individual accounts that can also be used for measuring and controlling portfolio quality and for estimating loss rates. The procedure entails four steps: Comparison of good and bad accounts in the search for characteristics that are associated with bad accounts; Calculation of bad account probabilities for discriminating characteristics; Development of a risk index from bad account probabilities to be used in grading accounts; Evaluation of the risk index. A test of the Method the accounts of a commercial bank is described and the judgements implied by the risk index are compared to the criteria used by interviewers in rejecting applicants. A great many similarities are found between the results of the two methods but a number of striking dissimilarities are observed. The last section of the paper illustrates the ways in which the risk index can be used to adjust credit quality to the desired volume and loss experience. It also demonstrates its use in measuring portfolio quality and in estimating loss rates.
Roadblocks to Progress in the Management Sciences and Operations Research
Authors: Rader Louis T. 
Published: November 2008

Management scientists and operations research people have contributed heavily to the rationalization of operations and decision making in the General Electric Company. One TIMS member in 20 is employed by the Company. We have about 50 management information systems consultants in our Internal Automation Operation, over a hundred more working on aspects of management science at the Corporate level, and well over a thousand in the Company's operating departments. In addition, nearly 200 General Electric managers are currently attending a course in management and management science at our Management Institute in Crotonville, and in three months they will be replaced by another group. There are also some 2000 financial employees who are now in the middle of a 40-session study of mathematics, statistical inference, model building and econometrics. So General Electric is drawing heavily on the collective research of TIMS and ORSA members.
Maintenance Policies for Stochastically Failing Equipment: A Survey
Authors: McCall John J. 
Published: November 2008

This paper is a survey of scheduling policies for stochastically failing equipment. The development of these policies has relied on a variety of mathematical techniques. This reliance together with the diversity of the applications has sometimes obscured the underlying structure that is common to all these policies. The primary purpose of this survey is to identify this common structure and thereby clarify the relationships existing among the various maintenance policies. With this clarification in mind, it is hoped that the survey will provide a convenient introduction to the problems of scheduling maintenance for equipment subject to stochastic failure. The second purpose of the paper is to identify both the boundary separating scheduling problems that have been solved from interesting scheduling problems awaiting solution and the boundary separating theoretical solutions already available from applications of these solutions to practical problems. The progress of future theoretical and applied research in this field will be affected by the present positions of these boundaries. Even a crude measurement of these positions should enable us to predict the direction of future research.
Optimal Short Term Financing Decision
Authors: Robichek A. A. , Teichroew D. , Jones J. M. 
Published: November 2008

The cash requirements of many firms follow a seasonal pattern. These firms may obtain short term cash to cover their seasonal needs from a variety of sources: e.g., lines of credit, delaying of accounts payable, term loans, pledging or factoring receivables, etc. Each of these alternative sources of cash may have different costs as well as special restrictions. Given the set of cash requirements and the costs and constraints relating to alternative sources of cash, it is often difficult to determine the optimum manner of meeting the short-term cash needs. In this paper, this short-term financing problem under certainty is formulated as a mathematical model and solved through the use of a general linear programming routine. Optimum solutions are determined for a number of cases and the general form of the solution is discussed. The paper includes an analysis based on marginal costs and a discussion of the short-term financing problem under uncertainty.
Constrained Generalized Medians and Hypermedians as Deterministic Equivalents for Two-Stage Linear Programs under Uncertainty
Authors: Charnes A. , Cooper W. W. , Thompson G. L. 
Published: November 2008

In linear programming under uncertainty the two-stage problem is handled by assuming that one chooses a first set of constrained decision variables; this is followed by observations of certain random variables after which another set of decisions must be made to adjust for any constraint violations. The objective is to optimize an expected value functional defined relative to the indicated choices. This paper shows how such problems may always be replaced with either constrained generalized medians or hypermedians in which all random elements appear only in the functional. The resulting problem is called a deterministic equivalent for the original problem since (a) the originally defined objective replaces all random variables by corresponding expected values and (b) the remaining constraints do not contain any random terms. Significant classes of cases are singled out and special attention is devoted to the structure of the constraint matrices for these purposes. Numerical examples are supplied and related to the previous literature. Other properties of these models are also examined and related to types of problems which are often of interest. For instance the hypermedian and generalized median formulations involve minimizations over absolute value terms in the functional. These, in turn, are developed for their possible pertinence in problems where minimizations are to be over the maximum of a set of functions under inequality constraints. Utilizing Moore-Penrose (generalized) inverses, other characterizations are also secured in which all relevant weights and coefficients are stated explicitly in terms of original data.
The Priority Problem and Computer Time Sharing
Authors: Greenberger Martin 
Published: November 2008

Priority decisions arise whenever limited facilities must be apportioned among competitive demands for service. Broadly viewed, even the familiar first-come-first-served discipline is a priority rule. It favors the longest-waiting user, and guards against excessive delays. Other priority rules, such as shortest-job-next, are keyed instead to considerations of operating efficiency. Urgency of request is still another common consideration. Since these considerations often conflict, the priority rule serves as mediator. Use of a common coat measure can help effect this mediation, as results from recent job-shop simulations illustrate. A priority operation of contemporary interest is scheduling a time-shared computer among its concurrent users. Service requirements are not known in advance of execution. To keep response times short for small requests, service intervals are partitioned and segments are served separately in round-robin fashion. A mathematical analysis pinpoints the tradeoff between overhead and discrimination implicit in this procedure, and allows alternate strategies to be costed. Extensions of the simple round-robin procedure are suggested, the objectives of time sharing are reviewed, and implications are drawn for the design of future priority and pricing systems.
Long Range Planning in Mental Health
Authors: Hunter Robert J. , Schnee Jerome E. 
Published: November 2008

As a result of federal mental health grants-in-aid of 4.2 million dollars to support comprehensive mental health planning in the states, Pennsylvania initiated the development of a Comprehensive Mental Health Plan in mid-1963. This comprehensive plan concerns itself with the development of short and long range goals for a mental health program concerned with the needs of all the citizens of the state. One major phase of the comprehensive plan involves the analysis of future health requirements and the resources which will satisfy these needs. Smith, Kline and French Labs offered the assistance of its Management Research personnel to the Comprehensive Mental Health Planning Committee in this stage of the planning process. Specifically, we agreed to examine the problems associated with locating new Outpatient Psychiatric Clinics.
Optimal Depreciation Strategies for Income Tax Purposes
Authors: Schoomer B. Alva 
Published: November 2008

Among the items on a corporate income statement, depreciation and amortization are unique in that while they are legitimate expenses, and therefore deductible for tax purposes, they are non-cash items. Thus, the tax savings which result from reporting depreciation may be retained by the company for investment. If the funds thus generated can be invested profitably, a substantial increase in corporate profitability can result. Typically, this component of the total cash flow of an industrial corporation is two or three times as large as retained corporate earnings. A number of methods for computing depreciation allowances are permitted by law. In addition, switching from one method to another is possible under certain circumstances. The particular method of depreciation which is optimal under a particular set of conditions depends in part upon, the rate of return which the invested funds can yield. It is the purpose of this paper to derive decision rules which select from among the various depreciation alternatives that method which is optimal in a given situation.
Balancing Accuracy and Simplicity in Determining Reorder Points
Authors: Hunt Joseph A. 
Published: November 2008

Many methods have been developed to determine the proper reorder points and order quantities in an inventory system. These methods are based on a wide range of inventory models—from elementary deterministic models to sophisticated probabilistic models with time-varying parameters. This paper deals with two topics related to these calculations which were encountered during the design of an inventory control system for a firm in the heavy goods industry. A mathematical model is developed to describe the average annual variable cost of maintaining the inventory. Based on this model, the paper evaluates the savings obtained by using a simultaneous solution for reorder point and order quantity rather than a simpler separate solution. Then, this model is extended to describe the effect of batch withdrawals as a renewal process. The paper presents an adjustment which can be applied to the original reorder points based on unit withdrawals. Both of these topics are described in the context of a practical application.
On the Efficient Use of High Aswan Dam for Hydropower and Irrigation
Authors: Thomas Harold A. , Revelle Roger 
Published: November 2008

With, the completion of the High Aswan Dam it will be possible to use the water of the Nile River in many different ways for different beneficial purposes. The selection of the best method of operating the dam and developing new resources to speed economic growth and social progress is of great importance to the United Arab Republic. A large sustained multidisciplinary effort combining economic analysis, engineering design, and governmental planning will be required. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some analytical methods that will be useful in this undertaking. A mathematical model for computer studies is developed to elucidate and quantify the relations between the variables pertaining to agricultural and power uses. Other functions of the dam such as flood protection and improvement of navigation are not examined in this initial study. However, it will be possible to investigate them in a more comprehensive model using similar mathematical methods. In its present form the model is designed to use standard linear programs so that operations studies can be made without recourse to sophisticated computer techniques. The model incorporates some of the chief factors affecting efficiency of multipurpose operation for the generation of hydroelectric power and for increasing the agricultural production of the United Arab Republic. The formulation provides a logical framework on which other functions may be added at a later stage. In the last section of this paper some of the most important modifications and elaborations are discussed. The numerical data used in the present study are based on a preliminary analysis of available hydrological and economic data. Considerably more statistical analysis will be required to develop valid numerical data for the model so that reliable inferences and rational decisions can be made. The computational results at this stage are useful only in indicating the kind of inferences and the type of information that may be obtained in a more definitive study.
An Investigation of Design Methodology
Authors: Nadler Gerald 
Published: November 2008

A methodology other than that used for research may be more appropriate for designing and engineering projects. This paper compares the purposes and methodologies of research and of designing, and concludes that while their purposes are different, their current methodologies are the same. The research or scientific methodology—with analysis as its hallmark—is shown to restrict the effectiveness of a design solution. To achieve an effective design solution, a methodology distinctly different from the research methodology is required. This paper reports on research which attempted to delineate the actual strategies used by outstanding professionals in various fields. It was found that such experts, although in different fields, have strong similarities in the steps of the strategy each used. The applications of an empirical ten-step design strategy with function determination and ideal systems development as hallmarks have shown much better results than conventional strategies based on the research methodology. Additional research is suggested to verify these early conclusions and to make the stated design strategy more effective.
Integer Programming Formulation of Constrained Reliability Problems
Authors: Tillman F. A. , Liittschwager J. M. 
Published: November 2008

This paper investigates the solution by integer programming of reliability optimization problems which are subject to linear and nonlinear separable restraints. In particular, the following problems are solved: (1) maximizing reliability for a parallel redundancy system subject to multiple linear restraints, (2) minimizing cost of a parallel redundancy system subject to multiple nonlinear and separable restraint functions while maintaining an acceptable level of reliability, (3) optimal choice of design for a parallel redundancy system. Also discussed are the necessary alterations to the above formulations for problems involving standby redundant units.