bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victorian Detective Fiction
Authors: Radford Andrew 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay traces the principal currents in scholarship on Victorian detective fiction over the last century. Starting with a survey of the key critical perspectives established in the first half of the twentieth century, it moves into a more detailed discussion of prominent trends since the turn of the millennium. It suggests a number of directions in which future work might go and draws attention to the Victorian detective narrative's diversity in terms of form and subject matter, indicating that the genre is not as straightforward to label as it first seems. Charting lines of influence between distinctive theoretical and historical approaches to this genre reveals key scholarly trends and areas of recurrent formal and thematic interest in detective fiction studies. Through the discussion of these interlinking approaches I will argue that recent critical modes afford a productive new language with which to comprehend this immensely popular genre. Each grappling in various ways with the problem of how to locate and specify this genre, commentators address the detective narrative as, for example, a cryptic commentary on the nature of discipline; an expose of imperialism and its discontents; and as a fraught reaction to the teeming profusion of the modern metropolis.
Go‐Go Global: Teaching What We Know of Culture and the Negotiation Dance
Authors: Adair Wendi L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article discusses content and methods for bringing recent empirical findings on culture and the negotiation dance into the classroom. Topics include differences between the low and high context negotiation dance, offers as information, avoiding first offer anchors, and negotiation stages. Methods are discussed for teaching these topics using an experimental experiential approach in a culturally homogeneous or culturally diverse negotiation class.
Using Final Deadlines Strategically in Negotiation
Authors: Gino Francesca , Moore Don 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany practitioner‐oriented negotiation texts advise negotiators who are under time pressure to keep their final deadlines secret, especially if they are in a weak position. While this advice is consistent with intuition, recent research on the effects of revealing deadlines in negotiation has proven it to be incorrect. This is a useful lesson for students of negotiation, who often find themselves under time pressure at the bargaining table. The article discusses ways in which this lesson can be successfully taught in the classroom. In doing so, the present work reviews prior studies that investigated the effects of revealing final deadlines on negotiation outcomes and explains why negotiators mistakenly believe they ought to keep their deadlines secret.
Development and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers for Cryptomeria japonica D. Don
Authors: HIRAO T. , WATANABE A. , MIYAMOTO N. , TAKATA K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe developed 17 chloroplast microsatellite markers, which consisted of seven mononucleotide microsatellites with a minimum repeat number of 10 and 10 dinucleotide microsatellites with a minimum repeat number of six, from the complete chloroplast genomic sequence of Cryptomeria japonica. A survey of 45 C. japonica individuals showed the number of alleles ranging from two to 11 alleles and a diversity index ranging from 0.085 to 0.895. Consequently, the 45 C. japonica individuals were divided into 39 haplotypes. These markers will be useful genetic markers in the gene flow analysis and population genetics of C. japonica.
Isometric force development in human horizontal eye muscles and pulleys during saccadic eye movements
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Bolzani Roberto , Benassi Mariagrazia , Tian Suna , Schiavi Costantino 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  The connective tissue elements forming the check ligaments and portals of the human eye muscles have recently been ascribed with a pulley function. Active positioning of the pulleys over orbital layer contraction during eye movements has been suggested. Other studies have instead demonstrated fibrous tissue connections between all parts of the muscle and the pulleys. We aimed to compare the isometric force developed at the muscle tendon and at the pulleys of the horizontal eye muscles, and to investigate which eye muscle structures might exert force on the pulleys.Methods:  Isometric force development was recorded from the lateral and medial rectus muscles in six patients operated for strabismus under topical anaesthesia. Two strain gauge probes were used, each attached with 5–0 silk sutures either to the muscle tendon or to the pulley. The eye muscles were activated by horizontal saccadic eye movements in steps from 30 degrees in the off‐direction to 30 degrees in the on‐direction of the muscles.Results:  The forces developed at the tendon and pulley were almost identical with respect to amplitude and other parameters. No differences were found in forces developed at the pulleys of the medial and lateral rectus muscles.Conclusions:  The results support the presence of fibrous tissue connections between all eye muscle fibres and pulley structures, rather than orbital fibre control of the pulley.
Longterm results after phacovitrectomy and foldable intraocular lens implantation
Authors: Li Wensheng , Sun Gang , Wu Ronghan , Wang Xindan , Xu Ming , Sun Changwen 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate the longterm results of phacovitrectomy and foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with significant cataract and co‐existing vitreoretinal diseases.Methods:  We carried out a retrospective study of 186 eyes of 149 patients with various vitreoretinal abnormalities and visually significant cataracts. Vitreoretinal surgery was combined with phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation. Main outcome measures were visual acuity (VA), preoperative data, and intraoperative and postoperative complications.Results:  The most common indications for surgery were non‐diabetic vitreous haemorrhage and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Preoperative vision ranged from 0.6 to light perception; postoperative vision ranged from 1.2 to no light perception. Postoperatively, in 162 eyes (87.1%) VA improved by ≥ 3 lines on the decimal chart. In 14 eyes (7.5%), vision remained within 3 lines of preoperative levels and in 10 eyes (5.3%), vision had decreased by the last follow‐up. Postoperative complications included elevated intraocular pressure and posterior capsule opacification, corneal edema, macular edema, fibrinous reaction, vitreous hemorrhage, corneal epithelial defects, anterior chamber hyphema, choroidal detachment, persistent macular hole, posterior synechiae, recurrent retinal detachment, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma.Conclusions:  Combined vitreoretinal surgery and phacoemulsification with foldable IOL implantation is safe and effective in treating vitreoretinal abnormalities co‐existing with cataract. Based on extensive experience with the combined procedure, we suggest that combined surgery is recommended in selected patients with simultaneous vitreoretinal pathological changes and cataract.
Dog bites: still a problem?
Authors: Gilchrist J , Sacks J J , White D , Kresnow M-J 
Published: October 2008

Objective:To estimate the incidence of dog bites in the USA and compare it with similar estimates from 1994.Design:Nationally representative cross-sectional, list-assisted, random-digit-dialed telephone survey conducted during 2001–2003.Methods:Weighted estimates were generated from data collected by surveying 9684 households during 2001–2003 and compared with results from a similar survey conducted in 1994. Estimates for persons aged 15–17 years were extrapolated on the basis of rates for 10–14-year-olds.Results:Whereas the incidence of dog bites among adults remained relatively unchanged, there was a significant (47%) decline in the incidence of dog bites among children compared with that observed in the 1994 survey, particularly among boys and among those aged 0–4 years. Between 2001 and 2003, an estimated 4 521 300 persons were bitten each year. Of these, 885 000 required medical attention (19%). Children were more likely than adults to receive medical attention for a dog bite. Among adults, bite rates decreased with increasing age. Among children and adults, having a dog in the household was associated with a significantly increased incidence of dog bites, with increasing incidence also related to increasing numbers of dogs.Conclusions:Dog bites continue to be a public health problem affecting 1.5% of the US population annually. Although comparison with similar data from 1994 suggests that bite rates for children are decreasing, there still appears to be a need for effective prevention programs.
Does the decline in road traffic injury in London vary by ethnicity?
Authors: Malhotra N , Hutchings A , Edwards P 
Published: October 2008

Objective:To examine ethnic variations in trends in road traffic injuries in London.Design:Analysis of STATS19 data comparing trends in road traffic casualty rates by ethnic group.Setting:London, 2001–6.Subjects:Children (⩽14 years) and adults (⩾15 years).Main outcome measures:Annual casualty rates in white, black, and Asian pedestrians, cyclists, and car occupants.Results:Casualty rates in London declined each year between 2001 and 2006 by an average of 8.8% (95% CI 8.5% to 9.0%). After adjustment for area-level deprivation, there was good evidence that the average annual reduction in injury rates in car occupants was significantly less in Asian than in white adults (10.9% vs 14.4%, p<0.001). There was some evidence that average annual reductions in injury rates were lower in black than in white adult pedestrians (7.4% vs 9.3%, p = 0.041) and car occupants (13.2% vs 14.4%, p = 0.03).Conclusions:Casualty rates in London have declined for pedestrians, cyclists, and car occupants in three broad ethnic groups. Asian car drivers appear to have benefited least from these reductions.
Prevention of agricultural injuries: an evaluation of an education-based intervention
Authors: Hagel L M , Pickett W , Pahwa P , Day L , Brison R J , Marlenga B , Crowe T , Snodgrass P , Ulmer K , Dosman J A 
Published: October 2008

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of an agricultural health and safety program in reducing risks of injury.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:50 rural municipalities in the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada.Intervention:The Agricultural Health and Safety Network (AHSN), a mainly educational program that administered 112 farm safety interventions over 19 years.Subjects:5292 farm people associated with 2392 Saskatchewan farms. Farms and associated farm people were categorized into three groups according to years of participation in the AHSN.Main measures:Impact: self-reported prevalence of: (1) farm safety practices; (2) physical farm hazards. Outcome: (1) self-reported agricultural injuries.Results:After adjustment for group imbalances and clustering at the rural municipality level, the prevalence of all impact and outcome measures was not significantly different on farms grouped according to years of AHSN participation. To illustrate, the adjusted relative risk of reporting no rollover protection on tractors among farms with none (0 years) versus high (>8 years) levels of AHSN participation was 0.95 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.30). The adjusted relative risk for agricultural injuries (all types) reported for the year before the survey was 0.99 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.32).Conclusions:Educational interventions delivered via the AHSN program were not associated with observable differences in farm safety practices, physical farm hazards, or farm-related injury outcomes. There is a need for the agricultural sector to extend the scope of its injury prevention initiatives to include the full public health model of education, engineering, and regulation.
Reducing the burden of road traffic injury: translating high-income country interventions to middle-income and low-income countries
Authors: Stevenson M , Yu J , Hendrie D , Li L-P , Ivers R , Zhou Y , Su S , Norton R 
Published: October 2008

Objective:To increase seat belt restraint use in Guangzhou City, People’s Republic of China.Design:Comparison group pre-test, post-test design.Setting:Guangzhou City.Interventions:Interventions to increase the prevalence of seat belt use in high-income countries (enhanced training and enforcement practices along with raising of public awareness) were adapted and implemented in Guangzhou. The prevalence of seat belt use was determined before and after the introduction of the 12-month intervention. Seat belt prevalence was also examined over the same time period in the neighboring city of Nanning, and an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of the intervention was undertaken.Main outcome measures:Prevalence rates and incremental cost effectiveness ratios.Results:A 12% increase in seat belt use was observed in Guangzhou over the study period, increasing from a prevalence of 50% before (error range 30–62%) to 62% after (error range 60–67%) (p<0.001) the intervention; an absolute change difference between the intervention and reference city of 20% was achieved. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the intervention was ¥3246 (US$418) per disability-adjusted life year saved.Conclusions:This city-wide intervention demonstrates that it is possible to increase the prevalence of seat belt use using similar methods to those used in high-income countries and, importantly, that such an approach is cost-effective.
The Eocene mystery flower of McAbee, British Columbia
Authors: Manchester Steven R. , Pigg Kathleen B. 
Published: October 2008

A distinctive, extinct type of flower and fruit is described based on coalified compression and impression fossils from the Eocene lake bed deposits of McAbee, British Columbia. Dillhoffia cachensis gen. et sp. nov. has an elongate-ellipsoidal fruit with an epigynous, completely connate funnelform calyx 1.8–2.9 cm in diameter, with an unlobed, orbicular margin. The fruit narrows apically into a single style divided into four slightly recurved stigmatic arms. Fruits are pedicellate, borne in globose heads. Stamens, pollen, and internal fruit morphology remain unknown, but the available details of gynoecial and perianth morphology present a suite of characters not encountered in any known extant genus, and the familial affinities remain uncertain. This is noteworthy, because many other elements of the same Eocene flora represent extant genera with clear familial assignments such as Cunninghamia , Ginkgo , Aesculus , Alnus , Betula , Dipteronia , Fagus , Trochodendron , and Ulmus .
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND USE OF A NOVEL PENNING DISCHARGE SOURCE TO SYNTHESIZE CARBON AND CARBON NITRIDE FILMS
Authors: YANG B. Q. , FENG P. X. 
Published: October 2008

The Penning discharge (PD) sputtering deposition technique was developed and used to synthesize carbon and carbon nitride films. This novel PD source, which was very different from traditional penning electrodes, was based on configurations of two hollow interpenetrating cylindrical electrodes. The discharge voltage, current, and spectral emissions of the plasma source had been characterized. In the pulsed gas beam plasma discharge, the intensity of spectral emission from discharge plasma supplied by the positive voltage was higher than that supported by using the negative voltage. In the static gas plasma discharge, the negative voltage discharge yielded a stable and concentrated plasma source, and the discharge current linearly increased with an increase of the discharge voltage. The phase change of the discharge following the variation of gas pressures was observed. After characterization, the PD source was used in the sputtering deposition of both carbon and carbon nitride films. Microscope images of samples indicated that nanostructured films had been obtained. All samples were characterized by using Raman scattering spectroscopy.
Prostacyclin Prevents Murine Lung Cancer Independent of the Membrane Receptor by Activation of Peroxisomal Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ
Authors: Nemenoff Raphael , Meyer Amy M. , Hudish Tyler M. , Mozer Anthony B. , Snee Amy , Narumiya Shuh , Stearman Robert S. , Winn Robert A. , Weiser-Evans Mary , Geraci Mark W. , Keith Robert L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOverexpression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) decreases lung tumor multiplicity in chemical- and cigarette-smoke–induced murine lung cancer models. Prostacyclin signals through a single G-protein–coupled receptor (IP), which signals through cyclic AMP. To determine the role of this receptor in lung cancer chemoprevention by prostacyclin, PGIS-overexpressing mice were crossed to mice that lack the IP receptor [IP(−/−)]. Carcinogen-induced lung tumor incidence was similar in IP(+/+), IP(+/−), and IP(−/−) mice, and overexpression of PGIS gave equal protection in all three groups, indicating that the protective effects of prostacyclin are not mediated through activation of IP. Because prostacyclin can activate members of the peroxisomal proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors, we examined the role of PPARγ in the protection of prostacyclin against lung tumorigenesis. Iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, activated PPARγ in nontransformed bronchial epithelial cells and in a subset of human non–small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Iloprost-impregnated chow fed to wild-type mice resulted in elevated lung macrophages and decreased lung tumor formation. Transgenic animals with lung-specific PPARγ overexpression also developed fewer lung tumors. This reduction was not enhanced by administration of supplemental iloprost. These studies indicate that PPARγ is a critical target for prostacyclin-mediated lung cancer chemoprevention and may also have therapeutic activity.
Outcome of Functional Constipation in Childhood: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Michaud Laurent , Lamblin Marie-Dominique , Mairesse Sophie , Turck Dominique , Gottrand Frédéric 
Published: October 2008

Objectives To assess the outcome of patients presenting with functional constipation in childhood during a 10-year period and to determine any risk factors for developing persistent constipation throughout adolescence and adulthood. Patients and Methods 72 children (mean age 4 years; 40 boys) referred for constipation were included in a longitudinal set of observations. Initial workup included segmental colonic transit time and anorectal manometry; 45 of the 72 patients could be reevaluated 10 to 12 years later. Results 21 of 45 patients (46%; 95% confidence interval 29% to 67%) remained constipated at follow-up. Encopresis and recurrent abdominal pain were present in 25% and 56% of patients, respectively. Patients with anorectal dyssynergia remained more frequently constipated at follow-up than the others: 61% versus 29% ( P < .05). Conclusion Almost 50% of patients presenting with constipation during childhood remained constipated on long-term follow-up. Anorectal dyssynergia is associated with a worse prognosis.
Handedness Effects on Procedural Training in Pediatrics
Authors: Damore Dorothy , Rutledge John , Pan Sharon , Knotek Nicole , Ramundo Maria 
Published: October 2008

Objective To determine handedness effects on procedural training. Patients and Methods Pediatric trainees and attendings from 3 institutions participated in a Web-based survey examining whether handedness affected learning procedures, the hand used to perform procedures, and if handedness training was received. Results and Conclusions Of 778 physicians, 39% completed surveys, and 11% wrote with their left hand. Learning procedures were affected in left-handed physicians (60% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 17.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.9-40.1), and they used their non-dominant or both hands to perform procedures (48.6% vs 21%; OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.7-7.4). Few physicians received handedness training (20% vs 10.7%; P= .16). Left-handed physicians were affected learning lumbar puncture (29% vs 4%; OR= 10.0; 95% CI = 3.8-26.4), intubation (36% vs 5%; OR=11.0; 95% CI=4.4-27.4), and suturing (32% vs 4%; OR = 11.7; 95% CI = 4.5-30.5).
The Effect of Universal Maternal Screening on the Incidence of Neonatal Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease
Authors: Eberly Matthew D. , Rajnik Michael 
Published: October 2008

Objective To determine the effect of the revised guidelines on incidence of neonatal early-onset group B streptococcal disease (EoGBS) via retrospective analysis of births in a military population. Methods Information from records of all live births within military hospitals from 1993 to 2007 was obtained. The data were divided into three time frames, representing the evolution of identifying and managing at-risk deliveries for GBS transmission. Results Incidence of EoGBS decreased from 1.95 to 0.72 per 1000 live births following institution of the 1996 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations and continued to fall to 0.47 per 1000 since the adoption of universal screening in 2002. Conclusions Universal culture-based screening is more effective than risk-based screening in preventing EoGBS in term infants. Cases of EoGBS continue to occur, however, at a baseline rate of nearly 0.5 per 1000 births, thus emphasizing the need for rapid diagnostics and ultimately a vaccine.
Mesenchymal stem cells induce mature dendritic cells into a novel Jagged-2–dependent regulatory dendritic cell population
Authors: Zhang Bin , Liu Rui , Shi Dan , Liu Xingxia , Chen Yuan , Dou Xiaowei , Zhu Xishan , Lu Chunhua , Liang Wei , Liao Lianming , Zenke Martin , Zhao Robert C. H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in addition to their multilineage differentiation, exert immunomodulatory effects on immune cells, even dendritic cells (DCs). However, whether they influence the destiny of full mature DCs (maDCs) remains controversial. Here we report that MSCs vigorously promote proliferation of maDCs, significantly reduce their expression of Ia, CD11c, CD80, CD86, and CD40 while increasing CD11b expression. Interestingly, though these phenotypes clearly suggest their skew to immature status, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation could not reverse this trend. Moreover, high endocytosic capacity, low immunogenicity, and strong immunoregulatory function of MSC-treated maDCs (MSC-DCs) were also observed. Furthermore we found that MSCs, partly via cell-cell contact, drive maDCs to differentiate into a novel Jagged-2–dependent regulatory DC population and escape their apoptotic fate. These results further support the role of MSCs in preventing rejection in organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune disease.
Endothelial progenitor cell homing: prominent role of the IGF2-IGF2R-PLCβ2 axis
Authors: Maeng Yong-Sun , Choi Hyun-Jung , Kwon Ja-Young , Park Yong-Won , Choi Kyu-Sil , Min Jeong-Ki , Kim Yun-Hee , Suh Pann-Ghill , Kang Kyung-Sun , Won Moo-Ho , Kim Young-Myeong , Kwon Young-Guen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHoming of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to the neovascular zone is now considered to be an essential step in the formation of vascular networks during embryonic development and also for neovascularization in postnatal life. We report here the prominent role of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)/IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) system in promoting EPC homing. With high-level expression of IGF2R in EPCs, IGF2-induced hypoxic conditions stimulated multiple steps of EPC homing in vitro and promoted both EPC recruitment and incorporation into the neovascular area, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis in vivo. Remarkably, all IGF2 actions were exerted predominantly through IGF2R-linked G(i) protein signaling and required intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by the β2 isoform of phospholipase C. Together, these findings indicate that locally generated IGF2 at either ischemic or tumor sites may contribute to postnatal vasculogenesis by augmenting the recruitment of EPCs. The utilization of the IGF2/IGF2R system may therefore be useful for the development of novel means to treat angiogenesis-dependent diseases.