bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decalcified Bone Grafts in the Horse
Authors: Fackelman G. E. , Rechenberg B. von , Fetter A. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The need for early postoperative weight bearing following fracture repair in the horse has led to investigation of various means of expediting the healing process. Bone grafting represents one means of accomplishing this, and the transplantation of autologous tissues has proven to be most useful in equine orthopedics. Acid-decalcified, frozen, allogeneic bone for grafting is easy to prepare, readily contoured, osteogenic, and elicits no obvious immune or rejection response. The most compelling reason for the use of the substance is the elimination of the need of a harvesting operation on a patient already undergoing extensive surgery for the restitution of skeletal integrity.
Prevention of Gastric Ulcers in Swine by Feeding of Sodium Polyacrylate
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Takemoto T. , Sakamoto K. , Asano T. , Uchimura M. , Masuda I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five experiments involving 169 swine were conducted to determine the effects of 0.1% to 0.5% sodium polyacrylate (PANa) in rations of growing swine on weight gain, feed conversion, and occurrence of esophagogastric lesions. Seemingly, PANa prevented swine from developing esophagogastric ulcers. Esophagogastric ulcers or erosions occurred in 42.9% of the swine fed a PANa-free diet, but occurred in only 9.8% of those fed a diet containing PANa. Addition of PANa (0.1% to 0.5%) to the growing ration increased weight gain and feed conversion. The anti-ulcer effect of PANa was discussed.
Posterior Pathway for Aqueous Humor Drainage in the Dog
Authors: Cruise Leon J. , McClure Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A posterior route for the drainage of aqueous humor was determined, using latex spheres as tracers. Continuous intracameral injections were made on live Beagles for periods up to 1 hour. Intraocular pressure was maintained between 15 and 30 mm of Hg during the infusion process. Tissue macrophages ingested many of the spheres, and their ingestion served to fix the position of the markers as they passively followed aqueous drainage routes. Thin sections were prepared from tissues that reportedly constituted the uveoscleral route. The electron microscope was used to visualize the latex spheres within the macrophages. In this manner, a uveoscleral pathway was demonstrated in normal Beagles.
Pharmacokinetics of Trimethoprim and Sulfadiazine in the Dog: Urine Concentrations After Oral Administration
Authors: Sigel Carl W. , Ling Gerald V. , Bushby Stanley R. M. , Woolley Joseph L. , DeAngelis Diane , Eure Sallie 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serial blood samples were obtained from 12 healthy adult dogs given equivalent subcutaneous and oral doses of the antibacterial combination, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (1:5). By using a 1-compartment open model, pharmacokinetic parameters for both drugs were estimated from the mean serum concentration data after oral administration. Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine were rapidly absorbed, reaching maximum concentrations in 1 and 4 hours with serum elimination half-lives of 2.5 and 9.9 hours, respectively. After a single oral dose (30 mg/kg, combined ingredients) was given, both drugs were present in urine for up to 24 hours at concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogenic bacteria.
Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in the Dog: Measurement of Hepatic Superoxide Dismutase, Hepatic Nonheme Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Ceruloplasmin and Serum Iron, Copper, and Zinc
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Keen Carl L. , Kaneko J. J. , Farver T. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Copper and iron are involved in protection of the aerobic cell from highly toxic oxygen by-products, one of which is the superoxide anion-free radical. This protection is associated with a copper-zinc enzyme, superoxide dismutase.
Increased hepatic superoxide dismutase activity correlated directly with hepatic nonheme iron, serum zinc, and serum copper concentrations and inversely with hepatic copper, hepatic zinc, and serum iron concentrations (P < 0.001). Decrease in hepatic ceruloplasmin concentration was correlated with the decrease in hepatic copper concentration (P < 0.001).
Absorption of Volatile Fatty Acid, Na, and H2O by the Colon of the Dog
Authors: Herschel Douchka A. , Argenzio Robert A. , Southworth Magda , Stevens Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Volatile fatty acid (vfa) concentrations were examined in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs 24 and 48 hours after a meal. Small concentrations of vfa were present in the stomach and small intestine. Large concentrations were present in the large intestine at both periods after the meal, but the total quantity was reduced markedly between 24 and 48 hours. Colonic absorption and transport of vfa also were examined with in vitro and in vivo perfusion procedures. Both demonstrate that vfa were rapidly absorbed and that the rate of absorption/cm2 of colonic mucosa was equivalent to that measured in the pig. In vivo results showed that vfa and Na were absorbed at the same rate, and their absorption showed a parallel increase with a decrease in pH of the perfusate. Absorption of Na and vfa alone could account for osmotic absorption of H2O from the colon. Results indicated that although the total quantity of vfa absorbed by the colon of the dog would be nutritionally insignificant, their absorption is of major importance to normal colonic absorptive processes.
Intranasal Vaccination of Dogs with Live Avirulent Bordetella bronchiseptica: Correlation of Serum Agglutination Titer and the Formation of Secretory IgA with Protection Against Experimentally Induced Infectious Tracheobronchitis
Authors: Bey Russell F. , Shade Floyd J. , Goodnow Robert A. , Johnson Russell C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs inoculated intranasally with a live avirulent Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine were monitored for the development of resistance to experimentally induced infectious tracheobronchitis (canine cough). Dogs were challenge exposed with a virulent strain of B bronchiseptica at various times after they were vaccinated. Clinical protection was detectable as early as 48 hours. At postvaccination days 4, 5, and 14, 56%, 83%, and 95% protection was observed. Humoral immunoglobulin (Ig) titers ranged from 1:8.6 on day 0 to 1:147 on postvaccination day 21. In the monitoring of B bronchiseptica-specific secretory IgA by indirect immunofluorescence, titers appeared as early as day 4 after vaccination. The IgA titers ranged from 1:16 on day 4 to 1: 1,024 on day 21. The appearance of IgA titers correlated with the development of resistance to clinical infection.
Electromyographic Evaluation of Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Pigs
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Bowen J. M. , Williams C. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electromyography, with the aid of telemetry, was used to examine muscles of 4 young and 4 adult pigs from a genetic line highly susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (mh) and 4 young pigs (controls) from a line with no history of susceptibility to mh. In the young pigs, the intercostales, vastus lateralis, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles were examined, whereas in the adult pigs only the latter 3 were examined. Spontaneous electrical activity, such as fibrillation potentials and abnormal insertion activity, was not observed in the electromyograms, indicating that neither denervation nor muscle membrane hyperirritability was associated with mh susceptibility in these pigs. Amplitude and duration of motor unit potentials (mup) in the young mh-susceptible (mhs) pigs were significantly larger (P < 0.01) and longer (P < 0.05), respectively, than these values for mup in the control pigs. These changes are opposite in direction to those expected in a myopathy. The mean values (± sd) for amplitude and duration for all muscles were 300 ± 160 μV and 3.2 ± 0.7 ms, respectively, in the control pigs and 555 ± 100μV and 3.6 ± 0.3 ms, respectively, in the young mhs pigs. Mean values for amplitude and duration of mup for the adult mhs pigs were larger than were those for the young mhs pigs, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05).
Influence of Ration Composition and Energy Balance on Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate (Ketone) and Plasma Glucose Concentrations of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
Authors: Herdt T. H. , Stevens J. B. , Linn J. , Larson V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of ration composition, with respect to concentrate, crude protein, and methionine hydroxyanalog content, on blood β-hydroxybutyrate and plasma glucose concentrations was assessed in Holstein cows every 2 weeks over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The correlation of these metabolites with estimated energy balance, and the effects of these ration variables on this correlation were studied. High concentrate diets (60% of dry matter) compared with low concentrate diets (40% of dry matter) increased mean plasma glucose values and reduced mean blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Variation in crude protein and methionine hydroxyanalog supplementation did not affect metabolite concentration. The correlations between blood β-hydroxybutyrate and energy balance and between plasma glucose and energy balance were weak and subject to the influence of variation in ration composition.
It was concluded that plasma glucose and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations cannot be used as valid indicators of energy balance. However, it did appear that blood β-hydroxybutyrate might be used as an indicator of the relative glucogenic potential of dairy rations and that blood concentrations of this metabolite could potentially be used to adjust factors in the ration which influence glucose availability to the cow.
Effects of Moraxella bovis Vaccination Schedules on Experimentally Induced Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Webber Jonathan J. , Selby Lloyd A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An oil-adjuvant Moraxella bovis bacterin was administered to weanling calves, using different vaccination schedules. Calves were given a booster vaccination after 3 weeks and were challenge exposed 2 weeks later with virulent M bovis recovered from calves with clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). The effects of different routes of vaccination and homologous and heterologous challenge exposure on the incidence, severity, and duration of induced ibk was evaluated. All calves given a placebo developed clinical ibk. Calves vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck had the shortest duration of M bovis infection, the lowest incidence and the shortest duration of acute ibk, and the lowest disease severity score, compared with effects in calves given a placebo or vaccinated subconjunctivally. Calves challenge exposed with the homologous strain of M bovis had more infected eyes, more eyes with acute ibk, longer duration of infection, and a higher severity and duration disease score.
Heterologous Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis with Bovine Immunoglobulin E
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immunoglobulin (Ig) E was detected in sera of cows previously inoculated with ovalbumin in alum or in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Titers > 64 were produced by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (pca) reactions on calf skin, using sera from these cows. This bovine IgE was heat labile.
Bovine sera containing IgE were used to examine crossspecies reactivity by heterologous pca. Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs failed to develop pca reactions when sensitized by intradermal injections of the bovine IgE and challenge exposed at intervals from 2 to 72 hours later with iv ovalbumin and Evan’s blue dye. In contrast, sheep and goats became passively sensitized by the bovine IgE. Considerable variation in latent period and titer was apparent after comparison of results in heterologous species with each other and with the homologous recipient. Nonetheless, the ability of this homocytotropic antibody to cross species is important to the phylogenetic relationship of IgE in different species.
Seasonal Occurrence of Infective Nematode Larvae on Irrigated Pasture Grazed by Cattle in California
Authors: Baker N. F. , Fisk R. A. , Bushnell R. B. , Oliver M. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During the period extending from Dec 1, 1975, to Dec 22, 1976, 3 distinct peaks in the concentration of infective nematode larvae on pasture fcrage were detected by use of helminth-free tracer calves. Two of these peaks, 1 occurring in the spring and 1 in the fall, consisted mainly of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia sp. It is concluded that these 2 peaks can be anticipated annually and constitute unsafe periods for grazing. The 3rd peak was comprised largely of Haemonchus placei and Cooperia sp. It is concluded that this peak occurred as the result of unusual rainfall and reduced evaporation in August.
Arrested development (24% to 30%) of O ostertagi larvae occurred only during the spring peak. This finding indicates that on irrigated pastures in California, type I ostertagiasis can be expected to occur as the result of infection during the spring and/or fall peaks, whereas type II ostertagiasis can be expected to occur in the fall as a result of infection obtained during the spring peak. Arrestment in development of Cooperia sp occurred during spring (14%) and fall (23%) peaks. Haemonchus placei larvae increased their propensity for arrestment in development from zero to 82% during the months following the peak level of infection in summer.
Other nematodes encountered were Trichostrongylus axei and Nematodirus helvetianus.
Recrudescence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus and Associated Neural Changes in Calves Treated with Dexamethasone
Authors: Narita Minoru , Inui Sumio , Nanba Koichi , Shimizu Yukio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reactivation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus in calves administered dexamethasone (dm) was studied in 2 experiments. At 2, 3, 5, 15, or 30 months after inoculation of the Los Angeles strain of ibr virus, iv injections of dm were given for 5 consecutive days to induce a recurrent infection (experiment 1). Three months after the 1st treatment, a 2nd recurrent infection was induced, using dm with the same doses as used in experiment 1. The virus was excreted from nasal secretions from the 4th to the 10th day after initial treatment with dm, and from the 6th to the 9th day after the 2nd treatment. On pathologic examination, trigeminal ganglionitis, consisting of many proliferated microglia and inflammatory cells, was observed in all dm-treated calves. Moreover, degeneration of the ganglion cells and neuronophagia were prominent features in the calves after the 2nd recurrent infection. These observations indicated that the trigeminal ganglion may be one of the latent sites of ibr virus in calves after intranasal infection and that calves can develop a recrudescent infection after dm treatment several times during their lifetime.
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Montana: Isolation and Serologic Survey
Authors: Feldner T. J. , Smith M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in Vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. The virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and reciprocal cross-neutralization tests. Approximately 73% (36/49) of the mule deer, 5% (2/42) of the white-tailed deer, and 79% (249/314) of the cattle samples tested from areas where hd had been reported were ehdv seropositive. Although none of the white-tailed deer was bluetongue virus seropositive, 29% of the mule deer and 3% of the cattle tested from “active” hd areas possessed bluetongue virus precipitating antibody.
Induction of Lesions of Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency in Ducklings Fed Silver, Copper, Cobalt, Tellurium, Cadmium, or Zinc: Protection by Selenium or Vitamin E Supplements
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Boon G. Daniel , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 3 experiments, 684 newly hatched White Pekin ducklings were fed (for 15 to 28 days) a commercial starter mash that was adequate in selenium and vitamin E (Se-E) content, either alone or with supplements of Ag (3,000 mg/kg of feed, as acetate), Cu (1,500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Co (200 or 500 mg/kg, as chloride), Te (500 mg/kg, as tetrachloride), Cd (100 or 500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Zn (3,000 or 6,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), or V (100 mg/kg, as vanadate). The ducklings fed Ag, Cu, Co, Te, Cd, and Zn frequently developed lesions characteristic of Se-E deficiency, such as necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle and of smooth muscle of the gizzard and intestine. Complete protection from the muscle lesions produced by Cu, Co, Te, Cd, and Zn supplements was provided by vitamin E (200 IU of α-tocopherol acetate/kg) and Se (2 mg/kg, as selenite). Ducklings fed Ag were protected by supplements of vitamin E and partial protection was achieved by Se addition. The birds fed excessive Zn developed pancreatic necrosis and fibrosis that was not prevented by supplements of Se or vitamin E.
Terminally, blood glutathione peroxidase activity was low and hepatic Se concentration was increased in the ducklings fed Ag. However, neither blood glutathione peroxidase activity nor hepatic Se concentrations was consistently abnormal in ducklings fed other trace elements, although lesions of Se-E deficiency were often present in these animals.
Pathologic Features of Horses Given Avirulent Equine Arteritis Virus Intramuscularly
Authors: McCollum W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty horses that were seronegative for equine arteritis virus antibodies were inoculated im with live equine arteritis virus vaccine. The inoculation did not cause clinical signs of disease. A mild, transient febrile reaction developed in 6 horses, 3 of which were in poor condition before inoculation. Six horses, 2 of which were in poor condition before inoculation, experienced mild lymphopenia. Necropsy revealed mild lesions in the lymph nodes of 6 horses (3 of which were in poor condition before inoculation). Maximum concentrations of virus were detected in the lymph nodes and were consistently present from postvaccination day 3 through 8. Lesser concentrations of virus were detected in the spleen of 5 horses, liver and kidney of 4, abdominal fluid of 3, pleural fluid of 2, and lungs and urine of 1, between postvaccination days 3 and 7. Virus was not detected in the brain, nasal tract, or serum of any of the horses.
Pig Neutrophil Adherence in Experimentally Induced Salmonellosis
Authors: Smith Graham S. , Lumsden John H. , Wilcock Brian P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In vitro neutrophil adherence was characterized in healthy newly weaned pigs following experimentally induced infection with Salmonella choleraesuis, S typhimurium, and S anatum. The adherence of pig neutrophils to nylon fiber columns was shown to be reproducible on a day-to-day basis. Neutrophil adherence was significantly increased in a group of pigs at 6, 30, and 48 hours after S choleraesuis was inoculated (orally). Neutrophil adherence was not significantly altered in groups of pigs inoculated with S typhimurium and S anatum, although individual pigs did show an apparent increase in adherence after S typhimurium was inoculated. An association between increased neutrophil adherence and acute inflammatory disease was made.
Use of the API 20E System To Identify Non-Enterobacteriaceae from Veterinary Medical Sources
Authors: Collins Michael T. , Swanson Evryll C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capability of the API 20E system to identify gram-negative nonfermenters and nonenteric fermenters was evaluated for 272 isolates from veterinary sources. Two different methods were used for interpreting the carbohydrate fermentation reactions on the strip. In method I, weakly fermented (yellow-green) carbohydrates were considered positive for all oxidase-positive organisms, and in method II, yellow-green carbohydrates were considered positive for all organisms requiring incubation for 48 hours. By both methods, the API system correctly identified 62% of the isolates. With method I, 31% of the isolates were misidentified and 6% were not identified. With method II, 21% of the isolates were misidentified and 17% received no identification. Organisms most affected by these 2 methods of interpretation were Pasteurella and Actinobacillus.
Identifications reached by the API system were also compared with identifications made by veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The frequency of identifications agreements was not significantly affected by the method of API carbohydrate fermentation reaction interpretation. Generally, 30% of the identifications agreed (diagnostic laboratories vs API) when using only the API Index, whereas 51% agreed when the entire API computer data base identifications were included.
The type of identification disagreements between diagnostic laboratories and the API system, however, was significantly affected by the method of API strip interpretation. With method I, 42% of the identifications were different and 6% were not in the API data base. With method II, 33% of the identifications were different and 17% were not in the API data base.
Biotype differences between human and veterinary isolates were also compared. Significant differences between the predicted and actual reactions were noted for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bordetella bronchiseptica; however, these differences did not affect their correct identification to the API Index. For Pasteurella multocida, most profile numbers were not listed in the API Index because of differences in the actual vs predicted oxidase and nitrate reduction reactions; however, they were correctly identified with the total computer data base.
Light Microscopic, Scanning Electron Microscopic, and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Induced Airsacculitis in Chickens
Authors: Trampel D. W. , Fletcher O. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Significant increases in air-sac volume and in numbers of epithelial cells, heterophils, mononuclear cells, fibrin, blood vessels, and connective tissue components occurred in chickens during the 21-day period after they were inoculated with live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) organisms. Neither filtered mg growth medium nor Frey's medium was capable of inducing lesions comparable with those produced by live mg.
Scanning electron microscopic and light microscopic observations identified multiple focal accumulations of exudate associated with luminal epithelial cell damage. An increase in number of type II sacculocytes after mg infection was shown by scanning electron microscopy.