bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fronto‐striatal dysfunction and potential compensatory mechanisms in male adolescents with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Hoeft Fumiko , Hernandez Arvel , Parthasarathy Sudharshan , Watson Christa L. , Hall Scott S. , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractResponse inhibition is an important facet of executive function. Fragile X syndrome (FraX), with a known genetic etiology (fragile X mental retardation‐1 (FMR1) mutation) and deficits in response inhibition, may be an ideal condition for elucidating interactions among gene‐brain‐behavior relationships. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown evidence of aberrant neural activity when individuals with FraX perform executive function tasks, though the specific nature of this altered activity or possible compensatory processes has yet to be elucidated. To address this question, we examined brain activation patterns using fMRI during a go/nogo task in adolescent males with FraX and in controls. The critical comparison was made between FraX individuals and age, gender, and intelligent quotient (IQ)‐matched developmentally delayed controls; in addition to a control group of age and gender‐matched typically developing individuals. The FraX group showed reduced activation in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and right caudate head, and increased contralateral (left) VLPFC activation compared with both control groups. Individuals with FraX, but not controls, showed a significant positive correlation between task performance and activation in the left VLPFC. This potential compensatory activation was predicted by the interaction between FMR1 protein (FMRP) levels and right striatal dysfunction. These results suggest that right fronto‐striatal dysfunction is likely an identifiable neuro‐phenotypic feature of FraX and that activation of the left VLPFC during successful response inhibition may reflect compensatory processes. We further show that these putative compensatory processes can be predicted by a complex interaction between genetic risk and neural function. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritability of brain volume, surface area and shape: An MRI study in an extended pedigree of baboons
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey , Kochunov Peter , Lancaster Jack , Shelledy Wendy , Glahn David , Blangero John , Fox Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo evaluate baboons (Papio hamadryas) as a primate model for the study of the genetic control of brain size and internal structure, we performed high resolution (<500 μm) magnetic resonance imaging on 109 pedigreed baboons. Quantitative genetic analysis of these MR images using a variance components approach indicates that native (untransformed) brain volume exhibits significant heritability among these baboons (h2 = 0.52, P = 0.0049), with age and sex also accounting for substantial variation. Using global spatial normalization, we transformed all images to a standard population‐specific reference, and recalculated the heritability of brain volume. The transformed images generated heritability estimates of h2 = 0.82 (P = 0.00022) for total brain volume, h2 = 0.86 (P = 0.0006) for cerebral volume, h2 = 0.73 (P = 0.0069) for exposed surface area of the cerebrum and h2 = 0.67 (P = 0.01) for gray matter volume. Regional differences in the genetic effects on brain structure were calculated using a voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) approach. This analysis of regional variation shows that some areas of motor cortex and the superior temporal gyrus show relatively high heritability while other regions (e.g. superior parietal cortex) exhibit lower heritability. The general pattern of regional differences is similar to that observed in previous studies of humans. The present study demonstrates that there is substantial genetic variation underlying individual variation in brain size and structure among Papio baboons, and that broad patterns of genetic influence on variation in brain structure may be similar in baboons and humans. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐period‐cohort projections of breast cancer incidence in a rapidly transitioning Chinese population
Authors: Wong Irene O.L. , Cowling Benjamin J. , Schooling Catherine Mary , Leung Gabriel M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBreast cancer incidence should be assessed separately in different populations, as it differs substantially between Chinese and Caucasian women, and more generally in developing versus developed populations. Estimation of future trends is important for public health planning. On the basis of the recent breast cancer incidence trends, we projected future disease rates in the rapidly transitioning Chinese population of Hong Kong. We used local data on breast cancer incidence and mid‐year population figures for the years 1974–2003. We fitted Poisson age‐period‐cohort models with autoregressive priors on the age, period and cohort effects, and used projections of these effects to forecast future incidence to 2018. We found that age‐standardized breast cancer incidence would continue to rise by ∼1.1% per annum over the next 15 years, from 45.9 cases in 1999–2003 to 54.3 per 100,000 (95% credible interval: 50.9, 58.4) in 2014–2018. Recent secular incidence increases can be attributed to both ageing and intergenerational effects beginning with the postwar baby boomers, whereas there is no evidence for important changes by time period. There does not appear to be differential cohort‐related risk for pre‐ vs. postmenopausal disease. Unlike most other cancers, breast cancer risk in local women would continue to increase in the short to medium term, at a similar rate of increase compared with historical trends. This could most likely be attributed to Hong Kong's socioeconomic developmental history and continuing adoption of westernized lifestyle changes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandin F2α stimulates motility and invasion in colorectal tumor cells
Authors: Qualtrough David , Kaidi Abderrahmane , Chell Simon , Jabbour Henry N. , Williams Ann C. , Paraskeva Christos 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIncreased expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and subsequent prostaglandin production is an important event in several human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. COX‐2 mediated prostanoid synthesis has been shown to play a key role in tumor progression with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) being shown to promote tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis. The role of the other prostaglandins produced by COX‐2 in tumors remains poorly understood. We have shown that colorectal tumor cells produce prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and provide evidence that PGF2α may play an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis. Our data show that PGF2α is secreted by both colorectal adenoma and carcinoma‐derived cell lines at levels in excess of those detected for PGE2. These cell lines were also found to express the PGF2α receptor (FP) indicating potential autocrine effects of PGF2α. This finding is further supported by an in vivo immunohistochemical study of FP expression in resected colon tissue. These data show epithelial expression of FP in normal colorectal mucosa and also in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. We compared the relative abilities of PGF2α and PGE2 to induce cell motility in vitro in colorectal tumor cell lines and show the first evidence of prostaglandin‐induced cell motility in colorectal adenoma cell lines. PGF2α induced cell motility with equivalent potency to PGE2 in all the cell lines tested and was also shown to increase the invasion of carcinoma‐derived cells into reconstituted basement membrane. These data show that PGF2α may play an important role in the malignant progression of colorectal tumors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I‐associated diseases in Jamaica with common HLA types
Authors: Goedert James J. , Li Hong‐Chuan , Gao Xiao‐Jiang , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Sonoda Shunro , Biggar Robert J. , Cranston Beverley , Kim Norma , Carrington Mary , Morgan Owen , Hanchard Barrie , Hisada Michie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHuman T‐lymphotropic virus‐I (HTLV‐I) causes adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). We postulated a higher disease risk for people with common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types, due to a narrower immune response against viral or neoplastic antigens, compared to people with uncommon types. HLA class‐I (A,B) and class‐II (DRB1, DQB1) allele and haplotype frequencies in 56 ATL patients, 59 HAM/TSP patients and 190 population‐based, asymptomatic HTLV‐I‐infected carriers were compared by logistic regression overall (score test) and with odds ratios (ORs) for common types (prevalence >50% of asymptomatic carriers) and by prevalence quartile. HTLV‐I proviral load between asymptomatic carriers with common versus uncommon types was compared by t‐test. ATL differed from asymptomatic carriers in overall DQB1 allele and class‐I haplotype frequencies (p ≤≤ 0.04). ATL risk was increased significantly with common HLA‐B (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.19–4.25) and DRB1 (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.13–3.40) alleles. Higher prevalence HLA‐B alleles were associated with higher ATL risk (OR 1.14 per quartile, ptrend = 0.02). Asymptomatic carriers with common HLA‐B alleles had marginally higher HTLV‐I proviral load (p = 0.057). HAM/TSP risk did not differ consistently with common HLA types. Thus, ATL risk, but not HAM/TSP risk, was increased with higher prevalence HLA‐B alleles. Perhaps breadth of cellular immunity affects risk of this viral leukemia/lymphoma. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical in situ characterization of orthopedic implants on polymethyl metacrylate embedded cutting and grinding sections
Authors: Rammelt S. , Corbeil D. , Manthey S. , Zwipp H. , Hanisch U. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen investigating the tissue reaction on orthopedic implants, the cellular activity at the bone–implant interface is of special interest. Preparation of undecalcified bone sections with methylmetacrylate (MMA)‐based resins allows evaluation of the host tissue reactions with the implant in situ. However, the technical workup is demanding and few reports exist on the immunohistochemical characterization of these sections. Rat (R), sheep (S), and human (H) samples were investigated. R specimens contained intramedullary rods in the rat tibia. S specimens were sheep tibiae with an external fixator. H specimens were obtained from deceased patients. Specimens were embedded in MMA‐based Technovit 9100N using cold polymerization. Sections of 10–15 μm thickness were obtained and prepared for immunohistochemical staining. Good morphological detail was preserved in all specimens providing information about mineralization, recent bone formation, and bone–implant contact. The following antibodies could reproducibly be detected specifically: Osteopontin (R, S, H), Osteonectin, Cathepsin D (R, S), von Willebrand factor (R, H), Osteocalcin, ED 1 (R), CD 3, CD 68, Keratin (H). Control procedures without adding primary antibodies showed no unspecific staining. Reliable detection of immunohistochemical markers of bone resorption, bone formation, inflammation, and angiogenesis at undecalcified sections with the implant in situ appears promising in enhancing our understanding of the cellular activity and cell–matrix interactions at the bone–implant interface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Uptake of nickel from 316L stainless steel into contacting osteoblastic cells and metal ion interference with BMP‐2‐induced alkaline phosphatase
Authors: Mölders Martina , Felix Joachim , Bingmann Dieter , Hirner Alfred , Wiemann Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBone cells contacting nickel (Ni)‐containing implant materials may be affected by Ni species via disturbed signaling pathways involved in bone cell development. Here we analyze effects of the Ni‐containing steel 316L and major metal constituents thereof on bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2)‐induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of MC3T3‐E1 cells. While cells grew normally on 316L, cellular Ni content increased 10‐fold vs. control within 4 days. With respect to the major components of 316L, Ni2+ (3–50 μM) was most inhibitory to BMP‐2‐induced ALP, whereas even 50 μM Fe3+, Cr3+, Mo5+, or Mn2+ had no such effect. In line with this, BMP‐2‐induced ALP was significantly reduced in cells on 316L. This effect was not prevented by the metal ion chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Instead, DTPA abolished the stimulatory effect of BMP‐2 on ALP, pointing to chelatable metal ions involved. Zn2+, as one possible candidate, antagonized the Ni2+ inhibition of BMP‐2‐induced ALP in both MC3T3‐E1 and human bone marrow stromal cells. Results show that cells contacting 316L steel are exposed to increased concentrations of Ni which suffice to impair BMP‐2‐induced ALP activity. Zn2+, as a competitor of this inhibition, may help to restore normal osteoblastic function and bone development under these conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Homogenization of long‐term monthly Spanish temperature data
Authors: Staudt M. , Esteban‐Parra M. J. , Castro‐Díez Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReliable time‐series is the basic ingredient when analysing climatic changes. However, the errors in real data are frequently of the same order as the signal being sought. Therefore, the available long‐term monthly series of Spanish minimum and maximum temperatures have been compiled from the late 19th century on, in order to compile a high‐quality data set. The series are organized into climatically homogeneous regional groups and, in each group, the detection and adjustment is based on relative homogeneity and an analysis of the stationarity of the whole set of temperature‐difference series. These series are scanned with moving t, Alexandersson, and Mann–Kendall tests. The detected inhomogeneities are adjusted by weighted averages of the regional series. The method is iterative and advances in steps of detection, adjustment, and actualization. Individual inhomogeneous data are discarded and gaps are filled by similar weighted multiple means.For the analysis of the temperature evolution in the Iberian Peninsula, each region is finally represented by one local series and the regional average. The urban effect on minimum temperatures is adjusted by an empirical method, and for Madrid also by a correction derived from new homogenized data. Generally, rigorous homogeneity cannot be achieved because the initial data quality is deficient in many cases and metadata are sparse. Nevertheless, the data homogeneity and quality has been considerably enhanced: the total error margin in a series is of the order of 0.3 °C–0.4 °C, under consideration of a worst‐case error accumulation. On the other hand, the number of inhomogeneities is considerable and their average amplitude is of the order of 1 °C reflecting the much larger error margin in the raw data. The homogenized dataset compiled constitutes an important basis for the subsequent detection of thermal changes in Spain in the last 130 years, on a clearly higher confidence level than before. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A Study of the Quenching Structures of Fe‐B‐C Alloy
Authors: Fu H. , Zhou Q. , Jiang Z. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of quenching temperature and cooling rate on the structures of cast Fe‐B‐C alloy containing 1.0wt.%B and 0.2wt.%C was researched. The results showed that, under the same quenching temperature, the microstructures of the metallic matrix are transformed from the mixture of the pearlite, ferrite and martensite to the martensite along with the increase of quenching cooling rate. Under the water cooling condition, excessively low or excessively high quenching temperature did not favor to obtain the single martensite matrix. In the Fe‐B‐C alloy, the stability of Fe2B was good. It still had not been dissolved while heating up to 1050oC. The dissolution of boride appeared heating at the high temperature. The higher the quenching temperature was, the more the boride dissolved obviously. Along with the dissolution of boride, the boride morphology changed from network to broken‐network and isolated shape. When the heating temperature was 1050oC, the boride transformed the isolated shape completely. Quenching at 950∼1000oC, cast Fe‐B‐C alloy transformed into the compound structures of fine lath martensite and boride in the water cooling condition.
Managerial expertise, learning potential and dynamic incentives: get more for less?
Authors: Lukas Christian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper the impact of ability and learning potential on incentive contracts is analyzed. A central feature of the model is that the true ability will not be revealed. The learning potential of an agent is modeled as the magnitude of impact on the agent's expected ability that learning‐by‐doing has in a given task. Absent a managerial labor market, depending on an agent's learning potential, a monotone or non‐monotone pay structure may be optimal.The second important result is that using agents' ability distributions as inputs to information systems, higher learning potentials lead to less costly information systems, i.e. actions can be implemented at lower costs. Additionally, it is proven that the criteria cost minimization and value maximization are equivalent in the model's context. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MSU rurality index: Development and evaluation
Authors: Weinert Clarann , Boik Robert J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe construction and validation of a residence‐based index of the degree of rurality are reported. The MSU Rurality Index is a locally normed index and assigns a quantitative measure of rurality to each participant in a study. Data required to compute the index are minimal; only two variables need be measured. Statistical analysis effort required to compute the index is somewhat more intensive than usual, but this tradeoff between data collection and data analysis seems sensible. Data collection is generally more expensive than data analysis. The two required variables, county population and distance to emergency care, are optimally transformed to achieve normality and weighted to achieve validity. A measure of departure from normality is automatically obtained while constructing the index. A positive score reflects a rural residence and a negative score reflects an urban residence relative to the group under study. A score of zero reflects average rurality. Reliability and construct validity were examined using two data sets. The MSU Rurality Index has high test–retest reliability, is appropriately related to a set of ordered categories concerning place of residence, and is as or more strongly related to these categories than alternative indices computed from distance or population alone. The validity of the MSU Rurality Index does not appear to be compromised by its parsimony. Even though the MSU Rurality Index is based on only two variables, it was found to be associated with various health care variables as strongly or more strongly than an 11 variable county‐based index developed in Texas. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ten measurement commandments that often should be broken
Authors: Knapp Thomas R. , Brown Jean K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany of the measurement aspects of nursing research have been governed by rules regarding the minimum values of certain summary indexes (such as Cronbach's coefficient alpha and Cohen's kappa), the required numbers of subjects per item for factor analyses, and the like. In this article a case is made for violating these rules whenever the circumstances warrant such violations. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consistency between maternal employment attitudes and employment status
Authors: Youngblut Joanne M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe stability of mothers' attitudes toward employment, employment status, and consistency between employment attitudes and behavior over a 15‐month period was examined. Factors such as family finances, availability of child care, and child's health status that could influence either employment attitudes or employment behavior were explored. Mothers of preterm infants (N = 98) and mothers of full‐term, healthy infants (N = 101) completed questionnaires regarding home/employment orientation, choice and satisfaction with the employment decision, and employment behavior as part of a battery of instruments administered when their infants were 3, 9, and 18 months old. Analyses indicated considerable stability in attitudes, behaviors, and consistency over a 15‐month period for mothers of both full‐term and preterm infants. Consistency groups were created based on employment status (employed versus not employed) and consistency status (consistent versus inconsistent) at each time point. Consistency groups differed on ratings of financial need and availability of child care. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of symptoms, lung function, mood, and social support on level of functioning of patients with COPD
Authors: Graydon Jane E. , Ross Eleanor 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo explain how symptoms, lung function, mood, and social support affect level of functioning, patients (N = 143) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) completed measures assessing their symptoms (Bronchitis‐Emphysema Symptom Checklist), mood (Profile of Mood States), social support (Personal Resource Questionnaire), and functioning (Sickness Impact Profile). Those who were receiving oxygen therapy (n = 52) had significantly lower FEV, scores and experienced significantly poorer functioning than those who were not receiving oxygen therapy (n = 91). Results of path analyses indicated that symptoms and mood directly, and social support indirectly, influenced the functioning of those who were not receiving oxygen. For those who were receiving oxygen, only symptoms directly, and FEV, indirectly, influenced their functioning. These models need to be confirmed using other samples of patients with COPD. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Psychophysiologic factors contributing to functional performance in people with COPD: Are there gender differences?
Authors: Leidy Nancy Kline , Traver Gayle A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the functional performance profiles of men and women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, describe the extent to which physiologic impairment, physical symptoms, and psychosocial resources contribute in a cumulative manner to performance, and outline the extent to which these contributions differ across gender. Secondary data analyses were employed. Although women (n = 45) reported more functional difficulty than men (n = 44) in 9 of 12 Sickness Impact Profile categories, the differences were not significant. Using hierarchical regression procedures, physiologic, symptomatic, and interactive variables predicted total (R2 = .64) and physical performance (R2 = .52), while symptomatic and psychosocial variables predicted psychosocial performance (R2 = .53). Results indicate that models of functional performance may be different for men and women. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on quality of life
Authors: Anderson Kathryn L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLazarus and Folkman's (1984) theory of stress, coping, and adaptation served as the framework for a path model of quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was hypothesized that psychosocial variables (depression, anxiety, self‐esteem, optimism, and social support) would mediate the effects of demographic (age, socioeconomic status) and disease (dyspnea, disease severity, and functional status) variables on life quality in COPD. Interview, pulmonary function, and 6‐minute walk test data obtained from 126 subjects with COPD resulted in support for the majority of the hypothesized relationships. Variables having direct effects on life quality were self‐esteem, depression, social support, and age. Anxiety and optimism did not have their hypothesized effects on quality of life, suggesting the need to reconsider their importance in influencing life quality in COPD. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.