bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swallowing Function after Chemoradiation for Advanced Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Shiley Samuel G. , Hargunani Christopher A. , Skoner Judith M. , Holland John M. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEAdvanced‐stage oropharyngeal cancer may be treated either surgically or nonsurgically. We reported previously functional outcomes after surgical resection with free‐tissue transfer. In the present study, we evaluated swallowing function after combined chemoradiation for oropharyngeal cancer.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective review of 30 patients treated at a tertiary academic center for Stage III/IV oropharyngeal cancer with sequential or concurrent chemoradiation from 1994 to 2003.RESULTSInclusion criteria were met by 27 of 30 (90%) patients. Most patients had base of tongue lesions (67%) and Stage IV disease (93%). Gastrostomy was carried out in 22 (82%) patients either before or during treatment. Three months after chemoradiation, 33% (9/27) were consuming all nutrition orally, 22% (6 of 27) were NPO, and 45% (12 of 27) had some oral intake but still required tube feeds. One year after treatment, 53% (10 of 19) had an exclusively oral diet whereas 47% still required tube feeds including 1 patient (5%) who was NPO. In patients without recurrence and follow‐up length >1 year, 69% (9 of 13) were consuming all nutrition orally whereas 31% still required gastrostomy tube (G‐tube) support. A higher rate of G‐tube dependence was observed in patients treated for base of tongue lesions vs tonsil lesions (67% vs 25%, P = 0.049, χ2 analysis).CONCLUSIONSAt this institution, the short‐term (3‐4 months) rate of G‐tube dependence was similar after surgical and non‐surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. One year after chemoradiation, 31% of patients without recurrence still required tube feeds.SIGNIFICANCEThese results suggest that organ‐preservation protocols do not reduce the prevalence of chronic dysphagia and G‐tube dependence after management of oropharyngeal cancer.EBM rating: C‐4© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tracheotomy in the First Year of Life: Outcomes in Term Infants, the Vanderbilt Experience
Authors: Wootten Christopher T. , French Lesley C. , Thomas Robert G. , Neblett Wallace W. , Werkhaven Jay A. , Cofer Shelagh A. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEIn an era emphasizing critical care of preterm infants, we characterize the indications and outcomes of tracheotomies performed in the first year of life in term infants compared to preterm infants.METHODSRetrospective study of 127 tracheotomies performed in the first year of life at a tertiary‐care children's hospital between 1988‐2004.RESULTSMean gestational ages of the term and preterm groups were 38.97 and 29.71 weeks, respectively (P < 0.001). Indications for tracheotomy were upper airway abnormalities in 53% for the term group. The number of subsequent airway procedures required was 1.39 in the term group, achieving decannulation in 36.3%, with a 20.5% mortality rate.CONCLUSIONCompared to preterm infants, the term decannulation rate was favorable, as chronic lung disease was uncommon. However, non‐tracheotomy‐related mortalities remained high.SIGNIFICANCETracheotomies are often performed for relief of upper airway obstruction, and congenital and acquired comorbidities not related to tracheotomy are associated with adverse outcomes in term infants.EBM rating: C‐4©2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Comparison of Nasendoscopy and Multiview Videofluoroscopy in Assessing Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Authors: Lam Derek J. , Starr Jacqueline R. , Perkins Jonathan A. , Lewis Charlotte W. , Eblen Linda E. , Dunlap Julie , Sie Kathleen C.Y. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVES1) To compare nasendoscopy (NE) and multiview fluoroscopy (MVF) in assessing velopharyngeal gap size; and 2) to determine the relationship between these assessments and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) severity.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective review of consecutive patients with VPI at a tertiary care children's hospital, assessed with NE and MVF between 1996 and 2003.RESULTS177 subjects. NE and MVF gap areas were correlated (R = 0.34, 95% CI 0.26‐0.41). In adjusted analysis, VPI severity was associated with: 1) NE gap area (OR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.96‐3.95), 2) MVF gap area (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.37‐1.95), 3) age <5 years (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.47‐7.38), and 4) previously repaired cleft palate (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25‐0.94).CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCENE and MVF assessments provide complementary information and are correlated. Both are associated with VPI severity. However, the “bird's‐eye view” provided by NE has a stronger correlation with VPI severity than MVF.
Endoscopic Resection of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Busquets Jose M. , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVESEndoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method of treating sinonasal inverted papillomas. The literature on endoscopic approaches to inverted papilloma consists primarily of relatively small case series (grade C evidence). This study aims to systematically review and integrate the available literature to objectively compare success rates of endoscopic versus nonendoscopic tumor resection techniques.STUDY DESIGNA systematic review of the literature on resection of inverted papillomas.METHODSComprehensive review of the English‐language literature on resection of inverted papillomas was performed. The reports were subdivided into endoscopic approaches versus nonendoscopic approaches, applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our institution's experience with endoscopic treatment of inverted papilloma was also included. Studies from the era of endoscopic sinus surgery (1992‐2004) formed a “contemporary” cohort and were compared with a “historical” cohort developed from the literature between 1970 and 1995.RESULTSThirty‐two studies were included in the contemporary cohort, comprising 714 patients treated endoscopically and 346 patients treated nonendoscopically. Thirteen studies in the historical cohort yielded 692 patients treated nonendoscopically. There was a significantly lower recurrence rate in the contemporary cohort compared with the historical cohort (15% v 20%, P = 0.02). Within the contemporary cohort, endoscopically treated patients had significantly lower recurrences than nonendoscopically treated patients (12% v 20%, P < 0.01). Notably, the recurrence rate for nonendoscopically treated patients in the contemporary cohort was equivalent to that of the nonendoscopic patients in the historical cohort (20% v 19%, P = 0.78).CONCLUSIONSA systematic review of the literature supports endoscopic resection as a favorable treatment option for most cases of sinonasal inverted papilloma.
Antibiotics to Improve Recovery Following Tonsillectomy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dhiwakar Muthuswamy , Eng Chee Y. , Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam , McKerrow William S. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine if antibiotics improve recovery following tonsillectomy.STUDY DESIGNData sources: Electronic databases Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched using relevant search terms. Additional trials, if any, were retrieved by searching the references from all identified trials, reviews, correspondences, editorials, and conference proceedings. No language restriction was applied. Study selection: Systematic review of trials in which antibiotic was administered as a study medication intraoperatively and/or postoperatively, in children or adults undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Only randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trials attaining preset quality scores were included. Outcomes analyzed: 1) pain, need for analgesia, fever, halitosis, and return to normal diet and activities; 2) secondary hemorrhage using 2 parameters—significant hemorrhage (ie, warranting readmission, blood transfusion, or return to theatre for hemostasis) and total hemorrhage; and 3) adverse events.RESULTSFive trials met the eligibility criteria. Antibiotics significantly reduced the number of subjects manifesting fever (relative risk [RR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45, 0.85) and duration of halitosis (− 1.94 [−3.57, −0.30] days), and marginally reduced the time taken to resume normal activity (−0.63 [− 1.12, −0.14] days), but had no significant effect in reducing pain scores (−0.01 [−0.60, 0.57]) or need for analgesia. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the time taken to resume normal diet or incidence of significant and total hemorrhage, although data was underpowered to detect differences for these outcomes. In the antibiotic group 4 patients developed an adverse reaction (3 cases of rash and 1 case of oropharyngeal candidiasis), while in the control group 1 patient had an adverse reaction (rash). The RR of antibiotic‐related adverse events was 2.45 (0.45, 13.31).CONCLUSIONAntibiotics appear to be effective in reducing some, but not all, morbid outcomes following tonsillectomy, and may increase the risk of adverse events. Further trials are needed to better define the role of antibiotics in facilitating post‐tonsillectomy recovery.
Tracking recorded fires using charcoal morphology from the sedimentary sequence of Prosser Lake, British Columbia (Canada)
Authors: Enache Mihaela D. , Cumming Brian F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractQuantitative analyses of variations in morphological features of charcoal were undertaken in a 210Pb-dated sediment core from Prosser Lake (British Columbia, Canada). Seven morphological types of charcoal were defined by particle shape, major–minor axis ratio, apparent porosity and progradation to unburned material. The distribution of morphotypes and total charcoal abundances were assessed as a proxy for fire events recorded between 1919 and 2000 and to subsequent mechanisms of transportation–sedimentation to lake sediments. Charcoal morphotypes showed distinct relationships to recorded area burned by fires. Fragile charcoal fragments with highly irregular porosity (termed Type M) displayed the strongest correlation to burned area (r2 = 0.51; P = 0.0001) and did not produce any false-positive signal for fires recorded within a radius of 20 km around the lake. We infer that high porosity and low density Type M fragments are aerially transported and directly deposited on the lake, and that the fragility of Type M charcoal prevents significant quantities from being secondarily transported and incorporated into the sedimentary record. We propose that charcoal morphology is an important but underutilized technique that can yield important insights into fire type, proximity and transportation–sedimentation processes.
Flood warning and the use of weather radar in Scotland: a study of flood events in the Ruchill Water catchment
Authors: Cranston Michael D. , Black Andrew R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on work that demonstrates that weather radar can yield remarkably accurate rainfall measurements in Scotland. Analysis of data during 1999 and 2000 shows Nimrod radar data to have no consistent error bias and a 24% mean error in storm rainfall totals. For rivers such as the Ruchill Water in the Perthshire Highlands this highlights the fact that the observations and quality control corrections utilised by the Met Office Nimrod system may offer particular benefits in certain flood warning applications. Assessment of wind data indicates that smaller errors occur in Nimrod radar observations during lower wind speeds (less than 15 knots) and with an easterly airflow. However, errors may also be attributed to occasions when the Numerical Weather Prediction model fails to represent the wind conditions correctly at ground level. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Tropical storm impact in Central America
Authors: Palmieri Sabino , Teodonio Lorenzo , Anna Maria Siani  , Casale Giuseppe Rocco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study of tropical storm impacts in Central America, the relationship between physical variables (available in ‘real time’) and damage is explored, and a simple tool for early approximate evaluation of the impact is developed. Land track and energy dissipation appear as the most interesting parameters that modulate the hurricane impact. Because of the difficulty of attaching a monetary estimate to the damage caused in a large number of cases (as is required in a statistical approach), an ‘Impact Index’ based on the logarithm of casualties is introduced. Thereafter, within a subset of events in which damage in monetary terms is known, a rough link between damage and the Impact Index is derived.Shortly after a new event, as soon as land track and energy dissipation are known, either by means of an empirical equation or using a contour graph, the Impact Index may be determined. Another empirical equation allows a rough estimate of damage in monetary units, but because this estimate is based on a limited number of cases, it must be treated with caution. The methodology is tested for a small set of independent cases.Vulnerability to tropical cyclones depends not only on natural factors but also on sociopolitical conditions. A coupled sociological and environmental approach is believed to be the best way to improve the early impact estimate methodology. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Moist convective instability over the Arabian Sea during the Asian summer monsoon, 2002
Authors: Murthy B. S. , Sivaramakrishnan S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe moist convective instability over the Arabian Sea during the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment 2002 is studied using high resolution radiosonde data over the Arabian Sea off the west coast of India and inland at Goa (15°21′N,73°51′E). The vertical structure of the lower troposphere is discussed in terms of the profiles of conserved variables and the time series of convective available potential energy (CAPE), mixed‐layer depth, lifting condensation level and level of free convection. Analysis shows that the Arabian Sea within 200 km of the west coast of India is characteristically a low‐CAPE region irrespective of whether it is a good or bad monsoon season. Little or no variability in the mean (0–500 Pa) lapse rate during July and August indicates the quasi‐equilibrium state of the tropical atmosphere during the summer monsoon with an approximate balance between the convective and large‐scale forces. Large‐scale forcing for the ascent of surface air seems to be of prime importance for triggering deep convection and rainfall over the East Arabian Sea. Case studies of precipitating convection over inland at Goa during the monsoon indicate a moistening and warming of the lower troposphere following the convection. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Using health impacts to assess atmospheric carbon monoxide models
Authors: Dirks Kim N. , Sturman Andrew P. , Johns Murray D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAtmospheric pollution models are generally evaluated using measures of the difference between predicted and observed concentrations. These statistics can be inadequate as they tend to be sensitive to small errors in the timing of peak events that are generally of little consequence from a health point of view. This paper presents a technique for evaluating atmospheric carbon monoxide models based on the statistical properties of the uptake of carbon monoxide, rather than relying on traditional model evaluation measures. A simple semi‐empirical atmospheric carbon monoxide model is used as an example to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: Volume 2: Offense to Others
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book is the second in a four-volume work entitled The Moral Limits of Criminal Law, which examines the acts that the state may make criminal. It focuses on the issue of offense, presenting a detailed analysis of offensive behavior and how it is more a nuisance than a menace. It identifies the different kinds of offenses and the standards for evaluating their seriousness. The issue of obscenity is analyzed within the context of pornography and the Constitution. Obscene words, their functions, and social and legal implications are also discussed.
Offensive Nuisances
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The offense principle requires that an unpleasant state of mind or offense be produced wrongfully by another party, but not that it be an offense in the strict sense of ordinary language. The legislative problem of determining when offensive conduct is a public or criminal nuisance could be expressed, with equal accuracy, as a problem about determining the extent of personal privacy or autonomy. The former way of describing the matter lends itself to talk of balancing the independent value or reasonableness of the offending conduct against the seriousness of the offense cause, whereas the latter way lends itself to talk of drawing boundaries between the various private domains of persons, and between private domains of a person and the public world.
Mediating the Offense Principle
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The legitimacy of criminal law’s concern with offensiveness even in the absence of harm or danger must rest on the intuitive force of the examples given, most of which have been made as extreme as possible and depicted with uncompromising vividness. The seriousness of an offense is determined by four standards: the magnitude of the offense, the standard of reasonable avoidability, the Volenti maxim, and the discounting of abnormal susceptibilities. Having determined the seriousness of a given category of offense based on these standards, the legislator will proceed to balance that seriousness against the reasonableness of various kinds of conduct that can produce it.
The Idea of the Obscene
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Obscenity is an extreme form of offensiveness producing repugnance, shock, or disgust, although the offending materials can, at the same time, be alluring to some degree. The main feature that distinguishes obscene things from other repellant or offensive things is their blatancy: their massive obtrusiveness, their extreme and unvarnished bluntness, their brazenly naked exhibition. The three classes of objects that can be termed as “obscene” are: obscene natural objects, obscene persons, and obscene created things. There are three ways in which these objects can be offensive to the point of obscenity: by direct offense to the senses, by offense to lower order sensibilities, by offense to higher sensibilities.
Pornography and the Constitution
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The Supreme Court views the word “obscene” as akin to word “pornographic”. Nothing is “obscene” unless it tends to cause erotic states in the mind of the beholder, and anything that produces this kind of “psychic stimulation” is a likely candidate for the obscenity label whether or not the induced states are offensive to the person who has them or anyone else aware of them. Recent Supreme Court decisions on the permissibility of pornography, particularly the various judicial formulae the court has produced to deal with the problem, are reviewed. It is shown that the Court has vacillated between different legitimizing principles, applying either a liberal offense principle mediated by balancing tests or a thinly disguised moralism.
Obscene Words and their Functions, I
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Obscene words have the capacity to offend and shock listeners, and in some cases even fill with dread and horror. The class of words that are either obscene, totally disreputable, or naughty enough to be forbidden, is diverse and heterogeneous. These include sexual vulgarities, other “dirty words”, political labels, ethnic slurs, insulting terms, and religious blasphemies. Obscene-to-naughty words and phrases can be classified into two main categories: profanities and vulgarities. Derivative uses of obscenity are discussed.
Obscene Words and their Functions, II
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Invective has various uses including expressive intensification, bandinage, calumny, insult, challenge, and provocation. For many of these uses, obscene words can advance the purposes of the speaker, but are inessential and self-defeating in many cases. The relation between some of the most common styles of invective and older forms of malediction, the uses of invective, the doctrine of fighting words and its difficulties, the role of obscenity in invective, and derivative uses of obscenity are discussed.
Obscene Words and Social Policy
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Obscenity is the language of impiety, irreverence, and disrespect. Some use it to convey a disrespectful attitude towards a person or platitude, while others use it to reject the prevailing norms of propriety. The meanings of the terms euphemism, cacophemism, prophemism, and disphemism are explained. The reaction to excessive euphemization, two strategies for ridding the language of obscene words, the phenomenon of dirty-mindedness, and the case for retaining the obscene vocabulary are discussed.
Obscene Words and the Law
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A wholesale ban on uttering or writing obscene words cannot be justified even by the principle of legal moralism. Moreover, the offense principle cannot justify the criminal prohibition of the utterance of obscenities in public places even when these are intentionally used to cause offense. The use of obscene words can only be made criminal when it is an unjustified, deliberately imposed nuisance. This form of nuisance is a kind of harassment, and the fact that it employs obscene words is by no means essential to its moral gravamen. Obscenity in the media is discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Stern David G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Unlike most books on Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein on Mind and Language begins from the initial articulation of his thoughts in his first drafts, conversations, and lectures, and attends closely to the process of revision that led to the Tractatus and Philosophical Investigations. This introductory chapter provides information about the nature of the Wittgenstein papers, summarizes the rationale for reading his work in this way, and outlines the reading of the development of Wittgenstein’s philosophy that this approach yields. This discussion on the development of Wittgenstein’s thought emphasizes the role of his changing conception of the nature of experience and its relationship to the world, the closely related problem of the relationship between ordinary language and its analysis, his later conception of the role of analogies in generating — and dissolving — philosophical problems, the parallels with psychoanalysis, and the variety of philosophical methods employed in his later philosophical writing. There is also an overview of a central theme of the book as a whole: the contrast Wittgenstein drew between “ordinary” and “philosophical” ways of looking at things when he wrote the Tractatus, and how that contrast was transformed in his subsequent writing, focusing on his contrast between “primary” and “secondary” worlds and his notion of a “phenomenological language”.