bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol‐related Admissions to a Psychiatric Hospital: a comparison of Asians and Europeans
Authors: MATHER H. M. , MARJOT D. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe prevalence of alcohol‐related problems in the British Asian community is unknown. We obtained details of all patients living in Southall who had been admitted with a primary alcohol‐related diagnosis to a psychiatric hospital from 1980 to 1987. We used 1981 census data to calculate overall and age‐specific incidence rates for Asian and European men and woman, expressed per 10,000 subjects over the 7‐year period. The overall incidence in Asian men (105.8) was markedly higher than in European men (54.3) (p<0.001). The overall incidence in Asian women was markedly lower than in European women (4.1 versus 18.6, p<0.001). Proportionately more Asian than European men were married (82% versus 34%, p<0.001). This pilot study suggests that alcohol‐related problems severe enough to warrant inpatient treatment are unduly common in Southall Asian men, especially in married subjects. Further community‐based studies are needed to ascertain the prevalence of alcoholism in this and other British Asian communities.
The Experience of Opioid Abstinence: the relevance of motivation and history
Authors: MURPHY PHILIP N. , BENTALL RICHARD P. , OWENS R. GLYNN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryQuestionnaire measures relating to a recent episode of unmodified heroin withdrawal (the target episode) were obtained from 70 subjects. The duration of the target episode, but not reported distress during the episode, correlated with the amount of heroin consumed in the previous 3 months. Data from scales measuring motivation during the target episode were factor analysed and two factors emerged, one relating to motivation concerning private affairs and the other relating to motivation derived from public sources. High scores for private affairs motivation were correlated with success in the target episode whilst there was a trend for public affairs based motivation to be associated with failure. Private affairs motivation was negatively correlated with length of heroin use but positively correlated with the number of coping strategies employed in withdrawal. The implications of these findings for the treatment of heroin users are discussed.
Heroin Users' Careers and Perceptions of Drug Use: a comparison of smokers and injectors in the Mersey region
Authors: COUSINS PAUL , BENTALL RICHARD P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo date few studies have compared heroin users who smoke heroin with those who inject it. In the present study a sample of 38 heroin users, half smokers and half injectors, was investigated using several drugs career indices. Results showed that users display preferences, with the use of some drugs being favoured over time. Injectors used all drugs more frequently than smokers. Although there was much variability in frequency of use the trend over the initial 3 years of use showed no increase in heroin use for either smokers or injectors. Although the majority of smokers had injected heroin there was no evidence that this group favoured injecting over time; rather the data suggested that smoking became the increasingly preferred method of consumption. Smokers were more likely than injectors to use other drugs post‐heroin. Contrary to expectation, few periods of abstinence were reported by the subjects in either group.
HIV‐related Risk Behaviour Among a Non‐clinic Sample of Injecting Drug Users
Authors: McKEGANEY NEIL , BARNARD MARINA , WATSON HARRY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper focusses upon HIV‐related risk behaviour among a sample of injecting drug users purchasing injecting equipment at a retail pharmacy in Glasgow. It is shown that the majority of the individuals interviewed were concerned about HIV/AIDS and that many were optimistic about their chances of avoiding contracting the virus. However, it is shown that the shared use of injecting equipment was continuing and that many individuals were prepared to provide their own injecting equipment to others, even if they were unprepared to re‐use it again themselves. We also consider here the possibility of encouraging drug injectors to switch to non‐injecting drug use and the potential basis for any sexual transmission between drug injectors and others. The paper concludes with a consideration of some of the policy implications of this work.
Alcohol histories in hospital: does the age and sex of the patient make a difference?
Authors: Awad Ibrahim , Wattis John P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Editor welcomes all letters whether they are case reports, preliminary reports of research, discussion or comments on papers published in the journal. Letters commenting on a paper may be sent to the authors of that paper so that their reply may appear in the same issue.There is no rigid limit to length but in general the shorter the letter the better the chance of publication. Authors should follow the same guidelines given for the preparation and submission of articles on the inside back cover of each issue, especially that regarding tables or illustrations. Letters should be signed by all authors.
The relationship between alcohol dependence and alcohol–related problems in a clinical population
Authors: DRUMMOND D. COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationship between alcohol dependence and alcohol–related problems was studied in a group of 103 problem drinkers. Responses to a 46–item Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (APQ) were compared with the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), alcohol consumption and demographic data. A strongly positive correlation was found between aggregate problems and dependence scores (r= 0.63; p = 0.001) which existed independently of the quantity of alcohol consumed. Analysis of questionnaire subscales revealed that certain problem domains were more closely related to particular aspects of dependence than others. A higher level of problems was found in subjects of younger age and lower socio‐economic class. No significant sex differences were found. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Sexual partners of injecting drug users: the risk of HIV infection
Authors: KLEE HILARY , FAUGIER JEAN , HAYES CATH , BOULTON TOM , MORRIS JULIE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe sexual mediation of HIV infection by injecting drug users to the heterosexual population has become a major issue in AIDS prevention. Infection that is acquired through sharing contaminated injecting equipment can be passed on to non–injecting drug using partners and to non–drug using partners through sexual intercourse. A study of risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the North West of England focused, interalia, upon aspects of their sexual activity and attitudes that have relevance for HIV transmission. It was found that in those respondents with regular partners, the level of sexual activity was related to the partner's use of drugs. The use of condoms was low in the sample as a whole, including those who reported having casual sexual contacts and sharing others’ injecting equipment. These data confirm the need for concern and the advisability of targetting safer–sex education on drug users.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Book reviewed in this article: Drinking to Your Health: the Allegations and the Evidence DIGBY ANDERSON (Ed.) Women, Alcohol and Drugs in the Nordic Countries ELINA HAAVIO‐MANNILA (Ed.) Perspectives on Controlled Drinking FANNY DUCKERT, ANJA KOSKI‐JANNES & STEN RONNBERG (Eds) Alcoholism and Drug Dependency: the Professional's Master Guide T. T. RANGANATHAN Addiction to Alcohol and Drugs: Illustrated Guide for Community Workers Drug Use and Abuse JAMES WILLIS Addiction: Substance Abuse and Dependency NORMAN IMLAH Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: a Guide to Treatment HAMID GHODSE Psychological, Neuropsychiatric, and Substance Abuse Aspects of AIDS T. PETER BRIDGE, ALLAN F. MIRSKY & FREDERICK K. GOODWIN (Eds)
Alcohol problems, prevention and epidemiology: looking for the next questions★
Authors: Mann Robert E. , Smart Reginald G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe epidemiology and prevention of alcohol problems were advanced significantly by the discovery of the important relationships among alcohol availability, per capita consumption and alcohol‐related problems such as cirrhosis. Recently, however, alcohol‐related problems have declined in some areas more than would be predicted by changes in consumptions. These declines may represent important opportunities for understanding the prevention of alcohol problems. For example, in recent work we have observed associations between declines in cirrhosis rates and increases in treatment for alcohol abuse and AA membership. The opportunities and challenges in examining the effects of various prevention measures on aggregate problem data are discussed.
Drinking games adolescents play
Authors: PEDERSEN WILLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a study of 1230 Norwegian adolescents aged 14–19, the prevalence of participation in ‘drinking games’ and the consequences thereof were investigated. The findings indicate that drinking games are very common among Norwegian youth. Further, there is a substantially higher alcohol consumption among those who participate in these games than among other youth, even when we ‘control’ for other indicators of network ‘wetness’. In particular, a high consumption of beer among the boys seems to be connected with these games. It seems reasonable to assume that the drinking games are of importance for many young people, in particular as a means of being accepted by social groups of the same age. The games provide an organized, yet exciting frame around the interaction. It seems reasonable to assume that the participants usually take part in the games as a result of an intention to drink. Even so, it might be argued that the games are probably often more than ‘neutral tools’ to fulfil this intention: first of all, the games involve intense contact precisely in connection with alcohol consumption. Secondly, we know from previous studies that match rates and role modelling in connection with consumption increase with an increase in the intensity of group member contact. Finally, the individual member loses control and steering of his/her own consumption to a large extent: consumption becomes to a large degree a function of other people's actions and the rules of the game in question.
The Mortimer‐Filkins test of problem drinking: a review of psychometric properties
Authors: WEBB GLORIA R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper contains a literature review of the psychometric properties of the Mortimer–Filkins test of problem drinking. The test was devised initially to identify problem drinkers from among drink‐driving offenders. It was initially validated against a general population, and has since been used with worksite populations. The test demonstrates high degrees of internal‐consistency reliability, test‐retest reliability and concurrent validity. It has been shown to be predictive of drink‐driver racidivism and the occurrence of work injuries and injury‐related absences.
Anatomical distribution of soft tissue sepsis sites in intravenous drug misusers attending an accident and emergency department
Authors: STONE M. H. , STONE D. H. , MacGREGOR HELEN A. R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOf 77,686 case records of attendance at an accident and emergency department during 1986, 48S (0.6%) contained documented evidence of intravenous drug misuse (IDM). Clinical examination had revealed signs of soft tissue sepsis in 150 (31%) of these, the commonest sites being the wrist and forearm (31% of lesions), the antecubital fossa (19%), fingers and hand (14%) and thigh and groin (11%). These data highlight the anatomical areas to which medical and nursing staff should pay particular attention when examining patients with a background of IDM. Conversely, the presentation of soft tissue sepsis in these sites should alert clinicians to the possibility of underlying IDM.
The criminality of new drug users in Glasgow
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , FORSYTH ALASDAIR , LAVELLE TARA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe drug use and crime of 210 teenage licit and illict drug users were examined. Over 90% of the sample, including non‐users, soft drug users, opioid users and injectors, were obtained via the same ‘snowball’ of friends and acquaintances. None had been injecting for more than 2 years. It was found that the frequency of use of all licit and illict drugs and the frequency of all crimes were intercorrelated. However, even many of the opioid injectors in this sample were not near‐daily users and ‘addiction’ did not explain the results of regression equations predicting crime and drug use; crime explained drug use more than drug use explained crime and drug use was not a major unique predictor of theft. The criminal drug‐using teenagers in this sample were better regarded as ‘delinquents’ than as ‘drug‐abusers’ or ‘drug addicts’. Delinquent behaviour of all kinds appeared to be increased by prior criminal experience, having delinquent friends and lack of conventional social support (notably including having spent time in care). Implications of these findings for theories of delinquency and the practice of treatment and prevention are discussed.
Trends in alcohol consumption in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy from the 1950s until the 1980s
Authors: PYÖRÄLÄ EEVA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper compares trends in alcohol consumption in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy starting from the beginning of the I9SO's and extending until the 1980's and examines the modernization and internationalization of beverage preferences in these countries. The total consumption of alcohol has declined in Spain, France and Italy and the consumption of wine has shown a declining trend in all the countries studied. The traditional beverage, wine, has in Spain, Portugal and Italy been substituted by a new beverage with lower alcohol content, beer. In France the decline in wine consumption has not been substituted by the use of other alcoholic beverages. No noticeable internationalization in beverage preferences has taken place in Spain, Portugal or Italy, whereas imported beverages have gained some ground in France.
Alcohol use and its control in Finnish and Soviet marriages
Authors: HOLMILA MARJA , MUSTONEN HELI , RANNIK ERKKI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper reports the results of a comparative study conducted in Finland and in Estonia. A representative sample of young couples were interviewed in both countries. Husbands in both countries usually drink more often than their wives and are less dependent on their spouses' drinking company. Wives are more likely to attempt to control their spouses' drinking. Drinking and its control are associated with the emotional relationship between the spouses, and the attempts to control are logically associated with the controlled person's frequency of drinking. The wife's attempts to control the husband's drinking are more a blue collar than a white collar phenomenon. Finnish women and men drink more often than their Estonian counterparts. Maybe as a result of the greater frequency of drinking, drinking in Finland is more family‐oriented than in Estonia. The Estonian culture seems more prone to informal control of the family members' drinking. These differences may be at least partly caused by differing alcohol policy climate in the two countries.
Effects of a 24‐hour fast on cigarette smoking in humans
Authors: ZACNY JAMES P. , DE WIT HARRIET 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effects of 24 hours of food deprivation on cigarette consumption, smoke exposure and mood were studied in seven research ‐volunteers. A within‐subjects design was used in which subjects smoked low‐yield (0.1 mg nicotine) and high‐yield (0.7–1.1 mg nicotine) cigarettes in both a fed and a fasting state. Each of the four experimental conditions–FED/LOW‐YIELD, FED/HIGH‐YIELD, FAST/LOW‐YIELD, FAST/HIGH‐YIELD–was enacted twice according to a randomized block design. Cigarette consumption was measured during the 24‐h period before experimental sessions. The session included a 60‐min smoking period, in which number of puffs per cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and mood were assessed. Although cigarette consumption during the 24 h prior to sessions did not vary as a function of feeding condition, CO levels at the end of this 24‐h time period were slightly, but significantly, higher in the FAST condition (mean CO level: 30.3 ppm) than in the FED condition (mean CO level: 28.1 ppm). During the laboratory session, amount of smoking and CO exposure were similar across feeding conditions. Interactions between feeding condition and dose were obtained on several mood measures that reflected sedation and arousal: in the high‐yield condition, subjects were more sedated after fasting, whereas in the low‐yield condition, they reported being less sedated after fasting. We conclude that fasting does not alter cigarette consumption but may increase smoke exposure during ad libitum smoking, perhaps via a change in some aspect of smoking behaviour not measured in the present study (e.g. puff volume).
Comparing distributions of alcohol consumption: empirical probability plots
Authors: LEMMENS P. H. H. M. , TAN E. S. , KNIBBE R. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryParametric approaches to the problem of the distribution of alcohol consumption have not been very successful. In this article, it is shown that regularity in distribution can be studied without making assumptions about a distribution model underlying the data. For this purpose, a method u used with which distributions are compared graphically in so‐called probability plots. It appears that, up to a proper linear transformation on a logarithmic scale, a surprisingly large regularity over time can be observed between distributions taken from Dutch samples in 1970, 1981 and 1985. Equally, distributions from male and female sub‐samples do not appear to differ up to a linear shift. The finding of a relative equality in distributional form is in accordance with the Ledermann model. However, the difference with the Ledermann's model is that no assumptions about the exact shape of the distributions are being made.
The 1990s: decade of the stimulants?
Authors: DAVIES JOHN BOOTH , DITTON JASON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDoes the media fan fake panics, forecast possible issues, create real problems, or detect problems at an earlier stage than treatment resources? A study of the relationship of tabloid news coverage of MDMA (Ecstasy) to drug treatment service demand found that treatment agencies were more concerned about amphetamine use but conversely tabloid coverage centred on ecstasy. Casual enquiries to a few drug agencies one year later discovered reports of increased numbers of clients presenting for ecstasy and reports of the drug's increased availability. The relationship between media coverage and changing drug availability and drug use is unclear. Short‐term studies are unreliable, and interpretation of the relationship between drug use and media coverage runs a permanent risk of generating contradictory conclusions. The need for long‐term serious study of the relationship between the media and drug use u stressed.
Specialized addictions assessment/referral services in Ontario: a review of their characteristics and roles in the addiction treatment system
Authors: OGBORNE ALAN C. , RUSH BRIAN R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDuring the past nine years many specialized addiction assessment/referral services have been established in Ontario. These services are expected to receive referrals from all sources, to conduct thorough socio‐behavioural assessments, to refer clients to appropriate community resources and to provide case management services appropriate to client needs. Although definitive statements concerning the assessment/referral services are considered premature, the available data suggests that they are generally similar to other types of addiction services with respect to referral sources and client characteristics. However, assessment/referral services are less likely to be restricted to particular types of clients, more likely to use structured assessment procedures and to make referrals to other services. There are significant differences between individual assessment/referral services, particular with respect to referral sources, client characteristics and operating procedures and the extent to which they also provide treatment. These differences partly reflect differences in operating environments. Most communities with assessment/referral services lack generally accessible outpatient services and it remains to be seen how assessment/referral services will evolve as more outpatient services become available. Data from a 1986 survey showed that assessment/referral services saw about 10% of all cases seen within Ontario's specialized addiction treatment system but they were not significant points of entry into this system.
Comparative value of self‐report and blood tests in assessing outcome amongst alcoholics
Authors: KESO LAURI , SALASPURO MIKKO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe study group consisted of 73 employed alcoholics, who were directed to inpatient treatment. They were evaluated (structured interview, GGT, and MCV) before the treatment period and 8 months after the termination of the treatment. Patients with diseases or medications influencing the laboratory tests were not included in the study group. According to the structured interview 72.6% of the patients were drinking in a controlled manner (less than 40 g/d ethanol) during the 2‐month period prior to the follow‐up evaluation. According to the laboratory data 52.1% of the patients had been drinking in a controlled manner (i.e. both GGT and MCV values were normal). With the interview and laboratory data combined 39.7% of the patients had been drinking in a controlled manner. Thus the drinking outcome was strongly influenced by the selection of the variables used to measure the outcome. It is recommended that no studies should be carried out about the drinking outcome of alcoholism treatment without the use of laboratory markers as a pan of the evaluation.
Liver cirrhosis with and without mention of alcohol as cause of death
Authors: HABERMAN PAUL W. , WEINBAUM DONALD F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryChanges in the estimated proportion of liver cirrhosis deaths attributable to alcoholism in the United States from 1940 to 1980 are reviewed. The value of this proportion from 1940 in the original Jellinek Alcoholism Estimation Formula, through Formula modifications, to 1980 use are presented; the rationale for various changes in its value are discussed. Essex County, New Jersey, USA decedents in 1984, aged 25‐years or older, whose underlying cause of death was specified alcoholic cirrhosis and those who died of cirrhosis without mention of alcohol are analyzed for differences in background and post‐mortem characteristics. Some appreciable proportion of cirrhosis deaths without mention of alcohol is considered to be attributable to alcoholism. Background and post‐mortem differences between persons whose underlying cause of death is certified as cirrhosis with and without mention of alcohol suggest some bases for the under‐reporting of specified alcoholic cirrhosis mortality.
Alcohol or tobacco research versus alcohol and tobacco research
Authors: SOBELL LINDA C. , SOBELL MARK B. , KOZLOWSKI LYNN T. , TONEATTO TONY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite the frequent co‐occurrence of tobacco and alcohol use, little is known about relationships between alcohol and nicotine. This paper reviews similarities and differences between tobacco and alcohol use, offers speculation about why a marriage of the two fields has been so long in coming, and discusses the multiple scientific and therapeutic benefits that could derive from the study of individuals who use both drugs.