bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child and adolescent injury in the United States: How occupational injuries fit in
Authors: Christoffel Katherine Kaufer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInjury is the leading cause of death in adolescence, with the highest rates for 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds, an age span also marked, for many, by entry into the workforce. Occupational injuries affecting youth occur in the context of the larger problem of injury affecting children and adolescents. An understanding of the broader context can help to guide efforts to control occupational injuries.Nonfatal injuries vastly exceed fatal ones, but more is known about the latter. Injuries are the leading cause of death in the U.S. for ages 1 to 44 years. The proportion of child and adolescent deaths due to injury has risen for several decades; injury rates have been stable while deaths from natural causes have declined. Injury patterns vary with age, race, and sex, and also internationally. The two leading causes of injury deaths for U.S. adolescents are motor vehicle occupant injury (related largely to alcohol) and homicide (related largely to firearms).Contemporary injury prevention approaches focus on means to prevent the transfer of damaging amounts of energy to potential victims. The most effective approaches are passive (engineering/environmental) and/or require one‐time‐only behaviors.Prevention of child and adolescent occupational injuries will need to build on approaches that have been successful for other child and adolescent injuries, as well ones that have been successful for adult occupational injuries. A multidisciplinary approach will be needed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Children at work: Prevention of occupational injury and disease
Authors: Lemen Richard A. , Layne Larry A. , Castillo Dawn N. , Lancashire Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBecause children are an isolated population that generally lacks a collective political voice, it is up to the rest of society to look after their well‐being. The grim economic circumstances that plague impoverished nations around the world have resulted in many young children having to work to help their families survive. Often, these children have no choice but to work in dangerous places and under generally appalling conditions. Even in wealthy countries like the United States, the problems associated with child labor are a legitimate threat to our single most important investment for the future—the safety and health of our children. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Remedies to the problem of child labor: The situation in the apparel industry
Authors: Mazur Jay 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen you realize how long the problem of child labor has been around, anyone who ventures into the terrain of remedies obviously needs a long memory and not a little optimism. What have we tried? What has worked? And what has not worked? To answer these questions, we must first look at how we have diagnosed the problem. Some say that the return of child labor is due to the present recession. Hard‐pressed businesses are looking for cheap and cheaper labor. Sweatshops proliferate. When the recession recedes, so will child labor. If it were that simple, we could all congratulate ourselves on having conducted this enlightened symposium and go home without worrying much more about the problem. The magic hand of the market, in due course, will straighten it all out. Let me tell you something about the apparel industry in New York where new laws and strict enforcement make the only difference. Over 80% of OSHA inspections were triggered by the state's Apparel Task Force. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congressional approaches toward remedies to problems of child labor
Authors: Simonson Joy R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHearings by the Employment and Housing Subcommittee and nationwide “sweeps” by the Labor Department focused attention in 1990 on the growing problem of child labor. Fast food and retail establishments employ the majority of minors and were found to have the most violations. Although the bulk of violations affected hours of work (too many or too late), many involved prohibited hazardous occupations. Reform measures were introduced in the House and the Senate. They would limit hours of work during school weeks for 16–17‐year‐olds, require school work permits, improve protection of farm workers, increase civil and criminal penalties for willful violations, and provide for national reports on employment of and injuries to workers under age 18. As of May 1992, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources has voted out its bill, but floor action has not been scheduled. The House Subcommittee on Employment Standards has taken no action. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A follow‐up study of laboratory animal exposed workers: The influence of atopy for the development of occupational asthma
Authors: Sjöstedt Lars , Willers Stefan , Ørbæk Palle 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn a 5‐year follow‐up study of 88 animal exposed laboratory technicians, the incidence of laboratory animal allergy (LAA), lung function, and the development of allergy test reactivity were investigated. Only two individuals developed test positive LAA rhinitis during the follow‐up period. Furthermore, one subject who had previously had LAA rhinitis developed LAA asthma. In the remaining subjects the results of skin prick tests against laboratory animals and environmental allergens, total serum IgE levels, and lung function were unchanged. Atopy defined as parental and childhood allergy, raised total serum IgE levels, and positive skin prick tests against nonanimal environmental allergens and nonlaboratory animals (dog and horse) were risk indicators for development of test positive LAA asthma. The low incidence of LAA during the 5‐year follow‐up is interpreted as a result of an early LAA development in atopic subjects. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrospective follow‐up study of foundry and engine plant workers
Authors: Rotimi Charles , Austin Harland , Delzell Elizabeth , Day Cathy , MacAluso Maurizio , Honda Yasushi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA retrospective follow‐up study of 21,013 workers employed at a foundry and two engine manufacturing plants was conducted to determine if these workers had an unusual mortality experience. A total of 2,235 deaths occurred during the follow‐up period of 1970–1987. Mortality from all causes was lower than expected. Men experienced a 6–13% excess of lung cancer deaths, depending on the choice of the comparison group. The data displayed evidence of a positive trend between lung cancer mortality and increasing duration of employment (p = 0.008). White men experienced a statistically significant excess of deaths from stomach cancer (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 158; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 101–234). Black men had increased mortality from pancreatic cancer, especially among engine plant workers (SMR = 303; CI = 121–624), and an excess of prostate cancer, concentrated among foundry workers (SMR = 234; CI = 112–430). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of asbestos dust levels in British asbestos factories in the 1930s
Authors: Wikeley N. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince the early reports of the deleterious health effects of asbestos first appeared in the British literature, the paucity of information on dust levels has been decried. Research into archival material reporting various methods of assessing asbestos dust levels in British factories during the 1930s indicates that these levels were high indeed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonspecific nasal responsiveness in workers occupationally exposed to respiratory irritants
Authors: Plavec Davor , Somogyi‐Zalud Emese , Godnic‐Cvar Jasminka 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to establish the level of the nonspecific nasal responsiveness in a group of workers (N = 84) occupationally exposed to respiratory irritants, and to compare it with its level in healthy subjects (N = 60). Another goal was to study the effect of occupational exposure to irritants, smoking, and atopy on nonspecific nasal responsiveness. The modified method of nonspecific nasal provocation with histamine developed by van Wijk and Dieges (Clin Allerg 17:563–570, 1987) was used. The method was performed by spraying doubling concentrations of histamine (0.03–32 mg/mL), starting with saline, in a cumulative manner into each nostril. The reaction was measured by total nasal resistance (“opening” interruption technique). The result of the test was expressed as provocation concentration of histamine that caused ⩾75% rise of total nasal resistance compared to its value measured after saline.We found a significantly higher percentage of nasal hyperreactors and a significantly greater nonspecific nasal responsiveness among 65 exposed workers (χ2 = 78.6; p < 0.001, t = −5.48; p < 0.001, respectively) than in the group of healthy subjects. A significantly (t = 4.25; p < 0.001) increased nonspecific nasal responsiveness was observed during exposure when compared to nonspecific nasal responsiveness assessed after 2 weeks out of exposure, when tested in 19 patients. Higher smoking rate as measured by smoking category (number of cigarettes multiplied with years of smoking) was associated with the lower levels of nonspecific nasal responsiveness. Also, we failed to confirm a relation between atopy and nonspecific nasal responsiveness in a group of workers exposed to irritants. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mental retardation in ten‐year‐old children in relation to their mothers' employment during pregnancy
Authors: Decouflé Pierre , Murphy Catherine C. , Drews Carolyn D. , Yeargin‐Allsopp Marshalyn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe conducted a case‐control study to examine relationships between potential risk factors in women's prenatal occupational histories and subsequent mental retardation in their 10‐year‐old children. Children with mental retardation (intelligence quotient less than 71) were identified from special education records maintained by the public school systems in the metropolitan Atlanta area and from records of various medical and social service agencies serving children with special needs. Control children were chosen from the rosters of 10‐year‐olds who were enrolled in regular education classes in the local public school systems. To obtain occupational histories, sociodemographic data, and other information, we interviewed 352 natural mothers (67%) of 525 case children and 408 natural mothers (64%) of 636 control children. We computed odds ratios for each of 25 selected occupation, industry, and agent categories controlling for maternal education, birth order, and race. Most comparisons yielded odds ratios that were not indicative of unusual risks, but we did find lower than expected risks among children of teachers and health‐care professionals. We also found a strong, positive association between mental retardation and maternal employment in the textile and apparel industries. The findings are useful for planning the direction of future studies of childhood cognitive ability to focus on specific parental occupations or industries. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Malignant mesothelioma induced in baboons by inhalation of amosite asbestos
Authors: Webster Ian , Goldstein Bertie , Coetzee Frans S. J. , van Sittert Gerhardus C. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTen out of 12 South African baboons (Papio ursinus) survived exposure to amosite asbestos dust for periods ranging from 242 days to 898 days at an aerosol level ranging between 1,100 and 1,200 fibers per milliliter. After exposure, they were kept under observation until they died; the total residence time of amosite varied from 1.2–10.2 years. All underwent detailed postmortem necropsy examinations. All baboons had asbestosis. Five of the baboons developed malignant diffuse mesothelioma; three peritoneal, and two pleural with peritoneal invasion. These results indicate that amosite is highly carcinogenic. Since it is difficult to accomplish follow‐up of persons exposed to amosite asbestos because of the geographic location of the amosite mines and mills in South Africa (a majority of the workers being migrant laborers from countries bordering on the Transvaal), it is therefore probable that cases of peritoneal mesothelioma have been missed. If human beings are likely to react to amosite as do baboons, epidemiological follow‐up should include identification of abdominal as well as thoracic neoplasms. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of depression following lead exposure
Authors: Frumkin Howard , Gerr Fredric 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLong‐term exposure to lead is known to cause a variety of neurotoxic manifestations, including symptoms of depression. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a recently approved oral chelating agent, can diminish the body burden of lead, but few cases of documented clinical improvement following treatment have been reported. We report a case of moderate to severe depression in a long‐term lead worker that appeared to respond dramatically to DMSA. This response suggests a possible therapeutic role for DMSA in the treatment of depression in lead‐exposed patients. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of occupational asthma due to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
Authors: Chan‐Yeung Moira 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOccupational asthma due to Western red cedar is the most common form of occupational asthma in the Pacific Northwest and affects 4–13.5% of the exposed population. It has been shown to be caused by plicatic acid, a low molecular weight compound present uniquely in the wood. The mechanism of asthma induced by plicatic acid is not known, as specific IgG antibodies were found only in about 20% of patients. Sera from patients with red cedar asthma failed to passively sensitize human Iung fragments of human basophils. Basophils from patients with this disease released histamine when challenged directly with plicatic acid in a specific manner. Immunologic mechanisms other than Type I hypersensitivity reaction are likely to be involved. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for survey and diagnosis
Authors: Richerson Hal B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis contribution is an overview of current epidemiologic methods used in evaluating organic dust‐containing environments for evidence of adverse pulmonary effects. Potential problems include vague diagnostic criteria of “disease” and inadequate tools for definitive diagnosis, as illustrated by asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The enthusiastic investigator may consider trivial changes indicative of real or potential disease, and add the studied environment to a growing list of menaces of the workplace or of everyday life. Attention to scientific principles is needed lest epidemiology becomes scare‐mongering made respectable by sophisticated statistics. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteolytic activity of industrial enzymes as the main reason for the development of inflammatory and allergic work‐related lung diseases
Authors: Kuchuk Alexander A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPulmonary hypersensitivity to industrial enzymes is well recognized and presents a serious problem as these health effects are often severe and may be chronic. In addition, the amount of agents that induce a hypersensitivity response is often significantly lower than that which has led to sensitization. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung function changes among recycling workers exposed to organic dust
Authors: Sigsgaard Torben , Abel A. , Donbák L. , Malmros P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines the workshift changes in lung function among 99 recycling workers, and correlates these findings with measurements of total dust and endotoxins. Exposure to organic dust caused a fall in FEV1 over the workshift, and this was significantly associated with the exposure to organic dust. No significant association was found between endotoxin exposure and lung function decrements. This lack of association could be due to the low concentrations of endotoxins to which the workers were exposed, as no workers were exposed to more than 100 ng/m3. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutrophil chemotaxis to extracts of grain plant components
Authors: von Essen Susanna G. , O'Neill D. P. , Robbins R. A. , Rennard S. I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExposure to grain dust has been associated with a neutrophilic bronchitis. In vitro studies suggest several possible mechanisms for recruitment of neutrophils, including direct chemotaxis to aqueous grain dust extracts and release of chemotactic activity by bronchial epithelial cells in response to challenge with grain dust extracts. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microorganism‐induced or enhanced mediator release: A possible mechanism in organic dust related diseases
Authors: Norn Svend 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBacteria were found to trigger mediator release, including histamine, leukotriene B4, and prostaglandin D2. Furthermore, histamine release caused by allergens as well as by nonimmunological reactions was enhanced by bacteria, endotoxins, and spores from molds. Mediator release and its enhancement play a crucial role for bronchoconstriction and inflammatory events in the airways. These effects of allergens, microorganisms, and other noxious agents in dusts may, therefore, in concert be responsible for the symptoms in organic dust related diseases. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory responses by inhalation of endotoxin and (1→3)‐β‐D‐Glucan
Authors: Rylander Ragnar , Fogelmark Birgitta 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn inhalation study was undertaken to evaluate the inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin and (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan, evaluating the response by counting the number on free lung cells. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation in healthy subjects causes bronchoalveolar neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and fibronectin increase
Authors: Sandström Thomas , Bjermer Leif , Rylander Ragnar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEight healthy volunteers were exposed to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by controlled inhalation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 3 hours after exposure revealed a pronounced neutrophilia, increase in lymphocytes, fibronectin concentration, and decrease in alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, as compared to a reference BAL. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunobiology of the serine protease allergens from house dust mites
Authors: Stewart Geoffrey A. , Boyd S. M. , Bird C. H. , Krska K. D. , Kollinger M. R. , Thompson P. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExtracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae were shown to contain a variety of 30 kDA serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and an elastase‐like enzyme. The mite trypsin, unlike chymotrypsin and the elastase enzyme, was heterogeneous with regard to charge. The enzymes were shown to be present at higher concentration in fecally enriched extracts than in whole mite extracts. The proteases were shown to induce vascular permeability and to detach cells in tissue culture. Further study showed that the mite elastase induced non‐IgE mediated rat mast cell degranulation. Such properties may contribute to immunogenicity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental grain dust atmospheres generated by wet and dry aerosolization techniques
Authors: Thorne Peter S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProperties of grain dust aerosols generated using wet and dry techniques were studied. Relative to the dry aerosol generation, the wet generation technique yielded a smaller particle size distribution (MMAED of 1.5 μm vs. 15.5 μm) but also reduced the viability of microorganisms. Analysis of dust mass and endotoxin activity on cascade impactor stages demonstrated equivalent partitioning of the airborne endotoxin with the dust mass for aerosols produced by either generation method. Comparison of laboratory‐generated atmospheres to field sampling indicated a greater proportion of respirable microorganisms in soybean handling facilities than were generated using the dry aerosol system. Limitations of both aerosol generation systems were found that may affect the validity of inhalation toxicology studies in which these bioaerosols are artificially created. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dust‐related decline in lung function among animal feed workers
Authors: Heederik Dick , Smid Tjabe , Houba Remko , Quanjer Philip H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe study describes results of the first part of a follow‐up study among 50 animal feed and grain elevator workers. The initial results suggest that the change in lung function over a 5 year period is related to the dust exposure. Workers in the high exposure category showed a greater decline in lung function than workers in the low exposure category. The decline in lung function was strongest for workers who were low exposed at the beginning of the study and who became high exposed during the follow‐up period. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endotoxin and microorganisms in percolate derived from compostable household waste
Authors: Nielsen Birgitte Herbert , Würtz Helle , Holst Erik 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHealth related problems among Danish garbage collectors have been reported. Separated compostable household waste was analyzed for endotoxin and microorganisms in an experimental study. Aerosols and liquid (percolate) from the waste were sampled over two 14‐day periods during storage in containers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Musculoskeletal symptoms among electricians
Authors: Hunting Katherine L. , Welch Laura S. , Cuccherini Brenda A. , Seiger Leslie A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study ascertained the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms among electricians, in order to evaluate the prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) in this population. We adapted the CTD surveillance questionnaire used by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to assess the prevalence of neck, shoulder, elbow, hand/wrist, back, and knee symptoms in the year prior to the survey. Questionnaires were completed by 308 apprentices and journeymen enrolled in training classes at the local union hall. The participants were relatively young individuals, and 86% of the participants were currently working as electricians. Participants reported a high prevalence of symptoms which occurred more than three times during the past year or which lasted more than 1 week. Back symptoms and hand/wrist symptoms were experienced most frequently, by about half the population, while elbow symptoms were reported by only 15% of participants. Symptom prevalence was lower, but still notable, when defined as symptoms which had occurred at least once a month or lasted more than a week in the past year. Eighty‐two percent of participants reported at least one musculoskeletal symptom using the most inclusive definition, while 57% reported two or more symptoms.This survey highlights that: 1) low back discomfort is common in young construction workers, and resulted in medical care, missed work, or light duty for almost 35% of the participants; 2) neck discomfort is also very common and required doctor visits or work modification for almost one quarter of the participants; 3) these construction workers continued to work with symptoms that are classifiable as a CTD; and 4) history of injury is correlated with the subsequent prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.