bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus Release from a Biosolids‐Amended Sandy Spodosol
Authors: Chinault Sarah L. , O'Connor George A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMost regulations governing biosolids land application do not consider that phosphorus (P) solubility can vary widely among biosolids. Current regulations typically group all biosolids together in one category or group biosolids together with manures. Research has shown that not all biosolids have the same potential to affect the environment when land applied, but the database is limited. The purpose of this study was to characterize P release from several biosolids produced and/or marketed in Florida. A small soil column dynamic laboratory incubation was conducted to assess P release potential. Eleven biosolids and a mineral fertilizer (triple super phosphate) were individually mixed with a typical low‐P sorbing Florida soil (Immokalee fine sand) at 56 and 224 kg P ha−1Columns were periodically leached over 5.5 mo to attain 60 mL (1/2 pore volume) of drainage in each leaching. Soluble reactive P was determined and summed over the eight leachings to represent total P source release. Cumulative P release (as a percentage of P applied) was greatest from biological P removal (BPR) and BPR‐like biosolids and least from heat‐dried materials. Phosphorus release from biosolids depends on biosolids treatment type (digestion) and P chemistry, suggesting that biosolids regulations must account for differences in P lability to accurately gauge environmental risk.
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from an Irrigated Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)–Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Rotation
Authors: Haile‐Mariam S. , Collins H. P. , Higgins S. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIntensive agriculture and increased N fertilizer use have contributed to elevated emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, the exchange of CO2, N2O, and CH4 between a Quincy fine sand (mixed, mesic Xeric Torripsamments) soil and atmosphere was measured in a sweet corn (Zea mays L.)–sweet corn–potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) rotation during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons under irrigation in eastern Washington. Gas samples were collected using static chambers installed in the second‐year sweet corn and potato plots under conventional tillage or reduced tillage. Total emissions of CO2–C from sweet corn integrated over the season were 2071 and 1684 kg CO2–C ha−1 for the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons, respectively. For the same period, CO2 emissions from potato plots were 1571 and 1256 kg of CO2–C ha−1 Cumulative CO2 fluxes from sweet corn and potato fields were 17 and 13 times higher, respectively, than adjacent non‐irrigated, native shrub steppe vegetation (NV). Nitrous oxide losses accounted for 0.5% (0.55 kg N ha−1) of the applied fertilizer (112 kg N ha−1) in corn and 0.3% (0.59 kg N ha−1) of the 224 kg N ha−1 applied fertilizer. Sweet corn and potato plots, on average, absorbed 1.7 g CH4–C ha−1 d−1 and 2.3 g CH4–C ha−1 d−1, respectively. The global warming potential contributions from NV, corn, and potato fields were 459, 7843, and 6028 kg CO2–equivalents ha−1, respectively, for the 2005 growing season and were 14% lower in 2006.
Simulating Sulfadimidine Transport in Surface Runoff and Soil at the Microplot and Field Scale
Authors: Larsbo Mats , Fenner Kathrin , Stoob Krispin , Burkhardt Michael , Abbaspour Karim , Stamm Christian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo prevent residues of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) from contaminating surface waters and ground water, an environmental impact assessment is required before a new product is allowed on the market. Physically based simulation models are advocated for the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations at higher tiers of the assessment process. However, the validation status of potentially useful models is poor for VMP transport. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dual‐permeability model MACRO for simulation of transport of sulfonamide antibiotics in surface runoff and soil. Special focus was on effects of solute application in liquid manure, which may alter the hydraulic properties at the soil surface. To this end we used data from a microplot runoff experiment and a field experiment, both conducted on the same clay loam soil prone to preferential flow. Results showed that the model could accurately simulate concentrations of sulfadimidine and the nonreactive tracer bromide in runoff and in soil from the microplot experiments. The use of posterior parameter distributions from calibrations using the microplot data resulted in poor simulations for the field data of total sulfadimidine losses. The poor results may be due to surface runoff being instantly transferred off the field in the model, whereas in reality re‐infiltration may occur. The effects of the manure application were reflected in smaller total and micropore hydraulic conductivities compared with the application in aqueous solution. These effects could easily be accounted for in regulatory modeling.
Autobiographical memory and language use: linguistic analyses of critical life event narratives in a non‐clinical population
Authors: Rullkoetter Nina , Bullig Renate , Driessen Martin , Beblo Thomas , Mensebach Christoph , Wingenfeld Katja 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrevious research indicates a strong association between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychopathology, and linguistic indices, but most studies have only compared one traumatic and one neutral life event. Referring to the Dual Representation Theory for PTSD we investigated the narrative representation of two negative life events, with and without current emotional impact in a non‐clinical population. Twenty‐five subjects wrote detailed narratives of the two types of life events. Lexical categories were coded and compared between the different scripts. Life events with current emotional impact were characterised by a greater use of emotional words, especially secondary emotionally words. Proprioceptive words were more often used and there were more errors when present tense was employed. Additionally, a greater number of sentences were found in these scripts. Our data suggest that in healthy subjects a relationship exists between narrative peculiarities and the current emotional impact of autobiographical memory shaped by negative life events. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of sex chromosome aneuploidy on brain asymmetry
Authors: Rezaie Roozbeh , Daly Eileen M. , Cutter William J. , Murphy Declan G.M. , Robertson Dene M.W. , DeLisi Lynn E. , Mackay Clare E. , Barrick Thomas R. , Crow Timothy J. , Roberts Neil 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe cognitive deficits present in individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies suggest that hemispheric differentiation of function is determined by an X–Y homologous gene [Crow (1993); Lancet 342:594–598]. In particular, females with Turner's syndrome (TS) who have only one X‐chromosome exhibit deficits of spatial ability whereas males with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) who possess a supernumerary X‐chromosome are delayed in acquiring words. Since spatial and verbal abilities are generally associated with right and left hemispheric function, such deficits may relate to anomalies of cerebral asymmetry. We therefore applied a novel image analysis technique to investigate the relationship between sex chromosome dosage and structural brain asymmetry. Specifically, we tested Crow's prediction that the magnitude of the brain torque (i.e., a combination of rightward frontal and leftward occipital asymmetry) would, as a function of sex chromosome dosage, be respectively decreased in TS women and increased in KS men, relative to genotypically normal controls. We found that brain torque was not significantly different in TS women and KS men, in comparison to controls. However, TS women exhibited significantly increased leftward brain asymmetry, restricted to the posterior of the brain and focused on the superior temporal and parietal–occipital association cortex, while KS men showed a trend for decreased brain asymmetry throughout the frontal lobes. The findings suggest that the number of sex chromosomes influences the development of brain asymmetry not simply to modify the torque but in a complex pattern along the antero‐posterior axis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermodestruction in the surface layer of poly(vinyl chloride) during extrusion
Authors: Lipik Vitali T. , Abadie Marc J. M. , Prokoptchuk Nikolay R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPolymeric raw material passing through the extrusion machine and other forming devices undergoes the processes of destruction, which result in the formation of potentially harmful substances and their accumulation in the surface layers of the product directly contacting with heated parts of forming machines. The research of the top layer of a poly(vinyl chloride) profile has shown that the surface layer of polymer contains a number of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The following substances have been identified during the research of the hydrocarbons composition contained of the surface layer: hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutene, chloroform, acetyl chloride, biphenyl, anthracene, naphthalene, and other hydrocarbons. The difference of calculated activation energy of thermooxidizing destruction of surface and internal layers of a polymeric product reveals the process of partial destruction of a surface layer. Data about semivolatile substances, concentrating in polymer surface during processing will be used for development of stabilizers, ecology, and polymer‐manufacturing techniques. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.
Modeling of the residence time distribution in a buss kneader with a back‐propagation neural network
Authors: Bi Chao , Jiang Bo , Li Ao 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWith a back‐propagation neural network, the residence time distribution (RTD) characteristics in a buss kneader were modeled on a series of experimental RTD data measured by a digital image processing method. The operating conditions (screw speed and feed rate) were chosen as the inputs of the network. The four‐layered back‐propagation neural network predicted not only the RTD character indices, including the shortest delay time, mean residence time, and variance of distribution, but also the complete RTD curve. On the basis of the mean residence time, the average degree of fill in the extruder was also calculated. Furthermore, the effects of the operating conditions on the RTD and average degree of fill were analyzed. The method provided herein can also be used to predict RTDs in other kinds of extrusion equipment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Intumescent foams—A novel flame retardant system for flexible polyurethane foams
Authors: Andersson Anna , Magnusson Anders , Troedsson Suzanne , Lundmark Stefan , Maurer Frans H. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA combination of intumescent components was evaluated as a novel flame retardant system in a flexible polyurethane foam, and the incorporation of these components gave rise to a significant enhancement of the flame retardant properties of the foam. The heat release rate was lowered at an early stage as well as throughout the fire, the total heat production was decreased and the time to ignition was prolonged. Mechanical measurements of the foam revealed enhanced properties in terms of stiffness accompanied by a large decrease in elongation at break as compared with a reference foam. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Silencing anAnopheles gambiaecatalase and sulfhydryl oxidase increases mosquito mortality after a blood meal
Authors: Magalhaes T. , Brackney D.E. , Beier J.C. , Foy B.D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCatalase is a potent antioxidant, likely involved in post‐blood meal homeostasis in mosquitoes. This enzyme breaks down H2O2, preventing the formation of the hydroxyl radical (HO·). Quiescins are newly classified sulfhydryl oxidases that bear a thioredoxin motif at the N‐terminal and an ERV1‐like portion at the C‐terminal. These proteins have a major role in generating disulfides in intra‐ or extracellular environments, and thus participate in redox reactions. In the search for molecules to serve as targets for novel anti‐mosquito strategies, we have silenced a catalase and a putative quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX), from the African malaria vectorAnopheles gambiae, through RNA interference (RNAi) experiments. We observed that the survival of catalase‐ and QSOX‐silenced insects was reduced over controls following blood digestion, most likely due to the compromised ability of mosquitoes to scavenge and/or prevent damage caused by blood meal‐derived oxidative stress. The higher mortality effect was more accentuated in catalase‐silenced mosquitoes, where catalase activity was reduced to low levels. Lipid peroxidation was higher in QSOX‐silenced mosquitoes suggesting the involvement of this protein in redox homeostasis following a blood meal. This study points to the potential of molecules involved in antioxidant response and redox metabolism to serve as targets of novel anti‐mosquito strategies and offers a screening methodology for finding targetable mosquito molecules. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Base‐Induced Sequential Cyclization–Rearrangement of Enantioenriched 3‐Aminoalkanoates to Five‐ and Seven‐Membered Lactams
Authors: Sakai Takeo , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Tomioka Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBy treatment with tBuLi, linear 3‐aminoalkanoates (4) were converted stereoselectively into five‐ and seven‐membered lactams (trans‐5 and cis‐6). Initial cyclization to azetidin‐2‐one with subsequent aza‐[1,2] and [2,3] rearrangement is the probable mechanistic pathway from 4 to 5 and 6. Although enantioenriched 4 was converted into nearly racemic 5 and 6, a linear 3‐amino‐2‐methylalkanoate (17) with 90 % ee bearing chirality at the ester α‐position afforded an all‐cis seven‐membered lactam (18) bearing three asymmetric centers with 85 % ee.
Cytocompatibility, interactions, and uptake of polyethyleneimine‐coated boron nitride nanotubes by living cells: Confirmation of their potential for biomedical applications
Authors: Ciofani Gianni , Raffa Vittoria , Menciassi Arianna , Cuschieri Alfred 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBoron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have unique physical properties, which can be exploited in the biomedical field. Hence, the surprising lack of reported studies on their biocompatibility and interactions with living cells, addressed by the present paper which deals the results of such an investigation based on 72 h culture of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH‐SY5Y) in the presence of an aqueous suspension of polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐coated BNNTs. BNNTs conjugated with fluorescent markers (quantum dots) are employed to enable tracking of their uptake by living cells. The results demonstrate good cytocompatibility together with unequivocal BNNT cellular uptake by an energy‐dependent endocytic process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 850–858. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is picky eating an eating disorder?
Authors: Jacobi Corinna , Schmitz Gabriele , Agras W. Stewart 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine the prevalence of picky eating and the relationship between picky eating, previously supported correlates of picky eating, other child eating and behavioral problems and maternal eating problems in children aged 8–12 years.Method:In a cohort study, 426 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children and their primary caretakers (91% mothers) were assessed in a small town community. Potential child eating behaviors associated with picky eating were reported by mothers using the Stanford Feeding Questionnaire. Child eating attitudes and disturbances were obtained from the McKnight Risk Factor Survey, food preferences and avoidances from a food preference list, child behavioral problems were assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist. To assess maternal eating disturbances EDI‐subscales 1–3 as well as TFEQ‐subscales “disinhibition” and “restraint” were used.Results:Picky and nonpicky eaters differed significantly on all of the child eating behaviors found to be correlates of picky eating in a previous study with younger children. Overall, picky children were reported to avoid foods in general more often than nonpicky eaters. Picky children did not differ from nonpicky children with regard to their own and maternal eating disturbances. However, picky children displayed more problem behaviors comprising both internalizing and externalizing behaviors.Conclusion:The present study does not support the concept that picky eating is associated with disordered eating but rather with a range of behavioral problems. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Peak Area: the Instrumental Datum to Improve the Determination at Ultratrace Level Concentration of Mercury(II) at Gold Electrode
Authors: Locatelli Clinio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeak area as instrumental datum for determining the concentration of metals in solution instead of peak height is proposed for analytical voltammetric determinations. In the case of species present at ultra‐trace concentration level or having low reversibility degree electrodic processes, the employment of peak area permits to achieve limits of detection lower even more of one order of magnitude. The present work shows the possibility of determining, at ultratrace level concentration, mercury(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV).
Analysis of bedload transport characteristics of Idaho streams and rivers
Authors: Muskatirovic Jasna 
Published: May 2008

AbstractField data are essential in evaluating the adequacy of predictive equations for sediment transport. Each dataset based on the sediment transport rates and other relevant information gives an increased understanding and improved quantification of different factors influencing the sediment transport regime in the specific environment. Data collected for 33 sites on 31 mountain streams and rivers in Central Idaho have enabled the analysis of sediment transport characteristics in streams and rivers with different geological, topographic, morphological, hydrological, hydraulic, and sedimentological characteristics. All of these streams and rivers have armored, poorly sorted bed material with the median particle size of surface layer coarser than the subsurface layer. The fact that the largest particles in the bedload samples did not exceed the median particle size of the bed surface material indicates that the armor layer is stable for the observed flow discharges (generally bankfull or less, and in some cases two times higher than bankfull discharge). The bedload transport is size‐selective. The transport rates are generally low, since sediment supply is less than the ability of flow to move the sediment for one range of flow discharges, or, the hydraulic ability of the stream is insufficient for entrainment of the coarse bed material. Detailed analyses of bedload transport rates, bedload and bed material characteristics were performed for each site. The obtained results and conclusions are used to identify different influences on bedload transport rates in analyzed gravel‐bed rivers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the failed municipal bond and note futures contracts
Authors: Cusatis Patrick J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study analyzes the failure of the municipal bond and municipal note futures contracts. The municipal bond contract is shown to have been the most effective hedge in the municipal market over its tenure. Changes in volume in the municipal bond contract were closely related to changes in the volume in the U.S. Treasury bond futures contract, the spot–municipal‐over‐bonds (MOB) ratio, and visible supply. The failure of the municipal bond contract is mainly attributed to a decrease in trading volume in the U.S. Treasury futures market. This was impacted by the onset of electronic trading, which the municipal futures market was reluctant to embrace. The municipal note contract was a less effective hedge than U.S. Treasury note futures and ten‐year London Interbank Offered Rate swaps. The failure of the municipal note futures contract is attributed to the existence of well‐established alternative hedges, and segmentation in the municipal market. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:656–679, 2008
On combining family and case‐control studies
Authors: Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Pee David , Landi Maria T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStudies to detect genetic association with disease can be family‐based, often using families with multiple affected members, or population based, as in population‐based case‐control studies. If data on both study types are available from the same population, it is useful to combine them to improve power to detect genetic associations. Two aspects of the data need to be accommodated, the sampling scheme and potential residual correlations among family members. We propose two approaches for combining data from a case‐control study and a family study that collected families with multiple cases. In the first approach, we view a family as the sampling unit and specify the joint likelihood for the family members using a two‐level mixed effects model to account for random familial effects and for residual genetic correlations among family members. The ascertainment of the families is accommodated by conditioning on the ascertainment event. The individuals in the case‐control study are treated as families of size one, and their unconditional likelihood is combined with the conditional likelihood for the families. This approach yields subject specific maximum likelihood estimates of covariate effects. In the second approach, we view an individual as the sampling unit. The sampling scheme is accommodated using two‐phase sampling techniques, marginal covariate effects are estimated, and correlations among family members are accounted for in the variance calculations. The models are compared in simulations. Data from a case‐control and a family study from north‐eastern Italy on melanoma and a low‐risk melanoma‐susceptibility gene, MC1R, are used to illustrate the approaches. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.