bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and performance of surfactants based on epoxidized methyl oleate and glycerol
Authors: Doll Kenneth M. , Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA small series of surfactants based on methyl oleate and glyceroe was synthesized. The synthesis utilizes an epoxidation reaction of methyl oleate followed by a simple esterification. The resultant products have between two and seven glyceride units, and their performance properties, including aqueous surface tensions and dynamic aqueous surface tensions, were studied. The droplet size of soybean oil/water emulsions made with each surfactant was also studied. The surfactants show properties similar to alcohol ethoxylates, such as the reduction of aquous surface tension to ∼34 mN m−1. Additionally, because the synthesis leaves the epoxide functionality in the surfactant, further modification for performance optimization is possible.
Low‐density lipoproteins are more electronegatively charged in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gambino R. , Pisu E. , Pagano G. , Cassader M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMultifactorial etiology is involved in premature atherosclerosis related to diabetes. Most of the mechanisms that are responsible for the etiology in diabetes have remained unsolved so far. Type 1 diabetes is associated with a favorable lipid pattern and with microangiopathy, which is not true for type 2 diabetes, which is related to dyslipidemia and macroangiopathy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the degree of LDL modification related to the types of diabetes. The question is whether the LDL could be differently modified since the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is different. Thirtyone type 1 (19 male and 12 female) and thirty type 2 (18 male and 12 female) diabetic patients were included in this study. Isolated LDL was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis for diene conjugate content and for electronegativity. LDL from type 1 diabetes subjects showed the highest electrophoretic mobility (P=0.000). Instead, the diene conjugates contents were higher in the type 2 patients with HbA1c levels >8% (P=0.007). In conclusion, the increased diene content in type 2 diabetic subjects in poor glycemic control and the highest LDL mobility found in type 1 subjects show that the LDL undergoes different modifications. In type 2 patients, electronegative LDL are in a state of higher susceptibility to oxidation, whereas in type 1 subjects the finding of electronegative lipoproteins could provide an index of the relative atherogenicity of circulating LDL, especially as LDL has higher electrophoretic mobility than normal subjects.
One‐step analysis of major bile components in human bile using 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Nagana Gowda G. A. , Somashekar B. S. , Ijare Omkar B. , Sharma Ajay , Kapoor V. K. , Khetrapal C. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman gallbladder bile dissolved in dimethyl‐sulfoxide provides sharp and resolved signals for major bile components in 1H NMR spectra. Characteristic well‐resolved marker signals that invariably appear in 1H NMR spectra of bile were identified for cholesterol (H18 methyl signal at 0.643 ppm), lipids (glycerol CH signal at 5.064 ppm), total bile acids (H18 signals in the range 0.520–0.626 ppm), total glycine conjugated bile acids (NH signal at 6.958 ppm), total taurine conjugated bile acids (NH signal at 7.646 ppm), and urea (NH2 signal near 5.48 ppm), which enabled their rapid and accurate analysis. Excellent linearity and precision of quantitative analysis was observed for all the identified bile components (R2>0.99 for all). The method was demonstrated on gallbladder bile from 19 patients with gallbladder diseases. Urea in bile was identified by NMR for the first time and its quantitative analysis, along with several other bile components, is presented. The majority of the bile components could be analyzed in a single step. Accurate and rapid quantification of several bile components noninvasively by using the method presented herein may have far‐reaching implications in the study of bile acid metabolism and pathophysiology of various hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal diseases.
Singular limits for a 4-dimensional semilinear elliptic problem with exponential nonlinearity
Authors: Baraket Sami , Dammak Makkia , Ouni Taieb , Pacard Frank 
Published: February 2007

Using some nonlinear domain decomposition method, we prove the existence of branches of solutions having singular limits for some 4-dimensional semilinear elliptic problem with exponential nonlinearity.

Résumé
En utilisant une variante non linéaire de la méthode de décomposition de domaines, nous démontrons l'existence de branches de solutions ayant une limite singulière, pour une équation semilinéaire elliptique avec nonlinéarité exponentielle, en dimension 4.
Outpatient parathyroid surgery and the differences seen in the morbidly obese
Authors: Norman James , Aronson Kelly 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveThis prospective study examined rapid patient discharge after routine parathyroidectomy to identify differences between morbidly obese and non‐morbidly obese patients. The efficacy of supplemental calcium in preventing postoperative hypocalcemia was also assessed.MethodsBetween March 2003 and June 2004, 842 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent outpatient parathyroid surgery. Morbid obesity was defined as 100 pounds above ideal body weight and/or body mass index greater than 39.ResultsFifty‐one (6.1%) patients were morbidly obese (mean, 261 lbs; body mass index = 45) compared with 791 non‐morbidly obese patients (mean, 172 lbs; body mass index = 28, P <. 001). Morbidly obese patients were more likely to require conversion of laryngeal masked airway to endotracheal intubation (P <. 05). Incision length, total operative times, and the total time spent in the post‐anesthesia care unit were longer for morbidly obese patients (all, P <. 05). Of the 842 patients, only four, all non‐morbidly obese, spent the night after their operation. No postoperative untoward events occurred in either group.ConclusionsImmediate discharge after routine parathyroid surgery is extremely safe for nearly all patients although morbid obesity is associated with a longer operation, a more difficult airway, and a longer stay in the recovery room.
Adult outpatient tracheostomy care: Practices and perspectives
Authors: Garner Justin M. , Shoemaker‐Moyle Michael , Franzese Christine B. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesTo determine the attitudes, opinions, and current practice of adult outpatient tracheostomy care from the surgeon and primary care physician's perspective.Study DesignMultidisciplinary physician survey.ResultsFound 53.4% (667 of 1250) and 28.9% (404 of 1400) of otolaryngologists and internists responded, respectively; 47% of otolaryngologists lack standardized tracheostomy discharge protocols. General ward nurses most commonly (33%) provide discharge education. A total of 64% of otolaryngologists felt primarily responsible for tracheostomy care and follow‐up; 48% expect the primary physician to provide some or all tracheostomy care. Ninety‐seven percent of internists received little or no residency training in tracheostomy care, which was significantly associated with decreased comfort (P< 0.0001) and willingness (P< 0.0001) to care for these patients.ConclusionsTracheostomy care is a concerted effort between the patient, surgeon, primary physician, and interdisciplinary team. Otolaryngologists should strive to standardize tracheostomy discharge, education, and follow‐up practices.SignificanceDisparities are highlighted between disciplines in their comfort, willingness, and knowledge of outpatient tracheostomy care.
Caregiver well‐being and child quality of life
Authors: Boruk Marina , Paul Lee , Yelena Faynzilbert , Rosenfeld Richard M. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo describe the impact of otitis media on the child's family and caregiver, and how this impact influences the caregiver's perception of child's quality of life (QOL) and functional health status (FHS).Study Design and SettingProspective study of children aged 6 months to 12 years with recurrent or chronic otitis media recruited from a primary care pediatrics practice and a referral‐based pediatric otolaryngology practice. Survey measures were assessed for test‐retest reliability, internal consistency, and validity. Multiple regression analysis was used to explore relationships.ResultsWe enrolled 159 families, with mean age of 3.3 years for the child and 34 years for the caregiver. Most caregivers attended college (80%) and 64% were employed. The Caregiver Impact Questionnaire (CIQ) had good test‐retest reliability (r = 0.83), internal consistency (α = 0.88), and construct validity (r = 0.37 to 0.62). Most caregivers (52%) were nervous or agitated at least “some of the time” because of their child's ear problems, 29% lost sleep “a good bit of time,” and 56% had to change daily activities. Multivariate analysis showed that caregiver QOL explained 62% of variability in child disease‐specific QOL, and that caregiver FHS explained up to 45% of the variability in child FHS.ConclusionThe 6‐item CIQ survey permits a valid and reliable assessment of otitis media impact on caregivers and family functioning. Caregiver ratings of child QOL and FHS are largely influenced by caregiver perceptions of their own personal situation.SignificanceThe caregiver QOL and FHS should be considered when using proxy‐completed surveys to assess the impact of otitis media on children.
Efficacy of dexamethasone for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and analgesic requirements after thyroidectomy
Authors: Fujii Yoshitaka , Nakayama Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and analgesic requirements after thyroidectomy.Study Design and SettingIn a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 75 patients, 20 men and 55 women, received intravenously placebo or dexamethasone at 2 different doses (4 and 8 mg) (n = 25 of each) at the end of surgery. A standard general anesthetic technique was used. PONV and analgesic requirements were evaluated.ResultsThe rate of patients experiencing PONV during the first 24 hours after anesthesia was 64% with dexamethasone 4 mg (P = 0.269) and 28% with dexamethasone 8 mg (P = 0.001), compared with placebo (76%). The need of indomethacin for intolerable pain was less in patients who had received dexamethasone 8 mg than in those who had received placebo (P = 0.009).ConclusionDexamethasone 8 mg effectively decreases PONV and analgesic requirements after thyroidectomy.
Adenotonsillectomy and obstructive sleep apnea in children: A prospective survey
Authors: Guilleminault Christian , Huang Yu‐shu , Glamann Christine , Li Kasey , Chan Allison 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveProspective survey of children up to 14 years of age with OSA submitted to adenotonsillectomy.MethodsClinical evaluation, with questionnaires and clinical scales evaluating facial structures including tonsils and Mallampati scales and otolaryngologic evaluation; nocturnal polysomnography and repeat evaluation three to five months postsurgery.ResultsOf 207 successively seen children, 199 had follow‐up polysomnography, and 94 had still abnormal sleep recording. Multivariate analysis indicates that Mallampati scale score 3 and 4, retro‐position of mandible, enlargement of nasal inferior turbinates at +3 (subjective scale 1 to 3), and deviated septum were significantly associated with persistence of abnormal polysomnography (with high 95% CI for Mallampati scale and deviated septum).ConclusionMallampati scale scores are resultant of several facial factors involving maxilla, mandible, and oral versus oral breathing but add information on risk of partial response to adenotonsillectomy.SignificanceAdenotonsillectomy may not resolve obstructive sleep apnea in children.
Hearing outcome of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Yeo Sang‐Won , Lee Dong‐Hee , Jun Beom‐Cho , Park So‐Young , Park Yong‐Soo 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo evaluate the time‐dependent progress and delayed improvement in patients who were treated with combination therapy including oral corticosteroid for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Study Design and SettingThis retrospective study at a secondary referral and university‐based center included 156 patients who were treated by 10‐day course of admission therapy and followed for at least three months.ResultsOf 121 patients who recovered over three months of follow‐up, 45.5% showed a delayed recovery after the end of 10‐day course of therapy. Of these 55 patients, 78.2% recovered within one month, 5.5% recovered within one to two months, 12.7% recovered in two to three months, and 3.6% recovered later than three months after discharge.ConclusionsThis study describes the long‐term results for a three‐month retrospective series of 156 patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, although this result should be further studied by additional research.
Guidelines for management of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: Impact on Quebec physicians' prescriptions for antibiotics
Authors: Melanie Duval , Desrosiers Martin 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of widely distributed guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) on physician prescribing patterns.Study Design and SettingThe overall numbers of prescriptions were compared between Quebec and the rest of Canada (excluding Quebec) using IMS Health Canada Canadian Disease and Therapeutic Index and CompuScript data on the antibiotics use for ABRS for the 3‐month period immediately following the distribution of the guidelines and the corresponding period the previous year.ResultsIn comparison to the corresponding period during the previous year, antibiotic prescriptions for ABRS decreased 5.5% overall in Quebec compared with a 30.1% increase recorded in Canada excluding Quebec.ConclusionWhile the reduction in antibiotics use noted may be multifactorial, it nevertheless suggests that it may be able to affect physician prescribing habits.SignificanceKnowledge of the effectiveness of this method of distribution of guidelines could be used to plan more effective means of distribution of future guidelines.
CHAPTER 1 Biology of genital human papillomaviruses
Authors: Villa Luisa Lina 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that infect various epithelial tissues. The more than 100 types of HPV described share a circular DNA genome of about 8000 base pairs organized into an early, a late, and a long control region. The products of 2 genes from the early control region, E6 and E7, are essential in the HPV‐induced processes of cellular transformation and immortalization, and 2 genes from the late control region, L1 and L2, encode the viral capsid proteins. A few high‐risk types of HPV types, including HPV‐16 and HPV‐18, are asso‐ciated with more than 99% of cervical carcinomas. Continuous expression of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins by high‐risk types of HPV often leads to genomic aberrations, a step toward malignant conversion. Although in most cases innate and adaptive im‐mune responses control HPV infection, the high‐risk types of virus have the ability to subvert immune defenses, which explains persistent infection and progression to neoplasia.
CHAPTER 6 Secondary prevention of cervical cancer
Authors: Denny Lynette , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCervical cancer continues to be the commonest cause of death among women in developing countries, largely due to the failure to initiate or sustain effective cytology‐based screening programs. Experience from countries with successful screening programs indicates that target age and the extent of coverage of the target group are key indicators of success in reducing cervical cancer. Alternative methods for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer have been evaluated in numerous studies over the past 10 years in different countries. These include visual inspection with acetic acid and linking screening to treatment. Although longitudinal data are scanty, these alternative approaches have been shown to be feasible, acceptable, and effective in reducing cervical cancer.
Granting Emergency Interim Injunction Pending Trial in the GSK Generic Patent Litigation
Authors: Burdon Michael , Sloper Kristie 
Published: February 2007

This paper looks at the criteria that the UK courts will apply when considering whether or not to grant an interim injunction in a patent action in the light of two recent decisions of the UK courts concerning GlaxoSmithKline's Seroxat product. These two recent decisions are highly significant for patent holders and for generics companies, since they mark the first interim injunctions to be granted in patent actions in the UK for a number of years. The authors consider the implications of these decisions for patent holders and for generics companies in formulating their commercial strategies. The message is clear: interim injunctions are back on the menu. Patent holders should be aware of these decisions and the possibility of obtaining immediate and effective relief in appropriate circumstances, provided that rapid action is taken. Generics companies should also take note of these decisions. The overriding message from the courts is that generics companies ignore the existence of other companies' patents at their peril when considering the launch of a new and potentially infringing product. The law is correct as at 18th September, 2003.
Pharmaceutical Pricing and Hatch–Waxman Reform: The Right Prescription
Authors: Young Allison K. , Andrus Meredyth Smith 
Published: February 2007

Pharmaceutical pricing in the USA has been habitually plagued by sizeable discrepancies between brand-name drugs and generic alternatives. Traditional notions of competition and free market enterprise fail to narrow the gap, since drugs cannot be sold in the USA unless they obtain regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As a consequence of the legislation and administrative procedures governing market access for pharmaceuticals, generic drug manufacturers encounter a great deal of difficulty in challenging traditionally patent-protected brand-name drugs during the regulatory approval process. During the past two decades, via a series of legislative manoeuvres and statutory amendments (most notably the Hatch–Waxman Act), Congress has created a number of quid pro quos granting generics greater access to quick market entry while simultaneously protecting important intellectual property rights. In 2003, Congress amended Hatch–Waxman, in an attempt to close many of the statutory loopholes that had been exploited in ways unintended by the legislators to block generic pharmaceutical approval. The purpose of this paper is not specifically to critique the new legislation, but rather to suggest a different strategy. Instead of further complicating an already intricate and perplexing statutory scheme with myriad ways for ingenious patent experts to circumvent the intended purposes, the authors propose the following: (1) a repeal of unnecessary incentives; (2) a reassignment of esoteric issues of patentability and enforcement inherent in the determination of listability to the exclusive authority of the US Patent and Trademark Office; and (3) return of legitimate patent infringement disputes to courts of competent jurisdiction.
Review of the European Pharmaceutical Legislation
Authors: De Stasio Susan , McClay Nadene 
Published: February 2007

EU pharmaceutical legislation has been revised (Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation 2309/93). Will this mean that the registration of generic medicines becomes easier? What will be the effect on a new enlarged EU and its member states? Following a protracted European co-decision procedure, which required a lot of to-ing and fro-ing between the European Commission, European Parliament and Council, an agreed position was voted by the European Parliament in December 2003 and formally agreed by the Council in March 2004. It was imperative that the revision of the law be finalised (and at least certain parts put in place) before the 1st May, 2004 accession to the EU of ten new member states. During this process, numerous amendments were introduced and the positions of a number of concerned parties heavily lobbied. The final outcome has been roundly criticised in terms of reaching a fair compromise between the various interests — in that no one group seems specifically pleased. The revised law does, however, contain a number of important new aspects for generic medicines. These are outlined here in tabular format for convenience of reference.
Marketing and Globalising Biosimilars in a Competitive Landscape
Authors: Harris James 
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is to shed light on the controversial topic of biosimilars, biogenerics and bioequivalence with regard to recombinant DNA (rDNA) products. This phenomenon has garnered extensive press and yet is very much in its infancy. Although the terms ‘biosimilar’ and ‘biogeneric’ are basically interchangeable for purposes of argument, here, the term ‘biosimilar’ will be used. What is a biosimilar? In its broadest definition a biosimilar is an rDNA molecule/biopharmaceutical that is comparable to the originator's molecule. Biopharmaceuticals are drugs derived from living organisms. These substances are quite complex and are therefore more difficult to manufacture consistently, characterise, quantify, purify and copy. What happens if the molecule cannot be classified as biosimilar? In most cases it will then be classified as a new entity in and of itself. Herein lies the paradox that many originators/innovators use to increase barriers to entry that competitive manufacturers must overcome. In terms of barriers to entry, it must be stated that patents often pose a worthy obstacle for many firms to overcome. Patents or intellectual property (IP) are very specific deterrents for competitors to manoeuvre around and are a worthwhile defence mechanism for originators to have in their arsenal. Additionally, regulatory guidance, or the lack thereof, is a key variable for firms to consider; they must weigh the pros and cons prior, during and after such considerations are made to decide whether to invest major resources within this new venture, and how those sacrifices will or will not pay off.