bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists into Selective Antagonists by Modification of the 5′‐Ribofuran‐uronamide Moiety.
Authors: Gao Zhan‐Guo , Joshi Bhalchandra V. , Klutz Athena M. , Kim Soo‐Kyung , Lee Hyuk Woo , Kim Hea Ok , Jeong Lak Shin , Jacobson Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Spirofungin A (I) and (+)‐Spirofungin B (II).
Authors: Shimizu Takeshi , Satoh Tomoharu , Murakoshi Katsunori , Sodeoka Mikiko 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the C14—C28 Fragment of Tetronasin.
Authors: Bourque Elyse , Kocienski Philip J. , Stocks Michael , Yuen Josephine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polar Acetalization and Transacetalization in the Gas Phase: The Eberlin Reaction
Authors: Cooks R. G. , Chen Hao , Eberlin Marcos N. , Zheng Xubin , Tao W. Andy 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methods for the Preparation of Highly Functionalized Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane mGluR2/3 Agonists
Authors: Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Tan Lushi , Yoshikawa Naoki , Hartner Frederick W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparison of Rolyan and Jamar dynamometers for measuring grip strength
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study compared the Jamar and Rolyan hydraulic dynamometers to determine their concurrent validity with known weights as well as their inter‐instrument reliability and concurrent validity for measuring grip strength in a clinical setting. Thirty females and 30 males were tested on these two grip strength measurement devices using a repeated measure design. Results showed that the Jamar and Rolyan dynamometers have acceptable concurrent validity with known weights (that is, correlation coefficients were r ≥ 0.9994), excellent inter‐instrument reliability (that is, intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.90 to 0.97) and strong concurrent validity (that is, no significant differences between dynamometers' scores). Data indicate that Jamar and Rolyan dynamometers measure grip strength equivalently and can be used interchangeably. Thus, therapists using the Rolyan dynamometer are justified in using published normative data, which were collected with the Jamar dynamometer. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Strategies for understanding. A case study of occupational therapists' communication behaviour
Authors: Werngren‐Elgström Monica 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study focuses on the communication strategies of occupational therapists. Many recent studies in occupational therapy emphasize the importance of having a client‐oriented perspective; the needs and wishes of the patient should form the basis for treatment. Such a perspective brings to the fore the capacity of the therapist to enter into the life‐world of the patient. Communication, dialogue between patient and therapist, is the basic source of such knowledge. In this paper, understanding verbal acts is seen as fundamentally problematic. The purpose is to analyse what strategies and tactics occupational therapists use to create a basis for their interpretation of patients' messages. What kinds of questions and other forms of verbal behaviour are utilized to check and verify these interpretations? A case‐study of communication behaviour during five meetings between patients and therapists in the homes of the patients was undertaken. Seven types of tactics were observed and categorized as belonging to two different strategic dimensions: active‐passive and abstract‐concrete. Although active strategies were predominant, only one therapist consistently used a combination of ‘asking open questions’ and ‘verifying’ interpretations, the two most active tactics. Most therapists also asked the patients to concretely ‘show in action’ what they meant, but to a varying degree. A consistent use of active‐concrete strategies is arguably an ideal way of seeking knowledge and understanding. Empirically, therapists differ in how closely they fit this ideal. This may be a result of training and experience, but also of degree of empathy. This study points to the importance of carefully developing communication strategies in order to fully understand the problems of the patients. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce using microporous earthenware material
Authors: Yun Jung Hyun , An Duck Soon , Lee Ki‐Eun , Jun Byung Sei , Lee Dong Sun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicroporous earthenware sheets of 5.5–5.6mm thickness were fabricated with or without a glazing treatment by passing through a sequential firing procedure in a furnace. Their microstructure and gas permeability against oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured and examined for their usability in modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce. Compared with plastic packaging materials, earthenware sheets with a high proportion of micropores had very high gas permeability and gave CO2:O2 permeability ratios close to 1. Glazing treatment smoothed the surface by clogging the pores on the surface and significantly decreased gas permeability, without affecting the internal microstructure of the earthenware. When the earthenware sheet was combined with a plastic box and used in packaging for strawberries and enoki mushrooms at 5°C, its unique permeability properties developed a modified atmosphere that was beneficial for preserving the quality of the produce. Changes in the earthenware's permeability characteristics due to moisture adsorption and condensation need to be resolved so that the dynamic changes occurring in package atmosphere over time can be better understood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extent of Disease at Presentation and Outcome for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Have We Made Progress?
Authors: Kebebew Electron , Reiff Emily , Duh Quan‐Yang , Clark Orlo H. , McMillan Alex 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounts for up to14% of adrenal incidentalomas. The only chance of cure for ACC is diagnosis at an early stage; therefore, a main indication for adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal incidentaloma has been the potential risk of ACC. Recent studies suggest that this has led to earlier stage of ACC at diagnosis, more curative operations, and better survival.MethodsWe analyzed data on ACC from The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Four equal time quartiles (1973–1979, 1980–1986, 1987–1993, and 1994–2000) were compared for changes in demographics, pathology, treatment, and cause‐specific mortality.ResultsThe average age was 51.2 years (range: 1–97), and 45.9% of patients were men. The average tumor size was 12 cm (range: 2–36 cm), and only 4.2% were ≤ 6 cm. Most (88%) patients had surgical resection of their tumor, and external beam radiotherapy was used in only 12% of patients. Between the time quartiles compared (as well as annually), there was no significant difference at presentation in age at diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, tumor size, tumor grade, the frequency of distant metastasis, and overall TNM stage. Low tumor grade, lower stage of ACC, later time quartile, and surgical resection were associated with a lower cause‐specific mortality by univariate analysis (P ≤ 0.002) and by multivariate analysis (P ≤ 0.031).ConclusionsAlthough adrenal incidentalomas have become a common indication for adrenalectomy, this has not resulted in patients with ACC being diagnosed earlier or treated at a lower stage of disease at the national level. The most important predictors of survival in these patients are tumor grade, tumor stage, and surgical resection.
On internal gravity waves in an accelerating shear flow
Authors: Thorpe S. A. 
Published: April 2006

The investigation of the effects which a changing mean flow has on a uniform train of internal gravity waves (Thorpe 1978a) is continued by considering waves in a uniformly accelerating stratified plane Couette flow with constant density gradient. Experiments reveal a change in the mode structure and phase distribution of the waves, and their eventual breaking near the boundary where the mean flow is greatest, the phase speed of the waves being positive. A linear numerical model is devised which accurately describes the waves up to the onset of their breaking, and this is used to investigate their energetics. The working of the Reynolds stress against the mean velocity gradient results in a very rapid transfer of energy from the waves to the mean flow, so that by the time breaking occurs only a small fraction of their initial energy remains for possible transfer into potential energy of the fluid.The consequences have important applications in oceanography and meteorology, to flow stability and flow generation, and explain some earlier laboratory observations.
The ray theory of ship waves and the class of streamlined ships
Authors: Keller Joseph B. 
Published: April 2006

A new theory is given for calculating the wave pattern and wave resistance of a ship moving at low Froude number F. It applies to ships of any width, either full-bodied or slender. In this theory, the waves travel along rays which start at source points, such as the bow and stern, on the water-line. They propagate with the speed of waves in deep water, but are also advected by the double body flow. This is the flow about the ship and its image in the undisturbed free surface. The phase of a wave at any point on a ray is the optical length of the ray from the source to that point. The amplitude is determined by an excitation coefficient, which determines its initial value, and by an integral along the ray. The total wave height at any point is the sum of the heights on all the rays through the point. The theory is incomplete because the excitation coefficients are known only for thin ships. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the thin ship case, and the results then agree with Michell's thin ship solution evaluated for F small.A new class of ships, which we call streamlined ships, is introduced next. The usual linear free surface condition applies to the waves they produce. The ray theory is developed for these waves at low F, and it involves straight rays produced at all points on the rear half of the water-line. In addition, as an alternative to the ray theory, another method is presented for obtaining the waves at low F. It involves a Schrödinger-like equation in which distance along the ship's centre-line is the time-like co-ordinate.
Local similarity solutions and their limitations
Authors: Moffatt H. K. , Duffy B. R. 
Published: April 2006

Two problems exhibiting breakdown in local similarity solutions are discussed, and the appropriate asymptotic form of the exact solution is determined in each case. The first problem is the very elementary problem of pressure driven flow along a duct whose cross-section has a sharp corner of angle 2α. When 2α < ½π, a local similarity solution is valid, whereas, when 2α > ½π, the solution near the corner depends on the global geometry of the cross-section. The transitional behaviour when 2α = ½π is determined.The second problem concerns low-Reynolds-number flow in the wedge-shaped region |θ| < α when either a normal velocity proportional to distance from the vertex is imposed on both boundaries, or a finite flux 2Q is introduced or extracted at the vertex (the Jeffery–Hamel problem). It is shown that the similarity solution in either case is valid only when 2α < 2αc ≈ 257·5°; a modified problem is solved exactly revealing the behaviour when α > αc, and the transitional behaviour when α = αc (when the similarity solutions become infinite everywhere). An interesting conclusion for the Jeffery–Hamel problem is that when α > αc, inertia forces are of dominant importance throughout the flow field no matter how small the source Reynolds number 2Q/ν may be.
A case of early onset confluent and reticulated papillomatosis with an unusual localization
Authors: ATASOY Mustafa , ALIAĞAOĞLU Cihangir , ERDEM Teoman 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTConfluent and reticulated papillomatosis is a relatively rare dermatosis of unknown origin. It is characterized by papules that become confluent in the center and reticulated at the periphery. The sites of predilection are the neck, interscapular region, inframammary area and abdomen. In a 15‐year‐old girl diagnosed with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, the lesions first appeared on her knees and elbows when she was 4‐years‐old, and on the interscapular area when she was 13. Similar lesions arose on the left hand a few weeks previous to her visit. Two biopsy specimens were taken from the interscapular and elbow areas. The histopathological findings of this case fit the diagnosis of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. We expect good results from azithromycin therapy.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Anti‐Microbial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacters from Untreated Feedlot Cattle and Their Environment
Authors: Minihan D. , Whyte P. , O'Mahony M. , Cowley D. , O'Halloran F. , Corcoran D. , Fanning S. , Collins J. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAnti‐microbial resistance is an emerging public health issue. Farmed animals may act as reservoirs and potential sources of anti‐microbial resistant Campylobacters. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐microbial resistance profile of cattle and environmental Campylobacter isolates from normal untreated feedlot cattle, the role of the gyrA Thr‐86‐Ile mutation in ciprofloxacin‐resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the involvement of the tripartite CmeABC efflux system for multi‐resistant C. jejuni isolates. The phenotypic anti‐microbial resistance testing was carried out on 500 Campylobacter isolates (445 cattle isolates and 55 environmental isolates). In general, there was a higher level of anti‐microbial resistance for the environmental isolates compared with the animal isolates, 45% of the animal isolates were resistant to one or more of the seven anti‐microbials compared with 84% of the environmental isolates. The combined cattle and environmental Campylobacters had 34 (6.8%) isolates resistant to three or more of the seven anti‐microbials tested on all isolates and 11 (2.2%) isolates were resistant to the seven anti‐microbials. There was a substantial level of ciprofloxacin‐resistant Campylobacters in both animal (8.5%) and environmental (21.8%) isolates. The gyrA Thr‐86‐Ile mutation was only present in five of 22 ciprofloxacin‐resistant C. jejuni isolates investigated. No multi‐drug‐resistant associated mutation was detected in the CmeB or the CmeR regions investigated. In conclusion, our study observed a substantial level of Campylobacter anti‐microbial resistance, highlighting the need for an active anti‐microbial surveillance program for food animals in Ireland and the importance of the chosen sampling point can have on the findings of such a program.
Aureobasidium pullulans keratitis
Authors: Panda Anita , Das Hrishikesh , Deb Manorama , Khanal Basudha , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground:  Corneal ulcer caused by Aureobasidium pullulans is considered to be a rare entity. So far very few reports have appeared in the world literature and the authors’ hospital is the first to report from Nepal. Although A. pullulans is regarded as a contaminant, it should be considered as a pathogen if isolated from corneal ulcer specimen with clinical signs of infection and with growth of the organism on two or more culture media or growth in one medium with consistent direct microscopy findings or growth of the same organism on repeated corneal scrapings. In the present study, a series of proven cases of A. pullulans corneal ulcers at a tertiary eye care centre of Eastern Nepal is reported.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of stored data of microbiological and clinical cases of corneal ulcer was carried out. All consecutive patients (447 patients) with presumed micorbial keratitis from 1 August 1998 to 31 July 2001 were evaluated with regards to clinical details, microbiological examination and management.Results:  Of 200 fungal organisms isolated from the cultures, 25 were identified as A. pullulans. These ulcers showed negligible improvement to topical natamycin and required either topical fluconazole or topical itraconazole in all along with systemic intravenous fluconazole in eight patients. Of 25 eyes, 22 responded well to antifungal therapy and 2 required therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. One patient was lost to follow up for 3 months and revealed phthisis bulbi on subsequent examination.Conclusions:  Aureobasidium pullulans corneal infection should be considered as a cause of keratomycosis.
Systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma masquerading as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease in an HIV‐positive patient
Authors: Mathai Annie , Lall Ashish , Jain Rajeev , Pathengay Avinash 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA 29‐year‐old man presented with decreased visual acuity in both eyes secondary to exudative retinal detachment resembling Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease. Although fluorescein angiographic pictures supported the clinical findings, there was no choroidal thickening evident with ultrasonography. In 3 days he developed increased disc oedema with peripapillary haemorrhages in both eyes. Further evaluation revealed HIV‐positive status and a systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient responded favourably to the treatment for systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma confirming our diagnosis of intraocular metastasis. In bilateral exudative detachment, an absence of choroidal thickening on ultrasonography and the presence of peripapillary haemorrhages should prompt a systemic evaluation for causes other than Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, especially in HIV‐positive patients.
Experimental study of polycrystal growth from an advecting supersaturated fluid in a model fracture
Authors: NOLLET S. , HILGERS C. , URAI J. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe present real‐time observations of polycrystal growth experiments in transmitted light in an accurately controlled flow system with the analogue material alum [KAl(SO4)2·12H2O]. The aim of the experiments is to obtain a better insight into the evolution of vein microstructures. A first series of experiments shows the evolution of a polycrystal at supersaturations between 0.095 and 0.263. The average growth rate of the crystals is influenced by growth competition and the depletion of the solute along fracture length. Growth competition is controlled by crystallographic orientation, crystal size and crystal location. In addition, the growth rate of an individual crystal facet also shows variations depending on the facet index, facet size and flow velocity. These variations can influence the morphology of the grain boundaries and the microstructures. The aim of the second series of experiments is to investigate the growth evolution of rough/dissolved facets in detail. The growth distance required for the development of facets is around 15 μm. In all the experiments, we observe that the measured growth rates have a much larger range than predicted by alum single‐crystal growth kinetics. This is due to the combined effect of the facet index and the crystal size. Furthermore, at high supersaturations, the facet growth rate measurements do not fit the same growth rate equation as for the experiments at lower supersaturations (<0.176). This can be explained by a change in the growth mechanism at high supersaturations with more influence of volume diffusion, relative to advection of the bulk solution on the growth rate. This effect can also cause a more homogeneous sealing pattern over fracture length. At high supersaturations, the larger crystals in these experiments incorporate regularly spaced fluid inclusion bands and we propose that these can be used as an indicator for high palaeo‐supersaturation. The final microstructures of the experiments show no asymmetry with respect to the flow direction.
Facile Preparation of Aromatic Fluorides by the Fluoro-Dediazoniation of Aromatic Diazonium Tetrafluoroborates Using HF-Pyridine Solution
Authors: Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Sekiguchi Manabu , Yoneda Norihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The fluoro-dediazoniation of ArN2BF4 using HF-pyridine solution has been successfully carried out either thermally or photochemically to afford the corresponding ArF in good yields. Particularly, the photochemically induced reaction in HF-pyridine was a useful tool for the preparation of ArF having polar substituents such as halogens, OH, OMe, CF3, etc.
Silicon-Coated Fullerenes, (SiC)n, n = 20 to 60. Preliminary Evaluation of a New Class of Heterofullerenes
Authors: Harada Masatomi , Osawa Shuichi , Osawa Eiji , Jemmis Eluvathingal D 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new approach is proposed to the construction of non-carbon, fullerene-like curved moleculer surfaces. A series of saturated, multi-beamed and double-layered structures (SiC)n (1), each consisting of a Sin sphere enclosing a Cn sphere with Si-C σ-bonds connecting the spheres, are studied by using AM1-SCF-MO method. (SiC)60 appears to be the most viable species worthwhile for experimental tests.
Improved Stability of a Polyion-Complexed Monolayer of a Maleic Acid Copolymer by Using Alkoxyethyldimethylamines as Hydrophobic Counterparts at the Air-Water Interface
Authors: Lee Burm-Jong , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Amphiphilic tert-amines, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl octadecyl ether(C18ODA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl octadecyl ethylene glycol diether(C18O2DA), and 1,3-dioctadecyl-2-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl) glyceryl triether (2C18O3DA), were synthesized and employed as hydrophobic counterparts for spreading a water-soluble copoly(maleic acid-methyl vinyl ether) by polyion complexation at the air-water interface. The amines stabilized the monolayers with the order of 2C18O3DA &gt; C18ODA &gt; C18O2DA &gt; N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine. The stabilized monolayer could be transferred on solid substrates.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Ginnol, a Long-chain Aliphatic Alcohol, by Use of a New Chiral Anisotropic Reagent
Authors: Kusumi Takenori , Takahashi Haruko , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Kan Yukiko , Asakawa Yoshinori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The absolute configuration of ginnol, 10-nonacosanol, has been determined by use of a new chiral anisotropic reagent, 2NMA (2-naphthylmethoxyacetic acid), which results in the marked upfield shifts of the protons located on the same side of the aromatic ring.
Thermolysis and Photolysis of Sugar Diazides
Authors: Yokoyama Masataka , Hirano Sachiko , Hachiya Takeshi , Togo Hideo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1,1-Diazido-2,3,4,5,6-penta-O-benzyl-d-glucose was refluxed in o-xylene under argon atmosphere to give 5-[(1′R,2′S,3′R-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrabenzyloxy)butyl]tetrazole in a high yield via an unpreceding rearrangement with one carbon shortening of sugar skeleton. In contrast its photolysis afforded two tetrazoles caused by the rearrangements without one carbon degradation; 5-[(1′S,2′R,3′R,4′R-1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentabenzyloxy)-pentyl]tetrazole and 1-[1′R,2′S,3′R,4′R-1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentabenzyloxy)pentyl]tetrazole.