bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous Cocker Spaniels by scanning laser polarimetry
Authors: García‐Sánchez Gustavo A. , Gil‐Carrasco Félix , Román Jesús Jiménez , Brooks Dennis E. , Álvarez‐Clau Ana , Hosgood Giselle , Iwabe Simone , Moreno‐Mendoza Norma A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective To measure changes in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal and early glaucomatous dogs with scanning laser polarimetry.Animals studied A total of 45 eyes, 32 normal and 13 glaucomatous eyes, of American Cocker Spaniels with primary glaucoma were used. All eyes were evaluated through a complete neuro‐ophthalmic examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to enucleation.Methods The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured in anesthetized animals with scanning laser polarimetry (Nerve fiber analyzer, GDx; Laser Diagnostic Technologies, LTD, San Diego, CA, USA). Glaucomatous eyes retained some vision at the time of this study.Results The mean ± SD of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 141.69 ± 18 µm for normal dogs and 105.08 ± 23.86 µm for visual glaucomatous dogs. The average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the superior and inferior retinal quadrants was 148.03 ± 8.5 and 141.06 ± 8.73 µm, respectively, for normal dogs, and 106.61 ± 25.77 and 107.08 ± 24.99 µm in the superior and inferior retinal quadrants, respectively, for glaucomatous dogs. The superior to nasal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness ratio was 1.45 for normal dogs and 1.26 for visual glaucomatous dogs.Conclusions Using scanning laser polarimetry it was possible to detect changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucomatous dogs at early stages of the disease. Therefore, this instrument has the potential to improve the clinical management of canine glaucoma by detecting progressive changes to the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Ganglion cell death in glaucoma: from mice to men
Authors: Nickells Robert W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGlaucoma results from the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Over the last 20 years several important advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular pathology of this disease, particularly through the development of rat models of experimental glaucoma and the characterization of a spontaneous secondary form of glaucoma in DBA/2 substrains of inbred mice. One of these advances is the observation that ganglion cells die by apoptosis, an intrinsic molecular pathway of programmed cell death. An important aspect of this cell death process is the concept that these cells actually undergo compartmentalized self‐destruction. Importantly, genetic evidence now suggests that axons die independently of the apoptotic program that executes the cell body or soma. This review briefly summarizes some of the most significant developments in glaucoma research, with respect to the process of ganglion cell degeneration.
Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin in equine tears
Authors: Hendrix Diane V. H. , Stuffle Jamie L. , Cox Sherry K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution in tears of healthy horses.Animal studied  Twenty healthy, adult, mixed‐breed horses.Procedures  Twenty study horses were confirmed free of ophthalmic disease by complete ophthalmic examination. Seventy microliters of 0.3% ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan™) was placed in the ventral cul‐de‐sac of each eye using a microliter syringe and 19‐g cannula. Population kinetics were carried out by sampling the tear film from the lower cul‐de‐sac of each eye with tear test strips at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post administration for a total of five samples at each time‐point. Sample collection time was 15 s. Concentrations of ciprofloxacin were determined using high performance liquid chromatography.Results  Mean (±SD) of the Schirmer tear test results from all eyes was 23.4 ± 4.8 mm wetting in 1 min. Mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in the tears at 5 min post administration was 498.4 ± 266.8 µg/g. Mean concentration rapidly declined and began to plateau at 30 min. The mean tear concentrations of ciprofloxacin at 30 min and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h were 66.6 ± 56.0, 60.25 ± 55.7, 42.25 ± 30.9, 36.25 ± 32.0, and 45.5 ± 46.5 µg/g, respectively.Conclusions  The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in normal horses are similar to those in rabbits and humans. Topical application of ciprofloxacin resulted in a mean tear concentration of ciprofloxacin that remained above the MIC90 levels for most pathogenic bacteria for 6 h post administration.
Comparative ocular anatomy of the western lowland gorilla
Authors: Knapp Stefanie , McCulley James P. , Alvarado Thomas P. , Hogan R. Nick 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective  To examine the lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) eye and determine similarities to and differences between the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and the human eye. In addition, we compare our findings of G. g. gorilla to previous reports on the eye of this subspecies.Procedures  A 13‐year‐old deceased male lowland gorilla and a 34‐year‐old deceased female lowland gorilla were included in the study. Gross and microscopic examinations of the formalin‐fixed right eyeball of each gorilla were carried out.Results  Globe dimensions of G. g. gorilla were similar to G. g. beringei and to humans. The limbal conjunctival epithelium and the choroid were densely pigmented. However, the distribution of the conjunctival pigment ring was different to that of G. g. beringei and the melanocytes of the choroid were unusually round. There were deep crypts in the anterior border layer of the iris, and the epithelium of the pars plana was uniquely irregular. Vertical corneal diameter was observed to be equal or greater than horizontal diameter in G. g. gorilla, which is in contrast to humans and to previous findings for G. g. beringei. Corneal thickness was closer to that of humans than to G. g. beringei. Posterior lens capsule thickness was noticeably greater than that of humans.Conclusions  Although some variation between the ocular anatomy of G. g. gorilla and G. g. beringei does exist, the gross and microscopic findings closely resemble each other in these two subspecies. In addition, the eye of Gorilla appears remarkably similar to the human eye. However, comparison of measurements with those in humans is somewhat limited because formalin‐fixation can introduce tissue shrinkage and artifact.
Clinical and electroretinographic characteristics of congenital stationary night blindness in the Appaloosa and the association with the leopard complex
Authors: Sandmeyer Lynne S. , Breaux Carrie B. , Archer Sheila , Grahn Bruce H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective To determine the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in Appaloosa horses in western Canada, investigate the association with the leopard complex of white spotting patterns, and further characterize the clinical and electroretinographic aspects of CSNB in the Appaloosa.Animals studied Three groups of 10 Appaloosas were studied based on coat patterns suggestive of LpLp, Lplp, and lplp genotype.Procedures Neurophthalmic examination, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, measurement of corneal diameter, streak retinoscopy, scotopic and photopic full‐field and flicker ERGs and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were completed bilaterally.Results All horses in the LpLp group were affected by CSNB, while none in the Lplp or lplp groups was affected. The LpLp and Lplp groups had significantly smaller vertical and horizontal corneal diameters than the lplp group had. Median refractive error was zero for all groups. Scotopic ERGs in the LpLp (CSNB‐affected) group were consistent with previous descriptions. The CSNB‐affected horses had significantly longer photopic a‐wave implicit times, greater a‐wave amplitudes, and lower b‐wave amplitudes than the Lplp and lplp (normal) groups did. No differences were present in photopic flicker amplitude or implicit times. Scotopic flickers in the CSNB‐affected horses were markedly reduced in amplitude and abnormal in appearance. No differences were noted in OP implicit times; however, amplitudes of some OPs were reduced in CSNB‐affected horses. There were no differences in scotopic and photopic or flicker ERGs or OPs between the normal groups.Conclusions CSNB was present in one‐third of horses studied and there was a significant association between CSNB and the inheritance of two Lp alleles. ERG abnormalities support the hypothesis that CSNB is caused by a defect in neural transmission through the rod pathway involving the inner nuclear layer.
Comparison of the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) with the applanation tonometer (TonoPen XL®) in normal Eurasian Eagle owls (Bubo bubo)
Authors: Jeong Man‐Bok , Kim Young‐Jun , Yi Na‐Young , Park Shin‐Ae , Kim Won‐Tae , Kim Se‐Eun , Chae Je‐Min , Kim Jong‐Taek , Lee Hang , Seo Kang‐Moon 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective To examine the feasibility and accuracy of a handheld rebound tonometer, TonoVet®, and to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) readings of the TonoVet®with those of an applanation tonometer, TonoPen XL®, in normal Eurasian Eagle owls.Animals studied Ten clinically normal Eurasian Eagle owls (20 eyes).Procedures Complete ocular examinations, using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy, were conducted on each raptor. The IOP was measured bilaterally using a rebound tonometer followed by a topical anesthetic agent after 1 min. The TonoPen XL®tonometer was applied in both eyes 30 s following topical anesthesia.Results The mean ± SD IOP obtained by rebound tonometer was 10.45 ± 1.64 mmHg (range 7–14 mmHg), and by applanation tonometer was 9.35 ± 1.81 mmHg (range 6–12 mmHg). There was a significant difference (P = 0.001) in the IOP obtained from both tonometers. The linear regression equation describing the relationship between both devices wasy = 0.669x + 4.194 (x = TonoPen XL®andy = TonoVet®). The determination coefficient (r2) wasr2 = 0.550.Conclusions The results suggest that readings from the rebound tonometer significantly overestimated those from the applanation tonometer and that the rebound tonometer was tolerated well because of the rapid and minimal stress‐inducing method of tonometry in the Eurasian Eagle owls, even without topical anesthesia. Further studies comparing TonoVet®with manometric measurements may be necessary to employ rebound tonometer for routine clinical use in Eurasian Eagle owls.
Photodynamic therapy: basic principles and potential uses for the veterinary ophthalmologist
Authors: Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Ota Juri , Tucker Sheryl A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photochemical reactions mediated through the interaction of photosensitizing agents, light and oxygen. PDT, while now commonly used in physician ophthalmology and oncology, is uncommonly used for the veterinary ophthalmic patient. It is an emerging new therapy in veterinary ophthalmology for the treatment of periocular tumors. This article reviews the basic principles of PDT to provide the veterinary ophthalmologic community with a succinct reference for this emerging treatment modality in our field.
Retinal pigment epithelial damage, breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier, and retinal inflammation in dogs with primary glaucoma
Authors: Mangan Brendan G. , Al‐Yahya Khaleel , Chen Chu‐Te , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Powell Cynthia C. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Ehrhart Eugene J. , Madl James E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective  This paper aims to determine if abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal inflammation occur in primary glaucoma.Procedure  Twenty‐three canine globes with primary glaucoma, goniodysgenesis, and elevated intraocular pressure were evaluated. Sections from 6 control and 23 glaucomatous canine globes were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4, or immunohistochemically stained for CD3 or albumin. The retinal sections were evaluated with light microscopy for morphological and immunohistochemical evidence of pigmentary changes and inflammation.Results  Abnormal pigmented cells including displaced RPE cells and macrophages (identified by lectin binding) were found in the neuroretinas and vitreous bodies of glaucomatous eyes. Other abnormalities included hypertrophy of RPE cells and loss of RPE continuity. Regions of neuroretina with more displaced pigment had fewer remaining neurons. Signs of retinal inflammation found in glaucomatous eyes included infiltration with leukocytes, retinal swelling, and albumin leakage from vessels. Accumulation of perivascular CD3‐positive T lymphocytes also occurred in glaucomatous retinas. Chronic glaucomatous retinas had increased pigmentary changes, fewer neutrophils, and less swelling than acute glaucomatous retinas.Conclusions  Disruption of the RPE, increased permeability of the vascular endothelium, accumulation of inflammatory cells, and retinal swelling or thinning occur in canine primary glaucoma. The displacement of pigment and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the neuroretina suggests that inflammation may be an important contributor to retinal damage.
Nutritional value of potatoes
Authors: HAMPSON C. P. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryOn average we eat 220 lb of potatoes per year. Potatoes hold a unique place in our diet. Nothing is regarded quite like them for providing a well‐balanced meal. Contrary to popular belief potatoes are a poor energy food but they are, however, by no means negligible as a source of protein and because of their low energy value, they are fattening only when eaten in great quantity. The biological value of potato protein is very high, higher than any other plant protein and nearly as high as egg protein. Potatoes are the most important source of vitamin C in the British diet and they provide a valuable contribution to our requirements for vitamin B complex, iron and other essential nutrients.
Folic Acid
Authors: BATES C.J. , PHILLIPS D. R. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryFolic acid exists in many different chemical forms in living tissues, and it takes part in a wide variety of biochemical and physiological processes, many of which are, at present, incompletely understood. Recent observations suggest it may fulfil important functions in the brain, as well as in haemopoietic and gastrointestinal tissues, with pathological consequences for subjects who are folate deficient, either through dietary insufficiency, or through drug‐induced or genetically determined increases in requirements.The currently available information about the folate content of foods is unsatisfactory, and the levels may, for technical reasons, have been considerably underestimated. Likewise, the available information about minimum human requirements is incomplete, and it is therefore impossible to accept current recommendations of advisable intakes without reservation. The potential importance of folate status, particularly with regard to early fetal development, renders this subject extremely important, and ripe for reappraisal and reinvestigation.
Nitrate, nitrite and N‐nitrosamines
Authors: WALTERS CLIFFORD L. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe major part of nitrate ingested by normal individuals from vegetables, water supplies, etc., is excreted unchanged. Where the stomach is colonised by bacteria however, as in achlorhydria, reduction to nitrite can occur with consequent methaemoglobinaemia. This problem is particularly marked in infants during the first few months of life if water supplies are rich in nitrate.Of greater potential importance to the majority of adults, however, is the formation within the body of N‐nitroso compounds, the great majority of which are carcinogenic in experimental animals. A proportion of ingested nitrate is reduced microbiologically within the mouth to nitrite which then enters the acidic milieu of the normal stomach. Bacterial colonisation of the stomach occurs increasingly in old age, and is accompanied by the formation of increased levels of nitrite and N‐nitroso compounds. Ascorbic acid is also ingested from many vegetables and is an inhibitor of the nitrosation process. Nevertheless, it is suggested that individuals with hypochlorhydria who may be particularly at risk from the formation of N‐nitroso compounds in vivo should supplement their intake of this potentially protective agent.
Diet and hyperactivity
Authors: TRYPHONAS HELEN , TRITES RONALD 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA variety of dietary constituents, both naturally occurring and added, may directly or indirectly affect the levels of hyperactivity in children. Studies designed to evaluate the magnitude of this effect on the behaviour of children have revealed the monumental difficulties encountered by the many investigators who have ventured into this area of research. Some of these difficulties have been recognised to be due to the poor and variable definitions of hyperactivity, and the consistently small size of sample investigated in each of the studies. Sample size is greatly influenced by the high drop‐out rates, often reducing the percentage of good responders to a treatment to insignificant numbers. Given these known factors that can influence the outcome of a study of this kind, one can design experiments to surmount these‐difficulties. For example, the high drop‐out rates observed in the majority of the studies dictate that one must start with a large enough number of well‐defined hyperactive children to compensate for the expected losses. The initial diagnosis of hyperactivity also should be the result of a careful diagnostic evaluation including psychiatric and psychological workups as well as birth records and a thorough paediatric allergy screening. The evaluation of behavioural changes following the ingestion of food constituents is equally important. This evaluation should include not only subjective ratings, i.e. the use of parents' and teachers' (Conners) scales, but quantitative measures such as laboratory tests designed to measure attention span, coordination, motor activity, and inability to concentrate, etc. Finally, in view of the fact that hyperactivity in children is an aetiologically complex syndrome, a multidisciplinary approach in the search for treatment and/or prevention of this syndrome is required.
Infant formulae
Authors: WHARTON B. A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryGuidelines and recommendations for the composition of infant formulae vary between countries, particularly with respect to the composition of the fat and the use of added lactose. The modifications made to cow's milk using skim milk, demineralised whey protein, non‐milk fats and non‐milk sugars, are described with special reference to formulae available in the UK. Special formulae for babies with problems are also described.
Trans fatty acids– Metabolic and nutritional significance
Authors: GURR M. I. 
Published: October 2007

Summary‘Trans’ fatty acids are unsaturated acids with special structural features that occur naturally in dietary fats from animal and plant sources and in fats processed by catalytic hydrogenation. They are readily metabolized by the human body. Thus, although when consumed in the diet they are incorporated into body fat (including depot and milk fats), they are subject to rapid ‘turnover’. In physical properties, trans monounsaturatedfatty acids are intermediate between cis‐monounsaturated and saturated acids, and they tend to be treated either as saturated or cis‐monounsaturated acids in metabolic pathways. The author argues in this article that any adverse effects on health or metabolism that may have been observed can be ascribed to an imbalance between the intake of trans and essential fatty acids. Such imbalances, could also occur with non‐essential fatty acids other than trans fats. Normally, the amounts eaten in average diets would not pose serious problems and only when products have excessively high trans contents and make a significant contribution to the diet need trans acids be highlighted on labels.
Surveillance of foodborne infections— the role of the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre
Authors: GALBRAITH N. S. , BARRETT NICOLA , SOCKETT P. N. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe paper describes the work of the Public Health Laboratory Service, popularly referred to as “Colindale”, and reviews the types of infection which are commonly food or waterborne and their relative importance. Cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid are rare diseases usually acquired abroad. Bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis and foodborne helmenthiasis have been almost eliminated as indigenous diseases. However, salmonellosis and Campylobacter enteritis are increasing. The increase has not been satisfactorily explained but is probably due to bovine and poultry infections. Although most notified food poisoning incidents are due to salmonella, a number of other organisms have been implicated, the cause being defective food hygiene. Viral foodborne diseases, including hepatitis A, have been associated mainly with shellfish. The incidence of new foodborne infections may be increasing.
Energy and protein requirements the 1985 report of the 1981 Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation
Authors: LIVESEY G. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe 1981 FAO/WHO/UNU report on protein and energy requirements makes significant advances in the application of science. Here it is summarized and reviewed with emphasis on areas of uncertainty and differences in approach since 1971. The convenient procedures for making estimates of energy requirements leave out some important minor factors, thus allowing debate and reconsideration of when and how they can be accounted for properly. Judgements are made when appropriate data is unavailable, for example protein requirements in the elderly. A controversial issue may be a health judgement, which could be interpreted to mean that increased physical activity rather than low‐calorie diets is the route to lowering the prevalence of obesity and improving long‐term health.
Energy from food — old values and new perspectives
Authors: LIVESEY G. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryCurrent methods for assessment of food energy values are under pressure from a need for an internationally agreed method; remaining uncertainties in the composition, utilization and dietary effects of unavailable carbohydrate; the occurrence of new food ingredients; the application of new processing methods; the development of empirical approaches to food energy assessment and the potential for more functionally and biochemically based systems of assessment. Also, the experimental evaluation of alternative carbohydrates may be a tricky problem.
Sensory influences on food acceptance: — the neglected approach to nutrition promotion
Authors: BOOTH D. A. , SHEPHERD R. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThere has been little systematic study by experimental psychologists of what determines an individual's food choices, and work in nutrition and the food sciences has not recognised adequately the importance of the behavioural processes surrounding food perception and motivation. The scientific measurement of the sensory influences on food acceptance and, particularly, the effects of attitude on the senses, is now developing. A collaboration between those who formulate food products, those who aim to improve eating habits and those who study food acceptance behaviour could yield benefits for all.This paper outlines the principles of the methods of measuring acceptance, with examples from current work on sugar, salt and milk fat preferences, and discusses the potential for changes in choice.