bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemagglutinin of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype 2 organisms: Occurrence and immunologic properties of hemagglutinin
Authors: Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemagglutinating properties of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype 2 and serotype C against freshly collected and glutaraldehyde (ga)-fixed chicken rbc were investigated. Different from serotype 1, the nontreated organisms of serotype 2 and serotype C lacked hemagglutinating activity. However, when the organisms were treated with potassium thiocyanate (kscn) and/or sonication, activity occurred not only against ga-fixed chicken rbc, but also against ga-fixed rbc of various animal species. The maximum hemagglutination titer (1:64 to 1:256) was obtained against ga-fixed rbc with the kscn-treated organisms that were also sonicated. The activity was inactivated by heating at 100 C or by treatments with formalin or trypsin, but not by treatments with hyaluronidase or neuraminidase.
By using kscn-treated and sonicated organisms and ga-fixed chicken rbc, a detection of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody was possible. The hi tests showed that serotype 2 hemagglutinin was immunologically distinct from serotype 1 and that the hi antibody correlated to protective activity against challenge exposure with serotype 2 and serotype C. Chicks having hi antibody > 1:5 were protected against challenge exposure with homologous type, but were not protected with serotype 1. Applicability of the hi test was also shown for evaluating protective potency in the serotype 2 vaccine, as well as in the serotype 1 vaccine.
Method for determining serum pepsinogen concentration, using pepsin standards and ultraviolet absorbance
Authors: Harvey-White Judith D. , Allen Edward H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A simplification of the traditional hemoglobin methods for determining serum pepsinogen concentration was developed. In this method, 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added to control samples, and hemoglobin substrate was added to controls and active enzyme samples; standards and samples were incubated for 18 hours, the proteins in the active tubes were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and removed by filtration, and the absorbances of the supernatant of each standard and sample at 280 nm were measured. The major differences between this method and other methods for determining pepsinogen values are that the preacidification of serum with hydrochloric acid was eliminated, the incubation period was reduced to 18 hours (down from 24 hours), the relative pepsinogen concentration was determined by measuring the concentration of hydrolysis products, using ultraviolet, rather than visible absorbance, and a pepsin standard curve was used to determine the serum pepsinogen concentration. Comparison of freshly prepared pepsinogen and pepsin standard curves indicated that the pepsinogen preparations were slightly more active than the pepsin preparations (on a weight-to-weight basis) on the same substrate. Pepsin standards are used because they are more stable than pepsinogen standards. Three linear standard curve ranges were used: 10 to 100, 50 to 300, and 100 to 500 ng of pepsinogen/ml of serum. The use of pepsin standard curves permits some variability of the incubation conditions without altering the results. For best results, the hemoglobin substrate solution should be prepared daily. This method may be useful in diagnosing ostertagiasis.
Response of neonatally thymectomized Holstein calves to bacille Calmette Guérin
Authors: Snider Theron G. , Pierce Kenneth R. , Adams L. Garry 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neonatally thymectomized and intact Holstein calves were inoculated intradermally with bacille Calmette Guérin mycobacteria at 4 to 6 months of age. The immune response of the calves was evaluated by in vitro lymphocyte stimulation, with a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium bovis, and by a cervical skin test. Eight of the calves had been previously infected at 7 to 15 weeks of age with bovine viral diarrhea virus. The cutaneous and in vitro immune responses were not different in neonatally thymectomized calves, whether or not they had been previously infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. However, a prominent histologic difference in the nature of the primary granulomatous lesions was observed in the thymectomized calves. These injection sites were characterized by few lymphocytes and an increased number of multinucleated giant cells. These observations were interpreted as manifestations of a deficient thymus-dependent effector response in the thymectomized calves.
Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares infected in utero with β-hemolytic streptococci
Authors: Washburn S. Michelle , Klesius Phillip H. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K. , Brown Bobby G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen ovariectomized mares inoculated in utero with Streptococcus zooepidemicus were placed in 3 groups to determine the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the kinetics of phagocytosis, streptocidal activity, and uterine clearance of streptococcal infection. Streptococcal phagocytosis was measured by chemiluminescence (cl) and streptocidal activity of peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by bactericidal assay. Clearance of streptococcal infection was determined by culture of the endometrium for evidence of streptococci. Measurements of phagocytosis and streptocidal activities were made before, and at 2 and 10 days after, the mares were inoculated. Endometrial bacterial cultures were examined before, and at 7 and 14 days after, infection.
Before the inoculations were done, streptococcal phagocytosis and intracellular streptocidal activity were not significantly (P > 0.05) different in the estrogen, progesterone, or nontreated groups of mares. Bacterial cultures for S zooepidemicus were negative for each group. At 2 days after infection, estrogen-treated mares showed a 3-fold increase in cl response over preinoculation values and did not have streptococcal colonies in cultures after 60 minutes’ incubation in streptocidal assay nor streptococcal colonies in cultures from the endometrium at 7 days. Progesterone-treated mares, after 2 days, did not have an increase in cl response over preinoculation value nor streptocidal activity in 60 minutes, but had colony counts of 5.7 x 1010 streptococci from endometrial culture. At 10 days, estrogen-treated mares had returned to preinoculation values for cl and streptocidal assays. Streptococci were not cultured from the uterus at 14 days. Conversely, leukocytes from progesterone-treated mares at 10 days had a 3-fold increase in cl response and killed 103 streptococci in 60 minutes; endometrial bacterial colony counts in 4 mares were 5.1 x 1010 streptococci, but none in 2 mares.
Similar findings were obtained in cl response and intracellular streptocidal activity in each treatment group. These results closely paralleled the kinetics of streptococcal clearance from the uterus. The results obtained indicate an intimate association between phagocytic response and ovarian hormone influence on the uterus, which may be an important factor in experimentally induced endometritis.
Duration and biological half-life of passively acquired colostral antibodies to porcine parvovirus
Authors: Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L. , Pirtle E. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The duration of passive immunity and biological half-lives of passively acquired antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv) were determined in 4 pigs from each of 10 litters. All sows were randomly selected from a herd naturally infected with ppv. At parturition, blood and colostral samples from the 10 sows contained hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to ppv; the hi titers of colostrum were about 5 times higher than that of serum. The hi antibodies in serum and colostrum of sows were resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol, indicating that antibodies were of immunoglobulin G class. Pigs were allowed to suckle, and their blood samples were collected at 2 days of age and every 2 weeks thereafter. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, pigs were weaned and moved to an isolation facility.
All pigs had hi antibodies to ppv at 2 days of age. Passively acquired antibodies steadily decreased from the circulation of pigs, and the rate of antibody decrease was similar in all pigs. Antibodies to ppv persisted for about 16 to 24 (mean 21.2) weeks, and all pigs were seronegative at 26 weeks of age. Pigs were susceptible to experimental infection with ppv as early as 1 week after they became seronegative.
The biological half-lives of antibodies to ppv, unadjusted and adjusted for body weight gain, were determined to be approximately 19.7 and 29.0 days, respectively.
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Clinical chemistry and blood coagulation
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose of this experiment was to compare the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and warfarin in pigs and to determine whether these have an additive effect in these pigs fed dietary Cd. Cadmium was provided daily through the diets of 2 concentrations (0 or control, and 83 μg/g of diet) during the 40 days of the experiment. At the start of the 5th week, afb1 and warfarin were given in 5 daily doses (each dose 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) and the effects were determined for 10 days (starting with the 1st treatment day).
Aflatoxin B1 given to the pigs fed the control diet (0 Cd) was toxic, inducing significantly increased alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities and the prothrombin time (pt) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) and significantly decreased values in serum total protein, α-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen. There was no effect on blood urea nitrogen. The treatment with warfarin was more effective in producing earlier and significantly longer pt and aptt.
In the pigs fed the diet with the added Cd, differences in activity of alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase values, but not blood urea nitrogen, as well as differences in intensity and duration of response in pt and aptt occurred when pigs were dosed daily for 5 days after afb1 or warfarin. It is concluded that dietary Cd (83 μg/g of diet) in young pigs has an inhibitory effect on afb1 toxicity and an enhancing synergistic effect with warfarin.
Effects of synthesized hard water and of cadmium in the drinking water upon lipid metabolism and cholelithiasis in rabbits
Authors: Borgman Robert F. , Lightsey Stephen F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbits were fed a purified ration known to result in cholelithiasis and alterations in lipid metabolism. During a 12-week experimental period, either synthesized hard water (500 mg of Ca/L and 100 mg of Mg/L) or deionized distilled water were available as drinking water, and half of each of these groups of rabbits were also given 5 mg of Cd/L of water. Hair samples taken at the beginning and end of the experiment revealed an increase in the Ca concentration in rabbits given hard water, but no increase in Cd in rabbits given this element in the water. Cadmium in the drinking water resulted in accumulations of this element in liver and kidneys, and water hardness did not influence the amount of accumulation. Liver cholesterol concentrations and the severity of cholelithiasis were less in rabbits given Cd. The hard water administration resulted in lower liver cholesterol concentrations and less cholelithiasis. These results indicate that hard water does not reduce cardiovascular disease frequency by lessening Cd accumulation, but may affect cholesterol metabolism.
Summertime plasma catecholamine concentrations in healthy and anhidrotic horses in Louisiana
Authors: Beadle R. E. , Norwood G. L. , Brencick V. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were measured in resting Thoroughbred racehorses. The plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were higher in anhidrotic horses than they were in control horses, but only the epinephrine values in anhidrotic horses were statistically significantly higher. The epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were similar to those reported by other investigators, using radioenzymatic techniques, but they were markedly lower than the values reported by investigators, using a fluorometric technique. Dopamine concentrations were lower than those reported in other species.
Infection of Syrian hamsters with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Comparison of detection methods
Authors: Thacker W. Lanier , Lewis Vester J. , Shaddock John H. , Winkler W. Gerald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevention of hamster-associated outbreaks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in human beings requires rapid and reliable testing of large numbers of hamsters for the infection. To select the most effective test, the antibody response of infected hamsters was determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody and complement-fixation techniques. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique required < 2 hours to complete, was the first to become positive after infection, and remained positive for at least several months. Infection in hamsters was also readily detected by the inoculation of mice with infected hamster tissues; virus could be isolated from several organs as early as postinoculation day (pid) 3, and all organs tested contained high concentrations of virus by pid 5. After pid 40, virus was detectable only in the kidney; this organ remained positive for over 3 months.
Microprocessor-based system for collection and storage of the equine vectorcardiogram
Authors: Physick-Sheard P. W. , Morris W. I. , Genner D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To evaluate the clinical application of a semiorthogonal lead system for use in the horse, an inexpensive means of recording and storing the ecg was required which would allow the subsequent vectorcardiographic analysis to be computerized. In investigating the various options for the system the basic requirements for the digitization of analogue data were reviewed and previous studies examined.
The system subsequently developed used an 8080 microprocessor and a multichannel 8-bit analogue to digital converter. This unit was signal-level compatible with the laboratory recorder used in the study and was capable of functioning as a remote terminal. Storage was achieved through the use of a dual-drive disk storage system. Programs were written in machine language, both to control the data acquisition procedure and subsequent storage and to facilitate the transfer of data from the microprocessor to a central computing facility for analysis. Data were collected with 8-bit accuracy at a sampling rate of 2,702 samples/s/ channel for 3 channels of data with a system frequency response before digitization of 0.05 to 2,500 Hz. Preliminary analysis indicated that for accurate reproduction, the frequency response of the system before digitization should be a minimum of direct current, to 1,300 Hz, dictating a sampling rate of at least 2,600 samples/s.
Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies
Authors: Orrego Alberto , Issel Charles J. , Montelaro Ronald C. , Adams W. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia (eia) virus were conducted in Shetland ponies. The 13 recipient ponies became agar-gel immunodiffusion test-positive by 25 days after they were inoculated. The virulence of the cell-adapted strain of eia virus markedly increased through 3 serial passages, although individual variation within passages was high. The 1st serial-passage recipient remained afebrile through 200 days, whereas a febrile episode occurred about every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th serial-passage recipients, respectively. Severe clinical signs of eia were noted in the ponies at each serial passage, but the mean virulence rating of each passage, graded on frequency of febrile episodes and number of clinical signs evident within 200 days after ponies were inoculated, increased from 0 through 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively. Isolates of eia virus, made in fetal equine kidney cells, were obtained from plasma of 75% of the samples of blood collected during febrile episodes and from 45% of the samples collected during afebrile periods, indicating that the cell culture growth capacity of this strain of eia virus may be relatively stable through 5 serial passages in Shetland ponies.
Effect of Fusarium roseum corn culture containing zearalenone on early pregnancy in swine
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Diekman Mark , Tuite John F. , Shannon Gail M. , Vesonder Ronald F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A corn culture of Fusarium roseum was added to a standard corn-soybean swine gestation ration. Low, middle, and high dosage mixed feeds contained 7, 38, and 64 mg of zearalenone/kg of feed (7, 38, and 64 ppm) and 0.5, 2.5, and 4.5 mg of deoxynivalenol/kg, respectively. Control feed was the standard ration without added F roseum corn culture. Mature gilts were bred by natural service and fed control or F roseum molded feed from 3 to 34 days after breeding.
The main effect of the molded feed was an inhibition of fetal development, with decreased numbers of fetuses present in treated animals at slaughter (38 to 43 days after breeding). Normal litters were present in 7 of 8 control animals, in 2 of 4 gilts given the low-dosage feed, in 1 of 4 gilts given the medium dosage, and in 0 of 4 given the high-dosage feed. Corpora lutea were maintained in all treated animals, as evidenced by serum progesterone concentrations. Serum estradiol concentrations were decreased in gilts in the middle- and high-dosage groups. The genital system of the gilts fed low- and middle-dosage feeds had a gross and microscopic appearance similar to that of the pregnant controls and reflected prolonged progesterone stimulation. Morphologic changes in the genital system of the high-dosage group were intermediate between changes induced by progesterone and those induced by estrogen. Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism and partial feed refusal were noticed in only some of the high-dosage group animals.
Metabolic profile testing in Holstein cattle in Louisiana: Reference values
Authors: Roussel J. D. , Aranas T. J. , Seybt S. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Between 1976 and 1978, blood samples were obtained from herds (n = 1,345 Holstein cows) within a 160km radius of the Louisiana State University dairy herd. The cattle were 1 to 6 years of age. Mean scores for the different blood serum values were obtained.
Creatine kinase, alkaline phosphokinase, phosphorus, calcium, and glucose concentrations in the cattle decreased with age, and cholesterol, urea nitrogen, total protein, and globulin concentrations increased with age.
Ultrastructural differentiation of peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions in the hindlimb of the bovine fetus
Authors: Russell Robert G. , Oteruelo F. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The differentiation of sciatic nerve, intramuscular nerves, and neuromuscular junctions was studied by light and electron microscopy in bovine fetuses from 47 days' gestation to neonatal calves 3 days of age.
Rudimentary neuromuscular junctions were observed in 2-month-old fetuses, at which time spontaneous movements were observed in the limbs and trunk. By 5 months, the terminal axons occupied a well-developed synaptic gutter with early secondary infoldings and, subsequently, extensive infoldings developed so that at birth the subneural apparatus was well developed.
In the peripheral nerve of 47-day-old fetuses, the unmyelinated axons were in bundles, and by 3 months, single axons were separated from the bundles that were surrounded by the Schwann cell on a 1:1 basis in cross sections; myelination of axons had begun. At 5 months, individual axons in the nerves had a thick myelin sheath.
Effects of cerebrospinal fluid sample collection on frequency and onset of acute fatal canine distemper-associated encephalomyelitis
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Axthelm Michael , Austin Nancy J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Young gnotobiotic dogs experimentally inoculated with canine distemper virus were subjected to weekly sample collections of csf. When compared with retrospective data for dogs inoculated at similar age, but not subjected to the collection procedure, mean survival time was decreased from 37.0 to 19.8 days and the expected percent mortality increased from 40 to 100%. The data indicate that csf sample collection may have adverse consequences in viremic or bacteremic patients.
Ultrastructure of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in the bone marrow of a dog
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Harvey John W. , French Tracy W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a dog which had been in Spain for 4 years before being brought to Florida. A bone marrow aspirate from the dog was examined by electron microscopy. Phagocytized amastigotes by macrophages had an electron-dense plasma membrane and contained ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, an intracellular flagellum, lipid, a kinetoplast, a row of microtubules immediately beneath the cell membrane, and a nucleus with marginated chromatin. Mean diameter and microtubule number of the dog isolate were similar to those reported for Leishmania donovani amastigotes of human origin. Plasma cells were congregated in the vicinity of parasitized macrophages.
Expression of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the lumen of the mammary gland in guinea pigs
Authors: Cueninck Bernard J. De 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of pregnant guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin (oa) by injecting the antigen, incorporated in Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant, via the im or foot pad route, respectively. Inoculation of oa into the lumen of the mammary glands during subsequent lactation elicited an influx of leukocytes into the milk only in guinea pigs exhibiting oa-specific delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity (dtch); ie, only in the animals that previously were given oa in Freund's complete adjuvant. Lactating female guinea pigs, passively sensitized to oa by immune serum obtained from donors that exhibited specific dtch, did not respond to intramammary inoculation of oa. Recipients of peritoneal exudate cells, obtained from syngeneic donors that exhibited dtch to oa, in turn exhibited dtch and responded to intramammary inoculation of oa with a transient release of leukocytes into the milk. Emigration of leukocytes into the milk, elicited by antigen in specifically sensitized hosts, appeared to be a local expression of a general state of lymphocyte-dependent hypersensitivity.