bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tribal Religion in India : a Case Study of the Bhils
Authors: Bhuriya Mahipal 
Published: March 2007

Avec ses cinq millions de membres, les Bhils constituent quantitativement le troisième groupe tribal en Inde. L'auteur de cet article présente le point des connaissances qu'il a rassemblées au sujet des vestiges de la religion Bhil dans le district de Jhabua entre 1970 et 1985. La religion tribale des Bhils s'avère plus ancienne que l'Hin douisme, et leurs divinités diffèrent considérablement dans leurs formes et leurs attributs de celles que l'on trouve dans le panthéon Hindou. Le Badwo est le dépositaire des traditions culturelles tri- bales qui, malgré la présence des grandes religions asiatiques et européennes dans l'environnement des Bhils, se maintiennent avec force. La ferveur religieuse des Bhils et leur foi dans les pouvoirs surnaturels est à la source de l'énergie psychologique dont ils ont fait preuve tout au long de siècles d'oppression.
Studies on Permanent Creasing of Cotton Garments
Authors: Reid J. David , Mazzeno Laurence W. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Markezich Anthony R. 
Published: March 2007

the Southern Regional Research Laboratory has initiated work on the application of resin formulations to cotton garments for the express purpose of imparting permanent creases to them. In its full scope, the project has two phases: application to finished garments and application to yard goods, with resin curing in each case being accom plished on the finished garment. Advantages and disadyantages of the processes are described. Methods of application, procedures, and results are given for application of a dimethylol cyclic ethylene urea (CEU) formulation to swatches of fabric and to gar ments. Description is given of the effect of a numler of variables, such as the effect of storage on impregnated cloth, possibilities of stripping, precautions in drying and curing, durability to laundering, effect of sizing, effect of catalysts, and results using related resins in varying the formulation. Ultimate objectives are given including cooperative work with other research agencies to utilize standard drycleaning equipment for commercial application, use on yard goods, and development of non-chlorine-retentive finishes suitable for white goods in imparting permanent creases to cotton garments.
Electrical Forces Affecting Soil and Substrate in the Detergency Process—Zeta Potential
Authors: Harris Jay C. 
Published: March 2007

Electrokinetic forces are of considerable importance in the mechanism of soil removal and redeposition. One electrokinetic measurement is that of the difference in potential between the immovable layer attached to the surface of a solid phase (soil or substrate) and the movable part of the diffuse layer in the body of the detergent liquid, and is termed zeta potential. Correlations have been obtained which indicate that, in a de tergent system, it is desirable that the zeta potentials of soil particles and substrate become nearly equal to reduce attractive forces tending to cause them to adhere. The effect of surfactants and electrolytes upon the zeta potential of soils and sub strates has been collated, permitting an estimate of the areas in need of further elucida tion. Cited are available correlations between zeta potential and suspension values, critical micelle concentration, and detergency values.
Construing Disagreement
Authors: SHIFFMAN GARY 
Published: March 2007

The danger of disturbing the public tranquillity by interesting too strongly the public passions is a still more serious objection against a frequent reference of constitutional questions to the decision of the whole society. —James Madison, Federalist 49 At a time like this, scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed. —Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the 4th of July?”
Achilles, Socrates, and Democracy
Authors: HOLWAY RICHARD 
Published: March 2007

Socrates: Euthyphro, you think that you have such accurate knowledge of things divine, and what is holy and unholy, that... you can accuse your father? You are not afraid that you yourself are doing an unholy deed? Euthyphro: Why Socrates, if I did not have an accurate knowledge of all that, I should be good for nothing, and Euthyphro would be no different from the general run of men. ( Euthyphro, 4e-5a)
Simian Sovereignty
Authors: GOODIN ROBERT E. , PATEMAN CAROLE , PATEMAN ROY 
Published: March 2007

It seems to me that we should aim at something very much like this today: protected spaces of many different sorts matched to the needs of the different tribes. Michael Walzer (1994) They [animals] are not brethren, they are not underlings, they are other Nations, caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the earth. Henry Beston (1928)
A Response to 'School Psychology in the USA and USSR'
Authors: Aubrey Carol 
Published: March 2007

Understanding of international issues of comparative psychology requires a dynamic view of historical trends and current developments. Such analysis usually requires consideration of political, ideological, sociological and educational realities... This opening is very commendable but the paper hardly justifies these claims. Further I would want to add a note of caution that direct international comparison can be misleading even when the cultural and socio-cultural contexts are superficially similar. One would hardly claim the USSR and USA systems to be similar.
The Teacher's Role in the Application of an Assertive Discipline Program for Students in a Venezuelan Primary School
Authors: Rosemberg Felicitas Kort , Lapco Anita , Llorensc Maria 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the application of an Assertive Discipline Program in a primary school of 567 students, ranging from first to sixth grade, ages 5 to 11 years. A series of intensive workshops and lectures on the theory and practice of assertive training, positive reinforcement, time-out and overcorrection procedures was provided to educators over a 2-year period. Students were taught five specific norms for which they received stamps and diplomas. A 'timeout classroom' was designed for inappropriate behavior. Parents' opinions about the program were also sought. 'Assertive Discipline' is defined as the positive influence teachers can exert over their pupils' behavior. The program served to teach educators that children have a right to: a teacher who is prepared to help them recognize the limits of inappropriate behavior; a teacher who is ready to give positive approval to the pupil's appropriate behavior; and a right to choose specific behavioral goals and know their consequences. School contracts were introduced for those children who did not respond satisfactorily to group contingencies. The assertive discipline program was successful in teaching educators to react with consistency to their students' behavior.
New Technology in Mechanical Engineering Industry: How Can Workers Gain Control?
Authors: Ahlin Jan E. , Svensson Leif J. P. 
Published: March 2007

Mechanical Engineering Industry is rapidly adopting more automation. This is the companies' response to a declining market. The consequences for the employees are generally negative. So far, unions have not been able to influence the introduction of new technology. This paper discusses how they can gain influence by applying planning theory and preparing local work-environment programs. We describe one company, the mechanical engineering firm of Lindqvists, where the usual drawbacks of new technology have been avoided. We describe experiments carried out using various means of expression, e.g. films, video cassettes and exhibitions, as part of workers' efforts for improved working conditions.
Crisis Escalation: Model and Findings
Authors: Brecher Michael 
Published: March 2007

The concept, crisis escalation, has three distinct but closely-related meanings: change from incipient to full-scale crisis; change from non-violence to violence; and change from no/low violence to severe violence. These are examined through a model of crisis escalation and a group of seven hypotheses derived from the model. Testing of the propositions on crisis escalation with the evidence from 388 international crises and 829 foreign policy crises from the end of 1918 to the end of 1988 reveals strong support for most of the postulated linkages in the crisis escalation model. Moreover, the evidence from ten indepth case studies indicates a widely shared pattern of coping with high stress, despite notable diversity in crisis attributes. This finding challenges conventional wisdom about how states cope with foreign policy crises.
The Impact of Sporting Forces on South African Apartheid
Authors: Krotee March L. , Schwick Luther C. 
Published: March 2007

The South African government's discriminatory policy of apartheid has caused tremendous external, as well as internal, pressures to develop in an effort to reverse its in humane treatment of its repressed populace. None of the pressures have been more forceful than those evoked by the sporting world and the United Nations. In recent years, these forces have virtually eliminated South Africa from most international sports com petitions, including the Olympic Games. A number of recent events seem to indicate that a new policy and perhaps attitudinal posture in regard to sport and apartheid may be formulating, a process which may permit sport to shape its own destiny. Time, however, is of the essence not only in regard to equal opportunity and availability in regard to sport, but in South Africa's all-encompassing racially repressive apartheid practices. It appears that unless the South African govern ment initiates swift apartheid extirpation as appears to be occurring in sport, the adage that "He who hesitates is lost" may prevail!
Nuclear Power in Argentina and Brazil
Authors: Torres Clivia M. Sotornayor , Rudig Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

Clivia Sotomayor Torres and Wolfgang Rudig compare nuclear development in the two Latin American countries most likely to develop nuclear weapons: Argentina & Brazil. They pose three main questions. First, was nuclear energy necessary to meet energy needs? Here the answer is a clear no. Both countries have immense undeveloped hydropower resources and used inflated estimates offuture electricity demand in selecting the nuclear option. Second, does either country have the capability to develop nuclear weapons? The authors present evidence that both countries are actively pursuing weapons programs. However, because of a better planned and more independent path to nuclear power and the choice of technologies more adaptable to weapons development, Argentina is in a better position than Brazil. Third, has nuclear development led to new forms of dependence on those industrial countries acting as nuclear suppliers? Here again, Argentina's attempt at independent development has minimized its dependence while Brazil retains a close relation to Germany.
Women at Work and Economic Development: Who's Pushing What?
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute 
Published: March 2007

The Portuguese female labor force participation rate is one of the highest among European Union countries. This study seeks to explain why. After a brief look at the sharp contrast between the situation in the 1980s and that of the 1960s, it sets out to answer the question: What motivates women to participate, and why is the Portuguese economy so receptive to female participation? An option and a necessity coexist, motivating women to produce for the market - higher levels of human capital generate a stronger will to join the labor market and facilitate integration, whereas the need to overcome poverty is a major constraint faced by some women. On the demand side, support is found for the idea that the concentration of female employment in certain low-paid segments of the market constitutes an important foundation for international economic competitiveness. Also, women have been carrying most of the burden of the strategy of labor market flexibility, an issue central to the debate and economic policy regarding the labor market during the 1980s.
Criminal Justice: A Police Perspective
Authors: Arcuri Alan F. 
Published: March 2007

Police have great latitude in the way they combat or fight crime. A policeman's discretion in vigorously enforcing certain laws while ignoring others may be colored by what, if anything, happens to the persons he arrests. Moreover, police attitudes toward lawyers and judges may reveal why there is a disparity between law enforcement expectations and practices. The purpose of this brief study was twofold: to look at police views toward lawyers, judges, and local justice and to see if these attitudes affected theirjobs as policemen.
A Review and Perspective of HRD Programs in Corrections
Authors: Holder Todd 
Published: March 2007

The correctionalfield is receiving criticism from all sectors of afrightened and angry society as the crime rate rises and offenders continue to be releasedfrom institutions with the same basic deficits which brought them there in the first place. Although billions of dollars have been spent in an attempt to make these institutions more effective, they have not harvested acceptable returns for the investment.The Human Resource Development (HRD) model, developed by Dr. Robert Carkhuff and associates, has been tested in a variety of correctional settings across the country.This model is based on the assumption that people make out "for better orfor worse" in life, depending on the quantity and quality adjustment skills that they possess in their repertoire. The offender is confined, basically, because he/she has deficits in these areas. Itfollows, therefore, that the more effective method of delivering these needed skills to offenders is to have qualified staff members fulfill the role of trainer of skills. In order to achieve this, the model suggests that the staff can be systematically selected and trained to first learn these life skills themselves and then to deliver them to offenders. A critical analysis of the research of the HRD model has been conducted. It shows that the rearrest! recidivism rates have been markedly decreased by training offenders in the physical, emotional, and intellectual skills areas.Although the HRD model has demonstrated greater successes than programs to which it was compared, it claims to only accountfor a portion of the variance in the outcome of correctional programs. Many questions are still left un-answered in the pursuit of a comprehensive and functional model.
Examining the Impact of Professionalism on Cynicism, Role Conflict, and Work Alienation among Prison Guards
Authors: Poole Eric D. , Regoli Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

The corrections literature is replete with themes of organizational conflict. Recent efforts to combat such conflict have been directed toward the professionalization of the custodial staff. This paper assesses the nature and extent of the linkage between professionalization on the one hand and cynicism, role conflict, and work alienation on the other. Data for the project came from the responses of 179 prison guards working in two custody-oriented correctional institutions. Data were analyzed by means of multivariate regression techniques. Generally, we found that professionalism does reduce each of the criterion variables, but in different ways. The paper concludes by relating the research findings to those reported elsewhere.
Toward a Theory of Practice
Authors: Mezirow Jack 
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests a rationale and strategy for developing a research-based body of theory, indigenous to adult education and of practical utility to practitioners in program development, pro gram evaluation, training and in setting research priorities. Epistemological and methodological considerations in the develop ment of a theory of practice are explored. Central among the former is the question of the nature of meaning as a construction of the individual in social interaction. Central among the latter are ways of understanding the reality of interaction in adult educational enterprise without distortions endemic to research methodology of the social sciences. Glaser and Strauss have suggested a research approach useful for developing a theory of practice in adult education. This involves the systematic construction of an evolving and integrated body of inductively formulated generalizations by which the behavior of adults in educational situations may be understood and predicted.
Knowledge and Skills for the Adult Educator: a Delphi Study
Authors: Rossman Mark H. , Bunning Richard L. 
Published: March 2007

A Delphi study attempted to assess the knowledge and skills which would be needed by adult educators of the future in successfully fulfilling their roles. The sample population was 141 university professors of adult educa tion from the United States and Canada who completed a series of four questionnaires. Significant data for the study included 101 skills and knowledge statements, modal consensus as to the priority of the statements, and minority opinions from those persons who did not join consensus. Rated most highly were "skill in diagnosing educational needs of the in dividual," "skill in continuous self-improvement," "skill in communicating," "skill in encouraging creativity," and "skill as a compe tent instructor." Examples of most highly rated knowledge statements in cluded, "knowledge of the ever changing nature of the adult and his needs," "knowledge of himself," "knowledge of the process of change," "knowledge of the principles of adult education," and "knowledge of learn ing theories in practice." Higher rated skills and knowledge were found to fall into six general categories: the adult educator, the field of adult education, the adult learner, the adult educational environment, programming, and process. The study also elicited opinion as to the type of learning experiences that would be most effective in gaining the skills and knowledge which were rated as "highest priority."
Exploring the 'Celtic Tiger' Phenomenon
Authors: Breathnach Proinnsias 
Published: March 2007

The economy of the Republic of Ireland has experienced continuously high growth rates in the 1990s, after a period of severe difficulty in the previous decade. As a result, Ireland is now within sight of exceeding average EU living standards, a situation which would reverse Ireland's traditional status as a peripheral European economy. The main purpose of this article is to examine the factors which have contributed to this apparent economic miracle, which has earned Ireland the 'Celtic Tiger' appellation. Particular importance is attached to the role of inward investment, which has grown in quantity and changed in quality in the last decade. These changes are attributed to general developments in the locational behaviour of transnational corporations, especially the need for access to skilled workers in an increasingly high-tech age. Such workers have become readily available in Ireland due to demographic change and state investment in education. However, while foreign branch plants have been upgrading their skill levels and their range of functions, they generally lack strategic responsibilities and independent decision-making powers. Additional contributors to Ireland's economic growth have been macroeconomic stabilization, EU funding, and expansion of tourism and indigenous industry. However, growth has not been shared equally, but has been accompanied by increasing social polarization between those in skilled employment and those who have unskilled jobs or no jobs at all. This polarization could threaten the system of moderate national wage agreements which has played an important role in promoting peaceful industrial relations and in holding inflation to very low levels. There has also been growing spatial polarization, with the great bulk of the recent growth being concentrated in the main cities, especially Dublin. The current growth phase is expected to continue at least for the medium-term future, but could come under pressure from the emergence of competing pools of skilled labour in other parts of Europe.
Science and Technology in a Democratic South Africa—New Challenges and New Policy Directions
Authors: Kaplan David E. 
Published: March 2007

The contribution that S&T could make to improving the quality of life of all of the people of South Africa is currently a subject for considerable debate. This is not an academic debate, for, as the ancien regime departs and South Africa restructures, the protagonists are influencing directly the reconfiguration of S& T policies and struc tures. The new government has inherited a highly fragmented system and one in which no organisation has effective overview of the entire science and technology system. Considerable challenges face the new government in devising and imple menting appropriate strategies and policies for science and technology. The government of National Unity created a new Ministry for Science and Tech nology coupled with Arts and Culture signalling the new orientation of S&T policy framework. At the same time, a major organisational grouping under the Science and Technology Initiative (STI)-involving actors and agencies from S&T, government, professional societies, business, labour unions and other representatives-has under taken work towards reorganisation of science and technology structures. The paper begins by outlining the major developments in science and technology in South Africa and its current capacities in a comparative mode. This serves as a backdrop for examining the restructuring of the governmental S&T management system towards new national social and economic objectives underlying South African science and technology system.
Budgetary Subsidies to the Health Sector among Selected States in India
Authors: Selvaraju V. 
Published: March 2007

Public spending and subsidies on health are justified because markets fail to deliver services equitably and also because of the large externalities associated with public health services. But attempts are on in India to phase out subsidies emanating from budgets to non-merit services. This article attempts to estimate and analyse the extent of budgetary subsidies in the health sector during 1985- 86, 1991-92 and 1998-99 covering six major states in India. The analysis sug gests that the budgetary allocations to the health sector have been declining while at the same time the cost of treatments for households has been increasing as evidenced by the two surveys of the NSSO. The survey results also suggest that the utilisation of public health facilities by the poor has witnessed a declining trend. An analysis of budgetary spending and subsidies on health reveals that the level of spending or subsidies does not have any direct bearing on the level of health status. The complementary nature of budgetary spending and household spending on health warrants an increasing role for the governments in the health sector in order to improve the levels of health care consumption. Therefore, attempts to prune the budgetary subsidies or the spending on health would adversely affect the utilisation of the health care services.
Local Strain Sensing Using Piezoelectric Polymer
Authors: Egashira Mitsuru , Shinya Norio 
Published: March 2007

Local strain sensing methods are developed for damage detection in structural materials, and their validities are demonstrated. As strain sensors, piezoelectric polymers were coated on the surfaces of aluminum sheets. Local strains in the ten sile tested aluminum sheets were measured by an operational amplifier circuit with a scanning probe, and then observed using the voltage contrast technique in a scanning electron microscope. The preliminary results indicate that these methods using piezoelectric polymers are sensitive and useful for detection and measurement of local static strains in structural materials.