bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific Research and Oncoming Vehicles: Can Radical Constructivists Embrace One and Dodge the Other?
Authors: Staver John R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe author's purpose in this article was to respond to two questions raised by Roth and Lawson in the September, 1993, issue of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching. Question 1: Would a radical constructivist step out of the path of an approaching vehicle? Question 2: In the conduct of inquiry, would a radical constructivist employ a controlled experiment, test a hypothesis, and quantitatively analyze the data? The author answers each question affirmatively, using selected work of Heinz von Foerster, Ernst von Glasersfeld, and others in developing the answers. Issues central to the development include the nature of truth and knowledge, the concept of fit versus match, and the notion that inquiry is driven by questions, with methods as subordinate to questions.
A simulation study of three methods for estimating selective values and survival rates from recapture data
Authors: Manly B. F. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe methods ofManly (1973),Manly (1975) andManly (1977) for estimating survival rates and relative survival rates from recapture data have been compared by computer simulation. In the simulations batches of two types of animal were “released” at one point in “time” and recapture samples were taken at “daily” intervals from then on. The various methods of estimation were then used to estimate, the daily survival rates of type 1 and type 2 animals, and also the survival rate of the type 2 animals relative to the type 1 animals.Simulation experiments were designed to examine (a) the bias in estimates, (b) the relative precision of different methods of estimation, (c) the validity of confidence intervals for true parameter values, and (d) the effect on estimates of the failure of certain assumptions.
A distance measure of spatial pattern in a biological population
Authors: Shiyomi Masae , Kubo Sachio 
Published: October 2006

SummarySuppose that n individuals locate independently and randomly on a segment of line of finite length (habitat). Let the theoretical and observed ranges of the sites of the individuals on the segment be μn‐1 and rn‐1, respectively. Then, the degree of dispersion of the individual sites is measured by the ratio, Tn=nn‐1/μn‐1, as follows: A random spatial pattern for Ir−1=1 An aggregated spatial pattern for 0≤Ir<1 A uniform spatial pattern for (n+1)/(n−1)≥Ir>1.Another method was derived. Let the probability that an observed range is less than rn−1 be Ip, under the hypothesis of a Beta distribution. Then indicates A random spatial pattern for Ip=1/2 An aggregated spatial pattern for Ip<1/2 A uniform spatial pattern for Ip>1/2.The first index can be used for comparing populations having the same number of individuals, whereas the second one can be used for comparing populations with different numbers of individuals.
Relation between exploitation and production in experimental populations of Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Nagoshi Makoto , Kanda Takeshi , Horiya Kenji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn order to make researches on the effect of exploitation upon fish populations, six populations of guppy were maintained during a period of 331 weeks under conditions of space, light, temperature, pH, and food controlled as much as possible. The six populations were divided into three groups two by two: a control group without exploitation, a 10% rate of exploitation group and a 20 and 33% rate of exploitation group.All the populations repeated an increase and a decrease in number and in biomass about once a year. The exploitation affected the age composition in the populations: in the non‐exploited population adults occupied the largest part, and the more intensive the exploitation the larger the part fry occupied. The exploitation decreased the biomass of exploited populations, but productivity increased with increasing of of rate of exploitation. The relationship between adult and fry could be represented byRicker's reproduction curve. The form of the curve was changed by an intensity of exploitation. It was thought that exploitation acts as a preventer of aging of populations by removing old fish and results increasing number of fry and productivity.
Scramble competition polygyny in the coreid bug (Colpula lativentris)
Authors: Nishida Takayoshi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe mating system of the coreid bug, Colpula lativentris, was studied, and compared with those in other hemipteran bugs. Copulating pairs formed a compact aggregation on a shoot of the Japanese knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum, and there continued copulation and feeding for more than one day. This aggregation was defined as “a shoot aggregation”. Other than this aggregation composed of copulating pairs, there were loose aggregations on the ground composed of males and females not in copula. This loose aggregation was defined as “a ground aggregation”. Males searched for receptive females mostly in a ground aggregation.Sex ratio was constant and variance of sex ratio was also very small in any shoot aggregations and in large ground aggregations. However, in small ground aggregations, sex ratio was strongly male biased and variance of sex ratio was fairly large. This was because receptive females tended to leave a small ground aggregation and join a large one. These results suggest that a male can attain higher mating success in a larger ground aggregation.
A comparison of three maximum likelihood models for stage‐frequency data
Authors: Manly Bryan F. J. , Seyb Allyson 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA comparison has been made between the estimates obtained from maximum likelihood estimation of gamma, inverse normal, and normal distribution models for stage‐frequency data. Results have been compared for six of sets of test data, and from many sets of simulated data. It is concluded that (1) some estimates may differ substantially between the models, (2) estimates from the correct model have little bias, and estimated standard errors are generally close to theoretical values, (3) there are problems in determining degrees of freedom for chi‐squared goodness of fit tests, so that it is best to compare test statistics with simulated distributions, and (4) goodness of fit tests may not discriminate well between the three models.
Combining methods of insect pest control: Partitioning mortality and predicting complementarity
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn age‐structured population model is used as a vehicle for presenting a method for the analysis of interactions between pairs of insect pest control methods. This analysis is based on partitioning the total mortality acting on a population into its constituent components from all known sources. Pairwise critical mortality curves are then constructed which represent the combined mortality required for eradicating the pest population. Effort curves are then constructed from computing the mortality resulting from a given amount of control effort. The convolution of the critical mortality curves and the effort curves then yields the isoclines formed by the effort required of two control methods in combination to achieve eradication. This analysis allows the prediction of either synergism or interference between the control methods and also helps explain patterns observed in previous modelling of such combinations of pest control methods.
Food limitation of population density in the orb‐wed spider, Nephila clavata
Authors: Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryField studies were conducted to clarify whether variation in food availability among habitats influences population density, and whether population density has a negative effect on foraging success in the orb‐web spider, Nephila clavata.Lifetime food consumption per individual (i.e., foraging success) strongly correlated with mean body size of adult females and mean fecundity in populations. Also, there was a positive correlation between foraging success and population density. Since foraging success reflected potential prey availability in the habitat, food resource appeared to be a limiting factor for populations in this spider. Mean fecundity per individual correlated with population density of the following year, suggesting that decreased reproduction is a major component of food limitation on population density. Consistent defferences in mean body size between particular sites were observed over years, while such difference was less obvious in density. Thus, ranking of food abundance among habitats seems to be predictable between years. A field experiment revealed that an artificial increase in population density had no negative effect on the feeding rate of individuals, suggesting that intraspecific competition for food is not important in this species.
Models of the spatial pattern of egg population of Ranunculus leaf mining fly, Phytomyza ranunculi (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in host leaves
Authors: Sugimoto Tuyosi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis paper considers two kinds of model of the spatial pattern of egg distribution of the Ranunculus leaf mining fly, Phytomyza ranunculiSchrank, as a step to determining the effect of the distribution upon the parasitism of this species by the eulophid parasite, Kratochviliana sp.. Each model incorporates submodels in several important stages of both the processes of visiting and subsequent oviposition by the fly. Model 2 is more general than model 1, because the former also includes the effect of oviposition restraint. Both models fitted well the egg distribution on fresh plants and on exploited plants. The fitting similarity on exploited plants is due to the fact that there were not so many heavily exploited leaves which lead to oviposition restraint, owing to the low density of mature larvae contained in the leaves. These models will be applicable to the distribution of larvae as well as eggs, because most larvae remain in the leaf where they occurred as eggs, until emerging just before pupation.This paper also discusses by use of these models the fact that this fly tends to effectively avoid excessive oviposition in leaves by laying fewer eggs per visit and visiting leaves more sparsely and also by refraining from further oviposition on leaves exploited heavily by mature larvae.
Elimination of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) by Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky from mixed laboratory cultures on maize
Authors: Ayertey J. N. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis paper describes a series of experiments conducted to determine why Sitophilus zeamaisMots. and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) could not survive together in maize cultures in the laboratory. The effect of S. zeamais on different developmental stages of S. cerealella was investigated. The presence of adult S. zeamais slightly affected moth copulation, egg laying and moth eggs in a mixed culture, but large numbers of developing moths inside maize grains were killed by the adult weevil through feeding on the grains. The major cause of elimination of S. cerealella by S. zeamais from mixed cultures was therefore found to be damage to the immature moths in grain and such moth mortality increased as the developing moths became bigger in the grains. A weevil: grain ratio of approximately 1.4∶1 was found to be the critical weevil density at which the moth disappeared from the mixed cultures.
Estimation of population size and survival of sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in the field from serial recoveries of marked flies affected by weather dispersal and age‐dependent trappability
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Morton R. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA model is presented for analysis of mark‐recapture data of mobile insects which, unlike the Lincoln Index, does not require marked individuals to remain within the sampling area or to mix uniformly with the wild population. The model assumes a single or multiple releases of marked insects from the centre of the sampling area and that captured individuals are not returned to the population. Dispersal rates of marked insects are estimable from serial recaptures and, for catches that are either unaffected by or have been corrected for weather effects, the model also provides estimates of mortality and age‐dependent trappability. Application of the model is illustrated using mark‐recapture data for adults of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.
Contest and scramble competitions in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Toquenaga Yukihiko , Fujii Koichi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLarval competition curves and resource sharing patterns of 5 strains of Callosobruchus maculatus (iQ, yQ, aaQ, wQ, and tQ) were examined. Offspring emergences as a function of the initial larval density were recorded to construct competition curves. Elytron length of emerged adults was used as the indicator of resource sharing patterns among competing larvae inside a bean.In the large beans, strain iQ showed a saturated competition curve and tQ strain showed a humped curve. Competition curves of the other 3 strains (yQ, aaQ, and wQ) were between those two extremes. In the small beans, strains iQ and tQ also showed a saturated and a humped competition curves, respectively, whereas the competition curves of the 3 intermediate scramble strains could not be distinguished from that of the iQ strain. Thus, the classification based on competition curves was sensitive to the resource condition (bean size). In both the large and the small beans, the elytron lengths of iQ strain remained constant irrespective of initial larval density. On the contrary, the elytron lengths of the 4 other strains decreased monotonically with higher initial larval density. Thus, the judgment based on the resource sharing pattern was shown to be robust. Only iQ strain should be designated as a contest type, and the remaining strains as scaramble types. Contest and scramble types in C. maculatus were also compared with those observed in C. analis and C. phaseoli using competition curves, resource sharing patterns, and other physiological characters.
Heritability estimates of life history traits in small white butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinari 
Published: October 2006

SummaryHeritabilities and genetic correlations of life history characters (pupal weight, age‐specific fecundities, and egg weight) of small white butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora are estimated by a quantitative genetic method (sib analysis). The results indicate moderate or high heritabilities and a largely negative genetic correaltion in age‐specific fecundities.
Egg cluster size variation in relation to the larval food abundance in Luehdorfia puziloi (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuma , Ito Fuminori , Tsubaki Yoshitaka 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMean egg cluster size of Luehdorfia puziloi yessoensis varied among habitats. The mean egg cluster size tended to be large when abundance of the larval food leaves expressed as the fresh weight of leaves per unit area at a given habitat was high. Since this variation was observed among closely located study plots (butterflies can easily move between study plots), the egg cluster size variation among habitats is likely to be a result of flexible response by females to varying food abundance for larvae.
Population field studies of the aphidophagous ladybird beetleHarmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Life tables and key factor analysis
Authors: Osawa Naoya 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLife tables of the predatory ladybird beetleHarmonia axyridiswere analysed by taking samples from twenty or twenty four sites colonized by eight species of aphids for two years.Larval mortality was a key factor in theH. axyridispopulations. Mortality of all the stages tended to be density‐dependent when life cycles were divided into four developmental stages, except in the case of mortality at hatching due to sibling cannibalism.Sibling and non‐sibling cannibalism played an important role on population stability and persistence.
The sterile insect release method on species with two‐stage life cycles
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA continuous‐time density dependent model was constructed of a species with a two stage life cycle. This model has a unique stable equilibrium. With the introduction of steriles at constant rate a second positive unstable steady state appears; this condition does not depend on the mode of action within the life cycle of the density dependence or its relative strength.A comparison was made of the effects of having the density dependence in each of larval and adult recruitment and larval and adult losses. It was found that if only adult recruitment is denisty dependent, then adult numbers can actually increase with the release of steriles provided density independent recruitment greatly exceeds density independent losses. Sterile releases were often more effective against larvae than against adults, although in some cases not importantly so.Density dependence in recruitment gives much lower equilibrium values than when density dependence of comparable strength is in the mortality.The release rates needed to cause extinction were generally between 0.1 and 0.5 of the larval equilibrium with no sterile releases except when the density dependence is predominantly in adult recruitment, in which case much higher release rates are required.
Sampling techniques and the use of Tang's procedure in insect population dynamics studies
Authors: Swartz Joel B. , Dahlsten Donald L. 
Published: October 2006

SummarySome calculations were performed usingTang's method as an aid in planning experiments for studying the population dynamics of the Jeffrey pine beetle. The population dynamics studies were aimed at detecting the importance of specific effects, e. g., tree diameter, tree height. TheTang procedure is a method of estimating the sample size required to detect effects of a given magnitude with analysis of variance tests. Using this procedure some sample calculations were performed which indicated the sample size needed, and the efficacy of different strategies of improving the results, e. g., increasing the number of trees sampled versus increasing the area of the tree sampled. The statistical parameters used in the calculations were estimated from some preliminary sampling data. Use of this procedure is recommended in insect population studies as a method of optimally planning experiments, and as a method of making precise conclusions about the significance of specific effects.
Population dynamics of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L., in a deforested area
Authors: Watanabe Mamoru 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe long‐term population dynamics of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, were studied by means of life table analysis in a deforested area, where the host tree, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, was growing. The number of eggs laid on host trees in the deforested area decreases as secondary succession progresses. When the trees were classified into three groups, i. e. tall, medium and short, according to their height relative to the surrounding vegetation, less eggs were laid on tall than on short host trees. Life tables for the natural populations in each generation were developed on the basis of mean values for 6 years. Eggs and larvae in early stages were attacked chiefly by small‐ and middle‐sized predators, such as ants, spiders, bugs and orthopterids, while later stage larvae were attacked chiefly by birds or Polistes wasps. An inchneumonid wasp was the most important mortality factor in the pupal stage. Key‐factor analysis was tested on the life table data of each immature stage. The late larval stage was a key stage, and most mortality factors were considered to operate independently. The test for density dependency did not show any tendencies. The analysis of variance in two‐way classifications was carried out for the difference of survival rate among the tree groups. It was suggested that tall host trees were unsuitable for P. xuthus. The construction of life tables for artificially inoculated populations on large host trees showed that high physiological death rate were characteristic of such trees in comparison with natural populations on smaller trees. The characteristics of the population dynamics of P. xuthus in the deforested area are compared among some kinds of the habitat, and the interrelationship between P. xuthus and its host plant are discussed.
The sterile release method for population control with interspecific competition
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA differential equations model of competing species with the release of sterile individuals of one of the species is examined. The system is found to have two positive steady states for certain parameter values; one of these is stable and the other is unstable. The system is quite resilient around the stable steady state. The release of steriles causes the nontarget species to increase in numbers. There exists a value of the release rate above which the pest species collapses to extinction. The existence of the competitor species assists the sterile release program since the pest equilibrium at any release rate is lower with the competitor species present than without it; in addition the release rate required to cause collapse of the pest species is lower with the competitor species present than without it.The effects of the parameters on the ease of eradication were examined. It was found that the ideal competitor species should have a high rate of increase, a large carrying capacity and exert strong competitive depression on the pests. The ideal pest would have a low rate of increase, a low carrying capacity and be a poor competitor.
Inquiry into effects of prebaiting on removal census in a vole population
Authors: Tanaka Ryo , Kanamori Masaomi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA field work with two plots of grid, a snap trap being set on each station spaced 5 m apart, was executed in the summer of 1968 to evaluate prebaiting in census trapping by comparing the result in one plot, prebaited for three days, with that in the other not prebaited. Since the population was as high as some 230 per acre on the average in density and formed of the vole, Microtus montebelli, alone, sufficient samples were gathered irrespective of the plot size as small as 50×50 m.Owning to the circumstances, multiple collisions inflicted so intense influence on sampling especially in the prebaited plot that z‐equation for census adjusted to the effect was well applicable to the data in either plot. In sampling, the fact that small voles are apt to be caught later than large voles was statistically evidenced in either sex, and yet any proof that males tend to be caught prior to females was not offered. It was ascertained in either plot that the daily catch was realized according to the same rule through the whole period of trapping in both external belt and internal square within the plot; hence it follows that no considerable immigration occurred.One of the beneficial effects of prebaiting is sure to be that the probability of capture was markedly enhanced in the prebaited plot, and a second is supposed, though inconclusively, to be that a good sampling could be executed consistently through the census period giving rise to no inordinate catches perhaps due to heterogeneous sampling as was seen in earlier days in the not prebaited plot. The supposition has derived from the condition that most of the whole population is trappable, which is established by interrelation among population density, size of home range and trap spacing. It was suggested that the effect of prebaiting should be evaluated from the view‐point of the interrelation, because the basic utility of prebaiting consists in that it may help to our utlimate purpose to estimate the whole population.