bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture and psychiatric symptoms in Puerto Rican children: longitudinal results from one ethnic group in two contexts
Authors: Duarte Cristiane S. , Bird Hector R. , Shrout Patrick E. , Wu Ping , Lewis‐Fernandéz Roberto , Shen Sa , Canino Glorisa 
Published: April 2008

Background:  The development of youth psychopathology may be associated with direct and continuous contact with a different culture (acculturation) and to distress related to this process (cultural stress). We examine cultural experiences of Puerto Rican families in relation to youth psychiatric symptoms in two different contexts: one in which migrant Puerto Ricans reside on the mainland as an ethnic minority and another in which they reside in their place of origin.Methods:  Sample: Probability samples of 10‐ to 13‐year‐old youth of Puerto Rican background living in the South Bronx, New York City (SB) and in the San Juan Metropolitan area in Puerto Rico (PR) (N = 1,271) were followed over time. Measures: Three assessments of internalizing psychiatric symptoms (elicited through the DISC‐IV) and of antisocial behaviors (ASB) quantified through a six‐point index were carried out. Independent variables included scales of adult and child acculturation and cultural stress, and other putative correlates. Data analysis: Within each study site, multilevel linear regression models were examined.Results:  Parental acculturation was associated with ASB in youth at both sites, but youth acculturation itself was not related to psychiatric symptoms. At both contexts, cultural stress was a more consistent correlate of youth psychiatric symptoms than acculturation after controlling for nativity, maternal education, child gender, stressful life events and parental psychopathology. However, the strength of the youth cultural stress association decreased over time.Conclusion:  The association between cultural factors and child psychiatric symptoms is not restricted to contexts where an ethnic group is a minority.
Optimization of ingredient levels for manufacturing malted milk beverage using response surface methodology
Authors: SINGH ASHISH KUMAR , TIWARI SHIKHA , SINGH RAM RAN BIJOY , TYAGI RAJIV KUMAR , ARORA SUMIT 
Published: April 2008

The malted milk beverage was prepared with varying levels of milk fat, wort and stabilizer–emulsifier mix using response surface methodology. Milk fat had a significant effect on all sensory attributes at the linear, quadratic or interactive levels. Wort level affected the flavour of the beverage at the linear (P < 0.01) term. The addition of stabilizer–emulsifier mix enhanced the overall acceptability of the product by significantly affecting the flavour (P < 0.01) and mouthfeel (P < 0.01). The optimum levels of ingredients to manufacture acceptable quality malted milk beverages were 1.93 g/100 g milk fat, 62.96 g/100 g wort and 0.09 g/100 g stabilizer–emulsifier mix.
Influence of hypoglucagonemia on splanchnic glucose output during leg exercise in man
Authors: Björkman Ola , Felig Philip , Hagenfeldt Lars , Wahren John 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The present study was undertaken to examine the role of glucagon in the regulation of hepatic glucose production during exercise. Using the hepatic vein catheter technique, the influence of somatostatin‐induced hypoglucagonemia on splanchnic exchange of glucose and glucose precursors during exercise was studied in normal postabsorptive man. In the experiments hypoglucagonemia was induced 10 min before and during 40 min of supine bicycle exercise (series 1), or 1–2 h before, and during, 40 min of upright bicycle exercise (series 2). The relative work intensities were 50% (series 1) and 55% (series 2) of maximal oxygen uptake. Control studies without somatostatin were conducted in both series.In both series, insulin and glucagon levels were suppressed by 40–50% throughout the period of somatostatin infusion. In series 1, somatostatin infusion at rest resulted in a 50 % fall in splanchnic glucose output. Onset of exercise during suppressed glucose production was followed by a rise in splanchnic glucose output similar to that seen in control subjects, but the absolute rate of glucose production was 5–25 % lower than in controls. In contrast to the euglycemia observed in the control experiment, exercise during somatostatin administration was accompanied by a 1–2 mmol/1 fall in blood glucose concentration due to the lower rate of glucose production.In series 2, a variable glucose infusion was added to the somatostatin administration before exercise to maintain euglycemia. After 1–2 h of somatostatin administration, glucose infusion was no longer required to prevent hypoglycemia, and splanchnic glucose output had returned to the basal level. At this time exercise was started. Both the rise in splanchnic glucose production and the absolute rate of splanchnic glucose output during exercise were similar to those observed without somatostatin. However, exercise during prolonged somatostatin infusion was accompanied by a gradual 50% rise in arterial glucose concentration, whereas no change in blood glucose during exercise was seen in controls.
Analysis of muscle mitochondrial function with techniques applicable to needle biopsy samples
Authors: Gohil K. , Edwards R. H. T. , Jones D. A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Methods are described for the assessment of mitochondrial function in small (less than 50 mg) samples of human skeletal muscle using spectrophotometric assays to follow the reduction or oxidation of added cytochrome c.Activities of pyruvate plus malate cytochrome c reductase [(P + M)CR], α‐oxo‐glutarate cytochrome c reductase (OgCR) glutamate cytochrome c reductase (GCR), succinate cytochrome c reductase (SCR) and cytochrome c oxidase (COx) were measured in various rat tissues and samples of human skeletal muscle. In all tissues the activities were in the order (P + M) CR<SCR<COx, although there were wide variations in the absolute levels of activity.Rates of (P + M)CR and SCR activity measured spectrophotometrically in hypotonic medium were similar to the equivalent rates of oxygen uptake measured in isotonic medium with an oxygen electrode.Because the spectrophotometric assays have to be carried out in hypotonic medium, mitochondria are uncoupled and the method cannot be used to examine this aspect of mitochondrial function.Measurements can be reliably made on a single needle biopsy specimen of human muscle and by measuring a number of different activities the function of the whole electron transport chain and a number of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes can be determined. The clinical use of the methods is illustrated with results from selected patients with specific defects of mitochondrial metabolism.The methods offer a convenient way both for screening and the detailed and repeated study of patients.
Circulatory response to static muscle contractions in three different muscle groups
Authors: Kilbom Åsa , Persson Jan 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The circulatory responses to static contractions of three different muscle groups were compared. Contractions at 15 and 25–30 % MVC of forearm muscles (hand‐grips) were compared to quadriceps muscle contractions in eleven male subjects, and in 10 subjects the response to hand‐grip contractions and foot plantar flexion was studied.All contractions at 15% MVC induced slight but significant changes in heart rate (HR); intra‐arterial blood pressure (BP) changes were more marked. 25–30 % MVC intensities always elicited a greater HR ‐and BP response than 15 % intensity in the same muscle group.Stroke volume (measured during hand‐grips and quadriceps contractions) was unchanged at all exercise intensities; hence, HR was a reliable measure of changes in cardiac output (Q). The circulation became hyperkinetic during exercise, since the rise in oxygen uptake was very slight despite a moderate increase in Q.Quadriceps contractions always elicited a larger HR, BP and Q response at a given time than hand‐grip contractions and the HR and BP at foot plantar flexion was always least marked. HR at exhaustion followed the same pattern. It is suggested that differences in functional properties of muscles are partly responsible for the magnitude of the reflex cardiovascular response during static contractions, but muscle strength and size may also influence the results.
Interstitial fluid: Exchange of macromolecules between plasma and skin interstitium
Authors: Rossing Niels , Worm Anne‐Marie 
Published: April 2008

Summary..Fluid was collected from blisters developed by suction on the abdominal skin in ten normal volunteers. During the same study the transcapillary escape rate of intravenously injected131I‐albumin and125I‐IgG together with the accumulation of these tracers in the blister fluid was measured.The ratios between the concentrations of endogenous albumin, transferrin, IgG and a2‐macroglobulin in the blister fluid (Cb) and serum (Cs) correlated directly with the free diffusion coefficients indicating that the sieving properties of the vascular endothelium remained intact during the suction.The ratios of intravascular to total masses of the four endogenous proteins calculated from plasma volume, Cs, Cb and extracellular fluid volume determined with inulin and Cb were very similar to those obtained in long‐term metabolic turnover studies.The ratio between the accumulated IgG and albumin tracers in the blister fluid (0–80) was identical with the Cb/Csratio between endogenous IgG and albumin (0–78) but higher than the ratio between the IgG and albumin escape rates from the total micro‐vasculature (0–58). From the protein tracer determinations it cannot be definitely excluded that suction increases the microvascular escape rates.If the distribution volume of inulin equates that of albumin in steady‐state it can, however, be concluded from the data given on the endogenous plasma proteins, that blister fluid from the abdominal skin corresponds to average interstitial tissue fluid.
Effect of bicycle exercise on insulin absorption and subcutaneous blood flow in the normal subject
Authors: Ferrannini Eleuterio , Linde Birgitta , Faber Ole 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Elimination of 8 units 125I‐insulin and 99mTc‐pertechnetate from a subcutaneous depot on the thigh or the abdomen was studied at rest and during intense bicycle exercise in healthy postabsorptive volunteers. Disappearance rates of the tracers as well as plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were determined before, during and after the 20 min exercise period, and compared to corresponding values obtained during a non‐exercise, control study on another day.Leg exercise caused a two‐fold increase in the rate of 125I‐insulin disappearance from a leg depot (first‐order rate constants rose from 0·68 ± 0·15 to 1·12 ± 0·12%·min‐1, P <0·05), but had no significant effect on the rate of disappearance from an abdominal depot (rate constants were 0·75 ±0·17 and 0·87±0·18%·min‐1 at rest and during exercise, respectively). 99mTc‐pertechnetate clearance from leg or abdomen showed no significant change during exercise, indicating that subcutaneous blood flow was unaltered.Leg, but not abdominal, injection of insulin was associated with a greater rise in plasma insulin during exercise than at rest. The average difference between exercise and control insulin area‐under‐curve in the leg group (1426 ± 594%·min) was significantly greater (P <0·05) than that from the abdominal group (298 ±251%· min). When the data from the two study groups were pooled, a direct relationship was found to exist between the change in 125I‐insulin disappearance rate and the change in plasma insulin concentration (r=0·61, P <0·02).Plasma glucose levels fell throughout the observation period both during the exercise and the control study, following leg as well as abdominal injection. The glucose decremental area was greater during exercise than at rest both following leg (P <0·05) and abdominal injection (P <0·01). The exercise‐induced mean reduction in plasma glucose was 60% lower following abdominal injection, but this difference was not significant.
Perfusion of the intervillous space of the human placenta measured with 99mtechnetium labelled human serum albumin
Authors: Andersen K. Vitting , Andersen S. Vitting , Munck O. , Larsen J. Falck , Nielsen S. Levin , Kjeldsen H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The perfusion of the intervillous space of the human placenta was investigated with 99mTc‐Human Serum Albumin and external counting in 45 pregnant women between the 34th and 38th week of gestation. The pregnancy was normal in 34 women, while there was placental insufficiency in 11. Two variables were calculated from the placenta curve: the placenta flow index (PFZ) and the mean transit time (t) for plasma through the intervillous space. From double determinations, the coefficient of variation for PFI was calculated to 1·6%. For t it was 20%. PFZ was significantly higher in the controls than in the patients with placental dysfunction (P < 0·05). There was a significant correlation between PFZ and i (rs= ‐0·36, P<0·05). The plasma oestriol level and the PFZ correlated significantly, whereas the correlation between i and the plasma oestriol level was not significant.The placenta flow index can be used to measure the physiological effect of a pharmacological treatment, bedrest or other treatments.
Splanchnic galactose uptake in patients with cirrhosis during continuous infusion
Authors: Lindskov J. , Ranek L. , Tygstrup N. , Winkler K. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The galactose elimination capacity (GEC) is considered a test of functional liver cell mass. The main uncertainties of the method are the effects of extrahepatic elimination and of uneven distribution in the body on the calculated maximal elimination rate of galactose. This has been evaluated by hepatic and renal venous catheteriza‐tion during continuous infusion of galactose at two arterial concentration levels (mean 6·0 and 8·7 mmol l1) in 10 patients with reduced liver function. Hepatic and renal blood flow were measured by constant infusions of Indocyanine Green and 131I Hippuran.Hepatic galactose elimination rate was identical (mean 1.36 and 1·32 mmol min1, P > 0·4) at the two arterial concentration levels studied, indicating that hepatic galactose elimination rate was maximal (Vmax). The total body galactose elimination rate, calculated as amount infused during steady state, was 1·4 times greater than the hepatic elimination rate, calculated as arterio‐hepatic venous concentration difference times hepatic blood flow. Within the experimental error, the extrahepatic (i.e. total minus hepatic) galactose elimination could be accounted for by renal elimination.The steady state studies show that the galactose elimination capacity, estimated from single injection, overestimates the hepatic Vmax by about 25%. The reason for this is probably mainly distribution phenomena and insufficient correction for urinary loss, but extrahepatic metabolism of galactose cannot be excluded.
Flow‐volume relations in coronary circulation and distribution of coronary flow into nutritional and non‐nutritional compartments
Authors: Virtanen Kari S. , Järvinen Antero , Alitalo Ilkka , Riihimäki Esko 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Simultaneous assessment of coronary flow and flow‐volume relation makes it possible to evaluate the dilatatory responses of coronary vasculature. Anew set up of methods for investigation of the coronary circulation was employed to study the nature of the coronary flow and volume responses to dipyridamole in dogs.The turnover rate of coronary blood, the reciprocal value of the mean transit time, can be accurately determined by computer simulation analysis of coronary dye dilution curves. After intravenous dipyridamole (0·5 mg/kg) both coronary turnover rate and electromagnetically assessed blood flow were observed to increase in parallel and to the same degree (+55%). This indicates that no increase in the coronary vascular volume and, accordingly, no significant overall coronary dilatation takes place. The effective coronary blood flow in relation to the myocardial oxygen consumption, i.e. the nutritional flow, and the myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by 25% concomitant to a corresponding fall in myocardial oxygen requirements. Thus, the increase in total coronary flow after dipyridamole is useless for myocardial metabolism, and may properly be denoted as luxury perfusion or throughput flow.
Hypoxia elicits liberation of anti‐aggregatory substances from isolated rabbit hearts
Authors: Edlund Anders , Wennmalm Åke 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The hypothesis was investigated that myocardial hypoxia stimulates the production of platelet anti‐aggregatory substances in the heart. Rabbit hearts were perfused under normoxic or hypoxic conditions and the coronary and interstitial effluents from the hearts were separated. The occurrence of anti‐aggregatory activity (AAA) in the interstitial effluent was detected in vitro from its capacity to inhibit ADP‐induced platelet aggregation. The AAA in the effluent was deemed to be prostacyclin (PGI2) if its release was abolished by administration of indomethacin (5× 10‐5 M) to the heart, and to be adenosine if it was abolished by incubation of the effluent with adenosine deaminase.During normoxic perfusion, only a minor efflux of AAA appeared from the heart; neither was the efflux appreciable during mild hypoxia (30 or 60% O2). Severe hypoxia (venous pO2 below 5 k Pa), on the other hand, was associated with a marked release of AAA. Incubation of hypoxic effluent with adenosine deaminase resulted in a small loss of activity, indicating that the major part of the AAA was not ascribable to adenosine. After indomethacin treatment, significant amounts of AAA still appeared in the effluent during hypoxia. However, unlike the case before indomethacin, this AAA was completely destroyed by adenosine deaminase.From these data, we conclude that myocardial hypoxia can mobilize either of two independent mechanisms for protection against platelet aggregation: an activation of the synthesis and release of prostacyclin, and a more complete breakdown of ATP, leading to an increased formation and efflux of adenosine.
Effect of the Mueller manoeuvre at different lung volumes on left ventricular performance in normal subjects
Authors: Smucker Mark L. , Cassidy Sharon S. , Nixon J. V. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The effect of reduced intrathoracic pressure at different lung volumes on cardiac function was assessed by echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular size in normal subjects who performed the Mueller manoeuvre at two preselected lung volumes. At functional residual capacity (FRC), both mean end‐diastolic dimension and mean end‐systolic dimension increased (5·1±0·4 to 5·4±0·5 cm; P<0.001 and 3·7± 0·4 to 3·9± 0·4 cm; P<0·025, respectively). At high lung volume (HLV), midway between FRC and total lung volume, mean end‐diastolic dimension increased from 5·1±0·5 to 5·3±0·5 cm (P<0·001), less than the increase at FRC, and mean end‐systolic dimension increased from 3–520.4 to 3·9±0·4 cm (P<0–001), similar to the increase at FRC. Thus, mean stroke dimension and shortening fraction were reduced at HLV (1·5 ± 0·2 to 1·3 ± 0·2 cm and30 ± 4to26 ± 2% respectively, P < 0·025). At FRC and HLV respectively, mean left ventricular transmural pressure increased from 111 to 129 Torr (P<0·001) and from 111 to 128 Torr (P<0·001) in response to the Mueller manoeuvre, although intraesophageal (intrathoracic) pressure was significantly lower (P < 0·001) during the Mueller manoeuvre at HLV.These results show that lung volume affects the left ventricular response to the Mueller manoeuvre. Furthermore, the changes in left ventricular dimensions induced by the Mueller manoeuvre are determined by the level of reduced intrathoracic pressure, through differing effects on left ventricular afterload and filling.
Plasma‐to‐ascitic fluid transport rate of albumin in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Relation to intraperitoneal albumin
Authors: Henriksen Jens H. , Ring‐Larsen Helmer , Lassen Niels A. , Parving Hans‐Henrik , Winkler Kjeld 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Albumin‐kinetics and haemodynamic studies were performed in 20 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis in order to improve the knowledge on genesis and perpetuation of hepatic ascites, especially with respect to determinants of intraperitoneal protein.A positive relationship was found between the plasma‐to‐peritoneal transport rate of albumin (index of ‘lymph‐imbalance’) and the mass of intraperitoneal albumin (rlog= 0·82, P< 0·001), indicating a significant role of ‘lymph‐imbalance’ to sequestration of protein in the peritoneal cavity. Ascitic fluid albumin concentration was on the average 0.22 of that of plasma and directly correlated to the plasma concentration (rlin= 0·68, P < 0·01). The hydrostatic pressure difference across the splanchnic microvasculature (assessed as wedged hepatic vein minus inferior vena caval pressure) was directly correlated to the effective (plasma minus ascitic fluid) oncotic pressure (rlin= 0·74, P< 0·001) but significantly higher than that (P<0·005), indicating a ‘non‐equilibrium’ in the splanchnic Starling forces.The results point to a multivariate genesis and perpetuation of cirrhotic ascites as laid down in the ‘lymph‐imbalance’ theory of ascites formation, whereas a ‘fluid equilibrium’ theory seems to be too simple, especially with respect to explain protein sequestration in the peritoneal cavity.
Placenta flow index in posterior wall placentas measured with 99mtechnetium‐labelled human serum albumin
Authors: Andersen K. Vitting , Munck O. , Larsen J. Falck , Kjeldsen H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Measurement of the perfusion of posterior wall placentas with the isotope technique may pose a problem owing to attenuation of the gamma radiation. The present investigation compares the placenta flow index (PFI) in 34 pregnant women with anterior wall placenta and 13 with posterior wall placenta.We found no difference in the shortest skin‐to‐placenta distance on ultrasound scanning and no difference in PFI between the anterior and the posterior wall placentas.
Response of plasma arginine vasopressin levels to rapid changes in altitude
Authors: Porchet M. , Contat H. , Waeber B. , Nussberger J. , Brunner H. R. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Plasma arginine vasopressin levels were studied in 15 normal working men exposed at 4‐day intervals to a rapid increase or decrease in altitude of 2000 m.Plasma arginine vasopressin levels were significantly lower (P<0·001) at the higher altitude though plasma osmolality did not change.It is concluded that the important diuresis known to physiologically occur in response to high altitude may be related to a decrease in antidiuretic hormone release.
Quantitative reticuloendothelial function of liver and spleen in man
Authors: Winkler K. , Skovgård L. T. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. A method for separate determinations of liver and spleen reticuloendothelial function, using a small‐size 99Tcm‐antimony sulphide colloid and gamma camera technique, is described.Several methods for achieving blood‐background correction are examined, and it is shown that, by a three‐compartment model, the use of a specific blood pool tracer can be dispensed with. Hepatic and splenic uptake of the colloid can be described by first order kinetics, and can be calculated to an error less than 5%. In a reference material (n=13), hepatic and splenic clearance was 262 ml/min (100412) and 22 ml/min (0–62), respectively. In cirrhosis (n=7), hepatic clearance was decreased and splenic clearance increased.The results indicate that this method, which is well suited for clinical studies and which is based on a reasonable physiologic model, in cirrhosis of the liver demonstrates a decreased hepatic reticuloendothelial function with (compensatory?) increase in that of the spleen.