bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype by environment interactions in viability and developmental time in populations of cactophilic Drosophila
Authors: Fanara J. J. , Folguera G. , Iriarte P. F. , Mensch J. , Hasson E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The genetic and ecological basis of viability and developmental time differences between Drosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae were analysed using the isofemale line technique. Several isofemale lines were sampled from pairs of allopatric/sympatric populations of each species. Flies were reared in media prepared with decaying tissues of two of the main natural cactus hosts of each species. This experimental design enabled us to evaluate the relative contribution of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) to total phenotypic variation for two fitness traits, viability and developmental time. Our results revealed significant G × E in both traits, suggesting that the maintenance of genetic variation can be explained, at least in part, by diversifying selection in different patches of a heterogeneous environment in both species. However, the relative importance of the factors involved in the G × E varied between traits and populations within species. For viability, the G × E can be mainly attributed to changes in the rank order of lines across cacti. However, the pattern was different for developmental time. In D. buzzatii the G × E can be mainly accounted for by changes in among line variance across cacti, whereas changes in the rank order of lines across cacti was the main component in D. koepferae. These dissimilar patterns of variation between traits and species suggest that the evolutionary forces shaping genetic variation for developmental time and viability vary between populations within species and between species.
Podkolzina v. Latvia. App. No. 46726/99
Authors: Caron David D. , Hoffmeister Frank 
Published: April 2006

Podkolzinav. Latvia. App. No. 46726/99. At <http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm>. European Court of Human Rights, April 9, 2002.In Podkolzina v. Latvia, the European Court of Human Rights held that Latvia violated the applicant's right to stand as a candidate for parliamentary elections, as set out in Article 3 of Protocol No. I to the European Convention on Human Rights in striking the applicant off the list of registered candidates due to allegedly inadequate language skills. The Court ordered Latvia to pay 9,000 for nonpecuniary damages and for costs and expenses.The applicant, a member of the Russian-speaking minority in Latvia, acquired an official language certificate in January 1997. The certificate was issued by a regional board of the State Language Centre, composed of five examiners. On the basis of written and oral examinations that were evaluated in accordance with criteria and levels of competence defined by legal regulations, the five-member board certified that Podkolzina's command of the Latvian language corresponded to the “third level.”
Functional Polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 Are Associated With a Reduced Prevalence of Diabetic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rudofsky Gottfried , Schroedter Antonia , Schlotterer Andreas , Voron’ko Olga E. , Schlimme Martin , Tafel Joerg , Isermann Berend H. , Humpert Per M. , Morcos Michael , Bierhaus Angelika , Nawroth Peter P. , Hamann Andreas 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—We studied the association between polymorphisms in the UCP genes and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed 227 patients with type 1 diabetes using PCR and subsequent cleavage by restriction endonucleases for the promoter variants A-3826G in the UCP1 gene, G-866A in the UCP2 gene, and C-55T in the UCP3 gene.
RESULTS—No effect of the A-3826G polymorphism in the UCP1 gene on diabetes complications was found. Patients who were heterozygous or homozygous for the G-866A polymorphism in the UCP2 gene or the C-55T polymorphism in the UCP3 gene had a significantly reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (UCP2: odds ratio 0.44 [95% CI 0.24–0.79], P = 0.007; UCP3: 0.48 [0.25–0.92], P = 0.031), whereas there was no association with other diabetes complications. This effect was stronger when G-866A and C-55T occurred in a cosegregatory manner (UCP2 and UCP3: 0.28 [0.12–0.65], P = 0.002). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression model showed an age- and diabetes duration–independent effect of the cosegregated polymorphisms on the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (P = 0.013).
CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that both the G-866A polymorphism in the UCP2 gene and the C-55T polymorphism in the UCP3 gene are associated with a reduced risk of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. Thus, the results presented here support the hypothesis that higher expression of uncoupling protein might prevent mitochondria-mediated neuronal injury and, ultimately, diabetic neuropathy.
Recent Trends in Cardiovascular Complications Among Men and Women With and Without Diabetes
Authors: Booth Gillian L. , Kapral Moira K. , Fung Kinwah , Tu Jack V. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To compare recent trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes among men and women with diabetes with those in the nondiabetic population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a retrospective cohort study using provincial health claims data to identify adults with (n = 670,602) and without (n = 9,190,721) diabetes living in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 2000. We compared changes in the annual age-/sex-adjusted rates and numbers of subjects admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke and of deaths from AMI, stroke, and all causes between those with and without diabetes.
RESULTS—Over the 8-year period, the rate of patients admitted for AMI and stroke fell to a greater extent in the diabetic than the nondiabetic population (AMI: −15.1 vs. −9.1%, P &lt; 0.0001; stroke: −24.2 vs. 19.4%, P &lt; 0.0001). Diabetic patients experienced similar reductions in case-fatality rates related to AMI and stroke than those without diabetes (−44.1 vs. −33.2%, P = 0.1; −17.1 vs. −16.6%, P = 0.9, respectively). Declines in all-cause mortality were also comparable in the two populations. Over the same period, the number of diabetes cases increased from 405,471 to 670,602. Thus, while CVD rates fell, the number of events occurring in this population rose substantially (AMI: +44.6%, stroke: +26.1%, AMI deaths: +17.2%, and stroke deaths: +13.2%).
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings demonstrate a significant reduction in the rate of people affected by CVD within the diabetic population. However, as the number of people with diabetes rises, so may the absolute burden of CVD in our society.
Physical Activity and Life Expectancy With and Without Diabetes
Authors: Jonker Jacqueline T. , De Laet Chris , Franco Oscar H. , Peeters Anna , Mackenbach Johan , Nusselder Wilma J. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of developing diabetes and with reduced mortality among diabetic patients. However, the effects of physical activity on the number of years lived with and without diabetes are unclear. Our aim is to calculate the differences in life expectancy with and without type 2 diabetes associated with different levels of physical activity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using data from the Framingham Heart Study, we constructed multistate life tables starting at age 50 years for men and women. Transition rates by level of physical activity were derived for three transitions: nondiabetic to death, nondiabetic to diabetes, and diabetes to death. We used hazard ratios associated with different physical activity levels after adjustment for age, sex, and potential confounders.
RESULTS—For men and women with moderate physical activity, life expectancy without diabetes at age 50 years was 2.3 (95% CI 1.2–3.4) years longer than for subjects in the low physical activity group. For men and women with high physical activity, these differences were 4.2 (2.9–5.5) and 4.0 (2.8–5.1) years, respectively. Life expectancy with diabetes was 0.5 (−1.0 to 0.0) and 0.6 (−1.1 to −0.1) years less for moderately active men and women compared with their sedentary counterparts. For high activity, these differences were 0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) and 0.2 (−0.8 to 0.3) years, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—Moderately and highly active people have a longer total life expectancy and live more years free of diabetes than their sedentary counterparts but do not spend more years with diabetes.
A Low Brain Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Detected Through the Intensity Dependence of Auditory-Evoked Potentials
Authors: Manjarrez Gabriel , Herrera Rocio , Leon Monica , Hernandez-R Jorge 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To determine in children with type 1 diabetes the plasma free fraction of l-tryptophan (FFT) and the intensity-dependent auditory-evoked potentials (IDAEPs) as indicators of possible changes in brain serotonergic neurotransmission.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A prospective and comparative study was performed in children with type 1 diabetes and normal control subjects. We measured FFT, bound and total plasma l-tryptophan, neutral amino acids (NAAs), albumin, free fatty acids (FFAs), glucose, and HbA1c(A1C) and recorded IDAEPs with four intensities (40, 60, 90, and 103 dB).
RESULTS—The glycemia, A1C, FFAs, and NAAs in plasma were significantly elevated. The FFT and the FFT-to-total l-tryptophan and FFT-to-NAA ratios were reduced. The latencies of N1 and P2 increased at all intensities and the slope of the amplitude/stimulus intensity function (ASF slope) of the N1/P2 component significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS—The decrease of the FFT in plasma and increase in the N1/P2 component amplitude may reflect a functional relationship between the brain serotonergic activity with the N1/P2 changes. The increase of the ASF slope in children with type 1 diabetes suggests that the response of the auditory cortex to sound intensity stimulus may be regulated by the serotonergic tone and that decreased serotonergic neurotransmission may provoke a different behavior of sensory cortices. Therefore, the IDAEP (N1/P2 component) may be an electrophysiological indicator of brain changes of serotonergic neurotransmission in children with type 1 diabetes. These changes may be related to psychoemotional manifestations observed in diabetic children such as anxiety and depression.
Lidar target-strength measurements on Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Tenningen Eirik , Churnside James H. , Slotte Aril , Wilson James J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA linearly polarized green (532 nm) laser and a digital video camera were used to determine the reflectivity (R) and lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) target strength (TS) of live mackerel by comparison with a standard calibration target. The measured reflectivity was 0.0141 ± 0.0005 when the receiver was copolarized with the laser and 0.0092 ± 0.0004 when the receiver was cross-polarized. The corresponding TS values were −42.66 ± 0.24 dB for the copolarized channel and −44.86 ± 0.23 dB for the cross-polarized channel. The depolarization ratio (depolarized return over total return) of 0.396 is very different from earlier measurements of sardine, suggesting that depolarization might be useful for species identification.
Comparative Genomics ofBrassica oleraceaandArabidopsis thalianaReveal Gene Loss, Fragmentation, and Dispersal after Polyploidy
Authors: Town Christopher D. , Cheung Foo , Maiti Rama , Crabtree Jonathan , Haas Brian J. , Wortman Jennifer R. , Hine Erin E. , Althoff Ryan , Arbogast Tamara S. , Tallon Luke J. , Vigouroux Marielle , Trick Martin , Bancroft Ian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe sequenced 2.2 Mb representing triplicated genome segments of Brassica oleracea, which are each paralogous with one another and homologous with a segmentally duplicated region of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Sequence annotation identified 177 conserved collinear genes in the B. oleracea genome segments. Analysis of synonymous base substitution rates indicated that the triplicated Brassica genome segments diverged from a common ancestor soon after divergence of the Arabidopsis and Brassica lineages. This conclusion was corroborated by phylogenetic analysis of protein families. Using A. thaliana as an outgroup, 35% of the genes inferred to be present when genome triplication occurred in the Brassica lineage have been lost, most likely via a deletion mechanism, in an interspersed pattern. Genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction or transcription were not found to be significantly more extensively retained than those encoding proteins classified with other functions, but putative proteins predicted in the A. thaliana genome were underrepresented in B. oleracea. We identified one example of gene loss from the Arabidopsis lineage. We found evidence for the frequent insertion of gene fragments of nuclear genomic origin and identified four apparently intact genes in noncollinear positions in the B. oleracea and A. thaliana genomes.
Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms in Contemporary Armed Conflict
Authors: Watkin Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

According to protesters, U.S. soldiers fired on them without provocation, killing seventeen people and wounding more than seventy. According to die U.S. military, the soldiers returned precision fire on gunmen in the crowd who were shooting at them.—Human Rights WatchThe twenty-first century has witnessed significant challenges to the traditional view that international humanitarian law exclusively regulates the use of force in armed conflict. The death and destruction caused on September 11,2001, reflect the increasingly complex nature of modern conflict. Groups that rely on the benefits of globalization and technological advances to conduct operations across international borders are threatening the maintenance of international order. Their tools of violence range from conventional weapons of war to more modern weapons of mass destruction and potentially asymmetric “cyber attacks.”
Self-Defense and the Israeli Wall Advisory Opinion: An Ipse Dixit from the ICJ?
Authors: Murphy Sean D. 
Published: April 2006

In October 2003, the Israeli permanent representative addressed the United Nations General Assembly on why Israel felt compelled to build a lengthy barrier spanning hundreds of kilometers across certain areas of the occupied West Bank of the Jordan River. Among other things, Ambassador Dan Gillernian stated:
[A] security fence has proven itself to be one of the most effective non-violent methods lor preventing terrorism in the heart of civilian areas. The fence is a measure wholly consistent with the right of States to self-defence enshrined in Article 51 of the Charter. International law and Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 1368 (2001) and 1373 (2001), have clearly recognized the right of States to use force in self-defence against terrorist attacks, and therefore surely recognize the right to use non-forcible measures to that end.
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Glucose and Counterregulatory Hormone Concentrations in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors:   The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To examine the acute glucose-lowering effects of aerobic exercise in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Fifty children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (ages 10 to &lt;18 years) were studied during exercise. The 75-min exercise session consisted of four 15-min periods of walking on a treadmill to a target heart rate of 140 bpm and three 5-min rest periods. Blood glucose and plasma glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and norepinephrine concentrations were measured before, during, and after exercise.
RESULTS—In most subjects (83%), plasma glucose concentration dropped at least 25% from baseline, and 15 (30%) subjects became hypoglycemic (≤60 mg/dl) or were treated for low glucose either during or immediately following the exercise session. The incidence of hypoglycemia and/or treatment for low glucose varied significantly by baseline glucose, occurring in 86 vs. 13 vs. 6% of subjects with baseline values &lt;120, 120–180, and &gt;180 mg/dl, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Exercise-induced increases in growth hormone and norepinephrine concentrations were marginally higher in subjects whose glucose dropped ≤70 mg/dl. Treatment of hypoglycemia with 15 g of oral glucose resulted in only about a 20-mg/dl rise in glucose concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—In youth with type 1 diabetes, prolonged moderate aerobic exercise results in a consistent reduction in plasma glucose and the frequent occurrence of hypoglycemia when preexercise glucose concentrations are &lt;120 mg/dl. Moreover, treatment with 15 g of oral glucose is often insufficient to reliably treat hypoglycemia during exercise in these youngsters.
Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Eberly Lynn E. , Prineas Ronald , Cohen Jerome D. , Vazquez Gabriela , Zhi Xin , Neaton James D. , Kuller Lewis H. ,   for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—To examine the long-term association of metabolic syndrome with mortality among those at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 10,950 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) survivors were followed for mortality an additional median 18.4 years (1980–1999). Proportional hazards models examined multivariate-adjusted risks associated with Adult Treatment Panel III–defined metabolic syndrome conditions, with BMI substituted for waist circumference.
RESULTS—At MRFIT annual visit 6, 4,588 (41.9%) men, mean age (±SD) 53.0 ± 5.9 years, had metabolic syndrome and 6,362 did not. Comparing men with metabolic syndrome to men without, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.21 (95% CI 1.13–1.29), 1.49 (1.35–1.64), and 1.51 (1.34–1.70) for 18-year total, CVD, and coronary heart disease mortality, respectively. Among men with metabolic syndrome, elevated glucose (1.54 [1.34–1.78]) and low HDL cholesterol (1.45 [1.17–1.54]) were most predictive of CVD mortality, followed by elevated BMI (1.34 [1.17–1.54]), elevated blood pressure (1.25 [0.98–1.58]), and elevated triglycerides (1.06 [0.86–1.30]). In contrast, for men without metabolic syndrome, the HR for low HDL cholesterol was 1.02 (0.86–1.22). Among metabolic syndrome men with no nonfatal CVD event, smokers with elevated LDL cholesterol showed higher CVD mortality (1.79 [1.22–2.63]) compared with nonsmokers without elevated LDL cholesterol; this additional risk was even greater for metabolic syndrome men with a nonfatal CVD event (2.11 [1.32–3.38]).
CONCLUSIONS—Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Among those with metabolic syndrome, risk is further increased by having more metabolic syndrome conditions, by cigarette smoking, and by elevated LDL cholesterol. Primary prevention of each metabolic syndrome condition should be emphasized, and presence of each condition should be treated in accordance with current guidelines.
International Materials and Domestic Rights: Reflections on Atkins and Lawrence
Authors: Ramsey Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

In two recent cases—Atkins v. Virginia and Lawrence v. Texas—amicus briefs urged the U.S. Supreme Court to use international materials to expand the scope of domestic constitutional rights. In a footnote in Atkins and three paragraphs in Lawrence, the Court may have signaled a willingness to listen. Some applaud the beginning of a positive trend. Others—notably Justice Antonin Scalia in dissent in the two cases—condemn the entire project as illegitimate.Rather than seeking an immediate answer to the question whether international materials should be determinative of domestic rights, this essay makes an indirect approach by asking: if we are to undertake a serious project of using international materials in this way, what would that project look like? Identifying the nature of the project may suggest whether it is the sort of thing we want to undertake, and what the scope of its impact is likely to be.
Treatment Disparities in the Care of Patients With and Without Diabetes Presenting With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Brogan Gerard X. , Peterson Eric D. , Mulgund Jyotsna , Bhatt Deepak L. , Ohman E. Magnus , Gibler W. Brian , Pollack Charles V. , Farkouh Michael E. , Roe Matthew T. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to characterize treatment patterns among patients with diabetes presenting with non–ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACSs).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared adherence to treatment recommendations from the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for NSTE ACS among 46,410 patients from 413 U.S. hospitals that were included in the Can Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) quality improvement initiative. Patients were stratified as nondiabetic, non–insulin-dependent diabetic (type 2 diabetic), and insulin-treated diabetic.
RESULTS—Insulin-treated diabetic patients were less likely than nondiabetic patients to receive aspirin (adjusted odds ratio 0.83 [95% CI 0.74–0.93]), β-blockers (0.89 [0.83–0.96]), heparin (0.90 [0.83–0.98]), and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (0.86 [0.79–0.93]). Type 2 diabetic patients were treated similarly to nondiabetic patients. After adjustment for differences in clinical characteristics, insulin-treated diabetic patients were significantly less likely than nondiabetic patients to receive cardiac catheterization within 48 h of presentation (0.80 [0.74–0.86]) or percutaneous coronary intervention (0.87 [0.82–0.94]). Compared with nondiabetic patients, insulin-treated diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (1.34 [1.21–1.49] and 1.35 [1.26–1.44]). In-hospital mortality rates were higher in insulin-treated diabetic (6.8%) and type 2 diabetic (5.4%) than in nondiabetic (4.4%) patients.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetic patients have a higher risk of mortality than nondiabetic patients, yet physicians adhere to the ACC/AHA NSTE ACS guidelines less often when treating diabetic patients, particularly insulin-treated diabetic patients. Increased use of guideline-recommended therapies and early invasive management strategies in diabetic patients may improve their outcomes.