bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of research on solar energetic particle (SEP) events: the evolving paradigm
Authors: Cliver Edward W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractForbush initiated research on solar energetic particle (SEP) events in 1946 when he reported ionization chamber observations of the first three ground level events (GLEs). The next key development was the neutron monitor observation of the GLE of 23 February 1956. Meyer, Parker and Simpson attributed this high-energy SEP event to a short time-scale process associated with a solar flare and ascribed the much longer duration of the particle event to scattering in the interplanetary medium. Thus “flare particle” acceleration became the initial paradigm for SEP acceleration at the Sun. A more fully-developed picture was presented by the Australian radio astronomers Wild, Smerd, and Weiss in 1963. They identified two distinct SEP acceleration processes in flares: (1) the first phase accelerated primarily ~100 keV electrons that gave rise to fast-drift type III emission as they streamed outward through the solar atmosphere; (2) the second phase was produced by an outward moving (~1000 km s−1) magnetohydrodynamic shock, occurring in certain (generally larger) flares. The second phase, manifested by slow-drift metric type II emission, appeared to be required for substantial acceleration of protons and higher-energy electrons. This two-stage (or two-class) picture gained acceptance during the 1980s as composition and charge state measurements strengthened the evidence for two distinct types of particle events which were termed impulsive (attributed to flare-resident acceleration process(es)) and gradual (shock-associated). Reames championed the two-class picture and it is the commonly accepted paradigm today. A key error made in the establishment of this paradigm was revealed in the late 1990s by observations of SEP composition and charge states at higher energies (>10 MeV) than previously available. Specifically, some large and therefore presumably “gradual” SEP events looked “impulsive” at these energies. One group of researchers attributes these unusual events to acceleration of high-energy SEPs by flares and another school favors acceleration of flare seed particles by quasi-perpendicular shocks. A revised SEP classification scheme is proposed to accommodate the new observations and to include ideas on geometry and seed particle composition recently incorporated into models of shock acceleration of SEPs.
Modeling and prediction of fast CME/shocks associated with type II bursts
Authors: Xie H. , Gopalswamy N. , Cyr O. C. St. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA numerical simulation with ENLIL+Cone model was carried out to study the propagation of the shock driven by the 2005 May 13 CME. We then conducted a statistical analysis on a subset of similar events, where a decameter-hectometric (DH) type II radio burst and a counterpart kilometric type II have been observed to be associated with each CME (DHkm CME). The simulation results show that fast CME-driven shocks experienced a rapid deceleration as they propagated through the corona and then kept a nearly constant speed traveling out into the heliosphere. Two improved methods are proposed to predict the fast CME-driven shock arrival time, which give the prediction errors of 3.43 and 6.83 hrs, respectively.
On the nature of the longitudinal anomaly of the southern hemisphere lower stratospheric temperature
Authors: Vieira Luis Eduardo Antunes , da Silva Ligia Alves 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effects of changes in the solar radiative emission on ozone levels in the stratosphere have been considered as a candidate to explain the link between solar activity and its effects on the climate. As ozone absorbs electromagnetic radiation, changes in ozone concentrations alter Earth's radiative balance by modifying both incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation. In this way, ozone controls solar energy deposition in the stratosphere and its variations alter the thermal structure of the stratosphere. These changes are assumed to propagate downward through a chain of feedbacks involving thermal and dynamical processes. The effects of high energy particle precipitation on mesospheric and stratospheric ozone have also been investigated. However, while the effects of high energy particle precipitation on ozone distribution in the auroral region has been investigated during the last decades, little is known about the role of the high energy particle precipitation on the stratospheric composition and thermal structure in the tropical/subtropical region. Here we show that the spatial distribution of the lower stratosphere temperature is affected by the presence of the southern hemisphere magnetic anomaly. We found that during the austral winter and spring, in the subtropical region (below 30 deg S), the reduction of the lower stratosphere temperature occurs systematically in the magnetic anomaly area. This result is consistent with the observations that in the southern hemisphere subtropical region the energy of precipitating particles is deposited lower in altitude in regions with weaker magnetic field intensity.
Digitizing journal archives: the experience of Taylor & Francis
Authors: HOWELLS Matthew , BELL Ashleigh , EVERITT Nicholas , McMILLAN Jennifer 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThere are enormous quantities of information available to researchers on the Internet, of varying levels of quality. Now, more than ever, it is important that academic publishers make best use of their journals and provide their readers with access to this high‐value content, in a form that can be easily found and used. To that end, Taylor & Francis have taken up the challenge of satisfying researchers' need to have all relevant content available at their fingertips, by digitizing their older journal content, creating subject‐based collections of backfiles and putting them online. This article provides an insight into the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the process of digitization of Taylor & Francis's journal archives. The fact that these online backfiles are being requested, purchased, and used demonstrates the added value that publishers may hold in their archives.
Whither print? Staying nimble in the face of uncertainty
Authors: SEITTER Keith L. , HEIDEMAN Kenneth F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe American Meteorological Society (AMS), a medium‐sized nonprofit society publisher, found in 2005 that many institutional subscribers were still receiving one or more of its nine journals in print format only. Since the future of print is increasingly uncertain, the AMS recently implemented a pricing strategy that encourages the migration of institutions to electronic, or at least electronic‐plus‐print, subscriptions. The change has had the desired impact, with most institutions activating online access; however, a large number have continued to receive the journals in print despite an increasing price differential between online‐only and online‐plus‐print subscriptions. Given this, the AMS plans to continue to offer the print option as long as it is economically viable to do so, and is working toward a pricing structure in which online‐only subscribers do not subsidize the print product.
Screen of multifunctional monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis B core virus‐like particles
Authors: Sun Chang , Ding Fei‐Xiang , Wang Fang , He Xiao‐Wen , He Ying , Li Zhao‐Shen , Sun Shu‐Han 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTHBc‐VLP can be used in an epitope presentation system to carry foreign epitopes and mimic live virus in order to study viral particle uptake, virion‐mediated activation and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. In this study, a multifunctional mAb was produced using a novel research strategy. A truncated HBc‐VLP bone vector with a special conformation was used as an immunogen and the target hybridoma cell lines were screened by a series of tests; including ELISA, Western blot, and cellular immunofluorescence based on the epitope presentation system. The screened monoclonal antibody was used to identify the HBc‐VLP vector, a fusion HBc‐VLP vaccine, and intracellular HBV capsids. The new strategy facilitated acquisition of the desired mAbs and will serve as a reference for other VLP‐related research.
Cellular senescence: Its role in tumor suppression and aging
Authors: Ohtani Naoko , Mann David J. , Hara Eiji 
Published: March 2009

In normal tissue, cell division is carefully regulated to maintain the correct proliferative balance. Abnormal cell division underlies many hypoproliferative and hyperproliferative disorders, including cancer, and a better understanding of the mechanisms involved could lead to new strategies for treatment and prevention. Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible growth arrest, was first described as a limit to the replicative life span of somatic cells after serial cultivation in vitro. Recently, however, it has also been shown to be triggered prematurely by potentially oncogenic stimuli such as oncogene expression, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in cell culture studies. These data suggest that cellular senescence is therefore acting as a tumor‐protective fail‐safe mechanism. However, the significance of cellular senescence has remained an issue of debate over the years, with the possibility that it might be a cell culture‐related artifact. Recent reports on oncogene‐induced senescence detected in premalignant tumors have provided evidence to validate its role as a physiological response to prevent oncogenesis in vivo. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms for cellular senescence and its roles in vivo. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 792–797)
Multicolor in vivo targeted imaging to guide real‐time surgery of HER2‐positive micrometastases in a two‐tumor coincident model of ovarian cancer
Authors: Longmire Michelle , Kosaka Nobuyuki , Ogawa Mikako , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka 
Published: March 2009

One of the primary goals of oncological molecular imaging is to accurately identify and characterize malignant tissues in vivo. Currently, molecular imaging relies on targeting a single molecule that while overexpressed in malignancy, is often also expressed at lower levels in normal tissue, resulting in reduced tumor to background ratios. One approach to increasing the specificity of molecular imaging in cancer is to use multiple probes each with distinct fluorescence to target several surface antigens simultaneously, in order to identify tissue expression profiles, rather than relying on the expression of a single target. This next step forward in molecular imaging will rely on characterization of tissue based on fluorescence and therefore will require the ability to simultaneously identify several optical probes each attached to different targeting ligands. We created a novel ‘coincident’ ovarian cancer mouse model by coinjecting each animal with two distinct cell lines, HER2+/red fluorescent protein (RFP)− SKOV3 and HER2−/RFP+ SHIN3‐RFP, in order to establish a model of disease in which animals simultaneously bore tumors with two distinct phenotypes (HER2+/RFP−, HER2−/RFP+), which could be utilized for multicolor imaging. The HER2 receptor of the SKOV3 cell line was targeted with a trastuzumab–rhodamine green conjugate to create green tumor implants, whereas the RFP plasmid of the SHIN3 cells created red tumor implants. We demonstrate that real‐time in vivo multicolor imaging is feasible and that fluorescence characteristics can then serve to guide the surgical removal of disease. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1099–1104)
Candidate effector gene identification in the ascomycete fungal phytopathogen Venturia inaequalis by expressed sequence tag analysis
Authors: BOWEN JOANNA K. , MESARICH CARL H. , REES‐GEORGE JONATHAN , CUI WEI , FITZGERALD ANNA , WIN JOE , PLUMMER KIM M. , TEMPLETON MATTHEW D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe hemi‐biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis infects members of the Maloideae, causing the economically important apple disease, scab. The plant–pathogen interaction of Malus and V. inaequalis follows the gene‐for‐gene model. cDNA libraries were constructed, and bioinformatic analysis of the resulting expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was used to characterize potential effector genes. Effectors are small proteins, secreted in planta, that are assumed to facilitate infection. Therefore, a cDNA library was constructed from a compatible interaction. To distinguish pathogen from plant sequences, the library was probed with genomic DNA from V. inaequalis to enrich for pathogen genes, and cDNA libraries were constructed from in vitro‐grown material. A suppression subtractive hybridization library enriched for cellophane‐induced genes was included, as growth on cellophane may mimic that in planta, with the differentiation of structures resembling those formed during plant colonization. Clustering of ESTs from the in planta and in vitro libraries indicated a fungal origin of the resulting non‐redundant sequence. A total of 937 ESTs was classified as putatively fungal, which could be assembled into 633 non‐redundant sequences. Sixteen new candidate effector genes were identified from V. inaequalis based on features common to characterized effector genes from filamentous fungi, i.e. they encode a small, novel, cysteine‐rich protein, with a putative signal peptide. Three of the 16 candidates, in particular, conformed to most of the protein structural characteristics expected of fungal effectors and showed significant levels of transcriptional up‐regulation during in planta growth. In addition to candidate effector genes, this collection of ESTs represents a valuable genomic resource for V. inaequalis.
Current status of gene expression profiling in the diagnosis and management of acute leukaemia
Authors: Bacher Ulrike , Kohlmann Alexander , Haferlach Torsten 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGene expression profiling (GEP) enables the simultaneous investigation of the expression of tens of thousands of genes and was successfully introduced in leukaemia research a decade ago. Aiming to better understand the diversity of genetic aberrations in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), pioneer studies investigated and confirmed the predictability of many cytogenetic and molecular subclasses in AML and ALL. In addition, GEP can define new prognostic subclasses within distinct leukaemia subgroups, as illustrated in AML with normal karyotype. Another approach is the development of treatment‐specific sensitivity assays, which might contribute to targeted therapy studies. Finally, GEP might enable the detection of new molecular targets for therapy in patients with acute leukaemia. Meanwhile, large multicentre studies, e.g. the Microarray Innovations in LEukaemia (MILE) study, prepare for a standardised introduction of GEP in leukaemia diagnostic algorithms, aiming to translate this novel methodology into clinical routine for the benefit of patients with the complex disorders of AML and ALL.
Improvement of life prediction in AISI H11 tool steel by integration of thermo‐mechanical fatigue and creep damage models
Authors: BERTI G. A. , MONTI M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn hot forging operations, the die surfaces and the nearest surface layers of the die undergo mechanical and thermal cycles which significantly influence their service life. The real thermal and mechanical cycles have been previously investigated in forging plants by measurements and numerical simulation, and a reasonable variation window of process parameters has been determined. A new simulative test applied to AISI H11 hot working die steel has been used to generate failure data in conditions similar to those of the forging dies, but under a more controlled and economical method. Fracture surfaces of specimens for different tests observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that both thermo‐mechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep phenomena can be considered to be main damage mechanisms and their contribution to the failure differs as testing conditions vary. As a result of the experiments, the failure is affected by both thermo‐mechanical cycle and resting time at high temperature. Therefore, the authors developed a new lifetime prediction model obtained by combining the damage evolution laws, at each cycle, for pure creep and pure TMF. This combination was based on the linear accumulation rule. The damage evolution law for pure creep is obtained by modifying Rabotnov's law in order to suit the case of actual hot forging cycles, where temperature and stress vary widely. The damage evolution law for pure TMF is based on a generalization of the Wöhler–Miner law. This law is modified in order to take into account the presence of thermal cycle and thermal gradient. Comparison between the experimental cycles to failure and the predicted ones was performed using tests excluded in the determination of the coefficients. The conclusion was that the accuracy of prediction appears to be quite good and that the linear accumulation and interaction of TMF and creep is confirmed.
Are non‐audit services associated with firm value? Evidence from financial information system‐related services
Authors: Lai Kam‐Wah , Krishnan Gopal V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe purchase of non‐audit services from incumbent auditors has generated considerable attention. Surprisingly, limited empirical evidence exists on the association of non‐audit services with firm value. Focusing on services related to financial information system (FIS), we find that the market value of equity is greater for firms that purchase FIS‐related services from their incumbent auditors relative to firms that do not. The levels of FIS fees are also positively related to firm value after controlling for total other fees, or total other non‐audit fees. Hence, despite the negative perception associated with non‐audit services, investors regard FIS‐related services as value‐adding activities.
R vocalisation, linking R and intrusive R: accounting for final schwa in RP English1
Authors: Heselwood Barry 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWord‐form‐final schwas are argued to be vocalised realisations of /r/ in RP English. Phonetic similarity ofand, their distribution, and the phenomenon of R‐sandhi provide evidence to support the analysis. A new way of modelling the development of intrusive R word‐internally and word‐finally is presented, as is a new phonological interpretation of pre‐R‐breaking in Early Modern English. The continuous presence since fully rhotic times of stem‐final /r/ in the context of a following vowel‐initial suffix or word, and the merger ofcommawords withletterwords beginning around the time of the loss of rhoticity in the eighteenth century, are key factors in an analysis which is generalised to all word‐forms with final non‐high vowels. Various objections to an R‐vocalisation analysis that have been voiced in the literature are countered.
Effect of spatial inhibition on saccade trajectory depends on location‐based mechanisms
Authors: SOGO HIROYUKI , TAKEDA YUJI 
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Saccade trajectory often curves away from a previously attended, inhibited location. A recent study of curved saccades showed that an inhibitory effect prevents ineffective reexamination during serial visual search. The time course of this effect differs from that of a similar inhibitory effect, known as inhibition of return (IOR). In the present study, we examined whether this saccade‐related inhibitory effect can operate in an object‐based manner (similar to IOR). Using a spatial cueing paradigm, we demonstrated that if a cue is presented on a placeholder that is then shifted from its original location, the saccade trajectory curves away from the original (cued) location (Experiment 1), yet the IOR effect is observed on the cued placeholder (Experiment 2). The inhibitory mechanism that causes curved saccades appears to operate in a location‐based manner, whereas the mechanism underlying IOR appears to operate in an object‐based manner. We propose that these inhibitory mechanisms work in a complementary fashion to guide eye movements efficiently under conditions of a dynamic visual environment.
CO2‐forced evolution of plant gas exchange capacity and water‐use efficiency over the Phanerozoic
Authors: FRANKS P. J. , BEERLING D. J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe capacity of plants to fix carbon is ultimately constrained by two core plant attributes: photosynthetic biochemistry and the conductance to CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere to sites of carboxylation in chloroplasts, predominantly stomatal conductance. Analysis of fossilized plant remains shows that stomatal density (number per unit area, D) and size (length by width, S) have fluctuated widely over the Phanerozoic Eon, indicating changes in maximum stomatal conductance. Parallel changes are likely to have taken place in leaf photosynthetic biochemistry, of which maximal rubisco carboxylation rate, Vcmax is a central element. We used measurements of S and D from fossilized plant remains spanning the last 400 Myr (most of the Phanerozoic), together with leaf gas exchange data and modeled Phanerozoic trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2]a, to calibrate a [CO2]a‐driven model of the long‐term environmental influences on S, D and Vcmax. We show that over the Phanerozoic large changes in [CO2]a forced S, D and Vcmax to co‐vary so as to reduce the impact of the change in [CO2]a on leaf CO2 assimilation for minimal energetic cost and reduced nitrogen requirements. Underlying this is a general negative correlation between S and D, and a positive correlation between water‐use efficiency and [CO2]a. Furthermore, the calculated steady rise in stomatal conductance over the Phanerozoic is consistent with independent evidence for the evolution of plant hydraulic capacity, implying coordinated and sustained increase in gas exchange capacity and hydraulic capacity parallel long‐term increases in land plant diversity.
Evaluation of DNA damage and metabolic syndrome parameters in diabetic rabbits supplemented with antioxidants
Authors: Jain Nishtha , Naseem Imrana , Ahmad Jamal 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the extent of DNA damage in diabetes and metabolic syndrome and to assess the variations after supplementation with antioxidants. We used comet assay to measure DNA damage in freshly isolated lymphocytes from a total of 12 rabbits, distributed into four experimental groups (n = 3 rabbits per group): non‐diabetic (control, G1), diabetic (G2), diabetic supplemented with vitamin C (G3), and diabetic supplemented with vitamin E (G4). Also their serum was isolated for estimation of parameters that contribute to metabolic syndrome. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the marker of oxidative stress was also assessed. Mean values of DNA damage (tail length, expressed as μm), lipid peroxidation and concentration of blood glucose, MDA, C‐reactive protein, and triglycerides were higher in G2; whereas the mean values of concentration of high‐density lipoprotein, serum paraoxonase‐1 activity and small dense low‐density lipoprotein oxidation time were reduced in G2 followed by G3, G4, and G1. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DNA damage and elevated parameters of metabolic syndrome (r = 0.66, 0.96, 0.89, 0.75, 0.88, 0.92, 0.99, P < 0.05) and a significant negative correlation (r = −0.91, −0.75, −0.98, P < 0.05) was found between the DNA damage and declined parameters of metabolic syndrome. These data indicate that the extent of DNA damage is more in diabetic rabbits as compared to the non‐diabetic or antioxidant supplemented group. Abnormal metabolic parameters and their correlation with DNA damage, suggest the risk of development of metabolic syndrome in diabetic group but a possibility of repression by antioxidants because of their ability to counteract oxidative stress.