bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: How many species of shore fishes are there in the Tropical Eastern Pacific?
Authors: Zapata Fernando A. , Ross Robertson D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim To assess whether the total richness of the shore‐fish fauna of a discrete biogeographical region can be predicted, and to estimate how long it is likely to take to enumerate that fauna.Location The Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), an isolated biogeographical region with a high level of endemism (72%) among its modestly rich, known fauna of shore fishes (1222 named + 58 known undescribed shallow‐water species).Methods We used patterns in the long‐term dynamics and accumulation curves of descriptions of new species, which began in 1758, correlates of these patterns, and the body size–frequency distributions of various ecological groups of the fauna to (1) try to predict the total richness of that fauna, (2) estimate how many species might be missing and what biological characteristics they might have, and (3) estimate how long their discovery and description will take to complete.Results Accumulation curves for the entire fauna, for all TEP endemics or for reef and soft‐bottom species (77.5% of the fauna) are not approaching asymptotes, and their description rates have remained fairly stable over the past century. However, curves for pelagic and multi‐habitat species (22.5% of the fauna) may be nearing asymptotes, perhaps because these species are relatively accessible to collection. These curves clearly indicate that the total TEP fauna is substantially richer than the presently known fauna, but do not allow reliable prediction of its richness. Extrapolations from frequency distributions of the body size of different ecological groups of TEP fishes indicate that the entire fauna is at least 12–15% larger than the currently known fauna.Main conclusions From recent description trends, undiscovered species will tend to be small, have limited geographic and depth ranges, and live in deeper water. Poorly known, priority areas for taxonomic investigation in the TEP include deeper reef habitats, two isolated island groups, and several continental areas with unusual environments. At current levels of traditional taxonomic activity, the description of known unnamed species will takec.15 years, and assessment of the richness of unknown species, which probably number in the hundreds, will take decades.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Taxonomy and diversity of Afroalpine Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) on Mount Kenya and the Rwenzori Mountains, East Africa
Authors: Eggermont Hilde , Verschuren Dirk 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim Anthropogenic climate change is expected to result in the complete loss of glaciers from the high mountains of tropical Africa, with profound impacts on the hydrology and ecology of unique tropical cold‐water lakes located downstream from them. This study examines the biodiversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) communities in these scarce Afroalpine lake systems, in order to determine their uniqueness in relation to lowland African lakes and alpine lakes in temperate regions, and to evaluate the potential of Afroalpine Chironomidae as biological indicators to monitor future changes in the ecological integrity of their habitat.Location Mount Kenya (Kenya) and Rwenzori Mountains (Uganda).Methods The species composition of Afroalpine chironomid communities was assessed using recent larval death assemblages extracted from the surface sediments of 11 high‐mountain lakes between 2900 and 4575 m. Results were compared with similar faunal data from 68 East African lakes at low and middle elevation (750–2760 m), and with literature records of Chironomidae species distribution in sub‐Saharan Africa, the Palaearctic region and elsewhere. All recovered taxa were fully described and illustrated.Results The 11‐lake analysis yielded 1744 subfossil chironomid larvae belonging to 16 distinct taxa of full‐grown larvae, and three taxa of less differentiated juveniles. Eleven of these 16 are not known to occur in African lakes at lower elevation, and eight taxa (or 50% of total species richness) appear restricted to the specific habitat of cold lakes above 3900 m, where night‐time freezing is frequent year‐round. The faunal transition zone coincides broadly with the Ericaceous zone of terrestrial vegetation (c. 3000–4000 m). Snowline depression during the Quaternary ice ages must have facilitated dispersion of cold‐stenothermous species among the high mountains of equatorial East Africa, but less so from or to the Palaearctic region via the Ethiopian highlands.Main conclusions Chironomid communities in glacier‐fed lakes on Africa's highest mountains are highly distinct from those of lowland African lakes, and potentially unique on a continental scale. By virtue of excellent preservation and their spatial and temporal integration of local community dynamics, chironomid larval death assemblages extracted from surface sediments are powerful biological indicators for monitoring the hydrological and ecological changes associated with the current retreat and loss of Africa's glaciers.
Effect of temperature and leaf wetness duration on infection of sweet oranges by Asiatic citrus canker
Authors: Dalla Pria M. , Christiano R. C. S. , Furtado E. L. , Amorim L. , Bergamin Filho A. 
Published: September 2006

Asiatic citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas smithii ssp. citri, formerly X. axonopodis pv. citri, is one of the most serious phytosanitary problems in Brazilian citrus crops. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to assess the influence of temperature and leaf wetness duration on infection and subsequent symptom development of citrus canker in sweet orange cvs Hamlin, Natal, Pera and Valencia. The quantified variables were incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, mean lesion density and mean lesion size at temperatures of 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 42°C, and leaf wetness durations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Symptoms did not develop at 42°C. A generalized beta function showed a good fit to the temperature data, severity being highest in the range 30–35°C. The relationship between citrus canker severity and leaf wetness duration was explained by a monomolecular model, with the greatest severity occurring at 24 h of leaf wetness, with 4 h of wetness being the minimum duration sufficient to cause 100% incidence at optimal temperatures of 25–35°C. Mean lesion density behaved similarly to disease severity in relation to temperature variation and leaf wetness duration. A combined monomolecular‐beta generalized model fitted disease severity, mean lesion density or lesion size as a function of both temperature and duration of leaf wetness. The estimated minimum and maximum temperatures for the occurrence of disease were 12°C and 40°C, respectively.
The genetic architecture of male colour differences between a sympatric Lake Malawi cichlid species pair
Authors: BARSON N. J. , KNIGHT M. E. , TURNER G. F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe genetic basis of traits involved in reproductive isolation is a key parameter in models of sympatric speciation by sexual selection, a potential mechanism driving the explosive radiation of East African cichlids. Analysis of hybrid crosses between two sympatric Lake Malawi cichlid species, representing the extremes of the extant colour distribution, generated Castle–Wright estimates of four to seven loci controlling colour differences. Segregation patterns deviated from a purely additive model with a significant contribution from dominance, and possibly also epistasis. Evidence was found for a strong influence of autosomal loci. As departures from simple additive variation could effect the operation of models of sympatric speciation, dominance and epistasis should not be neglected.
Senescence in relation to latitude and migration in birds
Authors: MØLLER A. P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSenescence is the age‐related deterioration of the phenotype, explained by accumulation of mutations, antagonistic pleiotropy, free radicals or other mechanisms. I investigated patterns of actuarial senescence in a sample of 169 species of birds in relation to latitude and migration, by analysing longevity records adjusted for sampling effort, survival rate and body mass. Senescence might decrease at low latitudes because of elevated adult survival rates and generally slow life histories. Alternatively, the rate of senescence might increase at low latitudes because of the greater impact of biological interactions such as parasitism, predation and competition on fitness through differential effects of age‐specific mortality (e.g. because immunologically naïve young individuals and immuno‐senescent old individuals might die more frequently than individuals belonging to intermediate age classes). Bird migration entails extensive exercise twice annually, with migrants spending more time in benign environments with little abiotic mortality than residents, migrants having higher adult survival rate and lower annual fecundity than residents, and migrants suffering more from the consequences of oxidative stress than residents. The rate of senescence increased with latitude, as expected because of slow life histories at low latitudes. Independently, rate of senescence decreased with increasing migration distance. These findings were robust to control for potentially confounding effects of body mass, age of first reproduction and phenotypic similarity among species because of common descent.
Pulmonary embolism: Accuracy and safety of a negative CT pulmonary angiogram and value of a negative D‐dimer assay to exclude CT pulmonary angiogram‐detectable pulmonary embolism*
Authors: Subramaniam RM , Chou T , Swarbrick M , Karalus N 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThis is a retrospective study to determine the accuracy and safety of a negative CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) based on clinical outcome and to determine the usefulness of a negative D‐dimer assay before CTPA. A total of 483 patients with a negative CTPA study were followed up for 3 months, with the aim of detecting episodes of venous thromboembolism and mortality. Three hundred and forty‐nine patients had an immunochromatographic D‐dimer assay called ‘Simplify', carried out before a CTPA examination. Seventy‐eight patients had a negative D‐dimer assay and a negative CTPA. Three patients had a negative D‐dimer assay and a positive CTPA. All three patients had a moderate pretest clinical probability. Of the 483 patients who had a negative CTPA and a 3‐month follow up, 444 (92%) were alive and 39 (8%) had died. Of the 444 patients who were alive, none had any further suspected episode of thromboembolism or had received anticoagulation therapy within the follow‐up period. Of those who died, none of the deaths was thought to be as a result of pulmonary embolism (PE). Single‐detector helical CT can be used safely as the primary diagnostic test to evaluate PE. Negative Simplify D‐dimer assay and low pretest clinical probability exclude CTPA‐detectable PE, and a CTPA is unnecessary in this cohort of patients.
Normal obstetric ultrasound reduces the risk of Down syndrome in fetuses of older mothers
Authors: Anderson NG , Luehr B , Ng R 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThe objective of this study is to determine whether a normal fetal morphology ultrasound scan in women older than 35 years reduces the risk of aneuploidy. We reviewed the results of amniocentesis and second trimester sonogram in all women older than 35 years from 1991 to 1995. None had prior screening. We excluded fetuses with structural anomalies. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of minor markers in detecting Down syndrome and also determined the reduction in risk of a normal sonogram. Among the 2060 women older than 35 years giving birth during the study period, 16 (0.78%) delivered an infant with Down syndrome. Of the 16 fetuses, two had no prenatal testing or ultrasound, two had invasive testing but no second trimester sonogram, five had a normal sonogram and seven had one or more sonographic markers of Down syndrome. At least 17% of women older than 35 years did not participate in prenatal testing or ultrasound. Ultrasound detected Down syndrome with a sensitivity of 59% (95% confidence interval: 45–72%), a false‐positive rate of 10.6% (9.4–11.8%) and a positive predictor value of 1 in 9. The likelihood of having normal karyotype if the sonogram was normal was 0.46 (0.31–0.61). In women older than 35 years, a normal second trimester sonogram reduces the risk of Down syndrome by more than 50%. At least 17% of women older than 35 years do not participate in prenatal testing or ultrasound.
Patient satisfaction in radiation oncology
Authors: Zissiadis Y , Provis A , Harper E , Kearney E , McDonald L , Dhaliwal S 
Published: September 2006

SummaryAs part of a quality improvement exercise at the Perth Radiation Oncology Centre, a survey was undertaken to ascertain the current level of patient satisfaction with the information they were receiving from their treating radiation oncologist. In addition, the effect of radiation on patients’ anxiety levels was investigated. Two questionnaires were given to patients having radical radiotherapy for malignancy. The first questionnaire consisted of the Information Satisfaction Questionnaire and the State Trait Anxiety Index. It was given to patients before the commencement of their course of radiotherapy. The second questionnaire consisted of the State Trait Anxiety Index and was given at the completion of their radiotherapy. A total of 120 patients completed both the questionnaires. The majority of patients were satisfied/very satisfied with the explanation of their illness and radiation toxicities. Fewer patients were satisfied with the explanation of lifestyle (e.g. diet, exercise, smoking) and practical issues such as parking and treatment costs. The patients showed a statistically significant reduction in both their State and Trait Anxiety scores following radiotherapy. Following this study, we have developed new information booklets addressing lifestyle and practical issues, which were not being adequately addressed as shown in this study. Our next study will assess the effect of these new information booklets.
Ovarian vascular pedicle sign in ovarian metastasis arising from gall bladder carcinoma
Authors: Taranto AJ , Lourie R , Lau WFE 
Published: September 2006

SummaryA case of a large mass in the pelvis confirmed to be a rare ovarian metastasis arising from a primary adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder is presented. The value of the recently described ovarian pedicle sign in confirming the organ of origin of the pelvic mass is emphasized.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: A study of six cases with MR findings and literature review
Authors: Sainani NI , Lawande MA , Pungavkar SA , Desai M , Patkar DP , Mohanty PH 
Published: September 2006

SummarySpontaneous intracranial hypotension is clinically characterized by orthostatic headache and other symptoms caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from dural punctures or other medical causes. The other symptoms are mainly due to traction of the cranial and spinal nerves owing to descent of the brain caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Magnetic resonance imaging is very useful in the diagnosis because of its characteristic findings. We describe the MRI findings in six cases that had variable clinical presentation.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: A pictorial review
Authors: Burney K , Bradley M , Buckley A , Lyburn I , Rye A , Hopkins R 
Published: September 2006

SummaryPosttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious and potentially fatal complication after solid organ and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. The frequency of PTLD varies with the type of organ transplant but overall it affects 2–10% of all solid organ transplant recipients. Most cases develop within 1 year after the transplant, although occasional cases present 5–10 years later. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder is clinically and pathologically heterogeneous – the majority are of the non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma type, whereas Hodgkin’s lymphoma arising after transplantation is rare. We have retrospectively reviewed patients with a histological diagnosis of PTLD after a solid organ transplant. We present the imaging features and a clinical review of this condition. Early diagnosis of PTLD may alter the management and outcome of the disease. The radiologist can play a vital role in establishing the diagnosis by imaging features supplemented with percutaneous biopsy and also in monitoring the disease response to treatment.
Radiology curriculum for medical students: Clinicians’ perspectives
Authors: Subramaniam RM , Sherriff J , Holmes K , Chan MC , Shadbolt B 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThis study was conducted to establish clinicians’ perspectives of a set of radiology curriculum topics for medical student teaching, which were held to be important by radiologists. A questionnaire was sent to clinicians in all specialties. Forty‐six clinicians (51.1%) out of 90 returned the questionnaires. All curriculum topics were scored above an average of 4 (agree). The five highest ranking curriculum topics in order of importance were: developing a system for viewing chest radiographs (5.59), developing a system for viewing abdominal radiographs (5.56), developing a system for viewing bone and joint radiographs (5.33), distinguishing normal structures from abnormal in chest and abdominal radiographs (5.33) and identifying gross bone or joint abnormalities in skeletal radiographs (5.22). Correlative analysis between speciality groups showed surgical and medical specialities were significantly different in their responses of two learning outcomes: basic knowledge about the contrast media benefits and risks (P= 0.01) and ability to select the most appropriate and the most cost‐effective methods of radiological investigations for clinical situations (P= 0.03). Acute specialities were not significantly different from the other two groups for these two learning outcomes. There was no statistically significant difference for other learning outcomes between the three speciality groups.
Alternative technique for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a young child
Authors: Fasulakis S , Rerksuppaphol S , Hardikar W , Vrazas J , Brooks M 
Published: September 2006

SummaryLiver transplantation is safer, more readily available and is increasingly being carried out in younger patients. Therapeutic bridging procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt have therefore become more relevant to paediatrics, especially in the group of patients who are too unstable for surgery or in whom a liver graft is not available. We describe a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure in a 4‐year‐old child with life‐threatening variceal bleeding in whom the conventional procedure had failed. This technique may provide an alternative to conventional transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in this group.
Comparison of non‐coplanar and coplanar irradiation techniques to treat cancer of the pancreas
Authors: Osborne C , Bydder SA , Ebert MA , Spry NA 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWe compared two different techniques of pancreatic irradiation using measures associated with normal tissue complications. Seven consecutive patients with pancreatic cancer were planned for both coplanar and non‐coplanar (NCP) external beam radiation treatments, using the same defined anatomical volumes for each patient, in each case. Each pair of plans was then compared using a range of objective criteria. Individual normal tissues were assessed against traditional tolerance limits. Selected dose‐points, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and equivalent uniform doses (EUD) were also compared, as were indices combining information from individual tissues – total NTCP and total weighted EUD. All individual normal tissues doses were within established tolerance limits. For NCP relative to coplanar planning, NTCP and EUD were lower for all individual tissues in four cases and one case, respectively, i.e. in most cases a benefit to one tissue was offset by detriment to others. Summary measures demonstrated overall benefits for NCP techniques, with the total NTCP in six patients, and with the total weighted EUD in all patients. NCP techniques show potentially useful benefits. We present a new objective measure, the total weighted EUD, which may be particularly useful comparing plans where there are multiple critical tissues.
Outcome of post‐prostatectomy radiotherapy in one institution
Authors: Borg M , Sutherland P , Stapleton A , Bolt J , Steele D , Landers B , Porter A , Buxton S , Heilbornn C , Wong H‐Z 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWe present a retrospective study to evaluate the outcome of postoperative radiotherapy for biochemical or clinical recurrent prostate cancer. Twenty‐six patients (median age 60 years) underwent radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy between January 1997 and January 2004. Seven patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and 19 received salvage radiotherapy. The median prostate‐specific antigen at diagnosis was 8.6 (0.9–89) and most (23 patients) presented with T3N0 disease. The median follow up was 19.5 months (5–84 months). All patients received a dose of 61.2 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction, 20 initially receiving 45 Gy to the lesser pelvis. The median dose to the bladder, rectum and left femoral head were 55.6, 57.5 and 33.8 Gy, respectively. All patients were managed radiotherapeutically by the first author. Twenty‐four patients are alive. Two patients have died, one from oesophageal cancer and the second from metastatic prostate cancer. Two other patients also developed metastatic disease. Four asymptomatic patients with a rising prostate‐specific antigen are under observation. None of the 26 patients has developed a local recurrence. Seven patients have developed grade 1 late bowel effects and three a grade 2 late effect. Eight patients suffer from grade 1 late genitourinary effects and two from grade 2 effects. One patient developed impotence, whereas 23 patients were rendered impotent postoperatively. There were no grade 3/4 late effects. Postoperative radiotherapy is well tolerated and provides effective local control.
Cholecystocolonic fistula diagnosed with CT‐intravenous cholangiography
Authors: Gaillard F , Stella D , Gibson R 
Published: September 2006

SummaryCholecystoenteric fistulas are often not diagnosed preoperatively and delineation of fistula can have an influence on surgical planning. We report a case of cholecystocolonic fistula diagnosed preoperatively using CT‐i.v. cholangiography and review the published reports.
Non‐cavernomatous superior mesenteric thrombosis successfully recanalized with interventional radiological procedures carried out with a combination transmesenteric and transjugular approaches
Authors: Yamagami T , Takeuchi Y , Sonoyama T , Nakao N , Kato T , Ochiai T , Ichikawa D , Yamagishi H , Nishimura T 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThis is the study of a 52‐year‐old man with oesophageal, rectal and anal varices caused by portal hypertension with complete obstruction of the superior mesenteric vein. Treatment by two sessions of interventional radiological procedures was successful. The first was a catheter‐directed thrombolysis using the transmesenteric approach. The second was percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation for the obstructed segment of the superior mesenteric vein and the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. In the second session, devices were advanced over a guidewire inserted from the right jugular vein and pulled out of the ileocolic vein using the pull‐through technique.