bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for the solution of stochastic optimal control problems for large nonlinear econometric models
Authors: Hall S. G. , Stephenson M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of solving an optimal control problem for large dynamic economic models which are both nonlinear and stochastic. It proposes a technique which combines conventional deterministic optimal control algorithms with the procedure of stochastic simulation, which calculates a numerical approximation to the distribution of the models endogenous variables. The new technique is computationally feasible for even large nonlinear models and, as an illustration of this, the Bank of England's large quarterly forecasting model is used in an example.
Price formation in commodity markets
Authors: Lord M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper develops a theory‐consistent market model for storable commodities and illustrates its characterization of the data‐generating process for a set of major traded commodities. The dynamics of the system incorporate recent advances in modelling techniques. Cointegrated variables in the demand functions are represented by the error correction mechanism (ECM), and expected prices in the stock demand relationship are generated by a rational expectations process. The outside‐sample performance of the model is tested against the pure time‐series model used to formulate expected prices, and is shown to have a smaller mean square error than that of the time‐series model. Thus the model provides comparatively efficient forecasts and, unlike models constructed in their reduced form, permits consideration of key behavioural relationships in commodity markets.
Testing a discrete switching disequilibrium model of the UK labour market
Authors: Hall S. G. , Henry S. G. B. , Pemberton M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper develops a test procedure for serial correlation for discrete switching disequilibrium models which include both an endogenous price adjustment equation and lagged dependent variables. The tests are applied to a model of the UK labour market and the model is respecified in the light of the test results.
A symmetric approach to the labour market with the household as the unit of observation
Authors: Eggink E. , Hop J. P. , Van Praag B. M. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper a model for the labour market is developed which extends the traditional microeconomic studies of the labour market in two ways. First, the household is taken as the unit of observation and is considered to be the (potential) supplier of the labour of both husband and wife. The labour supply of the spouses is assumed to be jointly determined by characteristics of the household as well as individual characteristics. Second, following an earlier paper (Van Praag et al. (1991), where the female labour market is analysed separately, both the supply behaviour of the spouses and the labour demand behaviour of the employers is modelled. We apply an algorithm which needs only a few simulations per observation, while the simulation procedure generates drawings from the eight‐dimensional intervals in an efficient way. Empirical results are presented for a sample of Dutch households in 1983. With the model the impact of policy measures on employment can be evaluated. It follows that a substantial part of participation can be attributed to the ‘insider‐advantage’ for employed individuals. Further it appears that the labour market for women is more sensitive to changes in the socio‐economic environment than the labour market for men.
The structure of technology in Brazilian sugarcane production, 1975–87: An application of a modified symmetric generalized McFadden cost function
Authors: Rask Kevin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSugarcane‐based ethanol has become a primary automotive fuel in Brazil over the past 15 years. Because sugarcane costs are over two‐thirds of the costs of ethanol production, the economic efficiency of this renewable petroleum substitute hinges on the structure of technology in sugarcane production. In this paper a modified symmetric generalized McFadden (SGM) cost function for sugarcane is estimated and the presence of technical change and economies of scale are investigated. The original SGM proposed by Diewert and Wales (1987) is modified to allow for fixed factors of production. This allows the cost function to be applied to processes which have fixed factors. The results suggest that there is no empirical evidence of economies of scale and very little technical change, only in the north of Brazil. The implications for the future economic efficiency of this petroleum substitute are discussed.
Institutional hypothesis of the long‐run income velocity of money and parameter stability of the equilibrium relationship
Authors: Raj Baldev 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has recently been argued that when the conventional specification of M2 income velocity is extended to include proxies for two types of institutional change, as emphasized by Bordo and Jonung (1987, 1990), corresponding to the processes of monetization and increasing financial sophistication of financial developments, this extended model is stable in the sense that one can reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration against the alternative of a single cointegrating vector. There may be implications that such an equilibrium relation is a structural income velocity of money function. The evidence based on century‐long data from 1880 to 1986 presented in this paper about parameter instability of the cointegrating vector of velocity with its determinants for Canada, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom casts doubt on this interpretation. The evidence is based on using formal stability tests. Moreover, it has an ‘eyeball’ support from the sequential estimates of various parameters of the cointegrating relationship including income and interest semi‐elasticities.
The Maple computer algebra system: A review
Authors: Hutton John , Hutton James 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe set out the main features of Maple V, Release 3, and discuss its potential value to econometricians. Computer algebra systems, of which Maple is a leading example, have developed with the increased power of modern computers, but require skill and patience to use. It seems likely they will find a place in the econometrician's toolkit for work at the interface between analytic and numerical work, where they should prove valuable. However, although Maple has many of the features of conventional statistical/econometric/numerical software, it should not be seen as a substitute.
On the measurement of the size characteristics of powders by photo‐extinction methods. I. Theoretical considerations
Authors: Rose H. E. , Lloyd H. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent years a considerable number of apparatus for the determination of the size characteristics of fine powders has been devised but, on the grounds of general convenience, the email sample of powder necessary for a teat and the high accuracy with which the fundamental measurements may be carried out, the typos of apparatus involving photo‐extinction methods appear to be without equal.Unfortunately the method is subject to a considerable number of errors, some arising from the motion of the particles in the necessary suspension fluid and others from the fact that the mathematical laws of transmission of light through a suspension of particles, upon which the calculations are based, are only partially obeyed in practice so, although the measurements may be made with high precision, considerable errors may arise unless due allowance is made for the effects of these deviations.In the present work the errors arising from the second only of the sources enumerated above will be considered, since there appears to have been no systematic investigation into the errors arising from this cause.
A procedure for the characterisation of the acetic acid bacteria‐part I
Authors: Tošić Jezdimir , Walker Thomas Kennedy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConsideration is given to the precautious which must he adopted in standardising the conditions for the examination of cultures of Aectobacter species in order that comparisons may be obtained for diagnostic purposes. The media and the technique which were employed for thin purpose are then deseribed. Particulars are also given of ten species of Acctobacter which were examined under the standardised conditions adopted. The results of this examination will form the subject of part II.
Solvent extraction of penicillin
Authors: Rowley D. , Steiner H , Zimmen E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe extraction method for the purification and concentration of penicillin is reviewed. The theoretical basis underlying the extraction process is examined. A simple distribution formula reproduces the results well and in used to examine the dependence of the selectivity of a solvent on pH of extraction. A number of solvents were tested, most of them show better solvent power for penicillin than the widely‐used amyl acetate. Outstanding amongst these solvents are the cyclic ketones such as methylcyclo‐hexanone and dimethylcyclohexanone.* With these solvents efficient extraction at pH4 is possible, thus avoiding contact of penicillin with solutions of greater acidity where it becomes unstable. The selectivity of these solvents is examined and found to increase with the pH of extraction. At pH4 the selectivity of methylcyclobexanone approached that of chloroform, the latter being a very selective solvent for penicillin.
Insecticidal tests with analogues of DDT
Authors: Busvine J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe insecticidal powers of forty‐one compounds analogous to DDT (αα‐bis‐(γ‐chlorphenyl)‐βββ‐trichlorethane) have been examined by tests with human lice and bed bugs. Wherever possible, the substances were dissolved in refined mineral oil and sprayed directly at the insects. Compounds insoluble in oil were tested as dry powders or aqueous solutions. Some of the compounds examined showed insectieidal powers of the same type as DDT, the most toxic compounds being those whoso molecules most resembled DDT. All the effective compounds were to some extent oil‐soluble but only a small degree of this property appears to be essential. Two theories concerning the mode of action of DDT are discussed but they do not receive support from the present data.
Adhesion between binders and individual rock‐forming minerals
Authors: Douglas John F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the question of adhesion between binders and aggregates used for road surfacing. Although the materials normally used for road aggregates are not homogeneous but consist of a number of rock‐forming minerals, most of the experimental work on this subject has consisted of measurements of adhesion between a binder and the natural stone surface. It seemed unsatisfactory to try to take measurements on a surface which is heterogeneous in mineral composition unless it could be assumed that the mineralogical composition of the material was of no importance. To check this assumption the author carried out a number of tests, described in the paper, to determine the adhesion between a tar hinder and individual rock‐forming minerals from which it uppcars that the adhesion varies for different minerals, poor adhesion being found with materials such as Orthoclaso and Horneblcndo while adhesion with Augito and Olivine was extremely good. From these results an attempt has been made to estimate the behaviour of a number of ordinary aggregates from consideration of their mineral composition.
The vitamin C content of potatoes grown on reclaimed land
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. , Lampitt L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe average figures found for the concentration of vitamin C and dehydronscorbic acid in nine varioties of potatoes grown on reclaimed land differed to soma extent from those previously obtained for potatoes grown on normal soil in 1943–44; the data available is insufficient to differentiate between differences in season, soil or same unknown factor as the eausativo agent. The application of different manurial treatments to one variety of potato did not produeo any striking effect on the concentration of vitamin C.
The effect of heat on aqueous solutions of sucrose and other carbohydrates
Authors: Montgomery R. , Wiggins I. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen sucrose is heated with water in an autoclave at high temperature in an atmosphere of hydrogen, a degree of acidity is produced which is sufficient to cause first the inversion of the sucrose and secondly its conversion to 5‐hydroxymcthyl 2‐furfural, a substance which is produced also when glucose or sorbose are similarly treated. It is suggested that the acidity produced initially may he due to the formation of acetol, which has been previously encountered on treating sugars with water at high temperatures.
Trimethylamine oxide in marine products
Authors: Ronold Olav Anker , Jakobsen Finn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing an historical introduction, a short survey is given of the chemical properties of trimethylamine oxide. The results of determinations of the content of trimethylamine oxide in Norwegian marine products, as well as results of investigations of the fate of trimethylamine oxide during bacterial decomposition of raw materials for canning, are reported. Certain chemical reactions taking place in canned products during storage, are then treated. In this connection the importance of trimediylamine oxide in the corrosion of cans and for the “maturing” of canned products is discussed.
Notes on the component acids of west indian ben and mango seed oils
Authors: Dunn H. C. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBen (Behen) oil, seed fat of Moringa oleifera, was obtained in 30% yield from the kernels of Trinidad seed, and had iodine value 67·1 and free fatty acidity (as oleic) 6·5%. Its component acids were palmitic 5·5, stearic 7·8, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric (together) 9·2, hexadecenoic 0·9, and linoleic 0·8% (wt.). Its composition suggests that, if available in suitable quantity and quality, it would be equal to olive oil for edible purposes. Mango seed fat was obtained in 6% yield from Jamaican kernels; it is a solid fat (iodine value 49·1), with component acids palmitic 4·4, stearic 42·5, arachidic 3·0, oleic 44·7 and linolcic 5·4% (wt.). The composition of the West Indian mango fat differed from that recently recorded for a specimen from India, its unsaturation being distinctly higher owing to the presence of linoleic glycerides apparently absent from the Indian fat. The high stearic content of mango fat is unusual for a seed fat from its botanical family. Mango fruit contains only small traces of fat (iodine value 91).
The determination of methylol groups and dibenzyl ether linkages in phenol alcohols and derived phenolic resins. Part II. Ether linkages
Authors: Lilley H. S. , Osmond D. W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hardening of phenol alcohols yields as primary products dibenzyl ethers, which hence occur in phenolic resins. Methods for the determination of the dibenzyl ether linkage are described, which depend on its fission by hydrobromic acid. It is shown that methods depending on analysis of the resulting bromomethyl compounds may be unreliable, but that satisfactory results may be obtained if the water eliminated in the fission is estimated by the Karl Fischer reagent. The necessary apparatus and technique are described, and results given for a series of pure dibenzyl ethers and various phenolic resins.
The fractionation of potato starch part II. The reducing powers, mean molecular weights and solubilities of the fractions
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reducing powers of the fractions from ground potato starch and the mean molecular weights calculated from them show that, as in the case of wheat starch, grinding in a ball mill causes very considerable depolymerization. This process takes place more rapidly with potato starch than with wheat starch. In contrast to wheat starch, the differences in solubility between the dried potato starch fractions are explainable by the differences in the mean molecular weights of the fractions.
Observations on the ph and related properties of meat
Authors: Bate‐Smith E. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperiments are described which illustrate the effects of fatiguing exercise, recovery from exercise and training on the amount of lactic acid formed and the pH reached in the muscles of rats after death. Besides depleting its glycogen reserves, heavy exercise produces a change in muscle which is interpreted as a diffusion of base into the muscle. Both of these factors oppose the post‐mortem lowering of pH Data arc also given for the sugar, lactic acid and fat contents of the blood of normal slaughterhouse animals; for the glycogen content of different muscles of typical beef animals in full rigor; and for the connective tissue content of 29 typical beef animals. The pH reached in rigor is shown to be a function of glycogen content at death, connective tissue content, buffering power, and the ante‐mortem treatment of the animal.
South African fish products. Part XXVIII. The composition of the liver oil of the seven‐gilled shark, heptranchias pectorosus, (garman)
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Schwartz H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of the unsaponifiablc fraction, and of the fatty acid fraction of the liver oil of Heptranchias pectorosus has been determined, Since α‐glyceryl ether esters are a major constituent of the oil, the component α‐glyceryl ethers of the unsaponifiable fraction have been quantitatively determined and their relationship to the fatty acids discussed.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part II. Laminaria digitata
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a previous communication, 1 the seasonal variation in chemical constitution of Laminaria cloustoni over a period of two years was given. The present paper outlines the seasonal variation in ash, crude protein, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid of Laminaria digitata for the same period. In this case the samples were taken from two different localities, to find the effect of different degrees of exposure on the chemical constitution.
The component acids and glycerides of whale oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Maddison L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe component acids of a specimen of Antarctic whale oil, previously1 separated by means of their lithium and lead salts prior to analysis by ester‐fractionation, have now been resolved by the alternative process of crystallization from solvents at low temperatures. This method, which is preferred on account of speed and case of operation, led to results in good agreement with those obtained earlier by the salt‐separation procedure. When facilities for low‐temperature work are not available, therefore, the preliminary separation by lithium and lead salts, although more lengthy, leads to data of similar accuracy.The component glycerides of the whale oil were re‐investigated by a more thorough segregation than that previously made, 1 by means of crystallization from acetone from ‐‐‐ 602 upwards, six groups of glycerides finally being obtained. The results were generally similar to those of the former study, but differed numerically in some respects: the oil contains about 16% of disaturated and 2·5% of trisaturated glycerides, about 30% of tri‐unsaturated glycerides, and about 50% of glycerides containing one saturated acid, one unsaturated C18 acid, and one of the other homologous unsaturated acids. About 45% of the oil contains acids of the C20 and C22 series, and oleic groups are present in over 90% of the oil.
The electrometric estimation of chloride in meat products. II. The influence of heating on the combination of silver with meat substances
Authors: Ingram M. , Bryan J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a modification of the method for the estimation of chloride in meat products by clcctromctric titration with silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid using a silver/silvcr chloride reference electrode, which was described previously.
The preparation of ethylene cyanhydrin and acrylonitrile on a laboratory and semi‐technical scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Walker B. Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcrylonitrile was urgently required for certai experimental work and the Ministry of Supply Undertook the requiring a minimum of special equipment. The published methods of preparation were reviewed, together with certain information from B.I.O.S. reports on German industrial processes, and a process was finally developed suitable for existing plant. This paper deals with the laboratory and semi‐technical research incidental to the preparation of about 56 1b. of acyrlonitrile starting from ethylene chlorhydrin.
The inactivation of thiamin by Bracken (Pteris aquilina)
Authors: And Brynmor Thomas , Walker H. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe anti‐thiamin effect of bracken, noted by Weswig, Freed and Haeg, has been confirmed. Rats on a diet containing 40% bracken, and providing adequate amounts of thiamin, lost weig it and died within thirty days. Control groups receiving large supplementary doses of thiamin made continuous increases in bodyweight. The hearts and livers of rats which had succumbed to a bracken‐containing diet were shown to be of abnormally low thiamin content. An incubation technique developed by the authors, showed that bracken had the capacity to inactivate large amounts of vitamin.
Organoleptic tests in the food industry. I. General introduction and quality of animal products
Authors: Bate‐Smith E. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe procedures adopted in evaluating the quality of dried eggs and carcass meat arc described. In the former case, scored samples were submitted to panels of consumers in an attempt to establish a level of acceptability in terms of flavour score. The general principles which should govern the operation of panel work are discussed in the light of these examples and of Plank's recommendations.
The transfer of DDT to foodstuffs from impregnated sacking
Authors: Butterfield D. E. , Parkin E. A. , Gale M. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for determining the amount of DDT in foodstuffs, using monoethanolamine to dehydrochlorinate the DDT, followed by electrometric titration of the free chloride with silver nitrate; the monocthanolamine does not hydrolyse the fats and oils. The method has been used to determine the quantities of DDT transferred from DDT‐impregnated sacking to wheat, wheat flour, soya flour, decorticated groundnuts, and cocoa beans. Relatively large quantities of DDT may be transferred in B few months, particularly to finely divided and fatty foodstuffs, and much caution must be exercised in making recommendations for the use of DDT‐impregnated sacks 10 prevent or control insect infestation in stored foodstuffs. The importance of vapour‐phase transfer of DDT is discussed.
Salty flavour in bacon
Authors: Ingram M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe flavour of bacon is usually much less salty than would be expected on the basis of the salt‐content. This is expressed by an “availability index” which is the ratio of the salty flavour observed, to that of a solution containing the same percentage of salt as the bacon, reckoned on fresh weigh. The availability index seems to be an expression of the muscular structure, since it is similar in symmetrical pairs of muscles on opposite sides of a pig, and is largely independent of the quantity of salt added to the meat. Because the availability increases with juiciness, it is suggested that the intensity of salty flavour depends on the speed at which salt is liberated in the mouth on chewing bacon. Juiciness increases with decreasing pH in muscles; hence the availability of salt increases with acidity in bacon. A bacon of pH 6·2 might perhaps contain twice as much salt as one of pH, 5·3, without tasting more salty. Besides the pH, other characters such as toughness are probably involved.