bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paying Attention : a Study of Attentional and Interpersonal Styles of Hotel and Restaurant Administration Students
Authors: Whitney David L. , Pratt Robin W. 
Published: March 2007

Perception is selective due to the limited ability of humans to process information. Choices must be made whether to attend with a broad or narrow focus, and to focus externally or on internal thoughts. These choices determine performance in a variety of settings. Sixty-one hotel and restaurant administration students took a self-report inventory measuring attentional and interpersonal style. Results indicate that they read and react to the environment better, court a busier world, present a more outgoing style, and take a more competitive approach to matters than other university students. They also differed from business and sales executives in a number of areas. These differences are discussed relative to instructor/curriculum presentations, industry recruiting, and career potential for HRA graduates.Key Words:
Philanthropic Strategy for Hospitality Education
Authors: Pauzé E. Francis , Choate Bradford E. 
Published: March 2007

Philanthropy to higher education in the United States totaled over $8 billion in 1988. Most colleges and universities are in the middle of either conducting, finishing or contemplating a capital campaign. For a variety of reasons, few hospitality programs appear to be actively involved in these fund-raising efforts. Over the last 10 years, corporate giving has been the fastest growing source of philanthropy, contributing over $4.5 billion in 1987. Individual gifts, however, still exceed total corporate support for higher education. For many institutions, internal and governmental support is decreasing. Therefore, individual and corporate support must be cultivated to make up the difference. A significant share of the philanthropic dollars going to higher education is coming from a natural constituency of hospitality-education corporations.
Independent Study Degree Programs At Syracuse University
Authors: Foucar-Szocki Reginald , Colley Robert 
Published: March 2007

What do a grandmother from Connecticut, a lobster restaurant owner from Maine, and an assistant foodservice director of a 500-bed hospital from New York City have in common ? They are all pursuing their Bachelor of Science Degrees in Food systems Management at Syracuse University taking advantage of an innova tive approach to education called the Independent Study Degree Program (ISDP). The ISDP format combines two elements: an intensive one-week, on-campus residence, and a variety of individual learning activities that the working professional completes at home. This approach allows the working professionals to continue their full-time management positions, while still pursuing the B.S. degrees. The only alternative for completing the bachelor's degree would be taking one or two night courses each semester for the next ten years. One of the keygoals of the program is for the participants to gain a clearerinsight into the elements necessary for success in hospitality management. This is accomplished through course work with faculty in the Food Management Program as well as seniorfacultyfrom the distinguished School of Management. Throughout the semester the students andfaculty are in contact via telephone, letters, electronic mail, and even videos. The primary benefit of this innovative approach to education is that the working manager can immediately apply the new knowledge to the job. Since many of the students have an associate's degree it is realistic for them as working professionals to complete their bachelor's degree in two to three years. Syracuse University has had an active Independent Study Degree since 1966 and all ISDP programs are fully accredited by Middle States and the prestigious Association ofAmerican Universities. At the present time, Food Systems Manage ment ISDP students join seven other studies of program including those working professionals pursuing M.B.A. degrees. The total number of students enrolled in ISDP is over 2, 000 with students coming from most states in the country and from over 20 foreign countries. For more information about this innovative approach to education contact: Robert Colley, Director, ISDP-Syracuse University, 301 Reid Hall, 610 E. Fayette Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244-6020; phone: (315) 443-3269; FAX: (315) 443-1928.
Legality and Illegality: The Issue of Non-citizens in Australia
Authors: Foster Lois , Seitz Anne 
Published: March 2007

The status of citizen and how it is defined, re-defined, achieved, or denied are important indicators for analysing any society. They are particularly important in societies which are multi-ethnic. The prevailing ideology in Australia is one of multiculturalism. An understanding of who is an Australian or an Australian citizen is basic to any assessment of the penetration of that ideology. The paper examines the issue of non-citizens in Australia by discussing four main points. 1. Defining the non-citizen in Australian terms. 2. Examining the differences between the non-citizen and the prohibited non-citizen. 3. Exploring the process of becoming a prohibited non- citizen. 4. Discussing the economic, personal and social consequences of being a prohibited non-citizen.
Some Aspects of Shellfish Sanitation in Britain
Authors: Sherwood H.P. 
Published: March 2007

It is suggested that although there is no need for anxiety about the risk of paralytic poisoning from shellfish occurring in Britain, the cause and nature of this form of poisoning should not be lost sight of. Approved purification stations effectively remove sewage pollution from the mussels and oysters treated in them, but leave a substantial proportion of these shellfish to be marketed unpurified, some taken from beds which, to say the least, are not above suspicion. The extension of approved purification schemes seems unlikely to occur for several years. Bacteriological examination of market samples continues to serve a useful purpose in shellfish sanitation, and the adoption of a standard technique and method of interpreting results is advocated.
Some Aspects On Housing in Rural Districts
Authors: Ward Griffiths D. 
Published: March 2007

The author has reviewed rural housing progress since the war and has suggested that returns of details of categorization of rural dwellings, revealed by the survey in each district, be collated to give national figures of rural housing conditions. True assessment of housing need can only be made by local authorities in the light of local conditions and characteristics. He states that step by step with the building of new houses, the work of rural slum clearance should be commenced, together with greater action in demanding repairs to existing dwellings. New legislation is overdue for the equitable " thawing " of rent-restricted properties, and rent increases should be made in proportion to the state of fitness of the property concerned compared with the sixteen-point standard. He has reiterated the need for the fullest use of council-owned properties and the responsibilities of local authorities in the proper housing of agricultural workers and elderly people, at rents which they can afford, facilitated if necessary by differential rent systems. Farmers must play a bigger part in properly housing their workmen. The failure to date of section 20 of the Housing Act, 1949, is briefly reviewed, but the author is convinced that the Act can still be a vital instrument in securing improvements to older properties, to the common advantage of tenant, landlord, local authority and farmer.
The Educational Aspect of a Clean Food Campaign
Authors: Holt H. Mainwaring 
Published: March 2007

The interest in clean food is not of recent development ; it goes back to the middle of the eighteenth century, but not until I860 was it made the subject of legislation. The public health service has inclined to persuasion rather than coercion in stimulating the need for pure and whole some food as a safeguard against injury to health. There is a conflict between trade interest and the official health interest which can be resolved by mutual co-operation and public enlightenment. The deliberate food adulterator should be regarded and dealt with as a common thief. The Catering Trade Working Party's recommendations focused attention on the importance of clean food handling ; whether the increase of notified cases of food poisoning is real or imaginary the danger to the public health is there ; educational measures and an immediate improvement in food handling are, therefore, of paramount importance. Improvements in food handling, like improvements in anything else, will cost money ; the public will be called upon to meet the cost. Let it be understood that they will get far better value than having to risk the cost of illness which when incurred cannot be counted in pounds, shillings and pence. The cost is a form of insurance against illness. There is a need to protect the honest trader from exploitation by the blackmailer who says he has found this or that in some food commodity purchased. The precautions to be taken in clean food handling are simple ; the real danger is confined to a few products only. An educational campaign starts in the town hall. It is the local authority which should take the lead in a matter of this kind. The next step is to interest the trade ; a clean food exhibition will bring the matter to the notice of the public as well as provide an opportunity for various firms to bring their ideas to the notice of the trade. The press can give great assistance by timely publicity in the development of the clean food idea. Lectures to food handlers are of unquestionable value. The interest and encouragement of master tradesmen is absolutely necessary in getting staff to attend. The St. John Ambulance Association syllabus is short, simple and acceptable ; the classes should be self-supporting. The personal approach to the problem of clean food and clean food handling is far more profitable than making it the subject of official diatribes.
Life to Work: issues and applications for learning disabled people undergoing transition from hospital to community-based settings
Authors: Hewitt C. , Branton P. , Dunn J. , Willcocks A. 
Published: March 2007

Life Story Work represents the development of values in the importance of understanding history in the continuing self-esteem of an individual. This study reports such work for people with learning disabilities showing it to reap benefits for individuals living in a hospital setting. It provided the opportunity for people to express their unique individuality, their needs and desires and has provided a fuller understanding of the person. It also provided a useful tool for client/carer interaction and communication. The team involved has discovered many ways in which Life Story Work can be presented, to enable individuals to access their Life Story according to the skills they possess. A voice on a tape, a video, a book of photographs or a comprehensive written book are some of the ideas that have evolved from this work.
Learning disability: dimensions of professional empowerment
Authors: Gale J. 
Published: March 2007

In contemporary nursing, the term 'empowerment' has forged a firm position in the language of professionals. It is often used as a politically correct word to describe clients' outcomes and nursing practice. The inevitable link between the lifestyles of people with learning disabilities and learning disability nursing has bound the differing ideologies of empowerment to provide a central theme for learning disability nursing practice. However, with little evidence of critical analysis of nursing practice and discourses, the notion of empowerment remains controversial and nebulous. The continual search of the learning disability nursing profession to ensure its contribution fits the ethos of the day, challenges it to enter the empowerment debate. Within this debate nursing must actively clarify whether it has a reactive or proactive part to play. This paper's primary aim is to discuss professional empowerment within the context of learning disability nursing practice. A shift in power between the social and health care interface raises questions about how nursing will develop and use its power. A conceptual framework of professional empowerment is offered to enhance the understanding of learning disability nursing. It focuses on the interface and boundaries in learning disability practice and includes: (a) the micro layer- practice within an enclosed boundary; (b) the meso layer - opening the boundary; (c) the macro layer - the sociopolitical realities. This framework provides learning disability nursing with a world view of practice that is dynamic and challenges nurses to transform it further.
Computation of upper and lower bounds to the frequencies of clamped cylindrical shells
Authors: Nau Richard W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMethods for obtaining bounds on natural frequencies are demonstrated for the free vibration of thin, clamped cylindrical shells. The upper bounds are obtained by a Rayleigh‐Ritz procedure. The lower bound method used is an extension of one previously applied to simpler structures; the extension is needed to adjust to limit points in a spectrum. For both bounds the problems reduce to matrix eigenvalue problems. Numerical techniques are employed to keep the order of these reduced problems small.
Application of glow discharge polymerisation to the preparation of reverse osmosis membranes
Authors: Buck K. R. , Davar V. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReverse osmosis membranes have been prepared by the deposition of thin films on to the surface of a porous support membrane by glow discharge polymerisation. A film prepared from vinylene carbonate with the addition of 8% acrylonitrile was found to give the best salt rejection; salt rejection increased with the number of polymer coats deposited.
Reactions to Inequity III
Authors: Anderson Bo , Shelly Robert K. 
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were designed and performed to test an explanatory conjecture stated in an earlier paper. The conjecture says that dissonance (or cognitive imbalance) will occur among overrewarded participants in groups if, and only if, the overrewarded person is receiving or expects to receive indications of disapproval concerning how rewards are distributed in the group from an authority figure or an equitably rewarded group member. The experiments reported here used a modified Berger situation. The results tend to disconfirm the conjecture as stated. Various explana tions of the negative results arc discussed. Some further theoretical arguments concerning the nature and conse quences of inequity are presented. In spite of much experimental and other research, we do not possess much more trustworthy (replicable) information about equity processes than Homans did when he wrote Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Some reasons for the empirical impasse are discussed.
Net Effects of Language Shift in Finland, 1951-1960: a Demographic Analysis
Authors: de Vries John 
Published: March 2007

Backward and forward survival ratios were used to estimate the net effect of language shift upon the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960. The analysis was done for males and females separately. Findings show that language shift was an important factor in the decline of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960 Since the heaviest loss took place in cohorts aged 10-19 in 1950, it is suggested that important factors in language shift were those experiences which for most persons occur in late adolescence and early adulthood: secondary schooling, entry into labour market and the selection of a marriage partner.
The Women's Movement — a Theoretical Discussion
Authors: Streijffert Helena 
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to describe in general terms the pattern of development of women's movements. One of the main problems concerns the mobilization of women to participate in such a movement. In solving this problem I find it necessary to define women first as members of a society and then as participants in a movement. I shall discuss women as a social category, as a collectivity, and as a group. Moreover I shall identify the women's movement as a collective actor and discuss two aspects of its mobilization potential: the mobilization of women in relation to each other, i.e. by their membership of a group, and in relation to the women's movement as a reference individual. The empirical data cited in the discussion should be regarded as illustrations and not, of course, as proofs. The model presented is the result of a theoretical exercise, and should be assessed on the basis of its potential value for a future empirical study of women's movements in Sweden.
Unemployment and Poverty in the Contemporary Welfare States*
Authors: Abrahamson Peter , Anderson John , Henriksen Jan , Larsen Jørgen Elm 
Published: March 2007

All over Western Europe unemployment has for a considerable number of years been at a very high level, thus presenting social policy with increasing difficulties in securing satisfactory living conditions tor the long-term unem ployed Austerity programmes have generally reduced public financial trans fers to the unemployed. while at the same time the average duration of unemployment has increased sharply Therefore. the long-term unemployed experience increasing risks of poverty. partly because income replacements have declined and partly because the individual length of the period of unemployment has grown. At the University of Copenhagen a research project is being carried out with the aim of investigating which social mechanisms of segmentation and selection determine the poverty -careers' ot the long-term unemployed Finally, the relationship between politics and poverty within the weltare state will be discussed.
China and Southeast Asia
Authors: Schwarz Henry G. 
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the remarks he made by way of initiating discussion at a Seminar on "The Impact of China in Southeast Asia with particular emphasis on the Philippines" which was held in Manila on February 17 and 18 under the joint auspices of the Institute of Asian Studies of the University of the Philippines and the Congress for Cultural Freedom. We publish Prof. Schwarz's article not because we necessarily agree with the views expressed in it but because the issues raised by him need to be discussed by a wider Asian audience than was possible to have at the Seminar. We shall be glad to publish contributions on the subject not exceed ing 2000 words. — Ed.]
Norwegian Policy in the Middle East Crisis of I967
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel 
Published: March 2007

The article discusses motives behind the Norwegian refusal to sign the British proposal for a declaration claiming that Nasser's closing of the Gulf of Aqaba on 22 May 1967 was illegal. A signing of the declaration would have implied a non-neutral stand in the conflict. It is concluded that the case selected indicates a general Norwegian neutralist attitude when armed conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries occur, and that this policy is based partly on security considerations as well as on economic interests. It also appears that the Norwegian stake in the efforts of the United Nations in the area has contributed to the arguments and considerations for maintaining a neutralist attitude. This neutral line has been pursued while the Norwegian people at large have been in sympathy with the Israeli position and at times have articulated demands for a more pro-Israel policy. This has not, however, persuaded the Government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to change their policy.
Arab Demands and Desires in the Conflict with the State of Israel
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel 
Published: March 2007

This study, which is based on a series of interviews conducted in Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon in March-April 1970, focuses on Arab attitudes towards a negotiated settlement with the state of Israel. The Arab world, it appears, is divided into those who want to liberate Palestine while rejecting negotiations, and those whose main concern is to liberate the territories occu pied in the 1967 war, viewing negotiations as useful to this end. With many factors difficult to assess in terms of their relative importance and weight, the outcome of the struggle for the upper hand between the adherents of the two strategies becomes even more uncertain. Both strategies, however, are deeply rooted in the Arab world. Because of this, it is also concluded that a negotiated settlement, along the lines of the UN resolution of November 1967, would not be a basis for lasting stability in the area, notwithstanding its reducing the likelihood of new local wars.
New Problems — Old Solutions
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar , Traavik Kim 
Published: March 2007

The verdict in 1933 by the Permanent International Court of Justice in the so-called 'Eastern Greenland Case' brought to the fore the dilemma of adapting the traditional sovereignty concept to the novel political/legal problems characterizing the 'new ter ritories'. With the opening up of other 'new territories' for exploration and subsequent exploitation, this dilemma has grown ever more acute in recent years. This chapter highlights some general regulation problems in 'new territories', gives a description of attempts made to solve such problems in the past, and identifies the key elements in the various 'solution models' (notably the Svalbard Treaty, the Antarctic Treaty and the Continental Shelf Convention). These elements are described and analysed comparatively, with a certain emphasis on the somewhat divergent precon ditions prevalent in the three separate examples. In the final section, the authors pro ceed to discuss the applicability of the old solution models to the present and emerging regulation problems in the new territories.
Soviet Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: A Case Study
Authors: Jönsson Christer 
Published: March 2007

Jönsson, C. Soviet Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: A Case Study. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 129-148. The article discusses the relationship between external and internal factors in shaping Soviet foreign policy on the basis of a case study of Soviet behavior in the nuclear test ban negotiations 1958-63. Observed changes in Soviet behavior in these negotiations are related to 'internal bargaining' on the test ban issue between pro-treaty and anti- treaty 'groupings' within the USSR. Changes in Soviet negotiating behavior at Geneva are found to be correlated with changes in the success and influence of the different groupings. This case study indicates that neither external nor domestic factors alone, but rather the complex interplay between the two, can account for Soviet foreign policy behavior. International and domestic events can both be regarded as necessary but not sufficient conditions in explaining Soviet behavior in the test ban negotiations.
Explaining Foreign Policy Attitudes: The Case of Danish Attitudes toward America
Authors: Hansen Peter 
Published: March 2007

Hansen, P. Explaining Foreign Policy Attitudes: the Case of Danish Attitudes toward America. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 149-170. The article discusses and evaluates the present state of approaches to the study of foreign policy attitudes. Noting the prevalence of single-factor studies at only one of several possible levels of analysis, the article emphasizes the need for more com prehensive analytic models, integrating various levels of analysis and different variable categories. Drawing upon an analytical framework of this nature, Danish attitudes toward America are analyzed from a variety of theoretical perspectives utilizing mea sures of personality disposition, socio-economic status, party preference, as well as other factors. Comparing attitudes toward America with attitudes toward the Third World and toward the Soviet Union shows how these foreign policy attitude aspects are related differently to the different categories of explanatory variables included in the analytical framework.