bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SYNOPSIS DU NOUVEL ORDRE DES SARCINOCHRYSIDALES (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Gayral Mme P. , Billard Mme C. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméUne description formelle d'un nouvel ordre de Chrysophyceae distinct des Ochromonadales et des Chromulinales est donnée. L'ordre est fondé sur le genre‐typeSarcinochrysiscaractérisé par des monades à appareil flagellaire latéral formé de deux fouets hétéromorphes. Deux sous‐ordres (Sarcinochrysidineae et Chrysomeridineae) et deux familles nouvelles (Sarcinochrysidaceae et Nematochrysopsidaceae) sont définis; des modifications sont apportées dans la diagnose de deux autres familles et dans celle de genres antérieurement décrits.
WILLIAM ROXBURGH'S ‘BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SWIETENIA (MAHOGANY)‘ AND OTHER OVERLOOKED BINOMIALS IN 36 VASCULAR PLANT FAMILIES
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclatural history of Soymida febrifuga (Meliaceae) is examined and the name shown to be valid, the specific name published by Roxburgh in 1793, the generic, like several other generic names in Meliaceae, by Mirbel and Cassini in 1830, and the combination in 1832. In establishing this, other overlooked binomials were brought to light such that a new combination in Hymenodictyon (Rubiaceae) is necessary. Names published in reports of societies' proceedings are discussed with the result that Barclaya (Nymphaeaceae) becomes Hydrostemma, in which two new combinations are proposed. A list of a further 108 overlooked names of plants, principally from Eurasia, is appended. Their recognition requires that Dianthus erinaceus (Caryophyllaceae) be known as D. webbianus, and Smilax rigida (Liliaceae) becomes S. myrtilius, while one name in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) remains obscure; the earliest name for Tulipa eichleri (Liliaceae) may be T. persica.
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY AND THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: AN OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS RECOMMENDED FOR SUPPORT BY THE SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY PROGRAM IN 1980‐81
Authors: Beaman John H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryResearch projects in systematic botany reviewed and recommended for support by the National Science Foundation Systematic Biology Program in fiscal years 1980 and 1981 are described. These 104 projects include three studies primarily concerned with phenomena rather than taxa, 28 monographs or revisions, 46 characterizing various aspects of selected taxa, 24 inventories, and three service functions.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOLOGUES OF NEW GENERA WITH NEW SPECIES IN FORSSKÅL'S FLORA AEGYPTIACO‐ARABICA
Authors: Friis I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is shown that a well‐defined scheme in agreement with the Linnaean method has been used in writing up diagnoses and descriptions of new genera with new species in the 'Descriptiones' of Forsskål's Flora Aegyptiaco‐Arabica. Frequent deviations from this scheme by the editor of Forsskål's posthumous work do not prevent us from distinguishing between generic diagnoses, generic descriptions, specific diagnoses, and specific descriptions. The specific epithet of the first new species in a new genus is often published elsewhere in the Flora. The consequences of these observations for the validity of a number of names are shown. The following names, valid under the modern Code, are dealt with in more detail:Alternanthera, withA. achyranthes; Chadara (=GrewiaL., 1753), withC. tenax, C. arborea(wrongly indicated as the type of I.N.G.), andC. velutina; Charachera (=LantanaL., 1753), withC. tetragona, andC. viburnoides(wrongly indicated as the type by I.N.G.);Micrelium (=EcliptaL., 1771), withM. asteroidesandM. tolak(wrongly indicated as the type by I.N.G.);Turia (=LuffaMiller, 1754), withT. sativa(lectotype, selected here),T. leloja, T. gijef, andT. moghadd.The generic namesSaelanthus, SuaedaandCathaare not validly published, and as a consequence none of the specific epithets published in combination with these generic names.Zilla, withZ. myagrioides, is validly published under the present Code. The generic nameElcajais considered validly published, butElcaja rokais not.
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR ESTABLISHING DISCRETE CHARACTERS FROM MEASUREMENT DATA, APPLICABLE TO CLADISTICS
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA new procedure for coding quantitative measurements and ranges of measurements onto discrete characters suitable for input into existing cladistic analyses programs is presented. The procedure consists of rank ordering the ranges by their minimum values first, then by their midrange values. The rationale for coding ranges is presented and justified from the taxonomist's point of view. A detailed example is given and tested on a data set consisting of nine species of the genus Hordeum. Cladistic programs that deal directly with intra‐OTU variability are needed.
TAXONOMY IN WINTERACEAE
Authors: Vink Wim 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAfter a review of a number of characters of the Winteraceae, two topics are discussed. Firstly, it is argued that determination factors of place, size, form, and function of petals and stamens can become unlocked and fixed again in a different way, giving rise to a new form: the stamen with a petaloid appendage, which consequently has to be considered as derived. Secondly, the differences between the Old World sectionTasmanniaand the New World sectionDrimysof the genusDrimysare discussed on the basis of two alternative clado‐eventograms. It is suggested that the low chromosome number of sectionTasmanniais an apomorphy and thatDrimysin its wide sense should be upheld.
AMERICAN CODE AND LATER LECTOTYPIFICATIONS OF LINNAEAN GENERIC NAMES DATING FROM 1753: A CASE STUDY OF DISCREPANCIES
Authors: McNeill J. , Odell E. Ann , Consaul Laurie L. , Katz Deborah S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe typification of the 112 Linnaean generic names dating to 1753, for which American Code lectotypifications differ from later ones, is reviewed in the light of two proposals to amend the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature at the XIV International Botanical Congress at Berlin in 1987. As part of the review,Dioscorea sativaL. is lectotypified and thus synonymized underD. villosa, andAgrostis albaL. is placed in synonymy underPoa nemoralisL. The two proposals (Proposals 291 and 297) were both included in the report of the Committee on Lectotypification, and are found to have differential effects in 58 of the 112 cases examined. It is shown that adoption of the provision to remove all constraints on the priority of American Code lectotypifications would result in nomenclatural changes in 48 cases as against 10 if the proposal to adopt 1935 as the starting date for priority of lectotypification was adopted. Moreover, with priority of American Code lectotypifications, changes would arise in the names of subdivisions of families in 4 cases and in names very widely accepted at the generic level in 21 cases, whereas no such changes would occur if a 1935 starting date were adopted. The generic names involved includeAgrostis, A ndropogon, Apium, Cleome, Cucurbita, Draba, Elymus, Ophrys, Scabiosa, ScirpusandSisymbrium.At the infrageneric level (including 7 cases in which a few authors recognize segregate genera), changes would be required in 26 cases if Proposal 297 (American Code priority) were adopted on its own, but in only 10 if Proposal 291 (1935 start) were accepted. The authors conclude that stability of nomenclature, at least at the levels of genera and subdivisions of genera of phanerogams, is better served by establishing 1935 as the starting date for priority of lectotypification.
A CHRONOLOGY OF COLOR CHARTS AND COLOR TERMINOLOGY FOR NATURALISTS
Authors: Paclt J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryColor charts for use in taxonomic descriptions of plants and animals have been published from time to time since 1686. A listing of these includes about 30 titles, some of which have been published in more than one edition. The most important color charts and treatises dealing with color terminology for naturalists are commented upon in chronological order of publication. Standard abbreviations are used to refer to the more or less currently available color atlases: R.C. (1905 — Répertoire de Couleurs), M.S. (1929—Munsell Book of Color), C.U.C. (1936—Séguy's Code universel des Couleurs), H.C.C. (1939/42— [British] Horticultural Colour Chart), P.F.A. (1957—[German] Horticultural Color Chart), R.H.S.C.C. (1966—R.H.S. Colour Chart), and M.C.C. (1970—Rayner's Mycological Colour Chart).
AGAIN ON THE SECTIONS IN TARAXACUM (CICHORIACEAE) (STUDIES IN TARAXACUM 6)
Authors: Kirschner Jan , Stepdnek Jan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe sectional nomenclature in Taraxacum (Cichoriaceae) is discussed (cf. Richards, Taxon 34:633–644, 1985). The status of Dahlstedt's sectional names and their typification are dealt with. Results of this analysis are compared with infrageneric taxa published by Handel‐Mazzetti (1907) and with the Richards paper. Attention is paid to the typification of the sections Palustria, Borealia, Ceratophora, Erythrosperma and Subvulgaria. The name T. sect. Vulgaria (Dahlst.) Dahlst. is shown to be illegitimate; a new section is described to accommodate the most common group of dandelions in central and northwestern Europe. A list of corrections and additions to the Richards sectional list is added.
THE ORIGIN OF ANGIOSPERMS: AN UNRECOGNIZED ANCESTRAL DICOTYLEDON,HEDYOSMUMCHLORANTHALES), WITH A STROBILOID FLOWER IS LIVING TODAY
Authors: Leroy Jean‐F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe male flower ofHedyosmum(Chloranthaceae) has been described by all authors for almost two centuries as unistaminate, naked, and ebracteate. It is not so at all, but a flower that bears up to several hundred stamens, spirally arranged along an axis. It is an extraordinary structure in the angiosperms, precisely a gymnosperm cone‐like male flower and closely associated with many other primitive characters (in particular the pollen that is known by a similar monosulcate type as early as the lower Cretaceous time). Hence, there is a very strong probability in favour of the primitiveness of this structure, and its adaptation, which seems to be wind pollination. In particular, theHedyosmumstamen is considered here not according to the general view as a reduced flower, but as a transformed bract. The female flower pattern is like the male one, but more reduced; it theoretically is an axis with several phyllomes, one of which being the carpel, the others, fused with one another and with the ovary, representing the (generally trimerous) perianth which is homologous to the more or less fused sterile phyllomes at the bottom of the male flower. The partial female inflorescence is basically an ordinary spike and the male one a cyme, but there are reasons for believing that the two inflorescence patterns are closely related with one another. There is a “spectacular” evolutionary trend from the common ancestor of bothHedyosmumandAscarina(another Chloranthaceae), the latter genus being possibly insect‐pollinated and having male flowers only 1‐5‐staminate. The new interpretation of theHedyosmumflower reported here leads me to think very seriously that some (many?) angiosperm trends must have had a chloranthoid origin.
NICKEL AND ZINC ACCUMULATION BY SPECIES OF THLASPI L., COCHLEARIA L., AND OTHER GENERA OF THE BRASSICACEAE
Authors: Reeves Roger D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAccumulation of nickel to levels exceeding 1000 μg/g of dry matter, already found in many species of Thlaspi L. from Europe and western U.S.A., is also characteristic of seven species of this genus growing on ultramafic soils in Cyprus, Turkey, northern Syria and Japan. Two Turkish serpentineendemic species of Cochlearia behave in the same way, but many other members of the Brassicaceae from nickel‐rich soils show only slightly elevated nickel levels.Zinc accumulation is known to occur in some European Thlaspi species, in Cochlearia pyrenaica and in Arabidopsis thaliana on zinc‐rich soils. Some Thlaspi species, however, accumulate high levels of zinc even when they are not associated with known zinc mineralisation.Abnormal metal uptake by many species of Thlaspi and Cochlearia is a property of fundamental importance in considerations of the taxonomy and distribution in these genera.
A REDESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS PLOEOTIA DUJ. (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Fanner Mark A. , Triemer Richard E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA colorless euglenoid was isolated from a sample of seawater collected from a New Jersey salt marsh in March 1984. This organism has been continuously maintained in the laboratory for the past three years. Though evidently belonging to a different species, this euglenoid bore remarkable similarities to Serpenomonas costata, previously described from the same sample. In ultrastructural features such as pellicle, flagellar apparatus, and feeding apparatus the organisms are nearly identical and there is little doubt that the two species belong to the same genus. Subsequent investigation revealed that the second species is Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin (1841), despite the fact that a feeding apparatus was neither mentioned nor illustrated by Dujardin. It has therefore become necessary to transfer S. costata to Ploeotia as a new combination, and to redescribe that genus to account for features that were not observed when the original description was made.
Typification of the Linnaean species ofAralia (Araliaceae)
Authors: Wen Jun , Reveal James L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWen, Jun & Reveal, J. L.: Typification of the Linnaean species ofAralia (Araliaceae). ‐ Taxon41: 69–75. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Lectotypes are designated for the four species ofAralia (Araliaceae)described by Linnaeus in 1753. The possible origins and fates of the original material is speculated upon with the suggestion that several of the critical specimens are seemingly missing or mistakenly labelled.
Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs).
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Demeke Tigst 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAdams, R. P. & Demeke, T.: Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). – Taxon 42: 553–571. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.44 taxa of Juniperus were analysed using RAPDs, similarity measures and principal coordinate analyses (PCO). The three sections of Juniperus (sect. Caryocedrus, sect. Juniperus, sect. Sabina) were found to be distinguished by RAPDs. The genus appears to be naturally divided into three major sections with two series (serrate and smooth leaf margins) in J. sect. Sabina. Additional examinations of specific and infraspecific taxa confirms earlier taxonomic work based on leaf terpenoids. Computer software (PCO3D from R.P.A.) for PCO is introduced for the analysis of RAPDs. RAPDs were found to be of taxonomic use ranging from sectional to varietal levels.
Isozyme variation and species delimitation among diploid populations of the Puccinellia nuttalliana complex (Poaceae): character fixation and the discovery of phylogenetic species
Authors: Davis Jerrold I. , Goldman Douglas H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDavis, J. I. & Goldman, D. H.: Isozyme variation and species delimitation among diploid populations of the Puccinellia nuttalliana complex (Poaceae): character fixation and the discovery of phylogenetic species. – Taxon 42: 585–599. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Phylogenetic species, the minimal elements appropriate as terminals in phylogenetic analysis, are population systems that are differentiated by unique (i.e., diagnostic) character combinations. Within the predominandy polyploid Puccinellia nuttalliana species complex, two diploid taxonomic species are recognized on the basis of morphology. Isozyme variation was analysed in 11 diploid populations identified as P. lemmonii and one identified as the rare P. parishii, and variation profiles were generated for each population, reflecting each allele as either absent, present and fixed, or present and not fixed. Population Aggregation Analysis (PAA) grouped these populations into two distinct isozyme species that correspond precisely in membership to the species recognized previously on the basis of morphology; thus, isozyme patterns are congruent with those of morphology. Mean genetic identities among populations of P. lemmonii are not unusually high for conspecific plant populations, nor are genetic identities between populations of the two species unusually low.
A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas
Authors: Austin Daniel F. , Huáman Zósimo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAustin, D. F. & Huáman, Z.: A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas. – Taxon 45: 3‐38. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A total of 339 taxa (327 species, five varieties, five subspecies) currently are recognized in the Americas, with the caveat that additional taxa exist that are unstudied and undescribed. Those species recognized are placed, when possible, in infrageneric categories. Known distributions are given for each taxon. Synonyms and names of uncertain application are listed.
Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics
Authors: Parnell J. , Waldren S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryParnell, J. & Waldren, S.: Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics. – Taxon 45: 71‐84. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Most methods of morphometric and phylogenetic analysis do not permit the incorporation of both categorical and quantitative data. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to produce ordination diagrams of strictly categorical data from a cladistic analysis, and mixed data from a morphometric study of hybridization. In both cases it proved preferable to standardize the data prior to DCA, because increased separation on ordination was found when larger scale ranges were used. A standardization is suggested, such that characters are scaled on a range from 1 to the total number of characters scored; this will produce more informative ordinations if large numbers of characters are scored. When used in conjunction with appropriate cladograms this phenetic technique may help reveal features such as homoplasy which are not readily apparent in cladograms, while the capability of DCA to combine both categorical and quantitative characters is especially useful in morphometric studies and in areas of evolutionary biology, e.g. chronistic studies of extinction events in morphospace.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON C. A. AND P. C. CANDARGY
Authors: Diemar Susan , Seberg Ole 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the late nineteenth century C. A. and P. C. Candargy made the first extensive inventory of the flora and vegetation of the island of Lesvos (Greece), and P. C. Candargy published a revision of the Hordeae (=tribus Triticeae, Poaceae). The activities of the Candargys are poorly known as are most of their publications. The present biography and bibliography provides some biographical data and clarifies their botanical writings. For each taxonomic paper the approximate date of publication is given.
Assessing the relative contribution of variables in canonical discriminant analysis
Authors: Tardif Bernard , Hardy Jean 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTardif, B. & Hardy, J.: Assessing the relative contribution of variables in canonical discriminant analysis. – Taxon 44: 69‐76. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A procedure by which subsets of variables can be selected and their relative importance assessed in canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) is discussed. It is apparent from a review of the literature that only the standardized coefficients can be used for this purpose. However, an example relative to morphological variation of chives (Allium schœnoprasum L.) in eastern North America indicates that it would be hazardous, at least with small sample size, to select variables by the magnitude of their standardized coefficients alone, considering their exceeding instability when different sets of observations are included in the analysis. We argue that selection of variables, to be conducted with confidence, should be based upon t‐values associated with jackknife standardized coefficients.
Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants
Authors: Hamilton Clement W. , Reichard Sarah H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHamilton, C. W. & Reichard, S. H.: Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants. —Taxon41: 485–498. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Infraspecific classification of plants continues to be practiced commonly by taxonomists: c. 8 % of species monographed in 26 major journals and series during the period 1987–1990 were subdivided. Of those, c. 42 % were divided into subspecies only, 52 % into varieties, 3 % into formae, and 3 % into taxa of more than one level. Subspecies and varieties are usually defined as requiring some integrity — geographic, ecologic, and/or phylogenetic — beyond the morphological. Despite some attempts to differentiate between subspecies and variety, they are largely equivalent in practice. European taxonomists tend to favor subspecies, whereas their counterparts in the United States usually employ variety. Formae usually are defined as lacking any extramorphological integrity. Given the general inconsistency of practice found, it is imperative that more authors state briefly their philosophy of infraspecific taxonomy so their classifications may be interpreted more clearly. Taxonomists collectively should promote greater standardization of infraspecific classification.
Studies on the reproductive biology and palynology ofChortolirionBerger(Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)in southern Africa
Authors: Smith Gideon F. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F.: Studies on the reproductive biology and palynology ofChortolirionBerger(Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)in southern Africa. ‐Taxon40: 61–73. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.While conducting biosystematic investigations towards a revision of the smaller genera of the subfamilyAlooideaeof theAsphodelaceaein southern Africa to be published in theFlora of southern Africa, I became aware thatChortolirion bergerianumDinter had not been dealt with in recent treatments of this genus. A comparative palynological and morphological study indicates thatC. bergerianumandC. angolense(Baker) A. Berger sensu lato are conspecific. Pollen grains of these taxa are free, monosulcate, bilaterally symmetrical, medium in size and have a perforated tectum.The morphological investigation and in‐vitro and in‐vivo pollen germination studies also confirmed thatChortolirionBerger represents an assemblage of both reproductive and vegetative characters that makes it unique in theAlooideae.However, the differences on which five species were previously based inChortolirionare nothing more than local variations of a variable and widespread taxon.C. bergerianumshould be included inC. angolense, the only species ofChortolirion.The taxonomic history ofC. bergerianumis also briefly discussed.
A rapid, non‐destructive osmium tetroxide technique for preparing pollen for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Tiedt L. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F. & Tiedt, L. R.: A rapid, non‐destructive osmium tetroxide technique for preparing pollen for scanning electron microscopy. ‐Taxon40: 195–200. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A new, rapid, non‐destructive technique for the preparation of pollen is described, in which dissected anthers are fixed with osmium tetroxide vapour. This method permits the examination without modifying the pollen grain morphology and ultrastructure and the natural state of hydration. Apertural structures are perfectly preserved and neither debris nor artifacts are deposited on the grains. The pollen cementing substances, such as pollenkitt, remain intact and can assist in the functional interpretation of pollen types. This new method may help to obtain optimal structural and functional information from pollen study.