bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The linear viscoelastic behaviors of Nylon1212 blends toughened with elastomer
Authors: Wang Wanjie , Shangguan Yonggang , Zhao Li , Yu Jie , He Li , Tan Hong , Zheng Qiang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe linear viscoelastic behaviors of nylon1212 blends toughened with (styrene‐[ethylene‐(ethylene‐propylene)]‐styrene block copolymer) (SEEPS) elastomer were carried out. The results show that dynamic storage modulus (G′) curves of the blends are located between those of virgin nylon and SEEPS within the frequency (ω) tested, and the G′ of blends increases with increasing of the SEEPS content. Moreover, the predictive results of Palierne emulsion model show that it is unsuitable for describing the viscoelastic behaviors of the double phase systems toughened with elastomer, especially for the system with high content of elastomer. The positive deviation in the plots of G′ vs. blend composition demonstrates that the blends are immiscible. From the point of phase transition, the phase inversion region for these blends was predicted to be in the range of 30–50 wt % of SEEPS, which agrees with the morphology analysis of nylon1212/SEEPS blends. In addition, “Cole–Cole” plots of modulus at different temperatures show that the microstructures of blends are unstable in the phase transition region. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of the heating/cooling process in rotational molding enhanced with fins
Authors: Liu Shih‐Jung , Fu Kwang‐Hwa 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRotational molding has become one of the most important polymer processing methods for producing hollow plastic articles. However, the long‐cycle time required by the rotational molding process has confounded the overall success of this technology. Molds with extended surfaces (fins) have the potential to enhance heat transfer by increasing surface area. This report aims to investigate, both experimentally and numerically, the heating/cooling process of rotational molds enhanced with fins. Rotational molding experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale uniaxial machine, which is capable of measuring internal air temperature in the cycle. Molds enhanced with three types of fins, including pin, rectangular, and triangular fins, were used to manufacture the parts. It was found that the mold surface enhanced with pins exhibited the highest heating and cooling rate. Nevertheless, from a design perspective, ease of manufacturing needs to be taken into account which could make triangular fin geometry a better choice to enhanced heat transfer. In addition, an unsteady‐state, nonlinear heat transfer model of rotational molding has been proposed to numerically simulate the internal air temperature profiles. It is shown that the numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. This model enables prediction of the heating and cooling time of rotational molding enhanced with fins, and hence the overall cycle time for the process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Styrene‐assisted melt free‐radical grafting of pentaerythritol triacrylate onto polypropylene and its crystallization behavior
Authors: Wang Dong , Xie Xu‐Ming , Jow Jinder , Chen Hong‐Yu , Lai Shih‐Yaw 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe free‐radical grafting of the multimonomer system of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) and styrene (St) onto polypropylene (PP) in the melt state was studied by reactive extrusion. The effects of the St and initiator concentrations on the grafting reaction were investigated by means of the melt flow rate, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the use of St as a comonomer could effectively depress the degradation of PP and enhance the grafting degree of PETA. Increasing the peroxide level promoted the degradation of PP and reduced the grafting degree of PETA. When the molar ratio of St to PETA was 3 : 1, the GPC data showed that the molecular weight of the grafted PP sample was almost equal to or a little higher than that of virgin PP, suggesting that almost no chain scission occurred. In the presence of St, the dominant grafting mechanism was that St reacted with the PP macroradicals to form more stable St macroradicals, and thus β scission was limited. Then, St macroradicals reacted with PETA to form PETA‐grafted PP. X‐ray diffraction results showed that the grafted chains not only had a good nucleating effect on PP crystallization but also might induce the formation of β‐form crystals. The presence of ungrafted PETA increased the crystallization and melting temperatures of PP; however, the PETA‐grafted samples showed higher crystallization and melting temperatures than physically blended samples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hide tanning with modified natural tannins
Authors: Tambi Lorenzo , Frediani Piero , Frediani Marco , Rosi Luca , Camaiti Mara 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTannin from “Acacia Mearnsii” usually called Mimosa, is largely employed in vegetal tanning of hide even if the quality of the leather is poorer than that obtained using chromium as tanning agents. However, taking into account the natural resources of this product and its reduced environmental impact, mimosa tannin has been modified to obtain leather having improved properties. Tannin was modified using formaldehyde, urea, a sulfonic acid and a sulfiting agent: The new products show a higher molecular weight than mimosa tannin but maintain a good solubility in water. Modified tannins were characterized through physicochemical and technological tests and evaluated as tanning agents. The properties of tanned leathers obtained using the new tannin products and mimosa were compared. Some of the polymers containing phenolsulfonic acid are good tannin agents, especially those with a suitable molecular weight. The technological and sensorial properties of the leather obtained using modified tannins (distension and strength of grain, tensile strength, elongation, and tear load) are better than those obtained using mimosa when an appropriate ratio of the reagents were employed. At the same time the feeling of the tanned leather was improved and the final products show fullness, elasticity, fluency, reactivity, and a thin and fine grain. Some of the tannins modified with naphtalensulfonic acid show poor tanning properties but good penetration in the leather suggesting their use as auxiliary sintans in the pretanning process. A simple procedure to prepare these modified tanning agents in the course of the tannin extraction is suggested. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Enhancement of thermal stability associated with the chemical treatment of bacterial (Gluconacetobacter xylinus) cellulose
Authors: George Johnsy , Sajeevkumar V. A. , Kumar R. , Ramana K. V. , Sabapathy S. N. , Bawa A. S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus was treated with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove entrapped noncellulosic materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effect of alkali on the chemical structure of bacterial cellulose. The changes in the crystalline nature of these membranes were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The morphology and the removal of noncellulosic impurities followed by alkali treatment were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS). The enhanced thermal stability of bacterial cellulose was evident from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, the alkali treatments resulted in relatively pure form of cellulose, which finds application in various spheres. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and tribological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/styrene/MWNTs copolymer nanocomposites
Authors: Dong B. , Wang C. , He B. L. , Li H. L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate)/styrene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (PMMA/PS/MWNTs) copolymer nanocomposites with different contents have been prepared successfully by means of in situ polymerization method. The structure and the microhardness of PMMA/PS/MWNTs copolymer nanocomposites were characterized. The tribological behaviors of the copolymer nanocomposites were investigated by a friction and wear tester under dry conditions. The relative humidity of the air was about 50% ± 10%. Comparing with pure PMMA/PS copolymer, the copolymer nanocomposites showed not only better wear resistance but also smaller friction coefficient. MWNTs could help the nanocomposites dramatically improve the wear resistance property. The mechanisms of the improvements on the tribological properties of the PMMA/PS/MWNTs copolymer nanocomposites were also discussed in detail. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
An antimicrobial cationic reactive dye: Synthesis and applications on cellulosic fibers
Authors: Zhao Tao , Sun Gang , Song Xinyuan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn antimicrobial cationic reactive dye was synthesized by reacting aminoanthraquinone with cyanuric chloride, 3‐dimethylamino‐1‐proponol, and lauryl chloride in sequence. The chemical structure of the dye was fully characterized by using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and FTIR analysis. This dye demonstrated adequate antimicrobial properties in aqueous solution. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the dye against bacterial concentrations of 106–107 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of both E. coli and S. aureas were only 10 ppm. The dye can react with cotton without addition of any salt as electrolyte. The dyed fabrics showed proper color washing durability. But the antimicrobial functions were severely affected by laundry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Frontal Fusion: Collapse of Another Anthropoid Synapomorphy
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Pagano Anthony S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe test the hypothesis that the fused interfrontal suture of anthropoids is a uniquely distinguishing feature and a derived characteristic indicative of their monophyletic origin. Our survey of nonanthropoid primates and several archontan families indicates frontal fusion is widespread. It is most variable (fused, open or partially fused) inter‐ and intra‐specifically among strepsirhines. The frontal bone is more commonly fused in living lemuroids and indrioids than among lorisoids. It appears to be fused regularly among Eocene adapids. Among nonanthropoid haplorhines, the interfrontal is fused in Tarsius, even in neonates and invariably in adults, probably also in all fossil tarsiiforms preserving the frontal bone, and in the late Eocene protoanthropoid Rooneyia. The plesiadapiform pattern remains uncertain, but fusion is ubiquitous among living tree shrews, colugos and bats. Distributional evidence implies that interfrontal fusion was present in the last common ancestor (LCA) of haplorhine primates and possibly in the LCA of euprimates as well. Anthropoids, therefore, cannot be defined cladistically by interfrontal fusion, not out of concern for homoplasy but because it is probably a primitive feature inherited from other taxa related to anthropoids. Fusion of the large anthropoid frontal bone, which was extended anteriorly to roof the orbits and expanded laterally in connection with a wide forebrain in the LCA of anthropoids and protoanthropoids, may have been preadaptive to the evolution of the postorbital septum. The zygomatico‐frontal suture of the septum may provide an alternative mechanism for dissipating the calvarial strains of mastication formerly taken up by an open interfrontal suture. Anat Rec, 291:308–317, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent Advances in Immobilized Metal Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Matsumoto Tsutomu , Ueno Masaharu , Wang Naiwei , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOne of the most significant organic transformations in catalyst technology is the selective oxidation of alcohols. The acceleration of catalyst discovery in this field contributes to the economic and environmental impact in the production of useful materials. Heterogeneous catalysts combined with environmentally benign oxidants, such as molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, are major challenges of exploratory research in the oxidation of alcohols. A wide range of recoverable catalysts has now emerged for these oxidation reactions. In this Focus Review, we present an overview of recent developments in immobilized metal catalysts and evaluate the potential of transition metals in the heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of alcohols.
Interindividual variability in acetaminophen sulfation by human fetal liver: Implications for pharmacogenetic investigations of drug‐induced birth defects
Authors: Adjei Araba A. , Gaedigk Andrea , Simon Stephen D. , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Leeder J. Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Acetaminophen (APAP) use in early pregnancy has been associated with the risk of gastroschisis, a rare but serious congenital defect of the abdominal wall. The purpose of this study was to characterize the variability of APAP sulfation in a panel of human fetal livers and to identify the sulfotransferases (SULT) isoform(s) responsible for catalyzing that activity.METHODS:APAP sulfation was determined in a panel of human fetal (n = 73) and postnatal (n = 18) liver cytosol preparations and correlated with the catalytic activity of various SULT isoforms as determined using prototypic substrates and specific antibodies.RESULTS:Of 10 heterologously expressed SULT isoforms examined, SULT1A1, SULT1A3/4, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1 all catalyzed the formation of APAP sulfate with Km values of 2.4, 1.5, 1.9, and 3.7 mM, respectively. Catalytic activities for these four isoforms were expressed at varying levels in human fetal liver, and APAP sulfation was positively correlated with each of the four prototypic activities. Several regression and clustering approaches revealed that SULT1A3/4 was the primary determinant of prenatal APAP sulfation but that SULT1A1 or SULT1E1 were also major contributors in subsets of samples.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study lead to the hypothesis that genetic variation in SULT1A3/4 represents a risk factor for the development of gastroschisis in the offspring of mothers exposed to APAP early in pregnancy. Interpretation of genetic association studies conducted to test this hypothesis will be complicated by the variable contributions of other SULTs toward APAP‐sulfate formation in individual subjects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome in transferred and nontransferred patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ischaemic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Peels Hans O. , Jessurun Gillian A.J. , van der Horst Iwan C.C. , Arnold Alfons E.R. , Piers Lieuwe H. , Zijlstra Felix 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of transfer from a referral hospital to a center with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilities of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Methods:We studied all STEMI patients with successful CPR admitted to two centers after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest and CPR from January 2004 to December 2005. Subjects were divided in a transferred (PCI performed after referral from center without PCI facility) and nontransferred (PCI performed in hospital of admission, i.e. center with PCI facility) group.Results:A total of 44 patients were included. Mean age was 61 ± 13 year and 35 (80%) patients were male. Of all patients 16 (36%) were transferred for treatment. After treatment, the left ventricular function was preserved in 4 (25%) patients of the transferred group are compared with 17 (61%) of the nontransferred group (P = 0.024). In‐hospital mortality after follow‐up did not differ with 7 (44%) survivors in the transferred group versus 15 (54%) survivors in the nontransferred group (P = 0.76). Patients who did not survive were more often treated with endotracheal intubation (100% versus 71%, P= 0.019), had more often an occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery (37% versus 10%, P= 0.02), and higher glucose levels at admission (15.2 mmol/l ± 4.4 versus 11.5 mmol/l ± 4.2, P= 0.009).Conclusion:In conclusion, no difference in outcome was observed between nontransferred and transferred patients. Therefore, we suggest that transfer for primary PCI for STEMI patients after successful CPR should be considered. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fe2 and Fe4 Clusters Encapsulated in Vacant Polyoxotungstates: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Magnetic and Electrochemical Properties, and DFT Calculations
Authors: Pichon Céline , Dolbecq Anne , Mialane Pierre , Marrot Jérôme , Rivière Eric , Goral Monika , Zynek Monika , McCormac Timothy , Borshch Serguei A. , Zueva Ekaterina , Sécheresse Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWhile the reaction of [PW11O39]7− with first row transition‐metal ions Mn+ under usual bench conditions only leads to monosubstituted {PW11O39M(H2O)} anions, we have shown that the use of this precursor under hydrothermal conditions allows the isolation of a family of novel polynuclear discrete magnetic polyoxometalates (POMs). The hybrid asymmetric [FeII(bpy)3][PW11O39Fe2III(OH)(bpy)2]⋅12 H2O (bpy=bipyridine) complex (1) contains the dinuclear {Fe(μ‐O(W))(μ‐OH)Fe} core in which one iron atom is coordinated to a monovacant POM, while the other is coordinated to two bipyridine ligands. Magnetic measurements indicate that the FeIII centers in complex 1 are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled (J=−11.2 cm−1, H=−JS1S2) compared to other {Fe(μ‐O)(μ‐OH)Fe} systems. This is due to the long distances between the iron center embedded in the POM and the oxygen atom of the POM bridging the two magnetic centers, but also, as shown by DFT calculations, to the important mixing of bridging oxygen orbitals with orbitals of the POM tungsten atoms. The complexes [Hdmbpy]2[FeII(dmbpy)3]2[(PW11O39)2Fe4IIIO2(dmbpy)4]⋅14 H2O (2) (dmbpy=5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) and H2[FeII(dmbpy)3]2[(PW11O39)2Fe4IIIO2(dmbpy)4]⋅10 H2O (3) represent the first butterfly‐like POM complexes. In these species, a tetranuclear FeIII complex is sandwiched between two lacunary polyoxotungstates that are pentacoordinated to two FeIII cations, the remaining paramagnetic centers each being coordinated to two dmbpy ligands. The best fit of the χMT=f(T) curve leads to Jwb=−59.6 cm−1 and Jbb=−10.2 cm−1 (H=−Jwb(S1S2+S1S2*+S1*S2+S1*S2*)−Jbb(S2S2*)). While the Jbb value is within the range of related exchange parameters previously reported for non‐POM butterfly systems, the Jwb constant is significantly lower. As for complex 1, this can be justified considering FewO distances. Finally, in the absence of a coordinating ligand, the dimeric complex [N(CH3)4]10[(PW11O39FeIII)2O]⋅12 H2O (4) has been isolated. In this complex, the two single oxo‐bridged FeIII centers are very strongly antiferromagnetically coupled (J=−211.7 cm−1, H=−JS1S2). The electrochemical behavior of compound 1 both in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in the solid state is also presented, while the electrochemical properties of complex 2, which is insoluble in common solvents, have been studied in the solid state.
The geometric minimum action method: A least action principle on the space of curves
Authors: Heymann Matthias , Vanden‐Eijnden Eric 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFreidlin‐Wentzell theory of large deviations for the description of the effect of small random perturbations on dynamical systems is exploited as a numerical tool. Specifically, a numerical algorithm is proposed to compute the quasi‐potential in the theory, which is the key object to quantify the dynamics on long time scales when the effect of the noise becomes ubiquitous: the equilibrium distribution of the system, the pathways of transition between metastable states and their rate, etc., can all be expressed in terms of the quasi‐potential. We propose an algorithm to compute these quantities called the geometric minimum action method (gMAM), which is a blend of the original minimum action method (MAM) and the string method. It is based on a reformulation of the large deviations action functional on the space of curves that allows one to easily perform the double minimization of the original action required to compute the quasi‐potential. The theoretical background of the gMAM in the context of large deviations theory is discussed in detail, as well as the algorithmic aspects of the method. The gMAM is then illustrated on several examples: a finite‐dimensional system displaying bistability and modeled by a nongradient stochastic ordinary differential equation, an infinite‐dimensional analogue of this system modeled by a stochastic partial differential equation, and an example of a bistable genetic switch modeled by a Markov jump process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability of peakons for the Degasperis‐Procesi equation
Authors: Lin Zhiwu , Liu Yue 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Degasperis‐Procesi equation can be derived as a member of a one‐parameter family of asymptotic shallow‐water approximations to the Euler equations with the same asymptotic accuracy as that of the Camassa‐Holm equation. In this paper, we study the orbital stability problem of the peaked solitons to the Degasperis‐Procesi equation on the line. By constructing a Lyapunov function, we prove that the shapes of these peakon solitons are stable under small perturbations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of sputum cytology using ThinPrep® method for evaluation of lung cancer
Authors: Choi Yoo‐Duk , Han Chang‐Woo , Kim Jo‐Heon , Oh In‐Jae , Lee Ji‐Shin , Nam Jong‐Hee , Juhng Sang‐Woo , Park Chang‐Soo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSputum cytology is a non‐invasive test for evaluating lung cancer. But, its sensitivity is yet lower than other tests. ThinPrep® (TP) is an automated cytopreparatory method that has mucolytic and hemolysing effects. We compared 955 sputum specimens that were prepared by both TP and conventional preparation (CP). The nuclear details were more preserved on the TP slides, while the obscuring materials were more eliminated on the TP slides as compared with the CP. The cytologic rates of TP were 2.7% unsatisfactory, 4.7% normal, 81.0% benign, 2.4% suspicious, and 9.1% malignancy. The rates of CP were 7.9% unsatisfactory, 1.6% normal, 84.8% benign, 1.8% suspicious, and 4.0% malignancy. The false negative rates, relative to the histologic data for 352 cases which the tissue diagnosis was available, were 49.6% (TP) and 69.4% (CP). Sputum cytology using the TP method improves the diagnostic accuracy for evaluating lung cancer by reducing the unsatisfactory and false‐negative rates. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:167–171. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystitis glandularis
Authors: Pantanowitz Liron , Otis Christopher N. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe cytologic finding of glandular cells in a urine specimen is unusual. The differential diagnosis ranges from benign conditions such as cystitis glandularis to adenocarcinoma. Glandular cells of cystitis glandularis with intestinal metaplasia have a bland cytologic appearance. If detected in a urine cytology specimen colonic metaplasia can be reported. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:181‐182. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.