bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Anesthetic Technique for Maxillary Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Holtzclaw Dan , Toscano Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

Background: Maxillary periodontal surgery typically requires multiple injections and may inadvertently affect facial structures such as the upper lip, lateral aspect of the nose, and lower eyelid. To minimize these sequelae and reduce the number of total injections, a relatively new injection technique has been proposed for maxillary procedures. The anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) injection is reported to effectively anesthetize maxillary teeth and associated gingival tissues extending from the buccal root of the first molar mesially to the central incisor with a single injection while avoiding undesirable side effects. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on the AMSA injection and demonstrate its use in a variety of maxillary periodontal surgeries.Methods: Anesthesia was provided for five separate maxillary periodontal surgeries with unilateral or bilateral AMSA injections. Injections were administered via conventional syringe with a 27‐gauge needle. Confirmation of anesthesia was subjectively tested with buccal mucosal sticks and palatal transgingival probing.Results: The AMSA injection provided promising results for a variety of maxillary periodontal surgical procedures. Benefits of the AMSA injection included outstanding palatal hemostatic control, avoidance of undesirable collateral anesthesia, and a reduced number of cumulative injections. Drawbacks of the AMSA injection included occasionally inadequate buccal hemostatic control and short‐lived anesthesia of the maxillary central incisors.Conclusion: The AMSA injection is a novel anesthetic technique that may prove useful for certain maxillary periodontal surgeries.
Collagenolytic Fragments and Active Gelatinase Complexes in Periodontitis
Authors: Bildt Miriam M. , Bloemen Marjon , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne M. , Von den Hoff Johannes W. 
Published: September 2008

Background: Periodontal tissues remodel rapidly, which enables quick adaptation to mechanical changes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in these remodeling processes under control of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In periodontitis, overactivity of MMPs results in pathologic tissue degradation. The aim of this study was to analyze MMPs and TIMPs in healthy and diseased gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Methods: Samples of gingiva, PDL, and GCF were obtained from healthy controls (gingiva: n = 18; PDL: n = 15; GCF: n = 8) and subjects with periodontitis (gingiva: n = 11; PDL: n = 18; GCF: n = 12). MMPs and TIMPs were analyzed by gelatin‐, collagen‐, and reverse zymography and by Western blotting. Total MMP activity was analyzed using a fluorogenic substrate.Results: TIMP‐1 and −2, active and pro‐MMP‐2 and −9, and active MMP‐1 and −8 were present in all samples. Large amounts of active MMP‐2 complexes and collagenolytic fragments were also found. Their levels were higher in PDL and GCF from subjects with periodontitis. In general, TIMP levels were lower in diseased periodontal tissues. Especially diseased GCF contained more MMPs. Surprisingly, some MMPs were more abundant in healthy gingiva and PDL than in diseased tissue.Conclusions: Unexpected variations in MMP and TIMP levels in gingiva, PDL, and GCF may result from differences in subject characteristics and disease activity. The levels of active MMP‐2 complexes and collagenolytic fragments are higher in the periodontium of subjects with periodontitis and might contribute significantly to periodontal destruction.
Morphologic Changes of the Nasopalatine Canal Related to Dental Implantation: A Radiologic Study in Different Degrees of Absorbed Maxillae
Authors: Mardinger Ofer , Namani‐Sadan Noa , Chaushu Gavriel , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah 
Published: September 2008

Background: Implant rehabilitation of the edentulous anterior maxilla remains a complex restorative challenge. Intricate preexisting anatomy dictates meticulous and accurate osteotomy planning. With progressive bone loss, the alveolar crest may approach anatomic structures. The nasopalatine nerve and vessels may ultimately emerge from the ridge crest. The radiologic changes of the nasopalatine canal were evaluated in different resorption phases of the premaxilla alveolus with regard to dental implantation.Methods: The study consisted of 207 subjects who had maxillary computed tomography scans before dental implantation. The Lekholm and Zarb classification was used to divide images according to the residual bony ridge: Class A (control group) and classes B to E (study group). Anatomic mapping of the nasopalatine canal structure was carried out in both groups.Results: The canal diameter was wider along the degree of ridge resorption from classes A to E in all dimensions, mainly in the palatal opening (P <0.01), middle area (P <0.001), and nasal area. The mean diameter of the enlargement was 1.8 mm, which reached 5.5 ± 1.08 mm (P <0.01) in type E bone. In the severely resorbed ridges (classes C through E), when the palatal opening was situated on the ridge, it occupied a mean of 35.6% (13% to 58%) of the area devoted to implant placement. Tooth loss was the main reason for ridge resorption (P <0.01).Conclusions: Canal diameter enlargement was greater anteriorly to the ridge and posteriorly to the palatal bone, mainly because of tooth extraction. The atrophy of disuse may influence surrounding structures, similar to the maxillary sinus tendency to expand into surrounding bone mainly after tooth loss.
Doxycycline Reduces Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammatory Mediator Secretion in Macrophage and Ex Vivo Human Whole Blood Models
Authors: Cazalis Julia , Bodet Charles , Gagnon Guy , Grenier Daniel 
Published: September 2008

Background: Tetracyclines have been extensively used as adjuncts in the treatment of some forms of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of doxycycline to influence the secretion of inflammatory mediators in macrophage and ex vivo human whole blood models stimulated with periodontopathogen lipopolysaccharides (LPS).Methods: Monocyte‐derived macrophages were treated with various concentrations of doxycycline prior to being stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) LPS. The capacity of doxycycline to mediate the inflammatory response was also tested in an ex vivo whole blood model (whole blood isolated from periodontitis patients and healthy subjects) stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS. The secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β, −6, and −8 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in both models was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Changes in phosphorylation state of kinases induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS and doxycycline in the macrophage model were characterized by a multiplex ELISA analysis.Results: The secretion of IL‐1β and −8 and TNF‐α by macrophages decreased significantly (P <0.05) when they were pretreated with 2 μM doxycycline, whereas a concentration of 10 μM was required to significantly reduce IL‐6 secretion. Pretreatment of macrophages with 10 μM doxycycline prior to A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS stimulation resulted in a marked decrease in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (−76%). In the whole blood model, doxycycline, more particularly at 10 μM, was also a potent inhibitor of the proinflammatory cytokine response.Conclusion: These two models provided clear evidence that some of the clinically proven benefits of doxycycline may be related to its ability to regulate inflammatory mediator release by host cells.
Synthesis of functional magnetic porous SrFe12O19/P(St-DVB-MAA) microspheres by a novel suspension polymerization
Authors: Kong Sifang , Cheng Jiang , Liu Yangsheng , Wen Xiufang , Pi Pihui , Yang Zhuoru 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
In this study, a novel and effective suspension polymerization has been employed to prepare functional magnetic porous SrFe12O19/P(St-DVB-MAA) microspheres in the presence of bilayer surfactants (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and oleic acid (OA)) coated on micro-size magnetic SrFe12O19. This was achieved by pre-polymerizing the organic phase, which contained co-monomers, porogens and treated magnetic particles, at 65°C for 0.5 h under ultrasound conditions. Aqueous solutions containing a dispersion agent were then added to effect suspension polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic property measurement system (MPMS) were used to characterize the functional magnetic porous microspheres. The results show that the microparticles are well shaped with a uniform size distribution of about 0.5 ∼ 0.7 mm and the surfaces of the microspheres have many micro-pores with an average diameter of 0.533 µm. There are carboxyl groups (−COOH) on the surface of the microspheres to the extent of 0.65 mmol g−1, as determined by conductometric titration. According to the XRD spectra, iron oxide consists mainly of SrFe12O19 which reveals hexahedral structure. The content of magnetic SrFe12O19 reaches 17.81% (by mass), and the microspheres have good heat resistance. The magnetic porous microspheres are ferromagnetic with high residual magnetization and coercivity, 21.59 emu g−1 and 4.13 kOe, respectively. The saturation magnetisation is around 42.85 emu g−1.
The effect of substituents of immobilized Rh complexes on the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives
Authors: Zsigmond Ágnes , Undrala Suhsen , Notheisz Ferenc , Szöllősy Áron , Bakos József 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Using a modified Augustine’s method variously substituted Rh complexes were anchored on Al2O3 support. The prepared catalysts were characterized by spectroscopic methods and were applied in the hydrogenation of several acetophenone derivatives (p-CF3-acetophenone, acetophenone, p-NH2-acetophenone). Enantioselective C=O hydrogenations were observed with reasonable activity and selectivity on all heterogenized complexes, e.e. up to 80%. At the same time the immobilized samples showed the advantages of the heterogeneous systems: easy handling and recyclability.
Cobalt(II) ion-selective electrode with solid contact
Authors: Wardak Cecylia 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A new all plastic sensor for Co2+ ions based on 2-amino-5 (hydroxynaphtyloazo-1′)-1,3,4 thiadiazole (ATIDAN) as ionophore was prepared. The electrode exhibits a low detection limit of 1.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 and almost theoretical Nernstian slope in the activity range 4.0 × 10−6–1 × 10−1 mol L−1 of cobalt ions. The response time of the sensor is less than 10 s and it can be used over a period of 6 months without any measurable divergence in potential. The proposed sensor shows a fairly good selectivity for Co(II) over other metal ions. The electrode was successfully applied for determination of Co2+ in real samples and as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Co2+ ions with EDTA.
An optical system with aberrations on diffraction integrals written in terms of a generalized ABCD matrix
Authors: Zhao Chaoying , Tan Weihan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, we consider the transformation of a ray beam as it passes through an optical system containing a glass plate with parallel surfaces inclined to the optical axis at the Brewster’s angle, by investigating the effects of the optical system on amplitude and phase distributions. By applying generalized matrix optics and diffraction integrals and considering the influence of a quarter of a wavelength of aberration on the transmitted amplitude and phase distributions at the focus of a de-collimating lens, we find that the central peak amplitude descends from 1.0 to 0.8 and the phase distortion is less than π/2. The general feature of the amplitude distribution shows an elongation along the y-axis perpendicular to the optical axis in the direction of tilt of the inclined plate, and conforms to the inclination direction of the glass plate.
Improvement of glycaemic and lipid profiles with muraglitazar plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: an active-control trial with glimepiride
Authors: Rubin Cindy J , Ledeine Jean-Marie , Fiedorek Fred T 
Published: September 2008

The efficacy and safety of muraglitazar versus glimepiride were evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes. After open-label metformin monotherapy, 1,805 patients received randomised therapy with muraglitazar 2.5 mg or 5 mg or with glimepiride 1 mg in a doubleblind 52-week study. The primary end point was change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C); secondary end points were changes in fasting lipid levels and glycaemic indices. At week 52, the reduction in HbA1C with muraglitazar 5 mg plus metformin was superior (p<0.0001) and with muraglitazar 2.5 mg it was non-inferior in comparison with glimepiride. At week 12, muraglitazar significantly decreased triglyceride levels (p<0.0001) and increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p<0.0001). Oedema, weight gain and heart failure were more evident with muraglitazar. Muraglitazar 5 mg plus metformin significantly improved HbA1C, triglyceride and HDL-C levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular events were similar among groups (∼2%), but there was an imbalance of total mortality in favour of glimepiride.
Endogenous secretory RAGE but not soluble RAGE is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes patients
Authors: Katakami Naoto , Matsuhisa Munehide , Kaneto Hideaki , Matsuoka Taka-Aki , Sakamoto Ken'Ya , Yasuda Tetsuyuki , Yamasaki Yoshimitsu 
Published: September 2008

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) system play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. The soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) that potentially counteracts AGEs consists of several forms, including endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE; a splice variant of RAGE) and cleaved-type soluble RAGE derived from cell-surface RAGE. The aim of this study was to compare sRAGE and esRAGE directly in patients with type 1 diabetes. The associations of both total sRAGE and esRAGE with markers of glycaemic control and with carotid intimamedia thickness (IMT) as a marker of atherosclerosis were examined in 130 type 1 diabetes patients (aged 23.6±4.9 years) and 22 age-matched non-diabetic subjects. IMT was inversely correlated with esRAGE (r=−0.254, p=0.0015) but neither with sRAGE nor subtracted soluble RAGE values (that is, circulating total sRAGE values – circulating esRAGE values). Furthermore, a stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that esRAGE (F=7.3), but not sRAGE, was a variable that interacted independently of IMT. It is likely that circulating sRAGE and esRAGE are distinct markers and that circulating esRAGE levels, but not sRAGE levels, are associated with the status of early-stage atherosclerosis.
Role of Risk Communication in a Comprehensive Risk Management Approach
Authors: Jardine Cynthia G. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Risk communication is now seen as a reciprocal exchange of information between all interested and affected parties that serves to inform them about the risk issue. It is also generally acknowledged that successful risk management requires the incorporation of risk communication as an integral component of the risk process, from the critical stage of problem formulation through to the final selection of risk‐management options. However, while this knowledge is becoming more generally accepted, it is not being consistently employed in practice.
Axiomatic Models of Perceived Risk
Authors: Jia Jianmin , Dyer James S. , Butler John C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This article presents two classes of measures for perceived risk based on decomposition of a lottery into its mean and its dispersion about the mean, or standard risk. One of the classes of risk measures presumes that there is no risk when there is no uncertainty involved, and the other allows different degenerate lotteries to be evaluated with different values of “risk.” The former has more prescriptive appeal in risky decision making, but the latter may have more descriptive power for subjective risk judgments. These risk measures can also incorporate the asymmetric effects of losses and gains on perceived risk when an appropriate form of the standard measure of risk is applied. These perceived‐risk models unify a large body of empirical evidence regarding risk judgments, and provide sufficient flexibility to capture better perceptions of risk than previously developed risk models. Further, they provide clear ways to accommodate financial measures of risk and psychological measures of risk, and they can be incorporated into preference models based on mean‐risk trade‐offs.
Compensation for Loss of Life and Limb
Authors: Grossman Helene L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

This article discusses the direct economic costs, indirect economic costs, and noneconomic costs associated with injuries and fatalities. Different methods for putting a value on noneconomic costs, often referred to as
pain and suffering
, are compared, and the types of compensation available for these different costs, including private insurance, public insurance, and the tort system, are examined. Next, a detailed discussion of how the tort system treats compensation for loss of life and limb is given. Finally, this article considers how life and limb are valued in other contexts, such as setting government regulations and assessing health care priorities. The focus is on the United States.
Enterprise Risk Management (
ERM
)
Authors: Ai Jing , Brockett Patrick L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a recent risk‐management technique for managing a portfolio of risks in a holistic manner. ERM has evoked interest from corporate executives, regulators, and rating agencies, among others. Under the ERM framework, corporations take on risks necessary to pursue their strategic objectives, consistent with their “risk appetite”. The core of the ERM process is efficient risk integration, in which interrelations among risks and risk prioritization are highlighted. Certain risk measures, aggregation methods, or other mathematical modeling approaches are usually involved in its implementation. Effective risk reporting and communications in a well‐designed organizational structure are also essential for the success of ERM. The ultimate goal of ERM is to move beyond the initial incentive of fulfilling a compliance need to achieve real economic value.
Toxic Torts: Implications for Risk Management
Authors: Ricci Paolo F. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Toxic tort law concerns past and, in some limited instances, feared future injuries from exposure to toxicants and carcinogens generally produced, emitted, or disposed in ways that (are alleged to) contravene certain social norms. This article introduces aspects of the law of torts that relate exposures to noxious agents to their adverse effects. Examples from the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia illustrate differences among jurisdictions and modern views of the interactions between science and law.
Managing Foodborne Risk
Authors: Cox Louis A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This article discusses quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for foodborne risks, focusing primarily on risk from disease‐causing bacteria in food. QRA can support improved risk‐management decisions for food safety by predicting the probable consequences for human health of alternative interventions, such as different standards for the maximum times and temperatures at which ready‐to‐eat foods may be refrigerated before being disposed of. Even when QRA is impracticable, process quality improvement ideas and methods can often be used to reduce microbial loads at critical control points, as emphasized in hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) programs, leading to safer food even without quantitative risk estimates.
Managing Risks of Consumer Products
Authors: Iyer Madhu , Zhao Ke , Steffey Duane L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Manufacturers manage product risks by identifying, assessing, mitigating, and communicating those risks to consumers, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders. Unforeseen risks may surface after the product has reached the market, and the manufacturer begins to receive information from field returns or customer complaints. Although the primary concern is public safety, manufacturers may also be concerned about financial risks. A product with poor reliability can increase warranty costs, damage the company's reputation, and cause a loss in market share. A safety recall can expose the manufacturer to product liability lawsuits and, for public companies, can significantly affect market valuation. Managing consumer product risk effectively involves collecting and analyzing field performance data, as well as communicating relevant data to regulatory authorities. Risk analysts have developed several semiquantitative and graphical methods to communicate product‐related safety risk to regulatory officials and consumers and to assist in determining which actions, if any, are required to protect public safety.
Product Risk Management: Testing and Warranties
Authors: Chan Wai 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Manufacturers employ various testing strategies to identify and rectify defects before products are released to the markets. A carefully planned test strategy can improve product quality and customer satisfaction and reduce life cycle cost. Testing can also help reveal potential hazards associated with a product, evaluate associated risks, and discover factors that can be controlled to reduce risks. This article presents some of the tests that are performed during the prototype and production phases. These include the design verification test (DVT) and the highly accelerated life test (HALT) during the prototype phase; and the reliability qualification test (RQT) and the ongoing reliability test (ORT) in the production phase. We also describe how the results of a warranty performance analysis can be used as feedback to improve the test coverage for the tests run during production.
Computer Security: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Schell Roger R. , Reed Edwards E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The pervasive dependence on computers today gives us no choice but to use them in the face of professional attackers. That threat, for which software subversion is often the tool of choice, is serious and growing, so computers are increasingly a major source of risk. Responsible risk assessment and risk management requires that we not only create computers that are secure but also verify that we have succeeded. A productive history of more than 30 years of research and practical experience has produced a theory of computer security rich with solutions and tools. The greatest achievement is the demonstrated ability to build and operationally deploy truly bulletproof systems having verifiable protection. This remains the most powerful solution available for many of today's hard computer and network security problems.