bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the collaboratives for excellence in teacher preparation program
Authors: Lawrenz Frances , Huffman Douglas , Gravely Amy 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the national impact of the Collaboratives for Excellence in Teacher Preparation program (CETP). Impact of the program was examined in two different settings: institutions of higher education, and K–12 science and mathematics classrooms. The focus of this study was to determine the impact of the CETP program on the institutional culture and collaborations among faculty, and changes in instructional techniques used by higher education faculty and K–12 teachers. Data were gathered over a 3‐year period from 12 different CETP projects. At the higher education level faculty reported more collaboration and a slight increase in the use of standard‐based teaching. At the K–12 level, students of teachers who were prepared by the CETP program viewed classroom instruction as slightly more standards‐based than comparable students of non‐CETP prepared teachers. Additionally, external observers rated classes taught by teachers educated in CETP projects as more standards‐based than classes taught by non‐CETP teachers educated in other programs. Implications of the results for national large‐scale reform of science and mathematics education are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1348–1369, 2007
Digesta passage rates in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
Authors: Larkin Iskande L.V. , Fowler Vivienne F. , Reep Roger L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris (Sirenia: Trichechidae), is an herbivorous marine mammal found within coastal areas throughout the state of Florida, which feeds on both fresh and salt water sea grasses. Manatees, like other Sirenians, are a tropical species with little tolerance for water temperatures below 20°C, rely on a relatively poor nutritional food source, and have a low metabolic rate. Although manatees are hindgut fermenting herbivores, they are very efficient at extracting nutrients from the plants on which they feed. Slow passage rates of digesta have been suggested to be a factor in this increased efficiency. Two studies monitored the digesta passage times and mixing of particulate digesta within the manatee digestive tract using MicroGrits colored corncob grit as a fecal marker. Fecal samples were collected subsequently from four manatees in Study 1 and 3 manatees in Study 2, grit pieces removed, counted, and measured. The digesta passage times ranged from 6 and 10 days in Study 1, and 4.3 and 8.3 days in Study 2, supporting data presented in previous studies. When two different colored markers were administered on sequential days, minimal to no mixing was seen in recovered feces, suggesting that the digesta from a given day traveled through the tract as a bolus. Less than 1% of the marker fed was recovered and we hypothesize that perpendicular folds of the large intestine may be the major contributing factor, with pieces being retained and eventually digested. Zoo Biol 26:503–515, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of contraception in ungulate species
Authors: Patton M.L. , Jöchle W. , Penfold L.M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMost ungulate species are herd animals. In captivity, and increasingly so in the wild, space constraints limit natural behaviors associated with group dynamics, possibly resulting in inbreeding and/or overpopulation. This situation has necessitated research regarding contraception of various species of hoofstock. Differing management situations mandate different contraception protocols to achieve optimal results. Fertility control in hoofstock has been achieved through a number of different contraceptive methods predominantly surgical sterilization, mechanical contraception, synthetic steroid hormones, and immunocontraception. In this study successes and limitations of these techniques are reviewed. Zoo Biol 26:311–326, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents
Authors: Lande Marc B. , Flynn Joseph T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents has been markedly changed in recent years by several factors, including the publication of new consensus recommendations, the obesity epidemic, and the increased availability of information on efficacy and safety of antihypertensive medications in the young. In this review we present an updated approach to the outpatient management of hypertension in the child or adolescent, utilizing representative cases to illustrate important principles as well as possible controversies.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Volar Locking Plates for Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Levin Scott M. , Nelson Cory O. , Botts Jonathan D. , Teplitz Glenn A. , Kwon Yong , Serra-Hsu Fred 
Published: August 2007

Purpose Fixed-angle devices have been a major advancement in orthopedic fracture care and have become an attractive option for fixation of distal radius fractures. Several volar locking plates exist, but there is insufficient literature comparing the strengths of these plates. This study compares the biomechanical strength of two popular volar locking plate systems (Synthes LCP and Hand Innovations DVR-A) along with a nonlocking volar T-plate (Synthes). Methods Twenty-three formalin-fixed cadaveric forearms were divided into three groups with similar ages and bone densities. An unstable extra-articular fracture was created using a standardized osteotomy. Each group was fixed with one of the three plates. Each specimen was loaded in axial compression for 2000 cycles at a force of 400 N. Each specimen that completed cyclic testing was loaded to failure. Stiffness, yield point, and ultimate strength were recorded for each construct. Results Each fixed-angle construct completed all 2000 cycles. The nonlocking plates failed at an average of 560 cycles. The mean stiffness of the DVR-A, LCP, and the volar T-plates were 277.00, 343.17, and 175.67 N/mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between both fixed-angle plates and the nonlocking plate ( p<0.05). The difference between each fixed-angle construct did not reach significance. Yield point and ultimate strength could only be determined for the two fixed-angle devices. There was no statistically significant difference between the constructs for both yield point (DVR-A=855.56 N, LCP=894.15 N) and ultimate strength (DVR-A=1,021.97 N, LCP=1,114.87 N). Conclusions Given our data, fixed-angle constructs withstand cyclical loading representing normal physiologic forces encountered during post-operative rehabilitation. There was no significant biomechanical difference between the two fixed-angle constructs. Our results support that volar fixed-angle locking plates are an effective treatment for unstable extra-articular distal radius fractures, allowing early postoperative rehabilitation to safely be initiated.
Aging effects on joint proprioception: the role of physical activity in proprioception preservation
Authors: Ribeiro Fernando , Oliveira José 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThroughout the human life span the functions of several physiological systems dramatically change, including proprioception. Impaired proprioception leads to less accurate detection of body position changes increasing the risk of fall, and to abnormal joint biomechanics during functional activities so, over a period of time, degenerative joint disease may result. Altered neuromuscular control of the lower limb and consequently poor balance resulting from changes in the proprioceptive function could be related to the high incidence of harmful falls that occur in old age subjects. There is evidence of proprioception deterioration with aging. Regular physical activity seems to be a beneficial strategy to preserve proprioception and prevent falls among older subjects. Some studies have demonstrated that the regular physical activity can attenuate age-related decline in proprioception. This paper reviews the evidence of age effects on joint proprioception. We will discuss the possible mechanisms behind these effects and the role of regular physical activity in the attenuation of age-related decline in proprioception.
Fatty Acid Supplied as Triglyceride Regulates SRE‐Mediated Gene Expression as Efficiently as Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Densupsoontorn Narumon , Worgall Tilla S. , Seo Toru , Hamai Hiroko , Deckelbaum Richard J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription proteins that bind to sterol regulatory elements (SRE) of genes essential for cellular cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) strongly inhibit SREBP processing at post‐transcriptional levels. We questioned if delivering PUFA as part of a triglyceride (TG) molecule would have similar effects and efficiency as free non‐esterified PUFA. CHO cells stably transfected with an SRE‐promoter linked to the luciferase reporter gene were incubated for 8–24 h with linoleic acid (LA) complexed to BSA (molar ratios 0.5–4:1), VLDL‐sized trilinolein emulsions (TL, 25–200 μg/ml), and chylomicron‐sized soy oil emulsions in the presence and absence of apoE. Effects of LA and TL on decreasing SRE‐luciferase activity were similar and dose and time dependent. Both TL and LA significantly and rapidly (≤2–12 h) reduced SRE‐mediated gene expression by up to 75%. At equal fatty acid concentrations, SRE inhibition by TL was as effective as LA. ApoE addition increased inhibition by TL. Inhibition of gene expression was highly correlated to cell TG accumulation. We conclude that TG like fatty acids are rapid and efficient modulators of SRE‐mediated gene expression.
A Study on Subunit Groups of Soybean Protein Extracts under SDS‐PAGE
Authors: Liu Shunhu , Zhou Ruibao , Tian Shaojun , Gai Junyi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractProtein extracts of 640 soybean cultivars and landraces, mainly from China and a few from the US, were analyzed for their components and subunits based on distribution patterns of bands with varying molecular weights (MW) under SDS‐PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The number and molecular weight of the bands in SDS‐PAGE varied among materials and showed a tendency of continuous distribution. Accordingly, the SDS‐PAGE patterns of the soybean protein extracts were divided into two regions: the region of bands with MW < 44 KDa and that with MW ≥ 44 KDa. The first region containing mainly 11S proteins was divided into four parts, called subunit groups, i.e. 11S‐1 (14.4–22 KDa), 11S‐2 (22–26 KDa), 11S‐3 (26–34 KDa) and 11S‐4 (34–44 KDa). The second region containing mainly 7S protein was divided into six subunit groups, i.e. 7S‐1 (44–49 KDa), 7S‐2 (49–55 KDa), 7S‐3 (55–67 KDa), 7S‐4 (67–73 KDa), 7S‐5 (73–82 KDa) and 7S‐6 (82–91 KDa). The sum of relative contents of 11S‐1–11S‐4 was obtained as the relative content of 11S protein, those of 7S‐1–7S‐6 as that of 7S protein, and therefore, the 11S/7S ratio obtained. The proposed criteria were demonstrated to be simple, stable and feasible. Among the 640 tested materials, 39 lacked 11S‐1 but none lacked the other 11S subunit groups, while deficiencies existed in all the six subunit groups of 7S, indicating a great potential for the genetic variation of protein components and subunits for breeding for the improvement of protein qualities.
Race, Culture, and Skill: Interracial Wage Differences among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites
Authors: Mason Patrick L. 
Published: August 2007

This article examines the interrelationships among race, culture, skill, and the distribution of wages. I utilize a three-equation system to explore this process: skill is a multidimensional productive attribute measured by years of education and work effort; educational attainment is a function of class background and individual effort; and individual wage rates are a function of skill and class background. By further assuming that effort is differentially distributed across individuals and social groups, I am able to estimate reduced form equations for educational and earnings attainment, where both equations are functions of the class backgrounds and race of individuals. The collective results of this article challenge the conventional wisdom among economists that African American and Latino job skills are of a lower quality than white job skills. To the extent that effort is an important element of worker skill, our results suggest that neither African American nor Latino labor is of lower quality than white labor. The results regarding differences between African Americans and whites in educational attainment, i.e., African Americans are able to translate a given level of resources into higher levels of educational attainment, reaffirm previous findings in the literature. The results on Latino versus white educational attainment are novel. Additionally, unlike previous research, this article connects racial differences in the skill acquisition process to the economics of discrimination.
Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana (Southeastern Swiss Alps)
Authors: Blass Alex , Bigler Christian , Grosjean Martin , Sturm Michael 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA quantitative high-resolution autumn (September–November) temperature reconstruction for the southeastern Swiss Alps back to AD 1580 is presented here. We used the annually resolved biogenic silica (diatoms) flux derived from the accurately dated and annually sampled sediments of Lake Silvaplana (46°27′N, 9°48′E, 1800 m a.s.l.). The biogenic silica flux smoothed by means of a 9-yr running mean was calibrated (r=0.70, p<0.01) against local instrumental temperature data (AD 1864–1949). The resulting reconstruction (± 2 standard errors=±0.7 °C) indicates that autumns during the late Little Ice Age were generally cooler than they were during the 20th century. During the cold anomaly around AD 1600 and during the Maunder Minimum, however, the reconstructed autumn temperatures did not experience strong negative departures from the 20th-century mean. The warmest autumns prior to 1900 occurred around AD 1770 and 1820 (0.75 °C above the 20th-century mean). Our data agree closely with two other autumn temperature reconstructions for the Alps and for Europe that are based on documentary evidence and are completely unrelated to our data, revealing a very consistent picture over the centuries.
LINEAR FRACTIONAL RELATIONS IN BANACH SPACES: INTERIOR POINTS IN THE DOMAIN AND ANALOGUES OF THE LIOUVILLE THEOREM
Authors: OSTROVSKII M. I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper we study linear fractional relations defined in the following way. Let${\cal B}$i,${\cal B}$'i,i= 1,2, be Banach spaces. We denote the space of bounded linear operators by${\cal L}$. LetTε${\cal L}$(${\cal B}$1⊕${\cal B}$2,${\cal B}$'1⊕${\cal B}$'2). To each such operator there corresponds a 2 × 2 operator matrix of the form(*)whereTijε${\cal L}$(${\cal B}$j,${\cal B}$'i. For each suchTwe define a set-valued mapGTfrom${\cal L}$(${\cal B}$1,${\cal B}$2) into the set of closed affine subspaces of${\cal L}$(${\cal B}$'1,${\cal B}$'2) byThe mapGTis called alinear fractional relation.The paper is devoted to the following two problems.•Characterization of operator matrices of the form (*) for which the setGT(K) is non-empty for eachKin some open ball of the space${\cal L}$(${\cal B}$1,${\cal B}$2).•Characterizations of quadruples (${\cal B}$1,${\cal B}$2,${\cal B}$'1,${\cal B}$'2) of Banach spaces such that linear fractional relations defined for such spaces satisfy the natural analogue of the Liouville theorem “a bounded entire function is constant”.
STABILITY OF MAPPINGS ON MULTI-NORMED SPACES
Authors: DALES H. G. , MOSLEHIAN MOHAMMAD SAL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we define multi-normed spaces, and investigate some properties of multi-bounded mappings on multi-normed spaces. Moreover, we prove a generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability theorem associated to the Cauchy additive equation for mappings from linear spaces into multi-normed spaces.
Externalizing tacit overview knowledge: A model-based approach to supporting design teams
Authors: Flanagan Tomás , Eckert Claudia , Clarkson P. John 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSuccessful realization of large-scale product development programs is challenging because of complex product and process dependencies and complicated team interactions. Proficient teamwork is underpinned by knowledge of the manner in which tasks performed by different design participants fit together to create an effective whole. Based on an extensive industrial case study with a diesel engine company, this paper first argues that the overview and experience of senior designers play an important part in supporting teamwork by coordinating activities and facilitating proactive communication across large project teams. As experts move on and novices or contractors are hired, problems are likely to occur as tacit overview knowledge is lost. If informal, overview-driven processes break down, the risk of costly oversights will increase, and greater management overhead will be required to realize successful product designs. Existing process models provide a means to express the connectivity between tasks and components thus to compensate partially for the loss of tacit overview. This paper proposes the use of design confidence, a metric that reflects the designer's belief in the maturity of a particular design parameter at a given point in the process, to address the limitations of existing models. The applicability of confidence-based design models in providing overview, as well as their shortcomings, will be demonstrated through the example of a diesel engine design process. Confidence can be used to make overview knowledge explicit and convey additional information about the design artifact, thereby informing communication and negotiation between teams.
Making sense of engineering design review activities
Authors: Huet Gregory , Culley Stephen J. , McMahon Christopher A. , Fortin ClÉment 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEngineering design reviews, which take place at predetermined phases of the product development process, are fundamental elements for the evaluation and control of engineering activities. These meetings are also acknowledged as unique opportunities for all the parties involved to share information about the product and related engineering processes. For product development teams, the knowledge generated during a design review is not as secondary as it may seem; key design decisions, design experiences, and associated rationale are frequently made explicit. Useful work has been carried out on the design review process itself, but little work has been undertaken about the detailed content of the meeting activity; it is argued that understanding the transactions that take place during a meeting is critical to building an effective knowledge-oriented recording strategy. To this effect, an extensive research program based on case studies in the aerospace engineering domain has been carried out. The work reported in this paper focuses on a set of tools and methods developed to characterize and analyze in depth the transactions observed during a number of case studies. The first methodology developed, the transcript coding scheme, uses an intelligent segmentation of meeting discourse transcriptions. The second approach, which bypasses the time consuming transcribing operation, is based on a meeting capture template developed to enable a meeting observer to record the transactions as the meeting takes place. A third method, the information mapping technique, has also been developed to interpret the case study data in terms of decisions, actions, rationale, and lessons learned, effectively generating qualitative measures of the information lost in the formal records of design reviews. Overall, the results generated by the set of tools presented in this paper have fostered a practical strategy for the knowledge intensive capture of the contents of design reviews. The concluding remarks also discuss possible enhancements to the meeting analysis tools presented in this paper and future work aimed at the development of a computer supported capture software for design reviews.
Collaborative design exploration in an interactive workspace
Authors: Fruchter Renate , Saxena Kushagra , Breidenthal Matt , Demian Peter 
Published: August 2007

AbstractArchitecture, engineering, and construction team members, while collaborating on building projects, rely on past experiences and content through the use of project design archives (whether in paper or digital format). Underutilization of potential knowledge in the decision-making process of data, information, and knowledge reuse is limited by access to these archives, because of sheer size, decontextualized content, and inconvenient access and presentation. This paper presents an integrated solution called CoMem–iRoom that leverages two technologies Corporate Memory (CoMem) and interactive Room (iRoom) developed at Stanford. CoMem–iRoom addresses critical limitations (content, context, visualization, and interactivity) constraining the process of collaborative exploration toward knowledge reuse and decision making.
An ontology of situated design teams
Authors: Gero John S. , Kannengiesser Udo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an ontological framework for situated design teams in which the team is both the subject and the object of designing. Team designing is modeled using the set of processes provided by the situated function–behavior–structure framework. This is a formal basis for understanding the drivers for change in the product to be designed and in the design team. We specifically focus on changes in a team's structure that emerge from interactions among individual team members and subteams.
Part III. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliinfections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984–2005
Authors: GUPTA S. K. , KECK J. , RAM P. K. , CRUMP J. A. , MILLER M. A. , MINTZ E. D. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYEnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is a common cause of profuse watery diarrhoea in the developing world, often leading to severe dehydration or death. We found only 15 population-based studies in low and medium human development index (HDI) countries from 1984 to 2005 that evaluate disease incidence. Reported incidence ranged from 39 to 4460 infections/1000 persons per year. The peak incidence of ETEC appeared to occur between ages 6 and 18 months. A median of 14% (range 2–36%) of diarrhoeal specimens were positive for ETEC in 19 facility- and population-based studies conducted in all age groups and 13% (range 3–39%) in 51 studies conducted in children only. Heat-labile toxin (LT)-ETEC is thought to be less likely to cause disease than heat-stable toxin (ST)-ETEC or LT/ST-ETEC. Because population-based studies involve enhanced clinical management of patients and facility-based studies include only the most severe illnesses, reliable data on complications and mortality from ETEC infections was unavailable. To reduce gaps in the current understanding of ETEC incidence, complications and mortality, large population-based studies combined with facility-based studies covering a majority of the corresponding population are needed, especially in low-HDI countries. Moreover, a standard molecular definition of ETEC infection is needed to be able to compare results across study sites.