bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of variability in rat feeding trials with single meal tests
Authors: Buraczewski Stanislas , Geoffrey Porter J. W. , Rolls Brian A. , Zebrowska Teresa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe responses of the laboratory rat to the ingestion of a single test meal, as measured by the contents of the stomach and small intestine and the plasma amino acid (PPA) concentrations in portal and systemic blood, were investigated under different experimental conditions. The variations introduced were different cages, different pre‐experimental diets and training the rats to eat for a short daily period. The rate of stomach emptying was slower in rats housed in anticoprophagy cages than in those kept in wire mesh cages and the variability was smaller, but the PAA concentrations were unaffected by the type of cage. Rats maintained during the pre‐experimental period on three different diets had similar PAA concentrations after an 18 h fast. Trained rats exhibited more rapid stomach emptying than did untrained animals, but the quantity of material in the small intestine was little affected. Training affected the systemic, but not the portal, PAA concentrations. Suggestions are made of suitable experimental conditions for assessing the short‐term response to single meals.
Nitrogen top‐dressing requirements of winter oilseed rape
Authors: Holmes Michael R. J. , Ainsley Alan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractForty‐one field experiments were carried out on the spring N top‐dressing requirements of winter oilseed rape in the years 1973 to 1977. The experiments were in the main rape‐growing areas of England and Scotland, and almost all were on rape crops following one or more cereals. Seed and oil yield were increased by N top‐dressing in 38 of the 41 experiments, with a mean requirement by satisfactory crops for about 230 kg ha−1 of N. Those experiments with no response to N or no response beyond 90 kg ha−1 of N were mostly low yielding and suffered from lodging, drought or bird damage. N reduced oil content by about 2% on average, but there was a considerably larger depression in 10 experiments, almost always associated with low yield, drought or lodging. N fertiliser increased the N content of the seed by about 0.5%. Timing of N application within the period mid‐February to late March had little influence on seed yield or oil content but applying all or half the N in April tended to give a lower yield. There was no advantage from splitting the N application.
The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees
Authors: Atkinson David , Johnson Martin G. , Mattam David , Reuben Mercer E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNitrogen‐15 was supplied as K15NO3 to mature Cox/M.26 apple trees grown in conventional wide herbicide strips, with overall herbicide or with complete grass cover. Uptake was measured, following placement, either at 10 cm depth within the tree rows or at 10 or 25 cm depth in the alleys between the rows. Uptake of 15N in the strip treatment was always much greater from the strip than from the grassed alley, while with the overall herbicide trees, uptake was highest from the tree row in June but from the alley in August. With overall grass, uptake was highest from the alley. Management treatments did not affect the total N content of the leaves, so results were similar whether expressed on an atom % or pg μg g−1 DW basis. In the herbicide strip treatment, application of fertiliser nitrogen at rates between 0 and 126 kg ha−1 had little effect on either the amount or the pattern of 15N uptake. Recovery of added 15N tracer by the trees during the year of treatment varied from 2 to 25% depending upon treatment, position and depth of injection. Absorption of 15N appeared to be greater in mid‐summer than in spring or autumn. Pattern of N uptake was affected by interaction between soil water status, periodicity of root growth and total N demand.
Chromium accumulation and distribution in crop plants
Authors: Lahouti Mehrdad , Peterson Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrop plants accumulated chromium from nutrient solutions labelled with either 51CrIII or 51CrVI and retained approximately 98 % of the elements in the roots. Of the 9 crop species examined, cauliflower plants accumulated the most chromium in both shoots and roots and mung bean seedlings the least. Species differences of approximately 10‐fold in the tops and 5‐fold in the roots were recorded. The roots of each species supplied with 51CrIII contained more chromium than those supplied with 51CrVI but the reverse was found in the shoots. There was a greater proportion of soluble chromium in plants supplied with 51CrVI than in those supplied with 51CrIII, the major soluble compound being tentatively identified as trioxalato‐CrIII. Little chromium was associated with cell organdies or soluble proteins.
The enhanced N‐nitrosation of lipid soluble amines in a heterogeneous model system
Authors: Massey Robert C. , Crews Colin , Davies Roger , McWeeny David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe N‐nitrosations of dihexylamine, dibutylamine and dipropylamine were studied in a heterogeneous model system containing a 20% n‐decane phase. The reactions were examined at 37°C and with an aqueous phase pH of 5.25. A 20‐fold enhancement in the formation of N‐nitrosodihexylamine was observed as compared with decane‐free controls; N‐nitrosodibutylamine formation was also increased, but to a lesser extent; the yield of N‐nitrosodipropylamine was below the limit of detection for both the control and the decane‐containing reactions. Partition coefficient measurements showed that under these conditions 5% of the dihexylamine was located in the decane phase and that the corresponding values for dibutylamine and dipropylamine were considerably lower. The results are discussed in relation to the fat‐preferred formation of N‐nitrosamines in fried bacon.
Phosphorus nutrition and acid phosphatase activity in the leaves of seven plant species
Authors: Besford Robert T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeven plant species, barley, cucumber, maize, oats, rice, tomato and wheat were grown in sand for between 9 and 11 weeks and received either 1.33 mM‐NaH2PO4 in a complete nutrient solution (P2), or 0.13 mM‐NaH2PO4 for 7 days then no added phosphate in an otherwise complete nutrient solution (P1). At harvest plants grown in the P1 solution were much smaller than in the P2 solution, the rice showing the least effect, but only the leaves of cucumber and tomato developed characteristic symptoms of phosphorus deficiency. Acid phosphatase activity was significantly greater in extracts from the leaves of all species grown in the P1, except for rice, when compared with those grown in the P2 solution. The increase was greatest in the leaves of tomato and cucumber which also contained the lowest levels of phosphorus. Acid phosphatase activity, therefore, may be useful as a rapid indicator of phosphorus stress in crops.
The nutritive value of triticale in diets for laying hens
Authors: Davidson John , Davidson Alan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nutritive value of triticale was assessed over a ten‐week period with Warren Studler hens. Test diets contained over 85% cereal plus 12% of a mineral/vitamin mixture with and without supplements of the amino acids, lysine and methionine, or a small inclusion of fishmeal. Egg production on such diets was compared with that on control diets based on oats and fishmeal and on diets containing barley grown adjacent to the triticale. Full egg production was achieved on the triticale diet without amino acid or protein supplementation. Corresponding barley diets supported production which was lower by about 10%. Individual egg weights tended to be lower on the triticale diet unsupplemented with amino acids than on the control or fully supplemented diets. Food conversion efficiency was better on the triticale than on the control or barley diets. Hens on triticale diets without amino acid or protein supplements lost more weight during the experiment than did control birds.
The detection of the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) in hen's egg by gas chromatography
Authors: Ahmed Shuaib A. C. , Beswick Gordon , Tomlins Richard I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe free thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content of eggs from five different strains of hen was determined by gas chromatograph as cyanogen bromide after treating the deproteinised liquid whole egg with aqueous bromine solution. Interference by cyanide and residual protein after deproteinisation with phosphotungstic acid was not found to have any noticeable effect on the results. Samples spiked with known concentrations of SCN− gave recoveries of 95%. The levels of SCN− detected ranged from 0.54–0.675 mg kg−1. There was very little variation in the levels detected from one strain of hens over a period of 10 weeks. The amount present presumably originating from the detoxification of cyanide in the liver and kidney would be insufficient to promote bactericidal activity, when incorporated into the lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide antimicrobial system.
Biochemical basis of insect resistance in Vigna unguiculata
Authors: Gatehouse Angharad M. R. , Gatehouse John A. , Dobie Philip , Kilminster Anita M. , Boulter Donald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) causes extensive damage to seeds of the cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.), when this important tropical foodstuff is stored. A variety of cowpea resistant to attack by this pest has been described. In the present work seeds of a number of cowpea varieties, including the resistant one, were tested for the presence of a physical resistance to C. maculatus, in terms of repulsion of oviposition or of failure of larvae to enter the seeds. No evidence to suggest the presence of a physical resistance was found. When seeds of cowpea varieties were tested for the presence of various antimetabolic secondary compounds, only inhibitory activity against trypsin and, to a much lesser extent, chymotrypsin, could be detected. The resistant variety of cowpea contained a significantly higher level of inhibitors, about twice as much as any other variety. A proteinase inhibitor active against trypsin was purified from cowpea varieties by affinity chromatography on trypsin‐Sepharose. The purified inhibitor was shown to inhibit chyraotrypsin also, in such proportions as to account for chymotrypsin inhibition by seed extracts. The inhibitor was shown to consist of a number of isoinhibitors by gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, but no qualitative differences in the inhibitor between varieties could be detected. The antimetabolic nature of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor was confirmed by insect feeding trials in which various protein fractions were added to a basic meal and the effect on larval survival noted. The albumin proteins of cowpea (containing the trypsin inhibitors) at a level of 10% were toxic to larvae of C. maculatus whereas the globulin fractions were not. Further, if cowpea trypsin inhibitor was removed from the albumin proteins they ceased to be toxic. When purified cowpea trypsin inhibitor was added to the basic meal it was shown that a level slightly less than that found in the resistant variety of cowpea caused complete mortality of larvae, whereas lower levels had lesser or no effect. It is concluded that this example of insect resistance in the cowpea is due to an elevated level of trypsin inhibitor.
A simplified method for the determination of total glycoalkaloids in potato tubers
Authors: Coxon David T. , Price Keith R. , Jones P. Geraint 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simplified method for the determination of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in potato tubers has been developed in which potato tissue is extracted with dilute sulphuric acid and the extract is hydrolysed directly. Analysis is completed in less than 4 h using very simple apparatus and reagents. A colorimetric procedure employing bromothymol blue is used for quantitation. A study of the hydrolysis of α‐solanine and α‐chaconine and the stability of solanidine and solanthrene under hydrolysis conditions, which was made in order to define optimum conditions for the method, showed that hydrolysis time and temperature are quite critical if reproducible aglycone recovery is to be obtained. The results obtained using the method for tubers of fourteen experimental samples with a wide range of TGA contents compare well with corresponding results obtained using a lengthier and more tedious literature method. Its simplicity makes it a suitable method for plant breeders to use to measure the TGA content of new cultivars of potatoes.
The interaction between gossypol and cottonseed protein
Authors: Damaty Sayed M. , Hudson Bertram J. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the processing of cottonseed products an interaction between protein and gossypol takes place, with an adverse effect on protein quality. The chemical nature of the interaction has been studied, using selective proteolysis, gel filtration and amino acid analysis. It has been established that insoluble, unhydrolysable reaction products of gossypol with protein are formed as a result of the action of heat on flours and isolates containing free gossypol. From the changes in the amino acid profile of the protein which remains available under such conditions, it is concluded that certain amino acids, viz. lysine, serine, threonine, methionine and the more hydrophobic amino acids, are particularly prone to take part in the formation of insoluble material, and it is postulated that irreversible co‐polymerisation between gossypol and cottonseed protein takes place, rendering the protein nutritionally unavailable.
Factors responsible for the poor breadmaking quality of high yielding european wheat
Authors: Booth Michael R. , Melvin Madeleine A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe factors responsible for the poor breadmaking quality of the high yielding wheat cultivar, Maris Huntsman, have been studied by fractionation of its flour, followed by reconstitution and small scale test baking. Interchange of components with those from quality Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat demonstrated the unique importance of the gluten component. Further fractionation revealed that the proportion of ‘residue protein’, i.e. protein insoluble in lactic acid solution, was much lower in Maris Huntsman than the CWRS. However, no improvement in quality resulted when this deficiency was overcome by the addition of extra residue protein derived from Maris Huntsman. Other studies involving interchange of Maris Huntsman and CWRS gluten components showed that there is a lack of quality in both the lactic acid‐soluble and ‐insoluble components of Maris Huntsman gluten.
Groundnut carbohydrates—a review
Authors: Tharanathan Rudrapatnam N. , Wankhede Dharmaraj B. , Rao Madhava R. Raghavendra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review summarises comparative studies conducted here and elsewhere on the various carbohydrate fractions of groundnut. Mono‐ and oligosaccharides, starch, xylan, glucomannan and cellulose were some of the fractions isolated and characterised. The xylan was shown to be highly branched, having a backbone of β‐1,4‐linked D‐xylopyranose residues and further substituted at C‐2 (9.6%) and C‐2, C‐3 (15.6%). The glucomannan, containing more of glucose than mannose (mol ratio, 4:1) was a linear β‐1,4‐linked polymer. Investigations using scanning electron microscope of enzymically digested groundnut starch revealed several types of ‘pitting’ on the starch granular surface. The effects of processing and germination on the make up of groundnut carbohydrates were also investigated. Incubation of the defatted groundnut flour (GNF) with a partially purified hemicellulase preparation indicated almost complete breakdown of the pentosan constituents and resulted in a greater extraction (over 90%) of proteins from GNF.
Assessment of polysaccharides as ice cream stabilisers
Authors: Cottrell John I. L. , Pass Geoffrey , Phillips Glyn O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of small quantities of various polysaccharides on some of the physical properties of an ice cream mix and ice cream has been investigated. The behaviour of traditional compounds was compared with the behaviour of a selection of tree exudate gums. The most effective of this group of tree exudate gums was Khaya grandifoliola gum. Although an ice cream mix containing this gum has only a low viscosity Khaya gum produced a wide range of desirable effects.
The effects of pure saturated and unsaturated fatty acids bon breadmaking and on lipid binding, using chorleywood bread process doughs containing a ‘model fat’
Authors: Bell Brenda M. , Daniels David G. H. , Fisher Nathan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen a fresh flour dough containing a model fat prepared from pure saturated and unsaturated triglycerides was supplemented with pure oleic or linoleic acids in amounts sufficient to raise the level of unesterified fatty acids to that obtained with a flour badly deteriorated by age, the acids were equally detrimental to loaf volume. Margaric acid added at the same level was not deleterious. Lipid binding studies showed that both unsaturated fatty acids behaved similarly during doughmixing, not only becoming largely ‘bound’ themselves, but also causing increased binding of glyceryl trioleate and flour lipids. Conversely, margaric acid remained largely ‘free’ and did not affect the binding of other dough lipid constituents.
Effect of pre‐slaughter handling on the quality and microbiology of venison from farmed young red deer
Authors: Macdougall Douglas B. , Shaw B. Gordon , Nute Geoffrey R. , Rhodes Douglas N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractYoung stags, castrates and hinds, raised on heathery hill pasture were subjected to three levels of stress prior to slaughter. They were either individually penned overnight and shot, confined in threes in a pen overnight and stunned by captive bolt or confined in threes in a wire fenced pen overnight and then agitated by an older deer for 2 h and finally stunned by captive bolt. Some 30% of the stag and castrate carcasses had high ultimate pH (pHu≥6.0) and the venison from these exhibited typical dark cutting appearance. The pHu of the hind carcasses was <5.5. Overall there was no significant difference in pHu between stressed and unstressed groups, but the incidence of high pHu was greatest in the severely stressed stags and castrates. Texture of roasted M. semimembranosus pHu of <6.0 was slightly to moderately tender and the high pHu venison was very tender. Stress level did not affect the microbiological condition of the freshly skinned carcasses or the total viable counts on joints during storage at 1°C.
Identification and estimation of carotenoids in the seeds of four Lupinus species
Authors: El‐Difrawi Entisar A. , Hudson Bertram J. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oils extracted from the seeds of four commercially important species of lupin seeds are all shown to contain significant quantities of both β‐carotene and zeaxanthin. One species contains a further pigment which is probably β‐carotene‐5:6:51:61‐diepoxide, and another contains a closely related but so far unidentified carotenoid.
Purification and some properties of wheat germ lipoxygenase
Authors: Nicolas Jacques , Autran Maria , Drapron Roger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipoxygenase from the germ of bread wheat was purified to near homogeneity by a classical scheme. After extraction at pH 4.5 from defatted germ, lipoxygenase activity was precipitated by 40% saturation (NH4)2SO4 from a 25% saturation supernatant. After dissolution in a phosphate buffer at pH 7 and extensive dialysis against this buffer, the extract was submitted to gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 34. The final step of DEAE Sephadex A50 chromatography gave three peaks (L1, L2 and L3) with lipoxygenase activity. The total yield of the purification procedure was close to 30% and the degree of purification varied from 200 to 300 depending on the fraction considered. The three isoenzymes were also detected by disc electrophoresis using a specific staining method and were isolated by isoelectric focusing in a liquid medium. The molecular weight for each isoenzyme was determined to be 90 000–95 000 by gel filtration and 110 000 by electrophoresis in a gradient of acrylamide concentration. The stability, pH optimum and calcium effect have been studied. L2 and L3 were less stable than L1. Optimum pH ranged between 6–6.5 and neither isoenzyme activity was affected by calcium ions. L1 was twice as active towards β‐carotene as L2 and L3 for the same level of oxygen uptake, but in comparison to lipoxygenase from horsebean the co‐oxidising power of wheat lipoxygenase was very poor.
High‐resolution proton, carbon‐13 and nitrogen‐15 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wheat proteins at high magnetic fields: Spectral assignments, changes with concentration and heating treatments of flinor gliadins in solution—comparison with gluten spectra
Authors: Baianu Ion C. , Johnson Leroy F. , Waddell David K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe first high‐field and high‐resolution proton, carbon‐13 and nitrogen‐15 nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra of gliadin solutions are reported. Collective assignments are proposed based on ‘random coil’ chemical shifts and amino acid analysis of gliadins. Additional information from X‐ray diffraction, photoacoustic spectroscopy, dielectric relaxation and electrophoretic measurements is considered in the interpretation of the n.m.r. spectra. Marked changes in the n.m.r. spectra of gliadin solution were observed with increasing concentration or temperature. An interpretation of these effects in molecular terms is proposed and the practical implications of n.m.r. measurements for wheat variety identification and correlation with rheological testing indicated. The relevance of the results to studies of glutens is also noted.
Inhibition of clostridial growth by nitrate during the early phase of silage fermentation
Authors: Spoelstra Sierk F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClostridial activity and nitrate‐reduction during ensiling were monitored in laboratory experiments. Wilted and unwilted grass with different amounts of natural or added nitrate were ensiled. Nitrate, probably by its reduction products nitrite and nitric oxide, prevented clostridial growth during the phase of acidification. In nitrate‐free grass clostridial activity started immediately after ensiling. When ensiling nitrate‐containing grass clostridia did not grow as long as nitrate was present.
Characterisation of myrosinase in polish varieties of rapeseed
Authors: Kozlowska Habil J. , Nowak H. , Nowak J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has been shown that the myrosinase activity in rapeseed and in white mustard seeds is similar and does not depend on the variety of rapeseed. The two molecular forms of rapeseed myrosinase with different isoelectric points, Km values towards sinigrin, response to ascorbic acid and stability were isolated. The enzyme was strongly stimulated by ascorbic acid and had the same hydrolytic potential against rapeseed glucosinolates as the myrosinase from white mustard. However, the rapeseed enzyme was much less stable during storage. The fast inactivation of myrosinase in both, flaked and intact seeds was achieved after incubation at 90–100°C and 90–100% relative humidity. In the flaked seeds, however, a substantial amount of the endogenous glucosinolates had already been decomposed before complete inactivation of the enzyme. Thus, it is suggesting that the enzyme should be inactivated in the intact seeds before processing.