bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from toys: Reflections on the 2007 recall crisis
Authors: Teagarden Mary B. , Hinrichs Merle A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe year 2007 will be remembered as the year the toy industry was shaken by a seemingly endless stream of recalls. The scope of this recent wave of recalls associated with lead‐tainted toys coming from China has focused the attention of parents and others responsible for ers who sell these toys, companies who import these toys, and numerous government officials on the problem of toys that have been painted with lead‐tainted paint. Much of the focus of this crisis is on China and its contractors. This is counterproductive and reactive. The problem of lead‐tainted imports is not new. The fact that China is currently in the crosshairs is to a large degree a function of their growth in importance as a preferred site for outsourced manufacturing. It is a volume issue. Lead‐tainted imports have many causes, and these will be explored in this article. This article concludes with a discussion of lessons that managers can take from this crisis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model of face practices in Chinese business culture: Implications for western businesspersons
Authors: Cardon Peter W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article describes findings of in‐depth interviews about the role of face in Chinese business culture with 34 Chinese businesspersons and 8 American businesspersons who were operating in major mainland Chinese commercial centers. Informants described 229 business incidents involving the major face practices: giving face, protecting face, vying for face, and not considering face. Authentic examples of the various face practices in business situations are provided to illustrate related behaviors. A model of face practices was developed that describes dominant face practices and related strategies based on the following business relationships: horizontal insiders, vertical insiders, and outsiders. Related recommendations are provided for business practitioners and researchers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in uterine blood flow following laparoscopic myomectomy with or without uterine artery ligation on two‐ and three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Chang W.‐C. , Huang S.‐C. , Sheu B.‐C. , Shih J.‐C. , Hsu W.‐C. , Chen S. Y. , Chang D.‐Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate differences in uterine perfusion following laparoscopic myomectomy with or without uterine artery ligation (UAL).MethodsFrom November 2005 to July 2007, we enrolled prospectively 105 women with symptomatic myomas who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic myomectomy (57 with UAL (study group) and 48 without (control group)). Power Doppler ultrasound was used to evaluate uterine artery resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound was used to obtain vascularization (VI), flow (FI) and vascularization flow (VFI) indices of the uterine tissue, which were calculated by VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis) software.ResultsCharacteristics of the myomas, operative time and duration of hospital stay were comparable between the two groups, whereas the median (range) of estimated blood loss (50 (50–200) vs. 100 (50–900) mL, P = 0.001) and the frequency of excessive bleeding of > 500 mL (0% vs. 10%, P = 0.018) were significantly lower in the study group. The RI, PI and PSV were comparable between the two groups preoperatively, significantly lower in the study group 1 week after surgery (0.69 vs. 0.74, 1.31 vs. 1.76, and 34.08 vs. 47.49, respectively, P < 0.05), and comparable again 3 months later. The myometrial VI and VFI decreased after surgery and all three 3D power Doppler indices of the study group were similar to those of the control group throughout the study period.ConclusionConcurrent UAL during laparoscopic myom‐ ectomy reduces the intraoperative blood loss and frequency of excessive bleeding without permanently compromising uterine perfusion. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital imaging data on CD-R: A time trap for orthopaedic surgeons in outpatient clinics
Authors: Juenemann Stephanie , Hasler Carol , Brunner Reinald 
Published: December 2008

Purpose X-rays are presented on CD-Rs in a digital format with increasing frequency. This technique is potentially more time-consuming for the clinician compared to conventional pictures. Methods Ten sets of six X-rays for each case were prepared in both the conventional way and in digital format on CD-R. The order was randomised. Time in seconds was measured for six experienced orthopaedic residents to present the most recent a.p. view out of a given set. As a precondition, the computer was turned on and the same viewing software was used for all digital sets. The results were compared using a non-linked Student's t-test (significance level P = 0.05). Results The presentation of conventional X-rays required 21 s (±7.5 s) and of digital X-rays 90 s (±27 s), respectively ( P < 0.001). Conclusion In spite of ideal conditions, digital X-rays on CD-R need significantly more time in the orthopaedic clinic. In major centres, patients present with different software and software in other languages, which increase the required time even further. This latter problem will be assessed in another study. This increase of preparation time required by a highly qualified staff member has implications on the economics and logistics and has a negative impact on daily clinical practice. One of the solutions might be that the CD-Rs be given to the registration desk and the data being already prepared when the patient sees the doctor. This can also include it being implemented in the digital system used in the inpatient part of the hospital and, therefore, making any other consultations or second opinions easily accessible.
Is Immediate Pain Relief After a Spinal Injection Procedure Enhanced by Intravenous Sedation?
Authors: Dreyfuss Paul , Cohen Steven , Chen Allen Sinclair , Bohart Zach , Bogduk Nikolai 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of intravenous sedation on postprocedural pain relief for patients undergoing a spinal injection procedure in which there is no expectation of immediate relief.DesignA prospective audit to compare Visual Analog Scale (VAS) responses before and after interlaminar epidural corticosteroid injections without epidural anesthetic in those who did and did not receive intravenous sedation.SettingThis audit was undertaken in 2 interventional spine practices.PatientsA total of 102 patients were allotted to receive or not receive intravenous sedation depending on preference.InterventionsInterlaminar epidural injections of corticosteroid without epidural anesthetic.Main Outcome MeasurementsOutcomes were measured by mean (VAS) scores after the procedure and mean VAS differences before and after the procedure.ResultsThere were no significant differences between mean VAS scores or mean differences in VAS scores between those who did or did not receive intravenous sedation. A relatively high percentage of patients in both groups obtained greater than 50% immediate pain relief.ConclusionIntravenous mild or moderate conscious sedation did not have an effect on postprocedural VAS pain scores in those receiving a therapeutic spinal injection procedure. Immediate pain relief was most likely the result of nonspecific effects.
Interactions of surfactants with lipid membranes
Authors: Heerklotz Heiko 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSurfactants are surface-active, amphiphilic compounds that are water-soluble in the micro- to millimolar range, and self-assemble to form micelles or other aggregates above a critical concentration. This definition comprises synthetic detergents as well as amphiphilic peptides and lipopeptides, bile salts and many other compounds. This paper reviews the biophysics of the interactions of surfactants with membranes of insoluble, naturally occurring lipids. It discusses structural, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of membrane–water partitioning, changes in membrane properties induced by surfactants, membrane solubilisation to micelles and other phases formed by lipid–surfactant systems. Each section defines and derives key parameters, mentions experimental methods for their measurement and compiles and discusses published data. Additionally, a brief overview is given of surfactant-like effects in biological systems, technical applications of surfactants that involve membrane interactions, and surfactant-based protocols to study biological membranes.
In defense of intuitive mathematical theories as the basis for natural number
Authors: Barner David 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThough there are holes in the theory of how children move through stages of numerical competence, the current approach offers the most promising avenue for characterizing changes in competence as children confront new mathematical concepts. Like the science of mathematics, children's discovery of number is rooted in intuitions about sets, and not purely in analytic truths.
Making numbers out of magnitudes
Authors: Morris Bradley J. , Masnick Amy M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe argue that number principles may be learnable instead of innate, by suggesting that children acquire probabilistically true number concepts rather than algorithms. We also suggest that non-propositional representational formats (e.g., mental models) may implicitly provide information that supports the induction of numerical principles. Given probabilistically true number concepts, the problem of the acquisition of mathematical principles is eliminated.
Don't throw the baby out with the math water: Why discounting the developmental foundations of early numeracy is premature and unnecessary
Authors: Muldoon Kevin , Lewis Charlie , Freeman Norman 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe see no grounds for insisting that, because the concept natural number is abstract, its foundations must be innate. It is possible to specify domain general learning processes that feed into more abstract concepts of numerical infinity. By neglecting the messiness of children's slow acquisition of arithmetical concepts, Rips et al. present an idealized, unnecessarily insular, view of number development.
Proto-numerosities and concepts of number: Biologically plausible and culturally mediated top-down mathematical schemas
Authors: Núñez Rafael E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEarly quantitative skills cannot be directly extended to provide the richness, precision, and sophistication of the concept of natural number. These skills must interact with top-down mathematical schemas, which can be explained by bodily grounded everyday mechanisms for abstraction and imagination (e.g., conceptual metaphor, blending) that are both biologically plausible and culturally shaped (established beyond the child's mind).
SEVEN does not mean NATURAL NUMBER, and children know more than you think
Authors: Sarnecka Barbara W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRips et al.'s critique is misplaced when it faults the induction model for not explaining the acquisition of meta-numerical knowledge: This is something the model was never meant to explain. More importantly, the critique underestimates what children know, and what they have achieved, when they learn the cardinal meanings of the number words “one” through “nine.”
Context, categories and modality: Challenges for the Rumelhart model
Authors: Hampton James A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThree issues are raised in this commentary. First, the mapping of semantic information into the different layers could be done in a more realistic way by using the Context layer to represent situational contexts. Second, a way to differentiate category membership information from other property information needs to be considered. Finally, the issue of modal knowledge is raised.
Structured models of semantic cognition
Authors: Kemp Charles , Tenenbaum Joshua B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRogers & McClelland (R&M) criticize models that rely on structured representations such as categories, taxonomic hierarchies, and schemata, but we suggest that structured models can account for many of the phenomena that they describe. Structured approaches and parallel distributed processing (PDP) approaches operate at different levels of analysis, and may ultimately be compatible, but structured models seem more likely to offer immediate insight into many of the issues that R&M discuss.
A sneaking suspicion: The semantics of emotional beliefs and delusions
Authors: MacDonald Angus W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis commentary challenges Rogers & McClelland (R&M) to use their model to account for delusional belief formation and maintenance. The gradual development of delusions and the nature of disconnectivity in Capgras delusions are used to illustrate the role of emotional salience in delusions. It is not clear how this kind of emotional saliency can be represented within the current architecture.
Time for a re-think: Problems with the parallel distributed approach to semantic cognition
Authors: Quinlan Philip 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRogers & McClelland (R&M) have provided an impressive outline of the capabilities of a class of multi-layered perceptrons that mimic many aspects of human knowledge acquisition. Despite this success, in the literature several basic issues are raised and concerns are expressed. Indeed, the problems are so acute that a different way of thinking is called for. In this commentary it is suggested that rational models approach provides a promising alternative.
Semantic redintegration: Ecological invariance
Authors: Robbins Stephen E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn proposing that their model can operate in the concrete, perceptual world, Rogers & McClelland (R&M) have not done justice to the complexities of the ecological sphere and its invariance laws. The structure of concrete events forces a different framework, both for retrieval of events and concepts defined across events, than that upon which the proposed model, rooted in essence in the verbal learning tradition, implicitly rests.
Reading Semantic Cognition as a theory of concepts
Authors: Snedeker Jesse 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAny theory of semantic cognition is also a theory of concepts. There are two ways to construe the models presented by Rogers & McClelland (R&M) in Semantic Cognition. If we construe the input and output representations as concepts, then the models capture knowledge acquisition within a stable set of concepts. If we construe the hidden-layer representations as concepts, the models provide a simulation of conceptual change.
Agency, argument structure, and causal inference
Authors: ter Meulen Alice G. B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLogically, weighting is transitive, but similarity is not, so clustering cannot be either. Entailments must help a child to review attribute lists more efficiently. Children's understanding of exceptions to generic claims precedes their ability to articulate explanations. So agency, as enabling constraint, may show coherent covariation with attributes, as mere extensional, observable effect of intensional entailments.
Tissue Specificity and Evolution of Meristematic WOX3 Function
Authors: Shimizu Rena , Ji Jiabing , Kelsey Eric , Ohtsu Kazuhiro , Schnable Patrick S. , Scanlon Michael J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene PRESSED FLOWER1 (PRS1) performs a conserved function during lateral organ development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Expressed in the periphery of the shoot meristem, PRS1 recruits founder cells that form lateral domains of vegetative and floral organs. Null mutations in PRS1 cause the deletion of lateral stipules from leaves and of lateral sepals and stamens from flowers. Although PRS1 expression is described in the L1 layer, PRS1 recruits founder cells from all meristem layers. The mechanism of non-cell autonomous PRS1 function and the evolution of disparate WOX gene functions are investigated herein. Meristem layer-specific promoters reveal that both L1 and L1-L2 expression of PRS1 fail to fully rescue PRS1 function, and PRS1 protein does not traffic laterally or transversely between shoot meristem layers. PRS1 protein accumulates within all meristematic cell layers (L1-L2-L3) when expressed from the native promoter, presumably due to low-level transcription in the L2 and L3 layers. When driven from the PRS1 promoter, full rescue of vegetative and floral prs1 mutant phenotypes is provided by WUSCHEL1 (WUS1), which is normally expressed in the stem cell organizing center of shoot meristems. The data reveal that WUS1 and PRS1 can engage in equivalent protein-protein interactions and direct transcription of conserved target genes, suggesting that their subfunctionalization has evolved primarily via diverse promoter specificity. Unexpectedly, these results also suggest that meristematic stem cells and lateral organ founder cells are intrinsically similar and formed via equivalent processes such that their ultimate fate is dependent upon stage-specific and domain-specific positional signaling.
Systematic review: does concurrent therapy with 5‐ASA and immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease improve outcomes?
Authors: ANDREWS J. M. , TRAVIS S. P. L. , GIBSON P. R. , GASCHE C. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground With greater use of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is uncertain whether concurrent therapy with both 5‐aminosalicylic acid [5‐ASA, mesalazine (mesalamine)] and an immunomodulator is necessary.Aim To determine whether concurrent therapy with both 5‐ASA and immunomodulator(s) improves outcomes in IBD.Methods Systematic review with search terms ‘azathioprine, 6‐mercaptopurine, thiopurine(s), 5 aminosalicylic acid, mesalazine, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, immunosuppressant(s), immunomodulator and methotrexate’ in November 2007 to identify clinical trials on concurrent 5‐ASA and immunomodulator therapy.Results Two small controlled studies were found. Neither showed a benefit on disease control beyond immunomodulator monotherapy. Potential pharmacological interactions exist between 5‐ASA and thiopurines. Whilst circumstantial, epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggests that 5‐ASA may assist colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention, it may simply be via anti‐inflammatory effects. With changes in practice, ethical issues and the long lead‐time needed to demonstrate or disprove an effect, no clinical studies can/will directly answer this. The costs of avoiding one CRC in IBD may be as low as 153 times the annual cost of 5‐ASA therapy.Conclusions It is unclear whether concurrent 5‐ASA and immunomodulator therapy improves outcomes of disease control, drug toxicity or compliance. Concurrent therapy of 5‐ASA and immunomodulators may decrease CRC risk at ‘acceptable’ cost.
Clinically relevant QTc prolongation due to overridden drug–drug interaction alerts: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Van Der Sijs Heleen , Kowlesar Ravi , Klootwijk A. Peter J. , Nelwan Stefan P. , Vulto Arnold G. , Van Gelder Teun 
Published: December 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • A large number of drugs can prolong the QTc interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG).• Clinical decision support systems may generate drug safety alerts on QTc prolongation.• Drug safety alerts are frequently overridden. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • QTc alert overriding does rarely result in ECG recordings.• ECGs before and after QTc overrides reveal clinically relevant QTc prolongation.AIMS To investigate whether, in patients in whom drug–drug interaction (DDI) alerts on QTc prolongation were overridden, the physician had requested an electrocardiogram (ECG), and if these ECGs showed clinically relevant QTc prolongation.METHODS For all patients with overridden DDI alerts on QTc prolongation during 6 months, data on risk factors for QT prolongation, drug class and ECGs were collected from the medical record. Patients with ventricular pacemakers, patients treated on an outpatient basis, and patients using the low‐risk combination of cotrimoxazole and tacrolimus were excluded. The magnitude of the effect on the QTc interval was calculated if ECGs before and after overriding were available. Changes of the QTc interval in these cases were compared with those of a control group using one QTc‐prolonging drug.RESULTS In 33% of all patients with overridden QTc alerts an ECG was recorded within 1 month. ECGs were more often recorded in patients with more risk factors for QTc prolongation and with more QTc overrides. ECGs before and after the QTc override were available in 29% of patients. Thirty‐one percent of patients in this group showed clinically relevant QTc prolongation with increased risk of torsades de pointes or ventricular arrhythmias. The average change in QTc interval was +31 ms for cases and −4 ms for controls.CONCLUSIONS Overriding the high‐level DDI alerts on QTc prolongation rarely resulted in the preferred approach to subsequently record an ECG. If ECGs were recorded before and after QTc overrides, clinically relevant QTc prolongation was found in one‐third of cases. ECG recording after overriding QTc alerts should be encouraged to prevent adverse events.
CD1a expression defines an interleukin-12 producing population of human dendritic cells
Authors: Cernadas M , Lu J , Watts G , Brenner M B 
Published: December 2008

SummaryHuman and murine dendritic cell (DC) subsets are often defined by phenotypic features that predict their functional characteristics. In humans and mice, DC have been shown to have the ability to polarize naive CD4 T cells to a T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 phenotype. However, human myeloid DC generated from monocytes (monocyte-derived DC) have often been regarded as a homogeneous population, both phenotypically and functionally. Monocytes give rise to subpopulations of DC in vitro that can be separated on the basis of their expression of CD1a, a well-described DC subset marker. Importantly, we show that the CD1a+ DC subset produces significant quantities of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) upon stimulation and, similar to the murine CD8α+ DC subset, can polarize naive CD4+ T cells to a Th1 phenotype. In contrast, CD1a− DC, similar to murine CD8α− DC, do not produce significant amounts of IL-12p70 upon stimulation or polarize T cells to a Th1 phenotype. Like monocyte-derived DC, CD1a+ and CD1a− DC subsets obtained from CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors under distinct culture conditions were found to have these same features, suggesting that CD1a expression is a marker for myeloid DC that are a major source of IL-12 and Th1 CD4+ T cell polarization in man.