bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ship Self‐Defense Performance Assessment Methodology
Authors: POLK JAMES , MCCANTS THOMAS , GRABAREK ROBERT 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRobust ship AAW defense capability is a priority requirement that enables Naval Forces to conduct joint expeditionary force operations in littoral environments. As an aid to achieving this capability for all ship classes, the Navy has reorganized its management of ship defense. A major focus of these efforts is the development of a fully automatic, integrated combat system for non‐Aegis ships which is based on coordinated detection, control, and hard kill/electronic warfare (HK/EW) engagement functions. A phased approach to attaining this fully integrated capability has been established which includes major element upgrade introduction when technology and budget permit.This paper describes the ship self‐defense performance assessment methodology which has been adopted to support the review and decision process for future planning and budgeting. This process is a continuation and refinement of that used to provide data for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Fall 1991 Conventional Systems Committee Ship Self‐Defense Review.The performance assessment methodology starts with definition of survivability requirements by ship class, combat system configurations, Anti‐Ship Missile threat, and operational scenario. Viable self‐defense system element options are then identified. The capability of these options are then characterized for input into ship level perfomance prediction models. Three partitions of performance prediction modeling are made: hard kill elements only, electronic warfare element only, and integrated HK/EW.The most significant accomplishment of this effort, beyond providing data to support programmatic decision, has been the creation of a truly integrated HK/EW surface ship combat system model that interleaves HK and EW timelines and allows parametric variation to evaluate options.Because of classification, only generic examples of numerical result will be presented. However, the procedures for establishing the modeling process, prioritization of effort and description of model will be presented as well as plans for the future.
Live Fire Test and Evaluation for Ships
Authors: BLOOM JOEL B. , REESE RONALD M. , HOPKINS THOMAS M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTLive Fire Test and Evaluation (LFT&E) is a relatively recent addition to the requirements for ship acquisition programs. Ship LFT&E requires a combination of testing and analysis in order to evaluate the vulnerability of a new acquisition ship class to the threat weapons it is likely to encounter in combat. LFT&E supports the ship acquisition process by identifying vulnerability weaknesses early in a development program and enabling timely, well informed decisions regarding ship vulnerability reduction features. This paper discusses the various aspects of ship LFT&E and how they relate to make a positive impact on a ship acquisition program in a timely fashion. It describes a four‐element approach to ship LFT&E consisting of (1) component, system, and full‐scale ship tests, (2) surrogate tests, (3) damage scenario‐based engineering analyses, and (4) a Total Ship Survivability Trial demonstrating the ability of the full‐up ship to combat damage and “fight hurt.”
Hybrid Expert Maintenance Advisory System for Naval Systems Applications
Authors: Graham James H. , Brockman Gregory , Shea John 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an approach for diagnosis and maintenance of complex naval systems that incorporates both rule‐based and probability‐based reasoning. This type of diagnosis is useful in situations where experiential knowledge and procedures coexist with statistical reliability data about the system. Effectively using the two types of knowledge is typically difficult, but in this study a blackboard‐like control architecture is used to successfully interface these two knowledge components into an integrated diagnostic model.A case study of diagnostic maintenance of a shipboard weapon system is presented.
Vibration Alert Levels in Shipboard Machinery Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics
Authors: Shin Y.S. , Liu C.S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe vibration alert level plays a vital role in machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics for providing an early warning of fault development in the machinery. Approaches for setting an appropriate vibration alert level are presented for either the time or frequency domains, using the vibration signals generated by shipboard fire pumps. For the time domain, Cross Peak Analysis (CPA) is proposed to extract the dominant peak amplitude between the zero crossings. Statistical analysis of the measured data shows that the peak envelope distribution follows a lognormal distribution when using a linear velocity scale. However, it follows a Gaussian distribution when using a velocity dB(VdB) scale. The mean plus two standard deviations in VdB is calculated and suggested as a broadband vibration alert level with a 97.7% acceptance level. In the frequency domain approach, 1/1 full Octave Band Analysis (OBA) is proposed, which divides the frequency spectrum into constant percentage bands. The change in VdB level in a particular frequency band using OBA is more sensitive damage indicator than the change in broadband level.
Design, Analysis, Fabrication and Testing of a Composite Control Surface
Authors: Phelan Reid 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper presents the design, analysis, fabrication and testing of a composite control surface for a small submersible. The constituents of the composite control surface are a structural syntactic foam core, stainless steel spar, skin of E‐glass/epoxy and a molded polyurethane leading edge.An overview of the design and analysis of a control surface is presented. The overview includes the choice of construction materials and why they were used, design requirements and the method of analysis with results. The fabrication processes involved with the various materials are detailed in a step‐by‐step format. A test program for the FRP laminate and full scale prototype is presented in detail. The methods and reasoning for the laminate coupon testing are explained along with detailed test results. A full scale prototype test program was conducted and included static, fatigue and leading edge impact tests. The procedures and the results of the full scale tests are discussed.
Finite Element Analysis of the Quarter Scale Advanced Double Hull Design
Authors: Kee Anthony , Matic Peter , Darby Iris , Rodd James L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The design of advanced unidirectionally stiffened double hull surface ships is motivated by economic, military, civilian and environmental concerns. Major concerns include economical producibility. reduced signature, enhanced survivability and damage resistance to grounding. Verification of structural analysis capabilities, identification of collapse mechanisms and evaluation of structural integrity are issues that need to be addressed.Congress established the Advanced Double Hull Technology Project following the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and provided FY 92 and FY 93 funding to investigate double hull technology for naval surface ships and commercial application of ecologically sound bulk fuel carriers. As part of this project the Office of Naval Research (ONR) tasked the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (CD/NSWC) to evaluate the crash‐worthiness of the double hull concept in stranding incidents. This work included a series of quarter‐scale stranding experiments conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Finite element analysis was performed to demonstrate the accuracy of non‐linear, large deflection numerical modeling by comparison with the experimental results.The Advanced Double Hull (ADH) design features longitudinal web stiffe‐ners with an inner‐outer hull spacing of 79 inches. In this investigation, a quarter scale model of a representative section of the hull with an inner‐outer hull spacing of 18.5 inches was used to analyze stranding. The structural performance and load transfer mechanisms of the ADH quarter scale model during a simulated stranding event were the primary objectives of the analysis. In the stranding event, an object on the bottom of a harbor or shallow waterway was simulated by a spherically tipped conical penetrator. The penetrator initially contacted the outer hull. A 30 inch displacement of the penetrator was applied beyond the initial point of contact.Explicit finite element methods were utilized to determine the structural response and collapse mechanisms produced by the stranding event. Large strain elastic‐plastic constitutive response and geometric non‐linearity were accounted for in the finite element analysis. The progressive penetration leads to outer hull rupture, longitudinal web deformation, contact between the outer hull and the webs, contact between the outer and inner hull and deformation of the inner hull. The inner hull deformed 11.5 inches inward during the finite element analysis and was deflected without fracture to a predicted maximum load of 1.060,040 lbs. The levels of deformation, fracture and plastic energy dissipation of the analysis model compared favorably with the experimental results. Detailed examination of the finite element results provided an understanding of the structural elastic‐plastic performance associated with stranding and a validated methodology for further use by designers and analysts.
Tje Harold E. Sounders Award
Authors: Bergeson Lloyd 
Published: March 2009

for his significant contribution to naval engineering as set forth in the followingThe Harold E. Sounders Award presented annually since 1977, honors an individual whose reputation in naval engineering spans a long career of notable achievement and influence. Captain Saunders' contributions to the arts and sciences of naval engineering spanned nearly fifty years, culminating in the publication of his monumental work, Hydrodynamics in Ship Design. Naval architect, engineer, constructor, scientist, writer, scholar, administrator, diplomat—Captain Saunders was all of these. He set a standard of professionalism and dedication for all naval engineers.
Autonomic Ship Concept
Authors: Ditizio Francis B. , Hoyle Scott B. , Pruitt H. Lowe 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Autonomic Ship concept as developed by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center's Innovation Center addresses leveraging advanced computer technology to achieve total systems integration, automation and manning reduction in future ships. The concept integrates distributed architecture, information technologies, and modular systems that utilize the four Autonomic principles; fault tolerant systems, software objects, ubiquitous computing and task and functional analysis. Simply, the vision of the Autonomic Ship can be described as a ship where the people decide what to do and the ship makes it happen.
Test and Analysis of Missile Exhaust Effects on the Collective Protection System
Authors: Miller Richard E. , Lamontagne Robert A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Collective Protection System (CPS) is a continuous‐use system designed to provide protection to personnel and work spaces within the ship from chemical, biological and radiological agents of hostile action. The CPS filter system consists of a High‐Efficiency Particulate (HEPA) followed by an adsorbent impregnated charcoal. The CPS filter components are subjected to normal underway and exercise conditions (gases and vapors) that exist in the atmosphere surrounding the ship. The CPS can be subjected to missile exhaust, for which it was not specifically designed.CPS is a designed‐in feature for new design ships. The USS Arleigh Burke was the first ship of a new class with a fully integrated CPS. Other new ship classes such as USS Wasp, USS Supply and USS Gunston Hall have CPS in living and selected working spaces.One purpose of this work was to determine if CPS filters removed or reduced missile toxicity levels in the ventilation supply to acceptable levels. A second purpose was to determine if the products of weapons exhaust damage or degrade the filters. An objective specific to the DDG 51 Class was to determine if the traditional Toxic Gas Damper systems could be eliminated.A series of land‐based tests with live missiles, missile firings at‐sea, and laboratory experiments were completed. The at‐sea measurements were somewhat of a disappointment because favorable wind conditions were rarely available. The early work focused on the adsorbent charcoal.The results showed that the two‐stage CPS filters adequately removed toxic levels of hydrogen chloride. There is evidence that the HEPA filter element alone may not adequately remove hydrogen chloride. It was concluded that elements of the CPS including filters, mixing/dilution, and ship geometry collectively prevent missile exhaust products from entering the ship. The degradation of the filters from missile firings is minimal and less than that of the natural marine atmosphere. The toxic gas dampers are not required when the two‐stage filters are used.
Dynamics of Naval Ship Design: A Systems Approach
Authors: Laverghetta T. , Brown A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In today's cost‐constrained environment, acquisition reform is a critical component in the design, production, and support of modern warships. This reform includes policies that require system acquisition programs to pursue commercial management and systems engineering practices. The application of Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD), concurrent engineering, open systems architecture, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Integrated Design Environments (IDE) have produced noteworthy commercial successes. Many defense acquisition programs have followed suite, implementing similar process improvements. However, as many commercial industries are finding, there are limits to the success of these improvements.Using the methods of System Dynamics, this paper examines the mechanisms which have lead to program instabilities in cost, schedule, and effectiveness.Modeling of these mechanisms provides a means to study past programs, and assess the potential savings that can be generated with the introduction of process improvements.As a case study, the paper examines the structures and resultant trends that impacted the design and acquisition of DDG 51. General process structures are studied including design interactions, schedule, resources, and allocation. Specific dynamic relationships between cost thresholds, design effort and schedule are studied to show the ability of modeling to capture dynamic trends and predict results. Finally, a “what‐if?” scenario that looks at the application of IPPD is examined.
Thermoacoustic Cooling for Surface Combatants
Authors: Johnson R. A. , Garrett S. L. , Keolian R. M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThermoacoustic cooling technology uses high amplitude acoustic standing waves in inert gasses to pump heat It requires no toxic, ozone‐depleting, or global warming gasses and has few or no moving parts, no sliding seals and requires no lubrication for robust and very low maintenance operation. Thermoacoustic cooling units have been demonstrated aboard the Space Shuttle in 1992 and aboard the USS Deyo (DD 989) in 1995 to cool radar electronics. Currently, a 3‐ton electrically driven unit is being built for shipboard application. This 3‐ton unit will enable the ship designer to provide greater combat system sur‐vivability through distributed system architecture and reduced manning by unit simplicity and resulting high reliability. Additionally, waste heat cooling is an emerging thermoacoustic technology that could utilize stack gas heat from main gas turbine engines or from gas turbines generators to create shipboard cooling. The benefits of this waste heat cooling is lower infrared (IR) signature and reduced fuel consumption.
Low metallicity and ultra-luminous X-ray sources in the Cartwheel galaxy
Authors: Mapelli M. , Colpi M. , Zampieri L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Low-metallicity (Z≲ 0.05 Z⊙) massive (≳40 M⊙) stars might end their life by directly collapsing into massive black holes (BHs, 30 ≲mBH/M⊙≲ 80). More than ∼105 massive BHs might have been generated via this mechanism in the metal-poor ring galaxy Cartwheel, during the last ∼107 yr. We show that such BHs might power most of the ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) observed in the Cartwheel. We also consider a sample of ULX-rich galaxies and we find a possible anticorrelation between the number of ULXs per galaxy and the metallicity in these galaxies. However, the data are not sufficient to draw any robust conclusions about this anticorrelation, and further studies are required.
Merleau‐Ponty and Sartre in Response to Cognitive Studies of Facial Imitation
Authors: Stawarska Beata 
Published: March 2009

AbstractI examine the phenomenological philosophies of Merleau‐Ponty and Sartre as possible responses to contemporary studies of interpersonal relatedness in cognitive science, especially the experimental studies of infant's imitating simple facial gestures of adults. I discuss the implications and the challenges raised by the experimental studies to the dominant phenomenological accounts of intersubjectivity, but also envision how phenomenology may help to interpret the findings about infantile imitation in ways that favor the embodied perceptual connectedness between the self and the other, without recourse to the inner private mind postulate endorsed by the theory of mind and shared by the experimental researchers of imitation.
Factors determining the use of sweet potatoes in school foodservice in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Walker Emily Hardaway , Gerald Bonnie L. , Hunt Alice , Pope Janet F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for sweet potato use in child nutrition programs in the Southeastern United States. A survey of school foodservice directors collected data including frequency and type of potato menu items, purchasing issues and factors that might influence use of potatoes. Respondents (n = 117) indicated significantly more white‐potato menu items were offered and generated significantly less waste than sweet potato menu items (P < 0.05). Full‐time equivalent enrollment influenced willingness to purchase either frozen or dried sweet potatoes. Directors in schools with higher enrollments appeared more willing to purchase these forms of sweet potatoes. Having more recipes acceptable to children, controlling cost and meeting nutrition guidelines were the most frequently cited reasons for willingness to use more white and sweet potatoes. Modification of existing recipes and developing new recipes from international cuisines are two means of incorporating more sweet potatoes into children's diets.
Left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony is load independent at rest and during endotoxaemia in a porcine model
Authors: A’roch R. , Steendijk P. , Oldner A. , Weitzberg E. , Konrad D. , Johansson G. , Haney M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim:  In diseased or injured states, the left ventricle displays higher degrees of mechanical dyssynchrony. We aimed at assessing mechanical dyssynchrony ranges in health related to variation in load as well as during acute endotoxin‐induced ventricular injury.Methods:  In 16 juvenile anaesthetized pigs, a five‐segment conductance catheter was placed in the left ventricle as well as a balloon‐tipped catheter in the inferior vena cava. Mechanical dyssynchrony during systole, including dyssynchrony time in per cent during systole and internal flow fraction during systole, were measured at rest and during controlled pre‐load reduction sequences, as well as during 3 h of endotoxin infusion (0.25 μg kg−1 h−1).Results:  Systolic dyssynchrony and internal flow fraction did not change during the course of acute beat‐to‐beat pre‐load alteration. Endotoxin‐produced acute pulmonary hypertension by left ventricular dyssynchrony measures was not changed during the early peak of pulmonary hypertension. Endotoxin ventricular injury led to progressive increases in systolic mechanical segmental dyssynchrony (7.9 ± 1.2–13.0 ± 1.3%) and ventricular systolic internal flow fraction (7.1 ± 2.4–16.6 ± 2.8%), respectively for baseline and then at hour 3. There was no localization of dyssynchrony changes to segment or region in the ventricular long axis during endotoxin infusion.Conclusion:  These results suggest that systolic mechanical dyssynchrony measures may be load independent in health and during acute global ventricular injury by endotoxin. More study is needed to validate ranges in health and disease for parameters of mechanical dyssynchrony.
Sentence Parsing in a Morphologically Rich Language – Finnish
Authors: Hyönä Jukka , Vainio Seppo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe review evidence on how sentences are parsed in Finnish – a morphologically rich language. The reviewed studies focus on effects of word order, morphological agreement, and morphological complexity. As regards word order, it has been shown that infrequent word orders are more difficult to process than frequent word orders. Moreover, pragmatic constraints can wipe out the effect of structural frequency, although the pragmatic influence is non‐immediate. Morphological agreement in modifier–head noun phrases facilitates their processing. The effect is delayed in nature, which (in combination with other evidence) suggests that facilitation operates at the level of syntactic integration. Finally, evidence is reviewed that demonstrates an effect of morphological complexity and density in the processing of complex verb constructions, but only when the complex and less complex constructions are equally frequent. This is not the case when the complex construction is more frequent, suggesting the structural frequency can override a morphological complexity effect.
Viscoanaesthesia in cataract surgery: a prospective, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Välimäki Juha , Törnblom Riikka‐Maija 
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  We aimed to compare viscoanaesthesia (VisThesia) with intracameral lidocaine in cataract surgery carried out under topical anaesthesia.Methods:  In this prospective study 98 patients were randomly assigned to receive VisThesia (group 1, n = 49) or 0.5 cc of 1% unpreserved lidocaine (group 2, n = 49). All surgery was carried out by one surgeon using clear corneal technique. Pachymetry, the status of the cornea and anterior chamber, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were checked pre‐ and postoperatively.Results:  Mean pain scores were 0.12 (maximum: 3) in group 1 and 0.37 in group 2; the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.003−0.487; p = 0.05). A total of 48 patients in group 1 (98%) and 49 in group 2 (100%) reported no discomfort or only mild discomfort. No significant differences in flare and cells in the anterior chamber or IOP were found between the two study groups. There was a significantly greater frequency of corneal oedema in group 1 (p = 0.001). Postoperative central corneal thickness values were also significantly higher in group 1 (95% CI 11.64−57.24; p = 0.003).Conclusions:  Results suggest that viscoanaesthesia provides a level of comfort during cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia similar to that facilitated by intracameral lidocaine. However, patients who are given viscoanaesthesia may have increased risk for postoperative corneal oedema.