bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trivializing dependence
Authors: JAFFE JEROME H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere are a number of repetitive behaviors which have in common what appears to be a decrease in an individual's capacity to choose to discontinue them. The taxonomy we select to categorize these behaviors depends on our objectives. Broad definition which label as ‘addictions’ both repetitive use of drugs and repetitive behaviors not related to drug use call attention to the loss of flexibility that the behaviors have in common. However, such broad definitions may overemphasize the value of general behavioral approaches to change and obscure the fact that seemingly similar behaviors can be dramatically changed by very different specific interventions; (for example, nicotine gum for cigarette smoking, clomipramine for obsessive compulsive disorder.) It is also possible that calling both compulsive hair‐pulling and daily heroin use ‘addictive disorders’ may trivialize the concept of addiction and lead to an erosion of public support for research and intervention in the chemical addictions.
National survey of syringe exchange schemes in England
Authors: LART RACHEL , STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis report gives information from an England wide survey of syringe exchange carried out in early 1989. A postal questionnaire was sent to 74 agencies, responses received from 65 (88%), of which 55 were agencies operating syringe exchanges. The development of syringe exchanges has been marked by lack of central coordination, supervision and direction, allowing for local autonomy sensitivity to local conditions and a resulting diversity of practices. Four service models were identified: schemes run by drag agencies; phannacybased schemes; specialist stand‐alone schemes; and schemes based in non‐drug agencies. The average number of different clients per week was 21 and it is estimated that they distributed about one million syringes in the year 1988/89. Pharmacy based schemes presented fewer barriers in terms of access but offered limited services on site, while drug agency schemes presented more barriers in terms of access, but offered more services. The significance of these differences is related to the aims of syringe exchange. In a public health orientation, ease of access to sterile injecting equipment would be the priority and the question of individual help in other areas less important. From a drug problems orientation, the ability to offer clients more services to respond to their wider needs would be a priority. It is estimated that by the end of 1989 there were approximately 120 syringe exchange schemes in England.
Drug abuse and alcohol problems among cocaine abusers in an assessment/referral service
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , OGBORNE ALAN C. , NEWTON‐TAYLOR BRENDA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the social, demographic and drug abuse backgrounds of cocaine abusers seen at an alcohol and drug abuse assessment centre in Kitchener, Ontario. It compares cocaine abusers to cannabis users and alcoholics of the same age at the same centre. Cocaine and cannabis abusers are mainly young, single males while alcohol abusers are much older. The cocaine and cannabis abusers are both heavy drinkers but the cocaine group contained more high‐risk drinkers, more drug injectors and had a higher alcohol consumption. Cocaine abusers are young poly‐drug users for whom drinking is also a major problem. Treatment plans should take these problems into account.
Eating disorders in women who abuse alcohol
Authors: PEVELER ROBERT , FAIRBURN CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that various forms of addictive behaviour and substance abuse co‐exist more frequently than would be expected by chance. Such co‐morbidity may lessen the effectiveness of treatment, and may not be recognized by clinicians who specialize in one particular form of addiction. This study addresses one aspect of this issue: the co‐existence of eating disorders and alcohol abuse. Women attending an alcohol treatment unit completed a self‐report measure of the clinical features of eating disorders. Thirty‐six per cent of the sample reported the symptom of binge‐eating, 26% fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a probable current clinical eating disorder, and 19% had a history of probable anorexia nervosa. The findings suggest that the behaviour and attitudes characteristic of clinical eating disorders are over‐represented in women receiving treatment for an alcohol problem, and further study of such co‐morbidity is merited.
Solvent use and psychiatric comorbidity
Authors: DINWIDDIE STEPHEN H. , REICH THEODORE , CLONINGER C. ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFrom a family study of 286 alcoholics, 157 felons, 60 control subjects, and 1640 of their relatives, 130 solvent users were retrospectively identified. Risk for diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder was significantly elevated for all solvent users. Relatives, though not probands, were more likely to receive diagnoses of alcoholism and secondary depression, but this relationship appeared to be mediated by the presence of antisocial personality disorder. Solvent users were not at increased risk for primary depression or other psychiatric illnesses. Subjects reporting any solvent use also had significantly increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt compared to non‐users, with half of the solvent users reporting suicidal ideation and 30% reporting a history of suicide attempt. However, risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among solvent users appeared to covary with presence of antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, and secondary depression rather than being specifically associated with solvent use.
Changes in suicide rates after reductions in alcohol consumption and problems in Ontario, 1975–1983
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , MANN ROBERT E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper the relationships among suicide rates in Ontario for males, females and the total population, alcohol consumption, and other alcohol‐related problems are examined for the period 1963–1983. Suicide rates, like other alcohol‐related problems, were strongly correlated with per capita consumption over the total period. However, during the recent period of stabilization in consumption (1975–83), the correlations were markedly reduced and substantial differences in trends for males and females were observed. The contribution to these diverging trends of such factors as increased treatment of alcohol abuse, rising unemployment, and reduced use of tranquillizing drugs is discussed.
Drinking habits of elderly Chinese
Authors: HEOK KUA EE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA random sample of 612 elderly Chinese was interviewed on their drinking habits. About 36.5% never drank, 50.3% drank less than once a month, 10% between one and three times a month, and 3.2% four or more times a week. Only two subjects had symptoms of mild alcohol dependence with SADQ scores of 10 and 12, and another two had alcohol‐related gastritis.
Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment
Authors: DRUMMOND D. COLIN , COOPER TROY , GLAUTIER STEVEN P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA review of the literature pertinent to cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence is presented. Psychological models of relapse, based on conditioning and social learning theories, are critically evaluated. In particular, attention is drawn to the potential implications for cue exposure research and treatment of an interaction between Pavlovian and operant conditioning, problems with the application of the concepts of arousal and craving and the importance of a systems model to understand physiological responses. It is concluded that no study has so far demonstrated a link between conditioned responses to alcohol‐related cues and relapse, an assumption on which cue exposure treatment is based. Further, the evidence for the effectiveness of cue exposure as a treatment is lacking. Promising research directions are identified.
The drinking habits of Sikh, Hindu, Muslim and white men in the West Midlands: a community survey
Authors: COCHRANE RAYMOND , BAL SUKHWANT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMen born in India but living in Britain have higher than expected treated prevalence rates of alcohol‐related disorders. A community survey of random samples of 200 each of Sikh, Muslim and Hindu men and 200 white English‐born men, matched for age, were interviewed using a structural questionnaire containing a retrospective drinking diary. Sikhs were most likely to be regular drinkers followed by whites and Hindus. The very few Muslim men who drank consumed the most alcohol on average. The frequently reported pattern of an inverse relationship between drinking and age was found for white men but not among Sikhs and Hindus. In both these groups older men reported consuming more alcohol than did young men. However, age was confounded with generation: heavier levels of consumption were reported by Sikhs and Hindus born in India than by Sikhs and Hindus born in Britain. Among regular drinkers Sikhs had higher average Alcohol Problem Scale Scores than did white men or Hindus. The highest average scores were recorded for the (few) Muslim regular drinkers (who also consumed the most alcohol). A clear association with religious observance was found for all three Asian groups and for the white men. No religious Muslims drank at all, and a relatively small proportion of the other groups who were regular church/Temple attenders drank regularly.
Involvement of tobacco in alcoholism and illicit drug use
Authors: HENNINGFIELD JACK E. , CLAYTON RICHARD , POLLIN WILLIAM 
Published: January 2006

SummarySurvey data from the United States indicate that tobacco use is associated with the initiation of use of other addicting substances, and that increasing levels of tobacco use are associated with increasing levels of use of other psychoactive substances. Furthermore, factors affecting initiation, abstinence, and relapse to the use of tobacco, alcohol, and opioids are similar in nature. In addition, there are similarities in the addictive processes underlying the use of these substances. Taken together, these data suggest that tobacco use is involved, possibly more than by simple association, in the use of other substances containing psychoactive chemicals. In the present paper we discuss the involvement of tobacco in the use of alcohol, opioids, cocaine, and other substances, as well as some of the implications of these observations for researchers and clinicians. One such implication is that it may be possible to use tobacco and nicotine as models for phenomena of interest to other substance use researchers. For example, drug abuse treatment and prevention strategies could be explored using tobacco use as a target behavior, and biological phenomena such as the development of tolerance and physical dependence may be more readily studied with nicotine than with many other drugs. Certain pharmacologic differences across substances are also discussed in tight of their implications for development of treatment and drug control policies.
The nicotine addiction trap: a 40‐year sentence for four cigarettes
Authors: RUSSELL M. A. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is generally recognised that smoking causes more preventable illness than any other form of drug addiction. Despite this, and unlike the case with other addictions, few services are provided to help people to give it up. Yet nicotine is highly addictive. Its role in the recruitment process, the development of dependence and as a block to smoking cessation are discussed within the context of the typical smoking career. Over 90% of teenagers who smoke 3–4 cigarettes are trapped into a career of regular smoking which typically lasts for some 30–40 years. Only 35% of regular smokers succeed in stopping permanently before the age of 60, although the large majority want to stop and fry to stop. The pharmacological effects of nicotine and other factors that determine dependence on smoking, together with the attitudinal and cognitive factors that determine motivation to stop smoking, are considered within the framework of a decision‐making model which reflects the cycles of change in smoking status at different stages of the smoking career. It is argued that, in future intervention strategies, the newly developed treatment approaches should be included to complement traditional motivational approaches based on educational and restrictive measures.
AIDS‐related risk behaviour, polydrug use and temazepam
Authors: KLEE HILARY , FAUGIER JEAN , HAYES CATH , BOULTON TOM , MORRIS JULIE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a study of AIDS‐related risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the north west of England it was found that 90% were polydrug users, and 28% were using temazepam. A third of all polydrug users had regularly used more than three drugs in addition to their preferred drug in the previous year. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of temazepam and extensive polydrug use were associated with sharing injecting equipment. Significant associations were also found with indices of sexual risk behaviour. It was concluded that multiple drug use and the use of temazepam were associated with behaviour that could increase exposure to HIV infection.
The effect of impulsivity and empathy on abstinence of poly‐substance abusers: a prospective study
Authors: McCOWN WILLIAM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relation between impulsivity, empathy, and abstinence of poly‐substance abusers in self‐help groups is investigated prospectively. Utilizing S. B. G Eysenck et al. ’Impulsivity Questionnaire (17), new self‐help’ club' members were assessed for traits of empathy and impulsivity. Abstinence was assessed one year later. Impulsivity correlated negatively with abstinence and positively with numbers of ‘slips’. Contrary to previous research, empathy failed to correlate with either variable. Possible interpretations and future research directions are discussed.
The structure of problem behaviours among Irish adolescents
Authors: GRUBE JOEL W. , MORGAN MARK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProblem behaviour theory proposes that adolescent substance use and other problem behaviours comprise a single dimension reflecting a general underlying tendency towards deviance. This general deviance hypothesis was tested ‐with survey data obtained from 2731 adolescents from Dublin, Ireland. A series of hierarchical maximum likelihood factor analyses indicated that three specific factors were necessary to account for the covariation among problem behaviour measures. These factors corresponded to substance use (drinking, smoking, marijuana use, and other drug use), relatively minor problem behaviours (swearing, lying), and relatively serious problem behaviours (stealing, vandalism). Contrary to the general deviance hypothesis, a second order factor representing general deviance accounted for only 14% of the variance in substance use, on the average, as opposed to 74% of the variance in minor and serious problem behaviours. These findings thus indicate that substance use among these Irish adolescents is relatively independent of a general tendency toward deviance. They also suggest that the general deviance hypothesis, as it usually is applied, may be culturally specific and relevant only for adolescents from the United States and similar cultural contexts.
Discrimination on the grounds of diagnosis
Authors: FARRELL MICHAEL , LEWIS GLYN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe study used the methodology of randomly allocating case vignettes to a sample of British consultant psychiatrists to assess the influence of a past diagnosis of alcohol dependence on present treatment attitudes. The case vignettes either did or did not include the previous diagnosis of alcohol dependence and the sex of the ‘case’ was also randomized. Psychiatrists receiving the vignette with the diagnosis of alcohol dependence were more likely to rate the patient as difficult, annoying, less in need of admission, uncomplaint, having a poor prognosis and more likely to be discharged from follow‐up. There was minimal sex difference. Psychiatrist with a special interest in addictions regarded people with a past diagnosis of alcohol dependence as less difficult to manage than their non‐specialist colleagues. The implications for education and treatment are discussed.
The drug market position of cocaine among young adults in Sydney
Authors: HOMEL PETER , FLAHERTY BRUCE , REILLY CATHERINE , HALL WAYNE , CARLESS JACQUELINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study was undertaken to explore the ‘market position’ of cocaine among young adults in Sydney, Australia. The intention was to estimate how likely Australia is to experience an epidemic of cocaine use if the availability of the drug was to increase. A sample of 499 young adults in which illicit drug users were overrepresented were surveyed. The results suggested that there was not a large untapped market for cocaine. In terms of risk and attraction, cocaine was perceived to be more like the traditional ‘hard drugs’ of heroin, stimulants and hallucinogens than the traditional ‘soft drugs’ of alcohol and marijuana. Only 5% of the sample were prepared to try cocaine if offered it by a close friend.
The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges
Authors: TIFFANY STEPHEN T. , DROBES DAVID J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA 32‐item questionnaire on smoking urges was administered to 230 daily cigarette smokers assigned to one of three levels of cigarette deprivation (0, 1 or 6 hours). Factor analyses showed that a two‐factor solution best described the item structure for each of the three deprivation levels and for the entire sample. Factor scales of 15 and 11 items derived from rotation to simple structure were highly reliable, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively, and moderately correlated (r=0.71). Average scores on both scales increased significantly with level of deprivation, and the Factor 1 scale was significantly higher than the Factor 2 scale at all levels. Factor 1 scale items reflected primarily intention and desire to smoke, and anticipation of pleasure from smoking. Factor 2 scale items were comprised primarily of anticipation of relief from negative affect and nicotine withdrawal, and urgent and overwhelming desire to smoke.
Drug self‐administration methods in abuse liability evaluation
Authors: HENNINGFIELD JACK E. , COHEN CAROLINE , HEISHMAN STEPHEN J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe human drug self‐administration paradigm is an extension of the animal model developed in the 1960s. The paradigm can be used to investigate the determinants and correlates of drug‐seeking and drug‐taking behavior and has proven useful in the development of medications for treating drug dependence. This paper describes the basic components of the human self‐administration model and discusses studies that illustrate some of its applications, including assessment of the reinforcing effects of drugs, analysis of behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms of drug self‐administration and measurement of the abuse liability, behavioral toxicity, and aversive effects of drugs. Some of the strengths and limitations of using the paradigm with human research subjects are also presented. It is concluded that the drug self‐administration model should not replace other measures of abuse liability testing in humans, but should be incorporated into comprehensive programs of drug abuse assessment wherever possible.
Drug discrimination methods in human drug abuse liability evaluation
Authors: PRESTON KENZIE L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe drug discrimination paradigm, which is sometimes considered to provide an animal model of human subjective effects, has been adapted for use with human subjects. This procedure provides a direct measure of stimulus similarity between the test drug and a known standard drug, information that may be of value in predicting abuse liability of novel compounds. The present paper reviews the general methods used in human drug discrimination studies, some of the drugs that have been tested, factors to consider in designing drug discrimination studies in humans, and evidence concerning the utility of the procedure in abuse liability assessment. Further research is needed to validate this procedure and to determine the conditions under which it has the greatest value in abuse liability assessment.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in abuse liability evaluation
Authors: FARRÉ MAGI , CAMÍ JORDI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe behavioral effects of a drug are related to three factors: its intrinsic pharmacological activity, its physicochemical properties, and its pharmacokinetic parameters. In many cases differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination may explain the different abuse liability profiles of drugs from within the same pharmacological class. Rapid absorption rate and high lipid solubility are the most important factors contributing to early drug concentrations in the brain. Differences in drug metabolism may be related to dose‐dependent kinetics, first‐pass metabolism, and variations in genetic traits (e.g. poor or extensive metabolizers). Metabolic pathways may produce active metabolites with similar or greater pharmacological activity than the parent substance. Drugs with a rapid elimination rate have been associated with greater self‐administration and with early emergence of withdrawal symptoms. More pharmacokinetic studies are needed in human drug abuse liability evaluations. Knowledge of the plasma concentrations of drugs and their pharmacokinetic parameters can be essential to interpret differences among similar drugs in human abuse liability assessments.
Abuse liability assessment of anxiolytics/ hypnotics: rationale and laboratory lore
Authors: EVANS SUZETTE M. , CRITCHFIELD THOMAS S. , GRIFFITHS ROLAND R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the rationale, practical details, and laboratory lore relevant to conducting an acute dose‐effect crossover evaluation for abuse liability of a novel anxiolytic/hypnotic compound relative to a standard compound. Basic principles underlying meaningful abuse liability assessments are presented and illustrated with examples from a comparative evaluation of the hypnotics zolpidem and triazolam. These principles include using a double‐blind placebo‐controlled design, selecting an appropriate comparison compound, evaluating a wide range of doses including supratherapeutic doses, using subjects with histories of sedative drug abuse, and using a range of dependent measures. The dose‐effect crossover evaluation is proposed as a crucial first step in any rigorous drug abuse liability evaluation of a novel anxiolytic or hypnotic drug. Such a study can be expected to generate a broad data base which not only provides a prediction about the likelihood of abuse of the novel compound, but provides an assessment of some of the adverse consequences of recreational abuse. The crossover study also establishes parameters for subsequent studies such as direct assessment of reinforcing effects with drug self‐administration testing.