bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Activity Scheduling Behavior
Authors: Damm D , Lerman S R 
Published: October 2006

Recognizing that travel is a demand derived from individuals' desires to undertake out-of-home activities, researchers in the area of travel demand have become increasingly interested in analyzing and predicting individuals' decisions about activity participation. This paper formulates a theory of activity scheduling for urban workers. In this theory, each worker chooses whether or not to participate in an out-of-home, nonwork activity in each of five blocks of time defined around their obligatory trip to work. In addition, conditional on the decision to participate in any particular time block, the chosen duration of participation is analyzed. The econometric problems of operationalizing the theory are resolved, and the resulting model is applied to analyze the scheduling behavior of a sample of workers in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. This case study suggests some significant directions for further research on activity analysis.
A Phenomenological Theory of Socioeconomic Systems with Spatial Interactions
Authors: Lesse P F 
Published: October 2006

This paper deals with a class of models which describe spatial interactions and are based on Jaynes's principle. The variables entering these models can be partitioned in four groups: (a) probability density distributions (for example, relative traffic flows), (b) expected values (average cost of travel), (c) their duals (Lagrange multipliers, traffic impedance coefficient), and (d) operators transforming probabilities into expected values. The paper presents several dual formulations replacing the problem of maximizing entropy in terms of the group of variables (a) by equivalent extreme problems involving groups (b)-(d). These problems form the basis of a phenomenological theory. The theory makes it possible to derive useful relationships among groups (b) and (c). There are two topics discussed: (1) practical application of the theory (with examples), (2) the relationship between socioeconomic modelling and statistical mechanics.
Towards a Process Model of Office-Location Decisionmaking
Authors: Edwards Lynne 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the author traces the development of a hypothetical model of location choice for service-sector establishments. She argues that no adequate model exists of this process, although evidence is available concerning the locational criteria important to service firms. Similarly, there exist models of decision behaviour in related circumstances—industrial, administrative, and personal location—from which helpful information may be drawn. Normative and behavioural modes of approach to model construction are examined, and it is argued that the latter provides a more appropriate context for the present study. The process model comprises two main phases: the decision to relocate and the choice of new premises. Attention here focuses on the latter, notably the processes of, and influences acting upon, the search for new premises, and their evaluation prior to choice. Internal and external pressures which may develop at a particular location are identified, and the action of organisational goals and policy upon location behaviour introduced. Finally the influence of establishment character upon decision behaviour is discussed, and a classification system proposed to enable the grouping of establishments of similar internal character and decision behaviour.
Comparison of the Economic Impacts of Six Growth Centers on Their Surrounding Rural Areas in Asia
Authors: Wong S T , Saigol K M 
Published: October 2006

The economic impacts of six growth centers on their surrounding rural areas are examined and compared. The six growth centers are: Chiangmai (Thailand), Surabaya (Indonesia), Jaffna (Sri Lanka), Mariveles (Philippines), Kandy (Sri Lanka), and Taxila-Wah (Pakistan). An evaluation is attempted of the spread or trickle-down process in the six case studies, as reflected by the income generated in each growth center and the income multipliers obtained in the surrounding rural areas. The hypothesis advanced for testing is that the spending generated by the different sectors of the economy tends to spread unevenly within the growth space, being greater in the zones nearer to the center than further away from it, and that the income multipliers so derived have only a negligible or no impact in the rural areas. It is further postulated that the income generated by the spending category in the growth center and the income multipliers obtained are independent of the size of the center. The results of the six case studies support, in general, the above hypothesis with regards to the predominance of backwash to income spread in the peripheries of the growth centers. The size of the center does not seem to have a bearing on the magnitude of the income generated or of the multipliers obtained in the surrounding rural areas.
The Effect of Selected Sociodemographic Characteristics on Daily Travel-Activity Behavior
Authors: Pas E I 
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that daily travel-activity behavior is influenced by the role, life-cycle, and life-style attributes of individuals and households is examined. Daily travel-activity behavior is described by a five-state categorical variable which is defined by analytical classification of a sample of daily travel-activity patterns. The explanatory variables used in this study are age, marital status, gender, employment status, education level, presence of young children, auto-ownership, income, and residential density. Parametric maximum likelihood models of multiway contingency tables are used to test the hypothesized relationships. The statistical analyses confirm that personal daily travel-activity behavior is significantly influenced by the role, life-cycle, and life-style characteristics of individuals and their households. The statistical results also demonstrate that specific sociodemographically defined segments of the urban travel market have differential likelihoods of undertaking particular daily travel-activity patterns.
Asian Investment in Australian Capital City Property Markets
Authors: Adrian C , Stimson R 
Published: October 2006

In the mid-1970s Asian investment in Australia accounted for less than 15% of the total foreign investment inflow. By 1984 the inflow from Asia had increased dramatically to 40% or $A4155 million per annum. Over the past ten years an increasing proportion of the Asian investment inflow has been directed to the capital city property markets—particularly Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, and the Gold Coast. In this paper the reasons for these changes, and in particular the deregulation of the Australian finance sector and the underdeveloped conservative nature of Australian property markets, are analysed. It is argued that the changing nature of the capital city property markets is part of the process of integration into a world property market dominated by finance, corporate, and service linkages, and between the larger global cities, of which Sydney is one. Comparisons are made between the investment philosophies and behaviours of the Asian property investors active in Australia and those of their Australian and European counterparts. The paper focuses on the risk philosophies of the Asian investors and the degree to which they are providing a vital injection of funds for previously underdeveloped market opportunities. A critique is made of the existing Foreign Investment Review Board guidelines as they apply to equity investment by foreigners in Australian urban real estate. It is concluded that the guidelines have become an anachronism, and rather than protect the interest of Australia they have contributed to the growth in overseas indebtedness and are detrimental to sustained economic growth.
Modelling Population Changes in Small English Urban Areas
Authors: Congdon P , Shepherd J 
Published: October 2006

Research on urbanisation has been hampered by discrepancies between the administrative boundaries of towns and a meaningful spatial framework of urbanism that recognises both the true extent of the built-up areas of towns and the functional linkages between urban centres and their surrounding hinterland. An ‘urban area’ definition has been recently developed for British census statistics to represent the physical reality of urban boundaries in terms of land that is urban in use, whereas the functional approach to urban definition has been implemented in terms of a set of urban-centred labour-market areas. In this paper the spatial frameworks of physical and functional definitions are combined in order to investigate processes of population growth in small- and medium-sized towns in England between 1971 and 1981. As in other studies, a general tendency to counterurbanisation— higher growth rates for smaller urban areas (physically defined)—is demonstrated. However, a variety of types of ‘counterurbanisation’ also become apparent. In addition to growth of smaller towns in rural areas beyond metropolitan influence, there has been growth of towns in the labour-market areas of newer freestanding urban centres, and also in the decentralised commuter hinterlands of large metropolitan cores. In this paper a number of causal processes which may underlie different types of growth are investigated, setting this investigation within the standard and labour-market regional context of physical urban areas. There is evidence of ‘people-led’ growth in environmentally attractive locations (for example, through retirement migration). However, growth of small- and medium-sized towns also reflects employment decentralisation and deconcentration to freestanding or satellite towns, and the extension of commuter hinterlands linked both to a growth of car commuting and to availability of land for private-sector housing. Government policies encouraging growth are also demonstrated to be significant. Conversely, decline in a minority of small towns often indicates a diminishing employment base or policy restrictions on growth. The impact on modelling growth in urban areas of a diversity of causal processes and locational contexts for growth is considered.
Optimal Clustering
Authors: Rosing K E , ReVelle C S 
Published: October 2006

Cluster analysis can be performed with several models. One method is to seek those clusters for which the total flow between all within-cluster members is a maximum. This model has, until now, been viewed as mathematically difficult because of the presence of products of integer variables in the objective function. In another optimization model of cluster analysis, the p-median, a central member is found for each cluster, so that relationships of cluster members with the various central members are maximized (or minimized). This problem, although mathematically tractable, is a less realistic formulation of the general clustering problem. The formulation of the maximum interflow problem is here transformed in stages into a linear analogue which is economically solvable. Computation experience with the several transformed stages is reported and a practical example of the analysis demonstrated.
The Spatial Division of Information Labour in Great Britain
Authors: Hepworth M E , Green A E , Gillespie A E 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the prevailing geography of the information economy in Great Britain is examined. Attention is focused on the 1981 labour-force share of information occupations at the level of standard regions. This occupation approach, as developed by Porat, is interrelated with Singlemann's sectoral classification in order to provide a new view of the information-based service economy in a regional context. The spatial division of information labour in Great Britain is identified and its theoretical and policy implications are discussed. It is shown that, despite regional differences in industrial specialisation, job prospects in all parts of the country are increasingly dependent on information-based services. There is, however, clear evidence of Greater London's dominance of the information economy, particularly in higher-order information occupations related to management and control functions and specialised producer-services activities. It is suggested that innovations in information technology (computer-communications networks) will reinforce this uneven geography of employment opportunities, particularly with the further integration of Britain into the global information economy. In this light, theoretical approaches to regional economic policy must embody an international dimension and address the transsectoral nature of information-based development in which the new technologies play a central role.
Linearized, Optimally Configured Urban System Models: A Profit-Maximizing Formulation
Authors: Moore J E , Wiggins L L 
Published: October 2006

A general equilibrium, linear programming land-use model formulated in the heritage of Edwin Mills is extended to include a profit-maximizing objective function. This analog of the existing, cost-minimizing formulations in the literature is driven by exogenous export prices rather than by minimum-export requirements. It is demonstrated that the absence of minimum-export constraints results in an optimum corresponding to the exclusive export of the most profitable good. In addition, the outputs of the model are shown to be arbitrarily dependent on assumptions about zone geometry if export prices are high. A static, spatially disaggregate version of the model is specified by means of hexagonal land-use zones. Perfect market conditions are assumed and spatial markets identified. Production technologies are of the fixed-coefficient type with constant returns to scale. Import flows are treated explicitly for the first time in a model of this class, and their inclusion is shown to have a significant impact on optimal land-use configurations.
Towards an Integrated Information System for Retail Management
Authors: Beaumont J R 
Published: October 2006

Retail management recognise the competitive edge that can be provided by actionable information. In moving towards an integrated retail management information system, it is recognised that a general driving force behind investments in information technology (IT) is the need for more detailed information about customers. Marketing (and distribution and service) can apply IT to increase their efficiency, and, more importantly, to promote their effectiveness in the increasingly competitive environment. It is argued that a management information-system should be viewed as ‘emancipatory’, permitting new decisionmaking processes, and that data from recent developments such as charge cards and electronic point of sales systems offer new opportunities. Attention focuses initially on the marketing function requirements for information about the local demand for goods and services and about the competitive position. It is suggested that real progress, driven by this external marketing perspective, will only occur through development of an integrated information-system (and that the necessary integration will require the framework of knowledge-based management-systems, rather than conventional data-based management-systems).
Multiplant Location with Respect to Price-Elastic Demand
Authors: Dökmeci V F 
Published: October 2006

In this paper a model is developed to determine the optimal location of plants by taking into consideration the price elastic demand, production cost, and transportation cost. It is assumed that demand is distributed unevenly. The objective is to determine the location of maximum profit. Each basic function is interrelated with other functions, and the location of maximum profit is a balanced situation of price, demand, economies of scale, and transportation cost. This situation results in a complicated function, and the solution cannot be obtained by techniques of direct calculation. Therefore, a stepwise heuristic approach is used. First, the number of plants is chosen and the allocation of plants is made with respect to a criterion of minimum distance. Demand and thus optimum locations are calculated according to different prices. The location of maximum net profit is determined for this particular number of plants. This procedure is repeated for a different number of plants. The alternative which has the maximum profit is chosen as being the best system.
Using Hierarchical Information Integration to Model Consumer Responses to Possible Planning Actions: Recreation Destination Choice Illustration
Authors: Louviere J J , Timmermans H J P 
Published: October 2006

This paper outlines a study of recreational preferences designed to assess the usefulness of the method of hierarchical information integration for the study of complex decisionmaking processes which involve many potentially influential attributes. We assume that individuals who face complex decision problems initially group or classify influential attributes into subsets called decision constructs; then they rank these decision constructs into some overall preference for or choice among competing opportunities. To implement this conceptualization of individuals' cognitive processes we first measure overall preferences for recreational choice alternatives by creating separate experimental designs to study how individuals define each decision construct. Next we develop a design to integrate the decision constructs themselves so that we can observe how individuals' choices among, or preferences for, recreational opportunities change as we change how good an opportunity is with respect to each decision construct. The results of the study suggest that hierarchical information integration may be a potentially useful method to study complex decisionmaking problems of interest to planners and policy makers. Some avenues for further research are discussed. Substantively, our results indicate that natural environment and accessibility, and maintenance have the most influence on the Eindhoven sample's preferences for and choices among parks. Some heterogeneity in preferences is also observed.
Logit Models and Chaotic Behaviour: A New Perspective
Authors: Nijkamp P , Reggiani A 
Published: October 2006

Chaos theory and discrete choice theory have been developed as two separate analytical tools from various disciplinary backgrounds. In this paper the aim is to link chaos theory (emerging mainly from physics) to discrete choice theory (emerging mainly from geography and economics) by showing the formal conditions under which a dynamic logit model can exhibit chaotic behaviour. It will be shown that under certain conditions a generalized predator-prey model arises from a dynamic logit model. Furthermore, the analysis will be extended by developing a time-delayed logit model related to a modal (or route) choice problem in which congestion effects are incorporated in a dynamic framework. The analysis will be illustrated by means of simulation experiments, in which it is shown that different types of behaviour (including chaotic movements) can emerge depending on critical values of the utility function.
Retail Activity Allocation Modeling with Endogenous Retail Prices and Shopping Travel Costs
Authors: Oppenheim N 
Published: October 2006

A model of retail activity allocation and shopping trip assignment, with endogenous zonal commodity prices and costs of travel, is developed, based on three main assumptions. First, the revenues from sales of retail goods in each zone are assumed to be in balance with the costs of supplying such goods. Second, shoppers in each zone of residence are distributed to shopping zones according to a logit function of a generalized cost of shopping and traveling. Third, shoppers choose a travel route to the store such that their cost of travel is minimized. The model solution thus represents an economic, market-clearing equilibrium and a transportation network equilibrium. The model is then applied to assess the impacts, on a hypothetical commercial activity and travel system, of various changes in physical and economic conditions, as well as the result of the imposition of constraints on zonal retail activity and/or prices. The results provide some insight into the sometimes counterintuitive interactions between the key variables and illustrate the potential use of the model for policy analysis purposes. Possible areas for further refinements of the model are discussed in conclusion.
The Phylogenetic Moment—A New Diversity Measure, with Procedures for Measurement and Optimisation
Authors: Horn M E T , Faith D P , Walker P A 
Published: October 2006

The measurement of diversity in biological systems is an increasingly important requirement in environmental planning at regional, national, and even international levels. Phylogenetic diversity indicates the biological variety present in a set of species by reference to the phylogenetic relationships amongst the species. A new diversity measure is proposed which for a given group indicates how well a given set of extant taxa represent the group as a whole. The new measure is called the phylogenetic moment, and is related to the p-median definition of locational efficiency in location—allocation analysis. Several analytical techniques for the new measure are described: an evaluation procedure, an heuristic optimisation procedure designed to select a representationally efficient set of taxa, and an exact algorithm for the special case where only one taxon is to be selected. The authors describe the application of the procedures in conservation planning for Australian bat fauna, and report the results of performance tests on a variety of other data sets. Because of their efficient performance and modest storage requirements, the procedures are well suited to the analysis of large taxonomic trees.
Financial Aspects of Political Decentralization in Spain
Authors: Segura J V Sevilla 
Published: October 2006

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 introduced a dramatic change into the political organization by decentralizing the existing State into seventeen regional governments with a broad range of authority. This transformation involved a ‘services transfer process’ from the central government and a simultaneous evaluation of the financial resources needed by the regional governments. The paper contains an analysis of the main features of this process, focusing on the various problems that have arisen in the estimation of the cost of the services transferred. Finally, some recommendations are offered for the future multilevel public financial system, which are in accordance with the present Spanish regulations on this subject.
Norwegian Local Tax Policy
Authors: Hansen T 
Published: October 2006

A broad outline of the main elements of the Norwegian local tax system is first given. This is followed by a discussion of some of the changes that have taken place in the relative distribution of various sources of local revenue since the mid-seventies. It is shown that although local government's share of total national income tax revenues has increased over recent years, such taxes have decreased as a proportion of total local revenues. This relative decline in the importance of local income taxes has been compensated, in particular, by increases in state grants. Thus, whereas in 1977 taxes accounted for 53% of total local current revenues, by 1982 this proportion had dropped to 47%. Over the same period, central government grants increased from 31% to 35% of current revenues. It is also shown that fees and charges are becoming increasingly important as sources of local revenues. These relative changes in the composition of local revenues have not been uniform across all municipalities. Whereas the larger cities were subject to real cutbacks in tax revenues, taxes continued to increase in the smallest and most peripheral municipalities, despite a government decision in 1978 to lower the maximum local tax rate. Overall, it is suggested that the long-term effect of the policy of central government, as regards local revenues, has been to bring about a rather massive redistribution of revenues, solely benefitting the smallest and already the most well-off municipalities.