bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calvin, Participation, and the Gift
Authors: Billings J. Todd 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIs the God of Calvin a fountain of blessing, or a forceful tyrant? Is Calvin's view of God coercive, leaving no place for the human qua human in redemption? These are perennial questions about Calvin's theology which have been given new life by Gift theologians such as John Milbank, Graham Ward, and Stephen Webb. This book addresses these questions by exploring Calvin's theology of ‘participation in Christ’. It argues that Calvin's theology of ‘participation’ gives a positive place to the human, such that grace fulfils rather than destroys nature, affirming a differentiated union of God and humanity in creation and redemption. Calvin's Trinitarian theology of participation extends to his view of prayer, sacraments, the law, and the ecclesial and civil orders. In light of Calvin's doctrine of participation, the book reframes the critiques of Calvin in the Gift discussion and opens up new possibilities for contemporary theology, ecumenical theology, and Calvin scholarship as well.
2 Calvin's Doctrine of Participation: Contexts and Continuities
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the historical and metaphysical aspects of Calvin's ‘background’ used to support the claim that Calvin systematically opposes the divine and the human, thus rendering superfluous his language of ‘participation in Christ’. It begins with a brief historical account of Calvin's academic training and context, evaluating the common arguments for considering Calvin to be a ‘dialectical’ theologian who opposes the divine to the human. It argues that the late medieval influences upon Calvin are frequently misunderstood, and that the ‘nominalist’ tendencies are exaggerated. Rather, through a gradual and eclectic appropriation from various church fathers, Calvin developed theological presuppositions which do not neatly fit into the generalized categories of ‘Thomist’, ‘nominalist’, or ‘voluntarist’. Following an introductory account of Calvin's use of the church fathers, the chapter proceeds through a series of queries related to participation and Calvin's appropriation of the fathers on particular points. It sketches a metaphysical account of God's saving relation to humanity in Calvin's theology. The chapter shows the way in which Calvin develops a theology of participation that builds upon the Pauline themes of participation and adoption, as well as upon the Johannine themes of indwelling, engrafting, and union. While Calvin avoids expansive metaphysical speculation, it is argued that Calvin has a metaphysic that affirms a differentiated unity of God and humanity in creation and redemption, such that humanity may participate in God through Christ; union with God is not only the eschatological end, but a paradigmatic feature of the God-human relationship.
The Genealogy of the Romantic Symbol
Authors: Halmi Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Despite its widely acknowledged importance in and beyond the thought of the Romantic period, the distinctive concept of the symbol articulated by such writers as Goethe and F. W. J. Schelling in Germany and S. T. Coleridge in England has defied adequate historical explanation. This book provides an explanation by relating the content of Romantic symbolist theory — often criticized as irrationalist — to the cultural needs of its time. Because its genealogical method eschews a single disciplinary perspective, this book examines the Romantic concept of the symbol in a broader intellectual context than previous scholarship has done, a context ranging chronologically from classical antiquity to the present and encompassing literary criticism and theory, aesthetics, semiotics, theology, metaphysics, natural philosophy, astronomy, poetry, and the origins of landscape painting. The concept is thus revealed to be a specifically modern response to modern discontents, neither reverting to pre-modern modes of thought nor secularizing Christian theology, but countering Enlightenment dualisms with means bequeathed by the Enlightenment itself.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CHARGE CARRIERS AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the main experimental techniques used to measure the drift velocity in superfluid 4He at low temperature. The experimental results are then presented by showing the contributions to the ion drag due to the different elementary excitations of the superfluid. The theoretical description of the processes of ion scattering off phonons, rotons, and 3He atomic impurities is also presented, and the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results. The use of the formalism of the Boltzmann transport equation to predict how the drag force on an ion in the superfluid is determined by the different scattering mechanisms is discussed.
ION TRANSPORT AT INTERMEDIATE FIELDS AT LOW PRESSURE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAt higher electric fields, the drifting ions are not in thermal equilibrium with the gas of the elementary excitations of the superfluid, and the mobility depends on the field. This chapter presents the experimental results of the ion mobility in the superfluid at higher fields and larger temperatures. The field dependence of the mobility is explained in terms of roton scattering in presence of an enhanced roton density around the charge. Emphasis is given on the discovery of the giant mobility discontinuity at which the excess energy is dissipated by ions creating quantized vortex rings. Ions are captured by them and drift together as a new, single unit called a charged vortex ring. The puzzling issue of the drift velocity discontinuities is also addressed.
VORTEX HYDRODYNAMICS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter deals with the discovery that ions interact with hydrodynamic structures of the superfluid in a way that can be explained only by assuming that the flow patterns in the superfluid are quantized. Vortex lines and vortex rings capture the ions and the electron bubbles to produce charged vortex rings and lines which appear to be quantized. The fundamentals of semiclassical vortex hydrodynamics are described. The chapter also discusses experiments that unequivocally show that the relationship between momentum, impulse, and energy of such charged ion-vortex complexes confirm the picture of quantized hydrodynamic structures occurring in the superfluid.
NUCLEATION OF VORTEX RINGS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the wealth of experiments on the nucleation of vortex rings in the vicinity of the giant discontinuity. The nucleation in pure superfluid and in dilute isotopic mixtures has been investigated and three main models have been theoretically developed to interpret the experimental data: the peeling, the girdling, and the fluctuation models. The effects of isotopic impurities, high fields, and high pressures have been investigated and the results are described. The more recent experiments have elucidated the mechanisms of vortex nucleation, including the roton emission at velocities exceeding the Landau critical velocity and the possibility of macroscopic quantum tunnelling over a barrier. The enormous influence of isotopic impurities is also described.
BARE-ION TRANSPORT AT HIGH FIELDS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields can be interpreted in terms of a sequence of trapping and detrapping events. At very high field, ions can drift without being captured by vortex rings, and eventually they may reach velocities in excess of the Landau critical velocity for roton emission. The breaking of the roton barrier is described in great detail because of its importance. It is the first time that a macroscopic critical velocity has been reached in the superfluid by a moving object. The microscopic size of the ions has allowed this impressive goal to be reached.
MOTION OF IONS ALONG LINEAR VORTICES
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIons and electron bubbles are captured by the vortex lines which occur in a rotating superfluid sample. Once captured, however, the charges can move along the quantized vortex lines. On one hand, this degree of freedom allows the researcher to use ions to detect the appearance of single, quantized vortex lines. On the other hand, the study of the ion motion along the lines gives important pieces of information on the structure and dynamics of vortices. In fact, the ion motion along the lines is limited by scattering on 3He impurities captured by the vorticity field and by vortex waves, i.e., columnar oscillation of the vortex lines. Experiments and theory of vortex wave-, roton, and 3He impurity scattering on vortex lines are described.
POSITIVE IONS IN NORMAL LIQUID 3HE FORT&lt; 1 K
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe positive ion mobility in normal liquid 3He at low temperatures has long puzzled researchers because of its hysteretic behavior, until it was discovered that the ion structure induced by electrostriction depends on the isotopic composition of the liquid. Thermodynamic calculations show that the size of the positive ion radius varies depending on the amount of 4He impurities in the liquid. The puzzling hysteretic behavior has thus been attributed to the presence of ions of different radii.
4 The Relationship between Partisan Government and Policy: An Analysis of OECD Data
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe previous chapters have shown that in the presence of insider-outsider conflict, social democratic governments will promote insider policies regardless of the consequences for outsiders. However, it has also been argued that there are factors that make the interests of insiders more similar to those of outsiders, i.e., employment protection and corporatism. This chapter tests whether the relationship between government partisanship and policy is affected by these factors. It begins by analysing the dependent variables and their relationship to this book's hypotheses. It then introduces the explanatory variables. Finally, it briefly explores some methodological issues relevant to the statistical analysis, presents the results, and relates them to the model developed in previous chapters.
8 Insiders, Outsiders, Partisanship, and Policy: Concluding Remarks
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the book's main findings and offers some final thoughts. It shows that insider-outsider politics have become an important part of any adequate account of social democracy since the 1970s. In the presence of insider-outsider conflicts, there exists a strong temptation for social democratic governments to promote less than egalitarian policies.
Crossroads in the Black Aegean
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book seeks to explain the prominence of Sophocles' Theban plays among those Greek tragedies adapted by dramatists across the African diaspora. It argues that the Theban plays reflect on three themes which have become crucial in the postcolonial context: identity, the grounding of civilization on barbarism, and transmission of culture over time and space. To adapt the Theban dramas is thus a massively theoretical as well as an audaciously practical act, because they have been installed as the script that both legislates and explains how they, and indeed all other cultural artefacts, are conveyed. African, Afro-Caribbean and African-American adaptations engage with the cultural politics of the so-called Western canon, and use their self-consciously literary status variously to assert, ironize, and challenge their own place, and the place of the Greek ‘originals’, in relation to that tradition. Beyond these oedipal reflexes, the adaptations offer alternative African models of cultural transmission. The book is informed by and contributes to postcolonial theory and theories of classical reception. In particular, it develops a new analytic concept, the ‘Black Aegean’, with which to theorize the ways in which colonialist and postcolonialist discourses have staged various encounters between ancient Greece and contemporary Africa. This construct mediates through the plays the later debates about the Black Atlantic and Black Athena.
3 Oedipus Rebound: Rita Dove's The Darker Face of the Earth
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Rita Dove's The Darker Face of the Earth examines the process of building ‘America’ out of partly African materials. Incest becomes a sign for the forced amalgamation of cultures that characterized plantation slavery, and the oedipal tropes of knowledge, parentage, desire, and narrative are made newly relevant by the particular racialized history of the United States. The politics of the Greek drama, whereby the hero is pitted against the community, are also interrogated by the various choices made by figures such as Augustus, the chorus and the conspirators. The issue of oedipally competing traditions is scrutinised via African-American tropes such as Esu, the talking book, and the tragic mulatto/a. Also examined is the cultural position of the dramatist herself, as a black woman writer and a member of the generation immediately after the Black Arts Movement.
The Dilemma of Empiricist Belief
Authors: Mohler Chad 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter evaluates van Fraassen's rejection of naïve empiricism. For example a naïve empiricist holds that to be an empiricist is to believe some thesis E. Van Fraassen argues that the naïve empiricist faces a dilemma. Suppose the naïve empiricist holds that E is not open to debate: this violates the empiricist idea that disagreement with any admissible factual hypothesis is admissible. Suppose instead that the naïve empiricist holds that E is open to debate: this prevents the empiricist from using E to challenge metaphysical claims. It is argued that that van Fraassen's stance empiricism also faces this same dilemma. The empiricist can consistently maintain that the beliefs necessary to empiricism are subject to empirical confirmation/disconfirmation, while also using those beliefs as the basis of a critique of metaphysics.
Materialism, Stances, and Open‐Mindedness
Authors: Bitbol Michel 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In his book The Empirical Stance, Bas van Fraassen develops a strong and subtle attack on materialism. This chapter amplifies this criticism from a mainly neo-Kantian standpoint, and identifies by contrast some reasons why van Fraassen tends to baulk at the ultimate consequences of his contest. It first reviews van Fraassen's construal of materialism as a stance, and examines some motives many thinkers have to resist this idea. It goes on to describe the drifting conceptions of ‘matter’ according to materialists, and states two motives to be less indulgent than van Fraassen for the particulate conception of matter. The chapter then documents the first motive: loss of the basic cognitive conditions that would enable the particulate conception of matter to provide us with a coherent and unified representation. It also examines a general criterion of materiality, beyond the circular statement that matter is composed of material particles: matter must be both objective and able to manifest itself in space-time. The chapter then applies this criterion and finds difficulties on both sides of the Cartesian divide. It then states a meta-value (progressiveness, open-mindedness) that is shared by materialists to a certain extent, but shows that both empiricism and neo-Kantianism fare better with respect to this meta-value. Finally some limitations in van Fraassen's position that prevent him from offering a far enough reaching critique of materialism are presented.
Must Empiricism Be a Stance, and Could it Be One? How to Be an Empiricist and a Philosopher at the Same Time
Authors: Jauernig Anja 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by examining van Fraassen's claims that being an empiricist cannot amount to believing a central empiricist dogma (‘naïve empiricism’), but should be understood as consisting in taking the empiricist/empirical stance (‘stance empiricism’). It argues that not all versions of naïve empiricism run into the problems identified by van Fraassen, and that the stance empiricist is in at least as bad a position as the naïve or dogmatic empiricist with respect to the task of providing a ‘ radical critique of metaphysics’, which, according to van Fraassen, is one of the central desiderata for any empiricist position. That is, contrary to what van Fraassen claims, one is not forced to renounce naïve empiricism as a conception of what empiricism is, or could be, and replacing naïve empiricism by stance empiricism does not promise any advantage with respect to the required radical critique of metaphysics. But even if van Fraassen's more specific arguments fail, his proposal that empiricism in particular, and philosophical positions in general, should be understood as stances rather than dogmata merits attention and close scrutiny. Finally, the chapter takes a closer look at the question of whether a philosophical position can possibly consist in a stance, that is, of whether a stance can satisfy the conditions and serve the functions that we expect a philosophical position to satisfy and serve. The answer appears to be that stances cannot fulfill these expectations.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the objectives of this book, which is to develop an understanding of legitimacy against the background of international relations. It is shown that international society is a political framework: its commitment is to a consensually mediated application of these norms, and that makes a qualitative difference to our understanding of it. Legitimacy draws substance from such norms, but is distinct from them. These norms operate as evaluative denominators for international acts and performances, understood as objects. In contrast, legitimacy refers to international society as the subject: it denotes the condition of international society, not the condition of its individual actors and actions.
Revolutionary and Legitimate Orders: Revolution, War, and the Vienna Settlement
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the Vienna Settlement. The American and French revolutions were succeeded by the protracted phase of revolutionary and Napoleonic warfare that engulfed Europe and other parts of the world from the early 1790s until 1815. Vienna had to pacify a system that had been exposed to these twin challenges of revolutionary upheaval and violent international conflict. The settlement had to calibrate carefully both the internal and the international requirements for future international order, which entailed the devotion of much energy to questions of rightful membership — the internal aspect of legitimacy. Vienna stands out for its contributions on four principal issues: the format of the negotiations themselves; its construction of a putative legitimate order; its development of thinking about consensus, as expressed through a concert; and its attempted transcription of ideas about a balance of power into a more specific formulation called a ‘just equilibrium’.
Legitimacy and Consensus
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the issue of consensus, and what this means for contemporary society. Topics discussed include the nature of consensus, the kind of consensus important in international society, the 1991 Gulf War, Kosovo in 1999, and the 2003 Iraq War. It is argued that consensus is clearly important for legitimacy, but its decisiveness depends on whether consensus is valuable in its own right, or, more fundamentally, because it is thought to indicate a correspondence with the other norms of international society.
Chapter 3 The Importance of Default Options for Retirement Saving Outcomes: Evidence from the USA
Authors: Beshears John , Choi James J. , Laibson David , Madrian Brigitte C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIf transaction costs are small, standard economic theory would suggest that defaults have little impact on economic outcomes. Agents with well-defined preferences will opt out of any default that does not maximize their utility, regardless of the nature of the default. In practice, however, defaults can have sizable effects on economic outcomes. This chapter summarizes the empirical evidence on defaults in savings outcomes, which strongly suggests that defaults affect savings outcomes at every step along the way. The different types of US retirement income institutions and some of their salient characteristics are described. Empirical evidence from the USA and other countries, including Chile, Mexico, and Sweden is presented on how defaults influence retirement savings outcomes at all stages of the savings life cycle, including savings plan participation, savings rates, asset allocation, and post-retirement savings distributions. The chapter then examines why defaults have such a tremendous impact on savings outcomes. Finally, it considers the role of public policy toward retirement saving when defaults matter.
Chapter 5 Pension Reform and Gender Inequality
Authors: Dion Michelle 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines an effect of pension reform that was largely unanticipated, or at least seldom explicitly considered, when many pension reforms were being adopted throughout Latin America: the effects of privatization on women's welfare. First, it provides a brief overview of the sources of gender inequalities and discusses elements of pension policy affecting gendered welfare. Second, it explains and critiques the insurance-based criteria for evaluating the gender effects of pension reform. Third, it offers an alternative set of criteria for evaluating gender outcomes based on three dimensions: women's ability to claim social citizenship rights, gender stratification, and the distribution of welfare responsibility among the market, state, and family. Finally, it compares interpretations of the gendered effects of pension reform in Latin America based on insurance and distributive assumptions to illustrate why disagreements in the literature persist.
Chapter 13 The Peruvian Pension Reform: Ailing or Failing?
Authors: Carranza Eliana , Morón Eduardo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes pension reform in Peru. Peru's reform introduced private savings accounts while maintaining a fiscally unsustainable public pillar that must eventually be fixed. A number of factors led to the slow acceptance of the new system, including the fact that workers had more incentive to remain in the old PAYGO system, which offered a lower contribution rate, a lower retirement age, and a minimum pension guarantee. However, eventual adjustments allowed the new system to compete more effectively for workers. The performance of the Peruvian system with respect to investment, fees, competition, and coverage is analyzed, and it is argued that reducing political interference is crucial to its future success.