bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining High-Resolution Aerial Photography with Gradient-Directed Transects to Guide Field Sampling and Forest Mapping in Mountainous Terrain
Authors: Sandmann Holger , Lertzman Ken P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest inventory and management relies on accurate maps of vegetation structure and composition. Creating such maps typically proceeds in two main stages: delineating stand boundaries on midscale aerial photography (≈1:15,000) followed by collection of reference data in field plots. Technical and logistical limitations arise with respect to the resolution of photography, the allocation of field plots, and the sequence of the stages. Here we present a novel approach for forest mapping that (1) places the mapping process as the last rather than the first stage; (2) concentrates sampling in areas with strong environmental gradients; and (3) uses large-scale, high-resolution aerial photography (≈1:2,000) to supplement field data and midscale airphotos. Our design builds on observations that plant communities in mountainous areas often exhibit strong correlations with environmental variables and that digital or hardcopy maps of these variables are becoming more widely available. In the first stage, 1:2,000 aerial photography is obtained via helicopter-mounted small-format cameras along flight lines that are located subjectively to follow significant environmental gradients. In the second stage, field plots are placed within airphoto transects to provide reference data of forest conditions. An integrated analysis of plot data and high-resolution photography provides the empirical basis for the development and calibration of an interpretation key. In the third stage, this key is applied to the delineation and classification of forested area on stereoscopic 1:15,000 aerial photography across the landscape of interest. We demonstrate this approach using a watershed in southwestern British Columbia and compare four probability-sampling designs with the gradient-directed approach proposed here using computer simulations. The results indicate that sampling along topographic gradients leads to a loss of accuracy with respect to estimation of distributional parameters. However, gradient-directed sampling is as likely as probability sampling to capture the full range of variability in forest conditions, with greatly improved logistics and cost-effectiveness. We conclude that our sampling design is a practical alternative for mapping projects in topographically complex landscapes. FOR. SCI. 49(3):429–443.
Special Commentary: The Future of Digital Remote Sensing for Production Forestry Organizations
Authors: Smith James L. , Clutter Michael , Keefer Brent , Ma Zhenkui 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It cannot honestly be stated that digital imagery is a standard instrument in the repertoire of the professional natural resource manager. However, we believe that the opportunity to change that situation is rapidly approaching because a nexus of technology and need has finally occurred. However, pragmatic issues remain. The key to the successful adoption of any new tool, including digital imagery, is not just having the need, but having the tool be useful, usable and available to the great mass of users, (i.e., those in the field in the case of our profession). No forester thinks twice about using an analog aerial photograph, and we need to create that same “ho-hum” status for digital imagery. FOR. SCI. 49(3):455–456.
Influence of Fusing Lidar and Multispectral Imagery on Remotely Sensed Estimates of Stand Density and Mean Tree Height in a Managed Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: McCombs John W. , Roberts Scott D. , Evans David L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stereo aerial photography has long been used to measure tree density and height photogrammetrically. Recent attempts have been made to locate and measure trees automatically in high-resolution digital imagery. This study used small-footprint lidar (1.057 µm, 1 mrad divergence, 0.67 m footprint) and high-resolution (0.61 m) multispectral (550, 675, 700, and 800 nm) data sets to estimate stem counts and tree heights in 15-yr-old loblolly pine stands. A data fusion process was used to combine the datasets. Tree identification accuracy and mean height estimation derived from the separate and fused data sets were compared against field data.
Tree identification was more accurate using spectral data (78.6% and 92.4%) than lidar data (64.7% and 87.3%) within the two planting densities, respectively. The fused dataset improved accuracy of tree identification over the single-dataset approaches (83.5% and 94.8%). Plot-level mean height of lidar-located trees provided the best estimates of mean field height (average difference = 0.15 m). Missed trees for all methods were shorter than mean field height by up to 3.03 m (fused data). These results indicate fusion of spectral and lidar data will likely improve estimates of mean tree height and stem density. Increased lidar posting density is identified as a key factor to improve tree recognition and measurement. FOR. SCI.49(3):457–466.
Public Land Management and Quality of Life in Neighboring Communities—The Chugach National Forest Planning Experience
Authors: Reed Patrick , Brown Gregory 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Quality of life (QOL), by almost any definition, is important to people. We apply the concept to the relationship between rural communities and public land management. A 1999 study of residents in 12 communities neighboring the Chugach National Forest in Alaska was used during the revision of the Forest's land and resource management plan to assess the relationships between quality of life components and possible management activities being considered. Specifically, we addressed the following five questions: (1) What QOL components are most important to residents of the 14 neighboring local communities? (2) How satisfied are residents with the current status of the QOL components in their communities? (3) How do local respondent perceptions of QOL component importance compare with those of their peers nationwide? (4) If proposed forest management activities may adversely affect resident perceptions of QOL, what are the possible consequences to the communities? (5) How prepared are the communities to address any possible adverse consequences on their own? Our findings confirm that the Forest, probably not unlike other public land management units, has the ability to affect the quality of life of the communities neighboring it for better or for worse. However, the degree to which the communities' residents themselves are prepared for such change is equally significant. FOR. SCI. 49(4):479–498.
The Influence of Fire Weather and Land Use on the Fire Activity of the Lake Abitibi Area, Eastern Canada
Authors: Lefort Patrick , Gauthier Sylvie , Bergeron Yves 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The fire history of two adjacent regions of the boreal forest, one characterized by logging (Ontario—510,000 ha) and the other by small scale agricultural activities (Quebec—140,000 ha), was studied before and after these regions were opened up to settlement in 1916. From a review of provincial forest fire records and the assessment of the age of fire-initiated forest stands, it appears that large but rare fires occurred during the presettlement period on both sides of the border. After 1916, due to slash and burn activities, the agricultural region (Que) had proportionally about twice the burned areas and ten times more fires than the forestry region (Ont). Despite differences in population density, road network, and land use, fire size class occurrence did not differ between landscapes over time. However, the occurrence of fires larger than 100 ha, considering three development phases (1916–1939; 1940–1969; 1970–1998), decreased in both regions from settlement to the present, particularly during the late phase (1970–1998) in the agricultural region. An analysis of fluctuations in the Canadian forest Fire Weather Index system (FWI), a rating of fire danger severity, showed major climatic stresses at the beginning of the century (1916–1924), followed by a decrease in the occurrence of extreme FWI values. Combined with the impact of climate, which affected the annual area burned and the number of large fires in both landscapes, the results suggest that the landscape fragmentation, the increase in the percentage of deciduous trees over time and/or effective fire detection by residents led to a decrease in the number of fires larger than 100 ha on the agricultural side for the late phase (1970–1998). FOR. SCI. 49(4):509–521.
Impacts of Intensive Management on Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Growth and Bole Quality at Mid-Rotation
Authors: Bohanek James R. , Groninger John W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
High value hardwood species, such as black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), are increasingly planted and intensively managed in the hopes of profitably producing high quality logs. Success or failure of silvicultural practices used to establish these plantations are commonly judged on the basis of early diameter growth response. However, it is generally not known whether treatments judged to be successful when the stand is young translate into mid- and late-rotation bole quality and, ultimately, log value. This study revisits a 35-yr-old experimental black walnut plantation in south-central Illinois (black walnut site index50 = 23m), to evaluate how initial planting density, interplanting with nitrogen-fixing black alder (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.), postestablishment weed control, and time of thinning impacted the productivity and bole quality at mid-rotation.
Postestablishment weed control conducted at age 6–7 yr did not impact walnut diameter at age 35, but incidence of frost cracks and grade defects in the butt log (lower 2.44 m) were 100% and 30% greater, respectively, on trees receiving the weed control treatment. Time of first thinning of the alder affected walnut quality in the upper log (second 2.44 m log). The higher planting density of walnut and alder reduced the number of defects by 31% in the upper log, but at the expense of stem diameter growth. At a walnut planting density of 7.9 × 7.9 m, interplanting black alder impacted neither walnut diameter growth nor bole quality. The early thinning treatment increased the number of defects on the upper log, but not the butt log. These results suggest that intensive management can have a complex and enduring impact on black walnut plantation growth and development, and elucidate the need for long-term assessment of silvicultural treatments where bole quality is an important component of stand value. For. Sci. 49(4):522–529.
A Panel Data Analysis of Nonindustrial Private Roundwood Supply with Emphasis on the Price Elasticity
Authors: Bolkesjø Torjus Folsland , Solberg Birger 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article presents an econometric analysis of the Norwegian nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners' short-term roundwood supply applying the conventional pooled Tobit model as well as the fixed effects (FE) Tobit model where unobserved individual heterogeneity are incorporated in the assumptions of the model. A panel consisting of 14,468 forest owners during the period 1989–1997 (except 1991) is used for the statistical testing. The results indicate that the current and lagged price, interest rate and various owner and property characteristics are relevant explanatory variables when evaluating factors affecting Norwegian NIPF owners' short-term roundwood supply. It is demonstrated that the econometric results differ quite substantially between the two models. Both the common interpretation of the results from pooled and FE models, the match to the theory of forest owner behavior, and the statistical measures suggest that panel data methods, like the FE model, are more suitable for short-run roundwood supply analysis than the conventional pooled model. Special attention is given to the price elasticity and its variability across regions and time. Based on the empirical results it is concluded that, among other factors, both the nature of the price data and the distribution of the price elasticity estimates are important to consider when comparing stumpage price elasticity estimates from different analysis. FOR. SCI. 49(4):530–538.
Clustering and Compactness in Reserve Site Selection: An Extension of the Biodiversity Management Area Selection Model
Authors: Fischer Douglas T. , Church Richard L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Over the last 15 yr, a number of formal mathematical models and heuristics have been developed for the purpose of selecting sites for biodiversity conservation. One of these models, the Biodiversity Management Area Selection (BMAS) model (Church et al. 1996a), places a major emphasis on protecting at least a certain area for each biodiversity element. Viewed spatially, solutions from this model tend to be a combination of isolated planning units and, sometimes, small clusters. One method to identify solutions with potentially less fragmentation is to add an objective to minimize the outside perimeter of selected areas. Outside perimeter only counts those edges of a planning unit that are not shared in common with another selected planning unit in a cluster, and, therefore, compact clustering is encouraged. This article presents a new math programming model that incorporates this perimeter objective into the BMAS model. We present an application using data from the USDA Forest Service-funded Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project (Davis et al. 1996) and show that the model can be solved optimally by off-the-shelf software. Our tests indicate that the model can produce dramatic reductions in perimeter of the reserve system (increasing clustering and compactness) at the expense of relatively small decreases in performance against area and suitability measures. FOR. SCI. 49(4): 555–565.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Predicting the Probability of Obtaining Variable Shortleaf Pine Regeneration Densities
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Nkouka Jean , Huebschmann Michael M. , Guldin James M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A logistic equation is the basis for a model that predicts the probability of obtaining regeneration at specified densities. The density of regeneration (trees/ha) for which an estimate of probability is desired can be specified by means of independent variables in the model. When estimating parameters, the dependent variable is set to 1 if the regeneration density (trees/ha) on the plot is greater than the specified density (trees/ha), otherwise 0. Since it is desired to estimate parameters for a range of probability densities, traditional estimation techniques for logistic models cannot be used. Multiple regeneration densities require a multinomial distribution, for which maximum likelihood estimates are obtained. Counts of shortleaf pine regeneration taken 9-10 years after thinning on 182 plots established in naturally occurring shortleaf pine forests are used to estimate parameters. FOR. SCI. 49(4):577–584.
What We May Have Is a Failure to Communicate*: Labeling Environmentally Certified Forest Products
Authors: Teisl Mario F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To develop an understanding of the performance of different eco-labels for certified forest products, we administered a mail survey to a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents. In the survey, respondents viewed different eco-labels and were asked to perform a series of tasks designed to measure the labels' communication performance. Results indicate that relatively detailed labels are more beneficial for consumers (and environmentally sensitive forest product manufacturers) than simpler eco-seals. Eco-seals are the least credible type of label and, in general, do not allow consumers an adequate basis for product differentiation. However, we also find evidence that marginal changes can significantly improve the performance of simple eco-seals. The results suggest that U.S. consumers value the environmental benefits created from more environmentally benign forestry. Thus, consumer-driven purchases could potentially support a future of environmentally benign forest management practices with less reliance on other policy alternatives. However, the results also suggest that the current state of forest product labeling, where firms can (voluntarily) label their products with simple eco-seals from a variety of certification organizations, is not the most effective labeling approach. Parties who are interested in the long-run success of these programs need to consider altering current labeling approaches.
Above- and Belowground Competition from Longleaf Pine Plantations Limits Performance of Reintroduced Herbaceous Species
Authors: Harrington Timothy B. , Dagley Christa M. , Edwards M.Boyd 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although overstory trees limit the abundance and species richness of herbaceous vegetation in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations, the responsible mechanisms are poorly understood because of confounding among limiting factors. In fall 1998, research was initiated to determine the separate effects of above- and belowground competition and needlefall from overstory pines on understory plant performance. Three 13- to 15-yr-old plantations near Aiken, SC, were thinned to 0, 25, 50, or 100% of nonthinned basal area (19.5 m2 ha-1). Combinations of trenching (to eliminate root competition) and needlefall were applied to areas within each plot, and containerized seedlings of 14 perennial herbaceous species and longleaf pine were planted within each. Overstory crown closure ranged from 0 to 81%, and soil water and available nitrogen varied consistently with pine stocking, trenching, or their combination. Cover of planted species decreased an average of 16.5 and 14.1% as a result of above- and belowground competition, respectively. Depending on species, needlefall effects were positive, negative, or negligible. Results indicate that understory restoration will be most successful when herbaceous species are established within canopy openings (0.1–0.2 ha) managed to minimize negative effects from above- and belowground competition and needlefall.
Estimating the Cost of Land Base Changes Due to Wildfire Using Shadow Prices
Authors: Armstrong Glen W. , Cumming Steven G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Linear-programming-based timber harvest scheduling models produce shadow prices of constraints as a standard output. We present a method whereby the shadow prices of starting inventory constraints can be used to approximate the costs of land base changes, expressed in terms of the units of measure for the objective function in the timber supply model. We use this method to approximate the cost of forest fires, and compare these costs to a measure of the true cost. The approximation worked remarkably well over a large range of fire sizes, and alternative model formulations, for a study area in northeastern Alberta, Canada.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Development and Population Dynamics: Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization and Vegetation Control
Authors: Nowak John T. , Harrington Timothy B. , Berisford C.Wayne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It is commonly believed that Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana [Comstock]) feeding damage on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) increases in relation to the intensity of silvicultural practices. Some studies have produced contrary or inconclusive data regarding this issue. This study was designed to examine the relationships between tree growth rates and tip moth development by enhancing growth with nitrogen (N) fertilizer and herbicide applications. The four treatments were N fertilizer, herbicide, herbicide+fertilizer, and untreated control. These treatments were monitored for tip moth damage levels, tip moth pupal numbers per pine shoot, insect population dynamics, and tree growth. Pine growth was significantly greater in the herbicide treatments than in the other treatments. There was a significant increase in diameter related to the fertilizer treatments, but no differences in tree height or volume were detected. Pupal weight was significantly lower in the herbicide treatment in the second year. Tip moth population fluctuations were greater in the herbicide treated plots than in the untreated control, and there were significant linear relationships between these fluctuations in the treatments versus percent parasitism, pupal weight, and diameter growth. This study shows that tip moth populations are not necessarily increased or decreased by intensive management practices, but can be less stable due to these practices.
The Importance of Place: Advances in Science and Application
Authors: Kruger Linda E. , Jakes Pamela J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concept of place is introduced and an orientation to place literature is provided. Following the introduction, an overview is given of the papers in this special issue of Forest Science. The papers included in this issue were presented at the 2000 International Symposium on Society and Resource Management in Bellingham, Washington.
Examining the Interaction Between Geographic Scale and Ways of Knowing in Ecosystem Management: A Case Study of Place-Based Collaborative Planning
Authors: Cheng Antony S. , Daniels Steven E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article examines the interaction between geographic scale and ways of knowing in the context of collaborative stakeholder participation in ecosystem analysis and management. The examination uses data from a qualitative comparative case study of two watershed councils in western Oregon. The results tentatively support the proposition that geographic scale can significantly affect individual stakeholder ways of knowing. For small-scale places, stakeholder ways of knowing tend to be particularistic and rely on diverse personal experiences and specific place features; for large-scale places, stakeholder ways of knowing tend to be aesthetic and rely primarily on recreational experiences and scientific analyses. However, the results also indicate that geographic scale combines with at least three factors to affect the development of shared ways of knowing: (1) tensions between experts and laypersons; (2) primacy of organizational representation in stakeholder interactions; and (3) discovery of common group identity based on long-term communication and shared on-the-ground experiences, such as field trips. This examination suggests that geographic scale in ecosystem management is likely an important factor affecting working relationships in a collaborative stakeholder participation process. These relationships, in turn, can affect the perceived credibility and legitimacy of outcomes.
The Politics of Place: Understanding Meaning, Common Ground, and Political Difference on the Rocky Mountain Front
Authors: Yung Laurie , Freimund Wayne A. , Belsky Jill M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A major challenge of forest policy and management is effectively understanding different people's viewpoints on natural resource use and conservation, and how those viewpoints contribute to conflict and conflict resolution. In response to this challenge, the concept of place is gaining currency in natural resource research. The study of place promises an integrative approach to understanding people's relationships with particular areas. Realizing the potential of place research to inform forest policy and management means conceptualizing place as an arena of shared and contested meanings. A politics of place is attentive to different and potentially conflicting meanings, and how senses of place may be connected to larger political struggles. This study examines people's images, values, and interests with respect to the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana. In this case study, discourse about placenames provided a window into the politics of place. Results illustrate the ways in which place meanings are connected to people's ideas about property, conservation, and governance. Knowledge of the politics of place can inform forest policy and management and contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of natural resource conflict and the potential effectiveness of decision-making processes.