bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amorphous Diffusion Bonding: New Technology Towards a Seamless Reeled Tubing System
Authors: Cameron G. , Ikeda A. , Tochikawa T. , Higuchi K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new Amorphous Diffusion Bonding (ADB) technology is being developed to overcome the known problems involved in shop welding and field weld repairs of coiled tubing and their poor fatigue properties. The objective of the technology is to join long lengths of seamless tubing prior to reeling using a high speed diffusion bonding system in conjunction with a thin film of amorphous metal. The new technology is part of an overall project to develop a high fatigue resistance seamless coiled tubing.
The key technology of ADB involves finished ends of tubulars being butted together with an amorphous thin film filler metal between the ends. The amorphous film at elevated temperatures creates a diffusion of atoms across the interface and encourages a mutual diffusion of the filler metal and joining metal in the local area of contact.
Extensive laboratory testing has been carried out during a feasibility study including metallurgical examination and small scale bend and reverse bend fatigue testing. Additionally, a small amount of full scale fatigue testing has been undertaken and further testing has been scheduled for the future. The results indicate a bonded joint that is/has; homogeneous with the parent metal; no deformation; a small smooth upset; resistance to fatigue equal to that of the parent metal.
From the tests carried out to-date the indications are that the bonded joint has a superior fatigue life to that of the TIG welded joint by an order of magnitude in excess of three and it is evident that this can be improved on.
This paper centers on whether Amorphous Diffusion Bonding is a valuable and applicable contribution to seamless reeled tubing systems within the oil industry.
Zero Extrusion Casing Patch
Authors: Macrae J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Casing failure is a serious problem for drilling or production operations. The standard method of repairing failed casing is with a casing patch. Existing patches have design limitations that prevent them from returning the casing to its original specifications. A new seal geometry has been developed that addresses many of the problems in existing patches. The new seal geometry produces a zero extrusion gap that greatly increases the reliability of the seal. This geometry is based on a flexible fin profile that is integral with the body of the casing patch. The integral fins are designed to produce an interference fit with the casing. The development of this seal profile takes into account casing tolerance and operational requirements. The resulting patch has a stout body with a thin seal profile. The inherent toughness of the metal fin allows the patch to exceed the pressure rating of the casing.
Fit for Purpose Reeled Systems: A Case History
Authors: Young L. M. , Burge P. M. , Johnston C. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The modern era of coiled tubing drilling began in mid-1991. Since then, upwards of 300 wells or sections of wells have been drilled using coiled tubing. The majority of these applications has used conventional coiled tubing service units in conjunction with a workover hoist or conventional rig to complete portions of the program. A few modified units have been used to perform re-entry drilling work. The first horizontal re-entry conducted entirely using a hybrid coiled tubing service unit has been described by Eide et al 1.
During 1996, two fit-for-purpose "reeled systems" were commissioned. The reeled system concept embraces the surface equipment, downhole directional drilling system and the man/machine interface into one integrated package. These systems integrate the benefits of continuous tubing, the ability to snub into live wells and the option to rotary drill using drill pipe. The systems have been designed for use with coiled tubing and or jointed pipe over a range of applications from re-entry drilling, underbalanced drilling and field maintenance.
This paper describes, through a review of the benefits of coiled tubing drilling, the background to the development of these systems. A description of the process followed from initiation to commissioning of the reeled systems is also provided. A case history of the first use of coiled tubing drilling techniques in the Gulf of Mexico is discussed.
Evaluation of Slimhole Production Performance
Authors: Azari Mehdi , Soliman Mohamed 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The petroleum industry is focusing on cost reduction and efficiency more than it ever had. Slimhole drilling and completion technology offer significant cost reduction potentials to the oil and gas industry. To provide an insight into slimhole technology, production, stimulation, conformance, perforation, tools, and testing aspects of reservoirs with wellbore diameters from 4- to 10-in. and tubing IDs from 1.25- to 4-in. are detailed here.
Productivity of both vertical and horizontal slimhole wells, with and without hydraulic fractures, is compared with wells having standard wellbore sizes, Also provided are comparisons of wellbore hydraulics, including nodal analysis, minimum gas rates required to lift fluids off the well, and friction pressure losses occurring inside tubings. Furthermore, the effect of wellbore diameter on transient pressure testing, as well as on coning and cresting aspects of slimholes are detailed.
The performance of slimhole wells compares favorably to standard wellbore completions for the parameters investigated in this study.
A New Rate Gyroscopic Wellbore Survey System Achieves the Accuracy and Operational Flexibility Needed for Today's Complex Drilling Challenges
Authors: Noy K. A. , Leonard J. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a new wellbore survey system based on inertial guidance aerospace technology which has been designed for today's more complex operations such as extended-reach and horizontal drilling. The system performs a survey as the tool moves continuously through a wellbore, and probes can be pumped down through drillpipe to inclination angles in excess of horizontal. In addition, a unique quality assurance technique and control procedures quantify and optimize system performance in the field.
Development and operation of the system is described along with laboratory test results. Field test runs are compared with other survey systems and, finally, a commercial run in Canada is analyzed. In conclusion, results indicate that the system meets its specification for a high degree of precision, quality assurance techniques have been validated, and survey speed and operational flexibility have been enhanced.
Visualization of a Logging Information System Through Object Oriented Modeling
Authors: Suryanarayana K. , Cherukupalli P. K. , Rao T. V. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An extensive analysis and design effort went into the development of a comprehensive logging information and processing system (CLIPS). The objective of the study was to analyse the existing procedures and systems and to propose a design and implementation plan for the CLIPS.
The analysis of the overall logging environment is based on object-oriented modelling, which visualises and abstracts the application domain. Each element of the environment is decomposed into coherent units and studied in-depth. These include usage pattern of both open and cased hole logs, log data processing and interpretation, data communication between different log interpretation centres, information resources available for handling the data, data medium for transportation and storage and formats for data exchange and inter-program communication. A natural fallout of this study is the expected usage pattern of logs. Study of various scenarios, related to open-hole log data processing, field studies and cased hole log data evaluation, has lead to better understanding of the usage domain, commonality and uniqueness of each type of specialisation.
Clarity of objectives in the labrynth of log data management, processing and interpretation has been achieved by the visualiation using object modelling. Issues relating to system architecture, storage organisation and data management, database interface, communication system have been resolved with relative ease due to the extensive formalisation using object-oriented design and modelling.
Borehole Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Experience and Reservoir Applications in West Kuwait Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Latif A. Abdel , Sungur D. , Stockden I. , Cao Minh C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recently introduced nuclear magnetic resonance well logging has been tested and evaluated in West Kuwait and is now being used to better define effective reservoir porosity in the most complicated reservoirs and under difficult conditions, including oil-base drilling muds.
A number of West Kuwait carbonate oil reservoirs are difficult to evaluate because of the complexities of their pore systems. Borehole imagery has helped to define fractures and faults in wells and, thus remove a major uncertainity in formation evaluation. Standard open hole well logs provide porosity and saturation which are often not enough in evaluating these complex carbonate reservoirs with high-resistivity. In fact, apparent porosity and saturation may be misleading as to what fluids and at what rates will flow from a given zone. Low porosity layers can have the highest permeability within a reservoir and similarly the highest porosity layer may be comprised of micropores and be impermeable. Moreover, zones which correctly calculate high water saturation with standard well logs may flow oil with no water while tar mats may be misleadingly interpreted as an oil zone.
Borehole nuclear magnetic resonance helps to define the potential of the most complex carbonate reservoirs in West Kuwait. Borehole NMR, in addition to providing porosity independent of lithology, can be related to pore size once hydrocarbon effects are accounted for. Understanding pore size distribution within a reservoir helps to define effective porosity, identifies the presence of microporosity and quantifies irreducible water saturation when used with standard well log evaluation.
The definition of effective porosity and pore size distribution allow better determination of reserves. Initial estimates of permeability without any modeling of specific reservoir rock types have related well to the independent assessment of permeability by acoustic technique and wireline formation testing.
Our assessment of borehole nuclear magnetic resonance has been very encouraging. It has been possible to use borehole NMR to better identify reservoir facies, predict well productivity and select completion zones. Many other reservoir and geological applications are being examined at present time.
Taking Account of Negative Publicity in Project Economics
Authors: Holgate M J. M. , Davies G. J. , Kerr S. A. , Johnston F.M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The high profile publicity generated by the Greenpeace campaign against the deep sea disposal of the Brent Spar demonstrated the power of public opinion to affect corporate image and operational decisions. Regulatory approval is not the only constraint on the granting of a licence to operate and corporations now ignore stakeholder values at their peril.
Although it is difficult to quantify son issues such as negative publicity and stakeholder concerns, there is an increasing need to integrate conventional economics with public opinion when evaluating different possible development options. This paper seeks to set out a process for incorporating negative publicity directly into project economics.
We started with an outline study of the effects of two high profile incidents of negative publicity: Hoover’s "Free Flights To America" promotion, and the ill-fated launch of Unilever’s manganese accelerator soap powder. The results showed that there were two distinct outcomes: the effect on the corporate image and the direct effect on the project, such as the launch of a new product.
The next step was to identify a number of possible outcomes to an escalating scenario of negative publicity within the oil and gas sector. The economic consequences of each possible outcome are expressed as risk assessed values which are the product of the probability and the cost of each outcome.
To show this, we took a hypothetical case of handling of sour gas in a new field development and looked at the possible outcomes from four options for handling the gas: flaring, gas re-injection, power generation and sea water absorption.
The methodology developed in this paper outlines a process for quantifying stakeholder values and potential negative publicity in the planning stages of potentially sensitive projects. The process provides a logical and transparent framework that encourages the exploration of these softer issues. It is designed to provide indicative, rather than definitive values to show whether the inclusion of risk assessed costs would alter the decision based on conventional economics. The process also provides a guide for developing a consistent basis for decision making, checks the sensitivity of the development option to negative publicity and highlights the cost critical areas.
Environmental Risk Assessment in E&P Activities
Authors: Walls A. H. , Reid S. , Shepherd J. , Urbanus J. , Bishop G. , Rogers C. , Whitehead A. , Backwell L. , Buchanan I. , Hainsworth D. , Duff A. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental Risk Assessment is a key element of a successful Environmental Management System. Hazards arise in all oil and gas exploration and production activities and risk management decisions should be based upon an understanding of these hazards, both in terms of environmental effects and the probability of occurrence. The purpose of the assessment process is to ensure that environmental risks are evaluated in a comprehensive and structured manner and that rational approaches are adopted to both the setting of acceptance criteria and the decision making and prioritising which forms an integral part of the risk management process.
This paper outlines various complementary techniques which can be employed to assist the risk management process and discusses their potential application in the preparation of an Environmental Case.
The Heavy Oil Storage Tank Project
Authors: Lucas Donald , Littlejohn David , Orlando Ernest , Lindsey Rhonda P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Heavy Oil Storage Tank (HOST) project is a joint effort of California and Federal Agencies, the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA), and the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The project goal is to develop and test new methods to determine if the hydrocarbon emissions from heavy oil storage tanks in central and southern California are large enough to require new emission controls. Results to date show that existing current methods are inadequate for estimating the hydrocarbon emissions from these tanks. The work at LBNL is jointly funded by WSPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), with in-kind funding from several state agencies and oil companies. The project is directed by a working group with representation from all members. Decisions are made by group consensus; no votes are taken, and no one member has veto power.
Assessment Methodology and Results for Waste Minimization in the Natural Gas Industry
Authors: Mesing George E. , Fillo John P. , Evans James M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The goal of this assessment was to identify and evaluate waste minimization alternatives (WMAs) as they may apply to natural gas industry (NGI) operations. Economic evaluations were performed to document WMAs that may or may not be cost effective for use by the NGI. Because many NGI operations and resulting waste streams occur in various segments of the industry, WMAs identified for waste streams generated from a particular NGI segment may be applicable to similar waste streams generated in other NGI segments (e.g., waste oils from compressors at compressor stations, gas plants, and storage reservoirs). Approximately sixty waste stream categories were identified from drilling/exploration, production, processing/conditioning, compression and transmission, and underground storage operations. From the 60 waste stream categories, approximately 30 priority" waste stream categories and 170 potential waste minimization alternatives were identified for further evaluation using a priority screening process.
A computer model (GRI WMIN-Econ) was developed for performing consistent economic analyses. Using the DOS executable economic model, operators and/or managers can modify the parameters in the assessments, or create new evaluations using a new set of parameters and assumptions.
Economic assessments were performed and documented for 16 priority WMAs. Of the 16 cases evaluated, seven showed positive economic benefits based on the assumptions used. Three alternatives were not economically feasible. Six alternatives, while not economically feasible under certain assumptions, can be economic depending on the specific case assumptions. The overall technical approach taken for this waste minimization assessment is presented in Fig. 1.
Using Salinity-Toxicity Relationships in Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) for Produced Water
Authors: Pillard D. A. , DuFresne D. L. , Giddings J. M. , Fillo J. P. , Evans J. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUnder the 1993 general discharge permit for produced waters on the Outer Continental Shelf, discharges must be tested periodically to determine chronic toxicity to marine organisms. If toxicity is observed, regulators are likely to require the permittee to undertake Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) studies to determine the cause of toxicity. Information on the toxicity of total salinity or individual ions is essential for guiding TIE studies with produced waters. The Gas Research Institute is sponsoring the development of such information for three common marine test species: mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia),sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina). Based on test results, Salinity-Toxicity Relationship (STR) models are being constructed that will predict the survival of these three species upon exposure to a produced water of known ionic composition. Similar models for freshwater organisms are already in use. When routine biomonitoring indicates that a sample of produced water is toxic to one of the test organisms, the STR model can be used to determine whether the ionic composition of the sample is a contributing factor. If the predicted toxicity of the sample is similar to the measured toxicity, the effect can be presumed to be due to an excess or deficiency of one or more ions, or of total salinity. The STR model can then be used to identify the ion or ions in excess or deficiency, and to suggest strategies for eliminating the sample toxicity by restoring the appropriate ion balance. If the STR model predicts that the sample should not be toxic based on its ionic composition, other sources of toxicity (e.g., trace metals) are implied.
Development of a Title V General Operating Permit for Oil and Gas Sources in Texas
Authors: Studlick M. H. , Dewlen D. J. , Martino P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Title V of the Clean Air Act (Act) requires major air emission sources to obtain a federal operating permit that includes all applicable emissions limitations and regulations. The Act allows the issuance of Title V permits for numerous similar sources under one general operating permit (GOP). A project for industry to partner with the Texas state regulatory agency to develop a GOP for oil and gas sources was funded by American Petroleum Institute (API). The advantages of GOPs for the regulatory agency and industry are: 1) Economy - A single proposed GOP, not individual applications, is subjected to public notice and comment. 2) Consistency - Facilities with identical equipment have identical permit terms. 3) Certainty - GOP applicants know what the permit terms will be since the permit was negotiated prior to the call for applications. Additionally, a survey was conducted to identify potential states to be targeted in a second phase of the project. This paper will discuss the mechanics of how the GOP was developed, some unique features of the Texas GOP and lessons learned that can be applied to development of GOPs in other states.
Multi State Area of Review Variance Program
Authors: Simmons Jerry R. , Jones J. Stephen 
Published: December 2007

Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Underground Injection Control Program (UIC) has recognized that conditions can exist that make it necessary to perform well-by-well Area of Review (AOR)s and that wells in a basin, producing trend, region, field, or portion of such areas could be exempt from an AOR through a variance program. The variance could be granted for the following conditions: Underground Source of Drinking Water (USDW) is absent; reservoir is underpressured relative to the USDW; local geologic conditions preclude upward movement that could endanger USDW; and other compelling evidence exists, A scientific methodology to identify areas for AOR variance was developed at the University Missouri-Rolla. This methodology has been applied in several states and to date, has been effective in all applications. In order to apply that methodology, it is necessary to have reliable subsurface information, (i.e. depth to groundwater, reservoir and aquifer pressures, well construction data, well abandonment information, etc.) To effectively perform a variance over large areas, subsurface and well information in electronic format is essential. Through a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy. Bartlesville Project Office, BDM Petroleum Technologies has been assisting several states in AOR variance projects and electronic well information data.
Pneumatic Control Devices In Production Areas - Significant Methane Emission Sources?
Authors: Breninger T. L. , Learned A. O. , Melrose G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Natural gas is commonly utilized as the supply source for pneumatic control devices at small and medium sized tank batteries and for onshore wellhead separation, dehydration, and compression equipment. A pilot study to determine the quantity of methane emissions from these control devices was performed as part of the Natural Gas STAR Implementation Plan for Marathon Oil Company. It was quite comprehensive in that emissions from approximately 160 pneumatic control devices at 50 different production sites were measured. Control devices measured included pressure, level, and temperature controllers. The total losses from these high and low-bleed pneumatic control devices were small, with continuous-bleed level controllers emitting the largest quantity of methane. Retrofitting of these level controllers with low-bleed nozzles should be considered to reduce these losses. Based upon this pilot study, there is no economic justification to further quantify emissions from high and low-bleed pneumatic control devices in the study area because emissions that justify corrective action can be detected without measurement.