bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low LDL cholesterol and increased risk of Parkinson's disease: Prospective results from Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study
Authors: Huang Xuemei , Abbott Robert D. , Petrovitch Helen , Mailman Richard B. , Ross G. Webster 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLow‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels are suggested to be associated inversely with Parkinson's disease (PD). To test the hypothesis that LDL‐C levels may increase PD risk, we studied a prospective cohort of 3,233 men (Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study) for whom the LDL‐C from fasting lipid profiles was obtained during 1991 to 1993. The cohort was followed longitudinally until 2001 for incident Parkinson's cases. During follow‐up, 41 men developed PD (18.4/10,000 person‐years). Although the incidence of PD increased with decreasing LDL‐C in a dose‐dependent manner, the association was only significant for men aged 71 to 75 years. In the latter group, risk of PD declined from 38.5/10,000 person‐years in men with LDL‐C levels <80 mg/dl to less than 9/10,000 person‐years for concentrations that were ≥140 mg/dl. After adjustment for age, smoking, coffee intake, and other factors, the relative odds of PD for men at the 80th versus the 20th percentile of LDL‐C (135 vs. 85 mg/dl) was 0.4 (95% confidence interval: 0.2, 0.9). This prospective study supports the hypothesis that low LDL‐C is associated with an increased risk of PD. Although confirmation is required, the underlying mechanisms may be useful in understanding key aspects of PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Childhood‐onset restless legs syndrome: Clinical and genetic features of 22 families
Authors: Muhle Hiltrud , Neumann Anja , Lohmann‐Hedrich Katja , Lohnau Thora , Lu Yang , Winkler Susen , Waltz Stephan , Fischenbeck Anke , Kramer Patricia L. , Klein Christine , Stephani Ulrich 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory‐motor disorder that is underdiagnosed in children and often misclassified as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Five different gene loci (RLS1‐5) and three susceptibility loci have been identified in adult‐onset RLS. We included 23 children with RLS (age at onset ≤14 years) from 22 families. In 14 families, we performed linkage and genotype analyses. Of the 23 RLS patients, only seven (30.4%) were admitted for a suspected diagnosis of RLS. Five patients had a retrospectively established onset at an age as early as 1 year. The most frequent complaint in patients were sleep problems (21 of 23; 91%) resulting in fatigue in 14 children (60.9%). Twelve of the 19 tested cases (63.2%) exhibited an index of periodic limb movements in sleep greater than 5. Dopaminergic therapy was successful in 12 of 14 treated patients (85.7%). Family history for RLS was positive in 20 of 23 children (87.0%) and compatible with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Linkage analysis excluded all five loci in two families. A trend for an association at two of the three reported susceptibility regions was observed. RLS symptoms can occur in early childhood. The positive family history suggests a genetic cause in most families with at least one additional RLS gene locus. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
A variational formulation for magneto‐active elastomers based on a total energy function
Authors: Bustamante Roger , Dorfmann Luis , Ogden Ray W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper focuses on a variational formulation for a magneto‐active elastomer completely surrounded by free space. The free space is considered infinite, with an applied magnetic field or magnetic induction vector as the far field boundary conditions. In addition to the effect of the Maxwell stress exterior to the body on its surface, a mechanical load is applied over a portion of the surface, but no displacement constraints are considered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical shape priors for level set segmentation
Authors: Cremers Daniel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStarting in the early 1990's level set methods have become a popular mathematical framework for variational image segmentation. In many applications of segmentation, however, cost functionals which merely take into account the intensity information of the input image will not give rise to the desired segmentation results. To cope with missing or misleading image information, researchers have proposed to impose statistical shape priors into the segmentation process. Such shape priors favor the evolving embedding function to remain similar to embedding functions associated with a collection of training shapes. As a consequence, one can obtain shape‐consistent segmentation despite large amounts of noise, background clutter and partial occlusion of the object of interest. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the peculiarities of a crack growth path in anisotropic solid
Authors: Goldstein R.V. , Shifrin E.I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOne of the possibilities to increase the resistance of a structure to catastrophic fracture is to force a main line crack to deviate from its path. In this connection the influence of the elastic moduli of an anisotropic material on the possibilities of crack rotation are studied. In particular a linear elastic problem for a straight Mode I crack, located on a symmetry axis of an orthotropic plane is considered. The strength properties of the material are supposed to be isotropic. For studying a direction of a crack growth path several crack models are considered. It is shown that a thin elongated elliptical hole as a crack model leads to more plausible results concerning crack rotation conditions than an ideal cut model. The maximal tensile stresses are taken as a crack growth criterion. It is shown that for some class of orthotropic materials a crack deviates from the straight path just after it starts to grow even in the conditions of uniaxial normal tension. The problem of the stability of a straight crack path under Mode I loading is also considered. This problem is reduced to the problem of the fracture direction determination for thin elongated elliptical cavity slightly inclined to the initial direction. In the frame of the proposed approach the conditions of instability are obtained. It is shown that for some class of orthotropic materials a straight crack path is unstable in the conditions of uniaxial normal tension. This class of materials is wider than one for which a crack deviates from the straight crack path just after its start. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Finite element methods for semilinear parabolic interface problems
Authors: Sinha Rajen Kumar , Deka Bhupen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this exposition we study the finite element methods for second‐order semilinear parabolic interface problems in two dimensional convex polygonal domains with smooth interface. Both semidiscrete and fully discrete schemes are analyzed. Optimal order error estimates in the L2(0, T; H1(Ω))‐norm are established. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical simulation of the residence time distribution in flotation cells
Authors: Streng Mario , Wünsch Olaf 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo methods for the numerical determination of residence time distributions (RTD) have been tested and proofed to be applicable. One has been used to obtain the RTD of solid particles in a laboratory size flotation machine. Emphasis has been laid on the influence of various parameters, e.g. numerical method, geometry or particle properties. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Passivity‐preserving model reduction of differential‐algebraic equations in circuit simulation
Authors: Reis Timo , Stykel Tatjana 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe present an extension of the positive real balanced truncation model reduction method for differential‐algebraic equations that arise in circuit simulation. This method is based on balancing the solutions of the projected generalized algebraic Riccati equations. Important properties of this method are that passivity is preserved in the reduced‐order model and that there exists an approximation error bound. Numerical solution of the projected Riccati equations using the special structure of circuit equations is also discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An accuracy analysis of mass matrix lumping for three‐dimensional, unsaturated flow, finite element, porous media computations using analytical solutions
Authors: Tracy Fred T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLumping of the mass matrix for transient problems is the state of the practice for finite element groundwater programs. This improves nonlinear convergence where there is unsaturated flow, but the discovery was made that the accuracy of the results is reduced significantly for a test problem. This paper compares results from a recently derived transient three‐dimensional (3‐D) analytical solution for a given unsaturated flow test problem with those obtained from a standard parallel Galerkin 3‐D finite element groundwater program with the mass matrix lumping option turned both on and off. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reliability based optimization using a decoupling approach and reliability approximations
Authors: Valdebenito Marcos A. , Schueller Gerhart I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis contributions focuses on the solution of a reliability‐based optimization (RBO) problem using an approximate representation of the structural reliability and a decoupling approach. Such strategy may lead to considerable numerical savings. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A masked process for the industrial production of buried contact solar cells on multi‐crystalline silicon
Authors: McCann Michelle , Wefringhaus Eckard , Melnyk Ihor , Hauser Alexander , Fath Peter , Roberts Steve , Bruton Tim , Jordan David 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reports on the development of a masked process for the production of buried contact solar cells on multi‐crystalline silicon. The process results in high efficiencies, and only includes steps that would be feasible in an industrial environment. We report here on different mask candidates and on the importance of hydrogenation with the new process. Using the developed process, we produced 111 large area (12 × 12 cm2) cells and achieved an average cell efficiency of 16·2%. The best cell had an efficiency of 16·9%, a Voc of 616 mV, a Jsc of 35·0 mA/cm2 and a fill factor of 78·3%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of lure dispensers for fruit fly surveillance in New Zealand
Authors: Suckling David M , Jang Eric B , Holder Peter , Carvalho Lori , Stephens Andrea EA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent a major biosecurity threat to the horticulture sector of New Zealand, which is entirely free of these invasive pests. A nationwide surveillance programme is conducted to ensure any incursion is detected as early as possible. A review of the lure dispensers used is reported here.RESULTS: Lure dispenser emission trials found that the currently used lure plugs release lure more slowly under New Zealand subtropical to temperate climates than wafer dispensers. Subsequent trapping experiments at high altitude in Hawaii (as a mimic of New Zealand meteorological and expected fruit fly ecological conditions) compared Lynfield traps baited with the existing lure plug dispensers and newer wafer dispensers. Catches of wild Oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were 9.5‐fold higher with methyl eugenol wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), were 2.6‐fold higher with cuelure wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata Weid., were not significantly higher with trimedlure wafers than with the plugs.CONCLUSIONS: Release rate and trapping experiments found new lure dispensers differed in release rate characteristics from existing dispensers under temperate and subtropical conditions, and indicated some potential for improvement in surveillance efficacy. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Sub one minute inhibition assays for the major cytochrome P450 enzymes utilizing ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Rainville Paul D. , Wheaton Jessalynn P. , Alden Peter G. , Plumb Robert S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe measurement of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzyme inhibition is often done during evaluation of new chemical entities in drug discovery. Typical assay protocol consists of multiple CYP450 probe substrates incubated with selected drug candidates and CYP450. Results of the assay, the amount of probe substrate metabolite formed with respect to control, are used to determine the level of interaction. Liquid chromatography utilizing columns packed with sub‐2‐micron particles have been shown to provide up to 8× faster analysis time and 3× increases in sensitivity over traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The work presented here shows the development of a high‐throughput, sub‐2‐micron particle LC method coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of six CYP450 probe substrate metabolites in 30 s. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of electrospray capillary temperature on amide hydrogen exchange
Authors: Coales Stephen J. , Tomasso Justine C. , Hamuro Yoshitomo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAmide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled with proteolysis, high‐perfeomance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation and mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful tool to study protein dynamics in solution. Prior to the execution of H/D exchange experiments, various experimental parameters have to be set, including proteolysis, HPLC, and MS conditions. Here we investigate the effects of electrospray capillary temperature on deuterium retention in backbone amides of various pepsin‐generated cytochrome c peptides. Lower capillary temperature generally helps retain more deuterium than higher capillary temperature. When the capillary temperature was 150°C, on average 26% more deuterium was retained than when the capillary temperature was set at 250°C. The effects of capillary temperature varied depending on the ions monitored. There was little difference in deuterium retention among different charge state species of the same peptide at 150°C. However, a lower charge state ion loses more deuterium atoms going from 150°C to 250°C than the corresponding higher charge state species. These results indicate that the capillary temperature should be optimized not only to maximize the signal‐to‐noise of each ion followed in H/D exchange experiments, but also to minimize the deuterium loss of the ions. Also the loss of deuterium in several ions, especially lower charge state ones, should be monitored in the optimization, as the temperature effects vary among ions and are more significant for lower charge state ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure analysis of SiCGe films grown on SiC
Authors: Lianbi Li , Zhiming Chen , Tao Lin , Hongbin Pu , Jia Li , Qingmin Li 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe island growth of SiCGe films on SiC at different temperatures has been investigated by SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The island growth of SiCGe thin films depends on the processing parameter such as the growth temperature and follows the Stranski‐Krastanov (SK) mode. When the growth temperature is comparatively low, the thin film has two types of islands: one is a SiGe sphere‐like island of diamond‐cubic structure; another is a SiCGe cascading triangular island of zinc‐blende structure. As the growth temperature increases, the quantity of the sphere‐like islands reduces, while that of the cascading triangular islands increases. When the growth temperature is about 1060 °C, only cascading triangular islands are observed on the surface of the thin film, and the thickness of the 2D interfacial growth layer formed at the initial stage of the growth process is about 40 nm, which is twice of that grown at low temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale elemental identification by synchrotron‐radiation‐based scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Saito Akira , Takagi Yasumasa , Takahashi Koji , Hosokawa Hiromasa , Hanai Kazuhisa , Tanaka Takehiro , Akai‐kasaya Megumi , Tanaka Yoshihito , Shin Shik , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Kuwahara Yuji , Aono Masakazu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractScanning tunneling microscopy (STM) combined with synchrotron radiation (SR) enabled elemental analysis on solid surfaces at an anometer scale. The principle of analysis is based on the inner‐shell excitation of a specific energy level under STM observation. After first demonstrative results on a semiconductor heterointerface (Ge nanoisland on an Si(111) 7 × 7 surface), a second trial of nanoscale elemental analysis by the SR‐STM system was accomplished for Cu nanodomains on a Ge(111) 2 × 8 surface. A key to achieve successful results is to effectively increase the signal to noise (S/N) ratio and to extract the element‐specific modulation of the tunneling current, which is derived from the inner‐shell excitation. An essential point for signal detection with a high S/N ratio is to construct a total system including lock‐in amplifier with an optical chopper for high accuracy, and a real‐time control system to check the incident‐beam condition by observing the beam‐induced current profiles. Using these techniques, it has been shown that the SR‐STM system provides new possibilities forn anoscale surface analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles analysis of He and H atom incidence onto hydrogen‐terminated Si(001) 2 × 1 surface
Authors: Inagaki Kouji , Hirose Kikuji , Yasutake Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn order to analyze the fundamental processes in atmospheric pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition, which has an ability to form silicon epitaxial films under low‐substrate‐temperature conditions, first‐principles microcanonical molecular‐dynamics simulations of collision process between plasma gas atoms (H and He) and Si(001) 2 × 1 hydrogen‐terminated surface are performed. In contrast to the He collision which results in simple bound, the formation of H2 molecule with exothermally generated kinetic energy of 1.1 eV, and the absorption of H atom, are observed in the case of H collision. The generated H2 molecule occasionally hits the adjacent H‐termination atom transferring a considerable amount of the kinetic energy of about 0.25 eV to the surface. It is suggested that this transferred energy might enhance the migration of reaction precursors, which is important for the improvement of the crystal quality of epitaxial films. In the comparison of induced energies to the surface, the collision process of H atom is more important than that of He. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Soft‐Chemical Synthesis of Chalcogen‐Doped Manganese Oxide 1D Nanostructures: Influence of Chalcogen Doping on Electrode Performance
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Park Dae Hoon , Lim Seung Tae , Hwang Seong‐Ju , Min Bong‐Ki , Choy Jin‐Ho 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe have developed a direct nonhydrothermal route to nanostructured chalcogen‐doped manganese oxides; KxMnO2Qy (Q = S, Se, and Te). According to combinative diffraction and microscopic analyses, the S‐ and Se‐doped manganese oxides exhibit 1D nanowire‐type morphology with layered δ‐MnO2‐ and α‐MnO2‐structures, respectively, whereas the Te‐doped compound consists of 3D nanospheres that are amorphous according to X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray absorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses clearly demonstrate that the doped chalcogen ions exist in the form of hexavalent chalcogenate clusters mainly on the sample surface or grain boundary. According to electrochemical and ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy investigations, the Se‐doped manganate nanowires show higher structural stability and better electrode performance with excellent rate characteristics compared to the S‐/Te‐doped and undoped manganate nanostructures. This is attributed to the presence of chemically stable ${\rm SeO}_4^{2 - }$ species, leading to enhanced stability of the manganate lattice through the prevention of structural deformation during cycling and/or to the improvement of Li+ ion transport through the maintenance of intercrystallite voids. Based on the present experimental findings, we are able to conclude that the present one‐pot soft‐chemical route with chalcogen dopants can provide a simple method not only to economically synthesize 1D nanostructured manganese oxides but also to finely control their electrode performance, crystal structure and morphology, and lattice stability.
Correction of knee and ankle valgus in hereditary multiple exostoses using the Ilizarov apparatus
Authors: Ofiram E. , Eylon S. , Porat S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a genetic disorder that causes limb deformities due to disturbance at the growth plates.

Materials and methods
Six adolescents, whith symptomatic valgus deformity at the ankle and knee (seven affected legs) underwent correction procedures using the Ilizarov apparatus. In 5 legs, a bifocal Ilizarov apparatus was used, whereas in 2 legs the use of a monofocal apparatus was sufficient.

Results
Correction of the mechanical axis was achieved in all cases, and limb length discrepancy was equalized in the 3 cases that underwent limb elogation. The average knee and ankle corrections were 15° and 18°, respectively. The average time from application to removal of the Ilizarove apparatus was 4.6 months. No major complication occurred.

Conclusions
The use of the Ilizarov method in adolescents with HME enables successful simultaneous correction of multiplanar, multifocal complex limb deformities.
JNK as a positive regulator of angiogenic potential in endothelial cells
Authors: Uchida Cassandra , Gee Eric , Ispanovic Eric , Haas Tara L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAngiogenesis (the growth of new capillaries) occurs in adults in response to physiological stimuli such as wound healing and exercise. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) has a controversial role in the process of angiogenesis, with previous evidence supporting JNK as both a positive and negative regulator of blood vessel growth. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of JNK in the angiogenesis process. Phosphorylated JNK was observed in cultured endothelial cells, and levels were constant regardless of extracellular matrix composition. Using SP600125, inhibition of JNK attenuated sprout growth in 3D capillary sprout cultures. Inhibition of JNK reduced endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. JNK inhibition and siRNA knockdown of c‐jun (a downstream target of JNK) decreased protein levels of the transcription factor Egr‐1, a regulator of genes involved in proliferation and migration. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) production, and activity also, was reduced in sprout cultures treated with SP600125. c‐Jun silencing decreased both MMP‐2 and membrane type‐1 (MT1)‐MMP mRNA in endothelial cells, implicating both JNK and c‐jun as activators of proteolysis. Taken together, these results provide evidence that JNK and its downstream target c‐jun positively regulate angiogenesis via activation of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and proteolysis.