bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A renewal density theorem in the multi-dimensional case
Authors: Mode Charles J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this note a renewal density theorem in the multi-dimensional case is formulated and proved. Let f(x) be the density function of a p-dimensional random variable with positive mean vector μ and positive-definite covariance matrix Σ, let hn(x) be the n-fold convolution of f(x) with itself, and set

Then for arbitrary choice of integers k1, …, kp–1 distinct or not in the set (1, 2, …, p), it is shown that under certain conditions

as all elements in the vector x = (x1, …, xp) become large. In the above expression μ‵ is interpreted as a row vector and μ a column vector. An application to the theory of a class of age-dependent branching processes is also presented.
On a stopping time of Starr and its use in estimating the number of transmission sources
Authors: Vardi Yehuda 
Published: April 2006

Consider N sources, each of which transmits signals according to a renewal process with a common, known, underlying distribution. Sequential point estimators for N, which are asymptotically efficient in comparison to the best fixed stopping strategy, are derived. Confidence statements for N, and applications to the problem of estimating finite populations are discussed.The exact limiting distribution, and moments, of the stopping time we use, which was suggested by Starr, are derived.
Extended block replacement policy with used items
Authors: Tango Toshiro 
Published: April 2006

Block replacement policy, under which items are replaced at constant intervals of time and at failure, is wasteful because sometimes almost new items are also replaced. In order to eliminate this kind of waste, the following replacement policy is suggested.(1) Items are exchanged for new items at time kT (k ··· 1, 2, …).(2) If items fail in [(k – 1) T, kT – v), they are replaced by new items, and if in [kT – v, kT), they are replaced by used items.The results of this ‘extended block replacement policy with used items' are studied for the Erlang lifetime distribution.
A uniform limit theorem and exponential limit law for critical multitype age-dependent branching processes
Authors: Goldstein Martin I. 
Published: April 2006

Let Z(t) ··· (Z1(t), …, Zk (t)) be an indecomposable critical k-type age-dependent branching process with generating function F(s, t). Denote the right and left eigenvalues of the mean matrix M by u and v respectively and suppose μ is the vector of mean lifetimes, i.e. Mu = u, vM = v.It is shown that, under second moment assumptions,

uniformly for s ∈ ([0, 1]k of the form s = 1 – cu, c a constant. Here vμ is the componentwise product of the vectors and Q[u] is a constant.This result is then used to give a new proof of the exponential limit law.
On the maximum of gaussian fourier series emerging in the analysis of random vibrations
Authors: Orsingher Enzo 
Published: April 2006

In this paper we study the maximum of Gaussian Fourier series emerging in the analysis of random vibrations of a finite string. Evaluating the distribution of the maximal displacement corresponds to the analysis of the maximum for the related Gaussian Fourier series with independent coefficients.When vibrations are triggered by an initial white noise disturbance (where the instantaneous form of the vibrating string is composed of three processes pieced together) we give upper bounds for the maximal displacement.In the last section we consider forced vibrations at special instants where the instantaneous form of the vibrating string has the structure of a Brownian bridge. This enables us to give the exact distribution of the maximum for the related sine series.
Avalanches of electrons in a gas
Authors: Steutel F. W. 
Published: April 2006

The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods.The model contains a parameter p, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron.The quantity of interest is the current C(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.
Processes with associated increments
Authors: Glasserman Paul 
Published: April 2006

We derive conditions under which the increments of a vector process are associated — i.e. under which all pairs of increasing functions of the increments are positively correlated. The process itself is associated if it is generated by a family of associated and monotone kernels. We show that the increments are associated if the kernels are associated and, in a suitable sense, convex. In the Markov case, we note a connection between associated increments and temporal stochastic convexity.Our analysis is motivated by a question in variance reduction: assuming that a normalized process and its normalized compensator converge to the same value, which is the better estimator of that limit? Under some additional hypotheses we show that, for processes with conditionally associated increments, the compensator has smaller asymptotic variance.
A queueing network analysis of dynamic reconfigurability in a hierarchical information network
Authors: Bhat U. Narayan , Nance Richard E. 
Published: April 2006

Hierarchical information networks are important in applications where the information management must support an existing tree-structured organization. Embedded computer-communication systems in military applications, with a dominant hierarchical command structure, are the most prominent examples. Also typical of such applications is the variability in message demand (both sources and intensity) depending on the external conditions encountered by the encapsulating system (the system supported by the embedded computer-communication system). Using a queueing network model for a hierarchical information network, we compare the effect of limited dynamic reconfiguration on expected transmission delays. The limited reconfigurability takes the form of apex transition among a proper subset of the communication nodes designated as the apex candidate set. Each apex candidate can assume the ultimate position under designated conditions. This network architecture is called a dynamic hierarchy. The model includes N + 1 nodes (0, …, N) with 0 identifying the apex node. We assume that message processing at each node is described by an M/M/1 model (single server with Poisson arrivals and exponential service times). Further message transfers among the nodes are served by communication links which also behave as M/M/1 queues.Two distinctive features characterize the queueing network model:1. The assignment of a set of weights to the nodes dependent on the hierarchical level reflects the increasing importance of information as it is transferred to higher levels.2. The dynamic hierarchy requires a communications protocol that partitions the analysis of network delay into three periods: regular operation, reconfiguration, and adjustment. Characterization of the performance of the dynamic hierarchy entails the description of message transmission delay as a composite of the three periods.
Cryo‐Immunogold Electron Microscopy
Authors: Peters Peter J. , Bos Erik , Griekspoor Alexander 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis unit describes subcellular localization of proteins/antigens using high‐resolution cryo‐immunogold electron microscopy, which allows study of topological biochemistry at the ultrastructural level. This is the most sensitive procedure for immunodetection of antigens on ultrathin sections prepared from chemically fixed cells or tissues, because aldehyde fixation is the only denaturation step. The omission of harsh organic solvents (such as those used for plastic embedding) ensures better preservation of protein antigenicity. Support protocols describe how to embed fixed material in gelatin, cryosection, and mount the sections on Formvar‐coated grids. This unit is accompanied by eleven videos that illustrate many of the procedures used in this unit.
Matches
Authors: Cox Michael 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

3.

The Matchmaking Process

3.1.

Splint Manufacture

3.2.

Outer‐Box Making

3.3.

Inner‐Box Making

3.4.

Composition Making

3.5.

Match Assembly Line

4.

Raw Materials

5.

Head Composition

6.

Friction Surfaces

7.

The Chemistry of Matches

8.

Match Testing

9.

Match Standards

10.

Quality Assurance

11.

Safety and Handling
Metals, Surface Treatment
Authors: Kunst Helmut , Haase Brigitte , Malloy James C. , Wittel Klaus , Nestler Montia C. , Nicoll Andrew R. , Erning Ulrich , Rauscher Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Cleaning

2.1.

Cleaning in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents

2.1.1.

Cleaning and Degreasing in Aqueous Media

2.1.2.

Cleaning Agents Based on Organic Solvents

2.1.3.

Cleaning Process Technology

2.2.

Cleaning and Pickling with Salt Baths

2.2.1.

Bath Composition and Properties

2.2.2.

Descaling of Metals

2.2.3.

Casting Cleaning

2.2.4.

Coatings Removal

3.

Phosphating

3.1.

Chemistry

3.2.

Methods of Application

3.3.

Uses of Phosphate Coatings

4.

Case Hardening of Ferrous Metals

4.1.

Case Hardening without Chemical Reaction via Phase Boundary

4.1.1.

Flame Hardening

4.1.2.

Induction Hardening

4.1.3.

Laser Hardening

4.1.4.

Electron Beam Hardening

4.2.

Thermochemical Treatment

4.2.1.

Gas Carburizing

4.2.1.1.

Principles

4.2.1.2.

Properties of Carburized Components

4.2.1.3.

Carburizing Methods

4.2.2.

Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing

4.2.2.1.

Principles

4.2.2.2.

Properties of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Components

4.2.2.3.

Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Methods

4.2.3.

Boriding

4.2.3.1.

Principles

4.2.3.2.

Boriding Methods

4.2.4.

Other Thermochemical Processes

5.

Thermal Spraying

5.1.

Methods of Thermal Spraying

5.1.1.

Flame Spraying

5.1.2.

Electric Arc Spraying

5.1.3.

Plasma Spraying

5.1.4.

High‐Velocity Oxy – Fuel Spraying (HVOF)

5.2.

Properties of Thermally Sprayed Coatings

5.3.

Materials

5.3.1.

Spray Coating Materials

5.3.2.

Base Materials

5.4.

Applications

6.

Coloring

7.

Acknowledgement
Chemometrics
Authors: Henrion René , Henrion Günther 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The article provides an introduction to some of the basic concepts and methods in chemometrics. The first part is devoted to classical univariate statistics with emphasis on estimation and comparison of statistical parameters from one or several measurement series and its application to measurements from chemistry. The second part presents special techniques of data evaluation in analytical chemistry such as calibration, signal processing, and characterizations of analytical procedures. The third and last part introduces modern concepts of multivariate statistics (including multiway data analysis) with applications to chemometrical data sets. Numerical examples serve as illustrations for the presented methods.
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Measurements and Statistical Distributions

2.1.

Measurements

2.2.

Statistical Distributions

2.3.

Estimates

2.4.

Accuracy and Precision

3.

Statistical Tests

3.1.

General Procedure

3.2.

Tests on Parameters of One or Two Measurement Series

3.3.

Outliers, Trend and Nonparametric Tests

4.

Comparison of Several Measurement Series

4.1.

Homogeneity of Variances

4.2.

Equality of Expected Values

5.

Regression and Calibration

5.1.

Regression Analysis

5.2.

Calibration

6.

Characterization of Analytical Procedures

7.

Signal Processing

7.1.

Fourier Transform

7.2.

Data Smoothing

7.3.

Signal Resolution

8.

Basic Concepts of Multivariate Methods

8.1.

Objects, Variables, and Data Sets

8.2.

Correlation and Distance Matrices

8.3.

Data Scaling

9.

Factorial Methods

9.1.

Principal Components Analysis

9.2.

Factor Analysis

10.

Classification Methods

10.1.

Cluster Analysis

10.2.

Supervised Classification

11.

Multivariate Regression

11.1.

Multiple Linear Regression

11.2.

Latent Variable Regression

12.

Multidimensional Arrays
Linking geomorphic character, behaviour and condition to fluvial biodiversity: implications for river management
Authors: Chessman Bruce C. , Fryirs Kirstie A. , Brierley Gary J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The River Styles® framework is a geomorphic approach to the classification of river types, assessment of the physical condition of rivers, and planning of physical rehabilitation. However, the linkages between River Styles and aquatic biodiversity conservation are still only weakly developed.
In this study, 41 sites in the Bega River basin in New South Wales, Australia, were classified according to River Style and geomorphic condition, and surveyed for four biological assemblages: diatoms, aquatic and semi‐aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish.
Each assemblage differed significantly among River Styles. However, in the case of diatoms and fish, these differences could be accounted for by geographic clustering of sites in the same River Style, and a tendency for River Styles to occupy particular altitudinal zones and sizes of streams. This result was attributed to the overriding influences of water quality on diatoms and of altitude‐related variation in water temperature and distance from the ocean on fish. For macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, geomorphic river type appeared to exert a direct influence, probably via variation in physical habitat characteristics.
Geomorphic condition, judged as good, moderate or poor by reference to the inferred natural condition of each River Style, was also significantly associated with differences in biological assemblages other than fish. Twice as many taxa appeared to favour sites in good geomorphic condition as favoured sites in poor condition. Many of the taxa associated with sites in poor condition are alien taxa introduced to Australia since European settlement.
These findings imply that protection of reaches that are in good geomorphic condition is likely to be critical for the maintenance of indigenous biodiversity, and that rehabilitation of geomorphic condition can assist in the rehabilitation of native riverine biota.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐year mortality in diabetic patients treated with different combinations of insulin secretagogues and metformin
Authors: Monami Matteo , Luzzi Chiara , Lamanna Caterina , Chiasserini Veronica , Addante Filomena , Desideri Carla Maria , Masotti Giulio , Marchionni Niccolò , Mannucci Edoardo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have shown an increase of mortality in diabetic patients treated with combinations of sulphonylureas and biguanides. Comparisons between different insulin secretagogues in combination with metformin with respect to all‐cause mortality have not been reported so far.MethodsAn observational cohort study was performed on a consecutive series of 2002 outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of these patients, 696 (34.8%) were receiving combinations of insulin secretagogues and biguanides at enrolment. Three‐year mortality was assessed through research in the City of Florence Registry Office.ResultsDuring follow‐up, 295 deaths were recorded. Among patients on combined secretagogue and biguanide treatment, glibenclamide was associated with a significantly higher yearly mortality (8.7%) than repaglinide (3.1%; p = 0.002), gliclazide (2.1%; p = 0.001), and glimepiride (0.4%; p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders (including age; duration of diabetes; Body Mass Index (BMI); lipid profile; HbA1c; insulin treatment; metformin doses; Charlson co‐morbidity score; CCS), mortality remained significantly higher in patients treated with combinations of glibenclamide and metformin when compared to those treated with different insulin secretagogues (OR with 95% CI: 2.09 [1.07;4.11]).ConclusionsIn the present study, sulphonylureas with greater selectivity for β‐cell receptors, such as glimepiride and gliclazide, were associated with a lower mortality when used in combination with metformin in comparison with glibenclamide. Safety of such combinations deserves further investigation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LACK‐reactive CD4+ T cells require autocrine IL‐2 to mediate susceptibility to Leishmania major
Authors: Gumy Alain , Aseffa Abraham , Rachinel Nicolas , Breton Melanie , Otten Luc , Tacchini‐Cottier Fabienne , Röcken Martin , Doyen Noelle , Acha‐Orbea Hans , Locksley Richard M. , MacDonald H. Robson , Launois Pascal , Louis Jacques 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMice from most inbred strains are resistant to infection with Leishmania major whereas mice from BALB strains are highly susceptible. Resistance and susceptibility result from the development of Th1 or Th2 cells, respectively. In this report, we document an IL‐2 mRNA burst, preceding the reported early IL‐4 response, in draining lymph nodes of susceptible mice infected with L. major. Neutralization of IL‐2 during the first days of infection redirected Th1 cell maturation and resistance to L. major, through interference with the rapid IL‐4 transcription in Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1 (LACK)‐reactive CD4+ cells. A burst of IL‐2 transcripts also occurred in infected C57BL/6 mice that do not mount an early IL‐4 response. However, although the LACK protein induced IL‐2 transcripts in susceptible mice, it failed to trigger this response in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution experiments using C.B.‐17 SCID mice and LACK‐reactive CD4+ T cells from IL‐2–/– BALB/c mice showed that triggering of the early IL‐4 response required autocrine IL‐2. Thus, in C57BL/6 mice, the inability of LACK‐reactive CD4+ T cells to express early IL‐4 mRNA transcription, important for disease progression, appears due to an incapacity of these cells to produce IL‐2.
In vitro bioactivity and osteoblast response of porous NiTi synthesized by SHS using nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti reaction agent
Authors: Gu Y.W. , Li H. , Tay B.Y. , Lim C.S. , Yong M.S. , Khor K.A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPorous NiTi with an average porosity of 55 vol % and a general pore size of 100–600 μm was synthesized by self‐propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) with the addition of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti as the reaction agent. The SHS of porous NiTi using elemental powders was also performed for comparison. To enhance the bioactivity of the metal surface, porous NiTi synthesized by nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti was subjected to chemical treatment to form a layer of TiO2 coating. The porous NiTi with TiO2 coating was subsequently immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) to investigate its apatite forming ability. The effects of the addition of nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti as reaction agent and the application of apatite coating on osteoblastic behavior were studied in primary cultures of human osteoblast cells. Results showed that the main phases in porous NiTi synthesized by elemental powders were NiTi, Ti2Ni, and unreacted free Ni. By using nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti as reaction agent, the secondary intermetallic phase of Ti2Ni was significantly reduced and the free Ni was eliminated. TiO2 coating with anatase phase was formed on the surface of porous NiTi after the chemical treatment. A layer consisting of nanocrystalline carbonate‐containing apatite was formed on the surface of TiO2 coating after soaking in SBF. The preliminary cell culture studies showed that the porous NiTi synthesized with the addition of nanocrystalline Ni‐Ti attracted marked attachment and proliferation of the osteoblast cells. This gives the evidence of the potential biomedical applications of the porous NiTi. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Intra‐articular calcium phosphate cement: Its fate and impact on joint tissues in a rabbit model
Authors: Braun C. , Rahn B. , Fulmer M. , Steiner A. , Gisep A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractClinical application of injectable ceramic cement in comminuted fractures revealed penetration of the viscous paste into the joint space. Not much is known on the fate of this cement and its influence on articular tissues. The purpose of this experimental study was to assess these unknown alterations of joint tissues after intra‐articular injection of cement in a rabbit knee. Observation periods were from 1 week up to 24 months, with three rabbits per group. Norian SRS® cement was injected into one knee joint, the contralateral side receiving the same volume of Ringers' solution. Light microscopic evaluation of histologic sections was performed, investigating the appearance of the cement, inflammatory reactions, and degenerative changes of the articular surface. No signs of pronounced acute or chronic inflammation were visible. The injected cement was mainly found as a single particle, anterior to the cruciate ligaments. It became surrounded by synovial tissues within 4 weeks and showed signs of superficial resorption. In some specimens, bone formation was seen around the cement. Degeneration of the articular surface showed no differences between experimental and control side, and no changes over time became apparent. No major degenerative changes were induced by the injected cement. The prolonged presence of cement still seems to make it advisable to remove radiologically visible amounts from the joint space. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Does ice immersion influence ankle joint position sense?
Authors: Hopper Diana , Whittington Dean , Chartier Jennifer Davies 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether a fifteen minute ice immersion treatment influenced the normal ankle joint position sense at 40% and 80% range of inversion and to establish the length of treatment effect through monitoring the re‐warming process. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Nanobubbles influence on BSA adsorption on mica surface
Authors: Wu Zhihua , Zhang Xuehua , Zhang Xiaodong , Li Gang , Sun Jielin , Zhang Yi , Li Minqian , Hu Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNanobubbles have been shown to exist at liquid/solid interfaces and have become the focus of research in varied interfacial processes. In the present work, bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed on mica was used as a model system to investigate the effect of nanobubbles on protein adsorption at the liquid/solid interface. The adsorption of BSA on mica in two types of surfaces, with and without nanobubbles, was imaged by means of an atomic force microscope (AFM) in both liquid and air. By comparing the data from the two groups, it has been shown clearly that the adsorption of BSA was indeed influenced by the nanobubbles. Generally, nanobubbles blocked BSA adsorption and resulted in circular hollows on the BSA films on mica. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.