bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced Expression of Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 in the Periimplantation Endometrium of Excessive Ovarian Responders during in Vitro Fertilization Treatment
Authors: Makkar Guneet , Ng Ernest H. Y. , Yeung William S. B. , Ho P. C. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: Impaired implantation in assisted reproduction cycles with high serum estradiol (E2) concentrations may be related to abnormal endometrial functions.
Objective: The in vivo expression of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines in the periimplantation endometrium of infertile patients was compared between natural and stimulated cycles.
Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Uterine flushings and endometrial biopsies were collected 7 d after the LH surge in natural cycles or after human chorionic gonadotropin injection in stimulated cycles. Th2 cytokines were determined by immunolocalization and by ELISA. Natural cycles were in group A, whereas stimulated cycles with peak serum E2 of no more than 20,000 pmol/liter (moderate responders) and more than 20,000 pmol/liter (excessive responders) were classified as group B and group C, respectively.
Results: Higher E2 had a negative effect on IL-11 and IL-6 expression in the endometrium and IL-11 concentration in the uterine flushing. In endometrial biopsies, a significantly lower immunostaining of stromal IL-11 (P &lt; 0.001) and glandular IL-6 (P &lt; 0.05) was detected in group C compared with that of groups A and B. IL-11 concentration by ELISA was significantly lower in group C (P &lt; 0.05). Endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-4 expression was similar in the three groups. In uterine flushings, a significantly higher percentage of women in group C had undetectable IL-11 and a lower IL-11 concentration (P &lt; 0.01) compared with group A, whereas no difference in IL-6 concentration was noted in the three groups.
Conclusion: Reduced expression of IL-11 and IL-6 in periimplantation endometrium may account for lower implantation in excessive responders.
Frequent Finding of the Androgen Receptor A645D Variant in Normal Population
Authors: Lundin Kristina B. , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Giwercman Aleksander , Giwercman Yvonne L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background: The androgen receptor A645D mutation has been described in one patient with ambiguous genitalia and one boy with normal phenotype.
Objective: Because of this phenotypic variation, we screened a cohort of men from the general population (n = 293) as well as men with the following disorders of the genital tract for the mutation: men with prostate cancer (n = 89), testicular cancer (n = 87), and infertility (n = 103). We also investigated the influence of the polymorphic CAG and GGN repeats on the phenotypic outcome.
Results: The A645D variant was found in three men from the general population (1.0%). These men did not differ regarding testosterone or LH concentrations, compared with the rest of this population. In addition, two men with prostate cancer (2.3%) and one infertile man (1.0%) presented with the mutation. No statistical differences in frequency were noted between the study groups, and none of these individuals had any genital malformations. All men who presented with the mutation carried an extraordinarily short GGN repeat of 10 base triplets in combination with long CAG repeats of 26–28 (average 27.3). In contrast, men with GGN=10, but CAG less than 26 did not have the A645D mutation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed that the A645D variant has emerged from the most common haplogroup in our population.
Conclusions: We conclude that the A645D mutation, which is present in 1% of the general Swedish population, is linked to GGN10 and long CAG repeats. Its effect on androgen receptor function is currently unknown.
Teduglutide for the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Ferrone Marcus , Scolapio James S 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To summarize the pharmacology, development, and clinical application of teduglutide (ALX-0600), a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog for the treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Data Sources: Clinical literature, including both primary sources and review articles, was accessed through a search of the MEDLINE databases (1980–March 2006). Key search terms included teduglutide, ALX-0600, glucagon-like peptide-2, short bowel syndrome, short gut, and intestinal adaptation. Clinical trial and drug data were supplied by the manufacturer, NPS Pharmaceuticals. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Review articles, abstracts, and clinical studies related to GLP-2 and its analog, teduglutide, were analyzed. An evaluation of the research exploring teduglutide for the management of SBS was conducted. Relevant information was then selected. Data Synthesis: Research has revealed that administration of GLP-2 to patients following major small bowel resection improves intestinal adaptation and nutrient absorption. Teduglutide is an enzyme-resistant GLP-2 analog that shows promise in preventing intestinal injury, restoring mucosal integrity, and enhancing intestinal absorptive function. Conclusions: Data from ongoing clinical trials indicate that teduglutide may have the ability to enhance intestinal absorptive capacity in patients with SBS. Further studies and the completion of Phase III trials are necessary to determine the appropriate dosage and length of treatment for patients with SBS to gain optimal therapeutic benefit from this drug.
How Many “Me-Too” Drugs are Enough? The Case of Physician Preferences for Specific Statins
Authors: Austin Peter C , Mamdani Muhammad M , Juurlink David N 
Published: May 2006

Background: The increasing availability of “me-too” drugs has provided considerable treatment options for clinicians. However, the number of such drugs within a class that are actually used by clinicians has not been well studied. Objective: To determine the number of different statins that individual physicians use in practice. Methods: The Ontario Drug Benefit database was used to identify physicians who issued at least 10 incident statin prescriptions between October 2001 and May 2003 for patients aged 66 years and older. A preferred statin was defined for each physician, and the proportion of each physician's incident prescriptions written for that agent was determined. We then determined the number of different statins required to fill each physician's incident prescribing needs. Results: A total of 3426 physicians wrote 73 571 incident statin prescriptions. The mean percentage of prescriptions written for each physician's preferred statin formulation was 73.7%. Repeat analysis to examine the proportion of prescriptions filled using each physician's top 2 statin formulations found that the average physician wrote the vast majority of his or her incident prescriptions (94.9%) for only 1 or 2 statins. Half of all physicians used, at most, 2 different statins for all incident prescribing, while 91.3% of physicians used, at most, 3 different statins for all of their incident prescribing. Conclusions: A high proportion of Ontario physicians issued the majority of their incident statin prescriptions for the same statin formulation. Most physicians required, at most, 3 different statins for all incident statin prescribing.
On ovoids of PG(3, q)
Authors: Ball Simeon 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We give necessary and sufficient conditions that a polynomial f (x, y) gives an ovoid of PG(3, q). Furthermore by considering Rédei polynomials associated to ovoids of PG(3, q) we obtain sets of equations relating the coefficients of f (x, y). One such set of equations implies that if xiyj
occurs as a term in f (x, y) + xy then i and j must have disjoint binary expansions.
Extensions of isomorphisms for affine Grassmannians over
Authors: Blok Rieuwert J , Hall Jonathan I 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In Blok [R. J. Blok, Extensions of isomorphisms for affine dual polar spaces and strong parapolar spaces. Adv. Geom.
5 (2005), 509–532.] affinely rigid classes of geometries were studied. These are classes B of geometries with the following property: Given any two geometries Γ1, Γ2 ∈ B with subspaces 𝒮1 and 𝒮2 respectively, then any isomorphism Γ1 − 𝒮1 → Γ2 − 𝒮2 uniquely extends to an isomorphism Γ1 → Γ2.
Suppose Γ belongs to an affinely rigid class. Then for any subspace 𝒮 we have Aut(Γ − 𝒮) ≤ Aut(Γ). Suppose that, in addition, Γ is embedded into the projective space ℙ(V) for some vector space V. Then one may think of V as a “natural” embedding if every automorphism of Γ is induced by some (semi-) linear automorphism of V. This is for instance true of the projective geometry Γ = ℙ(V) itself by the fundamental theorem of projective geometry. Clearly since Γ belongs to an affinely rigid class and has a natural embedding into ℙ(V), also the embedding Γ − 𝒮 into ℙ(V) is natural.
In Blok [R. J. Blok, Extensions of isomorphisms for affine dual polar spaces and strong parapolar spaces. Adv. Geom.
5 (2005), 509–532.] the notion of a layer-extendable class was introduced and it was shown that layer-extendable classes are affinely rigid. As an application, it was shown that the union of most projective geometries, (dual) polar spaces, and strong parapolar spaces forms an affinely rigid class. However, the geometries motivating that study, the Grassmannians defined over 𝔽2, were not included in this class because they do not form a layer-extendable class. Since affine projective geometries (1-Grassmannians, if you will) are simply complete graphs, clearly they are not affinely rigid at all. In the present note we show that also the class of 2-Grassmannians over 𝔽2 fails to form an affinely rigid class, although in a less dramatic way, whereas the class of k-Grassmannians of projective spaces of dimension n over 𝔽2 where 3 ≤ k ≤ n − 2 is in fact affinely rigid.
Elation generalized quadrangles of order (q, q
2), q even, with a classical subquadrangle of order q
Authors: Thas Koen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
One of the famous open problems in Finite Geometry is the classification of ovoids in a projective 3-space PG(3, q) over the finite field with q elements, q even. For q odd, this classification was obtained in 1955 by A. Barlotti [
A. Barlotti, Un'estensione del teorema di Segre-Kustaanheimo. Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 10 (1955), 498–506. MR0075606 (17,776b) Zbl 0066.38901
] and G. Panella [
G. Panella, Caratterizzazione delle quadriche di uno spazio (tridimensionale) lineare sopra un corpo finito. Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 10 (1955), 507–513. MR0075607 (17,776c) Zbl 0066.38902
]. A breakthrough result was a recent one of M. R. Brown, who showed in [
M. R. Brown, Ovoids of PG (3, q), q even, with a conic section. J. London Math. Soc. (2) 62 (2000), 569–582. MR1783645 (2001i:51012) Zbl 1038.51008 ] that when such an ovoid has a conic plane section, the ovoid must be an elliptic quadric. Even more recently, M. R. Brown and M. Lavrauw [
M. R. Brown, M. Lavrauw, Eggs in PG(4n − 1, q), q even, containing a pseudo-conic.
Bull. London Math. Soc. 36 (2004), 633–639. MR2070439 (2005k:51009)
Zbl 1064.51005
] generalized this theorem by obtaining a similar result for higher dimensions. Both results have equivalent statements in the theory of (translation) generalized quadrangles.
In this note, we improve these results by showing that an elation generalized quadrangle of order (q, q
2), q even, with a

subGQ containing the elation point arises from a non-singular elliptic quadric in PG(5, q).
The theorem itself arises as a corollary of a more general observation which works for all characteristics. There is a wealth of consequences.
Gorenstein liaison in
Authors: Lesperance Joshua 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
One of the main open questions for Gorenstein liaison is whether or not the deficiency module of a curve will determine its even G-liaison class in ℙ
n
, n ≥ 4. In this paper, we show that this is indeed the situation for many degenerate curves in ℙ4. As a special case we are able to show that any two degenerate Buchsbaum curves will belong to the same even G-liaison class if and only if they have isomorphic deficiency modules (up to shifts). We then explore when this may also be true for curves which are obtained as hypersurface sections of Buchsbaum surfaces in ℙ4.
Flat manifolds, harmonic spinors, and eta invariants
Authors: Sadowski M , Szczepañski A 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to calculate the eta invariants and the dimensions of the spaces of harmonic spinors of an infinite family of closed flat manifolds ℱ
CHD
. It consists of some flat manifolds M with cyclic holonomy groups. If M ∈ ℱ
CHD
, then we give explicit formulas for η(M) and 𝔥(M). They are expressed in terms of solutions of appropriate congruences in {−1, 1}
k
. As an application we investigate the integrability of some η invariants of ℱ
CHD
-manifolds.
Cremona convexity, frame convexity and a theorem of Santaló
Authors: Goodman J. E , Holmsen A , Pollack R , Ranestad K , Sottile F 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In 1940, Luis Santaló proved a Helly-type theorem for line transversals to boxes in ℝ
d
. An analysis of his proof reveals a convexity structure for ascending lines in ℝ
d
that is isomorphic to the ordinary notion of convexity in a convex subset of ℝ2d−2. This isomorphism is through a Cremona transformation on the Grassmannian of lines in ℙ
d
, which enables a precise description of the convex hull and affine span of up to d ascending lines: the lines in such an affine span turn out to be the rulings of certain classical determinantal varieties. Finally, we relate Cremona convexity to a new convexity structure that we call frame convexity, which extends to arbitrary-dimensional flats in ℝ
d
.
Two-transitive ovals
Authors: Maschietti Antonio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An oval 𝒪 of a projective plane is called two-transitive if there is a collineation group G fixing 𝒪 and acting 2-transitively on its points. If the plane has odd order, then the plane is desarguesian and the oval is a conic. In the present paper we prove that if a plane has order a power of two and admits a two-transitive oval, then either the plane is desarguesian and the oval is a conic, or the plane is dual to a Lüneburg plane.
Subsemigroups of groups: presentations, Malcev presentations, and automatic structures
Authors: Cain Alan J , Robertson Edmund F , Ruškuc Nik 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
All finitely generated subsemigroups of virtually nilpotent groups admit finite Malcev presentations. (A Malcev presentation is a presentation of a special type for a semigroup that can be embedded in a group.) All automatic or asynchronous automatic semigroups embeddable into groups admit finite Malcev presentations. Finitely generated subsemigroups of virtually free groups are automatic. A finitely generated subsemigroup of the free product of a free group and an abelian group that fails to have a finite Malcev presentation is exhibited. Therefore the class of groups all of whose finitely generated subsemigroups admit finite Malcev presentations is properly contained in the class of coherent groups. Finitely generated subsemigroups of the free product of a free monoid and an abelian group are asynchronously automatic and therefore have finite Malcev presentations.
Proteasome activity in experimental diabetes
Authors: Alexandrova Albena , Petrov Lubomir , Kirkova Margarita 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that oxidative stress contributes to the development and progression of diabetes and other related complications. Since the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in degradation of oxidized proteins, it is to be expected that alterations in proteasome-dependent proteolysis accompany diabetes. This paper focuses on the role of the proteasome in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. The changes in proteasomal activity and oxidative stress indices (protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation) were evaluated. The obtained results revealed increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations in proteasomal activities in diabetic rats. Our data indicates a significant decrease in chymotryptic-like activity; increased tryptic-like activity; and unchanged post-glutamyl peptide hydrolytic-like activity. These findings suggest the presence of oxidative stress in diabetes that appears to result in changes to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Three‐dimensional architecture of the left ventricular myocardium
Authors: Lunkenheimer Paul P. , Redmann Klaus , Kling Natalie , Jiang Xiaoji , Rothaus Kai , Cryer Colin W. , Wübbeling Frank , Niederer Peter , Heitz Philipp U. , Yen Ho Siew , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractConcepts for ventricular function tend to assume that the majority of the myocardial cells are aligned with their long axes parallel to the epicardial ventricular surface. We aimed to validate the existence of aggregates of myocardial cells orientated with their long axis intruding obliquely between the ventricular epicardial and endocardial surfaces and to quantitate their amount and angulation. To compensate for the changing angle of the long axis of the myocytes relative to the equatorial plane of the ventricles with varying depths within the ventricular walls, the so‐called helical angle, we used pairs of cylindrical knives of different diameters to punch semicircular slices from the left ventricular wall of pigs, the slices extending from the epicardium to the endocardium. The slices were pinned flat, fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained with azan or hematoxilin and eosin, and analyzed by a new semiautomatic procedure. We made use of new techniques in informatics to determine the number and angulation of the aggregates of myocardial cells cut in their long axis. The alignment of the myocytes cut longitudinally varied markedly between the epicardium and the endocardium. Populations of myocytes, arranged in strands, diverge by varying angles from the epicardial surface. When paired knives of decreasing diameter were used to cut the slices, the inclination of the diagonal created by the arrays increases, while the lengths of the array of cells cut axially decreases. The visualization of the size, shape, and alignment of the myocytic arrays at any side of the ventricular wall is determined by the radius of the knives used, the range of helical angles subtended by the alignment of the myocytes throughout the thickness of the wall, and their angulation relative to the epicardial surface. Far from the majority of the ventricular myocytes being aligned at angles more or less tangential to the epicardial lining, we found that three‐fifths of the myocardial cells had their long axes diverging at angles between 7.5 and 37.5° from an alignment parallel to the epicardium. This arrangement, with the individual myocytes supported by connective tissue, might control the cyclic rearrangement of the myocardial fibers. This could serve as an important control of both ventricular mural thickening and intracavitary shape. Anat Rec Part A 288A:565–578, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of cosmic magnetic fields
Authors: Rees M. J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe first significant cosmic fields, and the seed field for galactic dynamos probably developed after the formation of the first non‐linear structures. The history of star formation and the intergalactic medium is controlled, at least in part, by how and when galaxies and their precursors acquired their fields. The amplification of fields behind shocks, and the diffusivity of the magnetic flux, are crucial to the interpretation of radio sources, gamma ray burst afterglows, and other energetic cosmic phenomena. The build‐up of magnetic fields is an important aspect of the overall cosmogonic process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cosmological magnetic helicity
Authors: Sokoloff D. , Semikoz V. B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe argue that magnetic helicity conservation is violated at the lepton stage in the evolution of the early Universe. As a result, a cosmological magnetic field which can be a seed for the galactic dynamo obtains a substantial magnetic helicity from the beginning which has to be taken into account on later stages of galactic evolution. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Primordial magnetic fields and gravitational waves
Authors: Caprini C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe analyse the generation of tensor metric perturbations by the anisotropic stresses of a primordial magnetic field. First we present the implication of causality on the initial spectrum of the magnetic field, and then derive strong limits on its amplitude by applying the nucleosynthesis bound on the gravitational waves (GW) induced by the field. Finally we discuss the CMB tensor spectrum generated by the magnetic field, presenting analytical approximations for the temperature anisotropies and polarisation signal by a possible helical component in the magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cyclotron emission effect on CMB spectral distortions
Authors: Burigana C. , Zizzo A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigated the role of the cyclotron emission (CE) associated to cosmic magnetic fields (MF) on the evolution of cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectral distortions. We computed the photon and energy injection rates by including spontaneous and stimulated emission and absorption. These CE rates have been compared with those of bremsstrahlung (BR) and double Compton scattering (DC), for realistic CMB distorted spectra at various cosmic epochs. For reasonable MF strengths we found that the CE contribution to the evolution of the CMB spectrum is much smaller than the BR and DC contributions. The constraints on the energy exchanges at various redshifts can be then derived, under quite general assumptions, by considering only Compton scattering (CS), BR, and DC, other than the considered dissipation process. Upper limits to the CMB polarization degree induced by CE have been estimated. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amplification of primordial magnetic fields by anisotropic gravitational collapse
Authors: King E. J. , Coles P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIf a magnetic field, B , is frozen into a plasma that undergoes spherical compression then B varies with the plasma density ρ according to B ∝ ρ 2/3. In the gravitational collapse of cosmological density perturbations, however, quasi‐spherical evolution is very unlikely. In anisotropic collapses the magnetic field can be a much steeper function of gas density than in the isotropic case. We investigate the distribution of amplifications in realistic gravitational collapses from Gaussian initial fluctuations using the Zel'dovich approximation. Representing our results using a relation of the form B ∝ ρ α , we show that the median value of α can be much larger than the α = 2/ 3 resulting from spherical collapse, even if there is no initial correlation between magnetic .eld and principal collapse directions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The generation of magnetic fields by the Weibel instability
Authors: Fujita Y. , Kato T. N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe show that strong magnetic fields can be generated at shock waves associated with formation of galaxies or clusters of galaxies by the Weibel instability, an instability in collisionless plasmas. The estimated strength of the magnetic field generated through this mechanism is close to the order of values observed in galaxies or clusters of galaxies at present, which indicates that strong amplification of magnetic fields after formation of galaxies or clusters of galaxies is not required. This mechanism could have worked even at a redshift of ∼10, and therefore the generated magnetic fields may have affected the formation of stars at the early Universe. This model will be tested by future observations of nearby clusters of galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)