bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the modified Seldinger and through‐the‐needle jugular catheter placement techniques in the dog
Authors: Portillo Erin , Mackin Andrew , Hendrix P. K. , Boyle Carolyn , Chrestman Lisa 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectives:

To compare the ease of placement of central intravenous catheters in the dog using 2 techniques: the modified Seldinger jugular catheter placement technique and the through‐the‐needle jugular catheter placement technique.
To evaluate the ease and effectivness of teaching the 2 jugular catheter placement techniques.
To determine the utility of a synthetic vascular access model for teaching the 2 techniques to veterinary students.

Design: Students were taught 2 jugular catheter placement techniques using a synthetic jugular venipuncture model and were then observed placing catheters using each technique in live dogs enrolled in a terminal surgery laboratory. Time taken for catheter placement, success or failure of catheter insertion, indicators of catheter viability (time required for blood to be collected through the catheter and for fluid to flow through the catheter), and complications associated with catheter insertion (hematoma presence/size post‐mortem) were objectively evaluated by the authors, and ease of catheter placement was subjectively evaluated by the students.Setting: Surgical techniques laboratory in a veterinary teaching hospital.Animals: Dogs destined for a terminal student surgery laboratory (n=35).Intervention:Jugular catheterization.Measurements and main results: Catheter placement was successful for 27/35 (77.1%) first attempts on a live dog with the modified Seldinger technique, and for 26/35 (74.3%) first attempts on a live dog with the through‐the‐needle technique. The modified Seldinger technique took significantly longer (mean 452 seconds) than the through‐the‐needle technique (mean 273 seconds). There was no significant difference in time taken to aspirate 5 mL of blood through catheters placed by either technique. Time required to flow 25 mL of fluid through the catheter was slightly longer for the modified Seldinger technique (mean 133 seconds) than for the through‐the‐needle technique (mean 113 seconds). Post‐mortem hematomas were detected at 26/26 (100%) of through‐the‐needle insertion sites and at 24/27 (89%) of modified Seldinger insertion sites. Hematoma diameter at the through‐the‐needle insertion site (mean 2.2 cm) was significantly greater than at the modified Seldinger insertion site (mean 1.1 cm). Student assessments of the comparable difficulties of the 2 jugular catheter placement techniques were not significantly different, and both techniques were assessed to be only slightly more difficult than placement of a cephalic catheter.Conclusions: Jugular catheter placement by either the modified Seldinger or through‐the‐needle technique can be relatively easily mastered by entry‐level veterinarians. Hematoma formation is common with both techniques. The teaching of jugular catheter placement is facilitated by the use of a synthetic jugular venipuncture model.
Clinical and HLA phenotypes of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in North American patients outside DR3 and DR4
Authors: Czaja Albert J. , Carpenter Herschel A. , Moore S. Breanndan 
Published: May 2006

Abstract:
Aims: To determine the clinical phenotype and outcome of patients with definite type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, who lack human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3 and DR4, and to assess the importance of HLA DR7 and DR13.Methods: Two hundred and seven adult patients were typed for DR3, DR4, DR7, and DR13 by DNA‐based techniques. One hundred and two blood donors constituted a normal population.Results: Twenty‐six patients lacked DR3 and DR4 (13%). Treatment failure occurred more commonly in these individuals than in the 68 patients with DR4 (20% vs. 3%, P=0.03), and relapse after drug withdrawal was less frequent than in the 84 patients with DR3 (55% vs. 87%, P=0.03). HLA DR13 occurred more often than in those with DR3 (54% vs. 15%, P=0.0002) or DR4 (54% vs. 12%, P=0.00005), and it was more frequent than in normal adults (54% vs. 22%, P=0.003), including those without DR3 or DR4 (54% vs. 27%, P=0.03). HLA DR7 was not associated with susceptibility or outcome.Conclusions: White North American patients who lack DR3 and DR4 respond differently to corticosteroid treatment than patients with classical HLA phenotypes. HLA DR13 is common in these adult patients, and it may affect treatment outcome.
Vein of Marshall Activity During Sustained Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: KAMANU SANTOSH , TAN ALEX Y. , PETER C. THOMAS , HWANG CHUN , CHEN PENG‐SHENG 
Published: May 2006

Background: The human vein of Marshall (VOM) activation patterns during sustained (persistent or permanent) atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been studied in detail. Methods: VOM was cannulated via coronary sinus in six patients (67.3 ± 7.5 years old) having either persistent (N = 4) or permanent (N = 2) AF presenting for radiofrequency catheter ablation. Results: At sinus rhythm in patients with persistent AF, there were frequent ectopic beats from the VOM as well as from left and right pulmonary veins (PVs). The ectopic activity originating from the VOM was highly fragmented. The P wave morphology associated with VOM ectopy was isoelectric in leads I and aVL, positive in leads II, III, aVF, and V2‐V5, which is similar to the P wave morphology associated with left PV ectopic beats. During AF the activation cycle length at VOM was 140 ± 31 msec, which was significantly shorter than that in other atrial sites (P < 0.05). Similarly, the dominant frequency at VOM (9.71 Hz ± 1.52 Hz) was significantly higher than that at other atrial sites (P < 0.0001). In one patient, VOM ablation was associated with AF termination during radiofrequency energy application. Conclusions: Ectopic activity with complex local electrogram originating from VOM is commonly seen in patients with sustained AF. The P wave morphology associated with the ectopic beats from VOM and from the left PVs was similar. The rate of activation at VOM is significantly faster than other atrial and PV sites during AF. These findings show that rapid activation is present in the VOM during sustained AF in human patients.
Percutaneous Left and Right Heart Catheterization in Fully Anticoagulated Patients Utilizing the Radial Artery and Forearm Vein: A Two‐Center Experience
Authors: LO TED S. N. , BUCH ASHESH N. , HALL IAN R. , HILDICK‐SMITH DAVID J. , NOLAN JAMES 
Published: May 2006

Background: Stopping oral anticoagulants prior to cardiac catheterization is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Performing the procedures via the femoral artery and vein without interruption of anticoagulation is associated with a high rate of major access site complications. The transradial technique for left heart catheterization is safe in fully anticoagulated patients but few data are available on the percutaneous right and left heart catheterization utilizing a combination of the radial artery and antecubital vein in this group of patients.
Methods: We report our experience in 28 consecutive patients that underwent left and right heart catheterizations via this percutaneous arm approach without interruption of anticoagulation. These were compared to 31 consecutive non‐anticoagulated patients that underwent the procedure via a conventional femoral artery and vein approach.
Results: Arterial and venous accesses were achieved and complete angiographic and hemodynamic data obtained in all patients. There were no access site complications in the anticoagulated patients despite an International normalized ratio (INR) of 2.5 ± 0.5. Procedural duration was longer in the anticoagulated group of patients, but fluoroscopy time and patient radiation dose were similar in both groups.
Conclusion: Our experience suggests that left and right heart catheterization can be safely performed in most fully anticoagulated patients using this technique with a low bleeding and thromboembolic risk and no increase in radiation exposure.
FX MiniRAIL™ Catheter Usage for Treatment of De Novo Complex Coronary Lesions: Results from the “OFFAR”
Authors: VITRELLA GIANCARLO , SANGIORGI GIUSEPPE , KORNOWSKI RAN , MOSSERI MORRIS , ALMAGOR YARON , ISCHINGER THOMAS , PAVLIDIS GREGORY , RODERMANN JORG , BARTORELLI ANTONIO , WIJNS WILLIAM , GRUBE EBERHARD , COLOMBO ANTONIO ,   For the OFFAR Investigators
Published: May 2006

Introduction: Gradual prolonged balloon angioplasty may cause less arterial trauma, higher success rates, and fewer complications than conventional angioplasty (POBA). The OFFAR aimed to determine the safety and effectiveness of the FX MiniRAIL™ (FX) catheter, used with a slow, stepwise inflation protocol.
Methods and Results: From June to December 2003, 181 consecutive patients (age 61.9 ± 10.6 years) with de novo coronary artery lesions (n = 217) were treated by FX and stent implantation in 11 European centers. Fifty‐one patients (28.2%) had diabetes, and 70 (38.7%) had prior MI; 73 patients (40.3%) presented with stable angina and 85 (47.0%) with unstable angina. Fifty‐five lesions (25.3%) were in small vessels (<2.5 mm), 40 (18.6%) were highly calcific, and 133 (62%) were long lesions (>18 mm). Stenosis resolution pressure was 7.17 ± 4.2 atm; inflation time was 116.5 ± 54.6 seconds. FX technical success (residual stenosis <50% post‐FX) was obtained in 191 lesions (88.0%), and FX optimal success (residual stenosis <20% post‐FX) in 117 (54.9%). Dissection was observed in 34 lesions (15.9%), 27 (79.3%) of which were type A or B. No coronary ruptures occurred. Nine (5.0%) in‐hospital events occurred, all non‐Q‐wave MI. During 6‐month follow‐up, major adverse clinical events occurred in 14.4% of cases (n = 26; 3 cardiac deaths, 1 Q‐wave MI, 2 non‐Q‐wave MI, 3 CABG, and 17 re‐PTCA).
Conclusion: The results of the OFFAR suggest that FX utilization for treatment of de novo complex coronary lesions is safe and effective.
Neuroendocrine mechanism mediating energetic regulation of gonadotropin release in female rats
Authors: TSUKAMURA Hiroko , KINOSHITA Mika , MAEDA Kei‐Ichiro 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTEnergy level is a critical factor controlling gonadal activity at various phases of reproduction. A female rat model has revealed that fasting‐induced luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression is mediated by a specific neural pathway, such as noradrenergic neurons originating in the A2 region and projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons. The pathway is shared with that mediating glucoprivic suppression of LH pulses. Among the peripheral signals altered by energy deficiency, glucose could be a signal molecule conveying the peripheral information to the brain to regulate feeding and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone/LH release through the noradrenergic pathway during undernutrition. The brain detects the energy availability to control feeding and reproductive function at various phases of an animal’s life. It is most likely that the central glucose‐sensing mechanism could be similar to the pancreatic one, involving a glucokinase‐mediated process to detect glucose availability. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism integrating the energy signals.
Influences of major histocompatibility complex class I haplotypes on avian influenza virus disease traits in Thai indigenous chickens
Authors: BOONYANUWAT Kalaya , THUMMABUTRA Sawat , SOOKMANEE Neramit , VATCHAVALKHU Voravit , SIRIPHOLVAT Voravit 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTNatural infections with influenza viruses have been reported in a variety of animal species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, mustelids and birds. Occasionally, devastating pandemics occur in domestic chickens (broiler and layers) and in humans. From November 2003 to March 2004 in many countries in Asia, there were outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza virus, causing death of infected patients, and devastating the poultry industry. Some groups of Thai indigenous chickens survived and were therefore classified as resistant. These traits were related to immunogenetics, in particular, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. The chicken MHC class I were investigated as candidate genes for avian influenza virus disease resistance. Seven hundred and thirty Thai indigenous chickens from smallholder farms in the rural area of avian influenza virus disease outbreaks in the central part of Thailand were used in the present study. They were separated into two groups, 340 surviving chickens and 390 dead chickens (resistant and susceptible). Genomic DNA were precipitated from blood samples and feathers. The DNA were used to amplify the MHC class I gene. Data were analyzed using χ2 analysis to test significant differences of influences of MHC class I haplotypes on avian influenza virus disease traits. The results represented nine MHC class I haplotypes: A1, B12, B13, B15, B19, B21, B2, B6, and BA12, and included 10 of their heterozygotes. The homozygous B21 from these collected samples had a 100% survival rate and they were the major survival group. In addition, the heterozygous B21 also had a high survival rate because of co‐dominant expression of these genes. In contrast, the homozygous B13 had a 100% mortality rate and they were the major mortality group. These results confirmed that MHC class I haplotypes influence avian influenza virus disease‐resistant traits in Thai indigenous chicken. The MHC genes can be used as genetic markers to improve disease‐resistant traits in chicken.
Effect of farm household income levels and rice‐based diet or water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) supplementation on growth/cost performances and meat indexes of growing and finishing pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
Authors: MEN Le Thi , YAMASAKI Seishi , CALDWELL John S. , YAMADA Ryuichi , TAKADA Ryozo , TANIGUCHI Toshiaki 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAn on‐farm trial was carried out to improve the current low‐income farmers’ diet and to assess farm conditions that could accept the new ingredients using locally available feed resources in the Mekong Delta region. A total of 42 local Large White‐type pigs, comprising 20 barrows and 22 gilts with initial‐to‐final mean live weight of 34.2–93.0 kg, were used. The trial was designed as a 3 × 3 factorial with three agricultural gross income levels of seven farm households and three dietary treatments. The annual income levels were high income (HI; $US2355 on average), medium income (MI; $US1439) and low income (LI; $US1116). The three types of diets were farmers’ common diet (FCD), rice‐based diet (RBD) and water‐hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)‐supplemented diet (WHD). A total of 12 pigs, consisting of two barrow–gilt couples in each diet treatment, were slaughtered at the end of the trial. The daily weight gain (DG) was higher and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in the MI and LI pigs than in the HI pigs over the entire fattening period (P < 0.01). No significant effect of the diet treatments was observed on the aforementioned two parameters, but the backfat thickness was least in WHD (16.8 mm) and next least in RBD (17.1 mm), compared with that of FCD pigs (19.4 mm; P < 0.05). The iodine values of RBD and WHD backfat were lower (P < 0.001) than those of FCD backfat. The cost performance, defined as feed cost per kg weight gain, was lowest for MI, intermediate for LI and highest for HI levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, the benefit was highest at the MI level and lowest at the HI level (P < 0.05). In contrast, cost performance of the diet treatments tended to be higher in FCD, and lower in RBD and WHD (P < 0.1). Then, the benefit tended to be higher in RBD and WHD than in the FCD diet (P < 0.1). Overall, these results suggest that the RBD and WHD diets be recommended especially to households with medium and low agricultural incomes.
Hormonal and metabolic relation to restraint and human handling in growing‐fattening steer
Authors: UETAKE Katsuji , ISHIWATA Toshie , ABE Naoshige , EGUCHI Yusuke , TANAKA Toshio 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTEndogenous relationship to restraint and human handling were studied with growing–fattening steers. Thirty‐five crossbred (Japanese Black × Holstein) steers aged 6–10 months were randomly assigned to three pens. They had free access to an Italian ryegrass hay and a restricted amount of high‐concentrate diets (total digestible nutrients (TDN) 70.5%, digestible crude protein (DCP) 10.0%) for the first 6 months of trial. Then they had free access to an oat hay and another vitamin A‐restricted diet (TDN 72.0%, DCP 10.0%) until slaughter. The steers were individually driven into a restraint stall, and bodyweight was recorded. Blood samples were then collected under haltered conditions. These serial handling procedures started at 2 h after the morning feeding were conducted in months 1, 3, 5 (growing stage, GS) and in months 7, 9, 11 (fattening stage, FS) of the trial. Mean peripheral blood concentrations of epinephrine (A; GS, 117.4 ± 76.4 pg/mL; FS, 64.1 ± 34.2 pg/mL), norepinephrine (NA; GS, 257.7 ± 95.0 pg/mL; FS, 125.9 ± 44.1 pg/mL), cortisol (GS, 1.6 ± 0.8 µg/dL; FS, 1.2 ± 0.4 µg/dL), glucose (GS, 83.1 ± 7.5 mg/dL; FS, 71.9 ± 6.9 mg/dL), non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA; GS, 0.13 ± 0.06 mEQ/L; FS, 0.10 ± 0.06 mEQ/L) and vitamin A (GS, 90.5 ± 24.6 IU/dL; FS, 37.2 ± 21.3 IU/dL) were higher (allP < 0.01) in the GS than in the FS, whereas those of insulin (GS, 1.06 ± 0.82 µU/mL; FS, 1.36 ± 0.61 µU/mL) and leptin (GS, 4.5 ± 1.8 ng/mL human equivalent (HE); FS, 6.8 ± 2.4 ng/mL HE) were lower (bothP < 0.01). The metabolite that correlated with A and NA was glucose (A:r = 0.61,P < 0.001; NA:r = 0.53,P < 0.01) in the GS, and the metabolites correlating with A, NA and cortisol were NEFA (A:r = 0.31,P < 0.10; NA:r = 0.32,P < 0.10; cortisol:r = 0.41,P < 0.05) and triglyceride (A:r = −0.37,P < 0.05; NA:r = −0.39,P < 0.05) in the FS. Vitamin A was a mediator between A (r = −0.38,P < 0.05) and NA (r = −0.42,P < 0.05) and insulin (r = 0.31,P < 0.10) in the GS, and between NA (r = −0.33,P < 0.10) and leptin (r = 0.38,P < 0.05) in the FS. In conclusion, when changing from the growing to the fattening stages, the stress of handling and restraint had caused the pathways to shift from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid metabolism. In addition, vitamin A seemed to be an important mediator in the endogenous pathways in both stages.
Exercise is the primary factor associated with Hsp70 induction in muscle of treadmill running rats
Authors: Noble E. G. , Ho R. , Dzialoszynski T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  The cytoprotective, inducible stress protein, Hsp70, increases in muscles of rodents subjected to strenuous treadmill running. Most treadmill running protocols employ negative reinforcement to encourage animals to exercise. As these stimuli may themselves activate stress responses, the present investigation was conducted to determine their contribution to the exercise‐induced expression of Hsp70.Methods:  Twenty‐one male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups including an exercise group (EX), which ran on a treadmill at 30 m min−1 for 60 min; a stimulation group (STIM), which was not allowed to run, but was stimulated with compressed air and mild electric shock concurrently with their exercising cohort; and a control group (CON), which was housed in the treadmill room during the exercise period. Animals were killed 24 h post‐experiment and hearts (H), soleii (SOL) and white gastrocnemii (WG) were harvested and analysed for Hsp70 content (mean% ± SEM of standard).Results:  Significant increases in Hsp70 (as a % of standard) were noted in H and WG (H = 77.4 ± 8.5; WG = 93.9 ± 18.4) of EX but not in STIM (H = 32.5 ± 4.6; WG = 32.0 ± 3.4) or CON (H = 20.5 ± 3.7; WG = 32.4 ± 7.4). In SOL, Hsp70 expression in EX (126.7 ± 6.2) was different from STIM (98.3 ± 10.9) only. This occurred, despite the fact that all groups were exposed to a stressful environment and exhibited elevated (P < 0.001) temperatures (EX −41.2 ± 0.1 °C > STIM −40.5 ± 0.2 °C > CON −39.0 ± 0.1 °C) indicative of a general stress response.Conclusions:  These data suggest that exercise per se, rather than environmental conditions or noxious stimuli, are responsible for the induction of Hsp70 in rat muscle during treadmill running.
Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Type by the Chromatin Boundary Factor CTCF
Authors: Chau Charles M. , Zhang Xiao-Yong , McMahon Steven B. , Lieberman Paul M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can establish distinct latency types with different growth-transforming properties. Type I latency and type III latency can be distinguished by the expression of EBNA2, which has been shown to be regulated, in part, by the EBNA1-dependent enhancer activity of the origin of replication (OriP). Here, we report that CTCF, a chromatin boundary factor with well-established enhancer-blocking activity, binds to EBV sequences between the OriP and the RBP-Jκ response elements of the C promoter (Cp) and regulates transcription levels of EBNA2 mRNA. Using DNA affinity, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNase I footprinting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that CTCF binds both in vitro and in vivo to the EBV genome between OriP and Cp, with an ∼50-bp footprint at EBV coordinates 10515 to 10560. Deletion of this CTCF binding site in a recombinant EBV bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) increased EBNA2 transcription by 3.5-fold compared to a wild-type EBV BAC. DNA affinity and ChIP showed more CTCF binding at this site in type I latency cell lines (MutuI and KemI) than in type III latency cell lines (LCL3456 and Raji). CTCF protein and mRNA expression levels were higher in type I than type III cell lines. Short interfering RNA depletion of CTCF in type I MutuI cells stimulated EBNA2 mRNA levels, while overexpression of CTCF in type III Raji cells inhibited EBNA2 mRNA levels. These results indicate that increased CTCF can repress EBNA2 transcription. We also show that c-MYC, as well as EBNA2, can stimulate CTCF mRNA levels, suggesting that CTCF levels may contribute to B-cell differentiation as well as EBV latency type determination.
Properties and Dissemination of H5N1 Viruses Isolated during an Influenza Outbreak in Migratory Waterfowl in Western China
Authors: Chen Hualan , Li Yanbing , Li Zejun , Shi Jianzhong , Shinya Kyoko , Deng Guohua , Qi Qiaoling , Tian Guobin , Fan Shufang , Zhao Haidan , Sun Yingxiang , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
H5N1 influenza A viruses are widely distributed among poultry in Asia, but until recently, only a limited number of wild birds were affected. During late April through June 2005, an outbreak of H5N1 virus infection occurred among wild birds at Qinghai Lake in China. Here, we describe the features of this outbreak. First identified in bar-headed geese, the disease soon spread to other avian species populating the lake. Sequence analysis of 15 viruses representing six avian species and collected at different times during the outbreak revealed four different H5N1 genotypes. Most of the isolates possessed lysine at position 627 in the PB2 protein, a residue known to be associated with virulence in mice and adaptation to humans. However, neither of the two index viruses possessed this residue. All of the viruses tested were pathogenic in mice, with the exception of one index virus. We also tested the replication of two viruses isolated during the Qinghai Lake outbreak and one unrelated duck H5N1 virus in rhesus macaques. The Qinghai Lake viruses did not replicate efficiently in these animals, producing no evidence of disease other than transient fever, while the duck virus replicated in multiple organs and caused symptoms of respiratory illness. Importantly, H5N1 viruses isolated in Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia, and the Liaoning Province of China after August 2005 were genetically closely related to one of the genotypes isolated during the Qinghai outbreak, suggesting the dominant nature of this genotype and underscoring the need for worldwide intensive surveillance to minimize its devastating consequences.