bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the Electron-Microscope Study of the Fine Structure of Cellulose Fibers by Means of Ultramicrotomy
Authors: Kassenbeck P. , Hagege R. 
Published: March 2007

Some possibilities of using ultramicrotomy in an electron-microscope study of cellulosic fibers are considered. Interest is focused on the importance of preparative techniques, especially "fixation" and "inclusion." The well-known fact of expansion of the secondary wall (separation into lamellas of various thicknesses) is considered to be the consequence of polymerization of the methacrylate within the accessible regions of the swollen fibers after inclusion. Fixation, i.e., cross-linking, is considered to occur either in formaldehyde treatment or in periodic acid oxidation; in such cases, no poly merization takes place inside the fibers and, accordingly, no burstings are observed on thin sections. In the case of alkali treatments of sufhcient concentration, homogeneous swelling is observed and no fixation is necessary to prevent the sections from swelling when they come in contact with water in the ultramicrotome bowl. Some histochemical techniques, designed to enhance contrast in the electron image and reveal fine structure, are discussed. Silver ions can be used after periodic acid oxida tion, followed by thiosemicarbazide blocking; uranyl and lead give good results, especially when applied to fibers rich in free carboxylic groups; and caesium can be introduced through an exchange reaction by using alcoholates so that swollen structures can, thus, be studied.
Cross-Linked Cotton of High Moisture Regain
Authors: Liggett R.W. , Hoffman H.L. , Tanquary A.C. , Vail Sidney L. 
Published: March 2007

Two general methods for retaining the high moisture regain of cotton after resin- finishing to improve wash-wear properties have been studied. The first method was the use of hydrophilic cross-linking agents, and the second method was the use of hydrophilic additives with conventional resins. The hydrophilic cross-linking agents included methylolated derivatives of N,N'-di hydroxyethylenebisamides, dimethylaminoethyltriazone, trimethylammoniumethyltriazone iodide, and bis( 2-carbamoylethyl)dimethylammonium iodide. Several mixtures of di methylolethyleneurea and one of these agents gave better combinations of high moisture regain and crease-recovery angles than either component alone. The best combination of these properties was obtained with methylolated dimethylaminoethyltriazone. It is believed that agents of this type are effective because of the formation of hydrophilic derivatives of cellulose. The hydrophilic additives included polyethylene glycols and simple quaternary ammonium salts. These were added to trimethylolmelamine and dimethylolethyleneurea resins. Best results, on the basis indicated above, were obtained with benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and dimethylolethyleneurea. It is believed that these additives, like the salts and the polyethylene glycol ethers studied by other workers, function by preventing fiber collapse during curing. The polyethylene glycol that was retained in the fabric by coreaction with the trimethylolmelamine did not appear to have any effect on the moisture absorptivity.
Estimation of Tryptophan Content of Wool by Barium Hydroxide (Baryta) Hydrolysis Method
Authors: Juneja K.K. , Sule A.D. , Chipalkatti V.B. 
Published: March 2007

Various factors affecting the estimation of the tryptophan content of wool, by methods based on acid hydrolysis, are discussed. It has been shown that when wool is hydrolyzed in a strong acid medium in presence of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, the tryptophan-aldehyde complex formed decomposes with time and, thus, a correct estimation of tryptophan content is difhcult. When wool is hydrolyzed with barium hydroxide, tryptophan is liberated without decomposition and can be estimated in the hydrolyzate when barium ions and H2S (which is formed as a result of degradation of cystine and its derivatives) are both removed. A method of estimating tryptophan content of wool by baryta hydrolysis is described and has been found to be accurate and reliable. Tryptophan contents of various wools, estimated by the baryta hydrolysis method are reported. Tryptophan content of Australian Merino 70° wool was found to be 0.82 ± 0.01%.
Some Mechanical Properties of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Latex (RFL) Tire Cord Adhesive
Authors: Raumann G. 
Published: March 2007

Films of resorcinol-formaldehyde latex (RFL) films were made by casting on mercury. The tensile stress-strain curves and tensile and bending moduli were determined for films with different heat-curing conditions and different resin/latex ratios. The heat treatments (240° for 30 min conditions were more severe than in normal hot-dipping and vulcanizing) showed no significant change on the mechanical properties of the films. Changes in the latex/resin ratio produced gradual (not sudden or stepwise) changes in the mechanical properties. The dynamic Young's modulus and loss factor for a standard formulation film from -20°C to +120°C showed small changes, indicating a one-phase system of resin and latex. This evidence was supported by microscopic and electron microscopic evidence. Standard RFL film was shown to be a tough material of adequate extensibility (16%) and a modulus (2.3 × 106 g. cm-2) Intermediate between that of rubber skim stock and nylon tire cord. Its mechanical loss factor shows that it does not contribute unduly to the heat generated in a tire.
Effect of Mercerizing- Strength NaOH on Fine Structures of Cottons Modified with Butadienediepoxide
Authors: Ziifle H.M. , Benerito R.R. , Berni R.J. , Cannizzaro A.M. 
Published: March 2007

Spectral and microscopical data revealed effects of 23% NaOH used either as a pretreating agent (catalyst) or as a mercerizing agent prior to or subsequent to treatment of cottons with CCl4 solutions of butadienediepoxide (BDO) in presence of more dilute NaOH catalysts. Whereas high dry and high wet wrinkle-recovery angles resulted when 2% or 15% NaOH catalyzed the BDO-cellulose reaction, only high wet recoveries were obtained with 23% NaOH catalysis. Conditioned recovery angles were higher, the weaker the base pretreatment. Postmercerization did not change recoveries of BDO- native cottons catalyzed by 15% NaOH but adversely affected dry angles of BDO-treated fabrics catalyzed with 2% NaOH and wet angles of those fabrics from reactions catalyzed by 23% NaOH. BDO-native cotton fabrics under 2% base catalysis retained the cellu lose I lattice; those under 15% NaOH catalysis exhibited mixed cellulose I- and II-type lattices, and those under 23% base catalysis consisted of mixed cellulose II- and III-type latices. Postmercerization resulted in (1) a cellulose IV-type lattice from BDO-treated fabrics which originally retained the native cellulose I structure, (2) a mixed cellulose II and IV-type lattice for those which originally possessed the mixed cellulose I- and II-type structure, and (3) no further effect upon those which originally possessed a mixed cellulose II and III-type structure. , Mercerized fabrics (mixed cellulose I and II) pretreated with aqueous NaOH and then reacted with BDO exhibited high dry and high wet wrinkle-recovery angles only when 2% NaOH catalyzed the reaction, and then only when add-ons of BDO were ex tremely high (35%). Otherwise, dry recovery remained essentially that of the mercerized control, and only high wet recoveries were obtained. Comparisons of fabric properties of BDO-mercerized cottons were made with those of the BDO-native cottons. Only with 23% NaOH pretreatment did comparable products from BDO-native cotton and BDO-mercerized cotton reactions have the same lattice type and show a tendency toward a cellulose III-type lattice. Microscopical and spectral data indicate the mixed I and II lattice was retained in all BDO-mercerized cottons pretreated with 2% NaOH and in all cottons pretreated with 15% NaOH or 23% NaOH and reacted to low add-ons of BDO. Postmercerization of these BDO-mercerized fabrics converted the cellulose I lattice to a II rather than to a IV-type lattice as occurred in BDO-native cottons. With those fabrics of high BDO add-ons postmercerization changed the cellu lose II-type lattice to a cellulose III lattice.
Effect of Processing Factors and Fiber Properties on the Arrangement of Fibers in Blended Yarns
Authors: Balasubramanian N. 
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the influence of processing factors on the average disposition of fibers within a section and on the intimacy of mixing, when the blending constituents differ widely with respect of fiber dimensions. A simplified measure was developed to characterize the preferential arrangement of fibers within a cross section, and the effects of spinning factors were evaluated. It was found that long and fine fibers have a definite tendency to occupy the core, while short and coarse fibers concentrate at the surface, and of the spinning factors, only strand width at the delivery nip has a significant effect on the arrangement. Further, no significant preferential segregation of the constituents was noticed across the width of the drafted strand, indicating that the biased arrangement develops during spinning. Spinning from multiple rovings showed promise of improving the preferential arrange ment, but the average position of the constituent in the yarn section does not have any large effects on the strength or the extension of the yarn. When blending is done prior to the card, intimate mixing of the components, close to ideal, is realized in the yarn even in blends composed of fibers that differ considerably in length and fineness. But with blending at the ring frame, the components are distributed almost independently of each other and, in such yarns, the variability in the blend proportion is of the same order as the variability in the total number of fibers. Evidence is presented to show that adjoining fibers tend to move together during drafting, and in order to minimize variation in the blend proportion longitudinally, adequate lateral intermingling of the components must be obtained.
Interrelations of Structural and Physical Properties of Untreated Cottons
Authors: Egle Clifton J. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2007

High correlation is shown to exist between crystallite orientation and tensile proper ties of bundles of cotton fibers. Statistical analyses of bundle data failed to uncover pronounced dependence of bundle tensile properties on reversal frequency. Evidence is given of the influence of heredity on reversal frequency. Data on single cotton fibers are presented to illustrate the relationships or lack of relationships of reversals and x-ray angle to strength and elongation. X-ray angle and reversal frequency are interrelated at a very low level of significance and are shown to be related to single-fiber tenacity, elongation, and decrease in strength with increase in gage length. The tensile properties from bundle and single-fiber measurements are more strongly related to x-ray orientation than to reversal frequency.
Quantitative Evaluation of Flame-Retardant Cotton Finishes by the Limiting-Oxygen Index (LOI) Technique
Authors: Willard John J. , Wondra Richard E. 
Published: March 2007

The limiting oxygen index (LOI) technique provides a quantitative measure of reduced ftammability for fabrics over broad ranges of chemical treatment. Several conventional flame-retardant finishes for cellulosics gave linear LOI relationships with phosphorus content when compared at fixed nitrogen/phosphorus ratios. Tris(aziridinyl)phosphine oxide (APO) was an exception. Precise measurement of the role of N in enhancing the flame-retardant effectiveness can be made with this technique. The synergistic interaction of N and P can thus be described and measured. Two chemical systems were examined in depth, and it was possible to describe LOI as simple functions of N and P contents for each system. The synergistic effect did not predominate at a specific N/P ratio. LOI of about 0.26 is associated with a 5-in. char length in the vertical test for several fabrics, a sateen fabric being an exception. Fabric air permeability was found to be a primary factor governing chemical requirements and is probably more important than fabric weight. Other nitrogenous durable-press reactants are less effective than melamines. Complex relationships as functions of nitrogen content were noted at different phosphorus levels.
A New Catalyst System for Cross-Linking Cotton Cellulose with Formaldehyde
Authors: Kravetz Louis , Ferrante Gerald R. 
Published: March 2007

A dual catalyst system containing magnesium and fluoborate ions facilitates the cross-linking of cotton cellulose with formaldehyde. Compared with previous formaldehyde cross-linking processes, the dual catalyst system permits operating at lower temperatures, shorter curing times, and lower concentrations of formaldehyde to produce high and nonvariable wash-wear characteristics which are durable in home and commercial launderings. In addition, this dual catalyst system may be used to impart durable-press properties to cotton fabric by using either pre-cure, partial cure, or post- cure techniques. The magnesium cation seems to be unique in the dual catalyst system, since other divalent cations, e.g., barium and zinc, do not act synergistically with fluoborate. The role of fluoborate is discussed and data are shown which indicate that boron trifluoride is the active species which accelerates the cross-linking reaction in the presence of magnesium. 14Carbon tracer studies reveal that, under equivalent processing conditions, more formaldehyde is bound to cellulose by the dual catalyst system than by a single catalyst (magnesium chloride) system.
Some Properties of Viscose Rayon Fabrics Treated with Tetrakishydroxy Phosphonium Chloride (THPC) Resins
Authors: Gandhi R.S. 
Published: March 2007

Data are reported on the moisture regain, water of imbibition, tear strength, elastic properties, and flame resistance of chemically modified viscose rayon fabrics. The data reveal that THPC behaves as if it were a derivative of formaldehyde. Under moderate curing conditions, substitution of hydroyxy groups in cellulose occurs, but when curing conditions are more severe, cross-linking takes place. Both triethanolamine and urea inhibit the reaction of THPC with cellulose and reduce acid degradation. Treatment of fabric with THPC-urea or THPC-melamine resins also leads to polymer deposition, especially at high curing temperatures. Both in the presence and absence of urea, when substantial quantities of triethanolamine are added, THPC decomposes, and the amount of phosphorus fixed is reduced. Triethanolamine appears to act in a complex manner; its effect is due not solely to its alkalinity. Only in the presence of urea does the fabric acquire flame resistance, although phosphorus is fixed even in the absence of urea. Fabric aminized with 2-amino ethyl sulfuric acid is on subsequent treatment with THPC, also flameproofed. Due to the presence of amino groups in the fabric, however, THPC reacts with fewer hydroxyl groups, and the losses in tear strength are less.
Laundering Cotton Fabric
Authors: Bubl Janet L. 
Published: March 2007

In six university laboratories, white cotton fabric was repeatedly soiled with a synthetic sebum and clay and laundered in home-type equipment. Two built nonionic detergents were used at 70° and 140°F. After 24 treatments, evidence of a buildup of soil on all samples was obtained from the increase in extracted oil and ash content, the decrease in Rd values and the increase in "b" values. The mean percentages of total soil removed varied among the laboratories. Clay soil was removed more readily than oily soil. More soil was removed by laundering at 140° than at 70°F. The regular detergent had better detersive action than the cold-water detergent. Water temperature was more important than detergent type in soil removal. Redeposition of soil onto unsoiled laundered fabrics was negligible. Extraction and ashing gave a better indication of total residual soil than reflectance measurement. Use of novial filter during reflectance measurement indicated the effectiveness of optical brighteners in whitening fabrics.
Studies of Detergency
Authors: Komeda Yoshiaki , Mino Junryo , Imamura Tetsuya , Tokiwa Fumikatsu 
Published: March 2007

The difficulty or ease of soil removal from soiled fabrics has been studied. Cotton, nylon, polyester, and wool fabrics were soiled with five oily soils and were laundered with eight different detergents under various washing conditions. Variable bath components were surfactant types, water hardnesses, detergent concentrations, and bath temperatures. The contribution of such fabrics, soil, detergents, and bath conditions were estimated by the analysis of variance. The contributions of these factors increase in the following order: (a) (Fabric) > (Fabric) X (Soil) > (Soil) > (Others) when water hardness is chosen as a variable; (b) (Fabric) > (Concentration) > (Fabric) X (Soil) > (Soil) > (Others) when detergent concentration is chosen as a variable; (c) (Fabric) > (Fabric) X (Soil) > (Others) when wash temp erature is chosen as a variable. For each condition, the detergent contribution of fabric is the largest, while that of mutual interaction between fabric and soil is also very large. , The analysis of variance suggested that the difficulty or ease of soil removal is determined mainly by the combination fabric and soil; the type of fabric or the mutual interaction between fabric and soil is also an important factor in deter mining the degree of soil removal. Surfactants are classified by pattern analysis, based on the detergent contribution of the various factors in detergent systems.
Studies of Formaldehyde-Crosslinked Cellulose
Authors: Singh Balkar , Jain C.L. , Pande A. , Chipalkatti V.B. , Parikh R.S. 
Published: March 2007

Moisture sorption data of Form C samples have been obtained using a McBain-Bakr sorption balance and these were used to calculate effective area of molecular contact of the cross-linked samples with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) equation. A probable explanation is advanced for the maxima and minima in moisture regains of cross-linked in the swollen state samples and the effective area/HCHO relationship. Attempts have been made to infer the distribution of cross-links trom the moisture sorption data of the cross-linked samples. Iodine accessibility values of formaldehyde-crosslinked fibre and dye pickup studies of formaldehyde-crosslinked fabric support an earlier assumption that the primary wall is ruptured under Form W conditions.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Fong W. 
Published: March 2007

Tumble-drying from the wet fabric state is shown to be a reasonable means of fully-relaxing rib structures. By this technique, an approximate discrimination can be made between dimensional changes due to relaxation and felting of all- wool rib structures. Upon washing from the fully-relaxed state, untreated fabrics felt immediately due primarily to loop-length changes and not by changes in loop shape. Felting rates depend strongly on machine tightness factor (MTF) and to a lesser extent on fiber quality and yarn twist. To ensure machine washability of rib structures to within the limits of ± 8% area shrinkage and ± 5% linear shrinkage over 10 machine-wash and tumble-dry cycles, yarns must be treated against felting at a high level of treatment. Further dimensional changes in washing from the fully-relaxed state are due to residual relaxation and not felting. Occasional fabrics, particularly loosely knit structures, exceed these chosen shrinkage limits. To guarantee machine washability of rib structures, a fully-relaxing procedure of two cycles of wetting and tumble-drying is recommended. Under most conditions of relaxation and washing, the dimensional behavior of shrink-resist-treated rib structures is anisotropic, i.e., length shrinkages are generally associated with width expansion. A possible reason for this behavior is presented in this paper.
Dye-Fiber Bond Stabilities of Some Reactive Dyes with Wool
Authors: Rouette H.K. , Wilshire J.F.K. , Yamase I. , Zollinger H. 
Published: March 2007

Wool was dyed with seven reactive dyes having the same chromophoric group (1-amino-4-anilino-anthraquinone-2- sulfonic acid) but different reactive groups and then thoroughly extracted so that all noncovalently bound dye was re moved. The wool was treated with buffer solutions in the pH range of 1.6-10.6 at 70°C. The hydrolysis rate of the dye-fiber bonds was estimated by colorimetric measurement of the buffer solution. Reactive dyes containing the α-bromoacrylamide or the difluoromonochloropyrimidyl system gave the highest fixation on wool, whereas those containing a mono- or di-chloro-s-triazine, trichloropyrimidine, or vinylsulfone group gave lower values. Poor fixation was obtained with the β-hydroxyethylsulfone sulfuric acid ester and the β-hydroxyethylsulfona mide reactive group. Since only 2-10% dye-fiber bond hydrolysis was observed after 24 hr at 70°C, it must be concluded that the dye-fiber bond stability of all the reactive groups now available is sufficient for wool dyeing. The washfastness of reactively dyed wool is, therefore, not dependent on the nature or stability of the dye-fiber bond but on the fixation ratio, (i.e., the fraction of covalently bonded dye relative to all dye on the fiber) obtained during dyeing.
The Sensitivity of Cotton Fabrics to Wrinkling During Changing Moisture Regain and its Dependence on Setting and Cross-Linking Parameters
Authors: Liljemark N. Thomas , Åsnes Harald , Kärrholm Marianne 
Published: March 2007

Moist cross-linking eliminates almost completely the tendency of cotton fabrics to wrinkle more, simultaneously with moisture change. It is shown that this treatment gives optimal results if the moisture regain during the cross-linking corresponds to the lower part of the humidity interval within which it is meant to decrease the wrinkling (normally about 30-65% RH, the interval which corresponds to the humidity conditions in actual wear). Earlier data of the wrinkling and recovery of cotton fabrics in the wet and "half-dry" state, i.e., conditions corresponding to laundering, spin-drying, and tumble-drying, are reviewed. New results are presented, which show that the low wrinkle recovery after wrinkling in the "half-dry" state, as observed earlier, depends more on changes in moisture rather than the mere existence of an especially critical moisture regain range. The main conclusion is that for the wrinkling behavior of cotton fabrics at regains lower than complete swelling, the general tendency to wrinkle more during moisture changes than at moisture equilibrium is of fundamental importance.
Benzoylation of Cotton in Relation to Its Properties
Authors: Chatterjee S.M. 
Published: March 2007

Yarn spun from Indian cotton was partially benzoylated to three low DS values, averaging from 0.2 to 0.6, to retain the fibrous structure and other desirable properties of cotton. Benzoylation of the cotton yarn was carried out in both stretched condition to maintain the original length and unstretched condition to permit free contraction. The changes in physical properties in most cases were affected by the DS and tensional forces on the yarn during modifi cation. The benzoylated cotton yarn retained many of the desirable mechanical properties of the original cotton. It showed increases in linear density, yarn diameter, elongation at break, wet strength, coefficient of friction, and resistance to micro-organisms, but decreases in tensile strength, loss of strength on oven drying and moisture regain, while retaining tensile strength after cyclic loading. Stretched yarn exhibited superiority in strength over unstretched yarn.