bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psoriasis treatment in the United States at the end of the 20th century
Authors: Pearce Daniel J. , Stealey Katherine H. , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Fleischer Alan B. , Feldman Steven R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  Psoriasis presents many management complexities. A cornerstone of therapy has been topical corticosteroids, although over the past 10 years there have been many additions to the medication armamentarium. Furthermore, various combination regimens and approaches have been advocated.Objective  We sought to characterize various patterns of psoriasis health care delivery and the changes associated with these patterns from 1990 to 2001.Methods  Visits for psoriasis were identified using National Ambulatory Medical Care survey data, a representative survey of visits to physician offices in the United States. We determined basic demographic characteristics, specialty of the physician provider and medications listed at these visits over the 1990–2001 interval.Results  There were more than 13.5 million visits for psoriasis during the 12‐year study period. Dermatologists were responsible for the majority of the visits over the study interval (82%) although there was an overall decline in the proportion of psoriasis visits to dermatologists. As a category, the most common medications used for psoriasis were topical steroids. Topical calcipotriene was the single‐most listed medication. There was no observed use of noncorticosteroid topical agents at visits to nondermatologists. Non‐dermatologists were as likely as dermatologists to list a systemic medication at a visit as well as use a systemic as monotherapy.Discussion  In conclusion, the primary topical therapies for psoriasis remain clobetasol and calcipotriene. The decreasing role of dermatologists in the treatment of psoriasis is probably a complex issue, but may relate in part to the difficulty of obtaining access to dermatology care.
Inhibition of ultraviolet‐B‐induced wrinkle formation by an elastase‐inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase‐associated wrinkles
Authors: Tsukahara Kazue , Nakagawa Hidemi , Moriwaki Shigeru , Takema Yoshinori , Fujimura Tsutomu , Imokawa Genji 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  Previously, we have demonstrated that fibroblast‐derived elastase plays an essential role in the increased three‐dimensional tortuosity of elastic fibers, contributing to the loss of skin elasticity in UV‐B‐exposed skin. This decrease in skin elasticity is closely associated with the formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure.Objective  To further clarify the role of elastase in the formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure, we assessed the effects of an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose (which inhibits fibroblast‐derived elastase) on the wrinkle formation induced by chronic UV‐B irradiation.Results  Topical application of an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose to rat or hairless mouse skin significantly inhibited the wrinkle formation induced by chronic UV‐B irradiation at a suberythemal dose, which was accompanied by a significant prevention of the decrease in skin elasticity in both types of animal skin. In the rat hind limb skin, consistent with the inhibition of reduced skin elasticity, wrinkle prevention occurred concomitantly with a significant decrease in the curling and three‐dimensional tortuosity of dermal elastic fibers.Conclusion  Our results indicate that herbal extracts with an ability to inhibit fibroblast‐derived elastase may prove to be effective as antiwrinkling agents, confirming the important role of elastase in UV‐B‐induced wrinkle formation.
The utility of an automated electronic system to monitor and audit transfusion practice
Authors: Grey D. E. , Smith V. , Villanueva G. , Richards B. , Augustson B. , Erber W. N. 
Published: April 2006

Background and Objectives  Transfusion laboratories with transfusion committees have a responsibility to monitor transfusion practice and generate improvements in clinical decision‐making and red cell usage. However, this can be problematic and expensive because data cannot be readily extracted from most laboratory information systems. To overcome this problem, we developed and introduced a system to electronically extract and collate extensive amounts of data from two laboratory information systems and to link it with ICD10 clinical codes in a new database using standard information technology.Materials and Methods  Three data files were generated from two laboratory information systems, ULTRA (version 3·2) and TM, using standard information technology scripts. These were patient pre‐ and post‐transfusion haemoglobin, blood group and antibody screen, and cross match and transfusion data. These data together with ICD10 codes for surgical cases were imported into an MS ACCESS database and linked by means of a unique laboratory number. Queries were then run to extract the relevant information and processed in Microsoft Excel for graphical presentation. We assessed the utility of this data extraction system to audit transfusion practice in a 600‐bed adult tertiary hospital over an 18‐month period.Results  A total of 52 MB of data were extracted from the two laboratory information systems for the 18‐month period and together with 2·0 MB theatre ICD10 data enabled case‐specific transfusion information to be generated. The audit evaluated 15 992 blood group and antibody screens, 25 344 cross‐matched red cell units and 15 455 transfused red cell units. Data evaluated included cross‐matched to transfusion ratios and pre‐ and post‐transfusion haemoglobin levels for a range of clinical diagnoses. Data showed significant differences between clinical units and by ICD10 code.Conclusion  This method to electronically extract large amounts of data and linkage with clinical databases has provided a powerful and sustainable tool for monitoring transfusion practice. It has been successfully used to identify areas requiring education, training and clinical guidance and allows for comparison with national haemoglobin‐based transfusion guidelines.
Extended storage of platelets in SSP+ platelet additive solution
Authors: Hornsey V. S. , McColl K. , Drummond O. , McMillan L. , Morrison A. , Morrison L. , MacGregor I. R. , Prowse C. V. 
Published: April 2006

Background and Objectives  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extended storage of pooled random platelets in SSP+ additive solution (MacoPharma).Materials and Methods  Eight buffy coat‐derived, pooled, leucoreduced platelet concentrates were prepared in 75% SSP+, 25% plasma using Fresenius/NPBI Composelect thrombocyte polishing filter (TPF) systems. Platelet concentrates were stored for 19 days in polyolefin storage bags and samples for in vitro analysis were taken at various time‐points during storage.Results  Platelet yields were lower than seen routinely when platelets are prepared in 100% plasma. The in vitro quality of the platelets stored in SSP+ was maintained until day 9. Glucose was depleted by day 12 and this was accompanied by a rapid fall in pCO2, a rise in pO2 and a cessation of lactate production. ATP and bicarbonate concentrations fell, the platelets began to swell and the ability to swirl decreased. Soluble P‐selectin, glycocalicin, and regulated on activation, normal, T‐cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES) concentrations increased, as did P‐selectin expression. Loss of platelets and an increase in lacate hydrogenase concentration indicated that lysis had occurred. However, the pH remained between 6·4 and 7·4.Conclusions  The results suggest that SSP+ could be used for platelet storage for up to 9 days. However, the preparation of platelets in the additive requires some optimization. In vivo studies are required to confirm these in vitro results.
Geodynamic evolution of Korea: A view
Authors: Cluzel Dominique , Cadet Jean‐Paul 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Evidence for South Korean Palaeozoic geodynamic evolution is restricted to the Ogcheon Belt, which is a complex polycyclic domain forming the boundary between the Precambrian Gyeonggi Block to the northwest and the Ryeongnam Block to the southeast. Two independent sub‐zones can be distinguished: the Taebaeksan Zone to the northeast and the Ogcheon Zone sensu stricto. The Taebaeksan Zone and Ryeongnam Block display characteristic features of the North China palaeocontinent. This domain remained relatively stable during the Palaeozoic.In contrast, the Ogcheon Belt s. s. is a highly mobile zone that belongs to the South China palaeocontinent and corresponds to a rift that opened during the Early Palaeozoic. In lowermost Devonian times, the rift basin was closed and the Ogcheon Belt was structured in a pile of nappes. From the lack of suture in the Ogcheon Belt it can be inferred that the Gyeonggi Block belongs to the South China palaeocontinent. Thus, the boundary between the North China and South China blocks should be located to the north of Gyeonggi Block, that is, in the Palaeozoic Imjingang Belt. From the Middle Carboniferous, sedimentation started again on a weakly subsiding paralic platform located in the hinterland of the Late Palaeozoic orogen of southwest Japan. In the Late Carboniferous, increasing subsidence recorded extensional tectonics related to the opening of the Yakuno Oceanic Basin (southwest Japan). In the Middle Permian, the end of marine influences in the platform and emplacement of terrestrial coal measures, may be correlated with the closure of the oceanic area and subsequent ophiolite obduction. In Late Permian to Early Triassic times, the Honshu Block (the eastern palaeomargin of the Yakuno Basin) collided with Sino‐Korea.Post‐collisional intracontinental tectonics reached the Ogcheon Belt in the Middle Triassic (Songnim tectonism). Ductile dextral shear zones associated with synkinematic granitoids were emplaced in the southwest of the belt. In the Upper Triassic, the late stages of the intracontinental transcurrent tectonics generated narrow intramontane troughs (Daedong Supergroup). The Daedong basins were deformed during two tectonic events, in the Middle (?) and Late Jurassic. The Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous basins (Gyeongsang Supergroup), that are controlled by left‐lateral faults, may have resulted from the same tectonic event.
Anomalous structural evolution of the Shimanto Accretionary Prism at Murotomisaki, Shikoku Island, Japan
Authors: Hibbard James , Karig Daniel , Taira Asahiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Late Oligocene‐Early Miocene Nabae Sub‐belt of the Shimanto Accretionary Prism was created coevally (ca 25‐15 Ma) with the opening of the Shikoku back‐arc basin, located to the south of the southwest Japan convergent margin. The detailed geology of the sub‐belt has been controversial and the interaction of the Shimanto accretionary prism and the opening of the Shikoku Basin has been ambiguous. New structural analysis of the sub‐belt has led to a new perception of its structural framework and has significant bearing on the interpretation of the Neogene tectonics of southwest Japan.The sub‐belt is divided into three units: the Nabae Complex; the Shijujiyama Formation; and the Maruyama Intrusive Suite. The Nabae Complex comprises coherent units and mélange, all of which show polyphase deformation. The first phase of deformation appears to have involved landward vergent thrusting of coherent units over the mélange terrane. The second phase of deformation involved continued landward vergent shortening. The Shijujiyama Formation, composed mainly of mafic volcanics and massive sandstone, is interpreted as a slope basin deposited upon the Nabae Complex during the second phase of deformation. The youngest deformational pulse involved regional flexing and accompanying pervasive faulting. During this event, mafic rocks of the Maruyama Intrusive Suite intruded the sub‐belt. Fossil evidence in the Nabae Complex and radiometric dates on the intrusive rocks indicate that this tectonic scheme was imprinted upon the sub‐belt between ∼23 and ∼14 Ma.The timing of accretion and deformation of the sub‐belt coincides with the opening of the Shikoku Basin; hence, subduction and spreading operated simultaneously. Accretion of the Nabae Sub‐belt was anomalous, involving landward vergent thrusting, magmatism in newly accreted strata and regional flexing. It is proposed that this complex and anomalous structural history is largely related to the subduction of the active Shikoku Basin spreading ridge and associated seamounts.
History and modes of Mesozoic accretion in Southeastern Russia
Authors: Natal'in Boris 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The history of Mesozoic accretion and growth of the Asia eastern margin, occupied by Southeastern Russia, includes five main events; two main tectonic regimes were responsible for the growth of the continent. In the Triassic‐Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene, the subduction of the oceanic lithosphere resulted in the formation of wide accretionary wedges of the Mongol‐Okhotsk, Khingan‐Okhotsk and Eastern Sikhote‐Alin active continental margins, respectively. These stages of the comparatively slow growth of the continent were broken by stages of rapid growth and drastic changes in the shape of the continent, since at these stages large terranes of various tectonic nature collided with active continental margins. At the end of the Early‐Middle Jurassic, the Bureya terranes collided with the Mongol‐Okhotsk active margin, and at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous there was collision of the Central and Southern Sikhote‐Alin terranes with the Khingan‐Okhotsk active margin.Collision‐related structural styles in all cases are indicative of oblique collision and great strike‐slip motions along the main sutures. The peculiarities of the terrane's geological structure show that prior to collision with the Mongol‐Okhotsk and Khingan‐Okhotsk active margins, they had already accreted to Asia and then migrated along its margins along the strike‐slip faults. The Bureya terranes were squeezed out of the compression zone between Siberia and North China. This compression zone originated after the Paleozoic oceans which divided these cratons had closed. The Khanka terranes and Mesozoic accretionary wedge terranes of the Sikhote‐Alin shifted along the strike‐slip faults subparallel to the Asia Pacific margin. Strike‐slip motions resulted in duplication of the primary tectonic zonation.
Terrane analysis and accretion in North‐East Asia
Authors: Parfenov Leonid M. , Natapov Lev M. , Sokolov Sergey D. , Tsukanov Nikolay V. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A terrane map of North‐East Asia at 1:5 000 000 scale has been compiled. The map shows terranes of different types and ages accreted to the North‐Asian craton in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic, sub‐and superterranes, together with post‐amalgamation and post‐accretion assemblages.The great Kolyma‐Omolon superterrane adjoins the north‐east craton margin. It is composed of large angular terranes of continental affinity: craton fragments and fragments of the passive continental margin of Siberia, and island arc, oceanic and turbidite terranes that are unconformably overlain by shallow marine Middle‐Upper Jurassic deposits. The superterrane resulted from a long subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific oceanic crust beneath the Alazeya arc. Its south‐west boundary is defined by the Late Jurassic Uyandina‐Yasachnaya marginal volcanic arc which was brought about by subduction of the oceanic crust that separated the superterrane from Siberia. According to paleomagnetic evidence the width of the basin is estimated to be 1500–2000 km. Accretion of the superterrane to Siberia is dated to the late Late Jurassic‐Neocomian. The north‐east superterrane boundary is defined by the Lyakhov‐South Anyui suture which extends across southern Chukotka up to Alaska. Collision of the superterrane with the Chukotka shelf terrane is dated to the middle of the Cretaceous.The Okhotsk‐Chukotka belt, composed of Albian‐Late Cretaceous undeformed continental volcan‐ites, defines the Cretaceous margin of North Asia. Terranes eastward of the belt are mainly of oceanic affinity: island arc upon oceanic crust, accretion wedge and turbidite terranes, as well as cratonic terranes and fragments of magmatic arcs on the continental crust and metamorphic terranes of unclear origin and age. The time of their accretion is constrained by post‐accretionary volcanic belts that extend parallel to the Okhotsk‐Chukotka belt but are displaced to the east: the Maastrichtian‐Miocene Kamchatka‐Koryak belt and the Eocene‐Quaternary Central Kamchatka belt which mark active margins of the continent of corresponding ages.
Diagenesis of Neogene diatoms and their importance as a source of petroleum in Japan
Authors: Aoyagi Koichi , Omokawa Mamoru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Various siliceous rocks are found in the Ohdoji, Akaishi and Maido Formations from the western Aomori basin, and the Yotsuzawa and Wadagawa Formations from the eastern Aomori basin of northern Honshu, Japan. These rocks are classified into diatomite, siliceous shale and chert.Diatomite is composed of abundant amorphous silica and has porosity between 50 and 65%. Siliceous shale is composed of a large amount of quartz, and has porosity ranging from 25 to 35%. Chert is chiefly composed of cristobalite or quartz, and has porosity between 20 to 30%.Average contents of total organic carbon, S1 and S2 generally increase from argillaceous rocks → diatomites → siliceous shales → cherts. Maturation of organic matter in these rocks is generally lower than that in average source rocks. Diatoms, which appeared in the late Cretaceous and became increasingly important in the Miocene, are the principal primary producers of organic matter in the marine environment during the Cenozoic. Excellent organic components and higher biological productivity show that diatoms might be the most important source of petroleum during the Neogene in Japan.Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in diatoms have been transformed into fulvic acids, humic acids and humin by polycondensation and polymerization. Later, these humin materials could be changed into insoluble kerogen under the effect of mild temperature and pressure. A part of the lipids would transform to geochemical fossils (biomarkers). Amorphous silica in cells of diatoms would change to low‐cristobalite and low‐quartz by the increase of geothermal temperature.
Ridge collision and in situ greenstones in accretionary complexes: An example from the Late Cretaceous Ryukyu Islands and southwest Japan margin
Authors: Kiminami Kazuo , Miyashita Sumio , Kawabata Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Mélange units containing greenstones are common throughout the Cretaceous‐Miocene Shimanto Supergroup in the Ryukyu Is and southwest Japan. Most greenstones in the accretionary complex originated in oceanic spreading ridges and seamounts, and they formed far from the convergent margin. Some mélange‐like units in the supergroup, however, contain greenstones that were extruded upon and intruded into unconsolidated fine‐grained terrigenous clastic sediments. It is inferred that eruption of the in situ greenstones resulted from igneous activity in the trench area. Geochemical signatures indicate that the greenstone protoliths were similar to mafic lavas generated at spreading ridges. Fossil ages of the strata containing in situ greenstones become younger over a distance of 1300 km eastward from Amami‐Oshima (Cenomanian‐Turonian) in the Ryukyu Is to central Japan (Late Maestrichtian‐earliest Paleocene), implying that a site of igneous activity in the trench area migrated eastward along the Ryukyu Is and southwest Japan margin. Plate reconstructions of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggest the presence of the Kula‐Pacific ridge near Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene Japan. In this context, it is suggested that the greenstones formed in response to Kula‐Pacific ridge‐forearc collision.Ancient ridge‐forearc collisions are best recognized by the presence of mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) extruded on sediments inferred to have accumulated in the trench area. Diachronous occurrences of the strata associated with these MORB in an orogenic belt are useful for documenting the ridge collision through time.
Phylogenetic systematics of chelonioid sea turtles
Authors: Hirayama Ren 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Chelonioid sea turtles (Order Testudinata; Superfamily Chelonioidea) first appear in the early Cretaceous (Aptian‐Albian). Their long fossil record is excellent compared to most marine tetrapods. Nonetheless, there has been no inclusive attempt to provide an analysis of cladistic relationships among this group. In this paper, the following chelonioid classification is proposed, based on 76 characters among 20 fossil and six living well‐ represented genera:

Family Cheloniidae (Coniacian to Recent); Toxochelys, Ctenochelys, Osteopygis, Erquelinnesia, Allopleuron, Argillochelys, Puppigerus, Eochelone, Syllomus, Natator, Eretmochelys, Chelonia, Caretta, Lepidochelys
Family Protostegidae (Aptian to Maastrichtian?); ‘Santana new protostegid’,Rhinochelys, Notochelone, Desmatochelys, Chelosphargis, Protostega, Archelon
Family Dermochelyidae (Santonian? to Recent); Corsochelys, ‘HMG new dermo‐chelyid’, Eosphargis, Psephophorus, Dermochelys.
A primitive odobenine walrus of Early Pliocene age from Japan
Authors: Horikawa Hideo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The well preserved cranium of Protodobenus japonicus, a new genus and species of odobenine walrus, is from the lower part of the Tamugigawa Formation at Ooshima‐mura, Higashi Kubiki‐gun, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. The lower part of the formation that yielded P. japonicus is Early Pliocene, dating approximately from 5.0 to 4.9 Ma. The skull of P. japonicus is generally shaped like that of the modern walrus, Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758), but is much more primitive, especially in the dentition. Protodobenus japonicus is derived from the Imagotariinae. It is similar to such primitive fossil walruses as Prorosmarus alleni from the Western Atlantic and Aivukus cedrosensis from Baja California, and has some similarities as well as significant differences from them. Protodobenus japonicus could have evolved directly into Odobenus in the North Pacific Ocean, and could have dispersed directly to the Arctic Ocean. This is contrary to the scenario proposed by Repenning and Tedford, in which primitive odobenids, like Aivukus cedrosensis, migrated to the Atlantic Ocean through the Central American Seaway and returned to the North Pacific Ocean as O rosmarus via the Arctic about 0.6 Ma.Regarding the first lower premolar of the living walrus, Fay concluded after studying fetal O. rosmarus that the first premolar (P1) of the mandible is absent, and that the lower tooth row consists of: C1 P2, P3, P4. Protodobenus japonicus has in its mandible I 1‐2 C1 P2, P3, P4, and this is the primitive pinniped formula. Pinnipeds typically lose the molars, not the anterior premolars, and the present author believes that the correct tooth formula for O rosmarus is C1 P1, P2, P3. Its skull, palate, and mandible suggest that P. japonicus had morphology pre‐adapted to an early stage of benthic suction feeding, but it probably was unable to rely on that method of feeding. The discovery of P. japonicus demonstrates that the odobenine lineage (true walruses) goes back in time at least 5 Ma. Other more aberrant odobenine walruses, such as Aivukus and Prorosmarus, and pseudo‐walruses of the subfamily Dusignathinae, are more distantly removed from the lineage leading to living walruses than has previously been suspected.