bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Decreased Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Nondiabetic Adults Aged ≥70 Years
Authors: Barzilay Joshua I. , Cotsonis George A. , Walston Jeremy , Schwartz Ann V. , Satterfield Suzanne , Miljkovic Iva , Harris Tamara B. ,   for the Health ABC Study
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
Lower-limb muscle strength is reduced in many people with diabetes. In this study, we examined whether quadriceps muscle strength is reduced in relation to insulin resistance in well-functioning ambulatory nondiabetic individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants (age ≥70 years) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning to ascertain muscle and fat mass, tests of quadriceps strength, computed tomography scanning of the quadriceps to gauge muscle lipid content, and fasting insulin and glucose level measurements from which homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was derived.

RESULTS
In regression analysis, quadriceps strength per kilogram of muscle mass was negatively associated (P &lt; 0.0001) with HOMA-IR independent of other factors negatively associated with strength such as increased age, female sex, low-physical activity, impaired fasting glucose, and increased total body fat. Muscle lipid content was not associated with strength.

CONCLUSIONS
A small decrease in quadriceps muscle force is associated with increased HOMA-IR in well-functioning nondiabetic adults, suggesting that diminished quadriceps muscle strength begins before diabetes.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Individuals With and Without Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gendelman Nicole , Snell-Bergeon Janet K. , McFann Kim , Kinney Gregory , Paul Wadwa R. , Bishop Franziska , Rewers Marian , Maahs David M. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
Depression is associated with poor glycemic control and complications in people with type 1 diabetes. We assessed the prevalence of depression and antidepressant medication use among adults with and without type 1 diabetes and the association between depression and diabetes complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 2006–2008, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study applied the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to 458 participants with type 1 diabetes (47% male, aged 44 ± 9 years, type 1 diabetes duration 29 ± 9 years) and 546 participants without diabetes (nondiabetic group) (51% male, aged 47 ± 9 years). Use of antidepressant medication was self-reported. Depression was defined as a BDI-II score &gt;14 and/or use of antidepressant medication. Occurrence of diabetes complications (retinopathy, blindness, neuropathy, diabetes-related amputation, and kidney or pancreas transplantation) was self-reported.

RESULTS
Mean BDI-II score, adjusted for age and sex, was significantly higher in participants with type 1 diabetes than in nondiabetic participants (least-squares mean ± SE: 7.4 ± 0.3 vs. 5.0 ± 0.3; P &lt; 0.0001). Type 1 diabetic participants reported using more antidepressant medications (20.7 vs. 12.1%, P = 0.0003). More type 1 diabetic than nondiabetic participants were classified as depressed by BDI-II cut score (17.5 vs. 5.7%, P &lt; 0.0001) or by either BDI-II cut score or antidepressant use (32.1 vs. 16.0%, P &lt; 0.0001). Participants reporting diabetes complications (n = 209) had higher mean BDI-II scores than those without complications (10.7 ± 9.3 vs. 6.4 ± 6.3, P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with nondiabetic participants, adults with type 1 diabetes report more symptoms of depression and more antidepressant medication usage. Depression is highly prevalent in type 1 diabetes and requires further study on assessment and treatment.
Prospective Study of Zinc Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Sun Qi , van Dam Rob M. , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to investigate the intake of zinc in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Dietary intakes of zinc and other nutrients were assessed and updated using a validated food frequency questionnaire from 1980 to 2002 among 82,297 women who were aged 33–60 years at baseline in 1980 and followed up to 2004 in the Nurses' Health Study.

RESULTS
During the 24 years of follow-up, 6,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were ascertained. After adjustment of lifestyle and dietary risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles were 0.90 (0.82–0.99) (Ptrend = 0.04) for total zinc intake and 0.92 (0.84–1.00) (Ptrend = 0.009) for dietary zinc intake from food sources, respectively. We further found an inverse association for dietary zinc to heme iron ratio. After multivariate adjustment of covariates, the RRs (95% CI) across quintiles of this ratio were 1.0 (reference), 0.93 (0.86–1.01), 0.86 (0.79–0.94), 0.82 (0.75–0.90), and 0.72 (0.66–0.80), respectively (Ptrend &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Higher zinc intake may be associated with a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. More studies are warranted to confirm this association and to explore potential mechanisms.
Reexamining Misconceptions About β-Blockers in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: McGill Janet B. 
Published: January 2009

IN BRIEF
Because effectively managing patients with diabetes and hypertension requires multiple medications, the appropriate selection of a treatment regimen with good tolerability and simplified dosing is crucial. Despite the proven benefits of β-blockers in lowering blood pressure and improving cardiovascular morbidity, many physicians are reluctant to prescribe them to patients with diabetes and hypertension. This reluctance is based on the misconception that β-blockers worsen glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and dyslipidemia and mask hypoglycemia. Unlike traditional β-blockers, vasodilatory β-blockers have favorable tolerability and metabolic profiles while offering effective blood pressure control.
Inhibitory Effect of Nucleotides on the Multiplication of <i>Babesia gibsoni</i> in Canine Erythrocytes
Authors: Hossain MA , Yamato O , Yamasaki M , Maede Y 
Published: January 2009

The inhibitory effects of nucleotides on the multiplication of Babesia gibsoni was studied on the in vitro culture of canine erythrocytes. B. gibsoni was cultivated at 37Â°C for 3 days under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% C02, 5% O2, and 90% N2 inÂ culture media with no nucleotides (Control), cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP), uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-UMP), uridine 3'-monophosphate (3'-UMP), thymidine 3'-monophosphate (3'-TMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP), adenine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP) and guanine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP), in which a final concentration of nucleotides was 5 mM. The adding of 5'-CMP, 5'-UMP, 5'-IMP, 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP as artificial nucleotides significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the multiplication of B. gibsoni in canine erythrocytes. Further more, the 5'-CMP and 5'-IMP showed the dose-dependently significant inhibitory effect on the multiplication B. gibsoni. It may be concluded from these results that the accumulation of specific nucleotides might have inhibited the multiplication of B. gibsoni in canine erythrocytes. Key words: Babesia gibsoni; multiplication inhibition; canine erythrocytes; nucleotides doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1937 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 59-61
Bacteriological Profile of Dressed Broilers and Its Public Health Implications
Authors: Anower AKMM , Rahman MM , Ehsan MA , Islam MA , Islam MR , Shil GC , Rahman MS 
Published: January 2009

Bacteriological study was conducted to determine the occurrence of bacteria in 52 dressed broiler with intact skin (n = 26) and without skin (n = 26) and to demonstrate the role of packaging and pretreatment chilling on the changes of carcass quality during the period from July to August 2000. The values of total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total streptococcal count (TStC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) were determined for meat samples of thigh and breast and swab samples of skin and visceral surfaces of the broilers with intact skin (n = 80) and without skin (n = 80). The values of TVC, TCC, TStC and TSC in both cases with intact skin and without skin were compared. The results indicate that the dressed broilers with intact skin kept in packed condition after prechilled and frozen could maintain the good quality of sensory characteristics up to a maximum period of 10 days storage. Of the160 samples examined bacteriologically, 39.06% had contamination with different bacteria, of which Â Â Staphylococcus spp. (90.63%), Streptococcus spp. (30.00%), Escherichia coli (60.63%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.50%), Micrococcus spp. (18.75%) and Salmonella spp. (11.88%). It appears from these results that the current systems of pretreatment, sanitation, storing temperature and processing are necessary to be improved to ensure the quality assurance and quality control program and subsequently maintain the bacteriological and organoleptic quality of dressed broilers, thus minimizing the potential health hazards associated with contaminants gaining access to the dressed or processed broilers. Key words: Dressed broilers; bacteriology; public health implications doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1939 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 69-73
In Defense of Rule-Based Evidence Law–and Epistemology Too
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTEver since Jeremy Bentham wrote his scathing critique of the law of evidence, both philosophers and legal scholars have criticized the exclusionary rules of evidence, arguing that formal rules excluding entire classes of evidence for alleged unreliability violate basic epistemological maxims mandating that all relevant evidence be considered. Although particular pieces of evidence might be excluded as unreliable, they argue, it is a mistake to make such judgments for entire categories, as opposed to making them only in the context of particular pieces of evidence offered for specific purposes. This paper challenges these claims, arguing that rule-based exclusions serve similar purposes to those served by rules in rule-consequentialist moral theories, and that, even more importantly, they are entirely consistent with the exclusionary nature of legal rules in general. Indeed, once we see the role that exclusionary rules might serve in legal epistemology, we can see that they might have a role to play in epistemic appraisal more generally.
Justification, Coherence, and Epistemic Responsibility in Legal Fact-Finding
Authors: Amaya Amalia 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper argues for a coherentist theory of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law, according to which a hypothesis about the events being litigated is justified if and only if it is such that an epistemically responsible fact-finder might have accepted it as justified by virtue of its coherence in like circumstances. It claims that this version of coherentism has the resources to address a main problem facing coherence theories of evidence and legal proof, namely, the problem of the coherence bias. The paper then develops an aretaic approach to the standards of epistemic responsibility which govern legal fact-finding. It concludes by exploring some implications of the proposed account of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law for the epistemology of legal proof.
Of Black Boxes, Instruments, and Experts: Testing the Validity of Forensic Science
Authors: Mnookin Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that judges assessing the scientific validity and the legal admissibility of forensic science techniques ought to privilege testing over explanation. Their evaluation of reliability should be more concerned with whether the technique has been adequately validated by appropriate empirical testing than with whether the expert can offer an adequate description of the methods she uses, or satisfactorily explain her methodology or the theory from which her claims derive. This paper explores these issues within two specific contexts: latent fingerprint examination and the use of breath tests for the detection of alcohol. Especially in the forensic science arena, I suggest courts have often been seduced by superficially plausible explanations and descriptions of a technique or method, and permitted these to serve as a substitute for empirical testing. Thinking through these two examples illustrates both why evaluating the extent of testing should be the most important method by which courts assess reliability, and why, when other forms of explanatory evidence are readily available, we may nonetheless elect to make use of them. This paper suggests that these descriptions and explanations may at times usefully supplement evidence of testing, but should not generally be substituted for it. Finally, this paper embraces a kind of evidentiary pragmatism, in which the quantum of evidence required to establish legal reliability is determined not in the abstract, but in relation to the evidence that is, or ought to be, available as a result of reasonable research and investigation.
Brain Images as Legal Evidence
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Roskies Adina , Brown Teneille , Murphy Emily 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores whether brain images may be admitted as evidence in criminal trials under Federal Rule of Evidence 403, which weighs probative value against the danger of being prejudicial, confusing, or misleading to fact finders. The paper summarizes and evaluates recent empirical research relevant to these issues. We argue that currently the probative value of neuroimages for criminal responsibility is minimal, and there is some evidence of their potential to be prejudicial or misleading. We also propose experiments that will directly assess how jurors are influenced by brain images.
A Functional Approach to the Spousal Evidentiary Privileges
Authors: Stein Edward 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMost U.S. jurisdictions deem testimony regarding what one spouse tells the other in private inadmissible in most circumstances and most do not allow a person to be compelled to testify against his or her spouse. Although confidential communications and what a spouse knows about the other are both relevant and quite probative, triers of fact do not get to consider them. The scope, character, and very existence of these exceptions to the general principle of admitting everything into evidence have been questioned by legal commentators for centuries, but they remain in force in most U.S. jurisdictions. This paper reviews the justifications for the spousal evidentiary privileges and argues for recasting the spousal evidentiary privileges in functional terms.
A Palintropic Genealogy of the Diaphanous Exactitude ofPe(n)ser
Authors: Gaston Sean 
Published: January 2009

Derrida frequently comments on the need to read and reread the texts of the tradition, to be always starting again with them. In On Touching – Jean-Luc Nancy Derrida offers another reading of (he starts again with) Aristotles's De Anima. By paying attention to the play of the palintropic, diaphanous, exactitude and ‘penser’ in Derrida's text, this paper seeks to show how important Aristotle is for Derrida in this book and in any deconstruction of the sense of touch.*
Living on the edge: life‐history of olive baboons at Gashaka‐Gumti National Park, Nigeria
Authors: Higham James P. , Warren Ymke , Adanu Jeremiah , Umaru Buba N. , MacLarnon Ann M. , Sommer Volker , Ross Caroline 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBaboons are the most successful and ubiquitous African primates, renowned for their behavioral and reproductive flexibility, which enable them to inhabit a wide variety of habitat types. Owing to a number of long‐term field studies, comparative behavioral, developmental, demographic, and life‐history data are available from several populations, but study sites show a heavy bias toward South and East African savannahs, with little research in West or Central Africa. Life‐history data from such areas are important if we are fully to understand the nature of the environmental factors that limit baboon distribution. Here, we present demographic data for olive baboons at Gashaka‐Gumti National Park (GGNP), Nigeria, collected from December 2000–February 2006, and use these data to test comparative models of baboon life‐history. The GGNP habitat, which includes large areas of rainforest, is an environment in which baboons are little studied, and rainfall is much higher than at previous study sites. GGNP troop size data are presented from censuses, as well as life‐history data for two troops, one of which is within the park and wild‐feeding (Kwano troop), whereas the other dwells at the park edge, and supplements its diet by crop‐raiding (Gamgam troop). Troop sizes at GGNP are small compared with other field sites, but fit within previously suggested ranges for baboons under these climatic conditions. Inter‐birth intervals in Kwano troop were long compared with most studied populations, and values were not as predicted by comparative models. Consistent with known effects of food enhancement, Gamgam troop experienced shorter inter‐birth intervals and lower infant mortality than Kwano troop. We indicate some possible factors that exclude baboons from true rainforest, and suggest that the clearing of forests in Central and West Africa for agricultural land may allow baboons to extend their range into regions from which they are currently excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:293–304, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neue Prinzipien für die Bildung von glycosidischen Bindungen
Authors: Zhu Xiangming , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDie wichtige Rolle, die Oligosaccharide und Glycokonjugate in biologischen Systemen spielen, erfordert immer neue und vor allem größere Mengen dieser Moleküle. Wegen ihrer Heterogenität in natürlichen Vorkommen wurden und werden große Anstrengungen unternommen, um die entscheidende glycosidische Bindung sowohl zwischen einzelnen Kohlenhydratresten als auch zu Aglyconen stereoselektiv und in hoher Ausbeute zu erzeugen. Es existieren nun verschiedene Methoden, die effiziente Synthesen von strukturell definierten komplexen Oligosacchariden und Glycokonjugaten ermöglichen.magnified imageDas zunehmende Wissen um die bedeutende Rolle, die Oligosaccharide und Glycokonjugate in biologischen Prozessen spielen, hat rasch das Interesse an solchen Verbindungen für biologische, medizinische und pharmakologische Studien geweckt. Deshalb wurden und werden große Anstrengungen unternommen, um neue Methoden für die Synthese von Glycosiden zu entwickeln, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Bildung der glycosidischen Bindung gerichtet ist. Etliche Übersichtsartikel wurden in den letzten Jahren zur Glycosidsynthese verfasst, die meisten waren jedoch auf einen bestimmten Typ von Glycosiden oder eine bestimmte Methode zur Glycosidsynthese ausgerichtet. In diesem Aufsatz werden neue Prinzipien für die Bildung von glycosidischen Bindungen diskutiert, indem vor allem Arbeiten aus den letzten zehn Jahren berücksichtigt werden, die zu erheblichen Fortschritten in der Oligosaccharid‐ und Glycokonjugatsynthese geführt haben.
Sekundäre Alkylhalogenide in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen
Authors: Rudolph Alena , Lautens Mark 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSekundär, aber nicht zweitrangig: In den vergangenen fünf Jahren hat die Verwendung von sekundären Alkylhalogeniden in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen erheblich zugenommen. Hier werden ausgewählte Beispiele für solche Prozesse unter Berücksichtigung von mechanistischen und stereochemischen Aspekten betrachtet.magnified imageEs wurde viel Kraft in die Entwicklung von metallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen mit Alkylhalogeniden als elektrophile Reaktionspartner investiert. Während schon heute zahlreiche primäre Alkylhalogenide wirksam in Kreuzkupplungen verwendet werden können, stehen Umsetzungen mit sekundären Alkylhalogeniden gerade erst am Anfang. Hier werden ausgewählte Kreuzkupplungen vorgestellt, in denen sekundäre Alkylhalogenide als Elektrophile wirken. Dabei wird den verwendeten Übergangsmetallen, den Reaktionsmechanismen und dem stereochemischen Verlauf besondere Beachtung geschenkt.
Semisynthese eines homogenen Glycoprotein‐Enzyms: Ribonuclease C (Teil 1)
Authors: Piontek Christian , Ring Petra , Harjes Olaf , Heinlein Christian , Mezzato Stefano , Lombana Nelson , Pöhner Claudia , Püttner Markus , Varón Silva Daniel , Martin Andreas , Schmid Franz Xaver , Unverzagt Carlo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSieben auf einen Streich: Durch die effiziente Bildung von gemischten Disulfiden an dem thiolreichen FusionsproteinAkonnte nach Inteinabspaltung das Cys‐FragmentBmit sieben oxidationsgeschützten Cysteinen erhalten werden. Die native chemische Ligation vonBmit synthetischen Glycopeptidthioestern ergibt Glycoproteine.magnified image
Drug Delivery by an Enzyme‐Mediated Cyclization of a Lipid Prodrug with Unique Bilayer‐Formation Properties
Authors: Linderoth Lars , Peters Günther H. , Madsen Robert , Andresen Thomas L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLiposomale Wirkstofftransportsysteme, in denen Vorstufen durch krankheitsspezifische Enzyme aktiviert werden, haben ein großes Potenzial für die Therapie von Erkrankungen wie Krebs. Eine neuartige Wirkstoffvorstufe auf Phospholipidbasis kann stabile kleine unilamellare Vesikel aufbauen (siehe Bild). Die Aktivierung dieser Vesikel durch das Enzym sPLA2 löst eine Cyclisierungsreaktion aus, die zur Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs führt.magnified image
Katalytische enantioselektive Ringöffnungen von Aziridinen
Authors: Schneider Christoph 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn Gegenwart eines Dimetallkatalysators mit kooperativen Metallzentren gelingen hochenantioselektive Ringöffnungen von meso‐Aziridinen 1 mit Silylnucleophilen (siehe Schema; TMS=Trimethylsilyl). Die auf diese Weise in hohen Ausbeuten und bis zu 99 % ee zugänglichen 1,2‐Azidoamide 2 und 1,2‐Amidonitrile 3 sind wertvolle Vorstufen für enantiomerenreine 1,2‐Diamine bzw. β‐Aminosäuren.magnified image
Patterned Monolayers of Neutral and Charged Functionalized Manganese Arene Complexes on a Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite Surface
Authors: Kim Sang Bok , Pike Robert D. , D'Acchioli Jason S. , Walder Brennan J. , Carpenter Gene B. , Sweigart Dwight A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKomplex als Muster: Die Arenmangantricarbonylkomplexe [Mn(η5‐2,5‐Didodecoxy‐1,4‐semichinon) (CO)3] und [Mn(η6‐1,4‐Dioctyloxybenzol)(CO)3] BF4 bilden Monoschichten auf hoch geordneten Graphitoberflächen (HOPG). Wasserstoffbrücken, hydrophobe und elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen sorgen dafür, dass zweidimensionale Muster von Manganatomen oder ‐ionen resultieren.magnified image
Exploiting the Divergent Reactivity of Aryl–Palladium Intermediates for the Rapid Assembly of Fluorene and Phenanthrene Derivatives
Authors: Zhao Ya‐Bin , Mariampillai Brian , Candito David A. , Laleu Benoît , Li Mengzhou , Lautens Mark 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnorm steigern lässt sich der Nutzen von Dominoprozessen, wenn ausgehend von einem gemeinsamen Intermediat eine selektive Gabelung möglich ist. Hier werden erste Untersuchungen zur dualen Reaktivität von Aryl‐Palladium‐Intermediaten beschrieben. Eine Vielzahl an Fluoren‐ und Phenanthrenderivaten wurde schnell und effizient erhalten (siehe Schema).magnified image
Fast Biosynthesis of GFP Molecules: A Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Study
Authors: Katranidis Alexandros , Atta Diaa , Schlesinger Ramona , Nierhaus Knud H. , Choli‐Papadopoulou Theodora , Gregor Ingo , Gerrits Michael , Büldt Georg , Fitter Jörg 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGrün sein ist nicht einfach: Die Echtzeit‐Visualisierung markierter Ribosomen und de‐novo‐synthetisierter grün fluoreszierender Proteinmoleküle mithilfe einzelmolekülempfindlicher Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ergibt, dass die Mutante GFPem charakteristischerweise innerhalb von fünf Minuten produziert wird. Die Fluoreszenz der schnellsten GFP‐Moleküle erscheint innerhalb einer Minute (siehe Bild).magnified image