bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Fibrinolytic Activity during Arvin Therapy
Authors: Pitney W. R. , Bell W. R. , Bolton Gillian 
Published: March 2008

Summary:When Arvin is administered to patients, there is a rapid fall in plasma plasminogen concentration and fibrin degradation products appear in the blood which can be detected both by their anticoagulant effect and by their reaction with anti‐fibrinogen serum. There is a minimal but inconstant increase in the concentration of plasminogen activator and circulating plasmin cannot be detected. These findings are similar to those recorded in the defibrination syndrome and are explained by the assumption that both plasminogen and activator are adsorbed onto intravascular fibrin micro‐clots. Local plasmin release would then cause lysis of fibrin with the appearance of fibrin degradation products.There is no apparent reason why this mechanism should assist in the lysis of coexisting preformed thrombi. The apparent rapid lysis of thrombi which has been observed in some patients treated with Arvin can be explained if such thrombi are not static, but represent a balance between fibrin deposition and fibrinolysis. Therapeutic defibrination, by preventing extension of the thrombus, would allow the normal fibrinolytic mechanism to produce dissolution of the thrombus.
A Method for the Positive Identification of Erythropoietic Cells in Chromosome Preparations of Bone Marrow
Authors: Rastrick Joan M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Chromosome preparations from the bone marrow of four patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia were made after the cells had been cultured for 12 hours with iron isotopes in a medium with added GSH, ATP, cysteine and ascorbic acid, which permitted optimal iron uptake and incorporation. The cells were fixed for 15 minutes only in formaldehyde‐methanol‐acetic acid. Auto‐radiographs of these preparations showed that the Ph1 chromosome was present in erythroid cells. This indicates that erythroid and myeloid cell lines have a common stem cell in the bone marrow.
The Pattern of Disordered Haemoglobin Synthesis in Homozygous and Heterozygous β‐Thalassaemia*
Authors: Weatherall D. J. , Clegg J. B. , Na‐Nakorn Supa , Wasi Prawase 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The rate of globin chain production has been studied in patients with homozygous β‐thalassaemia, heterozygous β‐thalassaemia, haemoglobin E‐thalassaemia, and sickle‐cell‐thalassaemia, and compared with that in non‐thalassaemic individuals. A partial or total deficit of β‐chain synthesis has been demonstrated in all forms of β‐thalassaemia. This results in the production of a large intracellular pool of α‐chains, the kinetics of which have been worked out. The α‐chains in this pool appear to contain haem and are unstable, rapidly becoming associated with the stromal fraction. These findings are examined in terms of the pathogenesis of the anaemia of thalassaemia.
The in Vitro Lysis of the Red Cells of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria by the Serum of Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Sirchia G. , Ferrone S. , Mercuriali F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The complement (c′) titre, the concentration of the third component of C’ (c′3) and the capacity of sera to lyse PNH cells in the acidified‐serum test and the sugar‐haemolysis test have been determined on the sera obtained from 100 healthy subjects and 103 patients with cirrhosis of the liver.The lytic capacity of normal sera for PNH cells is not correlated with the serum's C'titre or c′3 concentration. With cirrhotic sera, however, a significant correlation was found between c′3 concentration and PNH haemolytic capacity, especially in the sugar‐haemolysis test. It is concluded that, under certain conditions, c′3 can be rate‐limiting in PNH cell lysis in vitro.
Further Observations on Spontaneous Blastoid Transformation of Human Small Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Caron G. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:DNA synthesis, measured by tritiated thymidine uptake during the final 1 hour in vitro, has been used as a measure of blast transformation of human peripheral small lymphocytes cultured in media containing 20 per cent autologous plasma. Control cultures from two subjects of up to 12 and 15 days duration and from eight further subjects of 3 and 6 days duration have been studied and the degree of spontaneous transformation compared to the response to known stimulants of transformation, phytohaemagglutinin and specific antigens.Spontaneous transformation was consistently low for up to 6 days. Thereafter there was a relatively slight increase. Theoretical arguments why the increased proportion of labelled cells found in some of the older cultures may be an artifact of differential cell survival are presented.Review of previous reports of spontaneous lymphocyte transformation suggests that this is minimal when the cells are cultured in autologous plasma and that heterologous sera may act as an unsuspected transformation stimulant.
The Distribution of Folates in Rabbit Tissues during Phenylhydrazine‐Induced Haemolysis
Authors: Izak G. , Rachmilewitz M. , Grossowicz N. , Galewski K. , Jablonska M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Acute haemolysis induced in rabbits with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) was associated with a high reticulocytosis and increased folate activity with all three bioassays (L. casei, S. faecalis and P. cerevisiae) employed, in comparison with untreated animals. The bone marrow folate activity of the APH‐treated rabbits was considerably higher than that of control marrows; activity measured with P. cerevisiae reached 50 per cent of that obtained with L. casei, indicating a high conversion into reduced forms. Administration of pteroylglutamate (PGA) together with APH resulted in higher red cell folate values than administration of APH alone. In vitro, reticulocytes from APH‐treated rabbits incorporated three times more radioactive‐PGA than those from animals given APH with PGA. The various aspects regulating the uptake and function of folates in red cells at varying degrees of maturation are discussed.
Studies on Fibrin Monomer Aggregation in Congenital Dysfibrinogenaemia (Fibrinogen ‘Zürich’): Separation of a Pathological from a Normal Fibrin Fraction
Authors: Von Felten A. , Frick P. G. , Straub P. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Further characterization of the delay in aggregation of fibrinogen ‘Zürich’ showed a potentiation of the defect by increasing ionic strength and an acceleration by calcium ions or protamine. A new type of paracoagulation due to soluble abnormal fibrin monomers in fresh serum is described.Using Reptilase, it was possible to separate a fibrin fraction with normal aggregation from a pathological fraction with virtually no clot formation. Mixtures of equal parts of the abnormally aggregating fraction with normal monomers of either patient or control demonstrated a pattern of aggregation analogous to monomers of the patient's whole fibrinogen. It appears possible that certain differences between some published cases of dysfibrinogenaemia might be due to the association of variable amounts of pathological fibrinogen with normal fibrinogen.
Chromatographic Behaviour of Clotting Factors
Authors: Casillas G. , Simonetti C. , Pavlovsky A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Through the use of DEAE‐cellulose under the conditions reported in this paper which were particularly selective for the adsorption of clotting factors, the chromatographic behaviour of Factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX and X was studied using different buffer systems. Human plasma, supernatant of Fraction I of Cohn and human Factor‐VIII concentrates were used as starting materials. As some of the chromatographic systems used do not perceptibly modify the physical and chemical properties of the plasma or its derivatives, they allow the techniques to be included in a general scheme of routine plasma fractionation.The conclusions drawn from the chromatographic behaviour of the factors studied have led to the preparation of a concentrate of Factors II, IX and X for clinical use, a concentrate of Factor VII and an artificial substrate for the assay of Factor VII.
Regional Variations in the Proportion of Red Cells in the Blood in Man
Authors: Bowdler A. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Surface counting techniques following the intravenous injection of 51Cr labelled red cells and 131I labelled human serum albumin have been used to investigate the regional haematocrit in normal subjects, subjects with splenic enlargement and after splenectomy. Regional variations in the proportions of red cells and plasma were demonstrated, the red‐cell concentration being highest at the precordium and lowest in the hepatic region. Intermediate values were obtained for the lumbar and splenic regions in normal subjects.The enlarged spleen has a definite but variable tendency to be associated with high local haematocrit values when compared with the venous haematocrit. Raised whole‐body to venous haematocrit ratios result from the pool of red cells in the spleen which shows delayed mixing with the cells of the extrasplenic circulation. The raised whole‐body to venous haematocrit ratio associated with splenomegaly is more dependent on the concentration of the pooled cells relative to the venous haematocrit than on the volume of pooled cells and spleen size.The significance of variations in regional to venous haematocrit and whole‐body to venous haematocrit ratios is discussed.
Erythropoiesis, Red‐Cell Creatine and Plasma Aldolase Activity in Anaemia in the Rabbit and Man
Authors: Griffiths W. J. , Lothian Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. It has been shown that in the rabbit plasma aldolase was not increased by phlebotomy whereas in haemolytic anaemia produced by acctylphenylhydrazine there was a marked rise in plasma aldolase which was not, however, sustained throughout the period of falling haemoglobin. It is suggested that because of this dissociation of enzyme activity and haemoglobin the increased plasma aldolase activity in haeniolytic anaemia is not due to release of enzyme from the haemolysed red cells but that it is derived from immature precursor cells destroyed during transient ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.The data obtained from these animal experiments have been used to elucidate the cause of the raised plasma aldolase which is a feature of some types of human anaemia. In iron‐deficiency anaemia the plasma aldolase was not increased. In megaloblastic anacinia the plasma aldolase was increased in some but not in all patients. Evidence is adduced to support the hypothesis that the increase in plasma aldolase activity, when it is present, is due to release of enzyme from precursor cells destroyed in the marrow during ineffective erythropoiesis.The creatine content of the red cell has been used as an index of the mean age of the cells in the peripheral circulation. Increased red‐cell creatine in iron‐deficiency anaemia is considered to be the result of a shortened survival of the cells in this condition.
2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate Metabolism in Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: Palek J. , Mirčevová L. , Brabec V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The red cell 2,3‐DPG content of unsplenectomized patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) was found to be markedly lower than that of other haemolytic disorders with similar reticulocyte values. However, there were no differences in 2,3‐DPG between splenectomized HS patients and healthy subjects.The cause of this decreased 2,3‐DPG in unsplenectomized patients was studied. When heparinized blood both of unsplenectomized and splectomized HS individuals was incubated with excess of glucose, there was a significantly higher splitting of 2,3‐DPG than in the normal subjects.Since the activity of the 2,3‐DPG splitting enzyme, 2,3‐DPGase, was shown to be increased by decreasing pH, the increased 2,3‐DPG splitting during incubation of HS blood could be explained by the increased fall in pH during incubation of the blood, presumably due to increased lactate formation. This assumption was further supported by the finding that 2,3‐DPG splitting both in normal and HS blood was completely inhibited when the pH of blood was raised to 7.8–7.9 and maintained in this range during the incubation. In vitro incubation of blood simulates in some ways in vivo erythrostasis in the spleen and it is suggested that the decreased 2,3‐DPG content found in the fresh red cells of unsplenectomized HS patients is due to increased 2,3‐DPG splitting in these cells during their erythrostasis in the spleen.
Activation Characteristics of Bovine Prothrombin Preparations
Authors: Landaburu R. H. , Lima F. , Albado E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Chromatographic fractionation of purified bovine prothrombin, obtained by the method of adsorption and elution on magnesium hydroxide, yields fractions which restore to the product the properties lost during the procedure. Cellulose chromatography separates fractions without which prothrombin is not activated by 25 per cent sodium citrate. On the other hand, the fractions separated during chromatography on amberlite AG3‐X4 catalyse further the activation of the product in that medium. C‐terminal amino acid analyses confirm that both chromatographic exchangers selectively adsorb each of the two active substances which contaminate prothrombin preparations. Changes introduced by chromatography in the activation characteristics of prothrombin are due to the presence or absence of these contaminants.
Immunological and Chromosomal Studies in First‐Degree Relatives of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Sutton R. N. P. , Bishun N. P. , Soothill J. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) were estimated in sera from mothers and siblings of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and in sera from appropriate controls. The distribution of IgA titres was significantly lower in the siblings of leukaemic children than in control children and that of IgM was significantly higher in mothers of leukaemic children than in control mothers.
On the Mechanism of the In Vitro Production of Ham‐positive Red Cells by Sulphydryl Compounds: Role of pH and Free ‐SH Groups
Authors: Sandre G. De , Cortesi S. , Corrocher R. , Falezza G. , Perona G. 
Published: March 2008

Experiments were carried out in order to obtain high percentages of Ham‐positive red cells (HPRC) from normal human red cells incubated with various ‐SH containing compounds and to evaluate the role of the free ‐SH groups in these sulphydryl compounds and of the red cells themselves in the HPRC‐producing process.The sulphydryl compounds producing HPRC were all far more effective at pH 9 than at lower pH values; they became ineffective if their ‐SH groups were blocked. Sulphydryl‐inhibited red cells maintained their susceptibility to become HPRC suggesting that sulphydryl compounds display their damaging activity other than upon the free ‐SH groups of the red cell membrane. HPRC have been obtained using 2‐mercaptoethylamine, 2‐mercaptoethanol or 3‐mercaptopropionic acid.
Haemolysis in Cold Agglutinin Disease: The Role of C’and Cell Age in Red Cell Destruction
Authors: DE Wit C. Dudok , Gastel C. Van 
Published: March 2008

The mechanism of red‐cell destruction was studied in a patient with cold‐agglutinin disease. It was confirmed that the patient's red cells were abnormally resistant to lysis by the anti‐I cold agglutinin in the serum. This increased resistance is probably due to the accumulation of C’on the red‐cell membrane. It was found that red cells were only protected if C’was brought on to the red cell by anti‐I antibodies and not if this was the result of treatment with normal serum at low ionic strength. The resistance was also found only to apply to lysis by anti‐I antibodies and not to a haemolytic rabbit anti‐human‐red‐cell serum. These results can be explained by assuming that inactive C’complexes around the I‐antigen were blocking receptor sites for new haemolytic C’factors.It was shown in normal individuals that red‐cell age does not effect the susceptibility of the cells to lysis by anti‐I serum. In the patient with cold‐agglutinin disease, however, the young cells were preferentially lysed, probably because these cells had not yet accumulated C’to the same extent as the more mature cells and were, as a result, less resistant to haemolysis.
Studies on Protein Fractions Isolated from Human Plasma
Authors: MACKAY MARGARET , SILK ELSIE , MASON BRENDA , COMBRIDGE B. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Fractions of human plasma separated by precipitation with cold ether and ethanol were examined for a number of protease and esterase activities. Plasminogen, kallikrein, increased vascular permeability, thrombin and TAMe esterase were concentrated in fraction G2/iR, a lipo‐protein fraction containing a mixture of alpha and beta globulins and a gamma‐M globulin, which also contained activated coagulation contact factors. ATEe esterase was concentrated in G2/iR and fibrinogen. Kinin‐ase and TAMe esterase were also found in G2/2 a mixture of alpha, beta and gamma globulins.Tests of fractions of G2/iR separated by chromatography confirmed the findings of Kagen et al, (1963) and showed that kallikrein was a gamma‐M globulin. Vascular permeability activity, but not kininogenase activity was removed by high‐speed centrifugation from this fraction.Fractions G2/iR, G2/2 and to a lesser extent G3 contained a substance which induced kininogenase activation in intact plasma, but was not identified as PF, plasmin or activated contact factor and had no esterase activity.Kininogenase activity was associated with contaminants of fibrinogen and gamma globulin concentrates and absent from albumin. In fractions prepared by large‐scale methods, only those made from G2 are likely to contain sufficient kininogenase to cause a clinical reaction. Kininogenase was not adsorbed by Al(OH)3 gel or Ca3(PO4)2 and would not contaminate clotting factors prepared from G2.
The Relation of ‘Fletcher Factor’ to Factors XI and XII
Authors: Hathaway William E. , Alsever Judith 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Further evidence is presented for the existence of a new coagulation factor which is closely related to Hageman factor (XII) and plasma thromboplastin antecedent, PTA (XI). This factor has been tentatively designated ‘Fletcher factor’. Coagulant activity of Fletcher factor was separated from the clotting activity of factors XI and XII by C‐M Sephadex column chromatography of intact normal plasma. Other studies showed that the prolonged partial thromboplastin time or plasma recalcification time of Fletcher‐deficient plasma could be ‘corrected’ by prolonged contact with celite, glass, kaolin, or ellagic acid; all are known activators of factor XII. Cytochrome c, known to inhibit the contact activation of factor XII, completely abolished this contact ‘correction’ of Fletcher‐deficient plasma. Thus, the clotting times of plasmas deficient in Fletcher factor (presently found in seven individuals from four unrelated families) are readily corrected by activated factors XII and XI. None of these individuals has any bleeding tendencies.Fletcher factor activity is deficient in the plasma of newborn infants; the factor is probably produced in the liver and not dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis.
The Osmotic Fragility of Human Leucocytes in Normal and in Some Pathological Conditions
Authors: Nir Emanuel , Efrati Pinhas , Danon David 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Leucocytes were separated from blood specimens by centrifugation and their osmotic fragility was automatically recorded using the Fragiligraph Model D‐2.As the salt concentration of the surrounding medium was gradually reduced changes in the leucocytes were studied by phase microscopy. These changes, which are automatically recorded by the Fragiligraph, result in increased light transmission. The results are reproducible and the range for leucocytes of normal individuals is relatively narrow.Leucocytes in acute leukaemia are very fragile. In chronic lymphatic leukaemia they are either more fragile or more resistant than the normal cells.
Effects of Sulphydryl Inhibition on the Erythrocyte in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Canellos G. P. , Brain M. C. , Dacie J. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Normal erythrocytes exposed to high concentrations of sulphydryl‐containing compounds such as reduced glutathione, cysteine, and 2‐aminoethyliso‐thiouronium bromide (AET) acquire some in‐vitro properties of the PNH erythro‐cyte with increased sensitivity to acidified serum and cold‐antibody lysis. These findings suggested the possibility that an abnormality of membrane sulphydryl metabolism is a feature of PNH. Investigations were undertaken in five patients with PNH and a group of normals. Quantitative determination of measurable SH groups in haemoglobin‐free erythrocyte membranes failed to reveal a difference between PNH and normal. Normal erythrocytes exposed to AET had a marked reduction in measurable SH groups. The functional status of the membrane SH groups was studied by the in‐vitro effect of sulphydryl‐binding compounds, p‐chloromercuribenzoate (PMB) and p‐chloromercuribenzene sulphonate (PMBS).In all PNH cases an increased sensitivity to the haemolytic effects of SH blockade as compared to normal erythrocytes was noted. Studies with the inhibitor, PMBS, which acts only on the outermost surface of the membrane, revealed two types of erythrocytes in PNH, one highly vulnerable and the other behaving similarly to normal. Haemolysis occurred without inhibition of glycolytic activity as measured by lactate production or interference with the intracellular SH status. It appears that the PNH membrane defect is associated with an abnormality in the functional activity of membrane SH groups.
Lysis by Anti‐I in Dyserythropoietic Anaemias: Role of Increased Uptake of Antibody
Authors: Lewis S. M. , Grammaticos P. , Dacie J. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Antibody lysis has been studied in PNH, in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia and in other blood diseases with abnormal erythropoiesis. This last group of acquired dyserythropoietic anaemias included, especially, aplastic anaemia, megaloblastic anaemias, myelosclerosis and leukaemia. Cold‐antibody lysis, complement sensitivity and anti‐I antibody uptake by red cells were measured.In both congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia and the acquired dyserythropoietic anaemias of all types there was increased cold‐antibody lysis which was mainly or entirely due to increased antibody binding, without increased complement sensitivity. In PNH, on the other hand, there was slightly increased antibody uptake but lysis was much greater than could be accounted for by this alone and was mainly due to increased complement sensitivity. PNH thus appears to be uniquely different from the dyserythropoietic anaemias. Also, whereas in PNH complement sensitivity curves indicated the presence of two populations of red cells, in the dyserythropoietic anaemias the curves suggested that only one cell population was present.
Shortened Red Cell Survival in Chronic Posthaemorrhagic Anaemia: Effect of Iron and Prednisone
Authors: Dyrkorn K. , Magnus E. M. 
Published: March 2008

A shortened red‐cell survival time has been found in patients with prolonged external bleeding. Ten patients have been studied, seven of whom had markedly increased erythropoiesis. Prednisone therapy rapidly lengthened the red‐cell survival time, which became almost or completely normal, whereas iron therapy had no obvious effect on red‐cell life span during the first 7 weeks of therapy. The return of the red‐cell life span to normal after bleeding had ceased, occurred at a time compatible with that required for a new red‐cell population to be produced.The effect of prednisone in producing a change of red‐cell life span toward normality seemed to be most pronounced in those patients who showed most active erythropoiesis. The effect is probably mediated via some form of red‐cell membrane stabilization.