bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MONOGRAPH AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Wilson By Hewitt 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Introduction

Beginnings and progress.
Advantages.
Location of plants.
Development of terra cotta surfaces.
Classification.

Terra Cotta Body

Body requisites.
Body mixture.

Terra cotta clays.
Grog and non‐plastics.
Soluble salts and the addition of barium compounds.

Methods of mining, handling and mixing clays.

Green spots.

Tempering methods.
Aging.

Drafting and Plaster Work

Drafting
Modeling and mold making.

Ashlars.
Profiles.
Old molds.
Checking the warethrough the shop.

Pressing and Finishing

Pressing.

Powermethods.
Hand pressing.
Absorption of water by mold.

Finishing.

With steel.
With water brush.

Drying

Preliminary drying.
Final drying.

Humidity drying.

Slips, Glazes and Spraying

Storage, mixing and identification of raw materials.
Preparation of slips and glazes.

Specific gravity control.
Viscosity control.

Spraying.

Handling ware during spraying.
Spraying technique.

Underslips.
V. Glazes.

High temperature. Gloss and mats.
Low temperature.
Glaze fit and defects. Staley's coefficient of expansion factors.

Vitrifiedslips.

Color Work

Common colors.

White.
Cream.
Gray.
Tan and brown.

Polychrome colors.

Blue.
Green.
Pink.
Black.
Low heat overglaze.

Granite Finishes.
Pulsichrome applications.
Polychrome decoration.

Painting.
Spraying with masks.
High temperature overglaze.
Painting soluble metallic salts.

Kilns and Firing.

Kiln construction.

Flue arrangement.
Fire boxes.

Setting.
Firing.
Cooling and dunting.
Composition and dunting.
Pacific Northwest Clayworkers' Kiln Data.

Fitting Department
Terra Cotta in the Wall

Elasticity.
Thermal coefficient of expansion.
Thermal conductivity.
Porosity and absorption.
Crystallization of water and salts.
Strength of body.
Variations of strength when wet and dry.
Concentration of loads.
Jointing.
Concrete.
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING ENAMELING FURNACES1
Authors: Darrah By W. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses certain practical requirements which appear essential to securing best commercial results from enameling furnaces. An attempt is made to point out the means by which enameling may be developed into an industry in contrast to an art Various types of enameling furnaces are described and their advantages and limitations pointed out. The action of enamels in the furnace is discussed. The relative advantages of various commercial fuels arc considered.
THE USE OF OVERGLAZES FOR POLYCHROME TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Bennett A. Lee 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe flexibility and economy of single‐fire overglazes as compared with other polychrome methods are emphasized. Insoluble materials are preferable. A base white overglaze formula and its preparation and application are given. These single‐fire overglazes have been used commercially with excellent results.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE SURFACE AREAS OF POWDERED MATERIALS1
Authors: Koealer W. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe ratios of the surfaces of powders of different degrees of fineness are obtained by determining the relative amounts of a radioactive substance, ThB, adsorbed on the surfaces of the powders. The ThB is dissolved in an ammonical solution of water or alcohol, and equal‐weight samples of the various powders are placed in equal volumes of this radioactive solution. After adsorption equilibrium is complete, 10 cc. of the clear supernatant liquid of each sample are evaporated to dryness on watch glasses, and the relative radioactivities of the deposits are measured in an electroscope. Since, for a given concentration of radio‐active solution, the degree of adsorption is not a straight‐line function of the surface exposed, an adsorption curve must be determined for each material studied.
THE USE OF GEORGIA AND NORTH CAROLINA KAOLINS IN A SEMIPORCELAIN BODY
Authors: Hemsteger S. E. , Stief W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTables are given, comparing properties and analyses of Georgia and North Carolina kaolins and two English china clays. These two domestic clays are found to be very adaptable to this type of body. North Carolina kaolin reduced warping of ware in the glost kiln, but made the body less plastic. Georgia kaolin enabled a higher flint content to be used, also imparted greater dry strength to the body. Since using these domestic kaolins, crazing has been reduced.
REQUIREMENTS OF REFRACTORIES FOR MANUFACTURED GAS PLANTS1
Authors: Cole Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe requirements of the refractories used in gas producers, water gas sets, horizontal retorts, vertical retorts, and gas and coke ovens are discussed with respect to the specifications which the material must necessarily meet to prevent failure of the installations. Illustrations show various types of installations and details of certain refractory shapes employed. The temperatures encountered in various portions of the carbonizing chambers, flues, and regenerators give a fair idea as to the duty which the fire brick must meet in operation.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE TO ABRASION OF CERAMIC GLAZES, ITS CONTROL AND METHODS OF DETERMINATION1
Authors: Harrison A. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo test methods, one using an Ingersoll glarimeter to obtain results of a high degree of accuracy, and the other simpler “alternate method” for plant control, are described in detail. Tests on commercial hotel chinaware showed the average resistance of foreign ware was higher than that of the domestic and the variation from the average was, in general, less. Experimental glazes were prepared to study the effect on resistance, of: (1) varying SiO2 and Al2O3 content, (2) glaze thickness, and (3) firing treatment. Data obtained are insufficient to justify definite conclusions regarding the effect of varying SiO2 and Al2O3, but do show the resistance of well‐matured glazes to be inversely proportional to thickness, a decrease in resistance as the tendency to matt increases, a markedly increased resistance by the higher glost fire. That type of body affects resistance less than do glaze composition and temperature of glost fire.
A LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR THE REFINING OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST KAOLIN1
Authors: Clark Roland Joseph 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA review of the clay purification methods which are used at the present time is given, together with a description of a simple laboratory continuous clay‐washing plant composed of a screw feed, a rotary blunger, sand separator, cone‐bowl classifier, and settling tanks. The methods of operation with a sample of Pacific Northwest kaolin and the results obtained are described.
THE PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORIES IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC1
Authors: Wheelers E. S. , Kuechler A. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study has been made of some of the properties of clays, grogs, and body mixtures used by various zinc smelters for the manufacture of zinc retorts. Only minor differences were observed in the properties of the clays. No attempt has been made to offer any of the results as conclusions. The investigation tends to confirm the following points; that the use of reclaimed retort material in the grog for new retorts is of doubtful economy; that, if old bricks or shapes are used as grog, care should be taken that they were originally made of good quality clay and that they are free from slag; that some flint clay of good quality and properly calcined is advisable for at least a part of the grog; and that zinc in a clay or body mixture markedly affects the refractoriness by lowering the deformation value.
THE BEHAVIOR OF FELDSPAR AND FLINT WITH ACIDS AND BASES1
Authors: Screture E. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOn addition of acids and bases to fine‐ground feldspar or flint, the same phenomena are observed as with clays, Le., flocculation, deflocculation, and absorption. The effects are less sharp than with clays, the zone of deflocculation covering a wider range of PH and flocculation occurring at lower pH (greater acidity). The sensitiveness of flint and feldspar to reagents increases with fineness of grinding.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE SOFTENING TEMPERATURE OF GLASSES1
Authors: Littlcton J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor the purpose of measurement the softening point of glasses is defined as that temperature at which a uniform thread of glass .65 mm to 1 mm in diameter suspended in a vertical position in an electric furnace of specified characteristic will elongate at the rate of 1 mm per minute. The measurements on a given glass are reproducible to within 1 to 2°C. This method has been found useful as control of glass composition in melting units as well as a point of reference to distinguish between different glasses. Data are given showing the variation in softening point of a tank glass and a pot glass over an interval of time.
LOW FIRE GLAZES USING RUTILE1
Authors: French Myrtle M. , Harder Chas. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA very fusible glaze containing rutile was fired at cones varying from 010 to 03. The fusibility was adjusted by introducing feldspar, and various colorants were added to control the color. The results were very interesting and varied—especially for a modeled or incised pattern.
STANDARDIZATION AND PLANT CONTROL AS APPLIED TO BODY MAKING1
Authors: Riddle Frank H. , Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe variable nature of the raw materials and the intricate methods involved in manufacture make it difficult to secure uniformity in ceramic ware. The elimination of variable factors is helped by adherence to the following rules: (1) Careful analysis of each operation. (2) Development of written standards for each operation, describing the methods and conditions found best. (3) Enforcement of the standards by careful inspection, using accurate tests after each operation to measure the results just obtained. (4) Division of the body as it is made, into homogeneous units or batches, which remain separate through the rest of the production operations. (5) Complete records readily available covering each step through which a batch passes in production. (6) Strict adherence to standard procedure even though tempted by expediency to somewhat let down the bars. The application of the above principles to body‐making at the Champion Porcelain Company is described.
THE EFFECT OF STEAM ON THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF FIRECLAY BRICKS1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Westmans A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn connection with an investigation of checker brick for carbureters of water‐gas machines, it was considered desirable to find out whether or not fireclay brick suffered an appreciable decrease in transverse strength when exposed to the action of steam at a high temperature. Except for occasional references to the “destructive action” of steam, no information on this score was found in the literature. This paper describes experiments in which standard straight bricks at 11,00°C were subjected to the action of steam at the same temperature and the resulting change in transverse strength measured. No significant decrease in strength due to the action of steam alone was found.
THE USE OF SUPER‐REFRACTORIES AS CHECKER BRICK IN GAS MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Knollman H. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDuring the past year, Carbofrax and Diamel brick, each having distinctly different but superior, heat‐transfer properties as compared with fire brick, were tried out as part of the regular checker brick in a full‐sized standard single‐shell oil‐gas generator, which was operated under normal conditions. It was hoped that increased gas‐generating capacity would be obtained by their use, but such was not the case, chiefly because of the influence of other factors having as much bearing on generator capacity as the checker brick.The chief limiting factors were (1) the remoteness of a large portion of the checker brick from the combustion chamber and therefore from the source of heat supply; (2) uneven heat distribution in the generator; and (3) the formation of heavy cokelike carbon deposits on a portion of the checker brick. With the development of improvements in the generators and the correction of some of these difficulties, there appear to be excellent possibilities in the use of brick of superior heat‐transfer properties in promoting operating efficiencies and in increasing gas production.
HYDROGEN‐ION CONCENTRATION AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CLAY SLIPS1
Authors: Fessler A. H. , Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe apparatus and method of determining the H‐ion concentration and electrical conductivity of clay slips are described. Measurements were obtained on daily samples of tap water, casting and plastic slips, car shipments of clays, and individual blungers of slips in an endeavor to find whether any variations that might occur in the plant processes could be traced to variations in the slips indicated by these measurements. In a following paper values will be given showing the effect of temperature, time and vigor of stirring, specific gravity and concentration of various salts such as NaCI, Na2SO3, MgSO4 and AlCl3 on the H‐ion concentration, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of slips.
THE EFFECT OF MILL PRACTICE ON THE WORKING PROPERTIES AND FINISH OF VITREOUS ENAMELS
Authors: Hansen J. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVariations in mill or grinding practice are shown to affect the working properties and finish of vitreous enamels. Uniform mill practice from day to day is necessary for exact color matches from day to day in some shades of enamels. TOO small a mill charge contaminates the enamel with abraded pebble and mill lining material, and may therefore decrease the gloss and alter the color. Attention is called to the possibility of obtaining too much “set‐up” in an enamel charge ground in a new or newly relined pebble mill. The particle fineness of the enamel may be tested by the usual screen test, or in a cone screen, which is described.
FORM AND COLOR IN AMERICAN INDIAN POTTERY NORTH OF MEXICO1
Authors: Harrington M. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCommon features in American Indian pottery are the facts that it was strictly hand made without use of any form of the potter's wheel and that it was never really glazed. Due to development of the art in different ways, it is possible to distinguish seven different districts in America. A consideration of the pottery of each district is presented.
ON THE CAUSES OF THE SURFACE DEVITRIFICATION OF GLASSES1
Authors: Taeata Kozo 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe explanation on the causes of the surface devitrification of glasses upon heating, as heretofore considered, is imperfect. The modes of surface devitrification are greatly influenced by the surface conditions of the glasses. The author gives an interpretation on the causes of this phenomenon of surface devitrification, i.e., the surface contraction which is caused by the surface tension at the glass surface acts most seriously toward the surface devitrification.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEHYDRATION AND FIRING BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Wadleige W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe results of laboratory studies of the drying and water‐smoking behavior of twelve clays, typical of those used in the manufacture of clay structural units, are given and correlated with data obtained at plants during the firing of ware made from these same clays. There is evidently considerable difference in the time required to dry the materials investigated and it is indicated that the fire clays as a group are considerably more difficult to dry than are shales and surface clays. The results also indicate that the removal of hygroscopic and chemically combined water, as initially contained in the clay, are not important factors in regard to the time required to watersmoke and fire clay ware under plant conditions. With proper equipment it would appear to be possible to fire clay ware, approximating brick and paving block in size and shape, to 1832°F in 20 hours, but that the following conditions in practice may necessitate a longer firing time than that shown to be satisfactory in the laboratory: (1) the heating of ware which is not “bone dry” and which necessitates completion of the drying operation in the kiln; (2) the time required to complete oxidation; (3) the limitations necessitated by the kiln construction, the brick work of which may be destroyed by too rapid heating and cooling; (4) limitations of kiln design because of which enormous differences in temperature would develop throughout the setting by too rapid heating; and (5) insufficient movement of furnace gases to promptly remove all water vapor.
IV. PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS. THEIR ELASTICITY, TRANSVERSE STRENGTH, AND PLASTIC FLOW AT 1000°C1
Authors: Heindl R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a Fourth Progress Report outlining results and data which are supplementary to results published in the Third Report. This Report contains values of modulus of elasticity, transverse breaking strength, and maximum fiber elongation of seventeen representative sagger clays as determined by tests at 1000°C and includes (for comparative purposes) the values of these same properties previously determined at several lower temperatures. At 1000°C the rigidity of the clays has greatly decreased and the cross‐breaking strength has greatly increased when compared with values obtained at room temperatures. The pyrometric cone equivalent (P. C. E.) value of the clays appears to give the best indication of the relative plastic deflection exhibited at 1000°C.
THE USE OF SILICON‐CARBIDE REFRACTORIES IN BOILER FURNACES1
Authors: Johnson B. M , King J. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe chief causes of failure of refractories in boiler furnaces are slag adhesion, erosion, and failure of structure, dependent on the type of coals and feeds used. Some of the physical and chemical properties of different types of refractories are given. The development of bonded silicon carbide brick is mentioned. Clinker trouble is eliminated by use of these brick in furnaces using all kinds of present day stoker equipment. Failures due to chemical reaction between iron and silicon carbide, and torch action on a wall produced by a blast of flame under pressure together with medium amounts of iron in the ash are discussed. Air cooling of walls is taken up. Installations of air‐cooled silicon‐carbide blocks are listed and discussed. Water cooling, the use of preheated air, and conditions of use of the water wall are taken up.
THE QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FELDSPAR1
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation was undertaken to develop microscopic methods for determining quantitatively the mineral constituents in feldspars used in the ceramic and allied industries. After several methods had been tried, a method of counting the grains and of using liquids of different indices of refraction for distinguishing the constituents was finally adopted. Nineteen commercial feldspars were analyzed by this method and the results compared with the results obtained by computing the chemical analyses to mineral constituents. Another method in which a partially fused sample was examined microscopically was also found suitable. It is concluded that, while neither the counting method nor the fusion method is as accurate as chemical analysis, the counting method gives satisfactory results for plant control in terms of potash feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and quartz when used by a skilled microscopist, and the fusion method gives satisfactory results in the hands of the plant technologist for estimating quartz.
THE ORIGIN OF BEDDED PENNSYLVANIAN FIRE CLAYS IN THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Hodson Floyd 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe bedded Pennsylvanian fire clays are practically all formed in the Pottsville and Allegheny series, and are associated more or less closely with coal beds, although all underclays are not refractory.Various theories have been advanced to explain the origin of these fire clays, but there seem to be serious objections to most of them.The author believes that the clays here discussed were mostly deposited in swamps and owe their purity to the leaching action of waters containing carbonic and organic acids, which leached out the iron, alkalis, etc. Such leaching would occur chiefly in those portions of the swamp where the water was circulating along channels. Differential leaching would therefore explain variable composition in the underclays.
THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF EARTHENWARE1
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNineteen samples of glazed earthenware bodies were examined with the petrographic microscope to study the development of mullite (3A12O3. 2SiO2) within the body and at the glaze‐body contact of the different samples. A correspondence of the development of mullite within the body and at the contact of glaze and body was observed and there seemed to be relation between the firing temperature of the body and the size of mullite needles formed. Seventeen photomicrographs are shown.
NOTE ON THE SOLUBILITY OF ENAMEL FRIT IN MILL WATER1
Authors: Cook H. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethods of determining the solubility of enamel frit in mill water are outlined. Various tests tried show that (1) solution increases as fineness increases, (2) mixing has little or no effect upon solubility, (3) variation of smelter treatment has little or no effect upon solubility, and (4) Na2O and B2O3 will dissolve from dry ground frit proportionately to the fineness thereof.
OBSERVATIONS UPON THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES WHEN ADDED TO ENAMEL SUSPENSIONS MADE WITH AND WITHOUT CLAY1
Authors: Cook H. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature is reviewed. The effects of various electrolytes on clay slip, an enamel slip, finely ground clay‐sand‐water suspension, and finely ground sand‐water suspension were observed. “Setting up” of water suspensions of finely divided insoluble materials seems more dependent on fineness of grinding and degree of solution of the suspended material than upon the presence of clay.
DISCUSSION ON “SPECIFIC HEATS AND THERMAL REACTIONS OF CLAYS, ETC.”1
Authors: Cohn Willi M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDue to variation in specific heats obtained by Cohn and MacGee, criticism and comparison of the results is set forth by Cohn. Methods of determination of specific heat, accuracy claimed for the methods, erroneous assumptions, and several other items are taken up in detail in the fourteen sections of the discussion. The reply by MacGee takes up in detail each of the points raised.
PRACTICAL AIDS TO WET‐PROCESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELING1
Authors: Hansen J. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of design of castings and proper foundry practice is discussed, to‐ gether with the advantages of the proper type of “filler” for holes in porous castings. The functions and advantages of a ground‐coat enamel are discussed, and the effect of the time‐temperature comeback of the enameling furnace is shown to be important toward getting best results. Multiple‐deck firing aids in obtaining a slower comeback and increases production.
METHODS FOR TESTING CRAZING OF GLAZES CAUSED BY INCREASES IN SIZE OF CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTInvestigations to determine the causes of a type of crazing which develops on certain glazed ceramic wares, some time after firing, revealed the fact that in many cases such crazing is caused by an expansion of the body. This is probably due to the combination of water with the body, while the glaze remains practically constant in size. A body may be tested for this type of crazing by placing the glazed specimens in an autoclave and subjecting them to a steam pressure of 150 to 175 pounds per square inch for one hour. Bodies showing the least tendency to develop this type of crazing are those which have a low porosity, are not very soluble in sulphuric acid, and have a low ignition loss above 110°C.