bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The definitions of the Greek Middle Voice between Apollonius Dyscolus and Constantinus Lascaris
Authors: Signes-Codoñer Juan 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The present study offers a typological and a chronological classification of all the extant definitions of the middle voice from Apollonius Dyscolus (2nd century A. D.) to Constantinus Lascaris (1434–1501), the last significant Byzantine grammarian of the Modern times. As a result of the investigation, it becomes clear that there was no generally acknowledged definition of the middle voice in the Greek grammatical tradition until the Renaissance, when the last Byzantine grammarians attempted an all-embracing and complex systematization of the verbal voices. Before that time, what we find is a range of five different definitions, which were combined in different ways by Greek grammarians according to their needs and the scope of their works. Accordingly, the Greek Canones (morphological tables which listed and commented all variant forms of the corresponding verbal conjugations) generally stressed the morphological differences of the middle forms, whereas the Syntaxes neglected morphology and centred on the semantics and syntactic constructions of the middle verbal paradigms. The combination of both criteria in the more general and theoretical Grammars would thus allow for a variety of interpretations.
The linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf
Authors: Haug Dag 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.
Mythe aryen et référent linguistique indo-européen dans la Russie du XIXe siècle
Authors: Laruelle Marlène 
Published: September 2007

SummaryLike the other European countries, Russia of the 19th century experienced much of the same scholarly discourse concerning the Aryan idea. The Russian Aryan myth distinguishes itself from the German and French versions by the absence of racialism and its Orthodox anchoring, this way offering the possibility of a certain ‘decentralization’ in the face of the Western experience of Aryanism. This difference often permits Slavophile intellectual circles at the periphery of the classic university life to develop a genealogical discourse concerning nationhood and the legitimization of the imperial expansion of Russia in Asia and the Far East. As a result, the Aryan reference blossomed in the historical and archaeological arguments for the justification of the supposed national continuity and statehood between the ancient Scythian world and contemporary Russia. The proximity between the Slavic and the Indo-Iranian languages, of the Oriental branch of the Indo-European family, would naturally constitute, for the Slavophiles, a scientific argument in favour of the Aryan assertion of Russia : the competition between the Germanic peoples and the Slaves for the most ancient antiquity is then transposed into the notion of language.
Reichling and De Groot
Authors: Elffers Els 
Published: September 2007

SummaryDutch structuralism developed during the first half of the 20th century as a heterogeneous movement. Interest in the works of Karl Bühler (1879–1963), however, can be observed in the publications of Dutch linguists as different as Albert Willem de Groot (1892–1963) and Anton Reichling (1898–1986), professors of General Linguistics at the universities of, respectively, Utrecht and Amsterdam. Although the ways in which they discuss and make use of Bühler’s insights differ widely, in agreement with their very divergent theoretical orientations, there is one common element: both scholars discovered and criticized, independently of each other, the same ambiguity in the famous organon-model, presented by Bühler in hisSprachtheorie(1934).
Structuralism and Autonomy
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryStructuralism sought to introduce various kinds of autonomy into the study of language, including the autonomy of that study itself. The basis for this was the insistence on categorial autonomy, whereby categories are identified language-internally (whether in a particular language or in language generally). In relation to phonology, categorial autonomy has generally been tempered by grounding: the categories correlate (at least prototypically) with substance, phonetic properties. This is manifested in the idea of ‘natural classes’ in generative phonology, for instance. Usually, however, and particularly since Bloomfield, no such grounding (in meaning) has been attributed to syntax. This attitude culminates in the principle of the autonomy of syntax which was put forward in transformational-generative grammar. Such an attitude can be contrasted not merely with most pre-structural linguistics but also, in its severity, with other developments in structuralism. In present-day terms, the groundedness of syntax assumes that only the behaviour of semantically typical members of a category determines its basic syntax, and this syntax reflects the semantic properties; groundedness filters out potential syntactic analyses that are incompatible with this.
Biographische Kohärenz in der Wechselwirkung von Philologie und (R‑)Emigration
Authors: Lang Ewald 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe article portrays Wolfgang Steinitz (1905–1967) as an broad-minded linguist, whose life was determined by the political events in Europe between 1924 and 1967 and by his personal fate as a Jewish scientist, as a German communist of middle-class intellectual origin, and as a refugee to the USSR, Estonia and Sweden, who became an influential figure in the humanities in post-war East Germany. The paper focuses on detecting features of an inner biographical coherence in Steinitz’oeuvre – despite the outer changes he had to experience with respect to political systems (Nazi-Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union, Sweden, Soviet-occupied East-Germany/GDR) and scientific fields he had to deal with (Finno-Ugristics, Ostyakology, folklore, ethnology, German studies, and other subjects). The paper illustrates features of biographical coherence emerging from a productive connection of personal motivation and philological method. The way in which Steinitz (1934) analyzed the grammatical parallelisms in Finno-Karelian folk poetry as ‘variations under conditions of contrast’ provides the over-all pattern for the range of scientific endeavours he addressed in his subsequent scientific undertakings. With reference to the personal friendship of the two émigré scholars Wolfgang Steinitz and Roman Jakobson, the paper suggests the life-saving role a commitment to scientific work can play as a balancing pole in difficult political times.
James Merrick (1720–1769)
Authors: Tieken-Boon van Ostade Ingrid 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAt the end of the preface to hisShort Introduction to English Grammar(1762) Robert Lowth (1710–1787) makes an appeal for comments on his work. This article analyses his correspon­dence with James Merrick (1720–1769), a friend and fellow scholar, written between December 1761 and October 1764, in which he receives such comments. The discussion is an illustration of the current debate at the time as to whether Custom or Propriety should be invoked in deciding on correct usage. It shows first and foremost that Lowth’s attitude to grammar was focussed on the level of usage rather than the structure of the language.
‘…to this rule there are many exceptions’
Authors: Tomalin Marcus 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis article assesses Robert Maunsell’s (1810–1894)Grammar of the New Zealand Language(1842). In particular, it is shown that, contrary to established belief, Maunsell’sGrammarwas not exclusively based upon European or Hebrew grammatical models, but rather that it constituted an intriguing synthesis of different aspects of both traditions. Consequently, the relationship between Maunsell’s work and influential English texts such as Robert Lowth’sA Short Introduction to English Grammar(1762) and Lindley Murray’sEnglish Grammar(1795) is explored in considerable detail in an attempt to indicate exactly how the 18th century English grammatical tradition influenced the demanding task of analysing an indigenous language encountered in a British colony in the early 19th century.
L’abandon progressif du fonctionnalisme dans les travaux de William Labov
Authors: Verleyen Stijn 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper traces the gradual abandonment of a functionalist perspective in labovian sociolinguistics. In an introductory point, the influence of French functionalism on William Labov, via Uriel Weinreich, is discussed. In the central part of the paper, Labov’s changing attitude towards functionalism is analysed, by distinguishing between different meanings of ‘functionalism’ and ‘functional’. It is shown how Labov gradually rejects the functionalist inspiration that was important in the beginning of his career. The reasons for this change in perspective, and its consequences, are examined. It is concluded that the rejection of the functionalist hypothesis does not affect the core of Labov’s work, which focuses on the correlation of social and linguistic structures. However, it leads to a very different conception of the nature of language variation and change.
Genre
Authors: Carliner Saul , Boswood Timothy 
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a case for a genre-based approach to research into online communication. Questions about the appropriateness and extensiveness of research-based guidelines for communicating online exist. These questions include the appropriateness of transferring guidelines from research on print communication online without first re-verifying them, the appropriateness of generalizing conclusions from context-based, small sample-sized usabilty studies, the extent of generalizability of empirical studies, and the limited scope of guidelines that focus almost exclusively on physical features of text.
Genre – ‘a familiar pattern, a way of organizing information that has become so common that readers will probably recognize each new instance as belonging to the genre’ (Price & Price, 2002:272) – provides an alternative, contextually-based approach. It is a useful context because most online communication occurs within the confines of a specific genre and, as genres become more common, users develop expectations about the type of content presented and the format of its presentation. Three methods can help researchers understand the nature of online genres: (1) discourse analysis helps researchers identify the features of a genre, (2) usability studies help researchers assess whether the features promote effective user performance (and, if so, how), and (3) design team research identifies why features were included and which other alternatives were considered, rejected, and why. An effective study of genre uses all three. Focusing on genre, too, allows researchers within sub-disciplines of communication to focus their work on their areas of specialty.
The uncanny advantage of using androids in cognitive and social science research
Authors: MacDorman Karl F. , Ishiguro Hiroshi 
Published: September 2007

The development of robots that closely resemble human beings can contribute to cognitive research. An android provides an experimental apparatus that has the potential to be controlled more precisely than any human actor. However, preliminary results indicate that only very humanlike devices can elicit the broad range of responses that people typically direct toward each other. Conversely, to build androids capable of emulating human behavior, it is necessary to investigate social activity in detail and to develop models of the cognitive mechanisms that support this activity. Because of the reciprocal relationship between android development and the exploration of social mechanisms, it is necessary to establish the field of android science. Androids could be a key testing ground for social, cognitive, and neuroscientific theories as well as platform for their eventual unification. Nevertheless, subtle flaws in appearance and movement can be more apparent and eerie in very humanlike robots. This uncanny phenomenon may be symptomatic of entities that elicit our model of human other but do not measure up to it. If so, very humanlike robots may provide the best means of pinpointing what kinds of behavior are perceived as human, since deviations from human norms are more obvious in them than in more mechanical-looking robots. In pursuing this line of inquiry, it is essential to identify the mechanisms involved in evaluations of human likeness. One hypothesis is that, by playing on an innate fear of death, an uncanny robot elicits culturally-supported defense responses for coping with death’s inevitability. An experiment, which borrows from methods used in terror management research, was performed to test this hypothesis.
[Thomson Reuters Essential Science Indicators: Fast Breaking Paper in Social Sciences, May 2008]
Marked nominative in Africa
Authors: König Christa 
Published: September 2007

Africa is a continent where grammaticalized case systems are a rare phenomenon. But there is one exception: East Africa is a region where there is a relatively high occurrence of case languages (that is, languages with a grammaticalized case system). With regard to the type of case systems which occur in Africa, again, the picture is crosslinguistically unbalanced as there are hardly any ergative languages. In other words, of the two most common case types worldwide, accusative and ergative(/absolutive), essentially only one is represented in Africa, namely the accusative type. From a worldwide perspective, Africa seems to be a continent where case has nothing special to offer. However, in East Africa there are so called marked-nominative languages which seem to be quite unique worldwide. They are somehow a mixture: On the one hand they share features with prototypical accusative languages, on the other hand they share features with prototypical ergative languages.

In the present paper I will, first, define the typical features of a marked-nominative language. Second, I will give an overview of the languages which have a marked-nominative system. Third, I will deal with the question of whether the distribution of marked-nominative languages is genetically or areally motivated. And fourth, I will speculate on how such unusual systems could have developed.
La traduction dans la culture multilingue
Authors: Meylaerts Reine 
Published: September 2007

RésuméLe présent article discute certains concepts clés des Etudes Descriptives de la Traduction (DTS) par le biais de la traduction dans les sociétés multilingues, i.c. des traductions de prose flamande en français dans l’entre-deux-guerres belge. Dans des contextes géopolitiques multilingues, les frontières géolinguistiques entre les cultures ‘source’ et ‘cible’ sont floues de sorte que les traductions, tant comme procès que comme produit, fonctionnent également dans la culture source. Celle-ci codétermine e.a. les stratégies textuelles de traduction et la réception des textes traduits. La notion d’ ‘interculture’ devient fondamentale et les rôles des agents interculturels (auteurs, traducteurs, critiques) sont interchangeables. Toutefois, ‘sources’ et ‘cibles’ survivent dans la perception de ces acteurs : leurs définitions respectives sont fonction de l’intériorisation des structures institutionnelles et discursives et des relations de pouvoir socio-culturelles par ces acteurs ainsi que de leurs (prises de) positions dans les cultures ‘source’ et ‘cible’. Une redéfinition nécessairement plus flexible de ces concepts clés s’impose donc ; elle nécessite une orientation plus sociologique des DTS, dans le sens d’une intégration et d’une élaboration du concept d’habitus dans le modèle.
DIA-MCIS: an importance sampling network randomizer for network motif discovery and other topological observables in transcription networks
Authors: Fusco D. , Bassetti B. , Jona P. , Cosentino Lagomarsino M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Transcription networks, and other directed networks can be characterized by some topological observables (e.g. network motifs), that require a suitable randomized network ensemble, typically with the same degree sequences of the original ones. The commonly used algorithms sometimes have long convergence times, and sampling problems. We present here an alternative, based on a variant of the importance sampling Monte Carlo developed by (Chen et al.).Availability: The algorithm is available at http://wwwteor.mi.infn.it/~bassetti/downloads.htmlContact: diana.fusco@studenti.unimi.it and marco.cosentino@unimi.itSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
On the Effects of Inflation Shocks in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Mallick Sushanta K. , Mohsin Mohammed 
Published: September 2007

Abstract The effects of monetary policies remain always an important topic in macroeconomics. In the literature (closed and open economy), there is no theoretical as well as empirical consensus regarding the effects of monetary policies. In this paper we examine the real effects of inflation in an open economy. Australia is a classic example of a small open economy and is known to exercise inflation targeting. Using quarterly data from Australia and employing vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis, we provide evidence that inflation, both in the short and long run, negatively affects durable and non‐durable consumption and investment, and has a positive effect on the current account. Further, we show that consumption of durable goods is more sensitive than the consumption of non‐durables during the initial periods following inflationary shocks.
The Growth of House Prices in Australian Capital Cities: What Do Economic Fundamentals Explain?
Authors: Otto Glenn 
Published: September 2007

Abstract This paper examines the ability of standard economic factors to explain the growth of real house prices in Australia's capital cities. Dynamic models are estimated for each city with the objective of identifying the major drivers of house price growth rates. The variable mortgage rate is found to be an important influence on growth rates in all eight capital cities. However, the size of the mortgage rate effect can differ substantially between cities. For example a 25 basis point rise in the mortgage rate reduces the long‐run quarterly growth rate of real house prices by about 1 per cent in Sydney compared with only 0.4 per cent in Adelaide. The effects of other economic variables are less systematic, significantly affecting the growth rate of capital gains in some cities but not in others. Nevertheless, for most Australian cities economic factors are found to explain around 40 to 60 per cent of the variation in the growth rate of house prices.
NOTES ON SICKLE‐CELL POLYMOKPHISM
Authors: ALLISON A. C. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. In Africa, as in the United States, the great majority of cases of sickle‐cell anaemia are homozygous for the sickle‐cell gene.2. Carriers of the sickle‐cell trait, i.e. individuals heterozygous for the sickle‐cell gene, occur in frequencies up to 40 % in Africa, 30 % in India and 17 % in Greece. It is difficult to explain the distribution of the sickle‐cell trait in terms of ancestral origins alone.3. The incidence of sickle‐cell anaemia is not accurately known, but there is indirect evidence that in Africa, as in the United States, the majority of homozygotes for the sickle‐cell gene are affected. A minority of these homozygotes reaches adult life and reproduces. It is estimated that the fitness of the sickle‐cell homozygote is not more than a quarter that of the heterozygote.4. The elimination of sickle‐cell genes in cases dying of sickle‐cell anaemia is so rapid that it is very unlikely + hat these genes could be replaced by reourrent mutation. It appears that those who are heterozygous for the sickle‐cell gene are naturally resistant to subtertian malaria, so that they have a selective advantage over the normal homozygotes in regions where malaria is hyperendemic. The sickle‐cell polymorphism would then be the result of a balance determined mainly by the severity of subtertian malaria, which would tend to increase the frequency of the gene, and the elimination of genes in cases of sickle‐cell anaemia. The sickle‐cell trait attains high frequencies, in fact, only in regions where malaria is severe.5. It is estimated that the fitness of the sickle‐cell heterozygote in malarious environments is 1–26 X the fitness of the normal homozygote.6. The expected rate of change of the sickle‐cell carrier frequency in populations under different conditions has been calculated. In two instances such an estimate corresponds approximately with the observed data. It seems that the incidence of the sickle‐cell trait may be greater in adults than in young children in populations exposed to malaria, as expected. And the United States Negroes have a lower frequency of the sickle‐cell trait than would be expected on the basis of a one‐third admixture with Caucasian and Indian blood. The fall in frequency would correspond to an elimination of three‐quarters of the homozygotes without heterosis for about 12 generations, i.e. some 300 years.
PHENOTYPES AND GENOTYPES IN CYSTINURIA
Authors: HARRIS H. , MITTWOCH URSULA , ROBSON ELIZABETH B. , WARREN F. L. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryQuantitative data are presented on the cystine, lysine and arginine excretion in patients with cystine stone formation and in their relatives in twenty‐five families.It is suggested that two distinct abnormal phenotypes can be differentiated. Phenotype 1 is characterized by a greatly increased excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine. Because of the high cystine concentration in the urine cystine stone formation is fairly frequent. Phenotype 2 is characterized by a moderately increased cystine and lysine excretion, whilst the arginine and ornithine excretion is normal or only slightly raised. In this phenotype stone formation occurs only very rarely.The families fall into two groups with regard to the occurrence of phenotype 2. In one group of families phenotype 2 is not found. In these families the segregation of phenotype 1 is consistent with the hypothesis that it represents the homozygote for a rare recessive gene. This type has been called ‘recessive cystinuria’. In the other group of families phenotype 2 is frequently found. Most of the propositi are of phenotype 1. The distribution of the two abnormal phenotypes in such families is consistent with the hypothesis that phenotype 1 represents the homozygote, and phenotype 2 the heterozygote, of a rare abnormal gene. Two families have propositi of phenotype 2 who, in this instance, happen to have formed stones. These families contain no individuals of phenotype 1. Phenotype 2 again segregates in a manner which suggests that it represents the heterozygote of an abnormal gene. In all families in which phenotype 2 is found the condition has been called ‘incompletely recessive cystinuria’.