bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Disk Diffusion, VITEK 2, and Broth Microdilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Results for Unusual Species of
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Stone Nimalie D. , O'Hara Caroline M. , Williams Portia P. , McGowan John E. , Tenover Fred C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We compared the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results generated by disk diffusion and the VITEK 2 automated system with the results of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution (BMD) reference method for 61 isolates of unusual species of
Enterobacteriaceae
. The isolates represented 15 genera and 26 different species, including
Buttiauxella
,
Cedecea
,
Kluyvera
,
Leminorella
, and
Yokenella
. Antimicrobial agents included aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CLSI interpretative criteria for
Enterobacteriaceae
were used. Of the 12 drugs tested by BMD and disk diffusion, 10 showed >95% categorical agreement (CA). CA was lower for ampicillin (80.3%) and cefazolin (77.0%). There were 3 very major errors (all with cefazolin), 1 major error (also with cefazolin), and 26 minor errors. Of the 40 isolates (representing 12 species) that could be identified with the VITEK 2 database, 36 were identified correctly to species level, 1 was identified to genus level only, and 3 were reported as unidentified. VITEK 2 generated MIC results for 42 (68.8%) of 61 isolates, but categorical interpretations (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant) were provided for only 22. For the 17 drugs tested by both BMD and VITEK 2, essential agreement ranged from 80.9 to 100% and CA ranged from 68.2% (ampicillin) to 100%; thirteen drugs exhibited 100% CA. In summary, disk diffusion provides a reliable alternative to BMD for testing of unusual
Enterobacteriaceae
, some of which cannot be tested, or produce incorrect results, by automated methods.
Brain Abscess Associated with Multidrug-Resistant
Capnocytophaga ochracea
Infection
Authors: Wang Hua-Kung , Chen Yee-Chun , Teng Lee-Jene , Hung Chien-Ching , Chen Mei-Lin , Du Shin-Hei , Pan Hui-Ju , Hsueh Po-Ren , Chang Shan-Chwen 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Brain abscesses are occasionally associated with a dental source of infection. An unusual case of frontal lobe abscess in a nonimmunocompromised child infected with multidrug-resistant
Capnocytophaga ochracea
is described and confirms the pathogenic potential of this organism to cause human disease in the central nervous system.
Using a Resequencing Microarray as a Multiple Respiratory Pathogen Detection Assay
Authors: Lin Baochuan , Blaney Kate M. , Malanoski Anthony P. , Ligler Adam G. , Schnur Joel M. , Metzgar David , Russell Kevin L. , Stenger David A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Simultaneous testing for detection of infectious pathogens that cause similar symptoms (e.g., acute respiratory infections) is invaluable for patient treatment, outbreak prevention, and efficient use of antibiotic and antiviral agents. In addition, such testing may provide information regarding possible coinfections or induced secondary infections, such as virally induced bacterial infections. Furthermore, in many cases, detection of a pathogen requires more than genus/species-level resolution, since harmful agents (e.g., avian influenza virus) are grouped with other, relatively benign common agents, and for every pathogen, finer resolution is useful to allow tracking of the location and nature of mutations leading to strain variations. In this study, a previously developed resequencing microarray that has been demonstrated to have these capabilities was further developed to provide individual detection sensitivity ranging from 10
1
to 10
3
genomic copies for more than 26 respiratory pathogens while still retaining the ability to detect and differentiate between close genetic neighbors. In addition, the study demonstrated that this system allows unambiguous and reproducible sequence-based strain identification of the mixed pathogens. Successful proof-of-concept experiments using clinical specimens show that this approach is potentially very useful for both diagnostics and epidemic surveillance.
Reassortment and Concerted Evolution inBanana Bunchy Top VirusGenomes
Authors: Hu Jer-Ming , Fu Hui-Chuan , Lin Chia-Hua , Su Hong-Ji , Yeh Hsin-Hung 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe nanovirusBanana bunchy top virus(BBTV) has six standard components in its genome and occasionally contains components encoding additional Rep (replication initiation protein) genes. Phylogenetic network analysis of coding sequences of DNA 1 and 3 confirmed the two major groups of BBTV, a Pacific and an Asian group, but show evidence of web-like phylogenies for some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 102 major common regions (CR-Ms) from all six components showed a possible concerted evolution within the Pacific group, which is likely due to recombination in this region. The CR-M of additional Rep genes is close to that of DNA 1 and 2. Comparison of tree topologies constructed with DNA 1 and DNA 3 coding sequences of 14 BBTV isolates showed distinct phylogenetic histories based on Kishino-Hasegawa and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. The results of principal component analysis of amino acid and codon usages indicate that DNA 1 and 3 have a codon bias different from that of all other genes of nanoviruses, including all currently known additional Rep genes of BBTV, which suggests a possible ancient genome reassortment event between distinctive nanoviruses.
Heterogeneity of Raft-Type Membrane Microdomains Associated with VP4, the Rotavirus Spike Protein, in Caco-2 and MA 104 Cells
Authors: Delmas Olivier , Breton Michelyne , Sapin Catherine , Le Bivic André , Colard Odile , Trugnan Germain 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that rotavirus virions, a major cause of infantile diarrhea, assemble within small intestinal enterocytes and are released at the apical pole without significant cell lysis. In contrast, for the poorly differentiated kidney epithelial MA 104 cells, which have been used extensively to study rotavirus assembly, it has been shown that rotavirus is released by cell lysis. The subsequent discovery that rotavirus particles associate with raft-type membrane microdomains (RTM) in Caco-2 cells provided a simple explanation for rotavirus polarized targeting. However, the results presented here, together with those recently published by another group, demonstrate that rotavirus also associates with RTM in MA 104 cells, thus indicating that a simple interaction of rotavirus with rafts is not sufficient to explain its apical targeting in intestinal cells. In the present study, we explore the possibility that RTM may have distinct physicochemical properties that may account for the differences observed in the rotavirus cell cycle between MA 104 and Caco-2 cells. We show here that VP4 association with rafts is sensitive to cholesterol extraction by methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment in MA 104 cells and insensitive in Caco-2 cells. Using the VP4 spike protein as bait, VP4-enriched raft subsets were immunopurified. They contained 10 to 15% of the lipids present in total raft membranes. We found that the nature and proportion of phospholipids and glycosphingolipids were different between the two cell lines. We propose that this raft heterogeneity may support the cell type dependency of virus assembly and release.
Genome Sequence, Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone, and Mapping of Viral Double-Stranded RNA Accumulation Determinant of Hypovirus CHV1-EP721
Authors: Lin Haiyan , Lan Xiuwan , Liao Hong , Parsley Todd B. , Nuss Donald L. , Chen Baoshan 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Cryphonectria parasitica
strain EP721 is infected with a strain of hypovirus CHV1, CHV1-EP721, and exhibits typical hypovirulence-associated traits such as reduced pigmentation and reduced asexual sporulation. However, the accumulation of the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in this hypovirus-infected
C. parasitica
strain is atypically low. We now report the complete nucleotide sequence and construction of a full-length infectious cDNA clone for hypovirus CHV1-EP721. The genome sequence of CHV1-EP721 was determined to be 12,724 bp in length and to share extensive homology with two other hypovirus strains, CHV1-Euro7 and CHV1-EP713, with an average of 99% and 90% identities at the nucleotide level and 99% and 92% identities at the amino acid level, respectively. CHV1-EP721 was successfully introduced into virus-free fungal host strain EP721(-v) by transfection with transcripts derived from a full-length viral cDNA. The transfected strain had a phenotype indistinguishable from that of EP721, and the accumulation of CHV1-EP721 dsRNA in the transfectant was lower than those transfected by CHV1-Euro7 and CHV1-EP713 transcripts. Through the construction of chimeric viruses by domain swapping using infectious cDNA clones of CHV1-EP721, CHV1-EP713, and CHV1-Euro7 hypoviruses, the determinant for the low level of viral dsRNA accumulation in CHV1-EP721 was mapped to the second of two CHV1-EP721 open reading frames (ORFs), ORF B. Further refined swapping of domains within ORF B identified a 2.5-kb coding region between p48 and the polymerase domain of CHV1-EP721 as being responsible for the low viral dsRNA accumulation. Evidence is also provided that low rates of hypovirus transmission through conidial spores correlates with low viral dsRNA accumulation.
Evidence for the Existence of the Loop E Motif of
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid
In Vivo
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhong Xuehua , Itaya Asuka , Ding Biao 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

RNA motifs comprising nucleotides that interact through non-Watson-Crick base pairing play critical roles in RNA functions, often by serving as the sites for RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, or RNA small ligand interactions. The structures of viral and viroid RNA motifs are studied commonly by in vitro, computational, and mutagenesis approaches. Demonstration of the in vivo existence of a motif will help establish its biological significance and promote mechanistic studies on its functions. By using UV cross-linking and primer extension, we have obtained direct evidence for the in vivo existence of the loop E motif of
Potato spindle tuber viroid
. We present our findings and discuss their biological implications.
Measles Virus Infection of SLAM (CD150) Knockin Mice Reproduces Tropism and Immunosuppression in Human Infection
Authors: Ohno Shinji , Ono Nobuyuki , Seki Fumio , Takeda Makoto , Kura Shinobu , Tsuzuki Teruhisa , Yanagi Yusuke 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, also called CD150), a regulator of antigen-driven T-cell responses and macrophage functions, acts as a cellular receptor for measles virus (MV), and its V domain is necessary and sufficient for receptor function. We report here the generation of SLAM knockin mice in which the V domain of mouse SLAM was replaced by that of human SLAM. The chimeric SLAM had an expected distribution and normal function in the knockin mice. Splenocytes from the SLAM knockin mice permitted the in vitro growth of a virulent MV strain but not that of the Edmonston vaccine strain. Unlike in vitro infection, MV could grow only in SLAM knockin mice that also lacked the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). After intraperitoneal or intranasal inoculation, MV was detected in the spleen and lymph nodes throughout the body but not in the thymus. Notably, the virus appeared first in the mediastinal lymph node after intranasal inoculation. Splenocytes from MV-infected IFNAR−/−SLAM knockin mice showed suppression of proliferative responses to concanavalin A. Thus, MV infection of SLAM knockin mice reproduces lymphotropism and immunosuppression in human infection, serving as a useful small animal model for measles.
Normal clinical and ultrasound findings indicate a low risk to sustain jumper’s knee patellar tendinopathy: a longitudinal study on Swedish elite junior volleyball players
Authors: Gisslén Karl , Gyulai Csaba , Nordström Peter , Alfredson Håkan 
Published: November 2006

Background:Jumper’s knee patellar tendinopathy is well known to be a common and difficult injury in volleyball. Knowledge about its aetiology and pathogenesis is sparse.Objective:To prospectively follow clinical status, tendon structure and vascularity in elite junior volleyball players.Methods:22 volleyball players (44 patellar tendons) beginning their first grade at the Swedish National Centre for high school volleyball were continuously evaluated clinically and by ultrasonography (US) and power Doppler (PD) over the 3 school years.Results:At inclusion, there were 44 tendons being assessed. Jumper’s knee was diagnosed clinically in eight patellar tendons (seven of eight had structural changes and vascularity on US+PD). There were 27 normal (clinical and US+PD) tendons. At 3 years, there were 36 tendons still being assessed. Four individuals (eight tendons) had been excluded. Jumper’s knee had developed in 2 of 25 (2 were excluded) tendons that were normal (clinical and US+PD) at inclusion. Jumper’s knee (clinical and US+PD) was also present in six tendons.Conclusions:Normal clinical tests and ultrasound findings at the start indicated a low risk for these elite junior volleyball players to sustain jumper’s knee during three school years with intensive training and playing.
Eccentric training in Achilles tendinopathy: is it harmful to tendon microcirculation?
Authors: Knobloch Karsten 
Published: November 2006

Background:Eccentric training has been shown to reduce pain and gain function in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. However, currently no data are available regarding any potential adverse effects of an eccentric training intervention on Achilles tendon microcirculation.Methods:59 patients (49 (12) years; body mass index 27 (5); 49 mid-portion, 10 chronic insertional tendinopathy) with 64 symptomatic (54 mid-portion, 10 insertional) Achilles tendons were prospectively enrolled. Baseline tendon microcirculation at four distinct tendon positions from the insertion to the proximal mid-portion area was assessed using a laser Doppler system for capillary blood flow, tissue oxygen saturation and postcapillary venous filling pressure. A 12-week daily painful home-based eccentric training regimen was initiated (3×15 repetitions per tendon and day).Results:Achilles tendon capillary blood flow was significantly reduced at the insertion (by 35%, p = 0.008) and the distal mid-portion area (by 45%, p = 0.015) at 2 mm and by 22% (p = 0.007) and 13% (p = 0.122) at 8 mm tissue depths, respectively. Achilles tendon oxygen saturation was not decreased after the 12-week eccentric training regimen throughout the insertion to the proximal mid-portion area (insertion 72 (13) vs 73 (10), proximal mid-portion 63 (13) vs 62 (11), both NS). Achilles tendon postcapillary venous filling pressures were significantly reduced at the insertion (51 (16) vs 41 (19), p = 0.001) and the distal mid-portion (36 (13) vs 32 (12), p = 0.037) at 2 mm and at the insertion at 8 mm (63 (19) vs 51 (13), p = 0.0001). Pain was reduced from 5.4 (2.1) to 3.6 (2.4; p = 0.001) in the mid-portion and from 6 (2.5) to 3.2 (2.7; p = 0.002) in the insertional tendinopathy group. No Achilles tendon rupture or any interruption during the eccentric training was noted among the 59 patients.Conclusion:Daily eccentric training for Achilles tendinopathy is a safe and easy measure, with beneficial effects on the microcirculatory tendon levels without any evident adverse effects in both mid-portion and insertional Achilles tendinopathy.
Resistance exercise does not affect the serum concentrations of cell adhesion molecules
Authors: Petridou Anatoli , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Fatouros Ioannis , Mastorakos George , Mitrakou Asimina , Chandrinou Helen , Papassotiriou Ioannis , Mougios Vassilis 
Published: November 2006

Background:Cell adhesion molecules are proteins expressed on the surface of a variety of cells and mediate the leucocyte response to inflammation. Some of these molecules are released to the plasma as soluble forms, whose presence indicates the degree of vascular endothelial activation or dysfunction. Increased concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules are thought to hamper the immune response and mediate the atherosclerotic inflammatory process. Studies on the effect of exercise on the concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules have almost exclusively used aerobic exercise.Aim:To assess the effect of resistance exercise on the serum concentrations of five cell adhesion molecules during and immediately after 30 min of exercise in lean and obese participants.Methods:Fourteen healthy young men (eight lean and six obese) performed 3 sets of 10 resistance exercises with 10–12 repetitions at 70–75% of one repetition maximum in a circuit training fashion. Venous blood samples were drawn at baseline and at the end of the first, second and third sets. The serum concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin and L-selectin were measured in a biochip array analyser.Results:No significant changes were observed in the concentrations of these cell adhesion molecules during exercise, or between lean and obese participants.Conclusion:Our data indicate that resistance exercise of moderate to high intensity does not affect the serum concentrations of cell adhesion molecules in healthy young lean or obese men, suggesting no considerable negative effect on immune function.
An International Legal Response to an International Problem: Prosecuting International Terrorists
Authors: Mazandaran Pouyan Afshar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article argues that international terrorism can no longer be regarded as a domestic problem with international implications but can more accurately be described as a distinctly international problem. Therefore, there must be an international legal response as part of the overall response of the international community to terrorism. This article argues that the International Criminal Court is an appropriate forum for prosecuting international terrorists.
The Law of International Criminal Procedure and Domestic War Crimes Trials
Authors: Sluiter Göran 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the question of possible effect of the law of international criminal procedure for domestic war crimes trials. With the increasing number of national prosecutions for war crimes this question will gain in relevance.The article starts with an exploration of the origin and development of the law of international criminal procedure, to reach the conclusion that because of the lack of a strong foundation it is difficult to discern firmly established rules in this field. Next, two areas are examined where the law of international criminal procedure is capable of producing effect for national trials: human rights and rules that have developed in the specific context of war crimes prosecutions.Whether rules of international criminal procedure are formally effective in the domestic legal order remains to be seen. There is no clear obligation under international law to do so. Furthermore, the law of international criminal procedure may be difficult to harmonise with domestic inquisitorial systems.In spite of these difficulties, the article concludes that national courts will increasingly face similar procedural problems in complex war crimes trials as international criminal tribunals and will be happy to learn from their experiences.
Complementing Complementarity
Authors: Meyer Frank 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNon-criminal sanctions have experienced an extensive proliferation in the aftermath of mass atrocities and regime changes over the last decades. Operating under a principle of complementarity the International Criminal Court (ICC) will inevitably have to deal with implications of their employment. But despite being the most broadly applied accountability mechanism non-criminal sanctions have been neglected almost entirely in the current debate surrounding the complementarity principle. The following article seeks to identify sustainable criteria to establish a viable basis for determinations of admissibility. Pertinent provisions of the ICC Statute, namely Articles 17, 20, 53, are, therefore, explored and operationalized as regards non-criminal sanctions. On that basis the article lays out a proposal to substantiate determinations of admissibility in such cases and introduces contextual proportionality as a concept to complement complementarity.
The Crime of Genocide under International Law
Authors: Kreß Claus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe article sets out the nature, the history and the general structure of the crime of genocide and provides a comprehensive analytical commentary of the elements of the crime. Against the current trend of the international case law to expand the boundaries of the definition at the risk of the crime's trivialization this article develops a strict construction even if the results may appear politically unattractive. The article starts from the premise that, for all practical purposes, the occurrence of a crime of genocide entails a collective destructive act. This collective act forms the objective point of reference of the required intent to destroy a protected group in whole or in part; the vain hope of an individual to contribute, by way of commission of one of the underlying offences, to the destruction of a group falls short of this concept of a realistic genocidal intent. The article rejects a purely subjective definition of the various categories of protected groups and cautions against the conversion of the crime of genocide into an unspecific crime of massive human rights violations based on discriminatory motive. At the same time, it is submitted that not every campaign of so-called "ethnical cleansing" is to be considered as the infliction on the group of conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. Regarding the mental elements of the crime it is held that, contrary to a widespread belief, it is the interpretation of the terms "destroy" and above all "part" (of a group) that determines the general scope of the crime to a much greater extent than the construction of the word "intent". The predominant narrow interpretation of the word "destroy" in its physical and biological meaning is supported while it is noted that the most recent ICTY case law reveals an inclination of re-introducing the concept of social group destruction through the backdoor of the words "in part". The extension of those words to comparatively small regional communities is probably the most conspicuous aspect of the general trend to over-expand the crime's definition. Conversely, the reference to the particularly heinous character of genocide is not good enough an argument to accept the many flaws of the prevailing purpose-based approach to the word "intent". The article suggests instead that the word "intent" means that the perpetrator commits the prohibited act with the knowledge to further thereby a campaign targeting members of a protected group with the realistic goal of destroying that group in whole or in part.