bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Oilfield Waters by pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potential
Authors: Shafer R.V. , Pirson Sylvain J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Approximately 50 connote water samples were collected from various oilfields in East Central Texas. These water samples were subjected to tests to determine their pH, oxidation-reduction potential and conductivity values. It was found that values for these three variables tend to cluster, suggesting that they might help identify the specific formations involved and contribute to an understanding of the geological structure.
It is tentatively concluded that the combination of oxidation-reduction potential, pH and conductivity values may help indicate the pH and conductivity values may help indicate the depositional environment and classification of hydrocarbon present, and that certain negative values of oxidation-reduction potential may indicate the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
Introduction
In recent years there has been increasing interest in geochemical processes associated with the relative stability of minerals found in the earth. Study of the chemical forces and conditions necessary for various chemical equilibria has brought new understanding and insight into how minerals are formed and where mineral deposits of economic importance might be found.
Of predominant importance in the formation of sedimentary rocks and associated minerals are processes involving aqueous media, for water permeates everywhere the upper porous portion of the earth's crust. Two portion of the earth's crust. Two characteristics of these aqueous media can be measured which are functionally related to the chemical activities of various substances dissolved in or in contact with the aqueous media. These two characteristics are the acid-base relation or pH, and the oxidation-reduction potential or Eh.
In spite of many recent papers and books, treating the relationship of oxidation-reduction potential and pH to the formation of minerals in sediments, little has been published on the question as it relates to the formation and stability of petroleum in sedimentary basins.
This study reports an investigation of the oxidation-reduction potentials and pH found in formation waters from various oilfields in the vicinity of Austin, Tex., and discusses possible relationships between these characteristics possible relationships between these characteristics and the formation mineral content, the type of hydrocarbon present and the amount and type of substances in solution. This is intended as a preliminary investigation to which subsequent preliminary investigation to which subsequent work may be added.
Real-Data On-Site Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Generates Optimum Procedures for Job Design and Execution
Authors: Johnson D. E. , Wright T. B. , Tambini Mauro , Maroli Renato , Cleary M. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates our methodology and capabilities for effective on-site real-time analysis, re-design and execution of hydraulic fracturing treatments. This unique technology has been developed over many years of research and development, sponsored primarily by the Gas Research Institute (GRI). Ten years of field implementation in the stimulation of gas- and oil-well production have led to conclusions and recommendations which involve major changes from conventional concepts about hydraulic fracturing. Most of our recommendations are relatively simple, low-cost procedures for adequate data collection, such as the use of flow-rate changes and/or multiple injection/shut-in cycles for stringent model evaluation of recorded data. Proper implementation of our recommendations is demonstrated by a case study in a commercial field situation, where the fracture treatment was drastically redesigned as a result of on-site analysis, and executed on the same day. This job showed that treatment cost/benefit optimization can be achieved by careful on-site analysis and more flexible field execution schedules.
Large-Volume, High-Rate Stimulation Treatments in Horizontal Wells in the Niobrara Formation, Silo Field, Laramie County, Wyoming
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Brown T. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1991, Union Pacific Resources Company (UPRC) stimulated four horizontal wells in the Niobrara Formation in the Silo field, Laramie County, Wyoming. Stimulation treatments were required due to the rapid production declines seen early in the life of these wells, which were completed in 1990 and 1991. Horizontal and vertical wells in the Austin Chalk formation have been stimulated by injecting large volumes of water (10,000–30,000 bbls) at high rates (50-220 bbl/min) to improve productivity. This stimulation technique was applied in the Silo field because the Austin Chalk and Niobrara reservoirs have similar features; the most important similarity is that productivity requires connection to an adequate natural fracture system. These Niobrara stimulation treatments consisted of 30,000 bbls of water pumped at rates up to 150 bbl/min with wax beads as diverting material.
This paper describes the job designs, bottom-hole treating pressure (BHTP) trends observed during the job, and post-treatment well production. Early BHTP responses and post-treatment production are related to the extent of natural fracturing exposed within the horizontal (lateral) sections. The lack of sustained productivity after the treatments indicates that Niobrara wells respond differently than Austin Chalk wells after large-volume, high-rate treatments. The most likely explanation for this difference is that fractures opened during Niobrara large-volume, high-rate treatments either close during production or do not provide sustainable connectivity to high-conductivity fractures. Future treatment strategies are discussed concerning fluid selection and the use of diverting materials and proppants.
State of Texas Jurisdiction and Response to Inland Oil Spills
Authors: Tintera J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The array of regulations of various state, federal, and local governmental entities can appear bewildering to those involved in responding to a major inland crude oil spill in Texas. The Brazos River crude oil spill of 1991 presents an example of a coordinated state response to an inland spill. The following review of the incident is intended to provide guidance to those who may be required to respond to a spill in the future.
When 6,200 barrels of oil spilled from a ruptured pipeline into a flooding Brazos River, the operator assumed responsibility. Since crude oil spills from a pipeline fall under Railroad Commission of Texas jurisdiction, the agency acted as lead state agency coordinating the state response to the Brazos River spill.
The lead state agency responding to a spill for the State of Texas coordinates activities by and between the federal, state, and local governmental authorities as well as the responsible party. This coordination involves all spill response activities, including safety measures, and environmental damage assessments.
As the operator attempted to place booms to contain crude oil spilling into the swollen Brazos River, federal, state and local authorities arrived on scene. These authorities represented the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, Texas Water Commission, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Railroad Commission, Texas Department of Public Safety, Governor's Division of Emergency Management, Texas Forest Service, and Brazos River Authority. Boom failure due to high water and rapid currents forced final boom placement 180 miles down stream at Possum Kingdom Lake, a major drinking water resource.
A command center was established by the Forest Service. The Railroad Commission used this command center to coordinate the state's response. With an active and organized responsible party, state coordination consisted of monitoring response activities, permitting waste disposal, and conducting environmental damage assessments.
As spill response activities evolved from the containment phase to the clean-up phase, state agency response action shifted toward environmental damage assessment as non-lead agencies carried out their regulatory responsibilities. The lead agency retained the coordination, financial reimbursement, and report writing responsibility for the state.
After lengthy clean-up efforts and site-by-site environmental damage assessment, the responsible party provided the lead state agency the final report outlining containment and clean-up efforts.
Meeting the Training Challenge
Authors: Accardo A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An increasing number of regulations address the control of hazardous materials and the protection of the environment. In order to protect the health and safety of employees working with hazardous materials, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued standards on communicating the hazards of chemicals in the workplace. This law is known as the Hazard Communication Standard (HAZCOM) or employee "Right-to-Know." In addition, OSHA and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have collaborated to issue standards to protect employees during emergency response to chemical spills and hazardous waste cleanup operations. These standards are known as Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER).
In order to meet these standards, businesses must develop programs to communicate to employees hazards in the workplace, how to protect themselves from these hazards, and how to react in emergency situations. These programs can be developed in house or contracted through training consultants, or both. This paper reviews the HAZCOM and HAZWOPER regulations and describes their application to the oil and gas industry. This customized communication and training program which meets the requirements of OSHA and EPA describes incident prevention, emergency response, and crisis management.
Slag Mix Mud Conversion Cementing Technology: Reduction of Mud Disposal Volumes and Management of Rig-Site Drilling Wastes
Authors: Nahm J. J. , Javanmardi Kazem , Cowan K. M. , Hale A. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT*
Blast furnace slag is a unique hydraulic material which is a by-product of the steel-making process. A new method of mud to cement conversion technology utilizing slag as the hydraulic material has been developed, and the technical merits of this slag mix are briefly reviewed. This slag mix technology is economically, technically, and environmentally superior to conventional Portland cements and has been used in many fields.
The major environmental benefit is the reduction of mud disposal volume. Since the application of slag mix at Prospect Auger in the Gulf of Mexico, excess whole mud discharge has been reduced by about 70% (4,530 barrels per well). Approximately 15,000 barrels of excess drilling mud was recycled into slag mix at Auger.
In addition, a new drilling waste management method to reduce or eliminate drilling waste at the rig-site has been developed. A new type of slag-supplemented drilling fluid containing 40 to 60 lb/bbl slag can produce slag-laden cuttings which are self-setting with time. The in-situ solidification method seems to be environmentally acceptable and potentially cost-effective.
Using Innovative Sample Collection and Field Analytical Techniques to Rapidly Characterize Multiple Petroleum Hydrocarbon Sites
Authors: Petersen F. S. , Francoeur T. L. , Kasper K. D. , Strutynsky A. I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Innovative exploration methods and advanced on-site field analytical techniques identified the presence or absence of petroleum hydrocarbon constituents (PHCs) in the soil and groundwater at multiple sites, quickly and effectively. Where present, the vertical and horizontal extent of PHCs was identified. The field program was performed using a cone penetrometer unit, two geoprobe systems, and two mobile laboratories, and was completed in four weeks.
Piezometric Cone Penetrometer Tests with soil Electrical Conductivity (CPTU-EC) measurements were used to rapidly assess site hydrostratigraphy. Three CPTU-EC soundings were typically performed at each site. Soil and electrical conductivity measurements were used to identify aquifer and aquitard units in real time and evaluate whether free-phase products were present at each site. Small diameter piezometers were installed in each CPTU-EC exploration to identify the direction of groundwater flow and to allow for sampling of ground water. In addition, penetrometer soil and ground water sampling were performed when it was anticipated that the lighter weight geoprobes would not be able penetrate to desired depths. The penetrometer truck was able to complete exploration work at one and one-half sites per day, on average.
Using a phased approach, soil and ground water samples were analyzed for PHCs in the field, providing quality real-time data. During Phase I, all soil samples were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, using a modification of USEPA Method 418.1. Data from these initial locations directed subsequent soil and ground water sampling, both horizontally and vertically. Approximately 30 percent of the samples underwent subsequent analysis (Phase II) using a gas chromatograph (GC) for the specific analyte determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and fuel fingerprint identification.
A Single Treatment Controls Scale, Emulsions, and Corrosion From the Producing Formation to the Disposal Sand
Authors: Park Ben D. , Elkins J.G. , Finklea S.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A blend of an organic phosphate, a wetting agent, and a corrosion inhibitor has been successfully squeezed into producing oil and gas wells to control scale and corrosion throughout the production and disposal systems. Both barium sulfate and calcium carbonate deposition have been reduced. Unusually good corrosion inhibition results in extremely low concentrations of iron in the water. Plugging by iron compounds is thereby considerable Plugging by iron compounds is thereby considerable reduced. The single treatment precludes the use of surface injection facilities for chemicals and the attendant maintenance costs of chemical pumps. Cleaner oil and cleaner water have resulted because of the detergent action of the wetting agent used to couple the scale and corrosion inhibitors. Productivity increases have been achieved in Productivity increases have been achieved in several wells. Service operations on producing and disposal wells have been reduced; injection rates have been maintained for longer periods.
Introduction
The concept of squeeze treatment with a combination chemical, soluble in brine, grew in stages. The chemical was developed first to improve salt water quality for subsurface injection. The water was extremely corrosive (up to 100 MPY), had high scaling tendencies (CaCO3), and was loaded with oil-wet solids and entrained oil. Mechanical separation was not achieving the desired quality although some improvements were obtained. An organic phosphate, a wetting agent, and a cation corrosion inhibitor were found which achieved the desired water quality and which reduced the scale and corrosion problems sharply.
Three chemical injectors were required at each of several locations. These injectors required careful supervision since the varying dosage resulted in different refill frequencies for each injector. The loss of several hours to several days of treatment could nullify the effect of prior treatment and reduce the effect of subsequent treatment for some time. It was decided that a blend of the three compounds would reduce mechanical, labor, and supervisory problems by two-thirds. The blend worked well, but surface chemical injection was still fraught with the usual maladies such as inoperative pumps and empty chemical reservoirs.
It was then decided that if the chemical could be squeezed into the producing formation, that it would return a period of several days to several weeks. At first, the thought of squeezing with water into an oil-producing formation was disturbing, but further evaluation indicated that a squeeze treatment could be safely performed.
The additional benefits gained from the squeeze treatment were varied and numerous.
Pollution Prevention at an Arctic Oil Field and Camp
Authors: Lettow J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pollution Prevention (referred to as "P2" by EPA) focuses heavily on source reduction and is viewed as the preferred approach for minimizing waste now and into the future. Minimizing waste through source reduction, product substitution, and product reuse, is a "proactive" approach "upstream" of what classically has been handled "downstream" as waste disposal challenges. Establishing open working relationships between various departments within a business unit is time and money well spent when compared to that involved with waste characterization and disposal in a more "reactive" mode.
Working in remote industrial settings with optimized staffing levels, such as the oilfields located along the Arctic Ocean (the "North Slope"), "P2" challenges business units to further develop and foster integrated methods and systems for recognition and management of waste reduction opportunities.
Waste Minimizing Processing Technique for Solids Laden Biopolymer Gels
Authors: Haagensen R. V. , Blount C. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High viscosity biopolymer gels such as Welan and Xanthan gums are routinely used in Coiled Tubing (CT) operations. These operations range from common fill cleanouts to removing excess cement during CT squeeze jobs and for other applications such as CT underreaming of cement or other tenacious fills. These gels were chosen because of their highly desirable rheology characteristics and the their extremely low biological risks1. However, biopolymer gels have proven to be very difficult to break and process for solids removal and under some circumstances, can wreak havoc in oil processing operations.
This paper documents a test program that culminated in the identification of a process that effectively breaks these gels allowing higher solid removal efficiency and produces a liquid phase that has been shown to be compatible with oil processing.
The processing technique described in the paper has been field tested to quickly and effectively break back the difficult to clean, high viscosity biopolymers. Prior testing identified only a few chemicals such as ferric chloride and potassium permanganate that would rapidly flocculate high pH biopolymers. Unlike the aforementioned chemicals, the organic, cationic poly-electrolyte used in the process posses an extremely low health hazard and is "of low toxicity." Thus the process described is the paper is aligned with the goals of operations that pose minimal impact to the workplace and environment.
Permeability Estimation From Fracture Calibration Treatments
Authors: Mayerhofer M. J. , Economides M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For data from fracture calibration treatments a methodology is introduced for the determination of the reservoir permeability as an addition to the usual variables of leakoff coefficient and closure pressure. The technique derives from the solution of the diffusivity equation for a well with an infinite-conductivity vertical fracture (as a multi-rate injection) with a superimposed varying filtercake skin effect. The transient reservoir response, which is found to be the essential feature, is then decoupled and used to determine the reservoir permeability.
Effect of Asphaltene Deposition on Dynamic Displacements of Oil by Water
Authors: Kamath V. A. , Yang Jiede , Sharma G. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The flocculation and deposition of asphaltenes in porous media and their interactions with rock and fluids represent complex phenomena which need to be investigated under dynamic flowing conditions. In this paper, experimental results are provided to determine the effect of asphaltene deposition on the dynamic displacements of heavy oil by water in consolidated as well as unconsolidated porous media. Dynamic method was used for in-situ asphaltene precipitation in the porous media. Several dynamic displacement experiments were conducted to understand the displacement of heavy oil by water at various degrees of asphaltene deposition.
The results show that, while the increase in asphaltene deposition increased pore plugging and reduced the absolute permeability of the porous media, it also improved the displacement performance and oil recovery by water flooding. It is believed that the improvement in displacement performance may be partly due to improvement in the relative oil permeability caused by end point saturation and wettability changes and partly also due to the flow diversion effect of asphaltene deposition.
An Analytical Pressure-Transient Model for Multilayered, Composite Reservoirs With Pseudosteady-State Formation Crossflow
Authors: Gomes Edmond , Ambastha A. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reservoir deposition occurs over geologic periods of time. Although reservoirs are assumed homogeneous for simplicity of analysis, most reservoirs are heterogeneous in nature. Some common forms of heterogeneity are the presence of layers and the presence of different zones of fluids and/or rocks in the formation.
In this study, a new analytical solution for multi-layered composite reservoirs with pseudosteady state interlayer crossflow has been developed. Fluid flow in the reservoir has been treated as a generalized eigenvalue problem. The developed analytical solution for an n-layered composite reservoir is applicable for any irregularly-shaped discontinuity boundary, and for closed, constant-pressure and infinite outer boundary conditions. This new solution is computationally very efficient. Using eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system, this method requires solution of an order of magnitude fewer simultaneous equations as compared to other methods proposed in the literature. This method is also very versatile and can handle multiple composite regions (more than two), and partially-penetrating wells subject to bottom-water and/or gas-cap drives for well testing purposes. This analytical model has been validated by comparing the results with those of some simple, well-known models in the well testing literature. Solution methodology and future possibilities of the new solution have also been discussed.
Optimization of Wellbore Placement Using 2 MHz Resistivity Technology in the Cook Inlet, Alaska
Authors: Stewart R. L. , Logan R. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Granite Point field is located 50 miles southwest of Anchorage. A redevelopment program on the southernmost platform included two high-angle single zone wells. Use of computer-modeled responses in conjunction with 2 MHz resistivity technology assisted in placing the two wellbores accurately in the reservoir.