bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMPOSITION OF BARIUM GLASS1
Authors: Montgomery Robert J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper the relation between the composition of barium glasses and the optical constants is discussed as well as the general rules for proportioning batches. The important results and conclusions are given by the figures. After the required amounts of BaO and B2O3 have been obtained from figures 2 and 3, the amount of SiO2 can be obtained from figure 5, the alkali and ZnO from figure 7 and the Al2O3 from figure 8. If the total exceeds 100, the ZnO and the Al2O3 may be reduced. The proportions cannot be as definitely expressed as in the case of lead glasses and more experience is required to enable one to change the optical properties at will.
CORDS AND SURFACE‐MARKINGS IN GLASSWARE1
Authors: Wright F. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn the manufacture of glassware it is important to distinguish between surface‐markings and cords, both of which are serious defects and detrimental to quality. To do this immerse the piece of glass under test in a liquid of the same refringence and sight through liquid and glass toward a distant light. Under these conditions surface‐markings disappear altogether. Cords, on the other hand, stand out more distinctly than before.The relative refringence of a cord compared with that of the adjacent glass can also be determined at the same time. For ordinary crown glasses monochlorbenzene is suggested as an immersion liquid. To lower its refractive index add benzene; to raise it add carbon bisulfide or monochlornaphthalene.
ZIRCONIA CEMENTS1
Authors: Sheppard By Mark 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of calcined zirconia on zirconia cement. Seven refractory cements were made having compositions of zirconia 90 per cent and plastic clay 10 per cent. (1) The shrinkage was found to be excessive in a cement containing raw zirconia and clay. The addition of 50 per cent or more of calcined zirconia practically eliminated this shrinkage and the cracking which accompanies it.(2)Strength Draw trials showed that the cement became strong at 1200°C and that it was very strong when burned at 1700°C. (3)Load tests on piers at 1500°C showed that joints of these cements did not fail in any manner at this temperature. (4) An industrial test of zirconia cement used as a wash for bungs in a malleable iron furnace showed that the life of a bung was increased about 25 per cent by the use of a zirconia wash.
THE APPLICATION OF PRODUCER GAS TO PERIODIC MUFFLE KILNS1
Authors: Ortman F. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSpecific Installation.—Describes installation of Underwood System to six terra cotta kilns at plant Northwestern Terra Cotta Company.Conclusions from operating data.—(1) Raw producer gas can be successfully applied to periodic muffle kilns. (2) There is little or no direct fuel economy over direct firing. (3) There is no labor economy unless the installation be large enough to justify mechanical coal and ash handling devices. (4) When interest on investment, depreciation and all other pertinent factors are taken into account, it is not likely that any great economy would be affected on periodic kilns over direct fire methods.Advantages.—They are: (a) Somewhat better control of combustion gases and kiln temperatures. (c) Cleaner and more orderly kiln yard. (d) Abatement of smoke nuisance, particularly important in large cities.
HIGH FIRE PORCELAIN GLAZES1
Authors: Sortwell H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTField covered.—The glazes studied covered the field 3.0 to 13.0 equivalents SiO2 and 0.3 to 3.25 equivalents A12O3 between the A12O3:SiO2 ratios of 1:4 and 1:20. The RO was maintained at 0.7 CaO and 0.3 K2O.Deformation temperatures.—The deformation temperatures were determined by cones in a small gas furnace heated at the rate of 5O°C per hour. The deformation temperatures are shown graphically by isotherms. The results of the part of the field previously covered by Stull and Howat agree with their work. It was found that there is a deformation eutectic axis at a slight inclination to the ordinate representing A12O2 up to 7.0 equivalents SiO2. Above 7.0 equivalents the inclination rises, and at 11.0 equivalents SiO2 it increases much more.Firing tests.—The glazes were applied to porcelain cups biscuited at cone 08, and fired to cones 10, 12, 14 and 16. The cone 10 test was made only for comparison, since Stull and Howat had previously covered a small part of the field at cones 9 and 11.The glazes are plotted both by empirical formulas and batch weights, showing the location of the best glazes at the different temperatures.In agreement with Stull's statement, increase in Al2O3 in this type of glaze decreases crazing.Increase in SiO2 will not decrease crazing but if carried far enough will cause crazing to occur.From cone 12 to cone 16 the best glazes have A12O3 and SiO2 contents corresponding to the approximate formula A12O3= 0.3 + 1/12 SiO2.
THE USE OF PLASTIC CLAY GROG IN PREVENTING SPALLING1
Authors: Howe Raymond M. , Phelps Stewart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Effect of calcined clay grog on the properties of fire‐brick.—A medium dense‐burning clay was calcined at cone 8, then ground and mixed with plastic clay in various proportions up to 40 per cent. An air spalling test of the burned bricks showed that the grog increased the resistance to spalling about 5 per cent for each per cent of grog added. The results for other physical properties agreed with those found by previous observers; the bricks with grog were more porous and weaker mechanically but showed less drying and burning shrinkage.
NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF SANDED GYPSUM PLASTER1,2
Authors: Emley W. E , Faxon C. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Variation of tensile strength of sanded gypsum plasters with composition and consistency before setting.—To each of a series of 12 plasters, containing various proportions of sand, 5 different amounts of water were added. The consistencies, determined by means of a Southard viscosimeter, and the tensile strengths of the set plasters are tabulated. The results vary both with the kind of gypsum and with the fineness of the sand. Suggested method of determining normal consistency of sanded gypsum plasters.—As a result of considerable experience the authors have reached the conclusion that material of the proper consistency to be used for plastering will show a slump of 1/2 inch when tested in the Southard viscosimeter.
THE NEW FACTORY OF THE MONONGAH GLASS COMPANY
Authors: Tillotson E. Ward 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThis new factory, constructed in 1918‐19, is worthy of note by reason of its expensive (7 to 8 hundred thousand dollars per unit) and permanent construction, by reason of the high quality of glass produced in continuous tanks, and by reason of its efficient design and arrangement and the extensive employment of mechanical devices throughout. This paper gives a detailed description of the factory under the following headings: Historical; Buildings, Warehouse, and Factory; The Hardford ‐ Fairmont Feeder with description operation; The Batch System and the Batch; The Stacks; The Laboratory; and Selecting and Packing the Ware.
ELECTRICALLY HEATED GLASS ANNEALING LEHR1
Authors: Collins E. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Time‐temperature data relating to relaxation of stresses.—Existing time‐temp, data covering the relaxation of stresses in annealing of glass has been assembled. Range, control, and distribution of temp. are important factors in annealing. The annealing time was reduced from 5 to 2.3 hours when temp. var. was reduced from 10° to 2.5°C, in the case of one glass whose annealing temp. was 476°. Electric heat secures perfect anneal in shortened time.—Electric heat with its automatic control holds temp. within +0.6 per cent in ranges required for annealing, as shown by tests, even when the temp. changes 23° per hour and when the annealing treatmat (as for optical glass) covers a month in time. Vertical Lehr superior to horizontal type.—Electrically heated lehrs of horizontal and vertical types are discussed. The vertical lehr offers many apparent advantages and a higher thermal efficiency. A particular lehr of 500–600 Ibs. ware capacity per hour, shows efficiencies in ratio of 6 to 10 in favor of electric lehr of vertical type. Tests made on an electrically heated vertical lehr annealing high grade ware showed a reduction in cost of manufactured part of 20 per cent, or more than 75 times total cost of electric power consumed.
SOME DATA ON THE COMPOSITION OF ARSENIC ENAMELS FOR COPPER1
Authors: Sweely B. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethods of application are by usual wet slushing, and sieving powdered enamel on to clean copper sheets and fusing to a smooth coat. Where slush‐coat is necessary it is advisable to use an enamel free from lead and arsenic as a ground. In this work the dry method is used exclusively. In the formulae given, increase of SiO2, increases fracturing or shivering, increase of B2O3 above 0.2 equiv. in presence of 0.1 equiv. AS2O3 causes enamels to come mat. Increasing KNaO at expense of PbO decreases opacity, improves fit and gloss, but makes enamel more soluble. The following limits in composition are recommended: 0.3 to 0.7 KNaO, 1.3 to 1.8 SiO2, 0.7 to 3 PbO, 0.0 to 0.2 B2O3, 0.05 to 0.15 AS2O3.
THE SOLUBILITY AND FUSIBILITY OF SOME FELDSPAR FRITS1
Authors: Sortwell H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty frits were made covering the field 10–50% fused borax, 20–90% feldspar, and 0–30% calcium oxide. (1). The solubilities of the entire field were found to be less than 1.5% showing that the variations in composition in this field had less effect on the resulting solubility than the degree of smelting, and that all of the kits were sufficiently insoluble for use in glazes. The inclusion of CaO in the frit had a beneficial effect in decreasing the solubility. (2). The fusibilities were found to vary from 660° to 1050°C. Substitution of CaO for feldspar up to 10%, maintaining the borax constant, increased the deformation point, but further substitution in this direction had little effect. Substitution of either CaO or feldspar for borax appeared to raise the deformation temperature about the same in either case. A large part of the field was sufficiently fusible for easy working in the frit kiln.
SOLUBLE SALTS AND CLAY WARES*
Authors: Parmrlee Cullen W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA résumé of the present knowledge of the causes and the prevention of “Scum” and “Efflorescence.” It is proposed that the term “Efflorescence” be restricted to designate the surface deposits appearing because of the presence of soluble salts in the clays or burned wares and that the term “Scum” be used to describe the salts formed by the action of gases upon the wares during the drying or burning operations.Mention is made of the formation of a surface coating upon the ware soon after the kiln is opened, sometimes not appearing until some days after the ware is removed from the kiln. This scum is readily and permanently removed by the application of water.Such a residue was found to consist of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. It is suggested that its formation was due to the presence of sodium chloride in the fuel and its subsequent deposition on the burned ware where it was changed in part to the sulfate by the action of the oxides of sulfur evolved from the fuel.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PLASTICITY OF CLAY SLIPS12
Authors: Wilson Robert E. , Hall F. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

The paper emphasizes the great need of a quantitative measure of the physical properties commonly included in the term “plasticity” of clays and clay slips. Various indirect methods previously suggested are likely to lead to erroneous conclusions, while measurement of the flow or apparent viscosity of clay slips made up with a constant amount of water is shown to give misleading results.
The work described in this paper is preliminary in nature and has been confined to a study of the properties of clay‐water mixtures in the casting rather than in the molding range. In the light of these results it is recommended that, instead of the vague term plasticity, the properties of a given clay, at least for casting purposes, be expressed in terms of (a) the water content required to give proper working consistency, and (b) the resistance of the resulting slip to small deforming forces (such as gravity). Specifically, use is made of a modified Bingham plastometer, and the figures reported are (a) the amount of water required to give a slip of a specified mobility, and (b) the yield value of the slip thus obtained.
The method is shown to be capable of giving quantitative figures for the yield values at constant mobility which correspond well with the customary qualitative ideas as to the plasticity of clays. The amount of water required to give constant mobility varies to a surprising extent, and does not appear to bear any definite relationship to the usual classifications of more or less plastic clays. It probably does parallel fairly well the shrinkage on drying.
Small amounts of acid or alkali are shown to have a negligible effect on the mobility of a clay slip, but a very large effect on the yield value, the variations being greater than the difference between a non‐plastic kaolin and a highly plastic ball clay. This brings out the necessity, and indeed the potential value, of carefully controlling the hydrogen‐ion content of the water used in making the slips.
Some preliminary data are given on the effect of additions of flint and similar non‐plastic materials to clay slips.
It is recommended that an attempt be made to agree upon standard dimensions for the capillary and the desirable mobility for various purposes, and that the plastometer then be used as a standard method of test in the ceramic industry.
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF ENAMELS FOR SHEET STEEL1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Swbely B. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVery little has been reported on the relations existing between enamel composition and the properties except the resistance to acids. In this investigation a study was made of the relation between enamel composition and such properties of the enamel as expansion, strength and acid resistance, as well as the effect of the relative “fit” of the ground and cover coats on resistance of the enameled ware to impact and to thermal shock.The work was done on fourteen ground coats and white cover enamels applied to eight‐inch dinner plates. The latter were tested for resistance to impact, to thermal shock, and to acetic acid. Determinations were made of the expansion and compression strength of the enamels before application to the steel.Conclusions.—1. The replacement of boric oxide by sodium oxide in the enamels increased the coefficient of expansion. Fish‐scaling decreased with increase of ex‐ pansion, due to increases of sodium oxide.2. The compressive strength of the ground coats appeared to decrease with re‐ placement of boric oxide by sodium oxide, although the reverse conditions occurred in the case of the cover enamels.3. Impact on the parts of enameled ware not free to deflect, such as the curved corners at the bottom, gives a measure of the toughness of the enamel as applied on the steel. The resistance of the enamel on corners to impact apparently is a function of the inherent strength of the enamel rather than its “fit” on the ware.4. For greatest resistance to thermal shock, the ware should be coated with a ground coat having a coefficient of expansion equal to or preferably greater than that for the cover enamel.5. Acid resistance, while dependent on the enamel composition, is not affected in the same way for all enamels. For these particular cover enamels, resistance to acids decreased with replacements of boric oxide by sodium oxide.
FUEL OIL AS ADAPTED TO THE CHAMBERED CONTINUOUS KILN
Authors: Taylor Mark A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA summary of equipment used and methods employed in firing a Youngren type kiln with fuel oil. Includes a description of storage tanks, pumps, heater, oil distributing system, meters and strainers, atomizing medium, burner headers, and burners. The kiln successfully burns a uniform, high quality ware, and has been in use eleven years, with oil as the only fuel.
EFFECTS OF ACCELERATORS AND RETARDERS ON CALCINED GYPSUM1
Authors: Welch F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTheories on the setting and the effects of accelerators and retarders on calcined gypsum are outlined. Accelerators and retarders as found by the writer and several other investigators are given, with comparative effect and any noticeable advantages or disadvantages of such instruments.
A RECENT INSTALLATION OF A HARROP TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Gavin Gordon P. , Hartford Frank M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe proper firing treatment for producing a large capacity of sanitary ware requires a car tunnel kiln of exceptional flexibility. A recent installation of a tunnel kiln, 360 feet 10¼ inches long, operating at cone 10 flat, is producing 540 pieces of bisque sanitary ware per day and has a firing cycle of 67½ hours.Oil is depended on entirely for fuel, there being no auxiliary gas or coal burning equipment.Humidity driers are used in connection with this tunnel kiln and derive all their heat from the waste heat of the kiln.
MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT ABSORBED AND EVOLVED BY CLAYS DURING FIRING AND COOLING1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Apparatus.—A vacuum calorimeter containing an insulated platinum resistance furnace is described for use in determining reaction heats, and the heat absorbed in raising the temperature of a material in the furnace from room temperature to 1200°C, and also the heat evolved in cooling down the material from 1200°. Materials experimented with.—Four typical clays are employed, namely A‐1 English china clay, North Carolina kaolin, Tennessee ball clay No. 5, and Laclede‐Christy raw flint clay. The calorimeter is calibrated with pure quartz. Results.—The numerical data obtained are assembled in Table IV. The quantity of heat absorbed per gram per degree on heating the air dried clays over the complete temperature range 25—1200° amounts to 0.50–0.55 calories, whereas the heat evolved on cooling the final products per gram per degree through the range 1200—700° is 0.23–0.29 calories.The heat absorbed in the ranges 24—420°, 420—900°, and 900—1200°, together with the heat evolved in the ranges 1200—900°, and 900—700°, are also given for all of the above clays.
THE EFFECT OF SOME SUBSTITUTES FOR TIN OXIDE ON THE OPACITY OF WHITE ENAMELS FOR SHEET STEEL1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Frehaper M. K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of replacements of tin oxide on opacity of enamels is always of interest. This investigation includes a study of some of the commercial substitutes for tin oxide in a standard frit as well as others which are not in common use. Zirconium oxide and sodium antimonate are apparently the best substitutes and rank very close to tin oxide. Next in order is zirconium silicate, although the purity of the material is of course very important. Opacity does not always increase with increase in amount of oparifier used. Proper calcination of opacifiers is of importance in their effect on opacity.Visual estimation is not an accurate method for determining the opacity of enamels, although it may be suitable for classifying enamels for such purposes as stove work and table tops. For accurate determination of reflecting value, the method employed by the Colorimetry Section of the Bureau of Standards is described. This involves the use of the spectrophotometer apparatus with illumination box as developed at the Bureau and the calculation of the total diffuse reflection from the spectrophotometric data.
DETERMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT IN KILNS FIRING CLAY WARES1
Authors: Rice W. E. , Sherman Ralph A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a description of some methods of collecting data on the performance of ceramic kilns and an explanation of the formulae used in calculating heat accounts from the data. It is hoped that these methods may serve as a foundation for the formulation of a code for testing kilns in order that the efficiency of new kilns can be determined on a comparative basis.
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Henry A. V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe electrical resistivities of flint fire clay, kaolin, magnesite, sillimanite, silica, diaspore, Maryland, Italian and Indian talcs were determined at temperatures up to 1500°C. Tests were made in an atmosphere of nitrogen, by the Wheatstone bridge method, using 45‐volt 1000 cycle alternating current.With the exception of magnesite, the rate of decrease of resistivity decreases with an increase in temperature. The investigation indicates that the resistivity of a complex ceramic body, especially if it is open and porous, is not constant for a given temperature above the temperature at which its most fusible mixture melts. Resistivity is affected by the amount of impurities present, decreasing with an increase of impurities. As was shown in the tests of Italian talc, the resistivity is not only dependent upon the amount of impurities, but also upon their distribution. Within the limits of the voltage used, the resistivity is independent of the potential applied.
THE SYSTEM: Al2O3.SiO2
Authors: Bowen N. L. , Greig J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a study of the equilibrium relations of mixtures of pure alumina and silica at high temperatures. The results are expressed concisely in the form of an equilibrium, diagram and their bearing on ceramic problems is discussed.The principal feature of the diagram is the absence of the compound Al2O3.SiO2, the only compound being 3Al2O3.2SiO2. Crystals of this latter compound occur in all alumina‐silica refractories. The optical properties of these crystals have been determined and are compared with those of sillimanite, Al2O3.SiO2, which has hitherto been regarded as the crystalline compound occurring in refractories and clay bodies in general.The behavior of natural sillimanite on heating is discussed.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DRAFTS IN DOWN‐DRAFT, COAL‐FIRED KILNS1
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. , Lunger R. F. , Rice W. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe fundamental laws of gas flow are applied to the movement of gases through down‐draft kilns. Data on pressure conditions in four kilns are presented graphically. The cause of draft, the superiority of the down‐draft over the up‐draft kiln, the significance of stack draft, the relation of draft and excess air, features of kiln design, and the comparative merits of forced, induced and natural draft are discussed.
THE INVESTIGATION OF TERRA COTTA WORK AT THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS1
Authors: Eskesen Eckardt V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTResearch is being made covering failures due to popping, grazing and spalling. This work has been going on for nine years, first under the direction of Professor Bleininger, and later on under Professor Bates.One or two fellow Ceramic Engineers have been constantly engaged in this work. Vatious tests, such as freezing and thawing have been conducted for the purpose of testing different clay bodies and glazes submitted by the manufacturers.
AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE ABRASIVE HARDNESS OF GLAZES1
Authors: Scott W. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus for measuring the resistance to abrasion, or scratching, of glazes and possibly other materials is described. It provides, essentially, for the wearing away of the surface by means of standard cement sand, which is allowed to run through a funnel adjusted to deliver a definite amount of sand for a given time interval, and to strike the inclined surface of the test piece after falling a fixed distance. The loss in weight under this treatment is assumed to bear a definite relation to the resistance to abrasion.