bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of Share Tenancy under Capitalism: A Comparative Perspective on Late Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century French and Italian Sharecropping
Authors: Jonsson Ulf 
Published: January 2009

As a tenurial solution, sharecropping has been a source of constant fascination and controversy for centuries. It is as old as written history. Furthermore, it has existed and to a certain extent still exists, in very different institutional frameworks, and it constitutes one of the most common tenurial solutions in the history of agriculture.Sharecropping dominated the agricultural scene in central Italy from the late Middle Ages until the early 1960s. An especially exploitative form was the backbone of Rumanian agriculture before the First World War. In Asian agriculture, sharecropping has been and still is highly dispersed, not only in wet rice production but also in non-irrigated crops such as wheat, or industrial crops like jute. The postbellum American South consituted the sharecropping region par excellence in the USA, although it was not unknown in other parts of the country. In the 1970s share tenancy reappeared in Californian strawberry production. Even if service tenancy dominated the Andean and Mexican hacienda, it was frequently supplemented with sharecropping on specific crops. In late nineteenth-century Mexico share tenancy expanded significantly in maize production. The cases mentioned above represent only a brief and highly incomplete list of economic, social and institutional frameworks where various forms of share tenancy are found.
A Community Ice Sheet Model for Sea Level Prediction: Building a Next‐Generation Community Ice Sheet Model; Los Alamos, New Mexico, 18–20 August 2008
Authors: Lipscomb William , Bindschadler Robert , Bueler Ed , Holland David , Johnson Jesse , Price Stephen 
Published: January 2009

Recent observations show that ice sheets can respond to climate change on annual to decadal timescales and that the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets are losing mass at an increasing rate. The current generation of ice sheet models cannot provide credible predictions of ice sheet retreat, as underscored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report (2007). The IPCC provided neither a best estimate nor an upper bound for 21st‐century sea level rise because of uncertainties in the dynamic response of ice sheets.In response to this need, a workshop was held at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The workshop was sponsored by the LANL Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, with additional support from the U.S. Department of Energy and National Science Foundation. The workshop's goal was to create a detailed plan (including commitments from individual researchers) for developing, testing, and implementing a Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) to aid in predicting sea level rise. This model will be freely available to the glaciology and climate modeling communities and will be the ice sheet component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), a major contributor to IPCC assessments.
Monitoring and Modelling Lakes and Coastal Environments
Authors: Odada Eric 
Published: January 2009

The monitoring and modeling of lakes and coastal environments is becoming ever more important, particularly because these environments bear heavy loads in terms of human population, and their resources are critical to the livelihoods and well‐being of coastal inhabitants and ecosystems.Monitoring and Modelling Lakes and Coastal Environments is a collection of 18 papers arising from the Lake 2004 International Conference on Conservation, Restoration and Management of Lakes and Coastal Wetlands, held in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 9–13 December 2004. Consequently, 15 of the papers are concerned with studies on the Indian subcontinent, and many of the papers focus on India's Lake Chilika, the site of a special session during the conference. Two papers concern Japan, and one focuses on North America's Great Lakes region. Although the book has a regional bias, the replication of best practices that can be drawn from these studies may be useful for an international audience.
Reverse gyrase and genome stability in hyperthermophilic organisms
Authors: Perugino Giuseppe , Valenti Anna , D'Amaro Anna , Rossi Mosè , Ciaramella Maria 
Published: January 2009

Reverse gyrase is a DNA topoisomerase that is peculiar in many aspects: it has the unique ability to introduce positive supercoils into DNA molecules; it comprises a type IA topoisomerase fused to a helicase-like domain; although it is a type IA topoisomerase, its reaction is ATP-dependent; and it is the only hyperthermophile-specific protein. All these features have made reverse gyrase the subject of biochemical, structural and functional studies, although they have not shed complete light on the evolution, mechanism and function of this distinctive enzyme. In the present article, we review the latest progress on structure–function relationships of reverse gyrase, and discuss old and recent data linking reverse gyrase to DNA stability, protection and repair in hyperthermophilic organisms.
Attitudes to mode of hysterectomy – a survey‐based study among Swedish gynecologists
Authors: PERSSON PÄR , HELLBORG THOMAS , BRYNHILDSEN JAN , FREDRIKSON MATS , KJØLHEDE PREBEN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective. To determine gynecologists’ attitudes to mode of hysterectomy on benign indication. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting. Sweden. Population. Members of the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Methods. A postal questionnaire. Questions examined attitudes to mode of hysterectomy based on three clinical scenarios with different conditions of the uterus. Gynecologists were also asked to estimate how the distribution of the different modes of benign hysterectomy should be overall. The modes to choose were total abdominal, subtotal abdominal, laparoscopic or vaginal hysterectomy (VH). Analyses were performed with multiple logistic regression and multivariate analysis of covariance. Main outcome measures. Preferred mode of hysterectomy in the three scenarios and distribution of modes of hysterectomy. Results. VH was the most preferred method in general as well as when the uterus was of normal size, whereas subtotal and total abdominal hysterectomy were the most favored methods when the uterus was enlarged. VH was more often preferred by male compared to female gynecologists as a personal preference. The choice and distribution of mode varied significantly between place of work, seniority and in the quantity of yearly performed hysterectomies. The minimal invasive methods, vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomy, were recommended in more than 50% of the overall suggested distribution. Conclusion. Personal choice of mode of hysterectomy does not seem to strictly follow evidence‐based recommendations, but varies significantly between gynecologist's gender, type of clinical setting in which the gynecologist works, seniority and by how many hysterectomies the gynecologist does annually.
Thiamine Suppresses Thermal Hyperalgesia, Inhibits Hyperexcitability, and Lessens Alterations of Sodium Currents in Injured, Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Rats
Authors: Song Xue-Song , Huang Zhi-Jiang , Song Xue-Jun 
Published: January 2009

Background
B vitamins can effectively attenuate inflammatory and neuropathic pain in experimental animals, while their efficacy in treating clinical pain syndromes remains unclear. To understand possible mechanisms underlying B vitamin-induced analgesia and provide further evidence that may support the clinical utility of B vitamins in chronic pain treatment, this study investigated effects of thiamine (B1) on the excitability and Na currents of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that have been altered by nerve injury.

Methods
Nerve injury was mimicked by chronic compression of DRG in rats. Neuropathic pain was evidenced by the presence of thermal hyperalgesia. Intracellular and patch-clamp recordings were made in vitro from intact and dissociated DRG neurons, respectively.

Results
(1) In vivo intraperitoneal administration of B1 (66 mg/kg/day, 10-14 doses) significantly inhibited DRG compression-induced neural hyperexcitability, in addition to suppressing thermal hyperalgesia. (2) In vitro perfusion of B1 (0.1, 1 and 10 mM) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability. In addition, the DRG neurons exhibited size-dependent sensitivity to B1 treatment, i.e., the small and the medium-sized neurons, compared to the large neurons, were significantly more sensitive. (3) Both in vitro (1 mM) and in vivo application of B1 significantly reversed DRG compression-induced down-regulation of tetrodotoxin-resistant but not tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na current density in the small neurons. B1 at 1 mM also reversed the compression-induced hyperpolarizing shift of the inactivation curve of the tetrodotoxin-resistant currents and the upregulated ramp currents in small DRG neurons.

Conclusion
Thiamine can reduce hyperexcitability and lessen alterations of Na currents in injured DRG neurons, in addition to suppressing thermal hyperalgesia.
Effects of Intraoperative Reading on Vigilance and Workload during Anesthesia Care in an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Slagle Jason M. , Weinger Matthew B. 
Published: January 2009

Background
During routine cases, anesthesia providers may divert their attention away from direct patient care to read clinical (e.g., medical records) and/or nonclinical materials. The authors sought to ascertain the incidence of intraoperative reading and measure its effects on clinicians' workload and vigilance.

Methods
In 172 selected general anesthetic cases in an academic medical center, a trained observer categorized the anesthesia provider's activities into 37 possible tasks. Vigilance was assessed by the response time to a randomly illuminated alarm light. Observer- and subject-reported workload were scored at random intervals. Data from Reading and Non-Reading Periods of the same cases were compared to each other and to matched cases that contained no observed reading. The cases were matched before data analysis on the basis of case complexity and anesthesia type.

Results
Reading was observed in 35% of cases. In these 60 cases, providers read during 25 +/- 3% of maintenance but not during induction or emergence. While Non-Reading Cases (n = 112) and Non-Reading Periods of Reading Cases did not differ in workload, vigilance, or task distribution, they both had significantly higher workload than Reading Periods. Vigilance was not different among the three groups. When reading, clinicians spent less time performing manual tasks, conversing with others, and recordkeeping.

Conclusions
Anesthesia providers, even when being observed, read during a significant percentage of the maintenance period in many cases. However, reading occurred when workload was low and did not appear to affect a measure of vigilance.
Identification of colorectal adenomas by a quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood screening test depends on adenoma characteristics, development threshold used and number of tests performed
Authors: ROZEN P. , LEVI Z. , HAZAZI R. , WAKED A. , VILKIN A. , MAOZ E. , BIRKENFELD S. , LESHNO M. , NIV Y. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground Faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) are faulted by low sensitivity for advanced adenomatous polyps (AAP). Quantified, immunochemical, haemoglobin (Hb)‐specific immunochemical FOBT (I‐FOBT) measurements are now used for colorectal screening.Aims To correlate adenoma characteristics to amount of faecal Hb lost and to evaluate sensitivity and specificity for AAP by faecal Hb development threshold used and number of I‐FOBTs collected.Methods Three daily I‐FOBTs were collected and analysed in 1221 patients scheduled for colonoscopy. Faecal Hb was analysed as ngHb/mL of buffer and the highest result related to colonoscopy findings.Results In 1204 patients without cancer, colonoscopy identified adenomas in 294, 99 with AAPs. Adenoma patients had elevated faecal Hb increasing with advanced histology, size, pedunculated shape and multiplicity (P < 0.001 for all). At 50 ngHb/mL threshold, sensitivity and specificity for AAPs were 54.5% (95%CI 44.7, 64.7) and 88.1% (95%CI 86.2, 90.1) for three tests. At higher thresholds, sensitivity decreased, but was significantly higher with more samples collected. Conversely, specificity increased at higher thresholds, but decreased with more samples.Conclusions Faecal Hb loss from adenomas is significantly associated with size, number and advanced features. Sensitivity and specificity for AAPs are determined by test threshold chosen and number of samples collected; these determine the number of colonoscopies needed for positive tests.
Bis(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)methanones are effective inhibitors of FLT3‐ITD tyrosine kinase and partially overcome resistance to PKC412A in vitro
Authors: Heidel Florian , Lipka Daniel B. , Mirea Fian K. , Mahboobi Siavosh , Grundler Rebekka , Kancha Rama K. , Duyster Justus , Naumann Michael , Huber Christoph , Böhmer Frank D. , Fischer Thomas 
Published: January 2009

SummaryInhibition of the mutated fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor tyrosine kinase is a promising therapeutic strategy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, development of resistance to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), such as PKC412A, has been described recently. This observation may have an increasing impact on the duration of response and relapse rates in upcoming clinical trials employing FLT3‐TKI. Herein we investigated two representatives of a novel class of FLT3‐TKI: Bis(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)methanones. Both compounds effectively induced apoptosis in FLT3‐internal tandem duplicate (ITD)‐transfected murine myeloid cells and in primary FLT3‐ITD positive blasts. Combination of both compounds with chemotherapy revealed synergistic effects in apoptosis assays. The compounds did not show significant toxicity in human bone marrow cells derived from healthy donors. Compound102 overcame resistance to PKC412 within a non‐myelotoxic dose‐range. Western Blotting experiments of 32D‐FLT3‐ITD cells showed dose‐dependent dephosphorylation of FLT3‐ITD and of its downstream targets STAT5, AKT and ERK upon incubation with either compound. In conclusion, bis(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)methanones overcome resistance mediated by FLT3‐ITD mutations at position N676 and show strong efficacy in FLT3‐ITD‐positive cells alone as well as in combination with chemotherapy. We propose that further development of methanone compounds overcoming resistance to currently established FLT3‐TKIs is an important step forward to an anticipated need within our future therapeutic algorithm in FLT3‐ITD‐positive AML.
Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation‐prone phenotype
Authors: Dougherty R. H. , Fahy J. V. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAsthma is a highly prevalent chronic respiratory disease affecting 300 million people world‐wide. A significant fraction of the cost and morbidity of asthma derives from acute care for asthma exacerbations. In the United States alone, there are approximately 15 million outpatient visits, 2 million emergency room visits, and 500 000 hospitalizations each year for management of acute asthma. Common respiratory viruses, especially rhinoviruses, cause the majority of exacerbations in children and adults. Infection of airway epithelial cells with rhinovirus causes the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as recruitment of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The host response to viral infection is likely to influence susceptibility to asthma exacerbation. Having had at least one exacerbation is an important risk factor for recurrent exacerbations suggesting an ‘exacerbation‐prone’ subset of asthmatics. Factors underlying the ‘exacerbation‐prone’ phenotype are incompletely understood but include extrinsic factors: cigarette smoking, medication non‐compliance, psychosocial factors, and co‐morbidities such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, rhinosinusitis, obesity, and intolerance to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications; as well as intrinsic factors such as deficient epithelial cell production of the anti‐viral type I interferons (IFN‐α and IFN‐β). A better understanding of the biologic mechanisms of host susceptibility to recurrent exacerbations will be important for developing more effective preventions and treatments aimed at reducing the significant cost and morbidity associated with this important global health problem.
Provoked models of asthma: what have we learnt?
Authors: O'Byrne P. M. , Gauvreau G. M. , Brannan J. D. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by physiological abnormalities of variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to a wide variety of physical and inhaled chemical stimuli and the presence of symptoms. AHR is measured by challenging the airways with a variety of agonists and naturally occurring stimuli, which results in constriction of the airway smooth muscle, leading to airway narrowing and airflow limitation. There are two distinct mechanisms by which the airways can narrow to a constrictor stimulus and these are defined by the pathways they take to induce AHR. Direct stimuli are pharmacological agents administered exogenously (such as histamine or methacholine) that act ‘directly’ on specific receptors on the bronchial smooth muscle to cause constriction. The other mechanism by which the airway can narrow is via the inhalation of indirect stimuli, which include natural stimuli, such as allergen or exercise, and pharmacological agents such as adenosine monophosphate and hyper‐osmotic agents (e.g. hypertonic saline or dry powder mannitol). These stimuli induce airway narrowing ‘indirectly’ by causing the endogenous release of mediators of bronchoconstriction from airway inflammatory cells. Provoked models of asthma have been extremely valuable in understanding the pathobiology of asthma, in aiding diagnosis, in helping to clarify the mechanisms of actions of effective drugs and in the development of new entities to treat asthma. Some provoked models are valuable clinically, particularly those that measure direct AHR, while others, particularly allergen challenge, have been used in animal models and in humans to study the mechanisms of allergen‐induced airway inflammation and the associated physiological changes, as well in the development of new drugs for asthma. An emerging role for measurements of AHR is in the evaluation of the optimal treatment for patients with asthma.
Life history predicts advancement of avian spring migration in response to climate change
Authors: VÉGVÁRI ZSOLT , BÓKONY VERONIKA , BARTA ZOLTÁN , KOVÁCS GÁBOR 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn increasing number of studies demonstrate that plant and animal phenologies such as the timing of bird migration have been advancing over the globe, likely as a result of climate change. Even closely related species differ in their phenological responses, and the sources of this variation are poorly established. We used a large, standardized dataset of first arrival dates (FAD) of migratory birds to test the effects of phylogenetic relationships and various life‐history and ecological traits on the degree to which different species adapt to climate change by earlier migration in spring. Using the phylogenetic comparative method, we found that the advancement of FAD was greater in species with more generalized diet, shorter migration distance, more broods per year, and less extensive prebreeding molt. In turn, we found little evidence that FAD trends were influenced by competition for mating (polygamy or extra‐pair paternity) and breeding opportunities (cavity nests). Our findings were robust to several potentially confounding effects. These evolutionary correlations, coupled with the low levels of phylogenetic dependence we found, indicate that avian migration phenology adapts to climate change as a species‐specific response. Our results suggest that the degree of this response is fundamentally shaped by constraints and selection pressures of the species' life history, and less so by the intensity of sexual selection.
Evaluating the inter‐respondent (consumer vs. staff) reliability and construct validity (SIS vs. Vineland) of the Supports Intensity Scale on a Dutch sample
Authors: Claes C. , Van Hove G. , Van Loon J. , Vandevelde S. , Schalock R. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  Despite various reliability studies on the Supports Intensity Scale (SIS), to date there has not been an evaluation of the reliability of client vs. staff judgments. Such determination is important, given the increasing consumer‐driven approach to services. Additionally, there has not been an evaluation of the instrument's construct validity on a non‐English speaking sample. This is important as the SIS is currently translated into 13 languages.Method  Data were collected in two different samples, using the Dutch translation of the SIS and the Vineland‐Z.Results  There was a significant correlation between ratings of staff and consumers on the SIS; however, the relationship between the mean scores of consumer and staff responses indicated significant differences in staff and consumer scores. All correlations between the Vineland‐Z domains and the SIS subscales were significant and negative, ranging from −0.37 to −0.89.Conclusions  Analyses of the inter‐respondent reliability suggest that one needs to consider the source of information regarding needed supports carefully. The significant negative correlations between SIS and Vineland‐Z reflect that the SIS is measuring a different construct (needed support) than the Vineland‐Z (adaptive behaviour). The results of the two studies provide additional support for the etic (universal) properties of the SIS, as both hypotheses were confirmed. In conclusion, SIS users are provided with a wealth of information that can be used for multiple purposes.
Baseline and differential sensitivity of Peronophythora litchii (lychee downy blight) to three carboxylic acid amide fungicides
Authors: Wang H. C. , Sun H. Y. , Stammler G. , Ma J. X. , Zhou M. G. 
Published: January 2009

Downy blight, caused by Peronophythora litchii, is an important disease of lychee (litchi) plants in China. The in vitro sensitivities of various asexual stages of P. litchii to the three carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph were studied with four single‐sporangium isolates. None of the three fungicides affected zoospore discharge from sporangia, but they strongly inhibited mycelial growth (mean EC50 values of 0·075, 0·258 and 0·115 mg L−1, respectively); sporangial production (mean EC50 values of 0·085, 0·315 and 0·150 mg L−1, respectively); germination of cystospores (mean EC50 values of 0·140, 0·150 and 0·645 mg L−1, respectively); and germination of sporangia (mean EC50 values of 0·203, 0·5 and 0·743 mg L−1, respectively). As mycelial growth was the most sensitive stage to dimethomorph and pyrimorph, it was chosen to test baseline sensitivities to the three fungicides. In 2007, from 131 isolates collected in Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, 127, 116 and 113 isolates were used to establish baseline sensitivity for dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph respectively. Isolates from different provinces exhibited similar baseline sensitivity to the same fungicide. Baseline sensitivities to dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph were distributed as unimodal curves, with mean EC50 values of 0·082 (± 0·01), 0·282 (± 0·047), and 0·115 (± 0·032) mg L−1, respectively. This information will serve as a baseline for tracking future changes in sensitivities of P. litchii populations to these three CAA fungicides.