bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential bile acid metabolites. 24. An efficient synthesis of carboxyl‐linked glucosides and their chemical properties
Authors: Iida Takashi , Nakamori Ryusei , Yabuta Rie , Yada Satoru , Takagi Yuzuru , Mano Nariyasu , Ikegawa Shigeo , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA facile and efficient synthesis of the carboxyl‐linked glucosides of bile acids is described. Direct esterification of unprotected bile acids with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐benzyl‐d‐glucopyranose in pyridine in the presence of 2‐chloro‐1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene as a coupling agent afforded a mixture of the α‐ and β‐anomers (ca. 1∶3) of the 1‐O‐acyl‐d‐glucoside benzyl ethers of bile acids, which was separated effectively on a C18 reversedphase chromatography column (isolated yields of α‐ and β‐anomers are 4–9% and 12–19%, respectively). Subsequent hydrogenolysis of the α‐ and β‐acyl glucoside benzyl ethers on a 10% Pd−C catalyst in acetic acid/methanol/EtOAc (1∶2∶2, by vol) at 35°C under atmospheric pressure gave the corresponding free esters in good yields (79–89%). Chemical specificities such as facile hydrolysis and transesterification of the acyl glucosides in various solvents were also discussed.
Dibutyrate derivatization of monoacylglycerols for the resolution of regioisomers of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic acids
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Arul Joseph , Simon James E. , Wolff Robert L. , Angers Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDibutyrate derivatives of monoacylglycerols of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic acids were prepared by diesterification of monoacylglycerols with n‐butyryl chloride. The resulting triacylglycerols were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with a 65% phenyl methyl silicone capillary column and separated on the basis of both fatty acid composition and regiospecific position. The petroselinic acid derivatives eluted first, followed sequentially by the oleic and cis‐vaccenic acid derivatives, with the sn−2 positional isomer eluting before the sn−1(3) isomer in each case. Separation of the peaks was almost baseline between petroselinic and oleic acids as well as between oleic and cis‐vaccenic acids. To assess the accuracy of the method, mixtures of triolein, tripetroselinin, and tri‐cis‐vaccenin in various known proportions were partially deacylated with the use of ethyl magnesium bromide and derivatized and analyzed as above. The results showed that this method compares favorably to the existing methods for analysis of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic fatty acids by GC with respect to peak separation and accuracy, and it also provides information on the regiospecific distribution of the fatty acids. The method was applied to basil (Ocimum basilicum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed oils. cis‐Vaccenic, oleic, and linoleic acids were mainly distributed at the sn−2 position in basil seed oil, and higher proportions of linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids were distributed at the sn−1(3) position than at the sn−2 position. In coriander seed oil, petroselinic acid was mainly distributed at the sn−1(3) position, and both oleic and linoleic acids were mostly located at the sn−2 position, whereas palmitic, stearic, and cis‐vaccenic acids were located only at the sn−1(3) position.
Locally and systemically active glucocorticosteroids modify intestinal absorption of lipids in rats
Authors: Thiesen A. , Wild G. E. , Keelan M. , Clandinin M. T. , Agellon L. B. , Thomson A. B. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOrally administered systemically active steroids enhance the digestive and absorptive functions of the intestine, but their effect on lipid uptake is unknown. The effect of the locally acting steroid budesonide on intestinal absorptive function also is unknown. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the influence of 4 wk of treatment of weaning male rats with a daily oral gavage of budesonide (BUD), prednisone (PRED), or control vehicle on the jejunal and ileal uptake of fatty acids and cholesterol. BUD enhanced jejunal uptake of oleic acid and ileal uptake of linoleic acid. PREF increased jejunal uptake of cholesterol and ileal uptake of lauric, palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Higher doses of BUD (up to 1 mg/kg) given to adult rats for 2 wk further increased the uptake of some lipids. The changes in the uptake of lipids were not due to variations in the weight of the intestinal mucosa or in the animals’ food intake. Ileal ornithine decarboxylase mRNA expression was increased with PRED, but there were no steroid‐associated changes in the expression of the mRNA of the early response genes c‐myc, c‐jun, or c‐fos or of proglucagon, the liver fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP), the ileal lipid‐binding protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 2 (IL‐2), IL‐6, or IL‐10. In summary, treatment of weanling rats with BUD and DRED enhances the uptake of some lipids by a process that is independent of the effects of early response genes and genes encoding cytokines, proglucagon, and FABP.
Dietary n−3 PUFA alter colonocyte mitochondrial membrane composition and function
Authors: Chapkin Robert S. , Young Hong Mee , Fan Yang‐Yi , Davidson Laurie A. , Sanders Lisa M. , Henderson Cara E. , Barhoumi Rola , Burghardt Robert C. , Turner Nancy D. , Lupton Joanne R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is experimental evidence that dietary fish oil, which contains the n−3 fatty acid family, i.e., EPA and DHA, protects against colon tumor development, in part by increasing apoptosis. Since mitochondria can act as central executioners of apoptosis, we hypothesized that EPA and DHA incorporation into colonocyte mitochondrial membranes, owing to their high degree of unsaturation, would enhance susceptibility to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via oxidative phosphorylation. This, in turn, would compromise mitochondrial function, thereby initiating apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, colonic crypts were isolated from rats fed either fish oil, purified n−3 fatty acid ethyl esters, or corn oil (control). Dietary lipid source had no effect on colonic mitochondrial phospholipid class mole percentages, although incorporation of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduction in n−6 fatty acids known to enhance colon tumor development, i.e., linoleic acid (LNA) and its metabolic product, arachidonic acid (ARA). Select compositional changes in major phospholipid pools were correlated to alterations in mitochondrial function as assessed by confocal microscopy. The mol% sum of LNA plus ARA in cardiolipin was inversely correlated with ROS (P=0.024). Ethanolamine glycerophospholipid ARA (P=0.046) and choline glycerophospholipid INA (P=0.033) levels were positively correlated to mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid EPA (P=0.042) and DHA (P=0.024), levels were negatively correlated to mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, EPA and DHA levels in choline glycerophospholipids (P=0.026) were positively correlated with caspase 3 activity. These data provide evidence in vivo indicating that dietary FPA and DHA induce compositional changes in colonic mitochondrial membrane phospholipids that facilitate appotosis.
Cyclodextrins: A potential tool for studying the role of glycerolipids in photosynthetic membranes
Authors: Duchêne Sylvie , Siegenthaler Paul‐André 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel cyclodextrin derivative, i.e., permethylated‐α‐cyclodextrin (PM‐α‐CD), was used for removing glycerolipids from spinach thylakoid membranes and investigating their role in photosynthetic activities. A three‐step selective removal of each lipid class was observed in treated membranes. Up to a concentration of 4 mM, PM‐α‐CD (in the presence of 75 μg chlorophyll a+b/mL), PM‐α‐CD displayed a marked selectivity for anionic lipids [sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] in comparison with galactolipids. At this concentration, half of PG and SQDG were removed. Within this range of concentration, the volume response of treated thylakoids to variation of osmolarity, an indirect mean of verifying the structural integrity of the membrane, was not altered. Similarly, neither photosystem II (PSII) nor photosystem I (PSI) activity was affected. In contrast, the low‐temperature fluorescence ratio F695/F740 drastically diminished from 1.45 to about 0.7, essentially due to the decrease of PSII fluorescence. The results derived from the fast fluorescence rise expressed in the form of a spider suggest that the fraction of inactivated (non‐QA reducing) reaction centers (RC) increases while the active (QA reducing) RC remained intact. Raising the concentration of PM‐α‐CD from 4 to 7 mM resulted in a progressive but greater diminution of the galactolipid level than that of SQDG and PG. Within this concentration range, the integrity of the membrane was not altered, nor was either PSII or PSI activity, whereas the F695/F740 ratio decreased to about 0.45 as well as the fraction of inactivated RC. At concentrations above 7 mM of PM‐α‐CD, the integrity of the membrane was impaired, resulting in a decrease of both electron transport activities. At all concentrations, PM‐α‐CD did not show any selectivity toward either the acyl chains of the lipid molecules or the molecular species of PG. The results are discussed in terms of the role of glycerolipids in thylakoid membrane function and the relationship of the chemical structure of PM‐α‐CD and its lipid removal capacity.
Fluctuations in human milk long‐chain PUFA levels in relation to dietary fish intake
Authors: Lauritzen Lotte , Jørgensen Marianne H. , Hansen Harald S. , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWithin the Danish population, milk DHA (22∶6n−3) levels vary by more than a factor of 10. This paper deals with fluctuations in the milk content of 22∶6n−3 and other long‐chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and the acute effects of fish meals and fish oil supplements on milk levels of LCPUFA. Twelve fish‐eating mothers with 4‐mon‐old infants provided one blood and one adipose tissue sample, and seven consecutive morning hindmilk samples with dietary records from the previous days. Another 12 lactating women were given fish oil (2–8 g) for breakfast and delivered 6–12 milk samples during the following 24 h. The mean milk 22∶6n−3 content of the fish‐eating mothers was 0.57±0.28 FA% (=percentage of total area of FAME peaks in GLC) and the day‐to‐day variation (SD/mean) within the individual was 35±17%. Mean milk 22∶6n−3 content on mornings with no fish the day before was 0.42±0.15 FA%; this was increased by 82±17% (n=9, P=0.05) if the mother had eaten fatty fish. Fish oil resulted in a twofold increase in milk 22∶6n−3 levels, which peaked after 10 h and lasted for 24 h. The EPA content of milk was also increased by fish meals and fish oil supplements, but these had no effect on the level of arachidonic acid. The study showed that diurnal and day‐to‐day fluctuations in levels of milk n−3 LCPUFA are large, which makes it difficult to assess the 22∶6n−3 intake of breast‐fed infants from a single milk sample. In studies of the functional outcome of dietary 22∶6n−3 in breast‐fed infants it is suggested also to use a measure of maternal 22∶6n−3 status.
Postprandial and short‐term effects of dietary virgin olive oil on oxidant/antioxidant status
Authors: Fitó Montserrat , Gimeno Eva , Covas María‐Isabel , Miró Elisabet , López‐Sabater María del Carmen , Farré Magí , de la Torre Rafael , Marrugat Jaume 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is generally believed that virgin olive oil consumption has beneficial effects, but little is known about its effects postprandially on oxidant/antioxidant status. The aim of this study was to determine changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and lipid profile after a single dose of virgin olive oil and after 1 wk of daily consumption. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) ingested 50 mL of virgin olive oil in a single dose. Blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 h. Thereafter, 14 participants (8 men, 6 women) followed a 1‐wk 25 mg/d virgin olive oil dietary intervention. Blood samples were collected at the end of this period. Serum TAG (P=0.016), plasma FA (P<0.001) and lipid peroxidation products in plasma (P<0.001) and VLDL (P=0.007) increased, reaching a peak at 4–6 h, and returning to baseline values at 24 h after oil ingestion. The opposite changes were observed in plasma glutathione peroxidase (P=0.001) and glutathione reductase (GR) (P=0.042). No changes in LDL lipid peroxidation or resistance to oxidation were observed postprandially. At 24 h, plasma oleic acid remained increased (P<0.05) and resistance of LDL to oxidation improved (P<0.05). After 1 wk of virgin olive oil consumption, plasma oleic acid (P=0.031), resistance of LDL to oxidation (P<0.05), and plasma GR activity (P=0.005) increased. These results indicate that changes in oxidant/antioxidant status occur after oral virgin olive oil. Virgin olive oil consumption could provide short‐term benefits for LDL resistance to oxidation and in glutathione‐related enzyme activities.
Novel methoxylated FA from the Caribbean sponge Spheciospongia cuspidifera
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Alicea Johanna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Δ6 monoenoic methoxylated FA (6Z)‐2‐methoxy‐6‐heptadecenoic acid and (6Z)‐2‐methoxy‐6‐octadecenoic acid were identified for the first time in nature in the phospholipids from the uncommon Caribbean sponge Spheciospongia cuspidifera. These findings expand the occurrence of Δ6 2‐methoxylated FA to C17−C18 chain lengths and establish a new FA biosynthetic possibility for these marine organisms. The novel methoxylated FA also could have originated from the phospholipids of a bacterium in symbiosis with the sponge.
Effect of sesaminol on plasma and tissue α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol concentrations in rats fed a vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols
Authors: Yamashita Kanae , Ikeda Saiko , Iizuka Yoshie , Ikeda Ikuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have shown that sesame lignans added to rat diet resulted in significantly greater plasma and tissue concentrations of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol concentrations in supplemented rats than in rats without supplementation. In the present studies we examined whether sesaminol, a sesame lignan, enhances tocotrienol concentrations in plasma and tissues of rats fed diets containing a tocotrienol‐rich fraction of palm oil (T‐mix). In Ex‐periment 1, effects of sesaminol on tocotrienol concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidney were evaluated in rats fed diets containing 20 mg/kg of T‐mix (20T) and 50 mg/kg of T‐mix (50T) with or without 0.1% sesaminol. Although the T‐mix contained 23% α‐tocopherol, 22% α‐tocotrienol, and 34% γ‐tocotrienol, α‐tocopherol constituted most or all of the vitamin E in plasma and tissue (from 97% in kidney to 100% in plasma), with no or very little α‐tocotrienol and no γ‐tocotrienol at all. Addition of sesaminol to the T‐mix resulted in significantly higher plasma, liver, and kidney α‐tocopherol concentrations compared to values for T‐mix alone. Further, T‐mix with sesaminol resulted in significantly higher α‐tocotrienol concentrations in kidney, although the concentration was very low. In Experiment 2, we examined whether sesaminol caused enhanced absorption of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol in a dosage regimen supplying T‐mix and sesaminol on alternating days and observed significantly higher levels of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol in rats fed sesaminol, even without simultaneous intake, compared to those in rats without sesaminol. In Experiment 3, α‐tocopherol was supplied to the stomach with and without sesaminol, and α‐tocopherol concentrations in the lymph fluid were measured, α‐Tocopherol concentrations were not different between groups. These results indicated that sesaminol produced markedly higher α‐tocopherol concentrations in plasma and tissue and significantly greater α‐tocotrienol concentrations in kidney and various other tissues, but the concentrations of α‐tocotrienol were extremely low compared to those of α‐tocopherol (Exps. 1 and 2). However, the sesaminol‐induced increases of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol concentrations in plasma and tissue were not caused by their enhanced absorption since sesaminol did not enhance their absorption.
Membrane lipid profile of an edible basidiomycete Lentinula edodes during growth and cell differentiation
Authors: Sakai Hiromichi , Kajiwara Susumu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe basidiomycetous mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) exhibits a unique process of cell differentiation termed “fruiting‐body formation”. To clarify the relationship between membrane lipids and fruiting‐body formation in this fungus, we investigated variations in levels of phospholipids, cerebrosides, fatty acyl residues in the major phospholipids, and fatty acyl and sphingoid base residues in cerebrosides during vegetative growth and fruiting‐body formation. PC, PE, and PS were the primary phospholipids in the cells of L. edodes. After a shift in growth temperature of L. edodes mycelia has been shifted from 25 to 18°C, the proportion of unsaturated FA (UFA), such as linoleic acid (18∶2) and oleic acid (18∶1), increased. In contrast, during fruiting‐body formation induced by the temperature downshift to 18°C, 18∶2 of PC in the primordia and fruiting bodies decreased, and the UFA of PF and 18∶1 of PC increased compared with the proportions in mycelia growing at 18°C. These results showed that the proportions of fatty acyl residues in PC and PE differed during fruiting‐body formation in L. edodes. Moreover, the amount of cerebrosides in primordia increased compared with those in mycelia and fruiting bodies and, in these differentiating tissues, the proportion of 2‐hydroxypentadecanoic acid increased whereas that of 2‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid decreased compared with that in the mycelia. However, the proportion of sphingoid base residues in cerebrosides did not change during fruiting‐body formation in L. edodes.
Impact of in vivo glycation of LDL on platelet aggregation and monocyte chemotaxis in diabetic Psammomys obesus
Authors: Zoltowska Monika , Delvin Edgard , Ziv Ehud , Peretti Noel , Chartré Manon , Levy Emile 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPsammomys obesus (sand rat) is an appropriate model to highlight the development of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. This animal species, with genetically predetermined diabetes, acquires non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus when exposed to energy‐rich diets. In the present study, we explored the possibility that glycation of LDL may occur in diabetes‐prone P. obesus and affect platelet and macrophage functions. The glycation of LDL, isolated from diabetic animals, was significantly (P<0.05) higher (40%) than that of control animals. The incubation of platelets with glycated LDL enhanced the reactivity of platelets by 32–44% depending on the aggregating agents (thrombin, collagen, ADP). Furthermore, LDL derived from diabetic rats were chemotactic for normal monocytes and stimulated the incorporation of [14C]oleate into cellular cholesteryl esters. The enhancement of platelet aggregation and cholesterol esterification in monocytes may contribute toward the accelerated development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in diabetic P. obesus animals. This study also illustrates the relevance of studying atherosclerosis in the P. obesus animal model, as it shows an increased tendency to develop dietinduced diabetes, which is associated with cardiovascular disorders.
Fatty acid profile and affective dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Kilkens Tessa O. C. , Honig Adriaan , Maes Michael , Lousberg Richel , Brummer Robert‐Jan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with a high co‐occurrence with affective dysregulation. Affective disorders have been associated with specific changes in the PUFA and cholesterol profile. In IBS, similar changes may be present as have been reported in patients with affective disorders. This exploratory study investigates (i) the level of affective dysregulation (AD) in IBS patients and healthy controls; (ii) PUFA and cholesterol profiles in IBS patients compared with controls; and (iii) associations between PUFA and cholesterol parameters with the level of AD. Blood samples were obtained for determination of the FA composition of plasma phospholipids and serum cholesterol in 23 diarrheapredominant IBS patients and 23 healthy matched controls. AD was scored using the Symptom Check List depression scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The level of AD was higher in IBS patients compared with controls. PUFA and cholesterol profiles did not differ significantly between groups. Total n−3 PUFA and cholesterol were significantly negatively associated and the ratio of n−6 to n−3 PUFA and the ratio of arachidonic acid to EPA were significantly positively associated with the level of AD. The findings of the present study reveal that AD was higher in IBS patients compared with healthy controls and that changes in PUFA and cholesterol profiles were significantly associated with the level of AD. These results warrant further studies regarding the role of PUFA and cholesterol status in the co‐occurrence of AD and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Effect of a modified milk fat and calcium in purified diets on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters
Authors: Pellizzon Michael , Santa Ana John , Buison Edgar , Martin Jennifer , Buison Anne , Catherine Jen K. ‐L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractModification of milk fat both by partially replacing saturated FA with oleic acid (18∶1) and by increasing calcium intake independently reduces plasma cholesterol. Whether modification of both factors together would synergistically reduce plasma cholesterol is unknown. Seventy‐two male golden Syrian hamsters were separated into four diet treatment groups (n=18/group) and fed ad libitum for 7 wk. Diets contained either modified milk fat (MMF) or regular milk fat (RMF) with either 0.5% (MMF and RMF) or 1.3% calcium (w/w) (MMFC and RMFC). All diets contained 11% test fat, 4% soybean oil, and 0.15% cholesterol (w/w). During the last week, feces were collected for three consecutive days for analysis of fecal FA, cholesterol, and calcium excretion. Overnight‐fasted animals were sacrificed, and plasma and livers were collected for lipid analysis. Neither MMF nor additional calcium significantly affected plasma lipids. However, significant interactions existed between MMF and additional calcium for the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (LDL/HDL), indicating that increased calcium intake reduced this ratio only in RMF animals. In addition, MMF reduced LDL/HDL relative to RMF. MMF significantly increased hepatic total and esterified cholesterol. Additional calcium significantly increased fecal calcium and saturated FA (SFA) excretion, whereas MMF significantly reduced SFA excretion. RMFC induced the highest excretion of 16∶0 among all groups. Replacement of SFA with 18∶1 in the MMF reduced the impact of high calcium on LDL/HDL. Additional calcium reduced LDL/HDL only in the presence of RMF, which may be achieved through an increased excretion of 16∶0.