bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Analysis of a Nitrogen Step-Rate Test, Anschutz Ranch East Nitrogen Injection Project
Authors: Bennett C. O. , Clark T. J. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThis paper presents the preparation, testing, and analysis of a nitrogen step rate test and the analysis of two falloff tests on a gas injection well in the Anschutz Ranch East Nitrogen Injection Project. Objectives of the tests were to determine the parting pressure, flow capacity, and relative influence of open fractures in the lower zone of the Nugget formation. The application of current technology in evaluating continuous gas injection wells is relatively undocumented. Gas pressure maintenance projects require many of the same operational considerations given to waterflood projects; i.e., good vertical sweep (wellbore conformance), and an injection pressure that is below formation parting pressure. Gas injection wells, however, in a retrograde condensate reservoir are inherently more difficult to analyze with conventional pressure transient methods because of changing gas compressibility factors and two-phase effects from condensing hydrocarbons. Therefore, extensive test planning and preparation must be completed for a gas injection well test to be successful.Because of the complicating factors involved, several different methods of analyses were used with the step rate and falloff test data. The step rate test was analyzed with Odeh's superposition technique and a 1-D radial gas model to obtain the zone flow parameters and confirm that a break occurred. The falloff test data were analyzed with conventional and multirate techniques to determine the influence of natural fractures and confirm the zone flow parameters derived from other methods. Type curve analysis was also performed to aid the interpretation of the test results.The step rate test results indicated that the test was successful. Conventional analysis indicated the parting of formation after the third step (of the seven performed) and the radial gas model also confirmed the change from radial to linear flow. A comparison of the reservoir properties derived from the various analysis methods (the radial model and multirate falloff analysis) and core data were in agreement. The test data analysis did not show the presence of an intense fracture network that would dominate the flow capacity of the zone.
Risk vs. Return Considerations for International Oil Exploration and Development Licenses
Authors: Rosenberg B. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the years, many forms of exploration and production agreements have been developed by governments throughout the world. The agreements can differ widely in terms of form, severity, and flexibility.
Although the different forms of agreements may provide similar results to each other under assumptions of a given level of success, the results can differ markedly with variance from that level of success, both in terms of tempering downside exposure and limiting the upside opportunity.
A company should evaluate a potential exploration/production opportunity and its related agreement over a range of possible outcomes in assessing the prospect's overall attractiveness.
Formation and Operation of Oil and Gas Unit Areas Subject to the Supervisory Authority of the U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Rhodes Gerald D. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
Increasing numbers of petroleum engineers are becoming directly and indirectly involved in the formation and operation of unit areas subject to the supervisory authority of the U. S. Geological Survey. This paper is presented in the hope that it will aid those individuals whose work is directed toward the unitization of Federal and/or Indian trust lands.

EARLY EFFORTS TO HALT WASTE
As early as 1916 technologists of the Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey pointed out the waste that was resulting from close drilling patterns and the use of open earthen reservoirs for storage. At that time unitization was suggested as the solution to the problem of excess waste resulting from the operating practices of the day. Although many of the engineers and geologists in industry agreed with this suggestion, the oil industry as a whole paid it little heed because it considered the goal to be practically unattainable.
Henry L. Doherty condemned the wasteful practice of the industry and urged the initiation of better production practices and passage of uniform conservation laws before the Board of Directors of the American Petroleum Institute in Dec., 1916. He suggested unit operation of oil pools with each of the interest owners being paid according to the amount of oil that underlay the land in which the interest was owned. This proposal met with a considerable amount of opposition at first but when the price of oil dropped drastically following the discovery and development of the prolific Salt Creek field in Wyo., the Seminole and Oklahoma City fields in Okla. and the East Texas field, many producers started to consider Doherty's ideas more favorably.
Of course, the idea of unitization was not new. It had been the ambition of most oil men since the beginning of the industry to own an entire field so that drilling and production operations could be carried out in accordance with the individual operator's own ideas of efficiency and good economics free from harassment by his neighbors. Under the usual competitive situation one or two operators could set a drilling pace. and pattern which had to be followed by the other operators in the field to protect their lands from drainage of oil and gas.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Drillstem Tests in Low-Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Peterson S. K. , Marietta C. , Holditch S. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A drillstem test (DST) can be run prior to completion of a well to determine if a formation is capable of producing oil or gas at commercial flow rates. In the eastern United States, drillstem tests are seldom used because a typical well will not produce at flow rates high enough to measure during a DST, especially in low permeability reservoirs where mud filtrate invasion prior to the drillstem test suppresses the gas flow rates. A closed chamber drillstem test can be used to measure these low flow rates but interpretation is often difficult. This paper examines the effects of mud filtrate invasion upon the results obtained from drillstem tests.
A two-phase, two-dimensional model was used to simulate a drillstem test following a period of mud filtrate invasion. Using the results of these drillstem test simulations, qualitative relationships between absolute permeability, gas relative permeability, filter cake permeability and thickness, and wellbore pressures during the filtrate imbibition period and flow period have been established.
All of the parameters investigated, except for the filter cake thickness, did influence the results from the drillstem test and the ability to forecast flow behavior based upon the drillstem test results. In particular, this study has shown that the parameters that affect the cleanup behavior of a formation can be ranked in order of importance as follows: absolute permeability, gas relative permeability, filter cake permeability, pressure drawdown and, finally, overbalance pressure during drilling.
Devonian Shale Production Data Analysis Southwestern West Virginia
Authors: Koziar Gregory 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of production data in Southwestern West Virginia had identified five Devonian shale well type categories and average reservoir properties associated with each category. Permeabilitythickness product can be uniquely identified from history matching regardless of the variability of other match parameters. Pressure buildup analyses conducted on three wells confirms this. A simple relationship exists between the permeabilitythickness product and ten-year cumulative production. History match data suggest that natural fracture property variations result in well quality variations.
Water-Wet Surfaces for Long-Term Paraffin Inhibition
Authors: Charles J. G. , Settineri W. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Water-wet surfaces are known to be an important factor in a mechanism of paraffin inhibition. Previous attempts to create these surfaces with chemical coatings or plastic-lined tubing have met with limited success. A patented process1 has been developed that overcomes the problems previously associated with obtaining long-lasting, strongly water-wet surfaces downhole. This process generates heat within the tubing, converts paraffin into a water-dispersible residue and super cleans the surface of the rods and tubing. The resulting effect is a hydrophilic surface on all wellbore production equipment. This environment reduces the adhesive force of the paraffin to the rod and/or tubing surface and allows the precipitated paraffin to be produced out of the well.
Analysis of Interference Pressure Tests in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs With Macroscopic Fracture and Pore System Permeabilities and Unsteady Interporosity Flow
Authors: Wijesinghe A. M. , Kececioglu I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Existing pressure test solutions for naturally fractured reservoirs neglect the macroscopic pore system permeability, the wellbore storage and skin factors of the observation wells, and are limited either to single-swells in infinite domains or to concentric wells in circular reservoirs.
In this paper, two solutions for interpreting interference pressure tests in naturally fractured reservoirs are presented. The model on which these solutions are based incorporates both macroscopic fracture and pore system permeabilities, an improved unsteady interporosity flow model, and allows for wellbore storage and skin factors of the wells. In the first solution, the pressure response of a shut-in observation well to arbitrarily varying unsteady pressure fields is considered under the assumption that the observation well affects the flow field only locally. In the second solution, a general technique for exactly solving the governing equations for fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs with multiple non-concentric circular boundaries is first developed. The procedure is then specialized to two circular boundaries to determine the pressure changes induced in a circular reservoir by an eccentric flowing well with wellbore storage and skin. These two solutions, used together, will enable the development of pressure tests for determining the location of the center of a circular reservoir in addition to its radius and its hydraulic properties.
Process Variables of Enriched Air Combustion: An Experimental Study
Authors: Cady G. V. , Satchwell R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Combustion studies for heavy crude oil in a porous matrix were made with nitrogen gas containing oxygen concentrations from 20.7 to 40.0 mole percent. The gas was injected into a linear combustion tube apparatus at a constant flux of 132 gas/hr ft2. Reactor pressure, produced gas analysis and temperatures were taken to provide basic and interpretive data for the comparison of combustion characteristics for each oxygen concentration.
Combustion theory indicates an increase in oxygen reaction rate as the partial pressure of the oxygen and fuel concentration increase. Other controlling variables include the combustion temperature, the activation energy and the Arrhenius constant or frequency factor. Our experiments indicated an increase in temperature, frontal advance rate, apparent hydrogen to carbon ratio and the amount of oxygen used to burn a pound of fuel. Fuel deposition studies using SEM micrographs indicated the fuel's association with clay materials present in the sand pack.
Systematic Basin Evaluation as Applied to the Philippine Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project
Authors: Reyes Raymundo A , Harrison John , Flower Louis G 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An integrated multidisciplinary approach was effectively applied to a regional evaluation of the sedimentary basins of the Philippines. The approach resulted in the production of a comprehensive exploration package which appreciably enhanced the understanding of the petroleum geology and hydrocarbon potential of the studied areas. More significantly, new exploration concepts were formulated which offer a host of possibilities to explorationists who will venture into the marginally explored basins of the country.
Tidal Effect in Petroleum Well Testing
Authors: Hemala Milan L , Balnaves Charles 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Earth, barometric and ocean tide effects have been observed for many years, principally in hydrogeological work. During testing of wells in the Timor Sea we have observed ocean tide effects in the reservoir with an amplitude of ~ 0.07 bar (1 psi) about 70 times larger than earth or barometric tide effects.
This paper has two aims: to provide an overview of analytical interpretation of tidal effects from a petroleum engineering viewpoint and second, based upon our simulations and observations, to propose that in addition to previous methods of interpretation the phase shift of ocean tide effects can be used to gain an insight into the presence of major reservoir heterogeneities, particularly fluid contacts.
There is a need for more field data and further investigations, however we believe we have demonstrated the existence of a useful and previously unused aspect of pressure measurement in offshore wells.
Horizontal Wells are Now used for Industrial Developments
Authors: Bosio Jacques 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A vertical, or deviated, well, remains in a reservoir for a short distance only. Horizontal wells remain in the producing formation for several hundred meters, providing better productivity conditions.
ELF AQUITAINE and IFP (French Institute of Petroleum) have initiated, in 1978, a research project aimed at very progressively solving the drilling and completion problems encountered when drilling a horizontal well.
Several wells have been drilled and successfully completed, down to a 3000 m vertical depth. The offshore field of Rospo Mare, in Italy, is now being developed with horizontal wells drilled close to the top of the formation, to avoid water coning.
Numerous other applications are envisaged or have been realized by various international Companies in the USA, EUROPE and ASIA, through the services of HORWELL, a company created by ELF AQUITAINE and IFP to make their newly developed techniques available to the oil industry.
Development of the Cotton Valley Geopressure Zone in Panola County, Texas, Using Air/N2 Drilling and Openhole Completion Techniques
Authors: Smith J. E. , Neufeld M. H. , Sorrells D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Jurassic aged Cotton Valley Sands and overpressured Bossier Sands can be effectively drilled using air and/or nitrogen methods, logged, completed and open hole stimulated without ever exposing the wellbore to potentially harmful drilling fluids. This in turn increases well productivity and offers considerable cost savings to the standard mud and liner setting techniques.
Engineering Appraisal of Mathematical Models of Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors: Irby T.L. , Lamoreaux W.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The rapidly growing application of computer technology to reservoir problems demands a more thorough understanding, by reservoir engineers, of the basic precepts of mathematical models. This paper describes some of the various types of computer models and explains the equations in simplified reservoir engineering terminology. A discussion of the solution errors that occur, their causes and methods to minimize them, is followed by an appraisal of the practical economic limitations of applying the models to reservoir studies. The paper is concluded by presenting an example application of a computer model to a Gulf Coast Field unitization study. A summary of the basic data, calculated results and computing costs are given.

INTRODUCTION
The computer age has brought about several changes in the engineering methods and techniques employed by the reservoir engineer. Reservoir engineering has always References and illustrations at end of paper been an artistic application of scientific principles. This is particularly true with respect to the latest reservoir analyzer the mathematical model solved by a computer. The concepts involved are relatively simple and have a sound scientific basis, but to instruct the machine to perform the multitude of required operations takes more imagination and ingenuity than ever before required in applying reservoir engineering principles. Inability to program the machine, however, should not be a deterrent to the reservoir engineer's understanding of mathematical models and how he can best utilize them.
It is not the intention of this paper to give detailed explanations on the derivation of equations and methods of solution, or to compare the relative merits of various mathematical models now existing. It will endeavor to inform the practicing engineer of how he may utilize the models and what are the most important factors affecting their use. The importance of basic reservoir data and how it is used in the models cannot be over emphasized.
Focused Acceptance Testing: A Logical Approach for Qualifying Critical Service Connections
Authors: Bednarski J. A. , Klementich E. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Recently many new critical service, high performance, casing and tubing connections, all claiming superior performance have become available to the petroleum industry. To prevent failures due to misapplication, a system must be developed to expedite rational engineering judgement for selecting one connection over another. One such system can be realized in the form of a Focused Acceptance Test Program. In a Focused Acceptance Test Program (1) the intended applications of the connections are clearly defined, (2) a generic connection specification is developed, and (3) the suitability of a specific connection for those particular applications are demonstrated by way of a physical "focused" test program and/or mathematical analysis.
Focused Acceptance Testing is a cost effective physical test method designed to thoroughly demonstrate the connection capabilities at the loads and along the load paths expected in the intended application. Emphasis is placed on procedures and test load sequences with acceptance criteria based on realistic field service conditions.
This paper presents Focused Acceptance Testing as a logical and cost effective method for qualifying critical service connections for their intended applications. By following such a system, users will be able to select connections for a particular application on a rational engineering basis.
Slimhole Exploration Drilling Program: Irian Jaya, Indonesia
Authors: Macfadyen M. E. , Johnston K. A. , Boyington W. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The following is a review of Continental Oil Company of Indonesia's slimhole drilling project in Irian Jaya, one of Indonesia's most remote provinces. The aim of this exploration program is to drill and evaluate twelve prospects, scattered over a large area, by drilling narrow bore wells using a purpose-built helicopter rig.
Mobile Bay: Drilling Fluid Problems and Solutions
Authors: Collins M. B. , Clancy L. W. , Monson R. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the last three years, drilling in the southern-half of Mobile Bay, Alabama, and adjacent offshore tracts has drawn considerable interest. Gas finds have been numerous and of high volumes.
Bottomhole temperatures often exceed 400°F (204°C). Most wells encounter high-volume flows of calcium-magnesium chloride brines, and significant carbonate influxes. These combine to present unique problems for drilling fluids systems.
This paper reviews three wells in the area in which the problems above are encountered, and outlines the use and effectiveness of deflocculants and filtration control agents in these wells.
Well Control Simulator for IBM Personal Computer
Authors: Podio A. L. , Yang A.-P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An advanced well control simulator has been developed for use on IBM-PC Microcomputers. One of the innovations introduced is the capability of interaction with the user through terminal input and output so as to easily follow the progress of the simulation and to easily modify the well parameters and configuration for repeated use in sensitivity analysis studies.
Innovation in the numerical model principally stems from realistically accounting for the gas distribution in the well and consideration of the effects of wellbore geometry, gas migration, frictional losses, sub-sea BOPs and the presence of drilled cuttings and drilled gas. The response of the model is thus more realistic than other simulators, a result which is evidenced by the absence of the "dunce-cap casing pressure profile" which is typical of simplified simulators.
Design and Development of a Unique Disc Brake System for Drawworks
Authors: Heilhecker J. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As drilling has gotten deeper and the corresponding hookloads have increased, band brakes historically used on drawworks have become marginal. In some instances they have provided insufficient braking force to prevent the blocks from falling to the floor.
The Galveston-Houston Company has developed a hydraulically-actuated, water cooled disc brake for drawworks which provides greater holding capability than conventional brakes, yet requires less mechanical input force. This paper describes the design and development of this unique disc brake system and presents the results of field operations to date. The paper will also discuss the safety aspects of the system when coupled with a device used to monitor the kinectic energy of the traveling block.
The system described in the paper has application on all drilling rigs but in particular, deep land rigs and offshore rigs which routinely handle heavy hookloads
Modular Marine BOP Stack
Authors: Taylor W. M. , Turlak R. J. , Schwegmann J. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Modular Blowout Preventer (BOP) stack integrates, in a compact way, the main components of an underwater BOP assembly. In this approach the annular BOP, the ram BOP's and the wellhead connector are locked together using four hydraulically pretensioned stud bolts that extend the full height of the stack, outboard of the BOP bodies.
The development of modern, large bore, high pressure control equipment has brought with it greater efficiency for the marine drilling industry. But, these larger assemblies are also taller in their conventional form. Eliminating the individual connections between the stack components in the modular concept has resulted in a substantial savings in overall height. This compact BOP architecture is possible because of side ram exit allowing easy packer change in tight spaces. Also, by using four large bolts to preload the entire BOP and connector assembly, the ability of the modular stack structure to carry high bending and pressure induced loads has been greatly enhanced, (also confirmed in a finite element analysis of the complete assembly).
Four large stud bolts extended through two circular termination plates located on top around the annular BOP and the wellhead connector below. These plates or reaction rings, transmit the bolts loads that are developed during a bolt tensioning process, compressively preloading all stack components. Metal-to-metal sealing between the stack components is accomplished at this time as well. All four studs are simultaneously preloaded during initial assembly using detachable hydraulic tensioners. The net result is a rigid and compact stack assembly that will safely handle large bending moments and pressure applied loads.