bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ON THE SECRETION OF STEROIDS, INCLUDING ALDOSTERONE, FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Norman Nils 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two artificial cerebrospinal fluid mixtures, one having a higher than normal sodium, but lower than normal potassium content, the other having a lower than normal sodium, but higher than normal potassium content, were perfused alternately through the cerebral ventricular system of seven dogs, from the right lateral ventricle and down through the third ventricle, aqueduct and fourth ventricle. During this procedure blood was collected through the adrenal vein and the concentration of cortisol (11β, 17,12-trihydroxy-pregn-4-eme-3,20-dione), cortisone (17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11.20-trione), corticosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene3,20-dione). compound S (11-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al) and aldosterone (11β.21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al) determined. A gradual and marked increase in the secretion of all the cortical compounds was observed during the procedure. This pattern was not altered by changing from one of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid mixtures to the other.
RELATIVE THYMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC CORTICOIDS USING A 6-DAY INJECTION ASSAY IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: Dorfman Ralph i. , Dorfman Adeline S. , Agnello E. J. , Figdor S. K. , Laubach G. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The influence of various modifications in the cortisol and prednisolone molecule on the thymolytic activity in the adrenalectomized rat injected subcutaneously once daily for a six-day period are reported. These structural changes include the introduction of the Δ6-group, the 9α-fluoro-Δ6-grouping and certain groups which increase the solubility of the steroid in water. The assay procedure had an index of precision (λ) of 0.17 for 32 tests, which was significantly better than the λ=0.26 found previously for a 2-day rat thymolytic assay.
STUDIES ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND RENAL PLASMA FLOW IN PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY IN MAN INCLUDING MEASUREMENTS OF THE RENAL EXTRACTION OF PARA-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID
Authors: Bojs Göran , Falkheden Thomas , Sjögren Björn 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Clearances of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid as well as renal extraction of para-aminohippuric acid were studied in six hypophysectomized patients, in one case of craniopharyngioma and in two cases of chromophobe adenoma. All subjects showed evidence of adrenocortical insufficiency and received substitution therapy with cortisone (17,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione) at the time of this investigation. Thyroid insufficiency was demonstrated in only four cases. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were decreased to a varying extent, the reduction being most marked in the hypothyroid subjects. Irrespective of the degree of reduction in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow a normal renal extraction of para-aminohippuric acid was found.
OESTROGEN CONJUGATION BY THE HUMAN INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Franksson C. , Martinsen B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Administration by duodenal intubation of 25 mg of oestriol to a patient with a complete biliary fistula resulted in the gradual disappearance of free oestriol from the duodenal contents and in the appearance of increasing amounts of conjugated oestriol. When sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate was given in a similar fashion, only conjugated forms were found.
Injection of 50 mg amounts of oestriol into an isolated jejunal loop with a preserved arterial blood supply gave rise to huge quantities of conjugated oestriol in the intestinal wall as well as in the effluent venous blood. Smaller, but still significant amounts of conjugates were formed following intra-gastric oestriol administration, whereas very slight, or no conjugating capacity could be demonstrated in an experiment involving oestriol injection into the large intestine.
Sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate has been isolated and identified in extracts of the intestinal wall and effluent venous blood. Another oestriol glucosiduronate (probably a di- or triglucosiduronate) has also been detected. Very little, if any, sodium oestriol-3-sulphate was found. It is concluded that certain parts of the human gastro-intestinal tract possess the ability to convert huge amounts of oestriol into oestriol glucosiduronates. It is suggested that other steroids may also undergo intestinal conjugation.
ENZYMORPHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE UTERUS AND VAGINA OF CASTRATE RATS RECEIVING OVARIAN HORMONES
Authors: Hayashi Masando , Fishman William H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The early changes in the histochemical localization of β-glucuronidase, α-naphthy esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase (DPNH-diaphorase) were investigated in the uterus and the vagina of castrate rats following treatment with 17β-oestradiol alone, and with progesterone in animals previously primed with oestradiol. Marked alterations in the intensity and location of β-glucuronidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase occur in the vagina only two hours after the injection of oestrogen. On the other hand, the change in DPNH-diaphorase or acid phosphatase is much slower in making its appearance. Progesterone accelerates these effects in animals previously primed with small doses of oestrogen. Among the changes observed, the most characteristic are the ones occurring in the β-glucuronidase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the vagina.
GRANULOMA POUCH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ASSAY: SOME REMARKS ON CALCULATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Authors: Llaurado J. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A statistical analysis is made of the granuloma pouch assay in the rat as a quantitative method for estimating the anti-inflammatory activity of different materials. The problems of calculating the best unbiased mean and estimates of standard error and degrees of freedom on replicate experiments are studied. Use is made of established criteria for deciding whether the means to be combined are, or are not, of the same precision, and the course to follow in each case. Emphasis is laid on the verification of the hypothesis of non-linearity between response and logarithm of dose of materials (steroids) administered. Estimating equations as well as characteristic statistical parameters are presented for all steroids tested. Results of this analysis indicate that there is a linear logdose-response relationship and that the slopes of the estimating equations for all steroids assayed do not differ significantly from that for the standard. The symbol XY50 is defined to signify the calculated dose causing 50 per cent effect in a graded response assay in which the range of response has been by arithmetic conversion arbitrarily established from 0 to 100. The reliability of obtaining estimates of relative potency as ratios of different XY50 is demonstrated theoretically and illustrated experimentally.
ÜBER DIE DURCH UNSPEZIFISCHE SUBSTANZEN BEDINGTE ÄNDERUNG DER QUANTITATIVEN UND QUALITATIVEN WIRKSAMKEIT VON GONADOTROPINEN BEI DER BIOLOGISCHEN AKTIVITÄTSBESTIMMUNG
Authors: Walter K. , Wysocki S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The activity of chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injected in solutions containing different nonspecific substances (polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatine, tragacanth = »depot-media« is compared with the activity of HCG in distilled water. Intact immature female rats are used for the bioassays, which differ only in injection schedule or the response measured (uterine resp. ovarian weight).
Depending on the injection schedule used and the response measured the results of the various bioassays in intact immature rats are different, when one and the same depot-medium is used. Significant indices of discrimination as well as significant slope differences of dose-response curves are observed. The addition of a biologically inactive kaolin extract prepared according to the »crude kaolin-acetone method« to a gonadotrophic extract from the urine of postmenopausal women produced a significant decrease in activity in one type of assay, and a significant slope difference of dose-response curves in another one.
In view of these results the difficulties arising for the demonstration of qualitative differences in gonadotrophic preparations and for expressing bioassay-results in terms of the International Reference Preparation are discussed.
COPULATORY REFLEX IN GUINEA PIGS INDUCED BY PROGESTERONE AND RELATED STEROIDS
Authors: Kind Fred A. , Dorfman Ralph I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Twenty-eight derivatives of progesterone were studied in a copulatory reflex assay in the oestrogen-primed ovariectomized guinea pig. The activity of the steroids in this test was not correlated with the progestational activity as measured by the McPhail assay. Particularly striking was 6-chloro-Δ6-dehydro-17-acetoxyprogesterone, which was about 50 times more active than progesterone in the McPhail test, but less than one-fourth as active as the standard in the copulatory reflex assay, and 4,9α-dichloro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone which was 16 times more active than progesterone in the copulatory reflex assay but only equal to progesterone in the McPhail test. Seven compounds were more active than progesterone of which 6 were 4-chloro-9α-halo-11-oxygenated derivatives of progesterone and the seventh was 19-norprogesterone.
CATECHOLAMINES AND (INTERMEDIATE) CORTICOID METABOLISM IN NORMAL MALES AND FEMALES
Authors: De Moor P. , Meulepas E. , Hinnekens M. , Grevendonck W. , Hendrikx A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Epinephrine (25 ng/kg/min I.V.), administered to normal males causes a marked change in the plasma corticoid concentration curves obtained during maximal stimulation with corticotrophin (ACTH). This finding is not observed in females. The altered pattern described in the male subjects is due to a significant increase of the removal rate without a concomittant change in the production rate, resulting in a decrease of the plateau and the C8 corticoid concentration. An augmented cortisol storage outside the readily miscible distribution volume could be responsible for this increased removal rate.
The administration of norepinephrine (120 ng/kg/min I. V.) causes an increase in the production rate during ACTH stimulation in normal males and females. As indicated by the unchanged level of urinary cortisol metabolites, there is no change in the total production of adrenal corticoids; thus a decrease of the mean distribution volume of the readily miscible corticoids is probable. An increase of the removal rate is also observed under these circumstances in males but not in females.
As to the diurnal variation of plasma corticoids during ACTH stimulation, significant quantitative and qualitative differences are found between the sexes during the evening and night. Some of these differences in males disappear after the administration of phentolamine methanesulfonate (Regitine), which suggests an interference of endogenous catecholamines in the observed phenomenon.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF FOUR DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS IN HUMAN OVARY DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Ikonen M. , Niemi M. , Pesonen S. , Timonen S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The histochemical localization of four dehydrogenase systems (diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase, lactic, succinic and steroid-3β-ol-dehydrogenase) has been studied in human ovary during the menstrual cycle. The phase of the cycle was determined using endometrial biopsy and vaginal smear examination and by estimations of the urinary excretion of pregnanediol-complex. All the dehydrogenases were found to exhibit equal distribution; the most active structures were the theca interna cells of the developing follicles and both thecal and granulosa lutein cells of the corpora lutea. Atretic follicles as well as corpora albicans consistently showed moderate dehydrogenase activity. Formazan deposit was always developed in the interstitial cells of the stroma. No changes were detected in the enzyme activity during the follicular and progestational phases of the cycle.
SPORADIC FAMILIAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Heyman I. , Laurian L. , Lewitus Z. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Three children of a family of six, affected with familial sporadic hypothyroidism are presented.
The characteristics of the cases are high 131I uptake, rapid turnover, normal perchlorate test (normal protein binding) and low PBI.
Most of the protein trapped iodine appeared in the serum as diiodotyrosine which was also found in increased amounts in the urine.
The authors think that these cases may belong to a mixed type according to the classification of Stanbury, partly due to a lack of coupling of the iodotyrosines to produce iodothyronines and partly to a defect in deiodination.
UTILIZATION OF UNIFORMLY LABELLED 14C-GLUCOSE IN THE PINEAL BODY OF GOATS
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro utilization of uniformly 14C-labelled glucose was studied in the pineal body of goats by using a quantitative application of the radio paper-chromatographic technique. The O2 consumption as well as the formation of CO2 and lactic acid from glucose in the incubation medium was comparatively very high in young goats and decreased gradually with increasing age. The same was true for the formation of labelled amino acids. Thus, there were no measurable amounts of radioactive amino acids in goats older than 6 years, while in the animals 1–3 months old no less than 11.7 μg glucose was converted into amino acids per 25 mg wet weight of the pineal body Glutamic acid and alanine were found in the highest amounts among the different amino acids formed from glucose in the youngest age group. There were also appreciable amounts of arginine, glutamine, δ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid. Microscopical examination revealed that not only progressive degenerative changes but also a markedly reduced number of parenchymal cells per unit volume, might account for the diminished glucose metabolism found in the pineal body of adult goats. The metabolic findings, especially the very high rate of formation of amino acids from glucose in the youngest animals, are discussed in the light of the result of recent investigations, which suggest secretion of a protein hormone from the non-adult pineal body.
THE EFFECT OF MASSIVE DOSES OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND OF CORTICOSTERONE ON OVULATION OF THE CHICKEN (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
Authors: van Tienhoven A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
One hundred IU of corticotrophin causes premature ovulation in the laying hen. The effect is not due to LH contamination. Corticosterone at levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/hen does not induce or block ovulation. Ten mg corticosterone/hen causes blocked as well as premature ovulations whereas 20 mg/hen consistently blocks spontaneous as well as progesterone-induced ovulation if given one hour prior to the progesterone. The same level of corticosterone fails to block progesterone-induced ovulations if given simultaneously with the progesterone. The possible mechanisms involved in these phenomena are discussed.
ADRENALINE EXCRETION DURING RESTING CONDITIONS AND AFTER INSULIN IN ADRENALECTOMIZED HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: von Euler U. S. , Ikkos D. , Luft R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of insulin on the urinary excretion of adrenaline was studied in 10 bilaterally adrenalectomized patients receiving cortisone and in eight healthy volunteers. The resting excretion of adrenaline was the same in both groups. Insulin administration to the adrenalectomized patients led to an increase in adrenaline excretion from the control level (mean ± S. E.) of 2.42 ± 0.33 to 5.01 ± 0.98 ng per min (P < 0.02) during the second hour, and 6.61 ± 0.82 ng per min (P < 0.001) during the third hour. In the normal subjects the maximum adrenaline excretion (21.7 ± 3.49 ng per min) was observed during the first hour. The response of the blood glucose level to insulin was the same in both groups. It is concluded that extra-adrenal chromaffin cells produce adrenaline and respond to insulin. It is suggested that hypoglycaemia may not be the principal cause of this response.
THE SECRETORY CAPACITY OF THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED HYPOPHYSIS AS INDICATED BY THE EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: Ahrén Kurt 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the present experiments the secretory capacity of the pituitary gland, autotransplanted to the kidney capsule, was studied with special regard to the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone, using the response of the mammary glands to oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one) and progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) in castrated female and male rats as indicator. The main results were as follows:
1) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone + 4 mg of progesterone stimulated slight duct growth and marked but not maximal lobule-alveolar development in the mammary glands of rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive duct growth and more marked alveolar development. 2) Daily injections of 1 μg of oestrone did not stimulate mammary gland development in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. The same treatment produced slight but definite duct growth in rats with intact pituitary gland. 3) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone stimulated slight duct growth and restricted lobule-alveolar development in rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive growth of the duct system. 4) In hypophysectomized rats all dose levels of oestrone and progesterone were ineffective in promoting mammary gland development. Combined with prolactin these hormones stimulated, in hypophysectomized rats, a mammary gland development which, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, was very similar to that found in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. These results indicate that the transplanted pituitary gland secreted considerable amounts of prolactin but did not secrete growth hormone or secreted it in only very small amounts.
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CALCULATIONS OF SECRETION RATES. A CORRECTION
Authors: Laumas K. R. , Tait J. F. , Tait S. A. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Reconsideration of the question of the validity of the calculations of the secretion rates from the specificity activity of a urinary metabolite after the single injection of a radioactive hormone has led us to conclude that the basic equations used in a previous theoretical treatment are not generally applicable to the nonisotopic steady state if the radioactive steroid and hormone are introduced into the same compartment. If this is so, in a two compartmental model with metabolism occurring in both pools, it is now shown that the calculation (S = R — τ) is rigorously valid if certain precautions are taken. This is in contrast to the previous treatment which concluded (in certain special circumstances) that the calculation might not be correct.
However, if the hormone is secreted in both compartments and the radioactive steroid is injected into only one, then the calculation (S = R — τ) may not be correct in certain circumstances as was previously concluded (Laumas et al. 1961).
URINARY STEROIDS IN POST-NATAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH VIRILISM
Authors: Lipsett M. B. , Riter B. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTS
The urinary steroids have been analyzed in a 12-year-old girl with adrenal hyperplasia in whom virilization started at age 6. Androsterone and etiocholanolone levels were elevated and increased normally in response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). The excretion of 11β-hydroxy-androsterone was high and of 11β-hydroxy and 11-ketoetiocholanolone low. She excreted 16 mg of pregnanetriol daily before ACTH, and 48 mg with ACTH. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone was normal and increased with ACTH.
This steroid pattern was compared with that of 3 patients with adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome. These patients excreted only slightly increased amounts of pregnanetriol and large amounts of all of the 11-oxyketosteroids.
The occurrence of post-natal virilizing adrenal hyperplasia has been reviewed and the hypothesis offered that there is a congenital partial block of 21-hydroxylation that becomes clinically apparent only some years later.
INDIREKTE PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER HARNOESTROGENE
Authors: Kecskés L. , Mutschler F. , Glós I. , Thán E. , Farkas I. , Ceglédi J. , Kóbor J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
1. An indirect paperchromatographic method is described for separating urinary oestrogens; this consists of the following steps: acidic hydrolysis, extraction with ether, dissociation of phenol-fractions with partition between the solvents. Previous purification of phenol fraction with the aid of paperchromatography. The elution of oestrogen containing fractions is followed by acetylation. Oestrogen acetate is isolated by re-chromatography. The chromatogram was developed after hydrolysis of the oestrogens 'in situ' on the paper. The quantity of oestrogens was determined indirectly, by means of an iron-reaction, after the elution of the iron content of the oestrogen spot, which was developed by the Jellinek-reaction. 2. The method described above is satisfactory for determining urinary oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, but could include 16-epioestriol and other oestrogenic metabolites. 3. The sensitivity of the method is 1.3–1.6 μg/24 hours. 4. The quantitative and qualitative determination of urinary oestrogens with the above mentioned method was performed in 50 pregnant and 9 non pregnant women, and also in 2 patients with granulosa cell tumour.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE EFFECT AND CHANGES IN RENAL EXCRETION OF CALCIUM IN RATS AND DOGS
Authors: Thorn Niels A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Injections and infusions of various preparations of arginine- and lysine-vasopressin into hydrated dogs and rats caused an increased urinary excretion of calcium which was well correlated with the antidiuretic effect of these hormones. Synthetic oxytocin and lysyl8-oxytocin had the same effects when they were given in doses which caused antidiuresis, but smaller doses had no effect on renal calcium excretion. These findings strengthen the hypothesis, previously advanced, that the mechanism of action of the antidiuretic hormone involves an effect on calcium in the distal part of the nephron. The hypothesis is advanced that shifts of cell membrane calcium are involved in the mechanism of action of several other hormones as well.