bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased prevalence of varicella zoster virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Mancuso Roberta , Delbue Serena , Borghi Elisa , Pagani Elisabetta , Calvo Maria Gaetana , Caputo Domenico , Granieri Enrico , Ferrante Pasquale 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn order to investigate the possible involvement of viruses in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the study evaluated the presence of viral genomic sequences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as markers of viral replication within the central nervous system (CNS). A total of 85 CSF samples were collected from 38 MS patients, 28 patients with other neurological diseases and 19 subjects without neurological diseases. Using nested‐PCR, the investigation focused on the presence of human herpes virus DNA, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) and 2 (HSV‐2), the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV‐6) and JC virus (JCV). All the CSF samples from the individuals without neurological diseases were negative for viral DNA. Genomic sequences of HSV‐1, HCMV, EBV, HHV6, and JCV were found in patients with MS and other neurological diseases without significant differences between the two groups. VZV DNA was detected more frequently (P < 0.05) in the MS group (31.6%), particularly among the relapsing‐remitting MS patients (43.5%), compared with patients with other neurological diseases (10.7%). In addition, the results indicated that JCV and HHV‐6 were replicating actively in the CNS of a small, but significant number of patients with MS and other neurological diseases. Most importantly, the study revealed a high frequency of VZV DNA in the CSF of patients with MS, suggesting a possible role of this virus in the pathogenesis of MS. J. Med. Virol. 79:192–199, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of human adenovirus isolated from children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Moura Patrícia O. , Roberto Adriana F. , Hein Noely , Baldacci Evandro , Vieira Sandra E. , Ejzenberg Bernardo , Perrini Priscila , Stewien Klaus E. , Durigon Edison L. , Mehnert Dolores U. , Hársi Charlotte M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a study of acute respiratory disease, two collections of nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were obtained from children hospitalized at the Pediatric Clinic of the University Hospital, São Paulo, in 1995 and 2000. Adenovirus was detected in 33 (8.2%) of 401 children followed. These viruses were isolated in HEp‐2, HEK‐293, or NCI‐H292 cells and serotyped by neutralization. The genome types were determined after restriction analyses of the genomic DNA extracted from infected cells. Nineteen isolates were characterized as Human adenovirus B, genome types HAdV‐3a, HAdV‐7h, and HAdV‐7h1; 11 as Human adenovirus C, genome types HAdV‐1D10, HAdV‐2D25, HAdV‐5D2, and HAdV‐6D3. Our findings show that species C adenoviruses present an endemic infection pattern, with co‐circulation of different serotypes and genome types; no new genomic variant was observed. Species B adenoviruses showed epidemic infection patterns, with shifts in the predominant genome type. The isolates from 1995 belong to genome type 7h, or the variant 7h1, with a clear substitution of the type 7b, prevalent in São Paulo for more then 10 years. In 2000, the variant 7h1 predominated and the emergence of the type 3a was observed. Almost 10 years passed between the identification of HAdV‐7h in Argentina and its detection in São Paulo. The geographic isolation of these two countries was reduced by the increase in population mobility due to growing commercial relationships. J. Med. Virol. 79:174–181, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and identification of adenovirus from conjunctival scrapings over a two‐year period (between 2001 and 2003) in Yokohama, Japan
Authors: Matsui Kiyohiko , Saha Sukumar , Saitoh Masaaki , Mizuki Nobuhisa , Itoh Norihiko , Okada Eiichi , Yoshida Atsushi , Xin Ke‐Qin , Nishio Osamu , Okuda Kenji 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOver a 2‐year period between 2001 and 2003, a total of 115 conjunctival scrapings were collected from patients with keratoconjuctivitis from several hospitals in Yokohama, Japan. Out of 115, 94 (82.4%) cases of adenoviruses were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 60 (52.1%) by cell culture isolation; and 16 (14.0%) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serotypes were determined by PCR‐ restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR‐RFLP) and by the neutralization test (NT). PCR‐RFLP was performed using a combination of endonucleases such as HhaI, AluI, and HaeIII. Of the 94 PCR‐positive samples, the serotypes of 91 (96.8%) were identified by PCR‐RFLP analysis (adenovirus 3: 50%, 4: 11%, and 8: 32%). Out of the 115 samples, 60 samples were identified by the neutralization (adenovirus 3, 4, 7, and 8). When both PCR‐RFLP and the neutralization techniques were used, 53.2%, 11.7%, 1.1%, and 34% of the samples were identified as adenovirus 3, 4, 7, and 8, respectively. In contrast to the results of a nationwide surveillance report, adenovirus 3 was found as a major cause of keratoconjunctivitis in the Yokohama area. The nationwide surveillance report did not reflect accurately the epidemiological situation in the local area. In order to obtain surveillance data that would be useful for the prevention of an adenovirus conjunctivitis epidemic, it seems that local epidemiology is more important than that nationwide surveillance. J. Med. Virol. 79:200–205, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding why people do not give: strategic funding concerns for AIDS‐related nonprofits
Authors: Eveland Vicki Blakney , Crutchfield Tammy Neal 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

In this increasingly competitive environment for the individual donor's time and money, it is especially important for AIDS‐related nonprofits to understand why people choose not to give. Voluntary donations to organizations serving persons with HIV/AIDS could be negatively influenced by the social stigma that continues to be associated with the disease. Using the empathy‐altruism hypothesis from social psychology, the impact of gender, homosexuality, promiscuity, and drug use on donor cognitive situational empathy, emotional situational empathy, and altruism is examined. The findings have significant implications for nonprofits. Understanding the impact of these behaviors on giving is a first step in gauging the magnitude of challenges that AIDS‐related nonprofits may face in fund‐raising activities. Additionally, this information should be invaluable in the development of educational and/or promotional strategies to increase private sector support. Finally, initiatives in communication and marketing strategy are discussed to improve fund‐raising efforts.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple spinal epidural abscesses: a diagnostic challenge in a person with newly diagnosed diabetes and neck and back pain
Authors: Quah CSL , Bilous R 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEpidural abscess is a rare medical emergency that requires a high index of suspicion in order to reach a timely diagnosis. It is more frequent in people with diabetes and, as the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is due to double over the next 20 years, physicians are likely to encounter it more often. We report a case of a man with newly presenting diabetes who attended the Accident & Emergency Department with severe hyperglycaemia and neck and back pain, and who was found to have multiple spinal abscesses. The diagnosis was not confirmed until six days after admission. This case highlights the need for increased awareness of the possibility of this serious condition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Oesophageal rupture secondary to gastric stasis, complicating severe diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Martin N , Ferrando L , Fletcher J , Leslie PJ 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGastric stasis is a common, and easily treated, complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Here we report a case of oesophageal rupture in DKA that highlights the need for early nasogastric tube placement in patients with gastric stasis and protracted vomiting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Diabetic foot infections: an audit of antibiotic prescribing in a diabetic foot clinic
Authors: Wong M‐L , Coppini DV 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInfected diabetic foot ulcers cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic therapy is necessary for all infected ulcers but widespread antibiotic prescription can lead to adverse effects and increased resistance. The main purpose of this audit was to survey our antibiotic prescription pattern and to assess the appropriateness of prescriptions in the diabetic foot clinic.We graded 85 consecutive wounds seen in the clinic using the University of Texas Wound Classification System (UTWCS). This system allows ulcers to be classified according to depth, presence of infection and ischaemia.We found that 55 wounds (65%) were infected and antibiotics were prescribed for 51 wounds (93%). Four infected wounds did not have antibiotics prescribed. Four patients (7%) with infected ulcers required admission for intravenous antibiotic treatment. All four had deep infections involving bone. Deep wound swabs were performed on 52 of the infected wounds and three (6%) grew methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotics commonly used were cefradine, clindamycin, and combinations of clindamycin + ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin + flucloxacillin. In the remaining 30 uninfected wounds (35%), no antibiotics were prescribed.In the foot clinic, antibiotic prescription was generally appropriate but not all patients with infected ulcers received antibiotic therapy. As a result of this audit, we have devised a simple antibiotic protocol in an attempt to improve the management of infected diabetic wounds in a safe, methodical and effective manner. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Prevalence of obesity and unrecognised glucose intolerance in a UK day‐case surgery unit: observational study
Authors: Pratap JN , Clements E , Levy D 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe objectives of this study were: to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a day‐case surgery unit; to find out if obesity is more frequent than in the general population; and to assess glucose intolerance in obese day‐case unit attendees.The study was conducted as a retrospective audit of prospectively collected observational data at a United Kingdom urban secondary care ambulatory surgery facility.The study participants comprised 829 (99.0%) patients with complete anthropometric records out of 837 undergoing preoperative assessment between April 2004 and June 2004. The main outcome measures were: prevalence of overweight and obesity according to body mass index (BMI) stratification; and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), random venous plasma glucose, and prevalence of unrecognised glucose intolerance in obese patients.The results showed that 30.2% of 560 females had a BMI of 25–30kg/m2 (overweight), 19.1% 30–40kg/m2 (class 1 and 2 obesity), and 2.5% over 40kg/m2 (class 3 obesity); 45.0%, 14.9% and 0.7% of 269 males, respectively, were in these categories. The mean HbA1c of obese patients was significantly elevated at 6.33% (95% confidence interval 6.17–6.50%, p<0.001; non‐diabetic reference range 4.0–6.0%). In all, 11.4% of 70 obese females and 20.8% of 24 obese males for whom a result was available showed an HbA1c greater than 7.0% suggesting unrecognised diabetes.The prevalence of obesity in the day‐case surgery unit is similar to that of the local population. Obese ambulatory surgery patients exhibit markedly abnormal glucose tolerance. The yield of targeted opportunistic screening for diabetes is particularly high in this group with a number needed to screen of five for men and nine for women in order to detect one case likely to need pharmacological intervention. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Mechanical properties of layered silicate/starch polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites
Authors: Pérez C Javier , Alvarez Vera A , Mondragón Iñaki , Vázquez Analía 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of layered silicate/starch polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites was evaluated. Three different clays (Cloisite Na+, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A) were used as reinforcement. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation followed by compression molding. These nanocomposites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing. X‐ray diffraction results showed that most of the clays were intercalated within the polymeric chains. In all cases, mechanical properties were improved with clay incorporation and the improvement was better as the clay content was increased. The best properties were achieved with Cloisite 10A due to their greatest compatibility with the matrix. A mechanical model, which takes into account the effective parameters of the clay, was used in order to estimate the dispersion of clay within the polymer. The highest dispersion was obtained for Cloisite 10A, which is in accordance with the experimental mechanical properties. Although dynamical‐mechanical properties improved with clay incorporation, the glass transition temperature was not affected. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Side‐chain functionalized supramolecular polymers
Authors: Weck Marcus 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOver the past two decades, the field of supramolecular polymer chemistry has developed from a curiosity to a mature area of polymer science. Among the most promising subjects in this large field are noncovalently functionalized side‐chain polymers that have been investigated extensively as a result of their modular character and ease of synthesis. Side‐chain functionalized polymers have the potential for a profound impact on complex materials. For example, for side‐chain functionalized polymers based on a single noncovalent interaction, materials for a variety of applications ranging from liquid crystalline and electro‐optical materials to drug delivery systems have been reported. Furthermore, materials based on this novel methodology may overcome several shortcomings of current covalent multifunctionalization strategies such as highly complex materials that are extremely difficult or impossible to fabricate with current methods. In this review, basic design requirements, advantages and potential applications are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Outer membrane proteome of Prevotella intermedia 17: Identification of thioredoxin and iron‐repressible hemin uptake loci
Authors: Yu Fan , Anaya Cecilia , Lewis Janina P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlthough hemin is an indispensable nutrient for the oral pathogen Prevotella intermedia, not much is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of hemin acquisition. The availability of the genomic sequence of the bacterium allowed us to apply proteomic approaches to identify proteins that may be mediating the hemin acquisition process. As hemin acquisition mechanisms have been shown to be induced in iron‐depleted conditions, we applied proteomic approaches to detect those proteins whose expressions were affected by iron. We analyzed 40 protein spots and identified 19 such proteins. Interestingly, two proteins drastically upregulated in iron‐depleted conditions, PIN0009 and PINA0611, are homologs of hemin uptake receptors in other bacteria. PIN0009 is predicted to be an outer membrane lipoprotein. It is encoded by a gene that is the first of a seven‐gene genomic locus encoding proteins of a novel hemin acquisition system. The second protein, PINA0611, is a homolog of numerous TonB‐dependent outer membrane receptors including outer membrane iron uptake receptors of various Gram‐negative bacteria. There was also another protein, regulated by iron, that was previously demonstrated to bind hemoglobin in P. intermedia. Finally, we identified a thioredoxin‐like protein that has a novel outer membrane location.
Behaviors of the positive temperature coefficient of resistance of poly(styrene‐co‐n‐butylacrylate) filled with Ni‐plated core‐shell polymeric particles
Authors: Chang Jason , Ho Albert , Chin Wei‐Kuo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractConductive composite films of poly(styrene‐co‐n‐butylacrylate) copolymers filled with low‐density, Ni‐plated core‐shell polymeric particles were prepared and their behaviors of positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) were investigated. When the conductive fillers in the composite film were loaded beyond the critical volume, 10 up to 25 vol %, composite films exhibited a unique electrical resistant transition behavior, which the electrical resistance rapidly increased by several orders of magnitude at the critical temperature. The PTCR transition temperature, in general, occurred before the glass transition temperature of polymer matrix. Further increased the conductive filler loading to 30 vol %, the overpacked conduction paths were formed in the entire composite and the PTCR effects became blurred. While the composite film treated with thermal cycle several times from room temperature up to 120 °C, the electrical resistivity increased accompanied with the shift of the PTCR transition to lower temperature. The reason might have been caused by the formed interfacial cracks within the composite film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 322–329, 2007
Preparation of a superhydrophobic rough surface
Authors: Lee Hoon Joo , Michielsen Stephen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the contact angles, surface tension, and surface roughness is reviewed. Numerical formulas related to the superhydrophobic rough surfaces of polymers are predicted with two approaches, the Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter models. With these models as a guide, an artificial superhydrophobic surface is created. Rough nylon surfaces mimicking the lotus leaf are created by the coating of a polyester surface with nylon‐6,6 short fibers via the flocking process. Poly(acrylic acid) chains aregrafted onto nylon‐6,6 surfaces, and this is followed by the grafting of 1H,1H‐perfluorooctylamine onto the poly(acrylic acid) chains. Water contact angles as high as 178° are achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 253–261, 2007.
High red, green, and blue color purity electroluminescence from MEH‐PPV and polyalkyfluorenes‐based bright white polymer light emitting displays
Authors: Lee Rong‐Ho , Lin Kuo‐Tung , Huang Chen‐Yang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of white polymer light emitting displays (PLEDs) based on a polymer blend of polyalkylfluorenes and poly(2‐methoxy‐5,2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) was developed. MEH‐PPV or red light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFR) was blended with blue light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFB), and MEH‐PPV was blended with both green light emitting alkyfluorene copolymer (PFG) and PFB to generate white light emission PLEDs. Low turn on voltage (2.7 V), high brightness (12,149 nits), high efficiency (4.0 cd/A, 4.0 lm/W), and good color purity (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIEx,y) co‐ordinates (0.32, 0.34)) were obtained for the white PLEDs based on the PFB and MEH‐PPV polymer blend. Exciplex formation in the interface between PFR and PFB induced a new green emission peak for these two components based white PLEDs. As a result, strong white emission (4078 nits) was obtained by mixing the red, green, and blue (RGB) three primary colors. High color purity of blue (CIE, x = 0.14, y = 0.08), green (CIE, x = 0.32, y = 0.64) and red (CIE, x = 0.67, y = 0.33) emissions was achieved for white PLEDs combining with dielectric interference color‐filters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 330–341, 2007
Morphological change of a diblock copolymer film induced by selective doping of a photoactive chromophore
Authors: Machida Shinjiro , Nakata Hiroshi , Yamada Kazushi , Itaya Akira 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTetrakis‐5,10,15,20‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrine (TCPP) was position‐selectively introduced into a diblock copolymer film of polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) with a sea–island microphase structure. By immersing the PS‐b‐P4VP film into a solution of TCPP/methanol, TCPP was introduced into the island parts comprising P4VP phase. The morphology of the island parts depended on the immersion time and TCPP concentration. A schematic model for the morphological change caused by the phase‐selective introduction of TCPP was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 368–375, 2007
The nearly constant loss, Johari‐Goldstein β‐relaxation, and α‐relaxation of 1,4‐polybutadiene
Authors: Schroeder Maria J. , Ngai Kia L. , Michael Roland C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFrom high‐resolution dielectric spectroscopy measurements on 1,4‐polybutadiene (1,4‐PB), we show that in addition to the structural α‐relaxation and higher frequency secondary relaxations in the spectra, a nearly constant loss (NCL) is observed at shorter times/lower temperatures. The properties of this NCL are compared to those of another chemically similar polymer, 1,4‐polyisoprene. The secondary relaxations in 1,4‐PB include the well‐known Johari‐Goldstein (JG) β‐relaxation and two other higher‐frequency peaks. One of these, referred to as the γ‐relaxation, falls between the JG‐relaxation and the NCL. Seen previously by others, this γ‐relaxation in 1,4‐PB is not the JG‐process and bears no relation to the glass transition. At very low temperatures (<15 K), we confirm the existence of a very fast secondary relaxation, having a weak dielectric strength and an almost temperature‐invariant relaxation time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 342–348, 2007
Effect of different ventilation modes with FC‐77 on pulmonary inflammatory reaction in piglets after cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Jiang Lijun , Wang Qiang , Liu Yinglong , Du Ming , Shen Xiangdong , Xie Ning , Wu Song 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRationaleCardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes pulmonary inflammatory reaction. Liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbon has shown an anti‐inflammatory effect on severely injured lungs. The aim of this study is to investigate the treatment effect of different ventilation modes with perfluorocarbon on pulmonary inflammatory reaction in piglets after CPB.MethodsAfter receiving CPB and subsequent infusion of lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/kg), 18 piglets were randomly treated with conventional gas ventilation, total liquid ventilation (TLV), or partial liquid ventilation (PLV) for 240 min. The lung tissue and blood samples were collected at the end of observation period. The pulmonary mRNA expressions and plasmatic concentrations of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) were measured. Histological neutrophil count in lung parenchyma was performed.ResultsHemodynamics, PaCO2 and PH did not differ among groups during the observation period. Both TLV and PLV showed significantly improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary mRNA expressions and plasmatic levels of IL‐6 and IL‐8, and decreased total neutrophil count in lung parenchyma when compared with conventional gas ventilation. Furthermore, TLV resulted in significantly better oxygenation, lower pulmonary mRNA expressions of IL‐6 and IL‐8, and less total neutrophil count when compared with PLV.ConclusionBoth TLV and PLV improved oxygenation and reduced pulmonary inflammatory reaction in piglets after CPB, whereas TLV is more effective than PLV. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:150–158. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.