bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oviedo Convention: A European Legal Framework at the Intersection of Human Rights and Health Law
Authors: Andorno Roberto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of 1997 (“Oviedo Convention“) is the best current example of how to promote the protection of human rights in the biomedical field at a transnational level. The importance of this instrument lies in the fact that it is the first comprehensive multilateral treaty addressing biomedical human rights issues. Certainly, some of the principles it contains were already included in more general terms in previous international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 and the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 (e.g. the rights to life, to physical integrity and to privacy, the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment and of any form of discrimination). However, this is the first time that these rights have been developed and assembled in one single multilateral binding instrument entirely devoted to biomedical issues.The purpose of this paper is, first, to give an overview of the history of the Convention; second, to present its general characteristics; and finally to summarize its key provisions.
Gene – Genome – Systems Biology Engineering Know-How in Greater Demand than Ever
Authors: Hirche Christina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFrom 10-12 May around 1000 professionals came to Wiesbaden for BioPerspectives 2005, an event jointly organized by 16 different bodies. Besides the traditional DECHEMA Annual Meetings, for the first time the annual meeting of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Proteomforschung (German Society for Proteom Research) took place here. The fact that Switzerland was a partner and that the European BREW Project on White Biotechnology was presented made this an event with a strong international bias. “This development is extremely gratifying; it shows that the BioPerspectives concept meets a real need”, said Prof. Alfred Pühler of the University of Bielefeld, chairman of DECHEMA’s Biotechnology Research Committee and Congress chair, in his opening address. It was the declared aim to bring together experts from different disciplines, thus providing as broad a basis as possible for the exchange of ideas and experience and for networking. “It is a wellknown fact that innovations arise at the interfaces of different fields; for this reason we make it a priority to represent the cross-disciplinary character of biotechnology at BioPerspectives”, he stressed.
Episode structures in literary narratives
Authors: Miall David S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article is concerned with the moment-by-moment unfolding of the text as we might suppose the reader to experience it; in addressing one aspect of this reading experience, I propose a definition of the episode, and of episode structure, in literary narratives. To do so, I draw on insights from Ingarden, Iser, Barthes, Eco, Jim Rosenberg, and Ed Tan, but have found most useful the discussion of narrative structure in a 1922 essay by the Russian Formalist A. A. Reformatsky, which includes an analysis of Maupassant's story “Un Coq Chanta”. Reformatsky's essay is analyzed in detail. In a final section, I review responses to a short story (Kate Chopin's “The Story of an Hour”) and consider the evidence for episodes in readers' responses. To the number of convergent criteria used for characterizing episodes I add the role of the narrative twist occurring at or near the end of an episode, serving to intensify or redirect the issues raised, and itself characterized by a distinct development in readers' feeling. Episodes provide the phases during which issues of concern to readers are managed and developed, and the analysis of the episodes of a story may thus provide a valuable framework for identifying the key developments in the responses of readers.
Interpreting marked order narration: The case of James Joyce’s “Eveline”
Authors: Murphy Terence Patrick 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The narrative use of the reverie over the past has
often been seen as part of the stock-in-trade of popular fiction. This has
produced scandal and silence in about equal measure. In many critical retellings
of James Joyce’s “Eveline”, for example, the strategy of silence has prevailed,
even when critics like Robert Scholes have attempted to make the relationship
between story and récit the focus of their attention. A second form of neglect
has resulted when critics attempt to read all narrative fictions as marked order
narratives. To read all Joycean first-person narratives as marked order fictions
is to obliterate what distinguishes chronologically ordinary and marked order
narration altogether. In contrast, by focussing on the use of a marked order
narrative in “Eveline”, I attempt to demonstrate how an understanding of the
significance of this authorial choice can throw into relief the basis for
divergent critical interpretations of the short story. Through the use of four
diagrams, I also reconstruct the two different chronological possibilities that
critics use when they read “Eveline”.
Back to ‘cinema is filmed theatre’
Authors: Rozik Eli 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Following its invention, cinema was initially
conceived and approached as photographed theatre. After a reasonable period of
self-establishment, however, it has become commonplace that cinema essentially
differs from theatre, and is thus a new and independent dramatic art form.
Eventually, while the advent of performance art created the illusion of a basic
affinity to theatre, on the grounds of spectators actually experiencing real
bodies on a stage, there has been a broadening of the alleged gap between
theatre and cinema, in which the spectator’s experience is mediated by images of
actors projected on a screen. I reconsider here both the initial and eventual
approaches, reflecting my own intuition that, without ignoring fundamental
differences, a feature film is a recording of a fictional world formulated in
the medium of theatre. It has to be decoded and interpreted, therefore, as a
theatrical text, since a recording does not change the nature of the recorded
text. Consequently, differences between cinema and theatre are fundamentally the
result of technical constraints and advantages. I support these theses by a
thorough analysis and critic of Roland Barthes’ seminal article ‘Rhetoric of the
image’ on still photography.
Theatrical fictional worlds, counterfactuals, and scientific thought experiments
Authors: Degani-Raz Irit 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
It is commonly accepted that theatrical fictional
worlds could serve as a potent tool for increasing man’s understanding of his
own world. This research connects insights that have been developed in such
diverse areas of thought as semiotics of theater and drama, philosophical logic
and ontology, epistemology, and philosophy of science, so as to establish a
model that suggests an explication of this epistemic effect and thereby a new
observation of the theatrical enterprise. The theory advanced in this study
states that fictional worlds are a kind of thought experiment through which
spectators’ theories about their own world may be tested, amended or even
invented.
Toward a Unified Grammar of Reference
Authors: Longobardi Giuseppe 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The unification of traditionally distinct and apparently unrelated objects of inquiry under common more abstract principles is one of the most welcome results of empirical science. This article proposes to draw together some insights of Longobardi (1994, 1996, 2001) into a unified theory of object- and kind-reference viewed as a single grammatical phenomenon, though crosslinguistically parametrized. The present account aims to improve both in accuracy and explanatory force over those outlined in the articles just cited. To do so, the combined leading intuitions of such works are first spelt out, in section 6, into a deeper generalization about the form/meaning relation in nominals and later deduced from a more principled mapping theory, proposing that a syntactically specified position, traditionally labeled D, is responsible in many languages for one of human fundamental linguistic abilities, reference to individuals (Topological Mapping Theory). After the unification of the syntactic mechanisms available for reference to individuals, virtually all other distinctions simply follow precisely from that between the two varieties of such entities (kinds and objects) previewed in Carlson’s (1977a) ontology, indirectly confirming its continuing heuristic power, and from widely accepted economy conditions of recent syntactic theory.
Methane Pressure-Cycling Process With Horizontal Wells for Thin Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Dong Mingzhe , Huang Sam , Hutchence Keith 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The methane pressure-cycling (MPC) process is an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) scheme intended for application in some heavy-oil reservoirs after termination of either primary or waterflood production. The essence of the process is the restoration of the solution-gas-drive mechanism. The restoration is accomplished by re-injecting an appropriate amount of solution gas (mainly methane) and then repressuring the gas back into solution by injecting water until approximate original reservoir pressure is reached. This, aside from the replacement of produced oil by water, recreates the primary-production conditions. This novel recovery technique is being developed to target the considerable portion of heavy-oil resources located in thin reservoirs. Primary and secondary methods have managed to recover at best 10% of the initial oil in place (IOIP). Heat losses to overburden and underburden or bottomwater zones make thermal methods unsuitable for thin reservoirs.
Sandpack-flood tests in 30.5-cm (length)×5.0-cm (diameter) sandpacks were carried out for oils with a range of dead-oil viscosities from 1700 to 5400 mPa·s. The results showed that the pressure-cycling process could create a favorable condition for recharged gas to contact the remaining oil in reservoirs. This restores the situation whereby substantial amounts of gas are in solution for further "primary" production. The effects on the efficiency of the MPC process of cycle termination strategy, oil viscosity, and mobile-water saturation were investigated. Simulations were conducted to investigate the MPC process in three heavy-oil reservoirs in Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects on the process of infill wells, oil viscosity, gas-injection rate, and the presence of wormholes in reservoirs were studied.
Le Droit d'Aînesse chez les Indigènes du Haut-Ubbangi (Congo Belge)
Authors: Tanghe P. Basile 
Published: April 2006

Le droit d'aînesse domine toute la mentalité de nos indigènes, aussi bien leur vie familiale, qui est en même temps leur vie sociale et religieuse, que le concept animiste dans tout ce qui les entoure. En traitant de ce droit nous touchons un point capital autour duquel gravitent toutes leurs compréhensions de la vie.Chez eux l'aîné a tout à dire. Il est le maître, car il est inouï chez ces animistes qu'un vieux soit obligé, malgré lui, de se soumettre à un plus jeune. De plein droit, c'est l'homme le plus ancien, le plus âgé de la famille qui sera leur chef, car tout village se compose des membres d'une famille.
Native Land Tenure in East Africa
Authors: Mair L. P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOf all the problems of policy which confront colonial administrations, the question of land alienation is the most fundamental and the most pressing. Colonization is meaningless apart from the provision of land for the colonist to live upon; and from the colonist's point of view it is unattractive unless land is provided in large quantities. But since no African colony—and least of all any desirable tract of land in Africa—is entirely uninhabited, the problem immediately becomes that of reconciling conflicting claims. The first duty of every colonial government is to formulate the principles upon which this adjustment shall be made. Whether or not its initial step is to declare that all land belongs to the Crown is of comparatively little relevance; for in any case it is the white government which decides what shall be done with it. The use of another formula does no more than express an intention; it cannot give the native a power which he loses irremediably as soon as colonial government comes into being.
An African Christian Morality
Authors: Hunter Monica 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphStatements are frequently made by residents and travellers in Africa about the effects of missions on Native communities, but they are seldom backed by an analysis of concrete facts. The African is subject to the influences of Western European culture in many different ways, and it is extremely difficult to isolate the influence of missions from other contact influences, particularly since African Christians tend, for a variety of reasons, to be more affected by these other influences than their pagan neighbour. By comparing, in one area, the life of pagan and Christian families which are subject to similar non-Christian contact influences it is, however, possible to study specific differences in belief and behaviour. One such observable difference is found in the believed working of religious sanctions. Among the Nyakyusa of South Tanganyika behaviour in the pagan community is directly affected by the belief that certain actions are punished by the ancestors, by witchcraft, or by magic. Christian teachers attack these beliefs. The problem then arises as to how far belief in traditional religious sanctions remains in the Christian community, how far it is replaced or modified, and how far changes in belief affect behaviour.
Die Gar-Zeremonie bei den Nuer
Authors: Crazzolara Pasquale 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphUm weitschweifigen Umschreibungen auszuweichen, wird hier das Nomen ‘Gar’ und das Zeitwort ‘garen’ gebraucht, wofür es kein deutsches Wort gibt. Die Bedeutung der beiden Ausdrücke ergibt sich aus dem Folgenden. Das ‘Gar’ ist die Vornahme der den Nuer kennzeichnenden Stirnschnitte, und damit die Einführung in den Mannesstand.
La Pédagogie Appliquée à nos Noirs d'Afrique
Authors: Dubois H. M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphToute culture matérielle ou spirituelle comporte d'une part des principes généraux réglant des opérations communes, et d'autre part des applications particulières, ou façons spéciales, infiniment variées.Nous n'avons pas à revenir sur les principes, les ayant exposés dans notre précédent article sur Assimilation ou Adaptation'. Venons-en donc tout de suite aux applications, et, sans entrer dans l'infini des détails, essayons de tracer les grandes lignes d'une pédagogie africaine, rationnelle et adaptée, telle qu'elle nous est apparue dans les études jusqu'ici publiées, et plus encore dans des observations personnelles, quotidiennes et directes de plus de vingt années d'enseignement et de direction.
The Kenya Masai: A Nomadic People under Modern Adminstration
Authors: James L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphExisting accounts of the Masai may be broadly grouped under three heads: (1) The popular impressionist accounts of the tribe by travellers in East Africa; the numerous travel works on this part of Africa nearly all contain some mention of the tribe, but in the main, these descriptions are calculated for their dramatic effect, and thus become largely inaccurate and valueless for the serious student. (2) Studies of the tribe such as those contained in the works of N. Leys and W. M. Ross. These authors approach the subject rather from the political angle, and make a study of the tribe largely for the purpose of criticizing Kenya's native policy. (3) The works dealing with the tribe from the ethnographic and anthropological standpoint; of the older works, the most important are those by A. C. Hollis and M. Merker. Among the more recent contributions the most outstanding are those by L. S. B. Leakey and S. Storrs-Fox. Daryll Forde has also given an account of the tribe from the point of view of the social geographer.
Les Sorkawa Pêcheurs Itinérants du Moyen Niger
Authors: Rouch Jean 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphCette étude des pêcheurs itinérants sorkawa du Moyen-Niger fait partie d'un travail général sur les pêcheurs du Niger. C'est le résultat d'enquêtes menées à deux reprises sur le terrain, en 1946-1947 au cours de la descente du Niger en pirogue de sa source à la mer, et en 1948-1949 au cours de séjours parmi les pêcheurs sorkawa en campagne de pêche au Niger français.Il est difficile de séparer les Sorkawa du reste de la caste des pécheurs sorko de la population songhay, desquels ils sont issus et dont ils ont conservé un grand nombre de traditions. Mais en fait, la situation géographique, historique et ethnique des Sorkawa, leurs manières de vivre et de penser en font un groupe très à part.
The Final Obsequies of the Late Nana Sir Ofori Atta, K.B.E. Abuakwahene
Authors: Frimpong Kwame 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphNana Sir Ofori Atta, K.B.E., died on 23 August 1943 after occupying the Paramount Stool of the tribe of Akim Abuakwa since 1912. He was a striking personality and without doubt the outstanding African of his generation in the Gold Coast. His statesmanship both in his tribal affairs and in the general politics of the Colony was exceptional. He was at once the chief of his own people, the acknowledged leader of his brother chiefs in the Colony, and the valued and trusted adviser of the Government.
Notes sur les Groupements Ethniques en Afrique Équatoriale Française
Authors: Sicé A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLes documents dignes de foi que nous possédons sur le milieu humain en Afrique Équatoriale Française ont fait l'objet de travaux scientifiques, pour la plupart restreints et s'adressant souvent à des agglomérations limitées. Or, l'évolution des autochtones, les mouvements qui s'opèrent, de plus en plus amples avec le développement des moyens de transport, estompent peu à peu les traits fondamentaux des tribus. Elles formaient, il y à 50 ans à peine, des groupements distincts dont les membres, répartis sur un espace généralement bien circonscrit du territoire, étaient individualisés par des caractères secondaires spéciaux, parlaient un dialecte qui leur était propre, restant attachés à des coutumes que pratiquaient leurs ancêtres. Les notes qui suivent ne sont qu'une contribution fragmentaire à cette étude des tribus installées sur les terres de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française, elles feront peut-être ressortir certains traits bien moins connus qui pourront intéresser ceux qu'attirent l'anthropologie et la sociologie de la race noire en Afrique.
The Kin Terminology System of the !Kung Bushmen
Authors: Marshall Lorna 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Peabody Harvard Kalahari Expedition, under the leadership of Laurence K. Marshall, has made four field trips between 1950 and 1955 into the Kalahari Desert in South West Africa and the Bechuanaland Protectorate to find and study Bushmen who were living in their own way, and not working for white farmers or for Negroes. The last of the four expeditions, that of 1955, was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution as well as by the Peabody Museum of Harvard.Our principal study was made with the !Kung Bushmen of the Nyae Nyae region of South West Africa. The Nyae Nyae region extends about 150 miles north and south, about 100 miles east and west, and is centred approximately at Gautscha Pan, which is located at c. 19° 48′ 30″ S. and 20° 34′ 36″ E. on the map of a survey of the area by the Administration of South West Africa dated 7.11.1935. The Nyae Nyae region is separated from the farmed areas of South West Africa by a stretch of waterless, uninhabited country over 100 miles wide.
Animals in Lele Religious Symbolism
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLele religious life is organized by a number of cult groups. For a long time they seemed to me to be a collection of quite heterogeneous cults, uncoordinated except for a certain overlap in membership. In one of them, the Diviners' group, entry is by initiation only, though the candidate is supposed to give evidence of a dream summons. In another, the Twin Parents, there is no initiation. Parents of twins have no choice but to pay the fees and become Twin Diviners. In another, the Begetters, candidates must have begotten a child, pay fees and undergo initiation. Members of this group, who have begotten children of both sexes, are qualified for entrance into another group, which makes a cult of the pangolin (manis tricuspis) (see fig. 1). Lastly there are Diviners of God (Bangang banjambi) who are supposed to acquire their power not by initiation, but by direct communication with supernatural beings, the spirits. The primary objects of all these cults are fertility and good hunting.
Wood-Carving in the Yoruba Country To-day
Authors: Meyerowitz Eva L. R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn no other part of West Africa has the art of wood-carving flourished to such an extent as in the Yoruba country in south-western Nigeria. Even to this day, this part of Africa is still the richest field for traditional wood-carving of all descriptions, although there are signs that this art is rapidly dying out. Nevertheless, orders can still be given to carvers in some districts for the richly carved posts, the beautifully carved doors, stools, masks, and all the different items connected with the various rituals. There are, for instance, little figures or heads, trays, casks, and wooden staves for the Ifa worship, statuettes called Ibeji used in the cult of the God of the Twins, wooden stands, dancing-clubs, double axes, and other symbols used in the Shango cult, quite apart from figures depicting Shango or more frequently his priests and worshippers decorated with his emblems.
An Estimate of Fertility in Some Yao Hamlets in Liwonde District of Southern Nyasaland
Authors: Mitchell J. Clyde 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphKuczynski has drawn attention to the deplorable incompleteness of censuses of colonial populations. In order to make estimates of population trends among non-literate peoples, therefore, we have to rely on the analysis of samples drawn at random from the population as a whole. The difficulties to be surmounted even for so limited an objective are considerable.
Ward Organization among the Yakö
Authors: Forde Daryll 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Yakö of the Middle Cross River area of Obubra Division in SE. Nigeria live in five compact villages a few miles apart, each of which was formerly autonomous in its political as well as its ritual organization. They have a common tradition that their forebears all came from Okuni, a settlement some 50 miles away up the Cross River, from which they came overland, for they were not river people, in several parties and over some years. Among the Yakö settlements distinction is made between those in which the original migrants settled—that is, Idomi, where stopped a section of the main group which founded Umor, Umor itself, and the separately settled community of Nko—and the remaining villages of Ekuri and Nkpani which are held to have been founded a generation or two later by local migrations, following dissensions, from Umor.
The Kalimba of the Lala Tribe, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Jones A. M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAlexander Mayunge's father was, before he died, headman of Mayunge Village in the Lala area of Northern Rhodesia—that is, some 100 miles east of Broken Hill. He was a professional Kalimba maker, and Alexander his son, to whom I am indebted for the facts in this essay, used to help him. Mayunge used to make all kinds of Tulimba—the Kankoŵela, the Ndande, and the Tulimba-twa-masaŵu: he also made Malimba which, among the Lala, means single-note xylophones.