bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomoxetine pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese subjects and effect of the CYP2D6*10 allele
Authors: Cui Yi M. , Teng Choo H. , Pan Alan X. , Yuen Eunice , Yeo Kwee P. , Zhou Ying , Zhao Xia , Long Amanda J. , Bangs Mark E. , Wise Stephen D. 
Published: July 2007

What is already known about this subject • Atomoxetine is a cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrate and its pharmacokinetics has been characterized in a predominantly White population during clinical development.• There are scant East Asian pharmacokinetic data available.• The CYP2D6*10 allele is particularly prevalent in East Asian populations and may contribute to the known ethnic differences in CYP2D6 metabolic capacity. What this study adds • The pharmacokinetics of multiple‐dose 80 mg daily atomoxetine observed in Chinese healthy subjects appears comparable to previous data in other ethnic populations.• Homozygous CYP2D6*10 subjects appear to have higher exposures, but are not a clearly distinct group compared with other CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers.AimsTo characterize atomoxetine pharmacokinetics, explore the effect of the homozygous CYP2D6*10 genotype on atomoxetine pharmacokinetics and evaluate the tolerability of atomoxetine, in healthy Chinese subjects.MethodsTwenty‐four subjects, all CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EM), were randomized to receive atomoxetine (40 mg qd for 3 days, then 80 mg qd for 7 days) or matching placebo (2 : 1 ratio) in a double‐blind fashion. Atomoxetine serum concentrations were measured following single (40 mg) and multiple (80 mg) doses. Adverse events, clinical safety laboratory data and vital signs were assessed during the study.ResultsAtomoxetine was rapidly absorbed with median time to maximum serum concentrations of approximately 1.5 h after single and multiple doses. Atomoxetine concentrations appeared to decrease monoexponentially with a mean apparent terminal half‐life (t1/2) of approximately 4 h. The apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution and t1/2 following single and multiple doses were similar, suggesting linear pharmacokinetics with respect to time. Homozygous CYP2D6*10 subjects had 50% lower clearances compared with other EM subjects, resulting in twofold higher mean exposures. No clinically significant changes or abnormalities were noted in laboratory data and vital signs.ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine in healthy Chinese subjects appears comparable to other ethnic populations. Multiple dosing of 80 mg qd atomoxetine was well tolerated in this study.
Myocardial iron loading by magnetic resonance imaging T2* in good prognostic myelodysplastic syndrome patients on long‐term blood transfusions
Authors: Chacko Joseph , Pennell Dudley J. , Tanner Mark A. , Hamblin Terry J. , Wonke Beatrix , Levy Terry , Thomas Peter W. , Killick Sally B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify myocardial iron loading by T2* in 11 transfusion‐dependent good prognostic myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Myocardial T2*, left ventricular function and hepatic T2* were measured simultaneously. Patients had been on transfusion therapy for 13–123 months and had serum ferritin levels of 1109–6148 μg/l at the time of study. Five patients had not commenced iron chelation and had been transfused with a median of 63 red cell units and had a median serum ferritin level of 1490 μg/l. Six patients were on iron chelation and had been transfused with a median of 112 red cell units and had a median serum ferritin level of 4809 μg/l. Hepatic iron overload was mild in two, moderate in seven and severe in two patients. The median liver iron concentration was 5·9 mg/g dry weight in chelated patients and 9·5 mg/g in non‐chelated patients (P = 0·17; not significant). Myocardial T2* indicated absent iron loading in 10/11 patients (91%; 95% confidence interval 62–98%) and borderline‐normal in one patient. Left ventricular function was normal in all patients. No correlation was observed between increasing serum ferritin levels, hepatic iron overload and myocardial T2*. A long latent period relative to hepatic iron loading appears to predate the development of myocardial iron loading in transfusion‐dependent MDS patients.
Parenting education for young fathers in prison
Authors: Meek Rosie 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the effectiveness of delivering an intensive parenting class to groups of young fathers in prison. Evaluation was based on course feedback from a total of 75 participants. Results demonstrate that even within a group of young prisoners of similar ages there were diverse parenting educational requirements, indicating a need for courses to remain flexible and participant‐led. In considering parenting support needs, three‐quarters of all course participants highlighted the importance of better visiting procedures to allow them to keep in contact with their children whilst in prison. Participants expressed reluctance in accessing parenting support services after release, with the majority of the young fathers indicating that they did not need or want to access formal post‐release provision. Results suggest that further efforts need to be made to support young fathers in custody and after release, with implications for preventing reoffending and engaging young men in parenting education.
Stepfather involvement in social interventions made by youth protection services in stepfamilies
Authors: Parent Claudine , Saint‐Jacques Marie‐Christine , Beaudry Madeleine , Robitaille Caroline 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDespite efforts made by management and caseworkers to promote active parental participation in the protective context, fathers or other male figures are often brushed aside from intervention. This paper presents the results of qualitative research on methods used by youth protection caseworkers (n = 22) working with stepfather families. The main objective is to identify items that encourage or discourage stepfather involvement in psychosocial interventions. Results showed that certain items do not apply solely to stepfathers, but influence youth protection caseworker decision‐making from a broader perspective. Particular characteristics associated with being a stepfather significantly influence involvement practices espoused by caseworkers, notably the absence of legal status and biological connection with the mother's children.
My life in care: experiences of non‐participation in decision‐making processes
Authors: Leeson Caroline 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe extent to which young people are involved in legal decision‐making depends on assumptions and perceptions about their ability to participate in decision‐making in general. This paper draws on research with four young people, looking at their experiences of involvement in a variety of decision‐making processes whilst in the care of the local authority. Through narratives, games and other activities, the thoughts and emotions of the four young people are explored, identifying the development of feelings of helplessness, low self‐esteem and poor confidence that have followed the lack of opportunities made available to them to make decisions about their own lives. The efficacy and tension of corporate parenting is also explored with suggestions from the participants on how the care system could be constructed differently to facilitate their voice and that of much younger children than themselves. Thus, the debate becomes one of adult ability and preparedness to involve young people in decisions about their own lives, rather than whether they are able to participate effectively.
Mineral metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kestenbaum B. , Belozeroff V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  Kidney disease, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a worldwide public health problem with serious adverse health consequences for affected individuals. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, a disorder characterized by elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels, and alteration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis are common metabolic complications of CKD that may impact cardiovascular health.Materials and methods  Here, we systematically review published reports from recent observational studies and clinical trials that examine markers of altered mineral metabolism and clinical outcomes in patients with CKD.Results  Mineral metabolism disturbances begin early during the course of chronic kidney disease, and are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in observational studies. Vascular calcification is one plausible mechanism connecting renal‐related mineral metabolism with cardiovascular risk. Individual therapies to correct mineral metabolism disturbances have been associated with clinical benefit in some observational studies; clinical trials directed at more comprehensive control of this problem are warranted.Conclusions  There exists a potential to improve outcomes for patients with CKD through increased awareness of the Bone Metabolism and Disease guidelines set forth by the National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Future studies may include more aggressive therapy with a combination of agents that address vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone and phosphorus excess, as well as novel agents that modulate circulating promoters and inhibitors of calcification.
Leptin, leptin soluble receptor and coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Hoefle G. , Saely C. H. , Risch L. , Rein P. , Koch L. , Schmid F. , Aczél S. , Marte T. , Langer P. , Drexel H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  The adipose tissue‐related hormone leptin plays an important role in the regulation of body weight. The associations of leptin and leptin soluble receptor (sOb‐R) with coronary artery disease (CAD) are not clear.Design  We measured leptin and sOb‐R in 543 consecutive patients (379 men, 164 women) referred for coronary angiography for the evaluation of CAD. Coronary artery stenoses with lumen narrowing ≥ 50% were considered significant.Results  Serum leptin correlated significantly with body mass index (rs = 0·443), with insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance (rs = 0·339), with serum triglycerides (rs = 0·181), with systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure (rs = 0·170 and rs = 0·133, respectively) and, inversely, with sOb‐R (rs = –0·346; P < 0·01 for all correlations). Coronary angiography revealed significant coronary artery stenoses in 331 (61%) of our patients. Serum leptin was significantly lower in patients with significant coronary artery stenoses than in patients without such lesions (8·5 ± 7·8 vs. 13·2 ± 12·2 ng mL−1; P < 0·001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis proved serum leptin inversely and independently associated with the presence of significant coronary artery stenoses (standardized adjusted odds ratio 0·746, 95% confidence interval 0·566–0·983, P = 0·038). In contrast to serum concentrations of leptin, serum concentrations of sOb‐R did not significantly differ between patients with significant stenoses and those without such lesions (22·4 ± 8·3 vs. 23·1 ± 12·1 ng mL−1; P = 0·655).Conclusions  Serum leptin but not sOb‐R is significantly lower in patients with angiographically determined CAD. Despite its association with cardiovascular risk factors, leptin should not be simply regarded as a promoter of atherosclerosis.
Fatty acid incorporation in endothelial cells and effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Couloubaly S. , Deloménie C. , Rousseau D. , Paul J. L. , Grynberg A. , Pourci M. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  The nature of fatty acids provided by the diet as well as plasma lipid metabolism can modify the composition and properties of plasma membrane and thus the activity of membrane proteins. In humans, as well as in experimental models, diabetes is associated with both an alteration in serum lipid profile and a documented endothelial dysfunction. This in vitro study investigated on an immortalized human endothelial cell line (EA.hy 926) the specific effects of several free fatty acids (FFAs) on the composition of cellular membranes and the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).Materials and methods  0·1% of lipid deprived serum was added to the incubation medium with 25 mm glucose in order to study the effects of individual fatty acids: myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid at 100 µm bound with albumin. The effects of the FFAs on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase were investigated on mRNA level by quantitative PCR, on protein level and Ser1177 phosphorylation by Western blot and on enzymatic activity on living cells using radiolabelled arginine.Results  Free linoleic acid increased the membrane content in n‐6 fatty acids (mainly C18: n‐6 and its metabolites) with a decrease in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. These conditions decreased the basal eNOS activity and reduced the phosphorylation of eNOS‐Ser1177 due to activation by histamine. Free palmitic acid enriched the membranes with 16 : 0 with a slight decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids. These conditions increased eNOS activation without increasing Ser1177 phosphorylation upon histamine activation. The addition of the other FFAs also resulted in modifications of membrane composition, which did not to affect eNOS‐Ser1177 phosphorylation.Conclusion  Among the fatty acids used, only modification of the membrane composition due to linoleic acid supply disturbed the basal enzymatic activity and Ser1177 phosphorylation of eNOS in a way that limited the role of histamine activation. Linoleic acid might involve the dysfunction of both eNOS basal activity and its phosphorylation status and may then contribute to an impaired vasodilatation in vivo.
Alpha interferon for hepatitis C virus infection in haemophilic patients
Authors: Telfer Paul , Devereux Helen , Colvin Brian , Hayden Sheila , Dusheiko Geoffrey , Lee Christine 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe have conducted a controlled trial in 20 haemophilic patients in which intravenous recombinant interferon alpha‐2a, 3 mega units thrice weekly, was used to treat chronic hepatitis C infection. The study endpoints included complete and paritial normalization of serum ALT, and loss of serum HCV RNA as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Interferon treatment was effective, and resulted in improvement in ALT in nine (45%) and a loss of HCV RNA in five patients (26%), but a sustained normalization of ALT has been seen in only one case. Responses were poor in those with HIV coinfection or with HCV genotype 1 (Simmonds classification). Troublesome side‐effects were reported in 80%. The occurrence of a factor VIIIc inhibitor during the study was possibly an autoimmune complication of interferon. In conclusion, we have shown lower response rates than those seen in post‐transfusion hepatitis C infection and suspect that current interferon regimes are unlikely to influence the natural history of HCV infection in haemophilia. Consideration should be given to trials of higher dosage interferon, and of long‐term maintenance therapy for those who relapse.
Methylation of proteins involved in translation
Authors: Polevoda Bogdan , Sherman Fred 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMethylation is one of the most common protein modifications. Many different prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins are methylated, including proteins involved in translation, including ribosomal proteins (RPs) and translation factors (TFs). Positions of the methylated residues in six Escherichia coli RPs and two Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPs have been determined. At least two RPs, L3 and L12, are methylated in both organisms. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic elongation TFs (EF1A) are methylated at lysine residues, while both release factors are methylated at glutamine residues. The enzymes catalysing methylation reactions, protein methyltransferases (MTases), generally use S‐adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor to add one to three methyl groups that, in case of arginine, can be asymetrically positioned. The biological significance of RP and TF methylation is poorly understood, and deletions of the MTase genes usually do not cause major phenotypes. Apparently methylation modulates intra‐ or intermolecular interactions of the target proteins or affects their affinity for RNA, and, thus, influences various cell processes, including transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, ribosome assembly, translation accuracy, protein nuclear trafficking and metabolism, and cellular signalling. Differential methylation of specific RPs and TFs in a number of organisms at different physiological states indicates that this modification may play a regulatory role.
Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species
Authors: KATTGE JENS , KNORR WOLFGANG 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Farquhar et al. model of C3 photosynthesis is frequently used to study the effect of global changes on the biosphere. Its two main parameters representing photosynthetic capacity, Vcmax and Jmax, have been observed to acclimate to plant growth temperature for single species, but a general formulation has never been derived. Here, we present a reanalysis of data from 36 plant species to quantify the temperature dependence of Vcmax and Jmax with a focus on plant growth temperature, i.e. the plants' average ambient temperature during the preceding month. The temperature dependence of Vcmax and Jmax within each data set was described very well by a modified Arrhenius function that accounts for a decrease of Vcmax and Jmax at high temperatures. Three parameters were optimized: base rate, activation energy and entropy term. An effect of plant growth temperature on base rate and activation energy could not be observed, but it significantly affected the entropy term. This caused the optimum temperature of Vcmax and Jmax to increase by 0.44 °C and 0.33 °C per 1 °C increase of growth temperature. While the base rate of Vcmax and Jmax seemed not to be affected, the ratio Jmax : Vcmax at 25 °C significantly decreased with increasing growth temperature. This moderate temperature acclimation is sufficient to double‐modelled photosynthesis at 40 °C, if plants are grown at 25 °C instead of 17 °C.
Die Rolle des Lymphsystems sowohl bei der Abwehr als audi bei der Ernährung
Authors: Grau Hugo 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe role of the lymphatic system in the defense as well as in the nutrition of the bodyThe subepithelial lymphatic tissue of the digestive tract taken as a whole amounts to six and one half times that of all the other lymphatic tissues of the body combined. And in the subepithelial lymphatic tissue of the digestive tract there are three times a many lymphocytes as in the circulating blood. This concentration of lymphatic tissue in the digestive tract suggests participation in the animal's metabolism. Despite reutilization (up to 80%) of its own nucleic acids and macromolecular protein substances, the mammalian body has to extract the remaining 20% from the environment This phylogenetically increasing demand for outside substances forced the mammalian organism not only to be able to distinguish nutritious from toxic substances, but also brought about the manufacture of substances that are harmless to the body from those that were harmful when ingested. This underscores the dual function of the lymphatic tissue in both immune and metabolic reactions.
The Lymph Drainage of the Mammary Glands in the Bitch: a Lymphographic Study. Part I: The 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Mammary Glands
Authors: Patsikas M. N. , Dessiris A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe objective of this paper was to study the lymph drainage of the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th mammary glands in the bitch using indirect lymphography. The main conclusions drawn after the study of 67 normal lactating mongrel bitches were as follows: lymph drains from the first gland, usually to the axillary nodes, and, in few cases, to the axillary and superficial cervical nodes simultaneously. The second gland drains to the axillary nodes. The fourth gland usually drains to the superficial inguinal nodes, but it may, rarely, drain to the superficial inguinal and medial iliac nodes simultaneously. The fifth gland drains to the superficial inguinal nodes. Lymphatic connection between the mammary glands could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, it was confirmed that lymph can pass from one gland to another, through their common regional lymph nodes, by retrograde flow. It was demonstrated that there is a connection between the superficial inguinal lymph nodes from either side. It is suggested that lymphatic connection between the axillary and sternal nodes and between the axillary and bronchial nodes should be possible in some cases. Lymphatics of the mammary glands that cross the midline were not demonstrated.
The Normal Anatomical, Radiographical and Ultrasonographic Appearance of the Carpal Region of One‐humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Kassab A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe macroscopic, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal region of eight clinically normal camels (Camelus dromedarius) was determined with the help of a 7.5‐MHz linear transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum lateralis tendons were easily identified. The ulnaris lateralis tendon was observed laterally. The extensor carpi obliqus tendon was identified with difficulty. At the palmar aspect, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus tendons were observed. Other soft structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament. Ultrasonographic findings correlated with gross anatomy in the dissected limbs. The results of the present study serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of camel carpus.
Sex differences in body morphology and multitrophic interactions involving the foraging behaviour of the crab Carcinus maenas
Authors: Spooner Elizabeth H. , Coleman Ross A. , Attrill Martin J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany animals are sexually dimorphic, but the underlying evolutionary causes and ecological consequences of sexual dimorphism are not fully understood. One predicted consequence for sexual dimorphism is that different sexes show niche differentiation. If sexual dimorphism is in feeding appendages, then differences may be manifested by different diets and thus contrasting behavioural responses to potential prey. Sexual dimorphisms in feeding appendages may also result in different handling times, which may then be correlated with differences in exposure, and, hence predation risk to the predator while feeding. In addition, the prey of the sexually dimorphic predator may respond differently to cues from each sex according to the predation risk each presents to the prey. We tested these predictions using a crab (Carcinus maenas) with sexual dimorphism in chelae dimensions, its predator the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and prey with known differences in handling times; the gastropod molluscs Gibbula umbilicalis and Littorina littorea. We demonstrated that male C. maenas orientated more frequently to cues from L. littorea whereas females orientated more towards G. umbilicalis in contradiction of patterns predicted by handling times. Male crabs had a faster heart rate than females but this was not influenced by food‐based cues. We also showed no difference in foraging times with respect to changing levels of predator risk and also no differences in gastropod responses to odours from male or female crabs. Our results showed that predictions of handling time and sexual dimorphism are not associated. The experiments indicated the male and female crabs are probably ecological equivalents and thus niche differentiation is less likely.