bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide Dental Bleaching on Microhardness of Filled and Unfilled Sealant Materials
Authors: De Alexandre Rodrigo Sversut , Sundfeld Renato Herman , Briso André luiz fraga , Bedran‐russo Ana Karina B. , Valentino Thiago Assunção , Sundefeld Maria Lúcia marçal mazza 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose:  The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide on the microhardness of pit and fissure sealant materials.Methods:  Fluroshield, Vitroseal Alfa, and one unfilled (Clinpro) sealants were placed in Teflon matrices (4 mm in diameter by 2 mm in height) and polymerized for 40 seconds. A total of 20 specimens were prepared for each material, in which half were assigned as the control group (stored in artificial saliva and no bleaching treatment). For the remaining half, Clarigel Gold bleaching agent (10% carbamide peroxide) was placed over the specimen surface for 4 hours/day during 4 weeks. When specimens were not under bleaching treatment, they were kept in artificial saliva. Afterwards, specimens were subjected to Knoop microhardness testing using a 25‐g load for 5 seconds. Five measurements were made on the sealants’ surfaces and then calculated in Knoop hardness values. The data were statistically analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests with a 5% confidence level.Results:  The results of this in vitro study showed that the application of a carbamide peroxide‐based bleaching material significantly affected the microhardness values of filled sealant materials. The bleaching agent did not affect the microhardness of the unfilled sealant.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe results of this in vitro study suggest that the bleaching agents altered the surface hardness of filled sealant restorative materials. This could possibly lead to increased wear and surface roughness.
Endodontic Update 2006
Authors: WEST JOHN 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThe past 10 years have witnessed more significant changes in the art and science of endodontics than the previous 100 years. This observation is no surprise, given that change is our only constant. The rate of change, however, has been anything but constant. The rate has accelerated so fast that all clinicians in the field of dentistry need a reliable source to guide us in what works. What works today in endodontics is the theme of this update.The discoveries and advancements in endodontic technology, instruments, and materials enable practitioners to achieve treatment outcomes that were previously considered unattainable. For example, in nonsurgical endodontic treatment, nickel titanium technology consistently can produce predictable radicular preparations that can be easily obturated. In nonsurgical re‐treatment, the previous endodontic obturation attempt frequently can be removed and successfully re‐treated largely because of enhanced vision and coaxial lighting from the operating microscope. Importantly, careful nonsurgical re‐treatment usually can be accomplished without disruption to the existing restorations and without risk to ferrule integrity. In endodontic surgery underfilled foramina, and the isthmi between them, predictably can be connected and obturated with state‐of‐the‐art miniature instruments.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis article reviews the clinical endodontic breakthroughs encountered during the last decade and focuses on three primary topics: (1) finding canals; (2) following canals; and (3) finishing canals. Every day, dentists are faced with the interdisciplinary treatment planning question of to “save or not to save a tooth?” Dentists must routinely make the decision of whether to remove or restore the tooth based on biology, structure, function, esthetics, and value.1 Occasionally, the endodontically treated tooth can be the weakest link in the restorative and esthetic sequence. This article examines the current state of endodontic technology, as well as the fundamentals of endodontic mechanics needed to achieve the most predictable endodontic outcome with the highest degree of success.
Cultures of Terror: Nuclear Criticism During and Since the Cold War
Authors: Cordle Daniel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNuclear Criticism emerged late in the Cold War as a short‐lived but important critical enterprise, seeking to understand the cultural impact of military and civilian nuclear technology. Critics argued that the possibility of a civilization‐ending nuclear war affected the production and reception of literary texts, and that scholars should reflect this in their research and their teaching. ‘Cultures of Terror’ looks afresh at this critical moment and makes two claims.First, it argues that in Nuclear Criticism two broadly oppositional trends in literary studies came together, one ethically orientated, while the other was more sceptical of an ethics of literature and rooted in cutting‐edge theoretical debates. Second, it calls for a new Nuclear Criticism. Such a criticism can, in part, revisit ‘nuclear’ texts of the Cold War era, reading them with perspectives made possible by the post‐Cold War perspective. It can, also, though embark on a more radical enterprise, questioning the simple assumption that nuclear issues ceased to be pressing with the fall of the Berlin Wall, tracing the morphing of nuclear anxiety into other fears, and contextualizing contemporary conceptions of ‘terror’ in terms of an earlier geopolitics of nuclear anxiety.
TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN BLUE SQUAT LOBSTER (CERVIMUNIDA JOHNI) TAILS AS MEASURED BY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY METHODS
Authors: PÉREZ‐WON M. , BARRAZA M. , CORTÉS F. , MADRID D. , CORTÉS P. , ROCO T. , OSORIO F. , TABILO‐MUNIZAGA G. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Instrumental and sensory textural characteristics of frozen blue squat lobster (Cervimunida johni) tails stored at −22C for 0, 15 and 60 days were evaluated. The influence of fishing area (north or south) was also studied. Instrumental texture was evaluated by shear and compression testing using a Warner–Bratzler blade for firmness and a flat plunger with two‐cycle compression for texture profile analysis (TPA) testing. A trained panel was utilized to evaluate textural attributes using the score method. Results showed that fishing area and frozen storage did not affect the textural quality of blue squat lobster tails. However, a strong correlation (r > 0.9) between sensory and instrumental texture parameters was observed. Instrumental chewiness (r = 0.91), cohesiveness (r = 0.96) and sensory hardness (r > 0.84) obtained the strongest correlations. In this way, the use of instrumental analysis may be useful as an alternative to sensory analyses to evaluate the textural characteristics of blue squat lobster tails.
LIQUID–SOLID EXTRACTION OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF CAROB BEAN (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Authors: TURHAN IRFAN , TETIK NEDIM , AKSU MEHMET , KARHAN MUSTAFA , CERTEL MUHARREM 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Total mass transfer coefficients of soluble solids (SS) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined during carob extraction. The Arrhenius equation was applied to determine the efficiency of process temperature, as an alternative approach to Fick's second law. Carob pod, cut into small pieces (internal diameter: 5–7 mm), was contacted with water in batch system to extract SS by continuous circulation of water at different temperatures (20, 50 and 85C). The process was also performed at 85C using an industrial‐scale extractor. Activation energies for both SS and TPC diffusions were calculated as 5.84 and 0.072 × 10−3 kJ/mol, respectively. As expected, higher extract concentrations were achieved with higher temperatures. In contrast, high extraction temperature, even at 85C, did not cause hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation. As the increase in temperature does not affect formation of HMF during carob pod extraction, higher operational temperatures such as 80–90C may be applied to obtain higher solute concentrations.
FLUIDIZED‐BED SYSTEM FOR WHEY PROTEIN FILM COATING OF PEANUTS
Authors: LIN S.‐Y. , KROCHTA J.M. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Complete peanut‐surface coverage and strong adhesion are necessary for whey protein‐based oxygen barrier coatings to be totally effective in reducing the oxidative rancidity of peanuts. Peanuts coated with a fluidized‐bed coating system attained practically complete coverage, and coating efficiency results were consistent and reproducible. Addition of surfactant to the coating solution improved whey protein coating efficiency on blanched/roasted peanuts coated with a bench‐scale fluidized‐bed coating system. A lower level of surfactant addition to the coating solution was required to attain complete coverage, compared with previous studies on dip coating and pan coating of peanuts. Addition of surfactant to the coating solution and peanut preroughening both imparted good coating adhesion for fluidized‐bed‐coated peanuts. Compared with pan coating, fluidized‐bed coating required application of a greater amount of coating solution because of the loss of coating solution to the fluidized‐bed column wall during spraying. Overall, fluidized‐bed coating required a shorter processing time and provided the peanuts with better coating efficiency and adhesion. These results suggest that a fluidized‐bed coating system is a viable alternative coating process for whey protein coating of peanuts.
GLOBAL YIELDS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CLOVE BASIL (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L.) EXTRACTS OBTAINED BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Authors: LEAL PATRÍCIA F. , CHAVES F. CÉLIO M. , MING LIN C. , PETENATE ADEMIR J. , MEIRELES M. ANGELA. A. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum) extracts were obtained with supercritical CO2. Clove basil was cultivated using 0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/m2 of organic fertilizer and was harvested in four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn, in the Southern Hemisphere. The extracts' global yields were determined at 40C and 150 bar for samples from all cultivation conditions and harvesting seasons. For selected samples, the extracts' global yields at 40C were determined for pressures of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 bar. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector. Antioxidant activity (AA) was assessed using the coupled reaction of β‐caroteneand linolenic acid. The extracts' global yields varied from 0.91 to 1.79% (dry basis), and the AAs varied from 62 to 84% compared with the control β‐carotene. Eugenol and β‐selinene were the major compounds. The relative proportion of eugenol varied from 35 to 60%, while the content of β‐selinene remained approximately constant (11.5–14.1%, area). The other substances quantified in the extracts were 1,8 cineole, trans‐caryophyllene and α‐selinene.
Major Role for FeoB in
Campylobacter jejuni
Ferrous Iron Acquisition, Gut Colonization, and Intracellular Survival
Authors: Naikare Hemant , Palyada Kiran , Panciera Roger , Marlow Denver , Stintzi Alain 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

To assess the importance of ferrous iron acquisition in
Campylobacter
physiology and pathogenesis, we disrupted and characterized the Fe
2+
iron transporter, FeoB, in
Campylobacter jejuni
NCTC 11168, 81-176, and ATCC 43431. The
feoB
mutant was significantly affected in its ability to transport
55
Fe
2+
. It accumulated half the amount of iron than the wild-type strain during growth in an iron-containing medium. The intracellular iron of the
feoB
mutant was localized in the periplasmic space versus the cytoplasm for the wild-type strain. These results indicate that the
feoB
gene of
C. jejuni
encodes a functional ferrous iron transport system. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed the cotranscription of
feoB
and Cj1397, which encodes a homolog of
Escherichia coli feoA. C. jejuni
81-176
feoB
mutants exhibited reduced ability to persist in human INT-407 embryonic intestinal cells and porcine IPEC-1 small intestinal epithelial cells compared to the wild type.
C. jejuni
NCTC 11168
feoB
mutant was outcompeted by the wild type for colonization and/or survival in the rabbit ileal loop. The
feoB
mutants of the three
C. jejuni
strains were significantly affected in their ability to colonize the chick cecum. And finally, the three
feoB
mutants were outcompeted by their respective wild-type strains for infection of the intestinal tracts of colostrum-deprived piglets. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FeoB-mediated ferrous iron acquisition contributes significantly to colonization of the gastrointestinal tract during both commensal and infectious relationship, and thus it plays an important role in
Campylobacter
pathogenesis.
Cytokine and Chemokine Transcription Profile duringMycoplasma pulmonisInfection in Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Mice: Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1β (CCL4) and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 2 (CCL8) and Accumulation of CCR5+Th Cells
Authors: Sun Xiangle , Jones Harlan P. , Hodge Lisa M. , Simecka Jerry W. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThe progression of murine mycoplasma pneumonia is dependent on T cells and other immune cells. The role of cytokines in immunity are complex, and identifying the network of cytokines produced after infection of mice is essential in dissecting the key cytokine cascades involved mycoplasma disease pathogenesis. In the present study, mRNA expression of 143 different cytokines, chemokines, or receptors were evaluated in lung tissues from both susceptible (BALB/c and C3H/HeN) and resistant (C57BL/6) mice afterMycoplasma pulmonisinfection. To accomplish this, membrane-based cDNA microarrays were used to monitor changes mRNA expression in lungs. There was a clear association with disease susceptibility and development of cytokine mRNA expression. In addition to proinflammatory cytokines, mRNA expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, increased with disease severity, suggesting an attempt to moderate the severity of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, it is clear that an array of chemokines produced in susceptible mice could contribute to the recruitment and maintenance of inflammatory cells at the site of disease. In support of this, there was an increase in macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β; CCL4) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP-2; CCL8) mRNA levels from mycoplasma-infected mice and a corresponding accumulation of CD4+Th cells expressing the MIP-1β/MCP-2 receptor, CCR5, in the lungs of mice. Furthermore, MIP-1β- and MCP-2-producing cells and CD4+T cells were found to be in close association in pulmonary lesions. Thus, there was a significant cytokine response associated with disease pathogenesis, and these studies provide important leads and insights into ongoing cytokine- and chemokine-mediated processes in this persistent inflammatory disease.
Autoinducer 3 and Epinephrine Signaling in the Kinetics of Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Gene Expression in Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Walters Matthew , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157:H7 is responsible for causing outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome throughout the world. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) consists of five major operons and is required for the formation of attaching and effacing lesions that disrupt intestinal epithelial microvilli. We have previously reported that expression of EHEC LEE genes is regulated by the
luxS
quorum-sensing system. The
luxS
gene in EHEC affects the production of autoinducer 3 (AI-3), which activates the LEE. Epinephrine and norepinephrine also activate the LEE in a manner similar to that of AI-3. Previous studies of quorum-sensing regulation of LEE transcription have thus far been restricted to using reporter systems in an
E. coli
K-12 background. Here, we examined the kinetics of LEE gene transcription, protein expression, and function of the LEE type III secretion apparatus in wild-type (WT) EHEC and an isogenic
luxS
mutant. The results revealed that the
luxS
mutant had diminished transcription from the LEE promoters during the mid-exponential growth phase; decreased protein levels of EscJ, Tir, and EspA; and reduced secretion of EspA and EspB. The
luxS
mutation also caused a delay in the formation of attaching and effacing lesions on cultured epithelial cells compared to the wild type. Epinephrine enhanced LEE expression in both the WT and the
luxS
mutant, but the WT still exhibited greater LEE activation. The results suggest a possible synergistic relationship between AI-3 and epinephrine. The combined effects of these two signaling molecules may lead to greater LEE expression and a more efficient infection.
Escherichia coliPrevents Phagocytosis-Induced Death of Macrophages via Classical NF-κB Signaling, a Link to T-Cell Activation
Authors: Groesdonk Heinrich V. , Schlottmann Silke , Richter Friederike , Georgieff Michael , Senftleben Uwe 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTNF-κB is a crucial mediator of macrophage inflammatory responses, but its role in the context of pathogen-induced adaptive immune responses has yet to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that classical NF-κB activation delays phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) in Raw 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) upon ingestion of bacteria from theEscherichia colilaboratory strain Top10. By expression of a nondegradable form of IκBα (superrepressor) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate treatment, prolonged activation of NF-κB upon bacterial coculture is suppressed, whereas initial induction is only partially inhibited. This activation pattern results in partial inhibition of cellular activation and reduced expression of costimulatory CD86. Notably, suppression of classical NF-κB activation does not influence bacterial uptake rates but is followed by increased production of oxygen radicals and enhanced intracellular killing in Raw macrophages. This is associated with reduced expression of NF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic c-IAP-2 and a loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Accordingly, NF-κB inhibition in Raw cells and BMDMs causes increased apoptotic rates within 12 h of bacterial ingestion. Interestingly, accelerated eradication ofE. coliin NF-κB-inhibited macrophages is associated with reduced antigen-specific T-cell activation in macrophage-lymphocyte cocultures. These data suggest thatE. coliinhibits PICD of macrophages via classical, antiapoptotic NF-κB activation and thus facilitates signaling to T cells. Subsequently, a proper adaptive immune response is likely to be generated. Conclusively, therapeutic inhibition of classical NF-κB activation in macrophages may hamper the initiation of adaptive immunity.
Common and Divergent Immune Response Signaling Pathways Discovered in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression Patterns in Presymptomatic and Clinically Apparent Malaria
Authors: Ockenhouse Christian F. , Hu Wan-chung , Kester Kent E. , Cummings James F. , Stewart Ann , Heppner D. Gray , Jedlicka Anne E. , Scott Alan L. , Wolfe Nathan D. , Vahey Maryanne , Burke Donald S. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTUsing genome-wide expression profiles from persons either experimentally challenged with malaria-infected mosquitoes or naturally infected withPlasmodium falciparummalaria, we present details of the transcriptional changes that occur with infection and that either are commonly shared between subjects with presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria or distinguish these two groups. Toll-like receptor signaling through NF-κB pathways was significantly upregulated in both groups, as were downstream genes that function in phagocytosis and inflammation, including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The molecular program derived from these signatures illuminates the closely orchestrated interactions that regulate gene expression by transcription factors such asIRF-1in the IFN-γ signal transduction pathway. Modulation of transcripts in heat shock and glycolytic enzyme genes paralleled the intensity of infection. Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and genes involved in class II antigen presentation are significantly induced in 90% of malaria-infected persons regardless of group. Differences between early presymptomatic infection and natural infection involved genes that regulate the induction of apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and signaling pathways through the endogenous pyrogen IL-1β, a major inducer of fever. The induction of apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with naturally acquired infection impacted the mitochondrial control of apoptosis and the activation of MAP kinase pathways centered around MAPK14 (p38α and p38β). Our findings confirm and extend findings regarding aspects of the earliest responses to malaria infection at the molecular level, which may be informative in elucidating how innate and adaptive immune responses may be modulated in different stages of infection.
Pseudomonas aeruginosaInfection of Airway Epithelial Cells Modulates Expression of Kruppel-Like Factors 2 and 6 via RsmA-Mediated Regulation of Type III Exoenzymes S and Y
Authors: O'Grady Eoin P. , Mulcahy Heidi , O'Callaghan Julie , Adams Claire , O'Gara Fergal 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosais an important opportunistic pathogen which is capable of causing both acute and chronic infections in immunocompromised patients. Successful adaptation of the bacterium to its host environment relies on the ability of the organism to tightly regulate gene expression. RsmA, a small RNA-binding protein, controls the expression of a large number of virulence-related genes inP. aeruginosa, including those encoding the type III secretion system and associated effector proteins, with important consequences for epithelial cell morphology and cytotoxicity. In order to examine the influence of RsmA-regulated functions in the pathogen on gene expression in the host, we compared global expression profiles of airway epithelial cells in response to infection withP. aeruginosaPAO1 and anrsmAmutant. The RsmA-dependent response of host cells was characterized by significant changes in the global transcriptional pattern, including the increased expression of two Kruppel-like factors, KLF2 and KLF6. This increased expression was mediated by specific type III effector proteins. ExoS was required for the enhanced expression of KLF2, whereas both ExoS and ExoY were required for the enhanced expression of KLF6. Neither ExoT nor ExoU influenced the expression of the transcription factors. Additionally, the increased gene expression of KLF2 and KLF6 was associated with ExoS-mediated cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study identifies for the first time the human transcription factors KLF2 and KLF6 as targets of theP. aeruginosatype III exoenzymes S and Y, with potential importance in host cell death.
Application of Mutated
Clostridium difficile
Toxin A for Determination of Glucosyltransferase-Dependent Effects
Authors: Teichert Matthias , Tatge Helma , Schoentaube Janett , Just Ingo , Gerhard Ralf 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Mutation of tryptophan-101 in
Clostridium difficile
toxin A, a 308-kDa glucosyltransferase, resulted in a 50-fold-reduced cytopathic activity in cell culture experiments. The mutant toxin A was characterized and applied to distinguish between glucosyltransferase-dependent and -independent effects with respect to RhoB up-regulation as a cellular stress response.