bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF THE OS CERVIX OF THE EWE BEFORE AND AFTER EMBRYO DEATH
Authors: Sawyer G. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Bacterial samples were isolated from the os cervix of mature Merino ewes during a normal oestrous cycle and after colchicine treatment which killed the 25‐day old embryos. The population of bacteria was small during the oestrous cycle and consisted of Achromobacter spp, Alcaligenes spp, Corynebacterium spp, Bacillus spp and Escherichia coll. There was a significant increase in the numbers of bacteria isolated and a change in the proportions of the bacteria isolated from ewes after embryo death. Much greater numbers of potentially pathogenic organisms, including Pasteurella multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated after embryos were killed.It is suggested that persistence of potential pathogens in the vagina may impair fertility in ewes at the first oestrus after embryo death.
HAEMATOLOGY OF THE RACEHORSE: A Recent Study of Thoroughbreds in Victoria
Authors: STEWART G. A. , RIDDLE C. A. , SALMON P. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summaryab>The study was based on 216 blood samples collected from 136 Thoroughbred racehorses in 17 stables. Lower variability in the population studied and lower means than in previous studies were attributed in part to measures taken to reduce excitement of the horses during blood collection. The demeanour of the animals during collection was assessed subjectively as placid, timid, apprehensive or excited. The five horses which became excited had significantly higher RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, total eosinophil count, serum total protein and probably lower ESR. Timid and apprehensive horses did not show these responses.Because of the location of eight stables, samples from them were stored overnight at 4°C before analysis. These samples had higher mean MCV, PCV, MCH, and serum total protein and lower mean MCHC. The likelihood of this arising from swelling and perhaps rupture of some erythrocytes during transportation and storage was discussed.Serum total protein estimates were within the range determined from other reports from horses of various breeds. However albumin and the A/G ratio determined by electrophoresis were higher, but comparable with two other reports from Thoroughbreds. In comparative studies on the estimation of A/G ratios it appeared that equine serum albumin determination was higher using the bromcresol green reagent than by electrophoresis.After eliminating 14 cases with abnormalities of the total and/or differential leucocyte count, parameters were calculated from 202 samples for the definition of normal ranges. The absence of skewness and kurtosis indicated that the individual estimates of RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, MCV and MCH followed the normal distribution and that the means and standard deviations were appropriate for defining normal ranges. With only ESR and TEC were the coefficients of variation, skewness and kurtosis so great as to cast doubt on the practical use of these estimates.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCREASE IN TAENIA OVIS PREVALENCE DURING THE NEW ZEALAND ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: BURRIDGE M. J. , SCHWABE C. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThere was an 8‐fold increase in the national prevalence of Taenia ovis in dogs during the first decade of the New Zealand hydatid disease control program. The temporal patterns in the prevalence of T. ovis were similar in both rural working dogs and urban pet dogs, with the highest prevalence found in the sheep farming areas. The dramatic increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was a reflection of the change in source of food for many working dogs, from the traditional raw viscera to carcase meat of sheep, a change necessitated by hydatid disease control. Other factors influencing the rise in prevalence of T. ovis in rural dogs were investigated using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results of the regression analyses suggested that the rate of increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was influenced by 4 major factors: Taenia hydatigena variables (initial prevalence and rate of progress in control), an ethnic variable (Maori proportion in local population), canine variables (numbers of dogs per farm and per owner), and animal husbandry variables (pasture type, sheep density and numbers of sheep per farm). The results were discussed in the light of present knowledge of the epidemiology and immunology of the taeniid cestodes.
SEMEN COLLECTION AND EVALUATION IN THE RAM: The Effect of Method of Stimulation on Response to Electroejaculation
Authors: CAMERON R. D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNine different methods of electrical stimulation with a bi‐polar rectal probe, were used on 5 rams. The quantity and quality of semen collected, the time taken to produce ejaculation and the maximum voltage required were compared.Semen of good quality was collected by applying a stimulus every 7 seconds for a period of 3 seconds commencing at 1 volt and increasing by 1 volt at a time. A mean maximum voltage of 5.1 volts produced ejaculation. Electrical stimulation, using a voltage rise of 2 volts applied at 5 sec intervals frequently produced smaller volumes of semen, a greater number of collection failures, and severe physical stress to the rams.
CONTROL OF OVINE LUPINOSIS: EXPERIMENTS ON THE MAKING OF LUPIN HAY
Authors: Allen J. G. , Wood P. McR. , O'Donnell F. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Lupin hay was prepared at 2 locations and conserved in fodder rolls and bales until late summer. At this time it was found that the lupin hay had lower levels of infection with P. leptostromiformis and had developed virtually no toxicity, when compared with adjacent normal lupin stubble which was very heavily infected with Phomopsis and very toxic. No additional advantage was gained by spraying cut lupins with formalin before rolling or bailing.It is suggested that the preparation of lupin hay as described provides farmers who do not harvest their lupins for seed with a way of utilising lupin crops for summer feed, while significantly reducing the risk of lupinosis in stock.
EVALUATION OF A PREGNANT MARES' SERUM AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN MIXTURE FOR ALLEVIATING SUMMER INFERTILITY IN SOWS
Authors: Webster W. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A controlled on‐farm trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial gonadotrophin hormone mixture at overcoming a seasonal decrease in fertility in pigs in a sub‐tropical environment (summer infertility). The average weaning to oestrus interval of the untreated sows was more than double that of the treated sows and this difference was highly significant.However, fewer of the treated sows farrowed by they produced smaller litters. The improvement in fertility in the treated group achieved by reducing the weaning to oestrus interval was more than cancelled out by an overall reduction in the number of weaners produced.
SODIUM CHLORIDE POISONING IN CATTLE
Authors: Trueman K. F. , Clague D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYConsumption of a sodium chloride based supplement followed by food and water restriction in yards for over 30 hours, resulted in nervous disorders in 5 of 60 three‐year‐old steers within hours of being released into a paddock. Clinical signs were associated with polioencephalomalacis which was confirmed in 2 of 3 affected steers by microscopic examination of brains. Oedema of the corpus striatum, thalamus and midbrain was observed in 2 animals, and vascular necrosis with neutrophil invasion into the vessel walls was seen in the cerebrum of one steer. Consideration of the history, clinical signs and necropsy findings resulted in a diagnosis of indirect salt piosoning. The affected animals had the lower body weights in the group.
THE TOXICITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ARECOLINE HYDROBROMIDE IN THE TASMANIAN HYDATID CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: Gregory G. G. , McConnell J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Results on the efficiency and toxicity of arecoline hydrobromide during the first 11 years of the hydatid limitation program in Tasmania are presented.A satisfactory mucous purge was obtained from about 80% of dogs when arecoline was used at 3.25 mg/kg and from about 75% when the dose rate was reduced to 1.62 mg/kg of body weight.Arecoline is considered to have a low efficiency in detecting tapeworm infection in individual dogs, but is valuable as a diagnostic aid in groups of dogs.Toxicity was seen as acute cardiac collapse in about 5 dogs per 1000 dosed. Deaths followed in 1 dog in about 9,500.
PATHOGENICITY FOR CATTLE OF ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FERAL PIGS AND CATTLE AND THE CORRELATION OF LESIONS WITH TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY
Authors: Corner L. A. , Pearson Catherine W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two experiments involving the inoculation of cattle with atypical mycobacteria are described. In the first experiment groups of 5 cattle were inoculated either subcutaneously or into a mesenteric lymph node with a strain of M. scrofulaceum or M. intracellulare. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous PPDs. The pathological changes observed were similar within each group of cattle inoculated with the same strain of mycobacteria. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the strain and the route of inoculation.In the second experiment 17 cattle were similarly inoculated by either of the two routes with 1 of 6 strains of M. intracellulare, a strain of M. scrofulaceum or a strain of Runyon Group IV, all of which had been isolated from feral pigs, or a strain of M. intracellulare of bovine origin. Tuberculin tests were carried out after 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the isolate from a bovine lymph node produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD. Cultural isolation of the mycobacteria from autopsy material was not correlated with the presence of macroscopic lesions nor with sensitivity to bovine PPD.The response to bovine PPD of cattle infected with these atypical mycobacteria decreased between 48 h and 96 h after injection of the tuberculins. As the maximum difference in the response to bovine and avian tuberculins occurs at 72 h a comparative tuberculin test should be read at this time to eliminate non‐specific reactors.
A HEALTH PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS
Authors: Cannon R. M. , Morris R. S. , Williamson N. B. , Cannon C. M. , Blood D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The development of a computerised data handling and analysis system to aid the operation of a health and management program for commercial dairy herds is described. The aims for the system are outlined, and the development of the system over a period of 8 years to meet these aims is described. The documentation used in the current system is described in relation to the various procedures involved in the operation of the dairy herd health program. Two features which make this system unique are its use for the selection of problem and high risk cows for examination and treatment, and the provision of analyses of recent performance in a number of facets of health and production, which aid in the identification of emerging problems.It is considered that future improvements in the system will be in the areas of milk production recording and calf rearing and disease recording.
A HEALTH PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS
Authors: Morris R. S. , Williamson N. B. , Blood D. C. , Cannon R. M. , Cannon C. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A health program service was implemented on 9 farms, for periods ranging up to 7 years. Reproductive performance was substantially improved, when performance indicators were compared with values for the herds prior to commencement of the service. On average, the mean calving to conception intervals for the herds were reduced by 24 days over their periods of participation in the program, from an initial value of 119 days. The intercalving interval was reduced by an average of 27 days.This improvement was associated with a reduction in the mean dry period length of 20 days, from an initial value of 117 days. There was a tendency for the lactation lengths to be reduced to an undesirable extent due to slow adaptation by management to the improvement in reproductive performance, but the problem was corrected late in the study.The improvement in performance was attributed to improved oestrus detection, correction of temporary nutritional deficiencies, and prompt treatment of genital tract disorders in individual animals. Results for a range of performance indicators related to reproductive function are reported in detail.
THE BLOWFLY STRIKE PROBLEM OF SHEEP IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Watts J. E. , Murray M. D. , Graham N. P. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A field survey was undertaken between 1972–76 to reappraise the nature of the blowfly problem in New South Wales. For 2 years, 1972–1974, some 80,000 sheep were kept under observation and 12,481 strikes were reported, most due to Lucilia cuprina.Breech strike was still the basic problem but tail strike associated with scouring had become an important component where pastures have been improved. Breech strike was controlled at minimal cost by managerial practices such as docking tails the correct length—second joint‐space palpable ventrally (midway down the vulval orifice in ewes) for radically mulesed lambs and the third joint‐space (tip of vulva in ewes) for all other lambs‐mulesing at lamb marking, mid‐season crutching, determining the cause of scouring and applying the appropriate preventative or remedial measures. Thus the use of insecticides could be reserved for the control of body strike in young sheep in the odd wet years and poll strike in horned rams.Major outbreaks of body strike occurred in 1973/74. Body strike worried graziers most because of its unpredictability, sudden onset and scale, and only failing insecticides were available for control.
EFFECT OF DISRUPTION OF THE SEBACEOUS LAYER OF THE SHEEP'S SKIN ON THE INCIDENCE OF FLEECE‐ROT
Authors: James P. J. , Warren G. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY It was postulated that integrity of the sebaceous layer on the skin is important in maintaining resistance to fleece‐rot. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment of a 2 times 2 factorial design in which sebaceous layer disruption and wetting were the 2 treatments.The sebaceous layer was disrupted by applying a light petroleum solvent to the skin of the sheep.Fleece‐rot occurred in all sheep (20) that were both wetted and had the sebaceous layer disrupted while 9/19 of those wetted but without the sebaceous layer disrupted developed fleece‐rot. The fleece‐rot lesions observed were more severe in sheep in the disrupted wetted treatments than in the intact wetted treatment.Interpretation of these differences was complicated by a possible reaction of the skin to the solvent used. The differences were not due to an effect of treatment on fleece wettability.No fleece‐rot developed in the sheep not wetted and application of the solvent alone did not induce fleece‐rot.
THE INCIDENCE OF THIABENDAZOLE RESISTANCE IN FIELD POPULATIONS OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Webb R. F. , Mccully C. H. , Clarke F. L. , Greentree P. , Honey P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of H. contortus in sheep flocks on 40 farms distributed throughout the sheep grazing area of the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Treatment with thiabendazole at 66 mg/kg reduced H. contortus ova output by 96–100% in 18 flocks while in the remaining 22 there was a range of responses down to levels where the anthelmintic was without apparent effect.Factors which may contribute to the high incidence of anthelmintic resistance are discussed and the possibility of widespread resistance occurring in other sheep raising areas is considered.
CROFTON WEED (EUPATORIUM ADENOPHORUM) TOXICITY IN HORSES
Authors: O'Sullivan B. M. 
Published: March 2008

The clinical signs and pathology of 6 field cases of a respiratory disease of horses which occurs in the coastal hinterland of south‐eastern Queensland are described. The condition has occurred for many years and has been thought to have been associated with ingestion of Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum). Coughing, rapid heaving respiration, decreased exercise tolerance and loss of condition were seen in affected horses. in longstanding cases fibrosis, alveolar lining cell proliferation, oedema, neutrophil infiltration and abscessation were seen. In some cases vascular thrombosis and ***infarction occur in the lungs.Similar signs and lesions occurred in one horse fed E. adenophorum for 8 months and early lesions in another fed the flowering stage of the plant for about 6 weeks. Lesions also developed in 2 rabbits experimentally fed the plant, but not in sheep or rats.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO DOSES OF BOVINE PPD TUBERCULIN IN SINGLE CAUDAL FOLD TESTS ON AUSTRALIAN CATTLE
Authors: Lepper A.W.D. , Carpenter M.T. , Williams O.J. , Scanlant W.A. , McEwan Denise R. , Andrews L.G. , Thomas T.R. , Corner L.A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The sensitivity and specificity of 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg doses of bovine PPD tuberculin were compared in Northern Territory beef cattle from tuberculous herds and herds with a prevalence of tuberculosis of less than 0.1%. Reactions were interpreted subjectively by observation and palpation, and were also measured to the nearest mm with calipers at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after injection of tuberculin. All cattle were examined post mortem for the presence of macroscopic and microscopic tuberculous lesions. The apparent specificity of caudal fold tests with 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg doses was determined in cattle in Victoria from tuberculosis‐free dairy and beef herds. Victorian cattle reacting to the caudal fold tests were subjected to a comparative intradermal test with 0.1 mg bovine PPD and 2,500 IU avian PPD not less than 42 days later.Tests with the 0.2 mg dose achieved the highest level of sensitivity of 95.6% at 48 h, 72 h and 96 h, while in tests with 0.4 mg the maximum reached was 94.7% at 72 h. The specificity of tests in Northern Territory cattle ranged from 85.0% to 88.3% with the 0.2 mg dose and from 80.6% to 82.3% with the 0.4 mg dose. The highest specificity was achieved with both doses at 96 h. The apparent specificity of 0.2 and 0.4 mg doses of bovine PPD in tuberculosis‐free herds in Victoria was high, a false‐positive reactor rate of only 0.6% occurring with caudal fold tests. All false‐positive reactions were shown to be non‐specific or due to previous experimental sensitisation.
BIOLOGY AND SPECIATION OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS†
Authors: Thompson R. C. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The biology of Echinococcus granulosus is reviewed and attention given to recent advances in our understanding of this parasite. In particular, studies on the parasite within the definitive host, an area which has been neglected in the past, have demonstrated our lack of knowledge concerning the cytodifferentiation of the adult cestode during its development, and events which take place at the host‐parasite interface. An important aspect of the biology of the parasite is the nature of its reproductive mechanism which involves both sexual and asexual multiplication. Such a reproductive pattern is considered to be the major factor responsible for the appearance of subspecific variants of E. granulosus adapted both to domestic and wild animal life cycles.The speciation pattern that exists within the species E. granulosus is extremely complex. Numerous subspecific variants have been described and attempts to unravel the situation taxonomically have resulted in controversy. Criteria used in the recognition of specific and subspecific varieties have all too often over emphasised morphological details, while the presence of biological differences between varieties or strains has been neglected. Recently, however, comparative studies on various strains have demonstrated the value of considering epidemiological, developmental and biochemical criteria. The significance of these criteria beyond pure taxonomic considerations is becoming increasingly evident, and future studies may help to explain differences in reproductive potential and host specificity.In Australia, hydatid disease is of considerable economic and public health significance, yet there has been little work undertaken on the speciation of the parasite. The potential for the existence of speciation differences within Australia is greater than in some other countries, since geographical separation may act as a factor in the selection of subspecific strains. Of particular importance is whether the existence of wild‐animal cycles is dependent upon the maintenance of domestic life cycles in Australia.
ANTHELMINTIC EFFICIENCY OF OXFENDAZOLE, FENBENDAZOLE AND LEVAMISOLE AGAINST NATURALLY ACQUIRED INFECTIONS OF OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI AND TRICHOSTRONGYLUS AXEI IN CATTLE
Authors: Anderson N. , Lord V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The anthelmintic efficiencies of oxfendazole, fenbendazole and levamisole, each at 4 dose rates spanning the manufacturers' recommended dosages were compared in beef cattle with naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagiand Trichostrongylus axei.In 8 of the 9 cases tested there was no significant increase in anthelmintic efficiency due to increased dose rates of any of the drugs. Percentage efficiencies and their standard errors, calculated from mean worm counts of pooled data for adult worms, developing 4th stage and early 4th stage larvae ofO. ostertagi, were respectively, 86.9 ± 4.2, 77.4 ± 6.1, 74.5 ± 7.3 for oxfendazole, 93.7 ± 2.0, 80.7 ± 6.8, 59.6 ± 13.9 for fenbendazole and 69.7 ± 6.9, 39.4 ‐ 14.8, 31.2 ± 22.6 for levamisole.Counts of O. ostertagi from cattle treated with oxfendazole and fenbendazole were not significantly different, but both were significantly lower than those from cattle given levamisole. Efficiency against T. axei exceeded 99% for all drugs.Practical implications for therapy and preventative control of ostertagiasis are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON SINGLE BRUCELLOSIS REACTORS IN LARGE HERDS
Authors: Trueman K. F. , Thomas Annette D. , Spinks G. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Over a 3 year period specimens were collected from single reacting cattle to the complement fixation test for brucellosis from large herds in north Queensland. Twenty‐four such reactors were destroyed for culture, and Brucella abortus was isolated on 3 occasions. The existence of such low levels of Br. abortus in large herds should not be overlooked in the eradication campaign.Explanations were found for 17 of the single reactors, and included introduction of cattle to the herd, exposure to adjoining infected herds or vaccination with Strain 19.
HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA IN FOALS: PREVALENCE ON VICTORIAN STUDS AND SIMPLE METHODS FOR DETECTION AND CORRECTION IN THE FIELD
Authors: Pemberton D. H. , Thomas K. W. , Terry M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The prevalence of hypogammaglobulinaemia in 82 young foals was determined. Twelve foals were considered clinically abnormal at birth and ten died within two weeks. All of these foals were hypogammaglobulinaemic. Seven (10%) of the other 70 apparently normal foals were hypogammaglobulinaemic despite having suckled normally. Three of these foals developed significant disease and one died at one month of age.Rapid detection of foals with low serum immunoglobulin levels was achieved by adapting the zinc sulphate turbidity test to partially evacuated blood collection tubes. This permitted the test to be conducted on the stud or in the veterinarian' own laboratory.Plasma concentrated twofold by a freeze thaw technique was administered intravenously to supplement the immunoglobulin levels of two colostrum deprived foals. The simplicity of the concentration procedure eliminated the need for laboratory preparation of equine immunoglobulin.