bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Voting, Multilevel Governance and Information in Canada
Authors: Anderson Cameron D. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.While an important component of incumbent support, the effect of economic conditions on vote choice (economic voting) can be undermined by the presence of multilevel institutions; voters are faced with the prospect of evaluating economic conditions and governments at different levels simultaneously. This paper tests the applicability of a model which seeks to account for how and how well voters cope with the complexity of multilevel governance. The accountability-centred model suggests that federal and provincial governments should only be evaluated for those actions and outcomes that they can reasonably be seen to have influence over. Additionally, it is asked whether high information respondents are better able to navigate some of the complexities of Canada's multilevel system. Analyses are conducted using data from the 1993 and 1997 Canadian Election Studies.Résumé.Les conditions économiques constituent un facteur d'appui électoral important pour les dirigeants politiques. Il semble, toutefois, que l'impact de ce facteur soit amoindri dans les États présentant plusieurs niveaux de gouvernement. Dans les sociétés ayant des institutions multi-paliers, les électeurs ont en effet le défi d'attribuer les performances économiques aux divers paliers de gouvernement. Cet article teste un modèle théorique qui tente d'expliquer comment les électeurs se comportent face à la complexité de la gouvernance multi-paliers au Canada. Le modèle, centré sur la responsabilité des dirigeants, suggère que les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux devraient uniquement être jugés pour les décisions et résultats politiques sur lesquels ils exercent manifestement une influence. Cet article examine, en outre, la question de savoir si les électeurs bien informés saisissent mieux la complexité de la gouvernance multi-paliers lorsqu'ils évaluent la performance des dirigeants. L'analyse se fonde sur les données de l'Étude électorale canadienne de 1993 et de 1997.
Lobbying et patronage : modes de médiation en contexte démocratique*
Authors: Hudon Raymond , Yates Stéphanie 
Published: June 2008

Résumé.L'imprécision couramment observée dans les discours sur les pratiques du patronage et du lobbying, respectivement, tient en très grande partie à un flou conceptuel auquel cet article propose précisément de remédier au moyen d'une comparaison de la fonctionnalité de ces deux formes de médiation entre la société et les institutions politiques. Adoptant une perspective proprement politique, tout en tenant compte du statut normatif différencié qui marque chacune des deux pratiques, nous présentons d'abord en parallèle leurs traits distinctifs pour ensuite, quasi paradoxalement, mieux saisir leurs similarités. Les dynamiques que traduisent les échanges au cœur d'une relation patron-client, dans le cas du patronage, et d'une relation lobby-titulaire de charge publique, dans le cas du lobbying, ont pour effet de transformer les rapports de force qui structurent les relations du patron et du lobby avec leurs rivaux-concurrents. Par ailleurs, à l'encontre de présupposés largement répandus qui associent ces pratiques à des stades différents du développement des sociétés, nous montrons leur coexistence possible dans les pratiques politiques contemporaines. Notre exercice, principalement conceptuel, peut par ailleurs se révéler utile pour poser des diagnostics adéquats sur la vie démocratique … dont certains dysfonctionnements ne peuvent être corrigés qu'au moyen d'interventions appropriées.Abstract. Patronage and lobbying are currently discussed with vague concepts. This article suggests a comparison of the two phenomena by pointing to their respective roles in the conduct of relations between the society and the political institutions. In a properly political perspective, we consider their own status in normative terms and then present both their differences and similarities. The exchanges between a patron and a client and between a lobby and a public office holder result in transforming the power balance in the relations of a patron with rivals and of a lobby with competitors. Contrary to common assumptions which relate patronage and lobbying to societies at different stages of their development, we also show that they can coexist in contemporary political practices. We claim that our exercise, mainly conceptual in its nature, could serve to diagnose more adequately democratic malfunctioning and, consequently, to define more appropriate correctives.
Terms of Entitlement: Is there a Distinctly Canadian “Rights Talk”?
Authors: Macfarlane Emmett 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.One of the most frequently mentioned, yet seriously understudied, changes brought to Canadian society by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is its influence on political debate and how citizens understand and treat rights. This empirical lacuna is significant because several scholars of Canadian politics have suggested that “rights talk” can have negative implications for political discourse, given that rights are too often presented in absolute, uncompromising terms. This article represents a first attempt to investigate this phenomenon. It presents a content analysis of the media's presentation of rights issues, and evaluates how rights are portrayed during coverage of Supreme Court Charter decisions.Résumé.L'un des changements les plus notables apportés à la société canadienne par l'adoption de la Charte des droits et libertés est son influence sur les débats politiques et, plus particulièrement, sur la manière dont les citoyens interprètent leurs droits. Ce changement important est toutefois très peu étudié. Cette lacune empirique est significative puisque plusieurs politologues canadiens ont suggéré que le «langage des droits» a des répercussions négatives sur les débats politiques, étant donné que les droits sont souvent décrits en termes absolus et définitifs. Cet article représente une première tentative d'exploration de ce phénomène. Il présente une analyse du contenu médiatique et évalue comment les médias dépeignent les droits dans leur couverture des décisions de la Cour suprême portant sur la Charte.
Life Cycle, Generational and Period Effects on Protest Potential in Yeltsin's Russia
Authors: Nikolayenko Olena 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Regime change in Eastern Europe affords an excellent opportunity for investigating linkages between age and politics in times of social turmoil. Using data from three waves of the World Values Survey, this paper explores life cycle, generational and period effects on protest potential in Yeltsin's Russia. The study finds that an individual's position in the life cycle is the strongest predictor of protest potential in the post-communist state. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that citizens socialized during periods of relative socioeconomic stability exhibit the highest protest potential under conditions of uncertainty characteristic of the transition period.Résumé.Les changements de régime en Europe de l'Est permettent d'examiner la relation complexe entre l'âge et la politique pendant les périodes d'instabilité sociale. S'appuyant sur les données de trois vagues du World Values Survey (sondage mondial sur les valeurs), cet article explore l'incidence du cycle de vie, de la génération et de la période sur le potentiel protestataire dans la Russie d'Eltsine. L'étude démontre que la position de l'individu dans le cycle de vie est le plus puissant facteur de prédiction du potentiel protestataire dans la société postcommuniste. En outre, les citoyens socialisés pendant des périodes de relative stabilité socio-économique présentent le potentiel protestataire le plus élevé dans des conditions d'incertitude caractéristiques de la période de transition.
Strategic Debt
Authors: Norrlöf Carla 
Published: June 2008

Abstract. Accumulating debt is usually harmful for states, but a cyclical deficit policy and large-scale borrowing have been beneficial for the United States. While structural changes in the international political economy may cap America's future ability to process debt, an empirical analysis of the economic dimensions of hegemony over the last quarter century shows unambiguously that the hegemon reaps disproportionate gains in the area of trade and investment. This finding provides new insight on whether it is advantageous to be a hegemon.Résumé. Les États pâtissent généralement de l'accumulation des dettes, mais une politique de déficit cyclique et le recours à de larges emprunts ont pourtant été bénéfiques aux États-Unis. La capacité future de la puissance américaine à gérer sa dette sera peut-être entamée par les changements structurels subis par l'économie politique mondiale. Toutefois, l'analyse empirique des dimensions économiques de la situation d'hégémonie durant les vingt-cinq dernières années met à jour, et sans ambiguïté aucune, les gains disproportionnés générés par l'hégémon dans les domaines du commerce et de l'investissement. Cette recherche apporte un éclairage nouveau au débat sur les avantages liés à la position d'hégémon.
Machiavelli'sL'Asino:Troubled Centaur into Conscious Ass
Authors: King Ed 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.In this paper I examine some of the allegorical connections Machiavelli made in his unfinished poemL'Asino(The Ass) and make the case that they shed new light on the historical embeddedness of the more overtly political works, especiallyThe Prince. When read alongsideThe Prince,L'Asinoindicates what led Machiavelli to involve himself in politics in the first place, what he hoped to gain by his role as advisor and, afterwards, what his reaction was to his apparent failure to make his case effectively. It also offers us clues as to how Machiavelli conceived of his role as advisor to the Medici and highlights the anger he felt at having allowed himself to believe that his suggestions would be accepted without question and acted upon in the spirit in which they were intended. Some of the most important aspects of the poem I deal with focus on political metamorphoses, especially the prince's apotheosis into a successful Icarus and Machiavelli's less successful transition into Chiron the centaur. I also examine the allegorical significance of Diana and Circe, the message of the Abbot of Gaeta, and the implications of the Dantean allusions in the poem and perhaps most importantly the historical implications of the opening passage for Machiavelli's early entry into the political life of hispatria.Résumé.Dans cet essai, je montre J'indique comment certains liens allégoriques, établis par Machiavel etablit dans son poème inachevé,l'asino L'Âne(l'ane), font la lumière sur l'imbriquement historique des oeuvres machiavéliques de nature plus explicitement politique, surtoutL e Prince. La lecture del'asino L'Âneen parallèl avecLe Prince, indique indique à la fois ce qui d'abord porta Machiavel à se mêler de politique, ce qu'il espérait gagner en tant que conseiller et, par suite, ce que fut sa réaction face devant son incapacité dea son inabilite a soutenir sa cause. Une telle lecture offre également des indices sur sa façon de concevoir son rôle de conseiller aux Médicis et met en relief la rage qu'il éprouva pour s'être permis de croire que ses conseils seraient accueiqueillis sans questions et qu'on leur donnerait suite dans l'esprit même dans lequel ils furent avaient ét proférés. D'importants aspects aspects du poème traitent de métamorphoses politiques, telles l'apothéose du prince en Icare vainqueur et la moins heureuse transition de Machiavel en Chiron le centaure. J'examine également la légende de Ninus et Sardanapalus, le sens allégorique de Diane et de Circé, le message de l'abbé de Gaëte, le sens des allusions dantesques et boéthiennes et, ce qui est peut-être le plus important,, peut etre plus important, les implications historiques de la première partie du poème pour l'entré de Machiavel dans la vie politique de sapatrie.
Simplified variational principles for barotropic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: YAHALOM ASHER , LYNDEN-BELL DONALD 
Published: June 2008

Variational principles for magnetohydrodynamics have been introduced by previous authors both in Lagrangian and Eulerian form. In this paper we introduce simpler Eulerian variational principles from which all the relevant equations of barotropic magnetohydrodynamics can be derived. The variational principle is given in terms of six independent functions for non-stationary barotropic flows with trivial topologies and three independent functions for stationary barotropic flows. This is less than the seven variables which appear in the standard equations of barotropic magnetohydrodynamics, which are the magnetic field B the velocity field v and the density ρ.For non-trivial topologies it is necessary to assume that some of the variables introduced in the non-stationary formalism are non-single-valued. That is, it is necessary to introduce a number of branch cuts in order to define single-valued branches of the field variables. In turn, these cuts along with the six field variables constitute an extended number of dynamic variables. The number of cuts necessary depends on the flow. The relations between barotropic magnetohydrodynamics topological constants and the functions of the present formalism will be elucidated.The equations obtained for non-stationary barotropic magnetohydrodynamics resemble the equations of Frenkel et al. (Phys. Lett. A, vol. 88, 1982, p. 461). The connection between the Hamiltonian formalism introduced in Frenkel et al. (1982) and the present Lagrangian formalism (with Eulerian variables) will be discussed.
Miscible porous media displacements driven by non-vertical injection wells
Authors: UPCHURCH E. , MEIBURG E. 
Published: June 2008

High-resolution simulations are employed to identify and analyse the mechanisms dominating miscible porous media displacements generated by inclined injection wells. Compared to vertical injection wells, significant differences are observed that strongly influence breakthrough times and recovery rates. Constant density and viscosity displacements, for which the velocity field is potential in nature, demonstrate the existence of pronounced flow non-uniformities, due to the interaction of the inclined well with the reservoir boundaries. These non-uniformities deform the fronts during the initial displacement stages.In the presence of a viscosity difference, the non-uniformities of the potential flow field result in a focusing of the fingering instability. If the fluids also have different densities, a gravity tongue will reinforce the dominant finger along one front, while a gravitational instability leads to the disintegration of the dominant finger along the other front. Hence, the two fronts emerging from the inclined injection well usually evolve very differently from each other for variable density and viscosity displacements.For inclined injection wells and sufficiently large mobility ratios, gravity tongues are seen to evolve dendritically for an intermediate range of density contrasts. While mild gravitational forces are necessary to create the gravity tongue in the first place, large density differences will suppress the growth of the dendritic side branches. Since the dendritic branches appear along the side of the gravity tongue that should be stable according to traditional stability criteria, it can be concluded that the tip region plays a crucial role in their formation.
Effect on hearing of ganciclovir therapy for asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: four to 10 year follow up
Authors: Lackner A , Acham A , Alborno T , Moser M , Engele H , Raggam R B , Halwachs-Baumann G , Kapitan M , Walch C 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is the leading identified nongenetic cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Most of the infections are asymptomatic but may be detected from umbilical cord vein and/or newborn serum positivity for human cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M, and from urine positivity (on polymerase chain reaction) for human cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid in the newborn period. Children infected by cytomegalovirus may later develop sensorineural hearing loss. In symptomatically infected infants, ganciclovir therapy administered in the neonatal period prevents hearing deterioration. However, preventative therapy of asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease with ganciclovir is controversial, as side effects such as severe neutropenia may occur during treatment.Methods:The study population consisted of 23 asymptomatic children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Twelve children were treated just after diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in the newborn period, with ganciclovir 10 mg/kg bodyweight for 21 days. The other 11 children were observed without therapy. Over a four to 10 year follow-up period, we evaluated all the children's hearing status using pure tone audiometry.Results:All 23 children had normal sensorineural hearing at one year follow up. Five of the 23 children (21.7 per cent) were lost to follow up over the four to 11 year follow-up period. Of the remaining 18 children, sensorineural hearing loss occurred in two (11.1 per cent). Neither child had been treated with ganciclovir in the newborn period. An eight-year-old boy showed bilateral high frequency loss and a 10-year-old girl showed severe unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. In the ganciclovir-treated group (nine children), none showed sensorineural hearing loss. During ganciclovir therapy, moderate neutropenia occurred as a side effect in two out of 12 (16.6 per cent) treated children. Speech and general development were normal in all children.Conclusion:Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection is likely to be a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss in young children. Intravenous ganciclovir therapy seems to offer a medical option to prevent subsequent sensorineural hearing loss. Further studies including a greater number of children are needed. Cytomegalovirus screening models are mandatory if medical therapy is to be implemented in time.
Use of item response theory to understand differential functioning of DSM-IV major depression symptoms by race, ethnicity and gender
Authors: Uebelacker L. A. , Strong D. , Weinstock L. M. , Miller I. W. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundPsychological literature and clinical lore suggest that there may be systematic differences in how various demographic groups experience depressive symptoms, particularly somatic symptoms. The aim of the current study was to use methods based on item response theory (IRT) to examine whether, when equating for levels of depression symptom severity, there are demographic differences in the likelihood of reporting DSM-IV depression symptoms.MethodWe conducted a secondary analysis of a subset (n=13 753) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) dataset, which includes a large epidemiological sample of English-speaking Americans. We compared data from women and men, Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans and Whites, Asian Americans and Whites, and American Indians and Whites.ResultsThere were few differences overall, although the differences that we did find were primarily limited to somatic symptoms, and particularly appetite and weight disturbance.ConclusionsFor the most part, individuals responded similarly to the criteria used to diagnose major depression across gender and across English-speaking racial and ethnic groups in the USA.
Self-reported childhood trauma correlates with schizotypal measures in schizophrenia but not bipolar pedigrees
Authors: Schürhoff F. , Laguerre A. , Fisher H. , Etain B. , Méary A. , Soussy C. , Szöke A. , Leboyer M. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundStrong evidence supports the association between childhood trauma and psychotic disorders. In two different high-risk populations, we looked for a correlation between the magnitude of schizotypal dimensions and the importance of self-reported childhood trauma.MethodA sample of 138 unaffected first-degree relatives was recruited (67 relatives of schizophrenic probands and 71 relatives of bipolar probands). The relationship between schizotypal dimensions and childhood trauma scores was analyzed by partial correlations.ResultsA positive correlation was found between childhood trauma scores and total schizotypal scores in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic subjects but not in first-degree relatives of bipolar probands. This correlation was primarily due to a strong association with the positive dimension of schizotypy.ConclusionsThe significant correlation between childhood trauma and schizotypal dimensions in subjects at high genetic risk for schizophrenia suggests that susceptibility genes for schizophrenia may interact with childhood trauma to induce the emergence of schizotypal dimensions, mainly positive psychotic features.
HIV testing among individuals with a severe mental illness: review, suggestions for research, and clinical implications
Authors: Senn T. E. , Carey M. P. 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundThe prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is elevated among individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI). Because of the benefits of HIV testing, it is important for individuals with SMI to have routine access to testing. The goals of this review are: to summarize knowledge about HIV testing prevalence, correlates, and interventions among individuals with an SMI; to identify research needs; and to discuss clinical implications of the studies reviewed.MethodLiterature searches were conducted using PsycINFO, PubMed, and Medline. Additional articles were obtained from reference lists of relevant articles.ResultsFewer than one-half of individuals with an SMI have been tested for HIV in the past year. Engaging in sex or drug risk behavior was the only consistent correlate of HIV testing. Interventions for promoting HIV testing among individuals with an SMI have not been well developed or evaluated.ConclusionsResearch on HIV testing among individuals with an SMI is needed. Mental health settings may be opportune venues for HIV testing, even though providers face ethical challenges when implementing testing programs in these settings.
Vulnerable relations: lifecourse, wellbeing and social exclusion in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: LLOYD-SHERLOCK PETER , LOCKE CATHERINE 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTMany have presumed that in developing countries contact with children is beneficial to older people's wellbeing, and particularly that women receive more support from children than men because of their lifelong commitment to family responsibilities. This study questions these stylised notions through an analysis of 22 life histories of older women and men living in a district with high rates of social exclusion in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It focuses on the subjective accounts of relationships with children and grandchildren and their influence on current wellbeing. The life histories reveal complex lived experiences and the significance of key events. The informants speak of the anxiety and harm caused by struggling children, about problems of remote relations with successful children, and of the insecurity of the neighbourhood. The analysis contrasts a materialistic interpretation of the influence of children on older people's wellbeing with the informants' more holistic evaluation of family relationships. By applying a lifecourse framework, we demonstrate among other things that children may be a key source of vulnerability for older people, that the gendering of parent-child relations and later-life wellbeing is nuanced, and that both local and national conditions influence relationships with specific children, with implications for the intergenerational transmission of wellbeing.