bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clonality analysis by sequence variation of the latent membrane protein 1 gene in patients with chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection
Authors: Shibata Yukiko , Hoshino Yo , Hara Shinya , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Kojima Seiji , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Morishima Tsuneo , Kimura Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChronic active Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is a severe systemic disease associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Recent studies suggest that the clonal expansion of EBV‐infected T or natural killer cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic active EBV infection. However, it is not clear whether chronic active EBV infection is truly a monoclonal disorder that originates from one cell. The clonality of EBV was investigated by sequence variation of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene, which has a high degree of sequence heterogeneity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from nine Japanese patients with chronic active EBV infection and four with infectious mononucleosis. A carboxyl‐terminal region of the LMP1 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified PCR products were subcloned, and 18 clones from each sample were sequenced. Patients with chronic active EBV infection each had two to five different LMP1 nucleotide sequences, whereas patients with infectious mononucleosis each had one to seven different sequences. Patients with chronic active EBV infection and infectious mononucleosis both had one dominant sequence. Longitudinal analysis was performed in four patients with chronic active EBV infection, in whom the dominant strains were found to have remained unchanged for several years. The results suggest that EBV in patients with chronic active EBV infection was polyclonal, although clonal expansion may occur. Collectively, these findings are critical to clarify further the pathogenesis of chronic active EBV infection and aid in the development of effective treatment strategies. J. Med. Virol. 78:770–779, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse response of non‐indigenous cattle of European breeds to live attenuated Smithburn Rift Valley fever vaccine
Authors: Botros Boulos , Omar Adel , Elian Khairat , Mohamed Gihan , Soliman Atef , Salib Adel , Salman Diaa , Saad Magdi , Earhart Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree hundred eighteen European cows and 115 buffaloes were vaccinated with locally prepared Smithburn vaccine, of which, 100 cows and 20 buffaloes were pregnant. Twenty‐eight cows aborted within 72 days post‐vaccination, buffaloes did not abort. Blood samples collected 77 days post‐vaccination from aborted cows, 17 pregnant cows, 5 pregnant buffaloes, and 32 non‐pregnant cows. Sera were tested by ELISA for anti‐RVF IgM and IgG. All aborted cows were strongly positive for IgG. Five of 17 cows and two of five buffaloes that did not abort were IgG positive. The percentage of IgM positives in aborted cows was 25% and 0% in non‐aborted cows. The percentage of IgG positives in pregnant non‐aborted cows was lower than in non‐pregnant cows. The percentage of IgG positives of non‐pregnant cows was lower than pregnant aborted cows. Virus was isolated from one aborted fetus. The nucleotide sequence of fetus virus was compared to Smithburn of Onderstepoort, local Smithburn and virus isolates from 1993 to 1994 and 1977 RVF outbreaks. The nucleotide sequences of Onderstepoort and Egyptian Smithburn vaccines were almost identical. The sequences of 1993–1994 isolates were identical to 1977 outbreak virus. Virus from the fetus had two mutations; it is apparently a variant that is genetically distant from local Smithburn and Onderstepoort vaccines. Fetus virus was genetically distant from virus of 1993/1994 and 1977 outbreaks. In conclusion, antibody response to vaccination with local Smithburn had occurred in some, but not all the cows and buffaloes. Virus isolation from the fetus suggests in utero transmission of used vaccine virus, which resulted in high abortions in European cows. J. Med. Virol. 78:787–791, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outbreak of sapovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan during 2004–2005
Authors: Phan Tung Gia , Trinh Quang Duy , Yagyu Fumihiro , Sugita Kumiko , Okitsu Shoko , Müller Werner E.G. , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne hundred and twenty five fecal specimens were collected from sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric clinic in Osaka City, Japan from July 2004 to June 2005 and tested for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus by RT‐multiplex PCR. Among diarrheal viruses detected, norovirus was the most prevalent (19.2%, 24 of 125), followed by group A rotavirus (18.4%, 23 of 125), astrovirus (1.6%, 2 of 125), and adenovirus (0.8%, 1 of 125), respectively. Interestingly, sapovirus infection was identified with high incidence of 17.6% (22 of 125). Sapovirus was subjected to molecular genetic analysis by sequencing. It was found that sapovirus detected in this study was classified into four genotypes (GI/1, GI/4, GI/6, and GI/8), and sapovirus GI/6 was predominant, followed by GI/8 and accounted for 81.8% (18 of 22) and 9.1% (2 of 22), respectively. It was noteworthy that sapovirus GI/6 infection was apparently confined within the period of 5 months (August 2004 through December 2004). This pattern of infection implied the outbreak of sapovirus GI/6 in these patients, which was the first outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attributed to sapovirus in Osaka City. Another interesting feature of the study was the appearance of two novel, naturally occurring recombinant sapoviruses circulating in the Japanese population studied. This report confirmed the presence as well as the importance of sapovirus causing acute gastroenteritis among Japanese infants and children. J. Med. Virol. 78:839–846, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite induce cellular death in bovine chromaffin cells: Evidence for a mixed necrotic and apoptotic mechanism with caspases activation
Authors: Vicente S. , Pérez‐Rodríguez R. , Oliván A.M. , Martínez Palacián A. , González M.P. , Oset‐Gasque M.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTreatment of chromaffin cells with nitric oxide (NO) donors (SNP and SNAP) and peroxynitrite produces a time‐ and dose‐dependent necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Necrotic cell death was characterized by both an increase in lactate dehydrogenase and ATP release and changes in nuclei and cell morphology (as seen with fluorescence microscopy analysis with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342). Apoptotic cell death was characterized by nuclear fragmentation and presence of apoptotic cell bodies, by a decrease in DNA content, and by an increase in DNA fragmentation. Treatment of chromaffin cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines (interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α) resulted only in apoptotic cell death. Apoptotic effects of NO‐inducing compounds were specifically reversed, depending on the stimuli, by the NO scavenger carboxy‐PTIO (CPTio) or by the NOS inhibitors L‐NMA and thiocitrulline. NO‐induced apoptotic death in chromaffin cells was concomitant to a cell cycle arrest in G0G1 phase and a decrease in the number of chromaffin cells in the G2M and S phases of cell cycle. All NO‐producing compounds were able to induce activation of caspase 3 and cytochrome c release, and specific inhibitors of caspase 3 and 9, such as Ac‐DEVD‐CHO (CPP32) and Ac‐Z‐LEHD‐FMK, respectively, prevented NO‐induced apoptosis in chromaffin cells. These results suggest that chromaffin cells could be good models for investigating the molecular basis of degeneration in diseases showing death of catecholaminergic neurons, phenomenon in which NO plays an important role. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid‐mediated excitotoxic axonal damage is attenuated in the absence of myelin proteolipid protein
Authors: Fowler J.H. , Edgar J.M. , Pringle A. , McLaughlin M. , McCulloch J. , Griffiths I.R. , Garbern J.Y. , Nave K.A. , Dewar D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn vivo and in vitro studies have shown that α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA)‐receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity causes cytoskeletal damage to axons. AMPA/kainate receptors are present on oligodendrocytes and myelin, but currently there is no evidence to suggest that axon cylinders contain AMPA receptors. Proteolipid protein (PLP) and DM20 are integral membrane proteins expressed by CNS oligodendrocytes and located in compact myelin. Humans and mice lacking normal PLP/DM20 develop axonal swellings and degeneration, suggesting that local interactions between axons and the oligodendrocyte/myelin unit are important for the normal functioning of axons and that PLP/DM20 is involved in this process. To determine whether perturbed glial–axonal interaction affects AMPA‐receptor‐mediated axonal damage, AMPA (1.5 nmol) was injected into the caudate nucleus of anesthetized Plp knockout and wild‐type male mice (n = 13). Twenty‐four hours later, axonal damage was detected by using neurofilament 200 (NF 200) immunohistochemistry and neuronal damage detected via histology. AMPA‐induced axonal damage, assessed with NF 200 immunohistochemistry, was significantly reduced in Plp knockout mice compared with wild‐type mice (P = 0.015). There was no significant difference in the levels of neuronal perikaryal damage between the Plp knockout and wild‐type mice. In addition, there was no significant difference in the levels of glutamate receptor subunits GluR1–4 or KA2 in Plp knockout compared with wild‐type littermates. The present study suggests that PLP‐mediated interactions among oligodendrocytes, myelin, and axons may be involved in AMPA‐mediated axonal damage. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinocerebellar ataxia types 2 and 3 segregating simultaneously in a single family
Authors: França Marcondes C. , Calcagnotto Maria E. , Da Costa Jaderson C. , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 2 and 3 are autosomal‐dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by mutations in two different genes. We identified mutations for SCA2 and SCA3 segregating simultaneously in a single Brazilian family. The index patient had SCA2, whereas her two second‐degree cousins had SCA3. Disease was more rapidly progressive in the SCA2 patient, who presented severe brainstem and pancerebellar atrophy, as opposed to the two SCA3 patients, who had only mild cerebellar vermian atrophy. In such situations, molecular confirmation of all patients may avoid misdiagnosis of SCA subtypes and eventual errors in predictive testing of unaffected family members. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus: The missing link in the continuity between the central and peripheral nervous systems
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth O. , Vekris Marios D. , Zoubos Aristides B. , Soucacos Panayotis N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves which extends from the neck to the axilla and which supplies motor, sensory, and sympathetic fibers to the upper extremity. Generally it is formed by the union of the ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves, C5–C8 and T1, the so‐called “roots” of the brachial plexus. The goal here is to examine the neural architecture of the brachial plexus. The most constant arrangement of nerve fibers will be delineated, and then the predominant variations in neural architecture will be defined, particularly the prefixed and postfixed plexus, as well as the microanatomy and anatomy of the major terminal branches of the plexus. Multiple tracts connect many parts of the nervous system, and multiple ascending and descending tracts connect the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and lower spinal centers with the brain. This reflects that the nervous system is able to extract different pieces of sensory information from its surroundings and encode them separately, and that it is able to control specific aspects of motor behavior using different sets of neurons. Examination of the major sensory or motor pathways reveals a highly and tightly organized nervous system. In particular, at each of many levels, we see fairly exact maps of the world within the brain. In an effort to understand the functional neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus, this paper will focus briefly on the nervous connections of the nerves of the upper extremity with the brain. The goal here is to better understand “what the brain sees” after nerve injury and repair. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Primary nerve repair in associated lesions of the axillary artery and brachial plexus
Authors: Battiston Bruno , Bertoldo Ugo , Tos Pierluigi , Cimino Francesco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiagnosis becomes more complex when there is an association of a brachial plexus injury with an arterial lesion. The principal clinical picture in most cases is acute ischemia that requires initial treatment in the emergency room, and the final results of nerve repair are generally poorer. Although delayed brachial plexus reconstruction is preferred by some authors, our experience leads us to the opinion that a combined repair presents several advantages. Immediately after trauma, the surgical field is free of scar tissue, and a precise evaluation of both the number and level of damaged nerves may be made. Vascular and nerve repair may be mutually agreed upon by both the vascular surgeon and microsurgeon, and simple sutures may often be used instead of grafts in early nerve repair. Even if the extent of nerve damage may sometimes be difficult to assess, the results of early, easier repairs can be observed in our series of 14 combined lesions. Our results indicate that collaboration between microsurgeons and vascular surgeons is a very important factor in providing a correct approach to these problematic patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Neuroblastoma in adults: Incidence and survival analysis based on SEER data
Authors: Esiashvili Natia , Goodman Michael , Ward Kevin , Marcus Robert B. , Johnstone Peter A.S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurposeClinical data on survival outcomes of adult patients (defined as 20 years of age and older) with neuroblastoma are scarce due to the rarity of the disease. Small single institution reports have described worse outcomes for adults than pediatric patients.Materials/MethodsData from the public access Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database were reviewed for a 30‐year period between 1973 and 2002 for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Analyses compared frequency and survival rates of neuroblastoma among children and adults with particular focus on the incidence, case characteristics, and long‐term survival of the adult patients.ResultsThe observed 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates were lowest among adult patients (45.9% and 36.3%, respectively), whereas infants fared best with 86.0% 3‐year and 84.6% 5‐year overall survival. There was a steady decline in the incidence of adult neuroblastoma from 0.47 cases per million per year in 1973–1977 to 0.12 cases per million per year in 1998–2002. When the long‐term adult neuroblastoma survival was examined in detail for 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐year follow‐up periods, there was continuous decrease in survival during the first 7 years after the diagnosis with subsequent stabilization for both observed (OS) and relative survival (RS) rates. There was a notable trend towards improved outcome over the past three decades.ConclusionsAdults with neuroblastoma have significantly worse outcome than children. This may be due to tumor biology, more virulent clinical course, or possibly due to the fact that adults are less sensitive or have poor tolerance to pediatric chemotherapy regimens. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:41–46. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrical properties of polypyrrole/p‐InP structure
Authors: Aydoğan Şaki̇r , Sağlam Mustafa , Türüt Abdulmeci̇t 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe polypyrrole/p‐InP structure has been fabricated by the electrochemical polymerization of the organic polypyrrole onto the p‐InP substrate. The current–voltage (I–V), capacitance–voltage (C–V), and capacitance–frequency (C–f) characteristics of the PPy/p‐InP structure have been determined at room temperature. The structure showed nonideal I–V behavior with the ideality factor and the barrier height 1.48 and 0.69 eV respectively. C–f measurements of the structure have been carried out using the Schottky capacitance spectroscopy technique and it has been seen that there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical values. Also, it has been seen that capacitance almost show a plateau up to a certain value of frequency, after which, the capacitance decreases. The higher values of capacitance at low frequencies were attributed to the excess capacitance resulting from the interface states in equilibrium with the p‐InP that can follow the a.c. signal. The interface state density Nss and relaxation time τ of the structure were determined from C–f characteristics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1572–1579, 2006
Metabolism of [14C]‐2,4‐dichlorophenol in edible plants
Authors: Laurent François , Debrauwer Laurent , Pascal‐Lorber Sophie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeveral 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D)‐sensitive plants have been modified by genetic engineering with tfdA gene to acquire 2,4‐D tolerance. The expression product of this gene degrades 2,4‐D to 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), which is less phytotoxic but could cause a problem of food safety. After a comparison of 2,4‐D and DCP metabolism in transgenic 2,4‐D‐tolerant and wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a direct study of DCP metabolism in edible plants was performed. After petiolar uptake of a [U‐phenyl‐14C]‐DCP solution followed by a 48 h water chase, aqueous extracts were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Metabolites were thereafter isolated and their structural identities were determined by enzymatic and chemical hydrolyses and mass spectrometry analyses. The metabolic fate of DCP was equivalent to 2,4‐D metabolism in transgenic 2,4‐D‐tolerant cotton. In addition, DCP metabolism was similar in transgenic and wild cotton. The major terminal metabolites were DCP‐saccharide conjugates in all species, essentially DCP‐(6‐O‐malonyl)‐glucoside or its precursor DCP‐glucose. The significance of this metabolic pathway with regard to food safety is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Design of a minimized cyclic tetrapeptide that neutralizes bacterial endotoxins
Authors: Mora Puig , Mas‐Moruno Carlos , Tamborero Silvia , Cruz Luis J. , PÉrez‐PayÁ Enrique , Albericio Fernando 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeptic shock is a leading cause of mortality in intensive care patients, and no specific drugs are as yet available for its treatment. Therefore, new leads are required in order to increase the number of active molecules that may develop into efficacious and safe LPS‐neutralizing molecules during pre‐clinical stages. We used peptides, derived from the binding regions of known LPS‐binding proteins, as scaffolds to introduce modifications at the amino acid level. Structure–activity relationship studies have shown that these modifications generate highly active peptides. Thus, from a bioactive peptide with an initial 16 amino acid residues, a tetrapeptide sequence was determined. After inserting this sequence in a Cys cyclic peptide, it showed the same biological activity as the parent peptide. This sequence could provide the basis for the design of small molecules with LPS‐binding properties. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical application of acetate anion in negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of triterpenoid saponins–ginsenosides
Authors: Ng Kwan‐Ming , Che Chi‐Ming , Wo Siu‐Kwan , Tam Paul Kwong‐Hang , Lau Allan Sik‐Yin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGinsenosides containing different numbers of glycosyl groups can be easily differentiated based on the formation of characteristic ginsenoside‐acetate adduct anions and deprotonated ginsenosides generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) of methanolic solutions of ginsenosides (M) and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc). Ginsenosides containing two glycosyl groups gave a characteristic mass spectral pattern consisting of [M+2OAc]2−, [M−H+OAc]2− and [M−2H]2− ions with m/z values differing by 30 Th, while this mass spectral pattern was not observed for ginsenosides containing one glycosyl group. Formation of [M+2OAc]2− was influenced by the chain length of glycosyl groups and was used to differentiate the ginsenosides containing different combinations of monosaccharide and disaccharide units in the glycosyl groups. Under identical collisional activation conditions, [M+OAc]−, [M−H+OAc]2− and [M+2OAc]2− underwent proton abstractions predominantly to generate [M−H]−, [M−2H]2− and [M−H+OAc]2− ions, respectively. The ion intensity ratios, I/I, I/I and I/I, being sensitive to the structural differences of ginsenosides, could differentiate the isomeric ginsenosides, including (i) Rf, F11 and Rg1, (ii) Rd and Re, and (iii) Rb2 and Rc. Additionally, NH4OAc was found to enhance the sensitivity of detection of ginsenosides in the form of [M−H]− down to the femtomole level. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS) in pesticide residue analysis
Authors: Zhang Weiguo , Wu Ping , Li Chongjiu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of overlapping levels and concentration ratios of overlapping components, and of scan rates of the mass spectrometer, on the capability of the automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS) in pesticide residue analysis were studied. To investigate the capability of AMDIS in removing interferences from the overlapping peaks, this system was applied to data files obtained from the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of two overlapping (co‐eluting) pesticides (β‐HCH and PCNB) in full scan mode. Differences in overlap levels, the concentration ratios of the two overlapping components and the scan rates of the instrument were studied. When the difference in scan number of overlapping compounds was equal to 1 scan, AMDIS incompletely extracted ‘purified’ mass spectra but as the difference increased to 3 or more scans, complete correct spectra could be extracted. The results also show that when the scan rate was in the range of 0.4–0.90 s/scan and the concentration ratios of the target compound/interference were above 1/5, there were ideal deconvolution results for this approach. To further study the application of AMDIS to pesticide residue analysis, AMDIS was applied to the identification of pesticides spiked in real samples (cabbage and rice). Typical pesticides being evaluated were identified using AMDIS at concentrations >50 ng/g in the extracts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of artifacts and peptide modifications in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data using two‐dimensional signal intensity map data visualization
Authors: Berg Matthias , Parbel Axel , Pettersen Harald , Fenyö David , Björkesten Lennart 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate how visualization of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data as a two‐dimensional signal intensity map can be used to assess the overall quality of the data, for the identification of polymer contaminants and artifacts, as well as for the confirmation of post‐translational modifications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.