bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Levels in Former Gestational Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Meyers-Seifer Cynthia H , Vohr Betty R 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate lipid levels in former gestational diabetic mothers, 5–6 years postpartum, and to evaluate the relationship of these values to glucose, insulin, BMI, and blood pressure.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The subjects studied were 56 former gestational diabetic mothers and 48 control mothers 5–6 years postpartum. Two hours after a 50-g carbohydrate meal, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL and LDL cholesterol, glucose, and insulin were measured and compared between the two groups (analysis of variance). BMI and blood pressure were also evaluated. The risk of finding an abnormal metabolic, anthropometric, or hemodynamic parameter in either group was assessed (X2 analysis and Fisher's exact test). Correlation coefficients were assessed between the lipids versus insulin, glucose, BMI, and blood pressure.

RESULTS
Mean TC, TG, LDL cholesterol, glucose, and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the gestational diabetic mothers than in the control mothers. In addition, there was greater likelihood of finding an abnormal TC ≥ 5.17 mmol/l, LDL cholesterol ≥ 4.14 mmol/l, and systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg in gestational diabetic mothers. Triglycerides correlated with BMI, insulin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol correlated inversely with insulin in gestational diabetic mothers.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that at 5–6 years postpartum, former gestational diabetic mothers demonstrate changes in lipid levels that differ from control mothers and that specific lipids correlate with cardiovascular risk factors. Further study is needed to evaluate gestational diabetic mothers for the development of cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Erectile Dysfunction in People With Long-Term IDDM
Authors: Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E K , Lee Kristine E , Moss Scot E , Cruickshanks Karen J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this report is to examine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and relationships to other characteristics in men with younger-onset diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a population-based cohort study in southern Wisconsin, prevalence of erectile dysfunction was measured based on self reports in men who were 21 years of age or older, were &lt;30 years of age at diagnosis of diabetes, had 10 or more years of diabetes, and were taking insulin (n = 365).

RESULTS
Of the study group, 20% reported a history of erectile dysfunction. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction increased with increasing age (from 1.1% in those 21–30 years of age to 47.1% in those 43 years of age or older, P for trend &lt; 0.0001) and with increasing duration of diabetes (P for trend &lt; 0.0001). Erectile dysfunction was associated with presence of severe diabetic retinopathy, a history of peripheral neuropathy, amputation, cardiovascular disease, a higher glycosylated hemoglobin, use of antihypertensive medications, and higher BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that tighter glycemic control and careful selection of antihypertensive medications might prove beneficial.
Plasma Fibrinogen in NIDDM: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Missov Rossen M , Stolk Ronald P , van der Bom Johanna G , Hofman Albert , Bots Michiel L , Pols Huibert A P , Grobbee Diederick E 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare plasma fibrinogen levels across groups of subjects with and without NIDDM with respect to diabetes therapy and to evaluate the influence of metabolic control and other selected factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a cross-sectional study, plasma fibrinogen was measured in 2,971 elderly subjects aged 55 years and older (mean age 70.8 years). This was part of the baseline examination of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based study of chronic diseases in the elderly.

RESULTS
Plasma fibrinogen levels did not differ among subjects with and without NIDDM (2.84 vs. 2.81 g/l, P = 0.5). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio, the plasma fibrinogen levels were higher in subjects receiving insulin therapy. In those without diabetes (n = 2,640), with diabetes but not taking antidiabetes medication (n = 196), taking oral medication (n = 99), and taking insulin (n = 36), the age- and sex-adjusted fibrinogen levels were 2.82 (SE 0.01), 2.79 (0.05), 2.79 (0.07), and 3.23 (0.11) g/l, respectively (P &lt; 0.005). Adjustment for leukocyte count or serum creatinine level did not affect the observed association, while adjustment for fructosamine decreased the differences.

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma fibrinogen levels are elevated in insulin-treated NIDDM patients, which may reflect worse metabolic control in this subgroup.
Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Young Australian Aborigines: A 5-year follow-up study
Authors: Braun Braun , Zimmermann Michael B , Kretchmer Norman , Spargo Randolph M , Smith Richard M , Gracey Michael 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance are present at an early age in australian aborigines and can be used to predict the eventual development of NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Baseline anthropometric, pubertal stage, and blood pressure data were collected for 100 Australian aboriginal children and adolescents in 1989. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, and LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were measured before and during an oral glucose tolerance test. All measurements were repeated in 74 individuals from the original study population in 1994. Results were compared among hyperinsulinemic and normoinsulinemic subjects, and subjects with normal or abnormal glucose tolerance.

RESULTS
The percentage of subjects who were overweight increased from 2.7% at baseline to 17.6% 5 years later. At a mean age of 18.5 years, 8.1% of the population had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 2.7% had diabetes, and 21.6% had elevated cholesterol concentrations in plasma. Dyslipidemia was particularly prevalent among male subjects in the population: 34.4% had elevated plasma cholesterol and 21.9% had elevated LDL cholesterol values. Of the eight subjects who had diabetes or IGT in 1994, four were classified as hyperinsulinemic in 1989 and four were not.

CONCLUSIONS
The major finding of this study is the high prevalence of risk factors for NIDDM and cardiovascular disease in this population of aboriginal children and adolescents. Abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were well established by late in the second decade of life. Although many subjects had high insulin levels and there was evidence of insulin resistance in the population, hyperinsulinemia did not predict the development of abnormal glucose tolerance 5 years later.
Glucose and Amino Acid Turnover in Untreated Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Zimmer Dawn M , Golichowski Alan M , Karn Cheryl A , Brechtel Ginger , Baron Alain D , Denne Scott C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Although gestational diabetes affects as many as 3% of all pregnant women, specific aspects of glucose and protein metabolism in this population have not been clearly delineated. We tested the hypothesis that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) results in increased glucose production and proteolysis during fasting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using tracer isotope infusions, the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylation, leucine oxidation, and urea nitrogen excretion were determined after an overnight fast in 10 GDM subjects, within 2 weeks of diagnosis and before initiation of treatment, and in a matched control group of nine healthy nondiabetic pregnant women.

RESULTS
Fasting glucose Ra was similar in GDM patients and control subjects (GDM, 12.8 ± 1.1 vs. control subjects, 12.8 ± 0.9 μumol · kg−1 . min−1). Leucine and phenylalanine Ra (reflecting proteolysis) also were not different between GDM patients and control subjects (GDM leucine Ra, 128 ± 14 vs. control subjects, 124 ± 5; phenylalanine Ra GDM, 35 ± 4 vs. control subjects, 40 ± 2 μumol · kg−1 · h−1). Furthermore, leucine oxidation and phenylalanine hydroxylation were not increased in GDM subjects, urea nitrogen excretion was actually lower in GDM patients. However, fasting insulin concentrations were significantly elevated in GDM subjects (GDM, 165 ± 35 vs. control subjects, 30 ± 5 pmol/l; P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Hepatic glucose release and whole-body proteolysis in GDM patients were remarkably similar to matched pregnant control subjects. This was achieved with insulin concentrations three- to fivefold higher than normal, suggesting significant insulin resistance for both glucose and protein metabolism in GDM.
Influence of Smoking on the Survival Rate of Diabetic Patients Requiring Hemodialysis
Authors: Biesenbach Glorg , Zazgornik Jan 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study the influence of cigarette smoking on the survival rate of diabetic patients on hemodialysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We evaluated 1- and 5-year survival rates and the mean values of HbA1c, serum lipids, fibrinogen, and blood pressure. We compared the prevalence of vascular damage at the beginning of dialysis therapy and the endpoint of the study, as well as the causes of death in 22 diabetic patients who smoked (&gt; 10 cigarettes/day) and 30 nonsmoking diabetic patients.

RESULTS
There were no differences with respect to HbA1c, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In contrast, diabetic patients with tobacco consumption had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher levels of fibrinogen (428 ± 98 vs. 378 ± 76 mg/dl) and higher systolic blood pressures (154 ± 12 vs. 146 ± 13 mm Hg) than the nonsmoking group. The 1- and 5-year survival rates of the smoking patients were 68 and 9%, respectively, and in the nonsmoking subjects, 80 and 37%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The prevalence of vascular damage was similar in both groups, but at the endpoint of the study, the incidence of myocardial infarctions was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.005) in the smoking patients (77 vs. 13%). Cardiovascular events were the most frequent cause of death in both patient groups but more frequently in the smoking subjects (80 vs. 63%).

CONCLUSIONS
Hemodialyzed diabetic cigarette smokers show higher fibrinogen and systolic blood pressure values, a higher incidence of myocardial infarctions, and their 5-year survival rate is significantly decreased when compared with nonsmoking patients on hemodialysis.
The Dense LDL Phenotype: Association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in men
Authors: Tchernof André , Lamarche Benoît , Prud'homme Denis , Nadeau André , Moorjani Sital , Labrie Fernand , Lupien Paul J , Després Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the potential relationship between the cluster of metabolic abnormalities found in visceral obesity and the small dense LDL phenotype.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We have estimated LDL peak particle size by nondenaturing 2–16% gradient gel electrophoresis in a sample of 79 men. Glucose tolerance and fasting plasma insulin and lipoprotein levels were also measured.

RESULTS
The LDL particle score, calculated from migration, distances and relative band intensities and reflecting the proportion of small dense LDL particles, was positively correlated with plasma triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.60, P &lt; 0.0001) and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = −0.56, P &lt; 0.0001) levels. Although the LDL particle score was not associated with variations in plasma LDL cholesterol or LDL apolipoprotein (apo) B concentrations, it was significantly correlated with the LDL apo B–to–LDL cholesterol ratio (r = 0.60, P &lt; 0.0001). Fasting plasma insulin and visceral adipose tissue (AT) areas measured by computed tomography were weakly but significantly correlated with the LDL particle score (r = 0.23 and 0.29, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). LDL peak particle size showed similar but inverse correlations with anthropometric and metabolic variables. Subjects classified as having small dense LDL particles (by comparing subjects in the highest tertile versus those in the lowest tertile of the LDL particle score distribution) were characterized by increased plasma TG, reduced HDL cholesterol, higher fasting insulin levels, and elevated visceral AT accumulation. However, multiple regression analyses revealed that visceral AT accumulation was not an independent predictor of the dense LDL phenotype after inclusion of TG and HDL cholesterol levels and lipoprotein ratios in the model.

CONCLUSIONS
It thus appears that the high TG–low HDL cholesterol dyslipidemia frequently found in visceral obesity and in a hyperinsulinemic state is a strong correlate of the small dense LDL phenotype. Although associated with the dense LDL phenotype, visceral obesity and hyperinsulinemia were not independent predictors of an increased proportion of small dense LDL particles after controlling for TG and HDL cholesterol levels.
Bromocriptine (Ergoset) Reduces Body Weight and Improves Glucose Tolerance in Obese Subjects
Authors: Cincotta Anthony H , Meier Albert H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
A double-blind placebo controlled study investigated long-term effects of Ergoset, a new quick release formulation of bromocriptine, on body weight, body fat, and glucose tolerance in a group (n = 17) of obese subjects who were instructed to follow a moderate hypocaloric diet.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Obese individuals (&gt; 25% body fat for men and &gt; 30% body fat for women) were instructed to follow a calorie-restricted diet (70% of weight maintaining based on study entry weight) and were randomized to daily treatment with Ergoset (1.6–2.4 mg/day) or placebo at 0800 over an 18-week treatment period. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on subjects before initiation and again at termination of treatment. Body weight and body fat (determined by skinfold measurements) were quantified every 2 weeks during the course of treatment.

RESULTS
Ergoset treatment for 18 weeks significantly reduced body weight and body fat versus placebo (6.3 ± 1.5 and 5.4 ± 1.1 kg vs. 0.9 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 0.6 kg. respectively, P &lt; 0.01). Ergoset, but not placebo, also improved glucose tolerance (P &lt; 0.02); the stimulated area under the oral glucose tolerance curve was reduced by 46% (from 121 ± 23 to 64 ± 32 mg · h−1 · dl−1), while the stimulated area under the insulin curve was reduced by 30%.

CONCLUSIONS
When combined with instruction to follow a moderate hypocaloric diet, Ergoset, but not placebo, improves glucose tolerance and promotes significant weight and body fat loss in obese subjects over an 18- week treatment period.
Rapid HLA-DQB1 Genotyping for Four Alleles in the Assessment of Risk for IDDM in the Finnish Population
Authors: Ilonen Jorma , Reijonen Helena , Herva Elja , Sjöroos Minna , Iitiä Antti , Lövgren Timo , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Åkerblom Hans K ,   The Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DIME) Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study the effectiveness of MHC genotyping in the assessment of risk for IDDM based on the identification of alleles that are significantly associated with risk for IDDM (DQB1 *0302 and *0201) and protection from it (DQB1 *0602/*0603 and *0301).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A long series of 649 index cases of IDDM, together with their healthy siblings and 756 healthy blood donors, was collected in Finland. The samples were analyzed using a large-scale assay procedure that was developed for rapid screening purposes. The method utilizes time-resolved fluorometry to detect the hybridization of lanthanide-labeled allele-specific oligonucleotide probes with amplified gene product.

RESULTS
A total of 61.9% of IDDM index cases had high risk (DQB1 *0201/*0302) or moderate risk (DQB1 *0302/x [x meaning DQB1 *0302 or a nondefined allele]) genotypes compared with 14.3% of the reference population. In patients and control subjects, the frequencies of low risk genotypes were 28.0 and 22.1%, respectively, and those of decreased risk genotypes, 10.0 and 63.6%. The relative risk of a *0201/*0302 genotype was 53.5 (31.1–92.8) compared with the decreased risk genotypes (63.6% of controls). The graded risk estimation was equally efficient in assessing the risk of IDDM in siblings of child with IDDM.

CONCLUSION
The near-automatic typing procedure developed is attractive for large-scale screening projects, such as diabetes prevention and intervention trials.
Erythrocyte Sodium-Hydrogen Exchange and Microalbuminuria in Type I Diabetes
Authors: Giampietro Ottavio , Matteucci Elena , Pedrinelli Roberto 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relationship between sodium-hydrogen (Na+/H+) exchange and microalbuminuria (an abnormal urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in morning collections) in IDDM patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Amiloride-sensitive H+ efflux from cells acid loaded at pH 6.5 (defined as erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange) was measured in normotensive IDDM patients with microalbuminuria and normal renal function (n = 16, serum creatinine &lt; 106.1 μmol/l) and compared with both matched uncomplicated normoalbuminuric diabetic subjects and normal subjects (n = 16 each).

RESULTS
Erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange was elevated to a similar extent in diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria. Blood pressure and lipids were normal in both diabetic groups. Daily insulin requirement, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin were higher and retinopathy more frequent in microalbuminuric patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The abnormal erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchange of type I diabetic patients was unrelated to microalbuminuria and could not be ascribed to hypertension or dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the degree of metabolic control seemed to influence the progression of diabetic nephropathy, but not the abnormal antiport activity. The data imply that Na+/H+ exchange is an unlikely marker of nephropathy in type I diabetic patients.
Symmetrization of the Blood Glucose Measurement Scale and Its Applications
Authors: Kovatchev Boris P , Cox Daniel J , Gonder-Frederick Linda A , Clarke William 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To introduce a data transformation that enhances the power of blood glucose data analyses.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the standard blood glucose scale, hypoglycemia (blood glucose, &lt;3.9 mmol/l) and hyperglycemia (blood glucose, &gt;10 mmol/l) have very different ranges, and euglycemia is not central in the entire blood glucose range (1.1–33.3 mmol/l). Consequently, the scale is not symmetric and its clinical center (blood glucose, 6–7 mmol/l) is distant from its numerical center (blood glucose, 17 mmol/l). As a result, when blood glucose readings are analyzed, the assumptions of many parametric statistics are routinely violated. We propose a logarithmic data transformation that matches the clinical and numerical center of the blood glucose scale, thus making the transformed data symmetric.

RESULTS
The transformation normalized 203 out of 205 data samples containing 13,584 blood glucose readings of 127 type 1 diabetic individuals. An example illustrates that the mean and standard deviation based on transformed, rather than on raw, data better described subject's blood glucose distribution. Based on transformed data: 1) the low blood glucose index predicted the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, while the raw blood glucose data (and glycosylated hemoglobin levels) did not; 2) the high blood glucose index correlated with the subjects' glycosylated hemoglobin (r = 0.63, P &lt;0.001); and 3) the low plus high blood glucose index was more sensitive than the raw data to a treatment (blood glucose awareness training) designed to reduce the range of blood glucose fluctuations.

CONCLUSIONS
Using symmetrized, instead of raw, blood glucose data strengthens the existing data analysis procedures and allows for the development of new statistical techniques. It is proposed that raw blood glucose data should be routinely transformed to a symmetric distribution before using parametric statistics.
Altered Hierarchy of Protective Responses Against Severe Hypoglycemia in Normal Aging in Healthy Men
Authors: Matyka Krystyna , Evans Mark , Lomas Jill , Cranston Iain , Macdonald Ian , Amiel Stephane A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of normal aging on the protective responses against hypoglycemia, in view of the fact that type II diabetes is primarily a disease of aging, and its treatment is associated with risk of hypoglycemia with cognitive impairment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Plasma glucose was lowered stepwise from 5 to 2.4 mmol/l and restored by manipulation of an infusion of 20% glucose during 220-min intravenous infusion of 1.5 mU · kg−1 · min−1 soluble insulin in 14 men; 7 were aged 60–70 years and the other 7 were 22–26 years. Changes in neurohumoral responses, subjective awareness, and choice reaction time were assessed.

RESULTS
Hormonal responses were similar in the two groups, but symptoms began earlier in the younger men (at a plasma glucose of 3.6 ± 0.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l, P = 0.02) and were more intense (P = 0.03). Four-choice reaction time, a measure of psychomotor coordination, deteriorated earlier in the older men (at a plasma glucose of 3.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.6 ± 0.1 mmol/l, P = 0.07) and to a greater degree. The difference between the glucose level for subjective awareness of hypoglycemia and the onset of cognitive dysfunction was lost in the older men (0.0 ± 0.2 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS
Older men are prone to more severe cognitive impairment during hypoglycemia than younger men and are less likely to experience prior warning symptoms if blood glucose falls. This effect of normal aging may contribute to the risk of severe hypoglycemia in older diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas and insulin.
Stable Glomerular Filtration Rate in Normotensive IDDM Patients With Stable Microalbuminuria: A 5-year prospective study
Authors: Mathiesen Elisabeth R , Feldt-Rasmussen Bo , Hommel Eva , Deckert Torsten , Parving Hans-Henrik 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the long-term course of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria in order to identify patients with stable or declining kidney function over a 5-year study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Forty normotensive (129 ± 11/80 ± 8 mmHg) IDDM patients with persistent microalbuminuria (mean urinary albumin excretion [UAE] 84 mg/24 h [range 30–300]) were followed prospectively for 5 years of clinical examinations that included the measurement of GFR (51Cr-labeled EDTA clearance) at least once a year. The mean GFR at baseline was 120 ± 18 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2.

RESULTS
Using multiple regression analysis, the rate of decline in GFR was independently correlated to onset of diabetic nephropathy (P &lt; 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (sBP) at baseline (P &lt; 0.05). Increase in UAE was correlated to the mean HbA1c during the observation period. Out of 40 patients, 14 progressed to diabetic nephropathy (UAE &gt; 300 mg/24 h). These patients had a significant reduction in GFR (mean −2.2 ± 3.8 ml · min−1 · year−1; P = 0.05), while GFR remained stable in the remaining 26 patients with nonprogressive microalbuminuria (change in GFR 0.5 ± 2.1 ml · min−1 · year−1; NS). The difference in the rate of decline of GFR was significant (mean 2.7 ml · min−1 · year−1; P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Normotensive IDDM patients with nonprogressive microalbuminuria have a stable GFR. Progression of UAE to diabetic nephropathy heralds a progressive loss of kidney function. Efforts should be made to prevent the progression from microalbuminuria to diabetic nephropathy in every IDDM patient with microalbuminuria.