bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citric acid as a solid-state plasticizer for Eudragit RS PO
Authors: Schilling Sandra U , Shah Navnit H , Malick A Waseem , Infeld Martin H , McGinity James W 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The use of solid-state plasticizers for the hot-melt extrusion of pharmaceutical dosage forms has been shown to be beneficial compared with liquid plasticizers. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of citric acid (CA) as a solid plasticizer for the preparation of Eudragit RS PO extended-release matrix systems by a melt extrusion technique. The influence of increasing levels of CA monohydrate (CA MH) or anhydrous CA in the powder blend on the extrusion process parameters (screw speed and motor load) was determined as a function of temperature. The solubility of CA MH in extruded tablets was studied by means of modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Films were cast from organic solutions to demonstrate the plasticizing effect of CA MH as a change in physico-mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation). The CA release from extruded tablets was studied over 12 h. The monohydrate form was found to distinctly facilitate the extrusion of Eudragit RS PO, whereas the addition of anhydrous CA to the polymer powder was less effective. This divergent behaviour in plasticization of Eudragit RS PO was attributed to the higher solubility of the monohy-drate in the acrylic polymer. The plasticizing effect of the CA MH reached a plateau at 25% during hot-melt extrusion, which coincided with the solubility limit of the organic acid in the polymer as shown by MDSC and PXRD results. The CA MH increased the flexibility of Eudragit RS PO films, as demonstrated by a decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus and an increase in elongation as a function of CA MH concentration. The dissolution of CA from the matrix tablets followed an extended-release profile, with CA MH exhibiting a faster dissolution rate than the anhydrous form. In conclusion, CA MH was found to be an effective plasticizer for Eudragit RS PO that facilitates the production of controlled-release matrix systems by hot-melt extrusion.
Hydrogen peroxide overproduced in breast cancer cells can serve as an anticancer prodrug generating apoptosis-stimulating hydroxyl radicals under the effect of tamoxifen-ferrocene conjugate
Authors: Wlassoff Wjatschesslaw A , Albright Craig D , Sivashinski Michael S , Ivanova Anastasia , Appelbaum Jacob G , Salganik Rudolph I 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A new approach to the treatment of cancer is suggested, based on the innate overproduction of hydrogen peroxide in cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide serves as a prodrug in the presence of transition metal ions, such as iron delivered by ferrocene. Under the effect of ferrocene, hydrogen peroxide is split into hydroxyl anions and highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. The latter cause oxidative DNA damage, which induces apoptosis, leading to elimination of cancer cells. Tamoxifen, a drug that interacts with oestrogen receptors, was used as a carrier to deliver ferrocene to breast cancer cells. For this aim tamoxifen conjugated to ferrocene (Tam-Fer) was synthesized. We have shown that the frequency of apoptotic events in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with Tam-Fer is significantly higher than in cells treated with tamoxifen or ferrocene separately. The increase of apoptosis correlates well with the rise in generation of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. These results show that the hydrogen peroxide overproduced in tumour cells can serve as a prodrug for the treatment of cancer.
Photoisomerization of 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole Derivatives as an Adequate Model to Reveal Photochromism of Schiff Bases in the Solid State
Authors: Taneda Masatsugu , Kodama Yoshinori , Eda Yusaku , Koyama Hiroyuki , Kawato Toshio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Photochromic behavior of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole derivatives, whose photoinduced deformation was restricted by the cyclic structure, was first observed to suggest the existence of a cis-keto form as a certain structure for the photochrome of N-salicylideneanilines in the crystal state.
Unusual Demethylation of O,O′-Dimethyl Chlorothiophosphate with Aryllithiums
Authors: Ribeiro Nigel , Maeda Jin , Ishida Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Yuka , Saigo Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The reaction of O,O′-dimethyl chlorothiophosphate with aryllithiums took place easily to afford the corresponding methylated aryl compounds in place of expected O,O′-dimethyl aryl(thiophosphonate)s.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: October 2007

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. However, we do not review software. To submit a book for review, please send it to me at the above address. Although we cannot review all books because of space limitations, we do list all books that we receive. We commission all book reviews and do not accept unsolicited reviews. To become a reviewer, please send me your name, address, and specific areas of expertise. We encourage readers to suggest books for review or to ask publishers to send copies of such books. The authors or editors of books we review in this issue are Antonio Conejo, Enrique Castillo, Roberto Minguez, Raquel Garcia-Bertrand, Randolph W. Hall, Thomas L. Saaty, Luis G. Vargas, Antony Unwin, Martin Theus, and Heike Hofmann.
Warranty Inventory Optimization for Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, Inc.
Authors: Khawam John , Hausman Warren H. , Cheng Dinah W. 
Published: October 2007

Warranty inventory management is a challenge that many companies must confront. Customers return allegedly defective units to a company for replacement or credit. The company can then economically recover the unit through either a testing or remanufacturing process; it can use recovered units to fulfill future warranty requests. The company also has the option of purchasing a new product from the production line. In high-volume situations, warranty inventory management involves many complexities such as stochastic demand rates, probabilistic requests for credit instead of replacement, probabilistic repairs, multiple sources of supply, and tight customer-service constraints. Companies may also have to consider the complexities that a batch remanufacturing process causes. In this paper, we formulate several related models of such warranty inventory systems. In these models, we study a periodic, single-location, inventory system that is dedicated to warranty returns. We find near-optimal policies for each system using well-developed heuristics. The models include the following complexities: random warranty claims, random requests for replacement or credit, three sources of supply (testing, remanufacturing, and new product), random flows of returned products into testing and remanufacturing, random yields from testing and remanufacturing, different lead times for each resupply process, remanufacturing lead time variability, and random batching of remanufacturing. The results of the models provide near-optimal inventory-control policies in this complex environment and demonstrate the payoffs that result from reducing production lead times and batching in remanufacturing. Hitachi GST has gained a great deal from this modeling process. In addition to the direct benefit from the model's calculations, additional sensitivity analyses have shed light on the quantitative importance of various factors, including demand volatility, the percentage of credit requests, the percentage of units successfully remanufactured, and batching effects in remanufacturing.
Dysregulated BMP Signaling and Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation of Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells From Patients With Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)
Authors: Billings Paul C , Fiori Jennifer L , Bentwood Jennifer L , O'Connell Michael P , Jiao Xiangyang , Nussbaum Burton , Caron Robert J , Shore Eileen M , Kaplan Frederick S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The study of FOP, a disabling genetic disorder of progressive heterotopic ossification, is hampered by the lack of readily available connective tissue progenitor cells. We isolated such cells from discarded primary teeth of patients with FOP and controls and discovered dysregulation of BMP signaling and rapid osteoblast differentiation in FOP cells compared with control cells.
Introduction: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most disabling condition of progressive heterotopic ossification in humans, is caused by a recurrent heterozygous missense mutation in activin receptor IA (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, in all classically affected individuals. A comprehensive understanding of FOP has been limited, in part, by a lack of readily available connective tissue progenitor cells in which to study the molecular pathology of this disorder.
Materials and Methods: We derived connective tissue progenitor cells from discarded primary teeth (SHED cells) of patients with FOP and controls and examined BMP signaling and osteogenic differentiation in these cells.
Results: SHED cells transmitted BMP signals through both the SMAD and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and responded to BMP4 treatment by inducing BMP responsive genes. FOP cells showed ligand-independent BMP signaling and ligand-dependent hyper-responsiveness to BMP stimulation. Furthermore, FOP cells showed more rapid differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype than control cells.
Conclusions: This is the first study of BMP signaling and osteogenic differentiation in connective tissue progenitor cells from patients with FOP. Our data strongly support both basal and ligand-stimulated dysregulation of BMP signaling consistent with in silico studies of the mutant ACVR1 receptor in this condition. This study substantially extends our understanding of dysregulated BMP signaling in a progenitor cell population relevant to the pathogenesis of this catastrophic disorder of progressive ectopic ossification.
Algorithm-Based Qualitative and Semiquantitative Identification of Prevalent Vertebral Fracture: Agreement Between Different Readers, Imaging Modalities, and Diagnostic Approaches
Authors: Ferrar Lynne , Jiang Guirong , Schousboe John T , DeBold Charles R , Eastell Richard 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We compared SQ and ABQ diagnosis of VF imaged by radiography and X-ray absorptiometry. Mild ABQ VF had stronger associations with osteoporosis than mild SQ VF. Interobserver agreement (radiographic diagnosis) was better for ABQ.
Introduction: Vertebral fracture (VF) assessment from images acquired by X-ray absorptiometry (VFA) is often based on a semiquantitative approach (SQ); prevalent VF is identified if vertebral height appears reduced by &gt;20%. Algorithm-based qualitative definition of osteoporotic VF (ABQ) requires evidence of endplate depression, and there is no threshold for reduction in vertebral height. The aims of this study were to (1) compare the prevalence of VFs; (2) compare the characteristics of women with and without VFs; (3) compare interobserver agreement; and (4) compare agreement between methods and imaging modalities for ABQ and SQ definitions of VFs.
Materials and Methods: Spine radiographs and absorptiometry images for 203 elderly women were assessed using ABQ (readers ABQ-1 and ABQ-2). These readings were compared with SQ assessments (readers SQ-1 and SQ-2) of the same images performed in a previous study. Agreement between readers and methods was assessed by kappa (κ) statistics.
Results: The prevalence of VF was 15–18% (radiography) and 12–24% (VFA) for ABQ and SQ, respectively. Women with ABQ or SQ fractures were older and had lower BMD than those without fracture (p &lt; 0.01). Mild ABQ (but not SQ) VF was associated with low BMD. κ scores for interobserver agreement for radiography and VFA, respectively, were as follows: ABQ, κ = 0.74 (95% CI, 0.60, 0.87) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.48, 0.81); SQ, κ = 0.53 (95% CI, 0.46, 0.60) and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.44, 0.58). For agreement between ABQ-1 and SQ-1, κ = 0.55 (95% CI, 0.39, 0.72) for radiography and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.25, 0.58 for VFA.
Conclusions: The prevalence of radiographic VF identified by ABQ and SQ was similar, but on VFA was 50% higher for SQ. Mild ABQ VF was associated with low BMD. Interobserver agreement for radiographic diagnosis was significantly better for ABQ than for SQ. Agreement between ABQ and SQ was moderate.
Physical Modeling of Landslide Stabilization Methods in an Overconsolidated Clay
Authors: Fioravante V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper describes some of the main results of physical modeling tests performed on retaining structures. The modeling arose from the design of stabilizing structures for a landslide with a natural slope angle of 10°, a thickness of about 15 m, a 90 m wide and 600 m long extension, which occurred in overconsolidated clay. The medium plasticity inorganic clay soil was characterized by a shear resistance peak angle, φP′=24.7° and a residual angle φR′=10.5°. Two types of stabilizing structure models fixed into the subsoil, were adopted: the first, consisted of a diaphragm wall and the second of three aligned piers; both models were instrumented with strain gages. The sliding block was mechanically pushed against the structure up to failure, in order to assess the behavior of the structures in displacing ground. This paper presents details of the performed tests, the procedures that were adopted and an analysis of the gathered results according to “empirical-based” and “pressure-based” design methods.
Within Sight: Three-Dimensional Perspectives on Women and Banjos in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hamessley Lydia 
Published: October 2007

During the last decades of the nineteenth century, women figured prominently in a marketing campaign by banjo manufacturers who sought to make the banjo a respectable instrument for ladies. Their overarching aim was to "elevate" the banjo's status from its African-American and minstrel-show associations, thereby making the instrument acceptable in white bourgeois society. At the same time, stereoview cards, three-dimensional photographs produced by the millions, were a popular parlor entertainment featuring a variety of contemporary images, including women playing the banjo. Yet, instead of depicting a genteel lady in the parlor playing her beribboned banjo, the stereoviews presented humorous and sometimes risque scenes of banjo-playing women. Further, virtually no stereoviews exist that show the banjo played by a lady in a parlor setting. Through a study of stereoscopic depictions of women in a variety of scenes, I place these unexpected images of women's music-making in a context that explains their significance. In particular I examine the way stereoviews provide insights about the tensions regarding the position and status of women in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American culture as revealed in the figure of the New Woman.
Typical of constructions of this threatening figure, stereographic images picture the New Woman wearing bloomers, riding bicycles, attending college, smoking, neglecting her wifely duties and children, and even indulging in lesbian eroticism. Yet, stereoviews are distinctive in that they also show the New Woman playing the banjo, and I argue that the link between the banjo and the New Woman had a decisive and negative impact on the effectiveness of the banjo elevation project. Through an examination of these three-dimensional views, and drawing on late-nineteenth-century writing and poetry about the banjo, I show how the banjo in the hands of the New Woman became a cautionary cultural icon for middle- and upper-class women, subverting the respectable image of the parlor banjo and the bourgeois women who played it. I place this new evidence in the context of Karen Linn's paradigm describing the banjo elevation project as one that sought to shift the banjo from the realm of sentimental values to official values. The figure of the New Woman does not fit within Linn's dichotomy; rather, she falls outside both sets of values. Often viewed as a third sex herself, in a sense mirroring the gender tensions surrounding the banjo, the New Woman helped to shift the banjo into a third realm, that of revolutionary and perhaps even decadent values. This study enhances what we know about the way musical instruments have been used to reconfigure attitudes toward gender roles in the popular imagination and furthers our understanding of the complex role women have played in the history of the banjo. Moreover, this evidence demonstrates how gender and sexuality can affect the reception of music, and musical instruments, through powerful iconographic images.
Global Climate Change and Children's Health
Authors: Shea Katherine M. ,   and the Committee on Environmental Health
Published: October 2007

This Technical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-065505.
There is a broad scientific consensus that the global climate is warming, the process is accelerating, and that human activities are very likely (&gt;90% probability) the main cause. This warming will have effects on ecosystems and human health, many of them adverse. Children will experience both the direct and indirect effects of climate change. Actions taken by individuals, communities, businesses, and governments will affect the magnitude and rate of global climate change and resultant health impacts. This technical report reviews the nature of the global problem and anticipated health effects on children and supports the recommendations in the accompanying policy statement on climate change and children's health.
Dealing with new multilingualism in Europe
Authors: Extra Guus 
Published: October 2007

The focus of this paper is on immigrant minority languages in urban Western Europe. Both multidisciplinary and cross-national perspectives will be offered on two major domains in which language transmission occurs, i.e., the domestic domain and the public domain. Prototypical of these two domains are the home and the school, respectively. At home, language transmission occurs between parents and children; at school this occurs between teachers and pupils. Viewed from the perspectives of majority language speakersversusminority language speakers, language transmission becomes a very different issue. In the case of majority language speakers, language transmission at home and at school is commonly taken for granted: at home, parents speak this language usually with their children; at school this language is usually the only or major subject and medium of instruction. In the case of minority language speakers, there is usually a mismatch between the language of the home and the language of the school. Whether parents in such a context continue to transmit their language to their children is strongly dependent on the degree to which these parents conceive of this language as a core value of cultural identity.After a short introduction, we offerphenomenologicalperspectives on the semantics of our field of study and some central European notions in this field. Next we discuss major agencies and documents onlanguage rightsat the global and European level. We also discuss the utilisation and effects of differentdemographiccriteria for the definition and identification of (school) population groups in a multicultural society. Next we offersociolinguisticperspectives on the distribution and vitality of immigrant minority languages across Europe. In this context the rationale and major outcomes of theMultilingual Cities Project, realised in six major multicultural cities in different European Union nation-states, are presented. Finally we offer comparative perspectives oneducationalpolicies and practices in the domain of immigrant minority languages in the six European Union countries under discussion. We conclude with an overview on how multilingualism can be promoted for all children in an increasingly multicultural Europe.Immigrants have made this country more American, not less American. (George W. Bush, presidential election campaign 2004)
Methods for Removing Bacterial Biofilms: In Vitro Study using Clinical Chronic Rhinosinusitis Specimens
Authors: Desrosiers Martin , Myntti Matthew , James Garth 
Published: October 2007

Background Bacterial biofilms may be involved in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In vitro, we studied methods for removing biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods Bacterial isolates were obtained from patients with refractory CRS and were plated and treated with either static administration of citric acid/zwitterionic surfactant (CAZS), saline delivered with hydrodynamic force, or CAZS delivered hydrodynamically. Results were assessed by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) and by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Results All treatments produced significant reductions in CFU counts (p ≥ 0.002). Hydrodynamic CAZS provided the greatest reduction, decreasing CFU counts from control values by 3.9 ± 0.3 logs and 5.2 ± 0.5 logs for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively (99.9% reduction; p = 0.001). CSLM showed decreases in biofilm coverage. Conclusion Hydrodynamic delivery of a soap-like surfactant and a calcium-ion sequestering agent may disrupt biofilms associated with CRS. Our results may be relevant to a new approach to refractory CRS.
Innate and Adaptive Mediators in Cystic Fibrosis and Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Skinner Margaret L. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Lathers Deanne , Neal Jeffrey G. , Woodworth Bradford A. , Hall Jeffrey , Newton Danforth A. , Baatz John E. 
Published: October 2007

Background Surfactant-associated proteins (SP) A and D are both innate immunity mediators and produced in normal and diseased sinus mucosa. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with Th1 adaptive inflammation whereas allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is associated with Th2 adaptive inflammation. The purpose of this study is to show and quantify the presence of SP A, SP D, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, (a Th1 marker), and eotaxin (a Th2 marker) in normal and diseased sinus mucosa. Methods Intraoperative sinus mucosal biopsy specimens from human volunteers were obtained during endoscopic sinus surgery for CF (n = 4), AFRS (n = 10), and normal controls (CTLs; n = 4). Specimens were evaluated for presence and quantity of SP A, SP D, and TNF-alpha using Western blot with semiquantitative immunoblot analysis. Eotaxin was quantified using ELISA immunoassay. Results were standardized and reported as picograms of mediator per microgram of total protein. Results SP A, SP D, and TNF-alpha levels in CF tissue extracts were 2–10 times higher than levels in AFRS tissue (with SP D and TNF-alpha reaching statistical significance) but CF tissue was not significantly higher than CTL tissue. SP A, SP D, and TNF-alpha were not significantly elevated in AFRS. Eotaxin showed elevated levels in CF and AFRS when compared with CTLs (p = 0.03 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion SP D and TNF-alpha are significantly increased in CF compared with AFRS, suggesting activation of both innate immunity and Th1-mediated inflammation and potential correlation between SPs and downstream adaptive immune responses.