bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and the End of Black Religion in the Modern World
Authors: Evans Curtis J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Sociologists, black and white, set out in the 1940s to bury residual notions of blacks as naturally religious. Innate religiosity now connoted essential racial difference and an obstacle to black assimilation into the white mainstream. Yet as black and white interpreters abandoned biological theories of racial difference they began emphasizing distinctive features of black culture as peculiarities that needed to be shed and the new sociological framework focused on cultural pathology as the central feature of black life in the urban North. As black critics became more disillusioned with this dour view of black life, reassertions of black romantic racialism in the more secular language of a black “soul” movement found a broader audience. Black religion lost its former salience as urbanization became increasingly seen as the crucible that ended persisting notions of black innate religiosity.
Kavvanah and Kavvanot
Authors: Giller Pinchas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The kabbalistic practice of prayer intentions, or kavvanot, derives from the general theological problem of proper intention in observing the laws of Judaism. The experience of kavvanot practice is otherwise hard to quantify and has been the subject of much discussion by scholars. With regards to ethics and the other devotional aspects of religious life, the Beit El kabbalists were largely dependant on earlier sources and produced little of their own. For the Beit El kabbalists, linguistic mysteries served the same purpose as symbolism and mythos in earlier kabbalistic systems. Nonetheless, they retained the traditions of erotic union with the Shekhinah and other hallmarks of classical Kabbalah. The contemporary scholar J. Garb as argued that these processes are techniques to harness sacred power, although the Beit El practice developed past the models presented in Garb's typologies.
Imperial Expiation
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the cultural legacy of the Middle Eastern campaigns. It argues that they offered the hope of some continuity with the past, undercutting the sense of total rupture produced by the Western front. They offered a vision of a glamorous, biblical, Arabian‐Nights theater in which the old, adventurous, mobile sort of warfare still worked. The Kut disaster of the Mesopotamia campaign produced a redemptive vision of empire as a tool of colonial development. This helped package the new Middle East empire as a selfless endeavor in the increasingly anti‐imperialist postwar world. Central in the romantic image of these campaigns were the heroic figures that participated in them, including Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, and others, who acquired positions of enormous political and cultural influence after the war. Their celebrity was a product of an increasingly democratic public sphere fascinated with Arabia and struggling with changing notions of Englishness.
David, Saul, and God
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe original audience heard a story shaped to their listening capacities, which for a print‐oriented audience presents special difficulties. In highlighting the reliance of David's story on ancient techniques of repetition, this book brings into focus a narrative most often approached as a collection of parts rather than as a compelling whole. David's story (Samuel and early Kings) took final shape from within an oral culture whose techniques of repetition demanded from the audience not only a grasp of the story's forward progress, but also a circling backward—a tracing of those “hearing clues” constituting broad formal patterns. From eleven major patterns emerge narrative shape and meaning, and an answer to the mystery of who David is. Some examples: (1) the mystery of David's character is finally less so in a triad of sparings: twice, David spares the life of enemy Saul, accounts that “sandwich” a third sparing—of an enemy David has set out to kill; (2) Saul is anointed and/or proclaimed king three times, and (3) commits wrongdoing in parallel fashion; (4) David is introduced to the story's audience four times, paving the narrative way for aspects of his character lying ahead; (5) David's three‐time failure as a father mirrors Eli's earlier failure, and spells out the king's great fall, setting up the story's glorious resolve, the triumph of a father finally saying no to a spoiled son and yes to interests of the kingdom. Biblical scholar Walter Brueggemann, who has written extensively on the David story, responds with skepticism to Robert Alter's suggestion that David's story evidences architectural cohesion: “Alter may be correct on this point,” Brueggemann cautions, “but he has only asserted the matter and has not given it any careful analysis.” This study demonstrates the aptness of Alter's assessment regarding the story's unity, answering Bruggemann's challenge with a singular analysis adequate to the demands of this sophisticated ancient masterpiece.
News of Death—Public and Private Davids
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBefore hearing about how David the father faces hearing news of three successive sons' deaths, we are shown David's response to death‐news of three successive political opponents, or would‐be opponents. Taken together, the six instances of David's responding to death‐news, preceded by the Eli instance of responding to the same news, repeat formal elements in such a way as to shed increased light on the complexity of David. The tension between the private‐ and public‐Davids, for example, comes into clear focus, setting the narrative stage for a seventh instance, an epilogue of sorts, of private‐David working in synch with public‐David, toward communal well‐being. Six instances of death‐news begins, again, with Eli hearing of his sons' death (I, 4:10‐18), followed by David receiving news of Saul's & Jonathan's deaths (II, 1:1‐27); King David hearing of Abner's death (II, 3:28‐39), then of Ishbaal's death (II, 4:5‐12); then father‐David hearing of his infant son's death (II, 12:15‐24); of son Amnon's death (II, 13:21‐39); of son Absalom's death (II, 18:24‐19:8). The pattern is complete with a twist: father‐David, as king, says “no” to son Adonijah upon hearing ominous (not death) news (I Kings: 1:5‐31).
Conclusion
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFor Homer's audience, the resourceful Odysseus—“known before all men for the study of crafty designs”—is predictable, always the same, always on brilliant display. David, on the other hand, remains mysterious to the story's audience for great portions of the narrative, acting often in a surprising manner. The biblical writer develops character; the Homeric writer demonstrates character. The divine in each story play roles appropriate to each hero, while reflecting their authors' respective sense of character and moral universe. In fact, the relationship of hero to the divine has much to do with the diametrically opposed characterizations of David and Odysseus within their respective stories, and the gulf between implied moral universes. Because of the goddess Athene, Odysseus becomes more of what he has always been. Because of the biblical God, on the other hand, David changes, becoming known to others—and to himself—only as the story unfolds. David and Odysseus inhabit worlds that could not be more different. A brief exploration of notable cave scenes from their respective stories helps to shine a spotlight on the complexity of David, of his God, and of the relationship between the two.
5 Major Subclasses
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDespite being polar opposites conceptually, the two most fundamental grammatical classes—noun and verb—show extensive parallelism. One similarity is that both divide into two major subclasses: count vs. mass for nouns, perfective vs. imperfective for verbs. Allowing for the intrinsic conceptual difference between nouns and verbs, these oppositions are precisely the same. The essential feature of count nouns and perfective verbs is that the profiled thing or process is construed as being bounded within the immediate scope in a particular cognitive domain: the domain of instantiation, characterized as the domain where instances of a type are primarily conceived as residing and are distinguished from one another by their locations. For nouns, the domain of instantiation varies, although space is prototypical; for verbs, the relevant domain is always time. Correlated with bounding are other distinguishing properties: internal heterogeneity (for count and perfective) vs. homogeneity (for mass and imperfective); contractibility (the property of masses and imperfectives whereby any subpart of an instance is itself an instance of its type); and expansibility (whereby combining two mass or imperfective instances yields a single, larger instance). Count vs. mass and perfective vs. imperfective are not rigid lexical distinctions, but are malleable owing to alternate construals as well as systematic patterns of extension. The conceptual characterization of perfective and imperfective verbs explains their contrasting behavior with respect to the English progressive and present tense.
6 Constructions
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGrammar consists in patterns for assembling symbolically complex expressions. Such expressions are characterized as assemblies of symbolic structures, also called constructions. In large measure, symbolic assemblies are hierarchically arranged: at a given level of organization, component symbolic structures are integrated to form a composite symbolic structure, which can in turn function as component structure at a higher level, and so on. Component structures are integrated both semantically and phonologically, the phonological integration serving to symbolize the semantic integration. Although linguistic meanings are only partially compositional, compositional patterns are essential to the formation and understanding of novel expressions. These patterns are themselves symbolic assemblies, differing from expressions just by virtue of being schematic rather than specific; they are thus referred to as constructional schemas. Abstracted from occurring expressions, these schemas serve as templates for assembling and assessing new ones. A distinction is made between unipolar and bipolar organization, depending on whether the elements involved are delimited solely on semantic or phonological grounds or whether they are delimited by their participation in symbolic relationships. That is, unipolar organization is a matter of phonological or conceptual structure per se, considered independently of symbolic relationships, whereas bipolar organization pertains to the semantic and phonological structures which function in lexicon and grammar. Unipolar and bipolar organization do not have to match at either the semantic or the phonological pole.
7 Constructions
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractConstructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they specify the conceptual and phonological overlap between component structures, as well as between the component and composite structures. Semantic integration often involves multiple correspondences. Semantic anomaly arises when corresponding elements have inconsistent properties. Usually the composite structure inherits its profile (and thus its grammatical category) from one of the component structures, which is thus the constructional head (or profile determinant). It is also usual for one component structure to elaborate a schematic substructure (an elaboration site) within the other component. A component which makes salient schematic reference to another in this manner is said to be dependent on it. Organization in relationships of autonomy/dependence (A/D-alignment) is a basic feature of language structure. The difference between complements and modifiers is a matter of whether these component structures are autonomous or dependent with respect to the constructional head. Constituency is the hierarchical aspect of symbolic assemblies. Contrary to standard views, constituency is neither fundamental nor essential to grammar, and while it does emerge, it is neither invariant nor exhaustive of grammatical structure. Grammatical relations (like subject and object) are defined on the basis of semantic factors and correspondences, and are thus independent of particular constituency configurations.
8 Rules and Restrictions
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLanguage is both cognitive and sociocultural, consisting in conventionally sanctioned patterns of communicative activity. These patterns take the form of schemas abstracted from usage events by the reinforcement of recurring commonalities. Conventional linguistic units are linked by relationships of composition and categorization (either elaboration or extension) and thus form intersecting networks of great complexity. Expressions are interpreted and assessed for well-formedness through categorization by linguistic units. Through a process of interactive activation, particular units are selected to categorize particular facets of an expression. The total set of categorizing relationships constitutes the expression's structural description, and whether the categorizations involve elaboration or extension determines its degree of conventionality. Despite the absence of explicit prohibitions, this model affords an account of distribution, restrictions, and judgments of ungrammaticality. One aspect of grammatical constructions is their characterization at different levels of specificity, including constructional subschemas incorporating specific lexical items. And since one aspect of lexical items is their occurrence in particular constructions, lexicon and grammar are overlapping rather than disjoint. The model accommodates degrees and kinds of regularity, which decomposes into generality, productivity, and compositionality. Regularities include higher-order generalizations, where sets of categorizations or lexical behaviors are themselves schematized to form productive patterns. Among the phenomena described in this manner are patterns of phonological extension (phonological rules), patterns of semantic extension (e.g. general metonymies), and patterns of morphological realization (like conjugation classes).
TWO What Theater Makes
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe second chapter offers an account of what it is to be a particular theater piece—a question that belongs to ontology. A theater piece may be performed many times, so it is not identical to a particular performance; performances of plays are based on texts, but a text is not a theater piece because, by itself, it has nothing to do with watching and being watched. In general, a play is the particular play that it is because of the characters and plot that belong to it. That is why Shakespeare's Hamlet can have many versions and still be the same piece; but Anouilh's version of Antigone is not the same piece of theater as is Sophocles', owing to substantial differences in plot and character.
THREE Action Worth Watching: Plot
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLive pornography and football games belong to theater, but they are defective in plot, because their action is not worth watching for the time that they take. An audience may lose interest in the game if it is one-sided; and audience members may lose interest in pornography if they are with attractive partners. Good theater has a plot that sustains audience attention to the end; indeed, plot is the element in theater that defines the time that a piece of theater takes by setting the end point. The definition of theater that is the central hypothesis of this book supports such judgments of value. Plot is a structure of actions; actions are events proceeding from human choice. Passive events are less engaging than active ones, with the result that the art of theater aims to show that its characters are making active choices and not simply being swept along by events.
The Yongzheng Emperor and Imperial Intervention
Authors: Wu Jiang 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Yongzheng emperor's intervention in the first controversy. The emperor wrote a lengthy book to condemn Hanyue and to promote Miyun. It shows that Yongzheng practiced Chan Buddhism in the court for a long time and left a series of works on Chan Buddhism. He was a unique Chinese monarch who claimed to have reached enlightenment and behaved like a Chan master.
Anti‐Pelagian Grace
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In his polemics against Pelagianism, Augustine had originally thought that his Platonist emphasis on the need for inner help to love the eternal Good would be sufficient, as illustrated in On the Grace of the New Testament (= Epistle 140). Also, he thought he could uphold free will by making the choice to believe dependent on our response to a merely external word, the “suitable call.” But when Pelagius argues that grace is given by external means (such as divine Law) and to those who merit it, Augustine must be clearer about the gratuity and prevenience of grace, and particularly about how the human choice to believe is brought about by the same inner grace as the human will to love. Grace is irresistible because it comes to us not as external word but as inner divine teaching.
Believing Persons
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
For Augustine the knowledge we ultimately seek is not like having faith in our friends but like seeing for ourselves. Yet Augustine acknowledges that nearly everything we know about human society and history, and even about the souls of our friends, is based not on seeing but on believing what we are told. Likewise, to believe the Scripture is to accept the testimony of witnesses who have seen what we have not. Seeing the truth to which they testify is in fact easier than seeing what is in their souls, and in that sense God can be known more clearly than other persons. So also our knowledge of Christ, as it grows, depends less and less on what we know of his historical particularity, his humanity and his flesh, and more and more on our vision of his divine being.
Sacred Signs of Inner Unity
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Medieval theologians like Lombard and Aquinas depart from Augustine when they conceive of sacraments as external signs that not only signify inner grace but also confer it. For Augustine sacraments are not efficacious means of grace but sacred signs outwardly marking the church's inner unity, which is the true means of grace. The power of this inner community of souls brought together by love can be seen in the role the prospect of baptism and its humility play during the conversion narrative of Confessions 8, in the union of Augustine and his mother in the vision at Ostia in Confessions 9, and in Augustine's own practice as a preacher of sermons.
The Worship for the Salvation of the Country (Deśoddhārapūjā)
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the Worship for the Salvation of the Country (Deóddhārapūjā). It is a festival and procession during which a group of representatives from the four classes (varṇa), built out of eight castes, are worshipped by the Newar population of Deopatan. Apparently, the varṇa scheme has been imposed on the local caste system involving all major social groups in order to harmonize tantric and smārta forms of worship. The festival is a fascinating field of study for its elaborated ṭīkā exchange and the binding of huge turbans for the varṇa representatives.
Bālā's Fourteenth (Bālācaturdaśī)
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of the Bālā's Fourteenth what? (Bālācaturdaśī). This festival is observed on the fourteenth of the dark half of the moon in the month of Maṅgsīr (November/December). Through it, ancestors commonly are remembered in performances by Hindus and Buddhists with fire sacrifices (homa) and night vigilance.
Roots of the Classical
Authors: Van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, Western ‘art’ music has grown out of, and drawn on, popular models. This book traces this recurring process. Again and again simple patterns have been refined and elaborated, eventually to the point of decadence, whereupon the search begins anew for further raw folk-stuff. A remarkable instance is the evolution of classical tonality, beginning with the tonic-and-dominant patterns of Italian dance music of about 1500, and ending with the extreme chromaticism of 1900. Other topics discussed in this book are: the Oriental influence on Western music; the waltz and other 19th-century dances; Italian opera and other popular genres; Wagner and early Modernism; and the roots of the 20th-century popular idiom. Throughout, the focus is on the simple, the commonplace, and even the hackneyed. Though due attention is paid to the historical and cultural background, this is mainly a study of musical patterns (generally melodic or harmonic, sometimes rhythmic or formal). It is as much theoretical as historical, the basis of the theory being melodic dissonance, essentially the tension between notes of different pitch. This explains both modes and scales (extensively discussed) and harmony, regarded as simultaneous melody. Other important concepts are self-similarity (maximised in classical tonality); musical ambiguity, in the sense of multiplicity of meaning; and tonal counterpoint, or the counterpoint between tonalities rather than melodies.
Introduction
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter points out how grievously scholars have neglected popular influences on classical music. It challenges the tradition of ‘homage musicology’, whereby musical analysis is seen as a gesture of reverence towards the great composers. The banal, commonplace, or third-rate are equally worthy of study, and historically at least equally important. Further, the chapter introduces the main theoretical theme of the book: melody and its patterns, as found particularly in the simplest and most spontaneous music. Everything else — harmony, polyphony, and tonality — is an elaboration on these.
The Debt to the East
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Over many centuries, Western music has drawn on the partially Oriental music of southern and eastern Europe. This chapter examines this process, and in particular, the Gypsy music that profoundly influenced the Viennese school. Among features discussed are drones and ostinatos (separately or in combination), melodic outline, recurring figures, and sequences. Most important of all are the modes, e.g., the Phrygian, Lydian, ‘Gypsy’ (with one or two augmented seconds), ‘acoustic’ (c–d–e–f sharp–g–a–b flat), and major–minor (c–d–e–f–g–a flat–b flat). The last two belong to the ‘heptatonia secunda’ scale, and are among the ancestors of the octatonic scale of alternating tones and semitones. In most of these modes, individual degrees of the scale fluctuate between major and minor, making possible both advanced chromaticism and extended tonality.
The Dances of Central Europe
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter deals briefly with the polka and its musical relatives, and with the waltz in detail. It traces the history of these dances from primitive beginnings, showing how increasing length and complexity (of melody, harmony, and rhythm alike) coexisted with an underlying simplicity. The waltz ‘suite’ of successive tunes (e.g., Johann Strauss's ‘Blue Danube’) is discussed, pointing out the subtle unifying devices employed by the great waltz composers.