bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong in Body and Spirit
Authors: Gilliland Susan S. , Azen Stanley P. , Perez Georgia E. , Carter Janette S. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the effects of a culturally appropriate diabetes lifestyle intervention for Native Americans on risk factors for complications of diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A nonrandomized, community-based diabetes intervention trial was conducted in three Native American sites in New Mexico from 1993–1997. Participants were assigned to intervention or control based on community of residence. Intervention sessions were held ∼6 weeks apart over ∼10 months. The intervention was delivered in site A in family and friends (FF) groups (n = 32); site B received the same intervention in one-on-one (OO) appointments (n = 39); and site C received usual medical care (UC) (n = 33) (total participants, n = 104). Primary change in HbA1c level was assessed at 1 year.
RESULTS—Adjusted mean change in HbA1c value varied significantly across the three arms at 1 year (P = 0.05). The UC arm showed a statistically significant increase in adjusted mean HbA1c change (1.2%, P = 0.001), whereas both intervention arms showed a small nonsignificant (P &gt; 0.05) increase in the adjusted mean change (0.5% and 0.2% for FF and OO arms, respectively). The increase was statistically significantly smaller in the combined intervention arms (0.4%) compared with the UC arm (1.2%, P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS—Lifestyle intervention has the potential to substantially reduce microvascular complications, mortality, and health care utilization and costs if the change is sustained over time.
Beneficial Effects of Soy Phytoestrogen Intake in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jayagopal Vijay , Albertazzi Paula , Kilpatrick Eric S. , Howarth Elaine M. , Jennings Paul E. , Hepburn David A. , Atkin Stephen L. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Phytoestrogen consumption has been shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes confers an adverse cardiovascular risk profile particularly in women after menopause. The aim of this study was to determine whether a dietary supplement with soy protein and isoflavones affected insulin resistance, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 32 postmenopausal women with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes completed a randomized, double blind, cross-over trial of dietary supplementation with phytoestrogens (soy protein 30 g/day, isoflavones 132 mg/day) versus placebo (cellulose 30 g/day) for 12 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout period.
RESULTS—Compliance with the dietary supplementation was &gt;90% for both treatment phases. When compared with the mean percentage change from baseline seen after 12 weeks of placebo, phytoestrogen supplementation demonstrated significantly lower mean values for fasting insulin (mean ± SD 8.09 ± 21.9%, P = 0.006), insulin resistance (6.47 ± 27.7%, P = 0.003), HbA1c (0.64 ± 3.19%, P = 0.048), total cholesterol (4.07 ± 8.13%, P = 0.004), LDL cholesterol (7.09 ± 12.7%, P = 0.001), cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (3.89 ± 11.7%, P = 0.015), and free thyroxine (2.50 ± 8.47%, P = 0.004). No significant change occurred in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, blood pressure, creatinine, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis hormones.
CONCLUSIONS—These results show that dietary supplementation with soy phytoestrogens favorably alters insulin resistance, glycemic control, and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, thereby improving their cardiovascular risk profile.
A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)
Authors: Viberti Giancarlo , Kahn Steven E. , Greene Douglas A. , Herman William H. , Zinman Bernard , Holman Rury R. , Haffner Steven M. , Levy Daniel , Lachin John M. , Berry Rhona A. , Heise Mark A. , Jones Nigel P. , Freed Martin I. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Therapies with metformin, sulfonylureas, or insulin improve glycemic control in the short term but do not prevent progressive islet β-cell failure or long-term deterioration in glycemia. Our goal was to evaluate, in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (&lt;3 years), the long-term efficacy of monotherapy with rosiglitazone on glycemic control and on the progression of pathophysiological abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes as compared with metformin or glyburide monotherapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT) is a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study consisting of a screening visit, a 4-week placebo run-in, a 4-year treatment period, and an observational follow-up of ∼3,600 drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed within the previous 3 years. After run-in, patients will be randomized to rosiglitazone, glyburide, or metformin titrated to the maximum effective daily doses (8 mg rosiglitazone, 15 mg glyburide, or 2 g metformin). The primary outcome is time to monotherapy failure, defined as the time following titration to the maximal effective or tolerated dose when fasting plasma glucose exceeds 180 mg/dl (10 mmol/l). Secondary outcomes include measures of islet β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, changes in urinary albumin excretion, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein. Safety and tolerability will also be evaluated. Patient-reported outcomes and resource utilization data will be collected and analyzed.
CONCLUSIONS—ADOPT will provide data on the effect of mechanistically differing treatment options on metabolic control, β-cell function, and markers of macrovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes.
Rapid Early Growth Is Associated With Increased Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Various European Populations
Authors:   the EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To confirm that early growth is associated with type 1 diabetes risk in European children and elucidate any role of infant feeding.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Five centers participated, each with a population-based register of type 1 diabetes diagnosed at &lt;15 years of age. Control subjects were randomly chosen from population registers, schools, or polyclinics. Growth data were obtained from routine records and infant feeding information from parental questionnaire or interview. Patient/control subject differences in mean standard deviation score (SDS) were obtained for each center and pooled. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled by the Mantel-Haenszel method, and logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders.
RESULTS—Growth data were available for 499 patients and 1,337 control subjects. Height and weight SDS were significantly increased among patients from 1 month after birth, the maximum differences of 0.32 (95% CI 0.14–0.50) and 0.41 (0.26–0.55), respectively, occurring between 1 and 2 years of age. Significant excesses in BMI SDS were observed from 6 months of age, with the largest difference of 0.27 (0.10, 0.44) evident between 1 and 2 years. Breast-feeding was associated with reduced disease risk, OR 0.75 (0.58–0.96). Introduction of cow’s milk, formula, or solid foods before 3 months was not associated with significant risk elevation.
CONCLUSION—Increased early growth is associated with disease risk in various European populations. Any role of infant feeding in this association remains unclear.
Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Low Maternal Birth Weight
Authors: Seghieri Giuseppe , Anichini Roberto , De Bellis Alessandra , Alviggi Lorenzo , Franconi Flavia , Breschi Maria Cristina 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To study the relationship between low birth weight and the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or peripheral insulin resistance during pregnancy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied the relationship between peripheral insulin sensitivity (calculated by Matsuda and DeFronzo’s oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived insulin sensitivity index [ISIOGTT]) or GDM prevalence and birth weight in 604 pregnant women, classified as normally glucose tolerant (n = 462) or affected with GDM (n = 142) after a 100-g 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. We then categorized these subjects into two groups: individuals with birth weight in the &lt;10th percentile (&lt;2,600 g; n = 68) and individuals with birth weight in the &gt;10th percentile (n = 536).
RESULTS—GDM prevalence was higher in the group in the lowest birth weight decile (&lt;2,600 g; 24/68; 35%) than in the group with normal/high birth weight (118/536; 22%; χ2 = 5.917; P = 0.01). Relative risk for GDM adjusted for age, parity, family history of diabetes, and prepregnancy body weight was about twofold in the group with low birth weight (odds ratio = 1.89 [95% CI 1.088–3.285; P = 0.023]), and the prevalence of low birth weight was about threefold higher in the first ISIOGTT decile. In 450 women whose newborn’s weight was known, the delivery of macrosomic babies was associated with a twofold higher relative risk for GDM in women who themselves had low birth weight. In the latter, the relationships between their newborn’s weight and either maternal glucose tolerance (positive) or ISIOGTT (negative) were amplified.
CONCLUSIONS—Low maternal birth weight was associated with a twofold higher risk for GDM, independent of major confounders. Such a risk was highest in women with low birth weight who delivered macrosomic babies, and in the group with low birth weight, the relationship between maternal glucose tolerance or insulin resistance and offspring’s neonatal weight was much more evident.
Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Beaver Dam
Authors: Klein Barbara E.K. , Klein Ronald , Lee Kristine E. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether components of the metabolic syndrome precede the 5-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A population of individuals aged 43–84 years was evaluated from 1988 to 1990 and again 5 years later. Medical history, blood pressure, and laboratory measures were obtained at both examinations following the same protocols. Subjects without diabetes were classified according to level of glycemia, high blood pressure, high-risk lipid levels, high uric acid levels, and proteinuria at baseline. History of incident myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, and diabetes was obtained at follow-up.
RESULTS—Of the 4,423 subjects without diabetes, 6.9% had elevated levels of glycemia, 18.4% had high blood pressure, 82.7% had high-risk lipid levels (either high serum total cholesterol or low HDL cholesterol or high ratio of these two levels), 27% had elevated uric acid levels, 33.2% had high BMI, and 3.3% had proteinuria (≥30 mg/dl). The risk of incident cardiovascular disease 5 years later increased with the number of the components present; 2.5% of those with one component developed cardiovascular disease, whereas 14.9% of those with four or more components developed cardiovascular disease. Of those with one component, diabetes developed in 1.1% 5 years later, whereas diabetes developed in 17.9% of those with four or more components.
CONCLUSIONS—Components of the metabolic syndrome are common and are associated with incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes after 5 years. Interventions to alter BMI, lipid levels, and blood pressure may decrease incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Increased Plasma-Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 2 Level in Lean Nondiabetic Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Straczkowski Marek , Kowalska Irina , Stepien Agnieszka , Dzienis-Straczkowska Stella , Szelachowska Malgorzata , Kinalska Ida 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is one of the proposed mediators of insulin resistance, upregulated in human obesity. Insulin resistance, however, might precede the development of obesity, especially in subjects with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess plasma levels of TNF-α and soluble forms of its receptors (soluble TNF-α receptors 1 [sTNFR1] and 2 [sTNFR2]) and to evaluate the relationship of the TNF-α system with insulin resistance in lean, nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared 20 lean offspring (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2, 8 men and 12 women) of type 2 diabetic patients with 20 lean subjects with no family history of diabetes, matched for age, sex, and BMI (control group). Anthropometry and blood biochemical parameters were measured, and insulin sensitivity was evaluated with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique.
RESULTS—Both men and women in the offspring group were markedly more insulin-resistant and had higher plasma levels of sTNFR2 (all P &lt; 0.05). TNF-α, sTNFR1, and other examined parameters did not differ between the studied groups. Both TNF-α receptors were related to waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat-free mass (FFM), plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs). sTNFR2, but not sTNFR1, was also associated with insulin sensitivity (r = −0.49, P = 0.001). This relationship remained significant after adjustment for WHR, FFM, plasma insulin, and NEFA.
CONCLUSIONS—TNF-α system might be involved in modulating insulin action before the onset of obesity in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes.
Circulating Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Early Development of Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Chiarelli Francesco , Cipollone Francesco , Mohn Angelika , Marini Matteo , Iezzi Annalisa , Fazia Maria , Tumini Stefano , De Cesare Domenico , Pomilio Mariapina , Pierdomenico Sante D. , Di Gioacchino Mario , Cuccurullo Franco , Mezzetti Andrea 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the possible role of hyperglycemia-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 biosynthesis in the pathophysiology of early nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 30 patients with type 1 diabetes (15 with and 15 without microalbuminuria) compared with matched healthy control subjects. Plasma MCP-1 and plasma oxidant status (vitamin E, fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation [FPLPs], malondialdehyde [MDA]), HbA1c, and albumin excretion rate [AER]) were evaluated at baseline. Furthermore, MCP-1, vitamin E, AER, and HbA1c were also analyzed in the microalbuminuric diabetic patients and in the healthy volunteers after 8 weeks of high-dose (600 mg b.i.d.) vitamin E treatment.RESULTS—FPLPs, MDA, and MCP-1 were significantly higher, whereas vitamin E was significantly lower in patients with microalbuminuria and poorer glycemic control as compared with normoalbuminuric patients and healthy control subjects. Plasma MCP-1 was positively correlated with HbA1c, FPLPs, MDA, and AER, whereas plasma MCP-1 showed an inverse correlation with vitamin E. Interestingly, both MCP-1 and AER decreased significantly after vitamin E treatment, despite no changes in HbA1c values.CONCLUSIONS—This study suggests that prolonged hyperglycemia may lead to early renal complications in type 1 diabetes by inducing MCP-1 biosynthesis via enhanced oxidative stress. Long-term treatment of high-dose vitamin E significantly decreased MCP-1, thus providing a rationale basis for evaluating vitamin E supplementation as therapy adjuvant to conventional insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients in whom an acceptable glycemic control is difficult to achieve despite appropriate insulin treatment.
Irbesartan Reduces the Albumin Excretion Rate in Microalbuminuric Type 2 Diabetic Patients Independently of Hypertension
Authors: Sasso Ferdinando C. , Carbonara Ornella , Persico Marcello , Iafusco Dario , Salvatore Teresa , D’Ambrosio Rosanna , Torella Roberto , Cozzolino Domenico 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—ACE inhibitors delay the progression from incipient to overt diabetic nephropathy and reduce albumin excretion rate (AER), independently of blood pressure. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists produce similar effects on microalbuminuria and mean arterial pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irbesartan on microalbuminuria and blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive type 2 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Sixty-four microalbuminuric hypertensive (group 1) and 60 microalbuminuric normotensive (group 2) type 2 diabetic male patients, matched for age, BMI, HbA1c, and diabetes duration, were enrolled. Each group was divided into two subgroups receiving either irbesartan (150 mg b.i.d. orally) or placebo for 60 days. After 15 days of washout, irbesartan was given to the subgroups who had received the placebo, and vice versa, in a randomized double-blind crossover study.
RESULTS—In microalbuminuric hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects, irbesartan reduced 24-h mean systolic and diastolic pressure and AER. In microalbuminuric normotensive type 2 diabetic patients, irbesartan reduced AER.
CONCLUSIONS—These results indicate the beneficial effects of irbesartan on AER in type 2 diabetic subjects, independently of its antihypertensive effects.
Comparison of a Homogeneous Assay With a Precipitation Method for the Measurement of HDL Cholesterol in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Jensen Tonny , Truong Quan , Frandsen Merete , Dinesen Bo , Stender Steen 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To compare direct-measured HDL cholesterol with HDL cholesterol measured by a precipitation method.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared a homogeneous assay for direct HDL cholesterol analysis with the phosphotungstic acid magnesium chloride precipitation method in 55 type 1 diabetic patients, 70 type 2 diabetic patients, and 82 nondiabetic normal control subjects with plasma triglyceride levels &lt;4.6 mmol/l. The cholesterol content of HDL determined by the direct assay was overall 0.1 mmol/l higher in all three groups than HDL cholesterol measured after precipitation, but the two methods were closely correlated (r2 = 0.98, P &lt; 0.001).
RESULTS—HbA1c, blood glucose, serum albumin, serum bilirubin, or triglyceride did not influence the differences of the two HDL cholesterol measurements. Because we have previously shown HDL cholesterol isolated by phosphotungstic acid precipitation to be lower than that by ultracentrifugation, the positive bias found in this study was expected. It seems that the direct HDL cholesterol assay reacts with apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins in the fraction with a density of &gt;1.063; these apo B-containing lipoproteins are suggested to be coprecipitated with the phosphotungstic acid method. We also measured LDL cholesterol directly by a LDL cholesterol plus method and found no significant differences between this method and LDL cholesterol calculated from Friedewald’s formula.
CONCLUSIONS—Direct homogeneous assay for HDL cholesterol determination in diabetic patients seems not to exhibit a negative bias, in contrast to the precipitation method, when compared with the ultracentrifugation method. In addition, the direct assay saves time and is not influenced by type of diabetes or degree of metabolic control.
The Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in Children in Philadelphia 1990–1994
Authors: Lipman Terri H. , Chang Yuefang , Murphy Kathryn M. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in children in Philadelphia from 1990 to 1994, and to identify whether an epidemic occurred during that time period.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is a descriptive epidemiological study using a retrospective population-based registry in Philadelphia, PA, a city with large white, African-American, and Hispanic (Puerto Rican) populations. All hospitals in Philadelphia that admit children were identified. All charts meeting the following criteria were reviewed: 1) newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 2) children 0–14 years of age, 3) children residing in Philadelphia at the time of diagnosis, and 4) those diagnosed from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1994. Standard type 1 diabetes registry data were abstracted from the charts. Ascertainment of the completeness of the hospital registry was validated by data from the Philadelphia School District. Communicable disease records were reviewed to identify epidemics from 1987 to 1995.
RESULTS—A total of 209 cases were identified, and the combined hospital and school registry was determined to be 96% complete. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate in Philadelphia was 13.3/100,000/year. The highest rate by race continues to be in the Hispanic population (15.5). The incidence in African-American children has increased markedly (12.8), particularly in the 10- to 14-year age-group (22.9). An epidemic of type 1 diabetes occurred from January to June 1993, ∼2 years after a measles epidemic in Philadelphia.
CONCLUSIONS—The overall incidence of type 1 diabetes in Philadelphia is similar to other U.S. registries. The incidence in the Hispanic population continues to be among the highest of any U.S. ethnic group. The marked increase in incidence in the African-American population may be due in part to misclassification of cases actually having type 2 diabetes. The 1993 epidemic may have been due to β-cell autoimmunity triggered by the measles virus.
Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Baseline BMI in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
Authors: Delahanty Linda M. , Meigs James B. , Hayden Doug , Williamson Donald A. , Nathan David M. ,   the DPP Research Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine psychological and behavioral correlates of baseline BMI in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Of 1,079 DPP lifestyle intervention participants, 274 completed validated questionnaires at baseline assessing weight loss history, stage of change, self-efficacy, dietary restraint, emotional eating, binge eating, perceived stress, depression, and anxiety.
RESULTS—The mean age of subjects was 52.5 years, 65% were women, and their mean BMI was 33.9 kg/m2. Higher BMI correlated with more frequent weight cycling (r = 0.50, P &lt; 0.0001) and efforts at weight loss (r = 0.34, P &lt; 0.0001); younger age when first overweight (r = −0.42, P &lt; 0.0001); lower exercise efficacy (r = −0.15, P = 0.015); lower weight loss efficacy (r = −0.21, P &lt; 0.001); a less advanced stage of change for weight loss (r = −0.12, P = 0.04); more perceived stress (r = 0.14, P = 0.02); emotional eating (r = 0.19, P = 0.001); poor dietary restraint (r = −0.14, P = 0.02); binge eating frequency (r = 0.18, P = 0.004) and severity (r = 0.30, P &lt; 0.0001); feeling deprived, angry, or upset while dieting (r = 0.27, P ≤ 0.0001); and food cravings while dieting (r = 0.31, P &lt; 0.0001). Correlations did not differ as a function of sex; however, correlations of BMI with anxiety and low-fat diet and weight loss self-efficacy differed as a function of ethnicity. In multivariate models, binge eating severity, poor dietary restraint, and food craving were independent correlates of baseline BMI.
CONCLUSIONS—Many psychological and behavioral factors are associated with higher BMI in this ethnically diverse group of men and women. Whether strategies that help patients increase levels of dietary restraint and reduce binge eating and food craving lead to long-term weight loss maintenance needs longitudinal study.