bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on the long time behavior of the metastable boron–oxygen complex in crystalline silicon
Authors: Herguth A. , Schubert G. , Kaes M. , Hahn G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBoron and oxygen contamination in Czochralski‐grown (Cz) silicon leads to a degradation of the minority charge carrier lifetime within short times due to the formation of recombination active complexes. The formation of these complexes is investigated for longer times showing a further development of the defect. This development called ‘regeneration’ is triggered by illumination or applied forward voltages and leads to a new state of the defect. This new state of the defect is proven to be less recombination active allowing higher stable minority carrier lifetimes and conversion efficiencies of solar cells. The influences of temperature and light intensity are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening and confirmation of 100 pesticides in food samples by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ferrer Imma , Thurman E. Michael , Zweigenbaum Jerry A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn analytical method for screening, quantitation and confirmation of a group of 100 pesticides in vegetable and fruit samples was developed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pesticides studied belonged to different chemical families of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides; some degradation products were included as well. A thorough optimization was performed for each analyte to achieve individual optimum fragmentor and collision energy voltages. Two transitions per parent compound were monitored in a single chromatographic run containing two time segments. A small particle size C18 column (1.8 µm) was used for the chromatographic separation of the mixture, providing very narrow peaks and allowing an excellent separation of all the analytes in a 30‐min period for maximum peak capacity. The method was validated with blank matrices of green pepper, tomato and orange spiked from 0.1 to 100 µg/kg with the pesticide mix. Quantitation was carried out using matrix‐matched standard calibration and linearity of response over 3 orders of magnitude was demonstrated (r > 0.99). Limits of detection based on two transitions and ion‐ratio requirements ranged between 0.3 and 50 µg/kg. In general, the sensitivity obtained meets the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the European Union regulation for food monitoring programs. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated for different types of vegetables and fruits, showing little or no matrix effects, and examples of screening and confirmation of pesticides in these samples are shown here. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a deeper understanding of test coverage
Authors: Kanstrén Teemu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTest coverage is traditionally considered as how much of the code is covered by the test suite in whole. However, test suites typically contain different types of tests with different roles, such as unit tests, integration tests and functional tests. As traditional measures of test coverage make no distinction between the different types of tests, the overall view of test coverage is limited to what is covered by the tests in general. This paper proposes a quantitative way to measure the test coverage of the different parts of the software at different testing levels. It is also shown how this information can be used in software maintenance and development to further evolve the test suite and the system under test. The technique is applied to an open‐source project to show its application in practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burj Dubai: an architectural technical design case study
Authors: Weismantle Peter A. , Smith Gregory L. , Sheriff Mohamed 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBeyond the aesthetics of the architectural design, the realization of Burj Dubai is very much a technical design effort. Every system in the Tower must be optimized because of the physical and economic constraints of a super high rise building. It is the intent of this paper to discuss the SOM design teams' approach in conceptualizing, investigating and resolving several of these technical topics outlined as follows.As an introduction; the aesthetic, functional and structural advantages of Burj Dubai's tri‐axial ‘Y’ shaped plan, suggested by the ‘desert flower’, are discussed. Following that, the vertical stacking of the Tower's mixed use program is described and likened to a small, vertically arranged, city containing residences, places of work, hotels, restaurants, retail shops, amusement areas, revenue generating lease areas. The arrangement of the various functions has been rationalized along with the means and methods of transportation of people, energy, goods and materials. From the standpoint of fire and life safety; Burj Dubai has been designed with additional features in order to compensate for challenges it presents to occupant evacuation and fire fighting. Specialist wind tunnel tests were conducted not only for structural reasons, but also to asses the effectiveness of wind mitigation measures on the accessible terraces. The high outdoor temperature in Dubai and cool indoor condition create a difference in air density that makes the indoor air want to travel downward out the bottom of the building. This ‘stack effect’ was the subject of a separate study, the results of which were applied to the design. Finally, the author discusses SOM's approach to the design of the exterior wall cladding and cleaning systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral Administration of Dihomo‐γ‐Linolenic Acid Prevents Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice
Authors: Kawashima H. , Tateishi N. , Shiraishi A. , Teraoka N. , Tanaka T. , Tanaka A. , Matsuda H. , Kiso Y. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDisorders of the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs) are related to atopic dermatitis (AD). Concentrations of dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (DGLA), an EFA, in the serum of AD patients are lower than those in healthy volunteers. Recently we developed a fermented DGLA oil, and examined whether oral administration of DGLA prevents development of dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, which spontaneously develop human AD‐like skin lesions. NC/Nga mice were fed a diet either containing or not containing DGLA for 8 weeks under in air‐uncontrolled conventional circumstances. Clinical skin severity scores were significantly lower in mice fed DGLA than in mice not fed it. Scratching behavior and plasma total IgE levels were also reduced in the DGLA group, in association with histological improvement. DGLA suppressed clinical severity of skin lesions dose‐dependently, with an increase in DGLA contents in phospholipids of skin, spleen, and plasma. Discontinuation of DGLA administration resulted in the onset of dermatitis and a decrease in DGLA contents in skin, spleen, and plasma. These findings indicate that oral administration of DGLA effectively prevents the development of AD in NC/Nga mice, and that DGLA in phospholipids is a compound of key importance in the development and prevention of dermatitis.
Physical Properties of trans‐Free Bakery Shortening Produced by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification
Authors: Lee Jeung Hee , Akoh Casimir C. , Lee Ki‐Teak 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed interesterified solid fat was produced with fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO), and rapeseed oil (RSO) and palm stearin (PS) in a weight ratio of 15:20:65, 15:40:45 and 15:50:35. The interesterified fats contained palmitic (27.8–44.6%), stearic (15.6–16.2%), oleic (27.5–36.5%) and linoleic acids (8.0–13.5%). After interesterification of the blends, the physical properties of the products changed and showed lower melting points and solid fat contents, different melting and crystallization behaviors as well as the formation of more stable crystals. The produced interesterified fats (FHSBO:RSO:PS 15:20:65, 15:40:45 and 15:50:35 blends) contained desirable crystal polymorphism (β′ form) as determined by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, a long plastic range with solid fat content of 51–63% at 10 °C to 4–12% at 40 °C, and melting points of 39 (15:50:35), 42 (15:50:45) and 45 °C (15:20:65). However, a reduction in tocopherols (α and γ) content and a reduced oxidative stability were observed in the interesterified fats. The physical properties of the interesterifed fats were influenced by the amount of PS, resulting in more hardness and higher solid fat contents for 15:20:65 than 15:40:45 and 15:50:35 blends. The present study suggested that the produced interesterified fats containing trans‐free fatty acids could be used as alternatives to hydrogenated types of bakery shortenings.
In vitroandin vivopharmacological profile of UFP‐512, a novel selective δ‐opioid receptor agonist; correlations between desensitization and tolerance
Authors: Aguila B , Coulbault L , Boulouard M , Lιveillι F , Davis A , Tσth G , Borsodi A , Balboni G , Salvadori S , Jauzac P , Allouche S 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:δ‐Opioid receptors (DOP receptors) could represent a novel target in the treatment of depressive disorders. To explore this new field of interest, the development of highly selective DOP receptor agonists is essential. UFP‐512 [H‐Dmt‐Tic‐NH‐CH(CH2‐COOH)‐Bid], was recently shown to behavein vitroas a selective and potent DOP receptor agonist and to promote antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like effectsin vivo(Verguraet al., 2007). Here, we have characterized the pharmacological properties of UFP‐512 and established a link between desensitization and tolerance.Experimental approach:Studies were performed in the human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐BE cells to establish i) binding parameters for UFP‐512 ii) signalling pathways activated after acute and chronic treatment iii) regulation (phosphorylation and trafficking) of human DOP (hDOP) receptors after sustained activation by UFP‐512.In vivo, we studied UFP‐512‐induced antidepressant‐like effects after acute or chronic treatment in the mouse forced swimming test.Key results:In vitro, UFP‐512 was a high affinity agonist for DOP receptors. While UFP‐512 induced marked phosphorylation of DOP receptors on Ser363, we observed a low desensitization of the cAMP pathway, associated with receptor endocytosis and recycling without any reduction on extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 activation.In vivo, acute administration of UFP‐512 produced an antidepressant‐like effect, without any sign of tolerance after chronic administration.Conclusions and implications:There was a correlation between weak desensitization, significant internalization and recycling of the human DOP receptors and lack of tolerance to UFP‐512. This suggests that this compound would be a promising drug prototype for exploring innovative treatments for mood disorders.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 1312–1324; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707497; published online 5 November 2007
Analysis of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of a small molecule CXCR3 antagonist, NBI‐74330, using a murine CXCR3 internalization assay
Authors: Jopling L A , Watt G F , Fisher S , Birch H , Coggon S , Christie M I 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are necessary to relate the degree of drug exposure in vivo to target blockade and pharmacological efficacy. This manuscript describes a murine agonist‐induced CXCR3 receptor internalization assay and demonstrates its utility for PK/PD analyses.Experimental approach:Activated murine DO11.10 cells were incubated with agonist in the presence or absence of a CXCR3 antagonist and changes in surface CXCR3 expression were detected by flow cytometry. For PK/PD analysis, mice were dosed with a small molecule CXCR3 antagonist, NBI‐74330, (100 mg kg−1) orally or subcutaneously and plasma samples taken at specified timepoints for the CXCR3 internalization assay.Key results:Surface CXCR3 expression was specifically decreased in response to CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. CXCL11 was the most potent CXCR3 agonist in buffer (pA50=9.23±0.26) and the pA50 for CXCL11 was unaltered in murine plasma (pA50=9.17±0.15). The affinity of a small molecule CXCR3 antagonist, NBI‐74330, was obtained in the absence or presence of plasma (buffer pA2 value: 7.84±0.14; plasma pKB value 6.36±0.01). Administration of NBI‐74330 to mice resulted in the formation of an N‐oxide metabolite, also an antagonist of CXCR3. Both antagonists were detectable up to 7 h post oral dose and 24 h post subcutaneous dose. Measurement of CXCR3 internalization demonstrated significant antagonism of this response ex vivo, 24 h following subcutaneous administration of NBI‐74330.Conclusions and implications:The CXCR3 receptor internalization assay provides a robust method for determining agonist potency orders, antagonist affinity estimates and PK/PD analyses, which discriminate between dosing regimens for the CXCR3 antagonist NBI‐74330.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 1260–1271; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707519; published online 5 November 2007
Contribution of the active metabolite M1 to the pharmacological activity of tesofensine in vivo: a pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modelling approach
Authors: Lehr T , Staab A , Tillmann C , Nielsen E Ø , Trommeshauser D , Schaefer H G , Kloft C 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Tesofensine is a centrally acting drug under clinical development for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and obesity. In vitro, the major metabolite of tesofensine (M1) displayed a slightly higher activity, which however has not been determined in vivo. The aims of this investigation were (i) to simultaneously accomplish a thorough characterization of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of tesofensine and M1 in mice and (ii) to evaluate the potency (pharmacodynamics, PD) and concentration‐time course of the active metabolite M1 relative to tesofensine and their impact in vivo using the PK/PD modelling approach.Experimental approach:Parent compound, metabolite and vehicle were separately administered intravenously and orally over a wide dose range (0.3–20 mg kg−1) to 228 mice. Concentrations of tesofensine and M1 were measured; inhibition of the dopamine transporter was determined by co‐administration of [3H]WIN35,428 as the pharmacodynamic measure.Key results:Pharmacokinetics of tesofensine and M1 were best described by one‐compartment models for both compounds. Nonlinear elimination and metabolism kinetics were observed with increasing dose. The PK/PD relationship was described by an extended Emax model. Effect compartments were used to resolve observed hysteresis. EC50 values of M1, as an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter, were 4–5‐fold higher than those for tesofensine in mice.Conclusions and implications:The lower potency of M1 together with ∼8‐fold higher trough steady‐state concentrations suggest that M1 did contribute to the overall activity of tesofensine in mice.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 164–174; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707539; published online 5 November 2007
The use of the Chandler loop to examine the interaction potential of NXY‐059 on the thrombolytic properties of rtPA on human thrombi in vitro
Authors: Mutch N J , Moore N R , Mattsson C , Jonasson H , Green A R , Booth N A 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Recombinant tissue‐type plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only globally approved treatment for acute ischaemic stroke. Other potential treatments might be administered with rtPA, making it important to discover whether compounds interfere with rtPA‐induced lysis. We evaluated methods for examining the effect of the neuroprotectant NXY‐059 on the lytic property of rtPA.Experimental approach:Plasma clot formation and lysis in the presence of rtPA and NXY‐059 was measured as the change in plasma turbidity. The effect of NXY‐059 on rtPA‐induced lysis was similarly assessed on preformed clots. Lysis of the thrombus formed in a Chandler loop measured release of fluorescent‐tagged fibrinogen that had been incorporated during thrombus formation. Thrombi were exposed to both rtPA and NXY‐059 throughout lysis in the presence of 80% autologous plasma and the release of label during lysis was measured.Key results:Data interpretation is limited in the clot lysis experiments because either the rtPA was present during clot formation or the drug was added to a clot formed in static conditions. In contrast, thrombi were formed in dynamic flow conditions in the Chandler loop and the time course of lysis in plasma was examined. rtPA increased thrombolysis and the antifibrinolytic trans‐4‐(aminomethyl) cyclohexane carboxylic acid (AMCA) inhibited lysis. Lysis induced by rtPA was unaltered by NXY‐059.Conclusions and implications:The Chandler loop method provides a reliable technique for examining the effect of compounds on rtPA‐induced lysis in vitro and demonstrated that NXY‐059 does not alter rtPA‐induced lysis at clinically relevant concentrations of either drug.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 124–131; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707543; published online 5 November 2007
In vivoeffects of CB2receptor‐selective cannabinoids on the vasculature of normal and arthritic rat knee joints
Authors: McDougall J J , Yu V , Thomson J 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Cannabinoids (CBs) are known to be vasoactive and to regulate tissue inflammation. The present study examined thein vivovasomotor effects of the CB2receptor agonists JWH015 and JWH133 in rat knee joints. The effect of acute and chronic joint inflammation on CB2receptor‐mediated responses was also tested.Experimental approach:Blood flow was assessed in rat knee joints by laser Doppler imaging both before and following topical administration of CB2receptor agonists. Vasoactivity was measured in normal, acute kaolin/carrageenan inflamed and Freund's complete adjuvant chronically inflamed knees.Key results:In normal animals, JWH015 and JWH133 caused a concentration‐dependent increase in synovial blood flow which in the case of JWH133 was blocked by the selective CB2receptor antagonist AM630 as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) antagonist SB366791. The vasodilator effect of JWH133 was significantly attenuated in both acute and chronically inflamed knees. Given alone, AM630 had no effect on joint blood flow.Conclusion and implications:In normal joints, the cannabinomimetic JWH133 causes hyperaemia via a CB2and TRPV1 receptor mechanism. During acute and chronic inflammation, however, this vasodilatatory response is significantly attenuated.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 358–366; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707565; published online 5 November 2007
Postexposure Immunization and Prophylaxis of Bloodborne Pathogens Following a Traumatic Explosive Event: Preliminary Recommendations
Authors: Subbarao Italo , Steinbrecher Ruth , Tan Litjen , Peleg Kobi , Zeiger Jessica , James James J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: No definitive guidelines have been established in the United States for postexposure immunization and prophylaxis (PEP) to hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the event of a traumatic explosive event.Methods: The American Medical Association’s Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response assembled a US-Israeli panel of experts, including representatives from disaster medicine, trauma surgery, occupational health, and infectious disease to determine guidelines for adult and pediatric victims following a traumatic explosive event. The panel reviewed the existing Israeli and United Kingdom protocols, previously published Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance on occupational and nonoccupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV, before reaching consensus on preliminary guidelines for the United States.Results: These guidelines recommend an age-appropriate dose and schedule for HBV PEP for individuals presenting from the scene with nonintact skin or mucous membrane exposure, and they also consider HCV and HIV testing in individuals presenting with possible nonintact skin or mucous membrane exposure. The guidelines do not recommend PEP for individuals presenting from the scene with possible superficial skin exposure.Conclusions: These recommendations offer PEP guidance for bloodborne pathogens and are limited in scope. These recommendations do not address general wound PEP such as tetanus or the need for antibiotics. It is hoped that these guidelines will fill an urgent gap in preparedness until definitive, comprehensive guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are published. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2007;1:106–109)
A mechanism of benefit of soy genistein in asthma: inhibition of eosinophil p38‐dependent leukotriene synthesis
Authors: Kalhan R. , Smith L. J. , Nlend M. C. , Nair A. , Hixon J. L. , Sporn P. H. S. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBackground
Dietary intake of the soy isoflavone genistein is associated with reduced severity of asthma, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown.Objective
To determine whether genistein blocks eosinophil leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthesis and to evaluate the mechanism of this effect, and to assess the impact of a 4‐week period of soy isoflavone dietary supplementation on indices of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma patients.Methods
Human peripheral blood eosinophils were stimulated in the absence and presence of genistein, and LTC4 synthesis was measured. 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) nuclear membrane translocation was assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase activation was determined by immunoblot. Human subjects with mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma and minimal or no soy intake were given a soy isoflavone supplement (100 mg/day) for 4 weeks. The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and ex vivo eosinophil LTC4 production were assessed before and after the soy isoflavone treatment period.Results
Genistein inhibited eosinophil LTC4 synthesis (IC50 80 nm), blocked phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and its downstream target MAPKAP‐2, and reduced translocation of 5‐LO to the nuclear membrane. In patients with asthma, following 4 weeks of dietary soy isoflavone supplementation, ex vivo eosinophil LTC4 synthesis decreased by 33% (N=11, P=0.02) and FENO decreased by 18% (N=13, P=0.03).Conclusion
At physiologically relevant concentrations, genistein inhibits eosinophil LTC4 synthesis in vitro, probably by blocking p38‐ and MAPKAP‐2‐dependent activation of 5‐LO. In asthma patients, dietary soy isoflavone supplementation reduces eosinophil LTC4 synthesis and eosinophilic airway inflammation. These results support a potential role for soy isoflavones in the treatment of asthma.