bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road to Obesity or the Path to Prevention: Motorized Transportation and Obesity in China
Authors: Bell A. Colin , Ge Keyou , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Dependence on motorized forms of transportation may contribute to the worldwide obesity epidemic. Shifts in transportation patterns occurring in China provide an ideal opportunity to study the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Our objective was to determine whether motorized forms of transportation promote obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: A multistage random‐cluster sampling process was used to select households from eight provinces in China. Data were included on household vehicle ownership and individual anthropometric and sociodemographic status. Cross‐sectional data (1997) from 4741 Chinese adults aged 20 to 55 years were used to explore the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Cohort data (1989 to 1997) from 2485 adults aged 20 to 45 years in 1989 (59% follow‐up) were used to measure the impact of vehicle acquisition on the odds of becoming obese.Results: Our main outcome measure was current obesity status and the odds of becoming obese over an 8‐year period. In 1997, 84% of adults did not own motorized transportation. However, the odds of being obese were 80% higher (p < 0.05) for men and women in households who owned a motorized vehicle compared with those who did not own a vehicle. Fourteen percent of households acquired a motorized vehicle between 1989 and 1997. Compared with those whose vehicle ownership did not change, men who acquired a vehicle experienced a 1.8‐kg greater weight gain (p < 0.05) and had 2 to 1 odds of becoming obese.Discussion: Encouraging active forms of transportation may be one way to protect against obesity.
Behavioral Weight Control for Overweight Adolescents Initiated in Primary Care
Authors: Saelens Brian E. , Sallis James F. , Wilfley Denise E. , Patrick Kevin , Cella John A. , Buchta Richard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:This study evaluates the post‐treatment and short‐term follow‐up efficacy of, as well as participant satisfaction for, a 4‐month behavioral weight control program for overweight adolescents initiated in a primary care setting and extended through telephone and mail contact.Research Methods and Procedures:44 overweight adolescents were randomly assigned to either a multiple component behavioral weight control intervention (Healthy Habits [HH];n= 23) or a single session of physician weight counseling (typical care [TC];n= 21). Weight, height, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight‐related and eating behaviors and beliefs were assessed before treatment, after the 4‐month treatment, and at 3‐month follow‐up. Participant satisfaction and behavioral skills use were measured.Results:HH adolescents evidenced better change in body mass indexzscores to post‐treatment than TC adolescents. Body mass indexzscores changed similarly in the conditions from post‐treatment through follow‐up. Behavioral skills use was higher among HH than TC adolescents, and higher behavioral skills use was related to better weight outcome. Energy intake, percentage of calories from fat, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight‐related or eating behaviors/beliefs did not differ by condition or significantly change over time independent of condition. The behavioral intervention evidenced good feasibility and participant satisfaction.Discussion:A telephone‐ and mail‐based behavioral intervention initiated in primary care resulted in better weight control efficacy relative to care typically provided to overweight adolescents. Innovative and efficacious weight control intervention delivery approaches could decrease provider and participant burden and improve dissemination to the increasing population of overweight youth.
Gender Effects on Adrenergic Receptor Expression and Lipolysis in White Adipose Tissue of Rats
Authors: Lladó Isabel , Rodríguez‐Cuenca Sergio , Pujol Esperanza , Monjo Marta , Estrany M. Elena , Roca Pilar , Palou Andreu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effects of short‐term (15 days) cafeteria‐diet feeding on the expression of α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors (AR) and its association with lipolytic stimulation in isolated retroperitoneal white adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Six female and 6 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) were fed a cafeteria diet plus standard diet for 15 days. The remaining 12 age‐ and sex‐matched rats received a standard diet only. White retroperitoneal adipose tissue was isolated and used for the determination of both α2 and β‐AR expression and for in vitro studies of lipolytic activity.Results: In female control rats, we found higher lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level and a lower α2/β3‐AR ratio than male rats. Cafeteria‐diet feeding for 15 days decreased lipolytic activity in both male and female rats and altered the α2A‐ and β3‐AR protein levels with an increase of α2A‐AR in males and a β3‐AR decrease in females.Discussion: Our results indicate that a 15‐day cafeteria‐diet feeding induced an increase in the α2/β3‐AR balance and impaired adipose tissue lipolytic activity, which was higher in males and may contribute to the development of increased fat mass. The higher functionality of α2‐AR, together with the minor role developed by β3‐AR and lower lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level in cafeteria‐diet‐fed male rats compared with female rats, may be responsible for the gender‐dependent differences observed in this study.
Body‐Image Perceptions among Urban Native American Youth
Authors: Rinderknecht Kimberly , Smith Chery 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study investigated body‐image perceptions among Native American youth.Research Methods and Procedures: A modified and validated body‐image measure for use with Native American youth was utilized in a cross‐sectional assessment of 155 urban Native American youth attending an after‐school program in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The youth (ages 5 to 18 years) expressed their perceptions of current and ideal body image, which allowed assessment of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Body sizes perceived as healthy or most likely to develop diabetes were also communicated. Heights and weights were measured, and body mass index was calculated.Results: When asked to identify their ideal body figure, younger children selected thinner figures than adolescents, and overweight youth chose ideal figures similar to those of normal‐weight youth. The mean body dissatisfaction of the youth was ±0.99 and ±1.49 body figures for boys and girls, respectively. Examination of the direction of body dissatisfaction revealed that 41% of the boys and 61% of the girls expressed a desire to be thinner. Those expressing the greatest dissatisfaction were overweight girls (>95th percentile). On a scale from one to eight, the median of the body image viewed as the healthiest was 4.0, whereas that most likely to develop diabetes was 8.0.Discussion: These results suggest that urban Native American youth are dissatisfied with their body size and that most acknowledge the diabetes risk associated with overweight, which implies that they may be receptive to obesity prevention measures.
Body Weight Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism in Non‐Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetics
Authors: Simonen Piia P. , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Cholesterol metabolism was studied in 64 subjects with type 2 diabetes who had body weight ranging from normal to obese, to find out whether weight interferes with cholesterol metabolism in diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Cholesterol absorption was measured with peroral isotopes and by assaying serum plant sterol and cholestanol to cholesterol ratios, cholesterol synthesis with sterol balance, and measuring serum cholesterol precursor ratios.Results: The study population was divided into normal‐weight (body mass index, 24.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2; mean ± SEM; n = 20) and obese (31.0 ± 0.5 kg/m2; n = 44) groups. Despite similar serum cholesterol and blood glucose values, fecal neutral sterol excretion, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, cholesterol turnover (1649 ± 78 vs. 1077 ± 52 mg/d; p < 0.001), and serum cholesterol precursors were higher, and cholesterol absorption % (32 ± 1 vs. 40 ± 2%; p < 0.05), serum cholestanol, and plant sterols were lower in the obese vs. the non‐obese groups. Serum sex hormone‐binding globulin was positively associated with variables of cholesterol absorption, whereas blood glucose, serum insulin, and body mass index were associated with variables of cholesterol synthesis. In multiple stepwise regression analysis, cholesterol absorption percentage (R2 = 24%) and body mass index (R2 = 15%) were the only variables explaining the variability of cholesterol synthesis.Discussion: Body weight, through its entire range, regulates cholesterol metabolism in type 2 diabetes such that with increasing insulin resistance, cholesterol absorption is lowered and cholesterol synthesis increased.
Racial Differences in Insulin Resistance and Mid‐Thigh Fat Deposition in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Berman Dora M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether racial differences in insulin resistance between African American (AA) and white women exist in postmenopausal women and whether they are related to physical fitness and/or obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 35 obese AA (n = 9) and white (n = 26) women of comparable maximal oxygen consumption, obesity, and age. Total body fat was measured by DXA. Abdominal and mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue (a marker of intramuscular fat) were determined with computed tomography. Glucose utilization (M) was measured during the last 30 minutes of a 3‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Insulin sensitivity was estimated from the relationship of M to the concentration of insulin during the last 30 minutes of the clamp.Results: The percentage of fat and total body fat mass were similar between AA and white women, whereas fat‐free mass was higher in African American women. Visceral adipose tissue was not different between groups, but subcutaneous abdominal fat was 17% higher in the AA than in the white women. AA women had an 18% greater mid‐thigh muscle area (p < 0.01) and a 34% greater mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue area than the white women. Fasting glucose concentrations were not different, but fasting insulin concentrations were 29% higher in AA women. Glucose utilization was 60% lower in the AA women because of a lower non‐oxidative glucose disposal. Insulin sensitivity was 46% lower in the AA women.Discussion: AA postmenopausal women have more mid‐thigh intramuscular fat, lower glucose utilization, and are less insulin sensitive than white women despite comparable fitness and relative body fat levels.
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and BMI in Relation to Self‐Perception of Overweight
Authors: Paeratakul Sahasporn , White Marney A. , Williamson Donald A. , Ryan Donna H. , Bray George A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the self‐perception of overweight in the study population according to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status and to compare the self‐perception of overweight among individuals classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from 5440 adults who participated in the 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture were analyzed. Data for analysis included self‐perceived weight status, self‐reported weight and height, and demographic and socioeconomic data. Underweight individuals, defined as those with a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, were excluded from the analysis.Results: Self‐perception of overweight was more common in women compared with men and in whites compared with blacks or Hispanics. Both the correct and incorrect perception of overweight was more common in normal weight and overweight white women compared with black women. More overweight and obese white men correctly perceived their overweight status compared with black men. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratio of perceived overweight was significantly higher in women, whites, and individuals with higher body mass index, higher income, and higher education.Discussion: Self‐perceived overweight varied by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Erroneous perception of body weight may have important health and behavioral implications. In particular, a considerable proportion of overweight men may be at risk of obesity if they continue to perceive themselves as having normal weight.
Trends in Energy Intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar Shifts Seen across Age Groups
Authors: Nielsen Samara Joy , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the trends in locations and food sources of Americans stratified by age group for both total energy and the meal and snack subcomponents.Research Methods and Procedures: Nationally representative data was taken from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996 (and 1998 for children age 2 through 9) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. The sample consisted of 63,380 individuals, age 2 and up. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for 2‐ to 18‐year‐olds, 19‐ to 39‐year‐olds, 40‐ to 59‐year‐olds, and those 60 years and older. The percentage of energy intake by location (at‐home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast‐food, and school) and by specific food group was computed for all age groups separately.Results: The trends in location and food sources were almost identical for all age groups. Key dietary behavior shifts included greater away‐from‐home consumption; large increases in total energy from salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza; and large decreases in energy from low‐ and medium‐fat milk and medium‐ and high‐fat beef and pork.Discussion: Total energy intake has increased over the past 20 years, with shifts away from meals to snacks and from at‐home to away‐from‐home consumption. The similarity of changes across all age groups furthers the assertion that broad‐based environmental changes are needed to improve the diets of Americans.
Physical Activity, TV Viewing, and Weight in U.S. Youth: 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. , Bartee R. Todd , Wang Min Qi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between physical activity, TV watching, and weight in U.S. youth ages 14 to 18 years.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from a nationally representative sample of 15,143 U.S. high‐school students participating in the 1999 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined. Prevalence rates of participation in moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and television watching (TV) were determined. The association between MPA, VPA, TV and the body mass index (BMI) and overweight status (BMI ≥85th percentile of age‐ and sex‐specific CDC/National Center for Health Statistics reference values) were examined by analysis of covariance and logistic regression.Results: Overall, 45% reported participating in MPA ≥3 d/wk, 65% reported participating in VPA ≥3 d/wk, and 25% reported watching TV ≥4 h/school day. Boys reporting six to seven bouts of MPA had a significantly lower BMI compared with boys reporting three to five or less than two. The mean BMI differed significantly between the lowest and highest levels of MPA groups in girls. The mean BMI was significantly lower in the highest VPA group compared with the other two groups in both sexes. There was a significant graded response for BMI across all levels of TV. Decreased levels of MPA and 3 to 4 days of VPA were significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight in boys when compared with those engaging in 6 to 7 d/wk (odds ratio = 1.26 to 1.37). A graded response existed between TV and overweight in both sexes. Boys and girls were ∼20% to 25% less likely to be classified as overweight if they reported 2 to 3 hours of TV per day and ∼40% less likely to be classified as overweight if they reported ≤1 hour of TV per day compared with those who watched ≥4 hours of TV. In general, youth who engaged in less physical activity watched more TV per week.Discussion: Increased levels of physical activity are associated with a lower BMI and less TV watching. However, the relationship between TV watching and weight status is more pronounced.
Adolescent Obesity, Overt and Relational Peer Victimization, and Romantic Relationships
Authors: Pearce Michelle J. , Boergers Julie , Prinstein Mitchell J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine associations between obesity and peer relations in adolescents, specifically testing the hypotheses that obese adolescents are more frequent victims of peer aggression and are less likely to develop romantic relationships.Research Methods and Procedures: Measures of overt and relational victimization, as well as dating status and satisfaction, were collected for a group of 416 ninth‐ through twelfth‐grade students (51.7% girls). Body mass index was computed for each teen based on self‐reported height and weight data.Results: Results revealed that obese boys reported more overt victimization and obese girls reported more relational victimization compared with their average‐weight peers. Obese girls were also less likely to date than their peers. However, both obese boys and girls reported being more dissatisfied with their dating status compared with average‐weight peers.Discussion: The results suggest that obese adolescents are at greater risk for mistreatment by peers and may have fewer opportunities to develop intimate romantic relationships; this may contribute to the psychological and health difficulties frequently associated with obesity.
Fat Distribution and Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women: Influence of Hormone Replacement
Authors: Munoz Julian , Derstine Anita , Gower Barbara A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine cross‐sectionally the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the relationship between body composition and insulin sensitivity (Si).Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 57 early postmenopausal white women, 33 receiving HRT and 24 controls. Body composition was estimated using DXA and computed tomography scans at the abdomen and mid‐thigh. Si was assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis.Results: Compared with nonusers, HRT users had lower visceral adipose tissue, fasting serum glucose, and fasting insulin. Total body fat and unadjusted Si did not differ between groups. Visceral adipose tissue mass (VATM) was the only body‐fat compartment significantly associated with Si (r2 = 0.43, p < 0.0001) in a model including total‐body fat, upper‐trunk fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat mass, leg fat, and mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue. Lean body mass was positively correlated with Si among HRT users and tended to be negatively correlated among nonusers. HRT status also affected the relationship between VATM and Si such that, relative to nonusers, HRT users had lower Si across lower VATM levels, but higher Si across higher VATM.Discussion: These results suggest that in postmenopausal women, VATM is uniquely related to Si. HRT affects the relationship between VATM and Si and between lean body mass and Si. These interactions should be considered in future studies.
Effect of Protein Intake on Bone Mineralization during Weight Loss: A 6‐Month Trial
Authors: Skov Annebeth R. , Haulrik Nikolaj , Toubro Søren , Mølgaard Christian , Astrup Arne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The long‐term effect of dietary protein on bone mineralization is not well understood.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐five overweight (body mass index, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (≥30 kg/m2) subjects were enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, 6‐month dietary‐intervention study comparing two controlled ad libitum diets with matched fat contents: high protein (HP) or low protein (LP). Body composition was assessed by DXA.Results: In the HP group, dietary‐protein intake increased from 91.4 g/d to a 6‐month intervention mean of 107.8 g/d (p < 0.05) and decreased in the LP group from 91.1 g/d to 70.4 g/d (p < 0.05). Total weight loss after 6 months was 8.9 kg in the HP group, 5.1 kg in the LP group, and none in the control group. After 6 months, bone mineral content (BMC) had declined by 111 ± 13 g (4%) in the HP group and by 85 ± 13 g (3%) in the LP group (not significant). Loss of BMC was more positively correlated with loss of body fat mass (r = 0.83; p < 0.0001) than with loss of body weight. Six‐month BMC loss, adjusted for differences in fat loss, was greater in the LP group than in the HP group [difference in LP vs. HP, 44.8 g (95% confidence interval, 16 to 73.8 g); p < 0.05]. Independent of change in body weight and composition during the intervention, highprotein intake was associated with a diminished loss of BMC (p < 0.01).Discussion: Body‐fat loss was the major determinant of loss of BMC, and we found no adverse effects of 6 months of high‐protein intake on BMC.
Increased Serum Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Obese Children
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Hayashibe Hidemasa , Dobashi Kazushige , Uchida Norihiko , Nakane Takaya , Kodera Kohji , Shirahata Akira 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which is one of the physiologically active gene products secreted from adipose tissue, is increased and associated with atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese children.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 42 consecutive outpatient Japanese obese children, 29 boys and 13 girls, ranging in age from 5 to 14 years, and 25 age‐matched non‐obese children, 13 boys and 12 girls, as the control group for measuring CETP mass. Blood was drawn after an overnight fast and, at the same time, and anthropometric measurements including height, body weight, waist girth, hip girth, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were taken. Paired samples were obtained from 15 obese children who underwent psychoeducational therapy. Serum CETP mass was assayed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), apolipoproteins (apo) B, apo B/apo A1, and insulin in obese children were significantly higher than the respective reference values. Serum CETP level was ∼2‐fold higher (98.7 ± 3.6 vs. 50.9 ± 4.0 nM, means ± SEM, p < 0.001) in the obese children than in the controls. In 15 obese children, whose percentage of overweight declined during therapy, CETP levels decreased significantly. CETP level was correlated with HDLC, TC/HDLC, and insulin, and with percentage of overweight when the data of the obese and non‐obese children were combined.Discussion: CETP is increased and associated with the atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese children.