bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generic Health / Safety / Environment Cases
Authors: Kelland A. N. , Primrose M. , Pickles J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A desire to implement HSE Management Systems including HSE Cases in all Shell companies operations prompted the development of a relational data base software package (THESIS) to provide a structured way of preparing tin HSE Case. The software includes features which facilitate the management of 'Keeping the Case Alive", enabling the dissemination of tasks and hazard information to the workplace.
During the software development it was recognised that a significant reduction could be made in the resources which would be required to prepare an HSE Case for each and every operation by the building of "Generic HSE Cases" addressing specific activities which were repeated across the Company's operations, This was recognised to be particularly valid for the smaller Single String Venture type of operations. The activities selected for the initial Generic HSE Case development include Land Drilling Operations, Land Seismic Acquisition, and Land Transport.
To establish the Generic HSE Case, the THESIS data base is populated with data for a generic operation, identifying all the hazards and activities associated with that operation including all the associated controls, with established formats for the textual sections. In effect, the Generic Case defines the smndards required for that type of operation. To generate an operation specific HSE Case, the Generic Case thereafter requires to be modified/adapted so that it represents the actual situation in the operation which it defines. This process includes itemisation of all the operation specific details, and may involve the inclusion/deletion of any additional/existing activities or hazards together with their associated controls.
Through the use of THESIS and the Generic Drilling HSE Case which has been developed, it has been established that a local specific Drilling HSE Case may be produced within two months by a small dedicated team; a significant reduction when compared with to the early Cases, which demanded man years of effort.
Risk Perception and Safety in the UK Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Flin Rhona H. , Mearns Kathryn , Gordon Rachael P. E. , Fleming Mark T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a selection of the final results from a study of risk perception and safety attitudes in workers on UKCS offshore oil and gas platforms, which was sponsored by the HSE Offshore Safety Division, Amerada Hess, British Gas, BP, Conoco, Elf Enterprise and Total Oil Marine1. The study was designed in conjunction with Dr Rundmo of Trondheim University who was carrying out a matched survey with Norwegian offshore workers for the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate2. A representative sample of 622 UKCS workers on six production platforms were surveyed about their job characteristics, perceived risks, safety attitudes, safety satisfaction, accidents and injuries and the Safety Case. The results indicate that the relative feelings of safety in relation to major hazards (e.g. explosion, blow-out) are aligned with QRA calculations. In general, the workforce feel safe but are aware of the hazards in their environment. Further analyses and statistical modelling indicates that organisational factors (e.g. management commitment to safety, safety attitudes) have the greatest direct effect on workers' perception of risk and their satisfaction with safety measures. The British and Norwegian data sets are now being merged and preliminary findings will be mentioned. To explore the emerging issues further, a new study on human factors in UK offshore safety has just been launched with the support of OSD, OCA and six operating and contractor companies. A brief outline will be presented.
Oil Contamination of Fish in the North Sea. Determination of Levels and Identification of Sources
Authors: Johnsen S. , Restucci R. , Klungsoyr J. 
Published: December 2007

Oil Contamination of Fish in the North Sea. Determination of Levels and Identification of Sources.

Abstract
Two fish species, cod and haddock have been sampled from five different regions in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, the Haltenbanken and the Barents Sea. Three of the five sampling areas were located in regions with no local oil or gas production, while the remaining two areas represented regions with high density of oil and gas production fields. A total of 25 specimen of each of the two fish species were collected, and liver (all samples) and muscle (10 samples from each group) were analysed for the content of total hydrocarbons (THC), selected aromatic compounds (NPD and PAH) and bicyclic aliphatic decalines.
The present paper outlines the results of liver samples analyses from four of the sampled regions, the northern North Sea region and the three reference regions Egersundbanken, Haltenbanken and the Barents Sea. In general, no significant difference was observed between the hydrocarbon levels within the sampled regions. The only observed exception was a moderate, but significant increase in decaline levels in haddock liver from the Northern North Sea region. The qualitative interpretation of the results showed that the sources of hydrocarbon contamination varied within the total sampling area. This observation indicates that the local discharge sources in areas with high petroleum production activity are the sources of hydrocarbons in fish from such areas. However, it was not possible to identify single discharges as a contamination source from the present results.

Introduction
Determination of levels oh total hydrocarbons (THC) and selected PAH in fish was originally included in the regular environmental monitoring programme for offshore petroleum installations in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. In a work shop hosted by SFT (the Norwegian State Pollution Control) in 1988, these analyses were left out of the monitoring guide-lines. This decision was made as a result of the lack of available standardised analytical methods for determining such compounds in a biological matrix, and, the fact that the results presented in the annual reports were of relatively low quality regarding precision and accuracy. The lack of good reference material in the monitoring surveys for this purpose was also a prominent factor in this decision.
In 1989, the Marine Research Institute (MRI) performed a study where fish caught in the vicinity of the Statfjord field was analysed for hydrocarbon content and potential tainting (Palmork et al. 1989) The conclusion of this work was that the fish was indeed contaminated by oil from drill cuttings discharged in the area.
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Drilling Cuttings on the Sea Bed: the Options
Authors: Booth M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper considers the options available to operators for the treatrnem of drilling cuttings on the seabed under and around the offshore installations on the UKCS (UK Continental Shelf).
The options range from leaving in place to removal or bioremediaiion.
There are a number of practical problems to be overcome and not enough is known about the environmental effects of disturbing the cuttings. Further research and development is suggested.
Offshore Petroleum Installations in the North Sea used as Fish Aggregating Devices - Potential and Suggestions for Preparation, Management and Monitoring
Authors: Aabel J. P. , Cripps S. J. , Kjeilen G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There are approximately 70 working and planned structures in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The majority are steel-legged installations (oil and gas jackets) placed in depths ranging from 70 to 200 m. Several oil fields and structures are soon to be abandoned. Production from the North-east Frigg and Odin fields, was stopped in 1993 and 1994 respectively.
From a technical and safety viewpoint, most of the structures are probably removable. Economically, concern has been expressed as to whether it is necessary to remove to shore all the installations. A positive environmental impact may be achieved by using some of the structures as fish aggregating devices.
The implications of creating an artificial reef from a steel jacket by toppling in-place are discussed. A typical steel jacket in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea weighs 5,000 - 10,000 tonnes (excluding piles) and has a volume of 100,000 -150,000 m3. It may also be possible to utilise some of the deck modules. Technical and biological aspects relating to artificial reef establishment are reviewed, including the identification of the chemicals and materials that need to be removed prior to toppling. Suggestions for further management and monitoring for documentation purposes, are reviewed A 5 year monitoring programme protocol is proposed.
The creation of a test reef from a steel jacket would present an ideal opportunity to obtain essential data, hitherto lacking in the North Sea, on the usefulness of high profile steel reefs as fisheries management tools. Data obtained would also be used to propose effective North Sea reef management and exploitation strategies. The suitability of using material arising from the petroleum industry, as components for artificial reefs, seeks to be determined.
Practical Completion and Production Practices in The Mississippi-Alabama Jurassic Trend
Authors: Hildebrandt W.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The normally-pressured reservoirs of the Mississippi-Alabama Jurassic Trend are usually produced with allowable rates of 300 to 500 BOPD per well. Gas produced with the oil frequently contains one to four percent hydrogen sulfide. Because of the high producing rates and the presence of hydrogen sulfide, completion and production practices have been designed to provide practices have been designed to provide both a safe and economical method of depletion. A review of these practices is the objective of this paper.
In addition to the application of successful completion techniques used elsewhere, an increase in curing time has improved primary cementing. Current cement bond logging practices, which incorporate acoustic scope logging, have eliminated unnecessary squeeze-cementing and have contributed greatly toward reduced completion expense. The placing of acetic acid opposite the productive zone prior to perforating has minimized completion perforating has minimized completion time and reduced pump-in pressures if further stimulation is necessary.
Production personnel are thoroughly trained in the hazards of hydrogen sulfide and the use of recommended safety equipment. Pressure buildup data, obtained by wireline, Pressure buildup data, obtained by wireline, is successfully used to determine stimulation requirements and obtain other reservoir information. Inexpensive corrosion-monitoring techniques are utilized to improve equipment design and reduce failures.

Introduction
The Jurassic Trend of Mississippi and Alabama consists of sandstone and carbonate reservoirs extending southeastward from Jackson, Mississippi. A map of the Jurassic Trend in the Mississippi-Alabama area is presented in Figure 1.
Environmental Risk and the Business Bottom Line
Authors: Wright N. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Demands for the integration of environmental considerations into the business priorities of leading companies are gathering momentum. Potentially devastating financial losses linked to environmental problems ormismanagement and perceptions of environmental issues, has alarmed the public, financial and insurance sectors together with key stakeholders.
Expensive lessons have been learned in recent years - poor environmental design and management can undoubtedly lead to escalation of overall costs to meet changing standards and end of life cycle decommissioning bills. Environmental impact not only damages profitability but erodes the corporate asset base. Even suspicion of land contamination can wipe out market values of real estate.
Comprehensive screening of business portfolios, investment plans, and existing assets for sources of environmental risk from concept to divestment, is crucial to ensure environmentally sound investment, to protect assets and minimise both environmental impact and future liability.
Today's key stakeholders and financial sectors are looking beyond the existing balance sheets of companies and now scrutinise their environmental credentials to ensure wise investment.
Recent developments in environmental risk as a tool for placing environment on the balance sheet of private and public companies will be presented, using selected examples geared to the exploration and production business, together with the needs for a common, international framework for environmental risk strategies.
Ranking Environmental Liabilities in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Lupo Mark J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An exploration, production, transportation, or refining com-pany may have numerous discontinued operations, as well as active process units that may emit potentially hazardous chem-icals into the environment. These sources can impact different environmental media including air, soil, groundwater, the un-saturated zone above the water table, and surface water. The number of chemicals of concern may be large. A procedure is put forth for ranking the sources by considering the impact of each chemical in each medium from each source in terms of concentration, release rate, and a weighted index based on toxi-city. In addition to environmental impact, the sources can be ranked in three other ways: (1) by cost to remediate, (2) by environmental risk reduction, and (3) by cost benefit. Ranking each remediation project enables management to realize the maximum benefit from environmental remediation projects by strategically planning the investment of limited resources. An example is presented in which a subset of the remediation projects is chosen for funding. If the sources were chosen for re-mediation based on their risk, one would achieve more than 95% of the planned risk reduction at nearly 75% of the total cost of all of the projects. On the other hand, if the projects were selected based on the cost-benefit analysis, 85% of the planned risk reduction could be attained with only 15.5% of the planned budget.
Consolidate and Gravel Pack in One Step
Authors: Carnes James D. , Mixon Arthur M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over 500 field applications have been made with a sand control process which achieves gravel packing and sand consolidation in essentially one treating step. It was designed to improve conventional gravel packing and yet offer advantages over sand control achieved by gravel packing followed by sand consolidation techniques.
In a related application, successful repair of damaged areas in wire-wrapped screens or slotted liners in place has been accomplished with this method. This has eliminated the expense of pulling and repairing or replacing the screening device and then repacking.
The application of the resin-sand pack method of sand control results in a strong, highly permeable filter around the wellbore. In addition, a portion of the formation sand may be consolidated with the treatment, resulting in an effective screen for preventing formation fines from entering the preventing formation fines from entering the pack sand and acting as a possible deterrent pack sand and acting as a possible deterrent to production declines which frequently follow gravel packs. The consolidated pack sand offers additional strength over gravel packs to withstand overburden and other stresses. This will tend to lessen damage to casing and cement jobs. Also, in conventional perforated casing completion treatments, perforated casing completion treatments, mechanical screening devices are generally not needed.
The method described uses selected pack sand coated by a small quantity of furfuryl alcohol resin finely dispersed in a low viscosity oil. This provides for all the pack sand's being resin-coated. This method pack sand's being resin-coated. This method is generally more economical than gravel packs followed by consolidation techniques since the latter method normally requires more resin to coat all the gravel pack solids. Low pump rates may be used to minimize damage to the formation. The resin can be externally or internally catalyzed, a feature which allows flexibility of this method for use in perforated casing completions, around liners perforated casing completions, around liners in casing or open hole, or for repairing holes in old gravel screens or liners.
Surveillance of Health, Working Environment and Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Ulven Arne J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method for systematic surveying of health and working environment has been developed by Statoil. The method meets relevant Norwegian acts and regulations (refs. 1 through 5). The survey is done in one organizational unit at a time and is performed by health and working environment personnel with extensive involvement of the managers and employees of the department The method ensures that the findings are followed up by actions.
Substance-Abuse Testing in Overseas E&P Operations
Authors: Chockchai K. , Cook A. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Company introduced its Substance Abuse Program in February 1995 to cover all of the workforce including contractors in its operations. This program supports the safety program in terms of loss prevention, accident prevention and employee performance problems which may be related to substance abuse in the workplace. The company has many work locations with distinctly different operational character-istics. It employs over 1,100 employees and 1,100 contractors of which 1,000 personnel are employed on offshore facilities; this requires a major logistics effort. The program is designed to be fair and equitable. The individuals to be tested are se-lected by a PC driven random number program. The testing program is treated confidentially. The chain of custody is carefully controlled. Disciplinary action complies with Thai labor law1. The results of the twelve month program show that a total of 1.083 breath alcohol and 1,200 urine samples were tested for all causes. The results showed that only 0.55% and I 25% of breath alcohol and urine samples respectively were positive
Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Pattern and Magnitude of the Problem
Authors: Ajayi P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the last 12 months, many more cases of alcohol and drug (substance) abuse in the workplace were seen in the Escravos operations of Chevron Nigeria Limited than in previous years. This called the attention to the rising prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse in contradistinction to reports from similar organizations in other parts of the world. Chevron Nigeria has a written Drug and Alcohol Policy which has been dormant for some time because of the apparent rarity of the problem of substance abuse in the workplace. This Policy is being reviewed to broaden its scope and make it more effective. A total of 30 employees were tested for drugs and alcohol. 6 exceeded the legal limits of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) and 5 tested positive for drugs. Tests were mainly post-accident, reasonable cause and random. The common substances abused were alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and morphine in that order. The findings are compared with those of similar organizations in UK and USA. Efforts to control substance abuse in the workplace are being put into place.
The Development and Field Testing of a Less Hazardous and Technically Superior Oil Based Drilling Fluid
Authors: Kenny P. , Norman M. , Friestad A. M. , Risvik B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the development and subsequent field results of a new invert emulsion, low toxicity, oil based drilling fluid (LTOBM). The new fluid was developed in response to the anticipated increased usage of LTOBM, and primary considerations in the development were those of working conditions, the environment, technical performance and economics.
Developments in invert emulsion drilling fluids have, over recent years, been concentrated in the areas of reducing environmental impact, and improving technical performance. LTOBM have, as a result of this, been largely replaced by synthetic based drilling fluids (SBM), which exhibit similar, or improved technical performance, whilst claiming to have reduced environmental impact. This development focus has resulted in very few changes being made to LTOBM since the replacement of diesel by low toxicity mineral oil.
The occupational health hazards involved in using SBM have, however, proven to be similar, or occasionally worse, than with LTOBM. Such health problems can be mainly attributed to two components; the base fluid and lime, the latter being a major contributor to skin irritation problems, and the former to both skin irritation, and inhalation problems There has been a lack of occupational health studies carried out with respect to the use of SBM compared to LTOBM.
This paper describes the laboratory testing conducted, and results obtained during the development, where several base fluids were screened, along with a multitude of fluid additives, prior to obtaining the optimal formulation. The final fluid was designed for use on high temperature high pressure wells and extended reach wells, as well as more "normal wells". The laboratory data presented is supported by field data from the successful use of the system as a worker friendly, high performance, LTOBM drilling fluid.
The Challenge of Performing Safer Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Van Adrichem Willem P. , Godsman John M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The substantial growth in coiled tubing services over the past several years has increased both the frequency of lost time injuries and potential for job execution related incidents.
As the industry realizes the additional benefits of coiled tubing e g. well intervention under pressure, efficiency, selective placement of fluids down hole and drilling, it is obvious that pipe size has, and will continue to increase. Pipe size has increased from a modest 1 1/4" outside diameter ten years ago to outside diameters in excess of 2 7/8" being used on a regular basis to-day. In addition the development of programs to predict pipe fatigue and down hole stresses have encouraged operators to become more confident with the service.
To accommodate these larger pipe diameters the size and capability of pipe handling equipment e.g. injector heads and reels, as well as well control equipment e.g. BOPs and stripper assemblies have had to increase substantially. This increase in weight and dimensions creates additional hazards.