bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Sustainable Development: Strategies for the Exploration and Production Industry
Authors: Armstrong Kit 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Sustainable development is being widely promoted as the environmental vision for the world for the 21st century. It presents both significant risks and advantages for companies in the E&P industry.
The push for sustainable development could result in increasing constraints on the industry, possibly threatening the industry's viability. On the positive side, it offers companies the incentive to improve their internal operations and expand their benefits to society. This will result in more efficient, profitable companies and a more successful industry.
Companies can pursue a wide range of strategies to address sustainable development and its potential impacts. Significant efforts will likely be necessary if the industry is to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks posed by the sustainable development movement.
Partnership Between Government and Industry in Vietnam To Develop Standards and Procedures for Environmental Protection in Offshore Oil and Gas Development
Authors: Gann Michael 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Vietnam was a war torn nation for thirty years until 1975 and then entered a period of economic and social isolation for the next 12 years. Only in 1987 did the Government introduce its "open door" policy to encourage foreign investment. At the same time Vietnam reopened its territorial waters to Western oil exploration companies to search for new reserves of oil and gave the opportonity to bid for concessions to produce from reserves previously discovered but not yet developed.
The country's infrastructure and legislative base for oil and gas exploitation were very poorly developed but rapid progress bas been made in the last 4 years. Tins paper describes the cooperation between the Oil Industry and Government in the development of standards and procedures for conservation of the environment in which the search for oil is taking place.
Building Partnerships in Environmental Regulation
Authors: Stephenson M. T. , Nguyen M. H. , Gallagher M. P. , Andrews T. D. , Handszer Adriana 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Texaco has been involved in partnerships in various areas of the world in the area of environmental protection regulation. These partnerships have been with the national governments, national oil companies, and other international E&P operators. Examples include offshore environmental operating guidelines for Bulgaria, the draft environmental protection decree for Angola, and regulations to support the recent environmental law in Bolivia. These partnerships provide the national regulatory body with the cumulative experience and the technology of all the operators involved. These operators have acquired a large amount of knowledge on the protection of the environment during E&P operations in virtually every ecological setting.
Environmental Assessment and Review of Joint Ventures in Oil and Gas Sectors in Russian Federation
Authors: Bourtsev S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The objective of the acticie is to provide a general idea on the environmental legislation in Russia regulating 3U organisation and registration.
No revival of Russian oil and gas industry is possible without active participation of foreign companies and investments.
Russian Federation has its own Specific requirements on the volume and content of the pre- and project documentation which differs a lot from the western.
Environmental Review procedure is a mandatory activity in Russia and without its approval no activity can be started of financed on it's territory.
To avoid excessive delays and expenses in the project prepera-tion foreign companies need to strictly follow OU Rejistration Procedure and have to compily with the Requirements of Russian laws, standards and regulations on the protection of the environment.
Air Emissions From Offshore Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Husdal Geir 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper addresses the main air emission categories and the future challenges that will meet the offshore oil and gas production industry.
A proactive, systematic, step-wise approach to control the emissions is proposed and described. This is an approach that has been applied by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association in its OLF Environmental Programme. The practical implementation is described and some of the results and observations are presented and discussed.
Produced Water Treatment Technologies: A Case Study
Authors: Hughes S. W. , Sehsuvaroglu S. A. , Slater J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A major onshore oil and gas processing facility currently discharges a produced water stream into the sea. This water stream is contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). After receiving a proposed new permit-to-discharge that significantly lowered the allowable concentration limits for the contaminants in the discharged stream, the facility management commissioned a study to identify applicable treatment options and generate capital cost estimates for each option. Three treatment options were developed, with each generating different levels of effluent quality and capital cost. Facility management was able to use the results of the study to negotiate a less stringent discharge permit, which reduced the size and estimated cost of treatment requirements.
Phenol Compound in Produced Water
Authors: Priatna Rachmat , Syahbandi Edi , Sudewo Bambang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Phenol is an organic compound that may present in produced water of oil and gas industries. Some of phenol compounds are mostly used as raw material in disinfectant and adhesive industries. Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous materials with its toxicity level varies depending on the type of phenol. On the basis of its toxicity level, US-EPA and EEC classified some phenol compounds as "priority pollutant" due to at certain phenol concentration level they can endanger human and animal life.
The source of phenol in the produced water is from nature; they are carried over to the surface by formation water.
The Indonesian government has issued various laws and regulations in limiting the discharge of phenol compound into water. PP No. 20/1990 classified various limits of phenol concentration in water depending on water utilization, whereas KEPMEN No. 03/KLH/I/1991 classified the limit of phenol concentration in discharge water of various industries.
This paper describes efforts made by some oil and gas companies in Indonesia under PERTAMINA supervision in conducting studies for reducing the phenol concentration in produced water to meet the government phenol regulatory limit. The study is aimed to obtain the best phenol treatment method that is suitable to be applied for particular company operation and field conditions. The study consists of literature study, laboratory scale tests and pilot tests using some selected treatment methods that are currently available, complete with the technical and economical aspects of each treatment method as well as consideration of maintenance and operation aspects.
Biotreatment of Exploration and Production Wastes
Authors: McMillen S. J. , Gray N. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Biotreatment of oily exploration and production (E&P) wastes can be accomplished by using one of several biotreatment technologies: landtreatment, composting, or slurry-bioreactors. These technologies enhance naturally-occurring biodegradation processes through dilution, aeration/mixing, nutrient addition, moisture, and pH control. Each of these technologies has been evaluated on the laboratory scale and has been found to be technically feasible for treating oily drill cuttings, tank bottoms, pit sludges, and oily soils. However, biodegradation rates for E&P wastes are dependent on several factors including the specific hydrocarbon types present, nutrient ratios, and solids loading (for slurry-bioreactors). Laboratory results for hydrocarbon losses due to biodegradation indicate that half-lives for hydrocarbons range from a few days to several months depending upon waste characteristics and the technology used. Field scale treatment costs are estimated to be U. S. $20 to $45 per cubic meter of waste for landtreatment, $40 to $70 per cubic meter of waste for composting, and &gt;$500 per cubic meter of waste for slurry-bioreactors. Treatment costs are dependent on the actual biodegradation rates achieved, and the volume of waste to be treated.
Development of Environmentally Benign Formate-Based Drilling and Completion Fluids
Authors: Downs J. D. , Killie Siv , Whale G. F. , Inglesfield Christopher 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Laboratory and field experience indicates that simple universal drilling and completion fluids, suitable for all applications, can be built around brines based on the alkali-metal salts of formic acid. The formate brines have been subjected to a thorough hazard identification and assessment procedure prior to introduction into the field. This procedure was based on accepted OECD tests, compatible with EC requirements for asssessing the mammalian toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of new substances.
It has been concluded that the alkali-metal salts of formic acid pose little hazard to either users or the environment. As an additional safeguard for the environment a novel recycling process has been developed specifically for use with the formate brines, aimed at minimising product discharge and retaining a valuable non-renewable resource.
Environmental Effects of Produced Water from Large Fields in the North Sea: An Overview
Authors: Ynnesdal Harald , Furuhold Edgar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil production from the large fields in the North Sea results in discharges of large amounts of produced water. This paper shows that acute toxic effects will not occur even for the largest fields except for a very small area around each platform. Chronic effects can not be completely ruled out with the current state of knowledge. The various effects are discussed, as well as possible ways to treat the produced water.
Determination of Produced Water Contaminants in the Marine Environment
Authors: Riksheim Hilde , Johnsen Ståle 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Statfjord and Gullfaks fields are Statoil's two major offshore oil producing fields, and also two of the most important sources of produced water discharge in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The fields are located in the northern part of the North Sea, 150 - 200km off the west-coast of Norway. Sea water samples (3×10L, 5m depth) were collected at 3 locations (10m, 100m and 500m) downstream the two oil production platforms Statfjord C and Gullfaks A. In addition, corresponding samples representing sea water background were collected in open sea between the two fields.
Significantly increased levels of total hydrocarbon content and naphthalenes were detected at the nearfield locations in both fields, compared to the reference samples. The near-field samples from Statfjord C also contained higher levels of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the elements barium and zinc than the reference samples. The dilution factors of the produced water constituents analysed in the present study ranged from 1:1 000 - 1:20 000 within the sampling area, which is considerably higher than the dilution predicted by available mathematical models for the two fields.
Soil Quality Management: Classification of Contaminated Sites and Priority Setting for Action
Authors: Herenius T. A. , Veltkamp A. G. , Satijn H. M. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper a framework is described for the classification of contaminated sites, including priority setting for actions to be taken. The framework covers 800 oil and gas locations of the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM) and forms part of Soil Quality Management. The number of contaminated sites and the costs involved for investigation, monitoring and control and clean-up makes it necessary to develop such a framework. Also, the limited availability of manpower/expertise within and outside industry increase the need for a framework with management tools. Within the framework, management tools for decision making have been developed, such as risk assessment on health and safety, criteria for priority setting, planning and budgeting systems. Out of the overall framework, individual Business Units within the NAM have developed their own Masterplan for their specific sites. By applying these instruments, Soil Quality Management forms an integral part of location management.
Oil Spill Remediation: An Integrated Approach for In-Situ Site Clean-Up
Authors: Seitinger Peter , Baumgartner A. J. , Peball Ulrich 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil spills are one of the major concerns of the up-and downstream oil industry. Although land operations do not cause spill accidents and volumes like offshore, the damage and the loss in public credibility is severe and longterm.
Solubility of hydrocarbons (HC) in water is generally small. The movement of oil in porous media must be described using a two phase flow concept. The spread is a four stage process:
– migration in the subsoil – invasion into the capillary fringe – spreading on the water table – stabilization of the spill, HC solubility (plume)
The four steps will be analysed in detail in this paper.
The main concern of the environmental groups, authorities, etc. is the presence of a floating oil layer on the groundwater table. Further in-situ remediation methods are based upon the removal of the liquid hydrocarbons (bioremediation, soil-vapour extraction, etc.).
Horizontal or strongly deviated wells offer significant advantages in the cleanup of thin, floating oil spills. The advantages are similar to horizontal wells in oil production (linear drainage along wellbore instead of radial drainage, low drawdown during production, increased net pay, etc.). A moving groundwater table is one of the most obvious differences to traditional oil production. High angle wells combine inflow advantages of horizontal wells with moving water table.
This paper will present various directional drilling techniques including their pros and cons for oil spill remediation. Also, a brand-new technology to drill directional wells in heterogeneous, unconsolidated sands will be presented. This method was used to drill directional wells in unconsolidated, coarse gravel formations (river sedimentation). Directional changes of 25 - 30°/30m were reached.
A case study and experience from oil spill production will also be presented, including a comparison in cost and success to vertical extraction wells.
Drilling Waste Controls
Authors: Cline J. T. , Piper W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling wastes are about 75% of the solid wastes generated by Amoco Production Company operations. This paper discusses the current status of controlling wastes generated during drilling, applying new technology and tracking the wastes with an Amoco developed Environmental Data Management System (EDMS). Case studies include field data, designs, economics and optimization. Advances in waste control technologies are currently being made: to treat low toxicity, high volume cuttings to be usable soil; to minimize mud and cuttings wastes with effective solids control equipment; to use down hole injection to eliminate cuttings and mud discharged to the sea; and to use synthetic muds for reducing environmental effects (i.e., toxicity). The EDMS database being used to monitor drilling wastes has benefits such as tracking and quantifying wastes to final disposal, helping to focus on the technological needs for the impacted environment, and helping to identify cost benefits of various drill waste controls. But, measurement (estimation) of drill waste characteristics and quantities can be seriously in error. Industry focus on common terms and techniques is needed.
Biological Soil Treatment and In-Situ Groundwater Remediation for Hydrocarbon Contaminants
Authors: Ratliff M. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses two different approaches to the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. The information was obtained from two case studies where these methods were utilized to treat contaminants. The first approach involves the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with microorganisms which digest the hydrocarbons releasing carbon dioxide and water. The use of microbes in this manner is commonly referred to as biotreatment. The case study was conducted in Kenai, Alaska.
The second case study involved the treatment of gasoline-contaminated groundwater through the use of active permeable barrier trench systems. Trenches were installed below the surface of the groundwater and air was pumped into the groundwater, stripping the volatile hydrocarbons which were evacuated by a vapor recovery system. Because of the low hydraulic conductivity of the soil in the area, more traditional treatment options, such as the standard pump and treat operation, were not viable alternatives. The active permeable barrier trench system is being utilized at a Halliburton field facility in Artesia, New Mexico.
An Assessment of Environmental Sensitivity to Marine Pollutions: Solutions With Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Moreau Fabrice , Populus Jacques , Coquelet Dominique , Xavier Jean-Paul 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The environmental sensitivity to oil pollution is addressed in the Loire estuary, an area of very high economical and recreational value. The first part of the paper deals with the evaluation of remote sensing images (Spot, Landsat Thematic Mapper and Ers1 radar). The availability of the right images with respect to low tide conditions is discussed. Well established classifications are used for both visible and radar images, which produce mainly geomorphological information: coastline, sediments, vegetation. Living resources at risk are compiled mostly out of ancillary data, i.e. maps and reports. These two types of information lead to ranking the shoreline in terms of its "ecological" sensitivity. Man-made objects and human activities are also incorporated. After collecting all relevant data, we examine in a second part how to merge them and produce environmental sensitivity maps, using both CAD (Computer Assisted Design) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) tools.
Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Marsid Maryuswan , Suwito Suryo 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1992, PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia oil field operations in Sumatra resulted in 680,000 barrels of oil produced daily and 4,600,000 barrels of slightly brackish produced water.
This paper discusses the systems in operation to separate oil, gas and water to provide oil for export, gas for power generation and water for reuse and return to the environment.
The systems operate quite effectively now and under normal operating conditions the water produced remains within the MIGAS Guidelines and the Pertamina/CPI goals of 25 ppm oil content and temperature of 45 °C in order to protect the environment.
However, increasing production and maturation of the fields mean that there is an ever increasing amount of produced water to treat and that will require continuing efforts to maintain quality.
Worldwide Training of Rig Medics
Authors: Barbey Alexander , Bobillier Arnaud , Pelat Francois 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
With approximately 90 rigs around the world Sedco Forex operates in many different geographical areas. Health problems are common, be they work related or due to local disease.
Audits of rig medics have demonstrated that they possess very different levels of training and experience.
A multi-lingual doctor was designated to test each rig medic's proficiency, audit the rig infirmary and prepare a training program which includes a 5 day theoretical First Aid course and a 7 day hospital training period.
It is planned that each rig medic will be re-audited, re-trained and re-exposed to a hospital course at least once every 3 years to keep him up to level.
Health Management Guidelines for Remote Land-Based Geophysical Operations: An E&P Forum Initiative
Authors: Dawson D. G. , Barber S. W. , Keech J. , Ballantine B. , Ranke H. , de Jong G. , Hansen H. , Rodier J. , Stormonth M. , Howell J. , Lowe R. , Barbey A. , Clyde D. A. , Roythorne C. , Pion J. , Walker K. P. , Striefel J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Company and contractor have a joint commitment to health risk management stated in health policies and should develop a health management system which needs to be based on a full and careful appraisal of the health risks to which personnel will be exposed.
The provision of health care of the Geophysical crew's operation in remote land areas is dependent on the assessment of environmental and occupational health risks in the area of operations and the quality, availability and accessibility of the local medical support system. A Risk Scoring System is described which allows for the development of a modular system of health care. Modules vary from induction training for all personnel through various levels of first aid to the professional field nurse and supervising doctor. Guidance on training requirements and manning levels for each module is given. A health management system is described with the main objectives to ensure that the activities of the company and contractor are planned, carried out, controlled and directed so that health risks are minimised.
Health Care in Remote Areas
Authors: Darling C. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The international search for oil and gas continues to expand in to locations that are remote from established support bases or in underdeveloped areas. The provision of health care in these locations must be carefully planned and implemented to ensure that an acceptable standard of care is provided to employees, contractors and, if accompanied, families. Planning is required to lower the risk of disease or injury to acceptable levels and to ensure that individuals return home at the end of working in these locations in the same state of health as they arrived. The ability of a company to provide an acceptable standard of medical care, particularly in remote or underdeveloped areas, may impact on the willingness of staff to relocate to areas away from their home base.
This paper outlines the procedures and practices which BHP Petroleum has applied when undertaking medical risk assessments prior to the commencement of exploration or operational activities.
These assessments are used to develop a range of health practices and procedures to deal with identified risks and to reduce the health risks of operating in specific locations.
A System of Remote Medicine
Authors: Norman J. N. , Brebner J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A system of remote medicine is described which has suited the needs of two very different organisations – the North Sea oil and gas industries and the British Antarctic survey.
A major advance is taking place by the emergence of telemedical technology. This has implications for training, medical service and for research. By using the experience of the past twenty years and the current emergence of new technology it should now be possible to see greatly improved systems for the new areas of exploration. To achieve maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness, however, it will be necessary for several projects to collaborate with a central co-ordinating area which can offer training and research facilities as well as medical services.
Telemedicine: A Means To Improve Health Care Services on Remote Oil and Gas Installations
Authors: Pedersen Steinar , Gammon Deede , Sund Torbjorn 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Telemedicine provides sound and image communication for routine and emergency consultations between remote practitioners and centralised specialists. Telemedicine can contribute to constraining costs while ensuring equal access to health care services regardless of location. Experiences from telemedicine and remote teaching in rural Norway are applicable to remote oil installations.