bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of esophageal mucosa and submucosa in dogs from 1 to 337 days of age
Authors: Henk W. G. , Hoskins J. D. , Abdelbaki Y. Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and morphometric analyses were used to examine the morphology of the tunica mucosa-tela submucosa of the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts of the esophagus of healthy dogs from birth to 337 days of age from 3 litters of dogs whelped and reared under controlled conditions. Apart from the absence of a lamina muscularis mucosae from the cervical part of the esophagus of all dogs examined, little regional variation was detected. However, morphologic variation associated with age was observed. The number and complexity of microplicae on surface epithelial cells, as observed with the scanning electron microscope, increased with age, particularly between 1-day-old and 21-day-old dogs. Although scanning electron microscopy revealed typical duct openings from the submucosal glands in 1-day-old dogs, light microscopy revealed few functional glands. These glands gradually developed into a complex strata of tubules and acini during the time that secretory activity and the volume fraction of the tunica mucosa-tela submucosa occupied by glands increased with age. The presence of ciliated cells in the esophagus of 1-day-old dogs was apparent with scanning electron and light microscopes. Ciliated cells were always most abundant in the abdominal part of the esophagus. Finally, morphometric analyses revealed a significant increase in epithelial and connective tissue compartment thicknesses, as well as a marked increase in the volume fraction occupied by glands between 1 day and 161 days after dogs were whelped. A smaller decrease in all 3 measures occurred between 161 and 337 days after the dogs were whelped.
Coagulation abnormalities associated with acute Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs
Authors: Schelling Curtis G. , Greene Craig E. , Prestwood Annie K. , Tsang Victor C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten dogs were experimentally infected with 150 3rd-stage larvae of the lungworm Angiostrongylus vasorum (Baillet, 1866). Blood samples obtained once a week for 5 weeks after infection was induced were examined for coagulation alterations. Thrombocytopenia developed in infected dogs before and after parasitic patency, which occurred 6 weeks after infection was induced. Prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombocytopenia initially were associated with periods of larval migration and, later, at patency, with pulmonary egg embolism and hatching of 1st-stage larvae in the lung. Decreased factor-V activity, significantly shortened values for the prothrombin time, and increased factor-VIII activity were evident during postpatent periods of parasitic infection. Significant changes were not found in factors-XII and -IX activities throughout the course of infection. Coagulation abnormalities were attributed to excessive intravascular coagulation. Immature adults and first stages of the parasite seemed to have initiated the coagulopathy in the prepatent phase of infection, with subsequent coagulation abnormalities occurring at the time of patency.
Proteins specified by bovine herpesvirus-2
Authors: Adams Steven W. , Balachandran N. , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polypeptides synthesized in bovine testes cells infected with bovine herpesvirus type 2 were labeled with [35S] methionine and were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty-eight virus-induced proteins, ranging in molecular weight from 32,000 to 149,000, were detectable by analysis of whole cell lysates between postinfection hours 2 and 36. A similar number was immunoprecipitated by rabbit antiserum to bovine herpesvirus type 2. Twelve proteins incorporated [3H]glucosamine. On the basis of their temporal characteristics and their pattern of synthesis in the presence of cycloheximide and dactinomycin, 3 proteins, including at least one that was nondetectable in the absence of drugs, were classified as a proteins, 4 as β proteins, 1 as a β/γ protein, and 27 as γ proteins. Host cell protein synthesis was not reduced substantially until postinfection hours 22 to 28.
Campylobacter jejuni infections in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Boosinger Timothy R. , Powe Thomas A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
At 3 days of age, 12 gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated orally with broth cultures of Campylobacter jejuni. One pig was euthanatized and evaluated each day for 12 days. In the cecum and colon, there was diffuse edema, neutrophilic infiltration, and sloughing of epithelial cells from the mucosa on postinoculation days (pid) 2 through 5. Dysplastic colonic crypt epithelial cells were observed in the submucosa of the colon on pid 5 through 12.
Curved, rod-shaped bacteria were detected on the surface of ileal, cecal, and colic absorptive and glandular epithelial cells. Bacteria also were found around small submucosal vessels on pid 3 and 4 and were associated with numerous perivascular neutrophils. The gnotobiotic pig appears to provide a simple, well-controlled in vivo model for the study of the pathogenesis of C jejuni infections in human beings, pigs, and other mammals.
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in adult ewes by inoculation in the external ear
Authors: Pépin Michel , Pardon Pierre , Marly José , Lantier Frédéric 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, was studied in ewes to devise a reliable method of induced infection that would help to understand mechanisms by which abscesses develop in lymph nodes or internal organs, especially the lungs. Fifteen adult ewes, from a flock where the occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis was unknown, were inoculated sc in the auricle with various doses of a virulent strain of C pseudotuberculosis. Ewes inoculated with at least 108 viable corynebacteria develop a strong local reaction that was apparent 4 hours after challenge exposure and lasted 7 to 14 days. Of these ewes, all developed at least 1 abscess and 3 developed multiple abscesses in lymph nodes draining the inoculated auricle and in the lungs. All infected ewes developed a strong antibody response against C pseudotuberculosis exotoxin, which persisted for 3 months. Of 9 ewes infected with 1.2 × 108 corynebacteria, 3 developed lesions because of field strains of C pseudotuberculosis and had an increased capacity to limit the dissemination of challenge-inoculum bacteria by developing only one abscess in the draining lymph node (parotid or prescapular lymph node). Seemingly, inoculation in the external ear was a suitable method for obtaining a reproducible infection and indicated that a primary infection might protect against reinfection by limiting dissemination of C pseudotuberculosis.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, pathologic, and toxicologic alterations associated with gossypol toxicosis in feeder lambs
Authors: Morgan Sandra , Stair E. L. , Martin Terry , Edwards W. C. , Morgan Gregor L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The toxicity of gossypol was studied in 20, 8-week-old feeder lambs that weighed approximately 16 kg. The lambs were allotted to 4 groups (A, B, C, D) and given (orally for 30 days) a daily dosage of gossypol (0, 45, 136, or 409 mg, respectively). Lambs were observed twice daily until they died or were euthanatized on the day the last dose was given. Clinical, electrocardiographic, clinicopathologic, pathologic, and toxicologic findings were recorded.
All lambs given 409 mg of gossypol (group D) died before the end of the 30-day study. In this group, clinical signs included sudden death and/or chronic dyspnea syndromes. One group-B lamb had chronic dyspnea, but did not die. Electrocardiographic abnormalities observed in gossypol-treated lambs included increased amplitude of the T wave and decreased duration of the st segment. Clinicopathologic alterations in group-D lambs included high serum total lactate dehydrogenase and lactate de-hydrogenase liver-specific isoenzyme activities. Serum total creatine kinase activity decreased markedly in lambs of all groups treated with gossypol. Hemoglobinuria was detected in 2 group-D lambs.
The average daily weight gain was remarkably consistent in lambs of all groups, except in 1 lamb each of groups D and B.
Lambs were necropsied when they died or on day 30 of the study. The heart of gossypol-treated lambs weighed more than did that of untreated (control group A) lambs. In many of the treated lambs, macroscopic lesions included excessive, often red-tinged, pericardial and thoracic fluid volumes, white streaks on the epicardium extending into the myocardium, pale mottled cardiac musculature, generalized icterus, and edematous lungs with wide interlobular septa. Sections of heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, skeletal muscle (diaphragm and serratus ventralis muscle), bladder, rumen, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were examined microscopically. All gossypol-treated lambs had various degrees of cardiomyopathy, characterized by vacuolation and degeneration of myocardial fibers, separation of fibers by edema, influx of lymphoreticular cells, and necrosis of myocardial fibers. Pulmonary and hepatic lesions reflected progressive cardiomyopathy.
Liver, kidney, and semimembranosus muscle specimens were obtained immediately after death or euthanasia, and free and bound gossypol concentrations in such tissues were determined. The liver and kidneys of treated lambs had consistently higher free gossypol concentration than did those of control lambs.
Radioimmunoassay for Anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle
Authors: Schuntner C. A. , Leatch G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A radioimmunoassay is described for use in the detection of Anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle sera. Optimal sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using 2 antigens, an A marginale antigen and a rbc antigen (obtained before infection was established) from the same calf. In addition, sera were preabsorbed with rbc from healthy cattle and with sonicated Babesia bovis. Of 86 sera obtained from cattle with A marginale infection (as determined by blood smear examination or by results of subinoculation of blood from such infected cattle into splenectomized calves), 85 had positive results by use of this test. Of 100 sera obtained from cattle raised in an anaplasmosis-free area, 98 yielded negative results, and sera obtained from 35 cattle (97 sera) infected with B bigemina and from 18 cattle infected with Theileria orientalis yielded negative results. By use of this test, 99 of 100 sera obtained from cattle with B bovis infection were negative for A marginale. Anaplasma marginale antibodies were detected in 18 cattle that had been pastured in a Boophilus microplus-free area for 2 years after natural infection. After 3 years, 16 of these cattle were still seropositive for A marginale. Sixteen cattle pastured in a Bo microplus-infested area had detectable antibody against A marginale 27 months after initial infection with A marginale. Sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed as 98.8% for each.
Epidermal cell renewal in the horse
Authors: Baker Benjaman B. , Stannard Anthony A. , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Epidermal cell labeling index and cell renewal time were estimated in 8 adult horses, using autoradiography after [3H]thymidine was given intradermally. The mean labeling index was 1.45 ± 0.47%, and the mean cell renewal time of the viable epidermis was approximately 17 days.
Neurophysiologic maps of the cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia of the ewe
Authors: Kirk E. J. , Kitchell R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in a peripheral nerve is called the cutaneous area (ca) of that nerve. The ca responsive to movement of wool or hair in the genital regions were mapped in 17 ewes, with the identifications of the peripheral nerves and of the spinal nerves contributing to the pudendal plexus being checked at necropsy.
Differences were found in the origins and extent of ca of the cutaneous branches from the sacral plexus. The ca of the caudal rectal nerves and of a nerve that passed caudally between the caudal vertebrae and the ventral sacrococcygeus muscle lay lateral to the anus and in the adjacent skin of the tail. The ca of the proximal cutaneous branch and of the distal cutaneous branch from the pudendal nerve (or plexus) overlapped craniocaudally (by approx one-half) the ca of the distal cutaneous branch extending ventrally and ending just caudal to the ipsilateral mammary gland. The deep perineal nerve innervated the skin immediately lateral to the anus and vulva.
The dorsal nerve of the clitoris innervated hairs on the ipsilateral half of the vulva. Other fibers in the pudendal nerve were presumed to pass into the mammary branch of the nerve. They innervated the skin ventral to the vulva, the ipsilateral mammary gland, and (in some ewes) areas of the skin cranial to the mammary gland.
The ca of the genitofemoral nerve included the ipsilateral teat and the inguinal fossa. The ventral cutaneous branches of the caudal thoracic spinal nerves and of the first 2 or 3 lumbar spinal nerves reached the ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus and overlapped with cranial extensions of the pudendal ca.
Establishment of equine T-lymphocyte cultures dependent on recombinant human interleukin-2
Authors: Stott Marcia L. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Long-term equine lymphocyte cultures were initiated and maintained in continuous culture with medium containing recombinant human interleukin-2. Cultures were successfully maintained with lectin activation signals and recombinant human interleukin-2 or with recombinant human interleukin-2 alone. All cell cultures that were characterized had a T-lymphocyte phenotype and had lectin-dependent or -independent cytotoxicity directed to various cell types. Those findings demonstrate that longterm equine T-lymphocytes cultures can be initiated and maintained easily.
Pathogenesis of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in four-day-old gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Flynn William T. , Saif Linda J. , Moorhead Philip D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen 4-day-old gnotobiotic pigs were orally inoculated with porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus (C strain). Seven additional gnotobiotic pigs served as noninoculated controls. Mild diarrhea developed in all inoculated pigs by postinoculation day (pid) 3 and persisted for 3 to 7 days. Severe diarrhea developed in 2 inoculated pigs between pid 4 and 5. Twelve inoculated and 7 control pigs were euthanatized over a 7-day period. Small intestinal mucosal smears were stained with a fluorescein-conjugated anti-porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus serum. Immunofluorescence was observed in villous epithelial cells (primarily in the duodenum or jejunum) of all inoculated pigs, except for 1 pig euthanatized at pid 7. Villus length was determined in histologic sections of the small intestinal specimens from control and inoculated pigs. Statistically significant (P < 0.01) villus atrophy was found in the duodenum and/or jejunum of inoculated pigs at pid 3 to 7. These observations were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed shortening, blunting, fusion, or absence of villi in the duodenum and jejunum of inoculated pigs at pid 3 to 7. Lesions were not seen in control pigs. Calicivirus-like particles were detected by immune electron microscopy in the large intestinal contents and feces of inoculated pigs from pid 1 to 7.
Purification and characterization of the 1q subcomponent of canine complement and its use in the 125I-C1q binding assay for detection of immune complexes
Authors: Wu Ching-Ching , Bey Russell F. , Loken Keith I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The complement subcomponent, C1q, was isolated from serum obtained from clinically normal dogs, using a rapid 2-step process involving affinity chromatography. Yield of C1q ranged from 8 to 10 mg/L of serum. Hemolytically active C1q had 3 protein bands after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions and formed a single line of identity with rabbit anti-canine C1q. The amino acid composition of canine C1q was similar to that of human C1q and contained a high percentage of glycine. Isolated canine C1q was iodinated, and the fluid-phase binding assay was used to detect circulating immune complexes in dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Efficacy of acaricides against chorioptic mange of goats
Authors: Wright Fred C. , Guillot Frank S. , George John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Angora goats heavily infested with Chorioptes bovis were dipped one time in either 0.05% amitraz, 0.27% coumaphos, 0.05% fenvalerate, or 0.03% lindane. Control of the mites by the single dips was evaluated for 21 days. Amitraz caused 98% mortality of the mites initially. Both coumaphos and lindane caused > 85% mortality at 3 days, but mite numbers increased rapidly thereafter. Only fenvalerate killed all of the mites.
Minimum anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary dose response for halothane in chickens
Authors: Ludders John W. , Mitchell Gordon S. , Schaefer Susan L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The minimum anesthetic dose (mad) and the cardiopulmonary dose-response for halothane were determined in male chickens. The mad for halothane was 0.85 ± 0.09% (mean ± sd), with a range of 0.75% to 0.98%. There was a significant (P < 0.002) positive correlation between increasing concentrations of halothane and Paco2, and significant negative correlations of halothane concentration with respiratory rate (P < 0.04), arterial blood pH (P < 0.008), and mean arterial blood pressure P < 0.008). A significant correlation was not found between halothane concentration and heart rate or arterial blood bicarbonate concentration. It was concluded that the mad for halothane in chickens is similar to values for minimum alveolar concentrations of halothane in mammalian species, and that there is substantial dose-dependent depression of cardiopulmonary function in chickens.
Cytopathic effects of Moraxella bovis on cultured bovine neutrophils and corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Kagonyera George M. , George Lisle W. , Munn Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of Moraxella bovis on the morphologic features of purified bovine neutrophils and bovine corneal epithelial cells were examined, using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Within 2 minutes after incubation of bovine neutrophils with living M bovis, electron microscopic cellular changes included vacuolation, swelling, and loss of microplicae. Most of the neutrophils were lysed by 10 minutes of incubation. Human neutrophils phagocytosed the M bovis and remained intact, even after 30 minutes of incubation with the bacteria. Living M bovis killed bovine corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Sterile filtrates prepared from 6-hour shaker cultures of M bovis also killed bovine corneal epithelial cells, but the cytotoxic activity was less than that produced by the living bacteria. Cellular changes were first observed in specimens collected 1 hour after corneal cell monolayers were inoculated with sterile culture filtrates. The changes in these cells included pit-like lesions on the cellular surface, cellular separation, and vacuolation.
Relationship among transmissible gastroenteritis virus antibody titers in serum, colostrum, and milk from vaccinated sows, and protection in their suckling pigs
Authors: Moxley Rodney A. , Olson LeRoy D. , Solorzano Robert F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We studied the antibody responses to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) in serum, colostrum, and milk from sows vaccinated with 2 attenuated (1 IM and 1 oral-IM) and 1 nonattenuated live vaccines and the relationship of these responses with the survivability of the sow's suckling pigs after challenge exposure with virulent TGE virus. Contrary to previous studies, the anti - TGE virusneutralizing geometric mean titers (GMT) in the milk of sows vaccinated with attenuated vaccines at 3 and 5 days of lactation were similar to that found in the colostrum. Colostral and serum antibody titers were highest in sows given 2 injections of the IM attenuated vaccine. Half of the sows given the oral - IM attenuated vaccine did not seroconvert after 2 oral doses. Only sows vaccinated with the nonattenuated live vaccine had milk GMT that remained high for 21 days after farrowing. The linear relationship between colostral GMT and percentage of survivability of suckling pigs challenge exposed at 3 days of age was significant (P < 0.05), although the relationship between serum GMT and percentage of survivability and the relationship between milk GMT and percentage of survivability were not significant (P> 0.10). The linear relationship between colostral (P < 0.10) or pre-challenge exposure milk (P < 0.05) GMT and percentage of survivability of suckling pigs challenge exposed at 5 days of age was significant. We have no adequate explanation for the relatively low colostral GMT, the relatively high milk GMT at 3 and 5 days of lactation in vaccinated sows, or the lack of significant linear relationship between milk GMT and survivability of pigs challenge exposed at 3 days of age.
Porcine malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: Halothaneinduced increase in cytoplasmic free calcium in lymphocytes
Authors: O'Brien Peter J. , Kalow Barbara I. , Brown Brian D. , Lumsden John H. , Jacobs Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) had increased sensitivity to the membrane-perturbing effects of halothane that increase cytoplasmic calcium. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calcium in lymphocytes isolated from blood was determined in the presence and absence of halothane for 10 Pietrain × Poland China swine that were susceptible to MH and 20 Yorkshire swine that were resistant to MH. Calcium was determined by dualemission spectrofluorometry and by measuring the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye Indo-1. Mean values for calcium concentrations in lymphocytes from MH-susceptible (MHS) swine were 80% less than control values (40.5 ± 38.8 and 185.3 ± 91.6 nmol/L; P < 0.01). Untreated lymphocytes from MHS swine accumulated calcium at half the rate observed for controls. Exposure to 1 mmol/L halothane resulted in a 3-fold increase of free calcium concentration to 127.9 ± 81.3 nmol/L in the lymphocytes of MHS swine, but had no significant effect on lymphocytes from control swine (225.0 ± 91.4; P < 0.01). Exposure to 2 mmol/L halothane resulted in a 6 - fold increase of free calcium concentration to 255.9 ± 91.4 nmol/L in lymphocytes from MHS swine and a 63% increase in lymphocytes from controls (303.8 ± 116). The rate of halothane-induced increase in cytosolic calcium was 13 times greater in lymphocytes from MHS swine, compared with controls. These data indicated that the molecular defect that results in halothane-hypersensitivity and is characteristic of muscle of MHS swine also occurs in lymphocytes from MHS swine.