bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional analysis of the sweet orange interaction with the citrus canker pathogensXanthomonas axonopodispv.citriandXanthomonas axonopodispv.aurantifolii
Authors: CERNADAS RAÚL ANDRÉS , CAMILLO LUCIANA RODRIGUES , BENEDETTI CELSO EDUARDO 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYXanthomonas axonopodispv.citri(Xac) andXanthomonas axonopodispv.aurantifoliipathotype C (Xaa) are responsible for citrus canker disease; however, while Xac causes canker on all citrus varieties, Xaa is restricted to Mexican lime, and in sweet oranges it triggers a defence response. To gain insights into the differential pathogenicity exhibited by Xac and Xaa and to survey the early molecular events leading to canker development, a detailed transcriptional analysis of sweet orange plants infected with the pathogens was performed. Using differential display, suppressed subtractive hybridization and microarrays, we identified changes in transcript levels in approximately 2.0% of the ~32 000 citrus genes examined. Genes with altered expression in response to Xac/Xaa surveyed at 6 and 48 h post‐infection (hpi) were associated with cell‐wall modifications, cell division and expansion, vesicle trafficking, disease resistance, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and responses to hormones auxin, gibberellin and ethylene. Most of the genes that were commonly modulated by Xac and Xaa were associated with basal defences triggered by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, including those involved in reactive oxygen species production and lignification. Significantly, we detected clear changes in the transcriptional profiles of defence, cell‐wall, vesicle trafficking and cell growth‐related genes in Xac‐infected leaves between 6 and 48 hpi. This is consistent with the notion that Xac suppresses host defences early during infection and simultaneously changes the physiological status of the host cells, reprogramming them for division and growth. Notably, brefeldin A, an inhibitor of vesicle trafficking, retarded canker development. In contrast, Xaa triggered a mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling pathway involving WRKY and ethylene‐responsive transcriptional factors known to activate downstream defence genes.
A class III peroxidase specifically expressed in pathogen‐attacked barley epidermis contributes to basal resistance
Authors: JOHRDE ANNIKA , SCHWEIZER PATRICK 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYHigher plants possess large multigene families encoding secreted class III peroxidase (Prx) proteins. In barley, two Prx cDNAs encoding HvPrx07 and HvPrx08 have been isolated and characterized to some extent with respect to a resistance‐mediating function upon attack by the powdery‐mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). Here we present evidence for the tissue‐specific accumulation of a new Prx mRNA, HvPrx40, in Bgh‐attacked epidermis of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The encoded protein is predicted to be secreted into the apoplastic space of epidermal cells due to the absence of a C‐terminal extension, which distinguishes it from other Prx proteins reported to accumulate in leaf epidermis. Transient overexpression of HvPrx40 enhanced the resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley against Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (wheat powdery mildew) and Bgh, respectively. These findings were complemented by transient‐induced gene silencing showing hypersusceptibility of barley leaf epidermal cells to Bgh. The local accumulation of oxidized 3,3‐diaminobenzidine that reflects H2O2 production at sites of attempted fungal penetration was not reduced in HvPrx40‐silenced cells, suggesting a role of this peroxidase other than the production of reactive oxygen species.
Impact of HLA‐DPB1 allelic and single amino acid mismatches on HSCT
Authors: Ludajic Katarina , Balavarca Yesilda , Bickeböller Heike , Pohlreich David , Kouba Michal , Dobrovolna Marie , Vrana Milena , Rosenmayr Agathe , Fischer Gottfried F. , Fae Ingrid , Kalhs Peter , Greinix Hildegard T. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe interpretation of the role of HLA‐DPB1 in unrelated haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is subject to discussion. We have investigated the role of HLA‐DPB1 allele matching in HSCT outcomes in 161 recipients who were HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1‐matched with their unrelated donors at the allelic level (10/10). In addition, we analysed the association of polymorphic amino acid mismatches of DPB1 molecule with HSCT end‐points, and a previously published permissiveness concept. HLA‐DPB1 allele mismatches were significantly associated with an increased incidence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGvHD) and worse overall survival (OS). The mismatch at amino acid position 69 significantly increased the risk for transplant‐related mortality (TRM). Risk factors for aGvHD also included mismatches at positions 8, 9, 35, 76 and 84. This is to our knowledge, the first report of an in vivo effect of single amino acid mismatches on HSCT outcomes. In this study, grouping of allelic mismatches into permissive and non‐permissive categories and their association with transplantation end‐points was relevant for TRM but not for other clinical end‐points.
Altered lipid raft composition and defective cell death signal transduction in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor‐deficient PIG‐A mutant cells
Authors: Szpurka Hadrian , Schade Andrew E. , Jankowska Anna M. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryParoxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells caused by somatic PIGA mutations, resulting in a deficiency in glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins (GPI‐AP). Because GPI‐AP associate with lipid rafts (LR), lack of GPI‐AP on PNH cells may result in alterations in LR‐dependent signalling. Conversely, PNH cells are a suitable model for investigating LR biology. LR from paired, wild‐type GPI(+), and mutant GPI(−) cell lines (K562 and TF1) were isolated and analysed; GPI(−) LR contained important anti‐apoptotic proteins, not found in LR from GPI(+) cells. When methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) was utilized to probe for functional differences between normal and GPI(−) LR, increased levels of phospho‐p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phospho‐p65 nuclear factor NF‐κB were found in control and GPI(−) cells respectively. Subsequent experiments addressing the inhibition of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) suggest that the PI3K/AKT pathway may be responsible for the resistance of K562 GPI(−)cells to negative effects of MβCD. In addition, transduction of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) signals in a LR‐dependent fashion increased induction of p38 MAPK in GPI(+) and increased pro‐survival NF‐κB levels in K562 GPI(−) cells. Therefore, we suggest that the altered LR‐dependent signalling in PNH‐like cells may induce different responses to pro‐inflammatory cytokines from those observed in cells with intact GPI‐AP.
The knowledge of caring: revisiting the need for knowledge support of carers
Authors: Osmond Jennifer , Scott Teresa , Clark Julie 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTFoster carers' knowledge of caring for abused and neglected children is a largely under‐researched area. We know very little about the nature of carers' knowledge in relation to caring for children who have been abused or neglected. This paper reports on an exploratory study which examined the knowledge of caring. Qualitative data were analysed based on in‐depth interviews with 10 foster carers in Queensland, Australia. A range of knowledge was identified showing an interaction of both personalized and formal understandings in the caring response. Given the breadth of knowledge recognized from the analysis, this paper presents one dimension of their knowing: theory and abuse‐indicated understandings. Participants' responses in these areas were at times sound, but many struggled to provide convincing and well‐formed explanations of topics, such as attachment, harm and child development which may suggest that their understandings are not what they could be. Although further research is needed on a larger scale, this study does highlight the necessity to re‐examine processes and strategies for carer knowledge support, so as to strengthen their understanding of these issues.
The Integrated Children's System and disabled children
Authors: Mitchell Wendy , Sloper Patricia 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThe Integrated Children's System (ICS) is premised on a single approach to assessment/review, ideally providing a more coherent, comprehensive and efficient system of electronic information recording and sharing among different groups of practitioners. Despite its holistic aims for all children in need, questions have been raised about the use of ICS with certain groups of children, especially those who do not follow normative patterns, such as disabled children. This paper explores the introduction of ICS with disabled children and their families within four pilot authorities in England and Wales. Drawing on interviews and questionnaires with 16 social workers and 22 families experiencing assessment/reviews under the new ICS, this paper suggests that important questions and concerns regarding the appropriateness and usefulness for disabled children of the ICS remain, especially the use of ‘standardized’ exemplars. Five disability‐specific areas of concern are identified, and their implications are considered.
Child protection and re‐referrals involving serious concerns: a follow‐up study of 400 referrals closed by Social Services Departments
Authors: Forrester Donald 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIn England and Wales, local authorities have a duty under the 1989 Children Act to protect children from significant harm. This study builds on a previous paper that considered patterns of re‐referral in cases that were not allocated; it considers re‐referrals involving serious concerns about a child. File studies were carried out on 400 consecutive referrals to three local authorities in London that were closed rather than being allocated for long‐term work in early 2000. Information on the presence and nature of re‐referrals involving concerns about actual or potential ‘significant harm’ in the 27 months after closure (i.e. up to 2002) was noted. Such re‐referrals were rare (2.75%). The factors that were statistically associated with them were: previous involvement with Social Services, physical abuse and parental alcohol misuse in the closed referral. These factors were also identified in a descriptive analysis of the re‐referrals, though in addition issues not present in the original referral were identified as important, namely parental mental illness and sexual abuse. The findings were encouraging about the effectiveness of initial child protection assessment processes at the time of referral closure. The potential for the factors identified in the analyses to be used in initial risk assessment and their applicability to current policy and practice is considered.
An exploration of adopters' views regarding children's ages at the time of placement
Authors: Brind Katharine 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a project undertaken as part of a masters degree at Kingston University that looked at factors which influence adopters' decisions about the ages of children that they want to adopt. This subject is topical because currently many adoptive parents want to adopt very young children, but many of the children waiting for placements are older. Relevant literature is reviewed to place the project in context and to provide a theoretical perspective on adopters' decision‐making on the preferred ages of children at the time of placement. The views of adopters and adoption social workers were sought using questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews. The majority of adopters who responded wanted to adopt children who were as young as possible. Adoption social workers who responded reported difficulties finding placements for older children. Data obtained suggests that the strategies designed to encourage adopters to consider adopting older children may have limited effect. In the conclusion, tentative suggestions are made about the implications of this project for adoption practice.
The intimate world of strangers – embodying the child in foster care
Authors: Rees Alyson , Pithouse Andrew 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper we look at fostering with particular regard to embodiment and the body, the boundaries around it and related aspects of intimacy in foster home settings. Based upon mixed qualitative methods comprising mainly audiotaped interviews and audiotaped diaries it was possible to document and analyse key activities, meanings and relationships that inform the private world of foster care. In doing so, the paper looks first at sociological notions of the body, we then deploy these conceptual tools in regard to a sequence of seemingly mundane yet profoundly important day‐to‐day encounters between the fostered child and the private lives of the foster family. The notion of fostering as the coming together of strangers in which all parties have to learn the often tacit and emergent rules of intimacy within a family setting is depicted here in regard to aspects of joint habitation and boundary regarding the body. Themes around physical care, nurturing, space and privacy, touch and cleanliness are explored in order to reveal more of the private encounters that construct the embodied world of fostering.
Navigating human rights across the life course
Authors: Connolly Marie , Ward Tony 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIssues related to human rights have increasingly moved to the forefront of professional concern in recent years. Despite this, there has been minimal attention paid to exploring how changing human needs across the lifespan impact upon human rights. This paper takes a broad look at human rights issues that occur across the life course, and uses examples of life course transitions to illuminate issues related to moral rights and human rights. The examples include family formation, raising children, adolescent maturation in the context of youth offending and grandparents parenting their grandchildren. Each example explores the contestable rights and responsibilities of children, young people and adults and the ways in which these are negotiated within the context of the family.
Update on mechanisms of allergen injection immunotherapy
Authors: James L. K. , Durham S. R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe incidence of allergic diseases is increasing at an alarming rate, paricularly in countries with a western lifestyle. Currently in the UK, approximately one quarter of the population suffers from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Most patients can be treated with conventional pharmacotherapy on an ‘as needed’ symptomatic basis whereas allergen immunotherapy represents a useful treatment approach in carefully selected patients with severe, IgE‐mediated disease. Allergen immunotherapy can deliver improvements in hayfever symptoms over and above that which can be achieved by pharmacotherapy. In addition, unlike pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy provides long‐term clinical benefits. These include long‐term disease remission, prevention of new atopic sensitisations and a reduction in disease progression from rhinitis to asthma. This review provides a comprehensive update on the mechanisms of allergen injection immunotherapy, recent data on the mechanisms of sublingual allergen immunotherapy is also included.
A follow‐up study of immunotherapy‐treated birch‐allergic patients: effect on the expression of chemokines in the nasal mucosa
Authors: Plewako H. , Holmberg K. , Oancea I. , Gotlib T. , Samoliński B. , Rak S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment producing lasting clinical improvement in patients with allergy. We investigated the long‐term effect of SIT treatment on the expression of chemokines: eotaxin, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), and their receptors CCR3 and CCR4 in biopsies of nasal mucosa from birch‐allergic individuals.Methods
Sixteen patients who completed a 3‐year treatment programme 3–5 years ago, and 12 untreated, matched controls were included in the study. Patients recorded symptoms and use of rescue medication before and during the pollen season. Nasal mucosa samples obtained before and during the season were stained for eosinophil and mast cell markers and for eotaxin, RANTES, TARC, CCR3 and CCR4.Results
During the pollen season, rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms increased in both SIT and control groups (P=0.001 and 0.002, respectively). However, SIT patients had 37% fewer symptoms than controls. Medication use increased in both groups (P=0.002) during the season but the SIT group used 28% less than the controls (P=0.02). The number of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa increased in the control group (P=0.01) and the difference between the groups was significant during the season (P=0.01). No seasonal increase in the numbers of mast cells was seen, but during the pollen season, more (P=0.02) AA+ cells were found in the controls than in the SIT group. The number of eotaxin+ and RANTES+ cells increased in the control group (P=0.01 and 0.03, respectively) and the difference between groups during the season was significant (P=0.01 and 0.01, respectively). The TARC+ cell numbers were lower in the SIT group during the season (P=0.003). The CCR3+ cells increased only in the control group during the pollen season and remained unchanged in SIT patients, while CCR4+ cell numbers increased in both the control (P=0.03) and SIT (P=0.02) groups.Conclusion
This study confirmed that decreased numbers of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa is a long‐lasting effect of birch SIT. SIT also prevented seasonal rises in the number of cells expressing the chemokines eotaxin and RANTES.
Loss of classical transient receptor potential 6 channel reduces allergic airway response
Authors: Sel S. , Rost B. R. , Yildirim A. Ö. , Sel B. , Kalwa H. , Fehrenbach H. , Renz H. , Gudermann T. , Dietrich A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
Non‐selective cation influx through canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) is thought to be an important event leading to airway inflammation. TRPC6 is highly expressed in the lung, but its role in allergic processes is still poorly understood.Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of TRPC6 in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic inflammation of the lung.Methods
Methacholine‐induced AHR was assessed by head‐out body plethysmography of wild type (WT) and TRPC6−/− mice. Experimental airway inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization, followed by OVA aerosol challenges. Allergic inflammation and mucus production were analysed 24 h after the last allergen challenge.Results
Methacholine‐induced AHR and agonist‐induced contractility of tracheal rings were increased in TRPC6−/− mice compared with WT mice, most probably due to compensatory up‐regulation of TRPC3 in airway smooth muscle cells. Most interestingly, when compared with WT mice, TRPC6−/− mice exhibited reduced allergic responses after allergen challenge as evidenced by a decrease in airway eosinophilia and blood IgE levels, as well as decreased levels of T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL‐5, IL‐13) in the bronchoalveolar lavage. However, lung mucus production after allergen challenge was not altered by TRPC6 deficiency.Conclusions
TRPC6 deficiency inhibits specific allergic immune responses, pointing to an important immunological function of this cation channel in Th2 cells, eosinophils, mast cells and B cells.
Sublingual immunotherapy in youngsters: adherence in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Röder E. , Berger M. Y. , De Groot H. , Gerth van Wijk R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
Adherence is essential for effective treatment. Although several trials on the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in youngsters have been published, few contain data on medication intake.Objective
We aimed to quantify adherence both to study protocol and medication intake as well as to identify factors that may influence adherence to SLIT in youngsters with rhinoconjunctivitis.Methods
Two hundred and four youngsters (6–18 years) with hayfever participated in a randomized controlled trial and used grass pollen extract or placebo for 2 years. The primary outcome of the trial was the mean daily total rhinoconjunctivitis symptom score in the second grass pollen season. Participants having completed the follow‐up were considered adherent to the study protocol. Adherence to medication intake was assessed by weighing the study medication. Participants who completed the follow‐up and used 80% of the prescribed medication were considered adherent to medication intake. Patient‐, disease‐ and treatment‐related factors were analysed.Results
One hundred and fifty‐four youngsters completed the study. The main reason for discontinuation was the inability to take medication according to schedule. Drop‐outs were older, had more difficulty following the medication instructions and their overall evaluation of the treatment effect was lower. The number and reasons for drop‐out did not differ between treatment groups. In total, 77% of the participants was adherent to medication intake. Self‐reported adherence was 99%. Non‐adherent participants experienced more severe symptoms before the trial. Symptom scores did not differ between adherent and non‐adherent participants. In adherent as well as non‐adherent participants, no difference was found between verum and placebo group with respect to symptom scores.Conclusion
Adherence to both study protocol and medication intake was good. Drop‐out was affected by age, evaluation of the treatment effect and medication instructions. Non‐adherence to medication intake was influenced by the severity of the disease before the trial. The ineffectiveness of SLIT could not be explained by non‐adherence.
Immunochemical characterization of Glycine max L. Merr. var Raiden, as a possible hypoallergenic substitute for cow's milk‐allergic patients
Authors: Curciarello R. , Lareu J. F. , Fossati C. A. , Docena G. H. , Petruccelli S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
Cows' milk allergy (CMA) is the most common cause of food allergy in infancy. The only proven treatment is the complete elimination of cows' milk proteins (CMPs) from the diet by means of hypoallergenic formulas. Soybean‐based formulae are widely used although intolerance to soy has been reported to occur in 15–40% of infants with CMA.Objective
The aim of this work was to analyse the in vitro reactivity of the soybean cultivar Raiden, which naturally lacks glycinin A4A5B3, to evaluate whether this genotype could be a safe CMP substitute for CMA patients.Methods
The reactivity of conventional soybean (CS) and Raiden soybean (RS) genotypes and also recombinant glycinin A4A5B3 and αβ‐conglycinin with casein‐specific monoclonal antibodies and CMP‐specific polyclonal serum was evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. A sequential competitive ELISA with the polyclonal antiserum and different soluble inhibitors was performed. In addition, an indirect ELISA with sera of atopic children with CMA was carried out to analyse the IgE‐binding capacity of the different soybean components.Results
We have shown that CS contains four components that cross‐react with CMP, while RS has only one. The remaining cross‐reactive component in RS was identified as α‐subunit β‐conglycinin. By means of inhibitory ELISA, we demonstrated that CS, RS and the α‐subunit β‐conglycinin extracts inhibited the binding of CMP‐specific antibodies to the CMP‐coated solid phase. Finally, we showed that CS, RS and the recombinant proteins were recognized by human CMP‐specific IgE antibodies.Conclusion
This work shows that although Raiden has fewer cross‐reactive components than conventional soybean, it still has a residual cross‐reactive component: the α‐subunit β‐conglycinin. This reactivity might make this genotype unsuitable to treat CMA and also explains adverse reactions to soybean in CMA infants.