bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency‐Specific Amplification of Heart Rate Rhythms Using Oscillatory Tilt
Authors: Byrne Evan A. , Porges Stephen W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate rhythms have been demonstrated to parallel specific psychological processes. Efficient experimental control of the amplitude of these rhythms would allow evaluation of bidirectional psychophysiological hypotheses. This experiment was performed to examine the specificity of the heart rate rhythm response to oscillatory head‐up tilt. Seventy‐one adults (36 male, 35 female) aged 18–30 were positioned on a tilt‐table and oscillated at 0.08 Hz with a maximum tilt angle of +210 for a 10‐min period. Heart period, heart period variability at 0.08 Hz (i.e., Traube‐Hering‐Mayer (THM) variance), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (quantified using vagal tone, V̂) were measured. For a subset of 21 subjects, continuous measures were derived to examine the response to onset of oscillatory tilt. Respiratory activity was also measured in these subjects. There was a significant increase in the amplitude of the THM variance during tilt stimulation. Tilt did not significantly change heart period, V̂, or respiration frequency. Following cessation of tilt, THM variance returned to baseline levels, heart period lengthened for males, and V̂ increased for both sexes. Subjects with higher amplitude baseline V̂ were characterized by more rapid THM variance response to tilt. Results suggest that parasympathetic tone moderates the THM variance increase elicited by low‐frequency oscillatory tilt.
Recent Developments in the Study of Cardiovascular Reactivity: Contributions from Psychometric Theory and Social Psychology
Authors: Kamarck Thomas W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo related ongoing research programs are described. The first examines optimal measurement strategies for assessing individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, and the second investigates the effects of the social environment as a moderator of cardiovascular responding during psychological challenge. Models and evidence from related behavioral sciences (Psychometric Theory and Social Psychology, respectively) have provided useful guidance for this work. Relevant background and current data examining the measurement and determinants of cardiovascular reactivity are reviewed, with a focus on these multidisciplinary contributions. The implications of the work for the construct of reactivity and its possible role as a marker of disease risk are discussed.
The Temporal Locations of Heartbeat Sensations
Authors: Ring Christopher , Brener Jasper 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined individual differences in the temporal location of heartbeat sensations and the reliability of their detection. Following practice on a familiarization task in judging lighttone simultaneity, 50 subjects were studied for two sessions on a heartbeat detection task, which required judging the simultaneity of heartbeat sensations and tones presented at six intervals following the onset of ventricular contraction. Subjects inspected the heartbeat‐tone intervals as frequently and for as long as desired before choosing the one in which heartbeat sensations and tones were most simultaneous. The temporal locations of heartbeat sensations in subjects classified as “good heartbeat perceivers”(n = 16) ranged from 131 and 363 ms following ventricular contraction (mean = 228 ms). Correlations between the familiarization and heartbeat detection tasks in the accuracy of simultaneity judgments and in the frequency and duration of interval inspections suggest that general perceptual abilities and strategies may underlie success in detecting heartbeat sensations.
Age‐related differences in the timing of stimulus and response processes during visual selective attention: Performance and psychophysiological analyses
Authors: ZEEF ELLY J. , KOK ALBERT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, age‐related differences in the selection of visual information were investigated. Two groups of younger and older subjects performed focused‐ and divided‐attention (i.e., visual search) tasks. In the focused‐attention task, centrally presented target letters could be flanked by compatible or incompatible noise letters. In the visual search task, targets could be cued or uncued, and target locations could be spatially compatible or incompatible with the responding hand. P3 latency, lateralized readiness potentials, the electromyogram, and reaction times were used to detect possible age‐related differences in the timing of stimulus‐ and response‐related processes during selective processing of information. In the focused‐attention task, performance of older subjects showed greater interference by incompatible flankers than did that of younger subjects because of stronger response competition caused by partial activation of the incorrect response channel by the incompatible flankers. No evidence was found of specific age‐related differences in the efficiency of visual search in a divided‐attention task. Furthermore, in both tasks, younger subjects showed an earlier start of response execution (in the electromyogram) relative to the onset of response preparation (lateralized readiness potential) and a higher percentage of incorrect electromyographic activity than did older subjects.
Electrophysiological evidence for task effects on semantic priming in auditory word processing
Authors: BENTIN SHLOMO , KUTAS MARTA , HILLYARD STEVEN A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) associated with semantic relatedness were recorded in two auditory word recognition tasks. In the Memorize task, subjects listened to a list of words in anticipation of a subsequent recognition test. In the Count Nonwords task, subjects silently counted the number of nonwords occurring within a list of words. Within each list, target words were either semantically related or unrelated to the immediately preceding word. As in comparable visual tasks, the amplitude of a negative ERP component (N400) was significantly attenuated when targets were preceded by semantically related primes. This attenuation was greater in the Memorize than in the Count Nonwords task. These data are consistent with the view that the sensitivity of N400 amplitude to semantic relatedness is modulated by task variables that manipulate depth of processing.
Monitoring retrieval from long‐term memory by slow event‐related brain potentials
Authors: RÖSLER FRANK , HEIL MARTIN , GLOWALLA ULRICH 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSlow event‐related brain potentials of nine subjects were recorded in an experimentally controlled long‐term memory retrieval task (the Fan paradigm) from electrode sites F3, Fz, F4, Cz, P3, Pz, and P4. In all retrieval conditions, a very pronounced DC‐like negative potential appeared over the left frontal cortex. This negativity was switched on with the presentation of the probe stimuli and prevailed in some conditions throughout the total recording epoch of 14 s. Particular retrieval conditions became manifest in distinct slow wave effects. The amplitude of a bilaterally distributed frontal negative slow wave increased when a more diversified associative structure had to be searched. The amplitude of another negative slow wave, which peaked bilaterally over parietal areas, was affected by the type of concepts that had to be retrieved. The amplitude was larger with general concepts (category labels) and smaller with specific concepts (category exemplars). These results suggest that distinct strategies are invoked when subjects are required to draw conclusions about different contents stored permanently in an associative network.
The effects of between‐source discriminability on attended and unattended auditory ERPs
Authors: MICHIE PATRICIA T. , SOLOWIJ NADIA , CRAWFORD JUNE M. , GLUE LEN C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) for tone pips from attended and unattended sources, which varied on discriminability, were compared with ERPs for the same stimuli recorded during performance of a visual task. This comparison revealed that Nd, the negative shift of attended relative to unattended ERPs, consisted of three components: a negativity in the attended ERP from 100 to 270 ms, a positivity in the unattended ERP from 170 ms to the end of the epoch, and a second negativity in the attended ERP from 270 to 700 ms. In general, the later onset of early Nd with more difficult between‐source discriminations could be attributed to the later onset of the positivity in unattended ERPs. A number of hypotheses were advanced for the origin of the unattended positivity: the suppression of the later of two negative components in the 100–220‐ms range, an enhanced P2 component, an endogenous positivity, or the resolution of a protracted negativity elicited by preceding attended stimuli.
Lead stimulation effects on reflex blink, exogenous brain potentials, and loudness judgments
Authors: PERLSTEIN WILLIAM M. , FIORITO EVELYN , SIMONS ROBERT F. , GRAHAM FRANCES K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrepulse inhibition of the reflex blink by a weak stimulus shortly preceding a blink‐eliciting stimulus has been described as a sensorimotor gating phenomenon that may protect processing of the first stimulus. To determine how a stimulus configuration that elicits prepulse inhibition also affects exogenous evoked potentials and perceived loudness of the paired stimuli, the three types of response were recorded simultaneously under four conditions: tone pairs of 75–110 dB and 75–75 dB and single control tones of each intensity. Two studies using different intrapair intervals found that blinks and exogenous potentials peaking after 50 ms were smaller for the second tone of pairs than for equal‐intensity single tones. Pairing also reduced the loudness of 110‐dB second tones, but the loudness of 75‐dB first and second tones was unaffected or increased. These effects are discussed in terms of parallel processing of transient, unmodulated information in specific paths, steady‐state modulated information in nonspecific paths, and a context‐dependent effect on loudness judgments.
Effects of eye position on event‐related potentials during auditory selective attention
Authors: OKITA TSUNETAKA , WEI JING‐HAN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal subjects who received random sequences of tone pips from loudspeakers located to the left and right of a central point. The task was to detect occasional higher pitched tones (targets) from one designated speaker. The negative difference (Nd) wave between ERPs for relevant and irrelevant tones was largest when subjects fixated on the relevant speaker, smallest when subjects fixated on the irrelevant speaker, and intermediate in a central fixation. In addition, the Nd modulation for the left tones was produced by the more negative (or less positive) shift of irrelevant‐stimulus ERPs and the less negative shift of relevant‐stimulus ERPs associated with fixating away from the relevant speaker. These findings suggest the possibility of both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of eye position on auditory spatial attention. The substantial modulation of ERPs due to eye position also indicated the necessity of fixation control in auditory attention ERP research.
The cold pressor test: Vascular and myocardial response patterns and their stability
Authors: SAAB PATRICE G. , LLABRE MARIA M. , HURWITZ BARRY E. , SCHNEIDERMAN NEIL , WOHLGEMUTH WILLIAM , DUREL LYNN A. , MASSIE CLIFFORD , NAGEL JOACHIM 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purposes of the present study were to compare the cardiovascular response patterns evoked by three versions of the cold pressor test (either forehead stimulation or hand or foot immersion) and to determine the reproducibility of the responses over a 2‐week interval. Blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and systolic time intervals were obtained during rest and during the cold pressor test in 42 young men. Across conditions, the pressor response was supported by peripheral resistance increases with concomitant stroke volume decreases. Although the response panerns were generally similar across sites, exceptions were apparent for heart rate. Forehead stimulation was characterized by no significant change in heart rate, whereas limb (hand or foot) immersion was associated with significant heart rate acceleration. The responses elicited by the three cold pressor test conditions were reliable and showed little evidence of attenuation over the test‐retest interval.
Attention and mismatch negativity
Authors: NÄÄTÄNEN R. , PAAVILAINEN P. , TITINEN H. , JIANG D. , ALHO K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event‐related potential (ERP) is elicited by infrequent, physically deviant stimuli in a sequence of frequent homogeneous stimuli (standards). It has been suggested that the MMN is generated by an automatic (attention‐independent) neural mismatch process with a memory trace that encodes the physical features of the standard stimulus. The proposed MMN independence of attention was addressed in the present study. Standard stimuli and two types of deviant stimuli, differing from standards either in frequency or intensity, were dichotically presented in random order and at a very rapid rate. The subject attended either to left‐or right‐ear stimuli, counting the number of a designated type of deviants in that ear. In the present conditions of very strongly focused attention, the MMN was elicited even by frequency change in the ignored input stream, and its amplitude was very similar to that of the MMN elicited by equivalent deviant stimuli (targets) in the attended input stream. In contrast, the MMN to intensity deviation was clearly attenuated in the absence of attention. This effect is, however, probably due to the attention effect on the MMN generator itself rather than the antecedent sensory‐analysis and ‐storing functions.
An event‐related potential study of semantic congruity and repetition in a sentence‐reading task: Effects of context change
Authors: MITCHELL PENNY F. , ANDREWS SALLY , WARD PHILIP B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe experiment examined the joint effects of semantic congruity and repetition on event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited in a sentence priming task. In an initial training phase, subjects were familiarized with a list of 60 congruous and incongruous sentences. During the second phase, ERPs were recorded as subjects silently read a set of 180 unconnected sentences. One third of the sentences were presented exactly as they had been seen in training (Old sentences), one third were presented for the first time (Completely New sentences), and one third involved a re‐pairing of the frames and completions of the congruous and incongruous Old sentences (New Pair sentences). The N400 congruity effect was reduced for Old as compared with Completely New and New Pair sentence completions. These results suggest that N400 reflects processes that are sensitive to both existing semantic associations and representations of previous episodes that include the context of the eliciting stimulus. A late positive component (LPC) involving a sustained positive shift in the waveform after 600 ms was largest for incon‐grous completions and occurred somewhat earlier for Old sentences. This pattern of results is consistent with the notion that the LPC is an index of episodic retrieval and elaborative processes. The data also suggest the presence of an early onset slow positive shift that is only evident for New Pair congruous sentences.
Tonotopic auditory cortex and the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) equivalent of the mismatch negativity
Authors: TIITINEN H. , ALHO K. , HUOTILAINEN M. , ILMONIEMI R. J. , SIMOLA J. , NÄÄTÄNEN R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo tone stimuli, one frequent (standard) and the other infrequent (a slightly higher, deviant tone), were presented in random order and at short intervals to subjects reading texts they had selected. In different blocks, standards were either 250, 1,000, or 4,000 Hz, with the deviants always being 10% higher in frequency than the standards of the same blocks. Magnetic responses elicited by the standard and deviant tones included N1m, the magnetoencephalographic equivalent of the electrical N1 (its supratemporal component). In addition, deviant stimuli elicited MMNm, the magnetic equivalent of the electrical mismatch negativity, MMN. The equivalent dipole sources of the two responses were located in supratemporal auditory cortex, with the MMNm source being anterior to that of N1m. The dipole orientations of both sources in the sagittal plane depended on stimulus frequency, suggesting that the responses are generated by tonotopically organized neuronal populations. The tonotopy reflected by the frequency dependence of the MMNm source might be that of the neural trace system underlying frequency representation of auditory stimuli in sensory memory.
Perceptual context and the selective attention effect on auditory event‐related brain potentials
Authors: ALAIN CLAUDE , ACHIM ANDRÉ , RICHER FRANÇOIS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo experiments examined the effect of the perceptual context established through tonal grouping on neuroelectric responses during selective listening. Subjects monitored one of the extreme pitches in four‐pitch tone sequences and detected rare longer tones of the designated pitch. In the first study, tonal grouping was manipulated by changing the tonal separation between the extreme pitches and their nearest neighbor, keeping the extreme pitches constant. Grouping increased the negativity of the attended–unattended difference potential. A second study examined the effect of grouping on the attention‐related negativity when it opposed the effect of physical similarity. The proximity of extreme pitches varied, keeping the middle pitches constant. The effect of grouping on event‐related potentials (ERPs) for the middle pitches was varied according to the tone being attended. ERPs for the middle tone adjacent to the attended tone became more negative with grouping, whereas ERPs for the distant middle tone became less negative with grouping. These effects suggest that the attention‐related negativity is sensitive to contextual information.
Autonomic activity in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
Authors: ZAHN THEODORE P. , KRUESI MARKUS J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSkin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) were measured during rest, a series of tones, and a reaction time task in 34 boys with disruptive behavior disorder to ascertain (a) if this broadly defined group differed from control boys (n= 33) and (b) if there were differences within the spectrum related to component diagnoses or to target behaviors. Disruptive boys had higher resting HR than controls, due largely to those without a subdiagnosis of conduct disorder. Disruptive boys showed a smaller increment in SC response frequency for task instructions. They did not show a general deficit in phasic SC reactivity but habituated to signal stimuli at a faster rate than did controls. However, their SC response latencies were shorter despite slower motor reaction time. Responsivity variables were similar in boys with and without a subdiagnosis of conduct disorder. The data are not compatible with the hypothesis of low autonomic nervous system (ANS) baselines in disruptive boys but partially suggest low ANS reactivity. They generally support the validity of the disruptive behavior disorder spectrum. Correlations with measures of aggression and impulsivity suggest that individual differences within the spectrum might be more fruitfully described by behavior dimensions than by conventional subdiagnoses.
Familial influences on heart rate, blood pressure, and self‐report anxiety responses to stress: Results from 100 twin pairs
Authors: DITTO BLAINE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo hundred healthy adolescent to middle‐aged individuals (12–44 years,M= 20 years) were tested in a standardized stress protocol. These individuals comprised 20 monozygotic female, 20 monozygotic male, 20 samesex dizygotic female, 20 same‐sex dizygotic male, and 20 opposite‐sex dizygotic twin pairs. Familial influences on heart rate, blood pressure, and self‐report anxiety responses to four different kinds of stressors (Visual‐Verbal Test for Conceptual Thought, mental arithmetic, isometric handgrip, cold pressor) were assessed using biometrical genetic model fitting. Evidence of significant genetic effects on resting heart rate and blood pressure was obtained, providing heritability estimates of .65, .63, and .58 for resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Cardiovascular reactivity to the Visual‐Verbal Test, mental arithmetic, and the cold pressor test appeared to be primarily influenced by genetic and idiosyncratic (nonfamilial) environmental factors, whereas reactivity to handgrip was more related to effects of the family environment. The results of multivariate model fitting suggested that the genetic effects on reactivity were relatively independent of those affecting resting heart rate and blood pressure and that there was significant overlap of genetic influences on heart rate and blood pressure responses to the two active coping tasks.
A method of constant stimuli for examining heartbeat detection: Comparison with the Brener‐Kluvitse and Whitehead methods
Authors: BRENER JASPER , LIU XIAOQING , RING CHRISTOPHER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method of constant stimuli (MCS) for measuring heartbeat detection was examined by comparing performance on this method with the Brener and Kluvitse (BK) method and a variant of the Whitehead (WH′) method. All methods required subjects to judge the simultaneity of heartbeat sensations and tones, and each yielded measures of judgment precision and of the temporal location of heartbeat sensations relative to the electrocardiogram R‐wave. Both measures were found to be significantly correlated across tasks. A greater proportion of subjects met criteria for classification as heartbeat detectors on the MCS (54%) and BK (50%) tasks than on the WH’task (33%). In the MCS and BK tasks, subjects judged tones presented 100–300 ms after the R‐wave to be most simultaneous with heartbeat sensations. Intratask correlations showed that only the MCS procedure yielded stable measurements of both judgment precision and temporal location. The MCS procedure possesses commendable psychometric properties and provides a simpler means than the BK procedure of examining heartbeat detection.
Event‐related potentials indicate information extraction in a comparative judgement task
Authors: MECKLINGER AXEL , ULLSPERGER PETER , MÖLLE MATTHIAS , GRUNE KERSTIN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal subjects in a serial paired‐comparison task with the spoken digits one to five. For each digit, the subject decided whether it was smaller or larger than the preceding one. We examined to what extent ERP components are associated with the probability information each digit provides with respect to the subsequent response. Shortest reaction time (RT) and highest accuracy was obtained for the two end terms one and five. The N1 and P2 components of the ERP were attenuated for the two end terms. Three late positivities were found: early P3, P3b, and slow wave. P3b increased in amplitude the more information the eliciting digit provided with respect to the response to the subsequent digit. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the P3b amplitude associated with information extraction and the RTs to the subsequent digit. During comparative judgement, subjects process the relative position of a stimulus within a stimulus set to extract information about the probability of a forthcoming response, and this process is reflected in P3b amplitude.