bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social factors regulating security and fear in infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kalin Ned H. , Shelton Steven E. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSecurity and fear are emotional states frequently experienced by infant primates and either may be enhanced or reduced by the presence of the mother or another conspecific. These studies in rhesus monkeys examined the degree to which infants' levels of security and fear are regulated by a) the mere physical presence of the infant's mother or an unfamiliar adult male and b) the conspecific's social behavior. Infants' reactions during reunion with either their mother or an unfamiliar adult male were studied after a brief separation. In the first experiment, each infant underwent a brief maternal separation on three occasions, after which it was exposed to the following conditions: left alone for an additional period, reunited with its awake mother, and reunited with its anesthetized mother. Infants reunited with their awake mother were calm and appeared to be secure. In contrast, when reunited with their anesthetized mother they made physical contact with her but exhibited distress‐related behaviors. The second experiment examined the importance of interaction in regulating fear in infants. Infants underwent brief maternal separation and then were united with an unfamiliar awake or anesthetized male. Initially, infants attempted to affiliate with the male, but in contrast to the mothers, the male discouraged physical contact and at times was aggressive. As a result, infants displayed more fear‐related behaviors. When united with an anesthetized male, infants made physical contact with him and did not appear fearful. These results indicate that a prominent factor in regulating security and fear in infant rhesus monkeys is the character of their social interactions with adults and not simply the adult's physical presence. Depression 1:137–142 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major depression in physical illness: Diagnosis, prevalence, and antidepressant treatment (a ten year review: 1982–1992)
Authors: Cohen‐Cole Steven A. , Kaufman Kimberly G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe authors conducted a systematic BRS and English‐language literature review of the last 10 years of research on the assessment, prevalence, and antidepressant treatment of major depression in the medically ill to determine the current state of knowledge and to make recommendations for future studies. Ninety‐three prevalence studies (13,518 patients and 33 conditions or medical settings) met basic methodological inclusion criteria. The great majority (68.8%) of these studies did not describe their methodological approach to the diagnostic assessment of symptoms such as fatigue, which could be due to either a depression or a comorbidphysical disorder. This problem of overlapping symptomatology has been termed the “problem of etiological assessment.” The 29 (31.2%) studies which did describe an approach to this problem used one or more of four different approaches: an “inclusive” approach, an “exclusive” approach, an “etiological” approach, or a “substitutive” approach. Prevalence rates of major depression varied greatly (0‐78%). Regarding treatment, of eight controlled studies of antidepressant therapies for major depression, six reported statistically significant differences between medications and placebo. The authors conclude that many recent studies concerning the assessment, prevalence, and treatment of major depression in the medically ill have been inadequate to generate reliable and valid information. Guidelines for future research, especially focusing on the collection of validation data, are proposed. Depression 1:181‐204 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening depressives for causative medical illness; the example of thyroid function testing: I. Literature review, meta‐analysis, and hypothesis generation
Authors: Bauer Mark S. , Halpern Lisa R. , Schriger David L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere is ample evidence that thyroid disease causes mood symptoms. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism among mood disordered patients. Such data are necessary in order to develop rational screening strategies for reversible causes of depression. To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease in mood disordered patients we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to determine prevalence rate far hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism in three types of samples, focusing on clinical thyroid disease, as contrasted with sub clinical forms of the disorders for reasons discussed in detail in the body of this report. 1) In unselected general population and ambulatory medical clinic samples, prevalence rates for hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism were found to be highly dependent upon age and gender. Somatic thyroid symptoms, but not symptoms of fatigue or depression, increased the yield of thyroid Junction screening in studies which investigated the issue. 2) Two studies were available specifically on fatigued general medical samples, and only one on ambulatory depressives. Rates of hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism did not differ from the meta‐analysis‐derived prevalence rates for general population and medical clinic samples. 3) Analysis of inpatient depressive studies revealed a bimodal distribution of prevalence rates, with the bulk of studies reporting negligible rates of hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism. Sample size was modest in most of the inpatient studies, and no factors could be identified which predicted increased rates of hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism among inpatient depressives. We therefore hypothesize that although hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism produce mood symptoms in a high proportion of affected persons, major depressives may not comprise an enriched sample for hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism. If so, screening guidelines for the general population, rather than routine screening of all depressives, may be the appropriate testing strategy. Limitations of the current data are discussed in light of conceptual and methodological issues in testing strategy development. Depression 1:210‐219 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five year follow‐up after educational group therapy added to lithium prophylaxis: Five years after group added to lithium
Authors: Van Gent Eduard M. , Zwart Frans M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is supposed that group therapy in addition to lithium therapy improves compliance and decreases admission in the long run. Group psycho‐education therapy, added to lithium prophylaxis, was given to 26 bipolar patients. Increased self‐esteem and improvement in insufficiency thinking and behaving was reported in 19 patients. The 5‐year follow‐up with lithium prophylaxis, 51 months on average, was compared with pre‐group treatment with lithium prophylaxis, 43 months on average. The results showed discontinuation of lithium decreased from 24 times in the period before group treatment to 12 times in the period thereafter. Admissions during lithium therapy decreased from 21 before to 8 after the group treatment. Depression 1:225–226 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological rhythms and depression: The role of zeitgebers and zeitstorers
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen , Monk Timothy H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMajor depressive disorder is frequently associated with the disruption of the natural orderliness of rhythmic physiological processes such as sleep and endocrine function. Several hypotheses have been developed to account for this disturbance in biological rhythms, associated with depressive episodes, which are briefly reviewed. We previously postulated that depression may he the result of loss of “social Zeitgebers” (i.e., persons, social demands, or tasks that set the biological clock). We have been impressed with the need for investigations into how internal as well as external social and environmental factors may disrupt the integrity of biological rhythms. We now present the concept of a “Zeitstorer” (time disturber) which is envisioned as a physical, chemical, or psychosocial event which acts as a source for circadian rhythm disruption. The development of a Zeitstorer concept has led us to a revised hypothesis of rhythm disturbance and affective disorders. It is our expectation that this hypothesis can provide descriptive models for application in the study of human psychopathology, as well as potentially new therapeutic modes of treatment. Depression 1:285–293 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antidepressant drugs
Authors: Frazer Alan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis review covers the efficacy, side effects, and toxicity of various classes of antidepressants: tricyclics (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and second generation antidepressants including the selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (SSRIs). Also reviewed are newer drugs such as moclobemide, a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (RIMA), and venlafaxine, a drug that inhibits the uptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin (similar in this respect to a number of the TCAs) but has a side‐effect profile more like that of the SSRIs. Depression 2:1–19 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐week light treatment of winter depression near its onset: The time course of relapse
Authors: Terman Jiuan Su , Terman Michael , Amira Leora 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOne week of light treatment was given to 17 patients with seasonal affective disorder, close to their times of episode onset in the fall or early winter. They were then withdrawn front treatment for up to 8 weeks while symptoms were monitored weekly. The clinical response to light was maintained for variable durations after termination of treatment, but symptoms ultimately returned for all subjects. Relapses—as defined by criterion scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, supplementary Atypical Symptom Scale, and combined SIGH‐SAD scale—occurred across 1–8 weeks of withdrawal. The duration of improvement during withdrawal was correlated with the date of episode onset: initiation of treatment later in the fall/winter season led to longer delays to relapse, and patients with longer episode durations (and earlier episode onset) tended to show accelerated relapse. We were unable to confirm the findings of Meesters et al. (J Affect Dis 23:15–19, 1991; J Affect Dis 29:41–48, 1993b), who concluded that 5 days of light therapy early in the episode succeeded in preventing the development of fully syndromal depression as well as relapse during withdrawal throughout the winter. Depression 2:20–31 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social adjustment, coping style, and clinical course among DSM‐III‐R community unipolar depressives
Authors: McCullough James P. , Roberts W. Christopher , McCune Kathleen J. , Kaye Arthur L. , Hampton Christianne , Caldwell Susan B. , Norris Sarah L. W. , Kornstein Susan G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe study describes social adjustment and coping style among three DSM‐III‐R unipolar depression diagnostic groups (pure dystbymia, double depression, and pure major depression). The primary goal was to determine if these variables would discriminate between the groups. Also studied were the clinical course features of the unipolar groups. Data from 106 nontreatntent, community‐recruited subjects participating in a DSM‐IV mood disorders field trial at Virginia Commonwealth University were used for this study. Results indicated no differences in social adjustment and coping style among the pure dysthymia, double depression, and major depression groups. One exception was the significantly higher GAF scores among the pure dysthymia group. Clinical course differences were found between the two combined dysthymia groups (pure dysthymics and double depressives) when compared to the major depressive group. Dysthymics reported an earlier age of onset and a higher prevalence of insidious onset. Major depressives were able to pinpoint exacerbating stressors precipitating syndromal episodes. Depression 2:36–42 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal function in elderly normal and depressed patients: Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy
Authors: Brambilla Francesca , Maggioni M. , Nobile P. , Cenacchi T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) function of ten elderly patients with Major Depressive Disorders (MDD), 10 elderly controls, and 10 young controls was examined by measuring ACTH, beta‐endorphin (β‐EP) and cortisol responses to corticotrophin releasing hormone stimulation (CRH‐ST) and to dexamethasone (Dex) inhibition (DST). The hormonal parameters were reevaluated in patients after 32 d of oral therapy with 60 mg/d phosphatidylserine (BS‐PS). Results of the CRH‐ST revealed that ACTH responses were higher in MDD patients than in elderly and young controls, and those of β‐EP were higher in MDD patients and elderly controls than in the young ones. Responses to DST were blunted only for ACTH in MDD patients. BC‐PS therapy significantly improved the symptomatology of the patients, but did not change their hormonal secretory patterns. Depression 2:89–94 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do electroencephalographic sleep studies predict recurrence in depressed patients successfully treated with psychotherapy?
Authors: Buysse Daniel J. , Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen , Monk Timothy H. , Ritenour Angela 
Published: November 2007

AbstractElectroencephalographic sleep studies were recorded in 31 depressed outpatients before and after successful treatment with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) alone. All patients were followed clinically for 1 year following remission or until recurrence of depression. Compared to those who remained well, patients who suffered a recurrence had greater night‐to‐night variability in wakefulness and REM latency in the post‐treatment sleep studies. Sleep variables, including night‐to‐night variability, may help to predict acute treatment response and recurrence in patients treated with psychotherapy. Depression 2:105–108 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy, safety, and indications for tricyclic and newer antidepressants
Authors: Kasper S. , Lepine J. P. , Mendlewicz J. , Montgomery S. A. , Rush A. John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe availability of several different classes of medication provides practitioners with various alternatives for the treatment of depression and associated disorders. Factors to be considered in the initial choice of an antidepressant include efficacy, side effects (both short and long term), safely in overdose, and range of therapeutic action. These features are reviewed for the standard tricyclic anti‐depressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), as well as for the newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs). The SSRIs have demonstrated efficacy equivalent to TCAs, but possess more favorable side effect profiles and are safer in overdose. Additional research is needed to clarify the relative advantages of SSRIs compared with the classical tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and to inform clinical decision‐making. Depression 2:127–131 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality pathology and response to somatic treatments for major depression: A critical review
Authors: Ilardi Stephen S. , Edward Head W. Craig 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis report reviews 21 recent empirical investigations of the relationship between personality pathology and patient response to somatic treatments for major depression. The literature review reveals robust evidence, on the basis of 14 studies employing DSM‐III criteria for the diagnosis of Axis II personality disorders, that Axis II co‐morbidity predicts negative outcomes, both acute and longer‐term, among both inpatients and outpatients receiving pharmacological treatment for depression; seven studies utilizing non‐DSM III measures of personality pathology also generally corroborate this finding. A meta‐analysis of three reported studies of ECT response also reveals significantly poorer outcomes among personality disordered inpatients receiving ECT. There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether or not specific Axis II disorders, or clusters of disorders, are associated with particularly poor acute somatic treatment response, though there is modest evidence that Cluster C disorders are differentially predictive of poor acute response among outpatients. Dimensional scores reflecting the total number of Axis II criteria met by the patient are significantly negatively correlated with acute and long‐term somatic treatment response. Numerous methodological difficulties inherent in the study of personality and treatment outcome are addressed. Specific methodological recommendations include the use of structured interviews for personality assessment, the use of continuous rather than dichotomous measures of personality pathology, controlling statistically for differences in initial depression severity among subjects, and ensuring homogeneity of somatic treatment within each evaluated treatment condition. Several possible explanations of the observed relationship between personality pathology and somatic treatment response are also explored. Depression 2:200–217 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dysfunction and antidepressants
Authors: Davidson Jonathan R. T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAntidepressants can interfere with sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm. Frequency estimates vary considerably and are likely to be influenced by methods of assessment, drug type, diagnostic group, dose, length of treatment, baseline depressive status, and inclusion of a placebo condition. Frequency estimates of antidepressant induced sexual dysfunction were reviewed in three sets of data: Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) product monograph, placebo‐controlled trials, and uncontrolled reports. Rates were lowest in the PDR and highest when a structured rating was used. Among the drug groups, from all those sources, sexual dysfunction was lowest overall with bupropion, moclobemide, and trazodone, intermediate for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine, and highest for tricyclic (TCA) and first generation monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs. In open, uncontrolled trials, bupropion was associated with disappearance of sexual dysfunction when given to patients who exhibited this side effect from TCA or SSRI drugs. This review suggests that men and women, depressives and non‐depressives, are both at risk for sexual side effects. Currently available sexual function scales are either too complex for routine clinical use, or are limited in scope (e.g., restricted to males only). Availability of a simple, easy to use, analogue‐type scale would facilitate research, and perhaps enhance the use of antidepressant drugs. Depression 2:233–240 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression in senior day care participants: Ratings by different informants
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Werner Perla 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe presence of depression was assessed for 125 community‐residing elderly persons attending senior day care centers. Ratings were obtained from staff members, family care givers, and the participants themselves. Agreement rates among all the informants ranged between 66% and 73%. Family care givers consistently rated the participants as more depressed than staff members did. The discrepancy between family and staff members was greater when the raters had less contact with the participant and when the participant was more frail. Depression 2:272–277 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment‐resistant depression: Case report
Authors: Negri Ann M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAntidepressant treatment failure, due either to non‐response or intolerance of side effects, i a vexing clinical problem for both the physician and the patient. 1 report an extreme case of treatment failure in which a patient diagnosed with recurrent major depression complicated by dysthymia was treated successfully with a polypharmaceutical regimen consisting of paroxetine, trifluoperazine, benztropine mesylate, and clonazepam following non‐response to or intolerance of various therapeutic regimens. Depression 2:281–283 (1994/ 1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in pituitary gland signal intensity and morphology as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in aging, depression, and by gender
Authors: Rajagopalan Pradeep , Passe Theodore J. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Figiel Gary S. , Macfall James R. , Krishnan K. Ranga 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMagnetic resonance images (MRI) were used to measure anterior (A) and posterior (P) pituitary lobe signal intensity changes with age and by gender in 35 normal controls and 19 depressed patients. Females in the control group had a significant increase in both P/A and P/Pons ratios and trended to an increase in the ratio (P‐A)/P when compared with the male control group. Depressed females had both a significantly increase P/A ratio and (P‐A)/P ratio along with a trended increase in the P/Pons ratio when compared with depressed males. No significant correlation between age and signal intensity were found in either the control or the depressed groups.Nineteen of the controls were age and gender matched with the 19 depressed patients. A significant increase in the (P‐A)/P ratio and a trend towards an increase in both the P/A ratio and P/Pons ratio with depression were noted. Changes in shape of the pituitary gland upper border, presence or absence of a posterior pituitary “bright spot,” and changes in signal intensity were then evaluated comparing the two groups. There was no significant difference in “bright spot” frequency between the two groups. The only significant morphological finding was an increased flat shape of the pituitary in female depressed vs. male depressed. Depression 2:303–307 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilot efficacy trial of abt‐200 in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Sramek John J. , Jasinsky Olga , Chang Stephen , Shu Vincent , Kashkin Ken , Kennedy Sara , Sadd Carrie , Cutler Neal R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractABT‐200 is a novel potential antidepressant which antagonizes both norepi‐nephrine uptake and noradrenergic alpha‐2 receptors. Patients who met DSM‐III‐R criteria for major depressive disorder and continued to meet all inclusion criteria following a 1‐week placebo lead‐in were randomized to receive ABT‐200 (n = 46) or placebo (n = 45) for 8 weeks. During the first 3 weeks of the study, the ABT‐200 dosage was titrated from 60 mg/day (Week 1), to 100 mg/day (Week 2), to 140 mg/day (Week 3), as tolerated. Treatment group differences in total HAM‐D change from baseline to end of Week 8 were not significantly different (−7.2 points or 26% decrease on ABT‐200 vs. ‐6.9 points or 23% decrease on placebo, P = 0.880). Similarly, no significant effects were seen on the MÅDRS or CGI scales. However, HAM‐D core depression items were significantly decreased with ABT‐200 compared with placebo at the end of treatment (−2.3 points or 29% decrease on drug vs. ‐1.1 points or 14% decrease with placebo, P = 0.038). The overall incidence of adverse events reported with ABT‐200 and placebo was similar. Insomnia, however, occurred at a significantly greater incidence rate with ABT‐200 compared to placebo (22% vs. 4%, P = 0.027). Thus, ABT‐200 was well tolerated but did not demonstrate overall antidepressant efficacy. Depression 2:315–318 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SSRI‐induced sexual dysfunction successfully treated with amantadine
Authors: Masand Prakash S. , Reddy Narayan , Gregory Robert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSexual side effects are fairly common in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The authors describe five patients with sexual side effects successfully treated with amantadine. Depression 2:319–321 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.