bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of children with ADHD
Authors: Klein R.G. , Abikoff H. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To assess, in hyperactive children: 1) relative efficacy of behavior therapy, methylphenidate, and their combination; 2) effects of methylphenidate withdrawal after combined treatment; and 3) normalization effects of the combination. Method: Eighty-nine children were randomly assigned to treatment for eight weeks. Children on the combined treatments were switched to a placebo, double-blind. Ratings from parents, teachers and clinicians, and school observations were obtained. Results: Parents and teachers viewed children on behavior therapy as improved, but objective observations did not document behavioral change. In contrast, methylphenidate and the combined treatment induced significant improvement in all measures of outcome. Methylphenidate and the combination treatments were significantly superior to behavior therapy. In a few instances, the combination, which normalized behavior, was superior to methylphenidate. Children switched to placebo deteriorated significantly. Discussion: Behavior therapy delivered in school and home is not nearly as effective as methylphenidate for ADHD, but may be a useful adjunct to methylphenidate.
Building Envelope Systems with Sprayed Cellular Insulation —A Program for Developing Evaluation Procedures
Authors: Bomberg M. , Schwartz N.V. 
Published: March 2007

Components of the research program jointly sponsored by the Institute for Re search in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, and the Polyurethane Division, Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada, are described. The program is designed to improve the means of evaluating and comparing the value-in-use of various residential thermal insulation materials and systems. To assess value-in-use of insulations such as glass fibre, cellulose, and spray-applied products of which sprayed polyurethane foam is one, the performance of the building envelope as a system, in addition to analysing the materials and components, will be considered. Elements of the program will include: • thermal and energy performance, • contribution of the insulation to the air and vapour barrier performance of the en velope system, • interaction with other building components, • changes in the material performance with time.
Seasonal Variations in the Modes of Heat Transfer in a Moist Porous Thermal Insulation in a Flat Roof
Authors: Hedlin C.P. 
Published: March 2007

Glass fiber insulation specimens 60 mm thick, with moisture contents ranging up to 15% by volume, were placed on the roof of the Outdoor Test Building of the In stitute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada in Saska toon, Saskatchewan The specimens were sealed in polyethylene to prevent the loss of moisture. Temperatures were measured at the top and bottom surfaces of each specimen and at the quarter points inside some of them. Heat fluxes were measured with calibrated heat flux transducers. Measurements were recorded every 20 minutes at all seasons of the year. Thermal conductances were calculated using transfer functions. The results showed an increase in thermal conductance when the weather was warm enough to produce daily reversals in temperature gradient across the wet specimens. This was attributed to latent heat transfer produced by evaporation of water at the warmer side of the insulation and its condensation at the cooler side. In winter, the moisture was deposited in the upper, colder part of the insulation. It was apparently distributed through the upper part of the insulation and not depos ited as a solid layer at the top surface, since its effect on thermal conductance, indi cated by the interior temperature gradient, extended well down in the insulation.
What Property Do We Measure— Considerations on a Decade of ISO/TC 163
Authors: De Ponte F. , Klarsfeld S. 
Published: March 2007

In April 1973 Subcommittee C-16.30 of ASTM Committee C-16 presented the milestone paper "What Property Do We Measure?" recognizing that a single measurement on an insulating material could not represent a material property. Since that paper a lot of research has been done and in the meantime ISO Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation was established, soon becoming an excellent international forum for new ideas and concepts In this paper, that is not an official statement from ISO/TC 163, we first analyze what a figure means that we get from a guarded hot plate or heat flow meter appara tus. Two concepts can be stressed: (1) a material can possess an intrinsic property but this may need more than one number to be assigned and (2) a test result, in many in stances, is not a measure of a material property, but it is rather a more or less complex function of material properties and testing conditions. A change in testing philosophy is then proposed: instead of asking for as many measurements as those duplicating all end use conditions, the minimum number of measurements to foresee all conditions of practical interest should be defined. To be consistent with the concepts just outlined, new parameters, and hence new terms, are needed to unambiguously describe thermal performance of insulating ma terials.
Image Analysis and the Characterization of Cellular Plastics
Authors: Schwartz N.V. , Bomberg M.T. 
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of sprayed polyurethane foams manufactured with alternative blowing agents is being performed under a joint research program be tween the Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada and the Institute for Research in Construction. Image analysis, or the computer-aided quantification of the cell structure of the foams is a part of this evaluation. Samples of foams prepared using the same polymer with different blowing agents were examined under a low-power microscope. The blowing agents used in prepar ing the foam samples were: CFC-11, CFC-11 + 1% water, HCFC-123, HCFC- 141b, and a blend of the two HCFCs with 0.5% water. With the aid of a computer, histograms were obtained of the distribution of areas and of aspect ratios for win dows undamaged in the sectioning process as well as for cells that were opened during the sectioning of the foams. A comparison of these histograms allows one to differentiate the foams. In addition, reasonable estimates of average cell size can be made from measurements of cross-sectional areas of cell windows and of opened cells. Thickness of struts, i.e., the edges where two cell windows intersect, were esti mated by the use of a thinning technique on strut images, and estimates of cell wall thickness were made using an optical interference technique.
Making decisions: involving parents as partners in care
Authors: Sheldon Lesley M 
Published: March 2007

■ There is little research on how individual nurses involve parents as partners in care during their child's hospitalisation ■ What importance do nurses give to certain variables when considering parents as partners in care? ■ How do nurses use and evaluate information to make a judgement about the parent's capability to participate in the care of their children? ■ How consistent are the judgements between nurses and across similar situations? ■ How accurate are these judgements in assessing a parent's willingness and competence to participate in the care of their children at any given time? ■ Nurses need to be more analytical in their approach to decision making in relation to parental participation
Review : Caring for children of differing cultures
Authors: Whiting Lisa S. 
Published: March 2007

■ The term 'culture' is open to diverse interpretation. ■ The provision of culturally-sensitive care to children and their families is a challenge which nurses cannot avoid. ■ There are a range of potential methods of enhancing culturally-sensitive care for children, but these are open to debate. ■ This is an area of children's nursing practice which deserves further consideration and research.
Screening for congenital toxoplasmosis: accuracy of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A tests after birth
Authors: Gilbert Ruth E , Thalib Lukman , Tan Hooi Kuan , Paul Margaret , Wallon Martine , Petersen Eskild ,   The European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (EMSCOT)
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of postnatal screening for toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgA. Setting: Ten centres in three European countries. Methods: We compared results of the first postnatal IgM or IgA test in infants with infected mothers identified by prenatal screening with the reference standard for congenital infection status of specific IgG status at one year of age. Results: In all, 170 infected and 822 uninfected infants were analysed. Overall, IgM or IgA testing detected only 52–55% of infected infants. Sensitivity was highest between one and two weeks after birth and declined thereafter. Specificity was highest from four weeks after birth. For IgM, but not IgA, sensitivity was statistically significantly lower if the mother seroconverted in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (29% and 34%, respectively) than the third (71%). Prenatal treatment with pyrimethamine–sulphonamide did not significantly reduce IgM or IgA sensitivity. Sensitivity was lowest for the immunofluorescence (IF) IgM test (10%) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgM test (29%), but similar for the immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA) IgM (54%), ISAGA IgA (58%) and ELISA IgA (52%) tests. Specificity was significantly lower for the ISAGA IgA test (91%) than for the ISAGA IgM (96%), IF IgM (100%), and ELISA IgA tests (98%). Conclusions: Poor performance of IgM and IgA tests in the newborn, particularly if the mother seroconverted in early pregnancy, casts doubt on the value of neonatal screening in industrialized countries where the risk of clinical manifestations during childhood is low. More accurate diagnostic tests are needed for newborns identified by prenatal screening.
Community Medicine and the World of the Well
Authors: PIETRONI PATRICK C. 
Published: March 2007

This article explores the systemic roots of the concept of community care as developed by Geoffrey Vickers in the 1960s and its subsequent elaboration in theory and in practice. It analyzes the radical 1990 reforms in the U.K. National Health Service in terms of an attempted shift to automatic market regulators to carry the gross burdens of choice that colliding expectations and relatively fixed resources are generating in health care, and it explores the changing role and possible changing training of practitioners in health and social care delivery. I am afraid of those who look for a tendency between the lines and who insist on seeing me as necessarily either a liberal or a conservative. I am not a liberal, not a conservative, not a gradualist, not a monk and not an indifferentist. —Anton Chekov Letter to Alexey N. Pleshcheyev
Consumer Habits in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Hotel Research & Development  
Published: March 2007

This summary presents a few highlights of an intensive study made of the consumer habits of former guests of twenty-four selected hotels within the continental United States. The researchers believe that the complete survey report indicates the opinions and travel habits of a sizable cross section of the former guests of the properties involved and of ones similar to them. The complete 72-page report may be ordered from this magazine for $10 plus 50 cents postage. Studies of this nature give the hospitality industry a chance to examine and to measure the changes taking place in many critical areas of consumer behavior. The strong, continuing con cern of the industry is to increase profitability while holding related operational costs stable through better marketing and improved operational procedures. Toward that end, every hotel operator must be concerned with the rapid directional changes in the basic marketplace. Recent pressures related to the economy's decline, pushed by rising energy costs and related problems, have eroded the established base of clientele. It is the hope of the School of Hotel Administration at Cornell University that this study will provide some guidelines for the entire industry as to potential market research. One important outcome of this study has been the development of a sophisticated "software" program for com puter applications and for the examination of data for further research. Thus a hotel, or a group of hotels, desiring similar analyses of former guests may have relatively quick service in obtain ing the report. In addition, comparisons can be made with the information compiled for the survey reported below. Additional analyses beyond those of this report can also be readily pro duced.— Malcolm A. Noden, Research Associate.
On Understanding the Future Hospitality Student
Authors: Keiser James R. , Swinton John 
Published: March 2007

A professor in a huge lecture hall at Penn State recently noticed one of his students cribbing on a final exam. He publicly accused the student of cheating and called for his test booklet. In response, the student stepped forward and asked, "Do you know my name?" When the professor answered no, the student shoved his test deep into a stack of completed exams, pulled down his cap, and sauntered confidently out of the hall. Are hospitality students becoming ruder, less intellectually curious, more interested in being entertained than in learning? The authors say yes, and comment on ways in which educators can meet the challenge
Culturl Bridging
Authors: Holtzman Warren Lloyd , Murthy Bvsan , Gordon J. C. 
Published: March 2007

The most successful American negotiators with the Japanese are those who have made the effort to understand Japan's culture, which revolves around such concepts as group consensus and maintaining face. This article presents 28 guidelines for building a cultural bridge with Japanese negotiators. Suggestions include being patient, getting to know your negotiators, doing your homework, and remembering the Japanese saying, "An able hawk hides his talons." In a separate sidebar, "Understanding and Serving the Japanese Today," Edward Hubennette focuses on specific hospitality-related suggestions for Americans who have Japanese guests. He recommends, for instance, that hoteliers work with regional offices, get to know tour packagers and their programs, and, as a way to show respect, print a few pieces of collateral in Japanese if your market is large. (Since many Japanese can read material printed in English, it's not necessary to translate everything into Japanese.)
Introduction: Analyzing Change in Latin America - Missed Opportunities and False Trails
Authors: Brachet-Marquez Viviane 
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies and examines critically the theoretical changes enclosed in recent research on transition from authoritarian rule, democratization and democratic consolidation in Latin America. Three broad dimensions of democracy - political, legal-organizational and participatory - are inferred from these debates. The first, and by far most widely used, is a conglomerate of individual rights (of expression, association, suffrage, etc.) and competitive elections. The second adds to the first the conditions necessary to guarantee the exercise of citizenship (e.g. limitation of military prerogatives or equal implementation of the law); the third focuses on the process of citizen empowerment via organized collective action. After culling from this literature a number of theoretical innovations (such as the critical reappraisal of authoritarian rule; the reconceptualization of the state; the shift in emphasis from structure to process; or the reconceptualization of the relation between politics and society and between capitalism and democracy), the paper shows how these innovative elements and the three conceptions of democracy defined above are interwoven in analyses of democratic transition and consolidation, and what balance between gains and unresolved problems this research effort represents. The paper concludes on a note of caution, arguing that too many analysts have assumed that, with time, democratic electoral procedures would have a domino effect on non-democratic practices in other realms, which by and large has not been the case. As a result, we lack a theory of the transition from military guardianship to autonomous civilian rule; from the corporatist, clientelistic, corrupt and despotic state to the law abiding and accountable state; and from incomplete and ineffective to full and effective citizenship. To overcome this lacuna, we need to problematize the relationship between the different dimensions of democracy.
Attempt to Construct a Scale for the Measurement of the Effect of Suggestion on Perception1
Authors: Gheorghiu V.A. , Hodapp V. , Ludwig C.M. 
Published: March 2007

A scale based on experimental methods has been prepared for measuring the effects of indirect suggestion upon perception. Three categories are included: (1) distorting the interpretation of presented stimuli, (2) inducing sense-impressions in the absence of adequate stimuli, and (3) producing insensitivity to stimuli that are objectively present. Test situations were designed for tactual, auditory, and visual perception. The scale was tested on a sample of 112 students from the 11th and 12th grades of a large city high school (58 girls and 54 boys). Most of the item intercorrelations were positive and many significantly so. Eliminating the 9 lowest items of 21 left 12 for a reduced matrix, with the first factor accounting for 23% of the total variance. There were no special factors attributable to sensory modality. By summing the scores on the 12 items, a scale was produced with a reliability of .82. Difficulties and limitations are discussed, along with the potential applications of such a scale in the study of socially important behaviors.
Stability of Factorial Validity of the Iiq (Instructional Improvement Questionnaire) Over Three Years
Authors: Woehlke Paula , Ohara Takeshi 
Published: March 2007

For the years of 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Instructional Improvement Questionnaire (IIQ) was used as the campus-wide teacher and course evaluation instrument at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. In order to assess the stability of the factors being measured by the instrument, separate factor analyses were run on the 40 questionnaire items for the years of 1973, 1974, and 1975, from which the variables of expected grade by a student, percent of students taking the course as an elective, and student's year were partialled out. The factors yielded by the analyses were remarkably stable over the three years. Canonical correlational analyses were done to investigate factorial similarities among the years. Results indicated substantial agreement among the factor structures for the three years taken individually and combined.
A Study of Statistical Variability in the Strength of Single Aramid Filaments
Authors: Wagner H. Daniel , Phoenix S. Leigh , Schwartz Peter 
Published: March 2007

Variability in the failure load, tenacity, and linear density of single aramid filaments is studied experimentally. Data indicate that both the failure load and the tenacity of filaments, for a given gauge length and yarn cross section, can be fitted to a two parameter Weibull distribution; however the fit is better for tenacity than for failure load, and the Weibull shape parameter for the former is typically smaller. Within a yam cross section filaments vary significantly in linear density (and diameter), and this variability contributes a component to the variability in failure load, but not to the tenacity. Also, the mean tenacity and the variability in linear density and in failure load may differ greatly from spool to spool. The implications of the variability are discussed in light of the work of Bunsell. The effect of gauge length on the strength distribution of filaments is examined. Weibull statistics are used to separate out this effect. As previously shown for other brittle filaments, the Weibull shape parameter for aramid filaments depends on the gauge length; however values for the shape parameter calculated at a fixed gauge length are substantially lower than those obtained by a procedure based on varying the gauge length. This suggests short range correlations in flaw strengths along a filament.
A Detailed Investigation of the Micromechanisms of Compressive Failure in Open Hole Composite Laminates
Authors: Guynn E. Gail , Bradley Walter L. 
Published: March 2007

Compression failures in composite laminates containing circular holes are often preceded by the development of a damage zone which grows with increasing com pressive load. This damage zone which appears similar to a flat, tension fatigue crack in metals, initiates at the edges of the hole and propagates across the width of the laminates leading to final failure. The damage zone is initiated by local fiber buckling and/or shear crippling into the edges of the hole. The length or size of the damage zone increases with increasing load, propagating stably until it reaches a critical size. Then, unstable growth begins, and the zone completely traverses the specimen. Subsequently, a more cata strophic failure occurs giving brooming and/or delamination. Several tests of 2.54 cm wide AS4/PEEK containing a 0.16 cm diameter hole were inter rupted prior to catastrophic damage growth to allow for a careful examination of the fiber shear crippling and/or microbuckling. These observations were accomplished using scan ning electron microscopy. Direct observation of the specimen revealed the surface size of the shear crippling zone. To determine the extent of this damage through the thickness of the laminate, systematic sectioning techniques were employed. From these sectioning studies, the extent and mode of failure were determined, and a three-dimensional schematic of the damage zone was developed.
The Power of Meaning
Authors: Keutzer Carolin S. 
Published: March 2007

The startling and paradoxical discoveries in quantum mechanics and the Jungian concepts of acausality and synchronicity are described and examined in terms of their parallels and their implication for our personal lives, particularly as they impart meaning to our existence. Included in the discussion are the bases for Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics, the importance of Bell's theorem as the bridge between subatomic and psychic events, the "measurement problem" in physics, along with the four major attempts at resolving the problem. Finally, it is speculated that there is already before us the arbitrary yet necessary resolution to the measurement problem: a vision of reality that provides for both an underlying order and oneness as well as its complementary partner that provides for free will, creativity, and individuality. Quantum Mechanics: The theory that energy is not absorbed nor radiated continuously but discontinuously, in definite unit particles called quanta Synchronicity: The meaningful but acausal confluence of events
Spiritual Emergency
Authors: Watson Kristin W. 
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the concept of spiritual emergency and addresses the creative, transformative possibilities inherent in some of humankind's most chaotic and challenging psychospiritual events. These events may often seem to manifest as psychopathology and tend to be denigrated and interrupted by psychotherapeutic orthodoxy. This article invites these events into a de-pathologized, more mainstream consideration based on their prevalence and value, both to the individual and to the larger society. Particular consideration is given to three varieties of spiritual emergency: the mystical/ visionary experience, the psychotic experience, and the shamanic experience. The implications for psychotherapeutic work are discussed with regard to the therapist's attitudes toward spiritual emergencies and with regard to selected therapeutic approaches and interventions. May I never use my reason against truth. -Hasidic prayer