bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yersinia enterocolitica infection does not confer an increased risk of thyroid antibodies: evidence from a Danish twin study
Authors: Hansen P S , Wenzel B E , Brix T H , Hegedüs L 
Published: August 2006

Summary
Understanding of the aetiological basis of thyroid autoimmunity may be gained by studying the early stages of the disease process. We aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between thyroid antibody status and Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) infection in euthyroid subjects and (2) explore the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors in the acquisition of YE infection. The association between thyroid antibody status and YE infection was explored using a case–control design. Furthermore, thyroid antibody-positive twins were compared with their thyroid antibody-negative co-twin. In 468 twins, IgA and IgG antibodies to virulence-associated outer-membrane proteins (YOPs) of YE were measured. Of these, 147 were thyroid antibody-positive (cases). A total of 147 age- and gender-matched twins were chosen as controls. The prevalence of YOP antibodies was lower among thyroid antibody-positive individuals than among controls. Yersinia infection was not associated with a positive thyroid antibody status: the odds ratio (with 95% CI) for YOP IgA-ab was 0·66 (0·42–1·05), P = 0·078 and for YOP IgG-ab it was 0·95 (0·60–1·50), P = 0·816. Within discordant twin pairs, the thyroid antibody-positive twin did not have an increased risk of Yersinia infection compared to the thyroid antibody-negative co-twin [odds ratio: YOP IgA-Ab: 0·94 (0·49–1·83), P = 0·866, and YOP IgG-Ab: 1·35 (0·72–2·53), P = 0·345]; 41% (95% CI 10–67% of the liability of being YOP antibody-positive was due to genetic effects. In conclusion, Yersinia infection does not confer an increased risk of thyroid antibodies. The genetic contribution in the acquisition of Yersinia infection is modest.
Relationships between the density and diversity of floral resources and flower visitor activity in a temperate grassland community
Authors: HEGLAND STEIN J. , BOEKE LUCAS 
Published: August 2006

Abstract 1. Does the diversity and abundance of one trophic level affect another? Several studies at the landscape level have found a positive relationship between the diversity of floral resources and the diversity and abundance of pollinators. However, little is known about the relationship between these trophic levels on a smaller spatial scale, and the importance of blossom density relative to plant species richness in predicting abundance and richness of different flower visitor groups.2. This study used a small‐scale approach to investigate how, and if, the diversity and abundance of floral resources in study plots affected the visitation activity of different flower visitor groups. During 201 observation periods between late May and mid‐August 2003, 3682 visits were observed. Bumblebees (60%), muscoids (17%), syrphids (9%), and beetles (5%) were the most abundant flower visitors.3. Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between blossom density and plant species richness with visitation activity, including the probability of presence in plots, the visits within plots, and the visitor richness of the most abundant pollinator groups.4. The activity of beetles, bumblebees, and muscoids was positively predicted by the variation in blossom density, while syrphid activity was better predicted by plant species richness. Overall, the models for beetles and bumblebees explained much more of the variation in activity compared with the models for the dipterans, and blossom density was a better predictor of both flower visitor richness and activity than was plant species richness.
Phylogeographic information systems: putting the geography into phylogeography
Authors: Kidd David M. , Ritchie Michael G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPhylogeography is concerned with the observation, description and analysis of the spatial distribution of genotypes and the inference of historical scenarios. In the past, the discipline has concentrated on the historical ‘phylo‐’ component through the utilization of phylogenetic analyses. In contrast, the spatial ‘‐geographic’ component is not a prominent feature of many existing phylogenetic approaches and has often been dealt with in a relatively naive fashion. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the importance of geography in evolutionary biology. Thus, we believe that it is time to assess how geographic information is currently handled and incorporated into phylogeographical analysis. Geographical information systems (GISs) are computer systems that facilitate the integration and interrelation of different geographically referenced data sets; however, so far they have been little utilized by the phylogeographical community to manage, analyse and disseminate phylogeographical data. However, the growth in individual studies and the resurgence of interest in the geographical components of genetic pattern and biodiversity should stimulate further uptake. Some advantages of GIS are the integration of disparate data sets via georeferencing, dynamic data base design and update, visualization tools and data mining. An important step in linking GIS to existing phylogeographical and historical biogeographical analysis software and the dissemination of spatial phylogenies will be the establishment of ‘GeoPhylo’ data standards. We hope that this paper will further stimulate the resurgence of geography as an equal partner in the symbiosis that is phylogeography as well as advertise some benefits that can be obtained from the application of GIS practices and technologies.
Knowledge and attitudes of medical, nursing, dentistry and health technician students towards organ donation: a pilot study
Authors: Goz Fugen , Goz Mustafa , Erkan Medıne 
Published: August 2006

Aim.  This pilot study assesses the knowledge and attitudes of medicine, nursing, dentistry and health technical students toward organ donation.Background.  Medicine, nursing, dentistry and health technical students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards organ donation may be a factor in organ procurement rates. There is a lack of information about how Turkish medicine, nursing, dentistry and health technical students perceive organ donation, and what they know about it.Method.  Students completed a self‐administered questionnaire after a lecture. The questionnaire included a test that was used to assess knowledge of and attitudes about organ donation.Results.  Of the students, 56·8% were men, 91·4% were 18–24‐year old and 89·4% from east region of Turkey. Of students, 65·5% were willing, 9% were not willing, 25·5% were hesitant about organ donation and 6% of willing students reported carrying a signed card. The most common reason for unwillingness to organ donation was worries about illegal behaviours (2·4%). There was a statistical relationship between willingness of students for organ donation and gender but were not any statistical relationship between willingness of students for organ donation and age, school, region and recognizing relatives whose need organ transplantation. Majority of the students listed transplantable organs truly but 63·1% were had no idea about organ donation process.Conclusion.  Students’ had a lack of information about organ donation. The results of this study support a greater emphasis on providing information regarding transplantation in medicine, nursing, dentistry and health technical schools to improve the knowledge of future heath care professionals about transplantation and organ donation issues.Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings highlight a need to review these schools’ curricula and emphasize the importance of organ transplantation. This strategy may be part of the solution to the chronic shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
Brief interventions for high‐risk drinkers
Authors: Hyman Zena 
Published: August 2006

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this paper is to explore the literature on brief alcohol intervention and to review the literature that examines the status of the clinic nurse in the delivery of these interventions. The objective is to review critically the literature on brief intervention to create links for nurse developed and delivered brief intervention to high‐risk drinkers.Background.  Population estimates suggest that more than one‐third of North Americans drink excessively with even higher rates for individuals treated in primary care settings. Alcohol use has been identified as the third leading cause of mortality in the United States. This problem is not unique to the US and, worldwide, agencies and governmental offices and ministries have issued recommendations to screen patients for alcohol misuse and deliver brief interventions to individuals considered to be high‐risk drinkers. Numerous randomized controlled trials and recent meta‐analyses have supported the use of screening and brief intervention for reducing alcohol consumption in primary healthcare settings. The vast majority of studies reporting on brief interventions have focused on the role of the physician with minimal if any involvement of the clinic nurse. A scant number of studies have been conducted that define and assess the role or potential role of the clinic nurse in providing screening and brief intervention to high‐risk drinkers in the primary care setting.Methods.  Systematic review.Results.  Six systematic reviews and meta‐analyses from an international base of studies support the use of brief intervention in the primary care setting. Three randomized control trials have highlighted the role of the staff or clinic nurse but there are no meta‐analyses addressing nurse‐delivered brief interventions. Numerous studies have explored factors effecting the implementation of brief intervention into the primary care setting.Conclusion.  Brief intervention is recognized as a legitimate nursing role but little has been done to develop and define the role of the nurse in delivering brief interventions to high‐risk drinkers. This represents a major lacuna in both the nursing and alcoholism literature, where only a handful of studies have investigated nurse‐delivered brief intervention.Relevance to clinical practice.  As health screening and health promotion are hallmarks of nursing care, nurses need to explore the use of brief intervention in their daily practice.
RT04 Challenges in teaching veterinary pharmacology and toxicology: some insights from cost‐free and open access public universities in Argentina
Authors: LANUSSE C. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveAfter the Bologna declaration, signed by 29 European countries in 1999, a strong debate on veterinary education arose. Although at present none of the European veterinary schools have officially introduced the Bologna process to veterinary curricula, the discussion about the definition of competence and professional skill of graduates in veterinary medicine is controversial. In this context, veterinary pharmacology and toxicology are disciplines undergoing continuous development and becoming increasingly important in the different areas of veterinary profession. In this round‐table, different points of view on the challenge to teach Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology at a high quality level in the third millennium will be considered.
RT07 Understanding advantages and limitations of pre‐clinical studies for dose selection
Authors: MARTINEZ M. N. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveThere are several means whereby dosage schedules for clinical use may be set, some more appropriate and scientific than others! The challenge of the 21st century must be for colleagues in the pharmaceutical industry, those serving registration bodies and academic colleagues to pool their expertise with the objective of designing dosage schedules for clinical use, which are based on the application of sound scientific principles appropriate for each drug class. In this Roundtable Session colleagues of international standing will review (a) pharmacological and other sources of variability in the responses to drugs; (b) the advantages and limitations of pre‐clinical studies for dose selection; (c) the roles of population PK and population PK/PD together with Monte Carlo simulations in dosage regimen selection; (d) Bayesian approaches to dosage selection and (e) regulatory guidelines on the type and extent of studies required for selecting dosages. There is no unanimity amongst stakeholders on either the principles or the methods underlying dosage schedule design. Dose titration studies have long been the principal means of fixing doses but PK‐PD and population PK‐PD studies are now challenging more traditional approaches. The papers and discussion in this Roundtable Session will provide a critical basis for future advances in this crucial area of therapeutic drug usage. Getting the doses right means that the patient will receive maximum benefit, in terms of optimal efficacy with minimal toxicity, and hence correct dosing will contribute enormously to animal welfare.
WS02 Antimicrobial resistance epidemiology
Authors: BYWATER R. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveAntimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub‐populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre‐clinical and population PK‐PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
WS04 The population PK/PD approach for a rational use of anti‐infective drugs to minimize resistance
Authors: TOUTAIN P. L. , LEES P. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveAntimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub‐populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre‐clinical and population PK‐PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
WS07 Prudent use of fluoroquinolones in food‐producing animals; a company perspective
Authors: KLOSTERMANN L. , DE JONG A. , WERLING H. O. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveAntimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub‐populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre‐clinical and population PK‐PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
WS08 Analytical Methods: what is feasible nowadays? The state of the art
Authors: VAN PETEGHEM C. , VAN POUCKE C. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveTremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS10 Development of CALUX bioassay‐based systems as instruments to detect hormones and contaminants
Authors: BROUWER A. , SONNEVELD E. , STERK S. , STEPHANY R. , VAN DER BURG B. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveTremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS12 Measuring biological effects in the target species using proteomics: detection of the illegal treatment of cattle with performance enhancing agents
Authors: NEBBIA C. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveTremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS14 The EU ban of antibiotics as feed additives (2006): alternatives and consumer safety
Authors: ANADÓN A. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveThis Workshop offers a forum to colleagues from academia and industry. It will present a critical re‐appraisal on the rational of the EU ban, and the overall economic impact of this measure as well as regulatory attempts to stimulate licensing of new products. Additional contributions are devoted to current RD activities within the industry, and new targets and strategies in product development will be presented and discussed.
WS17 Natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in Europe
Authors: MONTESISSA C. , CALINI F. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveThis Workshop offers a forum to colleagues from academia and industry. It will present a critical re‐appraisal on the rational of the EU ban, and the overall economic impact of this measure as well as regulatory attempts to stimulate licensing of new products. Additional contributions are devoted to current RD activities within the industry, and new targets and strategies in product development will be presented and discussed.
FtsH11 protease plays a critical role in Arabidopsis thermotolerance
Authors: Chen Junping , Burke John J. , Velten Jeff , Xin Zhanguo 
Published: August 2006

SummaryPlants, as sessile organisms, employ multiple mechanisms to adapt to the seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations associated with their habitats. Here, we provide genetic and physiological evidence that the FtsH11 protease of Arabidopsis contributes to the overall tolerance of the plant to elevated temperatures. To identify the various mechanisms of thermotolerance in plants, we isolated a series ofArabidopsis thalianathermo‐sensitive mutants (atts) that fail to acquire thermotolerance after pre‐conditioning at 38°C. Two allelic mutants,atts244andatts405, were found to be both highly susceptible to moderately elevated temperatures and defective in acquired thermotolerance. The growth and development of the mutant plants at all stages examined were arrested after exposure to temperatures above 30°C, which are permissive conditions for wild‐type plants. The affected gene inatts244was identified through map‐based cloning and encodes a chloroplast targeted FtsH protease,FtsH11. The Arabidopsis genome contains 12 predicted FtsH protease genes, with all previously characterizedFtsHgenes playing roles in the alleviation of light stress through the degradation of unassembled thylakoid membrane proteins and photodamaged photosystem II D1 protein. Photosynthetic capability, as measured by chlorophyll content (chla/bratios) and PSII quantum yield, is greatly reduced in the leaves ofFtsH11mutants when exposed to the moderately high temperature of 30°C. Under high light conditions, however,FtsH11mutants and wild‐type plants showed no significant difference in photosynthesis capacity. Our results support a direct role for theA. thaliana FtsH11‐encoded protease in thermotolerance, a function previously reported for bacterial and yeast FtsH proteases but not for those from plants.