bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A community based field research project investigating anaemia amongst young children living in rural Karnataka, India: a cross sectional study
Authors: Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Vijaykumar Varalaxmi , Prashanth NS , Sudarshan H , Biggs Beverley-Ann , Black Jim , Shet Arun 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Anaemia is an important problem amongst young children living in rural India. However, there has not previously been a detailed study of the biological aetiology of this anaemia, exploring the relative contributions of iron, vitamin B12, folate and Vitamin A deficiency, inflammation, genetic haemoglobinopathy, hookworm and malaria. Nor have studies related these aetiologic biological factors to household food security, standard of living and child feeding practices. Barriers to conducting such work have included perceived reluctance of village communities to permit their children to undergo venipuncture, and logistical issues. We have successfully completed a community based, cross sectional field study exploring in detail the causes of anaemia amongst young children in a rural setting.

Methods and design
A cross sectional, community based study. We engaged in extensive community consultation and tailored our study design to the outcomes of these discussions. We utilised local women as field workers, harnessing the capacity of local health workers to assist with the study. We adopted a programmatic approach with a census rather than random sampling strategy in the village, incorporating appropriate case management for children identified to have anaemia. We developed a questionnaire based on existing standard measurement tools for standard of living, food security and nutrition. Specimen processing was conducted at the Primary Health Centre laboratory prior to transport to an urban research laboratory.

Discussion
Adopting this study design, we have recruited 415 of 470 potentially eligible children who were living in the selected villages. We achieved support from the community and cooperation of local health workers. Our results will improve the understanding into anaemia amongst young children in rural India. However, many further studies are required to understand the health problems of the population of rural India, and our study design and technique provide a useful demonstration of a successful strategy.
Resistance to cisplatin does not affect sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cell lines to mifepristone cytotoxicity
Authors: Freeburg Elizabeth M , Goyeneche Alicia A , Seidel Erin E , Telleria Carlos M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
The prototypical antiprogestin mifepristone exhibits potent growth inhibition activity towards ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this research was to establish whether mifepristone is capable of inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptotic cell death regardless of the degree of sensitivity ovarian cancer cells exhibit to cisplatin.

Methods
OV2008, OV2008/C13, A2780, A2780/CP70, Caov-3, and SK-OV-3 cell lines exhibiting a range of sensitivities to cisplatin were used. Growth inhibition, cell viability, and sub-diploid DNA content in response to treatment with escalating doses of either mifepristone or cisplatin were assessed by microcapillary cytometry. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by measuring genomic DNA fragmentation and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP).

Results
The sensitivities to cisplatin manifested by the cell lines were OV2008 > A2780 > Caov-3 > SK-OV-3 > OV2008/C13 > A2780/CP70. Mifepristone inhibited the growth of all six cell lines in a dose-related manner with IC50s ranging from ~6–12 μM and without significant correlation with the relative sensitivities the cells displayed for cisplatin. Moreover, at the highest concentration studied, mifepristone triggered apoptotic death in all six cell lines as evidenced by the increase in sub-diploid fragmented DNA content and cleavage of caspase-3 and of its downstream substrate PARP.

Conclusion
Mifepristone is cytotoxic towards ovarian cancer cells independent of the sensitivity exhibited by the cells to cisplatin, displaying cytostatic effects at lower concentrations and lethal effects at higher concentrations. Mifepristone monotherapy emerges as a valuable therapeutic alternative for platinum-resistant ovarian cancers.
Gene Expression Profiles Differentiating Between Breast Cancers Clinically Responsive or Resistant to Letrozole
Authors: Miller William R. , Larionov Alexey , Renshaw Lorna , Anderson Thomas J. , Walker John R. , Krause Andreas , Sing Tobias , Evans Dean B. , Dixon J. Michael 
Published: February 2009

Purpose Endocrine agents, such as letrozole, are established in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. However, response rates are only 50% to 70% in the neoadjuvant setting and lower in advanced disease. Thus there is a need to identify novel markers predicting for response and to understand molecular mechanisms of resistance. Patients and Methods Sequential tumor biopsies were taken before and after 10 to 14 days of neoadjuvant treatment with letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor–rich breast cancer. Expression profiles on high-density microarray chips were then related to clinical responses as assessed from tumor volume measurements after 3 months of treatment. Results Of 52 patients, 37 (71%) were classified as having a clinical response to letrozole and 15 being clinically resistant. Bioinformatic analysis identified 205 covariables (69 baseline expression, 45 day 14 expression, and 91 change in expression with treatment) which differentiated between clinical responders and nonresponders. Hierarchical clustering using the variables separated responders and nonresponders into two distinct groups. Ontological assessment indicated that discriminating genes were enriched toward cellular biosynthetic processes. In particular, functional gene assessment showed ribosomal protein probes to have higher baseline expression in tumors responsive to letrozole and increased expression with treatment in nonresponding cases. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe genetic covariables and molecular processes discriminating between tumors clinically responsive and resistant to an aromatase inhibitor. The understanding of such molecular phenotypes will be important in optimizing the clinical use of aromatase inhibitors, both in terms of identifying responsive breast cancers and developing new agents to target resistance pathways.
Characteristics Associated With Important Clinical End Points in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at Initial Treatment
Authors: Wierda William G. , O'Brien Susan , Wang Xuemei , Faderl Stefan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Do Kim-Anh , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge , Thomas Deborah , Koller Charles , Burger Jan , Lerner Susan , Kantarjian Hagop , Keating Michael 
Published: February 2009

Purpose Response to front-line treatment and subsequent clinical course for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are heterogeneous. Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics or prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes is important for counseling patients, conducting clinical research, and evaluating trial results. Patients and Methods We evaluated the pretreatment characteristics of 595 previously untreated patients who had National Cancer Institute Working Group indications to initiate front-line therapy for predictors of complete response (CR), time to treatment failure (TTF), and overall survival (OS). Multivariable models were developed for all three end points. Results CR is an important treatment end point correlated with longer TTF and OS. In this retrospective analysis, front-line treatment regimen was a significant independent predictive factor for all three end points; chemoimmunotherapy was the superior treatment regimen. Considering front-line treatment regimen, other independent patient characteristics associated with CR included age and β2-microglobulin (β-2M). TTF was independently associated with age, β-2M, percent lymphocytes in bone marrow, and treatment regimen. Improved OS was independently associated with younger age, lower β-2M, and treatment regimen. Two weighted prognostic models or nomograms, one including and one excluding treatment regimen, were constructed using significant characteristics to predict 5- and 10-year survival probability and estimate median survival time. Conclusion Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics associated with CR, TTF, and OS establishes a baseline to compare and incorporate new prognostic factors. Treatment had an impact on the significance of these factors. Prognostic models may help patients and clinicians in decision making as well as facilitate clinical research through design and analyses of clinical trials.
First-Line Gefitinib for Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations Without Indication for Chemotherapy
Authors: Inoue Akira , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Usui Kazuhiro , Maemondo Makoto , Okinaga Shoji , Mikami Iwao , Ando Masahiro , Yamazaki Koichi , Saijo Yasuo , Gemma Akihiko , Miyazawa Hitoshi , Tanaka Tomoaki , Ikebuchi Kenji , Nukiwa Toshihiro , Morita Satoshi , Hagiwara Koichi 
Published: February 2009

Purpose This multicenter phase II study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of gefitinib for patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations without indication for chemotherapy as a result of poor performance status (PS). Patients and Methods Chemotherapy-naïve patients with poor PS (patients 20 to 74 years of age with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 3 to 4, 75 to 79 years of age with PS 2 to 4, and ≥ 80 years of age with PS 1 to 4) who had EGFR mutations examined by the peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction clamp method were enrolled and received gefitinib (250 mg/d) alone. Results Between February 2006 and May 2007, 30 patients with NSCLC and poor PS, including 22 patients with PS 3 to 4, were enrolled. The overall response rate was 66% (90% CI, 51% to 80%), and the disease control rate was 90%. PS improvement rate was 79% (P < .00005); in particular, 68% of the 22 patients improved from ≥ PS 3 at baseline to ≤ PS 1. The median progression-free survival, median survival time, and 1-year survival rate were 6.5 months, 17.8 months, and 63%, respectively. No treatment-related deaths were observed. Conclusion This is the first report indicating that EGFR mutation-positive patients with extremely poor PS benefit from first-line gefitinib. Because there previously has been no standard treatment for these patients with short life expectancy other than best supportive care, examination of EGFR mutations as a biomarker is recommended in this patient population.
Phase II Study of Weekly Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine for Children With Recurrent or Refractory Hodgkin's Disease: A Children's Oncology Group Report
Authors: Cole Peter D. , Schwartz Cindy L. , Drachtman Richard A. , de Alarcon Pedro A. , Chen Lu , Trippett Tanya M. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe Children's Oncology Group conducted this phase II study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine and vinorelbine (GV) in pediatric patients with heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease. Both agents have significant single-agent response rates in this setting.MethodsGV was given on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day treatment cycle: vinorelbine 25 mg/m2/dose administered via intravenous (IV) push before gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2/dose IV over 100 minutes. Any patients who demonstrated a measurable response (complete response [CR], very good partial response [VGPR], or partial response [PR]) were considered to have experienced a response to GV. Response was evaluated after every two cycles. A two-stage minimax rule was used to test the null hypothesis that the response rate is ≤ 40% against an alternative hypothesis of a response rate more than 65%.ResultsThirty eligible patients with a median age of 17.7 years (range, 10.7 to 29.4 years) were enrolled. All patients had received at least two prior chemotherapy regimens, and 17 patients had undergone prior autologous stem-cell transplantation. Hematologic toxicity was predominant in all treatment cycles. Nonhematologic grade 3 to 4 toxicity, including elevated hepatic enzymes and hyperbilirubinemia, was less common. Pericardial and pleural effusions developed in one patient after cycles 4 and 5 of GV, consistent with gemcitabine-induced radiation recall. There were no toxic deaths. Measurable responses were seen in 19 (76%) of 25 assessable patients (95% exact binomial CI, 55% to 91%), including six CRs, 11 VGPRs, and two PRs.ConclusionGV is an effective and well-tolerated reinduction regimen for children with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease.
Risk for Hospitalization With Depression After a Cancer Diagnosis: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study of Cancer Patients in Denmark From 1973 to 2003
Authors: Dalton Susanne O. , Laursen Thomas Munk , Ross Lone , Mortensen Preben Bo , Johansen Christoffer 
Published: February 2009

Purpose As more people survive cancer, it is necessary to understand the long-term impact of cancer. We investigated whether cancer survivors are at increased risk for hospitalization for depression. Methods We linked data on all 5,703,754 persons living in Denmark on January 1, 1973, or born thereafter to the Danish Cancer Registry and identified 608,591 adults with a diagnosis of cancer. Follow-up for hospitalization for depression in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register from 1973 through 2003 yielded 121,227,396 person-years and 121,304 hospitalizations for depression. The relative risk (RR) for depression among cancer survivors relative to the cancer-free population was estimated by Poisson regression analysis with adjustment for age and period and stratified by sex, site of cancer, and extent of disease. Results The risk for depression in the first year after a cancer diagnosis was increased, with RRs ranging from 1.16 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.51) in women with colorectal cancer to 3.08 (95% CI, 1.88 to 5.02) in men with brain cancer. Decreasing but still significant excess risks during subsequent years were observed for most specific cancers. The risk remained increased throughout the study period for both men and women surviving hormone-related cancers, for women surviving smoking-related cancers, and for men surviving virus- and immune-related cancers. Conclusion This study confirms an increased risk for depression in patients facing a disruptive event like cancer. Early recognition and effective treatment are needed to prevent admission of cancer survivors for depression.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence, Mortality, and Survival Trends in the United States From 1975 to 2005
Authors: Altekruse Sean F. , McGlynn Katherine A. , Reichman Marsha E. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Incidence rates are increasing in the United States. Monitoring incidence, survival, and mortality rates within at-risk populations can facilitate control efforts. Methods Age-adjusted incidence trends for HCC were examined in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries from 1975 to 2005. Age-specific rates were examined for birth cohorts born between 1900 and 1959. Age-adjusted incidence and cause-specific survival rates from 1992 to 2005 were examined in the SEER 13 registries by race/ethnicity, stage, and treatment. United States liver cancer mortality rates were also examined. Results Age-adjusted HCC incidence rates tripled between 1975 and 2005. Incidence rates increased in each 10-year birth cohort from 1900 through the 1950s. Asians/Pacific Islanders had higher incidence and mortality rates than other racial/ethnic groups, but experienced a significant decrease in mortality rates over time. From 2000 to 2005, marked increases in incidence rates occurred among Hispanic, black, and white middle-aged men. Between 1992 and 2004, 2- to 4-year HCC survival rates doubled, as more patients were diagnosed with localized and regional HCC and prognosis improved, particularly for patients with reported treatment. Recent 1-year survival rates remained, however, less than 50%. Conclusion HCC incidence and mortality rates continue to increase, particularly among middle-aged black, Hispanic, and white men. Screening of at-risk groups and treatment of localized-stage tumors may contribute to increasing HCC survival rates in the United States. More progress is needed.
Surgical Treatment of Low- and Intermediate-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy
Authors: Miccoli Paolo , Pinchera Aldo , Materazzi Gabriele , Biagini Agnese , Berti Piero , Faviana Pinuccia , Molinaro Eleonora , Viola David , Elisei Rossella 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) was introduced in the clinical practice to treat small benign thyroid nodules. This method has recently been demonstrated to produce the same completeness as a conventional thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The low number of treated cases and the limited follow-up of these patients represent the major limitations of these studies.
Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of two groups of PTC patients, one treated with MIVAT and the other with conventional thyroidectomy, after a median follow-up of 5 yr.
Study Group: A total of 221 PTC patients were enrolled in this study according to the following criteria: 171 were treated with MIVAT (group A), and 50 were treated with conventional thyroidectomy (group B).
Results: The outcome and the cumulative 131I activity administered to achieve curative status were compared. After a mean follow-up of 3.6 ± 1.5 yr (range, 1–8 yr; median, 5 yr), no differences were found between group A and group B. A similar rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism and/or nerve cord palsy was found in both groups.
Conclusion: We demonstrated that PTC patients operated on with MIVAT had a good outcome after 5 yr. This was similar to the outcome of patients treated with conventional thyroidectomy and the same degree of exposure to 131I. These results, together with the evidence of a similar degree of completeness and rate of complications between the two surgical techniques, show that MIVAT is a valid option to treat low- and intermediate-risk PTC patients.
The Effect of Bed Rest on Bone Turnover in Young Women Hospitalized for Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study
Authors: DiVasta Amy D. , Feldman Henry A. , Quach Ashley E. , Balestrino Maria , Gordon Catherine M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractContext: Malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) requiring medical hospitalization are at high risk for skeletal insults. Even short-term bed rest may further disrupt normal patterns of bone turnover.Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of relative immobilization on bone turnover in adolescents hospitalized for AN.Design: This was a short-term observational study.Setting: The study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.Study Participants: Twenty-eight adolescents with AN, aged 13–21 yr with a mean body mass index of 15.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2, were enrolled prospectively on admission.Intervention: As per standard care, all subjects were placed on bed rest and graded nutritional therapy.Main Outcome Measure: Markers of bone formation (bone specific alkaline phosphatase), turnover (osteocalcin), and bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptides NTx) were measured.Results: During the 5 d of hospitalization, serum osteocalcin increased by 0.24 ± 0.1 ng/ml · d (P = 0.02). Urine N-telopeptides reached a nadir on d 3, declining −6.9 ± 2.8 nm bone collagen equivalent per millimole creatinine (P = 0.01) but returned to baseline by d 5 (P &gt; 0.05). Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase exhibited a decline that was strongly age dependent, being highly significant for younger subjects only [age 14 yr: −0.42 ± 0.11 (P = 0.0002); age 18 yr: −0.03 ± 0.08 (P = 0.68)]. Age had no effect on other outcome measures.Conclusion: Limitation of physical activity during hospitalization for patients with AN is associated with suppressed bone formation and resorption and an imbalance of bone turnover. Future interventional studies involving mechanical stimulation and/or weight-bearing activity are needed to determine whether medical protocols prescribing strict bed rest are appropriate.
Stability of a Conductive State of Poly(3-alkoxythiophene)s
Authors: Hatakeyama Kouji , Koizumi Hitoshi , Ichikawa Tsuneki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stability of a conductive state of iodine-doped poly(3-octyloxythiophene) (P3OOT) was compared with that of poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT). Temporal decay in the electric conductivity of P3OOT after the doping was much slower than that of P3OT. The cation of P3OOT was stable and an increase in the spin concentration was not observed. The results support the mechanism of dedoping of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s proposed by the authors [J. Phys. Chem. B2005, 109, 15288]: the dedoping proceeds through deprotonation of the cation, which results in the formation of a stable polyenyl radical. The deprotonation of the cation of P3OOT occurs with difficulty since deprotonation gives an unstable radical. The conductive state of P3OOT is hence stable.
Tunneling Effect in Antioxidant Reaction of Flavonoid
Authors: Kakiuchi Takuhiro , Mukai Kazuo , Ohara Keishi , Nagaoka Shin-ichi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A study of the kinetics of the proton-transfer reaction in flavonoid in ethanol solution by means of stopped-flow spectroscopy indicated that proton tunneling plays an important role in the antioxidant reaction.
Fluorescence Characteristics of Naphthalene Dendrimers at Low Concentration in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Akatsuka Ryosuke , Shinohara Yoshihiro , Sato Tomoo , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Water-soluble naphthalene dendrimers WN1, WN2, and WN3, together with the lipophilic compounds N1, N2, and N3 were prepared and their photochemical properties were examined. Whereas lipophilic dendrimers N1, N2, and N3 gave monomer emission peaking at 330–340 nm, water-soluble dendrimers WN1, WN2, and WN3 gave not only the monomer emission at 330–340 nm but also excimer emission peaking at 400 nm in aqueous solution under considerably diluted conditions. The relative intensity of the excimer fluorescence at longer wavelengths compared to the monomer emission depended on the dendrimer generation and the concentration of dendrimer and added salt (KCl). In particular the excimer emission of the second generation dendrimer is considerably higher than those of the first and the third generation dendrimers. Based on these experimental results, the aggregation and the excimer formation of water-soluble naphthalene dendrimers in aqueous solution depending on the generation and the conditions were discussed.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble Dendritic Phosphine Ligands and Their Application to Hydration of Alkynes in Aqueous Media
Authors: Fujita Ken-ichi , Kujime Masato , Muraki Takahito 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A series of water-soluble dendritic ligands with a phosphine core was synthesized through the coupling of tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide with poly(benzyl ether) dendron having tri(ethylene glycol) units, followed by reduction. By employing the corresponding water-soluble phosphine–gold(I) dendrimers as a catalyst, the hydration of alkynes proceeded smoothly. Furthermore, by membrane separation based on the nano-order size of the dendritic catalyst, the gold(I) catalyst was recycled without deactivation.