bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Phosphorus Doping Level and Acid Pretreatment on the Voltammetric Behavior of Phosphorus Incorporated Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Film Electrodes
Authors: Liu Aiping , Zhu Jiaqi , Han Jiecai , Wu Huaping , Gao Wei 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhosphorus incorporated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C:P) films are prepared by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology with phosphine as the dopant. The influence of phosphorus doping level and acid pretreatment on the electrochemical properties of ta‐C:P electrodes is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. Results indicate that phosphorus incorporation improves the electrical and electrochemical behaviors of the films. A moderate phosphorus atomic fraction facilitates the interfacial electron transport in context of a high content of effective phosphorus impurities. Furthermore, acid pretreatment activates the surface of the films and gives an excellent reversible feature towards ferricyanide oxidation reaction by removing the inactive oxygenated sites and exposing the active conduction channels.
The effects of the dopamine and serotonin transporter polymorphisms on clinical features and treatment response in geriatric depression: a pilot study
Authors: Lavretsky Helen , Siddarth Prabha , Kumar Anand , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe authors examined the role of dopamine and serotonin transporter genetic polymorphisms in clinical and cognitive features of subjects with late‐life depression, and in preferential treatment response to the combination of methylphenidate and citalopram.MethodThe authors studied fifteen outpatients with major depression in a pilot ten‐week double‐blind trial of methylphenidate combined with citalopram and compared to citalopram and placebo. Response was defined as a score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (24‐item) of less than 10. All underwent genotyping to determine the dopamine (DAT VNTR) and serotonin (5HTTLPR) transporter polymorphisms.ResultsSubjects with DAT VNTR 10/10 genotype had greater cognitive executive dysfunction at baseline compared to others. However, they responded preferentially to methylphenidate added to citalopram with a greater reduction in depression severity over time compared to other subjects.ConclusionsDAT VNTR 10/10 genotype may be associated with an endophenotype of late‐life depression with executive dysfunction that responds preferentially to methylphenidate added to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which warrants replication in a large sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can training community mental health nurses to support family carers reduce behavioural problems in dementia? An exploratory pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Moniz‐Cook Esme , Elston Christine , Gardiner Eric , Agar Sharon , Silver Miriam , Win Thein , Wang Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundCommunity mental health nurses (CMHNs) are the backbone of specialist mental health services in the UK. This study evaluated the effects of training CMHNs in a systematic psychosocial intervention (PSI), to help family carers manage behavioural changes in their relative with dementia.MethodOne hundred and thirteen family carers received PSI support from a ‘trained’ (experimental), or a ‘usual practice’ (control) CMHN. Primary (day‐to‐day behaviour problems and management) and secondary (carer mood) outcome measures were obtained at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. CMHN training and supervision commenced prior to, and continued throughout, the 18‐month study.ResultsPatient cognition declined in both groups, but problem behaviour reduced in experimental group families. However this effect was associated with the practice of some, not all, CMHNs. Carer management and mood improved with PSI support. In contrast, by 18 months, families supported by conventional CMHNs reported reduced coping resources, increased problem behaviour and their level of depression worsened. Only two CMHNs adhered to the PSI‐protocol.ConclusionsSome, but not all, ‘trained’ CMHNs used the PSI to help family carers reduce behavioural problems. A relatively long but not intensive PSI of 12–18 months was needed to moderate carer mood. Dementia‐specific practice arrangements, training and sustained clinical supervision are important for the delivery of effective psychosocial interventions in dementia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early detection of Alzheimer's disease: a new working memory paradigm
Authors: Toepper Max , Beblo Thomas , Thomas Christine , Driessen Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectivesEarly detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) offers the chance to decelerate the patients' cognitive decline and to prolong a self‐determined, independent life. Neuropsychological testing is one key approach to establish an early diagnosis. Whereas more global cognitive abilities can be preserved until further progression of the disease, specific executive abilities such as dual‐task or active inhibition processes decline very early. Our recently developed working memory paradigm, the Block Suppression Test (BST), requires an active inhibition of irrelevant stimuli and thus should differentiate between Alzheimer patients and controls in early disease stages more accurately than classical screening instruments.MethodsIn a pilot study we applied the BST, the MMSE, the clock drawing test, a digit‐word transformation task as well as verbal and spatial memory span tasks to a group of 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 13 elderly controls and compared the instruments' capability to differentiate between patients and controls.ResultsThe BST showed the highest sensitivity among all applied tests with a perfect differentiation of healthy subjects and patients. The patients' backward spans were significantly reduced, in the inhibition condition they showed disproportionally worse performances.ConclusionsOur results reveal a specific inhibition deficit in mild AD rather than a global working memory breakdown. The BST thus was superior for early diagnosis. However, these findings must be replicated in a larger sample to prove the BST's applicability for the early diagnostic assessment of AD and other dementias. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New applications of dithiocarbamates in organic synthesis
Authors: Grainger Richard S. , Innocenti Paolo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of dithiocarbamates in group transfer radical cyclization reactions is described. Carbamoyl diethyldithiocarbamates are synthesized in two high‐yielding steps from secondary amines and act as sources of carbamoyl radicals through chemical or photochemical initiation. Group transfer radical cyclization reactions lead to dithiocarbamate‐functionalized lactams. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:568–571, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20336
Syntheses, structures, and supramolecular properties of giant π‐expanded macrocyclic oligothiophenes
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFully conjugated π‐expanded macrocyclic oligothiophenes with 60π‐, 90π‐, 120π‐, 150π‐, and 180π‐electron systems (1–5) were synthesized using modified McMurry coupling reaction as a key step. Compound 1 was converted into macrocyclic oligo(2,5‐thienylene‐ethynylene) 6 using bromination‐dehydrobromination procedure. X‐ray analysis of 1 revealed a unique molecular and packing structure, reflecting a round, planar shape with nanoscale inner cavity. Interestingly, 2 and 3 self‐aggregate in the solid state to form nanowires. The structure of fibrous aggregates was established by scanning electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic analyses. Compounds 1–6 exhibit multi‐step reversible redox behavior with fairly low first oxidation potentials, reflecting their cyclic conjugation. Doping of 1–3 with iodine gives semiconductors owing to their π‐donor properties and π–π stacking ability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 18:460–466, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20337
Ortho‐thioquinones and mediterranean diet: The sulfur connection
Authors: Menichetti Stefano , Pagliuca Chiara , Viglianisi Caterina 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activity of several hydroxy‐4‐thiaflavanes was determined either by using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) bleaching method or by measuring their ability to inhibit the autooxidation of styrene or cumene. Based on this, the role played by the number and position of hydroxy groups and by the oxidation state of sulfur was rationalized and quantified, providing good indications for optimizing the structural features required to make these “double‐faced” antioxidants perform at their best. The ability of selected 4‐thiaflavanes to protect DNA by oxidative damage in vitro is also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 18:489–499, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20338
Conformationally induced electrostatic stabilization (CIES) of persulfoxides. A comparison to homologous sulfoxides
Authors: Clennan Edward L. , Hightower Sean E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComputational and experimental evidence that participation of a remote heteroatom occurs during the formation and decomposition of persulfoxides is presented. The experimental ramifications of remote participation includes a dramatic increase in the rate of reaction with singlet oxygen and a decrease in the conformationally dependent ability of sulfides to physically deactivate singlet oxygen. The ability of different heteroatoms to participate is evaluated with a natural bond orbital analysis, and a comparison of the extent of participation in persulfoxides and their homologous sulfoxides is presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:591–599, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20343
Ecstasy (MDMA) and memory function: a meta‐analytic update
Authors: Laws Keith R. , Kokkalis Joy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the impact of recreational ecstasy use on short‐term memory (STM), long‐term memory (LTM), verbal and visual memory. We located 26 studies containing memory data for ecstasy and non‐ecstasy users from which effect sizes could be derived. The analyses provided measures of STM and LTM in 610 and 439 ecstasy users and revealed moderate‐to‐large effect sizes (Cohen's d) of d = −0.63 and d = −0.87, respectively. The difference between STM versus LTM was non‐significant. The effect size for verbal memory was large (d = −1.00) and significantly larger than the small effect size for visual memory (d = −0.27). Indeed, our analyses indicate that visual memory may be affected more by concurrent cannabis use. Finally, we found that the total lifetime number of ecstasy tablets consumed did not significantly predict memory performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insolvency law: a comparative analysis of the preference tests in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and Australia
Authors: Quo Shirley 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the unfair preference tests under corporate insolvency legislation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and Australia and undertakes a comparison of the law as it exists in relation to the tests in these jurisdictions. It suggests that the objective effects‐based test used in the Australian provisions may be more effective in terms of challenging unfair preferences than the subjective ‘desire’ test based on the actual or presumed intention of the debtor company used in HKSAR. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventive effect of S‐allyl cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) on lysosomal hydrolases and membrane‐bound atpases in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction in wistar rats
Authors: Sangeetha T. , Darlin Quine S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, S‐allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS) was used to evaluate its preventive effect in isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced myocardial ischemia in male Wistar rats. Rats were pretreated with SACS (40 and 80 mg kg−1) orally for 5 weeks. After the treatment period, ISO (150 mg kg−1) was administered subcutaneously to rats at an interval of 24 h for 2 days. The activities of β‐D‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase, β‐galactosidase, β‐glucosidase, and acid phosphatase increased in serum and heart in ISO‐induced rats. In addition, these rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activities of β‐glucuronidase and cathepsin‐D in serum and heart and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in their activities in lysosomal fraction of the heart. The activity of Na+K+‐ATPase declined, while those of Ca2+‐ and Mg2+‐ATPases significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in the heart of ISO‐induced rats. Pretreatment with SACS (40 and 80 mg kg−1) showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect in all the biochemical parameters studied. The effect at a dose of 80 mg kg−1 body weight was more effective than that at 40 mg kg−1 body weight and brought back all the biochemical parameters to near normal levels. Hereby, our study shows the membrane‐stabilizing as well as antioxidant effects of SACS in ISO‐induced rats. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:118–124, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20166
Manganese‐induced apoptosis in rat myocytes
Authors: Yang Huijuan , Sun Yiguo , Zheng Xiaoxiang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManganese can be toxic to the heart, causing dysfunction following long exposure. In our experiments, we examined the cytotoxicity of manganese in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) by MTT assays in vitro. Results showed that after incubation in the different concentrations of manganese for 24 h, apparent cytotoxicity was observed. At 500, 1000, and 1500 2 μM of manganese, the percentage of cell viability dropped to 82% ± 6.13, 78% ± 5.28, and 66% ± 4.22, respectively. When cells were treated for 48 h, all concentrations tested exerted toxic effect; especially from 500 to 1500 μM the cell viability dropped from 67% ± 4.84 to 37% ± 3.25. Apoptosis in NRVM was then examined by flow cytometry. Results showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells treated with 500 μM of manganese for 24 h increased from 4% ± 0.84 to 7% ± 1.16. After 48 h of incubation, this percentage increased to 11% ± 0.91. There was no significant difference between control groups (0 μM manganese) after 24 and 48 h incubation. The morphological changes of NRVM nuclei were visualized with the fluorescent DNA‐binding dye Hoechst33342 after incubation in 500 μM of manganese for 48 h. Compared with normal nuclei, apoptotic nuclei showed the typical features of fragmentation and condensation. To investigate whether there are any apoptotic gene expression changes during apoptosis, we examined the expression level of Bcl‐2, Bax, and P53 mRNAs after treatment with 500 μM of manganese for 48 h. The Bcl‐2 mRNA expression decreased while the expression of Bax as well as P53 mRNAs increased. These results suggested that manganese cytotoxicity on NRVM could induce apoptosis in NRVM cells. The apoptosis process might involve, and be promoted by, the changes of the expression levels of P53, Bcl‐2, and Bax proteins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:94–100, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20172
Thorstein Veblen and Dementia praecox
Authors: Sommer Robert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBoth of Thorstein Veblen's wives and another woman he loved had nervous breakdowns, while a fourth woman to whom he was emotionally very close committed suicide. Yet when Veblen published an article entitled “Dementia praecox,” he did not mention his personal contact with serious mental disorder. This detachment is consistent with Veblen's approach to writing. Veblen considered himself to be a detached observer who wrote objectively about society rather than subjectively about himself. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)‐labeled cells using MRI
Authors: Rad Ali M. , Arbab Ali S. , Iskander A.S.M. , Jiang Quan , Soltanian‐Zadeh Hamid 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurposeTo show the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)‐labeled cells.Materials and MethodsLymphocytes and 9L rat gliosarcoma cells were labeled with ferumoxides‐protamine sulfate complex (FE‐PRO). The cells were labeled efficiently (more than 95%) and the iron concentration inside each cell was measured by spectrophotometry (4.77–30.21 pg). Phantom tubes containing different numbers of labeled or unlabeled cells, as well as different concentrations of FE‐PRO, were made. In addition, labeled and unlabeled cells were injected into fresh and fixed rat brains.ResultsCellular viability and proliferation of labeled and unlabeled cells were shown to be similar. T2‐weighted images were acquired using 7T and 3T MRI systems, and R2 maps of the tubes containing cells, free FE‐PRO, and brains were made. There was a strong linear correlation between R2 values and labeled cell numbers, but the regression lines were different for the lymphocytes and gliosarcoma cells. Similarly, there was strong correlation between R2 values and free iron. However, free iron had higher R2 values than the labeled cells for the same concentration of iron.ConclusionOur data indicate that in vivo quantification of labeled cells can be done by careful consideration of different factors and specific control groups. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI of tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Barrett Tristan , Brechbiel Martin , Bernardo Marcelino , Choyke Peter L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAngiogenesis has long been established as a key element in the pathophysiology of tumor growth and metastasis. Increasingly, new molecularly targeted antiangiogenic drugs are being developed in the fight against cancer. These drugs bring with them a need for an accurate means of diagnosing tumor angiogenesis and monitoring response to treatment. Imaging techniques can offer this in a noninvasive way, while also providing functional information about the tumor. Among the many clinical imaging techniques available, MRI alone can provide relatively good spatial resolution and specificity, without ionizing radiation and with limited side effects. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) imaging techniques can be employed to confer indirect measures of angiogenesis, such as blood flow and blood volume, without the need for external contrast agents. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI is rapidly emerging as a standard method for directly measuring angiogenesis during angiogenesis‐inhibitor drug trials. As macromolecular MR contrast agents become available, they will inevitably be utilized in the assessment of tumor perfusion and vessel permeability. Meanwhile, technological advances have made imaging at a molecular level a possibility. They have brought the potential to directly target MR contrast agents to markers of angiogenesis, such as the αvβ3 integrin. Before this is used clinically, however, substantial gains in sensitivity brought about by improved coils, pulse sequences, and contrast agents will be needed. Herein we discuss the techniques currently available for MRI of angiogenesis, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages, and what the future holds for this evolving field of imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI of the posterolateral corner injury: A concise review
Authors: Pacholke David A. , Helms Clyde A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe posterolateral corner of the knee represents a complicated area of anatomy and function. Failure to recognize injury to the posterolateral structures in the acute setting can result in long‐term disability. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a noninvasive evaluation of such structures. A systematic and simplified approach to the MRI evaluation of posterolateral corner injury can aid in diagnosis and subsequent surgical consideration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tribo‐investigation of PEEK‐short carbon fibre composites in severe testing conditions
Authors: Lal Babu , Mathur Gyanesh Narayan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of composites of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) containing short carbon fibre (CF) in the range of 0–30% (w/w) was developed. Their wear behaviour in low amplitude oscillating wear (LAOW) mode was studied under various operating parameters such as load and temperature. The LAOW mode was studied in ball‐on‐plate configuration against steel (100 Cr 6) at ambient temperature and at 100°C. In this mode, the coefficient of friction (µ), specific wear rate (Ko) and limiting loading pressure‐sliding speed (PV) values were investigated. It was observed that with increase in %CF, the wear performance and utility of PEEK (limiting PV value) improved significantly. Thirty percent CF was best performing composite in all aspects. The µ, however, was hardly influenced with the inclusion of CF or variation in operating parameters. The same composites were also evaluated in abrasive wear mode to study the influence of severe operating conditions on wear and friction performance. In this wear mode, the CF‐filled composites showed poorer wear resistance than did neat PEEK. The specific wear rate was correlated with strength properties and it was observed that these composites closely followed the predictions of the Ratner–Lancaster plot. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructural features of worn surfaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Street markets as tourist attractions—Victoria Market, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Kikuchi Ayaka , Ryan Chris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper reports findings from a qualitative study of 25 respondents visiting Victoria Market, New Zealand as to their motives for visiting a market, and their perceptions of this specific market. Open‐ended questioning based on semi‐structured conversation created data analysed using the neural network program CATPAC. The findings note three forms of shopping, the role of cultural components in the market and an appreciation of the market's colourful ambience. However, visitors from Europe still tended to look for value for money when buying objects and had concerns over perceived ‘authenticity’ while Asian shoppers tended to value more the overall ambience. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers
Authors: Kozak Metin , Crotts John C. , Law Rob 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to investigate the impact of perceived risk on the tendency to travel internationally; and (ii) to explore if there is any difference in the perception of risky places among three clusters segmented based on the Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance index. The sample population of the study consists of 1180 international travellers visiting Hong Kong in the fall of 2003. The research findings show that the majority of travellers are more likely to change their travel plans to a destination that has elevated risk while the minority reports they are more unlikely. These findings suggest that international travellers appear to be sensitive towards the occurrence of any type of risk in their evoked destinations. Differences were also observed from one continent to another in terms of the influence of perceived risks. The final note is that travellers from different national cultures may have varying degrees of the perceived risk. Implications both for theory and practitioners are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.