bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Cognition and the Ethics of Implicit Bias
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Roedder Erica 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe first describe recent empirical research on racial cognition, particularly work on implicit racial biases that suggests they are widespread, that they can coexist with explicitly avowed anti‐racist and tolerant attitudes, and that they influence behavior in a variety of subtle but troubling ways. We then consider a cluster of questions that the existence and character of implicit racial biases raise for moral theory. First, is it morally condemnable to harbor an implicit racial bias? Second, ought each of us to suspect ourselves of racial bias, and therefore correct for it in ordinary activity, such as grading student papers?
High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the largest province of Pakistan
Authors: IDREES Muhammad , LAL Amreek , NASEEM Muhammad , KHALID Muhammad 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE:  To estimate the prevalence and spectrum of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the general population of Pakistan.METHODS:  A total of 6817 blood samples were collected randomly from apparently healthy people in the Punjab, Pakistan from March 1999 to April 2001 and September 2006 to August 2007. Detailed socioeconomic information for each participant was recorded. All the samples were tested for anti‐HCV antibodies and all seropositive samples were further tested for HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).RESULTS:  Of the total 6817 serum samples tested, 998 (14.63%) were positive for anti‐HCV antibodies. HCV RNA PCR was detected in 494 (49.50%) anti‐HCV‐positive samples. The prevalence of anti‐HCV antibodies were significantly higher in males (15.09%) than in females (12.3%) (P < 0.009). A significant difference was also noted in the anti‐HCV prevalence rate among different age groups tested (P < 0.01). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, injected drug use (adjusted OR 6.6 [95%CI 4.1–9.9]), blood transfusion (adjusted OR 5.9 [95%CI 2.9–12.3]), pricked with a needle (adjusted OR 2.2 [95%CI 1.6–3.1]), re‐use of syringes (adjusted OR 1.7 [95%CI 0.8–3.6]) and being over 35 years old (adjusted OR 1.3 [95%CI 0.9–1.9]) were independent risk factors for HCV infection.CONCLUSION:  The study showed a high seroprevalence of anti‐HCV antibodies in a general and apparently healthy population of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Drug injection, blood transfusion and needle stuck were the factors most strongly associated with HCV infection.
An Innovation in 3-D Drilling Trajectory Design Using Concept of
Constant Curvature
Authors: Guo B. , Miska S. , Lee R. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of the 3-D drilling trajectory equations derived from the concept of constant curvature. It is shown that the constant curvature equations are specially useful for horizontal drilling. Three examples of using the constant curvature method are presented to demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed concept. The results obtained reveal that the well trajectory with constant curvature is not only consistent with directional performance of deflection tools, but also yields less dogleg severity. This, in turn, should increase the fatigue life of drillstring elements passing through the curved segments of the hole. Finally, drag and torque computations show that, thanks to less dogleg severity, the drag and torque are expected to be less in holes designed to have constant wellpath curvature.
Immunoglobulin G Avidities in Infants in Mexico after Primary Immunization with Three Doses of Polyribosylribitol Phosphate-Tetanus ToxoidHaemophilus influenzaeType b Vaccine
Authors: Gómez-de-León Patricia , Díaz-García F. Javier , Villaseñor-Sierra Alberto , Segura Jorge , Carranza Martha I. , Arredondo-Garcia José Luis , Santos José Ignacio 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSerum immunoglobulin G concentrations and avidities specific toHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) were measured in 208 children living in Guadalajara and Mexico City. Protective concentrations were found in 98.9% and 100.0% of participants, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations differed between both populations and/or among age groups. Mean avidities differed only among the 7- to 12-month-old children. Diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Hib primary vaccination seems to induce protection in Mexican children.
Identification of Factors Contributing to T-Cell Toxicity of
Staphylococcus aureus
Clinical Isolates
Authors: Collins James , Buckling Angus , Massey Ruth C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

We examined the ability of 206 clinical isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus
to lyse T cells and found differences between Agr groups. We found that the beta and delta hemolysins are involved and that methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
strains are less toxic than methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
strains.
Identification of a Physiological Phosphorylation Site of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Encoded Protein Kinase Us3 Which Regulates Its Optimal Catalytic Activity In Vitro and Influences Its Function in Infected Cells
Authors: Kato Akihisa , Tanaka Michiko , Yamamoto Mayuko , Asai Risa , Sata Tetsutaro , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Kawaguchi Yasushi 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Us3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Here, we report the identification of a physiological Us3 phosphorylation site on serine at position 147 (Ser-147) which regulates its protein kinase activity in vitro. Moreover, mutation of this site influences Us3 function, including correct localization of the enzyme and induction of the usual morphological changes in HSV-1-infected cells. These conclusions are based on the following observations: (i) in in vitro kinase assays, a domain of Us3 containing Ser-147 was specifically phosphorylated by Us3 and protein kinase A, while a mutant domain in which Ser-147 was replaced with alanine was not; (ii) in vitro, alanine replacement of Ser-147 (S147A) in Us3 resulted in significant impairment of the kinase activity of the purified molecule expressed in a baculovirus system; (iii) phosphorylation of Ser-147 in Us3 tagged with the monomeric fluorescent protein (FP) VenusA206K (VenusA206K-Us3) from Vero cells infected with a recombinant HSV-1 encoding VenusA206K-Us3 was specifically detected using an antibody that recognizes phosphorylated serine or threonine residues with arginine at the −3 and −2 positions; and (iv) the S147A mutation influenced some but not all Us3 functions, including the ability of the protein to localize itself properly and to induce wild-type cytopathic effects in infected cells. Our results suggest that some of the regulatory activities of Us3 in infected cells are controlled by phosphorylation at Ser-147.
Laboratory Strains of Murine Cytomegalovirus Are Genetically Similar to but Phenotypically Distinct from Wild Strains of Virus
Authors: Smith L. M. , McWhorter A. R. , Masters L. L. , Shellam G. R. , Redwood A. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is widely used to model human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, it is known that serially passaged laboratory strains of HCMV differ significantly from recently isolated clinical strains of HCMV. It is therefore axiomatic that clinical models of HCMV using serially passaged strains of MCMV may not be able to fully represent the complexities of the system they are attempting to model and may not fully represent the complex biology of MCMV. To determine whether genotypic and phenotypic differences also exist between laboratory strains of MCMV and wild derived strains of MCMV, we sequenced the genomes of three low-passage strains of MCMV, plus the laboratory strain, K181. We coupled this genetic characterization to their phenotypic characteristics. In contrast to what is seen with HCMV (and rhesus CMV), there were no major genomic rearrangements in the MCMV genomes. In addition, the genome size was remarkably conserved between MCMV strains with no major insertions or deletions. There was, however, significant sequence variation between strains of MCMV, particularly at the genomic termini. These more subtle genetic differences led to considerable differences in in vivo replication with some strains of MCMV, such as WP15B, replicating preferentially in otherwise-MCMV-resistant C57BL/6 mice. CBA mice were no more resistant to MCMV than C57BL/6 mice and for some MCMV strains appeared to control infection less well than C57BL/6 mice. It is apparent that the previously described host resistance patterns of inbred mice and MCMV are not consistently applicable for all MCMV strains.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Is Involved in Epstein-Barr Virus-Mediated Transformation of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Xu Dongsheng , Zhao Lingjun , Del Valle Luis , Miklossy Judith , Zhang Luwen 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with many human malignancies. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B lymphocytes into continuously growing lymphoblastoid cell lines. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is required for EBV transformation processes. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) is a transcription factor and has oncogenic potential. We find that high levels of IRF-4 are associated with EBV transformation of human primary B cells in vitro and with EBV type III latency in which LMP-1 is expressed. We show that EBV LMP-1 stimulates IRF-4 expression in B lymphocytes. The stimulation of IRF-4 by LMP-1 requires signaling from LMP-1 and involves cellular NF-κB. The growth of EBV-transformed cells is inhibited when IRF-4 is specifically down-regulated. We further demonstrate that IRF-4 knockdown cells have lower proliferation but higher apoptotic rates than control cells. Finally, IRF-4 is expressed in significant numbers of specimens of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas (12/27 [44.4%]), an EBV-associated malignancy. The association between the expression levels of LMP-1 and IRF-4 is statistically significant (
P
= 0.011) in these CNS lymphomas. Our data suggest that IRF-4 may be a critical factor in EBV transformation and a useful target in the therapy of EBV-mediated neoplasia.
Novel Postentry Resistance to AKV Ecotropic Mouse Gammaretroviruses in the African Pygmy Mouse,
Mus minutoides
Authors: Yan Yuhe , Kozak Christine A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Cells of
Mus minutoides
, an African pygmy mouse of the subgenus
Nannomys
, are susceptible to ecotropic Moloney and Friend mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) but not to AKV-type MLVs. Transfected MA139 ferret cells expressing the mCAT-1 cell surface receptor, with the minCAT-1 substitutions K222Q and V233L, did not restrict AKV MLV. The resistance of
M. minutoides
cells to AKV MLV was not relieved by inhibitors of glycosylation or by the introduction of NIH 3T3 mCAT-1. Resistance is thus not mediated by receptor sequence variation, expression level, or glycosylation.
M. minutoides
cells are also infectible with LacZ pseudotypes having AKV Env and Moloney MLV (MoMLV) Gag proteins, further indicating that AKV Env sequence variations do not contribute to the observed block. The pattern of virus resistance in
M. minutoides
differs from that of the known variants of the
Fv1
postentry resistance gene;
M. minutoides
is equally resistant to N-, B-, and NR-tropic AKV viruses and is equally susceptible to NR- and NB-tropic Friend MLVs. This novel resistance blocks replication before reverse transcription, whereas
Fv1
generally restricts replication after reverse transcription;
M. minutoides
cells produce 2-long-terminal-repeat viral DNA circles and linear viral DNA after infection with MoMLV but not with AKV MLV. Analysis of MoMLV-AKV MLV chimeras determined that the target of resistance is in the virus capsid gene. Mutagenesis demonstrated that restriction is mediated by two amino acid substitutions, H117L and A110R; substitutions at these sites can also be targeted by the resistance genes
Fv1
and TRIM5α.
M. minutoides
cells thus have a novel postentry resistance to AKV MLVs.
Glycoproteins Required for Entry Are Not Necessary for Egress of Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Klupp Barbara , Altenschmidt Jan , Granzow Harald , Fuchs Walter , Mettenleiter Thomas C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
In the current perception of the herpesvirus replication cycle, two fusion processes are thought to occur during entry and nuclear egress. For penetration, glycoproteins gB and gH/gL have been shown to be essential, whereas a possible role of these glycoproteins in nuclear egress remains unclear. Viral envelope glycoproteins have been detected by immunolabeling in the nuclear membrane as well as in primary enveloped particles in several herpesviruses, indicating that they might be involved in the fusion process. Moreover, a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant simultaneously lacking gB and gH was described to be deficient in nuclear egress (A. Farnsworth, T. W. Wisner, M. Webb, R. Roller, G. Cohen, R. Eisenberg, and D. C. Johnson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:10187-10192, 2007). To analyze the situation in the related alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), mutants carrying single and double deletions of glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL were constructed and characterized. We show here that the simultaneous deletion of gB and gD, gB and gH, gD and gH, or gH and gL has no detectable effect on PrV egress, implying that none of these glycoproteins either singly or in the tested combinations is required for nuclear egress. In addition, immunolabeling studies using different mono- or polyclonal sera raised against various PrV glycoproteins did not reveal the presence of viral glycoproteins in the inner nuclear membrane or in primary virions. Thus, our data strongly suggest that different fusion mechanisms are active during virus entry and egress.
A Filovirus-Unique Region of Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Confers Aberrant Migration and Mediates Its Incorporation into Virions
Authors: Shi Wei , Huang Yue , Sutton-Smith Mark , Tissot Berangere , Panico Maria , Morris Howard R. , Dell Anne , Haslam Stuart M. , Boyington Jeffrey , Graham Barney S. , Yang Zhi-Yong , Nabel Gary J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
The Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) is an essential component of the nucleocapsid, required for filovirus particle formation and replication. Together with virion protein 35 (VP35) and VP24, this gene product gives rise to the filamentous nucleocapsid within transfected cells. Ebola virus NP migrates aberrantly, with an apparent molecular mass of 115 kDa, although it is predicted to encode an ∼85-kDa protein. In this report, we show that two domains of this protein determine this aberrant migration and that this region mediates its incorporation into virions. These regions, amino acids 439 to 492 and amino acids 589 to 739, alter the mobility of Ebola virus NP by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by 5 and 15 kDa, respectively, and confer similar effects on a heterologous protein, LacZ, in a position-independent fashion. Furthermore, when coexpressed with VP40, VP35, and VP24, this region mediated incorporation of NP into released viruslike particles. When fused to chimeric paramyxovirus NPs derived from measles or respiratory syncytial virus, this domain directed these proteins into the viruslike particle. The COOH-terminal NP domain comprises a conserved highly acidic region of NP with predicted disorder, distinguishing Ebola virus NPs from paramyxovirus NPs. The acidic character of this domain is likely responsible for its aberrant biochemical properties. These findings demonstrate that this region is essential for the assembly of the filamentous nucleocapsids that give rise to filoviruses.
A core linkage map of the bumblebeeBombus terrestris
Authors: Wilfert Lena , Gadau Jürgen , Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: April 2008

The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is an economically important pollinator and an emerging model species in quantitative and population genetics. We generated genetic linkage maps for 3 independent mapping populations of B. terrestris. The linkage map with the highest resolution had 21 linkage groups, which adequately represents the haploid chromosome number of B. terrestris (n = 18). This map can be considered saturated, with an average marker distance of 10.3 cM and an estimated genome coverage of 81%. Using flow cytometry, we have estimated the genome size of this species to be 625 Mb. With an estimated total recombination genome length of 2760 cM, this results in a ratio of 226 kb/cM between the physical and genetic genome sizes. A recurring set of microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers allowed the alignment of 14 linkage groups between the 3 maps. We propose to adopt this core map as a reference tool for future genetic and molecular work in B. terrestris.
Effect of media volume on mixing of biological aerated filters
Authors: Fatihah S. , Donnelly T. 
Published: April 2008

Effect of reduced media volume on the mixing of biological aerated filters (BAF) was quantitatively determined. The degree of mixing was evaluated based on Reynolds numbers (Re) while the nonideality of the flow was assessed from information of residence time distribution. At HRTs of 1411, 1111, 781 and 581 min and their, respectively, approximate OLRs of 2, 3, 4, and 6 kg COD·m–3·d–1, the Re in the partial-bed were 40300, 36100, 25500, and 40400, respectively, whilst those of the full-bed were 19500, 20500, 11700, and 26400. Porosity of the BAF is a bed characteristic resulting from the balance between the effect of biomass accumulation due to growth and biomass loss due to shear stress, arising from increased organic loadings, gas flow, and increased upflow velocity. The number of tanks, calculated from the residence time distribution data, is either 1 or 2 (rounded up to an integer). This indicates the occurrence of a completely mixed pattern inside both reactors.
EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS IN THE DOUBLE REISSNER-NORDSTROM EXACT SOLUTION
Authors: PIZZI MARCO , PAOLINO ARMANDO 
Published: April 2008

The double Reissner-Nordstrom (RN) solution without strings nor struts, recently found by Alekseev and Belinski, shows that classically-forbidden equilibria are allowed for a naked singularity near a black hole. In the following we shows the plots of the electric force lines in three qualitatively different situations: equal-signed charges, opposite charges and the case of a naked singularity near a neutral black hole.
LORENTZ GAUGE THEORY AND SPINOR INTERACTION
Authors: CARLEVARO NAKIA , LECIAN ORCHIDEA MARIA , MONTANI GIOVANNI 
Published: April 2008

A gauge theory of the Lorentz group, based on the different behavior of spinors and vectors under local transformations, is formulated in a flat space-time and the role of the torsion field within the generalization to curved space-time is briefly discussed. The spinor interaction with the new gauge field is then analyzed assuming the time gauge and stationary solutions, in the non-relativistic limit, are treated to generalize the Pauli equation.
The Collembola of Lebanon and Western Syria. Part I. General Considerations and the Family Onychiuridae
Authors: Christiansen K. 
Published: April 2008

The Collembolan fauna of the eastern end of the Mediterranean
is still very poorly known. Brown (1926)
made the first major contribution by describing twelve
species taken by Buxton and Evans in the region of
Amara and Baghdad in Iraq. Handschin (1942) recorded
all but one of these species from Palestine, and added 26
additional forms. In his recent paper upon the Collembola
taken during a speleological expedition in Lebanon, Cassagnau
(1951) added 25 new forms to this list. In
addition to these major works a number of smaller papers
have been published upon new material or further records.The series of papers, of which this is the first, will
constitute a description of over 80 species collected from
Lebanon and Western Syria. More than 35 are new to
science or new records for the Near East. Collections
upon which this study was based were made from over
I00 localities including most of the major habitats of the
region. Caves were poorly represented, but these have
already been extensively investigated by Cassagnau (op. cit.).
Mexiterpes Sabinus, New Genus and New Species, a Mexican Troglobite (Diplopoda: Trichopetalidae)
Authors: Causey Nell B. 
Published: April 2008

This troglobitic milliped is of unusual interest because it is the
type of a new genus and the first Mexican record of the family Trichopetalidae,
which previously has been known from Nova Scotia to
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Colorado. If the genus has undergone
speciation as related genera have, then additional species and subspecies
will be found in other Mexican caves. Other millipeds from
Mexican caves have been described by R. V. Chamberlin (1942).I am indebted to the members of the Texas Speleological Survey
for the specimen from which this species was described.
A New Species of Ligyrocoris Stal With a Key to the Northeastern Species (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae)
Authors: Sweet Merrill H. 
Published: April 2008

In the course of current work upon the biology and ecology of the
Rhyparochrominae of New England, a new species of Ligyrocoris
was discovered. The species runs in Barber′s (1921) key to the
couplet separating diffusus (Uhler) from sylvestris (L.), but is distinct
from either species. While the new species is closely related to
these species, it is also quite close to L. depictus which is separated
out in a different part of Barber′s key.These four closely related species are sympatric in New England,
although they are markedly different in their overall distribution. The
habitat preferences and life cycles of the species are quite different
(Sweet, unpublished). The habitat of the new species described
below is most unusual for the genus. The greater part of the type
series was collected along the margin of a small pond where sedge
clumps were standing in the water among occasional exposed rocks
rather than in relatively dry fields or slope habitats where the other
species occur. The species feeds upon the seeds of the sedge, Carex
stricta Lam, and its life cycle is apparently adapted to that of
the sedge, which fruits in late May and June. The insect becomes
adult in mid‐June and lays eggs until mid‐July. The eggs remain in
diapause over the summer and winter and hatch in May.
Studies on North American Carboniferous Insects. 2. The Genus Brodioptera, From the Maritime Provinces, Canada
Authors: Carpenter F. M. 
Published: April 2008

Although few in number, the insects which have been found in the
Upper Carboniferous strata of the Maritime Provinces of Canada are
of exceptional interest. They occur in rocks which are well down in the
Westphallan stage (Zone A) and are therefore only a little younger
than the oldest insects known (Namurian). In 1957, Dr. M. J.
Copeland of the Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys
published an account of the arthropod fauna of the Upper Carboniferous
rocks of these provinces and included descriptions of two species
of the genus Brodioptera, which he placed in the Order Megasecoptera.
Since Dr. Copeland′s descriptions and illustrations are inadequate
for our present needs of interpreting the relationships of these
insects, I have found it necessary to make a study of this material. I
am indebted to Dr. Copeland for arranging to have the type specimens
loaned to me for this purpose.One of the species which Copeland placed in Brodioptera is a member
of the Order Megascoptera, as thought by him, although its
affinities within the group are different from those which he assumed;
the other species described in Brodiorptera is not a megasecopteron at
all but very clearly a member of the Order Palaeodictyoptera.