bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree-Rings and Droughts
Authors: Bailey Wilfrid C. 
Published: April 2006

Harold S. Gladwin in a recent publication voiced a question of vital importance to Southwestern archaeology. Can dendrochronology tell us anything concerning the effects of climate on aboriginal agriculture?Both Douglass and Schulman have claimed that correlations can be established between tree-growth and winter precipitation, but each of them has been explicit in saying that summer rainfall has little, if any effect upon the growth of trees. Since it would seem that summer rainfall, during the crop-growing months, is the only season of moisture which could effect the agricultural well being of Pueblo peoples, I do not see how narrow tree-rings can be regarded as providing any indications of economic disaster in ancient times.
Pollen Analysis, a Research Tool for the Study of Cave Deposits
Authors: Anderson Roger Y. 
Published: April 2006

Pollen grains have recently been found in quantities sufficient for statistical analysis in the sediments of Ramanote Cave, Santa Cruz County, Arizona (Arizona: DD:12:1 Amerind Survey System). At the suggestion of Terah L. Smiley of the University of Arizona the samples were collected by Charles C. DiPeso of the Amerind Foundation, Inc., in the summer of 1953. The author is indebted to Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr., and to the Botany Department, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, for the use of laboratory facilities. Because many cultural materials have been found in cave deposits and many cave explorations are now in progress, this preliminary report is intended to point out the necessity of collecting samples for pollen analysis during the progress of archaeological investigations.Peat bogs have long been known as ideal deposits for pollen studies due to high pollen frequencies and excellent conditions for preservation.
The Pit House in the Old World and in Native North America
Authors: Daifuku Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

The problem of the origin and distribution of semi-subterranean structures is an intriguing one. It is generally accepted that the semi-subterranean structure, earth lodge, or pit house, was one of a number of relatively unmodified traits of Old World origin found in North America. This paper reviews some of the literature on the pit house, and summarizes its development and distribution in the Eurasian and North American continents.Laymen, believing that early man habitually lived in caves, commonly use the stereotyped term “cave man” in referring to our early progenitors in the Old World. This assumption was an inevitable development since occupational sites in western Europe are predominantly caves or cave shelters. However, some European archaeologists have suggested such sites were seasonally occupied–that they were the winter habitations of man during the upper Paleolithic. There is reason to believe different types of shelters were used during warm seasons since engravings of tents or more substantial structures (tectiforms) have been found on the walls of caves and cave shelters. A number of European archaeologists including Breuil (1910), Clark (1939), Childe (1950), and others have accepted tectiforms as evidence of the existence of artificial structures in western Europe during the last glacial advance. Breuil has gone further and compared some of the tectiforms in the Font-de-Gaume, the Dordogne Valley of France, to the summer huts of Navahos described by Mendeleff in 1896.
Plastic Reproductions
Authors: Jehle Albert 
Published: April 2006

Those of us who have at one time or the other had the occasion to cast arrowheads or flints are aware of the disappointing lack of realism that plaster presents. Translucence is never present and too frequently the crisp retouch flake marks are lost under a coat of paint. More often, a successful reproduction is quickly ruined by careless handling.After many trials that resulted in nothing more convincing than arrowpoints looking like painted plaster, the properties of various plastics were tested. Failure with liquid plastics led to experiments with powdered dental acrylic. This material, I found, had all of the properties required for faithful reproductions of stone flake work. The acrylic can be colored with pigments. It is strong, transparent, and can be molded to any desired shape with excellent detail without too much difficulty.
Tripod Vessels from the Virú Valley
Authors: Lilien Rose 
Published: April 2006

In a recent paper Arden R. King notes that the occurrence of tripod vessels in pre-Expansionist Central Andean periods has not yet been definitely established. The Columbia University Virú Valley collection, however, contains two examples of conical legs belonging to the type Castillo, White, Red, Orange. This pottery type has a Middle Gallinazo distribution.The two specimens are fragmentary; i.e., only the legs themselves rather than the whole vessel have been preserved. They are probably from tripod vessels. The scarcity of the tetrapod form in the Central Andes greatly reduces the possibility that the legs could be from tetrapod vessels.The legs are hollow and pointed-conical in shape. The one whole specimen is 6.6 cm. high and is 5.5 cm. at the widest part across the top. I t then tapers to a point at the bottom. Both legs are straight walled, not bulging or rounded.
The Evolution and Persistence of Ceramic Motifs in Northern Georgia
Authors: Wauchope Robert 
Published: April 2006

Stamped or impressed designs on pottery from a group of relatively early sites in northern Georgia provide new data on the origin of several well known motifs of later times, and add to the evidence for a considerable cultural continuity between the archaeological phases of this area.In a previous article for american antiquity (Vol. XIV, pp. 201-9), I summarized the general ceramic sequence in the Etowah Drainage. Fabric impressed pottery seems to be the first majority ware in this area. It gradually decreased in popularity as Mossy Oak Simple Stamped increased and Deptford Bold and Linear Check Stamped appeared. The last named, together with Deptford Simple Stamped, became majority types during Late Archaic or Early Woodland times. In the meantime Woodstock Stamped and Woodstock Incised pottery appeared, but did not reach their frequency peak until Early Swift Creek had presumably degenerated into its later form near the end of the Middle Woodland period. Napier Stamped appeared at this time. Napier and Woodstock pottery strongly influenced the Early Mississippi "Etowah" wares, both stamped and incised. In the latter part of this period, Savannah Stamped intruded briefly, but the Etowah types persisted and finally deteriorated in carefulness of execution, thus evolving into the Lamar pottery of Late Mississippi time.
Life-Expectancy of Utilitarian Pottery in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Foster George M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPottery life-expectancy has important archaeological implications for such problems as population sizes and duration of occupancy of sites. Specific data are here given from four contemporary Mexican village households on durability of several kinds of ware. The most important factors determining life-expectancy appear to be basic strength of the ware, functions of different types of vessels, handling practices, relative costs, and kinds of breakage. It may be inferred that similar factors determine life-expectancy in many contemporary and archaeological communities.
Preliminary Report on the Excavation of an Etowah Valley Site
Authors: Sears William H. 
Published: April 2006

The Wilbanks site, 9CK-5, is located in the Etowah Valley, north Georgia, about fifteen miles upstream from the famous Etowah site excavated by Moorehead (1932). Excavations here have produced one structure and three superimposed refuse deposits yielding a ceramic sequence contemporaneous with middle through late Mississippi.Robert Wauchope (1948, p. 205) tested the site for the University of Georgia some years ago with a single trench into a mound, its main feature. A brief note on the results of this excavation was published as part of a more comprehensive paper.
A Unique Wooden Figure from Ancient Mexico
Authors: Nowotny Karl Anton 
Published: April 2006

Among the Mexican antiquities in the Ethnographical Museum in Vienna dating from the time of the Conquest is a small wooden figure bearing the accession number 12,585. Though this object has received cursory attention in previous publications, it has never been fully described. Because of its unique design and the unusual complexity of its structure, the piece merits a full technical description.In 1881 this figure was transferred from the then ”Imperial Cabinet of Coins and Antiquities“ to the then Anthropological- Ethnographical Division of the Imperial Museum of Natural History, which later became the present Ethnographical Museum (Museum für Volkerkunde). According to information supplied by Professor F. Eichler, Director of the Division of Antiquities in the Museum of Art, the object cannot be traced back farther than its entry under the number XIII/47 in the fifth volume of the ”New Inventory“ of the Cabinet of Coins and Antiquities. It is not known from what earlier collection it entered the “Cabinet.“ Possibly it came from the Imperial Treasure (Schatzkammer).
Ceramic Sequence in Central Basin and Hopewell Sites in Central Illinois
Authors: Bluhm Elaine 
Published: April 2006

The Morton Focus of the Central Basin Phase, or simply Central Basin, is a Woodland assemblage found in central Illinois. There has been a good deal of controversy concerning the relationship of Central Basin and Hopewell since the two were described (Cole and Deuel, 1937, pp. 222-3). Some believed the two were so much alike that perhaps they were the same thing, Central Basin being a poor Hopewellian village group; others believed there was no overlap, but a clean break between them. Most of this controversy was based on ceramic material and the absence of Hopewellian burial mound traits in association with Central Basin pottery. Cole and Deuel (1937, p. 203) saidAside from the diagnostic traits, the balance of the artifacts found in Hopewellian sites seem to belong to the Central Basin Phase of the Woodland Pattern. Most of the knives and projectile points are of Type 1 and only differ from Central Basin in being, on the whole, better made.
Unusual Lamar Variant of the Filfot Cross
Authors: Wauchope Robert 
Published: April 2006

Figure 137 shows an unusual form of the so-called filfot cross, a favorite design motif on early and late Mississippi stamped pottery of the southern United States. Although several forms of the “filfot” design have been illustrated by Holmes, Heye, Hodge, and Pepper, Caldwell and McCann, and others, I have never seen this particular variant before, nor one to equal it in ingenuity. It is a minor masterpiece of native American complicated design.I have reconstructed the motif from two badly overstamped potsherds from a cache of two Lamar vessels exposed when a cedar stump was dug from the southwest slope of a watermelon patch (in 1939) on the Castelberry farm overlooking bottomlands of the left or northeast bank of Chestatee River, Hall County, northern Georgia. Although I could find no surface evidence of a village site in the vicinity, the cache itself has been given the designation 2-HL.
The Pointed Mountain Site near Fort Liard, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: MacNeish Richard S. 
Published: April 2006

During the last four years (1949-1952) the National Museum of Canada has carried out archaeological investigations in the Northwest Territories of Canada, the primary purpose of which was to determine what kind of archaeological materials and what sort of prehistoric artifact complexes existed in that area. Since part of this region, mainly the Mackenzie River drainage, was supposedly free of ice early in the recession of the last glaciation, it has often been suggested as a possible migration route through which early groups of Indians could have passed when moving from Asia to the more southerly regions of the New World, and, therefore, it was hoped that archaeological information resulting from research in that district might throw some light on these early migrants.The first three seasons of research (1949-1951) in northwest Canada were mainly devoted to archaeological reconnaissance (MacNeish, 1951; 1953). The scarcity of cleared land and of adequate transportation seriously hampered the survey.
Additional notes on the Poverty Point Site in Northern Louisiana
Authors: Ford James A. 
Published: April 2006

The two large mounds at the Poverty Point and Motley sites in West Carrol Parish, Louisiana, were first adequately described by C. B. Moore (1913, Fig. 29), and for a long while these structures and the cultural remains scattered about them remained one of the principal puzzles in the archaeology of the lower Mississippi Valley. Clarence Webb has made extensive surface collections from this locality for a number of years and his three articles in American Antiquity, the last written with Haag, form the bulk of the information which we have on the culture (Webb, 1944, 1948; Haag and Webb, 1953). The purpose of the present brief note is to report some newly discovered facets of the Poverty Point cultural complex.The writer was able to work a few weeks at the site in the spring of 1952 and again in 1953. However, the most remarkable discovery was not made in the field but in the Cartographic Laboratory of the Mississippi River Commission in Vicksburg.
A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Upper Kuskokwim
Authors: Lefebre Charlene Craft 
Published: April 2006

The Department of Anthropology of the University of Alaska has for many years solicited information concerning archaeological sites in Athabaskan as well as Eskimo territory from trappers, prospectors, casual travelers, and residents. One of the more likely reports, received from B. A. Stone of Medfra, Alaska, concerned the Lake Telida region. Lake Telida is located about 1/2 mile from the McKinley Fork, called the Tatlathno River in early accounts (Herron 1901), of the Upper Kuskokwim drainage. It is about 100 miles southwest of Lake Minchumina and is northwest of Mt. McKinley National Park (see Fig. 82).During the summer of 1949 2 students of the University of Alaska, Leona Neubarth Lowery and George Schumann, and the author conducted a field trip into this area. This trip was made possible by the author's appointment to the Margaret Snell Graduate Fellowship of the American Association of University Women, to which I should like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude.
Chronology and Culture Succession in the Northern Kuriles
Authors: Chard Chester S. 
Published: April 2006

In recent years the Okhotsk Sea region has become of increasing interest to students of New World cultural origins and relationships, particularly with regard to the problem of the Aleutians as a diffusion channel. But any real attack on this problem has been hampered by the gross inadequacy of the data. The few available sources in western languages are far from satisfactory; and attempts to augment these by utilizing illustrations from Japanese publications, divorced from the explanatory text, are fraught with danger.The writer has therefore undertaken a systematic survey of the rather considerable field work done in this region by Japanese archaeologists in prewar years. Reports on this have been published exclusively in the Japanese language, which has placed them effectively beyond the reach of American archaeologists, although certain ones have been cited in American works for their illustrations.
The “Stone Scraper” and Arrow “Wrench”
Authors: Cosner Aaron J. 
Published: April 2006

Nearly all the artifacts used by prehistoric peoples of the Southwest have been carefully considered, their use determined, in many cases reproduced, and the duplicates found serviceable for the purpose indicated. Replicas of stone axes, textiles, and pottery have been made by ancient methods. There is one exception, however. The tools of the bow and arrow maker have been taken more or less for granted, and after being named by somebody, simply left that way. The projectile point is the only such artifact that has been copied and used.Having had long experience in the making and shooting of bows and arrows. I am naturally interested in all archaeological finds of that nature. More than that, these finds have been more or less of a challenge. Just how would a workman used to modern tools and machines proceed with only stone and bone as adjuncts to arrow making? The careful observations of Doctor Saxton Pope (1923) from his association with the Yahi Indian, Ishi, were of some help, as were my own rather scanty mental notes on Pima, Apache, and Papago workmen of modern times.
Wakemap: A Columbia River Site Mispronounced
Authors: Strong Wm. Duncan 
Published: April 2006

In this day when, according to perhaps too sanguine recent reports, physical anthropology, ethnology, linguistics, folklore, and archaeology are happily converging, it was a shock to hear that a relatively well-known archaeological site on the north side of the Grand Dalles of the Columbia River in the state of Washington is commonly referred to as Wakemáp (rhymes with “lakemap”). According to John M. Corbett of the U.S. National Park Service who has recently visited this old site, originally described in 1805 by Lewis and Clark, such a completely anglicized pronunciation is now common currency among the various archaeological field parties who have been working at or near the site during the last few years, and he never heard of or thought of it as being pronounced otherwise.Actually, the near-correct pronunciation is Wakemap (rhymes with “knock ‘em up”). (For a phonetic rendering see Spier and Sapir 1930: 164.) The name is Wishram in derivation, as given by Sapir (1909:201), and the traditional site was so identified and designated by Schenck and myself in 1924 (Strong, Schenck, and Steward 1930: 6, 8), and by the Indians in that vicinity.
A Sequence of Figurines from West Mexico
Authors: Grosscup Gordon L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe chronological sequence for figurine types along the west coast of Mexico has been worked out from stratigraphic excavations at Amapa, Nayarit. Twenty-seven types of figurines are defined and placed in chronological position. There is an early group correlating with the Classic period of Central Mexico, and a late group correlating with the Postclassic.
Archaeological Evidence for the use of Atlatl Weights in the Northwest
Authors: Robert Butler B. , Osborne Douglas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWilson Duff's tentative identification of several lower Fraser River artifacts as atlatl weights led the authors to examine 104 whole and fragmentary probable weights from the Northwest. They classify them on the basis of lashing grooves, notches, holes, or scars into three main types, each of which has variants. The weights are found in the lower Columbia and lower Fraser river valleys with a concentration in the Dalles-Deschutes region and range in time from the late Middle to the early Late periods of the Dalles Reservoir sequence, about 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400. Metallurgical analysis of a hollow copper bead found with two weights indicates that it is prehistoric and suggests connections to the east. The weights are often found paired in burials. Although ethnographic comparisons are disappointing, archaeological comparisons reveal possible relationships between the Northwest and California, the Great Basin and the Southwest, especially during Basketmaker II, and the eastern Woodlands. The possibility that the Northwest atlatl weights may be derived from eastern forms reinforces the previously presented idea that the Northwest participated in certain continent-wide developments.
The Incensario Complex of Palenque, Chiapas
Authors: L. Robert , Rands Barbara C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe three major forms of Palenque incensarios, the great majority of which appear to be locally made, are pedestal'based vessels, ladles, and elaborately decorated, hollow, flanged cylinders. The first two forms were clearly used for burning incense, but the elaborate cylinders show no definite evidence of burning. They may have served as stands or supports for incense burners, and in any case, are certainly related to the incensario tradition in Mesoamerica. At Palenque, this tradition seems to be oriented toward the hierarchical aspects of Maya civilization. The decoration on the flanged cylinders shows close resemblances to the symbolism and the manner of portrayal in Maya monumental art. While the Palenque incensarios are fundamentally similar to those in other parts of Mesoamerica, they are quite distinctive in both shape and decoration. The main correspondences are with Late Classic incense burners in southern Tabasco and the Alta Verapaz.
A Comment on the Windsor Site, Jamaica
Authors: Cotter C. S. 
Published: April 2006

In Marian DeWolf's recent interesting article on Jamaica archaeology she refers to an earthwork and trench as Windsor Fort, built by the British in 1803 (DeWolf 1953: 236), citing Cundall (1915) as her authority. Actually Cundall mentions the fort but makes no attempt to suggest that its site was on Windsor Hill, which trench has always been known as Spanish Fort. From my local research, Fort Windsor was built on the sea shore, 1000 yards north of the hill, where up to a few years ago stone foundations still existed.The Windsor Hill site presents one of the most curious mysteries of the north coast, and in 1951 I excavated the hole with a view to a solution and moved and sifted about three tons of earth which had been thrown in during the early part of the 19th century.
Archaeological History of Nambe Pueblo, 14th Century to the Present
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNambe is a Pueblo Indian town whose history is very poorly known. In 1962 arrangements were made to excavate in the village ash piles so that the data might be used in the tribe's land claim. Sherds from the excavations indicate that the people of Nambe have utilized this site from 1350 to the present. By checking surface survey materials against tribal tradition, a history of movements from highlands to lowlands has been out-lined. (1) From 1350 to 1425 there were five villages in a north-south line and two in an east-west line in the high foothills, but the adjoining farm lands were insufficient and in peaceful periods some of the inhabitants of these defensive sites came down to the present Nambe during the summer to farm where water and land were more available. (2) From 1425 to 1550 only one of the high defensive sites continued to be occupied; the others were abandoned, and the people moved down to live in Nambe on a year-round basis. (3) Between 1550 and 1700 the last defensive site was abandoned and Nambe pueblo housed the tribe, but the old lands near the ruins were still used for hunting, gathering, religious shrines, and some farming. (4) The Spaniards found the Nambe area attractive and settled near the pueblo. This began an acculturative process which has involved mixing of blood, loss of Indian lands, and amalgamation of the two cultures. Nambe is now one of the least "native" of the northern Pueblo Indian towns.
The Puckasaw Pits on Lake Superior
Authors: Greenman E. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the past six years a number of pits dug into cobble-stone beaches of Lake Superior have been discovered. These are as much as four feet in depth and some are large enough to accommodate several people. They do not appear to have been roofed, and the small amount of animal bones, charcoal, potsherds, and other objects suggests that these pits were used as occasional shelters from the wind by Indians fishing through the ice on Lake Superior.