bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of extractive contact units for oil extraction from dehulled sunflower seed
Authors: Tranchino L. , Melle F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of an extractive system generally depends on kinetic, thermodynamic and technological parameters. Each of these factors affects the extractive effectiveness, although the overall result depends on their interaction. In the present work this interaction is analyzed for oil extraction from dehulled sunflower seed. Experiments on laboratory scale were made to calculate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the extraction. The behavior of the system in 2 typical contact units (mixer‐settler and semicontinuous extractor) was studied and models assuming equilibrium conditions were formulated. The soundness of the models was checked by pilot‐plant tests and good agreement was obtained as long as the residual oil concentration in the solid was higher than ca 0.01 cso At lower oil concentrations the contact time becomes the main factor of the process, and the extraction is much less affected by the extraction ratio and the composition of the liquid.
Optimization of nonionic surfactants for hard‐surface cleaning
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matson Ted P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hard‐surface cleaning performance of various nonionic homologs was evaluated as a function of carbon chain length, ethylene oxide (EO) content, blending and concentration. Results show carbon chain length to be very important to hard‐surface cleaning. Performance significantly increases as carbon‐chain length decreases, probably as a result of an increase in solvency properties as carbon chain length is decreased. EO content is also important, particularly if nonionics with longer carbon chain lengths are used. Surfactant concentration (dilution) has little effect on the optimum ethylene oxide content but significantly affects the optimum carbon chain length of the hydrophobe. With 5% homolog solutions, the optimally performing nonionic contains a C6 hydrophobe, but with 0.2% solutions, the optimal carbon chain length is shifted to the C8–C10 range. This is thought to result from a trade‐off between the surfactant and solvent properties of the nonionic. Overall results show the optimal nonionic for hard‐surface cleaning to consist of a blend of C6, C8 and C10 alcohols ethoxylated to a 50% EO level. Commonly used surfactant systems, e.g., alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE)‐butyl cellosolve (BC) blends, were also examined. Results show that alkylphenol ethoxylates give relatively poor performance compared with lower molecular weight linear nonionics because of the large size of their hydrophobe. Under concentrated use, a synergism does exist between APE and BC, but under dilute conditions, the addition of BC is ineffective. BC does not help the performance of low molecular weight nonionics. Surfactant‐soil diffusion studies indicate that surfactant penetration of the soil may be the primary mechanism involved in the hard‐surface cleaning of solid soils.
Effects of amino compounds on the formation of γ‐tocopherol reducing dimers in autoxidizing linoleate
Authors: Ishikawa Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of various amino compounds trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) on the oxidative decomposition of γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc) and on the formation of its reducing dimers were investigated during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (ML). In general, γ‐Toc diphenyl ether dimer (γ‐TED) was formed in preference to two atropisomers of γ‐Toc biphenyl dimers [γ‐TBD(H) and (L)] in autoxidizing ML. This relationship, however, was reversed when TMAO was added. As the presence of TOA, PC, or PE did not promote the formation of γ‐TBD, the preferential formation of γ‐TBD was believed to be based on the interaction between TMAO and oxidation products formed from γ‐Toc. Effects of TMAO and TOA on the interconversion of γ‐Toc reducing dimers were investigated. γ‐TED was found to be converted into γ‐Toc and γ‐TBD(L) in autoxidizing ML. But γ‐TBD(H) could not be detected, and the amount of γ‐TBD(L) formed was very small. γ‐TBD(H) and (L) were formed from their respective atropisomers. In this case, the formations of γ‐Toc and γ‐TED could not be detected. Therefore, it was concluded that the conversion of γ‐TED into γ‐TBD and vice versa can be neglected in any event.
Hydrogenation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids occurring in cottonseed oil
Authors: Zarins Z. M. , White J. L. , Willich R. K. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenation of cyclopropenoid acids and their relative reactivities during hydrogenation as compared to linoleic and oleic acids were examined. Pure methyl sterculate and purifiedSterculia foetida oil and its methyl esters, which have a cyclopropene content more than 60 times that of cottonseed oil, were used for the hydrogenation experiments. Nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts were used. The effect of temperature and type of catalyst were demonstrated in a series of hydrogenation experiments of safflower andS. foetida oil mixtures, and methyl oleate and methyl dihydrosterculate mixtures. Partial hydrogenation of methyl sterculate formed as many as twenty compounds in addition to the cyclopropenoid derivatives. Most of these compounds were monounsaturated. The cyclopropene group hydrogenated very readily compared to the 9,12‐diene system in linoleate. The cyclopropane group obtained by hydrogenating the cyclopropenoid acids group was quite resistant to further attack by hydrogen and nickel catalyst had little effect. With palladium catalyst, a temperature of 180 C was necessary for the reaction to go to completion. Platinum in acetic acid was a good system for hydrogenolysis of the cyclopropane group at 80 C.
A gas chromatographic reactor to measure the effectiveness of antioxidants for polyunsaturated lipids
Authors: Faria J. A. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method and apparatus consisting of a gas chromatographic reactor was developed to study the effect of antioxidants on lipid‐containing systems. The oxygen uptake during the oxidation tests was continuously measured. The relative efficiencies, expressed as protective index, for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG), α‐tocopherol, citric acid, and ascorbic acid on the oxidation of linoleic acid at 85 C and 55 mmHg were determined. The effect of increasing the concentration of BHT (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1%) on the oxidation of safflower oil at 70 C and 45 mmHgO2 was observed. The method was found to be a rapid and reproducible approach to investigate the effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated lipids.
Quantitative determination of BHT in soap products by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Goldstein M. M. , Molever K. , Lok W. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid capillary gas chromatography (GC) method is described for the quantitative determination of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) antioxidant in soap bars, fatty acids, and related intermediates. The procedure involves blending the sample with dimethylformamide in the presence of 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DTBP) internal standard, filtering the mixture, silylating an aliquot with BSTFA (bis‐trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide) and quantifying by capillary GC using flame ionization detection. The silyl derivatization and nonpolar capillary column (12 m, methyl silicone, fused silica) provided resolution of BHT from certain fragrance component interferences. The method has a detection limit of approximately 10 ppm. Soaps fortified with BHT showed recoveries of 97.1±3.7% at the 200 ppm level and 92.3 ± 2.2% when spiked at the 75 ppm level. The effect of bar soap storage time on BHT content is also demonstrated.
Studies on the antioxygenic properties of wheat germ phosphatides
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: June 2007

Summary1. In accelerated stability tests wheat germ phosphatides were shown to prevent the accumulation of peroxides in both fresh and partially oxidized wheat germ oil.2. The phosphatides as well as phosphoric acid apparently reacted with fatty peroxides to form complex polymeric substances.3. Oxygen absorption by highly purified wheat germ phosphatides proceeded without the accumulation of titratable peroxides and without the liberation of free (water‐extractable) phosphoric acid. Polymers appeared to be the chief product of the oxidation.
A laboratory distillation method for the evaluation of crude glycerin
Authors: Schlachter F. A. , Hoffman H. D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA laboratory distillation method for evaluation of crude glycerol was developed to supplement the analytical data. In addition to obtaining a yield value of a crude by this method, one is able to observe the distillation behavior under conditions simulating plant conditions in order to evaluate better different types of crude material. The authors distilled 50 different soap lye and saponification crudes. It was found that the Na2O equivalent of the organic matter of a crude correlated well with the distillation yield in that yields increased with decreased Na2O equivalent. This method has proved to be a valuable tool in not only supplementing the analytical information but in studying polymerization factors that are normally involved in the distillation of crude glycerin.
The determination of small amounts of trimethylene glycol in high gravity and chemically pure glycerine
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Tierney S. E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA method has been developed for the determination of small amounts of trimethylene glycol together with similar constituents in C.P. and high gravity glycerines. The various constituents in known mixtures were determined within 0.2% of the amount present. The method is simple and accurate and utilizes proven A.O.C.S. Methods.
Inter‐ and intramolecular polymerization in heat‐bodied linseed oil
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: June 2007

Summary1. Linseed oil has been polymerized at 300° for 1.5, 3, and 6 hours. The polymeric glycerides have been separated from the monomeric glycerides, and the derived methyl esters of each fraction have been analyzed for monomer, dimer, and trimer.2. The monomeric glycerides show very little intradimerization, ranging from 1.3 to 6% of their acid groups, or 3 to 4% of the total polymeric acid groups in the whole oil.3. The polymeric glycerides show appreciable intradimerization, from 10 to 20% of their total polymeric acid groups.4. There is no evidence that a shift from intra‐ to interdimerization is the major cause of the sudden increase in viscosity in the later stages of thermal polymerization.5. The rapid rise in viscosity is due to the nature of the relationship of viscosity to molecular weight and of molecular weight to extent of reaction in the difunctional polymerization system present.
Continuous countercurrent vacuum bleaching
Authors: Singleton W. A. , McMichael C. E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe Votator continuous countercurrent vacuum bleaching system has been described and compared with older methods of bleaching. Data have been presented, comparing the performance of batch open kettle‐, batch vacuum‐, and continuous countercurrent vacuum‐bleaching systems. These data indicate that the vacuum methods of bleaching result in a superior quality bleached oil with the use of less adsorbent. They also prove the value of countercurrent contacting of oil and adsorbent as practiced in the Votator system.The economic aspects of bleaching have been discussed, proving that the continuous countercurrent vacuum‐bleaching system, due to its automatic operation, compactness, and savings in adsorbent operates at a considerably lower cost than either batch method. Data have been offered to show the qualitative advantages of vacuum‐bleached oils over atmospheric‐bleached oils.
Component fatty acids of Indian shark liver oil
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Pande G. D. 
Published: June 2007

Summary

A sample of liver oil of an Indian shark (Carcharias melanopterus) from the Arabian Sea has been studied.

Tsujimoto's lithium salt acetone method has been adopted for the separation of the highly unsaturated acids from the mixed acids, which were further resolved into simpler groups with the help of Hilditch's modified lead salt ethanol method. The efficient column (E.H.P.) of Longenecker has been employed for fractionation in the present work.

The present oil is found to belong to the IV group of Tsujimoto's classification of the Elasmobranch fish liver oils.

The abnormal saturated acid content is discussed. The present analysis provides an additional instance of this peculiar group of Elasmobranch liver oils.
Pilot‐plant production, tempering, and evaluation of global edible spreads from vegetable oils
Authors: Lancaster E. B. , Beal R. E. , Jones E. P. , Dutton H. J. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryGlobal spread of improved plasticity characteristics has now been produced on a pilot‐plant scale. Chilling equipment similar to that used in margarine production was slightly modified; and because of the scale of operation, throughput was reduced to one‐fifth the rated capacity.Global spread produced by the formulation previously described suffered the defect of becoming progressively firmer when stored, consequently both the “mouth feel” and general acceptability were impaired. This deficiency was largely overcome by tempering at 112°F. (44°C.) for 24hrs. in the presence of 0.2% oil‐free soybean phosphatides which softens the spread and slows the hardening process which occurs during prolonged storage at elevated temperatures. Spreads currently being produced compare favorably with commercial margarines in general acceptability when evaluated at room temperature and are superior in plasticity characteristics when compared at low and high temperatures.
Solvent extraction of meat offal
Authors: Arnold L. K. , Arvidson H. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryData are presented to show the effect of the various operating variables on the extraction of meat and bone scrap both in the laboratory and in a pilot plant model of the Iowa State College extractor. From the data presented it has been concluded that the extraction takes place mainly by a washing process with slight diffusion. A possible correlation is suggested for comparing laboratory and pilot plant data.
A modification of the p‐anisidine method for the determination of free and total gossypol
Authors: Miller W. J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA modification of the Pons and Guthrie method for determining free gossypol in cottonseed materials is presented. The use of aniline, rather than p‐anisidine, as the color‐producing reagent is necessary if meals containing dianilinogossypol are to be analyzed correctly. Increasing the reaction temperature eliminates a serious weakness in the method and results in greater accuracy. The proposed method is applicable to all types of cottonseed meal now marketed.A slight modification of the Pons method for total gossypol is also presented. By doubling the strength of the oxalic acid used to hydrolyze bound gossypol and by using aniline to develop the color, the method is made applicable to chemically treated meals containing dianilinogossypol.
Reinforcement of Endocrine Surgery Training: Impact of Telemedicine Technology in a Developing Country Context
Authors: Pradeep P. V. , Mishra Anjali , Mohanty B. N. , Mohapatra K. C. , Agarwal Gaurav , Mishra Saroj Kanta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTechnology‐based outreach programs for knowledge sharing and skill development using telemedicine is a novel approach to developing subspecialties in regions where there is a lack of specialists and dedicated departments. Endocrine surgery is one such emerging subspecialty. There are few dedicated surgeons and centers even in the developed world. India has only one such center. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and impact of telemedicine on the reinforcement of endocrine surgery training at distant places to develop this subspecialty in a developing country such as India.Material and MethodsTwo faculty members from the General Surgery Department at SCB Medical College in Cuttack, Orissa, India registered at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences in Lucknow for a short 3‐month training course in endocrine surgery in 1998 and thereafter consulted through telephone calls and e‐mail when required. Telemedicine‐based mentoring was introduced in 2001 as a reinforcement method for continuing training and skills development. Various training modules were used, including tele‐consultation, case presentation, treatment planning, tele‐radiology, tele‐pathology, and tele‐continuing medical education (CME) programs and workshops. The outcome was assessed in terms of the increase in the number of patients with endocrine disorders seen and operated on by trainees and the complication rates.ResultsA total of 70 telemedicine sessions were held between 2001 and 2005. They included tele‐education and surgical treatment planning (n = 44), tele‐consultation including tele‐pathology and tele‐radiology (n = 26), and tele‐surgical conferences/CME (n = 6). The number of endocrine surgical cases performed by trainees after training (phase II) increased significantly compared to those before training (phase I), with a further increase after starting telemedicine‐enabled mentoring (phase III). Most of the patients operated on by the trainees had thyroid problems, although these surgeons started operating on a few patients with parathyroid and adrenal disorders as well. The morbidity figures for the thyroidectomy operations (including total thyroidectomy) were comparable to those at the training institution.ConclusionThe concept of training a group of motivated general surgeons to practice safe endocrine surgery at a remote center via telemedicine‐aided reinforcement of their training is thus feasible. This is particularly true in the case of thyroidectomy operations, which constitute the major workload of endocrine surgery in our country. The same program might be applicable to the development of other medical subspecialties in a developing country as well.
Rheology and stability of phospholipid‐stabilized emulsions
Authors: Zhang F. , Proctor A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLecithin in cosmetic emulsions produces a unique “skin feel,” which can be related to its rheological properties. In this study, water‐in‐oil (w/o) and oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions were made from a cosmetic‐grade caprylic/capric triglyceride with deoiled lecithin and hydroxylated lecithin. Synthetic surfactants commonly used in commercial cosmetic products were used as controls. Optical light microscope investigation showed significant differences in the structures of the w/o and o/w emulsions made with the lecithins. Freeze/thaw tests were conducted to evaluate emulsion stability. The o/w emulsion (oil/water = 20:80) was stable with 3% hydroxylated lecithin at room temperature. However, 4% hydroxylated lecithin was needed for stabilizing the emulsion with an oil‐to‐water ratio of 20:80 or 30:70 through the freeze/thaw treatments. With 4% deoiled lecithin, the w/o emulsion showed a water‐holding capacity up to 80%, which was also stable through two freeze/thaw cycles. All emulsions in this study exhibited pseudoplastic flow, in which a minimum shearing stress, a yield value, was required before flow became linear. In general, the emulsion viscosity increased as lecithin content increased. Changing the oil‐to‐water ratio also affected the emulsion viscosity. The deoiled lecithin‐based w/o emulsions had higher yield values than hydroxylated lecithin‐based o/w emulsions. Therefore, more force was needed to spread the w/o emulsions. In addition, because w/o emulsions had more viscous continuous phases and a greater volume of internal phases, the w/o emulsions were more viscous than the o/w emulsions.
Enzymatic syntheses of N‐lauroyl‐β‐alanine homologs in organic media
Authors: Izumi Taeko , Yagimuma Yoshihiro , Haga Masanori 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnyzmatic amidation of the primary amines β‐alanine ethyl ester and 3‐aminopropionitrile with methyl laurate by means of immobilized lipase (Candida antarctica lipase, CAL) resulted in the formation in good yield of N‐lauroyl‐β‐alanine ethyl ester and 3‐(N‐lauroylamino)‐propionitrile, respectively. When 3‐amino‐propionitrile was used as substrate, diisopropyl ether was a suitable solvent. Changing the reaction temperature (12–80°C) did not affect the yields, and room temperature was a suitable temperature for this reaction. In the investigation of reaction conditions, the use of equimolar amounts (5 mmol) of substrate and ester, along with 0.5 g of CAL, in diisopropyl ether gave the best yield (99.3%) after 24 h of incubation at 24°C. The enzyme activity in the amidation reaction did not decrease even after six uses. With β‐alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride as substrate, diisopropyl ether was unsuited as a solvent owing to the low solubility of the substrate in this solvent.In this reaction, the best yield (82.0%) was attained by using dioxane as solvent. CAL achieved higher extents of amide synthesis with long‐chain than with short‐chain ester substrates. The enzyme accepted only nonbulky primary amines as substrates.
Utilization of molasses for biosurfactant production by two Bacillus strains at thermophilic conditions
Authors: Makkar Randhir S. , Cameotra Swaranjit S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTraditionally, biosurfactants have been produced from hydrocarbons. Some possible substitutes for microbial growth and biosurfactant production include urban wastes, peat hydrolysate, and agro‐industrial by‐products. Molasses, a nonconventional substrate (agro‐industrial by‐product) can also be used for biosurfactant production. It has been utilized by two strains of Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2423 and MTCC1427) for biosurfactant production and growth at 45°C. As a result of biosurfactant accumulation, the surface tension of the medium was lowered to 29 and 31 dynes/cm by the two strains, respectively. This is the first report of biosurfactant production by strains of B. subtilis at 45°C. Potential application of the biosurfactant in microbial enhanced oil recovery is also presented.
Generation of Maillard‐type compounds from triethanolamine alone
Authors: Yano Hiroyuki , Noda Akira , Hukuhara Tadao , Miyazawa Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of triethanolamine (TEA) soap browning has been uncovered. The reaction proceeds as follows. Firstly, TEA is degraded into diethanolamine and acetaldehyde. Secondly, diethanolamine is further degraded into monoethanolamine and acetaldehyde. Thirdly, two molecules of acetaldehyde dimerize to crotonaldehyde, which reacts with monoethanolamine to generate brownish products with conjugated double bonds. Thus, TEA alone generates Maillard‐type products through a series of degradation and recombination reactions.