bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Genomics Approach Reveals That Aroma Production in Apple Is Controlled by Ethylene Predominantly at the Final Step in Each Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Schaffer Robert J. , Friel Ellen N. , Souleyre Edwige J.F. , Bolitho Karen , Thodey Kate , Ledger Susan , Bowen Judith H. , Ma Jun-Hong , Nain Bhawana , Cohen Daniel , Gleave Andrew P. , Crowhurst Ross N. , Janssen Bart J. , Yao Jia-Long , Newcomb Richard D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEthylene is the major effector of ripening in many fleshy fruits. In apples (Malus x domestica) the addition of ethylene causes a climacteric burst of respiration, an increase in aroma, and softening of the flesh. We have generated a transgenic line of ‘Royal Gala’ apple that produces no detectable levels of ethylene using antisense ACC OXIDASE, resulting in apples with no ethylene-induced ripening attributes. In response to external ethylene these antisense fruits undergo a normal climacteric burst and produced increasing concentrations of ester, polypropanoid, and terpene volatile compounds over an 8-d period. A total of 186 candidate genes that might be involved in the production of these compounds were mined from expressed sequence tags databases and full sequence obtained. Expression patterns of 179 of these were assessed using a 15,720 oligonucleotide apple microarray. Based on sequence similarity and gene expression patterns we identified 17 candidate genes that are likely to be ethylene control points for aroma production in apple. While many of the biosynthetic steps in these pathways were represented by gene families containing two or more genes, expression patterns revealed that only a single member is typically regulated by ethylene. Only certain points within the aroma biosynthesis pathways were regulated by ethylene. Often the first step, and in all pathways the last steps, contained enzymes that were ethylene regulated. This analysis suggests that the initial and final enzymatic steps with the biosynthetic pathways are important transcriptional regulation points for aroma production in apple.
Involvement of a Soybean ATP-Binding Cassette-Type Transporter in the Secretion of Genistein, a Signal Flavonoid in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis
Authors: Sugiyama Akifumi , Shitan Nobukazu , Yazaki Kazufumi 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Legume plants have an ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into nutrients via symbiosis with soil microbes. As the initial event of the symbiosis, legume plants secrete flavonoids into the rhizosphere to attract rhizobia. Secretion of flavonoids is indispensable for the establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, but almost nothing is known about the membrane transport mechanism of flavonoid secretion from legume root cells. In this study, we performed biochemical analyses to characterize the transport mechanism of flavonoid secretion using soybean (Glycine max) in which genistein is a signal flavonoid. Plasma membrane vesicles prepared from soybean roots showed clear transport activity of genistein in an ATP-dependent manner. This transport activity was inhibited by sodium orthovanadate, a typical inhibitor of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, but was hardly affected by various ionophores, such as gramicidin D, nigericin, or valinomycin, suggesting involvement of an ABC transporter in the secretion of flavonoids from soybean roots. The K m and V max values of this transport were calculated to be 158 μ m and 322 pmol mg protein−1 min−1, respectively. Competition experiments using various flavonoids of both aglycone and glucoside varieties suggested that this ABC-type transporter recognizes genistein and daidzein, another signaling compound in soybean root exudates, as well as other isoflavonoid aglycones as its substrates. Transport activity was constitutive regardless of the availability of nitrogen nutrition. This is, to our knowledge, the first biochemical characterization of the membrane transport of flavonoid secretion from roots.
Auxin Influx Activity Is Associated with Frankia Infection during Actinorhizal Nodule Formation in Casuarina glauca
Authors: Péret Benjamin , Swarup Ranjan , Jansen Leen , Devos Gaëlle , Auguy Florence , Collin Myriam , Santi Carole , Hocher Valérie , Franche Claudine , Bogusz Didier , Bennett Malcolm , Laplaze Laurent 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Plants from the Casuarinaceae family enter symbiosis with the actinomycete Frankia leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We observed that application of the auxin influx inhibitor 1-naphtoxyacetic acid perturbs actinorhizal nodule formation. This suggests a potential role for auxin influx carriers in the infection process. We therefore isolated and characterized homologs of the auxin influx carrier (AUX1-LAX) genes in Casuarina glauca. Two members of this family were found to share high levels of deduced protein sequence identity with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AUX-LAX proteins. Complementation of the Arabidopsis aux1 mutant revealed that one of them is functionally equivalent to AUX1 and was named CgAUX1. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of CgAUX1 promoter:β-glucuronidase reporter was analyzed in Casuarinaceae. We observed that CgAUX1 was expressed in plant cells infected by Frankia throughout the course of actinorhizal nodule formation. Our data suggest that auxin plays an important role during plant cell infection in actinorhizal symbioses.
Diagnostic difficulties in the interpretation of fine needle aspirates of salivary gland lesions: the problem revisited
Authors: ORELL S. R. 
Published: June 2007

Diagnostic difficulties in the interpretation of he needle aspirates of salivary gland lesions: the problem revisitedCases of salivary gland lesions (n=325), mainly neoplastic but including a small number of non‐neoplastic lesions, investigated by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and with histological correlation, are reviewed. The review identified a number of differential diagnostic problems which are discussed in some detail. One false‐positive and eight false‐negative diagnoses had been made resulting in a 99.5% specificity and a 85.5% sensitivity. If type‐specific diagnoses are made only when all defined diagnostic criteria are present and if any uncertainty is clearly conveyed to the clinician, FNA is a safe and accurate tool in the investigation of salivary gland lesions.
c‐FLIP expression in colorectal carcinomas: association with Fas/FasL expression and prognostic implications
Authors: Korkolopoulou P , Saetta A A , Levidou G , Gigelou F , Lazaris A , Thymara I , Scliri M , Bousboukea K , Michalopoulos N V , Apostolikas N , Konstantinidou A , Tzivras M , Patsouris E 
Published: June 2007

Aims:  Disruption of apoptotic cell death has been implicated in tumour aggressiveness in colonic carcinogenesis. The Fas–Fas ligand (FasL) system is involved in the execution of apoptosis induced by the immune system. c‐FLIP protein constitutes an inhibitor of Fas and other (TRAIL) death receptor‐mediated apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous expression of Fas, FasL and c‐FLIP in relation to standard clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome in colorectal cancer.Methods and results:  Levels of Fas, FasL and c‐FLIP protein expression were quantified immunohistochemically in paraffin‐embedded tissues from 90 patients. Immunopositivity was detected for Fas, FasL and c‐FLIP in 71%, 35.5% and 68.8% of cases, respectively. Concurrent expression of Fas/FasL was seen in 28 samples (31%), of which 24 (85.7%) also displayed c‐FLIP positivity (P = 0.04). c‐FLIP overexpression (> 10%) tended to prevail marginally in higher stage tumours (P = 0.09). Additionally, FasL and c‐FLIP adversely affected survival on both univariate (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0024, respectively) and multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 3.491, P = 0.005 and HR 2.960, P = 0.036, respectively].Conclusions:  The frequent expression and coexpression of Fas, FasL and c‐FLIP in colorectal carcinoma implicates c‐FLIP as an inhibitor of the Fas–FasL‐induced death pathway in these tumours. Moreover, c‐FLIP conveys independent prognostic information in the presence of classical prognosticators.
Dental attrition and degenerative arthritis of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: RICHARDS L. C. , BROWN T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe extent and rate of occlusal attrition in relation to degenerative arthritis of the temporomandibular joint were studied in 101 skulls representing early Aboriginal man in Australia. Joint degenerations affected 40% of the specimens and were associated with both the rate and extent of tooth attrition. Age, unaccompanied by tooth wear, was not significant in the progress of the disease. Degenerations affected the temporal joint surface more frequently than the condyle, particularly in the lateral and central regions of the articular eminence.Patterns of degenerative joint disease in the Aboriginals illustrated a break‐down in the physiological adaptability of the masticatory system resulting from increased occlusal stress consequent upon progressive tooth wear. Under these conditions, the teeth and the temporomandibular joints enter a ‘wear‐out’ phase of occlusal function which usually commences in early adult life and becomes more severe as the conditions continue.
QTL analysis of a rapidly evolving speciation phenotype in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala
Authors: SHAW KERRY L. , PARSONS YVONNE M. , LESNICK SKY C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn mate recognition systems, the functional necessity to coordinate traits involved in sexual communication should result in reduced pairing potential for new variants outside the distribution of common reproductive signals. Yet, many closely related, sexual species differ in mate recognition traits, suggesting that directional selection influences the divergence of mate recognition systems. Species of the endemic Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala are morphologically and ecologically cryptic, although both male calling song and female acoustic preference have diverged rapidly between closely related species. These mate recognition phenotypes are therefore often likely to be speciation phenotypes, i.e. traits whose divergence contributes, directly or indirectly, to a reduction of gene flow during speciation, given their frequent participation in early lineage divergence. We conducted a replicated, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study of the genetic basis of differences in male calling song between two closely related species, Laupala paranigra and Laupala kohalensis, allowing us to examine the genetic basis of traits involved in rapid speciation. We found statistical support for eight QTL in one replicate, with at least four of these QTL mapping to the same regions in a second replicate. QTL effects ranged between 3.0% and 10.7% of the difference in pulse rate between L. paranigra and L. kohalensis, and are thus of moderate to small effect. All QTL identified show directional effects consistent with the hypothesis of directional selection. Thus, we conclude that rapid speciation can occur under the influence of many genes of moderate to small effect. This study implicates the role of directional selection in the divergence of mate recognition traits and speciation the Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala.
Infant programming of bone size and bone mass in 10‐year‐old black and white South African children
Authors: Vidulich Linda , Norris Shane A. , Cameron Noël , Pettifor John M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn developed countries, the earliest of factors shown to identify those at a high risk of having low bone mass and so be prone to osteoporosis in later life is that of quality of early life reflected by low birthweight (BW) and size in infancy. It is unclear whether such relationships exist in developing countries and in black populations. Associations were studied between BW, weight (WT1) and length (LT1) at 1 year and bone size and bone mass in 476 children (boys: 182 black, 72 white; girls: 158 black, 64 white) aged 10 years, who formed part of a longitudinal cohort of children born in Johannesburg, South Africa, during 1990. Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were made of the whole body, femoral neck and lumbar spine (L1‐L4) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA).After adjusting BA and BMC for race, gender, age, socio‐economic status, bone age, height and weight at 10 years, on which BA and BMC in children are so dependent, WT1, LT1 and BW were significant predictors of whole body BA (WT1, P < 0.0001; LT1, P < 0.01; BW, P < 0.05) and BMC (WT1, P < 0.01; LT1, P < 0.05; BW, P < 0.05) and of BMC of the femoral neck (WT1, P < 0.01; LT1, P < 0.05). When BMC was in addition corrected for BA, then BW, WT1 and LT1 were predictive of femoral neck BMC (BW, P < 0.05; WT1, P < 0.05; LT1, P < 0.01) but not whole body BMC. Thus, BMC at 10 years appears to be independently associated with weight and length at 1 year, which is not completely mediated by the tracking of skeletal growth. Low BW and small size at 1 year resulted in smaller bones and/or bones of lower BMC at the femoral neck. The findings support the hypothesis that growth and development, both intrauterine and in the first year, which are measures of genetic, intrauterine and postnatal environmental factors, may have long‐term consequences when compromised, and may be associated with the risk of osteoporosis in later life.
Racial disparity in risk of preterm birth associated with lower genital tract infection
Authors: Hitti Jane , Nugent Robert , Boutain Doris , Gardella Carolyn , Hillier Sharon L. , Eschenbach David A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the associations between lower genital tract infection, racial group and preterm birth in the Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study, a large prospective cohort study conducted between 1984 and 1989. This analysis included 11 910 women enrolled at 23–26 weeks' gestation with equal representation from self‐identified African American, Hispanic and white women. Subjects were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis at study entry, and their pregnancy outcomes were ascertained after delivery. The primary outcome of interest was preterm delivery of a low‐birthweight infant (<37 weeks and <2500 g). The associations between lower genital tract infection and preterm delivery of a low‐birthweight infant were examined within each racial group, with adjustment for potential confounders using multivariable logistic regression.In this cohort, 6.4% of African Americans, 3.8% of Hispanics, and 4.4% of whites had a preterm delivery of a low‐birthweight infant (P < 0.001). Lower genital tract infection was significantly associated with preterm delivery of a low‐birthweight infant among African Americans, but not among other racial groups. The proportion of preterm birth associated with lower genital tract infection was 21% among African Americans and 5% among whites. The increase in infection‐associated preterm birth among African Americans appears to be related both to an increased prevalence of lower genital tract infection, and also to an increased risk of preterm delivery of a low‐birthweight infant in the context of lower genital tract infection.
Clinical and economic outcomes for term infants associated with increasing administration of antibiotics to their mothers
Authors: Glasgow Tiffany S. , Speakman Mori , Firth Sean , James Brent , Byington Carrie L. , Young Paul C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryImplementation of national guidelines for the prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) infections has led to an increase in intrapartum antibiotic use and reduction in early‐onset GBS infections in newborns. Other outcomes, including the clinical diagnosis of sepsis in term infants, treatment with antibiotics, length of stay, and cost have not been described. To examine these outcomes, we performed an analysis of maternal and newborn data collected between 1998 and 2002 of 130 447 in‐hospital births of newborns ≥37 weeks gestation and their mothers from a large vertically integrated healthcare organisation in Utah. The main outcome measures included: (i) the number of women delivering at term who received intravenous antibiotics; (ii) the number of newborns treated for ‘clinical sepsis’, which was defined as receiving antibiotics for >72 h and the number of newborns who received antibiotics for ≤48 h, i.e. a ‘rule‐out‐sepsis’ course. We also compared the lengths of stay and variable costs of infants whose mothers received antibiotics with those whose mothers did not.We found that the proportion of mothers who received intravenous antibiotics rose from 26.8% in 1998 to 40.6% in 2002 (P < 0.0001). The proportion of newborns treated for clinical sepsis ranged from 1.2% to 1.4% over the 5‐year period. (P for trend = 0.04). After controlling for maternal chorioamnionitis, delivery by caesarean section and maternal GBS status, newborns of mothers who received antibiotics were significantly more likely to be treated for clinical sepsis than were newborns of mothers who had not received them [adjusted OR = 3.3; 95% CI 2.9, 3.8]. The average length of stay for newborns whose mothers were treated with antibiotics was 55.8 h compared with 41.6 h for those not treated (P < 0.0001). The cost of caring for newborns whose mothers received antibiotics was $740 compared with $638 for those whose mothers had not received them (P < 0.001).
The effect of maternal socio‐economic status throughout the lifespan on infant birthweight
Authors: Astone Nan Marie , Misra Dawn , Lynch Courtney 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate whether maternal socio‐economic status during childhood and at the time of pregnancy each have unique associations with infant birthweight when biological determinants of birthweight are controlled. The data are from a three‐generation study which contains information on the mothers and grandmothers of 987 singleton infants, collected over a period of 25 years. We used simple and multivariable regression to assess the association between indicators of a woman's socio‐economic status and her offspring's birthweight.Women who grew up in poor households had smaller babies than those who did not, and a unit increase in the income/needs ratio (analogous to the poverty index), in non‐poor households only, was associated with a 185 g [95% CI 70, 200] increase in infant birthweight. Maternal age at the index infant's birth had a positive association with birthweight that diminished as women reached their mid‐twenties. Among mothers with low education, high grandmaternal education was associated with a 181 g [95% CI 71, 292] increase in infant birthweight, while high grandmaternal education had no effect among infants whose mothers were relatively well‐educated. This interaction between grandmaternal and maternal education is consistent with claims that cumulative stress is an important mechanism connecting maternal socio‐economic status and infant health.
Does lateral gas diffusion in leaves matter?
Authors: MORISON JAMES I. L. , LAWSON TRACY 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPhotosynthesis depends on the diffusion of gaseous CO2inside the leaf spaces from the stomatal entry point to the mesophyll cell walls. Although most research considers only the vertical diffusion from stomata on upper and/or leaf lower surfaces, some of the gas will diffuse in the lateral (paradermal) direction. The importance of lateral CO2diffusion is reviewed, and the anatomical characteristics of leaves, including the variation of air space volume between species and conditions are discussed. The contribution of the air space conductance to the limitation of photosynthesis by the overall CO2diffusion pathway is usually ignored. However, the need to consider three‐dimensional diffusion at the small scale of a few stomata is emphasized because stomata are discrete, and separated by 20–300 µm. At the large scale of 100s of micrometres, there may be barriers to CO2caused by the vascular tissue, particularly if there are bundle sheath extensions. The possible extent and controls on CO2lateral and vertical diffusion in different species and conditions are illustrated using chlorophyllafluorescence imaging techniques. It is clear that there is a range of effective lateral permeabilities depending on the particular vascular patterns and cell arrangements, and that species cannot be simply divided into homobaric and heterobaric anatomies. Lateral diffusion in more permeable leaves can be sufficient to affect measurements of leaf gas exchange, particularly when fluxes are low, although its contribution to leaf photosynthesis in natural conditions needs clarification.
Mapping hydrocarbon‐induced mineralogical alteration in the northern Tian Shan using ASTER multispectral data
Authors: Fu Bihong , Zheng Guodong , Ninomiya Yoshiki , Wang Chuanyuan , Sun Guoqiang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeepage from hydrocarbon reservoirs can cause a number of chemical and/or mineralogical changes in overlying rocks and soils. These surface changes can be detected by remote sensing imaging systems. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imaging system in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) to shortwave infrared (SWIR) region. Band ratios of ASTER VNIR and SWIR data to detect red bed bleaching and secondary carbonate formation induced by hydrocarbon seepage are proposed through analysis of the spectral properties of rock samples. Results show that ASTER band ratios of 2/1 and 4/8 can discriminate bleached red beds and secondary carbonate minerals due to hydrocarbon seepage in the northern Tian Shan. They are in good agreement with mineral identification using X‐ray diffraction. The ratio technique derived from ASTER data may provide a potential approach for hydrocarbon exploration in areas with sparse vegetation cover.
SB401, a pollen‐specific protein from Solanum berthaultii, binds to and bundles microtubules and F‐actin
Authors: Huang Shuli , Jin Lifeng , Du Jizhou , Li Hua , Zhao Qian , Ou Guangshuo , Ao Guangming , Yuan Ming 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWe characterize a novel, pollen‐specific, microtubule‐associated protein, SB401, found in Solanum berthaultii. This protein binds to and bundles taxol‐stabilized microtubules and enhances tubulin polymerization in a concentration‐dependent manner, particularly at lower temperatures. Electron microscopy revealed that the protein decorates the entire length of microtubules. Cross‐linking and electrophoresis studies showed that SB401 protein forms dimers, and suggest that dimerization could account for bundling. Double immunofluorescent staining of pollen tubes of S. berthaultii showed that SB401 protein co‐localized with cortical microtubule bundles. SB401 protein also binds to and bundles actin filaments, and could connect actin filaments to microtubules. SB401 protein had a much higher affinity for microtubules than for actin filaments. In the presence of both cytoskeletal elements, the protein preferentially bound microtubules to form bundles. These results demonstrate that SB401 protein may have important roles in organizing the cytoskeleton in pollen tubes.
Cyclaneusma gen. nov., Naemacyclus and Lasiostictis, a nomenclatural problem resolved
Authors: Dicosmo F. , Peredo H. , Minter D. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe correct binomial for the type species of Naemacyclus is N. fimbriatus comb, nov. Lasiostictis fimbriata is a synonym. The common pint; needlecast fungi hitherto called N. niveus and N. minor are not congeneric with this species and are therefore redisposed in Cyclaneusma gen. nov. (Rhytismataceae) as C. niveum and C. minus combs. nov. Cyclaneusma minus is illustrated and the taxonomic position of the new genus is discussed.
Presence and accumulation of fungitoxic substances against Ceratocystis ulmi in Ulmus americana: possible relation to induced resistance1
Authors: Jeng R. S. , Alfenas A. C. , Hubbes M. , Dumas M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the differential accumulation of inhibitory compounds in American elm seedlings after inoculation with a non‐aggressive and an aggressive strain of C, ulmi.