bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating forecasts of extreme events for hydrological applications: an approach for screening unfamiliar performance measures
Authors: Cloke Hannah L. , Pappenberger Florian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMany different performance measures have been developed to evaluate field predictions in meteorology. However, a researcher or practitioner encountering a new or unfamiliar measure may have difficulty in interpreting its results, which may lead to them avoiding new measures and relying on those that are familiar. In the context of evaluating forecasts of extreme events for hydrological applications, this article aims to promote the use of a range of performance measures. Some of the types of performance measures that are introduced in order to demonstrate a six‐step approach to tackle a new measure. Using the example of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble precipitation predictions for the Danube floods of July and August 2002, to show how to use new performance measures with this approach and the way to choose between different performance measures based on their suitability for the task at hand is shown. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Terminal aerodrome forecast verification in Austro Control using time windows and ranges of forecast conditions
Authors: Mahringer Guenter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTerminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) are widely used meteorological forecasts for flight planning. Therefore, there is considerable interest in assessing their accuracy, skill and value. TAFs give information about the expected conditions of wind, visibility, significant weather and clouds at airports. Using different types of change groups, the forecaster gives a range of possible values valid for a time interval, the shortest interval being 1 h. A TAF thus contains a range of forecast conditions for each hour.Point verification has proved to be difficult for TAFs. To ease these difficulties, time and meteorological state constraints are relaxed in the method described in this paper. This is done by verifying two conditions for each hour of the TAF. The highest (or most favourable) observed value is used to score the highest forecast value, and the lowest (or most adverse) observed value is used to score the lowest forecast value. Entries are made accordingly into two contingency tables. The contingency tables are specific for weather element and lead time.Verification results should give feedback to forecasters. Contingency tables show the strengths and weaknesses of TAF, and displays for individual TAFs are available in the sense of ‘eyeball verification’. For management information, common verification measures for categorical events (such as the Gerrity Score and the Heidke Skill Score) are calculated from the contingency tables. For answering specific customer questions, verification results in respect to certain values of weather elements are available. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A review with comprehensive data on experimental indirect scalar NMR spin–spin coupling constants across hydrogen bonds
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Denisov Gleb S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractScalar NMR spin–spin coupling constants across hydrogen bonds are fundamental in structural studies and as test grounds for theoretical calculations. Since they are scattered among many articles of different kinds, it seems useful to collect them in the most comprehensive way. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of triacylglycerol polymorphs by nuclear magnetic resonance: effects of temperature and chain length on relaxation parameters
Authors: Adam‐Berret M. , Rondeau‐Mouro C. , Riaublanc A. , Mariette F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIt is very important to monitor the characteristics of triacylglycerol crystal network in fats, as these crystals have an impact on many food properties such as texture, sensory taste, and extended shelf life. Although time‐domain NMR (TD‐NMR) is now the reference technique to determine the solid fat index in food, the entire possibilities of this technique are not used. Some NMR studies have been performed to determine its power for the discrimination of polymorphism. In this study, extended investigations proved that TD‐NMR could evaluate triacylglycerol (TA) polymorphism, independently from temperature and chain length. Study of the dipolar interactions through second moment M2, which is characteristic of proton mobility in solid‐state samples, provided a new understanding of the structural organization of crystal molecules. Proton spin–lattice relaxation, which has been proved to be a true probe of polymorphism, has provided information on crystal networks. Combination of the two techniques revealed two very interesting kinds of results, i.e. the presence of a minimum spin–lattice relaxation time T1 for tristearin α, which is a characteristic of a dynamic molecular process, and differences in behavior between long and short chain lengths, both at a molecular and a crystal level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A recovery‐type error estimator for the extended finite element method based on singular+smooth stress field splitting
Authors: Ródenas J. J. , González‐Estrada O. A. , Tarancón J. E. , Fuenmayor F. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new stress recovery procedure that provides accurate estimations of the discretization error for linear elastic fracture mechanic problems analyzed with the extended finite element method (XFEM) is presented. The procedure is an adaptation of the superconvergent patch recovery (SPR) technique for the XFEM framework. It is based on three fundamental aspects: (a) the use of a singular+smooth stress field decomposition technique involving the use of different recovery methods for each field: standard SPR for the smooth field and reconstruction of the recovered singular field using the stress intensity factor K for the singular field; (b) direct calculation of smoothed stresses at integration points using conjoint polynomial enhancement; and (c) assembly of patches with elements intersected by the crack using different stress interpolation polynomials at each side of the crack. The method was validated by testing it on problems with an exact solution in mode I, mode II, and mixed mode and on a problem without analytical solution. The results obtained showed the accuracy of the proposed error estimator. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Boltzmann equation and its fluid dynamic limits: Numerical studies
Authors: Babovsky Hans 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe introduce a Boltzmann equation on discrete lattices and demonstrate its applicability for the numerical simulation of flows in the transition regime to fluid dynamics. The application concerns an evaporation condensation where the fluid dynamic flow is ruled by a thin kinetic boundary layer. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decision diagrams for the exact solution of Markov models
Authors: Miner Andrew S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHigh‐level models of asynchronous systems can easily produce large Markov chains, whose solution is desired to determine performance measures about the system. Although these Markov chains are typically quite sparse, they can still require an excessive amount of storage space if a traditional, sparse matrix representation is used. This article surveys compact data structures that can be used to generate and store extremely large Markov chains corresponding to a high‐level description. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the convergence for kinetic variational inequality to quasi‐static variational inequality with application to elastic‐plastic systems with hardening
Authors: Petrov Adrien 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this note, a priori estimates for the kinetic problem are obtained that imply, that the kinetic solutions converge to the quasi‐static ones, when the size of initial perturbations and the rate of application of the forces tend to 0. An application to three‐dimensional elastic‐plastic systems with hardening is given. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical experiments on a flexible variant of GMRES‐DR
Authors: Giraud Luc , Gratton Serge , Pinel Xavier , Vasseur Xavier 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Flexible GMRES (FGMRES [1]) and the GMRES with deflated restarting (GMRES‐DR [2]) methods are two algorithms derived from GMRES [3], that are considered as powerful when solving large non hermitian systems of linear equations. GMRES‐DR is a variant of GMRES with an improved restarting technique that maintains in the Krylov subspace harmonic Ritz vector from the previous restart. In situations where the convergence of restarted GMRES is slow and where the matrix has few eigenvalues close to the origin, this technique has proved very efficient. The new method that we propose is the Flexible GMRES with deflated restarting (FGMRES‐DR [6]), which combines the two above mentioned algorithms in order to yield better performance. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A moving‐mesh splitting scheme for 2‐dimensional quenching problems
Authors: Sheng Q. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel moving‐mesh adaptive finite difference method is proposed for solving 2‐dimensional quenching differential equations of the form ut = uxx + uyy + (κ – u)–2. Splitting strategies equipped with proper arc‐length adaptations are utilized to achieve the computational efficiency as well as accuracy of the numerical solution of the potentially singular problems. Important results including the monotonicity of the nonlinear finite difference scheme are given. Simulation validations are provided to further demonstrate our conclusions. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variable transformations in numerical integration
Authors: Sidi Avram 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe discuss some recent developments in the use of class Sm variable transformations for improving the accuracy of the trapezoidal rule approximations in numerical integration via the trapezoidal rule. These concern optimal choices of m. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic homogenization on selfsimilar structures
Authors: Soós Anna 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStochastic selfsimilar sets and measure have been used extensively to model various physical phenomena. In the following we will use them to generalize the concept of stochastic two‐scale convergence. Using this notion the homogenization theory can be developed for stochastic selfsimilar structures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aspects of shape an parameter sensitivity analysis in the theory of porous media
Authors: Barthold Franz‐Joseph , Stieghan Jörg 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis contribution is concerned with the application of variational shape sensitivity analysis and parameter sensitivity analysis to the theory of porous media. Both areas contribute to structural optimization and other inverse problems like parameter identification. The correct and efficient derivation, implementation and computation of the sensitivities, that are the gradient values of objectives and constraints with respect to different kind of design variables, have a significant influence on the overall performance of the nonlinear programming algorithms applied to the numerical treatment of inverse problems.The theory of porous media is built upon the mixture of several phases and their interaction using the concept of volume fractions. Thus, a complex continuum mechanical description for each single phase as well as for the whole mixture is used in this approach. This proposal formulates a general viewpoint using an intrinsic formulation in local coordinates which permit a rigorous split of continuum mechanical functions into parts being either geometry or deformation depending. The variational approach to sensitivity analysis is built not only upon this separation but also upon material parameters and yields some general insight into the structure of porous media. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Slow crack growth resistance in resin blends of chromium and metallocene catalyzed ethylene‐hexene copolymers for pipe applications
Authors: García Rafael A. , Carrero A. , Aroca M. , Prieto O. , Domínguez C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA bimodal system has been developed by blending a high density and linear medium density ethylene‐hexene copolymers synthesized with chromium and metallocene catalysts, respectively. The resistance to slow crack growth examined by the Pennsylvania Edge‐Notch Tensile test (PENT test‐ASTM F1473) and the crack opening displacement was determined at 80°C and 2.4 MPa. The effects of molecular and morphological structure on the slow crack growth (SCG) resistance were evaluated, the molecular weight and lamellar thickness being the most critical parameters for this system. The great importance of the short chain branching content and distribution was determined and discussed by SEC‐FTIR. Therefore, two main factors were found determinant in the SCG resistance. On the one hand, the increase of tie molecule density and therefore the continuity in the network formed by crystals and tie molecules and, on the other hand, the short chain branching density increase as the linear medium density ethylene‐hexene copolymer fraction does so. In addition, a morphological analysis of the fracture surface was performed in order to analyze the fracture mechanisms that took place. Differences observed in the fracture surface morphology were related to the molecular and morphological structure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Multiple sclerosis‐related proteins identified in cerebrospinal fluid by advanced mass spectrometry
Authors: Stoop Marcel P. , Dekker Lennard J. , Titulaer Mark K. , Burgers Peter C. , Sillevis Smitt Peter A. E. , Luider Theo M. , Hintzen Rogier Q. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA total of 164 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples taken from neurological patients were classed into four groups according to the clinical diagnosis: multiple sclerosis (MScl, n = 44), clinically isolated syndrome of demyelination (CIS, n = 40), other inflammatory neurological disease (OIND, n = 26) and other neurological disease (OND, n = 54). After tryptic digestion, the samples were measured by MALDI‐TOF MS. Spectra were analyzed using the R‐project software package, in which a peak detection algorithm was developed. Subsequently, the peak lists were compared based on ranked data (non‐parametric). Significant differences were observed in the comparisons of MScl vs. OND and CIS vs. OND. The comparisons of MScl vs. OIND, and CIS vs. OIND showed fewer significant differences. No significant differences were found in comparisons MScl vs. CIS and OIND vs. OND. MScl and CIS had strikingly similar profiles, probably a reflection of common pathological mechanisms. Three differentially expressed proteins in the comparison of MScl vs. OND were identified: chromogranin A, a potential marker for neurodegeneration; and two important factors in complement‐mediated inflammatory reaction, clusterin and complement C3. CSF chromogranin A levels were confirmed to be significantly elevated in the MScl group using an ELISA.
Microsystems for Optical Cell Detection: Near versus Far Field
Authors: Kostner Stefan , Vellekoop Michael J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOptical flow cytometry is a process where physical and (bio‐) chemical parameters of single biological cells can be obtained in a flow‐through setup by optical measurement techniques. Unlike conventional systems, where measurements are conducted in the optical far field, the proposed system senses the cell's optical projection in the near field by using integrated photodiodes. This allows for the attainment of additional parameters, e.g., size and shape, which are usually hidden in the far field. In addition, parameters such as refractive index and absorption of the cell influence the sensor signal. Additionally, with another setup, a different approach is followed to measure similar parameters with external detection using a DVD laser pickup head and a microchannel equipped with a mirror. This low‐cost setup does not measure in the near field, and therefore, is dedicated to different parameters. In this contribution, results from measurements with polystyrene particles and biological cells (yeast and Chinese hamster ovary) are presented and the advantages and limitations of both systems are outlined.
Invega: prolonged‐release paliperidone for schizophrenia
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Livingston Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPaliperidone (Invega) is a new atypical antipsychotic available as modified‐release tablets for once‐daily administration. Here, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse affects, and Dr Martin Livingston comments on its place in the treatment of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Amino acid requirement for the high affinity binding of a selected arginine‐rich peptide with the HIV Rev‐response element RNA
Authors: Sugaya Maki , Nishino Norikazu , Katoh Akira , Harada Kazuo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe arginine‐rich motif is a class of short arginine‐rich peptides that bind to specific RNA structures that has been found to be a versatile framework for the design and selection of RNA‐binding peptides. We previously identified novel peptides that bind to the Rev‐response element (RRE) RNA of the HIV from an arginine‐rich polypeptide library (ARPL) consisting of a polyarginine (15 mer) randomized at the N‐terminal 10 positions. The selected peptides bound more strongly to the RRE than the natural binding partner, Rev, and contained glutamine residues that were assumed to be important for recognition of the G–A base pair. In addition, the peptides were predicted to bind to the RRE in an α‐helical conformation. In this study, in order to understand the mechanism of the interaction between the RRE and the putative α‐helical glutamine‐containing peptides, the amino acid requirements for high affinity binding were analyzed by a combinatorial approach using a bacterial system for detecting RNA–peptide interactions. A consensus peptide, the DLA peptide, was elucidated, which consists of a single glutamine residue within a polyarginine context with the glutamine residue flanked at specific positions by three nonarginine residues, two of which appear to be important for α‐helix stabilization. In addition, the DLA peptide was found to bind extremely tightly to the RRE with an affinity 50‐fold higher than that of the Rev peptide as determined by a gel shift assay. A working model for the interaction of the DLA peptide to the RRE is proposed, which should aid in the development of peptide‐based drugs that inhibit HIV replication, as well as in our understanding of polypeptide–RNA interactions. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical characterization of rocksalt Pb1–xSnx Te alloys
Authors: Dantas Nilton Souza , Arwin Hans , Nzulu Gabriel , de Oliveira Rappl Paulo Henrique , da Silva Antônio Ferreira , Persson Clas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe optical properties in terms of dielectric function ϵ (ħω) = ϵ1(ħω) + iϵ2(ħω) of rocksalt Pb1–x Snx Te alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) are investigated experimentally by spectroscopic ellipsometry and theoretically by first‐principles electronic band structure calculation. We find a strong optical response in the 0.5–2.0 eV region arising from optical absorption around the LW‐line of the Brillouin zone. The response peak of the imaginary part of the dielectric functions at E = 1.6–1.8 eV shifts towards lower energies for high Sn compositions as a consequence of narrower W‐point band‐gap Eg(W) for the Sn‐rich alloys. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Angle‐resolved Mueller polarimeter using a microscope objective
Authors: Ben Hatit S. , Foldyna M. , De Martino A. , Drévillon B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new Mueller polarimeter based on liquid crystals and a microscope objective is presented for the characterization of diffraction gratings in a conical diffraction mounting. Fast measurements of complete Mueller matrices over a range of polar angles ϑ (0–60°) and azimuthal angles φ (0–360°) are achieved without mechanical movements. The polarization states generator and analyzer are based on nematic liquid crystals. The angular range is achieved through focalization of light over the measured sample with a microscope objective of high numerical aperture and imaging of the objective's back Fourier plane on a CCD. Results on isotropic samples and diffraction gratings are shown. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of Si nanorods by spectroscopic ellipsometry with efficient theoretical modeling
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Hsin , Liu En‐Shao , Chang Yia‐Chung , Hilfiker James N. , Kim Young Dong , Kim Tae Jung , Lin Chun‐Jung , Lin Gong‐Ru 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSpectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is applied to characterize Si columnar nanostructures. By employing effective medium approximation (EMA) theory, Si nanorods are treated as a graded layer with each sub‐layer modeled as a mixture of Si and voids with varying porosity fraction. In addition, the rigorous coupled‐wave analysis and finite‐element Green's function method were used in modeling Si nanorods as a stack of disks with varying diameters and thicknesses, and the calculations are in satisfactory agreement with the measurement results. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation of interfacial electrostatic field‐induced changes in the silicon dielectric function using spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Price J. , Lysaght P. S. , Song S. C. , Diebold A. C. , An Y. Q. , Downer M. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis work investigates the capability of spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure charge trapping centers in thin dielectric films. Specific interfacial electrostatic fields, induced by electrons injected into charge trapping states at the interface, have been identified that directly affect the underlying silicon substrate critical points. The effect of a field‐induced change in the silicon fundamental absorption edge due to different processing conditions affecting the oxygen vacancy defects at the interface is presented. Measuring the field‐induced change in the silicon dielectric function between a sample with a 2 nm HfO2 film as‐deposited and the same sample after a 1000 °C anneal in an N2 ambient reveals that a stronger interfacial field is present for the as‐deposited HfO2 film. These results are consistent with the understanding that high temperature anneals work well to passivate oxygen vacancy defects at the silicon/HfO2 interface. Finally, we compare our results with Second Harmonic Generation where specific resonant features are identifiable with electric field enhancements at the same interface. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)