bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Bio‐gas for power Generation
Authors: ALDER M. A. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe paper outlines the operational experience gained on a number of combined heat and power (CHP) schemes within Wessex Water. Application philosophy is discussed with particular emphasis on economic viability. Capital and revenue costs are presented, together with details of performance. The use of a performance guarantee contract with suppliers is demonstrated and possibilities for future improvements are suggested.
Optimization of Sampling Resources
Authors: SHELLENS M. , EDWARDS ZARA 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThis paper reports on an investigation into the efficient routing of sample collection in the Lincoln Division of Anglian Water. Samples have to be collected from more than 600 sample points across three functions and at frequencies ranging from daily to once in two years. The organization of this activity is clearly complex.As a result of the review carried out using manual methods, the additional 15 000 water samples which are required annually are now being collected with no increase in staff resources. The scale of the effort required for this review prevents it from being repeated except at infrequent intervals; yet without frequent reviews the efficiency of routes is eroded as the required pattern of samples changes. A computer system is therefore being developed, offering the prospect of halting the drift away from efficiency and the speedy evaluation of alternative strategies.
Conventry Area Sewage Sludge Disoposal Scheme: Development of Strategy and Early Operating Experiences
Authors: KANE M. J. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe paper outlines the development of a sludge disposal strategy for the City of Coventry, from 1939 onwards. The aim of the paper is to show how a fundamental change in philosophy from gravity thickening to mechanical dewatering led to the construction of a £1.5 million dewatering plant. It provides a detailed appraisal of the first year of operation, and attempts to identify the major problem areas which led to plant performance failing to achieve expectations. The concluding paragraphs describe the on‐site work which is currently being undertaken, the results of which will eventually dictate the most suitable operational option.
Power Generation and Environmental Protection: The Conservation of Water Resources
Authors: CLARKE A. J. , HEATON P. F. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISTHIS PAPER EXAMINES the use of water in the generation of electricity in England and Wales and describes the measures taken to reduce the environmental consequences of this use. Potential effects on water quality that may arise indirectly from activities other than water use are also discussed.The first part of the paper deals with a range of topics that are generally common to the generation of electricity by either of the principal means ‐ fossil fuel (coal and oil) combustion and nuclear energy. The second part of the paper deals specifically with the discharge of radioactive materials that may affect the aquatic environment.
Chlorination and Drinking Water Quality ‐ an Operational Overview
Authors: TETLOW J. A. , HAYES C. R. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYAvailable national guidelines for disinfection practice, and for the examination of bacteriological quality, are reviewed, together with the legislative requirements of the EC ‘Drinking Water’Directive. Problems of impracticability, vagueness, and ambiguity are identified.Experience of the maintenance of bacteriological quality in large, lowland, surface water and ground‐water supply areas is given with reference to the behaviour of disinfectant residuals, trihalomethanes, nitrite, and aesthetic parameters. The way forward in terms of the management of distribution systems and water treatment is discussed.
1. The Use of Risk Management to Provide Cost‐effective Water Supplies
Authors: HUNTINGTON R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMajor benefits can be derived from the comprehensive use of risk management techniques in water supply distribution management.The paper identifies particular areas where financial benefits can be gained and examines savings, risks, and consequences of failure of critical supply links, recommending contingency planning to minimize the impact of occasional failures.Better management of service reservoirs is identified as a key element in improved management and methods of realizing savings are illustrated. Suggestions are made on how the inherent robustness of the distribution system can be exploited to meet high diurnal and seasonal peaks.Emphasis is placed on the value to be derived from sensible use of network analysis simulation and the control of pressure in the distribution system.
CHARM ‐ A Flow Management Model for the Lower River Thames
Authors: Wilkinson J. C. , Von LANY P. H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis PAPER DESCRIBES the development, testing, and implementation of CHARM, a low flow management model for the River Thames between Windsor and Teddington. CHARM has been designed to help operational control staff to regulate river water levels and to define safe abstraction rates for pumping from the river into reservoir storage. Effective management of flows, levels, and abstraction rates is particularly important during periods of low flow when there is a potential conflict of interest between meeting the demand for water and satisfying minimum constraints for residual river flows and levels.CHARM resides on a microcomputer and evaluates the consequences of a contemplated set of actions, over a 24 hr period, within a matter of seconds. Results are displayed graphically to the operators, showing where constraints have been violated so that control decisions may be adopted or modified as necessary.
Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment
Authors: COTRUVO J. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe role and use of risk assessment methods in the establishment of drinking water standards are described, with emphasis on recent applications in the USA. The process essentially includes an attempt to quantify human exposure from all routes including drinking water, animal toxicology and human epidemiology, when available, to arrive at drinking water concentrations at which exposure would result in ‘no known or anticipated adverse effects on health, with a margin of safety’. The process itself is straightforward; however, the application to decision making for substances which are considered to be potentially non‐threshold acting in their toxicity (e.g. carcinogenic) requires many policy choices beyond the scientific data, and is subject to considerable controversy.
Optimization of Water Supply Systems: Risk Analysis and Reliability of Supply
Authors: WARREN R. P. , COOK S. C. , LUMBERS J. P. , FANNER P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of determining minimum premissible storage in the optimization of water distribution networks is assessed by means of evaluating the reliability of the system operation during range crisis events. Reliability is treated in both a deterministic and probabilistic manner, and an illustration of the analysis given for a typical scenario on an existing network.
EC Directive on the Control of Dangerous Substances (76/464/EEC): Its Impact on the UK Water Industry
Authors: AGG A. R. , ZABEL T. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the impact on the UK water industry of EC legislation which has been adopted and proposed for the control of dangerous substances discharged to the aquatic environment. The main impact arises from the increased monitoring needs, requiring more sophisticated analytical equipment and skilled staff, together with the increased administrative burden to produce reduction programmes and to set and control consents for dangerous substances. The paper also summarizes recent initiatives which have been taken by the UK towards a more precautionary approach to pollution control, by requiring that ‘red‐list’ substances should be controlled by environmental quality standards and limit values whichever are the more stringent.
The Agricultural Requirement for Irrigation Water
Authors: BAILEY R. J. , MINHINICK J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a quantitative analysis of irrigation requirements in different climatic areas of England and Wales. The analysis takes account of the differing requirements of various crops and variation in soil texture. The results include an estimation of irrigation requirement in an average year, a typical dry year for irrigation planning purposes, and an exceptional year such as 1976. The analysis was conducted using a computer programme developed jointly by the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, together with the Meteorological Office, and a brief description is given of the salient features of the programme.
Optimum Design of Sewage Sludge Consolidation Tanks
Authors: HOYLAND G. , DEE A. , DAY M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConsolidation is potentially the most cost‐effective of all sludge treatment processes. However, traditional design procedures have been oversimplified such that the process has not generally been fully exploited.The objective of this report is to summarize the Water Research Centre (WRc) procedure for sizing sewage sludge consolidation tanks, and explain the major design aspects which control the effective operation of the plant. The procedure provides a means of sizing tanks to consolidate any particular sewage sludge to any solids concentrations up to the maximum, and is applicable to both the batch and continuous operational modes. To obtain the predicted performance, the essential equipment such as the picket fence and control system, comprising a consolidation plant, must be suitably designed.
Sediments in Sewers
Authors: CRABTREE R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recent survey has suggested that up to 25 000 km of UK sewerage networks may be affected by in‐pipe sediment deposits. Field evidence indicates that, typically, up to 90% of the pollution load discharged from storm sewage overflows may be derived from the erosion of accumulated in‐system sediment, commonly referred to as silt.A sewer flow quality simulation model is being developed under the aegis of the WRc/Water Industry Collaborative River Basin Management research programme. Such a model will enable sewerage engineers and water quality planners to produce more effective designs for sewerage rehabilitation schemes to control river pollution. In order to produce this model it is necessary to understand the nature, characteristics and controlling mechanisms of in‐pipe sediment deposits.Field observations, coupled with sampling and analysis of combined sewer sediment deposits, have produced a five category classification for such sediments. Each category has distinctive characteristics in terms of appearance, composition and polluting potential.
Comparison of Disinfection Techniques for Sewage and Sewage Effluents
Authors: RUDD T. , HOPKINSON L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews operational and experimental disinfection techniques for the removal of pathogens from sewage and secondary effluent prior to marine discharge. Disinfection options considered include chlorine (hypochlorite, chloramines, OSEC), ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride, peracetic acid (PAA) and gamma irradiation. A comparison of alternative systems is made in terms of their inactivation efficiency, safety, environmental impact and cost. Budget costs were obtained from chemical and equipment suppliers for the disinfection of a theoretical case‐study, to enable a direct cost‐comparison to be made.
Water Aid and the Third World ‐ a Partnership in Low‐cost Technology
Authors: RICHARDSON IMELDA A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWateraid, a registered charity, is working with local partners in Africa and Asia on small‐scale primary water supply projects, basic sanitation and hygiene education, for poor Third‐World communities. Programmes are aimed at lasting development, not disaster relief. Low‐cost technologies are used, preferably including proven local techniques. This, combined with training local staff, increases the probability of replication occurring through WaterAid's local operational partners.Methods employed fully involve the benefiting community; their participation is of course essential if they are to run and maintain their new supply successfully.Finally it is expected that poor communities achieving their own protected water supply will gain confidence to tackle other development needs.
Catchment Afforestation and Water Supply in Strathclyde Region
Authors: GREENE L. A. , TAYLOR J. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe intensive afforestation of the uplands in Strathclyde Region, encouraged by Government policy, has given rise to growing concern about the impact of this significant change in land use on the quality and quantity of water supplies.The smaller high‐quality upland sources, which historically have minimal treatment, are those most at risk from changes as a result of forestry activity. Problems caused by a reduction in yield at some sources in the Region are discussed. A number of afforested water‐supply catchments have been monitored since 1984 with the aim of identifying trends in water quality, and the results indicate increases in colour, turbidity, acidity and aluminium in supplies after activities such as access road construction, ploughing and draining. Evidence is presented of the continued leaching of phosphate more than six years after the application of fertilizer.To enable improved advance consultation and planning to protect public water supplies, there is a requirement to be able to indicate the likely sensitivity of individual supplies to the various effects of afforestation.The Region is committed to a substantial ten‐year capital expenditure programme to upgrade water‐treatment works to comply with the recent European Community (EC) water‐supply standards imposed in 1985. Any significant long‐term changes in water quality associated with forestry activity will make this programme more costly to achieve.
River‐Channel Changes in England and Wales
Authors: HOOKE J. M. , REDMOND CLAIRE E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAn investigation of the literature on river‐channel changes in the UK reveals that the rate and extent of changes is much higher than was previously thought. In order to assess how widespread these changes are, and whether the rates and types of changes are typical, an historical survey has been carried out of the streams which drain the upland areas of England and Wales. This survey involved the comparison of Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 maps from approximately 1870 and 1950, and revealed that almost 35% of the rivers draining upland England have shown some pattern instability during this period.Great variety exists both in the types of channel planform changes and their extent: several rivers possess short isolated reaches of change separated by stable sections. This suggests the operation of thresholds of channel stability, and further research aims to identify these in terms of specific factors and conditions.
A Water Quality Index for River Management
Authors: HOUSE MARGARET A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe theoretical basis underlying the development of a new series of water quality indices is outlined. The main features of their development are the incorporation of legally adopted water quality standards and criteria and the inclusion of information on potential water use and toxic determinands directly within their structural format. Thus an indication of a change in the economic potential of a river through a gradual change in water quality (and hence water use) can be obtained.The General Water Quality Index (WQI) has been applied to all the data for an annual or longer time series as a means of detecting cycles and trends in river water quality. An examination of the lowest determinand ratings for each data set highlights the specific determinand(s) responsible for these deteriorations. A 5 percentile WQI score has been calculated for the time series of data and 90 per cent upper and lower confidence limits calculated around this score.The results of these applications indicate the ability of the index accurately to reflect both changes in water quality and potential water use.
Trade Effluent Control: Prospects for the 1990s
Authors: MARTINDALE R. R. , LANE G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe proposed privatization of the ten regional water authorities together with the accompanying reorganization of water pollution control responsibilities between the new National Rivers Authority and Her Majesty's Pollution Inspectorate, as well as the ever tightening environmental standards for the aquatic environment emanating from Brussels and from general environmental pressures, means that dischargers of industrial effluents can expect major changes both in the cost of disposing of their effluents and in terms of the legislative controls which will restrict their content.The paper examines the various factors which will influence the management of trade effluents in the 1990s and endeavours to give some indication of what the future holds both in terms of disposal costs and environmental regulation from the point of view of the discharger.
An Investigation into the Performance Characteristics of Boundary Boxes Subjected to Vertical Loading
Authors: DICKENS J. G. , MORTIMER G. H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a series of load tests carried out on a variety of designs of boundary boxes which are intended for use as stopcock/water meter chanbers at domestic properties. A description is given of a test which has been developed at Loughborough University to measure the performance, under load, of the complete boundary‐box units in simulated site conditions. Three broad classifications of different design types are identified, namely rigid, flexible and sliding; and the load displacement characteristics of each type are presented and discussed. The effects of rate of loading and different backfill conditions are considered, and conclusions are drawn on suitable performance specifications under load.
The Role of Asset Management
Authors: BRITTON R. J. , RUMSEY P. B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper describes the role of asset management in the UK water industry. An asset management plan is directed to capital works and other expenditure associated with maintaining the condition and performance of the utility's assets. The six parts of an asset management plan are described, together with an outline of the broad considerations necessary in the preparation of such a plan. This leads to a description of the role of asset management and a consideration of the impact on the utility organization.It is concluded that asset management planning provides an effective method of determining long‐term investment needs and is of major benefit in the day‐to‐day management of a utility.
Hydrological Information Transfer Using HOMS
Authors: OLIVER H. R. , MILLER J. B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) scheme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) consists of an international network for the transfer of packages of proven hydrological know‐how, with particular emphasis on helping developing countries. More than one hundred HOMS centres worldwide produce and supply information components and handle requests for components for use in their own countries. Details are presented of the organization and operation of HOMS, together with example case studies to illustrate its successful use.
Odour Control for the 1990s ‐ Hit or Miss?
Authors: TOOGOOD S. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe growing importance of odour control and the failure of a high proportion of abatement schemes are discussed. A strategy for dealing with nuisance is presented, laying emphasis on a fully integrated approach, involving covering, ventilation design, and odour treatment. Some of the options for treatment are compared.
Low Flow Estimation Based on River Recession Rate
Authors: CURRAN J. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSuccessful pollution control in a river is fundamentally based on a reliable knowledge of the flow available for dilution of the polluting discharges. Often there may be no available gauging records within a catchment or subcatchment, and it may be necessary to resort to an estimation procedure. It is shown that low flow can be predicted through consideration of (a) a recession period and its relation to rainfall, and (b) a recession rate and its relation to local soil types. Statistical analysis provides an indication of the accuracy of prediction.
Health Effects of Working in Compressed Air
Authors: HEMPLEMAN H. V. , McCALLUM R. I. , EVANS A. , JARDINE F. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTFor more than 50 years, civil engineers, scientists and the medical profession have collaborated to reduce the occupational health risks of working in compressed air. Under the auspices of the Medical Research Council, the Health and Safety Executive and, through the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) of the civil‐engineering industry, the data of the Decompression Sickness Central Registry of exposure and medical records are being analysed in order to identify healthier working practices and disciplines.
Microbiological and Trihalomethane Responses to Booster Chlorination
Authors: GIBBS R. A. , SCUTT J. E. , CROLL B. T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTwo zones of a water distribution supply area receiving treated surface water were used to study the effect of booster chlorination on bacterial regrowth. In the first year of the study general patterns of bacterial regrowth were observed, and in the second year one of the areas was booster chlorinated at the outlet from a surface reservoir. In both years of the study the heterotrophic plate counts showed a seasonal pattern. In the second year there was a large increase in plate counts from mid‐July to October in both of the study areas. During this period, booster chlorination was unable to prevent bacterial regrowth. The addition of chlorine to produce an initial free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/1 resulted in a reduction in bacterial numbers, but with further retention in the distribution system bacterial regrowth occurred. There was little increase in the trihalomethane (THM) concentration following booster chlorination, but booster chlorination appeared to increase the assimilable organic carbon concentration.
The Socio‐Economic Impact of Improved Wells in Rural Sierra Leone
Authors: BAH O. M. , HOLLIS G. E. , RICHARDS. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe construction of improved wells with the participation of the local communities in rural Sierra Leone is examined. Two chiefdoms were surveyed with four sample villages being examined in depth through questionnaires, interviews, participant observation and quantitative monitoring of water abstraction.Only 36% of the improved wells were operational in the dry season, and these made a modest contribution to water demand in the villages. Half the water consumption was on the remote farms where improved wells played a negligible role. Social and cultural difficulties with the wells were as important as their dry season desiccation in explaining the minimal impact of the well‐digging scheme.Post‐project evaluation by a multi‐disciplinary team could provide invaluable inputs to the planning of an ongoing programme.