bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐ and zero‐sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur anti‐wear additives for engine oils
Authors: Spikes Hugh 
Published: January 2008

AbstractModern engine lubricant specifications include compositional constraints in terms of the permitted level of sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur (SAPS). This necessitates a reduction in the concentration of the additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) used in engine oils, and there is currently great interest in identifying anti‐wear additives that contain low or zero SAPS to partially or wholly replace ZDDP.This paper reviews the main chemical classes that are reported in the literature as potential low‐ or zero‐SAPS anti‐wear agents. There are many such possible additives, although none appears to be quite as versatile as ZDDP. Instead, combinations of anti‐wear and extreme pressure additives are likely to be employed in the future. The literature reveals a strong imbalance in the amount and depth of research carried out on the various additive types, with a great deal of research on a few classes of additives and very little recent work on most others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lesion of the centromedian thalamic nucleus in MPTP‐treated monkeys
Authors: Lanciego Jose L. , Rodríguez‐Oroz Maria C. , Blesa Francisco J. , Alvarez‐Erviti Lydia , Guridi Jorge , Barroso‐Chinea Pedro , Smith Yoland , Obeso Jose A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe caudal intralaminar nuclei are a major source of glutamatergic afferents to the basal ganglia. Experiments in the 6‐hydroxydopamine rat model have shown that the parafascicular nucleus is overactive and its lesion alleviates basal ganglia neurochemical abnormalities associated with dopamine depletion. Accordingly, removal of this excitatory innervation of the basal ganglia could have a beneficial value in the parkinsonian state. To test this hypothesis, unilateral kainate‐induced chemical ablation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus (CM) has been performed in MPTP‐treated monkeys. Successful lesions restricted to the CM boundaries (n = 2) without spreading over other neighboring thalamic nuclei showed an initial, short‐lasting, and mild change in the parkinsonian motor scale but no effect against levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. The lack of significant and persistent motor improvement leads us to conclude that unilateral selective lesion of the CM alone cannot be considered as a suitable surgical approach for the treatment of PD or levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. The role of the caudal intralaminar nuclei in the pathophysiology of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin remains to be clarified. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Identification of a de novo Lys304Gln mutation in the glycine receptor α‐1 subunit gene in a Korean infant with hyperekplexia
Authors: Kang Hoon‐Chul , Jeong You Su , Jae Chey Myung , Sam Baik Jong , Kim Jong‐Won , Ki Chang‐Seok 
Published: January 2008

AbstractStartle disease or hyperekplexia (STHE; MIM 149400) is a rare disorder that is characterized by marked muscular hypertonia in infancy and an exaggerated startle response to unexpected acoustic or tactile stimuli. Mutations in the gene encoding the α‐1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor (GLRA1) were reported as causes of STHE. Recently, we encountered a Korean male infant with generalized stiffness that was observed from the first 3 days of life. The abnormal startle response was evident from the fourth week of life, and he showed marked improvement in the startle response and muscle hypertonia after being administered phenobarbital and clonazepam. Direct sequencing analysis of the infant and his parents revealed a de novo variation (c.910A>C) in the GLRA1 gene, resulting in a novel Lys304Gln missense mutation. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Nail fold capillary observation in replanted severed fingers
Authors: Lu Wei , Wang Daping , Liu Lijun , Xiong Jianyi , He Qianwen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObservation of circulation in replanted severed fingers often relies on the clinical experience of the doctor. This article discusses nail fold capillary loops (NFCL) observation in the monitoring of the perfusion and circumfluence of replanted digits. In our study, 30 patients with a total of 39 replanted digits were selected. The WX‐9A900 Microcirculation Checkout System (MCS) was adopted to perform evaluation of circulation postoperatively. The digits were monitored by clinical examination and MCS at 5‐ to 7‐h intervals for 24 h and then at 2‐days intervals for 14 days. Our results showed that seven digits were observed with inadequate venous circumfluence, and large, long NFCL presented within 6–12 h postoperatively. Among the replanted digits, two replants resulted in venous crisis that did respond to an arterial interdiction test, and needed venous grafts. Two digits were observed to have insufficient arterial supply, one of which resulted in arterial crisis. In this case, NFCL could not be observed and had no response to vein interdiction test. This case needed venous graft to rebuild blood perfusion, and survived eventually. We concluded therefore, that compared with the former studies, NFCL correlates closely with the perfusion and circumfluence of the replanted digits. MCS is noninvasive, reliable, and a direct method in postoperative monitoring of digit replanted. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Candidate genes involved in enhanced growth of human prostate cancer under high fat feeding identified by microarray analysis
Authors: Narita Shintaro , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Saito Mitsuru , Inoue Takamitsu , Kumazawa Teruaki , Yuasa Takeshi , Nakamura Akira , Habuchi Tomonori 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral studies have suggested that a high fat diet (HFD) may be a risk factor of prostate cancer (PCa). As a first step to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced progression of PCa under HFD, we investigated the differential gene expressions of a human PCa xenograft under HFD and a low fat diet (LFD).METHODSLNCaP cells were subcutaneously injected in 20 nude mice, which were equally divided into two groups, the HFD group and LFD group. Oligonucleotide microarray analyses were performed using mice xenografts from HFD and LFD, and the results of candidate genes with a significant differential expression were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR experiments. As for insulin‐like growth factor I receptor (IGF‐IR), protein expression levels were further examined by immunohistochemistry in xenograft tissues and in 78 radical prostatectomy specimens.RESULTSTumor volume and serum PSA levels were significantly higher in the HFD group than in the LFD group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). We found 64 up‐regulated genes (0.19%) and 14 down‐regulated genes (0.04%) with more than twofold differences in the HFD xenograft. IGF‐IR, TNFRSF, and LPL showed striking differences in the quantitative RT‐PCR experiment. Immunostaining further revealed marked enhanced IGF‐IR expression in the HFD xenograft. In human PCa, the lowest IGF‐IR immunoreactivity group tended to have the lowest body mass index in both normal and PCa epithelium.CONCLUSIONHFD induced remarkable up‐ and down‐regulation of mRNA of a substantial number of genes. Furthermore, the IGF‐I system may be involved in the HFD‐associated enhanced progression of PCa. Prostate 68: 321–335, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional and computational studies of the ligand‐associated metal binding site of β3 integrins
Authors: Murcia Marta , Jirouskova Marketa , Li Jihong , Coller Barry S. , Filizola Marta 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA combination of experimental and computational approaches was used to provide a structural context for the role of the β3 integrin subunit ligand‐associated metal binding site (LIMBS) in the binding of physiological ligands to β3 integrins. Specifically, we have carried out (1) adhesion assays on cells expressing normal αIIβ3, normal αVβ3, or the corresponding β3 D217A LIMBS mutants; and (2) equilibrium and nonequilibrium (steered) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of eptifibatide in complex with either a fully hydrated normal αIIβ3 integrin fragment (αIIb β‐propeller and the β3 βA (I‐like), hybrid, and PSI domains) or the equivalent β3 D217A mutant. Normal αIIβ3 expressing cells adhered to immobilized fibrinogen and echistatin, whereas cells expressing the αIIβ3 D217A LIMBS mutant failed to adhere to either ligand. Similarly, the equivalent αVβ3 mutant was unable to support adhesion to vitronectin or fibrinogen. The αIIβ3 D217A mutation increased the binding of mAb AP5, which recognizes a ligand‐induced binding site (LIBS) in the β3 PSI domain, indicating that this mutation induced allosteric changes in the protein. Steered MD simulating the unbinding of eptifibatide from either normal αIIβ3 or the equivalent β3 D217A mutant suggested that the reduction in ligand binding caused by the LIMBS mutant required the loss of both the LIMBS and the metal ion‐dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) metal ions. Our computational results indicate that the LIMBS plays a crucial role in ligand binding to αIIβ3 by virtue of its effects on the coordination of the MIDAS. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk Prediction for Development of Pancreatic Fistula Using the ISGPF Classification Scheme
Authors: Pratt Wande B. , Callery Mark P. , Vollmer Charles M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground:The International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) classification scheme has become a useful system for characterizing the clinical impact of pancreatic fistula. We sought to identify predictive factors that predispose patients to fistula, specifically those with clinical relevance (grades B/C), and to describe the clinical and economic significance of risk stratification within this framework.Methods:Overall, 233 consecutive pancreatoduodenectomies were performed between October 2001 and March 2007 in our institution. Pancreatic fistula is defined according to the ISGPF classification scheme. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for pancreatic fistula development. These features were then analyzed to determine whether additive risk severity equates to worsening clinical and economic impact.Results:Fistulas of any extent occurred in 60 patients, but only 31 (14%) were clinically relevant. There are no identifiable risk factors for grade A biochemical fistulas. Multivariate analysis shows that small pancreatic duct size (<3 mm); soft gland texture; ampullary, duodenal, cystic, or islet cell pathology; and increased intraoperative blood loss (> 1,000 ml) are associated with clinically relevant fistulae. An additive effect is further illustrated, in which clinical and economic outcomes progressively worsen as risk profile increases. Each additional risk factor increases the odds of developing a clinically relevant fistula by 52%.Conclusions:For pancreatoduodenectomy, small duct size; soft gland texture; ampullary, duodenal, cystic, or islet cell pathology; and increased intraoperative blood loss are convincing risk factors for the development clinically relevant fistulae as judged by ISGPF classification. As risk profile accrues, patients suffer more complications, encounter longer hospital stays, and incur greater hospital costs. These outcomes can be predicted in the operating room through accurate delineation of high‐risk glands.
How wide is the riparian zone of small streams in tropical forests? A test with terrestrial herbs
Authors: Drucker Debora Pignatari , Costa Flávia Regina Capellotto , Magnusson William E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:Although it is well known that riparian zones can contribute strongly to between-habitat beta diversity, for most taxa it is not clear how far this ‘zone’ extends, and whether it corresponds to easily recognizable topographic features. Forty 200-m2 plots were installed in a terra firme tropical forest to detect compositional variation in terrestrial herbs from the margins of small streams to the uplands. Plots were ordinated by their dissimilarity in species composition with non-metric multidimensional scaling. The riparian zone around streams was distinct in understorey herb composition from upland areas for about 100 m from the streams, or about 70 m asl in elevation, the exact distance depending on the size of the stream valley. However, the only assemblage that was almost completely distinct occurred as a narrow band a few metres wide along the streams. The rest of the riparian zone appears to represent an ecotone with continuous change, most of which occurs out to a distance of about half the width of the riparian zone as we defined it. Although riparian zones are legally protected in Brazil, they are frequently degraded. The complex factors leading to zonation around streams need to be understood to effectively manage these areas.
Prosodically-conditioned variability in children's production of French determiners
Authors: DEMUTH KATHERINE , TREMBLAY ANNIE 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTResearchers have long noted that children's grammatical morphemes are variably produced, raising questions about when and how grammatical competence is acquired. This study examined the spontaneous production of determiners by two French-speaking children aged 1 ; 5–2 ; 5. It found that determiners were produced earlier with monosyllabic words, and later with disyllabic and trisyllabic words. This suggests that French-speaking children's early determiners are prosodically licensed as part of a binary foot, with determiners appearing more consistently only once prosodic representations become more complex. This study therefore provides support for the notion that grammatical morphemes first appear in prosodically licensed contexts, suggesting that some of the early variability in morphological production is systematic and predictable.
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL INTERACTION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN IN VIVO AND ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE*,†
Authors: Smith Kendric C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary When bacteria are irradiated with u.v. light there is a dose dependent decrease in the amount of DNA that can subsequently be extracted free of protein with detergent. This appears to be due to the crosslinking of the DNA with protein and the precipitation of the linked DNA when the denatured proteins are precipitated in the procedure used for the isolation of the DNA. The type of linkage between the DNA and the protein is unknown except that it resists the sequential attack of 2% sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.5 M KCI or 55% CsCI. The main evidence that the loss of DNA in vivo is due to the crosslinking of DNA and protein is that the crosslinking of DNA and protein can be demonstrated in vitro. X‐rays do not crosslink DNA and protein in vivo, but acridine orange and visible light cause the crosslinking of DNA and protein both in vivo and in vitro.By pulse labeling the DNA of bacteria with tritated thymine it can be shown that newly synthesized DNA is most sensitive to crosslinking and that this sensitivity shows a cyclic response keyed to the generation time of the bacteria. Under conditions of thymine starvation where the intrinsic sensitivity of the cells to killing by u.v. is markedly increased, there is a parallel increase in the sensitivity of the DNA of these cells to be crosslinked to protein. The similarity in the time sequence of these two events strongly suggests that the crosslinking may play an important role in the loss of viability following u.v. irradiation.
ENERGY TRANSFER AND CYTOCHROME FUNCTION IN A NEW TYPE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM*
Authors: Olson John M. , Nadler Kenneth D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The excitation spectrum for bacteriochlorophyll b fluorescence at 1027 mp in Rhodopseudomas sp. NHTC 133 indicates that the efficiency of energy transfer from carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll b is between 27 and 28 per cent.Light‐induced absorbancy changes in anaerobic whole cells indicated the oxidation of three c‐type cytochromes (C‐550.5, C‐553, C‐558) and one b‐type cytochrome or cytochromoid C (C‐560). At low light intensities C‐553 is the main cytochrome oxidized, while at high light intensities mainly C‐558 is oxidized in addition to C‐553. The light responses of the heme proteins appear to be similar to those observed previously in purple and green photosyn‐thetic bacteria. No light‐induced shifts in carotenoid absorption bands were detected.In bacterial extracts C‐553 and C‐558 are bound to the chromatophores, while C‐550.5 is soluble.
Type-Dependent Integration Frequency of Human Papillomavirus Genomes in Cervical Lesions
Authors: Vinokurova Svetlana , Wentzensen Nicolas , Kraus Irene , Klaes Ruediger , Driesch Corina , Melsheimer Peter , Kisseljov Fjodor , Dürst Mattias , Schneider Achim , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chromosomal integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genomes is believed to represent a significant event in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer associated with progression from preneoplastic lesions to invasive carcinomas. This hypothesis is based on experimental data suggesting that integration-dependent disruption of HR-HPV E2 gene functions is important to achieve neoplastic transformation and on clinical data gathered by analyzing lesions induced by human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 that revealed integrated viral genome copies in the vast majority of cervical cancer cells. However, a substantial fraction of cervical cancers is associated with other HR-HPV types for which virtually no data concerning their integration status have been reported so far. Here, we compared integration frequencies of the five most common oncogenic HPV types (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, and 45) in a series of 835 cervical samples using a specific mRNA-based PCR assay (Amplification of Papillomavirus Oncogene Transcripts). Most precancerous lesions displayed exclusively episomal viral genomes, whereas 62% of the carcinomas had integrated viral genomes. However, the frequency of integrated HR-HPV genomes showed marked differences for individual HR-HPV types. HPV16, 18, and 45 were found substantially more often in the integrated state compared with HPV types 31 and 33. The analysis of the median age of patients with high-grade precancerous lesions and invasive cancers suggests that precancers induced by HPV types 18, 16, and 45 progress to invasive cervical cancer in substantially less time compared with precancers induced by HPV types 31 and 33. These findings suggest that integration of oncogenic HPV genomes in cervical lesions is a consequence rather than the cause of chromosomal instability induced by deregulated HR-HPV E6-E7 oncogene expression. Distinct HR-HPV types apparently provoke chromosomal instability in their host cells to a different extent than is reflected by their integration frequencies in advanced lesions and the time required for CIN 3 lesions to progress to invasive cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):307–13]
A Novel Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Heterotypic Cell Interactions in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yang Shangxin , Pham Linda K. , Liao Chun-Peng , Frenkel Baruch , Reddi A. Hari , Roy-Burman Pradip 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe examined the effect of the extracellular bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and 7, which are up-regulated in the prostate adenocarcinomas of the conditional Pten deletion mouse model, on primary cultures of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) derived from these tumors. In the CAF, we show that BMP2 or BMP7, but not transforming growth factor β-1, can strikingly stimulate secretion of stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1), also known as CXCL12. The CAF cells express type I and type II BMP receptors as well as the receptor for SDF-1, CXCR4. SDF-1 activation is associated with BMP-induced Smad phosphorylation, and the stimulatory effect is blocked by BMP antagonist, noggin. The findings that BMP treatment can increase SDF-1 pre-mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner and actinomycin D treatment can abolish stimulatory effect of BMP suggest a transcriptional modulation of SDF-1 by BMP signaling. Using a human microvascular endothelial cell line, we show that SDF-1 present in the conditioned medium from the stimulated CAF can significantly induce tube formation, an effect relating to angiogenic function. Furthermore, we found that BMP2 can also protect the CAF from serum starvation–induced apoptosis independent of SDF-1, implying that BMP may induce other factors to sustain the survival of these cells. In short, this report establishes a novel BMP-SDF-1 axis in the prostate tumor along with a new prosurvival effect of BMP that when considered together with our previously described oncogenic properties of BMP indicate a circuitry for heterotypic cell interactions potentially critical in prostate cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):198–205]
SMAC Mimetics Sensitize Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug–Induced Apoptosis by Promoting Caspase-3–Mediated Cytochrome c Release
Authors: Bank Alexander , Wang Peng , Du Chunying , Yu Jian , Zhang Lin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are effective in suppressing the formation of colorectal tumors. However, the mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effects of NSAIDs remain unclear. The effects of NSAIDs are incomplete, and resistance to NSAIDs is often developed. Growing evidence has indicated that the chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs is mediated by induction of apoptosis. Our previous studies showed that second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/Diablo, a mitochondrial apoptogenic protein, plays an essential role in NSAID-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. In this study, we found that SMAC mediates NSAID-induced apoptosis through a feedback amplification mechanism involving interactions with inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, activation of caspase-3, and induction of cytosolic release of cytochrome c. Small-molecule SMAC mimetics at nanomolar concentrations significantly sensitize colon cancer cells to NSAID-induced apoptosis by promoting caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release. Furthermore, SMAC mimetics overcome NSAID resistance in Bax-deficient or SMAC-deficient colon cancer cells by restoring caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release. Together, these results suggest that SMAC is useful as a target for the development of more effective chemopreventive strategies and agents. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):276–84]