bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Hospital Beds for the Treatment of Excessive Drinkers Without Serious Medical Complications
Authors: OGBORNE ALAN C. , ADRIAN MANUELLA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDuring fiscal year 1983–84, Ontario general hospitals admitted 2651 patients with a primary diagnosis of alcohol dependence or non‐dependent use of alcohol but with no secondary diagnoses requiring treatments only available in hospital. These averaged 10.7 days in hospital and the total cost of their hospitalization (excluding medical services) was estimated at $7.4 million. Many of these admissions appear to have been for alcohol detoxication or for psychosocial treatments of alcohol abuse. Because alternative, more cost‐effective methods for detoxication and treatment are suggested by the research literature, efforts to use and develop such alternatives in local communities are recommended.
Alcohol Problems in General Practice
Authors: AASLAND OLAF GJERLØW , BRUUSGAARD DAG , RUTLE OLAV 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA survey was conducted among 179 general practitioners and 3497 of their patients on the role of alcohol with regard to general health. 11.2% of the patients were considered by their doctors to be in a ‘possible alcohol problems group’, and an even higher proportion of the patients themselves felt this to be the case.
Large Decreases in Alcohol‐related Problems Following a Slight Reduction in Alcohol Consumption in Ontario 1975–83
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , MANN ROBERT E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn Ontario, per capita consumption of alcohol rose steadily from 1963 to 1975. Beginning in 1975, constomption stabilized and declined slightly (2.6%) to 1983. Correlational analyses of the data during the period of consumption increase demonstrated significant associations between consumption and all problem indices. During the period of consumption stabilization the linear relationships between consumption and problem indices appeared to break dozen; most of the problem indices declined more than would be expected. The possible contributions of changes in demographic factors, consumption patterns, and prevention treatment efforts to these declines are discussed.
Cognitive Processes in Addiction
Authors: WILSON G. TERENCE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn recent years there has been a large increase in the number of theoretical papers and empirical studies which focus upon the cognitive processes involved in addiction. This paper is intended simply to illustrate selected theories and concepts and to highlight some of the avenues of research which are helping to change our models of addiction. The main conceptual framework is that which has come to be known as social learning or cognitive social learning theory but concepts of self awareness, perceptual narrowing and self‐handicapping are also described. Implications for the understanding of craving, loss of control, treatment and relapse are also considered.
Change Processes in Psychotherapy
Authors: SHAPIRO DIANA , SHAPIRO DAVID A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEfforts to understand the processes of change in psychotherapy have typically been based on either clinicians' experiences or on empirical studies somewhat removed from the day‐to‐day work and concerns of psychotherapists. This paper reviews selected examples of insights and issues derived from each of these sources. It is suggested that our understanding of change processes in psychotherapy will be enhanced by the growing convergence between the two approaches.
Government Prevention Policy and the Relevance of Social Cost Estimates
Authors: WAGSTAFF ADAM 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEstimates of the social costs associated with the consumption of hazardous commodities such as alcohol, cigarettes and illicit drugs feature prominently in the current debate on prevention policy. Such figures are being increasingly used to urge greater government action on prevention. This paper presents an introduction to the welfare economics of government intervention in markets for hazardous commodities and concludes that—contrary to what is often presumed—social cost estimates can never identify situations where greater government involvement is warranted. Policy‐makers would therefore seem to be justified in ignoring campaigns for greater government action which are based on social cost figures.
A Double‐blind Placebo Controlled Study of Male Alcoholics Given a Subcutaneous Disulfiram Implantation
Authors: JOHNSEN JON , STOWELL ALLAN , BACHE‐WIIG JON ERIK , STENSRUD TORE , RIPEL A°SE , MØRLAND JØRG 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty‐one alcoholics participated in a double blind study to elicit information of the clinical effect of implanted disulfiram. They were randomized to either of two groups, 11 patients to the placebo group and 10 patients to the disulfiram group. Each patient was subjected to seven sessions of intravenous ethanol challenge, once before and six times during the first 20 weeks after implantation. The acute ethanol challenge did not result in any differences between the groups with respect to blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations. No patient showed any clinical signs of disulfiram‐ethanol reaction. After a study period of 20 weeks no significant differences were found between the groups with regard to the reduction in average ethanol consumption, days from implantation to the first drink and number of abstinent weeks. Our results do not support the idea that a 1 g disulfiram implant has any pharmacological or clinical action.
The Application of the SODQ to the Measurement of the Severity of Opiate Dependence in a British Sample
Authors: PHILLIPS G. T. , GOSSOP M. R. , EDWARDS G. , SUTHERLAND G. , TAYLOR C. , STRANG J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt has been suggested that opiate dependence may be regarded as a separate dimension independent of drug‐related problems. A self‐administered multiple choice questionnaire has been developed to assess the severity of opiate dependence. In the present study the questionnaire was administered to 107 British opiate addicts. Two factors emerged from an analysis of the structure. Various measures of validity were taken and these are reported and discussed. The relationship between these findings and the results obtained from a previous study of American addicts is discussed.
A Cross‐cultural Study of Alcohol Dependence in Singapore
Authors: HEOK KUA EE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is a comparative study of alcohol dependence in Chinese and Indian patients admitted to a hospital in Singapore. There were 46 patients‐21 Chinese and 35 Indians. In both ethnic groups there was a preponderance of male over female patients. There was no significant difference in the mean ages of the two groups but Indian patients started drinking at an earlier age and more of them had a family history of alcohol problems. Comparing the severity of alcohol dependence, Indian patients scored higher on the SADQ but no patients scored above 30 points.
Thoughts on the Sheffield Non‐prescribing Programme for Narcotic Users
Authors: LIAPPAS J. A. , JENNER F. A. , VLISSIDES D. N. , VICENTE B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe attitudes of professional workers, of drug addicts and ex‐addicts in Sheffield to a city‐wide non‐prescribing policy is reported. In addition, opinions on related subjects are expressed with some details of the users. Professional workers strongly support the programme but drug users, and even successfully treated ex‐users, question our justification of limiting people's rights to take drugs. However, the police and probation services feel we have stimulated those same people to take more positive approaches to their problems, and no great increase in crime or deaths or medical problems have followed the changes we have made.
Measuring Onset of ‘Caseness’ in Studies of Stressful Life Events and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: GORMAN D. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe selection of criteria to operationalize concepts in empirical research is not an arbitrary process. Rather, it must be guided by the nature of the hypotheses being tested. Failure to do this will render the hypotheses themselves absurd. These points are discussed in relation to the particular demands of testing hypotheses concerning the relationship between life events and ‘onset’ of alcohol abuse. It is argued that the alcohol dependence syndrome provides the most valid set of criteria for operationalizing the latter concept.
Age, Alcohol Consumption and the Experiencing of Negative Consequences of Drinking in Four Scandinavian Countries1
Authors: HAUGE RAGNAR , IRGENS‐JENSEN OLAV 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBased on data from a comparative survey of drinking in four Scandinavian countries (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), use of alcohol and negative consequences of drinking were studied in relation W age. Clear differences were found between age‐groups as regards experiencing such negative consequences in respect of both men and women. These differences were to a large extent a reflection of similar differences between the age‐groups in regard to alcohol consumption and intoxication frequency. However, it was also found that when both alcohol consumption and intoxication frequency were maintained at a constant level, age in itself seemed to influence the experiencing of negative consequences. The study also indicates that in all age‐groups there are national differences in drinking patterns and thus in the experiencing of negative consequences of drinking which do not reflect the national differences in total alcohol consumption.
A Comparison of Inpatient Management of Drug Dependence in 1979 and 1984
Authors: LONDON M. , GHODSE A. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe number of patients admitted to an inpatient drug‐dependence treatment unit rose from 82 in 1979 to 198 in 1984, while those with two or more admissions in the index year fell from 55% to 35%. Opiate detoxification accounted for 60% of admissions in 1984, hut only 12% in 1979. Barbiturate detoxification, social crises and self‐destructive behaviours accounted for significantly more admissions in 1979, and the 1979 patients were also found to be more unstable on other variables. The increased rate of drug addiction in the general population, as shown by Home Office statistics, had influenced the pattern of admissions. The role of the unit had been transformed from one of crisis intervention, support and stabilization to one with greater emphasis on abstinence and cure.
Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety
Authors: FERRARA SANTO DAVIDE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews existing empirical evidence on the possible influence of a wide range of psychotropic substances on driving ability. Substances which are considered include alcohol; antidepressants; sedatives and hypnotics; stimulants; opiates; cannabis; anaesthetics. Data are much richer in some of these areas than others. Different research approaches are outlined. Legislative, medico‐legal and prevention aspects are briefly noted.
Brittle Diabetes in a Drug and Alcohol Abuser
Authors: MACE C. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 29 year old male patient is described having a history of multiple drug and alcohol abuse, insulin dependent diabetes with exceptionally severe hypoglycemic episodes, and memory impairment. Observations during an in‐patient admission suggested excessive self‐administration of insulin was compounding a confusing clinical picture. This combination of conditions appears to be unique in clinical literature, to which reference is made in discussion of some possible pathogeneses for the patient's hypoglycemic attacks and memory difficulty.
The Drug Dependence Syndrome and Related Disabilities
Authors: HASIN DEBORAH S. , GRANT BRIDGET F. , HARFORD THOMAS C. , ENDICOTT JEAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhile the dependence syndrome has been extensively studied in alcohol patients, much less information is available about this syndrome in drugs other than alcohol. Since the core symptoms of the dependence syndrome have been defined as comprising a dimension of disability distinct from social, health and other consequences of substance abuse, we examined the relationships of dependence syndrome symptoms and related problems for drugs. We included cannabis, stimulants, barbiturates, tranquilizers, cocaine, opiates and hallucinogens in our analyses. Results showed high clustering of dependence symptoms with each other and with health, social and emotional problems attributed to drug use. This supports the syndrome concept for the core dependence symptoms, but not the concept that the symptoms form distinct dimensions from associated problems.
Drug Consumption Among University Students in Spain
Authors: QUEIPO D. , ALVAREZ F. J. , VELASCO A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrug consumption in 1984 among 2921 students of nine faculties in the University of Valladolid (Spain) is reported. Cannabis was the most frequently consumed drug, followed by non‐medical consumption of amphetamines and tranquillizers. Drug consumption tends to be more frequent among males, among students who share a flat with friends and among those in disagreement with their parental upbringing. Most students start the consumption of different drugs between the ages of 17 and 20 years. ‘Curiosity’, ‘search for pleasure and happiness’ and ‘new sensations’ were the principal reasons for drug consumption, except for amphetamines and tranquillizers which were principally consumed as a ‘study aid’.
Per Capita Alcohol Sales, Heavy Drinker Prevalence and Alcohol Problems in Iowa for 1958‐1985
Authors: MULFORD H. A. , FITZGERALD J. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA series of drinking practices surveys spanning an extended period of uninterrupted alcohol sales growth in Iowa revealed that while per capita alcohol sales were doubling, and the prevalence of drinkers increased 27%, heavy drinker prevalence failed to increase, and a majority of seven survey indicators of problem drinking trended up. The findings have implications for the integrity of the distribution of consumption prevention model.
Effects of Information on the Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: GREEN LYNETTE , GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study investigates the effect of information about withdrawal upon the subsequent withdrawal syndrome experienced by opiate addicts. Thirty addicts admitted to an inpatient treatment programme were randomly assigned to two groups. The ‘informed’ group was given full information about the withdrawal programme and the type and intensity of symptoms they might expect. The other, ‘uninformed’ groups received a general interview dealing with routine ward issues. All subjects were asked to complete the Opiate Withdrawal Scale during and subsequent to the detoxification procedure for a period up to 50 days. The informed group reported a significantly lower peak withdrawal score and lower levels of withdrawal symptomatology during the post‐methadone phase of treatment. In addition, the informed group were more likely to complete the methadone withdrawal programme. The implications of these results are discussed. In particular it is pointed out that this comparatively straightforward and low‐cost procedure can have considerable clinical benefits.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: Effective Outpatient Treatment for Alcohol Abusers and Drinking Drivers JOHN S. CRANDELL Alcoolismo Hoje SERGIO PAULA RAMOS Finnish Drinking Habits: results from interview surveys held in 1968, 1976 and 1984 JUSSI SIMPURA (Ed.) Moderation as a Goal or Outcome of Treatment for Alcohol Problems. A dialogue MARK B. SOBELL & LINDA C. SOBELL (Eds) Drugs and Aging WILLIAM A. McKIM & BRIAN L. MISHARA A Land Fit for Heroin? Drug Policies, Prevention and Practice NICHOLAS DORN & NIGEL SOUTH (Eds) Northern Road: a study of developing services for drug misusers JACKIE POWELL & ROBIN LOVELOCK
Research on Children of Alcoholics: past and future
Authors: WOODSIDE MIGS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere are 28.6 million children of alcoholics in the United States; one out of every eight Americans. Many of them suffer negative physical, mental and emotional consequences as a result of parental alcoholism. Research investigations of their health status, cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviors confirm these problems although notable impediments to research efforts presently exist. Among the fruitful areas for future study are investigations which explore levels of vulnerability and risk factors for children of alcoholics in combination with genetic and psychosocial factors. Other recommendations for study as well as the major activities of the Children of Alcoholics Foundation to promote and disseminate research findings and new data are described.
Predicting Alcoholism and Personality Disorder in a 33‐year Longitudinal Study of Children of Alcoholics
Authors: DRAKE ROBERT E. , VAILLANT GEORGE E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe authors examine adolescent adjustments and the antecedents of DSM‐III alcoholism and DSM‐III personality disorder in a 33‐year longitudinal study of inner‐city, non‐delinquent sons of alcoholic men (COA's). In early adolescence, the 174 COA's (38% of the sample) had more alcoholic relatives (in addition to fathers), more non‐Mediterranean ethnicity, more environmental stresses, and poorer adjustments than their non‐COA peers. Poor adolescent adjustment among COA's was associated with having a poor relationship with one's mother. By midlife, 28% of the COA's had developed alcohol dependence, and 25% were diagnosed with at least one personality disorder. Personality disorder but not alcoholism had strong continuities with adolescent adjustment problems. Alcohol dependence was predicted by total number of alcoholic relatives, non‐Mediterranean ethnicity, low SES, and school behavior problems. Personality disorder was predicted by total environmental weaknesses, poor maternal relationships, low IQ, and feelings of inadequacy.
Deliberate Family Process: a strategy for protecting children of alcoholics
Authors: BENNETT LINDA A. , WOLIN STEVEN J. , REISS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe authors aim to identify family environment factors that significantly decrease the risk to offspring of alcoholics to become alcoholics or to evidence other kinds of problems in childhood. This paper reports the results of a study regarding the impact of family ritual formation on the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional functioning of school‐aged children of alcoholics, in comparison with children from a matched sample of families with non‐alcoholic parents. Taking a family process perspective, the study demonstrates that those children growing up in alcoholic families which deliberately plan and execute family rituals, valued relationships, and preferred roles are less likely to evidence behavior or emotional problems. It is argued that families with serious problems, such as parental alcoholism, which can still impose control over those parts of family life that are central to the family's identity, communicate important messages to their children regarding their ability to take control of present and future life events. These messages, in turn, can play an important role in the extent to which the offspring are protected from developing problems in childhood, as well as alcoholism in adolescence and adulthood.
A Comparison of the Home and Social Environments of Children of Alcoholic and Non‐alcoholic Parents
Authors: REICH WENDY , EARLS FELTON , POWELL JACK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe home environments of 32 children of alcoholic parents and 22 children with neither parent alcoholic are compared. The home environments of the children of alcoholics show diminished global functioning. In particular they are characterized by marital conflict, parent‐child conflict, poor adaptive functioning on the part of the parents and in some cases by physical abuse. Out of the 32 children with alcoholic parents, a majority of the children received 1 or more DSM‐III diagnoses. A comparison of the home environments of the children of alcoholics with and without psychiatric diagnoses shows that the homes of the ‘disturbed’ children are characterized by a greater exposure to the effects of parental drinking, more parent‐child conflict and less parent‐child interaction than the homes of children who received no diagnoses.
Cognitive Functioning in Children from Alcoholic and Non‐alcoholic Families
Authors: JOHNSON JEANNETTE L. , ROLF JON E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCognitive, academic, and behavioral problems have been reported to occur among school‐aged children of alcoholics. Many of these reports have obtained data from very mixed samples of high risk subjects. The present study focused instead on a homogeneous non‐disadvantaged sample of 50 male and female children of recovering alcoholics and compared them to 48 male and female children of non‐alcoholics using a test battery assessing cognitive functioning. Included were measures of intelligence and academic performance as well as parental ratings and self ratings of perceived cognitive competence. Statistically significant differences between these two groups on Verbal, Performance, and Pull Scale IQ were not found. Similarly, there were no significant differences in academic performance. However, there were significant differences in mother's perceptions and self‐perceptions of cognitive competence. The pattern of results suggest evidence that cognitive functioning problems in non‐disadvantaged children of alcoholics are subtle and perhaps less influential with regard to academic problems than maternal performance expectations and self perceptions of cognitive competence.
Economic cost of Alcohol‐related Health Care in New Zealand: an interpretive comment
Authors: WOODFIELD ALAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo recent studies estimating the economic cost of alcohol‐related health care in New Zealand are critically assessed. It is suggested that some estimates are based on unscientific methods, and that estimated costs substantially over‐emphasize the net impact of alcohol abuse on properly‐defined net expenditures of the health system. To the extent that they are comprehensive, even the overstated estimated health costs appear to fall far short of indirect tax revenue extracted from alcohol users, including non‐abusers.
Buprenorphine Abuse Among Opiate Addicts
Authors: O'CONNOR JOHN J. , MOLONEY EAMONN , TRAVERS RAYMOND , CAMPBELL AISLING 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBuprenorphine has been described as a potent analgesic with low abuse potential. Sporadic reports in the world literature would seem to contradict this view. A retrospective study of all opiate addicts first presenting over a 12‐month period showed an increasing level of buprenorphine abuse. The implications of these findings are discussed
The Outcome of Outpatient Withdrawal from Alcohol
Authors: WEBB MARCUS , UNWIN ANTONY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA sample of 50 male military veterans, many of whom were heavily alcohol dependent, was studied in an outpatient withdrawal programme. Fifty‐four per cent of the sample completed outpatient withdrawal, 22% were admitted to inpatient care and 24% dropped out from care. The ‘admitted’ group was distinguishable by a later age of onset of drinking and by higher dependence scores (SADQ) than the other two groups, and by higher daily cigarette consumption than the ‘completed’ group. Predictive factors for the group which dropped out from care could not be identified, though there was a trend for these patients to be younger, and none of them presented with a serious physical disorder. Four risk factors, including SADQ score, were selected which had some predictive value for admission to inpatient care.