bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a [60] fullerene—Functionalized isotactic polypropylene derivative
Authors: Martínez Gerardo , Gómez Marián A. , Marco Carlos , Ellis Gary , Gómez Rafael , Segura José L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe covalent attachment of [60] fullerene (C60) to isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) is achieved by direct reaction in 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) solution in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The chemically modified pendant C60/i‐PP polymers are soluble in chlorinated solvents and have been characterized by ultraviolet–visible and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltametry, and thermogravimetric analysis. From the results it can be concluded that the modification of i‐PP by grafting via a free‐radical reaction competes with the possibility of chain scission of i‐PP due to the presence of DCP. The functionalized polymers crystallize in the monoclinic crystal modification, and have high crystallinity. The incorporation of C60 significantly enhances the thermal stability of the i‐PP. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate good electron acceptor properties of the fullerenated i‐PP samples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6722–6733, 2008
One‐pot synthesis of heterograft copolymers via “graft onto” by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling chemistry
Authors: Fu Qiang , Liu Chao , Lin Wencheng , Huang Junlian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHeterograft copolymers poly(4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl‐co‐ ethylene oxide)‐graft‐polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (poly (GTEMPO‐co‐EO)‐g‐PS/PtBA) were synthesized in one‐pot by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC) reaction via “graft onto.” The main chain was prepared by the anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and 4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (GTEMPO) first, then the polystyrene and poly (tert‐butyl acrylate) with bromine end (PS‐Br, PtBA‐Br) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). When three of them were mixed each other in the presence of CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) at 90 °C, the formed secondary carbon radicals at the PS and PtBA chain ends were quickly trapped by nitroxide radicals on poly(GTEMPO‐co‐EO). The heterograft copolymers were well defined by 1H NMR, size exclusion chromatography, fourier transform infrared, and differential scanning calorimetry in detail. It was found that the density of GTEMPO groups on main chain poly(GTEMPO‐co‐EO), the molecular weights of PS/PtBA side chains, and the structure of macroradicals can exert the great effects on the graft efficiency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6770–6779, 2008
Synthesis of well‐defined polymeric activated esters
Authors: Theato Patrick 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMonomers bearing an activated ester group can be polymerized under various controlled polymerization techniques, such as ATRP, NMP, RAFT polymerization, or ROMP. Combining the functionalization of polymers via polymeric activated esters with these controlled polymerization techniques generate possibilities to realize highly functionalized polymer architectures. Within this highlight two different research areas of activated esters in polymer science will be discussed: (i) the preparation of defined reactive polymer architectures by controlled polymerization techniques and (ii) the preparation of defined reactive thin films. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6677–6687, 2008
Existential concerns among patients with cancer and interventions to meet them: an integrative literature review
Authors: Henoch Ingela , Danielson Ella 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectives: An integrative literature review was undertaken to explore existential concerns among patients with cancer with respect to components, related concepts and targets of interventions.Methods: Comprehensive searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Social Citation Index, SweMed+, Eurethics, NLM Gateway, Faculty of 1000 Medicine, Cochrane Library, EMBACE were undertaken. Each paper was read and classified according to design as descriptive qualitative, descriptive quantitative or interventional. Main themes, interventions and outcomes were identified.Results: The searches yielded a total of 162 articles, of which 109 met inclusion criteria. Existential components from the qualitative studies were divided into two main themes: struggle to maintain self‐identity and threats to self‐identity. Quantitative studies mainly concerned relationships between existential concerns and other concepts. Interventions and assessed outcomes were consistent with components and relationships found in the descriptive studies. Relationships concerned physical and psychological domains; however, few interventions were evaluated against physical outcomes. No interventions applicable to everyday health‐care practice were found.Conclusion: Interventions targeted and evaluated concepts related to existential concerns found in the descriptive studies. Gaps in research on existential concerns in patients with cancer include the need to clarify the concept; how patients' existential well‐being may best be supported by health‐care professionals in everyday practice; effects of existential interventions on physical symptoms; and stability of results of interventions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mycoherbicides and other biocontrol agents for Senecio spp
Authors: Paul Nigel D. , Ayres Peter G. , Hallett Steven G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractClassical biocontrol of Senecio jacobaea (ragwort) has generally utilised herbivorous insects, although the nisi Puccinia expansa has also been considered. Although this rust is specific and damaging in the glasshouse. It has not been used in the field.Research into the ecophysiology of Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) infected by the rust Puccinia lagenophorae has revealed the extent to which the effects of infection are dependent on environmental factors. The damage caused by rust is enhanced under mild drought conditions, during periods of frost in winter and by competition between groundsel and neighbouring plants, bui is reduced by nutrient deficiency. Rust injury is also greatly increased by secondary infection of pustules by necrotrophic fungi. Such secondary infection can be achieved artificially with a range of opportunistic necrolrophs and can selectively kill groundsel: the effective inoculum dose of both fungi is significantly reduced. Attempts to apply our understanding of rust‐necrotroph injury to ragwort have been partially successful but we have not succeeded in causing significant mortality of this host.This paper discusses these, and other weed—pathogen—environment interactions, and their possible application to biocontrol.
The effect of carbon on the electronic structure of FeNi alloys with a stacking fault
Authors: Jasen P. , González E. , González G. , Moro L. , Juan A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe bonding of C to Fe and Ni in Fe50Ni50(L10) alloy with a stacking fault (SF) is analyzed using density functional calculations (DFT). The changes in the electronic structure of the bulk alloy upon SF introduction and after C absorption is addressed. C locates in an octahedral site with Ni atoms in its base and capped with Fe atoms. The Fe–Ni and Ni–Ni bonding decrease while the Fe–Fe bonding increases when the SF is introduced. The effect of C is to reduce the Fe–Ni and Ni–Ni overlap population (OP) up to 75% of its original value, while the Fe–Fe OP only changes by 3.6%. Both Fe and Ni bond to C atom at a distance of 1.80 Å, which is close to that in Fe and Ni carbides metallic, clusters or C as a impurity at grain boundaries or dislocations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The electric‐field effect on the exciton photoconductivity and Urbach tail in GaSe crystals
Authors: Mamedov G. M. , Karabulut M. , Kodolbaş A. O. , Öktü Ö. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe direct free exciton (n = 1) photoconductivity in GaSe crystals has been investigated as a function of applied electric field. The changes observed in the exciton photoconductivity have been analyzed using the Franz–Keldysh, exciton electroabsorption, and Frenkel thermoelectric‐field effects. The intensity of exciton photoconductivity peak was found to increase exponentially with the applied field. The exciton peaks broaden as the magnitude of applied field is increased and shift to lower energies with the square root of applied field. The Urbach energy determined from the long‐wavelength part of the exciton photoconductivity in GaSe crystals varies with the applied electric field. The Frenkel thermoelectric‐field effect has been found to be dominant for the changes observed in the exciton photoconductivity as a result of the applied field. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nested case–control data utilized for multiple outcomes: a likelihood approach and alternatives
Authors: Saarela Olli , Kulathinal Sangita , Arjas Elja , Läärä Esa 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSuppose a nested case–control design has been applied for collecting covariate data when studying a specific disease. With possible new outcomes of interest it would be sensible to utilize the previously selected control group instead of (or in addition to) a new control selection, given that the same covariate data were relevant and available, and that their measurements had adequate stability and quality. We formulate this problem in the framework of the competing risks survival model. In this approach covariate information collected for all outcomes can be utilized in the analysis. We not only propose likelihood‐based parameter estimation but we also review alternative methods based on weighted partial/pseudolikelihoods. The methods discussed here are closely related to the analysis of a case–cohort design, where the control group is not tied to cases of a specific disease. The different methods are compared in a simulation study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three botanical sources of ω‐3 fatty acid planted in the Yungas ecosystem of tropical Argentina
Authors: Ayerza Ricardo , Coates Wayne 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStudies have shown that the fatty acid composition of oils consumed can affect the risk of cardiovascular heart disease, and many consumers are therefore looking for sources of ω‐3 fatty acids. Three herbs of the family Lamiaceae, chia (Salvia hispanica L.), golden chia (Salvia columbariae Benth.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.), all of which produce seeds rich in ω‐3 fatty acid, were planted in northwestern Argentina to determine their production potential in terms of seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Chia seed had the highest oil content (29.9%), followed by golden chia (21.0%) and winter savory (8.0%). All three crops exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, with α‐linolenic ω‐3 fatty acid being the largest component. Golden chia had the highest α‐linolenic fatty acid content: 17% and 11% more than chia and winter savory, respectively. Golden chia's shattering, however, is a major disadvantage for commercial production, making this the least attractive crop of the three. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of transesterification of lard on stability, antioxidant‐synergist efficiency, and rancidity development
Authors: Zalewski Stanislaw , Gaddis A. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGlyceride rearrangement of lard did not affect its resistance to oxidation or alter the efficiency of antioxidants and synergists. Changes in stability were due to the decomposition of tocopherol and the formation of reducing substances. The position of unsaturated fatty acids in the glyceride may influence the free volatile carbonyl compounds present in autoxidized lard and in rancidity development, Interesterification under vacuum produced an odorless and colorless randomized lard with natural stability in the range of the parent lard.
Alcoholic extraction of oilseed with the aid of ultrasonics
Authors: Schurig W. Fred , Sole Pedro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe ultrasonic extraction of cottonseed with ethyl alcohol is studied. Several treating systems are evaluated with the seed in different positions in regard to the ultrasonic field. A calorimetric method was used for measuring the ultrasonic power to the treating vessels. The ultrasonic field had a frequency of 26 Kc/sec, and there was a power range from 0 to 2 watts/cm2. The temperature was varied between 25 and 75C for a set of runs, and a solvent flow rate of about 1 ml/sec was used for most runs. It appears that the temperature effect is the same for runs with and without ultrasonics. A capillary flow mechanism is discussed to explain the temperature effect. Only the extraction without ultrasonics could be predicted by the latter model at a given temperature level.Considerable improvement in the extraction rate was obtained when the ultrasonic pressure gradient was used parallel to the main solid liquid interface. A generalized empirical equation is presented, relating the rate of extraction to the calorimetric power to the extraction vessel, the total area normal to the ultrasonic field, and the seed loading for a particular geometry. By using Fick's law of diffusion and a simplified physical model, the data are also presented as an equation of the diffusion coefficient as a function of the calorimetrically measured ultrasonic power, the total area in the path of the ultrasonic field, and the seed loading.
Deodorization, principles and practices
Authors: Zehnder C. T. , Mcmichael C. E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDeodorization of fats is a steam‐distillation process in which the small percentage of volatile, odoriferous materials is stripped out with steam. A brief discussion of the mathematics involved is included. The effects of time, temperature, vacuum, steaming rate, and materials of construction are discussed. Three general types of deodorizers, batch, continuous, and semicontinuous are presented with brief descriptions of the apparatus employed. Means for collection and recovery of the overheads are described. Protection of the oil during processing is mentioned.
A Pilot Study of a Family History Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: MacLeod Heather M. , McNally Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study evaluated the effectiveness of using a family history questionnaire to ascertain patients and families at‐risk for inherited cardiovascular disease. A questionnaire composed of 21 questions was developed based on the experience of a cardiovascular genetic counselor. This questionnaire was administered to 39 patients at a University‐based cardiology practice reflecting general and specialized aspects of cardiovascular medicine. Using the number and degree of relatedness of relatives reported and limited age of onset information participants were ranked into three familial risk categories. Thirty‐nine patients participated in this pilot study. Of the 39 patients, six Mendelian diseases were identified. All individuals surveyed in this study were found to be at high and/or moderate risk for at least one disease based on the family history questionnaire. Twenty‐five out of 39 participants (64.1%) were found to be at high risk for at least one cardiovascular disease, and thirty‐three out of 39 participants (84.6%) were found to be at moderate risk for at least one disease. A family history of arrhythmia disorders, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and diabetes were more likely to be associated with a personal history in family histories of both moderate and high risk. Family history questionnaires in cardiology clinics can be a cost‐effective tool for identifying patients and families who are in the greatest need of genetic evaluation and genetic counseling services.
Is otospiralin inner ear specific? Evidence for its expression in mouse brain
Authors: Decourt Boris , Hillman Dean , Bouleau Yohan , Dulon Didier , Hafidi Aziz 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe small protein otospiralin has initially been identified as an inner ear specific molecule. However, compelling evidence from high throughput sequencing projects suggested that otospiralin is likely expressed in the central nervous system. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of molecular biology, immunological, and histological techniques, and found that otospiralin is expressed in numerous regions of the central nervous system in mouse. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that otospiralin is widely expressed in neuronal cell bodies and glia. Ultrastructural observations in the cerebral cortex located the small protein in close proximity to membranous organelles in perikarya, the inner face of post‐synaptic neuronal membranes, and in astrocytic processes. These results are in agreement with the predicted structure of the protein which revealed a single N‐terminal transmembrane helix domain followed by a C‐terminus cytosolic tail. Interestingly, 2 weeks after a mechanical trauma in the cerebral cortex, otospiralin expression increased in reactive astrocytes located within the vicinity of the site of injury, but not in neurons. Collectively, our observations suggest that otospiralin is possibly involved in signaling pathways, and could play a role in repair mechanisms subsequent to an injury in the central nervous system.
Performance analysis of a focused hospital unit: The case of an integrated trauma center
Authors: Hyer Nancy Lea , Wemmerlöv Urban , Morris John A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe concept of focus [Skinner, W., 1974. The focused factory. Harvard Business Review 52 (3), 113–121], notably operationalized in manufacturing entities like cells and focused factories, has also been adopted by the health care industry. Examples include patient‐focused care systems and product/service lines. Despite its longevity, there is a paucity of studies analyzing the focus concept and its link to performance, especially in health care. This research is aimed at enhancing our understanding of how a focus‐based approach to organization redesign in health care affects processes and practices, and what operational, clinical, and financial outcomes result from such a change. The research setting is a single case site within a large medical center for which costs for trauma care used to exceed income. Using a structured framework, we document the design and operation of this physically and organizationally integrated Level I trauma care center and compare it to its preceding operation. Its pre‐ and post‐conversion performance is analyzed using symmetric event windows covering three‐year periods before and after the focused hospital unit (FHU) was established. Under a sizable increase in workload, we find no change in mortality, moderate improvement in length of stay, and a large improvement in net operating margins. Surprisingly, the latter stem not from reductions in cost but in sharply increased hospital reimbursements. Previous studies of hospital restructuring involving focused patient populations have not conclusively supported a positive link between focus and outcomes. However, this investigation of a specific FHU suggests, conceptually as well as quantitatively, that focus can be an attractive element in health care system design.
The effect of operational slack, diversification, and vertical relatedness on the stock market reaction to supply chain disruptions
Authors: Hendricks Kevin B. , Singhal Vinod R. , Zhang Rongrong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper empirically examines whether operational slack, business diversification, geographic diversification, and vertical relatedness influence the stock market reaction to supply chain disruptions. The results are based on a sample of 307 supply chain disruptions announced by publicly traded firms during 1987–1998. Our analysis shows that firms with more slack in their supply chain experience less negative stock market reaction. The extent of business diversification has no significant effect on the stock market reaction. Firms that are more geographically diversified experience a more negative stock market reaction. We find that firms with a high degree of vertical relatedness experience a less negative stock market reaction. These results have important implications on how firms design and operate their supply chains to mitigate the negative effect of supply chain disruptions.
Decision‐making in the supply chain: Examining problem solving approaches and information availability
Authors: Cantor David E. , Macdonald John R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the role of two types of problem solving approaches on supply chain performance. Additionally, we investigate how the level of information availability moderates problem solving approach on supply chain performance. We draw on construal level theory from the experimental psychology literature to explain how the problem solving approaches (abstract problem solving approach vs. concrete problem solving approach) contribute to supply chain performance. From this foundation, we run a series of behavioral experiments to test our hypotheses that problem solving approaches and information availability impact supply chain performance as presented in the beer distribution game. A key finding of this study is that individuals who take an abstract problem solving approach are able to perform better than individuals who take a concrete problem solving approach in the context of limited information availability. However, in the context of complete information availability, the impact of both types of problem solving approaches on performance becomes negligible.
Roads to Success: Budget Consolidations in OECD Countries
Authors: WAGSCHAL UWE , WENZELBURGER GEORG 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTDuring the 1990s, some OECD countries succeeded in reducing their budget deficits. The average public debt ratio fell from more than 70 per cent of GDP in 1996 to about 63 per cent of GDP in 2001. Up to now, researchers have mainly focused on the economic effects of these consolidation efforts. This paper answers another question: How can balanced budgets be achieved? By means of a detailed review of nine budget consolidations, the study identifies different roads to successful fiscal adjustments, starting with a critical review of the definition of budget consolidation. We find a pattern on the expenditure side that follows different worlds of the welfare state. On the revenue side however, the tax structure seems to be more path-dependent and mainly driven by long-term developments. In the last section, we show that institutional reforms constitute very important components of budget consolidations.