bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur derivatives of N,N‐Disubstituted amides of long chain fatty acids and their antimicrobial activities
Authors: Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Sumrell G. , Novak A. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMercaptoacetic acid was added to the internal double bond of N,N‐disubstituted oleamides and the terminal double bond of 11‐undecenoylmorpholine. Unreacted starting materials were removed by distillation and as urea complexes. The internal carboxyl group of N,N‐disubstituted‐9(10)‐(carboxymethylthio)stearamides and the terminal carboxyl group of 11‐(carboxymethylthio)undecanamide were esterified. Screening for broad range antimicrobial activity againstCandida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, andAspergillus species indicated that all compounds tested were active. However, 9(10)‐(carbomethoxymethylthio)stearoylmorpholine and 9(10)‐carbethoxymethylthio)stearoyl‐4‐methylpiperidine were the most effective and strongly inhibited the growth of all organisms tested.
Flavor evaluation of copper‐nickel hydrogenated soybean oil and blends with unhydrogenated oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Beal R. E. , Warner K. , Boundy B. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoybean oils hydrogenated to zero linolenate in the pilot plant with a mixed copper‐nickel catalyst and a straight copper chromite catalyst were evaluated and compared for flavor and odor. Hydrogenated oils were winterized and deodorized and stabilized with butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, citric acid, and methyl silicone. Taste panel flavor scores of stored oils and room odor scores of oil at frying temperature were similar for oils hydrogenated either with straight copper chromite or with mixed copper chromite‐nickel catalysts. Blends containing 1, 2, and 3% linolenate made from unhydrogenated soybean salad oil and soybean oil hydrogenated to 0% linolenate with mixed copper chromite‐nickel catalyst were similarly evaluated. Panel responses indicated a blend of 29% unhydrogenated soybean salad oil and 71% hydrogenated soybean oil scored slightly lower than the hydrogenated soybean oil.
Effect of weather damage on the chemical composition of soybeans
Authors: Krober Orland A. , Collins F. I. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySoybean samples containing a large proportion of damaged seed were separated into sound and damaged portions and these portions were then analyzed chemically.Analysis of these samples indicated that damage to the seed caused considerable variation in percentages of oil, protein, ash, and in iodine number and acid of the oil. Sugars in the damaged portions of the soybean samples were generally low when compared with the sound portions.Weather damaging of soybean seed caused a marked increase in percentage of crude protein. Oil percentages were sometimes higher and sometimes lower in the damaged portions. The iodine number of the oil was usually but slightly affected, and the acid number was higher in the damaged portions.In order that the chemical analysis of the samples may be representative of the true composition of a strain, the seed analyzed should be of good quality and contain no more than a small proportion of damaged seed.
Studies on the isomers of major monoenoic acids in rapeseed and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Page B. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn analytical procedure is presented for studies on the composition of hydrogenated oils containing C20 and C22 fatty acids. The method involves an initial separation of esters by preparative gas liquid chromatography into fractions of equal chain length. Each fraction is subsequently studied in detail by gas liquid chromatography, argentation thin layer chromatography, IR spectroscopy, and microozonolysis. Results are presented from a study of the isomers of major monoenoic acids in commercial samples of rapeseed and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oils.
The relationship of structure to properties in surfactants
Authors: Rosen Milton J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChanges in the various structural units present in surfactants strongly affect the interfacial properties shown by these materials. Such properties as surface tension reduction, micelle formation, wetting, foaming and defoaming, detergency, and dispersion of solids all show marked changes with variations in both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the surfactant molecule, reflecting the processes occurring on a molecular level. Changes in these properties caused by such factors as the length and nature of the hydrophobic group, branching or unsaturation in the hydrophobic group, the nature of the hydrophilic group and its position in the molecule, and the presence or absence of an ionic charge are described and explained in terms of the molecular processes involved.
Sterol additives as polymerization inhibitors for frying oils
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAddition of certain vegetable oil unsaponifiables to safflower oil protects it from oxidative polymerization during heating at frying temperature. The unsaponifiables isolated from olive, corn, wheat germ andVernonia anthelmintica oils were found to be effective. The fraction responsible for this effect is largely sterol in nature. Although the common plant sterols show no antioxidant activity, the 4‐α‐methyl sterols function well. The sterols fromVernonia oil, which contain no 4‐α‐methyl group, are also active. It appears that an isofucosterol side chain may be the structural feature required to obtain this protective effect.
Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at perkins, Oklahoma in 1968
Authors: Young C. T. , Mason M. E. , Matlock R. S. , Waller G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEight varieties of peanuts were grown under measured field conditions. Seed obtained at five successive harvest dates and separated into three maturity levels were analyzed for fatty acid composition of oil. Mature peanuts were mostly higher in stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids, and lower in linoleic (18:2), arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) acids. Oleic‐linoleic ratios, which are correlated with oil stability, were higher in mature peanuts.
Systematic isolation and identification of minor components in heated and unheated fat
Authors: Artman Neil R. , Smith Donald E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough animal studies have shown that the chemical reactions occurring in fats during frying do not make them unsuited for food use, questions continue to arise about the products of these reactions and their significance. The purpose of this work was to identify as many as possible of the monomeric products that form when fats are heated in the air. Cottonseed oil was kept at 182 C for six 8 hr days; then it was converted to methyl esters. The distillable, non‐urea‐adductable fraction (DNUA) of the esters was separated into 96 fractions by gradient elution chromatography on silica gel. Each fraction was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). One hundred thirty‐six components were observed, corresponding to 0.42% of the fat. Many of the components were isolated by preparative GLC. Fifty‐one were partially or completely characterized. The most abundant components of the DNUA were octadecenoate and octadecadienoate which had not been removed completely by urea adduction. Esters of alicyclic fatty acids made up 34% of the characterized material. These cyclic materials are probably responsible for the toxic effects that have been seen when DNUA was isolated and fed to rats at high dietary levels. Many of the other components appear to be of little biological interest. No components present in substantial amounts remain uncharacterized.
Polymorphism of mixed triglycerides containing odd fatty acids
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Stewart C. B. , Fehl A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractParis of CnC(n+1)Cn (i.e., C16C17C16 and C18C19C18) and CnC(n‐1)Cn triglycerides (C16C15C16 and C18C17C18) triglycerides,n even, were prepared to compare with CnC(n+2)Cn and CnC(n‐2)Cn glycerides, respectively, in polymorphic behavior. It was found that CnC(n+1)Cn compounds were β′ tending and CnC(n‐1)Cn compounds β tending in line with their all‐even counterparts. The glyceride C11C13C11 is β′ stable, like C10C12C10 and C16C18C16, and seems closely related to them in physical behavior and diffraction characteristics.
1‐Octen‐3‐ol and its relation to other oxidative cleavage products from esters of linoleic acid
Authors: Hoffmann G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy means of preparative GLC, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 2‐trans‐heptenal could be isolated from mildly oxidized linoleic acid ester and from oils containing this acid (e.g., soybean oil). A hypothesis for the origin of these two substances in natural products is given. The absence of 2‐trans‐octenal in the cleavage products from methyl linoleate, its presence in oils and the controversial experimental results obtained by various investigators, seem to be reconcilable by assuming the formation of an acetal. The suggested acetal may, on intermolecular cyclic rearrangement and cleavage, give 1‐octen‐3‐ol.
Thickness Dependence of Critical Current of Superfluid 3He Film
Authors: Saitoh Masamichi , Kono Kimitoshi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We have measured the critical current Jc, which is defined as the onset of dissipative flow, for a thickness range from 0.3 to 4 μm using inter-digitated capacitors. In the thickness dependence of Jc, two distinct dissipation regimes were observed. The crossover occurred at a thickness of ∼1 μm.
Conversion of Methyl Oleate to Branched‐Chain Derivatives
Authors: Dailey Oliver D. , Prevost Nicolette 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies were conducted in the synthetic conversion of oleic acid to mid‐chain branched fatty acids. Methyl oleate was brominated in the allylic positions. Reaction of the allylic bromides with lithium dimethylcuprate gave primarily the desired branched‐chain derivatives (93% of product mixture). The product had a significantly lower crystallization temperature in comparison with methyl oleate. Reaction of the allylic bromides with lithium di‐n‐butylcuprate or lithium di‐sec‐butylcuprate also gave branched‐chain derivatives, but in this instance there was the complication of attack on the ester functionality in the fashion of a Grignard reagent. Details of the syntheses and the properties of the products (with emphasis on low‐temperature properties) are discussed.
Myostatin and MyoD family expression in skeletal muscle of IGF‐1 knockout mice
Authors: Miyake Masato , Hayashi Shinichiro , Sato Tomomi , Taketa Yoshikazu , Watanabe Kouichi , Hayashi Shinji , Tanaka Sachi , Ohwada Shyuichi , Aso Hisashi , Yamaguchi Takahiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is a positive regulator in proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells, while myostatin (MSTN) is a member of transforming growth factor β superfamily that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The present study was performed to detail whether a correlation exists between MSTN and IGF‐1 in skeletal muscle of IGF‐1 knockout mice (IGF‐1−/−) and their wild type (WT; i.e., IGF‐1+/+) littermates. The body weight of IGF‐1−/− animals was 32% that of WT littermates. The fiber cross‐sectional areas (CSA) and number of fibers in M. rectus femoris of IGF‐1−/− animals were 49 and 59% those of WT animals, respectively. Thus, muscle hypoplasia of IGF‐1−/− undoubtedly was confirmed. Myostatin mRNA levels and protein levels were similar between M. gastrocnemius of IGF‐1−/− and WT animals. Myostatin immunoreactivity was similarly localized in muscle fibers of both IGF‐1−/− and WT M. rectus femoris. The mRNA levels of MyoD family (Myf5, MyoD, MRF4, myogenin) were differentially expressed in IGF‐1−/− M. gastrocnemius, in which the mRNA expression of MRF4 and myogenin was significantly lower, whereas there were no changes in the mRNA expression of Myf5 and MyoD. These findings first describe that myostatin expression is not influenced by intrinsic failure of IGF‐1, although MRF4 and myogenin are downregulated.
No ecological effect modification of the association between negative life experiences and later psychopathology in adolescence: A longitudinal community study in adolescents
Authors: Gunther Nicole , Drukker Marjan , Feron Frans , Os Jim van 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the study was to examine the potential contribution of exposure to bullying and adverse life events to the development of psychopathology in adolescents, and possible effect modification by neighbourhood social capital.MethodsTwo waves of routine, longitudinal, standard health examinations at local community paediatric health services, pertaining to 749 adolescents living in Maastricht (The Netherlands) who were attending second grade of secondary school (age 13/14 years) and approximately 2 years later going to the fourth grade (age 15/16 years), were analysed. A self-report questionnaire was used, including measures of psychopathology and two measures of negative life experiences, exposure to bullying and adverse life events, that were available for both age groups and subjected to (multilevel) regression analysis.ResultsExposure to bullying in the past school-year as well as the experience of adverse life events over a 12 month period, at the age of 13/14 years, predicted an increase in psychopathology at follow-up. Exposure to bullying was associated with the development of hyperactivity and emotional problems, while the experience of adverse life events predicted the development of conduct problems. Family-related adverse events had greatest effect sizes. Effects of bullying and adverse life events were not moderated by neighbourhood social capital.ConclusionNegative life experiences impact on liability to psychopathology in adolescents independent of the wider social environment.
Random walk and breaking trend in financial series: An econometric critique of unit root tests
Authors: Rahman Abdul , Saadi Samir 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present note sheds light on several pitfalls associated with unit root tests that are overlooked by a growing volume of literature in financial economics. Specifically, several studies have confused unit root tests with the Random Walk hypothesis. Unit root tests are not designed for such a task since they aim at investigating whether a time series is difference‐stationary or trend‐stationary and are not, therefore, predictability tests. Secondly, we emphasize some serious shortcomings associated with the widely used unit root test developed by Zivot and Andrews [Zivot, E. & Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil‐price shock, and the unit‐root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270.]. In particular, we stress that results from the Zivot–Andrews test are sensitive to the methods employed to calculate the critical values and to select the maxim lag k. Furthermore, Zivot–Andrews test imposes a one time structural break in a time series; however recent studies showed that not counting for other true structural breaks may bias the results and may cause a spurious rejection of the unit root null hypothesis. Finally, we support our arguments by an empirical example based on the findings of Narayan and Smyth [Narayan, K.P. & Smyth, R. (2004). Is South Korea's stock market efficient? Applied Economics Letters, 11, 707–710.] with regards to the efficiency of South Korean stock market. We show that contrary to what the authors claim, the KSE (KOSPI) price index is predictable, and hence the South Korean stock market is not informationally efficient.
Late Quaternary distal tephra-fall deposits in lacustrine sediments, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: de Fontaine Christian S. , Kaufman Darrell S. , Scott Anderson R. , Werner Al , Waythomas Christopher F. , Brown Thomas A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTephra-fall deposits from Cook Inlet volcanoes were detected in sediment cores from Tustumena and Paradox Lakes, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, using magnetic susceptibility and petrography. The ages of tephra layers were estimated using 21 14C ages on macrofossils. Tephras layers are typically fine, gray ash, 1–5 mm thick, and composed of varying proportions of glass shards, pumice, and glass-coated phenocrysts. Of the two lakes, Paradox Lake contained a higher frequency of tephra (0.8 tephra/100 yr; 109 over the 13,200-yr record). The unusually large number of tephra in this lake relative to others previously studied in the area is attributed to the lake's physiography, sedimentology, and limnology. The frequency of ash fall was not constant through the Holocene. In Paradox Lake, tephra layers are absent between ca. 800–2200, 3800–4800, and 9000–10,300 cal yr BP, despite continuously layered lacustrine sediment. In contrast, between 5000 and 9000 cal yr BP, an average of 1.7 tephra layers are present per 100 yr. The peak period of tephra fall (7000–9000 cal yr BP; 2.6 tephra/100 yr) in Paradox Lake is consistent with the increase in volcanism between 7000 and 9000 yr ago recorded in the Greenland ice cores.
ENT manifestations in Iranian patients with primary antibody deficiencies
Authors: Aghamohammadi A , Moazzami K , Rezaei N , Karimi A , Movahedi M , Gharagozlou M , Abdollahzade S , Pouladi N , Kouhi A , Moin M 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:One hundred and nine patients with primary antibody deficiencies were selected in order to determine the frequency of ENT complications.Method:Demographic information and ENT medical histories were collected for each patient. Duration of study for each patient was divided into two periods of before diagnosis and after diagnosis and the initiation of treatment.Results:Eighty-two of 109 patients (75.2 per cent) experienced ENT infections during the course of the disease (63: otitis media, 75: sinusitis and nine: mastoiditis). At the time of diagnosis, 52 (47.7 per cent) out of 109 patients presented with an ENT symptom. The frequencies of episodes were 27 for sinusitis and 25 for otitis media (one complicated with mastoiditis). After immunoglobulin replacement therapy the incidence of otitis media was reduced from 1.75 before treatment to 0.39 after treatment per patient per year (p = 0.008). The incidence of sinusitis also significantly decreased from 2.38 to 0.78 (pvalue = 0.011).Conclusion:ENT infections are common medical problems in primary antibody deficiency patients. Persistent and recurrent ENT infections should be suspected as originating from a possible underlying immunodeficiency.
Purchasing power and pagodas: The Sīma monastic boundary and consumer politics in Cambodia
Authors: Kent Alexandra 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCambodia is now in the midst of reconstruction after decades of organised violence and socio-cultural disruption. This paper explores how rural Cambodians are trying to recreate order in their local worlds and it questions what impact the recent deluge of consumer values, delivered through a post-socialist political filter, is having on these efforts.
Austronesians in linguistic disguise: Fataluku cultural fusion in East Timor
Authors: McWilliam Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between language and cultural practice in the Fataluku language community of East Timor. A Papuan language and member of what is referred to as the Trans New Guinea Phylum (TNGP) of languages, Fataluku society nevertheless exhibits many cultural ideas and practices suggesting a long period of engagement and accommodation to Austronesian cosmopolitanism. The idea that Fataluku speakers are ‘Austronesians in disguise’ points to the significance of cultural hybridity on the Austronesian boundary.
Logic programming with satisfiability
Authors: CODISH MICHAEL , LAGOON VITALY , STUCKEY PETER J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a Prolog interface to the MiniSat satisfiability solver. Logic programming with satisfiability combines the strengths of the two paradigms: logic programming for encoding search problems into satisfiability on the one hand and efficient SAT solving on the other. This synergy between these two exposes a programming paradigm that we propose here as a logic programming pearl. To illustrate logic programming with SAT solving, we give an example Prolog program that solves instances of Partial MAXSAT.
Observational evidence for stellar-mass black holes
Authors: Casares Jorge 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRadial velocity studies of X-ray binaries provide the most solid evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black holes. We currently have 20 confirmed cases, with dynamical masses in excess of 3 M⊙. Accurate masses have been obtained for a subset of systems which gives us a hint at the mass spectrum of the black hole population. This review summarizes the history of black hole discoveries and presents the latest results in the field.
Black holes and magnetic fields
Authors: Bičák Jiří , Karas Vladimír , Ledvinka Tomáš 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStationary axisymmetric magnetic fields are expelled from outer horizons of black holes as they become extremal. Extreme black holes exhibit Meissner effect also within exact Einstein–Maxwell theory and in string theories in higher dimensions. Since maximally rotating black holes are expected to be astrophysically most important, the expulsion of the magnetic flux from their horizons represents a potential threat to an electromagnetic mechanism launching the jets at the account of black-hole rotation.
Black hole accretion: theoretical limits and observational implications
Authors: Heinzeller Dominikus , Duschl Wolfgang J. , Mineshige Shin , Ohsuga Ken 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently, the issue of the role of the Eddington limit in accretion discs became a matter of debate. While the classical (spherical) Eddington limit is certainly an over-simplification, it is not really clear how to treat it in a flattened structure like an accretion disc. We calculate the critical accretion rates and resulting disc luminosities for various disc models corresponding to the classical Eddington limit by equating the attractive and repulsive forces locally. We also discuss the observational appearance of such highly accreting systems by analyzing their spectral energy distributions. Our calculations indicate that the allowed mass accretion rates differ considerably from what one expects by applying the Eddington limit in its classical form, while the luminosities only weakly exceed their classical equivalent. Depending on the orientation of the disc relative to the observer, mild relativistic beaming turns out to have an important influence on the disc spectra. Thus, possible super-Eddington accretion, combined with mild relativistic beaming, supports the idea that ultraluminous X-ray sources host stellar mass black holes and accounts partially for the observed high temperatures of these objects.
The supercritical accretion disk in SS 433 and ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: Fabrika S. N. , Abolmasov P. K. , Karpov S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSS 433 is the only known persistent supercritical accretor, it may be very important for understanding ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) located in external galaxies. We describe main properties of the SS 433 supercritical accretion disk and jets. Basing on observational data of SS 433 and published 2D simulations of supercritical accretion disks we estimate parameters of the funnel in the disk/wind of SS 433. We argue that the UV radiation of the SS 433 disk (∼ 50000 K, ∼ 1040erg/s) is roughly isotropic, but X-ray radiation (∼ 107K, ∼ 1040erg/s) of the funnel is mildly anisotropic. A face-on SS 433 object has to be ultraluminous in X-rays (1040–41erg/s). Typical time-scales of the funnel flux variability are estimated. Shallow and very broad (0.1-0.3c) and blue-shifted absorption lines are expected in the funnel X-ray spectrum.