bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Management in Internet‐Based Software Projects
Authors: Schmidt Roy C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInternet‐based projects are those that are managed through the Internet. By using the Internet as the channel of communication, project managers can pull together teams that are dispersed geographically and temporally. New software and new services are reaching the market to support Internet‐based project management. It is anticipated that improved communications and better workflow management software will reduce threats to the successful completion of projects. Nonetheless, the new approaches and software introduce new complexity and possibly new risks to Internet‐based projects. This chapter is an introduction to project risk and the management of project risk in Internet‐based software projects. Potential risks arising from Internet‐based project management, as opposed to traditional project management, are discussed. Then approaches to the management of risk are compared. An integrated approach to risk assessment and management is advocated.
Rule‐Based and Expert Systems
Authors: Schalkoff Robert J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This section considers the concepts of production and rule‐based systems as they apply to expert systems and intelligent agents. Some Internet applications may be partially or totally based on these concepts. Benefits include enhanced functionality, increased productivity, better performance, and more useful and user‐friendly Web interfaces. Some of the mathematical and computational underpinnings of these systems are shown, and selected Internet‐related examples are provided.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Authors: Boncella Robert J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn an e‐commerce transaction both the user and the provider of the service have expectations regarding the security of the transaction. These are authentication of those involved in the communication; confidentiality of the information exchanged in the communication; and integrity of the information exchanged in the communication. A secure communication channel will meet these expectations. This chapter provides an understanding of how the Secure Sockets Layer Protocol (SSL) and its variation Transport Layer Security Protocol (TLS) can be used to set up, maintain, and use a secure channel. This secure channel may be used for e‐commerce as well as secure communication. In addition, a discussion of SSL's strengths and weakness is presented and alternatives are suggested.
Software Piracy
Authors: Moniot Robert K. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Software piracy is the copying of software by those who are not legally authorized to do so, whether for sale or for their own use. The economic impact of piracy is difficult to quantify exactly, but there is no question that it denies the software industry billions of dollars in sales annually. The rise of the Internet as a medium for exchange of digital goods and services has made software piracy much easier to commit and harder to combat. Technical copy protection measures are of limited effectiveness in preventing piracy. Enforcement efforts directed against corporate softloading have had considerable success, but efforts directed at individual softlifters face many practical obstacles and have had much less impact. Globally, piracy rates can be expected to decline where countries improve their enforcement of intellectual property laws in order to participate in the global economy.
Storage Area Networks (
SAN
s)
Authors: Riabov Vladimir V. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter identifies characteristics, architectural concepts, technologies, applications, and marketplace of storage area networks (SANs). The author reviews the fibre channel interconnect technology, hardware and software components that are necessary for building a storage network. The chapter contains a detailed description of recent innovations in IP‐based SANs: IP storage technologies, SANs over IP, fibre channel over IP, Internet fibre channel protocol, Internet SCSI, storage over IP, fabric shortest path first protocol, storage resource management, and adaptive network storage architecture. The review describes methods of storing large amounts of information, backing up data in e‐commerce, online transaction processing, electronic vaulting, data warehousing, data mining, multimedia Internet/intranet browsing, multimedia audio/video editing, HDTV streaming, and enterprise database managing applications.
Strategic Alliances
Authors: Adams Patricia 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Independence, for many years, has been stressed as a means to success, personally, and in business, even as in a nation like the United States. “Always have a back‐up plan,” “never depend on anyone but you,” and “familiarity breeds contempt” are phrases once thought necessary to consider in forming new relationships. As the quality of our lives and business survival is the result of maneuvering and planning, learning to create long‐term strategic alliances has never been so important. At one time, bartering was widely used as a common practice, allowing a person or family to build “strategic alliances” necessary to sustain life. Now, once again, a business's ability to stay agile, to embrace change, and to stay on top of the daily roller coaster in the worldwide market is often a direct reflection of the many good relationships they have been able to establish and maintain. The term “strategic alliances” as a form of partnerships became widely used as an Internet term due to the need for urgency and dependencies necessary as market complexities grew. No longer is a partnership easy to dissolve. A true interdependence has forced individuals, businesses, and nations to create a tight bond of mutual trust, alignment, and long‐term development, necessary for the success of all in a strategic alliance relationship.
This chapter will give some development history and evolvement of strategic alliances used in business strategies today and will explore the importance of developing business partnerships as strategic alliances, particularly with regard to e‐commerce. Although almost imperative with regard to e‐commerce, using strategic alliances and creating partnerships is the current business model for the Information Age, regardless of whether the business is an e‐commerce business.
Supply Chain Management and the Internet
Authors: Lairson Thomas D. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet increases the quantity and expands the richness of information in real time to many more participants in the supply chain and raises the importance and value of information in supply chain management. The ability to create supply chain visibility, that is, to “see across the supply chain,” extends the scope of management options across all firms in the supply chain, and contributes to reductions in costs and improvements in service. Firms are now able to integrate this information to mitigate the bullwhip effect, increase the speed of operations, and improve service. Firms must adopt new collaborative business models—based on creating an extended, real‐time enterprise—to achieve these efficiency gains. This requires that managers learn how to operate in a collaborative environment with an abundance of shared information, and this means resolving problems among supply chain partners that impede successful collaboration. Detailed case studies of Nortel, Cisco, Dell, and NMS illustrate these ideas.
Supply Chain Management Technologies
Authors: Smith Mark 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Supply chain management (SCM) is concerned with the goal of delivering products and services from the point of origin to the point of consumption in the least amount of time and at the least cost_“getting the right product to the right place at the right time.” It often involves multiple levels of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. Managing the supply chain effectively enables businesses to serve their customers better and increase their own profitability. Supply chain management abounds with opportunities for information technology to be used for competitive advantage. By using tools such as the Internet, advanced planning software, and optimization techniques, companies can reduce costs and cycle times, improve customer satisfaction, and produce higher profits.
Supply Networks: Developing and Maintaining Relationships and Strategies
Authors: Lowson Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In this paper we explore the need for supply network relationships. We do so against a backdrop of increasing demand complexity and dynamism. However, we posit that these relationships cannot be understood in isolation; they form an integral part of a broader network operations strategy. The work examines the character of changing demand and offers an evolution model of supply systems as well as a future response scenario. The nature of supply network relationships is then described as a precursor to an examination of their role as part of a supply network operations strategy. The paper concludes with a description of the generic “building blocks” of such a strategy and the novel ways in which they might be customized to different types of demand behavior, as part of an endeavor to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
TCP
/
IP
Suite
Authors: Mateti Prabhaker 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet and the World Wide Web are based on TCP/IP. The term ”TCP/IP” refers to not only the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol), but also includes other protocols, applications, and even the network medium. These protocols include UDP, ARP, and ICMP. These applications include telnet, FTP, Secure Shell, NFS, Web browsers and servers, and the many items collectively called the Web services. This chapter is an encyclopedic survey of these topics starting from the seven‐layer OSI model to recent developments that improve security and privacy such as IPv6, improvements in the implementations of the protocol stack, and firewalls.
Travel and Tourism
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R. , Gretzel Ulrike , Hwang Yeong‐Hyeon , Wang Youcheng 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Information technology has played and continues to play a central role in the growth and development of the travel and tourism industry. This chapter provides a brief synopsis of the structure of the industry and the role of Internet technologies in the delivery and consumption of tourism products and services. More specifically, it presents an overview of many of the uses of the Internet by travelers and the firms and organizations that compose the travel and tourism industry. Further, it identifies five global technology‐related trends affecting the future role of the Internet within the context of travel and tourism.
Unix Operating System
Authors: Shacklette Mark 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Unix operating system has had more of a fundamental impact on operating system design over the past 30 years than any other operating system in history. It provided the world's first widely distributed multiuser, multitasking operating environment, and it has spawned dozens of versions over the years. It is responsible for generating several significant movements in computer science, not least of which is the Open Source Movement. In this chapter, the history of Unix is detailed to provide a framework for discussing the features of the operating system. Next, the core components of Unix are covered, including the major editors and user shells. Next, the operating system structure is described, including the kernel, the file system, and security. Finally, the Unix Philosophy—what makes Unix Unix—is discussed.
Usability Testing: An Evaluation Process for Internet Communications
Authors: Zimmerman Donald E. , Akerelrea Carol A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter defines usability testing, reviews its foundations, suggests when to use the methods, and provides resources for further guidance. Specifically, the discussion provides an overview of usability methodologies; discusses theoretical foundations for usability testing reviews; elaborates on card sorting, heuristic (expert reviews) evaluations, and verbal protocol analyses; highlights ethical and legal considerations; elaborates on an iterative process of integrating usability testing into Web site and other communication development; and finally suggests strategies for reporting the results.
Video Compression
Authors: Freedman Immanuel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDigital video compression facilitates commerce by providing a significant component of infrastructure for visual electronic communications. Discussion of the principles on which representation and compression of digital video signals are based is followed by review of currently applicable video compression standards. Consideration of solutions relevant to a number of business and technology applications leads to a presentation of sample business models illustrating the rich opportunities in video‐enabled commerce.
Virtual Enterprises
Authors: Cecil J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet has fueled the creation and deployment of virtual organizations and enterprises. This chapter provides a discussion of issues, approaches, and technologies related to Internet‐based virtual enterprises (VEs). The major focus is on the technologies used to seamlessly exchange information across the Internet by distributed VE partners. The computer architectures available for adoption by VEs to communicate via the Internet is also elaborated with emphasis on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture, the Distributed Common Object Model, and Java/Jini technology. An outline of several government, industry, and university initiatives related to VE subject domain is also provided. A synopsis of the key phases involved in the creation of VEs is provided along with a discussion on the vital role played by information‐oriented enterprise models in the deployment of VEs.
Virtual Teams
Authors: Switzer Jamie S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The modern world now lives and works in cyberspace. Geographic borders and time zones are irrelevant. To effectively conduct continuous business on a global scale, organizations utilize virtual teams. Virtual teams are groups of people working together to achieve a common goal but who are geographically dispersed. They would not be possible without advances in new communication technologies, particularly the Internet. Virtual teams have certain characteristics that distinguish them from traditional, colocated teams. There are additional considerations when a virtual team is created, necessitating careful execution of the five tasks that must be accomplished at the beginning of the process. A strong technological infrastructure is critical to the success of a virtual team and to keep it operating effectively and efficiently. The use of virtual teams provides many advantages to organizations, but it can present some challenges as well.
Visual Basic Scripting Edition (
VBS
cript)
Authors: Cole Timothy W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is important both as a language for the development of applications for the World Wide Web and as a scripting language for the Windows operating system itself. In the context of the Web, it is one of the most important scripting languages used for server‐side applications. For client‐side Web applications it is secondary to JavaScript and is limited to intranets relying exclusively on the Microsoft Internet Explorer Web browser. This chapter describes the history and use of VBScript through version 5.6. Essential elements of the language are summarized and its object‐oriented programming aspects are briefly described. A few of its most important advanced features are then discussed. The chapter closes with an overview of the migration of VBScript applications to the new .NET framework. The bringing together of the previously distinct languages of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications, and VBScript under Visual Basic.NET may in the future obviate the need for VBScript as a separate language.
Visual C++ (Microsoft)
Authors: Mayfield Blayne E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Microsoft Visual C++ continues to evolve as an excellent application development suite. The chapter begins with an overview of the basic components of Visual C++: the interactive development environment, debugger, AppWizard, ClassWizard, and MFC. Most of the remainder of the chapter is devoted to aspects of Visual C++ related specifically to the development of Internet‐aware applications. WinSock is discussed, both with and without MFC, and an example MFC WinSock client–server application is presented. Related topics, such as WinInet and COM, are discussed. Finally, some significant enhancements in Visual C++.NET are listed.
Webcasting
Authors: Ha Louisa 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Webcasting is the delivery of media contents and any digital information in various formats such as texts, graphics, and audio and video files on the World Wide Web to Internet users. There are three main types of webcasting technologies: (1) push, (2) on‐demand, (3) and live streaming. Webcasting provides services not only to general consumers but also for business in‐house and business‐to‐business uses. Currently, several organizations are providing standards and protocols for webcasting. Radio webcast is more commonly used because it has less bandwidth requirement than video webcast. The major issues in the webcasting industry are the copyright and license fee of media content in digital forms, the competition of audience with offline media, and the requirement of broadband access for consumers to fully enjoy the efficiency of webcasting. The United States is taking the lead in the webcasting market development by promoting private investment for universal Internet access. Europe is lagging behind in webcasting market development because of the charge per use rate structure of local phone service and the high price of leased lines and dedicated circuits.
Web Hosting
Authors: Kaye Doug 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The range of Web hosting costs—five orders of magnitude—is perhaps broader than that of any other industry. The industry includes more than 10,000 vendors ranging from one‐person operations to major divisions of multibillion dollar companies. This chapter segments the Web‐hosting vendor landscape and explores in detail the services provided by low‐end shared and dedicated Web‐hosting vendors, bare‐bones colocation, and all the way to fully managed services.
Web Quality of Service
Authors: Abdelzaher Tarek 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The commercialization of the Internet has made this medium a prime venue for conducting business and selling a myriad of priced services. The World Wide Web provides a uniform and widely accepted application interface used by these services to reach multitudes of clients. These changes place the Web infrastructure at the center of a new marketplace with increasing requirements for service quality, predictability, and reliability in an unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. This chapter describes policies and mechanisms for meeting these requirements in contemporary Web services. It surveys the state of the art in quality of service provisioning, describes the most important open challenges, and concludes with an outlook on some emerging directions and novel foundations for providing software performance guarantees on the Web.
Web Services
Authors: Sahai Akhil , Graupner Sven , Kim Wooyoung 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe past decade has seen the unfolding of the Web services paradigm as a logical extension to the distributed system approach of the Internet and the increasingly popular “software as a service” approach. In this chapter, we discuss the genesis of Web services, the state of the art, and the promises that the Web services paradigm holds.
Web Site Design
Authors: Irie Robert E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Web site development is a rapidly changing field that requires a mixture of design and software implementation skills. For a web site to be successful it must provide not only functionality, but a user interface that is consistent, clear, and concise. This chapter will characterize the common web site types and architectures and suggest guidelines for designing web sites that are useful and usable. A key concept is the separation of the three components of a web site: the content, its presentation, and the underlying programming logic.
Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks
Authors: DeNoia Lynn A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Metropolitan area and wide area networks are built to connect sites not located on a single property, across distances typically greater than can be covered by local area network technologies. When the media over which such connections run cross public property (e.g., telephone wires) or are considered to belong to the public (e.g., portions of the radio spectrum), they are typically installed or used only by license or under the oversight of a governmental regulatory group (e.g., U.S. Federal Communications Commission, state Public Utility Commission, or a Postal, Telegraphy and Telephony authority). The licensed organization then builds appropriate infrastructure to offer services to the public. This chapter surveys the variety of technologies developed to carry different types of traffic over such facilities and the mechanisms for their effective use.
XBRL
(Extensible Business Reporting Language): Business Reporting with
XML
Authors: Boritz J. Efrim , No Won Gyun 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Accounting was developed in response to the demands of business and other organizations and users for relevant and reliable information for decision making. Currently, many companies are providing users with financial information via the Internet. However, often such information must be reentered or cut and pasted by users seeking to analyze it because, as yet, there are no common, generally accepted formats for presenting business information. XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) is currently being developed to overcome this limitation. XBRL provides financial information preparers, analysts, and other users with a standardized method to prepare, publish, and exchange financial information to enhance decision effectiveness and efficiency. This paper traces the development of XBRL, tracing its conceptual roots from SGML and XML, providing examples of its application to financial information, and summarizing its benefits and limitations. An appendix provides a detailed illustration of the steps involved in creating an XBRL document.
Strong, Tailored, Biocompatible Shape‐Memory Polymer Networks
Authors: Yakacki Christopher M. , Shandas Robin , Safranski David , Ortega Alicia M. , Sassaman Katie , Gall Ken 
Published: July 2008

AbstractShape‐memory polymers are a class of smart materials that have recently been used in intelligent biomedical devices and industrial applications for their ability to change shape under a predetermined stimulus. In this study, photopolymerized thermoset shape‐memory networks with tailored thermomechanics are evaluated to link polymer structure to recovery behavior. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) are copolymerized to create networks with independently adjusted glass transition temperatures (Tg) and rubbery modulus values ranging from 56 to 92 °C and 9.3 to 23.0 MPa, respectively. Free‐strain recovery under isothermal and transient temperature conditions is highly influenced by the Tg of the networks, while the rubbery moduli of the networks has a negligible effect on this response. The magnitude of stress generation of fixed‐strain recovery correlates with network rubbery moduli, while fixed‐strain recovery under isothermal conditions shows a complex evolution for varying Tg. The results are intended to help aid in future shape‐memory device design and the MMA‐co‐PEGDMA network is presented as a possible high strength shape‐memory biomaterial.