bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of tissue oxygen saturation levels using portable near‐infrared spectroscopy in clinically healthy dogs
Authors: Hall Kelly E. , Powell Lisa L. , Beilman Greg J. , Shafer Karin R. , Skala Vickie K. , Olmstead Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective
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To establish a reference interval for tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) levels measured by a portable near‐infrared spectroscope and determine site(s) for reproducibly measuring StO2 levels in dogs.Design
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Prospective experimental study.Setting
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Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals
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Seventy‐eight healthy dogs.Measurements and Main Results
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A portable device that quantitatively measures StO2 levels directly in muscle tissue using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was topically applied to shaved sites over 4 muscle bodies. Readings from the sartorius muscle were obtained 100% of the time. The digital extensors and biceps femoris muscles provided similar readings, but less consistently obtained StO2 values (70% and 67%, respectively). Mean StO2 levels measured over these 3 sites were not statistically different from one another. When readings from these 3 sites were combined, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% was obtained. The epaxial muscles produced a significantly lower mean ±1 SD (68.5±22.4%), and readings were obtained only 60% of the time.Conclusions
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In dogs, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% can be used to investigate clinical applications of NIRS. The sartorius muscle most consistently allows for detection of StO2 levels (100%). The epaxial muscles are not consistent or reliable for obtaining StO2 readings and are not recommended for clinical application of near‐infrared spectroscope. Sex does not significantly affect StO2 readings at any site. Body condition score only affects readings obtained from the sartorius muscle.
Severe soft tissue infections in dogs: 47 cases (1996–2006)
Authors: Buriko Yekaterina , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Rankin Shelley C. , Syring Rebecca S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective– To describe the patient population, microbiological findings, treatment and outcome in dogs with severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and to compare survivors to nonsurvivors.Design– Retrospective study.Animals– Forty‐seven dogs with confirmed soft tissue infections originating from the SC tissues, muscle or fascia.Interventions– None.Measurements and Main Results– Physical and clinicopathologic data on presentation, microbiological and histopathological findings, antimicrobial treatment and outcome. Dogs with SSTIs were predominantly large breed dogs with a median body weight of 35.6 kg. Incidence of pre‐existing conditions (immunomodulating diseases, blunt trauma, injections, clean surgical procedures) that could have contributed to development of SSTIs was 34%. Abnormal physical examination and diagnostic parameters on presentation included increased body temperature (median temperature 39.5 °C [103.1 °F]) and low arterial blood pressure (median systolic blood pressure 103.5 mm Hg). While Streptococcus species were the most commonly isolated bacteria, the incidence of polymicrobial infections differed between antemortem (38.7%) and postmortem (57.1%) cultures. The overall survival rate was 46.8%. Survivors had a higher body weight and higher respiratory rate on presentation than nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors had a significantly lower WBC count and higher lactate, BUN, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations. Histopathologic examination of tissue specimens showed that the degree of necrosis was higher in survivors compared with nonsurvivors.Conclusions– SSTIs in dogs are serious conditions associated with high mortality, significant inflammatory changes, and cardiovascular compromise. A number of conditions, including those that compromise skin integrity and immunomodulating diseases have been identified in our patient population and could have contributed to development of SSTIs. Polymicrobial infections occurred in many cases, necessitating broad‐spectrum antimicrobial coverage.
The neurophysiology of dyspnea
Authors: Mellema Matthew Scott 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective
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To review the human and veterinary literature regarding the neurophysiology of dyspnea and to provide evidence for the beneficial effects of several novel therapies aimed at the alleviation of dyspneic sensations.Data Sources
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Data sources included scientific reviews, case reports, original research publications, and recent research conference proceedings.Human Data Synthesis
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The use of blood oxygenation level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging technology has revealed that the brain regions activated by air hunger in humans are also those activated by fear, pain, and thirst perception. In human subjects, it has been found that agents known to enhance the firing of pulmonary slowly adapting receptors (SARs) can alleviate the sensation of dyspnea without altering central respiratory drive. Several small studies have also shown that nebulized opioids can reduce the sensation of dyspnea apparently via activation of peripheral opioid receptors in the lung.Veterinary Data Synthesis
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There are several animal models relevant to both small and large animal clinical patient populations. Treatment of rats with a nebulized SAR sensitizing agent (furosemide) enhances SAR firing in response to lung inflation. Behavioral escape responses to airway occlusion are reduced in lightly anesthetized cats when treated with nebulized furosemide. Opioid agonists have been shown to inhibit the release of acetylcholine and other mediators from the airways of dogs and guinea pigs. Studies using a goat model with bilateral destruction of the pre‐Bötzinger Complex do not support current paradigms of air hunger origination.Conclusions
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Veterinary patients may benefit from an approach to dyspnea that incorporates an understanding of the origins of the unpleasant sensations associated with the condition. Several novel therapies have shown promise in alleviating dyspneic sensations without altering respiratory drive. Further study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in veterinary patients.
Chronic Pain Treatment: A High Moral Imperative with Offsetting Personal Risks for the Physician—A Medical Student's Perspective
Authors: Nathan Jonathan I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is a clear need for physicians who specialize in the treatment of chronic pain, and these specialists must be empowered to use legally available and medically acceptable pain therapies, including opioids. However, prescribing opioids (or not prescribing them) for chronic pain treatment exposes pain physicians to medicolegal risks with serious personal consequences. This article summarizes, from a medical student's perspective, the basis for the specialization in pain medicine, and actions that place pain physicians at risk for serious professional harm. Regulatory issues of opioid prescription, physician litigation, and the ethical and legal implications on pain management from the perspective of a medical student are discussed. Existing data suggest that legal and regulatory issues have impacted and will continue to impact the treatment of pain. Creating uncertainty about legal issues and instilling fear in the prescribing physician are the best ways to discourage the use of opioids for legitimate medical purposes. In addition, the personal risks associated with the treatment of pain are likely to deter medical students from choosing pain management as their specialty. It is concluded that pain management is both a moral imperative and a moral obligation of clinicians that stems from the Hippocratic Oath. It is clear that there are many misconceptions and ethical concerns surrounding the use of opioids to treat pain. It is imperative that legal and regulatory issues do not discourage medical students from specializing in pain medicine.
Somatic Poetry in Amazonian Ecuador
Authors: Uzendoski Michael 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn this article, I explore two healing experiences, one in Amazonian Ecuador and the other in Amazonian Peru. I argue that these experiences can be theorized through the idea of “somatic poetry,” which I define as the process of making and experiencing beauty so that life and the story become part of the same thread. I discuss how somatic poetry involves drama and coauthoring with nonhuman natural beings, including spirits. I also explore how somatic poetry works textually in interconnecting past lives, history, myth, the body, and the myriad and various subjectivities of the Amazonian landscape.
Thick Description of a Visit Home: In Tribute to Clifford Geertz
Authors: Rautman Alison E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA journey home after my parents' deaths combined elements of pilgrimage, mortuary ritual, and ritual of reincorporation. This exercise in thick description (Clifford Geertz 1973) explores the meaning of my tragicomic adventure using Renato Rosaldo's (1989) ideas of ritual as public markers along private paths. When my personal mourning ritual could not fit into any available cultural category, I stumbled, disoriented, into a carnival world of boundary transgression, status inversion, and farce.
SUBCRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS
Authors: KHAJENOORI M. , ASL A. HAGHIGHI , HORMOZI F. , EIKANI M.H. , BIDGOLI H. NOORI 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT The essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss., cultivated in Iran, was extracted by subcritical water extraction (SCWE) and compared with two conventional methods, including hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiencies of different temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175C), mean particle sizes (0.25, 0.50 and 1 mm) and water flow rates (1, 2 and 4 mL/min) were investigated at 20 bar. The separation and identification of the components were carried out by gas chromatrography (GC)‐flame ionization detection and GC‐mass spectrometry. The best operating conditions for the SCWE of Z. multiflora Boiss. were determined to be at 150C temperature, 0.50‐mm mean particle size and 2 mL/min flow rate for 150 min extraction time. The SCWE method resulted in a more valuable essential oil with respect to the oxygenated components.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSubcritical water can be used in many different fields of applications. In recent years, the extraction of flavors, fragrances and antioxidant components from plant materials, and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, vegetable oils and fatty acids have been widely investigated by many researchers. Using subcritical water for analytical purposes and for soil remediation, and applying it as a reaction media are some other interesting fields for practical applications.
APPLICATION OF ULTRASONICATION OR HIGH‐PRESSURE EXTRACTION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM LITCHI FRUIT PERICARP
Authors: PRASAD K. NAGENDRA , YANG BAO , ZHAO MOUMING , RUENROENGKLIN NEUNGNAPA , JIANG YUEMING 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit pericarp (LFP) contains a high amount of flavonoids, which could be used as natural antioxidants. Some emerging novel technologies, such as ultrasonic extraction (UE) and high‐pressure extraction (HPE), have exhibited great potential for flavonoid extraction. Experiments were conducted to comparatively investigate the effects of conventional extraction (CE), 40‐KHz UE and 200‐ or 400‐MPa HPE on the extraction efficiency of flavonoids from LFP. After 30 min of extraction, the extract yield, total phenolic content, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging ability were examined. The crude extract yields by the UE, 400 HPE and CE were 24, 30 and 1.83%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity tested among these three different extractions at the same concentration. In addition, two flavonoids, namely epicatechin and epicatechin gallate, were identified and quantified as the major compounds, while catechin and procyanidin B2 were identified as the minor compounds. The total flavonoid content detected was 0.65, 0.75, 0.29 and 0.07 mg/g dry weight by HPE at 200 and 400 MPs, UE, and CE, respectively. Thus, the HPE technique showed a higher efficiency in extracting flavonoids from LFP, and the HPE could reduce the extraction time and increase the amount of the extracted phenolics.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit that originated in Southeast Asia. As litchi fruit is gradually accepted by consumers for its delicious taste and attractive red skin, litchi production has steadily increased in recent decades, with increasing exports to Europe and North America from both the southern and northern hemisphere production areas. Litchi fruit pericarp (LFP) accounts for approximately 16% by weight of the whole fresh fruit and is comprised of a significant amount of flavonoids. Therefore, LFP tissues may be considered an important source of dietary flavonoids. This work showed that HPE technique has a high efficiency in extracting flavonoids from LFP tissues, which may help the litchi industry develop new extraction methods to better utilize the flavonoids from LFP tissues.
Effect of UV‐C on Algal Evolution and Differences in Growth Rate, Pigmentation and Photosynthesis Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algae
Authors: Gao Yang , Cui Yunluan , Xiong Wei , Li Xiaobo , Wu Qingyu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInsight into the influence of UV‐C radiation on the evolutionary relationship between prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae was studied in seven species of algae exposed to different UV‐C irradiances. The order of their acclimation (from most tolerant to sensitive) is Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (Cyanophyta), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Cyanophyta), Chlorella protothecoides (Chlorophyta), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyta), Alexandrium tamarense (Pyrrhophyta) and Dicrateria zhanjiangensis (Chrysophyta). These results are in accordance with the algal evolution process that is generally accepted and proved by fossil record. It shows that UV‐C radiation is an important environmental factor that cannot be ignored in the evolutionary process from prokaryotic algae to eukaryotic algae. The threshold of UV‐C radiation at which prokaryotic algae can survive but eukaryotic algae cannot was found to be approximately 0.09 W m−2. This was the first time to determine with precision the irradiance level at which UV‐C contributed as a selection pressure of evolution. Furthermore, the effects of UV‐C radiation on photosynthetic performance, growth rate and pigment content were investigated in two species of prokaryotic algae: Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and two species of eukaryotic algae: C. reinhardtii and C. protothecoides. After 6 days of exposure, the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids decreased in all species, moreover reduction in C. reinhardtii and C. protothecoides was more obvious than in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The ability to photosynthesize followed the same trend as the pigments.
When Jesus met Mohammed in the Holy Land: Attitudes toward the “Other” in the Crusader Kingdom
Authors: Menache Sophia 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates changing attitudes toward the “other” in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from two main perspectives; namely, the crusaders' approach to the former inhabitants of the Holy Land and the degree to which those former Occidentals became Orientals and created a new identity. Taking into account the first encounter with Islam, this paper investigates the emotional aspects of the meeting between Latins and Muslims from the perspective of those Christians who came to the Holy Land, whether as crusaders, settlers of a more permanent nature, or pilgrims. Historical contextualization allows a more suitable analytical and theoretical perspective of the intricate emotional spectrum that was inherent in the history of the Crusader Kingdom. The Latins use of the Augustinian emotional index transformed negative attitudes toward the Muslims into an act of illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion meant that within its inner discourse, Christian society had defeated the Muslims symbolically, regardless of the outcome on the battlefield—a denial of reality that served to exclude the Easterners altogether. The inverted inclusion of the Muslims became the last step on the long march of both acknowledging and, at the same time, erasing the infidel, for it was Christianity that defined the cultural boundaries of the West.
programs, materials and techniques
Authors: Brown Virginia 
Published: December 2008

The column this month is a roundup of various materials and reviews that have been submitted, as well as responses to some requests for resources for special problems. The topics are varied, and the interest levels are from preschool through secondary and from school to home. Dorothy Tyack and Robert Gottsleben have written a handbook titled Language Sampling, Analysis, and Training. It is reviewed by Tom Longhurst. The film Santa Monica Project is reviewed by Hannah Elsas Miller. A description is provided of the currently available Social Studies Curriculum Analysis Short Form, published by the National Council for the Social Studies. Classroom Projects Using Photography, with Tools and Tips to Help You contains suggestions both for elementary and for secondary projects. A. Dean Hendrickson reviews three new books that are useful in the area of mathematics instruction. One deals with diagnosis; one with the area of early childhood; and the third with secondary level math instruction. A Job Placement Handbook by Alan E. Brooker is reviewed as worthwhile unpublished material at the secondary and young adult levels. A new Report # 69/70 from the EPIE Institute identifies, analyzes, and evaluates 18 of the most frequently used programs in school mathematics. (Check to see if your program is listed.) From BOCES of Nassau County, N. Y., comes a collection of 200 Ways to Help Children Learn While You're at It. It was developed for parents and teachers of young children. Change for Children is suggested as a catalog of ideas for teachers who wish to expand their repertoire of ideas for the individualization of classroom instruction. Mauree Applegate's classic language arts text, Easy in English, is revisited to remind teachers and parents of the wealth of assistance available for helping the learning disabled student learn to write - and like it! If you are interested in becoming a reviewer of materials for this column, or if you've written a review of a program or technique you'd like us to consider for publication, please write Dr. Virginia Brown, College of Education, Kansas State University, Holton Hall, Manhattan 66506.
A Look at Reading Comprehension
Authors: Van Etten Glen 
Published: December 2008

This complex area deserves more intensive study than it has received in the past. We hope this material will provide stimulation toward this end. The editors have called upon Dr. Glen Van Etten for assistance in analyzing some of the literature on reading comprehension. Following his review, two instructional programs designed to develop reading comprehension are examined by the editors. The two programs vary greatly in content, format, and levels of skills that are taught. Both, however, have aspects that make them worthy of consideration by teachers of learning disabled students. — C.V.E., B.W.
The Role of Computed Axial Tomography in the Study of the Child with Minimal Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Thompson J.S. , Ross Ronald J. , Horwitz Samuel J. 
Published: December 2008

Delta CTexaminations of the brain were performed in 44 children with minimal brain dysfunction and specific learning disabilities. Contrast media were not injected. Forty-two of the 44 patients examined (95.5%) had normal scans. One child had agenesis of the corpus callosum, a deficit documented by ventriculography during the first year of life. One child had a focal area of infarction or postinflammatory gliosis in the right occipitoparietal region. It was concluded from this study that computed axial tomography of the brain is not a necessary screening procedure in the evaluation of the child with minimal brain dysfunction or learning disabilities unless there is evidence of a focal neurologic deficit.
Demonstration and Research Programs for Learning Problems at Fernald, UCLA
Authors: Taylor Linda , Adelman Howard 
Published: December 2008

In this Programs, Materials, and Techniques column we will examine university-based child development centers and child study clinics. Many times these centers serve as training centers for prospective professionals (teachers, school psychologists, and other support personnel), demonstration centers for comprehensive multidisciplinary diagnostic centers, community resources for schools, parents, and teachers, and applied research settings between the theories of books to the real work of the school. The Fernald Center, housed in the psychology department of UCLA, places a heavy emphasis on applied research, whereas the Center for Reading and Learning at DePaul University is a multifunctional clinic that provides comprehensive, diagnostic, and treatment plans for children with learning behavioral problems. In addition, this center has a major component of serving as a training site for future learning disabilities and reading teachers. James Madison University's Child Development Clinic, which uses an interdisciplinary model, offers remedial and counseling services to a wide variety of handicapped children and youth and provides faculty from various departments an opportunity to practice in their respective fields. The diagnostic classroom at Lehigh University's laboratory school provides intensive diagnostic and remedial services to children with diagnostic profiles that have not responded well to previous educational efforts. The Huelsman Education Clinic serves as a practicum facility for courses in remedial and clinical reading, parent training, school psychology, and applied behavioral analysis. Special appreciation is expressed to guest editor Dr. Booney Vance, associate professor of school psychology, Kent State University —D.A.S.
A Pilot Study of Visual-Motor Developmental Inter-Test Reliability: The Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
Authors: Porter Gary L. , Binder Dorothy M. 
Published: December 2008

Visual motor performance is a significant contributing factor to a child's academic performance (Beery 1967a, Getman 1961). Because of the need for accurate and specific diagnostic techniques, the professionals in the fields of pediatric and developmental optometry, learning disabilities, and education must constantly evaluate the diagnostic instruments they use. The Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BGT) are copy form instruments clinically employed to measure the degree to which visual perception and motor behavior are integrated in the child and to determine a child's level of visual motor development and maturity. Th VMI and the BGT are similar in the areas of protocol, stimulus design, and in the developmental scoring systems and criteria each employs. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-test reliability of the VMI and the BGT, so as to avoid a possibility of testing redundancy when both diagnostic instruments are used conjunctively in a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation of a child's level of visual motor performance.