bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Military Expenditures: Purposes, Methods, Sources
Authors: Wiberg Håkan 
Published: March 2007

Wiberg, H. Measuring Military Expenditures: Purposes, Methods, Sources. Coop eration and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 161-177. The study of military power, balance, capability, etc. is a field in which many central concepts and also the conduct of empirical research might appear similar to those in natural science. A closer look at the empirical bases of this research, however, reveals a number of pitfalls. This article surveys the most important data sources for military expenditures and armaments. Definitions, sources of bias and methodology are dis cussed in the light of these sources; significant variation is found between publications. The importance of this variation seems to be greater for developing countries than for industrialized countries; it is especially crucial for the study of OPEC and socialist countries. It is more significant for the study of the most recent years than previous periods. Besides these factors, the choice of sources should depend on the qualities one wishes to stress: the sources also vary in regard to accuracy, completeness and the political controversiality of issues.
Alien Submarines in Swedish Waters: The Method of Counting as a Political Instrument
Authors: Salicath Carl P. 
Published: March 2007

Salicath, Carl P. Alien Submarines in Swedish Waters: The Method of Counting as a Political Instrument. Cooperation and Conflict, XXII, 1987, 49-55. Swedish waters have been violated by alien submarines since the beginning of the seventies. After the U-137 incident in 1981, the number of submarine observations rose remarkably. Since 1983, however, the official registration of alien submarines discovered in Swedish waters has become increasingly obscure. The author argues that this registration and the general occurrence of alien submarines has been played down by the Swedish government. It is further argued that this has been done with the aim of providing Sweden with a political instrument in its relations towards the Soviet Union, in order to reduce the submarine incursions themselves, or what can be interpreted as Soviet political pressure on Sweden, in which the submarine incursions are merely a symptom.
Dimensions of Hegemony
Authors: Ougaard Morten 
Published: March 2007

Ougaard, M. Dimensions of Hegemony. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 197- 214. The first section of the article deals briefly with the history of the concept of inter national hegemony. The second section identifies several dimensions in various defi nitions of the concept. The first dimension is the distribution of resources implying that hegemony is defined as a preponderance of material power resources, while the second dimension is control over outcomes. In some definitions the hegemon has a greater control than other actors, no matter which outcomes are attained. In other definitions a specific kind of outcome is required, such as the provision of certain collective goods. A related question is whether the hegemon takes care of shared interests or is catering to its own interests, to the detriment of those of others. This points to what is arguably a somewhat neglected dimension of hegemony: the underlying pattern of interests. It is suggested that the concept of hegemony is relevant in situations with common basic interests and secondary but significant contradictory interests. In such a situation hegemony is defined as one actor's ability to provide for its own interests in conflicts of a secondary nature. The third section focuses on the patterns of interests underlying US hegemony. Three possible changes that can lead to declining hegemony are examined: increasing difficulties for the common interests, increasing incompatibility between the interests of the hegemon and its allies, and finally a growing disparity within the hegemon's own interests. The evidence is only suggestive and points in different directions, but on balance it tends to strengthen the case for declining hegemony.
A Democratic Revolt? Stability and Change in Danish Security Policy 1979-1989
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik 
Published: March 2007

Holm, H.-H. A Democratic Revolt? Stability and Change in Danish Security Policy 1979-1989. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 179-197. The events in many European countries following the intense security debates since 1979 have revitalized arguments about the relationship between democracy and security policy change. From Tocqueville onwards, many have argued that security policy should be shielded from the democratic process. An analysis of Danish security policy content and the decision-making process in the years 1979-1989 is used here to provide an answer to this debate. Representation, participation and information are used as indices for the democratization of Danish security policy, and it is concluded that despite a clear trend towards increased participation and information, both the content of Danish security policy and the decision-making process have remained stable.
Barriers to the Rehabilitation of Ex-Offenders
Authors: Dale Mitchell W. 
Published: March 2007

A person's identity—both in his own eyes and in the eyes o f others—is very often tied to his occupation. One's job may determine to a large extent the kind and quality of life one leads. In penology and correction, therefore, as in perhaps all the social sciences, the function and availability of employ ment are o f great concern. According to some analysts, gain ful employment is perhaps the most important ingredient needed to help ex-offenders pursue law-abiding, productive lives; unemployment is one of the principal causes of recidi vism among adult male offenders. Yet, despite popular sentiment regarding the desirability o f giving "a second chance" to the person with a criminal re cord, socially imposed and almost insurmountable barriers prevent him from obtaining productive and rehabilitative employment. Employers resist hiring ex-offenders because of perceived security risks that are often more imaginary than real. More often than not, an ex-offender cannot be bonded by the private bonding industry. Under the terms of a standard "blanket" bond—the only type of bonding appropriate to many large operations and available at a price the employer can afford—an employer's insurance coverage is specifically voided if he knowingly hires any person having a criminal record. Finally, under misguided statutes ostensibly enacted to protect the public from criminal depredations, ex-offenders may be excluded from service in government and a myriad of "licensed occupations." This paper discusses these so-called "legal" barriers to the employment of ex-offenders. Its conclusion is that the attempt to protect against crime by denying ex-offenders gainful employment not only makes a mockery o f the concept of equal opportunity for all but costs us dearly in recidivist crime.
Judicial Paternalism and the Female Status Offender
Authors: Chesney-Lind Meda 
Published: March 2007

Criticism of the juvenile court's jurisdiction over the status offender consistently neglects one important aspect of the issue. As a product of the court's history of extralegal paternalism, status offenses have involved the system in the maintenance of traditional family norms, which require greater obedience and chastity from females than from males. The enforcement of status offenses has created a de facto double standard of juvenile justice in America. Like "good parents," police and court personnel tend to select for punishment girls whose behavior threatens parental authority and boys whose behavior is beyond that which can be excused as "boys will be boys." This pattern explains both the overrepresentation of girls charged with status offenses in court popula tions and the relatively harsh official response to this behavior. Evidence is presented to show that, at every level in the system, girls charged with status offenses are treated more harshly than girls charged with crimes. Further, the noncriminal activity of girls is frequently seen as requiring more drastic intervention than the criminal behavior of boys.
News as olds1
Authors: Kleinnijenhuis Jan 
Published: March 2007

Johan Galtung & Mari Holmboe Ruge (1965) hypothesize that the more consonant an event is with the mental image of what journalists expect to find, the more probable journalists will consider that event to be newsworthy. This article on foreign news in the Netherlands underpins this hypothesis, as well as the related hypotheses of unambiguity and negativity . It is assumed that mental pre-images of journalists are reflected in the news they present. To reconstruct the mental images reflected in the news, the NET-method for content analysis ('Networkanalysis of Evaluative Texts', Van Cuilenburg et al. (1986, 1988)) was used. Because images are sometimes real in their consequences, political implications of consonantly structured foreign news in the Netherlands, France and the United States are briefly discussed.
Credibility of the Asian News Broadcasts of the Voice of America and the British Broadcasting Corporation
Authors: Rampal Kuldip R. , Clifton Adams W. 
Published: March 2007

Official radio broadcasting directed to international listeners is an integral part of the process of carrying out the foreign policy objectives of the United States and Great Britain. Foreign policy objectives, however, cannot be promoted with any degree of effectiveness through official international radio unless the broadcasting station is perceived to be a credible source of information. Credibility of official radio stations depends on two key considerations: a) Professional autonomy, if not independence, to conduct the journalis tic work without resorting to propaganda; b) Adherence to professional news standards of timeliness, accuracy, objectivity, balance and relevance. Published material indicates that credibility of news broadcasts of the Voice of America has improved in recent years following years of concerns. News broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation, on the other hand, have been held up as a model of credibility since the station's inception. This study investigated the credibility of Asian news broadcasts of the VOA and the BBC by applying as criteria measurable elements within the above-mentioned definition of credibility. The discourse analysis methodology was used. News broadcasts of the two stations relevant to Asia were recorded and transcribed on a daily basis during November 1988. The coding of the news transcripts, done by a team of Asian and American graduate students, used as criteria the following credibility elements: (1) quality of sources, (2) selection and relevance of news items, (3) accuracy and balance in news items, and (4) use of propaganda techniques including ideologically loaded language. The analysis of the four variables indicated that the news services of the VOA and the BBC are credible. A qualitative analysis of the transcripts by the authors, of whom the principal author is from Asia with a relative expertise in Asian affairs, reinforced that finding. The study also found that the two stations rank as equal in the quality of their news broadcasts. There was no statistically significant difference between the two broadcasting services on any of the four credibility variables. In the area of story relevance, both the VOA and the BBC tended to give relatively more treatment to issues of interest to their respective countries, but the difference was not statistically significant. Some suggestions are provided for further improvement of the quality of both services. The authors propose that a similar study is needed to compare the quality of the public affairs programs of the two stations. Such a study would help establish a more complete picture of the credibility and ranking of the VOA and the BBC.
Government policies toward advertising in China (1979-1989)
Authors: Yu Xuejun 
Published: March 2007

The evolution of Chinese government policies toward advertising (1979-1989) and the issues involved, are examined by analyzing documents published inside and outside China. The study demonstrates the historical background, social environment, and rapid growth of advertising in China. Advertising was resurrected in 1979 due to China's economic reform and open-door policy, and played an important role in the national economic development. The study found that advertising developments in China were effected by political factors in society. The government's advertising policies were in a state of flux, and were not clearly defined within the broad complex of society's needs, aspirations and resources. The regulations on advertising were incomplete and their enforcement was weak. It was concluded that China needs to upgrade its advertising level and to learn more from the West, but may not leap on the Western consumer-oriented bandwagon and neglect the political and cultural impacts of advertising on society. Between the two extremes - a rejection or a embrace of advertising - China needs to find a "middle road" for its further advertising development.
‘Europe 1992’: The audiovisual challenge
Authors: Servaes Jan 
Published: March 2007

The article discusses the changing role of the European Community and its impact on national media systems and policies. It claims that the EC-policies advocate total freedom to provide services across borders, and that, therefore, total liberalization may lead to a future cultural synchronization and economic oligopolization of Europe. The main arguments presented are: 1. The national, and especially the European policies regarding telecommunication services in general and broadcasting in particular are based on economic in stead of cultural considerations. This trend will continue after 1992. 2. The public service broadcasting structure and philosophy has undergone major changes throughout the last decades. These changes, initiated by internal as well as external factors, have affected the organizational and finance structures, and the programming of public service broadcasting. 3. It is questionable whether the European policies will be in the advantage of the so-called smaller countries in the European Community, like for instance Belgium or the Netherlands, on the one hand, and whether these policies will be able to secure a free and balanced flow of information, ideas, opinions and cultural activities within the Community on the other hand.
Community development: Knowledge, attitudes and training needs amongst professionals in Northern Ireland
Authors: Teahan B. , Gaffney B. , Yarnell J. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To evaluate the level of understanding and the practice of community development among Health and Social Service professionals in Northern Ireland and to assess the potential need for formal training in community development. Design A survey using questionnaires among a representative sample of health and social service professionals in Northern Ireland. Qualitative data was obtained from separate focus groups. Setting Questionnaires were self-completed by subjects contacted at their place of work. Focus groups were carried out by experienced interviewers in workplace settings. Method Ten Health and Social Services Community Trusts were selected to be representative of Trusts in Northern Ireland. Questionnaires were distributed to all 502 Health and Social Service professionals working in these Trusts. A focus group session was carried out in each of four Health and Social Services Community Trusts across the Province. Results The overall response rate was 57 per cent. Two hundred and eighty-seven questionnaires were returned from a total of 502. High response rates were obtained among health visitors, community psychiatric nurses, and social workers for disability, but groups such as community midwives may have been less well represented in our study sample (response rate 21 per cent). Over 28 per cent of subjects, particularly social workers, said they were unfamiliar with the concept of community development. Thirty- nine per cent described their knowledge as adequate and 4 per cent as good. Almost 40 per cent of the subjects said that they never used a document which had been widely distributed in Northern Ireland on a strategy for community development. Seventy-two per cent of subjects had not used the Voluntary Activity Unit's Handbook for Practitioners which had also been widely distributed in the Province. Questions on training required by professionals suggested that the majority of professionals required training in methods and techniques, values and principles, definition and clarification of professional roles, and knowledge of practice elsewhere. Focus groups reported that a high level of commitment and out- of-hours involvement was required to further enhance community development. Conclusions The majority of professional groups were positive about community development, but were unable to find or provide examples. Training needs were identified among all professional groups in this study.
Treating obesity: A qualitative evaluation of a lifestyle intervention for weight reduction
Authors: Adolfsson Birgitta , Carlson Anita , Undén Anna-Lena , Rössner Stephan 
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify which factors are considered important for eating habits and weight change in obese participants in a one-year weight reduction programme at a primary health care centre. Design A qualitative study of factors affecting participants' eating habits and weight change before, during and after the programme. Settiiig The primary health care centre where the programme was taking place. Method Fifteen participants were interviewed three times during the programme and once one year after the intervention programme had ended. Results Fourteen participants described how emotion and factors other than hunger, such as stress, need for affinity, depression, worry or tiredness affected their eating habits. The only participant to describe 'hunger' as the only reason for eating reached the greatest weight reduction after two years. Emotional eating continued to affect the eating habits and weight gain of all other participants. Conclusion If emotion and factors other than hunger that are associated with eating habits that lead to obesity are not addressed, the treatment needs are never met. Thus a motivational phase including an emotional evaluation of the problem behaviour and preparation for a change in lifestyle preceding the actual change of behaviour would be valuable. This would provide an opportunity to address emotional factors and reasons other than hunger associated with excessive eating, as well as emotional factors associated with behavioural change. Furthermore, a period of supported maintenance of achieved weight loss should be included in weight reduction programmes.
Towards sustainable and flexible health promotion at work: Summary of evaluation findings from the Tyne & Wear 'health @ work' award
Authors: Griffin Barbara L. , Hall Nicola J. , Watson Nigel 
Published: March 2007

Objective The objective of the paper is to summarise a process evaluation of an ongoing subregional health at work award scheme in relation to flexibility and sustainability. Design The design of the evaluation was a series of semi-structured interviews with designated members of participating organisations and health promotion specialists. Setting It was located in workplaces in Tyne and Wear, North East England. Method Researchers from the University of Sunderland transcribed and analysed the qualitative data. Results The results demonstrated the health at work award provided a flexible framework for participating organisations to develop direction and focus on health at work activities. Conclusion It was concluded that the health at work award was flexible and beneficial in the promotion of healthy workplaces and in working towards sustainable frameworks for health interventions.
A survey of exercise patterns in primigravidae at a Scottish NHS Trust: More consistent support and advice required for women and their families
Authors: Weallens Emma , Clark Alexander , Maclntyre Paul , Gaudoin Marco 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine primigravidae women's reported exercise patterns, approaches to exercise and information sources on exercise. Design Face-to-face survey. Setting Urban maternity unit in a Scottish city centre hospital. Method Survey of 42 consecutive recently-delivered primigravidae. Results The women exercised less as they got older and this reduction was exacerbated as pregnancy advanced, particularly for vigorous activities. Exercise declined significantly during the first trimester, a period during which 37 per cent of the women believed that exercise increased the risk of miscarriage. Over the trimesters of pregnancy a significant minority of women (40 per cent) received no advice from any sources on exercise during pregnancy. For the remainder, a wide range of different information sources on exercise were drawn upon, including health professionals, family and educational literature. All women knew that exercise had physical benefits for themselves and their babies but only a minority cited cardiovascular benefits specifically; while 34 per cent of respondents believed that exercise in later pregnancy could be beneficial to the baby. Women from poorer social backgrounds received significantly less advice at all stages of pregnancy ( p< 0.01). Conclusion Pregnancy is a period during which women's perception of risk is likely to be heightened, exercise patterns change and physical activity lessens. Women in this study either tended to receive no advice on exercise during pregnancy or received information from a wider variety of professional and lay sources. Health professionals should therefore promote the benefits of exercise to both pregnant women and their families throughout the trimesters of pregnancy. Support should be particularly targeted to those from lower socioeconomic groups.
Diet and colorectal cancer risk: Baseline dietary knowledge of colorectal patients
Authors: Dyer K.J. , Fearon K C H , Buckner K. , Richardson R.A. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To establish the dietary knowledge, attitudes and potential barriers to change of patients attending a colorectal outpatient clinic. Design Use of a semistructured interview to generate qualitative and quantitative data. Setting A regional colorectal outpatient clinic within Edinburgh. Method Patients attending clinic with colorectal symptoms were invited to participate in a semistructured interview using a validated questionnaire. Results Fifty patients (mean age 62 ± SD 15.1 years; male:female = 22:28) were interviewed. Twenty-three (46 per cent) knew that five portions of fruit and vegetable were recommended daily, but 31 (62 per cent) were unclear what constituted a portion. Only three (6 per cent) and two (4 per cent) could name three foods high in fat and fibre, respectively. Twenty-three (46 per cent) were unable to identify why healthy eating is important, while only four (8 per cent) were aware of an association between diet and cancer. Women had significantly higher nutrition knowledge scores than men (16.3 ± SD7.1 v 12.3 ± SD5.1, p<0.05 ). There was a significant relationship between educational attainment and nutritional knowledge ( r=0.534, p<0.001). Potential barriers to change included the belief that their diet was already healthy ( n=35, 70 per cent) and lack of time ( n=25, 50 per cent). Conclusion Patients attending a colorectal clinic lack practical dietary knowledge and the majority are unaware of the link between diet and cancer. Targeted health promotion strategies are needed to raise awareness in this group.