bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exact Insulated-Tip Fin Length Correction for Tip Convection Compensation
Authors: Capobianchi Massimo , Cangelosi Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study details the derivation of a length correction term for computing the heat transfer performance of one-dimensional, straight, convecting-tip fins using the insulated-tip fin solution. Use of this corrected length in the insulated-tip fin solution produces the identical heat transfer rate and temperature profile as those computed using the more complex convecting-tip fin equations. The analysis derives the length correction equation from fundamental principles and produces a simple, closed-form expression valid for all fin cross-sectional shapes. Furthermore, the valid parameter range where this length correction is applicable, and outside of which no exact length correction is possible, is quantified.
Semi-Analytical Solution for a Single-Phase Conduction Problem of a Finite-Slab With a Growing or Receding Boundary
Authors: Kumar Pavan , Segall Albert , Drapaca Corina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Thermal conduction considerations of a solid media with moving boundaries are of great interest in many research areas. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find analytical or semi-analytical solutions for the single-phase heat equation in real-time with a growing or receding boundary. While non-numerical solutions for infinite and semi-infinite domains are available, these cannot accurately model many common situations. In order to overcome this shortcoming, an approximate semi-analytical solution for the heat equation for a single phase, homogeneous, and finite-slab with a growing or receding boundary under unit loading was derived using the Laplace transform method and Zakian series representation of the inverse Laplace transform. Predictions were compared to finite element solutions with good agreement obtained for low to moderate growth or recession rates with improvements shown to be possible by using a heuristic approach. Applications of this work could include direct or inverse prediction of temperatures during machining, wear, corrosion, and/or additive manufacturing via cold spray.
A Free Streamline Model for Fully Separated Turbomachine Flows
Authors: Prasad Dilip 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the use of the free streamline approach to determine flows in fully separated cascades, and to thereby provide a rational basis for estimating the performance of axial turbomachinery at severely off-design conditions. On the assumption of two-dimensional, incompressible flow, the free streamlines that bound the separated region are determined using the hodograph method, in which the methods of complex analysis are used to define a tractable numerical problem. The resulting jet-wake flow profile at cascade exit is then presumed to undergo mixing at constant area, from which performance parameters for the cascade can be determined. The proposed method is verified by comparison against flat plate cascade solutions and by checks against momentum conservation. Validation of the free streamline approach is carried out by comparison against several cascade configurations for which experimental data and simulation results are available. In general, the predictions based upon the present theoretical model are found to be good, especially for negative incidences such as those that occur in the compressor section of an engine operating at sub-idle conditions. This suggests that the present approach can be used in the estimation of turbomachinery performance maps far from the design point, especially during early design phases.
Analyzing Unsteady Turbomachinery Flow Simulations With Mixing Entropy
Authors: Frey Christian , Geihe Benedict , Junge Laura 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The prediction of unsteady aerodynamic loads is a central problem during the design of turbomachinery. Over the last 20 years, harmonic balance methods have been shown to be highly efficient for this task. A CPU-cost optimal setup of a harmonic balance simulation, however, requires knowledge of relevant harmonics. In the case of a single blade row with a periodic disturbance this question amounts to the classical problem of harmonic convergence, a problem which is solely due to the nonlinearity of the unsteady flow physics. In contrast, for multi-stage configurations, the choice of harmonics is further complicated by the fact that the interactions of disturbances with blade rows may give rise to a vast spectrum of harmonics that possibly have important modal content, e.g., Tyler–Sofrin modes. The aim of this paper is to show that the mixing entropy attributed to circumferential modes of a given harmonic can serve as a disturbance metric on the basis of which a criterion could be derived whether a certain harmonic should be included or not. The idea is based on the observation that the entropy due to the temporal and circumferential mixing of the flow at a blade row interface may be decomposed, up to third-order terms, into independent contributions from different frequencies and mode orders. For a given harmonic balance (and steady) flow result, the mixing entropy attributed to modes that are simply mixed out, rather than resolved in the neighboring row, is shown to be a natural indicator of a potential inaccuracy. We present important features of the mixing entropy for unsteady disturbances, in particular a close relationship to sound power for acoustic modes. The problem of mode selection in a 1.5-stage compressor configuration serves as a practical example to illustrate our findings.
UHBR Open-Test Case Fan ECL5/CATANA: Non-Linear Analysis of Non-Synchronous Blade Vibration at Part-Speed Conditions
Authors: Fiquet Anne-Lise , Ottavy Xavier , Brandstetter Christoph 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The onset of non-synchronous vibrations has been predicted for a composite open-test-case UHBR fan geometry by time-linearized simulations at part-speed conditions. In the current study, time-accurate simulations with harmonic blade oscillations have been conducted to investigate the non-linear behavior. Results for different operating conditions show the evolution of aeroelastic stability. The lock-in of convected aerodynamic disturbances with structural vibration is analyzed for different vibration amplitudes and frequencies. The simulations show the development of multiple wave numbers, mode scattering, and a non-linear dependency on vibration amplitude. The results indicate the possibility of limit-cycle prediction and the necessity of strongly coupled methods for the assessment of non-synchronous vibration.
Metal-oxide precipitation influences microbiome structure in hyporheic zones receiving acid rock drainage
Authors: Hoagland Beth , Rasmussen Kalen L. , Singha Kamini , Spear John R. , Navarre-Sitchler Alexis 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Streams impacted by historic mining activity are characterized by acidic pH, unique microbial communities, and abundant metal-oxide precipitation, all of which can influence groundwater-surface water exchange. We investigate how metal-oxide precipitates and hyporheic mixing mediate the composition of microbial communities in two streams receiving acid-rock and mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado, USA. A large, neutral pH hyporheic zone facilitated the precipitation of metal particles/colloids in hyporheic porewaters. A small, low pH hyporheic zone, limited by the presence of a low-permeability, iron-oxyhydroxide layer known as ferricrete, led to the formation of steep geochemical gradients and high dissolved-metal concentrations. To determine how these two hyporheic systems influence microbiome composition, we installed well clusters and deployed
in situ
microcosms in each stream to sample porewaters and sediments for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results indicated that distinct hydrogeochemical conditions were present above and below the ferricrete in the low pH system. A positive feedback loop may be present in the low pH stream where microbially mediated precipitation of iron-oxides contributes to additional clogging of hyporheic pore spaces, separating abundant, iron-oxidizing bacteria (Gallionella spp.) above the ferricrete from rare, low-abundance bacteria below the ferricrete. Metal precipitates and colloids that formed in the neutral pH hyporheic zone were associated with a more diverse phylogenetic community of nonmotile, nutrient-cycling bacteria that may be transported through hyporheic pore spaces. In summary, biogeochemical conditions influence, and are influenced by, hyporheic mixing, which mediates the distribution of micro-organisms and, thus, the cycling of metals in streams receiving acid-rock and mine drainage.

IMPORTANCE
In streams receiving acid-rock and mine drainage, the abundant precipitation of iron minerals can alter how groundwater and surface water mix along streams (in what is known as the “hyporheic zone”) and may shape the distribution of microbial communities. The findings presented here suggest that neutral pH streams with large, well-mixed hyporheic zones may harbor and transport diverse microorganisms attached to particles/colloids through hyporheic pore spaces. In acidic streams where metal oxides clog pore spaces and limit hyporheic exchange, iron-oxidizing bacteria may dominate and phylogenetic diversity becomes low. The abundance of iron-oxidizing bacteria in acid mine drainage streams has the potential to contribute to additional clogging of hyporheic pore spaces and the accumulation of toxic metals in the hyporheic zone. This research highlights the dynamic interplay between hydrology, geochemistry, and microbiology at the groundwater-surface water interface of acid mine drainage streams.
The 2024 ASM Awards and Prize Program—recognizing excellence in the microbiological sciences
Authors: Nachamkin Irving , Babady N. Esther 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

The ASM Awards and Prize Program recognizes outstanding achievements in basic and applied research, clinical microbiology, education, leadership, and service. This editorial briefly describes how the program works and highlights several awards of interest to the clinical microbiology community.
Appraising and highlighting gaps among prophylactic intervention studies for reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children: a systematic review
Authors: Pankiv Evelina , Nghiem Jessica , Albornoz Alfonso Ernesto , Rana Mehwish , Petre Maria-Alexandra , Englesakis Marina , Hayes Jason , Mc Donnell Conor , Aoyama Kazuyoshi 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesPostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a leading perioperative morbidity outcome following general anaesthesia. This systematic review aims to identify, appraise and summarise the evidence synthesis studies of prophylactic interventions that reduce the incidence of paediatric PONV, thereby highlighting knowledge gaps and avenues of future research.DesignSystematic review using the AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2) tool and the ROBIS (Risk Of Bias In Systematic reviews) tool.Data sourcesSeven major databases, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, from inception to 23 September 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEvidence synthesis studies of only randomised controlled trials that explored prophylactic interventions for PONV in children undergoing general anaesthesia.Data extraction and synthesisFollowing screening process by two reviewers, data were extracted from all eligible studies, including demographic parameters and details of interventions. Eligible studies were categorised into ‘pharmacological’ and ‘non-pharmacological’ groups and high-risk surgical groups of ‘strabismus’ and ‘tonsillectomy’ for qualitative synthesis.ResultsThere were 20 evidence synthesis reviews (17 meta-analyses, 2 systematic reviews, 1 network meta-analysis): 14 investigated pharmacological PONV prophylaxis in children, 5 investigated non-pharmacological interventions, 1 studied both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Monotherapy pharmacological prophylaxis agents, for example, dexamethasone (relative risk (RR) 0.49, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.58), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) antagonists (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.20) and α2-adrenoreceptor agonists (dexmedetomidine: RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.54), are more effective than placebo. A combination of pharmacological agents provided superior efficacy to monotherapy, particularly dexamethasone and 5-HT3antagonists (RR 0.21, 95% credible interval 0.15 to 0.28). Acustimulation practice was consistently favourable in preventing PONV compared with placebo (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.52).ConclusionMonotherapy pharmacological prophylaxis is more effective than placebo in reducing the incidence of paediatric PONV, with the efficacy increased further by using combination pharmacotherapy. Further research must compare multiple treatment arms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological prophylaxes for PONV to identify the optimal multimodal prophylaxis regimen.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021236698.
Recent innovations in long-term care coverage and financing: a rapid scoping review
Authors: Macdonald Marilyn , Weeks Lori E , Langman Erin , Roach Sheri , MacNeil Morgan X , Caruso Julie , Tricco Andrea C , Pham Ba' , Straus Sharon E , Mishra Sujata , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Cormack Gordon V , Grossman Maura R , Yakubovich Alexa R , Mojbafan Arezoo , Ignaczak Melissa , Leid Caron , Watt Jennifer , Stevens Susan , Khan Tayaba , Curran Janet A , Moody Elaine , Rodrigues Ricardo 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesTo identify, chart and analyse the literature on recent initiatives to improve long-term care (LTC) coverage, financial protection and financial sustainability for persons aged 60 and older.DesignRapid scoping review.Data sourcesFour databases and four sources of grey literature were searched for reports published between 2017 and 2022. After using a supervised machine learning tool to rank titles and abstracts, two reviewers independently screened sources against inclusion criteria.Eligibility criteriaStudies published from 2017–2022 in any language that captured recent LTC initiatives for people aged 60 and older, involved evaluation and directly addressed financing were included.Data extraction and analysisData were extracted using a form designed to answer the review questions and analysed using descriptive qualitative content analysis, with data categorised according to a prespecified framework to capture the outcomes of interest.ResultsOf 24 reports, 22 were published in peer-reviewed journals, and two were grey literature sources. Study designs included quasi-experimental study, policy analysis or comparison, qualitative description, comparative case study, cross-sectional study, systematic literature review, economic evaluation and survey. Studies addressed coverage based on the level of disability, income, rural/urban residence, employment and citizenship. Studies also addressed financial protection, including out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures, copayments and risk of poverty related to costs of care. The reports addressed challenges to financial sustainability such as lack of service coordination and system integration, insufficient economic development and inadequate funding models.ConclusionsInitiatives where LTC insurance is mandatory and accompanied by commensurate funding are situated to facilitate ageing in place. Efforts to expand population coverage are common across the initiatives, with the potential for wider economic benefits. Initiatives that enable older people to access the services needed while avoiding OOP-induced poverty contribute to improved health and well-being. Preserving health in older people longer may alleviate downstream costs and contribute to financial sustainability.
Impact of ambient temperature, diurnal temperature range on hyperventilation syndrome emergency admission: a time-series analysis in Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Jianping , Zhang Yongming , Liu Xuan , Li Xuan , Zhao Qi , Zhao Jinhua , Ni Ying , Guo Yuming , Cui Zhuang , Zhang Wenyi , Li Changping 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesTo assess the association between ambient temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) on emergency admissions for hyperventilation syndrome (HVS).DesignDistributed lag non-linear model design was used with a lag time to 5 days.SettingEmergency admission data used were from the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Centre (2017–2018).Participants and exposureCases were those with emergency visits to the Beijing Emergency Center during the period 2017–2018 and who were given the primary outcome indicator defined as HVS according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition code F45.303. Ambient temperature and DTR were used as exposure factors with adjustments for relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, seasonality long-term trend and day of the week.Main outcome measureWe used the minimum emergency visits temperature as a reference to indicate the relative risk with 95% CI of exposure–response for the risk of HVS visits at different temperatures.ResultsA u-shape was described between ambient temperature and HVS visits, with a minimum risk at 12°C. Moderate heat (23°C) at lag (0–3) days, extreme heat at lag 0 days, had greatest relative risks on HVS visits, with 2.021 (95% CI 1.101 to 3.71) and 1.995 (95% CI 1.016 to 3.915), respectively. A stronger association between HVS visits and temperature was found in women and aged ≤44 years. Notably, the relationship between DTR and HVS visits appeared a reverse u-shaped. Low DTR (4°C) effect appeared at lag (0–1) days with 0.589 (95% CI 0.395 to 0.878), lasting until lag (0–3) days with 0.535 (95% CI 0.319 to 0.897) and was associated with a reduced risk of HVS visits in women and those aged ≤44 years.ConclusionsAmbient temperature and DTR were associated with HVS visits, appearing a differentiation in gender and age groups. Timely prevention strategies during high temperatures and control mild changes in temperature might reduce the risk of HVS.
Procalcitonin in advanced urological cancer—bacterial versus non-bacterial infections: prospective cohort study
Authors: Yaegashi Hiroshi , Izumi Kouji , Toriumi Ren , Aoyama Shuhei , Kamijima Taiki , Kano Hiroshi , Makino Tomoyuki , Naito Renato , Iwamoto Hiroaki , Kawaguchi Shohei , Nohara Takahiro , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesPatients with advanced cancer may develop bacterial infections (BI) as their general condition worsens, but general blood tests often find it difficult to distinguish them from non-bacterial infections (NBI). The present prospective study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of serum procalcitonin levels in distinguishing between BI and NBI in patients with advanced urological cancer.MethodsThis study prospectively evaluated patients diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic or recurrent urological cancer in our department from September 2013 to December 2019. Body temperature was measured in the axilla and the measurement results were recorded. Febrile episodes of ≥38.0°C were analysed, and written patient consent was obtained at the onset of the fever.ResultsOf 75 patients enrolled in the present study, 90 febrile episodes were analysed. A total of 34 of 90 febrile episodes were regarded as BI, and the remaining 56 febrile episodes as NBI. The median procalcitonin value was significantly higher in the BI group (p=0.0015), while no significant difference was found between the two groups for white blood cell count and C reactive protein. Additionally, a white blood cell count of less than 1.0×10ˆ9/L resulted in BI in all cases. The procalcitonin receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was 0.710 (95% CI 0.586 to 0.83), excluding cases with white blood cell counts of <1.0 × 103/μL.ConclusionsProcalcitonin is a rapid and affordable marker for differentiation between BI and NBI in patients with advanced urological cancer.
Fluid retention and weight loss in refractory cancer cachexia
Authors: Amano Koji , Okamura Satomi , Baracos Vickie , Mori Naoharu , Sakaguchi Tatsuma , Uneno Yu , Hiratsuka Yusuke , Hamano Jun , Miura Tomofumi , Ishiki Hiroto , Yokomichi Naosuke , Hatano Yutaka , Morita Tatsuya , Mori Masanori 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesIt is unknown to what extent the fluid retention (FR) status disrupts the detection of weight loss rate (WLR) in adult patients with advanced cancer. This study aimed to determine the association of FR status with WLR.MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. FR was evaluated as follows: oedema (0, no; 1, yes), pleural effusion (0, no; 1, yes but asymptomatic; 2, symptomatic) and ascites (0, no; 1, yes but asymptomatic; 2, symptomatic). Patients were divided into three groups according to their FR scores: no-FR (0), moderate-FR (1–2) and high-FR (3–5). Multiple regression analysis was performed.ResultsFour hundred and twenty patients were categorised: no-FR group (n=164), moderate-FR group (n=158) and high-FR group (n=98). The prevalence of oedema, pleural effusion and ascites was 63.9%, 27.8% and 36.7% in the moderate-FR group, and 93.9%, 61.3% and 82.6% in high-FR group. The means of WLR were 9.2, 8.4 and 3.8 in the groups. The high-FR group and the FR score of 5 were correlated with WLR (estimate −4.71, 95% CI −7.84 to –1.58; estimate −10.29, 95% CI −17.84 to –2.74).ConclusionsThe coexistence of FR was significantly correlated with WLR.
Effect of daylong exposure to indoor overheating on autophagy and the cellular stress response in older adults
Authors: McCormick James J. , Meade Robert D. , King Kelli E. , Akerman Ashley P. , Notley Sean R. , Kirby Nathalie V. , Sigal Ronald J. , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: February 2024

To protect vulnerable populations during heat waves, public health agencies recommend maintaining indoor air temperature below ∼24–28 °C. While we recently demonstrated that maintaining indoor temperatures ≤26 °C mitigates the development of hyperthermia and cardiovascular strain in older adults, the cellular consequences of prolonged indoor heat stress are poorly understood. We therefore evaluated the cellular stress response in 16 adults (six females) aged 66–78 years during 8 h rest in ambient conditions simulating homes maintained at 22 °C (control) and 26 °C (indoor temperature upper limit proposed by health agencies), as well as non-air-conditioned domiciles during hot weather and heat waves (31 and 36 °C, respectively; all 45% relative humidity). Western blot analysis was used to assess changes in proteins associated with the cellular stress response (autophagy, apoptosis, acute inflammation, and heat shock proteins) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells harvested prior to and following exposure. Following 8 h exposure, no cellular stress response-related proteins differed significantly between the 26 and 22 °C conditions (all, P ≥ 0.056). By contrast, autophagy-related proteins were elevated following exposure to 31 °C (p62: 1.5-fold; P = 0.003) and 36 °C (LC3-II, LC3-II/I, p62; all ≥2.0-fold; P ≤ 0.002) compared to 22 °C. These responses were accompanied by elevations in apoptotic signaling in the 31 and 36 °C conditions (cleaved-caspase-3: 1.8-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively; P ≤ 0.002). Furthermore, HSP90 was significantly reduced in the 36 °C compared to 22 °C condition (0.7-fold; P = 0.014). Our findings show that older adults experience considerable cellular stress during prolonged exposure to elevated ambient temperatures and support recommendations to maintain indoor temperatures ≤26 °C to prevent physiological strain in heat-vulnerable persons.