bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐pharmacological factors in drug treatment of anxiety states
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

Forty‐six outpatients with anxiety tension states took part in a study on the effects of anxiolytic drugs. After the first interview the subjects also filled in a questionnaire as to their expectations of treatment outcome (n = 41) and their experience of the first consultation (n= 42), and the doctors made a prognostic evaluation (n = 46). The relations between these three factors and background variables as well as initial ratings and outcome as rated by the doctors at follow‐up examinations after 2, 4, and 8 weeks were investigated.Expectations, experience, and prognosis were not related to each other. Less hopeful patients more often considered conflicts to be the exclusive cause of their disorder and they were rated higher on signs and on the variable ditliculties in being with people. Patients with less favourable experience more often considered practical and economic difficulties to be a cause of their disorder. Single or divorced patients were more often judged to have a less favourable prognosis. More positive expectations and a favourable prognosis were to some extent related to a better outcome after 2 and 4 weeks and a favourable experience was to some extent related to a better outcome after 4 and 8 weeks
A double‐blind trial of baclofen against placebo in the treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Gulmann N. C. , Bahr B. , Andersen B. , Eliassen H. M. M. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty male chronic schizophrenic patients participated in a double‐blind between‐patient study of the GABA‐like drug baclofen to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of baclofen.No difference was found between the 10 patients who received baclofen and the 10 who received placebo with regard to the number of days before a worsening of their psychiatric condition necessitated treatment with chlorpromazine, the total score for psychotic symptoms before and after treatment for 10 weeks, or the total consumption of chlorpromazine. Discontinuation of baclofen did not exacerbate the psychotic symptoms.Baclofen was superior to placebo in the treatment of anxiety, which is of particular interest in view of the recent theories on the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines.The relationship between the gabergic system and the dopaminergic system with regard to the substantia nigra and the corpus striatum is discussed as well as the suggestion based on animal experiments that baclofen has an antipsychotic effect.
Comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine and imipramine
Authors: D'Elia G. , Borg S. , Hermann L. , Lundin G. , Perris C. , Raotama H. , Román G. , Siwers B. 
Published: August 2007

Lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, was compared with imipramine in a multicentre, double‐blind clinical trial. The 62 patients (31 in each of two treatment groups) had a depressive syndrome that normally would have been treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. These patients had not received any adequate treatment for their present depressive episode. After a wash‐out period and once a week during treatment (up to 5 weeks), routine laboratory tests and electrocardiograms were done. The dosage was 50 mg t.i.d. for imipramine and 70 mg t.i.d. for lofepramine.Depression ratings with the Cronholm‐Ottosson depression rating scale were performed before treatment and once weekly for 3 weeks and then in the 5th week. The last four ratings were combined with rating of side‐effects.In the 5th week of treatment 15 out of 31 in the lofepramine group and 18 out of 31 in the imipramine group had recovered. This difference was not significant, nor did the median values of individual symptoms differ between the groups. The side‐effects were moderate and the two groups only differed significantly in the items “dry mouth” and accommodation disturbances in favour of lofepramine. The drug compliance was checked by plasma levels of desmethylimipramine in the imipramine group, parent compound, and “apparent” desmethylimipramine in the lofepramine group.The relationship between plasma drug levels, the effect on noradrenaline uptake in vitro and amelioration is discussed in Siwers et al. (1977) in this issue.The clinical outcome in the two groups did not differ significantly; interpretation of this result is discussed in relation to the reliability of rating and selection of patients.
Present status of forensic psychiatry in Denmark
Authors: Svendsen B. Borup 
Published: August 2007

In Denmark the desire for psychiatric cooperation within the juridical system has on the whole been on the decline during the past decades. This applies both to the writing of psychiatric reports to the court, and to the sanction system.Within civil forensic psychiatry, practice is almost unchanged and unchallenged, while the demand for one form of social forensic psychiatry has been drastically reduced with the liberalization of abortion and sterilization laws.The present practice of penal forensic psychiatry is described. Remarks on the future organization and research are made.
Present status of forensic psychiatry in Finland
Authors: Tuovinen M. 
Published: August 2007

During the last 3 years the number of prisoners in Finland has risen, being for the moment 105 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest rates in Europe. This is dependent not only on the increase in criminality, but on the traditionally very severe scale of punishments applied. The penal institutions now have a 50 % overloading.The actual situation of forensic and penal psychiatric work is characterized by overloaded services, long waiting lists and a generally irritated atmosphere.
Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients
Authors: Kastrup M. , Dupont A. , Bille M. , Lund H. 
Published: August 2007

The present investigation analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients and comprises all persons who during the period 1970–74 have been admitted to a psychiatric in‐patient institution and who during the period 1972–74 have been involved in a traffic accident causing bodily injury.AAccidents with psychiatric patients involved constitute about 5.7 % of all traffic accidents reported in Denmark. Compared with the total group of accidents, they are characterized by an overrepresentation of women and of persons in the age group 25–54 years. Accidents with psychiatric patients are over‐represented during the period July‐September, and in areas densely built up. The accidents tend to be more complicated, and the psychiatric patients are more likely to get injured and be hospitalized due to the accident.The investigation is based exclusively on routinely collected data. The limitations with which the results are encumbered and the problems concerning methodology and comparison of merent studies are discussed.
Life‐weariness, suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts among women in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Hällström T. 
Published: August 2007

A representative sample of 800 Gothenburg women in the age group 38–54 years were investigated by psychiatric interview, completed by information from other sources. An assessment was made of the maximum degree of suicidal tendency during life according to a 5‐degree scale.The observed incidence of suicidal attempts was 4.5 %. A further 14.9 % had at some time in their lives had suicidal ideas and in addition there were 22.3 % who had had the feeling that life was not worth living. Approximately 60 % of the suicidal attempts resulted in psychiatric care. One fifth of the suicidal attempts did not lead to any contact with the health services.
Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines—the GABA hypothesis
Authors: BERTILSSON L. 
Published: August 2007

Benzodiazepines influence on a number of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, glycine and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), but during recent years the major interest has been focused on the inhibitory transmitter GABA. This paper reviews the hypothesis that benzodiazepines act via GABA‐ergic mechanisms in the central nervous system.At NIMH in Washington D. C. a novel method to measure the turnover rate of GABA in rat brain nuclei has been developed (Bertilsson et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 200: 277, 1977). The incorporation of 13C from glucose into glutamic acid and GABA was quantitated in stereomicroscopically isolated nuclei. Using this technique it was shown that the GABA agonist muscimol and diazepam have a similar action. Both drugs decreased the turnover rate of GABA in N. caudatus and accumbens, but not in globus pallidus (Mao et al., Biol. Psychiatry 12: 395, 1977). This gives further support to the theory that diazepam acts as a GABA‐mimetic drug.
Cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and clopenthixol (Sordinol®) in chronic psychotic patients: A DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Gravem A. , Engstrand E. , Guleng R. J. 
Published: August 2007

The clinical effect of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol, which is a mixture of the pharmacologically month double‐blind trial were included 57 psychotic patients, mainly schizophrenics. Ratings evaluating severity of illness, therapeutic effect, possible interference of side effects with the patient's functioning, as well as any individual side effects were done at months 0, 1, and 2.The antipsychotic effect of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol was found equal to that of clopenthixol whereas the cis(Z)‐isomer on a mg/mg basis was twice as active as clopenthixol. Apart from the finding that the unspecific sedative effect appeared to be less marked with cis(Z)‐clopenthixol, the type, degree, and frequency of side effects were the same in the two groups of patients. More than half of the patients experienced no side effects.
L‐Tryptophan and 5‐hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of depression
Authors: D'Elia G. , Hansonan L. , Raotma H. 
Published: August 2007

Trial performed do not provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of 5‐HTP.L‐TP, without interacting pharmaca, does not appear to be a well‐documented antidepressant. The only convincing evidence for L‐TP as an antidepressant is that L‐TP enhances the effect of MAOI.
Female alcoholics
Authors: Dahlgren L. 
Published: August 2007

The study provides a social and psychiatric description of development, drinking pattern and concomitant psychiatric disturbances of 100 female alcoholics, admitted to the Department of Alcohol Diseases, Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm between 1963 and 1969. Comparisons are made between this group of women and 100 men of the same age, who were admitted during the same period. The criteria for selection were: 1) at least 7 days of in‐patient treatment; 2) early cases. The subjects were between 20 and 65 years of age with a mean age of 40. It is shown that the women started drinking alcohol at higher ages than the men. The episodic use of alcohol passed into regular use, which progressed into misuse at significantly higher ages. The duration of the development from the onset to an alcoholic drinking pattern was significantly shorter and so was the duration of abuse at the time of admission. Notably more women than men showed a lonely drinking pattern and cited a specific external cause of problem drinking. The women reported more nervous symptoms both in the growing ages and at admission, had received more psychiatric treatment both during childhood and in later life, and showed symptoms of other psychiatric disturbances in combination with alcoholism to a significantly higher degree than the men. Family history of alcoholism showed no differences between men and women, but the incidence of psychiatric illness was considerably higher for the first‐degree relativesof the females.
Prevalence and pattern of drug use amongst college students
Authors: Dube K. C. , Kumar A. , Kumar N. , Gupta S. P. 
Published: August 2007

This is a report on the study of the prevalence and pattern of the use of dependence‐producing drugs on 1,192 postgraduate students from the faculties of Arts, Science and Commerce and final year undergraduate medical students. The overall prevalence rate of drug use was 50.08 % (65.22 % in medical and 34.85 % in non‐medical students). The highest drug use (76.43 %) was among male medical students. Male students preferred to use alcohol and bhang while femala had a preference for meprobamate followed by alcohol. In the majority of cases, the age of initiation was in the “teens”. “Friends” were most responsible for suggesting drug use, although “more than one” influencing agents out‐numbered all the single influencing agents. Parents were found to have a significantly “tolerant” attitude towards drug use by their off‐spring. “Personal reasons” were not responsible for indulgence in or abstaining from drug use. L.S.D. users had the maximum number of after‐effects. The effects experienced in respect of most drugs were generally unpleasant and sometimes contrary to the expectations of users. Most “non‐users” and “infrequent users” did not favour self‐decision for drug indulgence though some “moderate” and “frequent” users were in favour of giving this freedom for some substances. Stringent measum against drug use among students were advocated by all drug users.More males, particularly male medical students, than females reported drug experience. Among male users, religion, caste, earlier education, residence (both sexes), employment status, occupation of the father, parental education and family income (among females as well) were the variables found to be significantly associated with drug use.
Neuroendocrine disorders in depressions and their significance for the monoamine hypothesis of depression
Authors: Praag H. M. van 
Published: August 2007

This article discusses the results of recent neuroendocrinological research in depressions. The abnormalities found in a given category of vital depressive patients ‐ cortisol hypersecretion, decreased growth hormone response to insulin hypoglycaemia and decreased luteinizing hormone secretion in menopause ‐ are believed to be due to deficient noradrenalin‐(NA)‐ergic activity in the hypothalamus. Thus explained, they support the so‐called MA (monoamine) hypothesis, which postulates that a functional NA deficiency in the brain plays a role in the pathogenesis of certain types of vital depression.Disorders in certain central MA‐ergic systems are predictive of disorders in the hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary. Inversely, disorders in the hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary can be indicative of disorders in the MA‐ergic transmission in the hypothalamus. Consequently we can expect a convergence of transmitter research and neuroendocrinological research ‐ two lines of research which have so far been largely separated in studies of human individuals.
Free‐thyroxine index in psychotic and neurotic depression
Authors: Rinteris P. M. , Christodoulou G. N. , Souvatzoglou A. M. , Koutras D. A. , Stefanis C. N. 
Published: August 2007

The mean free‐thyroxine index value of a group of 25 psychotic depressive patients was found to be significantly lower than that of an age‐ and sex‐matched group of 20 neurotic depressives (P>0.01). These findings support the view that psychotic and neurotic expression, are differentiated not only with respect to their clinical expression, but also on account of their biological substrate.Comparison of free‐thyroxine index values of each group of patients with a group of 240 euthyroid subjects hospitalized for various somatic illnesses revealed a lower mean free‐thyroxine index value in the group of psychotic depressives (P>0.001). The neurotic depressives were not differentiated from the group of euthyroid subjects.The decreased thyroid activity in psychotic depression might be interpreted in the light of recent findings implicating catecholamines in both the release of hypothalamic hormones and the neurochemical mechanism of the affective disorders.
Delirium tremens
Authors: Kramp P. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

The effect of diazepam and barbital in the treatment of delirium tremens and other acute conditions related to alcohol abuse was evaluated in a double‐blind trial. 91 patients participated in the study, 44 in the diazepam group, 47 in the barbital group. The choice of diazepam rather than chlordiazepoxide was motivated by its major anticonvulsive properties.Barbital was given by the oral route, diazepam as intramuscular injections. Different ways of drug administration to patients with delirium tremens are discussed. It is concluded that the two different ways used in the study probably did not have a noteworthy influence on the results.All patients were excluded who had taken psychoactive drugs before admission. Nevertheless a considerable part of the patients had diazepam, but not barbital, in the blood before treatment was initiated. This may give support to the use of barbital as a “special purpose drug” in the treatment of these conditions.The patients were divided into three diagnostic categories, according to the severity of the clinical condition. No difference between the two drugs tested was found in the milder conditions, but barbital was found superior to diazepam in the treatment of fully developed delirium tremens.
A clinical study of 44 patients with juvenile amaurotic family idiocy
Authors: Birger Sørensen J. , Parnas J. 
Published: August 2007

The material presented comprises 44 patients with juvenile amaurotic family idiocy. The disease is distinguished from other types of gangliosidoses, and earlier clinical descriptions are reviewed. The median age of the patients at the onset of the disease was 5.8 years and median duration of life was 18.8 years.It appears probable that the disease takes two different courses. Besides the earlier described accompanying phenomena, dystonic attack with oculogyre crises have been found in some patients, as well as extreme cases of bradycardia. In 77 % of the patients psychotic manifestations have been found, chiefly in the form of frightening visual hallucinations. The pathogenesis and clinical observations of the psychoses are discussed and environmental factors are pointed out as contributing to the pathogenesis of the psychoses.
Monoamines and monoamine metabolites in brains from demented schizophrenics
Authors: Winblad B. , Bucht G. , Gottfries C. G. , Roos B.‐E. 
Published: August 2007

The brains from 12 schizophrenic patients were investigated postmortem for their content of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HIAA). Six of the schizophrenics had been lobotomized 25–30 years prior to death. A control group matched for age was collected in the autopsy room. The concentrations of NA, DA, and HVA in different parts of the brain from the schizophrenic group did not differ from those of the controls. 5‐HT was determined in 11 nuclei or areas of the brain. The schizophrenic group had lower mean values compared with the controls, and in the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and hippocampus the difference was at a significant level. 5‐HIAA was determined in six areas of the brain but only in a few cases. There was a trend towards lower means of 5‐HIAA in the schizophrenics.Cause of death, medication, food intake, age, time between death and autopsy, time the corpses have lain in room temperature, and dissection technique are discussed in relation to these findings. These variables have to be kept under careful control before changes can be claimed as having pathogenetic importance for schizophrenia or for the progressing dementia in this disease.
Parental contact in male and female transsexuals
Authors: Uddenberg N. , Wålinder J. , Höjerback T. 
Published: August 2007

The parental contact reported by 12 biologically male and 12 biologically female transsexuals was compared with that reported by control subjects (109 conscripts in the Swedish Army; 101 pregnant nulliparous women). Parental contact was estimated for three different periods: 1) childhood, 2) adolescence, 3) the year before investigation.Transsexual patients generally reported less satisfactory relations to both parents than same‐sexed control subjects. A pattern characterized by warm and intense contact with the cross‐sexed parent and poor contact with the same‐sexed one was observed in about half of the male transsexuals, but not in the female ones.Our findings suggest that disturbed emotional relations to the parents may be one contributory cause in the development of trans‐sexualism and are in accordance with the hypothesis that gender identity grows out of an interaction of biological and environmental factors.
Family‐size and birth‐order in obsessional neurosis
Authors: Snowdon J. 
Published: August 2007

Family size and birth‐order of 156 British‐born patients diagnosed as having obsessive‐compulsive neurosis were determined from case‐notes; these were compared with matched controls. Separate consideration was given to male and female patients.Mean family size of obsessionals was found to be smaller than that of controls. An excess of first‐born was found among male obsessional patients.
Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic‐melancholic patients
Authors: Elsass P. , Mellerup E. T. , Rafaelsen O. J. , Theilgaard A. 
Published: August 2007

Behavioural measurements of time experience and phenomenologi‐cal self‐ratings of mood‐variations (Beecher's Mood Scale) have been carried out at night and on the following morning in a group of lithium‐treated patients, in a group of psychiatric patients not given lithium, and in an untreated group of healthy subjects.In all the groups investigated the internal “clock” was slower in the morning than in the night. The results indicated that the internal “clock” in lithium‐treated patients was slower than in the two other groups, but only at night.Mood variations from night to morning were observed in all three groups. The group of lithium‐treated patients had fewer complaints as to self‐report of mood‐variations compared with the other groups.
Suicide and attempted suicide in Greenland
Authors: Grove O. , Lynge J. 
Published: August 2007

Suicidal behaviour in Eskimo populations has changed in pattern and quantity over the last decades. Rates have more than quadrupled and performers now are mainly young persons with obscure motivation. In a study from Greenland's major township all cases of attempted or completed suicide among Greenlanders are analysed for social, emotional, somatic, and environmental predisposing factors in comparison with a non‐psychiatric, never‐suicidal, matching group.Almost two per thousand of the adult population committed suicide yearly while attempts at suicide were five times as frequent. A quarrelsome, drinking, childhood home background was often found, at least as regards the attempters, who themselves frequently suffered from emotional conflicts with close contacts, alcohol affliction, criminality, and instability at work. Neither bereavement, cross‐cultural exposure, broken homes, nor meteorological factors seemed to exert a significant influence.The results are discussed in relation to the social and cultural evolution of the Greenlandic society.