bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospital admission patterns subsequent to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children : a systematic review
Authors: Angus Val C , Waugh Norman 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundPatients with type 1 diabetes are known to have a higher hospital admission rate than the underlying population and may also be admitted for procedures that would normally be carried out on a day surgery basis for non-diabetics. Emergency admission rates have sometimes been used as indicators of quality of diabetes care.In preparation for a study of hospital admissions, a systematic review was carried out on hospital admissions for children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, whilst under the age of 15. The main thrust of this review was to ascertain where there were gaps in the literature for studies investigating post-diagnosis hospitalisations, rather than to try to draw conclusions from the disparate data sets.MethodsA systematic search of the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane LibrarMEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted for the period 1986 to 2006, to identify publications relating to hospital admissions subsequent to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes under the age of 15.ResultsThirty-two publications met all inclusion criteria, 16 in Northern America, 11 in Europe and 5 in Australasia. Most of the studies selected were focussed on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or diabetes-related hospital admissions and only four studies included data on all admissions. Admission rates with DKA as primary diagnosis varied widely between 0.01 to 0.18 per patient-year as did those for other diabetes-related co-morbidity ranging from 0.05 to 0.38 per patient year, making it difficult to interpret data from different study designs. However, people with Type 1 diabetes are three times more likely to be hospitalised than the non-diabetic populations and stay in hospital twice as long.ConclusionFew studies report on all admissions to hospital in patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes whilst under the age of 15 years. Health care costs for type 1 patients are higher than those for the general population and information on associated patterns of hospitalisation might help to target interventions to reduce the cost of hospital admissions.
Molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in Ireland
Authors: Carr Michael J. , Waters Allison , Fenwick Fiona , Toms Geoffrey L. , Hall William W. , O'Kelly Edwin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a cause of respiratory illness ranging from wheezing to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. A quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay was developed for the detection of all four main genetic lineages of hMPV and employed to validate an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay to detect hMPV positive specimens. The IF assay detected 24 positives from a screen of 625 randomly selected pediatric respiratory specimens collected (3.8% prevalence). From this cohort of 625 specimens, 229 were also tested by real‐time RT‐PCR assay. This included the 24 IF positive specimens and 205 randomly selected specimens from both study periods. In addition to confirming all the IF positives, the real‐time assay detected an additional six hMPV positive specimens giving rise to a combined prevalence of 4.8%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that hMPV subtypes A2b and B2 to be the most prevalent genotypes circulating in our population and surprisingly no hMPV subgroups A1 or B1 were detected during this study period. Based on this phylogenetic analysis, we propose the existence of sub‐clusters of hMPV genotype B2 present in our population which we term subtypes B2a and B2b. The mean log 10 copies/ml of quantitative RT‐PCR determinations from these 30 hMPV positive respiratory specimens was 6.35 (range = 4.44–8.15). Statistical analysis of quantitative RT‐PCR determinations of viral load from these 30 respiratory specimens suggests that hMPV genotype B specimens have a higher viral load than hMPV genotype A isolates (P < 0.03). J. Med. Virol. 80:510–516, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a new, fully automated immunoassay for detection of HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II antibodies
Authors: Qiu Xiaoxing , Hodges Steven , Lukaszewska Teresa , Hino Shigeo , Arai Hiroyasu , Yamaguchi Julie , Swanson Priscilla , Schochetman Gerald , Devare Sushil G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractScreening blood donations for human T‐lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV‐I/II) continues to be important in protecting the safety of blood products and controlling the global spread of these retroviruses. We have developed a fully automated, third generation chemiluminescent immunoassay, ARCHITECT rHTLV‐I/II, for detection of antibodies to HTLV‐I/II. The assay utilizes recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides and is configured in a double antigen sandwich assay format. Specificity of the assay was 99.98% (9,254/9,256, 95% CI = 99.92–100%) with the negative specimens from the general population including blood donors, hospital patients and pregnant women from the US, Japan and Nicaragua. The assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity by detecting 498 specimens from individuals infected with HTLV‐I (n = 385) and HTLV‐II (n = 113). ARCHITECT rHTLV‐I/II results were in complete agreement with the Murex HTLV‐I/II reference assay and 99.7% agreement with the Genelabs HTLV Blot 2.4 confirmatory assay. Analytical sensitivity of the assay was equivalent to Murex HTLV‐I/II assay based on end point dilutions. Furthermore, using a panel of 397 specimens from Japan, the ARCHITECT rHTLV‐I/II assay exhibited distinct discrimination between the antibody negative (Delta Value = −7.6) and positive (Delta Value = 7.6) populations. Based on the excellent specificity and sensitivity, the new ARCHITECT rHTLV‐I/II assay should be an effective test for the diagnosis of HTLV‐I/II infection and also for blood donor screening. J. Med. Virol. 80:484–493, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circulation of Chikungunya virus in Gabon, 2006–2007
Authors: Peyrefitte Christophe N. , Bessaud Maël , Pastorino Boris A.M. , Gravier Patrick , Plumet Sébastien , Merle Olivier L. , Moltini Isabelle , Coppin Emilie , Tock Fabienne , Daries William , Ollivier Lénaïck , Pages Frédéric , Martin Ronan , Boniface Frédéric , Tolou Hugues J. , Grandadam Marc 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis study reports the first isolation and partial genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from patients during a 2006–2007 dengue‐like syndrome outbreak in Gabon. The isolated viruses were phylogenetically close to strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 years ago and to strains isolated more recently in Cameroon. These results indicate a continuing circulation of a genetically stable CHIKV population during 7 years in Central Africa. J. Med. Virol. 80:430–433, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infection and temporal arteritis: A PCR‐based study to detect pathogens in temporal artery biopsy specimens
Authors: Cooper Robert J. , D'Arcy Stuart , Kirby Maura , Al‐Buhtori Marwan , Rahman Mohammad J. , Proctor Laura , Bonshek Richard E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe possibility of infectious triggers stimulating the development of inflammatory vascular diseases has generated much recent interest. This study uses PCR to detect the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, parvovirus B19 and all the human herpes viruses except HHV8 in temporal artery biopsy specimens. Samples from 37 temporal artery biopsies with histological evidence of arteritis and 66 samples from histologically negative temporal artery biopsies, all from different patients, were negative for C. pneumoniae, HSV, VZV, EBV, and HHV7 DNA. Two of the 37 histologically positive specimens were positive for HHV6, another two for CMV and a further two for parvovirus B19 DNA. Parvovirus B19 DNA was also detected in five histologically negative biopsies, one positive for HCMV DNA and a further one was positive for HHV6 DNA. There is no statistically significant difference to the presence of virus DNA in the two types of specimens (P = 0.538). This study does not support a role for C. pneumoniae, parvovirus B19 or human herpes viruses in the pathogenesis of temporal arteritis. J. Med. Virol. 80:501–505, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and functional analysis of five HPVE6 variants with respect to p53 degradation
Authors: Hiller Thomas , Stubenrauch Frank , Iftner Thomas 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPersistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus is a necessary risk factor in the etiology of invasive cervical carcinoma. With regard to molecular details, the best studied types are HPV16 and HPV18 which are found in 70% of cervical cancer worldwide, however factors associated with the progression of individual cervical intraepithelial neoplasias into cancer are still poorly understood. Intratype amino acid variations in the immortalizing and transforming early proteins E6 and E7 were described to be associated with progressive disease and linked to increased viral persistence or progression. One of the key actions of high risk HPVE6 proteins is the inhibition of the function of p53, a tumor suppressor protein, by enhancing its degradation through the ubiquitin pathway. In this study, variants of five HPV type E6 proteins (HPV35, 53, 56, 66, and 70) isolated from patient materials are described and functional analysis of them were done with respect to p53 degradation. Interestingly the E6 protein of HPV type 53, which has no consistent risk classification in the literature showed the highest variability in our study. The analysis of all variants revealed no differences with regard to the degradation ability for p53 compared to the prototype E6 proteins, suggesting that the variants tested revealed no altered functions related to the carcinogenicity of the respective HPV types. It therefore seems more likely that variations in the E6 gene sequence may allow evasion from the hosts immune system, supporting increased viral persistence. J. Med. Virol. 80:478–483, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of early virological response in health‐related quality of life in HCV‐infected patients
Authors: Quarantini Lucas C. , Miranda‐Scippa Ângela , Batista‐Neves Susana , Galvão‐de‐Almeida Amanda , Lacerda Acioly L. , Moriyama Taís S. , Sampaio Aline S. , Melcop Ana C. , Schinoni Maria I. , de Oliveira Irismar R. , Paraná Raymundo , Bressan Rodrigo A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTwenty‐nine HCV‐infected patients were treated with pegylated interferon alpha. Diagnosis was based on serum HCV RNA‐PCR positive results and liver biopsy. All patients had elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase at the time of the study, but liver disease was compensated. Patients were evaluated at baseline treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of antiviral treatment with the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey. The Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to exclude previous or current psychiatric diagnoses. Both patients and psychiatrists were blind to the HCV RNA status, and serum HCV RNA test results only became available after the visit at week 12. After antiviral treatment, 16 patients (55.2%) were classified as nonresponders and 13 (44.8%) were classified as responders. When compared to nonresponders, responders had a greater improvement in the HRQOL scores for the mental health domain (P < .019). Differences in other domains were not significant. The present study confirms that active viral infection is one possible reason for the poor Health‐Related Quality of Life in this population. J. Med. Virol. 80:419–423, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid quantitative PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 6 DNA in blood and other clinical specimens
Authors: Engelmann I. , Petzold D.R. , Kosinska A. , Hepkema B.G. , Schulz T.F. , Heim A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRapid diagnosis of human herpesvirus primary infections or reactivations is facilitated by quantitative PCRs. Quantitative PCR assays with a standard thermal cycling profile permitting simultaneous detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) DNA were developed and validated for diagnostic use. High specificity and sensitivity were achieved and the new PCR assays correlated well with commercial PCR assays. Twenty two thousand eight hundred sixty eight PCR tests were undertaken on specimens obtained from immunosuppressed patients. DNAemia was frequent with EBV (43.5%), HHV6 (32.4%), CMV (12.8%), and VZV (12.9%). As already described for EBV and CMV, high virus loads of HHV6 and VZV were associated with clinical symptoms and poor clinical outcome, for example, three of four patients with VZV virus loads >105 copies/ml died. A high proportion of lower respiratory specimens was positive for EBV‐ (38.8%), HHV6‐ (29.4%), and CMV‐DNA (18.2%). For CMV, infection was confirmed in 66.7% of patients by virus isolation or positive pp65 antigenaemia. Differentiation of HHV6A, ‐B and HSV‐1, ‐2 by melting curve analysis revealed that HHV6A and HSV‐2 represented only 1.8% and 3.3% of all positive specimens, respectively. In conclusion, these results indicate significant improvements for the early diagnosis of primary infections or reactivations of five human herpesviruses especially in immunosuppressed patients. Detection of coinfections with multiple herpesviruses is facilitated. Quantitative results enable monitoring of virus load during antiviral therapy. A standard thermal cycling profile permits time and cost effective use in a routine diagnostic setting. J. Med. Virol. 80:467–477, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring of Epstein‐Barr virus load after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for early intervention in post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Meerbach Astrid , Wutzler Peter , Häfer Ralf , Zintl Felix , Gruhn Bernd 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease is a life‐threatening complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate EBV‐genome copy numbers based on a nested polymerase chain reaction and an end‐point dilution was used. Applying this assay EBV load was prospectively screened weekly in 123 patients after transplantation. The results demonstrate that EBV reactivations with more than 1,000 EBV‐genome copies measured in 105peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed in 31 patients (25.2%). Three patients developed lymphoproliferative disease with extremely high EBV‐genome copies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (>100,000 copies/105cells) and plasma. After combined antiviral and immune therapy two of three patients showed a dramatic decrease of EBV load and survived, while the third patient died of lymphoma. A subclinical EBV reactivation was observed in 24 cases (19.5%) with EBV‐genome copies in 105peripheral blood mononuclear cells ranging between 2,500 and mostly 10,000. After reduction of immunosuppression the EBV levels normalized. In four patients, the high copy number of ≥80,000 copies/105peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma positivity prompted us to start pre‐emptive therapy with rituximab and cidofovir for prevention of lymphoproliferative disease. After drug administration the high EBV load was reduced remarkably. Ninety‐two patients (74.8%) who had ≤1,000 copies/105peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not develop EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative disease. In conclusion, monitoring of EBV load is a sensitive and useful parameter in the surveillance of EBV reactivation for early intervention in EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative disease as well as for follow‐up of the efficacy of therapy. J. Med. Virol. 80:441–454, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in infants: An eye hospital based investigation
Authors: Rajasundari Thanapal Amala , Sundaresan Periasamy , Vijayalakshmi Perumalsamy , Brown David W.G. , Jin Li 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA total of 190 specimens from South Indian children aged 0–59 months with ocular anomalies consistent with suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were investigated. Twenty‐six of the 65 infants (40%) were confirmed as CRS by detection of rubella specific IgM. Rubella RNA was detected in 41 samples from 26 infants by both real‐time and block based PCR. The PCR results correlated well with the presence of anti‐rubella IgM/IgG (23/27 cases with rubella IgM were PCR positive). Whereas, only 17 of 26 infants met the WHO CRS case definition. Amongst the various specimens tested from the sero‐confirmed cases (n = 27), a high percentage of positives were detected in lens (92%) and oral fluid (60%) specimens, when compared to other samples. The quantification of viral load by real‐time PCR demonstrated higher copy number of virus in lens samples of 0–11 months infants. The rubella viruses were characterized and revealed the circulation of genotype 2B in three South Indian states. The integrated analysis of clinical manifestations, serological and molecular data in the study has generated baseline information of rubella infection and CRS in infants with ocular anomalies. J. Med. Virol. 80:536–546, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmission routes of hepatitis B virus infection in chronic hepatitis B patients in The Netherlands
Authors: Toy M. , Veldhuijzen I.K. , Mostert M.C. , de Man R.A. , Richardus J.H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Netherlands is a low endemic country for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Rotterdam, a city in The Netherlands harbors a large group of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients of which most are born abroad. The study included 464 consecutive CHB patients who were reported to the Municipal Public Health Service in Rotterdam from January 1, 2002 to September 15, 2005. The HBV genotypes, possible transmission routes of infection and travel history of CHB patients born in The Netherlands, were compared with those CHB patients living in The Netherlands but who were foreign‐born, taking into account the ethnicity of the mother. Of the 464 patients with CHB infection, 14% were Dutch‐born and 86% were foreign‐born. The CHB patients in the Dutch‐born group had genotypes A (35%), B (15%), C (11%), D (37%), and G (2%). In the foreign‐born group, the distribution of genotypes was A (20%), B (15%), C (11%), D (40%), and E (15%). In the Dutch‐born group, sexual transmission accounted for a larger proportion of infections (P < 0.0001) compared to the foreign‐born group, whereas perinatal transmission is reported to be higher in the foreign‐born group and in the Dutch‐born group with a foreign mother. The genotypes of the chronic HBV strains determined corresponded well with the HBV genotypes expected from the countries of origin of the patients or their mothers. Genotypes A and D are predominant in CHB patients in The Netherlands. J. Med. Virol. 80:399–404, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The p53 R72P polymorphism does not influence cervical cancer development in a portuguese population: A study in exfoliated cervical cells
Authors: Oliveira S. , Sousa H. , Santos A.M. , Pinto D. , Pinto‐Correia A.L. , Fontoura D. , Moutinho J. , Medeiros R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe interaction between the E6 protein of the high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) with p53 seems to be crucial in cervical carcinogenesis. The presence of Arg/Arg genotype at codon 72 of TP53 gene was characterized as a risk factor in development of cervical cancer. However, the role of this polymorphism remains controversial and some authors suggested that the origin of DNA (blood or exfoliated cervical cells) might influence these results. This study analyzed the effect of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism (R72P) in exfoliated cervical cells of women from the northern region of Portugal using two methodologies: allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We studied 700 cervical exfoliated cells which showed: 334 cases from women without cervical cancer or cervical lesion (N), 114 low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 107 high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 20 invasive cervical cancers (ICC) and 125 atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASCUS). No statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found, regarding the influence of the R72P polymorphism with cytological classification, high risk‐HPV infection and HPV16 presence (P = 0.336, P = 0.945, and P = 0.964, respectively). Also, the influence of this polymorphism in the median age of onset for LSIL, HSIL, and ICC was not statistically significant (P = 0.674, P = 0.810, and P = 0.928, respectively). Therefore, the hypothesis that women with Arg/Arg genotype have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer failed to be proven in this study. Moreover, our study reveals that results using exfoliated cervical cells are reliable as compared with studies on blood. J. Med. Virol. 80:424–429, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naturally occurring MHR variants in Turkish patients infected with hepatitis B virus
Authors: Sayiner A. Arzu , Özcan Ayla , Sengonul Aylin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMajor B‐cell epitopes are located at the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg). The genotypes, subtypes, and naturally occurring amino acid (aa) substitutions of MHR were analyzed in 81 Turkish adult patients (41 inactive HBsAg carriers and 40 patients with chronic hepatitis B) by direct sequencing of the S gene fragment. All the isolates were genotype D according to the phylogenetic analysis. The most common HBsAg subtype was ayw2, followed by ayw3 while one isolate specified ayw4 by encoding Leu127. MHR variants were detected in 22 of the 81 (27.2%) isolates. The prevalence was significantly higher in the chronic hepatitis B group (42.5%) compared to inactive HBsAg carriers (12.2%). Twenty‐two samples had a total of 26 amino acid substitutions involving 14 positions. The majority of the patients had a single variation. Most of the amino acid substitutions were located at the HBs1 region of the MHR, while 9 of the 26 were in the classic “a” determinant (aa 124–147). When samples with “a” variants were evaluated by two different commercial HBsAg tests, only the isolate with Ser143Leu variation had a decreased reactivity in the assay using monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection. In conclusion, the findings of the study was in accordance with previous studies showing HBV genotype and subtype homogeneity (genotype D/ayw) in Turkey. Naturally occurring MHR and “a” determinant variants were common, especially among chronic hepatitis B patients. The influence of detected “a” variants on diagnostic assays was limited. J. Med. Virol. 80:405–410, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.