bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Highly Corrosion Resistant Zirconium-Base Alloys
Authors: Isobe T , Matsuo Y 
Published: March 2009

Static autoclave tests in steam at 673 K and tensile tests at room temperature were conducted to investigate the effects of alloying elements, such as tin (0.2 to 1.5 wt%), niobium (0.05 to 1.0), iron (0.2 to 0.6), chromium (0.1 to 0.4), molybdenum (0.05 to 0.5), and vanadium (0.1 to 0.5), and heat treatments on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of niobium-containing zirconium-base alloys, Moreover, the characterization of second-phase particles was carried out by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).
The corrosion resistance of zirconium-base alloys compared with that of Zircaloy-4 (nominal composition: Zr-1.5Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr) was significantly improved by the reduction of the Sn content by 0.5 wt% and by a small addition of Nb (about 0.05 to 0.2 wt%). However, the decrease in solute Sn atoms degraded mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength and 0.2% yield strength.
The increase of the total content of Fe and Cr from 0.3 to 0.7 wt% improved the mechanical properties without affecting the corrosion resistance. Small additions of Mo and/or V resulted in a further improvement of mechanical properties. Thus it is possible to design alloys with equivalent mechanical properties and superior corrosion resistance to Zircaloy-4.
The corrosion resistance increased and the average size of precipitates decreased from 0.1 to 0.05 μm with the decrease of the Fe/Cr ratio from 6.0 to 0.5 in the niobium-containing zirconium-base alloys.
Detailed investigations on the effects of annealing temperatures on the corrosion behavior of the zirconium-base alloys were also performed. Results showed that increasing the Nb content of the alloys lowered the most suitable annealing temperature for corrosion resistance. These experiments led to the development of niobium-containing zirconium-base alloys with high corrosion resistance.
Effect of Alloying Elements on Uniform Corrosion Resistance of Zirconium-based Alloys in 360°C Water and 400°C Steam
Authors: Harada M , Kimpara M , Abe K 
Published: March 2009

The effects of alloying and impurity elements on the uniform corrosion properties of zirconium-based alloys were studied, Tin, iron, chromium, nickel, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum (as alloying elements), and oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, aluminum, and phosphorus (as impurities), were selected. These alloys consisted of two groups: Zircaloy-type alloys and zirconium-based alloys. Corrosion tests were performed in 633 K water and 673 K steam for a total of 7200 h. The effect on hydrogen pick-up was also studied.
Zircaloy-type alloys showed typical corrosion behavior with a rate transition. In the pretransition region almost all alloys showed the same behavior, but the post-transition corrosion rate increased with tin content. Iron increased the post-transition corrosion rate in 673 K steam; the effect of chromium was negligible. A small addition of nickel was effective in reducing post-transition corrosion rate, but larger amounts did not markedly improve the resistance. The effect of impurities was also negligibly small within the variation of the contents in this study. The effects of alloying elements in the binary alloys were basically the same as that in Zircaloys, but niobium and tantalum had a remarkable effect in improving the corrosion resistance. The effects of tin, iron, and chromium on hydrogen pick-up fraction were small; nickel, however, had a significant effect. The composition of second-phase particles in Zircaloys varied with the contents of alloying elements, but seemed to have no relation to the uniform corrosion behavior of Zircaloys.
The rate transition in corrosion behavior was assumed to be related to the relief of compressive stress in the growing oxide by the transformation from a monoclinic to a tetragonal or cubic structure. Furthermore, tin might have the effect of stabilizing monoclinic zirconium oxide. Second-phase particles, Zr(Cr.Fe)2, were oxidized to orthorhombic structure from hcp structure and seemed to have little effect on the morphology of oxide around them and consequently on corrosion behavior.
Microanalysis of the Matrix and the Oxide-Metal Interface of Uniformly Corroded Zircaloy
Authors: Wadman B , Andrén H-O 
Published: March 2009

The matrix composition in one Zircaloy-2 (Zry-2) and four Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) materials has been measured with the atom probe technique. It was found that only about 10% of the alloying elements Fe, Cr, and Ni added to the alloy remain in solid solution in the matrix of nuclear fuel claddings. No significant difference in matrix concentration of Fe and Cr could be detected in Zry-4 materials with different heat treatment and different corrosion resistance. Even a Zry-4 material analyzed directly after a β-quench operation had a matrix concentration of only 0.02 wt% Fe and 0.03 wt% Cr.
Atom probe analysis was also used to study the oxide-metal interface in oxide layers formed in dry air and water on needle shaped Zry-4 specimens. Transmission electron microscopy of the oxide layers showed that these were approximately 10 nm thick and contained 5 nm sized oxide crystallites in an amorphous layer. According to atom probe analysis, the thin oxide layers had a low oxygen content, less than 50 atomic percent.
Comparison of Zircaloy Corrosion Models from the Evaluation of In-Reactor and Out-of-Pile Loop Performance
Authors: Billot Ph , Giordano A 
Published: March 2009

Corrosion models are generally able to provide satisfactory predictions of inreactor performance. Nevertheless, in order to emphasize the theoretical or empirical aspects of the corrosion process and to improve the accuracy of models, the major objectives of the present study are: • To provide a comparison of the published corrosion models (CEA, EPRI, etc.). • To discuss the main assumptions described in the proposed models.
Consequently, a methodology was conducted with the objective of providing the following information: • The main assumptions used to describe the thermal/hydraulic corrosion process in the overall models are presented and modelled in a computer program. • Experimental corrosion data are collected from a great number of rods taken from seven different power reactors, from the CIRENE out-of-pile loop, and from autoclave tests.
Metallographic examinations of SRA Zircaloy-4 tubings constitute the experimental data required for the determination of the accuracy of the corrosion models. Measurements give an idea of the waterside corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 for the following encountered operating conditions in French or foreign reactors: • One to four cycles of irradiation in 900 MWe PWRs. • Three cycles of irradiation in a four-loop PWRs characterized by a severe thermal/hydraulic environment. • Four to five cycles of irradiation cycles of 4.5% 235U or 3.1% 235U enriched fuel rods leading to average rod burnups in the range of 48 000 to 55 000 MWd/tU. • 365 effective full power days in the CIRENE out-of-pile loop. • Autoclave tests.
The power history of the analyzed rods and the thermohydraulic design of reactors are used for effective data reduction. The operating parameters as a function of time constitute the unique data base required for the prediction of Zircaloy-4 performance by all the corrosion models to be tested.
The comparison of measured and calculated corrosion data from the in-pile and out-of-pile tests is performed and described.
The differences between corrosion models allow for the assessment of the influence of varied parameters on the corrosion rates of the Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes.
In particular, the assumptions concerning the effect of thermal conditions (heat flux, wall temperature), the irradiation environments, and the chemistry data (lithium content in the coolant) are discussed through the different models.
Investigation of Variables That Influence Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys during Irradiation
Authors: Urbanic VF , Choubey R , Chow CK 
Published: March 2009

The in-reactor corrosion of Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials is being studied by exposing small specimens in water-cooled loops in the NRU research reactor. Experiments are designed to investigate the effects of fast-neutron irradiation, water chemistry, temperature, and pre-oxidation on the corrosion behaviour. Preliminary results show that inreactor corrosion rates of both alloys increase with increasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water. In the absence of irradiation, only Zr-2.5Nb is sensitive to its presence. Excursions to oxidizing (⟩300 (μg/kg oxygen) water chemistry in nominally low oxygen tests are seen to induce high oxidation rates for both Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb during irradiation. The consequences of oxygen excursions are less pronounced on material prefilmed in 673 K steam. The oxides formed in different chemistry regimes are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and capacitance techniques.
Over the temperature range 528 to 568 K, the temperature dependence for corrosion of pickled specimens during irradiation is low with activation energies being marginally higher for Zr-2.5Nb than for Zircaloy-2. In these tests it is seen that fast-neutron irradiation increases corrosion of Zircaloy-2, whereas for Zr-2.5Nb a decrease in corrosion is frequently observed during irradiation.
Effect of Coating with Flexible Polymer Modified Cement Mortar on Inhibition of Alkali Silica Reaction
Authors: Kamimoto H , Wakasugi M 
Published: March 2009

Coating material for repair of concrete structures damaged or deteriorated due to alkali silica reaction (ASR), requires water vapor permeability as well as water impermeability. It requires, furthermore, strong adhesion to concrete and elongation for the remaining expansive power of ASR. A flexible polymer modified cement mortar (PCM), which consists of flexible polyacrylic polymer dispersion, portland cement and admixtures has above-mentioned performance.
Physical properties of the flexible PCM were measured at various polymer cement ratios. Water and water vapor permeability of the flexible PCM was reduced with increasing in polymer cement ratio. Since the flexible PCM with a high polymer cement ratio had a structure in which the larger pores were filled by polymer and sealed by continuous polymer film, elongation of the flexible cement mortar tended to increase with increasing in polymer cement ratio. Whereas adhesion had an optimum polymer cement ratio.
A field exposure test was performed using concrete specimens damaged by ASR. The specimens were coated with either epoxy resin or the flexible PCM at various polymer cement ratios. Coating with the flexible PCM was found to inhibit ASR, but the epoxy resin promoted ASR. The ASR expansion was reduced with increasing in water vapor permeability of the flexible PCM.
Comparison of Downhill Ski Injury Patterns—1978–81 vs. 1988–90
Authors: Shealy JE 
Published: March 2009

This study repeats and expands upon an earlier study done by the principal investigator ten years ago. The study looks at trends in downhill (DH) skiing over the last ten years; differences between control and injured groups of skiers; differences between male and female skiers; differences due to ability level; and the relationship of lessons to injuries.
The key findings are • The overall rate of injuries in the current study group of ski areas is lower by 20% from where it was in a similar group of ski areas ten years ago (2.7 injuries per 1000 skier visits (SV) currently, versus 3.3 injuries per 1000 SV ten years ago). • The injury rates for male and female skier populations are essentially the same when controlled for ability level; when the two groups are compared on an overall basis (without controlling for the differential distribution of ability within each group), the female rate is about 50% higher than the male rate. • More females than males tend to be at the lower end of the ability scale. • The rate for beginner/novice skiers is about 10 times that of the advanced/expert skier in terms of number of injuries per 1000 SV. • The use of lessons is not associated with a reduced risk of injury in either activity. • The distribution of injuries (for part of body injured), in DH skiing has changed over the past ten years, today there are more knee (was 27.2% of all injuries, now 32.7%) injuries and fewer ankle (was 11.5%, now 6.1%) and lower leg (was 12.6, now 7.7%) injuries. • Over the past ten years, injuries due to twist/bend have dropped from 35.5% to only 26.2%, while injuries due to impact with snow surface have increased from 35.6% to 41.8%. • Fractures have declined from 19.1% to only 13.5% of all injuries.
Children's Skiing Injuries in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Giddings PH , McCallum IG , Duff PA 
Published: March 2009

This study reviews 2501 skiing injuries presenting to the Mt. Hotham Medical Centre over a three year period. Of these, 204 involved children 12 years of age or younger. Patterns of injury are compared with the 2297 cases involving skiers 13 years or older.
There was no significant difference in the overall rate of injury between the two groups. The incidence of knee ligament injuries was similar in both groups but the rate of lower leg fracture in children was six times that of adults. Interestingly, thumb injuries were virtually nonexistent in the under 12 group.
These injury patterns suggest that advances made over the last two decades in adult ski boot and binding design have not been reflected in increased lower leg safety for the child skier population.
Organization of Skiing Safety in a New Alpine Area: Injury Severity Score Used to Compare and Classify the Difficulty of the Slopes
Authors: Bergstrøm KA , Askild O , JøDrgensen NA , Ekeland A 
Published: March 2009

Hafjell Alpine Center is the new Norwegian Winter Olympic Arena for 1994, and also the national alpine project area. The lift capacity is about 8000 transportations per hour. A total of 770,672 lift transportations and 86 injuries were registered between December 15, 1990 and April 15, 1991. The injury rate was 3.77 ∙ 10 -4 injury per 1000 vertical meters skied or 2.2 injuries per 1000 skier days.
Skiing safety has been established in the new area through a ski school, a shop for ski rental and binding testing, a rescue team based on the ski patrol, and a doctor on call in the alpine center during the crowded weekends.
All skiing injuries were recorded on a questionnaire and the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the injury severity score (ISS) were calculated. The ISS was marked on a map of the entire area to spot exactly where the accident occurred. The sum of ISS for each slope and for the whole area was also calculated.
This model proved to be an excellent opportunity to make major and minor alterations on the slopes: flattening and widening the trails by taking out rocks and obstructions, correcting defects, and grooming the slopes for the next day.
The total ISS during the recorded period was 318. A corrected ISS of 345 was related to the total lift transportations and to the total skiing length and the vertical drop. This corrected score may possibly be used to compare the results from one year to another and from one center to the other.
Snowboarding Injuries
Authors: Janes PC , Fincken GT 
Published: March 2009

A three year nonrandomized clinical study was instituted to ascertain the pattern of injuries sustained by participants of snowboarding.
A total of 874 questionnaires, representing 937 injuries, were collected over the 1988 to 1989, 1989 to 1990 and 1990 to 1991 ski seasons with assistance of 37 physicians who saw patients from seven major Colorado ski areas.
The frequency of lower extremity injuries compared to upper extremity injuries was similar. The difference between lower extremity and upper extremity injuries was not significant by contingency table analysis (P &gt; 0.05). However, 19% of all injuries and 45% of all upper extremity injuries were distal radius fractures. With the exception of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), there were few significant knee ligament or thumb injuries, but a disturbing number of tibia fractures, ankle fractures and ankle sprains, reminiscent of alpine ski injuries prior to the advent of the modern rigid boot [1].
Snowboarding participants appear to suffer different injuries than alpine skiers and possible preventative measures are discussed.
Mechanisms of Fretting-Fatigue and Their Impact on Test Methods Development
Authors: Hoeppner DW 
Published: March 2009

At the beginning of this century very little information was available related to the phenomenon of fretting and fretting-fatigue. However, significant progress has been made in developing an understanding of the mechanisms of fretting-fatigue in this century. Progress toward developing a holistic view of the process of fretting fatigue is presented.
Contributions that have been made in understanding nucleation of fretting-fatigue damage are reviewed. As well, characterization of damage is discussed related to improving our understanding. Those parameters that are viewed as mechanism controlling, thus important to test methods development, are reviewed. The progress made in micromechanical modeling is also reviewed. The paper concludes with recommendations for the standards development group to consider in relation to test methods and some suggestions for future research and development.
Adaptation of a Servohydraulic Testing Machine to Investigate the Life of Machine Components Operating under Fretting Conditions
Authors: Labedz J 
Published: March 2009

Fretting tests are of considerable practical importance to increase the reliability of machinery and to reduce design costs. They are frequently conducted on expensive, special apparatus. A reduction of outlay on research work is possible through the use of a universal test rig and commercially available equipment. In this paper a fretting test method is proposed using a servohydraulic testing machine.
Tests on the effect of residual stresses on fretting wear of bearing steels were performed for the purpose of verifying the proposed methodology. The test results are compared with data given in other publications which validate the method.
Containment and Regulations for Safe Biotechnology
Authors: Vranch SP 
Published: March 2009

The safe use of microorganisms for the manufacture of biological Pharmaceuticals has been demonstrated over several decades. Regulations, guidelines, and codes of practice are already available, and additional guidance is being published by a variety of organizations worldwide.
The implications of these regulations are reviewed and their impact is described using examples of facility, equipment, and process design, with particular emphasis on containment.
Principles of Design and Installation of Building Deck Waterproofing
Authors: Ruggiero SS , Rutila DA 
Published: March 2009

Plaza waterproofing is precarious because of the severe service conditions imposed on the system and the inaccessibility of the waterproofing membrane for repairs. Most systems are covered by a wearing surface that often impedes the drainage of water at the membrane level. The “buried” position of the membrane makes trouble shooting and repair difficult and prohibitively expensive.
This paper presents fundamentals for design and installation of plaza waterproofing systems. Of particular concern is the design of effective system drainage that facilitates the flow of water from the plaza surface, through the various components, and into drains at the membrane level. Adequate drainage is the single most important factor in the long-term performance of any waterproofing system. System design is discussed to establish the parameters for evaluation of specific system components: the wearing surface, insulation, drainage system, waterproofing membrane, building deck, and design of critical flashing details.
Precast Concrete Pavers for Parking Decks
Authors: Henshell J , Buccellato P 
Published: March 2009

Woodhull Hospital is a multistory structure with vehicle parking on an intermediate level. The original paving system failed and was replaced with insulated precast concrete pavers.
The waterproofing/paving assembly design constraints included: allowable dead load, equivalent thermal resistance, overall depth, low headroom, limited access for removal of debris and movement of materials, and restriction of equipment and vehicle loads. Numerous rail posts were further complications.
The system selected consisted of 105 by 210 by 9.37 cm (3 ft, 6 in. by 7 ft, 0 in. by 3 3/4 in.) precast concrete pavers with insulation recessed on the underside. Slabs were supported on continuous rubber strips and installed over an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) loose-laid sheet membrane.
The new system has been in place since 1984 and is problem free to date. This paper discusses the problems and how they were solved, the elements of the design, and the installation method.
Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels in Waters Containing Chloride and Sulfate Ions
Authors: Kain RM 
Published: March 2009

Crevice corrosion behavior for a series of austenitic and duplex stainless alloys was determined in a number of simple solutions as well as in diluted natural seawater containing up to 10 g/L Cl- and 10 g/L SO4=. Remote crevice assembly technology using zero resistance ammeters revealed differences in initiation and propagation resistance. Effects of solutionion concentration, alloy composition and the influence of crevice geometry and biological activity are discussed.
While S30400 and S31600 were found to be susceptible in all tests considered, other materials (N08904 and S32550), and especially a 6% molybdenum alloy (S31254), were substantially more resistant. Test results indicate some beneficial effects of sulfate at lower levels of chloride. However, at high chloride levels, high sulfate appears detrimental. At comparable chloride levels crevice corrosion was more severe in diluted natural seawater than in synthetic solutions.
This work is part of an on-going study involving additional alloys and more varied water chemistries. The ultimate goal of this research is the preparation of a Crevice Corrosion Atlas for Stainless Steel in Waters.
Expanded Damage Test Facilities at LLNL
Authors: Morgan AJ , Rainer F , De Marco FP , Gonzales RP , Kozlowski MR , Staggs MC 
Published: March 2009

We are completing a thorough expansion of the laser-induced damage-test capabilities at LLNL which allow us to conduct tests under a variety of parameter conditions. We have nine different laser systems which cover the following parameter space:
LaserWavelength (nm)Max. PRF (Hz)Duration (ns)Peak Fluence (J/cm2)Reptile 11064301065Reptile 2/4532, 266101040, 25Reptile 3355101040Chameleon 31064, 532, 355, 266103&gt; 50Chameleon 101064, 532, 355, 2661010&gt; 50Raster Blaster106417.8860Variable Pulse Laser (VPL)1064Single shot1–100&gt; 70Kilroy106460006510Felix350, 2481002030
We describe details of the physical configurations of the individual systems, laser and sample diagnostics, and general testing procedures and capabilities. Damage test results are presented in a companion paper at this conference — “Laser Damage Database at 1064 nm”.