bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Numbers and Morphology of the Intracellular Form of Leishmania donovani Grown in Cell Culture*
Authors: HERMAN ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Macrophages were infected in vivo with the intracellular form of Leishmania donovani (LDs), harvested from the previously saline‐stimulated peritoneal cavities of hamsters and explanted into Leighton tubes containing removable coverslips. Serum from either rabbit, chicken, human, calf, hamster or cotton rat blood was used as the 40% component of a Hanks' BSS60 serum40 medium used to maintain these Leighton tube cultures at 37 C. After varying lengths of time coverslips were removed from tubes, stained with Giemsa, and the parasites per infected macrophage, total number of hamster cells and total number of parasites on each coverslip were counted.Maerophages constituted more than 90% of the explanted cells on the coverslips. When cotton rat serum was used as a component of the medium, fibroblastic overgrowth of the coverslips followed. Some similarities and differences in the numbers of macrophages, fibroblasts and parasites were noted with regard to the serum used as part of the medium. Except for cotton rat serum, the serum component of the medium used apparently did not influence, to any great degree, the morphology of either the macrophages or parasites therein. Thus, vacuolarization and granularization of macrophages did not appear to be very distinctly correlated with the time of sampling or the type of serum in the medium used for maintenance nor could any morphologic variations of the LDs be ascribed to these factors.When cotton rat serum, but not any of the other sera, was the serum component of the medium, leptomonads were noted in the overlay fluid of the cultures after 6 days.Under these conditions of cell culture, fibroblasts could not be infected with LDs although macrophages on the same coverslip were heavily parasitized.
Anemia in Ducks Infected with Leucocytozoon simondi*†
Authors: KOCAN R. M. , CLARK D. T. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thirty‐four white Pekin ducklings were used to study the anemia associated with infection by Leucocytozoon simondi.The first appearance of gametocytes in the peripheral blood, as detected by thin smears, marked the onset of anemia. This anemia lasted for the duration of the initial parasitemia, usually reaching a low point early in the infection (1 to 5 days post patency) and returning slowly to normal as the parasitemia decreased. Greatest gametocyte density occurred 5 to 8 days post patency. In a number of cases recovery from anemia began simultaneously or even prior to the highest level in the gametocyte density.In low level parasitemias a fluctuation occurred in erythrocyte numbers which corresponded with the peaks of gametocyte density.In none of the infections was a sufficient number of parasite observed to account for the existing anemia.Haemopoietic activity was observed for a brief period at the time of maximum erythrocyte loss in only a few birds. The overcompensation for erythrocyte loss at the end of the primary parasitermia favors the view that increased erythrocyte production may account for the short duration of haemopoiesis.
Growth of Particle‐Bearing and Particle‐Free Paramecium aurelia in Axenic Culture*
Authors: SOLDO ANTHONY T. , GODOY GUSTAVO A. , VAN WAGTENDONK WILLEM J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several strains of particle‐bearing and particle‐free Paramecium aurelia have been cultivated in an axenic medium composed of proteose peptone, trypticase, yeast nucleic acid, MgSO4.7H2O, TEM‐4T (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of tallow monoglycerides), stigmasterol and a mixture of vitamins. The “yeast fraction,” an indispensable component of previous media used for the cultivation of these ciliates has been replaced by a mixture of trypticase, yeast nucleic acid and TEM‐4T.Particle‐bearing animals of stock 299 lambda, 138 mu, and 139 pi maintain their particles when cultivated in the medium, whereas particle‐bearing animals of stock 51 kappa, 225 kappa and 114 signia do not. With the exception of stock 92 (syngen 3) the medium appears to be selective in its ability to support the growth of animals of the even‐ but not odd‐numbered syngens of P. aurelia.Maintenance of the particles was dependent only to a small degree upon environmental conditions brought about by changes in pH and temperature. Division of the particles was found to be comparable with the division of the protozoan. Methods for the growth, maintenance and mass cultivation of particle‐bearing P. aurelia are given in detail.
The Induction of a Phospholipid Requirement and Morphological Abnormalities in Tetrahymena pyriformis by Growth at Supraoptimal Temperatures*†
Authors: ROSENBAUM N. , ERWIN J. , BEACH D. , HOLZ G. G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Supplementation of a chemically‐defined medium that supported excellent axenic growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis, mating type II, variety 1, at 35 C, with nucleic acid derivatives allowed full growth at 37, and further addition of phospholipids permitted equivalent growth at 39 and 1/3 of that at 40. No other nutrients tested were active at 40. Population growth could be sustained continuously by serial sub‐culture every 48 hr at 40 only if the medium contained synthetic phospholipids or phospholipids isolated from natural sources. The requirement was specific for phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Phospholipids which contained only saturated fatty acids, and ones which contained unsaturated acids were active. Phospholipids and neutral lipids isolated from 35‐grown T. pyriformis were also effective. Phospholipid precursors, sterols, neutral lipids and fatty acids were not.A 48–72 hr exposure to 40 in either the unsupplemented medium or the nucleic acid derivatives‐phospholipid‐supplemented medium caused extreme variation in size and shape, fractured and displaced kineties, and abnormalities of karyokinesis. The frequency and degree of teratology was greater in the unsupplemented medium, but not markedly so.A possible metabolic basis for the temperature‐induced phospholipid requirement and the morphological abnormalities is discussed.
Physical and Serologic Properties of an Antigen Prepared from Erythrocytes of Horses with Acute Babesiosis*
Authors: SIBINOVIC STEVAN , SIBINOVIC KYLE HARDING , RISTIC MIODRAG , COX HERBERT W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By means of precipitation with protamine sulfate, a soluble antigen (PS) was obtained from erythrocytes of horses with acute babesiosis due to Babesia caballi and B. equi. This antigen reacted in gel diffusion tests with sera from horses recovered from acute babesiosis. The PS antigen was found to be muco‐protein, susceptible to destruction by trypsin and taka‐diastase. Analysis of the antigen by paper electrophoresis revealed 2 components which were not present in similar preparations made from erythrocytes of Babesia‐free horses.When the PS antigen was heated in boiling water for 30 minutes, a serologically inactive precipitate was formed; however, the supernate remained serologically active and was termed boiled PS (BPS) antigen. This antigen was polysaccharide in nature; its serologic activity was destroyed by taka‐diastase.In gel diffusion tests with sera of recovered horses, the PS antigen formed 2 lines of precipitation which coalesced in a single line formed between these sera and the BPS antigen. Both PS and BPS antigens reacted with sera of horses recovered from acute babesiosis in the gel‐diffusion test, but not with sera of dogs and rats recovered from acute infection with Babesia canis and Babesia rodhaini, respectively. The serologic specificity of these antigens suggests that they might have application in the serodiagnosis of inapparent Babesia infections of equine animals.
Reproduction by Binary and Multiple Fission in Gigantomonas*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gigantomonas usually exists in the multinucleate stage. Hence, multiple fission is more common than binary fission. In its flagellate as well as its aflagellate state it is always an amoeboid cell which possesses from one to several large, clear pseudopodia. Fairly often in the multinucleate, as well as the uninucleate, stage no extranuclear organelles are present except large plain centrioles, two of which are always closely associated with each nucleus. During nuclear reproduction four centrioles, two old ones and two new ones, are always present with each nucleus. During all nuclear reproductions, regardless of the number of nuclei present, extranuclear organelles, such as flagella, axostyle, undulating membrane, and costa when present are discarded. If they are renewed, it is by the new centrioles at the same time that the old ones produce new central spindles, two always cooperating in the process. Thus, Gigantomonas, like other genera of the Devescovinidae, the family to which it belongs, never has for each nucleus present more than one set of extranuclear organelles, a characteristic which Devescovinidae and Lophomonadidae have in common. It is the only genus of Devescovinidae without a parabasal body.Owing to the liquidness of the cytoplasm, the central spindle, which becomes very long indeed, often extends beyond the cytoplasm and thus pushes the nucleus fastened to this end of it completely out of the cell. Mainly because of this situation, multinucleate forms with an odd number of nuclei occur often; otherwise the nuclear numbers would be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc., because, no matter how many nuclei are present, they all reproduce simultaneously or nearly so.An unusual situation occurs in which Gigantomonas ingests and digests a small species of Holomastigotoides, while several hundred individuals of the latter become attached to and destroy Gigantomonas.
The Occurrence, Growth‐Temperature Relations and Nuclear Cytology of Protostelium mycophaga Olive and Stoianovitch
Authors: KAHN ARNOLD J. , GEE JOSEPH 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protostelium mycophaga Olive and Stoianovitch was isolated from 7 of 19 plant sources collected in a 15‐mile radius of Syracuse, New York. Two of these isolations were made from up‐right, nondecomposed plants. Spore diameter measurements of 4 of the isolates gave values that agree with those published for this species. The optimum temperature for the growth of P. mycophaga on enriched corn meal agar and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was 20 C. Limited growth occurred at 10 C and no growth was observed above 30 C.Mitosis is described from observations on living and stained preparations.
The Fine Structure of Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehrenberg)
Authors: PAULIN JEROME JOHN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron‐microscopic investigation of gluaraldehyde‐and osmium‐vapor‐fixed Nyctotherus cordiformis has revealed the following: (1) A thin epiplasmic layer lies directly beneath a single limiting membrane. (2) The somatic kinetosomes are arranged in approximately 76 parallel rows separated from each other by a vacuolated region 2.4 μ wide. (3) The kinetosomes in each row are paired (both members ciliated), with 7 tubular fibrils (18‐21 mμ) originating radially from the right posterior margin of the posterior kinetosome, passing upward and anteriorly as a compact bundle. Also finding their origin in the proximity of the right radial fibrils point of origin are approximately 7 tubular fibrils, extending downward and posteriorly, where they join with adjacent posteriorly directed fibrils. Tangentially arranged tubular fibrils originate from the left anterior margin of both kinetosomes and are directed upward and anteriorly. Dense filamentous material surrounds both kinetosomes and extends laterally towards the adjacent rows. (4) Peculiar, electron‐dense, spherical bodies (10‐14 mμ) and larger rectangular bodies are present in the lumen of the kinetosomes. (5) A fine filamentous reticulum is present under the double row of kinetosomes of the UM as well as the 100 membranellar units of the AZM. (6) Oral fibrils (18 mμ) in groups of 3 extend upward into the ectoplasmic folds which separate the membranellar units; additional fibrils extend deep into the anterior and posterior ectoplasmic regions. (7) The nemadesmata originate on the right side of the buccal cavity and extend outward to their apparent terminus in the vacuolated ectoplasm.A brief historical account and results of light‐microscopical investigation employing silver impregnation methods are also included as well as a discussion of the anteriorly directed right radial fibrils, deep posterior fibrils and their non‐kinetodesmal affinities.
The Test Structure and Composition of the Foraminifer Rosalina floridana*
Authors: ANGELL ROBERT W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The composition of the test of Rosalina floridana (Cushman) was examined histochemically, and its structure was studied with the electron microscope by means of thin sections and carbon replicas. The test is composed of a thick organic lining overlain by one or more calcite layers bounded above and below by thin membranes. The membranes are fused to organic pore processes composed of coarse fibers that penetrate the calcite layers. The ***lining, consisting of coarse fibers matted into a laminated sheet, is considered a strengthening element of the test. The membranes covering each calcite layer are composed of fine, headed fibrils which in aggregate have a striated pattern; they are thought to be the crystal‐nucleating agent during calcification and to form a protective covering for the previously deposited calcite layers. The pore processes, which are devoid of an internal entrance for cytoplasm, are considered to be points of attachment for the membranes; they tie the organic test components into a unified whole. The calcite layers and the chambers lack this unity, being separated from each other and from the preceding chambers by membranes so that there are no calcite‐to‐calcite boundaries between them. An organic, sievelike structure of undetermined function has been found in the foramina of chambers near the prolocular region of the test.Histochemical methods show that the lining contains proteins, polysaccharides, and unidentified substances; the membranes and the pore processes stain as a protein‐polysaccharide complex free of other substances.
Myxidium macrocheili n. sp. (Cnidospora: Myxidiidae) from the Largescale Sucker Catostomus macrocheilus Girard, and a Synopsis of the Myxidium of North American Freshwater Vertebrates*
Authors: MITCHELL LAWRENCE G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium macrocheili n. sp. is described from the gall bladder, bile and pancreatic ducts of Catostomus macrocheilus Girard (largescale sucker) in western Montana. This parasite is markedly host specific; the trophozoite is nonmotile, polysporous, spheroidal, elongated or irregular, often arched and rolled at the edges, and up to 2.5 mm in greatest length; the ecto‐ and endoplasm are distinct; the sporonts are disporoblastic. The bipolar spore is longitudinally striated, usually ellipsoidal in front view, slightly S‐shaped in side view, and averages 11.7 × 6.6 × 6.3 μ; the suture line and ridge are distinct; the polar filaments are coiled 4–6 times.An illustrated synopsis and a key of the 19 species and 10 unnamed forms of Myxidium of North American freshwater vertebrates are presented. At present members of the genus are known to infect fishes, amphibians and a single species of reptile on this continent.
Le Genre Cyclogramma Perty, 1852
Authors: FAURÉ‐FREMIET E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Une révision du genre Cyclogramma est tentée en se fondant sur la disposition de la ciliature péristomienne décrite par Blochmann chez le C. rubens de Perty, retrouvée par Gelei chez sa Nassula tricirrata, et que de nouvelles observations permettent de reconnaǐtre chez quelques autres espèces de Nassulidae insuffisamment décrites jusqu'alors. La signification de cette ciliature péristomienne, qui s'apparente au type structural tétrahyménien, est examinée.A revision of the genus Cyclogramma is attempted based on the disposition of the peristomial ciliature described by Blochmann in the species C. rubens of Perty, found again by Gelei in Nassula tricirrata, and identified in recent observations of some other species of Nassulidae which had been inadequately described heretofore. The significance of this peristomial ciliature, which is related to the tetrahymenal structural type, is examined.
The Fine Structure of the Gregarine Pyxinoides balani Parasitic in the Barnacle Balanus tintinnabulum*†
Authors: REGER JAMES F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the eugregarine Pyxinoides balani was studied and compared with that of other gregarines previously examined with the electron microscope. P. balani contains cell organelles comparable to those in the archigregarine Selenidium hollandei. These include mitochondria, Golgi complexes, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, membrane‐limited granules, vacuoles and myonemes. A comparison of the distribution and fine structure of these organelles with those of the above archigregarine was made. The possible function of the Golgi complex in assisting in producing the transverse septum is suggested.The surface of P. balani is composed of a surface‐membrane complex different from that of S. hollandei, and similar to those of the eugregarines previously studied. The complex is composed of an outer plasmalemma, subjacent pentalaminar layer, and underlying, homogeneous, electron‐dense layer. The pentalaminar layer is 140–170 Å thick and has a structure reminiscent of fused cell membranes seen in tight junctions, myelin figures and nerve myelin. The pentalaminar layer is derived from subsurface cisternae found in sporozoites. The underlying, homogeneous, electron‐dense layer is 450–500 Å thick. Pores and caveolae are found as specializations of the pentalaminar and homogeneous electron‐dense layers. Endoplasmic reticulum is closely associated with the caveolae. The location of the pentalaminar layer at the surface and the presence of pores and caveolae in its structure suggests some transport and/or segregation function.
The Distribution of Lizard Besnoitiosis in Panama, and Its Transfer to Mice
Authors: SCHNEIDER CURT R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In heavily endemic collecting sites in Panamá and Colón Provinces, Republic of Panama, 14.7% of Ameiva ameiva and 8.5% of Basiliscus basiliscus were injected with Besnoitia darlingi. Single infected specimens of A. leptophrys and A. festiva were also taken, these being new host species records for this parasite. Infections were found only in the older lizards.Initially, virulence of the lizard parasites for white mice was low but increased with successive mouse passages. Concomitantly, the cyst‐forming capacity of the strain diminished with successive mouse passages. No relation between initial virulence of the lizard parasites for mice and subsequent virulence after 16 or 17 mouse passages was recorded.The original description of B. panamensis (a synonym of B. darlingi) is emended on the basis of extensive material to include cyst diameters of 200–500 μ; also, the liver, mesentery, and tunica propria of the testis occasionally contain cysts. Cysts are frequently macroscopic and on the surface of organs so that they can be seen on casual inspection.B. sauriana Garnham, 1966 is a synonym of B. darlingi.
The Structure and Taxonomic Status of Toddia from the Cottonmouth Snake Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma*
Authors: MARQUARDT WILLIAM C. , YAEGER ROBERT G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 163 cottonmouth snakes Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma from Louisiana, 4 (2.4%) were infected with Toddia França, 1911, an erythrocytic parasite said to be a protozoon. In the 4 blood films, Toddia had an average size of 1.65–1.98 μ with a total size range of 0.88–3.4 μ. In Giemsa‐stained slides, the organisms were usually a round red‐staining mass which was either homogeneous or sometimes contained granules. A pattern of growth was seen in which the organisms increased in size and in which there was development of an erythrocytic inclusion. The inclusion, which was not a part of the parasite, developed first as a spheroid and then became altered in shape to a crystalloid square, possibly a break‐down product of the host cell hemoglobin. The first noticeable damage to the erythrocytes was to the nuclei, which became nearly round; later, when the crystalloid had formed, the host cell degenerated into a small mass containing a pycnotic nucleus, a remnant of cytoplasm and the Toddia.A review of the literature on Toddia and on Pirhemocyton Chatton & Blanc, 1914 leads to the conclusion that the organisms are closely related and that both are viruses of the DNA type.
Acriflavin‐Induced Dyskinetoplastic Leishmania donovani Grown in Monkey Kidney Cell Culture
Authors: HERMAN ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monkey kidney cells (LLC‐MK2) grown in flasks and on coverslips in Leighton tubes were used as host cells for the growth of the intracellular stage, Leishman‐Donovan bodies (LDs), of Leishmania donovani obtained from hamster spleen. These parasitized cultures were then used to determine the ability of acriflavin to induce dyskinetoplastic LDs.LD‐infected cells were somewhat fewer in number than uninfected cells at all times except for the 1st day after infection. The parasites attained their maximum numbers on the 5th day after infection of the cultures having a 1.9‐fold increase at that time.When acriflavin was added to the cell culture medium (250 mμ/ml) the numbers of monkey kidney cells did not differ greatly from non‐treated cultures until 6–7 days after treatment with acriflavin. Similarly, the numbers of LDs in acriflavin‐treated cell cultures, altho somewhat below those of untreated cultures, did not differ greatly from them.The combined effect of acriflavin and LDs reduced the numbers of monkey kidney cells in treated, LD‐infected cell cultures more than either alone.Dyskinetoplastic LDs appeared in considerable numbers in acriflavin‐treated, LD‐infected cell cultures. Dyskinetoplastic and normal LDs harvested from cell cultures were inoculated into NIH medium and incubated at 27 C for transformation into leptomonads. There was no indication that dyskinetoplastic LDs were capable of transforming into leptomonads.
Factors Influencing the Infectivity of a Trypanosoma brucei Stabilate for Mice
Authors: LUMSDEN W. H. R. , GITATHA S. K. , LUTZ W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mice, segregated in groups according to sex and age from 5 to 21 weeks, and randomly presented, were inoculated in one continuous process with a trypanosome suspension prepared from a Trypanosoma brucei subgroup stabilate of such a dilution that about 50% of the mice might be expected to become infected. No statistically significant difference occurred between groups, either with regard to sex or to age.Significant alterations in the proportions of mice infected did, however, occur in relation to inoculation order. The inoculation process occupied 12–197 minutes after removal of the stabilate from −79 C storage. Essentially, infectivity rose initially to a peak between 30 and 80 minutes, and then fell off, but was not abolished at the end of the experiment.