bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrodermal activity in relation to cortisol dysregulation in depressive patients
Authors: Thorell L.‐H. , Kjellman B. F. , D'Elia G. , Kågedal B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal activity (EDA), basal morning plasma cortisol, outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and nocturnal urinary cortisol excretion were studied in a somewhat confined number of originally 59 depressive patients and 59 matched healthy subjects. The patients showed nocturnal hypercortisolism. According to the DST, EDA and cortisol dysregulation were unrelated. In the total patient group, the correlations between EDA and cortisol in plasma and in urine were small and insignificant. However, in suicide attempters, in nonsuicidal patients, and in the healthy subjects, complex patterns of correlations were found between tonic electrodermal activity, electrodermal responsivity, basal morning plasma cortisol, and nocturnal urinary cortisol. Some inconsistencies in the patterns may be explained by differences in the sampling of data. Future research should try to delineate possible relationships between EDA and hormones on all levels of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis.
Ichthyosis and delusions of lizard invasion
Authors: Browning S. M. , Jones S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe report the case of a young man who developed a delusion that his body was being invaded by a lizard during an acute psychotic episode. This occurred in the context of ichthyosis presenting as scaling on his arms and legs, which he believed to be the growth of the lizard's skin.
Environmetal and Behavioral Influences on Affective Illness
Authors: Wehr T. A. , Rosenthal N. E. , Sack D. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA behavioral factor, sleep, and a physical environmental factor, light, can trigger or terminate episodes of affective illness. The authors review the experimental evidence for these effects and discuss recent research on their biological mechanisms. In light of these findings the authors speculate that affective illness could partly be a disorder of systems that mediate the organism's adaptations to changes in the physical environment.
Implications of altered limbic‐hypothalamicpituitary‐adrenocortical (LHPA)‐function for neurobiology of depression
Authors: Holsboer Florian 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe current article suggests that the neuroendocrine system constitutes a bidirectional link between the brain and humoral homeostasis in the periphery. Any change of neuronal activity in the brain ‐ regardless whether induced by external stimuli or endogenous errors of metabolism ‐ may result in altered composition of gene products. Among these are peptides which directly or indirectly alter endocrine activity and may concomitantly induce a variety of behavioral effects. This has been experimentally demonstrated by neuropeptidergic manipulation of sleep‐electroencephalographic (EEG) measures and behavioral studies in animals. An integral part of the neuroendocrine communication are effects of peripheral hormones upon brain structures and their interactions with the immune system.Within this framework all hormones of the limbic‐hypothalamic‐ pituitary‐adrenocortical (LHPA)‐axis play a dominant role, because: (1) corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) was shown to integrate centrally behavioral and metabolic responses to stress; and (2) corticosteroids exert a host of neurochemical changes within the CNS which by far exceed their primary endocrine feedback action. As a corollary, hyperexposure to corticosteroids induces widespread changes of neuronal cell biology which are of clinical significance for depression research (e.g. neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus, down‐regulation of glucocorticoid receptors within monoaminergic neurons).Clinical neuroendocrine research over the past years focussed upon evaluation of pathophysiology underlying dexamethasone resistant cortisol levels or hypercortisolism linked to depression and utilized advanced methods for multihormonal analysis and newly synthesized neuropeptides (e.g. CRH) for challenge studies in combination with neurophysiological assessments. The major conclusions from this research were: (1) neuroendocrine changes of the LHPA‐axis such as enhanced secretory activity of pituitary corticotrophic cells or altered feedback regulation during depression are driven by central (suprapituitary) mechanisms; (2) behavioral response to CRH in humans and animals, particularly the sleep‐EEG modulation are compatible with the hypothesis that central CRH hypersecretion contributes to the clinical phenotype of depression; (3) the brain is a major target for adrenocortical hormones resulting in changes of neurotransmitter/receptor dynamics of systems being important for neuropharmacology of depression (e.g. catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis or GABA receptor activity); and (4) there exists considerable cross talk not only between different neuroendocrine systems and the LHPA‐hormones but also between neuroendocrine circuits and immunofunction.
On the picture of depression and suicide in traditional societies
Authors: Jacobsson Lars 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY The paper deals with three problem areas regarding depression and suicide in traditional society; 1) What is the relation between the depression and suicide? 2) Is there any illness like depression all over the world? 3) What do we know about suicide in traditional societies? The author agrees with Durkheim's classical conclusion that the incidence of suicide in a society has no clear correlation with the prevalence of mental disorders and no clear correlation with different forms of mental disorders. There are a number of studies showing that depressive syndromes exist in traditional societies. However, there is a clear difference in symtomatology between different cultures which might be the result of differences in the conception of illness. The suicide rate is generally very low in traditional societies.The ultimate solution to an unbearable life situation is apparently known to all human cultures and the suicide rate is an important indication in every society of the existential conditions of life.
Experience from the mental health programme of the World Health Organization
Authors: Sartorius Norman 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRCT‐The managerial structure of collaborative studies is usually not described in reports presenting results from such investigations. The same is true about the experience obtained in the day to day conduct of such studies. Ethical rules which should govern collaboration between individuals and centres are rarely spelled out. The paper presents an outline of WHO's mental health programme and proposes, on the basis of experience obtained in the course of several WHO multicentric international studies, a set of guidelines concerning ethical aspects of scientific collaboration involving several centres or teams.
Psychosomatic aspects of coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Eriksson Johan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT101 consecutive male patients were examined by means of clinical interviews and depression, anxiety, personality, psychometric and life stress tests. The examinations took place preoperatively. on the 9th postoperative day (average) and 7.5 months after surgery. The mean age of the patients was 52.2 years and the mean duration of CHD was 6.7 years. Prior to surgery 77% had experienced myocardial infarction and 85% belonged to NYHA class III or IV. 74% had a 3‐vessel disease. When the NYHA classification was used as criterion for rehabilitation the result was excellent. Postoperatively 80% belonged to NYHA class I or II. Hospital mortality rate was 4% and one patient died from myocardial infarction prior to the final follow‐up.Preoperatively 17% of the study group were working. 87% of the patients experienced negative effects on work life, caused by CHD. Postoperatively 33% worked regularly. The postoperative work situation correlated with the duration of preoperative unemployment (p<0.0001), the patient's own opinion about work return (willingness/unwill.ingness to return to work) (p<0.01), as well as with the amount of negative life stress experienced preoperatively (p<0.01). Only 13% of the series experienced positive effects on work life. caused by CABG surgery. The majority of the patients had experienced negative effects on social and economic life (51%). as well as on sexual life (70%). caused by CHD. After surgery improvements were noted by 36% on social life and by 27% on sexual life. 15% experienced impairment of sexual life postoperatively. According to the Beck Depression Inventory 29% showed depression preoperatively. and 10% postoperatively. The difference is significant (p<0.0001). Clinically the figures tended to be higher. The same tendency holds for anxiety scores as measured by the Hamilton anxiety scale. The incidence of postoperative psychoses was 35%. Higher age (p<0.01) and/or absence of psychosomatic diseases (p<0.05) correlated with higher frequency of psychoses. Even though cardiological rehabilitation according to the NYHA classification was excellent, 22% of the series did not think their expectations were fulfilled. Psychic and social rehabilitation was in several aspects unsatisfactory, and the patients did not seem prepared for this. The importance to consider rehabilitation from a psychosomatic standpoint is clearly shown.To predict the result of rehabilitation preoperatively is not possible.
Acute antidepressant effect of lithium is associated with fluctuation of calcium and magnesium in plasma
Authors: Under J. , Fyrö B. , Petlersson U. , Werner S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a double‐blind study on 22 patients with major depressive disorder the effects of lithium and clomipramine on signs and symptoms and on calcium and magnesium in plasma were compared. Ratings of antidepressant and side effects were performed by 2 psychiatrists at the end of a placebo period of 5–7 days and after treatment for 2 and 4 weeks. Psychopathology was rated by 15 reported and 4 observed items from the Comprehensive Psycho pat ho logical Rating Scale (CPRS). Eleven items present in 72–100% of the patients were used to evaluate the effect of the two drugs. After 2 weeks of treatment the rated scores dropped for more than half of the CPRS items. After 4 weeks the scores for all but one item were reduced in both groups. The sums of scores were significantly reduced after 2 weeks in both groups and after 4 weeks global scores were reduced as well. The drugs had notable and similar antidepressant effects. Lithium treatment was associated with fluctuations in calcium and magnesium levels in plasma not seen during clomipramine treatment. Serum prolactin increased during clomipramine treatment but was unaffected by lithium treatment. No correlations were found between the sum of rating scores and blood levels of drugs, prolactin, calcium or magnesium.
Personality factors and pathological gambling
Authors: Roy A. , Custer R. , Lorenz V. , Linnoila M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPathological gambling is a disorder in which personality factors are thought to be important. Therefore, we compared 19 male pathological gamblers with 18 male normal controls for their scores on 3 personality questionnaires. Pathological gamblers were found to have significantly higher psychoticism and neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire than controls. Gamblers also had significantly higher total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Serum and red blood cell folate in depression
Authors: Abou‐Saleh M. T. , Coppen A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSerum folate concentrations were estimated in patients with major depressive disorders, lithium‐treated patients, detoxified alcoholic patients and normal controls. Red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations were also estimated in subgroups of patients with major depressive disorder and normal controls. Results showed significantly lower serum and RBC folate concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder than in normal controls. Lower serum folate concentrations were associated with greater seventy of depression. There was no association between serum and RBC folate concentrations and endogenicity of depression or the presence of weight loss.
A comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with a combined lithium and tricyclic combination among depressed tricyclic nonresponders
Authors: Dinan T.G. , Barry S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThirty severely depressed patients who were resistant to tricyclic antidepressant therapy were randomly allocated to treatment either with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or addition of lithium (Li) to the tricyclic. Twenty‐one of the 30 patients significantly improved at the end of 3 weeks of treatment. There were no differences in improvement rates between the two groups. However, the patients treated with a Li/tricyclic combination improved more rapidly, showing significant alterations in mental state by day 7. It is suggested that in otherwise physically healthy patients who are tricyclic nonresponders, the addition of U may be a more rapid treatment than the use of ECT.
Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms
Authors: Sexton H. , Mære Å. , Dahl N. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe psychological benefits of walking and jogging were compared in 52 symptomatic neurotics over an 8‐week training period and subsequent 6‐month follow‐up. Both groups showed marked reduction of anxiety, depression and global symptoms. Joggers had greater aerobic gain, but no greater psychologic benefit. Significantly larger numbers of joggers dropped out of the study. There was no relationship between aerobic gain and reduction of symptoms at the end of the program. However, at 6 months’ follow‐up, those with greater aerobic fitness had much lower anxiety levels. Changes in exercise frequency and aerobic capacity were also maintained at follow‐up. Depression levels were not associated with aerobic fitness at follow‐up. High initial exercise intensity appears to inhibit the forming of new exercise habits.
A double‐blind study of adjunctive carbamazepine versus placebo on excited states of schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders
Authors: Okuma T. , Yamashita I. , Takahashi R. , Itoh H. , Otsuki S. , Watanabe S. , Sarai K. , Hazama H. , Inanaga K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA multi‐institutional double‐blind study comparing the therapeutic effect of adjunctive carbamazepine and placebo with standard neuroleptic treatment was performed on 162 patients with DSM‐UI diagnosis of schizophrenic (n = 127) or schizoaffective disorders (n = 35) who had excited states or aggressive /violent behavior that responded unsatisfactorily to neuroleptic treatment. The patients participated in a 4‐week trial of carbamazepine plus neuroleptics (n = 82) or placebo plus neurolep‐tics (n = 80). The sum of patients with marked and moderate improvement was modestly larger in the carbamazepine group (48 vs. 30%, P <0.05). There was no significant, difference between the carbamazepine and placebo groups in the changes of total BPRS scores, although the carbamazepine group showed more improvement on the items suspiciousness, uncooperativeness and excitement. The results suggest that carbamazepine, when used in combination with neuroleptics, is a useful drug for the treatment of excited states of patients with schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders.
Change in culture and language environment in childhood and its effect on adult life
Authors: Räsänen E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the Second World War 70,000–75,000 Finnish children were sent to Sweden to protect them from the war‐ This article describes a group of children sent to Sweden from Kuopio County. The management of this group is discussed in light of their health, education and profession in adulthood. The change in culture and language environment did not affect mental and physical health; physical health is even better in the group sent to Sweden than in the control group. The change in language and culture environment affected education, and the professional level is lower than in the control group. Difficulties associated with language seem to be especially important when discussing scholastic skills, education and profession.
A fatal toxicity index for antidepressant poisoning
Authors: Henry Dr John A. 
Published: August 2007

Since depressed patients are liable to attempt suicide by self‐poisoning, fatal poisoning from overdose is an important part of the overall assessment of any antidepressant drug. Because prescription figures for drugs are available in Britain, a Fatal Toxicity Index can be calculated in terms of deaths (from national mortality data) per million National Health Service prescriptions.This was carried out for the years 1975–1984 (Cassidy and Henry 1987), and has since been updated. The older tricyclic antidepressants as a group had a higher Fatal Toxicity Index than the mean for this drugs studied. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors had intermediate toxicity, and newer drugs introduced since 1973 had lower toxicity than the mean figure for all drugs, which was 34.9 deaths per million prescriptions. If drugs are equally effective clinically, serious consideration should be given to prescribing antidepressants with a lower fatal toxicity as a contribution to suicide prevention.
A study of behavioural response to an industrial disaster
Authors: Weisæth Lars 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT ‐Based upon 7 response variables we categorized the impact behaviour of 123 industrial employees who had been exposed to a disastrous factory explosion and had survived without suffering severe injuries. The subjects were personally examined and the data controlled by cross‐interviews shortly after the disaster. In the analysis the subjects were divided into a high stress (n= 64) and a medium stress exposure group (n= 59) based upon their closeness to the explosion centre.The 7 variables were cognitive function, inadequate behaviour, help received, leadership, cooperative activity, absolute and relative rescue efforts. While about 50% of the total number reported some disturbance in their cognitive control, and 34% of the high stress exposure group experienced a near total loss of cognitive control, severe inadequate behaviour did not occur. Modelling and corrective social interactions may have played an important role in this. Still, 20% of the high stress exposure group had some behavioural response that increased the risk to their life or that of others.The 7 scores were added to an index and cut‐off points established to separate 3 different groups of behavioural responses: 29% of the high stress group displayed Maladaptive Disaster Behaviour; inhibited behaviour and uncontrolled flight behaviour dominated in this group. Adaptive Disaster Behaviour was rated in 34% and Optimal Disaster Behaviour in 37%. The following background variables correlated strongly to Optimal Disaster Behaviour: high level of disaster training/experience, male sex, age above 40, maritime occupational background, above average intellectual ability, a life history without mental health problems. A discriminant analysis with 8 variables predicted correctly whether the response would be Optimal or less than that in 84% of the 121 subjects tested in the analysis. A high level of disaster training/experience yielded an overall correct prediction rate of 63.6%, and a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 85.9% and positive predictive power of 70.7% in predicting Optimal Disaster Behaviour.
Importance of high response rates in traumatic stress research
Authors: Weisæth Lars 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT Non‐response and psychological resistance, i.e. degree of unwillingness to undergo the primary examination (screening), and its implications for estimation of PTSD prevalences was measured in a longitudinal study of 246 employees exposed to an industrial disaster (explosion/fire). Resistance including refusal, was measured by counting the number of contacts needed in the calling‐in procedure to secure cooperation. Resistance to the primary examination related to severity of exposure (24.2% in the high exposure versus 6.8% in the medium exposure and 4.2% in the low exposure group). If those who initially resisted had been lost to the 7 month follow‐up the total response rate would have been 82.8%, with an estimated frequency of high PTSS scores of 15. By increasing the response rate to 100%, the true prevalence of high PTSS scores increased to 22.4%. The initial resistance related strongly (P < 0.001) to the severity of outcome at 7 months. The potential loss to the follow‐up would have included 42% of the PTSD cases, and 64% of the severe PTSD cases would have fallen out, resulting in distorted prevalence rates of PTSD.The high potential loss to follow‐up in the high exposure category would reduce the predictor value of belonging to that exposure group. The initial resistance in many who later developed PTSD was found to relate to the psychological defences such as avoidance against the re‐experiences in the acute post‐traumatic stress syndrome. For traumatic stress studies on the after‐effects of shock traumas the implication of findings is that response rates need to be high. For primary and secondary prevention the implication may be that early outreach must be very active.
Clinical melperone treatment blocks D2‐dopamine receptors in the human brain as determined by PET
Authors: Wiesel F.‐A. , Farde L. , Halidin C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPositron emission tomography and 11‐C‐labelled raclopride was used to determine central D2‐dopamine receptor occupancy in three melperone treated patients. Treatment with melperone in daily doses of 250 and 300 mg for 3 to 6 weeks, resulted in a receptor occupancy above 70%. Thus, clinical doses of melperone as we previously demonstrated for several classical neuroleptics cause a substantial D2‐dopamine receptor blockade in the human brain in vivo.
An overview of the animal pharmacology of paroxetine
Authors: Johnson A. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAnimal studies show that paroxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) neuronal uptake. It shows excellent activity after oral administration, and pharmacological studies on its principal metabolites indicate that they are much less active than the parent compound. Paroxetine possesses no overt sedative or antihistaminergic properties and it does not potentiate the effects of alcohol. Weak activating properties are observed in EEG studies in animals at doses generally greater than those required to inhibit 5‐HT uptake in the CNS, and the activated EEG in rats is associated with slight locomotor stimulation. However, specific studies indicate that this activation is not amphetamine‐like. Paroxetine does not inhibit monoamine oxidase in vitro. Paroxetine is well tolerated by the cardiovascular system, being qualitatively and quantitatively less cardiotoxic than amitriptyline. The weak affinity of paroxetine for muscarinic cholinergic receptors in vitro is associated with mydriasis in vivo, but only at doses well in excess of those required to potentiate the effects of 5‐HT in the CNS. It is therefore concluded that paroxetine should be an effective antidepressant with a reduced propensity to induce the adverse events that are characteristic of the tricyclic class of antidepressants.