bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster-randomised controlled trial of community mobilisation in Mumbai slums to improve care during pregnancy, delivery, postpartum and for the newborn
Authors: More Neena Shah , Bapat Ujwala , Das Sushmita , Patil Sarita , Porel Maya , Vaidya Leena , Koriya Bhaveshree , Barnett Sarah , Costello Anthony , Fernandez Armida , Osrin David 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals look to substantial improvements in child and maternal survival. Morbidity and mortality during pregnancy, delivery and the postnatal period are prime obstacles to achieving these goals. Given the increasing importance of urban health to global prospects, Mumbai's City Initiative for Newborn Health aims to improve maternal and neonatal health in vulnerable urban slum communities, through a combination of health service quality improvement and community participation. The protocol describes a trial of community intervention aimed at improving prevention, care seeking and outcomes.

Objective
To test an intervention that supports local women as facilitators in mobilising communities for better health care. Community women's groups will build an understanding of their potential to improve maternal and infant health, and develop and implement strategies to do so.

Design
Cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Methods
The intervention will employ local community-based female facilitators to convene groups and help them to explore maternal and neonatal health issues. Groups will meet fortnightly through a seven-phase process of sharing experiences, discussion of the issues raised, discovery of potential community strengths, building of a vision for action, design and implementation of community strategies, and evaluation.
The unit of allocation will be an urban slum cluster of 1000–1500 households. 48 clusters have been randomly selected after stratification by ward. 24 clusters have been randomly allocated to receive the community intervention. 24 clusters will act as control groups, but will benefit from health service quality improvement. Indicators of effect will be measured through a surveillance system implemented by the project. Key distal outcome indicators will be neonatal mortality and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Key proximate outcome indicators will be home care practices, uptake of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, and care for maternal and neonatal illness.
Data will be collected through a vital registration system for births and deaths in the 48 study clusters. Structured interviews with families will be conducted at about 6 weeks after index deliveries. We will also collect both quantitative and qualitative data to support a process evaluation.

Trial registration
Current controlled trials ISRCTN96256793
Axillary artery to left anterior descending coronary artery bypass with an externally stented graft: a technical report
Authors: Athanasiou Thanos , Kapetanakis Emmanouil I , Rao Christopher , Salvador Loris , Darzi Ara 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
With the proliferation of minimally invasive cardiac surgery a number of alternative inflow sites for coronary artery bypass grafting have been utilized, especially in higher risk patients. The use of axillary-coronary artery bypass is a safe and effective alternative especially in the case of patients requiring redo coronary revascularization. However, the length and convoluted course of the axillary-coronary vein graft makes is susceptible to twisting, trauma and neointimal hyperplasia. We therefore report a case of an axillary-coronary artery bypass in a high risk patient in which a Dacron conduit was used to externally support and protect the vein graft to the left anterior descending artery. Surgical technique and considerations are presented and discussed.
BRCA1 promoter methylation in peripheral blood DNA of mutation negative familial breast cancer patients with a BRCA1tumour phenotype
Authors: Snell Cameron , Krypuy Michael , Wong Ee Ming ,   kConFab investigators, Loughrey Maurice B , Dobrovic Alexander 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Individuals with germline mutations in the BRCA1 gene have an elevated risk of developing breast cancer, and often display characteristic clinicopathological features. We hypothesised that inactivation of BRCA1 by promoter methylation could occur as a germline or an early somatic event that predisposes to breast cancer with the phenotype normally associated with BRCA1 germline mutation.

Methods
We examined seven cases from breast-ovarian cancer families with tumours that showed BRCA1-like pathology but did not have detectable BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations present. Methylation levels were tested by several quantitative techniques including MethyLight, methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) and a newly developed digital MS-HRM assay.

Results
In one patient, methylation of 10% of the BRCA1 alleles was detected in the peripheral blood DNA, consistent with 20% of cells having one methylated allele. Buccal mucosa DNA from this individual displayed approximately 5% BRCA1 methylation. In two other patients, methylation of BRCA1 was detected in the peripheral blood at significantly lower but still readily detectable levels (approximately 1%). Tumour DNAs from these three patients were heavily methylated at BRCA1. The other patients had no detectable BRCA1 methylation in their peripheral blood. One of seven age-matched controls showed extremely low levels of methylation in their peripheral blood (approximately 0.1%).

Conclusion
These results demonstrate that in some cases of breast cancer, low-level promoter methylation of BRCA1 occurs in normal tissues of the body and is associated with the development of BRCA1-like breast cancer.
Kerbs von Lungren 6 antigen is a marker of alveolar inflammation but not of infection in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Nathani Nazim , Perkins Gavin D , Tunnicliffe William , Murphy Nick , Manji Mav , Thickett David R 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background
Kerbs von Lungren 6 antigen (KL-6) is expressed on the surface of alveolar type II cells, and elevated plasma and epithelial lining fluid levels of KL-6 have previously been shown to correlate with the severity of disease and survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The relationship between alveolar inflammation and KL-6 measurements has not been ascertained. We hypothesized that the elevation of KL-6 in ARDS is dependent upon the severity of neutrophilic inflammation. Furthermore we were interested in the relationship between significant alveolar infection and KL-6 levels.

Methods
Plasma arterial samples were collected from ARDS patients on day 1 and when possible on day 4 along with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples on the same day. Bacterial growth in the BALF was determined by quantitative cultures and was defined as significant at counts >1 × 104 colony-forming units.

Results
Plasma KL-6 levels in ARDS patients were elevated compared with at-risk control individuals (P = 0.014) and with normal control individuals (P = 0.02). The plasma KL-6 level correlated with the Murray Lung Injury Score (r = 0.68, P = 0.001) and with BALF KL-6 (r = 0.3260, P = 0.04). The BALF KL-6 level was detectable in all ARDS cases and was lower on both day 0 and day 4 in those who survived. BALF KL-6 also correlated with the BALF myeloperoxidase activity (r = 0.363, P = 0.027), with the BALF cell count per millilitre (r = 0.318, P = 0.038), with BALF epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil attractant 78; (r = 0.37, P = 0.016) and with BALF vascular endothelial growth factor (r = 0.35, P = 0.024). The BALF KL-6 level of ARDS patients with significant pathogenic bacterial growth was similar compared with those without significant infection.

Conclusion
KL-6 may represent a useful marker of alveolar type II cell dysfunction in ARDS since the levels reflect the severity of lung injury and neutrophilic inflammation. KL-6 release across the alveolar epithelial barrier is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathophysiological roles of KL-6 in the development of ARDS warrant further study.
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy for the Prevention of BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Breast and Gynecologic Cancer: A Multicenter, Prospective Study
Authors: Kauff Noah D. , Domchek Susan M. , Friebel Tara M. , Robson Mark E. , Lee Johanna , Garber Judy E. , Isaacs Claudine , Evans D. Gareth , Lynch Henry , Eeles Rosalind A. , Neuhausen Susan L. , Daly Mary B. , Matloff Ellen , Blum Joanne L. , Sabbatini Paul , Barakat Richard R. , Hudis Clifford , Norton Larry , Offit Kenneth , Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) has been widely adopted as a key component of breast and gynecologic cancer risk-reduction for women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Despite 17% to 39% of all BRCA mutation carriers having a mutation in BRCA2, no prospective study to date has evaluated the efficacy of RRSO for the prevention of breast and BRCA-associated gynecologic (ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal) cancer when BRCA2 mutation carriers are analyzed separately from BRCA1 mutation carriers. Patients and Methods A total of 1,079 women 30 years of age and older with ovaries in situ and a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were enrolled onto prospective follow-up studies at one of 11 centers from November 1, 1994 to December 1, 2004. Women self-selected RRSO or observation. Follow-up information through November 30, 2005, was collected by questionnaire and medical record review. The effect of RRSO on time to diagnosis of breast or BRCA-associated gynecologic cancer was analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results During 3-year follow-up, RRSO was associated with an 85% reduction in BRCA1-associated gynecologic cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.56) and a 72% reduction in BRCA2-associated breast cancer risk (HR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.92). While protection against BRCA1-associated breast cancer (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.30 to 1.22) and BRCA2-associated gynecologic cancer (HR = 0.00; 95% CI, not estimable) was suggested, neither effect reached statistical significance. Conclusion The protection conferred by RRSO against breast and gynecologic cancers may differ between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Further studies evaluating the efficacy of risk-reduction strategies in BRCA mutation carriers should stratify by the specific gene mutated.
Adaptation Strategy of Thermophiles toward Hyperthermophily and Their Molecular Bases
Authors: Imanaka Tadayuki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
I reflect on some of our studies on the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 and its enzymes. The strain can grow at temperatures up to 100 °C, and also represents one of the simplest forms of life. As expected, all enzymes, DNA, and cytoplasmic membrane displayed remarkable thermostability, and we have determined some of the basic principles that govern this feature. To our delight, many of the enzymes exhibited unique biochemical properties and novel structures not found in mesophilic proteins. Here, I will focus on some enzymes whose three-dimensional structures are characteristic of thermostable enzymes. I will also add some examples on the stabilization of DNA and cytoplasmic membrane.
Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicators to Visualize Molecular Processes in Living Cells
Authors: Sato Moritoshi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Fluorescence imaging could be the most powerful technique available for observing spatial and temporal dynamics of molecular processes in living cells, if fluorescent indicators for the relevant molecular processes become available. Therefore, we have been developing fluorescent indicators for a variety of cellular signaling processes, including second messengers and protein phosphorylation reactions. Using the indicators, we have visualized spatial and temporal dynamics of these molecular events in single living cells. The present fluorescent indicators are becoming an indispensable tool for understanding the complex mechanism of the signal transduction in living cells and for screening pharmaceuticals that inhibit or promote molecular processes in the cell.
Gas Transport Coefficients of Light Hydrocarbons. Halogenated Methane and Ethane as Candidates for New Refrigerants
Authors: Moghadasi Jalil , Papari Mohammad Mehdi , Mohammad-Aghaie Delara , Campo Antonio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In previous work, we have correlated the dilute gas transport properties of alternative refrigerant mixtures. The purpose of this theoretical study was to obtain, using two-iterative inversion of the corresponding states of viscosity, effective and isotropic pair potential energies for a group of refrigerants: methane, ethane, propane, butane, R22, R123, R124, R134a, R152a, R32, and R143a. Employing the inverted pair potential energies, the Chapman–Enskog scheme could be used reasonably well to reproduce transport properties, except the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity was determined using the Huber scheme, wherein the use of the inverted pair potential energies is discussed at length. In the wide temperature range of 200K&lt;T&lt;1000K, the accuracies of the calculated viscosities, self-diffusion coefficients, and thermal conductivities were 2%, 4%, and 8% (at most 10%), respectively.
FMO-MO Method as an Initial Guess Generation for SCF Calculation: Case of (−)-Epicatechin Gallate
Authors: Tamura Katsuhiro , Watanabe Toshio , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Umeda Hiroaki , Inadomi Yuichi , Nagashima Umpei 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
FMO-MO (Molecular orbitals (MOs) of the fragment MO (FMO) method) for (−)-epicatechin gallate were calculated to examine the dependency of the accuracy on the fragmentation patterns and on the basis set, and the results were compared to those obtained using conventional MO calculations. Results also show that the FMO-MO can be used as the initial guess in self-consistent field calculations.
Potentiometric Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Bismuth in Some Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Mostafa Gamal Abdel-Hafeez , Homoda Atef Mohammed 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The construction and general performance characteristics of two novel potentiometric membrane sensors responsive to bismuth are described. The sensors are based on the use of ion-association complexes of tetraiodobismate(III) (TIB) anion with polyoxyethylene(10) octyl phenyl ether (1) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) (2) as exchange sites in a carbon paste matrix. The sensors show fast, stable, and near-Nernstian response for the mono-charged anion of tetraiodobismate(III) over the concentration range 1×10−3–1×10−6 mol dm−3 at 25 °C over the pH range 4.0–9.0 and 3.0–8.0 with an anionic slope of 51.5±0.5 and 53.0±0.4 per concentration decade for tetraiodobismate(III)-1 and -2 (sensor-1 and sensor-2), respectively. The lower detection limit was 4×10−6 and 2×10−6 mol dm−3 with a response time of 20–40 s for sensor-1 and sensor-2 in the same order. The selectivity coefficients for bismuth relative to a number of interfering anions and iodide complexes of some metal ions were investigated. Direct potentiometric determination of 1–200 μg cm−3 of bismuth in aqueous solution showed an average recovery of 98.4% and a mean relative standard deviation of 1.5% at 80.0 μg cm−3. The determination of bismuth(III) in suppositories and ointment dosage form in the present study was comparable with the British pharmacopoeia method.
Triply Interpenetrated Structure of {MnII(L)2[AgI(CN)2]2}{MnII(H2O)2[AgI(CN)2]2} (L = 4-CNpy or py-4-aldoxime)
Authors: Kawasaki Takeshi , Kachi-Terajima Chihiro , Saito Toshiaki , Kitazawa Takafumi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Two novel 3D network coordination polymers {Mn(L)2[Ag(CN)2]2}{Mn(H2O)2[Ag(CN)2]2} (L = 4-CNpy (1) or py-4-aldoxime (2)) (4-CNpy = 4-cyanopyridine; py-4-aldoxime = pyridine-4-aldoxime) were synthesized and characterized by using single-crystal X-ray analysis and magnetic measurements. Both complexes have two distinct octahedral manganese atoms, Mn(1) and Mn(2), linked by a [Ag(CN)2]− unit. The pyridine ring of two Ls coordinate at the apical positions of Mn(1). On the other hand, at the apical positions of Mn(2), two H2O are coordinated. The apical axis of Mn(1) is not parallel to the apical axis of Mn(2). Therefore, {Mn[Ag(CN)2]2} networks in 1 and 2 are distorted and form three-dimensional (3D) frameworks. There are large channels in the 3D networks; however, triple interpenetration was found in 1 and 2. From the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility, there is very weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the Mn atoms bridged by a [Ag(CN)2]− unit in 1 and 2.
Catalytic Asymmetric Borane Reduction of Prochiral Ketones by Using (S)-2-(Anilinomethyl)pyrrolidine
Authors: Hosoda Naoya , Iogawa Yoshihiro , Shimada Yuichi , Asami Masatoshi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones was examined in the presence of (S)-2-(anilinomethyl)pyrrolidine. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with moderate to high enantiomeric excesses (up to 96% ee).
Efficient and Selective Pt/C-Catalyzed H–D Exchange Reaction of Aromatic Rings
Authors: Ito Nobuhiro , Esaki Hiroyoshi , Maesawa Tsuneaki , Imamiya Eikoh , Maegawa Tomohiro , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An effective and applicable deuteration method for aromatic rings using Pt/C–D2O–H2 system was established. Especially, phenol was fully deuterated even at room temperature, and other electron-rich aromatic nuclei were efficiently deuterated under mild conditions. The scope and limitations of the presence method and its application to the synthesis of deuterium-labeled biologically active compounds and deuterium-labeled building blocks for practical multi-gram scale syntheses are reported.
Vanadium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yasuda Shigeo , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Vanadium(III) chloride catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkyl halides with arylmagnesium bromides. Various arylmagnesium bromides, except for an ortho-substituted arylmagnesium reagent, could be used for the reaction. Among alkyl halides tested, cyclohexyl halides and primary alkyl halides were good substrates. The reactions likely proceed via carbon-centered radical intermediates.
Effects of Anionic Surfactants on the Hydride-Transfer Reaction of NADH with Methylene Blue: In Premicellar and Micellar Regions
Authors: Matsumoto Takeshi , Otsuki Takamasa , Sueishi Yoshimi , Yamamoto Shunzo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The kinetics of the hydride-transfer reaction between methylene blue (MB) and reduced nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were studied in basic buffer solutions containing anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium decyl sulfate (SDES), and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS)) under oxygen-saturated conditions. Initially, the absorbance of MB at 666 nm decreased with SDES concentration, but increased gradually near and above the cmc. The observed first-order rate constant (kobsd) decreased gradually at first, more steeply with increasing SDES concentration and then reached to a small value and became constant. The changes in the absorbance of MB and the observed rate constant were explained by changes in the form of MB in the solution with increasing SDES concentration. The concentration of SDES can be divided into four regions, in connection with the changes in the absorbance and the observed rate constant. The profiles of the changes in the absorbance of MB and the apparent rate constant for SDS and STS with surfactant concentrations were very similar to those for SDES.
Time-of-Flight LC/MS Identification and Confirmation of a Kairomone in Daphnia magna Cultured Medium
Authors: Uchida Hideaki , Yasumoto Ko , Nishigami Akinori , Zweigenbaum Jerry A , Kusumi Takenori , Ooi Takashi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Daphnia kairomones induce morphological change to green alga. An active compound (8-methylnonyl sulfate), which was originally isolated and determined from Daphnia pulex body, was identified from a cultured medium of Daphnia magna by time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization after concentration by the Methylene Blue method.
Hydrophobic Environment of Cysteine Residues in Pig Brain S-100 Proteins
Authors: Matsuda Sadayuki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The effects of metal ion binding to pig brain S-100 proteins on the hydrophobicity of their cysteine (Cys) residues were examined using the fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4)maleimide (ANM). The hydrophobicity order was Ca2+/S-100 &lt; K+/S-100 &lt; Mg2+/S-100 &lt; S-100 &lt; Zn2+/S-100.
Preparation of Sterically Congested Compounds: 6,7-Di-t-butyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3,6,7-Tetra-t-butylanthraquinone, and 2,3,6,7-Tetra-t-butylanthracene
Authors: Iguchi Kazuki , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Sterically congested compounds, such as 6,7-di-t-butyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3,6,7-tetra-t-butylanthraquinone, and 2,3,6,7-tetra-t-butylanthracene, were synthesized via a Diels–Alder reaction involving 3,4-di-t-butylthiophene 1-oxide as the key step.
A Strategy of Visible Anion Recognition by Simple Polycyclic Aromatic Acid
Authors: Hou Xiaohong , Wada Taishi , Gion Sayaka , Kobiro Kazuya 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (2) was investigated as an anion selective probe by means of UV–vis and fluorescence titrations in CH3CN. Acid 2 showed stronger affinity and higher selectivity to HPO42− and SO42− over monovalent anions, such as F−, Cl−, Br−, H2PO4−, ClO4−, HSO4−, NO3−, BF4−, and PF6−. Complete fluorescence quenching upon complexation of acid 2 with HPO42− and SO42− was successfully observed by the eye.
Micro-Raman Thermometer for CO2 Fluids: Temperature and Density Dependence on Raman Spectra of CO2 Fluids
Authors: Arakawa Masashi , Yamamoto Junji , Kagi Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Raman spectra of CO2 fluids were measured at 288–329 K and densities of 0.81–1.16 g/cm3. The peak area ratios of hot bands at 1265 and 1408 cm−1 and Fermi doublet peaks at 1388 and 1285 cm−1 were correlated linearly with temperature. The peak area ratios are correlated with density. Calculation of the relationship between the peak area ratio, temperature, and density was achieved. Micro-Raman analysis enabled in situ temperature measurement of CO2 fluid with high spatial resolution.
Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index of Films of Well-defined Linear and Star-shaped Polystyrenes
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Aoki Hideyuki , Nishikubo Tadatomi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Well-defined linear and star-shaped polystyrenes were synthesized, and the temperature dependence of their refractive index (nD) in the film state was examined. The values of nD decreased with increasing temperature, with an inflection at the glass-transition temperature (Tg). Above the Tg, the values of difference of nD between star-shaped polymer and linear polymer increased at elevated temperatures.
2,6-Dialkylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophenes (Cn-BDTs) as Soluble Organic Semiconductors for Solution-processed Organic Field-effect Transistors
Authors: Kashiki Tomoya , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
2,6-Dialkyl[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophenes were synthesized as novel solution-processible organic semiconductors. Thin films of the organic semiconductors deposited on Si/SiO2 substrates by spin coating have well-ordered structures as confirmed by XRD analysis. Evaluations of the devices under ambient conditions showed typical p-channel FET responses with the field-effect mobility of ca. 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and Ion⁄Ioff of ca. 105.