bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Constitutional Law in 1931–32
Authors: Haines Charles G. 
Published: May 2006

Law as it is made by the courts, interstitially as suggested by Mr. Justice Holmes, and interpreted in the cases that arise during a year, covers only a portion of the law-making process of the American states. Judicial interpretation and judicial legislation are determined largely by the types of controversies which arise involving the interpretation and application of constitutions and laws, and by the personnel of the courts before whom the issues are litigated. It is difficult to discover the tendencies or trends which are in the molding during a decade or more of legal history; for such a short term as a year, generalizations or conclusions may be attempted only with great caution and with well understood reservations.The significant decisions affecting state constitutional law in 1931-32 in the state supreme courts or courts of appeal and in the inferior federal courts may conveniently be grouped under the following headings: (1) the separation and delegation of powers; (2) the protection of civil rights; (3) due process of law and equal protection of the laws; (4) due process and public utility regulations; (5) due process and the police power; (6) taxation; and (7) miscellaneous decisions.
The Dutch East Indies
Authors: Fairlie John A. 
Published: May 2006

It is safe to say that very few people in the United States have any appreciation of the importance of the Netherlands Indies to Holland, to the world at large, or to the United States. Yet they constitute a major part in the economic prosperity of Holland, furnish a large element in the international trade of the world, and are significant factors in the foreign trade of the United States. They are also the seat of political developments, resulting from the political awakening of Asia, which are worth attention.From west to east, these islands extend more than 3,000 miles, or as far as from San Francisco to the longitude of the eastern end of Maine; and from north to south, more than 1,000 miles.
The Legislature and the Administration, II
Authors: Fairlie John A. 
Published: May 2006

Effective legislative supervision over administrative agencies depends on the means and methods employed. The main types of means and methods which may be employed include the following: (1) provision for securing adequate information concerning the work of the administration, by requiring records and accounts of administrative actions and financial transactions, regular reports of such actions and accounts, and requests for information on particular administrative affairs; (2) provisions for the examination of such reports, accounts, and other information, usually by means of legislative committees; (3) special investigations of a more intensive character of particular administrative services; and (4) impeachment and removal from office.Records and Reports. Modern administrative agencies keep elaborate records of their acts and financial transactions, and publish a large volume of reports and documents, many of which are submitted to the legislative bodies. To a considerable extent, such records and reports are required by legislative provisions. But these legislative requirements vary widely with respect to different agencies; and the practice of the different agencies varies still more widely. The total mass of published reports and documents issued by national, state, and the more important local governments is so extensive, and presented in such a variety of form, that it is difficult to obtain a clear understanding of the general results. On the other hand, some administrative agencies and many of the minor local governments present such brief reports, or in some cases none at all, that no definite information is available to the legislative body nor to the general public.
The French Chamber of Deputies; A Study of Party Allegiance, Attitudes, and Cohesion
Authors: Burton Ralph 
Published: May 2006

While it is quite true that French political life is characterized by its individualism, a question arises as to the degree of vacillation and cohesiveness evidenced by the various political groupings. With a view to answering this query, an analysis is herein undertaken of the vote behavior in the Chamber of Deputies during the year 1930.The story of 1930 tells of the uncertain rule and fall of Tardieu and his cabinet. The Chamber with which he dealt had been elected during the period of the Poincaré coalition cabinet, which was supported by Right-Center forces and the Radical Socialists. The Radical Socialists withdrew their support in the fall of 1928, and Poincaré had to remake his cabinet with Right-Center support. In the fall of 1929, ill health forced Poincaré to resign, and, after others failed, Tardieu formed a cabinet with a majority support. Like Poincaré's 1929 cabinet, it was maintained by Right-Center forces.
Governmental Censorship in War-Time
Authors: Price Byron 
Published: May 2006

To a free people, the very word “censorship” always has been distasteful. In its theory, it runs counter to all democratic principles; in practice, it can never be made popular, can never please anyone.Everything the censor does is contrary to all that we have been taught to believe is right and proper. The Post Office Department, for example, has two proud mottoes: “The mail must go through,” and “The privacy of the mail must be protected at all hazards.” But censorship stops the mail, it invades the privacy of the mail, it disposes of the mail as may seem best. The same thing holds true in the publishing business. Censorship limits the lively competition and free enterprise of reporters. It relegates many a scoop to the waste basket. It wields a blue pencil—both theoretical and actual—on news stories, magazine articles, advertisements, and photographs. Censorship also enters the radio industry, where it may edit scripts and in some cases stop entire programs.Yet even the most vociferous critics of the principle of censorship agree that in war-time some form and amount of censorship is a necessity. It then becomes not merely a curtailment of individual liberty, but a matter of national security. It is one of the many restrictions that must be imposed on people fighting for the right to throw off those restrictions when peace returns.
A Laboratory Method for Teaching Public Administration
Authors: Connery Robert H. 
Published: May 2006

Few American political scientists have heard of the “Federal Labor Relations Commission,” but to a small group of students at Stanford and Columbia Universities the Commission was very real. It is true that its work did not attract as much attention from the great metropolitan journals as did the operations of its rival, the National Labor Relations Board; but to the students who were members of its staff it provided a first-rate laboratory for the study of public administration. For that reason, a brief review of the Commission's operations may be of some interest to teachers of public administration.Political scientists have always been interested in teaching methods; and the war and the experience gained in having to train large numbers of men for the armed services seem to have stimulated that interest. Articles which appeared in the June issue of this Review were evidence of that concern. While these articles were directed primarily toward teaching methods in political science courses generally, many of the suggestions were particularly applicable to teaching public administration. Francis Wilcox's regret that “there is one problem in particular which should give us pause, our slowness to utilize laboratory methods in political science,” is largely responsible for this article, since the operations of the Federal Labor Relations Commission were an attempt to provide such a laboratory.
IV. Constitutional Development in Latin America: A Synthesis
Authors: Fitzgibbon Russell H. 
Published: May 2006

“Do not give to a people institutions for which it is unripe in the simple faith that the tool will give skill to the workman's hand. Respect Facts. Man is in each country not what we may wish him to be, but what Nature and History have made him.” Bryce, Modern Democracies, I, 206.With minor exceptions, the panorama of constitutional growth in the Western Hemisphere reveals two main streams. The United States Constitution, the British North America Act of 1867 (which is the Canadian fundamental law), and the organic laws of the various New World British possessions of today all stem, obviously, from English constitutional and institutional ancestry. The constitutions of the twenty Latin American states, on the other hand, all reflect in varying degree the experience and institutions of their three mother countries. These modern constitutions are, it is true, influenced by alien examples at one point or another, but the core is undubitably Latin. More narrowly, the inspiration is Hispanic; and still more narrowly, Spanish.It is not easy to explain in detail the degree of similarity between French political institutions and those of the Iberian peninsula in the centuries between the emergence of the several national states and the political revolutions in Latin America. At least, the French belonged to a not unrelated family. A much closer relationship is easily discernible among the political institutions of the three main Iberian entities that ultimately became the national states of Spain and Portugal, viz., Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. It is often forgotten that for many generations no political or constitutional “Spain” existed, that Aragon and Castile were as distinct from each other in most ways as either of them was from Portugal, that an easily possible union of the ruling houses of Castile and Portugal—supplanting the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand—might have changed the whole subsequent course of history.
I. Organizing the Government for Participation in World Affairs
Authors: Laves Walter H. C. , Wilcox Francis O. 
Published: May 2006

Looking at the post-war period, it seems obvious that the government of the United States will give more attention to foreign affairs than it has in any comparable period of American history. How can the machinery for conducting foreign relations best be organized to meet these increasing responsibilities?The conduct of foreign relations in the modern world is no simple matter. Technical experts, intelligence systems, ability to negotiate, national political stability, a large and loyal staff of public servants—these are but some of the national requisites for effective participation in world affairs. The mobilization and organization of the best staff resources in the country, the negotiation of national policies, and then of international agreements, constitute a formidable task under any system of government.The conduct of foreign relations is, of course, easiest in a completely authoritarian state. It is made immeasurably more difficult by any division of authority. In most non-authoritarian governments, some division of authority has been found desirable, even at the expense of occasional awkwardness of procedure, because thereby the dangers of usurpation of power are minimized. The United States has gone farther than any democratic country in dividing responsibility in foreign affairs. Not only is there the usual distinction between legislative and executive authority, but the independence of the two branches has been so far underlined that the achievement of over-all government policies (as distinct from legislative and executive policies) is extremely difficult unless the party relationships are just right between the two ends of Pennsylvania Avenue.
II. Pre-War Political Influences in Postwar Conservative Parties
Authors: Colton Kenneth E. 
Published: May 2006

In normal times and as to normal countries, the study of the continuity of political party life would be of interest mainly to the political scientist. But these are not normal times, and Japan today is not a normal country. In 1948, the subject holds far more than academic interest, and it is intimately affected by the supervision of Japanese administration by the Allied Powers.Allied policy affecting the continuity of political influence is shown in the famed “purge directive” of January 4, 1946, known as SCAPIN 550, “The Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office.” This article, however, is not concerned with that directive but with the character of the pre-war political influence that remains after the purge has cut out affected elements. It is concerned with the element of pre-war political leadership present in the founding of the two major postwar conservative parties, the effect of the purge directive upon their leadership, their organizational and institutional character, the political influence of governmental bureaucracies, and the problem of party finance. Finally, attention is given to the possibility of a merger of the prewar elements into one post-war organization.The two conservative parties contending for political supremacy today are the Democratic-Liberal party (Minshu Jiyu-to), and the Democratic party (Minshuto), respectively the direct lineal descendants of the Liberal party (Jiyuto) and the Progressive party (Shimpoto), both of which were organized in November, 1945.
III. Japan's Post-War Socialist Party
Authors: Saffell John 
Published: May 2006

The development of Japan's Socialist party since V.J. Day may logically be considered in three periods. The first period, that of reorganization, began in August, 1945, and continued until the first post-war election in April, 1946. The second period comprised the months between April, 1946, and June, 1947, during which Socialists were gathering strength in the chief opposition party. The third period, from May, 1947, to February, 1948, saw the revolutionary passage of Japan's government into the hands of a Socialist-led cabinet.Left-Wing Realignment: August, 1945–April, 1946. Against a background of military defeat, dissolution of war-time political agencies, and resulting efforts at political realignment should be set the movement which led to formation of the present Shakaito (Social Democratic party). By late August of 1945, the political ferment was active; by early September, Tokyo papers were reporting that remnants of the old proletarian and agrarian organizations—Ronoto (Laborers' and Farmers' party), Nominto (Farmers' party), and Shakai Taishuto (Social Mass party)—were already drawing the lines of the new party formation.
Neglected Aspects of Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations
Authors: Kilpatrick Wylie 
Published: May 2006

Among the luxuries that Americans indulge in during the current prosperity and high-income level is complacent disregard of the more serious aspects of intergovernmental fiscal relations. Ominous cracks and crevices in the fiscal structure temporarily close during a period when the price can be paid for disregarding them. A depression, however, uncovers already existing problems and aggrevates preëxisting evils.To canvass interlevel financial relations at a time when emergencies did not force impromptu solutions was the purpose of a round-table discussion of the American Political Science Association, convening at Cleveland, December 27 and 28, 1946. Since multiple taxation and the need for tax coördination have been examined—and will continue to be surveyed—by economists, the round-table's attention was directed rather to aspects of the problem which are neglected when intergovernmental relations are viewed solely or primarily in terms of taxation. The round-table discussion of other aspects is here reported by its chairman, Wylie Kilpatrick, of the Governments Division, U. S. Bureau of the Census. Participants included Charles S. Ascher, of the National Housing Agency; Hubert R. Gallagher, associate director of the Council of State Governments; W. Brooke Graves, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress; I. M. Labovitz, Fiscal Division, U. S. Bureau of the Budget; and Lewis B. Sims, Governments Division, U. S. Bureau of the Census.The shifting content of interlevel fiscal relations, changing with different periods, requires a re-survey of the current picture to prevent irrelevancy arising from considering facts which, however much they once were true, no longer obtain today.
Religious Liberty v. Police Power: Jehovah's Witnesses
Authors: Barber Hollis W. 
Published: May 2006

It is stressing the obvious to observe that the state must often resolve conflicts between certain of its constitutional powers and certain equally constitutional private rights. Such is the age-old controversy of liberty versus authority, familiar to every social scientist. Such is the contemporary controversy between “Bible-dizzy but patently sincere” zealots of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, more widely known as Jehovah's Witnesses, on the one hand, and the police power on the other. There is nothing novel about a quarrel between religion and the police power, as witness the Mormons; but a new twist is now given by the personalities of Jehovah's Witnesses and their unique ways of practicing their faith.Much of their attitude is reflected in their slogans, “Religion is a Racket,” “Religion is a Snare,” and “Millions Now Living Will Never Die.” With a fine neutrality, they consign to the leaping flames all existing religious beliefs other than their own, although they are especially antagonistic to Roman Catholicism. Followers of “Pastor” Charles Taze Russell and “Judge” Joseph Frederick Rutherford, they are serene in their belief that the second coming of Christ is due momentarily, that there is no time to build churches, and that the “witness work” must be carried on by the direct method of calling on people in their homes, distributing pamphlets and playing records on portable phonographs describing their publications and beliefs for the edification of whomsoever will listen.
Parties, Partisanship, and Public Policy in the Pennsylvania Legislature
Authors: Keefe William J. 
Published: May 2006

A significant result of the report “Toward A More Responsible Two-Party System” has been the marked growth of interest in the American party system. It is nevertheless true that our knowledge about the way in which party systems function is far from complete. An area promising fruitful research and presenting many hypotheses susceptible of systematic inquiry is that of the role of party organizations in the legislative process.It is the purpose of this article to examine the legislative role of political parties in the Pennsylvania General Assembly; more precisely, to measure their influence in the formation of the state's public policies in one session of the legislature. The most recent completed session at the time of this study was that of 1951—the longest session in state history.In order to evaluate the impact of party upon legislation, the concept of a “party vote” has been used. This is merely an operating definition by which to measure differences in party attitudes on questions subjected to roll-call votes on the floor. The assumption was made that the interests of the parties can be established best by analyzing the voting behavior of their membership. Questions to which partisan significance is attached will find the parties aligned against each other.
Fast Propene Dimerization Using Upper Rim‐Diphosphinated Calix[4]arenes as Chelators
Authors: Lejeune Manuel , Sémeril David , Jeunesse Catherine , Matt Dominique , Lutz Pierre , Toupet Loïc 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe complexes [NiBr2⋅1] and [NiBr2⋅2], containing the upper rim‐diphosphinated calixarenes 5,17‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene (1) and 5,17‐dibromo‐11,23‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene (2) were assessed as propene dimerization catalysts. Combined with methylaluminoxane, both complexes result in highly efficient dimerization catalysts displaying C6 selectivities in the range 80–97% and activities that compare with the best reported systems, the latter using PCy3 as ligand. The origin of the remarkable activities of the calixarene derivatives may be the ability of the diphosphine to undergo a periodic bite angle increase that incidentally favors the insertion step. Calixarenes such as 1 or 2, which each incorporate two “stable” Ph2PAr moieties, constitute interesting alternatives to the use PCy3 in propene dimerization.
Homo‐ and Cross‐Olefin Metathesis Coupling of Vinylphosphane Oxides and Electron‐Poor Alkenes: Access to P‐Stereogenic Dienophiles
Authors: Vinokurov Nikolai , Michrowska Anna , Szmigielska Anna , Drzazga Zbigniew , Wójciuk Grzegorz , Demchuk Oleg M. , Grela Karol , Pietrusiewicz K. Michał , Butenschön Holger 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVinylphosphane oxides6undergo catalytic olefin homo‐metathesis leading to achiral and P‐stereogenic diphosphane dioxides7with exclusive (E)‐selectivity. Similarly, EWG‐substituted vinylphosphane oxides11, 12could be prepared with complete (E)‐olefin selectivityviaolefin cross‐metathesis with electron‐deficient substrates, such as methyl acrylate and 2‐fluorostyrene, using nitro‐Hoveyda ruthenium precatalystIII. Cross‐ and homo‐metathesis of chiral non‐racemic vinylphosphane oxides proceeds without racemization of the phosphorus center of chirality.
Radial artery as an autologous cell source for valvular tissue engineering efforts
Authors: Johnston Danielle E. , Boughner Derek R. , Cimini Massimo , Rogers Kem A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo create a viable tissue‐engineered aortic valve, it is important to identify suitable autologous cell sources that may be seeded onto a biocompatible scaffold. This study focused on the radial artery (RA) as one possible source, investigated optimal culture conditions, and determined the usefulness of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a scaffold for tissue‐engineering. Porcine RA cells were cultured on either two‐dimensional (2D) 100‐mm dishes or three‐dimensional (3D) 1‐cm2 SIS sheets, producing cell–scaffold composites (CSCs). Both 2D and 3D cultures were maintained in either Medium 199 (M199) or endothelial growth media (EGM) to determine optimal growth conditions. Cellular phenotype and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) profiles were determined by immunoblotting of cell lysates and zymography of conditioned media, respectively. Cellular invasion was analyzed immunohistochemically on CSC tissue sections. We show that the RA contains phenotypes consistent with those found in the normal aortic valve. EGM, compared with M199, promotes the invasion and remodeling of SIS by RA cells, which is crucial in the process of replacing the foreign tissue scaffold prior to implantation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the RA is a suitable source for the generation of a tissue‐engineered valve. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Diversity attitudes and norms: the role of ethnic identity and relational demography
Authors: Linnehan Frank , Chrobot‐Mason Donna , Konrad Alison M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study investigated attitudes and subjective norms related to workplace diversity initiatives and intentions to engage in diversity‐related behaviors in a sample of 852 public service employees. Participants completed a survey measuring behavioral intentions, attitudes, belief‐based norms, ethnic identity achievement, and demographic characteristics. Comparisons were made between people of color and Whites as well as between those with high and low ethnic identity achievement. Results showed a triple interaction among supervisor race, employee race, and employee ethnic identity achievement. Specifically, among people of color with high ethnic identity achievement, having a supervisor of color was more strongly associated with positive views of subjective norms toward inclusive behavior, understanding others, and treating others with respect than among people of color with low ethnic identity achievement. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.