bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavour characteristics of peanut cultivars developed for southwestern United States
Authors: Ng Ee Chin , Dunford Nurhan T. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe main focus of many of the peanut breeding programs is to achieve agronomic improvements over existing cultivars. However, it is also important that desirable sensory characteristics of the peanut varieties are at least maintained during this process. The main objective of this study is to examine flavour characteristics of peanut cultivars developed through traditional breeding. Flavour and aroma evaluations were performed by a trained descriptive sensory panel and a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) equipped with an olfactory detector. The peanut samples were also analysed for their moisture, ash, protein, sugar and oil composition. Sensory analysis carried out by trained panellists showed that there were only minor differences among the peanut cultivars examined in this study. Florunner had high roasted peanut (5.13) and low total off‐flavour (0.88) scores when rated on a zero to fifteen intensity scale. Results of the olfactory evaluation of the peanut cultivars support the sensory tests conducted on the same samples by trained panellists.
Continuous monitoring of yoghurt fermentation using a noble metal electrode array
Authors: Bjorklund Robert B. , Magnusson Christian , Mårtensson Per , Winquist Fredrik , Krantz‐Rülcker Christina 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn electrochemical probe containing gold, platinum and rhodium working electrodes was used to monitor yoghurt production in a pilot facility. Three commercial starting cultures at 40, 42 and 44 °C transformed milk having 1.5% fat content to mild yoghurt products. The electrochemical changes in the broth during fermentation were recorded as current responses from pulse voltammetry over the electrodes. Principal component analysis of the responses generated two‐dimensional score plots describing the qualitative fermentation progressions. Two distinct fermentation pathways were observed leading to similar final products. The pH was recorded during the fermentations and the data was used as reference values for creating a partial least squares model for prediction of pH as an example of a quantitative application for the sensor. The relative mean squared error for validation of the model using four probes interchangeably was about 2%. The probe was constructed of materials approved for use in the food industry and did not require a standard glass reference electrode.
Low back pain: prevalence and associated risk factors among hospital staff
Authors: Karahan Azize , Kav Sultan , Abbasoglu Aysel , Dogan Nevin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTitle.  Low back pain: prevalence and associated risk factors among hospital staff.Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to describe the prevalence and risk factors for lower back pain amongst a variety of Turkish hospital workers including nurses, physicians, physical therapists, technicians, secretaries and hospital aides.Background.  Hospital workers experience more low back pain than many other groups, the incidence varies among countries. Work activities involving bending, twisting, frequent heavy lifting, awkward static posture and psychological stress are regarded as causal factors for many back injuries.Method.  A 44‐item questionnaire was completed by 1600 employees in six hospitals associated with one Turkish university using a cross‐sectional survey design. Data were collected over nine months from December 2005 to August 2006 and analysed using Chi square and multivariate logistic regression techniques.Findings.  Most respondents (65·8%) had experienced low back pain, with 61·3% reporting an occurrence within the last 12 months. The highest prevalence was reported by nurses (77·1%) and the lowest amongst secretaries (54·1%) and hospital aides (53·5%). In the majority of cases (78·3%), low back pain began after respondents started working in the hospital, 33·3% of respondents seeking medical care for ‘moderate’ low back pain while 53·8% (n = 143) had been diagnosed with a herniated lumbar disc. Age, female gender, smoking, occupation, perceived work stress and heavy lifting were statistically significant risk‐factors when multivariate logistic regression techniques were conducted (P < 0·05).Conclusion.  Preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of lower back pain, such as arranging proper rest periods, educational programmes to teach the proper use of body mechanics and smoking cessation programmes.
Subjective side effects of antipsychotics and medication adherence in people with schizophrenia
Authors: McCann Terence V. , Clark Eileen , Lu Sai 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTitle.  Subjective side effects of antipsychotics and medication adherence in people with schizophrenia.Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to describe the prevalence of antipsychotic medication side effects in individuals with schizophrenia, and to assess if a relationship existed between side effects and medication‐taking.Background.  Non‐adherence to antipsychotics is common in people with schizophrenia. There is a direct relationship between non‐adherence and relapse, but it is unclear if an association exists between side effects and non‐adherence.Method.  The Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side‐effect Rating Scale was used with a convenience sample of 81 mental health service users with schizophrenia. Participants were recruited from one urban and one rural area in Australia in 2004. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and nonparametric statistical methods based on the nature of data.Findings.  Around 20% of participants had missed taking their medication at least once in the week before data collection. About half experienced one or more side effects, but the level of accumulated side effects was not associated with medication omission. Older participants were more likely to experience anticholinergic and allergic side effects than their younger counterparts. Younger women were more likely to experience hormone‐related side effects than older women. Overall, medication omission was not statistically significantly correlated with any of the seven Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side‐effect Rating Scale subscales.Conclusion.  Greater attention needs to be paid to age‐ and gender‐specific side effects and to monitoring side effects in people prescribed atypical medication antipsychotics. Service users, case managers and prescribers may need additional training to assist them to identify side effects and to take steps to ameliorate or at least minimize their effects.
Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition: initial validation of the Korean version
Authors: Hyun Myung‐Sun , Nam Kyoung‐A , Kang Hee Sun , Reynolds William M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTitle.  Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition: initial validation of the Korean version. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to test the validity and reliability of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition in Korean culture.Background.  Depression is a significant mental health problem in adolescents. The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition has been shown to be a useful tool to assess depression in adolescents, with extensive research on this measure having been conducted in western cultures. Measures developed in western cultures need to be tested and validated before being used in Asian cultures.Method.  The participants were a convenience sample of 440 Korean adolescents with a mean age of 13·78 years (sd = 0·95) from grades 7 to 9 in three public middle schools in South Korea. A cross‐sectional design was used. Back‐translation was used to create the Korean version, with additional testing for cultural meaning and comprehension. The data were collected at the end of 2004.Results.  Internal consistency reliability for the Korean version of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition was 0·89, with subscale reliability ranging from 0·66 to 0·81. Evidence for criterion‐related, convergent and discriminant validity for the Korean version of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition was found. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 4‐factor structure of Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition.Conclusion.  Our results support the validity and reliability for the Korean version of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale – Second Edition as a measure of depression and suggest that it can be used to screen students and to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions in school settings.
Determinants of quality of life for older people living with a disability in the community
Authors: Murphy Kathy , Cooney Adeline , Shea Eamon O. , Casey Dympna 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTitle.  Determinants of quality of life for older people living with a disability in the community. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to identify the determinants of quality of life for older people with a disability living in the community and to construct a model to explain these.Background.  There is no consensus in the literature as to the meaning of quality of life. Few studies have focused on the determinants of quality of life for people with a disability.Methods.  A grounded theory study was conducted between 2005 and 2006, using semi‐structured interviews to collect data. The constant comparative technique was used to analyse data. The sample comprised 122 older people with one of six disabilities: stroke (n = 20), arthritis (20), depression (20), vision and hearing deficits (20), learning disability (24) or dementia (18) who were living in the community.Findings.  A model of the factors that determine quality of life of older people with a disability was developed. ‘Living well’ was conceptualized as the core category. The potential to ‘live well’ was influenced by foundation, mediating and facilitating/constraining factors. Quality of life of older people with a disability was revealed as a complex mix of these factors.Conclusion.  Quality of life cannot be fully understood unless the totality of factors that have an impact on and shape perceptions are taken into account. The model implies that good support from nurses, a focus on a person’s abilities and access to information and connectedness to others can make a difference and may help people cope in a better way.
Tropical nematode diversity: vertical stratification of nematode communities in a Costa Rican humid lowland rainforest
Authors: POWERS T. O. , NEHER D. A. , MULLIN P. , ESQUIVEL A. , GIBLIN‐DAVIS R. M. , KANZAKI N. , STOCK S. P. , MORA M. M. , URIBE‐LORIO L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractComparisons of nematode communities among ecosystems have indicated that, unlike many organisms, nematode communities have less diversity in the tropics than in temperate ecosystems. There are, however, few studies of tropical nematode diversity on which to base conclusions of global patterns of diversity. This study reports an attempt to estimate nematode diversity in the lowland tropical rainforest of La Selva Biological Research Station in Costa Rica. We suggest one reason that previous estimates of tropical nematode diversity were low is because habitats above the mineral soil are seldom sampled. As much as 62% of the overall genetic diversity, measured by an 18S ribosomal barcode, existed in litter and understorey habitats and not in soil. A maximum‐likelihood tree of barcodes from 360 individual nematodes indicated most major terrestrial nematode lineages were represented in the samples. Estimated ‘species’ richness ranged from 464 to 502 within the four 40 × 40 m plots. Directed sampling of insects and their associated nematodes produced a second set of barcodes that were not recovered by habitat sampling, yet may constitute a major class of tropical nematode diversity. While the generation of novel nematode barcodes proved relatively easy, their identity remains obscure due to deficiencies in existing taxonomic databases. Specimens of Criconematina, a monophyletic group of soil‐dwelling plant‐parasitic nematodes were examined in detail to assess the steps necessary for associating barcodes with nominal species. Our results highlight the difficulties associated with studying poorly understood organisms in an understudied ecosystem using a destructive (i.e. barcode) sampling method.
Bacterial toxin YafQ is an endoribonuclease that associates with the ribosome and blocks translation elongation through sequence‐specific and frame‐dependent mRNA cleavage
Authors: Prysak Meredith H. , Mozdzierz Christopher J. , Cook Angela M. , Zhu Ling , Zhang Yonglong , Inouye Masayori , Woychik Nancy A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryToxin–antitoxin (TA) systems on the chromosomes of free‐living bacteria appear to facilitate cell survival during intervals of stress by inducing a state of reversible growth arrest. However, upon prolonged stress, TA toxin action leads to cell death. They have been implicated in several clinically important phenomena – bacterial persistence during antibiotic treatment, biofilm formation and bacterial pathogenesis – and serve as attractive new antibiotic targets for pathogens. We determined the mode of action of the YafQ toxin of the DinJ–YafQ TA system. YafQ expression resulted in inhibition of translation, but not transcription or replication. Purified YafQ exhibited robust ribonuclease activity in vitro that was specifically blocked by the addition of DinJ. However, YafQ associated with ribosomes in vivo and facilitated rapid mRNA degradation near the 5′ end via cleavage at AAA lysine codons followed by a G or A. YafQ(H87Q) mutants lost toxicity and cleavage activity but retained ribosome association. Finally, LexA bound to the dinJ–yafQ palindrome and triggered module transcription after DNA damage. YafQ function is distinct from other TA toxins: it associates with the ribosome through the 50S subunit and mediates sequence‐specific and frame‐dependent mRNA cleavage at 5′AAA – G/A3′ sequences leading to rapid decay possibly facilitated by the mRNA degradosome.
Aureobasidin A arrests growth of yeast cells through both ceramide intoxication and deprivation of essential inositolphosphorylceramides
Authors: Cerantola Vanessa , Guillas Isabelle , Roubaty Carole , Vionnet Christine , Uldry Danièle , Knudsen Jens , Conzelmann Andreas 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAll mature Saccharomyces cerevisiae sphingolipids comprise inositolphosphorylceramides containing C26:0 or C24:0 fatty acids and either phytosphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. Here we analysed the lipid profile of lag1Δlac1Δ mutants lacking acyl‐CoA‐dependent ceramide synthesis, which require the reverse ceramidase activity of overexpressed Ydc1p for sphingolipid biosynthesis and viability. These cells, termed 2Δ.YDC1, make sphingolipids containing exclusively dihydrosphingosine and an abnormally wide spectrum of fatty acids with between 18 and 26 carbon atoms. Like wild‐type cells, 2Δ.YDC1 cells stop growing when exposed to Aureobasidin A (AbA), an inhibitor of the inositolphosphorylceramide synthase AUR1, yet their ceramide levels remain very low. This finding argues against a current hypothesis saying that yeast cells do not require inositolphosphorylceramides and die in the presence of AbA only because ceramides build up to toxic concentrations. Moreover, W303lag1Δlac1Δypc1Δydc1Δ cells, reported to be AbA resistant, stop growing on AbA after a certain number of cell divisions, most likely because AbA blocks the biosynthesis of anomalous inositolphosphorylsphingosides. Thus, data argue that inositolphosphorylceramides of yeast, the equivalent of mammalian sphingomyelins, are essential for growth. Data also clearly confirm that wild‐type strains, when exposed to AbA, immediately stop growing because of ceramide intoxication, long before inositolphosphorylceramide levels become subcritical.
Does soil nitrogen influence growth, water transport and survival of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel.) under CO2 enrichment?
Authors: ATWELL BRIAN J. , HENERY MARTIN L. , BALL MARILYN C. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel. (snow gum) was grown under ambient (370 µL L−1) and elevated (700 µL L−1) atmospheric [CO2] in open‐top chambers (OTCs) in the field and temperature‐controlled glasshouses. Nitrogen applications to the soil ranged from 0.1 to 2.75 g N per plant. Trees in the field at high N levels grew rapidly during summer, particularly in CO2‐enriched atmosphere, but suffered high mortality during summer heatwaves. Generally, wider and more numerous secondary xylem vessels at the root–shoot junction in CO2‐enriched trees conferred fourfold higher below‐ground hydraulic conductance. Enhanced hydraulic capacity was typical of plants at elevated [CO2] (in which root and shoot growth was accelerated), but did not result from high N supply. However, because high rates of N application consistently made trees prone to dehydration during heatwaves, glasshouse studies were required to identify the effect of N nutrition on root development and hydraulics. While the effects of elevated [CO2] were again predominantly on hydraulic conductivity, N nutrition acted specifically by constraining deep root penetration into soil. Specifically, 15–40% shallower root systems supported marginally larger shoot canopies. Independent changes to hydraulics and root penetration have implications for survival of fertilized trees under elevated atmospheric [CO2], particularly during water stress.
Circadian clock‐ and phytochrome‐regulated Dof‐like gene, Rdd1, is associated with grain size in rice
Authors: IWAMOTO MASAO , HIGO KENICHI , TAKANO MAKOTO 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTWe report here on the characterization of a putative Dof transcription factor gene in rice (Oryza sativa) –rice Dof daily fluctuations 1 (Rdd1). Daily oscillations in Rdd1 expression were retained after transferring to continuous dark (DD) or light (LL) conditions, indicating circadian regulation. However, Rdd1 showed arrhythmic expression in etiolated coleoptiles. Experiments revealed that the Rdd1 transcript accumulated up to 1 h after transferring from DD to LL conditions and decreased thereafter. We examined Rdd1 expression using phytochrome (phy)‐deficient mutants, and the results showed that phyA and most likely phyB contributed to the regulation of Rdd1 expression. To further examine the role of Rdd1, transgenic rice plants were produced that carried Rdd1 in either a sense (RDD1‐S) or antisense (RDD1‐AS) orientation, driven by a constitutive promoter. The expression of endogenous Rdd1 in response to far‐red light was found to be modified in RDD1‐AS plants compared with wild‐type (WT) or RDD1‐S plants. In addition, RDD1‐AS plants were smaller and flowered later than WT or RDD1‐S plants; decreases in grain length, width and 1000‐grain weight were also recorded. This study demonstrates that Rdd1 is a circadian clock and phy‐regulated gene, which is associated with grain size in rice.
Arabidopsis NF‐YB subunits LEC1 and LEC1‐LIKE activate transcription by interacting with seed‐specific ABRE‐binding factors
Authors: Yamamoto Akiko , Kagaya Yasuaki , Toyoshima Ryoko , Kagaya Michiko , Takeda Shin , Hattori Tsukaho 
Published: February 2009

Summary LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1) plays vital roles in the regulation of seed maturation in Arabidopsis. LEC1 encodes a homolog of yeast HAP3 or mammalian NF‐YB/CBF‐A subunit of trimeric CCAAT binding factor (CBF). Among the nine paralogs of NF‐YB in Arabidopsis, LEC1‐LIKE (L1L) is most closely related to LEC1, and can complement the lec1 mutation when expressed under the control of the LEC1 promoter. Although the nature of the B3‐type seed maturation regulators as transcription factors have been investigated, knowledge of the molecular action of LEC1 is limited. When co‐expressed with NF‐YC2 in the presence of ABA, we found that LEC1 or L1L, but not other NF‐YBs, activated the promoter of CRUCIFERIN C (CRC), which encodes a seed storage protein. However, additional expression of an NF‐YA subunit interfered with the activation. The LEC1/L1L‐[NF‐YC2] activation depended on ABA‐response elements present in the promoter, which led to the finding that LEC1/L1L‐[NF‐YC2] can strongly activate the CRC promoter in the absence of ABA when co‐expressed with a seed‐specific ABA‐response element (ABRE)‐binding factor, bZIP67. Functional coupling of LEC1/L1L‐[AtNF‐YC2] and bZIP67 was also observed in the regulation of sucrose synthase 2 (SUS2). Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that L1L and bZIP67 formed a protein complex in vivo. These results demonstrate a novel plant‐specific mechanism for NF‐Y subunit function that enables LEC1 and L1L to regulate a defined developmental network.
Rice OPEN BEAK is a negative regulator of class 1 knox genes and a positive regulator of class B floral homeotic gene
Authors: Horigome Ayako , Nagasawa Nobuhiro , Ikeda Kyoko , Ito Momoyo , Itoh Jun‐Ichi , Nagato Yasuo 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNumerous genes are involved in the regulation of plant development, including those that regulate floral homeotic genes, We identified two recessive allelic rice mutants, open beak‐1 (opb‐1) and opb‐2, which exhibited pleiotropic defects in leaf morphogenesis, inflorescence architecture, and floral organ identity. Abnormal cell proliferation was observed in the leaves and spikelets, and ectopic or overexpression of several class 1 knox genes was detected; thus, the abnormal cell proliferation in opb mutants is probably caused by ectopic class 1 knox gene expression. The opb mutants also had defects in floral organ identity, resulting in the development of mosaic organs, including gluminous lodicules, staminoid lodicules, and pistiloid stamens. These results, together with the reduced expression of a class B gene, indicate that OPB positively regulates the expression of class B genes. Map‐based cloning revealed that OPB encodes a transcription factor that is orthologous to the Arabidopsis JAGGED gene and is expressed in leaf primordia, inflorescence meristem, rachis branch meristems, floral meristem, and floral organ primordia. Taken together, our data suggest that the OPB gene affects cellular proliferation and floral organ identity through the regulation of class 1 knox genes and floral homeotic genes.
The mode of interaction between Vitis and Plasmopara viticola Berk. & Curt. Ex de Bary depends on the host species
Authors: Jürges G. , Kassemeyer H.‐H. , Dürrenberger M. , Düggelin M. , Nick P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn order to obtain insight into host responses to grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), we compared pathogen development on a panel of Vitis species from North America, Asia and Europe. Leaf discs from different host species were inoculated in parallel, and the colonisation of the mesophyll was visualised by aniline blue staining and quantified with respect to infection incidence and mycelial growth. In parallel, the morphology of guard cells was screened for the presence of an internal cuticular rim after staining with acridine orange and using low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy. We observed three response patterns: (i) inhibition of pathogen development early after attachment of zoospores; (ii) successful colonisation of the mesophyll by the pathogen; and (iii) aberrant development, where the pathogen does not attach to guard cells, but produces hyphae on the leaf surface without formation of viable sporangiophores. Inhibition is observed in the North American and Siberian species, successful colonisation prevails in the European hosts, and surface hyphae are found on non‐Siberian Asiatic species. We propose that the interaction between host and pathogen is under control of specific signals that have been subject to evolutionary diversification.