bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi solitary waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Martel Yvan , Merle Frank 
Published: July 2006

We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in

\mathbb{R}^{d}

for any

d \geq 1

, with a nonlinearity such that solitary waves exist and are stable. Let

R_{k}(t,x)

be

K

arbitrarily given solitary waves of the equation with different speeds

v_{1},v_{2},…,v_{K}

. In this paper, we prove that there exists a solution

u(t)

of the equation such that

\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow + \infty }\left\|u(t)−\sum \limits_{k = 1}^{K}R_{k}(t)\right\|_{H^{1}} = 0.

Résumé

On considère l'équation de Schrödinger nonlinéaire dans

\mathbb{R}^{d}

pour tout

d \geq 1

, avec une nonlinéarité telle que des ondes solitaires existent et sont stables. Soit

R_{k}(t,x)

,

K

ondes solitaires de l'équation données arbitrairement, avec des vitesses différentes

v_{1},v_{2},…,v_{K}

. Dans ce papier, on démontre qu'il existe une solution

u(t)

de l'équation telle que

\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow + \infty }\left\|u(t)−\sum \limits_{k = 1}^{K}R_{k}(t)\right\|_{H^{1}} = 0.
Ground states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with potentials
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Zeng Jing , Li Yongqing 
Published: July 2006

In this paper we study the nonlinear Schrödinger equation:

\left\{\begin{matrix} −\mathrm{\Delta }u + V(x)u = f(x,u), \\ u∊H^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{N}\right). \\ \end{matrix}\right.

We give general conditions which assure the existence of
ground state solutions
. Under a Nehari type condition, we show that the standard Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz super-linear condition can be replaced by a more natural super-quadratic condition.

Résumé
Dans cet article nous étudions l'équation non-linéaire de Schrödinger :

\left\{\begin{matrix} −\mathrm{\Delta }u + V(x)u = f(x,u), \\ u∊H^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{N}\right). \\ \end{matrix}\right.

Nous donnons les conditions générales qui garantissent l'existence de solutions d'énergie minimale. Sous une condition de type Nehari, nous démontrons que la condition super-linéaire d'Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz peut être remplacée par une condition super-quadratique plus naturelle.
Toll‐like receptor 4 modulates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury: Role of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Stapel Heidi , Kim Se‐Chan , Osterkamp Steffen , Knuefermann Pascal , Hoeft Andreas , Meyer Rainer , Grohé Christian , Baumgarten Georg 
Published: July 2006

AbstractToll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates innate immune responses following endotoxemia and myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pre‐treatment with the major TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduces infarct size. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) play a crucial role in endotoxemia possibly also determining I/R injury.Aims:We investigated the influence of TLR4 on infarct size and assessed the influence of MMP and TIMP regulation on I/R injury.Methods:Left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion was performed on wild‐type (C3H/HeN) and TLR4‐deficient (C3H/HeJ) mice. Animals were stimulated with LPS (1mg/kg) or PBS 16h ahead of 60min LAD ligation. After 24h of reperfusion, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was performed and infarct size was measured by planimetry. MMP‐ and TIMP‐mRNA expression were determined by RPA after 3h of reperfusion. MMP zymographic activity was monitored 6h after occlusion.Results:TLR4‐deficient mice and LPS‐treated wild‐type mice showed significantly reduced infarct areas. LPS‐stimulation significantly increased the overall MMP/TIMP mRNA expression ratio due to elevated MMP‐3, −8, −9, and TIMP‐1 in wild‐type mice. I/R overall reduced the MMP/TIMP ratio due to increased MMP‐1, TIMP‐1, and −3 mRNA expression.Conclusions:LPS pre‐treatment and TLR4‐deficiency led to a decreased infarct size. However, infarct area and MMP/TIMP ratio were not correlated. This means that in TLR4‐deficient mice MMP/TIMP ratios are not determining the infarct size.
The effect of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in men with heart failure
Authors: Malkin Chris J. , Jones T. Hugh , Channer Kevin S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResistance to insulin occurs in chronic heart failure (CHF) and is related to prognosis. Studies of testosterone in non‐(CHF) males suggest that physiological testosterone therapy improves insulin sensitivity. This was a single‐blind placebo controlled crossover trial to determine the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin sensitivity in 13 men with moderate to severe CHF (ejection fraction 30.5±1.3). The primary outcome was the homeostatic model index (HOMA‐IR) of fasting insulin sensitivity and secondary outcomes were body composition as measured by bioelectrical impedance and glucose tolerance to a standard 75 g oral glucose load. Analysis was performed on the delta values with the treatment effect of placebo compared with that of testosterone.At baseline HOMA‐IR correlated with measures of body fat [% fat mass (rP=0.84, p=0.0001) and body mass index (rP=0.79, p=0.01)] but not with CHF severity. Testosterone reduced HOMA‐IR (–1.9±0.8, p=0.03) indicating improved fasting insulin sensitivity. Testosterone also increased total mass (+1.5±0.5 kg, p=0.008) and decreased body fat (–0.8±0.3%, p=0.02).Testosterone improves fasting insulin sensitivity in men with CHF and may also increase lean body mass, these data suggest a favourable effect of testosterone on an important metabolic component of CHF.
Mutational screening of phospholamban gene in hypertrophic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and functional study of the PLN –42 C>G mutation
Authors: Medin Maria , Hermida‐Prieto Manuel , Monserrat Lorenzo , Laredo Rafael , Rodriguez‐Rey Jose Carlos , Fernandez Xustox , Castro‐Beiras Alfonso 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground:Phospholamban is an endogenous sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase inhibitor with a regulatory effect on cardiac contraction/relaxation coupling. Mutations in the phospholamban gene (PLN) have been associated with primary cardiomyopathies.Aims:To screen for PLN mutations in our population of patients with primary cardiomyopathies and to perform functional analysis of the mutations identified.Methods:We performed SSCP mutational screening and DNA sequencing of the PLN gene in 186 patients with either hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. To study promoter strength we constructed reporter plasmids containing the luciferase gene and performed transient transfection analysis in C6 and C2C12 cell lines.Results:The PLN –42 C>G mutation was found in one patient with late onset familial apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This mutation decreased phospholamban promoter activity by 43% and 47%, in C6 and C2C12 cell lines respectively. One son had mild apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and carried the mutation, another son with normal ECG and echocardiogram also had the mutation.Conclusion:The PLN –42 C>G mutation is associated with a benign form of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in this family, though the presence of a healthy adult carrier suggests that other genetic and environmental factors could be involved. Otherwise, mutations in the PLN gene are not a frequent cause of cardiomyopathies in our population.
Unexplained week‐to‐week variation in BNP and NT‐proBNP is low in chronic heart failure patients during steady state
Authors: Schou Morten , Gustafsson Finn , Nielsen Per H. , Madsen Lene H. , Kjaer Andreas , Hildebrandt Per R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground:The usefulness of brain‐natriuretic‐peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal‐pro‐brain‐natriuretic‐peptide (NT‐proBNP) for monitoring of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients has been questioned because of high levels of unexplained variation.Aims:Week‐to‐week total variance (CVT), unexplained variation (CVI), reference change values (RCV), index of individualities (IOI) and number of samples (N) with week‐to‐week intervals needed to estimate the underlying homeostatic set point (15%) for BNP and NT‐proBNP were calculated in pre‐specified stable CHF patients.Methods and results:We measured plasma concentrations of BNP and NT‐proBNP, clinical and laboratory variables in 20 CHF patients with a 7‐days interval. Only patients considered to be in steady state were included. The CVI was 15% (BNP) and 8% (NT‐proBNP). CVT was 16% (BNP) and 8% (NT‐proBNP) and RCV was 43% (BNP) and 23% (NT‐proBNP). IOI was 0.14 for BNP and 0.03 for NT‐proBNP and N was 1 for BNP and 1 for NT‐proBNP.Conclusions:Our data demonstrate that unexplained variation of BNP and NT‐proBNP is low in CHF patients during steady state, which is a prerequisite for the use of these peptides for monitoring of the disease.
A systematic review: Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in patients with a myocardial infarction and in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Abdulla Jawdat , Barlera Simona , Latini Roberto , Kjoller‐Hansen Lars , Sogaard Peter , Christensen Erik , Kober Lars , Torp‐Pedersen Christian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground and aimTo summarize and quantify results of echocardiographic studies examining the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on left ventricular remodelling in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).MethodsSystematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis of eligible studies providing data on end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were performed.ResultsData from 16 eligible studies were meta‐analysed. The results of studies including patients with MI and preserved LVEF (>45%) showed no significant benefit of ACE inhibition. Results of studies/subgroups with mean LVEF ≤45% demonstrated significant differences in diastolic and systolic volumes of 3.0 (0.1, 6.0) ml and 2.25 (0.04, 4.4) ml in short‐term (4–14 weeks) follow‐up in favour of ACE inhibitor, p=0.041 and p=0.046 respectively. In the long‐term (6–12 months) follow‐up, the differences in diastolic and systolic volumes were 4.2 (0.98, 7.4) ml and 3.3 (0.9, 5.8) ml in favour of ACE inhibitor, p=0.01 and p=0.007 respectively. LVEF improved in both short and long‐term follow‐up, p=0.034 and p=0.021, respectively.ConclusionChronic use of ACE inhibition has a small but sustained and beneficial effect on remodelling in patients with myocardial infarction and patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction.
Acetylcholine stimulated dilatation and stretch induced myogenic constriction in mesenteric artery of rats with chronic heart failure
Authors: Xu Y. , Henning R.H. , Lipsic E. , van Buiten A. , van Gilst W.H. , Buikema H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRats with chronic heart failure (CHF) develop increased myogenic constriction in mesenteric resistance arteries. Here we investigated increased myogenic constriction in relation to alterations in EDHF‐ and NO‐mediated dilatation in CHF‐rats.Male Spraque–Dawley rats were subjected to myocardial‐infarction or sham‐surgery. At 9–10 weeks after surgery, isolated mesenteric artery ring preparations were studied in a wire‐myograph. Stretch‐induced myogenic constriction was obtained by stepwise increase of the internal circumference diameter (0.5–1.2 L100). Cyclooxygenase‐ and eNOS‐inhibitors were employed to study NO‐ and EDHF‐mediated dilatation in response to acetylcholine.Rats with CHF (n=8), but not sham‐rats (n=6), developed significant myogenic constriction. In addition, the contribution of endothelial dilator mediators was significantly altered in CHF‐rats, with increased dependency on NO and decreased EDHF‐mediated dilatation. Moreover, EDHF‐mediated dilatation was inversely correlated with myogenic constriction in individual CHF‐rats (r=−0.74, p=0.04).These data demonstrate increased myogenic constriction in mesenteric arteries of rats with CHF post‐MI to be correlated to decreased EDHF‐mediated dilatation. These findings extend the previous observation that myogenic constriction antagonizes EDHF‐mediated dilatation in rat coronary artery under normal conditions, and suggests this relationship also to become functional in mesenteric arteries under pathophysiological conditions of CHF.
A review of Pacific salmon hatchery programmes on Hokkaido Island, Japan
Authors: Morita Kentaro , Saito Toshihiko , Miyakoshi Yasuyuki , Fukuwaka Masa-aki , Nagasawa Toru , Kaeriyama Masahide 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hatchery programmes involving the mass release of cultured fish have been implemented worldwide to supplement wild populations and to increase harvests. Hokkaido Island is one of the most active regions for Pacific salmon hatchery programmes, with ca. 1.2 billion (109) juveniles released annually along a coastline of ca. 3000 km. During the last quarter of the 20th century, coastal catches of chum and pink salmon increased dramatically, whereas those of masu salmon did not. In addition to the development of hatchery technologies, several possible hypotheses may explain these catch trends, including climate change, closing of high-seas fisheries, rehabilitation of water quality, habitat loss caused by damming and channelling, and increased pressure from recreational fisheries. Even when these other factors have been accounted for, it is difficult to evaluate whether all hatchery programmes have actually increased net populations. To use these programmes more effectively, it is necessary to evaluate both their river- and species-specific benefits and compare hatchery programmes with other management tools, such as fishery controls and habitat rehabilitation. Future hatchery programmes should incorporate active, adaptive learning approaches to minimize the risks associated with artificial propagation and to promote sustainable salmon stocks.
Genetic history of the population of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., under restoration in the Connecticut River, USA
Authors: Ayllon Fernando , Martinez Jose L. , Juanes Francis , Gephard Stephen , Garcia-Vazquez Eva 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Connecticut River lost its Atlantic salmon population as a result of human activity 200 years ago. Cultured stocks, derived mainly from the Penobscot River, were employed to restore the population, and an annual run of salmon has been successfully re-established, although the population is not yet self-sustaining. We examined variation at microsatellite loci in historical scale and modern tissue samples to evaluate the degree and direction of any genetic changes that have occurred in the introduced population. The current genetic pattern of the Connecticut River population is very similar to that of its Penobscot River donor population. We found no differences in heterozygosity, mean number of alleles per locus, number of migrants, or FST values between the two populations, suggesting that no genetic bottlenecks had occurred during the restoration programme.
Evidence of temporal genetic change in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., populations affected by farm escapees
Authors: Skaala Øystein , Wennevik Vidar , Glover Kevin A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA large number of farmed Atlantic salmon escape from sea cages and hatcheries annually. Selection programmes and domestication have changed the genetic composition of farmed salmon to improve their performance in the culture environment, which apparently occurs at the cost of their fitness in the natural environment. Therefore, gene flow from farmed salmon to wild salmon populations may have altered the genetic composition of wild salmon populations. To investigate the temporal genetic stability in seven wild Norwegian salmon populations, genetic profiles were produced from historical and contemporary scale samples. Historical and contemporary samples of salmon from the Namsen, Etne, Opo, Vosso, Granvin, Eio, and Hå Rivers were genotyped at the following eight microsatellite loci: Ssa13.37, Ssa28, SsOSL85, Ssa197, Ssa20.19, SsaF43, Ssa202, and Ssa85. A significant change in genetic profiles was observed over time in the Opo, Vosso, and Eio Rivers, but no changes in genetic profiles were observed in the Namsen, Etne, Granvin, and Hå Rivers. A small reduction in FST values and genetic distances among populations was observed in the contemporary samples compared with the historical samples, indicating a eduction in population differentiation over time.
Exceptional marine survival of pink salmon that entered the marine environment in 2003 suggests that farmed Atlantic salmon and Pacific salmon can coexist successfully in a marine ecosystem on the Pacific coast of Canada
Authors: Beamish Richard J. , Jones Simon , Neville Chrys-Ellen , Sweeting Ruston , Karreman Grace , Saksida Sonja , Gordon Elysha 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Juvenile pink salmon that entered a marine ecosystem along the eastern margin of Queen Charlotte Strait in 2003 and returned as adults in 2004 had very high marine survival. The early seaward migration and midsummer rearing in 2003 were in an area containing 16 active Atlantic salmon farms. Two species of sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi, were commonly found on farmed salmon and juvenile Pacific salmon during the early rearing period of the pink salmon. Mobile L. salmonis and C. clemensi were most abundant on farmed Atlantic salmon from February to May and on pink salmon in June. Chalimus stages were the dominant stages on pink salmon to the end of May. Mobile stages of C. clemensi were the dominant stages and species of sea louse on farmed Atlantic salmon and pink salmon at about the same time in June. DNA studies showed that local juvenile pink salmon were in the area until August. The exceptional returns of the brood year suggest that pink salmon populations and farmed Atlantic salmon coexisted successfully during 2003 within an environment that included sea lice and farmed Atlantic salmon. The processes responsible for the high marine survival cannot be identified with certainty, but they could include increased freshwater discharge in 2003, which may have resulted in lower salinity less favourable to sea louse production, increased inflow of nutrient-rich water to the study area, and the introduction of a Provincial Action Plan that required mandatory louse monitoring and established a fallowed migration corridor for pink salmon.
Survival and growth of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., treated against sea lice before release
Authors: Skilbrei Ove T. , Wennevik Vidar 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cultured Atlantic salmon smolts were treated with Slice®, orally administered emamectin benzoate, before release in the Dale River, western Norway, to study the potential effects of sea lice during the early stages of their marine phase. In all, 10 470 treated and untreated (control) fish from ten family groups were adipose fin-clipped, coded-wire tagged, and released on three different dates in 2002 (11 May, 25 May, and 7 June), which coincided with the natural smolt run. The percentage of released smolts recaptured as one-sea-winter salmon in 2003 did not differ between the treated and untreated groups released on the two dates in May 2002, but the recapture rate of fish from the treated group released on 7 June 2002 was almost twice that of the controls. The weights of the recaptured one-sea-winter salmon tended to decline from the first to the third release date, and one-sea-winter salmon from the treated groups were approximately 15% heavier than the controls. The difference in recapture rate between the treated and untreated groups increased after inclusion of the two-sea-winter and three-sea-winter salmon recaptured in 2004 and 2005, respectively. We conclude that the infestation level of salmon lice changed from non-lethal to lethal levels during the period of the smolt migration in 2002 and that non-lethal infestation levels may adversely affect Atlantic salmon populations by reducing the growth rate of fish and, consequently, their size at spawning.
Fetal development of membrane water channel proteins aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4 in the human brain
Authors: Gömöri Éva , Pál József , Ábrahám Hajnalka , Vajda Zsolt , Sulyok Endre , Seress László , Dóczi Tamás 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4, water channel membrane proteins reported in both experimental animals and in adult humans, have been detected in different, non‐overlapping areas of the central nervous system. This immunohistochemical study describes the developmental expression pattern of the water channel membrane proteins, aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4, in various structures of human fetal brain over the gestational period of 14–40 weeks.Aquaporin‐1 immunostaining was exclusively found in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus from the 14th gestational week, and the staining pattern altered slightly over time. At week 14, immunostaining appeared only in the apical cell membranes. By the 18th gestational week, the entire plasma membrane of these apical cells was immunopositive, as well as was the cytosol. These changes in immunoreactivity indicate an increasing production of aquaporin‐1 in the epithelial cells during the period between the 14th and 24th weeks of gestation.Aquaporin‐4 immunostaining was first detected in the archicortex, from gestational week 14 and was detected in the neocortex, 6–7 weeks later. Immunostained structures were always astrocytes, particularly the astrocytic endfeet in the ventricular wall, at the developing ependymal lining, at the pial surface, and around the capillaries. Neuronal labeling was not observed.These results in human fetal brain lend morphological support to the previous findings that aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4 play different roles in the regulation of the water homeostasis of the brain.
Sublingual vs. vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor
Authors: Feitosa F.E.L. , Sampaio Z.S. , Alencar C.A. , Amorim M.M.R. , Passini R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective: To compare sublingual with vaginal misoprostol for the induction of labor. Methods: This double‐blind clinical trial randomized 150 women to receive every 6 h 25 μg of sublingual misoprostol and vaginal placebo or 25 μg of vaginal misoprostol and sublingual placebo. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. The significance level was 5%. Results: Vaginal delivery rates were 57% in the sublingual group and 69% in the vaginal group (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6–1.1). There were 11 cases of fetal distress in the sublingual group and 4 cases in the vaginal group (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 0.9–8.2). There were no significant differences in the number of doses needed, interval between first dose and delivery, incidence of contractility disturbances, or neonatal results. Conclusion: The administration of misoprostol 25 μg by the sublingual route was neither more effective nor safer than the same dose administered vaginally.