bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BODY WEIGHT and GROWTH OF JUVENILE MALE NORTHERN FUR SEALS, CALLORHINUS URSINUS
Authors: Baker Jason D. , Fowler Charles W. , Antonelis George A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA mark‐recapture study conducted in 1987–1992 provided weight measurements of juvenile male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska, at ages ranging from approximately 1.5 mo to 5 yr. Males born in 1987 tended to weigh less at ages 3 and 4 yr than those born in other years. Weights of individuals at ages 2, 3, and 4 yr were significantly correlated with their weights as pups (P < 0.05). Weights at ages 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and 4 and 5 yr were significantly correlated (P < 0.001), although weight changes with age were highly variable. Data indicate that larger than average male pups born during 1987–1990 were more likely to survive, but this effect was less evident than among pups born during 1960–1965 when average pup weights were lower.
OBSERVATIONS OF FLORIDA MANATEES(TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS) AROUND SELECTED POWER PLANTS IN WINTER
Authors: Reynolds John E. , Wilcox J. Ross 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSixty‐four aerial surveys were flown during cold, winter weather between December 1982 and February 1772 to provide an index of trends in abundance of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)around five Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) plants. The surveys documented high winter use of warm‐water discharges at four of the plants (Canaveral, Riviera. Port Everglades, and Fort Myers). The total number of manatees sighted at the five primary plants surveyed during a single survey ranged from 6 to 765 manatees (x̄= 330 ± 45 manatees per survey): thus, up to 41% of the total Florida manatee minimum population of 1.850 animals may be found on cold days at FPL plants. The number of calves sighted at the plants during winter has decreased; similarly, for three consecutive years (winter 1989–1970 through winter 1991–1992), the percentage of the manatees that are calves sighted at the plants has decreased. Although data from the surveys of FPL plants do not necessarily reflect what may be happening with manatees located elsewhere in Florida, a possible reduction in calf numbers, coupled with increasing numbers of dead calves being documented by scientists involved in manatee carcass salvage work, is cause for concern in this slow‐reproducing, endangered species.
CROSS‐REACTIVITY OF ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN ANTIGENS WITH TISSUES OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, USING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Kumar Dhruv , Cowan Daniel F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCross‐species reactivity of 53 antibodies developed against human antigens was evaluated in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, using immunoperoxidase techniques, Strong cross‐reactivity was demonstrated with antibodies against intermediate filaments, most hormones, but few leukocyte antigens. S100, NSE, F8RA, Factor XIIIa, and lactalbumin antibodies reacted, while HMB45, EMA, PLAP, and PSA did not. Polyclonal antibodies are much more likely to cross‐react than are monoclonal antibodies. Twenty‐four of 30 (80%) of polyclonals cross‐reacted, while only 10 of 23 (43.5%) monoclonals cross‐reacted. Some antigens are demonstrated only after using a special technique to unmask the antigen.
AGE and SEX COMPOSITION OF THE STRIPED DOLPHIN DIE‐OFF IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: Calzada Nuria , Lockyer Christina H. , Aguilar Alex 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDuring the morbillivirus epizootic that affected the Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba)in 1990–1992, several thous and individuals are believed to have died. In order to determine the segments of the population that were affected by the event, the sex‐ and age‐frequency distributions of the animals that were washed ashore on the Spanish coasts were studied. The age of the animals was determined by counting dentine growth layer groups in the teeth. The results obtained indicate that both sexes were affected similarly by the disease and that the population component that suffered the largest mortality was that of sexually mature individuals, although substantial mortality of calves, probably still dependent on their mothers, was also observed. Juveniles, in contrast, appeared to be only slightly affected by the epizootic. This pattern of mortality is not consistent with the epidemiology of morbillivirus infections previously observed in other mammals. Possible explanations of this particular age distribution include behavioral factors, increased susceptibility to the disease in adults due to the effects of pollution, high temperatures and decreased food availability, or allopatric geographical distribution of population components and, therefore, of their associated mortality.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN FOOD INTAKE OF HARP SEALS (PHOCA GROENLANDICA) AT 69°N
Authors: Lager A. R. , Nordøy E. S. , Blix A. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFood intake (PI), body mass (BM), and compartmental growth were recorded for 12 mo in four captive 2–4‐yr‐old male harp seals (Phoca groenlandica), exposed to an artificial light regime that closely resembled natural day length at 69°. In early May before molting, both FZ and BM decreased in all four animals. Total body fat (TBF) declined from 51% of BM in March (n = 4) to 30% in August (n = 2), while total body water (TBW) concomitantly increased from 37% to 51% and total body protein (TBP) from 11% to 17%. In July FI started to increase, while BM started to increase in August. TBF increased while TBW and TBP decreased from August, all three parameters reaching a stable level in October at 47%, 39%, and 12%, respectively. Thereafter, body composition was maintained rather constant until May. Between October and March/April FI fluctuated for all animals, while BM showed a fairly steady increase. Average daily amount of capelin consumed was 2.67 kg·d−1, equivalent to 25,600 kJ·d−1, or 343 kJ·kg−1·d−1.
CONCENTRATIONS OF ESTRONE SULFATE and PROGESTERONE IN PLASMA and SALIVA, VAGINAL CYTOLOGY, and BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE OF THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL (MONACHUS SCHAUNSLAnDI)
Authors: Pietraszek J. , Atkinson S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBlood and saliva samples, vaginal swabs, and bioelectric impedance measurements were collected 1–3 times per week from a captive adult female Hawaiian monk seal (Monacbus schauinslandi) during the spring and summer of 1991. During 1992 saliva only was collected on average 4 times weekly. Concentrations of progesterone and estrone sulfate, and the periodic appearance of cornified epithelial cells from the vagina indicated consecutive estrous cycles ranging 35 ± 3 days in duration. Progesterone concentrations in plasma and saliva had a correlation of 0.868, while estrone sulfate had a correlation of 0.982. Bioimpedance of the whole seal body resulted in a pattern similar to the estrone sulfate concentrations, but shifted forward by 2 d. Bioimpedance of the upper vaginal tissues paralleled the estrone sulfate pattern while the bioimpedance of the lower reproductive tract fluctuated without a distinct pattern. The luteal phase ranged 17–20 d and the follicular phase was 15–18 d in length. These results indicate that: (1) the Hawaiian monk seal, in captivity, is a polyestrous seal, in contrast to other phocid seals that have been studied; (2) salivary concentrations of estrogen and progesterone may provide an accurate, less‐invasive method of monitoring reproductive hormones in captive Hawaiian monk seals; and (3) vaginal cytology and bioelectric impedance reflect physiological changes associated with the estrous cycle.
HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) PREDATION ON SEINED SALMONIDS IN THE LOWER KLAMATH RIVER, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Stanley William T. , Shaffer Kevin E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFeeding activity of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) was monitored while the California Department of Fish and Game seined and tagged migrating adult salmonids between 1984 and 1988. The number of predations observed each week of observation was significantly correlated with the number of fish seined during that week. There was a significantly higher number of predations observed on days when seining took place than on days when no seining occurred. Our observations suggest that most, if not all, predations we observed on days when seining occurred involved fish that had been recently seined and released. The estimated percentage of seined fish taken by seals was relatively constant over the five years of the study, ranging from 3.1% to 5.5%. Various strategies for reducing the level of predation on seined salmonids in the lower Klamath River are discussed.
SURVIVAL OF FIVE SPECIES OF CAPTIVE MARINE MAMMALS
Authors: Small Robert J. , Demaster Douglas P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSurvival in captivity was calculated for 1,707 bottlenose dolphins (BD), 72 killer whales (KW), 73 white whales (WW), 3,090 California sea lions (CSL), and 47 Steller sea lions (SSL) based on data in the Marine Mammal Inventory Report (MMIR) of the NMFS. Mean annual survival rates (ASRs) between 1988 and 1992 were 0.951, 0.937, and 0.954 for BD, KW, and WW, respectively, and 0.952 and 0.969 for CSL and SSL, respectively. These estimates represent significant increases in survival for both BD and CSL over the last 5 yr. Using all of the MMIR data (1940–1992), the ASR of BD calves (< 1 yr of age) was significantly less than the ASR of non‐calves (0.666 vs.948, 0.001). Similarly, the ASR of CSL pups (< 1 yr of age) was significantly less than survival of non‐pups (0.858 vs.962, 0.001). Survival of captive‐born CSL was significantly higher than those born in the wild (0.962 vs.945, 0.003), but the difference was not significantly different for BD (0.948 vs.944, 0.60). For non‐calf BD and KW, captive animals survived at a slightly lower rate (BD 0.944 vs.961, = 0.07; KW 0.938 vs.976, 0,001) than animals in the wild (BD: Wells and Scott 1990, KW: Olesiuk 1990). Survival of captive non‐pup SSL was slightly higher (0.968 vs.930) than animals in the wild (York 1994, life‐table analyses). Survival rates were significantly different among institutions for BD calves and non‐calves, CSL pups and non‐pups, and SSL non‐pups.
SATELLITE‐MONITORED MOVEMENTS AND DIVE BEHAVIOR OF A BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) IN TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA
Authors: Mate Bruce R. , Rossbach Kelly A. , Nieukirk Sharon L. , Wells Randall S. , Blair Irvine A. , Scott Michael D. , Read Andrew J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn adult, female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trucncatus) was radio tagged and monitored via satellite‐based Argos receivers for 25 d from 28 June to 23 July 1990, in Tampa Bay, Florida. A total of 794 transmissions were obtained during 106 satellite passes. A mean of 3.9 (SE = 0.24) locations/day were determined by Service Argos and showed the animal remained in the bay, usually close to the southeastern shore. The dolphin moved at least 581 km at a minimum mean speed of 1.2 (SE = 0.1) km/h. Data from 63, 922 dives were recorded. The animal spent an average of 87.1 (SE = 0.6)% of the time submerged, with a mean dive duration of 25.8 (SE = 0.5) sec. Mean dive duration differed significantly between four periods of the day, as did the mean percent of time spent submerged. During the early morning the animal spent more time at the surface, averaged shorter dives, and was submerged less than other times of day. This is the first study to demonstrate die1 dive cycles in a bottlenose dolphin. Four months after tag loss, the dolphin was photographed with no evidence of necrosis or disfigurement of the dorsal fin. Satellite telemetry was demonstrated as an effective means of documenting the movements and dive behavior of a small inshore cetacean.
APPARENT BOTTOM FEEDING BY HUMPBACK WHALES ON STELLWAGEN BANK
Authors: Hain James H. W. , Ellis Sara L. , Kenney Robert D. , Clapham Phillip J. , Gray Belinda K. , Weinrich Mason T. , Babb Ivar G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHumpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, on Stellwagen Bank off eastern Massachusetts, U.S.A., apparently bottom feed on northern sand lance, Ammodytes dubius. The feeding behavior is characterized by the whales brushing the bottom in depths of less than 40 m, causing sand lance burrowed in the bottom to be flushed up into the water column. The greatest densities of sand lance were in beds of shells and shell debris, termed “shell hash.” The brushing against or along the bottom, particularly in these shell hash areas, caused the humpbacks to acquire abrasions and wounding, sometimes rather extensive, of the lateral lower jaw, and lateral and dorso‐lateral upper jaw, here termed “jaw scuffing.” Scuffing of the dorsal fin and fluke edges was also common and may be at least partially related to this feeding behavior. Both mature and immature, and male and female, humpbacks exhibited jaw scuffing. The bottom‐feeding behavior was not exclusive, as jaw‐scuffed individuals were also observed to use other feeding behaviors. In recent years (1991‐1993), however, bottom feeding appears to have become relatively more common, particularly among young animals. Overall, in the Stellwagen Bank area between 1979 and 1993, a majority of the population engaged in, or had engaged in, bottom feeding and the associated prey flushing.
QUANTITATIVE BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN SWIM‐WITH‐DOLPHIN PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Samuels AMY , Spradlin Trevor R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe behavior of dolphins in four Swim‐With‐Dolphin programs was compared by type of Swim encounter, defined by the presence (“Controlled“) or absence (“Not‐Controlled“) of explicit trainer regulation of interactions between dolphins and human swimmers. Dolphin‐swimmer interactions involving aggressive, submissive, or sexual behavior were designated as “high‐risk” in the Swim context; sexual behavior was included as high‐risk based on analyses that demonstrated co‐occurrence of sexual and agonistic behaviors. High‐risk activity comprised a substantial proportion of dolphin‐swimmer social activity during Not‐Controlled Swims. In contrast, high‐risk activity rarely occurred during Controlled Swims, even though agonistic and sexual behaviors were normal components of the same dolphins’ free‐time social repertoire. These results indicated that direct trainer control of dolphin‐swimmer interactions virtually eliminated high‐risk activity from the Swim context, and thereby diminished the potential for dolphin distress, swimmer injury, and rejection of dolphins from Swim programs due to swimmer injury. This study illustrates effective use of quantitative behavioral sampling techniques for evaluation of captive management concerns and promotes broader use of these techniques for a better understanding of cetacean behavior.
A CETACEAN BIOPSY SYSTEM USING LIGHTWEIGHT PNEUMATIC DARTS, AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF KILLER WHALES
Authors: Barrett‐Lennard LanceG. , Smith Tom G. , Ellis Graeme M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLightweight untethered pneumatic darts were used to biopsy killer whales, Orcinus orca, for genetic and toxicological analysis. Samples of epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal tissue weighing approximately 0.5 g were obtained by 65% of the 91 darts fired during the study. Sufficient DNA for multiple analyses was extracted from the biopsies, which were also used for fatty acid and toxic contaminant analyses. Reactions such as momentary shakes or accelerations were observed after 81% of the dart hits and 53% of the misses. Aversion to the research vessel was assessed by reapproaching target whales after the sampling attempts. In 6% of the hits and 8% of the misses aversion to the research boat increased immediately following the attempt. No similar increases in aversion were seen when killer whales were reapproached one day to one year after being hit. The darts were also tested successfully on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. In view of the simplicity of the system, its effectiveness in acquiring multipurpose samples, and the apparently short‐term disturbance it caused, it is recommended for future cetacean biopsy studies.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS, STEROID HORMONES, AND POST‐THAWING VIABILITY OF FROZEN SPERMATOZOA OF MALE MINKE WHALES (BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA)
Authors: Fukui Y. , Mogoe T. , Jung Y. G. , Terawaki Y. , Miyamoto A. , Ishikawa H. , Fujise Y. , Ohsumi S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSpermatozoa from 21 mature minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) taken in the Antarctic Ocean for Japanese research were recovered from vasa deferentia, diluted 1:9 in a Tris‐based diluent, and frozen at ‐ 80°C on board the vessel. After a period ranging from 45 to 125 d, the samples were transferred to liquid nitrogen and transported to the laboratory. After thawing at 37°C the motility (percentage of motile spermatozoa), vitality (proportion of live spermatozoa), and sperm concentration were determined for each sample. These values were tested for correlations with morphological measurements (body size, body weight, testis weight) and serum concentrations of progesterone (Pd), estradiol‐17β (E2), and testosterone (T). Ten of 21 samples had motile spermatozoa (2%‐40%). Although no motile spermatozoa were observed in 1.1 samples, all sperm samples were examined by eosinnigrosin staining and showed vitality levels of 3%44%. It was found that the motility (Y = 0.54) and vitality (r = 0.53) of the spermatozoa were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the E2 levels (8.50 ± 1.80 pg/ml). Serum T levels (0.07 ± 0.02 ngml) were significantly correlated with the E2 levels (r = 0.58, P < 0.01>, but sperm concentrations were not correlated with either Ea or T levels. The present study demonstrates that spermatozoa of minke whales can be successfully cryopreserved.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A cDNA ENCODING INTERLEUKIN 2 FROM THE FLORIDA MANATEE,TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS
Authors: Cashman Mary E. , Ness Traci L. , Roess William B. , Bradley W. Guy , Reynolds John E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInterleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production is essential for optimal mammalian immune response; therefore, a cDNA encoding IL‐2 was isolated and characterized for the endangered Florida manatee,Trichechus manatus latirostris. The manatee IL‐2 cDNA was cloned by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers derived from IL‐2 regions conserved among various mammalian species. Manatee IL‐2 cDNA consisted of 450 base pairs encoding a predicted product of 150 amino acid residues and displayed 87%, 82%, 79%, 78%, 75%, and 73% DNA sequence homology and 74%, 69%, 63%, 62%, 61%, and 57% amino acid sequence homology with human, pig, sheep, cow, rat, and mouse IL‐2, respectively.
“PUSHY” BEHAVIOR IN A WILD DOLPHIN FEEDING PROGRAM AT TANGALOOMA, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Orams Mark B. , Hill Greg J. E. , Baglioni Anthony J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA program where wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are fed by tourists in shallow water adjacent to a wharf has been established at Tangalooma, Queensland, Australia. Up to nine dolphins attend the nightly feedings, and between 60 and 80 resort guests are permitted to hand feed these dolphins each night. Since this program began in 1992, the dolphins have increased in confidence and have started, at times, to make forceful contact with guests who enter the water to feed them. This paper categorizes such behavior as “pushy” and reports on a study which quantifies the “pushiness” of the dolphins which feed at Tangalooma. The study examines ecological variables which may determine how pushy the dolphins are at different feeding sessions. The number of dolphins attending a particular feeding significantly increases the pushiness. In addition, the presence of adult males at a feeding is likely to increase pushing. Tidal state also influences how pushy the dolphins are. At low tide, when the dolphins’mobility is restricted by the water depth, they are less likely to be pushy. Given the problems experienced in a number of other situations where wild animals are fed by humans, it is important to monitor carefully the escalation of pushy behavior in this dolphin feeding program, as it may be a precursor to more aggressive actions on the part of the dolphins.
DURATION OF STEREOTYPED UNDERWATER VOCAL DISPLAYS BY MALE ATLANTIC WALRUSES IN RELATION TO AEROBIC DIVE LIMIT
Authors: Nowicki S. N. , Stirling Ian , Sjare Becky 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDuring the breeding season from January to mid‐April, adult male Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) dive repeatedly for an average duration of 4–6 min and give stereotyped underwater vocal displays. Between dives, they surface for 1–2 min, take 4–6 breaths, and give stereotyped vocalizations between breaths. Male walruses vocalize in the presence of groups of females and calves, young adult males, or by themselves as lone singers. This pattern is repeated throughout the breeding season and can be maintained for extended periods, sometimes exceeding 48 h. The prolonged underwater vocal displays of male walruses seem possible because the animals do not exceed the aerobic dive limit (ADL), estimated to be 9.8 min for a 1,100‐kg animal, nor do they exceed the behavioral ADL of 7.9 min, determined from the histogram of dives for males singing alone. The number of breaths taken after dives and the postdive surface times remained fairly constant despite dive duration, suggesting that the walruses remained within their aerobic dive limits. The duration of most dives made by displaying males vocalizing alone during the breeding season, and dive duration of walruses feeding for protracted periods outside the breeding season, are both roughly half the estimated ADL.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RISSO'S DOLPHIN (GRAMPUS GRISEUS) WITH RESPECT TO THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Baumgartner Mark F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe distribution of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) was examined with respect to two physiographic variables, water depth and depth gradient (sea floor slope), in the northern Gulf of Mexico, using shipboard and aerial survey data collected from 1992 to 1994. Univariate x2 analyses demonstrated that Risso's dolphins are distributed non‐uniformly with respect to both depth and depth gradient. A bivariate analysis of the shipboard data indicated that Risso's dolphins utilize the steep sections of the upper continental slope in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This narrow core habitat is in waters bounded by the 350‐m and 975‐m1 isobaths with depth gradients greater than 24 m per 1.1 km and consists of only 2% of the surface area of the entire Gulf of Mexico. Sighting rates inside this region were nearly 5 and 6 times the average for the shipboard and aerial surveys, respectively. Of the groups sighted outside this region, 40% (shipboard) and 73% (aerial) were encountered within 5 km of it. Since it is unlikely that the physiography alone can attract dolphins, oceanographic mechanisms that may concentrate prey along the steep upper continental slope are discussed. The implications of this distribution, including potential prey species, foraging strategies, and impacts of proposed mineral exploration and development, are also considered.