bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young Bodies and Religion: Exploring the Role of Religion in Child Abuse
Authors: Botha Pieter J.J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this article possible connections between religious discourse and child abuse are explored. It would be dangerously naive to consider religion as either irrelevant to or as the cure for the problem of child abuse. The assumption of a direct connection between religion and society is criticised, and a plea is made for rethinking and re-evaluating any straightforward claims for religion promoting moral integrity and providing solutions for child abuse. It is suggested that by considering the complex and indirect interrelationship of religion and mundane, daily life, the involvement of religion in this terrible problem can be dealt with in a more constructive manner and a contribution to a worthwhile turnabout may become possible.
Appropriating Historical Jesus Research in Africa
Authors: Craffert Pieter F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study starts with a brief overview of the variety of images of Jesus found in African Christianity. African Christianity (like Christianity all over the world) has many ingenious and creative ways of going about the figure of Jesus, of which the quest for what Jesus can do for Africans and the inculturation of Jesus in African images represent the main trends. Although historical Jesus research receives almost no attention in African scholarship, it is argued that a historical understanding of Jesus within his own cultural setting can pick up many clues from the study of religious specialists in African traditional religions (ATRs). From such an approach, Jesus as historical figure can not only be described as similar to typical religious practitioners in many ATRs, but it offers a new avenue for inter-religious dialogue in Africa.
A Contemporary Exegesis At the Edges of Chaos
Authors: Bloomquist L. Gregory 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBiblical exegesis continues to work under the aegis of assumptions that have been associated with it since the late critical period. I identify primary ones: a posture of objectivity toward the biblical text that purports simply to find in the text what is already there and an approach to the text that abstracts it from the real life experience of human persons. Using socio-rhetorical analysis, I show how ideological analysis undercuts the first assumption, that of passivity toward the text and false modesty toward the exegetical process. Using the same analysis, I show how it is possible to re-enflesh the text to overcome the second problem. This re-enfleshment leads me to reflect on ways that socio-rhetorical analysis accords with contemporary scientific explorations of 'complexity, which emerges on the edge of chaos. I conclude with a call to adopt exegetical practices that can exist on and grow with such a complexity and to see the shortcomings of those practices that adopt an artificial truncation of the process, a truncation that can only be understood as 'death'in contrast with 'life'.
Olanzapine and risperidone prescriptions for people with dementia in care
Authors: Malone Darren , Bradley Paul , Lindesay James 
Published: November 2007

AIMS AND METHODTo determine what has happened to care home residents with dementia who were on risperidone or olanzapine prior to the Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) guidance, and to compare with a previous audit of the practice within a community mental health team (CMHT) for older people. Residents with dementia were identified from 10 randomly selected care homes in Leicestershire, and prescriptions before and 9 months after the CSM guidance were assessed. Carers were interviewed to determine who was reviewing residents and how often a review occurred.RESULTSIn total, 330 residents' medication charts were assessed; 164 (50%) had documentation which identified them as having a dementia; 75 of these residents with dementia (46%) were on an antipsychotic at some time during the audit period. Before CSM advice 69% (37 out of 54) of the antipsychotics prescribed to residents with dementia were either risperidone or olanzapine; this reduced to 39% (19 out of 49) after the CSM advice. Out of those who continued on risperidone or olanzapine, the majority were under GP care only (15 out of 19) and overwhelmingly seen on an as-required basis and infrequently. In two-thirds of cases the prescriptions for antipsychotics were for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Compared with the CMHT for older people, primary care was less successful at withdrawing risperidone or olanzapine.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSFurther research is needed to clarify what approach would be most acceptable and cost-effective to assist British GPs in the management of this patient population.
The ability of adolescent psychiatric units to accept emergency admissions: changes in England and Wales between 2000 and 2005
Authors: Cotgrove Andrew J. , McLoughlin Rachel , O'Herlihy Anne , Lelliott Paul 
Published: November 2007

AIMS AND METHODThe lead consultants of all adolescent in-patient psychiatric units in England and Wales were surveyed in 2000 and again in 2005, to determine whether they could admit young people in an emergency.RESULTSIn 2000, 51 of 64, and in 2005, 70 of 79 units responded. Although the number of units with dedicated ‘emergency admission beds’ had increased from 6 to 16, 34% of the total could never admit as an emergency in 2005 and 44% could never admit out of hours. The consultants estimated that, in 2005, they turned away 72% of referrals for emergency admission. Although 87% of consultants agreed that there should be emergency access to specialist adolescent psychiatric beds, concern was expressed that services are not configured to accept emergency admissions.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSThis problem is unlikely to be resolved by requiring units to accept both emergency and planned admissions. These groups have very different needs. Coherent and unified commissioning is needed to achieve equity of access to emergency beds, along with separate planned admission units and a range of alternative emergency services.
Phenotypic plasticity in female naked mole-rats after removal from reproductive suppression
Authors: Dengler-Crish Christine M. , Catania Kenneth C. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
Naked mole-rats are fossorial African rodents that live in large, eusocial groups. Adult subordinate female mole-rats are reproductively suppressed by the dominant breeding female in their colonies. As a result, subordinate females remain reproductively quiescent for their entire lives unless they are removed from the suppressive presence of the dominant female. This makes subordinate female mole-rats a tractable model for studying phenotypic plasticity. We measured skeletal growth of subordinate, suppressed females as they changed reproductive status. After housing subordinate female mole-rats separately from their home colonies, these animals experienced a growth surge that dramatically increased their body mass and length. After removal from reproductive suppression, females showed an 82% increase in body mass and a 37% increase in the length of their lumbar spines. The lumbar vertebrae were the only skeletal structures that exhibited this puberty-like growth. After colony separation, body mass and lumbar vertebrae growth rates peaked and remained elevated for several weeks before returning to control levels –suggestive of a puberty-like `growth spurt'. Although previous studies have characterized pregnancy-induced lumbar spine elongation in female mole-rats,we demonstrate a significant change in the body morphology of female mole-rats after removal from reproductive suppression but before the first pregnancy.
Nitrergic modulation of an oviposition digging rhythm in locusts
Authors: Newland Philip L. , Yates Paul 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYIn locusts, a central pattern generator underlies the rhythmic movements of the ovipositor valves that serve to drive the abdomen into damp soil in order to lay eggs. We have investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the control of this oviposition digging rhythm. NO increases the frequency of the rhythm by acting via sGC to elevate cGMP, which in turn acts viaPKG. Increasing exogenous NO levels using the NO donors SNAP and PAPANONOate increased the cycle frequency of the fictive digging rhythm, as did increasing endogenous NO by bath application of the substrate for NOS, l-arginine. On the other hand, application of the NO scavenger PTIO decreased the cycle frequency, indicating that NO must normally exert a continuous and dynamic role on the central pattern generator underlying the oviposition rhythm. Inhibiting the main molecular target of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase, with ODQ reduced the cycle frequency of the rhythm,suggesting that NO mediated its effects via sGC and cyclic GMP. Further evidence for this was produced by bath application of 8-Br-cGMP, which increased the frequency of the rhythm. Bath application of the generic protein kinase inhibitor and a selective PKG inhibitor, H-7 and KT-5823, respectively,reduced the frequency of the rhythm, suggesting that PKG acted as a target for cGMP. Thus, we conclude that NO plays a key role in regulating the frequency of the central pattern generator controlling rhythmic egg-laying movements in locusts by acting via sGC/cGMP–PKG.
Octopamine partially restores walking in hypokinetic cockroaches stung by the parasitoid waspAmpulex compressa
Authors: Rosenberg Lior Ann , Glusman Jose Gustavo , Libersat Frederic 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYWhen stung by the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa, cockroaches Periplaneta americana enter a hypokinetic state that is characterized by little, if any, spontaneous locomotor activity. In the present study we investigate the effect of an octopamine receptor agonist and an antagonist on the locomotor behavior of stung and control cockroaches. We show that in cockroaches stung by a wasp the octopamine receptor agonist chlordimeform induces a significant increase in spontaneous walking. In good agreement, in control individuals an octopamine receptor antagonist significantly reduces walking activity. Adipokinetic hormone I (AKH-I) promotes spontaneous walking in controls but does not do so in stung individuals, which suggests that the venom effect is most probably not mediated by AKH-I. Dopamine receptor agonists or antagonists had no significant effect on the spontaneous walking of stung or control cockroaches, respectively. The effect of the octopamine receptor agonist was maximal when injected into the brain, suggesting that the wasp venom interferes with octopaminergic modulation of walking initiation in central structures of the cockroach brain.
Returning on empty: extreme blood O2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins
Authors: Ponganis P. J. , Stockard T. K. , Meir J. U. , Williams C. L. , Ponganis K. V. , van Dam R. P. , Howard R. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYBlood gas analyses from emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) at rest, and intravascular PO2 profiles from free-diving birds were obtained in order to examine hypoxemic tolerance and utilization of the blood O2 store during dives. Analysis of blood samples from penguins at rest revealed arterial PO2s and O2 contents of 68±7 mmHg (1 mmHg= 133.3 Pa) and 22.5±1.3 ml O2dl–1 (N=3) and venous values of 41±10 mmHg and 17.4±2.9 ml O2 dl–1 (N=9). Corresponding arterial and venous Hb saturations for a hemoglobin (Hb)concentration of 18 g dl–1 were &gt;91% and 70%,respectively. Analysis of PO2 profiles obtained from birds equipped with intravascular PO2electrodes and backpack recorders during dives revealed that (1) the decline of the final blood PO2 of a dive in relation to dive duration was variable, (2) final venous PO2 values spanned a 40-mmHg range at the previously measured aerobic dive limit (ADL; dive duration associated with onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation), (3) final arterial, venous and previously measured air sac PO2 values were indistinguishable in longer dives, and (4) final venous PO2 values of longer dives were as low as 1–6 mmHg during dives. Although blood O2 is not depleted at the ADL, nearly complete depletion of the blood O2 store occurs in longer dives. This extreme hypoxemic tolerance, which would be catastrophic in many birds and mammals, necessitates biochemical and molecular adaptations,including a shift in the O2–Hb dissociation curve of the emperor penguin in comparison to those of most birds. A relatively higher-affinity Hb is consistent with blood PO2values and O2 contents of penguins at rest.
Vehicle dynamics of a high-speed passenger car due to aerodynamics inside tunnels
Authors: Diedrichs B , Berg M , Stichel S , Krajnović S 
Published: November 2007

High train speeds inside narrow double-track tunnels using light car bodies can reduce the ride comfort of trains as a consequence of the unsteadiness of the aerodynamics. This fact was substantiated in Japan with the introduction of the series 300 Shinkansen trains more than a decade ago, where the train speed is very high also in relatively narrow tunnels on the Sanyo line. The current work considers the resulting effects of vehicle dynamics and ride comfort with multi-body dynamics using a model of the end car of the German high-speed train ICE 2. The present efforts are different from traditional vehicle dynamic studies, where disturbances are introduced through the track only. Here disturbances are also applied to the car body, which conventional suspension systems are not designed to cope with. Vehicle dynamic implications of unsteady aerodynamic loads from a previous study are examined. These loads were obtained with large eddy simulations based on the geometry of the ICE 2 and Shinkansen 300 trains. A sensitivity study of some relevant vehicle parameters is carried out with frequency response analysis (FRA) and time domain simulations. A comparison of these two approaches shows that results which are obtained with the much swifter FRA technique are accurate also for sizable unsteady aerodynamic loads. FRA is, therefore, shown to be a useful tool to predict ride comfort in the current context. The car body mass is found to be a key parameter for car body vibrations, where loads are applied directly to the car body. For the current vehicle model, a mass reduction of the car body is predicted to be most momentous in the vicinity of 2 Hz.
A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Screening for Language Delay in Toddlers: Effects on School Performance and Language Development at Age 8
Authors: van Agt Heleen M.E. , van der Stege Heleen A. , de Ridder-Sluiter Hanneke , Verhoeven Ludo T. W. , de Koning Harry J. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of screening and early treatment of preschool children for language delay on language development and school performance at age 8.
METHODS. A cluster-randomized, controlled trial and follow-up study of 55 child health centers in 6 geographic regions were conducted from January 2002 to September 2005. A total of 9419 children who were from the general population and aged 15 months at entry were studied. School type end school progress was known for 5406 (57.4%) children. In the intervention group, a structured screening instrument was conducted twice (at ages 15/18 and 24 months), and usual care was applied in the control group. The screening instrument consisted of a uniform set of questions for the parents and test elements for the child. A positive screen result was followed by multidisciplinary assessments at speech and hearing centers and subsequent early treatment if needed. Percentages of children who attended a special school, repeated a class because of language problems, and scored low on standardized language tests, in intention-to-screen analyses, were measured.
RESULTS. At age 8, 2.7% in the intervention group and 3.7% in the control group attended a special school, 6.1% vs 4.9% had repeated a grade, 8.8% vs 9.7% had deficient oral language performance, 4.7% vs 4.7% had deficient reading, and 2.8% vs 4.2% had deficient spelling.
CONCLUSIONS. Screening toddlers for language delays reduces the number of children who require special education and leads to improved language performance at age 8. Nationwide implementation of the screening might be recommended.
To What Extent Do Educational Interventions Impact Medical Trainees' Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Industry-Trainee and Industry-Physician Relationships?
Authors: Carroll Aaron E. , Vreeman Rachel C. , Buddenbaum Jennifer , Inui Thomas S. 
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND. Recently, academic medical centers have been asked to take the lead in voluntarily instituting more stringent regulations regarding pharmaceutical industry interactions not only with physicians but also with medical trainees.OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to summarize the recent literature regarding the impact of educational interventions and regulatory policies on trainee perceptions of pharmaceutical industry interactions and/or pharmaceutical industry–related trainee behavior.METHODS. We searched Medline and the bibliographies of review articles for relevant studies. Articles published before the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education standards for commercial support of continuing medical education were issued in 1991 were excluded. Two reviewers selected empiric studies that (1) reported empiric data about educational interventions that were meant to shape trainee knowledge, attitudes, or practices concerning the pharmaceutical industry or (2) evaluated the impact of regulatory policies on trainee attitudes or behaviors.RESULTS. From 247 identified articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. In 2 of these studies, the impact of regulatory policies on trainee attitudes and/or behaviors was assessed. In the remaining 10 studies, the impact of various educational interventions developed by training programs or schools to shape trainee knowledge, attitudes, or practices concerning the pharmaceutical industry were evaluated.CONCLUSIONS. Although modest in size, a body of empirical research exists that might inform medical educators. Beyond institutional policy that excludes the pharmaceutical industry, the evidence reviewed suggests that well-designed seminars, role playing, and focused curricula can affect trainee attitudes and behavior, although it is not entirely clear whether these changes are sustainable over the long-term.
Comparison of Analgesic and Anti‐Inflammatory Efficacy of Selective and Non‐Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitors in Dental Implant Surgery
Authors: Karabuda Zihni Cuneyt , Bolukbasi Nilufer , Aral Ali , Basegmez‐Zeren Cansu , Ozdemir Tayfun 
Published: November 2007

Background: The analgesic and anti‐inflammatory efficacy of tenoxicam and meloxicam were evaluated in this double‐masked, randomized, prospective study by analyzing pain scores and the need for rescue‐analgesic agents following dental implant surgery.Methods: One hundred patients, in whom 241 dental implants were placed, were divided into two groups. For 4 days beginning the day before surgery, the first group received meloxicam, 15 mg daily, and the second group received tenoxicam, 20 mg daily, followed by 1 hour preoperatively and for 2 days thereafter. Pain intensity was rated by the subjects based on a visual analog scale on the operation day and on the following 6 days. The patients were recommended to use a rescue analgesic if the pain score was ≥4. Postoperative complications, such as edema, hematoma, infection, severe pain, paresthesia, or gastrointestinal complaints, were also noted.Results: Statistical analysis revealed that 54% of patients in the tenoxicam group and 66% of patients in the meloxicam group used rescue analgesics on day 1. However, the difference between the groups was not significant (χ2 = 1.05; P = 0.30). The relationship between the reduction of consumption and time was not significant in either group (Z = 0.84; P = 0.40). The relationship between the use of rescue analgesics and the number of implants placed was not significant. Among patients who reported postoperative complications, there was not a statistically significant difference between the groups (χ2 = 0.04; P = 0.84).Conclusion: Meloxicam and tenoxicam exhibited a similar analgesic and anti‐inflammatory efficacy in the present investigation.
Apoptosis and Expression of Caspase‐3 in Cyclosporin‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Bulut Sule , Özdemir B. Handan 
Published: November 2007

Background: The pathogenesis of epithelial thickening in gingival overgrowth remains obscure. Apoptosis plays an important role in maintaining tissue hemostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate apoptosis via immunohistochemical analyses in cyclosporin A–induced gingival overgrowth tissue samples to determine whether these processes play a role in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth.Methods: Gingival biopsies (one per person) were harvested from 22 renal transplant recipients (eight men and 14 women; mean age, 36.4 ± 13.3 years) who had been diagnosed with cyclosporin A–induced gingival enlargement and from 12 systemically healthy persons (seven men and five women; mean age, 27.0 ± 16.0 years) with plaque‐induced gingivitis. Distributions of caspase‐3 and apoptosis were determined immunologically.Results: Significant differences were found with regard to caspase‐3 levels and the extent of apoptosis between the cyclosporin A group and the control group. Plaque index, gingival index, and probing depths were significantly lower in the control group.Conclusion: The extent of keratinocyte apoptosis and decreased levels of caspase‐3 may be an important factor affecting the gingiva of kidney transplant recipients with cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Differences in Young People’s Reports of Sexual Behaviors According to Interview Methodology: A Randomized Trial in India
Authors: Jaya  , Hindin Michelle J. , Ahmed Saifuddin 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We compared reports of sexual behaviors given in standard face-to-face interviews with reports given in audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASIs) and culturally specific interactive interviews among adolescents in India. We sought to determine which of the interview methods leads to higher reporting of sexual behaviors among economically disadvantaged 15–19-year-olds in urban India. Methods. We conducted a randomized trial in which each participant (583 boys and 475 girls) was assigned to 2 interview methods: face-to-face interview and ACASI or interactive interview. We used matched case–control analyses to assess differences in the individual’s reporting on the 2 methods. Results. Female participants consistently reported fewer sexual behaviors in ACASIs than in face-to-face interviews, whereas male participants’ reports differed according to type of sexual behavior and interview mode. Both male and female participants reported more sexual behaviors during interactive interviews than during face-to-face interviews. Twenty-eight percent of male participants reported having engaged in heterosexual intercourse in interactive interviews, as compared with 20% in face-to-face interviews (P< .01); the corresponding percentages for female participants were 7% and 2% (P<.01). Conclusions. Our results showed that young people were more likely to report sexual behaviors in culturally specific interactive interviews than in face-to-face interviews. By contrast, ACASIs did not uniformly lead to higher reporting levels than did face-to-face interviews.