bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Synthetic Trioxolanes against Major Human Schistosome Species
Authors: Xiao Shu-Hua , Keiser Jennifer , Chollet Jacques , Utzinger Jürg , Dong Yuxiang , Endriss Yvette , Vennerstrom Jonathan L. , Tanner Marcel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that remains of considerable public health significance in tropical and subtropical environments. Since the mainstay of schistosomiasis control is chemotherapy with a single drug, praziquantel, drug resistance is a concern. Here, we present new data on the antischistosomal properties of representative synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes (OZs). Exposure of adult
Schistosoma mansoni
for 24 h to a medium containing 20 μg/ml OZ209 reduced worm motor activity, induced tegumental alterations, and killed worms within 72 h. While exposure of
S. mansoni
to OZ78 had no apparent effect, addition of hemin reduced worm motor activity and caused tegumental damage. Administration of single 200-mg/kg of body weight oral doses of OZ78, OZ209, and OZ288 to mice harboring a juvenile
S. mansoni
infection resulted in worm burden reductions of 82.0 to 95.4%. In the adult infection model in mice, single 400-mg/kg doses of these compounds resulted in a maximum total worm burden reduction of 52.2%. High worm burden reductions (71.7 to 86.5%) were observed after administration of single 200-mg/kg doses of OZ78 and OZ288 to hamsters infected with either juvenile or adult
S. mansoni
. A single 200-mg/kg dose of OZ78 to hamsters infected with adult
Schistosoma japonicum
resulted in total and female worm burden reductions of 94.2 to 100%. Our results, along with the low toxicity, metabolic stability, and good pharmacokinetic properties of the OZs, indicate the potential for the development of novel broad-spectrum antischistosomal OZ drug candidates.
Guinea Pig Neutrophils Infected withMycobacterium tuberculosisProduce Cytokines Which Activate Alveolar Macrophages in Noncontact Cultures
Authors: Sawant Kirti V. , McMurray David N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe early influx of neutrophils to the site of infection may be an important step in host resistance againstMycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we investigated the effect ofM. tuberculosisinfection on the ability of guinea pig neutrophils to produce interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and to activate alveolar macrophages. Neutrophils and alveolar macrophages were isolated from naïve guinea pigs, cultured together or alone, and infected with virulentM. tuberculosisfor 3, 12, and 24 h. IL-8 protein production in cocultures, as measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was found to be additive at 24 h and significantly greater inM. tuberculosis-infected cocultures than in uninfected cocultures and in cultures of the infected neutrophils or macrophages alone. The IL-8 mRNA levels, determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, were elevated at 24 h in infected cocultures and infected cells cultured alone. In order to elucidate the contributions of neutrophils and their soluble mediators to the activation of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages were cultured in a contact-independent manner by using a Transwell insert system. Neutrophils were infected with virulentM. tuberculosisin the upper wells, and alveolar macrophages were cultured in the lower wells. The release of hydrogen peroxide from alveolar macrophages exposed to soluble products from infected neutrophils was significantly increased compared to that from unexposed alveolar macrophages. Significant up-regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA levels in alveolar macrophages was observed at 24 and 30 h, respectively, compared to those in cells not exposed to soluble neutrophil products. Treatment with anti-guinea pig TNF-α polyclonal antibody completely abolished the response of alveolar macrophages to neutrophil products. This finding suggests that TNF-α produced by infected neutrophils may be involved in the activation of alveolar macrophages and hence may contribute to the containment ofM. tuberculosisinfection during the early period of infection.
In Vivo Adaptation of the Wayne Model of Latent Tuberculosis
Authors: Woolhiser Lisa , Tamayo Marcela Henao , Wang Baolin , Gruppo Veronica , Belisle John T. , Lenaerts Anne J. , Basaraba Randall J. , Orme Ian M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Cultures of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
grown under oxygen depletion conditions enter into a state of nonreplicating persistence that may reflect a physiologically latent state. When these cultures were harvested and injected intranasally into mice, no bacteria could be recovered from the lungs for about 3 weeks, but after that evidence of regrowth was observed. Preimmunization of mice with a panel of selected vaccine candidates slowed or prevented this event. This simple model has potential for identifying vaccines targeting latent tuberculosis.
Molecular Factors and Biochemical Pathways Induced by Febrile Temperature in Intraerythrocytic
Plasmodium falciparum
Parasites
Authors: Oakley Miranda S. M. , Kumar Sanjai , Anantharaman Vivek , Zheng Hong , Mahajan Babita , Haynes J. David , Moch J. Kathleen , Fairhurst Rick , McCutchan Thomas F. , Aravind L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Intermittent episodes of febrile illness are the most benign and recognized symptom of infection with malaria parasites, although the effects on parasite survival and virulence remain unclear. In this study, we identified the molecular factors altered in response to febrile temperature by measuring differential expression levels of individual genes using high-density oligonucleotide microarray technology and by performing biological assays in asexual-stage
Plasmodium falciparum
parasite cultures incubated at 37°C and 41°C (an elevated temperature that is equivalent to malaria-induced febrile illness in the host). Elevated temperature had a profound influence on expression of individual genes; 336 of approximately 5,300 genes (6.3% of the genome) had altered expression profiles. Of these, 163 genes (49%) were upregulated by twofold or greater, and 173 genes (51%) were downregulated by twofold or greater. In-depth sensitive sequence profile analysis revealed that febrile temperature-induced responses caused significant alterations in the major parasite biologic networks and pathways and that these changes are well coordinated and intricately linked. One of the most notable transcriptional changes occurs in genes encoding proteins containing the predicted Pexel motifs that are exported into the host cytoplasm or inserted into the host cell membrane and are likely to be associated with erythrocyte remodeling and parasite sequestration functions. Using our sensitive computational analysis, we were also able to assign biochemical or biologic functional predictions for at least 100 distinct genes previously annotated as “hypothetical.” We find that cultivation of
P. falciparum
parasites at 41°C leads to parasite death in a time-dependent manner. The presence of the “crisis forms” and the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive parasites following heat treatment strongly support the notion that an apoptosis-like cell death mechanism might be induced in response to febrile temperatures. These studies enhance the possibility of designing vaccines and drugs on the basis of disruption in molecules and pathways of parasite survival and virulence activated in response to febrile temperatures.
Coinfection with
Schistosoma mansoni
Reactivates Viremia in Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Infection
Authors: Ayash-Rashkovsky Mila , Chenine Agnès-Laurence , Steele Lisa N. , Lee Sandra J. , Song Ruijiang , Ong Helena , Rasmussen Robert A. , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina , Else James G. , Augostini Peter , McClure Harold M. , Secor W. Evan , Ruprecht Ruth M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

We tested the hypothesis that helminth parasite coinfection would intensify viremia and accelerate disease progression in monkeys chronically infected with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C envelope. Fifteen rhesus monkeys with stable SHIV-1157ip infection were enrolled into a prospective, randomized trial. These seropositive animals had undetectable viral RNA and no signs of immunodeficiency. Seven animals served as virus-only controls; eight animals were exposed to
Schistosoma mansoni
cercariae. From week 5 after parasite exposure onward, coinfected animals shed eggs in their feces, developed eosinophilia, and had significantly higher mRNA expression of the T-helper type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (
P
= 0.001) than animals without schistosomiasis. Compared to virus-only controls, viral replication was significantly increased in coinfected monkeys (
P
= 0.012), and the percentage of their CD4
+
CD29
+
memory cells decreased over time (
P
= 0.05). Thus,
S. mansoni
coinfection significantly increased viral replication and induced T-cell subset alterations in monkeys with chronic SHIV clade C infection.
The
rag
Locus of
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Contributes to Virulence in a Murine Model of Soft Tissue Destruction
Authors: Shi Xiaoju , Hanley Shirley A. , Faray-Kele Marie-Claire , Fawell Stuart C. , Aduse-Opoku Joseph , Whiley Robert A. , Curtis Michael A. , Hall Lucinda M. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

The
rag
locus of
Porphyromonas gingivalis
encodes a putative TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor, RagA, and a 55-kDa immunodominant antigen, RagB. Inactivation of either
ragA
or
ragB
prevented expression of both RagA and RagB. Both the
ragA
and
ragB
mutants were significantly less virulent than wild-type strains in a murine model of infection.
Antigen-Specific CD4+T Cells Recognize Epitopes of Protective Antigen following Vaccination with an Anthrax Vaccine
Authors: Laughlin Elsa M. , Miller Joseph D. , James Eddie , Fillos Dimitri , Ibegbu Chris C. , Mittler Robert S. , Akondy Rama , Kwok William , Ahmed Rafi , Nepom Gerald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDetection of antigen-specific CD4+T cells is facilitated by the use of fluorescently labeled soluble peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers which mirror the antigen specificity of T-cell receptor recognition. We have used soluble peptide-MHC class II tetramers containing peptides from the protective antigen (PA) ofBacillus anthracisto detect circulating T cells in peripheral blood of subjects vaccinated with an anthrax vaccine. PA-specific HLA class II-restricted T lymphocytes were isolated which displayed both TH1- and TH2-like characteristics, indicating heterogeneity of the lymphocyte lineage within the CD4+response. Presentation of antigen to these T-cell clones by HLA-matched antigen-presenting cells exposed to the intact PA protein confirmed that the identified epitopes are indeed naturally processed by the human immune system. Specific tetramer-derived T-cell profiling may be useful for monitoring helper CD4+T-cell responses to anthrax vaccination.
Trypanosoma cruziInfection Induces Differential Modulation of Costimulatory Molecules and Cytokines by Monocytes and T Cells from Patients with Indeterminate and Cardiac Chagas' Disease
Authors: Souza Paulo E. A. , Rocha Manoel O. C. , Menezes Cristiane A. S. , Coelho Janete S. , Chaves Andréa C. L. , Gollob Kenneth J. , Dutra Walderez O. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTInteractions between macrophages and lymphocytes through costimulatory molecules and cytokines are essential for mounting an efficient immune response and controlling its pathogenic potential. Here we demonstrate the immunomodulatory capacity ofTrypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, through its ability to induce differential expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines by monocytes and T cells. Costimulatory molecule and cytokine modulation was evaluated using cells from noninfected individuals and from patients with the asymptomatic indeterminate form and those with the severe cardiac clinical form of Chagas' disease. Our results show that while exposure of monocytes to liveT. cruzileads to an increase in the frequency of CD80+monocytes in all groups, it decreases both the frequency and intensity of CD86 expression by monocytes from patients with the cardiac form but not from those with the indeterminate form. Conversely, exposure of lymphocytes to monocytes infected withT. cruziincreased the surface expression of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) by T cells from indeterminate but not from cardiac patients, compared to that from control patients. These data suggest thatT. cruziinduces a potentially down-regulatory environment in indeterminate subjects, which is associated with higher CD80 and CTLA-4 expression. To test the functional importance of this modulation, we evaluated the expression of cytokines after in vitro infection. Although exposure of lymphocytes to parasite-infected monocytes induced high expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by T cells in all groups, indeterminate patients displayed a higher ratio of monocytes expressing interleukin 10 than tumor necrosis factor alpha following infection than did controls. These data show the ability ofT. cruzito actively change the expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, suggesting molecular mechanisms for the differential clinical evolution of human Chagas' disease.
Equality Issues in the CEE Countries: Women and Decision-Making in the Labor Market
Authors: Gromek-Broc Katarzyna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article examines the situation of working women and their career development in Central and Eastern Europe. It looks at the difficulties and the obstacles preventing them from competing effectively with men. It considers the legal protection, or lack thereof, and the enforcement of the principle of equal treatment. It also evaluates the progress in the transposition of EU legal standards on equality and in the implementation of the new multi-faceted strategy, gender mainstreaming, targeting gender issues.First, the article begins with assessment of equal opportunities under communism weighing the incontestable impediments and essential advantages of this period. Secondly, it investigates the changes that have occurred over the last twenty years, mainly market transformation and its impact on women at work. In particular, it critically evaluates the consequences of "unprepared" transition without, however, underestimating the challenges and opportunities. Thirdly, it discusses the evolution in legal protection through the implementation of the EU equality directives. Finally, it looks at progress in the application of the gender mainstreaming strategy stressing the importance of combined efforts in the legal, social, economic and political spheres. In conclusion, this article offers some reflections as to how (best) to remedy some existing problems and, overall, to enhance women's positions in employment.
Blessed Are Those Who Are Seen? Incarnation as Cinema's Destiny
Authors: Vollmer Ulrike 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper takes as its point of departure theories that identify the look in cinema as disembodied, and it explores possibilities for theorizing the cinematic look as an incarnate look through an analysis and interpretation of the film Wings of Desire (dir. Wim Wenders, 1987). Film-theory texts are interpreted in the paper in terms of a lack of reciprocity between those who see and those who are seen in cinema, a lack that results in a theorization of the seeing subject's position as a position of physical absence. In contrast with the texts discussed, Wings of Desire is interpreted as offering an alternative way of imagining vision, a way that locates the seeing eye clearly within a human body of flesh and blood and thus implies the possibility of reciprocal looks. By exposing the film's metaphorical link between a film director and the main character of the film (the angel who becomes incarnate), I interpret the film director's look as an activity of creating, of ensuring that history takes place, and of maintaining relation.
Doctrinal Development and the Demons of History: The Historiography of John Henry Newman
Authors: Wilson James Matthew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn response to the emergence of historicism in nineteenth-century intellectual life, John Henry Newman sought to reintroduce typological or "mystical interpretation" into the discourse of his time. Through "vertical" (i.e., typological) and "horizontal" historiography, Newman believed he could reintegrate the practice of historical narrative standard in modern history with a variety of transhistorical and spatial hermeneutic models that gave one a vision of the archetypes present in different temporal periods. Early in his career, he formulated these archetypes in terms of "demons" present in different social forces. In his Arians of the Fourth Century, he formulated a typology between the ancient Alexandrian Church and the modern Anglican. After he determined this model was indefensible, he accepted the Catholic Church as the manifest archetype (the "Church of History") in light of which all other historical forces (revolutions or heresies) and figures (state and sectarian) could be interpreted and judged. Newman's historiography recuperates for the Church the spiritual exegesis that subtends its doctrine, but it also anticipates and indeed influences the historical theories that subtend the major works of modernist literature, most prominently Joyce's Ulysses.
Grave-Goods from a Rich Tomb in Gorgippia(?) Dating from the 2nd Century AD and Now in the Collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow)
Authors: Treister Mikhail , Zhuravlev Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1982 The State Historical Museum acquired a set of a gold funeral wreath and three pair of earrings from the KGB. According to the given information the objects originated from the clandestine excavations in Anapa or its vicinities. The complex of jewellery discussed is chronologically close to the burial in the tomb II, excavated in 1975 in Gorgippia, which may be dated not later than the middle-third quarter of the 2nd century AD. The fact that the plaque of the funerary wreath finds parallels only among the medallions from Gorgippia, and was most probably hammered in the same matrix as these objects, gives grounds to discuss the complex of finds as most probably originating from the necropolis of Gorgippia. Having in mind the wealth of the complex, the time and the circumstances of its acquisition, it may be tentatively supposed, that the finds originate from a monumental tomb, excavated in Gorgippia in 1978, which was robbed several years before. Regrettably, we will never find out about any other objects and the complete inventory of this tomb will remain unknown.
'Scythian' Archers on Archaic Attic Vases: Problems of Interpretation
Authors: Ivantchik Askold 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe article analyses the depictions of archers in so-called 'Scythian' clothes (a high sharp cap or a rounded hood, a caftan and trousers) in Attic archaic vase-painting. The author concludes that these figures were neither conceived as real ethnical Scythians, nor associated by vase painters or their customers with this or any other people. The clothes were rather an iconographic conventionality symbolising a second rank character accompanying a hero. The latter was depicted as a hoplite. The 'Scythian' clothes corresponded to the character's function, not to his ethnical identity. This scheme in vase-painting existed between c. 530 and 490 BC, and then went out of use, because after the Greco-Persian wars these clothes began to be associated with ethnical identity, though not Scythian, but Persian. The real prototype of the 'Scythian' archers were the archers of different ethnical groups first of Median, and later of Persian army. The 'Scythian' attire of the archers on the vases, therefore, has nothing to do with the real Scythians of the North Pontic area.
NeuroTerrain – a client-server system for browsing 3D biomedical image data sets
Authors: Gustafson Carl , Bug William J , Nissanov Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Three dimensional biomedical image sets are becoming ubiquitous, along with the canonical atlases providing the necessary spatial context for analysis. To make full use of these 3D image sets, one must be able to present views for 2D display, either surface renderings or 2D cross-sections through the data. Typical display software is limited to presentations along one of the three orthogonal anatomical axes (coronal, horizontal, or sagittal). However, data sets precisely oriented along the major axes are rare. To make fullest use of these datasets, one must reasonably match the atlas' orientation; this involves resampling the atlas in planes matched to the data set. Traditionally, this requires the atlas and browser reside on the user's desktop; unfortunately, in addition to being monolithic programs, these tools often require substantial local resources. In this article, we describe a network-capable, client-server framework to slice and visualize 3D atlases at off-axis angles, along with an open client architecture and development kit to support integration into complex data analysis environments.

Results
Here we describe the basic architecture of a client-server 3D visualization system, consisting of a thin Java client built on a development kit, and a computationally robust, high-performance server written in ANSI C++. The Java client components (NetOStat) support arbitrary-angle viewing and run on readily available desktop computers running Mac OS X, Windows XP, or Linux as a downloadable Java Application. Using the NeuroTerrain Software Development Kit (NT-SDK), sophisticated atlas browsing can be added to any Java-compatible application requiring as little as 50 lines of Java glue code, thus making it eminently re-useable and much more accessible to programmers building more complex, biomedical data analysis tools. The NT-SDK separates the interactive GUI components from the server control and monitoring, so as to support development of non-interactive applications. The server implementation takes full advantage of data center's high-performance hardware, where it can be co-localized with centrally-located, 3D dataset repositories, extending access to the researcher community throughout the Internet.

Conclusion
The combination of an optimized server and modular, platform-independent client provides an ideal environment for viewing complex 3D biomedical datasets, taking full advantage of high-performance servers to prepare images and subsets of associated meta-data for viewing, as well as the graphical capabilities in Java to actually display the data.