bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARGE TRANSFER INTERACTION OF 4-NITROPYRIDINE- AND 4-NITROQUINOLINE-N-OXIDES
Authors: Kubota Tanekazu , Akazawa Hideko , Yamakawa Masumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The π-π type charge transfer (CT) interaction ability of 4-nitropyridine- and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxides was examined. It is concluded that the latter compound is a slightly stronger π electron acceptor than the former, and that the strength of these N-oxides as π type electron acceptor is relatively weak compared to that of the other typical electron acceptors such as p-benzoquinone etc.
METHYL MIGRATION IN DEHYDROABIETIC ACID DERIVATIVE
Authors: Tahara Akira , Mizuno Hiromitsu , Ohsawa Tomihiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Benzonilidene compound (2) underwent rearrangement to 3 with 1,2-methyl migration and vice versa. Using the rearrangement, selective substitution at C-l of dehydroabietic acid derivative was accomplished to give 5.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXV. PHOTOSENSITIZED OXYGENATION OF 2-METHYLINDOLES
Authors: Saito Isao , Imuta Mitsuru , Matsuura Teruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photosensitized oxygenation of 2-methylindole and 1,2-dimethylindole gave 2-methyl-2-[3-(2-methylindolyl)]indoxyl and its N,N′-dimethyl derivative, respectively, which were possibly formed through a hydroperoxide intermediate, whereas 1,2,3-trimethylindole underwent oxidative 2,3-cleavage to give o-(N-acetyl-N-methyl)aminoacetophenone.
INSERTION OF METHANESULFONYLNITRENE INTO C–H AND O–H BONDS
Authors: Shingaki Tadao , Inagaki Masao , Torimoto Noboru , Takebayashi Matsuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The insertion of methanesulfonylnitrene into C–H and O–H bonds was investigated by the photolysis of methanesulfonyl azide In hydrocarbons and in alcohols. The relative reactivity of the sulfonylnitrene toward C–H bonds of hydrocarbons was found to be smaller than that of ethoxycarbonylnitrene, whereas the reactivity of the sulfonylnitrene toward O–H bonds of alcohols was larger than that of the carbonylnitrene.
THERMAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITIONS OF 1,4-BIS(AZIDOMETHYL)-1,4-DIPHENYLAZINEMETHYLENE
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Samura Hideo , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thermal decomposition of bisazide 1 in refluxing xylene afforded monoazide 6, which on heating in decaline under reflux converted into pyrazine 7. On the other hand, irradiation of 1 gave 1,2,4-triazine 8, which was obtained in excellent yield from photolysis of monoazide 6. The pathways for the formation of products are also suggested.
NICKEL(0)-CATALYZED DIMERIZATION OF CYCLOPROPENONES
Authors: Noyori Ryoji , Umeda Isao , Takaya Hidemasa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) catalyzes dimerization of 2,3-di-substituted cyclopropenones affording 1,4-benzoquinones. The reaction involves a bond cleavage at C-1–C-2 of the cyclopropenones.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXVI. PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF m-CHLORONITROBENZENE WITH METHOXYBENZENES: OXIDATIVE RING-CLEAVAGE OF AROMATICS
Authors: Saito Isao , Takami Masaaki , Matsuura Teruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photolysis of m-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of methoxybenzenes resulted in oxidative ring-cleavage of the latters, which occurred selectively at the bond substituted with a methoxyl group. Thus 1, 3, and 5 gave 2, 4, and 6, respectively.
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ORDERED PEROVSKITES A2(Ln3+M5+)O6 (A=Ba, Sr, Ln=Y, Gd, Dy, Er, M=Mo, W)
Authors: Kamata Kiichiro , Yoshimura Masahiro , Nakamura Tetsuro , Sata Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ordered perovskites, Ba2(LnMo)O6, Sr2(LnMo)O6 and Ba2(LnW)O6, were newly synthesized. The crystallographic, electrical and magnetic properties for these compounds were investigated. The magnetic moments of Mo5+ and W5+ were determined. Magnetic properties indicated that the interaction between Ln3+(4fn) and Mo5+ (4d1) or W5+(5d1) was fairly weak in these compounds.
NICKEL-CATALYZED REACTION OF BUTADIENE. FORMATION OF 2-METHYLENEVINYLCYCLOPENTANE AND ADDITION OF AMINE TO BUTADIENE
Authors: Furukawa Junji , Kiji Jitsuo , Mitani Shin-ichi , Yoshikawa Susumu , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Sasakawa Eiichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The cyclodimerization of butadiene catalyzed by bis(tri-n-butylphosphine)dibromonickel combined with sodium borohydride was investigated, using amines as protonic solvents. At 80°C a large amount of amine-adducts to butadiene was obtained together with 2-methylenevinylcyclopentane. The adducts were formed exclusively at room temperature.
SECONDARY DEUTERIUM ISOTOPE EFFECT IN CHLORINE ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN ACETONITRILE
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Kaji Aritsune , Hayami Jun-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Secondary deuterium isotope effects of about 12% were observed for reactions of chloromethyl aryl ethers or sulfides with radioactive chloride ion in CH3CN. 2-Arylethyl chlorides gave about 3% of the isotope effect. Magnitude of the isotope effect can also be a diagnostic of the looseness of the SN2 transition state.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS(IMIDAZOLE)OCTAETHYLPORPHINATOIRON(III) PERCHLORATE
Authors: Takenaka Akio , Sasada Yoshio , Watanabe Ei-ichi , Ogoshi Hisanobu , Yoshida Zen-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of bis(imidazole)octaethylporphinatoiron(III) perchlorate has been determined by the X-ray method. The monoclinic unit-cell dimensions are a=10.50, b=26.10, c=9.65 Å and β=103.6°. The space group is P21/m and there are two formula units and four chloroform molecules in the unit cell. The iron atom is strictly coplanar with the four porphinato nitrogen atoms, and these four and two imidazole nitrogen atoms form an approximately regular octahedron. The complex cations contact with the perchlorate anions at their non-coordinated imidazole nitrogen atoms.
SELF-DIFFUSION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN POLYAMIDE
Authors: Iijima Toshiro , Isshiki Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Self-diffusion of hydrochloric acid in polyamide was measured by means of radio tracer method. The self-diffusion coefficients depend on the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the polymer substrate. The results can be interpreted by the concentration dependence of the jump distance of the tracer chloride ion.
THE PHOTOADDITION OF STILBENE TO PYRROLE
Authors: Kubota Tadatoshi , Sakurai Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of trans-stilbene in pyrrole gave 2-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole I and 3-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole II. It is suggested that this reaction proceeds via an exciplex.
SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOHEPTATRIENYLIDENECYCLOBUTANEDIONE (HEPTABUTAFULVALENEQUINONE) DERIVATIVES
Authors: Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu , Kitahara Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
4,4-Dichloro- (7), 4,4-dimethyl- (9), and 4,4-dicycloheptatrienyl- (10) derivatives of 2-cycloheptatrienylidenecyclobutane-1,3-dione were synthesized by the reaction of cyclobutane-1,3-diones and ethoxytropilidene. 4-Benzylidene derivative (12) was obtained by treatment of (10) with triphenylmethyl tetrafluoroborate. Spectroscopic data of these products were indicated.
(2-TROPONYL)METHYLENETRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANES. III. NOVEL SYNTHESES OF AZULENES VIA CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: Kawamoto Isao , Sugimura Yukio , Soma Nobuo , Kishida Yukichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The cycloaddition reactions of (2-troponyl)methylenetriphenylphosphoranes (I), which were characterized as the “bonding betaine”, were investigated. Some azulene derivatives were synthesized via [8 + 2] cycloaddition of I with acetylenic esters.
NICKEL(O)-CATALYZED REACTION OF t-BUTYL ISOCYANIDE WITH WATER AND METHANOL: A NOVEL PREPARATION OF 1,2-DI-AMINOETHYLENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Otsuka Sei , Nakamura Akira , Ito Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed transformations of t-butyl isocyanide into cyclic 1,2-diaminoethylene derivatives, t-BuN-CH2C(NH-t-Bu)=C(NH-t-Bu)CO and [=C(NH-t-Bu)-C(=N-t-Bu)OCH3]2 are described.
N,N′-CARBONYLDI-OXADIAZOLONE, A NEW COUPLING REAGENT FOR PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Fujii Toshiyuki , Miyoshi Muneji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new condensing reagent, N,N′-carbonyldi-(3R-1,2,4-)oxadiazole-5-one (CDOD), is synthesized. The application to the peptide synthesis is achieved and several known peptides are prepared in good yields. The coupling reaction proceeds below 0°C over a short period. Racemization is ivestigated by the use of Anderson test.
STUDIES ON THE SWELLING OF Na-TAENIOLITE WITH WATER
Authors: Kitajima Kunio , Daimon Nobutoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Synthetic Na-taeniolite NaMg2Li(Si4O10)F2 reacts with water, and its X-ray diffraction spectra show that the interlayer spacing (001) discontinuously widens with the increase of water content. Four steps are observed for the water uptake processes into the interlayer sites.
The maximum crystalline swelling state for Na-taeniolite is so-called two water layers hydrated type. It seems that the swelling of Na-taeniolite is mainly due to the high hydration energy of interlayer sodium ions.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF N-ACYLSYDNONE IMINES
Authors: Chinone Akiko , Ohta Masaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of a benzene-ethanol solution of N-acyl-3,4-diphenylsydnone imine afforded 1,5-diphenyl-4-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole and anhydro-3-acyl-1,5-diphenyl-4-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazolium hydroxide. Irradiation of N-acylsydnone imine in the presence of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yielded an addition product.
THROUGH-SPACE H–19F SPIN–SPIN COUPLING AND INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING IN o-FLUORO-PHENOL AND -BENZENETHIOL
Authors: Kobayashi Takahiro , Hirota Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
As a part of the investigations on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding involving SH group, the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-fluorobenzenethiol was verified. The research was further extended to the case of o-fluorophenol and the evidence in favor of the existence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond was obtained.
INTERACTIONS OF 1-SUBSTITUTED 2,4-DINITROBENZSNES WITH HYDROXIDE ION IN AQUEOUS DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshinori , Abe Takehiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The interactions of 2,4-dinitroanisole, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and m-dinitrobenzene with hydroxide ion in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide were studied by a rapid scan spectrophotometer. The transient colored species of 2,6-dinitrocyclohexadienate were initially observed before the formations of the colored species of 2,4-dinitrocyclohexadienate were complete.
REDUCTION WITH TRICHLOROSILANE V. TERTIARY AMINES FROM N,N-DISUBSTITUTED AMIDES
Authors: Nagata Yoshio , Dohmaru Takaaki , Tsurugi Jitsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
It was found that N,N-disubstituted amides were reduced to the corresponding tertiary amines with trichlorosilane in good yields under moderate conditions.
THE HALOGEN REARRANGEMENT OF 1β-BROMO-AND 1β-CHLORO-5β-CHOLESTAN-2-ONE TO THE α′-POSITION
Authors: Satoh J Yasuo , Horiuchi C Akira , Hagitani Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new phenomenon of an α-haloketone having a halogen on its secondary carbon atom in which the halogen rearranges to the α′-position occupied by a secondary carbon atom was found in the reaction of 1β-bromo-and 1β-chloro-5β-cholestan-2-one with the following reagents: i) hydrogen bromide / acetic acid, ii) hydrogen chloride / acetic acid, iii) acetic acid, iv) acetic acid / dioxane, v) boron trifluoride etherate / dioxane, vi) perchloric acid-acetic anhydride / benzene-carbon tetrachloride, vii) potassium acetate / acetic acid.
PROTON CONTACT SHIFT STUDY OF BENZAZOLES: INTER-RING SPIN DELOCALIZATION
Authors: Tori Kazuo , Fujii Tokiko , Yoshimura Yohko , Ueyama Masako 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Large downfield shifts induced by bis(acetylacetonato)nickel(II) have been observed for the H-7 resonances in various benzazoles (II–X); these proton contact-shifts are explained in terms of the inter-ring spin delocalization through σ-skeletons in a zig-zag arrangement.
THE TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF THE AMMONIUM IONS IN AMMONIUM IODIDE AND AMMONIUM BROMIDE
Authors: Onodera Shinji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The far-infrared spectra of NH4I and NH4Br have been measured at temperatures of −223 to −53 °C. The torsional vibrations of the NH4+ ions in the phase III crystalline salts were observed at 301 cm−1 for NH4I at −223 °C and at 348 cm−1 for NH4Br at −166 °C.
THE OXIDATION RATES OF 2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-OLS WITH CHROMIC ACID
Authors: Kabuto Kuninobu , Yamaguchi Shozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The chromic acid oxidation of 5- and 6-substituted 2-cyclohexen-1-ols was investigated. The relative rates of oxidation are reasonably interpreted by considering steric and stereoelectronic effects and also conformational equilibria.
STUDIES OF PHOTODEGRADABLE POLYSTYRENE
Authors: Nakamura Kenichiro , Yamada Tetsuji , Honda Kenichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photodegradation of Polystyrenes containing sensitizers, such as aromatic nitro or quinone compounds, has been investigated. It was found that 1,4-naphthoquinone is the most effective sensitizer for the photodegradation of polystyrene among those tested in this study. The products of the light-irradiated polystyrene were examined by the IR spectroscopy and the thin layer chromatography. It is concluded that the photodegradation of the polystyrene proceeds mainly through the photo-oxidation of polymer.
COBALT(II) CHLORIDE AND BIS(ACETYLACETONATO)COBALT(II)-SODIUM BIS(2-METHOXYETHOXY)ALUMINUM HYDRIDE (SMAH) SYSTEMS: CONVENIENT CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGENATION
Authors: Ueno Toru , Miya Haruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The titled catalyst systems were found to be active and convenient for the hydrogenation of olefins and to be selective toward 1,3-COD. The catalyst was transformed to some extent during the hydrogenation of 1,3-COD: cyclooctene was formed preferentially and thereafter was hydrogenated to cyclooctane successfully.
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON IRON THIOCYANATE
Authors: Sano Hirotoshi , Akane Michiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mössbauer spectra of iron thiocyanate crystals prepared from iron(III) compounds show the presence of iron(II) species. It was found that some reduction of iron(III) species was taking place both in aqueous and ethereal phases.
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 1,4-DIBENZYL-5,6-DIPHENYL-1,2,3,4-TETRAAZA-2-CYCLOHEXENE
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Anselme J -P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of 1,1,4,4-tetrabenzyl-2-tetrazene with sulfuryl chloride in benzene at room temperature gave benzyl azide, dibenzylamine and benzaldehyde. In addition, another compound was isolated as a very minor product. On the basis of its elemental analysis and spectral data, this compound was assigned the structure of 5,6-diphenyl-1,4-dibenzyl-1,2,3,4-tetraaza-2-cyclohexene, the first cyclic 2-tetrazene ever reported.
8-OXOHEPTAFULVENE V. THE MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATION OF THE REACTION OF 8-OXOHEPTAFULVENE WITH 2-METHOXYTROPONES
Authors: Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu , Iwagame Nobuo , Kitahara Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The results of the reactions of 4-isopropyl-, 3-deuterio-, and 7-deuterio-2-methoxytropones with 8-oxoheptafulvene support a mechanism of the formation of 1-oxaazulan-2-one containing cyclohexa-1,4-diene moiety at C-3 and C-4, which involves [2 + 2] cycloaddition, [1, 7] oxygen migration, [3, 3] rearrangement, and elimination of methanol.
EXAMINATION OF DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM EFFECT IN THREE CONSECUTIVE MASS SPECTRAL FRAGMENTATIONS
Authors: Nakata Hisao , Tatematsu Akira , Yoshizumi Hideo , Naga Shinobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By using mass spectra of five aliphatic acid esters of methyl salicylate, the effect of vibrational degrees of freedom in the molecular ion on three consecutive fragmentations is examined. The effect was clearly observed in the second fragmentation, but the intensity ratio of ions involved in the third step is found to be essentially constant.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MELEZITOSE MONOHYDRATE
Authors: Hirotsu Ken , Shimada Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of melezitose monohydrate has been solved by a non-centrosymmetric direct method and refined to an R index of 0.068. The relative orientation of the glucose and fructose units in sucrose moiety is very similar to that found in sucrose itself. There are no intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Two bifurcated hydrogen bonds were found.
THE REACTION OF SOME β-NITROSTYRENES WITH BENZENE IN THE PRESENCE OF PALLADIUM(II) ACETATE
Authors: Yamamura Kimiaki , Watarai Setsuo , Kinugasa Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The phenylation of some β-nitrostyrenes, such as β-nitrostyrene, α-nitrostilbene, and 1,1-diphenylnitroethylene, in the presence of palladium(II) acetate is described. The phenylation reactions were affected very strongly by the nitro group, and tend to occur on the olefinic carbon atom adjacent to that bearing the nitro group.
Synthesis and Characterization of Facially Encumbered and Soluble Porphyrin Tapes
Authors: Ikeda Toshiaki , Tsuda Akihiko , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of facially encumbered meso–meso-linked and triply fused porphyrin arrays.
A Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for Zinc in Neutral Solution Based on Thiourea Receptor
Authors: Ji Zhao-Jun , Wu Yu-Mei , Wu Fang-Ying 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A simple structural receptor containing ICT fluorophore (p-(dimethylamino)benzamido) and binding moiety (thiourea) showed highly selective response to Zn2+ in pH 8.0 Tris-HCl buffer solution. The spectrum of 1 showed two emission peaks in the presence of Zn2+ and the fluorescence intensity ratio could serve as monitor index for the determination of Zn2+.
Upper Critical Solution Temperature Behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in an Ionic Liquid and Preparation of Thermo-sensitive Nonvolatile Gels
Authors: Ueki Takeshi , Watanabe Masayoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its gels exhibited upper critical solution temperature behavior in a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide, which may be utilized to prepare stimuli-sensitive polymer systems without the problem of solvent evaporation.
On the Apparently Striking Disconnect between Motivation and Satisfaction in Recreational Fishing: The Case of Catch Orientation of German Anglers
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this study, three distinct segments of German anglers differing with respect to degree of catch orientation as the main fishing motive were identified in a nationwide telephone survey (N = 474). Noncatch aspects of the fishing experience played a major role in the motivations of anglers: about 80% of the sample was classified as anglers with a low, or minimal, catch orientation. Angler satisfaction and its determinants were examined across degrees of catch orientation to improve understanding of the link between angler motivation and satisfaction. Highly catch-oriented anglers were significantly less satisfied with the previous angling season than were minimally catch-oriented anglers. An exclusivity of activity-specific, mainly catch-related, satisfaction components as predictors of overall angling year satisfaction was found in all angler segments, irrespective of catch orientation. Satisfaction was unrelated to actual catch or harvest rates, and no significant differences in catch and harvest were found across the three catch orientation groups. This suggested that catch expectation was the primary driver of angler satisfaction. This study revealed that there are anglers, most often the majority within the population, who can be characterized as attaching relatively little importance to catch motives but whose satisfaction is still mainly catch dependent. It is not warranted to conclude that there is a striking disconnect in this finding. The reasons for the apparently striking inconsistency between motivation and satisfaction are related to (1) the fundamental conceptual differences in meaning and definition of motivation and satisfaction and (2) the differential ease in satisfying activity-general and activity-specific aspects of the fishing experience. Care must be taken not to draw overly simplified management implications from motivational information. However, by knowing the determinants of angler satisfaction, the manager's ability to plan future management actions is improved, and satisfaction rather than motivation is the ultimate product of the fishing experience.
Direct Validation of Annual Growth Increments on Sectioned Otoliths from Adult Arctic Grayling and a Comparison of Otolith and Scale Ages
Authors: DeCicco Alfred L. , Brown Randy J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Accurate ages are essential for the responsible management of fish populations, and validation of ages ensures that accurate age estimates are available to managers. Scales have typically been used to estimate ages of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in Alaska; however, the recapture of marked fish after several years at large has cast doubt on the accuracy of scale ages for this species. To validate age determinations from otoliths, we used oxytetracycline (OTC) to mark 102 Arctic grayling from the Eldorado River, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during 1994 and 1995. Fish were tagged, fin-clipped, weighed, and injected with 25 mg of OTC/kg of body weight. Over the succeeding 4 years, 16 OTC-marked Arctic grayling were recaptured. Fluorescent marks were visible in thin-sectioned otoliths from 15 of the 16 recaptured fish, and annuli that were visible beyond the mark accurately recorded the passage of years between mark and recapture in all otoliths with OTC marks. Ages assigned from scales underestimated the otolith-assigned age by as much as 20 years. We assembled a larger data set of scale–otolith pairs (n = 74) by combining data from sampling mortalities collected in nearby rivers during 1988–1995 with data from this study. We used the Fisheries Analysis Simulation Tool (FAST 2.1) to estimate growth parameters, and we used an age bias plot and a simple population model to illustrate the mismanagement of Arctic grayling fisheries that could occur if scale ages are relied upon to describe stock structure. We recommend the use of otoliths as the standard of age determination in Arctic grayling populations until a nonlethal method (e.g., fin rays) can be validated for age determination in this species.
Influence of Salmon Carcass Placement in Red Alder Riparian Areas on Stream Chemistry in Lowland Western Washington
Authors: Edmonds Robert L. , Mikkelsen Kerri 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., which historically returned large quantities of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) to Pacific Northwest streams and riparian areas, are now much lower. In response, salmon carcasses are now being placed in streams and riparian areas to compensate for the loss of MDN, particularly organic N and P. Our objectives were to determine (1) whether placement of chum salmon O. keta carcasses in riparian areas dominated by red alder Alnus rubra, an N-fixing tree, changed stream chemistry and (2) whether carcass placement affected water quality. Study sites were Brown and Le Bar creeks, two small streams in the Skokomish River valley in western Washington. The amount of N in carcasses placed in riparian areas in Brown and Le Bar creeks in November 1999 was estimated to be 22.4 and 59.8 kg/ha, respectively, while the amount of P was 2.7 and 7.2 kg/ha. Monthly stream grab samples were taken between September 1999 and October 2000 upstream and downstream of salmon carcass placement areas and analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, pH, electrical conductivity, and alkalinity. The maximum concentration was low for NO3-N (0.32 mg/L), NH4-N (0.10 mg/L), and PO4-P (0.026 mg/L). Salmon carcass placement did not significantly change stream chemistry. This could have been because of the particular amounts of N and P added or uptake by soil organisms, riparian vegetation, and stream processes. Substantial amounts of nutrients in salmon carcasses can be added to the system with little influence on stream water quality. Red alder in the riparian areas did not strongly influence the stream concentration of NO3-N.