bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of exercise on activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase, and heat shock protein 27 in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: van Ginneken Mireille M. E. , de Graaf-Roelfsema Ellen , Keizer Hans A. , van Dam Klien G. , Wijnberg Inge D. , van der Kolk Johannes H. , van Breda Eric 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the effects of exercise on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins in horses.
Animals—6 young trained Standardbred geldings.
Procedure—Horses performed a 20-minute bout of exercise on a treadmill at 80% of maximal heart rate. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscles before and after exercise. Amount of expression and intracellular location of phosphospecific MAPK pathway intermediates were determined by use of western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.
Results—Exercise resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 pathway intermediates, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in the vastus lateralis muscle, whereas no significant changes were found in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In the pectoralis descendens muscle, phosphorylation of p38 and HSP27 was significantly increased after exercise. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed fiber-type– specific locations of phosphorylated JNK in type 2a/b intermediate and 2b fibers and phosphorylated p38 in type 1 fibers. Phosphorylated HSP27 was strongly increased after exercise in type 1 and 2a fibers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The p38 pathway and JNK are activated in the vastus lateralis muscle after a single 20-minute bout of submaximal exercise in trained horses. Phosphorylation of HSP27 as detected in the study reported here is most likely induced through the p38 signaling pathway.
Influence of electrode placement on effective field strength in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses
Authors: Lin Yi-lo , Moolenaar Hugo , van Weeren P. René , van de Lest Chris H. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the relationship between the output of an electrical treatment device and the effective field strength in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses.
Sample Population—Cadaver horse forelimbs without visible defects (n = 8) and 1 live pony.
Procedure—Microcurrents were generated by a microcurrent electrical therapy device and applied in proximodistal, dorsopalmar, and mediolateral directions in the entire forelimbs, dissected tendons, and the pony with various output settings. Corresponding field strengths in the tendons were measured.
Results—A linear relationship was detected between current and field strength in all conditions and in all 3 directions. In dissected tendons, significant differences were detected among all 3 directions, with highest field strength in the proximodistal direction and lowest in the dorsopalmar direction. In the entire forelimbs, field strength in the proximodistal direction was significantly lower than in the mediolateral direction. Results in the pony were similar to those in the entire forelimbs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Electrode placement significantly affected field strength in the target tissue. Many surrounding structures caused considerable reduction of field strength in the target tissue. These factors should be taken into account when establishing protocols for electrical current–based therapeutic devices if these devices are proven clinically effective.
Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses
Authors: Shoemaker Ryan W. , Allen Andrew L. , Richardson Cerah E. , Wilson David G. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of tarsometatarsal joints in horses.
Animals—8 healthy female horses without lameness or radiographic evidence of tarsal joint osteoarthritis.
Procedure—In each horse, 1 tarsometatarsal joint was treated with 4 mL of 70% ethyl alcohol and the opposite joint was treated with 4 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol. Lameness examinations were performed daily for 2 weeks, followed by monthly evaluations for the duration of the 12-month study. Radiographic evaluations of both tarsi were performed 1 month after injection and every 3 months thereafter. Gross and histologic examinations of the tarsi were undertaken at completion of the study.
Results—Horses had minimal to no lameness associated with the treatments. Radiography revealed that 8 of 16 joints were fused by 4 months after treatment, with significantly more joints fused in the 70% ethyl alcohol group. Fifteen of 16 joints were considered fused at postmortem examination at 12 months. Gross and histologic examinations revealed foci of dense mature osteonal bone spanning the joint spaces. Bony fusion appeared to be concentrated on the dorsolateral, centrolateral, and plantarolateral aspects of the joints. Significant differences were not detected between treatment groups for lameness or pathologic findings.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of ethyl alcohol into the tarsometatarsal joint of healthy horses appeared to facilitate arthrodesis of the joint in a pain-free manner. Results warrant further investigation into the potential use of ethyl alcohol in horses clinically affected with osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.
Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds
Authors: Anthenill Lucy A. , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Hill Ashley E. , Lee Christina M. , Anderson Mark L. , Barr Bradd C. , Read Deryck H. , Johnson Bill J. , Woods Leslie W. , Daft Barbara M. , Kinde Hailu , Moore Janet D. , Farman Cynthia A. , Odani Jenee S. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Uzal Francisco A. , Case James T. , Ardans Alex A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images.
Sample Population—Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds.
Procedure—Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of χ2 and logistic regression techniques.
Results—Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.
Evaluation of a comparative pathogenesis between cancer-associated retinopathy in humans and sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs via diagnostic imaging and western blot analysis
Authors: Gilmour Margi A. , Cardenas Margarita R. , Blaik Margaret A. , Bahr Robert J. , McGinnis James F. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) for evidence of pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and pulmonary neoplasia and antiretinal antibodies and to evaluate dogs with neoplasia for antiretinal antibodies.
Animals—57 clinically normal dogs, 17 with SARDS, and 53 with neoplasia.
Procedure—Thoracic radiography, ultrasonography of adrenal glands, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography of pituitary glands were performed in 15 dogs with SARDS. Western blot analysis was performed on sera of all dogs; recoverin (23 kd) and arrestin (48 kd) retinal antibodies were used as positive controls.
Results—Neoplasia was not detected via diagnostic imaging in dogs with SARDS. Western blot analysis revealed bands in all dogs ranging from > 48 to < 23 kd. Prominent bands with equivalent or greater density than 1 or both positive controls at the 1:1,000 dilution, and present at the 1:3,000 dilution, were detected in 28% of clinically normal dogs, 40% of dogs with neoplasia, and 41% of dogs with SARDS. No bands in dogs with SARDS had a consistent location of immune activity, and none were detected at the 23-kd site. The area around the 48-kd site had increased immune activity in all 3 groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The etiology of SARDS in dogs does not appear to be similar to cancer-associated retinopathy in humans on the basis of absence of differential antibody activity against retinal proteins. Although dogs with SARDS often have clinical signs compatible with hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, or lungs was not detected.
Quantitative assessment of nociceptive processes in conscious dogs by use of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex
Authors: Bergadano Alessandra , Andersen Ole K. , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Schatzmann Urs , Spadavecchia Claudia 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the feasibility of evoking the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) from foreand hind limbs in conscious dogs, score stimulusassociated behavioral responses, and assess the canine NWR response to suprathreshold stimulations.
Animals—8 adult Beagles.
Procedure—Surface electromyograms evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of ulnaris and digital plantar nerves were recorded from the deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, biceps femoris, and tibialis cranialis muscles. Train-of-five pulses (stimulustrain) were used; reflex threshold (It train) was determined, and recruitment curves were obtained at 1.2, 1.5, and 2 × It train. Additionally, a single pulse (stimulussingle) was given at 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, and 3 × It train. Latency and amplitude of NWRs were analyzed. Severity of behavioral reactions was subjectively scored.
Results—Fore- and hind limb It train values (median; 25% to 75% interquartile range) were 2.5 mA (2.0 to 3.6 mA) and 2.1 mA (1.7 to 2.9 mA), respectively. At It train, NWR latencies in the deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, biceps femoris, and cranial tibialis muscles were not significantly different (19.6 milliseconds [17.1 to 20.5 milliseconds], 19.5 milliseconds [18.1 to 20.7 milliseconds], 20.5 milliseconds [14.7 to 26.4 milliseconds], and 24.4 milliseconds [17.1 to 40.5 milliseconds], respectively). Latencies obtained with stimulustrain and stimulussingle were similar. With increasing stimulation intensities, NWR amplitude increased and correlated positively with behavioral scores.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, the NWR can be evoked from limbs and correlates with behavioral reactions. Results suggest that NWR evaluation may enable quantification of nociceptive system excitability and efficacy of analgesics in individual dogs.
Evaluation of the prevalence and onset of lung lesions and their impact on growth of lambs
Authors: Daniel Joseph A. , Held Jeff E. , Brake Denise G. , Wulf Duane M. , Epperson William B. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence and temporal onset of lung lesions in lambs and the impact of lung lesions on growth of affected lambs.
Animals—259 crossbred wether lambs from a single flock in the upper Midwestern United States.
Procedure—An observational study was conducted. Lambs born in the spring and fall were slaughtered at finished weight or at a predetermined time point. Lungs of each lamb were examined and classified as normal, moderate lesions (consolidation > 5% but ≤ 50% of any lobe), or severe lesions (consolidation > 50% of any lobe). Data were examined to detect effects of prevalence or severity of lung lesions on growth and carcass traits.
Results—57 of 89 (64%) spring-born lambs had lung lesions characterized by consolidation of lung tissue. A small number of lambs had pulmonary adhesions or active abscesses. In contrast, only 31 of 108 (29%) fall-born lambs had lung lesions. Severe lung lesions were associated with a significant reduction in average daily gain. Severe lung lesions were not detected until the middle of the finishing period and were associated with culture of Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of results indicates that the prevalence of severe lung lesions can be quite high in lambs. Severe lung lesions can lead to greatly decreased growth performance of lambs.
Effect of diameter of the drill hole on torque of screw insertion and pushout strength for headless tapered compression screws in simulated fractures of the lateral condyle of the equine third metacarpal bone
Authors: Carpenter Ryan S. , Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare variables for screw insertion, pushout strength, and failure modes for a headless tapered compression screw inserted in standard and oversize holes in a simulated lateral condylar fracture model.
Sample Population—6 pairs of third metacarpal bones from horse cadavers.
Procedure—Simulated lateral condylar fractures were created, reduced, and stabilized with a headless tapered compression screw by use of a standard or oversize hole. Torque, work, and time for drilling, tapping, and screw insertion were measured during site preparation and screw implantation. Axial load and displacement were measured during screw pushout. Effects of drill hole size on variables for screw insertion and screw pushout were assessed by use of Wilcoxon tests.
Results—Drill time was 59% greater for oversize holes than for standard holes. Variables for tapping (mean maximum torque, total work, positive work, and time) were 42%, 70%, 73%, and 58% less, respectively, for oversize holes, compared with standard holes. Variables for screw pushout testing (mean yield load, failure load, failure displacement, and failure energy) were 40%, 40%, 47%, and 71% less, respectively, for oversize holes, compared with standard holes. Screws could not be completely inserted in 1 standard and 2 oversize holes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enlarging the diameter of the drill hole facilitated tapping but decreased overall holding strength of screws. Therefore, holes with a standard diameter are recommended for implantation of variable pitch screws whenever possible. During implantation, care should be taken to ensure that screw threads follow tapped bone threads.
Effects of electrostimulated acupuncture on ground reaction forces and pain scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint arthritis
Authors: Kapatkin Amy S. , Tomasic Michael , Beech Jill , Meadows Cheyney , Boston Raymond C. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Powers Michelle Y. , Smith Gail K. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether use of electrostimuluated acupuncture (ESA) would result in significant improvements in ground reaction forces and lameness scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.
Design—Randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial.
Animals—9 dogs with chronic forelimb lameness and radiographic evidence of elbow joint osteoarthritis.
Procedures—All dogs had a 3-week control acclimation period during which gait analysis was performed weekly. Dogs then received ESA once weekly for 3 weeks followed by a sham treatment once weekly for 3 weeks or received the sham treatment followed by ESA. Gait analysis was repeated prior to each treatment, and owners were asked to provide pain scores by use of a visual analog scale method.
Results—Treatment (control, acupuncture, or sham) did not have a significant effect on ground reaction forces for any limb. Owners of 8 of the 9 dogs were able to correctly guess the time period when ESA was delivered.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ESA did not have any significant effects on severity of lameness, as determined by measurement of ground reaction forces, or severity of pain, as determined by visual analog scale pain scores, in dogs with chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.
Evaluation of cellophane banding with and without intraoperative attenuation for treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs
Authors: Frankel Daniel , Seim Howard , MacPhail Catriona , Monnet Eric 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of intraoperative attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEPSSs) during cellophane banding procedures in dogs.
Study Design—Retrospective case series and prospective study.
Animals—18 cases evaluated retrospectively and 14 dogs evaluated prospectively.
Procedures—Gradual occlusion of CEPSSs was performed via cellophane banding. Shunts were occluded to a diameter < 3.0 mm during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the partial attenuation group, whereas the shunt was not attenuated during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the no-attenuation group or in dogs that had previously undergone surgery and were retrospectively evaluated. Postprandial serum bile acids (PPSBA) concentrations were measured before surgery and at various time points after surgery.
Results—Mean ± SD PPSBA concentrations were 26.8 ± 24.5 μmol/L at < 2.25 months after surgery (n = 16 dogs), 22.1 ± 14.0 μmol/L from 2.25 to 6 months after surgery (12 dogs), and 34.9 ± 32.5 μmol/L at > 6 months after surgery (22 dogs). In the prospectively enrolled dogs, mean PPSBA concentrations increased over time in dogs in the partial attenuation group, but not in dogs in the no-attenuation group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cellophane banding may be used to occlude larger CEPSSs and may decrease the need for intraoperative monitoring of portal vein blood pressure. The technique may facilitate minimally invasive treatment of CEPSSs in dogs. Intraoperative attenuation of CEPSSs to a diameter < 3.0 mm is not necessary and may result in a less favorable outcome.
Ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of direct cutaneous arteries used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs
Authors: Reetz Jennifer A. , Seiler Gabriela , Mayhew Philipp D. , Holt David E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe a method for ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic imaging of the 4 direct cutaneous arteries commonly used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs.
Design—Descriptive report.
Animals—20 clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were manually restrained and fundamental and harmonic ultrasonographic and colorflow Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of the superficial cervical, thoracodorsal, deep circumflex iliac (cranial and caudal branches), and caudal superficial epigastric arteries were performed by a resident in diagnostic imaging. The level of confidence in locating these vessels was subjectively graded as high, moderate, or low.
Results—High-frequency fundamental and harmonic ultrasonography was important for maximizing image resolution, and color-flow Doppler ultrasonography was important for vessel identification. The superficial cervical artery was the most difficult vessel to identify; confidence in correct vessel identification was low or moderate. The thoracodorsal and deep circumflex iliac arteries were identified with a moderate or high level of confidence. The caudal superficial epigastric artery was the easiest vessel to identify; confidence in correct vessel identification was high. Except for the superficial cervical artery, the level of confidence in correct vessel identification improved over time as operator experience increased.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the combination of fundamental ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic imaging is an easy and noninvasive method for identifying the 4 direct cutaneous arteries commonly used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs. This method could be useful in planning axial pattern skin flaps, particularly in dogs with regional soft tissue trauma in which the integrity of the vessel is in question.
Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary Eikenella corrodens infection in a dog
Authors: Foster Wendy K. , Armstrong Julie A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Case Description—A 4-year-old English Pointer was examined because of chronic, progressive signs of pulmonary disease and failure to respond to medical treatment.
Clinical Findings—At examination, radiography of the thorax revealed increased pulmonary opacity and air bronchograms in the right caudal lung lobe, and radiography of the forelimbs revealed periosteal bone production typical of hypertrophic osteopathy. Attempts to isolate a causative organism included bacterial culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a lung tissue specimen obtained via fine-needle aspiration. Despite a cytologic diagnosis of septic suppurative inflammation in the lavage fluid, those specimens did not yield bacterial growth. However, a biopsy specimen obtained during a lung lobectomy procedure yielded growth of Eikenella corrodens.
Treatment and Outcome—Despite successful surgical removal of the consolidated lung lobe and initiation of antimicrobial treatment, the dog died 6 days after surgery.
Clinical Relevance—The authors are not aware of reports of pulmonary infection with E corrodens in animals. Infection with the organism is rare, but it is possible that infections are underreported given that the organism is difficult to culture and biopsy may be necessary to obtain enough tissue to yield a diagnosis.