bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a quad-channel high-resolution digital picoammeter for beam diagnostics
Authors: Donatti M.M. , Cardoso F.H. , Tanio L.Y. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In synchrotron light source applications, the photon beam interaction with various materials can produce electric charge which can be measured as current and be used to diagnose particle trajectories, beam intensity, beam profile, position, and stability. Sirius, a 4th-generation Brazilian synchrotron light source, will make use of hundreds of low-intensity measurement instruments. This work aims to show and discuss the design details, challenges, and test results of an Ethernet four-channel high-performance digital ammeter, applied for general-purpose beam diagnostics. The device is based on low-noise and extremely low input bias bipolar transimpedance amplifiers with eight selectable ranges (full scales from pA to mA). Characterization results show that the achieved gain, accuracy, and noise performance are on the same order of magnitude as those of expensive commercial benchtop equipment. In low bandwidth applications, the device was able to measure amplitudes of hundreds of picoampere with intrinsic noise of units of femtoampere (RMS). The designed device is a cost-effective solution.
Testing a Neural Network for Anomaly Detection in the CMS Global
Trigger Test Crate during Run 3
Authors: Zipper Noah ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We present the deployment and testing of an autoencoder trained for unbiased detection of
new physics signatures in the CMS Level-1 Global Trigger (GT) test crate during LHC Run 3. The GT
test crate is a copy of the main GT system, receiving the same input data, but whose output is not
used to trigger the readout of CMS, providing a platform for thorough testing of new trigger
algorithms on live data, but without interrupting data taking. We describe the integration of the
Neural Network into the GT test crate, and the monitoring, testing, and validation of the
algorithm during proton collisions.
Transition path theory for diffusive search with stochastic resetting
Authors: Bressloff Paul C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Many chemical reactions can be formulated in terms of particle diffusion in a complex energy landscape. Transition path theory (TPT) is a theoretical framework for describing the direct (reaction) pathways from reactant to product states within this energy landscape, and calculating the effective reaction rate. It is now the standard method for analyzing rare events between long lived states. In this paper, we consider a completely different application of TPT, namely, a dual-aspect diffusive search process in which a particle alternates between collecting cargo from a source domain A and then delivering it to a target domain B. The rate of resource accumulation at the target, k

AB
, is determined by the statistics of direct (reactive or transport) paths from A to B. Rather than considering diffusion in a complex energy landscape, we focus on pure diffusion with stochastic resetting. Resetting introduces two non-trivial problems in the application of TPT. First, the process is not time-reversal invariant, which is reflected by the fact that there exists a unique non-equilibrium stationary state (NESS). Second, calculating k

AB
involves determining the total probability flux of direct transport paths across a dividing surface S between A and B. This requires taking into account discontinuous jumps across S due to resetting. We derive a general expression for k

AB
and show that it is independent of the choice of dividing surface. Finally, using the example of diffusion in a finite interval, we show that there exists an optimal resetting rate at which k

AB
is maximized. We explore how this feature depends on model parameters.
Topological extension including quantum jump
Authors: Niu Xiangyu , Wang Junjie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Non-Hermitian (NH) systems and the Lindblad form master equation have always been regarded as reliable tools in dissipative modeling. Intriguingly, existing literature often obtains an equivalent NH Hamiltonian by neglecting the quantum jumping terms in the master equation. However, there lacks investigation into the effects of discarded terms as well as the unified connection between these two approaches. In this study, we study the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model with collective loss and gain from a topological perspective. When the system undergoes no quantum jump events, the corresponding shape matrix exhibits the same topological properties in contrast to the traditional NH theory. Conversely, the occurrence of quantum jumps can result in a shift in the positions of the phase transition. Our study provides a qualitative analysis of the impact of quantum jumping terms and reveals their unique role in quantum systems.
Wealth, Power, and Authoritarian Institutions
Authors: Collord Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Following the summary in the introductory chapter, this theory chapter sets out the book’s explanation of variation in authoritarian party and legislative strength, focusing on the African region. The chapter first situates the argument in relation to the broader Africanist and comparative literature on authoritarian institutions and democratization. It then sets out an alternative political economy approach, drawing inspiration from a range of literatures on the African state, postcolonial capitalist development, and political settlements, among others. A central idea is that authoritarian political institutions reflect—and to some extent, magnify—elite power dynamics. They are a ‘terrain of contest’, an arena where power is tested, negotiated, and in some cases, re-ordered. While there are many sources of elite power, the theory centres on material power, indicating how the socio-economic foundations of a regime can impact on its institutional landscape. This theory chapter also reflects on the significance of a stronger legislature, particularly for distributive politics. It briefly introduces an explanation of how the legislature, as a ‘terrain of contest’, contributes to both regressive and—more rarely—progressive redistributive outcomes. This theory chapter lays the foundations for the four subsequent empirical chapters, each of which addresses a key step in the theorized causal chain.
Authoritarian Party Trajectories
Authors: Collord Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines institutional continuity and change in authoritarian parties, demonstrating its theoretical argument through the comparison of TANU/CCM and the NRM. It identifies dynamics of institutional path dependence in each case, following on from the initial critical juncture of regime consolidation. Yet it also shows how party institutional trajectories remain sensitive to shifts in a country’s wider political economy. The analysis adopts the selection process for parliamentary and presidential candidates within each party as a strategic focus. It uses this to show how economic liberalization in Tanzania from the 1980s and the associated fragmentation of patron–client networks undermined formal candidate selection procedures in CCM up through the 2015 elections. Even so, the legacy of strong party structures still slowed the organization of rival factions and limited their autonomy. Regarding Uganda’s NRM, by contrast, the party’s candidate selection was from the start poorly institutionalized, undermined by informal pressure and patronage expenditure. Despite the NRM leadership repeatedly attempting to enforce formal discipline, particularly following the 2005 return to multi-party politics, these efforts failed, and this due to the continued prevalence of private political finance and fragmentated patron–client networks.
Legislative Institutional Strength
Authors: Collord Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Whereas the two preceding chapters explain variation in party institutional strength over space and time, Chapters 5 and 6 shift focus, showing how an understanding of the political economy of authoritarian parties helps explain variation in legislative strength. Legislative strength or ‘institutionalization’ refers both to institutional strength and to actual performance. Chapter 5 focuses on institutional strength, indicating how a legislative institutional reform process may begin where private accumulation is less controlled, patron–client factions more fragmented, and ruling party discipline weak. The chapter first details how and why Tanzania’s legislature weakened from the late 1960s through the 1970s amidst the consolidation of TANU/CCM as a strong ‘institutionalized coalition’. It then examines how this trend reversed with the gradual institutional erosion of CCM and growing factionalism from the 1980s onwards. The chapter then explores how in Uganda, by contrast, legislative institutional strengthening occurred early under the NRM, a ‘bargained coalition’. The level of legislative institutional strength, moreover, remained largely stable, despite repeated efforts by the executive to reduce it.
Legislative Influence
Authors: Collord Michaela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Whereas Chapter 5 examines legislative institutional strength, which suggests the potential for legislative assertiveness, Chapter 6 centres on actual legislative performance. Again, it shows how the strength of legislative challenges to the executive depends on political economy of the ruling party and related dynamics of intra-elite bargaining. As with legislative institutional strength, it finds that the Tanzanian parliament, while marginal when TANU was at its most cohesive and institutionally strong, became a more significant channel for elite contestation and, consequently, more assertive after CCM party institutions began to erode and factional competition increased. By contract, during the period under study (up to 2016), the performance of the Ugandan Parliament, proved more consistent and relatively strong in the sense that it has routinely served as a platform for elite bargaining and intervened to challenge an executive agenda. Beyond a simple study of performance, though, the chapter probes the significance of an assertive legislature, engaging directly with a literature on political institutions and their distributive impact. Through analysis of specific legislative interventions, it demonstrates how legislators extract material and political benefits for themselves and allied politico-economic elites. While the politics driving legislative assertiveness suggest its regressive redistributive implications, the chapter also explores under what conditions legislators may intervene to favour progressive redistributive measure, highlighting the galvanizing effects of more bottom-up organized pressure.
Anosognosia in Alzheimer’s Pathology: Validation of a New Measure
Authors: Terry Christian , Lecci Len 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objective
Two studies were performed to validate a brief measure of cognitive insight and compare it to an empirical model – the Cognitive Awareness Model (CAM).

Method
A pilot study included 31 (52% male; Mage = 69.42) patients from an outpatient neuropsychological assessment clinic. Seven patients were diagnosed with likely Alzheimer's dementia (AD), 15 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 9 no diagnosis (i.e., cognitively normal; CN). The Cognitive Coding Form (CCF) and several other measures were administered. Study 2 entailed archival data extraction of 240 patients (80 CN, 80 MCI, and 80 AD; 53.3% female; Mage = 72.8) to examine whether the CCF predicts memory (Wechsler Memory Scale – IV) and executive functioning (Trail-Making Test B).

Results
The pilot study found preliminary evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the 8-item CCF. Study 2 confirmed that both patient-reported cognitive concerns (F(2,237) = 10.40, p &lt; .001, ω2 = .07, power = .99) and, more strongly, CCF informant-patient discrepancy scores (F(2,237) = 24.52, p &lt; .001, ω2 = .16, power = .99) can distinguish CNs from those with MCI and AD. A regression indicated that depression (5.5%; β = -.38, p &lt; .001) and TMT-B (13%; β = -.43, p &lt; .001), together accounted for 18.5% of the variance in insight (R2 = .19, F(2,219) = 26.10, p &lt; .001), supporting the CAM.

Conclusions
These studies establish an efficient measure of insight with high clinical utility and inform the literature on the role of insight in predicting performance in those with Alzheimer’s pathology.
Biodegradable polydioxanone stents: histologic and structural effects in an experimental model of tracheal stenosis
Authors: Morante-Valverde Rocío , Usategui Alicia , López-Díaz María , Grau Montserrat , Luna-Paredes MaCarmen , de Atauri Álvaro Gimeno-Díaz , Pablos José L , Antón-Pacheco Juan L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the biologic impact of polydioxanone (PDO) stenting in an animal model of inflammatory tracheal stenosis (TS). Additionally, to compare these results with those obtained in the same model without a stent and after placing one PDO stent in a healthy trachea.

Methods
40 adult NZ rabbits were distributed into 3 groups: Group A, 8 animals with a healthy trachea and a PDO stent; group B, 17 rabbits with a TS and no stent; and group C, 15 animals with TS and a PDO stent. Histopathological studies included Masson’s trichrome staining for submucosal fibrosis and Safranin O to assess structural integrity of cartilage. Morphometric analyses were performed in the 3 groups.

Results
Stent placement was successful in every case. Histological studies did not show a significant increase in tracheal wall collagen area and cartilage structure was not modified in those rabbits with a PDO stent, even in a TS scenario. Stent implantation permitted recovery of normal tracheal lumen levels in the TS model.

Conclusions
PDO stenting in the normal trachea and in a model of TS neither caused increase in the collagen matrix nor modification of the cartilaginous support. Additionally, radial force exhibited by PDO stents was effective in restoring normal tracheal lumen when placed in a stenotic lesion. These findings suggest that they may be safe and useful in the setting of an acquired TS.
The nature and structure of European belief systems: exploring the varieties of belief systems across 23 European countries
Authors: van Noord Jochem , Turner-Zwinkels Felicity M , Kesberg Rebekka , Brandt Mark J , Easterbrook Matthew J , Kuppens Toon , Spruyt Bram 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We investigate the structure of political belief systems across Europe to investigate what belief systems in European societies, and those who hold them, have in common. In doing so, we answer three questions: First, are political belief system structures similar across Europe? Second, which demographic groups are likely to have similar belief systems within countries? Third, how are belief systems related to voting behaviour? Results from Correlational Class Analyses on data from 23 European countries indicate that a wide variety of belief systems exist in Europe (2–5 per country), but that these can be summarized into two diverse groups, although belief systems in one group were more similar than in the other. Unexpectedly, the groups did not differ in the strength of association between beliefs. While cultural and economic belief dimensions were not consistently found, and tended to be weak, they were positively associated in the first group and negatively associated in the second. Belief systems of the first group were more likely to be from Western European countries and its members more likely to be higher educated compared to the second group. Membership in the second group was associated with more populist far-right voting and vote abstention.
Preferential transport of synaptic vesicles across neuronal branches is regulated by the levels of the anterograde motor UNC-104/KIF1A in vivo
Authors: Vasudevan Amruta , Ratnakaran Neena , Murthy Kausalya , Kumari Shikha , Hall David H , Koushika Sandhya P 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Asymmetric transport of cargo across axonal branches is a field of active research. Mechanisms contributing to preferential cargo transport along specific branches in vivo in wild type neurons are poorly understood. We find that anterograde synaptic vesicles preferentially enter the synaptic branch or pause at the branch point in Caenorhabditis elegans Posterior Lateral Mechanosensory neurons. The synaptic vesicle anterograde kinesin motor UNC-104/KIF1A regulates this vesicle behavior at the branch point. Reduced levels of functional UNC-104 cause vesicles to predominantly pause at the branch point and lose their preference for turning into the synaptic branch. SAM-4/Myrlysin, which aids in recruitment/activation of UNC-104 on synaptic vesicles, regulates vesicle behavior at the branch point similar to UNC-104. Increasing the levels of UNC-104 increases the preference of vesicles to go straight toward the asynaptic end. This suggests that the neuron optimizes UNC-104 levels on the cargo surface to maximize the fraction of vesicles entering the branch and minimize the fraction going to the asynaptic end.
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV Type Distribution in Penile Samples in Young Men in Denmark: Results 10 Years After Implementation of a Girls-Only HPV Vaccination Program
Authors: Munk Christian , Reinholdt Kristian , Kjaer Alexander K , Hemmingsen Caroline H , Ørnskov Dorthe , Iftner Thomas , Waldstrøm Marianne , Kjaer Susanne K 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
In Denmark, a girls-only human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program was initiated in 2008–2009. The study aim was to assess the HPV prevalence and type distribution in younger men prior to HPV vaccination in men.

Methods
The study population was younger men who attended information days regarding military service. At random days (2019–2020), 280 men were included. We collected questionnaire data regarding risk factors for HPV infection and a penile swab for HPV testing. We compared results in this study with those from a previous study of young men (2006–2007).

Results
The majority of participants (94%) were 18–20 years old. The median number of lifetime sexual partners was 4. Altogether, 130 men (46.4%) were HPV positive. No infections with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 45 were detected. The most frequent type was HPV-51 (detected in 11.1%). Comparison showed that the odds of high-risk HPV type infection were higher in 2019–2020 (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1–2.7]) compared with 2006–2007. In contrast, the odds were lower (POR, 0.3 [95% CI, .1–.6]) for HPV types targeted by the 9-valent HPV vaccine.

Conclusions
The multicohort girls-only vaccination program has to a large degree protected young men against the HPV types included in the licensed vaccines. This does not speak against gender-neutral vaccination as the HPV prevalence is still high, although consisting largely of less carcinogenic HPV types.
International Political Sociology through the Colonial Mirror: A Contrapuntal Reading of the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Colás Alejandro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper invokes Edward Said’s notion of counterpoint to present a transnational sociological account of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. This contrapuntal reading raises questions of sovereignty, violence, and identity, which—filtered through a political sociological lens—offer novel perspectives on the power of empire and colonialism in relation to these key IR categories. Specifically, I argue that the Spanish colonial frontier in Morocco served as a laboratory for distinctive expressions of transnational state-building, violence, and identity-formation, which were reproduced in the metropolitan heartlands of the Iberian Peninsula during the interwar years. The complex interaction between core and periphery in this period had momentous implications for both Spanish and Moroccan history, many of which continue to play out in contemporary politics across the Gibraltar Strait.
Enigmatic persistence of aerobic methanotrophs in oxygen-limiting freshwater habitats
Authors: Reis Paula C J , Tsuji Jackson M , Weiblen Cerrise , Schiff Sherry L , Scott Matthew , Stein Lisa Y , Neufeld Josh D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Methanotrophic bacteria mitigate emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) from a variety of anthropogenic and natural sources, including freshwater lakes, which are large sources of CH4 on a global scale. Despite a dependence on dioxygen (O2) for CH4 oxidation, abundant populations of putatively aerobic methanotrophs have been detected within microoxic and anoxic waters and sediments of lakes. Experimental work has demonstrated active aerobic methanotrophs under those conditions, but how they are able to persist and oxidize CH4 under O2 deficiency remains enigmatic. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms that underpin the persistence and activity of aerobic methanotrophs under O2-limiting conditions in freshwater habitats, particularly lakes, summarize experimental evidence for microbial oxidation of CH4 by aerobic bacteria under low or no O2, and suggest future research directions to further explore the ecology and metabolism of aerobic methanotrophs in O2-limiting environments.
Regulatory impact of statins on macrophage polarization: mechanistic and therapeutic implications
Authors: Sadeghi Mahvash , Khayati Shaho , Dehnavi Sajad , Almahmeed Wael , Sukhorukovi Vasily N , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are widely prescribed drugs for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, these compounds have been found to possess immune-modulating properties. Macrophages, which are crucial phagocytic cells in the body, can be divided into two main subsets: M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). While there is evidence suggesting that statins exert an anti-inflammatory action on macrophages and promote their polarization towards the M2 subset, recent studies have identified the proinflammatory impact of statins on macrophages, leading to polarization towards the M1 subset. For example, statins have been shown to inhibit NF-κB activation to promote anti-inflammatory responses. On the other hand, statins can induce NFκB/AP-1 activation and increase IL-1β secretion in macrophages to promote pro-inflammatory responses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both in vivo and in vitro studies that have investigated the effects of statins on macrophage polarization and inflammatory responses in various diseases. Furthermore, this review seeks to evaluate the underlying mechanisms involved in these effects. By summarizing the existing evidence, this review contributes to our understanding of the complex interactions between statins and macrophages in different disease contexts.
A case report of two synchronous primary urologic malignancies in one patient
Authors: Mremi Alex , Mpelumbe Janeth , Kasyupa Furaha Enos , Patrick Elizabeth , Mbwambo Orgeness Jasper , Ngowi Bartholomeo Nicholaus 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is quite unusual to have numerous primary malignant tumors at the same time in the same patient. These cancers are classified as metachronous or synchronous. The occurrence of synchronous urologic tumors poses diagnostic and treatment challenges and has always been a subject of controversy in the clinical decision-making process. Unfortunately, no clear standardized management protocols for these patients exist. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment may be difficult, especially with few resources. We present a 75-year-old man with simultaneous prostate and kidney cancers successfully treated at our center. This is one of the rare cases in the English literature with two primary urologic cancers.