bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF FASCIOLOSIS ON THE WOOL PRODUCTION OF MERINO SHEEP
Authors: Roseby F. B. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe wool production of 20 Merino sheep, artificially infected with Fasciola hepatica, was compared with that of 20 uninfected controls. Sheep of two different ages, 6 months and 4 years, were fed in pens ad lib on two different diets giving high and low planes of nutrition.The midside tatooed patch technique was used to measure the wool production over periods of 6 weeks prior to the infection date, and 0–6, 6–12, 12–18 and 18–24 weeks after this date. Infection with F. hepatica caused a significant reduction of 20–39% in wool production from 6 weeks after infection, irrespective of the age of the sheep or the plane of nutrition.It was found that a reduction in wool production may occur without symptoms of fasciolosis being apparent.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN CALVES
Authors: Spradbrow P. B. , Watt D. A. , Chung V. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNine calves, were inoculated intravenously with the Innisfail strain of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Apart from a mild fever, no obvious clinical signs were noted. A low titre viraemia was demonstrated in all 5 calves from which blood was collected, and EMC virus was recovered from the myocardium of 3 of 6 calves at 2, 3 and 6 days after inoculation. Virus was not recovered from the central nervous system. No excretion of EMC virus in urine or faeces was detected in 3 calves.Histopathological lesions were present in brain tissue from only 1 calf, destroyed 14 days after inoculation, and in the heart muscle from another calf, destroyed 7 days after inoculation. Macroscopic lesions were not seen in these organs.Both neutralising and haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibodies were produced within one week of infection, reached a peak in 3–4 weeks and persisted undiminished until 9 weeks after inoculation. By nitration on Sephadex G 200, it was shown that the early response was due to IgM type antibodies, and these were replaced by IgG antibody.One calf was inoculated intracerebrally with EMC virus. It developed a flaccid posterior paralysis and was destroyed 6 days later. Virus was recovered from the brain and spinal cord, but no significant histopathological lesions were detected in brain or spinal cord from this calf.
OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE IN DOGS CAUSED BY GRASS‐SEED FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: Johnston D. E. , Summers B. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryOsteomyelitis of lumbar vertebrae was seen in three dogs in association with penetration of grass seeds. In one dog a sinus extended from the sublumbar abscess to the flank. In two dogs there was extensive destruction of two lumbar vertebrae and hind limb weakness. All cases responded to removal of the grass seed and drainage. The possible route of entry of the seed is discussed.
THE PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO ADENOVIRUSES IN HORSES FROM QUEENSLAND AND NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Harden T. J. , Pascoe R. R. , Spradbrow P. B. , Johnston K. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of antibodies to the EAM‐1 strain of equine adenovirus was studied in six groups of horses, totalling 433, from New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, and New Zealand. Within groups, virus neutralising antibodies were detected in 69–100%, complement fixing antibodies in 41–68% and precipitating antibodies in 10–19%. The prevalence within areas was similar. Passive transfer of colostral antibodies to equine adenovirus from the mare to the foal was demonstrated. The prevalence of antibody to EAM‐1 increased with age such that approximately 70% of yearlings and two‐year‐old horses possessed SN and CF antibodies; this incidence was similar to that of older horses.
STUDIES ON EQUINE HERPESVIRUSES 5. Isolation and Characterisation of Slowly Cytopathic Equine Herpesviruses in Queensland
Authors: Harden T. J. , BaugustB.V.Sc. T. J. , PascoeM.V.Sc. R. R. , SpradbrowB.V.Sc. P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe isolation and characterization of 71 strains of slowly cytopathic herpesviruses (EHV2) from horses in Queensland is described. Specimens from aged horses at slaughter yielded 7 isolates from leucocytes and 4 from tonsils, but EHV2 strains could not be detected in salivary glands, spleen, kidney or intestinal wall. A further EHV2 strain (EK550) was isolated from cell cultures prepared from the kidney of an adult horse. Repeated sampling yielded 39 nasal, ocular and genital EHV2 strains from a group of 16 mares and their young foals, and 20 strains from a group of 6 yearlings.Laboratory examination of these EHV2 strains demonstrated variations in plaque size and growth in non‐host cell cultures, and at least two serological groups were detected. EHV2 infection of foals transplacentally was not detected, but neonatal infection of foals from chronically infected mares appeared probable.
PERINATAL LAMB MORTALITY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 4. Neonatal Infections
Authors: Dennis S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryInfection was found in 14.5% of dead lambs classified as delayed or late post‐parturient deaths or in 7.5% of the 4,417 lambs autopsied. Eighteen species of bacteria were isolated from these acquired neonatal infections. Many infections resulted from umbilical contamination at birth, some by ingestion, some were superimposed complications upon an already existing condition such as starvation, others occurred as post‐marking sequellae. Neonatal infections were divided into hebdomadal (first week) and post‐hebdomadal (7 to 28 days). The microorganisms isolated from hebdomadal deaths were Cl. septicum, C. pyogenes, Staph, aureus, Past. haemolytica, Past, multocida, and E. coli, from post‐hebdomadal deaths Staph, aureus, F. necrophorum, C. pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp, E. coli, Cl. septicum, Cl. perfringens, Past, haemolytica. Streptococcus spp, pleomorphic gram‐negative rod, A. lignieresii, Dermatophilus congolensis and miscellaneous species. It was estimated that acquired neonatal infections were responsible for one‐thirteenth of the perinatal lamb deaths in the agricultural area of Western Australia or for approximately 1% of births.
A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP
Authors: PLANT J. W. , ACLAND HELEN M. , GARD G. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA condition resembling border disease has been transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. Forty‐nine merino ewes, mated to merino rams 7 to 87 days previously, were inoculated with, an homogenate of brain, spinal cord and spleen from affected lambs. Mummified foetuses, abortions and stillbirths were observed, and lambs with hairy birth coats were born to ewes inoculated between days 12 to 70 of gestation. A mucosal disease virus (MDV), present in the original material, was recovered from the aborted foetuses and lambs. Attempts to induce passive protection using bovine anti‐serum to the C24V strain of MDV were not successful.The condition was also transmitted by inoculation of pregnant ewes with a cell culture supernatant prepared from tissue cultures that had been inoculated with an organ homogenate pool. MDV was present in the supernatant and was recovered from aborted foetuses and lambs.It is suggested that a condition in sheep in Australia resembling border disease is due to the infection of the pregnant ewe by a mucosal disease virus.
A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION, HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP
Authors: GARD G. P. , ACLAND HELEN M. , PLANT J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA condition in Australian sheep resembling border disease was transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. This material contained mucosal disease virus (MDV). Twenty‐two lambs comprising 6 from uninoculated control ewes, together with 11 with hairy coats and 5 with normal coats from inoculated ewes, were observed from 7 to 182 days after birth. Nine of the lambs from inoculated ewes died during the experiment from a variety of causes.Glial cell abnormalities were observed in control and affected lambs, but only 4 of the 11 hairy lambs were judged to have abnormal glial cells. There were no consistent histopathological findings indicative of MDV infection.MDV was recovered from tissues of all 11 hairy lambs, but not from any of the lambs with normal coats. The hairy lambs appeared to be immunologically tolerant to the virus. Susceptible sheep in contact with the hairy lambs were infected with MDV.It is suggested that a condition in Australian lambs characterised by hairiness of the birth coat and poor viability is due to foetal infection with a mucosal disease virus.
THE USE OF SIMULATION MODELLING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BRUCELLOSIS ERADICATION
Authors: Beck A. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Problems faced by Government veterinarians in the planning and implementation of the national bovine brucellosis eradication campaign are described. These problems stem from the uncertainty associated with the epidemiology of the disease and its initial status in eradication areas. They are compounded by constraints on abattoir capacity, finance and time.A computer simulation model is discussed which is designed to assist campaign organisers to cope with these problems. Inputs related to expected test and slaughter rates, district disease prevalence and proposed campaign intensity are entered into the model. Output from the model includes distributions giving predicted testing workloads, cattle slaughtered and disease status over the course of the campaign.The operation of the model is illustrated using data from the Bangalow district of New South Wales.
THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE MARE AND ITS UTERINE CONTROL
Authors: Hughes J. P. , Stabenfeldt G. H. , Evans J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The reproductive findings from a group of nonpregnant mares were studied. Oestrous cycle length averaged 20.6 days (range 13–34) excluding anoestrous periods, or 25 days (31–141) if included. Average oestrus length was 5.7 days (range 1–24) but from February to May it averaged 7.6 days (range 2–24) and from May to November 4.8 days (range 1–10). Seventy‐eight per cent of the mares ovulated within 48 hours prior to the end of oestrus, 10% were out of oestrus before ovulation occurred, while 76% of the ovulations occurred between 4 p.m. and 8 a.m. Follicles averaged 45 mm in size the day of ovulation and multiple ovulations occurred 25.5% of the time. Oestrus without associated ovulation was very uncommon in this group of mares, whereas ovulation without oestrus occurred in 6 of the 11 mares, including one mare who ovulated 32 of 34 times without oestrus. The CL were palpable for an average period of 8.9 days (range 1–18). On occasions, a hematoma formed within the ovulation site, reached a size of 10–12 cm in length and persisted beyond the next ovulation without affecting cycle length.Dioestrus averaged 15.4 days (range 6–25) excluding anoestrus, or 19.5 days (range 6–121) if anoestrus was included. Dioestrous ovulations unaccompanied by signs of oestrus and with the cervix pale, tight, dry and sticky occurred in 10 of the 11 mares. The CL formed following dioestrous ovuations were normal, but did not affect cycle length.A syndrome of spontaneous prolongation of the corpus luteum for 2 to 3 months was observed in 6 of the 11 mares. Oestrus was not manifested during this time, but considerable follicular activity and, in some instances, ovulation was observed. Hysterectomised mares and some mares with pyometra had prolonged CL and follicular activity with a few ovulating similar to mares with spontaneously‐prolonged CL. Other mares with pyometra had normal cyclic ovarian activity. Evidence suggests that the endometrium had been destroyed by the infection in the anoestrus mares with pyometra and, thus, was incapable of forming and/or releasing luteolytic factors. Experimental intrauterine inoculation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus during dioestrus reduced oestrous cycle length in 5 of 7 inoculations, whereas inoculations during oestrus failed to alter cycle length.
ECOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMAS IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY CATS
Authors: Tan R. J. S. , Lim Ek Wang , Ishak Baharudin 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Mycoplasmas were isolated from various sites and organs of a series of 319 clinically healthy cats. They include M. felis, M. gatese, M. arginini, A. laidlawii, feline ureaplasmas, M. pulmonis, M. arthritidis, and M. gallisepticum. In addition, there were 10 strains of mycoplasmas which could not be identified with the specific antiserums by growth inhibition tests.Antibody against M. felis was demonstrated by haemagglutination‐inhibition and complement‐fixation tests in cats which were over 6 months of age. However, no such antibody against M. felis was detected in animals which were less than 6 months old. No antibody against A. laidlawii, M. gateae, M. arginini and feline ureaplasmas was demonstrated by the same serological methods. The significance of these mycoplasmas in cats is described.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER
Authors: BURGESS G. W. , SPRADBROW P. B. 
Published: March 2008

A study of the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever confirmed that the major clinical signs were fever lasting no more than 2 days, with increased respiratory rate, dyspnoea and some degree of lameness. Haematological observations revealed a neutro‐philia with a left shift and a lymphopaenia at the time of peak clinical reaction. The net result was a slight leucopaenla on the day after this reaction. The most prominent pathological changes involved the lungs and synovial joints. Pulmonary emphysema and alveolar collapse with bronchiolitis, degenerative changes in synovial membranes and increased synovial fluid were observed. Specific fluorescence indicating the presence of BEF viral antigen could be detected at the time of peak clinical response in individual cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes as well as neutrophils. Before and after the peak fever some fluorescence was seen in cells which appeared to be reticular cells in the lymph nodes. Viral isolation in mice could be made from blood, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes over a period of no more than 3 days.It is postulated that viral growth takes place mainly in the reticuloendothelial cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes and not in vascular endothelium or lymphoid cells.The authors wish to acknowledge Professors J. Francis and B. W. Manktelow for helpful advice and the Australian Meat Research Council for financing the project.
ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIO‐PATHOLOGY OF PARASITIC GASTRITIS IN THE SHEEP
Authors: TITCHEN D. A. , ANDERSON N. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySheep and calves prepared with separated, innervated pouches made from the acid secreting region of the abomasum were given single or multiple infections of Ostertagia spp and comparisons were made of the secretory changes of parasitised and non‐parasitised mucosa by means of cannulas placed in the abomasum and pouch.Contrary reactions of the parasite‐free pouches and infected main part of the abomasum are described and explained in terms of a two‐part hypothesis. The inhibitory effect on acid secretion of the abomasum (resulting in its contents being pH 5 to 7) was postulated to be due to the direct suppressive effects of substances released locally by parasites or injured host tissues, whereas increased secretion of the hormone, gastrin, was thought to account for the stimulatory effects of infection on acid secretion from the pouches.In sheep treated with anthelmintic and then reinfected the inhibitory effects on abomasal pH were not obtained. The hypersecretion from the pouches still persisted.
TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY OF CATTLE INOCULATED WITH ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CATTLE, FERAL PIGS AND TROUGH WATER
Authors: PEARSON CATHERINE W. , CORNER L. A. , LEPPER A. W. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEach of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of live atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy‐eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat‐concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation.Organisms were cultured from caseous granu‐lomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid‐fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.
THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF POOR RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Rose R. J. , Davis P. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYElectrocardiograms were recorded from 153 racehorses and 10 Olympic three‐day‐event horses. The horses were then grouped into those presented for routine examination, those in which there was a complaint of poor performance, those going to the Montreal Olympics, and those with upper respiratory tract abnormalities. When the ECGs of the four groups were compared on the basis of detection of abnormality, it was found that 93.2% of the poor performance group showed abnormalities of various types. The routine examination group showed 21.1% of horses with abnormal ECGs, and over half of these have been followed to the point where it can be said they raced unsuccessfully. In particular, this applied to those horses with T wave abnormalities in 4 or more leads, and to those with intra‐atrial block. There were significant T wave changes in 50% of the Olympic horses, and 43.7% of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia showed abnormality. While it can be concluded that T wave changes are highly significant findings in an ECG, it is also true that modification of the training programme is a way of helping trainers to get the best out of horses which might otherwise have a serious limitation of their performance potential.
BOVINE ENZOOTIC HAEMATURIA IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: McKenzie R. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBovine enzootic haematuria was diagnosed in Queensland in coastal areas in association with bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) on 3 properties or with mulga fern or rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on 4 properties, and in inland areas in association with C. sieberi on 3 properties. In the absence of bracken fern, long‐term ingestion of C. sieberi is suggested as a cause of bovine enzootic haematuria. Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Westbury H. A. , Sinkovic B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNormal chickens given infectious avian encephalomyelitis virus (IAEV) orally at 1, 7 or 14 days of age developed infectious avian encephalomyelitis (IAE), whereas those dosed with the virus at 21, 28 and 35 days of age did not. Chickens in all of these age groups that had been treated with cyclophosphamide or testosterone developed clinical IAE. Intraperitoneal inoculation of IAEV immunoglobulin at the time of dosing with the virus, or 48 hours later, protected normal and immunosuppressed chickens against the onset of clinical IAE.The titre of IAEV serum neutralising antibody was found to be lower in normal chickens given the virus at 1, 7 and 14 days of age in older chickens.These results suggest a significant role for the humoral immune system in the pathogenesis of IAE and in the development of immunity to the disease.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Westbury H. A. , Sinkovic B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Infectious avian encephalomyelitis virus (IAEV) maternal antibody was detected in the serum of chickens for up to 21 days following hatching. This antibody protected chickens against clinical IAE after intracerebral inoculation with van Roekel strain or oral administration of the NSW‐1 strain of IAEV. Maternal antibody to IAEV also protected testosterone‐bursectomised chickens against the development of clinical disease.IAEV maternal antibody also Influenced the pattern of virus excretion in faeces and serological responsiveness. This influence on antibody responses persisted beyond the time that IAEV maternal antibody could be detected.The importance of IAEV maternal antibody on the strategy of vaccination against IAE is discussed.
CONGENITAL BOVINE EPIZOOTIC ARTHROGRYPOSIS AND HYDRANENCEPHALY
Authors: Shepherd N. C. , Gee C. D. , Jessep T. , Timmins G. , Carroll S. N. , BONNER R. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Epizootics of congenital neurological defects in calves have been recorded at various intervals in south eastern New South Wales for over 40 years. In 1974 a particularly severe outbreak occurred. Field observations of the clinical entities, their time of appearance, distribution and incidence were recorded in an attempt to determine an epidemiological pattern.The neurological entities observed occupied different time spans in the opizootic, the order of appearance being polioencephalomyelltis, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and micrencephaly. The probable period of infection correlated well with the likely presence of Culiciodes brevitarsus in the epizootic area and the distribution and incidence of neurologic cases likewise correlated well with the expected geographical and climatic distribution of C. brevitarsus in this period.The probable association of Akabane virus infection and the outbreak of stillbirths and abortions which preceded the neurologic entities is discussed.
DIARRHOEA IN PIGLETS INOCULATED WITH ROTAVIRUS
Authors: Tzipori S. , Williams I. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A rotavirus isolated from a field outbreak of diarrhoea in artificially reared piglets was purified, filtered and administered orally to gnotobiotic and conventional piglets.Four successive passages of the virus in gnotobiotic piglets produced severe diarrhoea within 20 to 24 hours of administration. The diarrhoea lasted several days causing dehydration, emaciation, loss of body weight and some deaths. Virus was demonstrated in the faeces of the infected piglets by electron microscopy.Conventionally reared piglets developed little or no diarrhoea when given virus, whereas artificially reared piglets developed moderate to severe diarrhoea which lasted from 3 to 8 days with some deaths. No clinical disease was obvious in surviving piglets following challenge with the virus 10 or 17 days after initial infections.