bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drosophila melanogaster and Eucypris virens giant spermatozoa as visualized by cell inclusion in microgels
Authors: López‐Fernández C. , Baltanás A. , De La Torre J. , Gosálvez J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new technique, based on live Sperm Inclusion in Microgels (SIM), allows quick and easy analysis of giant spermatozoa under bright field or fluorescence microscopy. The technique has been assayed on Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) and Eucypris virens (Ostracoda) spermatozoa and based on the inclusion of freshly obtained male gametes in low melting agarose microgels at 37°C to prevent cell damage. Gametes spread onto pretreated slides are dehydrated and directly observed under phase contrast microscopy or stained with specific fluorochromes for DNA or proteins. Results show that the morphology of whole sperm is highly preserved allowing identification of sperm characteristics difficult to visualize after using standard fixation procedures. In Drosophila melanogaster, SIM allows the simultaneous visualization of the complete flagellum plus a clear delineation of the DNA. It also allows observation of morphological changes in the perforatorium as sperm elongation takes place. In E. virens, SIM slides visualized under phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy show three main morphological regions on the entire spermatozoa. Spermatozoa of this species are auto‐fluorescent under wavelength excitation from 387 to 562 nm. In spite of this, clear localization of the DNA molecule at the posterior 1/3 part of the whole spermatozoa can also be achieved after single DAPI staining or in combination with Mercuri‐diBrom‐Fluorescein, a fluorochrome for protein targeting. J. Exp. Zool. 307A, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence, expression and evolutionary relationships of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in the toad Xenopus laevis
Authors: Lindley Timothy E. , Laberge Tammy , Hall Aaron , Hewett‐Emmett David , Walsh Patrick J. , Anderson Paul M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe sequence of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSase I) cDNA and expression of the enzyme in liver of the toad Xenopus laevis are reported. CPSase I mRNA increases 6‐fold when toads are exposed to high salinity for extended periods of time. The deduced 1,494‐amino acid sequence of the CPSase I is homologous to other CPSases and reveals a domain structure and conserved amino acids common to other CPSases. A serine residue (S287) is present where there is a cysteine residue required for glutamine‐dependent activity in CPSase Types III and II (Type I CPSases utilize only ammonia as nitrogen‐donating substrate). A sequence of DNA 964 bases upstream from the ATG start codon for the CPSase I gene is also reported. Phylogenetic analysis for 30 CPSase isoforms, including X. laevis CPSase I, across a wide spectrum of phyla is reported and discussed. The results are consistent with the views that eukaryotic CPSase II as a multifunctional complex evolved from prokaryotic CPSase II and that CPSase I in terrestrial vertebrates and CPSase III in fishes arose from eukaryotic CPSase II by independent events after the divergence of plants in eukaryotic evolution. J. Exp. Zool. 307A, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A critical examination of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test for wheat meals
Authors: Morris Craig F , Paszczynska Bozena , Bettge Arthur D , King Garrison E 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSedimentation tests have long been used to characterise wheat flours and meals with the aim of predicting processing and end‐product qualities. However, the use of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test for durum wheat (AACC International Approved Method 56–70) has not been characterised for hexaploid wheat varieties with a diverse range of protein quality and quantity. This paper reports the variation associated with important method parameters: sample weight, SDS concentration, technician, grinder and screen aperture (particle size). Sedimentation volumes were recorded every 5 min for 30 min and expressed as specific volume, i.e. sediment volume in mL g−1 meal. Ten diverse hexaploid wheat samples of markedly different protein quality and quantity were examined. The SDS sedimentation assay was shown to be highly robust and reproducible, with ANOVA (analysis of variance) model R2 values greater than 0.98 (individual time points). The procedure delineated soft and hard hexaploid wheat samples based on a combination of protein quantity and quality. Sample weight (if corrected to unit weight basis), recording time of at least 10 min, SDS stock concentration of at least 10 g L−1 (final), grinder type and screen aperture were minor sources of variation in SDS sedimentation volume relative to the effects due to differences among wheat samples. Interactions among ANOVA model terms were of relatively minor importance. Published in 2007 by This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Flow measurements: Can several “Wrongs” make a “Right”?
Authors: Caffarel Jennifer , Robson Wendy , Pickard Robert , Griffiths Clive , Drinnan Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAimsAlthough measurement of maximum flow rate (Qmax) is a standard and straightforward test, it is often difficult to obtain reliable readings. We obtained multiple measurements using a simple home uroflow device which categorizes Qmax into ranges. We hypothesize that the average of a series of relatively coarse measurements of Qmax would be more repeatable and therefore more representative of an individual's voiding function than a single, albeit more precise measurement.MethodsWe studied 22 male volunteers with a wide range of Qmax. They were asked to record flow category (<10 ml/sec; 10–15 ml/sec; 15–20 ml/sec; >20 ml/sec) and voided volume twice daily for 12 days using the home flow device. In addition, a clinic‐based flow recording using a spinning‐disc uroflowmeter was obtained at both the start and the end of the 12‐day period.ResultsGood agreement between mean home flow and mean clinic flow was seen with mean (SD) difference of 1.3 (5) ml/sec. The mean for consecutive halves of an individual's home flow data showed excellent agreement (−0.2 (1.3) ml/sec). The two clinic readings showed poorer agreement (2.3 (6.8) ml/sec) than the home readings, and poorer agreement even than between clinic and home flows.ConclusionsAlthough simple in design, the home flowmeter actually shows greater accuracy than might be expected when used repeatedly to study the flow rates of men. Simple flow devices such as this could be used in conjunction with voiding diaries to give a more representative picture of patients' day‐to‐day voiding function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:474–480, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction in health care claims data
Authors: Nordstrom Beth L. , Norman Heather S. , Dube Timothy J. , Wilcox Marsha A. , Walker Alexander M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurposeAbacavir is associated with an infrequent but potentially serious hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) that can include a wide range of signs and symptoms. Identification of this reaction through medical insurance claims could provide a simple and efficient means of monitoring the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity in large populations of patients.MethodsUsing data from a safety study of 948 abacavir users with 22 hypersensitivity events identified from claims and validated through medical record review, we used a recursive partitioning analysis to construct an algorithm to differentiate between patients with and without validated adverse events. Bootstrap resampling techniques provided validation for the analysis.ResultsThe analysis produced a classification tree with three decision nodes that comprised the best indicators of HSRs. The predictors included any one of several specific symptoms commonly found with this reaction, a claims diagnosis of adverse effect of drug, anaphylactic shock or unspecified allergy, and a discontinuation in abacavir prior to completing a 90‐day course of therapy. The algorithm demonstrated 95% sensitivity and 90% specificity when tested using a bootstrap resampling approach with the current data.ConclusionsA sensitive and specific algorithm for identifying abacavir hypersensitivity from claims was created. This algorithm would permit efficient identification of charts for medical review. Further testing of the algorithm with additional medical claims data for abacavir users will be required to ascertain its validity across databases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term reactogenicity and gender effect of anthrax vaccine: analysis of a 1967–1972 study and review of the 1955–2005 medical literature
Authors: McNeil Michael M. , Chiang I‐Shan , Wheeling John T. , Zhang Yujia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurposeIn the 1960s, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) held the investigational new drug (IND) application for the anthrax vaccine and collected short‐term safety data from approximately 16 000 doses administered to almost 7000 individuals. While some recent anthrax vaccine safety studies have suggested that women experience more injection site reactions (ISRs), to our knowledge the IND safety data were not previously examined for a gender‐specific difference.MethodsWe identified and analyzed a subset of the IND study data representing a total of 1749 persons who received 3592 doses from 1967 to 1972. Original data collection forms were located and information extracted, including: vaccine recipient's name, age at vaccination, gender, dose number, date of vaccination, lot number, grading of ISR, presence and type of systemic reactions. Overall and gender‐specific rates for adverse reactions to anthrax vaccine were calculated and we performed a multivariable analysis.ResultsWe found an ISR was associated with 28% of anthrax vaccine doses; however, 87% of these were considered mild. Systemic reactions were uncommon (<1%) and most (70%) accompanied an ISR. Our dose‐specific analysis by gender found women had at least twice the risk of having a vaccine reaction compared to men. Our age‐adjusted relative risk for ISR in women compared to men was 2.78 (95%CI: 2.29, 3.38).ConclusionsOur results for both overall and gender‐specific reactogenicity are consistent with other anthrax safety studies. To date, possible implications of these gender differences observed for anthrax and other vaccines are unknown and deserve further study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of lag‐time into exposure definitions to control for protopathic bias
Authors: Tamim H. , Monfared A. A. Tahami , LeLorier J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurposeTo control for protopathic bias, some studies have incorporated the concept of lag‐time into their exposure definition (time period before the index date that was not considered in assessing exposure). The objective of this study was to introduce a procedure to identify the best lag‐time to be applied in studies where control for protopathic bias is required.MethodsWe used data from a case‐control study carried out to assess the association between exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and risk of gastric cancer, using RAMQ databases. Exposure was defined as the number of defined daily doses of PPIs dispensed during the 5‐year period prior to the index date (divided into four quartiles). Thirty‐one different lag‐times were applied (0–30 months) based on 1‐month intervals. Logistic regression was used to estimate the matched odds ratio (OR) for each lag‐time. The change point in the ln(ORs) was identified by applying a two‐compartmental model and a segmented regression model.ResultsA trend of decreasing ORs was found with the application of an increasing lag‐time. As an illustration, the ORs for the 1st quartile of defined daily doses, when applying the 31 different lag‐times, ranged between 3.52 when applying a 0 lag‐time and 0.97 when applying a 30 months lag‐time. Applying the two methods for the different lag‐times showed that the ORs stabilized at around 6 months.ConclusionFor the purpose of controlling for protopathic bias in pharmacoepidemiological studies, we have provided a method to assess the most appropriate lag‐time that should be applied for the assessment of drug exposure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel in situ coordination copper sulfate/ acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber composite
Authors: Yuan Xiaofang , Shen Fei , Wu Guozhang , Wu Chifei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel rubber composite of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) filled with anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) particles was investigated. Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, tensile testing, and an equilibrium swelling method were used for the characterization of this novel CuSO4/NBR composite. The results indicated that the composite had wonderful mechanical properties, which profited from the in situ coordination crosslinking interactions between the nitrile groups (CN) of NBR and solid CuSO4 particles. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy results showed that CuSO4 particles played two roles, acting as both crosslink agents and reinforcing fillers in the matrix. The double actions of CuSO4 gave the CuSO4/NBR composites their excellent mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 571–576, 2007
Pressure dependence of superconducting transition temperature of MgB2 up to 8 GPa
Authors: Ma R. , Liu M. , Wang Y. G. , Yang Y. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe pressure dependence of electronic structure, phonon frequencies, electron–phonon coupling constant, and the superconducting transition temperature Tc in MgB2 are calculated via zone‐center frozen phonon modes calculations using the FP‐LAPW method. The calculations are performed from pressure dependent lattice parameters measured experimentally up to 8 GPa. Under quasi‐hydrostatic pressure, Tc is found to decrease with an approximately quadratic dependence, deviating significantly from the linearity. It is shown that the pressure‐induced anisotropic change of lattice parameters, the increasing E2g phonon frequency, and nonlinear electron–phonon coupling are three key factors of producing nonlinear Tc(P) observed in MgB2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compositional dependence of optical and vibrational properties of strontium barium niobate (SrxBa1–xNb2O6)
Authors: David C. , Tunyagi A. , Betzler K. , Wöhlecke M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe index of refraction, the optical band edge and the Raman scattering of strontium barium niobate, Srx Ba1–x Nb2O6 with 0.38 < x < 0.77 have been studied. The ordinary refractive index does not depend on x, while the extra‐ordinary one increases with increasing x. The band edge is almost unaffected by the Ba‐ or Sr‐content and shows a weak band bowing. Both the index of refraction and the band edge may be used for an optical determination of the composition of the crystal. Raman spectra show the typical behavior of tungsten bronze type crystals with broad bands and complicated spectral shapes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of anisotropic exchange on the micromagnetic domain structures
Authors: Schaadt D. M. , Engel‐Herbert R. , Hesjedal T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the influence of anisotropic exchange on the micromagnetic domain structure. Three‐dimensional simulations based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation were performed incorporating a generalized tensor representation of the exchange following a phenomenological approach. In comparison to isotropic exchange, which is usually used in micromagnetic simulations, anisotropic exchange significantly affected the equilibrium distribution of the magnetization. The formation of slanted domain walls aligning in the direction of stiffest exchange and the deformation of edge domains were the most prominent consequences. In general, we found that anisotropic exchange may have profound effects on magnetic nanostructures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increase in water resistance of paperboard by coating with poly(lactide)
Authors: Rhim Jong‐Whan , Lee Jun‐Ho , Hong Seok‐In 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPoly(lactide) (PLA)‐coated paperboards (PB) were prepared, and the effect of coating for improving water resistance of paperboard used for corrugated box liners was tested. Surface of paperboards became smoother through PLA coating, and their thickness and weight of coating increased depending on the concentration of the coating solution. Tensile strength of paperboard decreased, while elongation at break (E) increased after PLA coating. All water barrier properties tested, such as water vapour permeability (WVP), water absorptiveness (WA) and contact angle (CA) of water drop, indicated that water resistance of paperboard was improved through surface coating with PLA. WVP decreased from 4.8 to 25.5 times, and WA decreased from 11.9 to 17.9 times depending on the PLA concentration. The increase in water resistance of PLA‐coated paperboards was due to the hydrophobicity of PLA, which was proven through CA measurement. CA determined by both static and dynamic methods demonstrated the increase in initial CA of PLA‐coated paperboards, indicating an increased hydrophobicity of surface. All test results indicated that the optimum concentration of coating solution for improving water resistance of paperboard was 3 w/v % of PLA soulution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of formalin and ethanol preservation on otolith δ18O stable isotope signatures
Authors: Storm‐Suke A. , Dempson J. B. , Caron F. , Power M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe use of preserved otoliths for stable isotope analysis assumes handling and preservation procedures do not alter the isotopic composition of the otolith. Otoliths from wild and hatchery‐reared salmonids (brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar) were used to test for possible δ18O preservation effects in ethanol and formalin preservation experiments at varying temperatures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant interaction effect between species and preservative during preservation. Possible causes for the observed effect are discussed in relation to species‐specific differences in otolith chemistry related to growth and environment including: (1) chemical mechanisms of dissolution‐recrystallisation involving the precipitation of secondary minerals within and at the otolith surface; (2) adsorption of ions at available binding sites on the otolith surface; and (3) isotopic exchange during otolith surface dissolution and/or reprecipitation processes. Differential occurrence of vaterite and aragonite in otoliths is believed to account for some of the observed effects as a result of otolith density differences. Isotopic exchange is also argued to cause much of the observed variation in species‐specific preservation effects. Biologically, study findings imply that preserved otoliths should not be used for baseline paleoclimatic or individual fish thermal reconstructions, or the development of δ18O‐fractionation equations, without the prior use of pilot studies to determine preservation effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of 3,5‐dichloroaniline as a biomarker of vinclozolin and iprodione in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Lindh Christian H. , Littorin Margareta , Amilon Åsa , Jönsson Bo A. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fungicides vinclozolin and iprodione are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are dicarboximide fungicides containing the common moiety 3,5‐dichloroaniline (3,5‐DCA). It has been suggested that low‐level exposures to such compounds may be associated with adverse health effects such as endocrine disruption. In this study a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of 3,5‐DCA as a biomarker of exposure to these fungicides in human urine. The urine samples were treated by basic hydrolysis to degrade the fungicides, their metabolites and conjugates to 3,5‐DCA. The 3,5‐DCA was then extracted using toluene and derivatized using pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA). Analysis of the derivative was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the negative ion mode. Quantification of the derivative was performed using [13C6]‐labeled 3,4‐DCA as an internal standard with good precision and linearity in the range 0.1–200 ng/mL urine. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.1 ng/mL. The metabolites in urine were found to be stable during storage at −20°C. To validate 3,5‐DCA as a biomarker the method was applied in a human experimental exposure to iprodione and vinclozolin. Two healthy volunteers received 200 µg single oral doses of each pesticide followed by urine sampling during 72–120 h post‐exposure. Between 78–107% of the dose was recovered as 3,5‐DCA in the urine after exposure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a multiplex non‐radioactive receptor assay: the benzodiazepine receptor, the serotonin transporter and the β‐adrenergic receptor
Authors: de Jong Lutea A. A. , Jeronimus‐Stratingh C. Margot , Cremers Thomas I. F. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBinding assays still form a fundamental part of modern drug development. Receptor binding assays are mostly based on radioactivity because of their speed, ease of use and reproducibility. Disadvantages, such as health hazards and production of radioactive waste, have prompted the development of non‐radioactive receptor binding assays. This application therefore focuses on measuring receptor‐ligand interactions using mass spectrometry. Moreover, the novelty of this approach originates in determining multiple analytes in a single assay (multiplexing). The proof of principle of a non‐radioactive multiplex receptor assay is demonstrated using a pool of receptors from rat cortical tissue with flunitrazepam, MADAM and pindolol in one vial with or without their respective displacers. Flunitrazepam, MADAM and pindolol bound specifically at 73%, 30% and 40% to their respective receptors. This corresponds to specific binding sites of 0.61 pmol/mg protein, 0.07 pmol/mg protein and 0.06 pmol/mg protein, respectively. We propose to measure the bound fraction instead of the free fraction in order to reach a significant difference in measured signals (total binding versus non‐specific binding). The bound fraction can be obtained after dissociating the ligand from the receptor‐ligand complex using 50% methanol in water. The current setup of the assay calls for further improvement with respect to the measurement of binding constants for a multitude of receptors in one assay with sufficient accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.