bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquaporins play a role in desiccation and freeze tolerance in larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis
Authors: Philip Benjamin N. , Yi Shu-Xia , Elnitsky Michael A. , Lee Richard E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY
Survival of freezing not only requires organisms to tolerate ice formation within their body, but also depends on the rapid redistribution of water and cryoprotective compounds between intra- and extracellular compartments. Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that serve as the major pathway through which water and small uncharged solutes (e.g. glycerol) enter and leave the cell. Consequently, we examined freeze-tolerant larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, to determine whether aquaporins are present and if their presence promotes freeze tolerance of specific tissues. Immunoblotting with mammalian anti-AQP2, -AQP3 and -AQP4 revealed corresponding aquaporin homologues in E. solidaginis, whose patterns of expression varied depending on acclimation temperature and desiccation treatment. To examine the role of aquaporins in freeze tolerance, we froze fat body, midgut and salivary gland tissues in the presence and absence of mercuric chloride, an aquaporin inhibitor. Survival of fat body and midgut cells was significantly reduced when mercuric chloride was present. In contrast, survival of the salivary gland did not decrease when it was frozen with mercuric chloride. Overall, this study supports our hypothesis that naturally occurring aquaporins in E. solidaginis are regulated during desiccation and promote cell survival during freezing.
Simultaneous removal of CO2, SO2, and NOx from flue gas by liquid phase dehumidification at cryogenic temperatures and low pressure
Authors: McGlashan N R , Marquis A J 
Published: March 2008

The current paper presents a new process for postcombustion carbon capture. An historical survey of the cryogenic techniques used in the chemical industry for the removal of acid vapours is given, with particular emphasis on two Ryan—Holmes-based processes. The paper suggests that these two processes have the potential to achieve CO2 separation from flue gas with high second law efficiency. A further variation on these processes is then proposed enabling the simultaneous capture of CO2, SO2, and NO x from flue gas produced in conventional or combined cycle power stations, burning pulverized coal or heavy bunker fuels. The proposed process absorbs these vapours by dehumidification using a cooled liquid absorbent, at low pressure (close to atmospheric) and cryogenic temperatures. A feature of the process is the use of direct contact heat transfer to perform the major cooling and heating operations thus reducing the plant size and cost while improving efficiency. The paper starts with a discussion of the most suitable absorbent for the process; liquid SO2 is suggested and a simplified analysis of an absorption column is conducted using the technique developed by Souders and Brown. This analysis shows that with only four theoretical stages and an acceptable liquid/gas ratio of two, SO2 is able to absorb CO2 and leave a residual concentration of CO2 in the flue gas equivalent to 90 per cent carbon capture. The final section of the paper describes the use of dilute H2SO4 as a precooling stream to reduce the temperature of the flue gas prior to it entering the CO2 scrubbing section. It is proposed to produce the necessary H2SO4 from the constituents of the flue gas using similar reactions to those of the ‘lead-chamber process’. The H2SO4 stream is also used to reheat the flue gas before it is passed to the chimney. It is shown that an important attribute of the H2SO4 stream is its role as a ‘lean-oil’, reducing SO2 emissions from the power station to well below the levels required by future legislation.
Computer system for monitoring power boiler operation
Authors: Taler J , Weglowski B , Zima W , Duda P , Gradziel S , Sobota T , Cebula A , Taler D 
Published: March 2008

The computer-based boiler performance monitoring system was developed to perform thermal-hydraulic computations of the boiler working parameters in an on-line mode. Measurements of temperatures, heat flux, pressures, mass flowrates, and gas analysis data were used to perform the heat transfer analysis in the evaporator, furnace, and convection pass. A new construction technique of heat flux tubes for determining heat flux absorbed by membrane water-walls is also presented. Flux tubes mounted at different levels in the boiler work at similar conditions as water-walls tubes. The current paper presents the results of heat flux measurement in coal-fired steam boilers. During changes of the boiler load, the necessary natural water circulation cannot be exceeded. A rapid increase of pressure may cause fading of the boiling process in water-wall tubes, whereas a rapid decrease of pressure leads to water boiling in all elements of the boiler's evaporator — water-wall tubes and downcomers. Both cases can cause flow stagnation in the water circulation leading to pipe cracking. Two flowmeters were assembled on central downcomers, and an investigation of natural water circulation in an OP-210 boiler (with steam capacity of 210 × 103 kg/h) was carried out. On the basis of these measurements, the maximum rates of pressure change in the boiler evaporator were determined. The on-line computation of the conditions in the combustion chamber allows for real-time determination of the heat flowrate transferred to the power boiler evaporator. Furthermore, with a quantitative indication of surface cleanliness, selective sootblowing can be directed at specific problem areas. A boiler monitoring system is also incorporated to provide details of changes in boiler efficiency and operating conditions following sootblowing, so that the effects of a particular sootblowing sequence can be analysed and optimized at a later stage. The current paper also presents an analysis of stresses occurring in the boiler drum and the downcomer junction during-start up and shut-down of the boiler.
Deconstructing media coverage of trastuzumab (Herceptin): an analysis of national newspaper coverage
Authors: Wilson Paul M , Booth Alison M , Eastwood Alison , Watt Ian S 
Published: March 2008

Summary Objective To explore and critically describe the content and main narratives of UK national daily newspaper coverage of trastuzumab (Herceptin®). Design We used the NewsBank database to search eight national daily newspapers, and their Sunday equivalents, retrospectively from 19 February 2006 back to the earliest mention of trastuzumab or Herceptin (19 May 1998). Setting UK national newspapers. Main outcome measures To be eligible for inclusion, articles had to contain at least three sentences about trastuzumab. Articles that focused on the financial performance of companies associated with the drug were excluded from the analysis. For each included article, we extracted bibliographic details and data, and independently rated the reporting slant towards trastuzumab and, where relevant, the reporting slant towards access to treatment. Results We identified 361 articles that met the study inclusion criteria. The proprietary name of Herceptin was always used, with only eight articles mentioning the generic alternative. 294/361 included articles (81.5%) were rated as being positive towards trastuzumab, the remainder rated as neutral. Access to trastuzumab treatment was the main narrative running across included articles and reports of individual patients seeking treatment featured prominently throughout. In 208/361 of included articles (57%) the reporting slant towards access to trastuzumab treatment was rated as negative. 178/361 of included articles (49.3%) mentioned licensing, but rarely mentioned that licensing processes can only occur when the manufacturer applies for a licence. Only a minority of articles mentioned that the drug had to be licensed before it could be subject to the NICE approval process. Conclusions Newspaper coverage of trastuzumab has been characterized by uncritical reporting. Journalists (and consumers) should be more questioning when confronted with information about new drugs and of the motives of those who seek to set the news agenda.
Dysphagia with a thyroid nodule: is there a primary aerodigestive malignancy?
Authors: Michalopoulos Konstantinos , Gunasekaran Sinnappa , Moor James W , Bem Chris 
Published: March 2008

Summary Three cases of laryngopharyngeal primary squamous cell carcinoma presenting with thyroid nodules are described. The key message to take away from these cases is that patients with advanced malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract can present with a thyroid nodule.
Trends in national incidence, lifetime prevalence and adrenaline prescribing for anaphylaxis in England
Authors: Sheikh Aziz , Hippisley-Cox Julia , Newton John , Fenty Justin 
Published: March 2008

Summary Background Analysis of primary healthcare datasets offers the possibility to increase understanding of the epidemiology of acute uncommon conditions such as anaphylaxis, but these datasets remain under-exploited. Aim To investigate recent trends in the recorded incidence, lifetime prevalence and prescribing of adrenaline for anaphylaxis in England. Methods QRESEARCH is one of the world's largest national aggregated health databases containing the records of over nine million patients. We extracted data on all patients with a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis and calculated annual age-sex standardized incidence and lifetime period prevalence rates for each year from 2001–2005. We also analysed trends in adrenaline prescribing in those with a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis. National population figures were used to estimate numbers of people in England that have experienced anaphylaxis at some point in their lives. Results The age-sex standardized incidence of anaphylaxis was 6.7 per 100,000 person-years in 2001 and increased by 19% to 7.9 in 2005. Lifetime age-sex standardized prevalence of a recorded diagnosis of anaphylaxis was 50.0 per 100,000 in 2001 and increased by 51% to 75.5 in 2005. Prescribing of adrenaline increased by 97% over this period. By the end of 2005 there were an estimated 37,800 people that had experienced anaphylaxis at some point in their lives. Conclusions Recorded incidence, lifetime prevalence and prescribing of adrenaline for anaphylaxis all showed substantial increases in recent years. An estimated 1 in 1,333 of the English population have at some point in their lives experienced anaphylaxis.
Proxy assessment of quality of life in patients with prostate cancer: how accurate are partners and urologists?
Authors: Pearcy R , Waldron D , O'Boyle C , MacDonagh R 
Published: March 2008

Summary Objectives To assess the ability of partners and clinicians to make proxy judgements on behalf of patients with prostate cancer relating to selection of life priorities and quality of life (QoL). Design 47 consecutive patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma, and their partners, were recruited. The partners were asked to assess, by proxy, the QoL of the patient by completion of a series of interview-led questionnaires assessing global QoL (SEIQoL-DW), health-related QoL (FACT-P) and overall QoL (visual analogue score [VAS]). The patients' clinicians were asked to complete the SEIQoL-DW and VAS by proxy as soon as possible after a consultation with the patient. Setting Patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma, their partners and their clinicians. Main outcome measures Proxy scores for SEIQoL-DW, FACT-P and VAS, as provided by partners and clinicians. Results 25 partners made a proxy assessment of the patients. The results showed that partners were able to select similar QoL cues to those of the patients (Spearman-Rank correlation 0.89). Comparison of the QoL scores obtained from patients and partners in proxy using the questionnaires showed no statistically significant difference (paired t-test). Urologists were poor predictors of areas of life (cues) that were important to their patients. The doctors overemphasized the importance of survival, postoperative complications, urinary symptoms, sexual ability, activities of daily living and finance, but underestimated the importance of wife, family, home and religion. Comparison of the QoL scores obtained from patients and urologists by proxy showed a significantly lower score when assessed by urologists using the SEIQoL-DW questionnaire. Conclusions Partners are able to accurately assess, by proxy, the areas of life that are of importance to patients. Clinicians, however, who are charged with making decisions on behalf of patients, are very poor judges of their patients' life priorities and QoL. This illustrates that conventional views held by most doctors regarding the priorities patients set themselves when planning treatment should be called into question and consequently suggests that the way in which doctors and patients arrive at treatment decisions must be reviewed.
Analysis of Circulating Forms of proBNP and NT-proBNP in Patients with Severe Heart Failure
Authors: Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Halfinger Bernhard , Sarg Bettina , Mair Johannes , Puschendorf Bernd , Griesmacher Andrea , Guzman Norberto A , Lindner Herbert H 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background: The specific forms of pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) that occur in human blood are not yet clear. We demonstrated the presence of several proBNP forms in human plasma with a new affinity chromatography method that can be used in combination with nano–liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC–ESI–MS/MS).
Methods: For affinity chromatography, we coupled Fab′ fragments of polyclonal sheep antibodies specific for N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) epitope 1–21 to silica beads. We connected a column (10 mm × 0.8 mm inner diameter) packed with these beads to a trypsin reactor and used a preconcentrator in combination with a fritless nanospray column to perform MS analyses of proBNP forms in preextracted and non-preextracted samples of plasma from patients with severe heart failure (HF). We used Western blotting in deglycosylation experiments to confirm the shifts in proBNP and NT-proBNP masses.
Results: Tandem MS experiments demonstrated the presence of both NT-proBNP and circulating proBNP in preextracted samples of plasma from patients with severe HF, and Western blotting analyses revealed 2 bands of approximately 23 kDa and 13 kDa that shifted after deglycosylation to positions that corresponded to the locations of recombinant proBNP and synthetic NT-proBNP.
Conclusions: We obtained clear evidence for circulating proBNP in patients with severe HF and provided the first demonstration of O-glycosylation of NT-proBNP. The higher molecular masses for NT-proBNP and proBNP observed in the Western blotting analyses than those expected from calculations can be explained by O-glycosylation of these peptides in vivo.
Tissue Factor and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Hypertensive Individuals with Normal or Increased Carotid Intima-Media Wall Thickness
Authors: Sardo Maria A , Campo Salvatore , Mandraffino Giuseppe , Saitta Carlo , Bonaiuto Antonio , Castaldo Maria , Cinquegrani Maurizio , Pizzimenti Giovanni , Saitta Antonino 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background: People with hypertension display an inflammatory pattern that includes increased plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and enhanced expression of tissue factor (TF) mRNA in blood monocytes.
Methods: In this study, we investigated the relationship between CRP concentrations and TF and MCP-1 mRNA expression in unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes isolated from hypertensives with or without an increase in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). We also investigated the expression of TF and MCP-1 mRNA and MCP-1 protein after in vitro addition of CRP to monocytes. We measured CRP (by immunonephelometry) and monocyte expression of TF and MCP-1 (by real-time PCR) in 80 untreated hypertensive patients without clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) or additional risk factors for CVD compared with 41 controls. Based on IMT measured by carotid Doppler ultrasonography, patients were classified into the categories of normal (≤1 mm) or abnormal (&gt;1 mm). TF and MCP-1 mRNA and MCP-1 protein (by Western blotting) were measured after in vitro addition of CRP to monocytes from 10 randomized controls as well as 10 hypertensives with IMT ≤1 mm and 10 with IMT &gt;1 mm.
Results: CRP and TF and MCP-1 mRNA concentrations were significantly higher in IMT &gt;1 mm hypertensives vs those with IMT ≤1 mm and controls. CRP had no effect on monocyte TF mRNA from either hypertensives or controls. CRP-stimulated monocytes from hypertensives, however, showed increased MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression compared with controls and LPS-stimulated cells.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the inflammatory response of blood monocytes plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Immunodetection of Glycosylated NT-proBNP Circulating in Human Blood
Authors: Seferian Karina R , Tamm Natalia N , Semenov Alexander G , Tolstaya Anastasia A , Koshkina Ekaterina V , Krasnoselsky Mihail I , Postnikov Alexander B , Serebryanaya Daria V , Apple Fred S , Murakami MaryAnn M , Katrukha Alexey G 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP (N-terminal fragment of BNP precursor) measurements are recommended as aids in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with heart failure. Recently it has been shown that proBNP is O-glycosylated in human blood. The goal of this study was to map sites on the NT-proBNP molecule that should be recognized by antibodies used in optimal NT-proBNP assays.
Methods: We analyzed endogenous NT-proBNP by several immunochemical methods using a broad panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to different epitopes of the NT-proBNP molecule.
Results: Treatment of endogenous NT-proBNP by a mixture of glycosidases resulted in significant improvement of the interaction between deglycosylated NT-proBNP and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the mid-fragment of the molecule. MAbs specific to the N- and C-terminal parts of NT-proBNP (epitopes 13–24 and 63–76) were able to recognize glycosylated and deglycosylated protein with similar efficiency.
Conclusions: The central part of endogenous NT-proBNP is glycosylated, making it almost “invisible” for the antibodies specific to the mid-fragment of the molecule. Thus sandwich assays using even one antibody (poly- or monoclonal) specific to the central part of the molecule could underestimate the real concentration of endogenous NT-proBNP. MAbs specific to the N- and C-terminal parts of NT-proBNP (epitopes 13–24 and 63–76) are the best candidates to be used in an assay for optimal NT-proBNP immunodetection.
Performance Evaluation Test of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Technique for Welded Joints of Steel Bridges
Authors: Miki Chitoshi , Nishikawa Kazuhiro , Shirahata Hiromi , Takahashi Minoru 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Ultrasonic testing can be applied to welded joints of steel bridges following a revision of the Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges. The time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique and the pulse echo technique are possible testing methods. However, the efficiency of the TOFD technique for steel bridges has until now not been investigated completely. A round robin test project using testing systems of several different companies was organized by the Ministry of Construction for this purpose. The performance of each participant system was evaluated and applicability of the TOFD technique was investigated.
Co-produced Histories: Mapping the Uses and Narratives of History in the Tourist Age
Authors: GLOVER NIKOLAS 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The past we associate with ourselves, “Others,” and particular spaces—be they historical sites or global communities—is central to the study of current global transformative cultural processes. Thus, investigating the uses and narratives of history among tourists and their local “hosts,” we might gain important insights into how we try to make sense of the ever-changing present and our place in it. One way of doing so would be to apply the analytical terminology discerned in this article. Taking a number of studies as a point of departure, the article suggests a way of “mapping” the uses and narratives of history in international heritage tourism contexts. The proposed typology should not be conceived as static, but rather as a conceptual attempt to assist public historians as they reflect upon the dynamics of heritage-tourism contexts.
The Reconstruction of Memory at Constitution Hill
Authors: MADIKIDA CHURCHILL , SEGAL LAUREN , VAN DEN BERG CLIVE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Old Fort Prison was Johannesburg's main place of incarceration of prisoners for eight decades, including during the apartheid era. Virtually every important political leader in South African history, including Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, and Fatima Meer, as well as scores of ordinary South Africans caught in the web of colonial and apartheid repression, were imprisoned there. Today, this prison complex is home to South Africa's Constitutional Court. Constitution Hill has brought former prisoners to “map” their memories of the site. They also host public dialogues on the injustices of the past, as typified by the prisons at Number Four, as well as people's understanding of their constitutional needs and rights, and their experiences of the country's young constitutional democracy.
Challenges on the Road to Memory
Authors: GUEMBE MARIA LAURA 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Memoria Abierta's work responds to the need for a dialogue in Argentina among human rights organizations, the government, and civil society that will stimulate the formation of a collective memory about the history of State-led terrorism in the country. Processing documents, testimonies, and images related to the history of illegal repression in Argentina (c. 1974–1983), and creating a topographical reconstruction of the locations where State-led terrorism occurred poses diverse ethical, technical, and political problems regarding the recollection, description, transmission, and diffusion of the materials of memory. This article describes some of these challenges and how they affect and are shaped by the work of Memoria Abierta.
The Struggle to Control the Past: Commemoration, Memory, and the Bear River Massacre of 1863
Authors: BARNES JOHN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOn January 29, 1863, the United States Army attacked a band of Northwestern Shoshones at Bear River in southern Idaho, killing nearly 300 men, women, and children. This massacre is absent from much of the historiography. At the site of the massacre, however, a handful of monuments stand commemorating the same event yet telling the story in different—almost contradictory—ways. These monuments are anomalous in America's commemorated history, and reveal shifts in popular and scholarly memory over the last 140 years: a visible struggle to control the past.
Foreword
Authors: ŠEVČENKO LIZ , RUSSELL-CIARDI MAGGIE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Sites of Conscience are historic places that foster public dialogue on pressing contemporary issues in historical perspective. This foreword to a collection of essays from members of the International Coalition of Historic Site Museums of Conscience highlights diverse approaches to opening historic sites for civic dialogue. The collection explores the challenges sites around the world face to hosting public conversation on difficult subjects in their different political contexts, and some of the strategies they have used to address those challenges. The foreword reflects on the perspectives international examples provide for U.S. museums that seek to serve as Sites of Conscience.