bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Caffeine on UVB‐induced Carcinogenesis, Apoptosis, and the Elimination of UVB‐induced Patches of p53 Mutant Epidermal Cells in SKH‐1 Mice†
Authors: Conney Allan H. , Kramata Pavel , Lou You‐Rong , Lu Yao‐Ping 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOral administration of green tea or caffeine to SKH‐1 mice during UVB irradiation for several months inhibited the formation of skin cancer. Similar effects were observed when green tea or caffeine was given to tumor‐free UVB‐initiated mice with a high risk of developing skin tumors in the absence of further UVB irradiation (high risk mice). Mechanistic studies indicated that topical application of caffeine stimulated UVB‐induced apoptosis as well as apoptosis in UVB‐induced focal hyperplasia and tumors in tumor‐bearing mice. Oral or topical administration of caffeine enhanced the removal of patches of epidermal cells with a mutant form of p53 protein that appeared early during the course of UVB‐induced carcinogenesis, and oral administration of caffeine altered the profile of p53 mutations in the patches. In additional studies, topical application of caffeine was shown to have a sunscreen effect, and topical application of caffeine sodium benzoate was more active than caffeine as a sunscreen and for stimulating UVB‐induced apoptosis. Caffeine sodium benzoate was also highly active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in UVB‐pretreated high risk mice. Our studies indicate that caffeine and caffeine sodium benzoate may be useful as novel inhibitors of sunlight‐induced skin cancer.
Green Tea Phenol Extracts Reduce UVB‐induced DNA Damage in Human Cells via Interleukin‐12†
Authors: Schwarz Agatha , Maeda Akira , Gan David , Mammone Tom , Matsui Mary S. , Schwarz Thomas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGreen tea chemoprevention has been a focus of recent research, as a polyphenolic fraction from green tea (GTP) has been suggested to prevent UV radiation‐induced skin cancer. Recently, it was demonstrated that GTP reduced the risk for skin cancer in a murine photocarcinogenesis model. This was accompanied by a reduction in UV‐induced DNA damage. These effects appeared to be mediated via interleukin (IL)‐12, which was previously shown to induce DNA repair. Therefore, we studied whether GTP induction of IL‐12 and DNA repair could also be observed in human cells. KB cells and normal human keratinocytes were exposed to GTP 5 h before and after UVB. UVB‐induced apoptosis was reduced in UVB‐exposed cells treated with GTP. GTP induced the secretion of IL‐12 in keratinocytes. The reduction in UV‐induced cell death by GTP was almost completely reversed upon addition of an anti‐IL‐12‐antibody, indicating that the reduction of UV‐induced cell death by GTP is mediated via IL‐12. The ability of IL‐12 to reduce DNA damage and sunburn cells was confirmed in “human living skin equivalent” models. Hence the previously reported UV‐protective effects of GTP appear to be mediated in human cells via IL‐12, most likely through induction of DNA repair.
The Immunosuppressive Effects of Phthalocyanine Photodynamic Therapy in Mice Are Mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Can Be Adoptively Transferred to Naive Recipients†
Authors: Yusuf Nabiha , Katiyar Santosh K. , Elmets Craig A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for malignant tumors but it is also immunosuppressive which may reduce its therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PDT immunosuppression. Using silicon phthalocyanine 4 (Pc4) as photosensitizer, nontumor‐bearing CD4 knockout (CD4−/−) mice and their wild type (WT) counterparts were subjected to Pc4‐PDT in a manner identical to that used for tumor regression (1 cm spot size, 0.5 mg kg−1 Pc4, 110 J cm−2 light) to assess the effect of Pc4‐PDT on cell‐mediated immunity. There was a decrease in immunosuppression in CD4−/− mice compared with WT mice. We next examined the role of CD8+ T cells in Pc4–PDT‐induced immunosuppression using CD8−/− mice following the same treatment regimen used for CD4−/− mice. Similar to CD4−/− mice, CD8−/− mice exhibited less immunosuppression than WT mice. Pc4–PDT‐induced immunosuppression could be adoptively transferred with spleen cells from Pc4–PDT treated donor mice to syngenic naive recipients (P < 0.05) and was mediated primarily by T cells, although macrophages were also found to play a role. Procedures that limit PDT‐induced immunosuppression but do not affect PDT‐induced regression of tumors may prove superior to PDT alone in promoting long‐term antitumor responses.
Early Events in UV Carcinogenesis—DNA Damage, Target Cells and Mutant p53 Foci†
Authors: De Gruijl Frank R. , Rebel Heggert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSkin carcinomas are the most common cancers in fair‐skinned populations of North West European descent. The risk is closely related to sun (UV) exposure and susceptibility to sunburn. Induction of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in the skin of hairless mice by daily UVB exposure appears to emulate the genesis of these tumors in humans quite well. The carcinomas, and the UVB signature mutations that they carry in their p53 genes, can be linked most specifically to the induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). The wavelength dependence of the induction of carcinomas parallels that of CPD induction over the UVB and UVA2 spectral regions. Microscopic clusters of cells overexpressing p53 with UVB signature mutations (“p53 patches”) can be detected in the interfollicular epidermis long before the skin tumors arise. DNA repair—more precisely nucleotide excision repair—is a crucial line of defense against UV‐induced p53 patches and skin carcinomas. Although chemoprevention of UV carcinogenesis, e.g. with difluoromethylornithine, may be successful by inhibiting the outgrowth of tumors, it may be better to counter the initial steps in tumor development. As the p53 patches appear to be potential precursors of SCCs, regression of p53 patches in unexposed skin should lower subsequent development of SCCs. However, “holoclonal” p53 patches might persist. Ablation of the interfollicular epidermis would be expected to abrogate development of SCC, and negation of this expectation [Faurschou A. et al., Exp. Dermatol. 2007;16:485–489] would indicate that SCCs stem from deep‐seated cells in the hair follicles. Careful examination of archival material showed that although most small p53 patches arise interfollicularly, some may actually arise high up in a follicle, in the infundibulum.
Cumulating Evidence about the Social Animal: Meta‐Analysis in Social‐Personality Psychology
Authors: Johnson Blair T. , Boynton Marcella H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLike most scientific fields, social‐personality psychology has experienced an explosion of research related to such central topics as aggression, attraction, gender, group processes, motivation, personality, and persuasion, to name a few. The proliferation of research can be a monster unless it is tamed with the scientific review strategy of meta‐analysis, literally analyses of past analyses that produce a quantitative and empirical history of research on a particular phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to outline the basic process and statistics of meta‐analysis, as they pertain to social‐personality psychology. Meta‐analysis involves: (i) defining the problem under review; (ii) gathering qualified reports and putting their findings and methods into a database, (iii) analyzing that database, and (iv) interpreting the results and reporting them. Use of meta‐analytic strategies has paralleled the knowledge explosion in social‐personality psychology, but must be used and consumed with careful discernment if the cumulated evidence about the social animal, Homo sapiens, is to have maximal value.
Schism in Groups: A Social Psychological Account
Authors: Sani Fabio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFar from being monoliths, groups tend to be internally subdivided into competing factions that, in some cases, may leave the parent group thereby causing a schism. Although schisms are complex phenomena, research has revealed the existence of specific social psychological patterns that different schisms seem to have in common. A schism is normally triggered by the perception that a change (i.e., either the adoption of a new norm or the revision of an old norm) endorsed by the group majority denies the group identity and constitutes a rupture with its historically sedimented essence. Members of the faction opposing the change may or may not decide to leave the group, depending on their perceived ‘voice’ within the group. Feeling marginalised and discriminated against, rather than valued and respected within, the group will increase chances of joining a schism.
Modeling genetic connectivity in sticklebacks as a guideline for river restoration
Authors: Raeymaekers Joost A. M. , Maes Gregory E. , Geldof Sarah , Hontis Ingrid , Nackaerts Kris , Volckaert Filip A. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEstimating genetic connectivity in disturbed riverine landscapes is of key importance for river restoration. However, few species of the disturbed riverine fauna may provide a detailed and basin‐wide picture of the human impact on the population genetics of riverine organisms. Here we used the most abundant native fish, the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.), to detect the geographical determinants of genetic connectivity in the eastern part of the Scheldt basin in Belgium. Anthropogenic structures came out as the strongest determinant of population structure, when evaluated against a geographically well‐documented baseline model accounting for natural effects. These barriers not only affected genetic diversity, but they also controlled the balance between gene flow and genetic drift, and therefore may crucially disrupt the population structure of sticklebacks. Landscape models explained a high percentage of variation (allelic richness: adjustedR2 = 0.78; pairwiseFST: adjustedR2 = 0.60), and likely apply to other species as well. River restoration and conservation genetics may highly benefit from riverine landscape genetics, including model building, the detection of outlier populations, and a specific test for the geographical factors controlling the balance between gene flow and genetic drift.
Small‐scale biocomplexity in coastal Atlantic cod supporting a Darwinian perspective on fisheries management
Authors: Olsen Esben Moland , Knutsen Halvor , Gjøsæter Jakob , Jorde Per Erik , Knutsen Jan Atle , Stenseth Nils Chr. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHarvesting of marine resources raises concerns about how to identify and preserve biocomplexity, including the diversity of life histories found within and among wild populations of a species. In order to fully accomplish this, there is a need to elucidate the underlying causes of phenotypic variation, and how this variation responds to environmental changes. In general, both evolutionary (genetic) and nonevolutionary (plastic) responses may occur. Plastic responses to environmental change are expected to shift the phenotype along a reaction norm, while an evolutionary response is expected to shift the reaction norm itself. Here, we assess the maturation patterns of coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Skagerrak, where studies using neutral markers have revealed genetically differentiated populations of this harvested fish within tens of kilometres of coastline. Our results suggest that physiological state prior to the spawning season, as well as juvenile growth, both influence the probability of completing sexual maturation at a given age. Furthermore, our results point towards a spatial structuring of this plasticity (i.e. the maturation reaction norms) comparable with population connectivity inferred from neutral markers. We argue that such fine‐scale biocomplexity calls for a Darwinian approach to fisheries management.
Interview with Michelle Hinn
Authors: Hinn Michelle 
Published: March 2008

Michelle Hinn
is an instructor in the Department of Library and Information Sciences at the University of Illinois where she teaches the game design course, and is the academic advisor for the Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Living/Learning Community. She was recently named one of Next Generation Magazine's 100 Most Influential Women in Gaming based on her work as chair of the IDGA Game Accessibility Special Interest Group. In the video interview, you will hear her answers the following questions:

1. You are writing a new book entitled "Accessibility and Usability in Game Design," can you tell us more about it?
2. You coauthored a book chapter "Literacy in the information age: inquiries into meaning-making with new technologies," what do you mean by "meaning-making" in that interesting title?
3. You are the chair of the Game Accessibility Special Interest Group of the International Game Developers Association, what are your goals and activities at IGDA?
4. How do you see the future of computer games?
5. Do you see a big difference between games designed for girls versus games designed for boys?
Interview with Joseph Olin
Authors: Olin Joseph 
Published: March 2008

Joseph Olin
is the President of the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences (AIAS). He oversees the annual DICE Conference and Interactive Achievement Awards. Prior to AIAS, he spearheaded the introduction of gaming's most famous heroine, Lara Croft. He also launched Mattel's Generation Girl Teen Dolls product and the first Barbie brand advertising campaign. In the video interview, you will hear his answers to the following questions:

1. How do true game enthusiasts influence causal gamers?
2. Do you see a big difference between games designed for girls versus games designed for boys?
3. What is your view on games for the whole family?
4. You are the president of the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences, what are some of your goals and activities?
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Authors: Achterbosch Leigh , Pierce Robyn , Simmons Gregory 
Published: March 2008

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) are emerging in the computer game industry as a very popular genre. These games have existed since the late 1990s, but in the last few years the market has become increasingly strong. This relatively new genre is attracting a widespread audience, bringing together those who previously enjoyed both pen and paper and computer role-playing games, as well as those who enjoy socializing with other players in a virtual environment. Game developers see MMORPGs as a potentially profitable business due to its widespread appeal, but the reality is that only a small percentage of MMORPGs that are released become a success [Kosak 2006].
This article attempts to determine the many aspects that make a successful MMORPG; it also attempts to ascertain what new and innovative features are expected by the users from the next generation of MMORPGs. This is achieved by looking at and discussing past literature and surveying the MMORPG community's perception of previous and current MMORPGs, as well as their expectations of the next generation.
An online survey attracted 122 participants to provide their perceptions of current and past MMORPGs. This article determines and outlines the respondents' preferences in the MMORPG genre, discussing what implications these could have on its future. The survey also gave insight into the respondents' expectations of the future of MMORPGs. We conclude this article with a discussion of aspects of current MMORPGs that the participants would like improved, as well as new features they would like incorporated into the next generation of games.
On the design of interfaces to sparse direct solvers
Authors: Sala Marzio , Stanley Kendall S. , Heroux Michael A. 
Published: March 2008

We discuss the design of general, flexible, consistent, reusable, and efficient interfaces to software libraries for the direct solution of systems of linear equations on both serial and distributed memory architectures. We introduce a set of abstract classes to access the linear system matrix elements and their distribution, access vector elements, and control the solution of the linear system.We describe a concrete implementation of the proposed interfaces, and report examples of applications and numerical results showing that the overhead induced by the object-oriented design is negligible under typical conditions of usage. We include examples of applications, and we comment on the advantages and limitations of the design.
Improving pedagogical feedback and objective grading
Authors: Ahoniemi Tuukka , Lahtinen Essi , Reinikainen Tommi 
Published: March 2008

It is important for learning that students receive enough of educational feedback of their work. To get the students to be seriously disposed to the feedback it has to be personal, objective and consistent. In large classes ensuring such feedback can be difficult. Grading rubrics are a solution to the objectivity and consistency.
ALOHA is an online grading tool based on rubrics which all the graders have to use. Particularly, ALOHA provides features that make the grading process more convenient for the graders and the teacher. By facilitating the graders work ALOHA allows them to focus more on feedback writing.
To test the effectiveness of ALOHA in objectivity and consistency we did a comparative statistical analysis on the distribution of grades. The results supported the assumptions showing improvement resulting in similar distribution of grades amongst different graders who used the tool.
CS 0.5
Authors: Sloan Robert H. , Troy Patrick 
Published: March 2008

There are often problems when students enter a course with widely different experience levels with key course topics. If the material is covered too slowly, those with greater experience get bored and lose interest. If the material is covered too quickly, those with less experience get lost and feel incompetent. This problem with incoming students of our Computer Science Major led us to create CS 0.5: an introductory Computer Science course to target those CS majors who have little or no background with programming. Our goal is to provide these students with an engaging curriculum and prepare them to keep pace in future courses with those students who enter with a stronger background.
Following the lead of Mark Guzdial's work on using media computation for non-majors at Georgia Tech, we use media computation as the tool to provide this engaging curriculum. We report here on our experience to date using the CS 0.5 approach with a media computation course.
Moving beyond security tracks
Authors: Taylor Blair , Azadegan Shiva 
Published: March 2008

In response to the national computer security crisis, colleges and universities have developed security tracks and specialized security courses. While security tracks are effective at producing security experts, they only reach a small subset of students and occur after students have established a foundation of coding techniques. Most undergraduate computing students learn programming and design with little regard to security issues.
To complement our security track and reach all computing students at the beginning of their studies, we piloted security integration across sections of CS0 and CS1, using a series of security laboratory modules. Preliminary results show increased security knowledge in the security-targeted sections. This paper describes the details and results of this pilot, which serves as a model for further integration throughout the CS curriculum.
A system for developing tablet pc applications for education
Authors: Kamin Sam , Hines Michael , Peiper Chad , Capitanu Boris 
Published: March 2008

We describe a new system for building Tablet PC-based classroom software. The system, called SLICE, is built for extensibility, using a unique "explicit state" model.
Applications developed thus far include presentation, classroom interaction, shared code review, and exam grading.
The paper presents an overview of the system and describes these four applications. It then explains the extensibility model, showing how users can add new features.
Test-driven learning in early programming courses
Authors: Janzen David , Saiedian Hossein 
Published: March 2008

Coercing new programmers to adopt disciplined development practices such as thorough unit testing is a challenging endeavor. Test-driven development (TDD) has been proposed as a solution to improve both software design and testing. Test-driven learning (TDL) has been proposed as a pedagogical approach for teaching TDD without imposing significant additional instruction time.
This research evaluates the effects of students using a test-first (TDD) versus test-last approach in early programming courses, and considers the use of TDL on a limited basis in CS1 and CS2. Software testing, programmer productivity, programmer performance, and programmer opinions are compared between test-first and test-last programming groups. Results from this research indicate that a test-first approach can increase student testing and programmer performance, but that early programmers are very reluctant to adopt a test-first approach, even after having positive experiences using TDD. Further, this research demonstrates that TDL can be applied in CS1/2, but suggests that a more pervasive implementation of TDL may be necessary to motivate and establish disciplined testing practice among early programmers.
A Common Fixed Point Theorem in "Equation missing" -Metric Spaces
Authors: Sedghi Shaban , Shobe Nabi , Zhou Haiyun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe give some new definitions of "Equation missing"-metric spaces and we prove a common fixed point theorem for a class of mappings under the condition of weakly commuting mappings in complete "Equation missing"-metric spaces. We get some improved versions of several fixed point theorems in complete "Equation missing"-metric spaces.
Observations of Turbulence Mixing and Vorticity in a Littoral Surface Boundary Layer
Authors: Lien R-C. , Sanford B. , Tsai W-T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Measurements of small-scale vorticity, turbulence velocity, and dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy ɛ were taken in a littoral fetch-limited surface wave boundary layer. Drifters deployed on the surface formed convergence streaks with ∼1-m horizontal spacing within a few minutes. In the interior, however, no organized pattern of velocity, vorticity, or turbulence mixing intensity was found at a similar horizontal spatial scale. The turbulent Langmuir number La was 0.6–1.3, much larger than the 0.3 of the typical open ocean, suggesting comparable importance of wind-driven turbulence and Langmuir circulation. Observed ɛ are explained by the wind-driven shear turbulence. The production rate of turbulence kinetic energy associated with the vortex force is about 10−7 W kg−1, slightly smaller than that generated by the wind-driven turbulence. The rms values of the streakwise component of vorticity σζ|| and the vertical component of vorticity σζz have a similar magnitude of ∼0.02 s−1. Vertical profiles of ɛ, σζ||, and σζz showed a monotonic decrease from the surface. Traditionally, surface convergence streaks are regarded as signatures of Langmuir circulation. Two large-eddy simulations with and without Stokes drift were performed. Both simulations produced surface convergence streaks and vertical profiles of ɛ, vorticity, and velocity consistent with observations. The observations and model results suggest that the presence of surface convergence streaks does not necessarily imply the existence of Langmuir circulation. In a littoral surface boundary layer where surface waves are young, fetch-limited, and weak, and La = O(1), the turbulence mixing in the surface mixed layer is primarily due to the wind-driven shear turbulence, and convergence streaks exist with or without surface waves.