bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in cebus monkeys
Authors: Richardson Linda S. , Belshe Robert B. , Sly D. Lewis , London William T. , Prevar David A. , Camargo Ena , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInto 14 juvenile cebus monkeys that lacked serum antibodies for RS virus 108 plaque‐forming units (pfu) of wild‐type respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were inoculated transtracheally. Roentgenographic evidence of pneumonia developed in 13 of 14 infected animals. Gross pathologic changes occurred in each of the 13 monkeys that were sacrificed. Patchy areas of red consolidation were seen in the lower lobes 24 hours after inoculation, and there was progression to gray consolidation seven days later. Each of the infected animals had histologic evidence of interstitial pneumonia. Changes were detected in the lung as early as 24 hours after inoculation; they consisted primarily of infiltration of the alveolar wall. By the fourth to sixth day after inoculation there was marked interstitial thickening, pulmonary consolidation, formation of multinucleated giant cells and development of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within alveolar cells. RS viral antigens, detected by indirect immunofluorescence, were distributed throughout cells of the alveolar wall and the bronchiolar epithelium. The virus grew to highest titer in the lungs on the fourth to sixth day after inoculation; up to 108 pfu/gram of tissue were detected. The cebus monkey represents the first experimental host to develop extensive pulmonary lesions during infection with respiratory syncytial virus.
Differential activation of hepatitis B DNA polymerase by detergent and salt
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z. , Gerber Michael , Garfinkel Esther 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree patterns of activity were evident when the differential activation of the DNA polymerase associated with serum Dane particles by nonionic detergent and salt was investigated. The patterns were obtained by plotting the increase in enzyme activity mediated by the detergent Nonidet P‐40 (NP‐40) in increasing concentrations of KCl compared to the activity observed in the absence of detergent. The pattern of differential activity of hepatitis B (HB) DNA polymerase in detergent and salt was altered by subjecting the HBAg preparations to shearing forces. Hepatitis B DNA polymerase activity was stable even in NP‐40 concentrations as high as 10%. In addition to hepatitis B DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was found in pellets containing Dane particles. The latter DNA polymerase activity was also activated by NP‐40 and was not decreased by DNAse; this DNA polymerase coprecipitated with hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) upon addition of anti‐HBs. However, the DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was inhibited by 0.4 M KCl. Electron microscopic observations of serum Dane particles in 0.4 M KCl showed no alterations of morphology of these particles when compared to particles in low‐salt buffer. The data indicated that KCl activated HB DNA polymerase by a different mechanism from that of shear or NP‐40, which removed the surface antigen coat from the Dane particles.
Steroid hormone alteration of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication
Authors: Notter Mary F. D. , Docherty John J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of steroid hormones on herpes simplex virus type 1 replication was examined. Virus replication studies revealed that various concentrations of prednisolone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, or progesterone could decrease virus yields up to a maximum of 99%. Using isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl to separate viral from cell DNA, it was found that virus‐specific DNA synthesis was decreased by 30 to 100% depending on the hormone and concentration used. Cell‐specific DNA synthesis was also adversely affected, but this did not alter cell viability or plating efficiency.
Subacute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in hamsters caused by measles virus from persistently infected cell cultures
Authors: Norrby Erling , Kristensson Kirster 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNewborn hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with measles virus materials from Lu 106 and Vero carrier cell lines. Extracellular and cell‐associated materials from cultures incubated at 37°C and at 33°C were used. The lower temperature allows accentuated virus replication. No animals contracted acute encephalitis, but 8 animals developed advanced neurological disease (unsteady gait, serial myoclonic jerks, hypoactivity) 79 to 212 days after injection. Seven out of these 8 animals belonged to a group of 50 animals, which had been inoculated with cell‐associated material from cultures incubated at 33°C. Viral antigen and nucleocapsids were found in neurons and glial cells from diseased animals, which showed degenerative changes and inflammation, particularly in the mesencephalon. Some of these animals also had hydrocephalus, which, however, also occurred in many apparently healthy animals. Also this pathological alteration occurred most frequently (5 out of 11 animals examined 9–10 months after inoculation) in hamsters receiving cell‐associated material from carrier cultures incubated at 33°C. Possible mechanisms for the appearance of hydrocephalus are discussed.
Prevalence of antibody to the hepatitis A virus in a large institution for the mentally retarded
Authors: Lehmann Noreen I. , Sharma D. L. B. , Gust Ian D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti‐HAV) was determined in 854 people living in a large institution for the mentally retarded in Melbourne. Altogether 638 (74.4%) of the subjects were found to have specific antibody detectable by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). No difference in antibody prevalence was observed between males and females; however, the prevalence was higher among subjects with Down syndrome (84.1%) than those of other forms of mental retardation (72.8%). In both groups there was an increase in prevalence of antibody with increasing age and duration of institutionalization. When compared with the open community, patients in this Institution have a higher prevalence of antibody and appear to acquire their infections at an earlier age.
Reduction of herpes simplex virus‐type 2 plaque formation by urea
Authors: Tumilowicz Joseph J. , Latlief Mildred A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of urea on plaque formation by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) was examined in two systems at concentrations within or approximating the range found in human urine. Approximately 7‐10 mg urea/ml, added 2, 4, or 8 hours after infection, reduced plaque formation by 50% in African green monkey kidney cells. The growth of this system was affected slightly by continuous treatment with urea at 7–10 mg/ml. Plaque formation was reduced in the monkey kidney system, albeit diminishingly, even after addition of urea 12 hours after infection. In the human lung fibroblast system, urea at 10 mg/ml reduced plaque numbers by 50% but depressed the growth of cells completely.
Astrovirus infection in volunteers
Authors: Kurtz J. B. , Lee T. W. , Craig J. W. , Reed Sylvia E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn extract and a filtrate prepared from feces of a child with mild gastroenteritis were shown by electron microscopy to contain numerous astrovirus particles and were given to eight volunteers by mouth. One subject developed diarrheal illness and concurrently shed large amounts of astrovirus in feces, and one other had mild constitutional symptoms with a lower level of virus shedding. Nine other volunteers were given fecal filtrate from the volunteer with diarrhea, and astrovirus shedding subsequently occurred in two of them. The syndrome accompanying virus shedding appeared distinct from that associated with the “W” agent in previous experiments. Thirteen of 16 astrovirus‐inoculated subjects subsequently developed a rise in titer of the homologous antibody in serum. It was concluded that astrovirus causes a transmissible infection that is of low pathogenicity for adults. Immunofluorescence of human embryo kidney cells inoculated with astrovirus and shown by electron microscopy to contain 28 nm virus‐like particles was used both to detect virus in feces and to assay astrovirus antibody.
HBeAg and anti‐hbe detection by radioimmunoassay: Correlation with vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan
Authors: Stevens Cladd E. , Neurath Robert A. , Beasley R. Palmer , Szmuness Wolf 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive radioimmunoassay technique was used to detect hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). A strong correlation was found between HBeAg positivity of the serum of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier women in Taiwan and the subsequent development of surface antigenemia in their babies. All babies who became chronic HBsAg carriers were born to HbeAg positive women, maternal HBeAg positivity being a better prior indication of chronic antigenemia developing in the baby than the HBsAg titer in the mother's serum.
Hemolysis‐in‐gel test in immunity surveys and diagnosis of rubella
Authors: Väänänen Pertti , Vaheri Antti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe hemolysis‐in‐gel (HIG) technique was adapted for rubella antibody determinations. Use of sucrose gradient purified virus and its coupling with CrCl3 to chicken erythrocytes resulted in gel plates that could be stored for several weeks and were suitable for reproducible antibody determinations. In a serological survey of young healthy adults the HIG values (range > 2–13 mm) were in close correlation to those obtained by the HI test (> 10 to 320). The HIG test seems well suited for screening the need of vaccination. Seronegative sera (HIG > 2, HI> 10) gave without heat inactivation hemolysis zones ranging from 4 to 6.5 mm. Although the present rubella HIG test did not measure IgM antibodies, the test, by virtue of its accuracy and sensitivity — extending to antibody levels corresponding to HI titers 2–10 — provides a simpler and more rapid means for diagnosis of rubella infections than the conventional HI and CF tests.
Hepatitis B core antibody in volunteer blood donors: Comparison of radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence
Authors: Katchaki J. N. , Siem T. H. , Brouwer R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe results of a pilot study on the prevalence of anti‐HBc in HBsAg negative volunteer blood donors are presented.Two techniques for anti‐HBc determination were compared — radio—immunoassay (RIA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). In a panel of 56 sera with known HBV markers, RIA was found to be significantly more sensitive than IF, and both techniques were specific. Out of 2,000 HBsAg negative blood donor sera tested by RIA,46 (2.3%) were found positive for anti‐HBc. In 24/24 sera, the specificity of the anti‐HBc was confirmed. Also 37/46 (80.4%) anti‐HBc positives were found positive for anti‐HBs, leaving 9/2, OOC (0.4%) blood donors positive only for anti‐HBc.It is concluded that it would be premature to advocate the introduction of anti‐HBc as a routine screening test of blood donors.
A new principle for the detection of specific IgM antibodies applied in an ELISA for hepatitis a
Authors: Duermeyer W. , Wielaard F. , van der Veen J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new test principle for the detection of specific IgM‐class antibodies was developed and applied in an Enzyme‐Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of hepatitis A IgM antibodies. A solid phase coated with anti IgM was incubated successively with serum sample, specific antigen, and enzymelabeled F (ab')2 fragments from IgG antibodies against the antigen and enzyme substrate.F(ab')2 fragments were used to avoid interference with rheumatoid factor. Specificity and sensitivity are very high. This test principle appears generally applicable in the diagnosis of infectious and parasitic diseases by testing only one serum sample.
Human rotavirus in an adult population with travelers' diarrhea and its relationship to the location of food consumption
Authors: Vollet John J. , Ericsson Charles D. , Gibson Georgiana , Pickering Larry K. , Dupont Herbert L. , Kohl Steve , Conklin Richard H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of human rotavirus in adult diarrhea was evaluated in 164 newly arrived US students attending summer school at an urban Mexican university. Rotavirus was identified in stool samples by electron microscopy. Rotavirus was found in 26 of 109 students with diarrhea (24%) and in 8 of 55 asymptomatic control students (15%). Although bacterial pathogens were recovered from virus positive students with diarrhea, viral shedding also occurred independently of other agents. Clinical disease in students excreting only rotavirus tended to be mild and was accompanied by a low density of viral shedding. Food consumption in the home and at public eating establishments was examined the week before illness. While the location of food consumption was found to be important in the acquisition of diarrhea, there was no apparent relationship of the site where meals were eaten and the acquisition of rotavirus by students newly arrived in Mexico. These data support our previous study in a US student population residing in a rural setting in Mexico and implicate rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea among students traveling to Mexico from the United States. The present study offers additional evidence that rotavirus infection in this population might be spread by a nonfood vehicle of transmission which differs from spread of enterotoxigenic E coli, Shigella, or Salmonella strains in the same population.
Serologic diagnosis of human infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Comparative evaluation of seven methods
Authors: Lehmann‐Grube Fritz , Kallay Magdalina , Ibscher Beatrix , Schwartz Reinhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to compare different procedures for the serodiagnosis of human infections with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and to single out those which are both reliable and practicable. By the use of 46 sera from as many persons who had undergone infection with this virus either some time in the past or very recently and of 26 control sera, seven methods were evaluated. For making a rapid diagnosis soon after infection, determination of antibody by the immunofluorescence procedure appears to be the method of choice. Of equal reliability, though less easy to perform, is demonstration of sensitizing antibody by a plaque reduction assay, this procedure having the additional advantage of detecting antibody many years after infection, probably for life. For the demonstration of neutralizing antibody, three of four methods which were analyzed in this study gave the expected information, two employing mice, one employing cell cultures for the determination of residual infectivity. Neutralizing antibody was found to appear relatively late after infection and cannot, therefore, be recommended for the demonstration of seroconversion early in convalescence. This antibody, however, persists for many years, presumably lifelong, and is well suited to detect infections with this virus if they have occurred in the more distant past. Based on previous observations by ourselves and others, as well as on the work reported here, the complement fixation test appears to be of little value for the serological diagnosis of infection with LCM virus.
Detection of an antigen‐antibody system in serum associated with human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Tabor Edward , Mitchell Freddie D. , Goudeau Alain M. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn antigen was detected by counterelectrophoresis in serum samples from six of seven chimpanzees during the acute phase of experimentally induced non‐A, non‐B hepatitis using antiserum from a chimpanzee convalescent from human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. This antigen could not be detected in 35 preinoculation serum samples from these chimpanzees, or in 94 weekly bleedings from three chimpanzees with hepatitis A and three chimpanzees with hepatitis B.The antigen was detected in serum samples obtained from three humans with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis whose blood had transmitted non‐A, non‐B hepatitis to other humans (including a nurse by accidental needlestick) and to chimpanzees by experimental inoculation. In addition, the antigen was detected in serum obtained retrospectively from 11 of 31 former blood donors whose blood had transmitted posttransfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis several years previously to recipients of a single unit of their blood.Antibody to this antigen was detected in convalescent serum samples from all seven chimpanzees studied, in convalescent serum from the nurse infected by accidental needlestick, and in serum from a hemodialysis patient convalescent from non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Interaction of hepatitis B surface antigen with polymerized human serum albumin
Authors: O'Neill Sean P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBsAg binds to a solid‐phase adsorbent consisting of polymerized human serum albumin (HSA) on glass particles. Both AD and AY antigenic subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) display this interaction. In either case, the binding to polymerized HSA is reduced in the presence of human serum, suggesting significant attachment of serum components at the locations on HBsAg particles where polymerized HSA binds. The temperature dependence of the interaction goes through a maximum above room temperature, in contrast to the increasing reaction with temperature of the HBsAg‐anti‐HBs antibody system. The interaction between HBsAg and polymerized HSA is discussed in relation to previous findings of HSA polymers and anti‐poly‐merized albumin antibodies in hepatic patients. A mechanism for production of an autoimmune, antialbumin antibody condition, in association with hepatitis B virus infection is proposed.
An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home
Authors: Chiba Shunzo , Sakuma Yasuhiko , Kogasaka Ryoichi , Akihara Minoru , Horino Kiyotaka , Nakao Tooru , Fukui Seki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn October 1977 an outbreak of acute infectious diarrhea occurred in an infant home in the city of Sapporo, Japan. Of 34 residents aged two to 20 months, 26 (77%) suffered from diarrhea. In ten of these patients the diarrhea was accompanied by vomiting. Electron microscopic examinations revealed typical calicivirus particles in eight faecal specimens, seven of which were from the group of 26 affected patients (28%)Faecal specimens were obtained from only 25 of the 26 affected infants.
and one of which was from the group of eight infants without symptoms (13%). Immune electron microscopy tests for antibody responses against one of the isolated strains of calicivirus were carried out on 27 paired pre‐ and post‐outbreak sera. Sero‐conversions were demonstrated in 18 of 19 (95%) affected infants and in six of eight (75%) unaffected infants. One patient with lack of antibody response was the youngest child‐two months old. Periodic surveys on enteric viruses circulating in the home revealed that calicivirus was specifically associated with the outbreak of gastroenteritis. These observations provide further evidence for the causative role of calicivirus in acute gastroenteritis in children.
Non‐A, non‐b hepatitis: identification of hepatitis‐b‐like virus particles in serum and liver
Authors: Hantz O. , Vitvitski L. , Trépo C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus‐like particles including: small spheres and filaments 15–25 nm in diameter together with a 35–40 nm Dane particle‐like virion have been identified in sera of patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. In a coded serological study, such particles were detected transiently in 3/4 acute, and persistently in 7/8 chronic cases of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis with non‐A, non‐B antigenemia. Only 2/12 similar cases without non‐A, non‐B antigens (Ag) in serum had detectable particles but neither patients with drugs, or type A hepatitis, nor cases of obstructive jaundice. The particles did not express hepatitis B surface (HBs) or non‐A, non‐B Ag at their surface but were associated, in three patients, with significant endogenous DNA polymerase activity. Furthermore, particles similar to hepatitis B cores (HBc) and also associated with DNA polymerase activity were demonstrated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of a liver homogenate obtained from a patient who had died of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virion described here appears, therefore, as a hepatitis B‐like virus. The exact kinship between these two agents is currently being investigated.
Cytomegalovlrus complement‐fixing igm antibody
Authors: Booth J. C. , Hannington Gillian , Tryhorn Yvonne , Stern H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific IgM that fixes complement in the presence of CMV antigen was demonstrated in sera from five patients with primary CMV infection. The CF reaction, demonstrable in the IgM fractions of the sera, was not affected significantly by absorption with aggregated IgG but was abolished by treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol. The IgM antibody was readily detected in CF tests with crude cell‐extract antigens, prepared from CMV‐infected tissue culture cells, or with purified enveloped‐virion antigen but not with CMV‐soluble antigens.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus‐specific igg antibodies by a sensitive solid‐phase radioimmunoassay and by a rapid‐screening test
Authors: Kimmel Nina , Friedman Maureen G. , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of human IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) which utilizes extracts of CMV‐infected cells as antigen is described. Sera of 66 healthy adults were titered by the RIA and by the complement fixation (CF) test. These same subjects were also used in the evaluation of a rapid screening radioimmunoassay (RSRIA) developed to detect IgG antibodies to CMV in small serum samples. The specificity of the RIA was evaluated by testing sera of seven CMV patients and ten patients with heterotypic titer rises to herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus (HSV or VZV). The RIA proved to be sensitive and specific. Possible applications of the RSRIA modification are discussed.
Isolation of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses from 38 colds in adults
Authors: Larson H.E. , Reed Sylvia E. , Tyrrell D.A.J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNasal washings were collected from 27 normal adults during 38 naturally acquired colds. The washings were exhaustively tested using tissue cultures, organ cultures and electron microscopy. Washings yielding no identifiable agent were inoculated into human volunteers, and further specimens obtained from the latter were examined by the same techniques in vitro. Viruses were identified in association with 25 of the original 38 colds (65.7%). Fifteen were rhinoviruses (39.5%), seven coronaviruses (18.4%), two were parainfluenza viruses, and one was influenza virus. Use of organ cultures and of volunteers significantly increased the isolation rate. No agent was cultivated from the remaining 13 specimens, although tests in volunteers showed that cold‐producing agents were present in five of them (13%). Three specimens gave doubtful results in volunteers, and five others, all collected within a period of six weeks in December and January, apparently contained no infectious agent.