bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pathogenesis of syphilis: the Great Mimicker, revisited
Authors: Peeling Rosanna W , Hook Edward W 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSyphilis is a chronic sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Its protean clinical presentations earned it the name of the ‘Great Mimicker’. Understanding of disease pathogenesis and how host–pathogen interactions influence the course of disease have been compromised by the facts that the organism cannot be grown in vitro and, as an exclusively human pathogen, inferences made from animal models are of limited applicability. Many questions remain about how T. pallidum biology contributes to distinctive features of syphilis, such as its ability to persist in the presence of a brisk host response or its propensity for neuro‐invasion and congenital transmission. In 1998, the genome of T. pallidum was sequenced. The organism has a relatively small genome, suggesting that it utilizes host biosynthesis to fulfil some of its metabolic needs. While biological functions are suggested for only about 55% of T. pallidum's 1041 open reading frames, even these relatively early studies offer important insights into syphilis pathogenesis. A family of repeat genes, the Tp genes, encode proteins homologous to the major sheath proteins of T. denticola. Antibodies to the TprK variable regions are protective in a rabbit model. With successive passage, increasing diversity is observed in the TprK V region genes. Antigenic variation through gene conversion has been hypothesized to be one mechanism of escaping immune surveillance, allowing for prolonged infection and persistence in the presence of a robust host response. Human and animal studies suggest that a Th1 response is elicited in primary syphilis. Progression to the secondary stage is accompanied by a shift to a Th2 response, allowing for incomplete clearance of the pathogen. In pregnancy, intense inflammatory responses and prostaglandins induced by fetal infection may be responsible for fetal death or pre‐term delivery and severe growth retardation or other manifestations of congenital syphilis. Understanding of the molecular targets of these immune responses may facilitate the development of vaccines for syphilis. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pleiotropic effects of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus
Authors: Schulz Thomas F 
Published: December 2005

AbstractKaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Case reports suggest an occasional involvement in bone marrow hypoplasia and haemophagocytic syndrome, but other disease associations are unconfirmed or controversial. KSHV‐associated disease is of particular importance in immunosuppressed individuals, in particular in patients with HIV infection and transplant recipients. KSHV establishes a latent infection in the majority of infected cells in KS, MCD, and PEL, but lytic replication occurs in a small fraction of infected cells. Viral proteins expressed during both the latent and the lytic phase of the viral life cycle contribute to the pathogenesis of KSHV‐associated diseases. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viruses and lymphoma/leukaemia
Authors: Jarrett Ruth F 
Published: December 2005

AbstractViruses of the retrovirus and herpesvirus families are aetiological agents of human leukaemias and lymphomas. The human T‐cell leukaemia virus type 1 causes adult T‐cell leukaemia and the Epstein–Barr virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphomas in immunosuppressed people, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The discovery of human herpesvirus type 8 has led to the identification of a rare and unusual group of virus‐associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are at greatly increased risk of developing lymphoma but here the mechanism of lymphomagenesis is indirect. Recent data suggest that hepatitis C virus infection is also associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma, whereas data relating to SV40 remain controversial. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insights into the function of granulomas in human tuberculosis
Authors: Ulrichs Timo , Kaufmann Stefan HE 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe human tuberculous granuloma provides the morphological framework for local immune processes central to the outcome of tuberculosis. This review article describes investigations on human lung granulomas aimed at better understanding the regional host response and counter‐measures to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings lead to a revised view of the regional immune response in human tuberculosis. Novel insights into this dynamic cross‐talk form the basis of novel intervention strategies. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The p38 transduction pathway in prostatic neoplasia
Authors: Ricote M , García‐Tuñón I , Bethencourt F , Fraile B , Onsurbe P , Paniagua R , Royuela M 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIt has been proposed that, among other cellular responses, TNF‐α induces not only cell death, but also cell proliferation by activation of p38. It has also been reported that IL‐1‐α favours cell proliferation by p38 activation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate upstream (α‐PAK, MEK‐6) and downstream (Elk‐1 and ATF‐2) components of the p38 transduction pathway in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate carcinoma (PC). Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses were performed in 20 samples of normal prostate, 47 samples of BPH, and 27 samples of PC. In all normal prostates, immunoreactivity for p‐Elk‐1 and p‐ATF‐2 was observed in epithelial cell nuclei, but no expression of α‐PAK or MEK‐6. In BPH, there was expression of α‐PAK (cytoplasm) and MEK‐6 (cytoplasm), while the proportions of lesions that were immunoreactive for p‐Elk‐1 (nucleus and cytoplasm) and p‐ATF‐2 (nucleus) decreased. In PC, the percentages of cells that were immunoreactive for α‐PAK (cytoplasm) or MEK‐6 (cytoplasm) rose slightly in comparison with BPH, while the percentages of cells that were immunoreactive for p‐Elk‐1 (nucleus and cytoplasm) or p‐ATF‐2 (nucleus and cytoplasm) were much higher than in BPH. It is concluded that overexpression of α‐PAK, MEK‐6, p38, p‐Elk‐1, and p‐ATF‐2 in BPH, and more intensely in PC, enhances cell proliferation. In BPH, such proliferation is triggered by IL‐1 and in part counteracted by the TNF‐α/AP‐1 pathway, which promotes apoptosis. In PC, proliferation is triggered by IL‐1 and TNF‐α (the TNF‐α/AP‐1 pathway is diverted towards p38 activation). Since in a study of the same patients immunoexpression of IL‐1α and IL‐1RI was previously observed to be increased in PC, inhibition of p38 is a possible target for PC treatment, as this inhibition would both decrease IL‐1‐induced cell proliferation and increase TNF‐α‐induced cell death. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infection and disease: cause and cure
Authors: Herrington C Simon , Douek Daniel C 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMuch can be learnt about the mechanisms by which micro‐organisms cause disease from the ways that they interact with cells and tissues. This issue of The Journal of Pathology contains articles that address the roles that cell and tissue biology and pathology are playing in the elucidation of these mechanisms. A review of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is followed by a discussion of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Two articles on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection address the association between viral infection and neoplasia, as do reviews on viruses and lymphoma/leukaemia, and Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8, HHV8). The section on viral disease concludes with an article on morbilliviruses. The intracellular effects of bacteria are addressed in a review of Listeria infection and a further review outlines recent advances in our knowledge of syphilis. Reviews on Helicobacter and gastric neoplasia, innate defences against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, and the function of granulomas in tuberculosis also address aspects of tissue responses to bacterial infection. Following a review of the function of immunoglobulin A in defence against infection, a group of articles considers vaccination and gene therapy approaches, the latter involving consideration of both viral and bacterial strategies. The reviews assembled here bridge several gaps: between microbiology and cellular pathology; between host and infecting organism; and between disease and therapy. It is clear that cell and tissue pathology approaches are of value in all of these spheres, providing cell and tissue relevance to microbiological and immunological observations. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth hormone deficiency after chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children who have not received cranial radiation
Authors: Haddy Theresa B. , Mosher Revonda B. , Nunez Susan B. , Reaman Gregory H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractChemotherapy‐related growth failure is a significant problem in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other childhood cancers. Growth impairment after cranial radiation (CR) can result in diminished adult height, but growth failure following chemotherapy without CR is usually followed by catch‐up growth and normal adult height.1 A retrospective review of 347 ALL survivors registered in our Long Term Follow Up (LTFU) Clinic, since 1997 revealed that 109 had received CR; 3, total body irradiation (TBI); and 235, neither CR nor TBI. For patients whose growth velocity slowed, growth hormone (GH) levels and pediatric endocrinology referrals were obtained. Among the 112 ALL survivors who had received some form of CR, 5 had significant growth failure with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Among the 235 ALL survivors treated with chemotherapy without CR, 2 were diagnosed with growth failure and GHD. We report the two survivors of childhood ALL treated with chemotherapy without CR who required GH replacement due to absence of catch‐up growth. A 15‐year‐old boy and a 12‐year‐old girl, off therapy for 9 and 6 years, respectively, were evaluated for decreased growth velocity and failure of catch‐up growth. Peak GH responses to stimulation using arginine and clonidine were 3.4 and 3.0 ng/ml, respectively (normal >10 ng/ml). Other causes of growth failure were ruled out, and GH replacement therapy was instituted. Their chemotherapy had included methotrexate, 6 mercaptopurine, vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, L‐asparaginase, dexamethasone, cytarabine, 6 thioguanine, and intrathecal methotrexate. The growth of all children treated with intensive chemotherapy, regardless of whether CR was administered, should be closely monitored with measurement of standing height at 6 months intervals until growth is complete. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46:258–261. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Models of care for survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Friedman Debra L. , Freyer David R. , Levitt Gill A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWith improvements in therapy for childhood cancer, the expectation that most childhood cancer patients will survive and enter adulthood is a reality. There is clear evidence that survivors are at risk for adverse health‐related long‐term sequelae associated with their cancer and its treatment, requiring appropriate health care resources. What is less clear is how this health care should optimally be delivered. We review the functional and operational needs for long‐term follow‐up for childhood cancer survivors and present alternatives for models of care. Programs for childhood cancer survivors should provide mechanisms for monitoring and management of late effects, as well as support and advocacy for addressing psychosocial issues, health education, and assistance with financial concerns. Access to research is an important component as clinical care and research are integrally related. A multidisciplinary model that provides continuity of care throughout the disease course is optimal, providing transitions from acute anti‐neoplastic therapy to follow‐up and primary care, as well as from pediatric care to adult‐oriented care. There is no single best model of care for all childhood cancer survivors. In evaluating different models, considerations include available resources as well as the particular cancer population being served. Not all survivors require the same level of services and the service level requirement for individual patients may change with time. As outcome research progresses for childhood cancer survivors, methodological issues of optimal health care delivery for this population deserve to be the subject of such research. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46:159–168. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case series of pediatric primary central nervous system lymphoma: Favorable outcome without cranial irradiation
Authors: Abla Oussama , Sandlund John T. , Sung Lillian , Brock Penelope , Corbett Rob , Kirov Ivan , Griffin Timothy C. , Blaser Susan , Weitzman Sheila 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPurposeTo describe the outcome of childhood primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) treated with chemotherapy alone or with chemotherapy plus cranial radiotherapy (CRT).MethodsRetrospective chart review of children with PCNSL at six tertiary care pediatric centers.ResultsEight immunocompetent and four immunocompromised children were included. Ten children received chemotherapy alone without CRT, with most receiving high‐dose methotrexate and high‐dose cytarabine. Five year event‐free survival (EFS) in this group was 70.0 ± 14.5%. Two children received chemotherapy plus CRT; one relapsed and died while the other is alive in remission. Three children died, including two from relapsed disease. The other child with human immunodeficiency virus infection died of an opportunistic infection while in remission following chemotherapy alone.ConclusionsMost children with PCNSL can achieve long‐term remissions with chemotherapy alone without CRT. Multi‐center prospective studies are needed to confirm or refute these results in a larger number of patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of narrow‐dispersion or monodisperse polymer microspheres with active hydroxyl group by distillation–precipitation polymerization
Authors: Bai Feng , Li Rui , Yang Xinlin , Li Shuning , Huang Wenqiang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNarrow‐dispersion or monodisperse polymer microspheres with active hydroxyl groups were prepared by distillation–precipitation polymerization in the absence of any stabilizer. The monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was copolymerized with either commercial divinylbenzene (DVB) (containing 80 % of DVB isomers) or ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker by distillation–precipitation polymerization technique with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator in neat acetonitrile. The effects of the crosslinker and the crosslinking degree on the morphology and the loading of the active hydroxyl group of the resultant microspheres were investigated. The agitation caused by distilling off a portion of the polymerization solvent during the polymerization avoided coagulation and resulted in the narrow‐dispersion or monodisperse polymer microspheres for the distillation precipitation technique. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternating polyester/fluoroalkene copolymers: Combining high hydrophobicity with degradability
Authors: Borkar Sachin , Sen Ayusman , Shallenberger Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract2‐Methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO) was copolymerized with fluoroalkenes (RfCHCH2) using azobis(isobutyronitrile) AIBN as an initiator. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the obtained polymers are effectively alternating copolymers of caprolactone and fluoroalkene. Angle resolved XPS of copolymer films revealed that the outer layers have higher CFx:COO ratio relative to the subsurface, indicating that the perfluoroalkyl tails segregate to the air‐side, thereby presenting a hydrophobic surface with water contact angle as high as 130°. Blends of this material with polycaprolactone and polycarbonate polymers also form hydrophobic films. In the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, the copolymer undergoes complete degradation through hydrolysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1225–1232, 2006
New antibacterial cationic surfactants prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Lenoir Sandrine , Pagnoulle Christophe , Detrembleur Christophe , Galleni Moreno , Jérôme Robert 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEfficient antibacterial surfactants have been prepared by the quaternization of the amino groups of poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate] (PEB‐b‐PDMAEMA) diblock copolymers by octyl bromide. The diblock copolymers have been synthesized by ATRP of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) initiated by an activated bromide‐end‐capped poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene). In the presence of CuBr, 1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyl‐triethylenetetramine (HMTETA), and toluene at 50 °C, the initiation is slow in comparison with propagation. This situation has been improved by the substitution of CuCl for CuBr, all the other conditions being the same. Finally, the addition of an excess of CuCl2 (deactivator) to the CuCl/HMTETA catalyst is very beneficial in making the agreement between the theoretical and experimental number‐average molecular weights excellent. The antibacterial activity of PEB‐b‐PDMAEMA quaternized by octyl bromide has been assessed against bacteria and is comparable to the activity of a commonly used disinfectant, that is, benzalkonium chloride. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1214‐1224, 2006
Measurement and prediction of solubilities and diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in starch–water mixtures at elevated pressures
Authors: Chen Kwan‐Han J. , Rizvi Syed S. H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe solubility and diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide in intermediate‐moisture starch–water mixtures were determined both experimentally and theoretically at elevated pressures up to 16 MPa at 50 °C. A high‐pressure decay sorption system was assembled to measure the equilibrium CO2 mass uptake by the starch–water system. The experimentally measured solubilities accounted for the estimated swollen volume by Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (S‐L EOS) were found to increase almost linearly with pressure, yielding 4.0 g CO2/g starch–water system at 16 MPa. Moreover, CO2 solubilities above 5 MPa displayed a solubility increase, which was not contributed by the water fraction in the starch–water mixture. The solubilities, however, showed no dependence on the degree of gelatinization (DG) of starch. The diffusion coefficient of CO2 was found to increase with concentration of dissolved CO2, which is pressure‐dependent, and decrease with increasing DG in the range of 50–100%. A free‐volume‐based diffusion model proposed by Areerat was employed to predict the CO2 diffusivity in terms of pressure, temperature, and the concentration of dissolved CO2. S‐L EOS was once more used to determine the specific free volume of the mixture system. The predicted diffusion coefficients showed to correlate well with the measured values for all starch–water mixtures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 607–621, 2006
Synthesis of hydroxyl‐terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendenttert‐butyl groups and its use as a toughener for epoxy resins
Authors: Francis Bejoy , Thomas Sabu , Asari G. Viswanathan , Ramaswamy Rajagopal , Jose Seno , Rao V. Lakshmana 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHydroxyl‐terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendenttert‐butyl groups (PEEKTOH) was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone withtert‐butyl hydroquinone with potassium carbonate as a catalyst andN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as a solvent. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin was toughened with PEEKTOHs having different molecular weights. The melt‐mixed binary blends were homogeneous and showed a single composition‐dependent glass‐transition temperature (Tg). Kelley–Bueche and Gordon–Taylor equations gave good correlation with the experimentalTg. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the cured blends revealed a two‐phase morphology. A sea‐island morphology in which the thermoplastic was dispersed in a continuous matrix of epoxy resin was observed. Phase separation occurred by a nucleation and growth mechanism. The dynamic mechanical spectrum of the blends gave two peaks corresponding to epoxy‐rich and thermoplastic‐rich phases. TheTgof the epoxy‐rich phase was lower than that of the unmodified epoxy resin, indicating the presence of dissolved PEEKTOH in the epoxy matrix. There was an increase in the tensile strength with the addition of PEEKTOH. The fracture toughness increased by 135% with the addition of high‐molecular‐weight PEEKTOH. The improvement in the fracture toughness was dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of the oligomers present in the blend. Fracture mechanisms such as crack path deflection, ductile tearing of the thermoplastic, and local plastic deformation of the matrix occurred in the blends. The thermal stability of the blends was not affected by blending with PEEKTOH. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 541–556, 2006
Grain shapes and growth kinetics during self‐assembly of block copolymers
Authors: Chastek Thomas Q. , Lodge Timothy P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWith block copolymer equilibrium phase behavior becoming increasingly better understood, a more detailed description of ordering kinetics is feasible. This article highlights recent experimental observations that provide new insight into ordering kinetics and grain structures when a block copolymer liquid is first cooled below the order–disorder transition. Measurements have been made on several concentrated poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene) solutions, with concentrations and temperatures adjusted to access the cylinder, lamellar, and gyroid phases. A diverse set of grain types were observed using polarized optical microscopy (POM). Cylinder grains were either oblate ellipsoids or spherulites, whereas the lamellar phase formed prolate ellipsoidal grains, twinned ellipsoidal grains, twofold twinned grains, and spherulites. The orientation of the cylinders and lamellae within the grains were unambiguously identified. The shapes of the ellipsoidal and twinned grains were dictated by the relative interfacial tensions of the available growth surfaces with respect to the disordered state. Grain growth front velocities were also quantified before grain impingement, and consistent values were obtained among different grains for a given sample and quench temperature. The experimental growth velocities were compared to an expression derived by Goveas and Milner. There was good agreement in terms of the temperature dependence, and the absolute magnitude was predicted with some success. The rates of nucleation and overall conversion to the ordered phase were also determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 481–491, 2006