bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of the Buddha's Relic Shrine
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBuddhist chronicles have long been had a central place in the study of Buddhism. Scholars, however, have relied almost exclusively on Pali works that were composed by elites for learned audiences, to the neglect of a large number of Buddhist histories written in local languages for popular consumption. The Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, composed by Parakama Pandita in 13th-century Sri Lanka, is an important example of a Buddhist chronicle written in the vernacular Sinhala language. Furthermore, it is among those works that inform public discussion and debate over the place of Buddhism in the Sri Lankan nation state and the role of Buddhist monks in contemporary politics. This book offers the first complete English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa. Composed in a literary dialect of Sinhala, it contains a richly descriptive account of how Buddhism spread outside of India, replete with poetic embellishments and interpolations not found in other accounts of those events. Aside from being an important literary work, the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa is a text of considerable historical and religious significance. It comprises several narrative strands that relate the life story of the Buddha and the manner in which Buddhist teachings and institutions were established on the island of Sri Lanka in ancient times. The central focus of this work concerns the variety of relics associated with the historical Buddha, particularly how the relics were acquired and the presumed benefits of venerating them. The text also relates the mythological history of the Buddha's previous lives as a bodhisattva and concludes with a prediction about the future Buddha Maitreya. Reflection on Buddhist ethics and instruction on the Dharma, or the Buddha's teaching, are found throughout the work, indicating that this historical narrative was meant both to recall the past and give rise to religious practice among contemporary readers and listeners.
The Story of Prince Siddhārtha
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the life story of Prince Siddhārtha. It begins with his penultimate rebirth as a god in the Tua heaven. After having chosen the manner and timing of his rebirth into the human realm, Siddhārtha is born to Queen Mahāmāyā in the midst of many miraculous events in nature that signify the birth of a Great Being.
The Awakening of the Buddha
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on Siddhārtha's attainment of complete Buddhahood. He fends off the amorous advances of Māra's daughters who make several futile attempts to seduce him, and decides to preach the Dharma he has discovered to others.
The Story of King Aśoka
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on King Asoka's service to the Buddha's Dispensation. As in many Theravāda texts, Asoka is depicted as a pious follower of the Buddha who devotes great energy and resources to spread relics and the Dharma throughout his empire and beyond. His conversion to Buddhism comes about after having observed a well–composed novice monk, and the king later tracks down the relic deposit of Ajātasatru and builds 84,000 relic shrines throughout Jambudvīpa.
Korean American Evangelicals
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In an age of what many call a declining civil society, it is crucial to ask how changes in the racial, ethnic, and religious composition of the United States will influence how we live together as American citizens. Religious communities are among the primary places Americans form civic identities. This book explores how Korean Americans, a growing segment of American evangelicals, use religion to negotiate civic responsibility. It compares Korean Americans in second-generation and multiethnic churches, the most common types of evangelical churches in which Korean Americans participate. The book is based on in-depth interviews with 100 Korean Americans across the country, nine months of ethnography, and a survey of both a second-generation Korean congregation and a multiethnic church with Korean American participants. It is shown that these church types provide Korean Americans with different cultural schema for ethnic identity and civic responsibility. From their congregations, Korean Americans gain different ways of negotiating the image of Asian Americans as “model minorities”. Although scholars stress the conflict inherent in Asian American and African American race relations, some of the Korean Americans in multi-ethnic churches used a religious justification to identify with African Americans as fellow minorities, and thus become more politically active. For scholars, the book reveals the conditions under which organizations constrained by the same institution, in this case American Evangelicalism, provide room for diverse identity constructs among the individuals in these organizations. For everyone else, it argues that the children of non-white immigrants will change the relationship between religion and American civic life.
Imperatives
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Since humans are not perfectly rational, moral laws have a deontic, imperative character for them: what these laws claim to be necessary does not always occur. But humans must be guided in their behavior by the trust that perfect rationality will triumph in the end. They must proceed as if nature and reason will eventually harmonize, however intellectually convinced they might be that it will never happen.
Pharmacological and Psychological Interventions
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or erase memories of fear-arousing events. They also include drugs that could alter the neural circuitry of violent offenders. Placebos as a psychological intervention and their effects on the brain and mind are considered, focusing on whether it can be ethical to give placebos to treat symptoms associated with different medical conditions. Finally, possible off-label uses of drugs for enhancing cognition and mood are discussed.
Neurosurgery, Psychosurgery, and Neurostimulation
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining whether neurosurgery or psychosurgery can be justified. The issue of consent from patients figures more importantly in brain surgery than in any other area of neuroethics because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the risk of significant neurological impairment following surgery. It is also because the competence necessary for consent may be impaired by dysfunction of the organ that is both the intended area of intervention and the basis for competence and consent. Different forms of neurostimulation are considered, from electrodes implanted inside the brain, as well as from devices outside the brain. Finally, the possible use of neurostimulation for managing pain is considered.
Epilogue
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis epilogue presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It emphasizes five general points that should frame any discussion of what measures of or interventions in the brain can or cannot tell us about human mentality, thought, and behavior, and whether or to what extent we should use them. These are (i) that no two brains are alike; (ii) that although the brain generates and sustains the mind, the mind is not reducible to the brain; (iii) that before we consider manipulating the brain to alter mental capacities, we should consider how these capacities may be adaptive; (iv) that neuroscience can inform our ethical judgments; and (v) that whole-brain death is not the same as the death of a person.
The Price of Truth
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe financial and economic aspects of modern science raise many important and difficult questions for research ethics, the philosophy of science, and science policy. How does money affect scientific research? Can financial interests undermine scientific norms, such as objectivity, truthfulness, and honesty? Have scientists become entrepreneurs bent on making money instead of investigators searching for the truth? How does the commercialization of research affect the public’s perception of science? Can scientists prevent money from corrupting the research enterprise? What types of rules, polices, and guidelines should scientists adopt to prevent financial interests from adversely affecting research and the public’s opinion of science? This book examines these and other questions related to the financial and economic aspects of modern science. It investigates and analyzes the relationship between the pursuit of financial gain and the pursuit of knowledge. It considers how greed can affect the conduct of scientists, universities, corporations, and the public’s perception of science. It explores how moral, social, and political values affect public and private funding of research, and how debates about research funding reflect broader, ideological divisions within society. The book also proposes some policies for controlling, regulating, and monitoring financial interests in research and for counteracting money’s corrupting effects on science.
The Norms of Science
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops a philosophical framework for thinking about science’s norms. The norms of science help advance the goals of science by promoting cooperation and trust among scientists, and the public’s support for science. They also help to ensure that scientific research is publicly accountable. Science has epistemological goals, such as knowledge, truth, and explanation, as well as practical ones, such as prediction, power, and control. Science has epistemological norms, such as testability, empirical support, and simplicity, and practical and ethical norms, such as honesty, credit, and openness. Epistemological norms govern scientific methods and techniques, while practical norms apply to practices and traditions.
Money and the Norms of Science
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the various ways that money can interfere with scientific norms. Problems can occur when financial interests intrude into experimental design, data analysis and interpretation, publication, peer review, and other aspects of science that should be protected from financial, political, or other biases. When this happens, financial interests affect the process of scientific research, and they can undermine objectivity, openness, honesty, and other research norms. Although it is impossible to prevent money from having any impact on research, society should take some steps to prevent financial interests from undermining scientific norms, such as developing policies for journals, granting agencies, and research institutions; educating students and scientists about potential problems and issues; and monitoring of research.
God at Work
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhat was once taboo — faith at work — is increasingly accepted in corporate America. From secretaries to CEOs, growing numbers of businesspeople today want to bring their faith to work. Yet they wrestle with how to do this effectively and appropriately in a pluralistic corporate setting. For help they turn not to their clergy, but to their peers and to a burgeoning cottage industry on spirituality at work. They attend conferences and seminars, participate in Bible study and prayer groups, and read books, blogs, and eNewsletters. They see their faith as a resource for ethical guidance and to help find meaning and purpose in their work. This book looks at how this Faith at Work movement developed and considers its potential value for business and society. Done well, the integration of faith and work has positive implications at the personal level, as well as for corporate ethics and the broader economic sphere. At the same time, increasing expressions of religion and spiritual practices at work also present the threat of divisiveness and discrimination.
“Faith at Work”?
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Faith at Work movement and defines some key terms. It cites the church's failure to address the growing need felt by businesspeople to integrate their faith and their work. This has led to the emergence of the FAW movement largely outside the church and its usual programs. The movement is decentralized, with loosely networked clusters of lay-initiated and lay-led activities that focus on integrating spirituality and work. The result has been the spawning of a various voluntary associations throughout America (and increasingly beyond), comprising many different individuals and types and sizes of groups, as well as a range of ways in which these people express themselves.
The Social Gospel Era (c. 1890s–1945)
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the first wave of the faith at work movement (FAW). Three broad streams of FAW activity developed whose vestiges are still seen today: (a) the Social Gospel, (b) special–purpose groups, and (c) the popularization of Jesus. The Social Gospel sought theological legitimacy in and gave hermeneutical primacy to the doctrine of the kingdom of God. The Social Gospel comprised many shapes and forms, often with overlapping interests. However, it can be arranged into three main substreams: conservative social Christianity, radical social Christianity, and progressive social Christianity. Special-purpose groups addressed “issues both specific to the churches and of more general concern to the broader society.”. These religiously motivated groups are part of the American tradition of voluntary associations. The popularization of Jesus involves the emergence of a style of writing and speaking that sought to contemporize and popularize a practical Jesus for modern times.
Response of the Church and the Theological Academy to FAW
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the integration of faith and work. It identifies several reasons why clergy and religious professionals do not perceive and therefore do not respond to the needs that are driving the FAW movement. These include pejorative marketplace perceptions, liturgical narrowness, clericalism, language, and inexperience.
Analyzing and Understanding the Faith at Work Movement
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops a new framework and language for discussing the FAW movement. It presents the Integration Box, which builds on and utilizes this book's findings about the demand side, supply side, and evidence of the FAW movement qua movement. It is clear that a quest for integration is the organizing principle of the FAW movement. Moreover, participants in the movement tend to experience and express the quest for the integration of faith and work through one or more of the modalities of ethics, evangelism, experience, and enrichment. When transposed into a new nonlinear theoretical framework, these Four E's result in the Integration Box, a model containing these four quadrants, or types, of FAW orientations and associated language. This conceptual framework facilitates critical analysis, discourse, and understanding the movement and its participants. Each quadrant represents one of the Four E's as the primary manifestation of the quest for integration.
Government Intervention, Rent Distribution, and Economic Development in Korea
Authors: Cho Yoon Je 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses how economic rent was created and distributed in the course of economic development in Korea, focusing on government intervention in the financial market. The Korean experience shows that it is possible for governments to intervene productively and effectively in the early stages of economic development. The balance between the role of government and market forces should reflect the financial market, industrial organization, market structure, and political and international environment facing the country. However, as economic development advances, the role and scope of government intervention must be reappraised with a view towards greater reliance on market forces.
Unintended Fit: Organizational Evolution and Government Design of Institutions in Japan
Authors: Aoki Masahiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses nanoscopic, intra-organizational coordination. It argues that the spontaneous order of cross-task coordination based on information sharing within the firm is an important source of total factor productivity growth in postwar Japan. The institutional apparatus that the government originally designed for centralized control of wartime production did not work as intended, but evolved into a supporting framework for decentralized private coordination following democratic transformation during postwar reform.
Sectoral Resource Transfer, Conflict, and Macrostability in Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Teranishi Juro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the effects of financing industrialization through policy-based mobilization of agricultural savings, based on a comparative study of less developed economics in East Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The degree of resource shift, from the rural sector through direct and indirect taxation, did not vary much across the three regions. However, there was significant difference between East Asia and the other two regions in the ways the adverse effects of resource transfer were politically compensated. In Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, divisible benefits (rents) were supplied by the government to win the support of particular interest groups (large landlords or tribes). In East Asia, the adverse effects were mitigated by investments in infrastructure, which enhanced the productivity of small landholding farmers.
The Political Economy of Growth in East Asia: A Perspective on the State, Market, and Ideology
Authors: Woo‐Cumings Meredith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the impact of differences in initial conditions and international environments on the developmental strategy between Latin America and East Asia (Korea and Taiwan). The unique imprint of Japanese colonial legacies on the bureaucratic nature of the state in Korea and Taiwan, and its relations with business and agrarian interests are elucidated. How the specific geopolitical positions of these two economies affect their developmental strategies as well as their capabilities to extract ‘rent’ from the United States during the Cold War is discussed.
6 The Indian Summer of Restoration Anglicanism: Queen Anne and the Tory Revival
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Although Anne’s reign coincided with the start of a new century, it made little difference at the time since the Tories treated it as an opportunity to put the political and ecclesiastical clock back. Although they were reasonably successful, notably at Sacheverell’s trail, they became increasingly conscious that the imminent accession of the Hanoverians would result in their eventual sidelining.
5 Who were the ‘Eusebians’?
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with an analysis of the phrase hoi peri Eusebion and the implications of Athanasius’ presentation of his opponents as a ‘church party’. It then assesses the various passages in which Athanasius actually names the men whom he regards as ‘Eusebians’, and demonstrates the degree to which these catalogues of names vary between Athanasius’ different works as the polemic develops over time. The chapter ends with a survey of the fragmentary evidence for the known careers and writings of the most prominent individuals whom Athanasius identifies as ‘Eusebians’, particularly Eusebius of Nicomedia himself and Asterius ‘the Sophist’.
Contemplating Art
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This book is a compendium of writings from the last ten years by one of the leading figures in aesthetics, Jerrold Levinson. It contains twenty-four essays and is divided into seven parts. The first is about issues relating to art in general, not specific to one art form. The second is about philosophical problems specific to music. The third part focuses on pictorial art, and the fourth on interpretation, in particular, the interpretation of literature. The remaining parts of the book discuss aesthetic properties, issues in historical aesthetics, humor, and intrinsic value.
Sound, Gesture, Space, and the Expression of Emotion in Music
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The main concern of this essay is musical expressiveness and the role that the imaginative construal of sound in gestural ways plays in grounding that expressiveness. It is argued that to hear the expressiveness of music is to hear it as personal expression; that to hear it as personal expression is to hear a sort of gesture in the music, or the music as gesturing in a certain manner; that to hear such musical gesture is to deploy a capacity to imagine in spatial terms, most obviously because that is required for apprehension of the behavioural gestures and performing gestures that underlie musical gesture. Thus, grasp of expressiveness in music is not detachable from a comprehension of the range of expressive human gesture and a comprehension of the means by which music is actually produced, each of which implicates possession by the hearer of a robust spatial imagination.
What is Erotic Art?
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay argues that erotic art is art which aims to engage viewers sexually through explicit sexual content, and succeeds to some extent in doing so. The boundaries of the concept of erotic art, and some of the psychological and social implications of erotic art are also explored. The scope of this essay is restricted in two ways. First, the essay concerns visual art exclusively, and then, almost entirely, visual art of two dimensions. Second, the examples are drawn only from Western art, and mainly Western art since the Renaissance.
Who's Afraid of a Paraphrase?
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay focuses on the interpretation of metaphors. It argues that metaphors, however much their force or imagery outstrips their semantic content, in fact usually possess relatively definite meanings, meanings which deserve the label of ‘metaphorical’, and which paraphrases can to a large extent express. The key to the stance on metaphors adopted is the conception of them asutterancesin specific linguistic contexts, which acquire meanings in such contexts despite there being no rules of a semantic sort for the projection of such meanings. Examples of metaphors from both literary and non-literary contexts are examined. The conception of literary meaning as centrally a species ofutterance meaningis the foundation stone of the view of literary interpretation dubbed ‘hypothetical intentionalism’.