bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of bacille Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy on feline sarcoma virus-induced neoplasms in the cat
Authors: Bachman Diane , Cockerell Gary L. , de Noronha Fernando , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Kittens infected experimentally with feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) were inoculated with emulsions of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) cell wall preparations to determine the effect of BCG immunotherapy on FeSV-induced sarcomagenesis. The BCG preparations or emulsificant control preparations were administered (i) subcutaneously at the same time and site as was the FeSV inoculation, (ii) at the same site but 1 week after FeSV inoculation, or (iii) with a mixture of viable autochthonous neoplastic cells approximately 35 days after FeSV inoculation. There was no difference in the percentage of kittens that developed neoplasms, the prepatent period for neoplastic development, the percentage of kittens with neoplastic regression, or the survival rate among groups given BCG, emulsificant control, or FeSV alone. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater dissemination of neoplasms was seen in groups given BCG or emulsificant control preparations, compared with dissemination in groups given FeSV alone.
Influence of a purified grade of pentachlorophenol on the immune response of chickens
Authors: Prescott C. A. , Wilkie B. N. , Hunter B. , Julian R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Broiler chickens were fed a purified grade of pentachlorophenol (pcp) at dosages of 0, 600,1,200, and 2,400 μg/g of feed (0,600,1,200, and 2,400 ppm, respectively) for 8 weeks. In all treatment groups, kidney weights were increased and spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights were decreased. Body weights were decreased and liver weights were increased in the 1,200- and 2,400 μg treatment groups. In chickens fed 600 μg of pcp/g, body weights were initially lower, but by week 7 were not different from weights of controls. Microscopic lesions were not found in any of the groups. There was a significant positive linear relationship between pcp accumulation in the tissues and the concentration of pcp in the feed. Accumulation of pcp was greatest in the kidney, followed by accumulations in the liver, fat, and pectoral muscle.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of chickens fed 0, 600, and 2,400 μg of pcp/g were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the 600-μg treatment group and the controls in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG; in the humoral responses to sheep rbc, bovine serum albumin, or Newcastle disease virus; in the cutaneous reactions to phytohemagglutinin P, purified protein derivative, or dinitrochlorobenzene; or in wbc numbers. The in vitro lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin P was within a normal range, but response to concanavalin A was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Chickens fed 2,400 μg of pcp/g had significantly lower humoral responses to bovine serum albumin (P < 0.02), significantly lower wbc counts (P < 0.0001), and significantly decreased lymphoproliferative responses to concanavalin A (P < 0.01) and phytohemagglutinin P (P < 0.05), but serum concentrations of IgM and IgG and the humoral responses to sheep rbc and Newcastle disease virus were normal.
Effect of diazepam pretreatment on succinylcholine-induced muscle fasciculation in the dog
Authors: Raffe Marc R. , Crimi Anthony J. , Ruff Jon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of diazepam in attenuation of succinylcholine-induced muscle fasciculations was studied in the dog. Dosage levels of 0.11,0.22,0.55, or 1.1 mg of diazepam/kg of body weight were studied in 4 groups of 5 dogs each; another group of 5 dogs served as a control.
There was no difference in the occurrence or severity of succinylcholine-induced muscle fasciculations between dogs given diazepam and nontreated controls. Using serum potassium as a quantitative index of physiologic effects of muscle depolarization, differences could not be detected between treated and nontreated dogs.
Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: Blood gas and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid studies
Authors: Kraisha S. , Andrews R. B. , Evans J. H. , Jones J. B. , Lange R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cyclic hematopoiesis in gray Collies was first described in 1967. These dogs are anemic in comparison with the healthy littermates, and their erythropoiesis is abnormal. Although the basic disorder appears to be an as yet unidentified abnormality of hematopoietic progenitor cells, an inherent difference in responses to blood gas control mechanisms remains as a possible cause. In a study of these mechanisms in dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis, the P50 and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentrations were increased. Differences in pH, PCO2, PO2, and oxygen saturation were not observed.
Comparison of ruminant anthelmintics, using multiple dose administration
Authors: Hass D. K. , Holloway E. L. , Brown L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven ruminant anthelmintics were administered to lambs over a 30-day period, using medicated feeds or multiple oral doses. Fenbendazole and its sulfinyl analog, oxfendazole, were effective (> 90%) in the control of clinical parasitism at feeding levels of 5 mg/kg of feed. Parbendazole and albendazole were effective at daily oral dose levels of 1 mg/kg of body weight and at feeding dose levels of 10 mg/kg of feed, respectively. Levamisole, mebendazole, and oxibendazole were ineffective in controlling intense natural parasitic infections of sheep at daily oral dose levels equal to or less than 1 mg/kg of body weight and/or a feeding level equal to or less than 10 mg/kg of feed.
Modifications of a force plate system for equine gait analysis
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Yuill G. T. , White N. A. , Bowen J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A force plate system for measurement of the vertical component of the force applied by a horse's limb on ground contact was modified. The modifications included use of steel supporting posts for improved durability and an additional strain gauge on each arm of the Wheatstone bridge for increased sensitivity and temperature compensation. Data from clinically normal horses are provided to indicate the performance obtained with these modifications of the force plate system.
Efficacy of lasalocid sodium against coccidiosis (Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis) in calves
Authors: Stromberg B. E. , Schlotthauer J. C. , Armstrong B. D. , Brandt W. E. , Liss C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves experimentally infected with Eimeria bovis and E zuernii were used in a controlled experiment to determine the anticoccidial activity of lasalocid sodium. Eleven-weekold Holstein calves were given an inoculum of 300,000 E bovis and 200,000 E zuemii oocysts; medication was initiated on the day of inoculation and continued for a 4-week period. The progress of parasitic infection was monitored with quantitative fecal oocyst examinations for the 6 weeks before calves were inoculated, and then in the 4-week treatment period and a 3-week observation period.
The calves were given different doses of lasalocid sodium (0.5, 0.75,1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) and were compared with both nonmedicated inoculated calves and controls (nonmedicated, noninoculated calves). There were overall numerical reductions of oocysts produced in the medicated groups when compared with the nonmedicated inoculated controls.
Characterization of parainfluenza type 3 virus isolated from the lung of a lamb with pneumonia
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A virus designated DH-1 was isolated from the lung of a lamb that died during the course of an epizootic of acute respiratory tract disease. The virus contained ribonucleic acid and was sensitive to heat (56 C), lipid solvent, and acid (pH 3.0). Inoculated cell cultures absorbed and culture fluids agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. Morphogenic and morphologic characteristics of the isolate were compatible with those of the genus Paramyxovirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. Serologic results indicated that the virus was indistinguishable from prototype parainfluenza virus type 3.
Mitogen-induced blastogenesis of peripheral blood and efferent lymph lymphocytes from sheep
Authors: Fiscus Susan A. , DeMartini J. C. , Pearson L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Peripheral blood lymphocytes and efferent lymph lymphocytes (ell) from 20 healthy adult sheep were studied for their blastogenic responses to the phytolectins concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen. Peripheral blood lymphocytes generally incorporated significantly (P < 0.00001) more [3H]thymidine than did ell. The lower response in ell, especially in concanavalin A- and pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures, may be due to an insufficiency of accessory cells that may be required for optimal proliferation.
Electron microscopy of selectively denervated canine carotid sinuses
Authors: Sutton E. T. , Munnell J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Selective denervation was used to characterize the nerve endings in the carotid sinus wall of the dog. Areas of dense innervation were identified by acetylcholinesterase histochemical technique and sampled for electron microscopic study following survival periods of 48 to 144 hours after selective neurectomies were done.
Large varicosities, similar to previously described mechanoreceptor endings, showed signs of degeneration after transection of the sinus nerve, but not after cranial cervical ganglionectomy or section of the glossopharyngeal nerve proximal to its sensory ganglia. These were concluded to be endings of afferent neurons. Histochemical reactions at the fine structure level demonstrated such varicosities to be acetylcholinesterase positive.
Smaller varicosities containing granulated synaptic vesicles degenerated after cranial cervical ganglionectomy was done. These were interpreted to be postganglionic sympathetic endings.
This study represents an example where denervation, coupled with short survival periods, serves as a technique for studying selected areas of the peripheral nervous system.
Mechanical transmission of anaplasmosis by tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Hawkins J. A. , Love J. N. , Hidalgo R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The role of tabanids in the mechanical transmission of anaplasmosis was further clarified by determining the number of horse fly bites needed to transmit the disease and the length of time that horse flies remain mechanically infective. Transmission of anaplasmosis from acutely infected calves to susceptible splenectomized calves was accomplished with as few as 10 horse fly bites. These flies were shown to remain mechanically infective for at least 2 hours after they had obtained a partial blood meal from an acutely-infected calf. These data emphasize the efficiency of horse flies in the mechanical transmission of anaplasmosis and indicate that relatively short-distance barriers may not be adequate to prevent transmission between infected and noninfected herds.
Marek's disease in turkeys: Lack of protection by vaccination
Authors: Elmubarak A. K. , Sharma J. M. , Witter R. L. , Sanger V. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Herpesvirus of turkeys, a highly effective vaccine against Marek's disease (md) in chickens, was ineffective in protecting turkeys against md. Another tissue-culture attenuated vaccine virus also protected chickens, but not turkeys, from md. Intact and immunosuppressed turkey poults inoculated with herpesvirus of turkey developed a persistent viremia, but did not have detectable gross or microscopic lesions.
Effect of monensin pretreatment on tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
Authors: Hammond Andrew C. , Carlson James R. , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monensin has been shown to prevent acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (abpe) by reducing ruminal conversion of l-tryptophan (trp) to 3-methylindole (3MI). This experiment was conducted to determine whether monensin must be present in the rumen at the time of exposure to trp to inhibit 3MI production and trp-induced abpe. Two groups each of 3 grade Hereford cows were used in a switch-back experiment with replacement of 2 animals that died (total of 6 control and 6 pretreated cows). For 2 weeks, each cow was fed 4.5 kg of poor quality alfalfa-brome grass hay/day, plus trace mineralized salt and water ad libitum and a daily supplement of 0.9 kg of ground barley with added monensin (200 mg; group M) or without monensin (group C, controls). Both hay and supplement were equally divided into morning and evening feedings. At the end of the 2-week pretreatment period, supplement feeding was stopped.Approximately 48 hours after the last supplement feeding of monensin, each cow was given an oral dose of 0.35 g of trp/kg of body weight to induce abpe. Blood plasma and ruminal fluid were obtained at intervals up to 96 hours after trp dosing for analysis of 3MI. At —48 and at 0 hours with respect to trp dosing, ruminal fluid was incubated with trp to determine in vitro 3MI and indole production.Two group C cows (control; no monensin pretreatment) died of abpe and 1 cow each of the M and C groups had periods of increased rate and depth of breathing. Hemolysis related to high ruminal and plasma indole concentrations developed in 3 group M cows and in 1 group C cow. Hemoglobinuria was observed in 1 group M cow. Mean ruminal 3MI concentrations peaked 18 hours after trp dosing at 203 nmoles/ml and 245 nmoles/ml for group M and group C cows, respectively. These values were not significantly different (P > 0.05), nor were there any differences in mean ruminal 3MI concentrations between treatments at any other time (P > 0.05). Ruminal indole concentrations were higher in group M cows than in group C cows (P < 0.05) at 18 hours after trp dosing, but were not different at other times (P > 0.05). Plasma concentrations of 3MI and indole generally followed ruminal concentrations, but at lower values.In vitro conversion of trp to 3MI was 25% in ruminal fluid from monensin-pretreated cows contrasted with 50% for control cows' ruminal fluid at the time of supplement withdrawal (P < 0.05). At the time of trp dosing, conversion to 3MI was not different between treatments (P > 0.05). These data indicate that at the dose used, the effects of monensin on ruminal 3MI production are diminished within 48 hours after monensin feeding is stopped. Effective prevention of abpe may require continuous administration of monensin for the critical period of approximately 10 days after cows are exposed to trp or given change of pasture.
Development of pharmacokinetic models for sulfonamides in food animals: Metabolic depletion profile of sulfadiazine in the calf
Authors: Woolley Joseph L. , Sigel Carl W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic modeling, the use of a mathematical model to predict tissue concentrations of a compound after measuring plasma concentrations, has been advocated for several sulfonamides to alleviate the regulatory burden and to aid the producer by reducing the number of condemned carcasses resulting from sulfonamide residue contamination. Previous models were developed without detailed knowledge about the metabolism of the drugs in the target species. After completion of a metabolism and tissue residue-depletion study with [14C]sulfadiazine in the calf, the applicability of pharmacokinetic modeling to our data was explored. In the present experiment, each of 4 healthy male calves (∽40 kg) was given 1 bolus ([14C]sulfadiazine, 1.0 g; trimethoprim, 0.2 g) orally for 5 consecutive days. Two calves were killed on day 7 after the last dose, and in the 2 remaining calves, the total radioactivity was monitored in plasma until the levels reached 0.1 mg/L 7 days later (day 14 after the last dose) when that pair was killed. Intact sulfadiazine was eliminated more rapidly from plasma than total radioactivity; plasma sulfadiazine concentrations reached 0.01 mg/L by day 10. The highest concentrations of intact drug were found in the kidney (mean sulfadiazine concentration was 0.07 mg/kg at 7 days after the last dose). Mean total sulfadiazine-derived residues were 0.25 mg/kg of muscle, 0.90 mg/kg of kidney, and 1.27 mg/kg of liver on day 7 and depleted to 0.04, 0.16, and 0.31 mg/kg, respectively, by day 14. The major radioactive solvent-extractable component in tissues on day 14 was identified as 2-benzenesulfonamidopyrimidine, but it accounted for < 1% of the dose of sulfadiazine excreted in the urine. Analysis of these data and review of published sulfonamide residue depletion studies indicated that before a pharmacokinetic model can be developed for regulatory use, the following must be available: (i) a study defining the relationship between the drug, metabolites, and total residues so that the marker compound(s) can be identified, (ii) a sensitive and specific assay for the marker compound so that the tissue-plasma relationship can be defined throughout thei concentration range of interest, and (iii) a reliable estimate of the qualitative and quantitative variations among animals for which the model is being developed.
Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup
Authors: Thiermann A. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The clinical and pathologic implications of leptospirosis caused by organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup were tested on 8 pregnant cows. The animals were inoculated after their 5th month of pregnancy, 2 with serovar szwajizak and 6 with serovar hardjo. During the acute phase of the infection, the cows had mild signs of clinical illness; however, mastitis was observed in all cows that calved. One cow aborted, and 2 delivered premature and weak calves.
By bacteriologic cultural examination, a short leptospiremic phase was observed. Leptospires were isolated from milk of 5 cows during early phases of mastitis; these isolations were obtained only when using solid media. Leptospiruria was determined by culture and direct examination. Only hardjo-inoculated cows had detectable urinary shedding which was observed to extend past 450 days in 1 cow.Leptospires were isolated from tissues of all cows and from 2 calves at necropsy. Interstitial nephritis was observed in all cows necropsied. Histologically, leptospires were demonstrated in silver-stained sections of kidney, liver, and lung of most calves. Leptospires were also observed in sections of kidney of all cows necropsied and in the cotyledons, placenta, and liver of some.
Agglutinating titers were detected in the serum of cows as early as 4 days after inoculation and reached maximum titer (81,920) after 20 days. Significant serum titers persisted for the duration of the experiment only in hardjo-inoculated cows. At birth, all calves had no detectable agglutinins, but seroconverted within 24 hours; the serum titers were similar to those found in the dam's milk.
Organ blood flow and distribution of cardiac output in nonanesthetized swine
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Parks C. M. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. , Koritz G. D. , Manohar M. , Theodorakis M. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Organ blood flow and distribution of cardiac output (co) were determined in awake resting swine, using radionuclide-labeled 15-μm diameter microspheres. Absolute values of blood flow (per 100-g basis) were determined for various organs and peripheral tissues. Internal organs of the swine, which constituted 8.25 ± 0.79% of the total body mass, received 45.46 ± 2.64% of the resting co. The fraction of co received by brain, heart, kidneys, liver (via hepatic artery), and gastrointestinal tract was 1.13%, 3.04%, 12.95%, 4.27%, and 18.71%, respectively.
Hemostatic changes in dogs with experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection
Authors: Navarro Carlos E. Kantek , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inoculation of 5 dogs with 4 × 109 Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae produced mild to fatal illness. Hemorrhages were detected in 2 dogs. The hemostatic changes included thrombocytopenia and increased circulating fibrinolytic split products.
Fatty acid composition of equine erythrocytes
Authors: Luther D. Gene , Cox Hollis Utah , Dimopoullos G. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of healthy horses was determined. Three fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) were found in approximately equal quantities and comprised 72.17% of the total. Nine other fatty acids were found in small amounts. Saturated fatty acids constituted 67.2% of the total. Marked variation was demonstrated in the occurrence and distribution of fatty acids in the sterol ester, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid fractions.
Antagonism of xylazine sedation in dogs by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Booth Nicholas H. , Clark J. Derrell , Crawford Lester M. , Kitzman Joseph V. , Wallner Barbara 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of fasted, atropinized crossbred dogs of both sexes were given a standard dosage (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) of xylazine, im. When fully sedated, the dogs were given iv 4-aminopyridine (4-ap; 0.3 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg), or a combination of 4-ap+yohimbine in weekly trials. Control groups were given saline solution. Two additional groups were given a 5× overdose of xylazine (11 mg/kg), im. When fully sedated, 1 of these groups was given 4-ap+yohimbine, iv; the other group was given saline solution.In dogs given the standard dosage of xylazine, 4-ap decreased mean walk time (wt; time to cognition and ability to walk on a leash) to 6 minutes (saline-treated groups = 14.1 and 17.8 minutes). Mean total recovery time (trt) was not shortened. Yohimbine decreased wt to 2.2 minutes and decreased trt to 0.4 hours (trt in saline-treated groups = 0.8 and 2.7 hours). In 1 group of control dogs, weekly injections of xylazine caused decreases in normal wt and trt, indicating development of tolerance to xylazine. The combination of 4-ap+yohimbine decreased wt to 1.4 and 1.9 minutes in 2 groups of dogs. The trt in these 2 groups was decreased to 0.5 hours.In previously untreated dogs given the 5× overdose of xylazine, 4-ap+yohimbine decreased wt to 3.3 minutes (saline-treated group = 73 minutes) and slightly decreased trt to 5.1 hours (saline-treated group = 6.1 hours). Additional doses of 4-ap+yohimbine were not given. Relapses to unconsciousness did not occur in any of the dogs; recovery was characterized by somnolence and easy elicitation of walking.In 3 dogs anesthetized with xylazine and pentobarbital, the combination of 4-ap+yohimbine iv caused (in order): transient femoral arterial hypotension with tachycardia and increases in respiratory rate, depth, and minute volume; parietal monopolar eeg activation; biceps femoris bipolar electromyogram activation; and behavioral arousal in less than 2 minutes. Increases in heart rate and in respiratory rate and depth (“respiratory lift”) were also observed clinically in intact dogs.The combination of 4-ap+yohimbine seems to be a safe, highly effective, specific antagonist of xylazine in dogs. The combination may be useful for reversal of the effects of standard dosages and overdoses of xylazine or for arousal of animals anesthetized or overanesthetized by combinations of xylazine with other drugs.
Effect of passive immunization on phagocytosis of blood-borne Escherichia coli in spleen and liver of turkeys
Authors: Arp L. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clearance of Escherichia coli from blood and localization in tissues were studied by culture and microscopy in nonimmunized and passively immunized turkeys after iv inoculation. In nonimmunized poults, high mortality was associated with persistence of large numbers of E coli in the blood. In immunized poults, rapid clearance of E coli from blood was associated with large numbers of E coli in hepatic sinusoids and fewer bacteria in the spleen. An electron-dense, fibrillogranular coat covered extracellular E coli in immunized poults, but not in nonimmunized poults. Rapid clearance of virulent E coli from blood was markedly enhanced by antibody-dependent phagocytosis in liver.