bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEPRESSION: PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Authors: Nyström S. , Lindegård B. 
Published: August 2007

Factors predisposing to a depressive state had been investigated in a prospective study on a stratified population, accounted for in the preceding article (Nyström & Lindegård (1975a)).Of the 114 persons seeking psychiatric care during the period of observation, 37 had a depression as the main diagnosis. As compared to their 370 matched controls, these patients showed a significant overrepresentation of psychasthenic traits (subvalidity according to Sjöbring), a tendency to ruminate, shyness in company and lack of endurance, certain asthenic subclinical symptoms such as habitual fatigue and irritability, certain depressive subclinical phenomena, various expressions of anxiousness, all kinds of insomnia, and certain forms of medical care and examinations.The findings can be used for mental hygienic purposes. It can be recommended that the environmental pressure within occupational as well as within private life, should be kept as low as possible, especially for persons with characteristics shown to indicate mental vulnerability.
A COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE AND FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE
Authors: Haslam M. T. , Bromham B. M. , Schiff A. A. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind cross‐over study is reported which compares the antipsychotic properties and the side effects of depot flupenthixol with fluphenazine decanoate in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Special emphasis was laid on examining changes in the target symptoms of apathy/anergia and depression in which flupenthixol has been claimed to be particularly effective.No significant differences were found between treatments on schizophrenic symptoms, or as regards the extrapyramidal side effects produced by equipotent doses of the two drugs.Reasons for the essentially negative results are discussed against a background review of earlier optimistic studies of flupenthixol.
THE CONCEPTS: DISTURBED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Aggernæs A. 
Published: August 2007

A theoretical analysis is made of the two concepts: “disturbed state of consciousness” (DSC) and “psychosis”, and these concepts are defined in ways which are consistent with actual clinical psychiatric work on the Continent.Concerning DSC's two points are emphasized: Whether we, as psychiatrists, are conscious of it or not ‐ one of our premisses for classifying a state as a pathological DSC is an evaluation of the client's ability to change the state voluntarily. Furthermore, stating that a DSC was present in the time interval t1‐tn implies stating that all experiences were abnormal in some way during the interval ‐ when the word “experience” is taken in the broad sense, including William James' “fringe” and “embeddedness” in the stream of consciousness.Reality testing may remain the cardinal point in the definition of “psychosis” ‐ if we make the distinction between theoretical, “fullblown”, syndromes and concrete syndromes with fewer symptoms clear to ourselves.
DEPOSITS IN THE LENS AND CORNEA OF THE EYE DURING LONG‐TERM CHLORPROMAZINE MEDICATION
Authors: Rasmussen K. , Kirk L. , Faurbye A. 
Published: August 2007

Thirty patients on long‐term treatment with chlorpromazine in moderate doses showed deposits in the lens, and the majority of the patients also showed deposits in the cornea.These deposits did not increase in the 13 patients who continued on chlorpromazine during an observation period of 31/2 years. Thus, when chlorpromazine is used in moderate doses, the deposits in the eyes seem to increase only up to a certain extent.Twelve patients who were switched over to thioridazine showed no change in the deposition in the lens and cornea after the observation period, indicating that the deposits are irreversible.After the observation period visual acuity had deteriorated somewhat in the material as a whole, presumably because of advancing age, not because of the deposits.The risk of using chlorpromazine in moderate dosage is slight.
DETERMINATION OF MONOAMINE AND MONOAMINE METABOLITES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN: POST MORTEM STUDIES IN A GROUP OF SUICIDES AND IN A CONTROL GROUP
Authors: Beskow J. , Gottfries C. G. , Roos B. E. , Winblad B. 
Published: August 2007

Different nuclei and regions of the brain from patients who had committed suicide and from controls were analysed for their content of monoamine and monoamine metabolites.There was a post mortem breakdown of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) which could be correlated to the time elapsed between the occurrence of death and autopsy. Homovanillic acid (HVA) and the monoamines did not decrease post mortem during the time observed (6–148 hours). There was no significant correlation between age and chemical variables in this investigation.There were no significant group differences between suicides and controls concerning dopamine, noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and HVA, 5‐HIAA levels were significantly lower in the suicide group in six out of eight parts of the brain investigated. It was, however, also demonstrated that there was a longer time elapse between the occurrence of death and autopsy in the suicide group. The suicides came on average 48 hours later to autopsy than the controls. As there was a post mortem decrease of 5‐HIAA, this time variable had to be kept constant when group differences were analysed. When the influence of this time variable had to be kept constant when group differences were analysed. When the influence of this time variable was eliminated there were no longer any differences between suicides and controls.According to this investigation, there seem to be no differences in levels of monoamines and their metabolites between suicides and controls.
A TEN ‐ YEAR FOLLOW ‐ UP OF CHILDREN OF SCHIZOPHRENIC MOTHERS CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: Schulsinger H. 
Published: August 2007

A group of 207 subjects with severely schizophrenic mothers and a matched group of 104 subjects without known mental illness in the parents or grandparents have been followed since 1962 in a prospective study based on Mednick's learning theory of schizophrenia. The present paper describes an analysis of the clinical outcome based on a follow‐up examination in 1972–1974. The examination consisted of a 3 1/2‐hour clinical interview using three approaches (two with computer‐derived diagnoses and one traditional clinical interview). 173 high‐risk and 91 low‐risk subjects were fully clinically reassessed. At the time of the assessment they were between 18 and 30 years old. The diagnostic distribution showed marked differences between the two groups with regard to type and degree of psychopathology.The results are discussed in relation to the methods used, and with regard to the case and non‐case status of the subjects.
Differential fertility of adopted schizophrenics and their half‐siblings
Authors: Rimmer J. , Jacobsen B. 
Published: August 2007

The paper presents data on the differential fertility of schizophrenics and controls, and the fertility of their siblings. This study used several methodological procedures in the study of schizophrenia reproduction, which strengthens the validity of the findings. Firstly, both male and female rates were examined. Secondly, the method of selection of a control avoided the biases introduced by using census data or other non‐matched controls. Third, a diagnostic criterion was used which minimizes the possibility of the inclusion of other psychiatric illnesses.The results obtained support prior reports of the lowered reproductive rates of schizophrenics. Further, the siblings of schizophrenics were found not to have a reproductive advantage when contrasted to control siblings. The failure to find a reproductive advantage conflicts with a hypothesis of a balanced polymorphism as the mechanism maintaining an apparent constant rate of schizophrenia.
Urbanization and psychiatric disorders ‐ the Hong Kong scene
Authors: Lo W. H. 
Published: August 2007

Indices were used to portray the rapidity and intensity of urbanization Hong Kong had undergone in the past 2–3 decades. Next the preliminary result of a psychiatric survey was quoted as an estimate of mental ill‐health in Hong Kong. Data were obtained from the Mental Health Service to show the increasing demand for psychiatric care for the past 25 years. Attempts were made to analyze the basic composition of the new patients attending a psychiatric centre during this period.High density living associated with urbanization in Hong Kong was found to generate a high level of emotional strain, and psychiatric ill‐health was as prevalent as that in New York. Neuroses were on the increase and psychiatrists were being consulted on a wider variety of problems. Provision of mental health care in future should take the changes in the composition of psychiatric populations into consideration.
Sleep deprivation therapy in depression
Authors: Svendsen K. 
Published: August 2007

A study of sleep deprivation therapy was made in 62 females and 15 males, aged 20–72, with monopolar (60 patients) and bipolar (17 patients) types of manic‐depressive psychosis. Of these patients, 30 had suffered only the current depression, 29 a maximum of five depressions, and 18 more than five depressions before the sleep deprivation therapy. Twenty‐five patients had been treated with antidepressant drugs for less than 10 days, 12 patients for 10–24 days, and 36 patients for more than 24 days. Twenty‐four patients were treated with one sleep deprivation, 29 patients with one sleep deprivation per week (average 1.59), and 24 patients with two sleep deprivations per week (average 2.5). The effect of the sleep deprivation therapy was evaluated clinically and by means of Cronholm‐Ottosson's rating scale. The effect was found good and lasting in 29 %, good but temporary in 38 %, and poor in 32 % of the cases. The best results were achieved with twice‐weekly treatments, the poorest results with once‐weekly treatment. The results were equal in monopolar and bipolar cases and were independent of the number of previous depressions as well as antidepressant drug treatment.No side effects have been observed, in particular no conversion to mania.The results of the present investigation indicate that depression and sleep disturbances are symptoms produced by a common factor which, however, is as yet unknown.Sleep deprivation therapy is seen to have at least some effect on all cases of endogenous depression. Sleep deprivation therapy has no side effects and is more quick‐acting than any other treatment procedure hitherto known. It should therefore be considered the first treatment offer to all endogenously depressed patients in whom immediate ECT is not necessitated.
Lithium treatment of a patient with periodic catatonia
Authors: Pétursson H. 
Published: August 2007

This case report describes successful lithium treatment in a patient with long‐standing periodic catatonia.Various medical treatments had been tried with meager results. Since 1955, a number of phenothiazines had been tried, also with little improvement.The institution of lithium treatment in 1964 caused a dramatic improvement in the patient's condition. For 9 years the patient remained totally asymptomatic. Lithium treatment was terminated in 1975 because of lithium intoxication with a diabetes insipiduslike syndrome. The patient then became psychotic again and has since experienced periodic phases similar to the previous illness.The diagnostic validity of the case is discussed, and some possible explanations of the favourable response to lithium are mentioned briefly.
Delusional hyper‐identifications of the Frégoli type
Authors: Christodoulou G. N. 
Published: August 2007

Seven patients with the Frégoli syndrome were described. These patients were studied clinically and by routine laboratory tests, electroencephalograms (standard and sleep recordings, sphenoidal electrodes), echoencephalograms, air‐encephalograms, brain scanning, and psychological methods (Wechsler, Rey and Benton tests).The following basic conclusions were drawn: All patients were psychotic and in most cases schizophrenia constituted the nosological setting in which the Frégoli syndrome developed. The paranoid element was marked in all cases. All patients were single, young and, with one exception, male.Clinical evidence as well as electroencephalographic, air‐ence‐phalographic, echoencephalographic, and psychological findings suggest that a strong organic component contributes to the pathogenesis of the Frégoli syndrome.
Present status of forensic psychiatry in Iceland
Authors: Möller T. , Thorsteinsson G. 
Published: August 2007

This paper gives a brief survey of forensic psychiatry in Iceland at the present time. Because of few inhabitants and limited financial resources there are no special forensic psychiatric institutions in the country, nor any forensic psychiatrists; this kind of work is mainly carried out by general psychiatrists, but also to a certain extent by general practitioners.Formalitites around compulsory admission and detention of mental patients, uncooperative and lacking insight, are briefly described. The psychiatric examination of probably mentally ill offenders is also accounted for. Such investigations are without doubt the main task of forensic psychiatry in Iceland to‐day.Finally the main faults of forensic psychiatric services in Iceland and the very limited educational facilities in this domain are referred to. Some future plans are also mentioned.
Antiparkinsonian agents and long‐term neuroleptic treatment
Authors: Gerlach J. , Rasmussen P. T. , Hansen L. , Kristjansen P. 
Published: August 2007

The need for medication with anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs was examined in 118 schizophrenic patients under long‐term neuroleptic treatment. It was found that 1) none of 18 patients under treatment with low mg potency neuroleptics (chlorprothixene, clozapine, and thioridazine) had any need for anticholinergics; 2) of 60 patients under treatment with short‐acting high mg potency neuroleptics (perphenazine ≥ 16 mg daily and haloperidol ≥ 2 mg daily) nine patients (15 %) required medication with anticholinergics, whereas 3) of 40 patients under treatment with long‐acting (depot) neuroleptics, 17 (43 %) had a need for anticholinergic medication; and 4) no patient factors predisposing to the need for continued antiparkinsonian treatment could be identified.In an additional double‐blind cross‐over study of 12 patients presenting persisting neuroleptic‐induced parkinsonism, it was found that G 31.406 (a new potentially antiparkinsonian drug), compared with placebo, had an antiparkinsonian effect (P ≥ 0.01) as well as an antidepressant effect (P < O.O5). G 31.406 resulted in an improvement in anxiety and schizophrenia‐score in some patients. Compared with placebo, orphenadrine had a more questionable effect on parkinsonism (0.05 < P < 0.01) and no significant effect on mental symptoms. There were no significant differences between the effects of G 31.406 and orphenadrine.
Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of psychotic patients
Authors: Wode‐Helgodt B. , Eneroth P. , Fyrö B. , Gullberg B. , Sedvall G. 
Published: August 2007

In psychotic patients, levels of prolactin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ). CPZ was given in one of three randomly selected fixed doses: 200, 400 or 600 mg per day.Before treatment, low levels of immunoreactive prolactin‐like material (PRL) were found in the CSF of most patients. The concentration in CSF was about 20 % of the plasma level. In CSF but not in plasma, the pre‐treatment level of PRL was significantly higher in women than in men. During CPZ treatment, the PRL levels in CSF as well as in plasma were significantly elevated in both sexes after 2 as well as 4 weeks. The elevation was significantly greater in women, and was similar at the two time intervals studied. There was a significantly positive relationship between the dose of CPZ and the PRL elevation in both body fluids in both men and women. Before treatment no significant correlation between the PRL levels in CSF and plasma in either sex could be observed. During treatment, there was a significant correlation between the change in PRL levels in CSF and plasma in both men and women. CPZ treatment did not increase the levels of total protein, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) or oestradiol‐(17‐β) in either the CSF or the plasma.
Studies of endocrine activity, plasma tryptophan and catecholamine excretion on psychosurgical patients
Authors: Sepping P. , Wood W. , Bellamy C. , Bridges P. K. , O'Gorman P. , Bartlett J. R. , Patel V. K. 
Published: August 2007

The Geoffrey Knight Psychosurgical Unit admits patients on a regular basis and thus offers special opportunities for studying severely ill psychiatric cases, all having one particular treatment under relatively controlled conditions. The opportunity has been taken to repeat various metabolic studies previously reported to be abnormal in some psychiatric illnesses. In the present investigation several measures of endocrinological activity were studied, as was plasma tryptophan, both free and bound. None of these data confirmed reports of abnormalities and neither did the values found at operation help to predict clinical outcome 1 year later, which was another possibility.Urinary catecholamines were also measured before and 2 weeks after operation. Male patients, regardless of diagnosis, showed a mean increase in adrenaline output after operation compared with the pre‐operative value and this was significantly different from the females, who showed a small mean decrease. The depressed patients showed a significant reduction in noradrenaline excretion after operation compared with before operation and this trend was enhanced in those of good outcome at 1 year, the difference from those who responded poorly being significant. It could be that the ventromedial lesion that is produced alters noradrenaline metabolism or autonomic activity in depression and this possibility merits further study.
The influence of depression on memory
Authors: Strömgren L. Sand 
Published: August 2007

One hundred and fifty‐two patients suffering from endogenous depression and receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were scoredfor depression and for memory function before the first, after thesixth and after the last treatment. One third of the patients werealso studied with regard to Retention by verbal and visual testson the same occasions.For the purpose of calculating possible correlations between the degree of depression and memory function, 10 depressive symptoms were assessed and combined under three headings, (1) Depressive Appearance, (2) Content of Ideas and (3) Agitation, while the memory function was measured by means of WMS comprising seven tests combined under three headings, (1) Mental Control, (2) Verbal Learning and (3) Visual Reproduction, besides the tests for Retention. Correlations were calculated on absolute scores before the treatment and on differences between scores from first to second and from first to third examination during the treatment.It is concluded that endogenous depression clearly impairs memory function as measured by WMS and tests for Retention and that, in accordance with this, recovery from depression eliminates the impairment of memory. Mental Control is slightly more sensitive to depression than the other memory tests. Of the components of depression, especially Agitation, but also Depressive Appearance are of great importance. It is further concluded that other factors, too, are of appreciable significance in the memory function as measured by the aforementioned methods. In this context, the intelligence as well as the attitude towards the patient during the testing must be assumed to be of importance. Age seems to have no influence on the relation between depression and memory. As the WMS has been standardized to WAIS IQ, and as in unilateral ECT a great approximation of the average MQ score to the normal level of intelligence occurs, it may be deduced that the harmful effect of this form of treatment on memory is only very slight. Signs of impaired memory after unilateral ECT may thus be interpreted rather as evidence of the presence of residual depression, especially if “Mental Control” is reduced and depressive symptoms such as “Agitation” and “Depressive Appearance” remain.
A study of incest with special regard to the Swedish penal code
Authors: Alström C.‐H. 
Published: August 2007

I. Definition of incest. A short historical review is presented of the penalties in Sweden up to the present valid incest paragraph. Criminal statistics from Western countries give only a small fraction of actually occurring cases of incest. An attempt at a crude estimate of the actual number is made.II‐III. Reports of “representative” incest series are lacking. Forensic psychiatric investigations seem to give the best available picture of the social structure, criminality and dynamics of incest occurring in the “nuclear” family, i.e. in father‐daughter and brother‐sister relations. Two such series of consecutive cases of Swedish citizens, covering the periods 1934–1955 and 1965–1974, have been studied. Some of the results are briefly given. The male partners in these series have been followed up to 1970 and 1975 respectively. Despite an original average bad social standard in these families, it is important to warn against the oversimplification of regarding social factors in general as the cause of breaking through the incest barrier. The change in Swedish society regarding sanctions against and treatment of these cases over a period covering the last 40 years is described.IV. The risk of recessive disorders in incest offspring of first degree is four times as high as in first cousin offspring. The forensic series from 1934–1955, reported in part II, had about 60 incest pregnancies. Half of these ended fatally, including two infanticides. The tremendous social pressure on these pregnant women is evident. The result of all unsuccessful trials for illegal abortion may be imagined. Series of incest children are not suitable for studying the genetic effect of inbreeding.V. There has been a strong universal barrier against incest in the nuclear family throughout the history of mankind, even in socalled primitive societies without knowledge of the connection between coitus and pregnancy. Penalties do not seem to be the cause, as the taboo exists even in societies without any official penalties. The cause seems to be of deep psychological nature, best understood from a psychoanalytical point of view. Some recent investigations support this hypothesis.The present Swedish law regarding incest is applicable to adults only. Reasons are given to follow the French Penal Code, which has no regulations regarding these extremely few cases. For sexual relations with minors in the state of dependence on an adult, regardless of kinship, the Penal Code has more severe penalties. To avoid harmful legal proceedings as far as possible for minors, actions from child welfare and social authorities should be tried first.
A genetic study of affective disorders
Authors: Smeraldi E. , Negri F. , Melica A. M. 
Published: August 2007

First and second degree relatives of 99 probands with affective disorders (49 unipolar and 50 bipolar subjects) were studied. The high risk values obtained for affective disorders were shown to be compatible with those found by other authors, although the prevalence of the illness in the population of Lombardy appears to be much lower than in other countries. Very low rates of suicide and alcoholism were found in our sample.Data obtained by analysis of the affected pairs of relatives rule out the hypothesis of a dominant X‐linked gene if the bipolar and the unipolar forms are considered genetically separated entities. Results compatible with a polygenic condition, partially shared by bipolar patients, were found using Slater's and Smith & Falconer's methods. Our data, however, cannot rule out the dominant hypothesis.