bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizing Pneumonia
Authors: George Peter M , Singh Suveer , Chua Felix 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Organizing pneumonia (OP) is an important and relatively common cause for patients to present acutely with respiratory failure. Although it is considered within the umbrella of interstitial lung diseases and has the potential for fibrotic transformation if identified late or under-treated, it has distinct clinico-pathological hallmark features that separate it from the wider array of fibrosing lung diseases. Much of the challenge when treating patients with suspected OP comes from the diagnostic uncertainty as in many cases there is radiological overlap with bacterial pneumonia and the diagnosis is only considered after a failed trial of antimicrobial therapy. OP can be idiopathic with no identified aetiology, so-called ‘cryptogenic OP’, or associated with autoimmune conditions, drugs, or infections—most notably severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It can take a variable course from full resolution to progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome—much of the key to the best outcomes is a raised index of suspicion within the correct clinical context, rapid diagnosis, and definitive treatment at the earliest possible stage. In this chapter, we describe the clinical, radiological, and pathological hallmarks of OP. We explore the disease associations and critical diagnostic tests. Finally, we provide a framework on which to base treatment decisions for patients with OP on the intensive care unit.
Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Molyneaux Philip L , Wells Athol U 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) requiring critical care support present the intensivist with difficult diagnostic and management challenges. This is partly due to many diseases falling under the umbrella term ‘ILD’. The commonest presentation is acute deterioration in a patient with previously diagnosed ILD. However, occasionally the initial presentation is that of rapidly progressive de novo disease. In both cases, rapid exclusion of potentially treatable triggers such as infection, cardiac decompensation, drug-induced disease, and pulmonary embolism must be considered. The assimilation of clinical, radiological, and serological data by the multi-disciplinary team is key to the management of these patients and directs the need for invasive diagnostic techniques including bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and, even, lung biopsy. There is a paucity of evidence on which to base the treatment of acute ILD presenting with respiratory failure. High doses of corticosteroids, with or without other immunosuppressive therapy, are generally adopted based on case series and anecdotal data. In the absence of reversible disease, the prognosis for patients with ILD requiring mechanical ventilation is extremely poor, and the importance of early decision-making, communication, effective palliation, and end-of-life care management is also discussed.
Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: Polkey Michael I 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Blood gas homeostasis depends on adequate functioning of the respiratory muscles. Respiratory muscle function can be impaired by diseases or pathophysiological processes that cause weakness, while contractile activity is reduced physiologically during sleep (especially rapid eye movement sleep) and pathologically by sedative drugs or central nervous system disease. In most long-term neurological conditions causing respiratory muscle weakness, the diagnosis is apparent long before respiratory muscle weakness is present (e.g. as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy). However, in a few situations, most notably late onset Pompe’s disease, respiratory muscle weakness may be the presenting feature. Respiratory muscle weakness is also common in patients with extended intensive care unit (ICU) stays for any reason. In patients with neurological disease, respiratory muscle strength is best assessed and followed using maximum sniff nasal inspiratory pressure although the vital capacity has been commonly used historically. Identification of weakness should prompt discussion of the patient’s wishes in order to formulate an advanced care plan appropriate for their underlying condition. The ICU identification is more difficult although the finding of low airway pressures with low oxygen requirements should raise neuromuscular impairment as a differential. Measurement of vital capacity can be made on ICU, and most modern ventilators also allow the measurement of negative inspiratory effort and force by occlusion pressures (P0.1) or oesophageal pressure monitoring. In specialized units, phrenic nerve stimulation or, increasingly, diaphragm ultrasound may also be used.
Pleural Disease
Authors: Brims Fraser , Fysh Edward TH 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Pleural effusions are common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with heart failure/fluid overload and proinflammatory conditions such as parapneumonic or malignant effusion being common causes. Failure of oxygenation, prolonged mechanical ventilation, prolonged ICU stay, and increased mortality have all been reported to be associated with pleural effusions. The presence of a pleural effusion should be suspected and investigated in the context of severe pneumonia, unexplained sepsis, unexplained or refractory hypoxaemia, deteriorating respiratory function, or difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. Point-of-care thoracic ultrasound has been shown to be superior to supine chest radiographs for the identification of pleural effusions in ICU. Drainage of a pleural effusion may improve oxygenation and potentially reduce dependency on ventilatory support. However, high-quality data to inform thresholds on effusion size or ventilatory parameters above which patients will benefit from pleural drainage is lacking. Chest drains below 16F are likely to be adequate for most indications, with the exception of significant haemothorax and post-trauma or instrumentation. Randomized trials are urgently required to inform clinical treatment guidelines of this common condition with significant associated adverse outcomes. The optimal selection of clinically important patient-reported outcome measures for such studies is required.
Transfusion
Authors: Honickel Markus , Grottke Oliver , Rossaint Rolf 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
This chapter provides brief information about transfusion and shows the impact of transfusion on the respiratory system. Transfusion reactions and associated adverse events involve severe and potentially life-threatening impairments of the respiratory system. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) accounted for 63% of all fatal transfusion reactions reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration between 2010 and 2014. Secondary impairments of the respiratory system, potentially caused by transfusion, include anaphylactic dyspnoea and pneumonia. Due to their prominence, this chapter focuses on the prophylaxis and treatment of TRALI and TACO. Differential diagnosis of both entities and the underlying pathophysiology are also summarized.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Soar Jasmeet , Moghaddas Fiona , Robinson Stephen M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Anaphylaxis is a serious systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is usually rapid in onset and may cause death. It is characterized by rapidly developing life-threatening airway, breathing, and/or circulation problems, usually associated with skin and mucosal changes. Anaphylaxis admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) are uncommon, and the ICU mortality is 5%–10%. Intramuscular adrenaline and supportive treatment based on an Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure approach are the key immediate interventions. Most reactions respond to a single dose of intramuscular adrenaline, 10% require more than one dose, and about 2% require three or more doses. An adrenaline infusion should be started in refractory anaphylaxis. A raised serum mast cell tryptase at the time of the reaction can help confirm the diagnosis. A normal serum mast cell tryptase does not exclude anaphylaxis. Patients with suspected anaphylaxis should be referred to a specialist allergy clinic to help identify the trigger and avoid future reactions.
Aspiration and Drowning
Authors: Bazurro Simone , Carsetti Andrea , McAnulty Greg 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Every year, more than 380,000 people worldwide die by drowning, making it the third leading cause of accidental death. Drowning is defined as primary respiratory impairment resulting from submersion/immersion in a liquid medium. Cardiac arrest is usually due to hypoxia, and therefore ventilatory support is essential. Moreover, the victims of drowning by submersion are at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Early tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation should be considered for patients with a reduced level of consciousness or who are unresponsive to initial management. The most important factors affecting outcome are the duration of immersion, the water temperature, and the rhythm on presentation at hospital.
Home Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: D’Oliveiro Rachel , Davies Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Mechanical ventilation is increasingly used in the home setting to provide long-term respiratory support for selected patients with chronic type 2 respiratory failure. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) via a mask is usually only required during the main sleep period for the majority of patients, including those with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, and scoliosis. Some with progressive neuromuscular conditions, such as motor neurone disease, may use NIV overnight initially though later may benefit from more continuous use. A smaller proportion of patients within some home mechanical ventilation services (HMVs) may require intermittent or continuous support of ventilation via a tracheostomy tube. Treatment aims and approaches are therefore tailored to an individual’s needs, from overnight support using a simple home ventilator to the provision of full life support at home using dedicated equipment and a trained care team. HMV services have expanded as the evidence base has grown. Like all technologies, ventilators are ever-evolving via newer modes of ventilation subject to ongoing research. The increasing ability to monitor ventilation use remotely via telemonitoring can enable HMV services to troubleshoot some issues without face-to-face attendance. While further research is needed, future optimal pathways are likely to comprise a blended combination of remote and in-person management, individualized according to patient wishes and need.
Nociceptive signaling in the periphery and spinal cord
Authors: Hathway Gareth , Greenspon Charles M. , Baccei Mark L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Responses to painful or noxious stimuli are functional at birth. However, postnatal changes in the transmitters, receptors, and pathways involved in nociceptive signaling result in significant age-related changes in the nature and degree of response. Noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by peripheral nociceptors, transduced into electrical stimuli, and transmitted to the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord, there are significant postnatal changes in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory signaling, that not only influence the acute response to afferent input, but can also underlie long-term alterations in sensory processing following tissue injury in early life. Evaluating age-related changes in nociceptive signaling is essential not only for understanding acute behavioral responses to noxious stimuli, but also for identifying the most appropriate and effective pain-management interventions at different developmental ages.
Pediatric chronic pain and mental health
Authors: Pavlova Maria , Miller Jillian Vinall , Beveridge Jaimie K. , Wilson Anna C. , McGrath Patrick J. , Noel Melanie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pediatric chronic pain is prevalent, disabling, and costly. Even if resolved by adulthood, chronic pain confers a heightened risk of developing mental health problems. Indeed, chronic pain is often comorbid with mental health problems, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These comorbidities are tied to decreased functioning, increased suffering, and poor treatment response. Yet, mental health is rarely directly addressed in pediatric chronic pain treatments. In this chapter, we review epidemiological evidence of co-occurring chronic pain and mental health problems, relevant theoretical models to account for this co-occurrence, and proposed intrapersonal, interpersonal, and neurobiological factors that may underlie these comorbidities. An overview of existing treatments and their efficacy in addressing co-occurring pain and mental health problems is supplemented by a clinician’s perspective on treating chronic pain comorbid with psychological symptoms. We outline future research directions and advocate for an urgent need to assess and treat mental health in youth with chronic pain.
Thinking about medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers general concepts around thinking about medicine, including the Hippocratic oath, the human right to health, surviving life on the wards, bedside manner and communication, the diagnostic puzzle, duty of candour, prescribing drugs, medicine and race, medicine and sleep, medicine and sex and gender, medicine and the environment, medicine and compassion, death, medical ethics, mental health, medicalization, epidemiology, medical mathematics, evidence-based medicine, the older person, and pregnancy.
Haematology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents all aspects of haematology, including the history of haematology, iron-deficiency anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anaemia, peripheral blood film, differential white cell count, macrocytic anaemia, B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, sickle-cell anaemia, thalassaemia, bleeding disorders, coagulations pathways, blood transfusion and blood products, anticoagulants, leukaemia and the on-call junior doctor, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pancytopenia and bone marrow failure, myeloproliferative disorders, myeloma, paraproteinaemia, amyloidosis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma viscosity (PV), hyperviscosity syndrome, spleen and splenectomy, thrombophilia, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Clinical chemistry
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores clinical chemistry, including the normal range, laboratory medicine, major disease patterns in biochemistry, lab results indicating emergencies, fluid balance, IV fluid therapy, electrolyte physiology and the kidney, acid–base balance, hypernatraemia, hyponatraemia, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, calcium and phosphate physiology, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, phosphate, magnesium, zinc, selenium, urate and the kidney, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease of bone, plasma proteins, urinary proteins, plasma enzymes, hyperlipidaemia, and the porphyrias.
Practical procedures
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents practical procedures, including nasogastric tubes, placing IV cannulae, cutting down on to a vein, catheterizing bladders, draining ascites, diagnostic aspiration of a pleural effusion, abdominal paracentesis, inserting a chest drain, relieving a tension pneumothorax, aspiration of a pneumothorax, lumbar puncture (LP), cardioversion/defibrillation, arterial blood gas sampling, emergency airway management, central venous cannulation, internal jugular catheterization, and inserting a temporary cardiac pacemaker.
References
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents key references on chest medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, kidney medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, neurology, oncology and palliative care, rheumatology, surgery, clinical chemistry, radiology, practical procedures, and emergency medicine.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hidden Wars examines the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reports and structural gender inequality in three conflict-affected societies in Asia: Burma, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. This Introduction suggests that the presence and type of SGBV in a conflict reflects highly politicized and gendered societies. Scholars and policymakers acknowledge reporting gaps and silence pose major difficulties for identifying and responding to SGBV, but rarely note data limitations resulting from the politicized context of reporting SGBV affects data collection on the ground. The extent of SGBV remains hidden. The Introduction outlines how this book will address these limitations by theorizing the social and political conditions—especially reporting—for SGBV through the examination of low-intensity conflict environments like those predominant across Asia.
Interrogating Rumors
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Burma to illustrate the pattern of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reports from 1998 to 2016 in the context of multiple armed conflicts, significant gendered inequalities and targeted state discrimination against ethnic and religious minority groups. During the period of study in this chapter, 1998–2016, Burma was undergoing significant political reform and attempting to broker the largest national ceasefire agreement with numerous combatant groups. The conditions of systemic gender inequality in that society coupled with the highly politicized nature of this protracted conflict in a militarized state severely constrained the extent and type of SGBV reported in Burma. As well as revealing the patterns of reported SGBV in Burma since 1998 drawing on an original dataset and field research, this chapter explores the incidences of SGBV that are not reported and not counted—and about which there is a generalized silence in Burma.
Conclusion
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion chapter reflects on recent events in Burma, Philippines, and Sri Lanka since the book’s period of data collection and what they indicate for the patterns of conflict-related SGBV. It addresses the implications of the research for ending impunity by exposing hidden forms of violent warfare against populations, especially in situations of protracted subnational conflicts. Common findings among the cases are considered as well as their relevance for other cases in and for regions beyond Asia. Above all, we suggest the need to prioritize contextual analysis of conflict-related SGBV and to interrogate the silences concerning conflict-related SGBV in each and every situation in order to understand how specific and often pervasive and deeply embedded gender norms influence the motivations for violence and its silences.
Indian Water Rights
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Most of the western United States is arid or semiarid, and water is in short supply. The situation is getting worse rather than better: the population of the region is increasing, and the earth is getting warmer. In southern California, so much water has been withdrawn since 1970 from underground aquifers that the land above them has collapsed nearly fifty feet. The Supreme Court has recognized—in what has become known as the “Winters doctrine”—that Indian tribes have extensive water rights. Given the scarcity of water in the West, western tribes are justifiably concerned about preserving these rights. This chapter discusses the rights that tribes have to water and the right to prevent non-Indians from using water reserved to Indian tribes.
The Indian Child Welfare Act
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
An investigation conducted by Congress in the mid-1970s found that between 25 and 35 percent of the Indian children in the country had been removed from their homes by state welfare agencies and state courts and placed in foster or adoptive homes or residential institutions. These percentages were far higher than for white children. Studies indicated that many state social workers and judges were prejudiced in their attitudes and often removed children from their homes primarily because the family was Indian and poor. The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) was passed by Congress in 1978 to address this disgraceful situation. The stated purpose of ICWA is “to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families.” This chapter discusses ICWA and its requirements.
Who Is Wronged by Wrongful Exploitation?
Authors: Berkey Brian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that in some cases of wrongful exploitation, individuals who are not parties to the relevant transactions are as seriously and directly wronged as the exploited parties to those transactions. Section 1 presents two cases that provide intuitive support for this claim, and offers an initial explanation for it that relies on considerations that are similar to those that motivate the non-worseness claim. Section 2 describes some central components of an account of the wrong-making features of wrongful exploitation that is suggested by the argument in section 1, and suggests some reasons to find this type of account plausible. Section 3 notes what the arguments in sections 1 and 2 seem to imply with regard to the remedial duties of wrongful exploiters, contrasts this view with one that has recently been defended by Malmqvist and Szigeti, and argues that there are important reasons to prefer the former.
Exploitation, Children and Childhood, and Parental Responsibilities
Authors: Brennan Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at a specific kind of exploitation, the exploitation of children by their parents. On my view of childhood goods, the experiences of childhood are both intrinsically and developmentally important. Parents have obligations to their children not just to focus on development goods, goods that benefit the person the child will become. Parents also have obligations to children as children, and have obligations to promote the goods of childhood. Focusing only on the instrumental good of childhood is a form of exploitation of children by their parents. While sports parents are the most obvious examples of this kind of exploitation, it can also occur to children whose parents focus on musical or academic achievement.