bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validated assay for the simultaneous quantification of total vincristine and actinomycin‐D concentrations in human EDTA plasma and of vincristine concentrations in human plasma ultrafiltrate by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Damen Carola W. N. , Israëls Trijn , Caron Huib N. , Schellens Jan H.M. , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA sensitive, specific and efficient high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous determination of total vincristine and actinomycin‐D concentrations in human plasma and an assay for the determination of unbound vincristine are presented. Electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and heated electrospray ionization (H‐ESI) were tested as ionization interfaces. For reasons of robustness ESI was chosen followed by tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). For the plasma assay a 30 µL aliquot was protein precipitated with acetonitrile/methanol (50:50, v/v) containing the internal standard vinorelbine and 10 µL volumes were injected onto the HPLC system. To determine unbound vincristine, ultrafiltrate was produced from plasma using 30 kDa centrifugal filter units. The plasma ultrafiltrate was mixed with methanol (50:50, v/v), internal standard vinorelbine was added and 20 µL aliquots were injected onto the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on a 50 × 2.1 mm i.d. Xbridge C18 column using 1 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) adjusted to pH 10.5 with ammonia, run in a gradient with methanol at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. HPLC run time was 6 min. The assay quantifies in plasma vincristine from 0.25 to 100 ng/mL and actinomycin‐D from 0.5 to 250 ng/mL using plasma sample volumes of only 30 µL. Vincristine in plasma ultrafiltrate can be quantified from 1 to 100 ng/mL. Validation results demonstrate that vincristine and actinomycin‐D can be accurately and precisely quantified in human plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate with the presented methods. The assays are now in use to support clinical pharmacological studies in children treated with vincristine and actinomycin‐D. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of call blocking probabilities in LEO satellite networks
Authors: Yiltas Derya , Zaim A. Halim 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present a new method for calculating call blocking probabilities (CBPs) in a low Earth orbit satellite network that carries voice calls. The calculation of the CBPs uses the Erlang‐B formula, but the traffic intensity has been modified to take into the time and location in which the calls are made. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound increases DNA damage attributable to cisplatin in cisplatin‐resistant human ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Yu T. , Yang Y. , Liu S. , Yu H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveAn increased capacity for DNA repair plays a very important role in cisplatin (DDP) resistance in ovarian cancers. Ultrasound is a potential chemotherapy sensitizer. The aim of this study was to determine whether ultrasound in conjunction with chemotherapy increases DNA damage in chemoresistant human ovarian cancer cells.MethodsUltrasound and/or cyclosporin A were used to overcome chemoresistance in a DDP‐resistant human ovarian cancer cell line, COC1/DDP. DNA damage was quantified by comet assay, a form of single‐cell gel electrophoresis in which the length of the comet tail reflects the level of DNA damage.ResultsNeither ultrasound nor cyclosporin A alone led to detectable DNA breakage. The use of ultrasound increased DNA breakage due to DDP, while the use of cyclosporin A did not. The addition of ultrasound and cyclosporin A in conjunction with DDP resulted in a 2.55 times increase in the length of comet tail compared with using DDP alone, while their combined use resulted in a 1.73 times increase compared with the combination of just DDP and insonation.ConclusionsInsonation increases DNA breakage attributable to DDP in chemoresistant human ovarian cancer cells, and might sensitize cyclosporin A. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in myometrial ‘perfusion’ during normal labor as visualized by three‐dimensional power Doppler angiography
Authors: Jones N. W. , Raine‐Fenning N. J. , Jayaprakasan K. , Mousa H. A. , Taggart M. J. , Bugg G. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectivesMyometrial contractions are one of the most important aspects of effective labor. For cells within the myometrium to work efficiently they need to be well oxygenated and this requires an adequate blood supply. This study used quantitative three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler angiography to calculate the percentage change in myometrial blood flow during a relaxation–contraction–relaxation cycle of active labor.MethodsTransabdominal 3D power Doppler ultrasound imaging was used to acquire volumetric data during the first stage of spontaneous labor in 20 term, nulliparous women. 3D datasets were acquired during a single cycle of uterine relaxation, contraction and subsequent relaxation for each subject. The resultant datasets were analyzed independently by two investigators on two occasions using Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis to define a volume of interest within the myometrium; the power Doppler signal within this volume was quantified to provide 3D indices of vascularity: vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI). The percentage change in these indices, during a uterine contraction, was calculated from the baseline value during the initial uterine relaxation phase (taken as a maximum of 100%).ResultsMyometrial blood flow fell significantly during the uterine contraction and returned during the subsequent relaxation phase of the cycle (P < 0.001 for VI and VFI, P = 0.002 for FI). From the initial baseline relaxation value, VI dropped to 43.9%, FI to 85.5% and VFI to 40.8% during uterine contraction, and returned to 86.7%, 98.1% and 89.1%, respectively, during the subsequent relaxation. The intraclass correlation coefficients in blood flow measurements of 0.982–0.999 between the two investigators were indicative of good interobserver reliability.ConclusionsThis study confirms that myometrial perfusion, as measured by quantitative 3D power Doppler angiography, significantly falls during uterine contractions, returns during the subsequent relaxation phase, and can be quantified reliably from stored datasets. Further work is now required to establish clinical applicability for this non‐invasive investigation. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Systematic Study on the Crystal Structures of TlMX4 (M = Al, Ga; X = Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTlAlCl4 and TlGaCl4 crystallize isotypic in the BaSO4 structure type. Both, TlAlI4 and TlGaI4 crystallize isotypic in a distorted LiAlCl4 structure type. In contrast to the tetrachloro and tetraiodo compounds, the tetrabromoaluminate and ‐gallate crystallize not isotypic with each other. TlAlBr4 is found to crystallize isotypic with KAlBr4 whilst TlGaBr4 crystallizes in its own structure type. Despite the high diversity in structure types adopted by the studied TlMX4 compounds, all of them can be regarded as distortions from the BaSO4 structure type resulting from rotation of the MX4 tetrahedra against each other. Because of this, low symmetry coordination environments around the thallium cation are generated. Comparison with isotypic alkali metal compounds shows that the strongly distorted thallium surroundings cannot be attributed to a stereochemical activity of the 6s2 lone pair.
REVERSE ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEM AND DIMENSION OF DISCRETE FRACTALS
Authors: DENG QI-RONG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA reverse iterated function system is defined as a family of expansive maps {T1,T2,…,Tm} on a uniformly discrete set $M\subset \Bbb {R}^d$. An invariant set is defined to be a nonempty set $F\subseteq M$ satisfying F=⋃ j=1mTj(F). A computation method for the dimension of the invariant set is given and some questions asked by Strichartz are answered.
SKEW-PRODUCT DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, ELLIS GROUPS AND TOPOLOGICAL CENTRE
Authors: JABBARI A. , VISHKI H. R. E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a general construction of a skew-product dynamical system, for which the skew-product dynamical system studied by Hahn is a special case, is given. Then the ergodic and topological properties (of a special type) of our newly defined systems (called Milnes-type systems) are investigated. It is shown that the Milnes-type systems are actually natural extensions of dynamical systems corresponding to some special distal functions. Finally, the topological centre of Ellis groups of any skew-product dynamical system is calculated.
ISOMETRIES AND SPECTRA OF MULTIPLICATION OPERATORS ON THE BLOCH SPACE
Authors: ALLEN ROBERT F. , COLONNA FLAVIA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we establish bounds on the norm of multiplication operators on the Bloch space of the unit disk via weighted composition operators. In doing so, we characterize the isometric multiplication operators to be precisely those induced by constant functions of modulus 1. We then describe the spectrum of the multiplication operators in terms of the range of the symbol. Lastly, we identify the isometries and spectra of a particular class of weighted composition operators on the Bloch space.
Maintaining a nonproliferation regime
Authors: Nye Joseph S. 
Published: February 2009

Three-and-a-half decades have passed since the energy of the atom was used in warfare. Yet rather than nuclear doom, the world has seen a surprising nuclear stability thus far. Equally remarkable is the fact that over the same period nuclear technology has spread to more than two score nations, yet only a small fraction have chosen to develop nuclear weaponry. A third notable point has been the development of an international nonproliferation regime—a set of rules, norms, and institutions, which haltingly and albeit imperfectly, has discouraged the proliferation of nuclear weapons capability.The wrong policies in the 1980s—i.e., policies that put the United States in an overly rigid position on the nuclear fuel cycle or which lower the priority the United States gives to the issue in security terms—could still sacrifice the current modest success in regime maintenance. Unfortunately, there is no simple solution to the political problem of proliferation. But given the difficulty of constructing international institutions in a world of sovereign states, and the risks attendant upon their collapse, political wisdom begins with efforts to maintain the existing regime with its presumption against proliferation.
The Tlatelolco regime and nonproliferation in Latin America
Authors: Redick John R. 
Published: February 2009

The regime established by the Treaty of Tlatelolco is supportive of peace and security in the Latin American region and global nonproliferation efforts. Circumstances leading to the creation of the nuclear-weapon-free zone include careful preparations and negotiations, individual leadership, existence of certain shared cultural and legal traditions of Latin American countries, and the temporary stimulus of the Cuban missile crisis. Lack of overt superpower pressure on Latin America, compared with more turbulent regions, has permitted continued progress toward full realization of the zone. Tlatelolco's negotiating process, as well as the substance of the Treaty, deserve careful consideration relative to other areas.The Treaty enjoys wide international approval, but full support by certain Latin American States (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba) has been negatively affected by the failure of the U.S. Senate to ratify Tlatelolco's Protocol I. Nuclear programs of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico are expanding rapidly and these nations are forming linkages with West European countries, rather than the United States. The May 1980 Argentine-Brazilian nuclear agreement foresees significant cooperation between the two nation's nuclear energy commissions and more coordinated resistance to the nuclear supplier countries. Argentine-Brazilian nuclear convergence—and the response accorded to it by the United States will have significant implications for the future of the Tlatelolco regime and nonproliferation in Latin America.
Gerard of Nazareth, John Bale and the Origins of the Carmelite Order
Authors: Jotischky Andrew 
Published: February 2009

Describing the general condition of the Latin Church in Outremer in the 1220s, Jacques de Vitry enumerated, as examples of those who had chosen the religious life, the hermits of Mt Carmel:Others, following the example and imitation of the holy solitary Elijah the Prophet, live on Mt Carmel, especially on the part which overlooks the city of Porphyria, which today is called Cayphas [Haifa], near the spring which is called the spring of Elijah, and not far from the monastery of the Blessed Virgin Margaret. They lead a solitary life in small cells as in a hive; like the bees of the Lord they gather the honey of spiritual sweetness.
Redial generations ofFasciola hepatica: a review
Authors: Rondelaud D. , Belfaiza M. , Vignoles P. , Moncef M. , Dreyfuss G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn update on the redial generations ofFasciola hepaticawas carried out to highlight the different developmental patterns of rediae, the effects of some factors on these generations, and the consequences of such developmental patterns on cercarial productivity. The development of generations is dependent on the behaviour of the first mother redia of the first generation. If this redia remains alive throughout snail infection, it produces most second-generation rediae. In contrast, if it dies during the first weeks, daughter redia formation is ensured by a substitute redia (the second mother redia of the first generation, or the first redia of the second generation). Environmental and biotic factors do not modify the succession of redial generations, but most act by limiting the numbers of rediae, either in all generations, or in the second and/or third generations. An abnormal development of rediae reduces the number of cercariae and most are formed by the second cohort of the first generation. By contrast, most cercariae are produced by the first cohort of the second generation when redial development is normal. The mother rediae described by previous authors might correspond to the first generation and the second cohort of the second generation, while daughter rediae would be the second cohort of the second generation and the first cohort of the third generation. Under certain circumstances, daughter redia formation is ensured by the first two mother rediae or all first-generation rediae, thus demonstrating that the first mother redia is not the only larva to ensure daughter redia formation.
Unity and Diversity in Latin American History
Authors: Roxborough Ian 
Published: February 2009

This article has its origins in a generalized feeling of dissatisfaction with current theories about political development trends in Latin America. It is an early statement of a series of arguments which will subsequently be developed in a forthcoming book.The veritable explosion of empirically grounded monographs in the last fifteen or twenty years has made the task of producing a synthetic account of Latin American development simultaneously more pressing and more difficult: more difficult because it has made simple explanatory models harder to sustain, and has opened up the accepted historiography to serious and widespread revisionist attack; more pressing because many, if not most, social scientists accept the need to develop a theory of social change which is historically grounded, capable of explaining large-scale social transformations. My concern in this article is with the methodological issues involved in the formulation of an adequate theory of Latin American development, rather than with establishing new facts. There is considerable historiographical controversy over many of the events discussed in this article, and in these cases I have made my own judgement about where, on balance, the evidence points.
The Degree of Military Political Autonomy during the Spanish, Argentine and Brazilian Transitions
Authors: Zaverucha Jorge 
Published: February 2009

The state of civil–military relations in the world, especially in the Third World, is very well summed up by Mosca's statement that civilian control over the military ‘is a most fortunate exception in human history’.All over the globe, the armed forces have frequently preserved their autonomous power vis-à-vis civilians. They have also succeeded in maintaining their tutelage over some of the political regimes that have arisen from the process of transition from military to democratic governments, as in Argentina and Brazil. Spain is a remarkable exception. Today, Spain, despite its authoritarian legacy, is a democratic country. The constituted civil hierarchy has been institutionalised, military áutonomy weakened, and civilian control over the military has emerged. Spain's newly founded democracy now appears quite similar to the older European democracies.
Wool Trade and Commercial Networks in Buenos Aires, 1840s to 1880s
Authors: Sabato Hilda 
Published: February 2009

Between the 1850s and 1880s, Argentina became one of the chief suppliers of wool to the expanding world markets. Most of this wool was grown in the fertile sheep-runs of the richest province in the country, and was sent to Europe through its capital city and port, Buenos Aires.After the colonial experience of being mainly an entrepôt in the legal and contraband trade between the Viceroyalty of the River Plate and the rest of the world, Buenos Aires had seen its commercial opportunities flourish after Independence, and had found in its rural hinterland the staples to export, hides and salted beef. A mercantile class, at the rise of the century more interested in commercial pursuits than in productive activities related to the rural areas, had, nevertheless, sought in the late colonial era the benefits of cattle-raising, which provided the new staples, first to complement and later to replace the chief export of colonial Buenos Aires, bullion from Potosí.
Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs
Authors: Gleijeses Piero 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA comprehensive study of the available documents about the Bay of Pigs, including many that have been declassified within the last eighteen months, and extensive interviews with the protagonists in the CIA, the White House and the State Department lead me to conclude that the disastrous operation was launched not simply because Kennedy was poorly served by his young staff and was the captive of his campaign rhetoric, nor simply because of the hubris of the CIA. Rather, the Bay of Pigs was approved because the CIA and the White House assumed they were speaking the same language when, in fact, they were speaking in utterly different tongues.
Land, Politics and Benevolent Shamanism: The Enxet Indians in a Democratic Paraguay
Authors: Kidd Stephen W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOnly in the last century has the territory of the Enxet Indians of Paraguay been colonised by non-Indians, led initially by Anglican missionaries. This article examines the Enxet in the contemporary political context of Paraguay giving special attention to their claim for 160,000 hectares of their traditional territory. It also considers the development of a mythically expressed autochthonous political discourse and the relationship of the Indians to professional politicians. Despite significant legal backing, the Enxet land claims are strongly opposed by powerful landowners and their best chance for success will be to gain international support.
Prohibition in Puerto Rico,1917–1933
Authors: Clark Truman R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWith the passage of the Jones Act (1917), the United States expanded Puerto Rican autonomy, made Puerto Ricans citizens of the USA, and gave the island prohibition of alcohol. The Puerto Rican people overwhelmingly ratified prohibition in a referendum in July 1917. Prohibition won because it was emotionally linked to patriotism and morality. Prohibition enforcement was almost impossible, compounded by the colonial status of the island. It was that status which brought an immediate end to prohibition in Puerto Rico with the demise of prohibition in the United States in 1933.
Honduras: The Politics of Exception and Military Reformism (1972—1978)
Authors: Sieder Rachel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe specificities of contemporary Honduran politics are explored by examining both national historical development and the cooption of popular protest by military reformism in the 1970s. The dynamics underpinning demobilisation of the popular movement after 1976 are explained with reference to both the agrarian reform implemented by the military and certain features of local political culture, such as patronage and clientelism, which – it is argued – were utilised selectively to coopt a sector of the organised labour movement. Divisions within the popular movement, in part a product of traditions of statelabour relations, were also significant in weakening the popular challenge.
Can Social Sector Reform Make Adjustment Sustainable and Equitable? Lessons from Chile and Venezuela-p
Authors: Angell Alan , Graham Carol 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAdjustment in Latin America has largely been analysed in terms of macroeconomic policy. However, for reforms to be sustainable in the long term, there needs to be accompanying change in the social sectors. Such reform is difficult and costly. It is necessary, however, not simply to sustain the economic reforms, but also for an effective long-term strategy of poverty alleviation and for the consolidation of democracy. There are lessons to be learnt from successful and unsuccessful social sector reform.
The Arrival of the Electric Streetcar and the Conflict over Progress in Early Twentieth-Century Montevideo
Authors: Rosenthal Anton 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe inauguration of electric streetcar service by two foreign-owned companies in Montevideo in 1906 set off an intense debate between the city's elite and its anarchist workers over the nature of progress. The streetcar became a contested symbol of modernity as the elite attempted to dictate the terms of a new urban order. Anarchists countered with an alternative vision of progress that emphasised social equality, education and liberty, and they competed for the sympathy of the middle class which grew increasingly ambivalent towards the streetcar. Trolley workers resisted a new system of discipline at the workplace and eventually led the city's first general strike, with broad public support.
Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro: Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in the Provision of Mass Transit, 1903–1920
Authors: Boone Christopher G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship of the Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company and the municipal council in the provision of streetcar services in Rio de Janeiro, 1903–1920. Using archival materials collected in Brazil and Canada, it demonstrates that the utilities company lost the contest for control of Rio de Janeiro's mass transit system to the municipal authorities. Although it had the advantages of capital, technology and skill, this Canadian enterprise did not dictate its demands to an acquiescent municipal council. Rather, the municipal council and prefecture managed to extract an expensive streetcar system from the company to service its growing city.