bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Udder Lesions in Sows
Authors: Christensen R. V. , Aalbæk B. , Jensen H. E. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn recent years an increasing frequency of sows with udder lesions has been observed during meat inspection. The frequency and pattern of affected mammary complexes were determined by inspection, palpation, and incision of udders of 640 sows at a local slaughterhouse. From representative lesions, tissue specimens were sampled for histological and bacteriological examination. Moreover, in seven problem cases immunohistochemistry was applied for the identification ofStaphylococcus aureusandArcanobacterium pyogenes. Udder lesions were recorded in 67 sows (10.5%), with mammary complex no. 7 being most frequently affected (39%). In most cases (81%), lesions were restricted to a single mammary complex. Gross lesions were characterized as focal or multiple abscesses, which most often (79%) were accompanied by dermal ulcerations. Based on histological observations and bacterial identification, two groups of lesions were identified: (I) pyogranulomatous lesions of the dermal and subcutaneous tissue caused byS. aureus; and (II) dermal and subcutaneous abscesses dominated byA. pyogenes. In neither group I nor group II lesions, the glandular mammary tissue was involved as demonstrated by immunostaining for cytokeratin, i.e. mastitis was not diagnosed in any of the cases. In conclusion, all udder lesions were caused by skin infections predominantly caused byA. pyogenesandS. aureusresulting in the development of dermal abscesses and pyogranulomatous lesions, respectively.
A Simulation‐based Study Comparing A Traditional and An Alternative Design for Studies of Experimentally Induced Intestinal Diseases in Pigs
Authors: Emanuelson U. , Waern M. J. , Jacobson M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA traditional design for studies of pathogenesis of experimentally induced diseases of the large intestine in individual pigs involves euthanasia and necropsy at scheduled times. An alternative design has been developed enabling the sequential in vivo monitoring of events in the intestine of the individual pig before and during disease. The alternative design is based on repeated endoscopy and biopsy sampling to monitor the course of the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the statistical properties of the two designs. One hundred replicates of a computer‐generated simulation of data were performed. In the simulation, data were generated for individual pigs according to the alternative design, i.e. four sequential observations on the outcome of interest, and the ‘traditional’ design was created by retaining only one observation per pig. Data from the alternative design were analysed with a generalized linear mixed model, accounting for the clustering of observations within animals and the time‐dependence between observations within animals, i.e. observations within animals are interdependent and follow a pattern over time. Data from the ‘traditional’ design were analysed with an ordinary linear model. The results showed that the alternative design was much more efficient than the traditional and that only one‐fourth as many pigs were required to achieve the same precision in estimated effects.
COLORECTAL RESECTION IN PERIPHERAL NEW ZEALAND: WORKLOAD, OUTCOMES AND ITS FUTURE
Authors: Samson Paul B. , Ngaei George 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Published Australasian findings on colorectal cancer surgery workload and performance outcomes have been predominantly from urban specialist units. This study defines workload and index markers of surgical quality for colorectal resections carried out in a peripheral teaching hospital of New Zealand.Methods:  All cases of colorectal cancer surgery between 1 June 1997 and 31 May 2000 were included.Results:  One hundred and ninety‐one colorectal resections for 197 colorectal carcinomas were carried out. Sites of carcinoma were as follows: 57 rectal (29%), 59 sigmoid (30%), 34 descending/transverse (17%) and 47 ascending/caecal (24%). Advanced pathological stage (Dukes’ C or metastatic) was diagnosed in 55%. Performance outcome variables for anterior resections were as follows: wound infection, 14%; anastomotic leak rate, 10.5%; local recurrence within 2–5 years, 14%; unplanned reoperation within 30 days, 16%; and perioperative mortality, 3.5%. Performance outcomes for all other colorectal cancer resections were as follows: wound infection, 10%; no anastomotic leaks; local recurrence, 2%; unplanned reoperation, 4%; and mortality, 4.5%.Conclusions:  Workload and performance outcomes of colorectal cancer resection in provincial New Zealand have been defined in this study. A high proportion of patients presenting to Southland Hospital had advanced cancer in the rectum or distal colon. The main clinical indicators of colorectal cancer surgery outcome (mortality, anastomotic leak, wound infection and local recurrence) compare favourably with accepted standards of the time. Workload is adequate to maintain such outcomes. Future colorectal surgery in non‐specialized units is important and can achieve good results.
MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC RETROPHARYNGEAL INFECTIONS: NON‐SURGICAL VERSUS SURGICAL
Authors: Courtney Mark J. , Mahadevan Murali , Miteff Alex 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Paediatric retropharyngeal infections are a serious infection associated with morbidity. The relative role of medical versus surgical treatment for these infections is debated. The aims of this study were to analyse the management of retropharyngeal infections with respect to radiological assessment and treatment.Methods:  Medical records from January 1999 to June 2005 were reviewed and analysed.Results:  Twenty‐four children with retropharyngeal infections were included in the study. Computed tomography had a 75% accuracy of correctly identifying an abscess and 36% of the retropharyngeal abscesses resolved with medical treatment alone, with no difference in duration of hospital stay or morbidity.Conclusion:  Medical treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses has been successful in selected cases. We can recommend this as a viable alternative to surgery and would suggest a 48‐h inpatient i.v. antibiotic trial in selected children before considering surgery.
QUALITY‐OF‐LIFE EFFECT OF TONSILLECTOMY IN A YOUNG ADULT GROUP
Authors: Richards Amanda L. , Bailey Michael , Hooper Robin , Thomson Peter 
Published: October 2007

Background:  To examine the quality of life after tonsillectomy in a young adult group with chronic or recurrent tonsillitis.Methods:  Retrospective survey of patients aged 15–25 years who underwent tonsillectomy for chronic or recurrent tonsillitis in 2002 or 2003. The Glasgow Benefit Inventory was mailed to patients who were selected from two private general otolaryngology practices.Results:  Participants had an overall benefit from the procedure as well as improvement in their general well‐being and physical health. A benefit in social function was not imparted.Conclusion:  Tonsillectomy in a young adult group results in significant improvement in overall quality of life, physical health and general well‐being.
ILIOTIBIAL BAND Z‐LENGTHENING FOR REFRACTORY TROCHANTERIC BURSITIS (GREATER TROCHANTERIC PAIN SYNDROME)
Authors: Craig Roy A. , Gwynne Jones David P. , Oakley Andrew P. , Dunbar John D. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Trochanteric bursitis or greater trochanter pain syndrome (GTPS) is a frequent cause of lateral hip pain. This article reports our experience with a new method of Z‐lengthening of the iliotibial band for refractory GTPS.Methods:  Fifteen patients (17 hips) were diagnosed with GTPS unresponsive to conservative treatment including steroid injection. Fourteen patients were women. The average age was 60 years and average duration of symptoms was 4.7 years.Results:  At the mean follow up of 47 months following Z‐lengthening, eight patients reported excellent results with complete resolution of symptoms, eight had good results with symptoms improved and one had a poor result. One patient required secondary repair of a tear in the tendon of gluteus minimus, with a subsequent excellent result. The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 46 to 82.Conclusion:  We recommend this technique in patients with refractory GTPS. Associated tears of gluteus medius or minimus should be identified and repaired at the time of surgery.
OUTCOMES OF ERCP: PROSPECTIVE SERIES FROM A RURAL CENTRE
Authors: Dundee Philip E. , Chin‐Lenn Laura , Syme David B. Y. , Thomas Peter R. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an important procedure for the investigation and management of pancreaticobiliary disease. There is a recognized potential for significant morbidity, and a number of studies have identified patient and operator risk factors for the development of complications, including small case volume. We look at the outcomes of ERCP from a single operator at a rural centre and compare these with published figures.Method:  Findings from 700 consecutive ERCP were collected prospectively between August 1997 and May 2006. Patients were included on an intention to treat basis, and all predetermined morbidity criteria were recorded.Results:  Five hundred and forty‐four therapeutic and 156 diagnostic ERCP were included in the study. There were a total of 40 complications (5.71%), with three cases of ERCP‐specific mortality (0.4%). The success of therapeutic intervention was 94.3%.Conclusions:  The importance of comparing personal audit to published prospective studies has been emphasized. This has provided quality assurance finding, confirming that comparable success rates, morbidity and mortality are possible in a low‐volume rural centre with an operator who has been properly trained and has ongoing ties with a tertiary hepatobiliary unit, a dedicated and skilled local team and suitable patient selection.
Approximate J estimates for axial part‐through surface‐cracked pipes
Authors: OH C. S. , SONG T. K. , KIM Y. J. , KIM J. S. , JIN T. E. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides net‐section limit pressures and a reference stress basedJestimation method for pipes with constant depth, internal axial surface cracks under internal pressure. Based on systematic small strain finite element (FE) limit analyses using elastic perfectly plastic materials, net‐section limit pressures are firstly determined, and based on FE results, a closed‐form limit pressure solution is proposed. Furthermore, based on the proposed limit pressure solution, a method to estimate elastic–plasticJis proposed based on the reference stress approach. When the reference stress is defined by the proposed (global) limit pressure, estimatedJvalues based on the reference stress approach are overall slightly lower than FE results, implying that the method is non‐conservative. By re‐defining the reference using optimised reference loads, resultingJestimates agree well with FE results.
Stress‐ and lipopolysaccharide‐induced c‐fos expression and nNOS in hypothalamic neurons projecting to medullary raphe in rats: a triple immunofluorescent labeling study
Authors: Sarkar Sumit , Zaretskaia Maria V. , Zaretsky Dmitry V. , Moreno Maria , DiMicco Joseph A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNeurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (rRP) have been proposed to mediate experimental stress‐induced tachycardia and fever in rats, and projections from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) may signal their activation in these settings. Thus, we examined c‐fos expression evoked by air jet/restraint stress and restraint stress or by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg) as well as the distribution of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in neurons retrogradely labeled from the raphe with cholera toxin B in key hypothalamic regions. Many neurons in the medial preoptic area and the dorsal area of the DMH were retrogradely labeled, and approximately half of those in the medial preoptic area and moderate numbers in the dorsal DMH were also positive for nNOS. Either stress paradigm or dose of lipopolysaccharide increased the number of c‐fos‐positive neurons and nNOS/c‐fos double‐labeled neurons in all regions examined. However, retrogradely labeled neurons positive for c‐fos were increased only in the dorsal DMH and adjoining region in both stressed and lipopolysaccharide‐treated groups, and triple‐labeled neurons were found only in this area in rats subjected to either stress paradigm. Thus, hypothalamic neurons that project to the rRP and express c‐fos in response to either experimental stress or systemic inflammation are found only in the dorsal DMH, and many of those activated by stress contain nNOS, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a role in signaling in this pathway.
A deeper level of ketamine anesthesia does not affect functional residual capacity and ventilation distribution in healthy preschool children
Authors: VON UNGERN‐STERNBERG BRITTA S , REGLI ADRIAN , FREI FRANZ J. , RITZ EVA‐MARIA JORDI , HAMMER JÜRG , SCHIBLER ANDREAS , ERB THOMAS O. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryBackground:  Ketamine is commonly used in children in the emergency setting and while undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic interventions because of its combination of hypnotic and analgesic properties. Although studies comparing various levels of ketamine anesthesia are lacking, previous work suggests that lung mechanics might only be minimally affected by ketamine.Methods:  After approval from the Ethics Committee, anesthesia was induced with 2 mg·kg−1 racemic ketamine followed by a continuous infusion of ketamine 2 mg·kg−1 h−1 (level I) in 26 children (2–6 years of age), and after 5 min, the first set of measurements was performed. Then, a second bolus of ketamine 2 mg·kg−1 followed by ketamine 4 mg·kg−1 h−1 was administered (level II) and after 5 min, the second set of measurements was performed. Functional residual capacity (FRC) and lung clearance index (LCI) were calculated using a multibreath analysis by a blinded observer.Results:  Functional residual capacity and LCI did not change between the two levels (FRC 25.6 [4.3] ml·kg−1 vs 25.5 [4.2] ml·kg−1, P = 0.769, LCI 10.5 [1.2] vs 10.3 [1.1], P = 0.403). The minute ventilation was similar between the two levels of anesthesia. The University of Michigan Sedation Scale increased from 3 (3) to 4 (3–4) at the second level of ketamine anesthesia.Conclusions:  A deeper level of anesthesia induced by ketamine does not affect FRC, ventilation distribution or minute ventilation suggesting that the depth of ketamine anesthesia has a minimal effect on pulmonary function.
Psychosocial variables affect the quality of life of men diagnosed with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis , Tripp Dean A. , Chuai Shannon , Litwin Mark S. , McNaughton‐Collins Mary , Landis J. Richard , Alexander Richard B. , Schaeffer Anthony J. , O’Leary Michael P. , Pontari Michel A. , White Paige , Mullins Christopher , Nyberg Leroy , Kusek John ,   the NIH‐CPCRN Study Group
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVETo examine interactions between demographic, pain, urinary, psychological and environmental predictors of quality of life (QOL) in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 253 men previously enrolled in the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort study in North American tertiary‐care clinical centres (six in the USA and one in Canada) self‐reported with validated instruments, including the QOL subscales of the Short Form‐12 (physical, SF12‐PCS; and mental, SF12‐MCS), demographics, urinary symptoms, depression, current pain, pain coping, ‘catastrophising’ (catastrophic thinking about pain), pain control, social support and solicitous responses from a partner. Data were collected through a one‐time survey. Covariates determined to be significant were entered into a multivariable regression model predicting SF12‐PCS and SF12‐MCS.RESULTSAdjusting for covariates, regression models showed that poorer SF12‐PCS scores were predicted by worse urinary function (P < 0.001) and increased use of pain‐contingent resting as a coping strategy (P = 0.026). Further, poorer SF12‐MCS scores were predicted by greater pain catastrophizing (P = 0.002) and lower perceptions of social support (P< 0.001). In separate follow‐up analyses, helplessness was the significant catastrophizing subscale (P < 0.001), while support from family and friends were the significant social support subscales (P = 0.002 and <0.001).CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that specific coping and environmental factors (i.e. catastrophizing, pain‐contingent resting, social support) are significant in understanding how patients with CP/CPPS adjust. These data can be used to develop specific cognitive‐behavioural programmes for men with CP/CPPS who are refractory to standard medical therapy.
DONATING FRESH VERSUS FROZEN EMBRYOS TO STEM CELL RESEARCH: IN WHOSE INTERESTS?
Authors: MCLEOD CAROLYN , BAYLIS FRANÇOISE 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTSome stem cell researchers believe that it is easier to derive human embryonic stem cells from fresh rather than frozen embryos and they have had in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinicians invite their infertility patients to donate their fresh embryos for research use. These embryos include those that are deemed ‘suitable for transfer’ (i.e. to the woman's uterus) and those deemed unsuitable in this regard. This paper focuses on fresh embryos deemed suitable for transfer – hereafter ‘fresh embryos’– which IVF patients have good reason not to donate. We explain why donating them to research is not in the self‐interests specifically of female IVF patients. Next, we consider the other‐regarding interests of these patients and conclude that while fresh embryo donation may serve those interests, it does so at unnecessary cost to patients’ self‐interests. Lastly, we review some of the potential barriers to the autonomous donation of fresh embryos to research and highlight the risk that female IVF patients invited to donate these embryos will misunderstand key aspects of the donation decision, be coerced to donate, or be exploited in the consent process. On the basis of our analysis, we conclude that patients should not be asked to donate their fresh embryos to stem cell research.
DEPENDING ON CARE: RECOGNITION OF VULNERABILITY AND THE SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF CARE PROVISION
Authors: DODDS SUSAN 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTPeople who are paid to provide basic care for others are frequently undervalued, exploited and expected to reach often unrealistic standards of care. I argue that appropriate social recognition, support and fair pay for people who provide care for those who are disabled, frail and aged, or suffering ill health that impedes their capacity to negotiate daily activities without support, depends on a reconsideration of the paradigm of the citizen or and moral agent. I argue that by drawing on the ideas of human vulnerability and dependency as central to our personhood, a more realistic conception of selves, citizens and persons can be developed that better recognises the inevitability of human dependency and the social value of care work. I also indicate the significance of this vulnerability‐focussed view for ethical evaluation of the emotional aspects of care relationships.
THE SPACE IN BETWEEN: NARRATIVES OF SILENCE AND GENETIC TERMINATIONS
Authors: THACHUK ANGELA 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTIn North America, prenatal testing and genetic terminations are becoming clinically normalized. Yet despite this implied social acceptance, open discussions surrounding genetic terminations remain taboo and silenced. Women are socially isolated, their experiences kept secret, and their grief disenfranchised. The lack of social consensus regarding genetic terminations, the valorization of scientific knowledge, and the bioethical framing of the issue as a matter of personal choice and autonomy collectively serve to reify this silence. In many respects genetic screening offers a form of technological surveillance procuring security from the unwanted kind of child. Yet the manner in which ‘the unwanted kind of child’ is understood varies from context to context. While we carry with us the consequences of decisions made elsewhere, the institutionalized discourses upon which these decisions are made are not always so readily transportable. One must somehow reconcile ‘the unwanted kind of child’ of the biomedical model with ‘the unwanted kind of child’ who was to be a member of one's family. In this paper, my intention is not to engage in the broader debate surrounding prenatal testing and genetic terminations. Rather, I employ my clinical encounters with these practices to illustrate the absence of an ethical language that might do justice to the experiences such practices construct. The limitations of a bioethical discourse that remains abstracted from lived experience are discussed.
Epitomising the Modern Spanish Nation through Popular Music: Coplas from La Caramba to Concha Piquer, 1750–1990
Authors: Carbayo Abengózar Mercedes 
Published: October 2007

Music is an important language of the emotions and can often arouse strong passions in its performance and representation, both from the individual's perspective of personal identity and for the individual's sense of identity and of belonging to a given community. Likewise, music can serve to whip up and reinforce nationalism and national chauvinism against the ‘other’ as well as serving as a badge of identity. In this article I explore a musical form, a song that has been defined as ‘Spanish’ and as the ‘national’ song: la copla. Copla is rooted in the past and first appeared as both a poetic and a theatrical form, but always accompanied by music. It was, however, during the eighteenth century, when nationalism made its appearance as a ‘concern’ in the Spanish political‐cultural arena, when coplas would be used as a mark of Spanish identity. Copla is a women's song. Although it has been interpreted by men, some of them internationally renowned like Miguel de Molina, the most famous performers have been and still are women. That is why perhaps a recurrent theme of coplas is unrequited love, whereby love and passion play an important role, either with regard to the individual or the community from which the individual hails. But there are also other themes such as the longing stimulated by alien rule, which is reflected by cultural opposition and resistance to discourses of power, not only in terms of open opposition, but in a more subtle form of resistance, particularly in gender terms. I claim that it is precisely this resistance to fixed discourses of gender that have made coplas excellent negotiators with the different musical, social and political contexts and in this way have made them an icon of the invented tradition that is fundamental in the creation of a nation.
Facing the Colonels: How the British Government Dealt with the Military Coup in Greece in April 1967
Authors: CONISPOLIATIS HELEN 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article defines and explains British foreign policy towards the Greek colonels immediately after the military takeover of 21 April 1967 in Greece. More particularly, the article questions Britain's knowledge of the colonels’ coup, examines the influence of other countries in the formation of British policy towards the military dictatorship in Greece, and concludes that, as soon as the British realized that the colonels were firmly in control, they decided to enter into a working yet frayed relationship with the regime in order to influence it over the issues that were most vital for their national interests.