bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concept of alexithymia: an empirical study using psychodynamic ratings and self‐reports
Authors: Weinryb R. M. , Gustavsson J. P. , Åsberg M. , Rössel R. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn patients with ulcerative colitis, alexithymia and related traits were studied using the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP), a recently constructed psychodynamic assessment instrument, and other measures of alexithymia (the Schalling‐Sifneos Personality Scale (SSPS) and the Beth Israel Questionnaire (BIQ)), and other personality traits using the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). The results of these measures were analyzed for correlation. The prevalence of mental disorder as defined by DSM‐III was not above normal, and the KSP T‐scores were within normal limits. As rated with the KAPP, alexithymia was uncorrelated with age or level of education, but was inversely correlated with proximity to a major life event (abdominal surgery), suggesting that alexithymia may have a defensive function. Cluster analysis, with Regression in the service of the ego (R), Alexithymia (A) and Normopathy (N) as clustering variables, yielded 3 groups: normal, multidisturbed (problems with R, A and N) and inhibited (problems with R and N). SSPS failed to distinguish between the multidisturbed and the inhibited groups, and BIQ between any groups. In the multidisturbed group, correlations were found with detachment and with disturbances in interpersonal relations. The results suggest that disturbances in object relations are of major importance in alexithymia.
Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical function in mixed and pure mania
Authors: Swann A. C. , Stokes P. E. , Casper R. , Secunda S. K. , Bowden C. L. , Berman N. , Katz M. M. , Robins E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is little information about hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis function in mania, particularly in mixed states. We therefore investigated HPA function and its relationship to clinical state in 19 hospitalized manic patients meeting Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia ‐ Research Diagnostic Criteria for acute manic episodes, compared patients with and without a mixed presentation, and examined correlations between HPA activity and behavior. Data were available from 13–16 patients. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted during a 15‐d placebo period. Patients with mania had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urinary free cortisol excretion compared with healthy subjects, and did not differ from depressed patients in any cortisol measures. Mixed manics had significantly higher morning plasma cortisol, postdexamethasone plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol than pure manics. Five of 7 mixed manics and 3 of 9 pure manics were dexamethasone suppression test (DST) nonsuppressors. Afternoon plasma cortisol and CSF cortisol correlated significantly with depressed mood; urinary free cortisol correlated with anxiety. None of the cortisol measures correlated with mania or agitation scores. These data suggest that increased cortisol secretion is a characteristic of the depressed state in mixed manics, although pure manics may also have increased DST nonsuppression.
Sex differences in problem drinking among 42‐year‐old residents of Malmö, Sweden
Authors: Österling A. , Nilsson L.‐H. , Berglund M. , Moberg A.‐L. , Kristenson H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe main objective was to describe sex‐related differences in rates of nonidentified vs identified problem drinking in 42‐year‐old Malmö residents. All 1264 women and 1368 men born in 1941 were invited to a health screening at the Preventive Medicine Section, Malmö General Hospital. Individuals registered at the Department of Alcohol Diseases because of problem drinking prior to screening (identified problem drinkers) were excluded and analyzed separately. Intervention in the remaining subjects was made if any of 3 sets of inclusion criteria was met. The sex ratios (female:male) of identified and nonidentified problem drinking were 1:4.1 and 1:2.8 respectively. Thus, nonidentified problem drinking is by and large proportional to identified problem drinking in both sexes, arguing against hidden drinking being an exclusively female phenomenon.
Low level of antidepressant prescription for people who later commit suicide: 15 years of experience from a population‐based drug database in Sweden
Authors: Isacsson G. , Boëthius G. , Bergman U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe use of antidepressants has been low in Jämtland County for many years, while the suicide rate has been among the highest in Sweden. A continuous outpatient prescription recording system has been in operation in Jämtland since 1970. Through this system we traced the prescription pattern of 80 individuals who committed suicide from 1970 to 1984. Suicide patients obtained 1.5 times more prescription drugs than 80 matched controls, mainly psychotropics and vitamins. During the 3 months prior to the suicide, half of the patients had received medical attention and 73% of the women and 40% of the men had obtained prescription drugs, in one‐third from the psychiatric department. While 53% and 29%, respectively, obtained psychotropic drugs, only 13% and 9% respectively were prescribed antidepressants, often in low doses. People who will commit suicide often seek medical help. The low rate of antidepressant prescription in patients committing suicide probably reflects insufficient diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders. It is urgent – for the individual as well as for society – that diagnostic and pharmacotherapeutic routines be improved.
Antabuse treatment for excessive users of alcohol
Authors: Hardt F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAntabuse treatment has mostly been applied to alcohol dependent patients although the heavy users of alcohol are responsible for the major parts of alcohol related problems in our societies.The heavy users of alcohol should be identified both by the general practitioners and the hospital doctors in any field and the first intervention should be a health interview connected with a biological monitoring of alcohol damages and thereby many patients would be motivated for moderate drinking. If this is not the case, heavy users should be encouraged to a 6 or better a 12 months supervised treatment with Antabuse. This treatment has especially been effective in employees with work‐related alcohol problems.
Evaluation of community psychiatry: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Valbak K. , Sørensen L. V. , Lindhardt A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study demonstrates a simple epidemiological method to evaluate the changes in service pattern for a defined catchment area after the establishment of a hospital‐based community psychiatry service in Denmark. It measures the number of patients in contact with the service on 2 census days, before the new service was introduced and 3 years later, and deals with quantitative measures of sex, age, diagnosis and type of service contact. The services for 2 other areas are used as controls. A new community psychiatry service with an office situated outside the hospital is described and is shown to be superior to both the psychiatry service from the hospital and the rest of the hospital service: the number of inpatients and day patients were reduced by 42%vs 12% and 16% respectively. The number of outpatients increased by 104% in the new service compared with 23% for the service located at the hospital. The increase in outpatient care for the service outside the hospital was mainly caused by contact with middle‐aged women with personality disorders.
Organic Mental Disorders as Hypothetical Pathogenetic Processes
Authors: Lindqvist G. , Malmgren H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new diagnostic system for organic psychiatry is presented. We first define “organic psychiatry”, and then give the theoretical basis for conceiving organic‐psychiatric disorders in terms of hypothetical psychopathogenetic processes, HPP:s. Such hypothetical disorders are not strictly identical to the clusters of symptoms in which they typically manifest themselves, since the symptoms may be concealed or modified by intervening factors in non‐typical circumstances and/or in the simultaneous presence of several disorders. The six basic disorders in our system are Astheno‐Emotional Disorder (AED), Somnolence‐Sopor‐Coma Disorder (SSCD), Hallucination‐Coenestopathy‐Dcpersonalisation Disorder (HCDD), Confusional Disorder (CD), Emotional‐Motivational Blunting Disorder (EMD) and Korsakoff's Amnestic Disorder (KAD). We describe their usual etiologies, their typical symptoms and course, and some forms of interaction between tliem.
Psychiatric Classification and Empiricist Theories of Meaning
Authors: Malmgren H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe philosophical background of the contemporary debate over psychiatric classification is reviewed in some detail. It is shown that the philosophy behind DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R is based on a theory about the semantic status of operational definitions, which was abandoned several decades ago by empiricist philosophers of science. It is argued that the newer empiricist and realist theories of meaning developed after 1960, particularly the idea of an indirect specification of meaning through contingent operational criteria, offer a better foundation for psychiatric classification.
Psychology, psychologists, and psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to inquire into what interests psychologists might have in epidemiological approaches to the study of psychopathology, what psychologists have contributed in the past, and what they might be expected to contribute in the future. This inquiry starts with a consideration of epidemiological findings and issues that should command the interests of psychologists: differences between treated rates and untreated rates of psychiatric disorders, relations of psychiatric disorders to gender and socioeconomic status, and problems of case identification and diagnosis. My own experience with these issues and problems is discussed. An argument is made that there are important needs for the expertise of psychologists in psychiatric epidemiology and compelling reasons for them to enter the field in greater numbers than they have in the past.
Discussion of B.P. Dhorenwend: “Psychology, psychologists and psychiatric epidemiology”
Authors: Jablensky Assen 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe author emphasizes the importance of earlier epidemiological studies and finds it a rather one‐sided view that psychiatric epidemiology, prior to DSM‐III and the ECA studies was in a pre‐scientific stage. In addition to the areas of interface between psychology and psychiatric epidemiology mentioned by Dohrenwend he adds the following areas: crosscultural studies, studies of gene‐environment interactions, the epidemiological validation of diagnostic and classification systems, and the study of the impact of various treatment and service systems and therapeutic approaches on the epidemiology of mental disorders.
Epidemiology and diagnostic systems in psychiatry
Authors: Mezzich Juan E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTEpidemiology and diagnosis are increasingly emerging as key topics in psychiatry. While each has particular roots, purposes and methods, a number of interesting points of contact can be elucidated. Bidirectional inter‐relations between these fields are being perceived as growing and promising. Modern approaches to diagnostic description have made possible the design of potent tools for epidemiological surveys, and results from the latter are contributing to the refinement of diagnostic profiles. The new international diagnostic systems, including multiaxial formulations not only of illness but of the patient's whole clinical condition, offer challenging opportunities for further interaction and progress.
A bio‐social model for common mental disorders
Authors: Goldberg David 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIt is argued that two major symptom dimensions underlie common mental disorders. These are depression related symptoms on the one hand, and anxious symptoms on the other. Each of these symptom dimensions is relate to a set of social variables, but an individual patient may have social factors present that are associated with each symptom dimension, thus producing an overlapping of symptoms. Another reason why the symptom dimensions overlap is that depression and anxiety relate to reward and punishment systems respectively, and these systems are necessarily reciprocally related to one another. Finally, each of these systems is related to abnormal activities in both nor‐adrenergic and 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic neurones. It is argued that in order to produce a useful model for common disorders one should distinguish between three groups of factors: those producing vulnerability to anxious or depressive symptoms, those factors releasing symptoms at a particular time, and those factors which determine how long illness lasts. These three groups of factors are respectively called vulnerability, destabilisation and restitution
Long‐term treatment of mood disorders in schizophrenia
Authors: Azorin J‐M. 
Published: August 2007

Mood disorders in schizophrenia are common and are associated with a poor outcome, an increased risk of relapse and a high rate of suicide. Consequently, treatment strategies need to take mood disorders into account.In depressed and actively psychotic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients, treatment with neuroleptic plus antidepressant may be less effective than neuroleptic alone. However, patients with post‐psychotic depression on maintenance neuroleptics respond well to tricyclic antidepressants. Mood disorders can be caused by neuroleptics and if so will often improve if the dose is reduced or if the drug is changed. Anticholinergics may also help. In schizoaffective disorder, lithium is usually beneficial, especially for patients with classical affective disorder. Carbamazepine may be more effective in patients with schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders. At doses comparable with those effective in schizophrenia, clozapine may be as good or better than conventional neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients with psychotic mood disorder or schizoaffective disorder. In patients with high BPRS anxiety/depression scores, risperidone (8 mg/day) was more effective than haloperidol (10 mg/day). Risperidone at a mean dose of 8.6 mg/day was also more effective than haloperidol (mean dose 9.2 mg/day) or levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine — mean dose 125 mg/day) on the Psychotic Anxiety Scale.Mood‐related symptoms are therefore amenable to treatment. Risperidone and clozapine appear to be good candidates for the long‐term treatment of mood disorders in schizophrenia, although long‐term, double‐blind, controlled studies are needed to confirm this.
Successful treatment of citalopram‐induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine
Authors: Lauerma H. 
Published: August 2007

Lauerma H. Successful treatment of citalopram‐induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 69–70. © Munksgaard 1996.This is the first report of the use of cyproheptadine to treat anorgasmia induced by citalopram, a highly selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Total anorgasmia of a 47 year‐old man who suffered from severe unipolar major depression was successfully treated without adverse effects. This case strengthens the impression that anorgasmia associated with SSRIs is related primarily to the serotonine reuptake inhibition and not to various receptor bindings of different compounds.
Alexithymia in suicide attempters
Authors: Taiminen T. J. , Saarijärvi S. , Helenius H. , Keskinen A. , Korpilahti T. 
Published: August 2007

Taiminen TJ, Saarijärvi S, Helenius H, Keskinen A, Korpilahti T. Alexithymia in suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 195–198. © Munksgaard 1996.Alexithymia seems to share some common features with psychological constriction, a phenomenon described in suicidal individuals. Fifty suicide attempters were interviewed within 24 h after arrival at a hospital, and measures of lethality of the attempt, suicidal intent, depression and alexithymia were carried out with structured instruments. Almost all the attempters were depressive, and about half of them were also alexithymic. However, alexithymia was not more prevalent in this population than in non‐suicidal depressive patients. Depression and alexithymia correlated significantly with each other, but there was no correlation between alexithymia and lethality of the suicide attempt or suicidal intent. The authors conclude that alexithymia in suicide attempters seems to be associated with depression, but not with suicidality per se. Therefore, measurement of alexithymia may not yield extra information in suicide risk assessment.
Ketoacidosis as a side‐effect of clozapine: a case report
Authors: Kostakolu A. E. , Yazici K. M. , Erbas T. , Güvener N. 
Published: August 2007

Kostakolu AE, Yazici KM, Erbas T, Güvener N. Ketoacidosis as a side‐effect of clozapine: a case report. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 217–218. © Munksgaard 1996.We report the case of a patient fulfilling DSM‐IV criteria for schizophrenia and treated with clozapine who later developed hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.
Circadian rhythm of parasuicide in relation to violence if method and concomitant mental disorder
Authors: Caracciolo S. , Manfredini R. , Gallerani M. , Tugnoli S. 
Published: August 2007

Caracciolo S, Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Tugnoli S. Circadian rhythm of parasuicide in relation to violence of method and concomitant mental disorder.Scand 1996: 93: 352–256. © Munksgaard 1996.Circadian occurrence of parasuicide was evaluated in relation to sex, violence of parasuicide method and psychiatric diagnosis. In all, 457 consecutive episodes of parasuicide were recruited during a 5‐year period. Complete data for time of parasuicide, parasuicide method, parasuicide recurrency and psychiatric diagnosis (ICD‐9) were available for 304 subjects. Parasuicide methods were classified into two groups depending on the violence of the method. Parasuicide occurred significantly more often in the afternoon and evening hours for both men and women, for both violent and non‐violent methods, both in first‐event cases and repeaters, and in the following diagnostic groups: organic mental and psychoactive substance disorders, neurotic disorders and personality disorders. The data support the hypothesis of a circadian rhythmicity of parasuicide, showing an area of chronobiological risk in the afternoon and early evening hours.
Charles Bonnet syndrome in leprosy; prevalence and clinical characteristics
Authors: Adachi N. 
Published: August 2007

Adachi N. Charles Bonnet syndrome in leprosy: prevalence and clinical characteristics.Scand 1996: 93: 279–281. © Munksgaard 1996.Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is diagnosed when a visually impaired patient without any mental disorder develops visual hallucinations. A survey of patients in a National Leprosarium revealed that the point prevalence of CBS in leprosy was 0.4%. This prevalence appears to be high, as few cases with CBS have been reported. The semeiology of visual hallucinations was typical of CBS. However, the clinical features were different from previous reported cases because of the history of leprosy and associated multi‐sensory loss. Patients with leprosy appear to be at increased risk for CBS, due to frequent eye complications combined with sensory loss, ageing, and intact intellectual functions.
An epidemiological study of eating disorders in a northern area of Japan
Authors: Nadaoka T. , Oiji A. , Takahashi S. , Morioka Y. , Kashiwakura M. , Totsuka S. 
Published: August 2007

Nadaoka T, Oiji A, Takahashi S, Morioka Y, Kashiwakura M, Totsuka S. An epidemiological study of eating disorders in a northern area of Japan.Scand 1996: 93: 305–310. © Munksgaard 1996.A total of 97 patients with eating disorders who visited the Department of Neuro‐Psychiatry, Yamagata University Hospital, between 1978 and 1992 were studied. According to the diagnostic criteria of DSM‐III‐R, there were 48 cases of anorexia nervosa (AN), 38 cases of bulimia nervosa (BN) and 11 cases with both AN and BN. Both the number of patients and the ratio to all out‐patients in each year increased four times during the period 1988–1992 compared to the previous period. With regard to their places of residence, the number of patients with AN and with BN from every district appeared to increase at almost the same rate, although the majority of the patients were from medium‐sized cities. These findings may indicate that eating disorders are influenced by urbanization.
Electrocardiographic changes in patients receiving neuroleptic medication
Authors: Warner J. P. , Barnes T. R. E. , Henry J. A. 
Published: August 2007

Warner JP, Barnes TRE, Henry JA. Electrocardiographic changes in patients receiving neuroleptic medication.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 311–313. © Munksgaard 1996.The precise aetiology of sudden death in patients receiving neuroleptic medication is uncertain, but cardiac arrhythmias are a possible cause. We investigated the link between neuroleptic medication and electrocardiographic changes predictive of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. Electrocardiographs were performed on 111 patients receiving neuroleptic medication and on 42 unmedicated controls. Prolonged QTc intervals were more common in the patient sample, but QTc dispersion was not significantly increased. QTc interval prolongation was more likely in patients on doses above 2000 mg chlorpromazine equivalents daily (odds ratio 4.28, P<0.02). Neuroleptic medication, especially at high doses, is associated with ECG changes that may herald more serious cardiac problems.
A systematic evaluation of linkage studies in bipolar disorder
Authors: Turecki G. , Rouleau G.A. , Mari J.J. , Morgan K. 
Published: August 2007

Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Mari JJ, Morgan K. A systematic evaluation of linkage studies in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 317–326. © Munksgaard 1996.Genetic factors have long been implicated in the aetiology of bipolar disorder (BD). During the past two decades several linkage studies have been carried out with the aim of identifying major genes. However, remarkable discrepancies in results both between and within studies have constituted a major problem. In order to elucidate some of these conflicts, we assessed the published literature on linkage studies of bipolar disorder, focusing on methodological issues. Studies published between January 1980 and December 1994 were identified by computerized literature searches and subsequent scanning of review articles, and the reference lists of the articles primarily identified. A set of defined inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to select studies for assessment. A total of 31 variables were determined, and pre‐defined codes were assigned in a structured manner. More than 200 citations were reviewed, and 60 articles were included in this study. Descriptive statistical analyses of the variables, as well as associations between variables, are presented. The findings are discussed with regard to the possibility that, beyond the genetic complexity of the disorder itself, there are several other similarly complicated study design issues which should be more carefully observed. Moreover, the need for standardization of basic criteria to use and report clinical and analytical parameters employed in linkage studies is strongly suggested.