bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of octene content in poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) on the properties of poly(propylene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) blends
Authors: Lee Hwi‐yong , Kim Dong Hak , Son Younggon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEthylene‐octene random copolymer (EOC) is one of the most commonly employed elastomers for PP, and as such its rubber toughening efficiency has been extensively studied. However, most existing studies employ EOC containing an octene comonomer of about 8 mol %. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of EOC octene comonomer content on the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of PP‐ethylene random copolymer (PP‐CP)/EOC (80/20 wt %/wt %) blends. It was clearly shown that the properties of the blends are significantly affected by the octene content. The rubber particle size of the blends decreased as the octene content in the EOC was increased, which was a consequence of the reduced interfacial tension between PP‐CP and EOC. Impact strength of the blends as a function of octene content displayed a brittle‐ductile transition. The tensile yield strength and modulus of the PP‐CP/EOC blends were decreased by addition of EOC, owing to incorporation of the soft EOC into the hard PP‐CP. The tensile yield strength and modulus of PP‐CP/EOC blends decreased monotonically with the octene content in the EOC. The melting temperature as well as the crystallinity of the PP‐CP phase were not affected significantly by the addition of EOC whereas a notable shift in melting and crystallization temperatures was observed for the EOC phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1133–1139, 2007
Novel fishnet fibers with anti‐adhesion of seaweeds obtained by UV‐irradiation technique
Authors: Zhao Yi‐Ping , Chen Li , Zhang Huan , Zhao Guo‐Bu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel Nylon‐6 fishnet fiber with the antiadhesion of seaweeds was prepared by UV radiation‐initiated grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto Nylon‐6 fibers, and its structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The influences of grafting conditions, such as irradiation dose, temperature, concentration of monomer, inorganic acid, and inhibitor etc., on grafting rate were studied, and the antiadhesion of seaweeds was evaluated with Dunaliella. The results showed that the grafting amount of Nylon‐g‐AA was increased with the increase of irradiation time. With the increase of concentration of AA, temperature, reaction time, inorganic acid, and inhibitor, the grafting amount increased firstly and then decreased, respectively. Nylon‐6 fibers modified by Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) had a strong effect on the adhesion of Dunaliella, and the antiadhesion was improved with the increase of the grafting amount. Results from the mechanical analysis revealed that the tensile strength of the UV‐irradiation fibers decreased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1252–1256, 2007
Preparation and application of fluorocarbon polymer/SiO2 hybrid materials, part 1: Preparation and properties of hybrid materials
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Chen Chin‐Lai , Huang Kuo‐Shien 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor this study, we first prepared a fluorocarbon polymer and its hybrid materials. We found that fluorocarbon copolymers can produce hydrogen bonds with SiO2 to form hybrid materials. We also used thermogravimetric analyzer and tested the thermostabilities of the four products, which were ranked as follows: fluorocarbon copolymer/SiO2 hybrid material > fluorocarbon polymer/SiO2 hybrid material > fluorocarbon copolymer > fluorocarbon polymer. In addition, we found that, due to the inorganic SiO2 used, the number of pores and the specific surface areas of the hybrid materials both increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1140–1145, 2007
Development of transdermal drug‐delivery films with castor‐oil‐based polyurethanes
Authors: Shelke Namdev B. , Sairam Malladi , Halligudi Shivaraj B. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo different types of polyurethanes (PUs) were prepared with castor oil, ethylene glycol, isophorene diisocyanate and castor oil, and isophoren diisocyanate and poly‐(ethylene glycol) (400 or 600). PU films were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. We prepared transdermal patches by loading different amounts of drug, plasticizer, and penetration enhancer.In vitrodrug permeability through the castor‐oil‐based aliphatic PU patches was examined with a Keshary–Chien diffusion cell. The effect of castor oil on the film‐forming properties and the effect of penetration enhancers on diffusion characteristics of indomethacin (IDM) drug through the castor‐oil‐based PU were investigated. Prolonged release of IDM was observed from the prepared PU patches.In vitrodrug diffusion revealed that slow and prolonged release of IDM was achieved in the absence of penetration enhancers. The use of penetration enhancers showed a significant effect on drug diffusion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 779–788, 2007
Synthesis and electrochemical polymerization of N‐ethylcarbazole‐bis‐3,4‐etyhlenedioxythiophene‐N‐ethylcarbazole comonomer
Authors: Sarac A. S. , Parlak E. , Sezer E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new comonomer ECz‐BEDOT‐ECz (EBEE) [ECz: N‐ethylcarbazole‐BEDOT:2,2′‐bis(3,4‐ethyhlenedioxy) thiophene] has been synthesized, characterized, and electropolymerized on Pt and carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFME). The ECz side group of the comonomer plays an important role in determining its physical properties PEBEE and it resembles the behavior of corresponding homopolymer (PECz). PBEDOT was increased by the incorporation of ECz monomer into structure. The environmental stability of PBEDOT was increased by incorporating the ECz unit into the structure. The new comonomer seems prefer to be electrodeposited onto CFME as opposed to Pt. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 795–801, 2007
Emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization of isobornyl acrylate
Authors: Back Alan J. , Schork F. Joseph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIsobornyl acrylate, a highly hydrophobic monomer, was batch‐polymerized in both emulsion and miniemulsion recipes. Surfactant levels above and below the critical micelle concentration were used, as were two different initiator types: ionic (potassium persulfate) and nonionic (t‐butyl hydroperoxide) Samples were analyzed for degree of conversion, molecular weight, and particle size. The effects of reaction type (emulsion versus miniemulsion), surfactant level, type of initiator (ionic versus nonionic) of the polymer properties are discussed. Issues of monomer transport across the aqueous phase, and mechanisms of nucleation, especially at very low surfactant concentrations are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 819–833, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/attapulgite nanocomposites
Authors: Yuan Xuepei , Li Chuncheng , Guan Guohu , Liu Xiaoqing , Xiao Yaonan , Zhang Dong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA kind of clay with fibrous morphology, attapulgite (AT), was used to prepare poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/AT nanocomposites via in situ polymerization. Attapulgite was modified with Hexadecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and silane coupling agent (3‐glycidoxypropltrimethoxysilane) to increase the dispersion of clay particles in polymer matrix and the interaction between clay particles and polymer matrix. FTIR and TGA test of the organic‐AT particles investigated the thermal stability and the loading quantity of organic reagents. XRD patterns and SEM micrographs showed that the organic modification was processed on the surface of rod‐like crystals and did not shift the crystal structure of silicate. For PET/AT nanocomposites, it was revealed in TEM that the fibrous clay can be well dispersed in polymer matrix with the rod‐like crystals in the range of nanometer scale. The diameter of rod‐like crystal is about 20 nm and the length is near to 500 nm. The addition of the clay particles can enhance the thermal stability and crystallization rate of PET. With the addition of AT in PET matrix, the flexural modulus of those composites was also increased markedly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1279–1286, 2007
Mechanical and thermal properties of epoxypolymethyl methacrylate blends synthesizedin supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Zaidi M. G. H. , Bhullar N. , Singh V. P. , Sah P. L. , Alam S. , Singh R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of epoxy/polymethyl methacrylate (E/PMMA) blends was synthesized through impregnation polymerization of methyl methacrylate at concentrations ranging (0–1.5 phr) into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (0.1 mol) in presence of 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile (2 × 10−2 mol) at 3000 psi, (60–90 ± 1)°C for 3 h in supercritical carbon dioxide, followed by curing of treated epoxy with triethylene tetramine (10 phr) at (40 ± 1)°C. The progress of all such impregnation polymerization reactions was monitored rheoviscometrically. Formation of E/PMMA blends was ascertained through of PMMA mass uptake (%) into epoxy, UV–vis and FTIR spectra, and TEM. With PMMA mass uptake (%), compression strength and resistance against wear of E/PMMA blends were increased with simultaneous decrease in their Rockwell hardness (R scale), charpy impact, and tensile strength, respectively. All E/PMMA blends have shown nonuniform photoelastic behavior at applied load ranging 4–20 kgf and significant stability against thermooxidation with Tg/Tm and char yield (%) ranging 0.53–0.59, 29.31–31.66, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1303–1310, 2007
Synthesis and biodegradability evaluation of 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane and styrene copolymers
Authors: Xu Jian , Liu Zhi‐Lan , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBiodegradable copolymers of 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO) and styrene (ST) were synthesized by free‐radical copolymerization using di‐t‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) as the initiator. The copolymers containing ester units were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Their molecular weight and polydispersity index were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). In vitro enzymatic degradation of poly(MDO‐co‐ST) was performed at 37°C in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH = 7.4) in the presence of Pseudomonas lipase or crude enzyme extracted from earthworm. The experiment showed that incorporating ester units into CC backbone chain of polystyrene would result in a biodegradable copolymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1146–1151, 2007
Isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology development of isotactic polypropylene blends with atactic polypropylene
Authors: Chen Jean‐Hong , Chang Yu‐Lun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe crystallization kinetics and morphology development of pure isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopolymer and iPP blended with atactic polypropylene (aPP) at different aPP contents and the isothermal crystallization temperatures were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. The spherulitic morphologies of pure iPP and larger amounts of aPP for iPP blends showed the negative spherulite, whereas that of smaller amounts of aPP for the iPP blends showed a combination of positive and negative spherulites. This indicated that the morphology transition of the spherulite may have been due to changes the crystal forms of iPP in the iPP blends during crystallization. Therefore, with smaller amounts of aPP, the spherulitic density and overall crystallinity of the iPP blends increased with increasing aPP and presented a lower degree of perfection of the γ form coexisting with the α form of iPP during crystallization. However, with larger amounts of aPP, the spherulitic density and overall crystallinity of the iPP blends decreased and reduced the γ‐form crystals with increasing aPP. These results indicate that the aPP molecules hindered the nucleation rate and promoted the molecular motion and growth rate of iPP with smaller amounts of aPP and hindered both the nucleation rate and growth rate of iPP with larger amounts of aPP during isothermal crystallization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1093–1104, 2007
Highly crosslinked nanocomposites of aromatic dicyanates/SiO2 via the sol–gel method
Authors: Lin Rong‐Hsien , Lin Chih‐Wei , Lee An‐Cheng , Chen Yi‐Hung , Yen Fu‐Shan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHighly crosslinked nanocomposites of bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy) containing silica clusters were successfully prepared via the sol–gel process. The silica clusters were generated from various metal alkoxide precursors, including methyltrimethoxysilane (TMOS), 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPOS), and 2‐(3,4‐epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane (ECOS). The metal alkoxide precursors GPOS and ECOS were, in turn, used as coupling agents. Three kinds of systems involving BADCy/TMOS, BADCy/coupling agent, and BADCy/TMOS/coupling agent were individually prepared and thoroughly investigated using various methods. Each kind of system was of a particular characterization and morphology and had distinct physical and dielectric properties. Isolated silica clusters on a nanoscale were homogenously distributed in the highly crosslinked BADCy/TMOS hybrid system. The characterization of BADCy/TMOS nanocomposites showed improved physical properties, when compared with the neat BADCy network. The particle sizes can be controlled by adding different amounts of TMOS and are slightly increased (in the range of 50–105 nm) with increasing TMOS content. On the other hand, in the highly crosslinked BADCy/coupling agent hybrid system, the silica clusters were tethered to the BADCy matrix by the coupling agent. An oxazoline linkage was detected during the reaction of cyanate groups in BADCy with the epoxide groups in the coupling agent. These nanocomposites exhibited weakened mechanical properties but are of a smaller and more homogenous particle size in the range of 30–50 nm, irrespective of the silica content. Finally, the BADCy/TMOS/coupling agent system was successfully designed to combine the advantages of the two systems mentioned above. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1356–1366, 2007
Remodeling dynamics in the alveolar process in skeletally mature dogs
Authors: Huja Sarandeep S. , Fernandez Soledad A. , Hill Kara J. , Li Yan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBone turnover rates can be altered by metabolic and mechanical demands. Due to the difference in the pattern of loading, we hypothesized that there are differences in bone remodeling rates between the maxillary and mandibular alveolar processes. Furthermore, in a canine model, the alveolar process of teeth that lack contact (e.g., second premolars) would have a different turnover rate than bone supporting teeth with functional contact (e.g., first molars). Six skeletally mature male dogs were given a pair of calcein labels. After sacrifice, specimens representing the anterior and posterior locations of both jaws were prepared for examination by histomorphometric methods to evaluate the bone volume/total volume (BV/TV; %), bone volume (mm2), mineral apposition rate (MAR; μm/day), and bone formation rate (BFR; %/year) in the alveolar process. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the BV/TV within the jaws. The bone volume within the alveolar process of the mandible was 2.8‐fold greater than in the maxilla. The MAR was not significantly different between the jaws and anteroposterior locations. However, the BFR was significantly (P < 0.0001) greater in the mandible than in the maxilla. The anterior location had higher (P = 0.002) remodeling than the posterior location in the maxilla but not in the mandible. While there was a greater bone mass and increased remodeling in the mandible, no remodeling gradient in the coronal‐apical direction was apparent in the alveolar process. Bone adaptation probably involves a complex interplay of bone turnover, mass, and architecture. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manipulating the evocative and abative effects of an establishing operation: influences on challenging behavior during classroom instruction
Authors: O'Reilly Mark , Edrisinha Chaturi , Sigafoos Jeff , Lancioni Giulio , Cannella Helen , Machalicek Wendy , Langthorne Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study we examined the evocative and abative effects of an establishing operation on challenging behavior during classroom instruction for a student with severe disabilities including autism. A prior functional analysis indicated that his challenging behavior was maintained by access to preferred snack items. During classroom instructional sessions these snack items were visible but not available to the student. In other words challenging behavior was placed on extinction during instruction. Immediately prior to instructional sessions the student received either access to snack items or did not receive access to snacks. Access versus no access to snacks prior to instruction was systematically controlled using a multi‐element design. Results demonstrated higher levels of challenging behavior during instruction when the student did not have access to snacks prior to instruction. Very little challenging behavior occurred during instructional sessions when the student had prior access to snacks. Implications for considering the evocative and abative effects of establishing operations when implementing operant extinction in applied settings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organoiodine(III)‐mediated efficient synthesis of new 3,9‐diaryl‐bis‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a][4,3‐c]pyrimidines
Authors: Prakash Om , Kumar Rajesh , Sharma Deepak , Naithani Rajesh , Kumar Ravi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOxidation of bis‐2,4‐pyrimidinylhydrazones of various araldehydes with two equivalents of iodobenzene diacetate in dichloromethane provides an efficient and easy method for the synthesis of eight new 3,9‐diaryl‐bis‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a][4,3‐c]pyrimidines. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:653–655, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20250
Derivation techniques on the Hermitian surface
Authors: Cossidente A. , Ebert G. L. , Marino G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe discuss derivation‐like techniques for transforming one locally Hermitian partial ovoid of the Hermitian surface H(3,q2) into another one. These techniques correspond to replacing a regulus by its opposite in some naturally associated projective 3‐space PG(3,q) over a square root subfield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 478–486, 2007
The zebrafish genome in context: ohnologs gone missing
Authors: Postlethwait John H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome zebrafish genes appear to lack an ortholog in the human genome and researchers often call them “novel” genes. The origin of many so‐called “novel” genes becomes apparent when considered in the context of genome duplication events that occurred during evolution of the phylum Chordata, including two rounds at about the origin of the subphylum Vertebrata (R1 and R2) and one round before the teleost radiation (R3). Ohnologs are paralogs stemming from such genome duplication events, and some zebrafish genes said to be “novel” are more appropriately interpreted as “ohnologs gone missing”, cases in which ohnologs are preserved differentially in different evolutionary lineages. Here we consider ohnologs present in the zebrafish genome but absent from the human genome. Reasonable hypotheses are that lineage‐specific loss of ohnologs can play a role in establishing lineage divergence and in the origin of developmental innovations. How does the evolution of ohnologs differ from the evolution of gene duplicates arising from other mechanisms, such as tandem duplication or retrotransposition? To what extent do different major vertebrate lineages or different teleost lineages differ in ohnolog content? What roles do differences in ohnolog content play in the origin of developmental mechanisms that differ among lineages? This review explores these questions. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:563–577, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of cotransfection efficiencies in studies of ionotropic glutamate receptor complexes
Authors: Ma Zhan‐Lu , Werner Markus , Körber Christoph , Joshi Illah , Hamad Mohammad , Wahle Petra , Hollmann Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTransient transfection of cultured mammalian cells is widely employed in the study of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Heteromeric expression is usually achieved by simultaneous transfection of various combinations of glutamate receptor subunit‐encoding cDNAs. This approach is based on an “all‐or‐none” assumption, rarely verified experimentally, that any given cell expresses all subunits present during transfection. A similar assumption implicitly is made when cotransfection of a cDNA encoding a fluorescent marker protein is applied to distinguish transfected from untransfected cells. A further frequent assumption alleges that the ratio between cDNAs used in cotransfection experiments directs the assembly of receptor complexes in heterologous expression systems. To check the validity of these assumptions for ionotropic glutamate receptors as model transmembrane receptors, we generated fluorescently labeled receptor subunits and introduced them into HEK‐293 cells by the calcium phosphate method. Analyzing the expression of multiple fusion proteins by confocal microscopy, we evaluated the coexpression efficiencies for various glutamate receptor cDNA combinations, cDNA amounts, and cDNA ratios. Several factors were found to influence the individual, cumulative, and cotransfection efficiencies, including the cDNA ratio, the nature of the expressed protein, and the specific combination of cotransfected cDNAs. After simultaneous transfection with equal amounts of several cDNAs, we demonstrate the consistent generation of several distinct populations of cells that express different receptor subunit combinations. The evidence we present suggests that cotransfected cells should always be independently tested for the expression of all target subunits before picking cells for the analysis of specific heteromeric receptor assemblies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gulf war‐related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers
Authors: Hadi Fawzyiah , Llabre Maria Magdalena , Spitzer Susan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe participants were 111 Kuwaiti boys and girls and 59 mothers assessed in 1993 and 2003 to determine exposure to war‐related trauma during the Iraqi occupation and subsequent psychological distress. Children were classified into four groups based on what happened to their fathers during the occupation: killed, missing, arrested, or unharmed. The results indicate that the group whose fathers were arrested had the highest level of posttraumatic stress symptoms and the highest level of depression and anxiety in 2003. In 1993, the highest levels of depression for children and their mothers were observed in those whose fathers–husbands were killed or missing relative to controls. Long‐term effects of war‐related trauma in children may be influenced by the war experience of their fathers.