bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an unusual folding pattern in a catalytically active guanine quadruplex structure
Authors: Majhi Pinaki R. , Shafer Richard H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the presence of certain metal ions, DNA and RNA can form guanine quadruplex structures, which have been proposed to play a functional role in a variety of biological processes. An 18‐nucleotide DNA oligomer, PS2.M, d(GTG3TAG3CG3T2G2), was previously reported to bind hemin and the resulting complex exhibited peroxidase activity. It was proposed that PS2.M folds unimolecularly into an antiparallel quadruplex with unusual, single‐base loops and terminal guanines positioned in adjacent quartets. Here we describe structural and stability properties of PS2.M alone in different buffers and metal ions, using gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD), ultraviolet (UV)‐visible spectroscopies, and one‐dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Native gel behavior of PS2.M in the presence of either Na+ or Pb2+ suggests the formation of unimolecular structures but, in the presence of K+, both unimolecular and multistranded structures are observed. In the presence of Pb2+ ions, PS2.M forms a unimolecular quadruplex containing three guanine quartets. CD titrations reveal that binding of Pb2+ ions to PS2.M is stoichiometric, and a single lead cation suffices to fully fold PS2.M. The PS2.M–Na+ system also forms a similar unimolecular quadruplex. In the presence of K+, the PS2.M–K+ system forms mixed species. With increasing time and PS2.M concentration, the contribution of unimolecular species decreases while that of multimolecular species increases, and this behavior is independent of buffer media. These results suggest that the catalytically active form, studied in the presence of K+, may be a parallel, multistranded quadruplex rather than an antiparallel, unimolecular quadruplex. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:558–569, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A follow‐up study of mentally disordered men remanded to prison
Authors: Birmingham Luke , Mason Debbie , Grubin Don 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLittle is known about the extent to which mental disorder is identified and subsequently treated in prison. In this paper the follow‐up stage of a prison study focusing on the natural history of mental disorder in prisoners on remand is presented. During the study, five hundred and sixty‐nine consecutive new unconvicted male remands to Durham prison were screened for mental disorder at prison reception by researchers and then monitored for the duration of their unconvicted remand to determine whether psychiatric treatment needs were identified and addressed. Sixty‐three (11%) of the study population, including forty (24%) of the one hundred and sixty‐eight men with psychiatric treatment needs were referred to the psychiatric service. Six of the 16 men requiring immediate transfer to psychiatric hospital came to the psychiatric service's attention. Of the 260 appointments made with mental health professionals, 63 (24%) were not kept and psychiatric intervention ended abruptly and prematurely in 10 cases. With the majority of mentally disordered prisoners, including those with acute psychosis, remaining undetected and untreated during their remand, and psychiatric intervention being so frequently disrupted by the prison regime and the unforeseen actions of the courts, a unique opportunity to address the psychiatric treatment needs of an otherwise elusive group of men who suffer high rates of serious mental disorder was missed. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The transition from adolescent to adult: a time of change in general and specific deviance
Authors: Ullman Jodie B. , Newcomb Michael D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundChange in the construct of General Deviance is examined across a 16‐year period spanning the transition from adolescence into adulthood. General deviance comprises sub‐components of licit and illicit drug use, criminal activity, and social conformity.MethodUsing latent growth curve modelling, the level, pattern and rate of change in both the overarching construct of General Deviance and the sub‐components of deviance are examined.Results/ConclusionsGeneral Deviance and sub‐components of deviance, with the exception of licit drug use, declined across this transition period. Level and rate of change in General Deviance and the social conformity sub‐component were predicted primarily from family and attitudinal variables. Level and rate of change in illicit drug use and criminal activity were predicted primarily by peer influence variables. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Alcoholism and crime across generations
Authors: McCord Joan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground/MethodsAlcoholism and criminality tend to run in families. The current research examines that tendency by investigating the link between paternal deviance and the socializing environments fathers provide for their children. Observational data indicate that alcoholic and criminal men disproportionately tend to be aggressive in their families and to father sons whose mothers are disproportionately incompetent in their roles as mothers.Results/ConclusionsUsing longitudinal data, the study suggests that good socializing environments tend to impede the transmission of deviance and that bad socializing environments tend to promote the transmission, especially, of criminality. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Borderline personality disorder as seen from an attachment perspective: a review
Authors: De Zulueta Felicity 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that both borderline personality disorder and PTSD can be partly understood as damage to the attachment system. Research on primates has shown how severe are the effects of a damaged attachment system. Distress symptoms produced by separation are similar to those seen in narcotic withdrawal and involve aggressive behaviour. Chronic stress in children can cause dysregulation of the normal stress response and maladaptive brain activities. Secure, avoidant, anxious‐ambivalent attachment in childhood can now be measured. Insecure children show needless aggression; avoidant children can become either abusers or victims. Disorganized attachment is a mixture of avoidant and anxious‐ambivalent behaviour and may lead to adult borderline personality disorder. Patterns of attachment are self‐perpetuating and may be transmitted across generations. PTSD is a syndrome resulting from a terrifying state of helplessness. Its manifestations are similar to those seen with disorganized attachment behaviours. Individuals can appear to cut themselves off from memories and feelings that are too painful to acknowledge. As a result trauma can become organized at a sensory and somatic level which is difficult to change. PTSD appears to alter neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. Traumatogenic stimuli may produce abnormal brain activity and, for example, an inability to speak. ‘Flips’ of mental state have been recorded both in patients who have been through childhood abuse and in borderline patients. The goal of treatment for borderline personality disorder should include the integration of dissociated self‐states. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A review of recent academic literature on the characteristics of patients in British special hospitals
Authors: Williams Paul , Badger Doug , Nursten Jean , Woodward Mark 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundAs part of a systematic search for literature on the epidemiology of mentally disordered offenders, academic papers published between 1989 and 1998 were identified which relate to the characteristics of patients in the four British special hospitals: Broadmoor, Rampton and Ashworth Hospitals in England and the state hospital at Carstairs in Scotland.Aims/MethodThis literature is analysed to provide summaries of findings on prevalence, demographic characteristics, legal categories, psychiatric diagnoses, offences, histories, behaviour within the special hospitals, security needs, and discharge records. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The prevalence and frequency of deliberate self‐harm among male patients in a maximum secure hospital
Authors: Jackson Neil 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAimsThis study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and frequency of deliberate self‐harm (DSH) among male patients in a high security hospital, to determine whether males who harm themselves are younger than those who do not, and to determine whether the legal category of patients distinguished frequency of DSH.BackgroundThis is the first study to examine whether such differences exist to a statistically significant extent among male patients in a maximum secure hospital. Previous studies on such female patients have found that those who engage in DSH are significantly younger and have had significantly shorter length of stay in the institution than those who do not. Additionally, the frequency of DSH by female patients with psychopathic disorder has been found to be significantly greater than that by those with mental illness.MethodNursing daily ward report books were examined on four wards for a 30‐month period.ResultsIn a sample of 127 male patients at Rampton Hospital in England, 24 (19% of the sample) engaged in deliberate self‐harm. In total, 122 incidents of DSH occurred during the study period. Five patients (4% of the sample) contributed 82 incidents between them (67% of the total). Patients who engaged in DSH were significantly younger than those who did not. This was true for the entire sample considered together, regardless of their Mental Health Act (1983) classification and for patients solely with mental illness and those solely with psychopathic disorder. Although the period of time since admission to the hospital was shorter for those who engaged in DSH, it was not so to a significant extent. There were no differences between the frequency of DSH by psychopathic disorder patients and that by those with mental illness. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Diagnosing mental disorders in offenders: conceptual and methodological issues
Authors: Corrado Raymond R. , Cohen Irwin M. , Hart Stephen D. , Roesch Ronald 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundStudies of mentally disordered offenders have defined and measured mental disorder in very different ways. We evaluated the agreement among six different definitions of mental disorder: narrow versus broad definitions based on measures of psychiatric symptoms (the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Overall and Gorham, 1962), syndromes (the Diagnostic Profile; Hart & Hemphill, 1989), and disorders (lifetime diagnoses on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III‐A; Robins and Helzer, 1985).MethodsParticipants were 192 adult men remanded in custody before jail. Each was administered the DIS, the BPRS, and the DP. A number of variables related to adjustment problems in the jail, other mental health issues, and any institutional treatment or any pharmacological treatment for mental health problems were also recorded and analysed.ResultsThe agreement between the symptom‐ and syndrome‐based definitions was moderate, especially for the narrow definitions; furthermore, they yielded similar estimates of prevalence and had similar patterns of associations variables related to institutional security and mental health problems. The disorder‐based definitions, especially the broad, had low agreement with the other definitions, yielded higher prevalence rates, and were associated only weakly with institutional security and mental health problems.DiscussionThese findings highlight the need to pay greater attention to definitional issues in research on mental disordered offenders, and support the usefulness of definitions based on active psychiatric symptoms associated with major mental illnesses. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reconviction of special (high security) hospital patients with personality disorder: its relationship with route of discharge and time at risk
Authors: Jamieson Elizabeth , Davison Sophie , Taylor Pamela J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundFew follow‐up studies of mentally disordered offenders have taken into account time spent in the community at risk of reoffending when calculating reconviction rates.MethodThis small exploratory study examined the effect of discharge destination (community or hospital) on reconviction over a nine‐year period in an annual discharge cohort (1984) of special hospital patients with personality disorder, controlling for time spent ‘at risk’ in the community.ResultsThose discharged directly to the community spent significantly more time at risk in the community during follow‐up but they were no more likely to be reconvicted than those discharged via a less secure hospital.DiscussionOne possible explanation is that less secure hospital units are not specifically equipped to treat people with a personality disorder. Alternatively, clinicians may be correctly identifying patients who are at greater risk of reoffending and thus recommending a more staged rehabilitation back to the community. It was apparent that there are very few official data available about placements following absolute discharge. The implications for this and other studies of this type are discussed. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Some benefits of dichotomization in psychiatric and criminological research
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe product‐moment correlation r is widely used in criminology and psychiatry to measure strength of association. However, most criminological and psychiatric variables contravene its underlying assumptions.AimTo compare statistical measures of association based on dichotomous variables with the use of r.MethodExplanatory variables for delinquency are investigated in the Pittsburgh Youth Study using a sample of 506 boys aged 13–14.ResultsDichotomization does not necessarily cause a decrease in measured strength of associations. Conclusions about the most important explanatory variables for delinquency were not greatly affected by using dichotomous as opposed to continuous variables, by different dichotomization splits, or by using logistic versus OLS multiple regression. Non‐linear relationships, interaction effects and multiple risk factor individuals were easily studied using dichotomous data.ConclusionsDichotomization produces meaningful findings that are easily understandable to a wide audience. Measures of association for dichotomous variables, such as the odds ratio, have many advantages and are often more realistic and meaningful measures of strength of relationship than the product‐moment correlation r. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Maternal filicide: a reformulation of factors relevant to risk
Authors: Simpson Alexander I.F. , Stanton Josephine 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe current classifications of maternal filicide have relied on categorizations based on the immediate antecedents or motivations to the impulse to kill. The most useful outcome of these approaches has been to identify that the neonaticide group differ in terms of their age, demography, relationship profile and motivation from other maternal filicide perpetrators. The remaining groups are diverse and overlapping.MethodFive case summaries are presented which demonstrate the interaction of a number of factors noted in the literature as separate categories of filicide.ResultsMental illness, vulnerability factors, social isolation, and difficulty in forming successful relationships emerged as common themes.ConclusionIt is postulated that only by examining a range of factors including mental state, relationship factors and the impact of developmental experience can a more useful understanding be developed that has clinical relevance and may be of value in risk assessment. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Criminal cognitions and personality: what does the PICTS really measure?
Authors: Egan Vincent , McMurran Mary , Richardson Cathryn , Blair Marie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) is a measure of the criminal cognitions and thinking styles that maintain offending. The scale comprises 8a priorithinking styles and two validation scales, the validation scales having been found to be unreliable. Owing to the large amount of apparently shared variance in the original validation study, this data matrix needs re‐analysis. Results from the PICTS were examined in relation to general measures of individual differences, in order to link the PICTS to the broader literature on the characteristics of offenders.MethodThe original PICTS data‐matrix was re‐analysed using a more parsimonious method of analysis. The PICYS was also given to 54 detained, mentally disordered offenders along with the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory, the Sensation‐Seeking Scale (SSS), the Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA) and, as a measure of general intelligence, the Standard Progressive Matrices.ResultsPrincipal components analysis suggested that the PICTS really comprised two factors: a lack of thoughtfulness (i.e. lack of attention to one's experience), and wilful hostility, with the first factor being most well defined. Intelligence was not associated with any factor of criminal thinking style. High scores on the ADSA and Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility subscales of the SSS were associated with much greater endorsement of criminal sentiments; high Neuroticism, low Extroversion, and low Agreeableness were slightly lower correlates.DiscussionThe issues involved in criminogenic cognitions need clarification and to be linked to the broader literature on cognitive distortions and personality. Interventions targeted at dismantling impulsive destructive behaviour, whether it be thoughtlessness or wilful hostility, may be effected by increasing thinking skills, so breaking down the cognitions that maintain criminal behaviour. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Carotid artery stenting in surgical high‐risk patients
Authors: Halabi Majdi , Gruberg Luis , Pitchersky Sirush , Kouperberg Efim , Nikolsky Eugenia , Hoffman Aharon , Beyar Rafael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent studies have shown that carotid artery angioplasty and stenting may offer a viable alternative for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid artery stenosis, especially in high‐risk patients. We report the results of a prospective single‐center registry designed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting with and without distal protection devices in high‐risk patients. A total of 116 consecutive patients underwent 126 procedures and 127 stents were deployed successfully in 130 lesions. The majority of patients (63%) had restenosis after a prior carotid endarterectomy; 31% were considered to be ineligible for carotid endarterectomy by both the vascular surgeons and the interventional cardiologist and 9% were considered ineligible for surgery due to hostile neck anatomy. Periprocedural and follow‐up evaluation included a thorough independent clinical and neurological assessment. Distal embolic protection devices were used in 44% of all cases. Procedural success was achieved in 122 procedures (97%). The overall rate of in‐hospital major adverse cerebrovascular events (death, stroke, and myocardial infarction) was 2.6%. Event rates in patients with prior carotid endarterectomy were comparable to patients with de novo lesions with 5.2% vs. 2.4% death/stroke at 30 days and 8.3% and 6.6% stroke/death rates at 1 year, respectively. When distal protection devices were used, death/stroke rates were 0% as compared to 4.5% when distal protection was not used (P = NS). However, minor embolic phenomena were observed in both primary and secondary lesions independent of the use of distal protection. These results support the use of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting in high‐risk patients with significant primary or secondary carotid artery stenosis. In both types of lesions, acceptable results justify its use as a valid revascularization method. While clinical embolic events occur in a minority of patients in both lesion types, they are not entirely prevented by distal protection. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct versus Mediated Through‐Space Magnetic Interactions: A First Principles, Bottom‐Up Reinvestigation of the Magnetism of the Pyridyl‐Verdazyl:Hydroquinone Molecular Co‐Crystal
Authors: Jornet Joaquim , Deumal Mercè , Ribas‐Ariño Jordi , Bearpark Michael J. , Robb Michael A. , Hicks Robin G. , Novoa Juan J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe mechanism of the magnetic interaction in the pyridyl‐verdazyl radical:hydroquinone (pyvd:hq) molecular co‐crystal is important as it has been suggested to originate by a unique “mediated through‐space” magnetic interaction. This interaction was proposed to magnetically connect two nonadjacent pyridyl‐verdazyl radicals within a π stack, where adjacent radicals pile up in a head‐over‐tail orientation. The connection is made through a third radical sitting between the previous two mediated radicals. Given the relevance of this proposal, we decided to reinvestigate the magnetic properties of this co‐crystal by using our recently proposed first‐principles “bottom‐up” procedure. Based on B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) and CASSCF(6,6)/6‐31+G(d) calculations (the results of which are identical to those provided by CASSCF(10,10)/6‐31+G(d) calculations), we have computed the microscopic JAB values for all direct through‐space magnetic interactions between nearby pyridyl‐verdazyl radicals. The magnetic interactions give rise to two dominant values of similar strength: −56 and −54 cm−1 at the B3LYP level, which are calculated as −38 and −31 cm−1 at the CASSCF(6,6) and CAS(10,10) levels (all other interactions being smaller than |1| cm−1). The dominant interactions correspond to the direct through‐space interaction between two adjacent radicals of a π stack. The crystal also exhibits a radical‐mediated through‐space interaction of −0.31 cm−1 between two nonadjacent radicals of a π stack. The direct through‐space magnetic interactions are two orders of magnitude larger than the mediated through‐space interaction. Thus, first‐principles calculations do not support a mediated through‐space mechanism to explain the magnetism of the pyvd:hq co‐crystal. The magnetic topology generated by the two dominant antiferromagnetic interactions in the pyvd:hq co‐crystal consists of one‐dimensional (1D) alternating chains (interacting very weakly along the b and c axes). By using this topology, the computed macroscopic magnetic susceptibility curve reproduces the experimental one properly. This first‐principles bottom‐up description of the magnetism in the pyvd:hq co‐crystal differs in some fundamental aspects from that previously proposed in the literature.