bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. III—crop growth
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. Investigations of the influences of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat were carried on at six farms in the Midlothians, Scotland, during the three years 1945–46, 1946–47 and 1947–48.The effects of cultivation treatments on the yields of winter wheat varied with soil type and level of fertility (nutrient status and physical condition). In rich soils, the method of cultivation had little effect on the yield; in the poorer soils yields were reduced if the cultivator was used instead of the plough.2. Of the two types of tillage with a cultivator, i.e. deep and shallow cultivation, the 4‐in. treatment compared more favourably with ploughing as regards crop growth and yield than did the 2‐in. cultivation. In rich soils, the cultivator, working to a depth of 4‐in., could replace the plough for the preparation of seed bed for wheat. In neither season and on neither soil did 2‐in. cultivation compare in growth and yield with ploughing.3. Depth of cultivation had no effect on the date of maturity of the wheat crop nor on the straw/grain ratios.
The determination of nitrogen in agricultural materials by the nessler reagent. I.—preparation of the reagent
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. A modified Nessler reagent in which the ratio HgI2 : KI : NaOH is 1 : 2.2 : 20 is described. It is clear and ready for immediate use and is less susceptible to interference by various cations. Distillation with phosphoric acid was satisfactory for preparing ammonia‐free water. The best range of ammonia‐nitrogen for this determination was from 0 to 100 μg.2. The amount of the reagent used, the time and temperature of colour development, and the acidity of the test solution were critical factors in the accuracy of the determination.3. Many cations interfered with the test to various extents. Among anions tested only arsenite, chromate, cyanide, dichromate and permanganate caused serious interference. Addition of sodium potassium tartrate, which did not alter the effects of anions, generally lessened cation interference.4. With the modified reagent and under the conditions described quantities of ammonia‐nitrogen in the range 0–100 μg. may be determined with an accuracy of 2–3%.
The conversion of collagen to gelatin and their molecular structures
Authors: Ames W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA systematic account is given of the conversion of collagen to gelatin. It is shown that collagen can be converted into two types of gelatin of differing nitrogen content. A study of heat degradation has made it possible to separate the effects of heat and chemical treatment in the preparation of one type. The results have been collated by means of diagrams of molecular structure which lead to useful deductions and suggestions for further investigation.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. I.—preliminary observations on the taste of enzymic protein‐hydrolysates
Authors: Murray T. K. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of various factors such as type of protein, extent of hydrolysis, and nature of enzyme preparation on the development of undesirable flavours in enzymic protein‐hydrolysates has been investigated. Of the proteins studied, gelatin gave the blandest‐tasting product and casein gave the most objectionable one. The type of proteolytic enzyme used was shown markedly to affect the taste of the resulting products. All casein hydrolysates prepared with the various commercial enzymes decreased in palat‐ability during the initial stages of hydrolysis. Three enzyme preparations gave hydrolysates which increased in palatability during the later stages of hydrolysis. The taste of a commercial enzymic casein‐hydrolysate was greatly improved by carbon treatment. An extremely bitter‐tasting fraction containing polypeptides was eluted from the carbon which had been used in the carbon treatment. Acid hydrolysis changed the bitter taste of this fraction to a meaty taste.
Fumigation of agricultural products. III—the effects of high doses of methyl bromide vapour on seed potatoes and on their progeny
Authors: Blackith R. E. , Lubatti O. F. , Page A. B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of high doses of methyl bromide vapour on seed potatoes is described, together with the effects of the fumigant on tubers themselves derived from treated tubers. Three criteria of damage were used : loss in storage, failure of tubers to form plants, and reduction in yield. Losses in storage increase faster than dosage increases; losses of Majestic, Sharpe's Express and Gladstone varieties increase in this order.The fumigation treatments, the pre‐treatments given to the tubers from which those used in these experiments were derived, and the varieties used, all affected the number of plants emerging, and most of their complex interactions were also detectable by this criterion of damage.The influence of the treatments, varietal effects, and the interaction of these two factors on the yields of plants was detectable. The yields were adjusted by a covariance analysis for the number of plants emerging.At least a part of the complex results obtained appear to have arisen from the impurity of the commercial potato varieties used, and some suggestions are offered to account for the remainder.
Fumigation of agricultural products. IV—susceptibility of ‘dressed’ seed potatoes to injury by methyl bromide vapour
Authors: Blackith R. E. , Lubatti O. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn view of the part played by secondary fungal and bacterial attack in enhancing the damage done to seed potato tubers by the vapour of methyl bromide, it was thought advisable to investigate the reactions of tubers dressed with rot‐preventing chemicals.The two dressings chosen were Fusarex, a chlorinated nitro‐benzenoid, chosen for its wide current use, and Aretan, an organo‐mercurial fungicide. Aretan is not much used for tuber dressing, but was included because chemicals of this kind may interact with methyl bromide.No definite influence of either dressing on loss in storage, stand or yield of fumigated or unfumigated tubers could be detected.The seasonal variation in susceptibility of the three varieties used is discussed.
A soil compactometer
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. A soil compactometer with an automatic recording device has been described. It is portable and adaptable to spacings of 6 and 9 inches between the rows, and gives satisfactory results with soils varying from very light to heavy resistances to penetration.2. A survey of the compactometers and penetrometers and their uses has been made. The speed of penetration of the instrument into the soil is considered in relation to the design of machines for accurate measurements.
The requirements for efficient expression of tung oil: Relationship to harvesting conditions
Authors: Cutting C. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperience has shown that a low moisture content in the seed is essential for satisfactory expression of the oil. The greater size of tung seed compared with other oil seeds led to experiments with both whole seeds and disintegrated meal, but similar conclusions were reached with both types of feed. Determination of the equilibrium moisture contents of tung seed under the usual atmospheric conditions of Nyasaland showed that the accepted estate methods of harvesting could be improved, resulting in higher yields of oil being expressed from the seed.
The determination of ascorbic acid in canned foods containing ferrous iron
Authors: Parkinson T. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterference by ferrous iron in the determination of ascorbic acid in canned foods can be eliminated by passing an oxalic acid extract through the cation‐exchange resin Zeo‐Karb 215.This method has given satisfactory results when tested on a number of canned food products. The average recovery of pure ascorbic acid added to extracts of iron‐contaminated canned foods was 97%, and the results showed less scatter than those obtained by another method. With citrus juices that were deliberately contaminated by iron, recovery of the natural ascorbic acid was not less than 95%.Results obtained by this method for the ascorbic acid contents of canned foods were generally in good agreement with those obtained on the same samples by another method based on a different principle.
Methods for determining peroxide in lipids
Authors: Lea C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative efficiencies of three methods for the determination of peroxide oxygen in fatty materials have been compared using methyl oleate, linoleate and linolenate oxidized under standard conditions to known oxygen‐absorptions. The iodometric method indicated the conversion of 71–91% of the oxygen absorbed to peroxy‐compounds, but the ferric thiocyanate and 2: 6‐dichlorophenolindophenol methods both gave abnormally high results in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, and values which were obviously too low in its absence.Nevertheless, the aerobic ferric thiocyanate method shows excellent reproducibility, requires much less material than the iodometric method, and under any one set of conditions gives results which appear to be directly proportional to the iodometric values.The 2: 6‐dichlorophenolindophenol method behaved similarly in most respects to the ferric thiocyanate method, but reproducibility appeared to be poorer and interference by atmospheric oxygen and by traces of copper when present was more marked.
The relative rates of release of potassium, calcium, and magnesium from soils during electrodialysis
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative rates of release during electrodialysis of potassium, calcium and magnesium from field soils, from single‐base soils containing the three cations separately, and from a soil saturated with, equivalent amounts of all three cations, were studied. In all cases potassium was released much more rapidly than either calcium or magnesium. Potassium fertilization of the soil resulted in a quicker release not only of potassium but also of calcium and magnesium. The rates of release of calcium and magnesium were similar from single‐base soils, but the presence of potassium and calcium depressed the rate of release of magnesium. There was little difference in the relative rates of removal of the three bases during leaching of the triple‐base soil with ammonium acetate. The relatively easy release of potassium is possibly connected with the ‘luxury consumption’ of potassium by plants.
Studies on commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide (Schradan). V.—Insecticidal Comparisons of the Two Main Constituents
Authors: Lickerish L. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolutions of pure octamethylpyrophosphoramide, (Me2N)4 P2O3, and of a mixture of this insecticide with its higher homologue (Me2N)5P3O5, were sprayed on plants and the insecticidal effects were compared. Three species of aphids were used on chrysanthemum plants, and two species on Windsor bean seedlings.The different insect species showed not only different levels of susceptibility to the insecticides and different relationship between dosage and response, but also different relative effects between the two insecticide samples. In particular, the mixture containing (Me2N)5P3O5 was found more toxic or less toxic than pure (Me2N)4P2O3, according to the insects used for testing.In all cases, the insecticidal activity of the mixture was greater than would be expected from its content of (Me2N)4P2O3, alone; it is concluded that the higher homologue is itself an insecticide of the same order of toxicity as (Me2N)4P2O3, but rather more or less toxic than this according to the insects used for testing.
The component glycerides of stillingia oil
Authors: Crossley A. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe glycerides of stillingia oil have been studied by resolution into a series of fractions by crystallization from acetone. Deca‐2: 4‐dienoic acid, which forms about 8% (mol.) of the total acids of the oil, is shown to occur almost exclusively as monodecadienoic di‐C18‐polyethenoid glycerides with the short‐chain acyl group in the β‐or symmetrical position. The chief constituents of the oil are linoleodilinolenins, decadienolinoleolinolenins and decadieno‐dilinolenins, with lesser proportions of saturated‐linoleolinolenins, saturated‐dilinolenins, oleolinoleolinolenins and oleodilinolenins. Owing to the presence of the decadienoic acid (8%) with linolenic acid (51%) and linoleic acid (22%), the total proportion of tripolyethenoid glycerides (95%) in the oil is greater than in linseed oil and comparable with that in conophor oil. This accounts for the relative behaviour of stillingia oil and linseed oil as drying oils in paint films.
Through‐circulation drying of seaweed I.Laminaria cloustoni stiple
Authors: Gradner R. G. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying characteristics of freshly harvested seaweed stipe of the speciesLaminaria cloustonihave been investigated in a laboratory through‐circulation drier. The stipes, with a water content of 83‐86%, were cut on a bacon slicer into discs 1/8‐in. thick by I‐I 1/4. in. diameter.Experiments on the effect of interruption of drying, initial water content, and repeatability established the experimental procedure before studying the principal factors. Variables studied were bed depth (0‐5‐7 in), air temperature (120–340° F.), air wet‐bulb depression (44‐228° F.) and air velocity [3‐9.5 lb./(sq. ft.)(min.)], slice thickness (1/165 to 1/16 in.) with an experiment on agitation. Static pressure drops of air passing through beds of dried and wet stipe slices were also investigated.As the initial drying rates of the seaweed beds were virtually constant, the value of this constant rate has been correlated with the drying factors. Drying times between water content limits of 5 to 0‐15 lb, of water/lb. of bone‐dry solids have been related by empirical equations to the drying conditions.It has been demonstrated that the drying rates of seaweed beds at average water contents of 5 to 0‐2 lb./lb. of bone‐dry solids are directly proportional to the wet‐bulb depression of the air, and a unit wet‐bulb depression evaporation coefficient may be used to find approximate drying times and rates.Tests showed that static beds of seaweed stipe were scorched at temperatures of 250° F. or higher.Factors to be considered in the design of a continuous through‐circulation drier for stipe are given.
The fixed oil from the seeds of carum copticum benth. (Ptychotis Ajowan)
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Osman S. M. , Ahmad M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fixed oil from the seeds of Carum co‐pticum Benth. of Indian origin has been analysed and the composition of its fatty acids determined by fractionation and thiocyanometric methods. Petroselinic acid has been found to be the major component of the fatty acids; linolenic acid and any saturated acid other than palmitic are absent.
Chemical aspects of thermal damage to the nutritive value of vegetable oils. I.—Formation of intrapolymeric glycerides during heat polymerization of linseed and soya‐bean oils
Authors: Wiseblatt L. , Wells A. F. , Common R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObservations on the nutritionally deleterious effects of heat‐polymerized vegetable oils and various fractions of them prompted an examination of the chemical nature of the products of polymerization. Analytical data for linseed and soya‐bean oils and for stand oils prepared from them are reported. The data suggest that linolenic acid reacts in a selective manner during thermal polymerization of linseed oil until the concentration of linolenic acid is greatly reduced. The relationship between content of polymeric acyl radicals and mean molecular weights of heated linseed and soya‐bean oils is discussed in connexion with the existence of intrapolymers. The refractive indices of heated linseed and soya‐bean oils bear a linear relationship to their content of dimeric acyl radicals. This provides a simple method of polymerizing to a desired content of dimeric acids.
Through‐circulation drying of seaweed II.—Laminaria cloustoni frond
Authors: Gardner R. G. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying characteristics of freshly harvested Laminaria cloustoni frond have been investigated in a through‐circulation drier.Drying factors investigated were bed depth (0.5‐4 in.), particle size (minced and shredded), air velocity [3‐7 lb./(sq. ft.) (min.)], air temperature (130–220° F), air wet‐bulb depression (53‐123° F), and the seasonal variation of drying times. In most of the tests reported, the fronds were minced before drying.The general effect of air velocity, air temperature and humidity on the drying time is similar to that for L. cloustoni stipe, and a comparison test showed that minced frond dried slightly faster than the shredded material. Drying rates of frond beds at average water contents of 2.5‐0.2 lb./lb. (dry basis) have been found to be directly proportional to the wet‐bulb depressions of the air.
Note on recent changes in the A.O.A.C. method for the assay of pyrethrins
Authors: Mitchell Wm. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperimental evidence is advanced to show that the changes recently adopted1 in the A.O.A.C.* (7th Edition) method2 for the assay of pyrethrins† were an improvement; and that their subsequent official cancellation is unfortunate and should be reconsidered.
The mineralization of nitrogen in a soil acidified with sulphur, aluminium sulphate or ferrous sulphate
Authors: Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mineralization of nitrogen in a soil which had been acidified to different degrees by applying sulphur, aluminium sulphate or ferrous sulphate at three equivalent rates was studied. With low and medium applications of the acidifying materials pH was reduced to a similar extent at each rate by all materials, but with heavy applications sulphur had the least potent, and ferrous sulphate the most potent, effect in reducing pH. During incubation of the treated soils in the absence of added chalk, nitrate and total mineral nitrogen (ammonia plus nitrate) accumulation decreassed, whereas ammonia accumulation increased, with the amount of acidifying agent used. When the acidified soils were incubated with excess of added chalk, nitrate accumulation returned to normal, except where heavy application of sulphur and ferrous sulphate had been made; total mineral‐nitrogen accumulation returned to normal, except where heavy ferrous sulphate application had been made; and ammonia accumulation occurred only where heavy ferrous sulphate application had been made.
The separation of glyceride concentrates from natural fats by crystallization from solvents
Authors: Cama J. S. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe limits of experimental accuracy of systematic crystallization of fats and fatty oils from solvents as a method of determining glyceride constitution are critically considered. Examination of artificial fat mixtures of approximately known composition prepared from concentrates of various types of mixed glycerides has given results generally accordant with the proportions of glyceride categories known to be present. More conclusive evidence of the validity of the crystallization procedure is, however, to be gathered, from the facts (a) that the trisaturated glyceride content of a fat is the same, whether it is determined chemically (by removal of all unsaturated glycerides by permanganate‐acetone oxidation) or physically (by crystallization); and (b) that the amount of a simple triglyceride (e.g. trisaturated, triolein, trilinolein etc.) in a seed fat, determined by the crystallization procedure, is related to the proportion of the acid concerned (e.g. saturated, oleic, linoleic etc.) in the total fatty acids of the fat in a perfectly regular manner, irrespective of the nature of the acid concerned (saturated or unsaturated).
Acacia Mollissima Willd. III.—The purification of native black‐wattle wood lignin
Authors: Enslin P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn adsorption chromatographic method for the separation of isolated native black‐wattle wood lignin from impurities such as tannins and phlobaphenes is described. The pure native lignin is characterized by its elementary analysis, methoxyl content, molecular weight, ultra‐violet and infra‐red absorption spectra and behaviour on paper chromato‐grams. The results of nitrobenzene oxidation indicate that the lignin is of the guaiacyl‐syringyl type.
Sulphur in soils. I.—Determination of readily soluble sulphates in soil
Authors: Little R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review is given of techniques proposed for the determination of sulphates in soils. Classical methods for sulphate determination are not, in general, suitable for determining readily soluble sulphates in soils. Sulphate in a 0.001N‐hydrochloric acid extract of soil (40 g. of soil in 100 ml. of acid) can be directly titrated with 0‐02N‐barium chloride by using sodium rhodizonate as an internal indicator. Bromocresol purple used to screen the rhodizonate indicator increases the sensitivity and the ease of detection of the end‐point. The method is simple, rapid and free from serious interference. Results were within the limits of ± 0.5 mg. of SO4 per 100 g. of soil for soils having a sulphate content of about 10 mg. of SO4 per 100 g. of soil; from soils of higher sulphate content, errors amounting to less than 5% can be expected. The method is applicable to soils of a wide range of organic matter and sulphate contents.
The correlation of easily soluble phosphorus in soils with responses of crops to dressings of phosphate fertilizers
Authors: Cooke G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen sufficient numbers of soils are examined empirical determination of easily soluble soil phosphate can be used to forecast crop responses to fertilizer dressings. Correlations between soil analyses and crop behaviour fail for individual soils and the causes have been examined.Dilute acids dissolve relatively large quantities of phosphate from some soils where crops respond to phosphate fertilizers owing to (1) dissolution of iron and aluminium phosphates, which are useless to crops, (2) use of too much solvent, (3) use of an unsuitable solvent and (4) dissolution of phosphate from the interior of particles of calcium carbonate in calcareous soils.Other soils contain very little phosphate soluble in dilute acid but, nevertheless, crops grown on them do not respond to phosphate fertilizers. In such cases crop growth may be limited by some other factor, such as drought. Phosphate dissolved by dilute acids is immediately reprecipitated by some soils; the extent of such reactions may be estimated by repeated extractions in the presence of added phosphate. Most mineral soils in eastern England fix very little phosphate during acid extraction, but fen soils and ferruginous soils may fix considerable amounts.Changes in the amounts of soil phosphate that are soluble in dilute acid may occur when air‐dried soils are stored. Such changes are accentuated by incubating moist soils with or without calcium hydroxide. Incubation experiments may be used to forecast increases in dilute‐acid‐soluble phosphate that occur during the growing period of a crop and changes which occur in easily soluble phosphate when acid soils are limed. Incubation with lime was used to measure reserves of soil phosphorus that were easily converted into forms soluble in dilute acids; such measurements were more satisfactory than simple extraction with dilute acid in relating crop responses and soil‐phosphorus status in one group of field experiments.