bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressor T cells in low zone tolerance I. Mode of action of suppressor cells
Authors: Stumpf R. , Heuer J. , Kölsch E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow zone tolerance (LZT) to bacteriophage fd seems to be a type of tolerance which is primarily caused by suppressor T cells. The aim of this paper is to analyze their mode of action. For the induction of antigen‐specific suppressor cells in hydrocortisone pre treated CBA mice, we use tolerogenic and immunogenic doses of antigen. Suppressor activity can be demonstrated upon transfer of spleen cells into normal syngeneic mice. After immunization these animals are unable to produce IgG antibody against phage fd, whereas the IgM response is not suppressed. The half‐life of transferred suppressor cells in nonimmunized animals is 5–6 weeks. The target of suppression are unprimed T helper cells, whereas primed helper cells cannot be blocked. T helper cells become ‘resistant’ to suppression 18–3 6 h after contact with antigen. Differentiation from unprimed B into B memory cells is unaffected, yet under suppression conditions persisting B memory cells are blocked in IgG production. The experimental data are incorporated into a model of LZT.
Analysis of the antigenic structure of the thymocyte surface membrane by heterologous anti‐thymocyte serum
Authors: Arndt R. , Thiele H.‐G. , Stark Rosemarie , Wottge H.‐U. , Müller‐Ruchholtz W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe surface membrane of rat thymocytes and lymph node cells was analyzed by comparing the capability of different rat cell types and of solubilized and chromatographically separated rat thymocyte membrane fractions to absorb cytotoxic antibodies on rat thymocytes and lymph node cells from a heterologous anti‐rat thymocyte serum. The experiments described cause distinct antigenic specificities of the thymocyte membrane to be brought into relationship to structures of defined physico‐chemical properties, and thus are an approach of a thymocyte cell surface mapping in antigenic as well as in molecular terms. Furthermore, the data presented allow conclusions on the distribution pattern of single antigenic determinants on different cells or tissues used as absorbents and target cells.
The induction of specific resistance in F1 hybrid rats to local graft‐vs.‐host reactions: nature of the eliciting cell
Authors: Woodland R.T. , Wilson D.B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA specific state of resistance to local graft‐vs.‐host (GVH) reactions can be induced in F1 hybrid rats, derived from Ag‐B incompatible matings, as a consequence of inoculation with low numbers of parental strain lymphocytes. The magnitude of GVH resistance is markedly and directly dependent upon the number of parental strain lymphocytes used in the pretreatment regimen. The relevant constituents of the resistance‐inducing parental cell population are thymus‐derived (T) lymphocytes possessing immunologic competence for host alloantigens. B cells, themselves incapable of inducing GVH resistance, adversely effect the induction or display of this effect by T cells.
Separation of cells with different histocompatibility (H‐2) antigens by passage through cellular immunoadsorbent columns
Authors: Dalianis Tina , Andersson B. , Klein G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe anti‐Ig column technique of Wigzell et al. (Scand. J. Immunol. 1972. 1: 75) was adapted to the separation of mouse cells with different H‐2 antigens. Fractionation was achieved by a two‐step procedure: first the cells were treated with anti‐H‐2 sera, and thereafter passed over anti‐mouse Ig columns. Antibody‐coated cells were selectively retained in the anti‐Ig column. The method could be applied to the separation of normal mouse lymphocytes or lymphoma cells with different H‐2 antigen complexes and for the selective isolation of H‐2 loss variants from a mouse carcinoma/fibroblast hybrid.
The induction of hapten‐specific T cell tolerance using hapten‐modified lymphoid membranes II. Relative roles of suppressor T cells and clone inhibition in the tolerant state
Authors: Miller S.D. , Sy M.‐S. , Claman H.N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cellular nature and specificity of suppressor cells and the mechanisms of tolerance to 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐l‐fluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice was investigated. Mice tolerized with hapten‐modified self membrane, i.e. dinitrophenylated spleen cells (DNP‐SC), generated suppressor cells as shown by their ability to transfer unresponsiveness to normal animals. Such suppressor cells were specific for DNFB as they did not interfere with sensitization of normal animals with 2,4,6‐trinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene (picryl chloride). These suppressor cells were of the thymus‐derived lymphocyte (T cell) lineage as (a) their activity was abolished by treatment with anti‐Θ serum plus complement, and (b) these cells could not be raised in T cell‐deprived mice. Kinetic studies of the development of tolerance showed discrepancies between the rate of induction of unresponsiveness in the donor (“phenotypic” tolerance) and the ability to transfer tolerance. One day after receiving 5 × 10 DNP‐SC mice were phenotypically tolerant but could not serve as the donors of suppressor cells. 7 days after tolerization with DNP‐SC mice were still fully tolerant and also contained suppressor cells, which were no longer demonstrable 14 days after tolerization when mice were still phenotypically tolerant. The ability to transfer tolerance was eliminated by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy). We postulate that two independent mechanisms of tolerance occur after tolerization with DNP‐SC ‐ the rapid induction of clone inhibition and the slower, transient induction of suppressor T cells. Cy had no effect on clone inhibition but eliminated the precursors of suppressor T cells.
A heterophile carbohydrate moiety common to mammalian IgM and erythrocytes detected by chicken IgM antibody
Authors: Ivanyi J. , Strudwick Linda , Makings C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSequential treatment of chicken lymphocytes with normal sheep serum (NSS), chicken antiserum against sheep erythrocytes (SE) and formaldehyde results in rosette formation with SE. The identity of reactive components and the mechanism of rosette formation has been elucidated. The binding activity of NSS to chicken lymphocytes was ascribed to “natural” IgM anti‐species antibodies. Subsequently, chicken IgM anti‐SE antibody reacted with sheep IgM bound to the lymphocyte surface, and, following formaldehyde fixation, rosettes were formed by the addition of SE. The reaction of chicken anti‐SE antibody was competitively inhibited with a hog blood group substance suggesting that it had binding specificity for a carbohydrate moiety which is shared by sheep IgM and SE. This specificity represented only a fraction of the bulk of chicken IgM anti‐SE antibodies and was not manifested by antibodies of the IgG class. The analysis by the above‐described “sandwich rosette assay” was extended to chicken antisera against horse, rat and mouse red cells and to normal sera from these species. Cross‐matching of chicken antisera, with the normal sera and red cells from the tested species revealed a distinct pattern of cross‐reactivities. These results imply that the saccharide epitope which is shared by IgM and red cells has a wide distribution between various mammalian species and may be classified as a new system of heterophile antigens.
Genetic control of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in inbred, H‐2 congenic and intra‐H‐2 recombinant strains of mice
Authors: Fachet J. , Andó I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDelayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to 2‐phenyl‐4‐ethoxymethylene‐5‐oxazolone (oxazolone) was found to be under multigenic control in inbred, H‐2 congenic and intra‐H‐2 recombinant strains of mice. A high response was associated with haplotypes H‐2d,a,k and low response with haplotype H‐2b.DTH to oxazolone was high or intermediate in different F1 hybrids of high and low responder mice. In F2 and backcross generations a higher response was associated with the “dd”, than with the “bb” phenotype, while intermediate response was found in the heterozygote “db” mice.A study of H‐2 recombinant strains suggests that a gene controlling the DTH response maps in the I‐B subregion of the H‐2 complex. The response was significantly modified by gene(s) which are not linked to the H‐2 complex and have not been mapped.Since congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice did not respond to oxazolone, this contact sensitivity is belived to be a T cell‐dependent immune response.
Evaluation of the possible role of B cell receptors in the tendency of B cells to migrate into follicles in mice and chickens*
Authors: De Kruyff Rosemarie H. , Ponzio N.M. , Jeanette Thorbecke G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChicken spleen and bursa cells were examined for the percentage of Fc receptor‐bearing cells. Rosette formation was done with chicken 7S antibody‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes and was inhibited by heat‐aggregated chicken Ig. In the spleen, the percentage was found to increase with age to ∼ 26 % at 7 to 12 weeks. In contrast, only 3 to 5 % of bursa cells at this age demonstrated Fc receptors. Spleens from bursectomized chickens had 7–10 % Fc receptor‐bearing cells.In an attempt to determine a possible role of the C3 receptor on migration patterns, the effect of cobra venom factor (CVF) on the localization of transferred lymphoid cells was examined. Pretreatment of recipients with enough CVF to lower mean C3 levels to 11 % of controls failed to affect follicular B cell localization in mice at either 24 or 48 h after transfer. Localization of thymus or bursa cells in chickens was similarly unaffected by CVF pretreatment.The possible roles of Fc and C3 receptors on migration of B lymphocytes into follicles and germinal centers were discussed.
Immunofluorescent detection of differentiation alloantigens (CA1) in the chicken
Authors: Galton Jane , Ivanyi J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphoid cell surface alloantigens were detected by a triple‐layer immunofluorescence technique. An antiserum raised against B locus‐incompatible lymphoid cells also reacted with previously undefined differentiation antigens (CA1) which segregated between B locus homozygous (B14/B14) chickens of the same strain as the antiserum donor. CAl‐positive chickens reacted with the antiserum by agglutination of red cells and staining of all peripheral lymphocytes and thymocytes but not bursal cells. Cross‐absorption experiments have demonstrated that antigens expressed by red cells, T cells (both thymic and peripheral) and B cells (peripheral only) respectively, were of distinct specificity.
Ontogeny of the antibody‐forming cell line in mice
Authors: Rosenberg Yvonne J. , Cunningham A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA role for antigen in the generation of fully mature splenic type B cells has been shown. In adoptive transfer experiments, cells from bone marrow or fetal liver required a longer period to give an anti‐sheep red blood cell plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response than those from spleen. This delay was not overcome by allowing the cells a 7‐day sojourn in the irradiated host before antigen challenge. A two‐stage protocol was designed in which the in vivo generation of fully mature cells could be measured by their ability to give PFC in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated cultures in vitro. These experiments showed that a critical factor which influences the final differentiation of bone marrow or fetal liver cells into mature, splenic type B cells is exposure to antigen.
Functional development of the interacting cells in the immune response
Authors: Russell J. L. , Golub E. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeonatal splenectomy and congenital absence of the spleen were shown to be associated with lack of primary IgM antibody synthesis, deficient bone marrow‐thymus cell synergism, altered mitogen responsiveness and depressed homing patterns of thymocytes to the spleen. Using congenitally asplenic animals, altered B‐T cell cooperation was manifest at the T cell but not B cell level. This correlated with the ability of thymus cells from either congenitally asplenic or neonatally splenectomized (NSx) animals to respond to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide although there were no detectable Ig+ cells present. To determine the role played by the spleen in the development of T cell function, NSx animals were given either irradiated or normal spleen grafts. Both irradiated and unirradiated grafts restored normal B‐T cooperation and normal mitogenic responses of thymus cells. However, neither type of spleen graft was successful in restoring normal homing patterns to the spleen. It is concluded that the splenic microenvironment influences T cell maturation very early in life and that only some of the effects attributable to the absence of the spleen can be reversed by the reintroduction of this tissue as a graft.
Interaction between IgE complexes and macrophages in the rat: a new mechanism of macrophage activation
Authors: Capron A. , Dessaint J. ‐P. , Joseph M. , Rousseaux Roselyne , Capron Monique , Bazin H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn earlier studies we found that normal rat macrophages, preincubated at 37°C with the serum of syngeneic rats immune to Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomules whereas no significant adherence was induced with serum from normal rat. Using51 chromium release assay, it now proved that immune serum‐incubated macrophages lysed the schistosomules in 18 h. Absorption experiments and ultracentrifugation of the immune serum showed that immune complexes containing specific IgE antibody against S. mansoni and soluble parasite antigens induced macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Using various labeling techniques, the binding of aggregated rat IgE to the macrophage surface at 37°C is evident in conditions where endocytosis is negligible. The binding of immune complexes containing IgE antibody to S. mansoni elicits dramatic ultra structural changes in the macrophage and an increase of its lysosomal enzymes together with specific lytic activity for the schistosomules. The parallel development of immune serum‐induced macrophage adherence or cytotoxicity with the level of circulating IgE antibody to the parasite in correlation with the development of immunity in the rat, suggests that this new mechanism of macrophage activation could play a role in immune effector mechanisms against S. mansoni. Therefore, IgE acts as a humoral mediator of cellular immunity.
Short Papers
Authors: Besedovsky H. , Sorkin E. , Felix D. , Haas H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune system is subject to an array of identified autoregulatory processes, but immunoregulation may also have a further basis in a network of immune‐neuroendocrine interactions. Two antigens each produced an increase of more than 100 % in electrical activity of individual neurones in the ventromedial but not in the anterior nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Animals that failed to respond to antigen manifested no increase in the firing rate. These findings constitute the first evidence for a flow of information from the activated immune system to the hypothalamus, suggesting that the brain is involved in the immune response.
Cellular events in protein‐tolerant inbred rats
Authors: Bell E. B. , Shand F. L. , Gradwell Susan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of immunogens to maintain or extend a state of unresponsiveness was investigated in unbred rats using a human serum albumin (HSA) model of tolerance. Rats initially challenged with immunogen within two weeks of high or low dose tolerance induction by tolerogen (soluble HSA) remained hypore‐sponsive even a year and a half later and in some cases became less responsive following a subsequent challenge. An inhibitory effect of immunogen on escape from tolerance was formally demonstrated: in comparison with an unchallenged group, tolerant rats which received a second immunogen challenge 6 months after the first, synthesized less antibody; this antibody underwent a gradual decline in affinity after each challenge which suggested that higher avidity B cells were progressively lost. In addition, immunogen‐maintained tolerant rats (a) had demonstrable helper T cell activity among their thoracic duct lymphocytes on adoptive transfer, (b) did not produce a significant increase in antibody synthesis after receiving peripheral T cells and (c) provided no evidence that suppressor cells were playing a role. The results suggested that the mechanisms of tolerance induction by tolerogen and tolerance maintenance by immunogen are fundamentally different.
In vitro studies on H‐2‐linked unresponsiveness to synthetic polypeptides
Authors: Howie Sarah , Feldmann Marc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro production, assay and partial characterization of an extremely potent antigen‐specific T helper cell factor to poly‐L‐(Tyr, Glu)‐poly‐DL‐Ala‐poly‐L‐Lys [(T, G)‐A–L] which may be an important physiological mediator of T cell function in vivo is described. The factor has an antigen‐binding site, Ia and Ig‐like determinants on the same molecular complex. The response to (T, G)‐A‐L is under H‐2‐linked Ir gene control, some but not all low responder haplotypes will produce the factor.
Influence of molecular structure on the tolerogenicity of bacterial dextrans
Authors: Howard J. G. , Moreno C. , Hale Christine , Vicari G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDextran B1355 induces separate IgM responses in mice against its α(l→3) and a(l→6)‐linked glucosyl linkages. The maximum injectable dose (10 mg) produces α(l→3) immunity and α(l→6) tolerance in the BALB/c strain. The same amount will tolerize the CBA strain for both epitopes, whereas 1 mg will produce α(l→3) tolerance and α(l→6) immunity. The converse dissociation in these strains between tolerance and immunity to the two intrinsic epitopes of dextran B1355 seems, in the face of the corresponding minimum immunogenic doses, incompatible with B cell tolerance mechanisms invoking either an excess of “one nonspecific signal” or lack of a “second signal”.A basis was sought for the exceptional resistance of BALB/c mice to α(l→3) tolerization, for dextran B1355 behaved like a typical polysaccharide antigen in the CBA strain. The induction time for α(l→3) tolerance in CBA was even shorter (<6 h) than that for α(l→6), and the unresponsive state was as stable on cell transfer as α(l→6) tolerance in either strain. Macrophage involvement in this strain difference had been previously sought but not found (Immunology 1976. 30: 221.). Although BALB/c mice are “high responders” for the α( l→3) epitope, the B cell clone did not show any superior capacity to regenerate. Indeed, the slow recovery of responsiveness to both epitopes in bone marrow‐reconstituted, irradiated mice was notably prolonged in the case of BALB/c.PFC inhibition by oligosaccharides of the nigerose series revealed that the α(l→3) response corresponded to at least a tetrasaccharide determinant in CBA but to only a trisaccharide in BALB/c. As B cells specific for isomalto‐tetraose have a higher tolerance dose threshold than those for isomaltohexa‐ose (Immunochemistry 1977. 14: 253), it seems probable that genetic resistance of BALB/c to α(l→3) tolerance depends on recognition of a relatively small epitope which could involve instability of binding between polysaccharide and B cell receptors.
Accessory cell dependence of lectin‐induced proliferation of mouse T lymphocytes
Authors: Habu S. , Raff M. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse lymph node cells were exposed to carbonyl iron and a magnet to remove phagocytic cells, and passed over Sephadex G‐10 and nylon wool and incubated for 12 h on plastic to remove adherent cells and their precursors. More than 99 % of the cells in this macrophage‐depleted population (which constituted 3‐5 % of the starting population) were Thy‐1+ and Ly‐1+, while less than 2 % were Ly‐2+. These cells usually did not synthesize detectable amounts of DNA when cultured with concanavalin A and responded poorly to phytohemagglutinin. These proliferative responses were completely reconstituted by small numbers of syngeneic or allogeneic peritoneal cells, purified peritoneal macrophages or cells from tertiary cultures of mouse embryo ‘fibroblasts’, but not by 3T3 cells, P815 mastocytoma cells or Nulli SCC‐1 embryonal carcinoma cells, or by 2‐mercaptoethanol. The reconstituting peritoneal cells were Thy‐1−, Ia+ and present in nu/nu mice; although they had to be alive to reconstitute, they did not have to divide. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that T cell proliferation induced by lectins, like that induced by antigens, may involve the dual recognition of stimulating ligand in association with major histocompatibility complex (la) determinants.
Are “hidden” genes for immunoglobulin allotypes of rabbit heavy and light chains expressed upon hyper‐immunization?
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Rejnek J. , Young‐Cooper Glendowlyn O. , Alexander C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe question of whether genes for some Ig‐allotypic forms may be “hidden” in the genome was investigated by hyperimmunization of 36 allotypically pedigreed rabbits with a vaccine of Micrococcus luteus (Micrococcus lysodeikticus). Since Strosberg et al. (J. Immunol 1974.113: 1313) have reported that such hyperimmunization elicited expression of a third “allele” at two different loci (a2 and b6 in a rabbit whose original phenotype was ala3b4b5), we wished to determine whether their immunization protocol would reproducibly elicit expression of “hidden” allotypes. None of the 36 immunized rabbits developed elevated expression of an unexpected allotype during the 7‐38 weeks of immunization and bleeding. However, we did observe elevated expression of unusual variable regions. In particular, a cross‐reaction between some VH region gene products produced by al rabbits, and the majority of VH products of a2 rabbits was detected with anti‐a2 antisera made in a3a3 but not in a1a1 or a1a3 rabbits. There is a small percentage of Ig molecules in a1a1 rabbits whose V regions contain an antigenic determinant also present on most or all a2 molecules of rabbits. A similar determinant is also found on Ig of related genera (Lepus and Sylvilagus) Expression of this population was elevated during immunization of an a1a3 rabbit with Micrococcus. In immunodiffusion, a reaction of partial identity was observed. In hemagglutination inhibition, the reaction of a3 anti‐a2 with homologous a2 was not inhibitable by the cross‐reacting component. Anti‐a2 antisera made in a3 rabbits could be depleted of cross‐reactive antibody by absorption with insolubilized sera from normal al rabbits but not by insolubilized a3 sera. Radioautography of isoelectric focusing plates overlayed with a3 anti‐a2 antibodies which had been affinity‐purified and radiolabeled, revealed distinct spectrotypes in sera from al rabbits that carried the cross‐reacting VH determinants.