bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus in field crops of lettuce and pepper: spatial dynamics and validation of control measures
Authors: COUTTS B A , THOMAS‐CARROLL M L , JONES R A C 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPatterns of spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were examined in lettuce and pepper plantings into which thrips vectors spread the virus from external virus sources. These plantings were: 1) seven separate field trials into which TSWV ‘infector’ plants of tomato were introduced alongside or near to plantings of lettuce or pepper, and 2) three commercial lettuce plantings into which spread from nearby external infection sources was occurring naturally. The vector thrips species were Frankliniella occidentalis, F. schnitzel and Thrips tabaci, at least two of which were always present. Spatial data for plants with TSWV infection collected at different stages in the growing period were assessed by plotting gradients of infection, and using Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) and maps of spatial pattern. Despite the persistent nature of TSWV transmission by thrips vectors, in both lettuce and pepper plantings there was a steep decline in TSWV incidence with distance from external infection sources that were alongside them. The extent of clustering increased over time and was greatest closest to the source. The relationship between percentage infection and assessment date suggested that spread was predominantly monocyclic with only limited polycyclic spread. Development of isolated clusters of infected plants distant from TSWV sources within both crops was consistent with only limited polycyclic spread. Spread to lettuce was greater downwind than upwind of virus source, with magnitude and proximity of source determining the amount of spread. When 15 m wide fallow or non‐host (cabbage) barriers separated TSWV sources from lettuce plantings, spread was slower and there was much less clustering with the latter. In commercial lettuce plantings, spread was favoured by TSWV movement within successive side‐by‐side plantings. The spatial data from the diverse scenarios examined enabled recommendations to be made over ‘safe’ planting distances between external infection sources of different magnitudes and susceptible crops that were short‐lived (e.g. lettuce) or long‐lived (e.g. pepper). They also helped validate the inclusion of isolation and ‘safe’ planting distances, planting upwind, prompt removal of virus sources, avoidance of side‐by‐side plantings, and deploying intervening non‐host barrier crops as control measures within an integrated disease management strategy for TSWV in field vegetable crops.
The effects of banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, damage on highland banana growth, yield and stand duration in Uganda
Authors: GOLD C S , KAGEZI G H , NIGHT G , RAGAMA P E 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA trial to determine yield losses in East African highland banana (cv. Atwalira) to banana weevil was run between 1994 and 2001 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's Sendusu Farm in Namulonge, Uganda. Banana weevil adults were released into weevil‐infestation plots, while weevils were excluded from controls by trapping and later application of chlorpyrifos. Weevil migration and reproduction in control plots reduced treatment differences in damage during the first 3 yr. Thereafter, weevil damage was heavy in infested plots and negligible in controls. High levels of weevil attack resulted in reduced bunch weights, plant losses, mat disappearance and fewer harvested bunches, with estimated yield losses averaging 42% over the final 4 yr of the trial. The data confirm the importance of banana weevil as an important production constraint of highland banana and support farmer reports that banana weevil attack contributes to shortened plantation life.
Influences of preceding cover crops on slug damage and biological control using Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Authors: VERNAVÁ M N , PHILLIPS‐AALTEN P M , HUGHES L A , ROWCLIFFE H , WILTSHIRE C W , GLEN D M 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn a replicated field experiment, ryegrass, vetch and red clover were grown or the soil was kept bare over a 2–month period in summer to compare the effects of these treatments on slug damage to the following crop (Chinese cabbage) and on the efficacy of nematodes (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) applied as biological control agents to the soil at planting time to protect this crop. Slug damage was significantly (c. two times) greater after red clover or vetch than after ryegrass. Damage on plots without cover crop was intermediate and not significantly different from either extreme. Slug damage was reduced by about one‐third by the nematode treatment. The preceding cover crop did not influence nematode efficacy. Numbers of slugs on harvested plants (mainly Deroceras reticulatum and Deroceras panormitanum) were influenced by an interaction between cover crop and nematode treatment. On subplots without nematodes, more slugs were recorded with than without a preceding cover crop. No such differences were found on nematode‐treated subplots. Soil samples were collected at intervals from 0–99 days after nematode treatment to monitor nematode survival and infectivity in bioassays with D. reticulatum. No significant effects of cover crops were detected in bioassays. Moreover, there were no significant effects of nematodes on slug survival. Their effects on slug food consumption were mostly insignificant and any effects were transient and not consistent. However, significantly more slug cadavers contained nematodes when slugs were exposed to nematode‐treated soil. The implications of these results are discussed.
Comparison of Groundnut bud necrosis virus isolates based on movement protein (NSm) gene sequences
Authors: AKRAM MOHD , JAIN R K , CHAUDHARY VIKAS , AHLAWAT Y S , KHURANA S M PAUL 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the movement protein (NSm) genes of five isolates of Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) originating from different hosts and parts of India such as cowpea and tomato from Kerala, groundnut from Tamil Nadu, and potato from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan were determined and compared to the known NSm sequences. Sequence analysis revealed that the NSm genes of GBNV isolates were identical in length (924 bp encoding 307 amino acids). GBNV isolates shared maximum identity (98–100%) at amino acid levels with GBNV‐Type isolate, while 82–83% and 34–65% amino acid sequence identities were observed with Watermelon silver mottle virus and other Tospoviruses respectively. The NSm genes among GBNV isolates originating from different hosts and locations appeared highly conserved (93–100%), suggesting their common origin.
Molecular genetic variation and geographical structuring in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: MISHRA PRASHANT K , TEWARI JALPA P , CLEAR RANDALL M , TURKINGTON T KELLY 
Published: July 2006

SummaryInter‐simple sequence repeat markers were employed to study the genetic structure of Fusarium graminearum populations collected from three Canadian provinces. Our study suggested high genetic diversity and frequent gene flow among population samples analysed. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that most of the gene diversity (91.78% to 97.23%) was distributed within populations. Frequent gene flow among the western prairie provinces and cluster analysis results indicated that the population sample from Alberta was closer to Saskatchewan than Manitoba, which could be the result of movement of the pathogen via infected grain or through wind‐borne ascospore dispersal. Analysis of multilocus associations showed that all populations were in linkage equilibrium, indicating that sexual recombination is a frequent phenomenon in F. graminearum populations from western Canada.
Efficacy of hot water drenches of Anthurium andraeanum plants against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis and plant thermotolerance
Authors: TSANG MARCEL M C , KARA A H , SIPES B S 
Published: July 2006

SummaryHot‐water drench treatments were evaluated for disinfesting roots of potted anthurium Anthurium andraeanum of the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis. A continuous drench of roots and media in pots with 50°C water for 5 to 20 min eliminated or reduced nematode populations to < 1 g−1 of dry root. A second hot water drench, 2 months after the first drenching, tended to increase the efficacy of the heat treatment. A few survivors persisted in the roots and/or stems of a few plants 2 to 4 months after heat treatment. Non‐treatment of the shoots and possible migration from stem to root tissues are probable causes of nematode survival. Drenching potting media and roots in pot were as effective against R. similis in the roots as hot water dipping bare‐rooted plants. Plant response to hot‐water drenching varied among cultivars, but most exhibited tolerance to the heat treatments. Visual inspection of the plants showed little difference between treated and untreated plants in the heat tolerant cultivars. However, all heat‐treated ‘Marian Seefurth’ plants, especially hot water‐dipped bare‐rooted plants, appeared to suffer some degree of growth reduction as measured by lower root and stem dry weights when compared to untreated plants 3 months after treatment. Conditioning anthurium plants with hot water or hot air prior to hot water drenching did not benefit plant quality when compared to unconditioned, heat‐treated plants.
Flight activity of the damson–hop aphid, Phorodon humuli.
Authors: Campbell C.A.M. , Muir R.C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFlight activity of Phorodon humuli was monitored using suction traps, laboratory studies and mark and recapture experiments. Emigrants were trapped as they flew from a Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera) hedge and among dwarf hops (Humulus lupulus). Daily flight curves were bimodal with 69% and 38% of emigrants caught in the morning peak near Myrobalan and among hops, respectively. The median period of flight activity was from 2 h after sunrise until 30 min before sunset. The lower temperature for flight was 13.5°C in the field and 14.9°C for take off in the laboratory. Variations in wind speed had little effect on flight activity explaining <2.5% of the total variance among insect counts. The percentage of emigrants on hop declined exponentially with time. The relationship, y= 10.9(±2.0) + 64.3(±2.3) × 0.92(±0.01)t where t = daylight hours (standard error in parentheses), explained 98.3% of the variance. Hence, 62% of new arrivals flew within 1 day of arrival and 79% within 2 days. Similar numbers arrived as departed at 08:30, 10:30 and 12:30 h, but at 14:30 h twice as many arrived than departed and at 16:30 h, the accumulation was threefold. Daily flight curves of return migrants and males leaving hop were bimodal with 70% and 80%, respectively, trapped in the earlier peak. In the field, the median lower temperature for flight was 13.2°C for return migrants and a nonsignificantly different 12.8°C for males. The mean temperature for take off by return migrants was 15.7°C in the laboratory.
Patterns of spread of Carrot virus Y in carrot plantings and validation of control measures
Authors: Jones R.A.C. , Smith L.J. , Gajda B.E. , Latham L.J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPatterns of spread of Carrot virus Y (CarVY) were examined in carrot plantings in Western Australia into which naturally occurring aphid vectors spread the virus from external infection sources. Within three field trials, CarVY ‘infector’ plants were introduced between or at different distances from carrot plantings. There was a marked decline in CarVY incidence over distance from adjacent introduced infection sources. Clusters of infected plants that enlarged and coalesced were concentrated next to such sources but, later, isolated, expanding clusters formed further away. With a small external virus source, initial spread into the edge of a planting was less extensive than with a larger source. When 15‐m‐wide fallow areas separated a CarVY source from carrot plots, spread was much slower than when the separation was only 1 m; it was also slower upwind than downwind of this source. The data collected help validate the inclusion of isolation and ‘safe’ planting distances, intervening fallow, planting upwind, prompt removal of virus sources, avoidance of side‐by‐side plantings and manipulation of planting date within an integrated disease management strategy for CarVY in carrots.
A spatio‐temporal analysis of a New Zealand flatworn (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) population in western Scotland
Authors: Boag B. , Deeks L. , Orr A. , Neilson R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus), which is an obligate predator of native earthworms, is an alien species to the British Isles and is widely distributed in Scotland. What little is known about its biology under field conditions is mainly from Northern Ireland. Samples taken from single sampling dates have shownA. triangulatusto have an aggregated distribution. To determine the spatio‐temporal distribution ofA. triangulatus, a grass field in western Scotland was intensively sampled over a 16‐month period. Data indicate an increase in flatworm numbers and seasonal trends in body weight, the appearance of egg capsules and hatchlings. Results also showed that spatially, the flatworms were aggregated, but this was a transient phenomenon over the period of the experiment. The distribution of egg capsules in the study area was strongly aggregated and related to the appearance of hatchlings. Flatworms may aggregate in areas where soil moisture is optimal for the survival of the New Zealand flatworm.
Evaluation of microcapsule trunk injections for the control of apple scab and powdery mildew
Authors: Percival G.C. , Boyle S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA 3‐year field trial was conducted using established apple cv. Crown Gold and English oak (Quercus robur L.) to assess the efficacy of eight fungicides applied via microcapsule trunk injection against the foliar pathogens apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Phyllactinia sp). In both apple cv. Crown Gold and English oak, the fungicide myclobutanil was not taken up when microcapsules were inserted into the tree vascular system at the root flare. Disease severity in injected trees, excluding myclobutanil, was lower over the following two growing seasons compared to water‐injected controls indicating seven of the eight fungicides used in this study provided a significant degree of protection against scab and powdery mildew infection. A difference in the magnitude of pathogen control achieved was recorded between fungicides. Of the fungicides tested, penconazole, pyrifenox and carbendazim significantly reduced disease severity and significantly increased leaf chlorophyll (Fv/Fm) and SPAD values as a measure of tree vitality and chlorophyll content, respectively, in both apple cv. Crown Gold and English oak over two growing seasons after microcapsule injection. Based on the results of this investigation, it is suggested that these three fungicides be used in preference to thiabendazole, fosetyl‐aluminium, triadimefon and propiconazole for the control of apple scab and powdery mildew where outbreaks of these foliar pathogens are problematic.
Bark Consumption by the Painted Ringtail (Pseudochirulus forbesi larvatus) in Papua New Guinea1
Authors: Stephens Suzette A. , Salas Leonardo A. , Dierenfeld Ellen S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWe documented bark consumption by painted ringtails (Pseudochirulus forbesi) and other arboreal marsupials at Mt. Stolle, Papua New Guinea. Evidence consisted of scratch marks on the boles of trees in conjunction with the removal of all moss and direct sightings of animals eating bark. Only 43 trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) of 19 species showed signs of consumption at the study site; five of these species were confirmed by direct sighting to be consumed by painted ringtails. We sought to determine if bark of these trees contained important dietary minerals. Analyses showed that calcium and potassium, individually and combined, were significantly more abundant in eaten versus uneaten trees of the same species. On average, eaten trees showed 4.7 and 2.2 times the amount of these minerals, respectively, as found in uneaten trees. Adult males were more likely than adult females or juvenile males to be captured at eaten trees than away from them. Two species of Syzygium and one species of Sloanea were highly selected for bark consumption, but not all trees of a species were eaten; rather, particular individuals of these species were preferred. We conclude that bark appears to be an important source of calcium and potassium, and speculate on the relationship between the limited availability of these special trees and the social behavior of painted ringtails.
Physicochemical characteristics and amino acid profile of chickpea cultivars grown in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Amjad , Ateeq Nadia , Khalil Iqtidar A. , Perveen Sajida , Saleemullah Saleem 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe proximate mineral composition, amino acid profile and physicochemical characteristics of three new chickpea cultivars (two Desi: NIFA‐88, NIFA‐95, and one Kabuli: Hassan‐2k) grown in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan were studied, in order to assess their role in human nutrition. It was found that chickpea is a rich source of protein and minerals. The protein content (22.89–24.82%) of chickpea was much higher than that of cereals (wheat and maize), and comparable to other legumes. Mineral composition of chickpea cultivars showed that they contribute sufficient amount of Ca, P, K, Cu, Zn and Mg in human diets to meet the recommended dietary allowance. The essential amino acid leucine (8.7% of protein) was found in highest concentration, followed by arginine (8.3% of protein) and lysine (7.2% of protein) in the chickpea cultivars. In terms of physical characteristics, more variability was observed in seed size and seed volume than in hydration and swelling capacities, cooking time and hydration and swelling indices. Phytic acid content ranged from 132.3 to 170.7 mg/100 g of dried sample. The higher amount was recorded in Desi than in the Kabuli cultivar of chickpea. It was concluded that chickpea may improve the nutritional value of a cereal‐based diet.
CONTAMINATION OF GRAINS BY MYCOTOXIN‐PRODUCING MOLDS AND MYCOTOXINS AND CONTROL BY GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: AZIZ NAGY H. , MATTAR ZAKARIA AHMED , MAHROUS SOUZAN ROUSDY 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Ninety random grain samples were collected and analyzed for mycotoxins, and the effect of gamma irradiation on the production of mycotoxins in grains was studied. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis and Cladosporium were the most common fungal genera isolated from grains. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium citreonigrum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium verrucosumwere the most common Aspergillus and Penicillium species in grains. Out of 120 Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates, 80 were mycotoxin producers. Analysis of grains revealed the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 ochratoxin A, cycolopiazonic acid and citrinin. Of the 90 samples, 67 were positive for one or more mycotoxin. Irradiation of grains at dose of 2.0 and 4.0 kGy decreased significantly the total fungal counts compared with unirradiated controls. After 100 days of storage at room temperature, the unirradiated grains were contaminated with high concentrations of mycotoxins as compared with irradiated 4.0‐kGy samples. Mycotoxin production in grains decreased with increasing irradiation doses and was not detected at 6.0 kGy over 100 days of storage.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON QUESO BLANCO SLICES*
Authors: UHLICH GAYLEN A. , LUCHANSKY JOHN B. , TAMPLIN MARK L. , MOLINA‐CORRAL FRANCISCO J. , ANANDAN SHIVANTHI , PORTO‐FETT ANNA C.S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT A five‐strain cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes (104 cfu/mL) was inoculated onto individual vacuum‐packaged slices (ca. 50 g each) of a commercial, Hispanic‐style cheese, that being Queso Blanco. Growth was determined at appropriate intervals during storage at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25C. In general, as the incubation temperature increased, a shorter lag phase duration (LPD) and a faster growth rate (GR) were observed. The LPD values at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25C were 65.3, 19.9, 2.1, 8.4 and 11.4 h, respectively. The GR values were 0.011, 0.036, 0.061, 0.090 and 0.099 log cfu/h at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25C, respectively. There were no statistical differences in LPD at 10, 15, 20 and 25C. However, the LPD during growth at 5C was statistically (P ≤ 0.05) longer than at all other temperatures. The GR values at 20 and 25C were not significantly different from each other, whereas the GR values at 5, 10 and 15C were significantly different from each other as well as from the GR at 20 and 25C (P ≤ 0.05). The maximum population density (MPD) showed relatively little variation over the range of storage temperatures tested, with an average of 8.38 log cfu/g (SD = 0.33). The results of this study indicate that not even the lowest trial temperature of 5C prevented growth over time of the inoculated L. monocytogenes on this sliced product, and that proper storage and handling procedures are required to prevent the bacterium from contaminating the product and/or to control its growth.
INVESTIGATION OF INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SEVERAL COMBINATIONS OF SODIUM SALTS ON THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE ENTERITIDIS IN MINCED BEEF
Authors: SERDENGECTI NEJLA , YILDIRIM IBRAHIM , GOKOGLU NALAN 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Inhibition effects of several combinations of sodium lactate (SL), sodium acetate, sodium diacetate (SDA) on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis were investigated in minced beef. The samples inoculated with 4.60 log cfu/g of Salmonella enteritidis and 4.70 log cfu/g of L. monocytogenes were treated with sodium salts and their combinations and stored at 4C. Sodium salts decreased the growth rate of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis. Combinations of the salts were bactericidal to S. enterica serotype Enteritidis but the growth of L. monocytogenes was delayed only by using the combination of 2.5% SL and 0.2% SDA.
KILLER WHALES, WHALING, AND SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNAL COLLAPSE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF MARINE MAMMALS IN ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA FOLLOWING COMMERCIAL WHALING
Authors: Trites Andrew W. , Deecke Volker B. , Gregr Edward J. , Ford John K.B. , Olesiuk Peter F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis that commercial whaling caused a sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean by forcing killer whales to eat progressively smaller species of marine mammals is not supported by what is known about the biology of large whales, the ecology of killer whales, and the patterns of ecosystem change that took place in Alaska, British Columbia, and elsewhere in the world following whaling. A comparative analysis shows that populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters increased in British Columbia following commercial whaling, unlike the declines noted in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. The declines of seals and sea lions that began in western Alaska around 1977 were mirrored by increases in numbers of these species in British Columbia. A more likely explanation is that the seal and sea lion declines and other ecosystem changes in Alaska stem from a major oceanic regime shift that occurred in 1977. Killer whales are unquestionably a significant predator of seals, sea lions, and sea otters—but not because of commercial whaling.