bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical study of the effects of the atmospheric‐electric elements on broadcast reception
Authors: Cairns J. E. I. 
Published: February 2008

An attempt is made to correlate the variations in broadcast reception with the variations of the atmospheric‐electric elements, positive and negative conductivity, and potential gradient. Two analyses are given, the one dealing with the results obtained for all days, regardless of the local disturbing effects of smoke, rain, etc., on the atmospheric‐electric elements, and the other dealing with the results from “selected” days, that is, days that are considered to be free from any such local effects.The result of the first analysis shows that when the conductivity, both positive and negative, is subnormal, there is a greater probability of there being better signal reception; the potential gradient, apparently, has little effect. However, the results of the analysis for “all days” is not considered to be of the same value as the results for “selected” days because of the disturbances caused by rain, etc., on the atmospheric elements, disturbances which are most prevalent during the winter, when signal strength is higher.From the analysis for “selected” days it appears that the positive conductivity has little effect on the received signals, whereas when the negative conductivity is low the signals are stronger. Also, better signals are received when the potential gradient is high.No comment is made on the results other than to state that they are of sufficient interest to induce the writer to carry out quantitative measurements during the year 1927.
On the use of a radioactive collector for potential‐gradient measurements
Authors: Tuve M. A. , Huff C. 
Published: February 2008

The experiments reported in this paper comprise a laboratory study undertaken to gain a better understanding of the action of the ionium “collector” which is used in atmospheric potential‐gradient determinations. It has been possible to study also some of the sources of error which affect such observations. The investigation is more complete in some respects than that of M. Moulin.APPARATUS.
Memorandum on the uncertainty in the amplitudes and phase‐angles of Fourier terms
Authors: Duvall C. R. 
Published: February 2008

The word uncertainty, as used here, is a general term for the measures of accuracy used in least squares, viz.: probable error, mean error, and mean square error.In any particular Fourier analysis the uncertainties may be gotten from the residuals in the usual way, since the Fourier analysis is a least‐square adjustment of the given ordinates to the harmonic form.
Magnetic storm of April 13–14, 1927, as recorded at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Magnetic Observatory at Cheltenham, Maryland
Authors: Hartnell George 
Published: February 2008

The storm was of only moderate intensity but it is of especial interest because of the serious interference with telegraphic communication, especially in Canada, occurring at the same time, and the presence on the Sun of an unusual distribution of small sunspots. The storm began abruptly at 23h 48m, Greenwich mean time, on April 13th. After the characteristic features of a sudden commencement, conditions were fairly quiet from 1h to 5h 22m on April 14th, when the principal portion began, which lasted until about 17h.At the beginning there was a sudden increase in west declination of 3′.2 followed immediately by a decrease of 5′; a sudden decrease in horizontal intensity of 27γ followed by an increase of 36γ to the maximum value of 18860γ at 23h 49m; the beginning in vertical intensity was scarcely perceptible. The extreme values occurred as follows:
Preliminary report on Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity at the Prague Assembly, September 3 to 10, 1927
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

There were nine meetings of the Section, all being well attended, to which reports were presented from many of the 27 nations represented at the Assembly.The report on proposed French work in Indo‐China and in the Pacific was of special interest. Reports from the United States, including that of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and that of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, were well received; the latter contained much material relating to international work. Several progress reports were submitted on the development of instruments to record the abrupt beginnings of magnetic storms.
Principal magnetic storms and earthquakes recorded at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, January to October, 1927
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

January, February, and March, 1927.—There were no marked disturbances during these months.April 14, 1927.—Mr. D. Macpherson of Woodward Street, Coolgardie, Western Australia, reported that an aurora was visible there for a period of 15 to 20 minutes at approximately 20h on April 14. This is 12h Greenwich mean time and is near the midpoint of the storm of April 13 to 15. The second portion of this moderately severe and protracted storm was the heavily disturbed portion.
Ein Vorschlag von Leibniz zu ausgedehnten erdmagnetischen Beobachtungen
Authors: Kassner Von C. 
Published: February 2008

Als im Jahre 1700 in Berlin die “Königliche Societät der Wissenschaften,” später Akademie genannt, gegründet worden war, suchte Leibniz auf alle möglichen Weisen dem preussischen König Friedrich I die Förderung der Wissenschaften nahe zu legen, und so entstand im November 1701 eine Denkschrift, worin Leibniz dem König empfahl, Missionäre in besonderen Anstalten wissenschaftlich ausbilden zu lassen und sie dann nach Russland, Türkei, Persien, Indien, und China zu senden. Dort sollten sie neben ihrer Predigertätigkeit teils als Lehrer der Wissenschaften auftreten, teils wissenschaftliche Studien machen und so die Beziehungen dieser Länder zu Preussen fördern, was sich dann auch in Handelsgeschäften auswirken werde.In dieser Denkschrift rät Leibniz, man solle dem jetzt nach Moskau gehenden Residenten (Gesandten) einen so vorgebildeten jungen Mann beigeben, der dann vielleicht von dem Zaren (Peter dem Grossen)1 “in die Provinzen zu observieren geschickt würde. Ks ist nämlich bekannt, dass der Zar die Schiffahrtssachen liebt, und der Kompass gleichsam als die Sache der Seefahrt zu achten ist, er aber von Norden etwas abweicht und zwar an unterschiedenen Orten unterschiedlich. Hierin steckt ein noch nicht gelöstes Rätsel der Natur, das aber, wenn es vollends entdeckt würde, ein Hilfsmittel zur Längenbestimmung und eine überaus grosse Hilfe für die Schiffsführer darbieten würde. Zu solchem Zwecke habe man schon seit langem gewünscht, dass magnetische Linien auf einer Karte oder auf einem Erdglobus gezogen werden möchten, wobei die Linien immer durch örter mit gleicher Deklination gehen sollen. Diese Karte hat nun ein Engländer aus eignen und ändern Schiffstagebüchern ganz kürzlich entworfen (Halley 1701). Weil aber die Linien darin nur auf der See gezogen sind und aufhören, wo das Land anfängt, so wäre es höchst nützlich und, um dieses Geheimnis vollends zu entdecken, dienlich, dass in Königlicher Majestät Ländern vom Rhein bis an den Pregel und dann weiter durch das Moskauische Reich bis nach Persien, Indien, und China die magnetischen Beobachtungen fortgesetzt und damit die Linien durch den nördlichen Orient, allwo man am wenigsten solche Beobachtungen hat, fortgezogen würden. Hierzu wäre jemand besonders zu instruieren, und ohne Zweifel würde der Zar auf Eurer Königlichen Majestät Empfehlung und auch aus eigener Neigung zu allem, was die Schiffahrt angeht, sich dieser Sache wie eines eignen Werkes annehmen und den Beobachter überall mit Fuhrwerk.”
Depths of ground‐water and other subsurface features indicated by Earth‐resistivity surveys
Authors: Gish O. H. 
Published: February 2008

In the course of the earth‐resistivity surveys made as part of the program for earth‐current investigations by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, it has become evident that the method used is capable of locating and ascertaining the depth of various subsurface geological features.In the paper presented the general features of the method previously described elsewhere were briefly reviewed. The manner of adjusting and using the specially designed commutator so as to obtain measurements under steady current‐conditions; that is, obtaining the potential measurements over a portion of the “square‐wave” cycle well removed from the make and the break, was explained.
Variations of solar radiation
Authors: Abbot C. G. 
Published: February 2008

It will be recalled that while observations of the solar constant of radiation by the fundamental method of Langley, which involves measurements on clear days from low to high Sun, are made by the Smithsonian Institution under many types of sky as a basis, and later occasionally as check observations, most of the daily solar‐constant work is carried on by the abbreviated method depending upon measurements of the brightness of the sky around the Sun as an index of the atmospheric transparency. Inasmuch as the energy‐curves at the Earth's surface are greatly affected by the water‐vapor bands, and it is impossible to know just where the smooth curves would run over the tops of these wide bands in the bolographs, there is always a possibility that minute errors in the final results, either by the long or by the short method, depending upon the prevailing atmospheric humidity, will persist.In order to eliminate these systematic errors it is necessary to collect a long series of observations made under comparable conditions of apparatus, and box them with reference to the quantity of precipitable water contained in the atmosphere on the days of observation to determine the residual correction as a function of the prevailing humidity. In doing this, allowance has to be made for the variability of the Sun during a long series of observations extending perhaps over several years, else effects due to solar changes would be confused with those really due to the atmosphere. In former discussions a combination of the observations made in the northern and southern hemispheres has been employed to fix these allowances for solar variation. This procedure, while theoretically sound, has been objected to by critics, as tending to take away the independence of stations, and accordingly we have substituted another method based upon the principle of selected pyrheliometry, so that each station now stands by itself, absolutely independent of all others.
Auroral observations, radio reception, and magnetic conditions at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, August 1927 to June 1928
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. 
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of the investigation, begun in 1923, of the relation between aurora and the Earth's magnetic field and of the effect of the aurora and magnetic conditions upon radio reception.The program of the work has been divided into four parts: (a) The observation of the aurora at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory with a comparison of the Earth's magnetic field; (b) reports of aurora observed at various radio stations throughout Alaska; (c) a record of the daily reception of radio at Sitka and Fort Yukon, with a comparison of the magnetic conditions, and (d) a log of the auroral frequency.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, April to May, 1928
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S.; longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 44m E. of Gr.)May 27–29, 1928—The storm of May 27 to 29 was prolonged but of mild severity and characterized by long‐period oscillations. The storm began May 27 at 13h 28m in declination and vertical intensity and at 13h 26m in horizontal intensity, and ended May 29 at 20h 17m, the ranges being as follows: Declination, 22′.2; horizontal intensity, 179 gammas; vertical intensity, 172 gammas. The preliminary comparatively quiet period lasted until 3h on May 28, when the greatest changes in the elements began. These were steady and progressive during the second period, which lasted until 8h. The third period of 16 hours was characterized by long‐period oscillations of moderate amplitude. The fourth period began at 0h on May 29, during which there was a gradual recovery to normal values.
The diamagnetic theory of undisturbed terrestrial‐magnetic variations
Authors: Gunn Ross 
Published: February 2008

In an earlier paper2 the writer outlined a theory of the terrestrial‐magnetic variations based on diamagnetism existing in the upper atmosphere. The diamagnetism of the region was shown to follow from simple considerations of the motion of ions or electrons which spiralled about the Earth's magnetic field as a result of their thermal agitation. It is the purpose of this paper to extend the original ideas and supply certain evidence supporting the theory that was not advanced in the original paper.It has been shown2 that the intensity of magnetization I of an ion gas due to the thermal agitation of the ions is given by

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma31313:tma31313-math-0001where N is the number of ions of all kinds per cubic centimeter, m the mass of the ion, V the component of the velocity of the ion perpendicular to the impressed magnetic field H, κ the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature. These relations have been deduced on the assumption that the free‐path is long and it becomes necessary to establish a criterion for the existence of long free‐paths. The free‐path, λ, of an ion in a gas made up of N molecules or ions per cubic centimeter, and having a kinetic‐ theory diameter σ is given by
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory, April to July, 1929
Authors: Hartnell Geo. 
Published: February 2008

There were no storms during April to June, 1929.July 14–18, 1929—A magnetic disturbance began July 14 at 16h 30m but assumed no importance until from lh to 2h July 15. There were bends in the curves giving ranges: Declination, 32′; horizontal intensity, 84γ; vertical intensity, 80γ. There were bends July 15 from 6h to 7h giving ranges: Declination 15′; horizontal intensity, 60γ; vertical intensity, 60γ. During the hour preceding midnight July 15 there were bends giving ranges: Declination, 20′; horizontal intensity, 80γ; vertical intensity, 80γ. On July 16 from 19h 30m to 20h 30m there was a change in horizontal intensity of 100γ, and vertical intensity rose to 60γ above normal. At other times the curves were slightly disturbed.
Preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, as determined from the Carnegie results, 1909–1929, and from the Galilee results, 1905–1908
Authors: Ault J. P. , Físk H. W. 
Published: February 2008

This is the second paper giving the preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements for the various oceans, as deduced from all the observations on the Galilee, 1905–1908, and on the Carnegie, 1909–1929, including the results of Cruise VII to date. The first paper1 gave the results for the North Atlantic, including Cruise VII observations from Washington, May 1, 1928, to Barbados, September 17, 1928. The present paper gives the results for the Caribbean Sea, the South Pacific Ocean, with a few values in the North Pacific Ocean, including observations of Cruise VII from Barbados, October 1, 1928, to San Francisco, July 28, 1929.Various stations in the vicinity of intersections of Cruise VII, 1928–1929, with previous tracks have been utilized. The 1928–1929 values are not final, but the small corrections to be made at the completion of the cruise will not change the annual‐change values given herein. The method used was the same as indicated in the first paper and as described on page 185 of Volume V, “Researches of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism,” use being made of the United States Hydrographic Office magnetic charts for 1925. The observations have not been corrected for diurnal variations since corrections for these are in general negligible for the times of observation on board the Carnegie.
Preliminary note on the atmospheric potentials recorded with ionium‐collectors
Authors: Builder Geoffrey 
Published: February 2008

A laboratory investigation is discussed of the characteristics of ionium‐collectors preliminary to a fuller investigation of the potentials recorded by their use in atmospheric potential‐gradient installations. Earlier work on the permissible leak of such installations and the determination of the activity of the collectors is further developed.An improved method of calculation, suggested by Gish, for the determination of the apparent conductance of the collectors is given. The values of conductance obtained vary with the air‐potential at the collector, the conduction not obeying Ohm's law. Determinations in stagnant air give values of the conductance which are much lower than those found in moving air.The steady value of potential recorded in an air‐current is about four per cent lower than the calculated air‐potential at the collector for a disc‐collector placed face down. With rod‐collectors suspended horizontally and for disc‐collectors with the active face vertical the recorded potentials agree, within the limits of experimental error, with the calculated air‐potentials at the collector.The potentials recorded in stagnant air are as much as ten per cent higher than the steady values obtained in a current of air, if the insulation of the system is good. With excessive leak from the collector‐system to earth the recorded potential is lowered by three to four times as much by the leak as it is if an air‐current is maintained between the parallel plates used to produce a steady artificial field. These effects are briefly discussed.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1929
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)October 7, 1929—At about 9h a short magnetic storm of moderate intensity began in all three elements and continued through the day and until about 2h on October 8, though magnetic conditions continued disturbed for over two days more. The only distinctive phenomenon of the storm was the unusually, high maximum in the horizontal intensity; 390γ above the base‐line at 15h 46m.
Magnetic storms and disturbed days, Apia Observatory, Samoa, January, 1929, to March, 1930
Authors: Thomson A. , Westland C. J. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic records of 1929 resemble those of 1928 in showing a large number of disturbed days, but in both years, it is noticeable that although the disturbances are frequent, they are certainly small. The following table shows details of the principal storms recorded in 1929 and 1930.The first storm of 1929 recorded on February 28 is merely part of a prolonged period of disturbance which sets in about February 26d 19h. There is a sharp deflection upward from a smooth part of the trace, but the amount of this increase in H is only 13γ. The minimum in H is 35039γ at 28d 0lh 25m.
Provisional solar and magnetic character‐figures, Mount Wilson Observatory, April to September, 1930
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Elizabeth E. 
Published: February 2008

The solar activity during July and August was the lowest since January 1928 when the record of character‐figures was started.No very great, magnetic storms were recorded during the second and third quarters of 1930. During all the magnetic storms from April to September, except the one between April 19 and 24, solar activity was observed with which the storms may be identified.
American URSI broadcasts of cosmic data
Authors: Clark Katherine B. 
Published: February 2008

THE JOURNAL is pleased beginning with this number to add by courtesy of Science Service as one of its regular features pertaining to geophysical and cosmical data, decoded tabular summaries of the daily American URSI broadcast.Cooperating with the American Section of the International Scientific Radio Union, Science Service is collecting daily data on terrestrial magnetism, the solar constant, sunspots, and the auroral displays in order that they may be broadcast and otherwise distributed to those interested.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to September, 1930
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. 
Published: February 2008

The second quarter of 1930 was one of unusually heavy magnetic activity, there being only twenty‐three (0) days during the entire quarter.April 6–14t 1930—This was a very prolonged magnetic disturbance and for the most part the magnetic activity is not particularly large. There were four very short and active periods: 8d, 8h to 10h and 11h to 13h; 10d, 9h to 13h; and 11d, 8h to 10h. The curves can be followed at all times.
On the correlation of radio reception with the Moon's position in the observer's sky
Authors: Stetson Harlan T. 
Published: February 2008

Papers previously presented by the writer,1 and by G. W. Pickard2 and others, have shown significant correlation of the intensity of radio reception with solar activity. The 15‐month cycle in secondary maxima, to which particular attention has been called in the present sunspotcycle by both Stetson and Pickard, have led to numerous speculations as to the possible cosmic causes.The possibility of planetary influences being the basis for periodic solar disturbances have been exhaustively studied from time to time, notably by Schuster3, Maunder4, and Brown5. The relatively small tidal forces of the planets give little encouragement for disturbances arising on the gravitational basis. The fact, however, that the 15‐month period corresponds fairly closely with two sidereal periods of Venus and five of Mercury, with the arrival of Mercury at perihelion at approximately the same interval, suggested to the writer that charges on these inner planets might be a disturbing factor in the electrostatic equilibrium of the solar atmosphere.
Provisional solar and magnetic character‐figures, Mount Wilson Observatory, October to December, 1930
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Elizabeth E. 
Published: February 2008

During the last quarter of 1930 several magnetic storms of intensity 1.0 and two of intensity 1.5 were recorded at Mount Wilson.On October 3, at 4h 36m, G. M. T., a disturbance of intensity 1.0 began with an increase in the horizontal intensity. At 10h 18m of the same day the horizontal intensity again increased suddenly, but neither of these changes had the appearance of a typical “sudden commencement.” An active spot‐group which crossed the central meridian on October 2 was 11° west at the beginning of this storm.
The lunar‐diurnal magnetic variation in relation to the geographic and magnetic equators
Authors: Egedal J. 
Published: February 2008

In an article in the Ad. Schmidt‐Festschrift1 it has been stated that a representation of the field of the solar‐diurnal magnetic variation ought to contain magnetic as well as geographic coordinates, since the solar‐diurnal variation depends on magnetic latitude of the place of observation. Now it will be shown also that the lunar‐diurnal magnetic variation depends on the magnetic latitude of the place of observation.Reckoning the declination positive towards east, the lunar‐diurnal variation for the northern hemisphere is given approximately by

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma31521:tma31521-math-0001
where l is the amplitude and t the lunar hour‐angle. For the southern hemisphere the lunar‐diurnal variation is given by

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma31521:tma31521-math-0002
Up to the present it has not been possible to say whether the change of 180° in the phase‐angle takes place at the geographic equator or at the magnetic equator (where the magnetic vertical intensity Z is zero). This problem is solved when the lunar‐diurnal variation is determined for a place lying between the two equators.