bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements, Oxides, Silicates: High Pressure Phases With Implications for the Earth's Interior
Authors: Ahrens Thomas J. 
Published: October 2006

A vitally important aspect of understanding the composition, structure, and processes acting within the solid Earth is obtaining a complete as possible knowledge of the fields of stability of the Earth's component minerals and their high‐pressure polymorphs with respect to pressure and temperature. Liu and Bassett's book is the first effort which has focused on bringing together the available phase diagrams for the elements, oxides, and silicates that are relevant to the understanding of Earth's and the other terrestrial planetary interiors. Since the book also covers the elements and compounds important to the shallow region of the mantles of the major planets (e.g., H2 , He, C, and H2O), it is an invaluable source of data for scientists studying the interiors of these planets as well.An initial introductory chapter lays out, in very condensed form, the relation of phase diagrams to thermodynamic properties. Crystal chemical principles are summarized, as well as the main features of the techniques and apparatus employed to obtain the data summarized in the remainder of the book. Although references to apparatus papers are numerous and well chosen, references to works which relate thermodynamic properties to contruction of phase diagrams are lacking. Table 1.3, a summary of the ionic radii of elements in different coordinations appears to me to be the most valuable part of Chapter 1.
Fulbrights for Soviet Lectures
Authors: Packard Craig 
Published: October 2006

The Council for International Exchange of Scholars is still accepting applications for Fulbright awards to lecture in the sciences in the Soviet Union for academic year 1989–1990. Because the original deadline, September 15, has passed, applications will be processed immediately, and the 1989–1990 Fulbright Scholar Program Faculty Grants close when an adequate number of applicants is approved for nomination.Applications can be in the “Any Field” category or in the more specific categories sought by the Soviet Union, including geophysics at Tashkent; geology at the Gubkin Institute of Oil, Chemical, and Gas Industry; environmental sciences (cultivation of microalgae in sewage; continental shelf development, water resources protection, and economic aspects); and forest restoration technology. Awards are also available in chemistry, life sciences, and physics and astronomy.
NRC Continental Margins Workshop
Authors: Katsouros Mary Hope 
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council is organizing a workshop, “Continental Margins: Evolution of Passive Continental Margins and Active Marginal Processes,” to stimulate discussion and longterm planning in the scientific community about the evolution of all types of continental margins. We want to coordinate academic, industry, and government agency efforts in this field, and to enhance communication between sea‐based and land‐based research programs.The continental margins constitute the only available record of the long‐term dynamic interaction of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Of great interest are the unique structures and thick sedimentary sequences associated with this interaction. A major focus of the workshop will be to define strategies for exploring and understanding the continental margins in three dimensions and through geologic time. The workshop will be divided into 7 working groups, each concentrating on a major issue in continental margins research. A background document is being prepared summarizing recent research in specific continental margin fields and identifying key scientific and technical issues.
Space Geodesy and Geodynamics
Authors: Wilson Clark R. 
Published: October 2006

Space Geodesy and Geodynamics is a collection of 15 articles concerned with space‐based technologies for measuring the gravity field, shape, and deformation of the Earth, and the important geophysical problems that can be studied using these technologies. This is an unusual book because it is one of the first to present these technology, geodesy, and geophysics topics under the same cover.First, to summarize the contents of the book, there are five numbered sections. Section 1 is an overview by Allen Anderson that emphasizes that space‐based techniques have brought about a new field in geophysics.
Time lapse photography of a hydrothermal system: A successful one‐year deployment
Authors: Johnson H. Paul , Tunnicliffe Verena 
Published: October 2006

On September 24, 1987, a time lapse camera was deployed by the submersible ALVIN on a high‐temperature hydrothermal system on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge. Eleven months later, the camera was recovered on August 11, 1988, also by ALVIN, after taking 260 sequential photographs with a frame interval of 30 hours. When recovered, the time lapse camera system was still functioning, and the time series of high‐quality photographs provides a unique record of the structural and biological changes of this dynamic system.The hydrothermal system under study is located at the summit of Axial Seamount, a volcanic structure in the Eastern Pacific that rises to a depth of 1400 m, directly at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge spreading center and the Cobb‐Eichelberg Seamount Chain. This ridge‐axis seamount has been the focus of intensive surface ship and submersible studies since 1980, and the hydrothermal systems within the central summit caldera are probably among the most extensively mapped and sampled in the world. The camera was deployed 2.5 m from a sulfide mound that was approximately 1 m wide by 2 m high and was venting high‐temperature water from at least six discrete orifices from the summit and flanks of the mound; the highest temperature recorded from this mound was 283°C. As determined by submersible sampling, the mound was composed of sulfide and animal fragments and was cemented into a relatively coherent (and hard) central mass.
Boards to combine
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

The National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and the Board on Mineral and Energy Resources were eliminated during the summer by a decision of the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, which oversees both bodies, and Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences. The responsibilities of the two boards will be merged into a Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, not yet formed.Raphael Kasper, executive director of the Commission, said that the boards were dissolved for two reasons. “There's been a general trend within the Academy toward bringing together the pure and applied branches of particular sciences.” BES had dealt largely with basic Earth science research, while BMER had addressed questions related to mineral resources, land use, and public policy. The Space Science Board and the Space Applications Board, also under the jurisdiction of the Commission, were combined this fall into a single body (Eos, October 18, p. 961).
Numerical models of climate change
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Scientists at University of California institutions will use large numerical models to try to understand how pollution and other factors cause global climate changes. Researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., and Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex., and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., will participate in the new 4‐year effort.The coordinated research will focus on climate modeling, global atmospheric chemistry, and rates of climate change. Each institution will use its supercomputers for developing and running the numerical models. The project comes under the university's Institutional Collaborative Research Program, which brings together resources of the university campuses and the Department of Energy laboratories that the university manages. Edward A. Frieman, director of Scripps Institution, is the project's principal investigator.
Hydrothermal activity on the Gorda Ridge
Authors: Rona P. , Denlinger R. , Fisk M. , Howard K. , Klitgord K. , McClain J. , McMurray G. , Taghon G. , Wiltshire J. 
Published: October 2006

Were port our discovery of the first hydrothermal field on the northern Gorda Ridge located only 200 km off southern Oregon within the proclaimed U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (Figure 1). The discovery was made with the U.S. Navy Deep Submergence Vehicle Sea Cliff and her support ship the DSVSS Laney Chouest on a dive series between September 15 and 30, 1988.The northern Gorda Ridge is characterized by an intermediate spreading rate (2.8 cm/yr half‐rate), although the high relief of the sediment‐free rift valley a n d distribution of volcanic rock types resemble the slow‐spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge more than other intermediate‐ to fast‐spreading centers in the Pacific. The hydrotheral field extends several hundred meters along the east wall at water depths between 2700 and 2800 m, about 300 m above the floor of the rift valley.
Spectra show scapolite on Mars
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The mineral scapolite, rare on Earth, appears be to present on the surface of Mars. If the identification proves correct and scapoliteis found to make up a significant part of the or constituents of the martian soil or regolith in these areasThe recognition of drainage channels on Mars has led to the view that liquid H2O flowed on the planet at one time. The atmospheric pressure on Mars today is too low (0.07 bar) to support liquid water, and the Viking landers found the surface material very dry. A small amount of water may exist as ice in Mars' northern polar cap. Some water has also been destroyed by solar radiation, but many planetologists believe that much of the water once on the surface is now in the subsurface of the planet as ice or groundwater.
Lidar shows air at its most empty
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

In the past few weeks, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration atmospheric scientists have used lidar instruments trained on some of the cleanest air on Earth to measure what may be the global background concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere.The observations are part of an effort to determine if air at its most clear still contains sufficient numbers of aerosol particles to allow a planned satellite‐based lidar to use them to track upper atmospheric winds all over the world.
Tomography finds waste sites
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Geophysical diffraction tomography (GDT), a remote sensing method, is being developed for hazardous waste site characterization by researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn., with the support of the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.More accurate assessment of hazardous sites translates into more efficient and less costly cleanup efforts by defining parameters such as waste site boundaries, geophysical site characteristics, buried container leakage, and hazardous material migration. Remote sensing devices eliminate the potential for environmental damage, safety hazards, or high costs associated with intrusive site characterization techniques.
International research
Authors: Fucugauchi J. Urrutia 
Published: October 2006

Often at lectures and seminars we are told just how little is known about a far‐away region on Earth. Such a remark is seldom printed in papers but is implied in bibliographies, which frequently contain very few references to the far place.This is particularly the case for works on countries whose language differs from that of the author. This lack of reference to previous works may be due to the absence of related literature, or to the work's having been reported in local journals of restricted circulation, mostly written in the language of the country, or to the previous work's not being referred to in the bibliography although it was consulted. Not only am I concerned with giving proper credit to previous work, I want also to emphasize that in some instances, limited access to relevant local literature, including unpublished information, may be critical to doing good science.
Principles of Ocean Physics
Authors: Malanotte‐Rizzoli Paola 
Published: October 2006

This book is an excellent textbook for an undergraduate course in physical oceanography, and some of its chapters can also be used in a graduate introductory course. The book is clearly written from the perspective of a physicist, as the title itself declares. Therefore, it gives a different and interesting approach to physical oceanography, complementary to that of the vast majority of introductory textbooks, which are much more descriptive and phenomenologically oriented.After the introduction, with an historical review of the evolution of physical oceanography, Chapter 2 is devoted to a review of t he major forces driving the ocean's general circulation. This chapter contains well‐organized and clear discussions of radiative forcing a nd of the basics of atmospheric circulation and the ocean response, both for wind‐driven and thermohaline components of the circulation, on the global scale. This chapter also offers an informative section on the sea floor and its dynamics, thus enclosing the oceanic layer between its two natural boundaries, the atmosphere above and the ocean floor below.
Congress tackles human‐induced climate change
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

A stream of new bills related to climate change is rising during the first days of the 101st Congress, following a summer of drought that focused national attention on the possible consequences of human‐induced global warming.The bills share the broad goal of cutting emissions of gases that add to the greenhouse effect, but they reflect very different views both of the role the federal government should have in creating the reductions, and of the gases themselves—are they the necessary waste products of an industrialized society or just pollutants?
Changing of the guard
Authors: Eichelberger John C. 
Published: October 2006

With this VGP News column, I conclude my 3.5 years as VGP Editor of Eos and turn the job over to William H. Casey. As a convenience to our readers, the address to which your cards and letters should be sent remains the same. But while the editor's abode is unchanged, the personal scientific focus of the editor changes from magma to muck.Bill concerns himself with fluids and rocks and mixtures thereof at low temperature, and he is a vigorous researcher and prolific writer in this area. I know his scientific preference will come as a relief to those of you who think that if you've seen one volcano, you've seen them all. Seriously though, the change will help to give an overall balance to Eos' coverage. Volcano news is now rolling in without the need of encouragement from the VGP Editor.
Ancient works, monuments and historical sites
Authors: Reddy Michael M. 
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Engineering Geology sponsored the symposium Engineering Geology as Related to the Study, Preservation, and Protection of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites on September 19–23, 1988, in Athens, Greece. The symposium was organized by the Greek National Group of the International Association of Engineering Geology in collaboration with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Official cosponsors of the symposium included the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Commission of the European Communities, and International Council on Monuments and Sites.Subjects of the papers presented at the symposium included soil and rock mechanics; foundation engineering; structural geology; geomorphology; geophysics; seismology; weathering, erosion and decay; and preservation techniques. In part, the symposium indicates the concern of national and international organizations over an apparently accelerating rate of deterioration of cultural treasures in many parts of the world as a result of anthropogenic and natural causes. Several of these causes are related directly to rapid urbanization.
Water supply outlook
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Hydroiogic extremes in several areas of the country may be t h e fare this spring, according to Michael D. Hudlow, director of hydrology at the National Weather Service. Abovenormal precipitation/snowfall occurred across parts of the western U.S., a n d above‐normal precipitation occurred across most of t h e Mississippi Valley during the first 3 months of the 1989 water year (October–December 1988). Effects of the 1988 water year (October 1987–September 1988), one of the driest in over 50 years, still persist in terms of low reservoir storage.Northern California, where the snowpack is below normal, may be facing its third consecutive dry year. Average reservoir storage is only 50%, and no river system will receive more than 75% of its normal runoff. NWS's meteorological outlook for March calls for above‐average rainfall for California and the northwest.
Rainfall Fields: Estimation, Analysis, and Prediction
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The problem of predicting rainfall and its characteristics has always been one of overriding concern for both hydrologists and meteorologists. Yet, for decades the two disciplines have pursued its solution using radically different techniques and communicating relatively little about recent advances in understanding rainfall processes, new technology, and improvements in predictive skill.Meteorologists tend to publish in journals that deal almost exclusively with atmospheric processes, while hydrologists prefer media which focus on the Earth's surface and below. Meteorologists tend to concentrate on developing and improving numerical hydrodynamical models of the atmospheric processes that generate rainfall. Their approach is essentially to solve an initial value problem where the observed three‐dimensional state of the atmosphere is input to the model and the rainfall is one of the output parameters.
Reply to Graham
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In the January 24, 1989, issue of Eos, the publication “Our Changing Planet,” issued with President Reagan's budget, was summarized. The document describes U.S. plans for global change research. Also noted in the Eos article was the establishment of a special AGU panel to review this document.A letter from the President's Science Advisor, William R. Graham, Office of Science and Technology Policy, requesting AGU's comments, was published in the February 28 issue of Eos. The panel has now completed its work, and the Council has voted on the appropriate reply to Graham. The resulting letter from AGU President Don Anderson to Graham is below. Individual copies of the full panel report can be obtained by writing Judi Martin, Research Programs, AGU, 2000 Florida Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20009.
Committee on solid‐earth sciences
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Committee on the Solid‐Earth Sciences has been established by the National Research Council, under the Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, to prepare the first major assessment of the state of our knowledge of the basic and applied solid‐Earth sciences.The Board noted that “Three decades of extraordinary discoveries have stimulated the earth sciences to a level of activity never before achieved, but much still remains to be done if the momentum of discovery is to be maintained … Therefore, it is now timely and very important to formulate a far‐reaching plan and effective agenda for the basic and applied solid‐earth sciences.”
Front Range Report, Abstracts
Authors: Spence William 
Published: October 2006

The second regional conference of the Front Range Branch, AGU, was attended by more than 80 professionals and some 20 outstanding high school students. The conference included 2 days of interdisciplinary talks, and lots of discussion, that primarily were keyed to geophysical studies of Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Other talks reported on nonregional, and sometimes global, studies being done by geophypsicists of the Front Range region.Topics included tectonics of the Front Range and the Colorado Plateau, pollution of the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers, and a supreme polluting event that caused the late‐Cretaceous extinctions. Other notable talks were on toxic cleanup, microburst (wind shear) detection at U.S. airports, and other meteorological studies. Several talks treated the audience to the excitement of new work and surprise discoveries. The meeting was multimedia, including the playing of two videos through a projection TV and the playing of a fascinating tape between an airport control tower and incoming pilots during a severe microburst event.
Solar‐terrestrial processes at SAMA, from balloon observations to a satellite project
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

By using balloon X ray and electric field measurements [Gonzalez et al., 1982; Pinto and Gonzalez, 1986”, it has been suggested [Gonzalez et al., 1987] that localized relativistic electron precipitation seems to occur at the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) during the recovery phase of intense geomagnetic storms. Those measurements were obtained from balloons launched at Brazilian sites.This type of precipitation seems to consist of narrow latitudinal bands, localized at low L values, where precipitation tends to be enhanced. Candidate processes to explain its origin are cyclotron resonances of inner‐belt relativistic electrons with plasmaspheric hiss [Gonzalez et al., 1987; Pinto and Gonzalez, 1988]. These waves have been shown to exist predominantly during the recovery phase of storms and to have density peaks at very low L values, off the equator [Tsurutani et al., 1975], right at the latitudes that correspond to the balloon measurements.
Committee on large‐scale experimentation
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Editor's Note: This is the first in a series of articles concerning the activities and the people concerned with committees of the Hydrology Section of AGU. The series is designed to keep the several thousand Hydrology Section members better informed about their section.There is a broad consensus among hydrologists that further progress leading to a better understanding of some crucial hydrologic phenomena must be based on comprehensive experimentation at the mesoscales. The committee was established in order to promote and coordinate participation in this important activity and to make the membership aware of the obtained results and programs. Members of the committee have been actively involved in several experiments, which have taken place already or which are in the planning stage.
Global research on the Cretaceous
Authors: Ginsburg Robert N. 
Published: October 2006

Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms, a new international research effort on the global aspects of Cretaceous sedimentary geology, is underway. This Global Sedimentary Geology Project (GSGP) is organized by the Commission on Global Sedimentary Geology of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The GSGP secretariat is at the University of Miami, Florida (Fisher Island, Miami Beach, FL 33139, tel. 305‐672‐1840, RNGINSBURG/KOSMOS).Cretaceous time was selected for this pilot research project because Cretaceous sea levels and climates can provide a vision of Earth in its “greenhouse state,” because there is an established geochronology for the era's wide‐spread deposits, and because there are extensive resources of hydrocarbons, coal, bauxite and other minerals in Cretaceous rocks.