bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Leisure Activity Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Douglas Jacinta M. , Dyson Maree , Foreman Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe majority of people with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience long-term disability and are unable to return to their usual activities. Services that offer community social and leisure participation programs are likely to reduce the social burden associated with severe TBI. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the personal effects of becoming engaged in community leisure activities. It was hypothesised that adults with severe TBI who participated regularly in leisure activities over a 6-month period would show measurable positive change in the domains of community integration, social support, mental health and quality of life (QOL). Participants numbered 25 adults (mean age 36.95 years) who had been referred to community leisure programs participated in the study. All participants had sustained severe injuries (post-traumatic amnesia > 1 month). A repeated measures design over 6 months was used. Assessment involved a semistructured interview, global subjective QOL rating and administration of standardised measures: SF-12v2, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, Instrumental-Expressive Social Support-Scale, and Community Integration Questionnaire. Adults who participated regularly over 6 months reported positive and statistically significant changes in social integration and mental health. These findings support the use of assisted community participation programs for adults with severe TBI.
The Evidence Base of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in Acquired Brain Impairment (ABI): How Good is the Research?
Authors: Perdices Michael , Schultz Regina , Tate Robyn , McDonald Skye , Togher Leanne , Savage Sharon , Winders Kiri , Smith Kate 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the context of evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP), the reliability of empirical data is largely determined by the methodological quality of research design. PsycBITE™ (Psychological Database of Brain Impairment Treatment Efficacy) is a web-based database listing all published, empirical reports on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the psychological consequences of acquired brain impairment (ABI). The aim of this study was to survey the listings of PsycBITE™ and examine the methodological quality of the reports it contains. Reports listed in PsycBITE™ include systematic reviews (SRs), randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, case series (CSs) and single-subject designs (SSDs). They are indexed according to research design, neurological group, patient age group, target area and intervention type. The PEDro Scale is used to rate the methodological quality of RCTs, nonRCTs and CSs, with maximum obtainable methodological quality rating (MQR) of 10/10, 8/10 and 2/10 respectively. A search identified 1298 reports indexed in PsycBITE™. The largest proportion was SSDs (39%), followed by CSs (22%), RCTs (21%), non-RCTs (11%) and SRs (7%). The majority of reports was concerned with stroke (41%), traumatic brain injury (29%) and Alzheimer's and related dementias (22%). The most frequently investigated deficits were communication/language/speech disorders (24%); independent/self-care activities (19%); behaviour problems (17%); memory impairments (17%); anxiety, depression, stress, adjustment (15%). Approximately half of the RCTs, non-RCTs and CSs were rated for methodological quality. Mean MQR scores for RCTs, non-RCTs and CSs were 4.49, 2.85 and 1.15 respectively. While some PEDro criteria were met by a high proportion of RCTs and non-RCTs (≥ 70%), other criteria were only met by a small proportion of reports (as low as 1.6%). There was no significant difference in MQR scores between RCTs focusing on different neurological groups or target areas. Furthermore, there was no discernible improvement in MQR score for RCTs published over the last three decades. The methodological quality of studies investigating the efficacy of rehabilitation interventions in ABI has been consistently modest over several decades. This is largely attributable to poor adherence to fundamental tenets of research design, and requires urgent remediation. RCTs (and to a lesser extent, non-RCTs) are research methodologies which can potentially yield a high level of evidence, but only if they are adequately designed. PsycBITE™ has the facility to raise awareness of these issues and be instrumental in promoting EBCP in the field of ABI.
A Review of Functioning of Attentional Components in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities
Authors: Soo Cheryl A. , Bailey Jeff G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAttention is considered to be the foundation of most cognitive and neuropsychological processes and it is often the subject of study in the common childhood disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article reviews studies on the attentional functioning of children with subtypes of ADHD and children with learning disabilities (LD). First, an overview of ADHD including current conceptualisation and cognitive theories of the disorder are outlined. Second, attention is described as a multidimensional construct consisting of a number of components. This model of attention will be used as a framework for reviewing studies in the ADHD literature. In particular, the following comparisons of children will be examined: (1) ADHD compared with non-disordered controls, (2) ADHD compared with LD, and (3) hyperactivity/impulsive forms of ADHD compared with inattentive ADHD. Finally, the implications of a multi-modal framework of attention will be discussed within the context of theory and treatment of ADHD.
The Development of Self-Awareness and Relationship to Emotional Functioning During Early Community Reintegration After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Fleming Jennifer M. , Winnington Heidi T. , McGillivray Azaria J. , Tatarevic Boyana Ana , Ownsworth Tamara L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractImpaired self-awareness may affect clients' emotional status, engagement in rehabilitation and community reintegration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-awareness, emotional distress and community integration in adults with TBI during the transition from hospital to the community. Thirty-four rehabilitation clients with TBI were assessed in the week before and 2 months after discharge home. Measures of self-awareness and emotional functioning were administered predischarge and repeated at follow-up along with a measure of community integration. Nonparametric tests were used to compare levels of self-awareness and emotional distress pre- and postdischarge, their interrelationships and association with community integration. Self-awareness significantly increased following discharge, and a trend towards increased depression was found. There were no consistent relationships found between level of self-awareness, emotional functioning, and community integration. The development of self-awareness in the immediate postdischarge phase suggests this is an important time for clinical interventions targeting compensation strategies and adjustment to disability.
From Development to Implementation of Sustainable Concrete in a Precast Plant — A Case Study
Authors: Fernandez P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the steps taken from development to full implementation, of the three most used concrete mixes, replacing 20% of the cement with ASTM-618 class C fly ash. A testing program was developed to identify the most critical variables that affect the performance against cement replacement, the variables were type of high range water reducer admixture and two types of fly ash. The second part of the program consisted of pouring a significant volume of concrete, using actual production practices, in order to obtain a history of 30 consecutive compressive strength tests per mix. A key factor on the success of this program was the use of a new generation of polycarboxylate admixtures, high early strength-high range water reducers, necessary to provide the required fluidity while reducing the watercement ratio without retarding the setting time. With the incorporation of a non-chloride accelerator, early compressive strengths up to 4200 psi (29 MPa) at 12 h were obtained. Since implementation, 6 months ago, the use of cement has been reduced by 4 600 000 lbs (2 100 000 kg) for the same volume of concrete.
Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrades von Stadtschnellbahnen durch Automatisierung und nachfrageabhängige Steuerung des Beförderungsangebotes (Enhancing Operational Efficiency of Automated Suburban Rapid Rail Transit with Demand-dependent Control of Train Service)
Authors: Scholz Sven 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Neben der Vollautomatisierung von Stadtschnellbahnen im Rahmen von Neubauvorhaben kommt auch der nachträglichen Automatisierung bestehender Bahnen große Bedeutung zu. Es wird eine neuartige Methode vorgestellt, die strategisch orientierte Analysen zur prinzipiellen Machbarkeit und dem erzielbaren Nutzen mit minimalem Aufwand erlaubt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der nachfrageabhängigen Steuerung des Beförderungsangebotes, die mittels Vollautomatisierung erst möglich wird.
Regelung adaptronischer Systeme, Teil II: Elektrorheologische Aktoren (Control of Adaptronic Systems, Part II: Electrorheological Actuators)
Authors: Kugi Andreas , Kemmetmüller Wolfgang 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Der zweite Teil dieses Beitrages beschäftigt sich mit einem elektrorheologischen (ER) Aktor bestehend aus vier in einer Vollbrücke verschalteten ER Ringspaltventilen, in deren Diagonalzweig ein Gleichgangzylinder betrieben wird. Das Regelungsziel besteht darin, unter Ausnutzung des im Millisekundenbereich wirkenden ER Effektes eine möglichst schnelle Trajektorienfolgeregelung für die Kolbenposition zu entwerfen. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie die im Vergleich zu konventionellen hydraulischen Aktoren zusätzliche Anzahl von Stelleingängen im Rahmen des Reglerentwurfes sinnvoll genutzt werden kann, um ein möglichst optimales Verhalten des geschlossenen Regelkreises unter den gegebenen Randbedingungen zu erzielen. Das Regelungskonzept basiert im Wesentlichen auf einem nichtlinearen kaskadierten flachheitsbasierten Druck- und Positionsregler in Kombination mit einer stabilisierenden Rückkopplung für den mittleren Versorgungsdruck. Simulationsergebnisse bestätigen recht eindrucksvoll das Potenzial der hier vorgestellten Regelungsstrategie.
Robust Motion Control for Fully Actuated Robots Using Sliding Mode (Robuste Regelung der Bewegung von vollaktuierten Robotern im Gleitmodus)
Authors: Kondak Konstantin , Wege Andreas , Stanczyk Bartlomiej , Buss Martin , Hommel Günter 
Published: July 2006

Summary
In the paper the application of known theory for sliding mode control (SMC) to robust motion control for fully actuated robots is considered. In the presented approach the advantages of SMC like robustness and simplicity of the control law are used. At the same time, the main disadvantage of the SMC — chattering — is avoided or at least reduced. Two controllers based on this approach — a controller working in sliding mode (SM) and its approximation with high gain PID-controller — are presented. For the SM-controller a stability proof is given. Both controllers are applicable to a wide class of robots and can be designed without knowledge of the system model. The performances of both controllers are demonstrated in real experiments with a manipulator, inverted pendulum and hand exoskeleton.
Preparation, phase stability and structure of the C36 Laves phase Nb1–xCo2+x
Authors: Grüner Daniel , Stein Frank , Palm Martin , Konrad Joachim , Ormeci Alim , Schnelle Walter , Grin Yuri , Kreiner Guido 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The C36 Laves phase Nb1–xCo2+x has been re-investigated in order to study phase stability and structure. Constitutional data have been obtained by investigating homogenized single- and two-phase samples and from diffusion couples. The C36 phase Nb1–xCo2+x crystallizes with hexagonal MgNi2 structure type (Z = 8, space group P63/mmc, a = 4.7414(4) Å and c = 15.458(1) Å at x = 0.265(4)). The homogeneity range extends from 24.6(2) to 25.3(5) at% Nb. The temperature range of the phase field is limited by a eutectoid (C36 Nb1–xCo2+x = Nb2Co7 + C15 NbCo2) and a peritectic (L + C15 NbCo2 = C36 Nb1–xCo2+x) reaction at ∼ 1050 °C and 1264 °C, respectively. In addition, the title phase is involved in the peritectoid reaction Co(Nb) + C36 Nb1–xCo2+x = Nb2Co7 at 1086 °C and in the eutectic reaction L = Co(Nb) + C36 Nb1–xCo2+x at 1239 °C. The C36 and C15 Laves phases of the Nb—Co system are separated by an extremely small two-phase field (<0.5 at%). The crystal structure exhibits pronounced deviations from ideal parameters obtained from a hard sphere model. The Co network displays a type of distortion known from many hexagonal Laves phases. Kagom, layers display an elongation of the Co—Co edges of the basal triangles of Co5 trigonal bipyramids and a contraction of Co—Co edges of the uncapped triangles. The Nb atoms are also displaced from their idealized sites. In the crystal structure of C36 Nb1–xCo2+x excess Co atoms randomly substitute Nb atoms — (Nb1–xCo
x
)Co2. The excess Co atoms occupy preferentially the Nb2 site approximately twice as much as Nb1. These positions differ mainly in the conformation of the corresponding Nb6Nb2 fragments (Nb1—Nb1 eclipsed and Nb2–Nb2 staggered). In addition, Co atoms are displaced from the original Nb positions. The distortion of the Co and the Nb network is a consequence of the bonding situation of the defect-free crystal structure. The preferential site occupation of excess Co atoms is triggered by interactions with atoms beyond the first coordination shell. The C36 phase Nb1–xCo2+x exhibits Pauli-paramagnetic behavior (χ
P = +1.31 · 10–3 emu mol–1). The temperature dependent part of the electrical resistivity ρ(300 K) – ρ
0 is only 17 μΩ cm whereas the residual resistivity is very large with ρ
0 = 140 μΩ cm indicating strong structural disorder.
Atom order and thermodynamic properties of the ternary Laves phase Ti(TiyNixAl1–x–y)2
Authors: Grytsiv Andriy , Chen Xing-Qiu , Witusiewicz Viktor T. , Rogl Peter , Podloucky Raimund , Pomjakushin Vladimir , Maccio Daniele , Saccone Adriana , Giester Gerald , Sommer Ferdinand 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Combined refinement of neutron powder, X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction data allows precise evaluation of symmetry and atom site occupation for the MgZn2-type Laves phase. For compositions Ti(Ni1–x,Alx)2 titanium atoms were found to fully occupy the 4f site, whilst Ni- and Al-atoms randomly share the 2a and 6h sub-lattice sites of space group P63/mmc. At higher Ti-concentrations, Ti-atoms tend to enter the 2a and 6h site. Compositional dependences of the site occupations were used to explain the curved shape of the homogeneity region of the Laves phase. Investigation of the phase relations around the Ti-rich side of the ternary Laves phase was based on LOM, EPMA and X-ray diffraction experiments on argon arc-melted bulk alloys, which were annealed at 1000 °C in vacuum-sealed silica capsules for 100 h. The Ti-rich end of the homogeneity region of the ternary Laves phase at 1000 °C was derived from EMPA to be at Ti0.463Ni0.273Al0.264. Heat of formation data, derived from adiabatic drop calorimetry, were Δ298
H
0 = –57.9 ± 3.5 kJ/mol for Ti0.34Ni0.18Al0.48and –61.6 ± 3.3 kJ/mol for Ti0.36Ni0.24Al0.40. For the ab initio density functional theory applications a large number of structural models were investigated in order to calculate the concentration dependent heats of formation, structural stabilities, lattice parameters, bulk moduli and site occupancies, which are in good agreement with experiment. The theoretical analysis revealed that there are no Ni—Ni nearest neighbours when the concentration of Ni is smaller than that of Al. With increasing Al concentration, Al starts to fill 2a sites, and then continues occupying 6h sites. In compounds with Ti concentration larger than 33.3 at% the 4f sites are fully occupied by Ti, and the excessive Ti prefers 6h sites. The Al concentration of the Al-rich end of the homogeneity region of the ternary Laves phase was predicted to be 57 at%.
(La3
Z
x)Al and (Ce3
Z
x)Al with Z = C, N, O: preparation, physical properties and chemical bonding of metal-rich perovskites
Authors: Kirchner Martin , Gäbler Frank , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Niewa Rainer 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The inverse cubic perovskites (La3O)Al, (La3N)Al, (Ce3O)Al, and (Ce3N)Al are reported together with the solid solution series (Ce3C1–xNx)Al. The crystal structure of (La3N)Al is analyzed in detail based on single crystal X-ray diffraction data (space group Pm-3m, a = 509.04(1) pm, Z = 1, R
gt(F) = 0.008, wR(F
2) = 0.018). Combined X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis studies on samples with various N and O contents indicate only small tolerance of the ternary compounds towards Z = N, O deficiency and small solubility of Z in hexa gonal α-Ce3Al. Indications for the existence of a cubic β-Ce3Al with Cu3Au structure type could not be derived from any experiment. All studied phases are metals, the Ce compounds contain the rare-earth metal in Ce(4f
1) states according to X-ray absorption spectroscopy and measurements of the magnetic susceptibilities. The Ce moments order antiferromagnetically with T
N decreasing and scaling with increasing unit cell dimension of the compounds. Electronic band structure calculations reveal a trend to increased mixing of Z and La states on going from Z = O via N to C. Formation of a band gap even in the formally electronically balanced (La3C)Al is mainly prohibited by insufficient charge transfer between the metal species.
Effects and uptake of polycyclic aromatic compounds in snails (Helix aspersa)
Authors: Sverdrup Line Emilie , De Vaufleury Annette , Hartnik Thomas , Hagen Snorre B. , Loibner Andreas Paul , Jensen John 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The International Standardization Organization recently launched a soil toxicity test with snails( Helix aspersa). We assessed the sensitivity of this test for seven polycyclic aromatic compounds. Control animals had 100% survival and low variability for growth measurements. Maximum exposure concentrations of 2,800 mg/kg (4,000 mg/kg for acridine) had no effect on survival. Similarly, growth (biomass and shell size) was not affected by pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, carbazole, phenanthrene, or acridine, whereas dibenzothiophene gave a 10% effect concentration of 1,600 mg/kg. Measured internal concentrations of carbazole, diben-zothiophene, and acridine increased with increasing soil concentrations, but biota–soil accumulation factors were low (0.002–0.1). Compared to previously tested organisms, with all being exposed in the same soil type and under similar test conditions, the H. aspersa test was relatively insensitive to all substances.
Agricultural Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Lokupitiya Erandathie , Paustian Keith 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTParties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to submit national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, together with information on methods used in estimating their emissions. Currently agricultural activities contribute a significant portion (approximately 20%) of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, and agricultural soils have been identified as one of the main GHG source categories within the agricultural sector. However, compared to many other GHG sources, inventory methods for soils are relatively more complex and have been implemented only to varying degrees among member countries. This review summarizes and evaluates the methods used by Annex 1 countries in estimating CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural soils. While most countries utilize the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default methodology, several Annex 1 countries are developing more advanced methods that are tailored for specific country circumstances. Based on the latest national inventory reporting, about 56% of the Annex 1 countries use IPCC Tier 1 methods, about 26% use Tier 2 methods, and about 18% do not estimate or report N2O emissions from agricultural soils. More than 65% of the countries do not report CO2 emissions from the cultivation of mineral soils, organic soils, or liming, and only a handful of countries have used country‐specific, Tier 3 methods. Tier 3 methods usually involve process‐based models and detailed, geographically specific activity data. Such methods can provide more robust, accurate estimates of emissions and removals but require greater diligence in documentation, transparency, and uncertainty assessment to ensure comparability between countries. Availability of detailed, spatially explicit activity data is a major constraint to implementing higher tiered methods in many countries.
Preparation and FT–IR Characterization of Metal Phytate Compounds
Authors: He Zhongqi , Honeycutt C. Wayne , Zhang Tiequan , Bertsch Paul M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPhytic acid (inositol hexaphosphoric acid, IP6) has long been recognized as the predominant organic P form in soil and animal manure. Whereas many studies have investigated the wet chemistry of IP6, there is little information on the characterization of solid metal IP6 compounds. This information is essential for further understanding and assessing the chemical behavior of IP6 in diverse soil–plant–water ecosystems. As the first step in full characterization, we synthesized eight metal phytate compounds and investigated their structural features using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR). The absorption features from 900 to 1200 cm−1 in FT–IR could be used to identify these phytates as: (i) light divalent metal (Ca and Mg) compounds with a sharp band and a broad band, (ii) heavy divalent metal (Cu and Mn) compounds with splitting broad bands, and (iii) trivalent metal (Al and Fe) compounds with a broad band and a shoulder band. Three different types of chemical structures of metal–phytate compounds were presented based on the FT–IR information. We further demonstrated that metal orthophosphates possessed different FT–IR spectral characteristics from their IP6 counterparts. The unique spectral features of metal phytates from 1000 to 700 cm−1 could be used to distinguish phytate compounds from metal phosphate compounds. Thus, FT–IR analysis after fine tuning could provide an analytical tool to investigate the basic metal phytate chemistry in molecular levels, such as the competitive interactions between phosphate and phytate with a specific metal ion, and the conversion (or hydrolysis) of metal phytate to metal phosphate under various conditions.