bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of fluoride intake in relation to development of fluorosis on maxillary central incisors
Authors: Hong Liang , Levy Steven M. , Broffitt Barbara , Warren John J. , Kanellis Michael J. , Wefel James S. , Dawson Deborah V. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  Several studies have focused on the timing of fluoride intake relative to the development of dental fluorosis. This study reports the relationships of fluoride intake during the first 48 months of life with fluorosis on early‐erupting permanent teeth.Methods:  Subjects were followed from birth to 48 months with questionnaires every 3–4 months. Questionnaires gathered data on intakes from water, diet, supplements, and dentifrice to estimate total fluoride intake. Early‐erupting permanent teeth of 579 subjects were assessed for fluorosis using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) at approximately age 9. Fluorosis cases were defined as having FRI definitive or severe fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Individuals with FRI questionable fluorosis were excluded. The importance of fluoride intake during different time periods was assessed using t‐tests and logistic regression.Results:  One hundred and thirty‐nine (24%) subjects had fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Mean fluoride intake per unit body weight (bw) ranged from 0.040 to 0.057 mg/kg bw, with higher intake during earlier time periods and relative stability after 16 months. In bivariate analyses, fluoride intakes during each of the first 4 years were individually significantly related to fluorosis on maxillary central incisors, with the first year most important (P < 0.01), followed by the second (P < 0.01), third (P < 0.01), and fourth year (P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that, after controlling only for the first year, the later years individually were still statistically significant. When all four time periods were in the model, the first (P < 0.01) and second years (P = 0.04) were still significant, but the third (P = 0.32) and fourth (P = 0.82) were not.Conclusions:  The first two years of life were most important to fluorosis development in permanent maxillary central incisors; however, this study also suggests the importance of other individual years.
The Presence of Gestational Diabetes is Associated with Increased Detection of Anti‐HLA‐class II Antibodies in the Maternal Circulation
Authors: Steinborn Andrea , Saran Gaby , Schneider Andreas , Fersis Nicos , Sohn Christof , Schmitt Edgar 
Published: July 2006

ProblemGestational diabetes (GD) may be associated with temporarily reduced immune tolerance toward alloantigens for the time of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess anti‐HLA‐class I and ‐II antibodies as markers for an aberrant immunostimulation in women with GD.Method of studyThe percentage of anti‐HLA‐class I and ‐II antibodies was estimated in women with GD, normal term delivery and fetal distress, which was confirmed by demonstrating low cord blood pH for this patient group. These antibodies may cross the placental barrier and cause interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) release from fetal monocytes by cross‐linking monocytes with antibody‐loaded cells. Therefore we estimated the percentage of IL‐6‐positive monocytes in the fetal circulation of these three patient groups.ResultsWe found a significantly increased percentage of anti‐HLA‐class II in the circulation of women with GD. In comparison with women with normal term delivery, a significantly increased percentage of IL‐6‐positive monocytes was detected for women with GD and for women with fetal distress. Significantly decreased cord blood pH were detected for neonates born in the presence of fetal distress but not for neonates born in the presence of GD.ConclusionsOur results suggest that GD is associated with an increased humoral immune response against HLA‐class II antigens.
Orofacial lesions in treated southeast Brazilian leprosy patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Martins MD , Russo MP , Lemos JBD , Fernandes KPS , Bussadori SK , Corrêa CT , Martins MAT 
Published: July 2006

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate the oral mucosa lesions of leprosy patients during and after multi‐drug therapy.Methods:  Clinical examination, medical and dental history examination was performed in 100 leprosy patients.Results:  The results revealed that 71 patients, 50 men and 21 women, exibited oral lesions. The most frequent lesions were: fissured tongue (18 cases), inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (16 cases), chronic atrophic candidiasis (10 cases), fibroma (10 cases), erythematous candidiasis (eight cases), and traumatic ulceration (seven cases).Conclusion:  We conclude that leprosy‐related lesions are not present in patients undergoing treatment for leprosy, probably due to response to multidrug therapy.
Methanol maser polarization in W3(OH)
Authors: Vlemmings W. H. T. , Harvey-Smith L. , Cohen R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We present the first 6.7-GHz methanol maser linear polarization map of the extended filamentary maser structure around the compact H ii region W3(OH). The methanol masers show linear polarization of up to ∼8 per cent and the polarization angles indicate a magnetic field direction along the north–south maser structure. The polarization angles are consistent with those measured for the OH masers, taking into account external Faraday rotation toward W3(OH), and confirm that the OH and methanol masers are found in similar physical conditions. Additionally we discuss the Zeeman splitting of the 6.7-GHz methanol transition and present an upper limit of ∼22 mG for the magnetic field strength in the maser region. The upper limit is fully consistent with the field strengths derived from OH maser Zeeman splitting.
Will Current Research Answer Today's Problems at the Sanitary Landfill?a
Authors: Warman James C. , Rainer Rex K. , Chipley Alfred S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAlabama's solid waste management program has been commended repeatedly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for establishing and operating throughout nearly all of the State effective, county‐wide, Stateapproved, rural solid waste collection and disposal systems. The program is administered and regulated by the Division of Solid Waste and Vector Control of the Environmental Health Administration. Collection systems, sanitary landfills, and other parts of the program are rated by the regulatory agency; rating of landfills is used in enforcement. In 1974, 87.0 percent of the 67 counties in Alabama representing 97.0 percent of the total State population of 3,444,000 had total collection and disposal systems.The two greatest problems in the sanitary landfill program are disposal of hazardous industrial wastes and training of operators; other problems are noted. Current research throughout the nation on ground‐water pollution related to sanitary landfills was reviewed to identify expected research results that will help solve the problems.
Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aquifera
Authors: Kimmel Grant E. , Braids Olin C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTwo landfills, 27 and 41 years old, were studied and found to have plumes of leachate‐contaminated ground water extending 10,600 and 5,000 ft (3,200 and 1,500 m), respectively, from the site of deposition in the upper glacial aquifer on Long Island, New York. The plumes sink to the bottom of the aquifer, which is 70 ft (21 m) below the water table at the 27‐year old site and 170 ft (52 m) below at the 41‐year old site. The aquifer has a hydraulic conductivity of 270 ft per day (80 m per day).
Uniform Distribution in Soil Absorption Fieldsa
Authors: Otis R. J. , Bouma J. , Walker W. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe function of a septic tank‐soil absorption system is to purify the wastewater discharged from the home before reaching the ground water. However, failure often occurs in the soil absorption field. Failure can originate from two causes: (1) inadequate infiltration of effluent into the soil, due to soil clogging or an increase in loading which results in surfacing septic tank effluent, and (2) inadequate purification in the soil during percolation because of short travel times which can be due to presence of very permeable, shallow soils or to local overloading. Inadequate purification may result in pathogenic pollution of private well‐water supplies.Failures of the second type can be prevented through proper design and operation of the soil absorption field. Studies have shown that 3 feet (90 cm) of unsaturated soil are adequate in purifying septic tank wastes with the exception of nitrogen removal. However, 4‐inch (10 cm) diameter perforated drain pipe commonly used for distribution leads to local overloading near the point of inlet whereas other areas in the seepage system do not receive effluent at all. This leads to locally high flow rates of the waste through the soil reducing the soil's efficiency for pathogenic organism removal. Uniform distribution of the septic tank effluent over the entire soil absorption field is necessary to relieve this situation.One method by which uniform distribution can be achieved over a large area is through a pressurized system. By properly sizing the diameters of the pipes and the number and diameter of the orifices in the distribution laterals, the head losses across the orifices will be great enough to cause the entire network to fill before the liquid is applied to the soil. This system combines the advantages of dosing with uniform distribution.Three systems have been tested under laboratory and field conditions. The network is easy to manufacture and can be quickly sized. The design guidelines and results of laboratory and field testing are discussed.
The Use of a Specialized Drilling and Ground‐Water Sampling Technique for Delineation of Hexavalent Chromium Contamination in an Unconfined Aquifer, Southern New Jersey Coastal Plaina
Authors: Yare Bruce S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWoodward‐Clyde Consultants was retained to investigate a ground‐water contamination problem caused by disposal of chromium‐laden process water into an unlined lagoon in the Coastal Plain sediments of southern New Jersey. During the course of the investigation, a technique for sampling of formation water at specific horizons during drilling was developed. This technique consists of the following procedure: (1) drilling a borehole to the base of a sampling horizon; (2) lowering a wire‐wound well screen and riser pipe to the bottom of the borehole and gravel‐packing the screen; (3) pumping the borehole well until the discharge is clear of drilling fluid; and (4) pumping at least 100 gallons of formation water before collecting the sample and performing field water quality tests.Analysis of water samples withdrawn from a cluster of five wells, drilled to and screened at specific depths of 20 to 100 feet, verified that the special drilling and sampling technique developed was a valid method to obtain representative, in‐situ water samples from specific horizons. This sampling procedure was then used to substantiate surface earth‐resistivity survey data and provide important information on the vertical distribution of the contaminant within the aquifer. The delineation of the contaminant within the aquifer was an important part of Woodward‐Clyde Consultants'responsibility to evaluate the extent and magnitude of ground‐water contamination at the plant site and design an economically and technically feasible system for the removal and treatment of the contaminated ground water and eventual recovery of the chromium.
C. E. Jacob's Study on the Prospective and Hypothetical Future of the Mining of the Ground Water Deposited Under the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico
Authors: Brutsaert W. , Gross Gerardo Wolfgang , McGehee Ralph M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFrom 1965 till his death on January 30, 1970, Professor C. E. Jacob was chairman of Ground‐Water Hydrology at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. During the last three decades, ground‐water studies have advanced considerably due to his efforts, original achievements, and philosophies. He is therefore considered by many as one of the founders of modern ground‐water hydrology. In this study, taken from unpublished reports and notes, Jacob projects the decline of the water table in the Ogallala aquifer of the Southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas. After developing approximate analytical solutions for steady and unsteady flow as a function of flow depth, slope, water‐table configuration, and recharge, numerical results are obtained by digital computation. Representative values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity, required for this purpose, were obtained from an analysis of well data. The author concludes that the hypothetical time required for draining the aquifer, without pumping and without recharge, is from 5,000 to 8,000 years. At pumping rates prevailing during the decade 1951‐1960, with natural recharge and discharge operating, the aquifer will be depleted in less than 100 years. Starting with complete exhaustion, the aquifer would recover to within 2 percent of its initial (1938) storage in 5,600 to 5,700 years. If pumpage had ceased at the end of 1958, recovery to within 2 percent of initial storage would probably not exceed 1,500 years. These estimates assume that no local or temporary climatic fluctuations of the water table take place during the time spans considered.
Differential‐Head–Lake‐Level Relationships in the Middle‐Gulf Area, Florida
Authors: Hudson H. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLarge well‐field developments in the Mid‐Gulf area have caused abnormal lowering of nearby lakes. A map showing the differential head between the surficial aquifer and the underlying limestone Floridan aquifer showed values ranging from 20 feet to zero at a location where the aquiclude is absent. Lake levels had been restored by pumping from limestone wells. From pumping data and analysis of recession limbs, lineal relations between recession rates and differential head appeared to exist. From these, leakance values and vertical permeabilities were determined, with the latter values for two distinctly different sites ranging from 2 × 10‐2 to 200 gpd/sf.
Septic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Test Systema
Authors: Sikora L. J. , Bent M. G. , Corey R. B. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn individual home waste nitrogen and phosphorus removal system was evaluated in the laboratory. The gravity flow system consisted of a 10 × 60 cm (4 × 24 in) vertical Plainfield sand column followed by a series of 8 × 32 cm (3 × 12 in) horizontal columns filled with calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (Ca MgCO3). Nitrogen removal was attempted using a nitrification‐denitrification system where methanol was used as an energy source and P removal was attempted using calcite and dolomite. Separate experiments running from 4 to 6 months were used to test various diameter calcite and dolomite. The phosphorus removal system was also the site of denitrification and hence was in an anaerobic environment. Nitrogen removal was successful with approximately 60–100% removal in a 1‐day residence time after methanol addition. Increased denitrification rates were observed using smaller diameter filling materials but no differences were observed between equal‐diameter calcite and dolomite. Phosphorus removal was successful initially but after approximately one month, the ability of the calcite or dolomite to sorb phosphorus was curtailed in a 3‐day residence time. Results indicated that calcite was superior to dolomite and smaller diameter material was superior to larger diameter in removing phosphorus. However, it appeared that slime growth and organic anion competition covering the sorption sites on the calcite and dolomite prevented significant phosphorus removal after the first 2 to 3 months.
The Selection and Management of Feedlot Sites and Land Disposal of Animal Waste in Boise Valley, Idahoa
Authors: Mink L. L. , Gilmour C. M. , Beck S. M. , Milligan J. H. , Braun R. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEnvironmental effects of feedlot location and related land disposal operations can be minimized if proper knowledge of hazardous conditions are known and appropriate protective steps taken. Common guidelines often do not apply because of differing physical characteristics of local areas.Analyses of various parameters within a soil profile beneath a feedlot revealed none of the chemical constituent present in high concentrations below the 23‐foot depth. In areas where shallow ground water was less than 5 feet from the surface, the ground water was found to be affected by the feedlot. Other hazardous areas in feedlot location are flood‐prone areas, areas of surface bedrock, and areas of excessive slope.For land disposal operations, loading rates and frequency of application of feedlot waste should be adjusted in accordance with soil permeability, depth to ground water, and irrigation practices to minimize detrimental effects on ground‐water quality.
Abatement of Nitrate Pollution in a Public‐Supply Well by Analysis of Hydrologic Characteristicsa
Authors: Eccles Lawrence A. , Klein John M. , Hardt William F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHigh concentrations of dissolved nitrate in the ground water in the Redlands, California, vicinity threaten public water supplies. Dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations in water from wells, which frequently exceed 10 mg/1 (milligrams per litre), are attributed to the previous applications of large quantities of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on citrus crops. In a city of Redlands public water‐supply well field, wells 1 and 2 normally produce water with dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations of about 18 and 30 mg/1, respectively. Well 1 is a large‐capacity well capable of yielding 3,700 gal/min (gallons per minute) [233 1/s (litres per second)] and is the major source of water in the well field.The very permeable unconfined alluvial aquifer is composed of sand, gravel, boulders, and discontinuous clayey deposits. Well 1 is 742 feet (226 metres) deep and is perforated throughout most of the zone of saturation. A major clayey interval from 425 to 480 feet (130 to 146 metres) effectively separates the aquifer into an upper and lower zone. Well 2 is 426 feet (130 metres) deep and is perforated throughout most of the upper zone of saturation. At the well field the static water level (February 1976) was 180 feet (55 metres) below land surface.Independent tests were made on wells 1 and 2 to evaluate aquifer characteristics and to determine the sources of the high‐nitrate water. Chemical analyses of water collected from well 1 during the first 48‐hour test showed an increase in dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen from 4.1 mg/1 to a maximum of almost 20 mg/1. Dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations during the 48‐hour test of well 2 stayed constant at 30 mg/1. Interpretation of the chemical data and the results of previous studies indicate that the upper zone of saturation is the higher in concentration of dissolved nitrate.To reduce the concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from well 1, an inflatable packer was placed in the casing at 480 feet (146 metres) to coincide with the bottom of the clayey interval. The packer sealed off the upper part of the well and, as determined from a final test of well 1, reduced dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations from 20 to 4 mg/1 while only reducing well yield from 3,700 to 2,600 gal/min (233 to 164 1/s).
Mathematical Model of Uluova Plain, Turkey A Training and Management Tool
Authors: Karanjac Jasminko , Altunkaynak Mustafa , Ouvül Göksel 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe modelling of the Uluova Plain in southeastern Turkey was a part of training offered to Turkey's State Hydraulic Works' staff within a UNDP project. The modelling of the 341‐sq km plain started with the simple steady‐state version, but the model was gradually made more and more complex. At the end of modelling, the entire ground‐water system was subjected to various automatic controls. The interesting feature of the model was the interaction between surface water (Keban Reservoir) and ground water. Lake Keban started encroaching upon the plain in 1974 and by the middle of 1976 it occupied over 100 sq km of the plain. In its verification phase covering the period from 1967 through 1974, the model amended the conclusions from a previous hydrogeological study. In its prediction phase, the model simulated the ground‐water extraction plans for the 1976–1985 period. The modelling showed that the planned increase in ground‐water withdrawal from about 17 million cubic meters (MCM) in 1975 to about 30 MCM in 1976 was quite realistic and completely sustained by the aquifer. The maximum drawdowns in the 1974–1980 period are of an order of magnitude of 20 meters. Another sharp increase in ground‐water development from 30 to 58 MCM that was foreseen for 1981 would create drawdowns in some areas in excess of 35 m. The results of modelling pointed at several possible management alternatives.Several computation runs, which were repeated with Lake Keban removed from simulation as if it had not existed, made possible the evaluation of actual effects of the lake on ground‐water development potentials of the plain. It was demonstrated that the lake improved the situation appreciably over an area of about 48 sq km that was foreseen by planning for additional development.The Uluova model incorporates some advanced and new routines in integrated surface‐water–ground‐water simulation.
Attenuation of Waste Water Elutriated Through Glacial Outwash
Authors: Fetter C. W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSecondarily treated waste water was added to plastic columns filled with calcareous glacial outwash soil for a period of 10 weeks. More than 99 percent of the phosphorus was retained in the upper 50 centimeters of the soil, primarily due to adsorption. Ammonia, nitrite, and organic nitrogen were biologically nitrified to nitrate nitrogen. There was no measurable mercury in the column effluent, and it was present in only two samples of the waste water. About 30 percent of the cadmium was removed by ion exchange in the soil columns. Lead was not removed, probably due to the prior exhaustion of the lead exchange sites.
The Blind Zone in Seismic Ground‐Water Exploration
Authors: Sander John E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSeismic refraction methods can often indicate the saturated thickness of an aquifer. However, if an impermeable blind zone layer is present, it will not show up in the refraction profile. As a result, saturated thickness and transmissivity values indicated by the profile will be too high. It is thus important in many cases to look for a blind zone layer, and resistivity data combined with geological considerations are two possible ways of inferring its presence.
Controlled Degradation and/or Protection Zones — The Way It Looksa
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe support for controlled degradation and/or protection zones arises from the fact that cleaning up existing bodies of contaminated ground water, almost without exception, has not been successful because of technical difficulties and extremely high costs inherent to abatement procedures. With regard to potential future sources of ground‐water contamination, controlled degradation and/or protection zones are attractive because the state‐of‐the‐art for containment of pollutants has not advanced to the degree that full ground‐water protection can be guaranteed. Methods used to carry out a program of controlled degradation and/or establishment of ground‐water protection zones can be applied on both a regional and site‐specific level.