bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Sectoral Aggregation in the Commodity-Industry Multiregional Input-Output Model
Authors: Miller R E , Shao G 
Published: October 2006

In this paper, some experiments on the effect of aggregation in multiregional input-output (MRIO) models are reported. Sectoral aggregation and spatial aggregation are examined, separately and jointly, with use of hypothetical MRIO accounts and also with use of the 1977 US MRIO data. The spatial aggregation experiments constitute an extension and update of similar kinds of research reported on in a previous paper by Blair and Miller, in which hypothetical accounts and the 1963 US MRIO data were used. An important difference between the 1963 and 1977 data sets is that the latter are in the commodity-by-industry format. In the experiments reported here, it has been possible to deal with larger data sets for the least aggregated base cases, and the amount of data that is ‘covered up’ in the aggregations is therefore much larger. Nevertheless, it is still possible to conclude that spatial aggregation in MRIO models need not generate unacceptable error. The term error suggests that the most disaggregated data are always most accurate; because this position is not embraced by all input-output observers, we can alternatively describe the work in this paper as an investigation into the sensitivity of MRIO model results to sectoral and/or spatial aggregation.
Discounting the Economic Costs of Conservation and Compensation
Authors: Cullen R 
Published: October 2006

Sites are scarce, depletable resources. Development at sites frequently involves losses of aesthetic, recreational, and spiritual qualities. Attempts to quantify these losses are increasingly made via nonmarket valuation techniques. Conservation of sites frequently involves foregoing alternative uses of the sites. The benefits which could potentially be provided by alternative uses of sites can be evaluated to provide estimates of the gross economic costs of conservation. The economic costs likely to be imposed by protecting rock from quarrying at a site near Dunedin, New Zealand, are examined, and attempts are made to estimate compensation requirements. Protection of this site is expected to impose costs on the quarryowners and society at a distant time. The choice of discount rate is of overriding importance in estimating the magnitudes of these distant costs. In the case studied, ‘high’-magnitude discount rates appear to reduce the costs of conservation and ‘low’-magnitude discount rates increase those costs.
The Long-Term Trend toward Increased Dispersion in the Distributions of City Sizes
Authors: Roehner B M 
Published: October 2006

City-size distributions follow a Pareto distribution, a property which is also known as the rank-size rule. Yet very different Pareto powers, α, are to be observed, ranging from 0.5 to 2. In this paper two complementary models are proposed to relate observed values of α to basic economic phenomena. In the first, the interdependence between cities and their economic environment is analysed. It is therefore a spatial model in which production, transportation, and land productivities are the pertinent variables. In the second model the economic evolution taking place inside cities is analysed. This involves the population of major occupation groups as significant variables. Historical data are presented showing that improved communication networks and economic progress result in decreasing values of α. Both models account for this long-term evolution. It is known, however, that in some areas the distribution of city sizes does not follow the rank-size rule. It is shown that a better understanding of such distributions can be obtained from a spatial decomposition of city-size distributions.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant 1970–88: 1. Creation, Transfer, and Capture of ‘Value’ within the Built Environment
Authors: Badcock B A 
Published: October 2006

The circulation of capital within the built environment, as first formalised by Harvey in 1978, is treated empirically via an analysis of residential capital formation and the transfer of value within the Adelaide Metropolitan Area, in the period 1970–88. Operational concepts of value ‘creation’, ‘transfer’, and ‘capture’ are defined before estimates of housing investment and its redistribution through the medium of the urban property market are derived. These are imputed for eight subregions of Adelaide. It is suggested that the chief beneficiaries from the ‘capture’ of value during the past two decades have been the Inner Adelaide suburbs and homeowners; hence the implication of Adelaide's ‘heart transplant’. Harvey's ‘framework for analysis’ and more particularly his account of the timing and patterning of (dis)investment within the built environment are then evaluated in light of Adelaide's experience between 1970 and 1988. It is decided that urban investment trends and patterns cannot be properly understood without giving much greater deference to fiscal and monetary policy together with the state's urban development programme than Harvey is prepared to in his analysis.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant, 1970–88: 2. The ‘Transfer’ of Value within the Housing Market
Authors: Badcock B A 
Published: October 2006

Regression analysis is used to examine the interaction of a number of processes that are thought to be responsible for the geographical transfer of value within the built environment. These are derived from an account by Smith of the restructuring of urban space. The ‘transfer’ of value is imputed from the differential movement of house prices between 1970 and 1988 for geographical submarkets within the Adelaide Metropolitan Area. Although the interpretation of the regression models is complicated, the evidence for a tilting of the ‘value transfer’ gradient from an inner-outer bias, to an outer—inner bias, can be statistically inferred from the processes of restructuring that have redirected capital flows within the built environment of Australian cities such as Adelaide, Sydney, and Melbourne in the course of the last two decades. Thus the uneven capital formation that characterises urban restructuring and is ultimately capitalised into real changes in house prices is a significant source of the added wealth that is accumulated from homeownership. By this means it is possible to bridge the two ‘islands’ of theory: Smith's account of urban restructuring and Saunders's concern with the sources of wealth accumulation within the housing market.
The Pattern of Counterurbanization in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–85
Authors: Kanaroglou P S , Braun G O 
Published: October 2006

Counterurbanization in developed countries has been one of the main foci of migration research in recent years. The existence of the phenomenon in the Federal Republic of Germany has been debated. In this paper, net migration data, disaggregated by age, are utilized to examine the existence of metropolitan turnaround in the FRG for the period 1978–85. These data are provided at the county level (328 Kreise) which is more detailed than other spatial aggregation levels utilized in previous studies. In addition, use is made of two yearly migration matrices for 1977 and 1983 at the regional planning area level. In this paper, the coexistence of suburbanization and counterurbanization for the 1978–85 time period is demonstrated. Young adults, 18–25 years of age, gravitated towards the urban cores of metropolitan areas and smaller urban areas. All the other age-groups moved mainly towards the outer suburbs of metropolitan areas, the suburbs of second-tier cities, and the rural counties. The two migration matrices indicate that counterurbanization at the level of regional planning areas was not present in 1977 but started in 1978 and it was present in 1983. At the same spatial level, evidence of a net gain of metropolitan areas from second-tier cities and rural areas is also provided for 1977. This pattern was reversed for the 1978–85 period.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant, 1970–88: 3. The Deployment of Capital in the Renovation and Redevelopment Submarkets
Authors: Badcock B A , Browett M A 
Published: October 2006

In this, the last of three papers devoted to urban restructuring and its impact upon the built environment of an Australian city, the spatial focus narrows from the metropolitan region to an inner zone of Adelaide. This is the part of Adelaide that has gained most from the processes of residential reinvestment and gentrification over the last two decades. The interest in the circulation of capital that has been maintained throughout the previous papers is explored more fully by measuring and evaluating investment activity in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets. The evidence presented on the organizational structure, levels of investment, and returns to investment within the two submarkets makes for a better-informed characterization of ‘property capital’. It also serves to make the accompanying role of public finance in the revitalization process much clearer. In this paper, the interpretation of capital formation in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets suggests that all three tiers of government in Australia have been thoroughly implicated in the residential transformation of Inner Adelaide during the last two decades. Changes to the Commonwealth States Housing Agreement in 1973 released public funds for rehabilitating terrace housing in the City and inner suburbs, and the Hawke Government restructured taxation policy and the financial markets affecting investment in the home unit and town house submarket in the 1980s. Meanwhile the Dunstan administration in South Australia axed the freeway and high-rise-housing plans of the previous state government, and pressured City Hall to abandon its grandiose plans for commercializing the City's ‘square mile’. The residential development policies conceived in the mid-1970s as part of the replacement City of Adelaide Plan were emulated by other local government bodies in the nearby suburbs. Somewhat uncharacteristically, the state's public-housing agency gave a lead to project developers in the private sector by demonstrating what could be achieved in the submarket of inner-city-home units and town houses.
Urban Growth and Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Pusan
Authors: Lim J D 
Published: October 2006

In this paper is a discussion of the industrial restructuring process associated with changes in the labor-market condition in rapidly developed countries. The author deals with the case of Pusan, Korea, for the empirical verification. Slow growth in the labour supply and quickly rising wages in rapidly developed economies puts pressure on the existing industries and individual firms to restructure. Like other Asian newly industrialized economies, Korea has been experiencing a shortage of labor and rising wages since 1987. Because most of the industries are export oriented, rising wage levels mean declining competitiveness in the world market. Furthermore, a condition of less elastically changing labor supply makes wage levels even higher in every sector in the economy. Industrial restructuring in this sense means finding a way for survival rather than a simple transformation of industries and firms. In terms of a region, restructuring means the regional relocation of industrial activities, the exit of firms from existing industries, or the internal and external transformation of firms by the changed economic conditions, especially in the labor market. Changing labor-market conditions and subsequent changes in industrial structure in Pusan are discussed in this paper. The causes and consequences of industrial restructuring are discussed on the basis of individual industries.
Recurrent Collapse of the Fire Service in New York City: The Failure of Paramilitary Systems as a Phase Change
Authors: Wallace R 
Published: October 2006

Analysis of persistent and recurring episodes of large-scale collapse of the fire service in New York City suggests a striking inverse to Granovetter's ‘strength of weak ties’ analysis of social system integration: that hierarchical paramilitary systems can become fatally unstable if locally based, strong self-interacting equivalence classes of units are unable to answer the vast majority of calls for service without assignment of units from other classes. A simple network-based model finds that an incremental increase in the probability that units must be shared between geographically centered classes leads to a sharply nonlinear, system-wide ‘phase transition’ from stability and localized demand to instability and a ‘delocalized’ service demand. Implications are explored for the continuing deterioration of the fire service in New York City and its considerable consequences for both public health and public order. More general questions of the interaction of extended but integrated social systems with paramilitary hierarchical structures are also examined.
PRIDE and Prejudice: The Economic Impacts of Growth Controls in Pasadena
Authors: Richardson H W , Gordon P , Jun M-J , Kim M H 
Published: October 2006

Whereas most debates about growth controls have focused primarily on the impacts of land and house prices, this study examines anticipated job and output losses. Using the example of the proposed nonresidential and residential controls approved by the voters of Pasadena, California, as a case study, the authors employ a spatial allocation/regional input-output model (the Southern California Planning Model) that allocates highly disaggregated sectoral impacts (direct, indirect, and induced) to 219 zones (cities and unincorporated areas) in the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The largest economic losses are the result of denied nonresidential construction, and these are cumulative over the ten years of the proposed ordinance (now defunct after the 1992 elections). The lowest-skilled occupational groups are the hardest hit in terms of lost jobs, and almost three fifths of the employment losses occur in the city of Pasadena itself. These results offset the favorable claims for growth controls made by their advocates.
The Latin American Inner City: Differences of Degree or of Kind?
Authors: Ward P M 
Published: October 2006

It is often assumed that the globalization of the world economy will drive societies and societal change in a broadly similar direction, leading to convergence in the process of urbanization. The observed diversity between places is the result of the engagement of the macroeconomic process with local social and political structures. Inner-city decline in many older metropolitan centers of the USA and the United Kingdom has occurred through economic restructuring and job loss, with smaller urban centers and amenity-rich areas benefiting concomitantly. Demographic processes have accentuated this decline: most notably suburbanization, counterurbanization, inner-city renewal programs, and urban resettlement to new towns. Since the early 1980s, however, selected inner cities have been the focus of reinvestment, and a return of population through so-called ‘gentrification’. In the United Kingdom, in particular, public policy has played an important role in the reinvigoration of inner cities. The substantial literature on UK and US cities is reviewed insofar as it might shed light on convergent processes in Latin American inner cities. In fact, the evidence suggests little convergence. The demography is different, with relatively low levels of visible population decline; and the economy of the inner city remains vibrant, focusing upon services and small-scale artisan activities, with no corresponding decline in heavy industry. Although large-scale redevelopment projects in and around the downtown were common during the 1940s to the 1960s, the demise of authoritarian and dirigiste-type leaders, 1980s austerity, and a growing democratic base, have imposed severe limitations on the extent of large-scale urban redevelopment and reinvestment. Cultural and aesthetic influences also militate against a demand from the middle-income and upper-income groups to gentrify the inner city; nor is the ‘rent-gap’ sufficient to stimulate private-sector supply of new or refurbished homes a likely option in the city center. Policy prescriptions in Latin America should take account of this divergence and fundamental differences in kind, and should aim to develop existing opportunities and land uses for an incumbent working-class population, rather than seeking to attract new uses and better-off populations into the core.
Short-Term Forecasting of Internal Migration
Authors: Frees E W 
Published: October 2006

Models for short-range forecasts differ from those for intermediate and long-range forecasts because of the possibility of introducing lagged exogenous factors as explanatory variables. It is widely believed that certain exogenous variables, in particular estimates of state income, are useful leading indicators of migration rates. In this paper, panel-data (or longitudinal-data) models are used to represent the relationship between destination-specific out-migration and several explanatory variables. The introduction of this methodology into the migration literature is possible because of some new and improved databases developed by the US Bureau of the Census. In this paper, data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis are used to investigate the incorporation of exogenous factors as variables in the model. One aim in the paper is to use graphical techniques in the understanding of the relationships between migration and these exogenous factors. These techniques provide insight into the strong relationships suggested by the many gravity models that have appeared in the literature. However, when one also includes additional parameters that are estimable in longitudinal-data models, it turns out that there is little additional information in the exogenous factors that is useful for forecasting.
Concentrated Economic Power and Silicon Valley
Authors: Harrison B 
Published: October 2006

Silicon Valley is the computer and microelectronics capital of America. To analysts from different academic disciplines and ideological persuasions, the economy of Silicon Valley has many faces. In the most romantic characterization, the Valley's astonishing success as home base for a myriad of companies that design, produce, and export computers, workstations, microchips, disk drives, and software is mainly a story about supremely—even belligerently—independent entrepreneurs. According to a second interpretation, the Valley is a full-fledged ‘industrial district’ on the north central Italian model, made up of a dense thicket of mostly small and medium-sized (but also some quite large) ‘flexible specialists’ that alternately cooperate and compete with one another, that are embedded in a local political economy with a shared culture and norms, and that may be well connected to the rest of the world but whose interfirm production relationships are thought to be highly localized. There is also a third perspective. Silicon Valley was created by, and remains profoundly dependent on, major multinational corporations and on the fiscal and regulatory support of the national government—especially in the ‘person’ of the US Department of Defense. The Valley is fundamentally a world headquarters of, or at least an important node within, global networks of big firms and their small firm subcontractors and suppliers, and, as such, is subject to the same contradictory tendencies toward concentration of power but decentralization of production that are coming to characterize the entire global market-based economic system. The three aspects of Silicon Valley's political economy—rampant entrepreneurship, an unusually high degree of interfirm circulation of engineering labor and other signs that have become associated with district-like behavior, and the visible hand of major corporations and their government—university partners in shaping the region into a base from which to manage operations that are executed beyond the Valley's domain—are in fact not mutually inconsistent. In this paper, however, I argue that the third constitutes the dominant tendency driving the reproduction of this vibrant regional economy, and has done since the years after World War 2.
Deregulation of the Motor Carrier Industry: A Canadian Example
Authors: Woudsma C G , Kanaroglou P S 
Published: October 2006

Recent changes in the economic regulation of the for-hire trucking industry in Ontario (Truck Transportation Act, 1988) have provided a new opportunity to investigate the associated impacts of deregulation or regulatory reform. Two main areas of concern are the overall charge rate levels for trucking service and the charge rate levels for shipments involving small remote communities. To investigate these areas of concern, the makeup of shipment revenues before and after the initiation of regulatory reform is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the variation in intraregional shipment charge rates with respect to commodity type as well as the size and remoteness of the communities involved. The results of the multivariate analysis indicate that the overall charge rate levels have not declined in the majority of industry sectors examined. With respect to charge rate levels for small communities, the basic question concerns the existence of cross-subsidization. This can occur when carriers, ‘obliged’ to serve remote communities under regulation, subsidize shipments to such areas from revenues earned in busier markets. The analysis of data in this paper provides evidence that cross-subsidization was present in some sectors of the industry but not in others.
Modelling Migration Flows of Immigrant Groups in Canada
Authors: Moore E G , Rosenberg M W 
Published: October 2006

The role of immigration in national development has returned to the forefront of domestic policy debates in many developed countries. Two common aspects of the domestic policy debate are focused on the consequences of the concentration of immigrant groups within a small number of the largest cities within any national system of cities and the movement of immigrants from smaller urban places and nonurban places to the largest cities over time. Two challenges emerge. The first is to identify the impact of postarrival migration. The second is to understand the processes underlying this redistribution, particularly if public interventions are planned which seek to influence these internal distributions. In this paper, the authors briefly review the findings of an earlier study on the patterns of both regional and metropolitan redistribution of immigrant groups in Canada. Against this back-drop, a hierarchical model of migration for immigrant groups for the period 1981–86 is developed and estimated. The internal redistribution of immigrants through postarrival migration has continued to be focused on metropolitan areas in general and on Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in particular. The distribution of previous immigrants plays a significant role over and above that of economic circumstances both in retaining immigrants in a particular city and in attracting members of immigrant groups from other cities.