bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research news and Comment: The Learning Connection: AERA’s Annual Meeting as a Catalyst
Authors: Parker Gale , Cole Donna , Fetter Bill , Hollier David , Munselle Lillian , Murphy Tim , Raji Ola , Smithwick Carol , Wright Lilly 
Published: March 2008

The article that follows was written by a group of graduate students. They tell us about their experiences reading research, then meeting the investigators and discussing their work with them at AERA. Their story teaches us much about the relationship between our work and the work of the teachers that populate our graduate programs. The tension between practitioners and researchers is often a topic of discussion at our professional meetings. Many of us have complained about the supposed lack of interest practitioners have for the research task and its product. The enthusiasm of the signatories to this article suggests that we must take some responsibility for that communication gap. The resistance we complain about has more to do with the ways in which we invite our students to join us in the appreciation of research than with their interest in it. As researchers in education, we must join hands with those who, unlike us, are in daily touch with the realities of the classroom. We need to learn from them and share our ideas with them. It is only by working together as educators with a common goal that we can improve the educational experience for children. The authors of this article describe one professor's way of accomplishing this objective.
The Preschool: Setting for Applied Behavior Analysis Research
Authors: Essa Eva L. 
Published: March 2008

The nursery school . . . is a school serving the needs of two-, three-, and four-year-old children in today’s world by offering them experiences adapted to what is now known about growth needs of these age levels. It shares with parents the responsibility for promoting sound growth and learning in a period when growth is rapid and significant. Respect for the individual child and his needs is the basis for a good nursery school program. —Read, The Nursery School, p. 24— [ There are] four functions of the teacher of young children: care-taking, providing emotional support and guidance, instructing, and facilitating. —Almy, The Early Childhood Educator at Work, p. 21— We in child development and early childhood education [have as] our goal ... to develop optimum personal competence in all children. —Hildebrand, Guiding Young Children, p. 15— [ T] he teacher must attempt to build an educational climate that enhances the children’s development and whets their appetite for further learning. The milieu must also nourish and sustain emotional health, encourage physical growth and muscular prowess, foster satisfying social interactions, enhance creativity, develop language skills, and promote the development of mental ability. Moreover, this must all be garbed in an aura of happiness and affection in order to establish that basic feeling of well-being, which is essential to successful learning. —Hendrick, The Whole Child, p. 4—
Conceptual Development in the Moral and Conventional Domains: Implications for Values Education
Authors: Nucci Larry P. 
Published: March 2008

This article reviews recent research and related theory indicating that individuals’ conceptions of social convention and morality are constructed with in distinct developmental systems emerging out of qualitatively differing environmental interactions. The research indicates that people of all ages distinguish between those actions (moral) having an intrinsic effect upon the rights or well-being of others, and actions (social conventional) whose propriety is determined by the societal context (i.e., implicit or explicit societal norms). In addition, the research demonstrates that concepts about morality and convention follow independent and distinct developmental patterns. The article discusses the limits of current values education programs (e.g., Kohlbergian, values clarification) in terms of their failure to coordinate the teaching of social values with students’ differential conceptions of morality and convention. In addition, the article presents implications for classroom management procedures, the design of social values curricula, and the measurement of social development, which flow from the position that values education differentially address the development of conceptions of morality and social convention.
Toward a Political Economy of Educational Innovation
Authors: Papagiannis George J. , Klees Steven J. , Bickel Robert N. 
Published: March 2008

Many policymakers and researchers still maintain that “modernization” of education through sustained and well-focused investment in educational innovation can improve the quality of education, significantly ameliorate social and economic problems, and lower educational costs as well. By restructuring management and teaching practices, putting more reliance on prepackaged curriculum materials, exploiting the possibilities of computers, radio, and TV, and changing teachers’ roles, it is believed that children and youth would be better prepared to meet the requirements of the modern workplace. We contend, however, that these benefits have failed to materialize. In an attempt to understand why the promise of educational innovation has not been realized, we critically examine educational innovation, its ideological and paradigmatic underpinnings, and the major stages of the innovation process. Review of a large body of research suggests that conventional theory fails to understand the nature of structural and institutional factors and processes that characterize class-based societies. A political economy of educational innovation perspective is elaborated that focuses on the centrality of power and the generation of correspondence and contradiction as key analytical concepts. It is argued that this “radical” perspective better explains the failure of innovation. Recent arguments that the central ideas behind educational innovation are still valid, but that greater emphasis must be put on the implementation process and participation of potential adopters, are also critically reviewed and found to represent no substantive shift from the “failed” model of innovation. Although shortcomings of the radical view are acknowledged and some of its theoretical weaknesses underscored, it demonstrates how the innovation process actively extends and creates a “technological” ideology that is self-legitimating, providing the illusion of change, not its substance. Yet despite the predominance of this reproductive function, we discuss how the radical paradigm also posits that educational innovation yields contradictions and resistances that have the potential for social transformation.
The Effects of Nonpromotion on Elementary and Junior High School Pupils: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Holmes C. Thomas , Matthews Kenneth M. 
Published: March 2008

In this study data from all studies identified as meeting the selection criteria were mathematically integrated to determine the effect of grade-level retention on elementary and/or junior high school pupils. When each effect size calculated was treated equally, a grand mean effect size of −.37 was obtained indicating that, on the average, promoted children scored .37 standard deviation units higher than retained children on the various outcome measures. When the effect sizes within each study were first averaged so that each study could be given equal weight, a grand mean of −.34 was obtained. By using the effect sizes from only those studies in which the promoted and nonpromoted pupils had been matched, a grand mean of −.38 was calculated. The high degree of consistency in these measures lends credibility to the validity of these findings. In addition to the grand means, effects sizes were calculated on various dependent variable measures, including academic achievement (further subdivided into various areas), personal adjustment (which included self-concept, social adjustment, and emotional adjustment), and attitude toward school, behavior, and attendance. In all cases, the outcomes for promoted pupils were more positive than for retained pupils.
Comparison of Procedures for Detecting test-Item Bias with both Internal and External Ability Criteria
Authors: Shepard Lorrie , Camilli Gregory , Averill Marilyn 
Published: March 2008

Test bias is conceptualized as differential validity. Statistical techniques for detecting biased items work by identifying items that may be measuring different things for different groups; they identify deviant or anomalous items in the context of other items. The conceptual basis and technical soundness were reviewed for the following item bias methods: transformed item difficulties, item discriminations, one- and three-parameter item characteristic curve methods, and chi-square methods. Sixteen bias indices representing these approaches were computed for black-white and Chicano-white comparisons on both the verbal and nonverbal Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Tests. In addition, bias indices were recomputed for the Lorge-Thorndike tests using an external criterion. Convergent validity among bias methods was examined in correlation matrices, by factor analysis of the method correlations, and by ratios of agreements in the items found to be “most biased” by each method. Although evidence of convergent validity was found, there will still be important practical differences in the items identified as biased by different methods. The signed full chi-square procedure may be an acceptable substitute for the theoretically preferred but more costly three-parameter signed indices. The external criterion results also reflect on the validity of the methods; arguments were advanced, however, as to why internal bias methods should not be thought of as proxies for a predictive validity model of unbiasedness.
Computer‐Aided Design of Solid Catalysts
Authors: Holena Martin , Baerns Manfred 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheoretical MethodsRational Methods for the Design of Catalytic ExperimentsThe Statistical Design of ExperimentsOptimization Methods for Empirical Objective FunctionsEvolutionary MethodsFeature 1Feature 2Feature 3Feature 4Other Stochastic MethodsDeterministic MethodsGroup 1 MethodsGroup 2 MethodsGroup 3 MethodsConcluding RemarksData Analysis and Data MiningStatistical Methods: An OverviewArtificial Neural NetworksConcluding RemarksConclusions
Heteropoly Compounds
Authors: Lee Kwan‐Young , Misono Makoto 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Structure and Catalytic Properties

Heteropolyacids: Acid Forms in the Solid State and in Solution

K
eggin‐Type
HPAs

W
ells–
D
awson‐Type
HPAs

Salts of Heteropolyacids: Cation‐Exchanged Forms

Acid Catalysis of Salts of Heteropolyacids

Oxidation Catalysis of Salts of Heteropolyacids

Bifunctional Catalysts

Shape Selectivities of Acidic Salts of Heteropolyacids

Preparation

Mixed‐Coordinated Heteropoly Compounds

Supported Heteropoly Compounds

Oxide Supports

Mesoporous Supports

Carbon Supports

HPA
Salt Supports

Polymer Supports

Clay Supports

HPA
Encaged in Supercages

Heteropolyanions Intercalated in Layered Double Hydroxides

Lacunary and Metal‐Substituted Heteropoly Compounds

Lacunary Silicotungstate

Transition Metal‐Substituted Polyanions (
TMSP
)

Heteropolyanion‐Supported Metals

Microstructured
POM
toward a Shape‐Selective Catalyst
Carbons
Authors: Schlögl Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Complexity of CarbonElectronic Structure of Carbon AllotropesBasic StructuresDiamondGraphiteCarbynesNanostructured CarbonsCarbolites and FullerenesDisordered GraphitesNanocrystalline Carbon: Carbon BlackFormation of Carbon: General PathwaysFormation of Solid Carbon: Mechanistic AspectsCatalytic Formation of Carbon from MoleculesCarbon on Noble Metal CatalystsCarbon Formation in ZeolitesGraphitization of CarbonsReaction of Oxygen with CarbonSurface Chemistry of CarbonChemical Quantification of Oxygen GroupsNon‐Oxygen Heteroelements on Carbon SurfacesChemical Analysis of Surface Oxygen GroupsReactivity in Fluid PhaseSpectroscopy of Functional Groups:XPSVibrational Spectroscopy of Functional GroupsAdvanced Thermal DesorptionSynopsis: Carbon and Catalysis
Metal Clusters in Zeolites
Authors: Sachtler Wolfgang M. H. , Zhang Z. Conrad 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nano Clusters of Metal
versus
Macroscopic Metals

Preparation of Mono‐ or Bimetal Clusters in Zeolite Cavities

Ion Exchange

Calcination

Reduction

Interaction of Metal Clusters and Zeolite Protons

B
rønsted Acids in Zeolites

Metal Clusters as
Lewis
Bases

Chemical Anchoring

Heterogeneous Catalysis by Single Metal Atom Sites

Electron Deficiency

Is Bifunctionality due to “Shuttling” between Sites or to “Collapsed Sites”?

Metal Oxidation by Protons, Selective “Leaching”

Effects of Zeolite Geometry on Catalysis

Transport and Transition State Restrictions

Collimation of Molecules in Pores

Types of Pore Diffusion in Zeolites; Effects on Apparent Activation Energy

Beneficial Damage of Zeolite Matrix by Growing Metal Particles

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Supported Catalysts from Chemical Vapor Deposition and Related Techniques
Authors: Tada Mizuki , Iwasawa Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areChemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) TechniqueCVDPrecursors and EquipmentCVDCatalystsGold (Au)Cobalt (Co)Chromium (Cr)Copper (Cu)Iron (Fe)Gallium (Ga)Molybdenum (Mo)AMoCarbonylsBMoCl5CAllylmolybdenumDMoO3VaporNiobium (Nb)Nickel (Ni)Osmium (Os)Palladium (Pd) Films and ParticlesPd/ZeolitesPlatinum (Pt)Rhenium (Re)Rhodium (Rh)Ruthenium (Ru)SiO2Tin (Sn)Titanium (Ti)Vanadium (V)Tungsten (W)Zirconium (Zr)BimetalsMixed Metal Oxides and SulfidesCVD‐Related TechniquesConcluding Remarks
Non‐Zeolitic Standard Catalysts
Authors: Bond Geoffrey C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

EUROCAT
Metal Catalysts

EUROPT
‐1

EUROPT
‐2

EUROPT
‐3 and
EUROPT
‐4

EURONI
‐1

Other
EUROCAT
Catalysts

Vanadia‐Titania
EUROCAT
Oxides

EUROTS
‐1 Zeolite

Gold Reference Catalysts

Other Programs

Summary and Conclusions
Solid‐StateNMRSpectroscopy
Authors: Hunger Michael , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionInteractions of Nuclear Spins in SolidsExperimental Techniques of Solid‐StateNMRSpectroscopyPreparation of Catalyst Samples for Solid‐StateNMRSpectroscopyNMRInvestigations of Catalyst FrameworksNMRInvestigations of Heterogeneously Catalyzed ReactionsConclusions
Morphological Characteristics
Authors: Schmidt Friedrich 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMorphological Characteristics of Catalyst BedsSize and Shape of Catalyst Powder Particles and their Morphological ParametersMorphology of Bulk and Eggshell CatalystsMorphology of Bulk Honeycombs and Other Bulk MonolithsMorphology of Catalysts on the Micrometer ScaleMorphology of Catalysts on the Nanometer and Sub‐Nanometer Scale
Surface Chemical Composition
Authors: Taglauer Edmund 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionElectron Spectroscopies (AES,XPS)Basic AspectsAuger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)X‐Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS)Ion Scattering SpectroscopiesGeneral AspectsCollision KinematicsLow‐Energy IonsRutherford ScatteringSecondary ParticlesSecondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySecondary NeutralsPhoton Stimulation
X
‐Ray Photoelectron and Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Moretti Giuliano 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

X
‐Ray and
UV
Photoelectron Spectroscopy

A
uger Electron Spectroscopy

Surface Sensitivity

Reference Level

Chemical Shifts in
XPS
and
AES

W
agner Plots

Thermochemical Approach

Illustrative Examples of Application of
XPS
and
AES
‐
XAES
to Heterogeneous Catalysis
UV–Vis–NIRandEPRSpectroscopies
Authors: Sojka Zbigniew , Bozon‐Verduraz François , Che Michel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionUV–Vis–NIRSpectroscopyEPRSpectroscopyComparison betweenUV–Vis–NIR(DRS) andEPRSpectroscopiesConclusions
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Characterization of Active Sites and Reaction Dynamics in Catalysis
Authors: Matsuoka Masaya , Kamegawa Takashi , Anpo Masakazu 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Characterization of Catalysts by Photoluminescence and Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

Investigations of the Dynamics of Photocatalysis by Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

Conclusions
Temperature‐Programmed Reduction and Oxidation1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Knözinger Helmut 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheTPRExperimentKinetics and Mechanism of ReductionMathematical Treatment ofTPRProfiles and Influence of Experimental ParametersExamplesConclusion
Theoretical Modelling of Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Stoltze Per , Nørskov Jens K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Hierarchy of Models

The Full Reaction Dynamics

The Kinetic
M
onte
C
arlo Approach

L
angmuir–
H
inshelwood Description

Power‐Law Kinetics

Microkinetic Modeling

Equilibrium

Statistical Thermodynamics

Sticking

Temperature‐Programmed Desorption

Catalytic Reaction at Steady State

Catalytic Reaction at Quasi‐Equilibrium

Parameters

Test

Applications

Ab Initio
Kinetics

Applications
Hydrocarbon Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Santilli Don S. , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Acid–Base Catalysis

Carbocations and Their Reactions

Nature and Formation of Carbocations

Carbenium Ions

Carbonium Ions

Reactions of Carbenium Ions

Intramolecular Reactions

A
Hydride and Alkyl Shifts

B
β‐Elimination

C
β‐Scission

D
Cyclization

Intermolecular Reactions

A
Reactions with Alkanes: Hydride Transfer

B
Disproportionation

C
Reactions with Alkenes: Dimerization

D
Reactions with Aromatics

Catalytic Reactions Involving Carbocation Intermediates

Alkene Oligomerization and Polymerization

Isomerization

Cracking

Alkylation

Transalkylation of Aromatics

Aromatization of Alkanes and Alkenes

Coke Formation

Steric Influence of the Catalyst

Metal Surface Catalysis

Skeletal Isomerization of Hydrocarbons

Hydrogenation of Alkenes

Hydrogenolysis and Homologation of Alkenes

Acknowledgments
Computer Simulation of Sorption and Transport in Zeolites
Authors: Papadopoulos George K. , Theodorou Doros N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Reconstruction of Zeolitic Media

Atomistic Reconstruction

Mesoscopic Reconstruction

A
Stochastic

B
Particle‐Based

Zeolite Force Field

Sorption Equilibria

Sorbate Dynamics

Methodology

Survey of Dynamics Simulation Studies

A
Intracrystalline Dynamics

B
Intercrystalline Dynamics

Conclusions
Determination of Diffusion Coefficients in Porous Media
Authors: Kärger Jörg 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areDefinitionsMeasurement of Transport DiffusionSteady‐State MeasurementsTime Lag MeasurementsSorption Rate MeasurementsFrequency Response MeasurementsChromatographic and Flow MethodsMicroscopic MeasurementMeasurement of Self‐DiffusionElementary Steps of DiffusionQuasi‐elastic Neutron ScatteringPulsed Field GradientNMRTracer TechniquesDiffusion in Multicomponent SystemsCorrelation Between the Different DiffusivitiesA Look into the Future
Deactivation and Regeneration
Authors: Moulijn Jacob A. , van Diepen Annelies E. , Kapteijn Freek 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Causes of Deactivation

Poisoning

Formation of Deposits

Thermal Degradation

Mechanical Deactivation

Corrosion/Leaching

Stability Too Low: What To Do?

Measures on the Scale of the Catalyst Particle

Tailored Reactor and Process Design

Relation Between Time‐Scale of Deactivation and Choice of Reactor

Chemical Reaction Engineering Solutions Allowing for Regeneration

Good Engineering Practice

Feed Purification

Optimizing Reaction Conditions

Optimal Conditions as a Function of Time‐on‐Stream

Regeneration or Replacement of the Catalyst

Poisoning

Deposits

Sintering

Leaching

Conclusion
Recycling of Spent Catalysts Containing Precious Metals
Authors: Hagelüken Christian 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Impact of Catalysis on Precious Metals Demand and Price Development

Recycling Technologies

Responsible Care and Trans‐Border Shipments

Shipment of Spent Catalysts—What Has to Be Considered?

A
Classification as Green or Amber Listed Waste

B
Green List Procedure

C
Amber List Procedure

Commercial Execution of a Refining Job

Catalyst Lifecycles and Future Recycling Potential

Closed Cycles—the Typical Case for Industrial Catalysts

Open Cycles—Recycling from Automotive Catalysts and Other Consumer Durables

Future Recycling Potential
Chemical Sensors Based on Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Barsan Nicolae , Schierbaum Klaus D. , Weimar Udo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDefinitions and ClassificationsTypical ExamplesCalorimetric SensorsElectronic Conductance SensorsSensing Process and Signal TransductionModeling the Sensor ResponseRole of ContactsMaterialsTin Oxide (SnO2)Tungsten Oxide (WO3)Chromium Titanium Oxide (Cr2−xTixO3)Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3)Solid‐State Electrochemical SensorsConclusions
Heterogeneous Catalysis in Non‐Conventional Solvents
Authors: Gläser Roger 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and ScopeNon‐Conventional SolventsSupercritical Fluids (SCFs)Properties ofSCFsOpportunities forSCFsin Heterogeneous CatalysisIonic Liquids (ILs)Properties ofILsOpportunities forILsin Heterogeneous CatalysisGas‐Expanded Liquids (GXLs)Properties ofGXLsOpportunities forGXLsin Heterogeneous CatalysisOther Non‐Conventional SolventsHeterogeneously Catalyzed Conversions in Non‐Conventional SolventsConversions in Supercritical FluidsHydrogenations and DehydrogenationsFischer–Tropsch SynthesisHydroformylationOxidationsAlkylationsIsomerizationsMiscellaneousConversions in Ionic LiquidsHydrogenations and OxidationsCCBond FormationConversions in Gas‐Expanded LiquidsOutlook
Sonocatalysis
Authors: Suslick Kenneth S. , Skrabalak Sara E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and the Origins of SonochemistryEffects of Ultrasound on Heterogeneous CatalystsMetal PowdersModification of Bulk MetalsAmorphous and Nanostructured Metal CatalystsMetal Oxides as CatalystsMetal Carbides and SulfidesCatalyst Supports: Sonogels and ZeolitesSupported CatalystsPolymerization CatalystsConclusion
Microstructured Reactors1A list of abbreviations/acronyms used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Kiwi‐Minsker Lioubov , Renken Albert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMicrostructured Reactors for Gas‐Phase Catalytic ReactionsPacked‐Bed ReactorsCatalytic Wall Microstructured ReactorsMain Characteristics of Microstructured ReactorsPressure DropResidence Time Distribution (RTD)Mass Transfer PerformanceInternal Mass TransferExternal Mass TransferHeat Transfer PerformanceDesign Criteria for Microstructured Multichannel ReactorsHeterogeneous Catalytic Reactions Limited by Chemical TransformationHeterogeneous Catalytic Reactions Limited by Mass TransferConclusions and OutlookSymbols and Abbreviations