bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf protein concentrates. I.–effect of source of raw material and method of drying on protein value for chicks and rats
Authors: Duckworth J. , Woodham A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLeaf protein concentrates were tested as sources of supplementary protein in the diets of growing chicks and growing rats. Provided that the method of drying did not involve high temperatures, products made from mixed grasses, kale, barley leaves, rye leaves, and tares were all of uniformly high value, being similar to soya‐bean meal as protein sources. When drying was carried out in a forced draught oven, the temperature zone within which there was damage to the nutritive value of the protein was 82° to 94°.
Limits of interference by iron, manganese, aluminium and phosphate in the EDTA determination of calcium in the presence of magnesium using Cal‐red as indicator
Authors: Moss P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUnder the conditions described the determination of calcium in the presence of an equivalent amount of magnesium, using Cal‐red as indicator, could tolerate up to 2.0 mg. of iron, 1.0 mg. of manganese, 3 mg. of aluminium and up to 6 mg. of phosphate in 50 ml. of solution.
Chemical and biological examination of commercial pyrethrum extracts for insecticidal constituents
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Thain E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of three commercial pyrethrum extracts were examined chemically and biologically to determine the number of insecticidal constituents they contain. These constituents, which were completely removed from commercial pyrethrum extract by exhaustive extraction with nitromethane, were separated by displacement chromatography. The insecticidal activity of the eluate was restricted to fractions identified chemically as cinerin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II and pyrethrin II. Solutions containing the four pure active constituents in the same ratios as in the three commercial extracts had the same activity as the corresponding extracts. Pyrethrin II was more active than pyrethrin I but the cinerins were much less active. If any other insecticidal constituent occurs in commercial pyrethrum extract its contribution to the total activity is negligible.
Testing of paper and other sack materials for penetration by insects which infest stored products
Authors: Davey Pauline M. , Amos T. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeven types of materials used for storage of produce (maize, groundnuts, etc.) were tested for penetration by nine species of insects which infest such produce. The relative values of the materials for preventing damage to the produce are determined and recommendations made as to suitable materials in certain cases and the procedure which should be followed in the storage of produce.
Rǒle of disulphide exchange reactions in the relaxation of strains introduced in dough
Authors: Frater R. , Hird F. J. R. , Moss H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of iodate, N‐ethylmaleimide and cysteine on the relaxation of strains in dough has been investigated. Strains introduced in dough by the usual procedure of balling and shaping, relax much more slowly in the presence of iodate and N‐ethylmaleimide. In the presence of cysteine the strains relax more quickly than in the controls.It is concluded that the relaxation of strains occur through disulphide exchange reactions, and that the formation of a strained system during mixing is also accompanied by the same type of exchange reactions. These observations are discussed in relation to previous work and the action of flour and bread improvers.
Composition of buchu leaf oil
Authors: Fluck A. A. J. , Mitchell Wm. , Perry H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBarosma betulina oil is shown to contain, besides limonene, menthone and diosphenol, two additional components: l‐pulegone and Ψ‐diosphenol—an isomer of diosphenol. B. crenulata oil, besides limonene, menthone and a trace of diosphenol, has been found to contain a large proportion of l‐pulegone. This seems to be the first recorded isolation of natural l‐pulegone. A reliable ultra‐violet assay method for total diosphenols in B. betulina oil is described.
Storage of hay. III.—effect of temperature and moisture on loss of dry matter and changes in composition
Authors: Greenhill W. L. , Couchman Jean F. , De Freitas J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRyegrass, clover and lucerne hay were stored at each of several temperatures between −18° and 36° and moisture contents of (nominally) 7, 12 and 17% for about 9 months.Dry‐matter losses increased with period of storage and with increase in both temperature and moisture, reaching a maximum of about 8%.Changes in the more important chemical constituents were also determined:

(i) It was possible that soluble nitrogen contents decreased at temperatures of 21° and 36° when the moisture content was 17%.
(ii) Crude fat contents decreased with increasing temperatures and moistures, the effects of which were independent of each other.
(iii) Carotene contents decreased with increasing temperatures, but there was no effect of moisture over the range examined.
(iv) Total contents of 90%‐ethanol‐soluble sugars decreased with increasing temperatures, but there was no effect of moisture with contents of 7 and 12%. At 17% moisture both temperature and moisture appeared to enhance the sugar losses.
(v) Fructosan contents of ryegrass were not affected by temperature nor was there any change at moisture contents of 7 and 12%, but a decrease occurred during storage at 17% moisture.
Dry‐matter losses did not appear adequately to represent nutritional losses when compared with the chemical changes in constituents.
Graphical and other short statistical methods for ‘all‐or‐none’ bioassay tests
Authors: McIntosh A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe full probit method,1although time‐consuming, is often used to make a statistical analysis of the figures obtained in ‘all‐or‐none’ bioassay tests of insecticides or fungicides.Many rapid approximate methods have been devised as substitutes, e.g. those based on ranking, arithmetical methods and graphical methods based on the use of probits.Logits or angles can be used instead of probits, and often give almost identical results. Each can be calculated on a slide‐rule; most of the rapid graphical methods can be applied when they are used; and the method for doing a full analysis is simplest when angles are used.
Studies of the smoking process for foods. I.—the importance of vapours
Authors: Foster W. W. , Simpson T. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWood smoke consists of minute, light‐scattering particles and invisible vapours. The direct deposition of smoke particles makes a negligible contribution to the smoking of fish within the normal range of curing temperatures (32–82°) and for all stages of dryness of the fish up to a pre‐smoking weight loss of about 30%. The mode of deposition of smoke on fish appears to be one of vapour absorption, in which the surface and interstitial water of the fish acts as the principal absorbent. Fish ‘cured’ in the vapours which remained after visible particles of wood had been electrically precipitated were indistinguishable in colour, flavour and keeping quality from normally‐smoked fish.Analyses of normally‐ and vapour‐smoked bacon suggest that bacon smoking, like fish smoking, mainly involves a vapour absorption process.
Nutritional value as protein of some of the nitrogenous constituents of two marine algae, Chondrus crispus and Laminaria digitata
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Hawkins W. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of two seaweeds, Chondrus crispus and Laminaria digitata, were dried and extracted to increase their concentration of nitrogen. These preparations were fed to young rats as sole sources of nitrogen at levels representing 7–10% crude protein in the diets.The digestibility of the nitrogenous constituents was low in both cases. The metabolic utilisation of absorbed nitrogen was good in the case of C. crispus, and poor in the case of L. digitata. The nitrogenous constituents of the preparations were defective for the support of adequate growth.
The magnitude and origins of storage losses in Nigerian yams
Authors: Coursey D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments on the storage behaviour of yams (Dioscorea spp.) in the Eastern Region of Nigeria have shown that very serious losses of weight occur during even a few months' storage under normal Nigerian conditions, and that these losses are greatly enhanced when rotting of the tubers occurs, although they are little affected by sprouting. Water loss arising from desiccation of the tubers only accounts for a portion of the total loss. A limited degree of success has been achieved in reducing storage losses by fungicidal treatments.
Pesticide residues on fruit. V.—Harvest residues of codling moth insecticides on apples
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M. , Silva‐Fernandes A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPersistence and harvest residue studies on apples have been undertaken using the codling moth insecticides lead arsenate, DDT, 1‐naphthyl N‐methylcarbamate (arylam; Sevin) and the OO‐dimethyl and the OO‐diethyl S‐(3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxobenz‐1,2,3‐triazin‐3‐ylmethyl) phosphorothiolothionates [azinphos‐methyl and ‐ethyl (Gusathion and Gusathion A), respectively]. After application of these insecticides at commercially used times and rates, harvest residues do not constitute a consumer hazard, except upon occasion with lead arsenate.
Some relationships between isotopically exchangeable phosphate, soil analysis and crop growth in the greenhouse
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G. , Pinkerton A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experiment on perennial ryegrass in small pots compared yields of grass and responses to added superphosphate with the analyses of 15 soils and with their total isotopically exchangeable phosphate (‘A ’ value). the highest positive correlations between yields, and negative correlations between responses to added superphosphate, were obtained with ‘ A ’ values. the phosphate extracted by 0.5M‐NaHCO3, 0.5N‐acetic acid–sodium acetate, 0.3N‐HCl and 0.002N‐H2SO4 (reagents 1–4, respectively) also correlated well with yield. Yield and phosphate soluble in 0.5N‐acetic acid (reagent 5) were not significantly correlated.The soils were mixed with 32P‐labelled superphosphate, stored for 30 days at field moisture capacity, air‐dried and extracted with the five reagents listed above. the amounts of 32PO43– that exchanged with soil phosphate during extraction were compared with the amounts that exchanged in soils similarly treated and cropped with ryegrass in the green‐house. More soil phosphate exchanged during extraction with reagents 3–5 in the laboratory than in the greenhouse experiment. These reagents dissolved soil phosphate, or exposed new surfaces on the soil, from which phosphate is not taken up by ryegrass. the soil phosphate that exchanged in reagents 1 or 2 was more closely correlated with, and nearly equal to, the ‘ A ’ value of the soils enriched with superphosphate. Reagent 1 did not increase soil phosphate surfaces in most soils, but reagent 2 dissolved some phosphate, which did not exchange in the greenhouse, from soils containing more than 4% CaCO3.
Determination of dry matter in silage by distillation with toluene
Authors: Dewar W. A. , McDonald P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe determination of dry matter in silages by distillation with toluene gives satisfactory results when an allowance is made for volatiles present in the aqueous distillate. A simple correction procedure, involving a single titration of the distillate, has been developed, and the method is considered suitable for routine purposes.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. VI.—Some observations on the foaming characteristics of antigenic and non‐antigenic casein hydrolysates
Authors: Bertok E. I. , Henneberry G. O. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antigenicity of twenty‐eight samples of enzymic casein hydrolysates was determined by in vivo tests and their foaming properties studied. the results show that hydrolysates which produce stable foam tend to be antigenic.
Constituents of canned Malayan pineapple juice I.—Amino‐acids, non‐volatile acids, sugars, volatile carbonyl compounds and volatile acids
Authors: Gawler Joy H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been started of the constituents of canned Malayan pineapple juice with particular reference to those which affect its flavour. In this paper a qualitative examination is reported of the volatile and non‐volatile acids, sugars and the volatile carbonyl compounds. The amino‐acids have been included in this study since these, by their reaction with sugars, produce browning and affect the colour of the product, especially when concentrates are prepared.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XI.—Effect of malting conditions on the diastatic power of kaffircorn malt
Authors: Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor optimum development of diastatic power in kaffircorn (sorghum), high temperatures (25‐30°) and high moisture content are needed during germination. Unlike barley, kaffircorn cannot be malted at a fixed level of moisture content determined by the steeping procedure.
Composition of tomato fruit. IV.—Changes in some constituents of the fruit walls during ripening
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Davies J. N. , Massey D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the composition of the outer walls of glasshouse tomatoes during ripening have been studied. The fruit, mainly of the variety ‘Potentate’, was carefully graded by colour into either five or six categories from mature green to red.The content of sugars and total solids in the expressed juices increased significantly from the green to the red stage. The nitrogen content showed little variation from the green to the orange stage, but increased significantly on reaching the fully red condition.The titratable acidity of the juices increased significantly from the green to the green‐yellow stage of ripeness, accompanied by decreasing pH. No consistent changes in acidity could be established after the first appearance of yellow colour, the acidity rising in some series and decreasing in others. A tentative explanation of this behaviour, which differs from that of the juices from the locules and from the whole fruit, is discussed.
Effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of proteins: Chemical and balance studies
Authors: Donoso G. , Lewis O. A. M. , Miller D. S. , Payne P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPork protein heated with an equal weight of water for 24 h. at 110° showed losses of dry weight, nitrogen, sulphur and all the amino‐acids. The protein value of the heaated material as shown by bioassay fell by a greater extent than could be accounted for by losses of lysine, available lysine or the sulphur amiono‐acids. The limiting amino‐acids in both original and heated material were the sulphur amino‐acid. Balance studies of nitrogen, sulphur and lysine carried out concomitantly showed that the fall in the utilisation of lysine was largely accounted for by a reduction in its digestibility: the falls in utilisation of nitrogen and sulphur were mainly due to a reduced retention of the absorbed elements. The results are discussed in relation to possible types of reaction involved in the heat damage of proteins.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. III.—Knock‐down and recovery of flies treated with pyrethrum extract with and without piperonyl butoxide
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of concentration and of time after treatment on knock‐down and recovery from the action of pyrethrum extract alone and with piperonyl butoxide at 2 : 1 and 1 : 5 w/w, was studied on house flies (Musca domestica L.) by a measured drop method. The unanaesthetised flies, held by suction during dosing, were inspected after treatment at frequent intervals for 5 h. and once on the following day. The tests were done at 20† with the materials tested dissolved in n‐dodecane.Most of the flies treated with a fixed dose of pyrethrum extract alone or with piperonyl butoxide remained normal for a very short time (the latent period). The number of flies knocked down increased very rapidly during the knock‐down period and reached a maximum at the knock‐down end‐point. Past this point a proportion of the flies knocked down recovered, the rest died. The relative and absolute durations of each of these periods were influenced by the concentration of pyrethrins and the presence of piperonyl butoxide. The interval of time between treatment and knock‐down end‐point was the same (10 min.) over a wide range of concentrations when the flies were treated with pyrethrum extract alone, and the flies treated with the extract alone recovered rapidly after knock‐down end‐point. The synergist inhibited recovery, so that more flies died, increased the toxicity of the extract during knock‐down and prolonged the duration of knockdown. The influence of piperonyl butoxide, small initially, increased with the passage of time after treatment.Attention is drawn to some of the shortcomings of methods commonly used to compare the knock‐down action of insecticides.
Vitamin‐A utilisation by the chick as affected by type of vitamin‐A concentrate and other dietary factors
Authors: Ascarelli I. , Senger Miriam 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the efficiency for chicks of different types of vitamin‐A concentrates. The influence of two different levels of protein (17 and 26%) and of two kinds of fat supplements (soya‐bean oil and acidulated soya‐bean oil soapstock) on storage of vitamin in the liver was also studied. Vitamin‐A utilisation, as judged by liver storage and survival, is best when the vitamin is given as a gelatin‐coated preparation. Utilisation of the vitamin is not influenced by variation of the dietary protein level within the range likely to encountered in practical management. Supplementation of the diet with the above mentioned fats seemed to improve the utilisation of the vitamin, but this effect may have been caused by the tocopherol content of the fats.
Transformation, leaching and uptake of fertiliser‐N applied to winter and to spring wheat grown on a light soil
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWinter and spring wheat were grown on a light soil without fertiliser‐N or with 100 lb. of N/acre applied as ammonium sulphate or ‚calcium nitrate’︁; dressings were applied in autumn or in spring. The same treatments were also applied to uncropped soil.Most of the nitrate‐N in unfertilised soil and that from ‚calcium nitrate’︁ applied in the autumn had been leached below 36 in. by the following March. Ammonium sulphate nitrified slowly on one plot, where the soil was acid, and the dressing applied in autumn was partly retained as ammonium‐N, but on other plots most of the nitrogen was nitrified and had been leached below 36 in. by the following March.With no crops, the mineral‐N content of unfertilised plots and of those receiving fertiliser‐N in the autumn, increased from March to August. Fertiliser‐N applied in the spring remained in the surface layers and would have been available to a crop throughout the growing season.Wheat removed both soil mineral‐N and fertiliser‐N from March onwards; by the end of May most of the fertiliser‐N applied in spring had been taken up from the soil by the crop. At harvest, the soil of all plots under wheat contained similar, small amounts of mineral‐N.Both unfertilised wheat and wheat receiving fertiliser‐N in autumn had maximum dry matter and N content at harvest. Dry matter produced by wheat with fertiliser‐N in spring also increased to harvest, but most fertiliser‐N was recovered in the crop in late May. Winter wheat had a similar total‐N content at harvest as in late May, but spring wheat contained less at harvest. For both spring‐ and autumn‐sown wheats, the apparent recovery of fertiliser‐N decreased between May and harvest.
The importance of aeration in providing the right conditions for plant growth
Authors: Currie J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs plant roots and soil organisms absorb oxygen and evolve carbon dioxide, they alter the gaseous composition of their environment. Molecular diffusion of these two gases between soil and atmosphere opposes this change and for optimum plant growth it must provide for interchange at a sufficient rate to avoid deficits of oxygen and excesses of carbon dioxide limiting to plant growth. Diffusion of gases in soil depends on the amount and distribution of the air‐filled pore space. Its sensitivity to moisture content depends on the pore‐size distribution and hence the soil structure. Two phases may be recognized in soil aeration: (1) gases diffuse within the macro‐pore spaces (usually air‐filled at field capacity), and (2) they diffuse within the microstructure between crumb surface and root surface in both the gaseous and aqueous phases. This second phase is of importance in naturally cohesive soils where the size and internal geometry of natural peds and cultivated crumbs can determine the adequacy of aeration in the micro‐environment of the root. Four soils from the continuous wheat plots of Broadbalk illustrate the importance of microstructure for which a possible index of quality is proposed.
Buffering capacity of herbage samples as a factor in ensilage
Authors: McDonald Henderson P. A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe buffering capacity to lactic acid of a number of grass and legume samples has been determined, the results being expressed as mg. lactic acid required to lower the pH of 1 g. of dried, milled herbage samples to pH 4 (LBC values).LBC values of samples examined range from 22 to 66, the higher results being obtained with legumes. Of 6 grass species examined, cocksfoot shows the highest LBC values.Although the results show that there is a relationship between crude protein content and LBC, there is evidence that crude protein itself is not mainly responsible for the buffering capacity of silage crops. The importance of organic acids is discussed.
Interpretation of the spectra of meat pigments. 1.—cooked meats
Authors: Tarladgis B. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe spectra of the cooked meat pigments have been re‐investigated and interpreted in the light of quantum mechanical theories.The compound responsible for the colour of cooked meats has been identified as a high‐spin ferric‐porphyrin co‐ordination complex. The fifth and sixth co‐ordination positions of the ferric ion of this compound are occupied by a carboxylate ion of the denatured globin molecule and by water, respectively. This compound is to be referred to as metmyochromogen.
Effect of low‐temperature storage on the extractable nutrient ions in soils
Authors: Allen S. E. , Grimshaw H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLow‐temperature storage gave significant increases in the amounts of extractable ammonium‐nitrogen and phosphorus in four soil types. The changes in nitrate‐nitrogen and particularly in potassium and calcium were less pronounced and varied according to the soil studied. The effects were generally greater in the organic soils.Low‐temperature storage of soils which had been air‐dried previously caused similar changes.In view of these findings it is considered that deep‐freeze storage should not be used when extractable nutrients are to be determined.
Ammonia loss from ammoniacal fertilisers applied to calcareous soils
Authors: Larsen S. , Gunary D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmmonia volatilised from ammonium salts applied to calcareous soils was greatest from ammonium sulphate (AS), about half as much from mono‐ and di‐ammonium phosphates (MAP and DAP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), and negligible from magnesium ammonium phosphate.Losses of ammonia in 8 days from ammonium salts applied to an initially acid, sandy soil treated with calcium, barium or magnesium carbonates, were: soil treated with CaCO3, AS » DAP = AN; with BaCO3, AN » AS = DAP; with MgCO3, AS > AN » DAP.Reasons for these findings are discussed. It is evident that factors other than pH are operating.