bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The osmoregulatory role of the filter‐chamber in relation to phloem‐feeding in Eurymela distincta (Cicadelloidea, Homoptera)
Authors: LINDSAY K. L. , MARSHALL A. T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The cicadelloid leaf‐hoppers, Eurymela distincta (Signoret) and Eurymela fenestrata (Le Pelletier & Serville), feed on the phloem sap of Eucalyptus spp. The osmotic pressure profile of haemolymph and gut fluids is consistent with a filtration mechanism based on passive osmosis. This is responsible for shunting water rapidly from foregut to hindgut in the relatively simple filter chamber. The osmotic gradient which drives the system is probably produced by active secretion of sodium and potassium into the Malpighian tubules and posterior midgut. Although the osmotic pressures in all parts of the system are higher, the mechanism is probably similar to that previously described for xylem‐feeding cicadas.The major haemolymph cations are sodium and magnesium and the concentrations of sodium and magnesium in the urine are higher than potassium. A variety of storage granules in the midgut contain calcium, phosphorus (as phosphate), ferric iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese and copper.
Defensive potential of components of the larval osmeterial secretion of papilionid butterflies against ants
Authors: HONDA KEIICHI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Toxicity and repellency of components of larval osmeterial secretions of the Papilionidae to the ants Lasius niger and Crematogaster matsumurai were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. The test chemicals comprised five aliphatic acids, five esters, three monoterpene hydrocarbons and four sesquiterpenes.The majority of aliphatic acids and esters exhibited weak to potent toxicity, but exposure to acetic, isobutyric, 2‐methylbutyric and isovaleric acids, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate and methyl 3‐hydroxy‐n‐butyrate proved fatal to both ant species. Monoterpene hydrocarbons also had considerable toxicity, whereas sesquiterpenes were only slightly or not toxic. Of the terpenic compounds tested, α‐pinene was found to be the most toxic. L. niger ejected formic acid in response to d‐limonene.Field experiments revealed that all the compounds examined except 3‐hydroxy‐n‐butyric acid were significantly repellent to worker ants of both species. Acetic, isobutyric and 2‐methylbutyric acids especially showed pronounced repellency, while the esters were less deterrent.Among terpenic compounds, the repellency of caryophyllene oxide was noticeable. d‐Limonene elicited no particular response, other than rapid evasion, by L. niger.
Seasonal variation in embryonic diapause of the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus
Authors: TANAKA SEIJI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The incidence and intensity of embryonic diapause in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus DeGeer (Gryllidae), is influenced by the date of oviposition and the incubation temperature. At 20d̀C, embryos develop normally until the end of the appendage‐formation stage when diapause occurs. The intensity of ‘winter’ diapause at this stage is greatest in eggs laid early in the season. Incubation at higher temperature induces a different and earlier ‘summer’ diapause. The higher the temperature the earlier the stage at which this developmental suppression is imposed. At 27 and 30d̀C, some individuals develop without any interruption and hatch within 20 days. The proportion of these fast‐developing eggs is low in summer but increases towards the end of the laying season. In nature, this species is univoltine and precocious hatching before winter is unlikely.When embryos diapausing at an early stage at 27d̀C are transferred to low temperatures, they resume development and enter winter diapause. The time required to reach the winter‐diapause stage after transfer is inversely related to the temperature (30‐30d̀C). At 30d̀C, sunmer diapause is neither induced nor maintained.
The effects of dietary nitrogen on reproductive development in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
Authors: HILLIARD RICHARD A. , KEELEY LARRY L. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The role of dietary nitrogen in reproductive development was investigated in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boh.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Artificial diets were employed containing 1.7%, 2.6% and 4.0% N. Each diet was labelled with a 14C‐amino acid mixture and standardized relative to cpm and N per mg of diet dry weight. Egg production, diet consumption, nitrogen consumption and nitrogen utilization were measured by recovering the cpm in the faeces, ovaries plus eggs and the carcass.Females given the 4% N diet initiated oviposition on day 4 with maximum egg production of 11 eggs/day/female occurring on day 6. Females on the 2.6% N diet also initiated oviposition on day 4, but the time necessary to reach maximum egg production was extended. Egg production by these females eventually equalled the total production of the group on the 4% N diet. This was achieved by consuming more diet per female and dedicating a higher percentage of the absorbed diet to egg formation. With the 1.7% N diet, females showed both a delay and a decrease in total egg production because of reduced feeding and a reduced commitment of consumed nutrients to oöcyte maturation.Switching dietary nitrogen concentrations after the initiation of oviposition resulted in changes in consumption and reproductive allocation within 48 h.
Environmental control of larval behaviour and its consequences for ecdysteroid content and pupation in Ephestia kuehniella
Authors: GIEBULTOWICZ JADWIGA M. , CYMBOROWSKI BRONISLAW , DELBECQUE JEANP. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The behaviour of postfeeding larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) depends on environmental conditions. Long day and high larval density (LG) stimulate larvae to spin the outer envelope of the pupal cocoon which, in turn, accelerates pupal ecdysis. Constant darkness and isolation in a limited space (DS) inhibit spinning of the outer envelope, and cause extension of the wandering stage and a delay in pupation. This behaviour was also observed in larvae confined in the diet.In postfeeding LG larvae, an increase in ecdysteroid content coincides with spinning of the outer envelope. In DS larvae, which fail to spin the outer envelope, the ecdysteroid content remains low during the wandering stage, and rises to a prepupal peak after a considerable delay. Wandering larvae inserted into empty outer envelopes showed a premature rise of ecdysteroids, and it is thus concluded that sensory stimulation from the outer envelope is a cue promoting further development.
The induction of normal and teratoid viviparae by a juvenile hormone and kinoprene in two species of aphids
Authors: HARDIE JIM , LEES A. D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Topical application of a juvenile hormone (JH1) and the JH mimic, kinoprene, to short‐day, ovipara‐producers of Megoura viciae usually leads to the production of oviparous/viviparous intermediate forms in the progeny sequence, in place of the expected sexual females (oviparae). The ovaries of these abnormal forms may contain embryos rather than the haploid yolky eggs of oviparae; ‘mixed’ ovaries containing both haploid eggs and embryos are also observed. The intermediates range in form from winged (alate) to wingless (apterous). The fully alate individuals usually contain only parthenogenetic ovaries but differ from the naturally occurring alate viviparae in that they are invariably infertile, have fewer antennal sense organs and often bear pheromone releasing glands on the metathoracic tibiae. The hormonally induced production of normal viviparae is difficult in this species but has been achieved by rearing short‐day aphids on kinoprene‐treated bean plants.In Aphis fabae similar oviparous/viviparous teratomorphs have been reported and, in addition, single JH1 treatments were shown to induce normal viviparae at the end of the progeny sequence. Multiple applications, beginning prenatally and continuing through the postnatal development of the gynopara (winged ovipara‐producer), showed that the numbers of viviparae born were related to the earliness of the treatment and to the dosage. The results are compared with the effect of a switch in photoperiod and discussed in relation to the endocrine control of aphid polymorphism.
Pheromone‐mediated behaviour of male lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, correlated with adaptation of pheromone receptors
Authors: BARTELL R. J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Two pheromone components are required to elicit close‐range precopulatory behaviour in male lightbrown apple moths, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera). The receptor cells which respond to the major component (I) (E)‐11‐tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, have a fast disadaptation rate with recovery occurring within 5 s after stimulation, while the cells responding to the second component (II), (E, E)‐9, 11‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate, recover after approximately 300 s.Studies on the behaviour of males in the laboratory show a close correlation between the duration of a memory effect, during which males will respond to compound I alone after receiving an initial exposure to I and II, and the time‐course for disadaptation of component II‐responding cells. These results suggest several possibilities for mechanisms of integration of sensory input by the CNS.
Joint action of l‐leucine and sodium phosphate buffer solutions as feeding stimulants for protein‐deprived females of the house fly Musca domestica
Authors: BROWNE L. BARTON , KERR R. W. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Potentiation in joint action was demonstrated between solutions of L‐leucine and sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.3) as feeding stimulants for protein‐deprived females of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Both components alone elicited feeding. In two‐choice feeding tests, mixtures consisting of equi‐stimulating concentrations of the two components were taken in greater quantities than either component alone at twice the concentration in the mixture.The presence of 1×10‐1 M phosphate buffer markedly lowered the threshold for detection of L‐leucine. The presence of phosphate buffer strengthened the preferences shown by flies given choices of concentrations of L‐leucine differing by a factor of 2 and enabled them to display preferences at lower concentrations.The presence of 1×10‐3 M L‐leucine increased, somewhat, the ability of flies to detect low concentrations of phosphate buffer. Its presence had relatively little effect on the strength of preference shown between two‐fold differences in concentration of phosphate buffer when the higher concentration was 6.3×10‐3 M or less, but markedly strengthened the preferences when the higher concentration was 2.5×10‐2M or greater. Leucine increased the optimal concentration of phosphate buffer by a factor of more than 2 and converted 2×10‐1 M phosphate buffer from a mild feeding deterrent to a powerful feeding stimulant.
Juvenile hormone and reproduction in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer: corpus allatum activity (in vitro) in females during adult life cycle
Authors: KOCH P. B. , HOFFMANN K. H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Incubation conditions were established for a short‐term radiochemical assay of spontaneous juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in vitro by corpora allata from adult female Gryllus bimaculatus. The only JH synthesized was shown by HPLC to be JH III. A further incubation product, predominantly extracted from the corpora allata, was thought to be the JH III precursor, methyl farnesoate. In adult females reared at a constant temperature of 27°C the synthetic activities of the corpora allata‐corpora cardiaca complexes in vitro increase from almost zero to a high peak value 4 days after the imaginal moult. Thereafter the activity decreases to varying intermediate levels, but always lower than the first maximum. Two days after the first peak in corpus allatum activity, ovarian fresh weight increases dramatically and the first oviposition occurs 2 days later.Topical application of JH III to females reared at 20°C, which usually have a low fecundity, causes a dose‐dependent stimulation of egg production and oviposition.
The feeding behaviour of caterpillars (Manduca sexta) on tobacco and on artificial diet
Authors: REYNOLDS S. E. , YEOMANS M. R. , TIMMINS W. A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Feeding behaviour of fifth instar tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta (Johansen) (Lepidoptera; Sphingidae), eating tobacco or artificial diet, is quantitatively described. The insects grow at the same rate on both foods. There is no daily rhythm of feeding behaviour. For most insects, feeding on either food occurs in bouts with the lengths of interfeed gaps and of feeding bouts appearing to be distributed randomly. However, in many insects there is a strong correlation between the length of a feeding period and that of the preceding non‐feeding period.The proportion of time spent feeding on tobacco is much greater than on artificial diet. On tobacco, feeding periods are separated by shorter interfeed gaps than on the artificial diet, while the rate of bout initiation is similar on either food.On both tobacco and artificial diet, the proportion of time spent feeding increases as the fifth stadium proceeds. This is due to both longer feeding bouts and shorter gaps. The rate of food acquisition within bouts does not change during the stadium.
De‐alation, flight muscle histolysis, and oocyte development in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus
Authors: TANAKA SEIJI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Removal of hindwings from long‐winged females of the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus, DeGeer (Gryllidae), induces flight muscle histolysis and oocyte development. Such females develop oocytes as rapidly as do short‐winged forms, while intact long‐winged females retain their flight muscles and develop few oocytes.Flight muscle histolysis occurs in starved long‐winged females when they are de‐alated. However, such females fail to mature oocytes. Implantation of corpora allata (CA) into long‐winged females results in flight muscle histolysis as well as oocyte maturation even if their hindwings remain intact, indicating that flight muscle histolysis can take place without de‐alation. It is likely that the CA are responsible for both flight muscle histolysis and oocyte development, and that CA activity is enhanced by de‐alation.
Ultrastructure of the galeal sensory complex in adults of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: SEN A. , MITCHELL B. K. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The structure of galeal sensilla of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is described using electron microscopical methods. Previous electro‐physiological studies indicate that these sensilla respond to amino acids, sucrose and plant saps. One physiological type is particularly sensitive to L‐alanine and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA).Three morphologically different types of sensilla occur on the galeal tip. The more numerous apical pegs are not distinguishable from one another on the basis of external structure, although they differ physiologically. Five sensory cells are associated with most apical pegs. One apical peg, the α‐sensillum, contains only four cells. All apical pegs have one cell with a tubular body. The remaining cells have unbranched dendrites and are associated with a single apical pore.Apical hairs differ from the apical pegs by having double innervation. Within the hair shaft, a dendritic sheath is lacking and the sensillar sinus extends to the base of the hair. The function of this hair type is not known.Numerous mechanosensory hairs which surround the other sensilla are singly innervated and contain a tubular body at the level of the outer dendritic segments.
Naturally occurring arrhythmicity in eclosion and activity in Lucilia cuprina: its genetic basis
Authors: SMITH PETER H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Colonies of wild‐type Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in our laboratory differed greatly in the degree of rhythmicity of their eclosion when exposed to light/dark cycles, constant darkness or constant light. Among colonies reared in the laboratory for thirty‐four to eighty‐eight generations and others for more than 360 generations, some were consistently rhythmic, others weakly rhythmic and others arrhythmic.One colony with arrhythmic eclosion was studied further. Arrhythmicity of eclosion in the colony was found to result from homozygosis of a recessive allele (ary) on chromosome 5. Adults from this colony were arrhythmic in spontaneous flight activity under constant darkness though rhythmic under light/dark cycles.
Scototaxis and shape discrimination in the female cricket Acheta domesticus in an arena and on a compensatory treadmill
Authors: ATKINS GORDON , ATKINS STEVEN , SCHOUN DAN , STOUT JOHN F. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The scototactic responses of adult female Acheta domesticus L. were tested toward various shaped targets in an orientation arena and on a compensatory treadmill. In an arena, crickets oriented toward dark targets (positive scototaxis) if they had horizontal visual angles ≥30d̀, and if the vertical dimensions of the target was ≤ its horizontal dimension. Unattractive targets did not result in negative scototaxis but caused crickets to orient randomly with no net directionality. When complex targets were composed of two or more simple rectangular targets which had been previously defined as attractive or unattractive, intermediate responses were obtained. Crickets oriented less toward complex targets than toward simple attractive targets, but oriented more than toward simple unattractive targets. The responses of a female cricket toward an attractive target can be modified by the presence of a chemical signal emitted by previously tested females. When the signal is present females are less likely to orient toward a target that would otherwise be very attractive. This effect was not as great when the females being tested were taken directly from densely populated colonies.When running on a compensatory treadmill, female crickets exhibit scototactic tendencies similar to those displayed in the arena. When tested on the treadmill over long periods, the amount of time spent orienting toward an attractive target increased.
Daylength and humidity as environmental cues for diapause termination in a tropical beetle
Authors: TANAKA SEIJI , DENLINGER DAVID L. , WOLDA HENK 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Photoperiod is the primary factor controlling termination of adult diapause in the fungus beetle, Stenotarsus rotundus Arrow (Endomychidae: Coleoptera), in a tropical lowland forest. at 9d̀ N. An LD 13:11 h cycle stimulated rapid development of the gonads and flight muscles in both sexes: development was eventually initiated in an LD 12:12 h cycle but was slower. Beetles showed a graded response to intermediate photoperiods. Males consistently initiated gonad development earlier than females, but both sexes developed flight muscles at the same time.Moisture also influences development: oocytes and flight muscles developed more rapidly at high humidity than at the naturally prevailing low humidity during the dry season. Testis development was less influenced by humidity.In the field, male gonad development began in late January, suggesting that the beetle can perceive an extremely slight increase in daylength. Ovaries did not contain any visible oocytes before March, but oocyte development was apparent in all females by April. Egg maturation was completed after dispersal from the aggregation site. Females have larger corpora allata than males. These glands increased in size in March when oocyte and/or flight muscle development was initiated. The timing of full development of flight muscles varied slightly from year to year.Thus, the increase in daylength occurring during the dry season appears to be the cue primarily responsible for development of the reproductive systems and flight muscles. High humidity enhances this response and further prepares the beetles for an active reproductive period at the onset of the wet season.
Male accessory gland substances and the control of sexual receptivity in female Culex tarsalis
Authors: YOUNG A. D. M. , DOWNE A. E. R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Homogenates of accessory glands from male Culex tarsalis Coquillet (Diptera; Culicidae) were fractionated using gel filtration column chromatography. A component of low molecular weight capable of suppressing female sexual receptivity was obtained and partially characterized. Proteins present in homogenates of isolated accessory glands formed aggregates with other proteins in extracts of whole mosquitoes. Consequently, previous reports of the molecular weight of biologically active components in homogenates from accessory glands from other mosquito species may be inaccurate.When female Cx. tarsalis were mated with 3H‐leucine labelled males. radioactivity could be found throughout the body of the female 24 h after mating. Autoradiography showed that the radioactivity was incorporated into the cells of various organs, and was not specifically localized in a particular target tissue. Approximately 30% of the total radioactivity transferred to the female was found in the head and thoracic regions, and proteins from the head had a specific activity twice that of the thoracic proteins. Bioassay of isolated body parts from mated and virgin females showed that injections of head tissues from mated females into virgin females suppressed sexual receptivity. These results suggest that the head is involved in the physiological mechanisms resulting in refractory mating behaviour.
Effects of photoperiod and mating on sex pheromone production and release by oviparae of the aphid Schizaphis graminum
Authors: EISENBACH J. , MITTLER T. E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. By extraction and bioassay procedures, it is shown that the sex pheromone released by oviparae of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), during the daylight hours of a light: dark regime, is present in the tibia of the metathoracic legs only during daily photophases.Shortly after mating, pheromone‐emitting oviparae cease to produce as well as to release the pheromone. This mating‐induced response requires that copulation be completed, and suggests the involvement of sperm or seminal substances transferred by the males to the oviparae during copulation.Although multiple matings increase the number of eggs deposited by an ovipara, the mating‐induced termination of pheromone production/ release would enhance the chances for mating of neighbouring oviparae. This would result in a further increase in egg production as well as in the number of genetically similar offspring, because neighbouring oviparae are most probably sisters. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of kin selection.