bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of physical modification of insoluble soy protein concentrate
Authors: Hua Yu Fei , De Ni Pei , Gu Wen Ying , Shen Bei Ying 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanism for solubilization of alcohol‐leached soy protein concentrate (ALSPC) by physical modification was studied from the standpoint of molecular interactions, which are related to the differences in protein solubility under different conditions. The low solubility of ALSPC is caused by both noncovalent and covalent forces, but the noncovalent forces do not affect the solubility of modified soy protein concentrate (MSPC). Gel filtration shows that the major constituents of soluble protein from ALSPC and MSPC are protein molecules and protein aggregates, respectively. Physical modification promotes the formation of aggregates that are readily soluble in buffer. Fluorescence spectroscopy further proved that the hydrophobic groups are located in the interior of the aggregates. The reason for the formation of soluble protein aggregates during physical modification of ALSPC is discussed.
Triglyceride composition of ewe, cow, and goat milk fat
Authors: Ruiz‐Sala P. , Hierro M. T. G. , Martínez‐Castro I. , Santa‐María G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe separation and identification of the components in milk fat, which are mainly triglycerides, is a challenge due to its complex composition. A reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with gradient elution and light‐scattering detection is described in this paper for the triglyceride analysis in ewes’ milk fat. Triglyceride identification was carried out by combining HPLC, gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC), and the calculated equivalent carbon numbers of several triglyceride standards. Quantitation of partially resolved peaks in the HPLC chromatogram was accomplished by applying a peak deconvolution program. Forty‐four fatty acids were identified by GLC analysis, but only 19 were used for the following prediction of triglyceride molecular species; 181 triglycerides were identified, some of which were grouped at the same peak and needed application of the deconvolution program. Consequently, coefficients of variation were close to or lower than 5%. Moreover, the triglyceride composition of ewe, cow, and goat milk fat were compared by using these methods. These results show that ewe milk fat is richer in short‐ and medium‐chain triglycerides, and cow milk fat is richer in long‐chain and unsaturated triglycerides.
pH‐metric determination of acid values in vegetable oils without titration
Authors: Tur’yan Ya. I. , Berezin O. Yu. , Kuselman I. , Shenhar A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method for determining acid values in vegetable oils has been developed for a nontitration pH‐metric technique with a reagent consisting of 0.20 M triethanolamine in a 1∶1 solution of water and isopropanol. The emulsive properties of this reagent provide rapid (within a minute) and quantitative extraction of free fatty acids from an oil into the solvent phase. Acid values were determined by measuring conditional pH of the emulsified reagent in a pH‐meter with an aqueous reference electrode. Three different applications of this technique are discussed.
Compositional and thermal characterization of genuine and randomized lard: A comparative study
Authors: Al‐Rashood Khalid A. , Abou‐Shaaban Rafiq R. A. , Abdel‐Moety Ezzat M. , Rauf Abdul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComposition and thermal characterization of genuine and randomized lard were investigated comparatively in an attempt to find common merits that assess lard detection. The investigation included compositional and positional distribution of fatty acids, triacylglycerol profiling by gas chromatography (GC) and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), as well as thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of both samples. Individual and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition in total fats of both genuine and randomized lard were identical. On the other hand, the results of pancreatic lipolysis/GC analysis showed that the average percent palmitic acid [PAEF(%)] and myristic acid [MAEF(%)] enrichment factors of genuine (280 and 270) and randomized lard (110 and 98) were quite different. Thus, application of PAEF to detect randomized lard is of no value. However, normalization of fatty acid distribution by randomization in 2‐monoacylglycerols made the individual and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids almost identical to that of total fat and neutral triacylglycerols (TG) of lard. TG compositional analysis by GC revealed that both genuine and randomized lard had six dominant TG (C46′C48′C50′C52′C54′ and C56) with quite different concentrations. TG with C52 represent the major constituent of genuine and randomized lard. TG profiling of samples was also carried out by RP‐HPLC with a refractive index detector. The same peaks were eluted in both samples, but the area % of major peaks changed due to randomization. 2‐Palmitooleostearin (SPO) was found in high proportion in lard. However, the ratios of SPO to 2‐palmitooleolinolein of both genuine and randomized lard are close (0.6±0.05) and significantly distinguishable from that of beef (4.24), mutton (6.17), chicken (0.21), and turkey (0.14) fats. The DSC thermogram and thermodynamics of phase transitions of both samples were quite different and do not reveal common characteristic(s) that could be used for immediate detection of lard substances in fat admixtures.
Effect of extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid composition of lipid classes containing γ‐linolenic acid extracted from fungi
Authors: Čertík Milan , Andráši Peter , Šajbidor Ján 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of extraction procedures on the lipid yield and fatty acid composition of total lipid and main lipid structures (phospholipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and sterol esters) of fungal biomass (Mucor mucedo CCF‐1384) containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was investigated. Seventeen extraction methods, divided into three groups, were tested: six with chloroform/methanol, five with hexane/alcohols, and six with common solvents or mixtures. The chloroform/methanol procedure (2∶1) was selected as standard, where lipid yield (TL/DCW, total lipid per dry cell weight) was 17.8%, considered to be 100% of lipids present. All chloroform/methanol extractions yielded more than 83% recorvey of lipids. Use of hexane/isopropanol solvent systems led to a maximum of 75% recovery. The best lipid yield was achieved by a two‐step extraction with ethanol and hexane (120%). Extraction efficiency of the other solvent systems reached a maximum of 73%. Triacylglycerols were the main structures of lipid isolated; only methanol‐extracted lipid contained 58.5% phospholipids. The fatty acid content of total recovered lipid was variable and depended on both the lipid class composition and the solvent system. GLA concentrations in total lipids isolated by hexane/alcohol procedures (7.3–10.7%) are comparable with classical chloroform/methanol systems (6.5–10.0%). The maximal GLA yield was obtained with chloroform/methanol/n‐butanol/water/0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol) and after two‐step extraction with ethanol and hexane (14.3 and 13.7 g GLA/kg DCW, respectively). The highest GLA content was analyzed in the phospholipid fraction (16.1%) after using chloroform/methanol/n‐butanol/water/0.1 M EDTA (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol). Remarkably low concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined in the free fatty acid fraction.
The effect ofn‐decanol on solubilization of water‐in‐oil microemulsions and stability of lamellar liquid crystals of alkylphenol ethoxylates
Authors: Guo Rong , Moffett Thomas , Compo Mary E. , Friberg Stig E. , Benton Marcel , Wong Raymond 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAddition of n‐decanol at appropriate concentrations is beneficial to increasing the solubilization amount of water in a water‐in‐oil microemulsion in the system of nonylphenol ethoxylate/olive oil/water, but it destabilized the lamellar liquid crystal and reduced the solubilization of olive oil in the lamellar liquid crystal.
Carboxymethyl inulin: A new inhibitor for calcium carbonate precipitation
Authors: Verraest Dorine L. , Peters Joop A. , van Bekkum Herman , van Rosmalen Gerda M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new polysaccharide‐based polycarboxylate, carboxymethyl inulin (CMI), was synthesized recently. The influence of small amounts (0.1–200 ppm) of this material on the crystallization of calcium carbonate, an important scale‐forming salt, is studied. The effects of CMI are compared to those of a commercial inhibitor (a copolymer of acrylate and maleate) and of other carboxymethylated saccharides. It is shown that CMI is a good calcium carbonate precipitation inhibitor. CMI influences the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate, the morphology of the formed crystals (vaterite and calcite), and the growth rate of calcium carbonate seed crystals. The effect is related to the carboxylate content, the chainlength, and the concentration of the additive. For the application of CMI as crystallization inhibitor, products with a high degree of substitution (degree of substitution>1) and a high degree of polymerization (average degree of polymerization = 30) are the most effective. Also, other carboxymethylated polysaccharides (dextrins, cellulose) show good crystallization‐inhibition properties, although the performance of the copolymer of acrylate and maleate is not met. A great advantage of CMI, as compared to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), is that aqueous solutions of CMI display, contrary to those of CMC, a very low viscosity. A carboxymethylated disaccharide (carboxymethyl sucrose) has no influence on the calcium carbonate crystallization which shows that the long‐chain character is essential for a polycarboxylate inhibitor.
Preparation ofbis‐quaternary ammonium salts from epichlorohydrin
Authors: Kim Tae‐Seong , Hirao Toshikazu , Ikeda Isao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novelbis‐quaternary ammonium salt was prepared conveniently and almost quantitatively fromN,N‐dimethyldodecylamine, its hydrochloride, and epichlorohydrin. Reaction ofN,N‐dimethyldodecylamine with epichlorohydrin (in the presence of the amine hydrochloride) or various dichloro compounds was investigated by using1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The reaction route was studied by examining the reactivity of reagents with the amine and the effect of reaction temperature. The ease of the reaction with epichlorohydrin was found to be due to the assistance of amine hydrochloride in opening the epoxide ring and to neighboring‐group participation by the hydroxyl group of the intermediatemono‐ammonium salt in the quaternization step. Neighboring‐group participation by the hydroxyl group in these quaternization reactions is also discussed.
Measurement of zeolite, silicate, and phosphate in laundry detergent products by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Kawauchi Akihiko , Ishida Masahiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a method for simultaneously measuring zeolite, silicate, and phosphate in laundry detergent products by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. A sample is decomposed under alkaline oxidative conditions to decompose zeolite, silicate, phosphate, and organic substances. Then hydrochloric acid is added to the decomposed solution to dissolve aluminum hydroxide precipitate before analysis. This sample preparation procedure was investigated by using a total organic carbon analyzer and was confirmed to be applicable to simultaneous measurements of zeolite, silicate, and phosphate. Relative standard deviation for the analysis is less than 2.1%, recovery is more than 99.0%, and the calibration curve gives a correlation coefficient ofR=1.000. The detection limit of this method for aluminum and silicon is 0.1%, and for phosphorus, 0.2% by weight in the product. This method is applicable to various laundry detergent products that contain zeolite, silicate, or phosphate and is five times faster than the three wet chemical methods.
Turbidimetric analysis of amine oxides and amine oxide‐anionic surfactant mixtures
Authors: Pinazo A. , Domingo X. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAutomatic turbidimetric analysis has been shown to be a simple and accurate method to determine the actives in anionic surfactants as well as the actives in amine oxides. This technique has been applied to dilute solutions of these surfactants in the μM range. Solutions containing mixtures of anionic surfactants and amine oxides can be positively resolved by turbidimetric titration without interferences. Performing two titrations at different pH values ensures that the amine oxide is completely in its nonionic form or totally protonated and behaving as a cationic surfactant.
Production of triglycerides enriched in long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil
Authors: Moore Stephen R. , McNeill Gerald P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcesses that combine enzymic and physical techniques have been studied for concentrating and separating eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil.Candida rugosa lipase was used in hydrolysis reactions to concentrate these acids in the glyceride fraction. By controlling the degree of hydrolysis, two products have been obtained, one enriched in total n‐3(∼50%), the other enriched in DHA and depleted in EPA (DHA∼40%, EPA∼7%). The glyceride fraction from these reactions was recovered by evaporation and converted back to triglycerides by partial enzymic hydrolysis, followed by enzymic esterification. Both reactions were carried out withRhizomucor miehei lipase. DHA‐depleted free fatty acids from aC. rugosa hydrolysis were fractionated to increase the EPA level (∼30%) and re‐esterified to triglycerides by reaction with glycerol andR. miehei.
Production of structured lipids containing essential fatty acids by immobilizedRhizopus delemar lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Sugihara Akio , Nakano Hirofumi , Yokota Tomomi , Nagao Toshihiro , Komemushi Sadao , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn attempt was made to produce structured lipids containing essential fatty acid by acidolysis with 1,3‐positional specificRhizopus delemar lipase. The lipase was immobilized on a ceramic carrier by coprecipitation with acetone and then was activated by shaking for 2 d at 30°C in a mixture of 5 g safflower or linseed oil, 10 g caprylic acid, 0.3 g water and 0.6 g of the immobilized enzyme. The activated enzyme was transferred into the same amount of oil/caprylic acid mixture without water, and the mixture was shaken under the same conditions as for the activation. By this reaction, 45–50 mol% of the fatty acids in oils were exchanged for caprylic acid, and the immobilized enzyme could be reused 45 and 55 times for safflower and linseed oils, respectively, without any significant loss of activity. The triglycerides were extracted withn‐hexane after the acidolysis and then were allowed to react again with caprylic acid under the same conditions as mentioned above. When acidolysis was repeated three times with safflower oil as a starting material, the only products obtained were 1,3‐capryloyl‐2‐linoleoylglycerol and 1,3‐capryloyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol, with a ratio of 86∶14 (w/w). Equally, the products from linseed oil were 1,3‐capryloyl‐2‐α‐linolenoyl‐glycerol, 1,3‐caprylol‐2‐linoleoyl‐glycerol, and 1,3‐capryloyl‐2‐oleoly‐glycerol (60∶22∶18, w/w/w). All fatty acids at the 1,3‐positions in the original oils were exchanged for caprylic acid by the repeated acidolyses, and the positional specificity ofRhizopus lipase was also confirmed to be strict.
Antioxidant activity of tocopherols and phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil
Authors: Baldioli M. , Servili M. , Perretti G. , Montedoro G. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant effects of hydrophilic phenols and tocopherols on the oxidative stability in virgin olive oils and in purified olive oil have been evaluated. Total hydrophilic phenols and the oleosidic forms of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenolethanol (3,4‐DHPEA) were correlated (r=0.97) with the oxidative stability of virgin olive oil. On the contrary, tocopherols showed low correlation (r=0.05). Purified olive oil with the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to 3,4‐DHPEA, an isomer of oleuropeine aglycon, and 3,4‐DHPEA had good oxidative stability. A synergistic effect was observed in the mixture of 3,4‐DHPEA and its oleosidic forms with α‐tocopherol in purified olive oil by the Rancimat method at 120°C.
Fatty acid composition of French infant formulas with emphasis on the content and detailed profile oftrans fatty acids
Authors: Chardigny Jean‐Michel , Wolff Robert L. , Mager Estelle , Bayard Corine C. , Sébédio Jean‐Louis , Martine Lucy , Ratnayake W. M. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to identify and quantitatetrans isomers of C18 fatty acids in some French infant formulas. Twenty powdered infant formulas were purchased in pharmacies and supermarkets in order to assess theirtrans mono‐ and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids content. The fatty acid profiles were examined using methyl and isopropyl ester derivatives. The combination of gas‐liquid chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and silver nitrate thin‐layer chromatography was needed to describe the detailed fatty acid compositions of the samples, includingtrans isomers of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. All the samples containedtrans isomers of C18∶1 acid (mean level 1.97±0.28% of total fatty acids), with vaccenic acid being generally the major isomer (15 out of 20 samples), thus indicating the origin from bovine milk. All the formulas also contained various isomers of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids, but at lower levels.Trans PUFA isomers are the same as those present in deodorized oils. In conclusion, all the infant formulas analyzed in this study contained sometrans fatty acids, including isomers of essential fatty acids. This should be taken into account in the dietary intake of the newborn.
Gangliosides in membranes fromTorpedo electric organ
Authors: Hann Richard M. , Evans James E. , McCluer Robert H. , Eterovic Vesna A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe electric organ membrane has been the subject of many studies, due principally to its rich content of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Knowing its lipid composition is clearly important. Although its major membrane lipids have been characterized, its ganglioside composition has not been as well‐described. In this study, gangliosides were characterized in membranes prepared from two species of electric organ,Torpedo californica andT. nobiliana. The ganglioside content of total electric organ membranes and AChR‐enriched membranes was similar in both species, accounting for from 0.9 to 1.5% of membrane lipid by weight. However, the AChR‐enriched membranes contained significantly less ganglioside relative to AChR than did the total membrane preparations. Five major gangliosides were purified fromT. californica and identified as II3NeuNAc‐GgOse3 (GM2); II3(NeuNAc)2‐GgOse3 (GD2), IV3NeuNAc, II3NeuNAc‐GgOse4 (GD1a), IV3NeuNAc, II3(NeuNAc)2−GgOse5 (GT1b), and IV3(NeuNAc)2, II3(NeuNAc)2−GgOse4 (GQ1b). Together these five gangliosides accounted for over 90% of the total ganglioside present in the two membrane preparations from both species. The most abundant ganglioside by far was GM2, which accounted for about one‐half of the ganglioside content, followed by GD2. Determination of the N‐fatty acid composition was performed on gangliosides purified fromT. nobiliana. The lower‐order gangliosides, GM2, GD2, and GD1a, contained substantial amounts of very long chain fatty acids (>20 carbons), including α‐hydroxynervonic acid (15–21% of total). In contrast, unsubstituted, 14–18 carbon chains accounted for about 90% of the fatty acids on the two higher‐order gangliosides, GT1b and GQ1b.
Interference of free fatty acids from the hepatopancreas of mussels with the mouse bioassay for shellfish toxins
Authors: Suzuki Toshiyuki , Yoshizawa Roysuke , Kawamura Tomohiko , Yamasaki Makoto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetermination of free fatty acids (FFA) in hepatopancreas of mussel,Mytilus coruscus, contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, was carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐fluorometry as their 9‐anthryldiazomethane derivatives. The FFA in the hepatopancreas of mussels during May 30–June 14 were 443–666 μg/g. A marked increase in FFA content was observed on June 20 (2197 μg/g hepatopancreas) and June 27 (6322 μg/g hepatopancreas). The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including 20∶4n–6, 20∶5n–3, and 22∶6n–3, in mussel FFA increased during the experimental period. Diatoms almost completely dominated the phytoplankton community at the experimental site, suggesting that diatoms were the origin of the PUFA accumulated in mussels. The toxicity of FFA in mussel hepatopancreas on June 27 was sufficiently high as to interfere with the mouse bioassay by injection of an extract of shellfish, the official method for DSP toxin analysis.
Analysis of cereal digalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Bergqvist M. H. J. , Kaufmann P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn optimized procedure for the high‐performance liquid chromatographic resolution of molecular species of digalactosyldiacylglycerols from cereals has been developed. The optimal conditions were found by a three‐step optimization strategy by taking eluent composition, eluent profile, system temperature, and flow into consideration. Separation of seven molecular species was achieved for oats and wheat‐kernel digalactosyldiacylglycerols. Molecular species with the same partition number were eluted in the order of increasing unsaturation when utilizing eluent systems based on alcohols and water. This is reversed as compared to what is found when using eluent systems that contain acetonitrile, in which the elution order of the molecular species with the same partition number is according to decreasing unsaturation.
Deacidification of soybean oil by membrane technology
Authors: Raman L. P. , Cheryan M. , Rajagopalan N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAfter extracting free fatty acids (FFA) from a model crude vegetable oil with methanol, FFA were separated from methanol by nanofiltration. Of the several commercially available membranes that were evaluated, the best resulted in FFA rejection of >90% and flux of >25 Lm−2h−1. A combination of high‐rejection and low‐rejection membranes resulted in a retentate stream of 35% FFA and a permeate stream with less than 0.04% FFA, which can be recycled to the extractor. No alkali is required, no soapstock is formed, and almost all streams within the membrane process are recycled with little discharged as effluent.
In‐situ alcoholysis of soybean oil
Authors: Kildiran Gökhan , Yücel Sevil Özgül , Türkay Selma 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn‐situ alcoholysis of soybean oil with methanol, ethanol,n‐propanol, andn‐butanol was investigated, as well as the extraction of the oil with these solvents, to explain the progress ofin‐situ alcoholysis and to determine the parameters that affect this reaction. Because methanol is a poor solvent for soybean oil, the amount of oil dissolved in methanol and converted to methyl esters was low afterin‐situ alcoholysis. Ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of soybean fatty acids could be obtained in high yields fromin‐situ alcoholysis of soybean oil with these alcohols.In‐situ alcoholysis proceeded through dissolution and alcoholysis of triglycerides successively, and the overall reaction rate was determined by the extraction and alcoholysis rates. The parameters, affecting yield and purity of the product esters, were mainly those that favor extraction rate.