bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The obestatin receptor (GPR39) is expressed in human adipose tissue and is down‐regulated in obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Catalán V. , Gómez‐Ambrosi J. , Rotellar F. , Silva C. , Gil M. J. , Rodríguez A. , Cienfuegos J. A. , Salvador J. , Frühbeck G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryObjective  The G protein‐coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) has recently been identified as the receptor for obestatin, a peptidic hormone involved in energy homeostasis. However, the expression levels of this receptor in human adipose tissue in obesity and obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the actual presence of GPR39 mRNA in human adipose tissue and whether GPR39 expression levels are altered in obesity and obesity‐associated T2DM.Design  Omental adipose tissue biopsies obtained from 15 women were used in the study. Patients were classified as lean (body mass index 20·8 ± 1·0 kg/m2), obese normoglycaemic (body mass index 48·4 ± 2·1 kg/m2) and obese T2DM patients (body mass index 52·6 ± 4·9 kg/m2). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical profiles were assessed for each subject. Real‐time RT‐PCR analyses were performed to quantify transcript levels of GPR39 and adiponectin.Results  Obese T2DM patients exhibited significantly lower GPR39 expression levels compared to lean (P = 0·016) and obese normoglycaemic subjects (P = 0·008), while no differences between lean and obese normoglycaemic patients were observed. The mRNA expression levels of GPR39 were negatively correlated to fasting glucose concentrations (r = −0·581, P = 0·023), while exhibiting a positive correlation to adiponectin mRNA expression levels (r = 0·674, P = 0·006).Conclusion  GPR39 is expressed in human adipose tissue. The reduced expression levels of GPR39 in omental adipose tissue observed in obese patients with T2DM suggest an involvement of obestatin signalling in glucose homeostasis and T2DM development.
Viscerally obese women with normal body weight have greater brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity than nonviscerally obese women with excessive body weight
Authors: Lee Ji‐Won , Lee Hye‐Ree , Shim Jae‐Yong , Im Jee‐Aee , Kim Sang‐Hwan , Choi Hyunah , Lee Duk‐Chul 
Published: February 2007

SummaryObjective  To confirm the association of visceral obesity and brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and to compare metabolic indices and baPWV between individuals who have normal body weight but are viscerally obese and individuals with excessive body weight who are not viscerally obese.Patients and Measurements  We recruited a total of 150 women, aged 22 to 67 years. We assessed body composition, measured by computed tomography (CT), and divided the study population into four groups, based on visceral adipose tissue area (normal, normal body weight but viscerally obese, excessive body weight but not viscerally obese, and excessive body weight and viscerally obese). The baPWV was measured, using a volume plethysmographic instrument.Results  Despite lower levels of total body fat, the women who had a normal body weight but were viscerally obese had a higher plasma triglyceride level and baPWV measurement and greater subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and thigh SFA than the women with excessive body weight who were not viscerally obese. After adjustment for age, mean blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), triglyceride levels, fasting insulin levels, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, baPWV was independently correlated with abdominal visceral fat area, as measured by CT (P = 0·001).Conclusions  Mean baPWV was higher in women with normal body weight who were viscerally obese than in women who had excessive body weight but were not viscerally obese, and abdominal visceral fat was an independent factor for baPWV. These results suggest that early detection and intervention in viscerally obese individuals, even those within a normal BMI range, could be needed to prevent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Interferon‐γ regulates cathepsin G activity in microglia‐derived lysosomes and controls the proteolytic processing of myelin basic protein in vitro
Authors: Burster Timo , Beck Alexander , Poeschel Simone , Øren Anita , Baechle Daniel , Reich Michael , Roetzschke Olaf , Falk Kirsten , Boehm Bernhard O. , Youssef Sawsan , Kalbacher Hubert , Overkleeft Herman , Tolosa Eva , Driessen Christoph 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe serine protease cathepsin (Cat) G dominates the proteolytic processing of the multiple sclerosis (MS)‐associated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) in lysosomes from primary human B cells and dendritic cells. This is in contrast to B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines, where the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is responsible for this task. We have analysed microglia‐derived lysosomal proteases for their ability to process MBP in vitro. In lysosomes derived from primary murine microglia, CatD, CatS, AEP and CatG were involved in the processing of MBP. Interestingly, when microglia were treated with interferon‐γ to mimic a T helper type 1‐biased cytokine milieu in MS, CatG was drastically down‐regulated, in contrast to CatS, CatB, CatL, CatD or AEP. This resulted in significantly increased stability of MBP and a selective lack of CatG‐derived proteolytic fragments; however, it did not affect the gross pattern of MBP processing. Inhibition of serine proteases eliminated the processing differences between lysosomal extracts from resting microglia compared to interferon‐stimulated microglia. Thus, the cytokine environment modulates lysosomal proteases in microglia by a selective down‐regulation of CatG, leading to decreased MBP‐processing by microglia‐derived lysosomal proteases in vitro.
The adjuvant mechanism of cationic dimethyldioctadecylammonium liposomes
Authors: Smith Korsholm Karen , Agger Else Marie , Foged Camilla , Christensen Dennis , Dietrich Jes , Andersen Claire Swetman , Geisler Carsten , Andersen Peter 
Published: February 2007

SummaryCationic liposomes are being used increasingly as efficient adjuvants for subunit vaccines but their precise mechanism of action is still unknown. Here, we investigated the adjuvant mechanism of cationic liposomes based on the synthetic amphiphile dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA). The liposomes did not have an effect on the maturation of murine bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BM‐DCs) related to the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD40, CD80 and CD86. We found that ovalbumin (OVA) readily associated with the liposomes (> 90%) when mixed in equal concentrations. This efficient adsorption onto the liposomes led to an enhanced uptake of OVA by BM‐DCs as assessed by flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence laser‐scanning microscopy. This was an active process, which was arrested at 4° and by an inhibitor of actin‐dependent endocytosis, cytochalasin D. In vivo studies confirmed the observed effect because adsorption of OVA onto DDA liposomes enhanced the uptake of the antigen by peritoneal exudate cells after intraperitoneal injection. The liposomes targeted antigen preferentially to antigen‐presenting cells because we only observed a minimal uptake by T cells in mixed splenocyte cultures. The adsorption of antigen onto the liposomes increased the efficiency of antigen presentation more than 100 times in a responder assay with MHC class II‐restricted OVA‐specific T‐cell receptor transgenic DO11.10 T cells. Our data therefore suggest that the primary adjuvant mechanism of cationic DDA liposomes is to target the cell membrane of antigen‐presenting cells, which subsequently leads to enhanced uptake and presentation of antigen.
Parental work: an account of the day‐to‐day activities of parents of adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Shearn J. , Todd S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe parental role can be an enduring one for many people with sons or daughters with learning disabilities. Despite this, there has been little research on parents’ experiences during their offspring's adult years. The present paper examines the different dimensions of work undertaken by parents in the care of their adult offspring and how they felt these had changed over the years. The paper also explores how parents seek to combine parental work with other aspects of their lives. Data for this study were derived from a qualitative, in‐depth study of the experiences of parents of 33 coresident adult offspring with learning disabilities. The data suggest that the long‐term nature of parenting involves both stability and change. For example, some parents had experienced a depletion of physical resources and enthusiasm that made it difficult for them to carry out some aspects of parental work. Parents had also met new difficulties, such as the handling of the disclosure of learning disability to their offspring, as well as to members of the public. For all parents, parenting had remained an extensive involvement, so that they still found it difficult to meet the demands of parenting, and their own non‐parental tasks and interests. The data also indicate that service intervention needs to be based on an appreciation of the temporal and personal difficulties in parents’ lives, and that service intervention can add to the perceived burden of carers without such an appreciation.
Voice, speech and language characteristics of children with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Akefeldt A. , Åkefeldt B. , Gillberg C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEleven individuals with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS), aged between 4 and 25 years, were compared with 1 1 non–PWS children of the same sex, age, body mass index and IQ level. Voice, speech and language skills were generally impaired in subjects with PWS. Oral motor function, pitch level and resonance were specifically disordered and clearly differentiated the two groups from each other. Certain biological perinatal factors separated subjects with PWS from other obese children and adolescents, but did not differentiate within the group with PWS and could not account for the speech/language problems. Underlying cerebral dysfunction, combined with a characteristic anatomy of the mouth and larynx in PWS, contributes to altered voice, speech and language function.
Cancer and learning disability
Authors: Cooke L. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study was performed in order to complete a 60‐year survey of the rate of deaths from cancer in a group of people with a learning disability. It was carried out on an in‐patient population, and information was obtained from hospital records of deaths and patient medical notes. During the 10–year period studied, 13.6% of all deaths were from cancer, compared to a rate of 26% in the general population. The ratios of different types of cancer were also markedly different to those in the general population, with a very high proportion (55%) being cancers of the gastro‐intestinal tract Other types of cancer, such as those affecting the bronchus, breast and prostate gland, which cause death most often in the general population, hardly appeared at all in the in‐patient population studied. The present paper explores some of the possible reasons for these findings and the implications for the current research in the wider field of cancer in the general population.
Executive function and psychosocial adjustment in children with early treated phenylketonuria: correlation with historical and concurrent phenylalanine levels
Authors: Griffiths P. , Tarrini M. , Robinson P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe issue of what level of phenylalanine (phe) constitutes a safe upper limit for the therapeutic range in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) remains unsettled. It has been proposed that the previous guideline figure of 600 μmol 1− may result in specific impairment of executive functions such as attention, planning and set maintenance. The executive dysfunction theory was investigated by correlating historical and concurrent phe with executive, nonexecutive and personality tests in a group of early and continuously treated children, aged 10–13 years, with classical PKU, whose average phe levels of 355 μmol 1− (SD =± 144) for the pre‐school period and 480 μmol 1− (SD ± 193) for the primary school period corresponded to the upper limits presently recommended in the UK of 360 and 480 μmoll− for these age ranges. No clear associations were found between historical or concurrent phe levels and any of the neuropsychological or personality measures, thereby weakening the case for the emergence of executive deficits, at least when average phe levels remain close to the upper limits now considered safe. Furthermore, no significant differences were found on psychological variables where comparison with population norms was possible.
Deficient health and social services for elderly people with learning disabilities
Authors: Cooper S.‐A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElderly people with learning disabilities have greater psychiatric morbidity than younger individuals, but a previous report has suggested that themajorityoftheformerdonot receive treatment All people with leaming disabilities aged 65 years and over living in Leicestershire, England (n= 134), and a random sample of adults with learning disabilities aged between 20 and 64 years (n= 73) were assessed for psychiatric disorders and service use. Elderly people received less day care, less respite care, and were less likely to have a social worker and receive input from most health services than the younger group. Chiropody was an exception. Those receiving psychiatric services did so through the leaming disabilities specialist services only. Those with an additional psychiatric disorder were more likely to receive services, but results still favoured the younger group. Services were better accessed by those living in residential care. Failure to access services may relate to carers attitudes and beliefs: in leaming disability settings, morbidity was attributed to ‘it's just old age’ in the elderly settings, morbidity was attributed to ‘it's because s/he has leaming disabilities’. The specialist health and social services need to take the lead in health promotion and education.
Learning disabilities: moving forward ‐ a focus on epilepsy, Birrningham, England, 29 June 1996
Authors: Ahmed Z. , O'Brien G. , Betts T. , Kerr M. P. , Fraser W. I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOn 29 June 1996 a conference was held in Birmingham to highlight the status of epilepsy in people with learning disabilities. The conference consisted both of seminars and workshops. Dr Tim Betts, Birmingham; Dr Greg O'Brien, Northumberland; and Dr Mike Kerr addressed issues of assessment, diagnosis and drug treatment of epilepsy in this population. This meeting report summarizes the proceedings of the conference.
Primary health care and people with an intellectual disability: the evidence base
Authors: Lennox N. G. , Kerr M. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is growing awareness of the importance of evidence‐based medicine in guiding health care delivery. This paper reviews the evidence pertinent to the delivery of primary health care to people with an intellectual disability. Research concerning issues of health status, specialist knowledge of health care, and barriers and solutions to health care delivery for people with an intellectual disability is presented and discussed. Recommendations for future evidence‐based research are made, including suggested areas of importance.
People with intellectual disability in general practice: case definition and case finding
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. M. J. , Metsemakers J. F. M. , Soomers‐Turlings M. J. M. S. J. G. , Haveman M. J. , Crebolder H. F. j. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a general practice database containing data on 62000 patients, those with intellectual disability (ID) were traced. Health problems in this database were recorded according to the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICPC) code. By using selected codes, 318 people with ID (0.65% of the study population) were found; the sample contained nearly as many false positives. Adding up the percentage of people with ID living in residential facilities, the total prevalence of people with ID was estimated as 0.82%. Documentation on the cause and level of ID was available in about half of the cases. The demographic characteristics of the people with ID were significantly different from the general population: there was a higher percentage of males and a lower percentage of people over 50 years of age among those with ID. Information about the use of home care was virtually non‐existent in the general practice data. The results are compared with those of other studies. The discussion de ls with reasons for complete documentation of cases with ID in general practice and the role of the general practitioner in health care supply to people with ID.
The general practice care of people with intellectual disability: barriers and solutions
Authors: Lennox N. G. , Diggens J. N. , Ugoni A. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA questionnaire exploring general practitioners′(GPs′) perceptions of the barriers and solutions to providing health care to people with intellectual disability was sent to 912 randomly selected GPs throughout Australia. A response rate of 58% was obtained. Results indicated that numerous barriers compromise the quality of health care able to be provided to people with intellectual disability. Communication difficulties with patients and other health professionals, and problems in obtaining patient histories stood out as the two most significant barriers. A range of other barriers were identified, including GPs′lack of training and experience, patients′poor compliance with management plans, consultation time constraints, difficulties in problem determination, examination difficulties, poor continuity of care, and GPs′inadequate knowledge of the services and resources available. General practitioners also suggested numerous solutions to these barriers, and emphasized the need for increased opportunitis for education and training in intellectual disability. The GPs showed an overwhelming willingness to be involved in further education. Other major solutions included increasing consultation duration or frequency, proactively involving families and carers in patients′ongoing health care, and increasing remuneration.
Attitudes of general practitioners towards health care for people with intellectual disability and the factors underlying these attitudes
Authors: Bond L. , Kerr M. , Dunstan F. , Thapar A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn intellectual disability attitude questionnaire was used to explore the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) towards primary health care, organizing health promotion and the role of specialist services for people with intellectual disability. The results of this questionnaire from GPs in Gwent (Wales) and GPs in west Gloucestershire (England) were compared. The GPs in both areas responded similarly and tended to agree that they were responsible for the medical care of people with intellectual disability in the community. They also tended to feel that the move from hospitals to the community of people with intellectual disability would greatly increase their workload. The GPs in both areas were generally against a responsibility on their part for health promotion and health screening initiatives for people with intellectual disability. However, GPs in west Gloucestershire felt more strongly against these issues. Further analysis of the data revealed factors which influenced the response of GPs to the questionnaire, including their position regarding health promotion and screening, and their view of the role of specialist health services. The GPs generally felt that community learning disability teams provided useful support, and there is clearly scope for team members to liaise more closely with GP practices and to provide helpful information to GPs about intellectual disability and the specialist health services available. Professionals seeking to work collaboratively with GPs should be sensitive to their workload pressures and to their attitudes towards health promotion initiatives and health screening.
Health gain through health checks: improving access to primary health care for people with intellectual disability
Authors: Martin D. M. , Roy A. , Wells M. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeople with intellectual disability were identified through the local register and through liaison with general practitioners (GPs). A consultation exercise was conducted with users and carers to ascertain their experiences and perspectives of primary health care (GP services). A comprehensive health check was devised and administered to about 120 people to detect physical disorders, especially cardiovascular risk factors. A standardized checklist was used to determine the population of people with psychological and psychiatric problems. Case notes were reviewed after nearly one year to determine physical and psychological health gain. Significant gains were noted with regard to physical disorders. In contrast, mental health problems were underreported and participants had achieved few gains on follow‐up. The reasons and implications for future service planning are discussed.
Nutritional support for patients with intellectual disability and nutrition/dysphagia disorders in community care
Authors: Kennedy M. , McCombie L. , Dawes P. , McConnell K. N. , Dunnigan M. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPatients with intellectual disability and neurological handicaps associated with swallowing difficulties are vulnerable to dehydration and undernutrition. Some patients are severely undernourished, a condition which is usually associated with recurrent food aspiration and respiratory infections. Underweight patients are usually provided with adequate dietary protein by carers: their low energy intakes reflect inadequate intakes of fat and carbohydrate. Many patients gain weight following the provision of easily assimilated energy‐dense fat‐ and sugar‐containing foods. Where these measures fail, the provision of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube may be life‐saving. Optimal supervision of patients with severe nutrition/dysphagia problems requires a support network linking carers at home or in community care facilities with the primary health care team and the local district general hospital.
Mental disorders and problematic behaviours in people with intellectual disability: future directions for research
Authors: Moss S. , Emerson E. , Bouras N. , Holland A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn recent years there has been a nriajor growth of interest in the field of mental health and intellectual disability. This article outlines some of the issues that will be important to address in the coming years. The issues discussed include: the interaction of biological and environmental factors in the aetiology of behavioural and psychiatric disorders; diagnosis and classification; epidemiology; dementia; recognition of mental illness in the community; treatment; service provision; and training.
The international consensus process on psychopharmacology and intellectual disability
Authors: Reiss S. , Aman M. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present authors invited 115 scientists, practitioners and consumers from 11 nations to form an international consensus panel on best practices and clinical effects regarding psychoactive medicines and intellectual disability. Co‐sponsors included the American Association on Mental Retardation, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Association on Dual Diagnosis and The Arc of the United States. The panel developed 21 reports that were revised to reflect comments from 351 participants at a 1995 Ohio State University conference in Columbus, OH, USA. The reports will be published as chapters In a forthcoming book entitled Psychotropic Medication and Developmental Disabilities: The International Consensus Handbook. The need for research and training programmes is discussed.