bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomass and Nitrogen Yields of Intercropped Maize and Soybeans as Affected by Applied Nitrogen, Rhizobium, Maize Hybrids and Population Density
Authors: Odongo J. C. W. , Veresoglou D. S. , Papakosta D. , Sficas A. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn intercropping experiment was conducted in northern Greece to evaluate biomass production and quality of forage from maize/soybean mixtures as affected by nitrogen fertilizer, inoculation of soybean seed with Rhizobium, maize hybrids and density. The biomass yields of the intercrops were not significantly affected by nitrogen or inoculation of soybean seeds due to high residual nitrogen in the soil, but were influenced by maize density. The mixtures exploited soil nitrogen more efficiently compared to sole crops. Both nitrogen concentration and accumulation in forage and grains were increased by applied nitrogen. Inoculation of soybean seeds increased nitrogen concentration and accumulation in grains only. The mean relative yield totals (RYT) for nitrogen were 1.13 and 1.20 in forage and grains, respectively when the mixtures were grown at high total densities.Zusammenfassung Biomasse‐ und Stickstofferträge von Mais‐und Sojabohnenmischanbau in Abhängig‐keit von der Stickstoffdüngung, Rhizobium und Bestandesdichte bei mehreren Mais‐hybriden Ein Mischanbau wurde im nördlichen Teil von Griechenland durchgeführt, um die Biomasse‐produktion und die Qualität von Futter aus einem Mais/Sojabohnengemisch in Abhängig‐keit von der Stickstoffdüngung, der Inokula‐tion der Sojabohnensamen mit Rhizobium so‐wie der Bestandesdichte für einige Maishybri‐den festzustellen. Die Biomasseerträge des Mischanbaus waren nicht signifikant von der Stickstoffdüngung oder der Inokulation der Sojabohnensamen abhängig; dies dürfte eine Folge der hohen Stickstoffvorräte im Boden sein; demgegenüber waren die Erträge aber von der Bestandesdichte der Maispflanzen abhängig. Mischanbau entzog dem Boden mehr Stickstoff im Vergleich zu Reinanbau der bei‐den Pflanzenarten. Sowohl die Stickstoffkon‐zentration als auch die Akkumulation im Futter und in den Körnern wurden durch eine Stickstoffdüngung erhöht. Die Inokulation der Sojabohnensamen erhöhte nur die Stickstoff‐konzentration und die Akkumulation in den Körnern. Der durchschnittliche relative Ge‐samtertrag (RYT) für Stickstoff betrug 1,13 und 1,20 in Futter und Körnern; dies gait für hohe Bestandesdichten im Mischanbau.
Herbicide Phytotoxicity Model for Assessing Herbicide Tolerance
Authors: Pantone D. J. , Larsen L. C. , Williams W. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA herbicide phytotoxicity model was used to investigate differences in herbicide tolerance between two species of Amsinckia (A. intermedia Fischer and Meyer and A. gloriosa Suksdorf) to the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile). The model included two primary parameters that predicted the plant's maximum response and the response rate to a given herbicide level. The models for the two species were compared at each herbicide rate (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.50 kg ai/ha), and the modeled reaction of the two species to the herbicide was significantly different at all but the lowest herbicide rate. Fitted curves were compared using a t‐test for each model coefficient and alternatively by using a multivariate statistic that considers the joint behavior of the coefficients in the model.ZusammenfassungEin Modell für die Pflanzentoxizität von Herbiziden zur Einschätzung von Herbizid‐toleranzenEin mathematisches Modell für die Pflanzentoxizität von Herbiziden wurde zur Unter‐suchung von Unterschieden in der Herbizid‐toleranz von zwei Arten von Amsinckia (A. intermedia Fischer & Meyer and A. gloriosa Suksdorf) gegenüber dem Herbizid Bromoxy‐nil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile) angewandt. Das Modell basiert auf zwei Hauptparametern, die es ermöglichen, die maximale Reaktion und die Reaktionsrate vor‐herzusagen. Die zwei Arten wurden für ver‐schiedene Herbiziddosen (0,06, 0,12, 0,25, und 0,50 kg/ha) mit Hilfe des Modells ver‐glichen. Bezüglich aller Level, ausgenommen dem niedrigsten, zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede. Der Vergleich der Kurven wurde sowohl mittels t‐test für jeden Koef‐fizienten als auch mittels multivarianter Statis‐tik durchgeführt, die das Verhalten beider Koeffizienten gleichzeitig berücksichtigte.
Influence of Seasonal Productivity and Defoliation Frequency on the Competitive Relationships between Herbage Grasses
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Roberts E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch has identified changes in competitive abilities and relationships between herbage grasses due to seasonal variations and defoliation pressures. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of these variables on competitive relationships between three popular herbage grasses of New Zealand, using the replacement series principle. The competitive relationships of the established swards were monitored for an year, under two defoliation regimes. The results illustrate that defoliation intensity has a greater influence on the competitive relationships between the selected grasses, than seasonal variability. While this study suggests an increase in mixture productivity over monocultures in established swards, the need for longer term studies to consolidate such results is stressed.ZusammenfassungEinfluß der jahreszeitlichen Produktivität und der Häufigkeit einer Defoliation auf die Konkurrenzsituation von drei FuttergräsernEs liegen Erkenntnisse vor, daß die Konkur‐renzstärke und die Beziehungen zwischen Futtergräsern von den jahreszeitlichen Bedingun‐gen und Entblattungswirkungen abhängig sind. Es wurde daher eine Untersuchung durchgeführt, um die Wirkungen dieser Ein‐flüsse auf die Konkurrenzsituation zwischen drei verbreiteten Futtergräsern Neuseelands zu untersuchen, wobei die Methode des Ersatzes von Serien durchgeführt wurde. Die Konkurrenzsituation von eingewachsenen Grassoden wurde für die Dauer von einem Jahr überprüft; zwei Entblattungsbereiche wurden berück‐sichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Inten‐sität der Entblattung einen größeren Einfluß auf die Konkurrenzbeziehungen zwischen den Grassoden hatte als die Abhängigkeit von der Jahreszeit. Diese Untersuchung läßt eine Überlegenheit der Leistung in Mischkulturen gegenüber Monokulturen vermuten; eine Überprüfung der Ergebnisse erscheint aller‐dings notwendig.
Undesired Self‐Pollination of the Parent Plant Decreases Dry Matter Yield of Silage Maize
Authors: van der Werf H. M. G. , Hoek J. , Soepboer M. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA proportion of the maize seed sold in the Netherlands is genetically impure. The most common form of genetic impurity in hybrid seed production is the accidental self‐pollination of the female parent. Varying quantities of selfed seeds were added to certified seedlots of three‐way cross hybrids. These mixtures were tested in nine field experiments, in 1985 and 1986.Whole plant dry matter yield decreased by 40 to 45 kg/ha per percent of selfed seed added. The effect of selfed seed on dry matter yield did not differ significantly in the hybrids studied.
Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme und Verteilung von Stickstoff bei alten und neuen deutschen Sommerweizensorten
Authors: Feil B. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Uptake and distribution of nitrogen in old and new German summer wheats Five old German summer wheat varieties, bred in the first third of this century, were compared with five new varieties in an outdoor pot trial. The modern genotypes had taken up slightly more N, both at anthesis and at maturity. At anthesis, N percentage in all organs was considerably higher for modern cultivars. This resulted mainly from a dilution effect caused by superior dry masses of old varieties. Modern genotypes accumulated more N in the upper leaves and ears. As compared with the old varieties, less N was found in the stems of the new cultivars. At maturity, N concentration in vegetative organs was simular for both groups of varieties. N percentage of grains was higher for old cultivars. However, the new genotypes achieved higher N yields. This resulted in part from the slightly higher assimilation of N. Moreover, new genotypes were superior in N translocation which was reflected by higher nitrogen harvest indexes. The postfloral loss of N from the vegetative tissue depended on the organ and the age of the varieties.
Genotypische Unterschiede in der Translokation von zwischengelagertem 14C aus dem Halm in die Körner bei Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Monteil Ph. , M. Winzeler  , Nösberger J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Genotypic differences in the translocation of temporarily stored 14C from the stem to the grains in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) In three field experiments with two spring wheat genotypes (Kolibri and breeding line 93117), changes in the total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of the stem were observed after anthesis. Maximum values were measured in the third or fourth week following anthesis when stems contained 300 to 400 mg TNC. Thereafter TNC content declined up to maturity.Flag leaves of individual shoots or all plants in micro‐plots were labelled with 14C 5 days prior to anthesis, at anthesis or 5 days after anthesis to observe long term movements of assimilates during grain filling. After a chase period of two to three days, 60 to 80 % of total 14C recovered in the shoot was in the stem. From total l4C recovered two to three days after labelling, Kolibri had translocated 12.5 to 27.0 % into the grains by maturity whereas this portion was significantly higher for the breeding line 93117 (22.5 to 43.9 %). It was concluded that genotypes differ in the translocation of soluble carbohydrates from the stem to the grains. These differences were not related to parameters describing the ‘source‐sink’ relationship, such as leaf area, grain number or grain size. However, the lower translocation rates of Kolibri coincided with a lower TNC concentration in the stem dry matter. This was due to a higher stem weight at anthesis, a longer period of stem elongation and a higher incorporation of assimilates into structural carbohydrates in non elongating stem parts after anthesis. It was therefore suggested that the accumulation of TNC in the stem and the remobilisation of these reserves for grain filling are determined partly by factors related to the carbohydrate metabolism in the stem.
Significance of Pollination in Seed Setting Efficiency of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)
Authors: Dixit O. P. , Singh U. P. , Gupta J. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) commonly known as berseem in India, is a predominantly self‐pollinated autogamous fodder legume. It has a simple valvular type mechanism for pollination wherein tripping agencies like bees are needed for better seed setting. The seed setting efficiency and seed yield of berseem (g. m−2) under natural tripping or open tripping condition was extremely high (22.38) as compared to completely caged (0.52) which clearly indicates the significance of pollinators/tripping agencies in seed yield of berseem crop. Further, the influence of pollinators was well marked with diploid strains of berseem as compared to tetraploid because of difference in fertility levels (tetraploids are generally less fertile).
Einfluß von sterilisiertem und nichtsterilisiertem Stallmist und Kompost auf die Effizienz der VA‐Mykorrhiza
Authors: Brechelt A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Effect of sterilized and unsterilized stable manure and compost on the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza Under greenhouse conditions, it was examined how the three organic manures stable manure, compost out of stable manure and compost out of plant rests in comparison with the corresponding amounts in sterile and homogeneous form, influence the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza cultivated with Capsicum annuum. The manures had been added in 4 stages of concentration: 50, 100, 200 and 300 dt/ha.In the unsterile treatment the generally positive efficiency of VA mycorrhiza on plant yield decreased with increased amounts of the organic manures. How fast this reduction took place, was dependent on the different kinds of manures. The effect of the inoculation were much better in the unsterile treatment, compared with the sterile one, when the offer of the possible nutrient sources by the manures were low and the relation of the nutrients in the soil solution were unfavorable. The activity of the soil microorganisms always have played a decisive role for this results.
Soil Temperature Effects on the Nitrogen Availability in Soils and Growth of Sorghum (Co. 25)
Authors: Mathan K. K. , Natesan R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo field experiments were carried out one after the other to study the effect of date of sowing and soil temperature on the soil nitrogen availability and yield of sorghum (Co. 25). Crops sown at weekly intervals were the treatments. Mean soil temperature at different depths, available soil N at different stages, leaf area index were assessed and correlation among different parameters established. The results indicated that time of sowing sorghum crop influenced the soil available N due to variations in soil temperature and the eanopv development at different levels as measured by leaf area indices.Mean soil temperature increased with depths upto 30 cm. Also available N varied at different stages of crop growth but invariably higher in early sown crops Qanuary sown). Soil temperature at 15 cm depth influenced the available soil N most and consequently the leaf area index. This was reflected in the yield also.
The Pattern of Dry‐Matter Distribution during Development in Onion
Authors: Iortsuun D. N. , Khan A. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant height, number of leaves, diameter and fresh weight of the bulbs, and the dry weights of the component plant parts of 3 onion cvs were measured weekly, starting 40 days after transplanting, up to maturity. Red Kano had singificantly more leaves, greater leaf area, larger bulbs and fresh and dry weights than Eclipsel Bermuda and Texas Grano.Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Relative Leaf Growth Rate (RLGR) were generally high in the early stages of growth in all cvs and declined with plant age. Red Kano had much higher values than the other two. Crop Growth Rate (CGR) of tops was positive in the early stages of plant growth in all the cvs but decreased to negative values towards maturity which was due to a decrease in the dry weight of the leaf blades caused by decrease in leaf number. Red Kano and Texas Grano showed positive values throughout the experimental period. The higher CGR for the bulbs as compared to the blades was due to large quantities of carbohydrates which were translocated to the bulbs. Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) was constant in Red Kano, due to proportionate increase in leaf blade area and weight.Results of all the growth characteristics showed that Red Kano was superior to the other cvs in attaining a larger bulb size due to large number of leaves and longer growing season, resulting in the translocation of more carbohydrates to the bulbs.
Development and Testing of Root Effectiveness Function for Soil Water Uptake
Authors: Malik R. K. , Narda N. K. , Murty V. V. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor soil water uptake studies under cropped conditions, root effectiveness for soil water absorption is of great significance. For development of root effectiveness function, information on the age of roots present at any soil depth at any time during the crop growth period is needed. For estimation of root age and root effectiveness function, a methodology has been developed. Wheat crop was used as a test crop. It has been observed that root effectiveness for water uptake remains constant during the early period of root growth and thereafter it decreases exponentially with root age. The application of the proposed root effectiveness function was tested successfully using macroscopic model of soil water dynamics which yielded 7.83 per cent variation between observed and simulated soil water content on overall basis in the crop root zone for the entire crop growth season.
Gap Filling Through Transplanting in Maize during Winter
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Brar H. S. , Khehra A. S. , Dhillon B. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments were conducted for three years at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to examine the possibility of filling the gaps through transplanting in maize (Zea mays L.) in winter season. One and two gaps were made after every four plants and than filled through transplanting seedlings of same age as that of direct sown crop and 10 and 20 days older. The filling of one gap by using 10 days older seedlings yielded as high as control (direct sown crop with no gaps). The filling of one and two gaps by transplanting same age and 10 days older seedlings yielded equally good. The gap filling with 20 days older seedlings gave very poor grain yield.
Maize Smut Induced by Ustilago maydis (D. C.) Corda – Reaction of Maize Hybrids and Lines to Smut Disease
Authors: Kostandi S. F. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was carried out during the growing seasons 1982, 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the reaction of different maize hybrids and lines to smut disease and to give further informations on the effect of environmental factors on smut incidence.The kernels of 17 different maize hybrids and 17 inbred line were planted in the field and the stand was maintained constant of 30 plants per row during the respective years. Each plant was subjected to an artificial infection by dropping 2 ml of U. maydis‐spore suspension into the leaf whorl at 6–8 leaf stage. Field observations, concerning the number, the size and location of smut galls were recorded for each individual plant whenever the symptoms appeared. The reaction of maize genotypes was evaluated on a new classified system and the differential response was correlated with the changes ol meteorological data.The results indicated that hybrids: Circe LG9, E1, Kaceplns, Limac‐LG11 and RA 94A x RA 320 as well as lines: F2, L1, L2, L8, RA 94A, RA 320, W33 and W401 were highly resistant; while the hybrids E2, F7 x EP1.J and Giga as well as lines: EP1J, F115, L5 and L6 were highly susceptible. The reaction of these genotypes exhibited an identical behaviour during the 3 years. The remaining genotypes were unstable and showed differential response to degree of infection and location of smut galls. The increase of smut infection in 1982 relative to that recorded in 1984, under the same wet weather conditions, was attributed to the increase of air temperature and sunshine duration. Under dry weather condition, as in 1983, increasing temperature and sunshine duration had little effect on smut incidence.
The Influence of Day Length on Plant and Nodule Development of Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and Grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.)
Authors: Wesselmann A. , Caesar K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe valuation of the influence of different day length (DL) on plant and especially nodule development of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.) was the aim of these experiments. For that, experiments in growth chambers (Exp. 1) with DL of 10, 13, 16 and 19 hours and an experiment in vegetation boxes (Exp. 2) with DL of 7, 10, 13 hours and natural DL as control (CON) were conducted. The development of plants was studied by 6 and 7 harvests (HA) respectively beginning at 27 and 31 days after emergence (DAE) respectively, as well as consecutive determinations of leaf area, dry matter (DM) of the different plant organs and nodule number.Total‐ and pod‐DM of both species increased with higher DL (19 h, CON). Nodule‐DM was positive influenced by longer assimilation duration and bigger leaf areas of the higher DL treatments. With onset of pod ripening, which occurred early under higher DL, lower nodule‐DM was determined due to the beginning of nodule senescence. Under 19 h DL the fababeans established highest nodule‐DM, 1,100 mg/plant, whereas the grasspea 410 mg only. Nodules under shorter DL (7 h, 10 h) showed less intensive red tissue and less nodules > 6 mm diameter. The grasspea established more bigger nodules than the fababeans. Total nodule number was not unequivocal affected by DL, however, it increased with the course of vegetation. Senescence of nodules was most evident at time of highest growth rates of the pod‐DM.
Phenotypic Yield Stability Depending on Plant Density and on Mean Yield per Plant of Winter Rapeseed Varieties and of Their F1 and F2‐Generations
Authors: Hühn M. , Léon J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmong the common agricultural crops winter‐rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is considered to be especially susceptible to varying environmental conditions. The commonly used stability statistics, which measure these fluctuations, are based on the yields of genotypes in different environments. An improvement of stability analysis may be obtained by an additional estimation of stability using yield components rather than absolute yield values. Relationships between stability of seed yield (SY) and stabilities of plant densities (PD) and of single plant yield (SPY) were examined for four winter‐rapeseed varieties, their six F1's and their six F2's. Environmental variance was applied to estimate phenotypic stabilities. Furthermore, generations were compared for their stability in SY, PD and SPY. Regarding all genotypes and generations the correlation coefficients did not show any relation between stability of SY and stabilities of PD and of SPY (r = ‐0.04 and r = ‐0.17). Comparing generations the F2 showed a higher stability of SY than varieties and F1, But no consistent results were obtained regarding PD and SPY. The pattern of the heterotic effects of stability of yield components PD and SPY were different from the respective pattern of SY. Eg although possessing desired heterotic effects in stability of PD and SPY some crosses showed undesired heterotic effects in stability of SY. Therefore, a theory of multiplicative heterosis of stability should be developed in analogy to the corresponding theory for yield.