bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating subduction zone processes in Chile
Authors: Scherwath Martin , Flueh Ernst , Grevemeyer Ingo , Tillman Frederik , Contreras‐Reyes Eduardo , Weinrebe Wilhelm 
Published: October 2006

The highly active subduction zone of southern Chile was the source region of the 1960 Valdivia megathrust earthquake (Mw= 9.5), the largest earthquake ever recorded.This region is currently under investigation by the multidisciplinary TIPTEQ (From the Incoming Plate to Mega‐Thrust Earthquake Processes) project, which is studying the structure, state, and deformation of the subduction zone lithosphere.Over 90 days, from December 2004 to February 2005,TIPTEQ scientists on cruise S0181 of the German research vessel (R/V Sonne acquired a broad variety of geophysical and geological data in the research area offshore Chile between 35°S and 48°S (Figure 1).These data include active and passive source seismics, heat flow probing, magnetics, magnetotellurics for studying Earth conductivity, highresolution multibeam bathymetry, and sediment probes from gravity cores.
Chesapeake Bay impact structure drilled
Authors: Gohn Gregory S. , Koeberl Christian , Miller Kenneth G. , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Cockell Charles S. , Horton J. Wright , Sanford Ward E. , Voytek Mary A. 
Published: October 2006

The Chesapeake Bay impact structure was formed by a meteorite crashing to Earth during the late Eocene, about 35.5 million years ago (Ma). In May 2006, a scientific drilling project, sponsored by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), completed a deep coring program into the impact structure. The deep drilling produced one of the most complete geologic sections ever obtained in an impact structure, and studies of the core samples will allow scientists to understand a shallow‐marine impact event and its consequences at an unprecedented level.This buried structure is the seventh largest, and one of the best preserved, of the known impact structures on Earth [Poag et al., 2004]. It consists of a 38‐kilometer‐wide, highly deformed central zone, which approximates the dimensions and location of the transient impact crater, surrounded by a shallower outer zone of sediment collapse known as the annular trough [Horton et al., 2005]. Together, these zones have a diameter of about 85 kilometers and a distinctive shape similar to an ‘inverted sombrero.’
Pluto loses its status as a planet
Authors: Zielinski Sarah , Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

Astronomers nave accepted a definition for ‘planet’ that excludes Pluto, instead relegating that object and at least two others to the status of ‘dwarf planet,’ in a series of votes taken on 24 August at the International Astronomical Union (IAU) 2006 General Assembly in Prague, Czech Republic.Michael Brown, the California Institute of Technology astronomer who discovered the newly classified dwarf planet 2003 UB313, said, “If you started from scratch, and you looked at the solar system as you were flying in from outer space, you would very quickly realize that there are eight really large objects in the solar system and you would put those into one category and use one word to describe them…All of the other objects in the solar system are much smaller, and they belong to these vast populations of other objects.”
Ozone hole not yet recovering
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The depletion of ozone in the stratosphere caused by chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—and the resulting annual hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica—is not getting any worse, although recovery has not yet begun, according to two of the scientists who discovered the cause of the ozone hole 20 years ago.“If you look at the ozone records all over the world…the data indicates that the reduction in ozone has stopped,” said David Hofmann, director of the Global Monitoring Division of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL). He and ESRL senior scientist Susan Solomon spoke at a 22 August briefing in Washington, D.C.
On chaos
Authors: Morrison Foster 
Published: October 2006

Herbert R. Shaw's “The Periodic Structure of the Natural Record, and Nonlinear Dynamics” (Eos, December 15, 1987) is very timely. The subject of dynamics and its applications has been neglected too long by the whole scientific community. Thanks to small, inexpensive computers, dynamics is now available as a modeling tool to all scientists and engineers.The one problem is that there is a need to know something about the subject. Shaw's article is written by a devoted expert, who may have forgotten that most people's acquaintance with dynamics was a very confusing and unpleasant course in differential equations. As a discipline, dynamics has to develop into something like statistics, which is neither totally abstract mathematics nor an empirical science.
More funding for Canadian Arctic research
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

Canada's federal government announced on April 8 that the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources will get more money for the Polar Continental Shelf Project. The additional $4.5 million over the next 2 years and $1.2 million more for each year thereafter will increase the total annual PCSP budget to $7.4 million for the next 2 years and $6.3 million for each following year.PCSP has become a comprehensive network for transportation, communication, coordination, and logistics to aid scientists studying the Arctic. The project promotes physical safety, scientific productivity, and cost effectiveness. Created in 1958, PCSP is now a branch of the Geological Survey of Canada. PCSP's base camps are at Resolute on Cornwallis Island for the eastern and central Arctic and Tuktoyaktuk in the Mackenzie River delta for the western Arctic.
Model predicts global warming
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

Global greenhouse warming will be clearly identifiable by the 1990s, according to eight scientists who have been studying climate changes using computer models. Researchers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, say that by the 2010s, most of the globe will be experiencing “substantial” warming. The level of warming will depend on amounts of trace gases, or greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere.Predictions for the next 70 years are based on computer simulations of Earth's climate. In three runs of the model, James Hansen and his colleagues looked at the effects of changing amounts of atmospheric gases with time.
Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World
Authors: Agnew Duncan 
Published: October 2006

From the standpoint of the seismologist studying actual waveforms (as opposed to travel times) a new era began in 1963 with the establishment of the World‐Wide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN): Well‐calibrated seismograms from all over the world were available from a single data distributor. But the life of this network has been brief compared to the repeat times of great earthquakes; to learn about many of these, we must turn to pre‐WWSSN seismograms, which extend back to the start of instrumental seismology around 1900. These seismograms, now termed historical seismograms, are a primary subject of this book, a collection of papers derived from a 1985 International Association of Seismologists and Physicists of the Earth's Interior symposium.These older seismograms often contain detailed waveform data that could not be used when they were made but which can now be modeled to determine earthquake source parameters. Papers by H. Kanamori, by S. K. Singh, and by S. Stein, E. Okal, and D. Wiens review this area; Kanamori's paper has an especially valuable discussion of instrument responses and a useful list of large earthquakes, while Stein et al. show the contibution older data can make to understanding areas of low seismicity. Even seismograms of lower quality can be of value, as K. Abe shows by deriving magnitudes and origin times of Chinese and California earthquakes from 1898 through 1912 using recordings made by undamped seismometers.
Origins of Igneous Layering
Authors: Marsh Bruce 
Published: October 2006

Anyone who has ever seen a photo of a layered intrusion, let alone visited one first hand, or even seen a thin section from one, cannot help but be impressed by the stunning record of crystal growth and deposition. Such bodies stand as majestic monuments of undeniable evidence that intricate magmatic processes exist, processes that couple crystallization, convection, and crystal sorting to form rocks so highly ordered and beautiful that they are a wonder to behold. These are the altars to which petrologists must carry their conceived petrologic processes for approval.Although significant in number, the best layered intrusions seem to be found almost always in remote places. Their names, Bushveld, Muskox, Kiglapait, Stillwater, Duke Island, Skaergaard, Rhum, ring through igneous petrology almost as historic military battles (Saratoga, Antietam, Bull Run, Manassas, Gettysburg) do through American history. People who have worked on such bodies are almost folk heros: Wager, Deer, Brown, Jackson, Hess, Irvine, McBirney, Morse; these names are petrologic household words. Yet with all this fanfare and reverence, layered instrusions are nearly thought of as period pieces, extreme examples of what can happen, but not generally what does. This is now all changing with the increasing realization that these bodies are perhaps highly representative of all magmatic bodies. They are simply more dynamically complete, containing more of the full range of interactions, and of course, exposing a more complete record. They are one end of a spectrum containing lava flows, lava lakes, large sills, plutons, and layered intrusions. This book uniquely covers this range with an abundance of first‐hand field observations and a good dose of process conceptualization, magma physics, and crystal growth kinetics.
USGS Groundwater Report
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

The quality of the nation's groundwater is good, overall, according to Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Water and Science, James W. Ziglar. But “its management and protection present a major challenge.” Ziglar was speaking at a press conference October 7 in Washington, D.C. The U.S. Geological Survey recently released its fourth National Water Summary 1986—Hydrologic Events and Ground‐Water Quality.The summary says that most fresh groundwater meets federal and state drinking water standards and is suitable for most uses. Groundwater is the source of more than half the nation's drinking water, including almost all of its rural population. The 560‐page report covers hydrologie conditions and waterrelated events for water year 1986 (Oct. 1, 1985 to Sept. 30, 1986), hydrologie perspectives on water issues, and a state‐by‐state summary of groundwater quality.
Hurricane Gilbert briefing
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Hurricane Gilbert has been called one of the most monstrous hurricanes of the 20th century, cutting a nearly 2000‐mile swath across Jamaica, Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and along the border of Texas and Mexico September 10–17. Death toll was about 200, and damage estimates were above $8 billion.A briefing on the effects of Gilbert was held in Washington, D.C., on October 24. It was sponsored by the Committee on Natural Disasters of the National Academy of Sciences, with the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Paleomagnetic rotations and continental deformation
Authors: Laj C. 
Published: October 2006

One of the most interesting results obtained in the last 2 decades in the study of crustal deformation has been the recognition that large regions of continental crust undergo rotations about vertical axes during deformation. Proof of these rotations, for which usually there is little or no visible field evidence, has come through paleomagnetic studies, which reveal rotations when the paleomagnetic declinations within the deforming zone are discordant compared with those determined from stable units outside this region.Such discordant declinations were first described in Oregon by Allan Cox, then, following this pioneering work, in the North American Cordillera and Southern California and were totally unpredicted by the existing geological studies. Rotations have subsequently been found in other areas of recent tectonic activity, such as the Basin and Range province, New Zealand, Greece, western Turkey, and the Andes, so that they appear as an important feature of continental deformation.
NSF scientific and funding priorities in Earth sciences
Authors: Speidel David H. , MacGregor Ian D. 
Published: October 2006

The Earth Science Division (EAR) of the National Science Foundation provides about two‐thirds of the funding for basic geological scientific research at academic institutions in the United States. This funding is provided through three budget units: Earth Science Project Support, which funds individual researchers; Instrumentation and Facilities, for the support of research equipment for individual investigators and larger facilities for shared use; and Continental Lithosphere, for the support of large multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional studies of the continental lithosphere.The latter two programs, established in 1984, open opportunities for new styles of research not previously available through the programs for individual investigators. From 1980 to 1988, the EAR budget increased from $25.98 million to $51.29 million, allowing the number of awards per year during that period to double. Over the same period, applications more than doubled, leading to a decline in the success rate from over 40% to less than 30%. Similarly, average award size increased but at a rate less than inflation. Congressional appropriations for EAR have been significantly less than the amounts requested in the President's budget r8—Hi‐⅞ for NSF in the last 4 fiscal years, thus stalling the ability of the division to increase both the success rate and the amounts of individual grants and to move forward with a fully diversified research agenda. In 1986 the Advisory Committee for Earth Sciences (ACES), the official external advisor to the EAR scientific staff, reexamined this diversified agenda and began to develop a set of long‐range scientific and fiscal priorities.
GLOBEC Global Ecosystem Dynamics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Objective: To understand ocean ecosystem dynamics and how they are influenced by physical processes so that the predictability of population fluctuations in a changing global climate can be assessed.Though it is likely that human activity plays a significant role in marine population fluctuations, determination of the relative importance of humans and nature in these changes has not, to date, been possible. Many correlations between population variability and associated biological and physical variables have been reported. However, these correlations are generally unsuccessful predictors of population variability, and, hence, of limited usefulness.
Vening Meinesz—A student of the Earth
Authors: Vlaar Nicolaas J. 
Published: October 2006

The 1987 General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Vancouver, Union Symposium Ul , “Quo Vadimus,” commemorated the 100th birthday of the Dutch geodesist and geophysicist Felix Andries Vening Meinesz.Vening Meinesz (1887–1966) (Figure 1) was born in a patrician family. His father was mayor of Rotterdam and later of Amsterdam. His mother descended from Dutch aristocracy. With such a background, a profession in science was not the most obvious ambition for a young man. Instead, a magistrate's career would have been more customary.
Solar cycle 22 continues strong climb
Authors: Hirman J. W. , Heckman G. R. , Greer M. S. , Smith J. R. 
Published: October 2006

Solar Cycle 22, which began in September 1986, continues to rise at a rate that rivals or exceeds that of all sunspot cycles in the record of direct sunspot observations. As measured by smoothed sunspot numbers and 10.7‐cm radio flux values, Cycle 22 remains ahead of all past cycles in the modern record except Cycle 19, which peaked during the late 1950s (see Figure 1). By other measures, such as the number of X ray flares or solar proton events, this cycle is running up to 30% higher than at the corresponding point in all previous cycles.In our previous report (“Solar and Geomagnetic Activity During Cycle 21 and Implications for Cycle 22,” Eos, 69, 962, 1988) we presented early information on Cycle 22 and discussed some possible solar‐terrestrial effects of solar activity. Figure 1 updates that information to the present in sunspot number and 10.7‐cm radio flux values.
U.S.‐U.S.S.R. space physics research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to fund up to seven U.S. scientists in cooperative research in the Soviet Intercosmos Council ACTIVE scientific satellite mission. Scientists proposing research must be in the U.S. or its territories, and proposals must be for studies or services specific to the ACTIVE objectives.ACTIVE aims to investigate very‐low‐frequency (VLF) radiowave propagation and wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere using a 10‐kW VLF transmitter with a large loop antenna on a satellite in low‐Earth orbit. Effects occurring in the ionospheric plasma near the transmitter will be studied with instruments on the ACTIVE satellite and on a co‐orbiting maneuverable subsatellite. The waves and their effects will also be observed with instruments on the ground and on other satellites. ACTIVE objectives are similar to those of the VLF part of NASA's Waves in Space Plasmas (WISP) program.
WMCE Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment: A preliminary review of results
Authors: La Violette Paul E. 
Published: October 2006

The purpose of the Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment (WMCE) was to deduce spatial and temporal variability in the circulation of the western Mediterranean Sea throughout the vertical water column from the Strait of Sicily to the Strait of Gibraltar. An international, multidisciplinary consortium of marine investigators was formed to address the following questions.What are the major western Mediterranean circulation features and how do they vary in space and time? What are the physical forcing mechanisms? How can this knowledge be incorporated into numerical models? How does the circulation affect chemical, biological and optical processes in the western Mediterranean Sea?
Abel Wolman 1892–1989
Authors: ReVelle Charles 
Published: October 2006

Abel Wolman's life spanned nearly a century, and his contributions to society threequarters of a century. Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences, called him “one of the great Americans of the twentieth century.”Indeed, his life gives the lie to those who argue that history is shaped by converging forces, not by individual people. I was privileged to sit at his feet for only the last twenty of his years, so my perspective is truncated. But one thing is true: though he died at 96, I never knew him as an old man. His vitality, involvement and outlook were always youthful. His journals, which I saw as a secondary recipient, were consistently marked up with lines and exclamation marks.
Raleigh leaves Lamont for Hawaii
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Barry Raleigh, director of Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory for the past 8 years, has left that job to become Dean of the University of Hawaii's new School of Oceans, Earth Sciences, and Technology.A search committee chaired by Lamont geochemist Charles Langmuir has been formed to find Raleigh's successor, and committee member Lynn Sykes, a seismologist at Lamont, said “We expect to have a short list drawn up by the end of the calendar year.”
Santa Cruz mountains (Loma Prieta) earthquake
Authors: McNally Karen C. , Lay Thorne , Protti‐Quesada Marino , Valensise Gianluca , Orange Dan , Anderson Robert S. 
Published: October 2006

At 5:04 P.M. on Tuesday, October 17, 1989 local time (10/18/89 00:04:15.23 UT) a large earthquake ruptured a 40‐km segment of the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mountains in northern California. The magnitude Ms was calculated at 7.1 by the National Earthquake Information Service using data from 18 stations. This report is based on information made available to geophysicists at the C. F. Richter Seismological Laboratory at the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), as of 10 days following the main shock.The Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma Prieta) earthquake was the most severe in the continental U.S. since 1952, when a very large earthquake (Ms = 7.7) broke along the White Wolf fault near Bakersfield, Calif. It was the largest event on the San Andreas since the 1906 (M = 8.3) San Francisco event.
Crustal fluid flow: Continuous or episodic?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A recent AGU Chapman Conference on “Crustal‐Scale Fluid Transport: Magnitude and Mechanisms” reflected a contradiction between, on the one hand, the near hydrostatic pressure conditions and continuous fluid flow description that form the basis of hydrological modeling; and on the other, the deeper rock record that demands an episodic process with both fracture‐controlled flow and high pressure (near lithostatic) conditions. The more complex fluid‐flow picture observed in the rock record has not been described in a form that can be readily incorporated into the existing computational models of fluid flow in the bulk crust.The multitude of rock types in the Earth's crust cannot have resulted solely from closed‐system reactions. The processes recorded in the rock testify to the extent of fluid/rock reactions, open‐system kinetics, and large‐scale fluid transport in the crust. The extent of this fluid transport has become increasingly apparent, but the processes generally are not directly observable. The mechanisms involved in these open‐system reactions and the magnitude of fluid mass transport must be inferred from the reaction products and from a theoretical understanding of the fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, geophysics, geochemistry, and regional tectonics.
1989 Walter H. Bucher Medal to Arthur H. Lachenbruch
Authors: Sass John H. , Lachenbruch Arthur H. 
Published: October 2006

Art Lachenbruch is a keen observer of the Earth, and from his observations has distilled important generalizations concerning the processes involved in creating and modifying the Earth's crust. During an extraordinary career spanning 4 decades with the U.S. Geological Survey, Art has ranged widely over and delved deeply into the fields of geothermal and geomechanical research.Art has combined astute observations of geological phenomena with carefully designed experiments and elegant mathematical representations to provide physical insight into a variety of fundamental problems concerning the Earth's lithosphere. These problems include the physics of permafrost, midocean ridges, transform faults (including continental transforms, i.e., the San Andreas fault), the vertical distribution of heat‐producing elements in the crust, and continental extension and basin formation.