bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Maoism to ELLE
Authors: Kunz Jean Lock 
Published: March 2007

Through an examination of the social changes in contemporary Chinese society (mid-1960 until present), it is argued that concepts of beauty and fashion are defined by the dominant political ideology. One reason is that ideology defines the social norms and legitimizes the economic structure. It is also hypothesized that individuals have the ability to modify their sense of beauty and fashion within prevailing social norms. Results from the content analysis of China Reconstructs and the 1994 ELLE (PRC) readership survey support these hypotheses. Beauty and fashion under Maoism were uniformed, and creativity suppressed. This was accomplished by the centralized, state-run economic structure. With the change in the infrastructure, i.e. the economic reform in the 1980s, creativity in fashion has been revitalized. Much of this change could also be attributed to the joint-ventures between China and the developed countries, as well as the creativity of the Chinese.
Appraising the Performance of "Street-Level Bureaucrats": The Case of Police Patrol Officers
Authors: Gianakis Gerasimos A. 
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on how patrol officers define their jobs differently from how their supervisors do in a single law enforcement agency. I identify the source, substance, and degree of these differences, and I explore the relationships between definitional differences and performance appraisal outcomes-perception of fairness and average appraisal scores. The job definitions are based on a factor analysis of the ratings of the importance of generally used performance appraisal categories. The ratings of the relative importance of the performance categories indicate that job definitions are generally idiosyncratic, although some consensus exists between the officers and supervisors on those dimensions of the job identified through the factor analysis procedure.
Design and Control of a Novel 3-DOF Flexible Robot, Part 1
Authors: Arocena J.I. , Daniel R.W. 
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to rectify a perceived imbalance between theory and experiment in the research literature on the control of flexible manipulators. Additionally, this paper reflects the common-sense notion that judicious arm design can simplify a control task, making it more tractable, thereby leading to greater physical insight into the theoretical control problem. The theme, based on previous experi ence with flexible manipulators, is a novel 3-DOF flexible manipula tor, the Rotabot, designed and constructed at the Oxford University Robotics Laboratory. The arm is an experimental "concept" design for a full-sized industrial flexible arm, where the tractability of the final control problem has been a major design driver. As Part 1 of a two-part series, this paper describes the different design features of the Rotabot. Part 2 explains the controller design. The kinematic and dynamic properties of the arm are evaluated, and the key design properties are demonstrated by simulation. Afull model that includes transmission compliance is presented, which forms the basis of the controller in Part 2. Experimental results derived from extensive identification exercises are used to confirm the arm properties predicted by simulation.
Are Pianists Different? Some Evidence from Performers and Non-Performers
Authors: Rostron Andrew , Bottrill Suzanne 
Published: March 2007

Following in the tradition of work by Gruson (1988) and Miklaszewski (1989), some evidence about the nature of the cognitive processes operating during music production activities was gathered. Eight musicians (four performance majors and four non-performance students), matched for age and relevant musical experience, sight-read, rehearsed and performed a musical composition for piano. Exploratory data analysis of objective observations and subjects' verbal protocols revealed differences between the two groups in terms of their procedural representations of the music. The data are interpreted in terms of a theoretical model predicated on the assumption that performance skill is a function of the distribution of attentional resource between the musical foreground and the musical background, which effectuate surface level and deep-level cognitive processing respectively. The hypothesis that skilled and less-skilled performers differ with respect to basic cognitive processes provides an alternative to Sloboda's (1985) assertion that performance skill level is determined by the amount of relevant practice undertaken.
Research Note. Preschoolers' Responses to Auditory and Vibroacoustic Stimuli
Authors: Standley Jayne M. 
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to ascertain whether vibrotactile stimulation ancillary to auditory stimuli would increase attentiveness or auditory com- prehension of preschoolers. Ninety-six children aged 3 to 5 years were divided into four auditory stimuli groups (N = 24 each): a musical or non- musical story experienced on a SomatroniM (a vibroacoustic mattress) or via a tape recorder. Dependent variables were cumulative seconds on-task, comprehension of the story content, and preference for the story/Somatron. A one-way analysis of variance showed that on-task time ranged from78% to 88% and was not significantly different among groups. Storycomprehension was significantly reduced for both Somatron groups (p< 04, df=3, F-2.78). Neither the vibroacoustic stimulation, nor the musiccondition significantly affected the preschoolers' preference for the story.Those hearing the non-musical story with vibration preferred the Somatronsignificantly more than did the other groups.
Children's Conception and Practice of Musical Improvisation
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis A. 
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on children's conception of musical improvisation as exemplified in their practice of spontaneous music making. Fieldwork was carried out with a class of ten eight-year-olds. An ethnographic, open-ended process of generating data was employed, the researcher adopting the stance of an informal interviewer, an empathetic receiver of the music, and, at times, a co-player. In their engagement with music making the children were immersed into a meaning-making process, giving specific meanings to notions such as "player", "audience", "teacher", "playing", "inquiring". Interpreting the children's insights within the context of their musical conduct became the principal means for the organisation of analysis. In the process of interpretation, the children's specific and contextually-determined understandings are placed within the wider theory of music making as collective action. The study suggests three analytic concepts as a means for capturing the essential principles of the children's understanding and practice of improvisation: (a) Objectification; joint creation of the notion of improvised "piece", based on the development of a participation framework which emphasises the irrevocable "diving into" creating music, with the player(s) feeling a sense of "being inside" a framed musical journey attended by the group. (b) Thoughtfulness; the children's awareness of their immersed involvement into self-determined musical thinking. (c) Shared intentionality; a sense of being heard, and a sense of listening, a feeling that music making is essentially a form of joint action and communication of intentions. The examples presented in this paper constitute instances of positing questions and developing answers through self-determined action. These questions have little to do with skills: they have to do with concepts, which are immanent to the nature of music and its making. I want to listen to music with my ears, and not to see it with my eyes. To make it myself, not to be told how it is made. [Manos, aged 8]
Science Studies and Activism
Authors: Woodhouse Edward , Hess David , Breyman Steve , Martin Brian 
Published: March 2007

Might a rapprochement be desirable and possible between the more academic and the more activist wings of STS? What can each learn from the other? A promising trajectory for this purpose may be to reinterpret and extend research in the constructivist tradition, building on recent work that appears to constitute the beginnings of a reconstructivist scholarly tradition. Some of the necessary work would be explicitly prescriptive: given that technology and society are mutually and reciprocally constructing, how should technologies be constructed, which social groups deserve inclusion in which processes, and how should closure be reached? But other issues might be taken up by scholars motivated exclusively by curiosity, or by the intention of building a subfield: what factors slow or prevent the emergence of entire subfields of technoscientific endeavour, as arguably has occurred with `green chemistry', `alternative health', and alternatives to weaponry-oriented national defence? Our intention is not to prescribe, but to help catalyse a next round of friendly discussion in STS about these and related matters, encouraging greater reflexivity of the field as a whole.
The Labors of Steedman on Marx
Authors: Hunt Ian 
Published: March 2007

Steedman rejects the labor theory of value on two grounds: that it says nothing that could not be said better within an alternative theory; and that it has limited generality as compared with the alternative theory. The first ground is shown to involve a number of errors in reasoning, and it is suggested that the labor theory of value provides a clear basis for Marx's theory of exploitation, shows how exchange depends on labor productivity, and establishes a relation of "reflection" between the exchange of products in the market and the exchange of labors in the process of production. The second ground raises important questions about the possible scope of the labor theory of value. The initial mathematization of the concept of value, which identifies values with employment multipliers, is shown by Steedman's cases to be inadequate for a general theory of prices of production. However, a redefinition of value can and should be pursued. Steedman's project for a new political economy of capitalism appears more consistent with a conception of socialism confined to the increase of the public sector, the transformation of capitalists into public officials, and the abolition of private rentier income, than with Marx's conception of the dissolution of social classes amid the dissolution of commodity production.
Hard Times for Organized Labor in Appalachia
Authors: Simon Richard M. 
Published: March 2007

Richard Simon examines the relationship between the UMW and coal mine operators in Appalachiafrom 1974 to the present. Simon identifies a sharp break, following the 110-day strike of 1977-8, from a period with workers on the offensive to one of disillusionment and of defensive actions. In this latter period, management has obtained a substantial number of take-aways during contract negotiations. They have also, with mixed success, promoted the ideology of worker-management cooperation. Simon discusses in detail the forces working for and against such cooperation. Simon also analyzes the shift from union to non-union mining in Appalachia. This shift is not, as commonly believed, due to the growth of western strip-mining. Rather, it is due to increased strip-mining of eastern coal and to geographical shifts of mining away from traditionally unionized areas. However, new factors have entered in the 1980s that Simon feels could threaten the very existence of the UMW. Provisions of the 1981 contract allow union companies to start separate non-union operations. In addition, non-union mines have been opened in traditionally unionized areas. The response, Simon argues, should be a major UMW campaign to organize the unorganized.
The Expression and Experience of Ambivalence in a Melbourne Large Group
Authors: Coombe Paul D. 
Published: March 2007

In 1989, along with twenty-five other individuals interested in group dynamics, I participated in a large group experience in Melbourne, Australia. This was initiated by Dr Peter McCallum and myself following our experience in a Group-Analytic Society (London) Winter Workshop. Dr Stanley Gold and Dr Ann Morgan were the conductors. The group met for one-and-a-half hours at night on a weekly basis for five months. The following represents some of my reflections about four months after the large group experience ceased. I was invited to contribute comments at an Australian Association of Group Psychotherapy meeting. I had neither made notes during the large group sessions nor since it ended. In addition there was no communication between the conductors and myself on the topic prior to our joint formal presentation. To what degree repression plays a part in what I said I am uncertain.
Limits of change: cognitive constraints on “postmodernization” and the political redirection of science
Authors: Gläser Jochen 
Published: March 2007

The debate about revitalization of the finalization theory was documented in 1997 in Social Science Information. It hinted at a worthwhile methodological idea that could be useful in current debates on science—society relationships. Finalization theory asked whether a field's cognitive state constrains research policy attempts to direct the field toward applications. Since the difficulties faced in answering this question are at least partly due to the level of analysis, this article proposes refocusing finalization theory on the micro-level of research processes and research trails. On the basis of an empirical analysis, the cognitive links between basic research and contexts of applications are explored. Five types of basic research can be distinguished by their various cognitive links to contexts of application. Scientists' opportunities to change the links between their basic research and applications are discussed. Analysis on the micro-level enables conclusions to be drawn about (1) the scope of hypotheses about changes in knowledge-production and (2) constraints on institutional pressure for basic research to contribute to societal welfare.
Tensile Strength of Unidirectionally Reinforced Composites — I
Authors: Batdorf S.B. 
Published: March 2007

Between 1964 and 1980 most micromechanical analyses of composite strength have been based on the chain-of-bundles model. The present in vestigation abandons this model and concentrates instead on the formation and growth of multiple fiber fractures (cracks). This permits treating interac tion of cracks in different bundles and assignment of different ineffective lengths to fiber breaks of different multiplicity. Weakest link theory is used to determine the number of isolated fiber frac tures (singlets), double fractures (doublets), and multiplets of arbitrary order as a function of stress. It turns out that if the fracture of individual fibers obeys Weibull's equation, a plot of nQi vs lnσ is a straight line of slome im. Here o is applied stress, Qi is the number if i-plets formed during loading to stress σ, and m is the Weibull modulus. The envelope of the Qi curves serves as a failure line. Use of the failure line leads directly to a rational failure criterion based on a Griffith-type instability and shows directly the inverse relationship between crack size and failure stress.
Is the Cone Calorimeter Useful in Assessing Furniture Composite Behavior by the California Technical Bulletin 133 Test?
Authors: Pisipati J.S. , Eicher W.J. 
Published: March 2007

The California Technical Bulletin 133 (TB 133) test method is being used to regulate the fire performance of seating furniture in public buildings in some states. Such regulations in the marketplace have brought together a coalition of textile, fabric and furniture manufacturers to concentrate their efforts on trying to better understand combi nations of foam, fabric, barrier and styling features from the standpoint of fire perfor mance. Chemical suppliers to the polyurethane flexible foam industry are working towards de veloping correlations between bench scale test methods and the full scale California TB 133. A collection of eight upholstery fabrics, five interliner barrier fabrics and a fire retar dant foam were selected by the coalition as materials representative of contract furniture markets today. Foam/fabric composites which had been tested using the TB 133 procedure were tested in our laboratory using the Cone Calorimeter by the ASTM E 1354 test method. Results indicated that composite performance was dependent on the type of fabric and barrier used. The overall performance of the fabrics and barriers could be ranked similarly by both the California TB 133 and by the ASTM E 1354 test methods. Even though differences in combustion characteristics were noted between the two test methods, we were able to use criteria based on heat release values and correlate up to 75 % of the passes and failures obtained by TB 133 test criteria. The test worked better for composites that performed either very well or very poorly by TB 133. Test results reported in this paper are used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled labora tory conditions and must not be used to describe, appraise or predict the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. Test results may be used only as part of an overall fire risk assessment that takes into ac count all of the factors pertinent to the fire hazard of a particular material in a specific end use. Correlations between bench scale tests and full scale tests may help in narrowing the field of potential material candidates. However, bench scale tests cannot assess the effect of design features. Therefore, full scale testing remains necessary before final acceptance of any furniture .
The Perception of the Elderly Criminal When Compared to Adult and Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Silverman Mitchell , Smith Linda G. , Nelson Carnot , Dembo Richard 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was twofold: First, to determine how individuals would perceive the elderly criminal when compared to the adult and juvenile criminal; and second, to determine if individuals would assign different punishments for the elderly criminal when compared to the adult and juvenile criminal . The subjects were 102 respondents divided into three groups of 34 respondents each (elderly, college students, and law enforcement officers). These groups were further divided into equal subgroups by sex. Respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of a brief scenario describing a crime being committed followed by a list of attributes to be assigned for each of six conditions in which the age of the offender (elderly, adult, and juvenile) and the sex of the offender varied. Findings showed that the elderly criminal was perceived in a significantly more positive manner than the adult or juvenile criminal and that the elderly criminal received a significantly more lenient sentence than the adult criminal. There were no differences between the adult and juvenile with respect to sentencing. The results were interpreted in terms of their practical implications for the criminal justice system.
Supreme Court Dilemmas in Striking a Balance between the Right to Counsel and the Welfare of Society
Authors: Leonhard Alan T. 
Published: March 2007

The poor are often far removed from the legal system not only as a result of the lack of funds, but also because the law is complicated to the point that it is all but completely alien to them. Yet, in society the legal problems of these people are multitudinous, ranging from everyday relationships with landlords and welfare agencies to the area of criminal cases in which so many impoverished citizens find themselves embroiled.The Supreme Court, since the milestone case of Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963, focused upon the guarantee to counsel for indigents in the many stages of criminal proceedings from arrest to sentencing, and appeal. Judicial activism in the Escobedo (1964), Miranda (1966), Wade (1967), Coleman (1970), Argersinger (1972), and Mempa (1967) cases provided bridges of procedural precedents that ensure fairness for the poor defendant. The procedural criteria established in those six key cases are sweeping remedies for the vulnerable position in which the destitute accused finds himself upon being arrested. The analysis here suggests that the defendant should have the advantage of a lawyer at every step in the criminal justice system. When an individual is arrested, the atmosphere of the police station is tense, and the stakes are high, sometimes involving many years of imprisonment. At the same time, the charges brought against him appear awesome and mysterious.More than any recent case on the right to counsel, Brewer v. Williams (1977) displays the dilemma faced by the Court in dealing with the boundaries between the investigatory and accusatory stages of criminal justice. The unique nature of the facts of this 5-4 decision left the judges sharply divided, with Justice Stewart explaining in the majority opinion that the Court should be vigilant in preserving the integrity of the right to counsel. The dissenters, led by Chief Justice Burger, wrote an impassioned attack against extending the exclusionary rule beyond a reasonable threshold.By expanding the right to counselfor indigent defendants, the Court has, in effect, eradicated what Justice Douglas termed "invidious discrimination" against a disadvantaged class in our society. To appreciate the significance of the fully developed role of today's Court as guardian of the civil liberties of the poor, one need only to look at the insensitivity that the 19th century Court expressed toward indigence when it referred to "the moral pestilence of paupers" in the City of New York v. Miln (1837) case.
Support for Leniency in the Criminal Courts
Authors: Nock Steven L. , Sheley Joseph F. 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines an attitudinally deviant group in this society:. persons who feel that our courts are too harsh in their treatment of offenders. Analyzing data from three national surveys, the study attempts to construct a profile of leniency advocates in order to assess the likelihood of their organized influence on sentencing policies. Two profiles emerge from cross tabular analysis. The more prominent profile characterizes those who prefer leniencY as young, urban blacks the group whose members are most like/v to be criminally victimized and arrestedfor a crime. The less prominent profile portray s leniencY advocates as white middle/upper-middle class liberals. Regression analysis indicates that three variables are the primari' predictors of a desire for leniencY in the courts: race, criminal victimization and arrest. The data suggest that, at present, there is little likelihood ofja change in court sentencing policies as the result of organized pressure form leniency advocates.