bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory effects of changing inspiratory to expiratory ratio during high‐frequency oscillation in an animal model of respiratory failure
Authors: Courtney Sherry E. , Weber Kaye R. , Spohn William A. , Bender Charles V. , Malin Seth W. , Gotshall Robert W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo examine the effects of varying inspiratory/expiratory ratio (I/E) on cardiorespiratory function during high‐frequency oscillation (HFO), 11 saline‐lavaged rabbits were ventilated at I/E = 1:2, 1:1.5, 1.5:1, and 2:1 in a paired comparison to a baseline of I/E = 1:1. HFO was delivered by a SensorMedics model 3100 oscillator at a frequency of 10 Hz. Pressure amplitude and proximal mean airway pressure (PPaw) were held constant as I/E was varied from baseline to the experimental I/E. During each paired observation, Pa, Pa, cardiac output, blood pressure, and distal mean airway pressure (DPaw) were measured. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.We found that as I/E was increased or decreased from 1:1, no significant changes in Pa, Pa, blood pressure, or cardiac output occurred. We conclude that in this model, varying I/E has no significant effect on oxygenation, ventilation, or cardiovascular function.
Branhamella catarrhalis colonization in preschool asthmatics
Authors: Seddon Paul C. , Sunderland Deborah , O'Halloran Susan M. , Hart C. Anthony , Heaf David P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBranhamella catarrhalis has been associated with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and asthma in adults. To investigate the possible role of B. catarrhalis in asthma of early childhood, we took posterior pharyngeal swabs from 24 normal children, 20 well asthmatics, and 20 acutely wheezy asthmatics, all between 1 and 4 years of age. On culture, 33% of the normal children were colonized with B. catarrhalis; colonization rates in the well asthmatics (70%) and in the wheezy asthmatics (75%) were significantly higher than in normals. The nature of this association requires further study. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apnea and periodic breathing in healthy full‐term infants, 12–18 months of age
Authors: Kelly Dorothy H. , Riordan Linda , Smith Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany children older than 12 months of age are now on home monitors. Home pneumograms performed on normal infants have established standards, and have been used to evaluate infants during their first year. However, no standards have been described for infants older than 12 months. We, therefore, recorded the standard pneumogram on 88 full‐term healthy infants who were 12–18 months of age. We analyzed the recordings for average respiratory and heart rates, apnea (≧6 seconds) density, longest apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia for 12 hours. We compared the values in males vs. females and in infants 12–14.9 months vs. 15.0–18.0 months of age. Since there was no difference in any parameter measured in any group, we combined the values to determine the normal values for this population. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature affects mechanics and stability during initial inflation–deflation of mature fetal lung
Authors: Mautone Alan J. , Antonio‐Santiago Maria T. , Clutario Bella C. , Scarpelli Emile M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVolume‐pressure (VP) curves of initial aeration of mature (0.94–0.97 term) rabbit fetuses were compared in three groups, respectively, at 37°C, with maximal inflation pressure of 25 cm H2O (P25); 22°C, P25; and 22°C, P30. Anesthetized fetuses were delivered through uterotomy; chest was opened; trachea of fetal pulmonary liquid (FPL)‐filled lungs cannulated; and lungs inflated‐deflated in 5 cm H2O, 2 min steps under continuous microscopic observation. As distending pressure was increased, FPL moved peripherally with airways inflation by free gas and with saccular recruitment by free gas and bubbles. Saccular aeration continued during initial reduction of P from Pmax. At end‐deflation, air was retained in saccules virtually exclusively as bubbles. Airways inflation‐required less P at 37°C, though airways volume (V) was the same at both temperatures. Opening P was lower, and saccular aeration was larger and more rapid at 37°C. The apparently higher distensibility at 37°C was most likely due to temperature effects on fluid dynamics rather than on tissue elasticity. Maximal V attained during early P reduction in all groups, was total lung capacity (TLC) at 37°C and < TLC at 22°C. Air retention at end‐deflation, with films of near‐zero surface tension, was greatest at 37°C and least at 22°C, P25. Lung stability, greater at 37°C than at 22°C, was best discriminated when V at PO was taken into account. This study shows that all quasistatic parameters of lung function are enhanced at 37°C; it provides a new perspective on the relative ease with which the mature fetal lung effects initial aeration at 37°C; and it establishes the requirement that assessment of perinatal lung function should take temperature into account. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenotonsillectomy for upper airway obstruction carries increased risk in children with a history of prematurity
Authors: McGowan Francis X. , Kenna Margaret A. , Fleming Julia A. , O'Connor Theresa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo define better the clinical presentation and perioperative outcome in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A) for relief of upper airway obstruction (UAO), we reviewed the hospital records of 60 consecutive, otherwise normal children aged 12 years or younger. Seven patients with trisomy 21, neurologic impairments, or preoperative corpulmonale were excluded. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were experienced by 15 (34%) and 13 (25%), respectively, of the 53 children with preoperative UAO. The most severe complications comprised pulmonary edema and prolonged postoperative oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found a history of prematurity and/or low birth weight to be the most significant risk factors related to the occurrence of complications. Twenty‐eight % of the study population had a history of prematurity and they had approximately 85% of the perioperative complications seen in children with UAO undergoing T&A. Other significant risk factors included adenoidal facies and evidence of respiratory distress at the time of surgery. It appears that T&A poses significant risk for children with UAO who were born prematurely and have evidence of abnormal facial development or respiratory distress preoperatively. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive breathing analysis: Repetitive chloral hydrate in neonatal guinea pigs
Authors: Olsen George D. , Weil Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA noninvasive method was used to record neonatal breathing, heart rate (HR), and the electroencephalogram (EEG) in guinea pig pups. Neonates were randomly assigned at birth to chloral hydrate (CH) or placebo (PLA) treatment. Treatments were administered 30 min before each study on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 after birth. Animals were studied while they breathed room air followed by air with 5% CO2 and 30% O2. CH decreased breathing frequency (f) and inspiratory minute volume (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^. $\end{document}I), but not tidal volume (VT) during the first week (P < 0.05), and reduced the rate of growth throughout the study (P < 0.01), whereas breathing of CO2 increased f, VT, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^. $ \end{document}I, HR, and the relative power in the delta frequency band of the EEG. The percent change in VI induced by CO2, however, was not affected by drug treatment. There was a significant day of life effect on all breathing parameters and HR. CH has cumulative effects on breathing and growth that should be considered when it is used as a sedative for repeated neonatal studies in guinea pigs. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exosurf® treatment investigational new drug phase: Effect of an individualized third dose in infants with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Easa David , Pelke Susan , Nakamura Kenneth T. , Barrett Janet , Balaraman Venkataraman , Loo Sherry W. H. , Ibarra‐Pratt Elenita , Smith Martha B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOf 95 infants treated with the synthetic surfactant, Exosurf®, under a Treatment Investigational New Drug protocol, 17 received one dose, 40 received two, and 38 received three doses. Seventy‐six (80%) of the infants were treated by rescue protocol. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course of the 67 surviving rescue infants. We found that, compared to one‐and two‐dose infants, those treated with three doses of Exosurf® were more premature, smaller, required a longer ventilator course, and had more frequent complications, including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage, nosocomial pneumonia, and apnea. They required higher oxygen concentrations starting 8 hr after their first dose and higher mean airway pressure (MAP) from the time of their second dose. These trends continued during all subsequent time points, as compared to infants treated with two doses. The third dose was administered an average of 17 hr after the second, resulting in little change of MAP, but some reduction in oxygen requirements. By 24 hr after the last dose, only 4% of three‐dose infants were extubated compared with 30% of the two‐dose and 71% of one‐dose infants. In conclusion, repeated administration of Exosurf® is not equally effective in every treated infant with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and complications of prematurity may affect or accompany poor response. We speculate that (1) the group of infants treated with three doses of Exosurf® had a greater degree of surfactant deficiency than the other groups, (2) PDA may account for this refractory response to surfactant, and (3) the three‐dose group might have responded better to earlier treatment and/or more surfactant doses, or to earlier PDA closure. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The in vitro effect of triamcinolone acetonide on branching morphogenesis in the fetal rat lung
Authors: Massoud Emad A. S. , Sekhon Harmanjatinder S. , Rotschild Avi , Thurlbeck William M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have studied the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) on airway morphogenesis of the Sprague‐Dawley fetal rat in whole organ lung cultures from day 15 to day 21 of equivalent gestational age (6 days in culture). TAC produced an increased number of peripheral buds from day 18 onward and the airway and airspaces had larger lumens. Airway branching was increased compared to controls, and there was a higher proportion of airway epithelium and a lower proportion of mesenchyme. Cell height was significantly lower in TAC treated lungs except on day 17. This was due to accumulation of glycogen prior to the increased branching activity. In both controls and TAC—treated lungs, peripheral bud number and volume proportion of epithelium increased with time in culture, whereas volume proportion of mesenchyme, mean chord length of airways and airspaces, and epithelial cell height decreased. These changes were more pronounced in the TAC—treated group and were significant. However, TAC—treated lungs were morphologically irregular. We conclude that TAC has a direct effect on airway morphogenesis and it promotes growth of morphologically abnormal lungs. TAC also appears to enhance airway branching and morphologic changes interpreted as increased epithelial maturation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IgG subclass antibody responses to alginate from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic P. aeruginosa infection
Authors: Pressler Tacjana , Pedersen Svend S. , Espersen Frank , Høiby Niels , Koch Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChronic bronchopulmonary infection with alginate‐producing, mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa is characteristically associated with cystic fibrosis (CF). A significant correlation between the antibody response to alginate and poor lung function has been reported. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were developed for the quantitation of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 antibodies to P. aeruginosa alginate. We investigated the pattern of IgG subclass antibodies against P. aeruginosa alginate in serum of patients with CF, others with chronic P. aeruginosa infection, and healthy controls. Healthy controls and patients with CF, before they acquired P. aeruginosa infection, had no or very low titers of antibodies against P. aeruginosa alginate. The latter with chronic infection had significantly higher antibody levels than all others groups, including patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection but no CF. CF with chronic P. aeruginosa infection led to an inverse correlation between lung function parameters and levels of IgG3 and IgG4. Fifty‐seven patients with CF have been followed for an average of 12 years with multiple antibody assays covering the preinfection, early, and late stage of chronic infection. All of them developed IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to alginate at the start of infection. IgG2 antibodies developed later and showed only a slow increase during the chronic infection. Patients who died had significantly higher IgG2 anti‐alginate antibody levels than other investigated groups. Elevated levels of IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies to P. aeruginosa alginate are a sign of poor prognosis in CF. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generalized lymphangiomatosis and chylothorax in the pediatric age group
Authors: Shah A. R. , Dinwiddie R. , Woolf D. , Ramani R. , Higgins J. N. P. , Matthew D. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour patients with generalized lymphangiomatosis presenting with chylothoraces are described. All four had bone involvement, two had involvement of the spleen, and one of the pericardium. The diagnosis was confirmed by typical radiology, histology, and in three patients by immunohistochemistry. Treatment was mainly palliative. Three patients died within 1/2 to three years of presentation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clinical and imaging spectrum of findings in patients with congenital lobar emphysema
Authors: Stigers Kimberly B. , Woodring John H. , Kanga Jamshed F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCongenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is an important cause of infantile respiratory distress that may require surgical intervention. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and imaging findings in eight infants with CLE. In our series, CLE was more common in females, predominantly involved the right lung, often presented with an opaque lobe from retained fetal lung fluid, and frequently involved the lower lobes, multiple segments or lobes, and both lungs. Most patients with CLE were diagnosed and managed on the basis of clinical and plain radio‐graphic findings alone. Computed tomography, and occasionally ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, were helpful in confirming the diagnosis and in guiding management decisions in several cases; bronchoscopy showed that stenosis of the right mainstem bronchus was the cause of CLE in one case. Three patients experienced progressive worsening of respiratory distress and required surgical resection of the affected lobe for cure; the remaining five patients were managed medically with eventual remission of symptoms. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steroid resistance in asthma: Our current understanding
Authors: Kamada Alan K. , Leung Donald Y. M. , Szefler Stanley J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhile much information has recently been obtained regarding the features of steroid‐resistant asthma, it continues to be a dilemma for practitioners, and investigation into its mechanisms will remain an important part of asthma research. Until a clear marker defining steroid‐resistant asthmatics is found, the principle first put forth by Carmichael and colleagues6 should be adhered to: that is, asthmatics resistant to glucocorticoid therapy need to be identified at an early stage so that unnecessary and perhaps harmful therapy can be discontinued. A 10 day course of high‐dose (≥30 mg/day) systemic glucocorticoid therapy, as suggested by Kamada and colleagues,11 may constitute an adequate trial and may sufficiently identify asthmatics who may require alternative treatments. A more rational approach to the selection of alternative asthma treatments will be gained when the mechanisms of steroid resistance are identified. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung function in 6–20 month old infants born very preterm but without respiratory troubles
Authors: Yuksel B. , Greenough A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLung function results of 21 healthy infants born very prematurely are reported. The median gestational age was 29 weeks, but none had developed respiratory distress or required any form of respiratory support in the neonatal period. Lung function was assessed by measurements of thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) plethysmographically, and of functional residual capacity (FRC) using a helium gas dilution technique. Two separate measurements were made between 6 and 20 months of age; all infants were measured once in the first and once in the second year of life. Regression equations were calculated for TGV. Raw, and FRC related to weight, height, and postnatal age. These data provide a new set of values for very preterm infants, in part small for gestational age, without neonatal respiratory trouble. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypical thrombotic and septic complications of totally implantable venous access devices in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sola Juan E. , Stone Marshall M. , Wise Barbara , Colombani Paul M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe use of vascular access systems in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is well accepted, with lower overall complications and maintenance costs than percutaneous silastic catheters. We report our 6 year experience with 22 infusaports in 15 CF patients. Our patients had indwelling catheters for an average of 539 days per catheter (range, 142,224 days). These infusaports were used for home antibiotic therapy, blood sampling, and total parenteral nutrition. The overall complication rate was relatively low, 1 in every 1,483 catheter days. Infectious complications were extremely infrequent at a rate of 1 in 5,929 catheter days. The rate of mechanical complications was 1 in 1,976 catheter days. However, superior vena caval syndrome or deep venous thrombosis was associated with 3 of 22 catheters (13.6%). Due to this high incidence of major thrombotic events with the attendant risk of pulmonary embolism, all patients with CF using infusaports and without evidence of liver disease or bleeding problems receive aspirin prophylaxis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obstructive apnea, associated patterns of movement, heart rate, and oxygenation in infants at low and increased risk for SIDS
Authors: Hoppenbrouwers Toke , Hodgman Joan E. , Cabal Luis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRepetitive polysomnograms were recorded between 40 weeks post‐conceptional age and 6 months in a total of 49 infants, 19 healthy preterm infants, 14 normal term infants, and 16 subsequent siblings of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). These nighttime recordings lasted 2–4 hours, except at 3 months when an overnight 12–hour recording was perfomed. Obstructive apneas (OA) > 3 seconds were divided into 3 categories: 1) clear obstructive, 2) mixed and 3) unclear because of movement artifacts. More than half belonged in category 3 and were excluded from further analysis unless accompanied by a transient episode of bradycardia (TEB), defined as heart rate ≤100 beats per minute. Each OA with TEB was also examined for changes in transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2). Most pauses were brief (median, 4 seconds), the longest (27 seconds) seen only once in the youngest premature infant. The majority of OA were accompanied by heart rate accelerations. The number of clear obstructive and mixed apneas was similar. The scores were combined to calculate a density (number per 100 minutes of recording). OA were not common: Their density decreased from 2 in 100 minutes at 40 weeks in the preterm to once every 300 minutes (5 hours) in the 6‐month‐old term infant. Ten percent of the OA were accompanied by TEB. Of these, 10% were accompanied by a Ptc02 decrease of >10 mm Hg. OA with TEB followed a nonmonotonic curve, the highest percentage of infants showing this pattern at the age of highest risk for SIDS. Minor differences among study groups were confined to less movements with OA in subsequent siblings and an earlier peak incidence of OA with TEB in prematures, compared to normal term infants. OA were seen in all study groups, were self‐limited, and apparently were devoid of pathological consequences. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of age on bronchodilator responsiveness
Authors: Turner D. J. , Landau L. I. , Lesouëf P. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between age and bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in children has not been studied using objective parameters. The aim of this study was to seek such a relationship in young asthmatic children using dose—response curves (DRC). Fourteen asthmatic subjects (age 3–9 years) with a forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) less than 80% predicted were studied after being trained to use a spirometer reliably. Each subject completed a DRC by inhaling 5 doses of salbutamol (albuterol) at 15 min intervals until a cumulative total of 6.84 mg of salbutamol had been administered. FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow at mid vital capacity (FEF25−75) were measured before and after each nebulization. In addition, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured in some of the subjects. All lung function parameters, SaO2 and HR increased significantly between baseline and completion of the DRC. A significant age effect on BDR was detected in FEV1 and FVC, with older children showing a greater response than young ones. The response had plateaued after the maximum dose in the younger but not in the older children. These findings suggest that the level of response to a bronchodilator increases significantly with increasing age in young asthmatics. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐onset miliary pneumonitis after near drowning
Authors: Mangge H. , Plecko B. , Grubbauer H. M. , Popper H. , Smolle‐Jüttner F. , Zach M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report a 7‐year‐old pediatric patient with an apparently self‐limiting, subacute miliary pneumonitis that occurred 6 weeks after a near‐drowning accident in shallow, muddy water. After biopsy, histological examination revealed aspirated foreign bodies (algae and pollen grains) in the affected lung areas and a foreign body reaction in the form of a granulomatous inflammation. The lack of any detectable infectious agents suggested a causative role of these aspirated algae and pollen grains in the development of lung disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compliance of the respiratory system in newborn infants pre‐ and postsurfactant replacement therapy
Authors: Kelly Edmond , Bryan Heather , Possmayer Fred , Frndova Helena , Bryan Charles 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSurfactant administration causes a rapid and dramatic improvement in gas exchange, but paradoxically, studies have failed to show an improvement in the mechanical properties of the lung. We have measured dynamic and static (passive flow‐volume technique) compliance before and after a single dose of bovine lipid extract surfactant in 22 premature infants with RDS. This had no effect on the measured dynamic compliance. In contrast, surfactant significantly increased static compliance from 0.41 ± 0.02 to 0.55 ± 0.04 mL/cm H2,O/kg. This improvement was the result of a substantial recruitment of lung volume after surfactant administration. This led us to reduce ventilator pressures, which produced an increase in both dynamic and static compliance, but did not recruit additional volume. We conclude that surfactant causes a substantial increase in static compliance due to volume recruitment, which is consistent with reports of increase in the measured FRC. However, despite this improvement, the compliance is still below our normal range. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.