bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modular System For Detecting and Displaying Plethysmographic Blood Volume Pulse Amplitude
Authors: Cohen Michael J. , Schandler Steven L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA modular system for detecting and displaying the maximum amplitude of a plethysmographic blood volume pulse is described. By utilizing a peak detector and supporting logic, the height of the pulse wave for each cardiac cycle is displayed as an analogue step function similar in appearance to the output of a cardiotachometer. This output is simpler and faster to quantify than the typical hand‐scoring of blood volume pulse amplitude and is easily adaptable as a feedback medium for pulse wave information. The validity of the new method was ascertained by comparing its output with trough to peak ruler measurements of blood volume pulse during a variety of events. For each stimulus condition correlations between the two methods of scoring ranged from r= .85 to .99 with an average of r = .93 while within subjects correlations ranged from r= .87 to .99 with an average of r= .95.
A Brief Multiple Discrimination Procedure Using a Cardiac Response
Authors: Brown James W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSixteen adult human subjects participated in an experiment examining whether a “no‐delay” cardiac orienting paradigm could effectively test discrimination of four different stimulus changes in a single brief session. Subjects heard a 4.5‐min train of pulsing tones which changed in frequency, intensity, pulse duration, or location of the sound source at irregular intervals. Cardiac deceleration to changes in frequency, duration, and location were significant at p<.05. It is concluded that changes in continuing stimulation can be effective discrimination probes, and that a number of different discrimination probes can be tested in one session using this procedure. The significance of a failure to elicit a response to change in tone intensity is discussed.
Cardiac Arrhythmias in Infant Pigtail Monkeys Following Maternal Separation
Authors: Seiler Conny , Cullen Jeanne Stanley , Zimmerman John , Reite Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias was determined in 9 infant pigtail (M. nemestrina) monkeys during 3 baseline normal nights, 3 nights following maternal separation, and 3 nights following reunion with the mother. All infants lived in social groups where they had been raised by their natural mothers; heart rate data were collected by means of totally implantable biotelemetry systems.Marked individual differences were found in the mean frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in the baseline condition, and infants with lower heart rates had a greater mean number of arrhythmias. Maternal separation was accompanied by both increases in arrhythmias and decreases in heart rate. The relationship (slope of the regression line) between arrhythmias and heart rate changed in 8 of the 9 infants during separation, suggesting that the increase in arrhythmias was greater than could be accounted for by the decreases in heart rate alone. While both heart rate and arrhythmia values tended to return to baseline values following reunion with the mother, some infants exhibited prolonged separation‐induced alterations.
Time of Quarter Effect: An Uncontrolled Variable in Electrodermal Research
Authors: Fisher Leslie E. , Winkel Mark H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDoes the time of the academic quarter in which a subject participates in an electrodermal habituation study have an effect upon electrodermal response components—e.g., skin conductance level (SCL), skin conductance response (SCR), and spontaneous fluctuation (SF) activity? Four groups of 24 undergraduates (12 males and 12 females each) participated in an habituation session consisting of a 10‐min adaptation period and 15, 5‐sec bursts of 85 dB white noise, during the first, fourth, seventh, or tenth week of an eleven‐week quarter. Predictably, all three dependent variables were affected by the time of quarter (TOQ) manipulation and/or by the interaction of this variable with the sex of the participant. Relationships between three meteorological variables—temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure—and the electrodermal variables were also quantified. Several of the correlations between these meteorological variables and the electrodermal measures were found to be significantly greater than zero; however, when employed as covariates, these meteorological variables failed to significantly modify the effects of the independent variable manipulations upon the electrodermal measures. Results are discussed in terms of the need to adequately control for this potentially confounding variable in electrodermal research.
Voluntary Heart Rate Control During Static Muscular Effort
Authors: Clemens William J. , Shattock Rachel J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo test the hypothesis that voluntary heart rate (HR) control is possible with simultaneous muscular effort, 8 male subjects were trained in feedback assisted bidirectional HR control, and also practiced hand grip exercises requiring different levels of effort for 3 consecutive daily sessions. In a fourth session subjects were required to increase and decrease HR while simultaneously performing muscle contractions of 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% of maximum voluntary contractions. Substantial and reliable variations in HR were produced by instructions and by muscular effort during the first 3 sessions; and in the fourth session bidirectional HR control continued even with the relatively elevated baselines induced by muscular effort. Concomitant chin EMG levels did not vary with degree of muscular effort nor with instructions to increase or decrease HR, but increased over the course of any type of trial. Discussion suggests the use of artificially elevated baselines as a strategy for studying HR deceleration and concludes that the present study provides strong evidence of subjects' abilities to voluntarily control HR during muscular effort. This conclusion lends support to the notion that biofeedback therapies may be of clinical utility in real life by modulating the eliciting effects of stressors.
Auditory Acuity During Sleep
Authors: Rousey Clyde L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis research investigated auditory acuity during various stages of sleep. Respiration audiometry procedures were used to complete the study. A group of 20 neurologically impaired children and 30 normal appearing children comprised the sample. Thirty‐one of the subjects were male and 19 female. Positive findings were significantly better auditory acuity during sleep for females than males, and a progressive loss of acuity for individual subjects regardless of sex from a waking state through sleep stages 2, 3, and 4.
Slow Cortical Potentials Under Conditions of Uncontrollability
Authors: Rockstroh Brigitte , Elbert Thomas , Lutzenberger Werner , Birbaumer Niels 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment investigates the influence of an unexpected change from an escape paradigm to uncontrollability on slow cortical potentials (SCPs) and autonomic responses (heart rate, skin conductance, and EMG). Two groups of 10 male students each participated in a reaction time experiment; subjects heard one of two warning stimuli (WS) of 6 sec duration, which signaled one of two imperative stimuli (IS), an aversive noise or a neutral tone. Subjects in the experimental group could escape the IS by pressing a microswitch within 300 msec after the onset of the IS. This possibility to escape was interrupted after an experimental period of 40 trials for another period of 40 trials, during which the IS lasted for 5 sec irrespective of the actual motor response of the subject. Yoked control subjects received WS and IS in the same sequence and length as the matched experimental partner but without having any experience of control of the IS.During the WS‐interval all subjects showed a two‐component negative shift of SCPs. In response to the uncontrollable aversive IS during the second experimental period, experimental subjects showed a marked postimperative negative variation (PINV). No comparable PINV was found in response to the neutral IS or in the yoked control subjects. The PINV was, furthermore, more pronounced in subjects who showed a larger differentiation in the late component of the negative shift between the aversive and the neutral WS during the first 40 trials.
Sudden Swimming Deaths: Cardiac Function, Experimental Anoxia, and Learned Helplessness
Authors: Binik Yitzchak M. , Deikel Stuart M. , Theriault Guy , Shustack Brian , Balthazard Claude 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRichter's hypothesized mechanism of sudden swimming deaths—parasympathetic overstimulation mediated by helplessness—is examined in domestic rats. EKG recordings of sudden swimming deaths (SSD) indicated a consistent pattern of cardiac function including severe bradycardias and arrhythmias followed by atrioventricular block leading ultimately to asystole. Rats which survived the swimming stress showed a transient bradycardia followed by a return to baseline HR levels. Swimming behavior and cardiac function were shown to be closely related. Anoxia is suggested as the mechanism of death and data indicating the involvement of the diving reflex in rats are presented. Helplessness induced by pretreatment with inescapable shock did not affect SSD. These data are consistent with a parasympathetic overstimulation hypothesis but disconfirm mediation by helplessness. The implications of these results for the generality of learned helplessness and for the study of psychosocial factors in SSD are discussed.
Differential Right Hemisphere Involvement in Two Reading Tasks
Authors: Ornstein Robert , Herron Jeannine , Johnstone Jack , Swencionis Charles 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVerbal tasks are typically assumed to be processed by the left cerebral hemisphere, but the right hemisphere may have some role in language. EEG alpha was recorded from homologous central and parietal scalp locations of 12 male subjects reading technical passages and stories. Reading stories engaged the central area of the right hemisphere more than reading technical material. There was no significant difference in reading speed. Thus, some aspects of reading differentially involve the right hemisphere.
Voluntary Heart Rate Control as a Function of Individual Differences in Electrodermal Lability
Authors: Katkin Edward S. , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐four male subjects were run in a paradigm in which they were first asked to rest for 10 min and then given 20 1‐min training trials of analog and digital feedback of their heart rate, with instructions to increase the rate. Subjects were rewarded with 0.2 cents for each interbeat interval that was faster than a designated criterion. Subjects were subdivided into “labile” and “stabile” groups on the basis of frequency of spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations during the baseline period. Mean heart rate for the training trials was compared with the baseline period for the most labile and most stabile subjects. Results indicated that there was a significant treatment effect for stabile subjects only, but not for labile subjects.
Modification of Primary and Secondary Startle Reactions to Acoustic Stimuli in the Rat
Authors: Pinckney Linda , Ison James R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn Experiment 1 rats received an intense tone burst (S2) alone or preceded by a white noise (S1) with a lead time of 60 msec or 10 sec. In Experiment 2 S2 was given when HR increases produced by S1 were at a peak or had returned to baseline, and a light flash (L) was given 60 msec before S2 on half of the trials. Skeletal and HR responses to S1 and S2 were measured. The cardiac startle response to S2 consisted of an immediate acceleration, a deceleration and trough at 1–2 sec, an acceleration and peak at 4–5 sec, and a recovery. With a 60‐msec lead time S1 or L inhibited the skeletal startle reflex and the accelerative HR reactions. With a long lead time S1 facilitated the skeletal startle reflex and in some conditions also provided a faster HR at the peak of the second HR acceleration. No correlation was observed between the amplitudes of skeletal and cardiac startle behavior, but these post‐S2 responses entered into complex relationships with pre‐S2 HR.
Psychophysical and Psychophysiological Evaluation of the Direction, Intensity, and Meaning of Race‐Related Stimuli
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Lodge Milton , Reeder Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe reliance of social scientists on verbal response measures to evaluate social psychological attitude raises questions related to the validity of the measurement of intensity and meaning produced by these judgmental measures. This study presents a cross‐modal (psychophysical and psychophysiological) approach to the evaluation of the direction, intensity, and meaning of attitude. In the present study psychophysical (category, magnitude scaling) and classically conditioned skin conductance responses are generated to measure the race‐related attributes of a series of denotatively black and non‐black political stimuli. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that all three measures can predict the racial direction of these stimulus items, but that categorical judgments fail to measure the relative intensity of the denotatively nonracial stimuli. The psychophysical and classically conditioned skin conductance response measures both produce a reasonable gradient of racial response intensity. However, there are clear differences in order and amplitude of response between the voluntary judgmental psychophysical and the more involuntary skin conductance responses to items which have multiple associative meanings. The implications of these results are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.
The Effect of Presleep Focal Attention Load on Subsequent Sleep Patterns
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Orbach Israel , Gross Ygal , Aviram Orit , Frieder Irene , Frieman Meira , Pelled Odeda 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that a load on focal attention prior to sleep results in subsequent changes in sleep patterns was investigated. Eight females and 2 males slept in the laboratory for 4 nights: 2 adaptation nights, 1 experimental night preceded by a focal attention load, and 1 control night preceded by relaxed activity. On the experimental night, time in bed, total sleep time, and stage REM sleep were significantly longer than on the control night. The results support the hypothesis and suggest that attention during REM sleep has a unique character.
Coping with Impending Stress: Psychophysiological and Cognitive Correlates of Choice
Authors: Miller Suzanne M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhen faced with threat of shock, individuals were allowed to choose to distract themselves by listening to Muzak or to monitor cues predicting shock. Preference for monitoring information or for distraction was investigated concurrently with electrodermal and subjective arousal. Subjects preferred to monitor rather than distract themselves, particularly when shock was avoidable. Even when shock was not avoidable, some preference for information was found. Arousal, physiological and subjective, was consistently higher under monitoring conditions, and this was most pronounced when shock was unavoidable. Higher arousal accompanying information is contrary to the three major theories explaining choice of predictable threat, and the outline of a new hypothesis was proposed to account for these data.
A Variable Criterion Circuit for Biofeedback Training
Authors: Myers Harold K. , Corson John A. , Klassen Gerald A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA circuit is described which provides feedback from one of many varying physiological parameters by comparing the instantaneous present value to an integrated version of the same parameter. A success or failure signal is generated when the instantaneous value falls below or exceeds the integrated level. Furthermore, the integrated level is continually updated, so that eventually (depending on the selected time constant) the integrated level will equal the instantaneous level if it remains stable; thus a trainee cannot succeed or fail for a long period of time. A design for a continuous analog display of the values on an oscilloscope is also described.
Acoustically Evoked Esophageal Contractions and Defense Reaction
Authors: Stacher Georg , Steinringer Hermann , Blau Alisa , Landgraf Monika 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine whether acoustically evoked non‐propulsive esophageal contractions form part of an orientation (OR), a defense (DR), or a startle reaction (SR), an experiment employing 16 healthy young subjects was carried out with three levels of intensity, two levels of signal content, and two levels of rise and decay time of stimuli. It was found that: 1) number and amplitude of esophageal contractions to the stimuli increased significantly with increasing stimulus intensity, 2) number and amplitude of contractions to stimuli with sudden and slow rise time did not differ, 3) there was no clear relationship between the occurrence of a contraction and the occurrence of a decelerative or accelerative HR response, 4) there was no difference in number and amplitude of contractions to stimuli with and without signal content. In conclusion, non‐propulsive esophageal contractions are evoked by intense acoustical stimuli regardless of rise time and of signal content of the stimuli. It is suggested that contractile responses of the esophagus to intense exogenous stimuli form part of the DR of the healthy organism.
The Orienting Reflex: Novelty or Significance Detector?
Authors: O'Gorman J. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis separately advanced by A. S. Bernstein and I. Maltzman that significance and not novelty is the agent of the orienting reflex (OR) is examined. The data on individual differences and the effects of set appealed to as grounds for a revision of the traditional novelty‐based theory of the OR are found to be explainable within that theory. Moreover, the significance hypothesis is found to have logical and theoretical shortcomings which prevent its replacing, at this time, the traditional viewpoint. On balance, it is argued, the OR is most validly conceived of as a detector of stimulus‐induced novelty, though further research is necessary to clarify a number of specific issues.
Orienting Reflexes and Significance: A Reply to O'Gorman
Authors: Maltzman Irving 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA psychophysiological theory of ORs is presented within the framework of methodological behaviorism. Contrary to O'Gorman there is extensive evidence supporting the distinction between voluntary and involuntary ORs. There is also good evidence indicating that the operation of sets predetermine the occurrence of ORs. A theoretical physiological basis is available to account for the phenomena of set: dominant foci. The latter conception also provides a physiological basis for stimulus significance and permits an integration of diverse phenomena involving ORs, including classical and verbal conditioning.
The Three Arousal Model: Implications of Gray's Two‐Factor Learning Theory for Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Psychopathy
Authors: Fowles Don C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGray's two‐factor learning theory postulates a behavioral activation system (BAS), a behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and a nonspecific arousal system receiving excitatory inputs from both the BAS and the BIS. The BAS initiates behavior in response to conditioned stimuli for reward (approach) or for relieving nonpunishment (active avoidance). The BIS, which is viewed as an anxiety system, inhibits behavior in response to cues for punishment (passive avoidance) or frustrative nonreward (extinction), and its activity is decreased by the anti‐anxiety drugs (alcohol, barbiturates, minor tranquilizers). Thus, the BIS is an arousal system which inhibits rather than energizes behavior.A review of the literature suggests that heart rate (HR) is strongly associated with activity of the BAS. This interpretation subsumes the previous findings of cardiac‐somatic coupling, incentive effects on HR, and increased HR in connection with active coping in the face of threat. Electrodermal activity (EDA), on the other hand, increases when there is an activation of the BIS. A consideration of these differing effects on HR and EDA permits a specification of conditions in which these two measures will or will not show directional fractionation.With this theoretical model it is possible to relate the clinical features of psychopathy to the psychophysiological data with the single assumption that primary psychopaths have a deficient BIS. As a result, they show normal approach, active avoidance, and HR, but they suffer from poor passive avoidance and extinction with reduced EDA in response to threatening stimuli.
Autonomic and Behavioral Responses in Coma Due to Drug Overdose
Authors: Schuri Uwe , von Cramon Detlev 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this study the relationship between autonomic and behavioral susceptibility to stimulation was investigated in 27 patients with different levels of coma due to drug overdose. The degree of impairment was determined with the Munich Coma Scale (MCS). During presentation of four stimuli (optical, acoustic, tactile, electrical) behavioral responses as well as changes in heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and electrodermal activity were studied. Heart rate responses were closely related to behavioral changes in severely comatose patients; however, this linkage was not as obvious in less severe cases. Finger pulse responses almost invariably accompanied behavioral reactions at all coma levels. Sensitivity to stimulation and correlation with behavioral reactivity was lowest for electrodermal responses.
Heart Rate and Somatic Concomitants of Mental Imagery
Authors: Jones Gary E. , Johnson Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation further explored the relationship between image activity level and the magnitude of cardiac acceleration during mental imagery. Somatic involvement was manipulated by instructions to tense or relax during imagination of preselected imagery stimuli and through a tense‐only control procedure. In addition, images were repeated 10 times to permit an analysis of rate or degree of response habituation. Forty‐eight subjects were divided into four groups who were instructed to image only, tense while imagining, relax while imagining, and tense‐only using a time‐locked pacing methodology. High and low activity images were found to elicit clear differential cardiac responding with significantly greater acceleration produced to high activity images. However, associated change was also noted in several somatic and respiratory measures. Results also showed that biphasic cardiac activity during imagery was similar but not identical to that produced by somatic tension. Habituation appears most prominent over the first three or four repetitions, but significant responding was maintained on the tenth repetition. Self‐report measures indicated that physiological state or group instructions may alter important image characteristics.