bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of inorganic fullerene‐like WS2 nanoparticles on the thermal behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Naffakh M. , Martín Z. , Fanegas N. , Marco C. , Gómez M. A. , Jiménez I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new family of thermoplastic nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and inorganic fullerene‐like tungsten disulfide (IF‐WS2) has been successfully prepared. A very efficient dispersion of IF‐WS2 material was obtained by mixing in the melted polymer without using modifiers or surfactants. The addition of IF‐WS2 nanoparticles induces a remarkable enhancement of the thermal stability of iPP, as well as an increase in the crystallization rate of the matrix when compared with pure iPP. The nucleating efficiency of IF‐WS2 solid lubricant nanoparticles on the α‐phase of iPP reaches very high values (60–70%), the highest values observed hitherto for polypropylene nanocomposites. The incorporation of IF‐WS2 has also been observed to increase the size and stability of the crystals formed. The melting behavior of the nanocomposites indicates the formation of more perfect crystals as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray scattering experiments. The new nanocomposites show an increase in the storage modulus with respect to pure iPP measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2309–2321, 2007
Resonant Raman scattering at exciton intermediate states in ZnO
Authors: Wagner M. R. , Zimmer P. , Hoffmann A. , Thomsen C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe present results on resonant Raman scattering in single crystal ZnO using a continuously tuneable excitation in the energy region of the free and bound excitons. The PL and Raman spectra show the presence of a dominant luminescence band at 3.310 eV as well as the A1(TO), E2(high), E1(LO), and 2E1(LO) Raman modes at liquid nitrogen temperature. A strong resonance of the Raman scattering cross section was found for the second‐order 2E1(LO) phonon mode. This enhancement is considerably larger than for the non‐polar E2 (high) mode due to Fröhlich interaction. Furthermore, the resonance enhancement at bound excitons was studied at liquid helium temperature proving the essential role of excitonic intermediate states for resonant Raman scattering in ZnO. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preventive doping control analysis: liquid and gas chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for detection of designer steroids
Authors: Georgakopoulos Costas G. , Vonaparti Ariadni , Stamou Marianna , Kiousi Polyxeni , Lyris Emmanouil , Angelis Yiannis S. , Tsoupras George , Wuest Bernhard , Nielen Michel W. F. , Panderi Irene , Koupparis Michalis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new combined doping control screening method for the analysis of anabolic steroids in human urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LCoaTOFMS) and gas chromatography/electron ionization orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GCoaTOFMS) has been developed in order to acquire accurate full scan MS data to be used to detect designer steroids. The developed method allowed the detection of representative prohibited substances, in addition to steroids, at concentrations of 10 ng/mL for anabolic agents and metabolites, 30 ng/mL for corticosteroids, 500 ng/mL for stimulants and β‐blockers, 250 ng/mL for diuretics, and 200 ng/mL for narcotics. Sample preparation was based on liquid‐liquid extraction of hydrolyzed human urine, and the final extract was analyzed as trimethylsilylated derivatives in GCoaTOFMS and underivatized in LCoaTOFMS in positive ion mode. The sensitivity, mass accuracy, advantages and limitations of the developed method are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural analysis of poly[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐L‐lactide] copolyesters by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Adamus Grazyna 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo random copolyesters of poly[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐L‐lactide] (P[(R,S)‐3HB‐co‐LA]), prepared by equimolar reaction of (R,S)‐β‐butyrolactone with L‐lactic acid and (R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyric acid with L‐lactide, respectively, were characterized by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐ITMS). Detailed studies of these copolyesters were performed by means of collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The molecular architecture of individual copolyester macromolecules, including chemical structures of their end groups (hydroxyl and carboxylate), were established on the basis of their ESI mass spectra. The influence of an intermolecular transesterification reaction on the microstructure of the copolyester synthesized by equimolar reaction of (R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyric acid with L‐lactide was observed. The mass spectra provided information on sequence distribution and indicated that, despite the synthetic pathway applied, random P[(R,S)‐3HB‐co‐LA] copolyesters were formed predominantly. The arrangements of comonomer structural units along the copolyester chains were evaluated by the respective ESI‐MS/MS fragmentation pathways. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combinatorial synthesis, reversed‐phase and normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography elution data and liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectra of methoxylated and glycosylated resveratrol analogues
Authors: Jerkovic Vesna , Nguyen Fanny , Nizet Sabrina , Collin Sonia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalyses of methoxylated and glycosylated stilbenes remain scarce in the literature because of the commercial unavailability of these compounds. Here a library of 22 compounds was synthesized by combinatorial chemistry. Their elution profiles were compared on three different columns (C18, C8, and silica) with those of seven commercial resveratrol analogues and two viniferins. The spectra recorded by liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐APCI(+)‐MS/MS) are discussed and recommendations made for easier identification of new stilbenes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a microcolumn packed with modified carbon nanofibers coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for simultaneous on‐line preconcentration and determination of trace rare earth elements in biological samples
Authors: Chen Shizhong , Xiao Mingfa , Lu Dengbo , Zhan Xilin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this work, a new method was developed for the determination of trace rare earth elements (REEs) in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) after preconcentration on a microcolumn packed with modified carbon nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs oxidized with nitric acid have been proved to possess an exceptional adsorption capability for REEs due to their surface functionalization. The effects of the experimental parameters, including pH, sample flow rate and volume, elution solution and interfering ions, on the recoveries of the analytes have been investigated systematically. A 100‐fold enrichment factor was obtained. The adsorption capacity of CNFs was found to be 18.1, 19.3, 23.6, 17.6, 22.3 and 19.5 mg/g for La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Dy and Y, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of this method ranged from 0.2 pg/mL (Dy) to 1.2 pg/mL (Ce) with an enrichment factor of 15‐fold, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the determination of REEs at the 1.0 ng/mL level were less than 4% (n = 9). This method was applied to the analysis of trace REEs in a real sample of human hair with recoveries of 95–115%. In order to validate the proposed method, a certified reference material of human hair (GBW 07601) was analyzed with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post-Glacial climatic change on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Zabenskie Susan , Gajewski Konrad 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high temporal resolution pollen diagram from a lake in the mid-Arctic region of the Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada, documents the history of the regional vegetation and climate for the past 7200 yr. Major tundra pollen taxa in the core include Cyperaceae and Salix, with Cyperaceae comprising over 50% of the pollen in the early and late Holocene. Tree pollen, transported from far to the south, comprised a large percentage of the pollen sum, with Pinus accounting for 30% of the pollen in some levels of the core. Pollen percentages and concentrations of taxa typical of the mid-Arctic were highest in the mid-Holocene, corresponding to warm conditions. Decreasing pollen concentrations indicate cooling temperatures, with more rapid decreases occurring around 4200, 3800–3400, and 2500 cal yr BP. Pollen percentages of Salix, Cyperaceae, and Artemisia increased in the past 35 yr in response to global warming. Reconstructions of July temperature using the modern analog technique showed that the mid-Holocene (5800–2800 cal yr BP) was approximately 1 °C higher than during the past 1000 yr.
Cysts of the parotid gland
Authors: Shaheen N. A. , Harboyan G. T. , Nassif R. I. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCYSTS of the major salivary glands are most frequent in the parotid where they form a small percentage of its benign tumours. They can be congenital or acquired and of parotid or extraparotid origin. Two unusual cysts are reported: a cholesteatoma arising from the ipsilateral mastoid, twenty years after successful radical mastoidectomy, and a deeply located cyst of probable congenital origin. The literature is reviewed and the management discussed. Parotidectomy, often with extensive dissection, remains in general the treatment of choice.Cysts in the parotid gland represent a small percentage of benign parotid masses. They usually arise within the gland from salivary or non-salivary parotid tissue, and may be congenital or acquired. Some, however, may arise from surrounding structures.Unless the cyst is superficial and therefore readily amenable to proper examination, it usually escapes a definite diagnosis even with the help of sialography or more sophisticated procedures. Exploration is eventually resorted to for diagnosis and treatment. That is why the surgeon should be ready to perform extensive surgery if the findings at exploration necessitate it.The purpose of this article is to present two cystic lesions of the parotid. The first is a rarity, a cholesteatoma originating from the ipsilateral mastoid; and the second an unusually deeply located cyst. These cases illustrate well the problems met with in the management of preauricular masses.
Determination of remnant thyroid volume: comparison of ultrasonography, radioactive iodine uptake and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level
Authors: Erbil Y , Barbaros U , Salmaslıoglu A , Issever H , Tukenmez M , Adalet I , Bozbora A , Özarmagan S , Tezelman S 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurpose:We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography, radioactive iodine uptake and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level in predicting the volume of remnant thyroid gland.Methods:Sixty-six thyroidectomy patients were divided into two groups according to their functional status, i.e. those operated upon for nontoxic multinodular goitre (group one) and those operated upon for hyperthyroidism (group two). Ultrasonography, radioactive iodine uptake and thyroid-stimulating hormone assay were performed in all patients during the first post-operative month. The two groups were subdivided according to the amount of remnant thyroid volume detected on ultrasonography: <2 ml, 2–5 ml and >5 ml.Results:The remnant thyroid volume was positively correlated with the radioactive iodine uptake (rs = 0.684, p = 0.0001). The increase in remnant thyroid tissue radioactive iodine uptake was significantly greater in the patients operated upon for hyperthyroidism compared with those operated upon for nontoxic multinodular goitre (p = 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between remnant thyroid volume and post-operative serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level (rs = −0.865, p = 0.0001) and between remnant thyroid tissue radioactive iodine uptake and post-operative serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level (rs = −0.682, p = 0.0001).Conclusion:Ultrasonography is a more accurate measure of remnant thyroid volume than radioactive iodine uptake in patients operated upon for hyperthyroidism, compared with those operated upon for nontoxic multinodular goitre.
Mode of action of levamisole and pyrantel, anthelmintic resistance, E153 and Q57
Authors: MARTIN R. J. , ROBERTSON A. P. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYHere we review molecular information related to resistance to the cholinergic anthelmintics in nematodes. The amount of molecular information available varies between the nematode species, with the best understood so far beingC. elegans. More information is becoming available for some other parasitic species. The cholinergic anthelmintics act on nematode nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on somatic muscle cells. Recent findings demonstrate the presence of multiple types of the nicotinic receptors in several nematodes and the numerous genes required to form these multimeric proteins. Not only are the receptors the product of several genes but they are subject to modulation by several other proteins. Mutations altering these modulatory proteins could alter sensitivity to the cholinergic anthelmitics and thus lead to resistance. We also discuss the possibility that resistance to the cholinergic anthelmintics is not necessarily the result of a single mutation but may well be polygenic in nature. Additionally, the mutations resulting in resistance may vary between different species or between resistant isolates of the same species. A list of candidate genes to examine for SNPs is presented.
Predictors of Australian consumers’ intentions to consume
conventional and novel sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
Authors: Cox DN , Evans G , Lease HJ 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo elicit predictors of variation in likelihood to purchase foods rich in
long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.Design, setting and subjectsResponses from a community sample (n =
220) were elicited using a computer-administered questionnaire based on an
adaptation of Protection Motivation Theory including measures of perceived
risk and vulnerability to coronary heart disease (CHD). Other measures
included health status, body mass index (BMI), perceived risk/benefits of
novel technologies and sociodemographics. Descriptions of model products
were presented, including farmed fish fed fishmeal (FFFF); farmed fish fed
genetically modified (GM) oilseed (FFFGM); bread, milk and supplements
containing fish oil (SFO) or GM oilseed. It was hypothesised that perceived
vulnerability to CHD would enhance acceptance of GM products (H1).
Furthermore, information describing the benefits of LCO3FA, limitations to
fish supply and potential alternatives was given to a treatment group (50%)
and hypothesised to have a positive effect on the acceptance of GM products
(H2).ResultsNo evidence was found to support H1 or H2. FFFF was most likely to be
purchased (P < 0.01), followed
by SFO and FFFGM. Multivariate regression analysis identified significant
(P < 0.05) predictors
(standardised β) for
likelihood to purchase FFFF: self-efficacy 0.56; behaviour (product)
efficacy 0.19; belief that fishmeal is unnatural −0.14 (R2 = 0.44) and for FFFGM:
self-efficacy 0.65; perceived severity of CHD 0.15; BMI −0.13;
significant other has/had arthritis 0.11; belief that GM oilseed is
unnatural 0.11 (R2 =
0.49).ConclusionsSelf-efficacy (confidence to consume) was the most important predictor of
likelihood to purchase all products.
Alteration within a discrete region of the H‐2Ldα1 helix up on association with human β2 microglobulin
Authors: SMITH M. J. , BASORA T. , KIERAN J. E. , NIETO M. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe utilization of the β2‐microglobulin (B2m) exchange assay allowed for the association of H 2Ld with human B2m. Upon association with H‐2Ld, human B2m induces structural alterations in H‐2Ld that appear dependent upon xenogeneic B2m amino acid sequence variability. In this regard, xenogeneic B2m exchange is used as a tool to induce structural alterations in class I as a means of analysing the structural‐functional relationship of B2m/class I association. Incorporating H‐2Ld site‐directed mutants into the experimental approach provided strong evidence that B2m makes indirect contact with discrete class I specific amino acid positions located in the helical region of the α1 domain.
Killing by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells: Multiple granule serine proteases as initiators of DNA fragmentation
Authors: TRAPANI JOSEPH A. , SMYTH MARK J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe vectorial secretion of the contents of highly specialized cytoplasmic granules is of pivotal importance to the killing by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. The purification and biochemical characterization of some of the granule constituents, in particular the pore‐forming protein perforin, had engendered the notion that the killing of cellular targets was largely an osmotic phenomenon analogous to the insult delivered by complement attack. However, the apparent absence of membrane perforation in various examples of lymphocyte‐mediated killing, and the observation that perforation alone could not account for apoptosis associated with programmed cell death, suggested that perforin activity represented, at best, only a part of the whole mechanism. More recently, the characterization of a large family of granule serine proteases (granzymes) has provided evidence that these molecules may collaborate in the killing process by inducing a ‘suicide’ pathway in target cells, resulting in DNA fragmentation. However, the serine proteases are inactive alone, their natural substrates have not been defined and they require access into the target cell cytoplasm via perforin‐induced pores to exert their deleterious effects. Thus, we propose that the cytotoxic granule‐mediated mechanism comprises at least two interdependent arms, perforin and serine proteases, that together are capable of inflicting cell death by osmotic shock and/or nuclear collapse.
The maintenance of self‐tolerance
Authors: LAFFERTY KEVIN J. , GILL RONALD G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo signal models for lymphocyte activation build on the Talmage/Burnet concept that receptor diversity is generated within the immune system by a random process, and that individual lymphocytes carry a single receptor on their surface that determines their specificity. Such models cannot use a concept of signal one anergy (or deletion) to explain the maintenance of self‐tolerance in terms of the Bretscher/Cohn theory if they abandon the concept of associative recognition.
Recombinant cytokines as immunological adjuvants
Authors: NASH A. D. , LOFTHOUSE S. A. , BARCHAM G. J. , JACOBS H. J. , ASHMAN K. , MEEUSEN E. N. T. , BRANDON M. R. , ANDREWS A. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis paper describes the bacterial expression and purification of bioactive recombinant ovine interleukin‐2 (rovIL‐2), interleukin‐lα (rovlL‐lα) and tumour necrosis factor α. These purified proteins had specific activities in appropriate bioassays of 1 × 107, 1 times; 107 and 1 × 105 U/mg, respectively. Recombinant ovIL‐lα was assessed as an immunological adjuvant for the sheep response to the model protein avidin. When delivered either intradermally or intramuscularly in conjunction with avidin in aluminium hydroxide the rovIL‐1α significantly enhanced the secondary humoral response. Doses of 1, 10 or 100 μg per sheep enhanced the humoral response to a similar extent. Recombinant ovIL‐1β had similar adjuvant activity in that it was demonstrated to significantly enhance the sheep humoral response to an experimental H. contortus antigen. This increase in specific antibody, however, did not correlate with enhanced protection against infection with third stage H. contortus larvae. In addition incorporation of rovIL‐1 P into the formulation was shown not to alter the isotype profile of H. contortus antigen specific antibody.
Genetically engineered multi‐component virus‐like particles as veterinary vaccines
Authors: PEARSON L. D. , ROY POLLY 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMultiprotein structures can be constructed to mimic virus particles. These engineered particles lack genetic material and are not infectious but they can elicit protective immune responses in animals against challenges with infectious viruses. As a prototype, insect cells were co‐infected with two recombinant baculoviruses. One recombinant baculovirus contained an insert of L2 and M5 genes, which encode for outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5, respectively, from bluetongue virus (BTV) downstream of duplicated copies of the baculovirus (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, AcNPV) polybedrin promoter. Another recombinant baculovirus expressed two major core proteins (VP3 and VP7) from BTV virions. The co‐infected cells synthesized no n‐in factious, double‐shelled, virus‐like particles (VLP). The VLP resembled the authentic BTV in size, appearance, and biochemical constitution but they lacked the double‐stranded‐RNA genome and three minor polypeptides normally contained in the icosahedral inner capsid. The VLP consisted of an outer shell of VP2 and VP5 from US BTV‐10 attached to an icosahedral framework formed by the two major core proteins VP3 and BTV‐17 and VP7 from US BTV‐10. Sheep immunized with VLP expressing BTV capsid proteins produced antibodies that neutralized homologous serotypes of BTV. The assembly of VLP from different proteins simultaneously expressed indicates the potential of this novel approach for producing safe and effective vaccines against several viral agents.
Circumvention of maternal antibody interference by immunization of newborn pigs with glycoprotein gIII‐deleted marker vaccine
Authors: KIT S. , McCONNELL S. , KIT M. , LAWHORN B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMaternal antibodies interfere with the immunization of swine by modified live‐virus pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines. To test the hypothesis that a PRV vaccine attenuated by deletions in the thymidine kinase (TK) and gIII genes might reduce interference by maternal antibodies, pigs with moderate to low levels of colostral PRV antibodies were immunized with the TK−gIII−OMNIMARK‐PRV vaccine. Vaccinates and non‐vaccinates were challenged intranasally with virulent PRV at 7 weeks of age. In support of the hypothesis, it was found that central nervous system (CNS) and/or respiratory disease developed in six out of 10 controls with a fatal outcome in one, while two out of 13 vaccinates showed only very mild and transient CNS or respiratory disease signs with no fatalities. AH vaccinates gained weight while non‐vaccinates initally lost weight. At post‐challenge day (PCD) 11, vaccinates showed 4.5 Ib/pig greater weight gain than non‐vaccinates. Virus neutralization (VN) analyses before and after challenge showed that vaccinates had been primed immunologically. In another experiment, newborn pigs from a pseudorabies disease‐quarantined herd with high VN antibody titres were vaccinated, respectively, with the gIII−TK−OMNIMARK‐PRV vaccine, a TK gI−gX−vaccine, or no vaccine and challenged with virulent PRV at 14 weeks of age when VN titres were <1: 2. By PCD 9, the TK−gIII−group had outgained the TK−gI−gX−and the control groups, respectively, by 6.0 and 3.2 lb per pig.