bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DDT Toxicity in Rye (Secale spp.)
Authors: Jones J. Morgan , Hayes J. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe occurrence of toxicity to DDT in rye and of genetic resistance is recorded. Resistance, due to a recessive factor, is widely distributed at low frequencies in cultivated and wild populations of Secale cereale and in other species of Secale. The significance of these discoveries in underlining the importance of plant breeding for widening the scope of plant protection by means of chemicals is discussed briefly.
The Effect of Cultivations on Slugs of Arable Land
Authors: Hunter P. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of various cultivations on populations of Agriolimax reticulatus (Müller), Arion hortensis Férussac and Milax budapestensis (Hazay) was assessed. Reduction in numbers of all species was obtained in three separate experiments. (1) The ground was ploughed once during winter (2) The soil was broken up into a fine tilth and firmly compacted; grass was then sown and kept at a height of 1 to 3 in. for three and a half months. (3) The soil was broken up into a fine tilth but not later compacted or sown with grass.
Studies on Resistance in Oats to the Frit Fly
Authors: Peregrine W. T. H. , Catling W. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYOat cultivars reported resistant to frit fly attack in the tiller and panicle stages were investigated. Doefleurs Weihenstephan, Hohenheimer V, von Lochow's Yellow, Hede Havre and Summer proved to be the least susceptible. The resistance possessed by these cultivars was found to be only relative and appeared to be associated with swift initial development and erectness. Since it appeared doubtful that these cultivars would maintain superiority in pure stands, it is considered that their inclusion in a breeding programme is not merited.
Control of Arabis Mosaic Virus in Strawberry with Nematicides
Authors: Dale W. T. , Hendy A. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSoil injection in March 1961 with D‐D (400 lb/acre), chloropicrin P4 gal/acre) or metham‐sodium (110 gal/acre) did not kill enough of its eelworm vectors (Xiphinema diversicaudatum) adequately to control arabis mosaic virus in strawberries planted in May, on a site where a crop grubbed in 1960 had shown severe and widespread infection. After further clearance of this site in August 1962, retreatment the same month and replanting in October, the D‐D and chloropicrin treatments kept vector numbers very low for nearly three years, greatly decreased virus spread, and increased both plant vigour and yield. Chloropicrin gave consistently more vigour than D‐D, as well as more and better fruit, probably not due to superior vector or virus control, but to more pronounced side effects. Dazomet granules at 200 lb/acre had little effect.
The Spray Warning Scheme for Control of Sugar Beet Yellows in England Summary of Results between 1959–66
Authors: Hull R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSugar beet growers in England have been advised since 1959 to spray their crops with systemic insecticide to control spread of yellows viruses when infestation with the vector aphids (mainly Myzus persicae Sulz.) in May and June reaches 0.25 aphids/plant. The data collected up to 1966 show that aphid infestation at any one time is not proportionally related to eventual yellows incidence. Graphs of mean aphid infestation and yellows incidence in different areas are presented, which are a guide to issuing spray warnings.
Alternatives to DDT for the Control of Pea Moth on Dry Harvesting Peas
Authors: Gould H. J. , Legowski T. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDuring 14 trials on dry harvesting peas two sprays of fenthion, “Supracide”, and in one trial Bayer 37344, reduced the pod infestation by pea moth by over 90 per cent which was significantly better than DDT. Fenitrothion, dimethoate, azinphos‐methyl, TDE, R.D.18040 and carbaryl usually gave similar results to DDT. Bacillus thuringiensis used in one trial only gave no control.Single sprays of DDT, fenthion, azinphos‐methyl or parathion gave a poor control. Low volume sprays of 30 g.p.a. at three sites and applications at 50–60 g.p.a. gave similar results to high volume sprays with the spraying equipment used.
Saddle Gall Midge Survey on Barley 1967
Authors: Woodville H. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA survey of 79 barley crops in Eastern England in 1967 showed an average of 5⋅8 per cent of stems galled by Haplodiplosis equestris Wagn. This situation is compared with infestations recorded on the continent of Europe in recent years.
The Identification of Plum Pox (Sharka) Virus in England
Authors: Cropley R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPlum pox (sharka) virus was identified in two young cv. Italian Prune plum trees. Graft transmission to peach seedlings caused chlorotic vein banding and ‘corkscrew’ twisting of the leaves. Cheno‐podium foetidum and Nicotiana clevelandii plants were infected by sap inoculation, and the virus was transmitted from N. ctevelandii to N. clevelandii by Myzuspersicae. Circumstantial evidence indicated that
Physiologic Race Changes in Barley Mildew 1964–67
Authors: Wolfe M. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPhysiologic race surveys of the populations of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei were made in the years 1964–67. The differential host cultivars used for race determinations were the standard set of 10 barley cultivars used in Europe.In the four years a total of 28 races was identified, 24 of which also occur in other parts of Europe. The race frequencies changed from season to season and this appeared to be dependent upon the acreage of host cultivars with particular resistance genes. The most obvious example was in the case of cv. Impala which possesses the two mildew resistance genes M1g and M1a6. Concurrently with the increase of this cultivar from 0 to 15 per cent of the spring barley acreage between the early 1960's and 1967, the proportion of physiologic races capable of attacking Impala and therefore possessing the two complementary virulence genes Vg and Va6, increased from 0 per cent in 1964 to 75 per cent in 1967 of all barley mildew samples investigated.
Tests with Insecticides for the Control of Resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on Year‐Round Chrysanthemums
Authors: Gould H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNineteen pesticides were compared for the control of a strain of Myzus persicae resistant to contact organophosphorus pesticides. The tests were done on year‐round chrysanthemums growing in pots.Good results were obtained with drenches and sprays of oxydemetonmethyl and demeton‐S‐methyl, drenches of vamidothion and granules ofthe carbamate UC21149.The other pesticides gave variable results but monocrotophos granules seem to be worth further investigation.Many of the pesticides tested and particularly the carbamates were phytotoxic to the cultivars used.
Movement and Oviposition of Wheat Bulb Flies
Authors: Bardner. R. , Lofty J. R. , Huston P. , Maskell F. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWater traps examined weekly were used to assess the activity of adult wheat bulb flies during the oviposition period in late July, August and eariy September. Traps were placed at various distances up to 1 mile (1–6 km) from known sources of infestation at Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire and at Rothamsted. Most flies were caught down wind from possible emergence sites and few were caught more than 1/4‐1/2 mile (0.4–0.8 km) away. The distribution of flies between traps was similar in both the first and second halves of the trapping period. At Whittlesey there was a significant positive correlation between the number of flies caught in a trap and the number of eggs laid in the field containing the trap.
Control of Wheat Bulb Fly by Large Area Cropping Restrictions
Authors: Legowski T. J. , Maskell F. E. , Williams C. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAn ‘ecological’ method of wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)) control was investigated in 1966/1967. This involved the exclusion of winter wheat and winter rye in 1966 from about 2,000 acres (800 ha) of organic soil in an area usually subject to heavy attacks. In the centre of this experimental area, the mean egg count was reduced from 763,000 per acre (1,885,000/ha) in 1966 to 198,000 per acre (489,000/ha) in 1967 and in the intermediate area from 1,058,000 to 677,000 eggs per acre (2,614,000 to 1,673,000/ha). There was no egg reduction in the fields adjacent to the experimental area. This and the observations on adults suggest that most flies do not travel much over 1/4‐1/2 mile (0⋅4–0⋅8 km) from their emergence sites.The examination of wild host grasses in and surrounding a number of fields indicated that they are inefficient hosts and therefore unimportant in the build‐up and maintenance of wheat bulb fly populations.Although this method of wheat bulb fly control is feasible, the substitution of spring sown cereals for winter wheat has several disadvantages which are briefly discussed.
A Pathological Problem Associated with Pre‐packaging of Potato Tubers
Authors: Scholey J. , Marshall C. , Whitbread R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of pre‐packaging procedures on the subsequent development of soft rots in potato tubers in polyethylene bags and on the bag atmospheres is described. The pre‐packaging of ‘uncured’ tubers but not of ‘cured’ tubers in polyethylene led to a substantial incidence of rotting. Both riddling tubers and washing them in water contaminated with Erwinia carolovora increased the number of tubers developing rots.
Gall Mites on Plum
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe distribution of Eriophyes padi and E. similis on plum in Europe is summarized.Serious damage to fruit by E. padi occurred in two areas in England in 1963 and 1964 and this is discussed in the light of previous records.Sprays of demeton‐methyl and carbaryl applied to one infested plum orchard failed to achieve adequate control ofE.padi.
Development of Dieldrin Resistance in Carrot Fly in England
Authors: Wright D. W. , Coaker T. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFailure to control carrot fly with aldrin and dieldrin was first noticed on carrot crops in East Anglia in 1965, 12 years after these insecticides were first used in England for this purpose. Laboratory tests on adult flies obtained from several sites confirmed that where the expected high level of control was not achieved the carrot fly populations had developed resistance to aldrin, dieldrin and gamma‐BHC.
Irrigation of Potatoes and the Control of Common Scah
Authors: Wellings L. W. , Rosser W. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIrrigation reduced the incidence of common scab (Streptomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Waksman and Henrici) on both cv. King Edward and cv. Majestic potato tubers grown on sandy soil. Moist soil conditions for two to three weeks after the crop achieved 20 per cent ground cover gave a significant control of the disease. Commercial control was obtained by irrigating the soil to field capacity when the plants were just touching along the drills.
Some Quantitative Effects of Soil‐applied Organophosphorus Insecticides on Crop Growth
Authors: Scopes N. E. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe growth of wheat, field beans and sugar beet was studied, in sand or soil (pH 6⋅1) treated with either disulfoton, phorate, thionazin or menazon. Menazon was only slightly phytotoxic, phorate and disulfoton were intermediate and thionazin most severe in effect.
Crop and Weed Plants Compared as Hosts of Viruliferous Longidorus elongatus (de Man)
Authors: Thomas P. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCrop and weed plants were compared as hosts for Longidorus elongatus and the viruses it transmits, raspberry ringspot (RRV) and tomato black ring(TBRV). For the nematode, strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), grasses and clovers were the most favourable hosts but most of the crop plants were poor or non‐hosts. All the weeds except Agropyron repens supported significantly greater populations of L. elongatus than the fallow controls.RRV and/or TBRV were detected in most of the experimental plant species during, or after, the 15‐wk exposure to viruliferous nema‐todes. The frequency of infection was generally highest amongst the weeds and was usually but not always related to suitability as a host for the nematode vector. The one is therefore not necessarily an index of the other.Feeding by L. elongatus caused distortion or swelling of the sub‐terminal portion of a few roots in many of the plant species tested. On a favourable host at least 12 eggs were produced by a female.
Chemical Control of Wireworms in Winter Wheat in the East Midlands, 1966–68
Authors: Golightly W. H. , Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo trials were laid down with organochlorine seed dressings (gamma‐BHC, aldrin and dieldrin) and one spray application (aldrin) as standards. Various organophosphorus seed dressings and granules (applied broadcast before drilling or combine‐drilled) were also used. All treatments yielded significantly better than the controls in both trials except chlorfenvinphos, ‘Dursban’ and N2790, the first being significantly lower in the 1966–67 trial at the five per cent level and almost so in 1967–68. Parathion granules proved particularly effective, comparable to the best organochlorine, with the broadcast slightly better than the combine‐drilled treatment. Trichloronate and N2790 gave lower yields than parathion, but those from the latter were reduced by waterlogging. Phytotoxicity resulted in a poor establishment with the ‘Dursban’ formulation as did the liquid dressing of chlorfenvinphos in the 1967–68 trial, although this was not so apparent in the earlier trial with the 2 oz per bushel (2 g/kg) powder dressing. Ethion did not delay germination and, whilst it appeared to show activity during the autumn feeding phase, there was evidence that it, and chlorfenvinphos, afforded little protection later in the season.
Trials of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Seed Dressings against Wheat Bulb Fly Leptohylemyia coarctata in 1966–68
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Scott G. C. , Maskell F. E. , Roberts P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeed dressings of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, at 0⋅1 per cent and 0⋅5 per cent active ingredient to weight of seed, were compared with heptachlor and ethion standards for control of wheat bulb fly during 1966–68. Short rows of treated seeds were sown in autumn on sites infested with wheat bulb fly eggs, and sample plants were examined in spring. The effective new materials, judged by the percentage of damaged shoots and the percentage of plants containing live larvae, were R 42211 (0,0‐diethyl 0‐(2‐diethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyri‐midin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate), B 77488 (0,0‐diethyl phosphorothioate 0‐ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime), B 80833 (0‐methyl 0‐3,4‐dichlorophenyl methyl phosphonothionate), ‘Dursban’ (0,0‐diethyl O‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl phosphorothioate) and bromophos‐ethyl. However, both doses of ‘Dursban’ and bromophos‐ethyl. and the larger dose of B 80833 damaged young seedlings. There was only slight damage with the large dose of B 77488 and none with R 42211, so these two compounds were the most promising new materials tested.
Further Investigations on the Chemical Control of Wheat Bulh Fly in the East Midlands, 1966–68
Authors: Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe series of trials reported on by Mathias and Roberts (1967) were continued in the Region, but under much lower levels of wheat bulb fly attack. The best materials from previous trials, chlorfenvinphos (powder and liquid dressings), ethion (powder only) and carbophe‐nothion (powder and liquid dressings) were compared with a standard dieldrin dressing in the 1966–67 Branston trial. At this site, granules of chlorfenvinphos and trichloronate were also used, but at lower rates than used previously. At Branston all insecticidal treatments were significantly better than control (38⋅9 per cent tiller attack). There was little difference between powder and liquid formulations of the same chemical. Damage was slight at the 1967–68 Harpswell trial, all treatments except ‘Dursban’ and chlormequat chloride being significantly better than control.
The Occurrence of Fusarium nivale in Soil
Authors: Rawlinson C. J. , Colhoun J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Eusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. was not isolated directly from soil using Warcup plates of pentachloronitrobenzene agar. When seeds of oats, untreated or treated with an organomercury disinfectant, were sown in soil from this same source and the roots or mesocotyls of seedlings given serial washings in sterile distilled water, the fungus readily grew into agar. The fungus was not isolated directly from the samples of the seed, but in pot experiments could be isolated from ungerminated, non‐disinfected seed sown two months previously. Lesions attributed to attack by E. nivale were not present on the plants. It is suggested that the plants became infected from inoculum surviving in the soil.
Changes in the Reaction to Powdery Mildew of Certain Barley Cultivars
Authors: Doling D. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYChanges in the reaction to mildew of most of the 24 spring barley cultivars possessing race‐specific resistance genes and included in National Institute of Agricultural Botany performance trials during the period 1957–67 are recorded.The number of years which elapsed between the first year of inclusion in trials and the first record of 10 per cent mildew varied for the cultivars in each resistance group. In the Mlg group, comprising 14 cultivars, the resistance of the six introduced in the earlier years was overcome as quickly as the eight introduced in the later years. The need for the Vg virulent race to adapt itself to each cultivar and thereby overcome non‐specific resistance factors is suggested.Physiologic races virulent on the Mlg group of cultivars appeared more rapidly than races virulent on the Mla6 group. This is thought to be due to the large commercial acreage either in Europe or in England and Wales of many of the cultivars possessing the Mlg gene, before and during the trials period. In contrast there was a complete absence from commerce of any Mla6 cultivars until well after the completion of the initial N.I.A.B. trials series.The record of behaviour of cv. Deba Abed during seven years of trials and commercial production suggest that stable mildew resistance can be incorporated into spring barley cultivars.
Shallot Aphid in South‐east England
Authors: Hurst G. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA relationship has been established between the departures from average of temperatures in February and March and the subsequent level of infestation of strawberry crops by the shallot aphid in south‐east England. Broadly, if temperatures in February (especially) and March areaverage or below, a low level of infestation can be expected. If these months are mild, moderate or severe infestation is probable.
Cephalosporium gramineum causing Leaf Stripe in Grasses, and its Sporodochial Stage, Hymenula cerealis, on Cereals and Grasses
Authors: Howell M. J. , Burgess Patricia A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCephalosporium leaf stripe, caused by Cephalosporium gramineum has previously been recorded in Great Britain in wheat and bariey but not m grasses. Recent field investigations have shown that Dactylis glomerata. Avena fatua and Bromus sterilis harbour the disease, and symptoms are described. In the laboratory, formation of the sporo‐dochial stages, Hymenula cerealis, was observed on infected material of cereals and grasses.Glasshouse studies showed that a number of grasses, including the agriculturally important ryegrasses, could be invaded through the soil, and differences in susceptibility between strains within the same species were apparent.
Observations on the Control of Phomopsis Root Rot of Cucumber
Authors: Wiggell P. , Simpson Carol J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA description is given of the symptoms of black root rot of cucumber caused by the fungus Phomopsis sclerotioides. Cucumber Plants grown on straw bales ‘made‐up’ with infested border soil soon became diseased and yields were poor irrespective of any superimposed treatment. Plants grown on straw bales ‘made‐up’ with Levington compost gave much higher yields. Physical isolation of the beds using polythene sheeting reduced root infection whereas neither methyl bromide at 1·5 lb per 100 sq. ft (0·681 kg per 9·3 sq. m), nor any of the fungicidal drenches gave control of the disease. Plants grafted onto Curcurbita ficifolia achieved a good yield at the end of the season but the level of root rotting was still high. Ten cucumber cultivars were tested for resistance to P. sclerotioides but none showed any resistance.
Experiments on the Control of Carrot‐willow Aphid in South‐west England 1961–1964
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. , Evans S. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSix trials were carried out in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire on the control of Cavariella aegopodii Scop, on carrots between 1961 and 1964. The results of these trials are given and discussed.In each year, except 1962, the first alatae occurred on carrots during May and built up to a peak in June or early July. April sowings of carrots were more subject to attack than May sowings whereas June sowings mainly escaped attack altogether. Two to four sprays of demeton‐methyl and a single spray of demeton‐methyl plus a later spray of menazon gave effective aphid control. Granular apPl.ications of disulfoton and of menazon used as a top‐dressing to seedling carrots also gave good control, though their initial action was slower than with the spray treatments. Menazon granules applied below the seed gave good aphid control, but produced no corresponding yield increase.In 1962, aphid infestations were much later building up, with the first alatae only appearing on the crop in mid‐June. Consequently, early sprays of demeton‐methyl and menazon applied on 1 June were ineffective, so that the combined results of the two sprays gave poorer control than in other years.Carrot motley dwarf was only present to a small degree and so was unlikely to have any effect on yield.
Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide to Some plant Hosts of San Jose Scale
Authors: Gostick K. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo or three cultivars each of rose, apple, pear, Pl.um, red currant and black currant, bushes or trees were exposed to methyl bromide in a fumigation chamber, at a range of concentration‐time products and temperatures. Fumigation at 30°C was especially phytotoxic to the Plants tested.
Studies on the Overwintering of Tomato Mosaic in Root Debris
Authors: Fletcher J. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExperiments have shown that tomato mosaic virus (TMV) although eliminated from thin tomato roots at temperatures of 180°F (82·2°C) for 10 min, can withstand 212°F (100°C) for 15 min in thick roots. Storage of infected roots for five months resulted in a decrease in virus concentration but TMV was not eliminated from these roots by treatment at 180°F (82·2°C) for 15 min.A survey of commercial soil–treatment on 24 nurseries all using methods of steam sterilization showed considerable variation in results. On many nurseries the temperatures achieved were not high enough to eliminate TMV from root debris. Tests of debris collected from 13 tomato nurseries showed the presence of TMV in all samples but one.A steam and air mixture treatment of soil on a tomato nursery did not eliminate TMV.The development of tomato mosaic was recorded on four nurseries. Infection of most of the Plants resulted from spread from a small number of infected Plants which were found within the first 4–6 wk from planting. On one nursery the distribution suggested that the main source of the virus was soil‐borne inoculum. It is suggested that the rapid increase in the numbers of Plants showing symptoms in early May is the direct result of increased handling of the crop when harvesting begins in April.