bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naive regulatory T cells: a novel subpopulation defined by resistance toward CD95L-mediated cell death
Authors: Fritzsching Benedikt , Oberle Nina , Pauly Eva , Geffers Robert , Buer Jan , Poschl Johannes , Krammer Peter , Linderkamp Otwin , Suri-Payer Elisabeth 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMost CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from adult peripheral blood express high levels of CD45RO and CD95 and are prone to CD95L-mediated apoptosis in contrast to conventional T cells (Tconvs). However, a Treg subpopulation remained consistently apoptosis resistant. Gene microarray and 6-color flow cytometry analysis including FOXP3 revealed an increase in naive T-cell markers on the CD95L-resistant Tregs compared with most Tregs. In contrast to Tregs found in adult humans, most CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells found in cord blood are naive and exhibit low CD95 expression. Furthermore, most of these newborn Tregs are not sensitive toward CD95L similar to naive Tregs from adult individuals. After short stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cord blood Tregs strongly up-regulated CD95 and were sensitized toward CD95L. This functional change was paralleled by a rapid up-regulation of memory T-cell markers on cord blood Tregs that are frequently found on adult memory Tregs. In summary, we show a clear functional difference between naive and memory Tregs that could result in different survival rates of those 2 cell populations in vivo. This new observation could be crucial for the planning of therapeutic application of Tregs.
Cell cycle related proteins in hyperplasia of usual type in breast specimens of patients with and without breast cancer
Authors: Tafuri Luciene SA , Rocha Gislene FS , Gobbi Helenice 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Hyperplasia of usual type (HUT) is a common proliferative lesion associated with a slight elevated risk for subsequent development of breast cancer. Cell cycle-related proteins would be helpful to determine the putative role of these markers in the process of mammary carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of cell cycle related proteins in HUT of breast specimens of patients with and without breast cancer, and compare this expression with areas of invasive carcinomas.

Results
Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed using antibodies against cell cycle related proteins ER, PR, p53, p21, p63, and Ki-67 in hyperplasia of usual type (HUT) in specimens of aesthetic reduction mammaplasty (ARM), in specimens of mammaplasty contralateral to breast cancer (MCC), and in specimens of invasive mammary carcinomas (IMC) presenting HUT in the adjacent parenchyma. The results showed that the immunoexpression of ER, PR, p21, p53, p63, and KI-67 was similar in HUT from the three different groups. The p63 expression in myoepithelial cells showed discontinuous pattern in the majority of HUT, different from continuous expression in normal lobules. Nuclear expression of p53 and p21 was frequently higher expressed in IMC and very rare in HUT. We also found cytoplasmic expression of p21 in benign hyperplastic lesions and in neoplastic cells of IMC.

Conclusion
Our data failed to demonstrate different expression of cell cycle related proteins in HUT from patients with and without breast cancer. However, we found discontinuous expression of p63 in myoepithelial cells around HUT adjacent to carcinomas and cytoplasmic expression of p21 in epithelial cells of hyperplastic foci. Further studies are needed to determine how these subgroups relate to molecular abnormalities and cancer risk.
Conservation of alternative polyadenylation patterns in mammalian genes
Authors: Ara Takeshi , Lopez Fabrice , Ritchie William , Benech Philippe , Gautheret Daniel 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Alternative polyadenylation is a widespread mechanism contributing to transcript diversity in eukaryotes. Over half of mammalian genes are alternatively polyadenylated. Our understanding of poly(A) site evolution is limited by the lack of a reliable identification of conserved, equivalent poly(A) sites among species. We introduce here a working definition of conserved poly(A) sites as sites that are both (i) properly aligned in human and mouse orthologous 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) and (ii) supported by EST or cDNA data in both species.

Results
We identified about 4800 such conserved poly(A) sites covering one third of the orthologous gene set studied. Characteristics of conserved poly(A) sites such as processing efficiency and tissue-specificity were analyzed. Conserved sites show a higher processing efficiency but no difference in tissular distribution when compared to non-conserved sites. In general, alternative poly(A) sites are species-specific and involve minor, non-conserved sites that are unlikely to play essential roles. However, there are about 500 genes with conserved tandem poly(A) sites. A significant fraction of these conserved tandems display a conserved arrangement of major/minor sites in their 3' UTR, suggesting that these alternative 3' ends may be under selection.

Conclusion
This analysis allows us to identify potential functional alternative poly(A) sites and provides clues on the selective mechanisms at play in the appearance of multiple poly(A) sites and their maintenance in the 3' UTRs of genes.
Impact of the clinical context on the 14-3-3 test for the diagnosis of sporadic CJD
Authors: Cuadrado-Corrales Natividad , Jiménez-Huete Adolfo , Albo Carmen , Hortigüela Rafael , Vega Luz , Cerrato Laura , Sierra-Moros Maríajosé , Rábano Alberto , de Pedro-Cuesta Jesús , Calero Miguel 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
The 14-3-3 test appears to be a valuable aid for the clinical diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) in selected populations. However, its usefulness in routine practice has been challenged. In this study, the influence of the clinical context on the performance of the 14-3-3 test for the diagnosis of sCJD is investigated through the analysis of a large prospective clinical series.

Methods
Six hundred seventy-two Spanish patients with clinically suspected sCJD were analyzed. Clinical classification at sample reception according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) criteria (excluding the 14-3-3 test result) was used to explore the influence of the clinical context on the pre-test probabilities, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of the 14-3-3 test.

Results
Predictive values of the test varied greatly according to the initial clinical classification: PPV of 98.8%, 96.5% and 45.0%, and NPV of 26.1%, 66.6% and 100% for probable sCJDi (n = 115), possible sCJDi (n = 73) and non-sCJDi (n = 484) cases, respectively. According to multivariate and Bayesian analyses, these values represent an improvement of diagnostic certainty compared to clinical data alone.

Conclusion
In three different contexts of sCJD suspicion, the 14-3-3 assay provides useful information complementary to clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) data. The test is most useful supporting a clinical impression, whilst it may show deceptive when it is not in agreement with clinical data.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a mediator of matrix metalloproteinase-2 production in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Pakozdi Angela , Amin Mohammad A , Haas Christian S , Martinez Rita J , Haines G Kenneth , Santos Lanie L , Morand Eric F , David John R , Koch Alisa E 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of bone and cartilage, which is mediated, in part, by synovial fibroblasts. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for matrix degradation. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that induces the production of a large number of proinflammatory molecules and has an important role in the pathogenesis of RA by promoting inflammation and angiogenesis.In the present study, we determined the role of MIF in RA synovial fibroblast MMP production and the underlying signaling mechanisms. We found that MIF induces RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 expression in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. To elucidate the role of MIF in MMP-2 production, we produced zymosan-induced arthritis (ZIA) in MIF gene-deficient and wild-type mice. We found that MMP-2 protein levels were significantly decreased in MIF gene-deficient compared with wild-type mice joint homogenates. The expression of MMP-2 in ZIA was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC revealed that MMP-2 is highly expressed in wild-type compared with MIF gene-deficient mice ZIA joints. Interestingly, synovial lining cells, endothelial cells, and sublining nonlymphoid mononuclear cells expressed MMP-2 in the ZIA synovium. Consistent with these results, in methylated BSA (mBSA) antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), a model of RA, enhanced MMP-2 expression was also observed in wild-type compared with MIF gene-deficient mice joints. To elucidate the signaling mechanisms in MIF-induced MMP-2 upregulation, RA synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with MIF in the presence of signaling inhibitors. We found that MIF-induced RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 upregulation required the protein kinase C (PKC), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Src signaling pathways. We studied the expression of MMP-2 in the presence of PKC isoform-specific inhibitors and found that the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin inhibits MIF-induced RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 production. Consistent with these results, MIF induced phosphorylation of JNK, PKCδ, and c-jun. These results indicate a potential novel role for MIF in tissue destruction in RA.
Insulin Gene Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (INS VNTR) Genotype and Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Obesity
Authors: Santoro Nicola , Cirillo Grazia , Amato Alessandra , Luongo Caterina , Raimondo Paolo , D’Aniello Antonietta , Perrone Laura , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective: The insulin variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism located in the insulin gene promoter (INS VNTR) has been associated with insulin levels in obese children. Hyperinsulinemia is a pivotal factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, an emerging complication in childhood obesity. With the present study, we aimed to test the associations between INS VNTR and the metabolic syndrome in juvenile-onset obesity.
Subjects and Methods: We screened for the INS VNTR in 320 obese children (152 girls; mean age, 11.2 ± 2.3 yr; mean z-score body mass index, 3.6 ± 1.1). All of them underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test; baseline measurements included blood pressure and plasma lipid and fasting insulin levels. By using the data derived from the oral glucose tolerance test, the whole-body insulin sensitivity and the insulinogenic index were calculated.
Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome reached 39%. No differences in INS VNTR genotype distribution were observed between obese subjects and 200 lean, age- and sex-matched children (P = 0.7). Among obese subjects, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in subjects with the I/I genotype (P = 0.006); the risk for developing the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in subjects carrying the I/I genotype (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.9). Obese subjects homozygous for the class I allele showed higher insulin levels and insulinogenic index but lower whole-body insulin sensitivity.
Conclusions: We conclude that the I variant of the insulin promoter, when expressed in homozygotes, can predispose obese children to develop the metabolic syndrome.
Age or Factors Associated with Aging Attenuate Testosterone’s Concentration-Dependent Enhancement of the Regularity of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Healthy Men
Authors: Liu Peter Y. , Takahashi Paul Y. , Roebuck Pamela D. , Veldhuis Johannes D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: Healthy older men have reduced testosterone (Te) production and frequent, small irregular LH pulses. Which is cause and which is effect are not known.
Rationale: In model systems, frequent and irregular LH pulses reflect attenuated feedback inhibition by Te.
Hypothesis: Factors associated with aging impair negative feedback by Te.
Subjects and Setting: Healthy men at an academic medical center were studied.
Methods: The study used quantification of the regularity of LH release patterns during blockade of gonadal steroidogenesis and graded transdermal Te addback in 18 healthy men aged 18–65 yr.
Results: In the cohort as a whole, stepwise Te repletion repressed LH concentrations (P = 0.001) and enhanced the quantifiable orderliness of LH release patterns (P &lt; 0.001). By regression analysis, age attenuated the capability of increasing Te concentrations to regularize LH secretion patterns (P = 0.019). However, after a fixed GnRH stimulus, the effect of Te on LH regularity was invariant of the age factor (P = 0.16), thus pointing to a hypothalamic locus of impaired Te feedback.
Summary: Aging disrupts the capability of systemic Te concentrations to maintain orderly LH secretion under endogenous, but not exogenous, GnRH drive.
Conclusions: Age or factors associated with increased age reduce negative feedback by any given total Te concentration on hypothalamopituitary GnRH-LH outflow, thus contributing to disorderly LH secretion.
A Novel Human Sex-Determining Gene Linked to Xp11.21-11.23
Authors: Rajender Singh , Thangaraj Kumarasamy , Gupta Nalini J. , Leelavathy N. , Rani Deepa Selvi , Nambiar Renjini G. , Kalavathy Vadivelu , Santhiya Sathiyavedu T. , Rajangam Sayee , Gopinath Puthiya M. , Chakravarty Baidyanath , Singh Lalji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractContext: The molecular basis for about 70–80% of 46,XY sex-reversed females remains unexplained, because they carry normal copies of the genes (SRY, SOX9, DAX1, DMRT, SF1, WT1) involved in sex determination pathway.Objective: The objective of this study is to map the chromosomal locus responsible for an unexplained sex-reversed phenotype.Design: The study implemented a genome-wide scan using families with multiple sex-reversed individuals.Setting: The patients, along with the family members, were selected from different hospitals/reproductive centers.Participants: Sex-reversed individuals and their siblings and parents participated in the study.Main Outcome Measures: Identification of the chromosomal locus responsible for sex reversal in these families and sequence analysis of candidate genes were the main outcome measures.Results: Parametric linkage analysis revealed a maximum two-point LOD score of 5.70 with marker DXS991 (Xp11.21) and 4.57 with marker DXS1039 (Xp11.23-Xp11.22), and a multipoint LOD score of 5.77 with marker DXS991 and 5.22 with marker DXS1039. The two markers (DXS991 and DXS1039) with highest LOD score span approximately 3.41 cM (75.79–79.2 cM) on the short arm of the X-chromosome.Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence for a major susceptibility locus for sex reversal/gonadal dysgenesis on the short arm of the X-chromosome (Xp11.21-11.23). Furthermore, molecular exploration of the expression of candidate genes in the embryonic gonad/gonadal ridge will help in the identification of the underlying gene for sex reversal.
The X-Ray Study of Several Reaction Products of Substituted Benzo[1,2:4,5]dicyclobutene. II. 2,7-Di-t-butyl-11,12-dicyano-4,5,9,10-tetraphenyltetracyclo[4.4.2.01.8.03.6]dodeca-2,4,7,9-tetraene
Authors: Tsukada Harumichi , Shimanouchi Hirotaka , Sasada Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
trans-1,2-Dicyanoethylene (DCNE) reacts with substituted benzo[1,2 : 4,5]dicyclobutene (1) to give only one adduct (4), the title compound, whereas tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) gives two isomers. Crystals of 4 are triclinic; space group P\bar1, a=13.505(2), b=14.118(2), c=10.722(1) Å, α=98.87(1), β=102.36(1), γ=111.71(1)° and Z=2. The structure was solved by the direct method and was refined by the block-diagonal least-squares method to the final R factor of 0.055 for 5479 observed reflections. The absence of two cyano groups in 4 makes less steric hindrance than 3. Introducing the empirical parameters, non-bonded interaction energy was calculated for the approaching model of 1 and DCNE. The result well explains the addition of DCNE to the C(1)–C(6) position of 1.
Effects of Salts on the Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Water
Authors: Sanemasa Isao , Haraguchi Kenji , Nagai Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effects of 11 salts, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, NaBr, NaSCN, NaF, NaClO4, KCl, BaCl2, (CH3)4NBr, and (C2H5)4NBr, on the solubility of elemental mercury in water have been studied at 25 °C. Salting coefficients were determined and compared with those predicted by both the McDevit-Long equation and the scaled particle theory (SPT). The McDevit-Long equation gave reasonably good predictions except for NaBr, NaClO4, and NaSCN. SPT is also applicable to prediction of the salt effect when the energy parameter of mercury determined from the Henry law constant of aqueous solubility of mercury vapor is employed. Attempts to predict the effects of tetraalkylammonium salts by SPT failed.
Study of the Mixed Ligand Complexes of Heavy Rare Earth Elements by Electromigration
Authors: Ohyoshi Emiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The formation of the mixed ligand complexes of heavy rare earth elements with α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (AHIB or HA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA or H3L) was studied by electromigration. The equations expressing the zone mobility as a function of the concentrations of the two ligands were derived with or without the mixed ligand complexes, MLA−. The experimental results showed that the MLA− complexes were formed. The formation constants for the Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), Yb(III), and Lu(III) complexes were determined. The results obtained by using the two series of solutions, with varying [L3−] at a constant [A−] and with varying [A−] at a constant [L3−], were in good agreement. The stability trend was in an ordinary decreasing sequence of: Lu&gt;Yb&gt;Tm&gt;Er&gt;Ho&gt;Dy&gt;Tb.
Models for Visual Pigments. The Effect of the Imidazolyl Group on the Absorption Maxima of the Retinal Schiff Base
Authors: Nanasawa Masato , Kamogawa Hiroyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title effect has been investigated with the imidazolyl group either externally added or intramolecularly combined. N-Retinylidenebutylamine was protonated with imidazole derivatives under neutral conditions and was absorbed at longer wavelengths compared with carboxylic acids. The absorption peak with the imidazolyl group intramolecularly combined was highly affected by the structure, protonated Nα-retinylidene-l-histidine octadecylamide having an absorption maximum at 494 nm caused by the inductive effect and the polar imidazolyl group.
The Application of Field-ionization and Field-desorption Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Coal-derived Oil
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Maekawa Yosuke , Higuchi Tetsuo , Kubota Eiji , Itagaki Yasuhiro , Yokoyama Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Field-ionization (FI) and field-desorption (FD) mass-spectroscopic techniques have been applied to the analysis of ring-type fractions of coal-derived oil, obtained by liquid chromatography. These techniques produce only the molecular ion and its isotopic signals, free from fragment ions, of a molecule, consequently the exact molecularweight-distribution profiles of chromatographic fractions. The peak intensities are reproducible within a variation coefficient (σ/\barx) of about 5–8% on repeated runs. The number-average molecular weights (\barMn) of the ring-type fractions, as calculated from the peak intensities, are close to those obtained by means of a vapor-pressure osmometer (VPO). These techniques, on the whole, give reliable mass spectra of coal-derived oil, although the isotope-ion ratios are overestimated compared to the theoretical natural abundances. The group-type analysis of the ring-type fractions has been made on the basis of their mass spectra, and the skeletal structures corresponding to each mass z series have been proposed.
Structure of the Galacturonate and Glucuronate Complexes with Copper(II) in Aqueous Solution. A Calorimetric Study
Authors: Aruga Roberto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Heat and entropy of reaction of copper(II) with galacturonate and glucuronate anions have been determined by calorimetry. The measurements were performed in an aqueous medium at 25 °C and ionic strength I=1 M (NaNO3). The results indicate a bidentate action of the two ligands towards copper. The carboxylate group as well as the oxygen atom of the ring, the latter by means of an outer-sphere electrostatic bond, seem to interact with the cation.
Adsorption of Pyranine onto Cationic Liposomal Membranes as Evidenced by Fluorescence Polarizationt
Authors: Nomura Tadashi , Kondo Hiroki , Sunamoto Junzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A trianionic fluorescent probe, pyranine, was found to bind to positively charged liposomes as evidenced by a linear increase in the fluorescence polarization with the liposome concentration. Addition of perchlorate ion reduced the polarization of fluorescence, suggesting that perchlorate and pyranine compete for the same binding site on the surface of cationic liposomal membranes.
1H NMR Study of Dissociation and Re-association of Apoferritin and Ferritin
Authors: Imai Noboru , Arata Yoji , Fujiwara Shizuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The processes of dissociation and re-association of apoferritin and the protein part of ferritin were investigated by 1H NMR. It was suggested that the re-association of ferritin occurs more easily than that of apoferritin.
An Evaluation of Ion-exchange Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Hara Hirokazu , Okazaki Satoshi , Fujinaga Taitiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The potentiometric response behavior and selectivity characteristics of ion-exchange membrane electrodes have been investigated. Nernstian responses were obtained for inorganic anions such as perchlorate, nitrate, and chloride with each form of Selemion ASV membrane. Highly selective exclusions of the divalent sulfate and large organic sulfonate anions were observed with those membranes.
Studies on the Chlorinated α-Santonins. III. Revised Structure of α-Santonin Chlorohydrin
Authors: Takayanagi Hiroaki , Ogura Haruo , Brian T , McMurry H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The molecular structure of α-santoninchlorohydrin is revised to 5β-chloro-4α-hydroxysantonin from 4α-chloro-5α-hydroxysantonin (Hendrickson and Bogard) by X-ray analysis of the corresponding 5β-chloro-4α-methoxysantonin.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,6,7,8-, 1,3,4,5,6,8-, and 1,2,3,5,6,8-Hexamethoxyxanthene
Authors: Obara Heitaro , Onodera Jun-ichi , Shibata Tsutomu , Shibayama Kimio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three hexamethoxyxanthene isomers, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, 1,3,4,5,6,8-, and 1,2,3,5,6,8-hexamethoxyxanthene, were synthesized from the condensation products of 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone, 2,5-dimethoxyresorcinol, or 1,2,-3,5-benzenetetrol respectively with formaldehyde or ethyl formate.
Azadi-π-methane Rearrangement Involving an Oxime Group
Authors: Nitta Makoto , Kasahara Ichiro , Kobayashi Tomoshige 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photoreaction of exo-6-methoxy-1,5,6-trimethyl or exo-6-methoxy-1,3,5,6-tetramethyltricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-en-8-one oxime underwent azadi-π-methane rearrangement leading to endo-7-methoxy-2,6,7-trimethyl or endo-7-methoxy-1,2,6,7-tetramethyltetracyclo[3.3.0.0.2,804,6]octan-3-one oxime. However, the one-carbon ring enlarged 5,8-dimethyl-9-methylenetricyclo[3.3.1.02,8]nona-3-en-6-one oxime underwent photo-Beckmann rearrangement to afford 5-aza2,6-dimethyl-10-methylenetricyclo[4.3.1.02,9]deca-7-en-4-one.