bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sun's interior metallicity constrained by neutrinos
Authors: Gonzalez Guillermo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Observed solar neutrino fluxes are employed to constrain the interior composition of the Sun. Including the effects of neutrino flavour mixing, the results from Homestake, Sudbury and Gallium experiments constrain the Mg, Si and Fe abundances in the solar interior to be within a factor of 0.89 to 1.34 of the surface values with 68 per cent confidence. If the O and/or Ne abundances are increased in the interior to resolve helioseismic discrepancies with recent standard solar models, then the nominal interior Mg, Si and Fe abundances are constrained to a range of 0.83 to 1.24 relative to the surface. Additional research is needed to determine whether the Sun's interior is metal-poor relative to its surface.
Alcohol dependence and depression: Advance practice nurse interventions
Authors: Fowler Tracey L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurpose: To identify alcohol dependence, depression, and their comorbidity as common health problems in the United States. To emphasize advance practice nurse (APN) interventions including screening, treatment, and outcome evaluations for individuals and their families suffering with alcohol dependence and depression.Data sources: Scientific literature on alcohol dependence, depression, and their comorbidity as well as general systems theory.Conclusions: APNs have the opportunity to successfully intervene with individuals and their family with alcohol dependence, depression, and their comorbidity. These complex health conditions need to be screened for, treated, and evaluated to ensure positive outcomes for the individual and their family system.Implications for practice: APNs are in an excellent position to intervene at every contact with the individual and family with alcohol dependence and depression. Interventions aimed at the individual and family system are detailed in order to assist the individual and family to optimal health.
An exploration of nurse practitioner care to homebound frail elders
Authors: Dick Karen , Frazier Susan C 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurpose:To identify and classify care activities of nurse practitioners (NPs) providing primary care for frail homebound elders and to describe NPs’ perceptions of the outcomes of their care activities.Data sources:Three focus groups were held with 24 NPs with at least 1‐year experience in caring for frail homebound elders to elicit NPs’ descriptions of their practice. In addition, individual interviews with 10 NPs and participant observation of 2 NPs visiting elders in their homes validated the data. The total sample size was 36 NPs. Field notes and audiotapes were transcribed for analysis and coded using Brykczynski’s existing domains and competencies of NP practice.Conclusions:Most of the care activities of NPs providing primary care to frail elders in their home involve management of patient health and illness, case management, and the teaching–coaching function. The NP informants believe that they prevent medication errors, falls, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even death. They reported that they improve their patients’ quality of life and help to provide a peaceful death when death is imminent.Implications for research:Further refinement of the proposed model is needed in order to examine the effectiveness of NP care on clinically relevant patient outcomes.
What is Said, Linguistic Meaning, and Directly Referential Expressions
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhilosophers of language generally distinguish among the lexical or linguistic meaning of the sentence uttered, what is said by an utterance of the sentence, and speaker’s meaning, or what is conveyed by the speaker to her audience. In most views, what is said is the semantic or truth‐conditional content of the utterance, and is irreducible either to the linguistic meaning or to the speaker’s meaning. I will show that those views account badly for people’s intuitions on what is said. I will also argue that no distinguished level of what is said is required, and that the notion of linguistic meaning is best placed to play the role of what is said. This relies on two (possibly controversial) points. First, our intuitions on what is said cannot be detached from the ways in which we talk about what is said, and from the semantics of speech reports and indirect discourse in general. Second, beside what is said, there is an equally important notion of what what‐is‐said is said about, or that about which the speaker is talking. Here are, then, the three ingredients needed for the theory of what is said: linguistic meaning, what is talked about, and the semantics of reported speech.
Two Dogmas of Neo‐Empiricism
Authors: Machery Edouard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article critically examines the contemporary resurgence of empiricism (or “neo‐empiricism”) in philosophy, psychology, neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence. This resurgence is an important and positive development. It is the first time that this centuries‐old empiricist approach to cognition is precisely formulated in the context of cognitive science and neuroscience. Moreover, neo‐empiricists have made several findings that challenge amodal theories of concepts and higher cognition. It is argued, however, that the theoretical foundations of and the empirical evidence for neo‐empiricism are not as strong as is usually claimed by its proponents. The empirical evidence for and against neo‐empiricism is discussed in detail.
Contribution of systemic arterial compliance and systemic vascular resistance to effective arterial elastance changes during exercise in humans
Authors: Otsuki T. , Maeda S. , Iemitsu M. , Saito Y. , Tanimura Y. , Ajisaka R. , Miyauchi T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  Effective arterial elastance (Ea), an index of arterial load, increases with elevations in left ventricular elastance to maximize the efficiency of left ventricular stroke work during exercise. Systemic arterial compliance (C) and vascular resistance (R) are the primary components contributing to Ea, and R plays a greater role in determining Ea at rest. We hypothesized that the contribution of C to Ea increases during exercise to maintain an optimal balance between arterial load and ventricular elastance, and that the increase in Ea is due primarily to a reduction in C.Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions of C and R to Ea during exercise.Methods:  Ea (0.9 × systolic blood pressure/stroke volume), C (stroke volume/pulse pressure), R (mean blood pressure/cardiac output), and cardiac cycle length (T) were measured at rest and during exercise of 40%, 60% and 80% maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) using Doppler echocardiography in 45 healthy men.Results:  Ea did not differ between rest and 40%O2max, but it was greater at 60% and 80%O2max. C markedly decreased during exercise in an exercise intensity‐dependent manner. The changes in R/T during exercise were small, whereas it decreased at 40%O2max and gradually increased at 60% and 80%O2max.Conclusions:  The present results suggest that the contribution of systemic arterial compliance to effective arterial elastance increases during exercise. Therefore, we propose that the increase in arterial load during exercise is mainly driven by a reduction in systemic arterial compliance.
Nonlinear Mechanics of Solids Containing Isolated Voids
Authors: Huang Z. P. , Wang J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ductile fracture of many materials is related to the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids. Also, a material containing voids represents an extreme case of heterogeneous materials. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been devoted to the local deformation mechanisms and macroscopic overall properties of nonlinear materials containing voids. This article presents a critical review of the studies in three interconnected topics in nonlinear mechanics of materials containing isolated voids, namely, the growth of an isolated void in an infinite medium under a remote stress; the macroscopic mechanical behavior of these materials predicted by using a cell model; and bounds and estimates of the overall properties of these materials as a special case of nonlinear composite materials. Emphasis are placed upon analytical and semianalytical approaches for static loading conditions. Both the classical methods and more recent approaches are examined, and some inadequacies in the existing methods are pointed out. In addition to the critical review of the existing methods and results, some new results, including a power-law stress potential for compressible nonlinear materials, are presented and integrated into the pertinent theoretical frameworks. This review article contains 118 references.
Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics and Control in Hamiltonian Formulation
Authors: Zhu W. Q. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe significant advances in nonlinear stochastic dynamics and control in Hamiltonian formulation during the past decade are reviewed. The exact stationary solutions and equivalent nonlinear system method of Gaussian-white -noises excited and dissipated Hamiltonian systems, the stochastic averaging method for quasi Hamiltonian systems, the stochastic stability, stochastic bifurcation, first-passage time and nonlinear stochastic optimal control of quasi Hamiltonian systems are summarized. Possible extension and applications of the theory are pointed out. This review article cites 158 references.
Validity of the inexpensive Stepping Meter in counting steps in free living conditions: a pilot study
Authors: De Cocker K , Cardon G , De Bourdeaudhuij I 
Published: June 2006

Objectives:To evaluate if inexpensive Stepping Meters are valid in counting steps in adults in free living conditions.Methods:For six days, 35 healthy volunteers wore a criterion Yamax Digiwalker and five Stepping Meters every day until all 973 pedometers had been tested. Steps were recorded daily, and the differences between counts from the Digiwalker and the Stepping Meter were expressed as a percentage of the valid value of the Digiwalker step counts. The criterion used to determine if a Stepping Meter was valid was a maximum deviation of 10% from the Digiwalker step counts.Results:A total of 252 (25.9%) Stepping Meters met the criterion, whereas 74.1% made an overestimation or underestimation of more than 10%. In more than one third (36.6%) of the invalid Stepping Meters, the deviation was greater than 50%. Most (64.8%) of the invalid pedometers overestimated the actual steps taken.Conclusions:Inexpensive Stepping Meters cannot be used in community interventions as they will give participants the wrong message.
Surgical treatment of partial tears of the proximal origin of the hamstring muscles
Authors: Lempainen L , Sarimo J , Heikkilä J , Mattila K , Orava S 
Published: June 2006

Background:Hamstring injuries are common especially in athletes. Partial and complete tears of the proximal origin may cause pain and functional loss.Objective:To evaluate the results of surgical treatment for partial proximal hamstring tears.Methods:Between 1994 and 2005, 47 athletes (48 cases, 1 bilateral) with partial proximal hamstring tears were operated on. The cases were retrospectively analysed. Before surgery, 42 of the patients had undergone conservative treatment with unsatisfactory results, whereas in five patients the operation was performed within four weeks of the injury.Results:The mean length of the follow up was 36 months (range 6–72). The result of the operation was rated excellent in 33 cases, good in nine, fair in four, and poor in two. Forty one patients were able to return to their former level of sport after an average of five months (range 1–12).Conclusion:In most cases, excellent or good results can be expected after surgical repair of partial proximal hamstring tears even after conservative treatment has failed.
Biological and prognostic role of acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor (ACPI, cystatin A) in non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Leinonen T , Pirinen R , Böhm J , Johansson R , Rinne A , Weber E , Kosma V-M 
Published: June 2006

Background:Acid cysteine protease inhibitor (ACPI) is an intracellular protein, often linked to neoplastic changes in epithelium and thought to have an inhibitory role in malignant transformation.Aim:To analyse the expression and prognostic role of ACPI in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Method:Histological samples from 199 patients with resected NSCLC were stained immunohistochemically for the expression of ACPI in normal and preneoplastic bronchial epithelium, and in various types of lung carcinomas.Results:A normal bronchial epithelium showed positive staining for ACPI in the basal cells, whereas the upper two-thirds of the dysplastic epithelium was ACPI positive. High staining for ACPI was found in 74% (91/123) of squamous-cell carcinomas, whereas 16% (8/49) of adenocarcinomas and 30% of (8/27) large-cell carcinomas showed the high expression of ACPI (p<0.001). Among squamous-cell carcinomas, low expression of ACPI was correlated with poor tumour differentiation (p = 0.032). In the whole tissue, reduced expression of ACPI was associated with tumour recurrence (p = 0.024). In overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) analyses, the histological type of the tumour (both p<0.001) and stage of the tumour (p = 0.001, p = 0.013, respectively) were related to patient outcome. Low expression of ACPI in tumour cells was associated with poor OS and DFS (p<0.041, p = 0.004, respectively). In multivariate analysis, ACPI did not retain its prognostic value, whereas the traditional factors were the most important prognostic factors.Conclusions:ACPI expression is linked with the malignant transformation of the bronchial epithelium and predicts a risk of tumour recurrence as well as poor rate of survival for the patients. However, ACPI does not have any independent prognostic value in NSCLC.
C-reactive protein in vulnerable coronary plaques
Authors: Norja Silja , Nuutila Lauri , Karhunen Pekka J , Goebeler Sirkka 
Published: June 2006

Background:An increased level of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a known prognostic factor for acute coronary events and sudden cardiac death, and it is associated with coronary calcification. CRP is expressed in coronary arteries, but its role in the development of coronary plaques is unclear.Aim:To investigate CRP immunoreactivity in relation to the severity of coronary artery disease and plaque morphology in human left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD).Methods:A prospective, consecutive autopsy series of 66 patients (mean age 63.4 years) in Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.Results:CRP immunoreactivity was seen in 59% of the cases. In logistic regression analysis with age, sex and body mass index as confounders, CRP immunoreactivity in LAD was associated with >50% stenosis and plaque calcification. All three cases with acute coronary thrombosis due to rupture or erosion of the plaque showed a clear immunopositive reaction. CRP-positive cells were never detected in normal arteries, but were often found in early fibrous plaques (75%) and almost invariably present in the shoulder area of plaques with necrotic core (96%). CRP immunoreactivity adjacent to calcified areas in more stable plaques (71%) was less consistent with one-third of these plaques showing no immunoreactivity.Conclusions:CRP immunoreactivity is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, and especially with unstable coronary plaques. The immunoreactivity could cease at the stable calcified stages of atherosclerosis.
LIE–LAGRANGIAN MODEL FOR REALISTIC HUMAN BIODYNAMICS
Authors: IVANCEVIC VLADIMIR 
Published: June 2006

We present a sophisticated Lagrangian model for anatomically and physiologically realistic human biodynamics (RHB), to accompany the recently reported Hamiltonian formulation.1 The present RHB formulation is designed around three main modules: (i) A Riemannian configuration manifold, composed of gauge Lie groups of constrained 3D rotations and translations, which includes more than 300 degrees of freedom (DOF); (ii) exterior Lagrangian dynamics of the human musculo-skeletal system, including all natural conservative, dissipative and driving forces, powered by 600 equivalent muscles; and (iii) hierarchical nonlinear control, based on an iterative Lie derivative formalism, resembling both spinal reflexes and coordination-control of the human cerebellum. RHB is driven by individual, user supplied musculo-skeletal data. It is modeled in the computer algebra system Mathematica™, simulated in Delphi™ and animated in the 3DS Max™ graphical environment. As an applied example of RHB, we present the full spine simulator, with 150 DOF (25 movable joints each with three constrained rotations and translations), muscular excitation and contraction dynamics, spring-and-damper ligament-like dynamics, spinal-like and cerebellar-like control, and external torques and forces (including inertial, gravitational, viscous, elastic and various types of impacts).
Dispersion of Perfluorocarbon Tracers within the Salt Lake Valley during VTMX 2000
Authors: Fast Jerome D. , Allwine K. Jerry , Dietz Russell N. , Clawson Kirk L. , Torcolini Joel C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Six perfluorocarbon tracer experiments were conducted in Salt Lake City, Utah, during October 2000 as part of the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign. Four tracers were released at different sites to obtain information on dispersion during stable conditions within down-valley flow, canyon outflow, and interacting circulations in the downtown area. Some of the extensive tracer data that were collected are presented in the context of the meteorological field campaign measurements. Tracer measurements at building-top sites in the downtown area and along the lower slopes of the Wasatch Front indicated that vertical mixing processes transported material up to at least 180 m above the valley floor, although model simulations suggest that tracers were transported upward to much higher elevations. Tracer data provided evidence of downward mixing of canyon outflow, upward mixing within down-valley flow, horizontal transport above the surface stable layer, and transport within horizontal eddies produced by the interaction of canyon and down-valley flows. Although point meteorological measurements are useful in evaluating the forecasts produced by mesoscale models, the tracer data provide valuable information on how the time-varying three-dimensional mean and turbulent motions over urban and valley spatial scales affect dispersion. Although the mean tracer transport predicted by the modeling system employed in this study was qualitatively similar to the measurements, improvements are needed in the treatment of turbulent vertical mixing.
Bowing Convective Systems in a Popular Operational Model: Are They for Real?
Authors: Bukovsky Melissa S. , Kain John S. , Baldwin Michael E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBowing, propagating precipitation features that sometimes appear in NCEP's North American Mesoscale model (NAM; formerly called the Eta Model) forecasts are examined. These features are shown to be associated with an unusual convective heating profile generated by the Betts–Miller–Janjić convective parameterization in certain environments. A key component of this profile is a deep layer of cooling in the lower to middle troposphere. This strong cooling tendency induces circulations that favor expansion of parameterized convective activity into nearby grid columns, which can lead to growing, self-perpetuating mesoscale systems under certain conditions. The propagation characteristics of these systems are examined and three contributing mechanisms of propagation are identified. These include a mesoscale downdraft induced by the deep lower-to-middle tropospheric cooling, a convectively induced buoyancy bore, and a boundary layer cold pool that is indirectly produced by the convective scheme in this environment. Each of these mechanisms destabilizes the adjacent atmosphere and decreases convective inhibition in nearby grid columns, promoting new convective development, expansion, and propagation of the larger system. These systems appear to show a poor correspondence with observations of bow echoes on time and space scales that are relevant for regional weather prediction, but they may provide important clues about the propagation mechanisms of real convective systems.
Forecasting Tornadic Thunderstorm Potential in Alberta Using Environmental Sounding Data. Part I: Wind Shear and Buoyancy
Authors: Dupilka Max L. , Reuter Gerhard W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This study investigates, for Alberta, Canada, whether observed sounding parameters such as wind shear and buoyant energy can be used to help distinguish between thunderstorms with significant (F2–F5) tornadoes, thunderstorms with weak (F0–F1) tornadoes, and nontornadic severe thunderstorms. The observational dataset contains 87 severe convective storms, all of which occurred within 200 km of the upper-air site at Stony Plain, Alberta, Canada. Of these storms, 13 spawned significant (F2–F5) tornadoes, 61 spawned weak (F0–F1) tornadoes, and 13 had no reported tornadoes yet produced 3 cm or larger hailstones. The observations suggest that bulk shear contained information about the probability of tornado formation and the intensity of the tornado. Significant tornadic storms tended to have stronger shear values than weak tornadic or nontornadic severe storms. All significant tornado cases had a wind shear magnitude in the 900–500-mb layer exceeding 3 m s−1 km−1. Combining the 900–500-mb shear with the 900–800-mb shear increased the probabilistic guidance for the likelihood of significant tornado occurrence. The data suggest that buoyant energy alone (quantified by the most unstable convective available potential energy) provided no skill in discriminating between tornadic and nontornadic severe storms, or between significant and weak tornadoes.
Detection of Storm Damage Tracks with EOS Data
Authors: Jedlovec Gary J. , Nair Udaysankar , Haines Stephanie L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The damage surveys conducted by the NWS in the aftermath of a reported tornadic event are used to document the location of the tornado ground damage track (pathlength and width) and an estimation of the tornado intensity. This study explores the possibility of using near-real-time medium and high spatial resolution satellite imagery from the NASA Earth Observing System satellites to provide additional information for the surveys. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data were used to study the damage tracks from three tornadic storms: the La Plata, Maryland, storm of 28 April 2002 and the Ellsinore and Marquand, Missouri, storms of 24 April 2002. These storms varied in intensity and occurred over regions with significantly different land cover. It was found that, depending on the nature of the land cover, tornado damage tracks from intense storms (F1 or greater) and hail storms may be evident in ASTER, Landsat, and MODIS satellite imagery. In areas where the land cover is dominated by forests, the scar patterns can show up very clearly, while in areas of grassland and regions with few trees, scar patterns are not as obvious or cannot be seen at all in the satellite imagery. The detection of previously unidentified segments of a damage track caused by the 24 April 2002 Marquand, Missouri, tornado demonstrates the utility of satellite imagery for damage surveys. However, the capability to detect tornado tracks in satellite imagery depends on the ability to observe the ground without obstruction from space and appears to be as much dependent on the nature of the underlying surface and land cover as on the severity of the tornadic storm.