bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Terminal Man—from Science Fiction to Therapy
Authors: Schwartz Theodore H. 
Published: November 2005

Automated Seizure Abatement in Humans Using Electrical Stimulation Osorio I, Frei MG, Sunderam S, Giftakis J, Bhavaraju NC, Schaffner SF, Wilkinson SB Ann Neurol 2005;57:258–268 The need for novel, efficacious, antiseizure therapies is widely acknowledged. This study investigates in humans the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFES; 100–500 Hz) triggered by automated seizure detections. Eight patients were enrolled in this study, which consisted of a control and an experimental phase. HFES was delivered directly to the epileptogenic zone (local closed-loop) in four patients and indirectly, through anterior thalami (remote closed-loop), to the other four patients for every other automated seizure detection made by a validated algorithm. Interphase (control vs. experimental phase) and intraphase (stimulated vs. nonstimulated) comparisons of clinical seizure rate and relative severity (clinical and electrographic) were performed, and differences were assessed by using effect size. Patients were deemed “responders” if seizure rate was reduced by at least 50%; the remaining patients were deemed “nonresponders.” All patients completed the study; rescue medications were not required; 1,491 HFESs (0.2% triggered afterdischarges) were included. Mean change in seizure rate in the local closed-loop group was −55.5% (–100 to +36.8%); three of four responders had a mean change of −86% (–100 to −58.8%). In the remote closed-loop, the mean change of seizure rate was −40.8% (–72.9 to +1.4%); two of four responders had a mean change of −74.3% (–75.6 to −72.9%). Mean effect size was zero in the local closed-loop (responders: beneficial and medium to large in magnitude) and negligible in the remote closed-loop group (responders: beneficial and medium to large). HFES effects on epileptogenic tissue were immediate and also outlasted the stimulation period. This study demonstrates the feasibility and short-term safety of automated HFES for seizure blockage and also raises the possibility that it may be beneficial in pharmacoresistant epilepsies.
Sudden Death and Epilepsy
Authors: Ben-Menachem Elinor 
Published: November 2005

Case–control Study of SUDEP Langan Y, Nashef L, Sander JW Neurology 2005;64:1131–1133 Purpose To examine the influence of various factors on the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Methods The authors investigated 154 cases in which a postmortem examination was performed. Each case had four controls with epilepsy from the community, matched for age and geographic location. Backward stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis was performed, and odds ratios for risk and protection were determined. Results The risk of SUDEP was increased with a history of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in the previous 3 months (odds ratio [OR]: 13.8; 95% CI: 6.6 to 29.1). The presence of supervision at night was found to be protective (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.8) when a supervising individual shared the same bedroom or when special precautions such as a listening device were used (OR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.3). Conclusions This work lends support to the view that SUDEP is a seizure-related phenomenon and that control of tonic–clonic seizures is important in its prevention. Nocturnal supervision seems to protect against SUDEP.
Chronic Cortical Injury and Epileptogensis: A Possible Role for Intracellular Chloride Homeostasis
Authors: Dudek F. Edward , Staley Kevin J. 
Published: November 2005

Impaired Cl– Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically Injured Epileptogenic Neocortex Jin X, Huguenard JR, Prince DA J Neurophysiol 2005;93:2117–2126 In the mature brain, the K+/Cl– cotransporter KCC2 is important in maintaining low [Cl–]i, resulting in hyperpolarizing GABA responses. Decreases in KCC2 after neuronal injuries result in increases in [Cl–]i and enhanced neuronal excitability due to depolarizing GABA responses. We used the gramicidin perforated-patch technique to measure ECl(∼ EGABA) in layer V pyramidal neurons in slices of partially isolated sensorimotor cortex of adult rats to explore the potential functional consequence of KCC2 downregulation in chronically injured cortex. EGABA was measured by recording currents evoked with brief GABA puffs at various membrane potentials. No significant difference was found in ECl between neurons in control and undercut animals (–71.2 ± 2.6 and −71.8 ± 2.8 mV, respectively). However, when loaded with Cl– by applying muscimol puffs at 0.2 Hz for 60 seconds, neurons in the undercut cortex had a significantly shorter time constant for the positive shift in ECl during the Cl– loading phase (4.3 ± 0.5 s for control and 2.2 ± 0.4 s for undercut; p < 0.01). The positive shift in ECl 3 seconds after the beginning of Cl– loading was also significantly larger in the undercut group than in the control, indicating that neurons in undercut cortex were less effective in maintaining low [Cl–]i during repetitive activation of GABAA receptors. Application of furosemide eliminated the difference between the control and undercut groups for both of these measures of [Cl–]i regulation. The results suggest an impairment in Cl– extrusion resulting from decreased KCC2 expression that may reduce the strength of GABAergic inhibition and contribute to epileptogenesis.
Targeting the Brain: Focal Delivery of Natural Anticonvulsant Molecules
Authors: Mazarati Andrey 
Published: November 2005

Seizure Suppression and Lack of Adenosine A1 Receptor Desensitization after Focal Long-term Delivery of Adenosine by Encapsulated Myoblasts Güttinger M, Padrun V, Pralong WF, Boison D Exp Neurol 2005;193:53–64 Adenosine is an important inhibitory modulator of brain activity. In a previous ex vivo gene-therapy approach, local release of adenosine by encapsulated fibroblasts implanted into the vicinity of an epileptic focus was sufficient to provide transient protection from seizures (Huber A, Padrun V, Deglon N, Aebischer P, Mohler H, Boison D. Grafts of adenosine-releasing cells suppress seizures in kindling epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:7611–7616). Long-term seizure suppression beyond 2 weeks was precluded by limited life expectancy of the encapsulated fibroblasts. To study the feasibility for long-term seizure suppression by adenosine-releasing brain implants, in the present contribution, mouse C2C12 myoblasts were engineered to release adenosine by genetic inactivation of adenosine kinase. After encapsulation, the myoblasts were grafted into the lateral brain ventricles of epileptic rats kindled in the hippocampus. Although seizure activity in animals with wild-type implants remained unaltered, 1 week after grafting, all rats with adenosine-releasing implants ( n = 25) displayed complete protection from convulsive seizures and a corresponding reduction of afterdischarges in EEG recordings. The duration of seizure suppression was maintained for a period of 3 weeks in 50% of the animals, ranging to a maximum of 8 weeks in one animal. During the course of these experiments, adenosine A1 receptors remained responsive to selective agonists and antagonists, indicating a lack of desensitization of A1 receptors after local long-term exposure to adenosine. Furthermore, local release of adenosine did not affect locomotor activity, whereas systemic application of the A1 agonist 2-chloro- N6-cyclopentyladenosine caused strong sedation. Thus, the local release of adenosine by cellular implants provides a feasible option for a potential side effect–free approach for the long-term treatment of focal epilepsies.
Scale Effects of Hydrostratigraphy and Recharge Zonation on Base Flow
Authors: Juckem Paul F. , Hunt Randall J. , Anderson Mary P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractUncertainty regarding spatial variations of model parameters often results in the simplifying assumption that parameters are spatially uniform. However, spatial variability may be important in resource assessment and model calibration. In this paper, a methodology is presented for estimating a critical basin size, above which base flows appear to be relatively less sensitive to the spatial distribution of recharge and hydraulic conductivity, and below which base flows are relatively more sensitive to this spatial variability. Application of the method is illustrated for a watershed that exhibits distinct infiltration patterns and hydrostratigraphic layering. A ground water flow model (MODFLOW) and a parameter estimation code (UCODE) were used to evaluate the influence of recharge zonation and hydrostratigraphic layering on base flow distribution. Optimization after removing spatial recharge variability from the calibrated model altered base flow simulations up to 53% in watersheds smaller than 40 km2. Merging six hydrostratigraphic units into one unit with average properties increased base flow residuals up to 83% in basins smaller than 50 km2. Base flow residuals changed <5% in watersheds larger than 40 and 50 km2 when recharge and hydrostratigraphy were simplified, respectively; thus, the critical basin size for the example area is ∼40 to 50 km2. Once identified for an area, a critical basin size could be used to guide the scale of future investigations. By ensuring that parameter discretization needed to capture base flow distribution is commensurate with the scope of the investigation, uncertainty caused by overextending uniform parameterization or by estimating extra parameter values is reduced.
Fatigue Test Data for Welded Connections in Ship-Shaped Structures
Authors: Kim W. S. , Lotsberg I. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Five different specimens representing different typical welded connections in ship-shaped structures were fatigue-tested by HHI in Korea. The test data from the five different specimens for one loading condition were transferred into one hot spot S-N diagram. It was observed that two of the data series plotted rather high in the S-N diagram as compared with the other three test series. The reason for this was questioned. It was decided to test a few specimens at another test laboratory for verification of the test data. The same types of specimens were fabricated by HHI and shipped to Oslo and fatigue-tested in the laboratories of DNV. The results from this fatigue testing are presented in this paper in addition to the original fatigue test data from HHI.
A Tribute to S. S. Stevens
Authors: Rosenblith Walter A. 
Published: November 2005

On January 18, 1973, S. Smith Stevens, Professor of Psychophysics at Harvard University, died at the age of 66. A last-minute change was made in the program of the 85th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America to include a session in Stevens's honor. The texts of the four papers outlining Stevens's contributions to science as researcher, philosopher, and educator are published here. The April 1973 issue of this journal contains an obituary by Hallowell Davis that tells more about Stevens's life.
Provost Walter A. Rosenblith of the Massachuseits Institute of Technology served as Chairman of the session. His opening and closing remarks are presented in the following paragraphs.
Deductive databases
Authors: Ullman Jeffrey D. , Zaniolo Carlo 
Published: November 2005

In the recent years, Deductive Databases have been the focus of intense research, which has brought dramatic advances in theory, systems and applications. A salient feature of deductive databases is their capability of supporting a declarative, rule-based style of expressing queries and applications on databases. As such, they find applications in disparate areas, such as knowledge mining from databases, and computer-aided design and manufacturing systems.
In this paper, we briefly review the key concepts behind deductive databases and their newly developed enabling technology. Then, we describe current research on extending the functionality and usability of deductive databases and on providing a synthesis of deductive databases with procedural and object-oriented approaches.
Database research at IPSI
Authors: Neuhold Erich , Turau Volker 
Published: November 2005

At the Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute (IPSI) of the GMD (Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung) database research is focused towards distributed database management systems to support the integration of heterogeneous multi-media information bases needed in an integrated publishing environment. The objective is to investigate advanced object-oriented and active data modelling concepts together with the principles of distributed data stores and data management. The unifying basis for the database research is the object-oriented data model VML developed in the project VODAK over the last four years. The data model is based on recursively defined meta classes, classes and instance hierarchies paired with a strict separation of structural and operational definitions in a polymorphic type system.
This report describes the highlights of the work on the VODAK database system, the research efforts in heterogeneous database integration and the research plans of the multimedia database project as well as applications of our system in different environments such as hypertext and office automation.
A performance analysis of alternative multi-attribute declustering strategies
Authors: Ghandeharizadeh Shahram , DeWitt David J. , Qureshi Waheed 
Published: November 2005

During the past decade, parallel database systems have gained increased popularity due to their high performance, scalability and availability characteristics. With the predicted future database sizes and the complexity of queries, the scalability of these systems to hundreds and thousands of processors is essential for satisfying the projected demand. Several studies have repeatedly demonstrated that both the performance and scalability of a paralel database system is contingent on the physical layout of data across the processors of the system. If the data is not declustered properly, the execution of an operator might waste resources, reducing the overall processing capability of the system.
With earlier, single attribute declustering strategies, such as those found in Tandem, Teradata, Gamma, and Bubba parallel database systems, a selection query including a range predicate on any attribute other than the partitioning attribute must be sent to all processors containing tuples of the relation. By directing a query with minimal resource requirements to processors that contain no relevant tuples, the system wastes CPU cycles, communication bandwidth, and I/O bandwidth, reducing its overall processing capability. As a solution, several multi-attribute declustering strategies have been proposed. However, the performance of these declustering techniques have not previously been compared to one another nor with a single attribute partitioning strategy. This paper, compares the performance of Multi-Attribute GrId deClustering (MAGIC) strategy and Bubba's Extended Range Declustering (BERD) strategy with one another and with the range partitioning strategy. Our results indicate that MAGIC outperforms both range and BERD in all experiments conducted in this study.
Database compression
Authors: Roth Mark A. , Van Horn Scott J. 
Published: November 2005

Despite the fact that computer memory costs have decreased dramatically over the past few years, data storage still remains, and will probably always remain, an important cost factor for many large scale database applications. Compressing data in a database system is attractive for two reasons: data storage reduction and performance improvement. Storage reduction is a direct and obvious benefit, while performance improves because smaller amounts of physical data need to be moved for any particular operation on the database.We address several aspects of reversible data compression and compression techniques:general concepts of data compression;a number of compression techniques;a comparison of the effects of compression on common data types;advantages and disadvantages of compressing data; andfuture research needs.
Options in physical database design
Authors: Graefe Goetz 
Published: November 2005

A cornerstone of modern database systems is physical data independence, i.e., the separation of a type and its associated operations from its physical representation in memory and on storage media. Users manipulate and query data at the logical level; the DBMS translates these logical operations to operations on files, indices, records, and disks. The efficiency of these physical operations depends very much on the choice of data representations.
Choosing a physical representation for a logical database is called physical database design. The number of possible choices in physical database design is very large; moreover, they very often interact with each other. We attempt to list and classify these choices and to explore their interactions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of possible options to the DBMS developer and some guidance to the DBMS administrator and user.
While much of our discussion will draw on the relational data model, physical database design is of even more importance for object-oriented and extensible systems. The reasons are simple: First, the number of logical data types and their operations is larger, requiring and permitting more choices for their representation. Second, the state of the art in query optimization for these systems is much less developed than for relational systems, making careful physical database design even more imperative for object-oriented database systems.
MoodView
Authors: Arpinar İsmailcem Budak , Doğaç Asuman , Evrendilek Cem 
Published: November 2005

OODBMSs need more than declarative query languages and programming languages as their interfaces since they are designed and implemented for complex applications requiring more advanced and easy to use visual interfaces. We have developed a complete programming environment for this purpose, called MoodView. MoodView translates all the user actions performed through its graphical interface to SQL statements and therefore it can be ported onto any object-oriented database systems using SQL.
MoodView provides the database programmer with tools and functionalities for every phase of object oriented database application development. Current version of MoodView allows a database user to design, browse, and modify database schema interactively and to display class inheritance hierarchy as a directed acyclic graph. MoodView can automatically generate graphical displays for complex and multimedia database objects which can be updated through the object browser. Furthermore, a database administration tool, a full screen text-editor, a SQL based query manager, and a graphical indexing tool for the spatial data, i.e., R Trees are also implemented.
The multimedia object presentation manager of MINOS: a symmetric approach
Authors: Christodoulakis S. , Ho F. , Theodoridou M. 
Published: November 2005

Large multimedia data bases become feasible due to recent advances in hardware technology. A very important component of multimedia data base management systems will be the presentation manager which will be responsible for effective multimedia presentation and browsing on the screen of workstations.
In this paper we present the functions provided for multimedia presentation and browsing in MINOS, a multimedia information system. The presentation and browsing capabilities provided make effective use of the capabilities of a modern workstation to increase the man-machine communication bandwidth. We regard voice as an important means of communication. Symmetric capabilities for text and voice browsing are provided.
AlphaSort
Authors: Nyberg Chris , Barclay Tom , Cvetanovic Zarka , Gray Jim , Lomet Dave 
Published: November 2005

A new sort algorithm, called AlphaSort, demonstrates that commodity processors and disks can handle commercial batch workloads. Using Alpha AXP processors, commodity memory, and arrays of SCSI disks, AlphaSort runs the industry-standard sort benchmark in seven seconds. This beats the best published record on a 32-cpu 32-disk Hypercube by 8:1. On another benchmark, AlphaSort sorted more than a gigabyte in a minute.
AlphaSort is a cache-sensitive memory-intensive sort algorithm. It uses file striping to get high disk bandwidth. It uses QuickSort to generate runs and uses replacement-selection to merge the runs. It uses shared memory multiprocessors to break the sort into subsort chores.
Because startup times are becoming a significant part of the total time, we propose two new benchmarks: (1) Minutesort: how much can you sort in a minute, and (2) DollarSort: how much can you sort for a dollar.
Distributed file organization with scalable cost/performance
Authors: Vingralek Radek , Breitbart Yuri , Weikum Gerhard 
Published: November 2005

This paper presents a distributed file organization for record-structured, disk-resident files with key-based exact-match access. The file is organized into buckets that are spread across multiple servers, where a server may hold multiple buckets. Client requests are serviced by mapping keys onto buckets and looking up the corresponding server in an address table. Dynamic growth in terms of file size and access load is supported by bucket splits and migration onto other existing or newly acquired servers.
The significant and challenging problem addressed here is how to achieve scalability so that both the file size and the client throughput can be scaled up by linearly increasing the number of servers and dynamically redistributing data. Unlike previous work with similar objectives, our data redistribution considers explicitly the cost/performance ratio of the system by aiming to minimize the number of servers that are acquired to provide the required performance. A new server is acquired only if the overall server utilization in the system does not drop below a specified threshold. Preliminary simulation results show that the goal of scalability with controlled cost/performance is indeed achieved to a large extent.
Database buffer size investigation for OLTP workloads
Authors: Tsuei Thin-Fong , Packer Allan N. , Ko Keng-Tai 
Published: November 2005

It is generally accepted that On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems benefit from large database memory buffers. As enterprise database systems become larger and more complex, hardware vendors are building increasingly large systems capable of supporting huge memory configurations. Database vendors in turn are developing buffer schemes to exploit this physical memory.
How much will these developments benefit OLTP workloads? Through empirical studies on databases sized comparably to those seen in the real-world, this paper presents the characteristics of an industry-standard OLTP benchmark as memory buffer size changes. We design the experiments to investigate how the database size, the buffer size and the number of CPUs impact performance, in particular the throughput and the buffer hit rate on Symmetric Multiprocessor Systems. The relationships of these major database attributes are plotted and key observations are summarized. We discuss how these relationships change as the number of CPUs changes. We further quantify the relationships: 1) between database buffer data hit rate, buffer size and database size, 2) between throughput, buffer data hit rate and database size and 3) between throughput and number of CPUs. Algorithms, rules-of-thumb and examples are presented for predicting performance, sizing memory and making trade-offs between adding more memory and increasing the number of CPUs.