bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Precipitation Upgradient from a Zero‐Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier
Authors: Johnson R.L. , Thoms R.B. , O’Brien Johnson R. , Nurmi J.T. , Tratnyek P.G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCore samples taken from a zero‐valent iron permeable reactive barrier (ZVI PRB) at Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant, Nebraska, were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. Precipitates containing iron and sulfide were present at much higher concentrations in native aquifer materials just upgradient of the PRB than in the PRB itself. Sulfur mass balance on core solids coupled with trends in ground water sulfate concentrations indicates that the average ground water flow after 20 months of PRB operation was approximately twenty fold less than the regional ground water velocity. Transport and reaction modeling of the aquifer PRB interface suggests that, at the calculated velocity, both iron and hydrogen could diffuse upgradient against ground water flow and thereby contribute to precipitation in the native aquifer materials. The initial hydraulic conductivity (K) of the native materials is less than that of the PRB and, given the observed precipitation in the upgradient native materials, it is likely that K reduction occurred upgradient to rather than within the PRB. Although not directly implicated, guar gum used during installation of the PRB is believed to have played a role in the precipitation and flow reduction processes by enhancing microbial activity.
Optimizing Ground Water Observation Networks in Irrigation Areas Using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Khan S. , Chen H. F. , Rana T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGround water monitoring networks can provide vital information for sustainable water resources management. This involves the measurement of ground water level, solute concentration, or both. This article deals with the former. It optimizes network distribution of piezometer or data sampling wells to effectively monitor ground water levels under an irrigation region while retaining adequate overall measurement accuracy. This article presents a structured process for applying principal component analysis (PCA) in optimizing a ground water monitoring network in an irrigation area of Australia. The PCA functions, distributed with the MATLAB package, were used to determine relative contributions of individual piezometers in capturing the spatiotemporal variation of ground water levels. Kriging gridding interpolation algorithm was used to render the data surface presentations and determine spatial differences in piezometeric surfaces using different number of data sets. The results show that the overall difference of ground water level between the original piezometer network and the optimized networks after the PCA process was applied is less than 20%, while the total number of piezometers in the optimized network is reduced by 63%, which will save the time and cost to monitor ground water levels in the irrigation area.
Nitrate Removal Rates in a 15‐Year‐Old Permeable Reactive Barrier Treating Septic System Nitrate
Authors: Robertson W.D. , Vogan J.L. , Lombardo P.S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPermeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have gained popularity in recent years as a low‐cost method for ground water remediation. However, their cost advantage usually requires that these barriers remain maintenance free for a number of years after installation. In this study, sediment cores were retrieved from a pilot‐scale PRB consisting of a sand and wood particle (sawdust) mixture that has been in continuous operation for 15 years treating nitrate from a septic system plume in southern Ontario (Long Point site). Reaction rates for the 15‐year‐old media were measured in dynamic flow column tests and were compared to rates measured in year 1 using the same reactive mixture. Nitrate removal rates in the 15‐year‐old media varied, as expected, with temperature in the range of 0.22 to 1.1 mg N/L/d at 6 °C to 10 °C to 3.5 to 6.0 mg N/L/d at 20 °C to 22 °C. The latter rates remained within about 50% of the year 1 rates (10.2 ± 2.7 mg N/L/d at 22 °C). Near the end of the year 15 column test, media particles >0.5 mm in diameter, containing most of the wood particles, were removed from the reactive media by sieving. Nitrate removal subsequently declined by about 80%, indicating that the wood particles were the principal energy source for denitrification. This example shows that some denitrifying PRBs can remain maintenance free and be adequately reactive for decades.
Origin and Fate of Industrial Ammonium in Anoxic Ground Water—15N Evidence for Anaerobic Oxidation (Anammox)
Authors: Clark Ian , Timlin Robert , Bourbonnais Annie , Jones Katie , Lafleur Dennis , Wickens Kevin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractElevated ammonium concentrations in pump‐and‐treat effluent from a volatile organic compounds–contaminated municipal aquifer originate from two industrial sources: infiltration of drainage from the blending operations of a fertilizer company (FC) located in the recharge area ( of 500 to 700 parts per million [ppm] N and of 150 to 300 ppm N) and leakage from waste water treatment ponds maintained by an adjacent chemical company (CC) ( of 50 to 70 ppm N, with no ). Geochemical and isotope data are used to trace the mechanisms for the strong attenuation observed between the source areas and the municipal ground water treatment wells ( < 10 ppm N). Conservative mixing calculations demonstrate a loss of and along the flowpath relative to K+ and Cl−. Reactive loss of in these anoxic ground water is attributed to anaerobic oxidation by anammox bacteria. Lines of evidence leading to this conclusion include (1) loss of both and under anoxic conditions along the flowpath; (2) a progressive enrichment of and , indicating reactive loss of ammonium and nitrate; (3) values greater than coexisting , which precludes loss by nitrification to ; and (4) significant N2 overpressuring with increasing values. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria uses nitrate as the electron donor: . The recently discovered anammox reaction is more energetically favorable than denitrification and is now considered to play a major role in the global nitrogen cycle. It has been observed in waste water bioreactors and sea water but not previously in ground water.
Medieval Jewish Biblical Commentaries and the State ofParshanutStudies
Authors: Kalman Jason 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article surveys recent developments in the field ofParshanutstudies. It explores the editing, publication, and translation of new text editions of medieval commentaries and provides an overview of current debates concerning the development of Karaite exegesis and the school ofpeshatcommentary in Northern France. Using a case study of medieval Jewish commentaries on the book of Job it highlights those biblical exegetes who are currently receiving scholarly attention and the types of questions being asked about them and the works they composed. Finally, some topics for future research are highlighted.
Midrash and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Kern‐Ulmer Rivka 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMidrash is the particular mode of interpreting the Hebrew Bible that was developed by the rabbis of late antiquity in the Land of Israel. Midrash rendered Scripture relevant to the needs of a specific period in time. Definitions of midrash, the scope of midrashic activity, and its applicability to multiple interpretive strategies are widely disputed among scholars. This essay examines inner‐biblical interpretation, definitions of midrash, midrash scholarship, classifications of midrash, the boundaries of the genre midrash, midrasic exegesis, and various theological assumptions of midrash.
On the Syntax and Semantics of Evidentials
Authors: Speas Peggy 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn some languages, every declarative sentence includes a morpheme specifying the speaker's evidence or source of information. This article provides an overview of the central theoretical questions addressed in recent research on Evidential morphemes. First, I discuss the question of whether Evidentials constitute a coherent closed‐class system, independent of other systems of grammar. Next, I briefly consider the evidence for an Evidential head in the syntactic representation. Finally, I review the ways in which Evidentials resemble and differ from epistemic modals.
Evolution, Path Dependence and Economic Geography
Authors: MacKinnon Danny 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article provides a review of research on evolution and path dependence in economic geography. While economic geographers have long been interested in regional economic change, the period since the early 1990s has witnessed a more explicit concern with questions of evolution and adaptation. Indeed, the notion that the economic landscape is ‘path‐dependent’ has been described as one of the most exciting ideas in economic geography. Evolutionary economic geography (EEG) can be seen as comprised of two main strands of literature, focusing on: path dependency, institutions and lock‐in; and evolution, routines and complexity. Rather than viewing EEG as a separate enterprise, I suggest that there is a need to link evolution to institutional and political economy approaches within a theoretically plural economic geography. After outlining the contribution of evolutionary economics and the two key strands of EEG, the article discusses some key issues for evolutionary research in economic geography.
Non‐Native Plant Invasion of the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Gillespie Thomas W. , Chu Jasmine , Pau Stephanie 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Hawaiian Islands hold a unique geographic position that has resulted in plant species with remarkable evolutionary adaptations to island life as well as the highest proportion of plant endemism (90%) in the world. Polynesians and Europeans significantly reduced the extent of native vegetation types, and Europeans introduced non‐native plants that have become highly invasive. The Hawaiian Islands have been extremely susceptible to invasion due to the fact that they are oceanic islands; they contain low intensities of competition; they have altered disturbance regimes; and a relatively short time has passed since non‐native plant introductions, suggesting that the situation can only get worse. African grasses, Leucaena leucocephala, Psidium sp., Miconia calvescens, and Schinus terebinthifolius, are some of the most aggressive invasive plant species in the Hawaiian Islands. Species databases, remote sensing methods, and geographic information system analyses are currently being developed and will be extremely important for identifying the extent and threat of invasive plants. The three main methods of invasive plant removal include manual/mechanical removal, herbicide application, and biological controls. A number of federal, state, and non‐profit organizations are involved with the management of invasive plant species in the Hawaiian Islands. However, much more attention must be paid to protecting some of the most unique and endangered ecosystems on the planet.
Ultraviolet Radiation as a Limiting Factor in Leaf Expansion and Development
Authors: Wargent Jason J. , Moore Jason P. , Roland Ennos A. , Paul Nigel D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractReductions in leaf growth are a commonly observed response to ultraviolet radiation, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study examined the response of leaves exposed to a UV environment across a range of organizational scales, including leaf expansion rate, epidermal cell size and number, biomechanical properties, leaf–water relations and activity of cell‐wall peroxidases. Two experimental approaches were used; Lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.) plants were propagated under (a) supplementary UV‐B (9 kJ m−2 day−1) in controlled environment (CE) conditions, and (b) field conditions, where plants were placed under three horticultural films with differing UV transmissions. In both experiments, UV‐B caused the greatest reductions in leaf expansion and final leaf size, with some reductions attributable to UV‐A wavelengths. In supplementary UV‐B conditions, adaxial cell size was reduced, while in field plants, both cell size and cell number were lower in an increased UV environment, as was the case with abaxial cells in CE plants. Although leaf turgor and leaf extensibility were not affected by UV wavelengths, breaking strain of leaf tissue was decreased under supplementary UV‐B. Cell‐wall peroxidase activity was increased in both supplementary UV conditions and in the field, where only a zero UV environment showed no upregulation of cell‐wall peroxidase.
Antithrombin effect on coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles after living donor liver transplantation: a pilot study
Authors: KANEKO J. , SUGAWARA Y. , TAMURA S. , TOGASHI J. , MATSUI Y. , MAKUUCHI M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEarly after liver transplantation, patients are in a hypercoagulable state because of an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis because of the slow recovery of depleted anticoagulant proteins. Antithrombin (AT) is used in anticoagulant protocols to prevent thrombosis. The subjects of the present study were 17 men and eight women that underwent living donor liver transplantation. The initial 15 cases were administered AT concentrate (1500 U/day) on postoperative days (POD) 1 through 3 (AT group) and the following 10 consecutive cases were not administered AT (control). AT, thrombin‐AT complex, plasmin‐alpha2 plasmin inhibitor complex, thrombomodulin, fibrin degradation product D‐dimer (FDP‐DD) level, prothrombin time international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, and platelet counts were measured. In the AT group, AT activity was maintained at levels >80% for 5 days after transplantation. In the control group, AT activity did not return to normal during the first 2 weeks after the operation. FDP‐DD levels were significantly higher in the control group than in the AT group (P < 0.05). Six patients in the control group and three patients in the AT group required transfusions with platelet concentrate (P < 0.05). AT supplementation might reduce FDP‐DD levels and prevent decreased platelet counts in the early stages after liver transplantation.
Fourteen new di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the critically endangered Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
Authors: SHARMA R. , STUCKAS H. , MOLL K. , KHAN I. , BHASKAR R. , GOYAL S. P. , TIEDEMANN R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe describe 11 dinucleotide and three tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the critically endangered Indian tiger,Panthera tigris tigris. All of them were polymorphic with four to nine alleles per locus and an observed heterozygosity between 0.13 and 1.0. All primers also amplify microsatellite loci in leopard,Panthera pardus,and 12 primer pairs yielded reproducible results in domestic cat,Felis catus.These new microsatellites specifically developed for Indian tiger — in combination with those already available — comprise a reasonable number of loci to genetically analyse wild and captive populations of this illustrative species and might allow for recognition of individual tigers.
Development of nine microsatellite markers for Pomacentrus amboinensis
Authors: JONES DAVID B. , JERRY DEAN R. , MCCORMICK MARK I. , BAY LINE K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe relatively long pelagic larval duration of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a tropical fish, suggests the potential for long‐distance dispersal; however, several nongenetic studies have found substantial self‐recruitment at one location. To analyse patterns of connectivity of this species, primers for nine independent microsatellite loci were developed for P. amboinensis using a magnetic bead enrichment protocol. Twenty individuals from one location were analysed and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.7 to 0.95. Eight of nine loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and no evidence of linkage or null alleles were found.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say)
Authors: SCHEMERHORN BRANDON J. , CRANE YAN M. , MORTON PHILIP K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA microsatellite library was prepared from size‐selected genomic DNA of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor). Approximately 81% of recovered clones hybridized with microsatellite motif‐specific probes. Subsequently, 2350 clones were sequenced. Sixty‐two individual flies from laboratory strains were used to test for reliability and polymorphism in 50 of the microsatellites by gel electrophoresis; 18 were further tested with capillary electrophoresis. Of these, 17 behaved as a polymorphic single locus appropriate for population analysis.
Beyond Politics and Positions: A Call for Collaboration Between Family Court and Domestic Violence Professionals
Authors: Salem Peter , Dunford‐Jackson Billie Lee 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThe domestic violence advocacy and family court communities have each grown dramatically over the last three decades. Although these professional communities share many values in common, they often find themselves at odds with one another on a host of issues. This article examines the practical, political, definitional, and ideological differences between the two communities and calls for them to join forces and collaborate on behalf of children and families.
In vitro heparinization of canine whole blood with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) significantly and dose‐dependently prolongs heparinase‐modified tissue factor‐activated thromboelastography parameters and prothrombinase‐induced clotting time
Authors: Jessen Lisbeth R. , Wiinberg Bo , Jensen Asger L. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Jensen Kate H. , Pedersen Lotte B. , Kristensen Annemarie T. 
Published: August 2008

Background: Low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) is being used increasingly in veterinary medicine for both treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease, but no predictable patient‐side method exists to monitor its effect.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) and prothombinase‐induced clotting time (PiCT) assays for detecting hemostatic alterations following in vitro heparinization of canine whole blood with dalteparin (Fragmin).Methods: Citrated whole‐blood samples were collected from 7 clinically healthy dogs. Dalteparin was added at concentrations of 0, 0.156, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 U/mL of whole blood. TEG was performed using heparinase cups with tissue factor (TF, 1:50,000) and kaolin as activators. Reaction time (R), clotting time (K), angle (α), and maximum amplitude (MA) were recorded. PiCT and anti‐FXa activity were measured in plasma.Results: With TF, increasing concentrations of dalteparin significantly prolonged R and K and significantly decreased α and MA. K, α, and MA ratios were significantly different from baseline at all dalteparin concentrations and R was significantly different from baseline at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 U/mL. With kaolin, only R was significantly different from baseline at dalteparin concentrations of 0.625 and 2.5 U/mL. PiCT detected dalteparin concentrations ≤ 0.625 U/mL, with a good linear correlation (r2=.96, P<.0001).Conclusion: These results suggest that TF‐activated TEG and PiCT assays should be further evaluated as promising new methods for evaluating the effect of LMWH, using doses in the recommended clinical range and prospective clinical studies.
Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of a Rigid Rotor Supported by Hydrostatic
Squeeze Film Dampers
Authors: Bouzidane A. , Thomas M. , Lakis A. A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This research project aims to study the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a rigid rotor supported by hydrostatic squeeze film dampers (HSFDs). The investigated HSFD consists of four hydrostatic bearing flat pads fed by capillary restrictors. A nonlinear hydrostatic squeeze film damper model is developed, and the results are compared with those obtained using a linear approach. The effect of unbalance eccentricity on the vibration response and the transmitted force of the HSFD are investigated using the linear and nonlinear models. The results show good agreement between the linear and nonlinear methods when the unbalance force is small. However, as the unbalance forces become larger, the results obtained using the linear models cease to be representative of the real behavior of rotor dynamics and a nonlinear approach must be conducted. The effects of supply pressure, viscosity, pressure ratio, and rotational speed on the response and the force transmitted to the HSFD are investigated using a nonlinear approach.
Scale Effects in Generalized Newtonian Elastohydrodynamic Films
Authors: Kudish Ilya I. , Kumar P. , Khonsari M. M. , Bair Scott 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The estimation or prediction of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film thickness requires knowledge of the lubricant properties. Today, in many instances, the lubricant properties have been obtained from a measurement of the central film thickness and the assumption of a classical Newtonian film-thickness formula. This technique has the practical advantage of using an effective pressure-viscosity coefficient, which compensates for shear-thinning. We have shown by a perturbation analysis of limiting cases for fluid with Carreau rheology (represented by Newtonian and power fluid) and by a full EHL numerical solution for Carreau fluid that the practice of extrapolating from a laboratory scale measurement of film thickness to the film thickness of an operating contact may substantially overestimate the film thickness in the real machine if the machine scale is smaller and the lubricant is shear-thinning within the inlet zone. The intention here is to show that errors result from extrapolation of Newtonian formulas to different scale and not to provide advice regarding quantitative engineering calculations.
GROUPS WHOSE GEODESICS ARE LOCALLY TESTABLE
Authors: HERMILLER SUSAN , HOLT DEREK F. , REES SARAH 
Published: August 2008

A regular set of words is (k-)locally testable if membership of a word in the set is determined by the nature of its subwords of some bounded length k. In this article we study groups for which the set of all geodesic words with respect to some generating set is (k-)locally testable, and we call such groups (k-)locally testable. We show that a group is 1-locally testable if and only if it is free abelian. We show that the class of (k-)locally testable groups is closed under taking finite direct products. We show also that a locally testable group has finitely many conjugacy classes of torsion elements. Our work involved computer investigations of specific groups, for which purpose we implemented an algorithm in GAP to compute a finite state automaton with language equal to the set of all geodesics of a group (assuming that this language is regular), starting from a shortlex automatic structure. We provide a brief description of that algorithm.