bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the asymptotic stability of steady solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations in unbounded domains
Authors: Crispo Francesca , Tartaglione Alfonsina 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe consider the problem of the asymptotic behaviour in the L2‐norm of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. We consider perturbations to the rest state and to stationary motions. In both cases we study the initial‐boundary value problem in unbounded domains with non‐compact boundary. In particular, we deal with domains with varying and possibly divergent exits to infinity and aperture domains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis and interpretation of cognitive interviews for instrument development
Authors: Knafl Kathleen , Deatrick Janet , Gallo Agatha , Holcombe Gwynne , Bakitas Marie , Dixon Jane , Grey Margaret 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCognitive interviews assess respondents' understanding of questionnaire items and are increasingly used to improve instrument design. Although investigators have described the contributions of cognitive interviews for instrument development, few guidelines are available for analyzing data from cognitive interviews when they are used for that purpose. In this article we address the development and application of analytic strategies for summarizing, interpreting, and using data from cognitive interviews that were conducted during the process of creating a measure of parental management of childhood chronic conditions. We discuss the contribution of cognitive interviews to establishing content validity and address the importance of developing standardized guidelines for analyzing and interpreting cognitive interviews in order to maximize their usefulness for instrument development. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 224–234, 2007
Study of polystyrene/titanium dioxide nanocomposites via melt compounding for optical applications
Authors: Chandra Alexander , Turng Lih‐Sheng , Gong Shaoqin , Hall David C. , Caulfield Daniel F. , Yang Hsinjin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article presents the study of melt compounding of polystyrene (PS) with various types of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and surfactants, using a corotating twin screw extruder with multiple screw element configurations. It was found that a properly designed high shear screw configuration and the copolymer of silicone, ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide‐based surfactant produced the greatest degree of nanoparticle dispersion in PS/TiO2 nanocomposites, whereas a silane‐based surfactant and silicon dioxide (SiO2) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) coated TiO2 nanoparticles yielded nanocomposites with the least photocatalytic degradation effects and the best retention of tensile and impact properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:241–250, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastic Engineers
Studies of oligomers by gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Barson C. A. , Robb J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe photoinitiated reactions of bromotrichloromethane and of carbon tetrabromide on styrene, and of bromotrichloromethane on methyl methacrylate have been studied. The products have been analysed by gel permeation chromatography and the transfer constants for the first few steps in the polymerisations have been determined; some Arrhenius parameters have also been found. The processes may provide a synthetic route to a number of oligomers which are difficult to form by other methods.
Action of light on dyes in polymer materials
Authors: Egerton G. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSome of the general features of the way in which the nature of the polymer substrate influences the fading of dyes by light are briefly surveyed. The effects of oxygen, water vapour and atmospheric contaminants are considered in particular. It is suggested that singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide vapour play an important role in the fading of many dyes.
Polythiocarbamate polymers II.—Optimum conditions for synthesis
Authors: Hastings G. W. , Johnston D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolythiocarbamate polymers have been prepared from a prepolymer containing terminal isocyanate groups, obtained from reaction of a low molecular weight thiol‐terminated polymer with a diisocyanate. The prepolymer was chain extended and crosslinked with diols. and triols. Optimum conditions for prepolymer formation were established. Void formation in prepolymer is avoided by use of antioxidants but is difficult to prevent in the crosslinked material. Isocyanate appeared to be consumed in a reaction other than directly with thiol, and a water‐forming oxidation may be involved. A crosslinking reaction involving the thiocarbamate hydrogen and isocyanate appears to be favoured, contrary to results with carbamates. The nature of an isocyanate and catalyst complex is discussed.
Operation of a 27‐m3 biopile for the treatment of petroleum‐contaminated soil
Authors: Iturbe Rosario , Flores Carlos , Torres Luis G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoil and groundwater contamination due to petroleum hydrocarbon spills is a frequent problem worldwide. In Mexico, even when programs oriented to the diminution of these undesirable events exist, in 2000, a total of 1,518 petroleum spills were reported. Exploration zones, refineries, and oil distribution and storage stations frequently are contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); diesel fraction; gasoline fraction; benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among the many methodologies available for the treatment of this kind of contaminated soil, bioremediation is the most favorable, because it is an efficient/low‐cost option that is environmentally friendly. This article discusses the capability of using a biopile to treat soils contaminated with about 40,000 mg/kg of TPH. Design and operation of a 27‐m3 biopile is described in this work, including microbiological and respirometric aspects. Parameters such as TPH, diesel fraction, BTEX, and PAHs considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were measured in biopile samples at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 22 weeks. A final average TPH concentration of 7,300 mg/kg was achieved in 22 weeks, a removal efficiency of 80 percent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of transcription factor IL‐6 (NF‐IL‐6) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) by lipid ozonation products is crucial to interleukin‐8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kafoury Ramzi M. , Hernandez Jazmir M. , Lasky Joseph A. , Toscano William A. , Friedman Mitchell 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOzone (O3) is a major component of smog and an inhaled toxicant to the lung. O3 rapidly reacts with the airway epithelial cell membrane phospholipids to generate lipid ozonation products (LOP). 1‐Hydroxy‐1‐hydroperoxynonane (HHP‐C9) is an important LOP, produced from the ozonation of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphatidylcholine. This LOP, at a biologically relevant concentration (100 μM), increases the activity of phospholipase C, nuclear factors‐κB (NF‐κB), and interleukin‐6 (NF‐IL‐6) and the expression of the inflammatory gene, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) in a cultured human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS‐2B). The signaling pathways of ozone and its biologically‐active products are as yet undefined. In the present study, we report that the HHP LOP, HHP‐C9 (100 μM × 4 h), activated the expression of IL‐8 (218 ± 26% increase over control, n = 4, P < 0.01) through an apparent interaction between the two transcription factors, NF‐κB and NF‐IL‐6. Transfection studies using luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that HHP‐C9 induced a significant increase in NF‐κB‐DNA binding activity (37 ± 7% increase over control, n = 6, P < 0.05). Inhibition of NF‐κB showed a statistically significant but modest decrease in IL‐8 release, which suggested a role for another transcription factor, NF‐IL‐6. Exposure of BEAS‐2B cells to HHP‐C9 induced a significant increase in the DNA binding activity of NF‐IL‐6 (45 ± 11% increase over control, n = 6, P < 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that NF‐IL‐6 interacts with NF‐κB in regulating the expression of IL‐8 in cultured human airway epithelial cells exposed to LOP, the biological products of ozone in the lung. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 159–168, 2007.
Dynamic crystallization of cocoa butter. I. characterization of simple lipids in rapid‐ and slow‐nucleating cocoa butters and their seed crystals
Authors: Chaiseri Siree , Dimick Paul S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSix cocoa butters with different crystallization induction times and their seed crystals were analyzed for simple lipid composition. The rapid‐nucleating cocoa butter samples had higher concentrations of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoylglycerol and 1,3‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (SOS), and lower concentrations of the diunsaturated triacylglycerols, 1‐palmitoyl‐2,3‐oleoylglycerol and 1‐stearoyl‐2,3‐oleoylglycerol, as well as higher stearic acid concentrations within their diacylglycerol fractions when compared to the slow‐nucleating samples. At the early stages of crystallization, under agitation conditions at 26.5°C, cocoa butters solidified into two fractions, high‐melting and low‐melting. The low‐melting fractions were composed of polymorphs IV and V of cocoa butter, as indicated by the onset melting temperatures of the endotherms from differential scanning calorimetry. The high‐melting fractions, which had wide melting ranges, had peak maxima of 38.5–52.2°C. Seed crystals isolated at the early stage of crystallization were characterized by high concentrations of complex lipids, saturated triacylglycerols, saturated fatty acid‐rich diacylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols. The rapid‐nucleating seed crystals had higher concentrations of SOS when compared to their respective cocoa butters. The slow‐nucleating seed crystals did not exhibit this characteristic.
High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatographic studies on a high‐oleic acid sunflower oil during potato frying
Authors: Romero A. , Sánchez‐Muniz F. J. , Tulasne C. , Cuesta C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe behavior of a high‐oleic acid sunflower oil used for 75 repeated deep‐fat fryings of potatoes, with a fast turnover of fresh oil during frying, was evaluated by measuring the total polar content isolated by column chromatography. The total polar content increased in the oil from 3.6 ± 0.1 (mean ± SD) mg/100 mg unused oil to 7.6 ± 0.4 mg/100 mg oil after being used in 20 repeated fryings, followed by a tendency to reach a near‐steady state throughout the successive fryings. Further, the polar fraction was examined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography. Triacylglyceride dimers increased continuously from 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100 mg unused oil to 2.42 ± 0.12 mg/100 mg oil at the 40th frying with no further significant changes. The amount of triacylglyceride polymers increased from 0.03 ± 0.00 mg/100 mg unused oil to 0.70 ± 0.01 mg/100 mg oil at the 60th frying, but did not increase further with continued frying. Oxidized triacylglycerides also significantly increased from 1.13 ± 0.06 mg/100 mg oil to 3.58 ± 0.09 mg/100 mg oil at the 50th frying to reach a near‐steady state in successive fryings. Diacylglycerides and free fatty acids levels, related to hydrolytic alteration, did not change from the starting oil after continued fryings. Data from this study indicated that repeated fryings of potatoes in high‐oleic sunflower oil with a frequent turnover of fresh oil throughout the frying slightly increased the level of polar material in the fryer oil during the first fryings, followed by minor changes and a tendency to reach a near‐steady state in successive fryings.
Utilization of acid oils in making valuable fatty products by microbial lipase technology
Authors: Ghosh S. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMicrobial lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis, esterification, and alcoholysis reactions were carried out on acid oils of commerce such as coconut, soybean, mustard, sunflower, and rice bran for the purpose of making fatty acids and various monohydric alcohol esters of fatty acids of the acid oils. Neutral glycerides of the acid oils were hydrolyzed byCanadida cylindracea lipase almost completely within 48 h. Acid oils were converted into fatty acid esters of short‐ and long‐chain alcohols like C4, C8, C10, C12, C16, and C18 in high yields by simultaneous esterification and alcoholysis reactions withMucor miehei lipase as catalyst. Acid oils of commerce can be utilized as raw materials in making fatty acids and fatty acid esters using lipase‐catalyzed methodologies.
Antioxidant synergism between butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene
Authors: Omura Kanji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDecay of the 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenoxy radical [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)‐radical] in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was investigated in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane with or without triethylamine. BHT‐radical was conveniently generated by dissociation of its unstable dimer in solution. The products were BHT, 3,3′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐5,5′‐dimethoxy‐2,2′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (BHA‐dimer), 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐quinone methide (QM), 1,2‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethane, and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐4,4′‐stilbenequinone. The reaction without added triethylamine gave larger quantities of the last two products and BHA (recovery), whereas the reaction with it provided larger quantities of the first two products. The marked difference in the product distribution can be accounted for by a series of reactions including reversible dehydrogenation of BHA with BHT‐radical, which generates 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenoxy radical (BHA‐radical) and BHT, reversible dimerization of BHA‐radical, which affords an intermediarybis(cyclohexadienone), and spontaneous and base‐catalyzed prototropic rearrangement of the intermediate into BHA‐dimer. Products of coupling between BHT‐radical and BHA‐radical were not obtained. BHA was found to undergo facile acid‐catalyzed addition to QM, providing two isomericbis(hydroxyphenyl)methanes. The results help to elucidate the mechanism of antioxidant synergism between BHA and BHT and may suggest that the synergism can be affected by base or acid.
Effects of sodium butyrate on the transfer of arachidonic acid to phosphatidylcholine in a clonal oligodendrocyte cell line (CB‐II)
Authors: Sun Synthia H. , Chen Kuo‐Chi , Chen Yue‐Wen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of sodium butyrate on membrane phospholipid metabolism in a neonate rat cerebellum derived clonal oligodendrocyte cell line (CB‐II) was investigated. Sodium butyrate is an agent known to induce cell differentiation and morphological transformations. A comparison of thein vivo phospholipid labeling patterns obtained by incubating CB‐II cells with [3H]choline, [14C]myristic acid or [3H]arachidonic acid indicated that butyrate altered the route of acylation‐deacylation in phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis. Using anin vitro incubation system containing homogenates of CB‐II cells, the largest proportion of radioactivity was found in PC, and addition of sodium butyrate resulted in a further increase in the transfer of arachidonic acid to PC, but not to phosphatidylinositol. Similar results were obtained when thisin vitro acylation activity was tested using homogenates from sodium butyrate pretreated cells. The butyrate effect was observed regardless of whether or not exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was added to the incubation system. Addition of butyrate did not result in a change in the activity of LPC:acyl‐CoA (coenzyme A) acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) in CB‐II cells upon incubating cell homogenates with [1‐14C]arachidonoyl‐CoA and LPC. However, when cell homogenates were incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid in the presence of 2.5–10 mM sodium butyrate, arachidonoyl‐CoA synthesis was stimulated. A time course study demonstrated that significant stimulation occurred after three minutes. Taken together, the results suggest that in CB‐II cells, sodium butyrate stimulates the transfer of arachidonic acid into PC and that this effect is at least partially due to a stimulation of arachidonoyl‐CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3).
Stimulation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate phosphatase activity by unsaturated fatty acids in rat heart
Authors: Cao Shu Guang , Hatch Grant M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP) synthase and PGP phosphatase catalyze the sequential synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol from cytidine‐5′‐diphosphate 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerol (CDP‐DG) and glycerol‐3‐phosphate. PGP synthase and PGP phosphatase activities were characterized in rat heart mitochondrial fractions, and the effect of fatty acids on the activity of these enzymes was determined. PGP synthase was observed to be a heat labile enzyme that exhibited apparent Km values for CDP‐PG and glycerol‐3‐phosphate of 46 and 20 μM, respectively. The addition of exogenous oleic acid to the assay mixture did not affect PGP synthase activity. PGP phosphatase was observed to be a heat labile enzyme, and addition of oleic acid to the assay mixture caused a concentration‐dependent stimulation of PGP phosphatase activity. Maximum stimulation (1.9‐fold) of enzyme activity was observed in the presence of 0.5 mM oleic acid, but the stimulation was slightly attenuated by the presence of albumin in the assay. The presence of oleic acid in the assay mixture caused the inactivation of PGP phosphatase activity to be retarded at 55°C. Stimulation of PGP phosphatase activity was also observed with arachidonic acid, whereas taurocholic, stearic and palmitic acids did not significantly affect PGP phosphatase activity. The activity of mitochondrial phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase was not affected by inclusion of oleic acid in the incubation mixture. We postulate that unsaturated fatty acids stimulate PGP phosphatase activity in rat heart.
Synthesis and Properties of 1,1‐bis{[3‐(N,N‐Dimethylamino)propyl]amido}alkane‐di‐N‐oxides
Authors: Piasecki Andrzej , Karczewski Sławomir , Maliszewska Irena 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA homologous series of new surface‐active 1,1‐bis{[3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl]amido}alkane‐di‐N‐oxides were synthesized in the reaction of an appropriate diethyl 2‐alkylmalonate with N,N‐dimethylamino‐1,3‐propanediamine followed by oxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The adsorption isotherms of their aqueous solutions were measured and evaluated to obtain adsorption parameters: critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (ΓCMC), equilibrium surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), cross‐sectional area of the adsorbed surfactant molecule (ACMC), efficiency of surface adsorption (pC20), standard free energies of adsorption (ΔG°ads), and micellization (ΔG°CMC). All investigated di‐amidoamines and di‐N‐oxides were practically non‐toxic to selected bacteria and yeasts. These compounds are readily biodegradable in the Closed Bottle Test inoculated with activated sludge. Surface and biological properties showed that this group of N‐oxide‐type compounds has high surface activity and fulfills requirements for environmental acceptance.
Nearly time optimal stabilizing patchy feedbacks
Authors: Ancona Fabio , Bressan Alberto 
Published: March 2007

We consider the time optimal stabilization problem for a nonlinear control system

\.{x} = f(x,u)

. Let

T(y)

be the minimum time needed to steer the system from the state

y∊\mathbb{R}^{n}

to the origin, and call

\mathcal{A}(\tau )

the set of initial states that can be steered to the origin in time

T(y)⩽\tau

. Given any

ɛ > 0

, in this paper we construct a patchy feedback

u = U(x)

such that every solution of

\.{x} = f(x,U(x))

,

x(0) = y\in \mathcal{A}(\tau )

reaches an

ɛ

-neighborhood of the origin within time

T(y) + ɛ

.

Résumé

On considère un problème de stabilization en temps optimal pour un système de commandé non-linéaire du type

\.{x} = f(x,u)

. Notons par

T(y)

le temps minimal nécessaire pour aller de

y∊\mathbb{R}^{n}

à l'origine, et par

\mathcal{A}(\tau )

l'ensemble des

y\in \mathbb{R}^{n}

tels que

T(y)⩽\tau

. Pour chaque

ɛ > 0

, on construit un feedback

u = U(x)

de type patchy tel que toutes les solutions de

\.{x} = f(x,U(x))

,

x(0) = y\in \mathcal{A}(\tau )

atteignent un

ɛ

-voisinage de l'origine en temps au plus

T(y) + ɛ

.
Anthocyanin-rich purple potato flake extract has antioxidant capacity and improves antioxidant potential in rats
Authors: Han Kyu-Ho , Sekikawa Mitsuo , Shimada Ken-ichiro , Hashimoto Makoto , Hashimoto Naoto , Noda Takahiro , Tanaka Hisashi , Fukushima Michihiro 
Published: March 2007

Anthocyanins from various vegetables and fruits have antioxidant activities, however, the bioactivities of coloured potato anthocyanins are not well studied. We examined the antioxidant capacities of pigmented fractions from purple potato flakes in vitro, and the antioxidant potentials of purple potato flakes in vivo. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of the pigmented fraction from Hokkai no. 92 (H92) potato flakes was higher than that from Kitamurasaki (KM) potato flakes. Extracts equivalent to 600 μg pigmented fractions from KM and H92 potato flakes inhibited linoleic acid oxidation in the order trolox>H92 ≥ KM>control. Rats were fed 25 % KM or H92 potato flake diets for 4 weeks. The major anthocyanin was identified as petanin. Control rats were fed a diet with cornstarch instead of potato flakes for 4 weeks. The serum antioxidant potential level in the H92 group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The degree of hepatic lipid peroxidation in the H92 group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Hepatic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) mRNA levels in the H92 group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Similar significant differences in Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA levels between the KM and control groups were found. The present results suggest that purple potato flakes have antioxidant functions with regard to radical scavenging activity and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, and that they improve the antioxidant potentials in rats by enhancing hepatic Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and GSH-Px mRNA expression.
Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in British adults aged 19–64 years
Authors: Thane Christopher W. , Wang Laura Y. , Coward W. Andy 
Published: March 2007

Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration from non-fasted blood samples was examined by season, smoking status, socio-demographic factors and phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of 1154 British individuals aged 19–64 years from the 2000–1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Geometric mean plasma phylloquinone concentration was 0·94 (95 % CI 0·88, 1·00) nmol/l, with 95 % of values in the range 0·10–8·72 nmol/l. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations of 530 men were significantly higher than those of 624 women (1·13 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·22) v. 0·81 (95 % CI 0·74, 0·88) nmol/l; P < 0·001), independent of other factors. Women aged 19–34 years had significantly lower plasma phylloquinone concentration than their older counterparts. Women were also found to have lower plasma phylloquinone concentrations during summer compared with winter and spring (each P < 0·01). In contrast, plasma phylloquinone concentration in men did not vary significantly by season or any of the socio-demographic or lifestyle factors. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in men and women (r 0·26 and 0·32 respectively; each P < 0·001). Overall, forward stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 8 % of the variation in plasma phylloquinone concentration was explained by phylloquinone intake, with a further 10 % of its variation explained by plasma concentrations of γ-tocopherol (6 %) and retinyl palmitate (4 %). After adjustment for age and corresponding nutrient intakes, plasma phylloquinone concentration was significantly associated (each P < 0·01) with plasma concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol, α- and γ-tocopherols, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin in men and women.