bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Disabilities of Adolescents: Implications for Diagnosis and Remediation
Authors: WIIG ELISABETH H. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe present paper reviews and integrates the results of investigations of the language abilities of learning‐disabled adolescents by the author and her associates. The findings indicate that adolescents with specific learning disorders may demonstrate (1) cognitive‐semantic and linguistic processing deficits characterized by delays in the acquisition of linguistic rules and syntactic maturity and in cognitive and logical growth or (2) dysnomia characterized by verbal paraphasias and reduced speed and accuracy of retrieval of verbal labels, verbal associations and syntactic structures. Tests are discussed which may be used to assess the language processing and production abilities of adolescents. The tests focus on the evaluation of (a) cognitive‐semantic processing, (b) linguistic processing, (c) productive control of linguistic structures, and (d) convergent and divergent semantic production. The implications of the findings for remedial intervention are discussed. The current data suggest that intervention may be required to (a) increase the efficiency of short‐term memory, (b) facilitate the acquisition and productive control of syntactic structures and complex sentence transformations, and (c) facilitate the retrieval of verbal labels and associations and syntactic structures from long‐term memory. Remedial objectives and strategies are discussed against a background of relevant theoretical data.
Language and Intelligence in Dysphasia: Are they related?
Authors: EDWARDS SUSAN , ELLAMS JOAN , THOMPSON JAMES 
Published: November 2007

SummarySixty‐two dysphasic patients were tested on the Matrices, the Schuell and a measure of communication ability. The non‐verbal intelligence of these subjects as tested by Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices was at about the average level despite their language impairment. Intelligence correlated more strongly the more complex the tasks on each section of the Schuell. The measure of communication ability correlated strongly with the more lengthy Schuell assessment. Regression equations for predicting Schuell scores were calculated and some features of the intelligence‐language link in dysphasia discussed.
Is Autism primarily a Language Disorder?
Authors: BOUCHER JILL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn this paper some theories which see language disorder as having a central role in the genesis of the autistic syndrome are described, and evidence relating to these theories is discussed. It is concluded:

that it is unlikely that the language disorder in autism is either a severe form of receptive‐executive developmental dysphasia, or dysphasia combined with visual impairments causing failure to develop visual language systems;
that the language disorder is not a disorder of inner language in the sense of being an impairment of symbolizing processes, nor in the sense of being a global impairment of the acquisition of concepts and conceptual thinking;
that there is no reason to suppose that any one criterial feature of autism (such as language impairment) is primary in the sense of causing other criterial features of autistic behaviour to occur; moreover, defects of communication and inner language are almost certainly cognitive in origin and may only be part of a wide ranging cognitive impairment. Language impairment is not, therefore, likely to prove to be the primary disturbance in autism, though language difficulties are conspicuous and important.
Congenital Auditory Imperception ‐ A Follow up Study
Authors: WARD SALLY , McCARTNEY ELSPETH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFive children who presented at audiology clinics as being unresponsive to sound, but whose responses to testing suggested auditory imperception rather than peripheral deafness, are studied developmentally. Auditory behaviour is looked at in detail and some reference made to the educational implications of this disorder. It is concluded that, since they did not learn to comprehend language through auditory perceptual training methods, other language teaching modes may have to be considered with such children.
Dysphasic Stroke Patients and the Influence of their Relatives
Authors: MULHALL DAVID J. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper investigates the mutual influence which dysphasic stroke patients and their relatives have on each other. Evidence is presented which indicates some of the difficulties a spouse might have and their repercussions for the patient. The method used, structures interview data and produces a graphical representation of the relationship. This provides an overview which is easily understood and thus helps the spouse to decide how best to cope. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages of using this system as an adjunct to speech therapy.
Behavioural Treatment of Social Difficulties with an Aphasic Woman and a Dysarthric Man*
Authors: DAMON SHEILA G. , LESSER RUTH , WOODS ROBERT T. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo cases are described in which speech therapists and psychologists collaborated in behaviour therapy for patients with communication disorders after brain‐damage. Anxiety reduction techniques were used with a woman with mild aphasia, and social skills training with a man with dysarthria. It is suggested that there are advantages in not making a sharp demarcation of roles between psychologists and speech therapists in the mental rehabilitation of the brain‐damaged.
Progress Report on an Evaluation of Speech Therapy for Aphasia
Authors: DAVID RACHEL M. , ENDERBY PAM , BAINTON DAVID 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA feasibility study of a proposed evaluation of speech therapy for acquired aphasia is described.Patients were allocated randomly to either individual speech therapy or an equal amount of intervention from untrained volunteers. Their progress was closely followed for 12 weeks of treatment and subsequently until the end of one year. Thirteen patients completed the study and the results are reported. After some minor changes to the Protocol the Study continues as a large scale, multicentre project.
Psycholinguistic Abilities and Audiometric Performance in Partially Hearing Children
Authors: BENCH JOHN , COTTER SARAH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwenty partially hearing children aged 9–18 years were assessed for connected‐speech (sentence list) audiometry with and without their hearing aids, for the auditory/verbal subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), and for the quality of their uttered speech (SQ). The threshold shift obtained when listening with an aid was poorly related to all variables, apart from a significant quadratic correlation with the unaided speech intelligibility threshold. Otherwise, the audiometric measures were generally moderately or highly correlated with ITPA scores and SQ. The slopes of the speech audiograms were the audiometric measures best correlated with ITPA scores, while the threshold audiometric measures were best correlated with SQ. Performances across the ITPA subtests, which were lower than would have been obtained for normally hearing children, were significantly and highly intercorrelated, suggesting a general rather than a specific linguistic retardation in aspects assessed by the auditory/verbal subtests. The relationships between the audiometric and psycholinguistic variables are discussed, and a case is made for further work.
Is all your Schuell really necessary?
Authors: THOMPSON JAMES , ENDERBY PAM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe Schuell is an extensive and time consuming test, which has encouraged clinicians to eliminate items on an ad hoc basis.The purpose of this paper is to discuss an item analysis of the Schuell so as to create a shorter form of the test. Results based on 88 patients are presented, and a potential short form of the test discussed.
The Acquisition of Signs by the Mentally Handicapped: Measurement Criteria
Authors: FAWCETT G. F. , CLIBBENS J. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere has been much criticism of experimental work involving the teaching of signs to the mentally handicapped. Aside from poor experimental design and inadequate description of subjects, the presentation of results has been vague and the measurement problems involved in sign language research have not been formally addressed or solved. These problems lead to difficulties in replicating work and designing follow‐up studies. The current paper examines problems involved in attempts to measure sign acquisition and examines possible solutions in terms of reliability and validity.
Predicting Psychosocial Adjustment to Aphasia
Authors: MÜLLER D. J. , CODE CHRIS , MUGFORD J. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper is concerned with how psychosocial adjustment in aphasic patients is perceived by speech therapists, spouses or significant others and aphasic patients. Two important factors are considered, firstly the extent to which incongruity exists in different individuals' predictions of psychosocial adjustment to aphasia, and secondly degrees of optimism experienced by all the main parties. It is reported that in a sample of 21 aphasic patients a wide range of incongruence was found and that spouses and aphasic patients were more optimistic than speech therapists. Correlations between age and time since onset are discussed. The importance of these findings for counselling are considered and the need for longitudinal studies identified.
Teaching Stutterers the Skill of Fluent Speech as a Preliminary to the Study of Relapse
Authors: EVESHAM MARGARET , HUDDLESTON ANITA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn investigation is currently taking place into the effect of stuttering relapse rate of a combined programme of training in speech technique and psychological reconstruction. The programme of training in speech technique which enables stutterers to learn the skill of fluent speech in a short time is described and evaluated.
A Student‐Centred Approach to the Evaluation of Clinical Skills
Authors: STACKHOUSE JOY , FURNHAM ADRIAN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBecause of the importance of self‐monitoring and evaluation to the development of clinical competence, a project was set up to introduce self‐assessment, by means of a rating scale in the clinical training of speech therapists. Comparisons were made between the students', clinicians', and tutors' ratings of the students to investigate possible differences in perceptions of the students' clinical performance. To look at the predictive value of these ratings, correlations were run on the rating scores with the end of year practical and written examination results. Differences between raters did emerge and the predictive value of the scales shows tutors to have the highest correlation and students the lowest. Possible reasons for these results are discussed and guidelines are given for the use of this type of evaluation in student training.
The effects of adult behaviours on increasing language delayed children's production of early relational meanings
Authors: Olswang Lesley B. , Coggins Truman E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis intervention study examined the influence of adult behaviours on the emerging productive abilities of two language delayed preschoolers. In order to maximize the probability of isolating differential treatment effects, three different treatment strategies were designed that systematically manipulated particular adult antecedent and consequent events. Examination of treatment data indicated that the teaching strategies were not differentially effective in increasing the frequency with which the children encoded two‐term target relations. Linear regression analyses, however, revealed the existence of specific time periods in which rapid rates of production were observed for both children. This outcome is discussed with respect to the timing of early intervention and specific child variables that may reflect a readiness for acquiring early linguistic behaviours.
Automated LARSP: Computer‐assisted grammatical analysis
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a computer program, written for an Apple II microcomputer, which does a largely automatic LARSP analysis on sentences typed in by the user. The user interacts with the program to specify parts of speech, and to make decisions where the analysis is ambiguous. The program is usually more accurate than analysis done by hand, and is a useful tool in training therapists in the use of LARSP.
Notes and Discussion Papers: 1: Auditory discrimination in speech‐impaired and normal children as related to age
Authors: Morgan Rosemarie A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study used a minimal pairs paradigm to assess auditory discrimination skills with four groups of children: pre‐school and school‐age children with articulatory defects, and pre‐school and school‐age normal speaking children. The aim was to show how the discriminatory abilities of the groups compared with each other.
NOTES AND DISCUSSION PAPERS: 2: Parental speech to language delayed children: a home intervention study
Authors: Hornby Garry , Jensen‐Procter Georgia 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe study aimed to change a mother's verbal interaction with her language delayed twin boys in order to improve the language model which she provided. A single subject research design was used to evaluate the effects of treatment in which mother played language games with one of the twins. Home observations were conducted in which all of the twins' utterances were recorded and the mother's verbal behaviour was coded. Results showed that mother substantially increased her level of verbal interaction with the twins and also increased the proportion of her statements and questions relative to demands. In addition, the twins increased the number and length of their utterances in response to treatment. Further, the changes in both mother's and the twins' verbal behaviour generalized to extra‐treatment settings.
Detecting abnormal auditory behaviours in infancy: The relationship between such behaviours and linguistic development
Authors: Ward Sally 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTA screening test was developed in order to discover infants showing auditory perceptual abnormalities before the age of one year. The screen was a questionnaire designed to detect in infancy the abnormal auditory behaviours demonstrated by older children with receptive language delay based on auditory perceptual problems. The screen was administered by Health Visitors to 1070 infants at approximately nine months of age. One hundred and nineteen infants were discovered who demonstrated the behaviours under study and at follow‐up evaluation showed receptive language delay. A strong relationship was found between the number of behaviours detected and the degree of receptive language delay. The number of behaviours detected, however, could not alone be used to predict degree of language delay.
FORUM: PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES 1*: Phonetic features and phonological features in speech assessment
Authors: Harris John , Cottam Philippa 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has been a weakness of some clinical applications of segmental feature analysis that they fail to discriminate between the general phonetic and strictly phonological aspects of the model. The result is that classificatory features have often been inappropriately employed in speech assessment as phonetic notation devices, a function they are much too abstract to fulfil adequately. In this paper, an attempt is made to demonstrate the value of a two‐stage clinical analysis which clearly distinguishes between the phonetic and phonological dimensions of features. The approach is illustrated through the case study of a five‐year‐old whose production exhibits the effects of what can be termed articulatory weakening. At a phonetic level, a feature analysis based on degree of airflow resistance can be exploited to elucidate the articulatory dimensions of the child's disorder. The insights gained at this stage can subsequently be interpreted in terms of more abstract, classificatory features in order to ascertain the implications that the deviant articulations have for the child's ability to signal the phonological contrasts of normal adult language.
Mispronunciations and compensatory movements of tongue‐operated patients*
Authors: Barry William J. , Timmermann Gerd 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPalatographic, acceptability and transcription data are presented for extracts from a German text read by seven partial‐glossectomy patients. The speakers' degree of acceptability appears to be related more to postoperative lingual mobility than to the amount of tongue mass remaining. There is a discrepancy between the intelligibility and acceptability of the patients' speech on the one hand and the relative lack of change in palatographic contact patterns on the other. Possible compensatory articulations are discussed.
Phonological versus phonetic disorders: Some suggested modifications to the current use of the distinction
Authors: Hewlett Nigel 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe distinction between phonetics and phonology as traditionally defined within linguistics is not suitable for direct application to speech pathology. It is argued that its adaptation for the purpose of distinguishing phonetic disorders and phonological disorders has led to anomalies, and, in particular, that loss of phonological contrasts does not necessarily imply that a disorder is (partly) phonological in nature. What is described as a “speaker oriented” description of the distinction is offered, together with a proposal for a three way distinction—into phonological, phonetic and articulatory disorders—to replace the present binary one. It is further suggested that the speech characteristics of some disorders might best be explained as resulting from avoidance strategies undertaken at the phonological level in order to circumvent lower level constraints.
Imitative versus spontaneous language assessment: A comparison of CELI and LARSP
Authors: Hawkins Peter , Spencer Helen 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown high correlation between imitation tests and other tests of expressive language. The present study compares one child's performance and relates this to his general linguistic ability. LARSP was found to reflect his ability quite well but CELI grossly underestimated it. We hypothesised that the morphological bias of CELI was responsible, and further investigation confirmed this. Yet the pattern and range of syntactic structures found in the spontaneous sample was confirmed and extended by CELI. Imitation tests can therefore usefully supplement spontaneous‐sample assessment, but require a more purely syntactic basis of scoring.
Oral form recognition with and without palatal coverage
Authors: Oliver R.G. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTOral stereognosis testing in the form of an oral form recognition test was carried out on six adolescents who were undergoing routine orthodontic treatment with upper removable appliances. The oral form recognition test was carried out with and without the orthodontic appliance on three visits. There was no significant difference in the number of shapes correctly guessed with and without the orthodontic appliance.
Oral stereognosis and diadokokinetic tests in children and young adults
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Jones M. G. , Smith S. A. , Newcombe R. G. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTData on oral stereognostic ability and lip and tongue diadokokinetic tests are presented for a range of ages from eight years to young adults. As anticipated, there is a general improvement in performance with age, but this is not a simple linear function except for the percentage of shapes correctly identified. No evidence could be found to support the theory that improvements in stereognostic skills are related to the onset of the adolescent growth spurt or the cessation of cranio‐facial skeletal development. Sex differences for oral stereognostic ability suggest that ‘oral discriminatory function’ is superior in females, but diadokokinetic tests are apparently at odds with accepted thought; explanations for this are offered. ‘Normal’ values for the diadokokinetic tests (which form part of the Frenchay Dysarthria Test) over the age range studied are presented, information hitherto unavailable.
Acquisition of prepositions in language‐delayed preschoolers: Is intervention effective?
Authors: Telleen Sharon , Wren Carol T. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTMany language‐delayed children experience difficulty with prepositions, but few instructional guidelines exist. A group of 25 language‐delayed preschoolers made significant gains on a test measuring comprehension of 20 prepositions following five months of systematic instruction by classroom teachers in a preschool setting. They continued to improve on a second post‐test after four additional months of instruction. The instructional method is discussed in detail, and an analysis of the order of difficulty of the prepositions is presented.
Speech and language handicap: Towards knowing the size of the problem
Authors: Pam Enderby PhD, MSc, FCST Chief Speech Therapist  , Philipp Robin 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTPlanning speech therapy services is difficult as the size of the speech and language handicapped population is not known. A literature review has been undertaken to determine the likely incidence and prevalence of persons in the UK with speech and language disorders associated with underlying disease. The findings suggest that previous reports have underestimated the number of persons in the United Kingdom who are likely to have speech or language handicaps and that there are further information needs.
Spastic dysarthria after acquired brain injury: An acoustic study
Authors: Ziegler W. , von Cramon D. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTCVC syllables, sustained fricatives and rapid diphthong repetitions were examined in ten patients with spastic dysarthria following closed head trauma and cerebro‐vascular accident. Speech samples were evaluated by acoustic signal processing. The data obtained for segment durations, vowel quality, and plosive realisations revealed a disproportionate impairment in gross movements of the tongue back as compared to the tongue blade. In the milder cases target configurations could often be realised to an acoustically normal extent, yet at the expense of production time. This and the abnormalities in diphthong repetitions suggested that the faculty of accelerating the moving structures was limited in the observed spastic dysarthrics. Control of fine forces, however, was not generally impaired.
Some new data using the English Picture Vocabulary Test (full range version) with a British sample
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe Full Range English Picture Vocabulary Test (EPVT) was given to a sample of over 2,000 normal British children aged between four and thirteen years. Results showed significant deviations from expected values derived from the Full Range EPVT manual. It is argued that this cannot be ascribed to bias in this sample, and it is suggested that users of the Full Range EPVT may prefer to use data from this study as a basis for converting raw scores to standard scores, rather than relying on the tables provided in the EPVT manual.
Developing linguistic awareness: A theoretically based approach to phonological disorders
Authors: Dean Elizabeth , Howell Janet 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a comprehensive therapeutic model for the treatment of phonological disorders, using linguistic and psychological theory as a basis for intervention.The intervention strategy adopts a view of the child as learning through conflict and reflection and utilises metalinguistic awareness as a therapeutic tool. The practical application of the model is described and specific treatment examples are provided. The possible advantages of the model are discussed and appraised briefly against other phonological intervention strategies.