bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Maternal Antibodies on Experimental Infection of Piglets with PCV2
Authors: McKeown N. E. , Opriessnig T. , Thomas P. , Guenette D. K. , Elvinger F. , Fenaux M. , Halbur P. G. , Meng X. J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTTo determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) maternal antibodies on and response to experimental PCV2 infection, 24 piglets were divided into four groups on the basis of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of PCV2 maternal antibodies: group A (n= 6; sample/positive [S/P] ratio, <0.2), group B (n= 5;S/Pratio, >0.2 to <0.5), and groups C (n= 8) and D (n= 5) (S/Pratio, >0.5). Piglets in groups A, B, and C were inoculated with PCV2 at day 0 and challenged with PCV2 at day 42. Group D piglets were not exposed to PCV2 at day 0 but were challenged at day 42. Before challenge, seroconversion to PCV2 antibodies occurred in five of six group A piglets, and the antibody level rose above the cutoff level in one of five group B piglets. Viremia was detected in five of six, four of five, and two of eight pigs in groups A, B, and C, respectively. After challenge, PCV2 DNA was detectable from 7 to 21 days postchallenge in the sera from six of six, four of five, three of eight, and five of five pigs in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. The results indicated that protection against PCV2 infection conferred by maternal antibodies is titer dependent: higher titers are generally protective, but low titers are not.
RECOVERY OF TRACEABILITY LINKS BETWEEN SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION AND SOURCE CODE
Authors: MARCUS ANDRIAN , MALETIC JONATHAN I. , SERGEYEV ANDREY 
Published: November 2005

An approach for the semi-automated recovery of traceability links between software documentation and source code is presented. The methodology is based on the application of information retrieval techniques to extract and analyze the semantic information from the source code and associated documentation. A semi-automatic process is defined based on the proposed methodology. The paper advocates the use of latent semantic indexing (LSI) as the supporting information retrieval technique. Two case studies using existing software are presented comparing this approach with others. The case studies show positive results for the proposed approach, especially considering the flexibility of the methods used.
Enforcing security and safety models with an information flow analysis tool
Authors: Chapman Roderick , Hilton Adrian 
Published: November 2005

Existing security models require that information of a given security level be prevented from ``leaking'' into lower-security information. High-security applications must be demonstrably free of such leaks, but such demonstration may require substantial manual analysis. Other authors have argued that the natural way to enforce these models automatically is with information-flow analysis, but have not shown this to be practicable for general purpose programming languages in current use.
Modern safety-critical systems can contain software components with differing safety integrity levels, potentially operating in the same address space. This case poses problems similar to systems with differing security levels; failure to show separation of data may require the entire system to be validated at the higher integrity level.
In this paper we show how the information flow model enforced by the SPARK Examiner provides support for enforcing these security and safety models. We describe an extension to the SPARK variable annotations which allows the specification of a security or safety level for each state variable, and an extension to the SPARK analysis which automatically enforces a given information flow policy on a SPARK program.
Automatic and general solution to the adaptation of programs in a paging environment
Authors: Babonneau J. Y. , Achard M. S. , Morisset G. , Mounajjed M. B. 
Published: November 2005

The efficiency of replacement algorithms in paged virtual-storage systems depends on the locality of memory references. The restructuring of the blocks which compose the program may improve this locality. [HATFIELD and GERALD 71] [MASUDA SHIOTA NOGUCHI and OHKI 74] [FERRARI 76].
In confining this restructuring to the link-editing operation, a general and completely automatic solution has been implemented, in the form of a self-adaptative system, on the SIRIS 8 operating system. A reduction of 40 to 70% in the page fault rate has been obtained.
The architecture of the Eden system
Authors: Lazowska Edward D. , Levy Henry M. , Almes Guy T. , Fischer Michael J. , Fowler Robert J. , Vestal Stephen C. 
Published: November 2005

The University of Washington's Eden project is a five-year research effort to design, build and use an “integrated distributed” computing environment. The underlying philosophy of Eden involves a fresh approach to the tension between these two adjectives. In briefest form, Eden attempts to support both good personal computing and good multi-user integration by combining a node machine / local network hardware base with a software environment that encourages a high degree of sharing and cooperation among its users.
The hardware architecture of Eden involves an Ethernet local area network interconnecting a number of node machines with bit-map displays, based upon the Intel iAPX 432 processor. The software architecture is object-based, allowing each user access to the information and resources of the entire system through a simple interface.
This paper states the philosophy and goals of Eden, describes the programming methodology that we have chosen to support, and discusses the hardware and kernel architecture of the system.
A general class of processor interconnection strategies
Authors: Bhuyan Laxmi N. , Agrawal Dharma P. 
Published: November 2005

A new class of general topologies is proposed in this paper for interconnecting a large network of computers in parallel and distributed environment. These structures have been shown to possess small internode distances, fairly low number of links per node, easy message routing and large number of alternate paths that can be used in case of faults in the system. The interconnection is based on a mixed radix number system, presented in this paper. The technique results in a variety of structures for a given number of processors N, depending on the required diameter in the network.
A bus oriented structure is also introduced here, based on the same mathematical framework. These structures possess only two I/O ports per processor and are also shown to have small internode distances.
Decoupled access/execute computer architectures
Authors: Smith James E. 
Published: November 2005

An architecture for improving computer performance is presented and discussed. The main feature of the architecture is a high degree of decoupling between operand access and execution. This results in an implementation which has two separate instruction streams that communicate via queues. A similar architecture has been previously proposed for array processors, but in that context the software is called on to do most of the coordination and synchronization between the instruction streams. This paper emphasizes implementation features that remove this burden from the programmer. Performance comparisons with a conventional scalar architecture are given, and these show that considerable performance gains are possible.
Single instruction stream versions, both physical and conceptual, are discussed with the primary goal of minimizing the differences with conventional architectures. This would allow known compilation and programming techniques to be used. Finally, the problem of deadlock in such a system is discussed, and one possible solution is given.
A data flow architecture with a paged memory system
Authors: Caluwaerts L. J. , Debacker J. , Peperstraete J. A. 
Published: November 2005

During the last ten years, data flow has become an exciting research area and several architectures have been proposed and built. They differ mostly in the way they handle data structures and how they provide mechanisms for token labeling or colouring in order to make data flow graphs reentrant.
The paper presents a data flow architecture with a paged memory system to hold both data flow programs and data structures. The token labeling mechanism is coupled with the memory management system in order to provide for each token a unique memory location.
The instruction format allows instructions with multiple operands and multiple destinations for each result.
Data structures are held in memory while pointers to the structures are circulating as tokens.
The proposed architecture is able to execute data flow programs at the level of single instructions or at a higher level.
Implementing streams on a data flow computer system with paged memory
Authors: Caluwaerts L. J. , Debacker J. , Peperstraete J. A. 
Published: November 2005

In several data flow architectures, “
streams
” are proposed as special data structures able to improve parallel execution in functional programs by providing a pipelining effect between different program parts.

This paper describes how streams are implemented on a data flow computer system based on a paged memory. This memory holds both the data flow programs and data structures such as streams.
Streams are stored in the memory as a linked list of pages while pointers to the streams are flowing as data tokens. A reference count is used to prevent for excessive copying of data and to control the allocation and recovery of pages.
Input/output is treated as a special application of streams.
A user-microprogrammable, local host computer with low-level parallelism
Authors: Tomita Shinji , Shibayama Kiyoshi , Kitamura Toshiaki , Nakata Toshiyuki , Hagiwara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes the architecture of a dynamically microprogrammable computer with low-level parallelism, called QA-2, which is designed as a high-performance, local host computer for laboratory use. The architectural principle of the QA-2 is the marriage of high-speed, parallel processing capability offered by four powerful Arithmetic and Logic Units (ALUs) with architectural flexibility provided by large scale, dynamic user-microprogramming. By changing its writable control storage dynamically, the QA-2 can be tailored to a wide spectrum of research-oriented applications covering high-level language processing and real-time processing.
The QA-2 employs four identical ALUs which are independently controlled by the different fields of a 256-bit microinstruction. Sharing one uniform register file (6-kBytes), the ALUs can perform mutually independent/dependent operations on four sets of variable length operands (max. 4-Bytes × 4). In main memory accessing, four sets of variable length data (max. 4-Bytes × 4) can be simultaneously read from or written into different/continuous locations. In addition, structured microprogramming is possible because the QA-2 supports natural control structures such as an IF f(logic variables) THEN (CALL, GOTO or RETURN) ELSE (CALL,GOTO or RETURN) statement. All these features combine to yield an extensive microprogramming capability with which the user can tailor the QA-2 to his problems at hand.
A retrospective on the Dorado, a high-performance personal computer
Authors: Pier Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2005

In late 1975, members of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center embarked on the specification of a high-performance successor to the Alto personal minicomputer, in use since 1973. After four years, the resulting machine, called the Dorado, was in use within the research community at PARC. This paper begins with an overview of the design goals, architecture, and implementation of the Dorado and then provides a retrospective view and critique of the Dorado project as a whole. The major machine architectural features are evaluated, other project aspects such as design automation and management structures are explained, a chronological history with milestones is included, and a variety of accomplishments, red herrings, and shortfalls is discussed. The paper concludes with some speculations on what the project might have done differently and what might be done differently today instead of in the late 1970s.
Although more than a dozen scientists and technicians contributed to the project, the evaluative and speculative parts of this paper are the sole responsibility of the author.
Stateless programming as a motif for teaching computer science
Authors: Cohen Avi 
Published: November 2005

With the development of XML Web Services, the Internet could
become an integral part of and the basis for teaching computer
science and software engineering.
The approach has been applied to a university course for
students studying introduction to computer science from the point
of view of software development in a stateless, Internet
environment. The feedback obtained from the course attests to its
success.
This article is an attempt to focus attention on stateless
programming and to give this paradigm its appropriate status in
computer science studies. The course could provide an alternative
to traditional patterns of computer science. The walk-through
presented here is a way of demonstrating this new paradigm.
The starting point for the course is the understanding of the
Internet environment and the stateless HTTP request, followed by
the use and development of XML Web Services integrated with XML and
XML schemas, databases and SQL language.
Introduction
Authors: Rüland Jürgen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article provides a thematic and theoretically informed introduction into this EJEAS issue on East Asian regionalism. Its point of departure is the obvious paralysis of East Asian regionalism during and after the Asian financial crisis. It examines as to what extent the subsequent efforts towards damage control and revitalization have lead to a re-invention of East Asian regional institutions as frequently urged in the region. By reviewing the more recent literature and the contributions assembled in the issue, the article notes that despite the crisis the trend towards institutionalist and constructivist theoretical approaches continues. These approaches however often tend to exhibit a certain cooperative bias which may blur the proclivity of foreign policy-makers in the region for political realism. Subsequent sections examine the cohesion of regional institutions and horizontal institutional differentiation. The article concludes that despite a proliferation of regional institutions, there has been no marked deepening of regional groupings and that regime building, as a approach to the management of inter-dependence, has not made noteworthy progress in a broad array of policy areas contending with border-crossing policy problems.
The Evolution of APEC and ASEM: Implications of the New East Asian Bilateralism
Authors: Koo Min Gyo , Aggarwal Vinod 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe traditional institutional equilibrium in East Asia—the embrace of the WTO at the multilateral level and a focus on market-driven, informal integration at the sub-multilateral level—is under heavy strain. Increasingly, East Asian countries are pursuing greater institutionalisation at the sub-multilateral level, weaving a web of preferential arrangements in response to similar strategies pursued by the US and the EU. This article examines the likely path of trading arrangements in Northeast Asia, its implications for East Asia and the future of APEC and ASEM. We propose an institutional bargaining game approach, focusing on goods, countries' individual bargaining situations and the fit with existing arrangements, and allowing an exploration of the evolution of trading arrangements in East Asia. An East Asian trading bloc has both benign and pernicious elements, depending on the ideas and beliefs held by regional actors. The contribution of a prospective East Asian bloc to APEC and ASEM primarily depends on the balance of interests between the US and the EU concerning East Asia. In view of the tremendous political and economic uncertainty in the global economy, the path to freer trade in Northeast Asia, East Asia and the world system is likely to be a bumpy one.
Sub-Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia: The Mekong Basin
Authors: Dosch Jörn , Hensengerth Oliver 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe paper analyses the security dimension of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) by taking into account traditional as well as non-traditional security issues. The Greater Mekong Subregion, which was established in 1992 at the initiative of the ADB, emerged after the Cold War in the wake of the so-called new regionalism as one of the growth triangles within ASEAN. Participating countries/regions are China's Yunnan province, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The article places the discussion of the Greater Mekong Subregion within the debate on post-Cold War sub-regionalism and sets out to discuss the development of regionalism in the Mekong Basin. The article shows how economic cooperation is followed in the pursuit of security and stability in a formerly conflict-ridden area and assesses the relevance of the GMS towards the issue of conflict reduction in the Mekong Basin.
Political Leadership, Informality, and Regional Integration in East Asia: The Evolution of Asean Plus Three
Authors: Hidetaka Yoshimatsu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSince the late 1990s, moves towards regional integration and cooperation have gained momentum in East Asia. The regional countries have expanded and deepened integration initiatives under the ASEAN Plus Three (APT) framework that consists of ASEAN countries, China, Japan and South Korea. What factors have promoted the development of regional integration and economic cooperation in the region? This article addresses this question in terms of collectively shared norms and political leadership. Informality, a representative common norm, played a catalytic role in first nurturing communication for regional cooperation and inducing a reluctant state to join the cooperative framework. Importantly, the development of regional cooperation under the APT framework was accompanied by a shift in emphasis from informal to formal settings. Moreover, leadership shown by China and Japan has played a crucial role in promoting the regional integration initiatives. While China has taken the initiative in propelling regional free trade agreements and economic development and integration in the Indochina countries, Japan has taken the lead in developing financial and monetary architectures and other cooperative mechanisms. Rivalry for political leadership has induced the two countries to provide regional public goods in a positive-sum game manner.
Women Administrators Negotiate Work-Family Conflicts in Changing Times: An Intergenerational Perspective
Authors: Loder Tondra L. 
Published: November 2005

Background: Concerns about work-family conflicts are becoming an increasing problem for women administrators. Yet these concerns have been overshadowed in the educational leadership scholarship, which has focused on barriers related to discrimination in hiring and promotion and lack of sponsoring and mentoring. Purpose: To illuminate differences and commonalities in how women administrators from different generations and racial/ethnic identities negotiate work-family conflicts. Research Methodology: A qualitative life course design was employed in this intergenerational study of 31 Black and White women administrators. Main Findings: The participants’ efforts to enact the multiple and competing roles of administrator, wife, mother, and caretaker proved to be conflicting across generation and race/ethnicity, especially for women born after the civil rights and women’s movements, who confronted a strikingly different gender context than did their older counterparts. To reconcile these conflicts, the participants employed various life course strategies that were distinguished by their unique generational locations and racial/ethnic identities. For example, women in the “older” generation were compelled to prioritize family above professional pursuits more so than women in the “younger” generation. With respect to race/ethnicity, Black administrators relied on extended women kinship ties for child care and household support whereas White administrators primarily sought spousal support. Implications for Research and Policy: Further investigation is needed on the work-family conflicts confronting contemporary women and men administrators. From a policy perspective, there is an urgent need for more employer-supported child and elder care, flexible scheduling, and family-leave policies.
Book Review: From High School to College: Improving Opportunities for Success in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Williams Frankie Keels , Lindle Jane Clark , West Deborah Lynn 
Published: November 2005

Background: Two decades of elementary and secondary education reform (P-12) presumably affects programs and policies in higher education (P-16). Purpose: This article offers an essay review of the book, From High School to College. The book includes a report on a Stanford University project that investigated the policy articulation between P-12 and higher education. Research Design: The book reports case studies on six states with an additional chapter commenting on the status and future of community (2-year) colleges. Findings: Findings suggest that the case studies depend heavily on perceptual data from stakeholders. In addition, the editors and contributing authors do not address differences in the two sectors’ missions. Specifically, the P-12 system includes both open admissions and compulsory attendance requirements, whereas institutions of higher education (IHE), from 2-year to research institutions, wrestle with the tension between open and elite admissions and comparative rankings among the IHEs.
Preserving the Status Quo or Renegotiating Leadership: Women’s Experiences With a District-Based Aspiring Leaders Program
Authors: Sherman Whitney H. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: Current demands for school leaders as well as reported administrator shortages have resulted in the implementation of district-based aspiring leaders programs to promote teacher leaders into administration. Because educational administration has, traditionally, been informed by androcentric perspectives, this study was designed to determine whether these programs are helpful to women aspiring to administration or whether they are used as another way to reinforce the status quo. Research Methods: This qualitative study examined the experiences of 15 women relating to their participation or lack of participation in an in-house district-based aspiring leaders program in one public school system. A critical framework grounded the study as research questions and the design of the study were informed by feminist poststructuralism. Findings: Although it is apparent that a greater number of aspiring administrators are reached in the district than if no program existed, the various needs of a diverse population of aspiring administrators have not been effectively met. Women, although they clearly seek leadership positions, have been constrained by traditional norms surrounding educational administration in the district, indicating that problems are much larger in scope than that which can be “cured” by district-led “grow your own” leadership programs. Implications: Strategies should be implemented that specifically target inducting women and minorities into aspiring leaders programs. In addition, careful consideration should be taken to create partnership programs for aspiring leaders between universities and school districts that link theory to practice and allow cohort groups to gain broader perspectives of leadership in support of transformational change.