bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of hepatitis B virus in serum using amplification of viral DNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Sumazaki Ryo , Motz Manfred , Wolf Hans , Heinig Jutta , Jilg Wolfgang , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new assay was developed for the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in human serum using amplification of a short viral DNA sequence by means of the polymerase chain reaction. As little as 0.4 fg viral DNA, corresponding to about 130 genome equivalents, per ml serum could be detected after the amplification procedure. This assay detected viral DNA in a number of patients with proven or suspected chronic HBV infection who were all negative for HBV DNA in the conventional hybridisation assay, We found HBV DNA in all of six HBeAg‐positive and in three of eight HBeAg‐negative HBsAg carriers, as well as in all of 11 patients with chronic liver disease with antibodies against the HBV core antigen (anti‐HBc) as the sole marker for HBV infection, and in three of five apparently healthy individuals showing only anti HBc. Thus, this method is an important improvement for the diagnosis of persistent HBV infections, especially in patients where a definitive serological diagnosis is not possible.
Increased detection rate of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes by the polymerase chain reaction as compared to modified FISH and southern‐blot analysi
Authors: Melchers W. , van den Brule A. , Walboomers J. , de Bruin M. , Burger M. , Herbrink P. , Meijer C. , Lindeman J. , Quint W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCervical scrapes from 80 women with a positive cytology result were tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared to the results obtained with the modified filter in situ hybridisation (FISH) and the Southern‐blot techniques.The sensitivity of the modified FISH and the Southern‐blot was similar, and HPV was detected in 46% of the patients. The sensitivity of the PCR appeared to be higher, and HPV was detected in 70% of the patients. HPV‐DNA could be detected in 46 of the 68 patients with mild dysplasia, in 6 of the 8 patients with severe dysplasia, and in all 4 patients with carcinoma in situ. In 18 patients (21%) more than one HPV type could be detected by the PCR.The control group consisted of 100 women involved in a triennial checkup programme, who had normal smear results and no history of cervical lesions. HPV was detected in 5% of the women by the PCR.The PCR technique detected HPV in a high proportion of the cervical scrapes from women with a positive cytology result. These results give further evidence for an important role of HPV in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.
Effect of l‐lysine monohydrochloride on cutaneous herpes simplex virus in the guinea pig
Authors: Ayala E. , Krikorian D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of topical applications of crystalline lysine therapy on cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) inoculations and subsequent dorsal root ganglia (DRG) infection was studied in male Hartley guinea pigs. Although HSV‐I was recovered from the inoculated sites from all animals, the L‐lysine‐treated skin remained clinically normal, whereas untreated controls manifested clinical symptoms up to 3 days postinoculation (p.i.). However, cocultivation of DRG (C1‐S1) indicated a selective tropism of infective particles to specific DRG in the groups treated with amino acids. In lysine‐treated animals, HSV was recovered from a few DRG (T‐12, T‐13, and L‐1) at 3 days p.i. and from DRG T‐10 in leucine‐treated controls; yet no HSV was recovered from DRG of untreated controls. These results suggest an immunomodulatory effect of L‐lysine on inoculation site infections and the possible potentiation of subsequent DRG manifestation in amino‐acidtreated animals.
Serological survey of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in ethiopia
Authors: Hailù Kefene , Bekura Desta , Buttò Stefano , Verani Paola , Titti Fausto , Sernicola Leonardo , Rapicetta Maria , Rossi Giovanni B. , Pasquini Paolo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of anti‐human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibodies was tested in 5,565 serum samples from Ethiopia of which 5,265 were collected from military recruits in the framework of a hepatitis B (HBV) seroepidemiological study performed on a national scale in 1985–1986; the remaining were 300 sera from a population of outpatients belonging to the Arsi region.Of the 5,565 sera, 121 (2.1%) were found to be repeatedly reactive by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for HIV‐1 antibodies, but these reactivities were confirmed by Western Blot (WB) assay in only four cases (0.07%) and by ENVACOR (confirmatory competitive ELISA) in three samples. Twenty‐three sera were positive by WB to one or two bands related to core proteins but were all negative by ENVACOR. However, according to accepted criteria for positivity, these sera must be regarded as indeterminant reactors.A sample of 409 sera, both reactive and nonreactive by HIV‐1 ELISA, were further tested for antibodies to HIV‐2 by ELISA. Reactive sera were analysed by WB and by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) using 35S‐cysteine metabolically labelled SIVmac (HTLV‐IV) infected cell lysates. Only 11 sera were found to be slightly reactive in ELISA, but this was not confirmed by WB or RIPA.Data indicate that HIV infection was not widespread in the general population of Ethiopia up to 1986.
Pre‐S proteins in hepatitis b
Authors: Kuijpers Leo , Koens Marjolijn , Murray‐Lyon Iain , Coleman Jon C. , Karayiannis Peter , Thomas Howard C. , Zanetti Alessandro , Cargnel A. , Harrison Tim J. , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo reactive sequences of the pre‐S regions of hepatitis B surface antigen were synthesized chemically and used in micro‐ELISAs for the assay of pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 antigens in serum from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B. Pre‐S1 antigen correlated well with the presence of HBV‐DNA and was no longer detectable on cessation of viral replication, after natural recovery and after successful treatment with alpha‐interferon. Pre‐S2 proteins were also lost after treatment with alpha‐interferon. The results show that the assay of pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 proteins in serum provides additional useful markers for assessing patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B infection and for monitoring the response to treatment with interferon.
Outbreak of poliomyelitis in south africa investigated by oligonucleotide mapping
Authors: Tsilimigras C. W. A. , Rossouw E. , Schoub B. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis, due to polio type 1 virus, occurred in the Gazankulu region of the Transvaal in the Republic of South Africa in 1982. Thirty‐four different isolates from this epidemic were characterized by oligonucleotide mapping. None of the isolates were shown to be vaccine related. Results suggest the existence of a number of apparently different wild‐type viruses present in the area. The introduction of a single wild‐type strain could not be clearly demonstrated. These findings have important implications for the management and control of future outbreaks.
Development of cell‐mediated cytotoxic immunity to respiratory syncytial virus in human infants following naturally acquired infection
Authors: Chiba Yasuo , Higashidate Yoshito , Suga Kazuhiro , Honjo Koji , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith virus‐infected autologous and allogenic mononuclear cells as specific targets, the development of cell‐mediated cytotoxic reactivity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in groups of infants with acute RSV infection and in other control groups of subjects during a community outbreak of RSV infection. No RSV‐specific cellular cytotoxicity was observed in cord blood lymphocytes and in other uninfected controls. The PBL of infants with acute RSV infection exhibited significant cellular cytotoxic response. The activity peaked early, usually within 1 week after'infection. The response appeared to be age‐dependent. Over 65% of infants 6–24 months of age and about 35–38% of infants under 5 months of age exhibited cellular cytotoxicity to RSV. Cellular cytotoxic reactivity was observed against autologous and less frequently against allogenic RSV‐infected target cells. These findings suggest the appearance of virusspecific cell‐mediated cytotoxic immune response after acute RSV infection. The development of cellular cytotoxic responses may play a role in the mechanisms of protection against or the pathogenesis of RSV infection in man.
A dynamic study of the intrafamilial spread of hepatitis b virus infection: Relation with the viral replication
Authors: Porres Juan Carlos , Carreño Vicente , Bartolomé Javier , Gutiez Julia , Castillo Inmaculada 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA total of 848 household contacts of 285 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) chronic carriers were included in a prospective study. Of the total number of contacts negative for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers at baseline, 330 relatives of 145 HBsAg carriers were observed over a mean period of 20.1 months. Among all household contacts, 284 (33.5%) were found positive for at least one HBV marker. The prevalence of HBV markers was significantly higher among the contacts of more than one HBsAg carrier (75.9%) than among those with only one (26.0%) (P <.001). The presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), specific HBV‐DNA polymerase (HBV‐DNAp), HBV‐DNA, and polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA‐R) in the index case was associated with a significantly higher incidence of HBV markers among household contacts. During the follow‐up, the number of household contacts initially negative for HBV markers who became infected was found to be in direct relation to the presence of HBeAg, HBV‐DNAp, HBV‐DNA and pHSA‐R in the index case.
Increased density of HLA‐DR antigen on monocytes of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Koethe Susan M. , Carrigan Donald R. , Turner Paul A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMonocytes and macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dysfunction of these cells contributes to the immunocompromised state that characterizes AIDS, and they probably serve as a reservoir for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV‐infected macrophages may also be responsible for the infection of many CD4‐positive lymphocytes by means of cell to cell contact during the initiation of immunological responses. The efficiency of this process would be enhanced by activation of the macrophages, since that is accompanied by increased expression of class II major histocompatibility (HLA‐DR) antigen. Using a direct blood antibody marking procedure in conjunction with flow cytometry, we have analyzed the expression of HLA‐DR antigen on the surfaces of monocytes present in the peripheral blood of HIV‐infected patients. In contrast to the results reported by other investigators who purified the monocytes using Ficoll‐Hypaque centrifugation prior to antibody marking, we found that the percentage of monocytes expressing HLA‐DR antigen was identical in the patients and normal controls. However, a subpopulation of monocytes was detected in the blood of the majority of the patients that was expressing increased levels of HLA‐DR antigen. It was also found that the proportion of monocytes with a high density of HLA‐DR antigen on their surfaces negatively correlated with the absolute numbers of CD4‐positive lymphocytes present in the peripheral blood of the patient. These findings support the postulated role of monocytes and macrophages in the HIV infection and ultimate destruction of CD4‐positive lymphocytes.
Detection of anti rotavirus coproantibodies by immunoblotting technique
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Shinozaki Tatsuhiko , Kitamura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIgA and IgG coproantibodies to individual simian rotavirus (SA 11) structural polypeptides were detected in healthy infants in nursery homes. The number of immunoblottable peptides differed from individual to individual. Coproantibodies were also detected at the convalescent stage of rotavirus infection in two patients but not during the acute stage. This method is useful for confirming the diagnosis of rotavirus infection serologically without the need for paired sera.
Protective effect of a low‐dose of cyclophosphamide in experimental infection of guinea pigs with junin virus
Authors: Ponzinibbio Carlos , González Pedro , Laguens Ruben P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdministration of cyclophosphamide (CY) to guinea pigs infected with a lethal strain of Junin virus (JV) delayed the time of death, with survival of a small number of animals. Virological studies showed a temporary decrease of virus concentration in blood and viscera shortly after the CY injection. In the pathological study no differences were found in the organic lesions present in CY‐treated and nontreated animals, with the exception of the pulmonary alterations. In CY‐treated guinea pigs the lungs appeared almost normal, but in the control. nontreated animals severe alterations with the pattern of the “respiratory distress syndrome of the adult” were consistently present. In in vitro experiments, incorporation of serum collected from guinea pigs injected 30 minutes before exsanguination with CY to cell cultures, infected with JV, prevented virus replication. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the delay of time of death and eventual survival of CY‐treated guinea pigs after JV infection depends on a direct antiviral effect of the drug rather than on its known immunosuppressive action. In addition, the absence of pulmonary alterations in CY‐treated animals was tentatively considered to be dependent on the marked polymorphonu‐clear leukocyte depletion induced by the drug.
Foscarnet therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus e antigen carriers
Authors: Bain V. G. , Daniels H. M. , Chanas A. , Alexander G. J. M. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFoscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate) is a novel antiviral agent that inhibits viral‐specific DNA polymerase. In the present study, eight males with chronic HBV carriage (HBeAg and HBV‐DNA seropositivity > 12 months) showing chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) or chronic active hepatitis (CAH) on liver biopsy received either a continuous infusion of foscarnet at 0.15 mg/kg/min for 7 days or 180 mg/kg/day divided into three daily boluses for 2 weeks. In all eight, HBV‐DNA levels fell during therapy (median, 401 pg/40 μl serum; range, 4–3, 100) vs. pretreatment levels (median, 533 pg/40 μl; range, 30–4, 175), but in none was HBV‐DNA undetectable at any stage. Within 1 month, the HBV‐DNA had risen to pretreatment levels in all but one patient (with the lowest pretreatment level), who cleared HBeAg and developed anti‐HBe within 3 months. Two further patients were anti‐HBe positive at 6 months, but their pretreatment serum HBV‐DNA levels were already low, suggesting a high probability of spontaneous seroconversion. Toxicity was not evident with the continuous infusion, but for those receiving IV bolus therapy, serum creatinine and phosphate levels rose in three of four patients, necessitating a 25% dose reduction. There was no difference in the effect on serum HBV‐DNA between the two regimes. We conclude that foscarnet has only modest antiviral activity in chronic HBV carriers.
Dna polymorphism among isolates from multiple sites of a patient with chronic herpes simplex virus, type 1 infection
Authors: Alam Tarik M. , Joncas Jean H. , Ozanne Gérard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDNA polymorphisms among independent isolates of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 were studied from a 7‐year‐old male patient with recurrent infections of the skin and internal organs. In the patient's serum, HSV antibodies could not be detected by complement fixation, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or neutralization tests. ELISA tests for the presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus were also negative. One HSV isolate was obtained from mesenteric nodes biopsied in 1983; one from skin in 1984; and three (postmortem) from brain, lungs, and liver in 1985. Restriction enzymes Eco RI, BgI II, Hind III, Kpn I, and Bam H1 digestion patterns of the five isolates were similar. However, Sal I digests of isolates from skin, mesenteric nodes, lungs, and liver showed variations that were distinct from that of the brain isolate. Although Sal I digests of skin, mesenteric nodes, lungs, and liver isolates share a common variation in lacking F and G, the liver isolate can be further differentiated because of the gain of a restriction site on the H fragment. Thus, the three distinct variants observed were the isolates from brain (variant 1); from skin, mesenteric nodes, and lungs (variant 2); and from liver (variant 3). The fragments involved in variations among these isolates (presence or absence of SaI, G and H) are from the unique short and long regions (invariable regions) of the genome and therefore do not show heterogeneity in size. The extent of variation among these isolates is less than that seen among epidemiologically unrelated strains, suggesting that they originated from a single infecting strain, probably the brain isolate.
Electron microscopy of stool‐shed viruses: Retention of characteristic morphologies after long‐term storage at ultralow temperatures
Authors: Williams Fred P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStorage of stool specimens at —70°C has been reported to destroy the characteristic morphology of calicivirus. To determine if other stool‐shed viruses are similarly affected, stool specimens previously examined by electron microscopy and observed to contain virus particles were reexamined after 6–10 years of storage at —70°C to —85°C. The stools contained virus particles of different morphological types, including astrovirus, small round structured virus, adenovirus, and rotavirus as well as calicivirus. Also reexamined were stools containing coronavirus‐like particles and T = 19 virus‐like particles. Characteristic virus particles, including calicivirus particles, were recognized in all the stools reexamined. The results indicate that long‐term storage of stools at ultralow temperatures does not present a significant problem for the morphological identification of stool‐shed viruses.
Laboratory diagnosis of japanese encephalitis using monoclonal antibodies and correlation of findings with the outcome
Authors: Ravi V. , Vanajakshi S. , Gowda Anke , Chandramuki A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDetection of virus, viral antigen, and class‐specific antibody was carried out in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of 27 children with Japanese encephalitis. The diagnosis could be confirmed in 78.57% of cases (22/27) by demonstration of virus‐specific IgM in CSF (15/22), viral antigen in CSF (5/22), or by virus isolation (2/22). Absence of virus specific IgM in CSF was associated with a fatal outcome (P= 0.05).
Herpes viruses and duodenal ulcer disease
Authors: Kottaridis Stavros D. , Mihas T. A. , Goula Irene , Mihas Anastasios A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies to herpes simplex virus and Epstein‐Barr virus were sought in the sera of 33 patients with endoscopically proved duodenal ulcer and 33 healthy controls. Neither the prevalence nor the antibody levels to both viruses were significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest that herpes viruses may not play a role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease.
Prevalence of antibody to current influenza virus strains in adolescents
Authors: Zakay‐Rones Z. , Meijer A. , Morag A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring the Spring of 1986, 118 pupils aged 15–18 years were surveyed for the presence of humoral antibodies to five influenza strains. Prevalence of humoral immunity (HI) antibodies and immunity was found to be related to the year of the strain's emergence and to length of circulation time in the community. A high percentage of the adolescents were not immune to one or more of the tested strains. More than 40% of the studied group were not immune to the old A strains A/Philipines 2/82 (H3N2) and A/Chile 1/83 (H1N1), nearly 70% were not immune to the two B strains (B/USSR 100/83 and B/Ann Arbor 1/86), and almost the entire group (96%) was unprotected against the recent strain A/Singapore 6/86. Only one pupil was immune to all five strains; 35.6%, 22.2%, 17.8%, and 9.2% were immune to one, two, three, or four of the strains, respectively; and 14.4% were not immune to even one strain.
Astrocytic reaction predominance in chronic encephalitis of junin virus‐infected rats
Authors: Lascano Eduardo F. , Berría María I. , Avila María M. , Weissenbacher Mercedes C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractJunin virus antigen distribution and astrocytic reaction to prolonged infection were characterized in rat brain by the PAP technique. During the acute stage of neurologic disease following intracerebral inoculation, Junin antigen was detected in 100% of animals, strongly in most neurons but also to a much lesser degree in scattered astrocytes, dropping to 20% of rats at 540 days postinfection. Initially labeled in all brain areas, viral antigen gradually disappeared from hippocampus but persisted irregularly in cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, Purkinje cells, pons, and medulla oblongata. Such a pattern suggests that specific neuronal subpopulations, in spite of apparently unaltered cell morphology, may persistently harbor the virus, leading on occasion to a delayed neurologic syndrome. During both the acute and chronic stages of disease, a mild inflammatory exudate was observed, characterized by the presence of T and B lymphocytes, as well as macrophages and unidentified round cells. GFAP immunostaining showed increased astrocytic reaction as infection lapsed into chronicity. Corpus callosum, hippocampus, and cerebellum exhibited the sharpest reactive astrocytosis, followed by basal ganglia, pons, and medulla oblongata, whereas in cerebral cortex it was considerably less. Astrocyte activation, which failed to correlate with viral antigen presence in neurons, seems to result from a generalized condition, possibly including diffusible brain factors triggered by viral infection. Such widespread astroglial reaction may thus contribute to the outcome of the late neurologic syndrome.
Riboprobe assay for HDV RNA: A sensitive method for the detection of the HDV genome in clinical serum samples
Authors: Smedile Antonina , Bergmann Katherine F. , Baroudy Bahige M. , V. Wells Frances , Purcell Robert H. , Bonino Ferruccio , Rizzetto Mario , Gerin John L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have used a new hybridization assay for the detection of the genome of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in serum using a strand‐specific RNA probe obtained by transcription of a recombinant riboprobe. This assay was tested on a panel of 30 sera from HBsAg carriers with hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) in the liver. The riboprobe assay detected HDV RNA in the serum of 83% of the patients, while 63% were positive using the DNA hybridization assay. HDAg was detected in 73% of the same sera by immunoblotting. The riboprobe assay was also compared to other assays on serial samples from an experimentally infected chimpanzee. These results demonstrate that the Northern blot assay using the RNA probe is more sensitive than the homologous DNA probe for the detection of HDV in serum and is also more sensitive than the immunoblot assay for HDAg. The riboprobe assay is the most sensitive of currently available methods to measure HD viremia.
Serological evidence that dry heating of clotting factor concentrates prevents transmission of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Skidmore S. J. , Pasi K. J. , Mawson S. J. , Williams M. D. , Hill F. G. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new test for antibodies specific for an agent causing non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH) was used to screen 45 children with coagulation disorders who received factor concentrates. It was found that the test results correlated with clinical evidence of NANBH and that heat treatment of concentrates (80°C for 72 hours) appears to have prevented transmission of NANBH.