bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review
Authors: Robertson L. , Wu O. , Langhorne P. , Twaddle S. , Clark P. , Lowe G. D. O. , Walker I. D. , Greaves M. , Brenkel I. , Regan L. , Greer I. A. ,   The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study.
Published: November 2005

SummaryGrowing evidence suggests that thrombophilia is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, methodological limitations have made it difficult to obtain a clear overview of the overall risks. We conducted a systematic review to determine the risk of VTE and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with thrombophilia in pregnancy. The effectiveness of prophylactic interventions during pregnancy was also evaluated. Major electronic databases were searched, relevant data abstracted and study quality assessed by two independent reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) stratified by thrombophilia type were calculated for each outcome. A total of 79 studies were included in our review. The risks for individual thrombophilic defects were determined for VTE (ORs, 0·74–34·40); early pregnancy loss (ORs, 1·40–6·25); late pregnancy loss (ORs, 1·31–20·09); pre‐eclampsia (ORs, 1·37–3·49); placental abruption (ORs, 1·42–7·71) and intrauterine growth restriction (ORs, 1·24–2·92). Low‐dose aspirin plus heparin was the most effective in preventing pregnancy loss in thrombophilic women (OR, 1·62). Our findings confirm that women with thrombophilia are at risk of developing VTE and complications in pregnancy. However, despite the increase in relative risk, the absolute risk of VTE and adverse outcomes remains low. There is also a lack of controlled trials of antithrombotic intervention to prevent pregnancy complications. Thus, at present, universal screening for thrombophilia in pregnancy cannot be justified clinically.
PRIMA‐1 induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukaemia cells with p53 gene deletion
Authors: Nahi H. , Merup M. , Lehmann S. , Bengtzen S. , Möllgård L. , Selivanova G. , Wiman K. G. , Paul C. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe p53 tumour suppressor gene located on chromosome 17p13 is the most frequently mutated gene in human tumours. About 5–8% of cases with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) carry the p53 mutation. Recently, the compound p53‐dependent reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis (PRIMA‐1) has been shown to induce cytotoxic effects and apoptosis in human tumour cells by restoration of the transcriptional activity of mutated p53. This is believed to be mediated by a change in the conformation of mutated p53 protein, restoring DNA binding and activation of p53 target genes. We studied the effects of PRIMA‐1 and commonly used antileukaemic drugs on AML cells from 62 patients. Cells were obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow and were exposed to PRIMA‐1, cytarabine, daunorubicin, chlorodeoxyadenosine and fludarabine. This study showed that PRIMA‐1 had cytotoxic effects on AML cells. Conventional AML drugs were less effective in cells with hemizygous p53 deletion. Interestingly, our data indicated that PRIMA‐1 was more effective in this subgroup of patients compared with patients with normal chromosome 17. Our data suggest that the concept of restoration of p53 protein by PRIMA‐1 or a PRIMA‐1‐based new drug may increase the efficacy of AML treatment in patients with p53 mutations.
Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: evidence for long‐term vegetation shifts
Authors: MUELLER REBECCA C. , SCUDDER CRESCENT M. , PORTER MARIANNE E. , TALBOT TROTTER R. , GEHRING CATHERINE A. , WHITHAM THOMAS G. 
Published: November 2005

Summary

Although drought frequency and severity are predicted to increase across numerous continental interiors, the consequences of these changes for dominant plants are largely unknown. Over the last decade, the south‐western US has experienced six drought years, including the extreme droughts of 1996 and 2002, which led to widespread tree mortality across northern Arizona.
We examined the impact of these droughts on the co‐dominant tree species of the pinyon–juniper woodland (Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma), a major vegetation type in the US.
Pinyon mortality following both droughts was 6.5‐fold higher than juniper mortality. In addition, large pinyons suffered 2–6‐fold greater mortality than small pinyons, a pattern associated with higher mortality of reproductively mature trees and survival of smaller pinyons resulting from facilitation by established vegetation. Differential mortality of large pinyons resulted in a vegetation shift such that the pinyon–juniper woodlands are becoming dominated by juniper, a species that is typical of lower elevations and more arid conditions.
Sites that experienced high pinyon mortality during the first drought suffered additional mortality during the second drought, so that reductions in tree densities and the resulting release from below‐ground competition did not buffer surviving pinyons against additional mortality during the second drought. Such repeated mortality events also suggest that these stands may suffer chronic stress.
Reductions in biotic associations (e.g. avian seed dispersers, ectomycorrhizas and nurse plants) that will probably result from extreme mortality of large pinyons ensure that the observed vegetation shifts will be persistent. Because approximately 1000 species are associated with pinyon pine, the shift in the structure of these woodlands has large‐scale community consequences.
Retracted: Dual role for an allelochemical: (±)‐catechin from Centaurea maculosa root exudates regulates conspecific seedling establishment
Authors: PERRY LAURA G. , THELEN GILES C. , RIDENOUR WENDY M. , WEIR TIFFANY L. , CALLAWAY RAGAN M. , PASCHKE MARK W. , M. VIVANCO JORGE 
Published: November 2005

Summary

Plant allelopathic compounds may have other roles than interspecific interference. We investigated whether (±)‐catechin, a phytotoxin exuded from the roots of the exotic invader Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), is also one of the factors that regulates C. maculosa recruitment.
Adding activated carbon, which adsorbs organic compounds, to soil around C. maculosa adults in the field increased seedling density by 78% 25 days after sowing, and by 34% 32 days after sowing, suggesting that soil‐borne compounds inhibited or delayed recruitment.
Analysis of field soils near mature C. maculosa revealed that they can contain exceptionally high (±)‐catechin concentrations (mean = 1.55 mg g−1 dry soil, with 60% of samples containing ≥ 1.0 mg (±)‐catechin g−1).
In laboratory experiments, treatment with ≥ 1.0 mg (±)‐catechin mL−1 reduced seedling root elongation by > 50%, indicating that field concentrations are sufficient to inhibit C. maculosa recruitment. Provided that 10% methanol was used to maintain (±)‐catechin in solution for > 1 day, treatment with ≥ 1.0 mg mL−1 also reduced C. maculosa germination by > 70%.
(±)‐Catechin maintained in solution with methanol did not significantly reduce C. maculosa seed survival, suggesting that inhibition of germination was due, at least in part, to delayed germination rather than to seed mortality.
Depending on the solubility of (±)‐catechin in soil and on the duration of its effects on recruitment, C. maculosa may avoid intraspecific competition or regulate the timing of seedling establishment by reducing seedling growth or postponing germination in response to its own phytotoxin.
Chemical regulation of C. maculosa recruitment, as demonstrated here, suggests a dual role of (±)‐catechin as an allelochemical and an autoinhibitor. The potential for a single plant root exudate to influence both inter‐ and intraspecific interactions emphasizes the complex effects that plant secondary metabolites may have on plant population and community structure.
Winners and losers in herbaceous plant communities: insights from foliar carbon isotope composition in monocultures and mixtures
Authors: JUMPPONEN A. , MULDER C. P. H. , HUSS‐DANELL K. , HÖGBERG P. 
Published: November 2005

Summary

We established monocultures and 16 unique mixed communities of 12 native grasses, legumes and non‐N2‐fixing forbs. We identified species having a greater or lesser yield in the mixed communities than expected from monoculture data as winners and losers, respectively. To test our hypothesis that performance of the subordinate species (losers) is mainly controlled by light availability, whereas the dominant species (winners) are sensitive to the availability of below‐ground resources, we traced the effects of number of species, light transmission in the community and foliar N concentration on plant photosynthesis through leaf C isotope composition (δ13C).
Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense, the two tallest grass species, yielded more in mixtures than expected, as, initially, did Dactylis glomerata. Festuca ovina, the smallest grass, and Ranunculus acris, a forb, had smaller yield in mixtures than expected. For most species, observed mixture yields did not deviate significantly from those expected.
Decreases in transmitted light decreased δ13C in D. glomerata, Lotus corniculatus and Rumex acetosa. The δ13C of Trifolium pratense and L. corniculatus was affected by increasing number of species in the plant community even after accounting for the transmitted light. In P. arundinacea, δ13C increased with increasing foliar %N, as expected for the tallest, dominant species.
Species showing a positive, significant relationship between δ13C and transmitted light were relatively low growing and unable to establish dominance in multispecies communities due to shading by larger dominants.
We conclude that above‐ground competition is crucial in determining C isotope composition among the subordinate species, whereas the dominant species are more strongly affected by below‐ground resources. Different factors thus dictate the physiological performance of species according to the size‐distribution hierarchy in the community.
Handicaps and the development of skills between childhood and early adolescence in young people with severe intellectual disabilities
Authors: Chadwick O. , Cuddy M. , Kusel Y. , Taylor E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  While a number of studies have examined the development of skills in children with intellectual disabilities (ID), most have been cross‐sectional, most have been concerned with particular syndromes such as Down's syndrome or autism and few have attempted to identify factors associated with improvements in skills.Methods  From a sample of 111 children with severe ID who had been identified from the registers of six special schools at 4–11 years of age, 82 were traced and reassessed 5 years later at the age of 11–17 years. On both occasions, information on the children's handicaps and skills was collected by interviewing their main carers using a shortened version of the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales and the Disability Assessment Schedule.Results and conclusions  There were small but statistically significant improvements in Vineland age‐equivalent communication and daily living skills scores, but not in Vineland Socialization scores, over the 5‐year period of follow‐up. This pattern of improvement was observed in most aetiological subgroups. Improvement in skills was greatest in younger children, and was associated with reductions in behaviour problems and in levels of parental stress. In spite of the improvements in age‐equivalent scores, Vineland standard scores showed significant declines over the same period of time, indicating that the improvements observed were smaller than would be expected in a general population sample of children of the same age. The dangers of using standard scores or quotients to quantify the level of functioning of children with severe ID are highlighted.
A follow‐up study of mortality, health conditions and associated disabilities of people with intellectual disabilities in a Swedish county
Authors: Gustavson K.‐H. , Umb‐Carlsson Õ. , Sonnander K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  In the planning of services and health care for individuals with intellectual disability (ID), information is needed on the special requirements for habilitation and medical service and associated disabilities.Material and methods  An unselected consecutive series of 82 adult persons with ID was studied. The medical examination consisted of the individual's health condition, associated impairments and disabilities. Medical and habilitation services and support were studied.Results  The results indicated that 71% of the persons in the series had severe and 29% mild ID. Forty‐seven per cent of the persons with severe ID and 35% of those with mild ID had one or more additional central nervous system (CNS) disabilities. Of the persons with ID, 99% had access to a family doctor and 84% attended regular health visits. Notably, half of persons were referred to a specialist examination as a consequence of their present medical examination. Half of the persons with mental health problems were previously undiagnosed and only a few of these had access to a psychiatrist.Conclusion  Our study clearly demonstrates the magnitude and importance of neurological and psychiatric impairments in ID. The findings suggest a strong need for multidisciplinary health service.
Effect of tepoxalin on renal function in healthy dogs receiving an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor
Authors: FUSELLIER M. , DESFONTIS J.‐C. , MADEC S. , GAUTIER F. , MARESCAUX L. , DEBAILLEUL M. , GOGNY M. 
Published: November 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate renal function in clinically normal dogs receiving tepoxalin, a nonsteroidal inflammatory drug, either in association with or without an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). Ten adult female Beagle dogs were used in the three phases of the study. The dogs were administered the drugs once daily for 7 days (experiment 1: placebo/tepoxalin/tepoxalin and benazepril; experiment 2: enalapril/tepoxalin and enalapril) or for 28 days (experiment 3: tepoxalin and benazepril together).Renal function was assessed by measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by renal scintigraphy [(renal uptake of 99mTc‐diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA)] and plasma clearance of 99mTc‐DTPA. Compared with the placebo group, renal uptake and plasma clearance of 99mTc‐DTPA were not significantly modified after a 7‐day period of treatment with tepoxalin or enalapril alone, tepoxalin and benazepril or tepoxalin and enalapril together. No significant change was obtained in GFR after a 28‐day period of dosing with tepoxalin and benazepril together.Therefore, it was concluded that tepoxalin did not alter renal function in healthy Beagle dogs receiving ACEI.
ATP‐ and NAD+‐dependent DNA ligases share an essential function in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Zhao An , Gray Fiona C. , MacNeill Stuart A. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryDNA ligases join the ends of DNA molecules during replication, repair and recombination. ATP‐dependent ligases are found predominantly in the eukarya and archaea whereas NAD+‐dependent DNA ligases are found only in the eubacteria and in entomopoxviruses. Using the genetically tractable halophile Haloferax volcanii as a model system, we describe the first genetic analysis of archaeal DNA ligase function. We show that the Hfx. volcanii ATP‐dependent DNA ligase family member, LigA, is non‐essential for cell viability, raising the question of how DNA strands are joined in its absence. We show that Hfx. volcanii also encodes an NAD+‐dependent DNA ligase family member, LigN, the first such enzyme to be identified in the archaea, and present phylogenetic analysis indicating that the gene encoding this protein has been acquired by lateral gene transfer (LGT) from eubacteria. As with LigA, we show that LigN is also non‐essential for cell viability. Simultaneous inactivation of both proteins is lethal, however, indicating that they now share an essential function. Thus the LigN protein acquired by LGT appears to have been co‐opted as a back‐up for LigA function, perhaps to provide additional ligase activity under conditions of high genotoxic stress.
Farnesol‐induced apoptosis in Aspergillus nidulans reveals a possible mechanism for antagonistic interactions between fungi
Authors: Semighini Camile P. , Hornby Jacob M. , Dumitru Raluca , Nickerson Kenneth W. , Harris Steven D. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe dimorphic fungus Candida albicans secretes farnesol, which acts as a quorum‐sensing molecule and prevents the yeast to mycelium conversion. In this study we examined the effect of farnesol in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. We show that externally added farnesol has no effect on hyphal morphogenesis; instead, it triggers morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. Additional experiments suggest that mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in farnesol‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, the effects of farnesol appear to be mediated by the FadA heterotrimeric G protein complex. Because A. nidulans does not secrete detectable amounts of farnesol, we propose that it responds to farnesol produced by other fungi. In agreement with this notion, growth and development were impaired in a farnesol‐dependent manner when A. nidulans was co‐cultivated with C. albicans. Taken together, our data suggest that farnesol, in addition to its quorum‐sensing function that regulates morphogenesis, is also employed by C. albicansTo reduce competition from other microbes.
Effects of isoflurane on oxygen‐glucose deprivation‐induced changes of gene expression profiling in glial‐neuronal cocultures
Authors: Huang Y. , Zuo Z. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Isoflurane decreases ischemia‐induced neuronal injury. The mechanisms of this effect are largely unknown. We hypothesize that isoflurane induces expression of protective stress genes and decreases expression of apoptosis‐related genes.Methods:  The mRNA expression of about 1300 genes related to neurobiology in rat glial‐neuronal cocultures was evaluated by microarray technology. Four experimental conditions were examined: control; 2% isoflurane; oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD, to simulate ischemia in vitro); or isoflurane (2%) plus OGD.Results:  There were four immediate early genes/transcription factors (early growth response 1, c‐fos, nerve growth factor‐induced factor A and Knox‐24) whose mRNA expression was increased to more than 1.4‐fold of control levels under the conditions of isoflurane, OGD or isoflurane plus OGD. Isoflurane increased the mRNA expression of heme oxygenase, a 32‐kDa heat‐shock protein, and decreased the mRNA expression of caspase‐2, calpain 1 and the Bcl‐2‐associated death agonist. These isoflurane effects were still apparent under the condition of isoflurane plus OGD. The mRNA expression of Gβ1, early growth response 1 and the death effector domain‐containing protein DEFT in the samples used for microarray assay was determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, and the results were consistent with the patterns of changes across the experimental conditions as revealed by microarray technology.Conclusion:  Our data suggest that the effects of isoflurane on the mRNA expression of multiple genes in glial‐neuronal cocultures are consistent with its neuroprotection against ischemia. A coordinated change in expression of many genes (increased expression of potentially protective gene and decreased expression of potentially damaging genes) after the exposure of isoflurane was revealed by this study.
The effect of tracheostomy on outcome in intensive care unit patients
Authors: Flaatten H. , Gjerde S. , Heimdal J. H. , Aardal S. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy (PDT) is increasingly being used in the intensive care unit (ICU), and has probably increased the number of procedures performed. The primary aim of this study was to document the short‐ and long‐term outcome of patients with a tracheostomy performed during an ICU stay.Methods:  Patients in our ICU who underwent an unplanned tracheostomy between 1997 and 2003 were included in this analysis. The type of tracheostomy (PDT or surgical tracheostomy) and time of the procedure were registered prospectively in our ICU database. Survival was followed using the People's Registry of Norway and morbidity data from the individual hospital record. These patients were also compared with a group of ICU patients ventilated for more than 24 h, but managed without a tracheostomy. We also compared patients who had early tracheostomy (less than median time to procedure) with those who had late tracheostomy.Results:  Of the 2844 admissions (2581 patients), unplanned tracheostomy was performed during 461 admissions (16.2%) on 454 patients (17.6%). The median time to tracheostomy was 6 days. The ICU, hospital and 1‐year mortality rates were 10.8, 27.1 and 37.2%, respectively, significantly less than those of the group ventilated without tracheostomy. The median time to decannulation was 14 days. Patients who had early tracheostomy had a more favourable long‐term survival than those who had late tracheostomy. No procedure‐related mortality was registered.Conclusions:  In our ICU, having a tracheostomy performed was associated with a favourable long‐term outcome with regard to survival, and early tracheostomy improved survival in addition to consuming less ICU resources.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Bambusa arundinacea and cross species amplification in other bamboos
Authors: Nayak S. , Rout G. R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIsolation and characterization of microsatellites was analysed in Bambusa arundinacea and cross species amplification studied in other bamboos. Microsatellites, tandem repeats of short nucleotide (1–6 bp) sequences, are the DNA marker of choice because of their highly polymorphic, ubiquitous distribution within the genome, ease of genotyping through Polymerase chain reaction, selectively neutral, co‐dominant and multiallelic nature. Six microsatellites, three polymorphic and three monomorphic have been characterized for the first time in a bamboo species, Bambusa arundinacea belonging to the family Poaceae. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 13. Cross species amplification was tested in 18 other bamboo species. Monomorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were found to be cross amplified in most of the species tested and polymorphic ones in only three to four species. The utility of SSR loci in a genetic diversity study of B. arundinacea and other cross‐amplified bamboo species has been discussed. This study will help in population genetic studies in bamboo species.