bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stability of Crude Mid‐Oleic Sunflower Oils from Seeds with High γ‐ and δ‐Tocopherol Levels
Authors: Warner K. , Miller Jerry , Demurin Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study, mid‐oleic and high‐oleic sunflower seeds were developed with high levels of γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols by traditional breeding techniques. Sunflower seeds containing various profiles of tocopherols, ranging from traditional high α, low γ, low δ relative to those with high γ, high δ, and low α, were extracted, and the crude oil evaluated for oxidative stability. After aging at 60 °C, oils were measured for peroxide value and hexanal as indicators of oxidation levels. We found that when the γ‐tocopherol content of mid‐oleic sunflower oil (MOSFO) (NuSun) was increased from its regular level of 20 to 300–700 ppm, the oxidation of the oil was decreased significantly compared to MOSFO with its regular low γ‐tocopherol level. The modified oils had α‐tocopherol contents of up to 300 ppm without negatively affecting the stability of the oil. An oil with one of the best oxidative stabilities had a tocopherol profile of 470 ppm γ, 100 ppm δ, and 300 ppm α, indicating that MOSFO could be more oxidatively stable and still be a good source of Vitamin E from α‐tocopherol.
Foreign body reaction to polymethylsiloxane gel (Bioplastique™) after vocal fold augmentation
Authors: Randhawa P S , Ramsay A D , Rubin J S 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStatement of problem:The consequences of vocal fold paralysis include voice change, airway problems and difficulty swallowing. Medialisation procedures using injected material have been used for many decades, with varying outcomes, mainly secondary to lifespan, tissue reaction or migration. Newer materials have recently become clinically available which are easier to manage and supposedly less likely to elicit foreign body reaction.Method of study:Case report.Results:We report a case of foreign body reaction and possible migration of polymethylsiloxane gel (Bioplastique™), one such material, after vocal fold injection. To our knowledge, this is the second such case described.Conclusions:This case highlights the fact that the risk of foreign body reaction and migration is still present for this material, albeit low. We also highlight the fact that, although this material can cause foreign body reactions and may possibly migrate, it is removable by microlaryngoscopy via the microflap technique, with vocal improvement.
Embolisation of an extensive arteriovenous malformation of the temporal region as an alternate treatment: case report
Authors: Aslan S , Yavuz H , Cagici A C , Kizilkilic O 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives:To report the case of a spontaneous arteriovenous malformation involving the auricula, external auditory meatus, middle ear and part of the petrous apex, and also to provide updated information about its management.Case report:A 33-year-old woman presented complaining of accelerated growth of a retro-auricular swelling during her latest pregnancy, together with pain, pulsatile tinnitus and ear discharge. An arteriovenous malformation occupying the right auricula, external auditory canal, mastoid proccess of the temporal bone and the lateral half of the petrous segment was diagnosed, using temporal computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The lesion was embolised with polyvinyl alcohol particles at angiography. Excision of the arteriovenous malformation nidus was performed. Three years post-operatively, magnetic resonance imaging showed no residual lesion or recurrence at the temporal bone and petrous apex, although a few scanty, serpiginous, vascular remnants had persisted.Conclusions:In the head and neck, arteriovenous malformations usually occur intracranially; they are rare outside the cranium. To our knowledge, there have been no previously published cases of such an extensive arteriovenous malformation involving the temporal region. Apropos of our case, the definition, clinical findings, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic management of arteriovenous malformations are discussed.
Spatial constraints underlying the retinal mosaics of two types of horizontal cells in cat and macaque
Authors: EGLEN STEPHEN J. , WONG JAMES C.T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMost types of retinal neurons are spatially positioned in non-random patterns, termed retinal mosaics. Several developmental mechanisms are thought to be important in the formation of these mosaics. Most evidence to date suggests that homotypic constraints within a type of neuron are dominant, and that heterotypic interactions between different types of neuron are rare. In an analysis of macaque H1 and H2 horizontal cell mosaics, Wässle et al. (2000) suggested that the high regularity index of the combined H1 and H2 mosaic might be caused by heterotypic interactions during development. Here we use computer modeling to suggest that the high regularity index of the combined H1 and H2 mosaic is a by-product of the basic constraint that two neurons cannot occupy the same space. The spatial arrangement of type A and type B horizontal cells in cat retina also follow this same principle.
Sources of variation in mortality of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in Europe
Authors: Margalida Antoni , Heredia Rafael , Razin Martine , Hernández Mauro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe analyse the causes of mortality for the Bearded Vulture in Europe. Shooting (31%), intentional poisoning (26%), collision (18%) and unintentional poisoning (12%) were the most important causes of mortality. No differences were found between sexes or age classes (non-adults and adults) for any of the causes of death. When the four main categories of mortality were grouped in periods of 3 years from 1986 (coinciding with the species' reintroduction to the Alps) to 2006, mortality showed significant temporal variation. The results suggest that while the number of collision/electrocution deaths has remained stable or increased slightly, the number of cases of shooting has declined during the last 6 years, while at the same time intentional and unintentional poisonings have increased. We found substantial differences between causes of mortality recorded for birds located by chance (75% related to shootings and collisions with powerlines) and radio-tagged birds (86% related to intentional and unintentional poisoning), suggesting biases in methodology for monitoring mortality. The results suggest that human persecution continues to be the main factor contributing to unnatural mortality for European Bearded Vultures. Future management actions should concentrate on the creation of protocols for the collection of carcasses and detailed analyses to determine and mitigate anthropogenic sources of mortality.
Flavonoid content in different legume germplasm seeds quantified by HPLC
Authors: Wang M. L. , Gillaspie A. G. , Morris J. B. , Pittman R. N. , Davis J. , Pederson G. A. 
Published: March 2008

Flavonoid content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and seed-coat colour was recorded from different legume seeds. Soybean seeds generally contained significantly higher amounts of daidzein (315–354 μg/g), genistein (438–458 μg/g), kaempferol (38–68 μg/g) and total measured flavonoids (892–917 μg/g), while cowpea and peanut seeds contained a significantly higher amount of quercetin (214–280 μg/g and 133–289 μg/g, respectively) than the other legumes tested. Significant variation for flavonoid content existed among and within legume species. Daidzein was significantly correlated with genistein and kaempferol (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001; r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), respectively. Genistein was also significantly correlated with kaempferol (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). Due to differences in genetic background, no consistent relationship was observed between seed-coat colour and flavonoid content. Variation observed in flavonoid content and seed-coat colour would be useful for legume breeding programmes and consumer use.
Sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibition with cariporide reduces leukocyte adhesion via P‐selectin suppression during inflammation
Authors: Buerke U , Pruefer D , Carter J M , Russ M , Schlitt A , Prondzinsky R , Makowski J , Rohrbach S , Niemann B , Schulze C , Dahm M , Vahl C‐F , Werdan K , Buerke M 
Published: March 2008

Background and purpose:The Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) inhibitor cariporide is known to ameliorate ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by reduction of cytosolic Ca2+ overload. Leukocyte activation and infiltration also mediates I/R injury but whether cariporide reduces I/R injury by affecting leukocyte activation is unknown. We studied the effect of cariporide on thrombin and I/R induced leukocyte activation and infiltration models and examined P‐selectin expression as a potential mechanism for any identified effects.Experimental approach:An in vivo rat mesenteric microcirculation microscopy model was used with stimulation by thrombin (0.5 μ ml−1) superfusion or ischaemia (by haemorrhagic shock for 60 min) and reperfusion (90 min).Key results:Treatment with cariporide (10 mg kg−1 i.v.) significantly reduced leukocyte rolling, adhesion and extravasation after thrombin exposure. Similarly, cariporide reduced leukocyte rolling (54±6.2 to 2.4±1.0 cells min−1, P<0.01), adherence (6.3±1.9 to 1.2±0.4 cells 100 μm−1, P<0.01) and extravasation (9.1±2.1 to 2.4±1.1 cells per 20 × 100 μm perivascular space, P<0.05), following haemorrhagic shock induced systemic ischaemia and reperfusion. The cell adhesion molecule P‐selectin showed a profound decrease in endothelial expression following cariporide administration in both thrombin and I/R stimulated groups (35.4±3.2 vs 14.2±4.1% P‐selectin positive cells per tissue section, P<0.01).Conclusions and implications:The NHE inhibitor cariporide is known to limit reperfusion injury by controlling Ca2+ overload but these data are novel evidence for a vasculoprotective effect of NHE inhibition at all levels of leukocyte activation, an effect which is likely to be mediated at least in part by a reduction of P‐selectin expression.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1678–1685; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707647; published online 10 March 2008
Acute Treatment Response and Its Predictors in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis in Iran
Authors: Tabatabaee Maryam , Sharifi Vandad , Alaghband-rad Javad , Amini Homayoun , Boroumand Mehran , Omid Abbas , Seddigh Arshia 
Published: March 2008

Objective: The aim of this paper was to investigate the acute treatment response and its predictors in a sample of patients with first-episode psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Iran. Method: A total of 163 patients with first-episode psychosis were treated with antipsychotics and other medications as prescribed by their treating psychiatrists. Sociodemographic and premorbid data at baseline and clinical data at both baseline and discharge (6±1 weeks after admission) were collected. Results: Patients showed a response rate of 71.4% for negative symptoms, 91.5% for positive symptoms and 67.5% for functioning. Those having a positive family history and less severe negative symptoms at baseline were less likely to respond in terms of negative symptoms. Higher premorbid and lower baseline functioning as well as acute onset were associated with the treatment response. Conclusions: Acute treatment response of first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample of a developing country seems to be higher than that of developed countries. However, predictors of response are comparable.
First-Episode Psychosis in Rural, Coastal and Remote Australian Communities
Authors: Stain Helen , Sartore Gina-Maree , Andrews Doug , Kelly Brian 
Published: March 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate access to care and service delivery for first-episode psychosis (FEP) in rural, coastal and remote regions. Method: Routine clinical outcome data were analysed for patients aged 10–25 years who presented to mental health services in either a rural, coastal or remote region of New South Wales over a 3-year period. Results: The results showed rural region FEP patients travelled significantly further to access services than non-FEP patients. Remote region FEP patients were older and more likely to be male and Aboriginal than non-FEP patients. Alcohol and drug problems were significantly more likely for FEP than non-FEP patients across all regions. Utilization of mental health services was more frequent for FEP than non-FEP children and adolescents. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of identification of FEP, particularly in the 10–18-year age group, where cognitive problems are likely to adversely affect schooling as well as be detrimental to social relationships. Service provision for FEP youth in rural areas requires innovation and coordination of limited resources, including better provision of training and ongoing clinical supervision.
Robust bi-level optimization models in transportation science
Authors: Patriksson Michael 
Published: March 2008

Mathematical programmes with equilibrium constraints (MPECs) constitute important modelling tools for network flow problems, as they place ‘what-if’ analyses in a proper mathematical framework. We consider a class of stochastic MPEC traffic models that explicitly incorporate possible uncertainties in travel costs and demands. In stochastic programming terminology, we consider ‘here-and-now’ models where decisions must be made before observing the uncertain parameter values and the responses of the network users; the objective is to minimize the expectation of the upper-level objective function. Such a model could, for example, be used to derive a fixed toll pricing scheme that provides the best revenue for a given network over a time period, where variations in traffic conditions and demand elasticities are described by distributions of parameters in the travel time and demand functions.
We present new results on the stability of globally optimal solutions to perturbations in the probability distribution, establishing the robustness of the model. We also discuss penalization and discretization algorithms, the latter enabling the use of standard MPEC algorithms, and provide many future research avenues.
Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 2. Causes and treatment
Authors: Morris C. G. , Low J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe correct identification of the cause, and ideally the individual acid, responsible for metabolic acidosis in the critically ill ensures rational management. In Part 2 of this review, we examine the elevated (corrected) anion gap acidoses (lactic, ketones, uraemic and toxin ingestion) and contrast them with nonelevated conditions (bicarbonate wasting, renal tubular acidoses and iatrogenic hyperchloraemia) using readily available base excess and anion gap techniques. The potentially erroneous interpretation of elevated lactate signifying cell ischaemia is highlighted. We provide diagnostic and therapeutic guidance when faced with a high anion gap acidosis, for example pyroglutamate, in the common clinical scenario ‘I can’t identify the acid – but I know it's there'. The evidence that metabolic acidosis affects outcomes and thus warrants correction is considered and we provide management guidance including extracorporeal removal and fomepizole therapy.
Platelet‐activating factor stimulates ovine foetal pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of nuclear factor‐kappa B and cyclin‐dependent kinases
Authors: Ibe B. O. , Abdallah M. F. , Portugal A. M. , Raj J. U. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  Objective: Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) is implicated in pathogenesis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN); PAF is a mitogen for lung fibroblasts. PAF's role in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell (PVSMC) proliferation and in hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vein (PV) remodelling has not been established and mechanisms for PAF's cell‐proliferative effects are not well understood. We investigated involvement of PAF and PAF receptors in PVSMC proliferation. Materials and methods: Cells from pulmonary arteries (SMC‐PA) and veins (SMC‐PV) were serum starved for 72 h in 5% CO2 in air (normoxia). They were cultured for 24 h more in normoxia or 2% O2 (hypoxia) in 0.1% or 10% foetal bovine serum with 5 µCi/well of [3H]‐thymidine, with and without 10 nm PAF. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), CDK2 and CDK4 protein expression, and their roles in cell proliferation control were studied. Results: PAF and hypoxia increased SMC‐PA and SMC‐PV proliferation. WEB2170 inhibited PAF‐induced cell proliferation while lyso‐PAF had no effect. SMC‐PV proliferated more than SMC‐PA and PAF plus hypoxia augmented NF‐κB protein expression. NF‐κB inhibitory peptide attenuated PAF‐induced cell proliferation by 50% and PAF increased CDK2 and CDK4 protein expression. The data show that hypoxia and PAF up‐regulate PVSMC proliferation via PAF receptor‐specific pathway involving NF‐κB, CDK2 and CDK4 activations. Conclusion: They suggest that in vivo, in foetal lung low‐oxygen environment, where PAF level is high, proliferation of PVSMC will occur readily to modulate PV development and that failure of down‐regulation of PAF effects postnatally may result in PPHN.
Assessment of the potential of progenitor stem cells extracted from human peripheral blood for seeding a novel vascular graft material
Authors: Punshon G. , Sales K. M. , Vara D. S. , Hamilton G. , Seifalian A. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  Objective: A novel nanocomposite has recently been developed based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane attached by direct reaction onto a urethane segment, as a potential vascular graft material; its trade name is UCL‐Nano. The UCL‐Nano has been demonstrated to have similar viscoelastic properties to the walls of a natural artery, to be resistant to degradation and to be able to sustain endothelial cell seeding. Human peripheral blood contains both circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells, which may be suitable for conduit seeding. The aim of this study was to develop a system with the potential to deliver an endothelial cell‐seeded bypass graft in a realistic time frame. Materials and methods: Endothelial progenitor cells and circulating endothelial cells were isolated from human peripheral blood and were characterized by fluorescent‐activated cell sorting, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Isolated cells were seeded on nanocomposite and were maintained in culture for 35 days. Results: The UCL‐Nano was successfully seeded with cells and a confluent cell layer was achieved after 14‐day culture. Cells remained viable and confluent on the nanocomposite for 35 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results suggest that this process has potential both for a realistic and achievable two‐stage seeding process for vascular bypass grafts and for the potential development of a device, with the aim of achieving in situ seeding once implanted.
The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibition on gastric volume, satiation and enteroendocrine secretion in type 2 diabetes: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study
Authors: Vella Adrian , Bock Gerlies , Giesler Paula D. , Burton Duane B. , Serra Denise B. , Saylan Monica Ligueros , Deacon Carolyn F. , Foley James E. , Rizza Robert A. , Camilleri Michael 
Published: March 2008

SummaryObjectives  The incretin hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) retards gastric emptying and decreases caloric intake. It is unclear whether increased GLP‐1 concentrations achieved by inhibition of the inactivating enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) alter gastric volumes and satiation in people with type 2 diabetes.Methods  In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover design, 14 subjects with type 2 diabetes received vildagliptin (50 mg bid) or placebo for 10 days in random order separated by a 2‐week washout. On day 7, fasting and postmeal gastric volumes were measured by a 99mTc single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) method. On day 8, a liquid Ensure® meal was consumed at 30 ml/min, and maximum tolerated volume (MTV) and symptoms 30 min later were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess effects on satiation. On day 10, subjects ingested water until maximum satiation was achieved. The volume ingested was recorded and symptoms similarly measured using a VAS.Results  Vildagliptin raised plasma GLP‐1 concentrations. However, fasting (248 ± 21 vs. 247 ± 19 ml, P = 0·98) and fed (746 ± 28 vs. 772 ± 26 ml, P = 0·54) gastric volumes did not differ when subjects received vildagliptin or placebo. Treatment with vildagliptin did not alter the MTV of Ensure® (1657 ± 308 vs. 1389 ± 197 ml, P = 0·15) or water compared to placebo (1371 ± 141 vs. 1172 ± 156 ml, P = 0·23). Vildagliptin was associated with decreased peptide YY (PYY) concentrations 60 min after initiation of the meal (166 ± 27 vs. 229 ± 34 pmol/l, P = 0·01).Conclusions  Vildagliptin does not alter satiation or gastric volume in people with type 2 diabetes despite elevated GLP‐1 concentrations. Compensatory changes in enteroendocrine secretion could account for the lack of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Ontogenetic shifts in drift periodicity and benthic dispersal in elmid beetles
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. There is a paucity of information on ontogenetic changes in the dispersal of benthic invertebrates, which is an important aspect of their ecology. This study quantifies ontogenetic changes in diel periodicity in drift, and in upstream–downstream dispersal on the substratum for Elmis aenea, Oulimnius tuberculatus, Esolus parallelepipedus and Limnius volkmari (Coleoptera: Elmidae). Three drift nets were emptied every 3 h over 24 h in each month (October 1965–December 1968) at two contrasting sites: one in a deep section with abundant macrophytes, the other in a shallow stony riffle. Comparisons of periodicity between life‐stages of the same species were limited to months when numbers in the drift were highest. Dispersal was evaluated in six experimental stream channels, placed above the stream, with initial numbers of each life‐stage varying from 20 to 80.2. Drift numbers were always highest at night with few or no animals in the day samples. Ontogenetic shifts in diel periodicity were similar for all four species. Drift catches were similar throughout the night for the early and intermediate larval instars and for mature adults, but were highest in the early hours of the night with a gradual decline thereafter for later larval instars and immature adults. These patterns were unaffected by a severe spate, even though drift numbers increased considerably.3. Dispersal was density‐independent; the number of dispersing animals was a constant proportion of the initial number for each life‐stage. The relationship between dispersal distance and the number of animals travelling that distance was well described by an inverse power function. Median and maximum distances (m day−1) were estimated for each life‐stage.4. Ontogenetic shifts in dispersal in the stream channels matched those shown in diel drift periodicity. For all four species, the later larval instars and immature adults showed little movement in either direction, whereas early and intermediate larval instars and mature adults dispersed predominantly upstream, adults travelling further than any other life‐stage.5. Ontogenetic shifts in diel drift periodicity and dispersal were related to seasonal changes in drift density and critical periods in the life cycle. Such shifts have not been quantified in other stream invertebrates, but should be considered when evaluating the role of dispersal in their population dynamics and their colonization ability.