bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 Anticlericalism
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence for anticlericalism during the period, paying particular attention to the suggestions of considerable levels of anticlericalism in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and in the early 19th century. It considers the levels of hostility shown to the established Church and the clergy by dissenters from the Church, and the activities of satirists and the press, especially over the collection of tithes, and the establishment of the Church.
6 Europe, the United States, and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Ralph Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.
Innocents, Double Effect and Proportionality
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Appealing to the doctrine of double effect, just war theorists claim that only the direct and intentional killing of innocents violates their rights, but not the mere acceptance of their killing as a side-effect of an attack on a military target. The chapter demonstrates the untenability of this doctrine; but, by way of proportionality considerations, it also rejects the pacifist argument that all modern wars are unjustified because they inevitably kill innocents. Nevertheless, there still remains a morally relevant difference between direct attacks on innocents and foreseeing their death as a side-effect (‘collateral damage’). The difference is explained by consideration of an interaction between the right to take action against aggressors and threats on the one hand, and the principle that individual rights restrict the majority, on the other. The result is that war can be justified as a lesser evil but can never be completely just, for the rights of those innocent people killed as ‘collateral damage’ are indeed violated.
The Ethics of Terrorism
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter criticizes several definitions of ‘terrorism’ and offers the following definition: Terrorism is the strategy of intimidating or impressing others than the immediate victims or targets of violence by the repeated threat, made credible by corresponding acts, the repeated killing or severe harming of innocents, or the repeated destruction or severe harming of their property. This implies that not all deliberate attacks on civilians are terrorist in intent. Several attempts to justify terrorism proper are considered, and all but one is rejected. Under certain circumstances terrorism can be justified, but such a justification is more difficult for strong parties, such as states, than for weak ones, such as sub-national actors.
4 A New Anglican Imperial Paradigm: The Colonial Bishoprics Fund, 1840–1
Authors: Strong Rowan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.
Morphology and psycholinguistics
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Psycholinguists study the acquisition of morphological knowledge and the way in which complex words are stored, perceived, and produced. The mental lexicon is a central concept in modelling the storage of complex words in the lexical memory of the speaker. The proper modelling of processing complex words is an important battlefield for competing theories of language perception and production.
12 The word as a linguistic unit
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes how the theoretical interpretation of the notion ‘word’ has been developed in this book. A theoretical term is embedded in a network of theoretical distinctions and hypotheses. The ingredients for developing an adequate characterization of the notion ‘word’ are the distinction between lexeme and word-form, the distinction between words and lexical unit/listeme, the proper demarcation of syntax and morphology, the notion of ‘construction’, and the distinction between morphosyntactic, phonological, and orthographic words.
Chapter 10 Measuring Pension Wealth
Authors: Cunningham Chris , Engelhardt Gary V. , Kumar Anil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Pension wealth plays a critical role in older individuals' retirement behavior and financial security. Accordingly, the magnitude and distribution of pension wealth is important in the ongoing debate about whether Baby Boomers have adequate retirement savings. This chapter summarizes the results of a long-term effort to develop an improved calculator to measure defined contribution pension wealth of older Americans, implemented using the Health and Retirement Study. Results show that pension wealth resulting from voluntary saving (and accrued earnings thereon) comprises half of DC pension wealth calculated for HRS respondents with matched summary plan descriptions. These are lower mean estimates of DC pension wealth than previously found, mainly resulting from changes for the wealthiest tail of the pension-wealth distribution. The findings imply that researchers must think more carefully about the economic assumptions underlying pension measures.
Development Strategies and the Environment
Authors: Adleman Irma , Fetini Habib , Golan Elise Hardy 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Are there systematic associations between environmental conditions and development strategies? This chapter approaches this question from different angles. It starts by reviewing the types of environmental damage in developing countries, followed by a discussion of the likely environmental impacts of development strategies. Interaction between energy consumption and trade strategy are examined using cross-country regressions. An alternative model, a simulation model of economy wide effects of energy use, is discussed with the example of Mexico. This discussion is extended using a micro-economic model of the likely impact of agricultural intensification on the economy of a village in a Sub-Saharan African country in the peanut basin of Senegal. This model indicates the severity and pervasiveness of environmental degradation and of its deleterious effects on the poor in a village economy. It is argued that environmental concerns should play a central role, along with income distribution concerns, in the design of development strategies.
The Management of Coastal Wetlands: Economic Analysis of Combined Ecologic-Economic Systems
Authors: Dixon John A. , Lal Padma N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Coastal wetlands are complex and they tend to be very sensitive to changes in hydraulic conditions: natural and human-made. Such wetlands provide various ecological functions, including groundwater recharge, flood control, nutrient retention, and micro-climate stabilization. They are also a source of various products including water supply and fisheries. Despite these direct and indirect values, they are often subject to development pressures (i.e., converting the wetlands for other purposes such as land development), usually based on benefit cost analysis (BCA). The chapter argues that an extended benefit cost analysis that includes the external and environmental benefits is needed. Six case studies of valuation of services of mangroves are discussed, including those of Thailand, Fiji, and Indonesia. Based on these, it is argued that a combined economic-ecologic analysis is needed to analyse properly management and development options for coastal wetlands.
Microeconomic Responses to Macroeconomic Reforms: The Optimal Control of Soil Erosion
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter aims to determine precisely how macroeconomic and sectoral policies influence soil conservation with the use of an optimal control model. It shows that in general, it is not possible to predict how policy reforms affect soil conservation. Knowledge of the technical details of agricultural production is needed to predict how policy reforms affect soil conservation. Though this conclusion may seem unsatisfying, it compels us to rethink the premise that policy reforms are good if they conserve soil and bad if they don't. The flaw in this view is that our concern should not lie with soil per se. Unlike many other environmental resources, soil does not contribute to well-being directly; its value is as an input in agricultural production. Even if policy reforms cause further depletion, the ability of the land to yield an income may still be greatly enhanced. This conclusion relates only to the on-site impacts of soil erosion. There could be other externalities due to eroded soil to downstream and other users. Correcting such externalities may be difficult because shadow prices are not directly observable and are location-specific.
Valuation of Tropical Forests
Authors: Fisher Anthony C. , HANEMANN W. MICHAEL 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter begins with a discussion of the major uses of tropical forests and the relationships among the different uses (for example, compatibility between such uses and forest conservation and sustainability). A framework is then developed for valuation which takes into account the varied uses. A distinction is made between valuing the various services provided by the forest and valuing the forest itself. A time dimension is crucial: it affects sustainability but also it affects the sequence of pattern of uses. Values associated with different uses may grow at different rates. The present value of a tract of land also depends on how uncertainty about future values is resolved. It is argued that an exercise of the valuation of tropical forests cannot be designed without reference to the types of decisions that are being made. Long-time horizon and uncertainty about future uses complicate the issues. The chapter suggests that analysts develop a ‘balance sheet’ of affected parties, both present and future, taking into account all the significant impacts. Such a balance sheet forces the analyst to be explicit about the distributional implications of alternative uses, and thus provides a framework for extrapolating future values of tropical forests.
7 Comic Elements in Tragic Language: The Case of Aeschylus'Oresteia
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Aeschylus' Oresteia to show that linguistic features, which are common in comedy, are either unknown or at least exceedingly rare in tragedy. In Oresteia such ‘comic’ features, which are normally taboo in tragic poetry, begin to appear with some frequency after the slaying of Agamemnon and Kassandra. By using them, Klytaimestra and Aigisthos — who have broken the rules of legitimate marriage — also break the rules of language. Moreover, the violation of linguistic decency is constantly associated with the sphere of the Erinyes, those goddesses who are themselves the prime representatives of all that is taboo in the Greek imagination. The violation of linguistic decency continues throughout the Oresteia up to the liberating vote of the Areopagus tribunal, which ends the spell of kinship murder. Thus, ‘comic’ language does not, as is sometimes believed, function as a dramaturgical means of relief but on the contrary heightens the darkness of crime.
Internationalisation and Economic Institutions:
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe book examines when, how, and why internationalisation affects decisions about national economic institutions. It confronts questions at the heart of debates in political economy and comparative politics. What does internationalisation of markets mean? Who are its carriers in domestic arenas? Through which mechanisms does it operate? What are its effects on institutional reform? To respond to these questions, the book develops a ‘policy analysis’ approach to market internationalisation and domestic institutions. It draws on two literatures, the second image reversed approach and historical institutionalist/‘varieties of capitalism’ studies, but seeks to overcome their limitation. In particular, it offers a definition of market internationalisation that includes policy forms, namely regulatory change in powerful overseas nations and by the EU, and gives due attention to policy processes and mechanisms. The book shows that contrary to expectations, transnational technological and economic factors made little impact, whereas regulatory reforms by the US, Britain, and the EU, undermined long-standing national institutions. Policy forms of internationalisation were more influential because they become part of domestic decision-making through a broader range of mechanisms than economic efficiency or distributional conflicts. Indeed, reform was led by domestic actors, not just socio-economic interests but also political and state actors, who altered their strategies and used policy forms of internationalisation to build new coalitions and legitimate change. The book's arguments are sustained by an analysis of five strategic sectors (securities trading, telecommunications, electricity, airlines, and postal services) in Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, over the period 1965-2005. It combines cross-national, historical, and cross-sectoral comparisons to show the carriers mechanisms and outcomes of internationalisation.
Common Pressures, Diverse Paths: Securities Trading in France, West Germany, and Italy 1965–85
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses how and why two forms of internationalisation — transnational technological and economic developments and reforms in the US — were met with institutional inertia, or at most limited divergent reforms in France, West Germany, and Italy between the mid-1960s and 1985. It shows that the two forms of internationalisation placed major pressures on traditional sectoral institutions that were very long-standing and protective of suppliers, such as public ownership of stock exchanges, legal monopolies, and the allocation of regulatory powers to governments and associations of brokers and exchanges. They led to debates in all three countries on modest reform proposals. Yet even limited alterations were largely blocked, due to the failure of governments to form a strong alliance with the leaders of stock exchanges that could overcome opposition to change. Instead, either poorly-functioning institutions were continued or non-institutional responses to internationalisation pressures were found.
11 Geographical contrasts and demographic variation
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe extreme geographical variations in mortality patterns and life expectancy produced by the localized presence of malaria are discussed, with particular reference to the contrast between Pliny’s villas at Laurentum in Latium and at Tifernum in Umbria. Parallels are drawn with early modern evidence for the demography of the city of Rome. The role of Rome as a population sink in antiquity is analysed, and it demonstrated that people in antiquity were well aware of the demographic variations generated by malaria. Finally, the human response to malaria in terms of avoidance behaviour is considered.
Late Roman Warlords
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book reconstructs the careers of some of the men who shaped (and were shaped by) the last quarter century of the Western Empire. The difficult sources for this period have been analysed (and translated as necessary) to produce a chronological account, and relevant archaeological and numismatic evidence has been utilised. An overview of earlier warlords, including Aetius, is followed by three studies of individual warlords and the regions they dominated. The first covers Dalmatia and Marcellinus, its ruler during the 450s and 460s. A major theme is the question of Marcellinus' western or eastern affiliations: using an often-ignored Greek source, this book suggests a new interpretation. The second part is concerned with the Gallic general Aegidius and his son Syagrius, who ruled in northern Gaul, probably from Soissons. This extends to AD 486 (well after the fall of the Western Empire). The problem of the existence or non-existence of a ‘kingdom of Soissons’ is discussed, introducing evidence from the Merovingian period, and a solution put forward. This section also looks at how the political situation in northern Gaul might throw light on contemporary post-Roman Britain. The third study is of the barbarian patrician Ricimer, defender of Italy, and his successors (the Burgundian prince Gundobad and Orestes, a former employee of Attila) down to the coup of 476 by which Odovacer became the first barbarian king of Italy. This includes discussion of the character and motivation of Ricimer, particularly in relation to the emperors he promoted and destroyed, and of how historians' assessments of him have changed over time.
A Splintery Frame: the Heroides as Short Stories
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the Heroides as short stories. It addresses aspects of brevity that involve more than Quellenforschung; brevity, as envisaged here, works as a catalyst that sets off a complex war of supremacy within the collection. The heroines' short stories reveal the heroines' daring protest against the mega-narratives of the past, but their fervent rhetoric also encompasses their creator.
Technography
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature of the technical literature on rhetorical theory and its relationship to teaching. It begins by addressing problems about the composition and transmission of these texts. Evidence from Galen shows that technical literature was composed in a variety of ways and for many different purposes; its public circulation did not always involve formal publication. The diversity of the technical literature on rhetoric confirms this complicated picture. Its composition may have involved dictation, perhaps assisted by shorthand, or reconstruction of lectures from the notes or memories of students. Although the texts were not necessarily addressed to students, they were designed to inform rhetorical training, at least indirectly.
The ‘Motion in Corruption’ of Donne's Anniversaries
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the eccentric length and aggressive narrator of Donne's Anniversaries (1612). Donne uses the public occasion of lamenting a deceased girl he never knew to anatomize his own fears of loss — including the loss with life's breath of inspiration — and to return to poetic life, rising with Elizabeth Drury to a superior vantage. The arc of past descent ‘represented’, climaxed by the beheaded man (II.9-17), and future ascent of the ‘low’ ‘contemplated’, climaxing in the violence of a burst abscess (II.474-482), suggest his drama of failed opportunities and determination to rise with his new patron. Donne's brooding over physical and psychical imprisonment, depletion, and dissolution — and ambition that drives him to speak beyond the requirements and understanding of his patron — propel the inordinate length. Lament and anger shape the digressive, serpentine mode of praise for his subject, which combines a surge forward of hyperbole and detours into satire.
Epilogue: Wandered too far? Swift's Monstrous Voice
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This epilogue argues that in anger at, yet sensitive mimicry of, the discursive freedom of Dryden and other ‘moderns’ in the marketplace, Swift's A Tale of a Tub (1704) heightens the self-authorizing voice of digression into a monster of fragment and miscellany. Swift understood the danger of digressiveness to the straight line of narrative and logic, to traditional lines of authority and hierarchy. He angrily conflates Dryden's liberties in his digressive prefaces and the laureate's claims in his late work for an alternate family of fathers and sons based on textual offspring, an exclusive genealogy of fathers and heirs, with the iconoclastic religious and sexual liberties of sectarian zealots and with the digressing, orphaned sons of the allegory. The digression becomes synonymous with the Hack's chaotic writing voice, a mind disconnected from any body — disinherited from the parent narrative of the ancients and in permanent exile of modernity on the popular page.
Josephus' Roman Audience: Josephus and the Roman Elites
Authors: Cotton Hannah M. , Eck Werner 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to elucidate the social and political environment in which Josephus composed his works, this chapter tries to determine the extent to which the Judean writer was ingratiated with the imperial court and the local aristocracy at Rome. Prominent in their investigation is the hitherto unidentifiable Epaphroditus to whom Josephus’ final three compositions were dedicated. After parsing the relevant literary and epigraphic evidence, the identity of Josephus’ patron remains problematic. He cannot, with confidence, be identified as Nero’s a libellis (freedman in charge of petitions) or with the freedman M. Mettius Epaphroditus mentioned in the Suda, despite the fact that he was a grammarian and literary critic. The chapter argues that Josephus was excluded from the inner circles of the Roman elite during the first century CE, especially in the second half of his literary career under the Emperor Domitian.
The rise of ‘autobiography’
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The word ‘autobiography’ is a late 18th-century coinage; but by 1834 Carlyle referred to ‘these Autobiographical times of ours’. The chapter describes the debate over the nature and propriety of what was felt at the time to be a newly prominent way of writing. From Dr. Johnson's 1750 essay on biography to an 1829 article by Mary Busk in Blackwood's, the chapter analyses some important instances of contemporary commentary on autobiography by critics and reviewers. While the commentators agree on the principles that would make autobiographical writing valuable, their prescriptive ideals prove difficult to maintain. The act of reading autobiography provokes confusions and missed expectations, which turn out to be crucial to the period's emerging sense of what autobiographical writing actually is.