bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron gyration modified in the magnetic field tilted to the symmetry species of a crystalline metal
Authors: Olszewski S. , Roliński T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhen a crystal electron is gyrating in the magnetic field being normal to the crystallographic plane, the calculation of the gyration frequency represents a relatively easy task. The paper approaches a more complicated problem of the gyration frequency in the case when the magnetic field is tilted to the crystallographic axes. The tightly‐bound s‐electrons in crystal lattices of cubic symmetry are considered as examples. Another problem concerns a metal plate for which the changes of the electron gyration frequency are examined as a function of the inclination angle of the magnetic field with respect to the planar boundaries of that plate. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Green's function and excitation spectrum of finite lattices
Authors: Cojocaru S. , Bârsan V. , Ceulemans A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNew analytical results are obtained for the Green's function of a finite one‐dimensional lattice with nearest neighbor interaction using discrete Fourier transform. The method offers an alternative to the Bethe Ansatz, but does not require any a priori assumption on the form of the wavefunction. This makes it suitable for extensions to nano‐ferromagnets of higher dimensions. Solutions of the Heisenberg spin chain with periodic and open boundary conditions are considered as examples. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetoabsorption coefficient of donor impurities in CdS quantum dot
Authors: Didi Seddik A. , Zorkani I. , Mdaa A. , Maaza M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA theoretical study of the donor‐related absorption coefficient in spherical CdS quantum dots (QD) in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is performed. The wave functions and the eigenvalues of the initial and final states are obtained in the effective‐mass approximation by using a variational method and a perturbation method, respectively. The results obtained show that the absorption coefficient presents essentially two peaks; one associated with on‐center donors and another related to transitions involving donors at the QD edge. The dependences of the absorption coefficient on sample dimensions, the magnetic field strength and the light polarization are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alternative graphical representation of determinantal many‐electron states
Authors: Rettrup Sten 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present approach is a graphical procedure for visualizing and addressing determinants and α and β strings for many‐electron systems. Compared with previous approaches, the emphasis in the graph is on the vertices and vertex weights. The arcs in the graph are only used for visualization. This leads to a compact representation of the configuration space and provides a computationally efficient and dense indexing scheme. The localization of inter configurational matrix elements are determined directly from the graph by means of segments and shapes similar to other graphical approaches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Effects of avian grazing on the algal community and small invertebrates in the rocky intertidal zone
Authors: Hori Masakazu , Noda Takashi , Nakao Shigeru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this study of a rocky intertidal habitat in northern Japan, feeding by avian consumers had significant effects on algal assemblages and small herbivorous invertebrates. The effects of the birds on algae were different from those of invertebrate grazers such as urchins and gastropods. The abundance of the dominant algal species decreased during the grazing period, increased again after the grazing period, and indirectly affected algal species richness and evenness. Avian grazing also decreased the density of tube‐dwelling amphipods on the dominant alga, but did not change the density of mobile and free‐living isopods. These results suggest that avian grazers may act as habitat modifiers rather than exploitative competitors for the small herbivorous crustaceans. Avian herbivores consumed only the upper parts of large algal fronds, apparently reducing the amount of suitable microhabitat for the small herbivorous crustaceans, which are subject to a variety of physical or biological stress. Thus, avian herbivores function as ecosystem engineers, regulating community structure in a manner different to invertebrate herbivores in rocky intertidal habitats.
Effects of perinatal stress on the anxiety‐related behavior of the adolescence mouse
Authors: Nishio H. , Tokumo K. , Hirai T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of sound noise or forced swim stress applied to pregnant mice or to neonatal mice on the anxiety‐related behavior using the elevated plus‐maze test performed during the age of 5 weeks. The forced swim stress applied at the late gestation period, days 10–18 of pregnancy, caused a significant reduction of the body weight gain of the dams. However, the anxiety‐related behavior of the male and female offspring were not affected by the antenatal stress treatment. When the forced swim stress was applied to the neonatal mice during the late lactation period, 14–18 days after birth, the male mice showed an elevated level of anxiolytic behavior accompanying the reduction of the emotion‐related motor activity. The anxiety‐related behavior of the female mice was not affected by the stress treatment. Furthermore, we applied the sound noise or forced swim stress to the neonatal mice immediately after the weaning, 21–25 days after birth. The stress applied after the weaning period had no effect on the anxiety‐related behavior. These results suggested that the stress applied during the lactation period, but not that during the antenatal period, nor after the weaning period, might have gender‐dependently reduced the anxiety level of the male mouse. It was shown that the effects of perinatal stress on the anxiety‐related behavior of the adolescent mouse varied according to the period of application and gender. The hypothesis that gender‐dependent abnormalities in neurodevelopment might be caused by the excess stress applied to the breast‐fed infant is of importance in elucidating the relationship between the psychoneurotic disorder in childhood and the environment stress of the breast‐fed infant.
New needle holder facilitates percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided sacroiliac puncture
Authors: Ugur F. , Gulcu N. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the success of a new guidance device for sacroiliac joint puncture. Material and Methods: The device was first tested on a human anatomical model and thereafter on two groups of patients. In the first group ( n = 8), the traditional hand-guided method was used, and in the second group ( n = 10) the needle-holder device. The parameters evaluated in each group were “the number of attempts”, defined as the number of skin punctures, and “fluoroscopy-injection time”, defined as the time from the beginning of the fluoroscopy to the end of the correct insertion of the needle into the joint. Results: Sacroiliac injection with the new device required significantly fewer attempts (2.1±2 versus 4.3±3) and shorter fluoroscopy injection times (8.9±3 min versus 15±5 min; P<0.05). Conclusion: The new guidance device makes sacroiliac joint injection easier and prevents unnecessary exposure to radiation during the procedure.
t h r e e On the Way toward the Precritical Project
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the role that True Estimation of Living Forces (1747) played in Kant’s intellectual development. Section 1 describes Kant’s way of dealing with controversies and discusses his appropriation of Bilfinger’s heuristic strategy. Section 2 describes how quantities differ from physical objects for Kant, traces the Pietist roots of this view, and examines how this view of mathematics hamstrung Crusius and initially also Kant. Section 3 discusses the differences between Kantian dynamics and Newtonian mechanics, and details the reasons for Kant’s distance from Newton.
f o u r The Conversion to Newton
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s studies from 1754 to 1757, the application of his dynamic perspectives to fire, tides, the Earth’s rotation, climate, winds, and earthquakes. Section 1 surveys the background of Kant’s efforts in the 1750s, such as how his earthquake papers relate to the Lisbon tsunami (1755), and describes his co-discovery of sea wind patterns and his discovery of the monsoon dynamics. Section 2 examines Kant’s study of the fate of Earth’s rotation (1754) and its correct determination of the dynamic interplay among lunar period, tidal forces, oceanic friction, and the long-term slowdown of Earth’s rotation. Section 3 discusses Kant’s Master’s Thesis (1755), his chemical conjectures on fire, and his attempt to clarify the spatial energy field, the ether. Section 4 examines Kant’s qualitative approach to cosmological questions and his heuristic reliance on analogical reasoning.
f i v e The Universal Natural History The Purposiveness of Nature
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s second book, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (1755). Section 1 describes the context of the book and Kant’s critique of static and anthropocentric conceptions of nature by the Pietists, Physico-Theologians, Newton, and Wolff. Section 2 describes the goal of Kant’s teleology, its naturalized thrust toward well-ordered complexity or “relative perfection.” Section 3 examines the means of Kant”s teleology, the dynamic interplay of attractive and repulsive forces. Section 4 analyzes the application of teleology to cosmic phenomena such as the solar system, Wright’s earlier stipulation, Laplace’s later conjecture, and the eventual confirmation of Kant’s nebular hypothesis. Section 5 explores Kant’s arguments for life, humanity, and reason as products of cosmic evolution. Section 6 discusses Kant’s “static law” — that the mean planetary density determines the biospherical potential of reason — and its incongruity with the racism in Physical Geography (1756-60) and Beautiful and Sublime (1764). Section 7 describes Kant’s dynamic cosmology, explicates his “phoenix”-symbol, and discusses his various scientific aperçus.
e i g h t The Only Possible Argument The Culmination of the Precritical Project
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s third book, The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of God’s Existence (1764). Section 1 surveys Kant’s development after his professorial thesis (1756): the West Winds essay (1757); Motion and Rest (1758) and its sequel Directions in Space (1768); the Optimism essay (1759), the project of a “Children’s Physics” (1759), and the False Subtlety treatise (1762). Section 2 explains the organization of Kant’s third book and how the two arguments for God’s existence derive from a joint demonstrative basis. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s conceptual proof for God’s existence and the rigor of its logical structure.
n i n e The Newtonian Program of thePrize Essay and Kant's Crisis The Struggle for Freedom
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the aftermath of Only Possible Argument and the Prize Essay (1764). Section 1 examines the curious preface of Kant’s third book, the exchange with Mendelssohn, and Kant’s growing metaphysical misgivings. Section 2 describes how Kant first arrives at the problem of the possibility of metaphysics and its initial analytic solution. Section 3 discusses Kant’s proposed methodology, its inspiration by Newton and Euler, and its relation to Spinoza’s geometric method and Tschirnhaus’s experimental method. Section 4 examines Kant’s conception of intuitive certainty of conceptual truth, the role of Crusius, and the exchange with Lambert.
A Family for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Chancellor James D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Children of God (COG), now known as the Family, emerged out of the Jesus People Movement as a blend of traditional evangelical Christianity and the 1960s youth counterculture. COG quickly became the most controversial group on the religious landscape. It is historically important in the history of the anticult movement; the first anticult organization was FREECOG (Free the Children of God), and deprogramming developed in response to COG. This essay outlines the history of the movement and its major theological landmarks, with particular emphasis on the substantive changes in the Family since the death of the founding Prophet in 1994.
Family Development and Change in the Hare Krishna Movement
Authors: Rochford, Jr. E. Burke 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines family development and change within the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), more popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement. It focuses on the demise of communalism in ISKCON’s North American communities and the emergence of the nuclear family as the foundation of ISKCON’s socioreligious world. As ISKCON became a householders’ movement, collective forms of involvement gave way to growing privatization. At the same time, ISKCON parents challenged traditional sources of religious authority in favor of more democratic and bureaucratic structures. By the 1990s, ISKCON’s previous sectarian structure and lifestyle had become secularized in North America.
When Leaders Dissolve
Authors: Goldman Marion S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay considers the history and philosophy of the Osho Rajneesh movement, beginning in India in the 1970s through to the current phase. This serves as a background for examining the ways in which the movement stabilized after Osho changed his name from Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, retreated into the background, and died in 1990. Over the past decade, especially after Osho Rajneesh’s death, the movement’s delicate rebalancing has facilitated worldwide retention and recruitment of about six to eight thousand committed followers (known as sannyasins) and fellow travelers, as well as a far larger group of circulating affiliates and clients, whose allegiances are to Osho and to different, complementary spiritual paths.
The Theosophical Society
Authors: Santucci James A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay examines the history and development of the Theosophical Society and its offshoots. The Theosophical Society was founded in New York City in 1875 by sixteen individuals with shared interests in spiritualism and occultism. The objectives of the society were to “collect and diffuse a knowledge of the laws which govern the universe.” Theosophy, as understood in the Theosophical Society and in many of the societies that derived from it, should not be considered static in its definition and content, but understood as an organic body of teachings that has undergone reinterpretation and development over time. Nonetheless, most Theosophical organizations understand Theosophy through the teachings of Helena P. Blavatsky, who is regarded as the ultimate and, for some, an infallible source of Theosophical learning. Organizations that ultimately derive from the Theosophical Society include the Temple of the People founded by Dr. William H. Dower and Mrs. Francia LaDue, Alice Bailey’s Arcane School, Guy Ballard’s “I AM” Religious Activity, the Church Universal and Triumphant (formerly the Summit Lighthouse) founded by Mark Prophet, and the Aetherius Society founded by George King.
White Racist Religions in the United States
Authors: Gardell Mattias 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay presents a historical overview and analysis of the development of racist religions in North America. White religious racism is not a unified creed, but a heterogeneous category that comprises many different congregations and philosophies, ranging from racist recasts of Christianity to a plethora of racist pagan, occult fascist, and Satanist constructs. The racist religions considered fall into three main categories: racist (particularly Identity) Christianity, religious national socialism, and racist paganism. Though paganism has been gaining ground among younger racists, the importance of Christianity to traditional American culture means that Identity is unlikely to be completely supplanted by racist paganism.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Roger R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the possible origins of the verses translated in this book: the three surviving Apabhramśa-language collections of rhyming couplets, dohākosa, literally “treasuries of dohā” attributed to three Buddhist tantric masters who probably lived in northern India sometime around 1000 CE: Saraha, Kānha, and Tilopa. Conflicting accounts about the lives and uncertainties about their relation to the written works are described. Known facts about these three Treasuries and the men who are believed to have composed them are also presented.
Historical Reflections on Classical Pyrrhonism and Neo‐Pyrrhonism
Authors: Striker Gisela 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay argues that ancient Pyrrhonists did not decide to suspend judgment, but rather claimed to have found themselves unable to arrive at any judgment. By giving up the attempt, they also claimed to have unexpectedly reached tranquility, then followed the customs of ordinary life without ever claiming to have found the truth. This anti-rational attitude is not likely to be typical of ordinary people, nor would it seem desirable to modern defenders of ordinary practices like Fogelin.
Berkeley, Pyrrhonism, and the Theaetetus
Authors: Winkler Kenneth P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay reinterprets Berkeley’s idealism as partially motivated by a need to overcome the Agrippan mode of relativity pressed by Pyrrhonists. It compares Berkeley’s solution to that of Protagoras as presented in Plato’s Theaetetus, and argues that Berkeley needed to depend on reason — intuition or demonstration — to avoid skepticism. In this interpretation, Berkeley is closer to the rationalist tradition than usually recognized.
“A Small Tincture of Pyrrhonism”
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay distinguishes varieties of skepticism along six dimensions. It argues that Hume is unmitigated in his rational support skepticism and in his prescriptive skepticism about certain “high and distant enquiries”, but mitigated in his general practising skepticism and in his general epistemic merit skepticism. Hume’s skepticism must be seen as mitigated in these ways in order to solve four central puzzles for Hume scholars.
The Agrippan Argument and Two Forms of Skepticism
Authors: Williams Michael 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay argues that the Pyrrhonian regress argument presupposes a Prior Grounding conception of justification. This is contrasted with a Default and Challenge structure, which leads to a contextualist picture of justification. Contextualism is said to incorporate the best features of its traditionalist rivals — foundationalism and coherentism — and also to avoid skepticism. It is argued that we should not ask which conception is really true, but instead give up epistemological realism.
Revolution and War Fundamentalism, 1979–1989
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the unfolding of the 1979 revolution and its effects on the Iranian state, society, economy, and the context for state-building and democracy promotion. It focuses on the transformative effects of the revolution on conceptions of the state and also the nature of demands before it.
State and Limits to Democracy, 1997–2005
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the way in which state-building reignited the demand for democracy — producing a vibrant debate over balancing state-building and democracy promotion, and raising the prospects for a democratic state in Iran. Topics covered include the 1997 presidential elections, Khatami's reform program, and the emergence of a new conservatism.
Religious Activities
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the contributions of religious activities at Catholic colleges and universities to the Catholic culture on campuses, specifically liturgical life, service programs, and the demonstration of religious tolerance and inclusion. The chapter also explores a complex of contested topics swirling around the question of who will be the heroic cultural leaders at Catholic colleges and universities when the presence of religious congregations is gone. In particular, it examines whether these new knowledgeable experts and role models will emphasize Catholic culture or congregational connections as they lead the institutions forward. The final section of the chapter addresses the issue and offers reasons for stressing “Catholic” culture rather than “congregational” culture.
Flourishing Cultures
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with a skeptical look at conventional wisdom, suggesting how following its dictates can stifle creative approaches to critical cultural problems in organizations. This discussion is followed by a list of possible programs or strategies Catholic colleges and universities might adopt that challenge one or more forms of the conventional wisdom. In each instance, the source of the conventional wisdom is identified, the distinctively different way of proceeding is outlined, and its efficacy detailed. The suggestions are divided into four groups: academic incentives, student living and activities initiatives, campus ministry initiatives, and administrative and governance initiatives.
“A Dharma-Transmitter Who Traveled to Sung China”
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Dōgen was the second in a succession of Japanese monks who went to China in pursuit of true Buddhism, then returned to Japan to establish Zen temples. This chapter details the route travelled by Dōgen and Myōzen to the Ch’an temples, which was patterned after the journeys of Eisai and continued on through the Five Mountains temples in China. Dōgen spent two years seeking an authentic master, almost giving up his quest in despair. He finally settled at Mt. T’ien-t’ung around the time of Myōzen’s death. During the same year, he began training under the tutelage of Ju-ching, who would become the master that Dōgen was seeking.
Migration, Citizenship, and the European Welfare State
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik , Hansen Peo , Castles Stephen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis book examines the current dilemmas of liberal anti-racist policies in European societies, linking two discourses that are normally quite separate in social science: immigration and ethnic relations research on the one hand, and the political economy of the welfare state on the other. Gunnar Myrdal’s questions in An American Dilemma are rephrased with reference to Europe’s current dual crisis — that of the established welfare state facing a declining capacity to maintain equity, and that of the nation state unable to accommodate incremental ethnic diversity. The book compares developments across the European Union with the contemporary US experience of poverty, race, and class, highlighting the major moral-political dilemma emerging across the EU out of the discord between declared ideals of citizenship and actual exclusion from civil, political, and social rights. Drawing on case-study analysis of migration, the changing welfare state, and labour markets in the UK, Germany, Italy, and Sweden, the book charts the immense variety of Europe’s social and political landscape.