bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLUCOSULFATASE. V
Authors: Soda Tokuro , Egami Fujio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. Glucosulfatase is a simply hydrolysing enzyme.
2. It is almost perfectly adsorbed by kaolin.
3. It can not be adsorbed by BaSO4, aluminium hydroxide gel and charcoal. These adsorbents can be used for the purification of the enzyme. Thus a perfectly clear enzyme solution is obtainable. A solid preparation of very active glucosulfatase was obtained. Its purity (G-Sulf) is 11.6 while the original value was 1.0.
4. The enzyme action is inhibited by: glucose, galactose, MgCO3, inorganic sulphate and phosphate.
5. Glucosulfatase always contains phenosulfatase but they are not one and the same enzyme.
HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SILENT ELECTRIC DISCHARGE. IX
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The chemical reactions in the silent electric discharge were studied when hydrogen reacted on the following inorganic solid substances.
(1) Potassium sulphite. Reaction products:—hydrogen sulphide potassium hydroxide.
(2) Cadmium bromide. Reaction products:—metallic cadmium and hydrogen bromide.
(3) Potassium perchlorate. Reaction products:—potassium chloride and water.
(4) Mercuric cyanide. Reaction products:—metallic mercury and hydrogen cyanide.
(5) Mercuric thiocyanate. Reaction products:—mercuric sulphide, metallic mercury, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, and thiocyanic acid.
(6) Silver cyanide. Reaction products:—metallic silver and hydrogen cyanide.
(7) Sodium thiocyanate. Reaction products:—sodium sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen cyanide.
(8) Lead thiocyanate. Reaction products:—lead sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen cyanide.
(9) Potassium cyanide. It was proved that potassium cyanide was hardly reduced under the conditions of this experiment.
The writer wishes to express his appreciation of a grant from the Imperial Academy towards the expenses of this research.
REACTIONS BETWEEN ETHYLENE CHLORIDE AND CHLORINE
Authors: Hamai Senzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) In the reaction between chlorine and ethylene chloride in the liquid phase 1,1,2,-trichlorethane is the principal product and in the gaseous phase the formation of hexachlorethane predominates.
(2) The reaction between gaseous chlorine and liquid ethylene chloride seems to occur mainly on the liquid gas interface.
(3) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in the mixture catalytically accelerates the reaction.
(4) There seems to exist an induction period in the reaction between ethylene chloride and chlorine possibly owing to catalytic acceleration by either hydrogen chloride or substituted product or both in later stage.
(5) In the gaseous reaction between chlorine and ethylene chloride the formation of hexachlorethane predominates especially when chlorine exists largely in excess to ethylene chloride vapour.
(6) A suggestion is made as to the method of study on chemical reactions, especially on chlorination reaction (substitution).
Pharmacologic Expulsive Treatment of Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Beach Michele A , Mauro Laurie S 
Published: July 2006

Objective: TO evaluate the role of nifedipine and the α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin in the expulsive treatment of ureteral calculi. Data Sources: Literature was searched via MEDLINE (1966–February 2006) with subsequent bibliographic review. MeSH headings included ureteral calculi, nifedipine, doxazosin, and adrenergic α-antagonists. Key terms were ureteral calculi, nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Trials evaluating nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin for expulsion of ureteral stones were reviewed. All were published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals. Data Synthesis: Several trials have evaluated the effects of nifedipine and tamsulosin on ureteral stone passage rates and mean time to stone passage in stones no larger than 15 mm. In 28 day trials, the rates of ureteral stone passage were 35–70% in the control groups compared with 77.1–80% in patients treated with nifedipine and 79.3–100% in patients treated with tamsulosin. Average number of days to stone passage in the control groups was 4.6–20, and the time to stone passage was only 5–9.3 days in patients receiving nifedipine and 2.7–7.9 days in those receiving tamsulosin. The stone passage rates and time to stone passage appeared to be similar in one trial that compared tamsulosin with terazosin and doxazosin. Limited data suggest that these agents may have a role as adjuncts to shock wave lithotripsy. Adverse drug reactions were uncommon. Conclusions: Nifedipine, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are safe and effective options in enhancing ureteral stone expulsion in selected patients with uncomplicated presentations.
A Stochastic Model for Cancer Risk
Authors: Schinazi Rinaldo B 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We propose a simple stochastic model based on the two successive mutations hypothesis to compute cancer risks. Assume that only stem cells are susceptible to the first mutation and that there are a total of D stem cell divisions over the lifetime of the tissue with a first mutation probability μ1 per division. Our model predicts that cancer risk will be low if m = μ1D is low even in the case of very advantageous mutations. Moreover, if μ1D is low the mutation probability of the second mutation is practically irrelevant to the cancer risk. These results are in contrast with existing models but in agreement with a conjecture of Cairns. In the case where m is large our model predicts that the cancer risk depends crucially on whether the first mutation is advantageous or not. A disadvantageous or neutral mutation makes the risk of cancer drop dramatically.
The Effect of Preoperative Use of an Orthopedic Plate on Articulatory Function in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Suzuki Keiko , Yamazaki Yasuharu , Sezaki Kouichiro , Nakakita Nobuaki 
Published: July 2006

Objective To evaluate the effect of preoperative use of an orthopedic plate (OP) on postoperative articulatory function in children with cleft lip and palate. Subjects The subjects had complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate and were scheduled for a one-stage palatoplasty. Main Outcome Measures Tongue movements during sucking were analyzed by ultrasonography. Postoperative articulatory behavior was also assessed at 5 years 4 months of age. Results There was an excessive downward excursion of the rear portion of the tongue during sucking regardless of the use or nonuse of the OP. This indicated that infants with cleft palate could not create negative pressure in the oral cavity, even with the OP. However, the OP appeared effective for preventing irregular movements of the tongue during sucking. The proportion of subjects obtaining excellent articulation was significantly higher in the group using the OP until palatoplasty than in the group who did not continue using the OP. The proportion of subjects with disturbed articulatory function in the latter group was comparable with that in the control group, who never used the OP. Conclusions Continuous use of the OP up to the time of palatoplasty appeared to be effective for the postoperative articulatory function in children with complete cleft lip and palate. Inhibiting irregular movements of the tongue, the OP might assist in preventing “palatalized articulation.”
Facile Synthesis of a Monosulfonated Triphenylphosphane (TPPMS) Derived Ligand having Strong π‐Acceptor Character
Authors: Gulyás Henrik , Bacsik Zoltán , Szöllősy Áron , Bakos József 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo phenyl rings of triphenylphosphane have been modified by electron‐withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups. A methoxy group has been introduced at the para‐position of the third ring. Due to the activating effect of the methoxy group, the phosphane can be monosulfonated under mild conditions and with complete selectivity. The novel ligand, sodium 5‐[bis‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphanyl]‐2‐methoxybenzenesulfonate, has been obtained in quantitative yield, and it has an outstanding π‐acceptor capacity among the known sulfonated triarylphosphanes. It is not soluble in water but soluble in light alcohols and ionic liquids. Its solubility properties allow facile catalyst separation without water.
A Rapid and Reliable Assay for Regioselectivity Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Angelovski Goran , Keränen Mark D. , Linnepe Petra , Grudzielanek Stefan , Eilbracht Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe first report of a fluorescence‐based assay for the direct measurement of the regioselectivity of a reaction is described herein, developed from the desire to construct a quicker analytical method for the determination of the ratio of regioisomers obtained in the tandem hydroformylation/Fischer indole synthesis. The method allows for extremely rapid acquisition times, as the use of crude reaction mixtures is allowed. The assay is also shown to be overall very reliable, tolerating the presence of various functional groups and proceeding on average with a standard error of measurement comparable to that of NMR. As fluorescence is the only requirement for the employment of this analytical method, countless numbers of target‐specific assays can undoubtedly be developed based upon this initial finding.
Potassium Fluoride/Basic Alumina as Far Superior Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Chemoselective Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Electron‐Poor Alkenes Having Two Electron‐Withdrawing Groups in α‐ and β‐Positions
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe chemoselective, conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to electron‐poor alkenes, with two electron‐withdrawing groups in the α‐ and β‐positions, can be easily performed at room temperature under solventless conditions using potassium fluoride/basic alumina as heterogeneous catalyst.
Rh and ABO maternal‐fetal incompatibility and risk of autism
Authors: Zandi Peter P. , Kalaydjian Amanda , Avramopoulos Dimitrios , Shao Huibo , Fallin M. Daniele , Newschaffer Craig J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe hypothesized that maternal‐fetal incompatibility at the Rh or ABO loci may contribute to the risk of autism. There are biologically plausible reasons to believe such effects may play a role, and two previous epidemiologic studies have provided suggestive evidence. To further test this hypothesis, we genotyped the Rh and ABO loci in a sample of 389 independent case‐parent trios from the AGRE repository and analyzed the data using a modification of the log‐linear model for case‐parent trios in which the effects of maternal‐fetal genotype incompatibility are modeled jointly with the effects of the affected child's or mother's genotypes. We did not find any evidence that incompatibility at the Rh or ABO loci increases the risk of autism. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence for the presence of a high‐risk susceptibility allele at or near these two loci operating either through the mother or child. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of starvation on insulin production and insulin binding in Tetrahymena
Authors: Csaba G. , Kovács P. , Pállinger Éva 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTetrahymena pyriformis GL was starved for 24 h and then the immunologically demonstrable insulin content and FITC‐insulin binding were measured by flow cytometry and localization was studied by confocal microscopy. The amount of endogeneous insulin as well as FITC insulin binding, was highly significantly elevated. Glucose feeding for 30 min abolished the elevation of FITC‐insulin binding. In starved cells, insulin‐binding sites disappeared from the surface and FITC‐insulin was bound inside the cells, within large food vacuoles. Endogeneous insulin was dispersed in the cytoplasm both in the control and starved cells and food vacuoles did not contain it. The results call attention to the stimulatory effect of starvation on insulin production in Tetrahymena, in parallel with the internal storage of insulin receptors, which points to an autocrine mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha‐tocopherol, beta‐carotene and melatonin administration protects cyclophosphamide‐induced oxidative damage to bladder tissue in rats
Authors: Sadir Serdar , Deveci Salih , Korkmaz Ahmet , Oter Sukru 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCyclophosphamide (CP) has potential urotoxicity such as hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). 2‐Mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) has been widely used as an effective agent against CP‐induced cystitis, but significant HC has still been encountered clinically. In recent studies, mesna was shown to be more effective if combined with antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of antioxidants, α‐tocopherol, β‐carotene and melatonin on CP‐induced bladder damage in rats, even if used without mesna administration. Male Spraque–Dawley rats weighing 180–210 g were divided into 5 groups. Four groups received a single dose of CP (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally with the same time intervals. Group 2 received CP only, group 3 received β‐carotene (40 mg/kg/day), group 4 received α‐tocopherol (40 mg/kg/day) and group 5 received melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) both before and the day after CP injection. Group 1 served as control. Bladder histopathology, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and iNOS levels, and excretion of nitrite‐nitrates (NOx) in urine were evaluated. CP injection resulted in severe histological changes and macroscopic hematuria. α‐Tocopherol and melatonin showed meaningful protection against bladder damage. Protection by β‐carotene was also significant but weaker. MDA levels increased significantly with CP injection and all antioxidants ameliorated this increase in bladder tissue. CP also elevated the NOx level in urine and iNOS activity in bladder. Only melatonin was able to decrease these parameters. In conclusion, there is no doubt that oxidants have a role in the pathogenesis of CP‐cystitis. Antioxidants, especially melatonin and α‐tocopherol, may help to ameliorate bladder damage induced by CP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VCD spectroscopic investigation of enantiopure cyclic β‐lactams obtained through lipolase‐catalyzed enantioselective ring‐opening reaction
Authors: Vass Elemér , Hollósi Miklós , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA direct enzymatic method for the preparation of cyclic β‐lactams and β‐amino acids was recently developed, involving the Lipolase‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic β‐lactams in an organic solvent. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations at ab initio (DFT) level of theory has now been applied to determine the absolute configuration and conformation of a series of cyclic β‐lactams (1–10). The absolute configuration of 8 was derived from X‐ray crystallography. Only indirect evidence was available for 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7. The absolute configuration of the new lactams 3, 4, 9, and 10 was not known previously. The VCD analysis indicated the homochirality of the studied lactams. The conformation of the flexible β‐lactams was also predicted from the VCD data. Even in the cases where multiple conformers are allowed, the predominance of one conformer was found, with the exception of 2, being present as a mixture of four conformers. β‐Lactams tend to form H‐bonded dimers. The fine structure of the amide I VCD band suggested that only a small population of H‐bonded dimers is formed in deuterated chloroform. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR‐2) immunoreactivity in astrocytes of neurogenic and non‐neurogenic regions of the young adult and aged rat brain
Authors: Chadashvili Tamuna , Peterson Daniel A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are polypeptides that exert diverse biological effects on many cell types and tissues during embryogenesis and adulthood. In the adult brain, FGF‐2 is primarily expressed by astrocytes and select groups of neurons. It has been shown that FGF‐2 is neuroprotective and can stimulate proliferation of NSCs in neurogenic regions of the adult mammalian brain. Cellular responses to FGFs are mediated through membrane‐spanning tyrosine kinase receptors in conjunction with low affinity binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Four FGF receptors (FGFR1–4) have been cloned and characterized to date. In this study, we describe the anatomical distribution of FGFR‐2 in young and aged rat brains. We demonstrate that the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum display the most robust FGFR‐2 expression and observed age‐related decrease in FGFR‐2 levels in some but not all brain regions. In addition, we identified astrocytes as the primary source of FGFR‐2 expression using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The astrocyte populations in the neurogenic areas, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus, express high levels of FGFR‐2 protein, which points to its possible involvement in neurogenesis. We also explored the role of FGFR‐2 in response to perforant pathway lesion and observed enhanced FGFR‐2 expression by astrocytes surrounding the lesion. Thus, FGF‐2 biological effects on astrocytes appear to be mediated through FGFR‐2‐dependent mechanisms, and this may provide an indirect route by which FGF‐2 acts on neuronal populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoreceptor morphogenesis in the Drosophila compound eye: R1–R6 rhabdomeres become twisted just before eclosion
Authors: Baumann Otto , Lutz Kathleen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe photosensitive microvilli of Drosophila photoreceptors R1–R6 are not aligned in parallel over the entire length of the visual cells. In the distal half of each cell, the microvilli are slightly tilted toward one side and, in the proximal half, extremely toward the opposite side. This phenomenon, termed rhabdomere twisting, has been known for several decades, but the developmental and cell biological basis of rhabdomere twisting has not been studied so far. We show that rhabdomere twisting is also manifested as molecular polarization of the visual cell, because phosphotyrosine‐containing proteins are selectively partitioned to different sides of the rhabdomere stalk in the distal and proximal sections of each R1–R6 photoreceptor. Both the asymmetrical segregation of phosphotyrosine proteins and the tilting of the microvilli occur shortly before eclosion of the flies, when eye development in all other aspects is considered to be essentially complete. Establishment of rhabdomere twisting occurs in a light‐independent manner, because phosphotyrosine staining is unchanged in dark‐reared wild‐type flies and in mutants with defects in the phototransduction cascade, ninaE17 and norpAP24. We conclude that antiphosphotyrosine immunofluorescence can be used as a light microscopic probe for the analysis of rhabdomere twisting and that microvilli tilting represents a type of planar cell polarity that is established by an active process in the last phase of photoreceptor morphogenesis, just prior to eclosion of the flies. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:68–79, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multicriterion classification approach for assessing the impact of environmental policies on the competitiveness of firms
Authors: Hontou V. , Diakoulaki D. , Papagiannakis L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe key objective of the European Union's environmental policy is to successfully combine environmental protection with sustainable economic growth in the long term. Nowadays, it is increasingly recognized that environmental policies, besides increasing production cost, may at the same time give incentives to firms for undertaking innovative actions and/or developing and exploiting differentiation opportunities. Both differentiation capacity and cost increase are strongly dependent on a multiplicity of internal and external factors, such as energy intensity, type of technology used, characteristics of the competitive environment etc. The present paper presents a multicriterion approach for classifying firms into discrete categories of possible impact, according to their sensitivity to cost increases and their differentiation potential. The resulting environment–competitiveness matrix can be exploited for establishing sustainability strategies and designing effective policies in the industrial sector. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Study of the Reaction of 3‐Formylrifamycin SV with Gaseous Ammonia and Acetone
Authors: Bujnowski Krzysztof , Synoradzki Ludwik , Zevaco Thomas , Dinjus Eckhard , Augustynowicz‐Kopeć Ewa , Zwolska Zofia 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the second stage of our study concerning the search for new antibacterial rifamycin antibiotics, reaction of the aldehydes 3‐formylrifamycin SV (1) and 25‐O‐deacetyl‐3‐formylrifamycin SV with ammonia and acetone has been investigated. A new synthetic method for the preparation of a new group of rifamycin derivatives with a cyclic substituent at C‐3 having a 4‐piperidone structure, represented by compounds 6a, 6b, and 7a, has been developed. The structures of the compounds and a reaction mechanism have been proposed on the basis of mass spectrometry results as well as 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR analysis. The results of the in vitro tests confirm the antituberculous activity of the synthesized compounds. Furthermore, 6a, which is isolated in good yield, is a promising substrate for a new class of rifamycin derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Chemoenzymatic Preparation of Enantiopure Isomers of 4‐Aminochroman‐3‐ol and 1‐Amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalen‐2‐ol
Authors: Recuero Verónica , de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Brieva Rosario , Gotor Vicente 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEnantiomerically pure N‐protected cis‐4‐aminochroman‐3‐ol (key precursor in the synthesis of novel HIV second‐generation protease inhibitors), its trans isomer and both cis‐ and trans‐1‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalen‐2‐ol, useful chiral catalysts in organic synthesis, have been successfully prepared through a lipase‐catalyzed kinetic acylation of the alcohol moiety, employing as substrates the corresponding N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐protected derivatives. Of the biocatalysts tested, Pseudomonas cepacea and Candida antarctica B lipases showed excellent enantioselectivities in the acylation processes depending on the reaction conditions employed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Joule heating effects on separation efficiency in capillary zone electrophoresis with an initial voltage ramp
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun , Hu Guoqing , Li Dongqing 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn analytical model is developed to quantify the Joule heating effects on the separation efficiency in CZE with an initial voltage ramp. This model considers the temporal variations of nonuniform temperature and flow fields in the course of voltage ramping. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and mass density of the fluid is also taken into account. We demonstrate that the application of an initial voltage ramp delays the development of pressure‐driven flows induced passively by the axial temperature gradients. The thermal dispersion is thus significantly reduced, resulting in a higher theoretical plate number in CZE. Such improvement in the separation efficiency is apparent in noncoated capillaries at high electric fields with an appropriate voltage ramp‐up time. These predictions are consistent with previous observations in both aqueous and nonaqueous CZE that took place in uncoated capillaries. In coated capillaries where the EOF is suppressed, however, our model predicts a lower plate number in the presence of an initial voltage ramp.