bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc Supplementation Mitigates High Salt Diet-Induced Bone Damage: A Histological Evaluation of Osteocyte Apoptosis
Authors: Anjum Kaukab , Qamar Abdullah , Mahmood Nomana , Khan Muhammad Marghoob , Imran Shazia , Ali Ayesha 
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protective role of zinc supplementation against bone damage induced by a high-salt diet, with a specific focus on osteocyte apoptosis in rats.
Methods: This was an investigational study conducted at the Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, over eight weeks. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (Group C), high-salt diet (Group A), and high-salt diet with zinc supplementation (Group B). Group C received a standard diet, Group A received a diet with 8% sodium chloride, and Group B received the high-salt diet plus zinc supplementation at 50 mg/kg body weight daily via oral gavage. After eight weeks, femurs were harvested, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Osteocyte apoptosis was assessed by counting empty lacunae and apoptotic bodies under light microscopy.
Results: The high-salt diet group (Group A) exhibited a significantly higher density of apoptotic osteocytes compared to the control group (mean ± SD: 2.3166 ± 0.820 vs. 1.3666 ± 0.431 per unit area; p=0.0005). Zinc supplementation in Group B resulted in a significant reduction in osteocyte apoptosis compared to both the high-salt diet group (mean ± SD: 1.7000 ± 0.492 per unit area; p=0.0087) and the control group (p=0.0009). These findings indicate that zinc supplementation effectively reduces osteocyte apoptosis caused by high salt intake.
Conclusion: Zinc supplementation significantly mitigates the harmful effects of a high-salt diet on bone health by reducing osteocyte apoptosis. This suggests its potential as a therapeutic intervention to counteract salt-induced bone damage and prevent related diseases such as osteoporosis.
Keywords: Zinc, salt, osteocytes, apoptosis, osteoporosis.
Comparative Analysis Of Continuous And Interrupted Suturing Techniques In Urethroplasty For Hypospadias
Authors: Aziz Kamran , Aleem Asra , Saeed Safdar , Jamal Muhammad Rashid , Shah Ijaz Hussian , Siddiqui Sana Shaukat 
Published: February 2025

Objective: Hypospadias is one of the most frequent congenital anomalies in males that affects penile development and hence optimal urine and semen flow. Snodgrass Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty (TIP) is a widely employed technique for hypospadias, done in a single stage. While both continuous and interrupted sutures are options for TIP procedures, the best technique for minimizing complications is still under debate.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in the Urology department of DG Khan Medical College and Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 that included 69 boys divided into 2 groups based on suturing technique: 37 boys underwent continuous-suture Snodgrass TIP urethroplasty and 32 boys underwent interrupted-suture Snodgrass TIP urethroplasty. The ethical protocol was followed throughout the period.
Results: The mean age was 9.12 years, and we found that there was a statistically significant association between the type of complication and the suturing technique (p=0.117). Meatal stenosis (MS), urethral stricture, and urethrocutaneous fistula (UF) did not exhibit significant differences between groups (p-values > 0.05). Compared to patients with complications (53.6%), those without complications had a significantly higher chance of having a healthy single urine stream (100%).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that interrupted suturing in TIPU may be associated with fewer complications and a higher rate of single urine stream compared to the continuous suturing technique.
Keywords: Hypospadias, Urethra, postoperative complications, Suturing Techniques.
Frequency Of Post-Partum Haemorrhage In Obese Patients
Authors: Aslam Rakhshanda , Shahid Ayesha , Tahir Noreen , Nadeem Ammarah , Nasreen Tahira , Saleem Anisa 
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study will help to establish a true frequency of PPH in obesity, which will allow us to serve as a basis for future research, as well as the possibility for the requirement of intervention or at least increased vigilance in obese patients which will help to reduce morbidity, mortality, and financial costs. This study aims to determine the frequency of post-partum haemorrhage in patients who are obese.
Methods: This study is conducted in the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, at PAF Hospital, Islamabad. The duration of this study was 6 months, from Dec 2022 to June 2023. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study; the sample size was 100 patients. All participants were evaluated with a thorough medical history and clinical examination on enrolment. Their BMI was calculated by using a standard measuring tape and Medica plus DT-916 weighing scale. Blood loss after delivery was measured as per operational definition.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 27 years with SD ± 8.81. 9% of the patients had post-partum haemorrhage while 91% of patients didn’t have post-partum haemorrhage (PPH).
Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of post-partum haemorrhage was 9% in patients who are obese, so it is not considered a key factor for PPH.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, obese, BMI., risk assessment, uterine haemorrhage
Intraoperative Localization Of The Marginal Mandibular Nerve In The Pakistani Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rehman Mishal , Ibrahim Muhammad Wasim , Hanif Maidah 
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the proximity of the marginal mandibular nerve to the lower border of the mandible in the Pakistani population, in comparison with previous studies to reduce the risk of inadvertent nerve damage during surgical interventions.
Methods: A total of 60 patients in the age range between the second & sixth decade requiring incision in the submandibular region were selected. Intraoperative identification of the nerve followed by measurement of its lowest point from the inferior border of the mandible was done. A total of 45 distinct nerves were recognized. Measurements on both the left and right sides were taken and compared with each other. The association of nerve position with the age of the patients was distinguished.
Results: A total of 45 nerves were identified. The average position of the Marginal Mandibular Nerve was determined to be 11.75 mm below the inferior border of the mandible. There was no significant difference between the left and right sides and about age.
Conclusion: The inferior border of the mandible is where the Marginal Mandibular Nerve is situated, consistent with prior research. There is no significant variation between the left and right sides. The position of the nerve is not affected by age as there is no association detected between the position of the nerve and age. The placement of an incision by previous recommendations of one finger breadth below the inferior border of the mandible can be used in the Pakistani population to avoid iatrogenic damage to the marginal mandibular nerve, leading to lesser complications and distress to the patient.
Keywords: Marginal mandibular branch, facial nerve, mandible, Injury.
Navigating The Landscape Of Innovation & Entrepreneurship In Pakistan: A Review
Authors: Hanif Muhammad Iftikhar , Butt Asif Maqsood , Asif Omaima 
Published: February 2025

This article's abstract explores the concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship and how they work together to promote economic progress. Despite its challenges, Pakistan may prosper in these fields thanks to its large and growing market, skilled labour force, and supportive political environment. However, for innovation and entrepreneurship to live up to their potential, several problems need to be resolved, including bureaucracy and corruption, poor intellectual property protection, inadequate research and development, and limited access to capital.
In the medical device industry, innovation and entrepreneurship may drive progress as new technologies and opportunities for expansion and improvement can be developed. Getting finance, negotiating legal and regulatory environments, managing new trends and technologies, The potential for coordinated effort and organisation, and laying the basis for a flourishing enterprising biological system in Pakistan are points shrouded in this article. The article makes various significant proposals for Pakistani entrepreneurs who must work on their odds of coming out on top, including making a strong marketable strategy, finding finance sources, interfacing with others and cooperating, using innovation, and being versatile. Pakistan can lead the way nearby for advancement and business, setting the way for monetary development and improvement, with continuous endeavours and participation.
Keywords: Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Economic growth, venture, Value, Workforce, Research and development, Medical device, Networking, Technology, Adaptability, Success.
Synthetic Modeling of Polarized Dust Emission in Intermediate-mass YSOs. I. Constraining the Role of Iron Inclusions and Inelastic Relaxation on Grain Alignment with ALMA Polarization
Authors: Giang Nguyen Chau , Le Gouellec V. J. M. , Hoang Thiem , Maury A. J. , Hennebelle P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Iron inclusions embedded inside dust grains play a crucial role in both internal alignment (IA) via Barnett relaxation and external alignment via the MAgnetically Enhanced RAdiative Torque (MRAT) mechanism. Moreover, inelastic relaxation is predicted to dominate over Barnett relaxation in driving the IA of micron-sized grains and very large grains (VLGs) above 10 μm. Yet, a detailed modeling of polarized thermal dust emission from Class 0/I young stellar objects (YSOs) taking into account these effects and their observational constraints is still lacking. In this paper, we update the POLARIS code and use it to perform synthetic dust polarization modeling for MHD simulations of an intermediate-mass YSOs. Results will be post-processed with CASA to confront Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) polarimetric observations. We found that to reproduce the high polarization degree of p ∼ 5%–30% observed in protostellar envelopes by ALMA, micron-sized grains and VLGs must contain iron inclusions with N
cl ∼ 5–103 iron atoms per cluster, assuming 30% of iron abundance locked inside dust grains under the cluster form. Inside the inner ∼500 au region, inelastic relaxation must participate in driving the grain IA, and grains must contain larger iron inclusions of N
cl ∼ 102–104 and grow beyond ≥10 μm to reproduce ∼3%–10% of dust polarization observed by ALMA. But given such a combination, the IA and MRAT efficiency acting on VLGs still decreases toward the center, inducing the decrease of p(%) with increasing gas density, reaching p ∼ 1% inside the disk.
Cluster Candidates with Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z ∼ 2
Authors: Kiyota Tomokazu , Ando Makoto , Tanaka Masayuki , Finoguenov Alexis , Ali Sadman Shariar , Coupon Jean , Desprez Guillaume , Gwyn Stephen , Sawicki Marcin , Shimakawa Rhythm 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Galaxy clusters are crucial to understanding the role of the environment in galaxy evolution. However, due to their rarity, only a limited number of clusters have been identified at z ≳ 2. In this paper, we report a discovery of seven cluster candidates with massive quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2 in the 3.5 deg2 area of the XMM Large Scale Structure field, roughly doubling the known cluster sample at this frontier redshift if confirmed. We construct a photometric redshift catalog based on deep (i ∼ 26, K
s ∼ 24) multiwavelength photometry from the u* band to the K band gathered from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program and other collaborative/public surveys. We adopt a Gaussian kernel density estimate with two different spatial scales (10″ and 60″) to draw a density map of massive (

log
(

M

*

/

M

⊙

)
>
10.5

) and quiescent (

log
(
sSFR

[

yr

−
1

]
)
<
−
10

) galaxies at z ∼ 2. Then, we identify seven prominent overdensities. These candidates show clear red sequences in color–magnitude diagrams (z − H versus H). Moreover, one of them shows an extended X-ray emission with L
X = (1.46 ± 0.35) × 1044 erg s−1, suggesting its virialized nature. There is no clear evidence of enhancement nor suppression of the star formation rate of the main-sequence galaxies in the clusters. We find that cluster galaxies have a higher fraction of transition population with

−
10.5
<
log
(
sSFR

[

yr

−
1

]
)
<
−
10

(12%) than the field (2%), which implies the ongoing star formation quenching. The quiescent fraction in the cluster candidates also exceeds that in the field. We confirm that the excess of a quiescent fraction is larger for higher-mass galaxies. This is the first statistical evidence for the mass-dependent environmental quenching at work in clusters even at z ∼ 2.
The Timing and Spectral Properties of the 2022 Outburst of SGR J1935+2154 Observed with NICER
Authors: Yu-Cong Fu , Lin Lin , Ming-Yu Ge , Teruaki Enoto , Chin-Ping Hu , George Younes , Ersin Göǧüş , Christian Malacaria 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The magnetar SGR J1935+2154 entered a new active episode on 2022 October 10, with X-ray bursts and enhanced persistent emission. At the tail of a high burst rate interval, lasting several hours, radio bursts were detected, revealing the connection between the X-ray activities and radio emissions. We analyzed observations of SGR J1935+2154 for nearly 3 months, using data from the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer. We report the timing and spectral results following the onset of this outburst. In general, the X-ray flux of the persistent emission decays exponentially. While a flare is evident on the light curve, a fast radio burst (FRB) was detected immediately following the peak of this flare. We found a phase jump in the pulse profile, with a deviation of a 0.16 ± 0.03 phase, which is related to the glitch. The spectra are well fit with the combination of a blackbody and a power-law (PL) model. The decay of the outburst is dominated by the drop in the nonthermal component, which also leads to an increase in thermal proportion. The photon index of the PL is inversely correlated with both the unabsorbed flux and the burst rate. We find that unlike the large variety of the persistent emission around FRB 221014, the X-ray properties are very stable when FRBs 221021 and 221201 happened. These results manifest the connection between the glitch, phase jump, X-ray burst, and radio burst, crucial for studying the mutation in twisted magnetic fields and constraining the trigger mechanism of radio bursts.
Delay of Near-relativistic Electrons with Respect to Type III Radio Bursts throughout the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Mitchell J. G. , Christian E. R. , de Nolfo G. A. , Cohen C. M. S. , Hill M. E. , Kouloumvakos A. , Labrador A. W. , Leske R. A. , McComas D. J. , McNutt R. L. , Mitchell D. G. , Shen M. , Schwadron N. A. , Wiedenbeck M. E. , Bale S. D. , Pulupa M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Energetic electrons accelerated by solar eruptive events are frequently observed to have inferred injection times that appear significantly delayed with respect to electromagnetic emission including type III radio bursts. This is noteworthy because type III radio emission is produced by streaming suprathermal electrons, and thus this observed delay implies either a delayed injection/release of higher-energy electrons, compared with the suprathermal population, and/or a delay of the electrons observed in situ in transit through the interplanetary medium. A number of studies have investigated these delays with spacecraft located at 1 au. In this study, we examine energetic electron onsets and type III radio bursts observed by the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS) and the FIELDS Radio Frequency Spectrometer instrument on Parker Solar Probe at a variety of heliocentric distances. With these observations, we can uniquely decouple the effects of acceleration and transport and shed light on the source of these delays. We present a survey of electron events observed by IS⊙IS within the first ∼6 yr of the mission, including their delays with respect to type III emission between ∼0.1 and 0.8 au. These results suggest that energetic electron delays with respect to type III radio bursts are not purely produced by a delayed injection/release as has been suggested, implying that transport processes play a role.
The Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment Survey (HETDEX) Active Galactic Nuclei Catalog: The Fourth Data Release
Authors: Liu Chenxu , Gebhardt Karl , Mentuch Cooper Erin , Davis Dustin , Schneider Donald P. , Jarvis Matt J. , Farrow Daniel J. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Chávez Ortiz Óscar A. ,   The HETDEX Collaboration
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present the active galactic nuclei (AGN) catalog from the fourth data release (HDR4) of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment Survey (HETDEX). HETDEX is an untargeted spectroscopic survey. HDR4 contains 345,874 Integral Field Unit observations from 2017 January to 2023 August covering an effective area of 62.9 deg2. With no imaging preselection, our spectroscopic confirmed AGN sample includes low-luminosity AGN, narrow-line AGN, and/or red AGN down to g ∼ 25. This catalog has 15,940 AGN across the redshifts of z = 0.1 ∼ 4.6, giving a raw AGN number density of 253.4 deg−2. Among them, 10,499 (66%) have redshifts either confirmed by line pairs or matched to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. For the remaining 5441 AGN, 2083 are single broad-line AGN candidates, while the remaining 3358 are single intermediate broad-line (full width at half-maximum, FWHM ∼1200 km s−1) AGN candidates. A total of 4060 (39%) of the 10,499 redshift-confirmed AGN have emission-line regions 3σ more extended than the image quality, which could be strong outflows blowing into the outskirts of the host galaxies or ionized intergalactic medium.
Three Worlds in One: Venus as a Natural Laboratory for the Effect of Rotation Period on Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Cohen Maureen , Holmes James , Lewis Stephen , Patel Manish , Lebonnois Sébastien 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Because of its rotation period of 243 days, Venus is considered a slowly rotating planet. However, its persistent superrotating atmospheric jets, which increase in speed from surface to cloud tops, effectively set a faster rotation speed than the surface rotation. Using the Venus Planetary Climate Model and wind measurements taken by the Pioneer Venus entry probes, we show that the Rossby radius of deformation of the atmosphere varies with height. The atmosphere falls into three circulation regimes: (1) from the surface to 20 km, the Rossby radius of deformation exceeds the planetary radius and no Rossby waves form; (2) from 20 to 50 km, the tropical Rossby radius becomes smaller than the planetary radius, and a circulation regime characterized by a superrotating equatorial jet and mid-latitude Rossby gyres appears; (3) from 50 to 70 km, the extratropical Rossby radius becomes smaller than the planetary radius, the jet develops mid-latitude maxima, and the Rossby gyres shift to high latitudes. Studies of exoplanetary circulation regimes as a function of rotation period have repeatedly shown a similar progression. While observing the circulations of exoplanets to confirm these predictions is not currently possible, the presence of different circulation regimes on Venus and their dependence on altitude could be tested by observing campaigns. Such evidence would be the first observational support for the theory connecting differences in planetary rotation periods to circulation regime transitions and would ground predictions of exoplanet circulations in a validated framework.
Microbial diversity of the Veryovkina cave after the 2018 flood
Authors: Hodzhev Yordan , Zhelyazkova Violeta , Toshkova Nia , Tsafarova Borislava , Panaiotov Stefan , Stoev Pavel 
Published: February 2025

The Veryovkina Cave, located in the Abkhazia region, is the world’s deepest known cave (approximately 2204 m) and hosts unique microbial ecosystems. Following a major flood in 2018, this study explored the impact on microbial diversity using 16S rRNA gene sequencing across ten sampling sites (A1–A10), for which a negative control was used. The ten samples were classified into "Upper," "Medium," and "Deeper" regions, with sediment types, moisture levels, and post-flood human access recorded to provide ecological context. 43,195 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, with an average yield of 284.18 per sample.
Sites such as A2 (Oiylia pass, - 350 m, wet clay, no human visits) and A10 (Captain Nemoisto’s last stand - 2204 m, dry silt with human visits) were practically sterile, suggesting they were most severely impacted by the 2018 flood. The flood likely disrupted the ecosystem in these locations, flushing away most of the resident microbial diversity and leaving behind a biologically impoverished environment. In contrast, neighboring sites A4 (Pink meander, - 1100 m, wet clay, with human visits), place with a least human impact and A9 (Captain Nemoisto’s last stand, - 2200 m, dry sand, no visits after the flood) exhibited the highest microbial abundance, suggesting these sites retained a microbiota state closer to pre-flood conditions. Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were identified as key drivers of biogeochemical cycling within the cave ecosystem. Proteobacteria, known for their metabolic versatility, play a central role in organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and sulfur cycling. Acidobacteria often coexist with Proteobacteria, supporting interdependent microbial interactions influenced by nutrient availability and pH. Together, these phyla form the backbone of the microbial ecosystem, facilitating nutrient recycling and maintaining ecological balance.
The study underscores the ecological significance of microbial diversity in Veryovkina Cave, emphasizing the role of key phyla in maintaining ecosystem function and adapting to environmental disturbances such as flooding. This research serves as a foundation for further exploration of microbial life in deep subterranean ecosystems.
L’orientation en France : entre projet et sélection
Authors: Duru-Bellat Marie 
Published: February 2025

Alors que la transmission directe d’une profession des parents aux enfants est aujourd’hui disqualifiée en France comme dans la plupart des pays comparables, la question de l’orientation des jeunes vers un métier y revêt une importance cruciale. Censée se jouer sur la base du mérite scolaire, elle donne aux scolarités un poids décisif. Depuis les années 1960, les politiques ont ouvert l’accès à l’éducation et cherché à rendre les cursus moins dépendants de l’origine sociale des élèves. Mais, au-delà des inégalités de réussite, les mobilisations des parents pour maximiser les chances de leur enfant font que les orientations restent davantage liées à leur connaissance fine d’un système qui s’est largement complexifié. Les « choix » des jeunes dépendent d’une autosélection socialement diversifiée, intégrant des contraintes inégales (risques d’échec plus ou moins forts, poids de l’origine géographiques ou des stéréotypes de genre…), selon une logique bien plus scolaire que professionnelle. Tant que les carrières scolaires restent marquées par le milieu social et que les jeunes et leur famille anticipent des professions inégalement désirables, les orientations ne sauraient être le reflet ni du mérite ni des projets des élèves.