bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No consequence of dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency on the severity of scopolamine‐induced dry eye
Authors: CREUZOT CP , VIAU S , PASQUIS B , MAIRE MA , BRETILLON L , GREGOIRE S , ACAR N , BRON AM , JOFFRE C 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may protect against prevalence of dry eye. This work aimed to evaluate whether a dietary deficiency in omega‐3 PUFAs may increase the severity of dry eye in a scopolamine‐induced rat model. Methods Three consecutive generations of Lewis rats were bred under diets deprived of omega‐3 PUFAs. Dry eye was experimentally induced by continuous scopolamine delivery in female animals from the third deficient generation and in female Lewis rats fed with a balanced diet. After 14 days of treatment, the clinical signs of ocular dryness were evaluated in vivo using fluorescein staining. MHCII and the mucin Muc5AC were immunostained on eyeball cryosections. Lipids were extracted from the exorbital lacrimal glands and phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results The percent of fluorescein stained area to total area of the cornea was significantly increased in scopolamine‐treated animals when compared to not implanted animals. Scopolamine treatment decreased Muc5AC immunostaining and tended to increase MHCII immunostaining in the conjunctival epithelium for both diets. In exorbital lacrimal gland phospholipids, arachidonic acid (AA) and the delta5‐desaturase index were significantly increased by scopolamine treatment for both diets. There was no significant diet‐difference in scores of fluorescein staining, Muc5AC and MHCII immunostaining. The omega‐3 PUFA deficiency induced a significant increase in AA in the exorbital lacrimal gland. Conclusion Our data suggest that, unexpectedly, an omega‐3 PUFA deficiency did not increase the severity of dry eye in the rat.
Cyanoacrylate tissue gluing in corneal perforations associated with herpetic keratitis
Authors: JHANJI V , MOORTHY S , BELTZ J , CONSTANTINOU M , VAJPAYEE RB 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the success of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for the management of corneal perforations associated with herpetic keratitis. Methods Forty six eyes of 46 patients with microbiologically proven herpetic keratitis associated with corneal perforation were included in a retrospective analysis. N‐Butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive and bandage contact lens were applied in addition to antiviral therapy. Outcome measure was the preservation of the structural integrity of the globe. Results After glue application, the corneal perforation healed with scar formation in only 12 (26%) eyes. Keratoplasty had to be performed in 32 eyes (70%) due to failure of the glue. Fourteen (31%) eyes required multiple applications of tissue adhesive. Two eyes underwent enucleation and 1 eye became phthisical. Conclusion Glue application for corneal perforation in cases of herpetic keratitis is not effective and most cases require a corneal graft to maintain the ocular structural integrity.
Red eye multimedia teaching tool
Authors: PETRICEK P , ANDRAS B , HIGAZY M , NEMETH J , PROST ME 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Since 2004, the Eastern Europe and Middle Eastern External Eye Disease Group has been actively involved in creating various educational programs and tools, targeted at general medical public as well as at ophthalmology residents, younger ophthalmologists and family medicine specialists, regarding diagnosis and treatment of various external eye diseases. Methods The Eastern Europe and Middle Eastern External Eye Disease Group has designed new computer‐based Red Eye Multimedia Teaching Tool, which uses interactive approach, thus enabling active participation of students in teaching process. Results Red Eye Multimedia Teaching Tool focuses on training in establishing correct diagnosis, as well as choosing the most appropriate therapy for the most common external eye diseases: bacterial, viral and allergic conjunctivitis, as well as dry eye. Conclusion The newest multimedia teaching tool focuses on diagnosis and treatment of most common external eye diseases, namely bacterial, viral and allergic conjunctivitis, as well as at dry eye. Its interactive approach enables each student to tailor the teaching process to its needs, interests and level of previous knowledge. It is expected to be used by ophthalmology residents, as well as family medicine physicians and other interested medical staff.
Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab to treat choroidal neovascularization with large submacular hemorrhage secondary to age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: DI STEFANO G , IACONO P , BATTAGLIA PARODI M , RAVALICO G 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To assess the effects of the intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin) to treat choroideal neovascularization (CNV) associated with large submacular hemorrhage (LSH) secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Prospective interventional case series. Patients presenting occult subfoveal CNV with LSH greater the 50% of the entire lesion were recruited. The protocol required 3 monthly consecutive injections, followed by possible repeat injections on the basis of the morpho‐functional responses related to OCT parameters, angiographic features and visual acuity over a 12‐month follow‐up. Results Eight patients were enrolled in the study and prospectively followed up. Mean visual acuity and mean foveal thickness (FT) at the baseline were 0.72±0.35 (logMAR±SD) and 296±86µm SD, respectively. At three‐month examination, mean visual acuity improved to 0.46±0.28 and mean FT decreased to 240±105µm SD. At 12‐month examination, mean visual acuity was 0.48±0.32, and mean FT 238±50µm. A progressive resolution of macular bleeding was registered in 7 patients. No side‐effect or complication was registered. Conclusion Intravitreal bevacizumab can be considered a valuable treatment for subfoveal CNV with LSH secondary to AMD. A randomized clinical trial designed with a greater number of patients and a control group is needed to confirm our preliminary results.
Lutein supplementation ‐ the rationale
Authors: NOLAN JM , LOANE E , LOUGHMAN J , BEATTY S 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Photo‐oxidation is believed to play a role in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Macular pigment (MP), consisting of lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso‐Z, protects the retina from photo‐oxidative damage. We review this rationale and critically appraise the current evidence‐base germane to the use of supplements containing the macular carotenoids in patients with, or at risk of developing, AMD. Methods The evidence supporting a role for MP in the prevention of AMD is primarily available from observational studies and interventional (supplementation) studies. We present data from the following observational and interventional studies: Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS, I and II); Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial (LAST); LUtein Nutrition effects measured by Autofluorescence (LUNA); Carotenoids in Age‐Related MAculopathy (CARMA). Results The AREDS I demonstrated that patients with AMD exhibited a 25% risk reduction in progression to advanced AMD when supplemented with zinc plus antioxidants. The LAST reported that visual function improved with L supplementation alone, or with L supplementation in combination with other antioxidants. The LUNA study reported a significant increase in MP optical density with 12 mg L and 1 mg Z, combined with co‐antioxidants (p > 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, we await the outcomes of several randomized controlled trials before a truly meaningful comment can be made upon the potential beneficial effects of supplemental L, Z and meso‐Z in patients with AMD. However, the benefits of the macular carotenoids, if any, relate to the ability of these compounds to protect against chronic and cumulative retinal damage and, therefore, the putative protective effect of this pigment may need to be exerted in the young and middle age.
Lutein supplementation ‐ the mechanisms
Authors: WELGE‐LUSSEN U 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLutein and zeaxanthin are responsible for the formation of the macular pigment. There is a decrease of macular pigment density with increasing age. There are several studies showing that loss of macular pigment density is associated with an increased risk of age related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore macular pigment density seems to have a protective effect of the macular from developing AMD. The best characterized role of lutein/zeaxanthin in the protection is the ability to absorb damaging blue light. Furthermore it is known from several in vitro and chemical investigations that lutein/zeaxanthin have anitoxidative properties. Based on the fact, that oxidative plays a major role in the pathogenesis, lutein/zeaxanthin could also protect the macular from damaging free radicals. A natural response of oxidative stress is the process of inflammation. Based on genetic studies and morphological studies AMD revealed the involvement of a subclinical inflammation in AMD pathogenesis. Lutein/zexaxanthin have anti‐inflammatory properties. This fact may explain the recently described inhibition of choridal neovascularisation in an experimental model of wet form of AMD. Taken together lutein/zexaxanthin are ideal candidates to protect the macular from damaging blue light, oxidative stress and subclinical inflammation. Based on these findings lutein/zeaxanthin seem to be ideal substance to prevent and stop progression of AMD.
Reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and ganglion cell death: focus on use of α‐lipoic acid
Authors: OSBORNE NN 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Retinal ganglion cell axons within the globe enriched with mitochondria. Good evidence exists to suggest that when mitochondria are drastically impaired as might occur in retinal ischemia or glaucoma, ganglion cell apoptosis occurs. Thus agents targeted specifically at enhancing ganglion cell mitochondrial energy production and/or scavenge free radicals (known to be generated by dysfunctional mitochondria) might therefore be useful to treat a disease like glaucoma. One such substance is possibly α‐lipoic acid. Methods Rats were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle or α‐lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) once daily for 11 days. On the 3rd day, ischemia was delivered to the rat retina by raising the intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure for 45 min. The electroretinogram was measured prior to ischemia and 5 days after reperfusion. Rats were killed 5 or 8 days after reperfusion and the retinas were processed for immunohistochemistry and for determination of mRNA levels by RT‐PCR. Insults were also delivered to retinal cells in culture (anoxia, light) and the influence of α‐lipoic acid examined. Results Ischemia‐reperfusion affected the electroretinogram and caused a decrease in nitric oxide synthase and Thy‐1 immunoreactivities and retinal ganglion cell‐specific mRNAs. Exposure of retinal cells to light or anoxia caused a loss of cell viability. α‐Lipoic acid attenuated all these effects. Conclusion The results show that α‐lipoic acid provides protection to the retina and their ganglion cells from ischemia‐reperfusion injuries. It also blunts any loss of retinal neurons in culture caused by anoxia or light. Since α‐lipoic acid can be tolerated when taken orally its use for treating e.g. glaucoma is worthy of consideration.
Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: 6 months results
Authors: CIMBALAS A , BAGDONIENE R , SIRTAUTIENE R , LIVEIKIENE A , ASOKLIS R 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To study the visual and anatomic outcome of the intravitreal bevacizumab injection in the treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods 86 eyes of 79 patients (mean age: 74.9) who received one or more intravitreal bevacizumab injections for neovascular AMD and had a follow‐up of at least 6 months were analyzed retrospectively. Visual acuity (VA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular thickness,pretreatments and number of the needed treatments were evaluated. Results Results showed a mean visual acuity of 0.14 before the first intravitreal injection with bevacizumab. Six months after the first injection, patients VA increased by 0.18, i.e. they gain 0.04 lines of Snellen (P = 0,003). The mean number of treatments needed at this time was 3.3 (range: 1 to 5 injections). Central retinal thickness (CTR) assessed with OCT was 354±187 µm before the first treatment and decreased by 150±169 µm after 6 months (P < 0,001). 14% of the patients needed a treatment at the 6‐months follow‐up. One patient presented uveitis several days following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Conclusion Six months follow‐up of the intravitreal bevacizumab in the eyes with neovascular AMD showed stabilization of the visual acuity.
Spherical equivalent versus AL/CR ratio ‐ a tool for classifying refractive error
Authors: MORGAN IG , ROSE KA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate that refractive development in children can be analysed in terms of three phases of development, defined in plots of cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) versus the ratio of the axial length to the corneal radius (AL/CR ratio), rather than as a unitary process of emmetropisation. Methods Schools were randomly selected, with stratification by SES. Partipation was sought from students in Year 3 (age 6‐7) and Year 7 (age 12‐13). Participation was high (>75%). Cycloplegic SER (autorefraction), AL and CR (IOL Master) and height were measured in over 4000 children, giving two representative cross‐sectional samples. Results Plots of SER versus AL/CR ratio were triphasic, consisting of a hyperopic wing (SER >2D, an internediate sone (SER between ~0‐0.5D and 2D) and a myopic wing (SER <0‐0.5D) The relationship between differences in SER and AL changed between the phases (>2D/mm in hyperopic and myopic wings, but <1D/mm in the the intermediate zone). Correlations between SER, AL and height decreased across the three phases. Conclusion We interpret these plots as defining a developmental trajectory for refractive development. In the first year of life, rapid adjustment of AL to CR produces leptokurtic distributions of SER and AL/CR, at mildly hyperopic mean SER. Children with SER >2D after the first few years of life may be unable to emmetropise. The impact of continuing increases in AL on SER is reduced by compensatory reductions in lens power, in an anti‐emmetropic phase. For SER of <~0‐+0.5D, lens power changes cease, and further AL increases lead to myopia. The utility of analysis in terms of these phases is illustrated by the systematic changes in relationships between SER, AL and height. This analysis may have wider application.
The measurement of light intensities and effects on myopia development
Authors: ROSE KA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Given the protective effects of time spent outside against the development of myopia, the aim is to outline methods for assessing time spent outside and light exposures in population studies of the risk factors for myopia. Methods The questionnaire previously used in the Sydney Myopia Study was used as the basis for further refinement, by a WHO working group; Kathryn Rose (Australia), Seang‐Mei Saw (Singapore), Terri Young (USA, Singapore), Mingguang He (China), Jane Gwiazda (USA), Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota(Nepal), Solange R. Salomão(Brazil) and Leon Ellwein (USA). The questionnaire was field‐tested at several sites. Light intensities at a variety of indoor and outdoor locations were sampled to predicted location during daylight hours. Results Protection from myopia is associated with time spent outdoors, irrespective of whether sport was engaged in, and indoor sport is not protective. The existing questionnaire was therefore simplified to include questions which directly addressed the issue of how much time was spent outside and inside during daylight hours. Measurements of the light intensity at various indoor and outdoor locations showed that light intensity during daylight hours had high specificity and selectivity for estimating location. These measurements also showed that light intensities encountered during travel to and from schools were variable depending on the children walked or cycled, or traveled by train, bus or car. The questionnaire was modified to cover this issue. Conclusion The development of a standard questionnaire for studies of time spent outdoors and the aetiology of myopia will facilitate international comparison of data. It is recommended that comparable information on ambient light intensities also be collected.
Cornea biomechanical characteristics measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer in Singapore children
Authors: LIM LS , GAZZARD G , CHAN Y , FONG A , KOTECHA A , SIM E , TAN D , TONG L , SAW SM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To determine the corneal biomechanical parameters measured with the Reichert Ocular Response Analyser(ORA) in Singaporean children, and to assess their correlations with refractive error and biometry Methods This was a cross sectional study of 271 subjects from the Singapore Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Myopia(SCORM). Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor(CRF), central corneal thickness(CCT) and intraocular pressure(IOPcc) were measured with the ORA. Spherical equivalent refraction, axial length, height, weight, and blood pressure were measured. Results The mean age of the study population was 13.97±0.89years, the gender distribution was almost equal(138 males,50.9%),and the majority were Chinese.The mean CH and CRF were 11.78±1.55mmHg and 11.81±1.71mmHg. CH and CRF did not vary with age, sex or race. CH and CRF did not vary with myopia (p=0.79;0.83), or axial length (r=‐0.11 and ‐0.05,p=0.08 and 0.40). Multivariate analyses were performed with CH, CRF or CCT as the dependent and age, gender, race, weight, IOPcc, CCT, SE refraction, and corneal curvature as covariates. CH was significantly associated with IOP (beta=‐0.22(95%CI ‐0.27,‐0.17)), CCT (beta=0.03(0.02,0.03)) and corneal curvature (beta=‐1.13(‐2.08,‐0.19)). CRF was significantly associated with IOP, CCT and corneal curvature.(beta=0.08(0.02,0.14);0.03(0.03,0.04) and ‐1.39(‐2.54,‐0.23) respectively). The only factor predictive of decreased CCT was Malay or Indian race compared with Chinese. Conclusion The CH and CRF values in our study on children are slightly higher than in adult studies. CH and CRF are not associated with refractive error or axial length. Flatter corneas are associated with lower CH and CRF readings
Efficacy of pegaptanib sodium in occult or minimally classic
Authors: ZOURDANI A , HADDAD W , SOUIED E , COSCAS G , SOUBRANE G 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Recent studies have highlighted the efficacy of Pegatanib sodium in sub‐epithelial, occult, CNV seen in the early stages of the disease. Methods This was a prospective study with a follow‐up of 24 months. Patients underwent a complete examination including ETDRS visual acuity measurements, fundus photographs, FA and ICG‐A and OCT, as well as treatment by intra‐vitreous injection every 6 weeks. Results 24 patients (16 women) presenting with exudative ARMD were chosen. The mean age was 76 years. 8 eyes had a sub‐epithelial occult without classic neovascular lesion, or minimally classic. 8 eyes had a neovascular lesion of pre‐epithelial type, predominantly classic. 4 eyes had a neovascular lesion of chorio‐retinal anastomosis (CRA) associated with a PED. 4 lesions were fibro‐vascular in type. At the end of the study, 100% of pure, occult type or « minimally classic » lesions presented with a loss of less than 15 letters of VA and in 25% of cases there was an improvement of 15 letters or more. Six out of eight treated patients did not lose any letter and five patients had an improvement of at least one letter. These patients had an initial VA of 20/100 or more. FA did not demonstrate any leakage in six cases, and OCT demonstrated an absence of intra‐retinal edema in all cases. Out of the 16 patients who presented with a « predominantly classic » or with CRA or with fibro‐vascular type lesion, only 3 had an improvement of at least one letter compared with 10 who had the loss of more than 15 letters of VA. Patients in younger age brackets had the better functional results. Conclusion Treatment with Pegaptanib sodium is indicated preferentially for occult or minimally classic type lesions, which are recent and small.
An unusual lid/orbital tumour in infants
Authors: IRION LD , BONSHEK R , LEATHERBARROW B , BHATT P , MCCORMICK A 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To present 3 cases of an unusual soft tissue lesion in infants with clinicopathological correlation. Methods Case 1: A 2‐year‐old boy presented with a rapid growing lesion in his right lateral orbit. Case 2: A 5‐year‐old girl with a left superior orbital lesion close to lacrimal sac. Both cases had clinical appearances of a dermoid and excision was performed. Case 3: A 1‐year‐old boy presented with a 6 week history of an enlarging right medial canthal mass. CT scan showed a greatly expanded nasolacrimal duct. Endoscopy revealed a polypoid lesion and multiple biopsies were taken. Results The specimens from cases 1 and 2 consisted of firm nodular tissue measuring up to 30 and 18mm in diameter respectively. Several biopsies (2‐6mm) were submitted from case 3. In all cases histology showed plump spindle cells arranged in interweaving fascicles in a collagenous stroma. Variable amount of myxoid change was present. There was no necrosis or mitotic activity. Diffuse SMA and focal CD68 positivity were encountered. Negative markers were: CD34, S100, neurofilament, desmin, MyoD1 and myogenin. The overall features were those of a nodular fasciitis. Conclusion Only four cases of orbital nodular fasciitis have been reported in children younger than 5 years. We report a series of further three cases in this age group, two masquerading as a dermoid, raising the awareness of this entity as a clinical differential diagnosis of rapidly growing lid/orbital lesions in infants.
No functional vision improvement after intravitreal ranibizumab injections (IVT) for retrofoveolarchoroidal neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, why?
Authors: GONZALEZ C 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To analyse the reasons of no improved functional vision in retrofoveolar choroidal neovascular AMD treated with ranibizumab IVT. Methods 95 eyes of 80 patients,21 men,59 women,with retrofoveolar choroidal neovascular AMD treated by ranibizamab IVT.57 were inaugural cases ,38 previously treated by phototherapy and/or pegaptanib IVT.Patients received intravitreal ranibizumab injection,3 times,every 4 weeks in an inductive treatment,the next injections depending on the follow‐up results.First and 2 months’ interval follow‐up exam included ETDRS visual acuity (VA),complete ophthalmic examination,fundus autofluorescence(FAF),fluorescein (FA) and infracyanine (ICG) angiography,and time and/or spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).VA and OCT were done before each IVT.FAF,OCT,FA and ICG analysis appreciate photoreceptor(PR),pigment epithelium(PE) layers,atrophic areas,neovascular net’s leakage and flow. Results Atrophic areas increased 20%,above all in predominant atrophic areas AMD, photoreceptor layer decreased in depth in 30%,pigment epithelium was 25% less dense in 42%,exudative reaction was 30% still present in 58%,neovascular net’s flow and leakage was 45% left in 60%.Initial intense exudative neovascular AMD, most atrophic PE areas AMD,choroido‐retinal anastomosis with neovascular AMD were predominantly concerned.Results are nevertheless better than PDT alone,than pegaptanib IVT on exudative reaction but obviously no,on PR and PE trophicity.AMD and/or ranibizumab IVT involvement is discussed. Conclusion To consider all those notions is essential to choose the best therapeutic strategy, the most appropriate selective or no anti‐VEGF, to go on in the understanding of AMD.