bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer‐specific survival and predictors of prostate‐specific antigen recurrence and survival in patients with seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Secin Fernando P. , Bianco Fernando J. , Vickers Andrew J. , Reuter Victor , Wheeler Thomas , Fearn Paul A. , Eastham James A. , Scardino Peter T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objectives of the current study were to determine the long‐term biochemical recurrence (BCR) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates for men with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and to identify risk factors for freedom from BCR and CSS in patients who received treatment in the prostate‐specific antigen era and who had SVI identified at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP).METHODSProspective clinical, pathologic, and outcome data were collected for 5377 men who underwent RP between June 1983 and August 2004. There were 936 patients who were excluded because they received treatment before RP. Multivariable analysis was used to identify the factors that predicted BCR and CSS.RESULTSAmong 4441 eligible patients, 387 patients (8.7%) had SVI, and 91 of those 387 patients (24%) had lymph node involvement (LNI). In total, 210 patients experienced BCR. For patients without LNI, the 10‐year and 15‐year freedom from BCR rates were 36% and 32%, respectively, and the corresponding CSS rates were 89% and 81%, respectively. For the 91 men who had SVI and LNI, the 10‐year BCR‐free probability was 10%, but the 10‐year CSS probability was 74%. By 10 years, patients with LNI were 3 times more likely to die from cancer than from other causes; nonetheless, 66% of patients were alive despite their advanced stage. The preoperative prostate‐specific antigen level, extracapsular extension, LNI, and Gleason grade were associated independently with BCR. Gleason scores of 8 to 10 and LNI were significant predictors of CSS.CONCLUSIONSSVI does not invariably signal BCR or death from cancer in patients who undergo RP and pelvic lymph node dissection. Fifteen years later, approximately 33% of men with SVI and negative lymph nodes are expected remain free of BCR, and CSS was surprisingly good. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase I/II study of a combined gemcitabine, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy regimen for metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Tsukamoto Tetsuro , Yonese Junji , Ohkubo Yuhei , Fukui Iwao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors attempted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine in combination with etoposide and cisplatin as a chemotherapy regimen and investigated the safety and antitumor activity with the recommended doses of gemcitabine with etoposide and cisplatin for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma.METHODSPatients age 75 years or younger with measurable lesions, creatinine clearance ≥50 mL per minute, and adequate bone marrow and hepatic function were studied. Etoposide and cisplatin were given on Days 1 through 3 at fixed doses of 75 mg/m2 and 25 mg/m2, respectively, and gemcitabine was given on Days 1, 8, and 15. In the Phase I component, gemcitabine was administered at increasing doses from 600 mg/m2. Cycles were repeated every 28 days unless progressive disease was encountered.RESULTSIn Phase I, with the initially fixed doses of etoposide and cisplatin, the MTD of gemcitabine could not be determined because of the occurrence of dose‐limiting toxicity at Level 1 in all 3 patients. When the doses of etoposide and cisplatin were modified to 60 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2, respectively, the MTD of gemcitabine was 1000 mg/m2. Next, 19 additional patients were entered into Phase II with the recommended gemcitabine dose of 800 mg/m2, and 20 patients in all were treated at this dose level. The main toxicity was bone marrow suppression, with Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia recognized in 20 patients (100%) and 14 patients (70%), respectively, although no toxic deaths occurred. In total, all 31 patients at all dose levels had an assessable response, with 6 complete responses and 15 partial responses observed, for an overall response rate of 67.7%. Patients who had visceral metastasis had a significantly worse response rate than patients who had lymph node metastasis alone (50.0% vs. 78.9%; P = .042). The response rate (66.7%) for 21 patients who received prior chemotherapy was not different from that for 10 chemotherapy‐naive patients. The median survival for all patients was 13.1 months, and 4 patients survived for >2 years with no evidence of disease. Patients younger than age 65 years had significantly better survival than patients age 65 years or older (P = .026).CONCLUSIONSAlthough bone marrow toxicity was considerable, combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine, etoposide, and cisplatin appeared to be very active in patients with urothelial carcinoma and may be especially promising for younger patients, although further study is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of ProOsteon, DBX, and collagraft in a rabbit model
Authors: Leupold John A. , Barfield William R. , An Yuehuei H. , Hartsock Langdon A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMany bone graft substitutes (BGSs) have been developed and are commercially available. These products differ in the tailoring of their properties, including size, form, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and resorption kinetics. Differential enhancement of these properties may optimize the performance of these materials for varying applications. BGSs offer an opportunity to lessen morbidity of harvesting and use of autogenous and/or allograft bone. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively compare the magnitude of bony ingrowth and biodegradation of different commercially available BGS materials in a rabbit femoral defect model. BGSs from each of three classes (ceramic (ProOsteon), demineralized bone matrix (DBX), and composite (Collagraft)) were implanted in cylindrical defects in bilateral femoral condyles of 12 adult New Zealand White rabbits. Each of the three BGS materials and the empty controls were compared. The specimens were harvested at 3 months postimplantation for radiographic and histologic evaluation. Histomorphometry yielded resorption of graft material remaining in the index defect. Magnitude of bony ingrowth was assessed based on an 8‐bit 256 densitometry model. Histomorphometric analysis of the data demonstrated statistical differences in the resorption and magnitude of bony ingrowth of the three BGS materials. The three BGS were significantly different for ingrowth (p = 0.046) when using the Wilcoxon Test. The ceramic graft material averaged 47% bony ingrowth. Rabbit‐based DBX material showed extensive osseous ingrowth (35%) and the composite graft material demonstrated significant bony ingrowth (56%). The control, as anticipated, showed the least amount of bony ingrowth (29%). Fisher's Exact Test yielded statistical differences (p = 0.0003) when comparisons for resorption were conducted. An ideal BGS material should be biocompatible, be able to withstand the local load environment for a given application, degrade in concert with bony replacement, and be both osteoinductive and osteoconductive. This in‐vivo, head‐to‐head comparison of three commercially available BGS materials in an animal model compares these characteristics and demonstrates differences between them, which may act as a guide in the use of these products in human applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
A novel polymer for potential use in a trileaflet heart valve
Authors: Gallocher Siobhain L. , Aguirre Andres F. , Kasyanov Vladimir , Pinchuk Leonard , Schoephoerster Richard T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA novel polyolefin, poly(styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene) (Quatromer™), is being proposed as a viable polymer for use in trileaflet heart valves because of its oxidative stability. The current study was designed to assess the polymer's hemocompatibility and mechanical durability. Mechanical characterization included static tensile tests and dynamic tension–tension and bending fatigue tests, where the properties of isotropic and composite (polypropylene (PP) embedded) Quatromer specimens were compared with those of a polyurethane (PUR) approved for cardiovascular applications. It was found that by embedding PP fibers into the Quatromer matrix, the tensile and fatigue properties of the polymer could be improved, making them comparable, if not better than the PUR. The thrombotic potential of Quatromer was compared with the PUR, glutaraldehyde‐fixed porcine valve material, and a positive and negative control by measuring platelet deposition with radiolabeled platelets in a parallel plate flow configuration. The porcine valve material was found to have significantly higher platelet deposition under all flow regimes, while no significant difference existed between Quatromer and PUR. In conclusion, Quatromer is shown to have suitable hemocompatibility and mechanical durability for use in polymer trileaflet heart valves, and fiber reinforcement can effectively be used to tailor the mechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Film from peroxidation of an amino phospholipid and its biocompatibility
Authors: Wang Hua‐Jie , Liu Xin‐Ming , Ji Li‐Wen , Ma Dong‐Lan , Ren Qiushi , Wang Jin‐Ye 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new kind of phospholipid product with fluorescence was derived from autoxidation of an aminophospholipid, L‐α‐phosphatidylethanolamine dilinoleoyl in solid film state. Atomic force microscopy showed that the film product was composed of round and elliptical vesicles with diameters of about 20–45 nm. The product was difficult to dissolve in water and most organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C NMR, and solid‐state 31P NMR indicated that the unsaturated double carbon bond decreased with the reaction, and polymerization within/between phospholipid molecules occurred. Endothelial cells from human vein seeded onto the film showed the highest proliferating activity compared with seeding onto Corning culture plate, glass plate, or phospholipid film with phosphorylcholine head group, as evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐timethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (p < 0.001). The hemocompatibility of the film was also assessed by platelet adhesion and protein adsorption. The results suggest that the product has potential applications as a new biomaterial coating. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Diagnostic functional MRI: Illustrated clinical applications and decision‐making
Authors: Bartsch Andreas Joachim , Homola György , Biller Armin , Solymosi László , Bendszus Martin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a popular research tool, yet its use for diagnostic purposes and actual treatment planning has remained less widespread. The literature yields rather sparse evidence‐based data on clinical fMRI applications and accordant decision‐making. Notwithstanding, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)‐ and arterial spin labeling (ASL)‐fMRI can be judiciously combined with perfusion measurements, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and fiber tractographies to assist clinical decisions. In this article we provide an overview of clinical fMRI applications based on illustrative examples. Assessment of cochlear implant candidates by fMRI is covered in some detail, and distinct reference is made to particular challenges imposed by brain tumors, other space‐occupying lesions, cortical dysplasias, seizure disorders, and vascular malformations. Specific strategies, merits, and pitfalls of analyzing and interpreting diagnostic fMRI studies in individual patients are highlighted. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Report on a multicenter fMRI quality assurance protocol
Authors: Friedman Lee , Glover Gary H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTemporal stability during an fMRI acquisition is very important because the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) effects of interest are only a few percent in magnitude. Also, studies involving the collection of groups of subjects over time require stable scanner performance over days, weeks, months, and even years. We describe a protocol designed by one of the authors that has been tested for several years within the context of a large, multicenter collaborative fMRI research project (FIRST‐BIRN). A full description of the phantom, the quality assurance (QA) protocol, and the several calculations used to measure performance is provided. The results obtained with this protocol at multiple sites over time are presented. These data can be used as benchmarks for other centers involved in fMRI research. Some issues with the various protocol measures are highlighted and discussed, and possible protocol improvements are also suggested. Overall, we expect that other fMRI centers will find this approach to QA useful and this report may facilitate developing a similar QA protocol locally. Based on the findings reported herein, the authors are convinced that monitoring QA in this way will improve the quality of fMRI data. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Principles of magnetic resonance assessment of brain function
Authors: Norris David G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMRI has advanced to being one of the major tools for the assessment of brain function. This review article examines the basic principles that underpin these measurements. The main emphasis is on the characteristics and detection of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. In the first part of the article the relationship between BOLD, blood flow, blood oxygen, and the rate of metabolic consumption of oxygen is described. The four contrast mechanisms that contribute to the BOLD signal change, namely extravascular static and dynamic dephasing, intravascular T2‐like changes, and the intravascular frequency offset effect are described in terms of their spatial localization and relative contributions to the BOLD signal. The current model of changes in blood flow being an indirect consequence of synaptic input to a region is presented. The second section of the article deals with the imaging characteristics of BOLD in terms of the attainable spatial resolution and linear system characteristics. In the third section, practical BOLD imaging is examined for choice of pulse sequence, resolution, echo time (TE), repetition time (TR), and flip angle. The final section touches on other MRI approaches that are relevant to cognitive neuroimaging, in particular the measurement of blood flow, blood volume, resting state fluctuations in the BOLD signal, and measures of connectivity using diffusion tensor imaging and fiber‐tracking. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene‐mediated osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 or ‐6
Authors: Zachos Terri A. , Shields Kathleen M. , Bertone Alicia L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSC) hold promise for targeted osteogenic differentiation and can be augmented by delivery of genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). The feasibility of promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMDMSC was investigated using two BMP genes in monolayer and three‐dimensional alginate culture systems. Cultured BMDMSC were transduced with E1‐deleted adenoviral vectors containing either human BMP2 or BMP6 coding sequence under cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter control [17:1 multiplicities of infection (moi)] and either sustained in monolayer or suspended in 1 mL 1.2% alginate beads for 22 days. Adenovirus (Ad)‐BMP‐2 and Ad‐BMP‐6 transduction resulted in abundant BMP‐2 and BMP‐6 mRNA and protein expression in monolayer culture and BMP‐2 protein expression in alginate cultures. Ad‐BMP‐2 and Ad‐BMP‐6 transduced BMDMSC in monolayer had earlier and robust alkaline phosphatase‐positive staining and mineralization and were sustained for a longer duration with better morphology scores than untransduced or Ad‐β‐galactosidase‐transduced cells. Ad‐BMP‐2‐ and, to a lesser degree, Ad‐BMP‐6‐transduced BMDMSC suspended in alginate demonstrated greater mineralization than untransduced cells. Gene expression studies at day 2 confirmed an inflammatory response to the gene delivery process with upregulation of interleukin 8 and CXCL2. Upregulation of genes consistent with response to BMP exposure and osteogenic differentiation, specifically endochondral ossification and extracellular matrix proteins, occurred in BMP‐transduced cells. These data support that transduction of BMDMSC with Ad‐BMP‐2 or Ad‐BMP‐6 can accelerate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of stem cells in culture, including in three‐dimensional culture. BMP‐2–transduced stem cells suspended in alginate culture may be a practical carrier system to support bone formation in vivo. BMP‐6 induced a less robust cellular response than BMP‐2, particularly in alginate culture. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
An interface‐update‐based implicit algorithm for mold filling simulation of liquid composite molding
Authors: Jiang Shunliang , Duan Yuexin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article, a new implicit numerical algorithm has been presented for mold filling simulation in liquid composite molding process. The new implicit numerical algorithm is based on the update of flow interface to track flow front for each time step. Nodes of mesh are divided into three groups, i.e. filled nodes, interface nodes (or partially filled nodes), and empty nodes. Governing equations of filled nodes are solved to obtain pressure distribution; filling fractions of interface nodes are checked to determine if any node is needed to be added to filled nodes or be removed from filled nodes. The local LU factorization solver and preconditioned conjugated gradient iterative solver were employed to investigate the new implicit algorithm. Case studies demonstrated the performance of the proposed implicit algorithm. The new implicit algorithm reduced the computational complexity to below 2.0 power order of problem sizes. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:271–281, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The effect of clay particles on film formation from polystyrene latex
Authors: Uğur Şaziye , Alemdar Ayşe , Pekcan Önder 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFilm formation from surfactant‐free polystyrene (PS) latex was performed in the presence of 5% Na‐montmorillonite (NaMMT). The composite films were prepared from pyrene (P)‐labeled PS particles at room temperature and annealed at elevated temperatures above the glass‐transition (Tg) temperature of polystyrene. Scattered light (Is) and fluorescence intensity (IP) from P were measured after each annealing step to monitor the stages of composite film formation. Minimum film formation temperature, T0, and healing temperatures, Th, were determined. Void closure and interdiffusion stages were modeled and related activation energies were measured. From these results, it was found that the presence of NaMMT in the PS latex film only affects the minimum film formation, but does not affect the void closure and backbone motion activities. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:299–308, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structure–properties relations in titanium‐based thermoplastic fiber–metal laminates
Authors: Cortés P. , Cantwell W.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the interfacial, tensile, and fatigue properties of a titanium alloy fiber–metal laminate (Ti‐FML) based on woven glass‐fiber‐reinforced polyetherimide (GF/PEI). Initial tests, using the single cantilever beam (SCB) geometry have shown that it is not necessary to surface treat the titanium alloy in order to achieve a high value of metal–composite interfacial fracture toughness. Tensile tests have shown that the mechanical properties of the FML lie between those offered by its constituent materials. Tension–tension fatigue tests have shown that the fatigue lives of these laminates are superior to those offered by the plain titanium alloy. The mechanical properties of this glass fiber/PEI FML have also been compared with those offered by an FML based on a unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) composite. Here, it has been shown that although the fatigue properties of this woven GF/PEI composite are inferior to those of the CF/PEEK FML, they do offer a higher temperature capability due to the higher glass transition temperature of the PEI matrix. Polym. Compos. 27:264–270, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Studies of biodegradable thermoplastic amylose/kaolin composites: Fabrication, characterization, and properties
Authors: Huang Mingfu , Wang Hongyuan , Yu Jiugao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBiodegradable thermoplastic amylose/kaolin composites (BTAKC) have been fabricated from glycerol‐plasticized amylose (GPA) and inorganic reinforced materials kaolin. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) patterns showed that in the BTAKC the CO groups of amylose molecules shifted to the higher wavenumber, while the reactive hydroxyl groups of kaolin in BTAKC shifted to the lower wavenumber. This was caused by the cooperation of strong absorption that existed between kaolin and amylose molecules and hydrogen bonds that formed between the reactive hydroxyl groups of kaolin and the hydroxyl groups of amylose molecules. Kaolin was on the submicron filling transition state and acted as an obstructer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the mass loss of GPA and BTAKC with 20% kaolin were 15.54 and 13.74% respectively, the thermal stability of BTAKC were improved. When BTAKC was stored for 10 days at Relative Humidity (RH) = 50%, the tensile stress, strain, Young's modulus and breaking energy of BTAKC with 20% kaolin were 9.53 MPa, 65.4%, 149.8 MPa and 1.402 N m respectively. It was obvious that the mechanical properties of BTAKC were greatly improved. X‐ray diffraction revealed that kaolin restrained the crystallization of GPA effectively. Water absorption testing indicated that the introduction of kaolin reduced the water absorption of BTAKC, which greatly improve the application property of BTAKC. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that kaolin was commendably dispersed in GPA. Polym. Compos. 27:309–314, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis, molecular and optical characterization of polycarbonates containing azobenzene side‐chains
Authors: Lee Jin‐Kook , Park Sang‐Wook , Lee Jae‐Wook , Kim Mi‐Ra 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, we report the synthesis and holographic characterization of polycarbonates containing an azobenzene group in their side‐chains. The polycarbonate (DR‐PC) was synthesized by the polyaddition reaction of Disperse Red 19 (DR 19) and carbon dioxide in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone for 24 h in air, and we investigated the mechanism in the presence of potassium carbonate. The film of polycarbonate was obtained by casting onto a slide glass in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The diffraction efficiency of the polycarbonate film was measured as a function of time and intensity of the induced laser. Independently of the intensity of the writing beam, the maximum diffraction efficiency in all DR‐PC films reached about 0.25%. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Palladium nanoparticles obtained by mechanical milling
Authors: Sampedro B. , Rojas T. C. , Fernández A. , Hernando A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOpposed to the existing chemical methods, we have used a physical one in order to obtain palladium nanoparticles. In this work we present the HRTEM observation of Pd nanoparticles obtained by mechanical milling. These particles are around 6 nm in size. The Pd milled samples have exhaustively been structurally characterized. We have also studied its magnetic properties as a function of the milling time and magnetic measurements are according to those previously carried out by us in palladium nanoparticles obtained by chemical methods. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)