bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Material Properties on Tire Performance Characteristics—Part I. Tire Cords
Authors: Futamura S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effect of modulus of tire cords in stabilizer and body plies on the performance of a radial automobile tire is discussed. Cord modulus was varied systematically by using polyester, rayon, and aramid materials. High speed, endurance, and plunger energy were not effected. Rolling resistance was higher with aramid cord than with polyester cord in the body ply, but there was no effect of cord material in stabilizer plies. Increase of cord modulus in the stabilizer ply, however, did produce significantly higher cornering coefficient. Wear resistance was also higher, especially under high severity test conditions.
A New Approach for the Thermomechanical Analysis of Tires by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Sarkar K. , Kwon Y. D. , Prevorsek D. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A new approach for the complete thermomechanical analysis of a pneumatic tire to estimate cyclic changes in the stresses and strains and obtain the pseudo-steady state temperature profile in a tire rolling under a load is described. The approach uses a commercially available finite element code and involves a simplified two-dimensional representation of the tire geometry to reduce computation time. The analysis includes three stages: inflation analysis, contact analysis, and temperature analysis. To handle the large deformations resulting from the inflation and contact loadings, the load is applied in small increments and a linearly elastic deformation is assumed in each increment. The structural and temperature analyses can be coupled through an iterative process to reflect the effect of temperature changes on material properties. Results obtained indicate that in spite of the simplifying assumptions made to reduce computation time, useful approximations to the solution of this complex problem can be obtained.
Load, Speed and Inflation Pressure Effects on Rolling Loss Distribution in Automobile Tires
Authors: Clark J. D. , Schuring D. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effect of tire load, speed, and cold inflation pressure on the rolling loss contribution of any tire region is determined by numerical calculations involving both laboratory measurements and thermal modeling techniques. Laboratory measurements include tire surface temperature distributions obtained from an infrared camera system; thermal modeling is based on finite-difference procedures.
Results are presented in two formats: (1) plots of rolling loss distributions from bead to bead and (2) contributions of tread, shoulder, sidewall, and bead regions. The first format is a direct result of the thermal model; the second is derived from multiple-regression operations. Both formats are given as functions of load, cold inflation pressure, and speed. Beahvior in the tread region is shown to be unique.
Applications of Finite Element Analysis in Tire Design
Authors: Kenny T. M. , Stechschulte R. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element which uses a unique approach to obtain three dimensional properties is described. The lamination model for the material uses a numerical integration technique to combine the properties of each laminate within the element. In-plane and out-of-plane coupling are predicted. The ability to calculate interply shear strains is restricted only by the chosen shape function. Illustrations are given for inflated shape, interply shear strains, and cord loads in a typical bias mud and snow tire for light trucks.
A Finite Element Analysis of Curing Bladder Shaping
Authors: Warholic T. C. , Pelle R. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The molding process is a critical step in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. It affects the design and consequently the performance of the tire. The present paper covers work aimed at analyzing the molding process using the finite element method. Specifically, the finite element code MARC is used to analyze the inflation of a curing bladder inside a rigid tire profile. Incompressible elements are used to model the bladder and GAP elements are used to simulate the contact between the two surfaces. Of primary interest is the bladder-profile interface, namely how contact occurs at the interface and the magnitude and uniformity of the interfacial pressures. Two different bladder shapes and two different inside tire profiles are studied. Of equal importance is the ability to model this type of contact problem as it is a significant step toward analyzing the tire molding process.
An Efficient Approach for the Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Tires
Authors: Chang J. P. , Satyamurthy K. , Tseng N. T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The finite element analysis of tires under a vertical footprint load requires the use of three-dimensional models. The excessive CPU time required for such models, especially when the tire construction is considered in detail, makes parametric studies difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, one of the principal objectives of finite element program development is to provide an efficient tool for the three-dimensional analysis of tires so that it can be integrated into the design process effectively. In the present study, a systematic finite element procedure is developed for solving loaded tire problems. The principal elements of this procedure are an efficient pre-processor for input generation, a multipoint constraint option to allow the user to exploit any existing symmetry in the problem, and a procedure for generating initial conditions from axisymmetric analyses. This procedure can be used to conduct parametric studies on loaded tires by using a rather coarse mesh and large load steps, thus leading to a significant reduction in CPU time, with a minimum sacrifice in solution accuracy. The efficiency of this procedure is illustrated with the analysis of a radial automobile tire.
Testing of Tire Treadwear under Laboratory and under Service Conditions
Authors: Ambelang J. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Four different laboratory machines for the evaluation of tire treadwear have been described which used concrete, steel, and tungsten carbide abrasion surfaces at variable speed and slip, but none has satisfactorily replaced highway testing. Predominant sources of wear on passenger tires appear to be cutting and frictional fatigue, the rates of which are influenced differently by temperature and load. Thus, seasonal or climatic, topographical, and geographical effects are evidenced. Treadwear cannot be expressed solely as a property of the tire since it is the resultant of the interaction of the tire with multivariate environmental conditions.
Rapid Tire Wear Measurements Using a Two-Wheeled Trailer
Authors: Southern E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method has been developed using a two-wheeled trailer to obtain accelerated wear data on tires. The method is much quicker than conventional testing, and the results on a test car show good agreement with trailer results. The rate of wear can usually be established to within 5 percent so that small differences between compounds are readily detected. Tests on multi-section tires have been carried out but are not found to be a satisfactory way of increasing reliability. Results are normally presented in the form of a wear rating relative to a control compound, and the data shows that reversals in ranking occur as the conditions of test are changed to cause variations in the tire surface temperature.
Finite Element Modeling of Tires on Snow
Authors: Shoop S. , Kestler K. , Haehnel R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vehicle movement on unpaved surfaces is important to military, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, and recreation industries. Because of the complicated nature of vehicle-terrain interaction, comprehensive modeling of off-road mobility is often done using empirical algorithms. The desire to incorporate more physics into performance models has generated great interest in applying numerical modeling techniques in a full three-dimensional analysis, accounting for the deformation of both the tire and the terrain. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model was constructed to simulate a tire rolling over snow. The snow was modeled as an inelastic material using critical-state constitutive modeling and plasticity theory. The snow material model was generated from experiments on the mechanical deformation of snow and was validated using a plate sinkage test. The tire models represent a range of sizes accommodating light-truck and off-road military vehicles and were rolled on snow of various depths. The combined tire-terrain models were validated using force measurements collected with instrumented vehicles and with measured snow deformation. The model results were also compared to vehicle mobility predictions made using the winter algorithms of the NATO Reference Mobility Model. These comparisons illustrate the agreement between the finite element models and field measurements of motion resistance forces and snow deformation under the tire.
Pavement Damage Due to Conventional and New Generation of Wide-Base Super Single Tires
Authors: Al-Qadi I. L. , Elseifi M. A. , Yoo P. J. , Janajreh I. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify pavement damage due to a conventional (385/65R22.5) and a new generation of wide-base (445/50R22.5) tires using three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. The investigated new generation of wide-base tires has wider treads and greater load-carrying capacity than the conventional wide-base tire. In addition, the contact patch is less sensitive to loading and is especially designed to operate at 690kPa inflation pressure at 121km/hr speed for full load of 151kN tandem axle. The developed FE models simulated the tread sizes and applicable contact pressure for each tread and utilized laboratory-measured pavement material properties. In addition, the models were calibrated and properly validated using field-measured stresses and strains. Comparison was established between the two wide-base tire types and the dual-tire assembly. Results indicated that the 445/50R22.5 wide-base tire would cause more fatigue damage, approximately the same rutting damage and less surface-initiated top-down cracking than the conventional dual-tire assembly. On the other hand, the conventional 385/65R22.5 wide-base tire, which was introduced more than two decades ago, caused the most damage.
An Advanced Shell Theory Based Tire Model
Authors: Bozdog D. , Olson W. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate a class of general tire models that provides results suitable for usage in vehicle dynamics. Tire models currently used for vehicle dynamic analyses are overly simplistic (springs, a spring and damper combination or semi-elastic substance) or based on curve fits of experimental data. In contrast, the tire models used by major tire companies are extremely complex with solutions possible only by finite element analysis. Between these two extremes exists the potential for an elasticity based shell theory tire model. Micro-mechanics and composite laminate theories provide an integrated approach to the macroscopic behavior of the tire carcass and the tread support plies. This methodology has the capability of including centrifugal and friction forces. Finite difference methods are applied that produce reliable and accurate solutions of the tire response.
A Simple Method of Handling Thermomechanical Coupling for Temperature Computation in a Rolling Tire
Authors: Futamura S. , Goldstein A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The thermomechanical analysis of a pneumatic tire is a highly complex process due to the effects of temperature on both the mechanical state and the viscoelastic energy dissipation in the tire. This coupled thermomechanical behavior typically requires that rolling tire temperatures be determined iteratively. As a result, a steady-state analysis involves updating the temperature dependent elastic and viscoelastic properties as the solution proceeds. The process is further complicated in a non-steady-state analysis where material properties need to be updated at multiple intervals in time.
A simplified method is proposed. First, the sensitivity of the tire elastic response of the tire to changes in material stiffness is characterized using the “deformation index”. Then, using a commercial finite element program and an appropriate user subroutine, heat generation is expressed as a function of the local temperature using a simple algebraic expression involving the temperature dependent material properties and the deformation indices. Temperatures are computed using the finite element program with the coupling information contained in the user subroutine. The result is a simplified method for a fully coupled thermomechanical analysis of a tire for steady-state and transient thermal analysis. The accuracy and the simplicity of the method are demonstrated using a small “tire-like” model. The simplified method is compared to the fully coupled iterative method for a steady-state thermal solution.
Numerical Prediction of Car Tire Wear
Authors: Lupker H. , Cheli F. , Braghin F. , Gelosa E. , Keckman A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Due to their many economic and ecological implications, the possibility to predict tire wear is of major importance to tire manufacturers, fleet owners and governments. Based on these observations, in 2000, a three-year project named TROWS (Tire and Road Wear and Slip assessment) was started. One of the TROWS objectives is to provide a tool able to numerically predict tire global wear as well as to qualitatively determine the wear distribution. The proposed methodology combines a mathematical model of the tire with an experimentally determined local friction and wear law. Thus, tire abrasion due to each single maneuver can be determined.
Full-scale experimental tests were carried out with two Peugeot 406 cars on a public road course in Italy. Each car was equipped with a different set of tires: one car was equipped with four all-season tires (from now on called A tires) and the other car was equipped with four winter tires (from now on called B tires). Both sets of tires had a 195/65 R15 size. The collected data was used to validate the model. The methodology proved to give qualitatively good tire wear predictions.
Tire Modeling Methodology with the Explicit Finite Element Code LS-DYNA
Authors: Hall W. , Mottram J. T. , Jones R. P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element modeling methodology capable of predicting the transient behavior inside of a rolling car tire is presented. Although the approach has been specifically developed using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA, it will be suitable for other commercial codes. Attention is given to the role played in the model development by the computational resource, the mesh requirements, the constitutive material relationships, and the contact and friction phenomena. Two different radial tire models are described based on analysis of an experimental car tire from Dunlop Tyres Ltd., UK. The first model was developed for static loading and its results are favorably compared with data determined by full-scale physical testing. The methodology is developed further in the second model so that a simulation can cope with the rolling situation. Measured stresses at the contact patch are used to show that the rolling tire model predicts the dynamic response with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Self‐organisation and the structural dynamics of plants
Authors: Weinstock Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractClassical engineering is driven by efficiency, with a precise economy of materials and structures for specific conditions. Michael Weinstock explains how, conversely, biology has evolved redundancy as a deep strategy, with hierarchical arrangements of cells and tissues producing sufficient excess capacity for adaptation to changing environmental stresses. He explains how, with the assistance of George Jeronimidis and Nikolaos Stathopoulos, the Emtech masters programme at the Architectural Association (aa) has explored the integrated morphologies of plants, an analysis that reveals new models for engineered structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing diversity
Authors: Menges Achim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecent developments of digital fabrication and computer‐aided manufacturing (cam) in the building sector have a profound impact on architecture as a material practice. In this article, Achim Menges describes advanced processes of steel, timber and membrane fabrication and construction through an investigation of the pioneering work of world‐leading manufacturing companies Covertex, Finnforest Merk, Octatube Space Structures, Seele and Skyspan. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material and digital design synthesis
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe advanced material and morphogenetic digital design techniques and technologies presented in this journal call for a higher level methodological integration, which poses a major challenge for the next generation of multidisciplinary architectural research and projects. This collaborative task encompasses the striving for an integrated set of design methods, generative and analytical tools and enabling technologies that facilitate and instrumentalise evolutionary design, and evaluation of differentiated material systems towards a highly performative and sustainable built environment. Michael Hensel and Achim Menges describe recent progress towards a higher‐level design synthesis of material self‐organisation, digital morphogenesis, associative parametric modelling and computer‐aided manufacturing (cam) on the basis of two works produced within the context of the Emergent Technologies and Design Masters programme at the Architectural Association in London, and a recent competition entry by Scheffler + Partner Architects and Achim Menges. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clarion Quay
Authors: Payne Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA high‐rise housing scheme in Dublin that disperses affordable units in the same blocks as privately owned apartments, Clarion Quay was planned as a key piece in the city's docklands regeneration. As Robert Payne describes, the architects, Urban Projects, chose to elevate the high‐rise as a ‘heroic’ and ‘expressive’ form rather than turning their backs on the building type's Modernist past. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metrogramma
Authors: Prestinenza Puglisi Luigi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLuigi Prestinenza Puglisi describes how the two principals of Metrogramma, an emerging office in Milan, drew on their postgraduate experiences in New York and the Netherlands to inform the dynamic manner in which they practise. Building up their practice through strategic urban planning, they are now setting their sights on major architectural schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Generation of Catalytic Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes: Coupling Plasma Treatment with Chemical Immobilization of Tungsten‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Lopez L. C. , Buonomenna M. G. , Fontananova E. , Iacoviello G. , Drioli E. , d'Agostino R. , Favia P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new generation of catalytically active membranes for secondary amine oxidation and phenol degradation has been developed by coupling the advantages of low‐temperature plasma‐modification processes with surface chemical immobilization reactions of catalysts. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes have been modified with NH3 radiofrequency glow discharges in order to graft amino groups at their surface, providing active sites for stable immobilization of tungsten‐based heterogeneous catalysts. Particular attention has been focused on tungstate, WO42–, and decatungstate, W10O324–, which act efficiently as catalysts for the oxidation of secondary amines and as photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants, respectively. Plasma‐modified membranes surface‐tailored with WO42– have been used in catalytic membrane reactors to activate hydrogen peroxide for oxidizing secondary amines to nitrones; membranes modified with W10O324– have been used for the complete degradation of phenol. The obtained results, in terms of amine–nitrone conversion and phenol degradation, respectively, appear extremely promising; these modified membranes can be considered as a pioneering, successful example of heterogenization of W‐based catalysts on plasma‐treated membranes.
Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers: Formation Mechanism and Applications as a Photoluminescent Material and Carbon‐Nanofiber Precursor
Authors: Jang J. , Bae J. , Park E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe facile synthesis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers is achieved using a microemulsion polymerization. The detailed formation mechanism of polymer nanofibers is examined using electron microscopy and UV‐vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and the optoelectronic properties are studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of surfactant properties, such as concentration, chain length, and ionic character, as well as monomer structure and polymerization temperature, on the structure of the resulting polymer nanofibers are also investigated extensively. Importantly, PAN nanofibers exhibited novel photoluminescence (PL), which is observed for the first time. The PL of PAN nanofibers is significantly different from that of PAN nanoparticles. The PAN nanofibers are also used as a precursor for carbon nanofibers. The carbonization temperature has a dominant effect on the degree of crystallinity of the resulting carbon nanofibers. This study is the first demonstration of the fabrication of polymer and carbon nanofibers using a convenient polymerization technique.
Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes with Tunable Properties via Template Wetting
Authors: Chen J.‐T. , Shin K. , Leiston‐Belanger J. M. , Zhang M. , Russell T. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAmorphous carbon nanotubes have been prepared by casting thin films of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene‐block‐polyacrylonitrile (PS‐b‐PAN) within a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane followed by pyrolysis. Raman and wide‐ angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements indicate that the carbon nanotubes are of low crystallinity. The thickness of the carbon nanotube walls is controlled by either changing the concentration of the precursor solution or by using multiple casting and pyrolysis steps. When diblock copolymers of PS‐b‐PAN are used, it is found that nanopores are created within the nanotube walls after pyrolysis. The carbon nanotubes can be used to create carbon coated nanorods of polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene (PS‐b‐PBD).
Novel nickel (II) complexes chelating β‐diketiminate ligands: synthesis and simultaneous polymerization and oligomerization of ethylene
Authors: Li Yongfei , Wang Lingyun , Gao Haiyang , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo novel nickel (II) complexes, CH{C(CF3)NAr}2NiBr (1, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 and 2, 2,6‐Me2C6H3), were synthesized by the reaction of the lithium salt of fluorinated β‐diketiminate backbone ligands with (1,2‐dimethoxyethane) nickel (II) bromide [(DME)NiBr2]. The solid‐state structure of nickel (II) complex 2 as a dimer reveals four‐coordination and a tetrahedral geometry with bromide bridged by single crystal X‐ray measurement. Both complexes catalyze simultaneous polymerization and oligomerization of ethylene when activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO). It was found that the reaction temperature has a pronounced effect on the activity of ethylene polymerization and the molecular weight of obtained polyethylene. In addition, the nickel catalytic systems predominantly produce linear polyethylene with unsaturated end groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.