bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of Rubber Dams for Water Supply in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam P. W. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThere is a long history of the use of inflatable dams (rubber dams) in Hong Kong. Three inflatable dams were constructed in the 1960s as an integral part of the Plover Cove water supply scheme which was the largest project in Hong Kong at that time. However, because most civil‐engineering structures are constructed from steel, concrete, soil and rock, the use of rubber as a construction material is subject to much scepticism. The problems and counter‐measures associated with the use of rubber are discussed, based upon the experience of several departments which have used the dams in Hong Kong, and in other parts of the world.
Evaluation of Fog Collection in Jordan
Authors: Al‐Jayyousi O. R. , Mohsen M. S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWater‐supply augmentation along with supply and demand management in Jordan have been considered to meet the water demand. This paper evaluates the feasibility of fog collection in Jordan using various low‐cost materials. Experiments were conducted using four standard fog collectors with different local materials. An analysis of fog‐collection effectiveness was carried out and compared with international experience, and showed that local sacking material was the most effective. Recommendations for applying this technique are outlined.
The Role of Geographical Information Systems in Urban Hydrological Modelling
Authors: Goonetilleke A. , Jenkins G. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT‘Geographical information systems’(GIS) technology holds considerable benefits to urban hydrology because of the spatial nature of catchment analysis. The availability of a spatio‐temporal database of catchment characteristics can eliminate the adoption of simplifying assumptions, which reduce the quality of a research study. This research study was undertaken to demonstrate the need for accurate spatial and temporal accounting of land‐use in an urbanizing catchment. The definition of the extent of GIS use, the approach to its integration into a study, and spatial database development, are crucial for eventual success.
Small‐Scale Hydro‐Power in the UK
Authors: Kirk T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSmall hydro‐power technology is well established in the UK. A relatively recent renewal of interest in the development of mini hydro‐electric projects may be attributed in part to the privatization of the electricity supply industry, various changes in legislation, and the provision of Government grant funding.With particular reference to potential applications in the water‐supply industry, this paper describes (a) considerations dictating site identification, (b) the establishment of potential power and energy outputs, (c) the selection and arrangement of plant, and (d) the connection of the generating sets to the electrical system. Typical plant and project costs, together with aspects of economic viability, are outlined.
Evaluating Water‐Importation Options in Jordan: Opportunities and Constraints
Authors: Hussein I. , Al‐Jayyousi O. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe future management and development of water in Jordan presents a challenge for decision makers and water‐sector planners. The gap between the available water supply and demand has opened in the agricultural and domestic sectors and is likely to widen unless adequate measures are taken. Water importation for Jordan is a sound future option in water‐resources planning. The options are (a) the Peace pipeline from Turkey, (b) the Litani River pipeline, (c) the Euphrates River pipeline, and (d) a pipeline from Egypt. An analysis and evaluation of the options reveals that the most viable scheme is the Litani River, followed by the Peace pipeline from Turkey.
Design, Construction and Performance of a Full‐Scale Compost Wetland for Mine‐Spoil Drainage Treatment at Quaking Houses
Authors: Jarvis A. P. , Younger P. L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAcidic spoil‐heap drainage, containing elevated concentrations of iron, aluminium and manganese, has been polluting the Stanley Burn in County Durham for nearly two decades. Following the success of a pilot‐scale wetland (the first application of its kind in Europe), a full‐scale wetland was installed. Waste manures and composts have been used as the main substrate which is contained within embankments constructed from compacted pulverized fuel ash. The constructed wetland, which cost less than £20000 to build, has consistently reduced iron and aluminium concentrations and has markedly lowered the acidity of the drainage. A third phase of activities at the site aims to identify and eliminate pollutant‐release ‘hot spots’ within the spoil.
The Danube Programme: The Challenge of International River‐Basin Management
Authors: West E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper highlights the key issues which affected the design and implementation of water policy within the first phase of the Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin. The programme represents one of several regional environmental initiatives in Eastern Europe which were designed to control pollution through the coordinated actions of national governments, international organizations, international financial institutions and non‐governmental organizations.The paper identifies three key controversial findings. Firstly, although the programme has been a valuable tool for the skills and technology transfer which are necessary to enable the Danube states to control water pollution, it has failed to generate the anticipated levels of capital investment or establish itself as a cornerstone of Danube basin management. Secondly, the policy process has been beset by political, economic, social and historical conflicts and power struggles between the participating parties. Thirdly, valuable lessons for the strategic and sustainable management of international river basins can be learned from the operational experiences of the Danube programme.
Derivation of an 88‐Year Inflow Record for Talla Reservoir, Scotland, with Special Reference to Low Flows
Authors: Black A. R. , Cranston M. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA new synthetic inflow record for Talla Reservoir is derived from reservoir log data for the period 1907–94. The paper describes (i) the procedures which were adopted for the derivation, based upon a reservoir water balance, and (ii) the changes in contributing area. For the years since construction of an upstream reservoir in 1968, the summer analysis draws on data from a neighbouring catchment in order to provide analysis of a more homogeneous time series. The paper also discusses the possibility of undertaking similar work for other reservoirs, as a means of improving the knowledge of the past variability of UK water resources.
Ozone Treatment of Sewage Works' Final Effluent
Authors: Paraskeva P. , Lambert S. D. , Graham N. J. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a laboratory‐based study which was designed to investigate (a) the changes in selected physico‐chemical properties of a sewage‐works' final effluent after ozonation, and (b) the effect of ozone on the concentration of organic halides and effluent toxicity and mutagenicity. Different conditions were studied involving the application of ozone concentrations up to 13.5% w/w and the ozonation of the effluent under both constant and variable ozonation rates.
The Benefits of Flood Warnings: Real But Elusive, and Politically Significant
Authors: Penning‐Rowsell E. C. , Tunstall S. M. , Tapsell S. M. , Parker D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlood‐warning systems need to be seen as providing (a) forecasts of floods, (b) warnings to those at risk, and (c) in‐between arrangements for disseminating warning messages to those who need the information as a basis for their response. This ‘whole‐system’approach reveals that warning dissemination and public response are weak links in the communication chain, and that the public remains dissatisfied with the service which should be seamless and reflect an integrated approach. Research on several aspects of this system reveals significant and continuing problems of low performance, leading to the question as to whether the present institutional arrangements in the UK for flood warning are satisfactory.
Infiltration Systems: A Sustainable Source‐Control Option for Urban Stormwater Quality Management?
Authors: Ellis J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSource control is regarded as a key principle in supporting concepts of sustainable management and integrated pollution control for diffuse non‐point stormwater runoff, with infiltration procedures being a prime component of such source‐control systems. The potential conflicts between the benefits of groundwater recharge and the risks to long‐term groundwater quality uncertainties associated with infiltration disposal are considered. The long‐term performance of a number of infiltration systems is reported in terms of their pollutant removal efficiencies, and the utility of an infiltration acceptability matrix approach is reviewed.
Gasification As An Innovative Method of Sewage‐Sludge Disposal
Authors: Hamilton C. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is a significant amount of energy in the carbonaceous component of sewage sludge. Effective use can be made of this energy through conversion to the gaseous state followed by gas cleaning and subsequent firing of a gas turbine.This paper (a) compares the technology for the gasification of dried sewage sludge, noting the advantages in favour of fuelling a gas turbine, (b) reviews the significance of the individual components in sewage sludge, and (c) provides a brief introduction to a demonstration project which was embarked upon by Northumbrian Water in conjunction with Lurgi, with the financial support of an ECU Thermie Grant.
Does Groundwater Abstraction Cause Degradation of Rivers and Wetlands?
Authors: Acreman M. C. , Adams B. , Birchall P. , Connorton B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is a widely held belief that, over the last few decades, many rivers and wetlands have been significantly degraded. Clearly, groundwater abstraction has had a detrimental effect. However, other pressures such as channelisation, sedimentation, reduced rainfall, poor site management or land‐use change can be contributing factors. Various policy responses are reviewed and some examples are given. It is concluded that, whilst groundwater abstraction does cause river and wetland degradation, the degree of degradation often depends upon the individual perspective; therefore a rigorous approach is required in quantifying such degradation and its actual causes, beginning with the establishment of clear objectives and the collection of appropriate data.
Investigation of Rosette Corrosion in Copper Hot‐Water Cylinders
Authors: Oliphant R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reports upon the premature failure of copper hot‐water cylinders fitted with aluminium protector rods, so‐called ‘Rosette’corrosion. The purpose of the protector rod is to prevent Type 1 copper pitting and has been used successfully for nearly thirty years. The change in composition of waters in contact with cylinders fitted with protector rods, which was monitored over a 12‐month period, established that various species which were aggressive to copper, i.e. nitrite, ammonia and possibly sulphide, were being produced. The potential mechanism for the creation of these ions, and hence the water compositions which are likely to promote Rosette corrosion, are discussed. The change in cylinder design, which is being adopted by manufacturers to overcome this problem in the future, is outlined.
Conservation Objectives and Targets for Freshwater Sites
Authors: Brown A. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConservation objectives and targets, which play a vital role in conserving freshwater biodiversity, have been developed on many different scales according to the roles and responsibilities of the organisations involved. The EU birds and habitats Directives, the national system of ‘sites of special scientific interest’and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, have all influenced the development of a new approach in defining conservation objectives and targets for designated sites in the UK. The UK conservation agencies have agreed common standards for setting conservation objectives and targets as part of an overall monitoring and reporting framework. The rationale behind the approach and the common standards are described, together with some examples relating to freshwater habitats and species. Challenges for the future are identified and discussed.
Considerations for Recycling Sewage Effluent in the UK
Authors: Wishart S. J. , Mills S. W. , Elliott J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTechnical, environmental, legislative and institutional considerations in relation to effluent re‐use are described, with specific reference to experiences gained through the development of a scheme to augment Essex and Suffolk Water's Hanningfield reservoir with effluent from Chelmsford sewage‐treatment works. Effluent standards are driven by a number of EU directives associated with protection of fisheries, recreational water quality, eutrophication and nitrate control for designated sensitive areas, and surface‐water abstraction. The selection of the most appropriate strategy for re‐use needs to consider public perception issues, in addition to technical feasibility and environmental concerns.
Phosphorus Removal from Sidestreams by Crystallisation of Magnesium‐Ammonium‐Phosphate Using Seawater
Authors: Matsumiya Y. , Yamasita T. , Nawamura Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent years, a number of biological‐treatment processes have been developed for phosphorus removal, alone or in combination with nitrogen. In anaerobic/oxic and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic processes, it is necessary to lower the concentration of phosphorus in the sidestream from the sludge‐disposal processes. To do this, the magnesium‐ammonium‐phosphate system has been developed in which phosphorus is removed in a side‐stream process.Alternative systems require chemicals such as magnesium chloride as the source of magnesium and sodium hydroxide for pH control, and are economically less viable than that described in this paper in which seawater is substituted for the chemicals.Dissolved phosphorus removal of over 70% was achieved without pH control by feeding the sidestream which contained 50–111 mg/l dissolved phosphorus and had a pH greater than 7.77, together with a 9–10% flow of seawater into the reactor containing 4–13% of magnesium ammonium phosphate and which provided a retention of 29 mins.
External Quality Assessment of Microbial Counts from Water: To Score or Not to Score for Proficiency
Authors: Tillett H. E. , Lightfoot N. F. , Eaton S. , Place B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractScoring schemes were first introduced in water‐chemistry inter‐laboratory proficiency tests. Such scoring does not behave in a comparable manner when applied to microbiology external quality assessment. Conventional scores can become a lottery. This poses a challenge to (a) find helpful statistical methods which will look beyond this natural variation and (b) attempt to identify any poor performance by the participants. The aim is to provide useful management tools.In the Public Health Laboratory Service, water external quality assessment scheme participants have detected methodology problems. Formal analyses are carried out on cumulated results in two stages, first demonstrating whether there is any systematic difference between laboratories of microbiological as well as statistical significance and only then allocating participants to categories of acceptable, or poor, performance. The scheme has been operating for several years and performance improvements are evident.
Modelling the impact of Land‐Use Change to Water Resources in the Uplands of Scotland
Authors: Price D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe predictions of a semi‐empirical evaporation model, and their implications to water resources for the uplands of Scotland, are presented for a range of land‐use and climatic scenarios. Three principal vegetation types (coniferous plantation forest, heather and upland grasses) are assessed. The model only requires daily rainfall, Penman potential evaporation, and snow line information as input data. A description of the modelling approach is given, and its performance is assessed by comparing its predictions to the water balances of nine partially afforested Scottish upland catchments.
New Insights into the Appraisal of Flood‐Alleviation Benefits: (1) Flood Damage and Flood Loss Information
Authors: Penning‐Rowsell E. C. , Green C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew approaches to the appraisal of flood‐alleviation investment have been developed over the last twenty‐five years. This has led to (a) increased precision in benefit‐cost analysis, as better data have become available, and (b) a more rational approach to decision making as the UK Government has clarified and enhanced the decision criteria. This paper presents a detailed account of some of these developments, with an emphasis on the data on flood damages and losses avoided by flood‐alleviation schemes, and draws out lessons for those involved in this form of investment appraisal.
River Restoration: Public Attitudes and Expectations
Authors: Tunstall S. M. , Penning‐Rowsell E. C. , Tapsell S. M. , Eden S. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPublic attitudes to restoration works on three rivers have been assessed using questionnaires and in‐depth interviews with local residents and restoration‐scheme managers, which were carried out after the implementation of the schemes. The results indicate that the restored rivers were well used and highly valued by the local public. At all three sites, the residents approved of the restoration work, and at two sites they considered that the schemes offered ‘value for money’. There were differences in the responses to the schemes at the different locations. The research suggests that greater benefits may be perceived in restoring urban rivers such as the Skerne.Local residents attached importance to public consultation and expected to be consulted about river‐restoration works. On the basis of the three case studies and on the experiences of restoration practitioners, conclusions are drawn regarding consultation and involving local people in restoring and enhancing rivers.
The Use of Particle‐Size Counting in Minimising Cryptosporidium Risk at a Groundwater Supply Works
Authors: Hamilton P. D. , Standen G. , Evans A. D. , Doyle J. D. , Parsons S. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the value of particle‐size counting and turbidimeters at a groundwater supply works in various modes, from the early commissioning of a full‐scale microfiltration plant through to process optimisation and monitoring. The relative strengths and weaknesses of particle‐size counters and turbidimeters are discussed in terms of their application.
Ammoniacal Nitrogen Removal in Biological Aerated Filters: The Effect of Media Size
Authors: Kent T. D. , Williams S. C. , Fitzpatrick C. S. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent legislation has led to stringent ammoniacal‐nitrogen consents and the need for first‐time sewage treatment in coastal areas where land is limited. This has led to the need to improve ‘small footprint’sewage‐treatment processes (such as biological aerated filters) which can be used for carbonaceous treatment, nitrification, or for combined treatment. The removal of ammoniacal nitrogen in filters containing different sizes of Lytag medium and operated for combined carbonaceous treatment and nitrification, was compared at different hydraulic and volumetric loading rates. The results suggest that filters containing the smallest media size (2–4 mm), gave optimum nitrification at ammoniacal‐nitrogen loading rates up to 0.6 kg/m3. d. At higher loading rates there was a rapid decrease in nitrification for this size of medium but, with 2.8–5.6 mm medium, nitrification continued at loading rates up to 1 kg amm. N/m3 d. The filters containing larger media sizes (4–8 mm and 5.6–11.2 mm) exhibited low levels of nitrification above a loading rate of 0.2–0.4 kg amm. N/m3. d.
Oestrogenicity and Wastewater Recycling: Experience from Essex and Suffolk Water
Authors: Walker D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearch into possible endocrine disrupters and their effects, which is necessary to prove the safety of recycling schemes, is described. The research concentrated on the analysis of three steroid oestrogens and on trout bioassay (vitellogenin). The work was carried out in (a) experimental fish tanks using various mixtures of river water and treated wastewater, (b) pilot plants for wastewater and potable water treatment, and (c) monitoring the oestrogenic effects of discharging disinfected treated wastewater into Hanningfield reservoir during the 1995–98 drought. The overall conclusion is that the presence of minute traces of oestrogens in wastewater is not an insurmountable problem because they can be removed by dilution and self‐purification in rivers and reservoirs, by activated carbon and ultraviolet radiation in the recycling plant, and by ozone and activated carbon in water‐treatment plants.
The Impact of Disinfected Treated Wastewater in a Raw‐Water Reservoir
Authors: Walker D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the 1995–97 drought, serious difficulties were experienced by Essex and Suffolk Water in obtaining sufficient water to meet demand. As an emergency measure, a consent to discharge up to 30 Ml/d of ultraviolet disinfected treated wastewater into a raw‐water reservoir was obtained from the Environment Agency. Performance of the ultraviolet plant and results of monitoring are reported, reporting procedures are outlined, and the reaction of media and water consumers are described.
Additional Pollutants and Deposition Potential from Garbage Disposers
Authors: Galil N. , Shpiner R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to (a) characterise the quantity and quality of crude sewage, as might be influenced by the use of domestic garbage disposers, and (b) examine the deposition potential of wastewater solids in gravitational sewerage systems.Ground particles of organic origin require relatively low self‐cleansing velocities, and therefore conform with the usual design recommendations of gravitational sewers, with no expected deposition problems. However, ‘heavy’particles which are characterised by specific densities exceeding 2 and with sizes >1 mm, might cause deposition and associated problems. Where sewers are manufactured from smooth material, calculations indicate that higher scouring velocities than those recommended in the literature are required. Minimising the size of ground material by regulating the particle‐size distribution produced by approved garbage disposers should mitigate the problem which is caused by deposition.
Control and Stabilisation of Odorous Sludge from Fleetwood Sewage‐Treatment Works
Authors: Farrell P. D. , Nair A. , Palmer S. , Davies W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing completion of the construction of Fleetwood sewage‐treatment works in 1996, the sludge (from the plant) was causing health and safety problems for the workforce and there were complaints of odour from the local community. Problems arose due to overloading of the biological‐treatment units, resulting in little or no dissolved oxygen in parts of the process. There was a need to stabilise the sludge in the short term, culminating in the need for chemical conditioning, and an investigation into operational procedures to stabilise the sludge in the long term. The sludge was successfully stabilised using ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide. The long‐term stability of the sludge was further improved using operational changes (such as the inclusion of step feeding and by demonstrating the effect of load removal upstream from the existing biological process) via pilot‐plant studies.