bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin's disease: histological classification and diagnosis
Authors: Cross R. M. 
Published: June 2007

A review of the previous histological classifications of Hodgkin's disease seems to show that they are insufficiently accurate in regard to prognosis and difficult to apply but a detailed study of a large number of cases suggests that certain criteria allow of subdivision of the disease into types. These criteria are the proportion of mature lymphocytes, the presence of plentiful mature histiocytes, the presence of fibrous nodularity, and the numbers of abnormal reticulum cells and their degree of anaplasia.Three primary histological subdivisions seem to arise from a study of 302 patients, namely, the reticular, histiocytic, and nodular sclerosis groups. These are further divided into well differentiated and poorly differentiated on the basis of their lymphocyte content and the degree of anaplasia of the abnormal reticulum cells.The histological appearances of each type are described. The application of this histological classification has been shown to correlate well with the clinical outcome.
Punch card data processing in haematology
Authors: Nelson M. G. 
Published: June 2007

A method of processing haematological laboratory data based on the IBM 870 system is described. As the cards are being punched with the identification particulars of the patient and source of the sample, a worksheet is automatically generated on which the tests are indicated. The results of the laboratory tests are recorded by the technician on the worksheet and reproduced on the punch cards which are subsequently used for the automatic printout of the results on self-adhesive preprinted labels. The resulting report is clear and legible and is transferred onto the request/report document.The data processing is carried out by clerk/typists who have been trained as punch card operators. The present workload of approximately 2,000 items of information obtained from some 170 samples per day is handled by one punch card operator in less than three hours. The punch cards are manipulated in a sorter for quality control purposes and are stored for subsequent retrieval of information.
The problem of `chronic mastitis' with epitheliosis
Authors: Macgillivray J. B. 
Published: June 2007

The incidence of breast cancer complicating chronic mastitis with epitheliosis has been reported to be as high as 45% and as low as 6%. At least part of this discrepancy appears to be due to difficulty in distinguishing between benign and malignant intraduct epithelial proliferation.A small series is presented here in which the incidence of invasive cancer after local excision of breast tissue showing chronic mastitis with epitheliosis was nil.It is concluded that it is necessary to follow up larger series of cases longer before it can be said that severe epitheliosis and borderline lesions should in all cases be treated by anything more radical than local excision.
Influence of oral contraceptives on the presence and persistence ofCandida albicansand β-haemolytic streptococci in the vagina
Authors: Morris C. A. 
Published: June 2007

Samples of vaginal secretions of `normal' women were examined over a period of up to two years.Patients with asymptomatic candidiasis on one occasion were more likely to haveCandida albicansagain when sampled a year later than were women with no yeasts on the first occasion. This principle applied also to β-haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's groups B and D.There was no significant difference in the incidence ofC. albicansin the first and the final samples collected. The persistence and new infection rates were not significantly higher in patients taking combined oral contraceptives than in other women although the highest incidence occurred in those taking a lynoestrenol/mestranol preparation.There was a significant association ofC. albicanswith β-haemolytic streptococci groups B and D.The implication of these findings is discussed.
Effect of drugs on vitamin B12levels obtained using theLactobacillus leichmaniimethod
Authors: Powell D. E. B. , Thomas J. H. , Mandal A. R. , Dignam C. T. 
Published: June 2007

In 750 consecutive assays of serum vitamin B12levels usingLactobacillus leichmanii, 25 (3·3%) showed inhibition. A satisfactory history of drug therapy was obtained in 23 cases. Seventeen of these were receiving ampicillin at the time. Two patients showed inhibition while receiving phenoxmethyl penicillin or phenethicillin. A prospective study of 11 patients detected inhibition in seven at varying intervals during ampicillin therapy. It was shown that the vitamin B12as measured by the radioisotope andEuglena gracilismethods was not affected. Inhibition ofL. leichmaniiwas reproducedin vitrowith concentrations of ampicillin corresponding to those obtained in therapy. Benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol had no such effect.A prospective study of patients receiving chlorpromazine yielded negative results.Inhibition may occasionally be seen in the absence of any known intake of drugs. Measurement by other methods may be required to distinguish this from vitamin B12depletion.
The investigation of myelomatosis by gel isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis
Authors: Dale G. , Latner A. L. , Muckle T. J. 
Published: June 2007

The relatively simple technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel followed by electrophoresis has been applied to the examination of sera and urines from patients both proved and thought to be suffering from myelomatosis. The results obtained from this method correlate well with those obtained by immunoelectrophoresis.Polyclonal gammopathies can be distinguished from the monoclonal variety and γG and γA myeloma proteins may be readily differentiated from each other. Ig light chain proteins can be demonstrated in both serum and urine.
An assessment of the Coulter counter model S
Authors: Pinkerton P. H. , Spence I. , Ogilvie J. C. , Ronald W. A. , Marchant Patricia , Ray P. K. 
Published: June 2007

An assessment of the Coulter model S automatic blood counter has been carried out. The standard deviations for the haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red cell count, and white cell count are, respectively, ± 0·15 g/100 ml, ± 0·45%, ± 0·04 m/c mm, and ± 0·47 thous/c mm. These results are clearly more accurate than careful manual estimates, performed for comparison on the same samples. Details of the comparisons are presented. A comparison is also made with routine daily estimations.`Carryover' from one sample to the next was found to be about 2%, and tests in the ranges likely to be found in practice showed good linearity for the haemoglobin estimation, haematocrit, red cell count, and white cell count. A brief account of instrument failures is given.The performance of the Coulter model S compares well with that of other automated equipment for which detailed evaluations are available.
Identification of mineral particles in pneumoconiotic lungs
Authors: Henderson W. J. , Gough J. , Harse J. 
Published: June 2007

An extraction replication technique has been used for the study, by electron microscopy, of lung tissue from a number of different cases of pneumoconiosis.The technique provides a relatively simple means of studying the surface area of replicated tissues, and any foreign particles present which are either replicated or extracted from the tissue can be identified. A set of standard micrographs of different types of mineral particles likely to be encountered should be kept for reference. Most of the particles identified by this technique were beyond the limits of resolution of optical microscopy. Furthermore, the procedure involves the minimum of chemical and physical treatment.The histochemical diagnosis and industrial history was confirmed in the first two cases described, by the electron microscopy investigations. The third case presented an uncertain histological and industrial history, but an electron microscopy study confirmed the presence of the mineral particle considered responsible for the clinical condition. The fourth and fifth cases described illustrate the use of this technique in identifying a particular type of pleomorphic mineral, and illustrating its positionin situin relation to surrounding tissue.
Reduction in blood platelet size with increase in circulating numbers in the postoperative period and a comparison of the glass bead and rotating bulb methods for detecting changes in function
Authors: Enticknap J. B. , Lansley T. S. , Davis Thelma 
Published: June 2007

The changes in blood platelet numbers, size, adhesiveness, and response to adenosine diphosphate have been followed for about a month after major operations performed on 19 patients.The well established increase in numbers was confirmed and reached a maximum of rather less than double the normal numbers in the third week. It was accompanied by a reduction of platelet size from 8·3μ3to 7·2μ3, and by an increased responsiveness shown in all the tests employed. These abnormalities were preceded by an initial change in the reverse direction from that obtaining at the peak of the response.In this series the bead method proved superior, as a means of delineating the postoperative platelet response, to the rotating bulb method in tests of timing, proportional changes, and of discrimination.
Estimation of platelet adhesiveness on whole blood and platelet-rich plasma
Authors: Shaw Sidney , Pegrum Geoffrey D. , Wolff Sylvia 
Published: June 2007

Platelet adhesive tests were carried out in parallel on whole blood and platelet-rich plasma. A column of glass microspherules was used and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was added to the platelet-rich plasma before passage through the column.Preliminary observations were made to show the effect of the containers and the anticoagulant used. The influence on platelets when stored at 4°C and standing or mixing at room temperature was also assessed. The apparatus used to measure adhesiveness was designed to produce a constant rate of flow through a standard column of glass microspherules.Using both methods, adhesiveness was studied on 70 healthy blood donors. The result showed a significant correlation between the level of adhesiveness found with each technique.
Hepatic and renal complications arising from accidental carbon tetrachloride poisoning in the human subject
Authors: Alston W. C. 
Published: June 2007

A young man, who was admitted to hospital acutely ill following the ingestion of half a mouthful of carbon tetrachloride, was investigated for the degree and duration of hepatic and renal damage, using various tests of function. On the basis of the serum bilirubin and enzyme activities, the acute hepatic damage had subsided after 15 days from the time of the accident, but the serum albumin and total proteins returned to normal only after a considerably longer time interval (between 33 and 129 days). There was no evidence of residual hepatic damage after this time.Acute renal damage reached a maximum about a week after the accident, and recovery of function in respect of the kidneys' power to reabsorb sodium and chloride and to secrete potassium and acid recovered almost completely after three weeks. However, the power of the kidneys to reabsorb water, ie, to produce a concentrated urine, approached normal only after 139 days. Residual renal damage was not evident after this time interval as indicated by the clearance values for creatinine and inorganic phosphate. The significance of the results is discussed.
The effect of carbon dioxide on the sensitivity ofBacteroides fragilisto certain antibioticsin vitro
Authors: Ingham H. R. , Selkon J. B. , Codd A. A. , Hale J. H. 
Published: June 2007

The effect of 10% carbon dioxide on the sensitivity to four antibiotics of 10 strains ofBacteroides fragiliswas studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and lincomycin hydrochloride for these strains were four to 32 times higher, when grown in hydrogen plus 10% carbon dioxide, than the values obtained when the strains were grown in pure hydrogen. A similar effect was obtained by growing the strains in hydrogen on an acid medium. Except forHaemophilus influenzaeandClostridium tertiumthe sensitivity to erythromycin and lincomycin hydrochloride of other species of bacteria examined was not affected by the atmosphere in which the tests were carried out. 7-Chlorolincomycin and rifamycin B diethylamide, to which the strains ofB. fragiliswere uniformly sensitive, were not significantly affected by additional carbon dioxide.The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and its clinical implications are discussed, and a case report describing the successful use of erythromycin in the treatment of a cerebral abscess due toB. fragilisis presented.In a recent study in this laboratory of the sensitivity to antibiotics ofB. fragilisthe majority of strains were found to be inhibited by 0·15 μg/ml of erythromycin and by 0·55 μg/ml of lincomycin hydrochloride (Ingham, Selkon, Codd, and Hale, 1968). After this work had been completed hydrogen plus 10% carbon dioxide was substituted for pure hydrogen in the anaerobic technique. Strains ofB. fragilisisolated on routine culture now appeared to be relatively resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin hydrochloride when their sensitivity was examined by the disc diffusion method. A more detailed investigation of this phenomenon was carried out, the results of which are reported here. The opportunity was also taken to examine the susceptibility ofB. fragilisto two new antibiotics, namely, 7-chlorolincomycin and rifamycin B diethylamide.
Estimation of prothrombin in liver disease
Authors: Mannucci P. M. 
Published: June 2007

Prothrombin, both by a one- and a two-stage method, and progressive antithrombin were determined on the same plasma samples from 47 patients with cirrhosis and 27 patients with acute hepatitis. In the first group prothrombin estimated by the two-stage method was significantly higher than by the one-stage method. The values were often within the normal range and were not correlated with the indices of protein synthesis. Since progressive antithrombin was also depressed, the unduly high levels measured by the two-stage method are probably related to the influence exerted by antithrombin on the two-stage method.The opposite pattern was observed in patients with acute hepatitis, ie, the one-stage assay gave higher values than the two-stage assay. The one-stage method correlated better with the indices of protein synthesis. It is suggested that a one-stage assay should be used in patients with liver failure to evaluate the haemostatic balance before liver biopsy or surgery.
Adsorption of serum calcium by plastic sample cups
Authors: Hall R. A. , Whitehead T. P. 
Published: June 2007

Sera left overnight in plastic AutoAnalyzer sample cups may give low calcium values; the effect is attributed to adsorption of calcium onto the walls of the vessel. The adsorption is brought about by a rise in thepH of the sera, and factors which promote the rise inpH increase the adsorption. This phenomenon is of practical importance because as much as 10% of the calcium in the serum may be adsorbed.Adsorption occurs particularly onto the walls of polystyrene cups, and when polypropylene cups were used the adsorption was reduced.The phenomenon cannot be evaluated or controlled by the use of control sera. In order to avoid the sampling error, serum for calcium analysis should be used fresh or stored at 4°C under conditions such that any change inpH is minimal. Sera should not be left to stand in AutoAnalyzer cups at room temperature for longer than three hours before analysis.
A composite malignant tumour of the elderly female breast
Authors: Wayte D. M. , Stewart J. B. , McKenzie C. G. 
Published: June 2007

A composite malignant tumour arising in the breast of an elderly woman is described. The cystic tumour containing areas of squamous metaplasia, bone formation, adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma was surrounded by the typical changes of mammary dysplasia (fibroadenosis).The classification and acceptance of such tumours is highly debatable. There is no one acceptable classification of breast sarcomas and hence the prognosis of such neoplasms, particularly those containing heterologous tissues, is poorly defined. Evidence is presented in support of such composite tumours as being definite entities which arise from the closely associated epithelial and mesenchymal components of the breast simultaneously.
Barbiturate blood levels found at necropsy in proven cases of acute barbiturate poisoning
Authors: Gillett Roger , Warburton Frank G. 
Published: June 2007

In order to determine whether blood barbiturate levels could be used to ascertain that death had been caused by barbiturate overdose, samples of blood from 128 subjects of coroners' necropsies were examined for barbiturate content. Sixty of these were well authenticated cases of barbiturate overdosage, and barbiturates were implicated, together with other factors such as alcohol and carbon monoxide, in a further 16 cases. The remaining 52 cases were of an eliminatory nature, 10 of which had low barbiturate blood levels considered to be within the therapeutic range.The results indicate that when the accepted levels producing loss of consciousness are exceeded, and maintained, death will ensue if treatment is not given. These results may be of value in assessing findings in necropsies requested by the coroner, and are in no way applicable to the living patient in whom it is well established that recovery from higher blood levels may take place if adequate treatment is available.
Cryptococcal meningitis associated with steroid therapy
Authors: Wilson T. S. , Fleming W. A. , Robinson F. L. J. , Nicholl B. 
Published: June 2007

Two patients on prolonged steroid therapy developed meningitis due toCryptococcus neoformans.The first responded satisfactorily to treatment with amphotericin B, both initially and again following relapse. The second died shortly after treatment was begun. Pathogenicity studies suggest that the strain isolated from the fatal case was the more virulent.Cryptococcal meningitis probably occurs more often in Britain than is generally appreciated, and this possibility should be remembered when investigating patients with obscure forms of meningitis; if not, then the correct diagnosis may not be made. Attention is drawn to the increasing number of recently reported cases of this disease which have been associated with long-term steroid therapy.
Use of the `Analmatic clinical system' in the microbiological assay of vitamin B12and folic acid in serum
Authors: Colvin Gillian , Gibson G. L. , Neill D. W. 
Published: June 2007

The routine estimation of large numbers of serum folic acid and vitamin B12levels using the Baird and Tatlock1Analmatic clinical system is described and the method evaluated.Precision, accuracy, and carryover are shown to be at acceptable levels, and the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the system are discussed.It is considered that with some modifications the Analmatic system offers a reliable and labour-saving method of carrying out considerable numbers of routine microbiological assays.
Microscope slide electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins in agarose gel
Authors: Elphick M. C. 
Published: June 2007

An ultramicro electrophoretic technique for the separation of serum lipoproteins is described using agarose gel on microscope slides.The interaction between the agarose gel and lipoproteins has been reduced and the separation between β- and pre-β-lipoproteins has been improved over existing methods. A semiquantitative assay of the lipoproteins can be done in a densitometer. It is suggested that the interaction between agarose gel and lipoproteins, which, without albumin in the system, results in distortion of the lipoprotein bands, may be mediated by free fatty acids.
The preservation of gonococci in liquid nitrogen
Authors: Ward M. E. , Watt P. J. 
Published: June 2007

Gonococci suspended in 1% proteose peptone containing 8% glycerol can be snap frozen in liquid nitrogen without detectable loss on thawing. This recovery rate has allowed the use of frozen organisms as the starting inoculum for the bulk growth of gonococci and to preserve gonococci both in urethral pus and after primary subculture for use in studies on gonococcal virulence.The method described for freezing urethral pus on charcoal swabs should make it possible to transport infected specimens from areas lacking adequate laboratory facilities.
The British system for anticoagulant control and Thrombotest
Authors: Poller L. , Thomson Jean M. , Alderson M. R. 
Published: June 2007

A study has been made to determine whether a reliable comparison can be made between the British Comparative Thromboplastin and Thrombotest using the nationally adopted standardization procedure. The method recommended appeared sufficiently satisfactory and statistically valid for the comparison between the British Comparative Thromboplastin and Thrombotest.The degree of diversion in the location of the `best lines', which should have been in an identical position at each centre, suggests that the standardization procedure at individual hospitals with Thrombotest is not usually a sufficiently reliable basis for clinical anticoagulant dosage. The degree of diversion almost certainly arises from technical error in the standardization procedure, and it is suggested that Thrombotest should be calibrated against the British Comparative Thromboplastin only in specialist coagulation centres thoroughly conversant with both techniques.
Equipment for linking the AutoAnalyzer on-line to a computer
Authors: Simpson D. , Sims G. E. , Harrison M. I. , Whitby L. G. 
Published: June 2007

An Elliott 903 computer with 8K central core store and magnetic tape backing store has been operated for approximately 20 months in a clinical chemistry laboratory. Details of the equipment designed for linking AutoAnalyzers on-line to the computer are described, and data presented concerning the time required by the computer for different processes. The reliability of the various components in daily operation is discussed.Limitations in the system's capabilities have been defined, and ways of overcoming these are delineated. At present, routine operations include the preparation of worksheets for a limited range of tests (five channels), monitoring of up to 11 AutoAnalyzer channels at a time on a seven-day week basis (with process control and automatic calculation of results), and the provision of quality control data. Cumulative reports can be printed out on those analyses for which computer-prepared worksheets are provided but the system will require extension before these can be issued sufficiently rapidly for routine use.