bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of trampling and vegetation removal on species diversity and micro‐environment under different shade conditions
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Hori Y. , Nomoto N. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The effects of disturbance by trampling and vegetation removal on herbaceous communities and their micro‐environments were examined at two sites with different levels of shade. The dominant species of the original vegetation were the perennial herb Artemisia princeps at the sunny site and the dwarf‐bamboo Pleioblastus chino at the shady site. With no disturbance and marked dominance of these species, diversity was low. After vegetation removal there was a rapid recovery, leading to a more diverse vegetation with many more species, each with a lower dominance. Continuous trampling induced a short vegetation while the light intensity under the foliage was increased. At the sunny site, species richness was depressed by trampling because the soil water potential decreased markedly during summer and only the stress‐tolerant annual Digitaria adscendens grew vigorously. Thus, the lowest species diversity was observed in the heavily trampled vegetation in late summer. At the shady site, soil water availability was not affected by trampling. This allowed the survival of many species and prevented a strong decline in diversity.The results suggest that the pattern of change in diversity in communities subjected to various disturbances, was always determined by the original environments.
Small‐scale plant dynamics in temperate Themeda triandra grasslands of southeastern Australia
Authors: Morgan John W. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Vegetation subjected to two long‐term burning regimes (annual or biennial burning) was studied in permanent plots, at two spatial scales: 0.01 m2 and 1 m2, to determine the small‐scale dynamics of plants in temperate Themeda triandra grasslands of southeastern Australia. Species turnover rates were estimated by presence/absence data while species mobility was assessed using cumulative frequency data.While mean species richness did not fluctuate greatly between years, the vegetation was internally dynamic rather than static. Cumulative species richness increased by 50% at both spatial scales and sites over the 4‐yr study period. However, few species became cumulatively frequent (i.e. occurred in 80% of plots in the first and/or subsequent years), suggesting that cumulative species richness increases were due to small‐ or local‐scale movements of plants, rather than ‘shifting clouds’ of species moving across the entire site. The vegetation's dynamics did not differ greatly at sites subject to different (frequent) fire intervals.Species turnover and mobility were individualistic, but the dynamics of many species was greater at the smaller spatial scale: 31–48% of the species present at both spatial scales at the two sites had higher turnover rates at the 0.01 m2 scale. Similarly, some ‘non‐mobile’ species at the 1‐m2 scale (i.e. ‘constant’ or ‘local’ mobility types), were more mobile at the smaller‐scale. Turnover rate and mobility type were strongly associated with life form in some cases, particularly at the annually‐burnt site. In general, therophytes (and to a lesser degree, geophytes) were positively associated with high turnover and mobility in most years, while hemicryptophytes were negatively associated with high turnover in many instances. Hemicryptophytes included many species with a range of mobility types and hence, few significant associations between mobility and this life form were found.The previously unrecognized internal dynamics of this community under ‘stable’ management regimes contributes to species coexistence by allowing plants with different dynamics properties to persist in a spatially and temporally unpredictable manner. Frequent burning is presumably the important component driving much of the non‐directional, small‐scale dynamics because it regularly destroys individual plants and aerial plant parts and creates opportunities for seedling regeneration, whilst permitting the vegetative persistence and spread of established plants in non‐light‐limited microsites.
The role of water level and salinity in the regulation of Juncus gerardi populations in former ricefields in southern France
Authors: Charpentier A. , Mesléard F. , Grillas P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In the Rhône delta (southern France) Juncus gerardi is a dominant, strongly aggregating species in artificially flooded former rice fields. In order to explain this pattern, the effects of water depth, salinity and their interaction were measured on (1) seed germination and seedling development and (2) vegetative growth of J. gerardi in a controlled‐environment experiment.The germination pattern of J. gerardi was affected by salinity. Low salinity (2 g/l NaCl) delayed germination while moderate salinity (12 g/l NaCl) reduced germination rate. In contrast, the germination of J. gerardi was not affected in the range of water depths tested (i.e. 0–10cm). Salinity negatively affected the development of below‐ground parts, shoots and inflorescences. This negative effect of salinity on the vegetative growth of J. gerardi was amplified when combined with flooding. Flooding with fresh water (0–20 cm depth) did not limit biomass production during the experiment. However, a decrease in the ratio of below‐ground/above‐ground dry weight at deeper water depths suggests a limitation of the vegetative propagation of J. gerardi under prolonged flooding conditions. This hypothesis is supported by the negative correlation between the cover of J. gerardi and water depth found in an abandoned rice field. The limitation on seedling recruitment imposed by salinity and the depression of vegetative growth of J. gerardi due to a combination of salinity and water depth could explain the aggregate distribution of J. gerardi in former rice fields.
Comparative ecology of seedling recruitment in an oligotrophic wet meadow
Authors: Kotorová I. , Lepš J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. For the regeneration niche to contribute to the maintenance of species diversity interspecific differences in sensitivity of seedling recruitment to environmental conditions is assumed. We experimentally tested differences between meadow species for the response of seed germination to chilling, and sensitivity of seedling recruitment to microscale heterogeneity. We also compared the dynamics of seedling recruitment in gaps. Seed germination was tested in standard laboratory germination tests, comparing control seeds with seeds chilled at +4 °C, and at –14°C for one month. Species responses varied from significant increases in germinability after chilling (e.g. Cirsium palustre, Betonica officinalis, Angelica sylvestris) to significant decreases (e.g. Hieracium umbellatum, Succisa pratensis, Selinum carvifolia). In some species, chilling at + 4 °C has a similar effect to chilling at –14 °C, in others the effect of chilling at + 4°C was intermediate, and in some, there was no effect of chilling at + 4°C, but an effect of chilling at –14°C. Different chilling temperatures also affect timing and speed of seed germination under greenhouse conditions.The dynamics of seed germination under field conditions was studied by sowing seeds into artificially created gaps and following their germination, both where the seedlings were removed after emergence and where they were not removed. Species differ in their germination dynamics: they all start late April, but then differentiate from an abrupt maximum and early finish of germination (in the second half of May), to prolonged germination without a marked maximum. Seedling removal increased the total number of germinated seeds, with a marked density dependence at this stage. Seeds were also sown into plots with treatments (1) gaps, sod stripped, above‐ground vegetation removed; (2) mown, moss layer removed; (3) mown; (4) untouched control. Seedling emergence was monitored for 3 yr. Seedling recruitment decreased from treatments (1) to (4), but sensitivity differed between species. With increasing seed weight, the difference between gaps and other treatments decreased. The results show that there are considerable differences in seedling recruitment sensitivity between species.
Cryptogam communities on fallen logs in the Duke Forest, North Carolina
Authors: McAlister Suzanne 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. I studied cryptogam (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) communities on fallen logs in the Duke Forest, Durham and Orange Counties, North Carolina, USA, to determine the relationship of log characteristics and microsite to community composition. Species composition and abundance were estimated for 111 randomly selected fallen logs. Interior wood samples were used to identify the tree species. I determined physical and chemical characteristics for each log, and described the log microsite.Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) detected a clear gradient in cryptogam species composition which is correlated with the species of log and the presence of bark. Communities on hardwood bark, hardwood wood, and pine substrates were the most distinct. CCA also revealed that the microsite is not as closely related to species composition as are substrate pH and density. The majority of the cryptogam species encountered on the fallen logs are commonly reported from other substrates in the forest. However, within the habitat type of fallen logs, several species were apparently restricted to certain substrate types.
An Interpolation Theorem
Authors: Otto Martin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLyndon's Interpolation Theorem asserts that for any valid implication between two purely relational sentences of first-order logic, there is an interpolant in which each relation symbol appears positively (negatively) only if it appears positively (negatively) in both the antecedent and the succedent of the given implication. We prove a similar, more general interpolation result with the additional requirement that, for some fixed tuple of unary predicates U, all formulae under consideration have all quantifiers explicitly relativised to one of the U. Under this stipulation, existential (universal) quantification over U contributes a positive (negative) occurrence of U.It is shown how this single new interpolation theorem, obtained by a canonical and rather elementary model theoretic proof, unifies a number of related results: the classical characterisation theorems concerning extensions (substructures) with those concerning monotonicity, as well as a many-sorted interpolation theorem focusing on positive vs. negative occurrences of predicates and on existentially vs. universally quantified sorts.
Measures: Back and Forth Between Point sets and Large sets
Authors: Goldring Noa 
Published: May 2006

It was questions about points on the real line that initiated the study of set theory. Points paved the way to point sets and these to ever more abstract sets. And there was more: Reflection on structural properties of point sets not only initiated the study of ordinary sets; it also supplied blueprints for defining extra-ordinary, “large” sets, transcending those provided by standard set theory. In return, the existence of such large sets turned out critical to settling open conjectures about point sets.How to explain such action at a distance between the very large and the rather small? Rather than having an air of magic, could these results rest on deep structural similarities between the two superficially distant species of sets?In this essay I dissect one group of such two-way results. Their linchpin is the notion of measure.§1. Vitali's impossibility result. Our starting point is a problem in measure theory regarding the notion of “Lebesgue measure.” Before presenting the problem, I would like to review the notion of Lebesgue measure. Rather than listing its main properties, I would like to show how Lebesgue measure is born out of an attempt to generalize the notion of the length of an interval to arbitrary sets of reals. One tries to approximate arbitrary sets of reals by intervals, in the hope that the lengths of the intervals will induce a measure on these sets.
Completeness Before Post: Bernays, Hilbert, and the Development of Propositional Logic
Authors: Zach Richard 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSome of the most important developments of symbolic logic took place in the 1920s. Foremost among them are the distinction between syntax and semantics and the formulation of questions of completeness and decidability of logical systems. David Hilbert and his students played a very important part in these developments. Their contributions can be traced to unpublished lecture notes and other manuscripts by Hilbert and Bernays dating to the period 1917–1923. The aim of this paper is to describe these results, focussing primarily on propositional logic, and to put them in their historical context. It is argued that truth-value semantics, syntactic (“Post-”) and semantic completeness, decidability, and other results were first obtained by Hilbert and Bernays in 1918, and that Bernays's role in their discovery and the subsequent development of mathematical logic is much greater than has so far been acknowledged.
Early Paintings of Asia Minor
Authors: Smith Cecil 
Published: May 2006

In the history of Greek vase-painting the comparative rarity of early examples of undoubtedly Asiatic provenance is a problem that has always remained a vexed question. It is difficult to account for the fact that, whereas from the islands studding the coast of Asia Minor a rich harvest has been gathered, yet the examples hitherto recovered from the mainland itself may be counted on the fingers—at least, with the exception of a few found in the Troad. Since, therefore, anything should be valuable which adds to our information, or throws light upon the existence of an Asiatic school of black-figured vase-painting, I propose to introduce in as few words as possible the vase before us (Figs. 1, 2) as a possible product of Asiatic soil, and as a commentary upon the examples we already possess.It is an amphora of an unusual form, rather more rounded in proportion than the customary shape, reminding us perhaps in this of the rounded outline of the so-called Oriental oinochoe; unfortunately, only about half of the many fragments into which it was broken were found in Mr. Biliotti's excavations in Rhodes, so that the painted panels on each side are sadly dilapidated; still, enough remains to show us the intention of the painter, and, what is more important, perhaps, the technical conditions under which he worked.
A New Portion of the Edict of Diocletian from Megalopolis
Authors: Loring William 
Published: May 2006

The inscription which follows came to light during the excavation undertaken this year, at Megalopolis, by the British School at Athens. It stood outside the house of a peasant, Βασίλєιος Πєτράκης, whose father had found it, many years previously, in a field upon the ancient site. The existence of the stone was reported first to the Ephor, Mr. Castroménos, who represented the Greek Government at our excavation. Mr. Castroménos courteously announced it to me, and both of us copied it. At that time we had no idea that it formed part of the ‘Edict of Diocletian’; this was first suggested to me by Mr. Gardner, Director of the School, on my return to Cambridge. Mr. Castroménos' copy is to appear, as I understand, in the ‘Δєλτίον.’ The text and edition which follow are from my own copy and squeeze.The Edict of Diocletian and his colleagues, commonly spoken of either by Mommsen's title ‘De Pretiis Rerum Venalium’ or more briefly as the ‘Edict of Diocletian,’ is known to us already from a large number of fragments, Greek and Latin, found all (with one exception) in different parts of Greece or Asia Minor, and amounting together to many hundred lines. It is still however far from being complete.
The Lombards and Venetians in Euboia, 1303–1340
Authors: Bury John B. 
Published: May 2006

§ 33. Disputes between Venetians and Lombards.—In 1303 a subject of dissension arose between the Republic and the Lombard barons. It was probably about this time that Beatrice da Verona, who shared the Third of her father Giberto with her mother Maria, contracted a second marriage with John de Noyers, Lord of Maisy. Thus John became on his marriage lord of one Sixth, and as the Sixth of his mother-in-law Maria would revert on her death to Beatrice, he was prospectively lord of one Third. Moreover he was practically master for the present of the Sixth in the north of the island which had belonged to Beatrice's first husband Grapozzo, and was administered by her as guardian of her son Pietro. Hence John de Noyers was in a position to make his influence felt in Euboia; and being a man of energy he asserted himself. He assumed an independent attitude towards Venice.A demand was made by the Lombard podestà in 1303 on a Venetian citizen named Meo, who resided in Lombard territory, to pay taxes. For twenty years he had been a resident in the island and never been called on to pay them before. The requisition is very plausibly ascribed by Hopf to the suggestion of John de Noyers.
The North Doorway of the Erechtheum
Authors: Barnsley Sidney H. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Schultz in his paper upon the above subject, published in the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, pointed out some interesting facts which had not been hitherto noticed, and also advanced several new theories. My object in writing the following notes is to draw attention to one of the theories put forward by him and which I do not think he has proved. And I do this the more willingly as Mr. Schultz at the close of his article expressly states that he gives his theories in order to open up further discussion on the subject. The point I refer to is the contention that the present door-jambs are not contemporary with the rest of the building, and that the decorations of the original doorway were much simpler.Towards the end of the article, classed under points of miscellaneous evidence, mention is made of some iron cramps ‘the principal use for which would have been to steady the jambs, not actually to tie them back.’ Now these cramps, which Mr. Schultz considers of such slight importance, appear to me to be the main evidence as to whether the present jambs are original or not, for if it can be proved that the cramps have been in any way altered, or if they are not fulfilling the purpose for which they were placed in the wall, then we have certain proof that the jambs are later.
Explorations in Aeolis
Authors: Sayce A. H. 
Published: May 2006

In his valuable Contributions to the History of Southern Aeolis, Mr. Ramsay remarks (Journ. Hell. Stud. II. 2, p. 278): ‘In the plain of the Kodja we might expect more than one Aeolic settlement, if it be fully explored.’ This prediction was verified a few months only after it was written by discoveries made in this district in the spring of 1881, by Mr. George Dennis, M. Salomon Reinach, M. Baltazzi, and myself. I published a brief account of them in the Academy of April 9th, 1881, and M. Reinach has alluded to them, in the history of his excavations on the site of Myrina, in the Bulletin de Correspondence hellénique April 1882; but do details in regard to them have yet appeared. These details I now propose to give, throwing the account of them, for the sake of convenience, into narrative form.Mr. Ramsay has already explained the topography of the coast from Myrina to Kymê. Midway between the two, about two and a half miles from Kyniê and three from Myrina, stands the little Greek village of Ali Aghá, while the Koja Chai, or ‘Big River,’ flows into the sea just below the ancient acropolis of Myrina, now known as Kalabassary. The Koja runs in an easterly direction, turning slightly to the north about eight miles from its mouth, towards the ruins of Namrût Kalessi, already described by both Mr. Ramsay and M. Reinach. Before entering the sea it is joined by a stream which runs past the village of Güzel Hissár.
Bust of Perseus
Authors: Murray A. S. 
Published: May 2006

The bust here published was acquired by the British Museum in 1879 from Alessandro Castellani, but without an accompanying record of where it had been found. The marble is Italian and the workmanship Roman, or, as it is generally termed, Graeco-Roman. In the type of head and in the features is to be traced a powerful and pathetic original. The chin is aesthetically large, the eyes and eyebrows are strained forward as if by constant intensity of pathos, in contrast to the relaxation of muscle produced by an equable mind. Doubtless the original is to be sought in the schools of Praxiteles and Scopas; but in the search for it allowance must be made for great differences. In this marble the collar-bones and the strongly-marked muscles of the neck are represented so as to aid the effect of the strain on the neck rather than for the sake of truth to nature. The object of the sculptor has been to produce a first impression, not of form but of action. He has been regardless of form, now exaggerating, as in the muscles of the neck, now reducing such details as the right wing of the helmet to a condition of subordination which has a paltry effect. The feathers which cover the helmet are from the hand of an ordinary workman. The left wing has been made of a separate piece and let in, but is now wanting.It might be a question whether this head is not that of Hermes rather than of Perseus. The fact of its having been made to fit into a term—as may be seen from the angle at which the chest-bones project—would be in favour of Hermes, while the winged cap would in its present condition equally suit him.
On the Authenticity of the Olympian Registers
Authors: Mahaffy J. P. 
Published: May 2006

There seems a sort of general agreement among modern historians of Greece to accept the 1st Olympiad (776 B.C.) as the trustworthy starting point of solid Greek chronology. Even Grote, so sceptical about legends, and so slow to gather inferences from them, accepts this datum. There is only one exception, I think, to be found in Sir George Cox, who evidently rejects the Olympiad register, who will not set down in his chronology any figure higher than 670 B.C., and even that under the protest of a query.When we come to inquire on what authority so early a date can be securely established, we find a sort of assumption, not supported by argument, that from 776 onward the Eleians kept a regular record of their great festival, and as a matter of fact such a record is extant. It was generally acknowledged and cited by the later historians of Greece, who determined events according to it. Above all, the critical doubts of philologists are soothed by the supposed authority of Aristotle, who is reported to have made researches on the question, and to refer to the list as if authentic; he even mentioned a discus at Olympia with Lycurgus' name inscribed upon it, but in what work, and for what purpose, is unknown. I know that Aristotle is considered an infallible authority by modern philologists, so much so that those who are ready enough to deny even general inspiration to other authorities, seem almost to attribute verbal inspiration to this philosopher. One other Greek authority shares with him this pre-eminence—the historian Thucydides. And it so happens that in his Sicilian Archaeology (book vi.) Thucydides gives a number of dates, with precision and without hesitation, which reach back to 735 B.C., and therefore persuades his commentators that accurate dates were attainable up to a period close to the 1st Olympiad. These are apparently the silent reasons which have determined the general consent of modern historians.