bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical resection for carcinoma of the pancreas: A historical overview
Authors: Vezeridis Michael P. , Wanebo Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough attempts to treat pancreatic cancer were made at the end of the nineteenth century, there was no active interest in this field of surgery until 1935 when Whipple and his associates developed and popularized the technique for a two‐stage pancreaticoduodectomy. Several modifications of the original Whipple operation were made in the 1940s. Total pancreatectomy and regional pancreatectomy were introduced in the surgical armamentarium against pancreatic cancer, but they did not gain wide acceptance. Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodectomy was introduced in 1978, but its role in the management of pancreatic cancer needs to be more clearly defined. The operative mortality of pancreatic resections has dramatically declined in large specialized centers during the last decade. A significant improvement in long‐term survival was also reported in recent series. Despite the decline in operative mortality and the improved long‐term survival after resection for pancreatic cancer, the overall prognosis of this disease remains dismal because of the lack of methods for early diagnosis. Future investigations should focus in the areas of early detection and more effective management approaches for locally advanced disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pancreatic resection for ductal adenocarcinoma: Total pancreatectomy versus partial pancreatectomy
Authors: Farley David R. , Sarr Michael G. , van Heerden Jon A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe controversy regarding total versus partial pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head remains unsettled. Proponents of total pancreatectomy claim wider margins of resection, avoidance of a troublesome pancreaticoenterostomy, and removal of a potentially multicentric disease. Advocates of partial pancreatectomy highlight the retention of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function, the maintenance of splenic function, and a lower risk of marginal ulceration without sacrificing curative potential. Analysis of the current surgical literature with focus on the facets of each procedure that may differ (operative mortality, long‐term survival, and the six factors mentioned above), may help to resolve the controversy. The data reviewed would suggest that 1) wider resection margins have not transferred into longer postoperative survival, 2) the risk of multicen‐tricity is probably low and of questionable significance, and 3) the morbidity and mortality of pancreaticoenterostomy is currently less problematic. The additional benefits of retaining pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function, maintaining splenic immune competence, and a lower risk of marginal ulceration convinces us to advocate partial pancreatectomy over total pancreatectomy for the majority of patients with a resectable ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoperative chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: M.D. Anderson experience
Authors: Evans Douglas B. , Abbruzzese James L. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Leach Steven D. , Charnsangavej Chusilp , Cleary Karen R. , Buchholz Daniel J. , Rich Tyvin A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in adults in this country. Its etiology is unknown, and there is currently no effective method of early diagnosis. Although this article wil focus on the proper management of patients with potentially resectable disease, such patients represent the minority of those diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Therefore, at most medical centers, clinical and basic science research is proceeding in parallel: while attempting to optimize the length and quality of life of patients with localized pancreatic tunors, research is also focusing on developing improved strategies for early and effective systemic therapy. For patients with localized pancreatic cancer, data from our institution support the use of detailed preoperative imaging studied to allow accurate assessment of tumor resectability. Patients found to have locally advanced or metastatic disease do not undergo laparotomy; biliary decompression, when necessary, is performed utilizing endoscopic or laparoscopic techniques. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is performed on carefully selected patients as part of a protocol‐based clinical research program emphasizing the importance of multimodality management for patients with potentially resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. ©1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy for patients with pancreatic carcinoma without demonstrable metastatic disease: The fox chase cancer center experience
Authors: Hoffman John P. , Weese James L. , Ahmad Neelofur , Coia Lawrence R. , Litwin Samuel , Engstrom Paul F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSixty‐three patients were treated with a program of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) and two 96‐hour infusions of 5‐fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2/day, days 2–5 and 29–32) and a single bolus of mitomycin C (10 mg/m2) on day 2. Those who had no evidence of distant disease nor local unresectability underwent pancreatic resection (16 Whipple resections, 7 total pancreatectomies, 2 distal pancreatectomies). Thirty‐eight percent of the patients had grade 3 or 4 toxicity from the chemoradioth‐erapy (CTRT). One patient died during CTRT of biliary sepsis. Operative mortality for the 25 patients with potentially curative (PC) resections was 4%. One of the four patients with palliative resection died postoperatively. Two other patients with PC resection had major postoperative morbidity. Median survival for those with PC resections was 22 months, while 5‐year survival was 20%. Recurrence was noted in 20 patients, primarily in the liver (50% of patients). Follow‐up is 25 months for 7 patients remaining alive (range 16–77 months). We conclude that this technique is relatively safe, and can produce local cancer control in most patients and prolonged survival in a few with truly localized disease. It is still unclear whether this method of treatment sequencing is any better than postoperative CTRT. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjuvant and systemic therapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Clark Jeffrey W. , Glicksman Arvin , Wanebo Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPancreatic cancer remains a major cause of mortality. Less than 5% of patients survive 5 years. No curative therapy exists for patients not surgically resectable. Although chemotherapeutic and radiation therapeutic approaches can provide palliation, they have not had a significant impact on 5‐year survival. Phase II and III studies are evaluating whether newer approaches integrating chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery will improve survival. Evaluation of new agents (e.g., camptothecins, paclitaxel [and related compounds], gemcitabine, and thymydilate synthase inhibitors) alone and in combination with other agents (including platinum‐related compounds) continue to be pursued. Novel approaches based on increased knowledge about biology of this disease, including high frequency of ras and p53 mutations or expression of a number of growth factor receptors, are being studied preclinically. Approaches utilizing vaccines, gene therapy, and cyto‐kines to enhance the immune response are being developed. Hopefully, new approaches will lead to improved treatment of this often fatal disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting choice of initial therapy in oral cancer
Authors: Byers Robert M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChoosing the best initial therapy for squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity depends on patient factors as well as tumor factors. The patient factors which influence the decision include the dental and nutritional status, associated diseases, use of alcohol and tobacco, distance from the hospital, and the reliability, lifestyle, occupation, and choice of the patient. The important tumor factors include size, site, histology, biologic behavior, and type of biopsy. With experience and judgment the treatment team (surgeons, radiotherapists, dentists, and medical oncologists) can use these patient and tumor factors to tailor the therapy to each individual so that not only is the cancer optimally treated, but important aspects of function and cosmesis are preserved. ©copy; 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of the mandible in oral cancer
Authors: Larson David L. , Sanger James R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractModern head and neck surgery has focused on patient rehabilitation and restoration of form and function in the treatment of oral cancers. An important aspect of that process has been the conservation of the mandible in tumor ablation and the reconstruction of the mandible if segmental resection is indicated. This article outlines the science and clinical data behind rim mandibulectomy and the mandibular osteotomy and “swing” to gain access to tumors of the posterior tongues and pharynx. Additionally, the various methods of reconstruction of the mandible in use today as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each are addressed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of outcomes in cranial base surgery
Authors: O'Malley Bert W. , Janecka Ivo P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCranial base surgery is a young field of head and neck and neuro‐oncology. It deals with solid tumors at the skull base which were not previously treated with surgery. The development of new cranial base approaches incorporating intracranial exposure and new reconstructive techniques now enable an “en bloc” resection of most of these difficult tumors.In order to analyze the evolution of cranial base surgery and its contribution to the treatment of carcinomas and sarcomas, we reviewed the results reported in the literature over the past 40 years. We have designated three periods of time that reflect the advances and impact of skull base surgery and have summarized the outcomes of the major contributors in each era. The pioneers of the first period (1960s‐1970s) achieved 3‐ and 5‐year survivals of 52 and 49% while attempting resection of tumors without intracranial or pytergopalatine extension. In the second period (1970s‐1980s), improved surgical techniques allowed resection of more extensive tumors, including intracranial invasion, and 3‐year survivals rose to 57–59% with limited reports of 5‐year survivals in the range of 49%. The third period of cranial base surgery (1980s‐1990s) brought further refinement of techniques, introduced the concept of a coordinated multispecialty approach, and resulted in increased 5‐year survivals to 56–70%. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of cervical lymph nodes in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Houck John R. , Medina Jesus E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDue to the overwhelming prognostic significance of regional metas‐tases, proper management of cervical lymph nodes in cases of squa‐mous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is essential for an optimal outcome. Better understanding of the predictability of incidence and patterns of metastases of these tumors in recent years has led us away from the radical neck dissection as the only surgical therapeutic or staging procedure done on the neck. Recent studies suggest that selective removal of lymph node groups at risk in clinically negative necks, or modified neck dissections that save important structures, like the jugular vein, XI nerve, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, in clinically positive necks, are appropriate in many patients. Careful selection of the type of neck dissection and judicious use of postoperative radiation therapy can optimize cure rates as well as functional and cosmetic results. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of laser technology in breast cancer therapy
Authors: Lanzafame Raymond J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreast cancer is an increasingly common problem affecting one in nine women. The optimal management of carcinoma of the breast remains controversial. This paper reviews the rationale for the use of laser technology in the treatment of primary and advanced breast cancer. The CO2 laser has several properties which make it advantageous for breast surgery. The technical details for optimal laser utilization are presented. Experimental evidence documents a marked reduction of local tumor recurrence following surgery with lasers. Preliminary human studies suggest that laser use lengthens the disease‐free interval and may decrease local recurrence. Interstitial laser therapy holds promise for use in the treatment of locally advanced breast tumors and has been suggested by some as a potential modality for the primary therapy of breast cancer. The clinical use of lasers in the treatment of breast cancer is justified. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Photodynamic therapy for recurrent supratentorial gliomas
Authors: Muller Paul J. , Wilson Brian C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have used photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of 56 patients with recurrent supratentorial gliomas who had failed radiation therapy and who were candidates for palliative reoperation. There were 34 males and 22 females; their mean age was 41 years and the mean Karnofsky score was 79. Thirty‐two patients had glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 14 had malignant astrocytoma (MA), 6 had malignant mixed glioma (MM), and 4 had ependymoma (EP). Porphyrin photosensitizer was administered intravenously (i.v.) 12–36 hours prior to photoillumination. All patients had the recurrent tumor sub‐totally resected or cyst drained at surgery followed by intraoperative cavitary photoillumination. In 15 cases interstitial photoillumination using fibers with 2 cm diffusing tips supplemented the cavitary illumination. The total light energy delivered ranged from 440 to 4,500 Joules (J) (median = 1,800 J). The energy administered ranged from 120 to 150 J per fiber and the linear energy density ranged from 65 to 450 J/cm. The energy density ranged from 8 to 110 J/cm2 (median = 38 J/cm2). There were two postoperative deaths and three patients were left with a persistent increase in their postoperative neurological deficit. The post‐PDT median survival of patients with recurrent GBM was 30 weeks with a 1‐ and 2‐year actuarial survival of 18% and 0%, respectively. The median survival of patients with recurrent GBM from first diagnosis was 118 weeks with a 1‐ and 2‐year actuarial survival of 82% and 57%, respectively. The post‐PDT median survival of patients with recurrent MA was 44 weeks with a 1‐ and 2‐year actuarial survival of 43% and 36%, respectively. The median survival of patients with recurrent MA from first diagnosis was 147 weeks with a 1‐ and 2‐year actuarial survival of 86% and 71%, respectively. Patients with MA who received more than the median light dose had a longer survival than those who received less than the median light dose. Recurrent malignant gliomas have a very poor prognosis. PDT is a successful palliative treatment when they recur and are amenable to further surgical treatment. With increasing light doses, better light delivery systems, and more effective photosensitizers further considerable improvement in survival can be expected. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic therapy of head and neck cancers
Authors: Biel Merrill A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSixty‐five patients with neoplastic diseases of the larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, and skin have been treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with follow‐up to 56 months. Patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) and T1 carcinomas obtained a complete response after one PDT treatment. All but two have remained free of disease. Eight patients with T2 and T3 carcinomas treated with PDT obtained a complete response, but they all recurred locally. This is due to the inability to adequately deliver laser light to the depths of the tumor bed. Five patients with massive neck recurrences of squamous cell carcinomas were treated with intraoperative adjuvant PDT following tumor resection. Only one developed recurrence with 24‐month follow‐up. PDT is highly effective for the curative treatment of early carcinomas (CIS, T1) of the head and neck. Also, intraoperative adjuvant PDT may increase cure rates of large infiltrating carcinomas of the head and neck. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyps: The pathologist's perspective
Authors: Mitros Frank A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenomas of the colon and rectum are perhaps the most commonly encountered of human benign epithelial neoplasms. Evidence of their relationship to the development of colorectal carcinoma has mounted over the years. They represent a phase present for significant duration in many fated to develop colon cancer. Because of this, and because of the technical advances in endoscopy, a great deal of effort has been expended on identifying and removing these lesions. Subsequent care of the patient is heavily dependent on the pathologic analysis of these lesions. They must be properly classified; the presence of cancer must be carefully sought. If present, the character and location of the cancer arising in the polyp must be carefully described. Communication between clinician and pathologist is of paramount importance. Attention must be paid to the precise meaning of such terms as dysplasia, carcinoma, and invasion. The pathologist's report needs to detail parameters important in determining prognosis and further therapy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular biology of colon polyps and colon cancer
Authors: Allen John I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom a histologic and endoscopic standpoint, colon and rectal cancer (CRC) begins as a small neoplastic polyp which progressively enlarges and transforms through a dysplasia stage into invasive cancer. Recently, molecular abnormalities underlying the adenomacarcinoma progression have been defined. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and mismatch repair genes are found to be dysfunctional early in the neoplastic process; either as inherited or somatic mutations. Subsequently, polyps progress to cancer along one of two paths depending on which gene is abnormal. When the APC gene is the initial mutation tumor development follows the “loss of hetero‐zygocity” (LOH) pathway. If mismatch repair genes are altered, the “replication error” (RER) pathway is followed. Somatic mutations of the K‐ras oncogene and the MCC, DCC, and p53 tumor suppressor genes accumulate in the LOH pathway and mark the progression through polyp stages. Microsatellite instability is a characteristic of the RER pathway but the precise genes involved in this pathway currently are not known. Defining these pathways has led to a new classification scheme for CRC with resultant changes in our clinical approach to screening, surveillance, and treatment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Diet and chemoprevention of colon polyps and colorectal cancer
Authors: Nixon Daniel W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClinical trials in colorectal cancer prevention are based on carcino‐genesis research and epidemiologic observations that relate certain macronutrients, micronutrients, non‐nutritive factors in foods, and synthetic chemicals to colon neoplasms. These factors appear to act at various points along the putative normal mucosa → adenomatous polyp → cancer sequence. This gives an opportunity to develop innovative clinical trials, both in agent selection and in the use of intermediate markers. Clinical colorectal cancer prevention trials are now in progress that employ dietary fiber, a variety of vitamins and minerals and several synthetic drugs, especially the NSAIDs. Most of these trials use the adenomatous polyp as a surrogate marker for colon cancer, thereby reducing trial duration, number of subjects required and overall expense. This paper is a brief review of the basic and epidemiologic background for colorectal cancer prevention trials and their current status. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical options for familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Ambroze W. L. , Orangio G. R. , Lucas G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFamilial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic disorder transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern. One‐half of members of an affected family will carry the gene, and all carriers will succumb to colon cancer or extracolonic manifestations if not detected and treated early. When the diagnosis is made, surgery is indicated. Surgical options include total proctocolectomy with ileostomy, continent ileos‐tomy, total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, and total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Many diverse factors, such as extent of rectal disease, the presence and extent of carcinoma, sphincter function, and extracolonic disease, influence which surgical procedure is most appropriate for the individual patient with FAP. This article reviews the surgical options for treating FAP, with emphasis on specific indications, contraindications, and anticipated outcomes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parameter measurements for permanent magnet synchronous machines
Authors: Kondo Minoru 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe advances in inverter drive technology and permanent magnet materials have enabled the application of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) to various fields. PMSMs are rapidly spreading in their applications with their advantage of high efficiency, which is highly needed in many applications in recent years. Although there have been standardized measurement methods of the machine parameters for synchronous machines, they are not intended to apply to PMSMs. Therefore, several new measurement methods suitable for PMSMs have been proposed. This paper presents a review and analysis of these methods. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technical evolution of permanent magnet synchronous motors for home appliances
Authors: Honda Yukio , Takeda Yoji 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on the highly efficient motor technologies used in home appliances in Japan. The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is especially suitable because the use of permanent magnets does not require any extra current to produce magnetic power in the rotor, or any other kind of energy. In Japan, there has been a rapid shift from induction motors to PMSMs, and in this paper we will show several examples of PMSMs as applied to the home appliance field. It can be seen that great improvements have been made in high‐efficiency motor technologies. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trends of permanent‐magnet synchronous machine drives
Authors: Noguchi Toshihiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents recent trends of permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive technologies in Japan. Since the PMSM drives have many advantages over other drives, e.g. high efficiency, high power density, etc., many of the motor applications have been changing their power sources to the PMSMs. Particularly, interior permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) are epoch‐making and are intensively studied among researchers, scientists and engineers. According to the survey of the recent innovative technical trends, the PMSM drive technologies have been making a remarkable advancement in the fields of analysis‐and‐design techniques, various sensorless‐control techniques, power converter control techniques, and application specific drive systems. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.