bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Dihydroxyphenylalanine Decarboxylase and 5‐Hydroxytryptophan Decarboxylase Individual Enzymes?
Authors: ROSENGREN EVALD 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUsing an enzyme preparation from rabbit kidney cortex, the amino acids 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5‐hydroxytryptophan were found to inhibit each other's enzymatic decarboxylation competitively. Competitive inhibitions of these reactions by m‐tyrosine, o‐tyrosine, and caffeic acid were also observed. After purification of an enzyme preparation on a column of DEAE cellulose a peak appeared which contained most of the dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase activity present in the extract. In this peak also nearly all the 5‐hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity was found. The ratio of the two activities was practically the same throughout the peak. The data were in agreement with the assumption that dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5‐hydroxytryptophan were decarboxylated by one enzyme.
Effect of Reserpine on the Adrenal Medulla of Sheep
Authors: Hillarp Nils‐Åke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe changes found in the sheep adrenal medulla on reserpine treatment were, though more pronounced, very similar to those found on indirect stimulation with insulin induced hypoglycemia. On both treatments the mechanism holding the equivalent amounts of amines and adenosinephosphates within the medullary granules is affected in such a way that the amines are released and the adenosinephosphates are broken down and/or released at the same time. In neither case do amines or adenosinephosphates accumulate in the extragranular cytoplasm and the adenine moiety of these phosphates is rapidly disposed of.
Inhibitory Effects of Hydrochloric Acid in Antrum and Duodenum on Gastric Secretory Responses to Insulin Hypoglycemia in Pavlov Pouch Dogs
Authors: Andersson Sven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersson, S. Inhibitory effects of hydrochloric acid in antrum and duodenum on gastric secretory responsesto insulin hypoglycemia in Pavlov pouch dogs. In Pavlov pouch dogs with the antrum and duodenum excluded from the normal gastrointestinal passage, gastric secretion was stimulated by insulin hypoglycemia. On instillation of hydrochloric acid into either the antrum or the duodenum the secretory responses were markedly inhibited. The inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
Electrophysiological Studies on Gamma Motoneurones
Authors: Eccles J. C. , Eccles Rosamond M. , Iggo A. , Lundberg A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEccles, J. C., R. M. Eccles, A. Iggo and A. Lundberg. Electsophysiological studies on gamma motoneurones. Gamma motoneurones supplying the muscle spindles of limb muscles of cats have been investigated by microelectrodes either extracellular or intracellular, and shown to lie interspersed with the alpha motoneurones of that muscle. The spike potential of the gamma motoneurones resembles that of alpha motoneurones both in having an ‐IS–SD composition and in being followed by a long after‐hyperpolarization. When activated either by repetitive antidromic impulses, or by a prolonged depolarizing current, the gamma motoneurones give some spike potentials at much higher frequencies than the alpha. It was confirmed that the gamma motoneurones differ from the alpha in receiving no monosynaptic excitatory action, but there are polysynaptic excitatory and inhibitory actions from other afferents.
Post‐Stimulatory Electrical Activity in the Preoptic “Heat Loss Centre” Concomitant with Persistent Thermoregulatory Response
Authors: Anderson B. , Persson N. , Ström L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAnderson, B., N. Persson and L. Ström. Post‐stimulatory electrical activity in the preoptic “heat loss centre” concomitant with persistent thermoregulatory response.Thermoregulatory response remaining after electrical stimulation of the preoptic “heat loss centre” was studied in nonanaesthetized goats. The intensity and the duration of the response was dependent upon the external and the internal temperatures of the animals. Recording of the electrical activity in the “heat loss centre” produced evidence that the response studied was in some way related to a long‐lasting after‐discharge recorded from the stimulated part of the brain stem.
The Effect of Blood Volume Variations on the Pulse Rate in Supine and Upright Positions and During Exercise1
Authors: Gullbring B. , Holmgren A. , Sjöstrand T. , Strandell T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGullbringB., A. Holmgren, T. Sjöstrandand T. Strandell.The effect of blood volume variations on the pulse rate in supim and upright positions and during txercice.The effect of bleeding of about 10 per cent of the blood volume and reinfusion of this quantity of blood seven days later was studied in six male subjects. The study includes determination of the pulse rate at rest in supine and upright positions and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The physical working capacity (PWC170) was computed from the pulse rates during work. The pulse rate in upright position and during exercise increases and PWC170decreases immediately after the bleeding. During the next few days PWC170increases and the pulse rate in upright position and during exercise decreases, while the pulse rate in supine position appeared to increase. On the sixth day PWC170was found to be higher and the pulse rate in supine and upright positions and during exercise to be lower than before the bleeding. Reinfusion of the blood seemed to produce a further moderate increase in PWC170. The decrease in PWC170after the bleeding corresponded, on the whole, to the average relation in different individuals between PWC170and the total amount of hemoglobin. The respiratory rate during exercise increased after the bleeding and also showed the same tendency as the pulse rate did during exercise and in upright position during the next few days.
Effect of Training on Work Capacity, Total Hemoglobin, Blood Volume, Heart Volume and Pulse Rate in Recumbent and Upright Positions1
Authors: Holmgren A. , Mossfeldt F. , Sjöstrand T. , Ström G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHolmgren, A., F. Mossfeldt, T. Sjötrand and G. Ström. Effect of training on work capacib, total hemoglobin, blood volume, heart volume and pulse rate in recumbent and upright positions.The effect of training, either with gymnastic exercises and running once or twice a week for several months, or with daily skiing in mountainous terrain for eight to ten days, has been studied on altogether 87 test subjects. Determinations were made of work capacity, expressed as work on a bicycle ergometer at a pulse rate of 170 and at relative steady state (PWC170 S), total amount of hemoglobin (THb) and blood volume, heart volume in recumbent position, and pulse rate at rest in recumbent and upright positions.The intermittent long‐term training was found to cause an increase in PWC170 S, THb and blood volume, and a decrease in pulse rate in recumbent position. The heart volume showed an insignificant average increase in two subjects groups, and decreased slightly in a group of middle‐aged men. The relation between PWC170 S and THb or blood volume corresponded, both before and after the training, to the relationship earlier demonstrated in a series of individuals differing with respect to age, body size, sex and degree of physical training. The continuous short‐term training was also found to induce an average increase in the PWC170 S, blood volume and THb, and a decrease
Inhibition of Thrombocytopenia and 5‐Hydroxytryptamine Release in Anaphylactic Shock by Heparin
Authors: Johansson Stig‐Arne 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAfter anaphylactic shock increased amounts of 5‐HT in plasma, and lung tissues, a decrease in the circulating number of platelets and increase in the urinary excretion of 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) were found but no alteration in the amounts of 5‐HT in the intestines. Pretreatment of the animals with heparin prevented these effects and also the release of 5‐HT from cells in sensitized blood after addition of a specific antigen to citrate blood in vitro. Heparin also inhibits the ability of platelets to adsorb 5‐HT in vitro. Dialysis experiments, coagulation time measurements and intravenous injections of 5‐HT on heparin treated animals indicate that heparin has no ability to bind 5‐HT in blood. It is suggested that heparin, being a strongly acid polyelectrolyte, acts on the platelets and their ability to absorb and release 5‐HT and prevents the onset of a transient intravascular coagulation during anaphylaxis.
“Bound” and “Free” Catecholamines in the Brain
Authors: Bertler Å. , Hillarp N.‐Å. , Rosencren E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe major portion of the noradrenaline in the rabbit hypothalamus was recovered in the particulate fraction of homogenates in 0.3 M sucrose. In contrast to this, the dopamine in the caudate nuclei of rabbit and cat was to the largest part found in the high‐speed supernatant. The amine distribution did not seem to be materially influenced by the use of different homogenization media. Neither were any obvious changes in the distribution seen after administration of iproniazid or reserpine. The dopamine formed in the hypothalamus after an injection of L‐dopa was found to be “particle‐bound” to a rather large extent.
Some Characteristics of the Hypothalamic “Drinking Centre” in the Goat as Shown by the Use of Permanent Electrodes
Authors: Anderson B. , Larsson S. , Person N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe response to electrical stimulation of the “drinking centre” was studied in one goat for a period of six months. Emotional factors and hydration were found to increase the stimulus threshold for drinking. Drinking continued for different lengths of time after cessation of stimulation. The after‐effect which may be due to an after‐discharge in the stimulated area of the hypothalamus was inhibited by the previous injection of amphetamine or the drinking of cold water. On repeated stimulations the animal learned to overcome a simple obstacle in order to gain access to the drinking water. If the goat was not allowed to drink, the stimulations elicited a typical “displacement reaction”. Prolonged strong stimulations of the “drinking centre” were not observed to alter the electrolyte metabolism significantly.
Alveolo‐Arterial Gas Exchange at Rest and During Work at Different O2, Tensions
Authors: Asmussen Erlinc , Nielsen Marius 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe mean alveolar and the arterial gas tensions in healthy young male subjects have been determined at rest and during muscular exercise of varying intensities up to maximal work. Determinations were made while the subjects were breathing air containing 33 to 50 per cent, 21 per cent and 12 per cent oxygen. From the experimental data the alveolo‐arterial oxygen tension differences and the arterial oxygen deficits (i. e. the difference between the oxygen content of blood in full equilibrium with the mean alveolar air and the actual oxygen content of peripheral arterial blood) were calculated. Under the assumption that the Bohr integration procedure can be used for determining the mean pulmonary capillary PO2 in the human lung it can be concluded that the arterial oxygen deficit when breathing normal air both at rest and during maximal work is caused by true venous admixture (anatomical shunts) and the effect of uneven distribution in the lungs, and it is found that about 80 per cent is due to the distribution effect and the remaining 20 per cent to the true venous admixture. Further, the effect of the distribution factor at low oxygen pressures increases manifold as compared with the effect at normal O2 pressure. The large arterial O2 deficit found in the low O2 experiments (in ml per min equal to 62 and 36 per cent of the total O2 uptake at rest, respectively during maximal work) can, therefore, be explained by the true venous admixture and the greatly increased effect of the distribution factor. According to this view it is not possible to determine the lung diffusion capacity for O2 on the basis of the alveolo‐end pulmonary capillary O2 gradient by the procedure of Riley and Cournand (which assumes a constant effect of the distribution factor at high and low oxygen tension) or by the procedure of Bartelset al. (which does not take the distribution factor into account).
Three Ascending Spinal Pathways in the Dorsal Part of the Lateral Funiculus
Authors: Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLundberg, A. and O. Oscarsson. Three ascending spinal pathways in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus.Three pathways with axons ascending in the dorsal part of the lateral funicle have been identified as not belonging to the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract because the axons could be activated on stimulation of the lateral funicle in L5 below the caudal level of Clarke's column but not antidromically from the anterior cerebellar lobe cortex. One of these pathways is located medial to the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract and is activated exclusively by tactile stimuli from small skin fields.
Activation of the Dentate Area by Septal Stimulation
Authors: Andersen Per , Bruland Helce , Kaada Birger R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersen, P., H. Bruland, and B. R. Kaada, Activation of the dentate area by septal stimulation.In rabbits under urethane‐chloralose anesthesia potentials were recorded bilaterally from the dentate area in response to stimulation of the large‐celled posterior part of the medial septal nucleus. The septo‐dentate response consisted of an initial negative spike followed by a slower positive wave. On the basis of recordings from the various cell layers, excitability properties, resistance to anoxia and repetitive stimulation, the initial spike is interpreted as discharges of the dentate granule cells, monosynaptically excited. The following positive wave may partly represent the subsequent spread of excitation along the dendrites of the granule cells, and partly the activation of CA4 neurons.–Stimulation of the contralateral field CA3 of the hippocampus evoked within the dentate area a potential similar in form, but with a greater amplitude and shorter latency than the septo‐dentate response. This crossed CA3‐dentate potential is similarly most likely due to activation of the same granule cells. The crossed projection appears to be more efficient and consists of thicker fibres than the septo‐dentate path.
Activation of the Field CAI of the Hippocampus by Septal Stimulation
Authors: Andersen Per , Bruland Helce , Kaada Bircer R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersen P., H. Bruland B. R. Kaada. Activation of the field CA1 of the hippocampus by septal stimulation.In rabbits under urethane‐chloralose anesthesia the existence of a septo‐hippocampal projection has been verified by the evoked potential method. Its origin is the magnocellular medial septal nucleus. These septo‐fugal fibres activate the basal parts of the apical dendrites and/or the soma of the CAI neurons, probably by a mono‐synaptic route. By repetitive stimulation and by strychnine the depolarized area of the CAI neurons may increase, by anoxia it may decrease. Thus, according to the excitability level, a smaller or greater part of the apical dendrites may initiate spikes of an all‐or‐none character.
Does the Urinary Excretion of Imidazole Acetic Acid Reflect the Endogenous Histamine Metabolism in Man?
Authors: Dunér Hans , Liljedahl Sten Otto , Pernow Benct 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDunér H., S. O. Liljedahl B. Pernow. Does the urinary excretion of imidazole acetic acid reflect the endogenous histamine mtabolism in man?The urinary excretion of free and conjugated histamine, histidine and imidazole acetic acid (ImAA) was studied in four healthy subjects and four patients with severe burns. ImAA was found to be a normal constituent of human urine. In the cases of burn, where the histamine excretion was increased during the first days after the accident, the ImAA excretion was normal and showed no significant variations. Administration of histamine or histidine gave a slight increase in the excretion of ImAA.
Transmission and Reflection of High Explosive Shock Waves in Bone
Authors: Clemedson Carl‐Johan , Jönsson Arne 
Published: December 2008

AbstractClemedson C.‐J. and A. Jönsson. Transmission and rejection of high explosive shock waves in bone.Various kinds of bone such as femur, ribs with intercostal muscles, sternum with ribs and intercostal muscles and spinal column from ox, and femur, and femur + tibia with intact stifle joint from horse were exposed to high explosive air shock waves in a detonation chamber. The patterns of the pressure wave in the bone caused by the shock wave were recorded piezo‐electrically by means of a barium titanate pressure transducer. The transmitted wave consists of two parts. The first one, called the front pressure wave, is due entirely to the impact of the air shock wave on the front surface of the object. The second part is due mainly to the progressive loading of the static pressure in the air shock wave as it passes by the object. Due to the inhomogeneity of bone, the transmitted part of the incident shock wave is more or less changed since it is diffused and broken up by reflection and scattering. It is less changed in a long bone such as femur than in e. g. sternum or the spinal column. It is strongly changed by the passage between the two bones in a joint. Strong reflections occur at the bone surface. The velocity of the wave is about 3,500 m/sec. in the long bones. In the spinal column and sternum it is considerably lower and is dependent on the length of path covered.
Electromyographic Findings in Experimental Botulinum Intoxication
Authors: Josefsson J.‐O. , Thesleff S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractJosefssonJ.‐O. and S. Thesleff.Electromyographic findings in experimental botulinum intoxication.The electrical activity of botulinum intoxicated skeletal muscle was examined in the rabbit by the use of electromyography. 5 to 6 days after an intramuscular injection of the toxin, fibrillation potentials appeared and persisted for a period of at least 60 days. The potentials were similar in amplitude and time course to those recorded following motor nerve degeneration. Botulinum toxin, however, is known not to affect the morphological structure of the motor nerve and its terminals. Its sole action is to block transmitter release selectively from cholinergic nerve endings. Our results therefore suggest that in nerve degeneration lack of transmitter release is primarily responsible for initiating the process which produces the electromyographic pattern typical of denervation.
Tyramine Effects on Catechol Amine Release from Spleen and Adrenals in the Cat
Authors: Stjärne L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStjärne L. Tyramine effects on catechol amine release from spleen and adrenals in the cat.Recent studies on the sympathomimetic effect of tyramine suggest that this substance may act by liberating noradrenaline. In the present experiments direct bioassay of the venous effluents from the spleen and the adrenals of the cat demonstrated that the noradrenaline level in splenic vein blood was elevated by tyramine, whereas in the adrenal venous blood both the adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were either unchanged or depressed. The discrepancy between the effects of tyramine on these two systems is discussed. It is concluded that in the spleen tyramine may act either by releasing noradrenaline from the intra‐axonal storage granules, or by making extragranular noradrenaline, bound to some structure probably in close relation to the axone, available to the receptors.
Distribution and Concentration of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in the Adrenal Medulla of the Rat Following Reserpine‐Induced Depletion
Authors: Eränkö Olavi , Hopsu Väinö 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEränkö O. and V. Hopsu. Distribution and concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla of the rat following reserpine‐induced depletion.Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in the adrenal medulla were determined after chromatographic separation by fluorometry. The chromaffin reaction, the iodate reaction and formalin‐induced fluorescence were used as histochemical reactions and their intensities in the sections were quantitatively measured by microphotometry. Four mg/kg of reserpine daily for 4 days caused a pronounced loss of adrenaline and noradrenaline and recovery took about 3 weeks. During the recovery adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased proportionally. The chemical and the histochemical measurements gave identical results. There was no evidence of local resynthesis of noradrenaline in excess of that of adrenaline. The results are at variance with observations reported earlier from other laboratories.
The Urinary Excretion of Galactose and its Significance in Clinical Intravenous Galactose Tolerance Tests
Authors: Tygstrup Niels 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTygstrup N. The urinary excretion of galactose and its significance in clinical intravenous galactose tolerance tests.The disappearance of galactose from the blood after intravenous administration may be used for measurement of the liver function, if correction for the urinary loss of galactose is made. The present study was performed in order to determine the significance of this loss. It was found that urinary excretion of galactose was unimportant in relation to hepatic elimination at plasma concentrations below about 500 mg/l (approximately 3 per cent of the total elimination), but at higher concentrations the ratio between urinary excretion and hepatic elimination increased, as the former rises with the concentration, and the latter remains constant. After a single injection of about 500 mg/kg body weight on an average 10 per cent of this amount was excreted in normal subjects as well as in patients with cirrhosis. This percentage could be used for a practical calculation of the contribution of the urinary loss to the total elimination rate of galactose during the interval in which the latter remains essentially constant. The experiments indicate a low renal threshold for galactose, but no evidence for a reabsorption Tm was found within the range of plasma concentrations studied (up to 3,000 mg/l). The renal clearance of galactose was significantly decreased in patients with cirrhosis. The implications of these findings for the calculation of the maximal hepatic galactose elimination rate from the plasma concentration curve following a single injection are examined in an appendix.