bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-prescribing among young Norwegian doctors: a nine-year follow-up study of a nationwide sample
Authors: Hem Erlend , Stokke Guro , Tyssen Reidar , Grønvold Nina T , Vaglum Per , Ekeberg Øivind 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Self-prescribing among doctors is common, but no longitudinal studies have documented this issue. We studied the self-prescribing behaviour among young Norwegian physicians and the predictors of self-prescribing.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide, prospective and longitudinal study following young Norwegian physicians from internship through the subsequent nine years using three postal questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were applied.

Results
About 54% of the physicians in their fourth and ninth postgraduate years had self-prescribed medication at least once during the previous year. Among those who had used prescription medication during the previous year, about 90% had self-prescribed. Self-prescribing behaviour did not differ significantly between men and women, or according to the type of work at any time. The most frequently self-prescribed medications were antibiotics (71%–81%), contraceptives (24%–25%), analgesics (18%–21%), and hypnotics (9%–12%). Those who had needed treatment for mental problems had self-prescribed hypnotics and sedatives to a greater extent than the others. Being male, having self-prescribed during internship, somatic complaints, mental distress, subjective health complaints, and not having sought help from a general practitioner, were significant adjusted predictors of self-prescribing in the ninth postgraduate year.

Conclusion
The level of self-prescribing among young Norwegian physicians is relatively high, and this behaviour is established early in their professional lives. Although self-prescribing is acceptable in some situations, physicians should seek professional help for illness. Efforts to inculcate more rational help-seeking behaviour should probably start in medical schools.
Women's autonomy, education and contraception use in Pakistan: a national study
Authors: Saleem Shabana , Bobak Martin 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundIt has been proposed that the autonomy of women is one of the mechanisms of how education influences contraceptive use in developing countries. We tested this hypothesis in a national sample of women in Pakistan.MethodsWe used the 2000 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey, which interviewed a national sample of ever married women aged 15–49 years (n = 6579). Women's decision autonomy was estimated from 9 questions on who makes decisions at home; movement autonomy was based on 6 questions on whether women need permission to visit places outside home. A number of socio-demographic variables were used in multivariate analysis to investigate the independent association between autonomy and lifetime and current contraception use and to assess the extent to which autonomy mediates the association between education and contraception use.ResultsDecision autonomy was significantly associated with both lifetime and current contraception use; after controlling for covariates, the odds ratios for the highest vs. the lowest quintile were 1.8 (1.4–2.4) and 2.0 (1.4–2.8), respectively. Movement autonomy was not consistently associated with contraceptive use. Contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education but this relation was not mediated by women's autonomy.ConclusionWomen's decision autonomy is significantly associated with contraceptive use but it does not appear to mediate the link between woman's education and contraception.
An online survey of chiropractors' opinions of continuing education
Authors: Stuber Kent J , Grod Jaroslaw P , Smith Dean L , Powers Paul 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background

Continuing Education (CE) for chiropractors is mandatory for licensure in most North American jurisdictions. Numerous chiropractic colleges have begun collaborating with universities to offer master's degree programs. Distance education master's degree programs may be desirable to allow full-time practicing doctors to further their post-graduate education. The present survey sought to answer three questions. First, what is the level of satisfaction of chiropractors with their continuing education? Second, what is the level of interest of chiropractors in online master's degree programs? Lastly, what is the response rate of chiropractors to an online survey?

Methods

An online survey consisting of 22 multiple choice questions was e-mailed to 1000 chiropractors randomly selected from the mailing list of an online chiropractic newsletter. Upon completion of the questionnaire, participants' answers were saved on a secure site. Data analysis included evaluation of the demographic characteristics of the respondents, their opinions of and patterns of taking CE including online education, preferred learning formats, and their interest in proposed online master's degree programs. A survey response rate was determined.

Results

Nearly 86% of respondents felt their previously completed CE courses were either somewhat or extremely satisfactory. Over ninety percent of respondents who had completed online or distance CE coursesfound them to be somewhat or extremelysatisfactory. Almost half the respondents indicated that they most preferred online distance learning, while 34.08% most preferred face-to-face interaction. Fifty-three percent of respondents indicated an interest in starting a master's degree program; however 70.46% of respondents were interested in an online master's degree program that would offer CE credit. A response rate of 35.8% was obtained.

Conclusion

Satisfaction among chiropractors with CE programs is high. The notion of completing a part-time online master's degree (or online combined with face-to-face interaction) appears to be popular among respondents, with a M.Sc. in Chiropractic Sciences being the most popular of those mentioned. Online surveys are a viable method of obtaining opinion in a cost and time efficient manner; there are some sources of bias involved in this type of research, and numerous steps need to be taken to obtain a suitable response rate.
Mutation analysis of FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 and SFN in familial breast cancer
Authors: Lewis Aaron G , Flanagan James , Marsh Anna , Pupo Gulietta M , Mann Graham , Spurdle Amanda B , Lindeman Geoffrey J , Visvader Jane E , Brown Melissa A , Chenevix-Trench Georgia ,   the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Mutations in known predisposition genes account for only about a third of all multiple-case breast cancer families. We hypothesized that germline mutations in FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 and SFN may account for some of the unexplained multiple-case breast cancer families.

Methods
The families used in this study were ascertained through the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab). Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis of the coding regions of these four genes was conducted in the youngest affected cases of 30 to 267 non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families. In addition, a further 399 index cases were also screened for mutations in two functionally significant regions of the FANCD2 gene and 253 index cases were screened for two previously reported mutations in BACH1 (p. P47A and p. M299I).

Results
DHPLC analysis of FANCD2 identified six silent exonic variants, and a large number of intronic variants, which tagged two common haplotypes. One protein truncating variant was found in BRIP1/BACH1, as well as four missense variants, a silent change and a variant in the 3' untranslated region. No missense or splice site mutations were found in LMO4 or SFN. Analysis of the missense, silent and frameshift variants of FANCD2 and BACH1 in relatives of the index cases, and in a panel of controls, found no evidence suggestive of pathogenicity.

Conclusion
There is no evidence that highly penetrant exonic or splice site mutations in FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 or SFN contribute to familial breast cancer. Large scale association studies will be necessary to determine whether any of the polymorphisms or haplotypes identified in these genes contributes to breast cancer risk.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER STRESSED TRITICUM SPECIES
Authors: Kiss Z. , Kovcás S. , Nyakas A. 
Published: October 2005

The purpose of the experiment was to observe the influence of previous, repeated water stress cycles on the response of Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum spelta L. to a subsequent, challenge water stress. The plants were grown in pots, in a growth chamber. Treated plants underwent two water stress cycles, while control plants were kept well watered. In the subsequent challenge water stress cycle both control and treated plants experienced water deficiency. The growth of treated Triticum monococcum plants was 32.9% higher than the growth of control plants in the challenge water stress cycle. There was no difference between the growth of treated and control Triticum spelta plants in the challenge water stress cycle. The leaf-blade/leaf-sheath ratio decreased in the case of both Triticum species as the number of water stress cycles increased. In the case of Triticum monococcum, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was significantly higher (18.7%) in treated plants than in control plants. In the case of Triticum spelta, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was also higher (5.2%) in treated plants than in control plants.
COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN WHEAT OVER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES
Authors: Farshadfar E. , Farshadfar M. , Sutka J. 
Published: October 2005

To study the properties of some drought tolerance criteria and agronomic characters in wheat, an eight-parental diallel cross, excluding reciprocals, was grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under two different water regimes (irrigated and rainfed) for two years in the College of Agriculture at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for harvest index, grain yield, and earliness. Additive gene action was found to be predominant for grain yield, harvest index, relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results of combining ability analysis revealed that Plainsman was the best general combiner and Plainsman × Kobomugi was the best specific combination for improving drought tolerance. The pooled analysis of variance for combining ability over rainfed conditions reflected that the GCA × environment interaction was not significant for harvest index and chlorophyll fluorescence, and the SCA × environment interaction was non-significant for relative water content and relative water loss, indicating that genes controlling osmoregulation and the other physiological traits mentioned are not affected in these varieties by different rainfed conditions and hence show static stability.
Könyvszemle
Authors: Benczei József , Vekerdi József , Kopeczky Rita , Borzsák István 
Published: October 2005

Új latin nyelvkönyv a hazai jogászképzésben (Bánóczi Rozália-Rihmer Zoltán: Latin nyelvkönyv joghallgatók számára. Kezdôknek, Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest 2000. XIV + 222 oldal, 2 lapnyi kivágható táblázat. Bánóczi Rozália-Rihmer Zoltán: Latin nyelvkönyv az állam- és jogtudományi karok hallgatói számára. Egyetemi jegyzet, ELTE ÁJK, Budapest 1999, XII + 202 oldal, 2 lapnyi kivágható táblázat.); Szepes Erika: Anakreon-variációk: Vágyott életminőség avagy sorsközösség? Gondolatok Géher István: Anakreóni dalok címû kötete kapcsán. Bp. 2002. Orpheusz könyvek, 158 lap.; Birkhan, Helmut: Kelten. Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung IhrerKultur. Wien 1997; Baynham, Elizabeth: Alexander the Great. The Unique History of Quintus Curtius. Ann Arbor 1998, XIV + 237 lap.; Schroder, W. A.: Der Altertumswissenschaftler Eduard Norden (1868-1941). Hildesheim-Zürich-New York 2001, 214 lap
Interpretations, Aspects and Levels, Decisive Factors and Measuring Methods of Competitiveness
Authors: Szentes Tamás 
Published: October 2005

The study deals with the interpretation, notion, and measurement of competitiveness, as well as with certain theoretical and practical approaches related to it. It sets out from the competitiveness of products and services, then analyses the competitiveness of corporations, finally considering certain aspects of the competitiveness of national economies. The study approaches its topic critically, presenting the confusion and misinterpretations of competitiveness concepts through the thorough analysis of numerous works. It especially criticises the theoretical principles and composition methods of competitiveness rankings very wide-spread in international practice, with special emphasis on the indices of the World Economic Forum and the Human Development Index of the UNDP. This paper is an attempt to a multidisciplinary and many-sided approach to the interpretation and measurement of competitiveness.
On an integro-differential trans- form on the sphere
Authors: Makai Endre , Martini H. , Odor T. 
Published: October 2005

In a recent paper the authors have proved that a convex body K R d, d = 2, containing the origin O in its interior, is symmetric with respect to O if and only if V d - 1 (K \ H0) = V d - 1 (K \ H) for all hyperplanes H;H0 such that H and H0 are parallel and H0 3 O (V d - 1 is (d - 1){measure). For the proof the authors have employed a new type of integro-differential transform that lets to correspond to a suficiently nice function f on S d - 1 the function R (1) f, where(R (1) f)(.)= R S d - 1 \ . ? (f=)d {with. 2 S d - 1 as pole and as geographic latitude {and have determined the null-space of the operator R (1) . In this paper we extend the definition to any integer m = 1, defining (R (m) f)(.) analogously as for m=1, but using m f= m rather than f= . (Thecasem=0 is the spherical Radon transformation (Funk transformation).) We investigate the null-space of the operator R (m) : up to a summand of finite dimension, it consists of the even (odd) functions in the domain of the operator, for m odd (even). For the proof we use spherical harmonics.
Retrospective Evaluation of Craniofacial Growth of Japanese Children with Isolated Cleft Palate: From Palatoplasty to Adolescence
Authors: Fujita Sayaka , Suzuki Akira , Nakamura Norifumi , Sasaguri Masaaki , Kubota Yasutaka , Ohishi Masamichi 
Published: October 2005

Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze the craniofacial growth in women with an isolated cleft palate, to compare their matured craniofacial form with that of women with normal occlusion, and to survey the factors that influenced the matured craniofacial morphology of the adults with cleft palate during their growth process. Materials and Methods Eighteen women with nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate were chosen from patients who received a palatoplasty at the Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Their lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken longitudinally from palatoplasty to adolescence. Fifty women with normal occlusion were chosen as controls. From their lateral cephalographs, linear and angular variables were calculated using the x,y coordinates of 20 skeletal landmarks. Results Maxillary length was shorter and the nasomaxillary complex was positioned more posteriorly in relation to the anterior cranial base of the adults with isolated cleft palate, compared with the controls. The mandible was shorter and was rotated inferiorly and posteriorly. However, remarkable deviation from the average craniofacial growth pattern was not recognized from palatoplasty to adolescence. The factors that influenced the craniofacial growth in the subjects with cleft palate were the forward growth of the A point from 2 to 5 years of age, the downward growth of the Ba point, the anterior upper facial height N-Ans in puberty, and the vertical position of the point Ba at the time of palatoplasty. Conclusion This study provided evidence of the growth tendency and the factors influencing the intermaxillary relationship in subjects with isolated cleft palate. These are significant for orthodontic treatment planning.
Maternal Drug Use, Fertility Problems, and Infant Craniostenosis
Authors: Källén Bengt , Robert-Gnansia Elisabeth 
Published: October 2005

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that maternal drug use or treatment for infertility is related to the occurrence of infant craniostenosis.Design and MaterialMaternal drug use and infertility treatment were studied in 398 cases of craniostenosis, identified from various Swedish health registers. Exposure information was ascertained in early pregnancy, and comparisons after adjustment for some confounders were made with all infants born. In order to validate some findings, data from the Central-East France Registry were studied for first trimester drug exposure in 235 infants, and use of ovarian stimulation in 315 infants with craniostenosis.ResultsA statistically significant association between maternal use of anticonvulsants and infant craniostenosis was found (risk ratio [Swedish data], 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 7.94). With the Swedish data, an association was found with three nitrosatable drugs (risk ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 7.94), previously associated with the occurrence of craniostenosis, but this was based on only five exposures, and no such exposure occurred in the French data set. No association with subfertility (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.86) or infertility treatment (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.87) was found in the Swedish data and no statistically significant increase in the use of ovulation stimulation in the French data.ConclusionsA strong association was found between the maternal use of anticonvulsants and infant craniostenosis, and a tentative association was found with the use of nitrofurantoin and two other nitrosatable drugs. There was no association with maternal subfertility or infertility treatment.
Population-Based Study on the Practice of Breastfeeding in Children Born with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Garcez Letícia W. , Giugliani Elsa R. J. 
Published: October 2005

Objective To investigate the practice of breastfeeding and related difficulties in children born in Porto Alegre, Brazil, with cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate. Design Cohort, observational, and population-based study. Population and Sample Mothers of all children born in 2001 and 2002 with cleft lip and palate in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil (n = 31), were interviewed in their homes. From the information collected, the frequencies of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in the first year of life were estimated and the median duration was computed according to the type of cleft. A descriptive analysis was used to study the difficulties. Main Indicators Initiation rate, pattern, duration, and difficulties of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. Results The initiation rate of breastfeeding was 100% and its median duration was 42.5 days. Exclusive breastfeeding was initiated by 67.7% of the sample and maintained for 15 days (median). The breastfeeding duration was significantly higher in the presence of cleft lip, being equal or even superior to (in the case of exclusive breastfeeding) the median of Porto Alegre's general population. The most frequently mentioned difficulties were weak suction, difficulty attaching to the breast, and breast milk escaping through the nostrils. Conclusions In spite of the diverse difficulties reported and the lack of professional support after discharge from the maternity wards, the initiation rate and the duration of breastfeeding of children with cleft lip and palate found in this study reinforce the theory that this malformation, especially cleft lip, is compatible with successful breastfeeding.
Symmetry of the Nose after Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding in Infants with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Pai Betty Chien-Jung , Ko Ellen Wen-Ching , Huang Chiung-Shing , Liou Eric Jen-Wein 
Published: October 2005

Objective To assess nostril symmetry and alveolar cleft width in infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate following presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM). Sample and Methods Fifty-seven newborn patients underwent presurgical nasoalveolar molding. Magnified basal view facial photos were taken at four different times: initial visit (T1), before cheiloplasty (T2), 1 month after cheiloplasty (T3), and 1 year of age (T4). Direct measurements from the photos included: (1) nostril width on the affected and nonaffected side; (2) nostril height on the affected and nonaffected side; (3) columella—nasal base angle; and (4) width of the alveolar cleft. Nostril width and height data were used to calculate a ratio of affected to nonaffected side. Results Effects of nasal symmetry after presurgical nasoalveolar molding were compared between the affected and nonaffected side. The nostril width ratio was 1.7, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.2 for T1 to T4. The nostril height ratio was 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, and 0.9 for T1 to T4. The angle of the columella was 53.3°, 69.9°, 91.2°, and 86.9° for T1 to T4. The average alveolar cleft width was 8.2 mm at T1 and closed down to 2.4 mm before cheiloplasty (T2) in cases with complete cleft. Conclusions Infants with presurgical nasoalveolar molding improved symmetry of the nose in width, height, and columella angle, as compared to their presurgical status. There was some relapse of nostril shape in width (10%), height (20%), and angle of columella (4.7%) at 1 year of age.
Extraoral Nasal Molding in a Newborn with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Case Report
Authors: Doruk Cenk , Kiliç Banu 
Published: October 2005

Objective The purpose of this case report is to introduce an extraoral nasal molding appliance (ENMA) and treatment approach for presurgical nasoalveolar molding in newborns with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Methods A 15-day-old girl presented with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A circumferential headband supported the actual nasoalveolar molding device, which consisted of a nasal stent made from a 0.8-mm stainless steel helical spring. The spring was activated at 2-week intervals. Discussion The shape of the cartilaginous septum, alar cartilage tip, medial and lateral crus and alveolar segments were molded to resemble the normal shape of these structures. ENMA can be helpful in any patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate because it is easy to fabricate, practical to activate, and comfortable to wear and use.