bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress in the testis of hyperglycemic rabbits treated with repaglinide
Authors: Gumieniczek Anna , Hopkała Hanna , Pruchniak Marcin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the present study, the induction of oxidative stress was examined in the testis of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. In addition, the protective effect of repaglinide, an oral anti-diabetic, at a dose of 1 mg daily was studied after four and eight weeks of the treatment. For these purposes, the levels of superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and protein carbonyl groups (PCG) were quantified. Hyperglycemia resulted in significant increases in the antioxidative enzymes, Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSSG-R after four and eight weeks, respectively. There was also an increase in GSH level, and a decrease in the level of AA. These effects were accompanied by an elevation in testicular LPO levels and PCG levels. Repaglinide was found to normalize the activity of GSSG-R and levels of GSH and AA, and blunted the increased lipid peroxidation, however no decrease in PCG levels were observed. In conclusion, some oxidative changes provoked in the testis of rabbits by hyperglycemia, were found to be reduced with repaglinide treatment at therapeutic dose.
Inside Front Cover: Plasma‐Assisted Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystal Inks (Adv. Mater. 18/2007)
Authors: Mangolini L. , Kortshagen U. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe inside cover shows a photo and a schematic of a two‐step nonthermal plasma process used to produced silicon nanocrystal inks, that is, stable colloidal solutions of silicon nanocrystals. In the first (upper) plasma, nanocrystals are formed through plasma‐induced dissociation of silane molecules, leading to nanocrystal nucleation through chemical clustering. In the second (lower) plasma step, organic ligands are attached in‐flight to the silicon nanocrystal surfaces. The collected powder of surface functionalized silicon nanocrystals readily forms stable colloidal solutions in nonpolar solvents, report Lorenzo Mangolini and Uwe Kortshagen on p. 2513.
Growing the Mandible: Role of the Periosteum and its Cells
Authors: Ochareon Pannee , Herring Susan W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMandibular periosteum moves in the direction of new apposition. This displacement, usually termed “migration,” is thought to involve the fibrous layer of periosteum, with the deeper osteogenic layer remaining at its original location except for its blood vessels. To assess whether periosteal displacement includes cells as well as matrix and whether the osteogenic layer has a role, a longitudinal study was undertaken. Young pigs (n = 10) were injected with a replication marker and killed 3 hr, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks later. Sections of the mandibular ramus were scored for labeled cell density. Some sections were double‐labeled with lectin to identify blood vessels. Statistical differences were seen between but not within age groups. Three hours after labeling, the fibroblastic layer had sparse, evenly distributed replicating cells, whereas the osteogenic layer had numerous replicating cells, especially at the caudal border. At 2 and 4 weeks later, a decrease in labeled osteogenic layer cells was accompanied by an increase in labeled osteocytes. Zones of labeled osteocytes in these late‐sacrifice groups were used to approximate the position of the ramal borders at the time of injection. Beyond these zones, in active growing sites, labeled cells were found not only in the fibrous layer but also in the osteogenic layer and in bone. Therefore, periosteal displacement does involve cells and is not restricted to the fibrous layer. Anat Rec 290:1366‐1376, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of the Epithelium During Canalization of the Rat Ventral Prostate
Authors: Bruni‐Cardoso Alexandre , Carvalho Hernandes F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOutgrowth and branching of solid cords are the initial events in postnatal prostatic morphogenesis. These processes involve cell proliferation and their projection into the stroma and precede epithelial canalization. The purpose of the present study was to examine the dynamics of the prostate epithelium during canalization of the rat ventral prostate in the first week of postnatal development using histological, stereological, and ultrastructural analyses. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase [TdT]‐mediated deoxy‐UTP nick end labeling assay was used to investigate the occurrence of DNA fragmentation. Our results demonstrate that canalization of the prostate epithelium starts as early as on day 1 (24 hr after birth) and progresses thereafter. By the end of the first week (day 6), luminal volume density reached ∼3% (P < 0.05) of the organ. Canalization was the result of epithelial cell differentiation and apoptosis. The former involved organization of the epithelial cells into a single layer sitting on the basement membrane, polarization, enlargement of secretory organelles and accumulation of secretory vesicles, microvilli formation, and establishment of the adult pattern of cell junctions. The latter was observed to occur mostly to epithelial cells not in contact with the basement membrane. Structures of variable electron density were observed in the developing lumen. In conclusion, different phenomena seem to be involved in the canalization of the rat ventral prostate. However, it was evident from the present results that complex epithelial cell fate decisions take place during this process. Anat Rec, 290:1223–1232, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicted Tracheobronchial and Pulmonary Deposition in a Murine Asthma Model
Authors: Oldham Michael J. , Robinson Risa J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractParticulate matter dosimetry provides the critical link between exposures and initial doses reaching various sites in the respiratory tract. To extrapolate findings from animal models to humans, quantitative respiratory‐tract anatomical data dosimetry in these animal models is required. The goal of this study was to provide anatomical information for the tracheobronchial and pulmonary region so predictions of particle deposition could be performed for a widely used model of asthma; the sensitized Balb/c mouse. Tracheobronchial airway morphometry of sensitized male Balb/c mice was generated from three in situ prepared lung casts. Distribution of the number of generations to terminal bronchiole for each lung lobe was determined by assigning a unique binary number to each airway. This strategy enabled the median path length to terminal bronchiole to be determined. A total of 25 median length paths to terminal bronchiole were measured (airway length, diameter, and branch angle) in each lung cast. These 25 paths were proportionately distributed among the six lobes based upon the number of median length pathways in each cast. Airway length, diameter, and branch angle were measured for each airway in the 25 median length pathways. Measurements of airway length, diameter, and branch angle for each generation were averaged to create a typical path tracheobronchial anatomy model. A pulmonary airway model was also developed so that particle deposition predictions could be performed for particle diameters of 0.2–10 micrometers. Particle deposition efficiency predictions were consistent with in vivo measured deposition. Anat Rec, 290:1309–1314, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Three‐Dimensional Computer Simulation of Hominid Cranial Mechanics
Authors: Wroe Stephen , Moreno Karen , Clausen Philip , Mchenry Colin , Curnoe Darren 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn vivo data demonstrates that strain is not distributed uniformly on the surface of the primate skull during feeding. However, in vivo studies are unable to identify or track changes in stress and strain throughout the whole structure. Finite element (FE) analysis, a powerful engineering tool long used to predict the performance of man‐made devices, has the capacity to track stress/strain in three dimensions (3‐D) and, despite the time‐consuming nature of model generation, FE has become an increasingly popular analytical device among biomechanists. Here, we apply the finite element method using sophisticated computer models to examine whether 3‐D stress and strain distributions are nonuniform throughout the primate skull, as has been strongly suggested by 2‐D in vivo strain analyses. Our simulations document steep internal stress/strain gradients, using models comprising up to three million tetrahedral finite elements and 3‐D reconstructions of jaw adducting musculature with both cranium and mandible in correct anatomical position. Results are in broad concurrence with the suggestion that few regions of the hominid cranium are clearly optimized for routine feeding and also show that external stress/strain does not necessarily reflect internal distributions. Findings further suggest that the complex heterogeneity of bone in the skull may act to dissipate stress, but that consequently higher strain must be offset by additional strain energy. We hypothesize that, despite energetic costs, this system may lend adaptive advantage through enhancing the organism's ability to modify its behavior before reaching catastrophic failure in bony or dental structures. Anat Rec, 290:1248–1255, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encephalization, Neuronal Excess, and Neuronal Index in Rodents
Authors: Herculano‐Houzel Suzana 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEncephalization, or brain size larger than expected from body size, has long been considered to correlate with improved cognitive abilities across species and even intelligence. However, it is still unknown what characteristics of relatively large brains underlie their improved functions. Here, it is shown that more encephalized rodent species have the number of neurons expected for their brain size, but a larger number of neurons than expected for their body size. The number of neurons in excess relative to body size might be available for improved associative functions and, thus, be responsible for the cognitive advantage observed in more encephalized animals. It is further proposed that, if such neuronal excess does provide for improved cognitive abilities, then the total number of excess neurons in each species—here dubbed the neuronal index—should be a better indicator of cognitive abilities than the encephalization quotient (EQ). Because the neuronal index is a function of both the number of neurons expected from the size of the body and the absolute number of neurons in the brain, differences in this parameter across species that share similar EQs might explain why these often have different cognitive capabilities, particularly when comparing across mammalian orders. Anat Rec, 290:1280–1287, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration to beagle dogs
Authors: Al‐Azzam Sayer I. , Fleckenstein Lawrence , Cheng Kuei‐Ju , Dzimianski Michael T. , McCall John W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study compares plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin and moxidectin after oral administration to beagle dogs experimentally infected with the filarial parasite, Brugia pahangi. Sixteen dogs were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of eight dogs each. Animals in each group received either ivermectin or moxidectin by oral route at a dose of 250 µg/kg. Blood samples were collected from 0.5 h up to 56 days post‐treatment and the plasma was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained data were analysed by compartmental and non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic techniques. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 234.0 ± 64.3 ng/ml (mean ± SD) were obtained for moxidectin and 132.6 ± 43.0 ng/ml for ivermectin. The terminal elimination half‐life was significantly (p<0.01) longer in the moxidectin treated group (621.3 ± 149.3 h) than for ivermectin treated group (80.3 ± 29.8 h). A significantly (p< 0.01) larger Vss/F was obtained for moxidectin (19.21 ± 3.61 l/kg) compared with ivermectin (5.35 ± 1.29 l/kg). The mean estimates of CL/F of moxidectin and ivermectin were 0.0220 ± 0.00381 and 0.0498 ± 0.0179 l/h/kg, respectively. The comparative plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin and moxidectin in dogs is reported for the first time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to azathioprine during pregnancy
Authors: Goldstein Lee Hilary , Dolinsky Galit , Greenberg Revital , Schaefer Christof , Cohen‐Kerem Raanan , Diav‐Citrin Orna. , Malm Heli , Reuvers‐Lodewijks Minke. E. , Rost van Tonningen‐van Driel Margreet M. , Arnon Judith , Ornoy Asher , Clementi Maurizio , Di Gianantonio Elena , Koren Gideon , Braunstein Rony , Berkovitch Matitiahu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND Azathioprine (AZP) interferes with nucleic acid synthesis and is teratogenic in animals. In view of the paucity of information on the use of AZP during pregnancy we investigated this subject in a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Our objective was too determine whether exposure to AZP during pregnancy increases the risk for major malformations and to determine the effect on pregnancy outcome. METHODS Pregnant women on AZP who contacted one of seven teratogen information services were compared to a cohort of pregnant women who contacted two of the seven teratogen information services and took nonteratogenic treatments during their pregnancy. RESULTS Follow‐up was completed on 189 women in the AZP group and compared to 230 women in the control group. The rate of major malformations did not differ between groups with six neonates in each; the AZP rate was 3.5% and the control group rate was 3.0% (p = .775; OR 1.17; CI: 0.37, 3.69). The mean birth weight and gestational age were lower in the AZP group (2,995 g vs. 3,252 g [p = .001, difference of mean: 257, 95% CI: 106.3, 408.1] and 37.8 weeks vs. 39.1 weeks [p = .001, difference of mean: 1.3, 95% CI: .5, 2.0], respectively). The AZP group had more cases of prematurity (21.4% vs. 5.2% [p < .001; OR 4.0; 95% CI: 2.0, 8.06]) and low birth weight (23% vs. 6.0% [p < .001; OR 3.81; 95% CI: 2.0, 7.2]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AZP (50–100 mg/day) does not triple the rate of birth defects; however, it is associated with lower birth weight, gestational age, and prematurity. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Late Open Infarct‐related Artery Hypothesis: Evidence‐based Medicine or Not?
Authors: Brueck Martin , Bandorski Dirk , Kramer Wilfried , Vogt Paul R. , Heidt Martin C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRandomized clinical trials have clearly shown that early reperfusion of coronary arteries is the established treatment of myocardial infarction preserving left ventricular function and reducing mortality. However, late patency of the infarct‐related artery is an independent predictor of survival leading to the late open‐artery hypothesis. This concept implies restoration of antegrade blood flow of the infarct‐related artery in patients with myocardial infarction to improve survival by mechanisms less time‐dependent or even time‐independent. Possible explanations for this benefit include improved left ventricular function and electrical stability by perfusion of hibernating myocardium, accelerated infarct healing and limitation of ventricular remodeling. This review focuses on the evidence of late recanalization of occluded infarct‐related arteries in patients with coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyponatremia and Vasopressin Antagonism in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Kumar Siva , Rubin Sharon , Mather Paul J. , Whellan David J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn a national heart failure registry, hyponatremia (serum sodium < 130 mEq/L) was initially reported in 5% of patients and considered a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. In a chronic heart failure study, serum sodium level on admission predicted an increased length of stay for cardiovascular causes and increased mortality within 60 days of discharge. Hyponatremia in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with a higher mortality rate. Also, by monitoring and increasing serum sodium levels during hospitalization for CHF, patient outcomes may improve. This review describes the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in relation to CHF, including the mechanism of action of vasopressin receptors in the kidney, and assesses the preclinical and clinical trials of vasopressin receptor antagonists—agents recently developed to treat hyponatremia. In hospitalized patients with CHF, hyponatremia plays a major role in poor outcomes. Vasopressin receptor antagonists have been shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials in patients with hyponatremia. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amiodarone for Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery: Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines at a University Hospital
Authors: Khanderia Ujjaini , Wagner Deborah , Walker Paul C. , Woodcock Brian , Prager Richard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) usually develops within the first 72 h following cardiac surgery, and is often self‐limiting. Within 48 h of acute onset of symptoms, approximately 50% of patients spontaneously convert to normal sinus rhythm. Thus, the relative risks and benefits of therapy must be carefully considered. The etiology of AF following cardiac surgery is similar to that in non‐surgical patients except that pericardial inflammation and increased adrenergic tone play an increasingly important role. Further, AF after surgery may be associated with transient risk factors that resolve as the patient moves out from surgery, and the condition is less likely to recur compared to AF arising in other circumstances. Immediate heart rate control is important in preventing ischemia, tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular dilatation.At our institution, amiodarone is frequently used as a first‐line drug for treating AF after cardiac surgery. Inconsistent prescribing practices, variable dosage regimens, and a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate use of amiodarone prompted the need for developing practice guidelines. Multidisciplinary collaboration between the departments of cardiac surgery, pharmacy, and anesthesiology led to the development of a protocol for postoperative AF. We review the clinical evidence from published trials and discuss our guidelines, defining amiodarone use for AF in the cardiac surgery setting. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease: Implications of MATCH and CHARISMA Results for Cardiologists
Authors: Fintel Dan James 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCardiovascular disease is prevalent among patients with stroke; thus, cardiologists frequently treat patients at high risk for stroke. Results from recent clinical trials of antiplatelet medications, given alone or in combination, may be of special interest to cardiologists. The MATCH study demonstrated no significant difference between clopidogrel alone and clopidogrel plus aspirin in reducing risk of vascular events after stroke or transient ischemic attack. A 1.3% increased risk of major bleeding was associated with clopidogrel plus aspirin. In CHARISMA, clopidogrel plus aspirin did not reach statistical significance vs. placebo plus aspirin in reducing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes in patients with stable atherothrombotic disease; clopidogrel was associated with an increase in moderate bleeding. These results suggest that clopidogrel plus aspirin may be inappropriate as first‐line therapy for secondary stroke prevention. In patients with established cardiovascular disease at risk for MI or other vascular events, physicians must weigh the benefits and risks before choosing this therapy. Selection of an antiplatelet agent must be based on patient history, including previous MI and stroke, susceptibility to bleeding, and other high‐risk factors (e.g. advanced age and diabetes). Aspirin plus extended‐release dipyridamole may be more effective than clopidogrel for preventing stroke in high‐risk patients. This article strives to put MATCH and CHARISMA results into context by providing an overview of antiplatelet therapy, including relevant clinical trial results, a review of current practice guidelines, and a summary of an ongoing study that will improve clinical decision making. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unusual Manifestation of Tako‐tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dorfman Todd A. , Iskandrian Ami E. , Aqel Raed 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTakotsubo cardiomyopathy typically presents with chest pain, ST changes, and transient left ventricular apical ballooning in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease. This process is reversible and usually benign. An unusual manifestation is that of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Recognition of this finding is critical in patient management especially in the setting of cardiogenic shock, as inotropes are likely to aggravate and worsen the clinical condition. We provide a systematic review and an illustrative case and discuss treatment strategies. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer
Authors: Miovic Michael , Block Susan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Emotional distress and psychiatric disorders are common among patients with advanced cancer. Oncologists play an important role in screening for these conditions, providing first‐line treatment and referring patients for further evaluation and treatment when indicated.METHODS.The literature on psycho‐oncology was reviewed, focusing on the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of psychiatric disorders (adjustment disorders, major depression, anxiety and post‐traumatic stress, personality disorders, substance abuse, and major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) in patients with advanced cancer. Communication skills and the role of the oncologist in dealing with end‐of‐life issues were also reviewed. Relevant data were summarized from the most recent systematic reviews, epidemiological studies, and intervention trials. Clinical recommendations are provided.RESULTS.About 50% of patients with advanced cancer meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder, the most common being adjustment disorders (11%–35%) and major depression (5%–26%). Both psychosocial and pharmacological treatments are effective for anxiety and depression, although existing studies have methodological limitations. Collaboration with mental health specialists is recommended for patients with personality disorders, major mental illness, and substance abuse problems. Effective communication involves active listening, exploring emotion and meaning, addressing prognosis, and discussing end‐of‐life issues when relevant.CONCLUSIONS.Treating psychiatric conditions improves quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Oncologists play a key role in screening for psychiatric disorders, initiating first‐line treatments for depression and anxiety, and communicating with patients and caregivers about prognosis and end‐of‐life issues. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.