bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indexing consistency and quality
Authors: Zunde Pranas , Dexter Margaret E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of “fuzzy sets.” It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the more important terms than if they agree on less important terms. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed. Experimental data on indexing consistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency, quality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed. The analysis of indexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information as a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of information scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law of vocabulary distribution.
Some independent agreements and resolved disagreements about answer‐providing documents
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEighty‐two documents and 30 questions, in documentation and related areas, were compared to find answer‐providing documents (documents from which answers to questions can be inferred). Two judges (documentation experts) made comparisons independently. They discussed their disagreements, attempting to resolve them. In each case the positive judge (who had independently judged a document answer‐providing) was first asked to indicate what answer he inferred, and from what document passage(s). The further discussion depended on the details of each case. There were 32 independent agreements on positive judgments. There were 48 disagreements between independent judgments, all resolved by discussion. Thirty‐four resolutions were agreements on positive judgments, accomplished by pointing out overlooked passages, unnoticed connections, or alternative meanings. Fourteen resolutions were agreements on negative judgments, accomplished by pointing out document misinterpretations, the challenged positive judge being unable to describe an inference and joint work not finding one, or agreement that both judges lacked sufficient background knowledge. In general, the resolution procedures used will resolve a disagreement about whether a document is answerproviding or reduce it to a familiar kind of scientific disagreement (about a passage's meaning, a statement's correctness, or an inference's correctness). This seems better than treating relevance judgements as subjective and not open to rational discussion.
Charles babbage (1792‐1871)
Authors: Garwig Paul L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCharles Babbage was an English mathematician who devoted most of his life to the design and construction of machines that would perform mathematical operations and produce printed mathematical tables. His first ambition was to build a mechanical calculating machine; his second ambition was to build a mechanical digital computer that could be programmed and used for the same purposes as those of modern electronic digital computers. Although Babbage showed great inventive genius in formulating how these machines were to be built, he only partly succeeded in making his ideas realities. His efforts were thwarted by lack of financial support, zeal on his part to build excessively large machines, far larger than he needed to prove the worth of his ideas, and by inadequate machine tools–he worked decades before machine shop practice could aspire to the kind of precision machinery he needed. As a pioneer in developing the underlying principles of digital computers, he is a major figure in the history of the information sciences. Babbage had many other scientific interests, and, as an indefatigable worker, he made notable contributions to most of the subjects he touched.
Educational resources and curriculum development
Authors: Stone C. Walter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAmong major questions which must be answered before sound information science curricula can be developed are those which call for more precise definitions of the field and for analysis of present and anticipated career ladders. Also needing study and detailed specification are the aptitudes, knowledges, and skills prerequisite for successful pursuit of given career paths. Unfortunately, too many diverse and too few sound answers have been given these questions to date. Unfortunately also, there exists and persists a kind of mythology regarding the learning process which has been transferred to information‐science classes. For example, the view is sometimes put forth: “That the structure imposed upon knowledge by a discipline is the best structure for transmitting that knowledge to students.” Such myths fail to take into account the needs and possibilities for individualizing and improving the quality of the learning process and new modes and methods of instruction which have been shown to produce accelerated gains in relevant knowledge and abilities in a variety of fields of study. It is hoped that those responsible for planning and administration of professional education in the information sciences will take such possibilities into account.
How to win the pentathlon—unifying theories of information science
Authors: Hillman Donald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurriculum development should aim at unifying the separate components in information science rather than standardizing the subject matter. The techniques that were applied to attack systems‐design problems have contributed towards the development of information retrieval theory. Unification of the theoretical activities within a unified framework should be pursued. Terminology reflects theory, so that standardization of terminology would be useful because it contributes toward regulating the theory it expresses.
Information science unlimited? … a position paper
Authors: Klempner Irving M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDiscussions relating to the identification of courses and the development of curricula for the informationscience field cannot yield meaningful results unless the conceptual framework of the field is first delimited and its basic segments defined. Starting with the current ASIS definition of information science, an analysis is made of the rationale of current thinking relevant to the conceptual boundaries and intellectual content of the field. Information science is analyzed to be comprised of the segments of: (1) Conceptualization, (2) Storage/Transmission, and (3) Utilization. Two of the segments are shown to be based on subjective notions, which can be investigated, for the most part, through the employment of statistical and normative survey methodology. One of the segments is shown to be susceptible of the application of more rigorous research methodology capable of yielding empirical proof. Since all three segments form integral parts of the field, they need to be fully represented in the information science curriculum. The technologist as well as the humanist can make significant contributions to the growth and development of the informationscience field.
Foundations of a concept for an education program in information science
Authors: Debons Anthony , Otten Klaus 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation science as a profession has its origin in the convergence of several information‐related sciences and technologies. These sciences and technologies were given impetus by developments during and following World War II. These made explicit the importance for the greater utilization of information technology to data processing and utilization for human decision functions. The need became evident for trained individuals to handle problems incident to greater information production and to develop systems to cope with such production. The program at the University of Dayton is an example of a graduate program to meet this need. The program postulates that there are training requirements at three levels, namely, Information Technologist at the undergraduate level, the Information System Specialist at the masters level, and the Information Scholar or Scientist at the doctoral level. Regardless of the level, the individual so trained should possess four capabilities; first, the ability to analyze problems systematically, second, the ability to communicate with individuals in other disciplines, third, to know the information technology and how to apply it, and fourth, to understand how the human element interacts with information processing and utilizing functions. To meet this requirement students are required to develop a program in four major areas, namely, in basic formalisms (mathematics, logic, scientific methodology, etc.), computed science, engineering (systems design, simulations, etc.) and behavioral science. Students are required to complete three graduate courses (nine hours) in each of the foregoing areas. Based on experience with the administration of such a program, several recommendations regarding courses and the role of students in the program are presented and discussed.
An analysis of information science programs
Authors: Hoyt Ronald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPreliminary analysis of information science curricula and courses of 57 institutions of higher education, emphasizing discussion of their structure and areas of concentration is reported. The objective of the study is to identify, by computer indexing and factor analysis programs, the basic concepts present in existing programs and the trends in their structure. Final results of this study will be published as a sequel to this paper.
Electronic transmission for interlibrary loans
Authors: King Ellis F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA consideration of the economic and technical problems relating to facsimile and other forms of electronic transmission as a substitute for interlibrary loans. The author finds that transmission link capacity is enormous in terms of the present volume of interlibrary loans, that electronic transmission is economically practicable only for high volume and short distances, yet the possibilities of such electronic developments offer intriguing possibilities and many intangible benefits.
Hierarchical definition
Authors: Richmond Phyllis A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA consideration of the relation of hierarchical definition to hierarchical classification, coding for machine literature searching, and alphabetical indexing. The author shows that the exact meaning of a term cannot be expressed without some indication of the context in which it is used. This context can be supplied by classification. Hierarchical definition is one of the essential features of contemporary information retrieval systems based upon the subject analysis of knowledge.
Automation in documentation A mechanised coordinate index system
Authors: Plankeel F. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA description is given of a mechanised and automated coordinate index system which by the substitution of punched tape for term cards and the use of film offers a wide range of new applications.As in the Uniterm System, each document receives a number. Each position in the punched tape or film is numbered successively from a selected starting point and these numbers represent the numbers given to the documents. Each punched tape represents one term and a perforation in this tape reveals that the document, the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation, has this term as one of its characteristics.A film contains at each perforation a greatly reduced image of a reference to the document the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation. Thus, if a punched tape and the film are read synchronously, each reference image with a number corresponding to a perforation in the tape will be automatically reproduced. In this way, then, references to all documents for which a particular term is a characteristic can be obtained.On the other hand, by reading several tapes synchronously it is possible to record fully automatically the numbers belonging to those documents which possess all the terms represented by the tapes.
Mathematical analysis of various superimposed coding methods
Authors: Stiassny Simon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe chain‐spelling and random‐number superimposed coding methods and their variants are described. It is shown that for a given field and a given number of words to be punched therein, the above methods are equivalent as far as the probability of a match being false is concerned. For the above methods the optimum number of punches per word is 0.693 x (field size) ‐ (number of words punched) and does not depend on the vocabulary size. The staggered superimposed coding method is also described and analyzed. Charts giving the probabilities of a match being false for various vocabulary sizes, field sizes, and numbers of words punched are provided. Tables extending these figures to multi‐word inquiries are included.
Indexing of metal and thermit corporation research records on keysort cards
Authors: Moran Marguerite K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe author describes in considerable detail a method using Keysort cards supplemented by other controls for the analysis of research records, note books, reports, technical correspondence, market reports, stabilizer evaluation tests, and shipping records. The file emphasizes halogenated synthetic resins and their stabilization against the deteriorating effects of heat and light.
Key word‐in‐context index for technical literature (kwic index)
Authors: Luhn H. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for currency. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable for disseminating new information. These can be entirely machine‐generated and hence kept up‐to‐date with the current literature. A compatible coding scheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed. In it elements are automatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the coded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible to normal methods of ordering.
Selective dissemination of new scientific information with the aid of electronic processing equipment
Authors: Luhn H. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractImprovement of scientific communication is sought through machine assisted dissemination of new information. A service system is described in which a new document is characterized by a vocabulary or pattern of keywords. This pattern is then compared with the vocabularies or profiles characterizing each of the participants of the service. If a given degree of similarity exists between the two, the affected participants are notified by a card carrying an abstract. The recipient signifies whether the information is in fact relevant or not by returning or not returning a stub provided with the card. His affirmative response, which may include his request for a copy of the document, is reflected on his profile by incorporating the pattern of the accepted item. Profiles are kept current by discarding patterns after they have reached a certain age. The feedback includes notification of authors as to the reception of their work. The service also facilitates participants' referral of information to others and generally endeavors to promote interchange of information by personal contact.
A comparative study of three systems of information retrieval: A summary
Authors: Stevens Norman D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree approaches to the problems of information retrieval were examined to determine factors affecting conditions of use. Input costs and cost per usage were much higher for the mechanized approaches than for conventional library techniques. The mechanized system was, for certain types of questions, more efficient than the library reference approach in producing answers. The difference was not great enough to offset the higher basic costs; and a punched card‐handbook system of the type examined is not, therefore, recommended. Conditions under which such a system might be feasible, and what such a system should provide if used, are given. The major recommendation, however, points out the need to find ways in which library catalogs can be strengthened to provide a more efficient level of indexing and more ready access to concealed data.
Applications of machines to library techniques: Periodicals
Authors: McCann Anne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThroughout the years librarians have constantly searched for ways of accomplishing their objectives more simply—more directly—more quickly. New and more efficient equipment has frequently been their ally in the race against time and the ever‐mounting quantity of publication. Witness, for instance, the recent revolution in copying methods, which has brought quick‐copy equipment into even the smallest libraries to assure more effective use of resources. Of late a different kind of equipment has been responsible for some profound thinking on the part of librarians. I refer to the machinery which is the central feature of an entire complex of activities known as mechanized data processing. For some time we have wondered if our library operations, which usually involve multitudinous records of repetitious transactions, cannot be speeded and their cost lowered by machine data processing. The question is—how, and which operations? Today's discussion has been undertaken in order to explore the various ways in which punched cards are being used at present in library processing operations. Your speakers today will review library operations which are familiar to all of you and show how these operations have been converted step‐wise into machine operations.
Methods of organizing information for storage and searching
Authors: Herner Saul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe following five factors are either going to have, or already have had, a basic effect on how information is organized for retrospective search: Uniterm indexing, keyword or KWIC indexing, the work of Stevens, Schultz, Stiles and Luhn in bridging the gap between the indexer and searcher, character‐recognition devices, and the Multiple Instantaneous Responses File or MIRF.
Retrieval of information from medical records
Authors: Kincaid William H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLast year approximately thirty million patients were discharged from hospitals in the United States. Each left behind a medical record to be added to the more than half a billion records of hospitalizations already in the files of American hospitals. These records contain a vast amount of medical information of wide variety and an important reason for their retention is medical research.The Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, through its major program, the Professional Activity Study, has been studying for the past nine years the problem of retrieval of information from these records for use in research. Through a system of voluntary participation on the part of hospitals the Commission has already established a library of more than five million abstracts of medical records and this research pool is growing at the rate of more than 1.8 million abstracts per year.Through research studies using this storehouse of data much has been learned about the variations in medical practice both among hospitals and among physicians in the same hospital. Examples of research studies (average hemoglobin values and over‐all transfusion rates) demonstrate the potential usefulness of this approach. Perhaps someday electronic machines, by using to a full extent this vast amount of information, will be able to detect and report automatically even subtle changes in medical practice.
An abstract service for specific research areas of high current interest: A preliminary report
Authors: Most S. , Kessler S. Sim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to provide a rapid, comprehensive survey of specific research areas of high current interest, but of highly diversified literature, an abstract service was organized in August, 1958. Cancer Immunology Abstracts was the first of five publications; best known is Cancer Chemotherapy Abstracts; newest is Psychopharmacology Abstracts. Abstracts are prepared by a staff with bio‐medical graduate degrees who become familiar with and proficient in the areas of survey; papers are re‐read and checked by a second abstracter, then checked again by the editor. The emphasis is on selective and accurate abstraction from the viewpoint of the particular publication, with drug and data standardization. Scanning procedures included survey of 4700 biological and medical journals, with page‐by‐page analysis of a large number; abstracts, meetings and book reviews are included. Abstract journals and patent sources are covered for material not generally available; arrangements are made for direct receipt of these, since all abstracting is done from original sources.Advantages to the reader are greater coverage, specific topic extraction, and speed. Among the analyses to be presented will be comparisons with other documentation sources as to: (1) number of references selected for specific therapeutic agents; (2) time interval between appearance of a meeting abstract and the full report; (3) number of subject entries per abstract; (4) percentage of references chosen from selective reference lists; and (5) time interval between publication of an article and appearance of its abstract.Thorough coverage in depth of specific fields versus wide topic spread will be discussed.
Semantic information
Authors: Maloney Clifford J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEfforts to devise a calculus adequate as a foundation for information retrieval have taken a number of forms. Semantic and signal information theory have in common the mathematical model consisting of an n‐dimensional Euclidean space. In semantic information theory, however, probability plays no part. What is of interest are those codes in which the transformed space is isomorphic to the original space under transformation and which preserve a “match” relation. Code transformations are applied separately to each document and query vector in the system, and those documents which match a given query vector before the transformation must do so afterwards. Query vectors are distinguished from document vectors by the inclusion of one or more “joker” symbols which match all codes in the given vector position.A major distinction between the communication and information retrieval context is shown in that, contrary to the former, shortened codes are only achieved at the cost of information in the latter.
A plan to reduce costs of technical library operations in the department of defense
Authors: Langenbeck Earl H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnnecessary expenditures exist in the duplication of cataloging technical reports by the technical libraries of the Department of Defense. This duplication can be eliminated by requiring each activity originating reports to do the complete cataloging. Cataloging information should be provided to all recipients of reports by making it an integral part of the reports. This plan requires the establishment of DOD‐wide standards for descriptive, subject, and subject code cataloging, and the creation of a standard code and dictionary for machine retrieval of technical information. The plan presents the framework for the elimination of the present duplication and indicates the potential savings to be realized.
Indexing and abstracting by association
Authors: Doyle Lauren B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the possibility of exploiting the statistics of word co‐occurrence in text for purposes of document retrieval. Co‐occurrence is defined and related to the mental processes of authors and readers; several means of quantitative measurement of word co‐occurrence are then scrutinized. It is shown that the most strongly co‐occurring word pairs, which are therefore “associated” in a statistical sense, can be represented in the form of an “association map.” The last half of the article presents two modes of use of association maps in literature searching.