bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Dimensions of Socioeconomic Position and Obesity among Employees: The Helsinki Health Study
Authors: Laaksonen Mikko , Sarlio‐Lähteenkorva Sirpa , Lahelma Eero 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine socioeconomic differences in obesity using several different socioeconomic indicators, ranging from childhood socioeconomic environment and adult socioeconomic status to material resources and economic satisfaction.Research Methods and Procedures: The data derived from the Helsinki Health Study baseline surveys in 2000 and 2001. Respondents to postal surveys were middle‐aged employees of the City of Helsinki (4, 975 women and 1, 252 men, response rate 68%). Associations between eight socioeconomic indicators and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), calculated from self‐reported data, were examined by fitting a series of logistic regression models.Results: In women, all socioeconomic indicators except household income and economic satisfaction were associated with obesity. Parental education and childhood economic difficulties, i.e., socioeconomic conditions in childhood, remained associated with obesity after adjusting for all indicators of current socioeconomic position. Indicators of adult socioeconomic status, own education and occupational class, were no longer associated with obesity when childhood socioeconomic conditions were adjusted for. Home ownership and economic difficulties were associated with obesity after full adjustments. In men, the findings paralleled those among women, but few associations reached statistical significance.Discussion: Obesity was associated with several dimensions of socioeconomic position. Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with obesity independently of the various indicators of current socioeconomic position. Associations between obesity and both educational level and occupational class disappeared after adjustment for other indicators of socioeconomic position. This suggests that the variation observed in the prevalence of obesity by these key socioeconomic indicators may reflect differences in the related material resources.
Ability of the Actiwatch Accelerometer to Predict Free‐Living Energy Expenditure in Young Children
Authors: Lopez‐Alarcon Mardya , Merrifield Jaime , Fields David A. , Hilario‐Hailey Tena , Franklin Frank A. , Shewchuk Richard M. , Oster Robert A. , Gower Barbara A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch monitor are associated with total expenditure and body composition in young children.Research Methods and Procedures: Actiwatch activity monitors were tested in 29 children 4 to 6 years old under field conditions over eight days. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed with the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. Correlation analyses were used to identify variables related to energy expenditure and percentage body fat. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the variance in TEE and percentage body fat explained by activity counts after adjusting for relevant covariates.Results: Both average total daily activity counts (658, 816 ± 201, 657) and the pattern of activity were highly variable among subjects. TEE was significantly related to lean body mass (r = 0.45) and age (r = 0.48; p < 0.05 for both). Activity counts alone were not associated with TEE. In multiple linear regression analyses, TEE was independently associated with only lean body mass. Percentage fat mass was independently associated with body weight, being a girl, and being white, but not with average total activity counts.Discussion: Activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch under free‐living conditions do not reflect TEE in 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children and are not correlated with percentage fat mass. Therefore, average total activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch may be of limited value in identifying children at risk for becoming obese.
Overweight, Obesity, and Binge Eating in a Non‐clinical Sample of Five Brazilian Cities
Authors: Siqueira Kamile S. , Appolinario Jose C. , Sichieri Rosely 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between obesity/overweight and binge eating episodes (BEEs) in a large nonclinical population.Research Methods and Procedures: Consumers at shopping centers in five Brazilian cities (N = 2858) who participated in an overweight prevention program were interviewed and had weight and height measured to calculate BMI.Results: Prevalence of overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) was 46.6% for men and 36.6% for women. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was about two‐thirds of the prevalence of overweight. BEEs (subjects who binged one or more times per week over the last 3 months) in normal‐weight individuals was 1.4% for men and 3.9% for women, whereas in overweight/obese, these prevalences were 6.5% and 5.5%, respectively (p < 0.01). After adjustment for age, socioeconomic variables, and childhood obesity, those who reported BEEs had an odds ratio of being overweight/obese of 3.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.11 to 9.85) for men and 1.73 (95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 2.84) for women.Discussion: These findings indicate a strong association between episodes of binge eating and overweight/obesity, mainly among men.
The Intra‐ and Inter‐instrument Reliability of DXA Based on Ex Vivo Soft Tissue Measurements
Authors: Guo Yan , Franks Paul W. , Brookshire Thomas , Tataranni P. Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Comparison of ex‐vivo soft tissue measurements using the GE/Lunar pencil (DPX‐L; GE/Lunar Co., Madison, WI) and fan beam (Prodigy dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometers (DXA) GE/Lunar Co.).Research Methods and Procedures: Intra‐instrument reliability was assessed by repeatedly scanning soft tissue phantoms for lean tissue (water) and fat tissue (methanol) using one DPX‐L and two identical Prodigy DXAs at fast, medium, and slow scan modes. For each machine, 10 scans of each phantom were performed at each scan speed. The number of scans per instrument totaled 60. Data were analyzed using ANOVA to ascertain whether scan speed affected the intra‐instrument reliability and to test whether soft tissue measurements differed among instruments. Percentage fat (phantom density) was the outcome variable.Results: Intra‐instrument reliability, expressed as coefficient of variation, ranged between 0.7% and 5.2% for the DPX‐L and 0.4% and 4.5% for the Prodigy, with the lowest coefficients of variation observed when scanning the fat tissue phantom. Scan speed also affected the intra‐instrument reliability (p < 0.01). Furthermore, differences in the measurement of percentage body fat for both the lean and fat tissue phantoms were observed among all three absorptiometers (all p < 0.01). After adjusting for scan speed, differences persisted for all three instruments.Discussion: Intra‐ and inter‐instrument reliability of DXA machines, even those from the same manufacturer, remains unpredictable. Thus, when measuring body composition using DXA, it is important to consider that even in the absence of measurement bias, the use of different DXA machines, particularly when using a variety of speed settings, will increase the residual error around the true value.
Visceral Fat Accumulation as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Von Hafe Pedro , Pina Francisco , Pérez Ana , Tavares Margarida , Barros Henrique 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: No clear association between obesity or body fat distribution and prostate cancer has been shown. We investigated the relation between visceral fat accumulation as measured by computed tomography (CT) and the occurrence of prostate cancer.Research Methods and Procedures: We compared body fat distribution assessed by a direct method (CT) in 63 prostate cancer cases with 63 age‐matched healthy community controls. A CT scan at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra was performed in all participants.Results: Patients presented a significantly higher mean total abdominal fat area (509.2 ± 226.1 vs. 334.3 ± 132.9 cm2,p< 0.001), mostly because of a higher mean visceral fat area (VF; 324.7 ± 145.6 vs. 177.4 ± 88.4 cm2,p< 0.001) and a significantly higher mean ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (V/S ratio; 1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4,p< 0.001). A significantly higher risk of prostate cancer was found for participants with higher VF (odds ratio = 4.6; 95% confidence interval = 2.6 to 8.2 per SD increase) and V/S ratio (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.3 to 11.0 per SD increase).Discussion: These results suggest a role for visceral obesity, quantified by CT, as a risk factor for prostate cancer. The action of the adipocytokines secreted by visceral fat cells, steroid hormone disturbances, and increased levels of insulin or other hormones noted in visceral obesity may explain this association.
Regulation of Peptide YY Levels by Age, Hormonal, and Nutritional Status
Authors: Tovar Sulay A. , Seoane Luisa M. , Caminos Jorge E. , Nogueiras Rubén , Casanueva Felipe F. , Diéguez Carlos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Peptide YY (PYY) 3‐36 has recently been recognized as an important gut hormone that influences food intake. Peripheral injections of PYY 3‐36 in rats inhibit food intake in experimental animals as well as in lean and obese human subjects. This hormone has been suggested as an attractive therapeutic option for obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of age, sex, thyroid status, growth hormone (GH), pregnancy, and food restriction on PYY levels in rat.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined plasma PYY levels in all experimental sets.Results: PYY levels were influenced by age, with the highest hormone levels achieved in early postnatal life (day 10) and decreasing thereafter. PYY levels were also dependent on thyroid hormone status being decreased in hyperthyroid rats. Exogenous GH administration led to a clear‐cut decrease in PYY levels in both normal and GH‐deficient rats. Acute food deprivation or chronic food restriction led to decreased PYY levels in virgin and pregnant rats. In pregnant rats with food available ad libitum, PYY levels were enhanced at late gestation.Discussion: Our observations indicate that PYY levels are influenced by age, thyroid hormones, and GH. These data indicate that PYY could be involved in the changes of food intake associated with these conditions. The PYY levels observed in acute and chronic food‐restricted rats indicate that, in situations of decreased energy intake, the lower PYY levels could serve to disinhibit central pathways and facilitate food intake.
Lack of Evidence for a Major Gene in the Mendelian Transmission of BMI in Chinese
Authors: Liu Peng‐Yuan , Li Yu‐Mei , Li Miao‐Xin , Malkin Ida , Qin Yue‐Juan , Chen Xiang‐Ding , Liu Yong‐Jun , Deng Hong‐Wen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine the heritability of BMI and to examine the mode of inheritance of BMI variation in Chinese.Research Methods and Procedures: Familial correlation and complex segregation analyses for BMI were undertaken in a Chinese sample composed of 392 nuclear families, with 1190 total individuals.Results: A moderate heritability was found for BMI (h2 = 0.419‐0.492). The obtained results do not support a major gene for BMI in our samples. BMI may be inherited in a complex and non‐Mendelian manner in Chinese.Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that identification of specific genes for BMI in Chinese, at least within the same data set, is a serious challenge because of the lack of evidence of a major gene for BMI in our Chinese sample.
Weight Loss Expectations in Obese Patients Seeking Treatment at Medical Centers
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Calugi Simona , Magri Flavia , Cuzzolaro Massimo , Dall'Aglio Elisabetta , Lucchin Lucio , Melchionda Nazario , Marchesini Giulio ,   QUOVADIS Study Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate weight loss expectations (expected 1‐year BMI loss, dream BMI, and maximum acceptable BMI) in obese patients seeking treatment and to examine whether expectations differ by sex, weight, diet and weight history, age, psychological factors, and primary motivations for weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: 1891 obese patients seeking treatment in 25 Italian medical centers (1473 women; age, 44.7 ± 11.0 years; BMI, 38.2 ± 6.5 kg/m2) were evaluated. Diet and weight history, weight loss expectations, and primary motivation for seeking treatment (health or improving appearance) were systematically recorded. Psychiatric distress, binge eating, and body image dissatisfaction were tested by self‐administered questionnaires (Symptom CheckList‐90, Binge Eating Scale, and Body Uneasiness Test).Results: In 1011 cases (53.4%), 1‐year expected BMI loss was ≥9 kg/m2, dream BMI was 26.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2 (corresponding to a 32% loss), and maximum acceptable BMI was 29.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2 (−23%). BMI and age were the strongest predictors of weight goals. Weight loss necessary to reach the desired targets was largely in excess of weight loss observed during previous dieting. Psychiatric distress, body dissatisfaction, and binge eating did not predict weight loss expectations. The primary motivation for weight loss was concern for future or present health; women seeking treatment to improve appearance had a lower grade of obesity, were younger, and had first attempted weight loss at a younger age.Discussion: Obese Italian patients had unrealistic weight loss expectations. There were significant disparities between patients’ perceptions and physicians’ weight loss recommendations of desirable treatment outcome.
Carbohydrate—Fat Interactions and Obesity Examined by a Two‐Compartment Computer Model
Authors: Flatt Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A systems dynamics computer model was developed to examine how the interactions between carbohydrate and fat metabolism influence body weight regulation. It reflects the operation of a two reservoir‐system: one representing the body's limited glycogen, and the other, its large fat reserves. The outflows from the reservoirs correspond to the oxidation of glucose and fat, whose relative contributions are affected by the size of the prevailing glycogen and fat reserves. Together, they meet the body's energy expenditure. Replenishments occur three times per day, in portions restoring total glycogen content to specific levels. A parameter mimicking the action of insulin is necessary to create realistic responses.Research Methods and Procedures: The model was run for 125‐day periods to establish the degree of adiposity for which rates of fat oxidation become commensurate with fat intake and the influence thereon of various dietary, environmental, lifestyle, and inherited variables.Results: Equivalent degrees of adiposity can be sustained under a variety of conditions. For instance, the impact on steady‐state body fat contents of a 10% increase or decrease in the energy provided by dietary fat is offset by a 26‐gram decrease or increase in mean glycogen levels.Discussion: Environmental factors such as food diversity, palatability, and availability can be expected to raise the range within which glycogen levels are habitually maintained. This restrains fat oxidation, until expansion of the fat mass is sufficient to promote fat oxidation to a rate commensurate with dietary fat intake. This metabolic leverage can explain why increased food offerings tend to raise the prevalence of obesity.
Cut‐off Point of BMI and Obesity‐Related Comorbidities and Mortality in Middle‐Aged Koreans
Authors: Oh Sang Woo , Shin Soon‐Ae , Yun Young Ho , Yoo Taiwoo , Huh Bong‐Yul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The need for a lower BMI to classify overweight in Asian populations has been controversial. Using both disease and mortality outcomes, we investigated whether lower BMI cut‐off points are appropriate for identifying increased health risk in Koreans.Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted a cohort study among 773, 915 men and women from 30 to 59 years old with 8‐ to 10‐year follow‐up periods. Primary outcomes were change of obesity prevalence, obesity‐related disease incidence, and all‐cause mortality.Results: Prevalence of overweight (BMI of 25.0‐29.9) has steadily increased (1.3% annually), whereas obesity (BMI ≥ 30) showed a lower prevalence and only a slight increase (0.1%‐0.2% annually). Our study revealed that dose‐response relationships exist between obesity and related disease incidences (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia) beginning at lower BMI levels than previously reported. Compared with those in the healthy weight range, Koreans with a BMI ≥ 25 were not at greater risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia than has been reported for whites in similar studies. Obesity‐related all‐cause mortality also did not seem so different from that of whites.Discussion: Our findings did not support the use of a lower BMI cut‐off point for defining overweight in Koreans compared with whites for the purpose of identifying different risks. However, populations with BMI ≥ 25 are rapidly increasing and have substantial risks of diseases. To preempt the rapid increases in obesity and related health problems that are occurring in Western countries, Korea should consider using a BMI of 25 as an action point for obesity prevention and control interventions.
Development of Overweight Associated with Childbearing Depends on Smoking Habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Gunderson Erica P. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Lewis Cora E. , Tsai Ai‐Lin , Sternfeld Barbara , West Delia Smith , Sidney Steve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To prospectively evaluate whether childbearing leads to development of overweight in women and to evaluate the role of other known risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective, multicenter observational study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study from 1986 to 1996, examined subjects at baseline and in follow‐up years 2, 5, 7, and 10. Included were 998 (328 black and 670 white) nulliparous women, age 18‐30 years, who were not overweight at baseline. Relative odds for incident overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) associated with parity change (0, 1, or 2+) and risk factors were estimated using discrete‐time survival models adjusted for baseline and time‐dependent covariates.Results: Parity change‐association with development of overweight depended on smoking habit (interaction,p< 0.001). In multivariate adjusted models, 1 and 2+ births vs. 0, respectively, were associated with increased risk for development of overweight among never smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80, 3.93, and 2.10, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.56] and decreased risk among current smokers (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.96, and 0.36, 95% CI: 0.08, 1.65). Risk was increased for black vs. white race (OR = 3.49; 95% CI: 2.59, 4.69), frequent weight cycling (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.04), and high school education or less (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.50, 3.26) and was decreased for highest physical activity quartile (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90).Discussion: Childbearing contributes to development of overweight in nonsmokers but not in smokers, where development of overweight is less likely in women who bear children. Race, education, and behaviors are important factors in development of overweight in young women.
Abdominal Obesity and Expression of Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
Authors: van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Voors‐Pette Christine , de Bruin Tjerk W. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the role of abdominal and body obesity on the prevalence of hyperlipidemia, in particular, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high apolipoprotein B levels, in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) relatives and their spouses.Research Methods and Procedures: In FCHL relatives (n = 618) and spouses (n = 297), prevalence data of hyperlipidemia and high apolipoprotein B levels and their age and gender‐corrected odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for sex‐adjusted categories of waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, and BMI.Results: Increments of BMI, waist circumference, and WHR increased the frequency of hyperlipidemia. In the whole study population (relatives and spouses combined), frequency of hypertriglyceridemia showed a significant interaction only between WHR categories and FCHL. This was studied further after stratification of relatives by multivariable logistic regression analyses corrected for age and gender. Predominant expression of hypertriglyceridemia was observed with higher categories of WHR in FCHL relatives (prevalence up to 57.6%, OR 8.48 in highest vs. lowest WHR category, p < 0.001) but not in spouses (up to 32.9%, OR 1.05 in highest vs. lowest WHR category, not significant).Discussion: Both in spouses and FCHL relatives, increments in BMI and waist circumference increased the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. Specifically, in FCHL relatives, WHR was the most informative determinant of the expression of hyperlipidemia, in particular, hypertriglyceridemia. The data indicate that FCHL develops against a background of abdominal obesity.
Role of Insulin and Free Fatty Acids in the Regulation of ob Gene Expression and Plasma Leptin in Normal Rats
Authors: Pagano Claudio , Dorigo Alberto , Nisoli Enzo , Tonello Cristina , Calcagno Alessandra , Tami Valeria , Granzotto Marnie , Carruba Michele O. , Federspil Giovanni , Vettor Roberto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: It is under debate whether free fatty acids (FFAs) play an independent role in the regulation of adipose cell functions. In this study, we evaluated whether leptin secretion induced by FFA is due directly to an increased FFA availability or whether it is mediated by insulin levels.Research Methods and Procedures: To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of six different experimental designs, with different FFA and insulin levels, on plasma leptin: euglycemic clamp, euglycemic clamp + FFA infusion, FFA infusion alone, FFA + somatostatin infusion, somatostatin infusion alone, and saline infusion.Results: Our results showed that euglycemic clamp, FFA infusion, or both in combination induced a similar increment of circulating leptin (3.31 ± 0.30, 3.40 ± 0.90, and 3.35 ± 0.80 ng/mL, respectively). Moreover, the inhibition of FFA‐induced insulin increase by means of somatostatin infusion completely abolished the rise of leptin in response to FFA (1.05 ± 0.30 vs. 3.40 ± 0.90 ng/mL, p < 0.001).Discussion: In conclusion, our data showed that the effects of high FFA levels on plasma leptin were mediated by the rise of insulin concentration. These data confirm a major role for insulin in the regulation of leptin secretion from rat adipose tissue and support the hypothesis that leptin secretion is coupled to net triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.