bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land Disposal Practices in Europe and North America
Authors: LITTLE R. H. , GROGAN H. A. , SMITH G. M. , TORRES C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper compares the land‐based disposal of municipal and hazardous waste in Europe and North America, and the various disposal options are examined for each type of waste. It is concluded that landfill is still the most widely practised disposal method for most wastes in both continents. Other methods include composting, land farming, trenching/spraying, and deep underground disposal. More stringent controls on waste disposal are being introduced and a trend to seek greater uniformity of practice and standards is developing. However, local conditions, such as the nature of the wastes and the availability and nature of disposal sites, continue to work against this trend. There is no single method which is suitable for all wastes and for all conditions. The best environmental option for waste management will vary from place to place and waste to waste, therefore an imposed uniformity of practice is not in the best environmental interest.
Ten Years’Operational Experience with an Activated‐Sludge Plant in a Gulf State
Authors: GLOVER A. H. , GLOVER P. D. , LEWIN V. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe particular difficulties of sewage treatment in a Gulf State of the Middle East are highlighted. Ambient temperatures may at times exceed 50°C, and sand and dust can be a problem. A description is given of the sewerage and sewage‐treatment facilities at Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates, together with analytical data and flow records from commissioning until 1991. Attention is drawn to the problem of rapid anaerobic decomposition of sewage, consequent septicity, emission of foul odours, and hazardous hydrogen sulphide. There is a need for better control of this nuisance. Comment is made on high temperatures, and also on loss by latent heat of evaporation. The inability to reconcile sludge production with that indicated by empirical data, or predicted by sludge production formulae, is discussed.
Disinfection of Sewage Effluents: The Jersey Experience
Authors: C. GROSS T. S. , MURPHY R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAbout 35 years ago the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands set about rationalizing and modernizing its sewage‐treatment operations. Treatment was carried out in one central, advanced sewagetreatment works producing a Royal Commission effluent which received nominal dilution in a small stream before discharging into the sea in one of the foremost bathing areas on the island.In 1989, a thorough investigation was carried out on the options to secure an environmentally acceptable solution to effluent disposal. The investigation concluded that disinfection, in combination with a change to the outfall discharge point, offered the most cost‐effective solution. Alternative disinfection techniques were identified, which recognized the nature and sensitivity of the receiving waters and the limited space available on the site. Only ultraviolet disinfection was suitable.An ultraviolet disinfection system depends on the exposure of the micro‐organisms causing disease to their germicidal wavelength. Light of this wavelength (about 253.7 nanometres) is absorbed by the nucleic acids in the cell which damages or rearranges the genetic information, effectively rendering the cell unable to replicate and resulting in the death of the cell.In over 300 installations in North America the system has proven to be reliable, simple, economic and, above all, environmentally acceptable.An ultraviolet disinfection system is currently being installed at Bellozanne, Jersey.
Experience of Cast‐Iron Mains Rehabilitation in the Gas Industry
Authors: JONES D. U. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince 1987 British Gas plc has undertaken an extensive programme of medium pressure (up to 2 bar) cast‐iron mains replacement in urban locations, using a variety of rehabilitation techniques.This paper describes the experience of North Thames Region of British Gas plc, over the period 1987–1991, when the rehabilitation of over 230 km of mains was undertaken in the size range 300–460 mm.The techniques which were used favoured medium density polyethylene pipe wherever possible. However, about 100 km of rehabilitation was undertaken using hoselining, usually where mains were larger than 460 mm dia., or where aboveground access was restricted, or if the mains configuration included many changes of direction.This paper deals with (a) various aspects of operating rehabilitation contracts from a public utilities viewpoint, (b) the special factors relating to the inspection and testing of hoselined mains including factors found to contribute to failure, and (c) some of the controls that have been introduced to improve reliability of rehabilitation systems.
Use of Cement Kilns in Managing Solid and Hazardous Wastes: Implementation in Australia
Authors: JONES P. H. , HERAT S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of cement kilns for managing solid and hazardous wastes is facilitated by the high temperature, long gas retention periods, natural alkaline environment, minimum amount of waste produced and high thermal capacity. The main benefits include energy recovery, conservation of fossil fuels, reduction in cement production costs and the use of already existing facilities.The test burns conducted in cement kilns worldwide have demonstrated very high destruction efficiencies for most stable organic compounds, with toxic contaminants barely above the background levels.There are several cement plants in the US and Europe presently using solid and hazardous wastes as supplementary fuel. The application of this technology in Australia has been ignored in the past. An international conference (Kilnburn‘92) on the role of cement kilns in waste management was held recently in Australia and has enhanced the implementation of this technology in Australia.
Standards, Costs and Benefits: An International Perspective
Authors: JOHNSTONE D. W. M. , HORAN N. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the development of standards for the discharge of wastewaters from the perspectives of (a) the developed world, (b) the developing world, and (c) the newly industrializing nations. It considers the potential environmental benefits which can be obtained by the imposition of stringent effluent standards, and weighs this against the economic costs of meeting such standards. By means of case studies it considers how inappropriate standards can often arise in other countries of the world and how the imposition of unjustifiably high standards can be demoralizing, costly, and produce no environmental improvements. Finally, it considers how a more pragmatic approach to the setting of standards, especially in the newly industrializing and developing nations, place them in context of applicability, affordability, regulation and enforcement.
Assessing the Joint Probability of Fluvial and Tidal Floods in the River Roding
Authors: ACREMAN M. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWater levels in the lower reaches of most rivers are controlled by the interaction of fluvial flows and tides. Assessment of the risk of over‐bank inundation therefore requires an estimation of the probability of experiencing combinations of river floods and high tides and calculation of the water levels resulting from their interaction. This may be achieved by numerical integration of the marginal probability distributions of river floods and sea‐levels, but this is complex mathematically and requires explicit knowledge of the correlation structure. In this paper a solution is developed for risk assessment in the lower River Roding, by reconstructing the historical water levels from river flow and tidal records using a hydraulic model. The resulting water‐level series is then analysed statistically to estimate the probability that certain critical levels will be exceeded. The model allows for operation of the River Roding's flood‐protection barrier and for the effects of a general rise in sea level.
Drainage from Highways and Other Paved Areas: Methods of Collection, Disposal and Treatment
Authors: STARTIN J. , LANSDOWN R. V. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDrainage of surface water from paved areas has been a fundamental part of urban planning and highway design for more than 100 years, and many aspects have changed little during this time. However, there have been recent developments in awareness of the need to treat potential pollution from paved surface runoff, as well as the need for flow attenuation and for water quality monitoring. A product of this increased awareness has been the conversion of vegetative treatment systems, traditionally designed to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters, to the treatment of paved surface runoff. The use of vegetative treatment systems for this purpose is as yet relatively untested. This paper therefore provides a brief review of the engineering methods for the collection, transport and treatment of paved surface runoff. It then goes on to describe the different types of vegetative treatment systems which are available, their value and role, and appropriate situations for their use. Finally, consideration is given to the need to monitor the efficiency of these systems in order to establish their effectiveness, and a description is given of monitoring methods which may be appropriate.
Control of Hydrogen Sulphide by Air Injection into Rising Mains
Authors: TAKENAKA K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the long‐distance pressure transportation of sewage, the interior of a rising main tends to become anaerobic, thereby producing a large amount of hydrogen sulphide at manholes and terminals. High concentrations of hydrogen sulphide have become a serious environmental and maintenance problem.In order to prevent the production of hydrogen sulphide in rising mains, the City of Kobe (in Japan) introduced a system to inject air directly into the main.This paper describes the results of studies on the effect of air injection on hydrogen sulphide inhibition and the relationship between water quality and the amount of air injected.
Sewage Treatment for Small Communities: the Severn Trent Approach
Authors: UPTON J. E. , GREEN M. B. , FINDLAY G. E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWhen faced with the requirement to refurbish or upgrade a large number of small sewage‐treatment works, Severn Trent Water standardized process selection on rotating biological contactors and, where higher standards of effluent were demanded, constructed reed beds. These systems are described and costs are presented and discussed.Performance data from rotary biological contactors and reed‐bed sites are used to illustrate the additional security provided by the reed beds. Results from a survey of a reed bed treating a storm‐sewage overflow are shown for a storm event.
Pilot‐Plant Study of a New Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: SAMPA H. , TANAKA T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTBecause of severe space limitations for the reconstruction of its sewage‐treatment system, the city of Nagoya has evaluated a space‐saving wastewater treatment system comprising a solid‐liquid separator (SLS) and biological aerated filter (BAF). The SLS is filled with plastic media forming a 2 m thick layer, and influent suspended solids are removed through the media packed zone. The BAF plant has a 2 m thick layer packed with porous ceramic media and air is diffused from the bottom of the tank.The paper outlines the new treatment system and the ongoing study of the demonstration plant since 1992. It discusses the respective SS and BOD removal rates and concludes by showing that the new system can reduce retention period and plant area compared with the conventional activated‐sludge process.
Risk Assessment for Environmental Management: Approaches and Applications
Authors: POLLARD S. J , HARROP D. O , CROWCROFT P. , MALLETT S. H , JEFFRIES S. R , YOUNG P. J 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTEffective risk‐management measures concerning the health, legislative and financial implications of environmental risk rely fundamentally on a robust risk assessment. Risk‐assessment strategies exist at various levels of sophistication, and their application should be staged and matched to (a) the magnitude and significance of risks under study, (b) the sensitivities of receptors, (c) the quality of data available, and (d) the means by which risks are to be communicated. Three risk‐assessment approaches are examined and their role is reviewed with respect to the completion of multimedia environmental management projects.
Radon in Private Water Supplies: The Unknown Risk
Authors: Clapham D. , Horan N. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRadon gas, which is the main contributor to human radiation exposure, is easily dissolved in, and dissipated from, water. Problems with radon occur because, in addition to being ingested, it (a) becomes attached to particles which lodge in the lungs and (b) emits alpha radiation. Concentration has been found to increase inversely with the size of a water supply. Although of little problem in mains’water, private water supplies in the UK have been found to contain more than ten times the recommended US levels. Despite this, very little monitoring is carried out for radon in private supplies. Local authorities, situated in areas where the geological conditions are such that high levels of radon would be expected, should carry out a suitable sampling and monitoring programme of their private water supplies.
The Environmental Impact of a Chemical Spill from a Timber‐Treatment Works on a Lowland River System
Authors: Dowson P. , Chem C. , Biol C. , Scrimshaw M. D. , Nasir J. M. , Bubb J. N. , Lester J. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA major timber‐preservative spillage, resulting from a fire at a timber yard, released substantial quantities of tributyltin and lindane (g hexachlorocyclohexane) into the River Bourne ‐ a tributary of the River Thames. This paper describes the chemical and biological effects resulting from the incident. Water‐column concentrations in the River Bourne South ranged from below detection limits to 5200 μg/l and 3700 μg/l for tributyltin and lindane respectively, with contamination extending 80 km into the Thames estuary. The high concentration of pollutants caused extensive fish mortality and virtually eradicated the invertebrate population in the immediate vicinity of the spill. Although sediment monitoring revealed initially high surficial sediment concentrations of tributyltin (3300 ng/g) and lindane (490 ng/g), loadings declined over a period of time, but it is perceived that contaminated sediments may pose a longer‐term threat to benthic communities, particularly in the proximity of the spill site.
The Hydraulic Analysis of Side‐Channel Spillways as Reservoir Outlets
Authors: Etheridge M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a simple computer‐based methodology for analyzing the hydraulics of side‐channel spillways, and concentrates on the performance of the spillway when the overflow weir is subject to heavy submergence ‐ as may be the case when passing extreme floods as stipulated by the Reservoirs Act 1975. Published data, which define the relationship between the degree of submergence of a weir and the reduction in the weir's coefficient of discharge, is used to match the water profile in the receiving channel with that of the induced distribution of flow over the weir. Results are compared with those obtained from scale physical models.
The Hydraulic Characteristics of Ovoid Sewers
Authors: Marriott M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEgg‐shaped or ovoid cross‐sections are common in old brick‐built sewerage systems. A recent development has been the availability of precast concrete ovoid pipes with flexible joints. The hydraulic analysis of flow in ovoid sections is described, following some historical background. Examples are included which illustrate and quantify the advantages of ovoid sections over circular pipes for a combined sewer under low flow conditions. A design chart is presented which (a) facilitates the performance of certain design calculations, and (b) enables a direct solution for initial sizing calculations where a wide range of flows is being considered.
The Balance between Public Water Supply and Environmental Needs
Authors: Smith E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Anglian region is one of the driest areas in the UK, with often potentially conflicting demands for limited water resources. Experiences over the last thirty years are described in relation to the development of a policy to satisfy the needs of both public water supply and the environment. Examples of the relationship between water resource development and water‐dependent environments are described together with the role of demand management. Concerns are raised as to the future expectations of water supply customers, the long‐term effect of demand management and the expectations of the regulators and environmentalists.
Modelling Drainage Performance in an Indian Catchment
Authors: Heywood G. M. , Kolsky P. J. , Butler D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSurface‐water flooding occurs frequently in low‐income urban settlements of developing countries, with impacts on public health and the local economy. In many locations, drainage systems are neither appropriate nor sustainable. A computer model of a small surface‐water drainage catchment has been developed within a slum improvement programme in Indore, India. The model was calibrated and verified against flow‐survey data, and was used to study the effects on performance of maintenance (as reflected in solids build‐up in pipes) and site grading. The results confirm the critical importance of maintenance in drainage performance and the need for construction engineers to consider drainage carefully before changing site‐grading plans. The results also suggest some general trends in drainage performance during floods.
Future Issues in Environmental Protection: a European Perspective
Authors: Bramley M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe report on ‘Europe's Environment’, published in 1995 by the European Environment Agency, presents clear information on (a) the state of the environment, (b) pressures stressing it, and (c) the human activities behind these issues. It sets the style for improved presentation of environmental management issues through the use of environmental indicators. This will help the UK environmental manager to target policy and/or management response, and to view their issues ‐ whether at local, regional or national level ‐ within a wider European and thereby global context. Key environmental problems for Europe are transport, land degradation, diffuse pollution of water, loss of natural habitats, waste production, and a range of local pressures ‐ such as poor air quality ‐ caused by conurbations. Future environmental management must be capable of integrated multi‐media application, and should be applied at the most appropriate level, drawing on a range of approaches from ‘top down’regulation through to a ‘bottom up’commitment by individuals.
Thermophilic and Mesophilic (Two‐Stage) Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Dichtl N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objectives of sludge stabilization include (a) the degradation of organic matter, (b) a reduction of solid matter, (c) a decrease in the number of pathogenic organisms, (d) an improvement of dewaterability, and (e) the production of biogas.The anaerobic digestion of organic substances normally proceeds in four stages, and the various microorganisms which are involved in microbial metabolism have different ambient conditions for their optimum mode of operation. This can be achieved, for example, by splitting the process technique into two stages.In order to achieve disinfection, a primary thermophilic stage with 1–3 days’retention is followed by anaerobic degradation under mesophilic conditions having a retention period of 10–15 days.The combined retention period of about 15 days for this two‐stage combined sludge stabilization process is compared with the results of single‐stage mesophilic digestion with a retention period of 20 to 30 days.
Transport and the Environment: Effects of Organic Pollutants on Water Quality
Authors: Ellis J. B. , Revitt D. M. , Llewellyn N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe eighteenth report of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution made no reference to any potential environmental impacts resulting from runoff pollution associated with transport activities. This paper identifies the magnitude and extent of pollution associated with discharges from various transport sources and identifies solids, metals, hydrocarbons, herbicides and de‐icing agents as the principal contaminants of environmental concern. The impacts of these pollutants on the receiving water are reviewed. They are primarily associated with highways which have a high traffic density, and herbicides are considered to be the only potential and widespread hazard to groundwaters. Highway and airport runoff are shown to have both acute and chronic effects on biotic diversity and organism mortality rates, although these effects appear to be largely confined to reaches immediately downstream from the discharge outfalls.
Groundwater Resources: Balancing Perspectives on Key Issues Affecting Supply and Demand
Authors: Foster S. S. D. , Grey D. R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSustainable groundwater management requires (a) maximizing the use of aquifer storage to reduce water‐supply costs while limiting environmental impacts, and (b) maximizing groundwater protection to reduce water‐supply treatment needs while not unduly restricting land‐use activities. These key issues are evaluated from the experience of a recent and comprehensive national strategic study, involving detailed consultation with many stakeholders with an interest in groundwater resources. Such balances are not easy to achieve because groundwater systems are complex to analyse and slow to respond to change, resulting in considerable uncertainty in assessment and prediction without in‐depth research and high‐resolution monitoring. Current institutional and regulatory arrangements for the water sector in England and Wales do not appear to be achieving the best possible use of aquifer storage and optimal investment in groundwater protection.
Environmental Strategies for Sustainable Development: A New Town in Mallorca
Authors: Carroll B. , Turpin T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere can be a particularly fragile balance between water supply and demand in small island communities (such as Mallorca) which have developed a reliance on tourism. Over‐abstraction has caused an increase in salinity of groundwater resources and has exacerbated a general shortage of fresh water. The island also has important ecological reserves, but such habitats and species are threatened by the development of tourism and intensive agriculture.The paper describes the environmental strategies for water, ecology, agriculture and landscape devised for a proposed new town. These strategies were the basis for integration of other elements, including renewable energy, waste and transport – all designed with sustainable principles. The strategies were incorporated into the winning masterplan for an international competition which was organized by the Govern Balear.
Strategies to Combine the Functions of Ecology and Navigation in the Scheldt Estuary
Authors: Smit H. , Kop R. , Westmacott S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring recent years, water management in The Netherlands has been broadening its scope by: (a) including aspects of economics, sociology and physical planning, and (b) introducing interactive policy making; this paper illustrates these developments using the Westerschelde estuary as an example. The Westerschelde strategy aims at optimizing the multi‐national use of this estuary. The main functions are navigation and ecology, and the paper shows how these functions can be combined. An interactive management model, the ‘COSMO‐Westerschelde’is described, which assists decision makers in comparing strategies for estuarine management under different scenarios.