bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Shock and Thermal Fatigue Testing
Authors: Yuen JL , Walter RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method is described for rapidly screening candidate materials used in severe thermal shock applications. The method involves electron beam heating the surface of specimens using a thermal flux equal to that experienced during actual service operation. Two methods of electron beam radiation are described. In one method, the electron beam is swept across a narrow path with the specimen translated across the beam. In the second method, the specimen remained stationary while the electron beam was repeatedly rastered over a square-shaped area. Similarity of thermal shock damage produced on rocket engine turbine blades during thermal shock tests and during engine firings indicates that computer-controlled electron beam radiation can be used for determining thermal shock resistance of turbine blade materials.
International Advances in Nondestructive Testing, Volume 15
Authors: McKee CW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This volume contains an interesting variety of papers on recent advances in nondestructive testing as well as comments of general interest on present problems. One of the latter points out the difficulties resulting from the differences in terminology between that used by the physicists who design nondestructive tests and that by the technicians who perform them. The conclusion was that the scientists should work directly with the technicians and discuss the testing procedures with them. Another paper of general interest made a comparison of the NDE professional and the M.D., stating that the former got less respect, although individuals in each profession must “understand and diagnose physical systems that vary in structure, material and function from one test to another.”
Powder Testing Guide: Methods of Measuring the Physical Properties of Bulk Powders
Authors: Merks JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The scope of this guide is confined to dry solids with a top size of 3 mm and with limited amounts of moisture. Electrical and thermal properties that affect fire and explosion hazards are not addressed. The author reviews many tools and techniques to measure physical properties that affect flow characteristics of bulk solids and that may cause problems during storage, transport and transfer. The author discusses in detail the wide range of test methods used to measure the flow and handling properties of bulk solids.
Test Apparatus for Simulating Interactive Loads on Metal Plate Wood Connections
Authors: Wolfe RW , Hall M , Lyles DA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method was needed to test metal plate connector joints in combined tension and bending. This required the development of special test grips as well as test and analytical procedures. This paper discusses the design and evaluation of an apparatus for testing metal plate connector joints in nominal 2 by 4 in. (standard 38 by 89 mm) lumber. This apparatus can be easily fabricated and adapted to several testing machines.
Determination of Thermal Diffusivity of Construction Materials
Authors: Low B-H , Tan S-A , Fwa T-F 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a simple and rapid laboratory method for the measurement of the thermal diffusivity of construction materials by heat conduction in short cylindrical specimens. The technique is relatively simple and requires only the measurement of the temperature history at the midpoint of the specimen during heating and cooling in a constant thermal bath using an imbedded thermocouple. A unique theoretical solution is produced for transient heat conduction in a short cylinder which permits the deduction of the thermal diffusivity by curve fitting the experimental data to the theoretical curve. The solution takes into account the variation of cylinder heights and is specialized for specimens of 100 mm fixed diameter and conductivities in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 W/m-K. This solution is commonly applicable to construction materials such as asphaltic concrete, portland cement concrete, portland cement, and brick. Diffusivity is determined by a three-point fitting between experimental data and theoretical solution that verifies the consistency of the value obtained. Experiments for three types of materials, namely, asphaltic concrete, portland cement concrete, and hardened portland cement, are performed to validate the procedure.
Methods of Determining Subcritical Crack Growth by Static Lifetime Tests with Natural and Artificial Cracks
Authors: Fett T , Munz D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Different procedures are described for evaluating v-KI curves of subcritical crack growth from lifetime measurements under static load for natural and artificial cracks. The lifetimes for a 99.6% A12O3 are evaluated as an example of application. Results for small natural cracks and artificial Knoop cracks are compared, and a rather good agreement of the v-K curves is observed.
Analysis of Large Diameter High-Density Polyethylene Plastic Pipes As Vertical Shafts in Landfills
Authors: Hossain MK , Lytton RL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The recent trend in the increasing use of large diameter flexible plastic pipes as vertical shafts or manholes in landfills or hazardous waste containment areas has resulted in a need for a thorough understanding of the soil-structure interaction of these pipes for the purpose of design. In this paper the soil-structure interaction response of flexible vertical shafts in landfills is described. A plane strain finite element program is modified and converted into an axisymmetric finite element program which then is used to determine the displacements and stresses in the pipe and the surrounding fill. The analysis is comprehensive, considering the effects of incremental construction, compaction, and creep of the pipe and the fill material. The calculated responses of the finite element analysis are illustrated in a number of graphs which demonstrate how the lateral earth pressure, hoop stress and strain, vertical stress and strain, and vertical thrust in the pipe wall vary with the design variables. The variables are the pipe diameter and thickness, compaction level, duration of construction time, and fill depth. It is found that as the height of the pipe and fill increase, a stronger schedule of pipe needs to be used to prevent buckling. The hoop strain at the bottom of the pipe is the critical design element, since it is the only pipe response that increases with the soil and pipe creep.
Creep-Fatigue Interaction in T11 Boiler Tube Steel
Authors: Miller GA , Marder AR , Holt SD , Voorhees HR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the damage to the mechanical properties of T1l boiler tube steel resulting from about 200 000 h of service. Test results at 1000°F show that the service exposure degrades all strength properties. Tensile strength decreased from 60 to 37 ksi, 1000-h creep strength from 33 to 17 ksi, and fatigue strength (stress ratio = 0.1, life = 200 000 cycles) from 42 to 28 ksi. Also, there was a highly deleterious creep-fatigue interaction, with only 5% fatigue damage reducing creep rupture life by up to a factor of five. Property degradation was accompanied by the formation of voids and a change in the carbide morphology. These findings demonstrate the necessity for accounting for the creep-fatigue interaction in assessing the remaining life of utility components.
Ceramic Hardness
Authors: Quinn GD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This book was written with the aim of increasing the awareness of materials scientists, metallurgists, and engineers of recent developments in hardness testing of modern ceramics. Hardness is not a unique property, but is a response of the material to a specific indentor and test conditions. Several models of hardness are presented including simplified elastic or elastic plastic models, which set bounds upon the hardness limits. The sensitivity of hardness to crystallographic influences is well covered. The book covers the common test methods such as Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop, as well as less well known methods such as Berkovich and scratch hardness. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in utilization of microindentation methods to study fracture toughness, residual stress surface layers, and wear processes in ceramics.
Engineering Project Management
Authors: Shuman EC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Engineering Project Management is part of a series on Cost Engineering. While the book is relatively short, 246 pages, the author has presented a wide range of details on many typical projects that are worthy of study by persons in managerial positions or who are inspired to become an effective manager. In a Preface, Blanchard gives reasons for the principles that are presented, but points out that there are so many ramifications in each project that answers to questions cannot be given like “recipes in a cookbook”. Many terms are defined, including project.
An Introduction to the Development and Use of the Master Curve Method
Authors: McCabe DE , Merkle JG , Wallin K 
Published: February 2009

Description
This new ASTM manual introduces the concept of the Master Curve Method so it can be understood and used by engineers who have had limited exposure to elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and/or advanced statistical methods. It addresses the practical design-related problem of defining the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition temperature of structural steels directly in terms of fracture mechanics data.
Topics cover:
Steel Forgings: Design, Production, Selection, Testing, and Application
Authors: Nisbett EG 
Published: February 2009

Description
Manual 53 is a comprehensive, in-depth publication that covers the full range and scope of steel forgings. Twenty-two comprehensive chapters discuss:
• Background information on the classification of forgings according to the method of manufacture:
• Importance of steel production methods in establishing the expected properties:
• A critical review of over 60 ASTM forging standards covering applications as diverse as railroad and power generation equipment, pressure vessel components, and a wide range of general industrial equipment
• The effect of various types of forging operations relative to soundness and application
• Specialized nondestructive testing methods developed for forgings
• Economic and quality factors regarding the choice between forgings and other steel product forms
• Special considerations in the heat treatment of forgings
• Pros and cons of the timing of machining and the effect of test specimen location on the anticipated mechanical properties of the forging
• Surface treatments for enhancing forging performance and life
• Forging flaws and examples of service problems
Manual 53 is both a practical and vital resource for design engineers; purchasing managers; manufacturers of pressure vessels, turbines, and generators; metallurgical engineers; university professors, and lawyers.
Effect of Ropinirole on Sleep Outcomes in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome: Meta‐Analysis of Pooled Individual Patient Data from Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hansen Richard A. , Song Liping , Moore Charity G. , Gilsenan Alicia W. , Kim Mimi M. , Calloway Michael O. , Murray Michael D. 
Published: February 2009

Study Objective. To compare the effects of ropinirole with those of placebo on sleep, as evaluated by specific domains of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) sleep scale, as well as the Clinical Global Impression‐Improvement (CGI‐I) scale, in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS).Design. Meta‐analysis of six randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group trials conducted in the United States and Europe.Patients. A total of 1679 patients aged 18–79 years with primary moderate‐to‐severe RLS who received ropinirole (835 patients) or placebo (844 patients).Measurements and Main Results. A systematic review of MEDLINE (January 1980‐January 2007) and clinical trial registers was performed to identify placebo‐controlled trials of ropinirole that used the 12‐item MOS sleep scale to assess sleep in patients with RLS. Individual patient data from both published and nonpublished trials were pooled for meta‐analysis. In the eligible studies, immediate‐release ropinirole 0.25‐6 mg or placebo had been given for at least 12 weeks. In addition, sleep scale summary scores for the domains of sleep quantity, adequacy, disturbance, and daytime somnolence had to have been assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Our meta‐analysis found that at baseline study patients slept an average of 5.8 hours/night. At the end of 12 weeks, ropinirole‐treated patients slept a mean of 2.5 hours/week more and had a 21% greater improvement from baseline in sleep adequacy scores compared with patients receiving placebo. Ropinirole‐treated patients also had 14% less sleep disturbance and 8% less daytime somnolence than patients receiving placebo. Clinicians rated 63% of ropinirole‐treated patients and 47% of patients receiving placebo as responders based on the CGI‐I scale. Mixed effects analysis of covariance was used to estimate treatment effect adjusting for study center as a random effect, as well as the following fixed effects known to affect sleep: baseline sleep characteristics, age, sex, and chronic medical conditions. All differences were statistically significant (p<0.05), even after adjusting for multiple comparisons.Conclusion. Pooled data from six similarly designed clinical trials provide evidence that ropinirole improves sleep quantity and adequacy, and lessens sleep disturbance and daytime somnolence in patients with primary RLS.
Anti-Inflammatory Cream Reduces Skin Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Simard Philippe F. , Bolton Rachel M. , Tarbell Nancy J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The authors assessed whether the use of a topical anti-inflammatory agent at the radiation entry site would prevent radiation-induced skin damage and found that the use of a topical anti-inflammatory agent, such as one containing 10% trolamine salicylate, may reduce skin damage at the radiation entry site if used prophylactically.
Investments in the Future of Behavioral Science: The University of California, San Francisco, Visiting Professors Program
Authors: Dolcini M. Margaret , Grinstead Reznick Olga A. , Marín Barbara V. 
Published: February 2009

A need exists for the promotion of diversity in the scientific workforce to better address health disparities. In response to this need, funding agencies and institutions have developed programs to encourage ethnic-minority and early-career scientists to pursue research careers. We describe one such program, the University of California, San Francisco, Visiting Professors Program, which trains scientists to conduct HIV/AIDS-related research in communities of color. The program provides training and mentoring in navigating grant processes and developing strong research proposals and provides crucial networking opportunities. Although this program is focused on community-based HIV prevention, its principles and methods are widely applicable.
Building Partnerships Between Indigenous Communities and Universities: Lessons Learned in HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse Prevention Research
Authors: Baldwin Julie A. , Johnson Jeannette L. , Benally Christine C. 
Published: February 2009

Many HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention studies in American Indian and Alaska Native communities have been directed by academic researchers with little community input.We examined the challenges in conducting HIV/AIDS-related research in American Indian and Alaska Native communities and the benefits of changing the research paradigm to a community-based participatory model. The lessons we learned illustrate that the research process should be a cyclical one with continual involvement by community members. Steps in the process include (1) building and sustaining collaborative relationships, (2) planning the program together, (3) implementing and evaluating the program in culturally acceptable ways, and (4) disseminating research findings from a tribal perspective.These steps can enhance the long-term capacity of the community to conduct HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention research.
Training for Research in Mental Health and HIV/AIDS Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations: Meeting the Needs of New Investigators
Authors: Alegría Margarita 
Published: February 2009

My experiences as a mentor of young investigators, along with conversations with a diverse pool of mentees, led me to question the ability of conventional research methods, problem formulation, and instruments to address the unique challenges of studying racial and ethnic minorities. Training of new investi-gators should prepare them to explore alternative research paradigms and atypical research strategies, such as community-based participatory research and Photovoice technique. Unconventional approaches to research may challenge common explanations for unmet needs, noncompliance with treatments, and poor service outcomes. Mentors may need to develop broader theoretical insights that will facilitate unconventional problem formulation. The teaching of scientific research and mentoring of young investigators who study minority populations should evolve along with the changing research environment.
Leadership Development for Health Researchers at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Treadwell Henrie M. , Braithwaite Ronald L. , Braithwaite Kisha , Oliver Desiree , Holliday Rhonda 
Published: February 2009

Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have traditionally been a magnet for Black students at all levels nationwide and have been an exemplar of mentorship models for preparing leaders in many fields. A research career development program for junior faculty scholars that leverages the unique strengths of HBCUs has the potential to promote diverse leadership in health research and advance practical understanding of how to address HIV/AIDS and related health challenges that ravage vulnerable communities. A program that creates institutional bonds between HBCUs and other academic institutions can create a groundbreaking framework for more-effective community-based participatory research. We present a rationale for supporting an HBCU-led collaborative research program, one that both advances junior faculty and explores the interrelationship between HIV/AIDS, mental health, and substance abuse through research in correctional facilities.
Interrogating Type 2 Diabetes Genome-Wide Association Data Using a Biological Pathway-Based Approach
Authors: Perry John R.B. , McCarthy Mark I. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Zeggini Eleftheria ,   the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Weedon Michael N. , Frayling Timothy M. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Recent genome-wide association studies have resulted in a dramatic increase in our knowledge of the genetic loci involved in type 2 diabetes. In a complementary approach to these single-marker studies, we attempted to identify biological pathways associated with type 2 diabetes. This approach could allow us to identify additional risk loci.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used individual level genotype data generated from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) type 2 diabetes study, consisting of 393,143 autosomal SNPs, genotyped across 1,924 case subjects and 2,938 control subjects. We sought additional evidence from summary level data available from the Diabetes Genetics Initiative (DGI) and the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) studies. Statistical analysis of pathways was performed using a modification of the Gene Set Enrichment Algorithm (GSEA). A total of 439 pathways were analyzed from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Ontology, and BioCarta databases.

RESULTS
After correcting for the number of pathways tested, we found no strong evidence for any pathway showing association with type 2 diabetes (top Padj = 0.31). The candidate WNT-signaling pathway ranked top (nominal P = 0.0007, excluding TCF7L2; P = 0.002), containing a number of promising single gene associations. These include CCND2 (rs11833537; P = 0.003), SMAD3 (rs7178347; P = 0.0006), and PRICKLE1 (rs1796390; P = 0.001), all expressed in the pancreas.

CONCLUSIONS
Common variants involved in type 2 diabetes risk are likely to occur in or near genes in multiple pathways. Pathway-based approaches to genome-wide association data may be more successful for some complex traits than others, depending on the nature of the underlying disease physiology.
Objectively Measured Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity but Not Sedentary Time Predicts Insulin Resistance in High-Risk Individuals
Authors: Ekelund Ulf , Brage Soren , Griffin Simon J. , Wareham Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Low levels of physical activity appear to be associated with insulin resistance. However, the detailed associations of these complex relationships remain elusive. We examined the prospective associations between self-reported TV viewing time, objectively measured time spent sedentary, at light-intensity activity, and at moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) with insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 192 individuals (81 men and 111 women) with a family history of type 2 diabetes, we measured physical activity and anthropometric and metabolic variables at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up in the ProActive UK trial. Physical activity was measured objectively by accelerometry. Insulin resistance was expressed as fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment score (HOMA-IR).

RESULTS
Baseline MVPA was a significant predictor of fasting insulin at follow-up (β = −0.004 [95% CI −0.007 to −0.0001], P = 0.022), and the association approached significance for HOMA-IR (β = −0.003 [−0.007 to 0.000002], P = 0.052), independent of time spent sedentary, at light-intensity activity, sex, age, smoking status, waist circumference, and self-reported TV viewing. Time spent sedentary and at light-intensity activity were not significantly associated with insulin resistance. The change in MVPA between baseline and follow-up was inversely related to fasting insulin (β = −0.003 [−0.007 to −0.0003], P = 0.032) and the HOMA-IR score (β = −0.004 [−0.008 to −0.001], P = 0.015) at follow-up, after adjustment for baseline phenotype in addition to the same confounders as above.

CONCLUSIONS
These results highlight the importance of promoting moderate-intensity activity such as brisk walking for improving insulin sensitivity and possibly other metabolic risk factors to prevent type 2 diabetes.
Spherical Harmonics Expansion of the Atmospheric Gravitational Potential Based on Exponential and Power Models of Atmosphere
Authors: Eshagh Mehdi 
Published: February 2009

Spherical Harmonics Expansion of the Atmospheric Gravitational Potential Based on Exponential and Power Models of AtmosphereSpherical harmonic formulation of gravitational potential of the atmosphere depends on the analytical model of the atmospheric density which is used. Exponential and power models are two well-known mathematical tools which are used in atmospheric applications. This paper presents simple formulas for the harmonic coefficients of internal and external types of the atmospheric potential based on these models which can be used in most of the gravimetric aspects. It considers the atmospheric effect on the satellite gravity gradiometry data as an example for numerical investigations. The numerical studies on these data show that the maximum atmospheric effect is about 2 mE over Fennoscandia based on both models, and their differences are less than 0.1 mE. The difference between indirect atmospheric effects reaches 2 cm and 0.02 mGal on the geoid and gravity anomaly, respectively in this region.