bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and Film Properties of Temperature Responsive, Hydrophobically Modified Potato Starch
Authors: Andersson Caisa , Jonhed Anna , Järnström Lars 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe film‐forming properties of hydrophobically modified potato starch were studied to optimize coating and surface sizing formulations for improvement of barrier properties of paper and paperboard. The spontaneous fractionation of a potato starch hydrophobically modified with a quaternary dodecylammonium chloride resulted in an amylose‐rich precipitate with properties differing from those of the original starch. Film formation was investigated in the presence of glycerol and poly(vinyl alcohol) plasticizers. Anti‐plasticization was found to occur at low and intermediate plasticizer levels but highly flexible, continuous films were obtained when 30 parts of plasticizer were added to 100 parts of dry starch. The highest transparency and greatest flexibility were obtained with glycerol, while the hydrophobic film properties were maintained with poly(vinyl alcohol). A study of the glass transition temperatures and melting behavior of starch‐plasticizer films by differential scanning calorimetry gave useful information about the crystallinity of the films.
Influence of Chain Length on α‐1,4‐D‐Glucan Recrystallization and Slowly Digestible Starch Formation
Authors: Robin Frédéric , Mérinat Sylvie , Simon Agnès , Lehmann Undine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractShort‐chain α‐(1,4)‐D‐glucan samples were generated by debranching of potato amylopectin and fractionation on gel permeation chromatography. The collected fractions were gathered to generate two samples with an average DPn of 32 and 42, respectively. The samples were recrystallized at −80 and 1°C for three days (10%, w/w) and the resulting structures and related digestibility were assessed. The results revealed that the slowly digestible starch (SDS) content was affected by both chain length and recrystallization temperature. The highest SDS level (49%) was obtained at −80°C from the sample with the lowest average DPn. Its structure showed B‐type polymorphic crystallites with a substantial amorphous part and a melting temperature of 85°C. Such a melting temperature was close to that already reported in the literature and appears characteristic of recrystallized SDS structures.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum) Starch Films Prepared with A‐ and B‐type Granules
Authors: Montaño‐Leyva Beatriz , Torres‐Chávez Patricia , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamín , Plascencia‐Jatomea Maribel , Brown‐Bojórquez Francisco 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe use of starch for the production of biodegradable materials has been increasing. Wheat is an important source, however, durum wheat starch and its separated granular components had not been evaluated for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of durum wheat starch films when prepared with a distribution of different granular‐sized starches (A‐ and B‐type). Starch was isolated, and the A and B populations of granules were separated. Films were prepared by casting. Glycerol (G) was used as a plasticizer in concentrations of 25% and 40%, respectively. Starch films were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties (tensile strength, TS, elongation at break, E, elastic modulus, EM), solubility, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Durum wheat starch films were transparent, flexible, and, according to SEM, highly homogeneous. Films prepared with 25% G showed brittle material behavior (TS = 42–50 MPa, E = 1.4–2.7%, and EM = 31–34 MPa), whereas those prepared with 40% G had ductile material characteristics (TS = 11–17 MPa, E = 4–41%, and EM = 4–11.3 MPa). These mechanical properties of the films were significantly affected by the glycerol concentration and the starch granule type used. The film solubility was low when compared to those reported in other studies. It increased with increasing plasticizer concentration. According to the XRD, the films showed a semi‐crystalline structure.
The future of zoo biology
Authors: Wharton Dan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe science of zoo biology and the journal of the same name are appropriately perceived as central to the issues that zoological gardens must address in managing large collections of hundreds of different species of animals. However, zoos are also cultural institutions that are seeking relevance in wildlife conservation by reaching out to their enormous audiences collectively numbered in the hundreds of millions worldwide. This article suggests that if zoos are to be effective in realizing significant conservation outcomes, they will need to engage the much broader range of sciences in developing institutionally compatible conservation agendas that do not rest on untested assumptions. Some of the research questions that zoos might ask themselves are provided as examples. Zoo Biol 27:498–504, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged Hospital Stay After Parathyroidectomy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Ping , Liu Chien‐Liang , Chen Han‐Hsiang , Lee Jie‐Jen , Liu Tsang‐Pai , Yang Tsen‐Long 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundProtracted hypocalcemia is the most common complication after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Several parameters have been identified to predict the degree of postoperative hypocalcemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were any factors associated with prolonged hospitalization in these patients.MethodsA total of 81 consecutive patients with end‐stage renal disease and advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy between January 2004 and December 2006 were studied. The postoperative calcium infusion protocol and discharge criteria were standardized. Clinical variables were compared between patients with a shorter or longer postoperative stay.ResultsThe mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.6 days. Preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher in patients with a longer stay (p = 0.035). In a linear regression model, the postoperative length of stay was moderately but significantly correlated with preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels (R2 = 0.254; p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a significant area under the curve (0.678; 95% confidence interval 0.550–0.805; p = 0.014). With a cutoff of preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels at 200 IU/L, the sensitivity was 0.57 and the specificity was 0.59 for predicting a prolonged stay.ConclusionsA high preoperative alkaline phosphatase level is significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Neighborhood Effects Examined Through the Lens of Residential Mobility Programs
Authors: Keels Micere 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAlthough researchers have consistently found that neighborhoods matter, relatively little is known about the processes through which neighborhood‐level characteristics influence individual outcomes, and whether interventions targeting improving neighborhood characteristics will be beneficial for children. I examine whether relocating from high‐ to low‐poverty neighborhoods affected low‐income Black children's exposure to promotive developmental experiences. Participating families voluntarily relocated from high‐poverty, minority segregated, inner‐city Chicago neighborhoods to mostly White, low‐poverty, suburban and Chicago neighborhoods. Data come from retrospective qualitative interviews with 22 Gautreaux One families an average of 15 years after initial relocation, and from interviews with 43 Gautreaux Two families as they relocated into their new communities. I find that children primarily benefited from the institutional versus the social interaction resources in their new neighborhoods. Furthermore, suburban placement was key in facilitating children's access to higher quality resources.
The hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n−3 FA is associated with increased β‐oxidation and reduced leptin expression
Authors: Ukropec J. , Reseland J. E. , Gasperikova D. , Demcakova E. , Madsen L. , Berge R. K. , Rustan A. C. , Klimes I. , Drevon C. A. , Sebökova E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo study the mechanisms responsible for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine oils, we monitored the effects of high dietary intake of n−3 PUFA on hepatic and muscular β‐oxidation, plasma leptin concentration, leptin receptor gene expression, and in vivo insulin action. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed either a high‐fat diet [28% (w/w) of saturated fat] or a high‐fat diet containing 10% n−3 PUFA and 18% saturated fat for 3 wk. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of n−3 PUFA was accompanied by increased hepatic oxidation of palmitoyl‐CoA (125%, P<0.005) and palmitoyl‐l‐carnitine (480%, P<0.005). These findings were corroborated by raised carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐2 activity (154%, P<0.001) and mRNA levels (91%, P<0.01) as well as by simultaneous elevation of hepatic peroxisomal acyl‐CoA oxidase activity (144%, P<0.01) and mRNA content (82%, P<0.05). In contrast, hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 activity remained unchanged despite a twofold increased mRNA level after n−3 PUFA feeding. Skeletal muscle FA oxidation was less affected by dietary n−3 PUFA, and the stimulatory effect was found only in peroxisomes. Dietary intake of n−3 PUFA was followed by increased acyl‐CoA oxidase activity (48%, P<0.05) and mRNA level (83%, P<0.05) in skeletal muscle. The increased FA oxidation after n−3 PUFA supplementation of the high‐fat diet was accompanied by lower plasma leptin concentration (−38%, P<0.05) and leptin mRNA expression (−66%, P<0.05) in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, and elevated hepatic mRNA level for the leptin receptor Ob‐Ra (140%, P<0.05). Supplementation of the high‐fat diet with n−3 PUFA enhanced in vivo insulin sensitivity, as shown by normalization of the glucose infusion rate during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp.Our results indicate that the hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n−3 PUFA is associated with stimulation of FA oxidation in the liver and to a smaller extent in skeletal muscle. This may ameliorate dyslipidemia, tissue lipid accumulation, and insulin action, in spite of decreased plasma leptin level and leptin mRNA in adipose tissue.
Interactive effects of dietary palm oil concentration and water temperature on lipid digestibility in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Ng Wing‐Keong , Campbell Patrick J. , Dick James R. , Bell J. Gordon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary crude palm oil (CPO) concentration and water temperature on lipid and FA digestibility in rainbow trout. Four isolipidic diets with 0, 5, 10, or 20% (w/w) CPO, at the expense of fish oil, were formulated and fed to groups of trout maintained at water temperatures of 7, 10, or 15°C. The apparent digestibility (AD) of the FA, measured using yttrium oxide as an inert market, decreased with increasing chain length and increased with increasing unsaturation within each temperature regimen irrespective of CPO level fed to the fish. PUFA of the n−3 series were preferentially absorbed compared to n−6 PUFA in all diet and temperature treatments. Except for a few minor FA, a significant (P<0.05) interaction between diet and temperature effects on FA digestibility was found. Increasing dietary levels of CPO lead to significant reductions in the AD of saturates and, to a lesser extent, also of the other FA. Lowering water temperature reduced total saturated FA digestibility in trout regardless of CPO level. Based on the lipid class composition of trout feces, this reduction in AD of saturates was due in part to the increasing resistance of dietary TAG to digestion. Increasing CPO level and decreasing water temperature significantly increased TAG content in trout fecal lipids, with saturates constituting more than 60% of the FA composition. Total monoene and PUFA digestibilities were not significantly affected by water temperature in fish fed up to 10% CPO in their diet. The potential impact of reduced lipid and FA digestibility in cold‐water fish fed diets supplemented with high levels of CPO on fish growth performance requires further research.
Lack of stereospecificity in lysophosphatidic acid enantiomer‐induced calcium mobilization in human erythroleukemia cells
Authors: Nilsson Ulrika K. , Andersson Rolf G. G. , Ekeroth Johan , Hallin Elisabeth C. , Kondarsson Peter , Lindberg Jan , Svensson Samuel P. S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that, among several other cellular responses, can stimulate cells to mobilize calcium (Ca2+. LPA is known to activate at least three different subtypes of G protein‐coupled receptors. These receptors can then stimulate different kinds of G proteins. In the present study, LPA and LPA analogs were synthesized from (R)‐ and (S)‐glycidol and used to characterize the ability to stimulate Ca2+ mobilization. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in fura‐2‐acetoxymethylester‐loaded human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells. Furthermore, a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize LPA receptor subtypes expressed in HEL cells. The results show that HEL cells mainly express LPA1 and LPA2, although LPA3 might possibly be expressed as well. Moreover, LPA and its analogs concentration‐dependently increased [Ca2+]i in HEL cells. The response involved both influx of extracellular Ca2+ and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This is the first time the unnatural (S_‐enantiomer of LPA, (S)‐3‐O‐oleoyl‐1‐O‐phosphoryl‐glycerol, has been synthesized and studied according to its ability to activate cells The results indicate that this group of receptors does not discriminate between (R‐ and (S)‐enantiomers of LPA and its analogs. When comparing ether analogs having different hydrocarbon chain lengths, the tetradecyl analog (14 carbons) was found to be the most effective in increasing [Ca2+]i. Pertussis toxin treatment of the HEL cells resulted in an even more efficient Ca2+ mobilization stimulated by LPA and its analogs. Furthermore, at repeated incubation with the same ligand no further increase in [Ca2+]i was obtained. When combining LPA with the ether analogs no suppression of the new Ca2+ signal occurred. All these findings may be of significance in the process of searching for specific agonists and antagonists of the LPA receptor subtypes.
Lipid molarity affects liquid/liquid aroma partitioning and its dynamic release from oil/water emulsions
Authors: Rabe Swen , Krings Ulrich , Zorn Holger , Berger Ralf G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInitial dynamic flavor release from oil/water emulsions containing different TAG phases was studied using a computerized apparatus and thermodesorption GC. A significant influence of lipid molarity on liquid/liquid partitioning and release of some flavor compounds was found. The release of the least hydrophobic compounds was not affected by any type of lipid. Hydrophobic compounds showed a positive correlation between their release and decreasing molarity of the lipid phase, that is, with increasing number of lipid molecules; only the most hydrophobic compounds did not show such a correlation. A strong linear correlation between low‐melting TAG/water partition coefficients and lipid phase molarity was validated by volatile partition data of C6, C11, and C16 alkane/water systems. Lipid phase transition from the liquid to solid state did not affect flavor partitioning and release. Neither experimental nor theoretical octanol/water partition coefficients agreed with experimental TAG/water and alkane/water partition coefficients.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is a major glycolipid in floral organs of Petunia hybrida
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Arimitsu Hitomi , Yamaryo Yoshiki , Awai Koichiro , Masuda Tatsuru , Shimada Hiroshi , Takamiya Ken‐ichiro , Ohta Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn higher plants, glycolipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) are major components of chloroplast membranes in leaves. A recent study identified an isoform of MGDG synthase that is expressed specifically in floral organs, suggesting a novel function for glycolipids in flowers. To elucidate the localization and developmental changes of glycolipids and their biosynthetic activities in flowers; we carried out a series of analytical studies with Petunia hybrida. The results showed that the biosynthetic activities of galactolipid synthesis, particularly for DGDG, increased during flower development. Among the floral organs, the pistil had the highest galactolipid synthetic activity. Its specific activity for incorporation of UDP‐galactose to yield galactolipids was estimated to be more than twice that of leaves, which are the major site of galactolipid synthesis in plant tissues. Analysis of lipid contents of pistils revealed that they contained higher amounts of galactolipids than other floral organs. Moreover, DGDG was more abundant than MGDG in both pistils and petals. These results show that DGDG is a major glycolipid in floral organs and that DGDG biosynthetic activity is highly upregulated in the pistils and petals of Petunia flowers.
Effects of Rice Bran Oil Enriched with n‐3 PUFA on Liver and Serum Lipids in Rats
Authors: Chopra Rajni , Sambaiah Kari 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed interesterification was used to prepare different structured lipids (SL) from rice bran oil (RBO) by replacing some of the fatty acids with α‐linolenic acid (ALA) from linseed oil (LSO) and n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from cod liver oil (CLO). In one SL, the ALA content was 20% whereas in another the long chain n‐3 PUFA content was 10%. Most of the n‐3 PUFA were incorporated into the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions of triacylglycerol. The influence of SL with RBO rich in ALA and EPA + DHA was studied on various lipid parameters in experimental animals. Rats fed RBO showed a decrease in total serum cholesterol by 10% when compared to groundnut oil (GNO). Similarly structured lipids with CLO and LSO significantly decreased total serum cholesterol by 19 and 22% respectively compared to rice bran oil. The serum TAGs level of rats fed SLs and blended oils were also significantly decreased by 14 and 17% respectively compared to RBO. Feeding of an n‐3 PUFA rich diet resulted in the accumulation of long chain n‐3 PUFA in various tissues and a reduction in the long chain n‐6 PUFA. These studies indicate that the incorporation of ALA and EPA + DHA into RBO can offer health benefits.
Simultaneous Quantification of Plant Glyceroglycolipids Including Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol by HPLC–ELSD with Binary Gradient Elution
Authors: Yunoki Keita , Sato Mayumi , Seki Kazuto , Ohkubo Takeshi , Tanaka Yukihisa , Ohnishi Masao 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMembrane lipids of photosynthetic organisms consist of glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids. We investigated a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of neutral and acidic lipids using HPLC–ELSD, and quantified monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Ten complex lipid classes were separated with a binary gradient system consisting of chloroform and methanol–acetone–water–acetic acid (30:60:9:1, v/v/v/v) with 0.3% triethylamine (pH 4), and were eluted within 16 min. The contents of SQDG in ten edible plants ranged from 3 to 101 mg/100 g, and were positively correlated to the neutral glyceroglycolipids contents.
Identification of Novel Acetylenic Alcohols and a New Dihydrothiopyranone from the Tropical Sponge Reniochalina sp.
Authors: Lee Hyi‐Seung , Lee Ji Hye , Won Hoshik , Park Song‐Kyu , Kim Hwan Mook , Shin Hee Jae , Park Heung Sik , Sim Chung J. , Kim Hye‐Kyeong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo new acetylenic alcohols (1–2) and a new dihydrothiopyranone (3) were isolated from the tropical sponge Reniochalina sp. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods to be (3R)‐hydroxyoctatriacont‐(4E)‐en‐1‐yne (1), 5‐hydroxyheptatriacont‐(3Z)‐en‐1‐yne (2) and 2‐hexadecyl‐2,3‐dihydrothiopyran‐4‐one (3). The acetylenic alcohol (1) exhibited significant growth inhibitory effect against human tumor cell lines.
The Depressive Effects of 5,8,11‐Eicosatrienoic Acid (20:3n‐9) on Osteoblasts
Authors: Hamazaki Tomohito , Suzuki Nobuo , Widyowati Retno , Miyahara Tatsuro , Kadota Shigetoshi , Ochiai Hiroshi , Hamazaki Kei 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn cases of essential fatty acid deficiency, 5,8,11‐eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n‐9) is synthesized from oleic acid as a 20‐carbon analog of arachidonic acid. It was reported that 20:3n‐9 levels were markedly higher in human fetal cartilage than in the muscle, liver and spleen. We, therefore, hypothesized that 20:3n‐9 decreased osteoblastic activity. Goldfish scales were incubated either with 20:3n‐9 or with oleic acid at 15 °C for 6 and 18 h. Both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in the scale were assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, respectively. MC3T3‐E1 cells (an osteoblast cell line derived from the mouse) were incubated with 20:3n‐9 or oleic acid at 37 °C for 6 and 18 h. ALP activity in cell lysate was measured. In the case of experiments with scales, 20:3n‐9 (1–100 μM) significantly suppressed osteoblastic activity after 6 and 18 h of incubation, whereas oleic acid did not change this activity. Osteoclastic activity was not affected either by 20:3n‐9 or by oleic acid. In the case with the cell line, osteoblastic activity was again significantly decreased with 20:3n‐9 (10–30 μM) after 6‐h incubation but not after 18 h incubation. The presence of 20:3n‐9 in fetal cartilage may be important for the prevention of calcification in the cartilage. 20:3n‐9 could be applied to some clinical situations where bone formation should be inhibited.
Chemical Quality Evaluation of Damaged Jojoba Seeds (Simmondsia chinensis)
Authors: Gayol María F. , Labuckas Diana O. , Aparicio José , Oberti Juan C. , Grosso Nelson R. , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe objective of the research was to characterize the quality of damaged and undamaged jojoba seeds. The study was performed on jojoba seeds grown in La Rioja, Argentina. Proximal composition, fatty acid composition, acid value, peroxide value, conjugated dienes and trienes and protein electrophoresis profiles were determined in undamaged (JS) and damaged jojoba seeds (DJS). The fat content (wax) was lower in DJS (39.11%) than in JS (50.82%). The values of acid, peroxide, conjugated dienes and trienes were higher in DJS than in JS. No difference in fatty acid composition was observed between DJS and JS. The protein content was not significantly different between JS and DJS. However, DJS had lower soluble protein values. In the electrophoresis profiles, the band located at 50 kDa disappeared in DJS and the intensity of the band located at 25 kDa decreased. The deterioration process in jojoba kernels significantly affects the chemical quality of their proteins and waxes.