bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipatory and Reactive Displacement
Authors: Draper Jamie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines and explores a distinction between two forms of displacement: anticipatory and reactive displacement. The distinction between reactive and anticipatory displacement is helpful in orienting our moral reflection on displacement in three ways. First, it helps us to diagnose the different harms associated with different forms of displacement. Anticipatory and reactive forms of displacement both impinge upon our ability to form and pursue life-plans, but do so in different ways. Second, it helps us to explain why different responses to displacement are warranted. Different sets of rights and duties can be justified in response to the different harms of anticipatory and reactive displacement. And finally, it yields plausible judgements about the moral differences between different cases of displacement. The upshots of this distinction are explored through an examination of the case of gentrification.
When is Climate-Change Related Internal Displacement of International Concern?
Authors: Lister Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is now widely expected that climate change will be serious enough that a very large number of people will be displaced from their homes because of events relating to or resulting from climate change. There is good reason to believe that a very large percentage—probably a significant majority—of displacement related to climate change will be, or could be, internal. This chapter argues that there are likely to be a large number of cases where internal displacement related to climate change is of international concern, and where, therefore, states have significant moral reasons to provide assistance. The author’s claim is that such internal displacement is of international concern when it threatens the basic human rights of those displaced, and when the local or domestic government cannot or will not take the necessary steps to meet the needs and protect the rights of those who are displaced.
Ending Internal Displacement
Authors: Bradley Megan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
When does internal displacement end? On the face of it, ending internal displacement is an unquestionably laudable goal. In practice, however, efforts to resolve internal displacement are often highly coercive and raise a host of under-examined normative questions pertaining to the rights and obligations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), states, international organizations, and other actors involved in displacement situations. Using the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Framework as a springboard, this chapter offers a normative account of what durable solutions for IDPs entail. I contend that the resolution of internal displacement cannot be reduced to a focus on IDPs’ physical location, occupancy, or territorial rights. Rather, I argue for a rights-based approach centring respect for IDPs’ autonomy and their interest in developing and pursuing their life-plans. The chapter considers some related moral questions pertaining to the exercise of choice in the resolution of displacement, and whether the search for solutions for IDPs may legitimately be limited to the boundaries of their own countries.
Introduction
Authors: Doolan Yuri W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 1982, when the Amerasian Immigration Act was enacted to extend preferential immigration rights to children of US citizens illegitimately fathered in Asia, it defined the Amerasian as an “alien . . . born in Korea, Vietnam, Laos, [Cambodia], or Thailand after 1950 and before the date of enactment.” This introduction considers the law’s very specific geographic and temporal boundaries to reveal the Amerasian not as an objective descriptor for individuals of mixed Asian and American parentage, but as a deliberate articulation of Cold War geopolitics. Highlighting the Korean War as an origin site for this term and concept, it shows the process through which Americans transformed mixed race Koreans (and subsequent other groups) from bastard children of little significance into Amerasians worthy of rescue.
“Confucius’ Outcasts”
Authors: Doolan Yuri W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
By 1961, approximately 2,000 mixed race children remained in South Korea. These individuals were generally older and living with their mothers in camptowns, as the younger, more desirable children had already been sent to the United States for adoption. Seeking more pragmatic solutions, a small minority of international social workers rejected intercountry adoption as the ultimate solution and worked with indigenous agencies to integrate these children into South Korean society. Shortly after this effort got under way, however, relations between local programs and American agencies deteriorated. Labeling South Korean efforts ineffective, US humanitarians remained fixated on adoption and segregated institutional care, rather than integration. They used their professional and economic clout to dismantle indigenous efforts, employing a narrative of enduring South Korean racism to justify their means. Ultimately, the local integrationist movement failed, and the number of children being sent to the United States for adoption would continually rise.
Introduction
Authors: Devienne Elsa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction argues that while the Los Angeles shoreline is today one of the most iconic landscapes in the United States, it was not always the case. In the late 1920s, the beaches of Los Angeles were dirty, crowded, and eroded. Pollution from untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and oil extraction was a critical issue. In addition, most of the coastline was private and inaccessible to the public. Beginning in the 1920s, and reaching a peak in the postwar years, reinventing the beach for the modern age became the obsession of a group of LA-based engineers, urban planners, businesspeople, politicians, and city leaders. In the postwar era, as the LA beach lobby implemented its vision of modern, orderly beaches, Hollywood embraced the beach and surfing lifestyle and turned it into an international sensation. As such, the introduction claims that Los Angeles came to embody the ideal modern beach in the twentieth century.
A Beach for the Suburban Age
Authors: Devienne Elsa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the postwar beach modernization projects and the movement for the acquisition of public beaches. During World War II, California beaches became endowed with patriotic symbolism. The beach lobby picked up on the rhetoric and used it to raise funds for its program of beach acquisition and modernization. In the immediate aftermath of the conflict, Southern California positioned itself as the national leader for shoreline planning and public access to the coast. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, thanks to lobbying efforts at the state level, large sections of the shoreline were bought for the public, artificially widened, and cleaned up. These vast, empty beaches allowed the planners to proceed with the next step of their plan: adapting the coastline to the postwar suburbanite values of cleanliness, privacy, and respectability. Taking their cues from newly opened Disneyland, they built modern accommodations and family-friendly recreational spaces on the sands, hoping to prevent the white middle-class from “fleeing” the beach just as they had “fled” the city.
Who Has the Right to the Modern Beach?
Authors: Devienne Elsa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the ways in which beach modernization and new policing techniques contributed to the construction of the beach, both literally and culturally, as an exclusive space for the white middle-class nuclear family. More specifically, it shows how an alliance of real estate interests and city officials combined planning and policing strategies in order to turn Ocean Park, a section of Santa Monica that was previously a haven for gay, Black, and working-class beachgoers, into a semiprivatized playground for the white middle class. This would also spell the end of world-famous Muscle Beach. Beach modernization had a knock-on effect on beach policing. By the mid-1960s, the increasing visibility of ethnic and racial minorities on the beach, rising crime rates, and fear of gang violence led to a notable increase in the number of lifeguards and officers on the beat.
Asian Students and Families
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Xin Yitong , Liu Chang , Wang Yao 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Asian students and their families counter unique challenges in the school setting despite the common stereotype of Asian Americans as the “model minority.” This chapter describes achievements and challenges encountered by Asian students and their families, particularly mental health issues, as suicide is the second biggest cause of death for Asian youth between the ages of 10 and 19. The discussion focuses on evidence-based practices, school–family partnership, and equity and inclusive practices, in addition to highlighting the importance of culturally tailored interventions and parent-centered practices. This chapter also provides evidence-informed school-based practices and recommendations on cultural adaptations.
Angelina Grimké, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Grimké’s Appeal is a landmark address in the history of American abolitionism. She calls on fellow southern Christian white women to commit themselves to ending the institution of chattel slavery. Central to that effort, she says, is persuading their fathers, husbands, and brothers that slaveholding is immoral. Christian ethics and the language of gender-based virtues organize her arguments.
Not Regular Blacks
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The term “multiracials” will designate persons who conceive of themselves as racially mixed—without the presumption that they somehow are, except in the sense that they have mixed continental ancestry. This section argues that multiracialism (pursuit of recognition and affirmation for certain people as mixed race) has lent credence to racialist sensibilities. An odd feature of monoracial classification in America is that most persons counted as black/Negro have substantial European as well as African ancestry. The practice of assigning persons who have visible African ancestry to a monoracial “black” grouping does not and never tried to fully track the substantial components of their continental ancestry. A monoracial scheme emerged because of commitment to a rigid black-white social hierarchy, not because of faulty unrecognition of purported facts, experiences, or psychologies of race.
Geoancestry and Elective Identity
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
No matter the meaning(s) of “race,” Africa-identified descendants of American slavery constitute a national people, neither native nor immigrant. Questions of racial being are irrelevant. The neologism “geoancestry” is a mode of thought giving expression to the continental place(s) a person’s traceable ancestors originated from (in full or part). The modern idea of race became an ideological-rhetorical device of distraction from transatlantic slavery and European colonialism. Discarding race intrigue, the geoancestry concept stands for continental groupings that reflect Western practices of attaching importance to visible continental ancestry. A global Africa-identified grouping tracks visible African ancestry without presumption that its members have only or primarily African ancestry. Under this conception of geoancestral blackness, Black Americans constitute a subgroup of Africa-identified peoples and as such would have a “black” social identity.
Bound by Colored Politics?
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Black nationalist-minded philosophers believe that Black Americans’ obligation to join in political solidarity follows from the principle that to will an end is to will the necessary means—the end being Black social equality. But some Whites and other non-Blacks also affirm this justice cause (“the Cause”). The argument in this section is that while the practical burdens of politics will fall more heavily on Black Americans, this does not translate into a duty for Blacks as such—a view that is at odds with the nationalist tradition. But this view is aligned with the tradition in affirming that Black Americans have ethically good reasons to support Black politics in unapologetic pursuit of Black social equality. Volunteers, not hostages, are needed. Black political solidarity skeptics are entitled to exercise the freedom to go their own way (without doing positive harm to the group).
François Guizot and Democracy’s “Capable” Aristocracy
Authors: Englert Gianna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provocatively positions François Guizot, the outspoken enemy of universal suffrage, as one of the nineteenth century’s most sophisticated democratic theorists. It analyzes Guizot’s definition of the “new democracy,” a type of equalized society rather than a political regime based in popular sovereignty. It demonstrates how Guizot’s new democracy informed his complex theory for a capable franchise, which was to be regulated by the standard of political capacity rather than by the notion of universal rights. It argues that Guizot’s democratic theory suffused his educational and pedagogical theories as well. As the first study to unite Guizot’s insights about elections to his educational recommendations, this chapter reveals the degree to which liberals wielded the dual weapons of political capacity and their novel democracy to quiet demands for equality and universality, whether they manifested in the world of politics or the sphere of education.
Tocqueville’s Other Democracy
Authors: Englert Gianna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the best-known liberal observer of the democratic age: Alexis de Tocqueville. Yet it showcases an unseen side of Tocqueville. Although Tocqueville is renowned as the foremost theorist of democracy in America, where he depicted democracy as a “social state,” this chapter argues that he was also embroiled in deliberations over the character of political democracy in France. Tocqueville adopted a peculiar position on the French franchise. His initial ambivalence toward political capacity morphed into outright critiques of Guizot’s capacitarian rationale. This chapter argues that, by 1848, Tocqueville began to wage a war on political corruption in France, and he turned to universal suffrage to inject both vitality and morality into a degraded French democracy. This chapter thus provides a novel interpretation of a familiar figure in the liberal canon.
Animal Sacrifice and the Roman Emperor
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of animal sacrifice in fashioning the Roman emperor as the chief unifying feature of the empire. Because animal sacrifice allowed for maximum variety and flexibility, it was valuable for creating consensus around the emperor. The emperor could figure as the sacrificant, the one who offered the sacrifice, or the beneficiary, the one on whose behalf it was offered, or the recipient, the one to whom it was offered. Each role provided a different strategy for modeling the relationship between emperor and subjects. In imperial cult, the emperor was either beneficiary or recipient of the sacrifice. Sacrifices on his behalf represented him as a member of the human community but with a unique role in conveying the gods’ blessings. In contrast, offering sacrifices to the emperor located him above the community, as the one who provided the empire’s inhabitants with peace, stability, and prosperity. Images of the emperor as sacrificant on monumental reliefs and coins presented him as a member of a human community, mediating between that community and its gods and thus at the pinnacle of the empire’s sociopolitical hierarchy. These strategies constituted contrasting yet complementary ways of communicating and constructing the emperor’s superior power and status.
Theorizing Animal Sacrifice II
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter surveys two interrelated discourses of animal sacrifice that treated it as a matter of crucial philosophical importance. The first section examines the idea of a hierarchy of cult offerings correlated with a divine hierarchy of beings, according to which animal sacrifice is directed to beings at the lowest level. Platonic philosophers Porphyry and Iamblichus agreed on this conceptual framework but sharply disagreed on the value of animal sacrifice. Although the notion of a hierarchy of beings goes back to Plato, its correlation with a hierarchy of offerings perhaps originates with Apollonius of Tyana. The second section surveys the early Christian demonological discourse of animal sacrifice, whose basic elements were established in the mid-second century CE by Justin Martyr. Since the sacrificial interpretation of Jesus’s life and death left no room for actual sacrifice, Christian apologists utilized this demonological discourse to justify their rejection of it. These thinkers agreed that the popular understanding of animal sacrifice as a marker of piety was inadequate; only someone with the correct understanding of the cosmos could reveal its true significance. Integral to the production of these discourses were claims to social power on the part of those who shaped them.
The Obligations of Empire
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter focuses on imperial directives mandating participation in animal sacrifice. Decius’s decree of 250 CE, requiring all inhabitants to perform animal sacrifice, established it as a marker of self-identification with the empire but also prompted Christian leaders to insist that it was incompatible with Christian allegiance. Although Valerian’s directives of 257 and 258 had the goal of undermining Christian communities, he, too, required Roman subjects to engage in cult practices. In contrast, his son and successor Gallienus extended recognition to Christian associations and severed the connection between animal sacrifice and identification with Rome, adopting a policy of neutrality regarding religious adherence. The cycle was repeated in the early fourth century CE when the “Great Persecution” of Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximinus, with edicts abolishing Christian institutions and enforcing participation in animal sacrifice, was ended by Constantine and Licinius, who gave all people the right to engage in worship of their choice. Underlying these swings between imperial enforcement of animal sacrifice and religious neutrality was a shift in the social function and cultural significance of animal sacrifice, away from its role of structuring sociopolitical hierarchies and building cultural consensus and into a new role as marker of allegiance to the empire.
The Country
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the infrastructure, mountains, water resources, and forests of Nepal. It describes the history of names for Nepal. The basic data for Nepal are collected in the first section on infrastructure. A special focus is on the high peaks of the Himalaya, particularly Mount Everest, and the climbers who conquered them. This chapter also describes the impact of recurring earthquakes as well as the significance of water and forests. Water is one of the major resources of Nepal, which define the relations to India and China. Both water and forests have strong religious implications such as the sacredness of rivers or special trees.
The Religions
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the very special forms of Buddhism and Hinduism in Nepal. With regard to Buddhism, topics such as the debated birthplace of the Buddha in Nepal, early forms of Buddhism in the Licchavi Period, the Tantric Vajrayana Buddhism, Buddhist life in many Newar monasteries in the Kathmandu Valley (a Buddhism without monks as it is often called), and Tibetan Buddhism among ethnic groups living in the high mountain regions are analyzed. Regarding Hinduism, a focus is on tutelary or protective deities of the kings, especially the relevance of Paśupati Temple as well as the cult of the goddesses and their rituals, processions, and festivals are highlighted. In conclusion, the question is discussed whether this strong religious diversity and its syncretism, which also include folk and shamanistic forms, are based on religious tolerance or ignorance.
Peter van Inwagen on the Consequence Argument
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Peter van Inwagen about the Consequence Argument for incompatibilism about free will and determinism. Next, they discuss the Mind Argument (for incompatibilism about free will and indeterminism) and the Replay Argument. Finally, van Inwagen explains what he takes to be the problem of free will, which can be expressed in a tetralemma: (1) The Consequence Argument shows that free will is incompatible with determinism. (2) The Mind Argument shows that free will is incompatible with indeterminism. (3) If there’s no free will, then nothing is anybody’s fault. (4) It is not the case that nothing is anybody’s fault. All four are plausible. But one of them must be false because they are incompatible. Thus, the problem of free will is figuring out which one has to go.
Michael McKenna on Source Compatibilism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Michael McKenna about source compatibilism, a compatibilist view according to which freedom and responsibility are compatible with determinism and according to which the ability to do otherwise is not essential to free and responsible agency. They go on to discuss two popular versions of source compatibilism—mesh theories and reasons-responsiveness theories—and some challenges for each. They conclude by discussing McKenna’s responses to some challenges to source compatibilism, focusing on the Manipulation Argument and McKenna’s hard-line reply to that argument, which is introduced in Chapter 8: Derk Pereboom on the Manipulation Argument.
The call to “decarbonize”
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What is “decarbonization,” and how feasible and environmentally sensible is it in a variety of sectors? Decarbonization is yet another in a series of developments that increasingly distinguish human civilization from the “natural” world. The separation between human economies of energy and material and natural cycles is not only increasing in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality: the materials that we are using in increasing amounts. “Unrecyclable” waste is increasingly becoming necessary fuel. The “hard-to-abate” areas of iron/steel manufacture, cement production, aviation and shipping pose hitherto insurmountable challenges for the replacement of hydrocarbon fuels: synthetic fuels are the immediate alternatives. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture at source (and recycling in fuels and materials) must expand rapidly. Sinking CO2 semi-permanently is also a type of decarbonization, but it is very energetically costly and is advancing far too slowly.