bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Model of Inefficient Institutions
Authors: Acemoglu Daron 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper develops a simple model of economic and political institutions that lead to poor aggregate economic performance. In the model economy, groups with political power, the elite, choose policies to increase their income and to directly or indirectly transfer resources from the rest of society to themselves. The resulting equilibrium is generally inefficient because of three distinct mechanisms: (1) revenue extraction, (2) factor price manipulation and (3) political consolidation. In particular, the elite may pursue inefficient policies to extract revenue from other groups. They may do so to reduce the demand for factors coming from other groups in the economy, thus indirectly benefiting from changes in factor prices. Finally, they may try to impoverish other groups competing for political power. The elite's preferences over inefficient policies translate into inefficient economic institutions. The notable exception to this general picture emerges when long‐term investments are important, thus creating a commitment (holdup) problem, whereby equilibrium taxes and regulations are worse than the elite would like them to be from an ex ante point of view. In this case, economic institutions that provide additional security of property rights to other groups can be useful.
Work, Wages and Gender in Export‐Oriented Cities: Global Assembly versus International Tourism in Mexico
Authors: TAMBORINI CHRISTOPHER R. 
Published: January 2007

Drawing on a rich source of urban labour market data, the Mexican National Urban Employment Survey of 1998, this article addresses the question of how dissimilar export‐oriented industries shape urban labour markets, particularly with respect to women workers. It compares Ciudad Juárez, which has an economy based on global assembly production, and Cancún, whose economy is based on international tourism. Employing economic base theory and location quotients, the analysis isolates the impact of the export sectors on the local labour markets.Results show that global assembly and international tourism encourage a mix of occupational and income prospects for both men and women in each of these Mexican cities. Female employment tends to be concentrated in the export‐oriented sector in both cases, but the types of occupational and income opportunities therein vary. Overall, the analysis challenges common exploitation arguments that tend to stress the universally shared deleterious working conditions and low wages that result from global integration and export‐led industrialisation in contemporary Latin America. It suggests that we pay closer attention to the diverse nature of outward oriented industries, which will tend to differentiate the labour market implications of increasing economic globalisation.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates NMDA receptor activity in mouse cortical neurons resulting in ERK‐dependent death
Authors: Jara Javier H. , Singh Brij B. , Floden Angela M. , Combs Colin K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMultiple cytokines are secreted in the brain during pro‐inflammatory conditions and likely affect neuron survival. Previously, we demonstrated that glutamate and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) kill neurons via activation of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) and TNFα receptors, respectively. This report continues characterizing the signaling cross‐talk pathway initiated during this inflammation‐related mechanism of death. Stimulation of mouse cortical neuron cultures with TNFα results in a transient increase in NMDA receptor‐dependent calcium influx that is additive with NMDA stimulation and inhibited by pre‐treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist, dl‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid, or the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate/kainate receptor antagonist, 6,7‐dinitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione. Pre‐treatment with N‐type calcium channel antagonist, ω‐conotoxin, or the voltage‐gated sodium channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin, also prevents the TNFα‐stimulated calcium influx. Combined TNFα and NMDA stimulation results in a transient increase in activity of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERKs) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs). Specific inhibition of ERKs but not JNKs is protective against TNFα and NMDA‐dependent death. Death is mediated via the low‐affinity TNFα receptor, TNFRII, as agonist antibodies for TNFRII but not TNFRI stimulate NMDA receptor‐dependent calcium influx and death. These data demonstrate how microglial pro‐inflammatory secretions including TNFα can acutely facilitate glutamate‐dependent neuron death.
An aggregation attractant for the sugar‐beet weevil, Bothynoderes punctiventris
Authors: Tóth Miklós , Ujváry István , Sivcev Ivan , Imrei Zoltán , Szarukán István , Farkas Orsolya , Gömöry Ágnes , Gács‐Baitz Eszter , Francke Wittko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDuring our screening studies, attractiveness of a ternary mixture of synthetic Grandlure I [racemic cis‐1‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylenethenyl)‐cyclobutane ethanol], Grandlure II [(Z)‐2‐(3,3‐dimethyl)cyclohexylidene ethanol], and Grandlure III–IV [(Z)‐ and (E)‐2‐ochtodenal; (Z)‐ and (E)‐(3,3‐dimethyl)cyclohexylidene acetaldehyde] for the sugar‐beet weevil, Bothynoderes punctiventris Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was observed in field‐trapping tests at several sites in Hungary and Serbia. The mixture attracted both males and females. Later tests revealed that of the components in the ternary mixture, only Grandlure III–IV were responsible for attraction, and the addition of Grandlures I or II in varying percentages had no influence on trap captures. Traps baited with 50–50 000 µg of Grandlure III–IV on rubber or polyethylene dispensers yielded high catches of weevils. When testing synthetic samples enriched in the respective geometrical isomer, Grandlure IV had a tendency of catching more weevils, but differences were not significant from lower catches by a 1:1 Z:E blend or Grandlure III. In gas chromatography–flame ionization detection/electroantennographic detection studies, antennae of both female and male weevils were more responsive to the (E)‐ than to the (Z)‐isomer suggesting a more important role for Grandlure IV. Efforts to verify the presence of Grandlure III or IV in volatiles collected from either sex of live sugar‐beet weevils or body washings with pentane remained inconclusive. Traps baited with Grandlure III–IV can now be used as sensitive and powerful trapping tools in the control of the sugar‐beet weevil.
Severity of ED: Relationship to Treatment-Seeking and Satisfaction with Treatment Using PDE5 Inhibitors
Authors: McCabe Marita , Matic Hayley 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Research in the past 20 years has demonstrated that erectile dysfunction (ED) is an area of concern for men and their partners.

Aim
The current study was designed to evaluate the impact of the perceived severity of ED on treatment-seeking behavior and satisfaction with treatment among men with ED.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants completed a questionnaire to assess the above variables, as well as the duration of ED.

Methods
Participants were 410 men with ED who were primarily recruited over the Internet via men’s health websites.

Results
The results demonstrated that men with more severe ED compared with men with milder ED were more likely to have discussed their ED with their partner and doctor, have sought assistance for their ED problem, but they were also less satisfied with the effectiveness of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and said they were less likely to use them in the future. Men with more severe ED were also less likely to want ED medication to last for 24 hours.

Conclusion
Implications of these findings for the treatment of men with different levels of ED are discussed.
CD27 and CD57 Expression Reveals Atypical Differentiation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Memory CD8
+
T Cells
Authors: Hoji Aki , Connolly Nancy C. , Buchanan William G. , Rinaldo Charles R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

The failure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8
+
T cells to control chronic HIV-1 infection could be due to the progressive loss of their capacities to undergo normal memory effector differentiation. We characterized and compared the expressions of CD27, CD28, CD57, and CD62L by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-, and HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells by six-color, eight-parameter flow cytometry. In contrast to the maturation of EBV- and CMV-specific memory CD8
+
T cells, we found that HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells did not display coordinated down-regulation of CD27 and up-regulation of CD57 and accumulated in an atypical CD27
high
CD57
low
subset. Moreover, the accumulation of CD27
high
CD57
low
HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells was positively correlated with HIV-1 plasma viremia. The differentiation of HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells to an effector subset is therefore impaired during chronic HIV-1 infection. This lack of normal CD8
+
T-cell differentiation could contribute to the failure of cellular immune control of HIV-1 infection.
The Level of Viral Antigen Presented by Hepatocytes Influences CD8 T-Cell Function
Authors: Gehring Adam J. , Sun Dianxing , Kennedy Patrick T. F. , Nolte-'t Hoen Esther , Lim Seng Gee , Wasser Shanthi , Selden Clare , Maini Mala K. , Davis Dan M. , Nassal Michael , Bertoletti Antonio 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTCD8 T cells exert their antiviral function through cytokines and lysis of infected cells. Because hepatocytes are susceptible to noncytolytic mechanisms of viral clearance, CD8 T-cell antiviral efficiency against hepatotropic viruses has been linked to their capacity to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). On the other hand, intrahepatic cytokine production triggers the recruitment of mononuclear cells, which sustain acute and chronic liver damage. Using virus-specific CD8 T cells and human hepatocytes, we analyzed the modulation of virus-specific CD8 T-cell function after recognition peptide-pulsed or virally infected hepatocytes. We observed that hepatocyte antigen presentation was generally inefficient, and the quantity of viral antigen strongly influenced CD8 T-cell antiviral function. High levels of hepatitis B virus production induced robust IFN-γ and TNF-α production in virus-specific CD8 T cells, while limiting amounts of viral antigen, both in hepatocyte-like cells and naturally infected human hepatocytes, preferentially stimulated CD8 T-cell degranulation. Our data document a mechanism where virus-specific CD8 T-cell function is influenced by the quantity of virus produced within hepatocytes.
Double-chambered right ventricle in an adult patient diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Romano Minna MD , Furtado Rogério G , Dias Cinthia GF , Jurca Mauro , Almeida-Filho Oswaldo C , Maciel Benedito C 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Double-chambered right ventricle is a rare congenital disease frequently misdiagnosed in the adult patient. An anomalous muscle band divides the right ventricle in two cavities causing variable degree of obstruction. Although echocardiography is considered a useful method for the diagnosis of this pathology in children, it has been recognized the transthoracic scanning limitation in adults.

Case presentation
A 29 year-old patient with double-chambered right ventricle presenting mild exercise intolerance referred for follow up of a known ventricular septal defect in whom a complete diagnosis was obtained based only on transthoracic two dimensional echocardiography without the needing of cardiac catheterization.

Conclusion
Based on non invasive echocardiographic diagnosis, patient was referred to surgical correction, which was completely successful.
Diffuse Pigmentation of Maxillary Attached Gingiva: Four Cases of the Cultural Practice of Gingival Tattoo
Authors: Rawal Swati Y. , Burrell Renita , Hamidi Cameron S. , Kalmar John R. , Tatakis Dimitris N. 
Published: January 2007

Background: Gingival pigmentation is a common finding, may be of endogenous or exogenous origin, and can have diagnostic significance. Diffuse gingival pigmentation may be physiologic in nature or can be due to environmental factors, drugs, endocrine disorders, or genetic conditions. We present four cases of diffuse gingival pigmentation due to traditional gingival tattooing and review the literature on this practice.Methods: Four black females (aged 19 to 56 years) of West African origin (Mauritania and Senegal), representing three different ethnic groups (Fulani, Mandinka, and Soninke) presented with various chief complaints. All exhibited diffuse pigmentation of the maxillary vestibular gingiva extending to the second premolar areas, without any associated radiographic abnormalities. The color ranged from intense blue gray to light gray or grayish pink. One case was biopsied for histopathologic evaluation.Results: Questioning revealed that the women had had one or more sessions of traditional gingival tattooing. In one case, the procedure was performed in a dental office. The color range appeared to depend on the time that elapsed since the last procedure. The biopsy exhibited dense fibrous connective tissue containing aggregates of foreign material consistent with a foreign body tattoo.Conclusions: Gingival tattooing, a cultural practice prevalent in certain African ethnic groups, results in diffuse pigmentation. Outside of Africa, it may be misinterpreted as racial pigmentation or pose a diagnostic puzzle. The color and distribution pattern of diffuse gingival pigmentation often are quite suggestive, and the clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by patient history. In selected cases, biopsy may be necessary to exclude other diagnostic considerations.
Precipitation of soy proteins: Particle formation and protein separation
Authors: Lui D. Y. M. , Litster J. D. , White E. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of pH on the precipitation of soy protein between pH 4 and 6.8 was investigated. Precipitation between pH 5.7 and 6.8 gave a binary liquid‐liquid separation in which a protein‐rich secondary liquid phase containing between 20 – 30 wt % protein of 80 – 99% purity in glycinin formed as droplets of 1 – 10 μm. The droplets could be coalesced upon centrifugation to form a homogeneous bottom liquid layer. The high‐protein concentration phase was stable (did not precipitate or crystallize) for up to several months when stored at 4°C. Stable high‐protein liquid phases have not previously been reported. In the pH region for which liquid‐liquid separation occurred (pH 6.15 to 5.35), the droplet‐size distribution was controlled by nucleation and growth. No drop breakage, and little or no drop coalescence was observed. Mixer speed and geometry did not have a large effect on the size of the protein‐rich droplets in suspension. Nucleation occurred in two separate bursts at pH 6.15 and pH 5.85, followed by growth of the new nuclei as pH was decreased. Thus, the drop‐size distribution was monomodal between 6.15 and 5.85, and bimodal between pH 5.85 and 5.35. At pH 5.6 and below, protein precipitated as amorphous material which intertwined with and bound primary particles into aggregates. These agglomerates grew with decreasing pH, particularly below pH 5.35, as more protein precipitated with amorphous material acting as a binder. The addition of NaCl prevented the liquid‐liquid separation at higher pH. Instead solid precipitates of a different morphology were formed at low‐pH only. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Autoassociative neural networks for robust dynamic data reconciliation
Authors: Bai Shuanghua , McLean David D. , Thibault Jules 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReliable estimation of process variables for plant monitoring and control is an important topic that has been studied extensively. The Kalman filter has often been used and has acquired an enviable reputation. However, use of the Kalman filter suffers from two restrictive conditions: (1) it requires state‐space models and (2) it has to be tuned online to achieve its best performance. Recently, an alternative methodology based on dynamic data reconciliation has been proposed to overcome the first restriction. Although the approach of dynamic data reconciliation can incorporate any form of model, it involves online optimization that may require long computation time for complex systems. This report explores a new methodology based on a combination of autoassociative neural networks (AANNs) and dynamic data reconciliation that overcomes the need for online tuning, as required by the Kalman filter, as well as online optimization as required by conventional dynamic data reconciliation methods. Simulation examples of a distillation column demonstrate that the AANN‐based dynamic data reconciliation approach is capable of effectively attenuating measurement noise and is robust to changes of the noise level in plant measurements and the loss of measurements. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Full‐fledged proteomic analysis of bioactive wheat amylase inhibitors by a 3‐D analytical technique: Identification of new heterodimeric aggregation states
Authors: Zoccatelli Gianni , Dalla Pellegrina Chiara , Mosconi Silvia , Consolini Marica , Veneri Gianluca , Chignola Roberto , Peruffo Angelo , Rizzi Corrado 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWheat proteinaceous α‐amylase inhibitors (α‐AIs) are increasingly investigated for their agronomical role as natural defence molecules of plants against the attack of insects and pests, but also for their effects on human health. The wheat genomes code for several bioactive α‐AIs that share sequence homology, but differ in their specificity against α‐amylases from different species and for their aggregation states. Wheat α‐AIs are traditionally classified as belonging to the three classes of tetrameric, homodimeric and monomeric forms, each class being constituted by a number of polypeptides that display different electrophoretic mobilities. Here we describe a proteomic approach for the identification of bioactive α‐AIs from wheat and, in particular, a 3‐D technique that allows to best identify and characterize the dimeric fraction. The technique takes advantage of the thermal resistance of α‐AIs (resistant to T > 70°C) and consists in the separation of protein mixtures by 2‐D polyacrylamide/starch electrophoresis under nondissociating PAGE (ND‐PAGE, first dimension) and dissociating (urea‐PAGE or U‐PAGE second dimension) conditions, followed by in‐gel spontaneous reaggregation of protein complexes and identification of the α‐amylase inhibitory activity (antizymogram, third dimension) using enzymes from human salivary glands and from the larvae of Tenebrio molitor coleopter (yellow mealworm). Dimeric α‐AIs from Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) were observed to exist as heterodimers. The formation of heterodimeric complexes was also confirmed by in vitro reaggregation assays carried out on RP‐HPLC purified wheat dimeric α‐AIs, and their bioactivity assayed by antizymogram analysis. The present 3‐D analytical technique can be exploited for fast, full‐fledged identification and characterization of wheat α‐AIs.
CE frontal analysis based on simultaneous UV and contactless conductivity detection: A general setup for studying noncovalent interactions
Authors: Jensen Henrik , Østergaard Jesper , Thomsen Anne E. , Hansen Steen H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCE frontal analysis (CE‐FA) has been established as a powerful tool to study noncovalent interactions between macromolecules and small molecules such as drug substances or pharmaceutical excipients. However, when using traditional commercial CE instrumentation, a serious drawback is related to the fact that only UV‐active compounds can be studied. In recent years, contactless conductivity detection has become an attractive alternative to UV detection in CE due to its high versatility. In this study, we combine contactless conductivity detection and UV detection in a highly versatile setup for profiling noncovalent interactions between low‐molecular‐weight molecules and macromolecules. In the case of molecules having a chromophore the setup allows determination of binding constants using two independent detectors. The new contactless conductivity detection cell is compatible with commercial CE instrumentation and is therefore easily implemented in any analysis laboratory with CE expertise.
Translocation of constitutively expressed heat shock protein Hsc70 to synapse‐enriched areas of the cerebral cortex after hyperthermic stress
Authors: Chen Sheng , Brown Ian R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHsp70 is a multi‐gene family composed of stress‐inducible members (Hsp70) and other members that are constitutively expressed (Hsc70). The heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsc70 exhibit similar molecular structure and biochemical functions. Constitutively expressed Hsc70 is enriched in the mammalian nervous system compared with non‐neural tissues and present at high levels in neuronal cell bodies. After thermal stress, Hsc70 is translocated to synapse‐enriched areas of the cerebral cortex where it associates with Hsp40 to form a complex that can refold denaturated proteins. These results suggest that the heat shock response in the nervous system involves not only the synthesis of stress‐inducible Hsps but also the translocation of constitutively expressed Hsc70 to synapse‐enriched areas where it could participate in neuroprotective mechanisms that preserved synaptic function during times of stress. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholesterol autoxidation in phospholipid membrane bilayers
Authors: Sevanian Alex , McLeod Laurie L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipid peroxidation in unilamellar liposomes of known cholesterol‐phospholipid composition was monitored under conditions of autoxidation or as induced by a superoxide radical generating system, γ‐irradiation or cumene hydroperoxide. Formation of cholesterol oxidation products was indexed to the level of lipid peroxidation. The major cholesterol oxidation products identified were 7‐keto‐cholesterol, isomeric cholesterol 5,6‐epoxides, isomeric 7‐hydroperoxides and isomeric 3,7‐cholestane diols. Other commonly encountered products included 3,5‐cholestadiene‐7‐one and cholestane‐3β,5α,6β‐triol. Superoxide‐dependent peroxidation required iron and produced a gradual increase in 7‐keto‐cholesterol and cholesterol epoxides. Cholesterol oxidation was greatest in liposomes containing high proportions of unsaturated phospholipid to cholesterol (4∶1 molar ratio), intermediate with low phospholipid to cholesterol ratios (2∶1) and least in liposomes prepared with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. This relationship held regardless of the oxidizing conditions used. Cumene hydroperoxide‐dependent lipid peroxidation and/or more prolonge oxidations with other oxidizing systems yielded a variety of products where cholesterol‐5β,6β‐epoxide, 7‐ketocholesterol and the 7‐hydroperoxides were most consistently elevated. Oxyradical initiation of lipid peroxidation produced a pattern of cholesterol oxidation products distinguishable from the pattern derived by cumene hydroperoxide‐dependent peroxidation. Our findings indicate that cholesterol autoxidation in biological membranes is modeled by the peroxide‐induced oxidation of liposomes bearing unsaturated fatty acids and suggest that a number of cholesterol oxidation products are derived from peroxide‐dependent propagation reactions occurring in biomembranes.