bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psalter as Contemplative Vision
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Evagrius believed that that Book of Psalms afforded a vision of the whole creation, including the daily struggles of the praktike, as refulgent with divine meaning. The psalter can serve as a training ground for the Christian contemplative, a kind of workshop in which the gnostikos learns to perceive the divine logoi in the events of salvation history recounted in the psalms. This chapter examines the dynamic relationship between praktike and theoretike, and suggests a reciprocal relationship between spiritual progress and biblical exegesis.
The Epistemic Approach to Avowals' Security: Introspection and Transparency
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter explains and criticizes two contemporary accounts of the Epistemic Asymmetry between avowals and other empirical reports. First, the introspectionist view suggests that the security of avowals is because of the operation of a mechanism for ‘tracking’ our own mental states. Secondly, a view offered by Richard Moran argues that avowals of propositional attitudes are marked by a special feature: their ‘transparency-to-the-world’. When a subject avows ’I believe its raining’, she says something about her mental state, but in her assessment she directs her attention to the world rather than events ’internal’ to her. Although both introspectionism and Moran’s view respect Semantic Continuity, the author argues that they fail to accommodate Epistemic Asymmetry in its full scope.
Speaking My Mind: Grammar, Epistemology, and (Some) Ontology
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe final chapter explains how the Neo-Expressivist account developed meets the theoretical desiderata outlined in the introduction. It then offers reflections on possible implications of the account of avowals defended in the book for certain metaphysical issues in the philosophy of mind. In particular, the author addresses the issue of the reality of mental states, and the extent to which mental states are ontologically independent of expressive behaviour.
In Defence of Christianity
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This short book of Christian apologetics attempts to show the main reasons that can be advanced in support of the Christian faith. These reasons do not constitute the foundations of Christianity, but are more like buttresses supporting a faith position already held or considered hypothetically. They fall into three groups: appeals to facts and ideas available to anyone, irrespective of time or place; appeals to particular events and strands in human history; and appeals to the inner rationale of developed Christian doctrine. The book stresses the ways in which the first group of appeals (traditionally called natural theology) and the other two groups (traditionally called revealed theology) are equally rational, and indeed, reinforce each other’s plausibility. All of them are open to critical scrutiny, and to discussion by people of any faith or none. Nevertheless, the overall aim of the book is apologetic, that is to say, the rational defence and commendation of the Christian faith as offering the best explanation of the world in which people find themselves, the most telling diagnosis of the human predicament, and the most plausible account of where God’s creation is heading.
The Appeal to History III: Universal History
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter considers a further appeal to history that can be made within the cumulative case for Christianity, namely the appeal to a providential reading of universal history as making, despite all evidence to the contrary, most sense of the way in which world history is moving. There are, in the so-called Christian centuries, and even in the secularised post-Christian world, signs of the admittedly partial penetration of society by the Christian Gospel’s ‘Kingdom values’ of justice, freedom, peace, and truth, and — some would argue — of democracy. In support of this view, the work of Hendrikus Berkhof and Oliver O’Donovan is cited and contrasted with that of Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Huntington.
Chapter 2 Taxation of Tobacco
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren , Smart Michael 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCigarette taxes (specific and ad valorem excises plus VAT) in the EU at more than 300 per cent of the pre-tax retail price are the highest on any single product in the world (by comparison, the VAT is, on average, 19 per cent.) In the US, the overall average level is only half the EU level. Within the EU and the US, the level of cigarette taxation differs widely between states. Interestingly, the ad valorem excise is mainly an EU phenomenon; it tends to protect the cheap tobaccos grown in southern member states. Concern about revenue and the restraining effect high cigarette taxes appear to have on the young are the main reasons for the high level of tobacco taxation. The young tend to undervalue future health damage. But apart from this special case of information failure, the case for high tobacco taxes appears weak. If individuals are fully informed about the consequences of smoking, the net external costs, which allow for the cost savings of premature deaths, may be low or even negligible. Furthermore, illegal bootlegging and smuggling, which undermine public revenue and health objectives, have reached alarming proportions, particularly in the EU. Accordingly, the authors conclude that there are conceptual and empirical limits to excessively high levels of tobacco taxation.
Chapter 6 An Excise Tax on Municipal Solid Waste?
Authors: Fullerton Don 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUnder current policies in US states, the marginal cost to an individual household for disposal of another bag of garbage is essentially zero, even though collection and disposal costs increase with the amount of garbage. Instead, the social cost per bag of garbage should be the product’s price plus the optimal tax rate. This chapter develops a theoretical model to characterize optimal waste taxes and tax-subsidy policies. It shows that an appropriately designed excise can achieve efficient levels of waste disposal and recycling, as well as raise revenue for state governments. The recommended approach would be a tax-subsidy or deposit-refund system, under which product sales would be taxed at retail stores and the recycling and legal garbage collection subsidized. It is shown that this Pigouvian type of environmental tax reform can match all the effects of having both the tax on garbage and the unavailable ‘tax on dumping’. In addition, the empirical literature is reviewed on how unit pricing of solid waste affects disposal and recycling, whilst the welfare costs of illicit disposal are analysed.
Chapter 7 Road User and Congestion Charges
Authors: Newbery David Michael 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Designing an efficient set of road user taxes and charges involves charging for scarce road space, setting corrective taxes for environmental externalities, and possibly employing additional taxes to improve the overall efficiency and equity of the tax system. As illustrated with data from the UK, congestion costs comprise the largest part of the efficient road user charge, with road damage costs and externalities a relatively small part. The best approach to internalising congestion costs is a cordon toll, although its efficient design turns out to be very complex. Road fuel taxes should probably be set at a level that accounts for the average long-run marginal cost of inter-urban roads for typical cars, with the vehicle excise duty set to adjust total payments by type of vehicle. Furthermore, the external cost of emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, and particulates can be reduced through tailpipe emission standards as well as met by differentially higher excises on, say, leaded than on unleaded petrol. An ad valorem tax on the component of car insurance that covers accident costs would internalise accident externalities. The study calculates the pure road charge and green tax elements in the UK at 0.60 euros/litre for petrol and 0.67 euros for diesel. If this applied generally across the EU, the Netherlands and Germany would be charging petrol at about the right rate and only the UK would be overcharging it. All countries except the UK are probably undercharging diesel. Overall, a strong argument can be made for revenue-neutral adjustments in total revenue from road use to improve efficiency by shifting over to better-targeted congestion taxes, such as cordon tolls and road pricing.
What's Wrong with Development Aid?
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the incentives generated by development aid’s institutions are important in explaining its lackluster outcomes. Understanding the incentives that confront donors and recipients requires knowledge of the fundamental collective-action problems that these actors face. Such problems may lead individuals seeking to improve their lot to choose actions that actually undermine their well-being. Even before aid flows into a country, these basic, day-to-day problems need solutions if foreign assistance is to produce successful and sustainable results.
The Years of High Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter-war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.
Contemporary Macroeconomic Theory
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The first of three chapters dedicated to the post-war period. Compares and contrasts the 'neoclassical synthesis' and the monetarist counter-revolution. Shows the rational expectation revolution as an offspring of Friedman's approach. Considers the non-Walrasian equilibrium theory and analyses the research programme of microfoundations of macroeconomics in some detail. Finally, assesses the post-Keynesian and new Keynesian approaches.
and the Rest of the World: Americans and Others
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationships of the European Union with the United States and the rest of the world, focusing on trade policies, preferential trade agreements with various countries, and common foreign and security policy (CFSP). It argues that the EU remains a political dwarf despite being an economic giant. European political cooperation in the form of the CFSP was aimed at paving the transition to an international political role. However, many Europeans were not ready to accept the consequences for national sovereignty, and failed to agree on how the CFSP would operate in the context of the Atlantic alliance. Deepening integration and rapid changes in the external environment could accelerate the pace.
Economic Governance and Policy Choices
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Economic integration in Europe has fuelled debates on the division of powers and responsibilities between the European and national levels, and between regional and local levels. This distribution of powers and responsibilities has implications for market integration, and the conditions under which economic agents compete for market shares. The term ‘economic governance’ has emerged in reference to the appropriate mix between the state and the market, public and private interests, as well as trade-offs between economic efficiency, stability, and equity. This chapter argues that the European debate simply hides or transforms many of the crucial trade-offs and policy choices relating to the kind of Europe, and the kind of society people want to live in. Specific policy areas in European integration are examined.
4 The First Live Sceptical Hypothesis
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The argument template used to generate new sceptical arguments was presented in chapter 3. In this chapter, the template is used to generate the first live sceptical argument by plugging ‘No one believes anything’, or belief eliminativism, into the template. It is argued that in some close possible worlds, eliminativism is a live hypothesis (even though false!), and many (not all) philosophers and cognitive scientists are mere mortals with respect to it. The obvious objections are addressed, and this live sceptical argument is compared with arguments concerning evidence one does not possess.
6 The Sceptical Solution
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
It is argued that most of the counterintuitive elements of traditional sceptical theories do not apply to the live sceptical theories, and that the live sceptic’s argument is identical in form to arguments we rely on without hesitation. The live sceptic is not denying anyone of the warrant they think they have; neither are they denying its quality. The knowledge denied by the live sceptic (knowledge of our own beliefs, the locations of our own pains, and the colours of objects in perfect view) is frequently ruled out in uncontroversial circumstances. This is important to the live sceptic’s case because it might be objected that it’s nearly impossible not to know one’s own beliefs, pain locations, or sock colours when the beliefs are formed in maximally veridical ways.
Pleasure and Moral Psychology in Republic IV and IX
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In Republic IX, Plato argues that the supreme pleasantness of the virtuous life is a particularly great consideration in demonstrating that the virtuous life is happy. This raises the question of whether this argument spouses the additive or the directive conception of happiness. On the additive conception, the argument is straightforward: the virtuous life is happy because the virtuous life is also the life of supreme pleasure, and the life of supreme pleasure is happy. On the directive conception, the argument is much more subtle: the virtuous life is happy because the virtuous life is the life of a fully integrated, healthy, and flourishing psyche, as demonstrated by (among other things) the transformation of the affective dimensions of the virtuous person's psyche, and such a life is the happy life. This chapter set out this need for interpretive care in more detail by looking at its connection to a more general problem for understanding how Plato thinks virtue benefits its possessor in the Republic, to which any adequate reconstruction of the ‘pleasure arguments’ in book IX must respond. It is argued that Plato's strategy is to demonstrate that virtue benefits its possessor on the grounds that the virtuous person, and only the virtuous person, possesses a healthy and harmonious psyche. Plato's conception of pleasure in book IX is a form of apprehending one's life as satisfying and worth living, and his argument is that having the true form of such pleasure means that one's life is, in fact, satisfying and worth living, and that one's psyche is healthy and harmonious. And such pleasure is to be found only in the virtuous person.
Pleasure, Value, and Moral Psychology in the Republic, Laws, and Timaeus
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In the so-called agreement model of psychic conformity, the passions do not retain their former character, only under tighter rein, but take on a new character altogether. In the competing control model, the passions may conform to reason, but they never change their character so as to cooperate with reason, just as a trained lion conforms to the commands of a tamer whose direction it is never capable of internalizing and cooperating. This chapter argues that these two models appear together in Plato for the simple reason that each captures, in its own way, aspects of our psychology Plato finds too important to ignore. It is further argued that without a psychological model of the agent as a whole, Plato lacks the psychological underpinnings for an account of virtue as the transformation of the agent as a whole, and thus for an account of happiness that is holistic rather than dimensional, consisting not in one's flourishing in some dimension of one's life but in one's flourishing as a harmoniously integrated whole. Consequently, Plato offers a compelling ethical and value-theoretical account of pleasure as a conditional good that is rationally incorporated by practical intelligence, but lacks an adequate unified psychology of the affective and rational activities of the soul to underwrite that ethical and value-theoretical account.
The impact of the Northern Territory's Living With Alcohol program, 1992–2002: revisiting the evaluation
Authors: Chikritzhs Tanya , Stockwell Tim , Pascal Richard 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate the effects of the Living With Alcohol (LWA) program and the LWA Alcoholic Beverage Levy on alcohol‐attributable deaths in the Northern Territory (NT) controlling for simultaneous trends in death rates from a control region and non‐alcohol related death trends in the NT, between 1985 and 2002.Design  The LWA program was introduced in 1992 with funding from a special NT tax (Levy) on beverages with greater than 3% alcohol content by volume. The Levy was removed in 1997 but the LWA program continued to be funded by the federal government until 2002. Trends in age standardised rates of acute and chronic alcohol‐attributable deaths in the NT were examined before, during and after the combined implementation of the LWA program and Levy and before and during the full length of the LWA program. Auto‐regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analyses included internal and external control series and adjustments for possible confounders. Separate estimates were made for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous NT residents.Findings  When combined, the Levy and the LWA program were associated with significant declines in acute alcohol‐attributable deaths in the NT as well as Indigenous deaths between 1992 and 1997. A significant but delayed decline in chronic deaths was evident towards the end of the study period between 1998 and 2002.Conclusions  The combined impact of the LWA program Levy and the programs and services funded by the Levy reduced the burden of alcohol‐attributable injury to the NT in the short term and may have contributed to a reduction in chronic illness in the longer term. The results of this study present a strong argument for the effectiveness of combining alcohol taxes with comprehensive programs and services designed to reduce the harm from alcohol, and underline the need to distinguish between the acute and chronic effects of alcohol in population level studies.
High expression of calcium‐binding proteins, S100A10, S100A11 and CALM2 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Rust Renata , Visser Lydia , van der Leij Judith , Harms Geert , Blokzijl Tjasso , Deloulme Jean C. , van der Vlies Pieter , Kamps Willem , Kok Klaas , Lim Megan , Poppema Sibrand , van den Berg Anke 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAnaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are characterised by the presence of CD30‐positive large cells, which usually are of T‐cell type. Based on the presence or absence of translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) locus, ALCL cases can be divided into two groups. To gain more insight in the biology of ALCL, we applied serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) on the Karpas299 cell line and identified 25 up‐ and 19 downregulated genes. Comparison of the differentially expressed genes with DNA copy number changes in Karpas299 revealed that two overexpressed genes, S100A10 and S100A11, were located in an amplicon suggesting that the increased mRNA levels were caused by DNA amplification. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on 5 ALCL cell lines and 12 ALCL tissues confirmed the SAGE data for 13 out of 14 up‐ and one out of four downregulated genes. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of S100A10, a calcium‐binding protein, in three out of five ALK+ and all 7 ALK− ALCL cases. S100A11 staining was confirmed in all ALK+ and six of seven ALK− ALCL cases. Three of the upregulated genes represented calcium‐binding proteins, which suggest that altered intracellular signaling might be associated with the oncogenesis of ALCL.
Serial studies of methylation of CDKN2B and CDKN2A in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia treated with arsenic trioxide
Authors: Au Wing‐Yan , Fung Alvin T. , Ma Edmond S. , Chan Cheuk‐Hung , Wong Kit‐Fai , Chim Chor‐Sang , Liang Raymond H. , Kwong Yok‐Lam 
Published: October 2005

SummaryNinety consecutive patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia were investigated for promoter methylation of CDKN2B (alias p15) and CDKN2A (alias p16) in disease relapse and progression. CDKN2B methylation was significantly more frequent at first relapse (30/36, 83%) than at presentation (48/77, 62%) (P = 0·025), while CDKN2A methylation appeared unaffected. Both acquisition and loss of CDKN2B methylation happened at relapse, with acquisition more frequent. No significant increase in CDKN2B and CDKN2A methylation occurred at more advanced relapses. At first or subsequent relapses, owing to highly effective salvage by arsenic trioxide, CDKN2B methylation did not impact on event‐free survival or overall survival.
A form of circulating interleukin-6 receptor component soluble gp130 as a potential interleukin-6 inhibitor in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Mitsuyama K , Tomiyasu N , Suzuki A , Takaki K , Takedatsu H , Masuda J , Yamasaki H , Matsumoto S , Tsuruta O , Toyonaga A , Sata M 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe presence and the role of soluble gp130, the soluble form of a component of the interleukin (IL)-6 receptor complex, were investigated in inflammatory bowel disease. The serum concentrations of soluble gp130 were increased in ulcerative colitis (active disease, median, 93·5 ng/ml; interquartile range, 26–125 ng/ml; inactive disease, 81 ng/ml, 24·8–137·3 ng/ml) and to a lesser extent in Crohn’s disease (active disease, 66 ng/ml, 44·4–87·6 ng/ml; inactive disease, 63 ng/ml, 43·5–82·5 ng/ml) compared to normal controls (43 ng/ml, 27–59 ng/ml). Paired analysis of serum samples showed a decrease of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor concentrations in both diseases and an increase of soluble gp130 concentrations, especially in ulcerative colitis, just after the resolution of disease exacerbation. Size fractionation of the serum revealed that a part of the IL-6 co-eluted with soluble gp130 and soluble IL-6 receptor. The IL-6-induced proliferation of murine B9 hybridoma was enhanced by recombinant soluble IL-6 receptor, whereas the proliferation was inhibited by recombinant soluble gp130. These results indicate that soluble gp130 may function as a natural inhibitor of the IL-6 actions in inflammatory bowel disease.