bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatostatinoma: Clinico‐pathological features of three cases and literature reviewed
Authors: Nesi Gabriella , Marcucci Tommaso , Rubio Carlos A , Brandi Maria Luisa , Tonelli Francesco 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSomatostatinoma is a rare endocrine tumor that comprises around 1% of all gastroenteropancreatic endocrine neoplasms. This paper gives an updated review on somatostatinoma and describes three sporadic cases of somatostatinoma located in the pancreas, duodenum, and jejunum. Approximately 200 case histories of somatostatinoma have been published, with the duodenum being the most frequent site, followed by the pancreas. Somatostatinomas may be sporadic or associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1, and Von Hippel–Lindau syndromes. Functional somatostatinomas release excessive amounts of somatostatin suppressing gallbladder motility and inhibiting the secretory activity of various endocrine and exocrine cell types. A triad of mild diabetes mellitus, cholelithiasis, and diarrhea/steatorrhoea characterizes the somatostatinoma or ‘inhibitory’ syndrome. Non‐functional somatostatinomas tend either to be asymptomatic or to present with obstructive symptoms. These tumors are often malignant and by the time they are detected, nearly two‐thirds have already metastasized to the regional lymph nodes or the liver. A comparison between our three cases and those in the literature provides useful insights into the clinical management of these patients. Interestingly, the jejunal somatostatinoma described here is the second case ever reported.
Accuracy and quality of massively parallel DNA pyrosequencing
Authors: Huse Susan M , Huber Julie A , Morrison Hilary G , Sogin Mitchell L , Welch David Mark 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background
Massively parallel pyrosequencing systems have increased the efficiency of DNA sequencing, although the published per-base accuracy of a Roche GS20 is only 96%. In genome projects, highly redundant consensus assemblies can compensate for sequencing errors. In contrast, studies of microbial diversity that catalogue differences between PCR amplicons of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) or other conserved gene families cannot take advantage of consensus assemblies to detect and minimize incorrect base calls.

Results
We performed an empirical study of the per-base error rate for the Roche GS20 system using sequences of the V6 hypervariable region from cloned microbial ribosomal DNA (tag sequencing). We calculated a 99.5% accuracy rate in unassembled sequences, and identified several factors that can be used to remove a small percentage of low-quality reads, improving the accuracy to 99.75% or better.

Conclusion
By using objective criteria to eliminate low quality data, the quality of individual GS20 sequence reads in molecular ecological applications can surpass the accuracy of traditional capillary methods.
Mucus function and crossflow filtration in a fish with gill rakers removed versus intact
Authors: Smith Jennifer C. , Sanderson S. Laurie 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
Filtration mechanisms are known for only two species of suspension-feeding tilapia, each of which relies on a different method of particle retention. We used high-speed video endoscopy to assess whether a third species of tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, with gill rakers intact as well as surgically removed, uses mucus in the oropharyngeal cavity for hydrosol filtration or uses crossflow filtration to retain particles during suspension feeding. Although a large amount of mucus was visible during feeding with rakers intact, particles were rarely retained in the mucus. The hypothesis that the presence of mucus results in particle entrapment by hydrosol filtration is rejected for O. aureus. Rather than functioning as a sticky filter,mucus is proposed to function in this species to regulate the loss of water between the rakers and between the anterior branchial arches, increasing crossflow speed and thereby increasing the inertial lift force that transports particles radially away from the arches. Gill raker removal resulted in an almost complete lack of observable mucus in the oropharyngeal cavity, probably due to the removal of mucus-secreting cells attached to the gill rakers. However, endoscopic videotapes showed that crossflow filtration continued to operate in the absence of gill rakers and mucus, indicating that the surfaces of the branchial arches play an important role in crossflow filtration.
Self-Renewal and Multilineage Differentiation In Vitro from Murine Prostate Stem Cells
Authors: Xin Li , Lukacs Rita U. , Lawson Devon A. , Cheng Donghui , Witte Owen N. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Murine prostate stem cells express integrin α6, which modulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation signaling through its interaction with the extracellular protein laminin. When plated in vitro in laminin containing Matrigel medium, 1 of 500–1,000 murine prostate cells can grow and form clonogenic spheroid structures that we term prostate spheres. Prostate spheres can be serially passaged individually or in bulk to generate daughter spheres with similar composition, demonstrating that sphere-forming cells are capable of self-renewal. Spheres spontaneously undergo lineage specification for basal and transit-amplifying cell types. P63-expressing cells localized to the outer layers of prostate spheres possess higher self-renewal capacity, whereas cells toward the center display a more differentiated transit-amplifying phenotype, as demonstrated by the expression of the prostate stem cell antigen. When dihydrotestosterone is added to the medium, the androgen receptor is stabilized, is imported to the nucleus, and drives differentiation to a luminal cell-like phenotype. A fraction of sphere cells returned to an in vivo environment can undergo differentiation and morphogenesis to form prostate tubular structures with defined basal and luminal layers accompanied by prostatic secretions. This study demonstrates self-renewal and multilineage differentiation from single adult prostate stem/progenitor cells in a specific in vitro microenvironment.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Skin marker combined with surface‐guided auto‐positioning for breast DIBH radiotherapy daily initial patient setup: An optimal schedule for both accuracy and efficiency
Authors: Lai Jianjun , Luo Zhizeng , Jiang Lu , Hu Haili , Gao Chang , Zhang Chuanfeng , Chen Liting , Wu Jing , Wu Zhibing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackground and purposeBy employing three surface‐guided radiotherapy (SGRT)‐assisted positioning methods, we conducted a prospective study of patients undergoing SGRT‐based deep inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH) radiotherapy using a Sentine/Catalys system. The aim of this study was to optimize the initial positioning workflow of SGRT‐DIBH radiotherapy for breast cancer.Materials and methodsA total of 124 patients were divided into three groups to conduct a prospective comparative study of the setup accuracy and efficiency for the daily initial setup of SGRT‐DIBH breast radiotherapy. Group A was subjected to skin marker plus SGRT verification, Group B underwent SGRT optical feedback plus auto‐positioning, and Group C was subjected to skin marker plus SGRT auto‐positioning. We evaluated setup accuracy and efficiency using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) verification data and the total setup time.ResultsIn groups A, B, and C, the mean and standard deviation of the translational setup‐error vectors were small, with the highest values of the three directions observed in group A (2.4 ± 1.6, 2.9 ± 1.8, and 2.8 ± 2.1 mm). The rotational vectors in group B (1.8 ± 0.7°, 2.1 ± 0.8°, and 1.8 ± 0.7°) were significantly larger than those in groups A and C, and the Group C setup required the shortest amount of time, at 1.5 ± 0.3 min, while that of Group B took the longest time, at 2.6 ± 0.9 min.ConclusionSGRT one‐key calibration was found to be more suitable when followed by skin marker/tattoo and in‐room laser positioning, establishing it as an optimal daily initial set‐up protocol for breast DIBH radiotherapy. This modality also proved to be suitable for free‐breathing breast cancer radiotherapy, and its widespread clinical use is recommended.
Removable Additive Assists Blade‐Coated Large‐Area Organic Solar Cell Modules Fabricated with Non‐Halogenated Solvents Achieving Efficiency Over 16%
Authors: Liu Zekun , Fu Yingying , Wu Jiang , Yi Xueting , Zhao Mengan , Huang Minghui , Liu Jian , Xie Zhiyuan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe critical step in commercializing organic solar cells (OSCs) involves achieving high‐performance modules through environmentally friendly solvents. The incorporation of solid additives, recognized as an effective method for modulating the morphology of active layers through layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition, plays a significant role. Here, a novel volatile solid additive is introduced individually into the non‐halogenated solution of donor PM6 as a morphology‐modulating agent. The additive induces conformational and crystalline orientation change of PM6, resulting in enhanced and balanced charge transport in the active layer. With a focus on exciton dynamics, the optimized active layer inhibits the formation of low‐energy triplet states. It facilitates strong reverse hole transfer processes, leading to more efficient exciton dissociation. The final small‐area LBL blade‐coated OSCs fabricated under ambient conditions achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.42%. Furthermore, a large‐area module with an area of 28.82 cm2 is manufactured, achieving a PCE of 16.04% with a high geometric fill factor of 93.8%. This highlights the effective modulation of the active layer through the use of solid additives and provides a successful strategy for fabricating high‐performance OSC modules with non‐halogenated solvents.
Coral Polyp and Spine Dual‐Inspired Gradient Hierarchical Architecture for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Long‐Life Sodium Storage
Authors: Wang Zhen , Liu Yang , Guo Yunjie , Lin Jiasong , Liu Lizhong , You Kejia , Lin Qinghong , Sun Jiayu , Lin Liangxu , Zhao Yi , Huang Wei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries with similar working principles, cell structures, and material systems. However, attaining long‐term stability and high‐capacity performance of SIBs at ultrahigh rates remains a significant challenge due to the large ionic radius and slow kinetic behavior of Na+. Herein, a novel robust anode with a dual‐biomimetic gradient hierarchical architecture is proposed and provide a simple strategy to fabricate this sulfur‐doped mesoporous carbon concave hollow sphere/Ti3C2Tx MXene (SCMX) anode. In addition, Cu2S nanoparticles are in situ embedded into the SCMX architecture by electrochemical induction during the cycling process to act as active sites, which enhances the rate performance and cycling stability. Relying on its hybrid architecture and in situ formed Cu2S, this SCMX anode can achieve high ion accessibility, rich active sites, rapid charge transfer, and favorable structure stability, as disclosed by in/ex situ characterizations. As a result, it exhibits high reversible capacity (745.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), ultrahigh‐rate capability (380.5 mAh g−1 at 50.0 A g−1), and long cycling stability (98.2% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles at 80.0 A g−1). This work is anticipated to accelerate the development of high‐performance SIBs and offer distinctive inspiration for the design of electrode structures/systems.
Oxygen‐Poor Amorphous Heterostructure Derived from Nb2CTx Toward Superior Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Yan Ziwei , Zhu Kefu , Xu Hanchen , Wei Shiqiang , Wen Wen , Wang Changda , Song Li 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDue to the long‐range atomic disorder and more active sites, amorphous MXenes with better chemical reactivity and electrical conductivity, have attracted wide attention in energy storage devices. However, to reach the practical applications of MXenes, investigations into the best structure of the amorphous layer are essential. Here, the structure evolution of MXenes induced from ammonium persulfate is explored via synchrotron radiation X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Then, a kind of oxygen‐poor amorphous heterojunction Nb2CTx MXene (a‐Nb2CTx) is designed. Benefitting from the oxygen‐poor amorphous heterojunction, the a‐Nb2CTx electrode exhibits excellent Li+ storage performance with a high discharge specific capacity of 382 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a long cycling stability of 300 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 800 cycles. Operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction results reveal that oxygen‐poor amorphous heterojunction stabilizes Nb2CTx MXene from undergoing structural changes during cycling. This work provides new insights into the rational design of novel amorphous MXenes, which is of great significance for the development of MXenes and their applications in high‐performance energy storage systems.
A T‐Cell Inspired Sonoporation System Enhances Low‐Dose X‐Ray‐Mediated Pyroptosis and Radioimmunotherapy Efficacy by Restoring Gasdermin‐E Expression
Authors: Yin Hao , Hu Xiaoqu , Xie Congying , Li Yida , Gao Yanjun , Zeng Hanqian , Zhu Wenting , Xie Danli , Wang Qinyang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGenome editing has the potential to improve the unsatisfactory therapeutic effect of antitumor immunotherapy. However, the cell plasma membrane prevents the entry of almost all free genome‐manipulation agents. Therefore, a system can be spatiotemporally controlled and can instantly open the cellular membrane to allow the entry of genome‐editing agents into target cells is needed. Here, inspired by the ability of T cells to deliver cytotoxins to cancer cells by perforation, an ultrasound (US)‐controlled perforation system (UPS) is established to enhance the delivery of free genome‐manipulating agents. The UPS can perforate the tumor cell membrane while maintaining cell viability via a controllable lipid peroxidation reaction. In vitro, transmembrane‐incapable plasmids can enter cells and perform genome editing with the assistance of UPS, achieving an efficiency of up to 90%. In vivo, the UPS is biodegradable, nonimmunogenic, and tumor‐targeting, enabling the puncturing of tumor cells under US. With the application of UPS‐assisted genome editing, gasdermin‐E expression in 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice is successfully restored, which leads to pyroptosis‐mediated antitumor immunotherapy via low‐dose X‐ray irradiation. This study provides new insights for designing a sonoporation system for genome editing. Moreover, the results demonstrate that restoring gasdermin expression by genome editing significantly improves the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy.
Sequentially PVD‐Grown Indium and Gallium Selenides Under Compositional and Layer Thickness Variation: Preparation, Structural and Optical Characterization
Authors: Schmid Martina , Ketharan Mithuran , Lucaßen Jan , Kardosh Ihab 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGroup IIIA metal chalcogenides are an auspicious material system due to their variability of properties and hence the multitude of application options, for example, in the fields of optoelectronic, thermoelectric, piezo‐, and ferroelectric devices. Indium and gallium selenide films are innovatively grown in a sequential PVD (physical vapor deposition) process starting from metal precursor layers of various thicknesses, which are then subject to chalcogenization in different selenium contents. The resulting thin films are investigated for structural and optical properties by Raman, XRD (X‐ray diffraction), and UV–Vis–NIR spectrometry, revealing that all the compounds In2Se3, InSe, In4Se3, Ga2Se3, and GaSe as well as different polytypes can be achieved depending on the metal/chalcogen ratio. Results from Raman and XRD spectroscopy are highly consistent, and also from the optical measurements changes in absorption characteristics can be correlated. The results indicate, that by fine‐tuning the selenium content, deliberately growing ultra‐thin layers of the different indium and gallium phases will be possible, thus opening up a promising route for 2D material fabrication. Given the scalability of the fabrication method, it is highly promising for large‐scale deployment of the materials.
Dark‐Field Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Biosensor to Monitor Small Molecules and Determine the Secretory Ability of Single Neuron
Authors: Su Yi , Rong Guoguang , Bian Sumin , Wang Pengbo , Li Lingfei , Chen Yun‐Hsuan , Huang Chao , Zhang Hongyong , Sawan Mohamad 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAccurate monitoring of small molecules and precise characterization of the secretory ability of neurons are essential for effective diagnosis of neurological diseases. However, existing technologies for monitoring small molecules only provide approximate results. Plasmonic‐based biosensors are a potential solution in this biological application. Nevertheless, optical sensing nanoparticles require precise control of interparticle distance, particle shape and morphology, which can be challenging. This article discovers that the trapping of small molecules to aptamers induces a conformational change that alters the nanostructure of irregularly shaped Au nanoclusters (NCs) and aptamers due to the strong structure‐property relationships of Au NC‐aptamers. This change can be detected via resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity in the dark‐field. This new technology overcomes the challenges of precise control of individual nanoparticles and the difficulty of small spectral peak shifts. The Au NC‐aptamers sensing device has a detection limit of 0.112 pm for dopamine, and this work detects 0.226 pm of dopamine surrounding a single epileptic neuron in polarization, which is more than those of healthy neurons. Overall, this easy‐to‐fabricate Au NC‐aptamers‐based technology has a high potential for monitoring small molecules and determining the secretory ability of single neurons, which is not possible using traditional technologies.
Mechanical Properties of Single and Polycrystalline Solids from Machine Learning
Authors: Jalolov Faridun N. , Podryabinkin Evgeny V. , Oganov Artem R. , Shapeev Alexander V. , Kvashnin Alexander G. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCalculating the elastic and mechanical characteristics of non‐crystalline solids can be challenging due to the high computational cost of ab initio methods and the low accuracy of empirical potentials. This paper proposes a computational technique for efficient calculations of mechanical properties of polycrystals, composites, and multi‐phase systems from atomistic simulations with high accuracy and reasonable computational cost. The calculated elastic moduli of polycrystalline diamond and their dependence on grain size are determined using a developed approach based on actively learned machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). These potentials are trained on local fragments of the polycrystalline system, and ab initio calculations are used to compute forces, stresses, and energies. This technique allows researchers to perform extensive calculations of the mechanical properties of complex solids with different compositions and structures, achieving high accuracy and facilitating the transition from ideal (single crystal) systems to more realistic ones.
Strengths and opportunities in research into extracellular matrix ageing: A consultation with the ECMage research community
Authors: Dalby Matthew J. , Pekovic‐Vaughan Vanja , Shanley Daryl P. , Swift Joe , White Lisa J. , Canty‐Laird Elizabeth G. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAgeing causes progressive decline in metabolic, behavioural, and physiological functions, leading to a reduced health span. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the three‐dimensional network of macromolecules that provides our tissues with structure and biomechanical resilience. Imbalance between damage and repair/regeneration causes the ECM to undergo structural deterioration with age, contributing to age‐associated pathology. The ECM ‘Ageing Across the Life Course’ interdisciplinary research network (ECMage) was established to bring together researchers in the United Kingdom, and internationally, working on the emerging field of ECM ageing. Here we report on a consultation at a joint meeting of ECMage and the Medical Research Council / Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, held in January 2023, in which delegates analysed the key questions and research opportunities in the field of ECM ageing. We examine fundamental biological questions, enabling technologies, systems of study and emerging in vitro and in silico models, alongside consideration of the broader challenges facing the field.
Navigating the fine line between focal atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter?
Authors: Rahimpour Feisal , Hemmati Roohullah , Anafje Mohsen , Soltani Hadis , Majid Haghjoo , Ebrahimi Pouya 
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical MessageFocal atrial tachycardia (FAT) is an organized atrial rhythm >100 beats per minute initiated from a discrete origin and spreading over both atria in a centrifugal pattern. The arrhythmia may be sustained or incessant. Dynamic forms with recurrent interruptions and reinitiating may be frequent. In this report, we present a 36‐year‐old man who came to the emergency room complaining of palpitation and shortness of breath. All laboratory evaluations were normal. With an initial electrocardiogram (ECG) the patient was admitted with the initial diagnosis of atrial flutter. Finally, after the electrophysiologist's examination, with the diagnosis of FAT, ablation was successfully performed. Atrial tachycardia (AT), excluding atrial fibrillation (AF) and cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent atrial flutter (AFL), account for 10% of supraventricular tachycardia referred for ablation procedures. More than 70% of these cases are focal and occur in patients with no records of cardiac surgery or ablation of AF. FAT originating from the right pulmonary veins (PV) can be challenging to differentiate from atrial flutter due to their proximity and overlapping symptoms. The right PV is close to the right atrium, and the abnormal electrical activity in FAT may mimic the organized circuit found in atrial flutter. Distinguishing between FAT and atrial flutter is crucial for choosing the best therapeutic option. This can be done most of the time by focusing on the differences in the pattern of their P and QRS waves, R‐R wave intervals, and also their baseline changes on ECG, as well as their cycle duration, response to adenosine and risk factors of the patient.