bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Gender on Vessel Size in Patients with Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries
Authors: YANG FELIX , MINUTELLO ROBERT M. , BHAGAN SHERRITA , SHARMA ATUL , WONG S. CHIU 
Published: August 2006

Introduction: Female gender has been associated with worse clinical outcomes following coronary revascularization. Whether a gender‐specific difference in vessel size is contributing to this finding remains controversial. We sought to better define the relationship between gender and coronary artery size.
Methods: Baseline characteristics were obtained and quantitative coronary angiography was performed on 145 consecutive patients with angiographically normal (smooth luminal surface with no evidence of any irregularity in the coronary tree) coronary arteries. Two separate orthogonal measurements each were taken of the left main, proximal left anterior descending, proximal circumflex, proximal right coronary artery, and ostial posterior descending arteries. An average coronary size, derived from five separate coronary artery measurements, was tabulated for each patient.
Results: After correcting for confounding variables, including BSA, height, diabetes, and left ventricular hypertrophy using multivariate linear regression, female gender remained a strong independent predictor of coronary vessel size (Beta =−0.30, P = 0.004). Female gender was associated with a 0.30 mm decrease in average coronary size.
Conclusion: Gender is a strong, independent predictor of coronary artery size even when taking into account differences in body size. This difference may contribute to worse outcomes of women undergoing coronary revascularization.
Salient Consequences, Cultural Values, and Childbearing Intentions1
Authors: Crawford Thomas J. , Boyer Robyn 
Published: August 2006

In this study of childbearing intentions, 163 young married women were interviewed using measures derived from Fishbein's behavioral intentions model. Unlike most research testing Fishbein's theory, in which fixed alternative modal belief measures have been employed, in the present study open‐ended measures of consequence salience were used. The finding that different consequences of childbearing are salient for those who intend versus those who do not intcnd to have a child raises questions about earlier research using fixed alternative methods. In contrast with the results of earlier studies, intender/non‐intender differences in the evaluation of childbearing outcomes were also found.Statistically significant correlations between childbearing intention and religiosity, sex‐role traditionalism, and affluence values were reduced to a statistically non‐significant level when the model's attitudinal and normative predictors were controlled by partial correlation. Analyses of indirect effects indicate that religiosity and sex‐role traditionalism were largely mediated through the motivation to comply with husband's childbearing preference.
Predicting Cigarette Use: The Need to Incorporate Measures of Salience in the Theory of Reasoned Action1,2
Authors: Budd Richard J. 
Published: August 2006

It is shown that incorporating a measure of belief salience in the theory of reasoned action improves both the model's predictive and explanatory power. It is demonstrated that the sum of the five evaluative‐beliefs which are most salient for each person is more predictive of a semantic differential measure of that person's attitude than is the sum of the remaining nonsalient evaluative beliefs. In addition, it is shown that the perceived utilities of smoking are differentially salient for smokers and nonsmokers.It is argued that latitude of rejection, centrality, and certainty can be used as measures of the degree of definition of a person's attitudes and subjective norms. It is consequently predicted that these variables will be correlated and that attitudes and subjective norms which are well defined will be more highly predictive of a person's intention and behavior. While some support was found for these hypotheses, it is argued that the present results suggest that the relationship between these variables may be more complicated than was initially hypothesized.
Perceptions of Social Support in Men with AIDS and ARC: Relationships with Distress and Hardiness1
Authors: Zich Jane , Temoshok Lydia 
Published: August 2006

Previous research has suggested that social support may act as a buffer against stress or in other ways may affect physiological adjustment, health, longevity, and sense of well‐being. Perceptions of social support in persons newly diagnosed with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS‐related Complex (ARC) were examined as a part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Social support was examined in terms of emotionally‐sustaining and problem‐solving types of help, based on Gottlieb's content analysis of informal helping behaviors. Representative examples of each of the four major categories of help were assessed in terms of their perceived desirability, availability, frequency of use, and usefulness if used. These social support data were then examined in relation to other behavioral, cognitive, affective, and medical indices.For persons with AIDS only, increased physical distress was associated with perceiving less availability of support. For both persons with AIDS and ARC, the more available social support was perceived to be, the less hopelessness and depression were reported. While all types of help were rated as desirable by both persons with AIDS and ARC, emotionally‐sustaining types of help were rated as more desirable, more available, more frequently used, and more useful when used than were problem‐solving types of help. Social support measures were most consistently and strongly correlated with the Commitment subscale of Kobasa's Hardiness Scale.
Gender and Ethnic Differences in Obesity‐Related Behaviors and Attitudes In a College Sample
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Walters Laurie C. , Waschull Stefanie 
Published: August 2006

This study looked at gender and Black/White differences for a number of variables related to attitudes toward obesity in a sample of 650 college students. The overall stereotypes of overweight persons were both negative and unrelated to subjects' own degree of obesity, although individuals reported that their personal views were less negative than those of others.Women indicated greater concern with obesity than men in several ways, and the societal stereotype of an overweight woman was seen as more negative than that of an overweight man. Men were more concerned about a date's weight than women, and White women's weight (unlike that of other subgroups) was negatively related to their likelihood and frequency of dating. Although Blacks, particularly Black females, were heavier than Whites, they were more satisfied with their body shape. Black males were less likely than White males to have refused to date someone because of her weight, and Blacks personally considered overweight women to be more attractive, sexier, less ugly, and less sloppy than did Whites. The findings suggest that both gender and ethnicity should be considered when discussing people's attitudes towards obesity and the consequences of such attitudes.
Sex Differences in Stereotypes of Spectacles1
Authors: Harris Mary B. 
Published: August 2006

Sex differences in the stereotype of eyeglasses were investigated via a three‐part questionnaire administered to 217 adults. In the first part, subjects viewed one of five males or five females wearing glasses or not and rated this individual on a number of descriptors as well as guessing his or her three favorite pastimes. In the second part male and female subjects with and without glasses were compared on self‐evaluations of the same descriptors and activities. They also responded to open‐ended questions concerning their reasons for using spectacles and contact lenses and the effects of these visual correctives on their self‐perceptions and the perceptions of others. In the third part subjects evaluated a typical woman and a typical man with glasses on the same descriptors.These three methods of identifying sex differences in stereotypes of eyeglasses produced somewhat conflicting results. Photographs with glasses were judged as less attractive and sexy, but males considered the typical woman with glasses as sexier and more attractive than the typical woman without glasses. Generally, people with glasses were considered to be more intelligent and intense, and the stereotypes of the typical woman and man with glasses were highly positive. Women with glasses were viewed as more feminine and men with glasses as more masculine. Although wearing glasses affected the self‐concept of females more than males, there was little evidence that they experienced a more negative “spectacle image” than males.
Psychological Counseling Over the Radio: Listening Motivations and the Threat to Self‐Esteem
Authors: Raviv Amiram , Raviv Alona , Arnon Gilad 
Published: August 2006

The study applied help‐seeking models in order to elucidate individuals' motivations underlying listening to radio counseling programs. Listening motivations for two different counseling programs were compared among listeners and callers to the programs. In addition, the study compared the degree of perceived threat to self‐esteem associated with seeking help from a psychologist in a clinic as compared to a psychologist on the air, and examined the self‐esteem of listeners and callers to these counseling programs.Results showed that listeners and callers attribute motivations of receiving psychological information and help to the consumers of these programs. Seeking help from a radio psychologist was found to be less threatening than turning to a psychologist in a clinic. Finally, the self‐esteem of callers was lower than that of listeners. The results support the utility of psychological help‐seeking models for research in the field of media psychology.
Religiousness, Religious Orientation, and Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians1
Authors: Fisher Randy D. , Derison Donna , Polley Chester F. , Cadman Jennifer , Johnston Dana 
Published: August 2006

Two studies are reported that examine the relationships among religiousness, religious orientation, and prejudice toward gays and lesbians. Study 1 reports the results of a survey done for the purposes of scientific jury selection. These results suggest that Baptists, fundamentalists, and “Christians” display more antigay prejudice than do Catholics, Jews, and many Protestant denominations, but even many supporters of gay‐tolerant religions show more antigay prejudice than those claiming no religious preference. Among those with a religious preference, frequency of worship is significantly related to antigay prejudice among those belonging to antigay denominations, but not among those belonging to more gay tolerant religious faiths.Study 2 reports the results of a study of college students regarding religiousness, religious orientation, and prejudice toward gays and lesbians. Results showed that self reported religiousness, frequency of worship, and Batson's internal and external scales were all positively correlated with measures of prejudice toward gays and lesbians, whereas scores on the Quest (Interactional) scale were negatively correlated. Results of both studies strongly challenge the view that those with an intrinsic religious orientation are unprejudiced. It is argued that a social influence process can account for the role played by religious practice and beliefs in creating and maintaining negative attitudes toward gays and lesbians.
Cognitive, Dispositional, and Psychophysiological Correlates of Dependent Slot Machine Gambling in Young People
Authors: Carroll Douglas , Huxley Justine A. A. 
Published: August 2006

In Study 1, young dependent and nondependent slot machine gamblers were interviewed, assessed for locus of control and administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Dependent gamblers were revealed as reliably more internal in terms of locus of control than their nondependent counterparts, and, in the interview, were much more likely to affirm that they could exercise control over the slot machines they played. Dependent gamblers registered higher psychoticism scores than both the nondependent gamblers and appropriate age‐group norms. Their high psychoticism scores resonated well with interview revelations that boredom mitigation frequent underlay dependent gambling.In Study 2, blood pressure was monitored in dependent and nondependent gamblers at rest and before, during and after slot machine play. Subjects were given £5 for this purpose and the time it took them to use up this money was recorded, as was the extent of any returns they received. They were also asked how much they expected to recoup. The £5 lasted a similar amount of time for the two groups, and they managed similar rates of return on their stake. However, the dependent gamblers expected to win more than the nondependent gamblers and their estimates of returns exceeded what they actually recouped. Slot machine play was associated with an increase in blood pressure, and while groups did not differ in terms of the magnitude of the rise provoked, there was a general trend for dependent gamblers to show lower basal levels of cardiovascular activity, although this was statistically reliable only in the case of diastolic blood pressure.
Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science‐Wide and Behavioral Theories
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Satish Usha 
Published: August 2006

Views of behavioral and science wide complexity theories are briefly summarized. Theory‐based predictions for human cognition and behavior based on both theories are advanced.Streufert (in this special issue) has discussed the confluence of science‐wide and behavioral complexity theory. Even though the former attempts to find common processes in all the sciences and the latter theory has, to date, limited itself to human behavior, there are many similarities in approach and in explanations of observed phenomena. Differences between the two theories are minor in comparison to their commonalities. Considering the many similarities, it may be useful to confirm (and possibly extend) behavioral complexity theory. A number of theorems, many familiar, some slightly modified, some new, will be provided at the end of this paper.
Bright light therapy for seasonal affective disorder in Israel (latitude 32.6°N): a single case placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Moscovici L. 
Published: August 2006

Introduction:  We describe a patient diagnosed as having seasonal affective disorder (SAD, winter depression), an unlikely condition in Israel (latitude 32.6°N), a country with relatively minor daylight photoperiodic changes between seasons.Method:  Case report.Results:  A 46‐year‐old woman with a clinical picture of depression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for ‘major depression with seasonal pattern’) reacted positively to 3 weeks of daily bright light therapy of 10 000 lux/wide spectrum. She was asked to wear dark sunglasses during placebo sessions to accommodate an A‐B‐C single‐case‐design. The intervention resulted in an improvement of 74–80% in the Hamilton anxiety and depression scales (clinician‐rated) and the Beck depression inventory, similar to results obtained in high latitude regions. The depression and anxiety levels returned close to baseline levels following 1 week of the placebo intervention.Conclusion:  Seasonal affective disorder is apparently not limited to certain latitudes. The effect of light therapy was short‐lived after discontinuation of the treatment, with rapid relapse occurring in the placebo phase.
Induction of Melanogenesis Suppression: Cellular Pharmacology and Mode of Differential Action
Authors: MISHIMA YUTAKA , HATTA SUSUMU , OHYAMA YASUAKI , INAZU MIZUHO 
Published: August 2006

Recent elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of eu‐ and pheomelanogenesis has led us towards an exciting new era of melanogenesis control. I will chiefly address our progress on inhibitory control of melanogenesis from the macromolecular level to human skin colour.In the past, the exploration and search for skin depigmenting agents has been focussed on and initiated from substances which can suppress isolated tyrosinase in vitro. Now, as I have classified below, many new melanogenic inhibitors have been discovered which, in spite of their non‐suppressive effect on isolated naked tyrosinase, suppress melanin formation in the living pigment cell in vitro as well as in the natural world. I will also discuss a recently found unique disorder: unilateral suppression of mixed melanogenesis.

Isolated tyrosinase: Suppressive type
Chemical inhibitors, e.g., kojic acid, ascorbic acid
Naturally occurring inhibitors, e.g., indole blocking factor
Isolated tyrosinase: Nonsuppressive type
Inhibition of tyrosinase synthesis in ribosome
Inhibition of tyrosinase transfer to premelanosomes by glycosylation interruption, e.g., tunicamycin, glucosamine
Melanocyte cytotoxic inhibitors, e.g., hydroquinone, azelaic acid
Congenital unilateral suppression of human mixed melanogenesis
Congenital pheomelanic macular depigmentation
Influence of Depigmenting Chemical Agents on Hair and Skin Color in Yellow (Pheomelanic) and Black (Eumelanic) Mice
Authors: QUEVEDO WALTER C. , HOLSTEIN THOMAS J. , DYCKMAN JACOB , NORDLUND JAMES J. 
Published: August 2006

Topical applications of monobenzylether of hydroquinone (MBEH) or intraperitoneal injections of phenol induced graying of hair in eumelanic mice but had little effect on hair color in pheomelanic mice. Amcinonide, an anti‐inflammatory agent, elicited whitening of a few hairs in both pheomelanic and eumelanic mice. In phenol‐treated eumelanic mice, damaged follicular melanocytes were uprooted from hair bulbs and incorporated into the developing hair. The fate of follicular melanocytes in MBEH‐ or amcinonide‐treated mice was not determined since hair growth and graying were more variable than in phenol‐treated mice.In contrast to the susceptibility of eumelanic hair follicles to depigmentation by phenol or MBEH, the tail skin of eumelanic or pheomelanic mice was not depigmented by these agents. Overall, during the 3 week period of treatment that was sufficient for phenol or MBEH to elicit graying of hair, epidermal melanocytes of the tails of eumelanic or pheomelanic mice either failed to respond (phenol) or were stimulated in their “proliferative” and melanogenic activity (MBEH). In contrast, amcinonide brought about a marked reduction in the numbers of DOPA‐positive epidermal melanocytes inhabiting the tails of eumelanic or pheomelanic mice. Amcinonide exerted a deleterious influence on the structure and function of tail epidermis. Its actions were partly reversed by simultaneous treatment with MBEH but not with prostaglandin (PGE2).
Which Thrombophilic Gene Mutations are Risk Factors for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss?
Authors: Goodman Cyle S. , Coulam Carolyn B. , Jeyendran Rajasingam S. , Acosta Vida A. , Roussev Roumen 
Published: August 2006

Problem  Thrombophilia has been associated with poor obstetrical outcomes. To determine the association of specific inherited thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss, 10 thrombophilic genes were investigated.Method of study  A total of 550 women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss had buccal swabs taken for DNA analyses of the following gene mutations: factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R (R2), factor V Y1702C, factor II prothrombin G20210A, factor XIII V34L, β‐fibrinogen ‐455G>A, PAI‐1 4G/5G, HPA1 a/b(L33P), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, MTHFR A1298C. The frequencies of these mutations were compared with controls published in the literature.Results  When examined individually, PAI‐1 4G/5G (P = 0.009), factor XIII V34L (P < 0.0001), and homozygous MTHFR C667T (P < 0.0001) correlated significantly with recurrent pregnancy loss compared with controls. The frequency of the factor V Y1702C mutation was extremely low in patients and controls; thus, this gene was removed from further calculations. The remaining six mutated genes, when analyzed cumulatively, also corresponded with recurrent pregnancy loss (P < 0.0001).Conclusion  A panel of thrombogenic gene mutations consisting of factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R (R2), factor II prothrombin G20210A, factor XIII V34L, β‐fibrinogen ‐455G>A, PAI‐1 4G/5G, HPA1 a/b(L33P), MTHFR C677T, and MTHFR A1298C can identify individuals at risk for recurrent pregnancy loss.
Palaeophytochemical Constituents of Cretaceous Ginkgo coriacea Florin Leaves
Authors: Zhao You‐Xing , Li Cheng‐Sen , Luo Xiao‐Dong , Wang Yu‐Fei , Zhou Jun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemical investigation of the organic solvent extract of Cretaceous Ginkgo coriacea Florin leaves by liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (LC‐MS) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), analogous to those from extant leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., led to the detection of a group of natural flavonoids and other volatiles. The similarity of the chemical constituents in these two species of Ginkgo suggest that the secondary metabolism of extant G. biloba is close to that of the Cretaceous species. The remaining natural products may be one explanation why the leaves of the Cretaceous G. coriacea have been preserved morphologically in fossilization. The detection of flavonoids suggests that the leaves of G. coriacea experienced a mild post‐depositional environment during their fossilization. This appears to be the oldest occurrence of flavonoids in plant fossils.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Enhanced Cadmium Accumulation in Transgenic Tobacco Expressing the Phytochelatin Synthase Gene of Cynodon dactylon L.
Authors: Li Jiangchuan , Guo Jiangbo , Xu Wenzhong , Ma Mi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. cv. Goldensun) is highly resistant to and accumulates large amounts of cadmium (Cd). A phytochelatin synthase (PCS) cDNA (CdPCS1) was isolated from this grass by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The putative CdPCS1 protein shared a high homology with PCS from other plants, with 79% homology at the N‐terminal and 47% homology at the C‐terminal. However, 16 Cys residues were found at the C‐terminal of CdPCS1, and among these residues, three positions were different from other PCS proteins. Semiquantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that Cd stress induced CdPCS1 expression in both roots and leaves in Bermudagrass. We verified that CdPCS1 plays an important role in Cd tolerance in yeast cells by expressing the gene in ABDE1, a Cd‐sensitive mutant. CdPCS1 was then introduced into tobacco plants. The phytochelatin level in some transgenic tobacco lines increased 3.88‐fold more than in wild type plants and Cd accumulation in these transgenic plants was enhanced 3.21‐fold accordingly. The results suggested that CdPCS1 could be used as a gene element for phytoremediation in the future.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)