bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downhole Oil Water Separation (DOWS) Systems in High-Volume/High HP Application
Authors: Bangash Yasser K. , Reyna Marcello 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Downhole oil water separation (DOWS) technology has been in the industry since the early 1990's. This technique, offers both economical and environmental benefits to producers. Despite these advantages, only a limited number of these systems has been installed worldwide. There is a consensus in the industry, on the advantages this technology has to offer. On the other hand, very few operators are willing to deploy this technology due to reliability issues associated with these systems. Based on the author's experiences, the two outstanding factors that are contributing to this perception are: Complicated system designMisapplication of the technology
The intent of this paper is to discuss several reasons that are limiting the applications of these systems and also offer solutions to these problems. One such solution is a newly developed Encapsulated DOWS System. This new system and its the implementation in La-Victoria Field will be addressed in detail.
Oilfield Scaling – Part I: Mathematical and Laboratory Modelling
Authors: Bedrikovetsky P. G. , Lopes R. P. , Rosário F. F. , Bezerra M. C. , Lima E. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The BaSO4 scaling is a chronicle disaster in waterflood projects with incompatible injected and formation waters. This is usually due to precipitation of barium sulphate from the mixture of both waters and consequent permeability reduction. The effect of porous media on the BaSO4 scaling kinetics is studied.
A new methodology for determination of kinetic constant from coreflood tests consists of the sequence of diffusivity tests, of transient tests with chemical reaction, and of steady state tests on simultaneous injection of both injected and formation waters. The diffusion coefficient versus flow velocity is found from the diffusivity tests. Steady state tests allow determination of chemical reaction rate constant versus velocity. The transient test data as compared with the mathematical modelling data validates the results of steady state tests treatment.
The test data are treated using semi-analytical and numerical models.
The main result of the work is the proportionality between the chemical reaction constant and flow velocity in the range studied.
Overcoming The Previous Limitations Of Variable Speed Drives On Submersible Pump Applications
Authors: Breit S. , Sikora K. , Akerson J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is an ever-increasing use of variable speed drives in submersible pump applications. However as with all new applications new problems can be encountered. The long cable lengths associated with submersible pump equipment have limited the effectiveness of variable speed drives. Many drives have to use external filters, inductors and conditioners to keep from damaging the cable and motor. The extra costs associated with this equipment, as well as the custom use, limit the overall effectiveness. VSG (Variable Sine-wave Generation) technology has been developed to overcome these limitations, as well as providing the user all the flexibility that initially attracted them to Variable Speed Drives.
The Brazilian Oil and Gas Conformity Assessment Program - Part II: Two Years Later
Authors: da Silva G. R. , Sala J. F. , Freire A. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Interesting aspects and products of the program are presented. The program, that was presented in the paper SPE 69468 (VII LACPEC), is now in the middle of its development. Brazilian oil and gas industry data and also the regulatory strategy for the facilities' operational safety are updated. Focus is given in the principal obstacles and in the most important conquests of a innovative and complex project, specially considering its "multiple interfaces" characteristics. Finally, it is presented, the revised planning for development and implantation of the Program, including its stages, in an outlined 5W + 2H method (WHAT - WHY - WHO - WHERE - WHEN - HOW and HOW MUCH).
Dynamic Analysis of Stabilized Drilling Strings Performance in Low-Dip Wells
Authors: Fernández M. A. , Inciarte G. , Ramones R. , Romero J. L. , Bello A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the field evaluation of drilling strings with different stabilizing configurations, so that minimizes bit vibration problems in the bottomhole assemblies (BHA), contributing to optimize the performance. The studio was made for Lagotreco field, Block III in Maracaibo Lake. The evaluation is supported with simulation results obtained with drilling computer applications.
The use of BHA designs with the criteria of stabilization "30- 60ft" (stabilizers placed to 30ft and 60ft from bit, respectively), generally used in western PDVSA operational areas, to control straight holes and displacements; cause premature damages at the bits, such as broken cutters, chipped cutters, lost cutters and ring outs. These dull characteristics are potential signs of lateral vibration, increasing drilling costs because of additional bit trips.
A dynamic analysis study of three different stabilizing configurations for BHA (30 - 60ft, 15-45ft and 0-30ft), show the values rank for critical rpm speed, side forces and displacements measured from bit, for every case.
The field test evaluation shows the reduction of bit damages by vibration effects, with a BHA stabilized 15′-45′; so that the decreasing of drilling time in terms of costs per feet (CPF). The study also includes an unconfined compressive strength formation analysis from the study area (USC).
Predicting Transition to Turbulence in Well Construction Flows
Authors: Frigaard I. A. , Nouar C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two classical geometries for wellbore hydraulics are the pipe and the plane channel, (often approximating an annulus). The technical literature is full of semi-empirical methodologies for computing frictional pressure losses and flow regimes in these geometries and there is much confusion about both the validity and physical basis of many of these phenomenological criteria.
In this paper we examine phenomenological criteria for transition, in the context of newly derived theoretical results on stability of these flows. We examine five transitional criteria commonly used in the petroleum industry and are able to rigorously demonstrate that only one of the five criteria can possibly be correct over the full range of Bingham numbers. We then examine a more limited, but relevant, range of Bingham numbers and show that enormous discrepancies exist between these criteria. We conclude by discussing implications for current practice.
A Fast Method for Computing Tracer Flow in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Guevara-Jordan J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a new and fast numerical scheme for computing tracer flow in oil reservoirs. It combines the f undamental s olution m ethod (FSM) and the s treamline a pproach (SA) to obtain a very efficient algorithm. The FSM is based on the method of images and the singular value decomposition technique to compute the pressure and velocity fields. The SA uses the time of flight notion along the streamlines to obtain very accurate tracer concentration. Applications of the new scheme to a quarter five spot, arbitrary shaped and multiple wells reservoir problems show that it is faster than boundary and finite element methods.
Using Geographical Information System (GIS) Technology in State Owned Company
Authors: Jaggernauth Deonarine D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petrotrin, a state owned company has production operations which span the whole of south Trinidad. The company has numerous wells, the miles of gas and oil lines, and the passage of these lines through agricultural areas, towns and villages are a major environmental concern to the company. Many of these installations were inherited from predecessor companies.
Geographical Information System (GIS) technology is only about twenty years, and its usefulness over the years has shown that it is a cost saving to the company. Groups monitoring GIS has concluded that it is a billion dollar industry if one were to add the value of the software, hardware and services. Other computer software packages are not as beneficial as GIS. In GIS the storage of data is independent of the mode of presentation4.
GIS can provide the following information needed for management to make the right decisions: ∼identify all areas within 100 feet of the wells∼identify all watercourses within 100 feet of installations∼identify all buildings, agricultural lands that are within 100 feet of the gas and crude oil pipelines among others.
Several departments within Petrotrin can look at the same data simultaneously because GIS allows that flexibility. Previously, in using paper maps only one person can look at the information since there were not several copies of these maps circulating. If these maps had to be updated it took a long time. Now with the GIS software and hardware packages more than one person can look at the same data and make faster decisions. The report presented herein conveys the benefits of using GIS in environmental decisions in Petrotrin's production operations.
Proven Performance Improvements in Well Intervention through Outsourcing and Continous Learning Systems
Authors: Joseph Kevin P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Marine Oilfield operator, with over 800 offshore wells, has experienced significant performance improvements using continuous learning systems incorporated in their Workover management operations.
The Workover Management Department was outsourced seven years ago to Multinational Service Company together they created a system of benchmarking, Quality control and trend analysis to improve performance and cost effectiveness. Innovation and technology coupled with an international shared learning database resulted in significant reduction of down time, unscheduled events, completion skins, post workover production and workover costs all equating to improved overall profitability. The Workover management group operates within a flat structure, results-oriented culture, continuous learning systems, cross-cultural multi-disciplined staff, cutting-edge IT support systems, and a team based reward structure. The formula, presented in this report, can be introduced to almost any environment and can certainly positively impact low cost operators in the oil industry.
Assessing the Impact of Seismic Survey Operations on the Environment
Authors: Salter Edward , Walls Anne 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The aim of the Seismic Survey Environmental Assessment Tool (SSEAT) is to reduce the risks to the environment from seismic surveys. It facilitates environmental impact assessment and the management of environmental sensitivities whilst designing and undertaking a seismic survey. It is both a ‘check-list’ guide and a sound propagation impact model. In the UK it guides the completion of an application to carryout a seismic survey, Petroleum Operations Notice (PON) 14A under the Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001. SSEAT used properly ensures that the risks to the environment are understood simply and clearly by a survey team and enables the elimination of any that are adversely significant. The new tool allows BP to better understand the impact of seismic surveying and submit environmental information to the DTI, the UK Department of Trade and Industry, in a transparent and consistent manner. The Gausland model ‘received level = source level -transmission loss’ is used to model the behaviour of a seismic pulse, and to later help estimate the zones of effects for sounds using presented scientific literature thresholds - Zones of: 1) Audibility; 2) Response; and, 3) Hearing Loss, Discomfort and Injury. This is achieved by taking the sound levels that are known to induce a response to mammals and/or fish and recording the distance from the seismic source that the sound level occurs from the plotted sound decay curve. Whilst designed for use in the UK it can be used anywhere in the world to assess the environmental impact of seismic surveying. If so it will set a performance benchmark. Its use has also highlighted areas where improvements could be made. The outcome is an abbreviated summary of an ‘environmental impact assessment’ (EIA). It is similar in process to undertaking an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under the UK Offshore Petroleum Production and Pipelines (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1998, European Amended Environmental Assessment Directive 97/11/EC and World Bank EIA guidelines.
Strategies for Minimizing Produced Water Impacts in a Changing Regulatory Environment; A Trinidad and Tobago Experience
Authors: Sookdeo Nigel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Currently, produced water discharges are regulated in Trinidad and Tobago by a voluntary standard for liquid effluent developed by the Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards (TTBS) in 1998. With the imminence of new and stringent legislation for effluent discharges under the Environmental Management Authority's Water Pollution Rules 2000, regulation of produced water will evolve from a voluntary compliance standard to that of mandatory compliance by law. In order to cope with the proposed legislative changes with regards to effluent discharges and a forecasted increase in produced water production, Trinmar, an offshore oil and gas operator in Trinidad and Tobago required new strategies for produced water management, since it is the single largest waste stream by volume within the entire operations of the company. The main strategy for produced water management was to upgrade the existing treatment system for process optimization/compliance with pending legislation and included; Upgrade of processes-primary and secondary oil/water separationDischarge of produced water from inland to coastal nearshoreEvaluation of the current produced water treatment system by conducting an engineering studyUpgrade of current produced water treatment system to ensure regulatory compliance.
The findings of the engineering study indicated that the current produced water treatment system at Trinmar is adequate to ensure water quality for compliance with existing standards that are voluntary and limited to specific parameters.
However, with the advent of the new regulations and a projected increase in produced water production by the company, the current system will not be adequate. The most feasible option for produced water management was found to be treatment on-land and disposal in a coastal nearshore or offshore environment to be achieved by upgrading the present produced water treatment system and by modifying the process. The results of the engineering study and proposed process changes are discussed in the subsequent sections of this paper.
Exporting Safety and Environmental Best Practices to Energy Frontiers: A Web-Based Solution
Authors: Thompson Archie R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ever growing worldwide demand for oil and natural gas production continues to geographically challenge an aging, experienced workforce. Worker safety and pollution control are largely dependent upon proper human behavior.
Most U.S. based operators integrate API, EPA and Coast Guard standards into their international operations. These standards can be complex and difficult to follow on the fly, and even more so in regions that lack an abundance of local experienced workers.
Increased reliance on intelligent tools to systematically capture knowledge and best practices for day-to-day operations is becoming the norm in the United States. By using the worldwide-web as the conduit, these best practices can be accessed and applied to both frontier as well as human resource-challenged theaters of operations.
The paper describes the development, implementation and capabilities of a proprietary Internet based safety and compliance system that is currently in use by owners/operators in the Gulf of Mexico. The system provides in a real time format for the continuous monitoring, verification and documentation of compliance with all U.S. federal codes and regulations for producing operations.
Continuous oversight of remote producing operations is afforded via the Internet. A real-time audit trail is electronically maintained in a format that permits 24/7/365 access without having to physically visit the remote sites.
Users in the field are systematically guided through the practical tasks required to maintain safe and environmentally friendly operations. Thus, the system can also be used as a continuing education and training tool for field personnel as well as for verification of on site training and skill levels.
Interested Parties. All parties involved in corporate HSE and Regulatory Compliance. All parties involved with keeping remote producing operations safe and environmentally friendly. All parties involved with training and verification of employee skill levels.
Simulations of Oil-Wet Membrane Wells for Water-Free Oil Production and Downhole Separation
Authors: Tweheyo Medad T. , Akervoll Idar , Holt Torleif , Torsæter Ole 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The costs incurred in processing and disposal plus environmental concerns to minimise discharges during oil production have always created a desire to control unwanted fluid phases. In this paper, the potential of stopping the production of water by use of oil-wet selective membranes that allow oil flow and shuts off water has been studied. Water is an issue in the oil industry because it is a prime field abandonment criterion leaving trapped hydrocarbons behind.
The implementation of the membrane technology was verified through numerical simulations of different reservoir geometries. The simulations were performed on models where the water was either retained in the reservoir or where a water removal system was involved. During the simulations, the selective membrane was placed either on the production tubing or towards the reservoir rock wall.
Production profiles for the membrane wells have been compared to the production from conventional (base case) wells without the membrane. The results have shown that completing a production well with an oil-wet membrane shuts off water production as long as the water capillary entry pressure of the membrane is not exceeded. It was observed that the water block that accumulates in the annulus and near the well-bore area after water arrival at the well reduces the oil contact with the membrane and hence the flow of oil to the production tubing.
The simulation models other than the base cases have illustrated that the membrane well can act as a downhole separator. It was further observed that by optimising the design of removing the accumulated water from the annulus and proper timing to open the water removal facilities, it is possible to produce "water-free" oil at a total recovery efficiency as high as in conventional wells or better.
Simulation Study of CO2 Sequestration in a North Sea Formation
Authors: House N. J. , Faulder D. D. , Olson G. L. , Fanchi J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two similar Tertiary gas fields in the North Sea produce relatively rich gas condensate with a high proportion (4.5%-9%) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the gas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for CO2 sequestration in high permeability sandstone above the main reservoirs, estimate the ultimate storage capacity of the reservoir, and assess the risk of reservoir leakage. Only published data was used to create the hypothetical models discussed in this paper.
NOTE: A great deal of information is in the public domain on the CO2 sequestration project underway since 1998 in the Sleipner field area in the North Sea. What follows is an investigation of two different models: the first model is a model of a homogeneous sand with properties of the Utsira sand in the Sleipner area; and the second model is a hypothetical faulted anticlinal model with high vertical permeability to the fault. Both models use reservoir properties from the available literature of the Utsira sand reservoir and gas-water properties from the literature.
Rigless Water Shut-off Experience in Offshore Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Zubail Makki A. , Al-Nasser Redha H. , Al-Umran Saleh A. , Al-Saeed Saeed S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As the offshore Saudi Arabia fields mature, more wells are becoming wet and consequently more wells are dying due to water encroachment. These dead wells and associated facilities are valuable assets that need to be effectively utilized throughout the producing life of the fields. Therefore, remedial actions to revive dead wells are vital strategies to maximize revenues. Rigless water shut-off techniques in conventional wells have been successful due to relatively simple wireline interventions. However, water shut-off jobs in horizontal wells are more complicated and are more challenging tasks for oil companies, including Saudi Aramco, due to their associated high cost and cement placement uncertainties.
This paper is a study of six years of rigless water shut-off efforts to revive dead wells in Saudi Aramco's Northern Area offshore fields to extend the producing life of the wells and enhance oil recovery. During the study period, 46 rigless water shut-off jobs were executed with a 91% success rate. Of the 46 water shut-off jobs, three jobs were successfully implemented on dead horizontal cased hole wells using coiled tubing (CT). The job success is attributed to proper problem diagnosis, job design and execution, resulting in a significant production gain and workover cost avoidance.
Water Production Management – PDO's Successful Application of Expandable Technology
Authors: Braas J. C. M. , Aihevba C. O. , Shandoodi M. , Van Noort R. H. , Baaijens M. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water production management starts to play a more important role as reservoirs mature. Production logging is required to identify watered out intervals in producers and thief zones in injectors. The interpretation of logs acquired in horizontal, barefoot wells in highly fractured, heterogeneous, carbonate reservoirs is challenging at least. Yet this technique has been successfully applied in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) in the Yibal and Al Huwaisah fields (Fig. 1) and has lead to significant production improvements after the subsequent water shut off.
Expandable Open Hole Clad (OHC) systems, with external seals, have been deployed to shut off water in both horizontal producers and injectors. The seal between the expanded pipe and the formation is further enhanced by elastomers with the ability to swell upon contact with formation fluids.
Case histories are presented to demonstrate the viability of this new technology.