bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of High-Dose Growth Hormone on Glucose and Glycerol Metabolism at Rest and during Exercise in Endurance-Trained Athletes
Authors: Healy M. L. , Gibney J. , Pentecost C. , Croos P. , Russell-Jones D. L. , Sönksen P. H. , Umpleby A. M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Context: Recombinant human-GH (r-hGH), in supraphysiological doses, is self-administered by athletes in the belief that it is performance enhancing.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether r-hGH alters whole-body glucose and glycerol metabolism in endurance-trained athletes at rest and during and after exercise.
Design: This was a 4-wk double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Setting: This study was conducted at St. Thomas Hospital (London, UK).
Participants: Twelve endurance-trained male athletes were recruited and randomized to r-hGH (0.2 U/kg·d) (n = 6) or identical placebo (n = 6) for 4 wk. One (placebo group) withdrew after randomization.
Intervention: Intervention was conducted by randomization to r-hGH (0.2 U/kg·d) or identical placebo for 4 wk.
Main Outcome Measures: Whole-body rates of appearance (Ra) of glucose and glycerol (an index of lipolysis) and rate of disappearance of glucose were measured using infusions of d-[6–6-2H2]glucose and 2H5-glycerol.
Results: Plasma levels of glycerol and free fatty acids and glycerol Ra at rest and during and after exercise increased during r-hGH treatment (P &lt; 0.05 vs. placebo). Glucose Ra and glucose rate of disappearance were greater after exercise during r-hGH treatment (P &lt; 0.05 vs. placebo). Resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation were greater under resting conditions during r-hGH treatment (P &lt; 0.05 vs. placebo).
Conclusions: r-hGH in endurance-trained athletes increased lipolysis and fatty acid availability at rest and during and after exercise. r-hGH increased glucose production and uptake rates after exercise. The relevance of these effects for athletic performance is not known.
Activity of Irinotecan and the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor CEP-751 in Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Strock Christopher J. , Park Jong-In , Rosen D. Marc , Ruggeri Bruce , Denmeade Samuel R. , Ball Douglas W. , Nelkin Barry D. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Context: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a cancer of the parafollicular C cells that commonly presents with an inherited or acquired RET gene mutation. There is currently no effective systemic treatment for MTC.
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate a systemic therapeutic approach to treat MTC. We studied the sensitivity of an MTC cell line and xenograft to irinotecan, alone and in combination with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, CEP-751.
Results: In TT cell culture and xenografts, irinotecan treatment was highly effective. This effect was augmented by treatment with CEP-751. Treatment of TT cell xenografts resulted in durable complete remission in 100% of the mice, with median time to recurrence of 70 d for irinotecan alone and more than 130 d for irinotecan plus CEP-751. Although irinotecan induced an S phase checkpoint arrest in TT cells, CEP-751 in combination with irinotecan resulted in a loss of this arrest. CEP-751 induced a loss in the induction of the DNA repair program marked by phospho-H2AX and the checkpoint pathway marked by the activated Chk1 pathway.
Conclusions: Irinotecan treatment was highly effective in a preclinical model of human MTC, resulting in complete remission in 100% of the xenografts treated. The duration of remission was further enhanced by combination with the kinase inhibitor, CEP-751. These results suggest that irinotecan, alone or in combination, may be useful for the treatment of MTC.
Practical One-step Synthesis of Symmetrical Liquid Crystalline Dialkyloligothiophenes for Molecular Electronic Applications
Authors: Leroy Julie , Levin Jeremy , Sergeyev Sergey , Geerts Yves 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This communication describes extremely simple one-step synthesis of α,α′-dialkyloligothiophenes by the lithiation/alkylation of the corresponding commercially available oligothiophenes. Use of t-BuOK to enhance the reactivity of lithiated oligothiophene species towards alkyl halides is crucially important.
Asymmetric Addition of Alkynylzinc Reagents to Nitrones Utilizing Tartaric Acid Ester as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Wei Weilin , Kobayashi Masato , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The asymmetric addition of alkynylzinc reagents, prepared in situ from dialkylzinc and 1-alkynes, to nitrones was achieved by utilizing di(t-butyl) (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding optically active (R)-α-substituted propargylic N-hydroxylamines. By the addition of product-like N-hydroxylamine, unprecedented enhancement of enantioselectivity was observed to afford the N-hydroxylamines up to 95% ee.
Revenue Recognition: Judgment in the Spotlight / LA CONSTATATION DES PRODUITS: PLEINS FEUX SUR LE JUGEMENT
Authors: CONROD JOAN , CUMBY JUDY 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines recent history in the area of revenue recognition in financial reporting by Canadian public companies. Revenue recognition is critical because of the profound impact this accounting policy has on the financial statements, but it can be highly judgmental. Restatement of public financial statements is taken as evidence that the reliability of the reported results, as initially presented, is questionable ‐ that is, the financial statements do not fairly reflect the financial position of the organization. We examine recent newsworthy examples of restatement of revenue by Canadian public companies to determine whether this can be traced to faulty professional judgment or to other circumstances, such as deliberate misrepresentation.Les auteures se penchent sur l'histoire récente de la constatation des produits, dans l'information financière communiquée par les sociétés ouvertes canadiennes. L'importance cruciale de la constatation des produits tient aux répercussions profondes qu'a la méthode de constatation sur les états financiers et au fait qu'elle peut faire largement appel au jugement. Les auteures évaluent certains exemples canadiens récents de retraitement des produits qui sont dignes d'être rendus publics, afin d'en déterminer les paramètres.
From Accounting to “Forecounting”*
Authors: CORMIER DENIS , MAGNAN MICHEL L. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTUsing Ross Skinner's 1995 CA Magazine article, “Judgment in Jeopardy", as a stepping stone, we revisit the meaning of professional judgment in accounting in light of developments in standard setting, financial markets, and business operations that have taken place over the past two decades. We argue that it is time to change the view that accountants' professional judgment is the application of accounting‐based knowledge and experience in the selection of an appropriate accounting method. Accountants now face a standard‐setting context that emphasizes the estimation of future cash flows as well as new business and financial realities. This context implies that, in exercising their professional judgment to choose between forecast alternatives, accountants must rely on knowledge and experience from other disciplines (even though this is not well integrated into accounting). Hence, accounting must evolve from its traditional stewardship role to the new role of “forecount‐ing” (the estimation of future cash flows). The implications as well as the challenges of that evolution are discussed.
Quantification and Persuasion in Managerial Judgement*
Authors: KADOUS KATHRYN , KOONCE LISA , TOWRY KRISTY L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAccounting involves assigning numbers to events — quantifying them. Conventional wisdom holds that putting numbers to an argument enhances its persuasive power. There is, however, little scholarly evidence to support or refute this claim, in accounting or elsewhere. In this paper, we develop an original process‐based model of how quantification influences persuasion. We posit that including a high‐quality quantified analysis in a proposal enhances its persuasive power by increasing both the perceived competence of the proposal preparer and the perceived plausibility that a favorable outcome could occur. Under some conditions, however, quantification also encourages criticism of the details of the proposal, which potentially offsets these effects. We experimentally test implications of our model in a managerial decision setting, investigating conditions in which quantification is more and less likely to result in criticism of the quantified proposal and, thus, less and more likely to be persuasive. We also test the model itself using structural equations methods. Results largely support the model, which should prove of value to researchers interested in the effects of quantification on judgements and to those interested in persuasion.
Determinants of the Time Series of Earnings and Implications for Earnings Quality*
Authors: ANCTIL REGINA M. , CHAMBERLAIN SANDRA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines whether differences in accrual accounting methods across balance sheet accounts influence the time‐series process of earnings. We define earnings quality as the responsiveness of earnings to shifts in permanent earnings and predict that responsiveness will increase in a firm's use of variable rate debt, where accruals move directly with shifts in interest rates. We also predict that responsiveness will decrease in a firm's investment in property plant and equipment because depreciation is largely predetermined and does not respond to shifts in opportunity costs. </P><P>To test these hypotheses, we regress earnings on lagged earnings and a proxy for permanent earnings (that is, the implied dividend annuity in lagged equity value). Within the context of an adjustment cost model, this regression captures the responsiveness of earnings by the coefficient on lagged price and by one minus the coefficient on lagged earnings. Consistent with this framework, we find the unconstrained estimated coefficients on these two variables to be negatively correlated. Furthermore, consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the coefficient on lagged earnings (lagged price) is positively (negatively) associated with the relative magnitude and life of fixed assets on the balance sheet and negatively (positively) associated with the relative magnitude of variable rate debt on the balance sheet.</P>
Earnings Quality under Rules‐ versus Principles‐based Accounting Standards: A Test of the Skinner Hypothesis / LA QUALITÉ DES RÉSULTATS SELON QUE LES NORMES COMPTABLES SONT AXÉES SUR LES RÈGLES OU SUR LES PRINCIPES: VÉRIFICATION DE L'HYPOTHÈSE DE SKINNER*
Authors: WEBSTER ERIN , THORNTON DANIEL B. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTWe provide preliminary evidence, consistent with Skinner (1995), that Canada's relatively principles‐based GAAP yield higher accrual quality than the United States' relatively rules‐based GAAP. These results stem from a comparison of the Dechow‐Dichev (2002) measure of accrual quality for cross‐listed Canadian firms reporting under both Canadian and U.S. GAAP. However, we document lower accrual quality for Canadian firms reporting under U.S. GAAP than for U.S. firms, which are subject to stronger U.S. oversight, reporting under U.S. GAAP. The latter results suggest that stronger U.S. oversight compensates for inferior accrual quality associated with rules‐based GAAP. Consistent with the positive effect of Canada's principles‐based GAAP and the offsetting negative effect of Canada's weaker oversight, we find no overall difference in accrual quality between Canadian firms reporting under Canadian GAAP and U.S. firms reporting under U.S. GAAP. Our results imply that (1) policymakers who wish to compare the effectiveness of oversight across jurisdictions must control for the GAAP effect; and (2) accounting standard‐setters who wish to compare the effectiveness of principles‐ versus rules‐based GAAP must control for oversight strength.
R&D Reporting Biases and Their Consequences*
Authors: Lev Baruch , Sarath Bharat , Sougiannis Theodore 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe immediate expensing of research and development (R&D) expenditures is often justified by the conservatism principle. However, no accounting procedure consistently applied can be conservative throughout the firm's life. We therefore ask the following questions: (1) When is the expensing of R&D conservative and when is it aggressive, relative to R&D capitaliza‐tion? (2) What are the capital‐market implications of these reporting biases? To address these questions we construct a model of profitability biases (differences between reported profitability under R&D expensing and capitalization) and show that the key drivers of the reporting biases are the differences between R&D growth and earnings growth (momentum), and between R&D growth and return on equity (ROE). Companies with a high R&D growth rate relative to their profitability (typically early life‐cycle companies) report conservatively, while firms with a low R&D growth rate (mature companies) tend to report aggressively under current generally accepted accounting principles. Our empirical analysis, covering the period 1972‐2003, generally supports the analytical predictions.In the valuation analysis we find evidence consistent with investor fixation on the reported profitability measures: we detect undervaluation of conservatively reporting firms and overvaluation of aggressively reporting firms. These misvaluations appear to be corrected when the reporting biases reverse from conservative to aggressive and vice versa. This evidence is consistent with behavioral finance arguments about investor cognitive biases.
CEO Compensation and Stakeholders' Claims*
Authors: ARORA ALKA , ALAM PERVAIZ 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe traditional view that a corporation exists solely to serve the interests of the firm's shareholders has given way to a changing view that recognizes the importance of corporate constituents in addition to shareholders. Prior studies demonstrate a significant association between the sensitivity of CEO compensation and a firm's stock prices. However, the association between CEO compensation and the claim of other primary stakeholders (customers, employees, suppliers) has not been examined. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the adoption of long‐term incentive plans aligns the interest of the CEO with the interest of the primary stakeholders in the firm. Using the fixed‐effect regression, our results indicate a significant association between the change in CEO compensation and the claims of the customers, shareholders, and employees. We contribute to the literature by demonstrating that the managers are accountable not only to the shareholders but also to primary stakeholders.
Shareholder Income Taxes and the Relation between Earnings and Returns*
Authors: DHALIWAL DAN S. , ERICKSON MERLE M. , LI OLIVER ZHEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether and how shareholder‐level taxes affect earnings response coefficients (ERCs). Our tests indicate that when the tax rate on dividends increases, ERCs decrease for firms with high levels of dividend yield and whose marginal investor is likely to be an individual. For firms with high levels of share repurchase yield and whose marginal investor is likely to be an individual, an increase in dividend tax rate has no discernible effect on ERCs. These results are consistent with the notion that the tax penalty on dividends, relative to capital gains, reduces the earnings‐return relation.
Accounting Standards: Rules, Principles, or Wild Guesses?/ LES NORMES COMPTABLES: RÉGLES, PRINCIPES OU JEU DE HASARD?
Authors: BEECHY THOMAS H. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThis commentary considers the issue of judgment in the application of accounting standards. The rules‐versus‐principles argument is discussed, with particular attention to the relationship between accounting standards, accounting objectives, and the exercise of judgment. Both the types of judgment and the locus of judgment are examined: What types of accounting estimates are needed, and who makes those estimates? In particular, the problematic use of probability estimates and expected values is discussed. The paper concludes with proposals for improving the quality of accounting standards.
Earnings Management to Minimize Superfund Clean‐up and Transaction Costs*
Authors: JOHNSTON DEREK , ROCK STEVE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe investigate whether firms identified as potentially responsible parties (PRPs) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (more commonly known as Superfund) appear to manipulate earnings to minimize their exposure to Superfund clean‐up and transaction costs. We analyze the discretionary accrual behavior of 612 PRPs from 1981 to 1995 and increase the power of our tests by identifying those PRPs with the most incentive to manage earnings during PRP identification years. The results provide robust evidence consistent with the hypothesis that these PRPs use income‐reducing discretionary accruals during PRP identification years in an attempt to minimize Superfund clean‐up and transaction costs. We also consider whether PRPs' incentives to manage earnings change in response to a change in the EPA regulatory regime and find modest evidence consistent with our conjecture.
Disclosure Policy and Market Liquidity: Impact of Depth Quotes and Order Sizes*
Authors: Heflin Frank L. , Shaw Kenneth W. , Wild John J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the relation between disclosure policy and market liquidity. Our tests examine two key aspects of market liquidity, the effective bid‐ask spread and quoted depth, and how they relate to financial analysts' ratings of firms' disclosure policies. We introduce a method of combining order sizes and depth quotes to yield more precise estimates of effective spreads on trades likely constrained by quoted depth. We find that while firms with higher rated disclosures are charged lower effective spreads, they are also quoted lower depth, consistent with the notion that better disclosures reduce information asymmetry but also cause some liquidity suppliers to exit the market. Therefore, a simple examination of spreads and depths yields ambiguous inferences on the relation between disclosure policy and market liquidity. We resolve this ambiguity by estimating depth‐adjusted effective spreads, and find that firms with higher rated disclosures have lower depth‐adjusted effective spreads across all trade sizes. Consequently, our results reveal a robust inverse relation between disclosure ratings and effective trading costs. This implies that a policy of enhanced financial disclosure is related to improved market liquidity.
Production Externalities, Congruity of Aggregate Signals, and Optimal Task Assignments*
Authors: HUGHES JOHN S. , ZHANG LI , XIE JAI‐ZHENG JAMES 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the role of production externalities in the task assignment problem. Milgrom and Roberts (1992) suggest that complementarities available when agents are assigned to diverse tasks are necessary to overcome distortions in effort allocations caused by an inability to fine‐tune incentives when agents' compensation is based on aggregate imperfect signals. Our analysis formalizes this intuition in a setting that encompasses externalities under both diverse and similar task assignments.
Avoiding Accounting Fixation: Determinants of Cognitive Adaptation to Differences in Accounting Method*
Authors: DEARMAN DAVID T. , SHIELDS MICHAEL D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMuch research over the last 30 years has provided evidence that individuals display accounting fixation; that is, their cognitive process does not appropriately adapt to cross‐sectional or temporal differences in an accounting method. This paper presents the results of a quasi‐experimental test of the hypothesis that cognitive adaptation to a change in accounting method is an ordinal interactive function of three person characteristics: relevant accounting knowledge, general problem‐solving ability, and intrinsic motivation to appropriately engage in the decision task. Based on a product‐pricing decision task in which participants are provided with product costs reported by two generally employed product‐costing methods (activity‐based costing [ABC] and volume‐based costing), the results show that the majority of participants did not change their cognitive behavior when there was a change in the costing method. Further, those participants who did adapt to the change in accounting method, and thus avoided accounting fixation, did so by debiasing costs reported by volume‐based costing but not by ABC. Finally, these adapters generally exhibited high values for all three of the person characteristics compared with those who did not adapt.
Taxpayers' Prepayment Positions and Tax Return Preparation Fees*
Authors: JACKSON SCOTT B. , SHOEMAKER PAUL A. , BARRICK JOHN A. , BURTON F. GREG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIndividuals who have their tax returns professionally prepared often overpay estimated income taxes, effectively giving the government an interest‐free loan. To understand why tax professionals may place their clients in positive prepayment positions, we draw on mental accounting theory. Mental accounting theory suggests that by placing taxpayers in positive prepayment positions, tax professionals induce a favorable mental representation of tax return preparation fees, perhaps allowing them to collect larger fractions of billable time and costs incurred on taxpayers' behalves. Thus, we hypothesize that tax return preparation fees are higher for taxpayers in positive prepayment positions than for taxpayers in negative prepayment positions. Regression results using tax return data for 68,736 taxpayers provide strong support for this hypothesis. To more fully understand the general nature of the relationship between taxpayers' prepayment positions and tax return preparation fees, we adapt the prospect theory value function to the tax domain and formulate three additional hypotheses. Consistent with theory, regression results indicate that the relation between taxpayers' prepayment positions and tax return preparation fees is (1) positive, (2) stronger for taxpayers who receive refunds that are less than fees than it is for taxpayers who receive refunds that are greater than fees, and (3) stronger for taxpayers in negative prepayment positions than for taxpayers in positive prepayment positions.
Komplementäre Regelungsarchitekturen für haptische Displays (Complementary Control Architectures for Haptic Displays)
Authors: Hoogen Jens , Schmidt Günther 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Die Stabilität von Systemen zur kinästhetischen Interaktion hängt wesentlich von den im Betrieb variierenden dynamischen Eigenschaften des Bedieners und der virtuellen Umgebung ab. In diesem Artikel werden die Stabilitätseigenschaften von Impedanz-, Admittanz- und Dreikanal-Regelungsarchitekturen mit Hilfe des Parameterraum-Verfahrens in Abhängigkeit von Bediener- und Umgebungssteifigkeit untersucht. Durch Einführen des Konzepts der Dualität im Parameterraum wird gezeigt, dass sich Dreikanal-Architekturen aufgrund ihrer komplementären Stabilitätseigenschaften besser für den Entwurf einer adaptiven strukturvariablen Regelung eignen, als das duale Impedanz-Admittanz-Architekturpaar. Experimentelle Untersuchungen mit einem als haptisches Display betriebenen Industrieroboter belegen die theoretischen Ergebnisse.