bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negative‐resistance, reflection‐type bipolar frequency doubler
Authors: Lau Yeung‐Fan , Xue Quan , Chan Chi‐Hou , Xia Ming‐Yao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA new method is presented for frequency doubler design by operating bipolar transistor as negative‐resistance two‐terminal device. In the proposed design, frequency doubler's input and output ports (I/O) are both located in the base‐emitter side of bipolar transistor in a reflection manner. Whereas the conventional transmission‐type frequency doublers have their I/O connected to the base‐emitter and collector‐emitter ports, respectively. Resembling reflection‐type amplifier configuration, the new doubler features high reflection conversion gain (more than 3 dB) and low phase noise degradation (only 2.2 dB). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 434–435, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22173
Loss of imprinting and cancer
Authors: Jelinic P , Shaw P 
Published: December 2006

AbstractImprinting is defined as the parental allele‐specific expression of a very limited set of genes (about 50–80). This regulation depends upon an epigenetic marking of parental alleles during gametogenesis. Monoallelic expression ensures that the levels of the proteins encoded by imprinted genes, important factors of embryonic growth, placental growth or adult metabolism, are assured. Without precise control of their expression, developmental abnormalities result, as is shown by a number of hereditary over‐growth syndromes, including Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. The regulation of imprinted genes is largely dependent on methylation marks, which are laid down during embryological development of germ cells. Once in place, the methylation status of precise chromosomal regions, Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs), is read by either of two mechanisms, chromatin barrier formation or untranslated RNAs, thereby ensuring that only the maternal or paternal allele is expressed. Each imprinted gene is classified as maternal or paternal according to the expressed allele. The stability of the marked regions in somatic cells is maintained through each cellular replication by a methylation enzyme complex containing Dnmt1. Although the major reading mechanisms of imprinted status are known, chromatin boundary formation by CTCF and untranslated RNAs, the molecules elaborating the initial ICR methylation, are just being uncovered. Mis‐regulation of imprinted gene expression (loss of imprinting [LOI]) is seen frequently and precociously in a large variety of human tumours, making LOI a potentially valuable tool for both diagnosis and treatment. In fact, LOI is presently considered the most abundant and most precocious alteration in cancer. The present review proposes a mechanism responsible for LOI, as well as its eventual value in tumour diagnosis and prognosis. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DFT‐based QSAR study and molecular design of AHMA derivatives as potent anticancer agents
Authors: Chen Jincan , Shen Yong , Liao Siyan , Chen Lanmei , Zheng Kangcheng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of 3‐(9‐acridinylamino)‐5‐hydroxymethylaniline (AHMA) derivatives and their alkylcarbamates as potent anticancer agents has been studied using density functional theory (DFT), molecular mechanics (MM+), and statistical methods. In the best established QSAR equation, the energy (ENL) of the next lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (NLUMO) and the net charges (QFR) of the first atom of the substituent R, as well as the steric parameter (MR2) of subsituent R2 are the main independent factors contributing to the anticancer activity of the compounds. A new scheme determining outliers by “leave‐one‐out” (LOO) cross‐validation coefficient (q) was suggested and successfully used. The fitting correlation coefficient (R2) and the “LOO” cross‐validation coefficient (q2) values for the training set of 25 compounds are 0.881 and 0.829, respectively. The predicted activities of 5 compounds in the test set using this QSAR model are in good agreement with their experimental values, indicating that this model has excellent predictive ability. Based on the established QSAR equation, 10 new compounds with rather high anticancer activity much greater than that of 34 compounds have been designed and await experimental verification. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Novel method for analyzing proteome
Authors: Liao Bo , Luo Jiawei , Li Renfa , Zhu Wen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe propose a 6D representation of protein sequences consisting of 20 amino acids. Based on this 6D representation, we propose a proteome distance measure for constructing phylogenic tree. And we make use of the corresponding similarity matrix to construct phylogenic tree. The examination of phylogenic tree belong to 30 mitochondrial sequence illustrates the utility of our approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Kalman–Yakubovich lemma in general finite dimensional case
Authors: Barabanov N. E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe most general finite dimensional case of the classical Kalman–Yakubovich (KY) lemma is considered. There are no assumptions on the parameters or functions of parameters of corresponding matrix equations. It is pointed out how to find out all the solutions of these equations. For the discrete time case an analogue of the KY lemma, which is used to be called Kalman–Szego lemma, is generalized to the case when there are no any assumptions on the parameters of matrix equations. Besides, the necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability the Lyapunov equations in general case are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Latissimus Dorsi Miniflap for Reconstruction Following Breast‐conserving Surgery: Experience of a Small Breast Unit in a District Hospital
Authors: Navin C. , Agrawal A. , Kolar K. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundImmediate reconstruction with autogenous tissue is one of the options for reconstruction following breast‐conservation surgery for breast cancers in major centres with ready availability of appropriate skills. Immediate correction of volume deficit by latissimus dorsi miniflap (LDMF) in addition has cosmetic appeal by filling the defect without extra skin incision.MethodsData was collected retrospectively from clinical records of 51 patients who underwent LDMF procedures in a district general hospital between June 2000 and December 2004, and the results were analysed. Postal questionnaire survey was done to assess the level of subjective satisfaction of the cosmetic outcome.ResultsWide local excision and axillary‐node sampling/clearance along with immediate reconstruction with a LDMF (involving a musculo‐subcutaneous flap without skin) were performed in all patients. Patients’ median age was 50 years. Sixty‐five percent of the tumours were in the upper–outer quadrant, median weight of the specimen was 217.5 g (31–510 g), median clearance margin was 5 mm (0–15 mm) and median pathological size of the tumour was 20 mm (8–60 mm). Four patients required mastectomy later, whereas 1 patient had flap necrosis. At a median follow‐up of 33 months, there has been no recurrence. Eighty‐six percent of the patients who responded to the postal survey were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome.ConclusionImmediate LDMF reconstruction is an acceptable way of correcting deformity after breast‐conservation surgery. We demonstrate by our experience that it is a viable option for breast cancer in small district hospitals/ breast units.
Selecting the optimal linear alcohol ethoxylate for enhanced oily soil removal
Authors: Goel Satish K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUse of nonionic surfactants in detergent products has become increasingly popular because of their tolerance to hardness ions and their effect on lowering the critical micelle concentration of anionics. Their performance as detergents, however, is very sensitive to changes in temperature and electrolyte concentration, which need to be carefully controlled in order to ensure that phase inversion conditions prevail. For a fixed temperature in an application, the only variables available for optimizing the performance of a system containing nonionics are: the type of nonionic, and the concentrations of electrolytes and anionics. Based on the mutual interactions of these ingredients in mixed systems, we have devised some guidelines for selection of the optimal ethylene oxide (FO) chain length in lauryl alcohol ethoxylate type of nonionics for a range of electrolytes and anionic surfactant concentrations. For any given concentration of electrolytes (sodium carbonate and sodium tripolyphosphate), anionic (sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate) and nonionic, the detergency of synthetic sebum from blended polyester/cotton fabrics shows a maximum as a function of average FO moles in the nonionic. Oil/water interfacial tension shows an expected reverse trend. The optimal EO moles (for maximal detergency) show a monotonically increasing trend when plotted as a function of the ratio of nonionic to anionic concentration for a fixed level of electrolyte. The optimal EO moles also increase with increasing level of electrolytes in the system. However, the effect of nonionic/anionic ratio is much stronger than the effect of electrolytes on the optimal EO moles.
Progress toward the production of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic plants
Authors: Napier Johnathan A. , Sayanova Olga , Qi Baoxiu , Lazarus Colin M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLong‐chain PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids are prevalent in fish oils, and these compounds have been demonstrated to play important roles in human health and nutrition. In particular, these n−3/omega‐3 long‐chain PUFA provide protection from cardiovascular disease and a collection of symptoms (termed metabolic syndrome) associated with progression toward type 2 diabetes and obesity. Within Western populations, a large increase in the occurrence of these conditions represents a major public health concern. Unfortunately, both marine fish stocks and (consequentially) consumption of fish oils are in steep decline, limiting the protective role of long‐chain PUFA in human health. One alternative approach to the provision of these health‐beneficial FA is via their synthesis in transgenic plants. This review will describe recent advances in the production of transgenic plant oils nutritionally enhanced to produce long‐chain PUFA.
Environmental light and heredity are associated with adaptive changes in retinal DHA levels that affect retinal function
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Penn John S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRetinas of rats and mice react to environmental and genetic stimuli by altering the level of DHA in their rod outer segment membranes. We propose that this adaptation is a neuroprotective response to control the number of photons captured by rhodopsin and the efficiency of visual transduction, under conditions where excessive activation of the transduction cascade could lead to cell death.
Molecular Genetics of Plant Sterol Backbone Synthesis
Authors: Suzuki Masashi , Muranaka Toshiya 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSterols, which are biosynthesized via the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway, are important structural components of the plasma membrane and precursors of steroid hormones in both vertebrates and plants. Ergosterol and cholesterol are the major sterols in yeast and vertebrates, respectively. In contrast, plants produce a wide variety of phytosterols, which have various functions in plant development. Although the general biosynthetic pathway to plant sterols has been defined, the details of the biochemical, physiological, and developmental functions of genes involved in the biosynthetic network and their regulation are not well understood. Molecular genetic analyses are an effective approach to use when studying these fascinating problems. Since three enzymes, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and lanosterol synthase, have been functionally characterized in planta, we reviewed recent progress on these enzymes. Arabidopsis T‐DNA and transposon insertion mutants are now widely available. The use of molecular genetics, molecular biology, and bioorganic chemical approaches on these mutants, as well as inhibitors of the MVA pathway, should help us to understand plant sterol biosynthesis comprehensively.
Suberosin inhibits proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through the modulation of the transcription factors NF‐AT and NF‐κB
Authors: Chen Y‐C , Tsai W‐J , Wu M‐H , Lin L‐C , Kuo Y‐C 
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica containing suberosin exhibit anti‐inflammatory activity. We purified suberosin from such extracts and studied its effects on a set of key regulatory events in the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA).Experimental approach:Proliferation of PBMC in culture was measured by uptake of 3H‐thymidine; production of cytokines and cyclins by Western blotting and RT‐PCR. Transcription factors NF‐AT and NF‐κB were assayed by immunocytochemistry and EMSA.Key results:Suberosin suppressed PHA‐induced PBMC proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression from the G1 transition to the S phase. Suberosin suppressed, in activated PBMC, transcripts of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), and cyclins D3, E, A, and B. DNA binding activity and nuclear translocation of NF‐AT and NF‐κB induced by PHA were blocked by suberosin. Suberosin decreased the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in PBMC stimulated with PHA. Suberosin did not affect phosphorylation of p38 and JNK but did reduce activation of ERK in PHA‐treated PBMC. Pharmacological inhibitors of NF‐κB, NF‐AT, and ERK decreased expression of mRNA for the cyclins, IL‐2, and IFN‐γ and cell proliferation in PBMC activated by PHA.Conclusions and Implications:The inhibitory effects of suberosin on PHA‐induced PBMC proliferation, were mediated, at least in part, through reduction of [Ca2+]i, ERK, NF‐AT, and NF‐κB activation, and early gene expression in PBMC including cyclins and cytokines, and arrest of cell cycle progression in the cells. Our observations provide an explanation for the anti‐inflammatory activity of P. zeylanica.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 298–312. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706987
Effects of Bovine α‐Lactalbumin and Casein Glycomacropeptide–enriched Infant Formulae on Faecal Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants
Authors: Brück Wolfram M , Redgrave Michele , Tuohy Kieran M , Lönnerdal Bo , Graverholt Gitte , Hernell Olle , Gibson Glenn R 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTObjective:Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a host‐friendly gastrointestinal microbiota, for example, one that is predominated by bifidobacteria, a perceived health‐promoting genus. This may explain why breast‐fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula‐fed counterparts who are believed to have a more diverse microbiota, which is similar to that of adults. The effects of formulas supplemented with 2 such ingredients from bovine milk, α‐lactalbumin (α‐lac) and casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), on gut flora were investigated in this study.Patients and Methods:Six‐week‐old (4–8 wk), healthy term infants were randomised to a standard infant formula or 1 of 2 test formulae enriched in α‐lac with higher or lower GMP until 6 months. Faecal bacteriology was determined by the culture‐independent procedure fluorescence in situ hybridisation.Results:There was a large fluctuation of bacterial counts within groups with no statistically significant differences between groups. Although all groups showed a predominance of bifidobacteria, breast‐fed infants had a small temporary increase in counts. Other bacterial levels varied in formula‐fed groups, which overall showed an adult‐like faecal microflora.Conclusions:It can be speculated that a prebiotic effect for α‐lac and GMP is achieved only with low starting populations of beneficial microbiota (eg, infants not initially breast‐fed.
Follow‐up of Children With Autoimmune Hepatitis Treated With Cyclosporine
Authors: Cuarterolo Miriam , Ciocca Mirta , Velasco Cristina Cañero , Ramonet Margarita , González Teresita , López Susana , Garsd Armando , Álvarez Fernando 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives:To evaluate the effectiveness of cyclosporine in inducing and maintaining remission of the inflammatory process in autoimmune hepatitis, when used in combination with low doses of prednisone and azathioprine and to identify the prognostic factors associated with sustained remission.Methods:Eighty‐four patients with autoimmune hepatitis were consecutively recruited from 5 centers between January 1994 and March 2001. Cyclosporine was administered during the first 6 months. Thereafter, in patients with aminotransferase levels of lower than twice the normal values, prednisone and azathioprine were initiated.Results:Normal aminotransferase levels were observed in 94.05% (79/84) of the patients, 72% of them within the first 6 months of treatment. Total serum bilirubin level of greater than 1.2 mg/dL and portal hypertension at diagnosis jointly predicted a significant delay in remission. Adverse effects related to cyclosporine remained mild and transient. Low doses of prednisone and standard doses of azathioprine were not implicated in relapse of the disease during the follow‐up of any patient.Conclusions:This protocol allowed control of the liver inflammatory process and was well tolerated. The response to this immunosuppressive therapy can be predicted with accuracy. Factors delaying remission can be identified early at diagnosis and may contribute to the development of more effective treatment policies for this condition.
Prospective Analysis of Nonadherence in Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Common Problem
Authors: Kerkar Nanda , Annunziato Rachel A , Foley Liberty , Schmeidler James , Rumbo Carolina , Emre Sukru , Shneider Benjamin , Shemesh Eyal 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives:To prospectively assess nonadherence to medications, the relationship between nonadherence and medical outcome and the relationship between a psychiatric risk factor (posttraumatic stress) and nonadherence in patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis.Patients and Methods:Data were obtained in children with autoimmune hepatitis, who had consented to prospective monitoring of adherence, during 1 year of follow‐up in our pediatric liver program. An electronic monitoring device as well as posttransplant trough blood levels of tacrolimus was used to evaluate adherence. A validated self‐report questionnaire was used to assess posttraumatic stress. The medical outcome measure was the maximal alanine transaminase (ALT) for each monitored patient.Results:Of 37 pediatric patients, 34 (15 posttransplant) enrolled. Fourteen (41%) used the monitoring device as directed. Monitor readings ranged between 28% and 94% of optimal adherence (100%). No patient took the medications exactly as prescribed. Electronic monitoring device readings correlated inversely with maximal ALT (P = 0.03, r = −0.59), and were also correlated with the tacrolimus level variability as a measure of adherence (P = 0.04, r = −0.72). Posttraumatic stress disorder questionnaire scores were correlated with both measures of adherence (for electronic monitoring, P = 0.02, r = −0.70, for tacrolimus levels, P = 0.03, r = 0.62).Conclusions:Nonadherence to immunosuppressants was common in this cohort, and it correlated with higher maximal ALT. Nonadherence is therefore an important risk factor for poor outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, which were correlated with nonadherence, may serve as a focus for adherence‐improving interventions.
Acquisition of Competence in Paediatric Ileocolonoscopy With Virtual Endoscopy Training
Authors: Thomson Mike , Heuschkel Rob , Donaldson Nora , Murch Simon , Hinds Rupert 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis study prospectively compared the rates of skill acquisition in ileocolonoscopy in 2 consecutive groups of trainees in paediatric gastroenterology, with 1 cohort exposed to virtual endoscopy. All paediatric gastroenterology trainees rotating through our department during a 7‐year period between 1997 and 2004 were formally assessed while performing ileocolonoscopies using a trainer case‐by‐case method. Fourteen consecutive trainees with no previous experience of ileocolonoscopy were assessed. Comparison of rates of skill acquisition and lesion recognition using multiple linear regressions revealed a significant acceleration of achievement of endoscopic goals (P < 0.0001) in the group with prior exposure to virtual endoscopy.
BRAIN ENERGETICS AND CEREBRAL DEATH *
Authors: Fein Jack M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe energy‐charge potential of the brain, defined as the ratio of high‐ and low‐energy phosphate levels, may be correlated with brain viability after injury. Two different states of dysergic brain metabolism may be induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage, depending on the intracranial pressure. Simultaneous measurements of oxidative metabolism and ATP, ADP, and AMP levels were made in rats after cisternal injection of fresh arterial blood under high (>50 mm Hg) and normal (5‐10 mm Hg) intracranial pressure. The hyperbaric injections were uniformly associated with progressive and severe cerebral infarctions. These were correlated with low flow and depressed energy charge potential. A low rate of blood flow and metabolism persisted and the animals showed no signs of recovery postoperatively. Injections under normal pressure were associated with an equally severe suppression of brain blood flow and metabolic rates, but energy charge potential was preserved and clinical function, flow and metabolism were eventually recovered. Despite the cerebral dysfunction, which may appear similar in both cases, the prognosis for viability in the two instances is quite different. These paradigms are useful in formulating concepts of the energy state necessary for functional brain survival.
MOMENT PROPERTIES OF SUBGRAPH COUNTS IN STOCHASTIC GRAPHS
Authors: Frank Ove 
Published: December 2006

SummaryStatistical analysis of stochastic graph models can be based on subgraph counts. General formulas are given which may be used to derive expected values, variances, and covariances of such graph statistics. Three different stochastic graph models are used as illustrations. Moments are given for certain dyad and triad counts in a graph with stochastically independent edge occurrences. Moments are also given for some subgraph count estimators which are based on a partially erased graph or a sampled subgraph.
Primes in Preordered Sets: A Question of Henriksen and Kopperman
Authors: JOHNSON D. , KIST J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. Let X be a family of nonempty proper subsets of the set R; for a |Ge R, let Xa={I |Ge X: a ∉I), and denote the collection (Xa: a |Ge R} byXR.Henriksen and Kopperman have shown that if XR is closed under finite intersection, then R can be given the structure of a commutative semigroup so that each element of X becomes a prime semigroup ideal; they then ask if the same conclusion can be drawn if the family XR is merely a base for a topology on X. In this paper, certain notions from the theory of preordered sets are used to produce a large family of examples that respond negatively to the Henriksen‐Kopperman question.
Infinitesimal R‐Trees Associated with Lifts of Quadratic Differentials without Connections in the Unit Disk
Authors: SLUTSKIN LEV 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIt is shown that each pair of transverse measured foliations without connections between singularities on a compact surface contains within it a geometric structure that becomes an R‐tree on the universal covering space. It is proved that the trees can be parameterized by sequences of positive numbers that reflect both their topological and geometric structures.