bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The short‐term effects of infection by tobacco mosaic virus on apparent photosynthesis of tobacco leaves
Authors: ZAITLIN MILTON , HESKETH J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYInfection of two varieties of Nicotiana tabacum with the common strain of tobacco mosaic virus caused no permanent change in the apparent photosynthetic rate of the inoculated leaves in the first few hours after infection. Photosynthesis slowed transiently after inoculation as an effect of rubbing, but the leaves quickly recovered. These results are in conflict with those of Owen (1957b) (Ann. appl. Biol.45, 456); the differences between these two studies have not been rationalized.
Movement of diquat (1,1'‐ethylene‐2,2'‐bipyridylium) dibromide in leguminous plants
Authors: THROWER STELLA L. , HALLAM N. D. , THROWER L. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn studies on movement of diquat dibromide (1,1'‐ethylene‐2,2'‐bipyridylium dibromide) in broad bean, french bean and soybean, discoloration of tissues was used as an indication of its presence.The presence of cuticular wax on leaves interfered with the entry of diquat. Movement of diquat within the plant occurred readily in either light or darkness. Ringing experiments showed that movement took place predominantly in the xylem, and defoliation experiments indicated that movement was associated with the transpiration stream.In light, movement of diquat in the plant occurred when the relative humidity was near 100% but was markedly less than that occurring at 50%r.h. High temperature and low humidity promoted rapid drying of treated leaves which confined the diquat to these leaves and prevented movement to untreated parts of the plant. In stems diquat moved from the xylem to the outer cortical parenchyma; cell‐to‐cell diffusive movement also occurred in leaves.Movement of diquat in the plant is shown to be a sequential process, the part responsible for most extensive distribution being movement in the transpiration stream. Therefore, conditions which favour transpiration (without undue desiccation) will promote movement of diquat.
Studies on the deposition of oil drops
Authors: HADAWAY A. B. , BARLOW F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAt low wind speeds of up to 4 m.p.h. in a horizontal tunnel, deposition of air‐borne oil droplets, up to 60 μ in diameter, occurred more readily on tsetse flies at rest on obstacles representing approximately the shapes of branches and leaves than on the obstacles themselves. Under some conditions deposition occurred on all flies irrespective of resting position, although the obstacle remained completely free from deposit.At 1 m.p.h. deposition was largely by sedimentation; at higher wind speeds it was largely by impaction.The optimum drop‐size range for deposition on tsetse flies at rest on the obstacles appeared to be from 10 to 30 μ. Deposition of these drops by impaction on the obstacles themselves, however, was less than that of larger drops.
Greenhouse evaluation of chemicals for control of powdery mildews. V. Tests with unsaturated compounds*
Authors: KIRBY A. H. M. , FRICK E. L. , MOORE M. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCompounds containing one or more unsaturated links in the molecule have been tested for toxicity to the powdery mildews of apple and barley. Some of these compounds are known to be highly toxic to spores of other well‐known fungal pathogens, but none was effective against these powdery mildews. It would appear that unsaturation, even in molecular structures leading to high fungitoxicity to many fungal species, is not of great value in producing compounds toxic to powdery mildews, at least to those of apple and barley.
Wild and cultivated grasses as carriers of the take‐all fungus (Ophiobolus graminis)
Authors: BROOKS D. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFifteen grass species, two legumes and one grass/legume mixture were inoculated with Ophiobolus graminis (Sacc.) Sacc. in outdoor plots and tested at intervals over 13 months for the degree of spread and survival of the fungus on their roots. A similar method was used to estimate the survival of O. graminis var. avenae E. M. Turner. Lolium italicum, L. perenne, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata were found to be the most important carriers of the type O. graminis, whilst least infection followed the two dicotyledons (Medicago lupulina and Trifolium pratense), Alopecurus pratensis and Arrhenatherum elatius. In contrast, Arrhenatherum elatius was the most effective carrier of O. graminis var. avenae, together with Lolium italicum and the Agrostis species. Least infection again followed the two dicotyledons.
Anemone necrosis, a disease caused by a strain of tobacco ringspot virus
Authors: HOLLINGS M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA strain of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) was isolated from severely necrotic Anemone coronaria plants in Somerset in 1957, and was named anemone necrosis virus (ANV). ANV infected, by sap‐rubbing inoculation, fifty‐eight of 103 plant species tested, in twenty‐one out of thirty‐two families. Experimental infection of anemone plants induced symptoms of necrosis and die‐back, but less virulent than those seen in the field. The virus was cultured and assayed in Nicotiana clevelandii or N. tabacum. The in vitro properties in crude sap were: maximum infective dilution 1/125 to 1/10,000 according to the source plant; thermal inactivation point (10 min.) 70°C.; survival in vitro 21 but not 28 days at 18°C., and at least 12 weeks at 0°C. Preparations preserved by vacuum sublimation (freeze‐drying) were still infective after 5 years. Some N. tabacum plants could be freed from ANV by growing at 37°C. for 4–6 weeks.Although less easily than TRSV, ANV was purified by extraction of N. clevelandii leaves macerated for 1–5 days at 0°C. in butanol + phosphate buffer, followed by differential centrifugation. Purified preparations were highly infective, serologically active, gave specific light‐scattering zones in density‐gradient centrifugation, and contained numerous angular particles (c. 29 mμ diam.) in electron micrographs. Antisera to ANV and to TRSV had specific titres up to 1/16,384. The two viruses were serologically closely related, very similar in host range and symptoms, in vitro properties, density‐gradient zones and particle form; they differed principally in the ways in which they could be purified.Anemone necrosis disease is apparently localized in Britain and its incidence small.
Some properties of celery yellow vein, a virus serologically related to tomato black ring virus
Authors: HOLLINGS M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA virus consistently isolated from celery plants showing conspicuous yellow vein symptoms readily infected healthy celery plants by sap inoculation, grafting or planting in infested field soil, but failed to induce the field symptoms. This virus, which was named celery yellow vein (CYVV), was cultured in Nicotiana clevelandii and assayed in Gomphrena globosa or Chenopodium amaranticolor. It infected sixty‐seven of 119 plant species tested, but was eliminated from tobacco plants grown at 37°C. for 3–5 weeks.In N. clevelandii sap, CYVV was still infective after dilution to 1/5000, heating to 62·5°C. for 10 min., or storage at c. 18°C. for 14 days. CYVV was best purified and concentrated by differential centrifugation of extracts from infected N. clevelandii using butanol + phosphate buffer. Such preparations contained 'spherical' particles c. 29 mμ diameter, produced specific zones in density‐gradient centrifugation, reacted specifically in serological tests, and contained major and minor components with sedimentation coefficients of 125S and 96S respectively.Comparison of host range, properties in vitro, protection tests in plants, and serological relationships showed that CYVV was a serotype of tomato black ring virus, but was more closely related to the lettuce ringspot than to either the tomato black ring or beet ringspot strains.
On the use of gut characters to determine the origin of migrating aphids
Authors: EDWARDS J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA survey of plant metabolites recoverable from aphids indicated that amino acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds do not provide criteria for associating aphids with their original host plant.An insoluble polysaccharide accumulates in the crop of aphids fed on members of the family Chenopodiaceae, and distinguishes Myzus persicae alatae reared on chenopods from those reared on other host plants. The polysaccharide causes swelling of the crop in alate and apterous aphids transferred to beet from cabbage and persists in the crops of these aphids after subsequent transfer from beet to non‐chenopod hosts, or in aphids removed from beet and starved to death.Migrants from chenopods can be recognized by the intensely positive periodic acid‐Schiff reaction of the crop contents, and the increased cross‐sectional area of the crop, caused by the accumulation of polysaccharide.
Behavior of Meiotic Chromosomes in Pinus wallichiana, P. strobus and Their Hybrid and nrDNA Localization in Pollen Mother Cells of the Hybrid by Using FISH
Authors: Deng Hui‐Sheng , Zhang Da‐Ming , Fu Cheng‐Xin , Hong De‐Yuan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The complete process of meiosis was investigated in Pinus wallichiana, P. strobus and their artificial hybrid (F1) using microsporocytes. It is revealed that there were slightly lower chiasma frequency, lower ring bivalent frequency, lower meiotic index and distinctly higher frequency of aberrance (chromosomal bridges, fragments or micronuclei) in pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the hybrid (F1) than those of the parental species, which showed a certain degree of differentiation between homologous chromosomes of the two parents. However, relatively higher frequency of ring bivalents and higher meiotic index in all the three entities indicate the great stability of genomes of parental species, and the differentiation of genomes between the two parents must have been slight. Total nineteen signal loci of 18S rDNA were observed in nine bivalents of the hybrid (F1), among which one bivalent bears two loci, while the others have only one. It is suggested that distinct differentiation at genetic level existed in homologous chromosomes of the two parental species, whereas only slight differentiation at karyotypic and genomic levels take place between the parent species.
Growth and Wood/Bark Properties of Abies faxoniana Seedlings as Affected by Elevated CO2
Authors: Qiao Yun‐Zhou , Zhang Yuan‐Bin , Wang Kai‐Yun , Wang Qian , Tian Qi‐Zhuo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Growth and wood and bark properties of Abies faxoniana seedlings after one year's exposure to elevated CO2 concentration (ambient + 350 (± 25) μmol/mol) under two planting densities (28 or 84 plants/m2) were investigated in closed‐top chambers. Tree height, stem diameter and cross‐sectional area, and total biomass were enhanced under elevated CO2 concentration, and reduced under high planting density. Most traits of stem bark were improved under elevated CO2 concentration and reduced under high planting density. Stem wood production was significantly increased in volume under elevated CO2 concentration under both densities, and the stem wood density decreased under elevated CO2 concentration and increased under high planting density. These results suggest that the response of stem wood and bark to elevated CO2 concentration is density dependent. This may be of great importance in a future CO2 enriched world in natural forests where plant density varies considerably. The results also show that the bark/wood ratio in diameter, stem cross‐sectional area and dry weight are not proportionally affected by elevated CO2 concentration under the two contrasting planting densities. This indicates that the response magnitude of stem bark and stem wood to elevated CO2 concentration are different but their response directions are the same.
Screening Landraces for Additional Sources of Field Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Green Mite for Integration into the Cassava Improvement Program
Authors: Raji Adebola , Ladeinde Oluseyi , Dixon Alfred 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Twelve cassava landraces were evaluated for sources of resistance genes to diseases and pests of major economic importance in Africa. The objective was to assess their levels of field resistance to mosaic disease (ACMD), bacterial blight (CBB), anthracnose (CAD), and green mite (CGM), compared to TMS30572, an elite cultivar widely adopted in Africa. Considerable genotypic variation was observed among cultivars for resistance to ACMD and CGM but not for CBB and CAD. The lowest mean incidence of 12% and severity of 1.8 on a scale of 1–5 for ACMD was recorded for Atu, a landrace with farmer acceptable qualities. In comparison, the improved cultivar, TMS 30572, had a mean disease incidence of 72% and a severity score of 2.8. Another landrace, MS‐20 had the lowest CGM damage score (2.1) while TMS 30572 emerged as one of the susceptible cultivars with a damage score of 3. Additional sources of resistance to ACMD and CGM that may possibly be better than the popular improved cultivar, TMS 30572, were identified in this study. These could serve as novel sources of additional genes to complement existing resources for elite cassava breeding in Africa.
Growing Season Ecosystem Respirations and Associated Component Fluxes in Two Alpine Meadows on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hu Qi‐Wu , Wu Qin , Cao Guang‐Min , Li Dong , Long Rui‐Jun , Wang Yue‐Si 
Published: March 2008

Abstract From 30 June to 24 September in 2003 ecosystem respiration (Re) in two alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau were measured using static chamber‐ and gas chromatography‐ (GC) based techniques. Simultaneously, plant removal treatments were set to partition Re into plant autotrophic respiration (Ra) and microbial heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Results indicated that Re had clear diurnal and seasonal variation patterns in both of the meadows. The seasonal variability of Re at both meadow sites was caused mainly by changes in Ra, rather than Rh. Moreover, at the Kobresia humilis meadow site (K_site), Ra and Rh accounted for 54% and 46% of Re, respectively. While at the Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow (P_site), the counterparts accounted for 61% and 39%, respectively. T test showed that there was significant difference in Re rates between the two meadows (t = 2.387, P = 0.022). However, no significant difference was found in Rh rates, whereas a significant difference was observed in Ra rates between the two meadows. Thus, the difference in Re rate between the two meadows was mainly attributed to plant autotrophic respirations. During the growing season, the two meadows showed relatively low Q10 values, suggesting that Re, especially Rh was not sensitive to temperature variation in the growing season. Additionally, Re and Rh at the K_site, as well as Rh at the P_site was negatively correlated with soil moisture, indicating that soil moisture would also play an important role in respirations.
In vitro Transient Expression System of Latex C‐serum was used for Analysis of Hevein Promoter in Response to Abscisic Acid in Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Fei Xiao‐Wen , Deng Xiao‐Dong 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Hevein has been found to be an essential element in coagulation of rubber particles in latex of rubber trees. In a previous study, we cloned a 1 241‐bp fragment of a 5′ upstream region of the hevein gene by genome walking. This fragment was analyzed by a 5′ end nested deletion method in the present study, fused with a uidA (gus) gene to produce a series of tested constructs, which were transferred into C‐serum of latex and the Gus activities were detected. Results showed that the fragment from −749 to −292 was sufficient for expression of gus gene in latex, and the fragment from −292 to −168 was crucial in response to abscisic acid inducement. In a transient transgenic test of rubber leaf with particle bombardment, construct Hev749 conferred gus‐specific expression in veins, in which the latex tubes mainly distributed. This implies that the fragment from −749 to −292 was laticiferous‐specific.
Different progenitors of short hard gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Troja E. , King A. R. , O'Brien P. T. , Lyons N. , Cusumano G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
We consider the spatial offsets of short hard gamma-ray bursts (SHBs) from their host galaxies. We show that all SHBs with extended-duration soft emission components lie very close to their hosts. We suggest that neutron star–black hole binary mergers offer a natural explanation for the properties of this extended-duration/low-offset group. SHBs with large offsets have no observed extended emission components and are less likely to have an optically detected afterglow, properties consistent with neutron star–neutron star binary mergers occurring in low-density environments.
WhatIsMedical Ethics Consultation?
Authors: Scofield Giles R. 
Published: March 2008

As everybody knows, advances in medicine and medical technology have brought enormous benefits to, and created vexing choices for, us all – choices that can, and occasionally do, test the very limits of thinking itself. As everyone also knows, we live in the age of consultants, i.e., of professional experts who are ready, willing, and able to give us advice on any and every conceivable question. One such consultant is the medical ethics consultant, or the medical ethicist who consults.Medical ethics consultants involve themselves in just about every aspect of health care decision making. They help legislators and judges determine law, hospitals formulate policies, medical schools develop curricula, etc. In addition to educating physicians, nurses, and lawyers, amongst others, including medical, nursing, and law students, they participate in clinical decision making at the bedside.
Currents in Contemporary Ethics
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: March 2008

It has been pending in Congress for twelve years, despite the support of the last two presidential Administrations and the National Institutes of Health. It has been the subject of extensive affirmative lobbying by academic medical centers, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, genetic disease advocacy groups, and civil rights organizations. It has overcome vehement objections by employers and insurers. Its final passage, however, has been thwarted by a few Congressional leaders, who have prevented enactment despite overwhelming bipartisan support in both houses of Congress.Based on this legislative history, one could not help but assume that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is a revolutionary piece of legislation that, if finally enacted, would provide extensive, effective, and comprehensive protection against genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment Unfortunately, such an assessment would be incorrect. Indeed, GINA may be a case of too much ado about too little.
Public Health Legal Preparedness: A Framework for Action
Authors: Benjamin Georges C. , Moulton Anthony D. 
Published: March 2008

Public health emergencies have occurred throughout history, encompassing such events as plagues and famines arising from natural causes, disease pandemics interrelated with wars (such as the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919), and industrial accidents such as the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, among others. Law and legal tools have played an important role in addressing such emergencies. Three prime U.S. examples are Congressional authorization of quarantine as early as 1796, legally mandated smallpox vaccination upheld in a landmark 1905 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, and the President's 2003 executive order adding SARS to the federal government's list of “quarantinable communicable diseases.”The public health emergencies of the present — both actual and potential — pose equally serious threats but do so in the context of greatly magnified expectations that stem directly from the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the immediately following anthrax attacks.
Assessing Information and Best Practices for Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness
Authors: Rees Clifford M. , O'Brien Daniel , Briss Peter A. , Miles Joan , Namkung Poki , Libbey Patrick M. 
Published: March 2008

Information is the fourth core element of public health legal preparedness and of legal preparedness for public health emergencies specifically. Clearly, the creation, transmittal, and application of information are vital to all public health endeavors. The critical significance of information grows exponentially as the complexity and scale of public threats increase.Only a small body of organized information on public health law existed before the 21st century: a series of landmark books published beginning in 1926 by Tobey, Grad (1965), and Wing (1974); model public health laws published as early as 1907; systematic reviews of original research studies published in the 1990s; and a small but growing number of articles published in public health journals and law reviews.With the new century came new public health law programs and activities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in public health professional associations, and in numerous non-profit and academic organizations.
Improving Information and Best Practices for Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness
Authors: O’Brien Daniel , Rees Clifford M. , Abbott Ernest , Belmont Elisabeth , Eiden Amy , Libbey Patrick M. , Chavez Gilberto , des Vignes-Kendrick Mary 
Published: March 2008

This is one of four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and nineteen multi-disciplinary partner organizations. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of public health legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by policymakers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.This paper focuses on the fourth core element: information that can be used in shaping and applying law as a public health tool, specifically in the context of public health emergencies.