bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geometry of Orthogonal Prefabricated Building Systems
Authors: Haller F , Lenart M 
Published: October 2006

This paper is a description of a model of building systems in architecture. The general aim of this paper is to show how a construction system can be analyzed and planned by the help of rules derived from the topological and geometrical properties of its elements. First are presented some general problems which arise in construction from prefabricated elements. Because orthogonal construction systems are used most frequently, consideration is confined to these. More concretely, a model is constructed which represents feasible construction systems; the construction rules of this model are generalizable to other orthogonal systems. The model is built up from square slabs of four kinds. All possible different cells generated by the slabs are obtained and the cells are put together totally filling the space in a compact way. Because of the importance of building systems which have only a few kind of elements or connecting parts, consideration is restricted to cell systems with only one kind of slab.
The Structure of Paintings: Formal Grammar and Design
Authors: Kirsch J L , Kirsch R A 
Published: October 2006

Although substantial literature exists on the properties of formal grammars, much less has been written on the use of grammars for describing the languages which they are capable of explaining. Thus we see a well-developed theory concerning the expressive (generative) power of different kinds of formal grammars and powerful algorithmic methods (analytical) for the languages defined by these grammars. For natural spoken and written languages, grammars have been used for explaining their structure but for the two-dimensional generalization to designs, pictures, images, and fine arts, which has been known since 1964, almost no use has been made of grammars. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the powerful dormant tools that can be used in the design arts. Some of the benefits of using these tools for describing existing (natural) design languages are discussed. How such uses may direct us from the more formal design arts into the fine arts is discussed by reporting progress on building a grammar for a class of contemporary paintings.
Taxation and Grants Policy in Multilevel Government: Options for the European Community
Authors: Spahn P B 
Published: October 2006

The development of the European Community is likely to be financed through expansion of tax sharing on VAT and by introducing general-revenue sharing indirectly. Tax sharing on VAT does not necessarily imply the harmonisation of tax rates, however. Other options for revenue equalisation schemes are the transfer of tax bases to the centre that exhibits implicit distributional effects. It is argued that capital taxation is the Achilles heel of any future tax system given the fact that—in globalised capital markets—effective marginal tax rates will more and more influence the international flow of capital, a phenomenon that forces governments into tax competition through market processes. A cash-flow corporation tax seems to be likely to become more and more prominent as an alternative to comprehensive capital income taxation. Applied at the Community level such a tax could serve as an implicit equalisation scheme that fosters developing regions by exempting new investment while taxing the proceeds from the more mature economic areas in the EC. It would also be neutral as to investment and financing decisions and it would attract savings funds from abroad to be invested in the Community. As far as explicit equalisation is concerned, it is argued that differentials among regions are best dealt with by a system of matching grants that concentrate on aspects of allocation rather than by general-revenue redistribution. Harmonisation of personal income taxation in Europe could also be achieved by introducing a piggyback tax onto the income tax system which taxes personal consumption at a flat rate. Shifting the centre of gravitation within these two-tiers of income–consumption taxation would allow national governments to maintain their sovereignty as regards allocative and distributive policy. The consumption tax part could also form the nucleus of a future supranational direct tax.
The State—Local Regulatory Nexus in US Growth Management: Claims of Property and Participation in the Localist Resistance
Authors: Clark T A 
Published: October 2006

Influenced possibly more by volume than substance, some scholars have concluded that significant progress is being realized in state-level land-use regulation in the United States. In truth, more time must pass before a definitive evaluation of the more comprehensive efforts can be made. In this critical paper I examine the statewide growth-management legislation of the four states having tripartite (local—regional—state) administrative hierarchies: Florida, Vermont, Maine, and Georgia. There and elsewhere, numerous structural compromises have won adoption. Bold declarations of regulatory intent are found here often to be wrapped around ambiguous and easily subverted administrative mechanisms and standards. With prima facie evidence of significant structural shortcomings in hand, I then restore focus on the founding debates in search of a synthesis that might be more supportive of regional growth management. Using the theory of local autonomy as a starting point, I disentangle the normative foundations of the Liberal ethic of local participation and ‘control’, and of private rights in property. The centralization of growth management is seen by its proponents as a means to regionalize the ‘public interest’ in land use, positing a new and more expansive norm defining the public's interest in private property. Opponents, on the other hand, resist the public encumbrance of private land, and find in centralization a regionalized ‘public’ desirous of greater control and less amenable to private influence. In these opposing views, however, lies the possibility of less conflicted, more efficacious regional growth-management enactments. Centralization, I conclude, can actually deepen the capacity for ‘local’ participation yet at the same time extend its domain to matters of regional concern. The result can improve the capability of the local state to manage spillovers, achieve more sustainable patterns of growth, and facilitate more satisfactory templates of private investment and equity accumulation.
Special Economic Zones: The Chinese Road to Socialism?
Authors: Lai C-F 
Published: October 2006

The death of Mao Zedong signifies a change of policies in China. The balanced growth of city and countryside which occurred in the Maoist era is now replaced by a relative emphasis on an elitist urban-based development strategy which manifested itself in the establishment of the four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in 1980. Although the utilisation of foreign capital and the import of capitalist management skills are justified by means of Lenin's theory of state capitalism, it shows that problems such as the flourishing economic crime, the creation of housing classes, and the undermining of socialist relations of production have already emerged in Shenzhen SEZ after a few years of development. In this paper it is argued that the urban-based development strategy adopted by the new leadership should not be seen as a complete break with the Maoist strategy, as suggested by the employment of the dualistic approach—the radical line versus the revisionist line—in analysing Chinese development. In fact, the establishment of the SEZs and other commensurate measures do not necessarily indicate the Chinese road to capitalism or the complete victory of Deng Xiaoping and his followers, but they reveal that their ideas and policies continue to be counteracted and modified by the legacy of the Maoist vision.
All or Nothing? Politics and Critique in the Modernism-Postmodernism Debate
Authors: Pile S , Rose G 
Published: October 2006

The abstract for this paper is presented in the form of a preface: Preface. In this paper we are concerned with the structure of the debate over modernism and postmodernism in geography. We feel we are being asked to take a position, for (or against) modernism and against (or for) postmodernism. We have different reasons for refusing the politics of this choice. Both of us take a separate route to this refusal, as shown in this paper. Some words of warning are necessary before we begin. Given the broad scope of this paper, it will be obvious that some liberties will have to be taken in the presentation. We hope that these limitations will be excused by readers sympathetic to the underlying purpose of the paper, which is to invite the most general of debates on this topic(1). In this vein, we conclude that there are more possibilities for critical and subversive geography than we are being allowed.
New Forms of Geographical Inequalities and Spatial Problems in Greece
Authors: Economou D 
Published: October 2006

The dynamics of the restructuring of capital over the last fifteen years produced new territorial realities. One fundamental aspect of this evolution, in the case of Greece, is the relative decrease of interregional inequalities and the strengthening and/or appearance of new intraregional disparities, A second group of developments consist of the intensification of a series of spatial organisation problems that affect both urban and nonurban areas (land-uses' conflicts, environmental conditions, traffic). As far as the future is concerned, the determinant framework of the 1990s will be the process of European unification. Although the implications of the spatial dimension (regional policy, environmental policy, projected urban policy) of the EC policies will generally be beneficial, the broader implications of the above process seem much more ambivalent. The main fields of concern are: difficulties in the participation of Greek regions in the emerging Mediterranean are of development; retardation of growth in rural areas (as a result of the new CAP) and the increase of intraregional inequalities; and aggravation of the conditions in the fields of land uses and the urban environment (because of the increasing competition between the southern European regions, and between the European cities).
Carrier and nerve theorems in the extension theory
Authors: Nagórko Andrzej 
Published: October 2006

We show that a regular cover of a general topological space provides structure similar to a triangulation. In this general setting we define analogues of simplicial maps and prove their existence and uniqueness up to homotopy. As an application we give simple proofs of sharpened versions of nerve theorems of K. Borsuk and A. Weil, which state that the nerve of a regular cover is homotopy equivalent to the underlying space. Next we prove a nerve theorem for a class of spaces with uniformly bounded extension dimension. In particular we prove that the canonical map from a separable metric

n
n

-dimensional space into the nerve of its weakly regular open cover induces isomorphisms on homotopy groups of dimensions less than

n
n

.
Notes on braidzel surfaces for links
Authors: Nakamura Takuji 
Published: October 2006

As a generalization of pretzel surfaces, L. Rudolph has introduced a notion of braidzel surfaces in his study of the quasipositivity for pretzel surfaces. In this paper, we show that any oriented link has a braidzel surface. We also introduce a new geometric numerical invariant of links with respect to their braidzel surface and study relationships among them and other “genus” for links.
Zero distribution of Müntz extremal polynomials in 𝐿_{𝑝}[0,1]
Authors: Lubinsky D. , Saff E. 
Published: October 2006

Let

{

λ

j

}

j
=
0

∞

\left \{ \lambda _{j}\right \} _{j=0}^{\infty }

be a sequence of distinct positive numbers. Let

1
≤
p
≤
∞

1\leq p\leq \infty

and let

T

n
,
p

=

T

n
,
p

{

λ

0

,

λ

1

,

λ

2

,
…
,

λ

n

}

(
x
)

T_{n,p}=T_{n,p}\left \{ \lambda _{0},\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\dots ,\lambda _{n}\right \} \left ( x\right )

denote the

L

p

L_{p}

extremal Müntz polynomial in

[
0
,
1
]

\left [ 0,1\right ]

with exponents

λ

0

,

λ

1

,

λ

2

,
…
,

λ

n

\lambda _{0},\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\dots ,\lambda _{n}

. We investigate the zero distribution of

{

T

n
,
p

}

n
=
1

∞

\left \{ T_{n,p}\right \} _{n=1}^{\infty }

. In particular, we show that if

lim

n
→
∞

λ

n

n

=
α
>
0
,

\begin{equation*} \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac {\lambda _{n}}{n}=\alpha >0, \end{equation*}

then the normalized zero counting measure of

T

n
,
p

T_{n,p}

converges weakly as

n
→
∞

n\rightarrow \infty

to

α
π

t

α
−
1

t

α

(
1
−

t

α

)

d
t
,

\begin{equation*} \frac {\alpha }{\pi }\frac {t^{\alpha -1}}{\sqrt {t^{\alpha }\left ( 1-t^{\alpha } \right ) }}dt, \end{equation*}

while if

α
=
0

\alpha =0

or

∞
\infty

, the limiting measure is a Dirac delta at

0
0

or

1
1

, respectively.
Complications and neobladder function of the Hautmann orthotopic ileal neobladder
Authors: Jensen Jørgen Bjerggaard , Lundbeck Finn , Jensen Klaus Møller‐Ernst 
Published: October 2006

Authors from Denmark describe the complications of the orthotopic Hautmann ileal neobladder, and the function of the neobladder in their experience. They found a relatively high rate of complications, but felt that most of these were minor, requiring only a minimal amount of intervention. They also found the function to resemble that of the native bladder.OBJECTIVETo report the complications and function of the Hautmann orthotopic ileal neobladder .PATIENTS AND METHODSIn a 6.5‐year period, 67 patients had an ileal neobladder constructed after radical cystectomy as treatment for invasive carcinoma of the bladder. All complications were reported systematically. Neobladder function was assessed by patient interviews, uroflowmetry and cystometric analyses.RESULTSThere were early complications in 41 patients (61%), and late complications in 32 (48%); 23 (34%) had both early and late complications and 17 (25%) had none. Eighteen of the patients (27%) required a re‐operation for complications. At the 4‐month follow‐up, 90% were continent during the day and 65% during the night; at 1 year after surgery 95% were continent during the day and 73% during the night. The functional bladder capacity and maximum cystometric capacity were close to the natural bladder volume (median 450 and 480 mL, respectively).CONCLUSIONSDespite the high rate of complications in this study, most were considered as minor and could be treated by conservative or minimally invasive methods. The neobladder had an acceptable resemblance to the native bladder in capacity and function. Consequently the ileal neobladder might be preferred as a urinary diversion after radical cystectomy, if no contraindications are present.
Functional urinary and fecal incontinence in neurologically normal children: symptoms of one ‘functional elimination disorder’?
Authors: Bael An M. , Benninga Marc A. , Lax Hildegard , Bachmann Hannsjörg , Janhsen Ellen , De Jong Tom P.V.M. , Vijverberg Marianne , Van Gool Jan D. ,   On behalf of the European Bladder Dysfunction Study and EU♯BMH‐CT
Published: October 2006

Authors from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany tried to clarify the relationship between disordered defecation and non‐neuropathic bladder‐sphincter dysfunction; they found few arguments for a casual relationship between these conditions.OBJECTIVETo clarify the relationship between disordered defecation and non‐neuropathic bladder‐sphincter dysfunction (NNBSD) by comparing the prevalence of symptoms of disordered defecation in children with NNBSD before and after treatment for urinary incontinence (UI), and assessing the effect of such symptoms on the cure rate for UI.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn the European Bladder Dysfunction Study, a prospective multicentre study comparing treatment plans for children with NNBSD, 202 children completed questionnaires on voiding and on defecation, at entry and after treatment for UI. Four symptoms of disordered defecation were evaluated; low defecation frequency, painful defecation, fecal soiling, and encopresis.RESULTSAt entry, 17 of the 179 children with complete data sets had low defecation frequency and/or painful defecation (9%), classified as functional constipation (FC). Of the 179 children, 57 had either isolated fecal soiling or soiling with encopresis (32%), classified as functional fecal incontinence (FFI). After treatment for UI, FFI decreased to 38/179 (21%) (statistically significant, P = 0.035); for FC there were too few children for analysis. After treatment for UI, 19 of the 179 children (11%) reported de novo FFI. Symptoms of disordered defecation did not influence the cure rate of treatment for UI.CONCLUSIONSFFI improved significantly after treatment for UI only, but not in relation to the outcome of such treatment. FFI did not influence the cure rate for UI. There was little to support a causal relation between disordered defecation and NNBDS (‘functional elimination syndrome’).
Effects of rugby sevens matches on human neutrophil-related non-specific immunity
Authors: Takahashi I , Umeda T , Mashiko T , Chinda D , Oyama T , Sugawara K , Nakaji S 
Published: October 2006

Aims:To evaluate the influences of the accumulative effect of two consecutive rugby sevens matches (Sevens) on aspects of human neutrophil-related non-specific immunity.Methods:In seven players participating in the Japan Sevens, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability and phagocytic activity were measured using flow cytometry, and serum opsonic activity (SOA) was assessed by measuring neutrophil ROS using the peak height of lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence before and after two consecutive matches.Results:ROS showed no change immediately after the first match, and had significantly (P<0.05) increased 4 h later, but showed a decrease after the second match. Phagocytic activity showed no change immediately after the first match, but had significantly (P<0.01) decreased 4 h later, and showed a further decrease after the second match, although it was not significant. SOA significantly (P<0.01) increased after the first match, and still maintained its high 4 h later, but decreased after the second match. ROS production capability, phagocytic activity and SOA significantly (P<0.01) decreased after the second match.Conclusions:When rugby players play two consecutive Sevens matches, the exercise loading is thought to be hard, similar to that experienced during a marathon race and intensive or long training in a training camp, although the expected changes were not seen after the first match. Differences between after the first and the second matches may be due to the “cumulative effect”.
Integration of curated databases to identify genotype-phenotype associations
Authors: Goh Chern-Sing , Gianoulis Tara A , Liu Yang , Li Jianrong , Paccanaro Alberto , Lussier Yves A , Gerstein Mark 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
The ability to rapidly characterize an unknown microorganism is critical in both responding to infectious disease and biodefense. To do this, we need some way of anticipating an organism's phenotype based on the molecules encoded by its genome. However, the link between molecular composition (i.e. genotype) and phenotype for microbes is not obvious. While there have been several studies that address this challenge, none have yet proposed a large-scale method integrating curated biological information. Here we utilize a systematic approach to discover genotype-phenotype associations that combines phenotypic information from a biomedical informatics database, GIDEON, with the molecular information contained in National Center for Biotechnology Information's Clusters of Orthologous Groups database (NCBI COGs).

Results
Integrating the information in the two databases, we are able to correlate the presence or absence of a given protein in a microbe with its phenotype as measured by certain morphological characteristics or survival in a particular growth media. With a 0.8 correlation score threshold, 66% of the associations found were confirmed by the literature and at a 0.9 correlation threshold, 86% were positively verified.

Conclusion
Our results suggest possible phenotypic manifestations for proteins biochemically associated with sugar metabolism and electron transport. Moreover, we believe our approach can be extended to linking pathogenic phenotypes with functionally related proteins.
Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality
Authors: Huang Juan , Walker Edward D , Vulule John , Miller James R 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background

Anopheles gambiae eggs are more frequently found on soil around puddle habitats of the larvae, than on the water surface itself in Western Kenya. Thus, eggs can experience temperatures more wide-ranging and lethal than those experienced by larvae or pupae confined within puddles.

Methods
Small batches of eggs from house-collected An. gambiae as well as from the Kisumu laboratory strain were bathed for defined times in water whose temperature was precisely controlled. Daily temperature profiles were recorded by an infrared thermometer on seven different days in and around three types of typical An. gambiae larval habitats at Kisian.

Results
For wild eggs, significant mortality occurred upon brief heating between 42 – 44°C. Few eggs hatched after 10 min at 45°C and none hatched above this temperature. A similar pattern occurred for eggs of the Kisumu strain, except it was shifted downwards by 1°C. Egg mortality was time-dependent above 40°C. Temperatures of water in the three types of larval habitats never exceeded 35°C. Wet or damp mud rarely and only briefly exceeded 40°C; thus, water and mud would be highly conducive to egg survival and development. However, dry soils frequently reached 40 – 50°C for several h. Eggs stranded on dry surfaces would experience substantial mortality on hot, sunny days.

Conclusion
Moist mud around puddles constitutes suitable habitat for An. gambiae eggs; however, eggs on the surface of dry soil under direct sunlight are unlikely to survive for more than a few hours.
A case surviving for over a year of renal tubular dysgenesis with compound heterozygous angiotensinogen gene mutations
Authors: Uematsu Mitsugu , Sakamoto Osamu , Nishio Toshiyuki , Ohura Toshihiro , Matsuda Tadashi , Inagaki Tetsuji , Abe Takaaki , Okamura Kunihiro , Kondo Yoshiaki , Tsuchiya Shigeru 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRenal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) is a developmental abnormality of the renal proximal tubules found in patients with Potter syndrome. We report a female newborn with RTD who has survived for more than 18 months. Infusions of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in the early neonatal period were effective in raising and maintaining her blood pressure. Peritoneal dialysis was required until the appearance of spontaneous urination at 29 days after birth. Histopathological examinations of the kidney revealed dilated renal tubular lumina and foamy columnar epithelial cells in the renal tubules. Endocrinological studies showed a discrepancy between low plasma renin activity (<0.1 ng/ml/hr) and high active renin concentration (135,000 pg/ml), suggesting an aberration in the renin substrate, angiotensinogen. Direct sequencing analysis revealed two novel mutations in the coding region of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT): a nonsense mutation in exon 2 (c.604C > T) and a frameshift deletion at nucleotide 1290 in exon 5 (c.1290delT). The mutations were in the compound heterozygous state, because each parent had each mutation. These findings suggest that angiotensinogen deficiency is one of the causes of RTD. A treatment of the condition with FFP may help to promote long survival. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.