bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Vitamin Levels in Children with Gastroenteritis
Authors: Araya M. , Silink S. J. , Nobile S. , Walker‐Smith J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Clinical evaluation and estimation of blood levels of vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6 and of total carotenoids were carried out in 52 consecutive children admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney during the winter epidemic of diarrhoea. The children included 37 Europeans and 15 Aboriginals, who were previously apparently healthy. Of these, 19 Europeans and ten Aborigines were studied also after recovery. The anthropometric, clinical, microbiological and biochemical data for each child is presented.Vitamin treatment, duration of symptoms, severity of diarrhoea, stool microbiology and the role of secondary malabsorption as a main cause of the depressed plasma vitamin levels found is discussed.
The Australian National Blood Pressure Study: A Test of the Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Therapy on the Incidence of Ischaemic Heart Disease
Authors: Abernethy J. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The Australian National Blood Pressure Study: A test of the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease.Although hypertension is an acknowledged risk factor in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) the question remains whether antihypertensive therapy is necessarily beneficial. A priori, because coronary atherosclerosis is probably irreversible, the time for effective intervention would seem to be well before the development of clinical manifestations. The Australian National Blood Pressure Study, a long term clinical trial of the treatment of mild hypertension, is in principle better suited than previous trials to answer the question because the trial population selected (4000 subjects aged 30–69) contains substantial proportions ui yuunycr dye groups (26% below 45) and of females (37%) and none had manifest IHD at entry. Sensitivity to the emergence of IHD in the trial population is increased by including as diagnostic indices angina and ischaemic ECG changes, using suitably objective methods, as well as myocardial infarction and sudden death. Thus morbidity and mortality from IHD which currently accounts for 71% of trial end points (cf 19% for stroke) will effectively determine the outcome of the trial. The occurrence of a substantial proportion of subjects withdrawn from randomised treatment will mean that the question will be answered necessarily in two ways: firstly in respect of those subjects remaining on their assigned treatments and secondly in terms of all subjects initially assigned one treatment or other irrespective of the subsequent need to change treatment on ethical grounds or of the degree of compliance.
Coronary Risk Factors, II
Authors: Kannel W. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Prospects for prevention of atherosclerosis in the young.There appears to be a need to protect our young from an atherogenic way of life. The average male child today has one chance in three of a cardiovascular catastrophe before age 60. Atherosclerosis and the conditions which predispose appear to have their onset in childhood. Correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease have been identified, and their contribution to risk has been estimated not only for adults but for college students as well. An analysis of the combined impact of atherogenic risk factors indicates that they exert greater force early in life than later. Although the optimal time to begin prophylaxis is not established, there is evidence to suggest that measures instituted late in life when lesions are advanced is of only limited value. Prevention of atherosclerosis is best viewed as a family affair since the propensity to disease and contributing factors tend to be shared by family members.It is also difficult to implement effectively preventive measures which include dietary changes, weight control, exercise and restriction of cigarettes for one family member without involving the rest of the family.Optimal levels of the correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease are not established for children. However, the rise in serum lipids, blood pressure, weight and blood sugar observed in transition from childhood to adult life is not inevitable, or desirable. Paediatricians can alter the appalling cardiovascular mortality statistics by not allowing the process or the habits and conditions which promote it to reach an irreversible stage.Cardiovascular disease may well begin in childhood with “medical trivia” such as a tendency to obesity, moderate cholesterol and blood pressure elevations, lack of exercise and the cigarette habit. In some respects a heart attack at age 45 can be regarded as a failure of the paediatrician. Awaiting proof of the efficacy of the indicated prophylactic measures is not acceptable since this will be a long time in coming. We must learn how to correct risk factors effectively in childhood as soon as they appear. We must establish goals based on optimal as distinct from usual levels of risk factors. Paediatricians' resolve about prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood needs to be strengthened and we must develop a sense of urgency about this.
Immunological Changes and Liver Disease Associated with α1‐Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: Joske R. A. , Leedman R. L. , Matz L. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Immunological changes and liver disease associated with alpha‐1 ‐antitrypsin deficiency.A female aged 60 years with heterozygous alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency developed a progressive and ultimately fatal liver disease with the clinical, biochemical, immunological and histological characteristics of active chronic hepatitis. It is suggested that the hepatic disease of A‐AT deficiency be included among the types of liver disease which may initiate a progressive immuno‐pathic response.
Giardiasis Following Gastric Surgery
Authors: Slonim J. M. , Ireton H. J. C. , Smallwood R. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Giardiasis following gastric surgery.A patient is presented who developed acute life‐threatening diarrhoea due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. We propose that the severity of the illness may have been related to hypochlorhydria following gastric surgery.
Hypertension and Headache
Authors: Bauer G. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Hypertension and headache.The frequent association between headache and hypertension has been recognized since the introduction of the sphygmomanometer. A cause and effect relationship proposed by early writers and widely accepted in the medical and lay community has been proposed, questioned and re‐examined. The purpose of this review is to scan the literature on the subject, to present some factual data obtained from a 20 year follow‐up study carried out at the Cardio‐Vascular Clinic, Sydney Hospital and to summarize some personal views currently held on the relationship of hypertension and headache.
Outpatient Screening Tests for Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Dunn P. J. , Espiner E. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Outpatient screening tests for primary aldosteronism. P. J. Dunn and E. A. Espiner, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 131–135.The assessment of basal plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations, and urinary aldosterone excretion has been compared with their values after a suppressive test employing mineralocorticoid induced volume expansion in five patients with primary aldosteronism and in patients with essential hypertension. Reliance upon measurements of basal plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin/aldosterone ratio and urine aldosterone excretion alone proved unsatisfactory for distinguishing patients with primary aldosteronism. However these patients, in contrast to those with essential hypertension, showed elevated values or no decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration following three days treatment with 400 μg fludrocortisone (florinef) daily. It is proposed that the assessment of basal plasma renin activity together with florinef suppression of plasma aldosterone are the most effective and convenient outpatient screening procedures in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.
Monitoring Immune Function During Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Ziegler J. B. , Hansen Prudence , Cooper D. A. , Penny R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Monitoring immune function during immunosuppressive therapy. J. B. Ziegler, Prudence Hansen, D. A. Cooper and R. Penny, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 136–141.Twenty‐nine patients with a variety of connective tissue disorders were studied for the effects of immunosuppressive therapy on non‐specific parameters of immune function. Baseline studies prior to therapy showed a frequent incidence of anergy (13%) lymphopenia (31%) and abnormal PHA response (43%). Despite these abnormalities in untreated patients it was possible to show an even higher incidence of anergy (31%), lymphopenia (66%) and abnormal PHA response (77%) following immunosuppressive treatment. The changes in lymphocyte count and PHA response were found to be statistically significant. It was found, paradoxically, that delayed hypersensitivity responses improved following institution of therapy in three patients. Clinical efficacy of immunosuppression correlated with lymphopenia and depressed PHA responses; in particular in the five patients with uncontrolled disease, these parameters were normal. Lymphocyte counts and PHA responses are the most simple and informative procedures to monitor immunosuppression in patients.
Neonatal Brain Tissue Embolism in the Lung
Authors: Tan K. L. , Hwang W. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Neonatal brain tissue embolism in the lung. K. L. Tan and W. S. Hwang, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 146–149.A brain tissue embolus was observed in a major pulmonary artery in the right lung, in a neonate who died from intracranial haemorrhage 36 hours after delivery. This is the fifth documented case in a neonate and the only one in whom survival had occurred beyond one hour.
Penicillin‐Induced Haemolytic Anaemia Associated with Microangiopathy
Authors: McPherson A. J. , Parkin J. D. , Hope R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Penicillin‐induced haemolytic anaemia associated with microangiopathy. A. J. McPherson, J. D. Parkin and R. Hope, Aust N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 152–155.The development of a penicillin‐induced haemolytic anaemia was studied in a patient with microangiopathy following an average daily dose of five million units of penicillin G (total dose 46 million units). It has been proposed that the combination of the benzylpenicilloyl hapten with exposed or altered erythrocyte antigens, induces an autoimmune response. In this particular case, it is suggested that erythrocyte membrane damage has predisposed to immune drug‐mediated red cell damage.
Angiotensin II Blockade in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: MacGregor G. A. , Dawes P. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Angiotensin II blockade in patients with essential hypertension.Patients with essential hypertension were sodium deprived by five days on a 10 mM sodium diet and were then infused with an incremental infusion of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. Patients with normal renin hypertension showed no change in lying or standing blood pressure during the infusion of saralasin. Angiotensin II is not, therefore, directly maintaining blood pressure in these patients when sodium deprived by diet, and is therefore unlikely to be playing any direct role in maintaining their blood pressure on their normal sodium intake. Patients with low renin hypertension showed a significant rise in blood pressure during saralasin infusion. Saralasin may be a further method of distinguishing low renin hypertensives from other hypertensives if they are infused when sodium deprived by diet.
Diabetes and Associated Variables in the South Australian Aboriginal
Authors: Wise P. H. , Edwards F. M. , Craig R. J. , Evans B. , Murchland J. B. , Sutherland B. , Thomas D. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Diabetes and associated variables in the South Australian Aboriginal. P. H. Wise, F. M. Edwards, R. J. Craig, B. Evans, J. B. Murchland, B. Sutherland and D. W. ThomasDiabetes of a predominant maturity‐onset type has been identified as being up to ten times more prevalent in South Australian Aborigines than in Caucasians. On the evidence provided, nutritional status and obesity are thought to be dominant in the aetiology of the hyperglycaemia, although relative hyperinsulinaemia in full blood Aborigines suggests a significant racial genetic effect. It is suggested on these and other grounds that the diabetic genotype may represent a factor of previous survival advantage to the Aboriginal, now rendered deleterious by urbanization. The degree of hyperglycaemia, and its association with hyperlipidaemia, obesity, retinal arteriovenous changes and abnormal electrocardiographic findings, accentuates the significance of the diabetes, and underlines the serious need for ongoing nutritional education in these communities.
Hepatitis B Antigen Subtypes in Asymptomatic Carriers in the Solomon Islands1,*
Authors: Williams H. , Mazzur S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Hepatitis B antigen subtypes in asymptomatic carriers in the Solomon Islands. H. Williams and S. MazzurThree hundred and fifty‐three students attending King George VI School in Honiara, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, were tested by immunodiffusion for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB, Ag). The prevalence of HB Ag was 13% and the antigen was found more frequently in males. Twenty‐seven samples which contained high titers of antigen were subtyped to define those subtype combinations present in the BS/P. The most frequent antigen was adr+yw‐. This combination is a/so common in Thai/and and Japan. The second most prevalent comb/nation was ayw+dr‐. The antigenic determinants also occurred less frequently as adw+yr‐, adwr+y‐, and awr+dy‐. These unusual samples which contain both w and r may be the result of mixed particles, recombination of virus, mixing of viral proteins in doubly infected cells or extracellular aggregation of mixed viral products.
The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in a Residential Institution for the Mentally Retarded*
Authors: Boughton C. R. , Hawkes R. A. , Schroeter D. R. , Harlor Judy A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The epidemiology of hepatitis B in a residential institution for the mentally retarded. C. R. Boughton, R. A. Hawkes, D. R. Schroeter and Judy A. Harlor, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 521–529.A longituclinal study carried out over 43 months in a residential home for the mentally retarded confirmed the marked propensity of individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) to develop chronic HB antigenaemia. This could not be accounted for by environmental factors, and a genetic basis is postulated. In addition, DS subjects appeared innately more susceptible to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, requiring one‐third the patient‐months of exposure of non‐Down's subjects (ND) before showing evidence of infection. The reciprocal geometric mean titre of anti‐HBS in DS subjects was 110 compared with 705 in ND subjects, suggesting a deficiency of humoral immunity in the DS subjects.Transmission of HBV was occurring by means other than therapeutic, prophylactic, dental or diagnostic procedures, in the institution, and possible modes of transmission are discussed. These were probably both parenteral and non‐parenteral.Eighty‐one per cent of HBV infections in the Home were subclinical.
Xylose‐1‐14 C Absorption Test: The use of Urine, Serum and Breath Analysis, and Comparison with a Colorimetric Assay
Authors: Roberts R. K. , Campbell C. B. , Bryant S. J. , Adames L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Xylose‐1‐1*C absorption test: The use of urine, serum and breath analysis, and comparison with a colorimetric assay. R. K. Roberts, C. B. Campbell, S. J. Bryant and L. Adames, Aust. N.2. J. Med, 1976, 6, pp. 532–536.The xylose absorption and excretion test has been reassessed in controls and patientswith coeliac disease. Xylose has been assayed in both serum and urine colorimetrically and by liquid scintillation counting using xylose‐1‐14 C The excretion of 14CO2 in breath following administration of xylose‐1‐14 C has been measured.Liquid scintillation counting is a simple and reliable method for the measurement of xylose absorption. Serum xylose levels, urinary xylose excretion, or breath 14 COz in isolation were poor screening tests for mucosal disease. The use of serum levels and urinary excretion in combination improved the discriminatory value of the test though small gut biopsy was more reliable.
Follow‐up Studies on Liver Disease Associated with HBS Ag Carriers
Authors: Bolin T. D. , Davis A. E. , Liddelow A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Follow‐up studies on liver disease associated with HBsAg carriers. T. D. Bolin, A. E. Davis and A. G. Liddelow, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 539–542.Eight male subjects who were initially studied in 1972 with liver biopsy because of HBsAg carrier status were re‐studied two years later with liver biopsy, clinical examination and standard liver function tests. Three of the eight subjects remained antigen positive and had continuing liver disease, this being either chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatitis. Two subjects became HBs Ag negative and their liver biopsies returned to normal. One subject became HBs Ag negative but his biopsy disclosed chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in the presence of normal liver function tests. While persistence of the antigenaemia is associated with persisting liver disease, the converse is not true in that the disappearance of the antigen does not necessarily imply an improvement in liver disease. Liver biopsy remains the only reliable means of assessing liver disease as biochemical tests of liver function and the clinical finclings may be of little value.
Duodenal Ulcer–Does it Exist in Australian Aborigines?
Authors: Bateson E. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Duodenal ulcer–does it exist in Australian Aborigines? E. M. Bateson, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 545–547.Analysis of barium meal examinations performed at the Darwin Hospital on 742 non‐Aboriginal patients showed that 82 (11‐5%) had duodenal ulcers.A similar analysis of barium meal examinations performed on 94 Aboriginal patients at the same hospital did not reveal any duodenal ulcers.Aboriginal patients form 22% of the local population and 18% of the hospital admissions.Therefore, it is suggested that duodenal ulcer is an uncommon disease in the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia.
Changes in Plasma Enzyme Concentrations Following Intramuscular Injections and Gastroscopy
Authors: Armstrong B. , Lloyd B. L. , Balazs N. D. H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Changes in plasma enzyme concentrations following intramuscular injections and gastroscopy. B. Armstrong, B. L Lloyd and N. D. H. Balazs, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 548–551.The effects of intramuscular injections on plasma creatine kinase (CK), aspartate amino ‐transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase concentrations were examined in 19 patients given intramuscular premedication for gastroscopy, and 18 patients given other intramuscular injections. Only CK concentrations showed significant increases which were as high as four times the upper limit of normal, and affected a maximum of 51% of patients at 12 hours after the first injection. Elevated CK concentrations persisted for up to 72 hours, and followed injections of diazepam, various antibiotics, and the combination of a narcotic analgesic with atropine. Gastroscopy did not appear to increase plasma enzyme concentrations in six patients who were given intravenous premedication. The significance of these finclings to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is discussed.
Severe Haemolytic Anaemia Complicating Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Woodruff R. K. , McPherson A. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Severe haemolytic anaemia complicating infectious mononucleosis. R. K, Woodruff and A. J. McPherson, Aust. N.Z, J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 569–570.The case record of a patient suffering from infectious mononucleosis, complicated by severe haemolytic anaemia with overt intravascular haemolysis, is reported. Investigation of such cases usually shows a high titre of cold agglutinins with anti‐i specificity. In the case reported, the results of serological investigations were atypical, and suggested that cold agglutinins with anti‐l activity (rather than anti‐i) were predominant in the aetiology of the haemolysis.
Extensive Primary Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Harris A. R. C. , Herrmann R. P. , Carroll J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Extensive primary lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. A. R. C. Harris, R. P. Herrmann and J. Carroll, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976, 6, pp. 571–575.A case of extensive primary lymphocytic lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) of the gastrointestinal tract is reported. At the time of presentation the patient had diffuse involvement of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the ano‐rectal junction. Malabsorption was present. Pre‐treatment immunologic studies showed elevated serum IgA and IgG, but impaired humoral and cellular immunity. Death occurred 13 months after diagnosis.
Double Pylorus: A Complication of Chronic Gastric Ulcer?
Authors: John D. J. B. St. , Carter G. J. , Smith B. W. , Essex W. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Double pylorus: A complication of chronic gastric ulcer? D. J. B. St. John, G. J. Carter, B. W. Smith and W. B. Essex, Aust. N.Z. J Med,. 1976, 6, pp. 576–579.A case of double pylorus with a chronic ulcer in one of the two channels is described. The patient, a middle‐aged man with active rheumatoid arthritis, required partial gastrec ‐tomy to allow continued treatment of the arthritis with anti‐inflammatory drugs. Detailed histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed features consistent with intramural penetration of an ulcer across the pyloric ring, resulting in a gastro‐duodenal fistula. The finclings provide further support for the hypothesis that the double pylorus is an acquired lesion, which occurs as an uncommon complication of chronic peptic ulcer.
A Comparison of Metoprolol and Propranolol on Blood Pressure and Respiratory Function in Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Horvath J. S. , Woolcock A. J. , Tiller D. J. , Donnelly P. , Armstrong J. , Catersont Robyn 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The effects on blood pressure and airway function of the chronic oral administration of two beta blocking agents, propranolol and metoprolol, were studied. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) fall was maximum with 160 mg of propranolol daily (‐12 mmHg, P < 0 05) and 100 mg of metoprolol (‐9 mmHg, P < 0 05) and MAP did not fall further with an increase in dose of either drug. Nine of ten patients whose lung function was assessed showed a change in airway function, with a mean fall in maximal mid‐expiratory flow rate (MMFR) of 05 litres per second (I.sec‐1) on propranolol and 0–36 I.sec‐1on metoprolol. The fall was not related to smoking or to atopic status. These data support the hypothesis that there is resting beta adrenergic bronchodilator activity in non‐asthmatic subjects. This activity can be blocked by chronic oral administration of beta blocking drugs. The fall in MMFR in subjects with prior but unrecognized obstruction in the small airways may be sufficient to cause severe malfunction and these drugs should be used with caution in patients with chronic airways obstruction. The fall in MMFR was reversed by salbutamol while the patients were taking metoprolol, but not while they were taking propranolol, suggesting that propranolol has greater affinity than metoprolol for the bronchial beta adrenergic receptors.