bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Überlegenheit moderner, innovativer Planungswerkzeuge in der Gebäudeplanung
Authors: Pültz Gunter , Barp Stefan , Vogel Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDie normale, übliche Planung von Gebäuden läuft in Deutschland traditionell häufig ausschließlich nach der Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (HOAI) ab. Dabei kommen meist ausschließlich die standardmäßigen, vereinfachenden Planungswerkzeuge zum Einsatz. Bei hochwertigen und komplexen Gebäuden reichen diese jedoch nicht immer aus, um die oftmals hohen Nutzungsanforderungen an das Raumklima im Betrieb verlässlich zu erreichen. Insbesondere bei anspruchsvollen Gebäuden, die im Gebäudeinneren viele offene Lufträume sowie offene Verbindungen nach außen oder zu Nachbargebäuden aufweisen und dennoch hohe Anforderungen an das Raumklima stellen, kommt den Wechselwirkungen zwischen den einzelnen Gebäudebereichen untereinander und mit der Außenluft eine erhebliche Bedeutung zu.Diese Gebäude zeigen oftmals ein transparentes Erscheinungsbild, um für Besucher attraktiv zu sein; dabei wird mit Hilfe offenstehender Eingangstüren versucht, die Aufmerksamkeit von Passanten zu erregen und den einladenden Gebäudecharakter zu erhöhen. Die resultierenden hohen Besucherströme bedingen oft‐mals viele, offenstehende Türen, welche zu mehr oder weniger intensiven Luftströmungen innerhalb dieser Gebäude führen.Die Auswirkungen dieser wind‐ und thermikinduzierten Luftströmungen auf das jeweilige Klimakonzept im Gebäude können meist nur mittels moderner, innovativer Planungsmethoden in Form von Simulationstechnik beurteilt werden.Diese Luftströmungen im Gebäudeinneren werfen im Rahmen der Planung jedoch durchaus unterschiedliche Fragestellungen auf, welche nur mit verschiedenen Simulationsarten beantwortet werden können. Am Beispiel des Neuen Eingangsgebäudes auf der Museumsinsel Berlin werden exemplarisch häufige und typische Planungsfragen erläutert und die dazugehörige Simulationsart vorgestellt. Dadurch wird die – dringend notwendige – Transparenz hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von Simulationstechnik im Bauwesen gefördert (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermisches Komfortmodell für inhomogene Umgebungsbedingungen
Authors: Streblow Rita , Müller Dirk , Gores Ingo , Bendfeldt Peggy 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThermische Umgebungsbedingungen in Räumen und Fahrzeuginnenräumen weisen sehr komplexe Strukturen auf und sind fast immer asymmetrisch. Zur Bewertung des thermischen Komforts sind Modelle notwendig, die eine Auflösung der lokalen Umgebungseinflüsse ermöglichen. Für diese Aufgabenstellung wurde ein physiologisches Komfortmodell basierend auf dem Tanabe ‐Modell in der objektorientierten Programmiersprache Modelica erstellt. Die Überführung der physiologischen Größen in eine Komfortbewertung wird durch ein nachgeschaltetes psychologisches Modell basierend auf dem Ansatz von Zhang erreicht. Das Gesamtmodell für die Vorhersage des thermischen Komforts wird in einem Optimierungsprozess anhand umfangreicher experimenteller Daten, die in einer generischen Flugzeugkabine ermittelt wurden, kalibriert. Detailinformationen der komplexen Umgebungsbedingungen werden durch eine Kopplung zwischen dem Komfortmodell und einer dreidimensionalen Strömungssimulation in ANSYS CFX, V. 11.0 bereitgestellt (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transgene Pflanzen in China
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDer Anbau transgener Pflanzen ist in anderen Ländern bereits Alltag. Der kommerzielle Einsatz von genetisch veränderter Baumwolle und verbessertem Reis zum Beispiel in China kann ohne zusätzliche Feldexperimente direkt ausgewertet werden. Derartige Studien zeigen, dass Reis mit Resistenzgenen gegen Insekten die Gesundheit von Kleinbauern schützt. Eine andere Analyse belegt, dass solche resistenten Pflanzen auch andere Pflanzen in ihrer Nähe schützen können.
Apomixis: Klonpflanzen aus Samen
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEtwa 400 Wildpflanzen, z.B. Löwenzahn, Brombeere und viele Gräser, haben eine bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft: Aus ihren Samen können Klonpflanzen heranwachsen, die genetisch vollkommen mit der Mutterpflanze übereinstimmen. Apomixis heißt diese besondere Form der eingeschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung von Bedecktsamern. Übertragen auf Nutzpflanzen könnten Apomixis‐Gene die Pflanzenzucht revolutionieren.
The palmaris longus muscle and its relations with the antebrachial fascia and the palmar aponeurosis
Authors: Stecco Carla , Lancerotto Luca , Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Tiengo Cesare , Parenti Anna , Sanudo Jose Ramon , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe palmaris longus (PL) is a muscle of the forearm with a long distal tendon that is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis (PA). It is generally assumed that the muscle lies deep to the antebrachial fascia from origin to termination, but a detailed description is lacking. The relationship of the PL tendon with the antebrachial fascia was studied in 30 dissections. The PL was completely absent in six specimens (20%), whereas the PA was identified in all. Average length of the forearm was 25.5 cm (SD: 2.1 cm, range 22–29 cm), overall length of the PL muscle 26.9 cm (SD: 2.6 cm, range 22.5–31.5 cm), muscular belly 13.8 cm (SD: 3.4 cm, range 9.5–23 cm), tendon 13.1 cm (SD: 3.3 cm, range 8–15.5 cm). Proximally, the PL was situated deep to the antebrachial fascia, then in the lower third of the forearm its tendon perforated the antebrachial fascia (at 4.7 ± 1.7 cm from the bistyloid line) moving to a suprafascial plane, inserting in the PA. The PA could be divided into two layers: the superficial one formed by longitudinal fibers and adherent to the skin, the deep one formed by transverse fibers continuous laterally with the deep fascia of the hand. The PL tendon was found to be in continuity only with the longitudinal fibers of the PA. Based on the anatomical findings, it may be suggested that the superficial part of the PA is situated in the subcutaneous planes of the palm, and that the muscle should be considered as a tensor of the superficial fascial system of the subcutaneous tissue. Clin. Anat. 22:221–229, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Educational simulator for multicomponent distillation research and teaching in chemical engineering
Authors: Mendes D. , Marangoni C. , Meneguelo A. P. , Machado R. A. F. , Bolzan A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article we described the use of an educational simulator for a multicomponent distillation process with process control. This tool was shown to be flexible, allowing students to study the dynamic behavior of the tower and its control, and to explore the possibility for the design of this kind of equipment on their courses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 175–182, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20134
Studies on Regime Transition, Operating Range and System Stability in a Liquid‐Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed
Authors: Natarajan P. , Velraj R. , Seeniraj R. V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the present work, the variations in the solids circulation rate and solids holdup were analyzed to study the behavior of a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized‐bed (LSCFB) regime. The results confirm the existence of two regions in the regime of LSCFB. A new concept of critical liquid velocity, jlc, is proposed in the present work for demarcation between region 1 and region 2, which is found to be a constant value of about 1.3 ut for all particles considered. The operating range of the LSCFB regime is obtained for the various particles and a correlation is developed from the data to estimate the maximum total liquid velocity. The predicted maximum liquid velocity was compared with the experimental values and found to be in good agreement within ±9 %. The effects of total liquid velocity, particle size and density on the stable operating range are discussed. Analysis of the experimental results shows that stable operation prevails both in region 1 and region 2.
Rapid Crystallization of Silicalite Nanocrystals in a Capillary Microreactor
Authors: Pan Y.‐C. , Yao J.‐F. , Zhang L.‐X. , Ju J.‐X. , Wang H.‐T. , Xu N.‐P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSilicalite nanocrystals were synthesized in a pressurized capillary microreactor at 150 °C within 11 min with synthesis solutions aged at 80 or 100 °C for 1–6 h. The effects of aging of the synthesis solution and the reaction pressure were examined. The resulting products were characterized by XRD, DLS, TEM, FT‐IR and TG‐DSC. Aging of the synthesis solution played an important role in shortening the crystallization time of the silicalites. The synthesis pressure should be higher than the saturation vapor pressure of water at 150 °C (∼0.5 MPa) and silicalite nanocrystals with crystallinities of 70 % and 100 % could be produced from the synthesis solution aged at 100 °C for 2 h with residence times of 11 min at 0.7 MPa and 1 MPa, respectively. The mean particle sizes of these two samples were 102.2 nm and 166.4 nm, respectively. Thus, the crystallization time of the silicalite nanocrystals is shown to be significantly reduced in the capillary microreactor compared to a traditional batch system.
Hydrodynamics of Conical Spouted Beds Using Different Types of Internal Devices
Authors: Altzibar H. , Lopez G. , Aguado R. , Alvarez S. , San Jose M. J. , Olazar M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe hydrodynamics and performance of conical spouted beds provided with different types of draft‐tubes have been studied for the treatment of fine particles. Correlations for calculation of the minimum spouting velocity, operating pressure drop, and peak pressure drop have been developed as a function of dimensionless moduli that take into account the geometric factors, particle characteristics, and operating conditions. A statistical analysis of the data obtained following a design of experiments shows that the height of the entrainment zone is highly significant in the nonporous draft‐tubes, whereas the stagnant bed height is the counterpart in the open‐sided draft‐tubes.
Three‐Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Prismatic Spouted Bed
Authors: Gryczka O. , Heinrich S. , Deen N. G. , Kuipers J. A. M. , Mörl L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractModern simulation tools like discrete particle models or continuum models have been established as precious methods to gain insight into the complex processes in fluidized and spouted beds. Valuable information on parameters influencing the hydrodynamics can be obtained directly from computer simulations. Numerous researchers applied two‐dimensional discrete and continuum models to simulate fluidized and spouted beds. However, only few publications deal with three‐dimensional continuum simulations, and very often results of three‐dimensional experiments are compared with two‐dimensional results. In this work, a three‐dimensional simulation by application of a continuum model is presented in a prismatic spouted bed with slit‐shaped gas inlets. Comparisons with two‐dimensional simulations in the same geometry (Gryczka et al. 2009, Chem. Eng. Sci., in press) are also part of this publication. The influence of the third dimension on the hydrodynamic behavior (bubble formation, bubble size, etc.) will be discussed.
Bioinspired Supramolecular Confinement of Luminol and Heme Proteins to Enhance the Chemiluminescent Quantum Yield
Authors: Wang Qigang , Li Lihua , Xu Bing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractArtificial biolumiscence: The use of a supramolecular hydrogel to confine heme proteins and luminol can enhance the quantum yield of chemiluminescence (CL) by about an order of magnitude and give an emission time 4–6 times longer.magnified imageConfining heme proteins and luminol with the nanofibers of self‐assembled molecules was shown to enhance the quantum yield of their chemiluminescence by about an order of magnitude. Supramolecular hydrogels formed using (9‐fluorenylmethyl)carbamate (Fmoc) peptides mimicked the cellular environment of bioluminescence, which typically shows high quantum yield. The effective emission times observed were 4–6 times longer and were ascribed to the stability of the heme proteins in the hydrogel, as confirmed by quantitative analysis. This chemiluminescent system was applied to detecting trace levels of blood with 4–6 times enhancement of intensity and better sensitivity for the highly diluted sample, indicating that this approach might be extended to other applications of chemiluminescent analysis, including immunoassays.
Towards Controlling the Threading Direction of a Calix[6]arene Wheel by Using Nonsymmetric Axles
Authors: Arduini Arturo , Bussolati Rocco , Credi Alberto , Faimani Giovanni , Garaudée Sandrine , Pochini Andrea , Secchi Andrea , Semeraro Monica , Silvi Serena , Venturi Margherita 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTraffic control: By exploiting the interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic effects, the direction of threading/dethreading in a nonsymmetric calixarene wheel can be selected by an appropriate choice of the head group incorporated in the molecular axle (see figure).magnified imageThe possibility of obtaining full control on the direction of axle threading in calix[6]arene wheel 1 either from its upper or lower rim was evaluated in solution. To this aim, we prepared nonsymmetric axles characterised by a 4,4′‐bipyridinium recognition unit with two alkyl side chains, one of which terminates with a stopper, and the other with either ammonium (2), hydroxy (3) or methyl (4 and 5) head groups. When the axles were mixed with 1 in apolar solvents at room temperature, the formation of oriented pseudorotaxanes derived from the threading of the axles from the upper rim was observed. The stability constants of such complexes are in the order of 107 m−1 and are almost independent of the type of axle. A detailed thermodynamic and kinetic study revealed that stability constants and activation parameters for complex formation between 1 and axles 2 and 3 are of the same order of magnitude, suggesting a common threading process. However, upon heating a solution of 1 and 2 in benzene at 340 K, the formation of another supramolecular complex was observed, the structure of which is consistent with an oriented pseudorotaxane derived from the threading of axle 2 from the lower rim of the calixarene wheel. By carrying out the threading–stoppering reaction sequence between 1 and 2 in the presence of an excess of diphenylacetyl chloride, the orientational rotaxane isomers R1 and R2, derived from lower‐ and upper‐rim threading, respectively, were collected in about a ratio of 7:3 as the unique chromatographic fraction. Our results suggest that at room temperature the threading process is under kinetic control for all axles. On increasing the temperature only the threading behaviour of axle 2 is substantially modified, most likely because the process becomes thermodynamically controlled owing to the peculiar recognition properties of the ammonium head of this axle.
Cooperative Multicomponent Self‐Assembly of Nucleic Acid Structures for the Activation of DNAzyme Cascades: A Paradigm for DNA Sensors and Aptasensors
Authors: Elbaz Johann , Moshe Michal , Shlyahovsky Bella , Willner Itamar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSelf‐assembly line: In the presence of a DNA analyte or low‐molecular‐weight substrates, multicomponent nucleic acids self‐assemble into cooperatively stabilized functional nanostructures (see scheme) that activate DNAzyme cascades.magnified imageThe activation of a DNAzyme cascade by the cooperative self‐assembly of multicomponent nucleic acid structures is suggested as a method for the amplified sensing of DNA, or the specific substrates of aptamers. According to one configuration, the DNA analyte 1 is detected by two tailored nucleic acids 2 and 3 that form a multicomponent supramolecular structure with a ribonucleobase‐containing quasi‐circular DNA 4, but only upon the concomitant hybridization with 1. The resulting supramolecular nucleic acid structure includes the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme that cleaves the ribonucleobase site of 4. The cleavage of the quasi‐circular DNA 4 results in the fragmentation of the supramolecular structure and the release of two horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mimicking units that were incorporated in the blocked quasi‐circular DNA 4. The HRP‐mimicking DNAzyme catalyzed the oxidation of 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS2−) by H2O2 to ABTS.−, and the product provided the colorimetric readout signal for the analyzed DNA. The method enabled the analysis of DNA with a detection limit of 1×10−12 M. Similarly, an analogous DNAzyme cascade was activated by the low‐molecular‐weight substrates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or cocaine. This was induced by the self‐assembly of nucleic acids that included fragments of the respective aptamers and the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme. Furthermore, nucleic acids consisting of fragments of the aptamers against ATP or cocaine and fragments of the HRP‐mimicking DNAzyme self‐assemble, in the presence of the respective substrates, to the active DNAzyme structure that catalyzes the oxidation of ABTS2− by H2O2 to form the colored product ABTS.−. The resulting product provided the readout signal for the recognition events. The cooperative interaction in the formation of the supramolecular nucleic acid assemblies and the activation of the DNAzymes are discussed.
Chiral separations of some β‐adrenergic agonists and antagonists on AmyCoat column by HPLC
Authors: Ali Imran , Saleem Kishwar , Gaitonde Vinay D. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Hussain Iqbal 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSixteen β‐adrenergic antagonists namely acebutalol, alprenolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bufurolol, carazolol, celiprolol, indenolol, metaprolol, nebivolol, oxprenolol, practolol, propranolol, tertalol, and timolol, and two β‐adrenergic agonists namely cimeterol and clenbuterol were resolved on AmyCoat (150 × 46 mm, 3 μm size of silica particle) by using (85:15:0.1, v/v/v), (90:10:0.1, v/v/v), and (95:05:0.1, v/v/v) combinations of n‐heptane, ethanol, and diethylamine solvents, respectively. The flow rates used were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 ml/min with detection at 225 nm. The values of capacity, separation, and resolution factors ranged from 0.38 to 19.70, 1.08–2.33, and 1.0 and 4.50, respectively. The maximum and minimum resolutions were achieved for celiprolol and bufurolol, respectively. The chiral recognition mechanisms were also discussed. The values of validation parameters were calculated. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and cost effectiveness of services for early diagnosis and intervention in dementia
Authors: Banerjee Sube , Wittenberg Raphael 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis paper analyses the costs and benefits of commissioning memory services for early diagnosis and intervention for dementia.MethodA model was developed to examine potential public and private savings associated with delayed admissions to care homes in England as a result of the commissioning of memory services.FindingsThe new services would cost around £220 million extra per year nationally in England. The estimated savings if 10% of care home admissions were prevented would by year 10 be around £120 million in public expenditure (social care) and £125 million in private expenditure (service users and their families), a total of £245 million. Under a 20% reduction, the annual cost would within around 6 years be offset by the savings to public funds alone. In 10 years all people with dementia will have had the chance to be seen by the new services. A gain of between 0.01 and 0.02 QALYs per person year would be sufficient to render the service cost‐effective (in terms of positive net present value). These relatively small improvements seem very likely to be achievable.InterpretationThese analyses suggest that the service need only achieve a modest increase in average quality of life of people with dementia, plus a 10% diversion of people with dementia from residential care, to be cost‐effective. The net increase in public expenditure would then, on the assumptions discussed and from a societal perspective, be justified by the expected benefits. This modelling presents for debate support for the development of nationwide services for the early identification and treatment of dementia in terms of quality of life and overall cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term care and hospital utilisation by older people: an analysis of substitution rates
Authors: Forder Julien 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOlder people are intensive users of hospital and long‐term care services. This paper explores the extent to which these services are substitutes. A small area analysis was used with both care home and (tariff cost‐weighted) hospital utilisation for older people aggregated to electoral wards in England.Health and social‐care structural equations were specified using a theoretical model. The estimation accounted for the skewed and censored nature of the data. For health utilisation, both a fixed effects instrumental variables GMM model and a generalised estimating equations (GEE) model were fitted, the later on a log dependent variable with predicted values of social care utilisation used to account for endogeneity (bootstrapping was used to derive standard errors). In addition to a GMM model, the social‐care estimation used both two‐part and tobit models (also with predicted health utilisation and bootstrapping).The results indicate that for each additional £1 spent on care homes, hospital expenditure falls by £0.35. Also, £1 additional hospital spend corresponds to just over £0.35 reduction on care home spend. With these cost substitution effects offsetting, a transfer of resources to care homes is efficient if the resultant outcome gain is greater than the outcome loss from reduced hospital use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty and validation of health economic decision models
Authors: Kim Lois G. , Thompson Simon G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHealth economic decision models are based on specific assumptions relating to model structure and parameter estimation. Validation of these models is recommended as an indicator of reliability, but is not commonly reported. Furthermore, models derived from different data and employing different assumptions may produce a variety of results.A Markov model for evaluating the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is described. Internal, prospective and external validations are carried out using individual participant data from two randomised trials. Validation is assessed in terms of total numbers and timings of key events, and total costs and life‐years. Since the initial model validates well only internally, two further models are developed that better fit the prospective and external validation data. All three models are then extrapolated to a life‐time horizon, producing cost‐effectiveness estimates ranging from £1600 to £4200 per life‐year gained.Parameter uncertainty is now commonly addressed in health economic decision modelling. However, the derivation of models from different data sources adds another level of uncertainty. This extra uncertainty should be recognised in practical decision‐making and, where possible, specifically investigated through independent model validation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.