bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The social dimension of system dynamics‐based modelling
Authors: Vriens Dirk , Achterbergh Jan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the social dimension of system dynamics (SD)‐based modelling is explored. Three manifestations of this dimension are identified: SD‐models are made of social systems, they are built in social systems, and SD‐models are built for social systems. The paper (1) explains the nature of these three manifestations of the social dimension, (2) discusses problems emerging from them and (3) gives an overview of knowledge, required to deal with these problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Metastasis of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma Located in One Lobe
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Jikuzono Tomoo , Higashiyama Takuya , Asahi Shuji , Tomoda Chisato , Takamura Yuuki , Miya Akihiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio , Kuma Kanji , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown that lymph node metastasis can be of prognostic value. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance of node metastasis focusing on metastasis in the central compartment for patients with papillary carcinoma located in one lobe.Patients and MethodsWe investigated the frequency of lymph node metastasis in 759 patients with papillary carcinoma to determine whether and how such metastasis affects disease‐free survival (DFS).ResultsCentral node metastasis was observed in 63% of patients, and the frequency was increased in relation to tumor size. The frequency of lateral node metastasis was 62.0%, which was also directly related to tumor size. On multivariate analysis of cases showing tumor larger than 1 cm, central node metastasis was recognized as an independent prognostic factor of DFS. The frequency of metastasis to the paratracheal nodes contralateral to the tumor was drastically elevated for tumors larger than 1 cm, but metastasis to this region did not independently predict worse DFS.ConclusionCentral node metastasis independently predicts a worse DFS for patients with papillary carcinoma larger than 1 cm.
GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
DIVORCE RISKS AND INVESTMENTS IN ATTRACTIVE BODY MASS AMONG MARRIED EUROPEANS
Authors: LUNDBORG PETTER , NYSTEDT PAUL , LINDGREN BJÖRN 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThis article explores to what extent married middle-aged individuals in Europe
are governed by the risk of experiencing divorce, when shaping their physical
appearance. The main result is that divorce risks, proxied by national divorce
rates, are negatively connected to body mass index (BMI) among married
individuals but unrelated to BMI among singles. Hence, it seems that married
people in societies where divorce risks are high are more inclined to invest in
their outer appearance. One interpretation is that high divorce rates make
married people prepare for a potential divorce and future return to the marriage
market.
Strong and weak media? On the Representation of ‘Terorisme’ in Contemporary Indonesia
Authors: FOX RICHARD 
Published: September 2006

It is as if bombings have become a trend in Indonesian society.Tempo Interaktif, 25 December 2000.To put it crudely: because the languages of Third World societies – including, of course, the societies that social anthropologists have traditionally studied – are ‘weaker’ in relation to Western languages (and today, especially to English), they are more likely to submit to forcible transformation in the translation process than the other way around.Talal Asad (1986: 157–8)
Multiple drugbinding sites on the R482G isoform of the ABCG2 transporter
Authors: Clark R , Kerr I D , Callaghan R 
Published: September 2006

Background & Purpose:Drug‐resistant cancer cells frequently display efflux pumps such as P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), the multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP1) or the transporter ABCG2. These transporters are each capable of mediating the active efflux of numerous anticancer drugs and display relatively distinct substrate preferences. The last, most recently discovered member, ABCG2, plays a major role in resistance in several types of cancer and the precise pharmacology of this multidrug transporter remain unresolved as does the nature of substrate binding.Experimental Approach:Plasma membranes from insect cells expressing ABCG2 were used to characterise binding of [3H]daunomycin to the multidrug transporter. The kinetics of association and dissociation for this substrate and several other compounds were also determined in this experimental system.Key Results:The dissociation constant for [3H]daunomycin binding was 564±57 nM and a Hill slope of 1.4 suggested cooperative binding. Doxorubicin, prazosin and daunomycin completely displaced the binding of radioligand, while mitoxantrone and Hoechst 33342 produced only a partial displacement. Analysis of the dissociation rates revealed that [3H]daunomycin and doxorubicin bind to multiple sites on the transporter.Conclusions:Both kinetic and equilibrium data support the presence of at least two symmetric drug binding sites on ABCG2, which is distinct from the asymmetry observed for P‐gp. The data provide the first molecular details underlying the mechanism by which this transporter is capable of interacting with multiple substrates.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 506–515. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706904
Activation of mouse protease‐activated receptor‐2 induces lymphocyte adhesion and generation of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Lim S Y , Tennant G M , Kennedy S , Wainwright C L , Kane K A 
Published: September 2006

Background and Purpose:Protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) is expressed on lymphocytes and endothelial cells, and plays a significant role in inflammatory reactions. Since leukocyte‐endothelial cell interaction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are hallmarks of the development of inflammation, the effects of PAR‐2 activation by trypsin on lymphocyte adhesion and ROS generation was examined utilising PAR‐2 wild type and knockout (PAR‐2−/−) mice.Experimental Approach:Lymphocyte adhesion to the luminal surface of mouse isolated aortae was measured using51Cr‐labelled leukocytes and ROS generation from isolated lymphocytes was quantified using chemiluminescence.Key results:Trypsin induced adhesion of lymphocytes when added exogenously to the endothelial surface of the aorta for 30 min. Similarly, increased lymphocyte adhesion was also observed when mice were injected with trypsin intravenously 24 h prior to the adhesion assay, an effect which was partly ICAM‐1 mediated. Trypsin also increased ROS generation from isolated mouse lymphocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. The increase in lymphocyte adhesion and ROS production in response to trypsin were abolished in PAR‐2−/− mice indicating a PAR‐2 dependent mechanism. Superoxide dismutase had a greater inhibitory effect in PAR‐2−/− mice compared to wild type mice when lymphocytes were stimulated with PMA but not trypsin.Conclusions and Implications:The present study indicates that activation of PAR‐2 may be an important factor in modulating lymphocyte adhesion and ROS generation. The results have implications for developing anti‐inflammatory strategies.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 591–599. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706905
Prevalence, severity and determinants of asthma in Danish five‐year‐olds
Authors: HErmann Christian , Olivarius Niels De Fine , Høst Arne , Begtrup Kamilla , Hollnagel Hanne 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Background: The prevalence of asthma and wheeze is increasing. Aim: To study the annual and cumulative prevalence of asthma and wheeze in 5‐y‐old Danish children. Methods: We obtained data on 3052 (82.0% of eligible) Danish children by a postal parental questionnaire including ISAAC questions regarding respiratory symptoms and our own questions on sociodemography and tobacco exposure. Results: “Wheeze ever” was reported in 38.3%, “doctor‐diagnosed asthma ever” in 10.5%, “childhood bronchitis ever” in 30.0%, “current wheeze” (<12 mo) in 19.7%, and being “severe” (>3 episodes) in 3.9% of the children. Current wheeze was associated with male gender (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.35–1.96), low parental post‐primary education (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.63 for <3 y vs ≥3 y) and current maternal smoking (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.39–2.04). “Severe current wheeze” was recognized as asthma in six and childhood bronchitis in three of 10 cases. Nearly all diagnosed asthmatics had suffered wheeze, two‐thirds recently. Conclusion. We found a high prevalence of asthma and wheeze in Danish late‐preschool children, associated with male gender, current maternal tobacco smoking and low parental post‐primary education. The majority of children with current wheeze had an early onset, and severe early symptoms tended to persist. Used with consideration, the label “childhood bronchitis” seems purposeful.
Cord blood lipoprotein profile after magnesium sulphate treatment in pre‐eclamptic patients
Authors: Yavuz Taner , Yavuz Özlem , Ozdemir Ismail , Afşar Yilmaz 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine lipoprotein metabolism alterations in magnesium‐exposed neonates of women with pre‐eclampsia. Methods: The study group comprised seven singleton neonates of women with pre‐eclampsia at term and treated with magnesium sulphate. Controls were 26 neonates of uncomplicated pregnancies of term delivery. Total serum magnesium concentrations were analysed by the photometric colour method. Total serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels were determined by enzymatic colour methods, while apoprotein (apo) A‐I and apo B values were measured by immunoturbidimetry. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels were calculated by Friedewald's formula. Very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, total cholesterol/ HDL‐C, apo B/apo A‐I, LDL‐C/apo B, LDL‐C/HDL‐C, and HDL‐C/apo A‐I ratios were determined by calculation. Results: Magnesium levels of magnesium‐exposed neonates were found to be 1.6 times higher than those of controls. Magnesium‐exposed neonates had lower serum apo A‐I levels, and they had higher apo B/apo A‐I and HDL‐C/apo A‐I ratios when compared to controls. Conclusion: The lipoprotein profile became more atherogenic in magnesium‐exposed neonates as it may be a potential risk factor of cardiovascular heart disease.
Asthma and overweight are associated with symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux
Authors: Størdal Ketil , Johannesdottir Groa B. , Bentsen Beint S. , Carlsen Karin C. L. , Sandvik Leiv 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Aim: To explore the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in asthmatics and controls, and to control for the possible effect of overweight. Methods: The prevalence of GERD symptoms was assessed using a questionnaire about reflux symptoms in children with asthma (n=872, mean age 10.4 y, 65% males) compared to non‐asthmatic controls (n=264, mean age 10.8 y, 48% males), and a symptom score was calculated. The association between GERD symptoms and overweight (age‐adjusted BMI>25) was assessed independently. Results: A positive reflux symptom score was found in 19.7% of the asthmatics compared to 8.5% of the non‐asthmatic control group (odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.2). Overweight children reported GERD symptoms more frequently than children with normal weight (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.6). Asthma and obesity remained significant predictors when analysed simultaneously by logistic regression analysis. One hundred and fifty‐two children with asthma consented to an oesophageal pH study, and an abnormal pH study result (reflux index > 5.0) correlated positively with overweight (OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.2–11.0). Conclusion: The prevalence of symptoms associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux was increased in children with asthma and in overweight children. Overweight and asthma were independently associated with GERD symptoms, and overweight did not explain the higher frequency of GERD in asthma patients.
Early detection of infant hearing loss: Current experiences of health professionals in a developing country
Authors: Olusanya Bolajoko O. , Eletu Olaseinde B. , Odusote Olatunde , Somefun Abayomi O. , Olude Olufemi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Aim and methods: To investigate the experiences of doctors and nurses in infant hearing loss through an open‐ended questionnaire in Lagos, Nigeria. Results: Few respondents detected children with hearing loss within the first 6 mo of life. Parental concern was the most significant lead for doctors. Children suspected of hearing loss were often referred to ENT surgeons before objective hearing evaluation was conducted. Conclusion: Doctors and nurses should routinely seek objective infant hearing assessment for timely detection of permanent hearing loss.
Painful rash and swelling of the limbs after recurrent infections in a teenager: Polyarteritis nodosa
Authors: Klusmann Anne , Megahed Mosaad , Kruse Roland , Schneider Matthias , Schmidt Klaus G. , Niehues Tim 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolyarteritis nodosa is a rare disease in childhood and adolescence that is difficult to diagnose clinically. We report on a 17‐y‐old girl presenting with a history of recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctivitis followed by a painful rash on the upper and lower extremities resembling erythema nodosum. The diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa was proven by skin biopsy. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins failed, but with systemic steroids she responded promptly. Conclusion: Polyarteritis nodosa is a differential diagnosis in adolescents presenting with fever and an erythema nodosum‐like rash.
Structure and composition of Acacia xanthophloea woodland in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
Authors: Dharani N. , Kinyamario J. I. , Onyari J. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe woody vegetation of Lake Nakuru National Park occurs along rivers, lakeshores and flood plains. Four different sites within the Acacia xanthophloea woodlands were selected for the study. Vegetation structure was not significantly different in the four woodlands used for the study, but these sites differed in the relative density of Acacia trees. Regeneration of A. xanthophloea differed in each site, with the highest regeneration rates found in the nonfenced plots where browsing took place.
Association of corticotropin‐releasing hormone gene variation with performance and meat quality traits in commercial pig lines
Authors: Muráni E. , Ponsuksili S. , Schellander K. , Wimmers K. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThe porcine corticotropin‐releasing hormone(CRH) gene is a functional–positional candidate for quantitative tract loci on porcine chromosome 4 with major effects on growth and carcass composition. In addition, the central role of CRH in the neuroendocrine response to stress implicates the CRH gene as a functional candidate for meat quality. Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the porcine CRH gene (g.233C>T) with several growth, carcass and meat quality traits was examined using more than 2000 individuals from four commercial lines: German Landrace (LR), Pietrain (Pi), German Large White × German Landrace (F1) and the German commercial fattening pig cross of Pietrain × F1 (PiF1). Significant association of the CRH SNP was found with feed conversion ratio in the PiF1 line, with carcass length in the LR line and with lean content in the F1, LR and Pi lines. Moreover, significant association with meat colour was found in the Pi and LR lines; however, the effects were in opposite directions. The presented results indicate that sequence variation in the porcine CRH gene has no major effect on growth and carcass composition in commercial pig lines, although it may significantly contribute to variation in meat quality. The g.233C>T SNP may be in incomplete linkage disequilibrium with causal mutations and/or exhibit effects in the context of DNA variation at other interacting loci.
Marker‐assisted conservation of European cattle breeds: an evaluation
Authors:   European Cattle Genetic Diversity Consortium
Published: September 2006

SummaryTwo methods have been developed for the assessment of conservation priorities on the basis of molecular markers. According to the Weitzman approach, contributions to genetic diversity are derived from genetic distances between populations. Alternatively, diversity within and across populations is optimized by minimizing marker‐estimated kinships. We have applied, for the first time, both methods to a comprehensive data set of 69 European cattle breeds, including all cosmopolitan breeds and several local breeds, for which genotypes of 30 microsatellite markers in 25–50 animals per breed have been obtained. Both methods were used to calculate the gain in diversity if a breed was added to a set of nine non‐endangered breeds. Weitzman‐derived diversities were confounded by genetic drift in isolated populations, which dominates the genetic distances but does not necessarily increase the conservation value of a breed. Marker‐estimated kinships across populations were less disturbed by genetic drift than the Weitzman diversities and assigned high conservation values to Mediterranean breeds, which indeed have genetic histories that differ from the non‐endangered breeds. Prospects and limitations of marker‐assisted decisions on conservation priorities are discussed.
Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: are reef fishes at risk or resilient?
Authors: WILSON SHAUN K. , GRAHAM NICHOLAS A. J. , PRATCHETT MORGAN S. , JONES GEOFFREY P. , POLUNIN NICHOLAS V. C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIncreased frequency of disturbances and anthropogenic activities are predicted to have a devastating impact on coral reefs that will ultimately change the composition of reef associated fish communities. We reviewed and analysed studies that document the effects of disturbance‐mediated coral loss on coral reef fishes. Meta‐analysis of 17 independent studies revealed that 62% of fish species declined in abundance within 3 years of disturbances that resulted in >10% decline in coral cover. Abundances of species reliant on live coral for food and shelter consistently declined during this time frame, while abundance of some species that feed on invertebrates, algae and/or detritus increased. The response of species, particularly those expected to benefit from the immediate loss of coral, is, however, variable and is attributed to erratic replenishment of stocks, ecological versatility of species and sublethal responses, such as changes in growth, body condition and feeding rates. The diversity of fish communities was found to be negatively and linearly correlated to disturbance‐mediated coral loss. Coral loss >20% typically resulted in a decline in species richness of fish communities, although diversity may initially increase following small declines in coral cover from high coverage. Disturbances that result in an immediate loss of habitat complexity (e.g. severe tropical storms), have a greater impact on fishes from all trophic levels, compared with disturbances that kill corals, but leave the reef framework intact (e.g. coral bleaching and outbreaks of Acanthaster planci). This is most evident among small bodied species and suggests the long‐term consequences of coral loss through coral bleaching and crown‐of‐thorn starfish outbreaks may be much more substantial than the short‐term effects currently documented.
Pharmacokinetics of recombinant factor VIII (Kogenate‐FS®) in children and causes of inter‐patient pharmacokinetic variability
Authors: BARNES C. , LILLICRAP D. , PAZMINO‐CANIZARES J. , BLANCHETTE V. S. , STAIN A. M. , CLARK D. , HENSMEN C. , CARCAO M. 
Published: September 2006

Summary.  Understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) of factor VIII (FVIII) is important in the management of patients with haemophilia A. We studied the PK of FVIII in order to determine aetiological factors contributing to PK variability of FVIII in children.Twenty children with haemophilia A (mean age 12.8 years) were administered a single bolus of 50 U kg−1 of recombinant FVIII (rFVIII; Kogenate‐FS®, Bayer).The mean incremental FVIII recovery was 1.87 (U mL−1)/(U kg−1) (range: 1.25–2.76) and the mean FVIII half‐life was 10.7 h (range: 7.8–15.3). FVIII recovery was positively correlated with body surface area (BSA; P = 0.04). FVIII half‐life was positively correlated with preinfusion levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) (P = 0.0001) and was reduced in patients (n = 6) with very low FVIII inhibitor titres (<0.5 BU) vs. those (n = 14) with negative inhibitor titres (P = 0.06).These observations suggest that (i) young children with haemophilia in comparison with adults have a low recovery of FVIII and that this might be explained by differences in body composition (BSA, plasma volume), (ii) levels of VWF:Ag may explain some of the differences in the half‐life and clearance of FVIII and (iii) very low inhibitor titres, previously regarded as clinically insignificant, may actually be significant and should be evaluated in the context of PK studies.
Pharmacoeconomics of factor dosing in the haemophilia population
Authors: BERNTORP E. 
Published: September 2006

Summary.  Treatment of haemophilia is extremely costly due to the short biological half‐life of infused factor and pricing issues. This paper examines the impact of different dosing schedules on factor consumption, via a review of literature on dosing regimens used for prophylaxis with a focus on pharmacokinetics (PK).Pharmacokinetics were found to have an important role for pharmacoeconomics in factor dosing both for assessment of the treatment and for developing new treatment protocols but the clinical response to treatment must always guide the dosing schedule. In order to better understand pharmacoeconomics during prophylaxis, controlled prospective studies are needed but much can also be learned from studies of existing cohorts that have been treated for decades.
Service users’ experiences of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medications in acute mental healthcare settings
Authors: Baker J. A. , Lovell K. , Easton K. , Harris N. 
Published: September 2006

Aims.  This paper reports a study which aimed to explore service users’ views and experiences of the processes associated with the prescription and administration of ‘as needed’ (p.r.n.) psychotropic medications in acute mental health settings.Background.  Few studies have explored the use of ‘as needed’ medication in acute mental healthcare settings. Such medication is frequently requested by service users, but the literature is unclear about the reasons for these requests or service users’ experiences of this treatment.Method.  A convenience sample of 22 inpatients participated in face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews exploring their treatment experiences of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medication in acute mental health settings in a large city in the United Kingdom in 2005. Thematic content analysis was carried out.Results.  Interviewees highlighted the value of ‘as needed’ medications. However, the process associated with their use was perceived as confusing and stigmatizing. Service users had limited understanding of and felt unsupported in attempts to use alternatives approaches. Additionally, the decision‐making and information‐giving processes were unclear to them, which raises issues of power and control in acute mental health settings.Conclusions.  Nurses should take account of the issues of power and control when administering ‘as needed’ medication. The provision of adequate treatment information should be a priority to enable informed choices to be made about this form of medication.