bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Long and Winding Tail
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
While surveying textual sources, iconography, and other historical evidence for the development of Hanuman's popular cult, this chapter also interrogates the explanatory narratives that have been constructed around this evidence by earlier scholars. After examining attempts to locate Hanuman's origins in pre-Vedic religion or in the Rig Veda, and in the cult of yakshas or earth-spirits, it examines the role of the wind (Hanuman's legendary father) in Ayurveda, and Hanuman's additional kinship with Shiva and Shaivism. It then traces the development of Hanuman's persona over roughly two millennia from the Valmiki Ramayana to the Rama tales in the Puranas, in the literature of Jainism, and in vernacular language epics. Interrogating a recent and influential theory that Hanuman's cult reflects a Hindu response to the excesses of Muslim hegemony, the chapter reexamines three historical periods that often figure in this argument: the late Vijayanagara empire, the early Maratha kingdom, and the “warrior ascetics” of the Ramanandi sadhu order in the late Mughal Empire and early colonial periods. It is argued that the apparent efflorescence of devotion to Hanuman in each of these contexts reflects a more complex range of historical and social factors than has generally been recognized.
Prayers, Recipes, Memoirs
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
After highlighting the growing role of literacy and the mass-dissemination of standardized texts in popular Hindu practice, this chapter turns to the importance of Hanuman in the Hindi devotional poetry attributed to the influential 16th-17th century saint-poet Tulsidas, author of the epic Ramcaritmanas and one of the great figures of bhakti literature. It then surveys a body of allegedly esoteric tantra literature that promotes Hanuman's ritual worship as an efficacious, boon-granting deity. Finally, it introduces and discusses the implications of a collection of exuberant late-20th century narratives that construct an elaborate “biography” (or in two cases, an autobiography) of Hanuman, making him the central hero in his own epic-like cycle.
Like Mother, Like Son
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Whereas Hanuman is sometimes alleged to be primarily a “men's deity”, this chapter takes a fresh look at his cult through the lens of gender relations and of discourses about sexuality and its control. It re-examines the controversial Vrishakapi (“bull-monkey”) hymn in the Rig Veda as well as the emotional portrayal of Hanuman's encounter with Sita in the Sundarakanda of the Ramayana of Valmiki. It then turns to several modern temple cults in which an independent, virginal Mother Goddess is accompanied by a simian bodyguard and familiar, whose close relationship with her is celebrated in legends and folksongs. The final section of the chapter examines lore that questions or problematizes Hanuman's famed celibacy by making him (e.g., in the Rama stories of Jainism) either a lusty adventurer or (in much modern Hindi-language lore) the unwitting “husband” of a submarine wife and father to a mighty son.
The Body Ordered
Authors: Jones Beth Felker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAugustine provides theological perspective on the body in his understanding of the body as both good and, under the condition of sin, disordered. Augustine's City of God provides a vision of the resurrection of the body as the psychosomatic ordering of the human being toward God. Augustine's vision offers an alternative to the disorder and brokenness of the body named in the first chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of investments made by rich countries in major infrastructure projects in developing countries during the 1990s. This was followed by disputes between foreign investors and governments, as well as a growing sense of disenchantment in emerging markets with foreign investment on the investor side. The issues of international property rights, privatization, business strategy, negotiations, and changing attitudes towards private investment in developing countries are then considered.
The Indosat Deal
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The 1967 agreement between ITT and Indonesia stated that Indonesia would own the satellite facility from the outset. At the same time, ITT would build and operate it for twenty years. Instead of taxes, ITT would make lease payments to the Indonesian government. As such documentation goes, the agreement was extremely brief, consisting of only eleven pages. In contrast, a power purchase agreement signed almost thirty years later in Indonesia contained more than 300 pages, including appendixes. One reason for the brevity of the 1967 agreement: it was almost completely silent on the complex issue in infrastructure arrangements. On the issues that were covered, the agreement could hardly be viewed as balanced, and some terms would later be seen as affronts to national sovereignty. Moreover, serious questions would eventually arise about the basic legality of the agreement.
Nationalization of Indosat
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
ITT's Indosat developed into a very successful enterprise. It provided handsome returns to its parent while yielding significant benefits to Indonesia by introducing modern telecommunications technology. The improvement came at a critical time, when the country was trying to attract foreign investors, for whom telecommunications really mattered. Moreover, Indosat set the stage for the subsequent development of the country's domestic satellite communications network by training Indonesians in technical and managerial skills. But by late 1979, almost thirteen years after the original deal was struck, ITT's expatriate manager in Indosat, George Hunter, heard rumors of trouble. It would turn out that ITT's unwillingness to respond favorably to a politically attractive proposal triggered a chain reaction of unexpected magnitude. The trouble also reflected much deeper causes that affected relations between foreign investors and the governments of developing countries.
The Power of Being Needed
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Indosat affair might be viewed as a case of a Third World host country that capriciously and opportunistically took over a financially attractive foreign-owned enterprise. But an examination of other foreign investment disputes in developing countries during the previous two decades indicates that Indonesians and others acted with more reason than caprice. The overall pattern suggests that there was probably little that ITT could have done to protect its investment once its hold on technology had slipped.
Back to Private Power
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
From the mid-1980s, private ownership and foreign investment began to be touted as solutions to many problems of the Third World. Starved of capital for projects they wanted, many officials in developing countries turned from efforts to evaluate potential foreign investments to marketing programs designed to attract ever more foreigners. The new attitudes encouraged enthusiastic home countries and multilateral institutions to turn attention to providing guarantees of property rights so that they could increase the flow of investment into the developing world. In no sector was the enthusiasm of development institutions for private foreign investment greater than for infrastructure, particularly electricity. Experiences in Indonesia echo those in many other countries and raise serious questions about when privatization is appropriate, how it should be implemented, whether there are better ways to finance and develop infrastructure, and even whether the new guarantees to foreign investors could survive.
Paiton's Power: The Cost of Poor Preparation
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
With slow growth in home electricity markets, cheap money, and a go-go atmosphere, foreign investors responded eagerly to the new call of emerging markets. Assurances of property rights added to investors' eagerness to undertake projects in risky places. On the other side, Indonesian officials were unprepared for the complexities of power negotiations and encountered pressure from the US government to sign deals that benefited US companies. Most importantly, the personal interests of some Indonesians overrode the good of the nation.
Paiton's Power: More Home Government Support
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In September 1994, a ceremony marked the official start of the construction of Paiton I. Attending were the US ambassador and representatives of some institutions that might put up money, along with the secretary general of the Ministry of Finance. One might have expected higher level Indonesian officials for such a large project, but this was really only a ceremony. No contract for construction had been executed and the all-important financing was still missing. The US government were to become much more deeply involved before the project could proceed. This chapter will show that the involvement was so deep that one must question the meaning of “turning to the private sector” for infrastructure.
Evaluating Paiton I
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Indonesians and others began to criticize the terms of the Paiton I deal. Although one can quibble with critics' calculations, all approaches raised serious questions about whether the deal was good for Indonesia. The costs were high, even though major risks were assigned to the host country. The way risks were accounted for, for this and the other tewnty-six Indonesian power agreements, ensured that the Asian Currency Crisis would bring them all down. Collapse would come even before projects had been finished.
Paiton I: Promises Fail
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Following several years of very strong economic growth, Southeast Asia's long boom came to an abrupt end. The first alarm sounded when Thailand's currency was devalued in July of 1997. As the financial crisis spread through the region, Indonesia was hit hardest of all. The collapse of the Indonesian rupiah brought down all twenty-seven of the electric power agreements that had so recently been concluded. Their debt-like characteristics made absolutely sure of this.
Paiton I: Backing Away from the New Property Rights
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Indonesia's transition to democracy brought additional problems for business managers, as it opened the way for new interest groups — the press, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and labor unions — to challenge the Paiton I accord. Although Paiton's investors had built defenses using the new international system of property rights, in the end the new assurances such as arbitration and insurance provided only limited protection for the company. The Paiton dispute raises important questions about why foreign firms undertook such risky projects in the first place. One factor in the decision must have been their trust that the new assurances would be effective.
Karaha Bodas Company: Turning to Arbitration
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Paiton I was only one of twenty-seven Indonesian power agreements struck down by the Asian Currency Crisis. Unlike Paiton I, the owners of the Karaha Bodas geothermal power project decided to go to arbitration. The decision suggests a link between corporate strategy and how companies used the new international property rights. This chapter illustrates serious problems associated with the new property rights, reflecting a very rigid view of contract law, which can result in inappropriately large awards, which are fraught with moral hazard. As of summer 2006, eight years after the Asian Currency Crisis struck Indonesia, the struggle over this project was ongoing.
Resurrecting Berkelian Spirits
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe coherence of Berkeley's account of spirits is defended against the charge that they cannot be, on the one hand, simple substances and, on the other hand, both active and passive in nature. The chapter provides an interpretation of the active/passive distinction, an account of how the linguistic ordering of nature serves to render the sensory world intelligible, and an understanding of the relationship between Berkelian spirits and Lockean persons. It is argued that Berkeley's spirits must be understood to be a kind of hybrid of Lockean persons and Cartesian simple substances. Berkeley's reduction of the self to the will is elucidated and defended.
Common Sense, the Manifest Image, and Immaterialism
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
With an interpretation of Berkeley's view of spirits in hand, this chapter turns to the task of situating that view of spirits within his overall positive metaphysics and defending the connection it bears to “common sense”. The book argues that Berkeley's metaphysics is the metaphysics of the “mob” so long as the mob is properly understood to be the mob of professing monotheists. It further argues that core aspects of traditional monotheism inevitably tend toward support for immaterialism. Wilfred Sellars' metaphilosophy from Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man is used to both elucidate and map Berkeley's core metaphysical commitments.
Prophecy and Tradition
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRevelation is complete with Christ but does not come to a close with him. There is a deep unity between the Christ event and its unfolding through the action of the Holy Spirit in the life of the church. In this sense, Christianity is not a final but a preliminary stage between Christ's first and his last coming. This recognition is important for the understanding of the concept of tradition. Tradition should not be seen in the sense of traditional, but signifies a living reality in which Christ continues to unfold and actualize his truth in every new generation. Prophecy is one of the realizations of this dynamic actualization process. In fact, most of the instances in which revelation is actualized through time (Scripture, Magisterium, theology, dogma, pious traditions, liturgy) have been inspired by prophecy.
Prophecy's Status and Types of Faith
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeo-Scholastic Catholic theology developed a system of different forms of faith. Despite its limitations, this typology of faith proves to be a most useful tool in assessing the status of prophecy in the church. Objects of faith that belong to the core of revelation (e.g., that God is trinitarian) are believed with fides divina. Objects of faith that constitute mere historical occurrences (e.g., that Francis Xavier brought Christianity to China) are believed with fides humana. In between these to types of faith range a number of other types and the question is: with what type of faith should believers believe in prophetic revelations? Should they be seen as mere historical occurrences or do they reflect divine truth?
General Conclusion
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of Christian prophecy investigated in this book is controversial. Prophets have easily been associated with religious fanatics who preach doom and gloom. Historical, exegetical, and theological arguments have been adduced by many for the extinction of prophecy. The conclusions in this chapter state that none of these arguments are sound, since they merely argue for the cessation of one form of prophecy, not the prophetic phenomenon itself. This book argues that prophecy never died, but rather proved its dynamism by mutating according to the preconditions of new historical developments. Exploring Christian prophecy as a theme for systematic theology means we should regard revelation as more than a past event. Instead, inherent to revelation is the eternal Word's continuous salvific operation that actualizes and realizes what was given in Christ's Incarnation for the edification of the church. Therewith, prophecy becomes an integral part of revelation as one of the forms in which the Word of God continues to unfold and give itself to the people of God.
2 Violence, Fear, and Power: The Expansion and Limitation of War
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhat Clausewitz says about the interactions to the extreme provides the basis for the assumption that he is the theorist of destruction and the precursor of the idea of total war. But these interpretations should not be countered by introducing a total shift between the concept and the reality of war, as it has so often happened in the history of Clausewitz's interpretations. This chapter emphasizes that in his first chapter, the three interactions to the extreme are balanced by three tendencies which lead to the limitation of war. The three interactions to the extreme do not describe the whole of war, but they are nevertheless tendencies in each war, which are countered by opposing tendencies. The chapter explores the assumption that the striving powers ‘behind’ these different interacting tendencies in war are violence, fear, and power.
3 Concepts of Absolute and Real War
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAll previous interpretations of Clausewitz's concept of war have treated it as something that must be understood in connection with the three interactions to the extreme, and consequently with his concept of the absolute. This chapter discusses the similarities and the difference between Clausewitz's concept of absolute war and modern total war. Furthermore, it can be shown that the different conceptualizations of Clausewitz's concepts of war are connected with his different war experiences at Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo. Until now, it has been overlooked that Clausewitz also speaks of the wondrous trinity as his concept of war. Nevertheless, it has to be acknowledged that Clausewitz's conceptualizations remain ambivalent without a discrete interpretation of his first chapter.
6 The Formula: Politics in War
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe problem with Clausewitz's world-renowned formula depends on an internal tension within his concept of policy/politics. This tension invalidates neither his formula nor his theory, but it has to be unfolded in order that the formula could serve as an analytical tool. Otherwise, the formula would become a dogma. Clausewitz emphasized this fundamental tension only indirectly by saying that war is the continuation of policy, but with ‘other means’. Peter Paret has clearly revealed this tension by declaring: ‘The readiness to fight and the readiness to compromise lie at the core of politics’. By following up this tension in Clausewitz's work, this chapter introduces a ‘small’ change in the understanding of what Clausewitz endorses with a ‘state’: nothing else than any kind of community. By taking this ‘small’ change into account, it argues that Clausewitz's trinity enables a general theory of war.
Jacob Mincer
Authors: Teixeira Pedro N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This book presents the work of one of the most important economists of the second half of the 20th century, Jacob Mincer. Mincer played a central role in shaping contemporary labor economics, namely through his pioneering work in human capital and labor supply analysis. The book presents a systematic analysis of all his extensive published work, emphasizing its continuity as a lifetime research program that had a lasting influence in modern labor economics. The analysis also highlights his main theoretical and methodological traits that make his research so unique.
Placing Human Capital at the Center of Income Distribution
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Mincer's contribution to income distribution research, namely the way he placed human capital at the center of that research. It commences with a brief analysis of the debates that marked the development of research in personal income distribution during the first half of the 20th century. Mincer's thesis of 1957 is analyzed by showing how his work incorporated a broader debate about the purposes and uses of research in personal income. The chapter proceeds by covering Mincer's subsequent work on human capital and lifetime income and wage patterns, which reached a high point with his 1974 book Schooling, Experience, and Earnings and the formulation of the human capital earnings function, which would become a centerpiece of modern labor research. The chapter also shows the way Mincer's research has significantly influenced the economic analysis of income distribution.
Gödel's Theorem
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an argument for dialetheism which draws on Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. This is a non-constructive argument, which does not produce dialetheias explicitly, but shows that that there must be some. Although the argument starts at some distance from the ground traversed in the preceding chapters, it leads to the same terrain: the logical paradoxes and the trade-off between consistency and completeness. Proof of Gödel's theorem is presented.
The Metaphysics of Change I: The Instant of Change
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the issue of discrete temporal changes. It is shown that there are, if not conclusive, then at least plausible reasons for supposing that these may produce dialetheias, especially once the prejudice against contradictions has been put aside. The instant of change, dialectical tense logic, and the Leibniz continuity condition are discussed.
The Metaphysics of Change II: Motion
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe previous chapter ends by proposing the idea that contradictions not only occur in certain sorts of change, but actually are the states of change themselves. This chapter explores this possibility further. It focuses on change of place with respect to time: motion. It criticizes the standard Russellian account of motion, and formalizes and defends a Hegelean account.
The Simple View
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. The notion of an open competition and the idea of a qualification which it presupposes are more complicated than they seem, and need to be looked at in a broad account of justice in general, or equality of opportunity in particular. The simple view must be regarded as incomplete: it is implausible to suppose, for example, that open competition for advantaged social positions is a sufficient condition of equality of opportunity. Reflection upon the simple view suggests that any adequate account of equality of opportunity must include at least two components: the idea that there should be open competition for advantaged social positions, and that there should be fair access to the qualifications required for success in these competitions.