bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Acquisition and Analysis for Efficient Reservoir Management
Authors: Raza S. H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Timely acquisition of judicious amounts of data and their continual evaluation are foundational to sound reservoir management. To ensure technical success and to avoid economic waste, an experienced multi-disciplinary team should have ongoing responsibility for identifying and acquiring these data from all available sources, assessing their quality and representability, and evaluating (analyzing, reducing, and synthesizing) them properly and consistently.
Engineering Salary Trends in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Lancaster D. E. , Brown D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Results of the October 1989 SPE Member Salary Survey indicate an increase of about 3 to 4% in salaries received by SPE members over salaries reported in October 1988. Results of the 1990 SPE Starting Salary Survey reflect an increase in starting salaries accepted by B.S. graduates in petroleum engineering to $3,050/month. This figure is up 5.2% from a year ago.
Mathematical Modeling in the Coyanosa Field
Authors: Wallen D.A. , Raleigh J.T. , Distefano C.R. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
A study of the Coyanosa, Ellenburger and Devonian reservoirs was made using a two-dimensional, single phase, unsteady-state computer program. The model was made to fit the general physical conditions thought to exist in the reservoir under study and then adjusted by a history-matching technique.
The matching technique is discussed with an example of how the reservoir parameters were manipulated to achieve a match. An example is given of the use of the adjusted reservoir model as a tool for investigating the effects of various allowable rates on availability of gas over periods of several years.
The authors believe the approach outlined in this paper to be of considerable value in availability projections and reserve determinations. Use of the model allows projections to be made on the basis of individual well performance that includes interaction and performance that includes interaction and changing drainage patterns of all wells in the reservoir.

Introduction
This paper presents a discussion of a history-matching method using a mathematical reservoir model for projection of gas reserves and availability, and the result of a study to apply this method to the Coyanosa field of West Texas. This field was chosen for the study because it is in a newly developing area, and because it is an important new source of supply in the Permian Basin.
Pressure data resulting from the short production history of the two deepest Coyanosa production history of the two deepest Coyanosa reservoirs indicated that actual reserves were less than the originally accepted reserves, which had been based on volumetric estimates.
Therefore, an attempt was made to simulate the Devonian and Ellenburger reservoirs using a two-dimensional, unsteady-state, single phase model. The procedure followed was to try to force the computer model to match the appropriate cumulative production information by wells and the stabilized pressures obtained from a fieldwide shut-in period in May, 1967, and then to use the model for forecasting reservoir performance to depletion. This forecast estimate performance to depletion. This forecast estimate is thought to be more reliable than estimates arrived at by conventional methods for approximating availability of gas and individual well recoverable reserves.

DISCUSSION OF METHOD
To approximate the physical reservoir as a mathematical model, certain steps must be followed.
The reservoir isopach map must be overlaid with a grid base and a grid size and location must be selected that will provide the well interference and drainage information necessary, keep computer time to a minimum, and minimize distances between well locations and the nearest grid intersection. The reservoir boundary must be approximated with grid lines knowing that, in this model, the mathematical boundary is one half grid size outside the drawn boundary [Fig. 1]. Each well must be located with respect to the grid system and a boundary thickness estimated.
Luna Gas Field: A Development Optimization Project of a Very Heterogeneous Reservoir
Authors: Erba M. , Descalzi C. , Sguzzini P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The topic of the paper is the case study of an Italian gas field, characterized by highly heterogeneous communication schemes, which has been producing for fifteen years through fifteen wells.
The study was aimed at the identification of production mechanisms in order to optimize the field development and the gas recovery.
The crux was the detailed reconstruction of the reservoir internal structure. This could be obtained only through a methodology whose peculiarity is a close cooperation and integration between geophysicists, sedimentologists, petro-physicists and reservoir engineers.
The numerical discretization of the geological model proved to be particularly complex and was carried out through a very refined and composite grid.
Unfortunately, the dynamical simulation was partially jeopardized mainly due to the paucity and poor reliability of the available dynamical data, a basic problem for Luna field study.
The resulting detailed numerical model of the reservoir internal structure however represents a reliable dynamical and static data base easily updatable with future data.
The Installation, Commissioning and Operation of Subsea Emergency Shutdown Valves in the Tartan Field
Authors: Dawes A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the project to install subsea emergency shutdown valves on the existing Texaco Tartan Platform oil and gas export pipelines located in the North Sea. A brief summary of operational experience of these emergency systems is included.
As a result of the Piper Alpha disaster the Tartan oil and gas export pipelines were shutdown and decommissioned until reinstatement by Occidental of the subsea pipeline systems around the Piper location. Texaco decided to enhance the safety of Tartan Platform by installing subsea emergency shutdown valves on these pipelines during this shutdown period.
These valve systems were successfully designed, procured and installed to meet the reinstatement schedule and by October 1990 will have been in service for over 18 months.
Subsea Barrier Valves for Esmond and Ravenspurn North
Authors: Luedtke R. C. , Pallot J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is now normal practice to evaluate all pipelines, both new and existing, to determine if subsea valves would provide a safety benefit. Hamilton Brothers having performed this evaluation in 1988, concluded that for two of their large diameter, long length, product export lines, subsea barrier valves would significantly enhance platform safety.
The two export pipelines are connected to three platforms and they each had different priorities and constraints. The Esmond platform and its pipeline were operational and a complete retrofit system was required. The Ravenspurn North platform and its pipeline were new. Cleeton was an operating platform, but the pipeline was new.
The decisions taken during design were sometimes the same, but at other times very different. This paper describes the Projects with special emphasis on the differences between them.
Anomalies in Interpretation Of Reservoir Pressure Surveys
Authors: Cline W.B. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The ultimate implications of bottom-hole pressure data interpretation rarely can be pressure data interpretation rarely can be foreseen in their entirety by the wellsite engineers originally developing those data. This situation is particularly critical in remote area exploration programs where original evaluation procedures are extremely expensive and crucial decisions regarding the future of large areas often depend on a limited quantity of data from very few wells.
This paper illustrates, by a series of examples, that formation pressure surveys may be taken too much for granted and that their contribution to evaluation decisions often are not fully appreciated.
No amount of rigorous mathematical treatment of pressure survey data can compensate for detailed planning and strict attention to the characteristics likely to lead to costly misinterpretation.

Introduction
Considerable attention has been devoted to the application and interpretation of reservoir pressure surveys in advanced oil and gas field pressure surveys in advanced oil and gas field primary and secondary development programs, primary and secondary development programs, while relatively minor importance has been attached to the benefits to be derived from these data in exploration efforts. Similarly, it is often only after field or reservoir development has progressed well beyond the discovery stage that the true value of such basic information is appreciated. It is at this late stage that pressure data, which could have been conclusively obtained during preliminary evaluation, may be found to be unreliable preliminary evaluation, may be found to be unreliable or even unavailable in any form.
This problem involving costly unreliable and/or misleading data may result largely from the fact that the development reservoir engineer often is divorced from the exploration phase, and does not become involved until such phase, and does not become involved until such time as a discovery has been classified as a development project.
ACCURACY OF DRILLSTEM TEST PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS Consider the countless cases where the DST pressure data, especially initial shut-in pressure data, especially initial shut-in pressures, are used ultimately as vital basic pressures, are used ultimately as vital basic data for reservoir evaluation. The care taken in obtaining DST data of maximum accuracy often is appropriate only for qualitative analysis.
Indirect Evaluation of Fundamental Data for a Fractured Water-Drive Oil Reservoir.
Authors: Van Golf Racht T. , Peytchev Y. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Analysing the production mechanism and the energy of a fractured bottom water-drive reservoir a new method of future forecast was developed.
The basic idea was to build a model which takes into consideration the properties of an important number of cores, and dividing them in classes of different permeability. According to reservoir rate, a part of the classes will behave as macrofractures and another as microfractures, and consequently a rate-recovery relationship could be evaluated A model-reservoir relationship was proposed, so that the rate decline of model considered as maximum allowable gravity rate could be correlated with the reservoir registrated rates obtained in gravity-drainage conditions.
Based on this relationship and on trial and error Calculation procedure, the future performance could procedure, the future performance could be conveniently evaluated.

Introduction
A fracture is constituted by a considerable number of coarses and fine channels in a chaotic intercommunication.
A Knowledge Based Approach to Matrix Stimulation
Authors: Matteini L. , Cosenza G. , Paccaloni G. , Beranger A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper presents an innovative approach to the development of a knowledge-based system aimed at support matrix stimulation design.
The basic role played by preliminary context evaluation is enhanced. Context evaluation involves assessing whether or not the stimulation must be carried out, through technical-economical feasibility analysis and risk assessment.
A conceptual model and a system architecture have been specifically defined for this domain, allowing fast and expressive system prototyping.
Extensive exemplifications of system reasoning performances are provided.
Production From Heavy Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Cvetkovic B. , Economides M. J. , Omrcen B. , Longaric B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Heavy gas condensate reservoirs (γ &gt; 0.75) present interesting challenges in their study, production and reservoir management. Simulation and history matching are often hindered by the lack of appropriate PVT properties. Furthermore, it is well established that they experience hysteresis effects following a shut-in. Remedial action is cumbersome but possible. This work presents a simulation of the behavior of both lean and heavy (rich) gas condensate reservoirs, shows radial liquid profiles for various flowing bottomhole pressures (compared with a phase diagram), demonstrates degree of gas relative permeability reduction and explains the hysteresis effect. Lean gas injection is a remedial action, reducing the near-wellbore liquid saturation. The study shows that the degree of the adverse gas relative permeability reduction can be minimized or tempered by the appropriate choice of the flowing bottomhole pressure, ie., production can be optimized.
The Haven "A" Development: The First Move of the First Tripod Tower Platform
Authors: Thompson J. M. , van der Graaf J. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The first T.T.P. was installed in July 1986 for Unocal Netherlands, as the Helder ‘B‘ platform.1 In June 1989 it was removed from its location, returned to an onshore fabrication facility for refurbishment, modifications and recertification and reinstalled for the development of the small Haven oil field in September 1989.
Development aspects of the Haven field are reviewed, together with the abandonment of Helder ‘B’. Structural design and modifications are discussed together with considerations for an unmanned platform, particularly in relation to reuse and extended life. The application of variable speed drives (V.S.D.'s) for control of downhole pumps on a remote facility are discussed, together with control from the Helder ‘A’ platform.
Production from the field commenced 15 November 1989 and the second horizontal well of the two well development was completed 3 December 1989. The reusability of the structure is evaluated in relation to the original design concept and the development planning for a single season completion is discussed.
Reversible In-Situ Gelation by the Change of pH Within the Rock
Authors: Vossoughi S. , Putz A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Further experimental investigation was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism involved in a new in situ gelation process. In this process a newly discovered bio-polymer produced by Cellulomonas Flavigena strain KU is used. The process is different from the more commonly known in situ gelation based on crosslinking of polymer molecules with heavy metal ions. The difference lies in the inherent physical property of the polymer that its physical state of solution changes to the state of gel by reducing the pH of its alkaline solution. More importantly, the gelation process is reversible. That is, transition from the gel state to the solution state and vice versa can be repeated by increasing or decreasing the pH of the solution.
The experimental investigation aimed at answering two fundamental questions:
How selective and how uniform permeability reduction can be achieved within the core? How reversible is the permeability reduction induced within the core?
Experiments were performed in sand packs composed of two and three 10 cm long cells separated from the inlet face by an additional 2 cm long segment. Various injection schemes were tested while the pressure drop across each cell was monitored.
High degree of permeability reduction in the order of 100 to 6000 was achieved along the entire length of the sand pack. It was also possible to restore the initial permeability of the sand pack by injecting sodium hydroxide solution.
Creation of a layer of gel at the interface which is redissolved and re-gelled and which possibly moves in the direction of the flow path was considered a possible mechanism behind the uniform permeability reduction along the sand pack
Characterization of Tar From a Carbonate Reservoir in Saudi Arabia: Part I—Chemical Aspect
Authors: Harouaka A. S. , Asar H. K. , Al-Arfaj A. A. , Al-Husaini A. H. , Nofal W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tar mats are extra heavy oil zones sandwiched between aquifers and adjoining oil columns. They isolate either partially or completely an oil reservoir from its aquifer. This results in a rapid pressure drop, a premature high gas-oil ratio and a low primary oil recovery; all of which point to some form of pressure maintenance early in a field's life.
Eventhough tar mats represent considerable hydrocarbon reserves as they are rather common in the Middle East and Africa, it is their impact on oil recovery from adjoining oil columns which is of interest for the time being. Tar must be characterized to evaluate its mobility and ways of establishing contact between an oil column and its aquifer as well as to design an optimum water injection scheme.
The present paper discusses a detailed chemical characterization of tar from a carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. Thermal stability variation was evaluated by thermal gravimetry (TG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Elemental analysis of preserved and non preserved samples were carried out with a Carlo Erba 1106 elemental analyser. The sulfur content was also determined by two different ASTM methods. The presence of Nickel, Vanadium and Iron, the major metals usually found in hydrocarbons, was investigated by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The tar major hydrocarbon group components were separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Experimental results showed variation, in tar properties, with depth and area within the same field. The carbon to hydrogen ratio increased systematically with a decrease in API gravity. The sulfur contents obtained with the Carlo Erba elemental analyser were in good agreement with those obtained by the general bomb method (ASTM D-129-64). The content of Hexane insolubles was relatively high at about 38 % by weight. The polar compounds ranged between 5 and 9 % by weight.
Analysis of Scale Inhibitors by Ion Chromatography
Authors: Shuler P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper compares two ion-chromatography (IC) methods for the analysis of phosphate-based scale inhibitors in oil field brines. Both methods use an anion-exchange column with a nitric acid mobile phase for component separation, followed by mixing with a post-column reagent (PCR). In one method the PCR is an acidic ferric salt solution; the iron-scale inhibitor interaction allows UV detection. The second method uses a PCR containing a strongly fluorescent aluminum-morin complex; elution of a scale inhibitor is detected by a decrease of fluorescence due to the inhibitor complexing some of the aluminum.
These IC methods work only in fresh water, but most salt interferences (especially chloride) may be eliminated by pretreatment through a disposable cartridge containing a resin impregnated with silver. By including a concentrator column, some scale inhibitors can be quantified even at sub ppm levels in saline water.
These IC methods can be used for product quality control and to determine composition changes in scale inhibitors because of process effects such as thermal degradation or selective adsorption/desorption.
Determination of Low Concentrations of Phosphonate in Brines
Authors: Kan A. T. , Varughese K. , Tomson M. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Phosphonates are widely used as scale and corrosion inhibitors in the industrial environment, but methods of measurement especially at low concentration levels are subject to numerous interferences. The process described herein consists of a digestion step to break-down the phosphonate materials to orthophosphate. The orthophosphate material is extracted into a novel organic phase and measured. The process of extraction eliminates the common interferences to the orthophosphate measurement and allows the accurate determination of phosphonate materials at low levels. The method is suited for measuring phosphonate concentration between 0.1 to 10 mg/1 in brine with a reproducibility of ± 5% at normal concentration. In two hours as many as 20 phosphonate samples can be analyzed by one person using this technique.
Measurements of Polysaccharide Polymer Properties in Porous Media
Authors: Fletcher A. J. P. , Flew S. R. G. , Lamb S. P. , Lund T. , Bjørnestad E. , Stavland A. , Gjøvikli N. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate determination of polymer properties in porous media is an important input requirement of the reservoir simulation of polymer EOR. Data pertaining to in-situ viscosity and polymer retention are essential parameters which will govern the performance and economics of the application. At reservoir conditions, the acquisition of relevant and precise data is not a straight forward process, but one where extremely careful and reproducible coreflooding experiments are required. We address the question of coreflood procedures best suited to evaluate polysaccharide polymers for field application.
Reservoir condition corefloods should be conducted in non-ferrous metal based rigs to exclude severe face plugging by Fe(lll) gels, which can form when Fe(lll) is present at concentrations greater than 3 ppm. Other sources of face plugging including microgels and incomplete dissolution of polymer must be quantified rigorously. Evidence of face blocking can be assessed rapidly from residual resistance factor (RRF) behaviour, and a measurement of the RRF over the complete flow rate range is essential to characterise polymer behaviour. Quantification of these effects can only be made in experiments with multiple pressure ports, or with two cores in series.
From experiments conducted on a variety of polysaccharide and porous media, using the above procedures, several important findings are reported. All polymers investigated, after fully quantifying face plugging pressure effects, showed a Newtonian plateau at low shear rates. The observed porous media viscosity was lower than that of the bulk, both with and without presence of oil, and can be attributed to slip phenomena. The presence of a residual oil phase results in a lower viscosity for aqueous polymer than that calculated from simple relative permeability arguments. It is shown that polymer viscosity is a function of pore scale tortuosity and wettability, with greatest viscosity loss in highly water wet systems. Polymer retention is a function of polymer type and molecular association. When face plugging effects are quantified, the polymer retention in the remainder of the core is shown in some cases to be very low (less than 10 μg g-1). Polymer retention is dependent on rock type and preparation procedures. In all cases a significant inaccessible pore volume (IPV) of 0.15 – 0.22 was measured.