bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐traumatic stress: Attributional aspects
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Yule William , Williams Ruth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough exposure to a traumatic event is thought to be the main aetiological factor in the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD: APA, 1987), a large amount of individual variance in the chronicity and severity of symptoms remains unaccounted for. In this paper, evidence will be reviewed for the possible mediating role of causal attributions and attributional style. It is suggested that these factors may be related to specific emotional states within PTSD and to particular coping behaviors.
Violence, trauma, and post‐traumatic stress disorder among women drug users
Authors: Fullilove Mindy Thompson , Fullilove Robert E. , Smith Michael , Winkler Karen , Michael Calvin , Panzer Paula G. , Wallace Rodrick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to examine the association between the experience of violent events, trauma, and post‐traumatic stress disorder among women drug users, 105 women in treatment for addictive disorders were interviewed. One hundred four of the study participants reported trauma in 1 or more of 14 categories of traumatic events, 59% of whom reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Among those with PTSD, 97% reported one or more violent traumas as compared with 73% of those without PTSD. The likelihood of PTSD was strongly associated with the number of violent traumas reported by a woman. Women in recovery from drug addiction are likely to have a history of violent trauma and are at high risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder. Screening for PTSD among women with an addictive disorder should become part of the diagnostic and treatment routine.
Relationship of cynical hostility and PTSD among Vietnam veterans
Authors: Kubany Edward S. , Denny Nathan R. , Gino Antonio , Torigoe Rodney Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe personality construct of cynical hostility, as measured by the Cook‐Medley scale (an MMPI subscale), has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A literature review suggests that Vietnam veterans exhibit many cynical hostility‐like characteristics. We examined the association between Cook‐Medley scores and PTSD among Vietnam and other‐era veterans. Study 1 involved analyses of data from 1293 MMPIs administered at Department of Veterans Affairs in Honolulu between 1986–1991. Cook‐Medley scores were highly correlated with MMPI PTSD scores, and Vietnam Era veterans obtained higher scores than veterans from other eras. In Study 2, twenty nine Vietnam veterans with PTSD disability ratings obtained very high Cook‐Medley scores which were higher than Vietnam Era veterans without rated PTSD. Findings indicate that the cynical hostility literature has considerable relevance for study of PTSD and suggest that PTSD veterans may have heightened risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Several directions for future research are suggested.
A comparison of four PTSD measures' convergent validities in Vietnam veterans
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Plemel Duane , DeMotts John , Howard Mary T. , Tuorila James , Moog Ronald , Thomas Dolores , Anderson Douglas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe compared the convergent validities of four commonly used post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measures in 80 help‐seeking Vietnam veterans by contrasting their intercorrelations. When scored as continuous severity or frequency measures, the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐related PTSD's and the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Interview's (PTSD‐I's) concordances with other measures were similar to one anothers' and generally larger than those of either the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) PTSD module or the MMPI PTSD scale. However, when used only to identify stress disorder's presence or absence, the four techniques' concordances were nearly identical. This suggested that the four measures have similar convergent validities when used simply to identify PTSD, but that the PTSD‐I and Mississippi scale offer better convergent validity than the MMPI or DIS instruments when used as severity measures.
Dissociative states induced by relaxation training in a PTSD combat veteran: Failure to identify trigger mechanisms
Authors: Fitzgerald Stephen G. , Gonzalez Edgardo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPTSD is often treated with anxiety management techniques, including relaxation training. A case report is presented which describes a PTSD combat veteran who experienced dissociative states induced by relaxation training. Hypnotherapy subsequently identified traumatic memories which were recalled during relaxation training but triggering mechanisms for the recall of these traumatic memories were not identified.
Depressive features in Holocaust survivors with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Kahana Boaz , Southwick Steven M. , Giller Earl L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study was designed to explore several aspects of depressive phenomenology, including current symptoms, dependency (anaclitic) and self‐criticism (introjective) themes, and issues of self‐efficacy, in Holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Depressive Subscale of the Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) were administered to 23 Holocaust survivors and 18 demographically‐matched controls. Holocaust survivors with PTSD scored significantly higher on the SCL‐90 depression scale, and portrayed more self‐criticism on the DEQ, than Holocaust survivors without PTSD and demographically‐matched non‐exposed subjects. The data suggest that depressive symptoms in individuals who have been severely traumatized are more severe when associated with a concurrent PTSD. Furthermore, groups suffering different types of trauma may show similarities in psychological dimensions of depression.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder as a sequela of Guillain‐Barre syndrome
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Herriott Michael G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was observed in a 24 year‐old female following severe Guillain‐Barre syndrome (GBS). A review of the literature uncovered no previously mentioned examples of PTSD resulting from GBS or other medical illnesses. GBS‐induced PTSD shared the features of PTSD seen following other traumatic events.
Confidants' feedback and traumatic life events
Authors: Kelly Anita E. , Coenen Matthew E. , Johnston Benjamin L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne hundred six undergraduate (83 women and 23 men) completed surveys concerning their most traumatic life event, the feedback they received following their disclosure of the event to others, and how they felt after the disclosure. Results indicated that the better they felt after disclosure, the less disturbed they were by thoughts of the event at the time of the study. In addition, the more personal the trauma was, the worse they felt after their disclosure, and the more disturbed they were about the trauma. However, no significant relation existed between the positivity (e.g., supportiveness) of their confidant's feedback and their present degree of disturbance. Implications for understanding the complex relation between confiding traumatic events and resolving feelings surrounding those events were discussed.
Trauma‐related disorders in psychiatrists' and general practitioners' private practice in Switzerland
Authors: Schnyder Ulrich , Valach Ladislav , Hofer Dieter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA questionnaire addressing traumatic stress related issues was mailed to every third psychiatrist in private practice and to every fifth general practitioner in Switzerland (N = 1406), number of returns 517 (37%). Trauma‐related disorders seem to be underdiagnosed. Patients suffering from rape, accidents and war related trauma were most often mentioned. Psychiatrists knew more about specific treatment possibilities than general practitioners. Only 14% of the responding clinicians were satisfied with the existing therapeutic services for trauma victims; more psychiatrists voiced a need for their improvement. A majority suggested interdisciplinarity and the cooperation of institutions and therapists in private practice for the treatment of trauma‐related disorders. It is proposed that further education should be tailored according to the target professional group.
Interpersonal violence: Expanding the search for long‐term sequelae within a sample of battered women
Authors: Weaver Terri L. , Clum George A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLifetime sexual and physical victimization histories were examined within a shelter and outpatient sample of battered women (N = 43). Rates of prior victimization were very high with 71% of women reporting a childhood experience of physical abuse and 53% of women reporting a childhood experience of sexual abuse. These experiences were then examined as predictors of intra‐ and interpersonal functioning. Difficulties with identity development, low self‐worth, borderline personality characteristics, and (at the trend level) difficulties with intimacy, received some support as long‐term outcomes associated with reports of chronic experiences of childhood physical abuse. These findings provide some empirical support for the theorized relationship between childhood abuse and difficulties in the domains of intra‐ and interpersonal functioning.
MMPI profiles of acute and chronic PTSD in a civilian sample
Authors: Gaston Louise , Brunet Alain , Koszycki Diane , Bradwejn Jacques 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a treatment setting, a group of 165 subjects presenting with either acute or chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared to 72 subjects presenting with panic disorder only in order to determine whether the MMPI PTSD assessment strategy developed with Vietnam veterans could be validly used with civilians. Results indicated that the MMPI profile, codetype, diagnostic decision rule, and PK scale developed with samples of Vietnam veterans did not apply well to civilians, especially those presenting with acute PTSD. It is thus recommended that specific assessment strategies be developed for these populations.
The counting method for ameliorating traumatic memories
Authors: Ochberg Frank M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Counting Method is a technique for modulating and mastering traumatic memories in which the therapist counts out loud to 100 while the client silently remembers a traumatic event. Immediately afterward, the recollection is reported, discussed and reframed. This method is briefly described and its use within the context of ongoing therapy is explained.
Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES)
Authors: Pelcovitz David , van der Kolk Bessel , Roth Susan , Mandel Francine , Kaplan Sandra , Resick Patricia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractData regarding the development of a structured interview measuring alterations that may accompany extreme stress are presented. A list of 27 criteria often seen in response to extreme trauma and not addressed by DSM‐IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were generated based on a systematic review of the literature and a survey of 50 experts. A structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) measuring the presence of these criteria was administered to 520 subjects as part of the DSM‐IV PTSD field trials. Inter‐rater reliability as measured by Kappa coefficients for lifetime Disorders of Extreme Stress was .81. Internal consistency using coefficient alpha ranged from .53 to .96. Results indicate that the SIDES is a useful tool for investigation of response to extremes stress.
Anger regulation deficits in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Novaco Raymond W. , Hamada Roger S. , Gross Douglas M. , Smith Gary 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe describe a typology of regulatory deficits associated with anger in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive, arousal, and behavioral domain deficits in anger regulation were observed clinically in PTSD patients with high levels of anger who were participating in a multi‐year trial of a structured anger treatment. We also describe a category of patients whose anger type we have termed “ball of rage.” These patients exhibit regulatory deficits in all three domains of anger regulation. We offer a conceptual framework to advance the understanding of anger associated with PTSD and to guide its effective treatment.
The relationship between violence dimensions and symptom severity among homeless, mentally ill women
Authors: Goodman Lisa A. , Dutton Mary Ann , Harris Maxine 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the relationship between violence and symptomatology in the lives of homeless, mentally ill women. This study investigates the possibility that specific dimensions of violence—frequency, recentness and type—may be associated with severity of psychiatric symptomatology in this population. Results indicate that each of the abuse dimensions is associated with a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and, in combination with substance abuse, account for almost one third of the variance in overall distress. These findings suggest the possibility that intensity of exposure to violence contributes to the severity of psychiatric symptoms even in women who already suffer an overwhelming number of intrapsychic and social difficulties; and that multiply traumatized women do not become desensitized to the impact of new violence. This article discusses the clinical and policy implications of these conclusions.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse: Use of research in a clinical setting
Authors: Dansky Bonnie S. , Roitzsch John C. , Brady Kathleen T. , Saladin Michael E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe goal of the present investigation was to evaluate whether the process of assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in substance abuse/dependence inpatients (N = 95) as part of a research protocol influenced the diagnostic assessment conducted by clinical staff. The prevalence of current crime‐related PTSD (CR‐PTSD) observed with a research interview was 40% (n = 38), whereas the rate of current CR‐PTSD documented in (the same) patients' discharge summaries was 15% (n = 14). An even lower CR‐PTSD prevalence rate of 8% (n = 5) was obtained from a new sample of patient discharge summaries (N = 59) collected after the cessation of the research project. On chart intake reports, clinical staff documented a history of sexual and/or physical assault in approximately one‐half of these patients, but PTSD was not evaluated. PTSD appears to be under‐diagnosed by clinical staff in patients with substance use disorders.
Trauma‐related symptomatology among American Indian adolescents
Authors: Jones Monica C. , Dauphinais Paul , Sack William H. , Somervell Philip D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC‐2.1C), including the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) module, was administered to 109 American Indian adolescents from a Northern Plains reservation. In response to the DISC's open‐ended probes, 61% of respondents reported at least one traumatic event. Despite high rates of trauma and substantial numbers of subsyndromal PTSD symptoms, the prevalence rate of diagnosable PTSD was found to be only 3%. The reporting of traumatic events was associated with increased prevalence of behavioral disorders and substance abuse or dependence diagnoses. There was, however, no significant difference in academic performance (grade point average or scholastic aptitude test scores) between those who reported traumatic events, or PTSD symptoms, and those who did not.
The impact of the homecoming reception on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS)
Authors: Johnson David Read , Lubin Hadar , Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan , Sonthwick Steven , Charney Dennis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study reports on the development of a self‐report measure of the homecoming experience among Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS), measuring Frequency of Events, Intensity of Feelings, and Level of Support during the first 6 months after return from overseas, and within the past 6 months, was collected from 247 veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD. Homecoming Stress was the most significant predictor of current PTSD symptomatology superseding combat exposure, childhood and civilian traumas, and stressful life events. A factor analysis resulted in four orthogonal factors: Shame, Negative Interpersonal Interaction, Social Withdrawal, and Resentment. Homecoming Stress was unchanged over the course of a 4 month inpatient program.
Childhood trauma histories in adolescent inpatients
Authors: Weine Stevan M. , Becker Daniel F. , Levy Kenneth N. , Edell William S. , McGlashan Thomas H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe authors describe the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among adolescent inpatients. A Childhood Trauma Chart Review Scale (CTCRS) was developed to assess traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence. The CTCRS was reliably applied to the medical records of 75 adolescent inpatients who had been given structured clinical interviews for DSM‐III‐R diagnoses at the time of admission. Most subjects (81%) had experienced at least one traumatic event during childhood, with loss of caregiver being the most frequent type of traumatic experience. Many subjects had multiple types of traumatic experiences, during both early and late childhood. A history of childhood trauma was associated with greater functional impairment and higher likelihood of having a personality disorder, but with no difference in Axis I diagnoses.
Screening for trauma history on an inpatient affective‐disorders unit: A pilot study
Authors: Escalona Rodrigo , Tupler Larry A. , Saur Carol D. , Krishnan K. Ranga R. , Davidson Jonathan R. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPsychiatric inpatients (N = 343) admitted to an affective‐disorders unit were administered a self‐rating Trauma Questionnaire (TQ) to evaluate life history of traumatic experiences. Eighty four percent of the sample identified at least one traumatic‐event category (M = 2.72 categories/patient). Symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were highly prevalent. However, only six patients received a chart diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Female patients evidenced more PTSD symptoms than males, in contrast to an equal number of event categories identified by the two sexes. Age correlated negatively with number of symptoms endorsed. Implications for trauma screening in affective‐disorder patients are discussed.
The association between illusions of invulnerability and exposure to trauma
Authors: Roe‐Berning Shelley , Straker Gill 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study investigated, in a high risk adolescent sample, the relationship between illusions of invulnerability and exposure to six specific traumatic events. The most significant finding was the significant negative relationship between exposure to trauma and level of invulnerability, indicating that the greater the exposure to trauma, the less the invulnerability expressed in regard to potential risk. A further significant finding of the study was that vicarious exposure to trauma affects how one estimates risk of death in relation to the “average other” but not in relation to the self. Direct experience of trauma, on the other hand, affects perceived risk in relation to both self and other.
Assessing the structure, content, and perceived social climate of residential posttraumatic stress disorder treatment programs
Authors: Johnson David Read , Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study utilized a comprehensive assessment of program structure, content, and social climate to determine whether specialized residential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) programs (SIPUs,n= 19) can be differentiated from general psychiatric units (GPUs, n = 18) within the Department of Veterans Affairs. Significant differences between program types were found: SIPUs were more clearly differentiated from the larger hospital system, had more strict patient selection criteria and program regulations, longer length of stays and lower admission rates, and spent more program time on PTSD symptoms and war zone experiences than GPUs. Veterans in the SIPUs (n= 453) rated the programs significantly higher on most social climate measures than veterans with PTSD in the GPUs (n= 153), indicating that veterans perceived these programs as more active, supportive, and better structured.
Treatment preferences of vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Johnson David Read , Lubin Hadar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study attempted to examine patterns over time in treatment preferences of 65 veterans who completed a 4 month inpatient posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) program in order to reveal potentially more beneficial types of treatment. Veterans rated the severity of their symptoms and degree of benefit of 35 different treatment components at discharge, and at 4 and 12 months follow‐up. Veterans rated their symptoms as having not changed at discharge, and worsening by 4 months. Veterans initially perceived components that were high in Vietnam content, exploratoty in purpose, verbal in modality, and personally focused as most effective, but by 12‐month follow‐up they perceived these as less effective than components that were low in Vietnam content, educative, action oriented, and externally focused. These effects were strongest among veterans with higher levels of PTSD symptomatology. Combat exposure, childhood abuse, and race were generally not significant predictors of response. These results underscore the importance of further inquiry into the relative value of rehabilitative‐oriented and psychotherapeutic‐oriented treatments for veterans with severe and chronic PTSD.
Inpatient treatment of war‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A 20‐year perspective
Authors: Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan , Errera Paul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThese papers show that long‐stay inpatient PTSD programs provide treatment that is quite different from other programs but that they are neither as effective, from a psychometric perspective, nor as helpful, from the veterans' subjective perspective, as has been expected. VA treatment of PTSD is changing its focus and is being influenced by three distinct societal forces, in addition to data from studies like these: (1) the continuing effort of American society to come to terms with its Vietnam War experience; (2) the crisis of U.S. health care costs; and (3) the emergence of a movement to “re‐invent” government and to increase public accountability through performance data.
Hope, coping, and social support in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Irving Lori M. , Telfer Leslie , Blake Dudley D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDispositional hope, coping and perceived social support were assessed among Vietnam combat veterans upon admission to and discharge from inpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Veterans reported lower dispositional hope than any previously described sample, and hope did not increase at discharge from treatment. At admission, higher hope was correlated with greater perceived social support coming from family (this relationship persisted when controlling for depression and PTSD symptoms). At discharge, higher hope was associated with greater perceived social support coming from family and friends and the use of adaptive coping strategies. Results indicate that hope confers a beneficial effect once veterans undergo treatment for combat‐related PTSD, a finding that suggests that hope may be “gone but not lost” for these individuals.