bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Kaleidoscopic Reactivities of Bis(tritolylgermyl)bis(dimethylphenylphosphine)platinum(II)
Authors: Usui Yoko , Fukushima Takashi , Nanjo Masato , Mochida Kunio , Akasaka Kuniyoshi , Kudo Takako , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A series of tritolylgermylplatinum complexes Pt(GeAr3)2(PMe2Ph)2 (Ar = o-tol, m-tol, and p-tol) were prepared and kaleidoscopic reactivities were observed by only changing the substituents at the germyl tolyl groups: (1) cis–trans isomerization at platinum, (2) C–H bond activation of ortho methyl group, and (3) reductive elimination at Pt giving Ge–Ge bond.
Biotechnology and the WTO: A Review of some Selective Issues
Authors: Horng Der-Chin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBiotechnology and the WTO have increasingly intersected following the growth of biotech trade. The regulatory challenge of biotechnology is a current subject of debate in the WTO. Biotechnology highlights emerging tensions between the effectiveness of the WTO law on biotech issues and the public health and the non-trade issues of biotech trade. Based on legal analysis, this paper reviews the policy issues caused by biotechnology and its implications on the organization and also considers the kind of policy options needed to achieve an appropriate balance between biotech interests and WTO discipline.
Patterns of Nucleotide Polymorphism Distinguish Temperate and Tropical Wild Isolates of Caenorhabditis briggsae
Authors: Cutter Asher D , Félix Marie-Anne , Barrière Antoine , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Caenorhabditis briggsae provides a natural comparison species for the model nematode C. elegans, given their similar morphology, life history, and hermaphroditic mode of reproduction. Despite C. briggsae boasting a published genome sequence and establishing Caenorhabditis as a model genus for genetics and development, little is known about genetic variation across the geographic range of this species. In this study, we greatly expand the collection of natural isolates and characterize patterns of nucleotide variation for six loci in 63 strains from three continents. The pattern of polymorphisms reveals differentiation between C. briggsae strains found in temperate localities in the northern hemisphere from those sampled near the Tropic of Cancer, with diversity within the tropical region comparable to what is found for C. elegans in Europe. As in C. elegans, linkage disequilibrium is pervasive, although recombination is evident among some variant sites, indicating that outcrossing has occurred at a low rate in the history of the sample. In contrast to C. elegans, temperate regions harbor extremely little variation, perhaps reflecting colonization and recent expansion of C. briggsae into northern latitudes. We discuss these findings in relation to their implications for selection, demographic history, and the persistence of self-fertilization.
Camptothecin induces the transit of FasL trimers to the cell surface in apoptotic HEp-2 cells
Authors: Meza-Lamas Esteban , Bollain-Y-Goytia Juan-José , Ramírez-Sandoval Roxana , Sánchez-Rodríguez Sergio , López-Robles Erendira , Avalos-Díaz Esperanza , Herrera-Esparza Rafael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFas ligand (L) is a membrane protein from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. It induces apoptosis upon contact with its Fas/CD95/APO1 receptor. Trimerization of FasL on the surface of effector cells is essential in the binding of the Fas trimer of the target cells. The receptor then recruits an adaptor and caspase-like proteins which lead apoptosis. This paper reports on the fate of FasL in HEp-2 cells committed to apoptosis by induction with campthotecin. Our main results demonstrated that in non-apoptotic cells, FasL aggregates in the cytoplasm forming trimers of 120 kDa. Apoptosis increases the trimeric FasL species, but also induces its dissociation into monomers of 35 kDa. In conclusion, camptothecin appears to perturb the Fas and FasL segregation in the cytoplasm by promoting the transit of FasL to the cell surface, thus fostering a process of autocrine or paracrine apoptosis. FasL is trimerized prior to Fas/FasL complex formation, and after apoptosis, FasL undergoes an intense turnover.
Water‐induced rearrangement of Ca(OH)2 (0001) surfaces reacted with SO2
Authors: Bausach M. , Pera‐Titus M. , Fite C. , Cunill F. , Izquierdo J.‐F. , Tejero J. , Iborra M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAFM imaging and EDS microanalyses provide evidence of the reorganization of single‐crystal Ca(OH)2 (0001) surfaces attacked by SO2 at low temperature when exposed to water vapor in such a way that larger product features are formed from the aggregation of smaller ones. This product rearrangement induced by water vapor might provide a new accessible Ca(OH)2 surface for further reaction with SO2, which might account for the general observation reported in the literature that water vapor exerts a substantial influence on the ability of commercial hydrated lime to retain SO2 in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies. A reaction mechanism consistent with the experimental observations and with its kinetic implications is discussed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Cross‐genus adoption of a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus): case report
Authors: Izar Patrícia , Verderane Michele P. , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Ottoni Eduardo B. , Gomes De Oliveira Marino , Shirley Jeanne , Fragaszy Dorothy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe report a case of interspecies adoption of an infant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus). The marmoset was an infant when it was first observed in the capuchin group on 3 March 2004. Since it first appeared it has been observed informally and frequently. In January 2005 systematic observations were made of the marmoset and a capuchin of similar age. Throughout its period of adoption the marmoset appeared to be socially integrated into the group, benefiting from nurturant behaviors exhibited by two successive adoptive “mothers” and pronounced tolerance from all members of the group. This case highlights the flexibility of both Callithrix and Cebus in accommodating variable social behaviors and other characteristics (including size) of social partners. Am. J. Primatol. 68:692–700, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Curing behavior, mechanical properties, intermolecular interaction, and morphology of silicone/polypyrrole/polymer electrolyte composites
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Wu Jyh‐Horng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe curing behavior, mechanical properties, intermolecular interaction, and morphology of silicone, polypyrrole, and polymer electrolyte composites were studied. A rigid‐body pendulum rheometer was used to determine the curing behavior of silicone/PEL blends. The polymer structure was evaluated using FTIR and Differential Scanning Calorimetery. The mechanical properties, including stress, strain, and hardness, were measured using a material testing system. The morphology of the composites was measured using scanning electron micrographs. The intermolecular interaction of the composites was measurement using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results show that the curing reaction rate is fast upon addition of 10 wt % of polymer electrolyte for silicone. The linear molecular structure of the polymer electrolyte was wound around the silicone polymer network structure forming a semi‐interpenetrating network. The intermolecular interaction was influenced by the composites, and the Ppy film effect on the surface of SP10 blends is more uniform than that of silicone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2754–2764, 2006
Phase interactions and structure evolution of heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymers as a function of system composition
Authors: Doshev P. , Lohse G. , Henning S. , Krumova M. , Heuvelsland A. , Michler G. , Radusch H.‐J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHeterophasic copolymers comprised of polypropylene (PP) matrix and ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPC) dispersed phase were investigated with respect to the dispersed phase composition, i.e., ethylene/propylene ratio. The rheological properties, morphology, as well as thermal and mechanical relaxation behavior were studied to describe the structure evolution and phase interactions between the components of the PP copolymers. Decrease of the ethylene content of the EPC leads to a higher matrix‐dispersed phase compatibility, as evaluated by the shift of the glass transition temperatures of EPC and PP towards each other. At ethylene content of EPC of 17 wt %, the glass transition temperatures of the both phases merged into a joint relaxation. The effect of the EPC composition on the internal structure of the dispersed domains and on the morphology development of the heterophasic copolymers was demonstrated. Decreasing ethylene content was found to induce a refinement of the dispersed phase with several orders of magnitude down to 0.18 μm for propylene‐rich EPC. Optical microscopy observations showed that the dispersed propylene‐rich phase is preferably rejected at the interlamellar regions of the spherulites and/or at the interspherulitic regions, while the ethylene‐rich domains are engulfed within the PP spherulites. Both of these processes impose an additional energetic barrier and influence the spherulite growth rate of the heterophasic materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2825–2837, 2006
The rheological behavior of EPDM Nordel IP and POE engage produced by CGC and INSITE™ technology
Authors: Qiye Wu , Peng Li , Jingxia Mu , Na Zhang , Peng An , Jingan Wu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rheological behavior of EPDM Nordel and POE Engage produced by CGC and INSITE™ technology are studied with double capillary rheometer of constant speed type. It is indicated that the melt viscosity of EPDM Nordel IP 3745P is higher and the nonlinear fluidity is stronger compared with Nordel IP 3722P, because the molecular weight of Nordel IP 3745P is higher and the MWD is narrow. We compare the melt viscosity of POE Engage GPE8003 with that of Engage GPE8150, and indicate that the influence of temperature on viscosity of Engage GPE8003 is obvious and the influence of shear rate on viscosity of Engage GPE8150 is stronger, which was related to the octene percent in material. The melt slide at wall and the extrusion pressure vibration occurred with EPDM Nordel IP 3745P. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2847–2853, 2006
Rheological kinetics of acrylonitrile/amino ethyl‐2‐methyl propenoate copolymer solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Hou Chen , Qu Rongjun , Ji Chunnuan , Ying Liang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractViscosity behavior of dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of acrylonitrile (AN)/amino ethyl‐2‐methyl propenoate (AEMP) copolymer was discussed. Rheological kinetics of the solutions was studied in contrast. It is shown that the solutions behave the same as Newtonian flow as the rotor speed goes beyond 12 rpm. With an increase of temperature, the apparent viscosity of AN/AEMP copolymer solutions shows a trend of decrease. The changes of the apparent flow activation energy of solutions calculated by Arrhenius equation become less prominent along with the changes of the molecular weight of AN/AEMP copolymers. The apparent flow activation energy of the copolymer solutions increases continuously with an increase of copolymer concentration. The viscosity of copolymer solutions decreases continuously as the concentrations of KCl and NaCl up to 0.02 mol L−1, and then it increases. the apparent flow‐activation energy of AN/AEMP copolymer solutions shows an obvious trend of decrease with addition of alkali salts and the changes of the apparent flow‐activation energy of solutions containing NaCl are more prominent than those of solutions containing KCl. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2972–2976, 2006
Effect of talc on the properties of polypropylene/ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer blends
Authors: Öksüz Mustafa , Eroglu Mehmet , Yıldırım Hüseyin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of talc content on the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of the isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) and elastomeric ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were investigated. In the experimental study, five different talc concentrations, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wt %, were added to i‐PP/EPDM (88/12) blends to produce ternary composites. The mechanical properties such as yield and tensile strengths, elongation at break, elasticity modulus, izod impact strength for notch tip radius of 1 mm, and hardness with and without heat treatments and thermal properties, such as melt flow index (MFI), of the ternary composites have been investigated. The annealing heat treatment was carried out at 100°C for holding time of 75 h. From the tensile test results, an increased trend for the yield and tensile strengths and elasticity modulus was seen for lower talc contents, while elongation at break showed a sharp decrease with the addition of talc. In the case of MFI, talc addition decreased the MFI of i‐PP/EPDM blends. It was concluded that, taking into consideration, mechanical properties and annealing heat treatment, heat treatment has much more effect on higher yield and tensile strengths, elongation at break, elasticity modulus, impact strength, and hardness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3033–3039, 2006
Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends: Effect of epoxide levels in ENR molecules
Authors: Nakason Charoen , Wannavilai Puripong , Kaesaman Azizon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEpoxidized natural rubbers (ENR) with various levels of epoxide groups were prepared. Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on 75/25 ENRs/PP blends with Ph‐PP compatibilizer were later prepared by dynamic vulcanization using sulfur curing system. Influence of various levels of epoxide groups on rheological, mechanical morphological properties, and swelling resistance of the TPVs was investigated. It was found that the mixing torque, apparent shear stress, apparent shear viscosity, tensile strength, and hardness properties increased with increasing levels of epoxide groups in the ENR molecules. This may be attributed to increasing level of chemical interaction between the methylol groups of the Ph‐PP molecules and polar functional groups of the ENR molecules. Also, the PP segments in the Ph‐PP molecules are capable of compatibilizing with the PP molecules used as a blend composition. In SEM micrographs, we observed finer dispersion of vulcanized rubber domains as increasing levels of epoxide contents. This corresponds to increasing trend of strength and hardness properties of the TPVs. An increasing trend of tension set and a decreasing trend of elongation at break were observed as increasing levels of epoxide groups in the ENR molecules. This is because of higher rigidity of the vulcanized ENR phase with higher epoxide groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3046–3052, 2006
Dynamic interfacial tension between a thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymer and a flexible polymer
Authors: Yu Ruobing , Yu Wei , Zhou Chixing , Feng J. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhen a short fiber of a thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymer retracts in a quiescent, flexible polymer matrix, the polydomain texture inside the fiber evolves simultaneously. We have demonstrated experimentally that the two processes are coupled. The dynamic interfacial tension, determined from the retraction of the short fiber, decreases with time. On the other hand, we have determined the aspect ratio of the polydomains inside the fiber through the power spectra of two‐dimensional discrete Fourier transformations of polarized optical microscopy images. The polydomains are initially elongated and aligned with the fiber axis. As the fiber retracts into a spherical drop, the polydomains first retract into a circular shape and then are squeezed into elongated shapes perpendicular to the original fiber axis. An exponential function correlates the evolution of the dynamic interfacial tension with that of the aspect ratio of the textures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3114–3120, 2006
Towards the algorithmic treatment of 3D strong discontinuities
Authors: Mergheim J. , Kuhl E. , Steinmann P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA geometrically non‐linear finite element framework for the modelling of propagating discontinuities in three‐dimensional continua is presented. By doubling the degrees of freedom in the discontinuous elements, the algorithm allows for arbitrary discontinuities which are not restricted to inter‐element boundaries. The deformation field is interpolated independently on both sides of the discontinuity. In contrast to the X‐FEM, the suggested approach thus relies exclusively on displacement degrees of freedom. On the discontinuity surface, the jump in the deformation is related to the cohesive tractions to account for smooth crack opening. Computational difficulties characteristic of three‐dimensional crack propagation are addressed. The performance of the method is elaborated by means of a homogeneous three‐dimensional tension problem and by means of the classical peel test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role for retinoid signaling in left–right asymmetric digestive organ morphogenesis
Authors: Lipscomb Kristen , Schmitt Christopher , Sablyak Amanda , Yoder Jeffrey A. , Nascone‐Yoder Nanette 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe looping events that establish left–right asymmetries in the vertebrate gut tube are poorly understood. Retinoic acid signaling is known to impact left–right development in multiple embryonic contexts, although its role in asymmetric digestive organ morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the genes for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2) and a retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26A1) are expressed in complementary patterns in the Xenopus gut during looping. A late‐stage chemical genetic assessment reveals that agonists and antagonists of retinoid signaling generate abnormal gut looping topologies, digestive organ heterotaxias, and intestinal malrotations. Accessory organ deformities commonly associated with intestinal malrotation in humans, such as annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, and extrahepatic biliary tree malformations, are also induced by distinct retinoid receptor agonists. Thus, late‐stage retinoic acid signaling is likely to play a critical role in asymmetric gut tube morphogenesis and may underlie the etiology of several clinically relevant defects in the digestive system. Developmental Dynamics 235:2266–2275, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal network configuration of FRIENDS taking power supply reliability into account
Authors: Nara Koichi , Satoh Taiji , Mishima Yuji 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFRIENDS (Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent ENergy Delivery System) is a new concept for a future power delivery system in which so‐called QCC (Quality Control Center) plays an important role to realize the customized power quality services and to connect a large number of distributed generators to distribution systems. In FRIENDS, QCCs are connected as a network through distribution cables to realize a reliable power supply. In this paper, a method to find the optimal network configuration of FRIENDS is proposed. The method can minimize the sum of facility installation cost and operational cost (distribution loss) under the constraint that the expected power interruption cost is less than a predetermined endurable value. The solution algorithm is based on tabu search, and employs a sensitivity analysis to select efficient facilities to be installed or to eliminate constraint violations. In the algorithm, single and double faults of power distribution system are taken into account to calculate the power supply reliability or expected power interruption cost. Several numerical real‐world examples are shown to demonstrate the validity of the algorithm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 32–40, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20264
Generator control based on equilibrium point analysis of standard one‐machine infinite‐bus system model: Comparison with PSS
Authors: Kawamoto Shunji , Zhang Jian , Yamamoto Hiroyoshi , Fujimoto Koji 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have recently proposed a new controller based on equilibrium point analysis for power system models. In this paper, first the Japanese standard one‐machine infinite‐bus system model is formulated, and the equilibrium points are analyzed. Next, complementary control inputs for AVR and GOV with limiters of the system model are determined on the basis of the analysis. Finally, it is shown that the unstable equilibrium point is eliminated by adding the proposed inputs, and then the critical clearing time can be improved in comparison with PSS of the standard model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 16–23, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20359
Discussion on classification of impulsive EM noises emitted from power apparatus
Authors: Nakata Syo , Hirata Akimasa , Kawasaki Zen‐Ichiro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes an automatic classification system for impulsive electromagnetic (EM) noises. The classification is based on the frequency spectrum of EM waves emitted from partial discharges in power apparatus. This concept is validated by confirming the reproducibility of waveforms of EM waves. In order to clarify the effectiveness of our proposal, six defects are considered: a needle‐plane electrode, a strain insulator, a pin‐type insulator, FDF (Forced Draft Fan), CBP (Condensate Booster Pump), and COOL‐P (Cooling Water Pump). Neural networks are used to classify the frequency spectrum of EM waves. As a main result, these sources are well classified with a recognition rate of 80% or better. This is supported by treating 1000 EM pulses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 1– 8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20378
A novel optical receiver structure combining wavelength conversion and homodyne detection
Authors: Conesa J. , Comellas J. , Zaragoza A. , Junyent G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new optical receiver scheme which combines wavelength conversion and homodyne detection is proposed and its performance is analysed by means of simulation. The main advantage of the proposed structure stems from the use of the same laser source for both, the wavelength conversion and the homodyne detection blocks, avoiding the use of any optical phase‐locking loop. Results obtained show an improvement of the main performance parameters when compared with typical direct detection or homodyne receivers. Copyright © 2006 AEIT.