bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Height and BMI of 6‐Year‐Old Children during the Nutrition Transition in Chile
Authors: Kain Juliana , Uauy Ricardo , Lera Lydia , Taibo Marcela , Albala Cecilia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We analyzed trends in height and BMI and their interaction in 6‐year‐old Chilean children over the last 15 years.Research Methods and Procedures: We calculated height for age z‐score (HAZ), BMI z‐score, prevalence of obesity, underweight, and stunting from cross‐sectional national school‐based annual population surveys in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2000, and 2002. Using mixed model analysis, we determined the risk of obesity according to height over time as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval and the potential influence of height and year of study on BMI z‐score.Results: Over the study period, height increased by 2.8 cm in boys and 2.6 cm in girls, whereas stunting declined from 5% to 2% in both. Tallness increased by ∼2%, BMI z‐score increased from +0.3 to +0.65 in boys and to +0.62 in girls, and HAZ increased from −0.47 in boys and −0.45 in girls to 0 in 2002. Underweight declined from 4% to 3%, whereas obesity rose from 5% to ∼14%. The probability of obesity among tall children was significantly greater than that for normal height children (OR, 2.3 to 3.5). The lowest obesity risk was observed between −2 and −1 HAZ. The OR for obesity in the stunted relative to normal height children was variable, ranging from 1.23 to 0.65, whereas it was significant and consistently positive (1.1 to 1.7) for boys and girls when it was compared with the lowest obesity risk according to height.Discussion: Tallness is significantly associated with increased obesity risk in children, while stunting is also associated, but to a lesser degree.
Gastric Bypass as Treatment for Obesity: Trends, Characteristics, and Complications
Authors: Shinogle Judith A. , Owings Maria F. , Kozak Lola Jean 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This paper describes national trends in gastric bypass procedures from 1998 through 2003 and explores the demographic and health profile of those who receive this procedure. Short‐term outcomes such as length of stay and in‐hospital complication rates are also examined.Research Methods and Procedures: Data on obese hospital inpatients who had gastric bypass were obtained from the 1998 to 2003 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Gastric bypass was reported for an estimated 288,000 discharges during the 6‐year study period. Trends within the 6‐year period were tested using weighted regression. Characteristics of gastric bypass patients were compared with those of other inpatients using a χ2 test of independence and the two‐sided t test.Results: The estimated number of hospital discharges with gastric bypass increased significantly, from 14,000 in 1998 to 108,000 in 2003. During this period, the average length of stay declined by 56% from 7.2 to 3.2 days. Gastric bypass patients were primarily women (84%), 25 to 54 years of age (82%), and privately insured (76%). A 1 in 10 complication rate was found for discharges with gastric bypass.Discussion: Gastric bypass procedures in the United States have increased rapidly since 1998, whereas the average hospital stay has decreased. The decreasing length of stay needs to be evaluated in conjunction with potential complication rates and the permanent change in anatomy and lifestyle that must accompany this procedure. Monitoring trends in use of this procedure is important, especially if reimbursement policies change and the epidemic of obesity continues.
Obesity among People with and without Mental Retardation across Adulthood
Authors: Moran Robert , Drane Wanzer , McDermott Suzanne , Dasari Srikanth , Scurry Joy B. , Platt Tan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to explore obesity during adulthood and the likelihood of moving out of obesity among 1809 adults without disability and 680 adults with mental retardation who received care at the same primary care practices during the period of 1990 to 2003.Research Method and Procedures: A retrospective observational design using medical records first identified patients with mental retardation (MR) and age‐matched controls without disabilities. Data on BMI collected during each primary care visit allowed exploration of obesity at three levels. Moving out of obesity was defined as having a BMI <25 kg/m2. We also abstracted data on age, sex, race, and other medical conditions.Results: For adults 20 to 29 years of age, 33.1% of patients without disability and 21% of patients with MR had a BMI >30 kg/m2. Between the ages of 50 and 59 years, 40.5% of the patients without disability and 35.2% of the patients with MR had a BMI >30 kg/m2. Patients with mild MR had similar prevalence rates of obesity and patients with severe MR had significantly lower prevalence of obesity compared with the patients without disability through 50 years of age. Throughout the period from 20 to 60 years of age, between 15% and 40% of individuals with and without MR, who were previously obese, were not currently obese.Discussion: Throughout the adult years, an increasing proportion of individuals with and without MR are obese. However, obesity is not a chronic state; many people transition back to a normal body weight.
Gastric Motor and Sensory Functions in Obesity
Authors: Park Moo‐In , Camilleri Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the vast majority of affected individuals, obesity involves overconsumption of food relative to calorie requirements. The sensory function of the stomach may play a key role in the cessation of food ingestion. This sensation of the stomach is, in part, determined by its motor functions, such as tone and compliance and the rate of emptying. However, studies of gastric emptying in normal‐weight and obese persons have shown inconsistent results. Gastric capacity was larger in obese persons when tested with an intragastric latex balloon filled with water. In contrast, other studies using the barostat or imaging (single‐photon emission computed tomography) techniques reported no differences in gastric volume or compliance between obese and lean subjects. On the other hand, increased body mass and fasting gastric volume are independently associated with delayed satiation under standard laboratory conditions of food ingestion. These data suggest that changes in gastric motor and sensory functions in obesity may present useful targets to prevent and treat obesity. Further well‐controlled, validated studies are needed to clarify the potential role of altering the stomach's function as a means of controlling food intake in obesity.
Profile of Overweight and Obese People in a Mediterranean Region
Authors: Tur Josep A. , Serra‐Majem Lluís , Romaguera Dora , Pons Antoni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the prevalence of excess weight (obesity and overweight) and the related environmental risk factors in a Mediterranean population. Self‐perception of body weight, attitudes toward weight‐control behaviors, and the associated factors were also examined.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional nutritional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands between 1999 and 2000. A random sample (n = 1200) of the adult population (20 to 60 years old) was interviewed. Dietary questionnaires and a global questionnaire incorporating questions related to sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were utilized. Anthropometric measurements were also obtained.Results: Nearly one‐half of the population of the Balearic Islands is above the normal weight range (BMI > 25). The predictors of overweight and obesity in the Balearic Islands are to be over 40 years old, to be married, to form part of the lowest educational levels, and to have a sedentary lifestyle. A large percentage of excess‐weight individuals tend to underestimate their BMI, are not concerned about their weight status, tend to snack more often, and have never dieted.Discussion: Although the likely causes of the rise in obesity prevalence are difficult to elucidate from this study, we have identified the profile of individuals with excess weight in the Balearic Islands as well as their attitudes toward their body image.
Changes in Fat Mass Influence SREBP‐1c and UCP‐2 Gene Expression in Formerly Obese Subjects
Authors: Gniuli Donatella , Rosa Giuseppina , Manco Melania , Scarfone Antonino , Vega Nathalie , Greco Aldo V. , Castagneto Marco , Vidal Hubert , Mingrone Geltrude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effect of fat mass (FM) reduction on adipose tissue gene expression in terms of lipid synthesis [sterol regulatory binding protein 1c (SREBP‐1c)] and lipid oxidation [uncoupling protein 2 (UCP‐2)] 2 years after lipid malabsorption and to assess the influence of lipid malabsorption on fat‐free mass (FFM) maintenance evaluating the expression of genes related to glycolysis [hexokinase (HKII)] and glucose storage [glycogen synthase (GS)].Research Method and Procedures: SREBP‐1c, UCP‐2, HKII, and GS mRNA expression were studied by reverse transcriptase—competitive polymerase chain reaction in 10 massively obese subjects before and 2 years after bilio‐pancreatic diversion (BPD). Body composition was assessed by isotopic dilution method and insulin sensitivity by euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp.Results: FM decrease was ∼60%, whereas FFM remained at normal physiological levels. In adipose tissue, SREBP‐1c mRNA reduction (−39%, p < 0.005) was related only to FM changes after BPD, and UCP‐2 decrease (−37%, p < 0.05) was dependent on free fatty acid (FFA) changes. No significant variations were observed in HKII and GS gene expression in skeletal muscle.Discussion: Lipid malabsorption induced by BPD altered the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, with different consequences on FM and FFM. The degree of FM loss seems to interfere with SREBP‐1c gene suppression to preserve an adequate amount of fat storage, in accordance with the thrifty genotype hypothesis. The reduction of FFAs induced by BPD acts in inhibiting FFA transportation to the mitochondria (UCP‐2), contributing to the decreased lipid oxidation inside the adipose tissue.
Insulin and Endothelin in the Acute Regulation of Adiponectin in Vivo in Humans
Authors: Brame Lori A. , Considine Robert V. , Yamauchi Mikako , Baron Alain D. , Mather Kieren J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: In vitro, insulin and endothelin (ET) both modulate adiponectin secretion from adipocyte cell lines. The current studies were performed to assess whether endogenous ET contributes to the acute action of insulin infusions on adiponectin levels in vivo in humans.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 17 lean and 20 obese subjects (BMI 21.8 ± 2.2 and 34.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2, respectively). Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies were performed using insulin infusion rates of 10, 30, or 300 mU/m2 per minute alone or with concurrent infusion of BQ123, an antagonist of type A ET receptors. Circulating adiponectin levels were assessed at baseline and after achievement of steady‐state glucose with the insulin infusion.Results: Adiponectin levels were lower in obese than lean subjects (6.76 ± 3.66 vs. 8.37 ± 2.79 μg/mL, p = 0.0148 adjusted for differences across gender). Insulin infusions suppressed adiponectin by a mean of 7.8% (p < 0.0001). In a subset of 13 lean and 14 obese subjects for whom data with and without BQ123 were available, there was no evident effect of BQ123 to modulate clamp‐associated suppression of adiponectin (p = 0.16). Surprisingly, there was no evident relationship between steady‐state insulin concentrations and adiponectin suppression (r = 0.14, p = 0.30), and again no effect of BQ123 to modify this relationship was seen.Discussion: Despite baseline differences in adiponectin levels, we observed equal suppression of adiponectin with insulin infusions in lean and obese subjects. ET receptor antagonism with BQ123 did not modulate this effect, suggesting that endogenous ET does not have a role in modifying the acute effects of insulin on adiponectin production and/or disposition.
Alleles on Rat Chromosome 4 (D4Got41‐Fabp1/Tacr1) Regulate Subphenotypes of Obesity
Authors: Klöting Nora , Wilke Barbara , Klöting Ingrid 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The use of inbred animal models is an essential component of the genetic dissection of complex diseases. Because quantitative trait loci for serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and body weight were mapped on chromosome 4 in a cross of BioBreeding/OttawaKarlsburg (BB/OK) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, we established a congenic BB.SHR rat strain by introgressing a SHR segment of chromosome 4 (D4Got41‐Tacr1) into a BB/OK background. The phenotype of these BB.SHR rats (BB.4S) confirmed the quantitative trait loci. To discover whether the phenotype of BB.4S can only be attributed to the SHR segment per se, we established an additional congenic BB.WOKW strain by introgressing a similar segment of chromosome 4 (D4Got41‐Fabp1) of the Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg RT1u rat into a BB/OK background, termed briefly BB.4W.Research Methods and Procedures: Male normoglycemic BB/OK (20), BB.4S (20), and BB.4W (16) rats were longitudinally studied for body weight, serum triglycerides, total and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and glucose tolerance. At the end of the observation period (32 weeks), serum insulin, leptin, and adiposity index (AI) were determined.Results and Discussion: Congenic BB.4S and BB.4W were significantly heavier, and AI, serum triglycerides, and total cholesterol values were significantly elevated in BB.4S and BB.4W compared with BB/OK but more pronounced in BB.4S. The highest serum insulin was found in BB.4W and highest leptin in BB.4S. Because the body weight gain and AI were comparable between BB.4S and BB.4W, the obviously higher insulin levels in BB.4W and higher leptin values in BB.4S suggest that the two congenics most probably define two subphenotypes of obesity and provide the unique opportunity to study their genetics.
Evaluation of Reference Genes for Studies of Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Gabrielsson Britt G. , Olofsson Louise E. , Sjögren Anders , Jernås Margareta , Elander Anna , Lönn Malin , Rudemo Mats , Carlsson Lena M. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate reference genes for expression studies of human adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: Using 52 human adipose tissue expression profiles (HU95), 10 putative reference genes with the lowest variation in expression levels were selected for further studies. Expression stability of these 10 novel and 5 previously established reference genes was evaluated by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis. For this purpose, 44 adipose tissue biopsies from 27 subjects were chosen to include a wide range of parameters such as sex, age, BMI, depot origin, biopsy procedure, and effects of nutrition.Results: LRP10 was identified as the gene with the least variation in expression levels. The frequently used reference genes RPLP0, 18S rRNA, PPIA, ACTB, and GAPD were ranked as 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10, respectively.Discussion: Our results suggest that LRP10 is a better choice as reference for expression studies of human adipose tissue compared with the most frequently used reference genes.
Down‐regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase in Obese Subjects is a Defect that Signals Insulin Resistance
Authors: Piccinini Marco , Mostert Michael , Alberto Gianfrancesco , Ramondetti Cristina , Novi Rosa F. , Dalmasso Paola , Rinaudo Maria T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to determine whether down‐regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) is responsible for poorly active pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in circulating lymphocytes (CLs) of obese subjects (ObS), and if so, whether it improves when their plasma insulin rises.Research Methods and Procedures: PDH activity was compared in lysed CLs of 10 euglycemic ObS and 10 sex‐ and age‐matched controls before and during plasma insulin enhancement in an oral glucose tolerance test. It was evaluated without (PDHa) or with Mg/Ca or Mg at various concentrations to assess PDP1 or PDP2 activities or with Mg/Ca and exogenous PDP to determine total PDH activity (PDHt), which is an indirect measure of the amount of PDH. The insulin sensitivity index was calculated, and PDP1 and PDP2 mRNA was sought in the CLs.Results: At T0 in ObS, PDHt was normal, whereas PDHa and PDP1 activity was below normal at all Mg/Ca concentrations. PDP2 activity was undetectable in both groups. PDP1 and PDP2 mRNA was identified, and insulin sensitivity index and PDHa were directly correlated. During the oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin rose considerably more in ObS than in controls; PDHa and PDP1 activity also increased but remained significantly below normal, and PDHt was unvaried in both groups.Discussion: PDP1 is down‐regulated in CLs of ObS because it is poorly sensitive to Mg/Ca; this defect is attenuated when plasma insulin is greatly enhanced.
Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Causes Postnatal Obesity and Altered Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function
Authors: Gao Yu‐Jing , Holloway Alison C. , Zeng Zhao‐Hua , Lim Gareth E. , Petrik James J. , Foster Warren G. , Lee Robert M.K.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent epidemiological studies have shown that there is an increased risk of obesity and hypertension in children born to women who smoked during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine, the major addictive component of cigarette smoke, on postnatal adiposity and blood vessel function.Research Methods and Procedures: Female Wistar rats were given nicotine or saline (vehicle) during pregnancy and lactation. Postnatal growth was determined in the male offspring from weaning until 26 weeks of age. At 26 weeks of age, fat pad weight and the function of the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries were examined.Results: Exposure to nicotine resulted in increased postnatal body weight and fat pad weight and an increased amount of PVAT in the offspring. Contraction of the aorta induced by phenylephrine was significantly attenuated in the presence of PVAT, whereas this effect was not observed in the aortic rings from the offspring of nicotine‐exposed dams. Phenylephrine‐induced contraction without PVAT was not different between saline‐ and nicotine‐exposed rats. Transfer of solution incubated with PVAT‐intact aorta to PVAT‐free aorta induced a marked relaxation response in the rats from saline‐exposed dams, but this relaxation response was significantly impaired in the rats from nicotine‐exposed dams.Discussion: Our results showed that prenatal nicotine exposure increased adiposity and caused an alteration in the modulatory function of PVAT on vascular relaxation response, thus providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the increased prevalence of obesity and hypertension in children exposed to cigarette smoke in utero.
Interactive Multimedia for Promoting Physical Activity (IMPACT) in Children
Authors: Goran Michael I. , Reynolds Kim 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop and examine the efficacy of a computer‐based interactive multimedia curriculum for promoting physical activity in fourth grade children.Research Methods and Procedures: The participants were 209 fourth grade children (mean age of 9.5 ± 0.4 years) from four schools. Two schools received an 8‐week multimedia intervention delivered by interactive CD‐ROM, supplemented by four classroom and four homework assignments. Two control schools received educational CD‐ROMS not related to health outcomes. Measures conducted before and after intervention included height, weight, percentage body fat (bioimpedance analysis), physical activity (5‐day accelerometry), and psychosocial aspects of physical activity by questionnaire. All outcomes were examined using general linear models.Results: There was a significant treatment effect for obesity reduction in girls but not in boys. There were no significant treatment effects on total physical activity by accelerometry (total counts per minute), but there was an overall treatment effect on reducing percent of time in moderate‐intensity activity (16.5% to 15% of the time) and significant sex‐by‐ treatment interactions for light‐intensity activities (reduction in boys from 78% to 75% of the time and an increase in girls from 78% to 81% of the time). There were marginal/significant treatment effects for improvements in behavioral outcomes, including self‐efficacy (p = 0.06), social norms (p = 0.07), and outcome expectancies (p = 0.049).Discussion: The interactive multimedia curriculum favored an improvement in obesity indices in girls and was associated with subtle changes in physical activity in girls and general improvement in psychosocial outcomes related to physical activity.
Obesity‐related Comorbidities in Obese African Americans in an Outpatient Weight Loss Program
Authors: Hope Aluko A. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Whitt Melicia C. , Shults Justine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify, among obese African‐American enrollees in an outpatient weight loss program, differences between those with and without obesity‐related comorbidities (ORCMs).Research Methods and Procedures: Data were from 237 obese African Americans (BMI, 30 to 50 kg/m2; 90% women) who enrolled in a 10‐week lifestyle weight loss program. Analyses compared subgroups defined by ORCM status (from medical history) on baseline characteristics, program attendance, and postprogram weight change.Results: Most participants (76%) had one or more ORCMs. Those with versus without ORCMs, respectively, were older (mean age, 45.6 vs. 37.1 years;p< 0.001), were less educated (59.2% vs. 76.6% with >12 years;p= 0.031), were more likely to perceive a physical limitation affecting activity (22.2% vs. 1.8%;p< 0.001), and had higher waist circumference (mean, 113.7 vs. 106.9 cm;p< 0.001) but not BMI (38.3 vs. 37.0 kg/m2;p= 0.095). Logistic regression analyses confirmed the independence of these associations. Having ORCMs was not associated with class attendance or return for data collection after the 10‐week program. Postprogram weight change (n= 134) was unrelated to ORCMs, but better weight loss was seen among those without perceived physical limitations (1.9 vs. 0.4 kg in those without versus with limitations;p= 0.069).Conclusion: Data from this clinical sample of obese African Americans suggest that waist circumference is relevant to ORCM status at BMI levels up to 50 kg/m2. Clear indications for tailoring of treatment based on ORCM status were not identified, although the possible influence of ORCM‐related activity limitations warrants further study.