bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antisperm responses in male dogs with chronic Brucella canis infections
Authors: George Lisle , Carmichael Leland 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male Beagles infected with Brucella canis for ≥ 3 months developed serum antibodies that agglutinated normal canine spermatozoa. Titers were highest in dogs that had been infected for 4 to 6 months. Lower spermagglutinin titers were detected in sera collected 10 months after inoculation. Antibodies were also observed in seminal plasma of chronically infected dogs. Seminal plasma from infected, but not from clinically normal dogs, caused head-to-head agglutination of normal sperm. In contrast to macroagglutination of sperm by serum antibodies, agglutination by seminal plasma antibodies was detected only by microscopic examination. Seminal plasma agglutinins were not inactivated by heat (56 C, 1 hour) or by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. When seminal plasma and sperm were mixed with 2 hemolytic units of guinea pig complement, spermatozoa were not inactivated. Spermagglutinin activity was present in the first 2 spectral absorption peaks of Sephadex G-200 fractionated seminal plasma. Fractions that had the highest spermagglutinin titers contained mostly immunoglobulin A.
Seminal plasma from infected dogs also contained cytophilic factors for normal splenic macrophages that caused sperm adherence to macrophages.
Dogs with a bacteremia lasting > 4 months had cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when tested with soluble canine testicular extracts. Reactions did not occur in normal dogs. Dogs with testicular atrophy had the most severe skin test responses. Seemingly, isoimmune responses to sperm antigens are involved in infertility caused by B canis infection of male dogs.
Surgical and chemical vasectomy in the cat
Authors: Pineda M. H. , Dooley M. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ejaculates of surgically vasectomized cats had spermatozoa as long aa 49 days after vasectomy, indicating that spermatozoa in the ejaculate from intact cats originated from the epididymides and vasa deferentia.
Intraepididymal injections of an aqueous solution of 4.5% chlorhexidine digluconate into the caudae of the epididymides induced a lasting oligospermia or azoospermia in 7 of 8 cats. Of these 7 cats, 4 were azoospermic and 1 cat had no intact spermatozoa in his ejaculates 140 days after treatment. The method of chemical vasectomy by intraepididymal injection of sclerosing agents appears to be safe and may be suitable for large-scale sterilization programs for controlling the growth of the feline population.
Rates of diagnosis of six diseases of Holstein cows during 15-day and 21-day intervals
Authors: Erb Hollis N. , Smith R. David , Hillman Robert B. , Powers Pamela A. , Smith Mary C. , White Maurice E. , Pearson Erwin G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The lactations of 3,172 Holstein dairy cows were divided into intervals of 15 and 21 days. The numbers of new diagnosis of metritis, cystic ovary, miscellaneous reproductive disorders, mastitis, left displaced abomasum, and milk fever in each interval were counted. The numbers of cows at risk in each interval were also counted. A cow was at risk if she was still milking, in the herd, and a diagnosis had not already been made for that condition in that lactation. A cow was also only at risk of a reproductive diagnosis if she was not pregnant. For each interval, the incidence rate of new diagnoses was calculated by dividing the number of new diagnoses by the number of cows at risk.
Pulmonary function testing in calves: Technical data
Authors: Lekeux P. , Hajer R. , Breukink H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Measurements of airflow (V̇), tidal volume (Vt), and intrapleural pressure (Ppl) were tested for accuracy in 5 healthy Dutch Friesian calves with an average body weight of 153 kg. A face mask was constructed, using fiberglass and polyester, taking into account the typical facial morphology of the calf. It was tested for airtightness, dead space, laminarity of the expiratory V̇, and absence of saliva into the pneumotachograph. Three different systems for measuring Ppl (pleura puncturing, esophageal bailloon catheter, and esophageal saline solution-filled catheter) were tested in vitro, in a Woulfe's flask, and in vivo, in the 5 calves previously described. Moreover, Ppl measured at 3 different puncture sites of the thorax and at 3 different thoracic positions of the esophagus were compared.
The frequency-response was flat to 5 Hz for the intrapleural needle and the balloon catheter, but not for the saline solution-filled catheter. The pulmonary function values obtained by puncture of the pleura at the right 9th intercostal space on a line running from the tuber coxae to the shoulder joint and by the esophageal balloon catheter, the balloon being positioned between the crossing point with the aorta and the 2 largest caudal mediastinal lymph nodes, did not differ significantly. The Ppl changes during normal breathing were greatest in the ventral site of the thorax and in the caudal thoracic portion of the esophagus, less in the dorsal site of the thorax and the middle thoracic portion of the esophagus, and least in the cranial site of the thorax and the cranial thoracic portion of the esophagus. When the balloon was positioned between the crossing point with the aorta and the 2 largest caudal mediastinal lymph nodes, Ppl recordings showed a twice smaller variability than with the 2 other esophageal positions.
Virulence in African swine fever: Its measurement and implications
Authors: Pan I. C. , Hess W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method of measuring and expressing the virulence of African swine fever virus in numerical terms was developed. Seventeen viruses (13 hemadsorbing and 4 nonhemadsorbing) were tested and classified into 3 groups: highly infectious and highly virulent, highly infectious and moderately virulent, and slightly infectious and slightly virulent. This classification was based on the number of 50% hemadsorption unit (ha50) or tcid50 required to produce 1 ld50 for swine, the number of ha50 or tcid50 required to produce one 50% pig infectious dose (pid50), and the number of pid50 required for each ld50.
The virulent virus (group 1) required ≤ 10 virus units (ha50 or tcid50) for 1 pid50 and ld50 (highly infectious and highly lethal), respectively, and had a ratio of 1.0 for pid50/ld50, ie, all infected pigs died from acute African swine fever. Tengani, L'60, and DR-I isolants and nonhemadsorbing viruses of Haiti-1 isolant belong to this group.
The moderately virulent virus (group 2) required < 10 virus units for 1 pid50 and 20 to 562 virus units for 1 ld50 (highly infectious and moderately lethal), respectively, and recoveries from the clinical disease and immunologic deaths were frequent. Madrid '75, Haiti-1, DR-II, and BR-I isolants belong to this group.
The slightly virulent virus (group 3) required 56 to 10,000 virus units for 1 pid50 and 56,200 to 3,120,000 virus units for 1 ld50 (slightly infectious and less lethal). The L'60BM89BC1 virus, which originated from Portugal as a vaccinal virus, and L'60BM89BC20-2 virus, which was obtained from L'60BM89BC1 virus by 20 subpassages at limiting dilution, belong to this group. The nonhemadsorbing viruses isolated from the moderately virulent Haiti-1 isolant were highly infectious and highly virulent. Their nonhemadsorbing and virulent characteristics were genetically stable.
The virulence of a virus preparation was determined by the proportion of highly virulent and slightly virulent, and possible moderately virulent, clones in the preparation at the time of testing. Observations on the clinical disease caused by viruses of a varying virulence were described and implications were discussed.
Pemphigus in the dog: Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase method to demonstrate intercellular immunoglobulins in the epidermis
Authors: Suter Maja M. , Palmer Dieter G. , Zindel Sibylle , Schenk Helen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 3 dogs with pemphigus vulgaris and 4 dogs with pemphigus foliaceus, intercellular immunoglobulins were demonstrated in the epidermal stratum spinosum. The immunofluorescence technique on cold ethanol-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections was compared with the immunoperoxidase method on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The results of both methods were identical. However, the advantage of the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method was that the same formalin-fixed tissue specimens could be used for conventional light microscopy, as well as for immunohistologic studies.
Cellular and humoral responses of Brucella abortus-infected bovine fetuses
Authors: Enright F. M. , Walker J. V. , Jeffers G. , Deyoe B. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-nine bovine fetuses naturally and experimentally infected with Brucella abortus were studied. Lymphoid hyperplasia in multiple lymph nodes, lymphoid depletion in the thymic cortex, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, and disseminated inflammatory foci composed mainly of large mononuclear leukocytes were present in infected fetuses. Histopathologic changes in naturally infected fetuses were indistinguishable from those infected fetuses inoculated in utero. Fetuses inoculated with 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 105 colony-forming units of strain 2308 B abortus were aborted on postinoculation day (pid) 7 to 19. Fetuses obtained by pid 9 and 10 had increased immunoglobulin concentrations and antibody. Increased cortisol values were present in fetuses obtained as early as pid 6. The initial fetal inflammatory response was composed of large mononuclear leukocytes. In fetuses obtained by pid 9 to 10, moderate numbers of neutrophils mixed with mononuclear leukocytes were present in the inflammatory foci. This shift in the initial inflammatory reaction coincided with the appearance of agglutinating antibody.
Development and characterization of a hybridoma-derived antibody (Aby 1A1) with specificity to canine thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Muscoplat Charles C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A hybridoma (1A1)-producing antibody with reactivity to canine T-lymphocyte surface antigens was produced, using standard fusion techniques. Antibody secreted from this hybridoma was tested for specific anti-canine lymphocyte activity, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an indirect-fluorescent antibody assay, and cytotoxicity assay. Antibody 1A1 reacted with canine T lymphocytes, but not with B lymphocytes, and with brain tissue and connective tissue. The antibody was also characterized. Its heavy chain had a molecular weight (mol wt) of 80,000 and its light chain was 28,000 mol wt. The Aby 1A1 is a monoclonal immunoglobulin M with a κ light chain, and it binds poorly to Staphylococcus A.
Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody (Aby 6C6) that distinguishes medullary from cortical thymocytes
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Muscoplat Charles C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A hybridoma (6C6) producing antibodies with specificities to canine thymocyte surface antigens was produced using standard fusion techniques. The Aby 6C6 has affinity for medullary thymocytes, bone marrow cells, T- and B-peripheral lymphocytes, and monocytes. The Aby 6C6 appears to have 2 heavy chains with different molecular weights, an isoelectric focusing pattern consistent with monoclonality, and is an immunoglobulin G2b antibody with a κ light chain.
Influence of reduced protein diets on morbidity, mortality, and renal function in dogs with induced chronic renal failure
Authors: Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Hayden David W. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of a maintenance diet containing 44.4% dry weight protein and 2 reduced protein diets containing 8.2% and 17.2% dry weight protein on morbidity, mortality, and renal function of dogs with induced chronic renal failure was studied for 40 weeks. The diets differed in mineral and electrolyte composition in addition to differences in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content. Dogs fed the 44.4% protein diet had a higher mortality (6 of 11) than did dogs fed the 8.2% (1 of 6) or 17.2% (0 of 6) protein diets. Dogs fed the 44.4% protein diet died of uremic complications. An occlusive portal vein thrombus caused death of the nonsurvivor fed the 8.2% protein diet. Clinical signs of uremia were detected only in nonsurvivors fed the 44.4% protein diet. Surviving dogs fed the maintenance diet were less active and had poorer hair than did dogs fed reduced protein diets.
Inulin clearance rate and urinary protein excretion were lower in most dogs fed reduced protein diets than in dogs fed the maintenance diet. Despite the greater decrease in renal function, serum urea nitrogen concentrations were markedly lower in dogs fed the 8.2% and 17.2% protein diets than in dogs fed the 44.4% protein diet. Seemingly, the reduced protein renal failure diets were of benefit in preventing or reducing morbidity and mortality associated with the uremic syndrome and in reducing serum urea nitrogen concentrations as compared with that of the higher protein diet. The potential benefits of dietary protein restriction in dogs with chronic renal failure prevailed over potential adverse affects of excessive protein consumption.
Effects of Onthophagus gazella F (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on free-living strongyloids of equids
Authors: Houston R. S. , Craig T. M. , Fincher G. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects on the recently introduced dung-burying beetle, Onthophagus gazella F, on free-living stages of equine strongyles were determined on a Texas pasture. Two populations of O gazella (22 and 44 pairs) were exposed to 1-kg deposits of equine dung containing 545,000 strongyle eggs for 31 days near the end of the beetle’s activity season. Weekly dung and pasture samples were taken from these plots and from control plots from which beetles were excluded to recover developing larvae. Significant differences did not occur among the 3 treatments (P < 0.05).
Chloramphenicol sodium succinate in the horse: Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intravenous administration
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy adult mares were given a single iv dose (25 mg/kg of body weight) of chloramphenicol sodium succinate. Chloramphenicol concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The highest measured serum chloramphenicol concentration was 6.21 μg/ml at 0.5 hour. Chloramphenicol was detected in synovial and peritoneal fluids, with mean peak concentrations of 3.89 μg/ml and 3.50 μg/ml, respectively, at 0.5 hour. Serum and synovial concentrations declined rapidly and were not measurable at 3 hours. Chloramphenicol could not be detected in peritoneal fluid at 6 hours. The serum half-life was 0.43 hour and the apparent volume of distribution was 2.83 L/kg. Urine concentrations of chloramphenicol peaked at 0.5 hour at 106.72 μg/ml and also declined rapidly. The drug could not be detected in the urine at 36 hours.
Effects of halothane anesthesia on equine liver function
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Hartman Gail , Valdez Henry , Spivak William 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Effects of halothane anesthesia were investigated in ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas (T tubes) to determine the effects on liver function and biliary excretion during 2 hours of anesthesia. Four studies were performed on 2 ponies, 2 to 6 months after surgery with the enterohepatic circulation held intact between studies. Intravenous bile acid infusion was used to maintain steady-state bile flow, bilirubin, and bile acid excretion during each study. Compared with the immediate 2-hour preanesthesia values (base line), halothane caused a 138% increase in bilirubin excretion, a 60% increase in biliary bilirubin concentration, and a 43% increase in pcv. Halothane anesthesia also caused a 16% reduction in plasma bilirubin, a 46% reduction in biliary bile acid concentration, and a 27% reduction in bile acid excretion. The bile acid independent fraction of bile flow appeared to increase. Plasma aspartate transaminase concentration did not change during anesthesia.
The ratio of conjugated bilirubin fractions in bile [82% to 83% diconjugates of glucuronide and glucoside (2 forms) and 17% to 18% monoconjugates of glucoside, glucuronide, and xyloside] did not change during anesthesia and < 1% was excreted unconjugated. Halothane anesthesia did not appear to affect adversely the activity of the transferase-conjugating enzymes in the presence of an increased bilirubin load.
Seemingly, greatly increased conjugated bilirubin excretion observed during halothane anesthesia was most likely the result of a combination of increased hepatic clearance from plasma and increased hepatic bilirubin production from turnover of free hepatic heme or heme from the induced cytochrome P-450 system. The reduction in bile acid excretion may result potentially from a decrease in hepatic blood flow. Halothane anesthesia does not appear to disrupt hepatic parenchymal cells in the pony; however, it does reduce bile acid excretion and enhance pcv, bile acid-independent bile flow, and conjugated bilirubin excretion.
Radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic changes in growth plates of calves raised on hard flooring
Authors: White Susan L. , Rowland George N. , Whitlock Robert H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of flooring on the development of physeal and metaphyseal lesions of the limbs was studied in 1- to 5-month-old dairy calves. Calves were allotted to 2 groups. Group I was housed on a clay floor throughout the study and group II was housed on metal slats until weaned and then on concrete. Radiographs of the right thoracic limb of the animals were made 7 times during the experimental period and of the right thoracic and pelvic limbs at necropsy. Selected sections of the physeal regions of the distal part of the radius, metacarpus, metatarsus, and rib were examined microscopically. The physes of the limbs in the 2 groups had eosinophilic streaks and patches which originated in the germinal zone and were associated with blood vessels. These foci varied from small streaks parallel to the chondrocyte columns to multiple horizontal branching patches in which cleft formation and necrosis interrupted the physis, resulting in osseous bridging. Remnants of necrotic cartilage or cartilage containing hypertrophied chondrocytes were located in the metaphysis adjacent to the areas of physeal disruption. Multiple undulations of the physes with variations in thickness and orientation of the chondrocyte columns occurred in the physes of all limbs examined. These areas did not interrupt the physis and were not associated with metaphyseal lesions. The ribs in both groups had focal areas of failure of endochondral ossification characterized by elongation of the hypertrophied zone, accumulation of fibrin and hemorrhage in the zone of provisional calcification, and retention of cartilage within the metaphysis. The distribution of lesions within individual calves and the morphologic character of the lesions were consistent with the changes described for osteochondrosis. The tendency for more severe and more numerous lesions in group II indicates that the hard flooring may exacerbate the lesions of osteochondrosis.
Effect of combined rotavirus and Escherichia coli in neonatal gnotobiotic calves
Authors: Torres-Medina Alfonso 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gnotobiotic calves (24 hours old) were monoinfected with calf rotavirus (crv) strain NCDV, an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strain B44 (K99 + ), or a nonenterotoxigenic Ε coli (netec) strain 123 (K99-). Calves also were dually infected with crv and either etec or netec. Eighteen calves equally allotted between 6 treatment groups were used in these studies: Noninfected controls—group A; crv—group B; etec—group C; netec-—group D; crv + etec—group E; and crv + netec—group F. Severe diarrhea and villous atrophy were observed in calves of treatment groups B, C, E, and F. Mortality was present only in treatment groups C and Ε as result of etec infection. There were no significant deferences in the clinical responses or enteric lesions between treatments B and F, although a significant increase in the concentrations of netec was demonstrated in calves dually infected with crv + netec (group F) as compared with calves monoinfected with netec (group D). Calves inoculated with etec (group C) had severe villous atrophy, neutrophilic infiltration of intestinal lumen, and moderate enterocyte necrosis. Calves dually inoculated with crv + etec (group E) had the most extensive and severe lesions, similar to those in group C, plus a pronounced necrotic fibrino-hemorrhagic enteritis. Infection of enterocytes by crv did not affect in any way the adherence of etec to the intestinal mucosa. Dual viral and bacterial infections of the same enterocytes were evident.
Effect of rotavirus and/or Escherichia coli infection on the aggregated lymphoid follicles in the small intestine of neonatal gnotobiotic calves
Authors: Torres-Medina Alfonso 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of rotavirus and/or Escherichia coli infections on the follicle-associated epithelium (fae or M cells) of the domes of the aggregated lymphoid follicles (alf, or Peyer's patches) of gnotobiotic calves was evaluated by light, scanning electron, transmission electron, and immunofluorescence microscopies. Calf rotavirus (crv) infection produced loss of fae cell microvilli, and virions were observed in cytoplasmic vacuoles of fae cells, as well as in intercellular spaces between fae cells and lymphoid cells migrating through the dome epithelium. The crv particles appeared to have entered the fae cells by phagocytosis, with no subsequent cytoplasmic replication. Enterotoxigenic Ε coli (etec) induced more severe alterations including marked microvilli loss and ballooning in the fae cells. There was no adhesion to, or colonization of fae cells by etec, but bacteria were observed free or phagocytized within the dome and the germinal centers of the alf. There were no etec observed in the cytoplasm of fae cells. The presence of nonenterotoxigenic Ε coli (netec) in the intestine of calves had no effect on the intestinal fae cells. The addition of netec to crv infections did not enhance or modify in any way the response of fae cells to the viral infection; however, the combination of crv + etec produced severe necrosis of the fae cells, and loss of dome epithelium of alf.
Effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on leukocyte and platelet counts, fibrinogen concentrations, and blood clotting in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient neonatal calves
Authors: Deldar A. , Naylor J. M. , Bloom J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of a single iv injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin on hemogram and clotting function were compared in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient neonatal calves. Before endotoxin administration, the 2 groups of calves only differed in their prothrombin times. After endotoxin administration, there were significant differences (P < 0.005) between colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient calves in total leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, nonsegmented neutrophil, and lymphocyte (P < 0.05) counts and partial thromboplastin time. Significant time dependent changes were observed in the aforementioned parameters and in platelet count and fibrinogen concentration.
Seemingly, colostrum feeding improved the calf's ability to respond to endotoxin challenge exposure probably because of improved granulopoietic activity.