bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis thaliana Sucrose Transporter Gene AtSUC4 is Expressed in Meloidogyne incognita‐induced Root Galls
Authors: Hofmann Julia , Kolev Petia , Kolev Nikolay , Daxböck‐Horvath Sabine , Grundler Florian M. W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita is as an obligate parasite entirely dependent on the plants solute supply. Therefore, the nematodes induce the formation of several giant cells which are embedded into root galls. At present only little information is available about the solute transfer mechanisms of the plants to supply the induced galls and giant cells and consequently the nematodes. In the present work we could show by phloem‐loading experiments that giant cells in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana are not symplasmically connected to the phloem elements, thus differing considerably form the comparable plant–nematode interaction of Arabidopsis and Heterodera schachtii. Consequently the gene expression of the sucrose transporter AtSUC4 (AtSUT4) was studied during nematode development, and its functionality was shown using RNAi gene silencing lines.
Inhibitory Effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR‐462 on Phytophthora capsici Causing Phytophthora Blight in Chili Pepper
Authors: Kim Sang Gyu , Khan Zakaullah , Jeon Yong Ho , Kim Young Ho 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the present work 25 strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa isolated from rotted ginseng roots were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora capsici in vitro. Based on antimicrobial activity, 15 strains categorized as strongly antimicrobial, among them GBR‐462 was found as the most active, and five strains each as weekly antimicrobial and no antimicrobial. Antimicrobial activity was influenced by the initial inoculum density, as strains of P. polymyxa with a strong antimicrobial activity (including P. polymyxa GBR‐462) showed the antimicrobial activity against P. capsici and could form biofilm only when they were applied at the higher initial inoculums, 108 cfu/ml. No inhibitory effect was noted on the mycelial growth and zoospore germination of the pathogen when applied at the lower inoculum density of 106 cfu/ml of P. polymyxa GBR‐462. However, sporangium formation and zoospore release was significantly inhibited at the lower inoculum density. Also light and electron microscopy revealed the structures of sporangia aberrant with no or few healthy nuclei, indicating sporangium and zoospore formation inhibited at the lower inoculum density. Application of P. polymyxa GBR‐462 into potted soil suppressed disease progression as well as disease severity; disease severity was reduced by 30% as compared to untreated pots, suggesting P. polymyxa GBR‐462 could be a potential biocontrol agent against Phytopthora capsici.
Nematicidal Activity of Honokiol and Magnolol Isolated from Magnolia tripetala
Authors: Li Guo‐Hong , Dang Li‐Zhi , Hong Lin‐Jun , Zheng Li‐Jun , Liu Fang‐Fang , Li Lei , Liu Ya‐Jun , Zhang Ke‐Qin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEthyl acetate extract of the branches of Magnolia tripetala exhibited nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Two nematicidal phenolic compounds magnolol (1) and honokiol (2) were isolated from the extract based on bioassay‐guided fractionation. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of compounds 1–2 were 149.3 and 63.7 mg/l, respectively, against B. xylophilus, 74.5 and 75.9 mg/l, respectively, against P. redivivus, 64.7 and 57.8 mg/l, respectively, against C. elegans at 48 h.
Molecular Characterization and Distribution ofCucumber green mottle mosaic virusin China
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Yanan , Wang Xifeng , Zhou Guanghe 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) is an emerging virus on watermelon in China. We report here the almost complete nucleotide sequence and the characterization of the genome of a Chinese isolate (CGMMV‐LN). Nucleotide sequence comparisons showed CGMMV‐LN is closely related to CGMMV‐KOM, with 99.4% identity. On the basis of the nucleotide sequence, a digoxigenin‐labelled cDNA probe CG, complementary to the replicase gene region of CGMMV was synthesized. The specificity and sensitivity of the probe was tested. The detection limit of the method was equivalent to 0.8 μg fresh tissues infected by CGMMV. Two hundreds and eighteen watermelon samples collected from different regions in China during 2006–2007 were tested by this method. The distribution pattern of CGMMV in China during these years was revealed. The virus has spread in five provinces of China so far, including Liaoning, Hebei, Guangdong, Hubei and Shandong and might be an increasing tendency, which provides important information for CGMMV control in China.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MODULATORY ROLE OF THE EPITHELIUM IN SHEEP AIRWAY
Authors: Hatziefthimiou A , Kiritsi M , Kiropoulou C , Vasilaki A , Sakellaridis N , Molyvdas P‐A 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The airway epithelium may modulate smooth muscle responsiveness via the release of biologically active substances, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins. Based on regional differences in structure and function described for the airway epithelium, we performed a comparative study on the responsiveness of sheep isolated, epithelium‐intact or ‐denuded, first‐ to fourth‐order bronchi to acetylcholine (ACh).
We performed contractility studies using KCl or cholinergic stimuli in the presence or absence of NO or prostaglandin‐related drugs in epithelium‐intact and epithelium‐denuded bronchial strips obtained from all four airway regions. We also studied the expression of NO synthase (NOS), using the NADPH‐diaphorase staining technique, and the effect of airway epithelium removal on the synthesis of NO metabolites in the different bronchi orders.
There was no difference in the response of first‐ to fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi to ACh (1 nmol/L–100 mmol/L) or KCl (5–100 mmol/L). Removal of the epithelium had no effect on ACh‐induced contractions of first‐ and second‐order bronchi, but increased responses of third‐ and fourth‐order bronchi to ACh. The NO synthase inhibitor NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (100 µmol/L) increased ACh‐induced contractions of fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi only. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (1 nmol/L–1 mmol/L) equally relaxed 1 µmol/L carbachol‐precontracted epithelium‐denuded first‐ and fourth‐order bronchi.
Although NAPDH–diaphorase staining demonstrated no regional differences in NOS expression, basal levels of NO metabolites were 4.5‐fold greater in fourth‐ compared with second‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi.
The cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 µmol/L) had no effect on ACh‐induced contractions of first‐ to fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi, but decreased responses of fourth‐order epithelium‐denuded bronchi to ACh. The contractile effect of the thromboxane A2 mimetic U‐46619 (1 nmol/L–10 µmol/L) was greater in fourth‐ compared with first‐order epithelium‐denuded bronchi.
In conclusion, the sheep airway epithelium exhibits regional differences in its modulatory role and this is particularly apparent in small bronchi.
PODOCYTE INJURY IS SUPPRESSED BY 1,25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 VIA MODULATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR‐β1/BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN‐7 SIGNALLING IN PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROPATHY RATS
Authors: Xiao Hou‐Qin , Shi Wei , Liu Shuang‐Xin , Zhang Bin , Xu Li‐Xia , Liang Xin‐Ling , Liang Yong‐Zheng 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin D and its analogues are renoprotective. However, the precise mechanisms and the molecular targets by which active vitamin D exerts its beneficial effects remain obscure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of active vitamin D on rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy, a model that is characterized by predominant podocyte injury.
The PAN nephropathy rats were created by a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg PAN. Changes in renal pathology and podocyte numbers were observed. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine mRNA expression of nephrin, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐7. Protein expression of nephrin, TGF‐β1, BMP‐7 and p‐Smad2/3 and p‐Smad1/5/8 was examined by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. Rats were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 by gastric gavage at a dose of 2.5 µg/kg per day, starting 2 days before PAN injection and continuing throughout the experiment.
A single injection of PAN induced massive proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine on Day 7, both of which were significantly suppressed by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Immunofluorescence and real‐time PCR of the podocyte‐associated protein nephrin revealed reduced and discontinuous staining and this change was reversed by 1,25(OH)2D3. In PAN nephropathy rats, TGF‐β1 and p‐Smad2/3 expression was upregulated, whereas that of BMP‐7 and p‐Smad1/5/8 was downregulated. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly restored BMP‐7/Smad signalling while suppressing TGF‐β1/Smad signalling.
In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2D3 can ameliorate podocyte damage and proteinuria induced by PAN. The beneficial effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on podocytes may be attributable, in part, to direct modulation of TGF‐β1/BMP‐7 signalling.
Encounters between adolescents and general practice in Australia
Authors: Booth Michael L , Knox Stephanie , Kang Melissa 
Published: December 2008

Aim:  To describe the nature of the encounters between adolescents and general practice in Australia.Methods:  Data collected by the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health programme from 1998–2004 were analysed. Data for 10–14‐year‐old and 15–19‐year‐old males and females were compared with data for 25–29‐year‐olds. The outcome measures included: number of encounters compared with other age groups, reasons for encounter, problems managed, treatments prescribed and referrals made for key problems and types of consultations.Results:  Adolescents have the lowest rate of encounter with general practice, compared with all other age groups. Respiratory, skin, musculoskeletal and unspecified (fever, injury, weakness) problems accounted for the great majority of reasons for encounter and problems managed. Management of mental health problems, preventive health care and health education were very infrequently managed problems. Standard surgery consultations were more common among adolescents than among young adults.Conclusions:  Adolescents have a relatively low rate of encounter with general practice and the problems managed are primarily physical ailments. There is great scope to improve delivery of preventive health care and to increase management of mental health problems.
PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON AMYLOIDOSIS – MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LONG‐TERM CULTURED SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF NORMAL AND AMYLOID LIVER OF MICE –
Authors: Iwata Takako 
Published: December 2008

In order to obtain an isolated cell culture of reticuloendothelial cells the mouse liver has been digested by Pronase and cultured up to one year. Propagated cells in vitro have shown four different cell types; remarkable phagocytically active cells‐type I; giant cells‐type II; less phagocytically active cells‐type III; and epithelial cells‐type IV. These cells of types I, II and III have been considered to be of sinusoidal endothelial origin and the diminution of phagocytic activity in propagated cells after long‐term cultivation in vitro has been regarded to be the result of adaptation to the in vitro environment.By means of the cultivation of amyloid liver of mice, synthesis of amyloid by sinusoidal endothelial cells has been observed and a close relationship between reticuloendothelial cells and amyloid has been proved in vitro.
A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF DEEP MYCOSES IN JAPAN, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO AUTOPSY CASES OF CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Authors: Kanda Mikio , Moriyama Masayuki , Ikeda Masao , Kojima Sekiya , Tokunaga Masayoshi , Watanabe Goro 
Published: December 2008

Two thousand four hundred and fifty‐four autopsy cases of various mycoses were reported during the twelve‐year period from 1958 to 1969. These account for 1.203 % of all cases reported in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cascs in Japan during the said period.The results of a statistical survey of deep mycoses in Japan as viewed from findings in a long series of autopsy cases are briefly described. It is noteworthy that (1) there is a nation‐wide distribution of mycoses throughout the country, where the most frequently affected organ was noted to be the esophagus for Candida and the lungs for Aspergillus and Cryptococcus, respectively; (2) common mycoses show a trend toward progressive increase in incidence whereas mucormycosis displays a tendency to decrease; and (3) frequently coexistent conditions which underlie secondary deep mycoses, especially leukemia, malignant lymphoma and aplastic anemia, were observed to show a conspicuous trend to diminish in incidence when viewed from ratios to total numbers of autopsy cases of respective diseases.
MYXOPAPILLARY EPENDYMOMA OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE
Authors: Sato Hiromichi , Ohmura Koichi , Mizushima Mutsue , Ito Jishu , Kuyama Hideyuki 
Published: December 2008

Reported was the first case of myxopapillary ependymoma arising from the right lateral ventricle of a 29‐year‐old Japanese male. The histological and ultrastructural findings were identical to those from the filum terminale.It was suggested that insudation of plasma proteins found within hyaline‐thickened blood vessels in the tumor stroma represented the presence of previous long‐standing anoxia and thus, circulatory disturbance would be closely related to the formation of the stromal myxoid change.
Pathological studies on sarcoidosis autopsy. II. Early change, mode of progression and death pattern
Authors: Iwai Kazuro , Takemura Tamiko , Kitaici Masanori , Kawabata Yoshinori , Matsui Yasuo 
Published: December 2008

Three hundred and twenty autopsy cases of sarcoidosis in Japan were analyzed to determine the pathological changes in the early stage, the mode of progression in each organ and the changes in the final stage of the disease.The lung and the mediastinal lymph nodes were affected in most of the cases, while the lesions were limited to the lung and intrathoracic nodes in some of the cases. It was suspected that early changes developed in the lung and in the hilar, and then in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The progression of sarcoid granulomas in the lung was classified into three patterns: (i) probably of a disseminated hematogenous nature; (ii) of an interstitial lymphogenous nature; and (iii) of a local expansive nature. These three patterns were observed also in the heart. In the brain, perivascular granuloma formation was a prominent feature. In the other organs in which sarcoid lesions were not malignant nor disseminated and conglomerated, no interstitial patterns were observed.In chronic cases, repeated dissemination and particularly the interstitial spread of granulomatous changes led to a prominent interstitial fibrosis and dysfunction of the organs, finally resulting in death of the individual. In such longstanding cases, the mediastinal nodes deteriorated by hyalinous degeneration of the granulomas, and many active granulomas were formed in the intra‐abdominal or body surface lymph nodes. These lymph nodes were likely to continue supplying sensitized lymphocytes to the whole body. A persistence of active change in the lymph nodes and the lymphogenous spread of granulomas in organs would appear to be key factors in the prognosis of sarcoidosis.
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary tract
Authors: Murata Tetsuya , Soga Toshihiko , Tajima Kazuhiro , Saito Kaoru , Komeda Yoshinori , Loshii Sergio Ossamu , Shiraishi Taizo , Sakakura Teruyo , Yatani Ryuichl 
Published: December 2008

Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare variant of malignant tumor arising from the urinary tract. This tumor had been termed carcinosarcoma because of its carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. There is still some confusion in the terminology between true carcinosarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma; however, the latter is now regarded as primarily a malignant epithelial tumor with pseudosarcomatous transformation.Four cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma arising from the urinary tract are reported. The patients were a 77 year old female, and three males aged 62, 69 and 80 years. All but the eldest patient complained of gross hematurla. Surgical removal was performed in the younger three cases, and an autopsy was done in the remaining case. All the tumors were macroscopically polypoid. Histopathologic examination revealed fasciculated spindle‐cell tumors with myxold stroma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma‐like spindle cell tumors. The epithelial nature was proven in these sarcomatous cells by immunohistochemical andlor electron‐microscopic examinations. Only a small amount of squamous cell carcinoma components was also evident in the latter three cases. Although the younger three patients were alive at 44, 23 and 39 months’follow‐up, respectively, constant careful monitoring Is recommended.
Localization of metallothionein in aged human brain
Authors: Suzuki Keiji , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Otaki Noriko , Kimura Masami , Kawaharada Umeko , Uehara Katsuyoshi , Hara Fumiko , Nakazato Yoichi , Takatama Masamitu 
Published: December 2008

The localization of metallothionein (MT), a small molecular weight heavy metal binding protein in aged human brain, was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques. The amount of MT and heavy metals (Zn, Cu) were also assayed by radioimmunoassay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Immunohistochemically, MT was found in the pia mater, ependymal cells, protoplasmic astrocytes nand glial processes neuropil of the gray matter and fibrous astrocytes of the white matter of the telencephalon, whereas oligodendroglia and microglia did not show any positive immunostaining for MT. Cytoplasm, glial processes and some nuclei of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes showed strong MT immunostaining. Vascular feet and adventitia were also positive for MT immunostaining. Moreover, the pia mater, astrocytes and ependyma in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord showed the same positive immunostaining for MT as the telencephalon. In the cerebellum, Bergmann's glia, protoplasmic astrocytes of the granular layer and fibrous astrocytes of the white matter showed strongly positive immunostaining for MT.According to the radioimmunoassay, the amount of MT in the brain was relatively high at about 39.3 ± 9.5 μg/g wet weight; of the heavy metals in the brain, zinc and copper were detected.
Discarding antimicrobial prophylaxis for transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A feasibility study
Authors: Yokoyama Minato , Fujii Yasuhisa , Yoshida Soichiro , Saito Kazutaka , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  To evaluate the feasibility of discarding antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).Methods:  One‐hundred and sixty‐two patients undergoing TURBT, with no risk factors for infectious complications were included in this prospective study between April 2006 and April 2008. Forty‐four patients received single oral dose of 200 mg levofloxacin for AMP (LVFX group), and the remaining 118 received no AMP (no AMP group). Rates of postoperative infectious complications were compared between the two groups.Results:  There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, history of TURBT, number of tumors, duration of operation and days of catheterization. Symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) occurred in four patients (3.4%) in the no AMP group and one patient (2.3%) in the LVFX group (P = 0.61). All patients having UTIs were men, and were successfully treated by immediate administration of antibiotics. No patients developed extra‐urinary tract infections.Conclusions:  Based on our findings, AMP for TURBT in patients with no risk factors for infectious complications is not necessary. The use of antibiotics might be deferred until postoperative infections develop.
Description of fatigue damage in carbon black filled natural rubber
Authors: LE CAM J.‐B. , HUNEAU B. , VERRON E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe present paper describes macroscopic fatigue damage in carbon black‐filled natural rubber (CB‐NR) under uniaxial loading conditions. Uniaxial tension‐compression, fully relaxing uniaxial tension and non‐relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions were applied until sample failure. Results, summarized in a Haigh‐like diagram, show that only one type of fatigue damage is observed for uniaxial tension‐compression and fully relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions, and that several different types of fatigue damage take place in non‐relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions. The different damage types observed under non‐relaxing uniaxial tension, loading conditions are closely related to the improvement of rubber fatigue life. Therefore, as fatigue life improvement is classically supposed to be due to strain‐induced crystallization (SIC), a similar conclusion can be drawn for the occurrence of different types of fatigue damage.
A cyanobacterial AbrB‐like protein affects the apparent photosynthetic affinity for CO2 by modulating low‐CO2‐induced gene expression
Authors: Lieman‐Hurwitz Judy , Haimovich Maya , Shalev‐Malul Gali , Ishii Ai , Hihara Yukako , Gaathon Ariel , Lebendiker Mario , Kaplan Aaron 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, over 450 genes are upregulated following transfer of the cells from a high (1–5% CO2 in air, HC) to a low level of CO2 (as in air or lower, LC). This includes sbtA, ndhF3 and cmpA involved in inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake. Earlier studies implicated NdhR in the regulation of LC‐induced genes but there are indications that additional components are involved. Following extraction of proteins from cells grown under HC and (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, we have identified LexA and two AbrB‐like proteins, Sll0359 and Sll0822, which bind to a fragment of the sbtA promoter. Using extracts prepared from LC‐grown cells, Sll0822 did not bind to the sbtA promoter despite its presence in the cells, suggesting that it may serve as a repressor of LC‐induced genes. This is supported by the fact that sbtA, ndhF3 and cmpA normally expressed only under LC in the wild‐type are transcribed under both HC and LC in a Δsll0822 mutant. When grown under HC this mutant exhibits an elevated apparent photosynthetic affinity to Ci, typically observed in the wild‐type only under LC. Clearly, expression of genes essential for Ci uptake was sufficient to raise the apparent photosynthetic affinity for external Ci.