bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Pond Waters
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Gross Amit 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of waters from ten channel catfish ponds at Auburn, Alabama, revealed that the 5‐d BOD (BOD5) seldom exceeded 8 mg/L and that the ultimate BOD (BODu) was usually less than 30 mg/L. Water samples from catfish ponds usually needed to be diluted only 2 or 3 times to permit BOD5 measurements, and nitrification occurred even during a 5‐d incubation period. Catfish pond waters were not extremely high in ammonia nitrogen concentration, and ammonia nitrogen introduced in the ammonium chloride‐enriched dilution water caused an appreciable increase in BOD of some samples. Plankton respiration is a major component of carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) in catfish pond waters. Thus, the BOD is not expressed as rapidly during 5‐d incubations as in typical waste‐water. The ultimate BOD (BODu) would be a good measurement of oxygen demand for catfish pond effluents, but it is difficult to measure. Data from this study suggest that BODu can be estimated from BOD5, but the correlation is not strong (R2= 0.62). An alternative is to develop a short‐term BOD measurement specifically for effluents from channel catfish and other aquaculture ponds. This study suggests that a 10‐d BOD conducted without nitrification inhibition or addition of ammonia nitrogen in dilution water might be a better alternative to standard BOD5 or BODu measurements normally used in wastewater evaluation.
Evaluation of Practical Diets with Various Levels of Dietary Protein and Animal Protein for Pond‐Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Li Meng H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree levels of dietary protein (26, 28, or 32%) and four levels of animal protein (0, 2, 4, or 6%) were evaluated in a factorial experiment for pond‐raised channel caffish using practical‐type extruded feeds. Meat, bone, and blood meal (65% protein) was used as the animal protein source. Channel catfish fingerlings (average weight: 69 glfish) were stocked into 48 0.04‐ha ponds at a rate of 24,700 fishha. Four ponds were used for each dietary treatment. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 158 d. No differences were observed in weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, survival, and hematocrits of channel catfish fed diets containing various levels of dietary protein and animal protein. Inclusion of animal protein in the diet did not affect fish dressout, percentage visceral fat, or fillet composition. Comparison of means pooled by dietary protein without regard to animal protein showed that fish fed diets containing 26% protein had a lower percentage dressout than fish fed higher protein diets (55.4% vs. 56.3%). Fish fed the 32% protein diet had lower visceral fat than those fed the 26% or 28% protein diet (2.9% vs. 3.6% or 3.4%). Fillet fat was lower for fish fed the 32% protein diet than for fish fed the 26% protein diet (5.8% vs. 7.1%). Fillet fat in fish fed the 28% protein diet (6.5%) was not different from fish fed either 26% or 32% dietary protein. No differences were detected in fillet protein, moisture, and ash concentrations among fish fed diets containing various concentrations of protein. There were no interactions between dietary protein and animal protein for any variables. Results from the present study indicate that animal protein can be eliminated from diets for grow out of channel catfish fed to apparent satiation using diets containing 26% to 32% crude protein.
Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Techniques for Measuring Absorption Efficiencies of Sea Urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) Using Prepared Feeds
Authors: Lares M. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMeasurement of absorption efficiencies is essential for evaluating feeds for the culture of marine invertebrates. There are currently several direct and indirect techuiques that may be used for measuring absorption efficiencies in sea urchins. Three of these methods were evaluated and compared. Based on this evaluation, the conditions under which each technique should be used are reviewed. Direct measures require complete fecal collection and should not be used for estimating absorption efficiency. Ash can be used as a marker to estimate absorption efficiencies under most circumstances, but absorption efficiencies tend to be overestimated as the inorganic fraction decreases slightly with passage through the gut. Chromic oxide can only be used as a marker for estimating absorption efficiencies when complete fecal collection is made, as it may pass through the gut at a different rate than the rest of the egesta.
Larval Rearing of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio: A Comparision Between Natural and Artificial Diets Under Three Stocking Densities
Authors: Sharma J. G. , Chakrabarti Rina 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCommon carp Cyprinus carpio larvae were cultured under two feeding conditions: live food or an artificial diet for 40 d in recirculating systems. Three stocking densities of 25 (low), 50 (medium), and 100 (high) larvae/15‐L aquarium were maintained for each feeding treatment. Significantly higher survival (91%) and growth (401.08 ± 2.61 mg) were observed in the low density, live food system. Average weight of larvae in the live food system was 3‐ to 5‐fold higher than larvae at the same stocking density for the artificial diet. Proteolytic activity showed a direct relationship with the length of the digestive tract (r = 0.95). The highest enzyme activity was observed in the low density, live food system. Survival and growth of common carp larvae are influenced by both the stocking density and the type of food.
Remediation of Cayuga Syndrome in Landlocked Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Using Egg and Sac‐Fry Bath Treatments of Thiamine‐Hydrochloride
Authors: Wooster Gregory A. , Bowser Paul R. , Brown Scott B. , Fisher Jeffrey P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA lethal thiamine deficiency, termed Cayuga Syndrome (CS), affects larval landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in several of New York's Finger Lakes. This syndrome has been linked to a maternal diet of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus that have high thiaminase concentrations within them and were not endemic to the Finger Lakes. We evaluated thiamine bath treatments at a range of concentrations for remediation of the syndrome (CS) by treating eggs during water‐hardening or sac‐fry at the onset of CS when clinical signs such as yolk sac and cerebral edema, vascular and mandibular abnormalities, and in particular when abnormal swimming, lethargy and yolk sac oppacities, first became evident. Concentrations of thiamine in sac‐fry from both treatments were elevated by a single 1‐h exposure of eggs or sac‐fry in a thaimine bath. Thiamine concentrations of at least 1,000 mg/L. during water hardening, or 10,000 mg/L if treated as moribund sac‐ky, were necessary to almost eliminate syndrome‐related mortality. When post‐treatment total thiamine tissue concentrations (i.e., the sum of thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine mono‐phosphate and free thiamine) approached or exceeded a threshold of 0.8 nmol/g sac‐fry in the sac‐fry, mortality due to CS was significantly reduced. Earlier treatment at the egg hardening stage may provide a greater likelihood of avoiding long term effects of the deficiency.
A Profound Effect of Hyperthermia on Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles Infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus
Authors: Vidal Oscar M. , Granja Clarlssa B. , Aranguren Fernando , Brock James A. , Salazar Marcela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to examine the effect of increasing seawater temperature on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection in juvenile Pacific White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Infection by WSSV was achieved using two methods, intramuscular injection and per os (oral) administration. Forty injected and 20 per os infected animals were kept in heated tanks at 32.3 ± 0.8 C, and the same number of WSSV infected animals were maintained in tanks at ambient temperature (25.8 ± 0.7 C). Despite the route of exposure, there were no survivors among the animals kept at ambient temperature; whereas, in heated tanks the survival of the WSSV infected juvenile shrimp was always above 80%, suggesting the existence of a beneficial effect from hyperthermia that mitigated the progression of WSSV disease. Moreover, this beneficial effect was not attributable to viral inactivation. Infected animals kept at 32 C had histologically detectable lymphoid organ spheroids suggestive of a chronic viral infection but were PCR negative (hemolymph) for WSSV. These findings might be related to low viral replication in WSSV‐infected shrimp held at the higher environmental temperature. When the WSSV‐infected shrimp were transferred from 32 C to ambient temperature, the mortality from WSSV ensued and was always 100%. Although the mechanism related to the beneficial effect of heating was not determined, our results indicate that increasing the water temperature modifies dramatically the natural history of the WSSV disease and the survival curves of WSSV‐infected juvenile Pacific White shrimp.
Effects of Dietary Chlorella ellipsoidea Supplementation on Growth, Blood Characteristics, and Whole‐Body Composition in Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Kim Kang‐Woong , Bai Sungchul C. , Koo Ja‐Wan , Wang Xiaojie , Kim Se‐Kwon 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chlorella powder (C) supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics, and whole‐body composition in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four experimental diets were supplemented with C at 0, 1, 2 and 4% (C0, C1, C2, and C4) on a dry‐weight basis. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 1.13 ± 0.02 g (Mean ± SD) were randomly distributed in each aquarium and fed one of four experimental diets for 12 wk. After 12 wk of the feeding trial, fish fed C2 diet had higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than did fish fed C0 and C1 diets (P 0.05); however, there was no significant difference among fish fed C1 and C4 diets, and among fish fed C2 and C4 diets (P > 0.05). Fish fed C2 and C4 diets had a lower serum cholesterol level than did fish fed C0 and C1 diets (P 0.05). Fish fed C2 and C4 diets had a lower body fat than did fish fed C0 (P 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 2%Chlorella powder in the commercial diets could improve growth, feed utilization, serum cholesterol level, and whole‐body fat contents in juvenile Japanese flounder.
Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients and Nutritional Value of Poultry By‐product Meals for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Measured in vivo Using Settlement
Authors: Cheng Zongjia J. , Hardy Ronald W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFish meal production is not growing worldwide, therefore, it is important to search for alternative protein sources. Three types of poultry by‐product meals (feed grade, prime, and refined) and two fish meals (herring and menhaden) were mixed into a casein‐gelatin purified reference diet at 30% to measure apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. A total of 90 fish (initial mean body weight 294.6 ± 10.7 g) were stocked into six 140‐L fiberglass digestibility tanks at 15 fish per tank. Individual tanks were assigned randomly to each of the five experimental diets and the reference diet. Fecal collection by settlement lasted for 2 wk. Feces collected in each week represented a replicate, and they were analyzed separately. The ADCs of nutrients for herring meal, menhaden meal, feed grade poultry by‐product meal, prime poultry by‐product meal, and refined poultry by‐product meal were: dry matter, 81.3, 70.9, 70.9, 71.5, and 74.5%, respectively (P= 0.0168); crude protein, 89.8, 85.8, 83.1, 84.8, and 87.1%, respectively (P= 0.0032); crude fat, 91.5, 90.7, 79.7, 82.7, and 79.9%, respectively (P= 0.0004); ash, 76.6, 66.2, 74.1, 77.4, and 79.6%, respectively (P = 0.2880); phosphorus, 58.2, 46.9, 49.4, 45.8, and 56.0%, respectively (P = 0.0143); gross energy, 88.2, 84.0, 81.9, 83.4, and 79.8%, respectively (P= 0.2466). Significant differences in ADCs of essential amino acid existed only for arginine, leucine, and tryptophan when comparing refined poultry by‐product meal with herring meal. Results showed that refined poultry by‐product meal had similar ADC values to herring meal, thus, it has a similar nutritional value and can replace portions of herring meal in rainbow trout feeds. Furthermore, differences exist in ADC values among grades of poultry by‐product meals that should dictate appropriate use levels in rainbow trout feeds.
The Effect of Exogenous Hormone Treatment on Spermiation in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry)
Authors: Park I.‐S. , Choi G. C. , Kim D. S. , Nam Y. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor the evaluation of hormonal control of spermiation in fish, a method to quanify the spermiation response of mature Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry) to hormonal therapy is described. Spermatocrit was determined after 7 min centrifugation at 18,000 ±g and sperm density was estimated by a standard hemocytomer method. Sperm density can be predicted from spermatocrit since their relationship is linear as described by the regression equation, Y = 3.68X ‐ 27.18 (R2= 0.82, N= 50). where Y is spermatocrit and × is sperm density. Milt production by mature R. oxycephalus was highest at 24 h after injection of 1,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and 50 μg luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) per kg body weight. Increased milt production coincided with low spermatocrit and sperm density levels. These results demonstrate that spermiation in mature R. oxycephalus can be reliably evaluated by a spermatocrit method and that HCG and LHRHa are effective in stimulating of spermiation in this species.
Diel Variation in RNA/DNA Ratios of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Gwak Woo‐Seok 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLaboratory‐reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae (11.2 ± 0.2 mm total length; age 26 d) were sampled over a 48‐h period to determine any diel patterns in RNA/DNA ratios. RNA/DNA ratios were highest during daytime periods (0800, 1100, 1400, 1700, 2000 h) and significantly reduced at night (2300, 0200, 0500 h). Findings from this study indicate a diel variation in biochemical condition and suggest that special care should be taken in sampling design and data analysis to account for this source of variability.
Mass Production of Juveniles of the Fat Snook Centropomus parallelus in Brazil
Authors: Alvarez‐Lajonchegre Luis , Cerqueira Vinicius R. , Silva Israel D. , Araujo Jaqueline , Reis Marcosdos 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA pilot‐scale trial to rear fat snook Centropomus parallelus through larval, weaning and nursery phases was conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil. Eggs (96% fertilization) from captive broodstock, induced to spawn using 50 μg/kg LHRHa were stocked in two 4,000‐L cylindrical fiberglass tanks at a mean density of 19.2 eggs/L. Nannochloropsis oculata was stocked with the eggs and maintained at a mean density of 0.5–1.0 ± 106 cells/mL up to 31 dph (31 dph). Hatching averaged 90%. Larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis enriched with an oil emulsion from 3 dph to 36 dph (30–40 rotifers/mL) and Artermia meta‐nauplii enriched with Selco from 22 dph to 60 dph (mean 2.9 meta‐nauplii/mL). Weaning began at 45 dph with an artificial dry diet NRG (50% protein), supplied together with concentrated and enriched Artemia meta‐nauplii. No critical period of mortality was observed during larval rearing. During the 43 days of weaning and nursery, less than 1% mortality was recorded. Food conversion rate during nursery was 1.17, with a change in the coefficient of variation of mean total length of 1.3%. Specific total growth rate in weight was 13.0 %/d and mean growth in total length and total weight were 0.65 mm/d and 24.0 mg/d over the whole rearing trial respectively. Mean total length and total weight of juveniles were 57.6 ± 0.1 mm and 2.11 ± 0.12 g, respectively, and the length‐weight relationship was W = 8.29931 ± 10–5 TL3.049607 (r= 0.9986). on 88 dph when the trial was terminated. The condition factor on 88 dph was 1.104. On 88 dph a total of 35,000 juveniles were harvested, overall survival was 25.5% with mean final density of 4.4 fishn and biomass of 6.9 kg/m3. The present trial demonstrated the feasibility of mass production of fat snook. Possible improvements necessary for commercial cultivation of fat snook C. parallelus are discussed.
Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Number of Meals on Growth and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) During Summer and Winter Seasons
Authors: Cho Sung Hwoan , Jo Jae‐Yoon 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo feeding trials (experiments 1 and 2) were conducted to determine the combined effect of dietary energy levels (low energy, LE and high energy, HE) and number of daily meals (one meal with the entire daily amount, two meals with half of the daily amount, and three meals with one‐third of the daily amount) on the growth and body composition of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in a recirculating system at different water temperatures, representing winter and summer seasons. In experiment 1 (winter), weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary energy levels, but not by number of meals. Weight gain and SGR for fish fed the LE diet one daily meal were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for fish fed the HE diet in one daily meal. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and energy efficiency ratio (EER) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary energy levels, but not by number of meals. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by either dietary energy levels or number of meals. However, protein retention was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by both dietary energy levels and number of meals. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipid, and ash) of fish muscle was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by either dietary energy levels or number of meals. However, visceral fat content was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary energy levels, but not by number of meals. In experiment 2 (summer), weight gain and SGR were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by number of meals, but not by dietary energy levels. Weight gain and SGR for fish fed the LE and HE diets in two daily meals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed one daily meal. FER and PER were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by number of meals, but not by dietary energy levels. The highest FER and PER were observed in fish fed two daily meals. EER was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by both dietary energy levels and number of meals. Moisture and protein content of the whole fish were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by either dietary energy levels or number of meals. Lipid content was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary energy levels, but not by number of meals. Based on the results of these experiments, Nile tilapia should not be fed high‐energy diets to improve fish performance even under a limited feed allowance during winter or summer. Fish grew rapidly when fed two daily meals during summer, but number of meals had no effect on fish performance during winter.
Acid and Fermented Silage Characterization and Determination of Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Crude Protein for Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus
Authors: Vidoiti Rose Meire , Carneiro Dalton Jose , Viegas Elisabete Maria Macedo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree types of raw materials including commercial waste from saltwater (SW), freshwater fish (FW) and tilapia fillet residue (FR) were used to produce fish silage by either acid digestion (2% formic acid and 2% sulfuric acid) or anaerobic fermentation (5% of Lactobacillus plantarum and 15% sugar cane molasses). Six test diets were used in digestibility trials prepared with 70% reference diet and 30% of each experimental silage. These diets were fed to juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (146 g average weight) in triplicate. Fish were kept in 500‐L tanks and feces collected by manual extrusion. It was observed for both processes that SW waste always had the highest moisture content and lowest fat and ash. Highest crude protein levels were found in silages from commercial fish waste (SW and FW) made from whole fish unfit for human consumption. However, apparent digestibility coefficients did not vary among diets (P > 0.05). Although values did not differ statistically, fermented silage consistently displayed higher digestibility coefficients compared to acid silage. The silages exhibited relatively high protein digestibility (72.5–80.0%), thus suggesting the feasibility of using fish industry by‐products in aquaculture feeds.
Growth and Feed Utilization of Captive Wild Subadult Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata Fed Practical Diets in a Recirculating System
Authors: Copeland Kimberly A. , Watanabe Wade O. , Carroll Patrick M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of four practical diets on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of wild‐caught juvenile and subadult black sea bass Centropristis striata (316 ± 113 g =±± SD) were compared for 221 d in a recirculating tank system consisting of 12 2,660‐L tanks. Salinity averaged 33.5 ppt and temperature averaged 20.9 C but vaned from 12 to 27.1 C. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) and crude lipid (CL) as follows: 1) low CP (44.0%), low CL (11.4%) trout diet; 2) low CP (44.8%), high CL (15.0%) trout diet; 3) midlevel CP (47.9%), midlevel CL (12.8%) Bounder diet; and 4) high CP (53.9%), high CL (15.1%) marine finfish diet. Energy: protein ratios (E: P) were 44.6, 45.3, 41.8, and 39.1 W/g.Survival to 221 d on all diets was 100%. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in growth rates were observed among diets. Final weights were higher for midlevel and high CP diets 3 and 4 (1,051 and 1,013 g) than for low CP diet 1 (873 g). Relative growth rate (RGR, % total increase in weight), specific growth rate (SGR, % increase in body weight/d), and daily weight gain (DWG, g/d) were higher for higher CP diets 3 and 4 (RGR = 223 and 221; SGR = 0.53; DWG = 3.28 and 3.16), than for low CP diet 1 (RGR = 181; SGR = 0.47; DWG = 2.54). There were no significant differences between initial and final whole body protein and fiber content among diets. Lipid and gross energy levels significantly increased (P < 0.0001) in all treatments while moisture levels significantly decreased (P < 0.001).Although these differences were not significant, feed conversion ratio (FCR = dry weight fed/wet weight gain) was lower for fish given midlevel CP diet 3 (1.49) and high CP diet 4 (1.52) than for those fed low CP diets 1 and 2 (1.60 and 1.62). Protein efficiency ratios (PER = weight gain/weight protein fed) (1.43 to 1.24), apparent net protein retention (ANPR = weight protein gain/weight protein fed) (20 to 25%), and apparent net energy retention (ANER = energy gain/energy fed) (53.3 to 56.8%) were not significantly different among treatments. The midlevel CP (50%), midlevel CL (12%) diet maximized growth rates and was also significantly less expensive per kg fish weight produced ($1.40) than the high CP diet ($1.94) which produced the second highest growth rates. These results demonstrated that wild‐caught black sea bass can be successfully reared in recirculating tanks from juvenile to marketable sizes with high survival and with good feed conversion and growth on commercially prepared diets with a wide range of protein and lipid levels.