bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray diffraction study of the thermal expansion behavior of cellulose triacetate I
Authors: Wada Masahisa , Hori Ritsuko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHighly crystalline samples of cellulose triacetate I (CTA I) were prepared from highly crystalline algal cellulose by heterogeneous acetylation. X‐ray diffraction of the prepared samples was carried out in a helium atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 20 to 250 °C. Changes in seven d‐spacings were observed with increasing temperature due to thermal expansion of the CTA I crystals. Unit cell parameters at specific temperatures were determined from these d‐spacings by the least squares method, and then thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) were calculated. The linear TECs of the a, b, and c axes were αa = 19.3 × 10−5 °C−1, αb = 0.3 × 10−5 °C−1 (T < 130 °C), αb = −2.5 × 10−5 °C−1 (T > 130 °C), and αc = −1.9 × 10−5 °C−1, respectively. The volume TEC was β = 15.6 × 10−5 °C−1, which is about 1.4 and 2.2 times greater than that of cellulose Iβ and cellulose IIII, respectively. This large thermal expansion could occur because no hydrogen bonding exists in CTA I. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 517–523, 2009
Amorphous and microcrystalline GeC:H films prepared by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Saito N. , Iwata H. , Nakaaki I. , Nishioka K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHydrogenated germanium‐carbon alloy (GeC:H) films have been deposited by a reactive rf magnetron sputtering of Ge in methane–argon gas mixtures. As the second sputtering gas, helium is utilized in order to control the film properties. The effect of helium partial pressure ratio R to the total sputtering gas on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films was investigated. The films show the amorphous nature in the low‐R range up to 60%. In the high‐R range above 60%, the bonding configuration in IR spectra changes, the diffraction lines of XRD appear, the optical bandgap decreases, and the dc conductivity increases clearly. It is found from these data that the microcrystallization of GeC:H films could be achieved by introducing helium during the sputtering process. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoscale granular boundaries in polycrystalline Pb0.75Sn0.25Te: an innovative approach to enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit
Authors: Ji Xiaohua , Zhang Bo , Su Zhe , Holgate Tim , He Jian , Tritt Terry M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPb0.75Sn0.25Te is an important PbTe‐based thermoelectric material that has been extensively applied in thermoelectric power generation for intermediate‐temperature use. Alkali metal (Na, K) hydrothermal treatments were performed on micro‐sized Pb0.75Sn0.25Te particles. After treatment, numerous nanorods with diameters of ∼20 nm and lengths of up to 200 nm were found uniformly embedded onto the surface of bulk particles. These nanorods contained surfaces that were subsequently transformed into nanosized fractal granular grain boundaries upon hot pressing of the treated Pb0.75Sn0.25Te bulk particles. The presence of this nanoscaled grain boundary results in an improvement of the ratio of the electrical conductivity to the thermal conductivity, via significantly reducing the lattice thermal conductivity while without appreciably affecting the Seebeck coefficient or the electrical resistivity. As a result, a thermoelectric figure of merit Z ∼ 1.1 × 10–3 K–1 (∼0.8 × 10–3 K–1) is obtained in Na (K)‐processed samples at ∼425 K (475 K), which is notably improved from Z ∼ 0.7 × 10–3 K–1 at ∼490 K in a bulk reference sample. The present work provides a new and novel avenue by which the lattice thermal conductivity of a polycrystalline system can be ‘essentially decoupled’ from the electronic properties and thus independently ‘tuned’ via controlling the micro‐morphology of the inter‐grain boundary. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrochemical characterization of the effect of gold nanoparticles on the electron transfer of cytochrome c
Authors: Caban Karolina , Offenhäusser Andreas , Mayer Dirk 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this work cytochrome c (cyt c), a heme‐containing redox protein, was used as a model system for studying general aspects of wiring proteins into conceptual metal–biomolecule–metal nanoparticle junctions. Electron transfer kinetics of cyt c immobilized on Au(111) via MUA spacer has been investigated in the absence and presence of surface‐bound gold nanoparticles. The combined effect of size and immobilization time of AuNPs as well as their binding site to cyt c on the tunnelling rate of the protein has been explored. It has been observed that electrostatic binding of 5 nm‐in‐diameter gold nanoparticles obviously accelerates the electron transfer rate of cyt c. Potential applications of gold nanoparticles as electric contacts in nanodevices as well as their beneficial or adverse health effects have been suggested. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immobilisation of biomolecules for biosensors
Authors: Barlen Benjamin , Mazumdar Saikat Datta , Keusgen Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractImmobilisation of proteins, mainly enzymes and antibodies, is one of the most crucial steps in the development of biosensors. Unspecific methods as well as site‐directed strategies have been developed in order to obtain highest functionality and stability. Different methods for immobilisation of antibodies were tested to develop a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the detection of Salmonella. It turned out, that best results in terms of capturing and detection of Salmonella were achieved by immobilisation via hydrophobic interaction, using a sensor surface coated with C18‐alkyl chains allowing integration of hydrophobic parts of the antibody. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon nanotubes in nanostructured films: Potential application as amperometric and potentiometric field‐effect (bio‐)chemical sensors
Authors: Siqueira José R. , Abouzar Maryam H. , Bäcker Matthias , Zucolotto Valtencir , Poghossian Arshak , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into nanostructured films is attractive for producing functionalized hybrid materials and (bio‐)chemical sensors, but this requires experimental methods that allow for control of molecular architectures. In this study, we exploit the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique to obtain two types of sensors incorporating CNTs. In the first, LbL films of alternating layers of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) dispersed in polyaminoamide (PAMAM) dendrimers and nickel phthalocyanine (NiTsPc) were used in amperometric detection of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). The electrochemical properties evaluated with cyclic voltammetry indicated that the incorporation of MWNTs in the PAMAM‐NT/NiTsPc LbL films led to a 3‐fold increase in the peak current, in addition to a decrease of 50 mV in the oxidation potential of DA. The latter allowed detection of DA even in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), a typical interferent for DA. Another LbL film was obtained with layers of PAMAM and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) employed in field‐effect‐devices using a capacitive electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor structure (EIS). The adsorption of the film components was monitored by measuring the flat‐band voltage shift in capacitance–voltage (C –V) curves, caused by the charges from the components. Constant‐capacitance (ConCap) measurements showed that the EIS‐PAMAM/SWNT film displayed a high pH sensitivity (ca. 54.5 mV/pH), being capable of detecting penicillin G between 10–4 mol L–1 and 10–2 mol L–1, when a layer of penicillinase was adsorbed atop the PAMAM/SWNT film. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synoptic scale wave breaking and its potential to drive NAO‐like circulation dipoles: A simplified GCM approach
Authors: Kunz Torben , Fraedrich Klaus , Lunkeit Frank 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecent studies suggest a synoptic view of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) with its positive (negative) phase being the remnant of anticyclonic (cyclonic) synoptic scale wave breaking. This study examines the potential of anticyclonic (AB) and cyclonic wave breaking (CB) to drive NAO‐like meridional circulation dipoles by investigating the synoptic evolution of AB and CB events in a mid‐latitude eddy‐driven jet in a simplified GCM with zonally uniform basic state. First, a method for the detection of such events from daily isentropic maps of potential vorticity and horizontal deformation is constructed. Then, from the obtained sample of events AB‐ and CB‐composites of the upper and lower tropospheric flow are computed, and a distinct spatial and temporal asymmetry in the response to AB and CB events is found. While from the interaction of two AB events (with a mean lifetime of 2.6 days) a strong and short‐lived positive phase NAO‐like dipole is produced at the surface but not at upper levels, single CB events (4.3 days) are found to drive a strong and more persistent negative phase NAO‐like dipole at upper levels but not at the surface. It is concluded that AB (CB) is not capable of driving a positive (negative) phase NAO‐like dipole individually. However, the results suggest that equivalent barotropic NAO‐like variability may arise from the successive occurrence of AB and CB events. Further, a sensitivity to the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex is found with more (less) frequent AB (CB) events under strong vortex conditions. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
International standards for palm oil
Authors: Cornelius J. A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryCrude oil for edible purposes has in the past mainly been sold on the basis of moisture, dirt, and free fatty acid (FFA) content. Within an increasingly competitive market, user requirements with regard to quality characteristics are becoming more closely defined so that the producer can market an oil which can be refined to particular standards of color, taste, consistency, and shelflife at minimum cost to the refiner. Other tests for plam oil quality which have been developed for use over the lqast 20 years include the assessment of bleachability, oxidation level, and oxidative stability. With the prospect of oils with a higher unsaturated acid content from African‐American hybrid palms being produced commercially and the present interest in fractionation, fatty acid composition is likely to become more important quality factor. Progress to date on standard procedures fort the assessment of crudepalm oil quality is reviewed and possible standards for refined, bleached, deodorized, and factionated palm oils are discussed. In this survey of progress to date towards international standards for palm oil, the author has endeavored to provide an overall picture of what has led to the present situation as well as to indicate aims for the future. Much has still to be done in the proper formulation of tests which are acceptable to user and producer, to buyer and seller, and also in the evolution of recognized grades of both crude oils and oils with predictable refining properties giving refined oils of acceptable quality and shelf life when incorporated in the final food products.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions I: Linear alkyl benzene sulfonates
Authors: Doe Peter H. , El‐Emary Mahmoud , Wade William H. , schechter Robert S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryThe synthesis of a variety of linear alkylbenzene‐sulfonates is described. These materials have been examined for their ability to promote every low interfacial tensions between alkanes, alkylbenzenes, or alkylcyclohexanes and water. Each surfactant gives its lowest tension against a particular member of each of these homologous series. For these surfactant struc‐tures, the magnitude of its minimum tension is determined by the oil phase equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) and structure and is largely independent of the particular surfactant used. The position of the minimum tension within the alkane series varies in a systematic and predictable manner. The significance of these results for tertiary oil recovery by surfactant flooding is discussed.
Manufacture of palm kernel oil using the traditional coconut oil processing system
Authors: Banigo E. O. I. , Ogunlesi A. , Ofi O. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryThe traditional processing system of coconut oil, comprising grating of coconut meats, extraction with boiling water, cooling, followed by skimming off the cream, and heating it to dryness to give coconut oil, has been adapted for the manufacture of palm kernel oil. Palm kernels were crushed in a laboratory hammer mill, extracted with several lots of boiling water, cooled, the resulting cream skimmed off, and heated to dryness to yield palm kernel oil. A comparison of existing traditional and new adapted processing systems showed that the yield palm kernel oil obtained in both cases was about the same. Furthermore, the specific gravity, melting point, refractive index, and saponification number were similar, but the moisture content, acid value, color, and odor were dissimilar.
Evaluation of Trauma Care Resources in Health Centers and Referral Hospitals in Cambodia
Authors: Nakahara Shinji , Saint Saly , Sann Sary , Phy Radian , Ichikawa Masao , Kimura Akio , Eng Lycheng , Yoshida Katsumi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the available resources for trauma care at health centers (HCs) and referral hospitals (RHs) in rural Cambodia and to examine whether the resources at HCs are allocated on the basis of actual need based on the referral distance and number of severely injured patients referred to RHs.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional facility survey by phone interview or mail using structured questionnaires at nationally representative samples of 85 HCs and 17 RHs from December 2006 to April 2007. The questionnaire included a modified checklist of the guidelines for essential trauma care as well as questions on distance for referral and the number of injured patients received and referred during the last 3 months. We analyzed the association between resource availability at HCs and their need using multivariate linear regression.ResultsMedian (interquartile range) numbers of available resources at HCs and RHs were 25.5 (22.0–27.5) and 35 (28–41) among 37 and 62 essential items, respectively. Basic equipment, including both consumable supplies and durable devices and life‐saving knowledge/skills, were not satisfactory at either HCs or RHs. A longer distance to the RH was associated with more knowledge/skills but not with equipment supplies; the number of referred patients was not associated with equipment or knowledge/skills.ConclusionsStaff training emphasizing life‐saving knowledge/skills and better organization and planning to supply physical resources are needed. There is a gap between resource allocation and need, which should be addressed through clear policies to prioritize remote areas and to allocate resources based on reliable injury data.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Nanocrystals via Microreaction: Open-to-Air Synthesis with Oleylamine as a Coligand
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Fan Ningning , Luan Weiling , Tu Shan-tung 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Microreaction provides a controllable tool to synthesize CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) in an accelerated fashion. However, the surface traps created during the fast growth usually result in low photoluminescence (PL) efficiency for the formed products. Herein, the reproducible synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe NCs directly in open air was reported, with a microreactor as the controllable reaction tool. Spectra investigation elucidated that applying OLA both in Se and Cd stock solutions could advantageously promote the diffusion between the two precursors, resulting in narrow full-width-at-half maximum (FWHM) of PL (26 nm). Meanwhile, the addition of OLA in the source solution was demonstrated helpful to improve the reactivity of Cd monomer. In this case, the focus of size distribution was accomplished during the early reaction stage. Furthermore, if the volume percentage (vol.%) of OLA in the precursors exceeded a threshold of 37.5%, the resulted CdSe NCs demonstrated long-term fixing of size distribution up to 300 s. The observed phenomena facilitated the preparation of a size series of monodisperse CdSe NCs merely by the variation of residence time. With the volume percentage of OLA as 37.5% in the source solution, a 78 nm tuning of PL spectra (from 507 to 585) was obtained through the variation of residence time from 2 s to 160 s, while maintaining narrow FMWH of PL (26–31 nm) and high QY of PL (35–55%).
Comparative study of DNA damage and repair in head and neck cancer after radiation treatment
Authors: Rusin Pawel , Olszewski Jurek , Morawiec‐Bajda Alina , Przybylowska Karolina , Kaczmarczyk Dariusz , Golinska Aleksandra , Majsterek Ireneusz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe compared DNA damage and the efficacy of its repair after genotoxic treatment with γ‐radiation of lymphocytes and tissue cells isolated from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) and healthy donors. Thirty‐seven subjects with HNSCC and 35 healthy donors were enrolled in the study. The extent of DNA damage including oxidative lesions and efficiency of the repair were examined by alkaline comet assay. HNSCC cancer cells were more sensitive to genotoxic treatment and displayed impaired DNA repair. In particular, lesions caused by γ‐radiation were repaired less effectively in metastasis of HNSCC than in healthy controls. The differences in radiation sensitivity of cancer and control cells suggested that DNA repair might be critical for HNSCC treatment. We conclude that γ‐radiation might be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for head and neck cancers, including patients in advanced stage of the disease with clear evidence of metastasis.
Spatiotemporal within-plant distribution of the spider miteTetranychus urticaeand associated specialist and generalist predators
Authors: Walzer A. , Moder K. , Schausberger P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPredators are important determinants of the spatiotemporal distribution of prey within a given habitat. The predator effects may vary with diet specialisation, the associated risk posed to prey and, if multiple predators are present, the predator-predator interactions. We examined the spatiotemporal distribution of the herbivorous spider miteTetranychus urticaeand the associated specialist and generalist predatorsPhytoseiulus persimilisandNeoseiulus californicuson bean plants.Tetranychus urticaeis a key pest on numerous agricultural crops. Both predators are used singly and in combination for biological control of spider mites. Population development and within-plant distribution of the spider mites and the predators were compared among five treatments:T. urticaewithout predators, with either predator alone and with both predators in combination at full and half densities. The spider mites were suppressed to zero density in both predator combination treatments but not in the single predator treatments. The predators determined the spatiotemporal distribution of the spider mites through density- and behaviour-mediated effects, and these effects were linked to diet specialisation. The specialistP. persimilisexerted stronger density-mediated effects on the spider mite distribution than did the generalistN. californicus. Either predator induced in the spider mites early upward migration on plants. The predators also affected each other's distribution. The aggregation level ofN. californicuswas lowered byP. persimilisbut notvice versa. In combination, the predators were more dispersed than when alone, reducing the predator-free space and leading to the local extinction ofT. urticae.
Molecular detection of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus using real-time PCR and pyrosequencing
Authors: von SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA G. , WALSH T. K. , DONNAN A. A. , CARRIÈRE S. , JACKSON F. , SKUCE P. J. , ROHN K. , WOLSTENHOLME A. J. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYBenzimidazoles (BZ) are widely used to treat parasitic nematode infections of humans and animals, but resistance is widespread in veterinary parasites. Several polymorphisms in β-tubulin genes have been associated with BZ-resistance. In the present study, we investigated β-tubulin isotype 1 sequences of 18 Haemonchus contortus isolates with varying levels of resistance to thiabendazole. The only polymorphism whose frequency was significantly increased in the resistant isolates was TTC to TAC at codon 200. Real-time PCR (using DNA from 100 third-stage larvae, L3s) and pyrosequencing (from DNA from 1000–10 000 L3s) were used to measure allele frequencies at codon 200 of these isolates, producing similar results; drug sensitivity decreased with increasing TAC frequency. Pyrosequencing was also used to measure allele frequencies at positions 167 and 198. We showed that such measurements are sufficient to assess the BZ-resistance status of most H. contortus isolates. The concordance between real-time PCR and pyrosequencing results carried out in different laboratories indicated that these tools are suitable for the routine diagnosis of BZ-resistance in H. contortus. The molecular methods were more sensitive than the ‘egg hatch test’, and less time-consuming than current in vivo- or in vitro-anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Thus, they provide a realistic option for routine molecular resistance testing on farms.
Population dynamics ofAntarctophthirus microchir(Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) in pups from South American sea lion,Otaria flavescens, in Northern Patagonia
Authors: AZNAR F. J. , LEONARDI M. S. , BERÓN VERA B. , VALES D. G. , AMEGHINO S. , RAGA J. A. , CRESPO E. A. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYWe analysed population dynamics of the louseAntarctophthirus microchirin pups of the South American sea lion,Otaria flavescens, at the Punta León rookery (Argentina) over a period of 2 years. A total of 136 pups were aged and marked at the beginning of the lactation period ashore, then sampled for lice at different times within 30 days. Sampling was restricted to the chest and belly, two sites where lice were especially abundant. This concentration on ventral areas might protect lice from thermal stress in the austral summer. Infestation patterns in pups ⩽3 days old suggested that the potential for transmission increased from first nymphs to adults. Population trends of each instar with pup age, based on standardised values of abundance, were conserved between years, reflecting the basic dynamics of recruitment and reproduction. However, trends based on log-transformed abundances varied significantly between years; apparently, environmental conditions affected growth of lice populations differently each year. Stage-based deterministic models for population growth ofA. microchirsuggested generation times from 18 to 23 days. Accordingly, only 2 lice generations might be produced before pups start going to the sea. Shortening the cycle to accommodate a third generation might be risky, whereas a 2-generation cycle might at least result in larger females producing higher numbers of viable offspring.