bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in selected structures in the rat forebrain, cerebellum, and lumbar spinal cord
Authors: Wee Karen S.‐L. , Zhang Yibin , Khanna Sanjay , Low Chian‐Ming 
Published: April 2008

AbstractN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in many neurological disorders. Although NMDA receptors are best known for their high calcium permeability, the recently discovered NR3 subunits, NR3A and NR3B, have been shown to reduce the calcium permeability of the NMDA receptor. Thus, NR3 subunits may be important players in modulating synaptic plasticity in neurons. Although NR3B expression in the rodent and human brain has been studied, little is known about its distribution in different cell types. Here we used immunolabeling with a specific NR3B antibody together with antibodies against established neurochemical markers to determine the cellular and subcellular localization of NR3B. The nucleus was concurrently stained with NR3B immunolabeling to show that NR3B is widely expressed by many cells in each brain region. Our findings indicate that NR3B is widely expressed in the structures examined in the rat forebrain (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, caudoputamen, and nucleus accumbens), cerebellum, and lumbar sections of the spinal cord. Within these regions NR3B was found to be expressed in all the substructures of the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus), the various layers of the cerebral cortex, projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum, different cell types of the cerebellum, and motor neurons of the spinal cord. Furthermore, when stained with NR1—the obligatory subunit responsible for forming functional NMDA receptors—the distribution of NR3B appears to be as ubiquitous as NR1. Taken together, our data suggest that there may be a population of NR3B‐containing NMDA receptors conferring new functional roles in the mammalian central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:118–135, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single crystal growth and properties of semiorganic nonlinear optical L‐arginine hydrochloride monohydrate crystals
Authors: Kalaiselvi D. , Kumar R. Mohan , Jayavel R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractL‐arginine hydrochloride monohydrate (LAHCl.H2O) has been synthesized and single crystals have been grown from its aqueous solution by slow evaporation and slow cooling methods. The solubility of the material was measured at various temperatures and bulk crystals of size 26×13×11 mm3 have been grown by optimizing the growth parameters. The grown crystals have been subjected to single crystal XRD studies to confirm the structure and to estimate the lattice parameters. FTIR analysis indicate the mode of vibrations of different molecular groups present in LAHCl and confirm the protonation of guanidyl, amino groups and deprotonation of COO‐ groups. UV‐Vis transmission spectrum revealed the linear optical properties of the grown crystals with a transparency of 65% over the entire visible range upto 300 nm. Thermal behavior of the grown crystal was investigated from DTA and TGA measurements. Dielectric studies have been carried out on the grown crystals. Kurtz and Perry powder SHG technique confirms the NLO property of the grown crystal. The SHG efficiency of LAHCl was found to be 0.38 with respect to KDP. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the crystal shape and its influence on the anti‐tumor activity of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL)
Authors: Yin Ji‐Cheng , Zhou Jin‐Song , Sun Jing , Qiu Yi , Wei Dong‐Zhi , Shen Ya‐Ling 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper describes a method about the crystal shape control improving the anti‐tumor activity of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) in a batch cooling suspension crystallization by selecting pH values as a controllable variable. Three shaped TRAIL crystals could be obtained under different pH conditions, among which the hexagonal plate crystals had the highest specific activities against tumor cell line. The relationship among pH values, trimer contents and the specific activities of crystals and the purified TRAIL solutions were investigated. The results showed that different trimer contents resulted from pH altering in crystals and protein solutions is a main reason for their different specific activities. The studies may supply a new method to improve the bioactivity of TRAIL agent during its production and storage. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlled growth of ZnO torch‐like nanostructure arrays
Authors: Xiao Jing , Zhang Wei , Wu Yue , Sun Hui 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSingle‐crystal ZnO torch‐like nanostructure arrays were synthesized using a simple two‐step pressure controlled thermal evaporation method without any catalyst. The nanostructures had a hierarchical morphology, with well‐hexagonal faceted holders and needle‐like flames on them. The diameter of each single flame was about 20–40nm at the base and 10nm at the tip. Both the holders and flames were found to grow along the [0001] direction. The morphology of the structures could be effectively controlled by varying the growth temperature and vacuum pressure. The experimental results and analysis provided easy strategies to control the morphology of nanostructures and also enhanced the understanding of the growth mechanism. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Processing Conditions for the Formation of Spider Silk Microspheres
Authors: Lammel Andreas , Schwab Martin , Slotta Ute , Winter Gerhard , Scheibel Thomas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpider silk is a material consisting of very large (>200 kDa) proteins and has a high potential for biomedical applications as a result of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. We report on the influence of physicochemical factors on structure formation of the engineered spider silk protein eADF4(C16), which mimics the known sequence of the dragline protein ADF4 from the spider Araneus diadematus. Under certain experimental conditions, eADF4(C16) forms stable microspheres that have been analyzed with respect to sphere size, size distribution, and surface inertness upon different preparation methods (dialysis, pipette and micromixing). As a result of their material strength, biocompatibility, and the possibility of functionalization, spider silk microspheres have a high potential for the development of targeted drug‐delivery systems.
An Exceptionally DMSO‐Tolerant Alcohol Dehydrogenase for the Stereoselective Reduction of Ketones
Authors: Lavandera Iván , Kern Alexander , Schaffenberger Martina , Gross Johannes , Glieder Anton , de Wildeman Stefaan , Kroutil Wolfgang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA novel short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus pantotrophus DSM 11072, which is applicable for hydrogen transfer, has been identified, cloned, and overexpressed in E. coli. The enzyme stereoselectively reduces several ketones in a sustainable substrate‐coupled approach using 2‐propanol (5 % v/v) as hydrogen donor. The enzyme maintained its activity in organic co‐solvents in biphasic as well as monophasic systems and was even active in micro‐aqueous media (1 % v/v aqueous buffer). In general, a higher conversion was observed at higher log P values of the solvent, however, DMSO, which exhibits the lowest log P value of all solvents investigated, was not only tolerated but led to a higher conversion and relative activity (110–210 %). For example, the conversion after 24 h in 15 % v/v DMSO was double that for the reaction performed in buffer. This tolerance to DMSO may be attributed to the ability of the wild‐type strain to adapt and grow in media with high sulfur content.
Bewertung und Zertifizierung der Nachhaltigkeit von Gebäuden
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Lützkendorf Thomas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Deutschland hat das Thema Nachhaltigkeit seit längerem auch in das Bauwesen Einzug gehalten. Damit einhergehend zeichnet sich in der Baubranche seit kurzem ein wachsender Bedarf nach einer Zertifizierung von “nachhaltigen” Gebäuden ab. Diesem Bedarf kommt das nationale System zur Beschreibung, Bewertung und Zertifizierung des Beitrags von Einzelbauwerken zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung entgegen, das im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) entwickelt wurde. Das System wurde zunächst für den Neubau von Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden ausgestaltet, ist jedoch künftig auch für verschiedene Gebäude‐ und Nutzungsarten sowie Bestandsgebäude anwendbar. Zur Gewährleistung der Glaubwürdigkeit und Objektivität beruht die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung weitestgehend auf quantifizierbaren Kernkriterien, die den vier Kategorien “ökologische Qualität”, “ökonomische Qualität”, “soziale und funktionale Qualität” sowie “technische Qualität” angehören. Die Nachhaltigkeit der untersuchten Objekte wird anhand eines speziell konzipierten Zertifikates dargestellt, welches durch ein Label ergänzt wird. Die Urkunde soll neben der erreichten Note auch gesondert ausgewiesene Informationen zu charakteristischen Gebäudeeigenschaften, der Qualität der Planungs‐, Bau‐ und Betriebsprozesse und der Standortqualität enthalten. Organisation und Durchführung der Gebäudezertifizierung werden derzeit zwischen dem Bund und verschiedenen privatwirtschaftlichen Organisationen diskutiert.
Theoretische und praktische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk‐pfeilern aus Kalksand‐ und Porenbeton‐Vollsteinen
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Graubohm Markus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNach dem heutigen Erkenntnisstand hängt die Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk von einer Vielzahl von Einflüssen ab. So wird das Tragverhalten von vertikal auf Druck beanspruchtem Mauerwerk u.a. durch die voneinander abweichenden Materialeigenschaften seiner Bestandteile, insbesondere durch die horizontalen Formänderungsunterschiede von Mauerstein und Mauermörtel, deutlich beeinflusst.Eine rein theoretisch begründete und abgesicherte Lösung zur Berechnung der Mauerwerkdruckfestigkeit unter Berücksichtigung der wesentlichen Einflussparameter liegt trotz zahlreicher Untersuchungen zu dieser Thematik bislang nicht vor. Die Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk kann deshalb derzeit nur in grober Näherung auf Grundlage von Versuchsergebnissen in Abhängigkeit von den Kenngrößen Mauerstein‐ und Mörteldruckfestigkeit bestimmt werden.Ziel einer am Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen (ibac) durchgeführten Forschungsarbeit ist es, eine theoretisch basierte Berechnungsmethode zur zutreffenden Vorherbestimmung der Mauerwerkdruckfestigkeit mit Hilfe von FE‐Methoden zu erarbeiten. In diesem Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse dieser umfangreichen theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk‐pfeilern aus Kalksand‐ und Porenbeton‐Vollsteinen vorgestellt.
Neue Herausforderungen für Nachhaltigkeit und Energieeffizienz – Vom Energieausweis der EnEV 2007 zum Zertifikat für nachhaltiges Bauen
Authors: Hegner Hans‐Dieter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMit der Umsetzung der EG‐Richtlinie 2002/91/EG über die Ge‐samtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden in nationales Recht wurde in Deutschland das Energieeinsparrecht (Energieeinspargesetz, Energieeinsparverordnung) umfassend novelliert. Das Zweite Gesetz zur Änderung des Energieeinspargesetzes ist am 08. 09. 2005 in Kraft getreten. Auf dieser Grundlage hat die Bundesregierung die Energieeinsparverordnung 2007 (EnEV 2007) am 24. 07. 2007 endgültig beschlossen. Sie ist am 1. Oktober 2007 in Kraft treten.Die damit verbundene schrittweise Einführung von Energieausweisen für den gesamten Gebäudebestand wird die Sichtweisen von Mietern und Immobilienerwerbern langfristig verändern.Die Energiepreise in Deutschland haben sich seit zehn Jahren etwa verdoppelt. Das betrifft insbesondere die privaten Haushalte, die im Gegensatz zur Industrie stärker belastet werden. Während bei vermieteten Wohnungen in den letzten sieben Jahren die Nettokaltmiete um 7 % gestiegen ist, stiegen die warmen Betriebskosten (Heizung und Warmwasser) um rd. 48%. Niedrige Betriebskosten werden noch stärker zu einem Verkaufs‐ oder Mietargument. Die Märkte werden darauf zunehmend reagieren.
Das EnergieWertHaus als Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Mauerwerksbau
Authors: Heße Markus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNicht nur die Nachhaltigkeit beim Bauen steht beim EnergieWertHaus von Xella im Vordergrund, sondern auch der nachhaltige Umgang mit den Ressourcen zum Betrieb dieses Hauses. Die einzelnen Komponenten des Konzeptes greifen eng verzahnt ineinander und schaffen damit den entscheidenden Beitrag dafür, dass ein EnergieWertHaus auf Zukunft gebaut wird. Der Beitrag zu dem Thema erläutert sowohl die technischen Bestandteile als auch das Marketingnetzwerk für dieses bundesweit bisher einmalige Konzept für den modernen Mauerwerksbau. Vor dem Hintergrund des fortschreitenden Klimawandels soll hiermit ein Beitrag zum ressourcenschonenden Bauen und Betrieb von Immobilien aufgezeigt werden, der im gesamten Lebenszyklus des Gebäudes stets das ökologische Gleichgewicht im Fokus hat.
B cell activation regulates exosomal HLA production
Authors: Arita Shuji , Baba Eishi , Shibata Yoshihiro , Niiro Hiroaki , Shimoda Shinji , Isobe Taichi , Kusaba Hitoshi , Nakano Shuji , Harada Mine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExosomes are nanovesicles produced constitutively and inducibly by several types of cells. They are generated as intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies and express MHC and several endosomal/lysosomal proteins. In spite of their potential role in cellular immunity, the regulatory mechanisms of exosome production are largely unknown. In this study, we have established a novel ELISA system to quantify exosomal HLA using a combination of anti‐HLA class I and anti‐HLA‐DR mAb. We found that exosomal HLA production of B cells was enhanced by contact with CD4+ T cells. Neutralizing anti‐CD154 (CD40L) mAb inhibited this effect, and a soluble CD40L significantly increased production of exosomal HLA in B cells. In addition, B cell stimulation via BCR and TLR9 enhanced their production while IL‐4 stimulation alone failed to do so. Strikingly, an inhibitor of the classical NF‐κB pathway drastically inhibited exosomal HLA production in stimulated B cells, indicating that the classical NF‐κB pathway is critical for exosomal HLA production in B cells. Together, these findings suggest a pivotal role of B cell activation in exosomal HLA production in vivo.See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200838374
Airway epithelial cells modify immune responses by inducing an anti‐inflammatory microenvironment
Authors: Mayer Anja K. , Bartz Holger , Fey Fabian , Schmidt Lotte M. , Dalpke Alexander H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe upper airways are prone to contact with pathogenic as well as non‐pathogenic microbes, therefore immune recognition principles have to be tightly controlled. Here we show that human BEAS‐2B bronchial epithelial cells inhibited secretion of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐12 by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. This inhibitory effect could be transferred by supernatant of resting BEAS‐2B cells and was also observed when primary murine tracheal epithelial cells were prepared. In contrast to inhibition of pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion epithelial cell‐conditioned dendritic cells showed increased expression of IL‐10 and arginase‐1, thus displaying properties of alternative activation. Accordingly, Toll‐like receptor‐mediated up‐regulation of CD40, CD86 and PD‐L2 (CD273) on murine dendritic cells was reduced in the presence of bronchial epithelial cell supernatant. However, expression of negative regulatory PD‐L1 (CD274) was increased and dendritic cell induced proliferation of T lymphocytes was diminished. Epithelial cells also showed a direct inhibitory effect on T lymphocyte proliferation and this was due to the constitutive secretion of TGF‐β by bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, epithelial cell‐conditioned T lymphocytes showed increased differentiation towards IL‐10‐producing Tr1 cells. The results indicate that bronchial epithelial cells induce a non‐inflammatory microenvironment that regulates local immune homeostasis.
Activation of myelin reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis: A possible role for T cell degeneracy?
Authors: Stinissen Piet , Hellings Niels 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhile it is widely accepted that myelin reactive T cells are key players in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), the initial triggers that turn on these self‐reactive T‐cells remain to be determined. One mechanism, which is already text book knowledge for a decade, is molecular mimicry by which viral or microbial antigens are able to cross‐activate T cells specific for myelin epitopes, the major target in MS pathology. Although proof of concept for this principle was given in animal model studies, evidence for such a mechanism in MS is limited. In this issue, Zhang et al. demonstrate an increased frequency of T cells that cross‐react with a wide variety of antigens, a phenomenon termed as T cell degeneracy. While the role of these degenerate T cells in MS remains to be determined the authors now provide new elegant tools to study this T cell population, thus providing a starting point to better understand their function in MS.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200737519
Cover Picture: Nanoparticles target distinct dendritic cell populations according to their size – Eur. J. Immunol. 5/2008
Authors: Manolova Vania , Flace Anna , Bauer Monika , Schwarz Katrin , Saudan Philippe , Bachmann Martin F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe cover shows a colour series of mouse footpads injected with small fluorescent nanoparticles. The image depicts the afferent lymphatic vessels connecting the injection site with the draining popliteal lymph node and the more distal sciatic lymph node. Lymphatic vessels (in green in the left row) run together with the veins (darker curves) and carry free draining antigen to the lymph nodes. This image was provided by the authors of Manolova (pp. 1404–1413), in which it is demonstrated that particle size critically influences the mode of antigen transport to the draining lymph nodes; DC are strictly required for transport of large (500–2000 nm) particles, whereas smaller particles (20–200 nm), such as virus‐like particles (30 nm), drain freely.
CE‐MSn of complex pectin‐derived oligomers
Authors: Coenen Gerd‐Jan , Kabel Mirjam A. , Schols Henk A. , Voragen Alphons G. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAs pectin molecules are too large and heterogeneous to analyze as a whole, the polymer is usually degraded to smaller oligomers, which are often analyzed by high‐performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). However, the high salt concentration necessary to elute pectin oligomers by HPAEC is incompatible with online mass detection. To overcome such a disadvantage, a CE‐IT‐MS system was set up to further elucidate the fine structure of charged oligosaccharides. An effective separation of differently substituted galacturonic acid containing oligomers was obtained by low‐pH CE‐LIF analysis. By adapting the buffer and capillary online MS detection was enabled. Moreover, with MS/MS it was possible to localize sugar residues' substitutions. With this combined CE‐MS approach LIF electropherograms of xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I digests could be annotated. The method was further exemplified by a complex oligomer mixture of acid hydrolyzed apple pectin, which was separated and characterized by CE‐MSn. Oligomers present in low amounts could be localized by their corresponding m/z, as was demonstrated by selected mass range representation.
Characterization of Atropa belladonna L. compounds by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐ion trap‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Arráez‐Román David , Zurek Gabriela , Bäßmann Carsten , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis short communication describes the characterization of seven tropane alkaloid compounds in Atropa belladonna L. Thus a rapid and easy CE‐electrospray interface (ESI)‐TOF‐MS procedure is developed to analyze these compounds in a pharmaceutical preparations of A. belladonna L. leaf extract. Optimum electrophoretic separation is obtained using an alkaline solution of 60 mM ammonium acetate at pH 8.5 containing 5% isopropanol. Under the optimum CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS conditions several important compounds such as tropine, belladonnine, norhyoscyamine, apoatropine, hyoscyamine, 6β‐hydroxyhyoscyamine, and scopolamine have been simultaneously identified from A. belladonna L. CE‐ESI‐IT‐MS has been used to discriminate the putative presence of littorine. The sensitivity, together with mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern of the TOF‐MS, allowed the identification of a broad series of tropane alkaloid compounds present in pharmaceutical preparations of A. belladonna L. leaf extract.
Characterization of intact lipopolysaccharides from the Haemophilus influenzae strain RM 118 using electrophoresis‐assisted open‐tubular liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Dzieciatkowska Monika , Schweda Elke K. H. , Moxon E. Richard , Richards James C. , Li Jianjun 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have applied an electrophoresis‐assisted open‐tubular LC‐MS method for analyzing intact lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Haemophilus influenzae strain RM118 (Rd). We were able to obtain structural information on both core oligosaccharides (OSs) and the lipid A moiety including the sialylation, glycylation, and the distribution of fatty acid residues on the disaccharide backbone of lipid A. The fragmentation patterns of sodiated and protonated LPS molecules were investigated for determining the location of sialic acid. It was found that the tandem mass spectra of sodiated ions provided unambiguous evidence of both sialylated lactose and sialylated lacto‐N‐neotetraose. In contrast, the fragment ions of protonated ions only offered the evidence for the existence of sialylated lacto‐N‐neotetraose. The lipid A of Gram‐negative bacteria, as the principal endotoxic component of LPS, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. We have previously characterized lipid A species after mild acid hydrolysis of LPS during which lipid A precipitates. In this study, intact LPS was directly introduced to a tandem mass spectrometer. In‐source dissociation strategy was employed, followed by multiple‐stage MS/MS on the ions originating from the lipid part to obtain structural information. This is the first time that the structure of lipid A of H. influenzae was characterized by MS/MS on intact LPS molecules without any prior chemical modifications. In the same way information on the OS can be obtained by MS/MS by focusing on ions originating from core OS.
Determination of sialic acids released from glycoproteins using capillary zone electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Ortner Karin , Buchberger Wolfgang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA simple method for the determination of the two most abundant sialic acids released from glycoproteins based on CZE‐MS is presented. Several parameters like BGE with various organic modifiers and sheath liquids were studied with respect to their suitability for the fast and easy analysis of the selected compounds by CZE‐MS. Finally, a BGE containing 10 mM ammonium acetate allowed the quantification of N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in glycoproteins as well as human plasma samples. LOD and LOQ were 2 µg/mL and 6 µg/mL, respectively.