bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Vacuum–Insulated Tubing to Mitigate Annular Pressure Buildup
Authors: Azzola J. H. , Tselepidakis D. P. , Pattillo P. D. , Richey J. F. , Tinker S. J. , Miller R. A. , Segreto S. J. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Vacuum-insulated tubing (VIT) has been used successfully to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of annular pressure buildup (APB). In a recent deepwater installation, the subject well had lost alternate APB mitigation capability through a series of events. VIT was then chosen as the only viable technology.
A common design companion of VIT is gelled brine, chosen to decrease annular natural convection driven by heat loss around the VIT connections. There are, however, several drawbacks to the indiscriminate use of gelled brine:
Tight clearances around the tubing hanger running tool, creating the potential for debris plugging and/or tool-recovery issues from the subsea wellhead. Limitations imposed by VIT collapse and hydrostatic packer setting pressures. Unknown temperature/viscosity response and associated quality-control requirements for displacement through a subsea wellhead. A need to reduce operational time and cost.
These issues led to the consideration of alternative means of controlling natural convection, and an effort was made to understand, improve, and deploy external coupling insulators.
An in-ground vertical experiment with two connected joints of VIT was conducted with and without coupling insulators. Temperatures were monitored at multiple locations. Test results confirm the effectiveness of external coupling insulators. Several theoretical models using different numerical techniques (finite difference, lumped mass/resistance, finite element, and computational fluid dynamics) were found to be consistent with experimental results. These were compared with critical APB temperatures calculated with a commercial wellbore simulator. The net result of these studies was to adopt the external insulators.
This paper reviews the experimental data and presents several models of a vertically aligned VIT in a deepwater completion. A comparison of thermally effective APB solutions is presented, together with a critical assessment of modeling and experimental accuracy.
Application of Flux-Based Sand-Control Guidelines to the Na Kika Deepwater Fields
Authors: Keck Richard G. , Colbert Jason R. , Hardham William D. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
The Na Kika offtake guidelines were developed jointly by Shell and BP using a blending of recent sand control operational methodologies from each company. This paper focuses on the use of the Bpflux™ guidelines, which give maximum safe operating rates for sand-control completions and allow wells with excellent completion quality to produce at twice the rate of wells with lower completion quality.
Before the Na Kika field started up, completion quality was estimated by reviewing 20 different elements of completion design and operations. These estimates were used to set the initial offtake limits for each zone. As the wells started producing, pressure buildups were used to measure the actual completion quality (skin), and the maximum operating rates were adjusted accordingly.
By use of this methodology early in the field life, the field could be brought up to targeted production rates without unnecessarily compromising long-term sand control reliability. As the field matures, opportunities will be identified to extend the production plateau, which will provide an incremental production impact. Finally, later in the field life, the number of workovers required is expected to be reduced, which will provide an additional cost saving from using these guidelines.
Increasing the Wellbore Pressure Containment in Gulf of Mexico HP/HT Wells
Authors: Traugott David , Sweatman Ron , Vincent Randy 
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the application of two wellbore pressure-containment integrity (WPCI) treatments that substantially increased the pressure-containment integrity in 852 ft of open hole in the last sidetrack for a production hole section. These treatments ultimately made it unnecessary to set pipe early, which could have jeopardized the commercial discovery of the lower gas sand. Earlier sidetracks attempted unsuccessfully to bypass the loss/flow problems that would not allow drilling ahead and increasing the 18.0-lb/gal mud weight (MW) to drill into a high-pressure zone on a deep, high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) well in the western Gulf of Mexico shelf in offshore Louisiana. Various conventional lost-circulation material (LCM) treatments were used without success, increasing the hole's pressure containment.
The WPCI treatments raised the leakoff test (LOT) across the entire 852 ft of open hole to 19.1 pounds per gallon equivalent (ppge) vs. the lower LOT of 18.26 ppge before the first WPCI job. LOTs were performed before and after each of the two WPCI treatments to measure improvement in the open hole's pressurecontainment integrity. This LOT data indicated that apparent fracture gradients can be simultaneously increased in multiple rock layers with various types of weak formations exposed in long, open holes by inducing near-wellbore stress fields created from WPCI treatments (Webb et al. 2001; Kelley Sweatman and Heathman 2001; Sweatman et al. 2001; Sanad and Waheed 2003). This approach can then allow use of increased mud weights (MW) and drilling pressures to prevent excessive gas influx from high-pressure sands without lost circulation (LC) in adjacent weak zones.
Also discussed are the WPCI treatment design and job procedures, including treatment optimization by the analysis of data from openhole wireline/logging while drilling (OHWL/LWD) logs, cuttings lithology, fracture-seal location indicators (torque on bit [TOB]/weight on bit [WOB]), and before/after LOT pressures. Real-time operations (Kulakofsky et al. 2002) (also described) enabled remote expert analysis and support so that wellsite personnel could: (1) interpret formation characteristics for optimized treatment design, and (2) analyze treatment pressure/rate data for selective placement of WPCI sealants.
First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water
Authors: Plutzer J. , Takó M. H. , Márialigeti K. , Törökné A. , Karanis P. 
Published: March 2007

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method.
The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the investigated water supplies may require the water utilities and water authorities in Hungary to apply additional monitoring and treatment and/or watershed controls.
Prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other naked amoebae in South Florida domestic water
Authors: Shoff M. E. , Rogerson A. , Kessler K. , Schatz S. , Seal D. V. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose was to identify the prevalence of naked amoebae in tap water in south Florida to ascertain the risk of amoebal infections of the cornea in contact lens wearers.
Over the course of a 2-year period, water samples were collected from sites throughout Broward, Palm Beach, and Dade counties, Florida. The presence of amoebae in samples was based on an enrichment cultivation method appropriate for Acanthamoeba. Amoebae were identified using diagnostic features discernable by light microscopy.
A total of 283 water samples were processed and amoebae were noted in 80 of these. Acanthamoeba were found on 8 occasions (2.8%). The genera Hartmannella and Vahlkampfia, rarely involved in keratitis cases, were found in 3.5% and 2.8% of samples, respectively. A total of 19 different naked amoebae were recorded and amoebae (regardless of genus) were present in 19.4% of all samples.
Previous surveys in England and Korea have shown that acanthamoebae are found in 15 to 30% of tap water samples in the home and have been associated with corneal infection in contact lens wearers. The incidence of acanthamoebae infection in the USA (2.8%) has been found to be lower than that in the UK and it has been postulated that this is related to the lack of a storage water tank in the roof loft space. However, the level of treatment of municipal water is clearly not effective at killing amoebal cysts (or trophozoites) as evidenced by the high occurrence of amoebae (19.4%) in this study.
Evaluation of the use of subcutaneous implantable vascular access ports in feline blood donors
Authors: Morrison Jo Ann , Lauer Susanne K. , Baldwin Claudia J. , Evans Richard B. , Andreasen Claire B. , Kinyon Joanne M. , Swanson Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare the ease and effects of collecting blood from cats by use of subcutaneous totally implantable vascular access ports (VAPs) with collection via conventional jugular phlebotomy.
Design—Prospective randomized experimental study.
Animals—8 healthy cats.
Procedures—Cats in the port group (n = 4) underwent monthly blood donation by use of VAPs and manual restraint, and cats in the nonport group (4) underwent monthly blood donation by use of conventional jugular phlebotomy and sedation, for 6 months.
Results—Postsurgical VAP-related complications developed in 3 cats and included port erosion (n = 1), disconnection of the port from the catheter (1), and seroma formation (1). Blood was successfully collected 24 of 24 and 20 of 20 times in the nonport and port groups, respectively. Results of bacterial culture of blood were negative in 22 of 24 and 15 of 20 nonport and port collections, respectively. No differences in RBC morphology were observed between groups. Mean blood collection and total donation times were significantly longer for the nonport group. Collection time was more variable in the nonport group, and cats were less tolerant of handling during venipuncture, compared with cats in the port group. Blood collection required a mean of 2.4 persons for the nonport group and 2.1 persons for the port group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Positive results for blood collections via VAPs were increased donor acceptance, decreased number of personnel required, and decreased collection time. Drawbacks included contamination of blood products and port-related complications.
Association of fecal shedding of mycobacteria with high ELISA-determined seroprevalence for paratuberculosis in beef herds
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Manning Elizabeth J. B. , Collins Michael T. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the seroprevalence of paratuberculosis by use of 2 commercial ELISAs in association with prevalence of fecal shedding of mycobacteria within beef cattle herds.
Design—Cross-sectional field study.
Animals—Six beef herds (affected herds; 522 cattle) with and 3 geographically matched herds (181 cattle) without high seroprevalence of paratuberculosis.
Procedures—Blood and fecal samples were collected from adult cattle and assessed for serum anti–Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) antibodies with 2 commercial ELISA kits and submitted for bacterial culture for MAP and environmental bacteria (termed environmental mycobacteria) via a radiometric method, respectively. Species of mycobacterial isolates were identified, and sensitivities and specificities of the 2 ELISAs were compared.
Results—Compared with comparison cattle, cattle from affected herds were 9.4 times as likely to have environmental mycobacteria isolated from feces. Among the 6 affected and 3 comparison herds, the proportions of cattle shedding environmental mycobacteria were 0.225 (range, 0.1 to 0.72) and 0.04 (range, 0 to 0.06), respectively. Although relative MAP-detection specificities (compared with bacterial culture of feces) were different between the 2 ELISAs, sensitivities were not. Nine environmental mycobacterial species were iden-tified from participating herds. All affected herds apparently had ≥ 1 bovid infected with MAP, although MAP was not isolated from any cattle in comparison herds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In beef herds with persistently high rates of false-positive ELISA results, which may be associated with recovery of environmental myco-bacteria from feces, organism detection via bacterial culture of feces or PCR assay should direct paratuberculosis control measures.
Observation of Structural and Conductance Transition of Rotaxane Molecules at a Submolecular Scale
Authors: Feng M. , Gao L. , Du S. X. , Deng Z. T. , Cheng Z. H. , Ji W. , Zhang D. Q. , Guo X. F. , Lin X. , Chi L. F. , Zhu D. B. , Fuchs H. , Gao H.‐J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRotaxane molecules have attracted considerable interest because of their good performance in both molecular electronic devices and nanoscale data‐storage media. Low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is used to investigate the structure and conductance of single H2 rotaxane molecules on a buffer‐layered Au(111) substrate at 77 K. It is demonstrated that the conductance switching in rotaxane‐based, solid‐state devices is an inherent property of the rotaxane molecules. These results provide evidence that the conductance switching might arise from the movement of the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) ring along the rod section of the dumbbell‐shaped backbone of the rotaxane molecule.
Attrition of coal ash particles in a fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Tomeczek Jerzy , Mocek Piotr 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental data of ash‐particles attrition in a fluidized bed is presented, and also the results of modeling. Five sizes of ash particles (1.02‐:‐1.25; 1.25‐:‐1.6; 1.6‐:‐2.0; 2.0‐:‐5.0; 5.0‐:‐10.0 mm) produced in an industrial CFB boiler were examined. A new model of mechanical attrition has been proposed which incorporates new parameters: the shape factor of particles and the ratio of the bed height to bed diameter, strongly influencing the rate of bed mass loss. The model describes very well experimental data for coal‐ash particles attrition. The attrition‐rate coefficient for ash particles was evaluated. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Enhancing flow boiling and antifouling with nanometer titanium dioxide coating surfaces
Authors: Liu Ming‐Yan , Wang Hong , Wang Yan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article aims to develop a new heat‐transfer surface on which both heat‐transfer enhancement and fouling prevention can be observed. One of the potential methods is to coat a thin layer on the heat‐transfer surface with nanometer material. The selection of coated nanometer material, the preparation, and characterization of nanometer coatings on heat‐transfer surface, including the measurement and calculation of the coated thickness, contact angle and surface free energy, the experiments on heat transfer of flow boiling and antifouling are all investigated in this article. The results declare that heat‐transfer film coefficients of flow boiling on TiO2coating surfaces with film thickness of 1.41 × 10−7and 1.587 × 10−6m are higher than those on uncoated surface of heated tube. The fouling resistance on the surface modified with nanometer material is lower than that on the untreated heat‐transfer surface and remains constant during a long operating time. Under present experimental conditions, the coated heat‐transfer surface with thin film thickness of 1.41 × 10−7m is the best one in enhancing heat transfer of flow boiling and preventing fouling, since its surface free energy is the lowest one. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts associated with distichiasis and lymphedema
Authors: Yabuki Shoji , Kikuchi Shin‐ichi , Ikegawa Shiro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpinal extradural arachnoid cysts (SEDAC) are lesions communicating to the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal via a dural defect. SEDAC occupies intraspinal space and sometimes causes neurological disturbances. Although most reported cases are sporadic, several familial cases have been described, suggesting a genetic etiology. Here we report on a family with SEDAC inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. Detailed study showed that the family has the lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome. Among family members examined, a total of ten in two generations manifested all or some of the following features: SEDAC, distichiasis and lymphedema. Seven had spinal cysts, four had both SEDAC and distichiasis, and one had SEDAC distichiasis and lymphedema; three did not have SEDAC. These findings, together with rarity of both distichiasis and lymphedema in the general population, support that all of the ten members were affected with one clinical entity, the lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome. The distribution of features illustrates the variable expressivity of clinical manifestations. Although FOXC2 mutation analysis was not performed in our family, it is likely that SEDAC is a component manifestation of lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome and more consistent in our family than those reported. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female feeding priority in bonobos, Pan paniscus, and the question of female dominance
Authors: White Frances J. , Wood Kimberley D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe question of whether bonobos show feeding priority and female dominance has been proposed and examined, both in the wild and in captive studies, with differing results. The relationship between female dominance and female feeding priority has been best studied in prosimian primates. These studies use established criteria of females consistently evoking submissive behavior from males in dyadic encounters for determining female dominance. Although the relationship is complex, female dominance in prosimians is associated with preferential access to food. Data from studies of wild habituated bonobos in the Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of the Congo, are examined for evidence of both female feeding priority and female social dominance using similar criteria as used for prosimians. Bonobos showed evidence of female feeding priority in small, but not in large, food patches. Male–male competition for mating opportunities at the start of the food bout was related to some, but not all, differences in time spent feeding between the sexes. Female dominance similar to that seen in prosimians was not observed in these bonobos. Males were consistently dominant in dyadic interactions. Female feeding priority with male dyadic social dominance implies that male deference during feeding cannot be excluded as one explanation of interpretations of female dominance in bonobos. Additionally, dominance of male bonobos by females appears to require the presence of female coalition partners. As in other primates with female feeding priority, bonobo females express this trait where food is economically defendable. Unlike prosimians, however, bonobo female feeding priority may result from male deference and the importance of female coalitions in nondyadic interactions. Am. J. Primatol. 69:837–850, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Habitat fragmentation and population size of the black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in a semideciduous forest in Northern Argentina
Authors: Zunino Gabriel E. , Kowalewski Martin M. , Oklander Luciana I. , González Viridiana 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA population of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) living near the southern limit of its distribution in a semideciduous forest located in northern Argentina was studied in 2003 to evaluate the possible effects of habitat fragmentation – owing to logging – on its density and social organization within it. Aerial photographs taken in 1982, 1992, and 2001 were used to compare maps of vegetation. These maps were used to evaluate changes in the area covered by forest fragments. From March to June 2003, 10‐day monthly surveys of howlers were made in each fragment. A total of 232 individual howlers were counted, belonging to 34 groups plus a solitary adult female. Groups ranged from 2 to 19 individuals (mean = 6.82,SD= 4.23), and 21% of the groups contained more than one adult male. Adults accounted for 55% of the individuals, immatures for 45%, and infants represented 13% of the total. Data obtained were compared with information available for the same population for 1982 and 1995. Results revealed no significant changes in the area of fragments, the crude and ecological density of howlers, and group composition. Group sizes and group composition of howlers suggest that the population remained stable over the past 22 years. The density, number of groups, and individuals appears not to be affected by fragmentation and logging, but crude density was low compared with other less‐disturbed habitats. The status of the population remains uncertain owing to isolation, and because there are no protected areas to ensure its stability for the future. Am. J. Primatol. 69:966–975, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Washington statewide pathology surveillance for prion disease
Authors: Allen Camilla T. , Sonnen Joshua , Leslie Mira J. , Kidoguchi Lara , Harris Carrie , Gambetti Pierluigi , Montine Thomas J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn February 2004, we initiated an epidemiological investigation within a US state to enhance autopsy surveillance for clinically suspected prion disease. During the first 30 months, 30 cases of suspected prion disease were referred from throughout Washington. Of these, 18 cases had prion disease, and all of these were classified as either familial or sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD); there was no case of variant CJD. This represents a death rate of approximately 1.1 cases of sporadic CJD per 1 million people per year in Washington. Our results do not support the hypotheses that variant CJD is an emerging illness in Washington or that sporadic CJD is more common in this state than in other regions of the world. Ann Neurol 2007
Development of a General and Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Epoxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant
Authors: Bitterlich Bianca , Anilkumar Gopinathan , Gelalcha Feyissa Gadissa , Spilker Björn , Grotevendt Anne , Jackstell Ralf , Tse Man Kin , Beller Matthias 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development of inexpensive and practical iron catalysts for the environmentally benign epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide as terminal oxidant is described. By systematic variation of ligands, metal sources, and reaction conditions, it was discovered that FeCl3⋅6H2O in combination with pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid and different amines shows high reactivity and excellent selectivity towards the epoxidation of aromatic olefins and moderate reactivity towards that of aliphatic olefins.