bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Central positioning of walking infants
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Hendy Helen M. , Stillwell‐Barnes Robin , Westlund Bruce J. , Westlund Heather D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAccording to DeVore and Washburn's protection theory of the spatial organization of moving baboon troops, walking infants, which are among the most vulnerable and least self‐sufficient of all troop members, should tend to occupy the troop's center. The protection theory is an ultimate hypothesis from which persistently recurring behavior is expected. Two troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, were compared with troops studied at other locations. Walking infants tended to occupy the center of their troop and to be underrepresented primarily in the frontal portion of progressions and secondarily in the rear. The lead position of progressions was analyzed using 82 walking infants, 11 troops, three locations, two species, and three studies involving eight or more observers employing somewhat different procedures at the different study sites. Despite so many opportunities for variation, 1,317 observations from these 11 troops did not produce a single instance in which a walking infant led the troop and very few in which one was in the frontal twelfth.
The natural history of the helicoidal occlusal plane and its evolution in early Homo
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn modern man the pitch of the oclusal plane may vary along the tooth‐row. When anterior cheek‐teeth show a plane sloping upward palatally, whilst that on posterior cheek‐teeth slopes upward buccally, there results a twisted or helicoidal occlusal plane (Ackermann). Several hypotheses have been proposed for the structural basis of the helicoidal occlusal plane. Campbell's proposal ('25) has gained widest acceptance, namely that the helicoid results from anteroposterior differences in upper and lower alveolar arch width.In the early 1960s, while studying the Olduvai hominids assigned to Homo habilis, the author noted changing occlusal slopes along the tooth‐row and a slight helicoid, although these features had not been noted in other early hominids. Subsequently, Wallace showed a total absence of the helicoid from South African australopithecines, and its presence in Swartkrans Homo, SK 45 and SK 80.Recent studies confirm the presence of the helicoid in all available specimens of H. habilis, including Stw 53 found at Sterkfontein in 1976. Hence, this trait may distinguish between Australopithecus and early Homo. Measurements of the maxillary arch widths have shown that, whereas in Australopithecus arch widths increase to a maximum at M3, in early Homo maxillary arch widths are greatest at M2. The decline in posterior maxillary arch width is part of a general reduction of that region. Thus, despite striking elongation of premolars and M1 in early Homo, M2 and M3 are mesiodistally abbreviated. It is hypothesized that the onset of posterior arch reduction, with the appearance of a helicoid, was a structural and functional concomitant of the transition from the presumed australopithecine ancestor to H. habilis.
Brachymesophalangia‐V in five samples of children: A descriptive and methodological study
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of brachymesophalangia‐V (BMP‐V) in 2,012 individuals from five samples of children of different ethnic backgrounds was determined using two indices. Frequencies of BMP‐V were analyzed for three variants: BMP‐V alone, BMP‐V with clinodactyly, and BMP‐V with a cone‐shaped epiphysis. The two indices used to identify BMP‐V indicated highest relative frequencies among Mexican children, moderate frequencies among children of European ancestry (Pennsylvania White, Canadian, West German), and lower frequencies in Pennsylvania Black children. Index 1, based on the ratio of the width to the length of the fifth mid‐phalanx, consistently produced higher frequencies than Index 2, based on the ratio of the length of the fifth to the length of the fourth midphalanges. Index 1 was also more selective of BMP‐alone, while Index 2 selected primarily BMP‐V with clinodactyly and/or cone‐shaped epiphyses. The differences between indices were largely due to the fact that Index 1, which basically defines shape, selected both the shortest and/or widest mid‐phalanges, while Index 2 related actual length differences. It is suggested that Index 2 provided a more suitable criterion of BMP‐V in comparative studies, due to possible population differences in phalangeal shape.
Autopsies on two native American mummies
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Benitez Jaime , Fry Gary , Lynn George E. , Ortner Donald J. , Reyman T. A. , Small Parker A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn interdisciplinary team performed autopsies on an adult male and an infant male mummy from the American Southwest. Cause of death has not been determined for the infant. The presence of an unhealed skull fracture associated with an apparent hematoma in the adult male is suggestive of trauma as the cause of death in the adult. Evidence of disease is minimal.Analysis of powder thought to be dried blood from the thoracic cavity of the adult suggests the presence of human IgG. The instability of this protein may indicate the presence of proteolytic activity by enzymes that degrade immunoglobulins upon rehydration. The possibility of enzymatic degradation of proteins will be an important factor in future studies of such immunoglobulins in mummy remains and also indicates the importance of maintaining the desiccated condition of mummy tissues.
Agonism, ranking, and the social behavior of adult male baboons
Authors: Harding Robert S. O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn ingrained technique in primatological analysis is to rank individual animals in a hierarchical system that is usually but not always based on the outcome of agonistic encounters. An explication of group structre and function is then sought by correlation these rankings with aspects of behavior. When the behavior of the adult males in a free‐ranging troop of olive baboons is examined, ranking is found to be inadequate to represent the behavioral variability existing between individuals. The relationships maintained by these animals is analyzed, emphasizing amounts of time devoted to specific activities, and it is recommended that affiliative rather than agonistic behavior be stressed in future studies.
Sexing the human sternum
Authors: Jit Indar , Jhingan Veena , Kulkarni Mangala 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor differentiating a male from a female sternum, a metrical study of 400 adult North Indian sterna (312 males and 88 females) obtained from medicolegal postmortems was made. If the combined length of the manubrium and mesosternum was more than 140 mm. the sternum was male, and if less than 131 mm. it was female. No opinion could be given if the length was between 131 and 140 mm. By this measurement 72.12% male and 62.50% female sterna could be sexed with 100% accuracy. The length of the mesosternum alone could also determine the sex correctly in 50.32% male and 29.55% female specimens. The length of the manubrium, manubrium–corpus index, width of the first or third sternebra or their index, were not found to be useful in sexing a given sternum.By using multivariate analysis the probability of correctly identifying the sex of a sternum was over 85%.
Paternity exclusion in six captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive genetic markers were employed to attempt to identify the fathers of 135 Macaca mulatta offspring living in large outdoor field cages. Family studies of two of these markers to confirm mode of inheritance of phenotypes had not heretofore been reported. Of the 284 exclusions required to identify the fathers of all 135 monkeys, 198 (or 70 percent) were possible using only these five genetic polymorphisms. For 58 (or 43 percent) of these 135 offspring the father was identified. These data were applied to estimate the association between dominance rank of fathers and reproductive success. Fertility of first‐ and second‐ranking fathers was judged to be about twice as high as that of third‐ and fourth‐ranking fathers.
Gm and Inv studies on eight Iranian populations with distance measures among the six from the Caspian Littoral
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples from six populations living in the Caspian Littoral and from two populations (Armenians and Muslims) living in Teheran were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and for Inv(1). The Gm data show that all six populations from the Littoral have African and Mongoloid admixture. Genetic distance among these six populations was estimated using Nei's standard distance measure, and its standard error, based on the 11 loci analyzed by Kirk et al. (1977); on these 11 loci plus Gm; and on the foregoing 12‐plus Inv. Only the distance measures for populations 1 and 4, and 2 and 3 are significantly different in all three measures of distance, and then only at the 5% level. More loci will have to be studied before firmly based conclusions may be drawn concerning the relation of these populations to each other.The Armenian population, unlike the remaining seven populations, shows no evidence of African admixture, but it does show Mongoloid admixture.The Muslim population shows African and Mongoloid admixture and, in addition, has the unusual haplotype Gm3,5,10,11,13,14,17,26 at polymorphic frequencies.
Experimental stress analysis of topographic diversity in early hominid gnathic morphology
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Molnar Stephen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReconstructing the biomechanics of early hominid mastication is a key element in most models of hominid differentiation. Traditionally, ostelogical features marking muscle attachment surfaces have served as a reference system from which the vector geometry of the masticatory force system and resultant force distributions could be predicted. To augment traditional morphological and computational approaches, we developed a simulation system capable of replicating human and non‐human primate chewing motions. The forces of occlusion are recorded as photoelastic fringes in a urethane alveolar process. Simulation experiments evaluating the functional correlates of topographic diversity in zygomatic root position and mandibular ramus height in early hominids indicated that the mandibles and dentitions of robust australopithecines are well adapted to sustain high magnitude, low gradient load distributions.
An unusual distribution for height among males in a Warao Indian village: A possible case of lineal effect
Authors: Fleischman Mark L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Warao Indian village of Jobure has two modes for height within its adult male population. One mode is at 158 cm and the second occurs at 169 cm. Mean height for adult males and females for this village is significantly higher (α ≤ 0.05) than for the other Warao villages studied. Examination of the males involved shows that all unusually tall males, except two, are siblings or first cousins and are related to a taller than average village patriarch who is married to the tallest woman in the village.The Warao posses a social system that encourages the formation of small enclaves that are biased samples of the general population and consist of closely related individuals. The physical environment is such that villages only short distances apart may be socially isolated, thus inhibiting gene flow from adjacent settlements. The height distribution observed in the village of Jobure is considered to be the result of repetitive sampling along kinship lines and has been preserved by the physical and social environment.
Craniofacial growth of fetal Macaca nemestrina: A cephalometric roentgenographic study
Authors: Sirianni J. E. , Newell‐Morris L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe prenatal growth of the macaque craniofacial skeleton is described using lateral radiographs of 82 fetal and 25 neonatal Macaca nemestrina whose known gestational ages range from 50 to 186 days. The ossification sequence of the craniofacial bones resembles that in the human fetus. During gestation, the macaque neurocranium loses its round, globular shape, becoming flattened and elongated in an anteroposterior direction. In contrast, the morphologic pattern of the face is established early in fetal life, and little change takes place during the remaining prenatal period. The macaque craniofacial dimensions develop along the general skeletal growth pattern, unlike the human craniofacial dimensions, which follow an intermediate pattern between the neural and general skeletal patterns. However, despite minor differences, the macaque and human fetal faces follow the same basic patterns of growth.
Strength and robusticity of the Neandertal tibia
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree Neandertal tibias are naturally broken at or near midshaft allowing calculation of geometrical and mechanical parameters. Comparisons are made with a sample of 15 modern human tibias using identical methods. Relative torsional and bending strengths of the Neandertal specimens were twice those of the comparative sample. Basic morphometrics of the Neandertal tibia are also included.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI) and the morphology of other teeth in man
Authors: Le Bot Pierre , Gueguen Alice , Salmon Denise 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA sample of 192 male propositi with at least one ULI either missing or reduced has been compared with 197 male controls in terms of the morphology of the other teeth. Every class of propositi exhibits modifications in the following characters: Significant differences between propositi and controls were found for molar cusp number and groove pattern, particularly in the lower first molar and in propositi with reduced ULI. Significant differences between propositi and controls were also found with respect to caniniform pattern of the lower first premolar. The Carabelli's cusp is rarer in propositi. A hypothesis to account for these observations is proposed.
The caingang revisited: Blood genetics and anthropometry
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Jacques S.M. Callegari , Franco M.H.L.P. , Hutz M. H. , Weimer T. A. , Silva R. S. , Da Rocha F. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 248 individuals belonging to four populations of Caingang Indians from southern Brazil were stuided in relation to 23 genetic systems that are expressed in blood and one manifested on saliva. These results were compared with those obtained in 400 members of these same communities that were subjected to 11 body measurements. Nine polymorphic loci (MNSs, P, Rh, Duffy, Diego, Hp, PGM1, ESD, and Gc) were chosen for the calculation of the genetic distances between the four populations, which were compared with Mahalanobis's D2 differences. The two sets of values proved to be intercorrelated but neither showed a relationship with the geographic distances separating the four communities. The Caingang were previously classified linguistically as Gê, and they show several affinities with the Gê tribes, both when hematological, and morphological, characteristics are considered. A variant PGD phenotype is also described, showing a curious storage effect.
A reanalysis of the South African australopithecine natural endocasts
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSulcal patterns of six previously available South African australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. In addition, a seventh natural endocast, from STS 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. Using the Taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid‐like rather than human‐like. Contrary to earlier descriptions, the lunate sulcus occupies a rostral position similar to that found in pongids. Since South African australopithecine brains do not appear to be reorganized along human lines at a gross external neuroanatomical level, the concept of neurological reorganization is best applied at finer neurological levels, perhaps at the level of the neuron or at a neurochemical level. Thus, future studies by comparative neuroscientists are more likely to elucidate the fine details of neurological reorganization that occurred during early human evolution than are studies by paleontologists who directly observe the australopithecine fossil record of natural endocasts.
Age, sex, and antemortem loss of teeth in prehistoric Eskimo samples from point hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of teeth lost antemortem was investigated in 244 archeologically derived dried skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara burials at Point Hope, Alaska, and 83 Koniag Eskimo specimens excavated at Jones Point, Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Ipiutak skeletal remains date from approximately 1500 years B.P. and the Tigara remains from 300–400 years B.P. The Kodiak Island sample is undated. Specimens were sexed and aged in five‐year groupings using standard techniques. Teeth lost antermortem were identified as having occupied tooth sockets which showed healing of alveolar bone following exfoliation. Numbers of lost teeth were calculated as percentages of total number of tooth sites of each tooth classification for each age, sex, and site subgrouping.Tooth loss was very low in the Kodiak Island sample, with little difference between sexes and no identifiable age trends. The Tigara ramains displayed moderate tooth loss, with strong correlations to increasing age and little differentiation between the sexes. The Ipiutak specimens lost the most teeth antemortem, with notable between‐sex differences and strong correlations with increasing age. In all groups loss of anterior teeth was probably due to accident or heavy wear, while loss of posterior teeth was due to heavy wear, periodontal disease, or agenesis.
Allometry of primate hair density and the evolution of human hairlessness
Authors: Schwartz Gary G. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAllometric analyses of hair densities in 23 anthropoid primate taxa reveal that increasingly massive primates have systematically fewer hairs per equal unit of body surface. Considering the absence of effective sweating in monkeys and apes, the negative allometry of relative hair density may represent an architectural adaptation to thermal constraints imposed by the decreasing ratios of surface area to volume in progressively massive primates. Judging by estimates of body volume, denudation of the earliest hominids should have progressed to a considerable extent prior to their shift from a forest to a grassland habitat during the Pliocene. We propose that, lacking a reflective coat of hair, the exploitation of eccrine sweating emerged as the primary mechanism for adaptation to the increased heat loads of man's new environment and permitted further reduction of the remnant coat to its present vestigial condition.
Estimating prehistoric American Indian population size for united states area: Implications of the nineteenth century population decline and nadir
Authors: Thornton Russell , Marsh‐Thornton Joan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractImplications of a revised United States American Indian nadir population and the pattern of decline leading to it are examined. Substituting the new nadir for that used by Dobyns (1966) lowers by several million his estimates of Indian population for the United States (and Canada) area. These estimates then become more compatible with ones currently being suggested by other scholars. The nineteenth century decline leading to this nadir is found to be remarkably linear. Assuming linearity in decline from initial European contact through the eighteenth century, an aboriginal population estimate of 1,845,183 for the United States area may be extrapolated, along with estimates for intervening years. The nineteenth century decline is then graphed with the data extrapolated to 1492. The resulting pattern of population decline is quite different from the ones suggested by Mooney (1928) and Dobyns (1966).
The S‐leut anthropometric traits: Genetic analysis
Authors: Paganini‐Hill A. , Martin Alice O. , Spence M. Anne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic analyses were conducted on 51 anthropometric measurements and on four factors derived from them by factor analysis. These variables were obtained on 784 members of a religious isolate, the S‐leut. Correlations were computed between relatives, and heritabilities were estimated using information on extended families. Longitudinal measurements generally exhibited the highest heritabilities. The test for fit of a major gene model was significant for 13 of the 55 variables, the circumferential and breadth measurements giving the strongest evidence for major gene control. In another approach to establishment of genetic control, linkage analysis was performed between the anthropometric variables and blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. Several traits showed some evidence for linkage but none achieved statistical significance.
An analysis of australopithecine dentition
Authors: Finkel David J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe means and variances of dental length, breadth, and area measurements of South and East African gracile and robust australopithecines are analyzed to determine the existence of statistically significant differences due possibly to different niche utilization and divergent evolution. The study material is divided into four groups: South African gracile, South African robust, East African gracile, and East African robust.Comparison of East and South African graciles, East African robusts and graciles, and South African robusts and graciles shows few significant F‐ratios; a high frequency of significance is observed between East and South African robusts. High frequencies of significance are observed in t tests between all groups. Probit analysis, carried out on each of the four groups separately for each measurement, shows little or no significant deviation from normality; similar results are obtained when the groups are combined, suggesting the joint‐normal distribution of the total australopithecine sample. High frequencies of significant t tests and low frequencies of significant F‐ratios are observed when all graciles are compared with all robusts; yet few significant t tests and many significant F‐ratios occur when all East African forms are combined with all South African forms.Observed differences in dental measurements in australopithecines tend to occur on a regional rather than a morphologic basis, especially with regard to robust samples from South and East Africa. While analysis of variance and probit analysis cannot be used to establish taxonomic divisions, results suggest the inappropriateness of dental measurements in establishing an australopithecine taxonomy.