bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NAVIGATING ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN DATA MANAGEMENT FOR U.S. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT: BEST PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Arenike Patricia Adekugbe  , Chidera Victoria Ibeh  
Published: April 2024

In the landscape of U.S. program development, the ethical management of data plays a crucial role in ensuring the integrity, privacy, and trustworthiness of information. This review outlines best practices and recommendations for navigating ethical challenges inherent in data management within this context. Understanding ethical challenges involves recognizing the complexities of data collection, storage, usage, and sharing, and the potential dilemmas they pose. Best practices entail implementing robust procedures for informed consent, privacy protection, encryption, access control, and compliance with relevant regulations. Additionally, ethical decision-making requires the establishment of frameworks that prioritize stakeholder interests, risk assessment, and the implementation of guidelines through staff training and regular audits. Through case studies, real-world examples illustrate the practical application of ethical principles in addressing data management challenges. This review emphasizes the critical role of ethical considerations in safeguarding data integrity and fostering trust among stakeholders in U.S. program development initiatives. It underscores the need for continued vigilance and adherence to ethical guidelines to mitigate risks and uphold the ethical standards essential for responsible data management in this domain.
Keywords: Ethical Challenges, Data Management, U.S. Program Development, Best Practices, Recommendations.
DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCIES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Authors: Etinosa Igbinenikaro  , Adefolake Olachi Adewusi  
Published: April 2024

The rapid growth of the digital economy has transformed global commerce, introducing new complexities and challenges, particularly in the realm of cross-border insolvencies. As businesses increasingly operate across national boundaries and rely on digital assets and data, traditional bankruptcy laws struggle to effectively address the intricacies of digital insolvencies. This review outlines the need for developing international policy guidelines to manage cross-border insolvencies in the digital economy. Cross-border insolvencies in the digital economy present unique challenges, including jurisdictional conflicts, the treatment of digital assets and data, and coordination among diverse stakeholders. Existing international legal frameworks, while providing some guidance, are often inadequate in addressing these complexities. Thus, there is a pressing need for harmonized policy guidelines to facilitate efficient and fair resolution of digital insolvencies. The proposed policy guidelines aim to achieve several objectives. Firstly, they advocate for the harmonization of laws and regulations across jurisdictions to provide clarity and consistency in cross-border insolvency proceedings. Secondly, they call for the establishment of a framework for recognizing and enforcing foreign insolvency proceedings, ensuring equitable treatment of creditors and stakeholders. Additionally, the guidelines emphasize the protection and appropriate treatment of digital assets and data, reflecting their growing importance in the digital economy.
Implementation strategies include capacity building for legal professionals, mechanisms for dispute resolution and coordination, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of policy effectiveness. Case studies and best practices will be utilized to illustrate successful cross-border insolvency resolutions in the digital economy, offering valuable insights for policy development and replication. In conclusion, developing international policy guidelines for managing cross-border insolvencies in the digital economy is crucial for promoting economic stability, facilitating global commerce, and safeguarding the interests of creditors and stakeholders in an increasingly interconnected world.
Keywords: Bankruptcy, Law, International Policy Guidelines, Cross-Border, Insolvencies, Digital Economy.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN BUILDING CLEAN ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES AND NIGERIA
Authors: Munachi Chikodili Ugwu  , Adefolake Olachi Adewusi  , Naomi Emeka Nwokolo  
Published: April 2024

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a pivotal role in the development of clean energy infrastructure in both the United States and Nigeria, offering a collaborative framework that leverages the strengths of both public and private sectors. In the United States, PPPs have been instrumental in advancing renewable energy projects, such as wind farms and solar installations, through joint ventures between government entities and private companies. These partnerships capitalize on government incentives, such as tax credits and grants, to attract private investment and stimulate innovation in clean energy technologies. Moreover, PPPs in the US often involve long-term contracts that provide stability and assurance to private investors, facilitating the financing and implementation of large-scale projects. In Nigeria, where energy access remains a significant challenge, PPPs offer a promising approach to address the country's growing energy needs while transitioning to cleaner sources. The Nigerian government has been actively promoting PPPs in the energy sector to mobilize private capital and expertise for the development of renewable energy infrastructure. These partnerships aim to diversify Nigeria's energy mix, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and improve energy access in rural and underserved areas. By partnering with private investors, the government seeks to overcome financial constraints and institutional barriers that have historically hindered the expansion of clean energy infrastructure. Despite their potential benefits, PPPs in both countries face various challenges, including regulatory complexities, political risks, and issues related to project financing. In the United States, uncertainties surrounding government policies and regulations can impact investor confidence and project viability. Similarly, in Nigeria, factors such as corruption, bureaucracy, and inadequate legal frameworks can impede the effective implementation of PPPs. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated effort from governments, private sector stakeholders, and civil society to create an enabling environment for sustainable investments in clean energy. Overall, the role of PPPs in building clean energy infrastructure transcends national boundaries, offering a collaborative solution to global energy challenges. By fostering partnerships that combine public resources with private sector innovation and efficiency, PPPs have the potential to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon future while driving economic growth and promoting energy security for all.
Keywords: Public-Private Partnerships, Clean Energy, USA, Nigeria, Innovation.
ETHICAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: BALANCING PROFIT, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
Authors: Nsisong Louis Eyo-Udo  , Agnes Clare Odimarha  , Olaniyi Olufemi Kolade  
Published: April 2024

This review paper explores the intricate balance between profit, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship in ethical supply chain management. It delves into the challenges businesses face in integrating ethical practices within their supply chains, highlighting the conflict between profitability and ethical imperatives. The paper proposes a multifaceted approach to navigate these complexities, encompassing best practices, adherence to policies and regulations, and leveraging technology and innovation. This lens emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in enhancing corporate sustainability, competitiveness, and stakeholder trust. Recommendations for businesses and directions for future research are provided, aiming to further the understanding and implementation of ethical supply chain management strategies that benefit both businesses and society.
Keywords: Ethical Supply Chain Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Stewardship, Sustainability, Technology and Innovation, Stakeholder Engagement.
PROMOTING CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY THROUGH PRODUCT REJUVENATION: A STUDY OF RITE FOODS LIMITED, NIGERIA
Authors: Dibie Raphael Ndidi  , Olannye A. Peter  , Kifordu A. Anthony  
Published: April 2024

The study examined the effect of product rejuvenation on customer-based brand equity of Rite Foods Limited. Primary data was sourced through the administration of a structured questionnaire to the employees of the selected firm, while secondary data was obtained through the review of related literature. The study adopted the descriptive research design, which aids the researcher in collecting quantitative data used to address the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. A total of 188 copies of the questionnaire were administered adopting random sampling techniques. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and hypotheses were tested using multiple regression. The findings revealed that rebranding, brand positioning, brand extension, and product differentiation has positive effect on customer-based brand equity. The study concluded that product rejuvenation is a strategic process initiated to improve the existing product, process, or brand to meet the changing demands and requirements of consumers in the evolving market. It is a corrective measure applied when the business or the product is at the maturity or decline stage (alarming phase) of its life cycle and is on the verge of becoming obsolete. Therefore, it must be carefully planned such that the essence of the entity remains intact even though its products are modernized.
Keywords: Customer-based Brand Equity, Brand Positioning, Rebranding, Product Differentiation, Brand Extension.
NATURAL GALACTAGOGUES IN NIGERIA AND THE US: MECHANISMS, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY
Authors: Deborah Aanuoluwa Soyombo  
Published: April 2024

Natural galactagogues are substances that are believed to promote lactation by increasing milk production in breastfeeding mothers. This review examines the use, scientific evidence, and regulatory status of natural galactagogues in Nigeria and the US, focusing on their mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. In both Nigeria and the US, various natural substances have been traditionally used to support lactation. These substances include herbs such as fenugreek, blessed thistle, and fennel seed, as well as foods like oats and barley. While these substances have been used for centuries and are believed to have lactogenic properties, scientific evidence supporting their efficacy is limited. In Nigeria, traditional healers and herbalists often prescribe natural galactagogues to breastfeeding mothers to enhance milk production. These practices are deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and are often passed down through generations. However, the scientific evidence supporting the use of these substances is scarce, and their safety and efficacy remain uncertain. In the US, natural galactagogues are also commonly used by breastfeeding mothers seeking to increase milk supply. While some studies have suggested that certain herbs and foods may have lactogenic effects, the overall evidence is inconclusive. Additionally, the regulatory status of natural galactagogues in the US varies, with some substances being classified as dietary supplements and others as foods. Overall, the use of natural galactagogues in Nigeria and the US reflects a cultural and historical belief in their efficacy. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of these substances. Regulatory agencies in both countries should also continue to monitor the use of natural galactagogues and provide guidance to ensure their safe and appropriate use by breastfeeding mothers.
Keywords: Natural, Galactagogues, Mechanism, Efficacy, Safety.
ASSESSMENT OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN SCHOOL GIRLS IN A RURAL SETTING
Authors: Lodhi Hifza Noor , Naima Khalid  , Madiha Akram  , Tashfeen Ikram  , Muniza Saeed  , Sadia Chiragh  
Published: April 2024

Background: Among children, undiagnosed refractive error is the second most common cause of curable blindness and the major cause of visual disability these days. Children often do not complain of visual problems and may not even be aware of their symptoms. Ophthalmic screening programs in school children are not only essential but are also valuable School screening programs assist in early detection of amblyopia and its risk factors such as strabismus, refractive errors and media opacities
Methods: A total of 155 schoolgirls between ages 5 to 18 years were included in the screening process at a Government Higher Secondary School in April 2019. The students were asked to fill in a self-devised questionnaire for a superficial ocular assessment. Next, visual acuity was measured with Snellen distant vision chart. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 23. Data was checked for normality of distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test. Frequency and percentages of refractive errors were determined. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The frequency of girls having right eye error was more than those having it in left eye and the percentage of girls having failed visual acuity in either eye i.e VA<6/12 was 17.4%. Pearson Chi Squared test was applied to determine any relationship between categorical variables and it showed significance between reading from books, threading the needle 0.000 and parents wearing glasses. (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion: Awareness about causes of refractive errors must be prioritized. Annual screening should be made mandatory in schools of both urban as well as rural setting, health education programs, walks, seminars should be conducted in order to create awareness amongst the general masses, and last but not the least smartphone usage hours should be restricted in children in order to prevent them from the deleterious effects of this gadget.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Majeed Saima , Qadir Khan Altaf 
Published: April 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in mental health services to provide improved diagnosis, treatment, and support. This systematic review article aims to explore the current literature on the use of AI in mental health services, focusing on the effectiveness of AI-based interventions and the ethical considerations surrounding their use. The databases PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science were explored for articles published between 2015 and 2022 using the following search terms: “Artificial Intelligence”, “Mental Health”, “Intervention”, and “Ethics”. A search based on inclusion and exclusion criteria ended up with 50 articles highlighting the potential of AI to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of mental health services. Further deliberation excluded 30 articles and the present systematic review has been carried out with twenty articles. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines resulted in stating the results of this systematic review. The results suggest that AI-based interventions have promising outcomes for improving the diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to mental health, early detection and prevention of mental disorders, improved quality of care as well as reduced cost of mental health services. However, ethical considerations, such as privacy and transparency, must be considered in the implementation of AI in mental health services, and issues related to empathy and reflective practices were also highlighted. Implications and future directions for the research were also discussed.
SKIN, SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS AND THEIR MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Rasheed Farhan , Jamil Iqra , Gull Fraz Rai , Sultan Aisha , Bilal Muhammad , Niaz Khan Jawad 
Published: April 2024

Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are considered as diverse group of infections which may vary in microbial etiology and clinical presentation and ranges from simple, uncomplicated infections to severe, complicated picture. Causative organisms with antimicrobial resistance may worsen the situation.
Objectives: The aim of present study was to check the frequency and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates causing SSTIs.
Methods: A retrospective study performed over a period of 3 years. Pus and wound samples were collected and were processed by using standard microbiological procedures. Confirmation of bacterial species was done by different biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (AST) was checked on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar by disc-diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines.
Results: Among 2345 total samples, 63.1% were cultured positive. Percentage of gram-negative bacteria was 51.3% while 48.7& were gram positive. E. coli (33.7%) was most common organism among gram-negative and S. aureus (34.5%) was more prevalent among gram positive organisms. Linezolid and glycopeptides showed excellent susceptibility against gram-positive organism, while maximum resistance was observed against Co-trimoxazole and Fluoroquinolones among gram-negative isolates.
Conclusion: Changing trend of bacterial spectrum causing SSTIs along with increasing antimicrobial resistance becomes a serious health problem which limits the treatment options for such infections.
CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVELS AND TRANSCUTANEOUS BILIRUBINOMETER VALUES IN NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Authors: Muhammad Shahid  , Anum Zia  , Aqsa Mazhar  , Faez Qasem Mohammad Hassan  , Saad Muhammad Shahid  , Nida Aslam  
Published: April 2024

Background: Jaundice in newborns is a prevalent postnatal complication, typically benign in nature. To assess neonatal jaundice, the development of non-invasive techniques, such as the transcutaneous bilirubinometer, has proven instrumental. This study focuses on evaluating neonatal bilirubin levels using transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) meters, which employ a non-invasive approach by measuring light transmission through the skin.
Objective: The objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis between transcutaneous bilirubin levels in neonates and their corresponding total blood bilirubin levels.
Method: A cross- sectional study was conducted over the course of six months in the neonatal unit at Bahria International Hospital in Lahore. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit a total of 100 instances of newborn jaundice. Babies' demographic information was collected after they were born. The transcutaneous bilirubinometer (TCB) JM-105 was used to measure their bilirubin levels. Bilirubin levels in the serum were measured and documented simultaneously. The results of the two tests were compared to determine the degree of correlation between them.
Results: Out of 100 neonates, 61(61%) were male. For all weight ranges mean TCB values significantly correlated with mean serum bilirubin level (p<0.001) with correlation coefficient 0.778.
Conclusion: In newborns, total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels are highly associated with transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels. Therefore, TcB can be utilized to direct care for these infants.
FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN FEMALES OF CHILDBEARING AGE
Authors: Ahmad Nazia , Gondal Ayesha , Hafiza Fajar Shabbir  , Fateen Tooba , Rizwan Muhammad 
Published: April 2024

Background: Anemia is a condition which develops either due to decrease in the number of red blood cells or low hemoglobin concentration. Hemoglobin is oxygen transport protein in red blood cells. Young children, anorexic teenagers, females of reproductive age group, pregnant females and malnourished females are at greater risk of developing anemia.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the frequency and severity of anemias in child bearing females.
Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted in Ghurki Trust Teaching hospital Lahore from January 2022 to December 2023. Total of 2000 females of child bearing age, who ranged between 20-40 years were included. First group had ranged of age between 21 to 30 years whereas the second had ranged of age between 31 to 40 years. Data were entered and analysis by using SPSS version 22.
Results: Out of a total of 2000 cases, 713 (35.6%) had a normal hemoglobin level, whereas 1,287 (64.35%) had a decreased hemoglobin level. In present study, we found 41.05% females with mild, 18.6% cases of moderate anemia, whereas only 4.75% cases presented with severe degree of anemia.
Conclusion: Females presenting with symptoms of fatigue, tiredness and palpitations, anemia should be considered as one of the causes of this presentation of anemia.
ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE OUTCOMES OF ANTICONVULSANT/ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICINES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FORMALIN INDUCED PAIN IN GROUP OF MICE
Authors: Sidra Shah  , Ayesha Shaukat  
Published: April 2024

Background: Anti-depressant are used to treat various disorders like neuropathic pain, migraine etc. Anticonvulsant drugs may have a role in the modulation of changes include inhibition of voltage gated ion channels at sites of spinal, supraspinal and peripheral.
Objectives: An experimental observational study was carried out to find the role of anti-nociceptive outcomes of anticonvulsant/antidepressant medicines in the management of formalin induced pain in group of mice.
Methods: A total of 20 albino mice weighed 20-30 gm. were taken from animal dwelling of The University of Lahore. Formalin induced pain was judged by observing the lifting of paw and behavior. Animals were divided in 4 groups (five mice in each group) group no 1: Control, group no 2: Paracetamol, group no 3: Fluvoxamine, group no 4: Lamotrigine. After given the doses of drugs, 5.0 % formalin solution was injected. Number of counts of licking paw and paw-lifting of mice during first phase and second phase was noted. Percentage effectiveness was calculated by the formula.
The palliative action of the medicine was evaluated by calculating the latency moment in reaction to stimulus of heat. The animals were positioned on hot plate at time interval zero min, 30 min, 60 min and 90 min subsequent the administration of medicine. The Latency time until animal began either jumping or licking was noted. Percentage of maximum possible effects (MPE) is calculated by formula.
Conclusion: Our study shows the anti-nociceptive outcomes of fluvoxamine & lamotrigine in the management of formalin induced pain in group of mice
Ozick’s Feminism and the Woman Writer
Authors: Coit Emily 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As Ozick herself has noted, readers have observed a contradiction between her championing of the particularity of the Jewish writer and her insistence on the human universality of the writer who happens to be a woman. Examining Ozick’s thinking about sex and gender, this article explains why this apparent contradiction isn’t one for her. Considering the relationship between her “classical feminism” and her ideas about genius and art making, this article highlights the key claims of her polemics against “the woman writer” from the 1970s. The article then reads Ozick’s essays on Virginia Woolf and Edith Wharton from the same decade as richly unruly works of fiction that undermine some of those claims. Locating Ozick’s feminism among those of her peers in the late twentieth century, this article also points to the relevance of her ideas for the contending feminisms of the present.