bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of mass transport processes during the leaching of amygdalin from bitter apricot kernels: detoxification and flavour improvement
Authors: Silem Abdelmadjid , Günter Hans‐Otto , Einfeldt Jörn , Boualia Abdelkader 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBecause of their appreciable protein content apricot kernels could be used as a good source of food. However, their wide use for human or animal nutrition is dependent on their adequate detoxification. This is because apricot kernels have a strong bitter flavour that is caused by the presence of amygdalin, a toxic cyanogenic glycoside. The aim of the present work was to investigate an unusual method of detoxifying apricot kernels by soaking them in water. The method was energetically relatively inexpensive as uncrushed kernels and cold water were used. Furthermore, the use of intact kernels minimized the loss of nutritious soluble matter during the detoxification. On the basis of a simple but adequate mechanistic model, a mathematical description of the extractive detoxification of apricot kernels is proposed. The two‐resistance mass transfer system is based on external film mass transfer and an effective solid diffusion. A linear equilibrium curve arises from the assumption that the concentration profile inside the solid phase can be well approximated with a second order polynomial calculation, this then leads to an analytical formulation of the mathematical model. The liquid‐phase mass transfer coefficient and the internal diffusion coefficient in the kernels can be then determined. Finally, the model is used to describe extractor behaviour and predict process performance under real operation conditions.
Trends in the production and storage of fresh meat – the holistic approach to bacteriological meat quality
Authors: Nowak Bernhard , Sammet Katharina , Klein Guenter , Mueffling Theda v. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe aim of this review paper is to introduce readers to the modern approach to meat production as recommended by public authorities. No part of the food chain can be regarded alone but has to be seen as part of the whole. A holistic approach to fresh meat storage and retailing must therefore start with the living animal and cannot end with the sale of the meat. It must also include the consumers. One of the highest priority issues for consumers, producers and governments is food safety, and with it, consumer safety. Here we briefly describe the possibilities of keeping initial amounts of bacteria in meat low and modern storage of fresh meat. In future, the consumer must be incorporated in the meat food chain.
Melatonin Does Not Inhibit Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Activity in Waking Young Men
Authors: Perras B. , Özcan S. , Fehm H. L. , Born J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe pineal hormone melatonin is mainly secreted during night‐time which, in humans, is the normal time of sleep. It has been proposed that, during this period, melatonin exerts an inhibitory influence on secretory activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) system, although there is little evidence for this view in humans. In blind humans, a single oral dose of melatonin at bed time suppressed nocturnal cortisol secretion. However, suppression could have been secondary to an improved sleep after melatonin in these experiments. In the present study, we examined whether melatonin exerts a similar inhibitory effect on HPA activity in waking subjects. Fourteen healthy young men were tested at bed time, but kept awake throughout the experimental epoch. Thirty minutes after oral ingestion of 5 mg melatonin, activity of the HPA‐system was stimulated through a standard insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. Adrenocorticotrophin hormone and cortisol concentrations under basal conditions before insulin injection, as well as in response to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia, were almost identical for the melatonin and placebo control conditions (P > 0.5). However, melatonin increased plasma prolactin concentrations (P < 0.01) and reduced systolic blood pressure in the time interval following hypoglycaemia (P < 0.05). Based on a review of the literature and our results, we conclude that melatonin per se has no substantially suppressing effect on HPA secretory activity, although such an effect can be gated by sleep‐related processes.
Dopamine D2‐Like Receptor Function is Converted from Excitatory to Inhibitory by Thyroxine in the Developmental Hippocampus
Authors: Oh‐Nishi A. , Saji M. , Furudate S.‐I. , Suzuki N. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe mechanism by which a lack of thyroid hormone in the early development of the brain causes permanent mental retardation in cretins is currently unknown. On the other hand, an abnormality in dopamine‐related brain function is believed to underlie some forms of mental illness. In this study, we demonstrate that although the activation of a dopaminergic D2‐like receptor inhibited glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampal slices of normal adult rats, indicating the inhibitory action of the D2‐like receptor on glutamatergic transmission, it markedly enhanced glutamatergic transmission both in a mutant hypothyroid rat with a missense mutation in thyroglobulin and in hypothyroid rats treated with methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), indicating the excitatory action of the D2‐like receptor on glutamatergic transmission. Paired pulse facilitation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials was reduced by the activation of the D2‐like receptors from MMI‐induced hypothyroid rats, suggesting a presynaptic locus of the excitatory action of the D2‐like receptors. In normal rats, the excitatory D2‐like dopamine receptors were observed in the developing stages and were completely replaced by normal inhibitory responses up to adulthood. Furthermore, the continuous supplement of thyroxine from birth exerted a normalising effect on the abnormal excitatory property of D2‐like dopamine receptors in the hippocampal slices of MMI‐treated hypothyroid rats. From these results, it is suggested that thyroxine may play a crucial role in reversing the excitatory property of D2‐like dopaminergic receptors in the immature brain to an inhibitory one in the mature brain. Moreover, we suggest that the abnormal excitatory property of D2‐like dopaminergic receptors may develop in response to a lack of thyroxine and may contribute to some central nervous system deficits, including cognitive dysfunctions accompanied by hypothyroidism.
Efficacy of topical administration of eprinomectin for treatment of ear mite infestation in six rabbits
Authors: ULUTAS BULENT , VOYVODA HUSEYIN , BAYRAMLI GOKSEL , KARAGENC TULIN 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Six rabbits naturally infested withPsoroptes cuniculiwere treated topically on the skin at the base of the neck with 0.5 mg kg−1of 0.5% pour‐on eprinomectin for cattle, twice at 14‐day intervals. Efficacy of the drug was based on the disappearance of clinical signs and the absence of live mites for a period of 6 weeks. Clinical improvement was seen within 3 days of the first application; however, complete recovery of clinical signs and elimination of mites in 5/6 rabbits did not occur until the end of the study. No adverse reactions attributable to eprinomectin treatment were observed during the observation period. Results of this trial indicated that eprinomectin was partially effective in the treatment of psoroptic mange in rabbits.
Multiple papillomavirus‐associated epidermal hamartomas and squamous cell carcinomasin situin a dog following chronic treatment with prednisone and cyclosporine
Authors: CALLAN MARY BETH , PREZIOSI DIANE , MAULDIN ELIZABETH 
Published: October 2005

Abstract A 4‐year‐old, spayed female toy fox terrier developed multiple epidermal hamartomas and squamous cell carcinomasin situfollowing chronic immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and cyclosporine for management of an immune‐mediated nonregenerative anaemia. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for papillomavirus antigen within both benign (n = 19) and malignant (n = 8) cutaneous lesions that developed during a 3‐year period of observation, with positive staining most often seen in keratinocytes in the granular cell layer. Treatment of the papillomavirus infection with interferon‐α was discontinued after 2 weeks because of diarrhoea and a further increase in liver enzymes. The cutaneous lesions of this dog persisted and new lesions developed during the year following discontinuation of both cyclosporine and prednisone. This is the first reported case of papillomavirus‐associated squamous cell carcinomain situdeveloping in a dog following chronic administration of cyclosporine and prednisone.
Isotretinoin in the treatment of multiple benign pilomatrixomas in a mixed‐breed dog
Authors: TOMA STEFANO , NOLI CHIARA 
Published: October 2005

Abstract An 18‐month‐old cross‐breed dog developed multiple skin nodules, which over 8 months had increased in size and number. Biopsy samples were submitted for histopathological examination and revealed multiple benign pilomatrixomas. The dog was treated with 1 mg kg−1isotretinoin daily, which led to a stabilization of the size and number of the lesions. Attempts to lower the dosage to an every other day regimen led to an increase in the nodules’ size and number. Monthly complete blood count and chemistry tests and Schirmer tear tests were performed to monitor any adverse effects of the retinoid treatment. No adverse effects were noted. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of multiple pilomatrixomas arising in a young dog and successfully controlled with oral retinoids.
Atopy patch test reactions in high‐IgE beagles to different sources and concentrations of house dust mites
Authors: MARSELLA ROSANNA , NICKLIN CONNIE , LOPEZ JENNIFER 
Published: October 2005

Abstract  Protocols for atopy patch testing (APT) were evaluated on six high‐IgE dogs sensitized to house dust mites (HDM) using various concentrations and sources of HDM. Two sources of HDM were compared: Heska slurry and four concentrations of Greer HDM. Saline was used as a negative control. Patches were removed after 48 h and the sites evaluated at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h for erythema, macules, papules and pustules. Each sign was scored from 0 to 3 (0 = absent and 3 = severe). Total score was used for analysis. Mean total scores significantly increased for both Greer and Heska HDMs from 6 h, peaking at 48 h for G100 (100 mg mL−1), G300 and G668, and at 72 h for Heska and G31.25. Across all times, Heska HDM scores were significantly higher than those of G31.25 with the largest difference at 96 h. Heska scores, however, were significantly lower than those of other Greer concentrations (G100, G300 and G668) particularly at 96 h. No reactions were noted at saline sites. It is concluded that Greer–HDM at 100 mg mL−1 is the most suitable concentration for APT in dogs because it induces reactions comparable if not higher than more concentrated HDM preparations.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) Lower Respiratory Tract
Authors: Smodlaka H. , Reed R. B. , Henry R. W. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe microscopic anatomy of the ringed seal lung exhibits unique features and many features similar to those described in other seal species. Unique features include: Trachealis muscle predominately oriented longitudinally; Large veins within the tracheal wall supported by elastic fibers; Goblet cells and pseudostratified epithelium lining the duct system of bronchial glands of the segmental bronchi; Lamina propria of the segmental bronchus heavily invested with elastic fibers clustered into dense longitudinal bundles; and Capillaries and venules covered with squamous epithelium protruding into bronchiolar lumina. Common features include: Cartilage support of the bronchial tree extending distally into respiratory bronchioles; Smooth muscle enhancements in the distal airways producing sphincter like formations; and Lungs extensively supported with interstitial tissue, which divide lungs into lobules.
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gills in Juveniles of the Argentinian Silverside, Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes, 1835) (Teleostei: Atheriniformes)
Authors: Vigliano F. A. , Alemañ N. , Quiroga M. I. , Nieto J. M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAn ultrastructural study was performed on the gills of juvenile Argentinian silverside, Odontesthes bonariensis. The gills are composed of two sets of four holobranchs and, in turn, each holobranch consists of a gill arch and two rows of caudolaterally projecting branchial filaments. From the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each filament, branchial lamellae radiate out as foldings of the epithelial layer. Gill rakers are present on each of the gill arches, on the anteromedial side of the arch opposite to the filaments. Gill rakers, gill arches and branchial filaments are covered by a stratified epithelium, whereas branchial lamellae essentially consist of a thin epithelial envelope containing capillaries. In the stratified epithelium, mucous cells, rodlet cells, granular cells, pavement epithelial cells and mitochondria‐rich cells are identified. The thin epithelium that lines the lamellae comprises two cell types, outer and inner epithelial cells, and the capillary walls on the inside of the epithelial envelope are defined by pillar cells. The ultrastructure of all these cell types is described and our findings are discussed in light of the existing data on fish gill morphology. In the gills of juvenile Argentinian silverside is of particular interest the characteristics showed by mitochondria‐rich cells, such as their arrangement in clusters of 2–3 cells and their small and depressed surface in contact with the aquatic milieu, features which strongly resemble those of euryhaline species.
Investigation of Direct Toxic and Teratogenic Effects of Anticoagulants on Rat Embryonic Development Using In Vitro Culture Method and Genotoxicity Assay
Authors: Uysal I. I. , Karabulut A. K. , Ozdemir K. , Aksoy M. , Altunkeser B. B. , Acar H. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryHeparin and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are used to reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Although, these agents have been shown to be safe when used during pregnancy, the studies about direct toxic and teratogenic effects of these drugs on embryonic development are limited. In this study, the effects of heparin and LMWHs on rat embryonic development were investigated by using in vitro embryo culture and micronucleus (MN) assay methods. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of heparin (5–40 IU/ml), dalteparin (2.5–20 IU/ml), enoxaparin (25–100 μg/ml) and nadroparin (1–4 IU/ml). Effects of anticoagulants on embryonic developmental parameters were compared and embryos were evaluated for the presence of any malformations. After culturing the embryos, classic MN assay was performed. Anticoagulants significantly decreased all growth and developmental parameters dose‐dependently. Dalteparin and enoxaparin were found to cause more developmental toxicity than heparin and nadroparin. Along with haematoma in general, heparin and nadroparin caused maxillary deformity, situs inversus and oedema most frequently, while neural tube defects were observed with dalteparin and enoxaparin. All agents also significantly induced MN formation in rat embryonic blood cells. These results indicate the possible genotoxic effects of anticoagulant agents on the developing rat embryo when applied directly.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Glutamate in the Gerbil Main Olfactory Bulb Using an Antiserum Directed against Glutamate
Authors: Yoo K.‐Y. , Hwang I. K. , Lee J. C. , Cho J. H. , Kim S.M. , Jung J.‐Y. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryInformation on the localization and the roles of glutamate in the nervous system is becoming valuable because the axon terminals of the olfactory sensory neurons and the synapses of the mitral and tufted output cells appear to be glutamatergic. In this study, we have analysed the distribution of glutamate immunoreactivity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the Mongolian gerbil using an antiserum directed against glutamate. Glutamate immunoreactivity in the MOB was present in the olfactory nerve layer (Onl), glomerular layer (GL), external plexiform layer (EPL) and mitral cell layer (ML), but not in the granule cell layer (GCL). Glutamate immunoreactivity detected in the Onl was thought to be terminal ramifications of glomeruli. Some neurons in the periglomerular region showed glutamate immunoreactivity. In the EPL, glutamate immunoreactivity was found in some neuronal somata (tufted cells) and processes. In addition, mitral cells in the ML were labelled by the glutamate antibody. The pattern of glutamate immunoreactivity in the mitral cells was similar to that in the tufted cells. In brief, glutamate in the gerbil MOB is the neurotransmitter used by primary afferents and output neurons.
Ultrastructural Analysis of the Integument of a Desert‐Adapted Mammal, the One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Pfeiffer C. J. , Osman A. H. K. , Pfeiffer D. C. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryIn this study, we conducted a light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the integument of the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). In general, the epidermal strata of the camel integument appeared typical of those found in non‐desert mammals. Two cell populations were noted in the stratum basale: one with a flat, non‐serrated base and the other with a highly serrated base. Typical fine structure was observed in keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum was six to 10 cells thick. Within the different strata, overall cell morphologies and the general distribution and relative abundance of cellular organelles appeared typical. Dermal features included the presence of myoepithelial cells surrounding apocrine tubular glands. Inter‐ or intracellular canaliculi within the secretory cells of the apocrine glands, reported to be present in certain other non‐desert mammals, were not evident in the camel. Together, these data indicate that while the camel is clearly adapted for a desert lifestyle, these adaptations do not include significant specializations at the cellular or subcellular level in the integument.
The Regional Distribution and Relative Frequency of Gastrointestinal Endocrine cells in the Nude Mice, Balb/c‐nu/nu: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Ku S. K. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. H. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe distributions and frequencies of some endocrine cells in the eight portions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract – fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum of the nude mouse, Balb/c‐nu/nu were studied with immunohistochemical method using six types of anti‐sera against serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐8, somatostatin, glucagon and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP). All of six types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of GI tract. Serotonin‐IR cells were detected throughout the whole GI tract and they showed the highest frequency in the pylorus. Gastrin‐IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with numerous and a few frequencies, respectively. CCK‐8‐IR cells were also restricted to the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with numerous, a few and rare frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin‐IR cells were demonstrated throughout the whole GI tract except for the colon and rectum, and they showed the highest frequency in the fundus. In addition, glucagon‐ and hPP‐IR cells were restricted to the fundus and rectum, respectively with a few frequencies. In conclusion, the general distribution patterns and relative frequency of GI endocrine cells of the nude mouse, Balb/c‐nu/nu was similar to that of other strains of mice. However, some strain and/or species‐dependent unique distributions and frequencies of endocrine cells were also observed especially for somatostatin‐ and hPP‐IR cells.
Serum IgG and IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae and severity of emphysema
Authors: KURASHIMA Kazuyoshi , KANAUCHI Tetsu , TAKAYANAGI Noboru , SATO Nagato , TOKUNAGA Daido , UBUKATA Mikio , YANAGISAWA Tsutomu , SUGITA Yutaka , KANAZAWA Minoru 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been identified serologically in patients with COPD. The aim of this study was to examine whether the severity of emphysema is related to elevated antibody titres against C. pneumoniae.Methodology:  We measured antibody titres against C. pneumoniae using ELISA, and assessed the severity of emphysema by the percentage of low attenuation area (%LAA) using high resolution (HR) CT in patients with COPD and in non‐smoking control subjects.Results:  The mean %LAA was 2.2% in non‐smoking controls (n = 28) and 13.3% in COPD patients (n = 94). COPD patients with a high IgG antibody index to C. pneumoniae (≥2.0, n = 42) had a significantly higher %LAA (16.8%) than those with a low IgG index (<2.0, n = 52) (10.6%, P = 0.01). In addition, COPD patients with a high IgA antibody index (≥2.0, n = 46) had a significantly higher %LAA (15.9%) than those with a low IgA index (<2.0, n = 48) (10.9%, P = 0.048). COPD patients with a high IgA antibody index also had a significantly lower %DLco than that associated with a low IgA index (68.1% and 80.3%, respectively, P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in age, smoking index or FEV1/FVC between these groups.Conclusion:  These results suggest that high antibody titres against C. pneumoniae are linked with the severity of emphysema on high resolution CT and decreased diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide.