bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1) expression level is not associated with polymorphisms in the promoter or 3′ untranslated regions of the CR1 gene
Authors: Cockburn I. A. , Rowe J. A. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryComplement receptor 1 (CR1) expression level on erythrocytes is genetically determined and is associated with high (H) and low (L) expression alleles identified by a HindIII restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) in intron 27 of the CR1 gene. The L allele confers protection against severe malaria in Papua New Guinea, probably because erythrocytes with low CR1 expression, are less able to form pathogenic rosettes with Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocytes. Despite the biological importance of erythrocyte CR1, the genetic mutation controlling CR1 expression level remains unknown. We investigated the possibility that mutations in the upstream or 3′ untranslated regions of the CR1 gene could control erythrocyte CR1 level. We identified several novel polymorphisms; however, the mutations did not segregate with erythrocyte CR1 expression level or the H and L alleles. Therefore, high and low erythrocyte CR1 levels cannot be explained by polymorphisms in transcriptional control elements in the upstream or 3′ untranslated regions of the CR1 gene.
A foliar disease model for use in wheat disease management decision support systems
Authors: Audsley E. , Milne A. , Paveley N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA model of winter wheat foliar disease is described, parameterised and tested for Septoria tritici (leaf blotch), Puccinia striiformis (yellow rust), Erysiphe graminis (powdery mildew) and Puccinia triticina (brown rust). The model estimates disease‐induced green area loss, and can be coupled with a wheat canopy model, in order to estimate remaining light‐intercepting green tissue and hence the capacity for resource capture. The model differs from those reported by other workers in three respects. First, variables (such as weather, host resistance and inoculum pressure) that affect disease risk are integrated in their effect on disease progress. The agronomic and meteorological data called for are restricted to those commonly available to growers by their own observations and from meteorological service networks. Second, field observations during the growing season can be used both to correct current estimates of disease severity and to modify parameters that determine predicted severity. Third, pathogen growth and symptom expression are modelled to allow the effects of fungicides to be accounted for as protectant activity (reducing infections that occur postapplication) and eradicant activity (reducing growth of presymptomatic infections). The model was tested against data from a wide range of sites and varieties and was shown to predict the expected level of disease sufficiently accurately to support fungicide treatment decisions.
CLOTH‐BASED HYBRIDIZATION ARRAY SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF TOXIN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR FOODBORNE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Authors: GAUTHIER MARTINE , BLAIS BURTON W. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT A simple cloth‐based hybridization array system (CHAS) was developed for the identification of toxin genes associated with major foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including toxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella spp. Bacterial isolates were subjected to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction incorporating digoxigenin (DIG)–deoxyuridine triphosphate and primers targeting a variety of toxin genes (verotoxin, Salmonella enterotoxin, cholera toxin and heat‐labile/stable enterotoxin), followed by hybridization of the amplicons with an array of probes immobilized on polyester cloth and subsequent immunoenzymatic assay of the bound DIG label. This system provided sensitive and specific detection of the different target toxin gene markers in a variety of bacterial isolates, exhibiting the expected patterns of reactivity with a panel of bacteria having defined toxigenicity profiles. The CHAS is a cost‐effective tool facilitating the determination of the potential toxigenic profile of bacteria in the food microbiology laboratory, thus contributing valuable information to the risk‐assessment process in the microbiological analysis of foods.
DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 THROUGH THE FORMATION OF SANDWICHED COMPLEXES WITH IMMUNOMAGNETIC AND FLUORESCENT BEADS†
Authors: TU SHU‐I , GOLDEN MARSHA , COOKE PETER , PAOLI GEORGE , GEHRING ANDREW 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT A new fluorescent sandwich method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef was developed. Immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) precoated with anti‐E. coli O157:H7 antibody were used to capture and concentrate E. coli O157:H7 present in ground beef. Streptavidin‐coated fluorescent beads with anti‐E. coli O157:H7 to form immunofluorescent beads (IFBs) were used to detect the E. coli O157:H7 captured by the IMBs by forming IMBM–E. coli O157:H7N–IFBO sandwich complexes, where the subscripts M, N and O were variable but integral numbers. This sandwich technique was able to detect 500 cfu of the bacteria in a 0.5‐mL sample taken from a quantified and diluted broth culture. The method was then applied to detect E. coli O157:H7 in artificially contaminated ground beef. Known quantities of freshly cultured E. coli O157:H7 cells were added to 25‐g ground beef patties held in sterile bags with filters. The inoculated patties were stored at 7C overnight; 75 mL of E. coli broth was added to each sample, and the bags were incubated at 40C with shaking at 160 rpm for 4.5 h. After the enrichment, E. coli O157:H7 in the filtrate was captured and concentrated with IMBs and further conjugated with IFBs for detection. The results demonstrate that, after a 4.5‐h enrichment period, the developed procedure can detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef previously spiked with 1 cfu/g.
The use of mammalian cortical kidney slices for the study of tubule secretion: a pioneering step toward understanding organic anion transport
Authors: Dantzler William H. 
Published: December 2005

This essay examines the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available on line: Cross RJ and Taggart JV. Renal tubular transport: accumulation of p-aminohippurate by rabbit kidney slices. Am J Physiol 161: 181–190, 1950 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/161/1/181 ).
Terrorism and Globalization
Authors: Cooper Barry 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis chapter relates the material circumstances of globalization to cultural trauma and the spiritual disorder of pneumopathology. Eric Voegelin asserts that the pneumopathological terrorist suffers from a disease in which evil assumes the form of spirituality. Terrorist organizations, such as Aum Shinrikyo in Japan or Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, construct an imaginative "second reality" in which the murder of innocents is seen as contributing to a magical transformation of the world. This kind of terrorism replaces pragmatically rational pursuits with pathological spiritual aspirations in which Weapons of Mass Destruction and suicide bombings are both seen as appropriate instruments in an apocalyptic struggle between Good and Evil.
In vivo disruption of tolerogenic cross-presentation mechanisms uncovers an effective T-cell activation by B-cell lymphomas leading to antitumor immunity
Authors: Horna Pedro , Cuenca Alex , Cheng Fengdong , Brayer Jason , Wang Hong-Wei , Borrello Ivan , Levitsky Hyam , Sotomayor Eduardo M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a central role in the induction of tolerance to tumor antigens expressed by B-cell lymphomas. Here we show that in vivo disruption of this APC-mediated tolerogenic mechanism unveils an intrinsic ability of malignant B cells to efficiently present tumor antigens to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, resulting in a strong antitumor effect. This intrinsic antigen-presenting ability of malignant B cells is, however, overridden by tolerogenic bone marrow-derived APCs, leading instead to T-cell unresponsiveness and lack of antitumor effect. These results highlight the concept that therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the antigen-presenting function of B-cell lymphomas might not succeed unless the tolerogenic mechanisms mediated by bone marrow-derived APCs are disrupted in the first place.
Vaccination of human subjects expands both specific and bystander memory T cells but antibody production remains vaccine specific
Authors: Genova Gianfranco Di , Roddick Joanna , McNicholl Feargal , Stevenson Freda K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHuman subjects maintain long-term immunologic memory against infective organisms but the mechanism is unclear. CD4+ T-helper memory (Thmem) cells are pivotal in controlling humoral and cellular responses, therefore their longevity and response to vaccination are critical for maintenance of protective immunity. To probe the dynamics of the Thmem-cell response to antigenic challenge, we investigated subjects following a booster injection with tetanus toxoid (TT). Expansion of TT-specific Thmem cells and cytokine production showed complex kinetics. Strikingly, parallel expansion and cytokine production occurred in pre-existing Thmem cells specific for 2 other common antigens: purified protein derivative of tuberculin and Candida albicans. Bystander expansion occurred in Thmem but not in Thnaive cells. Antibody production against TT peaked approximately 2 weeks after vaccination and gradually declined. However, pre-existing antibody against the other antigens did not change. It appears that although all Thmem cells are readily stimulated to expand, antibody responses are controlled by antigen availability. These findings relate to the maintenance of memory and have consequences for assessments of specific T-cell responses to vaccination.
Placental dermatan sulfate: isolation, anticoagulant activity, and association with heparin cofactor II
Authors: Giri Tusar K. , Tollefsen Douglas M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPregnancy is associated with hemostatic challenges that may lead to thrombosis. Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a glycosaminoglycan-dependent thrombin inhibitor present in both maternal and fetal plasma. HCII activity increases during pregnancy, and HCII levels are significantly decreased in women with severe pre-eclampsia. Dermatan sulfate (DS) specifically activates HCII and is abundant in the placenta, but the locations of DS and HCII in the placenta have not been determined. We present evidence that DS is the major anticoagulant glycosaminoglycan in the human placenta at term. DS isolated from human placenta contains disaccharides implicated in activation of HCII and has anticoagulant activity similar to that of mucosal DS. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that DS is associated with fetal blood vessels and stromal regions of placental villi but is notably absent from the syncytiotrophoblast cells in contact with the maternal circulation. HCII colocalizes with DS in the walls of fetal blood vessels and is also present in syncytiotrophoblast cells. Our data suggest that DS is in a position to activate HCII in the fetal blood vessels or in the stroma of placental villi after injury to the syncytiotrophoblast layer and thereby inhibit fibrin generation in the placenta.
Lack of allosterically controlled intramolecular transfer of nitric oxide from the heme to cysteine in the β subunit of hemoglobin
Authors: Huang Kris T. , Azarov Ivan , Basu Swati , Huang Jinming , Kim-Shapiro Daniel B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe SNO-Hb hypothesis holds that heme-bound nitric oxide (NO) present in the β subunits of T-state hemoglobin (Hb) will be transferred to the β-93 cysteine upon conversion to R-state Hb, thereby forming SNO-Hb. A deficiency in the ability of Hb to facilitate this intramolecular transfer has recently been purported to play a role in pulmonary hypertension and sickle cell disease. We prepared deoxygenated Hb samples with small amounts of heme-bound NO and then oxygenated the samples. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to (1) determine the concentration of iron nitrosyl Hb (Fe-NO Hb), (2) show that the NO is evenly distributed among α and β subunits, and (3) show that the Hb undergoes a change in its quaternary state (T to R) upon oxygenation. We did not observe a decrease in the concentration of Fe-NO Hb on oxygenation, which is inconsistent with the prediction of the SNO-Hb hypothesis.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester decreases acute pneumonitis after irradiation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Chen Miao-Fen , Keng Peter C , Lin Paul-Yang , Yang Cheng-Ta , Liao Shuen-Kuei , Chen Wen-Cheng 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer is relatively resistant to radiation treatment and radiation pneumonitis is a major obstacle to increasing the radiation dose. We previously showed that Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) induces apoptosis and increases radiosensitivity in lung cancer. To determine whether CAPE, an antioxidant and an inhibitor of NF-kappa B, could be a useful adjuvant agent for lung cancer treatment, we examine the effects of CAPE on irradiated normal lung tissue in this study.MethodsWe compared the effects of CAPE on cytotoxicity and intracellular oxidative stress in normal lung fibroblast and a lung cancer cell line. Forin vivoanalysis, whole thorax radiation (single dose 10 Gy and 20 Gy) was delivered to BALB/c male mice with or without CAPE pretreatment. NF- kappaB activation and the expression levels of acute inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in mice after irradiation.ResultsThein vitrostudies showed that CAPE cause no significant cytotoxicity in normal lung as compared to lung cancer cells. This is probably due to the differential effect on the expression of NF-kappa B between normal and malignant lung cells. The results fromin vivostudy showed that CAPE treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1 alpha and beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF- beta, after irradiation. Moreover, histological and immunochemical data revealed that CAPE decreased radiation- induced interstitial pneumonitis and TGF-beta expression.ConclusionThis study suggests that CAPE decreases the cascade of inflammatory responses induced by thoracic irradiation without causing toxicity in normal lung tissue. This provides a rationale for combining CAPE and thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer treatment in further clinical studies.
Genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: Kayondo Jonathan K , Mukwaya Louis G , Stump Aram , Michel Andrew P , Coulibaly Mamadou B , Besansky Nora J , Collins Frank H 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundAlternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. Evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. The study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four Lake Victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow.MethodsFour Islands (from 20–50 km apart) and two surrounding mainland populations (96 km apart) were studied. Samples of indoor resting adult mosquitoes, collected over two consecutive years, were genotyped at microsatellitelocidistributed broadly throughout the genome and analysed for genetic structure, effective migration (Nem) and effective population size (Ne).ResultsNe estimates showed island populations to consist of smaller demes compared to the mainland ones. Most populations were significantly differentiated geographically, and from one year to the other. Average geographic pair-wiseFST ranged from 0.014–0.105 and several pairs of populations had Ne m < 3. The loci showed broad heterogeneity at capturing or estimating population differences.ConclusionThese island populations are significantly genetically differentiated. Differences reoccurred over the study period, between the two mainland populations and between each other. This appears to be the product of their separation by water, dynamics of small populations and local adaptation. With further characterisation these islands could become possible sites for applying measures evaluating effectiveness of control by genetic manipulation.
Induction and inhibition of oocyte maturation by EDCs in zebrafish
Authors: Tokumoto Toshinobu , Tokumoto Mika , Nagahama Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundOocyte maturation in lower vertebrates is triggered by maturation-inducing hormone (MIH), which acts on unidentified receptors on the oocyte surface and induces the activation of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) in the oocyte cytoplasm. We previously described the induction of oocyte maturation in fish by an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), diethylstilbestrol (DES), a nonsteroidal estrogen.MethodsIn this study, stimulatory and inhibitory effects of EDCs and natural steroids on oocyte maturation were examined in zebrafish. For effective agents, some details about the mechanism in induction or inhibition of maturation were examined. Possible groups of DES interacting with the MIH receptor are discussed based on relative potency of steroids to induce maturation.ResultsAmong agents tested, tamoxifen (TAM) and its metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) showed stimulatory activity similar to DES. The time courses of the change in germinal vesicle breakdown and an intracellular molecular event (the synthesis of cyclin B) induced by TAM were indistinguishable from those induced by MIH. In contrast, pentachlorophenol (PCP) had a potent inhibitory effect on MIH-induced oocyte maturation. PCP inhibited not only MIH-induced maturation but also DES- and TAM-induced maturation. Methoxychlor also inhibited maturation when oocytes were pre-treated with this agent.ConclusionThese results suggest that EDCs act as agonists or antagonists in the induction of oocyte maturation in fish.
Quantification of the virus-host interaction in human T lymphotropic virus I infection
Authors: Asquith Becca , Mosley Angelina J , Heaps Adrian , Tanaka Yuetsu , Taylor Graham P , McLean Angela R , Bangham Charles RM 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundHTLV-I causes the disabling inflammatory disease HAM/TSP: there is no vaccine, no satisfactory treatment and no means of assessing the risk of disease or prognosis in infected people. Like many immunopathological diseases with a viral etiology the outcome of infection is thought to depend on the virus-host immunology interaction. However the dynamic virus-host interaction is complex and current models of HAM/TSP pathogenesis are conflicting. The CD8+ cell response is thought to be a determinant of both HTLV-I proviral load and disease status but its effects can obscure other factors.ResultsWe show here that in the absence of CD8+ cells, CD4+ lymphocytes from HAM/TSP patients expressed HTLV-I protein significantly more readily than lymphocytes from asymptomatic carriers of similar proviral load (P = 0.017). A high rate of viral protein expression was significantly associated with a large increase in the prevalence of HAM/TSP (P = 0.031, 89% of cases correctly classified). Additionally, a high rate of Tax expression and a low CD8+ cell efficiency were independently significantly associated with a high proviral load (P = 0.005, P = 0.003 respectively).ConclusionThese results disentangle the complex relationship between immune surveillance, proviral load, inflammatory disease and viral protein expression and indicate that increased protein expression may play an important role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. This has important implications for therapy since it suggests that interventions should aim to reduce Tax expression rather than proviral loadper se.
Cross-kingdom hormonal signaling: an insight from thyroid hormone functions in marine larvae
Authors: Heyland Andreas , Moroz Leonid L. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYThyroid hormones (THs) are small, lipophilic signaling molecules built from tyrosine and iodine. TH action is well characterized in vertebrates, where these molecules play a fundamental role as regulators of development,metabolism, growth and differentiation. Increasing evidence suggests that THs also function in a variety of invertebrate species. Two alternative sources of hormone for animals are exogenous (from food items) and endogenous synthesis. We propose that exogenous THs can convey environmental information as well as regulate metabolism, revealing new communication avenues between organisms from different kingdoms. While such modes of cross-kingdom communication have been previously considered for fatty acid-based signaling and steroid hormones in plant–animal interactions, this is the first attempt to explore such a mode of action for TH signaling. We suggest that exogenous sources of TH(from food) may have been ancestral, while the ability to synthesize TH endogenously may have evolved independently in a variety of metazoans,resulting in a diversity of signaling pathways and, possibly, morphological structures involved in TH-signaling.
Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states
Authors: Bonine Kevin E. , Gleeson Todd T. , Garland Theodore 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYPreviously, we found that phrynosomatid lizards, a diverse group common in the southwestern USA, vary markedly in fiber-type composition of the iliofibularis (a hindlimb muscle important in locomotion). Phrynosomatidae comprises three subclades: the closely related sand and horned lizards, and their relatives the Sceloporus group. The variation in muscle fiber-type composition for 11 phrynosomatid species is attributable mainly to differences between the sand- and horned-lizard subclades. Here, we expand the phrynosomatid database with three additional species and compare these results with data collected for 10 outgroup (distantly related) species. Our goal was to determine if the patterns found in Phrynosomatidae hold across a broader phylogenetic range of the extant lizards and to elucidate the evolution of muscle fiber-type composition and related traits. To allow for meaningful comparisons, data were collected from species that are primarily terrestrial and relatively small in size (3.5–65 g body mass). Results indicate that the fiber-type variation observed within the Phrynosomatidae almost spans the range of variation observed in our sample of 24 species from eight families. However, one species of Acanthodactylus (Lacertidae) had a consistent region of large tonic fibers (that did not stain darkly for either succinic dehydrogenase or myosin ATPase activity), a fiber-type only occasionally seen in the other 23 species examined. Many species have a large proportion of either fast-twitch glycolytic (FG; e.g. sand lizards and Aspidoscelis) or fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers (e.g. horned lizards), with the slow-oxidative proportion occupying only 1–17%of the iliofibularis. Importantly, the negative relationship between FG and FOG composition observed in Phrynosomatidae appears to be a characteristic of lizards in general, and could lead to functional trade-offs in aspects of locomotor performance, as has previously been reported for Lacertidae. Reconstruction of ancestral trait values by use of phylogenetically based statistical methods indicates especially large changes in fiber-type composition during the evolution of horned lizards.