bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Butyltin accumulation in two marine bivalves along a pollution gradient
Authors: Tang Chuan-Ho , Wang Wei-Hsien 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the present study, we describe a field survey regarding the effect of ambient water conditions in the accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolites in green mussels (Perna viridis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). The results showed that following the changes in TBT pollution levels, the accumulation of butyltins exhibited clear differences between oysters and mussels. The ratio of TBT to total butyltin (TBT:ΣBT) decreased from 0.87 to 0.31 with increasing TBT burdens in the oysters. This status suggests that following the increases of TBT burdens, the metabolic rates of TBT were clearly enhanced in oysters; however, this phenomenon was not shown in mussels. The TBT:ΣBT remained relatively constant at approximately 0.7 in the mussels despite the TBT burdens. Because of this phenomenon, the opposite status of different TBT burdens between oysters and mussels were present at different TBT pollution levels. These observations may provide valuable insight when evaluating or comparing TBT pollution in the environment using oysters and/or mussels as bioindicators.
Exposure to Maternal Diabetes Induces Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Impairs Renal Function in Adult Rat Offspring
Authors: Nehiri Touria , Duong Van Huyen Jean-Paul , Viltard Mélanie , Fassot Céline , Heudes Didier , Freund Nicole , Deschênes Georges , Houillier Pascal , Bruneval Patrick , Lelièvre-Pégorier Martine 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Epidemiological and experimental studies have led to the hypothesis of fetal origin of adult diseases, suggesting that some adult diseases might be determined before birth by altered fetal development. We have previously demonstrated in the rat that in utero exposure to maternal diabetes impairs renal development leading to a reduction in nephron number. Little is known on the long-term consequences of in utero exposure to maternal diabetes. The aim of the study was to assess, in the rat, long-term effects of in utero exposure to maternal diabetes on blood pressure and renal function in adulthood.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats by streptozotocin on day 0 of gestation. Systolic blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and renal function were measured in the offspring from 1 to 18 months of age. High-salt diet experiments were performed at the prehypertensive stage, and the abundance of tubular sodium transporters was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Kidney tissues were processed for histopathology and glomerular computer-assisted histomorphometry.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS—We demonstrated that in utero exposure to maternal diabetes induces a salt-sensitive hypertension in the offspring associated with a decrease in renal function in adulthood. High-salt diet experiments show an alteration of renal sodium handling that may be explained by a fetal reprogramming of tubular functions in association or as a result of the inborn nephron deficit induced by in utero exposure to maternal diabetes.
Association Analysis in African Americans of European-Derived Type 2 Diabetes Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms From Whole-Genome Association Studies
Authors: Lewis Joshua P. , Palmer Nicholette D. , Hicks Pamela J. , Sale Michele M. , Langefeld Carl D. , Freedman Barry I. , Divers Jasmin , Bowden Donald W. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE— Several whole-genome association studies have reported identification of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in various European-derived study populations. Little investigation of these loci has been reported in other ethnic groups, specifically African Americans. Striking differences exist between these populations, suggesting they may not share identical genetic risk factors. Our objective was to examine the influence of type 2 diabetes genes identified in whole-genome association studies in a large African American case-control population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 loci (e.g., TCF7L2, IDE/KIF11/HHEX, SLC30A8, CDKAL1, PKN2, IGF2BP2, FLJ39370, and EXT2/ALX4) associated with type 2 diabetes in European-derived populations were genotyped in 993 African American type 2 diabetic and 1,054 African American control subjects. Additionally, 68 ancestry-informative markers were genotyped to account for the impact of admixture on association results.
RESULTS— Little evidence of association was observed between SNPs, with the exception of those in TCF7L2, and type 2 diabetes in African Americans. One TCF7L2 SNP (rs7903146) showed compelling evidence of association with type 2 diabetes (admixture-adjusted additive P [Pa] = 1.59 × 10−6). Only the intragenic SNP on 11p12 (rs9300039, dominant P [Pd] = 0.029) was also associated with type 2 diabetes after admixture adjustments. Interestingly, four of the SNPs are monomorphic in the Yoruba population of the HAPMAP project, with only the risk allele from the populations of European descent present.
CONCLUSIONS— Results suggest that these variants do not significantly contribute to interindividual susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in African Americans. Consequently, genes contributing to type 2 diabetes in African Americans may, in part, be different from those in European-derived study populations. High frequency of risk alleles in several of these genes may, however, contribute to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in African Americans.
Protein Kinase C-δ Mediates Neuronal Apoptosis in the Retinas of Diabetic Rats via the Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Kim Young-Hee , Kim Yoon-Sook , Park Chang-Hwan , Chung In-Yong , Yoo Ji-Myong , Kim Jae-Geun , Lee Byung-Ju , Kang Sang-Soo , Cho Gyeong-Jae , Choi Wan-Sung 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Protein kinase C (PKC)-δ, an upstream regulator of the Akt survival pathway, contributes to cellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Herein, we examined the role of PKC-δ in neuronal apoptosis through Akt in the retinas of diabetic rats.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used retinas from 24- and 35-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) diabetic and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) nondiabetic rats. To assess whether PKC-δ affects Akt signaling and cell death in OLETF rat retinas, we examined 1) PKC-δ activity and apoptosis; 2) protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) p85, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A); 3) Akt phosphorylation; and 4) Akt binding to HSP90 or PP2A in LETO and OLETF retinas in the presence or absence of rottlerin, a highly specific PKC-δ inhibitor, or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for PKC-δ and HSP90.
RESULTS—In OLETF retinas from 35-week-old rats, ganglion cell death, PKC-δ and PP2A activity, and Akt-PP2A binding were significantly increased and Akt phosphorylation and Akt-HSP90 binding were decreased compared with retinas from 24-week-old OLETF and LETO rats. Rottlerin and PKC-δ siRNA abrogated these effects in OLETF retinas from 35-week-old rats. HSP90 siRNA significantly increased ganglion cell death and Akt-PP2A complexes and markedly decreased HSP90-Akt binding and Akt phosphorylation in LETO retinas from 35-week-old rats compared with those from nontreated LETO rats.
CONCLUSIONS—PKC-δ activation contributes to neuro-retinal apoptosis in diabetic rats by inhibiting Akt-mediated signaling pathways.
Autocrine IGF-1 Action in Adipocytes Controls Systemic IGF-1 Concentrations and Growth
Authors: Klöting Nora , Koch Linda , Wunderlich Thomas , Kern Matthias , Ruschke Karen , Krone Wilhelm , Brüning Jens C. , Blüher Matthias 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—IGF-1 and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) have been implicated in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in vitro.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To investigate the role of IGF-1 receptor in vivo, we have inactivated the Igf-1r gene in adipose tissue (IGF-1RaP2Cre mice) using conditional gene targeting strategies.
RESULTS—Conditional IGF-1R inactivation resulted in increased adipose tissue mass with a predominantly increased lipid accumulation in epigonadal fat pads. However, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipocytes was unaffected by the deletion of the IGF-1R. Surprisingly, IGF-1RaP2Cre mice exhibited markedly increased somatic growth in the presence of elevated IGF-1 serum concentrations, and IGF-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in liver and adipose tissue. IGF-1 stimulation of wild-type adipocytes significantly decreased IGF-1 mRNA expression, whereas the opposite effect was observed in IGF-1R–deficient adipocytes.
CONCLUSIONS—IGF-1R signaling in adipocytes does not appear to be crucial for the development and differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo, but we identified a negative IGF-1R–mediated feedback mechanism of IGF-1 on its own gene expression in adipocytes, indicating an unexpected role for adipose tissue IGF-1 signaling in the regulation of IGF-1 serum concentrations in control of somatic growth.
Diabetes Risk Calculator
Authors: Heikes Kenneth E. , Eddy David M. , Arondekar Bhakti , Schlessinger Leonard 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to develop a simple tool for the U.S. population to calculate the probability that an individual has either undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and two methods (logistic regression and classification tree analysis) to build two models. We selected the classification tree model on the basis of its equivalent accuracy but greater ease of use.
RESULTS—The resulting tool, called the Diabetes Risk Calculator, includes questions on age, waist circumference, gestational diabetes, height, race/ethnicity, hypertension, family history, and exercise. Each terminal node specifies an individual's probability of pre-diabetes or of undiagnosed diabetes. Terminal nodes can also be used categorically to designate an individual as having a high risk for 1) undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes, 2) pre-diabetes, or 3) neither undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes. With these classifications, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic area for detecting undiagnosed diabetes are 88%, 75%, 14%, 99.3%, and 0.85, respectively. For pre-diabetes or undiagnosed diabetes, the results are 75%, 65%, 49%, 85%, and 0.75, respectively. We validated the tool using v-fold cross-validation and performed an independent validation against NHANES 1999–2004 data.
CONCLUSIONS—The Diabetes Risk Calculator is the only currently available noninvasive screening tool designed and validated to detect both pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in the U.S. population.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator, von Willebrand Factor, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Men
Authors: Wannamethee S. Goya , Sattar Naveed , Rumley Ann , Whincup Peter H. , Lennon Lucy , Lowe Gordon D.O. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between putative markers of endothelial dysfunction (tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA] antigen and von Willebrand factor [vWF] antigen) and development of type 2 diabetes, as well as the role of inflammation, adipokines, hepatic function, and insulin resistance in modifying these relationships.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a prospective study of 3,562 nondiabetic men aged 60–79 years followed up for an average of 7 years during which there were 162 incident cases of type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—Elevated t-PA (top third) was associated with a near threefold increase in risk of diabetes compared with the risk in those in the bottom third after adjustment for lifestyle factors and waist circumference (relative risk [RR] 2.98 [95%CI 1.79–5.00]; Ptrend &lt; 0.0001); weaker but significant (marginal) associations were seen with vWF (1.24 [0.83–1.85]; P = 0.05 for trend). Both biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction correlated significantly with markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and C-reactive protein [CRP]), hepatic function (γ-glutamyl transferase [GGT]), and insulin resistance, with t-PA showing stronger associations with adiposity, hepatic function, and insulin resistance than vWF. t-PA was also significantly and inversely associated with adiponectin. Adjustment for IL-6, adiponectin, and GGT attenuated the association of incident diabetes with vWF (1.06 [0.71–1.60]), but the relationship seen with t-PA remained significant (adjusted RR 2.19 [1.29–3.70]). Subsequent adjustment for insulin attenuated the association further, but t-PA was still associated with a significant increase in risk (1.66 [0.96–2.85]; Ptrend = 0.02).
CONCLUSION—t-PA antigen, but not vWF antigen, is independently associated with risk of type 2 diabetes.
Serial Measurements of Cystatin C Are More Accurate Than Creatinine-Based Methods in Detecting Declining Renal Function in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Premaratne Erosha , MacIsaac Richard J. , Finch Sue , Panagiotopoulos Sianna , Ekinci Elif , Jerums George 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Cystatin C–and creatinine-based methods were compared with 99m-technetium-diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) plasma clearance (isotopic glomerular filtration rate [iGFR]) for detecting declining renal function.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was monitored over a mean of 10.1 years in 85 subjects with type 1 diabetes (with an average of 5.6 measurements per individual). Baseline mean ± SD iGFR of the cohort was 106.1 ± 2.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The rates of decline in GFR (ΔGFR) were derived using linear regression.
RESULTS—In 19 of 85 subjects with declining renal function (i.e., ΔiGFR &gt;3.3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), ΔGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year) was 6.5 by iGFR, 4.2 by 104/creatinine, 3.6 by Cockcroft-Gault formula, 3.4 by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)-6 equation, and 3.5 by the MDRD-4 variable equation (P &lt; 0.01 vs. iGFR). In comparison, ΔGFR was 6.1 using the formula Cys-GFR = (86.7/cystatin C concentration) − 4.2 (not significant).
CONCLUSIONS—Cystatin C was more accurate in detecting decline in renal function than creatinine-based methods in this population of subjects with type 1 diabetes and a normal mean baseline GFR.
Where Is the Patient in Diabetes Performance Measures?
Authors: Glasgow Russell E. , Peeples Malinda , Skovlund Soren E. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Health policies are important determinants of clinician and patient behavior, and an important policy issue is what items are included in healthcare quality and performance measures. There is consensus that patient-centered care and self-management support are essential evidence-based components of good diabetes care. However, most major diabetes performance measures such as the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)/American Diabetes Association (ADA) Provider Recognition Program indexes have not included self-management or psychosocial items.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS—We review the case for and propose a set of patient-centered, self-management indicators to be included as a standard part of diabetes quality indicators. The proposed indicators include: patient self-management goal(s), measures of health behaviors (e.g., healthy eating, medication taking, physical activity, and smoking status), quality of life, and patient-centered collaborative care. We discuss the evidence and the concerns about patient-report measures and summarize successful incorporation of such patient-centered measures in other countries and by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE).
CONCLUSIONS—The adage that “what gets measured, gets done” applies to diabetes management and many other areas of healthcare. Inclusion of the proposed indicators in national diabetes performance measures would be consistent with Institute of Medicine (IOM), ADA, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN), AADE, and Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) recommendations. Such action would enhance both the priority and delivery of quality, patient-centered care, and diabetes self-management support.
Effects of Ramipril and Rosiglitazone on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in People With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Impaired Fasting Glucose
Authors:   The DREAM Trial Investigators
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and kidney disease. We determined the effects of ramipril and rosiglitazone on combined and individual CVD and renal outcomes in people with IGT and/or IFG in the Diabetes REduction Assessment With ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 5,269 people aged ≥30 years, with IGT and/or IFG without known CVD or renal insufficiency, were randomized to 15 mg/day ramipril versus placebo and 8 mg/day rosiglitazone versus placebo. A composite cardiorenal outcome and its CVD and renal components were assessed during the 3-year follow-up.
RESULTS—Compared with placebo, neither ramipril (15.7% [412 of 2,623] vs. 16.0% [424 of 2,646]; hazard ratio [HR] 0.98 [95% CI 0.84–1.13]; P = 0.75) nor rosiglitazone (15.0% [394 of 2,635] vs. 16.8% [442 of 2,634]; 0.87 [0.75–1.01]; P = 0.07) reduced the risk of the cardiorenal composite outcome. Ramipril had no impact on the CVD and renal components. Rosiglitazone increased heart failure (0.53 vs. 0.08%; HR 7.04 [95% CI 1.60–31.0]; P = 0.01) but reduced the risk of the renal component (0.80 [0.68–0.93]; P = 0.005); prevention of diabetes was independently associated with prevention of the renal component (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Ramipril did not alter the cardiorenal outcome or its components. Rosiglitazone, which reduced diabetes, also reduced the development of renal disease but not the cardiorenal outcome and increased the risk of heart failure.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Is Related to Coronary Artery Calcium in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
Authors: Reaven Peter D. , Emanuele Nicholas , Moritz Thomas , Klein Ronald , Davis Mathew , Glander Kathy , Duckworth William , Abraira Carlos ,   for the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Increasing evidence suggests that macrovascular disease and retinopathy may be more closely linked than previously believed. We determined the relationship between retinopathy and coronary atherosclerosis as measured by computed tomography–detectable coronary artery calcium (CAC).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The cross-sectional association between CAC and retinopathy was assessed on a Veteran Affairs Diabetes Trial subsample of 204 subjects with a mean duration of type 2 diabetes of 12.3 ± 8.3 years.
RESULTS—Retinopathy was correlated with CAC (r = 0.19, P = 0.006). Median CAC increased across retinopathy categories: 197 in those with no retinopathy, 229 in those with microaneurysms only, 364 in those with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 300 in those with moderate to severe NPDR, and 981 in those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to find a parsimonious subset of relevant risk factors to include along with PDR in predicting CAC. After adjustment for either this subset of standard factors (P = 0.047) or a more extensive panel of risk factors (P = 0.035), PDR was significantly associated with CAC. Moreover, using logistic regression, individuals with PDR were approximately sixfold more likely to have CAC &gt;400 than those with no PDR, even after adjustment for other CVD risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS—These data indicate an important relationship between retinopathy and extent of CAC and suggest the potential to identify and treat shared risk factors for these common micro- and macrovascular complications.
Measuring Functional, Communicative, and Critical Health Literacy Among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ishikawa Hirono , Takeuchi Takeaki , Yano Eiji 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Health literacy (HL), the capacity of individuals to access, understand, and use health information to make informed and appropriate health-related decisions, has been recognized as an important concept in patient education and disease management. This study examined the psychometric properties of newly developed scales for measuring three different levels of HL (i.e., functional, communicative, and critical) in patients with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The reliability and validity of the three HL scales were evaluated in a sample of 138 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, knowledge of diabetes, information-seeking behaviors, and self-efficacy were assessed for each patient through a self-report questionnaire and review of electronic medical records.
RESULTS—Scale items were constructed to directly reflect the definition of HL. Internal consistency of functional, communicative, and critical HL scales was adequately high (α = 0.84, α = 0.77, and α = 0.65, respectively). Three interpretable factors were identified in exploratory factor analysis. Correlations between HL scales and other measures supported the construct validity of the scales. The three HL scales were only moderately correlated with each other, suggesting that each represents a different domain of HL abilities and skills.
CONCLUSIONS—Our newly developed HL scales are reliable and valid measures of three types of HL in diabetic patients. Exploring a patient's HL levels may provide a better understanding of the patient's potential barriers to self-management of disease and health-promoting behaviors.
Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 Three Times Daily Is More Effective Than a Twice-Daily Regimen, Without Increasing Hypoglycemia, in Chinese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Oral Antidiabetes Drugs
Authors: Yang Wenying , Ji Qiuhe , Zhu Dalong , Yang Jinkui , Chen Lulu , Liu Zhimin , Yu Demin , Yan Li 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—To assess the efficacy and safety of twice- and thrice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this 24-week, multicenter, parallel-group, randomized, treat-to-target study, 321 Chinese insulin-naïve subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (fasting blood glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l and A1C ≥7.5%) were randomized (1:1) to twice- or thrice-daily (BID and TID groups, respectively) BIAsp 30 without OADs. Initial insulin doses were based on fasting blood glucose at randomization. Insulin dose was adjusted with algorithm-controlled titration to achieve premeal blood glucose of 4.4–6.1 mmol/l.RESULTS—A1C decreased significantly in both groups (BID group −2.48 ± 0.07%; TID group −2.81 ± 0.07%). Thrice-daily BIAsp 30 showed superiority in A1C improvement (−0.33% [95% CI −0.53 to −0.13]; P &lt; 0.01) and helped more subjects achieve A1C targets &lt;7% (BID group 51.3% vs. TID group 65.8%; P &lt; 0.01). Thrice-daily BIAsp 30 was more effective in subjects with baseline A1C ≥9% (&lt;7%: BID group 41.5% vs. TID group 58.3%; P &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference in rates of overall and nocturnal major and minor hypoglycemia per subject year between groups. No significant differences in weight gain (BID group 3.87 ± 0.28 kg; TID group 4.09 ± 0.27 kg) and mean daily insulin doses (BID group 0.82 ± 0.28 units/kg; TID group 0.86 ± 0.34 units/kg) were observed.CONCLUSIONS—Twice- and thrice-daily BIAsp 30 were effective in Chinese insulin-naïve subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Thrice-daily BIAsp 30 offered greater reduction in A1C without increasing risk of hypoglycemia, insulin dose, and weight gain, especially in subjects with A1C ≥9%.