bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward?
Authors: Halliwell Barry 
Published: December 2006

‘Reactive species’ (RS) of various types are formed in vivo and many are powerful oxidizing agents, capable of damaging DNA and other biomolecules. Increased formation of RS can promote the development of malignancy, and the ‘normal’ rates of RS generation may account for the increased risk of cancer development in the aged. Indeed, knockout of various antioxidant defence enzymes raises oxidative damage levels and promotes age-related cancer development in animals. In explaining this, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain RS, such as hydroxyl radical (OH•). However, increased levels of DNA base oxidation products such as 8OHdg (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) do not always lead to malignancy, although malignant tumours often show increased levels of DNA base oxidation. Hence additional actions of RS must be important, possibly their effects on p53, cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis. Chronic inflammation predisposes to malignancy, but the role of RS in this is likely to be complex because RS can sometimes act as anti-inflammatory agents.
Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update
Authors: Walker Celia G. , Zariwala M. Gulrez , Holness Mark J. , SUGDEN Mary C. 
Published: December 2006

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing at a rapid rate over the last few decades. Although the primary defect can be attributed to an imbalance of energy intake over energy expenditure, the regulation of energy balance is now recognized to be complex. Adipose-tissue factors play a central role in the control of energy balance and whole-body fuel homoeostasis. The regulation of adipose-tissue function, in particular its secretion of adipokines, is impaired by increases in adipose mass associated with obesity, and with the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. This review analyses adipose-regulated energy input and expenditure, together with the impact of dietary macronutrient composition on energy balance in relation to susceptibility to the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, and how these metabolic conditions may be exacerbated by the consequences of abnormal adipose function. By gaining a greater understanding of how energy balance is controlled in normal, and in obese and diabetic states, a more practical approach can be employed to prevent and better treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
Algal and cyanobacterial secondary metabolites in freshwaters: a comparison of allelopathic compounds and toxins
Authors: LEFLAIVE JOSE´PHINE , TEN‐HAGE LOÏC 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. The photoautotrophic micro‐organisms collectively termed ‘micro‐algae’ (including micro‐eukaryotes and cyanobacteria) are known to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with various biological actions. A small subset of these compounds has been identified. Some of them, termed allelopathic compounds, have been shown to play a role in allelopathy, defined here as inhibitory effects of secondary metabolites against either competitors or predators. Freshwater cyanobacteria also produce some secondary metabolites, termed toxins, which are highly toxic for animals.2. While allelopathic compounds play a role in the interactions between the emitter organisms and their direct competitors or predators, toxins are categorised according to their toxic effect on several organisms, including some that may not be present in their immediate environment. However, these two definitions are not mutually exclusive. This review considers the evolutionary, ecological and physiological aspects of the production of allelopathic compounds by micro‐algae in freshwaters, and compares the characteristics of allelopathic compounds with those of toxins.3. Allelopathic compounds include alkaloids, cyclic peptides, terpens and volatile organic compounds. Toxins include alkaloids, cyclic peptides and lipopolysaccharides. No allelopathic compound type is associated with a particular phylogenetic group of algae. In contrast, freshwater toxins are only produced by cyanobacteria belonging to a restricted number of genera. Allelopathic compounds have various modes of action, from inhibition of photosynthesis to oxidative stress or cellular paralysis. Toxins are often enzyme inhibitors, or interfere with cell membrane receptors.4. The ecological roles of allelopathic compounds have been well identified in several cases, but those of toxins are still debated. In the light of descriptions of negative effects of toxins on both micro‐invertebrates and photoautotrophic organisms, we suggest that at least some toxins should actually be considered as allelopathic compounds. Further research on toxic secondary metabolites in freshwaters is now needed, with emphasis on the ecological effects of the compounds in the immediate environment of the emitter algae.
Design of a clustered observational study to predict emergency admissions in the elderly: statistical reasoning in clinical practice
Authors: Lancaster Gillian A. , Chellaswamy Hannah , Taylor Steve , Lyon David , Dowrick Chris 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  To describe the statistical design issues and practical considerations that had to be addressed in setting up a clustered observational study of emergency admission to hospital of elderly people.Study design and setting  Clustered observational study (sample survey) of elderly people registered with 18 general practices in Halton Primary Care Trust in the north‐west of England.Results  The statistical design features that warranted particular attention were sample size determination, intra‐class correlation, sampling and recruitment, bias and confounding. Pragmatic decisions based on derived scenarios of different design effects are discussed. A pilot study was carried out in one practice. From the remaining practices, a total of 4000 people were sampled, stratified by gender. The average cluster size was 200 and the intra‐class correlation coefficient for the emergency admission outcome was 0.00034, 95% confidence interval (0–0.008).Conclusion  Studies that involve sampling from clusters of people are common in a wide range of healthcare settings. The clustering adds an extra level of complexity to the study design. This study provides an empirical illustration of the importance of statistical as well as clinical reasoning in study design in clinical practice.
Home telemonitoring of patients with diabetes: a systematic assessment of observed effects
Authors: Jaana Mirou , Paré Guy 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Diabetes represents a common chronic disease continuously growing worldwide. Unless closely monitored, it can be associated with serious complications and high expenditures. Telemonitoring is a patient management approach increasingly used with chronic illnesses. It supports timely transmission and remote interpretation of patients’ data for follow‐up and preventive interventions. No comprehensive review exists on all aspects of diabetes ‘home telemonitoring’ and its effects. The objective of this study is to provide a systematic review of this approach and its effect at the informational, clinical, behavioural, structural and economical levels.Methods  A comprehensive literature review was conducted on Medline and Cochrane Library to identify relevant articles. The keywords used include diabetes, telemonitoring, home monitoring, telecare and telemedicine.Results  Seventeen studies using diverse technologies and transmitting different clinical, medical and behavioural data were found. Significant impacts were observed namely at the behavioural, clinical and structural levels. Minimal technical problems and no cost‐benefit and cost‐effectiveness analyses were reported.Conclusion  Close management of diabetic patients through telemonitoring showed significant reduction in HbA1c and complications, good receptiveness by patients and patient empowerment and education. Yet, the magnitude of its effects remains debatable, especially with the variation in patients’ characteristics (e.g. background, ability for self‐management, medical condition), samples selection and approach for treatment of control groups. Further investigation of telemonitoring efficacy and cost‐effectiveness over longer periods of time, and larger samples is needed. Assessment of the attitude of providers is also important in light of their heavy workload and issues of reimbursement.
Does a Cesarean section delivery always cost more than a vaginal delivery?
Authors: Kazandjian Vahé A. , Chaulk C. Patrick , Ogunbo Sam , Wicker Karol 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThere is evidence that average total charges per episode of child birth depend on maternal plus child length of stay, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) utilization, maternal race and mode of delivery. In particular, when maternal and child records are linked, this study suggests that when adjusted for maternal characteristics, the cost of vaginal deliveries followed by NICU utilization may be higher than the cost of Cesarean sections and NICU utilization.Objective  Cesarean section, one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures on women, is rising globally and in the USA. Much of the current Cesarean section literature focuses on reporting geographic and hospital‐specific variations, but little has been published about the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients, and even less about the economic consequences of a Cesarean section delivery compared with a vaginal delivery [e.g. the total hospital charges and length of neonatal intensive care unit‐NICU‐stay] of a birth episode. To examine these relationships further, three urban Baltimore hospitals volunteered in 2004 to participate in a retrospective chart review that linked mother and child hospital records.Methods  1172 mother–child records were randomly selected and data regarding maternal co‐morbidities, age, infant weight along with transfer to neonatal intensive care units, and economic data were extracted from the mother and child charts.Conclusion  Average total charges for vaginal deliveries [maternal plus total baby charges that includes NICU utilization (X = $17 624.38)] may be higher than average total charges for Cesarean sections [maternal plus total baby charges that includes NICU utilization (X = $13 805.47)]. Specifically, maternal race – being African American – was indirectly associated with overall charges through its association with mode of delivery and NICU utilization patterns. The presence of maternal co‐morbidities – Herpes Simplex Virus, hypertension and diabetes – most probably influenced babies’ hospital stay charges as well as NICU charges when transferred to NICU following both vaginal and Cesarean section deliveries. Thus, prenatal care targeting co‐morbidities management may reduce the odds of a newborn’s transfer to NICU thus avoiding greater lengths of stay, medical care and charges. Recommendations for obstetrical practices as well as health care policy on their charges should not assume that Cesarean section deliveries are always costlier than vaginal deliveries.
A centralized Pharmacy Unit for cytotoxic drugs in accordance with Italian legislation
Authors: Baldo Paolo , Bertola Antonella , Basaglia Giancarlo , Moneghini Mariarosa , Sorio Roberto , Zibardi Enrico , Lazzarini Renzo , De Paoli Paolo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRationale  In May 2002, a centralized Unit for cytotoxic drug preparations [Unità Farmaci Antiblastici (UFA)] was established at the Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy. The Unit was created following provisions under Law 626/94 (Legislative Decree – Ministry of Health), governing the safe handling of cytotoxic drugs. New guidelines governing drug preparation (‘NBP’ standards of preparation) published in Italian Pharmacopoeia (2002, XI Edition) have been mandatory since 2004 and set out rules for proper pharmacy practice applicable also to antineoplastic drug preparations.Aims and objectives  To review legislation on cytotoxic drug preparation and compliance within our Unit, to assess current quality levels and identify those areas requiring improvement.Methods  The study reviewed: (1) the organization and equipment of the Unit UFA and its working methodology; (2) written documentation concerning work procedures; (3) the stability and sterility of injectable drug formulations; (4) staff training, occupational exposure and risk management; (5) accidents and mistakes occurring in the UFA service.Results  The study showed up the strengths of our Unit and identified those areas which need improvement to guarantee product quality excellence.Conclusions  A critical evaluation of the whole cytotoxic preparation process is a useful method for quality improvements to be initiated. Knowledge regarding risks, techniques, and procedures for handling antineoplastic drugs is growing. Ongoing analysis will ensure greater patient and health care worker safety.
‘New Bornean carnivore’ is most likely a little known flying squirrel
Authors: MEIJAARD ERIK , KITCHENER ANDREW C. , SMEENK CHRIS 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

We analysed two camera‐trap photos of an alleged new species of carnivore from Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia.
Comparisons of the features seen in the photos with morphological features of 17 similar‐looking species from the region suggest that the animal is not a new species of carnivore, as had been widely speculated, but is most likely a rarely seen species of flying squirrel, probably Aeromys thomasi.
We advocate continuing adherence to the formalities of species description based on actual specimens and a formal review process. Even informal announcements about possible new species based on photographs or other indirect evidence should adopt a cautionary approach. All the possibilities should be eliminated using any available means, such as comparative morphometrics and assessments of body shape and posture, and coat colour.
Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records
Authors: SOMMER R. S. , NADACHOWSKI A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Glacial refugia were core areas for the survival of temperate species during unfavourable environmental conditions and were the sources of postglacial recolonizations. Unfortunately, the locations of glacial refugia of animals and plants are usually described by models, without reference to facts about real geographical ranges at that time.
Careful consideration of the faunal assemblages of archaeological sites from the Younger Palaeolithic, which are precisely dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), gives indications about the distribution of species during the LGM (23 000–16 000 bp) and provides evidence for the locations of glacial refugia for mammalian species in Europe.
In Europe, 47 LGM sites, dating from 23 000 to 16 000 bp and containing typical temperate mammal species, have been described. The geographical range of these archaeological sites clearly shows a distribution which differs from the hypothesized traditional refuge areas of the temperate fauna. A considerable number of sites situated in the Dordogne in south‐western France and the Carpathian region contain records of red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, wild boar Sus scrofa and red fox Vulpes vulpes.
The faunal composition of the majority of the evaluated Palaeolithic sites in the southern European peninsulas (with the exception of Greece), as well as France and the Carpathian region, indicates the co‐occurrence of these temperate species with cold‐adapted faunal elements such as mammoth Mammuthus primigenius and/or reindeer Rangifer tarandus.
The survival of species in Central European refugia would have significant consequences for phylogeography and would be revealed by the dominant distribution of haplotypes, originating from this region. A Carpathian refuge could also be the reason for the very early records of small mammals or mustelids from the Late‐Glacial or Interstadials before the LGM in regions like southern Germany.
Identification of Candida species isolated from patients in intensive care unit and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole for a 3‐year period
Authors: Comert Fusun , Kulah Canan , Aktas Elif , Eroglu Ozlem , Ozlu Nagihan 
Published: December 2006

SummarySpecies level identification of Candida and antifungal susceptibility testing is not generally performed in routine laboratory practice. There is limited information about the distribution of Candida species and antifungal susceptibility in Turkey. In this study, we aimed at identifying Candida isolates to species level from various samples obtained from patients treated in an intensive care unit between 2002 and 2005 and to evaluate fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates. A total of 320 Candida isolates obtained from 270 patients were identified by conventional methods and using API (Candida and/or 20C AUX) system. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution method. Candida albicans was isolated with the highest frequency (65.6%) followed by C. parapsilosis (11.3%), C. glabrata (8.8%) and C. tropicalis (7.8%). Of all the isolates, 92.9% revealed susceptibility to fluconazole. Susceptibility to fluconazole was highest for C. albicans followed by C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata. The MIC90 values for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis were 1, 2, 8 and 4 μg ml−1 respectively. Fluconazole remains effective against both C. albicans and the majority of non‐albicans Candida species. In this study, we determine the distribution of Candida species and evaluate the susceptibilities of the isolates, particularly for the azoles.
Voriconazole and multidrug resistance in Candida albicans
Authors: Wakieć Roland , Prasad Rajendra , Morschhäuser Joachim , Barchiesi Francesco , Borowski Edward , Milewski Sławomir 
Published: December 2006

Summary In vitro activity of voriconazole against fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates with identified molecular basis of multidrug resistance (MDR) and recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing C. albicans genes coding for major multidrug transporters, CaCdr1p, CaCdr2p or CaMdr1p, was compared with that of fluconazole, ketoconazole and clotrimazole. It was found that overexpression of the MDR genes made the yeast cells less susceptible to voriconazole. The voriconazole resistance indexes, defined as a ratio of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined for MDR and sensitive cells, were comparable with those determined for fluconazole. Voriconazole effectively competed with rhodamine 6G for the active efflux mediated by CaCdr1p and CaCdr2p.
Oral submucous fibrosis and oral yeast carriage – a case control study in Sri Lankan patients
Authors: Ariyawardana A. , Panagoda G. J. , Fernando H. N. , Ellepola A. N. B. , Tilakaratne W. M. , Samaranayake L. P. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryOral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a well‐known precancerous condition. Epithelial atrophy is one of the key features in OSMF. Presence of Candida in the mouth together with epithelial changes may predispose to candidal infection. Candidal infection together with other co‐factors may also induce epithelial atypia and dysplasia leading to malignant change. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral yeast carriage in patients with OSMF and to compare the carriage with the normal individuals. Thirty patients with histologically proven OSMF and healthy subjects were used as the test and control respectively. Oral rinse samples were collected from all the subjects and cultured on Sabouraud's agar. Species were identified using API 32C AUX identification kits. Nineteen (63.6%) of the test group and 15 (50%) of the control group had yeast isolated from their mouth. The carriage of yeast in the OSMF group was not statistically significant compared with the control group. We isolated C. dubliniensis in Sri Lanka for the first time and interestingly from the oral cavities of both OSMF patients and healthy individuals.
Effect of chronic diseases and associated psychological distress on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Keles H. , Ekici A. , Ekici M. , Bulcun E. , Altinkaya V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlations between the presence of comorbidities and psychological distress and health‐related quality of life (HRQL). This was a population‐based cross‐sectional study.Methods: Parents and grandparents of students from seven randomly selected primary schools in the city centre were asked to answer questionnaires sent by their children. All subjects were questioned for somatic diseases, psychological distress and HRQL by Health Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and short‐form‐12 health survey, respectively.Results: Out of 5024 parents and grandparents (mean age 52.3 ± 14.3 years, range 20–104 years) of primary school students 4605 returned the questionnaires, a figure that corresponds to the overall response rate of 91.6%. Chronic diseases substantially reduced HRQL and this effect did not differ markedly with the type of chronic disease. Association of comorbidities with psychological distress further impaired HRQL. As the number of chronic diseases was increased, HRQL and physical and mental functioning declined. The worst HRQL was observed in subjects who had five or more comorbidities associated with psychological distress.Conclusion: The present study indicates significant adverse effects of chronic diseases and psychological distress on HRQL in adults, the effect of psychological distress being the most important. Our results lead us to suggest that in the management of comorbidities, the detection of the presence and severity of associated psychological distress and its treatment, besides the specific treatment of comorbidities, may provide dramatic improvement in HRQL of the patients.
Assessment and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: an Australian perspective in 2006
Authors: Gabbay E. , Reed A. , Williams T. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension is a group of diseases which forms a small subset of those with elevated pulmonary artery pressure (pulmonary hypertension). The recent development of selective pulmonary vasodilator has lead to a substantial resurgence of interest in what have been previously regarded as rare and incurable diseases. This review aims to describe the spectrum of pulmonary vascular diseases, the evolving understanding as to pathogenesis, the evolving evidence of efficacy for drug therapies, trying to put this into a contemporary Australian context. Several key pathogenic pathways may be involved: prostacycline, Nitric Oxide‐cGMP‐phosphodiesterase 5 and endothelin– all of which are exploited for therapeutic benefit by newly available drug therapies. A recently modified classification system reasserts the importance of precise diagnosis. The cardinal symptom of exertional dyspnea warrants careful evaluation in an attempt to prevent (frequently occurring) substantial delay in diagnosis. Echocardiogram is the cornerstone of screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension; however, a detailed evaluation including a carefully performed right heart catheterisation with sufficient data to allow calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance is key to accurate diagnosis. These new approaches to therapy are already substantially improving quality of life and prognosis.