bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Base‐Catalysed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Vinyl Sulfides
Authors: Quinet Coralie , Sampoux Laetitia , Markó István E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSmall amounts of n‐butyllithium catalyse the highly efficient hydroamination of a large variety of vinyl sulfides. This novel methodology offers an easy access to a wide range of nitrogen heterocycles, including simple pyrrolidines and piperidines, as well as more complex bicyclic compounds. Subsequent transformations of the sulfur group led to the formation of functionalised alkaloid‐like substructures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Pitfalls and success of experimental design in the development of a mixed MEKC method for the analysis of budesonide and its impurities
Authors: Furlanetto Sandra , Orlandini Serena , Giannini Iacopo , Beretta Giangiacomo , Pinzauti Sergio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA mixed MEKC method for the analysis of budesonide and its related substances is presented. The micelles were formed from sodium cholate (CHOL) and 3‐(N,N‐dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate (MAPS). A multivariate optimisation was carried out with the aim of obtaining a baseline separation of all compounds. The influence of voltage, borate concentration, cholate concentration, MAPS concentration and pH was evaluated on the responses, corresponding to critical resolution values. Problems with the investigated experimental design were encountered due to the complexity of the separation process. As a consequence, a first design was not sufficient to reach the optimal conditions, but was needed in order to obtain the necessary information to successfully plan a second in‐depth study by means of response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were as follows: capillary total and effective lengths of 48.5 and 40.0 cm, respectively, with 50 μm id; 70 mM borate buffer (pH 8.8) containing 65 mM CHOL and 10 mM MAPS; temperature 20°C and voltage 16 kV. Separation of all the compounds, including R‐ and S‐epimers of budesonide, was obtained in a reasonable time. Validation of the method was performed for both drug substances and drug product.
High‐resolution computer simulations of EKC
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Quirino Joselito P. , Thormann Wolfgang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe electrophoresis simulation software, GENTRANS, has been modified to include the interaction of analytes with an electrolyte additive to allow the simulation of liquid‐phase EKC separations. The modifications account for interaction of weak and strong acid and base analytes with a single weak or strong acid or base background electrolyte additive and can be used to simulate a range of EKC separations with both charged and neutral additives. Simulations of separations of alkylphenyl ketones under real experimental conditions were performed using mobility and interaction constant data obtained from the literature and agreed well with experimental separations. Migration times in fused‐silica capillaries and linear polyacrylamide‐coated capillaries were within 7% of the experimental values, while peak widths were always narrower than the experimental values, but were still within 50% of those obtained by experiment. Simulations of sweeping were also performed; although migration time agreement was not as good as for simple EKC separations, peak widths were in good agreement, being within 1–50% of the experimental values. All simulations for comparison with experimental data were performed under real experimental conditions using a 47 cm capillary and a voltage of 20 kV and represent the first quantitative attempt at simulating EKC separations with and without sweeping.
Nonreflecting boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics
Authors: Liu Qianlong , Vasilyev Oleg V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNonlinear characteristic boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics are proposed for 2‐ and 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations with/without scalar transport equations. This approach is consistent with the flow physics and transport properties. Based on the theory of characteristics, which is a rigorous mathematical technique, multidimensional flows can be decomposed into acoustic, entropy, and vorticity waves. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are derived by setting corresponding characteristic variables of incoming waves to zero and by partially damping the source terms of the incoming acoustic waves. In order to obtain the resulting optimal damping coefficient, analysis is performed for problems of pure acoustic plane wave propagation and arbitrary flows. The proposed boundary conditions are tested on two benchmark problems: cylindrical acoustic wave propagation and the wake flow behind a cylinder with strong periodic vortex convected out of the computational domain. This new approach substantially minimizes the spurious wave reflections of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity as well as vorticity from the artificial boundaries, where strong multidimensional flow effects exist. The numerical simulations yield accurate results, confirm the optimal damping coefficient obtained from analysis, and verify that the method substantially improves the 1‐D characteristics‐based nonreflecting boundary conditions for complex multidimensional flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A level set‐based immersed interface method for solving incompressible viscous flows with the prescribed velocity at the boundary
Authors: Tan Zhijun , Lim K. M. , Khoo B. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA second‐order accurate immersed interface method (IIM) is presented for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the prescribed velocity at the boundary, which is an extension of the IIM of Le et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 2006; 220:109–138) to a level set representation of the boundary in place of the Lagrangian representation of the boundary using control points on a uniform Cartesian grid. In order to enforce the prescribed velocity boundary condition, the singular forces at the immersed boundary are applied on the fluid. These forces are related to the jump in pressure and the jumps in the derivatives of both the pressure and velocity, and are approximated via using the local Hermite cubic spline interpolation. The strength of singular forces is determined by solving a small system of equations at each time step. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretized via using finite difference method with the incorporation of jump conditions on a staggered Cartesian grid and solved by a second‐order accurate projection method. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and ability of the proposed method to simulate the viscous flows in irregular domains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐level finite element method with a stabilizing subgrid for the incompressible MHD equations
Authors: Aydın S. H. , Nesliturk A. I. , Tezer‐Sezgin M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe consider the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in two dimension. The domain is discretized into a set of regular triangular elements and the finite‐dimensional spaces employed consist of piecewise continuous linear interpolants enriched with the residual‐free bubble functions. To find the bubble part of the solution, a two‐level FEM with a stabilizing subgrid of a single node is described and its application to the MHD equations is displayed. Numerical approximations employing the proposed algorithm are presented for three benchmark problems including the MHD cavity flow and the MHD flow over a step. The results show that the proper choice of the subgrid node is crucial to get stable and accurate numerical approximations consistent with the physical configuration of the problem at a cheap computational cost. Furthermore, the approximate solutions obtained show the well‐known characteristics of the MHD flow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degarelix: a new hormonal treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Mason Malcolm 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAccording to NICE, prostate cancer constitutes about 25% of new diagnoses of malignant cancer in men in England and Wales.1 The largest single area of spending on cancer drugs is on hormonal therapy, accounting for about 40% of the £292 million total. This article focuses on a novel hormonal treatment for prostate cancer, degarelix. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nicotinic acid/laropiprant: a new lipid‐modifying therapy
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Evans Marc 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the UK.1 Blood choleserol levels are a key risk factor for CVD, and can be modified by both drug treatment and lifestyle changes. In this article, Steve Chaplin considers the available clinical data on a new lipid‐modifying therapy, a modified‐release formulation of nicotinic acid and laropiprant; and Marc Evans comments on its potential contribution to reducing the risk of CVD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taphonomy and abundance of birds from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark
Authors: Dyke Gareth , Lindow Bent 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe pattern, pace and extent of the evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes) by the end‐Cretaceous (65 Ma) has long been debated. Well‐dated, taphonomically understood and phylogenetically constrained fossil birds from both sides of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary are required to quantify the shape of this radiation, but have largely been lacking. Here we report on a large collection of fossil birds from the Lower Eocene of Denmark (ca. 54 Ma) that includes three‐dimensionally preserved, articulated specimens from carbonate concretions as well as skeletal imprints and feathers. These birds are from a marine diatomite sequence (the Fur Formation), a low‐energy deep‐water preservational environment unique to the Cretaceous and Paleogene avian fossil record. We present taphonomic and palaeoecological information gleaned from these birds that in combination with phylogenetic data have implications for unravelling avian survivorship across the K–Pg boundary as well as for the pattern of the neornithine evolutionary radiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing‐related tasks in healthy young adults: An attempt to separate the components of deglutition
Authors: Malandraki Georgia A. , Sutton Bradley P. , Perlman Adrienne L. , Karampinos Dimitrios C. , Conway Charles 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the underlying neural pathways that govern the highly complex neuromuscular action of swallowing is considered crucial in the process of correctly identifying and treating swallowing disorders. The aim of the present investigation was to identify the neural activations of the different components of deglutition in healthy young adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten right‐handed young healthy individuals were scanned in a 3‐Tesla Siemens Allegra MRI scanner. Participants were visually cued for both a “Swallow” task and for component/control tasks (“Prepare to swallow”, “Tap your tongue”, and “Clear your throat”) in a randomized order (event‐related design). Behavioral interleaved gradient (BIG) methodology was used to address movement‐related artifacts. Areas activated during each of the three component tasks enabled a partial differentiation of the neural localization for various components of the swallow. Areas that were more activated during throat clearing than other components included the posterior insula and small portions of the post‐ and pre‐central gyri bilaterally. Tongue tapping showed higher activation in portions of the primary sensorimotor and premotor cortices and the parietal lobules. Planning did not show any areas that were more activated than in the other component tasks. When swallowing was compared with all other tasks, there was significantly more activation in the cerebellum, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and all areas of the primary sensorimotor cortex bilaterally. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating health insurance impacts under unobserved heterogeneity: the case of Vietnam's health care fund for the poor
Authors: Wagstaff Adam 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVietnam's health care fund for the poor (HCFP) uses government revenues to finance health care for the poor, ethnic minorities living in selected mountainous provinces, and all households living in communes officially designated as highly disadvantaged. As of 2006, the program, which started in 2003, covered around 60% of those eligible. Those who were covered (about 20% of the population) were disproportionately poor, and around 80% of those covered were eligible. Estimates of the program's impact were obtained using a method that takes into account unobserved heterogeneity – including unobserved idiosyncratic returns – but requires minimal assumptions. The downside is that it provides an estimate only of the program's impact on those covered by it; it cannot therefore answer the question of how those currently uncovered will fare when they are eventually covered. The results suggest that HCFP has had no impact on use of services, but has substantially reduced out‐of‐pocket spending. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD26 expression in mature B‐cell neoplasia: its possible role as a new prognostic marker in B‐CLL
Authors: Cro Lilla , Morabito Fortunato , Zucal Nadia , Fabris Sonia , Lionetti Marta , Cutrona Giovanna , Rossi Francesca , Gentile Massimo , Ferrario Andrea , Ferrarini Manlio , Molica Stefano , Neri Antonino , Baldini Luca 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV) is widely expressed by T and natural killer (NK) cells, epithelial and endothelial cells of different tissues, and it is strongly upregulated in activated B‐cells; moreover it plays a regulatory role in the neoplastic transformation and progression of various types of tumours. CD26 expression was evaluated by means of flow cytometry in various peripheral B‐cell lymphoid tumours: 12 follicular and 12 mantle cell lymphomas, 20 multiple myelomas (MMs), 12 hairy cell leukaemias (HCLs), 112 chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (CLLs), 20 CD5negative B‐cell chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (CD5neg B‐CLPDs) and 12 diffuse large cell lymphomas (DLCLs). CD26 expression was absent or barely detectable in follicular and mantle cell lymphomas, high in MMs and HCLs, and variable in CLLs, in CD5neg B‐CLPDs and in DLCLs. CD26 significantly correlated with CD49d and CD38 expressions (p < 0.0001) in B‐CLLs, and there was a significant correlation between CD26 and ZAP‐70 expressions or IgVH mutational status (p < 0.0001). After a median follow‐up of 36 months, 65 B‐CLL patients were treated; taking 10% as the best CD26 cut‐off value, Kaplan–Meier curves revealed a significantly shorter time to treatment in the CD26‐positive cases (p < 0.0001). Overall, our data indicate that CD26 expression may identify subsets of B‐CLL patients with an unfavourable clinical outcome in terms of therapeutic need, thus suggesting its potential role as a marker (together with CD38 and CD49d) in a future routine cytofluorimetric panel to be validated for the prognostic stratification of B‐CLLs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChIP‐based methods for the identification of long‐range chromatin interactions
Authors: Fullwood Melissa J. , Ruan Yijun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an important technique for studying protein–DNA interactions. Whole genome ChIP methods have enjoyed much success, but are limited in that they cannot uncover important long‐range chromatin interactions. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) and related methods are capable of detecting remote chromatin interactions, but are tedious, have low signal‐to‐noise ratios, and are not genome‐wide. Although the addition of ChIP to 3C (ChIP–3C) would conceivably reduce noise and increase specificity for chromatin interaction detection, there are concerns that simple mixing of the ChIP and 3C protocols would lead to high levels of false positives. In this essay, we dissect current ChIP‐ and 3C‐based methodologies, discuss the models of specific as opposed to non‐specific chromatin interactions, and suggest approaches to separate specific chromatin complexes from non‐specific chromatin fragments. We conclude that the combination of sonication‐based chromatin fragmentation, ChIP‐based enrichment, chromatin proximity ligation and Paired‐End Tag ultra‐high‐throughput sequencing will be a winning implementation for genome‐wide, unbiased and de novo discovery of long‐range chromatin interactions, which will help to establish an emerging field for studying human chromatin interactomes and genome regulation networks in three‐dimensional spaces. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 30–39, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of a ‘stealth’ adenoviral vector for targeted gene delivery to adult mammalian neurones
Authors: Sims Karen , Ahmed Zubair , Read Martin L. , Cooper‐Charles Lisa , Gonzalez Ana Maria , Fisher Kerry D. , Berry Martin , Seymour Leonard W. , Logan Ann 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundPolymer coating of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) particles produces a ‘stealth’ Ad5 (sAd5) that confers protection from immune recognition, blocks receptor‐mediated uptake, and favours uptake into pinocytic cells.MethodsIn mixed cultures of primary adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurones (DRGN), rat C6 glioma cells, A9 non‐Coxsackie and Ad Receptor (CAR)‐ and CAR‐expressing fibroblasts, reporter gene expression after sAd5 pinocytotic uptake was monitored using the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene, and viral particle trafficking and polymer coat dismantling was followed using Yoyo‐1 tagged Ad5 DNA and Texas Red (TR) to label the coat.ResultssAd5.gfp was pinocytosed by significantly higher proportions of neurones, than other cells, but GFP was not expressed. The TR‐labelled coat remained co‐localised with tagged viral DNA within transfected DRGN, showing that sAd5 did not uncoat and viral DNA did not traffic to the nucleus. Noncoated Ad5 transduced non‐neuronal DRG cells more efficiently than DRGN, whereas A9CAR cells were more significantly transduced than any other cell type. Retargeting of the sAd5.gfp with either fibroblast growth factor‐2 or nerve growth factor (NGF) enhanced internalisation by DRGN into endocytic vesicles allowing uncoating and thus GFP expression. Retargeting with NGF resulted in significantly higher numbers of DRGN expressing GFP than non‐neuronal DRG cells.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that DRGN pinocytose atropic genetic particles at higher levels than non‐neuronal DRG cells and the environment of pinocytic vesicles is not conducive to sAd5 uncoating and capsid dismantling, requiring reformulation of sAd5 with either a neurone specific ligand or a self‐dismantling coat to target sAd5 transgene expression to neurones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of the perdeuterated cellulose solvents 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM‐OAc‐d14) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM‐OAc‐d18) and of 2‐13C‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate
Authors: Yoneda Yuko , Ebner Gerald , Takano Toshiyuki , Nakatsubo Fumiaki , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe syntheses of two perdeuterated ionic liquids (ILs), which have found use as solvents for cellulose derivatization and processing in addition, are described: 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM‐OAc‐d14) and 1‐butyl–3‐methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM‐OAc‐d18). The targets were obtained from imidazole in three‐step sequences starting with butylation and ethylation, respectively. The resulting 1‐alkyl imidazoles were purified, and subsequently methylated according to a novel protocol using dimethylcarbonate‐d6. To obtain the 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium moiety, methylation of 1‐alkylimidazoles proved to be superior to the conventional approach of alkylating 1‐methylimidazole. Addition of acetic acid‐d4 caused traceless degradation of the methylcarbonate counter anions, which were neatly exchanged for acetate. The IL 2‐13C‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, in which the isotopically enriched C‐2 is a good NMR‐indicator of side reactions and solvent–solute interactions, was synthesized according to the same reaction sequence, starting from 2‐13C‐1‐alkylimidazole which, in turn, was obtained by reaction of glyoxale, alkylamine, ammonia and paraformaldehyde‐13C. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intraruminal papillation gradient in wild ruminants of different feeding types: Implications for rumen physiology
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Hofmann Reinhold R. , Fickel Jörns , Streich W. Jürgen , Hummel Jürgen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBrowsing and grazing ruminants are thought to differ in the degree their rumen contents are stratified—which may be due to different characteristics of their respective forages, to particular adaptations of the animals, or both. However, this stratification is difficult to measure in live animals. The papillation of the rumen has been suggested as an anatomical proxy for stratification—with even papillation indicating homogenous contents, and uneven papillation (with few and small dorsal and ventral papillae, and prominent papillae in the atrium ruminis) stratified contents. Using the surface enlargement factor (SEF, indicating how basal mucosa surface is increased by papillae) of over 55 ruminant species, we demonstrate that differences between the SEFdorsal or SEFventral and the SEFatrium are significantly related to the percentage of grass in the natural diet. The more a species is adapted to grass, the more distinct this difference, with extreme grazers having unpapillated dorsal and ventral mucosa. The relative SEFdorsal as anatomical proxy for stratification, and the difference in particle and fluid retention in the rumen as physiological proxy for stratification, are highly correlated in species (n = 9) for which both kind of data are available. The results support the concept that the stratification of rumen contents varies among ruminants, with more homogenous contents in the more browsing and more stratified contents in the more grazing species. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.