bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commitment to Nursing*
Authors: Altschul Annie T. 
Published: December 2006

After a discussion of models of nursing, the author focuses on what nurses are and argues that their perceptions are significantly different from those of medical practitioners.The commitment of nurses is discussed, debated and explored and some values shared between newly qualified nurses and the lay public.Commitment is put into the perspective of ‘accountability’ and its effects on assessing quality of care and nurse‐patient relationships are discussed.The author also argues that in certain circumstances she would contemplate defecting from ‘being a nurse’, particularly with regards to her personal concern for the mentally disordered. But the message that pervades the paper is that once one is a nurse, one is a nurse forever.Finally researchers are admonished to strive for ‘an elucidation of the nature of commitment’.
The learning resources movement: its relationship to nurse education
Authors: Townsend Ian 
Published: December 2006

The learning resources movement and nurse educationThis paper addresses the place, position and potential of what is characterized as the ‘Learning Resources Movement’ in nurse education. It is based on experiences drawn from 10 yean viewing resource use in general and nursing education, and, more recently, on observations arising from a research project looking at the growth within the school of nursing, of organizational structures for their development. It claims that the true potential of the movement has nowhere been fully realized. It sees the present position as indeterminate and misconceived. It claims that further development of such resources as are and will be available is intricately tied up with the professional development of nursing in a ‘chicken‐and‐egg’ situation. It argues that the stage has now been reached where the successful development of the one cannot proceed without the successful development of the other. Drawing on a fairy‐tale analogy the paper views the Learning Resources Movement as a powerful tool for seeing through the shining surfaces of what to many are new curricular clothes and dealing with the basic truths of the situation underneath.
Nursing decision making in critical care areas
Authors: Baumann Andrea , Bourbonnais Frances 
Published: December 2006

This exploratory study sought to identify factors that critical care nurses consider relevant in making rapid patient care decisions; to explore the decision making of these nurses in crisis situations; and to identify critical patient care situations where rapid nursing decisions are made. The convenience sample consisted of 50 nurses in critical care settings. A semi‐structured interview with a critical care case study was utilized to examine the nurses' decision making. Open ended responses were transformed into fixed categories for tabulation. The findings suggested that:

knowledge and experience were the most important factors influencing rapid decision making;
although the nurses identified the appropriate decisions in a given crisis situation they had difficulty providing a theoretical rationale for their decisions;
the given case study and the 50 crisis situations identified by the subjects indicated that many nursing decisions for critically ill patients were carried out prior to physician assistance. A demographic data questionnaire that examined age, nursing experience, formal education and continuing education of the subjects determined that the majority of the nurses were under 30 years old, had either less than 1 year of experience or 7‐9 years in critical care, were graduates of a 2‐year diploma programme, and took continuing education courses at the community college level.
Changes in patterns of care of the mentally handicapped: implications for nurses' perceptions of their roles and hospital decision making processes
Authors: Shaw Monica , Heyman Bob 
Published: December 2006

This paper reports on the findings of a longitudinal study of a mental subnormality hospital in the North of England. The focus is upon how nurses have experienced a major change in care and treatment of residents from 1978 lo 1980. We explore, through the eyes of nurses, the change in their role from a predominantly nurturant/custodial one to a mainly educational/community orientated role.The research findings demonstrate that this change has increased nurses' self‐esteem and their satisfaction with important areas of their work. There is some evidence also that nurses/resident relationships have improved in spite of reservations felt about new forms of treatment and community care.We suggest that such reservations may be linked to critical views expressed by nurses, particularly sisters and charge nurses, that decisions were taken about residents by other more senior personnel who had little contact with residents. One important conclusion of this study is that the traditional processes of decision making in the hospital appears to impede the full implementation of a major change which requires nurses to be involved in a potentially threatening process of altering their perceptions of themselves and residents.
Labile anion binding by roots of two plum clones
Authors: THERIOS IOANNIS N. , WEINBAUM STEVEN A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe anion‐exchange capacities (AEC) of roots of intact plants of two plum clones [Marianna 2624 (Prunus cerasifera × P. munsoniana) and Myrobalan 3‐J (P. cerasifera)] were assessed with an anionic dye, eosin Y. The positively charged eosin‐specific adsorption sites were metabolically dependent and also affected by nutrient status. Myrobalan 3‐J roots adsorbed twice as much exchangeable NO3 as did Marianna 2624. Since we previously showed that net nitrate uptake by Myrobalan 3‐J persisted at half the ambient nitrate concentration as that characteristic of Marianna 2624, the data provide circumstantial support for a functional role of labile anion binding in active uptake at dilute concentrations of ambient nitrate.
Global patterns in seed size
Authors: Moles Angela T. , Ackerly David D. , Tweddle John C. , Dickie John B. , Smith Roger , Leishman Michelle R. , Mayfield Margaret M. , Pitman Andy , Wood Jeff T. , Westoby Mark 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim To provide the first global quantification of the slope and shape of the latitudinal gradient in seed mass, and to determine whether global patterns in seed mass are best explained by growth form, vegetation type, seed dispersal syndrome, or net primary productivity (NPP).Location Global.Methods We collected seed mass data for 11,481 species × site combinations from around the world. We used regression to describe the latitudinal gradient in seed mass, then applied general linear models to quantify the relative explanatory power of each of the variables hypothesized to underlie the latitudinal gradient in seed size.Results There is a 320‐fold decline in geometric mean seed mass between the equator and 60°. This decline is not linear. At the edge of the tropics, there is a sudden 7‐fold drop in mean seed mass. The strongest correlates of the latitudinal gradient in seed mass are plant growth form, and vegetation type, followed by dispersal syndrome and NPP. A model including growth form, vegetation type, dispersal syndrome and NPP explains 51% of the variation in seed mass. Latitude explains just 0.2% of the residual variation from this model.Main conclusions This is the first demonstration of a major decrease in seed size at the edge of the tropics. This drop in seed mass is most closely correlated with changes in plant growth form and vegetation type. This suggests that the drop in seed mass might be part of a sudden change in plant strategy at the edge of the tropics.
Species richness, composition and abundance of fruit‐feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: comparison between a fragmented and a continuous landscape
Authors: Uehara‐Prado Marcio , Brown Keith Spalding , Freitas André Victor Lucci 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To evaluate frugivorous butterflies as indicators of forest disturbance in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.Location  The study area is located in the municipality of Cotia, São Paulo State, south‐eastern Brazil (23°35′−23°50′ S, 46°45′−47°15′ W).Methods  Sampling was done at four sites inside a large forest block, the Morro Grande State Reserve, and in five forest fragments in an adjacent fragmented landscape. Butterflies were sampled with portable traps, baited with a fermented mixture of banana and sugar cane juice. Sampling was carried out during the period most favourable for the capture of frugivorous butterflies in south‐eastern Brazil.Results  All richness‐related results indicated no effect of forest fragmentation on the frugivorous butterfly guild, concurring with the suggestion of appreciable resistance of Atlantic Forest butterflies to habitat modification. However, species composition discriminated between the two landscapes, indicating that fragmentation may have effects beyond simple species richness. When species were analysed individually, clear patterns of distribution emerged, with some species that were very abundant in the fragmented landscape being practically absent in the continuous landscape, and vice versa. This pattern seems consistent even for some subfamilies.Main conclusion  Our findings support the usefulness of the frugivorous butterfly guild as a biological indicator of forest disturbance effects in one of the world's most threatened ecosystems.
Environmental predictors of global parrot (Aves: Psittaciformes) species richness and phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Davies Richard G. , Orme C. David L. , Webster Andrea J. , Jones Kate E. , Blackburn Tim M. , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim  Spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) aid our ability to discern diversification rate mechanisms underlying hypotheses for the large‐scale distribution of biodiversity. We develop a predictive framework for the way in which spatial patterns of PD vary with those of species richness, depending on the balance between speciation and extinction rates. Within this framework, diversification processes thought to underlie the productive energy, ambient energy, topographic variability and habitat variety hypotheses predict that gradients of increase in species richness will be associated with: (1) decreasing extinction rates where driven by productive energy, hence increasing relative PD (i.e. PD controlling for species richness, or PDrel); (2) a similar positive relationship between ambient energy and PDrel; (3) increasing speciation rates where driven by topographic variability, hence decreasing PDrel; and (4) no consistent relationship between PDrel and habitat variety when driven by the latter. We test these predictions using distributional data on parrots.Location  Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indo‐Malayan and Australasian realms.Methods  Spatial models were used to test the predictions.Results  Globally, a positive association between productive energy and PDrel confirms prediction (1). However, within realms, hump‐shaped relationships suggest the importance of decreasing extinction rates up to a threshold level of productive energy, and the increasing importance of speciation rates thereafter. Ambient energy is positively associated with PDrel in Australasia, Indo‐Malaya, and globally, supporting prediction (2). However, this is driven by the coincidence of highest PDrel in areas of high ambient energy and intermediate productive energy (i.e. in seasonal tropical environments), which may be characterized by relatively low speciation and extinction rates. In the Neotropics, increasing topographic variability is associated with decreasing PDrel and increasing species richness, suggesting an increasing gradient of speciation, supporting prediction (3). Elsewhere, the signal of this mechanism may be obscured by collinearities with energy gradients. The lack of an overall relationship between habitat diversity and PDrel confirms prediction (4).Main conclusions  Spatial patterns of PDrel in relation to environmental gradients may be sensitive to collinearities among those gradients. Nevertheless, patterns emerge which have implications for the relative importance of speciation and extinction processes in generating latitudinal diversity gradients.
Reduction of methamphetamine‐induced sensitization and reward in matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and ‐9‐deficient mice
Authors: Mizoguchi Hiroyuki , Yamada Kiyofumi , Niwa Minae , Mouri Akihiro , Mizuno Tomoko , Noda Yukihiro , Nitta Atsumi , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Banno Yoshiko , Nabeshima Toshitaka 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) function to remodel the pericellular environment. Their activation and regulation are associated with synaptic physiology and pathology. Here, we investigated whether MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 are involved in the rewarding effects of and sensitization to methamphetamine (METH) in animals, in which the remodelling of neural circuits may play a crucial role. Repeated METH treatment induced behavioural sensitization, which was accompanied by an increase in MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activity in the brain. In MMP‐2‐ and MMP‐9‐deficient mice [MMP‐2‐(–/–) and MMP‐9‐(–/–)], METH‐induced behavioural sensitization and conditioned place preference, a measure of the rewarding effect, as well as METH‐increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were attenuated compared with those in wild‐type mice. In contrast, infusion of purified human MMP‐2 into the NAc significantly potentiated the METH‐increased dopamine release. The [3H]dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes was reduced in wild‐type mice after repeated METH treatment, but METH‐induced changes in [3H]dopamine uptake were significantly attenuated in MMP‐2‐(–/–) and MMP‐9‐(–/–) mice. These results suggest that both MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 play a crucial role in METH‐induced behavioural sensitization and reward by regulating METH‐induced dopamine release and uptake in the NAc.
Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)
Authors: DUBOIS MARIE‐PIERRE , DORNIER ANTOINE , JARNE PHILIPPE , CHEPTOU PIERRE‐OLIVIER 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe describe nine new variable di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellites in the plant Crepis sancta, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneous genotyping sets of loci. Their variability was assessed in four populations. Four to 33 alleles were detected per locus; two to 23 alleles per population. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium could be attributed either to a mating system involving partial selfing or to null alleles. Genetic differentiation over all loci was significant among the four populations studied. These markers will constitute an efficient tool for investigating dispersal patterns in fragmented landscapes. Cross‐species amplification provided few loci variability in three other Crepis species (C. pulcra, C. foetida and C. rubra).
Cosmetic camouflage
Authors: Antoniou Christina , Stefanaki Christina 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAlthough many skin conditions are amenable to treatment, on certain occasions dermatology and plastic surgery have not much to offer and patients are left with disfigurements. Cosmetic camouflage is a therapy that has been developed to alleviate the suffering of those who have been disfigured by a congenital or an acquired lesion and who have no other choice than living with their deformity.
Photoprotection: where do we stand?
Authors: Nicolaidou Electra , Stefanaki Christina , Katsambas Andreas D 
Published: December 2006

SummaryUltraviolet sun radiation can cause several deleterious effects on the skin, including photoaging and carcinogenesis. Physical protection and sunscreens are currently the two main types of photoprotection. Overall, people seem informed about the dangers of sun exposure, but sometimes they are not willing to implement the right sun‐protection measures. Sunscreens are reported to be the most frequently used method worldwide, but they cannot substitute physical protection and a proportion of people do not apply them correctly. Public campaigns, together with fashion and the right role models, can still offer a lot in persuading people to change their habits towards a more sun‐protected life.
CD34‐positive eruptive fibromas
Authors: Pursley Holly Gluth , Williford Phillip M. , Groben Pam A. , White Wain L. 
Published: December 2006

The list of entities comprising a proliferation of CD34 (+) spindle cells continues to grow. Described, herein, is a patient who had an indolent eruption of scattered papules composed of CD34 (+) spindle cells, beginning in adolescence.An 18‐year‐old female patient presented with asymptomatic, tan/brown papules over the neck, chest, and proximal extremities. They appeared 6 years previously and had slowly increased in number. Biopsy from the neck showed a proliferation of plump spindle cells, associated with delicate collagen, in the upper reticular dermis. No atypia nor mitotic figures were present. The spindle cells were negative for S‐100, muscle actins, and Factor XIIIa, but stained intensely with CD34. This unusual mesenchymal proliferation of CD34 (+) apparent dermal dendrocytes did not have the storiform pattern, short fascicles, nor mitotic figures of DFSP. The completely negative muscle markers helped to exclude dermatomyofibroma, and no morphological evidence of vasoformative differentiation was seen. The clinical picture militated against solitary fibrous tumor. These eruptive tumors are benign and thought to represent a distinctive fibroma produced by proliferated CD34 (+) stromal cells.
Fundamental Mechanical Aspects of Thin‐Film Lubrication
Authors: Blok Harmen 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe paper highlights an extensive correlational study of the experimental evidence obtainable from literature on thin‐film lubrication. According to the widely varying nature of the various cases of thin‐film lubrication, this evidence is highly fragmentary and often seemingly incoherent. The main objective of the paper is to combine the evidence available into a coherent core of information on the fundamental mechanical aspects of thin‐film lubrication. From this core, continued research can profitably radiate in several directions, in the improvement of lubricants and the design of lubricated machine parts, for example. The objective set could be attained by introducing some unifying thoughts and theories in which dimensional analysis played an important role.The main conclusions, referring to the main and the supplementary theme, respectively, are: (1) any definitions of “oiliness” are inadequate that specify viscosity (even if its variations with temperature and pressure are included) as the one and only bulk property whose effects are to be eliminated in the measurement of “oiliness” as a surface‐active property, and a considerable improvement can be achieved by replacing the word “viscosity” in such definitions by the term “bulk properties of the lubricant and of the rubbing bodies”; and, (2) the core of information obtained can be turned to future advantage in settling the important question, “What are the limits inherent in hydrodynamic load‐carrying capacity?”
Influence of Roughness and Oxidation on Wear of Lubricated Sliding Metal Surfaces
Authors: Davies C. B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMeasurements have been made, at room temperature, of the wear of a flat steel annulus flooded with lubricant and rotating about its axis in a horizontal plane pressed against the lower horizontal end of a small (1 mm. diameter) stationary, vertical, cylindrical pin. It was found that steady reproducible wear rates could be obtained only when one of the surfaces was relatively soft and other extremely hard and comparatively rough.
THE MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS OF BABESIA INFECTIONS
Authors: Malherbe W. D. 
Published: December 2006

In spite of a considerable literature on the Babesia infections of animals, there are comparatively few references to atypical manifestations of the disease. The existing references are reviewed in this paper. They include cases manifested by ocular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and rheumatic symptoms.Since the causal agents are not always demonstrable in smears of the peripheral blood, and since the disease picture can be so very variable, the criteria of diagnosis are laid down and discussed. A number of cases studied at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Union of South Africa, are described according to the body systems mainly involved. Respiratory symptoms include a range from simple catarrhs to intense dyspnea simulating pneumonia. A striking group is made up by the involvement of the circulatory system, presenting such symptoms as severe ascites, asymmetrical edemas, and purpuric lesions. In the nervous system, Babesia infections are represented in animals by the manifestation of epileptiform fits, aberrations of the gait, abnormal actions and postures, and peripheral nerve palsies. Enteritis and gastritis indicate involvement of the digestive system.The pathogenesis of the atypical lesions is discussed in considerable detail in the light of the pathological and clinicopathological changes that take place in the babesioses. These changes include blocking of the capillaries by agglomerations of parasitized red blood corpuscles with consequent local tissue anoxia and intoxication, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, degeneration of the liver and kidneys, capillary fragility, and marked coagulation defects of the blood.In all these changes and manifestations there is a close parallel with those encountered in malaria from time to time, particularly in the malignant tertian form. Important references from the literature of malaria are cited in support of this observation.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL PROCESSES AND PALEOCLIMATES
Authors: Egyed L. 
Published: December 2006

The climatic features of the past periods of geohistory are recorded by some characteristic geological formations such as those of coal, salt, bauxite, the distribution of coral reefs, and glaciations.The changes in the climate of a given area were first explained by the changing of the climate of insolation of that area due to changes in latitude brought about by polar wandering. On the other hand, part of the climatic changes were related to local influences. However, the periodical intensity variations of the formations indicative for a given set of climatic conditions suggest that the climatic changes can be connected also with the processes of tectonism. On the basis of my studies concerning the earth's interior, I propose to review some of the factors that acted upon the climate of the entire earth in dependence on the processes of tectonism and magmatism.