bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of computer‐aided design: Implications for creativity, productivity, decision making, and job satisfaction
Authors: Barfield Woodrow , Shieldst Robert , Cooper Stephen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA survey of computer‐aided design (CAD) usage was performed to investigate the relationship between CAD tools and four aspects of the designer's job which included productivity, creativity, decision making, and job satisfaction. Several designers (n & 117) representing 19 companies and 3 major universities were administered a CAD questionnaire designed to determine whether CAD utilization improved user performance in the four main job areas. The results indicated that those features which aided the designer in visualizing the structure of the CAD model or allowed the designer to directly manipulate the CAD model, such as rotations, were highly rated tools. Further, those features which resulted in slow system response times, such as engineering analysis, were evaluated as less useful in terms of the four job categories. Implications of the results for the design of CAD systems is discussed.
Organization design implications of computer‐integrated technologies
Authors: Levy Paul , Bessant John , Tranfield David , Smith Stuart , Ley Clive 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is a growing realization that the benefits promised by integrated technology are not being delivered. One of the main reasons put forward for this is the failure to design an adequate form of manufacturing organization to support exploitation. The project described in this article set out to investigate the organizational designs supporting a wide variety of 46 applications of integrated technology in 28 companies. The companies were selected on the basis of appearing as exemplars of successful implementation. The findings showed overwhelming evidence of wide ranging organizational change at all levels. This article presents two contrasting case studies from the research sample giving anecdotal evidence for the key organizational design changes at the workplace, managerial, and interorganizational levels. It also presents a brief study of changes in the way in which work is coordinated in these companies. The examples provide some interesting insights into the shifts taking place in “best practice” manufacturing organizations as they exploit the benefits of integrated technologies in the 1990s.
Structure and culture: Putting the human dimension of CIM in perspective
Authors: Burnes Bernard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver the last decade all industrial nations have recognized the crucial role that CIM can play in creating World Class manufacturing companies. With this recognition has come a growing concern, especially in the U.K., over the failure of many companies to gain the full benefits from the introduction of expensive CIM systems. Though many explanations have been offered as to the cause of this problem, most commentators now appear to accept that the central reason is the failure adequately to involve, train, and motivate those who use and manage these new systems. This article strongly supports this view but also argues that this failure is itself brought about by a deeper and potentially more damaging problem: the inappropriateness of and compatibility between the structures and cultures that exist in many organizations. If this is so, and we strongly believe it is, it presents not only a real and substantial barrier to the efficient and effective use of CIM but also, more importantly, poses a threat to the overall ability of companies to survive in the increasingly competitive world of the 1990s. The article begins by describing our research into the introduction and use of CIM in U.K. companies. It then goes on to examine and discuss the importance and implications of organizational structure and culture. In conclusion, it is argued that a long‐term, strategic program of change and renewal will be necessary for many companies if they are to compete with, and themselves become, the best in the world.
An approach for determining suitability of knowledge‐based systems in the workplace
Authors: Koubek Richard J. , Horn Jay A. , Cacioppo Anthony J. , Phillips Chandler 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo expand worker capabilities, knowledge‐based systems (KBS) have been introduced to aid the decision‐making activities performed by shop floor personnel. With this introduction, increased concern has been expressed regarding effective and efficient utilization of resources when applying KBS technology. This article describes the development and testing of a theoretically based methodology to identify task domains where KBS technology will yield the highest gains in performance. Results indicate the described technique is capable of discriminating between application domains regarding their suitability for KBS implementation. The utility and reliability of this instrument are discussed.
Integral organizational innovation in the dutch clothing industry: The myth of new production systems
Authors: Peeters Marc H. H. , Pot Frank D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the clothing industry a discussion is going on about how to react to changing demands and wishes on the different markets. On the basis of a still on‐going research project in the Netherlands this article describes how these changes can be taken into account in the technical and organizational architecture of the sewing room. Special attention is paid to three new production systems, namely (1) the Toyota Sewing System, (2) the Quick Response System, and (3) the Multi Operations System. From case studies it seems that companies do not benefit directly from the mentioned production systems. The solution can rather be found in new ways of production, that is, by making changes in both the production and the work organization. The nature of production and work organization has to be considered first before committing the organization to a technical choice of equipment.
Preventive maintenance of advanced manufacturing systems: A laboratory experiment and its implications for the human‐centered approach
Authors: Gude Dietmar , Schmidt Klaus‐Helmut 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDue to rising demands for flexibility in the manufacturing process, there is a strong need to reorganize the task spectrum of the shop‐floor staff by integrating, e.g., preventive maintenance functions. In this human‐centered approach the shop‐floor staff requires support in performing these additional functions. Here, based on an empirical investigation of the knowledge requirements in preventive maintenance of a simulated manufacturing system, a new support method called Behavior‐Outcome Feedback is proposed. This method has been developed primarily to promote the execution of preventive maintenance tasks, but may be adopted easily to other functions as well.
An implementation model for reducing resistance to technological change
Authors: Endsley Mica R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe process of implementing advanced manufacturing technologies in an organization can impact the way in which individuals adjust to the new technology. The acceptance of or resistance to new technologies by individuals in the organization ultimately impacts the success of advanced technologies in achieving the organization's objectives. A framework model is presented for guiding managers and implementation teams through the implementation process with the objective of facilitating positive individual adjustment to new technologies and minimizing resistance to change. Five major stages are proposed in the model: initial decision, introduction, initialization, early job experiences, and institutionalization. Major factors that impact individual adjustment to technological change in each stage are discussed.
Usability in CAD—a psychological perspective
Authors: Allwood Carl Martin , Kalén Tomas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent research on design and computer aided design (CAD) from a psychological perspective. Our focus is on how CAD affects design and on how more efficient computer support can be provided. Design tasks of the adaptive and of the original type are considered. Different descriptions and approaches to design are reviewed and discussed. Next, we review research on design with and without CAD and research discussing how creativity and usability in CAD can be improved. Finally, we suggest topics for future research. Different studies show a great variability among engineers both in non‐computerized design and in CAD with respect to strategies and methods used in the work. Novices appear to encounter special difficulties and can be helped, for example, to achieve a developed task understanding and to see similarities between the present task and other tasks. Interestingly, more complex CAD programs appear to be less effective than less complex CAD programs when solving simple problems. This may have to do with problems in the human‐computer interface. Important questions for future research include better understanding of the design process as such, how to make the computer interface more informative without disturbing the design process, and how databases can interact with, and be accessed by, the designer in efficient and allowable ways.
Performance effects of human and organizational development and technological development
Authors: Hörte Sven Åke , Lindberg Per 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe performance effects of technological development and of human resource management development are discussed. Three different paths of development are defined. One is technological upgrading, and the second is development of the human resources of the company and organizational changes. The third is a combined approach aimed at a synchronous development of technology and human resource management. The technological and organizational developments between 1987 and 1992 of 70 Swedish companies are analyzed, as well as the corresponding changes of six performance measures. The results indicate significant correlations between development of human resource management and most of the performance measures, whereas just a few performance increases are correlated with upgraded technology. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Managing deliberations in product development—relating organization to process
Authors: Lundqvist Mats 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn analytical model of the product development process is derived from macro‐organizational and sociotechnical theory. The nonlinear and nonroutine process of product development is linked with organizational structure through the concept of deliberations. Deliberations contain the value‐adding process of uncertainty and equivocality reduction and can be more or less intrusive upon the environment. The focus of the empirical study has been on the application of the model as well as illustration of how the needs of the process are satisfied by organizational structure. Two development projects, one of which was successful, one of which was not, were compared in a case study of a manufacturer of larger customer‐adapted vehicles. The deliberations in the two projects were distinguishable by their degree of intrusiveness and ability to reduce equivocality. Large performance potentials in man‐hours could be revealed in both projects through the deliberation analysis. The managerial implication of the study is that greater recognition of what constitutes the process, among product development participants, should allow considerably increased performance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Group work in the american and german nonautomotive metal manufacturing industry
Authors: Harvey Noel , von Behr Marhild 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article is a summary of new trends in the American and German nonautomotive metal manufacturing industry. The emerging process technologies are examined: cellular manufacturing in the case of the U.S. and production islands in the case of Germany. The focus is on the work organization that envelops these technologies, particularly the notion of group work, which is a central part of these new process technologies.
Performance of hybrid automated systems—a social cybernetic analysis
Authors: Smith Thomas J. , Henning Robert A. , Smith Karl U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe science of behavioral cybernetics deals with the analysis of human behavior as a closed‐loop, self‐governed process. Social cybernetics focuses upon the reciprocal feedback interactions between two or more individuals in a group or organizational setting. Human‐computer interaction (HCI) also can be characterized as a social cybernetic process. The central thesis of this paper is that social cybernetics provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the nature and sources of variability in performance of hybrid automated systems, defined by reciprocal interactions between the work force, the organization, and the technology. Implications of the social cybernetic model for interpreting findings from studies of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) operations are addressed. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparative study of occupational accidents in industries with advanced manufacturing technology
Authors: Backström Tomas , Döös Marianne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing automated machinery does not eliminate accident risks. This article describes the extent to which accidents occur working with advanced manufacturing technology (AMT); analyzes differences with respect to severity and part of the body injured between AMT accidents, other machine accidents and accidents not related to machinery; describes some characteristics of AMT accidents. Data come from two engineering plants. AMT accidents constituted a substantial proportion of the accidents, especially in machining workshops. Analysis of the injury severity revealed a scale where AMT accidents were the most serious, followed by other machine accidents, and then by all other accidents. The main conclusions: AMT accidents were a significant problem in these companies; special risk is attached to the operators' handling of production disturbances. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A review of experimental studies on human‐robot system situations and their design implications
Authors: Beauchamp Yves , Stobbe Terrence J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe literature on robot‐related accidents clearly shows that the greatest risk of accidents occurs during programming and/or maintenance, times when the individual is within the operating envelope of the robot. The circumstance of the accidents and incidents reported has frequently involved an unexpected robot movement which was caused by equipment failure or human error. The need for human factors research on human‐robot interface safety and productivity has been widely reported in the literature. Unfortunately, the number of actual studies of human performance in man‐robot systems is comparatively small. A search of the literature revealed only 11 such studies. The goal of this article is to briefly describe and synthesize the experimental results generated in the human factors studies, make recommendations to improve the safety of the persons working in the vicinity of industrial robots, and to propose future research avenues in this area. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The influence of technology on the organization: From impact to specific effects and design space
Authors: Alsène Éric , Lessard Joanne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough studies of the impact of technology on the organization are strongly discredited in the scientific community, there has been a growing trend in research over the past few years toward once again giving weight to technology. The notion of “impact,” in particular, has been replaced by the notion of “specific effects” and that of “organizational design space.” The fact remains, however, that this trend has not progressed very far in terms of circumscribing the specific effects and the design space in question. A concrete method for achieving this is proposed and discussed. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide (WHI‐07)‐loaded gel‐microemulsion in the porcine female reproductive tract
Authors: D'Cruz Osmond J. , Uckun Fatih M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide, WHI‐07 (5‐bromo‐6‐methoxy‐5,6‐dihydro‐3′‐azidothymidine‐5′‐(p‐bromophenyl)‐methoxyalaninyl phosphate)‐loaded gel‐microemulsion was evaluated in a physiologically relevant and sensitive porcine model. Gilts (Duroc) in nonestrus stages of the reproductive cycle received either a single or a daily intravaginal application of 2.0% WHI‐07 via a gel‐microemulsion for 6 days. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid was obtained for up to 72 h after a single exposure and the cellular profile and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐8, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α) were quantitated by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence‐based multiplex immunoassay, respectively. The reproductive tract (vagina, cervix, uteri and Fallopian tubes) harvested on day 7 was scored histologically for evidence of mucosal irritation using a new scoring criterion for ten histological endpoints that reflect pathological changes in the epithelial/ subepithelial and vascular/perivascular compartments. When compared with irritant reactions caused by the detergent‐type spermicide, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), the scatter profile of CVL immune cells and basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐8, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α) in CVL fluid were unaffected by intravaginal exposure to 2% WHI‐07. Unlike BZK, endpoint histology of the proximal and distal regions of the reproductive tract from gilts treated with 2.0% WHI‐07 via gel‐microemulsion for 6 days did not result in mucosal irritation or alteration in the epithelium, subepithelium/lamina propria, vessels/perivascular tissues and underlying/surrounding muscles. Based on surrogate markers for inflammation, leukocyte profile and histologic data for local tolerance, repeated intravaginal administration of WHI‐07 via gel‐microemulsion as a prophylactic contraceptive is unlikely to cause vaginal irritation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of elapsed time following bleaching on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel
Authors: Unlu Nimet , Cobankara Funda Kont , Ozer Fusun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of post‐treatment time on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel after bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching systems. One hundred and thirty‐five flattened labial enamel surfaces obtained from human mandibular incisors were divided into two bleaching groups of 10% CP (n = 60) and 35% HP (n = 60) and a control group (n = 15). Specimens in the control group (group 1) were not bleached. Each bleaching group was then divided into four subgroups (n = 15). For both CP and HP groups, group 2 consisted of specimens bonded immediately after bleaching. In groups 3, 4, and 5, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks after bleaching, respectively. After the specimens were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil ST, they were tested in shear until failure. For both CP and HP groups, shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel that was bonded immediately after bleaching was significantly lower than that of unbleached enamel (p < 0.05). However, in CP group restored after 24 h, the bond strength returned to values close to those of nonbleached enamel (p > 0.05). It took 1 week to return to conditions that lead to control bond values for HP bleaching applications (p > 0.05). The results of this study proved that immediate bonding of composite to enamel bleached with 10% CP and 35% HP gels result in a significant decrease in shear bond strength. It is advisable that composite resin application onto bleached enamel surfaces should be delayed at least 24 h for 10% CP and 1 week for 35% HP. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
Morphology and development of teeth and epidermal brushes in loricariid catfishes
Authors: Geerinckx Tom , De Poorter Joris , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLoricariidae or suckermouth armored catfishes are one of several aquatic taxa feeding on epilithic and epiphytic algae. Their upper and lower jaws bear exquisitely curved teeth, which usually are asymmetrically bicuspid. The enlarged lower lip carries papillae with keratinous unicellular epidermal brushes or unculi. Teeth, and probably unculi too, assist in scraping food off substrates. Their morphology, growth, and replacement is examined and compared among several loricariid species, using cleared and stained specimens, serial sections, and SEM. Apart from the general tooth form and crown shape, the anterior layer of soft tissue on the lower shaft region, present in several species, appears to be a specialization for enhancing the mobility of individual teeth when scraping on uneven surfaces. During early ontogeny, a transition from simple conical to mature tooth occurs. The first unculi appear together with the first teeth carrying a bicuspid crown, 2 days after the first exogenous feeding, but synchronous with the complete resorption of the yolk sac. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput mass spectrometry: the mechanism of sudan azo dye fragmentation by ESI tandem mass spectrometry and extensive deuterium labeling experiments
Authors: Di Donna Leonardo , De Nino Antonio , Maiuolo Loredana , Mazzotti Fabio , Napoli Anna , Salerno Raffaele , Sindona Giovanni 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe investigation of the gas‐phase chemistry of azo compounds by mass spectrometry dates back to the introduction of this peculiar research field into the armory of physical organic chemistry tools. The mechanism of the fragmentation of the azo double bond from the protonated precursor is discussed with reference to the behavior of deuterium‐labeled reference compounds. The investigated molecules belong to the sudan family and the results can be used for the detection of these potential carcinogenic compounds in different matrices by means of the isotope dilution method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring consumer involvement in products: Developing a general scale
Authors: Traylor Mark B. , Joseph W. Benoy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reports initial work in developing an improved consumer involvement measure that can be applied across a number of product categories. The intent
was to develop a short, easy‐to‐use scale that practitioners could use in a variety of consumer research settings, especially field designs. Factor analysis was used to reduce a list of 22 items to a final list of 6 items. The preliminary evidence on reliability and validity is encouraging, and suggestions are made for further testing of this new scale.
Manipulating dissonance to improve mail survey response
Authors: Furse David H. , Stewart David W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite the large amount of research on mail questionnaires, there has been little effort toward the development of a questionnaire response theory that might guide the design of mail survey research. The authors conceptualize mail questionnaire response as a series of responses to a set of stimuli rather than a single decision to respond or not respond. A review of the mail survey response literature is provided and cognitive dissonance theory is used to explain why particular techniques are effective. Four types of nonrespondents are identified and suggestions are provided for the use of incentives, prenotification, follow‐up contacts, type of postage, and cover letter treatments.