bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Logging Second‐Growth Forests on Headwater Populations of Coastal Cutthroat Trout: A 6‐Year, Multistream, Before‐and‐After Field Experiment
Authors: De Groot Jennifer D. , Hinch Scott G. , Richardson John S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo understand how logging of second‐growth forests affects populations of coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, we examined trout relative abundance, body condition (mass relative to length), and physical and thermal habitat in the summer and winter in four headwater streams (two treatment streams and two nonlogged control streams) over a 6‐year period (2 years prelogging [1997–1998] and 4 years postlogging [1999–2002]). This is one of the first efforts to conduct a multiyear, replicated stream, before‐and‐after experiment on this scale to assess the effects of logging on fish and habitat. In the treatment streams, 21% of the watershed area was logged by clear‐cutting (no scarification or slash‐burning). Careful logging approaches were employed to remove most of the riparian overstory (i.e., no machines were used within 5 m of stream, logs were felled and yarded away from riparian zones, all shrubs were left behind, and large wood was left in streams). Because a cooler summer climate occurred coincidentally with our postlogging period (the mean daily average summer air temperature was 1–2°C cooler than the temperature during the prelogging period), the mean average and mean maximum daily stream temperatures declined after the logging period in the control streams and remained the same in the treatment streams. After accounting for the effects of climate, logging had warmed treatment streams by about 1°C. We could not detect any logging treatment effects on summer or winter relative abundance or condition, nor were any changes evident to instream physical habitat associated with the logging treatment. These results were probably attributable to the careful logging approaches employed and the cooler climate that occurred during the postlogging period.
Toward a Definition of Moving-Picture Dance
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: February 2007

Almost since the inception of moving pictures, those pictures have often featured dance. The obvious reason for this is that the natural subject of moving pictures is movement. And dances—along with hurtling locomotives, car chases, cattle stampedes, tennis matches, intergalactic dog-fights, and the like—move. Thus, a significant portion of the history of moving pictures involves dance movement. Many moving-picture makers have devoted admirable amounts of effort and imagination to portraying dance in or through media as diverse as film, video, and computer animation. The purpose of this essay is to attempt to offer a philosophical characterization of this field of activity; that is, I will try to define moving-picture dance.Many readers, learning of my intention, are apt to groan “labeling again, how boring.” To a certain extent I can sympathize with that sentiment. It is far more interesting to talk about work than it is to set about classifying it. The concrete achievements of the field are more important than abstractions about it. Nevertheless, despite my ready acknowledgment of this, I will persist for several reasons.First, whenever festivals of this sort of work are held, it is very likely that at one time or another almost everyone present will be tempted to say of some work that it doesn't really belong on the program. Everyone complains about labeling, but sooner or later most people feel compelled to invoke some favorite definition of their own. For human beings, categorizations are unavoidable, even if we like to pretend indifference to them. And most of us can feign indifference only for so long; most of us have a breaking point. Thus, it seems to me a good idea to get this issue out in the open and to discuss it abstractly—to compare and contrast the various categorizations in play and to develop dialectically from them a comprehensive framework that makes sense of our practices and that resonates with our intuitions about its compass.
Mediterranean climate effects. II. Conifer growth phenology across a Sierra Nevada ecotone
Authors: Royce E. B. , Barbour M. G. 
Published: February 2007

Growth and xylem water potential of the lower elevation conifers Pinus jeffreyi and Abies concolor and the higher elevation Pinus monticola and Abies magnifica were monitored in their montane Mediterranean habitat of the southernmost Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Measurements were made across the ecotone between the midmontane and upper montane forests and through light and heavy snowfall years.Radial stem growth, averaging ∼1.5 mm/yr, started 2 wk after snow melt, providing that maximum air temperatures had reached 21°C, and ended when predawn water potentials fell rapidly at the onset of the summer drought. Leader growth started on or after a fixed date, providing that minimum air temperatures were above −4°C for Pinus species or +2.5°C for Abies species. The cue for leader growth was inferred to be photoperiodic. Leader growth ended when either a determinate internode length of ∼1 mm was reached or predawn water potentials fell rapidly. Abies magnifica grew more rapidly than the low‐elevation species, but had a shorter growth period; its annual leader growth, as a consequence, was only 35 mm/yr vs. 50 mm/yr for the low‐elevation species. Needle growth was similarly determinate in the absence of early drought. This growth phenology contributes to determining species distribution across the ecotone.
Systematics of Nonea (Boraginaceae‐Boragineae): new insights from phenetic and cladistic analyses
Authors: Selvi Federico , Papini Alessio , Bigazzi Massimo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNonea, one of the largest but lesser known genera of Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae, has been investigated by means of phenetics and cladistics to analyse morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships within the group. Cluster analysis of 29 taxa recognizes five groups of annual species placed in one large cluster and two groups of perennial taxa in another cluster. Principal Component Analysis shows that the enigmatic Greek species, Paraskevia cesatiana (≡ Nonea cesatiana), is morphologically intermediate between Nonea and Pulmonaria, but closer to the latter due to fruit characters. Successive weighting using 42 characters and Pulmonaria as outgroup indicates that Nonea is paraphyletic, because the two species of Elizaldia are nested within the group of annual taxa. The South Mediterranean species N. vesicaria is closer to the North African taxa of Elizaldia than to any other member of Nonea. The perennial species of the N. intermedia group growing in mesic habitats of the Pontic‐Caucasian region and Eastern Anatolia are in basal position, whereas Paraskevia cesatiana is not nested within Nonea. Candolle’s sections of Nonea are not clearly supported. Nonea sect. Orthocaryum also appears paraphyletic due to the position of N. obtusifolia, a taxon with numerous autapomorphies that are difficult to interprete phylogenetically. Possible trends of character evolution are discussed also in the light of cytogeographical aspects. These aspects indicate x = 10 as the primary base number and either polyploidy or descending dysploidy associated with the adaptive shortening of the life‐cycle as major driving forces of species formation.
Molecular evidence for multiple diversification patterns of alpine plants in Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Vargas Pablo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA preliminary synthesis of diversification patterns of alpine plants in the Mediterranean region of Europe is presented based on seven plant groups displaying morphological differentiation and infraspecific taxa. Both previous and new phylogenetic results from ITS sequences and fingerprinting data suggest different colonization routes and modes of speciation in Androsace vitaliana (recent differentiation in the Iberian Peninsula), Anthyllis montana (west‐to‐east colonization and differentiation in Europe), Arenaria tetraquetra (colonization and differentiation from SE Iberian mountains to the Pyrenees; increasing number of chromosome complements), Saxifraga oppositifolia (colonization from the arctic to the Iberian Peninsula), Saxifraga pentadactylis (differentiation in Mediterranean and Eurosiberian mountains by geographic isolation), and Soldanella alpina (differentiation and colonization from northern Iberia to the Alps, and then to the Pyrenees and the Balkan Peninsula). Relative static diversification of Juniperus communis var. saxatilis in Europe, based on identity of chloroplast trnL‐F sequences, is also described. Most morphological variation, expressed by number of sub‐species recognized in previous taxonomic treatments of the seven plant groups, appears to have occurred during the Pleistocene (< 1.75 Myr). Recurrent change of Quaternary climatic conditions in the Mediterranean Basin, coupled with geographic characteristics, life cycle, dispersal mechanisms, and pre‐Holocene genetic structure are not convincing factors to account for all the observed diversification. Additionally, stochastic processes are also considered for evaluating present‐day distributions and processes of speciation.
Myristicineae, a new suborder within Magnoliales
Authors: Chatrou Lars W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMyristicaceae are sister group to the remaining five families of Magnoliales, which make up the suborder Magnoliineae. Both with regard to morphological and DNA sequence data, Myristicaceae have diverged substantially from Magnoliineae, whereas at the same time monophyly of Magnoliales is conclusive. This relationship between Myristicaceae and Magnoliineae is affirmed by describing the suborder Myristicineae.
Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species from Eastern Asia
Authors: Sheue Chiou-Rong , Liu Ho-Yih , Yong Jean W. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractKandelia (Rhizophoraceae) has long been regarded as a monotypic mangrove genus. Recent studies in chromosome number, molecular phylogeography, physiological adaptation, and leaf anatomy, however, reveal that there are two well differentiated sets of geographical populations separated by the South China Sea. These are recognized as two distinct species, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce and Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong sp. nov.
Validation of the namesEmporiaceae,Emporia, andEmporia lockardii
Authors: Mapes Gene , Rothwell Gar W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDescriptions ofEmporiaceaeandEmporiaare provided in order to validly publish the namesEmporiaceaeMapes & G. W. Rothwell, andEmporiaMapes & G. W. Rothwell. An emended description ofEmporia lockardii(Mapes & G. W. Rothwell) Mapes & G. W. Rothwell, published as a new combination, is also provided.
Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Phipps James B. , Cafferty Steve , MacKlin James A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCrataegus coccinea L., a name with an erratic history of usage but which has given its name to an important subdivision of the genus, C. ser. (or sect.) Coccineae, is lectotypified. It is held to be identical to the well­known North American species C. pedicellata Sarg., which it can now safely displace.
Phylogenetic relationships in Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) and related genera based on ITS sequence data
Authors: Jamzad Ziba , Chase Mark W. , Ingrouille Martin , Simmonds Monique S. J. , Jalili Adel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrITS) from 43 species of Nepeta and representatives of closely related genera (Lallemantia, Dracocephalum and Agastache) and outgroups (Lavandula, Stachys, Newcastelia and Prostanthera) were sequenced. Parsimony analysis indicated that Nepeta is monophyletic and composed of five major monophyletic groups, most of which comprise species belonging to more than one section in previous classifications. These five clades are composed of: (1) sect. Spartonepeta; (2) sects. Macronepeta + Spicatae; (3) sects. Nepeta + Micranthae p.p. + Oxynepeta + Schizocalyx + Macrostegiae; (4) sects. Capituliferae + Denudatae + Micranthae p.p. + Micronepeta p.p.; and (5) sect. Psilonepeta. The phylogenetic relationships among species of these groups are congruent with the distribution of some floral characters, including corolla shape, bract texture, color and pollen exine ornamentation.
Asclepiadeae classification: evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of New World Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Rapini Alessandro , Chase Mark W. , Goyder David J. , Griffiths Jayne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo provide an overview of New World Asclepiadoideae, we here evaluate Asclepiadeae classification by comparing the taxonomic arrangement of subtribes with a topology obtained through analyses of two plastid DNA regions (trnL intron and trnL­F intergenic spacer) for 111 species of Asclepiadoideae representing the major lineages of the subfamily. Without Jobinia, Nephradenia and Barjonia, Asclepiadeae are not monophyletic. The monotypic African genus Eustegia, with pendent pollinia, may represent the sister clade of Marsdenieae ­ Ceropegieae, the group composed of plants with erect pollinia. Metastelmatinae including African plants are also non­monophyletic, and the circumscription of the recently re­instated Cynanchinae should be studied further. Overall, Asclepiadeae are composed of three main clades. The Old World Astephaninae are the sister group of the other Asclepiadeae, which are divided into the ACTG (Asclepiadinae, Cynanchinae, Tylophorinae and Glossonematinae) and MOG (Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae and Gonolobinae) clades. According to this study, the New World Asclepiadoideae fall into just four clades: (1) Marsdenia (Marsdenieae), (2) Asclepias (Asclepiadinae, Asclepiadeae), (3) Cynanchum subgenus Mellichampia (Cynanchinae, Asclepiadeae), and (4) MOG, the clade comprising the majority of New World Asclepiadoideae.
Patterns of endemism and comparative phylogeography confirm palaeo‐environmental evidence for Pleistocene refugia in the Eastern Alps
Authors: Tribsch Andreas , Schönswetter Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClimatic fluctuations during Quaternary glaciations had a significant influence on the distribution of taxa and on their intraspecific genetic structure. In this paper, we test hypotheses on Pleistocene refugia for mountain plants in the eastern part of the European Alps derived from palaeoenvironmental and geological results, with new data on distributional patterns of 288 vascular plant endemics and molecular phylogeographies of selected species. High numbers of endemics are found in calcareous regions at the southern and the eastern border of the Eastern Alps, which remained unglaciated during the Pleistocene. The distribution of local endemic taxa in general, and of silicicolous taxa in particular, shows a clear relationship with hypothetical glacial refugia in the southern, southeastern, easternmost, and northeastern Alps. Molecular phylogeographic data from several silicicolous alpine species (Androsace alpina, Androsace wulfeniana, Eritrichium nanum, Phyteuma globulariifolium, Ranunculus glacialis, Saponaria pumila) are not completely congruent. However, all genetically defined population groups are in congruence with hypothetical refugia. In general, results from distributions of endemic taxa and data from intraspecific phylogeography are compatible with previously hypothesized refugia suggesting that refugial situations have shaped the current patterns. The combination of patterns of endemism with molecular phylogeographic data provides an efficacious approach to reveal glacial refugia in vascular plants.
Generic criteria and an infrageneric system for Hedysarum and related genera (Papilionoideae‐Leguminosae)
Authors: Choi Byoung-Hee , Ohashi Hiroyoshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNew generic delimitations for Corethrodendron, Hedysarum, Sulla and Taverniera are proposed together with new infrageneric systems for Hedysarum, with special reference to morphological evidence. Hedysarum sect. Spinosissima is treated as a distinct genus Sulla, and H. sect. Hedysarum is newly circumscribed on the basis of its conserved type, H. alpinum. Hedysarum sections Crinifera, Multicaulia and Subacaulia are very similar to each other and are merged into an enlarged H. section Multicaulia. Hedysarum sect. Fruticosa is transferred to the genus Corethrodendron. On the other hand, Stracheya is reduced to a section of the genus Hedysarum. A key to the genera and the infrageneric taxa, their nomenclature, synonymy and short descriptions are provided.
Orthographic conundrums: the problem of ‐opsis and ‐botrys
Authors: David John C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA survey of the use of two common suffixes of generic names and species epithets in botanical nomenclature is provided and discrepancies in treatment, either in the form of the stem or in the gender, are demonstrated. The reasons for these discrepancies and their consequences are outlined and possible means of harmonization are indicated.
Molecular phylogeny of Ericameria (Asteraceae, Astereae) based on nuclear ribosomal 3′ ETS and ITS sequence data
Authors: Roberts Roland P. , Urbatsch Lowell E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships and composition of Ericameria were investigated by parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ITS and 3′ ETS sequences for 50 taxa including all known species in Ericameria and several related taxa. The independent analyses of the data sets led to highly congruent, though not identical, results. Analyses of the combined sequence data generally improved resolution and clade support. Ericameria, Pentachaeta, Rigiopappus and Tracyina are resolved in a monophyletic group distinct from Chrysothamnus, Xylothamia, and representatives of the Solidago lineage. The expanded circumscription of Ericameria to include sections Asiris, Macronema and Stenotopsis, and species transferred from Chrysothamnus including E. albida, is supported. Within Ericameria the alignment of species into sections is not in total agreement with previously proposed relationships. Also, the molecular data do not support the treatment of section Stenotopsis as distinct from section Ericameria.
Differentiation in DNA fingerprinting and morphology among species of the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus (Hylocomiaceae)
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Hedenäs Lars , Jacquemart Anne-Laure 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDNA fingerprinting techniques including inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and restriction digest patterns from 18S­26S nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were combined with a detailed morphological analysis to seek characters that discriminate closely related species in the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus. The two sibling species, R. subpinnatus and R. squarrosus, were indistinguishable based on ITS markers but displayed a clear genetic discontinuity based on ISSR markers. Overall, genetic divergence was similar among R. squarrosus and R. subpinnatus on the one hand and R. loreus and R. triquetrus on the other. The results clearly support the specific status of R. subpinnatus and R. japonicus within the controversial R. squarrosus complex. New divergent morphological characters were found between R. subpinnatus and R. squarrosus. The results suggest that ISSR markers may be an alternative for distinguishing sibling moss species when sequences of the most variable genomic regions traditionally used at low taxonomic level, such as ITS, do not provide the appropriate degree of polymorphism.
Mechanisms for Fatigue of Micron‐Scale Silicon Structural Films
Authors: Alsem D. H. , Pierron O. N. , Stach E. A. , Muhlstein C. L. , Ritchie R. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough bulk silicon is not susceptible to fatigue, micron‐scale silicon is. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this surprising behavior although the issue remains contentious. Here we review published fatigue results for micron‐scale thin silicon films and find that in general they display similar trends, in that lower cyclic stresses result in larger number of cycles to failure in stress‐lifetime data. We further show that one of two classes of mechanisms is invariably proposed to explain the phenomenon. The first class attributes fatigue to a surface effect caused by subcritical (stable) cracking in the silicon‐oxide layer, e.g., reaction‐layer fatigue; the second class proposes that subcritical cracking in the silicon itself is the cause of fatigue in Si films. It is our contention that results to date from single and polycrystalline silicon fatigue studies provide no convincing experimental evidence to support subcritical cracking in the silicon. Conversely, the reaction‐layer mechanism is consistent with existing experimental results, and moreover provides a rational explanation for the marked difference between the fatigue behavior of bulk and micron‐scale silicon.
A genome‐wide scan for modifier loci in schizophrenia
Authors: Fanous Ayman H. , Neale Michael C. , Webb B. Todd , Straub Richard E. , Amdur Richard L. , O'Neill F. Anthony , Walsh Dermot , Riley Brien P. , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to detect genetic loci that influence clinical features of, but not necessarily susceptibility to, psychotic illness. In the Irish Study of High‐Density Schizophrenia Families (n = 270 families, n = 1,408 individuals), subjects with non‐affective psychosis were rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. Factor analysis identified hallucinations, delusions, and negative, manic, and depressive symptom factors. We performed autosomal genome‐wide multipoint non‐parametric quantitative trait locus linkage analysis, in affected individuals only, using these five factors, as well as age at onset, and course of illness. Determination of empirical significance and correction for multiple testing was implemented using 200 simulated genome scans. We also tested for pleiotropic loci by examining the sums of −log10's of the empiricalPvalues of multiple traits in selected regions. LODs of 2.42 and 2.35 were obtained near D9S934 (9q33.1) and D14S587 (14q24.2), respectively, for course of illness, and of 2.26 between D6S1040‐D6S2420 (6q23.1‐25.1) and age at onset. No other regions met criteria for suggestive linkage to any one trait. No loci were significant after correction for multiple testing. On 6q, however, the joint linkage of age of onset, course, delusions, and depressive symptoms resulted in a genome‐wideP = 0.06. We conclude that genes located near 9q33.1 and 14q24.2 may modify the clinical course and severity of schizophrenia. A gene in 6q may affect several clinical features of illness. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.