bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China and Certification: A Questionable Future
Authors: Stone Michael W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The future of forest certification in China is a tenuous one. With the country embarking on a historic program of afforestation and reforestation, the progress of sustainable forestry is at a critical turning point. This article investigates the challenges and assesses the likelihood of forestry certification in China. Using Russia and Indonesia as case studies, it also looks at the possibilities of creating an international Chain of Custody in China. Finally, the skepticism of the Chinese business community is discussed.
Reflections from USDA Forest Service Employees on Institutional Constraints to Engaging and Serving Their Local Communities
Authors: Davenport Mae A. , Anderson Dorothy H. , Leahy Jessica E. , Jakes Pamela J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although community relationship building has been recognized since the early 1980s as integral to forest management, it has not been widely supported or adopted. Today, relationship building depends largely on the innovation and commitment of forest supervisors and staff. The institutional environment and its culture play an important role in building capacity for relationship building with communities at each unit, as well as supporting employees' attempts to serve local communities. The research presented takes an in-depth look at the institutional constraints to engaging and serving local communities from the perspectives of 20 USDA Forest Service personnel from three units. Research findings reveal agency, unit, and employee level constraints including, diminished resources, increased departmentalism, staff turnover, and long-distance commuting. We recommend that the Forest Service provides opportunities for successful relationship building efforts and assesses innovative techniques in a Community Partnerships Demonstration Project.
Science Information for Informing Forest Fuel Management in the Dry Forests of the Western United States
Authors: McCaffrey Sarah , Graham Russell 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Land managers need timely and straightforward access to the best scientific information available for informing decisions on how to treat forest fuels in the dry forests of the western United States. However, although there is a tremendous amount of information available for informing fuels management decisions, often, it is in a form that is difficult to use or of limited applicability. To improve access, interpretability, and use of the full body of research, a pilot project was initiated by the USDA Forest Service to synthesize relevant scientific information and develop publications and decisions support tools that managers can use to inform fuels treatment plans. This article provides an overview of the project and briefly discusses key lessons learned as an introduction to a series of articles, to be published in future Journal of Forestry issues, on different topic areas addressed by the project.
Forest Landowner Cooperatives in the United States: A Local Focus for Engaging Landowners
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Jakes Pamela J. , Sakai Misato 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Family forest owners are showing an increasing interest in forest landowner cooperatives as a mechanism for providing a variety of services related to sustainable forest management and product processing. Because these cooperatives are locally owned, user-controlled, small-scale participatoryentities, they can more easily adapt to member needs than some other landowner assistance programs. Fifteen experts identified the benefits, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to these cooperatives. The results suggest ways in which cooperatives can enhance their effectivenessby seizing opportunities, counteracting threats, and addressing weaknesses. Key issues related to improving cooperative effectiveness include (1) expanding membership to enhance leadership and volunteer assistance, (2) improving marketing efforts, and (3) developing better networks withinthe local community, with other forestry cooperatives, and with organizations that offer assistance to cooperatives.
Impacts of Nonnative Invasive Species on US Forests and Recommendations for Policy and Management
Authors: Moser W. Keith , Barnard Edward L. , Billings Ronald F. , Crocker Susan J. , Dix Mary Ellen , Gray Andrew N. , Ice George G. , Kim Mee-Sook , Reid Richard , Rodman Sue U. , McWilliams William H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The introduction of nonnative invasive species (NNIS) into the United States has had tremendous impacts on the nation's commercial and urban forest resources. Of principal concern are the effects of NNIS on forest composition, structure, function, productivity, and patterns of carbon sequestration. In 2006, the Society of American Foresters commissioned an ad hoc team to prepare a white paper on the effect of NNIS on America's forests. The paper was the genesis of this article, which provides an overview of the impacts of NNIS within the United States and includes recommendations for NNIS policy and management.
Managing an Epidemic of Swiss Needle Cast in the Douglas-Fir Region of Oregon: The Role of the Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative
Authors: Shaw David C. , Filip Gregory M. , Kanaskie Alan , Maguire Douglas A. , Littke Will A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Swiss needle cast (SNC) is a foliage disease specific to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) caused by the Ascomycete fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. Currently, it is causing an epidemic west of the Oregon Coast Range from Coos Bay to Astoria: 2010 aerial survey estimate of almost 400,000 ac of plantations with visible symptoms. General symptoms include chlorotic needles, decreased needle retention resulting in sparse crowns, and growth reductions. Growth losses in the epidemic area have been in the range of 20-55%, although mortality from the disease is rare. The SNC Cooperative (SNCC) was established in January 1997 at Oregon State University with private, state, and federal partners. The mission of the SNCC is to conduct research on enhancing Douglas-fir productivity and health in the presence of SNC. We present an integrated pest management framework for SNC on the Oregon Coast based on research sponsored by the SNCC.
Motivation of Foreign Students Seeking a Multi-Institutional Forestry Master's Degree in Europe
Authors: Arevalo Javier , Tahvanainen Liisa , Pitkänen Sari , Enkenberg Jorma 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the context of globalization in higher education, the increasing importance of student mobility and the challenges of aligning forestry curricula to changing societal demands, this study explores the motivation of forestry students seeking graduate degrees in a foreign country. Within the framework of the expectancy-value theory of motivation, a qualitative approach is taken to provide an in-depth characterization of a group of 20 students from 14 countries starting a multi-institutional graduate program in Europe. Results indicate a high motivation, but also a great variability, of expressed motives and goals. Within a wide range of interests, climate change and carbon sequestration issues appear among the hottest topics alongside some traditional areas. High interests in continuing to doctoral studies and in returning to work in their home countries are reported. Findings of this research provide potential value for curriculum development of international programs in general and of forestry programs in particular.
Consulting Forestry / Certification and Ecosystem Services
Authors: Coufal James , Wiedemann Carl , Gorman Jacob , Teeter Larry , Zhang Yaoqi , Kilgore Michael , Miller Kristell , Snyder Stephanie , Chang Sun , Davis Miriam , Asah Stanley , Fly J. Mark , Wright Galen , Kaetzel Brandon , Majumdar Indrajit , Teeter Larry , Butler Brett , Creighton Janean , Schnepf Christopher , Grotta Amy , Kantor Sylvia , Miner Cindy , Siry Jacek , Harris Tom , Izlar Bob , Beauvais Theodore , Allred Shorna , Muth Allyson , Finley Jim , Smallidge Peter , Metcalf Alex , Woods Lillian , Cruz Gregorio , Tyrrell Mary , Butler Brett , Chawla Purnima , Bubser Dave , Fernholz Kathryn , Puttock David , Dodge Gary , Pingrey Paul , Gan Jianbang , Farley Chris , Gallo Giana , Deal Robert , Cass David , Levo Brian , Lott Elizabeth , Deal Robert , Smith Nikola , Kline Jeffrey , Blahna Dale , Patterson Trista , Spies Thomas , Kline Jeffrey , Mazzotta Marisa , Blahna Dale , Asah Stanley , Friday James , Idol Travis , Scowcroft Paul , Meason Dean , Martinez-Morales Rodolfo , Munsell John , Brinckman Matthew , Barrett Scott , Gagnon Jennifer , Bond Brian , Welde Allison , Ceder Kevin , Comnick Jeffrey , Ettl Gregory , Fischer Paul , Grala Robert , Munn Ian , Grebner Donald , Grado Stephen , Hussain Anwar , Hunt Kevin , Petrolia Daniel , Gartner Todd , Meason Dean , Almeida Auro , Dungey Heidi , Guo Zhimei , Gray Matthew , Hodges Donald 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
45The industrialization of the United States throughout the 19th century resulted in the exploitation of millions of acres of timberland across the country. Logging during that era was described by critics as “cut out and get out” because the land was usually abandoned after the merchantable timber was exhausted. Concern about future timber supplies and the effect of logging on watersheds spurred the development of professional forestry after the Civil War. The first forestry leaders, including Bernhard Fernow and Gifford Pinchot, encouraged private non-industrial forest owners to sustainably manage their woodlands and specifically warned against destructive logging practices—including “cutting the best and leaving the rest”—aka high-grading. During the 1920s and 30s both the Forest Service and SAF spurred initiatives to encourage sustainable timber harvesting practices on private forestland. Although great progress has been made in forest management, logging on most private non-industrial forest land in the east has not changed significantly since the 19th century. Landowners usually sell timber without using the services of a forester, allowing the buyer to selectively cut the most valuable trees in the woodlot. Although this can reduce future value by 70-90%, it remains common practice because both the landowner and the timber buyer maximize short term income. The timber value and productivity of millions of acres of woodland throughout the United States have been significantly degraded as a result. This paper will trace the history of high-grading as described by forestry leaders from the 19th century through the 21st and will show that much work remains unfinished.
Public Lands Management Issues
Authors: Davis Patrick , Malmsheimer Robert , Bevilacqua Eddie , Haines Terry , Wilcox Craig , Lefevre Robert , Rees Dan , St. Clair Tom , Miller Eric , Craigg Terry , Adams Paul , Osborne Douglas , Guo Zhimei , Gray Matthew , Edwards Katherine , Sutton William , Hagy Heath , Upchurch Gabriel , Kawahara Monte , Heath Zachary , Fischer Lisa , Schrader Charlie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
389Humans are responsible for nearly seventy thousand wildfires in the US each year, and human-caused fires have burned more than 2 million acres in five of the past ten years. Wildfires are a major contributor to US greenhouse gas emissions, adding 126.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. These emissions can be significantly reduced with improved wildfire management strategies. This research examines the connection between human-caused fire proximity to physical characteristics, criminal activities, and other factors within National Forests. It presents a spatial pattern model that predicts the likelihood of fire ignition location based on physical attributes, such as: the spatial location of fire ignition crimes and other crimes on national forests, and the spatial location of national forest physical characteristics (e.g., roads, trails, recreational/unique resources, etc.). This research will present natural resource managers with practical applications of spatial analysis techniques utilizing GIS, as well as help public land managers target and deploy personnel in areas most prone to human fire ignitions during times of high fire risk.
Age and Structure of a Northern Hardwood Selection Forest, 1929-1976
Authors: Tubbs Carl H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since 1938, several selection cuttings have changed a northern hardwood stand from one composed principally of sawtimber to one with a reasonably well-balanced distribution of size classes. Continual ingrowth into the small size classes promises a periodic yield. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree diameters now reflect age quite accurately; in the original tract 300-year-old trees ranged from 12 to 32 inches in d.b.h. The average age of 20- to 24-inch trees has been reduced nearly 100 years and that of 4-inch trees from 100 years to 48. Average age-height relations are surprisingly close to the probable site index, an indication that trees are suppressed for a much shorter time than formerly. Cull percents have dropped since 1938 and the average tree quality has improved. Species composition has changed little.
Scarcity, Renewability, and Forest Policy
Authors: Manthy Robert S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Examination of the concepts of timber scarcity and renewability shows that sawlogs are the only scarce major raw material in the United States, and de-emphasis of efforts to increase supplies of this product is recommended. Resource renewability is a relatively unimportant consideration for national materials policy. Many of the nation's stock resources appear to be increasing in volume faster than the "renewable" timber resources.
Managing Southwestern Ponderosa Pine for the Abort Squirrel
Authors: Patton David R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The preferred habitat of the Abert squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is an all-aged forest of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws). Stands that average between 11 and 13 inches d.b.h. and 150 to 200 square feet of basal area per acre are the best cover for nest trees. Nests are built in trees that are part of a group with interlocking crowns. Ponderosa pine buds, twigs, and cones are major food items, and squirrels select tree sizes from 11 to 30 inches for feeding. Trees over 20 inches d.b.h. are the best cone producers and in the right combinations with smaller trees provide quality habitat. Habitat can be assured if ponderosa pine is regenerated by the group selection method.
Employment of 1976 Forestry Graduates
Authors: Robie Edward F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Of 1976 forestry graduates for which records are available, 49.6 percent found forestry-related jobs. While the success rate varied by region, the average was lower--and graduates were more numerous--than in previous years. Of those finding employment, 38 percent went to the federal government and 30 percent to industry.
Forestry in Mexico
Authors: Caballero Miguel , Sosa Victor , Marin Juana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mexico has large forests of types associated with both temperate-cold and warm-humid climates. Species are highly diverse, with pines, firs, and some tropical hardwoods being the most important. A continuous forest inventory was begun in 1972. The wood-using industry cannot yet supply the nation's needs, and large amounts of pulp and paper are imported. Completion of additional plants should largely remedy this situation and enhance employment opportunities. Professional education is offered at two forestry schools and one school of wood technology; there are three schools for technicians. Research is concentrated mainly on ecology, silviculture, genetics, and wood technology.
Caribbean Pine Plantation Growth in Surinam
Authors: Sage R. D. , Kaufman C. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mean annual increments of planted Caribbean pines (Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barr. and Golf.) at 7 and 10 years were found to be 3.2 and 3.7 cords in thinned stands on good sites and 2.4 and 2.7 cords on below-average sites.
Area in Skidroads, Truck Roads, and Landings in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Kochenderfer J. N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In nine central Appalachian areas logged with wheeled skidders, there was 1 mile of road for every 19.8 acres: roads and landings occupied 10.3 percent of the area. In two areas logged with jammers, there was 1 mile of road for evenly 31.1 acres; roads and landings occupied 7.8 percent of the area.
Cleaning and Weeding Paper Birch -- A 24-Year Case History
Authors: LaBonte George A. , Nash Robley W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Observations for 24 years following weeding in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen (Betula papyrifera Marsh., Populus tremuloides Michx.) stand of fire origin indicate the necessity of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. The untreated control plot contains an essentially pure aspen stand, while released plots are dominated by paper birch as large as 10 inches in d.b.h.
Prebunching to Reduce Helicopter Logging Costs
Authors: Dykstra Dennis P. , Aulerich D. Edward , Henshaw John R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper describes one effort to quantify rates and costs of helicopter production for thinning young-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Oregon. The logs in a small sale (21 acres) were skidded to landings within the sale area by horses (prebunching), and then flown about 2,400 feet across a steep canyon by helicopter. The helicopter moved about 5,050 board feet per flight-hour and 3,320 board feet per total work-hour. Total logging costs were about $265 per MBF. Had the sale been yarded conventionally, total cost might have been as high as $440 per MBF.
Economic Costs of Withdrawing Timber and Timberland from Commercial Production
Authors: McKillop William 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Selection of criteria is the initial step in determining the major costs of withdrawing timberland from commercial production. Impacts on prices and consumer expenditures for wood products are likely to be important at the national level. Employment effects or consequences for revenues to local government may be significant aspects for study at the state or regional level. Analyses will frequently start with the reduction in timber output and translation of this reduction into losses in timber industry employment or payrolls. Regional employment or income effects may then be estimated by the application of a multiplier derived by input-output, export-base, or econometric techniques.
Feet vs. ORVs: Are There Social Differences Between Backcountry Users?
Authors: Duncan David , Maughan Ralph 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In an Idaho study, few socioeconomic differences were found between recreationists who traveled on foot and those who preferred mechanical access via off-road vehicles. Nonmechanicals had a considerably higher educational level than mechanicals, but other relationships were weak. One difference, income, was highest for mechanicals--opposite from what is commonly hypothesized.
Rhizina Root Rot of Little Consequence in Washington and Oregon
Authors: Thies Walter G. , Russell Kenelm W. , Weir Larry C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1973 the root pathogen, Rhizina undulata, was found fruiting on 64 of 277 recently burned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) clearcuts on national forest and state-owned lands in western Washington and Oregon. Frequency of infested clearcuts within the surveyed area increased with increasing latitude. On clearcuts where the fungus was detected, it was usually associated with only minor seedling mortality. Changing current burning practices to avoid losses caused by this fungus is not warranted.
Setting Precision for Resource Inventories: The Manager and the Mensurationist
Authors: Hamilton David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Traditionally, managers have relied heavily on judgment when setting precision of forest inventories. The author describes a method whereby precision and the resulting sample size are based on the consequences of errors in inventory estimates and the inventory costs. The responsibility of the manager is to define and quantify the consequences of errors in the estimates; the mensurationist calculates costs of the inventory and determines the estimate of optimal precision.
Six Views about a Wood Products Labor Force, Most of Which May Be Wrong
Authors: Stevens Joe B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The prospect of a declining timber supply in the Douglas-fir region suggests that assumptions about labor force adaptability will be used strategically in the political process. In Oregon, the labor force situation turns out to be quite different from what is commonly held or assumed. In particular, high labor turnover is found to be a rational adaptation to the nature of the industry.
New Legislation Aids Hazard-Reduction Burning in Florida
Authors: Wade Dale D. , Long Michael C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1977, the Florida legislature passed the Hawkins Bill authorizing the Division of Forestry to conduct prescribed burns in hazardous accumulations of wildland fuel on private holdings, provided that the owner does not object. During the 1977-1978 fire season the division operated under the law to burn 13,000 acres in absentee ownerships. Initial success of the statute suggests that it can serve as a model for other states with similar fuel-management problems.
World Forestry: Philippine Forests
Authors: Lachowski Henry M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Major forest types in the Philippines are dipterocarps (Philippine mahogany), mangrove, mossy (high-elevation forest), and pine. Dipterocarps represent 90 percent of timber used internally and sold abroad. Forestland is administered by the Philippine Department of Natural Resources and leased to the private sector through various license, lease, and permit arrangements. Numerous industrial plantations are displacing old-growth dipterocarp stands. Shifting cultivation or "kaingin farming" is a major problem facing the forest industry.
Can Intensive Management Make up the Harvest Lost when Roadless Areas Are Left Undeveloped?
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Johnson K. Norman , Connaughton Kent P. , Sassaman Robert W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A study of seven western national forests revealed that reallocation of funds from roadless area development to timber management intensification on accessible lands would not make up the harvest lost if the roadless areas were left undeveloped. With harvesting restricted to the accessible area, the amount of land available for timber harvesting and the constraints of multiple use generally limited the harvest level more than did capital available for management intensification. Along with some losses in possible harvest, concentrating timber production on accessible lands will have a number of financial and environmental effects.
The South's Pine Reforestation Problem
Authors: Williston Hamlin L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Independent landowners in the South own roughly 93 million acres capable of growing pine. Cutting without planned regeneration is converting pine stands to oak-pine, and oak-pine to oak-hickory. Unless steps are taken to remedy the situation it appears that there will be a pine sawtimber shortage by the year 2000. A recent task force has proposed more than 100 courses of action, summarized here in the form of 14 recommendations.
National Urban Forestry Conference
Authors: Payne Brian R. , Gallaher Joanne E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A National Urban, Forestry Conference was held in Washington, D.C., during November 1978. About 450 participants with a variety of professional affiliations met for 3 1/2 days to discuss benefits of urban forests, culture and protection, and planning and management, including financing of programs.