bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Negative Relationship between Abundance during Spawning and Size at Maturity in Kokanee
Authors: Grover Mark C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe relationship between average size at maturity and the number of individuals present at the peak of the spawning run was evaluated in a population of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka that experienced a large increase in accessible spawning habitat after the loss of a spawning barricade at Bucks Creek, California. Data on peak abundance, peak population density, and body sizes of spawning kokanee were compared with available data from years when the barricade restricted the spawning run. The data, which spanned a period of 34 years, collectively demonstrated that a negative size–abundance relationship caused by density‐dependent growth has been a persistent feature of the population. Peak kokanee abundance during spawning was unaffected by the presence of the spawning barricade, but peak spawning density was significantly higher during years when the spawning run was restricted by the spawning barricade than during years when the spawning run was unrestricted. The magnitude of this difference was inversely proportional to the reduction in accessible spawning habitat associated with the presence of the spawning barricade, indicating that kokanee crowded into available habitat during each spawning run and that territorial spacing did not limit peak abundances. Peak abundance increased markedly from 1999 to 2004 (the period subsequent to the loss of the spawning barricade), while size at maturity steadily declined in a manner that affected all individuals in the population. These trends indicated that (1) individual growth rates were tightly linked to population density, (2) kokanee abundance at the peak of the spawning run was related to prespawning population density, and (3) influences such as territorial spacing and temporal variation in the average age at maturity did not significantly alter or obscure the negative size–abundance relationship.
Estimation of Stock Composition and Individual Identification of Chinook Salmon across the Pacific Rim by Use of Microsatellite Variation
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Candy John R. , Jonsen Kimberly L. , Supernault Janine , Wetklo Michael , Deng Langtuo , Miller Kristina M. , Withler Ruth E. , Varnavskaya Natalia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVariation at 13 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 52,000 Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled from 325 localities ranging from Russia to California; the variation was applied to estimate stock composition in mixed‐stock fishery samples. A rapid increase in the accuracy of estimated stock composition in simulated mixtures with respect to population sample size was observed for sample sizes of up to about 75 individuals, at which point a 90% accuracy of assignment to population was achieved. The number of alleles observed at a locus was related to the power of the locus in providing accurate estimates of the stock composition of single‐population mixtures. In analysis of single‐population mixtures where the Pacific Rim baseline was used for estimation of stock identification, 75% accuracy for the average population was achieved by employing approximately 55 alleles in the analysis. Increasing the accuracy of the estimated stock composition to 90% for the average population required approximately 350 microsatellite alleles. The precision of estimated stock composition increased rapidly for approximately the first 100 alleles used; standard deviations declined from 20.0% to 8.0%. Analysis of known‐origin samples indicated that accurate regional estimates of stock composition were obtained. The accuracy of assigning individuals to a specific region or river drainage averaged 84% for 54 populations in multipopulation samples. The estimated stock compositions of mixed‐fishery samples from northern and southern locations in British Columbia were quite different among samples and reflected whether samples were derived from migrating or resident Chinook salmon. Microsatellites have the ability to provide accurate estimates of stock composition from many fisheries in the Pacific Rim distribution of Chinook salmon.
Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Stenosis by Prosthetic Hollow Stents: Clinical Experience in Eight Patients
Authors: Eppley Barry L. , Sadove A. Michael , Hennon David , van Aalst John A. 
Published: September 2006

Objective A series of nasopharyngeal appliance designs is presented that represents our evolving experience over a 20-year period in the adjunctive use of prosthetic stents in the surgical correction of nasopharyngeal stenosis. Design Retrospective assessment of effectiveness of two nasopharyngeal stenosis hollow stent designs in a consecutive series of patients for relief of nasal obstructive symptoms. Setting Tertiary academic medical center, Craniofacial Program at Children's Hospital. Patients Four patients with nasopharyngeal stenosis were treated with a preoperatively fabricated stent made from a clasped palatal appliance onto which hollow acrylic conduits were extended through surgically re-created pharyngeal ports. A subsequent set of four patients with nasopharyngeal stenosis were treated with intraoperatively-fashioned silastic grommets, as opposed to palatal appliances. Interventions Postoperative intraoral stenting of nasopharyngeal ports. Main Outcome Measures Maintenance of pharyngeal port opening after 1 year, improvement in nasal airway obstructive symptoms. Results The palatal appliance stents were less well tolerated and had a lower maintenance of port patency after device removal (4 of 8, 50%). The silastic grommets provided better retention into the ports and increased patient tolerance, as well as better 1-year port maintenance (6 of 8, 75%). Conclusions The grommet stent appliance offers numerous advantages over a conventional dental-clasped appliance for prosthetic nasopharyngeal stenting, including obviation of extensive preoperative preparation, ease of insertion and removal, and exchange of air during the stenting period. Improved nasopharyngeal patency with this device may be due to greater patient tolerance and subsequent longer use.
A Multicenter Outcomes Assessment of Five-Year-Old Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Flinn Wanda , Long Ross E. , Garattini Giovanna , Semb Gunvor 
Published: September 2006

Objective Compare 5-year-old dental arch relationships of patients from three centers with differing primary protocols. Design Retrospective study of treatment outcomes using blinded evaluation of dental study casts. Setting Three major cleft-craniofacial centers; one (center A) is a free-standing institution, and two (centers B and C) are university hospitals. Patients 118 (A = 41; B = 33; C = 44) consecutively treated 5-year-old patients with complete, nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate. Interventions Centers A and C completed primary repair without presurgical orthopedics by 18 months (center A in three surgeries and center C in two surgeries). Center B used passive presurgical orthopedics with lip/soft palate repair at 6 months and gingivo-alveoloplasty/hard palate repair at 18 to 36 months. Main Outcome Measure Averaged ratings of dental casts using the 5-year yardstick were computed for each patient. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to compare means; a chi-square test was used to compare distributions. Results Intra- and interexaminer reliability tests showed excellent reliability (>.90). Mean scores were not significantly different. Distribution of scores differed significantly. Center A had the highest percentage of good scores and the lowest percentage of poor scores (72% versus 6.5%), followed by center B (63% versus 6.6%) and center C (59% versus 16.3%). Conclusions Centers A and B had comparable scores and completely different protocols in surgical technique, timing, sequencing, and nonuse/use of appliances. Center C's results were slightly lower than those of 1 and 3, but the center had the protocol with the least burden of treatment (only two surgeries, without use of appliances).
The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented: A Validated and Reliable Measure for Auditing Cleft Speech
Authors: John Alexandra , Sell Debbie , Sweeney Triona , Harding-Bell Anne , Williams Alison 
Published: September 2006

Objectives To develop an assessment tool for use in intercenter audit studies of cleft speech and to test its acceptability, validity, and reliability. The tool is to be used systematically to record and report speech outcomes, providing an indication of treatment needs and continuing burden of care. Setting Regional Cleft Center, U.K. Methods The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented (CAPS-A) was developed by three cleft speech experts who identified the key features required from existing assessment measures. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented outcomes reported for 20 cases with clinical assessment results and other investigations. Intra- and interrater reliability were tested following the training of specialist speech and language therapists who used the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented on two occasions to assess 10 cases. The raters evaluated acceptability and ease of using a questionnaire. Results The mean percentage agreement for criterion validity in each section was 87% (range 70% to 100%). Both intra- and interexaminer reliability were rated as good/very good (Kappa 0.61 to 1.00) for seven sections and moderate (Kappa 0.41 to 0.60) for three sections. Raters reported that the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented was acceptable and easy to use with appropriate training. Conclusion An acceptable, valid, and reliable cleft speech audit tool has been developed based on a small sample. The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented is recommended for use in intercenter audit studies in the U.K. and Ireland and could be used in other English-speaking countries. In addition, it has wider applicability for use in reporting speech outcomes of surgical procedures.
Cerebellar Involvement in Midline Facial Defects with Ocular Hypertelorism
Authors: Giffoni Silvyo David Araújo , Gonçalves Vanda Maria Gimenes , Zanardi Verônica Araújo , Gil-da-Silva-Lopes Vera Lucia 
Published: September 2006

Objective Twenty-four patients were evaluated to better characterize neurological and neuroradiological aspects of midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism. Methods After a clinical genetics evaluation, the individuals were divided into two groups: 12 isolated cases (group 1) and 12 associated with multiple congenital anomalies (group 2). The investigation protocol included medical and family history, as well as dysmorphological, neurological, and neuroradiological evaluations by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan. Results Because there was no significant difference concerning the neurological aspects of groups 1 and 2, they were analyzed together. Mild hypotonia (24 of 24), abnormalities in cranial shape (24 of 24), cranial nerves (19 of 24), motor coordination (18 of 24), dynamic equilibrium (14 of 24), and language problems (8 of 24) were noted. Measurements of the posterior fossa showed hypoplastic cerebellar vermis (8 of 17), the cerebellum at lower normality limits (5 of 17), and signs of cerebellar hypoplasia (3 of 7). Conclusion This study clearly demonstrates the presence of structural and functional neurological abnormalities related to midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism, as well as involvement of the cerebellum. It provides a basis for future investigation of midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism and should be considered during planning of rehabilitation treatment.
Soft Tissue Facial Angles in Individuals with Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Three-Dimensional Noninvasive Study
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Dellavia Claudia , Goffredi Maria , Ferrario Virgilio F. 
Published: September 2006

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Design Prospective assessment. Setting National meetings of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients and families. Patients and Main Outcome Measures Facial and mandibular corpus convexities in the horizontal plane; facial convexity in the sagittal plane; interlabial, naso-labial, nasal convexity, and left and right soft tissue gonial angles were calculated from the three-dimensional coordinates of 11 soft tissue facial landmarks obtained in 18 male and 17 female hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients aged 3 to 41 years and in 504 reference healthy individuals. In addition, z-scores were computed and the patients were grouped by cluster analysis. Results Male and female z-scores did not differ. In the pooled group, facial convexities in the horizontal and sagittal planes were significantly (Student's t, p < .01) increased (flatter) in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients, compared with normal controls. The naso-labial angle was significantly reduced (more acute). Upper and lower facial convexity and mandibular corpus convexity in the horizontal plane deviated less from the norm with increasing age. Facial convexity in the horizontal and sagittal planes, soft tissue gonial angles, and naso-labial and interlabial angles deviated less from the norm with increasing number of teeth present in the mouth. Cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups, all characterized by a peculiar facial phenotype. Modifications in facial convexity and gonial and interlabial angles differentiated each cluster. Conclusions Patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia had flatter faces in the horizontal and sagittal planes than normal controls had. Cluster analysis revealed patterned differences in facial phenotype.
Macrostomia, Preauricular Tags, and External Ophthalmoplegia: A New Autosomal Dominant Syndrome within the Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum?
Authors: Richieri-Costa Antonio , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho 
Published: September 2006

Objective First and second branchial arch involvement during early embryonic development results in a wide spectrum of anomalies that encompass diverse, superimposed, and heterogeneous phenotypes within the so-called oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. Nine members of a Brazilian family presenting typical branchial arch involvement in association with external opthalmoplegia are reported. Conclusion Macrostomia or abnormal mouth contour, preauricular tags, and uni- or bilateral ptosis were present in association in several patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report on this type of autosomal dominant condition. Clinical and genetic aspects are discussed.
Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Soft Palate First versus Hard Palate First Repair in Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Richard Bruce , Russell Joyce , McMahon Siobhan , Pigott Ron 
Published: September 2006

Objective To compare the outcomes for primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate, operating on the soft palate first versus the hard palate first. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting The Regional Cleft Service of West Nepal. Patients Forty-seven consecutive patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate, of whom 37 were assessed 4 to 6 years after completing primary surgical repair. Interventions Primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate by two differing sequences: (1) soft palate repair, with hard palate and lip repair 3 months later; and (2) lip and hard palate repair, followed by the soft palate repair 3 months later. Main Outcome Measures Analysis of dental study models, weight gain, and speech recordings. Results Four to 7 years after completing the cleft closure, there was no significant difference in facial growth between the two types of repair sequencing. Completing posterior repair first had no effect on anterior alveolar gap width. It narrowed the hard palate gap by reducing the intercanine distance. Anterior repair dramatically closed the anterior alveolar gap, and narrowed the intercanine distance. Comparing anterior alveolar gap width with age at first presentation demonstrated that there was no spontaneous narrowing of the cleft in older children. Completing posterior closure first had a weight gain advantage over anterior closure first. Improved oropharyngeal closure, and thus swallowing, is the likely explanation. Conclusion Changing the sequencing of cleft closure has no demonstrable difference in facial growth at 4 to 7 years after completion of the primary surgery.
Evaluation of Potential Modifiers of the Palatal Phenotype in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Driscoll Deborah A. , Boland Torrey , Emanuel Beverly S. , Kirschner Richard E. , LaRossa Don , Manson Jeanne , McDonald-McGinn Donna , Randall Peter , Solot Cynthia , Zackai Elaine , Mitchell Laura E. 
Published: September 2006

Objective To evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Design Data from 356 subjects enrolled in a study of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were used to evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype. Specifically, subjects with and without velopharyngeal inadequacy and/or structural malformations of the palate were compared with respect to gender, race, and genotype for variants of seven genes that may influence palatal development. Methods The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the association between palatal phenotype and each potential modifier. Odds ratios and their associated 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the magnitude of the association between palatal phenotype, subject gender and race, and each of the bi-allelic variants. Results The palatal phenotype observed in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was significantly associated with both gender and race. In addition, there was tentative evidence that the palatal phenotype may be influenced by variation within the gene that encodes methionine synthase. Conclusions Variation in the palatal phenotype observed between individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may be related to personal characteristics such as gender and race as well as variation within genes that reside outside of the 22q11.2 region.
Congenital Isolated Midline Sinus of the Upper Lip: Clinical and Embryological Approaches
Authors: Charrier Jean-Baptiste , Rouillon Isabelle , Roger Gilles , Denoyelle Françoise , Collon Sylvie , Garabedian Eréa Noël 
Published: September 2006

Objectives Congenital sinuses or fistulas of the lip are uncommon malformations, yet true medial upper-lip fistulas (MULFs) are extremely rare. We present a new case of congenital upper-lip fistula located in the midline of the philtrum of an 8-month-old girl. Intervention Complete surgical removal was performed with a combined extra- and intraoral approach. Histological examination revealed that the fistula was lined by squamous epithelium with sebaceous and mucous glands and hair follicles. Results Several embryological hypotheses have been proposed concerning these anomalies. This article reexamines and discusses major embryological theories on pathogenesis of sinuses or fistulas of the upper lip. We propose that early ectodermal inclusion events may occur in the medial fusion area during formation of the intermaxillary process. This embryological approach is highly concordant with our recent hypothesis on nasal dermoid sinus cysts (NDSCs) pathogenesis, in which we proposed an embryological hypothesis with early ectodermal inclusion phenomenon in the midline suture area to explain NDSCs pathogenesis. Conclusions Common early ectodermal inclusion phenomena could be involved in both NDSCs and MULFs pathogenesis.
Digital Surface Photogrammetry for Anthropometric Analysis of the Cleft Infant Face
Authors: Krimmel Michael , Kluba Susanne , Bacher Margit , Dietz Klaus , Reinert Siegmar 
Published: September 2006

Objective To analyze the three-dimensional morphology of the cleft infant face with digital surface photogrammetry. Design Fifty plaster casts of unoperated infants with cleft lip and palate were imaged three-dimensionally with digital surface photogrammetry. Twenty-one standard craniofacial measurements were taken. The plaster casts were divided into 4 groups with unilateral, bilateral, complete, and incomplete clefts of the lip and palate. The measurements were compared with standard values for healthy infants. Results Significant differences (p < .0025) were found for the alar base width (33% to 55%), the alar base root width (59% to 103%), the width of the nose (7% to 25%), the length of the alar wing (18% to 25%), and the intercanthal (6% to 17%) and biocular (4% to 12%) width, depending on the cleft type. The vertical dimensions of the nose and the upper lip did not differ significantly from the controls. Conclusion This study describes preliminary data on the cleft infant facial deformity. The obtained results were mainly in agreement with data in the limited literature. Three-dimensional photogrammetry has proven to be reliable and can be applied more readily to potentially uncooperative patients.
Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy for the Treatment of Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Spengler Adam L. , Chavarria Carmen , Teichgraeber John F. , Gateno Jaime , Xia James J. 
Published: September 2006

Objective To evaluate the outcome of presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy in the treatment of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate. Design A prospective study with blinded measurements. Setting The Cleft and Craniofacial Clinic at the University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas. Patients Eight patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, treated between 2002 and 2004. Interventions The starting age for presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy was 34.9 days and the average length of the therapy was 212.5 days. Main Outcome Measures Measurements of intraoral and extraoral casts were performed, and statistical analyses were used to compare the differences between measurements before and after therapy. Results Intraoral measurements demonstrated that there was a statistically significant reduction of the premaxillary protrusion and deviation. There was also a significant reduction in the width of the larger cleft. Extraoral measurements revealed that there was a significant increase in the bi-alar width and in the columellar length and width. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in columellar deviation. Finally, the nostril heights of both sides were increased. Conclusion The authors have quantitatively shown that presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy has significant advantages in the treatment of bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. It improves the nasal asymmetry and deficient nasal tip projection associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate. It also forces the protruded premaxillary segment into alignment with the dental alveolar segments, improving the shape of the maxillary arch. As a result, the changes associated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy help decrease the complexity of subsequent surgeries.
Lay people's and police officers' attitudes towards the usefulness of perpetrator voice identification
Authors: Philippon Axelle C. , Cherryman Julie , Bull Ray , Vrij Aldert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExpert and lay knowledge of factors that affect the identification of a voice is an area of research that is still relatively unexplored. Much more research has focused on eyewitness identification and eyewitnesses' common knowledge. However, results from ‘eyewitnessing’ studies may not be directly applicable to ‘earwitnessing’. The present study examines how knowledgeable British lay people and police officers were concerning earwitness identification performance. One hundred nine participants (i.e. 49 lay people and 60 police officers) responded to a specially designed questionnaire. Results showed respondents to be more knowledgeable than expected, although police officers were no more knowledgeable than the general population. The existence of meta‐knowledge is discussed in relation to previous studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.