bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert and Lay Explanations of Suicidal Behaviour: Comparison of the General Population’s, Suicide Attempters’, General Practitioners’ and Psychiatrists’ Views
Authors: Zadravec Tina , Grad Onja , Sočan Gregor 
Published: January 2007

Background: Different explanations of suicidal behaviour coexist today. The incompatibility of the beliefs among experts and (potential) users of medical services can influence the implementation of prevention programmes, help-seeking behaviour and adherence to treatment. Aims: The aims of the study were to identify explanatory models of suicidal behaviour and to determine possible incompatibilities between lay (the general population and suicide attempters) and expert (the general practitioners and psychiatrists) views. Methods: The Questionnaire on Attitudes towards Suicide was revised on the basis of semi-structured interviews with the general population, suicide attempters, general practitioners and psychiatrists. The revised version was then applied to each of these four groups. Results: Five explanatory models were identified: namely, personality, sociological, medical, crisis and genetic models. Significant group differences on the explanatory models were found. The lay people favoured crisis, sociological and medical models whereas the experts shared the belief in the medical, genetic and crisis models. Conclusions: The crisis model gained considerable support and was generally accepted as correct. This could be the common ground between lay people and experts and the starting point of both treatment and prevention programmes.
Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis: association with the APOE gene and promoter polymorphisms
Authors: Parmenter B A , Denney D R , Lynch S G , Middleton L S , Harlan L M 
Published: January 2007

Background Studies examining the ε4 allele of the APOE gene as a factor affecting the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) have yielded conflicting results. The focus of these studies on physical disability to the neglect of cognitive impairment is surprising in light of the associations between the ε4 allele and other dementia conditions. Only two studies examine the relationship between the ε4 allele and cognitive impairment. Methods A neuropsychological test battery was administered to 263 MS patients, and their current disability status was evaluated. Genotypes were determined for APOE epsilon and for two promoter region polymorphisms (-219 G/T and -491 A/T). Results Although effects were generally weak, female patients with the -491 AA genotype had a later age of disease onset, lower disability scores, and somewhat higher scores on the cognitive battery. Male patients with the ε2 allele had lower disability and higher scores on the cognitive battery. The ε4 allele was not related to physical disability, and there was no difference between ε4+and ε4– patients in overall cognitive performance. However, when patients with severe cognitive impairment were identified, a greater proportion (52%) of these patients had the ε4 allele than those in the unimpaired group (27%). Conclusion An association with the ε4 allele was evident in this study, but only in cases of severe cognitive impairment.
Origin of DSS: to present the plan
Authors: Kurtzke J F 
Published: January 2007

The Disability Status Scale for multiple sclerosis was the direct result of World War II, in which 16.4 million persons served in the US military. Thereafter academic medicine enabled the modernization of the Veterans Administration in patient care, research, and training. Under the GI Bill, I attended Cornell University Medical College, where there was an intensive course in neurological diagnosis requiring detailed recording of positive and negative findings. This was used in junior and senior clinical clerkships and residency training, all of which I took at the Bronx VA Hospital. During my residency we assessed a possible treatment for MS, which required a comparison group and a means of measuring change. The former comprised the records of over 300 MS patients, whose neurological deficits were then consolidated into mutually exclusive Functional Systems, each with grades for severity. As rank-order scales they could not be summed or compared directly, but they were used as the basis for the DSS, which ranged from 0 (normal) to 10 (death due to MS). This scale was later expanded into the EDSS by halving each step 1 through 9. This bifid system is applicable to all patients with MS regardless of type or severity of neurological impairment.
Trib1 and Evi1 cooperate with Hoxa and Meis1 in myeloid leukemogenesis
Authors: Jin Guang , Yamazaki Yukari , Takuwa Miki , Takahara Tomoko , Kaneko Keiko , Kuwata Takeshi , Miyata Satoshi , Nakamura Takuro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCooperative activation of Meis1 and Hoxa9 perturbs myeloid differentiation and eventually leads myeloid progenitors to leukemia, yet it remains to be clarified what kinds of subsequent molecular processes are required for development of overt leukemia. To understand the molecular pathway in Hoxa9/Meis1-induced leukemogenesis, retroviral insertional mutagenesis was applied using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. The mice that received Hoxa9/Meis1-transduced bone marrow cells developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and Trib1, Evi1, Ahi1, Rarα, Pitpnb, and AK039950 were identified as candidate cooperative genes located near common retroviral integration sites. Trib1 and Evi1 were up-regulated due to retroviral insertions, and coexpression of these genes significantly accelerated the onset of Hoxa9/Meis1-induced AML, suggesting that Trib1 and Evi1 are the key collaborators. Furthermore, Trib1 by itself is a novel myeloid oncogene, enhancing phosphorylation of ERK, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis. These results demonstrate the importance of specific oncogene interaction in myeloid leukemogenesis.
Nur77 converts phenotype of Bcl-B, an antiapoptotic protein expressed in plasma cells and myeloma
Authors: Luciano Frederic , Krajewska Maryla , Ortiz-Rubio Paulina , Krajewski Stan , Zhai Dayong , Faustin Benjamin , Bruey Jean-Marie , Bailly-Maitre Beatrice , Lichtenstein Alan , Kolluri Siva Kumar , Satterthwait Arnold C. , Zhang Xiao-Kun , Reed John C. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Defects in apoptosis mechanisms play important roles in malignancy and autoimmunity. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77/TR3 has been demonstrated to bind antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and convert it from a cytoprotective to a cytodestructive protein, representing a phenotypic conversion mechanism. Of the 6 antiapoptotic human Bcl-2 family members, we found that Nur77/TR3 binds strongest to Bcl-B, showing selective reactivity with Bcl-B, Bcl-2, and Bfl-1 but not Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, or Bcl-W. Nur77 converts the phenotype of Bcl-B from antiapoptotic to proapoptotic. Bcl-B is prominently expressed in plasma cells and multiple myeloma. Endogenous Bcl-B associates with endogenous Nur77 in RPMI 8226 myeloma cells, where RNA interference experiments demonstrated dependence on Bcl-B for Nur77-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a Nur77-mimicking peptide killed RPMI 8226 myeloma cells through a Bcl-B–dependent mechanism. Because Bcl-B is abundantly expressed in plasma cells and some myelomas, these findings raise the possibility of exploiting the Nur77/Bcl-B mechanism for apoptosis for eradication of autoimmune plasma cells or myeloma.
Rat models of acute inflammation: a randomized controlled study on the effects of homeopathic remedies
Authors: Conforti Anita , Bellavite Paolo , Bertani Simone , Chiarotti Flavia , Menniti-Ippolito Francesca , Raschetti Roberto 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
One of the cardinal principles of homeopathy is the "law of similarities", according to which patients can be treated by administering substances which, when tested in healthy subjects, cause symptoms that are similar to those presented by the patients themselves. Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of pre-clinical (in vitro and animal) studies aimed at evaluating the pharmacological activity or efficacy of some homeopathic remedies under potentially reproducible conditions. However, in addition to some contradictory results, these studies have also highlighted a series of methodological difficulties.
The present study was designed to explore the possibility to test in a controlled way the effects of homeopathic remedies on two known experimental models of acute inflammation in the rat. To this aim, the study considered six different remedies indicated by homeopathic practice for this type of symptom in two experimental edema models (carrageenan- and autologous blood-induced edema), using two treatment administration routes (sub-plantar injection and oral administration).

Methods
In a first phase, the different remedies were tested in the four experimental conditions, following a single-blind (measurement) procedure. In a second phase, some of the remedies (in the same and in different dilutions) were tested by oral administration in the carrageenan-induced edema, under double-blind (treatment administration and measurement) and fully randomized conditions. Seven-hundred-twenty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 170–180 g were used. Six homeopathic remedies (Arnica montana D4, Apis mellifica D4, D30, Atropa belladonna D4, Hamamelis virginiana D4, Lachesis D6, D30, Phosphorus D6, D30), saline and indomethacin were tested. Edema was measured using a water-based plethysmometer, before and at different times after edema induction. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Student t test.

Results
In the first phase of experiments, some statistically significant effects of homeopathic remedies (Apis, Lachesis and Phosporus) were observed (the reduction in paw volume increase ranging from 10% to 28% at different times since edema induction). In the second phase of experiments, the effects of homeopathic remedies were not confirmed. On the contrary, the unblinded standard allopathic drug indomethacin exhibited its anti-inflammatory effect in both experimental phases (the reduction in paw volume increase ranging from 14% to 40% in the first phase, and from 18% to 38% in the second phase of experiments).

Conclusion
The discrepancies between single-blind and double-blind methods in animal pharmacological research are noteworthy and should be better investigated, also in non-homeopathic research.
JAK kinases control IL-5 receptor ubiquitination, degradation, and internalization
Authors: Martinez-Moczygemba Margarita , Huston David P , Lei Jonathan T 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF are related hematopoietic cytokines, which regulate the function of myeloid cells and are mediators of the allergic inflammatory response. These cytokines signal through heteromeric receptors containing a specific α chain and a shared signaling chain, βc. Previous studies demonstrated that the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome degradation pathway was involved in signal termination of the βc-sharing receptors. In this study, the upstream molecular events leading to proteasome degradation of the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) were examined. By using biochemical and flow cytometric methods, we show that JAK kinase activity is required for βc ubiquitination and proteasome degradation but only partially required for IL-5R internalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate the direct ubiquitination of the βc cytoplasmic domain and identify lysine residues 566 and 603 as sites of βc ubiquitination. Lastly, we show that ubiquitination of the βc cytoplasmic domain begins at the plasma membrane, increases after receptor internalization, and is degraded by the proteasome after IL-5R internalization. We propose an updated working model of IL-5R down-regulation, whereby IL-5 ligation of its receptor activates JAK2/1 kinases, resulting in βc tyrosine phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and IL-5R internalization. Once inside the cell, proteasomes degrade the βc cytoplasmic domain, and the truncated receptor complex is terminally degraded in the lysosomes. These data establish a critical role for JAK kinases and the Ub/proteasome degradation pathway in IL-5R down-regulation.
Clinicopathologic and Pedigree Differences in Amsterdam I–Positive Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Families According to Tumor Microsatellite Instability Status
Authors: Valle Laura , Perea Jose , Carbonell Pablo , Fernandez Victoria , Dotor Ana M. , Benitez Javier , Urioste Miguel 
Published: January 2007

Purpose To establish the clinicopathologic and familial differences within Amsterdam I–positive families, showing either tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) or microsatellite stability (MSS) in order to confirm or deny the existence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) without defects in the mismatch repair system. Patients and Methods Sixty-four Amsterdam I–positive families were included in the study for which full, three-generation, family medical histories and colorectal paraffin-embedded tumors were obtained. Both personal and clinicopathologic information of patients were collected. In all cases, both the MSI status and the mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression were analyzed. MMR genetic testing was performed on the MSI families. Results Of the Amsterdam I–positive families, 59.4% were tumor MSI, and 40.6% were tumor MSS. When comparing both groups, the statistical differences were observed in the age of onset (MSI, 41 years; MSS, 53 years); in the colorectal tumor location, more frequently proximal in MSI cases; in fewer mucinous tumors in MSS; and loss of MMR protein expression in the MSI tumors. Regarding the individual and familial cancer history, we observed a predominance of individuals with multiple primary tumors in MSI pedigrees, as well as differences in the type of tumors developed within the family. Conclusion Our findings support the suspicion of another hereditary colorectal syndrome different from HNPCC and characterized by MSS, the normal MMR immunohistochemical expression, the presence of only colorectal tumors, and the absence of individuals with multiple primary tumors. All these circumstances suggest the existence of a non-MMR gene being responsible for this new syndrome.
Are Nonresorbing Osteoclasts Sources of Bone Anabolic Activity?
Authors: Karsdal Morten A , Martin Thomas J , Bollerslev Jens , Christiansen Claus , Henriksen Kim 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Some osteopetrotic mutations lead to low resorption, increased numbers of osteoclasts, and increased bone formation, whereas other osteopetrotic mutations lead to low resorption, low numbers of osteoclasts, and decreased bone formation. Elaborating on these findings, we discuss the possibility that osteoclasts are the source of anabolic signals for osteoblasts. In normal healthy individuals, bone formation is coupled to bone resorption in a tight equilibrium. When this delicate balance is disturbed, the net result is pathological situations, such as osteopetrosis or osteoporosis. Human osteopetrosis, caused by mutations in proteins involved in the acidification of the resorption lacuna (ClC-7 or the a3-V-ATPase), is characterized by decreased resorption in face of normal or even increased bone formation. Mouse mutations leading to ablation of osteoclasts (e.g., loss of macrophage-colony stimulating factor [M-CSF] or c-fos) lead to secondary negative effects on bone formation, in contrast to mutations where bone resorption is abrogated with sustained osteoclast numbers, such as the c-src mice. These data indicate a central role for osteoclasts, and not necessarily their resorptive activity, in the control of bone formation. In this review, we consider the balance between bone resorption and bone formation, reviewing novel data that have shown that this principle is more complex than originally thought. We highlight the distinct possibility that osteoclast function can be divided into two more or less separate functions, namely bone resorption and stimulation of bone formation. Finally, we describe the likely possibility that bone resorption can be attenuated pharmacologically without the undesirable reduction in bone formation.
Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods
Authors: Schwarz Daniela , Frey Eberhard , Meyer Christian A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe orientation of the scapulocoracoid in sauropod dinosaurs is reconstructed based on comparative anatomical investigations of pectoral girdles of extant amniotes. In the reconstruction proposed here, the scapula of sauropods stands at an angle of at least 55° to the horizontal plane in mechanical coherence with the sternal apparatus including the coracoids. The coracoids are oriented cranioventrally to the rib cage and the glenoid is directed mediolaterally, which allows the humerus to swing in a sagittal plane. The inclination of the scapula to the horizontal plane is reconstructed for Diplodocus (60–65°), Camarasaurus (60–65°), and Opisthocoelicaudia (55–65°). The inclination of the scapulocoracoid has consequences for the overall body posture in Camarasaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, where the dorsal contour would have ventrally declined toward the sacrum. Scapulocoracoid mobility depends on the arrangement of clavicles, the reconstruction of a coracosternal joint, and the reconstructed musculature of the shoulder girdle. In a crocodylian model of the shoulder musculature, m. serratus profundus and superficialis form a muscular sling, which suspends the trunk from the shoulder girdle and would allow a certain mobility of the scapulocoracoid. An avian model of the shoulder musculature would also mean suspension by means of the m. serratus complex, but indicates a closer connection of the scapula to the dorsal ribs, which would lead to more restricted movements of the scapulocoracoid in sauropods. Anat Rec, 290:32–47, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Out of the veil of death rode the one million! Neandertals and their genes
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. , Smith Fred H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo recent papers1,2 report extensive nuclear DNA sequence from a 38,000‐year‐old Neandertal fossil, comparing it to modern humans and estimating when it diverged from, and whether it contributed to, our gene pool. Based on 65,250 and over a million base‐pairs of sequence across the genome, respectively, the groups arrived at slightly different interpretations. The data are an exciting and interesting new contribution, but are not surprising, and a sense of history and question helps put them in perspective. BioEssays 29: 105–110, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ein Modellversuch zur Wirkung sekundärer Aerosole in der Luft
Authors: Pietzner Verena , Burbat Benno 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDie Wirkungen anorganischer Substanzen wie Stickoxide oder Schwefeldioxid in der Luft sind für die experimentelle Schulchemie bereits seit längerer Zeit gut erschlossen [1]. Dies gilt jedoch nicht für die Auswirkungen leichtflüchtiger organischer Substanzen, die ein hochaktuelles Thema der Forschung sind. In diesem Beitrag sollen ein Überblick über die Aerosolbildung insbesondere durch organische Verbindungen und deren Auswirkungen auf das Klima gegeben sowie Möglichkeiten der Thematisierung im Unterricht skizziert werden. Eine umfassende theoretische Betrachtung ist auf Grund der komplexen Zusammenhänge jedoch nicht möglich. Mit Limonen als Modellsubstanz wird schließlich ein einfacher, aber eindrucksvoller Modellversuch zur Wirkung sekundärer organischer Aerosole vorgestellt.
Wie der Chemieunterricht Geschlechterdifferenzen inszeniert
Authors: Prechtl Markus , Reiners Christiane S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDer Chemieunterricht transportiert ‚Bilder’︁ von Weiblichkeit und Männlichkeit, die immer wieder an Differenzen im Verhalten der Geschlechter erinnern. Im Folgenden werden strukturelle Parallelen zwischen Systematisierungsprozessen in der Lehre von Chemie und Geschlechterdifferenzierungsprozessen aufgezeigt.
Breathing and calling: Neuronal networks in the Xenopus laevis hindbrain
Authors: Zornik Erik , Kelley Darcy B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractXenopus laevis is an aquatic anuran with a complex vocal repertoire. Unlike terrestrial frogs, vocalizations are independent of respiration, and a single muscle group—the laryngeal dilators—produces underwater calls. We sought to identify the premotor neural network that underlies vocal behaviors. Vocal patterns generated by premotor networks control laryngeal motor neurons in cranial nucleus (n.) IX‐X. Glottal motor neurons, active during respiration, are also present in n.IX‐X. We used horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Lucifer yellow, and fluorescently conjugated dextrans to characterize the organization of n.IX‐X and to trace premotor neuron projections. Premotor nuclei include the inferior reticular formation (Ri) adjacent to n.IX‐X and the pretrigeminal nucleus of the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM), the primary descending input to n.IX‐X. Intramuscular HRP injections revealed a spatially segregated pattern, with glottal motor neurons in anterior n.IX‐X and laryngeal motor neurons in the caudal portion of the nucleus. Dextran injections identified commissural n.IX‐X neurons that project to the contralateral motor nucleus and DTAM‐projecting n.IX‐X neurons. Both neuronal types are clustered in anteromedial n.IX‐X, closely associated with glottal motor neurons. Ri neurons project to ipsilateral and contralateral DTAM. Projections from DTAM target n.IX‐X bilaterally, and all four identified subtypes receive DTAM input. In contrast, Ri neurons receive little input from DTAM. We hypothesize that connectivity between neurons in n.IX‐X, Ri and DTAM may provide mechanisms to generate laryngeal and glottal activity patterns and that DTAM may coordinate vocal and respiratory motor pools, perhaps acting to switch between these two mutually exclusive behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:303–315, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide synthase in crayfish walking leg ganglia: Segmental differences in chemo‐tactile centers argue against a generic role in sensory integration
Authors: Ott Swidbert R. , Aonuma Hitoshi , Newland Philip L. , Elphick Maurice R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible signaling molecule with evolutionarily conserved roles in neural plasticity. Prominent expression of NO synthase (NOS) in the primary olfactory centers of mammals and insects lead to the notion of a special role for NO in olfaction. In insects, however, NOS is also strongly expressed in non‐olfactory chemo‐tactile centers of the thoracic nerve cord. The functional significance of this apparent association with various sensory centers is unclear, as is the extent to which it occurs in other arthropods. We therefore investigated the expression of NOS in the pereopod ganglia of crayfish (Pacifastacus lenisculus and Procambarus clarkii). Conventional NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) staining after formaldehyde fixation gave poor anatomic detail, whereas fixation in methanol/formalin (MF‐NADPHd) resulted in Golgi‐like staining, which was supported by immunohistochemistry using NOS antibodies that recognize a 135‐kDa protein in crayfish. MF‐NADPHd revealed an exceedingly dense innervation of the chemo‐tactile centers. As in insects, this innervation was provided by a system of prominent intersegmental neurons. Superimposed on a putatively conserved architecture, however, were pronounced segmental differences. Strong expression occurred only in the anterior three pereopod ganglia, correlating with the presence of claws on pereopods one to three. These clawed pereopods, in addition to their role in locomotion, are crucially involved in feeding, where they serve both sensory and motor functions. Our findings indicate that strong expression of NOS is not a universal feature of primary sensory centers but instead may subserve a specific requirement for sensory plasticity that arises only in particular behavioral contexts. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:381–399, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.