bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Communicating Downhole Sensor Data Within the Annulus of a Production Well
Authors: Leggett III J. V. , Green B. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A high data rate (10–40 Baud) wireless communication method for transferring data and controlling downhole mechanisms has many applications in well production technology. This paper describes the development, design of a prototype, and the method where tests were performed to confirm the acoustic communication behavior in the annulus of a production well, in viscous fluids as a function of depth to 7500’. The tests were performed to determine acoustic attenuation, effect of fluid viscosity, effect of head pressure, acoustic noise levels, and their effect upon baud rate. Both time and frequency domain signals were evaluated to determine the effect on up-link and down-link transmissions. Echoes and other types of interference were also measured at different depths to further investigate the signal path. A key goal was to define attenuation in dB/1,000’ (of depth) for several fluid viscosities at various frequencies.
This method can monitor multiple downhole sensors of pressure, temperature, viscosity, flow, etc., providing stored information from memory or real-time downhole conditions. Additionally, this method can provide "real-time while tripping" communication for gamma ray depth correlation during perforating and other depth control applications. Other potential applications include safety valve, "frac" monitoring, and field production zone control. "Distributed processing", "multitasking", and "self-adaptive to changing well conditions" are key features which make this method ideal for a broad range of applications.
Drop-Drop Coalescence in Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Hafskjold Bjøin , Morrow Thomas B. , Celius Harald K. B. , Johnson David R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper gives an analysis of the performances of two oil/water separators. One is a laboratory model using a clean oil/water system, and the other is a test separator from an offshore Middle East field. In both cases, we considered the separator's ability to produce clean oil, i.e., the concentration of water in the effluent oil. The analysis of the two separators was based on measurements of the effluent oil quality, inlet water cut, flow rates of water and oil, the overflow rate, and the retention time. For the model separator, we performed detailed batch tests in order to relate the performance of the separator to convenient laboratory measurements. The relationship was made with a mathematical model and a corresponding computer code that was used to predict the separator performance on the basis of the batch test data, and to parameterize the performance data for the two separators. We found that the droplet coalescence rate and the oil/water separation rate were highly nonlinear functions of time, which means that coalescence was an important separation mechanism in both separators. This makes the separator sensitive to changes in the flow rates and the oil pad thickness. The residence time was the critical design parameter for both separators, whereas the overflow rate was found to be of little importance. Due to the importance of coalescence, an increase in the inlet water cut would improve the separator efficiency and actually produce oil with less water.
Block Tests Model the Near-Wellbore in a Perforated Sandstone
Authors: Mason J. N. , Behrmann L. A. , Dees J. M. , Kessler Nicolas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most oil and gas wells are cased and perforated. Perforating is usually the most important part of completing a well because it has a major impact on well productivity. However, conventional perforating studies use single-shot perforations into cylindrical core targets, which do not provide information on the interaction between phased multiple perforations.
Four laboratory ‘Block Tests’ were performed during 1991 and 1992, in a joint venture between BP Exploration, Schlumberger, Elf Aquitaine and Oryx Energy. A 4 3/4" (121mm) wellbore was drilled through each of the 25 ft3 (0.7m3) blocks of Berea sandstone. Each block was loaded into a large ‘stress frame’ and placed under confining stress before a 3 1/2" (89mm) diameter casing was cemented in place. The four tests included underbalance and overbalance perforating, well killing, clean-up and acid stimulation. A pack-off tool was used to measure the flowrate from individual perforations.
The differences between perforations and the interactions between them dominated the behaviour of the large sandstone blocks. Variability in the apparently homogeneous Berea sandstone, over just a few inches, meant that no two perforations behaved in exactly the same way. The work showed how the most productive perforation can become the least productive after killing a well, and how a poorly designed kill pill can give clean-up from very few perforations. Underbalance and overbalanced perforating did not give the expected results.
By simulating the downhole situation with real phased perforations, the Block Tests improve the understanding of what happens downhole, allowing better design of well operations.
The Potential for Sand Production: Assessment by Finite Element Modelling
Authors: Somerville J. M. , Smart B. G. D. , Zoller S. L. , Farquhar R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study into the potential for sand production from a Rotliegendes reservoir rock. The approach is purely mechanical in that debris will be produced from the rock when the principal stresses applied are greater than the yield strength. An analytical solution to the stress concentration around a hole in an hydrostatically loaded rock has been developed by Wilson and modified by Smart et al. This approach predicts the extent of a zone of yielded material around the hole. For application in non-hydrostatic stress conditions and to accommodate the geometry of a perforation adjacent to a borehole, finite element analysis is used to determine the extent of the yield zone as no analytical solution is possible. Correlations developed from laboratory mechanical testing of Rotliegendes samples are used to predict the area of the yield surface produced in yielded rock and the mass of debris generated from that surface. The debris created may act as a source of solids which may be produced with the reservoir fluids. The study reported here was limited to debris creation only.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Convective Proppant Transport
Authors: Barree R. D. , Conway M. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Slurry transport and settling experiments were conducted to improve current descriptions of proppant transport. Results of these experiments were used to formulate a new slurry transport model which was incorporated in a fully three-dimensional fracture simulator. The model was tested and verified against experimental observations of slurry transport in a 4 foot by 16 foot slot model. Results of the study indicate that proppant slurry transport can be accurately modeled when the effects of single particle settling, density driven flow, particle velocity profiles, and slurry rheology are accounted for.
Incorporating Shallow Marine 3-D Seismic and High-Angle Slant Drilling To Develop Reserves Under Lake Newell
Authors: Slade J. M. , Syhlonyk G. E. , Krishnan Chris , Rojek Otto , Borchert Guenter , Baxter W. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Glauconitic channel fairway in the Countess/ Johnson Fields of Southern Alberta has been postulated for many years to extend underneath the man made reservoir, Lake Newell. The use of 3-D seismic and construction of an extended reach slant drilling rig provided the means with which to exploit these hydrocarbon accumulations with an acceptable risk.
The program consisted of 22 wells drilled from four different pads surrounding Lake Newell. All wells were drilled slant with inclinations of up to 72 degrees and total measured depths of more than 2900 meters. MWD data was incorporated with seismic structure data to constantly monitor depths. Exploration wells were strategically placed to provide maximum reservoir information without compromising reservoir development strategies. Contingency planning was used to allow for drilling program modifications without loss of drilling time.
To expedite the project, facilities design and exploration drilling commenced at the same time. Environmental considerations and the increasing recreational use of Lake Newell required special facility considerations. The use of concurrent drilling and completion activities on the pads provided significant time savings and allowed production during drilling operations.
Determining Permeability in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
Authors: Jochen V. A. , Lee W. J. , Semmelbeck M. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The major objective of this paper is to identify the most generally applicable method to analyze pressure transient tests in coalbed methane reservoirs. The desired methodology should allow us to analyze short term pressure tests and long term performance data consistently and in a way that can lead to an adequate reservoir description. An important part of this work was the evaluation of the methods currently proposed in the literature for estimating properties of coalbed methane reservoirs. The paper identifies the assumptions and data requirements for the conventional (i.e. Perrine-Martin) method and pseudopressure method of Kamal and Six along with their potential range of applicability in coalbed methane reservoirs. The paper compares the results using the analytical solution methods to the results obtained with a 2-phase, 3-dimensional, finite difference simulator. We show that oversimplifying or neglecting desorption of methane from the coalbed methane reservoir matrix as is done in the analytical methods can lead to inaccurate estimates of permeability. Thus, we concluded that the only generally trustworthy method of analysis of transient and longer-term production data is to use a coalbed methane simulator which includes diffusion and desorption.
Another objective of the paper is to validate the method chosen for estimating permeability in a coalbed methane reservoir at a specific geologic location using actual field data. We developed a coalbed methane reservoir description by history matching actual production and pressure data. We compared the permeability values from the simulator to those estimated from the analytical solution methods and found that the analytical methods do not provide accurate estimates of permeability for this field example. The oversimplified assumptions used in the development of the conventional and pseudopressure methods have a significant influence on the permeability estimates and cause inaccurate results.
Fracture Acidizing In High Temperature Limestone
Authors: Smith C.F. , Crowe C.W. , Wieland D.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the past few years, concentrated hydrochloric acid has proved to be superior to less concentrated acid in providing improved etch patterns and deeper live acid penetration. In deeper, hotter wells (300 penetration. In deeper, hotter wells (300 degrees F) adequate inhibition of the acid becomes a problem. Various organic acids and HCl-organic acid mixtures have been used effectively, but results are comparable to those expected from 15-per cent HCl.
Recent laboratory studies have been conducted to determine the properties of the commonly used "retarded" acid systems required for treating high-temperature formations. Results indicate the boost in acid concentration from adding an organic acid to HCl is largely offset by a kinetic limitation of reaction whereby carbon dioxide formed by the primary reaction of the acid with limestone prevents complete reaction of the organic acid. Thus, addition of 5 per cent organic acid will result in a reaction of only 2 per cent to 3 per cent of this acid until the carbon dioxide is removed from solution by pressure release.
Concentrated HCl provides the distinct advantage of improved etch pattern and deeper live acid penetration. The world's record producing gas well (Hunton Lime) was acidized producing gas well (Hunton Lime) was acidized with 28 per cent HCl. BHT was in excess of 300 degrees F. The problem with 28 per cent HCl is adequate inhibition. Arsenic inhibitors are ineffective in HCl above 17 per cent concentration. Organic inhibitors give two hours protection so their use with concentrated HCl requires the use of a water pad to cool the pipe. No corrosion pad to cool the pipe. No corrosion problems have been encountered with this problems have been encountered with this technique, but the use of concentrated acid with its limited inhibition leaves small room for error.
Application of Neural Networks in the Prediction of Reservoir Hydrocarbon Mixture Composition From Production Data
Authors: Briones M. F. , Rojas G. A. , Moreno J. A. , Martinez E. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present some novel applications of the artificial neural network technology in the field of petroleum reservoir engineering. In particular, the paper will be centered in an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to the derivation of nonlinear empirical correlations relating field information, from production tests (GOR, API), with molar composition obtained from validated PVT analysis. As it is well known artificial neural networks are computing devices made of many simple highly interconnected processing units which mimic the information processing that takes place in the neural system of animals. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network architectures have been used successfully in the generation of non-linear correlations between input and output data sets. In this work we use the RBF paradigm to implement a prediction system that relates the gas-oil ratio (GOR) and API gravity with corresponding the molar composition C1 and CO2 and the pseudocomponent composition C2–C6 and C7+. The development of such a prediction system is of great importance since it allows the generation, using the state equation, of synthetic PVT analysis.
This work was made with carefully selected data from two Venezuelan regions with marked differences in fluid properties. On one hand, the new production areas of the North of Monagas and on the other, the traditional old production areas. The neural network training was performed with a data set of 36 examples for the North of Monagas region and 80 examples for the traditional areas. The trained system, was validated with 80 PVT laboratory tests from Eastern Venezuela showing an excellent performance in the prediction of molar composition. In general a prediction error of less than ten per cent was observed.
Field Application of Surfactant-Alcohol Blends for Conformance Control
Authors: Llave F. M. , Dobson R. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A pilot field test was successfully conducted in Stone Bluff field, Wagoner County, Oklahoma. The test was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing a surfactant/alcohol-based technology as an effective method for in-depth conformance control. The results from the evaluation of the field performance were indicative of a successful application of the treatment. Field results showed: (1) increased oil production; (2) reduced water production; (3) reduced water injectivity; (4) improved fluid injection profile; (5) shut-off of thief zone; (6) no injectivity problems encountered during treatment; (7) achieved favorable separation of surfactant/alcohol components; and (8) significant delay in post-treatment tracer breakthrough times from injector to producers. From these results, it is concluded that the proposed method can be effectively utilized to treat severe permeability contrast problems.
Injection Rate Controlled Capillary Imbibition Transfer in Fractured Systems
Authors: Babadagli Tayfun 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the effects of injection rate and fracture configuration on capillary imbibition transfer in fractured porous media were studied and analysed. Displacement experiments were conducted on artificially fractured rock samples and the experimental data were evaluated using a numerical simulator. The limiting value of injection rate and fracture capillary number were defined for an efficient capillary imbibition transfer. Some of the core flood experiments were enhanced with the fluid distribution measurements using CT-scan. Also, experiments on 2-D glass bead samples were conducted to scrutinize the influence of the fracture configuration on the matrix saturation distribution at different injection rates. Visualization studies on 2-D glass bead and CT scan of linear core flood experiments revealed that as the injection rate is increased, fracture pattern begins to become an effective parameter on the matrix saturation distribution. As the rate is lowered, however, the system begins to behave like a homogeneous system showing a frontal displacement regardless of the fracture configuration.
An Integrated Study of a Campeche Bay Fractured Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Hampton D. W. , Hernandez Jesus Garcia , Vasques G. A. Velasco , Aquino Eleazar Vera , Barton Chuck , Laude Larry , Lockhart A. M. E. , Peebles R. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper provides a case study in the reservoir description of a fractured carbonate by a multi-disciplinary team. It illustrates how the synergistic interaction of team members during data analysis and model building resulted in: 1) the identification of previously unrecognized links between several reservoir characteristics; 2) produced a superior reservoir model; and 3) increased the likelihood of successful development.
The significant role fractures played in the connectivity, and hence the productivity of the reservoir, became obvious early in the study. A multi-disciplinary team approach allowed for the study of the fracture system utilizing full range of scales, from microscopic to regional. Team members analyzed cuttings, core, wireline logs, well tests and 3-D seismic. Due to the interaction of team members during data analysis and model building, previously unrecognized links between static and dynamic reservoir characteristics were identified.
It was recognized from the study of cuttings and core that microfractures provide reservoir-quality porosity and permeability in the Cretaceous deepwater carbonates of Yum Field. Further, the fractures are concentrated in dense, siliceous/cherty lime mudstone and wackestone facies. Log analysis supports these findings and shows these reservoir zones to be correlatable, high density-low gamma intervals. Analysis of well test data suggests the presence of discrete reservoir zones within the Cretaceous carbonate succession. Interpretation of 3-D seismic allows for delineation of the structural framework.
In summary, identification, characterization, and delineation of fractured intervals within the deepwater carbonate succession resulted in a preliminary 3-D model of both the static and dynamic properties for the Cretaceous reservoir of the Yum Field which, through reservoir simulation, will provide a predictive tool for development planning.
Experiences with TFL in the Snorre Field
Authors: Gunnarsson B. E. , Christensen O. S. , Brandvoll S. O. , Tonnessen S. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the development and operational experience of the Snorre Through Flow Line (TFL) system. Included is a review of the TFL system development, installation, qualification and commissioning. Practical experiences, TFL operation and the development of a TFL logging tool are also discussed. Continuity and enthusiasm of personnel have resulted in a high quality, well qualified TFL system, enabling a wide range of operations to be performed.
Improvements in the Schemes of Field Development Offshore Campeche
Authors: Hernandez-Garcia Gustavo , Nieto-Cruz Jorge 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The extensive use of jackups as well as like-tetrapod slight structures for the offshore field development in the Campeche area is presented in this paper. The field development under this approach is known in Pemex Exploration & Production as the new scheme. Current ways of field development offshore Campeche are revised along with reasons justifying a change; the advantages of using this approach are also discussed. The new scheme offers a different scope on both exploitation and profitability aspects in regard to traditional field development offshore Campeche.
Finally two field cases are included; the first one present the development plan in a light oil field whereas the second one corresponds to a heavy oil field. In both cases a comparative analysis on the schemes of field development (usual and proposed) is made. The results of this analysis allow the management to share in a better way their budgets prior to initiate the field development in more than one field.
Electrical Submersible Pumps: On and Offshore Problems and Solutions
Authors: Lea J. F. , Wells M. R. , Bearden J. L. , Wilson L. , Shepler R. , Lannom R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe following is an update to an earlier paper compiled and presented in April 1991 at the ESP roundtable held in Houston, Texas.This paper contains referenced categories of problems that have been encountered in field operations and the solutions that have been found to the problems. The discussion for each problem/solution set is brief, but serves as an index to the particular reference, where more detail can be found. The discussion is restricted to field cases. Many excellent studies such as design techniques and recommended procedures are not covered since they are not in the context of a field study containing problems and solutions. Also, some field operational papers were not included if they presented identical information. This study was originally intended to be review of the field cases and a summary of various failures and their causes as a function of the conditions present. However, when beginning to review the papers in the literature, it became obvious that it is rare for a given paper to list detailed field conditions. In fact out of the fifty or so references examined here, only a few contained sufficient field condition data which would have allowed problems and solutions to be correlated to conditions. In addition to categorized and referenced problems and solutions, new innovations, products and operating techniques are presented.
A New Approach to the Analysis of Deviated Rod-Pumped Wells
Authors: Xu Jun 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the derivation and numerical solutions of a 3D dynamic model for analyzing the behavior of sucker-rod pumping installations in deviated wells. Using differential geometry and variational methods, the rod dynamics in deviated wells is presented by the set of six coupled differential equations with their boundary conditions. The paper describes the fundamental assumptions and simplifications which can be used in the numerical solution. A computer program based on the model is developed and applied to determine the downhole conditions and to predict the rod behavior in the deviated well. A number of wells are examined. Good Agreement is shown by comparing the computed results with the field measurements.