bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governing Lisbon: Evolving Forms of City Governance
Authors: SILVA CARLOS NUNES , SYRETT STEPHEN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor Lisbon, a dominant national capital and increasingly internationalized city, the last 30 years have witnessed a period of dramatic growth, modernization and dynamism. As the socioeconomic landscape has changed, so too has the political and institutional one, with a significant evolution in the nature of systems of governance to manage, respond to and lead the city through this period of intense transition. Whilst increased global and particularly European integration has been an important driver to change, critically it has been the interplay of these global forces with the role and constitution of the national state and political developments at the level of the city, region and municipality that has shaped the evolutionary path of governance change. This article analyses recent governance change within Lisbon to argue that governance transition within Lisbon is characterized by significant change with regard to the relationships between public and private sectors, but also by strong continuities with regard to the dominant role of the central state in the absence of political devolution. The result is a governance system marked by structural constraints that limit the city's capacity to deal with current strategic challenges in an integrated, coordinated and inclusionary manner.
Global City Frontiers: Singapore's Hinterland and the Contested Socio‐political Geographies of Bintan, Indonesia
Authors: BUNNELL TIM , MUZAINI HAMZAH , SIDAWAY JAMES D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDuring the 1980s, Singapore's policy‐makers perceived that the continued expansion of the Singapore economy required more spaces and workers beyond the 680‐square‐kilometre territorial limits of the city‐state. While planning to extend these limits through further land reclamation, Singapore also began to foster economic cooperation with regional neighbours, most famously in the form of a so‐called Growth Triangle incorporating proximate areas of Malaysia and Indonesia. The empirical focus of this article is on the tourist enclave developed on the Indonesian island of Bintan, a 45‐minute ferry ride from Singapore. This enclave embodies complex re‐territorializations. We specify how, despite a decade of re‐fashioning zones of Bintan into quasi‐enclaves and the literal and metaphorical cultivation of a tourist haven, other claims on these transfrontier zones resurfaced in the form of resistances and struggles over the terms of access to land and resources. It is argued that the trajectory of Bintan is symptomatic of wider transformations and epitomizes new configurations of sovereignty, urbanity and ‘gated globalism’.
Manuel Castells’The City and the Grassroots
Authors: MAYER MARGIT 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCastells’ definition, developed in The City and the Grassroots, of urban social movements as movements which combine struggles over collective consumption with those for community culture and political self‐determination, reflects the dynamics of movements in the 1960s and 1970s — which have since undergone a series of transformations. In spite of these transformations and fragmentations, Castells’ analysis remains relevant to contemporary studies of urban movements. One of its legacies is the identification of the conflict lines along which, still today, the major urban contestations take place, even though most of the individual movements no longer converge in one multi‐class actor intent on urban social change. The issue of collective consumption is more topical than ever in the current conjuncture, as public infrastructure and services are curtailed, and as local as well as supra‐national manifestations of the anti‐globalization movement are zeroing in on the neoliberalization of the public sector. Also, Castells’ highlighting of the contesting of state power has proved prophetic, not only in the continued presence of autonomous strands in the varied protests against commercialization, privatization, surveillance and exclusion, but also because it implies a sharp critique of the limitation of the civic engagement discourse currently in vogue.
Maternal haemodynamics in pre‐eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy during caesarean delivery
Authors: Tihtonen K , Kööbi T , Yli‐Hankala A , Huhtala H , Uotila J 
Published: April 2006

Objective  To determine how pre‐eclampsia modifies maternal haemodynamics during caesarean delivery.Design  Prospective study.Setting  Tampere University Hospital, Finland.Population  Ten pre‐eclamptic parturients and ten healthy parturients with uncomplicated pregnancies scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.Methods  Haemodynamic parameters were assessed by whole‐body impedance cardiography noninvasively.Main outcome measures  Stroke index (SI), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded before operation, continuously during caesarean section, during the period of dissipation of anaesthesia and on the second to fifth postpartum day.Results  Baseline haemodynamics in women with pre‐eclampsia differed significantly from healthy women in higher SVRI and MAP and lower SI and CI. In women with pre‐eclampsia, preload infusion increased both SI and HR, causing a significant rise in CI, while in healthy parturients, only HR rose. In both the groups, spinal blockade reduced SVRI but CI remained stable. At the moment of delivery, CI increased in both groups. In uncomplicated pregnancies, both SI and HR increased, but in women with pre‐eclampsia, SI was not altered and the rise in CI was due to an increase in HR only. After the reversal of anaesthesia, haemodynamics in the control group returned to baseline values, whereas in women with pre‐eclampsia, SI and CI fell to levels that were significantly lower than the levels observed before surgery.Conclusions  In women with pre‐eclampsia, inability to increase SI at the moment of delivery may suggest dysfunction of the left ventricle to adapt to volume load caused by delivery and prompts concern for the increased risk of pulmonary oedema.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lithophragma maximum (Saxifragaceae), an endemic plant of San Clemente Island
Authors: WALLACE LISA E. , FURCHES M. STEVEN , HELENURM KAIUS 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we report the isolation of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Lithophragma maximum (Saxifragaceae), a rare species restricted to San Clemente Island, California. We found moderate levels of allelic variation (mean NA= 5.5) and high levels of expected heterozygosity (mean HE= 0.531) across sampled individuals. However, eight loci showed a significant absence of heterozygous individuals, which we attribute to small population size and demographic history of the species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the rust pathogen, Melampsora lini
Authors: BARRETT LUKE G. , BRUBAKER CURT L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe developed and characterized primers for 11 variable microsatellite loci present in the genome of the flax rust, Melampsora lini. The microsatellite loci were identified by sequencing clones from a library of EcoRI DNA fragments enriched for four simple sequence repeat motifs (AAG, AAT, TC and TG). All 11 primer pairs successfully amplified DNA fragments from a sample of 102 M. lini isolates (98 isolated from Linum marginale and four from Linum usitatissimum), revealing a total of 32 alleles. Allelic diversity at the 11 loci ranged from 0.030 to 0.449.
The Advantages of a Rooftop Garden and Other Things
Authors: Zande Robin Vande 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDesign education is an aesthetic and humanistic approach for teaching how to contribute to the improvement of the conditions that affect everyone's lives. This article offers an overview of some important concepts to teach young people about regeneration design and the future of our changing environment. It is becoming increasingly evident that we are immersed in vital ecological relationships and with that awareness comes the undertaking of responsibly sharing the planet with non‐human life, of the need to live within environmental limits, and of ways to create communities that enhance life. There is movement toward a transition from a society preoccupied with consumerism and exploitation, to one that gives priority to a more sustainable future. Underscoring the importance of this issue are three regeneration principles adhered to by many city planners, architects, and product designers: smart growth, sustainable development, and new urbanism. Each has a slightly different set of theories and practices but all have a common thread in restructuring efforts for cities and buildings to be aesthetically, economically, and ecologically healthier places for human and non‐human life. Students should be taught that life‐enhancing design embraces inclusiveness, is built to human scale, is eco‐effective, is aesthetically enriching, and is embedded in social responsibility
Interior Design in Architectural Education
Authors: Gürel Meltem Ö. , Potthoff Joy K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe domain of interiors constitutes a point of tension between practicing architects and interior designers. Design of interior spaces is a significant part of architectural profession. Yet, to what extent does architectural education keep pace with changing demands in rendering topics that are identified as pertinent to the design of interiors? This study explores interior designrelated coursework taught in accredited architectural programmes in the United States. Two methods of collecting data are used: self report from architectural programme chairs and content analysis of web‐site posted programme catalogues describing course content. The findings show that many interior design concepts are not well addressed in the architectural curricula [1]. On average, only 0.44% of program content is dedicated to curricula focusing on knowledge and skills in shaping interiors. These findings offer a parameter to educators who are involved in assessing and reforming architectural education by expanding issues of design in general. The authors contend that the pedagogical approach in architectural programmes would benefit from the inclusion of more interior design concepts and through such education efforts the stature of interior design is likely to be improved.
Contractual Relations in Agricultural Credit Markets: A Hedonic Pricing Approach with Application to Poland
Authors: Petrick Martin , Latruffe Laure 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe present a micro‐econometric analysis of agricultural credit market outcomes in Poland that investigates the relationship between contractual arrangements and interest rates. An innovative theoretical framework based on a hedonic market model is developed. We interpret the factors that influence interest rates as ‘quality’ components of the credit contract. Using unique data allows us to consider both nominal interest rates and additional bank fees. The results show that banks have preferences for particularly liquid types of collateral, whereas they care little about the purpose for which the loan is used. Furthermore, the analysis allows quantification of the effects of socioeconomic attributes of farmers, different lending sources and government subsidies on interest rates. The latter effect is small compared with the officially declared reduction of the nominal interest rate. A simulation shows that enabling more borrowers to use liquid forms of collateral implies lower rates than those obtained by participating in the subsidy programme.
Structural Breaks, the Export Enhancement Program and the Relationship between Canadian and US Hard Wheat Prices
Authors: Dawson P. J. , Sanjuán Ana I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the long‐term relationship between the export prices of Canadian and US hard wheat and the effects of the US Export Enhancement Program (EEP). Using monthly prices for 1974–2001, we adopt the cointegration procedure of Johansen et al. (2000) which permits structural breaks. Results show that a long‐term relationship exists, and there are two breaks that coincide with the EEP. The first break is in late 1985 when the long‐term US/Canadian price ratio fell by 5.5%, while the second is in early 1995 when it increased by 9.2%. Weak exogeneity tests imply that Canada is the price leader, and impulse responses show that long‐term equilibrium is restored within five months following a shock to either price.
The Redistributive Effects of Agricultural Policy on Scottish Farm Incomes
Authors: Allanson Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses on the measurement of the redistributive effects of agricultural policy, proposing measures to characterise and quantify these effects that are based on the change in absolute value of the Gini coefficient. An illustrative study shows that the distribution of support in Scotland in 1999/2000 was regressive with respect to pre‐support farm incomes. Nevertheless, the provision of support would have had an equalising effect on farm incomes but for the resulting changes in the ranking of farms within the income distribution. Reranking not only makes ‘coupled’ support policies ineffective but also inefficient as redistributive instruments.
Community‐Based Participatory Research as a Tool for Policy Change: A Case Study of the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative
Authors: Petersen Dana , Minkler Meredith , Vásquez Victoria Breckwich , Baden Andrea Corage 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 2000, a regional rule governing maximum individual cancer risk from stationary facilities in Southern California was dramatically altered, reducing allowable risk levels by 75%. This article uses a case study approach to explore the role of a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) partnership, the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative, in producing research and helping spearhead policy advocacy leading to this policy change. It also highlights the role of the collaborative in helping to change the framing of the issue from individual to cumulative risk assessment, so that the regulatory agencies began to reflect this broader thinking in their policymaking.The collaborative's structure and methodology, regional focus, relationships with key decision makers, and its reputation as an important source of both credible science and “people power” were seen as contributing to its effectiveness. The role of contextual factors including a recovering and more regulation‐friendly economy also is highlighted, as are key barriers faced. Implications for other community–academic partnerships working to address regional and statewide public policy are discussed.
Efficiency Measurement in Spanish Local Government: The Case of Municipal Water Services
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this work, we established a procedure for evaluation of the efficiency of the water supply. This procedure has allowed us to find that the proposed indicators have a discriminating capability in the analysis of the service, and to reject criticisms traditionally assigned to the sensitivity of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique in relation to degrees of freedom. The results obtained show that the population density, as a factor that defines one of the particular characteristics of the surroundings of each municipality, has a statistically significant impact on the indexes of efficiency, this affirmation not being extended to the public or private ownership of the service. The scale inefficiency is higher than the technical inefficiency. These typologies of efficiency are, principally, motivated by the supply side of the service, which is specially linked with the necessary infrastructure. The demand of the citizens is satisfied with a behavior close to optimal.
Hofferbert in Transit: A Dynamic Stages Model of the Urban Policy Process
Authors: Eger Robert J. , Marlowe Justin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article presents a reformulation and empirical test ofHofferbert's (1974) “stages” heuristic, a model that fell largely out of favor due to criticisms that it does not effectively account for (1) feedback loops, or the possibility that policymakers learn from past experiences, and (2) the importance of intergovernmental relations. We update this model and apply it in the context of urban transit policymaking, using revenue flows to and from the government as an indicator of both recursive behavior and intergovernmental influence. The results suggest that these modifications reestablish the explanatory power of the stages model.
Not Just Another Determinants Piece: Path Dependency and Local Tax Abatements
Authors: Reese Laura A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough there is a large body of research attempting to identify the correlates of tax abatements, the question of why cities abate taxes at widely differing rates—or indeed, not at all despite state enabling legislation allowing them—has never been completely answered. Based on an examination of tax abatement data representing the history of abatements in Michigan, the article concludes that abatement patterns can be best understood when past abatement behaviors and the nature of the local employment base are included in the analysis. In the case of the number of abatements granted, it appears that both these forces—along with the general economy, governmental structural and process factors—are important in understanding abatement behavior. When the total value of abatements is considered, industrial mix appears most critical. Once municipalities start giving tax abatements they continue to do so. And, having concentrations of transportation‐related industries and food/consumer products are traits that appear to lead to that initial push for abatements.
Nevi and melanoma induced by chemical carcinogens in laboratory animals: similarities and differences with human lesions
Authors: Pawlowski A. , Lea P. J. 
Published: April 2006

The isolation of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) from coal tar, and the synthesis of dibenzanthracene (DBA), methylcholanthrene (MCA), and dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) in the 1930's, facilitated the induction of epidermal tumors in experimental animals. It was soon found that chemical carcinogens affect not only keratinocytes, hut also the melanocytes (Szabo 1963). “Painting” the skin of small laboratory animals, with carcinogens, became the principal method of studying the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis (Yuspa et a). 1976a).Pigmented nevi and melanoma are perhaps two of the most interesting problems in dermatology, oncology and pathology. Questions related to histogenesis, classification, diagnosis, treatment and eventual prevention remain unanswered.A substantial amount of our work is used to support most of the main points regarding the development of nevi and melanoma in laboratory animals.
Minocycline‐related cutaneous hyperpigmentation as demonstrated by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X‐ray energy spectroscopy*
Authors: Argenyi Zsolt B. , Finelli L. , Bergfeld W.F. , Tuthill R.J. , McMahon J. T. , Ratz J. L. , Petroff N. 
Published: April 2006

Argenyi ZB, Finelli L, Bergfeld WF, Tuthill RJ, McMahon JT, Ratz JL, Pefroff N. Minocycline‐related cutaneous hyper‐pigmentation as demonstrated by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X‐ray energy spectroscopy.A 70‐year‐old patient with a chronic cutaneous ulcer treated by minocyclinc hydrochloride developed hyperpigmentation of the forearms. Biopsy material was studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X‐ray energy spectroscopy. Granular gold‐brown pigment was found in dermal histiocytes and eccrine myoepithelial cells, which gave positive reaction with Prussian blue and Fontana‐Masson stains. Electron microscopy revealed intracytoplasmic granules of dark, homogeneous material and small fine particles. X‐ray energy spectroscopy showed iron and other elements in smaller amounts. The different types of minocycline‐related hyperpigmentation and the possible patho‐mechanism are discussed with special regard to the importance of the diagnostic methods.
Metaplasia and degeneration in odontogenic cysts in man
Authors: Browne R. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. In a histologic study of the walls of 638 odontogenic cysts, the incidence of metaplastic and/or degenerative changes was recorded. There were 402 denial cysts, 81 dentigerous cysts, 15 lateral periodontal cysts, 1 gingival cyst and 139 odontogenic keratocysts.Mucus cells were present in 39.6 % of the dental cysts, 42.0 % of the dentigeious cysts, 20.0 % of the lateral periodontal cysts and 3.7 % of the odontogenic keratocysts. There was no difference in incidence between the maxilla and mandible. The incidence of mucus cells increased with the age of the patient from whom the cyst was removed. Ciliated cells were present in 0.7 % of the dental cysts and 1.5 % of the odontogenic keratocysts, but were absent from dentigerous cysts and lateral periodontal cysts. Keratin was present in 2.0 % of the dental cysts, 2.5 % of the dentigerous cysts, and all of the odontogenic keratocysts, but was absent from lateral periodontal cysts. Hyaline bodies were present in 6.7 % of the dental cysts, 1.2 % of the dentigerous cysts, none of the lateral periodontal cysts and 9.4 % of the odontogenic keratocysts. Mineralized bodies were present in 2.5 % of the dental cysts, 7.4 % of the dentigerous cysts, 6.7 % of the lateral periodontal cysts and 12.9 % of the odontogenic keratocysts. The origin of these changes is discussed in the light of these findings.
The acquired pellicle: Variability and subject‐dependence of specific proteins
Authors: Kraus Frederick W. , ØRstavik Dag , Hurst David C. , Cook Carolyn H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. By indirect immunofluorescence, 13 different proteins were studied in 2‐hour, acquired pellicles collected from four subjects over a 5‐day period. The 300 specimens were coded, and the intensity of fluorescence specific for each protein was scored by two independent observers.Statistical analyses indicated that the mean score values differed significantly when a comparison was made between individual proteins or between subject‐donors of the pellicles. Also, the scores for each protein were highly dependent on the subject. Despite daily fluctuations, the pellicles from each subject presented a characteristic protein profile.Frequently, high fluorescence scores were noted for proteins of generally low salivary concentration, e.g., IgM and IgG. The third component of complement was discovered in several pellicles and, by subsequent testing, in whole saliva but not in parotid fluid. Its presence in pellicles of an edentulous subject suggests that this protein may be transferred across the oral epithelium.
Cytological and histological keratinization studies in leukoplakias of the mouth
Authors: Sahiar B. E. , Daftary D. K. , Mehta Fali S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.A correlative histocytological study for keratinization was done in 446 cases of oral leukoplakia. Cytologically, keratinization could be correctly identified in 91 % of leukoplakias exhibiting orthokeratosis, 73 % of leukoplakias exhibiting parakeratosis, and 78 % of cases showing both types of keratinization. Cytologically, orthokeratosis was present in 83 % of individuals with homogeneous leukoplakia and in 69 % with ulcerated leukoplakia, while parakeratosis was present in 7 % of homogeneous leukoplakias and in 19 % of ulcerated leukoplakias. A higher frequency of dysplasia was observed in smears and their corresponding histological sections for those cases which had revealed only parakeratosis in the cytological examination and for both orthokeratosis and parakeratosis as compared to those showing only orthokeratosis.It is suggested that the cytological method is a reliable method for studying oral keratinization and is of value to the clinician in identifying the type of leukoplakias which may need to be biopsied for further surveillance.