bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Insulin Resistance to the Pathogenesis of Impaired Fasting Glucose
Authors: Bock Gerlies , Chittilapilly Elizabeth , Basu Rita , Toffolo Gianna , Cobelli Claudio , Chandramouli Visvanathan , Landau Bernard R. , Rizza Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the contribution of hepatic insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal were measured in 31 subjects with IFG and 28 subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG) after an overnight fast and during a clamp when endogenous secretion was inhibited with somatostatin and insulin infused at rates that approximated portal insulin concentrations present in IFG subjects after an overnight fast (∼80 pmol/l, “preprandial”) or within 30 min of eating (∼300 pmol/l, “prandial”).
RESULTS—Despite higher (P &lt; 0.001) insulin and C-peptide concentrations and visceral fat (P &lt; 0.05), fasting EGP and glucose disposal did not differ between IFG and NFG subjects, implying hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance. This was confirmed during preprandial insulin infusion when glucose disposal was lower (P &lt; 0.05) and EGP higher (P &lt; 0.05) in IFG than in NFG subjects. Higher EGP was due to increased (P &lt; 0.05) rates of gluconeogenesis in IFG. EGP was comparably suppressed in IFG and NFG groups during prandial insulin infusion, indicating that hepatic insulin resistance was mild. Glucose disposal remained lower (P &lt; 0.01) in IFG than in NFG subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—Hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance contribute to fasting hyperglycemia in IFG with the former being due at least in part to impaired insulin-induced suppression of gluconeogenesis. However, since hepatic insulin resistance is mild and near-maximal suppression of EGP occurs at portal insulin concentrations typically present in IFG subjects within 30 min of eating, extrahepatic (but not hepatic) insulin resistance coupled with accompanying defects in insulin secretion is the primary cause of postprandial hyperglycemia.
A Novel Susceptibility Locus on Rat Chromosome 8 Affects Spontaneous but Not Experimentally Induced Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wallis Robert H. , Wang KeSheng , Dabrowski Dominika , Marandi Leili , Ning Terri , Hsieh Eugene , Paterson Andrew D. , Mordes John P. , Blankenhorn Elisabeth P. , Poussier Philippe 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—The biobreeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rat spontaneously develops type 1 diabetes. Two of the genetic factors contributing to this syndrome are the major histocompatibility complex (Iddm1) and a Gimap5 mutation (Iddm2) responsible for a T-lymphopenia. Susceptibility to experimentally induced type 1 diabetes is widespread among nonlymphopenic (wild-type Iddm2) rat strains provided they share the BBDP Iddm1 allele. The question follows as to whether spontaneous and experimentally induced type 1 diabetes share susceptibility loci besides Iddm1. Our objectives were to map a novel, serendipitously discovered Iddm locus, confirm its effects by developing congenic sublines, and assess its differential contribution to spontaneous and experimentally induced type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—An unexpected reduction in spontaneous type 1 diabetes incidence (86 to 31%, P &lt; 0.0001) was observed in a BBDP line congenic for a Wistar Furth–derived allotypic marker, RT7 (chromosome 13). Genome-wide analysis revealed that, besides the RT7 locus, a Wistar Furth chromosome 8 fragment had also been introduced. The contribution of these intervals to diabetes resistance was assessed through linkage analysis using 134 F2 (BBDP × double congenic line) animals and a panel of congenic sublines. One of these sublines, resistant to spontaneous type 1 diabetes, was tested for susceptibility to experimentally induced type 1 diabetes.
RESULTS—Both linkage analysis and congenic sublines mapped a novel locus (Iddm24) to the telomeric 10.34 Mb of chromosome 8, influencing cumulative incidence and age of onset of spontaneous type 1 diabetes but not insulitis nor experimentally induced type 1 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—This study has identified a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus that appears to act after the development of insulitis and that regulates spontaneous type 1 diabetes exclusively.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wojciechowski Franz , Stohlman Sarah , Schans Djamila , O'Kane David , Meeuwesen Ludwien , de Jonge Huub 
Published: May 2007

Hermanten Kate, Travels and researches in Native North America, 1882–1883Rainer Ohliger, Karen Schönwälder, and Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos, European encounters: migrants, migration and European societies since 1945Elizabeth Murphy-Lejeune, Student mobility and narrative in Europe: the new strangersMarja J. Spierenburg, Strangers, spirits and land reforms: conflicts about land in Dande, Northern ZimbabweRenée R. Shield and Stanley M. Aronson, Aging in today’s world: conversations between an anthropologist and a physicianShinji Yamashita, Bali and beyond: explorations in the anthropology of tourism
Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy
Authors: Pellizzoni Luigi 
Published: May 2007

The article deals with some implications of radical uncertainty for participatory democracy, and more precisely for Participatory Technology Assessment (PTA). Two main forms of PTA are discussed. One is aimed at involving lay citizens and highlighting public opinion. The other is addressed to stakeholder groups and organisations, not only in terms of interest mediation but also of inclusion of their insight into a problem. Radical uncertainty makes ‘intractable’ many environmental and technological issues and brings into question traditional and new approaches to policy-making. Its consequences are explored from the viewpoint of new science, deliberative democracy, and network governance. Radical uncertainty calls for a rethinking of the aims of public deliberation, and a reinterpretation of the divide between opinion- and position-oriented PTA. To look for a public opinion, understood as a shared principled view, can prove misleading, as can thinking of stakeholder participatory arrangements in the usual way. When facts and values overlap, and are deeply controversial, the only opportunity for mutual understanding may be to look for practical, ‘local’ answers, based on different positional insights. Moreover, radical uncertainty also affects interest determination and pursuit, and may enhance the opportunity of joint, inclusive, non-strategic issue definition and solution-devising. This vision of public deliberation is consistent with the idea of network governance. However, fragmentation can affect the effectiveness and legitimacy of participatory policies. Trying to handle fragmentation from the top, as many suggest, is unlikely to be successful. A more promising endeavour is to foster deliberative settings which, although positioned at the level of ‘local’ and often contingent networks and commonalities, are open to include ‘Otherness’ – other contexts, other problem definitions, other concerns.
Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story and Natural Disasters in Early Modern Times
Authors: Kempe Michael 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Different interpretations of the biblical deluge give us an idea of various modes of perceptions of natural disasters in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In analysing these interpretations we learn much about early modern European ways of thinking about nature, mankind and the relationship between both. In this way such an analysis becomes an important part of an ambitious project of environmental history that deals with relationships between man and nature in history.
Divine Punishment or Object of Research? The Resonance of Earthquakes, Floods, Epidemics and Famine in the Correspondence Network of Albrecht von Haller
Authors: Stuber Martin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Enlightenment is a starting point for our current understanding of natural disasters. The present investigation examines the resonance of such catastrophes in the correspondence network of the universal scholar Albrecht von Haller (1708-77). In this European system of communication there is a very rapid exchange of widely dispersed individual observations and an intensive discussion about competing interpretations. Poetic, philosophical, scientific and administrative approaches overlap rather than contradict one another. A main topic is the earthquake of Lisbon 1755, with the important role of Voltaire, who embodied the Enlightenment like no other and who was the greatest ideological antipode of Haller. Although earthquakes are the main focus of attention, some comparison is made with letters discussing cattle diseases, plagues, famines and floods.
The Politics of Nature: Constructing German Reunification During the Great Oder Flood of 1997
Authors: Doering Martin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Natural disasters like earthquakes, tornadoes, hailstorms and floods always lead to massive media coverage, as a close look in the fait divers of daily newspapers proves. They seem to have a short-lived but extreme effect on society as well as on the media. One point that is often neglected is the fact that disasters occur in unique socio-historical contexts which determine the patterns of interpretation. This also seems to be the case concerning the Great Oder Flood of 1997, inasmuch as the disaster occurred within the singular process of German Reunification. The Oder Flood occurred at the time Reunification was really being experienced, and therefore efforts to dam the rising waters were metaphorically interpreted, especially in the German newspapers, as the joint fight of East and West against the flood. The flood gained its political dimension particularly via different types of metaphors that blend synchronic domains of discourse. This paper investigates the metaphorical patterns underlying the news coverage of the Flood in order to trace their constitutive role in the 'news speak'. The main hypothesis is that the metaphorical discourse about the disaster and nature in general serves as a metaphorical reservoir for illustrating and legitimising the abstract political process of the German Reunification.
Charting Environmental Concerns: Reactions to Hydraulic Public Works in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Reynard Pierre Claude 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The optimism characteristic of the Enlightenment multiplied initiatives designed to secure and improve the milieus within which Europeans earned a precarious living, notably through greater control of hydraulic resources. This paper examines the reactions triggered by many such important public works undertaken in Old Regime France. The debates that accompanied most projects did not systematically challenge the positivist assumptions standing behind these improving ambitions, nor did they formulate an alternative vision centred around an appreciation of the intrinsic value of nature. However, they greatly advanced reflections on natural phenomena, drawing attention to their geographical and temporal limits, their internal complexity, as well as crucial socio-cultural frontiers. They mark an important stage toward the conceptualisation of ecosystems and the formation of ecology, and remind us that these forward-looking ventures were, like all human interventions upon the natural environment, hybrid ventures - both conditioned by nature and bound to alter it.
Weeds, People and Contested Places
Authors: Clayton Neil 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the Western world weeds have been defined and redefined according to the cultural ideas and outlooks of peoples who have tried to compete with them for open places, over many millennia. Somewhere along the way 'weed' emerged as a concept, and became embedded in and expressed through language. In the first part of this synoptical essay some of the expressions of the changes in human perceptions of, and responses to, a group of plants with which people have had to contend for places, and the deeper cultural significances of the contest itself, are explored. In the second, the inter-societal relationships between weeds and humans are explored in the unique context of New Zealand's discrete landscape and the settler society which transformed it within the comparatively short period of two centuries. Possibilities for ongoing studies of the weeds-people relationship within New Zealand and other regional contexts are offered.
The Historicity of Institutional Trust and the Alienation of Maori Land for Catchment Control at Mangatu, New Zealand
Authors: Coombes Brad 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Environmental problems require collective responses, but resource managers conventionally lack the managerial legitimacy to inspire collective action. Recent perspectives in planning theory have entreated for collaboration with the institutions of civic society as a basis for inspiring legitimacy in environmental management. This article maintains that there is considerable merit in these institutional perspectives, but the historical impediments to institutional engagement and trust require detailed analysis if those perspectives are to be successful. There is an inherent historicity to all relationships of trust, and this may be acute in the case of collaboration with indigenous peoples who have experienced colonial dislocation. In New Zealand, the rapidity of land loss, the lack of historical opportunities for engagement in resource management, and past attempts to assimilate institutions and values may influence the present stance of Maori, who are the indigenous population, on environmental management. An historical assessment of a state afforestation project at Mangatu on the east coast of New Zealand demonstrates that Maori have seldom been trusted as environmental guardians. Their preferred forms of environmental governance have been subject to cultural disdain, yielding a legacy of institutional mistrust which will not easily be alleviated.
Environmental Anxiety in New Zealand, 1840-1941: Climate Change, Soil Erosion, Sand Drift, Flooding and Forest Conservation
Authors: Beattie James 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The history of environmental anxiety in nineteenth- and twentieth-century New Zealand can be traced by focusing on problems caused by deforestation. In the 1840s concerns emerged that deforestation was causing climate change, soil erosion, sand drift and flooding. In the 1900s concerns about soil erosion overtook fears of climatic deterioration. A continued priority towards agricultural development at the expense of forestry constantly hampered conservation efforts throughout the nineteenth century. Only when the extent of agricultural expansion slowed down in the 1900s could these concerns be addressed; only then could a stronger, independent forestry service be established.
Appraising Soil Fertility in Early Colonial New Zealand: The 'Biometric Fallacy' and Beyond
Authors: Wood Vaughan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
During the late eighteenth century explorers applied a biometric model, where soil fertility was correlated with tree height, throughout the world. This model was a natural extrapolation from the 'humus theory' of soil fertility. Accordingly, when dense forest cover was found over large areas of New Zealand this created an inaccurate perception that its soils were very rich. This was exploited to the full by the New Zealand Company, the main agency involved in promoting the organised settlement of New Zealand. During the 1840s, the biometric approach to soil fertility appraisal was found to be a false one, and was replaced by a developing ecological one, which relied on specific plant indicators of soil fertility.
The Re-Creation of Bottle Lake: From Site of Discard to Environmental Playground?
Authors: Pickles Katie 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In order to understand the workings of ecological imperialism at the local level, this essay traces the haphazard environmental history of an area of land at the north-eastern border of Christchurch. It analyses the changing environmental qualities of place over time as a chain of discourses that have formed, re-formed, cross-fertilised - each influencing a new land-use or perception of the area as wasteland, playground, wetland, and site of rehabilitation and recreation. An examination of the collision of discourses from elsewhere with local pragmatism reveals the limits and contradictions of theories of ecological imperialism at a local scale.
New Zealand Landscape and Literature, 1890-1925
Authors: Kuzma Julian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
New Zealand's literature (1890-1925) offers a wealth of information for the environmental historian that is unparalleled by most other countries. A major theme of New Zealand late colonial literature was the removal of the indigenous bush and its transformation into a British-modelled pastoral paradise. The period's poetry and fiction conveys valuable insights into perceptions and attitudes towards this transformation, which cannot be ascertained from other documentary sources.
New Zealand Environmental History: A Question of Attitudes
Authors: Star Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
As a land to which not only Europeans, but also humans of any kind, came late, New Zealand is a fascinating case study in environmental history. The author's own research into the early years of European settlement plots an evolving cultural engagement with the indigenous environment, and in particular with forest or 'bush', which ran parallel with its extensive replacement by agroecosystems. Research of this character must now be closely compared with work done overseas - perhaps initially with Australian studies. Only by drawing out the unique features of each case will the respective roles of environment and culture in the history of New Zealand, and of other countries, be fairly determined.
Plant Transfers in Historical Perspective: A Review Article
Authors: Beinart William , Middleton Karen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper explores some routes into the history of plant transfers, especially during the period of European imperialism. It attempts to draw on different bodies of research, which are not usually juxtaposed, and weave together perspectives from contrasting disciplines. It does not pretend to offer a history, which is a much more complex task. We have deliberately tried to include cultivated crops, garden plants, weeds and plant invaders within the same frame of analysis, because it is so difficult to define some species within any one of these culturally constructed categories. The paper develops three main points. Firstly, it raises questions about the asymmetrical pattern of plant transfers during imperialism, thus challenging some of the propositions offered in Crosby's Ecological Imperialism. Secondly, we evaluate recent literature on the history of botany and botanical institutions and suggest that a broader range of human agency needs to be considered, as well as accidental transfers, if the global trajectories of plant species are to be mapped and comprehended. And thirdly, we argue that in pursuit of generalisations about patterns of transfer, scientists have concentrated too much on plant properties, and historians on understanding political economy or institutions. A global history, as well as particular plant histories, requires a combination of insights and research from sciences, social sciences and humanities.
Empirical Knowledge, Scientific Authority, and Native Development: The Controversy over Sugar/Rice Ecology in the Netherlands East Indies, 1905-1914
Authors: Moon Suzanne 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This essay explores the political value of empirical, scientific knowledge of place in the Netherlands East Indies. Critics of the European sugar industry claimed that sugar depleted the soil and stunted subsequent rice crops. The ensuing controversy reached a stalemate when both sugar scientists and their critics were accused of selectively choosing evidence according to political bias. Scientists in the Department of Agriculture resolved the dispute and fought accusations of bias by drawing on their empirical knowledge of agricultural conditions across Java, using place-based knowledge to construct their credibility and exclusive authority to speak for agricultural matters in the colony.
Lesniki and Leskhozy : Life and Work in Russia's Northern Forests
Authors: Moran Dominique 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the history of forestry in the Russian North through a study area in the North Urals. The relationships between the local leskhozy (forestry enterprises) and the lesniki (forestry workers) and the environment are contrasted. The paper explores four key aspects: exile, planned production, decline in rural population and environmental problems which characterised the Soviet period, and links these to conditions in the region post-1991, drawing on archival sources, contemporary accounts from the Soviet period and fieldwork in the study area.
Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)
Authors: Siegel David , Kepa Jadwiga K. , Ross David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1, DT‐diaphorase, E.C. 1.6.99.2) is an FAD containing obligate two‐electron reductase that catalyzes the reduction of a broad range of substrates. This unit will describe methods for the detection of NQO1 protein in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues by immunohistochemistry; detection of NQO1 protein in fresh tissues or cell lines by immunoblot analysis; measurement of NQO1 catalytic activity in fresh and frozen tissues and cell lines using spectrophotometric assays based upon the reduction of 2,6‐dichlorophenol‐indophenol (DCPIP) or coupled menadione‐cytochrome reduction; and determination of the NQO1*2 polymorphism by PCR‐RFLP.
Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes in Generating Targeted Mutations in Human and Mouse Cytomegaloviruses
Authors: Borst Eva Maria , Benkartek Corinna , Messerle Martin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCloning of cytomegalovirus (CMV) genomes as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) in E. coli and their manipulation using the techniques of bacterial genetics has greatly facilitated the construction of CMV mutants. This unit describes easily applicable procedures that allow rapid introduction of any kind of targeted mutation into BAC‐cloned CMV genomes. Protocols for the reconstitution of virus from isolated BAC DNA, preparation of a virus stock, and isolation and characterization of viral DNA are also included. Special emphasis is laid on description of critical steps and thorough characterization of the altered BACs.
Probing the Anisotropic Field‐Effect Mobility of Solution‐Deposited Dicyclohexyl‐α‐quaterthiophene Single Crystals
Authors: Mannsfeld S. C. B. , Locklin J. , Reese C. , E. Roberts M. , Lovinger A. J. , Bao Z. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMeasuring the anisotropy of the field‐effect mobility provides insight into the correlation between molecular packing and charge transport in organic semiconductor materials. Single‐crystal field‐effect transistors are ideal tools to study intrinsic charge transport because of their high crystalline order and chemical purity. The anisotropy of the field effect mobility in organic single crystals has previously been studied by lamination of macroscopically large single crystals onto device substrates. Here, a technique is presented that allows probing of the mobility anisotropy even though only small crystals are available. Crystals of a soluble oligothiophene derivative are grown in bromobenzene and drop‐cast onto substrates containing arrays of bottom‐contact gold electrodes. Mobility anisotropy curves are recorded by measuring numerous single crystal transistor devices. Surprisingly, two mobility maxima occur at azimuths corresponding to both axes of the rectangular cyclohexyl‐substituted quaterthiophene (CH4T) in‐plane unit cell, in contrast to the expected tensorial behavior of the field effect mobility.