bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incompressible viscous formulations for deformation and yielding of the lithosphere
Authors: Moresi L. , Mühlhaus H.-B. , Lemiale V. , May D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In models of crustal deformation at a scale of a few tens of kilometres, it is appropriate to use a Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion for lithospheric failure based on the idea that frictional slip occurs on whichever one of many randomly oriented planes happens to be favourably oriented with respect to the stress field. The Drucker–Prager yield criterion has very similar characteristics to the Mohr–Coulomb criterion but is more straightforward to implement, particularly in the context of large-scale fluid-mechanical deformation of the coupled system of mantle, lithosphere and crust. As such models become more sophisticated it is important to be able to use whichever failure model is appropriate to a given part of the system. We have therefore developed a way to represent Mohr–Coulomb failure within the mathematical framework used by mantle-convection fluid dynamics codes.
The new formulation is based on the conceptual picture of lithospheric failure incorporated in the Anderson model of fault development and reproduces shear band angles predicted by this model. We use an transversely isotropic viscous rheology (a different viscosity for pure shear to that for simple shear) to define a preferred plane for slip to occur given the local stress field. The simple-shear viscosity and the deformation can then be iterated to ensure that the yield criterion is always satisfied. We assume the Boussinesq approximation can be applied in the model – neglecting any effect of dilatancy on the stress field. An additional criterion is required to ensure that deformation occurs along the plane aligned with maximum shear strain rate rather than the perpendicular plane, which is formally equivalent in any symmetric formulation.
We compare the behaviour of this formulation to the Drucker–Prager failure model for two-dimensional (2D) layered brittle–ductile systems. The pattern of shear bands is found to be quite similar from each model, although some differences are seen in the characteristic spacings for ‘equivalent’ values of the material properties. In 3D similar patterns are seen but are modulated by additional 3D structure.
Early Cretaceous motion of Flemish Cap with respect to North America: implications on the formation of Orphan Basin and SE Flemish Cap–Galicia Bank conjugate margins
Authors: Sibuet J.-C. , Srivastava S. P. , Enachescu M. , Karner G. D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBouguer gravity anomalies together with deep seismic reflection and magnetic data on both sides of the North Atlantic are used to locate the hinge zones of the Flemish Cap and Galicia Bank within the Iberian and North American plates, regions across which there were abrupt changes in lithospheric extension. The characteristic shape and alignment of these hinge zones suggest that they were conjugate features generated during chrons M25–M0 (Late Jurassic–Early Aptian) around a distally located Euler pole of rotation. Rifting between Iberia and North America involved these two larger plates and the two smaller microplates – the Flemish Cap and Galicia Bank microplates. The motion of the microplates, which were adjacent to Eurasia, was much more complex than those of the larger plates. The motion between the microplates from chron M25 or older to chron M0 was complicated by the fact that they remained attached to each other for most of the time when regions to the south were rifting apart. As a result, continental regions landward of these segments were subjected to extension that created the Orphan and Flemish Pass basins on the North American side and the Galicia Interior Basin on the Iberian side. By comparing the hinge zones delineated off Galicia Bank and Flemish Cap using the Bouguer anomalies, we were able to infer that Flemish Cap rotated approximately 43° relative to Galicia Bank and Iberia, and moved 200–300 km SE with respect to North America.Such motions of Flemish Cap and Galicia Bank agree remarkably well with extensional episodes deduced from industry multichannel seismic reflection data acquired in the Orphan Basin. Normal fault orientations identified in the West Orphan Basin trend N020° and are approximately perpendicular to the flow lines of our proposed Flemish Cap–North American motion during the M25–M0 period, which provides an independent constraint on our proposed kinematic model. Therefore, extensional events affected not only the Galicia Bank–Flemish Cap conjugate margins but also the Galicia Interior and Orphan Basins, and need to be taken into account in any assessment of the geological development of the Iberian and North American continental margins.
Roles of lithospheric strain softening and heterogeneity in determining the geometry of rifts and continental margins
Authors: Huismans R. S. , Beaumont C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Plane strain thermo-mechanical finite-element model experiments are used to investigate the effects of frictional–plastic strain softening and inherited weakness on the style of lithospheric extension. The model results are compared with the Newfoundland–Iberia conjugate rifted margins with the goal of understanding the lithospheric properties that controlled their evolution during rifting. Our proposition is that coupling between the plastic–viscous layering, acting together with frictional–plastic strain softening localized on inherited weak heterogeneities, can explain the initial wide rift and distributed rift basins that are later abandoned in favour of a narrow rift in which mantle lithosphere is exhumed to the surface. The models comprise uniform composition viscous and plastic layers in which focused deformation is nucleated on either a single weak ‘seed’ or a statistical white noise distribution of inherited strain. Strain softening of frictional–plastic layers acts as a positive feedback mechanism that creates localized shear zones from the inherited weak heterogeneities. The sensitivity of deformation to the choice of softening parameters and the type of inherited noise is examined in cases where the deeper part of the crust is either weak or strong.
Lithosphere-scale models with a single weak seed exhibit a range of asymmetric and symmetric rifting modes that are mostly determined by the feedback between two primary controls, coupling between the plastic and viscous layers and strain softening. Decreasing and increasing the rifting velocity can change the mode, and asymmetry is strongest in models with low rifting velocities and a strong lower crust. Analysis of equivalent simple-bonded plastic–viscous two-layer models using the minimum rate of dissipation principle demonstrates that the mode selected depends on the division of the dissipation between the layers. Criteria developed on minimizing the total dissipation show how mode selection changes with increasing viscosity, or rifting velocity, from the: asymmetric plug or half-graben (AP) mode; through the symmetric plug or graben (PS) mode, to the distributed pure shear (PS) mode. Numerical models confirm these results.
Models with statistical white-noise-inherited strain have similar modes to those with a single seed. In addition, modes with multiple sets of shear zones develop in the plastic layer for a range of intermediate parameter combinations. We believe that distributed noise in combination with a weak lower crust and slow extension can produce model results in accord with general features of the Newfoundland–Iberia conjugate margins; an initially distributed wide rift mode, followed by a late-stage narrow rift with a significant component of mantle exhumation.
A Longitudinal Swedish Study on Screening for Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma: Evidence of Effectiveness and Overtreatment
Authors: Gunnell Anthony S. , Ylitalo Nathalie , Sandin Sven , Sparén Pär , Adami H.-O. , Ripatti Samuli 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background: Organized Papanicolaou (Pap) screening has markedly reduced the incidence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the potential for overtreatment of precursor lesions is quite high for SCC, and the effectiveness of Pap screening for prevention of cervical adenocarcinoma is questionable.
Methods: Using the nationwide, virtually complete Swedish Cancer Register, we analyzed standardized incidence rates for SCC in situ (CIS), SCC, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma, between 1968 and 2002. For each county, we calculated Spearman correlations between incidence of in situ lesions and incidence of invasive cancer, 5, 10, and 15 years later. We also used generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to compare adjusted estimates for associations between in situ incidences and invasive carcinomas over counties.
Results: The overall decrease in SCC incidence in Sweden following the introduction of cervical screening confirms the beneficial nature of cervical screening on SCC incidence over the last 30 years. A similar benefit was not apparent for adenocarcinoma. GEE estimates for the relative change in SCC for an increase of 100 CIS cases per 100,000 women-years were 1.05 for the 5-year and 1.02 for the 10-year lag periods. For adenocarcinoma and AIS, similar analyses gave corresponding estimates of 1.17 for the 5-year and 1.08 for the 10-year lag periods. The lack of an inverse correlation suggests that increased reported incidence of CIS in certain counties did not forecast a reduction in SCC for those counties.
Conclusion: Our data confirm the effectiveness of Pap smear screening in reducing the incidence of SCC, but suggest no clear benefit on adenocarcinoma. Our data also suggest that relaxed histopathologic criteria for diagnosis of cervical CIS may increase its recorded incidence with no measurable benefit in the reduction of invasive cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2641–8)
Plasma Isoflavones and Fibrocystic Breast Conditions and Breast Cancer Among Women in Shanghai, China
Authors: Lampe Johanna W. , Nishino Yoshikazu , Ray Roberta M. , Wu Chunyuan , Li Wenjin , Lin Ming-Gang , Gao Dao Li , Hu Yongwei , Shannon Jackilen , Stalsberg Helge , Porter Peggy L. , Frankenfeld Cara L. , Wähälä Kristiina , Thomas David B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackground: Proliferative benign breast conditions are associated with elevated risk of breast cancer, whereas nonproliferative conditions are not strongly associated with risk. Factors acting before onset of hyperplasia might be associated with both benign conditions and breast cancer, whereas those on the proliferative disease-to-cancer pathway would be associated only with cancer. Soy isoflavone exposure may influence breast cancer risk, but little is known of its association with benign conditions.Materials and Methods: We examined possible relationships between plasma genistein and daidzein concentrations and risk of breast disease in women, in a breast self-examination trial in Shanghai, China, diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 196) or a benign breast condition (n = 304), and 1,002 age-matched controls with no known breast disease. Benign conditions were classified as nonproliferative (n = 131) or proliferative with or without atypia (n = 173).Results: Isoflavone concentrations were inversely associated with risk of nonproliferative and proliferative benign fibrocystic conditions, as well as with breast cancer, both with and without concomitant proliferative changes in ipsilateral noncancerous mammary epithelium (Ptrend &lt; 0.01 for all comparisons with controls). Women in the highest quartile of plasma genistein (&gt;76.95 ng/mL) were less likely to have breast cancer (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.50) or benign conditions (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.70) compared with women in the lowest quartile (&lt;9.42 ng/mL). Observed risks for breast cancer with and without surrounding proliferative changes were not different, respectively, from observed risks for benign proliferative and nonproliferative conditions alone.Conclusion: Isoflavone exposure was inversely associated with fibrocystic breast conditions and breast cancer, and the results suggest that effects on cancer risk occur early in carcinogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2579–86)
Meat and Meat-Mutagen Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Cohort
Authors: Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael Z. , Cross Amanda J. , Silverman Debra T. , Schairer Catherine , Thompson Frances E. , Kipnis Victor , Subar Amy F. , Hollenbeck Albert , Schatzkin Arthur , Sinha Rashmi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Meat intake, particularly red meat, has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer in some epidemiologic studies. Detailed meat-cooking methods and related mutagens formed in meat cooked at high temperatures have not been evaluated prospectively as risk factors for this malignancy. We investigated the association between meat, meat-cooking methods, meat-mutagen intake, and exocrine pancreatic cancer in the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort of 537,302 individuals, aged 50 to 71 years, with complete baseline dietary data (1995-1996) ascertained from a food frequency questionnaire. A meat-cooking module was completed by 332,913 individuals 6 months after baseline. During 5 years of follow-up, 836 incident pancreatic cancer cases (555 men, 281 women) were identified. Four hundred and fifty-nine cases had complete meat module data. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Total, red, and high-temperature cooked meat intake was positively associated with pancreatic cancer among men (fifth versus first quintile: HR, 1.41, 95% CI, 1.08-1.83, P trend = 0.001; HR, 1.42, 95% CI, 1.05-1.91, P trend = 0.01; and HR, 1.52, 95% CI, 1.12-2.06, P trend = 0.005, respectively), but not women. Men showed significant 50% increased risks for the highest tertile of grilled/barbecued and broiled meat and significant doubling of risk for the highest quintile of overall meat-mutagenic activity (P trends &lt; 0.01). The fifth quintile of the heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline intake showed a significant 29% (P trend = 0.006) increased risk in men and women combined. These findings support the hypothesis that meat intake, particularly meat cooked at high temperatures and associated mutagens, may play a role in pancreatic cancer development. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2664–75)
Decreasing Trend of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Hong Kong
Authors: Yee Yuk Kei , Cheung TK , Chan Annie On On , Yuen MF , Wong Benjamin C.Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma was increasing in the Western Europe and United States, but not in East Asian countries. Population based study on the trend of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Hong Kong was not available.
Materials and Methods: Population-based data of Hong Kong Cancer Registry from 1984 to 2003 were used. Cases were grouped into four 5-year periods. Average age standardized rate (WSR) of each period was calculated by averaging the WSR of the 5 years in each period, basing on the world standard population, with adjustment made for cases with missing histology.
Results: 10,751 new cases of esophageal neoplasm were studied (8,637 males and 2,114 females). Esophageal adenocarcinoma declined among both males and females, with the total number decreased from 224 in 1984 to 1988 to 131 in 1998 to 2003. WSR decreased from 1.10 of 100,000 in 1984 to 1988 to 0.34 of 100,000 in 1998 to 2003. The decline was faster than that for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma so that the relative ratio of esophageal adenocarcinoma decreased from 11.7% in 1984 to 1988 to 6.4% in 1998 to 2003.
Conclusions: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and ratio of esophageal adenocarcinoma versus esophageal squamous cell carcinoma decreased in Hong Kong. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2637–40)
Highly Methylated Genes in Colorectal Neoplasia: Implications for Screening
Authors: Zou Hongzhi , Harrington Jonathan J. , Shire Abdirashid M. , Rego Rafaela L. , Wang Liang , Campbell Megan E. , Oberg Ann L. , Ahlquist David A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDiscriminant markers are required for accurate cancer screening. We evaluated genes frequently methylated in colorectal neoplasia to identify the most discriminant ones. Four genes specifically methylated in colorectal cancer [bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), EYA2, aristaless-like homeobox-4 (ALX4), and vimentin] were selected from 41 candidate genes and evaluated on 74 cancers, 62 adenomas, and 70 normal epithelia. Methylation status was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Effect of methylation on gene expression was evaluated in five colon cancer cell lines. K-ras and BRAF mutations were detected by sequencing. Methylation of BMP3, EYA2, ALX4, or vimentin was detected respectively in 66%, 66%, 68%, and 72% of cancers; 74%, 48%, 89%, and 84% of adenomas; and 7%, 5%, 11%, and 11% of normal epithelia (P &lt; 0.01, cancer or adenoma versus normal). Based on area under the curve analyses, discrimination was not significantly improved by combining markers. Comethylation was frequent (two genes or more in 72% of cancers and 84% of adenomas), associated with proximal neoplasm site (P &lt; 0.001), and linked with both BRAF and K-ras mutations (P &lt; 0.01). Cell line experiments supported silencing of expression by methylation in all four study genes. This study shows BMP3, EYA2, ALX4, and vimentin genes are methylated in most colorectal neoplasms but rarely in normal epithelia. Comethylation of these genes is common, and pursuit of complementary markers for methylation-negative neoplasms is a rational strategy to optimize screening sensitivity. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2686–96)
Changes in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in the United States by Histologic Subtype and Race/Ethnicity, 1995 to 2004
Authors: Li Christopher I. , Daling Janet R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Breast cancer incidence rates rose throughout the 1980s and 1990s in the United States but have recently declined through 2004. Studies reporting this decline primarily attribute it to the sharp decline in menopausal hormone use following publication of the Women's Health Initiative trial results. However, they have not stratified rates by either histologic type or race/ethnicity, which could further inform contributors to these trends. Using data from 13 cancer registries that participate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, we evaluated annual percent changes (APC) in breast cancer incidence rates from 1995 to 2004 by histologic type and race/ethnicity for intervals identified using joinpoint regression. Invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma incidence rates fell steadily from 1998 to 2004 [APC, −3.07% (95% confidence interval, −4.10 to −2.02) and APC, −3.18% (95% confidence interval, −5.18 to −1.03), respectively]. Declines in rates of breast cancer overall and invasive ductal carcinoma were primarily limited to women ≥50 years of age and to non-Hispanic whites and Asian/Pacific Islanders, and declines in rates of invasive lobular carcinoma were primarily limited to non-Hispanic whites. The majority of these declines began around 1998 and all began before 2002 when the Women's Health Initiative trial results were published; thus, the abrupt decline in hormone therapy use starting in 2002 is unlikely to be primarily responsible for the recent decline in breast cancer rates. The declines observed thus far are likely attributable to saturation of screening, although further declines related to the widespread cessation of hormone use may follow. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2773–80)
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Rossing Mary Anne , Cushing-Haugen Kara L. , Wicklund Kristine G. , Doherty Jennifer A. , Weiss Noel S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Substantial increase in the use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) throughout the 1990s, followed by widespread discontinuation after the 2002 publication of the Women's Health Initiative findings, has resulted in large numbers of former HT users among U.S. women. However, few studies have examined whether ovarian cancer risk varies according to recency and duration of specific HT regimens. We assessed risk of epithelial ovarian cancer among users of unopposed estrogen (ET) and combined estrogen/progestogen (EPT). In a population-based study in Washington state, 812 women with ovarian cancer diagnosed in 2002 to 2005 and 1,313 controls were interviewed in person about the use of HT and other characteristics. Women who used a single form of therapy (ET or EPT) were compared with women who never used HT using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Risk was increased among current or recent (within the last 3 years) users of ET with ≥5 years of use (ORs, 95% CIs: 1.6, 1.1-2.5 and 1.8, 0.8-3.7, respectively). Little increase in risk was noted among long-term ET users who discontinued use in the more distant past (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.6-2.6). No increase in risk was noted among women who used only EPT, regardless of duration. Compared with women who never used HT, current users of EPT had an OR of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.5), and risk declined with increasing time since stopping; the OR was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-1.0) among women who had discontinued EPT within the last 3 years and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3-0.7) among women who stopped at an earlier point. Long-term ET may be associated with an increased ovarian cancer risk that wanes after use ceases. We did not observe an increased risk with EPT, and with increasing time after stopping, a reduction in risk became increasingly evident. The progestogen component of HT may confer a risk reduction that is masked by an opposing effect of estrogen until, among former users, estrogenic influences have diminished. These findings, if replicated, may have implications both for public health and development of chemoprevention strategies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2548–56)