bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analgesic Action of N‐Acetyl p‐Amino‐phenol and of Its Combination with Some Other Substances.
Authors: BORÉUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Using a new modification of the Ercoli‐Lewis technique for testing analgesic action, it was found that l‐benzyl‐3–(P‐diethyl‐aminoethyl)‐5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid hydrochloride (BB5), salicylamide and diallyl‐barbituric acid exerted a synergetic effect and isopropylantipyrine and caffeine an antagonistic effect on the analgesic action of N‐acetyl p‐aminophenol. The antagonistic effect of caffeine was abolished when combined with diallyl‐barbituric acid.We are indebted to Pharmacia Ltd., Uppsala, for financial support of the investigation.
Presence of Catechol Amines in Visceral Organs of‘ Fish and Invertebrates.
Authors: von EULER U. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Chromaffine cell tissue from Selachiae and Teleostiae contain noradrenaline and adrenaline in varying proportions.Visceral'organs of fish (heart, liver, spleen) contain noradredille in about 1/10–1/50 of the amounts found in the corresponding organs of mammals, as estimated by biological assay. The proportion of adrenaline was much higher than in mammals, viz. 40–60 % of the total catechols.No definite evidence was obtained for the presence of catechol amines in invertebrates (mollusc, crustacean, echinoderm) with the exception of the posterior salivary glands ofOctopus vulgariswhich contain comparatively large amounts of noradrenaline.The catechol amines in extracts of visceral organs of fish indicate the presence of chromaffine cells or adrenergic innervation.The author is indebted to the Head and Staff of the Roscoff Marine Biological Station for supplying some of the material. The Medical Research Council of Sweden defrayed the cost of this work with a grant which is gratefully acknowledged.
A Farther Study of Polydipsia Evoked by Hypo‐thalamic Stimulation in the Gloat
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT , McCANN S. M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Microinjections of 0.003 to 0.01 ml of 2 to 3 % sodium chloride solution into a fairly limited part of the hypothalamus of the goat produced drinking of from 2 to 8 liters of water on one or more occasions in 8 experiments in 16 goats.2. Drinking commenced 30 to 60 seconds after the injection and continued for 2 to 5 minutes.3. The polydipsic effect of the injections was not always re‐peatable.4. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in 7 experiments produced drinking from 5 different points of stimulation.5. In contrast to the injection experiments, polydipsia could be produced at will by electrical stimulation of a discrete region of the hypothalamus lying between Columna fornicis descendens and Tractus Vicq d'Azyr.6. Drinking caused by electrical stimulation commenced 10 to 30 seconds from the onset of stimulation and stopped 2 to 3 seconds after the current was discontinued.7. Tremendous overhydration could be induced in this way followed by marked hemodilution and polyuria.8. When tested in one experiment, the stimulation at the same point, where polydipsia was evoked, produced a marked antidiure‐sis of neurohypophyseal type.
Inactivation of Substance P by Proteolysis Enzymes
Authors: PERNOW BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Substance P is rapidly destroyed by chymotrypsin. 100 units of substance P (0.5 mg) is completely inactivated by 7 μg chymotrypsin in 25 min.2. Substance P is also inactivated by trypsin. The destroying power of trypsin is, however, about 200 times less than that of chymotrypsin.3. The strong inactivating power of intestinal muscle on substance P, shown by Gullbring (1943), has been confirmed. This proteolysis principle has been highly purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate.4. A proteolytic factor with the same pH optimum has also been found in other smooth muscle organs, such as the urinary bladder, ureter and uterus of the guinea‐pig and the rabbit.5. Since bradykinin is inactivated by extremely small amounts of chymotrypsin but resistant to trypsin, it offers a sensitive and rapid method for checking the purity of trypsin preparations.
The Effects of‘ Muscle ExtractrJ on the Oxidation of Pnlmitic Acid by Liver Slices and Homogenates1
Authors: FRITZ IRVING 
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclnsions.A partially purified, protein‐free rat muscle extract both raised the oxygen consumption and increased the conversion rate of C14‐carboxyl‐labeled palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates. It was shown that the active factor(s) induced a relatively higher total activity in ketones than in CO2 when the C14‐labeled substrates were glucose, acetate, or palmitate. The presence of the factor(s) in cat plasma were demonstrated under certain conditions, and it was shown that carnitine addition to the incubation media duplicated part, but not all, of the actions of muscle extract. Various probable constituents of muscle extracts were eliminated as possible contributing factors in the effects elicited by addition of muscle extracts. The significance of the findings was discussed.
The Electrophysiology of the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG. ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The electrophysiology of the submaxillary gland of the cat has been studied with external and intracellular electrodes.The external chorda electrogram led off between the hilus and the free surface of the gland is not constant except for the initial, fast hilus‐positivity. After this initial phase, a slow phase appears, which may be hilus‐negative or, as in the sympathetic electrogram, hilus‐positive.When recording over the duct wall inside the hilus, stimulation of the chorda or of the sympathetic nerve results in negativity of the duct interior. The time course of this potential change resembles that of the slow phase of the respective external electrogram.In experiments with microelectrodes, three types of responses were identified, the differentiation depending on the magnitude of the membrane potential, as well as on the sign and time course of the potential change occurring on stimulation of the secretory nerves. It is assumed that these potentials are recorded from single cells.Response type I, originating from gland cells, has a resting potential over the outer membrane of about 22 mV (cell interior negative). Stimulation of either of the secretory nerves increases the potential over the outer membrane to 45—60 mV, the latency and time course of this increase being similar to that of the initial phase of the external electrogram. It is suggested that the direction of current flow signifies that the lumen of the acinus is becoming positive to the cell interior.Response type II, with a resting membrane potential of about 33 mV, is less often found. Single shocks to the chorda increase the internal negativity for 7—10 sec., whereas repetitive stimulation of the sympathetic nerve results in decreased internal negativity. There is no indication that these potentials have any equivalents in the external electrogram.Response type III, with a resting internal negativity of 80 mV, is found only in the depth of the gland. Stimulation of either of the secretory nerves decreases this internal negativity, the time course being similar to that of the potential change recorded over the wall of the duct. It is suggested that this response originates from the cells of the striated tubuli, and that in addition to the potential change over the outer membrane directly measured, there is at activity also a potential change over the inner membrane with the sign that the lumen becomes negative to the cell interior.The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism of secretion and of problems concerning the innervation of gland cells is discussed.
Comparison of Intestinal and Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D in Relation to Dosage.
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , LINDQUIST BERTIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In young rats the intestinal absorption of Ca was increased as much by 10 I. U. of vitamin D as by 1,000 I. U. On the other hand, the effect on bone resorption was much more marked after the higher dose.
The Content of Mast Cells in the Pleural Membranes, Pericardium and Liver Capsule of Cattle and Horse. A comparison with earlier observations and assays of heparin and of histamine in these tissues
Authors: Wegelius Otto 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The number of mast cells per area and volume have been counted in the pleura, pericardium and capsula hepatis of cattle and horse.The capsula hepatis of cattle contains a 5—10 times larger number of mast cells than the other tissues. The pleura pulmonalis showed a content of mast cells which was only a fraction of that in the liver capsule. The high histamine content found by Riley and coworkers when analyzing ox pleura seem to indicate that histamine is liberated not only from the mast cells, but also from other elements of the tissues.
Acetylcholine Splitting Enzymes in Salivary Glands after Prolonged Treatment with Pilocarpine and an Atropine‐Like Substance
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effects of prolonged treatment with pilocarpine and Hö 9980 on the activity of acetylcholine splitting enzymes and on the sensitivity to acetylcholine and adrenaline in normal and denervated salivary glands of the cat were studied. Hö 9980, piperidino‐aethyl‐diphenylazetamid hydrochloride, Hoechst, is a substance with an atropine‐like action. The submaxillary glands were preganglionically denervated and the parotid glands postganglionically denervated.A. Subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine twice a day for 8—12 days were found to produce the following effects:I. Submaxillary glands:Sensitivity. The supersensitivity to acetylcholine regularly found after denervation was prevented in the submaxillary gland; the secretory effect of acetylcholine after treatment was even less than on normal non‐treated glands.Enzymic activity. The difference in cholinesterase activity between a denervated and an innervated gland was abolished.II. Parotid glands:Sensitivity. The denervation supersensitivity to adrenaline and acetylcholine of the postganglionically denervated parotid gland was lessened or abolished.Enzymic activity. The pronounced difference in cholinesterase activity between a postganglionically denervated and a normal parotid gland was almost abolished.B. Subcutaneous injections of Hö 9980 once a day for two weeks were found to produce the following effects:I. Submaxillary glands:Sensitivity. The sensitivity of the normal submaxillary gland to adrenaline was increased to about the level reached after denervation (confirming Emmelin and Henriksson 1953).Enzymic activity. The relation in cholinesterase activity between a normal and a denervated gland was not materially affected.II. Parotid glands:Sensitivity. The secretory effect of adrenaline on the normal parotid gland was equal, after treatment with the drug, to the secretory effect on the postganglionically denervated gland; the difference otherwise brought about by denervation being abolished.Enzymic activity. No effect on the cholinesterase activity neither in the denervated nor in the normally innervated parotid gland could be demonstrated; the marked fall in enzymic activity after postganglionic denervation could still be found.The findings are discussed in relation to the theory claiming enzyme decrease as the cause of supersensitivity after denervation.
Tyramine as a Secretory Agent in the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The secretory effect of tyramine on variously treated submaxillary glands was investigated. It was found that:1. Previous parasympathetic denervation causes a supersensitivity to tyramine.2. Previous sympathetic denervation abolishes the response to tyramine.3. Long‐continued treatment with an atropine‐like drug (Hoechst 9980) causes a supersensitivity to tyramine.4. Long‐continued treatment with pilocarpine abolishes the supersensitivity to tyramine otherwise found after parasympathetic denervation.Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Amine Oxidase in Salivary Glands after Prolonged Treatment with Pilocarpine or an Atropine‐like Substance
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Long‐continued treatment with pilocarpine prevents the fall in amine oxidase activity and the supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in salivary glands that otherwise follow parasympathetic denervation.2. Long‐continued treatment with a parasympathicolytic agent (Hö 9980, Hoechst) causes a fall in amine oxidase and a supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in salivary glands.This work was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Medicine in Lund.Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Effect of Adrenaline, Nor adrenaline, Isopropyl Nor adrenaline and Ephedrine on Tone and Lactic Acid Formation in Bovine Tracheal Muscle
Authors: MOHYE‐LUNDHOLM ELLA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The relaxing and the lactic acid forming effects on bovine tracheal muscle of adrenaline, nor adrenaline, isopropyl‐nor adrenaline and ephedrine were compared.All four drugs had both a relaxing and a lactic acid forming effect. The degree of relaxation tended to run parallel with the rise in lactic acid content.Drugs inhibiting glycol sis totally abolished the relaxing effect of all sympathomimetic amines that were studied.The concentrations of l‐adrenaline. l‐nor adrenaline, dl‐isopropyl‐nor adrenaline and 1‐ephedrine producing a maximal relaxing effect had a ratio of 1: 2: 10: 350.
Conduction Velocity and Amplitude of the Action Potential as Related to Circumference in the Isolated Fibre of Frog Muscle
Authors: HAKANSSON C. H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Conduction velocity and amplitude of the action potential and fibre circumference were measured in isolated frog muscle fibres in a large volume of Ringer's solution.2. Conduction velocity was found to be a linear function of fibre circumference.3. The velocity in a fibre of 100 μ diameter (circumference 314 μ) at 20°C was 2.44 & 0.05 m/sec. for spring frogs and 2.05 & 0.07 m/sec. for winter frogs. The total range in eonduction velocity at 20°C was 1.2–3.1 m/sec. for spring frogs and 1.0–2.76 m/sec. for winter frogs.4. The amplitude of the action potential, both at constant distance from the fibre surface and at 500 μ from the midpoint of the fibre, was relatively greater in fibres with large than in fibres with small circumference.5. The amplitude decreased steeply with electrode distance from the fibre up to 200 μ, and reached one tenth of the maximally measured value at a distance of about 600 μ.At equal distance the amplitude was 20 per cent smaller when the electrode faced the rounded side of an elliptical fibre, than when it faced the flat surface (large diameter twice the small).6. The findings with respect to conduction velocity and amplitude as a function of circumference are interpreted to indicate that the specific electrical properties of the membrane differ according to fibre size.
Reactions of Hedgehogs, Hibernating and Non‐hibernating, 40 the Inkahtion of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
Authors: BIÖRCK GUNNAR , JOHANSSON BENGT , SCHMID HANS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Hibernating and non‐hibernating hedgehogs were exposed to pure nitrogen an various mixtures of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Respectively. Temperature, respiratory rate, Heart rate and elec‐trocardiograpliic details were examined.Anoxia was tolerated by the hibernating hedgehogs for one to two hours. By the non‐hibernating animals for three to five minutes. Hibernating hedgehogs reacted upon prolonged anoxia with a, de crease in heart and respiratory rate. P—R and QRS duration increased, while Q—T was unchanged. In non‐hibernating animals respiratory and heart rates rapidly decreased. P—R and QRS did not change. while Q T decreased. In both groups the QRS‐amplitude decreased.Inhalation of 3 % carbon dioxide in oxygen resulted in no significant increase in respiratory rate, whereas 6 % and 9.5 % carbon dioxide provoked an increase in respiratory and heart rate with no consistent changes of the electrocardiogram, in both groups. The increase in respiratory ratc in non‐hibernating animals was somewhat greater than in guinea‐pigs, and in hibernating ones somewhat lower.,
The Rate of Elimination of Catechol Amines in Lymph
Authors: CELANDER OLOV , MELLANDER STEFAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The inactivation of adrenaline and nor adrenaline in lymph collected from cats and. in one case, from a human being, was studied.2. In lymph the sympathetic hormones are fairly stable and even after several hours at 38° C the loss is small. Denaturation of the lymph proteins accelerates the inactivation rate of the sympathetic hormones.3. It is concluded thatin vivodestruction of adrenaline and nor adrenaline is strictly bound up with the tissue cells and that the extra cellular fluid rather to some extent prevents catechol amine destruction, a mechanism probably connected with its protein content.
Physiological Dead Space and Alveolar Gas Pressures at Rest and during Muscular Exercise
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The respiratory dead space (physiological dead space) calculated from the Bohr formula on the basis of arterial pCO2 has been determined on 4 young healthy subjects at rest and during light to heavy muscular work.It was found that the physiological dead space during work increased with the tidal volume from an average value of about 170 cc at rest to about 350 cc during work at a tidal volume of about 3.3 liters. The values were nearly the same when breathing atmospheric air and when breathing air with a low oxygen content (about 12.5% O2 in inspired air).In muscular work with tidal volumes higher thait about 1.5 liters the arterial pCO2 was found to be 2 to 3 mm Hg higher than the alveolar pCO2 calculated from the Bohr formula using a constant dead space at modum Krogh and Lindhard. The arterial pCO2 was on the other hand in heavy work found to be about 3 mm Hg lower than the alveolar pCO2 determined by direct sampling (end‐normal expiration method). The alveolar pCO2 determined by direct sampling was in heavy work found to be ahout 6 mm Hg lower than the alveolar pCO2 calculated from Bohr's forniula using the physiological dead space for CO2. The possible reasons for the differences are discussed in the text.
Volume Conduction of the Spike of‘ the Motor Unit Potential Investigated with a New Type of Multielectrode
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , GULD CHRISTIAN , ROSENFALCK POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The spike of motor unit potentials was investigated in the human brachial biceps by means of a multielectrode containing twelve small leading‐off surfaces distributed over a length of 2.5 mm (Fig. 3).Within a distance of 0.38 mm the spike amplitude decreased to one tenth of its maximum value (Figs. 6, 7).The duration of the positive‐negative deflection of the spike averaged 136 μsec (36.50 C) at the lead with maximum response. increasing by 100 μsec over the distance at which amplitude had fallen to one tenth of its maximum value (Table 2).The six times longer duration of the total motor unit potential than of its spike component is due to superposition of temporally dispersed spike potentials from more distant parts of the motor unit (Table 2).Applying volume conduction analysis to the motor unit spikes classified in three groups according to maximum amplitude, the relation was determined between spike amplitude and distance from the axis of the potential source. The logarithm of spike
Twitch Contractions of Isolated Flight Muscle of Locusts
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , WEIS‐FOGH TORKEL , ROSENFALCK POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A new type of myograph (Fig. 1) was used to study the mechanical changes during twitch contractions of the striated, longitudinal flight muscle of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria.) The changes in length and in force could be recorded simultaneously or in quick succession. The results are interpreted by comparison mainly with striated muscle of the frog.The flight muscle is specialized in three ways: (1) the passive elastic system in parallel with the contractile system is so strong and adjusts itself so quickly to alterations in muscle length that passive elastic forces are important even at the length in the body and may become dominating when the muscle is stretched by only five or ten per cent above this length. Only a minor fraction of these passive forces are due to the sarcolemma. (2) Although the “active state” curve is of the same shape as that of the frog muscle, the duration of the activation lasts for such a short time that there is little time for shortening to develop. When the load on the contractile component was optimal for work production (0.3 P0; Fig. 7B), the shortening only amounted to 3 or 4 per cent of the muscle length (11° C; Fig. 6), as compared with about 25 per cent in frog muscle at 0° C. (3) In the flying locust the wing stroke frequency (= twitch frequency) is equal to or little less than the frequency at which mechanical summation begins at the thoracic temperature for flight (30° to 42° C); since the oxygen debt is insignificant, the metabolic recovery must be complete by the end of the mechanical change. It may be added that contrary to frog muscle, the twitch force of flight muscle increased with rising temperature.If parallel elastic forces are allowed for, the mechanical properties of the contractile or “active” components are similar to those in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. This applies both to the force parameter a in Hill's equation and to the velocity parameter b as well as to the relationship between “active” work and load. The shortening velocity reached a maximum at the beginning of the shortening; in contrast to findings in frog muscle it declined linearly with time from then on so that no phase of constant velocity exists. The series elastic element appeared to be of the same nature as in frog muscle but may be twice as stiff.The existence of a strong, passive elasticity in parallel with the contractile system, even at the length in the body, must be taken into consideration for an understanding of the mechanics of flight muscle in addition to the active state curve, the series elastic element, and the force‐velocity relation.We thank Dr. J. W. R. Pringle, F. R. S., for his comments upon the manuscript.
Secretory Potentials in the Sublingual Gland of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The sublingual gland of the cat has been used for electrophysiological measurement of the external current flow as well as intracellular potentials and the potential of the lumen of the gland cell tubules at rest and during activity.The external chorda electrogram is hilus‐negative. After passing through an initial maximum, it declines to about half its maximal size, often displaying slow oscillations. Also the external sympathetic electrogram is hilus‐negative.Only one type of microelectrode response was encountered in this gland. The resting potential over the outer gland cell membrane is about 33 mV (internal negativity). On stimulation of the chorda this potential difference increases to 50–65 mV, the latency of the potential change being about 1 second and the rate of rise 30–40 mV/sec. The latency as well as the initial time‐course of this potential change is similar to that of the initial phase of the external chorda electrogram. Also with stimulation of the sympathetic nerve the potential difference over the outer membrane increases.The resting potential over the inner gland cell membrane is a few mV larger than over the outer membrane (cell interior negative). On repetitive stimulation of the chorda there is initially little or no potential change, but with continued stimulation the potential difference over the inner membrane usually, but not always, increases by 10–15 mV.The potential change recorded between the lumen and the external medium has a time‐course similar to that of the external electrogram.