bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation Mechanism of Oestrogenic Hormones
Authors: CLAESSON LENNART , HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By means of polarisation optical and histochemical methods we have succeded in demonstrating the presence of a sterol of cholesterol type – probably indentical with cholesterol – in the interstitial gland and in theca interna of the rabbit ovary. The amount of this sterol varies according to the sexual phase: during oestrous, pregnancy and pseudo‐pregnancy it is found to be stored in the cells in large amounts, while the immature or anoestrous ovaries on the other hand show either none or only very small amounts.The majority of the sterol is present in the ovary in the form of ester. It is biologically inactive.In case of forced secretion of oestrogenic hormones (coitus, injection of gonadotrophic hormone) the sterol is mobilised from the ovaries. If an intense gonadotrophic stimulation is applied, this mobilisation may be completed within the course of some few hours, and the amount of sterol falls from high to very low values. This indicates that the demostrated sterol is intimately connected with the formation of oestrogenic hormones.The results obtained in the course of our investigations suggest that the sterol is the precursor of the oestrogenic substances formed in the rabbit ovary.
The Effect of Adrenaline and Related Compounds on the Permeability of Isolated Frog Skin to Ions.
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Isolated skin of the frog when bathed on the inner side with Ringer solution and on the outer side with water will loose salt from the Ringer solution to the water. This loss is greatly increased when adrenaline is added to the Ringer solution. Adrenaline may be active even at a concentration of about 1: 108. The red oxidation products of adrenaline (adrenochrome?) is —if at all — less active than adrenaline. Adrenoxyl in a concentration of 1: 105 is without any influence on the permeability of the skin.
The Importance of the Stalk Connexion for the Power of the Anterior Pituitary of the Rat to React Structurally upon Ceasing Thyroid Function.
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Complete section of the pituitary stalk in the rat prevents hypertrophy and vacuolization from arising in the basophil cells of the anterior hypophyseal lobe after thyroidectomy. If the pars tuberalis connexion is left intact, however, these cell‐changes do not fail to appear. When the posterior and middle lobes have been extirpated, typical cell‐changes arise in the anterior lobe after thyroidectomy.The changes in the basophil cell‐picture are interpreted as a morphological sign of an increased thyrotropic function. Therefore, the thyrotropic function of the anterior pituitary lobe is regarded as highly dependent on the stalk connexion with the hypothalamus. The system composed of the hypothalamus, stalk and anterior lobe reacts to thyroid insufficiency independently of the intermediate and posterior lobes and the nerve fibres running through them. The view that the thyrotropic function of the anterior lobe is essentially controlled without the assistance of the stalk seems to be untenable.
Nucleic Acids and Cytological Changes in the Thyroid Gland after Thiouracil.l
Authors: R̂CER̂ÂBEK JAROSLAV , R̂CER̂CR̂BEK EMMY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1) By the action of thiouracil the follicular cell is not brought into the state of physiological inactivity and it shows signs of apparent secretion which differ however in details remarkably from the effective secretion stage.2.) The quantity of follicular cells in mitosis is temporarily increased to the multiple. This disturbance is the result of the inhibition of caryokinesis in the stage of metaphase.3) The absolute quantities of ribonucleic and of desoxyribonu‐cleic acid are considerably reduced.4) The ratio KNA/DNA shows a decrease to a fractional part of the normal value, according to the increase of the cell mass.
The Regulation of the Body‐temperature during Work Performed with the Arms and with the Legs
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN. MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Experiments were performed in which the increase in rectal temperature was measured during ergometer exercise with the arms and with the legs.It was found that at a given output of energy, and at a given production of heat, the increase in temperature was larger with leg‐work than with arm‐work.Temperature measurements in the stomach showed that this difference was not due to the proximity during leg‐work of the working muscles to the measuring thermocouple.Experiments with leg‐work a t sea level and a t a simulated alti‐tude of 4,000 m showed no difference in the temperature increase, indicating that a more anaerobic condition and a more pronounced subjective feeling of strain have no effect on the thermoregulatingcentre during work.It is concluded that the different “setting” of the heat dissi‐pating centre during work with the arms and with the legs possibly is due to a different set of nervous impulses, efferent and reflex, reaching the centre during the two kinds of work.
Comparative Tests of the Thiosulphate and Creatinine Clearance in Rabbits and Cats
Authors: BING JENS , EFFERSØE POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In rabbits, simultaneous determinations have demonstrated identity between creatinine and thiosulphate clearances in 9 tests though for two other animals the values for the thiosulphate clearance were slightly lower than for the creatinine clearance.
In cats, on the other hand, the thiosulphate clearance when the plasma thiosulphate concentrations are low may have a value twice as high as that of the creatinine clearance,.whereas with a rising plasma thiosulphate concentration the difference approaches 0. Presumably the explanation is that the cat kidney can secrete thiosulphate.
On the Blood Supply to the Brain during Acceleration
Authors: ÅKESSON SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The possibility that the blood circulation in the brain, in an erect position, particularly under the influence of higher degrees of positive acceleration, is facilitated by a siphonic effect (fig. 1) is discussed. A prerequisite for this is that the vessels do not close at any point of the siphon. The weak points are the jugular veins and the small vessels in the brain. Direct measurements of the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid during compression tests on the neck show that the jugular veins are far more pressure‐resistant than was earlier believed. It seems plausible that the small vessels in the brain are, in the first place, protected from collapse by the hydrostatic equilibrium between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. In all probability, a local artery‐dilating mechanism, at imminent over‐pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid, will contribute towards keeping the vessels open. It has been shown in Man that the pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid can be raised to degrees above the probable pressure in the cerebral capillaries without loss of consciousness and without any significant increase of the blood pressure.
The Influence of g‐Strophanthin on Hypodynamic and Anoxic Heart Muscle of the Frog
Authors: LTJNDIN GUNNAR , STRÖM GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Our observations indicate that:Ghstrophanthin has a positive inotropic effect on hypodyna‐mic heart muscle of the frog.The rise in contraction power produced by g‐strophanthin restores the extra tension developed during contraction to the assumed “normal” value and not higher.If the partial pressure of oxygen surrounding the muscle is below a certain value, or if glycolysis is interfered with, g‐strophanthin does not restore the extra tension during contraction to the “normal” value.G‐strophanthin does not influence the diastolic tension or the excitability before the appearance of the toxic phase.
Phosphatase in Cats with Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: DALGAARD JØRGEN B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It has been maintained that the serum phosphatase of cats does not increase after common bile duct ligation as it does in other animals and man, but this assumption seems weakly supported.The present material comprises 39 cats in 10 of which the common bile duct has been ligated. The phosphatase is estimated by a modified Buch and Buch (King and Armstrong) method. The variability of serum phosphatase is appreciable but a few normal variations are noticed: Young cats have a high level. During pregnancy the phosphatase increases. The mean value for female cats is slightly higher than for males. 40 hours of fasting affords only an inconspicuous decrease.All cats with ligated common bile duct display an increase in serum phosphatase which begins on the 3rd day, reaches a maximum between the 4th and 17th day and then gradually decreases again. (See the mean curve, Fig. 3.) In one cat the bile flow was re‐established after two weeks of bile‐stasis and the serum phosphatase dropped to the normal level within a few days.Phosphatase in bile which is normally very high, decreases after common bile duct ligation.Urinary phosphatase vary very much normally. In the present material it does not increase during bile‐stasis. The hypothesis that the cat is able to compensate an increase in serum phosphatase by an increased output through the kidneys must therefore be abandoned. This is in keeping with the findings in cats with simultaneous common bile duct ligation and nephrectomy. Such animals do not show increase of serum phosphatase.In vitro experiments show that urea inhibits phosphatase.The investigation shows that with regard to phosphatase during obstructive jaundice, the cat differs less from other animals than was previously supposed.
The Effect of Variations in Oxygen Tension on the Lymph Flow
Authors: BEZNAK A. B. L. , LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In anesthetized cats and dogs the lymph flow from the right thoracic duct slowed down by about 30 per cent on an average, if the animal was breathing pure oxygen. This result was obtained during spontaneous as well as during constant artificial respiration after curarization. The lymph flow from the left thoracic duct reacted in the same way to oxygen, though the reduction was smaller and less regular. Simultaneous recording of the intestinal movements showed an increase during oxygen breathing. It seems probable that the effect of oxygen inhalation is due to alteration of the permeability of the capillaries or the colloid osmotic pressure, or both. With regard to the lungs a blocking effect of the dilatated precapillaries on the lymphatics seems possible.Acetyl choline was found to increase the lymph flow from the right thoracic duct in a similar way to what is known as to its effect on the left thoracic duct. In both cases the effect diminished under the influence of oxygen breathing.The finding that the lymph flow increases during oxygen want as well as during increased expiratory resistance has been confirmed.
On Proteins in Regenerating Rat Liver. I. Phosphomonoesterases
Authors: NORBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The phosphomonoesterase activities of regenerating rat's liver after lobectomy has been estimated at pH 4.8, 5.2, 6.1 and 9.5. From the liver‐weight at death and the calculated liver residue on operation the total number of enzyme units produced during regeneration is calculated. The acid phosphatases essentially regenerate parallel to the liver mass. The alkaline esterase increases enormously, four fold already on the first day, and it reaches a maximum on the second day at 700% of the starting value. A functional relationship between the regeneration process and the phosphatases is assumed.
The Influence of the Corticotropic Hormone from Ox on the Active Salt Uptake in the Axolotl
Authors: JOHNSEN VALBORG KOEFOED , USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The influence of the adrenocorticotropic hormone on the salt balance in axolotls has been studied.Injection of the hormone was found to increase the salt uptake through the skin of the animals.
Scotopic Dominator and State of Visual Purple in the Retina
Authors: DONNER K. O. , GRANIT RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Single spikes have been recorded by the micro‐electrode technique from the retina of the fully dark adapted decerebrate cat, the aim being to determine the curve of the scotopic dominator with a maximum degree of accuracy in order to find out whether it corresponds with the visual purple (V. P.) distribution of sensitivity as known from work on retinal extracts.The pure on‐elements and some of the on/off‐elements gave a curve slightly narrower than the V. P. curve (e. g. figs. 1 and 2).Some on/off‐elements behaved differently. There were humps in the long and short wave‐lengths in the regions where previously modulators have been noted. In some elements unexpectedly large values were obtained at 0.420 μ (e. g. figs. 3–6).It is concluded that, since the V. P. chromophore would be a complex structure with several conjugated double bonds, it may exist in the retina in states of different probability depending upon the free radicals and the receptor proteins.
The Chemical Transmission of Vasoconstrictor Impulses to the Hind Limbs of the Dog
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The transmitter of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses to the hind limbs of the dog lacks vasodilator action. The transmitter is not adrenaline. It night be nor‐adrenaline or a substance with similar biological properties.
Action of Acetylcholine, Adrenaline and Nor‐adrenaline on the Coronary Blood Flow of the Dog
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , FROST JØRGEN , UVNAS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Acetylcholine has a pronounced dilator action on the coronaries of the dog. The observation is in agreement with our previous suggestion that the sywpathetic coronary dilator fibres in the dog are cholinergic.
The Effect of Fasting on Nnscle Phosphorylase Activity in the Rat
Authors: LUNDBæK KNUD , GORANSON EWALD S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The resting niuscle of the fed rat was found to contain a mixture of phosphorylase a and b. The total phosphorylase activity as well as the relative proportion of phosphorylase n was observed to increase during fasting and to decrease on re‐feeding.The change in the relative proportion of the two forms of phosphorylase suggests an alteration in the activity of the prostetic‐group removing (PR) enzyme.The possible significance of these changes as a mechanism regulating the mobilization of niuscle glycogen during starvation is discussed.
The Vasodilator Action of Adenosine Triphosphate
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.ATP is a potent vasodilator agent, the minimal active doses amounting to 1/5–1/15 of those of acetylcholine when calculated as equiniolar concentrations. The vasodilator action seems to be due to a direct action on the vessels. On intravenous injection ATP is rapidly destroyed, presumably in the lungs.
Liberation of Adrenaline from the Suprarenals Caused toy Bile Salts
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Bile salts, injected into the central stump of the coeliac artery in an eviscerated cat cause an output of adrenaline from the suprarenal medulla. This effect, which is not abolished by previous injections of nicotine or antihistamine compounds, is supposed to be due to a lytic action of the bile salts on the cells of the suprarenal medulla.
The Action of Corticotropic and Adrenal Cortex Hormones on the Mammary Gland
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The action of adrenocorticotrophin and the adrenal cortex hormones on the mammary gland is studied on parabiotic rats.The main findings supporting the view that neither adrenocorticotrophin nor the adrenal cortex hormones are essential for the normal growth and development of the mammary gland are:

In spite of a persistent atrophy of the adrenals, mammary gland growth can be promoted in the hyp. ect. co‐twin of a partner with intact hypophysis injected with estrogens.
Ablation of the adrenal glands does not inhibit the hypertrophy of the mammary glands of the co‐twin of a castrated mate.
When a hyp. ect. rat is joined in parabiosis with an adrenalec‐tomized, castrated partner, the atrophy of the adrenal glands otherwise occurring after hyp. ect. is prevented. In spite of persistent hypertrophic ovaries growth and development of structures normally present in a well developed mammary gland do not occur. However, a peculiar hyperplasia of the epithelium surrounding large ducts of the mammary gland is observed. The significance of the changes induced in the epithelium is obscure.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed in part by a grant from Medicinska Fakulteten, Lund. The author extends thanks to Miss Gunhild Hansson and Miss Inga Lundberg for skilful technical assistance in support of this work.
The Influence of Anoxia on Lactate Utilization in Man after Prolonged Muscnlar Work
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A slight modification of Barker and Summerson's method of lactic acid determination is described.The rates of lactate utilization, urinary lactate excretion and blood glycolysis during recovery from prolonged muscular exercise were studied in two subjects working on a bicycle ergometer. The results indicate that under the specified conditions

the rate of lactate utilization is not significantly altered by anoxia caused by inhalation of low percentage oxygen mixtures.
the rate of blood glycolysis is low compared with the utilization rate of lactate and is independent of the blood lactate level.
the rate of urinary lactate excretion is very low compared with the utilization rate of lactate. and is independent of anoxia. The difficulties in determining the chemical order of the lactate utilization processes are discussed.
Studies on Local Anesthetics. Pharmacological Properties of Homologaes and Isomeres of Xylocnin (Alkyl Amino‐Acyl Derivatives)
Authors: GOLDBERG LEONARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Pharmacological properties of fifteen homologues and isonieres of xylocain, being alkyl‐amino‐acyl derivatives (table 1) were investigated. All compounds were tested in a 2 % solution, pH adjusted to 5.8–5.9.The convulsive dose (CD50) varied between 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg, the lethal dose (LD50) between 0.3 and 2 g/kg; both were established in white mice.All compounds caused a fall in the rabhit's blood pressure. In combination with adrenaline a concentration of more than 1: 333,000 (3 μg/ml) increased blood pressure.The compounds were potent local anesthetics, causing a surface anesthesia on the rabbit's eye with an absolute duration of 12–70 minutes and a total demotion of 4–7 hours.The infiltration anesthesia in dermal wheals in guinea‐pigs lasted in a 1 % and 2 % solution up to 300 minutes; addition of adrenaline 1: 50,000 (20 μg/ml) caused a marked increase, showing the compatibility with adrenaline.The irritant effect varied for the different compounds, xylocain and LL 31 (2,4,6) being not irritant neither in the rabbit's ear nor in man.A relation between chemical constitution and pharmacological action was assumed and varied for each property studied.
Interruption of Afferent Pain Paths from the Stomach by Nerve and Root Sections in the Cat
Authors: INBERG K. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A constant form of stimulation was obtained through distension of the stomach by means of a thin‐walled rubber bag inflated to a certain pressure. A different grade of distension was used. Recording of carotid blood pressure and respiration was carried out according to well‐known physiological methods.
A typical response in its general course followed the distension under light chloralose anesthesia. The absolute blood pressure figures showed considerable variations. A trans‐hial subdiaphrag‐matic resection of both vagi caused no inhibition of the vascular and respiratory response. Cutting the 6th to 12th dorsal roots bilaterally abolished the respiratory response and the immediate blood pressure rise. Some rise of blood pressure occurring slowly often remained.
Consequently the splanchnic nerves seems not to be the only path for pain from the stomach. Pain impulses may be transmitted by cerebro‐spinal fibres ending in the lesser omentum. A dual transmission of pain from the stomach is only assumed in anatomical sense. A physiological distinction is not justified.
Pulling the stomach may cause a rise in carotid pressure by intact splanchnics. A fall in blood pressure could be noted after the same procedure when a number of important paths for pain from the stomach had been interrupted by section of this nerve.
Some Observations Concerning the Pathophysio‐logical Effects on the Human Skin Caused by the Stinging Jellyfish (Cynnea Cnpillata)
Authors: KRISTENSON ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It appears that there is a special organ in the skin which gives rise to this burning sensation, heat, and which as a rule is topographically‐anatomically closely connected with the organs of perception of warmth and cold. The toxin from the active tentacles of the so‐called stinging jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) causes hypersensitivity in this organ, but does not noticeably affect other skin sensations. Then this organ is hypersensitive owing to the effect of jellyfish toxin, it reacts to inconsiderable variations in temperature for 12–24 hours afterwards. Chloroform can eliminate the perception of cold, but the normal sensation of heat, and sensations of heat arising from small changes in temperature, when the organ is stimulated by jellyfish toxin, remain. In some cases the toxin also has a local effect on the palomino muscles manifesting itself in their spastic contraction. This effect of the toxin explains the subjective sensations after contact with the jellyfish.
Citric Acid in Calcareons Depositions and Similar Formations in Non‐Vertebrates
Authors: THUNBERG T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Citric acid, which is a metabolite regularly occurring in the tissues and fluids of the vertebrates, has also been found in certain non‐vertebrates and in larger concentrations, particularly in concernments containing calcium phosphate. Citric acid can be demonstrated in crayfish stones in an average concentration of 8,100 p. p. m. and in os sepias in an average concentration of 123 p. p. m.