bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Pink Seed of Lentil and Chickpea Caused by Erwinia rhapontici in Canada
Authors: Huang H. C. , Erickson R. S. , Yanke L. J. , Hsieh T. F. , Morrall R. A. A. 
Published: May 2007

A new disease of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) caused by Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkh. was found in seed samples from commercial fields in Saskatchewan, Canada in 2002. Infected seeds had a pink or pinkish-brown discoloration of the seed coat. Isolation from surface-sterilized pink seeds resulted in bacterial cultures that produced a water-soluble pink pigment on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Four isolates from different lentil crops, LRC 8265, LRC 8310, LRC 8309, and LRC 8313 and one isolate from a chickpea crop, LRC 8266, were tested as previously described (2). Results of the tests were identical to those for pink bean isolates of E. rhapontici (2) with the following minor exceptions: all were negative for Voges-Proskauer; LRC 8266 was positive for tagatose; LRC 8266, LRC 8309, and LRC 8313 were negative for lactose; and LRC 8266 and LRC 8309 were positive for 5-keto gluconate. For pathogenicity tests, each isolate was inoculated into 30 pods from 6 lentil plants (cv. Laird), 30 pods from 6 desi chickpea plants (cv. Myles), and 30 pods from 6 kabuli chickpea plants (cv. Sanford) by the method described for pink seed of pea (1) and bean (2). Each pod was inoculated with 0.1 ml (0.2 ml for kabuli chickpeas) of bacterial suspension, approximately 108 CFU/ml, by injection through the mid-rib at the basal end. The same number of uninoculated and water-inoculated pods served as controls. Plants were kept in the greenhouse (20 ± 5°C) for 4 weeks, after which isolations of the pathogen were performed as described above. In duplicate experiments, all the isolates caused pink lesions on pods and seeds of lentil, desi chickpea, and kabuli chickpea. The frequency of infected seeds among the five isolates (four lentil and one chickpea) ranged from 50 to 100% on lentil, 73 to 100% on desi chickpea, and 43 to 100% on kabuli chickpea. E. rhapontici was reisolated from seeds with lesions but not from asymptomatic seeds. The study demonstrates that in addition to pea (1) and common bean (2), E. rhapontici is also the causal agent of pink seed of lentil and chickpea. The observation that lentil isolates can infect chickpea and vice versa suggests that host specificity may be lacking in E. rhapontici. To our knowledge, this is the first record of E. rhapontici on lentil and chickpea. References: (1) H. C. Huang et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12:445, 1990. (2) H. C. Huang et al. Plant Dis. 86:921, 2002.
First Report of Hypocotyl and Root Rot Disease Caused by Pythium deliense on Soybean Sprouts in Korea
Authors: Yun S.-C. , Kim J.-W. 
Published: May 2007

Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) sprouts have been a traditional Korean food for at least 1,000 years. During the summers of 2000 and 2001, severe hypocotyl and root rot occurred on fully grown soybean sprouts, especially in commercial recirculating mass production systems. Brown rot on water-soaked hypocotyls and roots of soybean sprouts caused a 10 to 20% loss in production yield. To investigate the cause, 180 sections of tissue were surface sterilized for 30 s in 75% ethanol and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus with white, aerial mycelia and cultural characteristics of Pythium sp. was isolated consistently. The fungal isolates were identified as Pythium deliense Meurs based on various mycological characteristics (2) on corn meal agar (CMA) and sucrose-asparagine bentgrass leaf culture medium (1). P. deliense oogonia were spherical, smooth, 19 to 23 μm in diameter, and their stalks bent toward the antheridia. The antheridia were the shape of a straw hat, curved club-shaped, terminal or intercalary, monoclinous, occasionally diclinous, 12 to 15 × 8 to 11 μm, and 1 per oogonium (2). In pathogenicity tests, soybean sprouts and the fungus were cultured simultaneously in containers (30 × 30 × 50 cm [W × L × H]) with a daily 3-h showering period at 25°C. There were 8,000 to 10,000 seeds per container inoculated with four plugs of agar inoculum (2 × 2 cm). Inoculum was prepared from 5-day-old fungal cultures grown on PDA. After 6 days, the inoculated soybean sprouts showed the same symptoms as described above, whereas the noninoculated sprouts remained healthy. The fungal pathogen was reisolated from all the inoculated sprouts. P. deliense has never been reported as a pathogen of soybean sprouts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypocotyl and root rot disease caused by Pythium deliense on soybean sprout in Korea. References: (1) J.-W. Kim and E.-W. Park. Kor. J. Mycology 25:276, 1997. (2) A. J. Van der Plaatis-Niterink. Monograph of the genus Pythium. Vol. 21, Studies in Mycology. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Inst. R. Neth. Acad. Sci. Lett. The Netherlands, 1981.
First Report of Swiss Needle Cast Caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on Douglas-Fir in Turkey
Authors: Temel F. , Stone J. K. , Johnson G. R. 
Published: May 2007

Two 15-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) test plantations at Artvin, in the eastern Black Sea Coast Region of Turkey, were inspected in July 2003. Trees in both plantations had yellow-to-brown foliage, and most trees retained only the current year's needles, resulting in sparse tree crowns. Numerous minute, black fruit bodies were present along the rows of stomata on the lower surfaces of needles from both plantations. Laboratory examination revealed that the fruiting bodies that emerged through the stomata were those of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii [Rohde] Petrak, the causal agent of Swiss needle cast (SNC). Although low infection levels are relatively harmless, heavily infected trees lose all but the current year's foliage, with resulting average volume growth reductions of 23 to 52% (2,3). The pathogen occurs throughout the natural range of Douglas-fir in western North America, where it is native, as well as in eastern North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, where both host and fungus have been introduced (1,2). The pathway of introduction of the pathogen to Turkey is unknown. Douglas-fir is the only known host of P. gaeumannii, and the pathogen is not known to be seedborne. Where P. gaeumannii has been introduced outside of western North America, infected nursery stock has been considered the most probable source (1). However, the affected Artvin plantations were established with seedlings produced in Turkey by using seed obtained from various sources. Earlier Douglas-fir plantations in Turkey date from 1953 and were established by using seed originating from France. The possibility that the pathogen could have arrived with untracked Douglas-fir seedlings from outside Turkey imported by arboreta or private nurseries cannot be excluded. Alternatively, scattered Douglas-fir plantations could have served as links between the Artvin infestation and known infested areas in central and eastern Europe, with spread occurring via windborne ascospores, similar to the spread of the pathogen to Denmark from the British Isles (ca. 1930) (1). Presence of severe SNC infections in Douglas-fir test sites at Artvin could hamper efforts to use this species in operational forestry in Turkey. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of Swiss needle cast on Douglas-fir in western Asia. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Oregon State University herbarium (OSC 106394-106403). References: (1) J. S. Boyce. Phytopathology 30:649, 1940. (2) E. M. Hansen et al. Plant Dis. 84:773, 2000. (3) D. Maguire et al. West. J. Appl. For. 17:86, 2002.
First Report of Stem and Root Rot of Tomato Caused by Phytophthora capsici in South Africa
Authors: Labuschagne N. , Thompson A. H. , Botha W. J. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato plants, grown in open hydroponic systems under shadecloth and plastic near Barberton and Pretoria in South Africa and Srelebi Phikwe in Botswana, developed symptoms of wilting with brown-to-black cankers on the lower stems, blackening of the vascular tissues, and root rot. Pathogens isolated from affected tissues were identified as Phytophthora capsici Leonian (1) and Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (2).They occurred separately or together. Pythium aphanidermatum has previously been recorded on tomato in South Africa. P. capsici isolates were papillate, caducous, grew at >36°C, had tapered sporangial bases, and a maximum sporangial length of >70 μm. Koch's postulates were confirmed by inoculating 4-week-old tomato seedlings (cv. Floradade) grown at 22 to 30°C in a steam-pasteurized mixture of sawdust compost, pine bark, and vermiculite (3:2:1). Plugs from V8 juice agar cultures of P. capsici were placed on wounds made on the stems of 10 seedlings. Ten wounded uninoculated plants served as controls. Water-soaked lesions were visible on the stems of all inoculated plants after 2 days. Control plants remained healthy. After 4 days, lesions turned dark brown with affected plants wilted or dead. Reisolation yielded P. capsici. The experiment was repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. capsici on tomatoes in South Africa. References: (1) A. H. Thompson et al. S. Afr. J. Bot. 60:257, 1994.(2) W. Dick. Keys to Pythium. University of Reading Press, Reading, U.K., 1990.
First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Teucrium fruticans
Authors: Cardin L. , Poupet A. , Onesto J. P. 
Published: May 2007

Teucrium fruticans (shrubby germander), family Lamiaceae, is a hardy shrub. Being drought tolerant, it is widespread in the Mediterranean area. Because it is readily propagated through cuttings, it is also planted in hedges. In 1997 and 2000, respectively, yellow chlorotic areas were observed on the foliage of T. fruticans in Saint Jean Cap Ferrat (France) and San Remo (Italy). These symptoms were distinct from those produced by a rust that frequently affects T. fruticans in these areas. Viruses from both locations were identified as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) based on the following: (i) symptoms after mechanical inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc, N. tabacum cv. Samsum, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Vigna unguiculata cv. Black, and Cucumis sativus cv. Poinsett; (ii) the morphology of particles observed in electron microscopy of uranyl acetate stained leaf dips from tobacco; and (iii) positive result from leaves of diseased T. fruticans and mechanically inoculated host plants cited above based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using CMV antisera. On tobacco cv. Xanthi nc, the French (F) and Italian (I) isolates first induced essentially necrotic rings on the inoculated leaves followed by the same systemic symptoms as described above. The two isolates were cloned from local lesions after two successive inoculations in V. unguiculata cv. Black, multiplied in tobacco, purified with the citrate-chloroform method, and stabilized with formaldehyde (1). The serotype determination was made by double immunodiffusion in agar gel with the CMV-D and CMV-To strains and homologous antisera (1,2). The formation of spurs and antigen-antibody lines indicated that both isolates belonged to the ToRS serotype (1). Thirty plants of T. fruticans cv. Azureum, first tested negative for CMV using ELISA, were mechanically inoculated with the F isolate (25 plants) and the CMV-D strain (five plants) and cultivated in a hydroponic system. Three months later, plants inoculated with the F isolate were positive for CMV using ELISA and displayed clear symptoms with chlorotic spots, which were sometimes ring-shaped. As plants mature, symptoms tend to disappear on young shoots. For the CMV-D strain, three plants of five were ELISA positive, but did not show any typical symptoms. This report demonstrates the infection of T. fruticans by CMV and the symptom induction by some CMV isolates. In September 2002, two CMV isolates were collected from T. fruticans in public gardens in Menton (France) and Genoa (Italy). These new isolates have the same characteristics as those described in this report. References: (1) J. C. Devergne and L. Cardin. Ann. Phytopathol. 7:225, 1975. (2) M. H. V. van Regenmortel. Adv. Virus Res. 12:207, 1966.
First Report of Fusarium oxysporum on Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis spp. in Europe
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Gilardi G. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: May 2007

Two types of rocket are available on the market in Italy: (i) Eruca vesicaria (synonym E. sativa) known as ruchetta or cultivated garden rocket; and (ii) several species of Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, D. muralis, and D. tenuifolia), which are wild plants now widely cultivated. Rocket is increasingly used in the mediterranean cuisine as salad and or to decorate dishes. In spring 2002, plants of the cultivated (E. vesicaria) and wild (Diplotaxis spp.) rocket showing symptoms of a wilt disease were observed in several commercial plastic greenhouses near Bergamo, in northern Italy. Wilted plants were first observed during the spring and summer of 2001 when temperatures were between 26 and 35°C. In May 2002, symptoms were again observed in the same area, on the same farm as well as other farms. Although the distribution of the disease was generally uniform, symptoms were more severe in the central part of the greenhouses where temperatures were warmest (30 to 60% of plants were affected). Diseased plants were stunted and chlorotic with brown or black streaks in the vascular system. Vascular tissues of affected plants appeared red or brown. Vascular streaks in the chlorotic leaves extended from the crown and were continuous with a red-brown discoloration in the vascular system of the crown and upper taproot. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic vascular tissues when plated on a Fusarium-selective medium (2). Microconidia measured 8.8 × 3.0 µm. E. vesicaria and Diplotaxis spp. were grown in steam-sterilized soil, and 10 days after emergence they were artificially inoculated by root dipping in a spore suspension (1 × 105 CFU/ml) of three F. oxysporum strains collected from infected plants. Uninoculated plants served as control. Plants (60 per treatment) were grown at 25 to 28°C in growth chambers. Wilt symptoms developed on all plants 20 days after inoculation, and F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum on cultivated rocket in Europe and the first on wild rocket (Diplotaxis spp.) in the world. A wilt of E. sativa attributed to F. oxysporum f. sp. erucae was previously reported in India in 1973 (1). Studies are being carried out to determine if the Italian isolates of F. oxysporum belong to the same formae speciales. References: (1) C. Chatterjee and J. N. Rai. Indian Phytopathol 28:309, 1973. (2) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975.
First Report of Tan Spot of Wheat Caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Peever T. L. , Murray T. D. 
Published: May 2007

In late May 2001, lesions resembling tan spot were observed on lower leaves of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in early boot stage in Nez Perce County, ID. Abundant sporulation was observed from tan lesions with chlorotic haloes after 2 days incubation in a moist chamber at room temperature. Conidia were multicelled, straw colored, approximately 100 × 15 µm, rounded at the apex, and borne singly on dark brown conidiophores. The fungus fit the morphological description of Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoemaker, the anamorphic state of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. (2). Three single-conidial isolates were sampled from infected plants in a 5 × 1 m area of the affected field and induced to sporulate. Two of the isolates were used to spray-inoculate 3-week-old susceptible wheat (cv. Madsen) in the greenhouse (one plant per isolate, 1 × 105 conidia/ml), and tan spot lesions were apparent 3 to 5 days after inoculation with both isolates. DNA was extracted from all three isolates, and the entire nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers (4). Similarly, 610 bp of the 5′ end of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene (gpd) was amplified with gpd-1 and gpd-2 primers (1). ITS and gpd amplicons were direct-sequenced on both strands, and alignment revealed that all three isolates were identical for both regions. A BLAST search of the NCBI database with the ITS sequence revealed P. tritici-repentis accessions AY004808 and AF071348 and D. tritici-repentis accession AF163060 as the closest matches with 100, 99.8, and 98.8% sequence similarity, respectively. A similar search with the gpd sequence revealed P. tritici-repentis accessions AY004838 and AF081370 and P. bromi accession AY004839 as the closest matches with 100, 100, and 99.0% sequence similarity, respectively. These results, coupled with the morphological identification and inoculation results, confirm the identity of the fungus as P. tritici-repentis. Although reported on other grass hosts in the region (3), to our knowledge, this is the first report of tan spot of wheat in the Pacific Northwest. This disease has been of little concern to wheat producers in the Pacific Northwest due to low rainfall and relative humidity during the growing season. References: (1) M. L. Berbee et al. Mycologia 91:964, 1999. (2) M. B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK. 1971. (3) R. Sprague. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America (Fungi, Except Smuts and Rusts). Ronald Press Co. New York, 1950. (4) T. J. White et al. Pages 315–322 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.
First Report of Papaya leaf curl virus Infecting Papaya Plants in Taiwan
Authors: Chang L.-S. , Lee Y.-S. , Su H.-J. , Hung T.-H. 
Published: May 2007

Papaya leaf curl disease was first reported in India in 1939 (1). Caused by begomovirus, Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCV) (2), this disease was discovered in the papaya orchards of southern Taiwan in 2002. Infected papaya developed symptoms such as downward curling of leaves, twisted petioles, vein enation, and stunting. Diseased plants produced small and distorted fruits that tend to fall prematurely. Typical twin virion was observed in the diseased papaya cells by electron microscopy. In addition, our whitefly-transmission test demonstrated that the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) could transmit this virus. For further molecular identification, two opposing primers were selected for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of PaLCV from the published nucleotide sequences of PaLCV (Genbank Accession No. NC004147) (3). The primer pair, composed of the forward primer 5′ -GCT AGA AAT TAT GTC GAA GCG-3′ and the reverse primer 5′-TCA ACT ACA ACC TGA GGA AAG C-3′, was designed to amplify a PaLCV-specific 1,031-bp fragment containing 774 bp of the coat protein gene open reading frame (CP-ORF) using PCR. Five diseased papaya samples with typical leaf-curl symptoms tested positive in the PCR-based assay with this specific primer pair, whereas five healthy papaya samples tested negative. However, the sequencing results of the PCR product from five PaLCV-infected papayas indicated the CP-ORF of PaLCV in Taiwan (PaLCV-Tw) was somewhat different from PaLCV in India (PaLCV-Id). The DNA sequences (Genbank Accession No. AY183472) of CP-ORF of PaLCV-Tw were 80% identical to those of PaLCV-Id, and their translated amino acid sequences were 77% identical. This indicates that PaLCV-Tw and PaLCV-Id are two different species or strains. References: (1) K. M. Thomas and C. S. Krishnaswamy. Curr. Sci. 8:316,1939. (2) S. Saxena et al. Plant Dis. 82:126, 1998. (3) S. Saxena et al. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 45:101, 1998.
First Report of Blackleg Disease Caused by Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in Brazil
Authors: Fernando W. G. D. , Parks P. S. , Tomm G. , Viau L. V. , Jurke C. 
Published: May 2007

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a relatively new crop in Brazil, having been grown there for approximately 8 years. In 2000, leaf lesions and stem cankers were observed in cvs. Hyola 420 and Hyola 401 in farmers' fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Cankered stems were received at the University of Manitoba, Canada, from Rio Grande do Sul for disease identification. Small pieces of the stem were cut from the cankered area, and standard protocol was followed to surface sterilize the stem pieces. Stem pieces were plated on V8 agar medium and incubated under light for 12 days. Typical fungal colonies with concentric rings containing pycnidia formed on the V8 agar. The colony characteristics were typical of the blackleg pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (anamorph = Phoma lingam) (Tode:Fr.) Desmaz.). Blackleg is an economically important and serious disease in many parts of the world including Australia, Canada, the United States, and Europe. L. maculans strains can be characterized in four pathogenicity groups (PG1 through PG4) based on differential testing procedures giving interaction phenotype (IP) reactions (2). Two weeks after plating on V8 media, plates were flooded with sterile distilled water, and pycnidiospores were harvested. Flats of multipots filled with Metro Mix were seeded with three cultivars (Westar, Glacier, and Quinta). One-week-old cotyledons from the three cultivars were inoculated with pycnidiospore suspensions (2 × 107 pycnidiospores per ml) of seven Brazilian isolates, numbered 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, and 18, respectively. Each cotyledon leaf, punctured in the center with a needle, was inoculated with a 10-μl droplet of the inoculum. Disease evaluations were made 11 days after inoculation using a 0 to 9 rating scale (1). This screening was repeated three times from February 2001 to October 2001. After the second repeat, the isolates from Rio Grande do Sul were passed through the highly susceptible canola cv. Westar. Results from all four trials were consistent, and yielded one PG1 isolate (No. 7) and six PG3 isolates. PG1 is classified as a nonaggressive strain, whereas PG3 isolates are classified as aggressive. PG3 isolates would have an IP reaction of 7 to 9, 7 to 9, and 3 to 6 on cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta, respectively. PG2 is the most commonly found aggressive strain in the Canadian prairies. PG3 is predominantly found in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blackleg disease caused by L. maculans on canola in Brazil. Differential testing fulfilled Koch's postulates and determined the PG groups found in Brazil (PG1 and PG3). References: (1) P. A. Delwiche. Genetic aspects of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus) Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1980. (2) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991.