bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testis cancer incidence — suggestion of a world pattern
Authors: Clemmesen Johannes. 
Published: May 2008

Testis carcinoma may be an indicator of damage to the genome, and the increase in morbidity found in various countries may therefore be of wider interest than immediately apparent.Changes in morbidity from testis cancer, and international differences are largely determined by the incidence among younger men. The author has therefore compared rates for the three consecutive five‐year age groups 25 to 39 years from a number of countries with cancer registration.The lowest rates are found for Africans and US negroes, with slightly higher rates found in Asia. Increasing rates are found in Norway, Hamburg, and Denmark where incidence is highest, while Finland shows apparently stable and low rates. It is suggested that rates are increasing in England. Morbidity rates vary in the United States. In Canada, Quebec shows lower rates than other provinces.It is suggested to look for prenatal causative factors.
The effect of patient's delay and doctor's delay in patients with malignant germ cell tumours
Authors: Fossa Sophie Dorothea , Klepp Olbjørn , Elgjo Ragna Følling , Eliassen Gunnar. , Melsom Haakon. , Urnes Tomas. , Wang Mari. 
Published: May 2008

In 103 patients with malignant germ cell tumours the initial clinical diagnosis was incorrect in 45 (44%). The correct diagnosis was established within 2 months in only 31% of the patients, and delayed by more than 6 months in 27%.Stage, distribution and survival were correlated with the histology, but not with the duration of symptoms or the patient's/doctor's delay.Rapidly growing tumours often belonged to the non‐seminornaious group where advanced tumour stages and low survival rates were more common than in the seminoma group.The overall prognosis of patients with malignant germ cell tumours may be increased by an early diagnosis of testicular tumours in non‐symptomatic patients, especially in men with possible risk factors (cryptorchidism, atrophic testis, antecedent contralateral testicular cancer).
Atypical germ cells in testicular biopsy in male sterility
Authors: Sigg Chr. , Hedinger Chr. 
Published: May 2008

Of 2178 patients who underwent testicular biopsy for the investigation of male sterility between 1950 and 1979 at Zürich University, 10 cases with atypical germ cells (AGC) could be demonstrated (corresponding to 0.46%). Based on the clinical course, the cases are subdivided in three groups: 1) subsequent development of a testicular germ cell tumour within the period of a few months (2 patients), 2) development of germ cell tumour following a tumour‐free interval of several years (2 patients) and 3) no tumour development up to the present (6 patients).The presence of AGC, therefore, is of quite varied significance. The possibilities whether they represent a precancerous lesion, a reactive alteration, intratubular spread of frank tumour cells, or stem cells of all kinds of testicular neoplasms, are discussed.
The importance of testicular interstitial fluid in the transport of injected hCG to the Leydig cells
Authors: Sharpe R. M. 
Published: May 2008

High levels of hCG occur in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) following injection of the hormone, and the proportion that is taken up by the testis has been assessed by comparing the concentrations in IF of [125I]hCG and [125I]BSA (i.e. an inert protein) in rats treated with the same total dose of hCG. Adult male rats were injected with a total dose of either 0.5 or 45.5 IU hCG and which included either [125I]hCG or [125I]BSA, and were killed between 2 and 40 h later when the concentrations of the labelled proteins in plasma, IF and testicular tissue were assessed.Treatment with either dose of hCG increased IF levels in the testis at 4–24 h after injection although this increase was much greater (350% v 61%) with the higher dose of hCG. In rats injected with [125I]hCG, the ratio of radioactivity in testicular tissue to that in IF (T/IF) varied between 0.3 and 2.1 depending on the total injected dose of hCG and the time after injection, whilst in rats injected with the same amounts of unlabelled hCG together with [125I]BSA, the T/IF ratio never exceeded 0.09 and remained constant with time. In the latter group, the IF/plasma ratio of [125I]BSA was always significantly higher than in rats injected with [125I]hCG, irrespective of the total dose of hCG injected. The difference between the IF/plasma ratios for [125I]BSA and [125I]hCG gives a measure of how much of the hCG has been removed by testicular uptake. The results show that following injection of either 0.5 or 45.5 IU hCG, the temporal pattern of testicular hCG‐uptake from IF is similar, although proportionately more (50–59%) of the hCG in IF has been taken up within 24 h of injection of the low dose of hCG than with the high dose (32–52%). It is concluded that testicular IF is an important medium for the transport of injected hCG from the blood to the Leydig cells.
Surveillance following orchidectomy for Stage I testicular cancer
Authors: PECKHAM M. J. , BRADA M. 
Published: May 2008

Surveillance following orchidectomy was introduced in the management of Stage I testicular nonseminoma in 1979 and Stage I seminoma in 1983. Of 132 nonseminoma patients followed for 12–84 months (median 43 months) the relapse rate is 27%. Relapses were diagnosed 2–44 months after orchidectomy with 90% of relapses appearing within the first year. Of the 132 patients, 131 are alive and disease‐free. The pattern of relapse was as follows: 47% of relapses occurred in abdominal nodes, 13% in abdominal nodes and lung, 17% in the lung and 23% with elevated serum markers as the only evidence of disease; 26% of relapsing patients had normal serum AFP and hCG levels. The prognostic significance of thirteen clinical histopathological and biochemical factors has been analysed by multiple regression analysis. Histology and lymphatic invasion within the primary tumour are significant independent prognostic factors.A total of thirty‐six patients had scrotal interference prior to removal of the primary tumour. This was not a contra‐indication to surveillance. None has developed scrotal recurrence and the overall relapse rate (11%) is comparable to that observed in the surveillance series as a whole.Fifty‐two patients with Stage I seminoma have been observed from 12–41 months after orchidectomy. Seven (13%) have relapsed and six of the seven relapses have been confined to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Preliminary data suggests that pre‐orchidectomy elevation of serum hCG is not a significant prognostic factor.
Morphometric analysis of the components of the neonatal and the adult rat testis interstitium
Authors: MENDIS‐HANDAGAMA S. M. L. C. , RISBRIDGER G. P. , KRETSER D. M. DE 
Published: May 2008

SummaryLeydig cells in the foetal rat testis are still present at birth and it has been hypothesized that they commence to degenerate immediately after birth, based on the decrease in their volume density (v/v%) with age. In this study the interstitium of the rat testis was studied quantitatively at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 90 days after birth: the latter are considered to be adults. The absolute volumes of connective tissue cells and blood vessels increased with age. The absolute volumes of macrophages and lymphatic spaces were greater at 90 days than at any other age. The absolute volume of foetal Leydig cells per testis was unchanged from 1 to 15 days, despite a decrease in the% volume occupied per testis. The number of foetal Leydig cells per testis did not decline from days 1–20 although on day 20 an average foetal Leydig cell was smaller in volume than at earlier ages (days 1–15). Adult Leydig cells were recognized at day 10 and their absolute volume and number per testis increased from 15 to 90 days. Adult Leydig cells were similar in morphology to foetal Leydig cells at 20 days except for a reduced volume of cytoplasmic lipid.
Proliferation of Sertoli cells during development of the human testis assessed by stereological methods
Authors: CORTES DINA , MÜLLER J. , SKAKKEBÆK N. E. 
Published: May 2008

SummarySertoli cells were studied using stereological methods in testes obtained from five children who were stillborn, and 31 individuals between 3 months and 40 years of age, who had suffered from sudden, unexpected death. The mean nuclear volume of the Sertoli cells, the numerical density of Sertoli cells, and the total number of Sertoli cells per individual were determined by point‐ and profile‐counting of 0.5 μm sections. The nuclear volume of Sertoli cells increased from a median of 120 μm3 (range 53–130) during the period of 3 months to 10 years to 210 μm3 (170–260) in adults (>25 years). The numerical density of Sertoli cells decreased from a median of 1200 times 106/cm3 (870–1400) during childhood (3 months to 10 years) to 140 times 106/cm3 (110–260) in adults (>25 years). The total number of Sertoli cells per individual increased significantly from a median of 260 times 106 (130–520) during the late foetal period to 1500 times 106 (850–2900) in individuals from 3 months to 10 years of age. A further increase was found during puberty as the number of Sertoli cells in adults (>25 years) was 3700 times 106 (2500–5600). These results indicate that significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the population of Sertoli cells take place after birth.
Salivary testosterone levels in infertile men
Authors: GALARD R. , ANTOLÍN M. , CATALÁN R. , MAGAÑA P. , SCHWARTZ S. , CASTELLANOS J. M. 
Published: May 2008

SummarySalivary testosterone levels were measured in 18 normal men, 29 oligospermic and six azoospermic subjects, using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA). There was a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in salivary testosterone levels in the group of oligospermic (0.266 ± 0.086 nmol/l) and azoospermic (0.234 ± 0.055 nmol/l) subjects when compared with controls (0.348 ± 0.070 nmol/l). A good correlation was found between salivary and plasma testosterone levels in normal (r= 0.62, P < 0.01) and infertile men (r= 0.58, P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that salivary testosterone levels, a non‐invasive means of sample collection, may be used for evaluation of androgen status in male infertility.,
Continuous light environment has no effect on the circadian testosterone rhythm, spermatogenesis or fertility of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: KHOLKUTE S. D. , JAYARAMAN S. , KUMAR R. ASOK , PURI C. P. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryMaintenance of adult male marmosets in continuous light for 60 days had no effect on the circadian rhythmicity of plasma testosterone levels, spermatogenesis or fertility. The results indicate that photoperiodicity is not the environmental determinant that regulates reproduction in male marmosets.
Influence of hCG treatment on the metabolism of progesterone and pregnenolone in vitro by the human undescended prepubertal testis
Authors: HAMMAR M. , BERG A. Å:SON , MATHSON KATARINA , LÄCKGREN G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTesticular biopsies were taken from 56 prepubertal and pubertal boys, aged 3–17 years, with undescended testes. The biopsies were incubated in vitro with 3H‐progesterone or 3H‐pregnenolone. Fifteen of the boys had been treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) prior to operation. Nine boys were operated on within 1 week of the last injection of hCG while the others were operated on between 12 days and 2 years after hCG treatment. In non‐treated prepubertal boys very small amounts of substrate were converted by means of the enzymes 3β‐hydroxysteroid‐dehydrogenase and 17α‐hydroxylase and virtually no testosterone was produced. Immediately after treatment with hCG there was a large increase in the conversion of substrate by 17α‐hydroxylase and 3β‐hydroxysteroid‐dehydrogenase. Considerable amounts of testosterone were formed, especially from pregnenolone, while smaller amounts were formed from progesterone. This suggests that testosterone production occurred primarily via the Δ5 pathway, at least beyond the 17α‐hydroxylase‐step. Within 2 weeks of the last hCG injection, steroidogenic activity had decreased towards levels similar to those found in prepubertal testis from untreated boys. These observations indicate that hCG treatment of boys with undescended testes does not result in irreversible or even long‐lasting stimulation of their steroidogenic function.
Comparison between a swim‐up and a Percoll gradient technique for the separation of human spermatozoa
Authors: ÅKERLÖF EVA , FREDRICSON B. , GUSTAFSSON O. , LUNDIN A. , LUNELL N. O. , NYLUND L. , ROSENBORG L. , POUSETTE Å. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTwo methods of separating human sperm were compared using twenty‐two semen samples. The sperm were separated by a swim‐up technique or by self‐migration on a Percoll gradient followed by medium change. After separation, the sperm obtained were assessed for progressive motility, ATP content, energy charge index ([ATP + 0.5 ADP]/[ATP + ADP + AMP]) and morphology. In general, and especially for semen samples containing <20 × 106 sperm/ml, separation by Percoll gradient selected sperm that were superior to those separated by the swim‐up technique. The relatively high energy charge index (<0.8) showed that the sperm tolerated the separation conditions well. It is suggested that self‐migration on a Percoll gradient should prove useful for obtaining sperm of high quality.
Incidence of aetiological factors in testicular obstructive azoospermia
Authors: MIĆIĆ S. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTesticular exploration was performed in 225 azoospermic men with normal sized testes and normal serum levels of FSH. Thirty‐one men had impaired spermato‐genesis and the cause of obstruction was found in 46% of the subjects. Thirty‐two men had a history of genital tract infection while 18 had a history of genital or inguinal surgery. A history of chest disease was noted in 25 men with obstructive azoospermia. Aplasia of the vasa was present in 9.3% of the group. The epididymis was the site of obstruction in 63% of patients but the cause of epididymal obstruction was unknown in 81 of the 141 men.
Changes in the secretion of ABP into testicular interstitial fluid with age and in situations of impaired spermatogenesis
Authors: SHARPE R. M. , BARTLETT J. M. S. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAndrogen‐binding protein (ABP) was measured in serum and testicular interstitial fluid (IF) from rats during sexual maturation or in adult rats in which impairment of spermatogenesis had been induced by (i) testosterone withdrawal following Leydig cell destruction, (ii) local heating (43°C) of the testes for 30 min or (iii) induction of unilateral cryptorchidism (UCD). The changes observed were related to the IF levels of testosterone and, in most instances, to the serum levels of FSH. The levels of ABP in serum and IF decreased together with age, being highest at 30 days, falling steeply by 40 days and then slowly but progressively up to 100 days of age. A similar pattern was observed for serum FSH, except that the initial fall occurred beyond 40 days of age. Treatment with EDS or exposure to local heating caused comparable reductions in testicular weight (25–30% by 7 days after treatment, 50% by 21–28 days) and raised the serum levels of FSH. In both groups the levels of ABP in IF were increased by two‐ to three‐fold while the levels of testosterone were either reduced markedly (EDS‐treatment) or remained unchanged (local heating). In rats made UCD for 60 days, the weight of the abdominal testis was reduced by 75%, compared with the contralateral scrotal testis, while the IF levels of ABP and testosterone were significantly increased (55%) and decreased (90%), respectively. Short‐term (3 days) deprivation of testosterone in adult rats, following immunoneutralization of LH, was without significant effect on IF levels of ABP. It is concluded that ABP secretion into IF is increased in situations of subnormal (or sub‐adult) numbers of germ cells and this is usually associated with high levels of FSH. Measurement of ABP levels in IF should prove of value for the monitoring of Sertoli cell function in vivo and may be of diagnostic use for the detection of changes in germ cell numbers.
Cooling prevents ischaemic testicular damage after spermatic cord clamping in rats
Authors: KELLY M. J. , WHEATLEY R. , SMITH J. H. F. , THOMAS W. E. G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA controlled trial was conducted on four groups of seven rats to evalute any beneficial effect of cooling to 15°C on testicular ischaemia induced by clamping of the spermatic cord for 2, 4, 6 or 8 h. At operation the microscopic appearance of the testes on unclamping was a poor guide to ultimate viability, whereas by the third day macroscopic and microscopic appearances concurred. When killed on the third day, testicular histology demonstrated that increasing periods of clamping led to gross ischaemia and infarction when testes were maintained at 37°C, and this was reduced greatly by testicular cooling. For each period of clamping, maintenance of spermatogenesis, expressed in terms of Johnsen's histological scores, was significant (P<0.01), being 2 (37°C) vs 5.3 (15°C) for 8‐h clamping. It is proposed that testicular cooling should be used during autotransplantation of testes in humans.
Stimulation of calcitonin secretory capacity by increased serum levels of testosterone in men treated with tamoxifen
Authors: SCHOPMAN W. , SLAGER E. , HACKENG W. H. L. , MULDER H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryPrevious studies have suggested that sex steroids, including both oestrogen and testosterone, influence calcitonin secretion. However, a negative effect of gonadotrophins on calcitonin has not been excluded. Twelve men with infertility and low‐normal serum levels of testosterone were studied before and during tamoxifen therapy. Increases in the serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and calcitonin were observed after treatment. Our findings suggest that testosterone has a direct influence on calcitonin secretion.
Transport of transferrin‐bound iron into rat Sertoli cells and spermatids
Authors: TOEBOSCH A. M. W. , KROOS M. J. , GROOTEGOED J. A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTransferrin (Tf), a major secretory protein of Sertoli cells, may transport iron to spermatogenic cells. This was assessed by measuring the uptake of Fe from 59Fe‐125I‐labelled rat Tf by Sertoli cells and round spermatids in vitro. Uptake of Fe from labelled Tf by Sertoli cells after a 72‐h pre‐incubation period was linear for 20 h (approximately 18 pmol/106 cells/20 h), whereas the uptake of Fe from labelled Tf by round spermatids after a 16‐h pre‐incubation period reached a plateau by 2 h (approximately 5 pmol/106 cells/2 h). The corresponding net uptake of Tf by both cell types was <0.1 pmol. High speed supernatants prepared from Sertoli cells and spermatids labelled with 59Fe‐125I‐Tf were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. Separate peaks of protein‐bound 59Fe and 125I‐Tf were observed. Protein bound 59Fe could be precipitated with an antiserum to rat ferritin. It is concluded that iron from exogenous Tf is transported into Sertoli cells and round spermatids in vitro, and is complexed to intracellular ferritin. However, the present results do not exclude the possibility that Sertoli cell Tf may serve purposes other than iron transport.
Developmental pattern of the testicular androgen response to gonadotrophin stimulation in vitro and its modification by chronic hypoprolactinaemia
Authors: KOVAČEVIĆ R. , KRSMANOVIĆ L. , STOJILKOVIĆ S. , SIMONOVIĆ I. , MARIĆ D. , ANDJUS R. K. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryDeveloping male rats were treated chronically with bromocriptine (BR, 3 mg/kg b.w. daily) to maintain severe hypoprolactinaemia throughout postnatal development. This treatment induced a precocious increase in Leydig cell numbers per testis and caused substantial, but age‐dependent, modifications of the androgenic responsiveness of incubated hemi‐testis preparations to stimulation with hCG. Most conspicuous were: (i) a decrease in sensitivity of the testis to hCG at the approach of adult age (due presumably to reduced responsiveness of the Leydig cells), and (ii) a precocious increase in the steroidogenic maximum of the testis at peripubertal age. This probably resulted from the precocious increase in Leydig cell numbers, which was able to mask the negative consequences of reduced androgenic capacity per Leydig cell. The precocious increase in number of Leydig cells induced by hypoprolactinaemia could have resulted from facilitation of the proliferative action of the high prepubertal LH levels on Leydig cell numbers. There were no clear‐cut indications for an important effect of BR‐induced changes in LH levels, or of a direct effect of BR on the testis.
Effect of vasectomy on humoral and cell‐mediated immunity in monkeys with experimentally induced atherosclerosis
Authors: BANSAL N. , GANGULY N. K. , MAJUMDAR S. , SUKHIJA N. , CHAKRAVARTI R. N. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe development of humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses and circulating immune complexes following vasectomy were studied in rhesus monkeys fed a high cholesterol (atherogenic) diet. Four groups of monkeys were studied: (i) sham‐vasectomized males fed a normal stock diet, (ii) sham‐vasectomized males fed an atherogenic diet, (iii) vasectomized males fed a normal stock diet, and (iv) vasectomized males fed an atherogenic diet. Monkeys were observed for a period of 1.5 years. Sperm agglutinins and immobilizins in serum were detected in 100 and 60%, respectively, of vasectomized monkeys fed stock diet. In contrast, 60% of vasectomized monkeys fed an atherogenic diet showed agglutinins in their sera and only 20% exhibited immobilizins. The sensitization of lymphocytes by seminal plasma antigens was of a lower order in vasectomized monkeys fed an atherogenic diet as compared to those maintained on a stock diet. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were present in both the groups of vasectomized monkeys but the level was higher in animals fed an atherogenic diet. The aortic atherosclerosis score was increased significantly in vasectomized monkeys fed an atherogenic diet, whereas the coronary atherosclerosis score was increased both in vasectomized males and in animals fed an atherogenic diet.
Intratesticular steroids and gonadotrophin receptor concentrations in the testes of immature unilaterally cryptorchid rats
Authors: BERGH A. , DAMBER J. E. , HUHTANIEMI I. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTesticular descent was prevented unilaterally in newborn rats. In this experimental model of cryptorchidism the first morphological changes are noted in the abdominal testis at 16 days of age. Testicular weight was increased in the abdominal testis at 16 days of age, was unaffected at 20 days but was decreased at 30 days of age. The concentrations of LH and FSH receptors, and the hCG‐stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in vivo were analysed in scrotal and abdominal testes at different ages. LH‐ and FSH‐receptor content per testis were unaffected by cryptorchidism at 12, 16 and 20 days of age but were depressed markedly at 30 days of age. At 20 days of age (but not earlier) hCG‐stimulated progesterone was reduced while testosterone secretion remained unchanged. It is concluded that the early functional changes in abdominal testes are not related to changes in gonadotrophin receptor content.