bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-effective design of application specific VLIW processors using the SCARCE framework
Authors: Mulder H. , Portier R. J. 
Published: January 2007

Increasing the performance of application-specific processors by exploiting application-resident parallelism is often prohibited by costs; especially in the case of low-volume productions. The flexibility of horizontal-microcoded machines allows these costs to be reduced, but the flexibility often reduces efficiency. VLIW is a new and promising concept for the design of low-cost, high-performance parallel computer systems. We suggest that the VLIW concept can also be used as a basis for cost-effective design of application-specific processors which must exploit application-resident parallelism.
The SCARCE (SCalable ARChitecture Experiment) framework, an approach for cost-effective design of application-specific processors, provides features which allow the design of retargetable VLIW architectures. However, a retargetable VLIW architecture is only effective if there is a retargetable VLIW compiler. Since a VLIW compiler is an essential part of the VLIW architecture, tradeoffs must be made between the variety of VLIW architectures and the compiler complexity. We suggest that limiting the flexibility of the retargetable VLIW architecture does not necessary reduce the application space.
This paper discusses the issues related to the design of a retargetable VLIW processor architecture and compiler within the SCARCE framework.
A loop optimization technique based on scheduling table
Authors: Liu D. , Giloi W. K. 
Published: January 2007

Loop optimization is an important aspect of microcode compaction to minimize execution time. In this paper a new loop optimization technique for horizontal microprograms is presented, which makes use of the cyclic regularity of loops.
We have extended the concept of reservation table, which is used to develop a pipeline control strategy, so that both data dependencies and resource conflicts are taken into account. Based on the analysis of the extended reservation table, or scheduling table, an optimal schedule can be obtained. The iterations of a loop are then rearranged to form a new loop body, whose length may be greater than that of the original one. But the average initiation latency between iterations is minimal.
A microprogramming teaching environment using the Macintosh computer
Authors: Sanchez E. 
Published: January 2007

A microprogramming teaching environment is presented. It is composed of a hardware part (a 16 bit microprogrammable processor) and a software part, running on a Macintosh II computer.
The software includes 6 modules: two microassemblers - one uses a classical approach to generate microcode from a description in a register transfer language and the other one, which is more unusual, is menu-driven -; a disassembler; a monitor allowing one to display and modify the processor resources, as well as to control the execution; a memory loader and a simulator.
The interactive and convivial nature of the Macintosh computer, and especially the HyperCard application, are used thoroughly in order to facilitate a utilization of the system.
Data abstraction for designing database-intensive applications
Authors: Brodie Michael L. 
Published: January 2007

There is a growing exchange of ideas amongst Artificial Intelligence (AI), Database (DB) and Programming Language (PL) researchers concerning conceptual modelling of complex, object-oriented applications. The complexity of these applications arises from complicated structural and behavioral properties which change through time; concurrent, interactive access by users with different processing needs over a shared database; information locality (i.e., DB views, PL data abstractions, AI perspectives); and primarily update-oriented transactions. Two main problems raised by these applications are:
managing the intellectual complexity of their design, development and evolution, and
defining and ensuring semantic integrity.
Integrating a network-structured database into an object-oriented programming language
Authors: Goldstein Ira 
Published: January 2007

Smalltalk is an object-oriented language (Ingalls78, KayGoldberg77, Hewitt73). PIE is a subsystem that extends Smalltalk's descriptive power by supporting the creation, storage, retrieval and manipulation of network structures (GoldsteinBobrow80a,b,c; BobrowGoldstein80). These networks have been employed to represent software, documentation, electronic mail, calendars, people, addresses, bibliographic references and other items that together comprise the personal information space of a user of an office information system. By employing a common network representation, PIE supports an integrated environment for software development and office-related tasks. PIE has been developed collaboratively with Dan Bobrow, and is presently being used on an experimental basis by a small community at Xerox PARC.
Smalltalk represents entities in the external world as objects. An object has a state—i.e. an assignment of values to a set of state variables—and a class. The class of an object defines the behavior of the object in terms of a set of methods. Thus the class is a generic description of a collection of objects, while the objects associated with a class provide a particular description of the state of individual instances.
Mediating the views of databases and database users
Authors: Hendrix Gary G. 
Published: January 2007

The Natural-Language/Deduction group at SRI International has undertaken several large projects integrating knowledge representation, the modeling and use of distributed conventional databases, logical deduction, and natural-language processing. One of the largest projects, LADDER [2], involved accessing data distributed over a computer network by using queries expressed in English. Work with LADDER (and several similar systems) has revealed that:
(1) Users wish to talk about data in terms of the enterprise in which the data are to be used. Users do not confine their questions to concepts and terminology covered by the database per se.
(2) Users are seldom satisfied with access only to the data in a database. They need to know the KIND of data available (i.e., they want to ask questions about the DB schema), and they expect systems to include information that can be computed from “common knowledge” and information stored explicitly in the database (e.g., if a database records where two ships are, users expect the system to know the distance between them).
(3) Users are not satisfied with access to an existing database. They want to tell the system new facts. Some of these are not suitable for storage in conventional databases (e.g., statements involving quantification), and some involve counter factuals (e.g., “Suppose the ship were 100 miles south of its current location...”).
(4) Given natural-language access to a DBMS, users expect to interact in natural language with other types of software, too. Moreover, they expect the various underlying software packages to understand one another's results (e.g., User: “Who is the commander of the ship?” System: “Admiral Brown.” User: “Send him a copy of Smith's memo.” The mailer is expected to understand the output from the database).
Are data types universal modelling concepts for data base systems?
Authors: Weber Herbert 
Published: January 2007

Modelling encompasses two intellectual tasks: (1) the perception of some reality and (2) the representation of the perceived reality in accordance to a given model (obviously is a representation once again some kind of reality and hence subject to another representation in accordance to another model or notation). Because of human beings limited capabilities to perceive and completely and correctly represent reality any representation is an abstraction of the reality.
A representation in accordance to a given model is of course constrained by that model. Any facet of reality not representable with the model cannot be represented at all. Moreover any model constrains at the very same time the perception capabilities as well. Experience verifies that knowledge of a model tends to force the modeller to model according to this model even though it may not result in the most accurate representation. These two facts speak against an universal model but makes for a variety of models for different purposes. It is common practice for the representation of the reality in data bases to apply different models for the conceptual description of data bases or to apply different kinds of models for the physical description of data bases, etc.
An insurance simulation model
Authors: Meyer Ole M. 
Published: January 2007

This paper describes an interactive insurance simulation model comprising all major aspects of a financial report for an insurance company. The model was developed by Topdanmark A/S for it's own use, and has been in use since it was completed in 1985. Based on actual data, some of which are collected from other APL systems, the model is used for summing up the detail budgets. Hereby a forecast financial report can be produced, and sensitivity to the assumptions behind the budgets and the composition of the budgets can be tested.
The paper gives a brief introduction on how the model was conceived, and an explanation of why APL was chosen for the task. This is followed by a presentation of the model itself, with a detailed description of the extent and complexity of the model. As an example of model usage, an impact is introduced into the model, and the effect hereof is demonstrated. Finally some future ambitions regarding model development are sketched.
Object oriented database using frames in second generation APL
Authors: Pantziarka Panagiotis 
Published: January 2007

The appeal of Object Oriented systems and methodologies is that they provide conceptually simple and powerful tools to represent the real-world. The essential elements of object orientation include: information hiding, classes, dynamic instantiation of objects, methods and the inheritance of properties by objects.
Frames are a way to combine both data and procedures to represent knowledge. This paper describes a frame representation system that is used to create a simple object oriented database. The frame structures are described and it is shown that they can be represented as nested arrays. The inheritance mechanisms are detailed and functions developed to handle the frames. Finally a proposal is made for the further development of frame structured systems in APL.
Reading to write
Authors: Polivka Raymond P. 
Published: January 2007

Teaching a programming language offers many challenges. Foremost, of course, is the question of how to present the material. Part of any presentation are the drills and exercises. Frequently, after the content has been presented, the student is asked to write a program. This is much akin to asking a student, who has just been exposed to the grammar and some vocabulary of a new language, to write an essay in that language.
This paper will discuss several alternate approaches in presenting exercises to develop the proficiency of a student in the use of a programming language.
Some uses of truncated Boolean vectors in analysis
Authors: Smith Howard J. 
Published: January 2007

The truncated first occurrence vector (TFOV) is a data construct which the author has found useful in a variety of application areas. It is based on comparisons of adjacent items in a set ordered by some criterion.
The use of the TFOV and its several derivatives improve efficiency and reduce the load on system resources. A contributing factor in performance improvement is the algorithm used in the APL implementations of monadic grade and its offshoot dyadic grade. It is interesting to note that an ordered set improves the efficiency of processes other than those utilizing the TFOV. Calculation of the range and median of a numeric set is an example of this.
As new primitives have been added to APL, construction and generation of the TFOV has been simplified. The paper shows both the early and the later idioms used in programs. The techniques for calculating frequency distributions and the related statistical mode or modes are shown. The development of sub-totals by group in simple (single criterion) and hierarchical cases are illustrated. The generation of (ordered) defining subsets and “arrival” and “departure” sequences are shown. Along with the ordered defining subset (ODS) a pointer to the ODS can be developed. This technique has been found useful in applications requiring data compaction.
The TFOV has proven useful in the development of control vectors for formatting tables especially for insertion of sub-total. A function for pagination of documents which eliminates “widows” has been developed, as have functions for reformatting paragraphs in text processing. In these latter cases, while the ordering algorithm is simply that of position, the concept is a direct outgrowth of experience with the TFOV.
The techniques and concepts discussed in this paper are not intended to be exhaustive but are intended to stimulate programmers in considering an approach often overlooked. It is interesting to note that, while these ideas are applicable in other languages, their recognition required the primitives and arrays of APL.
Unusually Long Duration, Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of a Front in a Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Stonitsch John R. , Markowski Paul M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Dual-Doppler observations acquired by a network of mobile radars deployed in the Oklahoma panhandle on 3 June 2002 are used to document the kinematic structure and evolution of a front. The data were collected during the International H2O Project on a mission to study the initiation of deep convection. Synchronized scanning allowed for the synthesis of three-dimensional wind fields for nearly 5.5 h of the 1557–0000 UTC period. The front initially moved southward as a cold front, stalled, and later retreated northward as a warm front. Deep convection failed to be initiated along the front. In situ thermodynamic measurements obtained by a mobile mesonet were used to document changes in the density gradient at the surface. This paper examines the relationships among the changes in baroclinity, the thermally direct frontal circulation, updraft intensity, alongfront updraft variability, and the intensity of vortices along the front.
Increases in the front-normal density gradient tended to be associated with increases in the thermally direct frontal circulation, as expected. Increases in the front-normal density gradient were also associated with an increase in the tilt of the frontal updraft as well as an increase in the contiguity of the updraft along the front, termed the “slabularity.” During periods when the front-normal density gradient and associated thermally direct frontal circulation were weak, the kinematic fields were dominated by boundary layer convection and the slabularity of the front was reduced. Intensification of the front-normal density gradient was accompanied by an increase in the horizontal wind shear and the intensity of vortices that were observed along the front. The vortices modulated the vertical velocity field along the front and therefore the slabularity, too. Thus, although the slabularity was a strong function of the strength of the thermally direct frontal circulation, the slabularity appeared to be modified by vortices in complex ways. Possible implications of the observations for convection initiation are also discussed, particularly with respect to updraft tilt and slabularity.
On the Theoretical Equivalence of Differently Proposed Ensemble–3DVAR Hybrid Analysis Schemes
Authors: Wang Xuguang , Snyder Chris , Hamill Thomas M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Hybrid ensemble–three-dimensional variational analysis schemes incorporate flow-dependent, ensemble-estimated background-error covariances into the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) framework. Typically the 3DVAR background-error covariance estimate is assumed to be stationary, nearly homogeneous, and isotropic. A hybrid scheme can be achieved by 1) directly replacing the background-error covariance term in the cost function by a linear combination of the original background-error covariance with the ensemble covariance or 2) through augmenting the state vector with another set of control variables preconditioned upon the square root of the ensemble covariance. These differently proposed hybrid schemes are proven to be equivalent. The latter framework may be a simpler way to incorporate ensemble information into operational 3DVAR schemes, where the preconditioning is performed with respect to the background term.
An Adaptive Vertical Coordinate Formulation for a Nonhydrostatic Model with Flux-Form Equations
Authors: Zängl Günther 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The concept of adaptive vertical coordinates is used to upgrade conventional terrain-following σ coordinates to arbitrary hybrid coordinates. Compared with previous approaches for implementing adaptive coordinates, the method presented here combines unrestricted applicability to nonhydrostatic models with the capability to integrate the atmospheric equations in flux form. The coordinate is based on a three-dimensional field carrying the vertical position of the coordinate surfaces, which is made time dependent by introducing a prognostic equation. As a specific example, the adaptive coordinate is used to emulate a hybrid isentropic system. Idealized tests in which the coordinate surfaces are artificially moved reveal that the ensuing spurious motions are small enough to be negligible in realistic applications. Mountain wave tests demonstrate that the hybrid coordinate remains numerically stable under strong forcing. However, the model layer distribution established with the hybrid isentropic coordinate is not optimal for representing the dynamics of breaking gravity waves because the vertical distance between the model levels tends to be too large in the wave breaking region. On the other hand, real case studies demonstrate that the hybrid coordinate significantly improves the representation of the tropopause because of enhanced vertical resolution in the tropopause region.
Reliability and Validity of the Greek Version of the Derogatis Psychiatric Rating Scale (DPRS)
Authors: Vorvolakos Theofanis , Samakouri Maria , Xenitidis Kiriakos , Perentzi Maria , Tzavaras Nikos , Livaditis Miltos 
Published: January 2007

Background: The aim of this paper is to report on the Greek version of the Derogatis Psychiatric Rating Scale (DPRS) and its validity and reliability when administered to a Greek sample. The DPRS is a clinician-rated measure of psychiatric symptoms with nine basic and eight complementary symptom dimensions and a Global Pathology Index. Method: The DPRS was translated into Greek and administered to 161 psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. Its validity was assessed against the Semi-structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). The inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were also evaluated for each symptom dimension. Results: All the symptom dimensions of the DPRS, except euphoria, have concurrent validity with the SCID on the relevant symptom dimensions diagnoses set by the interview. At the cut-off point 2/3 the DPRS has a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 74% in indicating active psychiatric patients. The symptom dimensions of the DPRS also have strong correlations with the relevant dimensions of SCL-90-R. The range for inter-rater reliability was from 0.48 to 0.88, the range for test-retest reliability was from 0.25 to 0.85, and the internal consistency was 0.90. Conclusion: The Greek version of the DPRS has acceptable psychometric properties, rendering it a useful screening instrument of global psychopathology as well as a multidimensional measure of some basic psychiatric symptoms.
Brief Communication: Differences Between Ethnic Groups in Demographic and Clinical Features of Patients Admitted and Assessed After Deliberate Self-Harm: A Retrospective Case-Note Study
Authors: Bhogal Kuljit , Baldwin David , Hartland Louise , Nair Rajesh 
Published: January 2007

Background to the study: When compared to the United Kingdom general population, rates of deliberate self-harm (DSH) are increased among certain ethnic groups, particularly in those from the Indian diaspora. Aim: To investigate differences between ethnic groups in the demographic and clinical features of patients admitted after episodes of DSH and subsequently assessed by a nurse-led DSH liaison team. Method: A retrospective case-note study ( N = 297) with completion of a standardized data collection instrument. The ethnic origin of each patient was assessed by a variety of means. Results: Asian patients ( n = 38) were more likely to be female ( p = 0.043), married ( p = 0.027), and cite problems with their partner ( p = 0.017) as a precipitant to DSH. The indigenous group ( n = 234) were more likely to have previous contact with psychiatric services ( p = 0.023), to have used alcohol preceding DSH ( p = 0.014), and to have a criminal record ( p = 0.007). Conclusions: In this population, the demographic and clinical features of patients assessed after DSH vary significantly with ethnic group. A case-control study is warranted to examine these differences in more detail.
Demoralisation - A Useful Conceptualisation of Non-Specific Psychological Distress Among Refugees Attending Mental Health Services
Authors: Briggs Lynne , Macleod A. D. (Sandy) 
Published: January 2007

Background: While it is recognised that many refugee and migrant clients present at mental health services with non-specific psychological distress little is known about successful intervention strategies. Aims: The aim of this study was to systematically review clinical files to determine the degree of ‘demoralisation’ symptoms among a sample of refugee and migrant clients attending a community-based mental health service. Method: Sixty-four closed cases were reviewed using a specifically designed case review sheet as a checklist which included diagnostic criteria for a Demoralisation Syndrome. Results: The findings indicated that while many of the refugee and migrant clients had attracted a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, in the main they did not benefit from a normal course of treatment. Further analysis suggested that demoralisation may be a preferable concept for many of these clients rather than affective disorder. This finding suggests that demoralisation may be a different construct than low mood or depression. Conclusions: The findings add support to the concept that demoralisation could be a distinct diagnostic entity in its own right that may be useful to clinicians attending refugee and migrant clients.