bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ABSORPTION, TRANSLOCATION AND METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS OF 4‐(2,4‐DICHLOROPHENOXY)BUTYRIC ACID IN BIGLEAF MAPLE*
Authors: NORRIS L. A. , FREED V. H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Detached leaves treated with 2,4‐DB were used to demonstrate that the foliage of Acer macrophyllum Pursh. possesses the enzyme systems necessary for oxidation of the 2,4‐DB side chain. Absorption and translocation studies showed that 2,4‐DB was absorbed less but translocated more than some other phenoxy herbicides which have been tested on this species. Studies with excised stem phloem and excised roots showed that different plant tissues are not equally capable of decarboxylating 2,4‐DB. An experiment with intact plants established that 2,4‐DB was translocated unchanged, and that the primary product of the oxidation of 2,4‐DB is 2,4‐D. The results are discussed with respect to the translocation characteristics of this herbicide in bigleaf maple.Caractères de l'absorption, de la migration et du métabolisme de l'acide 4‐(2,4‐dichlorophénoxy) butyrique dans l'érable a grandes feuilles
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS ON THE LONG‐DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF DIQUAT IN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.
Authors: SMITH J. M. , SAGAR G. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Using autoradiographic techniques, the long‐distance transport of ‘ethylene’14C‐labelled diquat dibromide was studied. It was confirmed that a period of darkness after diquat application was necessary for reliable systemic action during a subsequent light exposure. Darkness was necessary in the region where the herbicide was applied, and then only to allow adequate penetration of diquat. This was its only role.Desiccation following death, with the transfer of free water containing diquat to other leaves are the primary forces of long‐distance transport; light is essential only for rapid toxic action and not directly for transport. Orthophosphate‐32P and urea‐14C applied topically with unlabelled diquat were distributed in the same pathway as the herbicide and not in the phloem. These results are discussed. Nouvelles recherches sur l'influence de la lumière et de l'obscurité sur le transport à longue distance du diquat dans Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
RESPONSE OF YELLOW NUTSEDGE, FLORIDA PUSLEY, AND PEANUTS TO THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES AS AFFECTED BY METHOD OF PLACEMENT IN SOIL*
Authors: HAUSER E. W. , BUTLER J. L. , SHEPHERD J. L. , PARHAM S. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Thiocarbamate herbicides were applied with incorporation devices and new subsurface application equipment on loamy sand at Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A. Subsurface‐applied ethyl N,N‐dipropylthiolcarbamate (EPTC), S‐propyl bulylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate), and S‐propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) generally gave better control of Cyperus esculentus L. and Richardia scabra St Hil, but injured peanuts more than applications made on the soil surface and then incorporated into the soil. For soil incorporation, the power‐driven rotary hoe was generally better than a disc harrow.Depth of subsurface placement critically affected herbicidal activity, especially on Cyperus esculentus; placement 1·5 in. below the soil surface gave more effective control than placement at 5·5 in. Réactions de Cyperus esculentus, de Richardia scabra et de l'arachide mix herbicides à base de thiocarbamate, en relation avec la methode de placement dans le sol
SOME EFFECTS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF AQUATIC WEEDS IN LAKE ROTOITI, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: FISH G. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A bay in Lake Rotoiti was completely cleared of a heavy infestation of Lagarosiphon major by means of diquat at a concentration of 05 ppm. Weed kill was alow and there was no reduction of dissolved oxygen in the area, probably because of the cool weather at the time (April). Considerable numbers of planktonic algae developed, but after a few months it was apparent that herbicide treatment had caused an exchange of Lagarosiphon for a less massive growth of Nilelta species. Some of the changes in bio‐logical production were measured and an explanation of the observed plant succession is offered.Quelques effets de la destruction des mausaises herbes aquatiques dans le lac Rotoiti, en Nouvelle‐Zélande
ACIDE 2,4‐DICHLOROPHÉNOXYACÉTIQUE ET CATABOLISME AUXINIQUE CHEZ HORDEUM ET TRITICUM
Authors: de FOOZ G. , GASPAR Th. , BOUILLENNE‐WALRAND M. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé. Divers auteurs proposent d'expliquer les propriétés herbicides du 2,4‐D par les modifications qu'il provoque dans le métabolisme auxinique mais leurs hypothèses à ce sujet sont souvent divergentes.L'action du 2,4‐D sur la croissance et sur le catabolisme de l'AIA a étéétudiée in vitro et in vivo chez Hordeum hexastichum et Triticum iativum cullivés à l'obscurité'. Chez ces deux espdèes, l'accroissement des concentrations dc 2,4‐D inhibe la germination ct la croissance.Des extraits de la coléopiile et de la premiére feuille d'Hordeum montrèrent une activitéélevée de l'auxine‐oxydase, mais les extraits de Triticum furent inactils s'ils n'étaient pas additionnés de co‐facteurs tels que MnCl2 et le 2,4‐dichIorophénol: ils contiennent des inhibiteurs de la déradation enzymatique de l'auxine.L'addition de 2,4‐D in vitro ne modifia pas la destruction de l'AIA par les extraita d'Hordeum ou de Triticum; l'inhibition du catabolisme de l'AIA, dans Hordeum, par des extraits bouillis de Triticum, ne fut pas modifie en présence de 2,4‐D. L'activité tlr l'auxine‐oxydase d'extraits d'Hordeum et de Triticum poussani en présence de 2,4‐D fut exactement identique à celle des témoins, la comparaison etant faite stir la base d'un poids frais égal. L'inhibition, dans les exlraits de Triticum, ne fut pas affecteé par le 2,4‐D.L'action herbicidedu 2,4‐Dpursurses deux espèces, à l'obscurité, nepeut, en conséquence, èire expliqueté par une perturbation du cataboiistne de l'auxine par les auxines‐oxydases. 2,4‐dichlorophtnoxyacetic and and auxin catabolism in Hordeimi and Triticum
EFFECT OF 2,4‐D AND PICLORAM ON TRANSLOCATION OF 14C‐ASSIMILATES IN VITIS VINIEERA L.
Authors: LEONARD O. A. , WEAVER R. J. , GLENN R. K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. High concentrations of 2,4‐D and picloram interfered with the downward movement of 14c‐assimilates infield‐grown vines. The interference in translocation was appreciably greater with picloram than it was with 2,4‐D, Although basipetal translocation was retarded, translocation within the treated shoots continued from the vegetative part to the clusters. Translocation of 2,4‐D appeared to follow the same route as 14c‐assimilatcs for the most part. Formative effects were absent on untreated grape shoots although the adjacent shoots treated with 2,4‐D or picloram on the same cordons were killed; however, formative effects were evident on some of the stump sprouts which developed after the vines were harvested. The malformed leaves on the stump sprouts were twelve or more nodes from the base of the shoots, while 14c was in the more basal leaves.Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) rootings treated with 20 000 ppm 2,4‐D or picloram transported less 14C to the roots than did the controls. Treatment with either herbicide resulted in a marked increase in the labelling of the stems.Effet du 2,4‐D et du pichlorame sur la migration de métabolites marqués au 14C dans Vitis vinifera L.
ÉTUDES SUR LE MODE D'ACTION DU PHÉNYLCAR‐BAMOYLOXY‐2 N‐ÉTHYLPROPIONAMIDE, ISOMÉRE D
Authors: DESMORAS J. , GANTER P. , JACQUET P. , LAURENT M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. 2‐Phenylcarbamoyloxy‐N‐ethylpropionamide, D isomer (11.561 R.P.) was submitted to various physiological tests in order to characterize its properties. Although it does not affect the Hill reaction, it is able to disorganize the plant cell and inhibits tissue differentiation. It penetrates rapidly into susceptible and resistant plants, but the degradation varies with the plant family. It disappears very rapidly from susceptible species, whereas resistant plants accumulate it without any apparent damage. One of its metabolites, aniline, is present in small quantities soon after treatment but is very rapidly eliminated.Studies showed that residues in plants were negligible at harvest.Untersuchungen über Wirkimgsweise und Rückslände des Carbanilsäureesters des D‐Milchsäure‐äthylamids in Pflanzen
TRIAZINE HERBICIDES ON MAIZE AND THEIR RESIDUAL EFFECTS ON FOLLOWING CROPS*
Authors: SAGHIR A. R. , CHOUDHARY A. H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Pre‐emergence application of 2–5 kg/ha (a.i.) of atrazine or simazine was the most effective treatment for control of broad‐leaved weeds in maize. Other triazines injured maize at all rates tested. Among the crops following maize treated with atrazine or simazine at 2–5 kg/ha, sugar beet was injured whereas wheat, oats, vetch, onions and soybeans were not.Post‐emergence application of triazine herbicides was not effective and did not increase maize yields significantly over those of the unweeded plots. Wheat, oats, vetch and sugar beet were injured when following maize treated with post‐emergence sprays; onions and soybeans showed no visible injury except from atrazine or simazine at 5 kg/ha or more, and from mixtures of atrazine+prometryne or atrazine+ametryne at 12–5 kg/ha.Les triazines herbicides sur le mais et leurs arrière‐effets sur les cultures suivantes
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARAQUAT*
Authors: BOVEY R. W. , DAVIS F. S. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Temperatures of 5–6° C delayed leaf necrosis of glasshouse‐grown oats (Avena sativa), winter peas (Pisum sativum), huisache (Acacia farnesiana), mesquite (Prosopis julijiora var. glandutosa), live oak (Quercus virginiana) and yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) for at least 48 hr after treatment with paraquat as compared with higher temperatures. After 96 hr, oats, winter peas, huisache and mesquite at 5° C usually showed as much necrosis as plants at 24–28° C. Similar results were obtained with live oak and yaupon, and with yaupon in the field, except that longer periods were sometimes required for plants at low temperatures to develop injury comparable with that at higher temperatures.Washing yaupon and live oak leaves 1 hr after application reduced the effectiveness of paraquat regardless of temperature, but washing winter peas 10 min after application had little or no effect on phytotoxicity. Field‐grown mesquite showed extensive leaf necrosis when leaves were washed after 20 min, live oak leaves similarly treated and washed were not injured, while the response of winged elm (Ulmus alata) was intermediate.Percentage leaf necrosis of mesquite, winged elm, yaupon and live oak increased with increasing paraquat concentration; 6–9 μg/leaf on mesquite and 20 μg/leaf on winged elm gave 100% necrosis after 4 days. Complete leaf necrosis of live oak and yaupon was not attained during this period even with 80 μg/Ieaf.Nursery‐grown mesquite, yaupon and greenbriar (Smilax bona‐nox) and natural stands of yaupon were treated at two growth stages, in March and May. Paraquat was more effective on mesquite when applied in May, but there were no differences with the other species.Facteurs affectant la toxicité du paraquat
THE INCIDENCE OF DORMANCY IN TWO‐NODE STEM AND RHIZOME FRAGMENTS OF POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM L.
Authors: CHANCELLOR R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Monthly samples of field‐grown rhizomes and aerial stems of Polygonum amphibium were tested for innate dormancy during parts of 2 years in England and during 5 months of a third year in southern Germany. All stems and rhizomes were cut into two‐node fragments, planted in soil in a warm glasshouse, and the new shoots counted after 3 weeks. Dormancy per month for different categories of stems varied from 0 to 23%, averaging 4–3% for all fragments tested but only 1–3% for mature buds. No evidence of a dormant period was found in either country.Incidence de la darmance dans une tige à deux noeuds et des fragments de rhizome de Polygonum amphibium L.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOLOGIE UND ÖKOLOGIE DER HÜHNER‐HIRSE ECHWOCHLOA CRUS‐GALLI L. BEAUV.
Authors: BROD G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. 1. Echinochloa crus‐galli is a typical grass weed of root crops in warmer regions, germinating late and thus covering the soil at a late stage. It originates in central and east Asia and is now a weed of world‐wide importance.2. High temperatures are necessary for germination which begins in spring, but not before the soil temperature reaches 15° C. Minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperatures of 13° C, 20–30° C and 40° C were found in S.W. Germany.3. Seeds of E. crus‐galli are dormant during the first 3–4 months after harvest. Those developing relatively early in the growing season require rather longer for after‐ripening than seeds which mature later.4. For optimum germination, water saturation of the soil of 70–90% is required.5. Soil acidity has some influence, and there is an apparent germination optimum around neutrality. Light also induces germination.6. Seeds can emerge from a relatively wide range of depths. Greatest emergence and the strongest plants resulted from seeds at 2–6 cm, but even from 10 cm a high percentage of seedlings is likely to emerge.7. Further development proceeds rapidly. The first panicles arc already formed 6–7 weeks after emergence in favourable conditions, but full maturity is possible only if there are high temperatures in late summer.8. E. crus‐galli is a hygrophilous species, with best development on medium heavy soil, sandy loam or loamy sand with sufficient water supply.9. E. crus‐galli is indifferent to the lime content of the soil.10. Best development occurs with high fertility, and a rich supply of nitrogen is especially important.Recherches sur la biologie et écologie du panic Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF FERTILE SPARTINA TOWNSENDII (S.L.) ON THE CHESHIRE SHORE OF THE DEE ESTUARY
Authors: TAYLOR MONICA C. , BURROWS ELSIE M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Chemical assay of paraquat in Spartina plants treated in the field in 1964 showed that it had been translocated into the underground system both in plants which continued shoot growth after treatment and in plants of which the aerial system had been destroyed. Translocation of a toxic substance from one leaf treated with paraquat to other shoots on the same Spartina plant was demonstrated in the laboratory. Paraquat at 2 lb/ac applied in the glasshouse to Spartina plants at four stages between germination and flowering became less effective with increase in age of the plants. This decline in susceptibility was not correlated with development of the rhizome system nor with onset of flowering. It is suggested that the use of paraquat for destruction of mature Spartina sward is inadvisable until more information is available, but that trials with paraquat on seedlings and very young plants invading open areas of foreshore may well prove profitable. La lutte chimique contre les formes fertiles de Spartina townsendii (s.l.) sur la cite du Cheshire dans l'estuaire de la DeeII. Réaction de Spartina au traitement avec le paraquatRé sumé.Des essais effectués au champ en 1964, contre des plantes de Spartina ont montré que le paraquat migrait dans I'appareil souterrain, aussi bien dans les plantes qui continuaient à pousser aprè le traitement que dans celles dont la partie aérienne avait été détruite. La migration d'une substance toxique depuis une feuille traitée avec le paraquat vers d'autres tiges de la meme plante de Spartina a é té démontrée au laboratoire. Le paraquat a 2,2 kg/ha, appliqué en serre sur des plantes de Spartinaà quatre stades entre la germination et la floraison, devint moins efficace à mesure que les plantes vieillissaient. Cette diminution de la sensibilité ne fut pas liée au développement du système rhizomateux ni avec le début de la floraison. Les auteurs pensent que l'utilisation du paraquat pour la destruction de pelouses de Spartina arrivées a maturity n'est pas à recommander jusqu'à ce que l'on ait plus d'informations à ce sujet. Toutefois des traitements avec le paraquat sur des plantules et de tres jeunes plantes s'installant dans des aires ouvertes de plages peuvent se montrer avantageux.
WEEDS AS A FACTOR DEPRESSING FOREST GROWTH*
Authors: WILDE S. A. , SHAW B. H. , FEDKENHEUER A. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The consumption of water by weeds was determined on the basis of the loss in yield of timber suffered by 28–32–year‐old plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). Soil and biomass analyses included several pairs of closely located stands established simultaneously on either cultivated or weed‐supporting soils. The water supply of 1050 metric tons/ac, available during the growing season, was estimated as the algebraic sum of precipitation, winter storage, condensed vapour, evaporation of intercepted rainfall and gravitational discharge. The biomass of plantations on soils of satisfactory nutrient content and aeration consumed about 500 kg water for production of 1 kg dry matter. The diversion of available water by weed cover on soils of high potential site indices approached 100 kg per kg oven‐dry tissues. Blueberries, sweet fern and other heath plants, with initial weight of about 10 metric tons/ac, caused more than 50% loss in the expected volume of merchantable timber. The established relations facilitate an estimate of the productive potential of weed‐supporting soils and the choice of an appropriate tree spacing of forest plantations. Les mauvaises herbes, facteur inhibant de la croissance des essences forestières Résumé.La consommation d'eau par les mauvaises herbes a étéévaluée en rapport avec la perte de rendement en bois éprouvée par des plantations de pins rouges (Pinus resinosa Ait.) âgés de 28 à 32 ans. Des analyses du sol et de l'ensemble de la végétation ont été effectuées simultanément par paires dans des stations voisines sur des aires maintenues propres par des facons culturales ou infestées de mauvaises herbes. L'apport d'eau, de 2625 tonnes a l'hectare durant la pdriode de croissance, fut considéré comme la somme alg6– brique des precipitations, du stockage hivernal, de la condensation de la vapeur, de l'éva‐poration de la pluie interceptée et de l'e'coulement par gravité. L'ensemble de la masse végétale des plantations, sur des sols d'un niveau de fertilité satisfaisant et convenablement aérés, consomme environ 500 kg d'eau pour la production de 1 kg de matiére séche. Le détournement d'eau disponible par la couverture des mauvaises herbes sur des sols à haut potentiel de fertilité approcha de 100 kg par kg de tissu dessé chéà l'étuve. Les myrtilles, les Myrica ('sweet fern’) et autres plantes de landes, avec un poids initial d'environ 25 tonnes a l'hectare provoquerent une perte de plus de 50% du volume attendu de bois commercialisable. Les relations établies facilitent l'estimation du potentiel de production des sols infestéd de mauvaises herbes et le choix d'un espacement approprié entre les arbres dans les plantations forestières.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON PHYTOTOXICITY OF 4–AMlNO‐3,5,6–TRICHLOROPICOLINIC ACID (PICLORAM)
Authors: GROVER R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Effective dosages of picloram (4–amino‐3,5,6–trichloropicolinic acid) required to reduce fresh weight of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L. var. Menonite) were determined for seven Saskatchewan soils under controlled environmental conditions. The relationships between ED50 value and clay content, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity were evaluated by correlation and regression analysis for possible usefulness in predicting dose requirements. ED50 values were also determined for Weyburn loam and in culture solutions adjusted to various pH levels.There Was no significant correlation between ED50 values of picloram and soil clay content or cation exchange capacity. ED50 values were highly correlated with soil organic matter content, and they increased as the soil pH was lowered or raised from pH 6.5. The increase in ED50 values in the acidic range was attributed to adsorption of the unionized molecules of picloram on the organic matter in the soil. The increase in ED50 values in the alkaline range may be mainly due to reduced uptake of the ionized acid by plant roots.
THE BASIS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL PHYTOTOXICITY OF 4‐HYDROXY‐3,5‐DI‐IODOBENZONITRILE*
Authors: DAVIES P. J. , DRENNAN D. S. H. , FRYER J. D. , HOLLY K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Ioxynil added to culture solution was of comparable toxicity to mustard, pea and barley at the end of a 2‐week treatment period. When the destruction of chlorophyll and the decrease in reduction of 2,3,5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride were studied in leaf discs infiltrated with ioxynil solutions, three to five times the concentration of ioxynil was required for barley compared with mustard to produce a similar response. Pea was intermediate.Recovery of ioxynil from sprayed barley plants (following washing) was highest I day after spraying; 2 days after, it had decreased to 37% and 9 days after, to 25% of the maximum. Recovery from mustard increased for the first 2–3 days and remained constant I'm the next 28 days. Separation of necrotic areas of treated mustard foliage confirmed that almost all the ioxynil remained in sprayed leaves which had subsequently been killed. Disappearance of ioxynil from barley was probably due to degradation, though only small amounts of ioxynil derivatives could be detected chromatographically.It is concluded that the differential phytotoxicity between barley and mustard is largely based on retention, supported by small differences associated with plant morphology, rates of uptake of ioxynil, its effects on plant metabolism and the ability of barley to degrade or inactivate it. Almost all the differences between mustard and pea were dependent on large differences in retention and small differences in rate of uptake and interference by ioxynil with plant metabolism. The first two were removed by adding a surfactant, and the last was sufficient only to delay the onset of phytotoxicity.
AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.—SOME EFFECTS OF RHIZOME FRAGMENTATION, RHIZOME BURIAL AND DEFOLIATION
Authors: TURNER D. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A factorial experiment with couch grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) grown in boxes examined the effects of rhizome fragmentation, planting depth and shoot removal on the survival of rhizome pieces, new rhizome growth and rhizome carbohydrate reserves.Burial to 4 in. depth in sandy loam soil led to the death of 54% of 1 in. long rhizome pieces and 28% of 3 in. pieces. With all the segment lengths tested deeper planting decreased the proportion of buds which produced shoots.Shoot removal every 14 days decreased the dry weight and carbohydrate content of the planted rhizomes and prevented new rhizome growth. Segments 1 or 3 in. long lost their carbohydrate reserves more quickly than 9 in. pieces. Rhizomes planted at 4 in. depth contained less carbohydrate after establishment than shallow‐planted material, and produced less new rhizome growth.IS Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.–Quelques effets de la fragmentation et de l'enfouissement du rhizome et de la defoliation