bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latex agglutination test for adenovirus diagnosis in diarrheal disease
Authors: Grandien M. , Pettersson C.‐A. , Svensson L. , Uhnoo I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA commercial latex agglutination test for diagnosis of adenovirus in diarrheal disease (Adenolex, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) was evaluated by comparison with the results obtained by ELISA, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation. Fifty specimens originated from the diagnostic routine, and 50 were selected from a previous epidemiological study on the etiology of diarrheal disease in children. Thirteen of the 100 specimens reacted with the latex control, impairing interpretation of the results. Although the ELISA detected adenovirus antigen in 102 higher dilutions than the latex agglutination test, a total agreement was obtained between results by the two tests for 87 specimens including 42 positives. The two additional positives found by EM and virus isolation could not be diagnosed by the latex agglutination test. Of 37 specimens containing enteric adenoviruses (types 40 and 41), the agglutination test diagnosed all but 4 specimens containing type 41 virus. These four specimens were negative also by ELISA and adenovirus had been detected by virus isolation on the 293 cell line. The latex agglutination test gave positive results with nine specimens containing adenovirus types other than the enteric types 40 and 41.The latex agglutination test was found to be a rapid and simple method for the detection of adenovirus in diarrheal disease. Compared to ELISA and EM, the sensitivity was 100% and 95%, respectively, and the specificity 100%.
Sequential studies of pre‐S2 antigenemia and anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies in relation to viral replication in acute hepatitis B followed from the early incubation phase
Authors: Brahm Javier , Vento Sandro , Rondanelli Elio G. , Ranieri Sergio , Fagan Elizabeth A. , Williams Roger , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the time sequence of expression of pre‐S2 peptide (120–150) during the presymptomatic phase of acute hepatitis B, we used a monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay in five subjects followed from 30 to 70 days before the onset of liver damage. Pre‐S2 peptide was present in serum at low levels from the early incubation phase and started to increase immediately after the first detection of HBV‐DNA in serum, in parallel with the increase in HBsAg levels. During the symptomatic phase, levels of pre‐S2 peptide declined rapidly; it was no longer detectable after recovery. Anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies were detected, in four patients, only in the recovery phase. These results demonstrate that expression of pre‐S2 peptide occurs very early in the incubation phase of acute HBV infection and is cleared in parallel with HBsAg. Anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies seem to play no role in viral clearance in these patients.
The relative frequency of subgroup I and II rotaviruses in black infants in South Africa
Authors: Steele A. D. , Alexander J. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBetween March 1983 and December 1986, a total of 1571 stool specimens were collected from black South African infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis, and tested for the presence of rotavirus. Monoclonal antibodies against the major inner capsid protein were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine the subgroup specificity of the rotavirus isolates. Subgroup II rotaviruses occurred more frequently than subgroup I isolates (74.4% vs 12.3%), while 13.3% could not be typed and may indicate the presence of a third subgroup. Two of the subgroup I isolates had a long RNA profile (ie, faster moving gene segment 11) typical of the subgroup II human rotaviruses, and a single subgroup II strain had a short RNA profile possibly indicating an in vivo rotavirus reassortant.
Seroepidemiologic studies on the acquisition of antibodies to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among general hospital patients and those attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Berry N. J. , Burns D. MacDonald , Wannamethee G. , Grundy J. E. , Lui S. F. , Prentice H. G. , Griffiths P. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA total of 731 sera were collected from general hospital patients, divided into five distinct subgroups, and tested for the presence of immunoglobulin (IgG) to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The results indicate a high level of association between the two viruses, although HSV was found to be more prevalent in the earlier years of life, whereas CMV was acquired constantly throughout life. An increase in age was also accompanied by significantly higher antibody levels to both viruses. Individuals with antibody to HSV were significantly more likely to have antibodies to CMV, suggesting that these viruses are transmitted by similar routes (?saliva).In addition, 430 sera from 94 homosexual and 336 heterosexual males attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases were tested for antibody to CMV, HSV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Homosexual males were more likely to have antibody to CMV and HIV than were heterosexuals, but no difference was seen for HSV antibodies. The levels of CMV‐specific IgG were significantly raised in homosexuals, compared with heterosexuals, but again no difference was seen for HSV antibodies as in the general hospital patients, however, individuals with HSV antibodies were significantly more likeoy to possess antibodies of CMV. However, the additional association of CMV antibodies with a homosexual lifestyle suggests that an alternative route for acquisitionof this virus exists (?semen). As raised levels of CMV antibodies, but not HSV antibodies, were found among homosexuals, this suggests that frequent CMV reinfections, rather than merely reactivation of latent herpes viruses, may be occurring.
Assessment of human immunodeficiency virus expression in cocultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy seropositive subjects
Authors: Ulrich Paul P. , Busch Michael P. , El‐Beik Tarek , Shiota Jean , Vennari Joann , Shriver Kathy , Vyas Girish N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have evaluated a number of methodological variables effecting the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 93 healthy anti‐HIV‐positive and 72 healthy seronegative subjects. For optimal HIV recovery, PBMCs had to be freshly separated from whole blood. Short‐term freezing of purified PBMCs was practically advantageous and actually resulted in more rapid virus recovery. The minimal number of PBMCs necessary for virus expression was determined by dilutional cultures and varied from 102 to 106 cells. HIV expression was demonstrated initially at the cellular level by immunocytochemical detection of HIV core and envelope proteins using a mixture of monoclonal antibodies, subsequently confirmed by detection of viral antigens and reverse transcriptase (RT) in the culture supernatants. HIV recovery was not improved following induction with 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (IUDR) and only marginally improved following depletion of the CD8+‐suppressor cell population in the PBMC specimens. The overall frequency of HIV detection in cultures was 84% in healthy seropositive subjects, whereas none of the PBMCs from 72 seronegative persons yielded HIV expression.
Natural and artificial immunity to varicella zoster virus
Authors: Ndumbe Peter M. , Cradock‐Watson John , Levinsky Roland J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe live varicella vaccine has been recommended for use in immunocompromised subjects and in adults who are susceptible to chickenpox. However, we do not know how humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses induced after vaccination differed from those obtained after natural infection. To answer this, 45 previously infected subjects (23 chickenpox, 22 vaccinated) were tested for their varicella zoster virus (VZV)‐ specific antibody levels and for their lymphocyte stimulation responses to VZV antigen. Antibody was measured by both an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunofluorescence assay (IF), while lymphocyte stimulation was detected by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Antibody was tested in ten postchickenpox and nine vaccinated subjects. About 6 to 8 weeks after first exposure, the magnitude of the responses determined by both ELISA and IFT were much higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.001 with both test methods). There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte transformation responses in both groups of subjects.Thirteen postchickenpox and 13 vaccinated subjects who had been infected at least 12 months previously were also tested. Total antibody levels were again significantly higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.001). One vaccinated subject had VZV‐specific IgA and IgM in the serum. The magnitude of the lymphocyte transformation reaction was higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.01).Thus, antibody responses to VZV were better in naturally infected than in vaccinated subjects. The IFT appears to be a more sensitive technique for antibody detection in the vaccinated subjects. The magnitude of the lymphocyte stimulation response was higher in naturally infected than in vaccinated persons. These results would be worth considering in planning varicella zoster virus immunisation programmes.
Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by monoclonal antibody staining of blood leucocytes
Authors: Van Der Bij Wim , Torensma Ruurd , Van Son Willem J. , Anema Jetske , Schirm Jurjen , Tegzess Adam M. , The T. Hauw 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe appearance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen positive blood leucocytes (CMV antigenaemia) was investigated in 52 renal transplant recipients during the first three months after transplantation. Using a mixture of three monoclonal antibodies, CMV (immediate early) antigens were detected in cytocentrifuged blood leucocytes within 3–5 h after sampling. The results were related to virus isolation from buffy coats (CMV viraemia), serology with a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and clinical symptoms of CMV disease.The antigen test was positive in all 14 patients with CMV viraemia, in 25 out of 27 of patients with serological evidence of primary or secondary CMV infection, and in 2 out of 25 patients without active infection. In patients with a clinical CMV syndrome the presence of CMV antigen (CMV‐Ag) positive blood cells correspond with the period of signs and symptoms. CMV antigens were not detected in 23 out of 25 patients without active infection, nor in healthy controls and patients with other herpesvirus infections. CMV‐Ag positive blood cells appeared, on average, nine days before serological signs of active infection.This method provides a rapid and sensitive approach to CMV detection, enabling early clinical diagnosis and subsequent tapering of immunosuppression or commencement of antiviral therapy.
A placebo‐controlled dose response study of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a live cold‐recombinant influenza B virus vaccine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ganzinger U. , Bachmayer H. , Liehl E. , Martindale J. J. , Hamilton F. , Kuwert E. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA live cold‐recombinant influenza B virus vaccine (RB77) was given intranasally in a placebo‐controlled, double blind study to volunteers in dosages of 107.9 EID50/ml, 107.25 EID50/ml, 105.7 EID50/ml. The tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of the vaccine were investigated. No revertant virus was found in nasal swabs taken after immunisation. Local reactions were mild and showed a significant increase over the placebo only in the highest dose group. Systemic reactions were not different from the placebo. A significant increase in haemagglutinin inhibition titre was found in the highest dose group against the immunising strain (RB77) and the two wild strains B/TEC and B/Sing.
Case report: Seventh cranial nerve paralysis with myokymia during acute co‐infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses
Authors: Cargnel A. , Davoli C. , Vigano P. , Caccia M. R. , Zanetti A. R. , Tovey G. , Ellis D. S. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA patient with peripheral cranial nerve paresis and bilateral myokymia is described during the course of acute co‐infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses. Specific circulating hepatitis B immune complexes were found by electron microscopy concomitantly with the neurological symptoms.
Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in herpetic ocular diseases by DNA‐DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe
Authors: Nago Ryosuke , Hayashi Kyoko , Ochiai Hiroshi , Kubota Yasuo , Niwayama Seihachiro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA diagnostic hybridization assay for detecting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) in ocular specimens was developed using cloned viral DNA as a probe. This hybridization assay is based on visualizing a biotinylated probe that is hybridized to the target DNA by a streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase system. The time required for performing this assay system is only two days. This assay system could detect a probe which had been hybridized to as little as 1 pg of homologous DNA and did not cross‐react with DNA of other human herpes viruses except that of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) which showed weak cross‐reactivity. The assay system was applied to experimental keratitis in albino rabbits and clinical specimens. In experimental keratitis in rabbits it was possible to detect HSV‐1 DNA in the eye swab samples at least until the ninth day after virus inoculation. Five clinical specimens collected from patients with corneal ulcer or blepharitis contained HSV‐1 DNA in spite of the failure of demonstration of viral antigen and/or virus isolation in two cases.
Serological responses in varicella and zoster assayed by immunoblotting
Authors: Harper David R. , Kangro Hillar O. , Heath Raymond B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcute and convalescent zoster sera taken from 11 patients with varicella and 12 patients with zoster were assayed using immunoblotting for the presence of IgG‐and IgM‐class antibodies to proteins present in varicella‐zoster virus‐infected cells. All patients exhibited a detectable virus‐specific response with both antibody classes.The IgG responses involved up to 28 protein bands between 28 and 255 kilodaltons (kDa). The reactivity was particularly strong in the 78–114‐kDa region, with additional bands observed with all patients at 32, 35, 66, and 220 kDa. This pattern of reactivity typically developed more slowly and was weaker and more variable in patients with varicella compared to those with zoster.The reactivity of IgM antibodies in immunoblotting was similar after varicella and after zoster. Individual sera showed up to 25 bands, with the major reactivity being directed against the 78–96‐kDa region and two bands at 32 and 35 kDa.Some differences were apparent between the primary and anamnestic responses with both IgG and IgM antibodies, but this did not allow reliable discrimination of the two types of infection.
Expression of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 DNA sequences in cervical carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Pater Mary M. , Pater Alan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA total of six cervical carcinoma cell lines, of which two contained human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and four contained HPV type 18 DNA, were examined for viral RNA expression by spot‐blot hybridization. All six cell lines contained HPV‐specific cytoplasmic poly(A)‐containing RNA. The same RNA species were detected in both cytoplasmic and polysomal fractions, indicating nonselective translation of these messages into protein products. Primer extension analysis of RNA from the cell lines revealed the presence of three major start sites at the 5′ end of the E6 gene for RNA from HPV 16‐containing cell lines and four major start sites at the 5′ end of the E6 gene for RNA from HPV 18‐containing cell lines. One cell line, ME 180, had a distinct pattern with only one minor HPV 18 start site. Northern‐blot hybridization using the E6‐E7 region of HPV 16 and 18 DNAs as probes revealed the presence of E6‐E7 transcripts in all the cell lines except ME 180. Southern‐blot analysis revealed that while sequences hybridizing to the E6‐E7 coding region were present, the 5′ end region containing the enhancer‐promoter region of viral DNA is deleted in ME 180. Subsequent Northern‐blot hybridization using the E1 region of HPV 18 DNA as probe revealed that the viral RNA in ME 180 is transcribed from this region.
Detection of EBV and HPV DNA sequences in oral “hairy” leukoplakia by in situ hybridization
Authors: Eversole L. R. , Stone C. E. , Beckman A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOral “hairy” leukoplakia (OHL) is a white lesion of the oral mucosa, usually located on the lateral tongue among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐risk patients. The lesion has been reported to be associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Twenty surgical biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of HPV genus‐specific antigen, HPV 2/4, 6/11, and 16/18 DNA and EBV DNA by in situ hybridization employing formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections. Three cases exhibited immunoreactivity for HPV genus‐specific antigen, with localization in cytopathically altered upper spinous layer keratinocytes. HPV 16, 18, or related DNA sequences were identifiable in a single case. Alternatively, employing an EBV long internal repeat subgenomic probe, 19 cases were found to harbor EBV DNA. In all positive cases, the hybrids were localized to upper spinous layer keratinocytes exhibiting nuclear/cytoplasmic vesiculation. It is concluded that OHL is consistently associated with EBV; furthermore, viral replication, as evidenced by DNA localization, corresponds to ultrastructural evidence of capsid and envelope assembly in the more differentiated layers of oral epithelium.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Possible etiologies in patients without serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Tabor Edward 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), no serologic markers of HBV can be found in up to 11% of HCC patients in developing countries and up to 68% of HCC patients in industrialized countries. Despite the absence of HBV serologic markers in these HCC patients, HBV DNA sequences have been found to be integrated into HCC DNA in 13–100% of these patients, indicating a possible role of HBV in the etiology of their HCC. Although six patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus infection who were followed have been documented to develop HCC, it is not known whether the non‐A, non‐B hepatitis viruses cause or contribute to the development of HCC in some HCC patients without HBV serologic markers. Ethanol, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptives, and aflatoxin also have been suggested as possible etiologies and should be studied further. Suggested etiologies that are not supported by the published data include alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency and schistosomiasis.
Persistent productive HIV infection in EBV‐transformed B lymphocytes
Authors: Tozzi Valerio , Britton Sven , Ehrnst Anneka , Lenkei Rodica , Strannegård Örjan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe susceptibility to HIV infection of 14 B‐cell lines established from five healthy HIV seronegative and from six HIV seropositive subjects by lymphocyte transformation with EBV and/or by lymphocyte cultivation with cyclosporin A was studied. Although the cell lines contained different proportions of CD4‐positive cells, as shown by flow cytometry, all of them could be infected with the SF‐2 strain of HIV. Infection was blocked by a monoclonal antibody directed against the viral attachment site of the CD4 molecule, even in a line that lacked demonstrable CD4 receptors. B‐cell lines with high proportions of CD4‐expressing cells produced HIV p24 antigen more rapidly and at higher concentrations than cell lines with low CD4 expression. Although HIV infection resulted in some cytopathic effects, it was possible to cultivate the infected cells for more than 8 months without refeeding the cultures with uninfected cells. Even in long‐term cultures, there was a continuous production of infectious HIV, as detected by transfer of culture supernatants to other susceptible cell lines. The production of viral antigens was consistently more pronounced in the B‐cell line with the highest CD4 positivity than it was in a permissive T‐cell line (HUT‐78) infected in the same manner. These results indicate that HIV can chronically and productively infect transformed B cells via interaction with CD4 molecules. Thus it is possible that B cells may constitute a source of infectious virus in HIV‐infected EBV‐positive individuals.
False‐positive sera do not react with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag‐encoded recombinant antigen
Authors: Bukrinsky M. I. , Syrtsev V. A. , Popov S. A. , Barsov E. V. , Chaplinskas S. A. , Karamov E. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTen sera from healthy blood donors positive by enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) were studied by immunoblot assay using natural and recombinant proteins. They interacted only with p17 or p24 proteins but were nonreactive with a recombinant protein (RP 50), which carries antigenic determinants to p17 and p24. Reactions were not blocked by preincubation of sera with genetically engineered p17 and p24 or purified viral p24, indicating that some new epitopes were formed during the Western blot procedure. Recombinant gag‐encoded protein is required for confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity.
Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum using genetic analysis of the viral DNA
Authors: Scholz J. , Rösen‐Wolff A. , Bugert J. , Reisner H. , White M. I. , Darai G. , Postlethwaite R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe molecular epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) infections was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomes of 222 separate isolates collected from 147 patients living in Germany (33 patients), Hong Kong (6 patients), and Scotland (108 patients). MCV type 1 (MCV‐1) caused 96.6% of the infections, and MCV type 2 (MCV‐2) caused 3.4%. However, isolates from four of the 142 MCV‐1‐infected patients and two of the five MCV‐2‐infected patients showed minor differences in their DNA restriction patterns because of the loss of a single or very few recognition sites for the enzymes used. No genome variations were detected amongst isolates collected from different sites or on several occasions from individual patients or from closely related patients. Southern blot hybridization revealed a high level of relatedness between MCV‐1 and 2. No differences were seen in the appearance or anatomical localization of lesions caused by either virus type. In particular, there was no preferred genital localization for MCV‐2 infections.