bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acyl Coenzyme A Synthetase Regulation: Putative Role in Long‐Chain Acyl Coenzyme A Partitioning
Authors: Wang Yan‐Lin , Guo Wen , Zang Yan , Yaney Gordon C. , Vallega Gino , Getty‐Kaushik Lisa , Pilch Paul , Kandror Konstantin , Corkey Barbara E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Long‐chain acyl coenzyme A synthetase (ACSL) converts free fatty acids (FFAs) into their metabolizable long‐chain acyl coenzyme A (LC‐CoA) derivatives that are essential for FFA conversion to CO2, triglycerides, or complex lipids. ACSL‐1 is highly expressed in adipose tissue with broad substrate specificity. We tested the hypothesis that ACSL localization, and resulting local generation of LC‐CoA, regulates FFA partitioning.Research Methods and Procedures: These studies used cell fractionation of rat adipocytes to measure ACSL activity and mass and compared cells from young, mature, fed, fasted, and diabetic rats. Functional studies included measurement of FFA oxidation, complex lipid synthesis, and LC‐CoA levels.Results: High ACSL specific activity was expressed in the mitochondria/nuclei (M/N), high‐density microsomes (HDM), low‐density microsomes (LDM), and plasma membrane (PM) fractions. We show here that, during fasting, total FFA oxidation increased, and, although total ACSL activity decreased, a greater percentage of activity (43 ± 1.5%) was associated with the M/N fraction than in the fed state (23 ± 0.3%). In the fed state, more ACSL activity (34 ± 0.5%) was associated with the HDM than in the fasted state (25 ± 0.9%), concurrent with increased triglyceride formation from FFA. Insulin increased LC‐CoA and ACSL activity associated with the PM. The changes in ACSL activity in response to insulin were associated with only minor changes in mass as determined by Western blotting.Discussion: It is hypothesized that ACSL plays an important role in targeting FFA to specific metabolic pathways or acylation sites in the cell, thus acting as an important control mechanism in fuel partitioning. Localization of ACSL at the PM may serve to decrease FFA efflux and trap FFA within the cell as LC‐CoA.
Personality as a Predictor of Weight Loss Maintenance after Surgery for Morbid Obesity
Authors: Larsen Junilla K. , Geenen Rinie , Maas Cora , de Wit Pieter , van Antwerpen Tiny , Brand Nico , van Ramshorst Bert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Personality characteristics are assumed to underlie health behaviors and, thus, a variety of health outcomes. Our aim was to examine prospectively whether personality traits predict short‐ and long‐term weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.Research Methods and Procedures: Of patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 168 (143 women, 25 men, 18 to 58 years old, mean 37 years, preoperative BMI 45.9 ± 5.6 kg/m2) completed the Dutch Personality Questionnaire on average 1.5 years before the operation. The relationship between preoperative personality and short‐ and long‐term postoperative weight loss was determined using multilevel regression analysis.Results: The average weight loss of patients progressively increased to 10 BMI points until 18 months after surgery and stabilized thereafter. A lower baseline BMI, being a man, and a higher educational level were associated with a lower weight loss. None of the personality variables was associated with weight outcome at short‐term follow‐up. Six of seven personality variables did not predict long‐term weight outcome. Egoism was associated with less weight loss in the long‐term postoperative period. The effect sizes of the significant predictions were small.Discussion: None of the personality variables predicted short‐term weight outcome, and only one variable showed a small and unexpected association with long‐term weight outcome that needs confirmation. This suggests that personality assessment as intake psychological screening is of little use for the prediction of a poor or successful weight outcome after bariatric surgery.
Combined Dietary and Pharmacological Weight Management in Obese Hypopituitary Patients
Authors: Mersebach Henriette , Klose Marianne , Svendsen Ole L. , Astrup Arne , Feldt‐Rasmussen Ulla 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The high prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitarism affirms the need for effective weight loss intervention. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of sibutramine, diet, and exercise in obese hypopituitary patients (HPs).Research Methods and Procedures: In an open‐label prospective intervention trial, 14 obese well‐substituted nondiabetic HPs and 14 matched simple obese controls were allocated to 11‐month treatment with sibutramine (10 to 15 mg), diet (600 kcal/d deficit), and exercise. Anthropometric indices and body composition (obtained from DXA scan) were assessed monthly for the first 5 months and thereafter every second month for the next 6 months.Results: Mean (±SD) weight loss at 11 months was 11.3 ± 4.8 kg in patients vs. 10.7 ± 4.7 kg in controls. The HPs exhibited the same improvements in body composition, waist circumference, blood lipids, and fasting glucose as the simple obese. In a multivariate model, baseline weight, duration of growth hormone replacement therapy, and duration of pituitary disease explained 79% (p = 0.001) of the variation in weight loss at 4 months in the HPs. Only baseline weight and waist circumference could predict weight loss at 11 months.Discussion: HPs are not resistant to weight loss therapy. Almost all will achieve at least 5% weight loss, and 60% can lose >10% weight within 11 months. However, the long‐term effect on risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as on mortality needs to be established.
Calcium and Magnesium ATPase Activities in Women with Varying BMIs
Authors: Nasser Jennifer A. , Hashim Sami A. , Lachance Paul A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Intracellular calcium (Ca) is increased in obese humans, and magnesium (Mg)‐ATPase activity is increased in monosodium glutamate‐induced obese rats. The aims of this study were to test the hypotheses that Ca‐ATPase activity is negatively correlated with BMI, and that Mg‐ATPase activity is positively correlated with BMI and Ca‐ATPase activity in obese women.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty healthy adult women, with BMIs of 20 to 40, donated a single sample of whole blood and were interviewed as to medical history and family history of obesity. Erythrocyte membranes were isolated and assayed for Ca‐ATPase and Mg‐ATPase. Weight and height were self‐reported. Regression analysis was used to determine relationship between BMI and enzyme activity. Family history of obesity served as a covariant.Results: Ca‐ATPase was negatively correlated with increasing BMI (r = − 0.38, p = 0.02). The relationship between BMI and Ca‐ATPase remained valid after controlling for family history of obesity (r = −0.36, p = 0.03). There was a positive correlation between Mg‐ATPase activity and Ca‐ATPase (r = 0.42, p = 0.024), and this relationship remained valid after controlling for BMI and family history of obesity (r = 0.41, p = 0.03).Discussion: Ca‐ATPase activity decreases as BMI increases. Decreased ATPase activity may contribute to increased intracellular calcium, previously reported in obese persons. Further studies are needed to determine whether a drop in Ca‐ATPase activity can serve as a marker for the development of obesity.
Does Perinatal ω‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deficiency Increase Appetite Signaling?
Authors: Mathai Michael L. , Soueid Mona , Chen Nora , Jayasooriya Anura P. , Sinclair Andrew J. , Wlodek Mary E. , Weisinger Harrison S. , Weisinger Richard S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effect of maternal dietary ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency and repletion on food appetite signaling.Research Methods and Procedures: Sprague‐Dawley rat dams were maintained on diets either supplemented with (CON) or deficient in (DEF) ω‐3 PUFA. All offspring were raised on the maternal diet until weaning. After weaning, two groups remained on the respective maternal diet (CON and DEF groups), whereas a third group, born of dams fed the DEF diet, were switched to the CON diet (REC). Experiments on food intake began when the male rats reached 16 weeks of age. Food intake was stimulated either by a period of food restriction, by blocking glucose utilization (by 2‐deoxyglucose injection), or by blocking β‐oxidation of fatty acids (by β‐mercaptoacetate injection).Results: DEF animals consumed more than CON animals in response to all stimuli, with the greatest difference (1.9‐fold) demonstrated following administration of 2‐deoxyglucose. REC animals also consumed more than CON animals in response to food restriction and 2‐deoxyglucose but not to β‐mercaptoacetate.Discussion: These findings indicate that supply of ω‐3 PUFA, particularly during the perinatal period, plays a role in the normal development of mechanisms controlling food intake, especially glucoprivic (i.e. reduced glucose availability) appetite signaling. Dietary repletion of ω‐3 PUFA from 3 weeks of age restored intake responses to fatty acid metabolite signaling but did not reverse those in response to food restriction or glucoprivic stimuli.
Gene Expression and Adiposity Are Modified by Soy Protein in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Authors: Banz William J. , Davis Jeremy , Peterson Richard , Iqbal Muhammad J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt has earlier been demonstrated that soy protein diets ameliorate the diabetic phenotype in obese Zucker rats. In this study, we further investigated physiological changes related to adiposity in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats consuming soy‐based diets and compared these diets with the insulin‐sensitizing drug, rosiglitazone. Transcript abundance of known genes was assessed in the livers to identify potential molecular connections between soy diets and adiposity. Male Zucker diabetic fatty rats were assigned to casein (C) protein, low‐isoflavone soy (LIS) protein, high‐isoflavone soy (HIS) protein, or C + rosiglitazone (CR) diets. Compared with the C diet, the LIS diet decreased plasma lipids and increased body weight, but did not change liver weight or carcass adiposity. HIS decreased plasma lipids, liver weight, and body weight. CR decreased plasma lipids and increased carcass adiposity and body weight with no effect on liver weight. In LIS livers, 15 genes involved in signaling and lipid metabolism were up‐regulated 2‐fold or higher. In HIS livers, seven genes had a 2‐fold or higher change in abundance. However, in CR livers, none of the genes was significantly changed compared with the C diet. There appears to be a distinct change in gene expression associated with soy diets as compared with C‐based diets and rosiglitazone treatment.
A Novel Pathway to the Manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Sonnenberg Gabriele E. , Krakower Glenn R. , Kissebah Ahmed H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPathways leading from obesity to the manifestations of metabolic syndrome involve a number of metabolic risk factors, as well as adipokines, mediators of inflammatory response, thrombogenic and thrombolytic parameters, and vascular endothelial reactivity. Increased adipose tissue mass contributes to augmented secretion of proinflammatory adipokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), along with diminished secretion of the “protective” adiponectin. In our view, TNFα and adiponectin are antagonistic in stimulating nuclear transcription factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation. Through this activation, TNFα induces oxidative stress, which exacerbates pathological processes leading to oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis. NF‐κB activation further stimulates the formation of additional inflammatory cytokines, along with adhesion molecules which promote endothelial dysfunction. Elevated free fatty acid, glucose, and insulin levels enhance this NF‐κB activation and further downstream modulate specific clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome.
Physical Activity as a Predictor of Body Composition in American Indian Children
Authors: Stevens June , Suchindran Chirayath , Ring Kim , Baggett Christopher D. , Jobe Jared B. , Story Mary , Thompson Janice , Going Scott B. , Caballero Benjamin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine physical activity in second grade American Indian children as a predictor of percentage body fat 3 years later.Research Methods and Procedures: Physical activity was assessed as average vector magnitude (AVM) counts from an accelerometer in 454 second grade children as part of the Pathways study. BMI was assessed, and skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance were used to estimate fat mass, fat‐free body mass, and percentage body fat in validated prediction equations. Associations were examined using mixed models regression controlling for baseline body composition.Results: In normal‐weight children, higher AVM counts were significantly associated with decreases in percentage body fat. Among overweight children, higher AVM counts were significantly associated with increases in BMI, fat mass, and fat‐free mass but not percentage body fat.Discussion: Higher physical activity levels in second grade were associated with lower levels of percentage body fat in fifth grade in normal‐weight but not in overweight children. BMI showed no association with physical activity among normal‐weight children, and increases in BMI were associated with increasing amounts of physical activity among overweight children. These findings emphasize the importance of valid body composition measures and may indicate important differences in associations between physical activity and adiposity in normal‐weight as compared with overweight children.
The Pro12Ala Polymorphism of the PPARγ2 Gene Regulates Weight from Birth to Adulthood
Authors: Pihlajamäki Jussi , Vanhala Mauno , Vanhala Pasi , Laakso Markku 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ 2 (PPARγ2) gene has been related to obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study, the effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on long‐term changes in weight and body composition was investigated.Research Methods and Procedures: The Pro12Ala polymorphism was genotyped in 311 subjects who participated in our previous population‐based study. In that study, weight at birth, 7 years, 20 years, and 41 years, and ponderal index at birth and BMI and waist circumference at 41 years were recorded.Results: The Ala12 allele of the PPARγ2 gene was associated with high ponderal index at birth (2.77 ± 0.27 kg/m3 in subjects with the Ala12Ala genotype, 2.79 ± 0.29 kg/m3 in subjects with the Pro12Ala genotype, and 2.63 ± 0.25 kg/m3 in subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype, p = 0.007, adjusted for gender) and weight at 7 years (p = 0.045) and tended to be associated with high birth weight (p = 0.094). Subjects with this allele gained less weight between 7 and 20 years (p = 0.043) and more weight between 20 and 41 years (p = 0.001) and ended up having higher waist circumference (p = 0.040) in adulthood than did subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype.Discussion: We conclude that the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARγ2 gene regulates weight and body composition from utero to adulthood.
Obesity in BSB Mice Is Correlated with Expression of Genes for Iron Homeostasis and Leptin
Authors: Farahani Poupak , Chiu Sally , Bowlus Christopher L. , Boffelli Dario , Lee Eric , Fisler Janis S. , Krauss Ronald M. , Warden Craig H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We searched for genes whose alleles cause obesity and novel pathways correlated with obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: BSB mice are a model of complex obesity due to interactions among genes from C57BL/6J (B) and Mus spretus (SPRET) in (B × SPRET) × B backcross mice. Stringent criteria identified 50 genes differentially expressed in epididymal adipose tissue from 7 pairs of lean vs. obese BSB mice. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction of adipose tissue RNA from 48 BSB mice with a range of obesity was assayed. Leptin was evaluated in inbred (SPRET/Ei) and outbred (SPRET/Pt) BSB mice.Results: Leptin (Lep) and adipsin expressions had the greatest fold differences between obese and lean mice. Four genes involved in iron homeostasis were included in the 50 differentially expressed genes [hemochromatosis (Hfe), diaphorase 1, transferrin receptor (Trfr) 2, and protoporphyrinogen oxidase] and two additional iron‐related genes did not quite meet the stringent criteria for differential expression (Trfr and lactotransferrin). Hfe and Trfr mRNA levels and liver iron were negatively correlated with fat mass. Variation in obesity phenotypes explained 49%, 40%, and 37%, respectively, of the variance in Hfe, Lep, and Trfr mRNA levels. Leptin differed by haplotype at the Lep locus in outbred BSB. The quantitative trait locus identified in the outbred cross did not occur in inbred BSB.Discussion: Our results suggest that iron homeostasis in BSB mice is coordinately regulated in vivo in adipose depots in response to obesity. Lep alleles derived from outbred, but not inbred, SPRET are a positional candidate for the chromosome 6 quantitative trait locus in BSB mice.
Parental Cultural Perspectives in Relation to Weight‐Related Behaviors and Concerns of African‐American Girls
Authors: Beech Bettina M. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Baranowski Tom , Davis Marsha , Robinson Thomas N. , Sherwood Nancy E. , Taylor Wendell C. , Relyea George , Zhou Ainong , Pratt Charlotte , Owens Ayisha , Thompson Nikko S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether cultural perspectives of parents may influence children's eating and physical activity behaviors and patterns of weight gain.Research Methods and Procedures: African‐American girls (ages 8 to 10 years) and their parents (or caregivers) (n = 210) participated at one of four Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies Phase 1 Field Centers. At baseline, parents completed questionnaires adapted from the African‐American Acculturation Scale (AAAS), the Multiethnic Identity Scale (MEIS), and an original question on Global Cultural Identity. Girls’ baseline measures included physical activity assessment by accelerometer, 24‐hour dietary recalls, and questionnaires about body image and weight concerns.Results: Principal components analysis indicated the expected AAAS and MEIS factor structures, with moderate to good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.61 to 0.82) and some intercorrelation among these measures (r = 0.17 to 0.57). Overall mean (SD) AAAS subscale scores of 4.1 (2.1) and 5.5 (1.8) of a possible 7 and 3.0 (0.9) of a possible 4 on the MEIS indicated, respectively, moderate to high levels of parental African‐American cultural orientation and identity with moderate variability. Parental AAAS and MEIS scores were inversely correlated with girls’ body image discrepancy and weight concern. One AAAS subscale was positively associated with total energy intake and percentage energy from fat. Overall, however, parental AAAS and MEIS scores were unrelated or inconsistently related to girls’ physical activity and diet measures.Discussion: The AAAS and MEIS measures had acceptable psychometric properties, except for weight concern, but did not give a consistent picture of how parental perspectives related to the girls’ baseline attitudes and behaviors.
Physical Activity among African‐American Girls: The Role of Parents and the Home Environment
Authors: Adkins Sarah , Sherwood Nancy E. , Story Mary , Davis Marsha 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: African‐American girls are at increased risk for becoming overweight. Increased physical activity may prevent this. This study examines measurements of girls’ physical activity and associations with: BMI, parent's reported self‐efficacy and support for helping daughters be active, girl's perceived support from parents for physical activity, parent's and girl's perceived neighborhood safety and access to facilities, and family environment.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐two 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls and their primary caregiver in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area participated in the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies pilot intervention to prevent weight gain by promoting healthy eating and physical activity. Data collected included height, weight, physical activity level, and physical activity‐related psychosocial measures from girl and parent. Girls wore an activity monitor for 3 days to assess activity level. Correlations were computed among the average minutes per day of moderate to vigorous activity between 12 pm and 6 pm and BMI and psychosocial measures.Results: BMI was inversely correlated with moderate to vigorous activity (r = −0.35, p < 0.01), whereas parent's self‐efficacy for supporting daughter to be active was positively correlated with activity (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). There was a trend for parent's reported support of daughter's activity level to be associated with activity (r = 0.26, p < 0.06). Girl's perception of parent's support for physical activity, perceived neighborhood safety and access to facilities, and family environment were not associated with girl's activity levels.Discussion: Interventions to increase physical activity among preadolescent African‐American girls may benefit from a parental component to encourage support and self‐efficacy for daughters’ physical activity.
The Obesity Pandemic: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Roth Jesse , Qiang Xiaoling , Marbán Sharon Lee , Redelt Henry , Lowell Barbara C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity, a new pandemic, is associated with an increased risk of death, morbidity, and accelerated aging. The multiple therapeutic modalities used to promote weight loss are outlined with caution, especially for patients who are very young or old. Except for very rare single gene defects, the inheritance of obesity is complex and still poorly understood, despite active investigations. Recent advances that have shed light on the pathophysiology of obesity are the recognition that 1) excess fat is deposited in liver, muscle, and pancreatic islets; 2) fat tissue secretes a large number of active signaling molecules including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, as well as free fatty acids; and 3) activated macrophages colonize the adipose tissue. Other candidates for key roles in the causes and consequences of obesity include 1) metabolic programming, where food acts as a developmental regulator; 2) the constellation of defects known as the “metabolic syndrome;” 3) cortisol overproduction in the adipose tissue; and especially, 4) insulin resistance. The possible etiologies of insulin resistance include cytokine excess, elevated free fatty acids, and hyperinsulinemia itself, as with transgenic overproduction of insulin in mice.