bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displays in air traffic control
Authors: Ort Markus 
Published: September 2007

Commercial aviation is becoming more and more important these days. From year to year there is an accelerated increase in the density of air traffic. The resulting fast growth in the flow of data between controllers and the technical systems they use, as well as that between controller and pilot, calls for new means of communication and visualization of information and interaction with it. Revised concepts for air traffic control must be applied, to deal safely with the increasing volume of traffic in the future. The main focus must be on designing an appropriate interface to support the interaction between ground and cockpit, making the communication as efficient, convenient and secure as possible. This undoubtedly goes further than just making information accessible in a digital format.
Despite the importance and complexity of the subject, interdisciplinary projects to achieve this were launched only recently. However, as time goes on, more ergonomics specialists, psychologists and designers are working in this field dominated by engineers and programmers.
So far, only a few cooperative projects have been undertaken between information designers, interaction designers and air traffic control specialists to create new interface solutions. This is all the more surprising since the structuring and visualization of this immense flow of data, the mapping of dynamic processes and the search for new means of communication constitute a highly interesting field.
There is a strong belief that only such cooperation can lead to a coherent product, if interfaces are to be developed which can unfold the potential of the new Datalink-technology. The project described in this article was undertaken at the Design Department of the University of Applied Sciences Cologne, in cooperation with engineers from the Berlin University of Technology/ Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/ Section Flight Guidance and Transportation and IT-specialists and air traffic controllers from Skyguide (Zürich and Geneva).
After a brief summary of the general situation in air traffic control and the work that controllers do, my aim in this article is to present a feasible interface solution for the arrival/departure sector, one of the most crucial areas of air traffic control.
Measure Noun constructions: An instance of semantically-driven grammaticalization
Authors: Brems Lieselotte 
Published: September 2007

In a narrow sense, the term ‘Measure Noun' (MN) refers to such nouns as acre and kilo, which typically measure off a well-established and specific portion of the mass or entity specified in a following of-phrase, e.g. a kilo of apples. When used like this, the MN is generally considered to constitute the lexical head of the bi-nominal noun phrase. However, the notion of ‘MN' can be extended to include such expressions as a bunch of and heaps of, which, strictly speaking, do not designate a ‘measure', but display a more nebulous potential for quantification.
The structural status of MNs in this broader sense then is far from straightforward and most grammatical reference works of English are either hesitant or silent with regard to the issue. Two main analytical options seem to suggest themselves. Either the MN is interpreted as constituting the head of the NP, with the of-phrase as a qualifier to this head, or the MN is analysed as a modifier, more specifically a quantifier, to the head, which in this case is the noun in the of-phrase.
Starting from the structural analyses of MN-constructions offered by such linguists as Halliday and Langacker, my paper goes on to discuss a corpus study aimed at charting and elucidating the structural ambivalence observed in MN-constructions. The framework eventually opted for is that of ‘grammaticalization', since it provides the most comprehensive account for the developments displayed by MN-constructions, in that it brings to the fore the very intricate interplay between the lexical and the grammatical status of the MN. In addition, it also does justice to the diachronic dimension implied in the mechanisms of delexicalization and grammaticalization.
Source articles as scaffolds in reading to write
Authors: Zhu Wei 
Published: September 2007

This article discusses a case study examining a Chinese graduate student’s experience with reading-to-write tasks in business, particularly the student’s use of source articles in performing the tasks. Data on six library research papers were collected from several sources in three semesters, including (1) course syllabi, (2) the source articles and the student’s reading notes, (3) the student’s outlines, drafts, and final versions of the six papers, and (4) interviews with the student. Analysis of the data indicated that the source articles scaffolded the student’s representations of the tasks and that the student’s task representation was influenced by several factors such as the student’s goals, the perceived purpose of the assignments, and the student’s beliefs and experience. Implications of the study for second language writing instruction and research are discussed.
Discourse and metadiscourse in parliamentary debates
Authors: Ilie Cornelia 
Published: September 2007

Oral metadiscourse is envisaged in the present study as a set of rhetorically structured communicative and interactional strategies used by speakers to signal, highlight, mitigate, or cancel parts of their ongoing discourse and their varying relevance to different addressees and/or audience members. Parliamentary metadiscursive strategies are typical manifestations of MPs’ joint negotiations of the degree of directness, explicitness, appropriateness, etc., of the interlocutors’ discursive representations, interpretations and evaluations of events, processes, as well as people’s ideas and actions. One important consequence is that institutional adversariality co-occurs with interpersonal adversariality.Metadiscourse does not simply consist of distinct fragments of discourse and discursive patterns. Some of the rhetorically most effective strategies of parliamentary metadiscourse operate simultaneously on several levels of discourse. These strategies include various manifestations of the participants’ cognitive and inter-relational acts aimed at controlling, evaluating, adjusting and negotiating the goals and the effects of their and of their interlocutors’ ongoing talk.The metadiscursive level of parliamentary discourse helps to articulate particular aspects of speaker-interlocutor relations and/or speaker-audience relations. This involves particularly speaker role shifts, discursive scope widening/narrowing, multiple-audience targeting, re/definition of terms and concepts, minimising/maximising accountability and merit, challenging facts and statistics. Metadiscursive statements may convey simple, double or multiple messages
Spectacular ethics
Authors: Chouliaraki Lilie 
Published: September 2007

This article argues that the BBC World footage of the bombardment of Baghdad, March–April 2003, manages to take sides in the controversy over the Iraq war, without violating the principle of objectivity — a principle necessary for the credibility of public service broadcasting. Making use of the ‘analytics of mediation’, I show that the semiotic choices of this footage construe the bombardment of Baghdad in a regime of pity, whereby the aesthetic quality of the spectacle effaces the presence of Iraqi people as human beings and sidelines the question of the coalition troops identity either as benefactors or bombers. This combination is instrumental in aestheticising the horror of war at the expense of raising issues around the legitimacy and effects of the war.
The taking of sides in the BBC ‘update’ occurs precisely through this aestheticised representation of warfare that denies the sufferer her humanity and relieves the bomber of his responsibility in inflicting the suffering. By rendering these identities irrelevant to the spectacle of the suffering, the footage ultimately suppresses the emotional, ethical and political issues that lie behind the bombardment of Baghdad.
Debating the European Constitution
Authors: Oberhuber Florian , Bärenreuter Christoph , Krzyżanowski Michal , Schönbauer Heinz , Wodak Ruth 
Published: September 2007

In this article, we analyze the newspaper coverage of the concluding session of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which took place in Brussels on the 12th and 13th December 2003 and which was the first attempt to reach an agreement on the “Draft Constitutional Treaty” proposed by the European Convention. Placing it in the larger context of EU ‘constitutional’ reform, the media pictured the Brussels Summit and its eventual failure as an event of high symbolic relevance. In a qualitative in-depth discourse analysis, we comparatively investigate how the Summit was represented in 15 newspapers from eight EU countries. Using analytical categories from various key theoretical approaches of Discourse Analysis, the data are analyzed according to three interrelated sets of questions: (1) Which actors are selected in the press coverage, how are they labeled, and what are their main activities? (2) What metaphors, images and topoi are applied for representing and explaining the European Union as a unique political space? (3) How is the Brussels Summit placed in the political and historical context of European integration, who is blamed for its failure and why, and what scenarios for the future are discussed or proposed?
Results are presented on two dimensions: firstly, in a case study approach, it is shown how press coverage in each country differs on the level of semantics, thematic structures, and structures of relevance and argumentation. Secondly, a systematic cross-section analysis is carried out and the repertoire of the fundamental representations of EU-rope used in the press is reconstructed.
The deictic nature of the directives in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Hatav Galia 
Published: September 2007

Biblical Hebrew has three specific verb forms for performing directive speech-acts such as commands and requests. Hebraists (e.g., Bendavid 1967) observe that two other forms are also used for this purpose, in addition to other uses.

In Hatav (1997), I show that those two forms are general modals, which may be used for any kind of modality, including directives.

Complying with Grice’s (1975) cooperative rule, I argue in this paper, a biblical character would prefer the specific forms to perform directives. However, I show that the specific forms are deictic in nature, and can be used only when the speech-time functions as the reference-time of the utterance. In case of another reference-time, the speaker must resort to the general modals.
On Justification in Translation Studies
Authors: Rothe-Neves Rui 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A descriptive analysis of translations, such as that outlined in Toury (1995), is said to involve the establishment of translation relationships within coupled pairs of replacing and replaced textual segments. But how is one to assess the significance of particular kinds of segment for the entire text under analysis? The present article tackles this methodological issue and reports on a study designed to provide quantitative data to answer that question. For that purpose, an analysis was conducted of translations by Frederico Mueller, the first Brazilian translator of the writings of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy. This study may prove useful in highlighting the role of quantitative text analyses in Translation Studies.
Are Menu Translations Getting Worse?
Authors: Fallada Pouget Carmina 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Translations of restaurant menus from Catalan or Spanish into English are important for the Catalan restaurant industry and for tourism in general, since an improvement in the quality of the translations may lead to higher standards of service and better socio-cultural exchanges. A sample of 1013 menu items from the Tarragona area suggests there are differences in functionality between the menus translated in the 1970s/1980s and those translated in the 1990s. A possible reason for these differences is that all the menus from the 1970s/80s were translated by professional translators, and those from the 1990s, by non-professional translators. The study also suggests that books on menu translations published by the Catalan government in 1991 did not reach the restaurant owners and that official translation policy in this area has thus had little effect.
The dilemma of the black intellectual
Authors: WEST CORNEL 
Published: September 2007

The peculiarities of the American social structure, and the position of the intellectual class within it, make the functional role of the negro intellectual a special one. The negro intellectual must deal intimately with the white power structure and cultural apparatus, and the inner realities of the black world at one and the same time. But in order to function successfully in this role, he has to be acutely aware of the nature of the American social dynamic and how it monitors the ingredients of class stratifications in American society…. Therefore the functional role of the negro intellectual demands that he cannot be absolutely separated from either the black or white world.Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (1967)
A POSSIBLE CASE OF DELAYED MUTATION IN MAN
Authors: AUERBACH By CHARLOTTE 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA pedigree of split‐hand (Graham & Badgley, 1955), in which several new mutants appear simultaneously in collateral lines, is tentatively explained on the basis of delayed mutation which resulted in two generations of gonadic mosaics. Parallel cases in Drosophila and the rabbit are described.
BLOOD GROUPS IN ABORTION AND STERILITY*
Authors: GRUBB R. , SJÖSTEDT S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe purpose of the investigation was to study whether blood‐group incompatibility between partners is of importance as a causal factor in disturbed fertility.The material comprises:385 marriages in which all–and at least four–pregnancies had terminated with live births.269 marriages in which, for unknown reasons, at least two pregnancies terminated in intrauterine death of the foetus and abortion.83 marriages, childless for unknown reasons.No difference was found between the three series with respect to the frequency of ABO and Rh incompatibility. Nor did the observed distribution of mating classes for MN, Lewis blood groups or secretor and non‐secretor characteristics deviate from that expected.A statistically highly significant discrepancy was found in the intra‐uterine death series and subseries thereof: the frequency of ABO incompatible matings in mating class husband Rh+: wife Rh+ was about 50%, whereas in matings involving at least one Rh—partner the frequency of ABO incompatible matings was about 20 %. Some implications of this finding are discussed.
BIRTH WEIGHT IN COUSINS
Authors: ROBSON ELIZABETH B. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThere is a significant positive correlation between the birth weights of maternal first cousins, but not between other first cousins. This is interpreted as evidence for the existence of a maternal genetic factor in the determination of birth weight. Using estimates of the correlation between birth weight in sibs, twins and first cousins, the contribution to the total variance in birth weight of such factors as foetal genotype, maternal genotype and environment are discussed.
TASTE THRESHOLD FOR PHENYL‐THIO‐UREA IN MALAY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: THAMBIPILLAI By V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA total of 237 Malay children (119 girls and 118 boys) were tested with serial dilutions of phenyl‐thio‐urea for their taste threshold. The method used is similar to the first stage of the method described by Harris & Kalmus (1949).In general the frequency distribution of taste threshold in the Malay children is similar to distributions obtained in other races by various investigators; the distribution is bimodal indicating separate frequency distributions of non‐tasters and tasters. The distributions of taste threshold in the tasters between the two sexes are significantly different. Though previous workers have recorded that the girls are more sensitive than the boys, the taste threshold distributions in the Malay children seem to show that the girls are less sensitive than the boys.The percentages of non‐tasters among the Malay boys and other rams are compared. The percentage of non‐tasters among the Europeans is large and that among the Chinese and Africans is small. The percentage of non‐tasters among the Malay children is intermediate. These differences are significant.
THE COMPLETED REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF 161 COUPLES SELECTED BEFORE MARRIAGE AND CLASSIFIED BY ABO BLOOD GROUP
Authors: REED T. EDWARD , KELLY E. LOWELL 
Published: September 2007

SummaryOne hundred and sixty‐one engaged white couples, resident in the eastern United States, were blood grouped and, after about 18 years, supplied detailed information on their reproductive history. After classifying the couples by ABO mating type, the possible effect of blood groups on (1) number of pregnancies, (2) number of livebirths, (3) number of stillbirths, (4) number of spontaneous abortions, and (5) interval between marriage and birth of first child was explored. No differences between incompatible (i.e. the husband has A and/or B agglutinogen which is lacking in the wife) and compatible matings were found which were significant at the 0–05 level. However, for the proportion of births which were stillbirths, the probability of the difference between incompatible and compatible matings is 0–0588, the proportion being over three times as high in incompatible matings. These findings and other aspects of the data are discussed. An appendix describing each couple is given.
STUDY OF BLOOD GROUPS AND OTHER GENETICAL CHARACTERS IN SIX GUJARATI ENDOGAMOUS GROUPS IN WESTERN INDIA
Authors: VYAS G. N. , BHATIA H. M. , BANKER D. D. , PURANDARE N. M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1212 subjects from six endogamous groups were investigated for AlA2BO, MN, Eh (‐C, ‐c, ‐D, ‐E) and Duffy blood groups, secretion of ABH substances in saliva, threshold determination of P.T.C. taste reaction and colour‐blindness. The results show an interesting pattern of genetical diversity in these six endogamous groups. The findings have been discussed statistically to assess the overall genetical differences in these endogamous groups.
INHERITANCE OF THE P.T.C. TASTE CHARACTER IN MAN: AN ANALYSIS OF 126 RÁTRHI BRAHMIN FAMILIES OF WEST BENGAL
Authors: DAS S. R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. P.T.C. taste threshold data for 127 families have been given, of which one family has been rejected on account of illegitimacy.2. A x2 test by the ‘2×2’ contingency table indicates that the matings in the families studied were random (x2= 097, P>0.3).3. Analysis of the families by Fisher's method following Race & Sanger (1954) indicated a ‘good fit’ (P > 0.1) between the observed and the expected numbers of T × T as well as T×t (including t×T) families.4. Fisher's test following Smith (1956) indicated a ‘good fit’ (P>0.1) for the totals of families of each of the types T×T and T × t (also t × T)–each family containing at least one non‐taster child. But a significant discrepancy (P<0.01) was found for the family size 4 of T × T type mating type considered singly.5. Comparison of x2 calculated on the totals of the observed and the expected numbers of non‐tasters in sibships produced by T × T as well as by T × t (including t×T) matings, each of which contained at least one non‐taster indicated a significant discrepancy (0.05>P>002).6. Discrepancies have been noticed between the observed and the expected numbers of non‐taster children in the combined family sizes 2 and 3 out of T × T matings, and the family size 4 out of T×t (and t×T) matings–each producing at least one non‐taster child (P<0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).7. Totals of x2 values for families of all sizes (calculated separately for each size) in respect of the numbers of non‐taster children indicated a significant discrepancy (P< 0.02) for T×T families, but a satisfactory agreement (P>0.05) for the T×t (including t×T) families–each family containing at least one non‐taster child.8. Summing up the x2 values calculated on totals under the four different tests following Smith (1956), a single x2 of 13–38 with 4 D.F. was obtained, which finally indicated a significant divergence (P< 0.01) between the theory and the data taken as a whole.9. It has been suggested that an assumption of incomplete penetrance (say, about 90 %) of the dominant taste gene might interpret the entire P.T.C. data (including the sib‐pair data of Harris & Kalmus, and Das referred to already) more satisfactorily than the simple hypothesis as it stands to‐day.
THE SEX RATIO OF MUTATION RATES OF SEX‐LINKED RECESSIVE GENES IN MAN WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DUCHENNE TYPE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: CHEESEMAN E. A. , KILPATRICK S. J. , STEVENSON A. C. , SMITH C. A. B. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryFollowing a lead given by Haldane (1956), data on sex‐linked recessive Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, reported from Northern Ireland, Northumberland and Durham and Utah, have each been examined by three methods in an attempt to estimate the sex ratio of the mutation rates.Critical examination of both the available data and the methods suggest that there is no evidence at present to support an hypothesis of a sex difference in the mutation rates.
LINKAGE TESTS INVOLVING THE P BLOOD GROUP LOCUS AND FURTHER DATA ON THE ABO:NAIL‐PATELLA LINKAGE
Authors: LAWLER SYLVIA D. , RENWICK J. H. , HAUGE M. , MOSBECH J. , WILDERVANCK L. S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryNo convincing evidence of linkage was found when an attempt was made to confirm a suspicion that the P blood group locus was linked both to the nail‐patella locus and to the ABO locus. In the course of this work, the ABO:nail‐patella linkage has been found to be consistent in six additional families and the revised estimate of the recombination fraction is 0–096 ± 0–024.We wish to thank Prof. L. S. Penrose for the help and interest he has shown in all aspects of this investigation and Dr C. A. B. Smith for guidance in the analyses.The study of the Danish families was given every encouragement by Prof. T. Kemp and the linguistic shortcomings of two of us were kindly circumvented by Miss Lene Ramvad.The analysis of the linkage data concerning ABO and P, on the computer made available by the courtesy of Dr F. Yates at Rothamsted Experimental Station, is mainly the work of Mr H. R. Simpson, to whom we are very grateful. We are much indebted to Dr R. R. Race for permission to incorporate in these data material collected by the M.R.C. Blood Group Research Unit.
TASTE THRESHOLDS FOR PHENYLTHIOUREA AMONG JAPANESE
Authors: SALDANHA P. H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryTaste thresholds for phenylthiourea were measured among 295 Japanese in Brazil. The frequency of non‐tasters was observed to be 7‐1 ± 1 4 %. This estimate does not differ from those of other Mongoloid groups tested by means of the sorting technique.The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Rockefeller Foundation for the grant which supported the present work. To Dr A. Brito da Cunha, of the Department of General Biology of the University of São Paulo, Brazil, the author is indebted for suggestions and the critical reading of the manuscript. To Mr Tatsao Ishihara and his daughter Myriam Ishihara as well as to Mr Mario Kajita, the author expresses his thanks for their help, and for permission to perform tests in Japanese schools.