bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerized ultrasonographic tissue characterization of equine superficial digital flexor tendons by means of stability quantification of echo patterns in contiguous transverse ultrasonographic images
Authors: Schie Hans T. M. van , Bakker Erwin M. , Jonker A. Mieke , Weeren P. Rene van 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To describe a method of computerized ultrasonographic tissue characterization that includes structures below the size limits of resolution in equine superficial digital flexor tendons.Sample Population—2 damaged and 2 structurally normal superficial digital flexor tendons.Procedure—Transverse ultrasonographic images were collected along the tendon long axis. Stability of echo pattern was quantified by means of variation in gray levels of each pixel in contiguous images and expressed as correlation, entropy, and waviness ratios.Results—Normal young and normal old tissues were characterized by high correlation and low entropy and waviness ratios. In necrotic tissue, collapsed intratendinous septa resulted in high correlation, moderate entropy, and high waviness ratios. In early granulation tissue, complete lack of bundle formation resulted in values of zero for correlation and waviness ratios; loose connective tissue matrix resulted in a high entropy ratio. In late granulation tissue, formation of new bundles resulted in a high correlation ratio; swollen intratendinous septa and incomplete organization of connective tissue matrix were reflected in high entropy and waviness ratios. In early fibrotic tissue, rearrangement of tendon bundles resulted in a correlation ratio within reference range and a slight increase in the waviness ratio; an increase in cellularity and lack of fibrillar arrangement led to an increase in the entropy ratio. In late fibrotic and scar tissues, inferior quality of repair with almost complete lack of organization was reflected in low to moderate correlation, low waviness, and high entropy ratios.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Stability of echo patterns accurately reflects homogeneity of tendons in horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:366–375)
Analgesic and systemic effects of ketamine, xylazine, and lidocaine after subarachnoid administration in goats
Authors: DeRossi Rafael , Junqueira Alexandre Lopes , Beretta Marcelo Paixão 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride, and lidocaine hydrochloride after subarachnoid administration in goats.Animals—6 healthy goats.Procedure—In each goat, ketamine (3 mg/kg), xylazine (0.1 mg/kg), lidocaine (2.5 mg/kg), and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were injected into the subarachnoid space between the last lumbar vertebra and first sacral vertebra (time 0). Analgesic, ataxic, sedative, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and rectal temperature were evaluated before (baseline) and 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after administration and at 30-minute intervals thereafter as needed.Results—Administration of anesthetics induced varying degrees of analgesia. Onset of the analgesic effect was more delayed for xylazine (mean ± SD, 9.5 ± 2.6 minutes) than for ketamine (6.7 ± 2.6 minutes) or lidocaine (3.5 ± 1.2 minutes). Duration of analgesia induced by xylazine (88.3 ± 15 minutes) was twice as long as the duration of analgesia induced by ketamine (48.8 ± 13.5 minutes) but similar to that induced by lidocaine (66.5 ± 31 minutes). Xylazine induced bradycardia, whereas ketamine caused a nonsignificant increase in heart rate. Xylazine induced a reduction in arterial pressure, whereas ketamine or lidocaine did not affect arterial pressure.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Subarachnoid administration of xylazine in goats resulted in longer duration of analgesia of the tail, perineum, hind limbs, flanks, and caudodorsal rib areas than administration of ketamine or lidocaine. However, xylazine caused bradycardia and respiratory depression. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the analgesia would be sufficient to allow clinicians to perform surgical procedures. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:51–56)
Regional risk of exporting cattle seropositive for bluetongue virus from the United States
Authors: Hoar Bruce R. , Carpenter Tim E. , Singer Randall S. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To create a stochastic model to quantify
the risk that shipments of cattle from regions within
the United States would contain animals seropositive
for bluetongue virus and to determine shipment-level
accuracy of serologic testing by use of a competitive
ELISA (c-ELISA).

Sample Population—19,216 shipments containing
528,918 cattle and calves.

Procedure—Data were obtained on number of animals
and state of origin of cattle in export shipments
originating within the United States between January
1994 and March 2002. Probability distributions for
size of export shipments were determined for all
states within the United States, and distributions for
agar gel immunodiffusion and c-ELISA accuracy (sensitivity
and specificity) were determined from expert
opinion and review of the literature. The model simulated
selection of a shipment and then determined
the probability that a threshold number or percentage
of cattle within that shipment would have a positive
c-ELISA result. Shipment-level sensitivity, specificity,
positive-predictive value, and negative-predictive
value were calculated.

Results—Substantial differences were evident in the
regional probability of a shipment being declared positive,
with shipments from northeastern states having
the lowest probability and shipments from southwestern
states having the highest probability. The c-
ELISA had variable predictive values at the shipment
level, depending on the threshold used and the prevalence
of antibody-positive cattle within the region.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results from
this study will aid importers in making scientifically
based decisions regarding risk of importing antibodypositive
cattle. ( Am J Vet Res 2003;64:520–529)
Development of a multiple-marker polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of metastatic melanoma in lymph node aspirates of dogs
Authors: Catchpole Brian , Gould Sara M. , Kellett-Gregory Lindsay M. , Dobson Jane M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To develop a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect canine melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) and to use this technique to screen aspirates of lymph nodes (LNs) for evidence of metastatic spread of oral malignant melanoma.Animals—7 dogs with oral malignant melanoma and 4 dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma.Procedures—We prepared cDNA from melanoma tumor biopsies and fine-needle aspirates obtained from submandibular LNs of dogs with oral malignant melanoma or multicentric lymphosarcoma. The RTPCR assay was performed by use of tyrosinase, Melan-A, gp100, tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), or melanoma antigen-encoding gene B (MAGE-B)- specific primers.Results—We detected MAGE-B mRNA in canine testicular tissue but not in melanoma biopsy specimens. Tyrosinase, Melan-A, gp100, and TRP-2 mRNAs were detected in tumor biopsy specimens and in 2 of 5 LN aspirates from dogs with melanoma, suggesting metastatic spread in those 2 dogs. We did not detect MAAs in LN aspirates obtained from dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma. Sequencing of canine Melan- A and gp100 PCR products confirmed the specificity of the assay for these genes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinical staging of dogs with oral malignant melanoma is useful to assist in designing appropriate treatments. However, results of histologic examination of LN biopsy specimens can be inconclusive and, in humans, can underestimate the number of patients with metastatic disease. Molecular staging of melanomas in dogs can be achieved by screening LN aspirates for MAA mRNA, and this can be performed in combination with cytologic examination to aid in detection of metastatic disease. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:544–549)
Coughing, mucus accumulation, airway obstruction, and airway inflammation in control horses and horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Robinson N. Edward , Berney Cathy , Eberhart Sue , deFeijter-Rupp Heather. L. , Jefcoat Andrew M. , Cornelisse Cornelis J. , Gerber Vincent M. , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To investigate relationships between cough frequency and mucus accumulation, airway obstruction, and airway inflammation and to determine effects of dexamethasone on coughing and mucus score.Animals—13 horses with recurrent airway obstruction( RAO and 6 control horses.Procedure—6 RAO-affected and 6 control horses were stabled for 3 days. Coughing was counted for 4 hours before and on each day horses were stabled. Before and on day 3 of stabling, tracheal mucus accumulation was scored, airway obstruction was assessed via maximal change in pleural pressure (ΔPplmax), and airway inflammation was evaluated by use of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Effects of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h for 7 days) were determined in 12 RAO-affected horses.Results—To assess frequency, coughing had to be counted for 1 hour. In RAO-affected horses, stabling was associated with increases in cough frequency, mucus score, and ΔPplmax. Control horses coughed transiently when first stabled. In RAO-affected horses, coughing was correlated with ΔPplmax, mucus score, and airway inflammation and was a sensitive and specific indicator of ΔPplmax> 6 cm H2O, mucus score > 1.0, and > 100 neutrophils/µL and > 20% neutrophils in BALF. Dexamethasone reduced cough frequency, mucus score, and ΔPplmax, but BALF neutrophil count remained increased.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because of its sporadic nature, coughing cannot be assessed accurately by counting during brief periods. In RAO-affected horses, coughing is an indicator of airway inflammation and obstruction. Corticosteroid treatment reduces cough frequency concurrently with reductions in ΔPplmaxand mucus accumulation in RAO-affected horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:550–557)
Effect of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of cortical screws used with interlocking nails
Authors: Aper Rhonda L. , Litsky Alan S. , Roe Simon C. , Johnson Kenneth A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To test the effects of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws used for locking a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail.Sample Population—Eighteen 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws.Procedure—A simulated bone model with aluminum tubing and a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail was used to load screws in cyclic 3-point bending. Group 1 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 19-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. Group 2 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 31.8-mmdiameter aluminum tubing. Group 3 included 6 screws that were eccentrically loaded (5.5 mm from center) within 31.8-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. The number of cycles until screw failure and the mode of failure were recorded.Results—An increase in the diameter of the aluminum tubing from 19 to 31.8 mm resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cycles to failure (mean ± SD, 761,215 ± 239,853 to 16,941 ± 2,829 cycles, respectively). Within 31.8-mm tubing, the number of cycles of failure of eccentrically loaded screws (43,068 ± 14,073 cycles) was significantly greater than that of centrally loaded screws (16,941 ± 2,829 cycles).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Within a bone, locking screws are subjected to different loading conditions depending on location (diaphyseal vs metaphyseal). The fatigue life of a locking screw centrally loaded in the metaphyseal region of bone may be shorter than in the diaphysis. Eccentric loading of the locking screw in the metaphysis may help to improve its fatigue life. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:569–573)
Validation and comparison of the use of diuresis cystometry and retrograde filling cystometry at various infusion rates in female Beagle dogs
Authors: Hamaide Annick J. , Verstegen John P. , Snaps Frédéric R. , Onclin Karine , Balligand Marc H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives—To compare retrograde filling cystometry at infusion rates of 5, 10, and 20 mL/min with diuresis cystometry for determination of an appropriate infusion rate and to confirm the reproducibility of measurements obtained by urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) and cystometry in female Beagles.Animals—6 adult female Beagles.Procedure—Successive UPP and cystometry were performed by use of a water perfusion catheter on dogs anesthetized with propofol. Dogs randomly underwent each of the following at 1-week intervals: retrograde filling cystometry at 5, 10, and 20 mL/min, and diuresis cystometry. The maximum urethral pressure and closure pressure, functional and anatomic profile lengths, threshold pressure, threshold volume, and compliance were measured.Results—For each UPP variable, significant differences were found among dogs, but no significant differences were found in intra- or interstudy measurements for individual dogs. For retrograde filling cystometry, threshold pressure was not significantly different between a 5 and 10 mL/min infusion rate. Threshold pressure was significantly higher during retrograde filling cystometry at 20 mL/min, compared with 5 and 10 mL/min, and was associated with bladder wall damages. Threshold pressure was significantly lower during diuresis cystometry, compared with retrograde filling cystometries. Threshold volume and compliance were not significantly different among retrograde filling cystometries but were significantly higher during diuresis cystometry.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retrograde filling cystometry at 20 mL/min leads to unacceptable sudden increase in threshold bladder pressure. Retrograde filling cystometry at 10 mL/min can be recommended in a clinical setting, shortening the anesthesia time. However, diuresis cystometry approximates physiologic bladder filling most accurately. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:574–579)
Comparison of radiographic assessments of the tibial plateau slope in dogs
Authors: Baroni Ermenegildo , Matthias Richard R. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Vezzoni Aldo , Stebbins Martha E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives—To evaluate the accuracy of 2 radiographic methods used to assess tibial plateau slope (TPS) in dogs and evaluate effects of film digitization and radiographic beam placement on TPS measurements.Sample Population—16 hind limbs from dog cadavers weighing > 20 kg.Procedures—Radiographs of tibiae were made with the radiographic beam centered over the stifle joint and midshaft of the tibia. Tibiae were collected, the femorotibial contact area was determined, and slope of the medial tibial condyle in relation to the tibial shaft was measured. Radiographs were digitized. Slope of the medial tibial condyle was measured on printed and digitized radiographs read in random order by 6 examiners unaware of anatomic measurements. Three examiners used a conventional measuring technique, and 3 examiners used an alternative measuring technique.Results—Anatomic measurements were significantly higher than radiographic measurements made by use of the conventional interpretation method but did not differ from radiographic measurements made by use of the alternate method. Measurements from printed radiographs were lower than measurements from digitized radiographs for the 4 most experienced examiners.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurements made by use of a line tangential to the cranial, linear portion of the medial tibial condyle at the femorotibial contact point were accurate measurements of the anatomic TPS. Measurements made by use of the conventional TPS measurement method underestimated the anatomic TPS. Measurements made on digitized radiographs were typically more accurate than measurements made on printed radiographs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:586–589)
Two-dimensional link-segment model of the forelimb of dogs at a walk
Authors: Nielsen Cheri , Stover Susan M. , Schulz Kurt S. , Hubbard Mont , Hawkins David A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To calculate normative joint angle, intersegmental forces, moment of force, and mechanical power at elbow, antebrachiocarpal, and metacarpophalangeal joints of dogs at a walk.Animals—6 clinically normal mixed-breed dogs.Procedure—Kinetic data were collected via a force platform, and kinematic data were collected from forelimbs by use of 3-dimensional videography. Length, location of the center of mass, total mass, and mass moment of inertia about the center of mass were determined for each of 4 segments of the forelimb. Kinematic data and inertial properties were combined with vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces to calculate sagittal plane forces and moments across joints of interest throughout stance phase. Mechanical power was calculated as the product of net joint moment and the angular velocity. Joint angles were calculated directly from kinematic data.Results—All joint intersegmental forces were similar to ground reaction forces, with a decrease in magnitude the more proximal the location of each joint. Flexor moments were observed at metacarpophalangeal and antebrachiocarpal joints, and extensor moments were observed at elbow and shoulder joints, which provided a net extensor support moment for the forelimb. Typical profiles of work existed for each joint.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For clinically normal dogs of a similar size at a walk, inverse dynamic calculation of intersegmental forces, moments of force, and mechanical power for forelimb joints yielded values of consistent patterns and magnitudes. These values may be used for comparison in evaluations of gait in other studies and in treatment of dogs with forelimb musculoskeletal disease. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:609–617)
Postnatal changes in bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To describe postnatal changes in the populations of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of dogs.Animals—110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs.Procedure—Contents of the stomach and proximal and distal portions of the colon and contents and mucosa of the mid region of the small intestine were collected from puppies at 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling; puppies at 21, 42, and 63 days after birth; and adult female dogs (ie, dams of the puppies) for enumeration of bacterial populations.Results—The entire GIT was colonized at day 1 by all groups of bacteria studied; aerotolerant forms were dominant. During subsequent postnatal development, there were changes in the relative proportions of the various groups of bacteria with anaerobic groups increasing in absolute and relative numbers.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Establishment of bacterial populations in the GIT of dogs is a gradual process that begins immediately after birth. Age-related changes in the relative proportions of bacterial groups coincided with changes in diet and physiologic processes of the host and can influence nutritional state and disease resistance of developing dogs. Differences among regions of the GIT suggest that fecal samples may have limited use for understanding the populations of bacteria and the age and diet-related changes in various regions of the GIT. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:646–651)
Efficacy of various concentrations of coumaphos to control adult, nymphal, and larval stages of an organophosphate-resistant strain of Boophilus microplus on infested cattle
Authors: Davey Ronald B. , George John E. , Miller Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of coumaphos,
an organophosphate (OP) acaricide, at concentrations
up to 2 times higher than the highest concentration
required by the US Eradication Program against all
stages of an OP-resistant strain of Boophilus
microplusin experimentally infested cattle.

Animals—16 tick-naïve 200-kg female Hereford
calves.

Procedure—Four groups of cattle (4 calves/group)
were all infested with Boophilus ticks 3 times before
treatment. Each group was treated with coumaphos
as follows: group 1, at 0.165% active ingredient (AI);
group 2, at 0.299% AI; group 3, at 0.566% AI; and
group 4, not treated. Following treatment, ticks were
collected for 21 days. Ticks collected 1 to 7, 8 to 14,
and 15 to 21 days after treatment were considered
adults, nymphs, and larvae, respectively, at time of
treatment.

Results—Overall control at 0.165, 0.299, and 0.566%
AI was 52.9, 75.8, and 89.7%, respectively. Control of
adults ranged from 4.3% at 0.165% AI to 73.5% at
0.566% AI. Control of nymphs ranged from 60.6% at
0.165% AI to 97.3% at 0.566% AI. Control of larvae
was > 98% at all coumaphos concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All coumaphos
concentrations failed to provide acceptable control
for use in the US Eradication Program against OPresistant
ticks. Treatment was least effective against
adults and most effective against larvae. Even at
0.566% AI (2 times higher than required by the US
Eradication Program), ticks were not eradicated, placing
the United States at risk from dispersing cattle
harboring viable ticks to uninfested areas. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:684–689)
Effects of isoeugenol on in vitro neuromuscular blockade of rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations
Authors: Ingvast-Larsson J. Carina , Axén V. Charlotte , Kiessling Anders K. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To investigate in vitro effects of
isoeugenol on neuromuscular transmission in tissues
obtained from rats.

Sample Population—Tissues (phrenic nerve and
diaphragm) obtained from 15 male Sprague-Dawley
rats.

Procedure—Rats were euthanatized, and tissues
(phrenic nerves and diaphragm) were obtained.
Phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations were examined
in vitro. The phrenic nerve was stimulated with
weak electrical impulses. Muscle-twitch responses
were recorded before and after the addition of drugs
(pancuronium, neostigmine, isoeugenol, and benzocaine).

Results—Pancuronium and isoeugenol in low concentrations
(10 to 206µM) caused a distinct decrease
in twitch response, which could be reversed by the
addition of neostigmine. The decrease in twitch
response caused by benzocaine or high concentrations
of isoeugenol could not be reversed by the addition
of neostigmine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Isoeugenol
caused a competitive blockade of neuromuscular
transmission. Neostigmine restored this transmission
by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, which led to
increased concentrations of acetylcholine. Because
isoeugenol is used as an anesthetic in fish, further
investigations are necessary to determine whether
fish exposed to isoeugenol are sedated and unconscious
or whether they are only paralyzed but have
intact perception in afferent sensory nerves.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:690–693)