bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of VHL Confers Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-Dependent Resistance to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Role of HIF in Antiviral Response
Authors: Hwang Irene I. L. , Watson Ian R. , Der Sandy D. , Ohh Michael 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTHypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a central regulator of cellular responses to hypoxia, and under normal oxygen tension the catalytic α subunit of HIF is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated destruction via the VHL-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Principally known for its association with oncogenesis, HIF has been documented to have a role in the antibacterial response. Interferons, cytokines with antiviral functions, have been shown to upregulate the expression of HIF-1α, but the significance of HIF in the antiviral response has not been established. Here, using renal carcinoma cells devoid of VHL or reconstituted with functional wild-type VHL or VHL mutants with various abilities to negatively regulate HIF as an ideal model system of HIF activity, we show that elevated HIF activity confers dramatically enhanced resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-mediated cytotoxicity. Inhibition of HIF activity using a small-molecule inhibitor, chetomin, enhanced cellular sensitivity to VSV, while treatment with hypoxia mimetic CoCl2promoted resistance. Similarly, targeting HIF-2α by RNA interference also enhanced susceptibility to VSV. Expression profiling studies show that upon VSV infection, the induction of genes with known antiviral activity, such as that encoding beta interferon (IFN-β), is significantly enhanced by HIF. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of HIF in the antiviral response by promoting the expression of the IFN-β gene and other genes with antiviral activity upon viral infection.
In Vitro Synthesis of Minus-Strand RNA by an Isolated
Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Requires VPg and a Stem-Loop Structure at the 3′ End of the Virus RNA
Authors: Osman Toba A. M. , Coutts Robert H. A. , Buck Kenneth W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Cereal yellow dwarf virus
(CYDV) RNA has a 5′-terminal genome-linked protein (VPg). We have expressed the VPg region of the CYDV genome in bacteria and used the purified protein (bVPg) to raise an antiserum which was able to detect free VPg in extracts of CYDV-infected oat plants. A template-dependent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) has been produced from a CYDV membrane-bound RNA polymerase by treatment with BAL 31 nuclease. The RdRp was template specific, being able to utilize templates from CYDV plus- and minus-strand RNAs but not those of three unrelated viruses,
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus
,
Cucumber mosaic virus
, and
Tobacco mosaic virus
. RNA synthesis catalyzed by the RdRp required a 3′-terminal GU sequence and the presence of bVPg. Additionally, synthesis of minus-strand RNA on a plus-strand RNA template required the presence of a putative stem-loop structure near the 3′ terminus of CYDV RNA. The base-paired stem, a single-nucleotide (A) bulge in the stem, and the sequence of a tetraloop were all required for the template activity. Evidence was produced showing that minus-strand synthesis in vitro was initiated by priming by bVPg at the 3′ end of the template. The data are consistent with a model in which the RdRp binds to the stem-loop structure which positions the active site to recognize the 3′-terminal GU sequence for initiation of RNA synthesis by the addition of an A residue to VPg.
Integrity of Membrane Lipid Rafts Is Necessary for the Ordered Assembly and Release of Infectious Newcastle Disease Virus Particles
Authors: Laliberte Jason P. , McGinnes Lori W. , Peeples Mark E. , Morrison Trudy G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Membrane lipid raft domains are thought to be sites of assembly for many enveloped viruses. The roles of both classical lipid rafts and lipid rafts associated with the membrane cytoskeleton in the assembly of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were investigated. The lipid raft-associated proteins caveolin-1, flotillin-2, and actin were incorporated into virions, while the non-lipid raft-associated transferrin receptor was excluded. Kinetic analyses of the distribution of viral proteins in lipid rafts, as defined by detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), in non-lipid raft membranes, and in virions showed an accumulation of HN, F, and NP viral proteins in lipid rafts early after synthesis. Subsequently, these proteins exited the DRMs and were recovered quantitatively in purified virions, while levels of these proteins in detergent-soluble cell fractions remained relatively constant. Cholesterol depletion of infected cells drastically altered the association of viral proteins with DRMs and resulted in an enhanced release of virus particles with reduced infectivity. Decreased infectivity was not due to effects on subsequent virus entry, since the extraction of cholesterol from intact virus did not significantly reduce infectivity. Particles released from cholesterol-depleted cells had very heterogeneous densities and altered ratios of NP and glycoproteins, demonstrating structural abnormalities which potentially contributed to their lowered infectivity. Taken together, these results indicate that lipid rafts, including cytoskeleton-associated lipid rafts, are sites of NDV assembly and that these domains are important for ordered assembly and release of infectious Newcastle disease virus particles.
Generation and Analysis of Infectious Virus-Like Particles of Uukuniemi Virus (
Bunyaviridae
): a Useful System for Studying Bunyaviral Packaging and Budding
Authors: Överby Anna K. , Popov Vsevolod , Neve Etienne P. A. , Pettersson Ralf F. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

In the present report we describe an infectious virus-like particle (VLP) system for the Uukuniemi (UUK) virus, a member of the
Bunyaviridae
family. It utilizes our recently developed reverse genetic system based on the RNA polymerase I minigenome system for UUK virus used to study replication, encapsidation, and transcription by monitoring reporter gene expression. Here, we have added the glycoprotein precursor expression plasmid together with the minigenome, nucleoprotein, and polymerase to generate VLPs, which incorporate the minigenome and are released into the supernatant. The particles are able to infect new cells, and reporter gene expression can be monitored if the
trans
-acting viral proteins (RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein) are also expressed in these cells. No minigenome transfer occurred in the absence of glycoproteins, demonstrating that the glycoproteins are absolutely required for the generation of infectious particles. Moreover, expression of glycoproteins alone was sufficient to produce and release VLPs. We show that the ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) are incorporated into VLPs but are not required for the generation of particles. Morphological analysis of the particles by electron microscopy revealed that VLPs, either with or without minigenomes, display a surface morphology indistinguishable from that of the authentic UUK virus and that they bud into Golgi vesicles in the same way as UUK virus does. This infectious VLP system will be very useful for studying the bunyaviral structural components required for budding and packaging of RNPs and receptor binding and may also be useful for the development of new vaccines for the human pathogens from this family.
Suretyship in German and Polish Law: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Kocsis Imola , Olechowski Marcin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes the institution of suretyship in the German and Polish legal systems. It highlights both differences and similarities of the main characteristics, such as conditions to validity, scope of liability, defences available to the surety and the recourse by the surety in case of payment. The analysis is based not only on the relevant legal provisions, jurisprudence and doctrine, but also on their application in the business practice of the two countries.The comparative overview of the suretyship permits the conclusion that both legal systems regulate the principal features of this institution rather similarly. However, there are also a number of significant differences. Notably, German jurisprudence and doctrine appear to adopt a more flexible approach to this institution than the prevailing position in Polish law. On the other hand, the liability of the surety is more rigorously shaped under Polish law. Whereas German law and practice seem in many respects to be more protective of the surety than Polish law and jurisprudence, the latter provides the surety with far less possibilities to be released from the assumed liability.
Pharmaceutische Chemie
Authors: H. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractZur Darstellung von BromwasserstoffsäureZur Bereitung von Ferrum oxydatum saccharatum solubileLiquor Ferri albuminati (Drees)Syrupus Ferri oxydati solubilisBei Bereitung von ReagenspapierenÜber käufliche TinkturenÜber den Nachweis freier Säuren im MageninhalteDie quantitative Bestimmung des Quecksilberchlorids in den (Sublimat‐)VerbandstoffenZur Prüfung des NatriumbicarbonatNaregami alataPhosphatbestimmungen im pathologischen Harn
Die Nomenklatur der berberinähnlichen Alkaloide
Authors: Awe Walther 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie vorliegende Arbeit schließt sich eng an eine kürzlich in dieser Zeitschrift erschienene experimentelle Untersuchung über Berberinderivate1) an. Da sich hierbei erhebliche Nomenklaturschwierigkeiten ergaben, als es sich darum handelte, die verschiedenen Oxy‐, Oxo‐, Äthoxy‐derivate zu kennzeichnen, erscheint es notwendig, bevor die experimentellen Untersuchungen über weitere Abkömmlinge des Berberins beschrieben werden, die bisher sehr unexakte und unübersichtliche Nomenklatur exakt und eindeutig zu gestalten.
Über die Convolvuline; neue Bausteine und Unterscheidungsreaktionen
Authors: Graf E. , Dahlke E. , Voigtländer H. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn brasilianischem Jalapenharz („Resina operculina”︁) wird als bisher unbekannter Bestandteil 4‐Oxo‐caprylsäure gefunden. Es wird eine Übersicht über die heute bekannten Bruchstücke von brasilianischem (Resina Jalapae DAB 6) und mexikanischem Jalapenharz gegeben. Die von Mannich und Schumann 1938 entdeckte, nur im brasilianischem Harz enthaltene Exogonsäure, deren Struktur kürzlich von uns aufgeklärt wurde, gestattet eine qualitative Unterscheidung der beiden Harze und eine approximative Bestimmung von brasilianischem Harz — auch in Gemischen beider — mittels der Oximierungsreaktion. Weiterhin werden als Unterscheidungsreaktionen die DC der Säuren (Exogonsäure als Kennzeichen von brasilianischem Harz) und die PC der Zucker (Fucose als Kennzeichen von mexikanischem Harz) beschrieben.
Über die Synthese rhodanhaltiger Verbindungen in der Pyridin‐ und Chinolinreihe. 10. Mitt.: Über organische Rhodanverbindungen
Authors: Friedrich F. , Pohloudek‐Fabini R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird über die Möglichkeiten der Synthese von Rhodanverbindungen in der Pyridin‐ und Chinolinreihe nach verschiedenen Methoden, und zwar aus Mercaptanen bzw. Sulfensäurerhodaniden, ferner nach der Sandmeyer‐Reaktion und schließlich durch direkte Rhodanierung berichtet. Die Identität der dargestellten Verbindungen wird, abgesehen von der Elementaranalyse, z. T. durch Überführung in Derivate (Disulfide) bzw. den chemischen Nachweis der organisch gebundenen Rhodangruppe bestätigt.
Verhalten rhodanierter Schiffscher Basen gegenüber Raney‐Nickel, Hydrazin und Alkalien. 11. Mitt.: Über organische Rhodanverbindungen
Authors: Poholoudek‐Fabini R. , Fröhling D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Gegenwart von Raney‐Nickel als Wasserstoffüberträger findet eine Hydrierung der Azomethinfunktion erst mit sehr großem Überschuß an Metallkatalysator statt, wobei die Rhodangruppe unter Eliminierung des Schwefels quantitativ abgespalten wird. Raney‐Nickel ohne Zufuhr von Wasserstoff führt durch unvollständige Desulfurierung zu Sulfiden. — Mit Hydrazin erfolgt keine Reduktion, sondern Aufspaltung der Azomethinfunktion und Umsetzung der Aldehydkomponente mit dem Reagens zum Azin. — Die Behandlung mit Natronlauge bzw. Natriumcarbonat liefert Disulfide mit intakter Azomethinbindung.
Über die photochemische cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung des Annulolins
Authors: Schunack W. , Rochelmeyer H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas Alkaloid Annulolin wird in den Wurzeln von Lolium multiflorum Lam. als trans‐2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxystyryl)‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐oxazol gebildet. Unter Lichteinfluß unterliegt es einer cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung. Es gelang, die Isomere zu trennen. Während im trans‐Annulolin eine planare Einebnung des Moleküls möglich ist, würden sich bei Einebnung des cis‐Isomers die Wirkungssphären von Stickstoff und orthoständigem Wasserstoff überschneiden. cis‐Annulolin ist infolge dieser Hinderung und der dadurch verursachten Störung des Resonanzsystems fluoreszenzunfähig.Für die photochemische cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung ist ein Konjugationssystem wie das des Stilbens oder 2‐Styryloxazols erforderlich. Die Erscheinung der Umlagerung wird diskutiert.
Zur Kernacylierung von 1‐Methylphenothiazin. 7. Mitt.: Über Phenothiazinverbindungen
Authors: Bräuniger H. , Ahrend K. F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract1‐Methyl‐10‐acetylphenothiazin liefert in einer Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion 1‐Methyl‐2,10‐diacetylphenothiazin. Die Struktur dieser Verbindung wird aufgeklärt. 1‐Methyl‐2‐acetylphenothiazin wird nach Wolff‐Kishner zu 1‐Methyl‐2‐äthylphenothiazin reduziert, aus dem durch Desulfurierung mit Raney‐Nickel 2‐Methyl‐3‐äthyl‐diphenylamin gewonnen wird. Die Synthese von 2,3‐Dimethyldiphenylamin und 1,2‐Dimethylphenothiazin wird beschrieben.
Über die Pseudomorphin‐Bildung bei der fermentativen Morphin‐Oxydation
Authors: Schenek G. , Frömming K.‐H. , Schneller H.‐G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Einwirkung der Phenoloxydase auf Morphin in Gegenwart von 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure tritt Pseudomorphin auf. Einwirkung von Peroxydase/Wasserstoffperoxid auf Morphin ergibt auch ohne 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure die Bildung von Pseudomorphin; 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure fördert, 3,4‐Dihydroxy‐zimtsäure hemmt die durch Peroxydase bewirkte Pseudomorphinbildung.Es wird für diese Reaktionen ein Radikalmechanismus diskutiert.
Synthetische Untersuchungen über 3‐Hydroxybiurete 22. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Weber R.‐O. , Ritter W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFür das Umsetzungsprodukt von 2 Mol Phenylisocyanat mit 1 Mol Hydroxylamin wird die Struktur eines 1,5‐Diphenyl‐3‐hydroxybiurets bewiesen; es werden erstmals O‐substituierte Derivate dieser Verbindung hergestellt. Die Umsetzung von Hydroxylamin mit aliphatischen Isocyanaten und Cyclohexylisocyanat führt je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen zu Hydroxyharnstoffen, 3‐Hydroxybiureten und N,N,O‐Tris(carbamoyl)‐hydroxylaminen.
Schopenhauer und die Biologie: Metaphysik der Lebenskraft auf empirischer Grundlage
Authors: Malter Rudolf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSchopenhauer versteht seine Philosophie als immanente Metaphysik, deren a priori gewonnene Resultate empirisch bestätigt werden können. Vor allem in der Schrift Über den Willen in der Natur geht es Schopenhauer um den Nachweis, daß die lebenswissenschaftliche Forschung seiner Zeit eine Fülle von Daten geliefert hat, die auf empirischer Basis eine Bestätigung der Lebenskraftmetaphysik erbringen. Dies wird in den Hauptlinien ausgeführt.In einem Anhang wird ein Überblick über die Literatur gegeben, die sich mit Schopenhauers Verhältnis zur Biologie befaßt.
Verfassungen, die nicht rechtlich, aber wirklich sind A. H. L. Heeren und das Ende der Aufklärungshistorie
Authors: Blanke Horst Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCareer and oeuvre of the Göttingen historian Heeren (1760‐1842) mark the end of Enlightenment's historiography in a twofold respect: Owing success at the early stage of his exemplary career mainly to the fact that he worked on a particular field of research (which had not yet been treated intensively) on the lines of traditional questions, issues and strategies of argumentation, Heeren principally went beyond the limitations of these traditional patterns very soon by developing the rudiments of an idea of history centred on historical ideal types and demanding a genuinely historical approach. (But as he himself did not consistently pursue this concept of history, it fell into oblivion in the sequel.) With the rise of new scholarly standards, i. e. the methods of historical criticism in particular, Heeren (who did not apply them) was increasingly severely criticized. By calling his reputation as a scholar to question, his critics attacked Enlightenment's historiography in general, thus contributing essentially to its becoming obsolete.
Unser Wissen verdoppelt sich alle 100 Jahre Grundlegung einer „Wissensmessung”︁
Authors: Stuhlhofer Franz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOur knowledge is doubling every 100 years: Laying the foundation for the „measuring of knowledge”︁. The slogan of the doubling of our knowledge every 15 years is well‐known. But there are three methods leading consistently to a doubling period of 100 years (the 2nd and the 3rd method show, moreover, that modern science began in the 2nd half of the 15th century, and that there were several downs, with a particularly low one about 1705): The comparison of text books (of different age), the growing number of important discoveries per period of time (selected by authors of chronological tables) and the growing number of famous scientists (included by encyclopedias or mentioned in works on the history of science). (Books which are suitable as a basis for such research are compiled in a comprehensive bibliography.) The counting of research objects like chemical elements, animal and plant species, stars etc. shows very different results and is not very appropriate for measuring the speed of growth of knowledge; quite inappropriate for this purpose is measuring the number of all research workers and the whole scientific literature. We must make a distinction whether we want to measure the growth of science or that knowledge. Previous attempts to the „measuring of knowledge”︁ are shortly summarized.
National standardization of ZAP‐70 determination by flow cytometry: The French experience
Authors: Garff‐Tavernier Magali Le , Ticchioni Michel , Brissard Martine , Salmon Céline , Raynaud Sophie , Davi Frédéric , Bernard Alain , Merle‐Béral Hélène , Ajchenbaum‐Cymbalista Florence , Letestu Rémi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground:ZAP‐70, after being considered as a potential surrogate for VH mutational status, has seen its own prognostic value emerge. We aimed at standardizing a simple, fast, and reproducible flow cytometry method.Methods:AntiZAP‐70 antibody 2F3.2 was used with indirect labeling and secondary anti‐IgG2a antibody. The reference values for the expression of the results were determined on 45 normal blood samples. ZAP‐70 protein expression was investigated in 192 CLL samples. The indirect technique was compared with FITC‐conjugated 2F3.2 clone, and with clone 1E7.2‐FITC, ‐PE or ‐AlexaFluor 488.Results:Using FITC or PE‐conjugated antibodies, 2F3.2 and 1E7.2 clones allowed a much less adequate discrimination between positive and negative cells and discordant cases were most likely true negative cases. Using the AlexaFluor 488 conjugated 1E7.2 clone, the discordant cases were mostly negative with the conjugated antibody and positive with the 2F3.2 clone but Western blotting or RNA microarray confirmed discordant cases were false negative with the conjugated antibody. Subsequently, recommendations were used by 13 centers participating in an interlaboratory quality control protocol. The use of MFI ratio appeared to be more reliable.Conclusions:Results suggested that slight differences in the procedure had little impact on the interpretation in characteristic cases; however, careful interpretation was required for values close to threshold. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Radiosynthesis of (−)‐cocaine and nor‐(−)‐cocaine using tritium‐labelled methanol
Authors: Just Wilhelm W. , Werner Gottfried 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(−)‐Cocaine and nor‐(−)‐cocaine both were labelled on the methyl ester group with tritium. The synthesis was performed by partial hydrolysis of the parent compounds and reesterification of them using tritium‐labelled methanol.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 disulfide and N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbo‐14C‐diimide
Authors: Perry C. W. , Burger W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethyl‐14C iodide of high specific activity was converted to carbon‐14 disulfide in quantitative yield by reaction with phosphorus pentasulfide at 300–325°C. Following literature procedures, N,N′ dicyclohexylcarbo‐14C‐diimide was prepared in 54% yield from the carbon‐14 disulfide.
Preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide
Authors: El‐Fayoumy M. A. G. , Dorn H. C. , Ogliaruso M. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTrimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide (30% 13C‐enriched) was prepared from 13C‐labelled barium carbonate by proceeding through methanol‐13C and methyl‐13C iodide. The original procedure for the preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium iodide which afforded 53.6% of product was modified so that a 77% yield of trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide was obtained.
Synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐2‐phenyl‐d5‐glutarimide (glutethimide‐d5)
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐2‐phenyl‐d5‐glutarimide (glutethimide‐d5) and its mass fragmentometry is described.
Synthesis of carbon‐13 labelled uracil, 6,7‐dimethyllumazine, and lumichrome, via a common intermediate: Cyanoacetylurea
Authors: Triplett J. W. , Mack S. W. , Smith S. L. , Digenis G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUracil, 6,7‐dimethyllumazine, and lumichrome have been labelled with carbon‐13 at positions 6, 8a, and 10a, respectively. This was accomplished via a common intermediate, cyanoacetylurea‐6‐13c. Lumazine and lumichrome were condensation products of 5,6‐diaminouracil and either 2,3‐butanedione. or a condensate of it. Uracil was produced by a Raney Nickel reduction followed by acid catalyzed cyclization. This method is also applicable to labelling these compounds at other carbons within the molecules.
Synthesis of 123I‐4‐(3‐dimethylaminopropylamino)‐7‐iodoquinoline
Authors: Bijl J. A. , Kaspersen F. M. , Lindner L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract123I‐4‐(3‐dimethylaminopropylamino)‐7‐iodoquinoline (IAQ), a potential localizing agent for melanoma, was prepared by isotopic exchange between 123I‐iodide and the phosphate or sulphate of IAQ. Yields up to 96% were obtained. The total time for preparation is restricted to 30 minutes.
An improved method for synthesis and purification of 125I or 131I labeled carrier‐free 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Keough W. G. , Hofer Kurt G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConsistently high yields (up to 95%) of carrier‐free 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐125I (or 131I) can be obtained by iodination of 2′‐deoxyuridine at varying concentrations of radioactive NaI (1–10 mCi), as long as the molarity of deoxyuridine in the reaction mixture is kept at or above 10−2 M. At lower deoxyuridine molarities the reaction yield is significantly reduced. Several different purification procedures (Biogel P‐2 400 mesh or Sephadex G‐10 column chromatography, paper chromatography with water‐saturated ethyl acetate or water‐saturated butanol) are described. The two column chromatography systems yield iododeoxyuridine of > 95% chemical and radiochemical purity. The two paper chromatography systems are somewhat more involved, but yield 125I or 131I labeled 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine of > 99% chemical and radiochemical purity.
Synthesis of deuterated pentacenes
Authors: Kwant B. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPentacene‐d14, pentacene‐d12 and pentacene‐d4 were obtained from 6,13‐pentacenequinone‐d12 and 6,13‐pentacenequinone‐d4 by re‐fluxing with aluminumcyclohexoxide‐d33 or aluminumcyclohexoxide. The former quinones were prepared from 1,2‐benzenedicarboxal de‐hyde‐6 or 1,2‐benzenedicarboxaldehyde‐d2 and 1,4‐cyclohexane‐dione‐d8. The aldehydes were prepared from naphthalene‐d8 through ozonization or by reduction of 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethylester with LiAID4. All synthetic methods were described in detail.