bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of 14 polymorphic EST‐derived microsatellites in eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Authors: OETJEN KATHARINA , REUSCH THORSTEN B. H. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract Zostera marina, the dominant seagrass on the Northern Hemisphere, forms the basis of important but threatened marine ecosystems. Here, we report 14 microsatellite DNA markers derived from an expressed sequence tag library corresponding to a wide range of genes. All loci were moderately to highly polymorphic, with allele numbers ranging from three to eight in a single Wadden Sea population of 48 individuals. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.082 to 0.837. Reaction conditions for five pooled polymerase chain reactions are given. The markers will advance the population genetics of seagrasses because they allow indirect tests of selection on closely linked genes.
Comparative mitochondrial and nuclear quantitative PCR of historical marine mammal tissue, bone, baleen, and tooth samples
Authors: MORIN P. A. , HEDRICK N. M. , ROBERTSON K. M. , LEDUC C. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe use of historical and ancient tissue samples for genetic analysis is increasing, with ever greater numbers of samples proving to contain sufficient mitochondrial and even nuclear DNA for multilocus analysis. DNA yield, however, remains highly variable and largely unpredictable based solely on sample morphology or age. Quantification of DNA from historical and degraded samples can greatly improve efficiency of screening DNA extracts prior to attempting sequencing or genotyping, but requires sequence‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based assays to detect such minute quantities of degraded DNA. We present two qPCR assays for marine mammal DNA quantification, and results from analysis of DNA extracted from preserved soft tissues, bone, baleen, and tooth from several cetacean species. These two assays have been shown to amplify DNA from 26 marine mammal species representing 12 families of pinnipeds and cetaceans. Our results indicate that different tissues retain different ratios of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA, and may be more or less suitable for analysis of nuclear loci. Specifically, historical bone and tooth samples average 60‐fold higher ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA than preserved fresh soft tissue, and the ratio is almost 8000‐fold higher in baleen.
Effects of Acute Ethanol Exposure on the Early Inflammatory Response After Excisional Injury
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel J. , Radek Katherine A. , Chaar Mitchell , Faunce Douglas E. , DiPietro Luisa A. , Kovacs Elizabeth J. 
Published: January 2007

Background: Alcohol consumption is involved in over half of all trauma‐related injuries. These patients are known to exhibit a higher incidence of mortality and morbidity following injury compared with patients not exposed to ethanol. As studies from our laboratory demonstrated that ethanol exposure impairs re‐epithelialization and angiogenesis after dermal wounding and because the earlier inflammatory phase of wound healing is likely to influence later responses, we chose to examine neutrophil infiltration and chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the skin following administration of a dermal excisional wound.Methods: BALB/c mice were given ethanol at a dose designed to increase blood alcohol concentration to 100 to 120 mg/dL at 30 minutes after treatment. Mice were then subjected to a full‐thickness excisional wound. Wounds from ethanol and saline‐treated mice were collected within the first 24 hours postinjury to assess neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, neutrophil chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) and KC levels, and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels.Results: At 12 and 24 hours after injury, MPO in wounds from ethanol‐exposed mice was significantly reduced compared with wounds from vehicle‐treated animals. Despite this, histological examination of wounds did not reveal a difference in neutrophil infiltration between the 2 groups. Peak levels of MIP‐2 and KC observed at 12 hours postinjury were decreased in wounds from ethanol‐treated mice by 32 and 45%, respectively, relative to wounds from control mice. Levels of TNFα and IL‐1β (potent inducers of MIP‐2 and KC, as well as neutrophil activation) were also assessed. Levels of TNFα were not elevated in either group after injury. However, IL‐1β demonstrated significantly lower peak levels at 6 hours postinjury in wounds from ethanol‐treated mice, 58% less than wounds from controls.Conclusion: These studies reveal that early dermal inflammatory responses including MPO activity, production of MIP‐2, KC, and IL‐1β are impaired in mice given ethanol before injury, which may also have detrimental affects on later stages of wound healing.
Ethanol Regulates Angiogenic Cytokines During Neural Development: Evidence From an in Vitro Model of Mitogen‐Withdrawal–Induced Cerebral Cortical Neuroepithelial Differentiation
Authors: Camarillo Cynthia , Kumar Leena S. , Bake Shameena , Sohrabji Farida , Miranda Rajesh C. 
Published: January 2007

Background: Heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause significant mental retardation and brain damage. We recently showed that ethanol depletes reserve cerebral cortical stem cell capacity. Moreover, proliferating neuroepithelial cells exposed to ethanol were resistant to subsequent retinoic acid‐induced differentiation. Emerging evidence suggests that cytokines play a crucial growth‐promoting role in the developing neural tube.Methods: We cultured murine cortical neurosphere cultures in control or ethanol‐supplemented mitogenic medium, to mimic alcohol exposure during the period of neuroepithelial proliferation. Cultures were then treated with a step‐wise mitogen‐withdrawal, integrin‐activation model to mimic subsequent phases of neuronal migration and early differentiation. We examined the impact of alcohol exposure during neurogenesis on the secretion of inflammatory and growth‐promoting cytokines.Results: Cortical neurosphere cultures exhibit increasingly complex differentiation phenotypes in response to step‐wise mitogen‐withdrawal and laminin exposure. Some inflammation‐modulating cytokines were secreted independent of differentiation state. However, chemotactic cytokines were specifically secreted at high levels, as a function of differentiation stage. monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, and interleukin (IL)‐10 were coordinately decreased during differentiation compared with neuroepithelial proliferation, while granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) was induced during differentiation, compared with the neuroepithelial proliferation period. Ethanol exposure during the period of neuroepithelial proliferation prevented the early differentiation‐induced increase in GM‐CSF while inducing differentiation‐associated increase in IL‐12 secretion.Conclusion: Embryonic cerebral cortical neuroepithelial‐derived precursors secrete high levels of several angiogenic and neural‐growth–promoting cytokines as they differentiate into neurons. Our data collectively suggest that ethanol exposure during the period of neuroepithelial proliferation significantly disrupts cytokine signals that are required for the support of emerging neurovascular networks, and the maintenance of neural stem cell beds.
Ethanol Inhibits the Sensory Responses of Cerebellar Granule Cells in Anesthetized Cats
Authors: Huang Chi‐ming , Huang Rosa H. 
Published: January 2007

Background:Granule cells occupy a strategic position in the transmission of afferent information to the cerebellar cortex. They are also the most abundant type of neurons in the cerebellum. The functions of the cerebellum are thought to be sensitive to acute alcohol intoxication. The effects of acute alcohol intoxication on the in vivo physiology of cerebellar granule cells are, however, not completely known.Methods:We studied chloralose‐anesthetized cats at ethanol doses relevant to human drinking (0.3–1.2 g/kg). We recorded the electrophysiological responses of granule cell clusters to auditory and visual stimulation, and simultaneously monitored the concentration of ethanol in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Results:At an intravenous ethanol dose of 0.3 g/kg, CSF ethanol concentration peaked in 10 minutes at 17 mM, equivalent to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of about 0.08 g/dL. Ethanol quickly and almost completely abolished both auditory and visual responses from granule cells. Complete or near‐complete inhibition lasted 15 to 20 minutes; ∼50% recovery required an additional 15 minutes, and a full recovery yet another 15 minutes. A higher ethanol dose at 1.2 g/kg resulted in a more severe inhibition and required longer time for recovery. The relationship between ethanol dose, CSF ethanol concentration, and granule cell responses was dynamic and nonlinear, critically depending upon the elapsed time.Conclusions:Cerebellar granule cell sensory responses are highly sensitive to ethanol inhibition. A rapid development of acute tolerance appears to be a major factor contributing to the dynamic and nonlinear relationship among ethanol dosage, CSF ethanol concentration, and granule cell responses. It is likely that a generalized de‐afferentation of the cerebellum from its mossy fiber afferents, followed by the subsequent development of acute tolerance may play major roles by which alcohol intoxication affects cerebellar functions.
Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating Triglycerides
Authors: Chang Guo‐Qing , Karatayev Olga , Ahsan Rashedul , Avena Nicole M. , Lee Caroline , Lewis Michael J. , Hoebel Bartley G. , Leibowitz Sarah F. 
Published: January 2007

Background:Recent evidence has demonstrated that ethanol intake can stimulate the expression and production of the feeding‐stimulatory peptide, galanin (GAL), in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that PVN injection of this peptide, in turn, can increase the consumption of ethanol. To test the hypothesis that other feeding‐related systems are involved in ethanol intake, this study examined the effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic opioid peptides, enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN).Method:Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to voluntarily drink increasing concentrations of ethanol, up to 9% v/v, on a 12‐hour access schedule or were given a single injection of ethanol (10% v/v) versus saline vehicle. The effect of ethanol on GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA was measured using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and radiolabeled in situ hybridization, while radioimmunoassay was used to measure peptide levels. In addition to blood alcohol, circulating levels of triglycerides (TG), leptin, and insulin were also measured.Results:The data demonstrated that: (1) rats voluntarily drinking 9% v/v ethanol (approximately 2.0 g/kg/d) show a significant increase in GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA in the PVN compared with water‐drinking rats; (2) voluntary consumption of ethanol also increases peptide levels of ENK and DYN in the PVN; (3) acute injection of 10% ethanol (1.0 g/kg of 10% v/v) similarly increases the expression of GAL, ENK, and DYN in the PVN; and (4) ethanol consumption and injection, while having little effect on leptin and insulin, consistently increase circulating levels of TG as well as alcohol, both of which are strongly, positively correlated with peptide expression in the PVN.Conclusions:These findings, together with published studies, suggest a possible role for hypothalamic opioid peptides in the drinking of ethanol. Based on evidence that dietary fat and lipid injections stimulate the PVN peptides and injection of the opiates and GAL increase ethanol intake, it is proposed that both TG and alcohol in the circulation, which are elevated by the ingestion or injection of ethanol, are involved in stimulating these peptides in the PVN, which in turn promote further consumption of ethanol.
Impaired Response Inhibition Scale for Alcoholism (IRISA): Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Scale for Abstinence‐Oriented Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Guardia José , Trujols Joan , Burguete Teresa , Luquero Elena , Cardús Maria 
Published: January 2007

Background: Impaired inhibition of conditioned response plays a significant role in relapse in addictive behaviors. Although patients and their relatives frequently discuss this behavioral deficit when seeking treatment, no instrument is yet available to measure its severity. The aim of this study was to develop the Impaired Response Inhibition Scale for Alcoholism (IRISA) to assess this impairment in alcohol‐dependent patients.Methods: A preliminary version of the IRISA was administered to a group of 151 patients under treatment at our center. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal component analysis. The validity and reliability of the IRISA were examined.Results: Factor analysis and item refinement led to a definitive 16‐item IRISA that accounted for 61.6% of the total variance and revealed Impaired Response Inhibition as a single factor. Psychometric properties of this version of the IRISA scale showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.96), good test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.81), and satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. The IRISA has a good correlation with alcohol craving, the severity of alcoholism, and alcohol consumption during the recovery process.Conclusions: Our initial results with the IRISA suggest that it is a reliable and valid tool to measure impairment in response inhibition to drinking behavior. The IRISA assesses a potentially important aspect of treatment process and outcome.
Alcohol Use in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Russian Women
Authors: Kristjanson Arlinda F. , Wilsnack Sharon C. , Zvartau Edwin , Tsoy Marina , Novikov Boris 
Published: January 2007

Background: Alcohol consumption in Russia is reportedly high for both men and women; most studies of Russian drinking have used questionnaires not designed specifically to measure alcohol consumption or to interview women. This study was designed specifically to measure drinking patterns among pregnant and nonpregnant Russian women.Methods: Eight hundred ninety‐nine women of child‐bearing age in St. Petersburg, Russia, were interviewed in employment centers, educational centers, and at obstetric and gynecologic (OB/GYN) clinics and hospitals. Measurement of drinking used several types of drinking questions and time frames.Results: Nearly all nonpregnant Russian women (95.9%) reported consuming alcohol in the last 12 months. Among nonpregnant women drinkers, 7.6% reported drinking heavily (29.58 mL or more ethanol/d), and 18.4% reported drinking ≥5 on at least 1 occasion. Contrary to expectations of Russian obstetricians, pregnant Russian women readily answered detailed questions about their drinking behavior during pregnancy. Nearly all pregnant women drank in the year before they became pregnant; of these, 60.0% reported drinking when they knew they were pregnant, and 34.9% drank in the past 30 days. Among pregnant women who drank in the past 30 days, 7.4% reporting having ≥5 drinks on at least 1 occasion. Nevertheless, more than 90% of pregnant and nonpregnant Russian women believed that alcohol has a detrimental effect on pregnancy outcomes.Conclusions: Pregnant and nonpregnant Russian women were willing to answer detailed questions about their drinking behavior. Although most pregnant women studied reduced their drinking during pregnancy, one‐third of the pregnant women did not stop drinking. It is important to find out what enabled two‐thirds of the pregnant women to stop drinking before or during their pregnancy.
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Responses to 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A/C Agonists Are Differentially Altered in Female and Male Rats Prenatally Exposed to Ethanol
Authors: Hofmann Candace E. , Ellis Linda , Yu Wayne K. , Weinberg Joanne 
Published: January 2007

Background: Prenatal ethanol exposure alters the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in HPA hyper‐responsiveness to stressors in adulthood. Prenatal ethanol exposure also alters the development and activity of the serotoninergic (5‐HT) system. We have previously shown that 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A/C receptor‐mediated behavioral and physiological function are altered in fetal ethanol‐exposed offspring. As there are extensive interactions between the HPA axis and the 5‐HT system, the present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal ethanol exposure would alter 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A/C receptor‐mediated HPA function.Methods: The 5‐HT1A agonist, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT; 0.2 mg/kg), and the 5‐HT2A/C agonist, (+)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI; 0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle (1 mL/kg) were administered to adult female and male offspring from prenatal ethanol‐exposed (E), pair‐fed control (PF), and ad libitum‐fed control (C) dams. The plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were determined at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes postinjection. In addition, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A/C receptor mRNA expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, respectively, were determined by in situ hybridization.Results: Ethanol‐exposed females showed a blunted ACTH response to 8‐OH‐DPAT at 15 and 30 minutes, and conversely, an increased ACTH response to DOI at all time points postinjection, compared with PF and C females. Differences among E, PF, and C males failed to reach significance. Centrally, however, DOI resulted in a trend toward lower CRH mRNA levels in E and PF compared with C females, but higher CRH mRNA levels in E compared with control males. There were no differences among prenatal groups in 5‐HT2A receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex following either 8‐OH‐DPAT or DOI treatment. However, following 8‐OH‐DPAT, hippocampal 5‐HT1A receptor expression was higher in E than in PF females in CA1, with a trend toward higher expression in E than in C females in CA2, whereas following DOI, a prenatal group by subfield interaction suggests lower 5‐HT1A mRNA levels in E and PF compared with C females in CA1 and the dentate gyrus.Conclusions: These data are the first to demonstrate that prenatal ethanol exposure has differential long‐term effects on 5‐HT1A‐mediated and 5‐HT2A‐mediated neuroendocrine function in females and males, and suggest a sex‐specific ethanol‐induced alteration in the interaction between the HPA axis and the serotonin system.
Prevalence of Alcohol Dependence Among Excessive Drinkers in New Mexico
Authors: Woerle Sandra , Roeber Jim , Landen Michael G. 
Published: January 2007

Background:Excessive alcohol consumption claims more than 75,000 lives in the United States each year. The prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers is not well known.Methods:Data from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in New Mexico were used to assess the prevalence of excessive drinking, including binge drinking, heavy drinking, alcohol‐impaired driving, and alcohol dependence.Results:Of 4,761 respondents, 16.5% were excessive drinkers; 14.4% binge drank and 1.8% were alcohol dependent. While the rates of alcohol dependence were higher among the youngest age group, males, those with some college education, and those of race/ethnicity other than White, non‐Hispanic, only differences by age were statistically significant. The prevalence of alcohol dependence was the highest among those who reported alcohol‐impaired driving in the past 30 days (15.9%), and was lower among those who reported heavy drinking (13.4%) and binge drinking (8.1%).Conclusions:Although 16.5% of New Mexico adults had at least 1 type of excessive drinking, only 1.8% of all adults met the criteria for alcohol dependence. Furthermore, only a minority of those who reported binge drinking, heavy drinking, or alcohol‐impaired driving met the criteria for alcohol dependence. This suggests that most alcohol problems in New Mexico are likely due to excessive drinking among persons who are not alcohol dependent. The adverse health and social consequences associated with excessive drinking are not limited to those who are alcohol dependent, but extend to a broader range of problem drinkers across the population.
Adverse Drug Events Resulting from Patient Errors in Older Adults
Authors: Field Terry S. , Mazor Kathleen M. , Briesacher Becky , DeBellis Kristin R. , Gurwitz Jerry H. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the types of patient‐related errors that lead to adverse drug events (ADEs) and identify patients at high risk of such errors.DESIGN: A subanalysis within a cohort study of Medicare enrollees.SETTING: A large multispecialty group practice.PARTICIPANTS: Thirty thousand Medicare enrollees followed over a 12‐month period.MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were ADEs, defined as injuries due to a medication, and potential ADEs, defined as medication errors with the potential to cause an injury. The subset of these events that were related to patient errors was identified.RESULTS: The majority of patient errors leading to adverse events (n=129) occurred in administering the medication (31.8%), modifying the medication regimen (41.9%), or not following clinical advice about medication use (21.7%). Patient‐related errors most often involved hypoglycemic medications (28.7%), cardiovascular medications (21.7%), anticoagulants (18.6%), or diuretics (10.1%). Patients with medication errors did not differ from a comparison group in age or sex but were taking more regularly scheduled medications (compared with 0–2 medications, odds ratio (OR) for 3–4 medications=2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.9–4.2; OR for 5–6 medications=3.1, 95% CI=1.5–7.0; OR for ≥7 medications=3.3, 95% CI=1.5–7.0). The strongest association was with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (compared with a score of 0, OR for a score of 1–2=3.8, 95% CI=2.1–7.0; OR for a score of 3–4=8.6, 95% CI=4.3–17.0; OR for a score of ≥5=15.0, 95% CI=6.5–34.5).CONCLUSION: The medication regimens of older adults present a range of difficulties with the potential for harm. Strategies are needed that specifically address the management of complex drug regimens.