bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of Styrylcalix[4]arenes
Authors: Mastalerz Michael , Hüggenberg Wiebke , Dyker Gerald 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe photochemical transformation of the monostyrylcalix[4]arenes 12a and 12b either leads to inherent chiral calix[4]phenanthrenes 13a and 13b under basic reaction conditions or to unexpected products of an acid‐catalyzed ring cleavage of the macrocycle. Studies towards the reaction mechanism and the optimization of the reaction conditions are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbazole‐Based Dendrimers with Porphyrin Cores
Authors: Xu Ting Hua , Lu Ran , Qiu Xian Ping , Liu Xing Liang , Xue Peng Chong , Tan Chang Hui , Bao Chun Yan , Zhao Ying Ying 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA series of novel dendritic carbazole‐based porphyrins [T(Cz‐Gn)Ps] have been synthesized by a combination of Ullmann coupling and Adler condensation reactions and their intramolecular energy‐transfer properties have been studied by absorption and steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy. It has been found that the light‐harvesting capabilities of T(Cz‐Gn)Ps increase with increasing generation, but that the efficiency of the energy transfer decreases from T(Cz‐G0)P to T(Cz‐G2)P due to the Förster energy‐transfer process. In addition, these dendritic macromolecules can emit intense red light with high fluorescence quantum yields and so may find applications in photonic devices. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Biocatalytic Racemization of (Hetero)Aryl‐aliphatic α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids by Lactobacillus spp. Proceeds via an Oxidation–Reduction Sequence
Authors: Nestl Bettina M. , Glueck Silvia M. , Hall Melanie , Kroutil Wolfgang , Stuermer Rainer , Hauer Bernhard , Faber Kurt 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe biocatalytic racemization of a range of (hetero)aryl‐ and (di)aryl‐aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids has been achieved by using whole resting cells of Lactobacillus spp. The essentially mild (physiological) reaction conditions ensure the suppression of undesired side reactions, such as elimination, decomposition or condensation. Cofactor/inhibitor studies using a cell‐free extract of Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20207 reveal that the addition of redox cofactors (NAD+/NADH) leads to a distinct increase in the racemization rate, while strong inhibition is observed in the presence of Thio‐NAD+, which suggests that the racemization proceeds by an oxidation–reduction sequence rather than involvement of a “racemase” enzyme. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Molecular Rods as Potential Electronic Devices (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2006)
Authors: Błaszczyk Alfred , Chadim Martin , von Hänisch Carsten , Mayor Marcel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a macrocyclic molecule comprising a mechanically revolving subunit as a potential electrical switch on a single molecule level. Mechanical concepts have already been applied very successfully at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH to minute objects like the tiny gearwheel in the micrometer range presented by an ant. The expansion of these ideas to molecular devices is a fascinating scientific challenge at the interface between chemistry and nanotechnology. The synthesis and characterization of the macrocycle are discussed in detail in the article by M. Mayor et al. on p. 3809 ff.
Identity impairment and the eating disorders: content and organization of the self‐concept in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Stein Karen Farchaus , Corte Colleen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe cognitive model of the self‐concept was used to test the theoretical proposition that disturbances in overall identity development are a core vulnerability that lead to formation of a fat body weight self‐definition and eating disorder symptomatology.MethodStructural properties of the self‐concept, availability in memory of a fat body weight self‐schema, and eating disordered attitudes and behaviours were measured in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) (n = 26), bulimia nervosa (BN) (n = 53) and controls (n = 32).ResultsWomen with (AN) and (BN) had fewer positive and more negative and highly interrelated self‐schemas compared to controls, and women with BN showed information processing evidence of a fat self‐schema available in memory. These self‐concept properties predicted eating disordered attitudes and behaviour.DiscussionDisturbances in the overall collection of identities—an impoverished self—is an important contributor to eating disorder symptomatology. The development of new positive selves may be an important factor in recovery. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Holocaust exposure and disordered eating: a study of multi‐generational transmission
Authors: Zohar Ada H. , Giladi Lotem , Givati Timor 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that disordered eating in second‐ and third‐generation women would be related to their levels of Holocaust exposure and family dysfunction.MethodOne hundred eight mother‐daughter dyads were ascertained through the daughters, all Israeli college students 18‐‐35 years of age. Mothers and daughters assessed themselves on family function, Holocaust exposure and disordered eating.ResultsThe disordered eating of women of the third generation was partially predicted by their mothers' disordered eating and by their mothers' Holocaust exposure. The second generation reported more maternal over‐protection and emotional over‐involvement than did the third generation. Contrary to expectation, the third‐generation women were more Holocaust exposed than were the second generation.DiscussionThe nature of Holocaust exposure for second and third generations needs further study and clarification in relation to disordered eating. There is considerable disparity between the results of clinical and qualitative studies which tend to find a strong relationship between Holocaust exposure and psychopathology, and population‐based quantitative studies which tend to find a much weaker relationship. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Readiness to recover in anorexia nervosa: what does it depend on in female inpatients?
Authors: Rushford Nola 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) is difficult to treat, especially when the patient's condition is sufficiently severe to require an inpatient admission. An impediment to treatment is the disinclination of the patient to recover, who often prefers the distress of AN over weight gain. An inpatient‐rated visual analogue scale depicting readiness to recover (RR) was studied to determine (a) its concurrent prediction by AN diagnostic criteria and risk‐related factors and (b) its relationships to an adapted stages of change questionnaire (a‐SCQ) and comparison of their predictions of drive for thinness (EDI‐DT) at discharge. For (a), fear of gaining weight, state anger and ineffectiveness undermined RR, while higher BMI and the capacity to see low weight as a health risk supported it. For (b), RR was related to a‐SCQ, but only RR predicted discharge EDI‐DT. The findings reinforce the conceptual complexity of readiness to recover and indicate practical interventions in preparing sufferers of AN for recovery in an inpatient setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Perfectionism and eating attitudes in Portuguese university students
Authors: Macedo António , Soares Maria João , Azevedo Maria Helena , Gomes Ana , Pereira Ana Telma , Maia Berta , Pato Michele 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives:The main objective was to explore which are the dimensions of perfectionism that are linked to disordered eating behaviour (EB) in a large non‐clinical sample of both genders.Method:One thousand one hundred and sixty‐three undergraduate students of the University of Coimbra completed the Portuguese versions of the multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) and the eating attitudes test (EAT‐40).Results:In both genders, the MPS total score was associated with the EAT total score and all EAT dimensions (except for socially prescribed perfectionism in females).Self‐oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) were associated with EAT total score, diet concerns (DC) and bulimic behaviour (BB) in females while in males the social prescribed perfectionism (SPP) was the useful predictor of EAT total score, BB and social pressure to eat (SPE).Conclusion:These results confirm that in general high levels of perfectionism are associated with abnormal EB. This was the case for both genders for SPP but for SOP for females only. The association for other oriented perfectionism (OOP) was greater for males than for females. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: diagnosis and severity as predictors of response in routine practice
Authors: Putt Rohan Van Der , Dineen Catherine , Janes David , Series Hugh , McShane Rupert 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundEvidence from open label studies has indicated that patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) do better than those with other diagnoses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, those with dementia of moderate severity do better than those with mild severity.MethodData collected for the monitoring of cholinesterase inhibitor prescribing in Oxfordshire over four years were supplemented with retrospective case notes inspection. ‘Clinical response’ was defined as improvement sufficient to merit continuation of therapy. A mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) improvement of 2 or more points was defined as a ‘cognitive response’.ResultsMedication was prescribed for 1322 patients and outcome data was available on 1250. Subsequently, 939 patients were reassessed after a mean of 120 days (SD 64.1). Medication was discontinued early by 311, mainly due to side effects. Of those who reached reassessment, 82% (771 of 939) were clinical responders and 37% (232 of 622) were cognitive responders. Overall, MMSE scores improved by +0.6 points [95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 0.3–0.9] and by +1.0 points (95% CI 0.7–1.3) in clinical responders; and deteriorated −1.5 points (95% CI −0.9–−2.1) in clinical non‐responders. A greater probability of clinical response was seen for DLB/PDD compared to AD patients (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.28, 95% CI 1.07–4.89], and in men (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.02–2.23). A positive cognitive response was predicted by DLB/PDD compared to AD (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.16–3.70), moderate dementia compared to mild dementia (OR = 3.90, 95% CI 2.75–5.52), and by increasing age (OR 1.03 for each incremental year, 95% CI 1.01–1.06). Those with moderate dementia were not more likely to have a positive clinical response than those with mild dementia.ConclusionsDLB/PDD patients were more likely to be both clinical and cognitive responders than those with AD. The finding that cognitive, but not clinical, response was more likely in those with moderate dementia than in those with mild dementia accords with the findings from randomised studies in the January 2006 revision of the NICE Appraisal Consultation Document. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress in caregivers of demented people in Korea—a modification of Pearlin and colleagues' stress model
Authors: Lee Hyoung Suk , Kim Doh Kwan , Kim Ji‐Hae 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectivesWe investigated the influence of demented people's function and caregiver burden on caregivers' psychological distress. Based on a modified model of Pearlin and colleagues (1990), we assessed the stress of demented people's caregivers in Korea.MethodsA total of 122 demented people and their caregivers participated in this study. We evaluated dementia severity by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and caregivers reported their objective and subjective stressors. Objective stressors are the demented people's functional deterioration and behavioral problems, and subjective stressors are caregivers' reaction to objective stressors and the subjective burden in caregiving. The overall psychological distress of caregivers was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory‐State (STAI‐S).ResultsThere were significant differences in both objective and subjective stressors according to the severity of dementia, but there was no significant difference in caregivers' psychological distress. The goodness‐of‐fit evaluation model showed the coping and social support variables affected the psychological distress as mediator variables (df = 109, χ
2 = 209.75, NFI = 0.949, RFI = 0.929, IFI = 0.975, TLI = 0.964, RMSEA = 0.087).ConclusionThe model suggests that psychological distress of caregivers is related to diverse variables, such as objective and subjective stressors, coping, and social support. This study provides verification of the modified model of Pearlin and coworkers in Koreans, and lays a foundation for practical use and further study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling to analyse the impacts of animal treading effects on soil infiltration
Authors: Tian Y. Q. , McDowell R. , Yu Q. , Sheath G. W. , Carlson W. T. , Gong P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnimal treading can change soil physical properties, and thus is an important factor in hydrological modelling. We investigated the impacts of animal treading on infiltration by using a series of rainfall simulation experiments at Whatawhata Research Center, Waikato, New Zealand. The study identified significant variables for estimating soil steady‐state infiltration at a micro‐site (0·5 m2) and fitted the Green and Ampt equation by modifying or including variables for soil and water parameters and animal activities on grazing paddocks. A regression function for estimating steady‐state infiltration rate was created for each of four scenarios: between tracks (inter‐track), track, easy slope with ash soil, and easy slope with clay soil. Significant variables included the number of days after treading, antecedent soil moisture, field capacity, percentage of bare ground, bulk density, and the high degree of soil damage (damage not compacted). Regression models explained more than 71% of the variance in steady‐state infiltration for three scenarios, but only 53% for the easy slope with clay soil. The remodified Green and Ampt equation provided satisfactory estimation of infiltration for all scenarios (accuracy > 80%), and thus enables us to use the modified model for Waikato hill country pastures of different topography, soil physical condition, season and grazing management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over the Yellow River basin: reference crop evaporation or Shuttleworth–Wallace?
Authors: Zhou M. C. , Ishidaira H. , Takeuchi K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPotential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key input to hydrological models. Its estimation has often been via the Penman–Monteith (P–M) equation, most recently in the form of an estimate of reference evapotranspiration (RET) as recommended by FAO‐56. In this paper the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) model is implemented to estimate PET directly in a form that recognizes vegetation diversity and temporal change without reference to experimental measurements and without calibration. The threshold values of vegetation parameters are drawn from the literature based on the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme land cover classification. The spatial and temporal variation of the LAI of vegetation is derived from the composite NOAA‐AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using a method based on the SiB2 model, and the Climate Research Unit database is used to provide the required meteorological data. All these data inputs are publicly and globally available. Consequently, the implementation of the S–W model developed in this study is applicable at the global scale, an essential requirement if it is to be applied in data‐poor or ungauged large basins.A comparison is made between the FAO‐56 method and the S–W model when applied to the Yellow River basin for the whole of the last century. The resulting estimates of RET and PET and their association with vegetation types and leaf area index (LAI) are examined over the whole basin both annual and monthly and at six specific points. The effect of NDVI on the PET estimate is further evaluated by replacing the monthly NDVI product with the 10‐day product. Multiple regression relationships between monthly PET, RET, LAI, and climatic variables are explored for categories of vegetation types. The estimated RET is a good climatic index that adequately reflects the temporal change and spatial distribution of climate over the basin, but the PET estimated using the S–W model not only reflects the changes in climate, but also the vegetation distribution and the development of vegetation in response to climate. Although good statistical relationships can be established between PET, RET and/or climatic variables, applying these relationships likely will result in large errors because of the strong non‐linearity and scatter between the PET and the LAI of vegetation. It is concluded that use of the implementation of the S–W model described in this study results in a physically sound estimate of PET that accounts for changing land surface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Reading NGOs visually’—Implications of visual images for NGO management
Authors: Dogra Nandita 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the ways in which the visual images of international non‐governmental organisations (INGOs) inform their key management areas of internal organisation & policies, roles and relationships. Drawing upon some unexpected findings based on the analysis of regular fundraising imagery of a UK‐based development INGO and brief comparisons with relevant media imagery, it challenges the predominantly ‘negative’ view of pre‐Ethiopian fundraising imagery. The paper carves out several implications of visual images for INGOs including the complex issue of internal coherence, their advocacy roles, and their relationships with Southern clients, media, Northern donors and public. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of Polymer Brushes in Cylindrical Tubes: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar I. , Milchev Andrey , Binder Kurt , Heermann Dieter W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary:Molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse‐grained bead‐spring model of flexible macromolecules tethered with one end to the surface of a cylindrical pore are presented. Chain lengthNand grafting density σ are varied over a wide range and the crossover from “mushroom” to “brush” behavior is studied for three pore diameters. The monomer density profile and the distribution of the free chain ends are computed and compared to the corresponding model of polymer brushes at flat substrates. It is found that there exists a regime ofNand σ for large enough pore diameter where the brush height in the pore exceeds the brush height on the flat substrate, while for large enoughNand σ (and small enough pore diameters) the opposite behavior occurs, i.e. the brush is compressed by confinement. These findings are used to discuss the corresponding theories on polymer brushes at concave substrates.Snapshot picture of a brush grafted inside of a cylinder, for$N=16$,$D=30, \sigma =0.08$, displaying different chains in distinct colors in order to be able to distinguish them. Top shows a side view of the cylinder, and the lower part a view of the cross‐section. Note that the particles forming the cylindrical wall are not displayed.magnified imageSnapshot picture of a brush grafted inside of a cylinder, for$N=16$,$D=30, \sigma =0.08$, displaying different chains in distinct colors in order to be able to distinguish them. Top shows a side view of the cylinder, and the lower part a view of the cross‐section. Note that the particles forming the cylindrical wall are not displayed.
Xyloccensin X and Y, two new limonoids from xylocarpus molluccensis: NMR investigation in mixture
Authors: Roy Abhijeet Deb , Kumar Rajesh , Gupta Poonam , Khaliq Tanvir , Narender Tadigoppula , Aggarwal Vijailakshmi , Roy Raja 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo new limonoids, xyloccensin X (1) and xyloccensin Y (2), have been identified in mixture using NMR spectroscopy. Both limonoids were isolated in mixture from the fruit of the plant Xylocarpus molluccensis. The structures of these were proposed after extensive 2D NMR analyses in mixture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐scale modelling of two‐phase–two‐component processes in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Niessner J. , Helmig R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis work deals with flow and transport phenomena in porous media, which occur on different space and time scales. Additionally, the porous medium itself is heterogeneous where the heterogeneities occur on all spatial scales.We consider a large domain with randomly distributed heterogeneities where complex two‐phase–two‐component processes are relevant only in a small (local) subdomain. This subdomain needs fine resolution as the complex processes are governed by small‐scale effects. For a comprehensive fine‐scale model taking into account two‐phase–two‐component processes as well as heterogeneities in the whole (global) model domain, data collection is expensive and computational time is high. Therefore, we developed a multi‐scale concept where on the one hand, the global flow field influences the local two‐phase–two‐component processes on the fine scale. On the other hand, a coarse‐scale saturation equation is solved where the effects of the fine‐scale two‐phase–two‐component processes in the subdomain are captured by source/sink terms and the effects of fine‐scale heterogeneities by a macrodispersion term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concise interface constitutive law for analysis of delamination and splitting in composite materials and its application to scaled notched tensile specimens
Authors: Jiang Wen‐Guang , Hallett Stephen R. , Green Ben G. , Wisnom Michael R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA concise constitutive law for cohesive interfaces is proposed in this paper. A new state variable is introduced to track the extent of damage accumulated at the interface. The constitutive equations not only account for mixed‐mode delamination propagation in composite materials, but also satisfactorily deal with mode ratio change during the debonding process. The interface model is implemented in the LS‐DYNA explicit finite element code. The model has been applied to scaled open hole tension tests on laminated composite material. Comparison between numerical results and experiments shows good correlation for failure modes and strengths for a range of different specimen sizes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trepanation in the Chachapoya region of northern Perú
Authors: Nystrom K. C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses trepanation frequency data from the Chachapoya region of the northern highlands of Perú. New data from three skeletal samples are presented: Kuelap, Laguna Huayabamba, and Los Pinchudos, as well as isolated crania housed at the Chachapoya Museo Instituto Nacional de Cultura. The vast majority of the trepanations are circular in shape, except for one individual exhibiting as many as three roughly square trepanations. Evidence for healing is prevalent, with examples of both associated periosteal reaction of nearby outer table bone, as well as for healing of the insult itself. Only one case demonstrates a clear association between a traumatic injury and a trepanation event. The purpose or function of the remaining cases of trepanation, however, remains elusive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.