bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Location of the Thalamic Relay in the Spino‐Cervico‐Lemniscal Path
Authors: Landgren S. , Nordwall A. , Wengström C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLandgren, S., A. Nordwall and C. Wengström. The location of the thalamic relay in the spinocervico‐lemniscal path. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 164–175. — Cats anesthetized with nembutal were used. The dorsal half of the lateral funicle and the dorsal columns at L1 as well as the superficial radial nerve were dissected. The cerebellum was removed. Focal potentials and action potentials of single units were recorded in the contralateral thalamus in response to electrical stimulation of the three inputs. Ipsilateral hemisection rostral to C1 did not abolish the response to stimulation of the dorsolateral funicle. It was therefore concluded that this response was evoked via the spino‐cervico‐lemniscal path. It was shown that the thalamic relay of this path was located in a border zone within n. centralis postero‐ lateralis. This zone covered the rostral pole, the dorsal, lateral and ventro‐lateral aspect of the nucleus and surrounded like a shell the somatotopically organized hindlimb region dominated by the dorsal column response. Convergence between the spino‐cervico‐lemniscal. the dorsal‐column‐lemniscal and the superficial radial paths was a characteristic feature of the border zone. In a population of 62 thalamic units, isolated in the zone of convergence, 20 units were discharged only via the spinocervico‐lemniscal path. Out of the remaining units 31 were discharged by two or by all three of the stimulated paths.
The Form and Function of the Loaded Human Spine
Authors: Klausen Klaus 
Published: December 2008

AbstractKlausen, K.The form and function of the loaded human spine. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65. 176–190. — The reaction of the spine and its muscles to an increase of the pull of gravity was investigated in different ways: The change of the curves of the spine was measured with an inclinometer. The placement of the line of gravity in relation to L4 and the ankle joints was determined, and the activity of the trunk muscles and some of the leg muscles was investigated electromyographically. From a discussion of the mechanical effect of gravity on the individual joints, and on the spine as a whole it is concluded that the short, deep muscles of the back must play an important part in stabilizing the individual joints, and that the long back muscles or the abdominal muscles are responsible for the stabilization of the spine as a whole. It was found that an increased pull of gravity always was counteracted by increased activity in one set of muscles only, i. e. either in the back muscles or in the abdominal wall muscles. An increased pull of gravity gave rise to a flattening of the lumbar lordosis probably due to a deformation of the discs, while the thoracic kyphosis was almost unaltered. A load placed high on the back caused the trunk to lean, slightly forward, and tbe increased pull of gnavity was counteracted by an increased activity of the lower back muscles. A load placed low on the back caused the activity of the back muscles to decrease, and in most cases the pull backwards of the load was counteracted by the psoas muscle.
On the Variation of DLCO with Increasing Oxygen Uptake during Exercise in Healthy Ordinarily Untrained Young Men and Women
Authors: Freyschuss U. , Holmgren A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFreyschuss, U. and A. Holmgren. On the variation of Dlcowith increasing oxygen uptake in healthy, ordinarily untrained young men and women. Acta physiol scand. 1965. 65, 193–206. ‐ Dlco, was measured at rest in supine position and during steady state exercise in sitting position at increasing oxygen uptake in 9 women and 9 men using the steady state technique. DlCO, was found to increase on transition from supine rest to sitting work increase in 4 of 5 men and 1 of 8 women. In 7 women there were only minor changes. On increasing the work load, DlCO, was found to reach an approximately constant level at a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. This value for DlCO may be called a true “maximal” DlCO and was found to be significantly correlated to various measures of body size, the size of the cardiovascular system and the size of the lungs.
The Effect of Sustained and Rhythmic Contractions on the Electromyogram (EMG)
Authors: Larsson L. E. , Linderholm H. , Kingqvist T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLarsson. L. E., H. Lidnderholm, and T. Kingqvist. The effect of sustained and rhythmic contractions on the electromyogram (EMG). Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 310–318.—The effect on the EMG of various types of muscular work was studied in 20 healthy volunteers. The work consisted of 1) cycling of rnasirnal intensity on a bicycle ergometer. 2) exhausting sustained contractions of the elbow flexors. 3) internlittent rhythmic contractions of the same muscles as in 2 of a duration. the sum of which was equal to the duration of the sustained contractions. Particularly after the sustained muscular contractions, and to a less degree after rhythmic contractions or cycling, there appeared in the active muscles after exercise an increased number of polyphasic action potentials. The change was reversible. The duration of all action potentials decreased after exercise. There was no significant change in amplitude. The genesis of the EMG changm arc discussed particularly with regard to the circulatory conditions and metabolism of the muscle in the various types of muscle contractions.
Effects of Various Anesthetics and of Surgical Preparation on Acid‐Base Balance in Cats
Authors: Berglund Erik , Nylén Olle , Wallentin Ingemar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBerglund, E., O. Nylén and I. Wallentin. Effects of various anesthetics and of surgical preparation on acid‐base balance in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 319–323. — Acid‐base data were obtained in cats during anesthesia with various drugs. During anesthesia with nembutal, chloralose or urethane there was no metabolic acidosis. Administration of“chloralose‐urethane” was accompanied by metabolic acidosis in 6 out of 10 cats. When urethane was given in cats either alone or after 1 1/2–3 hrs of chloralose anesthesia, metabolic acidosis was found in only 1 out of 9 cats. In 12 cats, anesthetized with nembutal or chloralose, extensive surgical preparation was added; in these cats there was after 3 1/2 hrs a progressive metabolic acidosis.
Catecholamine Depletion and Uptake in Adrenergic Nerve Vesicles and in Rabbit Organs after Decaborane
Authors: Euler U. S. von , Lishajko F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEuler. U. S. v. and F. Lishajko. Catecholamine depletion and uptake in adrenergic neme vesicles and in rabbit organs after decaborane. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 324–330. — Decaborane (B10H14) increases the release rate of noradrenaline (NA) from isolated nerve vesicles in concentrations of 10‐5 M and stronger. The NA retention in nerve vesicles incubated in the presence of NA and of ATP is decreased by decaborane 10‐4 M which also inhibits the ATP‐dependent NA uptake in partially depleted vesicles.In a dose of 4 mg/kg i.p. decaborane gradually decreases the catecholamine stores in various organs of the rabbit. Between 23–48 hours after the decaborane injection the NA content in the heart is about 10–20 per cent of the normal value. Injection of NA. 0.3–0.4 mg/kg i. m., increases the NA content in the heart to near normal in 1–2 hrs, whereafter it falls to the previous low value in some 20 hrs.The NA taken up by the rabbit heart after depletion with decaborane is distributed between the high speed sediment and the supernatant in the same proportions as found in the normal heart suggesting a dynamic equilibrium between the vesicles and the non‐vesicular pool.
Adrenomedullary Response to 2–Deoxyglucose in the Hypothyroid, Euthyroid, and Hyperthyroid Rat
Authors: Johnson D. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractJohnson, D. G. Adrenomedullary response to 2–deoxyglucose in the hypothyroid, euthyroid, and hyperthyroid rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 337–343. — Hypothyroid animals show an increased hyperglycemic response to 2–deoxyglucose (2–DG) administration, while hyperthyroid animals show a decreased response when compared to euthyroid controls. This quantitative difference in response is reflected in a much greater depletion of the adrenaline content of the adrenals of the hypothyroid animals, while the hyperthyroid animals appear less depleted than euthyroid cofitrols. Estimation of urinary catecholamine excretion following 2–DG administration indicates that the hypothyroid rats excrete much larger amounts of adrenaline than the other groups. The hearts of all animals treated with 2–DG contain increased absolute and relative amounts of adrenaline, with the largest absolute increase being seen in the hyperthyroid animals. These results suggest that the adrenomedullary response to cellular glucopenia is modified by the thyroid status. This action may be exerted either at the level of the adrenal medulla itself or on the blood glucose receptor neurons of the hypothalamus.
Peripheral Autonomic Influence on the Motility of the Urinary Bladder in the Cat I. Rhythmic Contractions
Authors: Gjone Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGjone, R. Peripheral autonomic intuence on the motility of the urinary bladder in the cat. I. Rhythmic contractions. iicta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 370–377. — In the present work the influence of each peripheral autonomic component was studied by comparing the intravesical pressure curves obtained under progressive bladder denervation in cats lightly anesthetized with nembutal. lntravesical pressure recording was established by the direct approach described in a preceding communication (Gjone and Setekleiv 1963). The following results were obtained: By bilateral section of the parasympathetic nerve fibres to the bladder, leaving the sympathetic supply intact. a marked reduction, or abolition of the rhythmic activity was seen. Subsequent to further, bilateral section of the sympathetic bladder supply (complete extrinsic denervation), the rhythmic contractions were re‐established although somewhat reduced in amplitude. In other experiments the sympathetic nerves were first sectioned bikaterally with the parasympathetic fibres intact. This was followed by a marked enhancement of the frequency and amplitude of the rhythmic bladder contractions. After additional section of the parasympathetic bladder nerves the vesical hyperactivity was abolished. Fairly“normal” pressure fluctuations were again recorded. similar to those described above from the fully intact bladder. Thus, definite evidence of a dual autonomic influence on the rhythmic vesical activity was established by the demonstration of excitatory parasympathetic and inhibitory sympathetic effects.
Influence of Ionic Environment on Acetylcholine Release from the Motor Nerve Terminals
Authors: Elmqvist D. , Feldman D. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAcetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals in rat diaphragm was estimated as the frequency of miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s). K+20 mM induced sustained rapid release of m.e.p.p.s which was slow in onset. With higher K+concentration m.e.p.p. frequency rose rapidly. Very high release rates induced by 40 and 50 mM K+were not maintained but declined to a lower sustained level. Augmented m.e.p.p. release could be inhibited by increasing the Ca2+concentration above normal. Reduction was approximately 80% with 16 mM Ca2+. Reduction of Na+to 1/3 doubled the m.e.p.p. rate. Increase in Ca2+raised the rate further in 5 mM K+but reduced it in 20 mM K+. The mechanism of low sodium augmentation of release is obscure but may involve inverse interaction with calcium at an early step in ACh release. Elevation of Ba2+to 16 mM gave a transient decline in m.e.p.p. frequency augmented to high level with 20 mM K+, presumably by displacing residual bound calcium. It did not reduce the frequency when Ba2+had replaced Ca2+in the bathing solution for longer periods. The effects of calcium are discussed and the similarities between excitation‐transmitter release and excitation‐contraction coupling are pointed out.
Multiple‐Spike Discharge Evoking After‐Depolarizations in the Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptor Neuron of the Lobster
Authors: Grampp Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe extra impulses of the multiple‐spike discharges of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the lobster were evoked by different kinds of after‐depolarizations which appeared with rising temperature. Two of them, called labile and fast after‐depolarization, were studied by recording extra‐and intracellularly at different cell regions under varying experimental conditions. The labile after‐depolarization which succeeded small impulses of a type indicative of a conduction block was most prominent under conditions critical for the establishment of the block. It was able to initiate one extra spike.—With rising temperature the terminal step of the repolarizing phase of full‐sized action potentials became increasingly retarded in relation to the earlier phases of the spike. Therefore, it assumed the form of a fast after‐depolarization which was able to evoke one extra spike. The intrasomally recordable fast after‐depolarization coincided in time with the negative phase of extradendritically recorded impulses and with the peak of intradendritically recorded spike potentials. At any temperature the prominence of the fast after‐depolarization increased with decreasing safety factor for propagation of the active process along the somato‐dendritic membrane. The findings indicate that the labile after‐depolarization is caused by a partial activation of the membrane of the cell region behind a blocking zone, whereas the fast after‐depolarization reflects the active depolarization of the cell region beyond that impaled.
Multiple‐Spike Discharge Evoking After‐Depolarizations in the Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptor Neuron of the Lobster II. The slow after‐depolarization
Authors: Grampp Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe extra impulses of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the lobster were evoked by different kinds of after‐depolarizations which appeared with rising temperature. One of them, called slow after‐depolarization, was studied by recording extra‐and intracellularly at different cell regions under varying experimental conditions. The slow after‐depolarization developed after the first full‐sized action potential of the multiple spike discharge. With rising temperature its amplitude increased from about 10 mV to 30–40 mV (from the resting membrane potential), and its duration from about 25 msec to several seconds. Depending on its length the slow after‐depolarization was able to evoke between one and several hundred extra spikes. There was an inverse relationship between the safety factor for propagation of the active process along the somato‐dendritic membrane and the duration and, to some extent, the amplitude of the slow after‐depolarization. In any discharge a premature termination of the slow after‐depolarization could be provoked by a short pulse of intracellularly injected anodal current or by activation of the inhibitory system of the stretch receptor organ. The membrane resistance was reduced during the course of the slow after‐depolarization. The findings support the idea of an asynchronous activation and subsequent asynchronous activity in action current generating sites of the dendritic membrane.
Pyramidal Effect on Alpha and Gamma Motoneurons
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt , Wiesendanger Mario 
Published: December 2008

AbstractReports on the movements evoked by pyramidal stimuli are conflicting. To avoid the effects of spread of current we have studied the response to impulses confined to the pyramidal tract in two ways: 1) By transection of all other structures in the medulla oblongata. We maintained the arterial blood pressure above 100 mm Hg by vagotomy and intravenous infusion of noradrenalin and dextran. The tone in flexor muscles predominated. 2) By dissection of the pyramids away from the medulla oblongata. Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts being intact, the tone in extensor muscles predominated. Pure pyramidal stimuli activated flexors and inhibited extensors after both procedures; complex movements were not observed. We recorded action potentials of alpha and gamma motoneurons in the nerve to the tenuissimus muscle. Pyramidal stimuli discharged both types of motoneuron, alpha motoneurons having the higher threshold, longer latency and shorter duration of the burst of potentials.
Rubidium86 Clearance during Neurogenic Redistribution of Intestinal Blood Flow
Authors: Dresel P. , Folkow B. , Wallentin I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArterio‐venous extraction of rubidium86 was recorded in the intestine of the cat, using two different administration techniques; and the capillary transport coefficient, PS, was calculated. In all experiments intestinal blood flow resistance was calculated, and in some the capillary filtration coefficient, CFC. These two methods to determine the capillary surface area open to blood flow were well correlated, but the total range for variations for PS was less than for CFC. This difference was explained by the fact that exclusion of some part of the capillary circulation by the precapillary sphincters causes the filtration to cease much more completely than the diffusion. Therefore, CFC seems to better reflect the changing capillary surface area than PS. During the “autoregulatory escape”, the typical vascular response to stimulation of the vasoconstrictor fibres, PS was decreased but in most cases much less so than CFC. These results seem to exclude involvement of true arteriovenous shunts to any significant degree during activation of the vasoconstrictor nerves. If the redistribution of blood flow from the mucosa towards the submucosa during the “autoregulatory escape” utilizes special low‐resistance channels, these must allow for exchange of solutes, implying a situation of “physiological shunting” rather than “true‐shunting”.
Effect of Different Doses of Prostaglandin E1 on Free Fatty Acids of Plasma, Blood Glucose and Heart Rate in the Nonanesthetized Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 53
Authors: Bergström Sune , Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProstaglandin E1 (PGE1) was infused i.v., in doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 μg/kg/min during 30 min in different experiments into nonanesthetized dogs. The smallest dose, 0.2 μg/kg/min, produced a consistent and reproducible increase in venous plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA). The mean venous plasma level of glycerol showed the same type of response but the rise was not statistically significant. The higher doses of PGE1 lowered the plasma levels of FFA and glycerol, the highest dose tending to produce the most marked decrease. The average concentration of blood glucose increased at all dose levels but only statistically significant at 0.8 μg/kg/min. The heart rate increased when 0.2–0.8 μg/kg/min of PGE1 was given. With the highest dose, 1.6 μg/kg/min, the heart rate either tended to increase to a lesser extent or decreased. The increase in plasma levels of FFA and glycerol as well as the increase in heart rate induced by 0.2 μg/kg/min of PGE1 were abolished after administration of a sympathetic ganglionic blocking agent. The possibility is discussed that PGE1 not only has a direct inhibitory effect on FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, but may in addition, at low infusion rates, enhance lipid mobilization due to a stimulation of sympathetic nervous activity.
Electrical Stimulation of the Thalamic and Subthalamic Area in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Bergström M. R. , Johansson G. G. , Laitinen L. V. , Sipponen P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the thalamic‐subthalamic area was performed on 17 anesthetized patients treated stereotaxically for cerebral palsy. Two of these patients had permanent electrodes implanted. Stimulations were performed some days later when the patients were fully awake. Permanent lesions were produced at the sites that seemed to give the optimal response to stimulation. Different responses to stimulation were studied.
Pancreatic Response to Repeated Secretin Stimulation in Dogs
Authors: Henriksen Finn W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBy cannulation of the major pancreatic duct in 5 anesthetized dogs with chronic Thomas type duodenal fistulas, pancreatic juice has been collected after repeated injections of equal, submaximal doses of secretin (Vitrum). The intervals between injections has been 60 min and 120 min. It is shown that the pancreatic response to secretin decreases when intervals between injections are 60 min. When the intervals are 120 min there is no decrease. The possible explanations of this phenomenon is discussed. The most likely assumption seems to be that the gland in a certain period following secretin stimulation has a reduced sensitivity to secretin, indicating a “relative refractory period”.
Metabolic Effects of Infused Sodium L (+) Lactate in Man before and after Triiodothyronine Treatment
Authors: Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn untreated subjects infusion of 2.3 mg L(+) lactate per kg per min for 30 min increased the blood lactate concentration by a maximum of 9.4 ± 0.46 mg% and the oxygen consumption by a maximum of 9.5 ± 1.50%. The increase in oxygen consumption was sufficient to oxidize 34% of the infused lactate. After treatment with 1 mg triiodothyronine the increase in the blood lactate concentration was smaller than in the same subject before T3 treatment. The increase in oxygen consumption was greater, on the other hand, and was calculated to be sufficient for complete oxidation of 52% of the infused lactate.
Responses of Skeletal Musculature and its Vasculature During “Diving” in the Duck: Peculiarities of the Adrenergic Vasoconstrictor Innervation
Authors: Folkow B. , Fuxe K. , Sonnenschein R. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe vasoconstrictor response to “diving” was simulated in pentobarbital‐anesthetized ducks by administration of 20 % CO2 combined with vagotomy and controlled bleeding. Muscle blood flow, 30–50 ml/min ×. 100 g, at rest, could by reflex vasoconstriction be almost stopped and was then barely increased by exercise; in the absence of vasoconstriction, however, exercise increased flow to about 150 ml. In cats exercise produced considerable flow increases also during vasoconstriction; further, maximal flow reached only some 50 ml. Simultaneous recordings of venous outflow and pressures in the femoral artery and a small (0.3–0.5 mm) extramuscular artery revealed that large extramuscular arteries constrict far more in ducks than in cats and then fail to manifest ascending dilatation. The femoral artery has a far richer supply of adrenergic nerve terminals in ducks than in cats. In all the above respects, turkeys were more similar to cats than to ducks. In duck muscles maximal contractile force increased during CO2 breathing due to augmentation via the sympathetic innervation (Orbeli effect), an effect mimicked by intra‐arterial catechol amines. The ability of diving animals to maintain muscle vasoconstriction during exercise while diving may well reside in the differently balanced vascular innervation with intense constrictions of extramuscular vessels. The sympathetic augmentation of contractility may partly compensate for the effect of flow reduction. The larger maximal flow capacity and capillary area in duck muscles facilitates rapid post‐dive restitution.