bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 activity promotes NF‐κB‐driven transcription and microglial activation: implication for neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Chiarugi Alberto , Moskowitz Michael A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractExcessive release of proinflammatory products by activated glia causes neurotoxicity and participates in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) has been shown to play a key role in nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB)‐driven expression of inflammatory mediators by glia during the neuroimmune response. Here we report the novel finding that the enzymatic activity of PARP‐1 promotes, in an β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐dependent fashion, the DNA binding of NF‐κB in microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharides, interferon‐γ or β‐amyloid 1–40. Consistently, we found that targeting NF‐κB‐dependent glial activation with pharmacological inhibitors of PARP‐1 enzymatic activity reduces expression of inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α and amyloid precursor protein, and reduces the neurotoxic potential of activated glia in vitro. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of lipopolysaccharide‐induced poly(ADP‐ribose) formation in vivo suppresses neuroinflammation and related neural cell death. Our findings build on prior published reports in PARP‐1 null mice and highlight the importance of PARP‐1 enzymatic activity in transcriptional control during glial activation, identifying PARP‐1 activity‐dependent regulation of NF‐κB as a novel pharmacological target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
Regional brain serotonin synthesis is increased in the olfactory bulbectomy rat model of depression: an autoradiographic study
Authors: Watanabe Arata , Tohyama Yoshihiro , Nguyen Khanh Q. , Hasegawa Shu , Debonnel Guy , Diksic Mirko 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSerotonin synthesis rates were evaluated using α‐[14C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan (α‐MTrp) autoradiographic methods in olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rats. They were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the frontal (50%) and parietal (40%) cortices, superior olive (over 30%), and the substantia nigra (30%) in the OBX rats as compared to the sham operated animals. There were also increases in 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) synthesis in some limbic areas: the cingulate (32%), the medial forebrain bundle (58%), the hippocampus (13–25%) and the thalamus (22–40%). The largest increase in 5‐HT synthesis after OBX was observed in the sensory‐motor cortex (67%). 5‐HT synthesis rates were significantly decreased in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, but there was no significant change the ventral tegmental area and the locus coeruleus following OBX. These results indicate that olfactory bulbectomy causes an imbalance in 5‐HT synthesis in some projection areas by disproportionally increasing 5‐HT synthesis rates in specific brain regions and making more 5‐HT available for neurotransmission. This imbalance in 5‐HT synthesis and the subsequent elevation of tissue 5‐HT may be responsible for the creation of non‐physiological circuitry which may, in part, be reflected in the symptoms resembling human depression.
Iron toxicity in organotypic cultures of hippocampal slices: role of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Liu Ruolan , Liu Wei , Doctrow Susan R. , Baudry Michel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFree iron has been assumed to potentiate oxygen toxicity by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the iron‐catalyzed Haber‐Weiss reaction, leading to oxidative stress. ROS‐mediated iron cytotoxicity may trigger apoptotic cell death. In the present study, we used iron treatment of organotypic cultures of hippocampal slices to study potential mechanisms involved in iron‐induced neuronal damage. Exposure of mature hippocampal slices to ferrous sulfate resulted in concentration‐ and time‐dependent cell death. After iron treatment, markers of ROS formation and lipid peroxidation, i.e. intensity of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence and levels of thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS), were significantly increased. Levels of cytochromecwere increased while levels of pro‐caspase‐9 and pro‐caspase‐3 were decreased in cytosolic fractions of iron‐treated hippocampal slice cultures. Treatment of cultured slices with a synthetic catalytic ROS scavenger, EUK‐134, provided between 50 and 70% protection against various parameters of cell damage and markers of oxidative stress. In addition, inhibition of caspase‐3 activity by Ac‐DEVDcho partially protected cells from iron toxicity. The combination of EUK‐134 and Ac‐DEVDcho resulted in an almost complete blockade of iron‐induced damage. These results indicate that iron elicits cellular damage predominantly by oxidative stress, and that ROS‐mediated iron toxicity may involve cytochrome c‐ and caspase‐3‐dependent apoptotic pathways.
The nNOS inhibitor, AR‐R17477AR, prevents the loss of NF68 immunoreactivity induced by methamphetamine in the mouse striatum
Authors: Sanchez Veronica , Zeini Miriam , Camarero Jorge , O'Shea Esther , Bosca Lisardo , Green A. Richard , Colado M. Isabel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe present study examined the time‐course and regionally‐selective changes in the levels of the neurofilament protein NF68 in the mouse brain induced by methamphetamine (METH). The ability of low ambient temperature, or of the specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor AR‐R17477AR, to protect against both long‐term striatal NF68 and dopamine loss induced by METH (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was also studied. Seven days after METH administration (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg, i.p., three times at 3 h intervals), mice showed a reduction of about 40% in immunoreactivity for NF68 in the striatum. This effect was not produced in cortex after METH administration at the dose of 3 mg/kg. No difference from controls was observed when measurements were carried out 1 h and 24 h after the last METH injection at the dose of 3 mg/kg. The loss of NF68 immunoreactivity seems to be associated with the long‐term dopamine depletion induced by METH, since no change in serotonin concentration is observed in either the striatum or cortex 7 days after dosing. Animals kept at a room temperature of 4°C showed a loss of NF68 similar to those treated at 22°C but an attenuation of dopamine depletion in the striatum. Pre‐treatment with AR‐R17477AR (5 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min before each of the three METH (3 mg/kg, i.p.) injections provided complete protection against METH‐induced loss of NF68 immunoreactivity and attenuated the decrease in striatal dopamine and HVA concentrations by about 50%. These data indicate that both the reduction of NF68 immunoreactivity and the loss of dopamine concentration are due to an oxidative stress process mediated by reactive nitrogen species, and are not due to changes in body temperature.
Rates of Surgical Site Infection After Hip Replacement as a Hospital Performance Indicator: Analysis of Data From the English Mandatory Surveillance System
Authors: Wilson J. , Charlett A. , Leong G. , McDougall C. , Duckworth G. 
Published: February 2008

Objective.To describe rates of surgical site infection (SSI) after hip replacement and to use these data to provide a simple mechanism for identifying poorly performing hospitals that takes into account variations in sample size.Design.Prospective surveillance study.Setting.A total of 125 acute care hospitals in England that participated in mandatory SSI surveillance from April 1, 2004 through March 31, 2005.Patients.Patients who underwent total hip replacement (THR) or hip hemiarthroplasty (HH).Methods.A standard data set was collected for all eligible operations at participating hospitals for a minimum of 3 months annually. Defined methods were used to identify SSIs that occurred during the inpatient stay. Data were checked for quality and accuracy, and funnel plots were constructed by plotting the incidence of SSI against the number of operations.Results.Data were collected on 16,765 THRs and 5,395 HHs. The cumulative SSI incidence rates were 1.26% for THR and 4.06% for HH; the incidence densities were 1.38 SSIs per 1,000 postoperative inpatient days for THR and 2.3 SSIs per 1,000 postoperative inpatient days for HH. The risk of infection associated with revision surgery was significantly higher than that associated with primary surgery (2.7% [95% confidence interval, 2.0%-3.5%] vs. 1.1% [95% confidence interval, 1.0%-1.2%];P = .003). Rates varied considerably among hospitals. Nineteen hospitals had rates above the 90th percentile. However, the use of funnel plots to adjust for the precision of estimated SSI rates identified 7 hospitals that warranted further investigation, including 2 with crude rates below the 90th percentile.Conclusions.Funnel plots of rates of SSI after hip replacement provide a valuable method of presenting hospital performance data, clearly identifying hospitals with unusually high or low rates while adjusting for the precision of the estimated rate. This information can be used to target and support local interventions to reduce the risk of infection.
Natural variability in δ18O values of otoliths of young Pacific sardine captured in Mexican waters indicates subpopulation mixing within the first year of life
Authors: Valle Sonia R. , Herzka Sharon Z. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Valle, S. R., and Herzka, S. Z. 2008. Natural variability in δ18O values of otoliths of young Pacific sardine captured in Mexican waters indicates subpopulation mixing within the first year of life. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 174–190. Oxygen stable isotopes were measured in whole sagittae of young Pacific sardine (δ18Ooto) collected throughout their range in the Mexican Pacific to quantify natural variability, to reconstruct temperature histories, and to infer whether fish mix at a population or subpopulation level. Isotopic values and derived temperature estimates (Toto) of sardine captured simultaneously showed high variability (up to 2.0‰ and 10°C at a given location). Given limited variations in salinity, this implies differences in thermal history and the prevalence of subpopulation-level mixing processes. We tested the null hypothesis of local residence by comparing δ18Ooto values with predicted isotopic values on a location-specific basis, and age- and location-specific average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) with derived Toto. Some fish exhibited values outside the local range of predicted oxygen isotope values and SSTs, suggesting that they were not permanent residents. Using an otolith growth model, we show that otolith growth and age differences cannot fully account for the variability in δ18Ooto values. The absence of significant differences in δ18Ooto values between the Pacific and Gulf indicates that oxygen isotope ratios cannot be used to examine population structure or migration among these regions. However, they can be used to infer mixing within and among subpopulations.
The Effect of Attitudes in the Therapy of the Alcoholic*
Authors: KENDIS JOSEPH B. 
Published: February 2008

Résumé Le type d'alcoolisme discuté dans ce rapport est celui décrit par Jellinek comme alcoolisme gamma, la forme prédominante de cette maladie aux Etats Unis.Les attitudes décrites comprennent celles du médecin de famille, du psychiatre, du personnel de l'hôpital, de la famille elle‐même, des agences communautaires, de l'industrie et de tous ceux qui pourraient être en contact et avoir quelque influence dans la vie de l'alcoolique.Des suggestions sont faites, pour améliorer les attitudes afin que l'alcoolique reçoive plus de compréhension et d'aide.Finalement, il est précisé que de justes attitudes pourraient assister et être d'une très grande valeur, non seulement pour l'alcoolique mais également à sa famille et à son entourage de même qu'à la communauté entière.ZusammenfassungDie in dieser Abhandlung beschriebene Art von Alkoholismus wird von Jellenek als “Gamma Alkoholismus” bezeichnet und stellt die vorherrschende Form dieses Übels in den Vereinigten Staaten dar.Die beschriebenen Einstellungen umfassen die des Hausarztes, des Psychiaters, des Krankenhauspersonals, der Familie selbst, der öffentlichen Gemeinschaftsstellen, der Industrie und aller jener, welche mit Alkoholikern in Kontakt kommen können und einigen Einfluss auf deren Lebensweise haben.Es werden Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Einstellungen gemacht, um grösseres Verständnis und mehr Hilfe für Alkoholiker zu erzielen.Abschliessend wird darauf hingewiesen, dass richtige Einstellungen nicht nur für den Alkoholiker sondern auch für seine Familie und seine Umgebung sowie das gesamte Gemeinwesen von Hilfe und grossem Wert sein können.
Klinische Untersuchungsergebnisse an Alkoholkranken
Authors: SCHMIDT L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Examination at a clinical department for internal medicine of 84 alcoholics, who had primarily been admitted on account of alcoholism, revealed that these patients had also organic defects. Nearly all alcoholics showed changes in the region of the gastrointestinal tract; 33.3% had a roentgenologically detectable gastritis and 80% a “SAB” or anacidity.In addition to palpation and liver blank punctures, a series of functional liver tests were carried out and their diagnostic value for the alcohol‐damaged liver evaluated. It appeared necessary that liver puctures and liver examinations should be carried out as soon as possible after the last alcoholic excess. The Menghini blank puncture, which is usually made 4 days after alcohol deprivation, showed in 38˙2% of the cases a diffuse adipohepatic liver, in 26˙9% a fatty liver with fibroplasia and in 13˙3% a fatty liver with lobuli umbones in the sense of a cirrhosis. During commencement of the treatment it could frequently be established that, apart from upper‐abdominal pressure and hepatomegaly, the following symptoms were present: a contracted Weltmann's coagulation band, a slight cooling of the sero‐cholesterol and bilirubin concentration levels, a slight reduction in the prothrombin content, a positive two‐stain test, increased S6OT and S6PT activities, a slight increase in the blood sedimentation rate and a decrease in the serum with increased globulin.Multiplex haemosiderosis of the liver could not be detected; 19˙6% of the patients showed increased sero‐diastatic values. It is to be hoped that pancreas diagnosis will profit from Weber's lipase evaluation.Alcoholism affects the circulatory and myocardial metabolism. An increase of the eosinophil cells could be observed in the blood count. As a slight transitory proteinuria sets in after alcoholic excess, it may be assumed that alcohol affects the kidneys. Hence, alcoholism causes multiplex functional disorders, organic damage respectively.
Nutmeg as a Psychoactive Agent
Authors: BEATTIE R. T. 
Published: February 2008

Résumé— La muscade n'a pas d'effet psychologique dans le domaine du comportement, quand elle est administrée dans cette quantité. Il paraît très improbable qu'elle ait quelque effet quand elle est donné dans des quantités plus grandes; donc, il paraît très probable que les rapports publiés concernant son efficacité sont basés sur des expériences subjectives causées par la signification des conditions dans lesquelles elle a été prise.Zusammenfassung— Muskatnuss, wenn in diesen Mengen verabreicht, hat keinerlei psychologischen Effekt im Bereiche der Verhaltens‐Erhebungsauswahl. Auch scheint es höchst unwahrscheinlich, dass bei Verabreichung grösserer Mengen eine Wirkung erzielt wird, weshalb es sehr wahrscheinlich ist, dass sich Berichte über die Wirksamkeit dieses Mittlcs vollständig auf subjektive Erfahrungen stützen, welche durch Beziehungsandeu‐tungen der Bedingungen, unter welchen es eingenommen wurde, ausgelöst wurden.
Marriage Counseling with Alcoholics and Their Spouses‐II The Correlation of Excessive Drinking Behavior with Family Pathology and Social Deterioration
Authors: BURTON GENEVIEVE , KAPLAN HOWARD M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis paper has described a limited study of the correlations of alcoholic drinking with family pathology and social deterioration. Study of the data obtained in follow‐up interviews with couples who have received group counseling for marital problems complicated by alcoholism in one of the partners indicates the following:(1) For those couples whose family pathology decreased, both drinking change and the final drinking pattern were found to be positively correlated with the actual number of areas of considerable disagreement at time of follow‐up. Specifically, those couples who reported no more than one or two areas of considerable disagreement at follow‐up were most likely to respond positively to questions about the alcoholic spouse's drinking at follow‐up.(2) Therefore, more important in counseling than solely aiming for a decrease in family pathology is working for a decrease to a maximum of one or two areas of considerable disagreement.(3) Findings indicate that a decrease in drinking behavior is slightly better than the final pattern of drinking behavior as an indicator of a lessening of social deterioration.(4) The hypothesis that improvement in the area of marital conflict is associated with improvement in drinking behavior has been supported. This is sufficient to conclude that counseling which focuses on the family pathology of alcoholics may be therapeutic not only with respect to the family and marriage problems, but with respect as well to the drinking problem. Thus an indirect approach to the treatment of alcoholism, through other problem areas in the alcoholic's life, may well be useful.
The Abstinence Syndrome in Long‐Term, High‐Dosage Narcotic Addiction
Authors: QUOCK COLLIN P. , CHENG JAY , CHAN S. C. , LEONG WAY, E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwenty‐six adult Chinese male volunteers with informed consent were studied to assess the syndrome of narcotic withdrawal in the presence of intermittent nalorphine administration. All the subjects were long‐term addicts with remarkably high tolerance to narcotics. After a 3‐day control period of drug administration tailored to each man's habits, withdrawal was commenced and studies were extended into the succeeding 72 hr.The abstinence scoring system was applied to gauge the severity of the syndrome as a function of the mode of self‐administration of narcotics. Generally the scores followed an upward trend with each day of withdrawal heavily influenced, especially on day 3, by vomiting. Emesis was found to increase from 15–4 per cent on day 1 to 38–5 per cent by day 3. Yawning, lacrimation and mydriasis occurred most frequently. In a few instances spontaneous penile erection and ejaculation were noted during withdrawal. Clinically, peak intensity was reached approximately 36 hr into withdrawal. Heroin needle‐users were the most severely affected, followed by heroin inhalers and then those who smoked opium. On the basis of these findings a redistribution of the point values in the scoring system used to assess the intensity of the syndrome is recommended. Small doses of nalorphine precipitated abrupt, short‐lived, but occasionally violent exacerbations of the basic absinence pattern.Aside from these episodes, however, nalorphine apparently does not materially affect the fundamental course of withdrawal symptoms in the doses and method used.
Serum chemokine levels in Hodgkin lymphoma patients: highly increased levels of CCL17 and CCL22
Authors: Niens Marijke , Visser Lydia , Nolte Ilja M. , Van Der Steege Gerrit , Diepstra Arjan , Cordano Pablo , Jarrett Ruth F. , Te Meerman Gerard J. , Poppema Sibrand , Van Den Berg Anke 
Published: February 2008

SummaryHodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by a minority of neoplastic Hodgkin‐Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by a non‐neoplastic reactive infiltrate. As immunological mechanisms appear to be crucial in classical HL pathogenesis, altered serum chemokine levels might be related to disease activity. Serum levels of nine chemokines were examined in 163 untreated HL patients and 334 controls. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with serum CCL17 (thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine, TARC) levels and HL susceptibility. Serum CCL17 and CCL22 (macrophage‐derived chemokine, MDC) levels were significantly increased in 82% and 57% of the HL patients. Nodular sclerosis cases showed increased serum CCL17 and CCL22 levels (P < 0·001) and serum levels were correlated with Ann Arbor stage. Of nine patients with pre‐ and post‐treatment serum samples, the majority showed decreased CCL17 and CCL22 levels after treatment. HRS cells expressed CCL17 and CCL22 in 77% and 75% of 74 cases. Three SNPs showed a trend of increased serum CCL17 levels with minor alleles in controls, but were not associated with HL susceptibility. CCL17 and CCL22 were the only chemokines with increased serum levels in the vast majority of HL patients, which provides further insight into the molecular mechanism(s) leading to infiltrations of reactive lymphocytes in HL.
Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures
Authors: Chee Y. L. , Crawford J. C. , Watson H. G. , Greaves M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryUnselected coagulation testing is widely practiced in the process of assessing bleeding risk prior to surgery. This may delay surgery inappropriately and cause unnecessary concern in patients who are found to have ‘abnormal’ tests. In addition it is associated with a significant cost. This systematic review was performed to determine whether patient bleeding history and unselected coagulation testing predict abnormal perioperative bleeding. A literature search of Medline between 1966 and 2005 was performed to identify appropriate studies. Studies that contained enough data to allow the calculation of the predictive value and likelihood ratios of tests for perioperative bleeding were included. Nine observational studies (three prospective) were identified. The positive predictive value (0·03–0·22) and likelihood ratio (0·94–5·1) for coagulation tests indicate that they are poor predictors of bleeding. Patients undergoing surgery should have a bleeding history taken. This should include detail of previous surgery and trauma, a family history, and detail of anti‐thrombotic medication. Patients with a negative bleeding history do not require routine coagulation screening prior to surgery.