bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A panel of multiple markers associated with chronic systemic inflammation and the risk of atherogenesis is detectable in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wu Tsu‐Lan , Chang Pi‐Yueh , Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Sun Chien‐Feng , Wu Lily L. , Wu James T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both lung diseases involving chronic inflammation of the airway. The injury is reversible in asthma whereas it is mostly irreversible in COPD. Both patients of asthma and COPD are known at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), nephropathy, and cancer. We measured multiple risk markers for atherogenesis in 55 patients with asthma and 62 patients with COPD. We wanted to know whether risk markers for atherogenesis corresponding to sequence of events of chronic inflammation were also detectable in the airway inflammatory diseases. Elevation of almost all markers involving inflammation of the endothelial cells in the coronary artery were detectable in asthma and COPD involving the inflammation of the epithelial cell lining of the airway. Both the level and % elevation of all markers were found mostly higher in COPD, the more severe form of the lung disease. We believe that these markers are useful for predicting risk of developing clinical complications such as CVD. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:367–371, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of biocorrosion of low alloy steel by sulfate‐reducing Desulfotomaculum sp. isolated from crude oil field
Authors: Çetin D. , Bilgiç S. , Dönmez S. , Dönmez G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this study corrosion behavior of low alloy steel, in the presence of anaerobic sulfate‐reducing Desulfotomaculum sp. which was isolated from an oil production well, was investigated. In order to determine corrosion rates and mechanisms, mass loss measurements and electrochemical polarization studies were performed without and with bacteria in the culture medium. Scanning electron microscopic observations and energy dispersive X‐ray spectra (EDS) analysis were made on steel coupons.The effect of iron concentration on corrosion behavior was determined by Tafel extrapolation method. In a sterile culture medium, as the FeSO4 · 7H2O concentration increased, corrosion potential (Ecor) values shifted towards more anodic potentials and corrosion current density (Icor) values increased considerably. After inoculation of sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), Ecor shifted towards cathodic values. Icor values increased with increasing incubation time for 10 and 100 mg/L concentrations of FeSO4 · 7H2O.Results have shown that the corrosion activity changed due to several factors such as bacterial metabolites, ferrous sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, iron phosphide, and cathodic depolarization effect.
Characterization of rust phases formed on low carbon steel exposed to natural marine environment of Chennai harbour – South India
Authors: Ramana K. V. S. , Kaliappan S. , Ramanathan N. , Kavitha V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel exposed to marine atmospheric, splash and immersion zones has been systematically studied by exposing steel specimens for a period of 12 months at the boat basin corrosion station of Chennai harbour, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India. The literature on similar work has been thoroughly reviewed which led to the initiation of this study for the first time at this harbour. The corrosion product (rust) on the specimens at 1, 2, 3 and 12 months was obtained and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Acaganeite was the rust phase identified in the splash zone as revealed by the FT‐IR and XRD analysis. The other dominant phases were lepidocrocite, goethite and ferroxyhite. Small amounts of magnetite were also found to be present. The transformation of phases was observed in this investigation and discussed. A remarkable difference in the FT‐IR and XRD patterns of the corrosion products at the splash and immersion zones were noticed and the corresponding phases formed were reported in this paper. The rate of corrosion in all the three zones was compared.
Emollients: effective use and pump dispenser waste
Authors: Chaplin Steve 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEmollient therapy is the mainstay of treatment of dry skin conditions like eczema; however, it is under‐prescribed and underused by patients. In this article Steve Chaplin reviews the effective use of emollients and highlights a recent study looking at potential savings that can be made through reduced wastage. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Molecular motion study of [N(CH3)4]2Zn1–xCux Cl4 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1) mixed crystals by 1H NMR relaxation
Authors: Lim Ae Ran , Lim Kye‐Young 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe temperature dependences of the 1H relaxation times in mixed crystals of formula [N(CH3)4]2Zn1–x Cux Cl4 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1) were investigated. The phase transition temperatures and lattice constants of the mixed crystals were insensitive to the Cu impurity concentration. However, for relaxation above 290 K, deviations in the spin–lattice relaxation time, T1, and the spin–spin relaxation time, T2, on increasing x with respect to T1 and T2 observed for x = 0 were obtained. The experimentally observed 1/T1 above 290 K equals 1/T1r from reorientation motion plus 1/T1p due to paramagnetic Cu. From this result, the paramagnetic contribution to the proton relaxation rate is proportional to the abundance of paramagnetic impurities. From the results obtained it is concluded that the molecular motion is dependent on the concentration of the Cu impurity at high temperatures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Knowledge work, design science and problem structuring methodologies
Authors: Keys Paul 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has been argued in a previous paper in this journal that taking a knowledge work perspective enables key aspects of the processes underpinning OR analysis to be better understood. This paper furthers this discussion by exploring knowledge‐related aspects of a particular type of OR, the use of problem structuring methodologies (PSMs). The notion of a design science for the use of PSMs provides a coherent and useful means of organizing this discussion and the content of such a science is presented in order to support the analysis. It is shown that this approach generates useful insights into the nature of some critical practical issues for the continuing development of PSMs and suggestions for how they may be addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From economic to sustainable development: unfolding the concept of law
Authors: Jensen Hanne Birgitte 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe paper presents an analysis of the interrelationship of law, policy and knowledge under conditions of globalization. The paper's basic premise is that the emergence of the sustainable development policy has been driven by an expanding awareness of the world as a singular and interdependent entity. The principal argument is that the policy of sustainable development is part of a wider epistemic shift, which means that the global community at large understands the world differently today than 50–60 years ago when the United Nations and the Bretton Woods‐inspired institutions were established. The theory of change underlying these policies represents, therefore, a shift from the model of economic development, which builds on the idea of separation and functional specialization, to a model of sustainable development, which builds on interdependence and integration. It is suggested that the sustainable development policy provides us with a key to develop a common theoretical framework for explaining the implications of the epistemic shift, but, giving effect to the shift will require research and co‐operation between a wide range of disciplines. It is further suggested that expanding the concept of law provides a necessary condition for making the epistemic shift operational as a new paradigm in a global governance context. In conclusion, the paper proposes that the theoretical insight from policymaking provides the resources to answer the post‐modern crisis of truth, which in essence is a crisis of reality, self and language. And further, that sustainable development has the potential for enabling a change equivalent to that of the Copernican revolution, which concerned man's place in the cosmos, while sustainable development concerns man's place in the biosphere. Effectuating the change will, however, require a fundamental willingness of the global scholarly community to engage with—and not merely describe, prescribe, and measure—reality and the human condition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐stage sampling for population estimation
Authors: Kuno Eizi 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMulti‐stage sampling is a convenient technique suited to the desnity estimation of biological populations living in habitats with complicated structures. This paper describes a general method of its application to population estimation in which the preliminary information on the spatial distribution pattern of the population under study can be incorporated as the parameters of the mean crowding‐mean relationship. The formulae that are necessary to perform sequential or double sampling plans for its efficient application are derived. The procedure of application of the method is explained with a numerical example.
Ovipositional response of Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to various host and parasite densities
Authors: Stinner R. E. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOvipositional response in Venturia canescens (Grav.) parasitizing Anagasta kühniella (Zeller) is analyzed for all combinations of five parasite densities (2, 5, 10, 25, and 50), four host densities (25, 50, 100, and 200), and three floor area universe sizes (76 cm2, 160 cm2, and 345 cm2). Over this range, no mutual interference (as measured by decreasing parasite fecundity) was observed, althoughNicholson'sarea of discovery decreased significantly with parasite density increase as a result of a non‐Poisson distribution of parasite eggs; use of this parameter is therefore not a suitable means of determining if mutual interference is present.Other parameters studied, and for which significant correlations were obtained, include mean parasite eggs per host, percentage parasitization, percentage of parasite eggs wasted, and negative binomial k approximations.
Analysis of the aggregation behavior in the larvae of Harmonia axyridisPallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to prey colony
Authors: Kawai Akira 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe searching and handling behaviors of Harmonia axyridis larvae to the colony of Rhopalosiphum padi were experimentally examined and the processes of their aggregation to the prey colony was analyzed.All the instar larvae searched for the prey at random and they have no preference to the prey colony, but except the 1st instar they tend to aggregate to the plants with prey colonies. The 1st instar larvae tend to stay on the plants they once located. The 2nd to 4th instar larvae often emigrate from the plants without prey colony but seldom emigrate from the plants with prey colonies, and consequently, they aggregate to the plants with prey colonies. The expense of time to eat prey (in the 2nd and 3rd instars) and the change of searching behavior for the prey after feeding (in the 3rd and 4th instars) are responsible for the larval concentration to prey colony as a trapping effect for predators to prey colony.
The effect of the rate of successful dispersal of a Phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilisAthias‐Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on the persistence in the interactive system between the predator and its prey
Authors: Takafuji Akio 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDispersal behaviour was studied on a predacious phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilisAthias‐Henriot in response to the density of its prey, Tetranychus kanzawaiKishida. And the effect of the change in the rate of successful dispersal of the predators among patches was tested on the persistence of the predator‐prey system. The results of the study are summarized as follows:
With a severe decline in prey density available per individual predator, the predators exhibited a marked behavioural change and dispersed to other areas.
When two neighboring host plants did not touch with each other and the dispersal of the predators was possible only through a 20cm plywood “bridge” which connected the two plants, the rate of successful dispersal of the predators was only 20 to 25%, whereas it was 95% when the plants touched with each other.
In the system where 32 host plants touched with each other, the predators succeeded in immigrating into all the plants by the 16th day, and they completely eliminated all the prey by the 33rd day.
In another system, the 32 plants were equally divided into eight “patches” which were connected with each other with two of the bridges and the predators could move between them only through the bridges as mentioned above. In such a system the predators and their prey coexisted about three times longer than in the other one.
It is suggested that for a longer continued coexistence of the predators and prey, it would be necessary to introduce more physical barrier against the dispersal of the predators and to provide more chances for the prey to disperse.
Generation carryover of a fraction of population members as an animal adaptation to unstable environmental conditions
Authors: Takahashi Fumiki 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA heterogeneous life cycle of individuals in a population was examined on its adaptive significance to an unstable environmental condition. The trend of population growth was simulated by a simple mathematical model in which a part of population in a certain generation was carried over to the next generation without participating in the reproduction.With the increase of the rate of carryover of individuals to the next generation the population fluctuation tended to be stabilized. A minute fraction of population is carried over, the effect is very large to prevent the population decline at a sequence of adverse environmental conditions. The population level increased greatly depending upon the extent of environmental change as far as the rate of carryover took an intermediate value. The optimum proportion of members to be carried over to the next generation was determined by the extent of environmental change and its frequency of occurrence.
Analysis of spatial association between two species based on the interspecies mean crowding
Authors: Iwao Syun'iti 
Published: November 2007

Summary and ConclusionThe measurement of spatial association between two species is considered on the basis of interspecies mean crowding. Two indices of overlapping, γ and Cμ, are derived as geometric and weighted arithmetic means of the same component ratios related to inter‐ and intraspecies mean crowdings. Both indices behave in a similar way, ranging from 1 when the distributions of two species are completely overlapped to 0 when they are completely exclusive with each other. The former is essentially identical with indices proposed byKuno (1968) andPianka (1973), and the latter is a modified form ofMorisita's (1959)Cδ index. Indices to measure the degree of spatial correlation between species, ω and Rμ, are then derived for both kinds of overlapping indices, which vary from 1 in complete overlapping, through 0 in independent occurrence, to −1 in complete exclusion.Various kinds of interspecies association are analyzed using these indices and an extended form of the regression graph which provides a convenient way of indicating the spatial interrelation between two species as well as distribution patterns of respective species.The method presented in this paper may also be applicable to compare temporal distribution patterns between species, similarity between communities, etc. For such a wider application which includes continuous as well as discrete distributions, the interpretation of intra‐ and interspecies mean crowdings is not necessarily appropriate, and hence the concept of mean concentration with the symbols and for intraspecies relation and and for interspecies relation is suggested.
The influence of pheromones produced by freely growing laboratory populations on the reproductive maturation of prairie deermice following prenatal and postnatal exposure
Authors: Kipps Patricia L. , Terman C. Richard 
Published: November 2007

SummarySignificantly more females reared on bedding soiled by different populations reproduced by 100 days of age than those reared on bedding soiled by the same populations (P<.1) or on clean bedding (P<.025) whereas the latter two groups did not differ significantly. Significantly greater percentages of females reproduced in both treatments maintained on soiled bedding than was true in the populations from which the bedding came. There were no significant differences between treatments in the weights of the reproductive organs (testes, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uteri) or in the numbers of corpora lutea or mature follicles in the ovaries of nulliparous females. The data suggest that if there were reproductively inhibiting pheromones influencing the population animals, they were altered or dissipated immediately after removal of the bedding from the population enclosures or that they were nonfunctional in the absence of the population animals. These data further suggest that the reproductive inhibition of population young is due to the presence of the populaton animals and that sociobiological factors within the populations act to prevent the reproductively stimulating influence of materials which may be present.
Characterization of Lipases and Esterases from Metagenomes for Lipid Modification
Authors: Bertram Mark , Hildebrandt Petra , Weiner David P. , Patel Jesal S. , Bartnek Flash , Hitchman Timothy S. , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree hundred and fifty novel lipases and esterases discovered from environmental DNA samples were characterized for their fatty acid profile using GC‐analysis. Enzymes were selected for further study based on activity and fatty acid chain length specificity. Additional characterization was based on enzyme activity towards tributyrin and 4‐methylumbelliferyl butyrate, and enzyme heat stability. Several lipases were identified, which show high specificity towards short‐chain fatty acids similar to pregastric lipases from kid and calf and a lipase from Mucor javanicus. Additionally, the metagenome‐derived enzymes were thermostable. Selected metagenomic lipases were immobilized on Celite and used for the synthesis of structured triglycerides.
PERENNIAL QUESTIONS
Authors: Graubart Michael 
Published: November 2007

What are twelve-note rows really for?‘…I don't need to use serialism to…achieve a unity between the motifs’ says David Matthews in his interview with Mark Doran (Tempo, Vol. 57, No. 223, January 2003, p.11); and most composers would say the same. After all, the motifs and themes of the first movement of Schubert's Third Symphony are so integrated that even the accompanimental cliché of repeated quaver chords turns out to be motivic and the whole of the ‘Unfinished’ is based dialectically on the tonic and dominant versions of a single three-note motif and their sublation. And in his Ninth symphony, Beethoven manages to base not only themes but key-successions, too, on a basic group of four notes and finally even creates that shattering dissonance at the start of the finale out of a simultaneous sounding of its notes. Or is that already proto-serialism?
Growth and age structure of sea urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) in complex barrens and native macroalgal beds in eastern Tasmania
Authors: Pederson Hugh G. , Johnson Craig R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPederson, H. G., and Johnson, C. R. 2008. Growth and age structure of sea urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) in complex barrens and native macroalgal beds in eastern Tasmania. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1–11. The formation of small-scale barrens of sea urchins on the east coast of Tasmania allows for direct comparison of the growth rates and age structures of sea urchin populations in barrens and habitats dominated by native macroalgae. However, such barrens are atypical of any previously described in temperate regions worldwide mainly because of the establishment and seasonal colonization by the introduced macroalga Undaria pinnatifida. Growth models were fitted to sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) data, based on tag-recapture information from two distinct community types, a native macroalgal bed and a sea urchin barren colonized by U. pinnatifida. Despite the distinct contrast in habitats, size-at-age relationships and age frequency distributions were not significantly different between the two populations. However, the relationship between jaw length and test diameters was significantly different between populations, sea urchins in barrens possessing larger jaws relative to conspecifics of similar test diameter in native macroalgal habitats. It is proposed that the growth of sea urchins on barrens is not adversely affected by the loss of native macroalgae in the presence of U. pinnatifida. However, sea urchins display a level of resource limitation in barrens because of differences in the relationships of sea urchin morphometrics.
Use of Whole-Blood Samples in In-House Bulk and Single-Cell Antigen-Specific Gamma Interferon Assays for Surveillance of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infections
Authors: Palazzo Raffaella , Spensieri Fabiana , Massari Marco , Fedele Giorgio , Frasca Loredana , Carrara Stefania , Goletti Delia , Ausiello Clara M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Tests based on the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) assay (IGA) are used as adjunctive tools for the diagnosis of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection. Here we compared in-house and commercial whole-blood IGAs to identify a suitable assay for the surveillance of tuberculosis in population studies. The IGAs were selected on the basis of the ease with which they are performed and because they require a small amount of a biological sample and do not require cell purification. Since a “gold standard” for latently
M. tuberculosis
-infected individuals is not available, the sensitivities and the specificities of the IGAs were determined with samples from patients with clinically diagnosed active tuberculosis and in
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG-unvaccinated healthy controls. The in-house tests consisted of a bulk assay based on diluted whole blood and a single-cell assay based on IFN-γ intracellular staining. The commercial assays used were the QuantiFERON-TB-Gold (Q-TB) and the Q-TB in-tube tests. When the purified protein derivative was used as the antigen, in-house whole-blood intracellular staining was found to be highly discriminatory between active tuberculosis patients and BCG-vaccinated healthy controls, whereas the other IGAs did not discriminate between the two categories of patients. When
M. tuberculosis
-specific antigens were used, a very strong agreement between the results of the Q-TB in-tube assay and the clinical diagnosis was observed, while the Q-TB assay, performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, showed a significantly lower performance. Intriguingly, when the test was performed with RD1 proteins instead of peptides, its sensitivity was significantly increased. The in-house assay with diluted whole blood showed an elevated sensitivity and an elevated specificity, and the results agreed with the clinical diagnosis. Considering that the in-house assay uses 1/20 of the sample compared with the amount of sample used in the commercial IGA, it appears to be particularly promising for use in pediatric studies. Overall, the different assays showed different performance characteristics that need to be considered for surveillance of tuberculosis in population studies.