bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The solvability of difference schemes with universal approximation of ѕows in boundary conditions
Authors: Паасонен В.И. 
Published: March 2024

Исследуется способ аппроксимации граничных условий с произвольным порядком точности, основанный на односторонних многоточечных разностных аналогах потоков максимально возможной точности на данном шаблоне. Рассматриваемая технология универсальна в смысле однообразия алгоритма при любых порядках точности схемы и в смысле независимости граничного условия от вида решаемого уравнения. Исследована проблема реализации и разрешимости разностной задачи путем приведения ҡдлинныхә граничных условий к эквивалентным двухточечным условиям. Сформулированы условия диагонального преобладания в строках матрицы приведенной системы, соответствующих граничным соотношениям. Показано, что обсуждаемая универсальная технология расчета, в отличие от традиционных способов, не порождает проблем при расщеплении многомерных задач на одномерные.
One of the ways of setting the difference boundary conditions with high order of accuracy is based on the direct multi-point one-sided approximation of the ѕows. Such boundary relations, unlike traditional ones, are universal in the sense of uniformity of their structure at different orders of accuracy, as well as in the sense of their independence from the differential equation being solved. In addition, this technology does not create any obstacles in splitting multidimensional problems into one-dimensional ones, since the boundary conditions turn out to be the same universal onedimensional ones at the intermediate steps. However, the number of nodes in the boundary relation stencil, i. e. the ҡlengthә of the boundary condition, increases as the order of accuracy of the scheme increases. This leads to a violation of the traditional tridiagonal structure of the matrices to be reversed, and a related violation of the diagonal predominance in the rows corresponding to ҡlongә boundary conditions. Although extensive experience of applying universal boundary conditions in numerical simulations of various types of boundary value problems has not revealed violations of computational stability, this technique required a theoretical justiҥcation. This paper addresses the question of the solvability of such problems and the stability of calculations when they are implemented by the proposed method. For this purpose, matrix rows with ҡlongә boundary conditions are reduced by means of local Gaussian procedures to equivalent short two-point rows, and the solvability and stability conditions for solutions of the transformed systems are established based on the requirement of a diagonal predominance in the transformed rows corresponding to the boundary conditions. A general criterion for diagonal predominance in a transformed string is formulated for an arbitrary order of ѕow approximation. For several difference schemes up to the fourth order of accuracy, it is found that the criterion is satisҥed unconditionally or under not burdensome restrictions on the ratio of grid steps.
Surgical tactics for chest trauma accombined by flail chest
Authors: Zarutskyi Y. L. , Melnychenko O. O. 
Published: March 2024

Thoracic trauma, often characterised as closed, comprises 23% to 56.9% of polytrauma cases.According to our research, flail chest in thoracic trauma occurs in approximately 7.9—8.9% of cases. The primary factors contributing to this instability are car accidents or falls from a height.
Objective — to enhance the outcomes of surgical treatment for patients with flail chest by applying novel techniques for assessing the severity of injuries and implementing improved surgical tactics.
Materials and methods. The study included a total sample of 123 patients who had flail chest. The participants were divided into 2 groups: the control group (n=56) and the comparison group (n=67). The ATS scale was used to assess the severity of the condition in the groups. The injury severity score was determined using a point‑based system and categorised as minor, severe, or extremely severe. The control group was additionally evaluated using the AdTS scale, while the perfusion index was measured.
Results. The injury severity score determined using the AdTS scale and the perfusion index formed the basis of an algorithm for differential diagnosis that influenced the indication area and scope of diagnostic procedures. The choice of surgical tactics was based on the results of an additional examination and the injury severity score. For a minor injury, the full range of medical procedures was carried out. For a severe injury, a shortened list of procedures was prescribed. In the case of an extremely severe injury, care was provided using the principles of DCS technology. The chest stabilisation procedure was conducted using the suggested approach for assessing the severity of the injury: less traumatic operations were performed for severe injuries, while full‑scale operations were carried out for minor injuries. The selection of the method for stabilising floating segments was based on the established classification of chest instability. The stabilisation of flail chest was carried out either during the first or third phase of the DCS technology or after the patient had been brought out of a state of shock, in accordance with delayed indications.
Conclusions. The application of the AdTS anatomical and functional scale and the determination of the perfusion index allowed for a rapid and objective evaluation of the injury severity score (minor, severe, and extremely severe). Additionally, these tools helped in identifying the appropriate diagnostic procedures and deciding on the method for stabilising the flail chest. The differential diagnostic programme implemented in the control group made it possible to reduce the examination time for patients with an extremely severe injury by 9.8±1.1 minutes. Implementing the proposed injury severity assessment and stabilisation tactics decreased the number of late purulent‑septic complications by 19.8% and mortality by 17.4% (from 38.8% to 21.4%).
Endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome of the lower extremities caused by combat trauma. Clinical case
Authors: Susak Y. M. , Karpenko K. K. 
Published: March 2024

In the course of Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine, gunshot shrapnel wounds of the lower extremities that result in damage to major blood vessels have become a common phenomenon. Their incidence is consistent with the general data on combat‑related vascular injuries. Vascular gunshot injuries can cause significant changes to the normal anatomy and hemodynamics of the extremity as a result of the bullet or shrapnel travelling through the wound channel. Combat trauma of the vascular bundle, either as a primary factor or in combination with other lesions, often causes a serious condition in the wounded that requires urgent surgical intervention]. Injury to the major blood vessels of the lower limbs carries the risk of critical ischemia, which can lead to higher mortality rates, poor limb recovery, and disability. This clinical case demonstrates the endovascular management of a disabling combat‑related vascular injury. The treatment involves the use of modern imaging techniques and minimally invasive surgical procedures. This case highlights the progression of the pathological process after a gunshot shrapnel wound to the soft tissues and major blood vessels. It also shows a change in the normal anatomy of the major blood vessels and the subsequent development of regional hemodynamic disorders of the lower limb after injury.
In January 2023, a 51‑year‑old male received a gunshot wound to the soft tissues of the pelvis and right lower limb, as well as a gunshot fracture of the right femur. Immediate post‑evacuation therapy included the management of life‑threatening bleeding by ligating the deep femoral artery and providing external fixation of the gunshot femur fracture. Following the healing of the wounds and the removal of the external fixation device, the injured individual experienced a progressive and notable swelling of the lower limb over a period of 3 months. Subsequently, trophic ulcers appeared on the lower leg. In September 2023, the patient was admitted to the National Military Medical Clinical Centre in Kyiv after developing clinical signs of the post‑thrombotic syndrome. However, further examination revealed the presence of an AV fistula. Consequently, a simultaneous endovascular reconstructive intervention was performed on the arteries and veins of the patient’s lower extremity.
Conclusions. A gunshot wound to the major blood vessels can contribute to pathological changes in the normal anatomical structure, resulting in arterial collateral blood circulation or narrowing of blood vessels that can lead to regional hemodynamic disorders. The clinical case exemplifies the importance of using modern imaging techniques for a comprehensive examination of the vascular system and the possibility of minimally invasive treatment for patients with gunshot injuries to the major blood vessels.
Pendampingan Penggunaan Platform Gamifikasi untuk Pembuatan Media Evaluasi Pembelajaran Online
Authors: Ashari Abdul , Buntu Amalia , Windarsih Yulia , Trianto Manap 
Published: March 2024

Pada era digitalisasi perlu adanya adaptasi media evalusi pembelajaran yang dapat menjangkau perkembangan mutakhir salah satunya dengan menggunakan platform gamifikasi. Platform gamifikasi memberikan kesempatan guru untuk berkolaborasi dalam pembuatan soal evaluasi sehingga dapat mempermudah dan membuat pembelajaran menjadi lebih menarik. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan dan meningkatkan kompetensi digital guru dalam menggunakan platform gamifikasi. Hal itu dimaksudkan agar memudahkan guru dalam membuat media evaluasi pembelajaran secara online. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan pendekatan berupa pendampingan bagi guru. Kegiatan pendampingan ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan platform gamifikasi seperti aplikasi Quizizz, aplikasi Kahoot dan aplikasi Wordwall untuk mempermudah dan mempercepat proses evaluasi pembelajaran secara online. Kegiatan pendampingan ini dihadiri oleh 25 peserta orang guru di SD Inpres Palupi. Materi yang diberikan pada kegiatan pendampingan ini mulai dari pengenalan platform gamifikasi hingga cara pembuatan soal evaluasi dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi tersebut. Dengan adanya kegiatan pendampingan ini maka diharapkan guru telah mampu menggunakan platform gamifikasi dan menerapkannya pada proses pembelajaran di sekolah.
Applicability of Modified T5 Temper for Aluminum Forged Parts
Authors: Sürmen Ömer , Tarakçı Mehmet , Gençer Yücel , Zeytin Sakin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In industrial applications, hot forging of aluminum alloy AA 6082 is carried out at 480 °C following a preheating process in an induction heater. The forged parts are then cooled down to room temperature, heated up again to apply conventional solution treatment followed by quenching and artificial aging processes. Repetitive heating/cooling steps are a significant cause of energy loss. The aim of this study was to provide time and energy efficiency by combining hot forging and solution treatment processes in a single high temperature process. To achieve this a new and improved heat treatment pattern was introduced. AA6082 parts were quenched immediately from a rather high forging temperature and artificially aged without any necessity for a second heating step and solution treatment. Mechanical properties of parts heat treated by this new pattern were than compared to the mechanical properties of parts heat treated conventionally. Heat treatment of AA6082 alloys were carried out for 30 minutes at three different temperatures (480, 510 and 540 °C) for comparison, followed by forging, water quenching and artificial aging (180°C, 8h). Mechanical properties of each sample were investigated using hardness and tensile tests. Elemental analysis and microstructural characterization were carried out using Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). Required minimum hardness for the samples after heat treatment was considered as 90 HB. This hardness value could not be obtained for the parts forged/solution treated at 480°C and 510°C. Hardness values of parts heat treated at 540°C, water quenched and aged at 180°C were higher than 90 HB.
Low Drift Type K and N Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable for Aerospace Applications
Authors: D Ford Trevor , Scervini Michele 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As a result of research conducted by the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge and tests conducted in the calibration laboratory at CCPI Europe Ltd, a new mineral insulated (MI) thermocouple cable has been developed for sensor manufacturing. The use of both type K and type N base metal thermocouple combinations under operational conditions during extended and/or high temperature conditions have historically been shown to have a limited life operation. The test results on mineral insulated cable show that conventional type K mineral insulated thermocouple designs can maintain calibration limits and stay within IEC 60584 -1: 2013 class 1 and ASTM E230 special tolerances for a limited number of operations. However, when compared to the type K sensors, manufactured from the new designed mineral insulated cable, these new designs have been shown to maintain calibration values to meet both IEC 60584 -1: 2013 class 1 and ASTM E230 special tolerances for up to five times longer. This new mineral insulated cable can allow type K and N thermocouples to work longer and at higher temperatures with significantly reduced drift, offering greater measurement confidence. This paper will discuss how the new design will offer the opportunity for type K and type N MI thermocouples to work for longer and at higher temperatures under both continuous and cycling conditions with significantly reduced drift, giving increased confidence in measurement capability.
RSM Optimization of Laser Processing Parameters to Improve Biowettability of Ti-6Al-4V Alloys
Authors: Kumar Ashwin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
With an aging population, war, and sports-related injuries, there is an ever-increasing demand for hard tissue replacements, such as bone. A common alloy known as Ti- 6Al-4V is used in such tissue replacement and is well-tolerated in in-vivo conditions. Recently, however, there has been great concern on the dissolution of aluminum and vanadium ions into the body fluid and the possibility of a toxic result, which is caused by poor integration with the human environment. Without the ability to attach and surround the biomaterials with osteoblast cells, the surrounding tissue will recede from material, release ions or debris, and thereby require immediate revision surgery. In order to reduce this effect it is necessary to nullify factors that can be linked with poor osseo-integration. Laser surface processing creates a physical texture on Ti-6Al- 4V alloys and has been hypothesized to improve bone integration and tissue growth on metallic implants. This form of engineering will be used in this study whose goal is to find the optimal laser processing parameters, based upon laser fluence values, to improve Ti-6Al-4V alloys biocompatibility. Contact angle, surface energy, and roughness measurements were taken. Through response surface analysis, the optimal parameter of 2250W by 1000mm/s was concluded.
The State of the Art in Heat Treat Simulation
Authors: Petrus Greg , Miller James , Walters John , Shankar Ravi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For over two decades, heat treat modeling has progressed from an academic concept to a mature production tool. This presentation will discuss many barriers that have been mitigated with a wide range of developments. Early limitations included solver speed and robustness, material data, specialized heating and the requirement to include microstructure development models over a series of dissimilar operations and processes. Solver improvements ranging from parallel processing to specialized iteration methods allow models with millions of elements to run on a personal computer. Additional degrees of freedom have greatly improved solution accuracy. Meshing techniques allow users to identify critical regions for a finer mesh, such as the surface of gear teeth that will be carburized. Rotational (and other) symmetry is frequently used to further refine many models. Driven by the demand for modeling data, sources for quality material properties have increased over the years. Additionally, tools to approximate required data based on chemistry are available and maturing. Radiant, convective, electrical resistance and induction heating effects are incorporated into heat treat simulation systems. Integrated simulation systems also include large deformation behavior to capture the effects of forging, coining or other mechanical processes on the microstructure. A vision of the future will include the use of Design of Experiments (DOE) and optimization in heat treat simulation. How companies will model the entire process chain to build a more accurate fatigue model for the part in service will be discussed. In terms of TRL (technology readiness level), heat treat simulation was in the 2 – 3 range in the 1990’s. Today it is in the 7 – 8 range and moving quickly.
Hydrogen Generation Makes Switching from Dissociated Ammonia Attractive
Authors: Wolff David E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For decades, industrial gas providers have tried to develop a compelling reason for metal thermal processing shops to switch from the dominant dissociated ammonia atmosphere technology to hydrogen/nitrogen blended gas “synthetic” atmospheres. Two problems interfered with this business approach – ammonia for dissociation was generally very cheap, and the alternatives that the industrial gas companies proposed did not solve all of the issues faced by the thermal processors. The offerings of the industrial gas providers failed to displace dissociated ammonia in most installations because the cost of the atmosphere was high as compared with dissociated ammonia, and the solution proposed by the industrial gas providers simply replaced one highly hazardous gas delivery and storage problem – ammonia – with another – hydrogen. Users and their local Authorities Having Jurisdiction did not find the tradeoff attractive to swap ammonia storage for hydrogen storage. Onsite hydrogen generation technology makes it possible to replace delivered, stored hazardous ammonia with “zero-inventory” onsite generated hydrogen and stored or generated nitrogen. This approach eliminates the hazardous material objection to ammonia replacement for thermal processors and makes it much more interesting to consider replacement of dissociated ammonia with hydrogen/nitrogen. While economic issues remain, a look at total costs of operation makes hydrogen/nitrogen generation a viable and growing solution for thermal processors. This paper reviews results for several customers that transitioned successfully from dissociated ammonia to hydrogen/nitrogen. The discussion addresses costs, regulatory compliance, and process results.
3D Multiphysics Modelling Applied to Parametric Analysis on Inductors Design
Authors: Ciscato D. , Cesano M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The inductors design process is the key point in the development of an induction heating machine to fulfil the customer specifications. Some special hardening profiles can be uniquely achieved using the induction heating technology. Different inductors shapes, flux concentrators, power supply frequencies and cooling media can be used to get the optimal thermal profile for the heat treatment. The possibility to study the design robustness of the process using virtual prototyping is the key to speed up the test-trials loop and to give a tool for a better understanding of the process. In the paper, a case study applied to a real industrial problem is presented. A batch of FEM (finite element method) simulations has been done to find the key parameters in the element positioning tolerances, the effect of the misalignment, and the influences of the part geometrical tolerances. Some additional simulation runs have been made to optimize the inductor shape, to stiffen the system and to achieve a more stable process. The method used is based on FEM taking into account the coupling between the electromagnetic and thermal fields, and the nonlinear behavior of the material properties.
Key Considerations When Planning to Upgrade Existing Vacuum Furnaces
Authors: Kerbel Pete 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Today’s competitive environment requires that you do more with less – to make equipment last longer and run more efficiently. With the industry becoming more demanding, there has never been a better time to ask the question: “Where, and in what, do I invest my money with aging equipment?" This paper offers a close-up look at what is possible when weighing different options for upgrading an aging vacuum furnace, focusing on the many factors that go into choosing the right upgrades and repairs for both your equipment and process requirements.
Aqueous Quenchants for Induction Hardening
Authors: Faulkner Chuck 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Quenching is a process of cooling a metal at a rapid rate. This is most often done to produce a martensite transformation. In ferrous alloys, this will often product a harder metal, while non-ferrous alloys will usually become softer than normal. Quenching is a very important part of the induction process in order to get the desired hardness of a metal, and improper quenching may lead to a variety of problems. Various type of aqueous quenchants for induction hardening will be reviewed along with the three stages of the quenching process. Basic information on care and maintenance of those quenchants will also be reviewed.
Solving Critical Heat Treatment Challenges with Practical Process Modeling
Authors: Sims J. , Yu T. , Charlie Li Z. , Ferguson B. L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Heat treaters are encountering an ever-increasing need for practical process design and troubleshooting methods to effectively address quality, cost and production time requirements for thermal treatment of steel parts. Over the last two decades, substantial advances have been made in heat treatment process modeling, now permitting user-friendly and robust means for process engineers, designers, and other heat treatment technical professionals to readily apply advanced modeling technology to address complex, “real-life” heat treatment challenges. DANTE modeling software has now been implemented for ready application to carburizing and hardening processes with the consideration of phase transformation, following the process parameters input from heat treaters. This paper highlights a user-friendly and advanced modeling tool now available for solving practical heat treatment challenges. Several case studies using DANTE will cover induction hardening, press quenching and plug quenching, and low pressure carburizing. Also shown are the important benefits received from this technology, including minimization of the costly “trial and error” approach to troubleshooting, and evaluating the effect of process parameters on part quality.