bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foster children as young adults: many motherless, fatherless or orphaned: a Swedish national cohort study
Authors: Franzén Eva , Vinnerljung Bo 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWe examined prevalence of parental deaths among former out‐of‐home care youths at age 18 and 25, and odds of parental loss compared with peers from similar socio‐economic childhood backgrounds. The study utilized Swedish national register data for 12 entire birth cohorts (1972–1983), 35 550 former out‐of‐home care youths and 1 138 726 cohort peers without out‐of‐home care experiences. Logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios for parental loss through death.It was especially common among former residents of long‐term out‐of‐home care to be motherless (11%), fatherless (11–13%) or orphaned (3–4%) at age 18, compared with non‐foster care peers (1%, 3% and 0.03%). Twenty‐six per cent had lost at least one parent (4% among non‐foster care peers). At age 25, the figures had increased considerably; 36% had lost at least one parent, compared with 7% in the majority population. Adjusted odds ratios for parental loss among long‐term care youth were strikingly high, particularly for having a deceased mother. In short‐term and intermediate care, most youths with deceased parents had suffered parental loss before entering foster care. For youth from long‐term care, parental death after start of placement was most common.
Quantifying uncertainty from large‐scale model predictions of forest carbon dynamics
Authors: MIEHLE PETER , LIVESLEY STEPHEN J. , LI CHANGSHENG , FEIKEMA PAUL M. , ADAMS MARK A. , ARNDT STEFAN K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLinking environmental computer simulation models and geographic information systems (GIS) is now a common practice to scale up simulations of complex ecosystem processes for decision support. Unfortunately, several important issues of upscaling using GIS are rarely considered; in particular scale dependency of models, availability of input data, support of input and validation data, and uncertainty in prediction including error propagation from the GIS. We linked the biogeochemical Forest‐DNDC model to a GIS database to predict growth of Eucalyptus globulus plantations at two different scales (∼0.045 ha plot−1 scale and ∼100 ha grid−1 scale) across Victoria, in south‐eastern Australia. Results showed that Forest‐DNDC was not scale dependent across the range of scales investigated. Reduced availability of input data at the larger scale may introduce severe prediction errors, but did not require adjustment of the model in this study. Differences in the support of input and validation data led to an underestimation of predictive precision but an overestimation of prediction accuracy. Increasing data support, produced a high level of prediction accuracy (−e%), but a medium level of predictive precision (r2=0.474, ME=0.318) after statistical validation. GIS error contribution could be detected but was not readily or reliably quantified. In a regional case study for 2653 ha of E. globulus plantations, the linked model GIS system estimated a total standing biomass of 95 260 t C for mid‐2003 and a net CO2 balance of −45 671 t CO2‐C yr−1 for the entire year of 2002. This study showed that regional predictions of forest growth and carbon sequestration can be produced with greater confidence after a comprehensive assessment of upscaling issues.
On linking interannual tree ring variability with observations of whole‐forest CO2flux
Authors: ROCHA ADRIAN V. , GOULDEN MICHAEL L. , DUNN ALLISON L. , WOFSY STEVEN C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe used a 10‐year record of the CO2flux by an old growth boreal forest in central Manitoba (the Northern Old Black Spruce Site (NOBS)), a ∼150‐year‐oldPicea mariana[Mill.] stand) to determine whether and how whole‐forest CO2flux is related to tree ring width. We compared a 37‐year ring width chronology collected at NOBS to a second chronology that was collected at a nearby Black Spruce stand with a different disturbance history, and also to three measures of annual whole‐forest photosynthesis [gross ecosystem production (GEP)], two measures of annual respiration (R), and one measure of annual carbon balance [net ecosystem production (NEP)]. The year‐to‐year ring width fluctuations were well correlated between the two sites; increasing our confidence in the NOBS chronology and implying that ring width variation is driven and synchronized by the physical environment. Both chronologies exhibited serial correlation, with a fluctuation in ring width that had an apparent periodicity of ∼7 years. Neither chronology was correlated with variation in annual precipitation or temperature. Ring width and NEP increased, while R decreased from 1995 to 2004. GEP either remained constant or decreased from 1995 to 2004, depending on which measure was considered. The lack of relationship between ring width and GEP may indicate that ring growth is controlled almost entirely by something other than carbon uptake. Alternative explanations for the ring width chronologies include the possibility that wood production varies as a result of shifts in respiration, or that an unidentified aspect of the environment, rather than the balance between GEP and respiration, controls wood production. The serial correlation in ring width may be related to increases and decreases in carbohydrate pools, or to gradual changes in nutrient availability, pathogens, herbivores, soil frost or soil water table. The cause or causes of serial correlation, and the controls on the allocation of photosynthate to wood production, emerge as critical uncertainties for efforts in predicting the carbon balance of boreal ecosystems and inferring past climate from tree rings.
Influence of sodium hypochlorite on fracture properties and corrosion of ProTaper Rotary instruments
Authors: Berutti E. , Angelini E. , Rigolone M. , Migliaretti G. , Pasqualini D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  To evaluate the influence of immersion in NaOCl on resistance to cyclic fatigue fracture and corrosion of ProTaper NiTi Rotary instruments.Methodology  A total of 120 new ProTaper NiTi Rotary files (F2) were randomized and assigned to three different groups of 40 each. Group 1 was the control group; 20 mm (excluding the shaft) of group 2 instruments were immersed in 5% NaOCl at 50 °C for 5 min; instruments in group 3 were completely immersed in 5% NaOCl at 50 °C for 5 min. All instruments were then tested for cyclic fatigue, recording the time in seconds to fracture. Data were analysed by the Kruskall–Wallis test and post‐hoc multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). Micromorphological and microchemical analyses were also completed by means of a field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on those instruments in group 3 that had undergone early fracture.Results  Instruments in group 3 had a significantly lower resistance to fracture because of cyclic fatigue than those in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). In some instruments in group 3, early fracture occurred after only a few seconds of fatigue testing. SEM observations revealed evident signs of corrosion of the fractured instruments.Conclusion  Group 3 had significantly reduced resistance to cyclic fatigue compared with instruments in groups 1 and 2. The phenomenon of early fracture may be attributed to galvanic corrosion induced by the presence of dissimilar metals, where one acts as the cathode of a galvanic couple, established when the instrument is immersed in NaOCl solution. The NiTi alloy may acts as the anode and thus undergoes corrosion.
A comparison of cyclic fatigue between used and new Mtwo Ni–Ti rotary instruments
Authors: Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Sorci E. , Malagnino V. A. , Somma F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  To evaluate the cyclic fatigue of Mtwo Ni–Ti rotary instruments after controlled clinical use in molar teeth.Methodology  Twenty Mtwo instruments of each size were selected and divided into two groups: group A consisted of 10 new instruments (control group); group B consisted of 10 used instruments. Each instrument in group B was used to clean and shape 10 root canals of molar teeth in patients. Cyclic fatigue testing of instruments was performed in tapered artificial canals with a 5‐mm radius of curvature and a 60° angle of curvature. In all 140, instruments were rotated until fracture and the number of cycles to failure was recorded. Data were analysed using one‐way anova, Tukey's HSD test and independent sample t‐test to determine any statistical difference; the significance was determined at the 95% confidence level.Results  A reduction of cycles to failure between new (group A) and used (group B) instruments was apparent. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between instruments of groups A and B in all sizes with the exception of size 40, 0.04 taper.Conclusions  Clinical use significantly reduced cyclic fatigue resistance of Mtwo rotary instruments when compared with an unused control group. However, all the instruments had minimal instrument fatigue when discarded after controlled clinical use.
Modulation of inflammatory response in sepsis by proteasome inhibition
Authors: Šafránek Roman , Ishibashi Nobuya , Oka Youske , Ozasa Hiroyuki , Shirouzu Kazuo , Holeček Milan 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe Ubiquitin‐proteasome system has recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of cytokine expression. We tested the hypothesis of whether the in vivo administration of proteasome inhibitor MG‐132 can modulate cytokine response and mortality in sepsis. Sepsis was induced in mice by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Animals were divided into four groups: control, CLP, CLP and 1 μg MG‐132/g of b.w. intraperitoneally, and CLP and 10 μg MG‐132/g of b.w. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐10 were determined by ELISA 6 h after the induction of sepsis. CLP induced significant increase in plasma levels of all measured cytokines. MG‐132 treatment resulted in lower increase in IL‐1, TNF‐α and IL‐10 levels. IL‐6 was not significantly affected. A mortality study revealed prolonged survival in MG‐132 treated mice. We conclude that MG‐132 treatment decreases inflammatory response and prolongs survival in the CLP model of sepsis.
Isolation of a novel nodulin: a molecular marker of osmotic stress in Glycine max/Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodule
Authors: CLEMENT MATHILDE , BONCOMPAGNI ERIC , DE ALMEIDA‐ENGLER JANICE , HEROUART DIDIER 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSymbiotic N2 fixation of legume crops is highly sensitive to drought, which results in a dramatic drop of N accumulation and yield. The symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, because of its extreme sensitivity to drought, was chosen as a model to analyse the response to drought stress at a molecular level. The mRNA differential display technique was performed to isolate cDNA markers differentially expressed in well‐watered [100% of N2 fixation capacity (NFC)] and drought‐stressed nodules (40% NFC). One gene noted, G93, appeared strongly down‐regulated by drought and fully recovered after rehydration. In situ hybridization showed that G93 transcripts were localized in N2‐fixing cells of mature nodules, indicating that G93 could be considered as a late nodulin. However, G93 expression was not directly correlated to N2 fixation but mainly responded to osmotic stress. Other stresses that lead to decrease of N2 fixation did not affect G93 expression. Sequence analyses showed that G93 presented a strong homology with two soybean expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and with the ZR1 protein of Medicago sativa. Putative roles of this nodulin in adaptation of soybean nodule to osmotic stress are proposed.
Isotretinoin and the controversy of psychiatric adverse effects
Authors: Strahan Jamison E. , Raimer Sharon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIsotretinoin is a synthetic oral retinoid that has great efficacy against severe, recalcitrant, nodulocystic acne. Since its introduction to the market, it has been associated with a variety of adverse psychiatric effects, including depression, psychosis, mood swings, violent behavior, suicide, and suicide attempts. A MEDLINE review was performed to compile all case reports, case series, adverse drug event reportings, and prospective and retrospective studies relating psychiatric adverse events to isotretinoin. In addition, literature linking a biological mechanism for psychiatric adverse events to retinoid signaling pathways was also reviewed. Although a variety of anecdotal and epidemiologic studies are available, the overall lack of concrete scientific data limits any conclusion that can be drawn about a causal relationship between istotretinoin and psychiatric adverse events. Several lines of evidence link retinoid signaling to theorized psychiatric pathogenesis, but are limited in their applicability to adult neurophysiology.
Angiotensin receptor antagonist vs. angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor in Asian subjects with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria – a randomized crossover study
Authors: Lim S.‐C. , Koh A. F. Y. , Goh S. K. , Chua C.‐L. , Heng B.‐L. , Subramaniam T. , Sum C.‐F. 
Published: July 2006

Background:  Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and albuminuria are at risk for progressive diabetic nephropathy. The relative blood pressure lowering and antialbuminuric efficacy of angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB) vs. angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor has not been well studied.Methods:  Forty‐one ARB‐ and ACE inhibitor–naive T2DM subjects with albuminuria (>30 mg/g creatinine) were given either 50 mg of losartan (ARB) or 20 mg of quinapril (ACE inhibitor) (50% maximum dose) for 4 weeks, with a 4‐week wash‐out period in‐between interventions in a crossover fashion. The order of intervention was randomized. The primary endpoint was the reduction of blood pressure and albuminuria. Secondary endpoint was changes in plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β).Results:  Among the 41 subjects, 66% were male. The mean age (s.d.) was 52 (10) years, and duration of diabetes was 8 (14) years. Blood pressure reduction (though not statistically significant) was similar on both interventions [systolic: losartan 3 (15) vs. quinapril 2 (13) mmHg, p = 0.52; diastolic: losartan 1 (9) vs. quinapril 2 (8) mmHg, p = 0.55]. However, amelioration of albuminuria [mean (s.e.)] was significantly greater with losartan [losartan vs. quinapril: −93 (82) vs. –49 (65) mg/g, p = 0.02]. There was no change in plasma TGF‐β levels [mean (s.d.)] on either treatment, losartan [before 12.1 (8.9) vs. after 11.9 (9.6) ng/ml, p = 0.68] and quinapril [11.1 (7.9) vs. 11.1 (7.8) ng/ml, p = 0.87).Conclusion:  In Asian subjects with T2DM and albuminuria, 4 weeks of losartan therapy at 50 mg daily appeared to have greater antialbuminuric effect than 20 mg of quinapril.
Enhancement of essential amino acid contents in crops by genetic engineering and protein design
Authors: Beauregard Marc , Hefford Mary Alice 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe importance and urgency of providing humans and animals with quality proteins are reflected in the growing scientific and industrial interest in augmenting the nutritive value of the world's protein sources. Such nutritive value is determined by the protein content in ‘essential amino acids’, those that cannot be synthesized de novo and that must be supplied from the diet. It is the object of this review to discuss recent advances in the genetic modification of crops that aim to provide enhanced quantities of essential amino acids.
Return Migration to Eastern Kentucky and the Stem Family Concept
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis research provides a conceptual framework—based on the stem family concept—with which to explore the cyclical nature of return migration to Eastern Kentucky. A generalized six‐phase migration model is developed within a stem family/diffusion context to explain how the socioeconomic characteristics of return migrants have varied in response to economic changes outside Appalachia. The role of awareness space on channeling migration flows is also examined.Responses from 119 households in Laurel, Pike, and Powell counties, Kentucky, are used to test hypotheses associated with the general model. The survey results support the continued existence of extreme stem family forces within Eastern Kentucky. Most inmigrants are return migrants. Return migration motives continue to be more related to sociocultural factors than they are job‐related decisions. Most returnees are well below retirement age, and even the younger and more educated among these have a strong preference for remaining in Eastern Kentucky, although their historical tendency has been to move away when economic pulls are strong enough. Maps of return migrants’awareness spaces closely conform with past outmigration patterns. As awareness spaces have been shown to correspond with migrants’destination choices, the maps suggest that future outmigrants from Eastern Kentucky will continue to bias their destination choices more toward the North than the South.
Advantages of Place as Perceived by Sunbelt Promoters
Authors: RAITZ KARL 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA questionnaire was sent to 104 Chamber of Commerce executives in states and cities in the South and Southwest to evaluate the factors they perceive to be important in recruiting business and industrial migrants from the North. Eighty‐one respondents rated 33 locational factors on a scale of 1 to 5. Results show variation in the perceived importance of factors between Southeast, South Central, and Southwest states and the Border states. Patterns of perceived competition among cities reveal that Border cities view Southern cities as their most important competitors but Southern cities see their major competitors as other rapidly growing Southern cities. Large cities do not see smaller cities as competitors with the exception of the “high tech” research centers such as Raleigh, NC.
Conjoining Interindustry Linkages and Ownership Data: An Empirical Application
Authors: JACKSON RANDALL W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTInterest in the economic role of the large enterprise has led to numerous studies of economic dependency and regional economic health and performance. In this paper, an interindustry accounting framework is conjoined with Dun and Bradstreet corporate ownership data to provide a fresh perspective on the effects of external economic ownership. The aggregate level measurement method is applied to fifteen multicounty regions in the state of Illinois, and reveals considerable variation in the measures generated. High regional dependence measures are directly related to employment stability and inversely related to employment growth.Although interindustry accounts have been used most commonly in economic impacts assessment and forecasting, a broader range of potential applications lies in their use as descriptive and explanatory measurement tools. This paper addresses the external ownership issue at the macrolevel by testing the relationship between measures of input‐output dependence and indices of regional employment growth and stability, and demonstrates, in the process, a non‐conventional use of interindustry data. The conjoining of interindustry data and the Dun and Bradstreet data produces a unique set of measures of regional economic structure.
Acquisition‐Based Assessment and Property Tax Inequalities after California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen
Authors: DINGEMANS DENNIS , MUNN ANDREW 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the shift from current market value assessment to acquisition‐based assessment as mandated by a little‐noticed provision of California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen. The distributional effects of the reformed property tax system are studied for a 300‐house, ten‐neighborhood sample in Davis, California. Micro‐area tax inequalities for similar properties greatly increased from 1978 to 1985. By 1988, however, intra‐area and inter‐area inequalities in tax payments were diminishing slightly due to a low inflation rate and increased property turnover (resales). Because of its social policy consequences, acquisition‐based assessment is an element of California's tax revolt that other jurisdictions should not emulate.
What About People in High Technology? Some Research and Policy Considerations
Authors: MALECKI EDWARD J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTOne of the fundamental aspects of “high technology” is its reliance on people. The high‐tech context permits a reexamination of several elements of regional research and policy, including technical workers, entrepreneurship, the effect of new technology in the workplace, and the potential for public policies to address people‐related issues. This paper suggests that an orientation toward people relates more accurately to the underlying processes, particularly those that focus on flows of people and information. Entrepreneurship, for example, depends critically on people and their social networks. Likewise, the level of technology in a region or nation is defined by the stock of knowledge and skills found within firms and people. A long‐term perspective is necessary for public policies that address regional competitiveness.
The Structure of Agricultural Unemployment in the United States
Authors: URI NOEL D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines whether employment in agriculture is more sensitive to fluctuations in the level of economic activity than is employment in the economy as a whole. The analytical framework of the investigation rests on two functional relationships between unemployment and economic activity introduced by Thurow. The results indicate that agricultural unemployment is impacted by variations in economic activity to the same extent as is total unemployment. Finally, when subjected to a stability test, the underlying structural relationships are deemed to be stable over the sample period (1948‐1988).
The Effects of Universities on Local Retail, Service, and F.I.R.E. Employment: Some Cross‐Sectional Evidence
Authors: HEDRICK DAVID W. , E. HENSON STEVEN , MACK RICHARD S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the question of whether the traditional view of a complementary relationship between universities and local businesses is still appropriate or whether auxiliary activities and other competitive elements have changed this relationship. Cross‐sectional data on over 3100 counties and 3300 institutions are used to analyze the effects of university enrollment and auxiliary activities on county‐level employment in the retail, financial, and service sectors. Findings indicate that the negative effects of university auxiliary activities are confined to relatively small counties, are small in magnitude, and are more than offset by the positive effects of spending by universities and students. The overall impact is positive, is more pronounced in more populous counties, and has increased over time.
Towards Modeling National Preference Formation for Regional Development Policy: Lessons from Developed and Less Developed Countries
Authors: MEHRETU ASSEFA , SOMMERS LAWRENCE M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNational preferences for the development of regional and environmental policy are dependent on the competitive resolution of priorities emanating from four national centers of preference formation, namely: (a) national opinion leaders, (b) society at large, (c) state political institutions, and (d) the private business sector. The viability of national policies for regional development and environmental protection is assumed to be a function of the degree of systemic concordance among these four competing loci of preference formation. The paper explores differences between developed and developing countries in the formation of national preferences and analyzes the process by which competing preferences for regional development and environmental protection are ultimately resolved. It demonstrates that MDCs enjoy a high degree of harmony among their more autonomous centers of preference formation to achieve regional development goals, whereas LDCs are constrained by the dominant and coercive role of the state apparatus.