bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of occupational therapy clinical expertise: Decision‐making characteristics
Authors: Rassafiani Mehdi , Ziviani Jenny , Rodger Sylvia , Dalgleish Lenard 
Published: March 2008

Background: Experts are usually determined on the basis of length of experience, reputation, peer acknowledgement, and certification. While these characteristics are important they may, however, not be sufficient for this purpose. Another method for determining clinical expertise is to look at how individuals make decisions in their area of expertise. This study aims to identify clinician expertise on the basis of participants’ decision performance and examines this in relation to their length of experience and type of decision‐making.Methods: The Cochran–Weiss–Shanteau (CWS) is a statistical method that can be used to examine individuals’ expertise on the basis of how they discriminate between hypothetical cases and consistency in their decision‐making. Participants comprised 18 occupational therapists, each with more than 5 years of experience working with children with cerebral palsy. They were required to make treatment judgements for 110 cases (20 of which were repeated) of children with cerebral palsy. The CWS was calculated for each participant.Results and conclusions: Two groups of participants were identified on the basis of their CWS index — one with both high consistency in decision‐making and the ability to discriminate between cases, the other with low consistency and poor discrimination. These two groups did not differ significantly on the basis of length of experience or work setting but did differ on the basis of intervention chosen and their type of decision‐making. The CWS method seems to offer promise as a means of determining clinical expertise on the basis of clinical decision‐making. Its application to the investigation of clinical reasoning and education is discussed.
The “Psychogalvanic Phenomenon” of Normals and of Psychoses.
Authors: Satô Syôdi 
Published: March 2008

Summary.

There are no definite psychogalvanic reactions specific to the clinical disease‐entities. In the cases of deteriorated schizophrenia the galvanic reactions are almost always absent. This is perhaps due to the indifference of the patients towards stimuli. Epileptics show irregularities in the galvanometer deflections.
The relations between the psychical symptoms and the galvanic responses can be expressed roughly as follows:

Patients with disturbances of orientation, of apprehension and of attention, give weaker reactions when compared with those with intact orientation, apprehension, and attention.
In patients who do not attempt to solve the arithmetical problem the galvanic reactions in mental arithmetic are very weak. In patients who have incomplete reckoning ability and require a long time to give an answer, the galvanic responses are very large, even larger than normals or patients with undisturbed reckoning ability.
Patients with dull association give greater responses than patients with quick or incoherent association.
Patients of gloomy or depressed mood give greater galvanic responses than those who behave indifferently, or those who are of light or gay humor.
There seems to exist no relationship between psychomotility and psychogalvanic phenomenon.
Über die Entwicklung der Mikroglia sowie einiges zur Frage der sog. embryonalen FettkörnchenzeUen.
Authors: Kamimura T. 
Published: March 2008

Zusammenfassung.

Im Gegensatz zn Hortega konnte ich die Mikrogliazellen im früheren embryonalen Leben und zwar bei Menschen schon im 2. embryonalen Monate feststellen.
Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, daß die Mikroglia mesodermalen Ursprung hat.
Die dnrch Kawamura und Yazaki modifuierte Romeis'sche Sudanorangemethode leistet vortreffliche Dienste für den Fettnachweis in den Mikrogliaelementen.
Die sog. embryonalen Fettkömchenzellen finden sich auch im Gehime der Neugeborenen sowie Föten der kleinen Säugetiere.
Die sog. embryonalen Fettkörnchenzellen sind wahrscheinlich eine Sonderform der jungen Mikroglia. welche Fettkörner reichlich enthält.
Die Bildung der sog. embryonalen Fettkörnchenzellen ist wahrscheinlich an physiologische Prozesse und zwar an Stoffwechselvorgänge bei Neugeborenen und Föten gebunden.
Die Bildung der Fettkörnchenzellen ist auch bei pathologischen Zuständen möglich. Solche Zellelemente lassen sich auch von der Mikroglia ableiten und beteiligen sich an den Abbauvorgängen.
Electrcencephalographic Studies of Changes induced by Electric Shock in Man. III: Shock Attacks and Abnormal Electroencephalographic Reaction upon Electric Shock in Epilepsy.
Authors: Wada Toyoji 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In 7 epileptic patients, elctoencephalographic changes following electric shock were demonstrated in comparison with a non‐epileptic group. During shock attacks so induced, both clinical and electroencephalographic changes were proceeded by those similar to the spontaneous attacks. Following cessation of the shock attacks, there appear certain findings characteristic to the types of clinical seizure, which can be called the abnormal electroncephalographic reaction upon electric shock specific to epilepsy. An outlook of applying electric shock for the purpose of diagnosis of epilepsy is ascertained. By the way it has been pointed out that, without pursuing the total course during and after attacks, the procedure will prove invalid in differentiating the types of seizure in order to set a complete eletroencephalographic diagnosis purporting to classify epileptic disorders.
Morhologic Study of the Experimental Brain Tumor. (1st Report: Intracerebral Inoculation of Suspeneion of Yoshida Sarcoma)
Authors: Yoshida Nobuo , Ōyama Hiroshi , Kurobane Takeski 
Published: March 2008

Résumé.

An intracerebral inoculation of Yoshida sarconia brought a positive result in the albino rats, 38 in all.
Autopsy return revealed abscess‐like infiltration of the brain, associated with extensive invasion in the subarachnoidal space by the tumor cells.
The tumor cells exhibited various modes of proliferation in adjustment to the local tissue structure. Thereby analogous findings in certain forms of gliomata were discussed.
Mixture of sarcoma cells and astrocytes often prepared so compound a picture resembling gliosarcoma, that it was found beyond the capacity of any specific gliastaining method to distinguish between glioma and sarcoma.
At earlier stages of infiltration, emigration of the tumor cells into the spongioplasma suggests the existence of a non‐visible current penetrating the brain substance.
Yoshida sarcoma does not need in the way of development either specific intercellular substance or active proliferation of the blood vessels. It possesses a strong ability of tissue dissolution and executes peptisation of the glial and neuronal tissues.
Note on the General Probability Function of the Alpha Wave Amplitudes in Electroencephalogram
Authors: Satô Kensuke , Nakane Kôei 
Published: March 2008

Summary.1. In view of the fact that Motokawa's probability law rather often fails to fit the observed value, we attempted to obtain n general probability law more fitting.2. As the result, by a further study of the alpha waves recorded we reached the conclusion that the alpha waves represent the superposition of certain elementary waves each with different frequency. This has led to obtaining the most probable values of a number of elementary waves constituting the alpha waves.3. In such cases in which the elementary wave most probably counts only me, the gemal law agrees with Prof. Motokawa's completely. So far it has been proved that our probability law includes Motokawa's as a special case of ours.4. It has been shown that in cases of the alpha waves are most probably constituted of 2 or 3 elementary waves when obtained from the forehead of a healthy adult, relaxated and with eyes closed.The authors appreciate sincerely Prof. Takagi's kind assistance and Pref. Imahori's suggestions. They arc also much indebted to the helpful advice of Pror. Motokawa and Pror. Yokota.This report is completed Ly the aid of the Academy Research Couneil Fund.
A CONTRIBUTION TO PATHOGENESIS OF THE GASTRIC CRISIS (A CASE REPQRT OF THE SPINAL SYPHILIS WHICH SHOWED PAINFUL ABDOMINAL GIRDLE SENSATIQN AND PERISTALTIC UNREST OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE.)
Authors: Okinaks Shigeo , Murata Tomotsune , Nishikawa Miteuo , Ikeda Masao , Kuroiwa Yoshigoro , Shizume Kazuo 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. We are reporting here a case of spinal lues, which showed clinically an attack of gastric crisis (peristaltic unrest and abdominal distress) accompanied simultaneously with hypersensibility (girdle pain sensation).2. The autopsy findings revealed that the pathological changes are found in the spinal cord, meninges and spinal root fibers extending between the 5.‐10. thoracic segments. Nerve fibers in the sglanchnic nerve are also found partly degenerated. These findings correspond exactly to the clinical symptoms of motor and sensory disturbances.3. There is no change in the vagus nerve, so the cause of the gastric crisis can not be attributed to lesion of the vagus nerve.We would rather ascribe the crisis symptom to the lesin of the posterior root of the spinal cord. We believe that the lesion of the Fosterior roots causes simultaneous appearance of sensory irritation (girdle pain) and peristaltic unrest of the stomach.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PERIAMYGDALOID CORTEX OF CAT AND DOG
Authors: Takahashi Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe can produce movements of ears and eyelids Iiy stimulation of the anterior part of the cortex of the pyriform lobe. In their neuronal relationship it is different from those evoked from the lateral surface of the hemisphere or from the masticatory movement made excitible from the pyriform lobe. The impulse may apparently be transmitted from that part of the cortex directly, yerhnps through the medial parts T and T (Völsch) of the amygdaloid nuclei leading into the subrortical gray matters; thereby cortical face‐area and thalamus seem to play no part in it. Exact histological investigation concerning the effective area was done by the melhod of Marchi and Nissl. From these experiments it is likely that we may ascertain that the amygdaloid and periamygdaloid areas are concerned with the extrapyramidal motor system in certain respects.
ON MENINGOENCEPHALITIS CAUSED BY VIRUS ISOLATED FROM YOSHIDA TUMOR
Authors: Hamazaki Yukio , Sato Jiro , Takahashi Masabumi , Tani Hiromitsu , Sano Keiji 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe wish now to summarize in a few more words. The viral meningoencephalitis, as above mentioned, demonstrate generally only slight clinical symptoms as well as histological changes, while those by inoculation of tumor ascites are so severe that the animal always dies. Nevertheless, the former could be regarded as a miniature of the latter in all of its histological changes. They are very characteristic in their localisation compared with other viral encephalitis of the mice, e. g. spontaneous myeloencephalitis3), Japanese and American epidemic encephalitis4), choriomenigitis5), louping ill6), herpes encephalitis7), vaccinal encephalitis8) and American equine encephalitis9). We have already pursued detailed descriptions of these encephalitis of mice, especially researching the nuclear inclusions, No inclusion‐bodies have appeared in this meningoencephalitis caused by the tumor virus. Histological significance consists of ependymal changes accompanied with internal hydrocephalus. The ependymal epithel itself does not show so marked a change, but the fibrillary glia cells in the subjacent area multiply enormously and invade into the surrounding brain matter, i. e. nucleus caudatus, putamen, corpus callos˜m and so forth, Meningitis predisposes to the ventral side of the cerebrum and then to the dorsal side of midbrain. Injuries of the brain matter were mainly caused secondarily by these forementioned primary changes. It is very instructive that this meningoencephalitis proliferation of the ependymal tissue is highly dominant, resulting in hydmcephalua, while exsudative processes are obscured. From these data we are strongly urged to think that this virus sustains its native characters inducing an ascites tumor. Immunological specialities of this virus will be given in the coming reports10).
ELECTROENCEPHAIOGRAM DIRECTLY RECORDED DURING PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY OPERATION WITH DESCRIPTION OF REACTION UPON BARBITURATE NARCOSIS
Authors: Wada Toyoji , Endo Koh 
Published: March 2008

Summary1) Twenty cases of various psychoses were investigated by means of directly recording electroencephalography from the frontal lobe and the medial part of the thalamus during prefrontal lobotomy operation. 2) The most significant changes in the frontal lobe, involving the frontal pole, were the appearance of abnormal, random dysrhythmic waves and the degree of those changes seemed correlate with the cut volume of the frontal lobe. 3) In the subcorticograms recorded from the portions, 1 or 2cm anterior and posterior to the incision plane, there were observed the occurrence of abnormal high potential bursts immediately after performance of either unilateral or bilateral incisions. 4) In the medial thalamic part, there was the direct influence, such as an acceleration of the rhythm, of the incisioning manipulation. 5) The administration of cyclopean‐natrium during operation made the amplitude of both thalamic and frontal activities increase, indicating fewer influences due to operation, but, that after operation it showed some abnormal pictures: in general, the so‐called barbiturate burst with alternating appearance of suppression phase tends to disappear following operation. 6) Effect mechanism of prefrontal lobotomy was commented on, especially from the standpoint of the thalamofrontal connecting fibre system, and it may well be explained by the theory on the organized function of both thalamc and frontal parts.
ON SOME BEHAVIOR PATTERNS OBSERVED IN THE SHIFTING PERIOD OF CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR IN WHITE RATS
Authors: Yoshii Naosaburo , Tsukiyama Kazuo , Taketani Masao 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThree behavior patterns were found in the shifting period from one conditioned behavior to the other. The possibility of the development of these patterns was discussed from the standpoint of behavior‐latency and EEG. It was concluded that both inhibitions of the old behavior‐tendency and the establishment of new behavior‐tendency are required for the appearance of the actual new behavior, and that the sites where the conditioned inhibition occurs decides the behavior patterns in the shifting period.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTIONS AND FIBER CONNECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID NUCLEI AND PERIAMYGDALOID CORTEX. EXPERIMENTS ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY AND BODY TEMPERATURE IN CAT
Authors: Koikegami Haruyoshi , Kushiro Hiroshi , Kimoto Atsushi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThrough electrical or chemical stimulation of a limited part of the amygdaloid complex unilaterally, elevation of temperature of the animal body and inhibition of the gastrointestinal motility can be recognized. By histological investigation of experimented cases it was revealed that to the former effect the lateral amygdaloid nucleus of amygdala proper (M of Völsch) and to the latter the medial amygdaloid nucleus (T of Völsch) were precisely responsible. The peiiamygdaloid cortex stands definitely unparticipated in these phenomenon. Further it was conceivable that the impulse from the amygdala reaches to the visceroeffective center of the hypothalamus apparently without interruption of its neuronal connection to work inhibitory upon the gastrointestinal motility. These results certainly speak for our assumption that the amygdaloid complex comprises a link of the autonomic representation for regulation of visceral functions.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ‐ON THE FUNCTION OF THE AMYGDALOID NUCLEI IN PSYCHOMOTOR EPILEPSY
Authors: Aida Seiichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe local strychninization of the amygdaloid nuclei of the cat brain caused appearance of the typical strychnine spikes from the anterior temporal portion and the antero‐lateral portion of lobus piriformis, the anterior part of hippocampus, the septal region, nucleus ventromedialis of hypothalamus, and nucleus dorsomedialis, et centnim medianum of thalamus. Therefore, it will follow that there exist the amygdalo‐temporal, the amygdalo‐hippocampal, the amygdalo‐septal, the amygdalo‐hypothalamic and the amygdalo‐thalamic projections.The strychninization of lobus temporalis also induced appearance of the strychnine spikes from hippocampus and amygdala and, also, from the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalams.These neuronal connections made it possible to explain the complex automatic, somatic, behavioral and electroencephalographic responses in psychomotor epilepsy, for which the rhinencephalon must necessarily be thought essentially responsible.Twelve adult dogs were injected with a small amount of the alumina cream into the left amygdala and seized with chronic epileptic automatism. From about five weeks after injection, they pad clinically into the complex autonomic, somatomotor and behavioral activities paroxysmally and developed the symptoms which might be included in the so‐called oral emotional behavior, while electroencephalographically they gave rise to the spikes or the sharp waves originating in the injected temporal portion, therzby, through an ictal period, proved appearance of the typical square‐topped waves or the spike and wave patterns.From the clinical and the EEG point of view, it can be said that those responses are much akin with the symptoms of psychomotor epilepsy in man.
A NEW PROVOCATIVE METHOD OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM BY ELECTRIC STIMULATION
Authors: Ando Moriaki 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA new provocative method of the electroencephalogram by electric stimulation has been introduced. This method has been carried out by stimulator which were provided with generation of low voltage and low frequency square waves and connected with a co‐axial needle electrode placed on the scalp. The results consisted of provoking or enhancing paroxysmal abnormalities of cerebral function, particularly marked in epileptic cases, and an increase of electrical abnormalities in cases of intracranial tumoura.The utility of this electric stimulation method may be based on the possibility of introducing it in routine EEG without side effects such as prinkle or pain in activation of brain too.
ELECTROPHORETIC FRACTION OF THE SOLUBLE BRAIN PROTEIN
Authors: Kiyota Kazutami , Fujiyoshi Teizo , Maesaki Koichi , Sato Sigeaki , Toya Gyo , Tani Hiroshi , Arima Sumihiro 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY

The soluble protein taken from the cerebral hemisphere of dogs was fractionated by the methods of Tiselius electrophoresis, paper electrophoresis and sodium sulfate. Difference among the results of the three fractionating methods was subjected under discussion.
No large difference in the electrophoretic patterns among the cerebral lobes was detectable, but there availed a significant difference between the grey matter and the white matter. There was established no essential difference in the electrophoretic patterns of cerebral hemisphere of mice, dogs, the bovine and the human, in spite of certain difference existent among respective fraction ratio according to the animal species.
STUDIES ON MODIFICATION OF CORTICAL ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS BY OVERLYING STRUCTURES AND SUBSTANCES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
Authors: Suhara Kunikazu , Sakata Kazuki 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. Two cases have been reported in which normal symmetrical alpha waves were observed in the presence of a large and thick unilateral subdural hematoma.2. These cases necessitated experimental investigation on short‐circuiting effect of hematoma on cortical electrical potentials, which had been insisted upon by various authors and could be accepted from the standpoint of common sense. In this connection modifying effects of the structures overlying the brain on cortical potentials were also examined.3. Modification of cortical electrical potentials by the skull and the scalp consists of spatial diffusion, reduction in amplitude and changes in frequency spectrum. Spatial diffusion was found very extensive and the most responsible structure for causing diffusion and reduction in amplitude was found to be the skull. Relative attenuation of fast waves by those structures was observed, but the relationship between the degree of attenuation and wave frequency was not simple. The cause was discussed.4. Observation was made on modifying effects of a rubber sheet and a cotton layer soaked in normal saline, each of which was inserted between the cortex and the skull, on cortical potentials as well as on potentials applied to the surface of the cortex or the dura, and following inference has been made. Short‐circuiting effect on cortical potentials may be manifested when the hematoma is relatively fresh and not so small nor so thin. Normal symmetrical EEG may be observed in the presence of a large unilateral subdural hematoma when it developes very chronically and its capsule much thickly and when main sources of alpha waves participating in the scalp EEG on the hematoma lie outside the cortex covered by the hematoma.
PSYCHIATRIC STUDIES ON LEPROSY
Authors: Kamiya Miyeko 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPsychiatric investigations were conducted in Aisei‐en National Leprosarium to the following effect: (1) Examination of 50 psychiatric cases; (2) bedside interviews with 104 hospitalized cases; (3) Questionnaire applied to 50 cases, (4) Sentence Completion Test to 230 cases, (5) Need Inventory to 104 cases, (6) Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test to 110 cases and (7) Group Rorschach Test to 99 cases. Rosenzweig P‐F Test was also applied to 32 leprous out‐patients at the Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine. The main findings were:

The incidences of functional and organic psychoses were within the limits of those in the normal population. None of the psychoses observed could be considered as peculiar to leprosy. The rate of suicide is not conspicuously higher than in the total Japanese population.
The institutionalized patients tend to become more resigned according as age, period of residency and degree of physical disability increase.
About 30% of the unhospitalized milder cases were found to be discontented. Boredom, the sense of the meaninglessness of their existence and lack of future hopes and aims were found to be among the most fundamental causes of frustration.
The Need Inventory revealed a clear picture of overcompensation: the needs of autonomy, aggression, achievement, affiliation, nurturance, counteraction, and understanding appeared significantly stronger than in the control normal group.
Rosenzweig P‐F Test revealed resignation and repression in both Aisei‐en patients and out‐patients. These attitudes were found to be accentuated in the out‐patients, who, in addition to these, showed strong guilt feelings and a weaker power of self‐assertion.
Group Rorschach Test revealed a typical picture of hospitalism: immaturity, withdrawal, narrowed mental horizon and a rejecting attitude.

The findings on the various mental conditions accompanying the onset and development of leprosy were discussed and a tentative classification of the institutionalized patients in two main types was presented: the resigned and the aggressive.