bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Kuroshio Current on the South China Sea based on a 115 000 year diatom record
Authors: Jiang Hui , Björck Svante , Ran Lihua , Huang Yue , Li Jiayin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe used the tropical oceanic planktonic diatom species Nitzschia marina, Rhizosolenia bergonii and Azpeitia africana/Azpeitia neocrenulata, most commonly found in the surface sediments of the northeasternmost South China Sea (SCS) where the Kuroshio Current enters the SCS through the Bashi Strait north of Luzon, to analyse the influence of the the Kuroshio Current on the SCS. The impact of the Kuroshio Current seems to be relatively strong during major warm periods and, to a lesser degree, in minor warm periods during the last 115 000 years. The strongest influence took place during the main part of the Holocene and during the very late phase of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e. It is possible to distinguish two magnitudes of change in the impact of the Kuroshio Current on the SCS: large changes occurred at shifts between glacial and interglacial conditions, while smaller changes seem to have recurred in both glacial and interglacial episodes as well as during the Holocene. Climatic/oceanographic changes and sea‐level variations were possibly the two most important mechanisms for the varying influences of the Kuroshio Current on the SCS. The interaction between the Kuroshio Current and monsoon‐related processes may also have played a role. However, because of restricted knowledge of the present‐day Kuroshio Current and the absence of a modern analogue to the ancient SCS due to the marked changes in palaeogeography, this relationship is difficult to establish. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘First, kill all the economists…’ : the insufficiency of microeconomics and the need for evolutionary psychology in the study of management
Authors: Kanazawa Satoshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMicroeconomics and its model of the singular and unitary actor can no longer adequately explain organizational behavior now that there are men and women in corporations. Evolutionary psychology, with its premise of fundamental and inherent sex differences, is necessary to replace microeconomics as the predominant theoretical perspective in business and management schools. The recent Safeway fiasco illustrates the danger of continuing to use microeconomics in the study of management in the 21st century. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining clustering in social networks: towards an evolutionary theory of cascading benefits
Authors: Levine Sheen S. , Kurzban Robert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIndividual and organizational actors enter into a large number of relationships that include benefiting others without ensuring the equality of reciprocal benefits. We suggest that actors have evolved mechanisms that guide them in the choice of exchange partners, even without conscious calculation or bookkeeping of gain and loss. One such mechanism directs actors to membership in clusters, which are homogenous groups of actors densely connected among themselves and only loosely connected to other groups. We suggest that clusters offer network externalities, which are not possible in sparse networks, thus conferring cascading benefits on the actors contained in those clusters. Using this logic, one can understand the omnipresence of clustering in social networks of individuals and firms. We review the benefits and challenges associated with clustering and use the logic of cascading benefits to derive empirical predictions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cross‐national analysis of affirmative action: an evolutionary psychological perspective
Authors: Yang Chulguen , D'Souza Geeta C. , Bapat Ashwini S. , Colarelli Stephen M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAffirmative action (AA) is a government policy permitting employers and universities to give preferential treatment to applicants from specific (e.g. racial) groups. We present a comparative analysis of AA in six countries (India, USA, Malaysia, Canada, South Africa, and Brazil) and explain similarities among these programs according to universal psychological mechanisms and variation according to cultural–historical contexts. It appears that similarities in contextual conditions (e.g. democratic government, multi‐ethnic states) interact with ancient psychological mechanisms (e.g. fairness, cheater detection, alliance tracking) to provide at least part of the motivation for the development and expansion of AA, despite its problematic consequences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing cooperation and competition in human groups: the role of emotional algorithms and evolution
Authors: Loch Christoph H. , Galunic D. Charles , Schneider Susan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe examineemotional algorithmsand their role in a fundamental dilemma that confronts human groups—whether actors should take care of ‘me’ (compete) or take care of ‘we’ (cooperate). We argue that human emotions, triggered in algorithmic fashion through four common, although culturally specified, mechanisms, powerfully direct humans to compete or cooperate. Drawing on evolutionary psychology, we first define and characterize these hard‐wired emotional algorithms, presenting evidence for their independent influence. Their regulatory influence on human groups, however, can only be appreciated once we examine them as a system. We show how, as a system, these algorithms help explain the dynamic balance that members of human groups can (and often must) achieve between competition and cooperation. We derive three propositions regarding how these algorithms play out in groups. We suggest that understanding these dynamics can help leaders better manage cooperation and competition in organizational groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal phenotypic overlap of Costello syndrome and severe Noonan syndrome by tri‐dimensional ultrasonography
Authors: Levaillant Jean‐Marc , Gérard‐Blanluet Marion , Holder‐Espinasse Muriel , Valat‐Rigot Anne‐Sylvie , Devisme Louise , Cavé Hélène , Manouvrier‐Hanu Sylvie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal diagnosis of multiple congenital anomalies is difficult, and usually molecular biology cannot immediately confirm the suspected syndrome. Fetal dysmorphology is useful tool in the diagnosis process, with limitations.MethodsWe report the thorough prenatal investigation by 2D and 3D ultrasonography in a case of suspected Costello syndrome.ResultsPrenatal abnormalities were: increased nuchal translucency, polyhydramnios, bilateral pyelectasis and ventriculomegaly. Ultrasonographic morphological fetal face analysis found abnormal thickness of the skin in the prefrontal area, thick dysplastic ears, thick lips and deep‐set creases in the hands and feet. As Costello and Noonan syndromes overlap, a PTPN11 analysis was done, with presence of a mutation (T854C).ConclusionPrenatal overlap of feature of severe Noonan syndrome and Costello syndrome is confirmed, with dysmorphological similarities, due to edema of fetal skin in face and extremities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive genotyping of 9 Y‐chromosome specific STR loci using circulatory fetal DNA in maternal plasma by multiplex PCR
Authors: Deng ZhiHui , Wu GuoGuang , Li Qian , Zhang Xuan , Liang YanLian , Li DaCheng , Gao SuQing , Lan YuXiao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundHuman Y‐Chromosome specific STR (Y‐STR) has now become a useful loci in casework. However, noninvasive genotyping of multiple Y‐STR loci and its application in prenatal genetic diagnosis haven't been reported. The purpose of this study is to develop a Y‐STR multiplex PCR amplification system that is suitable for the amplification of short‐sized templates of circulatory male fetal DNA and use the established multiplex in noninvasive prenatal genetic diagnosis and its further applications in forensic casework.MethodsOn the basis of the characteristic of circulatory fetal DNA in maternal plasma, we selected 9 Y‐STR loci in which the allele size was less than 180 bp in length and developed two multiplexes that allowed fluorescent genotyping of 9 Y‐STR loci simultaneously. These Y‐STR loci include two trinucleotide repeats (DYS426 and DYS388) and seven tetranucleotide repeats (DYS393, DYS460, H4; DYS391, DYS389 I, DYS456 and DYS458). Sixty‐four pairs of plasma DNA samples from pregnant women and genomic DNA samples from their husbands were detected by our method.ResultsAs a result, an average of 7.3 Y‐STR specific alleles was detected in each of the 30 plasma DNA samples from pregnancies with male fetuses. However, none of these 9 Y‐STR specific alleles was detected in 34 plasma samples from pregnant women carrying female babies. The chances of detecting Y‐STR alleles ranged from 66.7 to 93.3%. Fifty‐eight haplotypes were detected in 64 unrelated Chinese male individuals; haplotype diversity was 0.9966. This highly polymorphic Y‐STR multiplex has greatly improved the chances of detecting the Y‐STR allele.ConclusionsThis assay provides a sensitive, accurate and efficient method for noninvasive prenatal genetic diagnosis and forensic casework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional labour: listening to the patient's story
Authors: Barrett Catherine , Borthwick Angela , Bugeja Sue , Parker Annette , Vis Rachel , Hurworth Rosalind 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the use of an empowerment evaluation approach to evaluate a practice development programme in an acute hospital ward. This self‐evaluation approach included inviting clinicians to hear the patient's story. The engagement of clinicians in self‐evaluation resulted in increased clinician ownership of the evaluation findings and commitment to practice change. An additional outcome was that the emotional labour of health care was made explicit and clinicians acknowledged that they ‘turned off’ from the patient's story to protect themselves from burnout. Benner's model of ‘novice to expert’ is used to explore the capacity of clinicians to hear the patient's story and to explore the reasons why even expert clinicians may at times be unreceptive to this story. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing specialist practice for older people in England: responses to policy initiatives
Authors: Reed Jan , Watson Bill , Cook Margaret , Clark Charlotte , Cook Glenda , Inglis Pamela 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPractice development can be a local initiative, or it can be shaped by ‘top‐down’ policy agendas. Following the launch of a National Service Framework for Older People (NSF‐OP) in England, a study was commissioned to examine the development of specialist services and staff for older people, one of the key recommendations of this policy.A two stage study was conducted, the first stage being a questionnaire in three parts to identify practice developments across a range of agencies, and the second to carry out case studies to identify processes in more detail. This paper reports on some of the findings from the first stage of the study, focusing on the data from National Health Services. This suggested that definitions of specialism are unclear and roles are ambiguous, which has implications for training and practice development. Other data, however, suggested that the development of services for older people was not simply a response to the NSF‐OP, but had been in progress for variable lengths of time before this. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for developing, implementing, and evaluating a strategy to improve nursing and midwifery care
Authors: O'Halloran Peter , Martin Garrett , Connolly Dawn 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground: Health care organizations world wide are faced with the need to develop and implement strategic organizational plans to meet the challenges of modern health care. There is a need for models for developing, implementing and evaluating strategic plans that engage practitioners, and make a measurable difference to the patients that they serve. This article describes the development of such a model to underpin a strategy for nursing and midwifery in an acute hospital trust.An integrated model: The processes for strategy development (values clarification, critical companionship and focus groups) are discussed, together with the development of processes for implementation, based upon a modification of the PARIHS (Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services) conceptual framework. Finally, the methods for evaluating the strategy (a pre‐test–post‐test approach measuring the quality of nursing care, the degree to which the organization supports professional nursing care, the leadership styles of ward managers, and patient satisfaction with care) are described.Conclusion: The model is offered as one that may be of use to others who wish to develop an integrated approach to strategic change – an approach in which the development, implementation and evaluation of strategic plans are informed by the core values of nurses and midwives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐range effects of chirality in aromatic poly(isocyanide)s
Authors: Amabilino David B. , Serrano José‐Luis , Sierra Teresa , Veciana Jaume 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe preparation of optically active atropoisomeric polymers which present chiral backbones, thanks to induction during their synthesis from stereogenic centers, located far away from the skeleton is possible, thanks principally to semirigid conformations of the promesogenic spacers between them. The result is that chiral “information” can be passed as far as 21 Å from the asymmetric center to the carbon atom that forms the polymeric chain in poly(isocyanide)s. The sense of chiral induction in these conformationally rigid polymers parallels the helical sense of the cholesteric phases, as well as to the helical senses of chiral smectic C phases, induced by the monomers in nematic and smectic C phases, respectively. All these phenomena obey the odd–even rules proposed for chiral sense changes in these liquid crystalline phases. Noncovalent interactions play an important part in the induction process, in which steric arguments can be used to justify the inductions observed. The methodology can be used to prepare macromolecules, which display switching behavior upon thermal or electrochemical stimulus. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3161–3174, 2006
Cyclopolymerization of perfluoroisopropenyl vinylacetate
Authors: Fujiwara Hirotada , Narita Tadashi , Hamana Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTo develop the polymerization exploiting the interconversion of fluorinated carbon radical to hydrocarbon radical, the radical cyclopolymerization of perfluoroisopropenyl vinylacetate [CF2C(CF3)OCOCH2CHCH2] (FIA) was investigated to afford a polymer possessing mainly five‐membered ring structure with bimodal molecular weight distribution having 1 × 105 as the higher molecular weight. This may be the first example wherein the cyclopolymerization between usual allyl group and fluorinated vinyl group is performed. The degree of cyclization was between 70 and 80% determined by 19F NMR of as‐polymerized products. The polymer preparation from perfluoroisopropenyl group, which shows scarce homopolymerization reactivity was accomplished. The mechanism that the addition of hydrocarbon radical to perfluoroisopropenyl group to produce fluorinated carbon radical followed by the intramolecular addition reaction onto allyl group to form five‐membered ring is proposed. The hydrolysis of the FIA polymer afforded a polymer possessing hydrophobic fluoroalkyl group with hydrophilic hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3220–3232, 2006
Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone via the bismuth‐2‐mercaptoethanol complex
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Behnken Gesa , Schwarz Gert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA complex consisting of one Bi3+ ion and two 2‐mercaptoethanol units (BiME2) was used as initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in bulk. A kinetic comparison showed that BiME2 is as reactive as initiator as Sn‐octanoate and more reactive than Bi‐hexanoate. The difference to BiHex3 decreased at higher temperatures and upon addition of an alcohol as coinitiator. When tetra(ethylene glycol) was used as coinitiator, it was completely incorporated into the poly(εCL) chain, so that telechelic polylactones having two OH‐endgroups were formed. In the absence of a coinitiator, 2‐mercaptoethanol or its disulfide were incorporated in the form of ester groups. Furthermore, it was found by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry that small amounts of cyclic oligolactones (detected up to a degree of polymerization of 17) were formed under all reaction conditions. Higher temperatures and longer times favored a higher content of cycles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3175–3183, 2006
Energy spectrum and thermodynamics of anisotropic spin‐1/2 two‐leg ladder
Authors: Cheranovskii V. O. , Chovpan A. A. , Ezerskaya E. V. , Özkan I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe studied the energy spectrum and some finite temperature properties of two‐leg spin‐1/2 ladder with XXZ interactions in legs and rungs. It is shown that for a strong ferromagnetic interchain interaction, there is a first‐order transition between ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic phases. The anisotropic ladder in the magnetic field may have up to four low‐temperature maxima in the temperature dependence of specific heat. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Achieving science literacy through transformation of multimodal textual resources
Authors: Knain Erik 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn her article “Framing New Research in Science Literacy and Language Use: Authenticity, Multiple Discourses, and the ‘Third Space’,” Carolyn S. Wallace presented a model of science literacy that frames language in science to teaching principles in a powerful way. The model would however be enhanced if two additional concepts are made explicit, that of multimodality and transformation. Multimodality should be part of the model both as an aspect of science literacy and as a tool for developing science literacy, by enabling transformations across different modes of representation and different contextual presuppositions, in particular between everyday and scientific contextual frames. Transformations furthermore connect multimodality to the origin of conceptual knowledge in action and culture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 90:656–659, 2006
XPS characterisation of carbon‐coated alumina support
Authors: Plyuto Igor V. , Shpak Anatoliy P. , Stoch Jerzy , Sharanda Lyudmila F. , Plyuto Yuri V. , Babich Igor V. , Makkee Michiel , Moulijn Jacob A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHybrid carbon–alumina supports, synthesised by pyrolysis of grafted 4,4′‐methylenebis‐(phenylisocyanate) moiety on the alumina surface, were characterised by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The recorded Al 2p and C 1s envelopes showed asymmetry that decreased with an increase in carbon loading. In all experimental Al 2p envelopes, the high‐energy individual components at 75.3–75.9 eV were present along with the low‐energy component at 74.0 eV typical for Al2O3. In the case of the C 1s envelope, the component around 284.3–284.4 eV and three high‐energy individual components at 285.9–286.0, 288.0–288.3 and 290.1–290.6 eV were observed. The presence of the high‐energy Al 2p components can be explained considering the occurrence of a steady‐state charging of the different parts of insulating alumina supports. The component around 284.3–284.4 eV in C 1s envelopes can be attributed to carbon, which constitutes the coating and, hence, ensures surface conductivity. The component around 285.9–286.0 eV is connected with carbon in carbonaceous surface species, which do not form the conducting layer on the alumina support. Carbonaceous surface species associated with CO, CO and OCO groups in carbon coating can be also identified due to the presence of corresponding components in XPS spectra at 285.9–286.0, 288.0–288.3 and 290.1–290.6 eV. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS and XAES analysis of copper, arsenic and sulfur chemical state in enargites
Authors: Fantauzzi M. , Atzei D. , Elsener B. , Lattanzi P. , Rossi A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEnargite, a copper arsenic sulfide with the formula Cu3AsS4 is of environmental concern due to its potential to release toxic arsenic species. The oxidation and dissolution of enargite are governed by the composition and chemical state of the outermost surface layer. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the enargite surface can be initially obtained on the basis of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) binding energy and intensity data. However, a more precise determination of the chemical state of the principal elements of enargite (copper, arsenic and sulfur) in the altered surface layer and in the bulk of the mineral requires a combined analysis based on XPS photoelectron lines and the corresponding X‐ray excited Auger lines.On the basis of results obtained on natural and synthetic enargite samples and on standards of sulfides and oxides, the Auger parameter α′ of different compounds was calculated and the Wagner chemical state plots were drawn for arsenic, copper and sulfur. Arsenic in enargite is found to be in a chemical environment similar to that of arsenides or elemental arsenic, whereas copper in enargite is in a chemical state that corresponds to copper sulfide, Cu2S, for all samples irrespective of surface treatment (natural or freshly cleaved). Only sulfur changed from a chemical state similar to that of copper or iron sulfide in freshly cleaved samples to another state in natural enargite in the as‐received state. Thus, it is the sulfur atom at the surface of enargite that is most susceptible to changes in the enargite surface state and composition. A more detailed interpretation of this behavior, based on differences in the initial and final state effects, is proposed here. The concept of Auger parameter and chemical state plot, used here for the first time for investigating enargite, has proved to be a method to unambiguously assign the chemical state of the principal elements copper, arsenic and sulfur in these minerals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nondestructive in‐depth composition profile of oxy‐hydroxide nanolayers on iron surfaces from ARXPS measurement
Authors: Olla Maurizio , Navarra Gabriele , Elsener Bernhard , Rossi Antonella 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this work the maximum entropy method (MEM) is applied, for the first time, to angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) data from oxy‐hydroxide films on iron surfaces. This nondestructively derives information on the in‐depth distribution of the composition and chemical state. An MEM algorithm was created and first tested on the simulated data. The reconstructed composition depth profiles agreed very well with the theoretical ones up to 5% Gaussian noise added to the data. The same algorithm was then applied to ARXPS data from iron samples to investigate the in‐depth variations in the composition and chemical state of the nanosized oxy‐hydroxide film naturally grown on the iron surface. The resulting surface film presents a complex multilayer structure with concentration gradients. The effect of air exposure on the structure was also investigated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Arrangement of Nanoparticle Arrays in Block‐Copolymer Domains
Authors: Haryono Agus , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis Review describes recent results on the precise spatial distribution control of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles into domains of microphase‐separated block copolymers. Specific focus is directed towards selective incorporation into a specific microphase of a block copolymer. Details on theoretical aspects concerning nanoparticle incorporation as well as practical examples are given. Furthermore, examples on applications and technological aspects of the resulting nanoparticle/polymer nanocomposites are provided.