bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bartonellosis
Authors: GARWEG JG 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Bartonellosis, a rarely diagnosed bacterial zoonosis caused by Bartonella species is capable of inducing a number of neurological diseases, such as nervous paresis and Parinaud syndrome, and it may affect the eye, and namely the retina. Methods: Cats are the main reservoir for human‐pathogen species, i.e. Bartonella henselae , the etiologic agent in cat scratch disease, but dogs can also be infected with Bartonella parasites. Ocular bartonellosis is widely associated with Bartonella henselae, is most often associated with ocular complications, which may include Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, and focal retinochoroiditis. Results: The typical clinical presentation of neuroretinitis and Parinaud syndrome will be presentetd and personal treatment experience will serve the basis for discussion. Numerous other clinical patterns have been reported occasionally. The diagnosis of ocular bartonellosis relies on the identification of suggestive clinical signs in conjunction which is confirmed by serological and eventually aqueous humour testing. B. henselae‐associated ocular disease is usually self‐limited but go along with transient more or less significant visual complaints. If the infection is clinically severe or sight‐threatening, treatment may be considered, usually with doxycycline or erythromycin, eventually combined with rifampin. Conclusions: B. henselae infection may be significantly more common than clinically diagnosed and should be considered in patients with Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, or focal retinochoroiditis, particularly when there is a history of pet or flea exposure.
Ocular toxoplasmosis
Authors: KODJIKIAN L 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOcular toxoplasmosis due to Toxoplasma gondii is presumably the most frequent infectious cause of posterior uveitis throughout the world. Ocular toxoplasmosis is characterized by recurrent episodesof necrotizing retinochoroiditis thought to be caused by both proliferation of live organisms that emerge from tissue cysts within the retina and an associated inflammatory reaction. Toxoplasmicretinochoroiditis can be associated with severe morbidity if disease extends to structures critical for vision, including the macula and optic disk, if there is damage to the eye from inflammation, or ifthere are complications such as retinal detachment or neovascularization. Clinical diagnosis is helped by ancillary laboratory testing, Witmer‐Desmonts coefficient and western blot. The currentapproach to treatment of severe toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis involves finite courses of anti‐Toxoplasma gondii drugs, with or without corticosteroids, in emergency. New strategies for treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis are tested and will be developed during present SIS.
Quantitative cataract measurement
Authors: SÖDERBERG PG 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To provide an overview of the impact of cataract on optical image transfer and the possibilities to measure cataract quantitatively. Methods: The current paper reviews strategies for how limitations of the imaging transfer of the eye originating from the lens can be quantitatively measured. Results: The diameter of the pupil should be standardized in comparisons of optical image transfer. In vitro, aberrations and light scattering can be measured directly as point spread function characterized by Strehl ratio. Also, the effect of stray light, resonant absorption and aberrations can be measured directly. All, in vivo techniques require consideration of the impact of the cornea on the optical image transfer. Further, if psychophysical sensing is used, the image transfer of the total visual system depends on the optical transfer and the neurosenory transfer. Slit lamp microscopy with slit illumination, optionally improved with Scheimplug projection, or alternatively with retroillumination provides quantitative geographic information about the distribution of emission of light scattering, but inconsistently correlates to the image transfer. Visual acuity measures high contrast resolution. Cataract causes loss of contrast sensitivity, mainly due to scattering and stray light. The effect of stray light can be sensed psychophysically. The point spread function and aberrations in the optical system can be measured with double pass technique. Conclusions: Cataract can be measured quantitatively as reduction of optical transfer of the eye which is limited by aberrations, light scattering, stray light and resonant absorption.
Cataract classification systems, a critical review
Authors: SASAKI K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Since the 1990s, large‐scale cataract epidemiologic studies have been conducted world‐wide by researchers from developed nations. Valuable data have resulted from these studies. However, cataract classification, the fundamental methodology for all studies, has not been closely scrutinized. This presentation reviews cataract classification of the past and present, and suggests future improvement.. Results: Past: The investigators often choose one classification system from, e.g., Oxford, Wilmer, LOCS, and some others. These were proposed since the late 1980s each with a unique design. However, to compare results from different studies, the cataract classification system must be standardized. By late 1990s, the WHO has recognized this necessity, and a new system was developed in 2000 by the WHO working group.Present: Dr H Sasaki and Dr S West were the first to use the new WHO‐sponsored system. Although a simplified classification system, it is highly quantitative when compared with previous systems. The new system is now beginning to be applied. Based on experience since 2000, the usefulness and characteristics of this new system will be presented.Future: In general, cataract grading agrees reasonably well with visual acuity. However, there is a specific type of lens opacification, i.e., “Retrodots”, that causes deterioration of vision and yet most ophthalmologists are still unfamiliar with it. Therefore, even the WHO‐sponsored system will require revisions as other subtle cataract sub‐types will also be detected in the future. It must be emphasized that further improvements in cataract classification, based on the investigators’ cumulative experience, are certain to continue.
Lens opacification in Icelanders 50 years and older, risk factors. Reykjavik eye study
Authors: JONASSON F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To examine prevalent and 5‐year incident risk factors for cortical and nuclear lens opacification in adult citizens of Reykjavik. Methods: For baseline examination we used a random sample from the population census for citizens of Reykjavik ≥50 years, equal proportion for both gender and each year of birth. Participation rate was 76% (1045). 5 years later 88% of the survivors participated. For diagnosis of opacification we used Scheimpflug and retroilluminated images of the lenses. For statistical analysis we used logistic regression analysis. Results: Cigarette‐smoking more than 20 pack‐years increased the risk for nuclear lens opacification (OR=2.52: 95% CI 1.52‐4.13: p<.001) as did pipe‐ or cigar smoking (OR=2.48:95% CI 1.20‐5.12: p<.05). Systemic corticosteroid use was a risk factor for cortical cataract (OR=3.70: 95% CI 1.43‐9.56: p<.05). Spending more than 4 hours/day outside on weekdays increased the risk of grade II & III cortical cataract, OR= 2.91 (1.13‐9.62: p<.05). Comparing positive rate ratio of early cortical opacities in Reykjavik and Melbourne, by upper and lower lens hemispheres, the rate is about 90 for both cities for the lower half of the lens while for the upper half of the lens this figure is 70.6 for Reykjavik and 46.8 for Melbourne. This is in an a agreement with the difference in zenith angle between the two cities. After adjusting for age, sex and smoking nuclear cataract is associated with twofold increased 5‐year mortality risk (p<.05). Conclusions: Modifiable risk factors include smoking, solar UV radiation and the use of cortical steroids. Nuclear lens opacification carries increased 5‐year risk of mortality and may be a suitable index for projected life span.
Prevalence and risk factors of lens opacities in urban and rural chinese in Beijing
Authors: JONAS JB , XU L , CUI T , ZHANG S , SUN B , ZHENG Y , HU A , LI J , MA K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the prevalence of lens opacities in the elderly Chinese population in an urban and a rural region of Beijing. Methods: The study included 4439 subjects out of 5324 subjects invited to participate (response rate 83.4%). It was divided into a rural part (1973 (44.4%) subjects) and an urban part (2466 (55.6%) subjects). The study was limited to participants age 40 and older and the mean age was 56.2 ± 10.6 years (range, 40 – 101 years). Nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities were assessed based on standardized slit lamp photographs of the lens using a modification of the grading score of the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Results: Of the 4439 persons examined, 4378 (98.6%) subjects (8724 eyes) provided lens data. Prevalence of any cataract surgery was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0, 1.7), being statistically independent of gender (p=0.51; odds ratio [OR]: 0.86; 95%CI: 1.00, 1.34), rural area versus urban region (p=0.25), and level of education (p=0.84). Prevalence of any nuclear lens opacity was 82.0% (95%CI: 80.8, 83.2), of any cortical lens opacity was 10.3% (95%CI: 9.4, 11.3), and of any posterior subcapsular opacity 4.3% (95%CI: 3.7, 4.9). If grade “2” of nuclear lens opacity was considered to be normal, prevalence of nuclear cataract was 50.3% (95%CI: 48.8, 51.8), and the overall prevalence of any cataract was 53.1% (95%CI: 51.6, 54.6), increasing from 6.5% (95%CI, 5.2, 7.8) in those 40 to 49 years old, to 52.3% (95%CI: 47.4, 55.3) in those 50 to 59 years old, and to 97.8% (95%CI: 96.4, 99.2) in those 70 years and older (p<0.001). Frequencies of any cortical cataract and any subcapsular posterior cataract, respectively, were 10.3% (95%CI: 9.4, 11.3), and 4.3% (95%CI: 3.7, 4.9), respectively. Conclusions: Cataract is common among adult Chinese residents in Beijing with age as the most important associated factor. In view of the relatively low rate of cataract surgery performed so far, one may expect a marked increase in the number of cataract surgeries to meet the visual needs of the growing elder population in China.
Biometry issues
Authors: SMITH G 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo outline the biometric variables that we consider to be exclusion criteria when making the IOL power calculations for patients having simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery. I will also attempt to go beyond standard optimisation of biometry to yield results with a very tight standard deviation. I will then examine whether or not the biometric result in the first eye of unilateral surgery can be used to predict the outcome of the second eye.
Straylight after cataract operation
Authors: GRABNER G , MARVAN M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To measure intraocular straylight in patients with pseudophakia and to compare the results with those of patients in a large population sample without eye diseases and with different signs of cataract. Methods: In a large prospective European study with five participating eye clinics a total of 2211 active drivers, 45 years of age and older, were included. The examination included a complete ophthalmological evaluation with multiple visual function tests and the measurement of intraocular straylight with a newly developed system. Lens opacities were classified with the LOCS III lens classification system. Results: Increasing density of lens opacification was significantly related to increased straylight values. This resulted in a modified behavior regarding the patients driving habits.Unexpectedly, patients with bilateral pseudophakia showed similar straylight values as those that were classified as having bilateral moderate cataract. Mean age of the pseudophakic patient group was similar to subjects with more severe forms of cataract. Conclusions: Following cataract surgery and implantation of a clear artificial lens, one would expect intraocular straylight to be significantly lower that in the control population with moderate cataract. This was not the case in this large series of patients, however.Several causes may be considered relevant for this observation:First pseudophakia‐related changes, such as untreated posterior capsular fibrosis and, possibly IOL decentration, have to be considered.Secondly increasing straylight values with age that are not only lenticular of origin, but also a consequence of age‐related pigmentary changes such as migration and thinning of uveal pigment from the iris, increasing vitreal opacities and loss of melanin within the retinal pigment epithelium itself.
C‐quant for clinical screening
Authors: ASPINAL PA , DHILLON B , HILL AR , GRAVES R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: A study was carried out on 105 patients referred for cataract surgery at the Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion Edinburgh. The aim of the study was toa) examine criteria significant for referral in current practice.b) explore the implications of a greater emphasis to QoL critera Methods: Three categories of variable were assessed – visual function (visual acuity,contrast sensitivity); cataract morphology ( oxford grading system, stray light meter) and quality of life (QoL ‐ vf14, Sparrow scales). Referral procedures followed current clinical practice. A follow up on 30 patients was carried out 3 months after surgery. Results: 78% of patients were referred for surgery and of these 77% were first eyes. The main discriminators for surgery in current practice for all patients and those with Snellen <=6/12 were LogMar acuity, Pelli Robson contrast sensitivity, stray light, brunescence, and white scatter, and QoL. Stray light measures correlated with LogMar (r=0.28, p<.01 and Pelli Robson r=.35, p<.01). Exploratory regression in both groups showed that LogMar distance acuity followed by the stray light measures were the best discriminators of current practice.Quality of life scales as criteria for surgery were more difficult to predict (70% as opposed to 83% accuracy) and showed Pelli Robson contrast sensitivity as the main predictor in conjunction with LogMar and straylight measures. Follow up at 3 months on QoL scales showed a very high proportion of patients reporting satisfaction. Conclusions: Stray light measures are found to predict current referral practice and quality of life scales. Current practice is from the patients perspective effective in delivering high post surgery satisfaction rates.
Genetics of corneal endothelial dystropies
Authors: VITHANI EN 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Purpose‐ To determine whether mutations in genes SLC4A11 and TCF8 causative of recessive CHED and PPCD, respectively, may also play a pathogenic role in the more common Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy. The endothelial (posterior) corneal dystrophies, which result from primary endothelial dysfunction, include Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FECD), posterior polymorphism dystrophy (PPCD) and congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). As they share common features of disease it is possible that a proportion of them could be clinical manifestations of different mutations of the same gene. Methods: Method‐Exons SLC4A11 and TCF8 gene were PCR amplified in 64 Chinese FECD cases and then subjected to bi‐directional sequencing. Eighty Chinese samples were used as normal age matched controls. To characterise SLC4A11 mutations wild type and mutant cDNA constructs were transfected in to HEK293 cells and protein extracts used for immunoblot analysis and cell surface processing assays. Confocal immunolocalization were also performed using established protocols. Results: Results‐Three heterozygous mutations were identified in this screen of 64 FECD patients. These were two missense mutations (G709E and T754M) and one deletion mutation (99‐100delTC). Missense mutations involved amino acid residues showing high interspecies conservation indicating that mutations at these sites would be deleterious. Accordingly, immunoblot analysis, biochemical assay of cell surface localization and confocal immunolocalization showed that missense mutants were defective in localization to the cell surface. No convincing pathogenic mutations were identified in the TCF8 gene. Conclusions: Conclusion‐ Our data suggests that 4.7% (95% CI=0.98% to 13.1%) of FECD in the Chinese can be attributable to SLC4A11 mutations.
Familial correlations and gene‐environment interactions for myopia
Authors: SAW SM 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the combined contributions of environmental and genetic risk factors for myopia in children. Methods: Children aged 7 to 9 years from 3 schools were recruited and the children have been followed annually since 1999. Cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry measures were conducted annually in the schools, and buccal specimens were collected. TheWhole Genome Association (WGA) scans of buccal DNA using the Illumina Sentrix HumanHap 550 Genotyping BeadChip assay will be performed. We propose to compare the top ranked genes of 1250 children with greater change in refraction with children with the smallest changes in refraction. Results: There were 1478 Chinese, 349 Malays and 152 children who were Indian and other races. Using a Cox Proportional Hazards model, children with 2 myopic parents had 3.89 times higher risks of myopia, compared with children with 0 myopic parents. Parental history of myopia interacted with reading in books per week to increase the risks of myopia, suggesting gene‐environment interaction. There were 159 sibling pairs in this cohort. After adjusting for age and sex, the between‐sibling correlation in refractive error was 0.447 (95% confidence interval 0.314, 0.564) and between‐sibling 1‐year change in refractive error was high at 0.420 (95% confidence interval 0.282, 0.543). The pilot WGA study of matched sets of 5 unamplified buccal DNA samples, 5 amplified buccal DNA samples, and 5 saliva DNA samples using the Oragene saliva kit revealed mean call rates of 0.9986, 0.9881, and 0.9929, respectively. Conclusions: Thus, both the contributions of environment and genes will be documented in detail in this cohort.
Clinical look‐a‐like
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: There are a number of neuro‐ophthalmic disorders which exhibit similar clinical manifestations and thus pose a diagnostic challenge to the practicing ophthalmologist. Early recognition and differentiation of the common neuro‐ophthalmic diagnoses that resemble each other can avoid time‐consuming and expensive investigations. Methods: A format of case examples is used to illustrate pairs of neuro‐ophthalmic conditions that have similar initial presentation. The discussion focuses on key features that are unique to each entity. Conclusions: The clinician will be more familiar with common neuroophthalmic “look‐alikes” and will know specific tips for how to distinguish between the two diagnostic conditions.
Management misadventures
Authors: BOSCHI A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Neuro‐ophthalmic diseases have the potential for delay in diagnosis, misdiagnosis, or mismanagement. Methods: The presented clinical cases will cover optic neuropathy such as arteritic and non‐arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Graves’ disease, sarcoidosis, myasthenia and others.Through the clinical cases of the common neuro‐ophthalmic disorders, we will discuss the common mis‐steps in the clinical and imaging diagnostic approach. We will also consider the consequences of delay diagnosis, and the importance of an early treatment will be highlight.For each case, we will review the clinical diagnostic criteria and the management recommendations will be discussed.
Long‐term results of combined treatment with excision and cryosurgery for malignant epithelial tumors of the conjunctiva
Authors: ALTAN‐YAYCIOGLU R , PEKSAYAR G , ONAL S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the long‐term results of combined treatment with excision and cryosurgery for malignant epithelial tumours of the conjunctiva. Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with conjunctival malignant epithelial tumours and treated with excision and cryosurgery were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic features of the patients, characteristics of the tumours, and the peculiarities of the recurrences were recorded. The recurrence‐free survival was determined, and the logrank test was used to compare the recurrences according to histological classification. Results: A total of 55 subjects (57 eyes), 19 female and 36 male, were included. Their ages ranged between 15 and 82 years (mean 55 +/‐ 14 years). Histological diagnosis was conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 26 (46%) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva in 31 eyes (54%). All eyes were treated with excision and cryosurgery with nitrous oxide probe. During the follow‐up period of 6 months to 15 years, seven (12.3%) recurrences were observed. The success rate for patients with CIN and invasive SCC was 88.5 and 87.1%, respectively. There was no difference for recurrence rates between CIN and invasive SCC groups according to logrank test (P=0.68). Conclusions: Over the long‐term follow‐up, cryosurgery following excision is a successful method in the treatment of conjunctival intraepithelial tumours and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva with favourable outcome and minimal complications.
The response of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva to treatment with photodynamic therapy
Authors: BARBAZETTO IA , LEE TC , ABRAMSON DH 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was originally developed for tumor treatment. Based on initial promising animal studies, we investigated the clinical use of PDT for treating conjunctival neoplasia. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent conjunctival neoplasia / squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCC) were treated as part of an interventional case series. Patients received one to three treatments of 6 mg/m2 body surface area verteporfin (Visudyne, Novartis Ophthalmics, Switzerland) intravenously. The light dose was calculated as 50 J/cm2. All tumors were irradiated 1 minute after a bolus injection. Patients were followed weekly and then in monthly intervals up to 1 year. Retreatment was performed as early as one months after the initially treatment based on clinically and angiographic exam. Results: Angiographic occlusion of the tumor vasculature was usually observed one week after treatment. Signs of tumor regression were seen in all patients one month after treatment. Highly vascularized (papillomatous) lesions showed the most dramatic response to treatment. PDT was well tolerated with only minimal side‐effects including mild ocular irritaion, subconjunctival hemorrhage, chemosis and one case of infusion related back‐pain. No conjunctival scaring, thinning or scleral thinning were observed following treatments. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy could potentially offer a less invasive approach to treating non‐melanotic conjunctival lesions in a subset of patients. However, larger studies are warranted to assess optimal treatment parameters and long‐term tumor control.