bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminist praxis in a trade union gender project
Authors: Ledwith Sue 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTResearch as political feminist engagement is explored through analysis of a collaborative west–east European gender equality project with trade union women. Similarities with and differences between forms of labourist and feminist research praxis are discussed. These are brought together through the Freirian concept of conscientizacao or conscientisation, a dialogic pedagogy which has at its core the dialectic of reflection and action. It is proposed that such a framework can be usefully deployed for gendering analysis of ‘engaged’ industrial relations.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of Panadol Extend and immediate‐release paracetamol in a simulated overdose model
Authors: Tan Clifford , Graudins Andis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  Panadol Extend is a modified‐release paracetamol formulation in which each 665 mg tablet contains 69% slow‐release and 31% immediate‐release paracetamol. There are no data on Panadol Extend pharmacokinetics in overdose. It is unknown whether the paracetamol treatment nomogram can be used to make decisions regarding the toxicity of this product in overdose.Objective:  To compare the pharmacokinetics of Panadol Extend and immediate‐release paracetamol (APAP‐IR) in simulated overdose model in healthy volunteers.Methods:  Cross‐over study using a dose of 90 mg/kg ideal body weight of Panadol Extend or APAP‐IR in seven healthy volunteers. Serum paracetamol concentrations were measured over 12 h. Maximal paracetamol concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) were compared.Results:  Mean paracetamol dose was 73 mg/kg actual body weight. Panadol Extend produced lower Cmax (0.208 mmol/L ± 0.02 vs 0.48 mmol/L ± 0.02, P = 0.0001) and AUC0−12 h when compared with APAP‐IR. Tmax was delayed with Panadol Extend (2.83 h ± 0.26 vs 0.94 h ± 0.17, P = 0.0001). Absorption was complete in all subjects by 4 h post ingestion in both study arms. Elimination t1/2 was 1.69 ± 0.09 h for APAP‐IR and 1.65 ± 0.13 h for Panadol Extend (not significant).Conclusions:  Reductions in Panadol Extend Cmax and AUC0−12 h might be related to elimination occurring during the absorption phase. In this model of Panadol Extend moderate overdose, Tmax was significantly delayed. In larger overdoses, time to peak paracetamol levels might be further delayed, because of continuing absorption from the formulation. Therefore, the paracetamol treatment nomogram might not reliably predict hepatotoxicity from Panadol Extend if paracetamol levels are measured too early.
Rural‐Urban Disparities in Health‐Related Quality of Life Within Disease Categories of Veterans
Authors: Weeks William B. , Wallace Amy E. , Wang Stanley , Lee Austin , Kazis Lewis E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Compared to their urban counterparts, rural veterans have been found to have lower health‐related quality of life. Purpose: To determine whether these disparities persist when examining disease categories of rural and urban veterans. Methods: We obtained survey data on 748,216 veterans who were current or anticipated Veterans Health Administration patients. Using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐9CM codes, we determined whether these veterans had diagnoses that fell into any of 30 physical health disease categories, and we used ZIP codes to determine whether veterans lived in rural or urban settings. We compared rural to urban prevalence of disease categories as well as urban to rural health‐related quality‐of‐life physical health component summary scores (PCS) and mental health component summary scores (MCS) for each disease category. Findings: Physical diagnoses were significantly more prevalent in the rural veteran population for most disease categories examined. For every disease category examined, PCS were significantly lower for veterans who lived in rural, compared to urban, settings (P < .001 for all); rural veterans also experienced lower MCS for all disease categories although differences were modest. Differences persisted after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: Compared to the urban veteran population, within disease categories, the rural veteran population experiences higher disease prevalence and lower physical and mental quality‐of‐life scores. Policymakers should anticipate greater health care demands from the rural veteran population and work to meet that demand.
The Role of Rural Health Clinics in Hospitalization due to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: A Study in Nebraska
Authors: Zhang Wanqing , Mueller Keith J. , Chen Li‐Wu , Conway Kevin 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Hospitalization due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) is often used as an indicator for measuring access to primary care. Rural health clinics (RHCs) provide basic primary care services for rural residents in health professional shortage areas (HPSAs). The relationship between RHCs and ACSCs is unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the presence of RHCs in rural HPSAs and the likelihood of having an acute or chronic ACSC as the reason for hospitalization. Methods: Nebraska hospital discharge data (1999‐2001) and the 2003 Area Resource File were used in this analysis. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the presence of RHCs in rural HPSAs and the likelihood of having an ACSC as the reason for hospitalization, after controlling for individual characteristics and county‐level contextual factors stratified by 3 age groups. The eligibility for logistic regression was limited to patients from 28 rural Nebraska counties designated as HPSAs in 2001. Patients with commercial payers were excluded from the study. Findings: Elderly patients residing in rural Nebraska HPSAs with at least one RHC were significantly less likely to have a hospitalization due to chronic ACSCs. Conclusions: The presence of RHC is a significant factor associated with fewer hospitalizations for chronic ACSCs among the rural elderly residing in HPSAs.
Financial Indicators for Critical Access Hospitals
Authors: Pink George H. , Holmes G. Mark , D’Alpe Cameron , Strunk Lindsay A. , McGee Patrick , Slifkin Rebecca T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: There is a growing recognition of the need to measure and report hospital financial performance. However, there exists little comparative financial indicator data specifically for critical access hospitals (CAHs). CAHs differ from other hospitals on a number of dimensions that might affect appropriate indicators of performance, including differences in Medicare reimbursement, limits on bed size and average length of stay, and relaxed staffing rules. Purpose: To develop comparative financial indicators specifically designed for CAHs using Medicare cost report data. Methods: A technical advisory group of individuals with extensive experience in rural hospital finance and operations provided advice to a research team from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Twenty indicators deemed appropriate for assessment of CAH financial condition were chosen and formulas determined. Issues 1 and 2 of the CAH Financial Indicators Report were mailed to the chief executive officers of 853 CAHs in the summer of 2004 and 1,092 CAHs in the summer of 2005, respectively. Each report included indicator values specifically for their CAH, indicator medians for peer groups, and an evaluation form. Findings: Chief executive officers found the indicators to be useful and the underlying formulas to be appropriate. The multiple years of data provide snapshots of the industry as a whole, rather than trend data for a constant set of hospitals. Conclusions: The CAH Financial Indicators Report is a useful first step toward comparative financial indicators for CAHs.
Urban‐Rural Differences in the Availability of Hospital Information Technology Applications: A Survey of Georgia Hospitals
Authors: Culler Steven D , Atherly Adam , Walczak Sandra , Davis Anne , Hawley Jonathan N. , Rask Kimberly J. , Naylor Vi , Thorpe Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Information technology (IT) has been identified as a potential tool for improving the safety of health care delivery. Purpose: To determine if there are significant differences between urban and rural community hospitals in the availability of selected IT functional applications and technological devices. Methods: A mailed survey of community hospitals in Georgia assessing the current availability of IT applications (54.6% response rate). Findings: Georgia hospitals reported having 63.6% of 56 possible functional applications computerized but only 52.9% of 41 technological devices. Compared to rural hospitals, urban hospitals had significantly more functional applications computerized (38.0 vs 31.8, P = .031) and technological devices available (23.9 vs 18.2, P = .016). Urban hospitals had significantly (P < .05) more IT applications available in 4 areas: emergency room services (7 of 10), surgical/operating room (8 of 12), laboratory (7 of 12), and radiology (5 of 11). Overall, the availability of IT applications was bimodal in rural hospitals: over 40% of rural hospitals had adopted over 70% of all applications, while approximately 26% of rural hospitals had adopted less than 30%. Conclusions: Some of the observed urban/rural differences in availability of IT applications may be due to differences in the scope of services provided by rural hospitals, in particular laboratories, radiology departments, emergency rooms, and surgery/operating rooms. Nevertheless, the bimodal distribution of IT applications adopted in rural hospitals raises concerns about the ability of selected rural hospitals to take advantage of regional data‐sharing initiatives and maintain quality of patient care in the future.
Characteristics of Rural and Urban Cadaveric Organ Transplant Donors and Recipients
Authors: Weeks William B. , Lushkov Gili , Nelson William A. , Wallace Amy E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Health disparities have been found when comparing rural and urban populations. Purpose: To compare characteristics of rural and urban cadaveric transplant donors and recipients. Methods: We used deidentified individual‐level data on 55,929 cadaveric transplant donor‐recipient exchanges between 2000 and 2003 and examined the relative rates of donating and receiving cadaveric transplants for rural compared to urban residents, as defined by ZIP Codes. Findings: When compared to their urban counterparts, rural organ donors were more likely to have died from head trauma, drowning, motor vehicle accidents, or suicide and less likely to have died from cerebrovascular events, cardiac events, or homicide (P < .001 for all). Rural transplant recipients had lower levels of educational attainment and were less likely to have had the transplant financed by private insurance (P < .001 for all). While we found no statistical difference in days wait to organ transplantation, rural residents were more likely to donate than to receive cadaveric organs (P < .001). Conclusions: The differences in organ donation that we found warrant further exploration.
Dental Services for Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in US Community/Migrant Health Centers
Authors: Lukes Sherri M. , Simon Bret 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are recognized as a medically underserved population, yet little information on need, access, and services is available—particularly with regard to oral health care. Purpose: This study describes the facilities, services, staffing, and patient characteristics of US dental clinics serving migrant and seasonal farmworkers, and identifies trends and issues that may impede or improve dental care access and service. Methods: National databases were used to identify community and migrant health centers providing oral health care to migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Mailed surveys collected information on clinic history, operational details, services provided, patient demographics, employment and resource needs, and perceived barriers to care. Findings: Among the 81 respondents (response rate 41%), hours of operation varied from 1 evening a week to more than 40 hours a week; 52% had no evening hours. Almost all the clinics offered preventive, diagnostic, and basic restorative dental services, and roughly two thirds also offered complex restorative services. Patients most frequently sought emergency dental care (44%) followed by basic restorative services (32%) and preventive services (26%). The dentist position was the most difficult to fill, and new funding sources were cited as the most important resource need. Respondents perceived cost of services, lack of transportation, and limited clinic hours as primary barriers to care. Conclusions: While some barriers to care have been almost universally addressed (eg, language), there is evidence that some impediments remain and may present significant obstacles to a broad improvement in oral health care for migrant and seasonal farmworkers.
Hepatitis C Virus Entry Depends on Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
Authors: Blanchard Emmanuelle , Belouzard Sandrine , Goueslain Lucie , Wakita Takaji , Dubuisson Jean , Wychowski Czeslaw , Rouillé Yves 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Due to difficulties in cell culture propagation, the mechanisms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry are poorly understood. Here, postbinding cellular mechanisms of HCV entry were studied using both retroviral particles pseudotyped with HCV envelope glycoproteins (HCVpp) and the HCV clone JFH-1 propagated in cell culture (HCVcc). HCVpp entry was measured by quantitative real-time PCR after 3 h of contact with target cells, and HCVcc infection was quantified by immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence detection of HCV proteins expressed in infected cells. The functional role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in HCV entry was assessed by small interfering RNA-mediated clathrin heavy chain depletion and with chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-coated pit formation at the plasma membrane. In both conditions, HCVpp entry and HCVcc infection were inhibited. HCVcc infection was also inhibited by pretreating target cells with bafilomycin A1 or chloroquine, two drugs known to interfere with endosome acidification. These data indicate that HCV enters target cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, followed by a fusion step from within an acidic endosomal compartment.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Binding Properties of Adeno-Associated Virus Retargeting Mutants and Consequences for Their In Vivo Tropism
Authors: Perabo Luca , Goldnau Daniela , White Kathryn , Endell Jan , Boucas Jorge , Humme Sibille , Work Lorraine M. , Janicki Hanna , Hallek Michael , Baker Andrew H. , Büning Hildegard 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) targeting vectors have been generated by insertion of ligand peptides into the viral capsid at amino acid position 587. This procedure ablates binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), AAV-2's primary receptor, in some but not all mutants. Using an AAV-2 display library, we investigated molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, demonstrating that peptides containing a net negative charge are prone to confer an HSPG nonbinding phenotype. Interestingly, in vivo studies correlated the inability to bind to HSPG with liver and spleen detargeting in mice after systemic application, suggesting several strategies to improve efficiency of AAV-2 retargeting to alternative tissues.
Sequestration and Protection of Double-Stranded RNA by the Betanodavirus B2 Protein
Authors: Fenner Beau J. , Goh Winnie , Kwang Jimmy 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Betanodavirus B2 belongs to a group of functionally related proteins from the sense-strand RNA virus family
Nodaviridae
that suppress cellular RNA interference. The B2 proteins of insect alphanodaviruses block RNA interference by binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), thus preventing Dicer-mediated cleavage and the subsequent generation of short interfering RNAs. We show here that the fish betanodavirus B2 protein also binds dsRNA. Binding is sequence independent, and maximal binding occurs with dsRNA substrates greater than 20 bp in length. The binding of B2 to long dsRNA is sufficient to completely block Dicer cleavage of dsRNA in vitro. Protein-protein interaction studies indicated that B2 interacts with itself and with other dsRNA binding proteins, the interaction occurring through binding to shared dsRNA substrates. Induction of the dsRNA-dependent interferon response was not antagonized by B2, as the interferon-responsive
Mx
gene of permissive fish cells was induced by wild-type viral RNA1 but not by a B2 mutant. The induction of
Mx
instead relied solely on viral RNA1 accumulation, which is impaired in the B2 mutant. Hyperediting of virus dsRNA and site-specific editing of 5-HT2C mRNA were both antagonized by B2. RNA editing was not, however, observed in transfected wild-type or B2 mutant RNA1, suggesting that this pathway does not contribute to the RNA1 accumulation defect of the B2 mutant. We thus conclude that betanodavirus B2 is a dsRNA binding protein that sequesters and protects both long and short dsRNAs to protect betanodavirus from cellular RNA interference.
TORC1 and TORC2 Coactivators Are Required for Tax Activation of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeats
Authors: Siu Yeung-Tung , Chin King-Tung , Siu Kam-Leung , Yee Wai Choy Elizabeth , Jeang Kuan-Teh , Jin Dong-Yan 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein activates viral transcription from the long terminal repeats (LTR). Mechanisms through which Tax activates LTR have been established, but coactivators of this process remain to be identified and characterized. Here we show that all three members of the TORC family of transcriptional regulators are coactivators of Tax for LTR-driven expression. TORC coactivation requires CREB, but not ATF4 or other bZIP factors. Tax physically interacts with TORC1, TORC2, and TORC3 (TORC1/2/3), and the depletion of TORC1/2/3 inhibited Tax activity. TORC coactivation can be further enhanced by transcriptional coactivator p300. In addition, coactivators in the p300 family are required for full activity of Tax independently of TORC1/2/3. Thus, both TORC and p300 families of coactivators are essential for optimal activation of HTLV-1 transcription by Tax.
Sequence Analysis and Organization of theNeodiprion abietisNucleopolyhedrovirus Genome
Authors: Duffy Simon P. , Young Aaron M. , Morin Benoit , Lucarotti Christopher J. , Koop Ben F. , Levin David B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOf 30 baculovirus genomes that have been sequenced to date, the only nonlepidopteran baculoviruses include the dipteranCulex nigripalpusnucleopolyhedrovirus and two hymenopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses that infect the sawfliesNeodiprion lecontei(NeleNPV) andNeodiprion sertifer(NeseNPV). This study provides a complete sequence and genome analysis of the nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects the balsam fir sawflyNeodiprion abietis(Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Diprionidae). TheN. abietisnucleopolyhedrovirus (NeabNPV) is 84,264 bp in size, with a G+C content of 33.5%, and contains 93 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven predicted ORFs are unique to this baculovirus, 10 ORFs have a putative sequence homologue in the NeleNPV genome but not the NeseNPV genome, and 1 ORF (neab53) has a putative sequence homologue in the NeseNPV genome but not the NeleNPV genome. Specific repeat sequences are coincident with major genome rearrangements that distinguish NeabNPV and NeleNPV. Genes associated with these repeat regions encode a common amino acid motif, suggesting that they are a family of repeated contiguous gene clusters. Lepidopteran baculoviruses, similarly, have a family of repeated genes called thebrogene family. However, there is no significant sequence similarity between the NeabNPV andbrogenes. Homologues of early-expressed genes such asie-1andlef-3were absent in NeabNPV, as they are in the previously sequenced hymenopteran baculoviruses. Analyses of ORF upstream sequences identified potential temporally distinct genes on the basis of putative promoter elements.
The Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 76:NF45 Heterodimer Inhibits Translation Initiation at the Rhinovirus Type 2 Internal Ribosome Entry Site
Authors: Merrill Melinda K. , Gromeier Matthias 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Poliovirus (PV) plus-strand RNA genomes initiate translation in a cap-independent manner via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in their 5′ untranslated region. Viral translation is codetermined by cellular IRES
trans
-acting factors, which can influence viral propagation in a cell-type-specific manner. Engineering of a poliovirus recombinant devoid of neuropathogenic properties but highly lytic in malignant glioma cells was accomplished by exchange of the cognate poliovirus IRES with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), generating PV-RIPO. Neuroblast:glioma heterokaryon analyses revealed that loss of neurovirulence is due to
trans
-dominant repression of PV-RIPO propagation in neuronal cells. The double-stranded RNA binding protein 76 (DRBP76) was previously identified to bind to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal cells and to inhibit PV-RIPO translation and propagation (M. Merrill, E. Dobrikova, and M. Gromeier, J. Virol. 80:3347-3356, 2006). The results of size exclusion chromatography indicate that DRBP76 heterodimerizes with nuclear factor of activated T cells, 45 kDa (NF45), in neuronal but not in glioma cells. The DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer binds to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal but not in glioma cells. Ribosomal profile analyses show that the heterodimer preferentially associates with the translation apparatus in neuronal cells and arrests translation at the HRV2 IRES, preventing PV-RIPO RNA assembly into polysomes. Results of this study suggest that the DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer selectively blocks HRV2 IRES-driven translation initiation in neuron-derived cells.
Removal of Arginine 332 Allows Human TRIM5α To Bind Human Immunodeficiency Virus Capsids and To Restrict Infection
Authors: Li Yuan , Li Xing , Stremlau Matthew , Lee Mark , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Human TRIM5α (TRIM5α
hu
) only modestly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and does not inhibit simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV
mac
). Alteration of arginine 332 in the TRIM5α
hu
B30.2 domain to proline, the residue found in rhesus monkey TRIM5α, has been shown to create a potent restricting factor for both HIV-1 and SIV
mac.
Here we demonstrate that the potentiation of HIV-1 inhibition results from the removal of a positively charged residue at position 332 of TRIM5α
hu.
The increase in restricting activity correlated with an increase in the ability of TRIM5α
hu
mutants lacking arginine 332 to bind HIV-1 capsid complexes. A change in the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the HIV-1 capsid decreased TRIM5α
hu
R332P binding and allowed escape from restriction. The ability of TRIM5α
hu
to restrict SIV
mac
could be disrupted by the presence of any charged residue at position 332. Thus, charged residues in the v1 region of the TRIM5α
hu
B30.2 domain can modulate capsid binding and restriction potency. Therapeutic strategies designed to neutralize arginine 332 of TRIM5α
hu
might potentiate the innate resistance of human cells to HIV-1 infection.