bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte Production in Mice Infected by the Polycythaemia‐Inducing Friend Virus or by the Anaemia‐Inducing Friend Virus
Authors: Tambourin P. E. , Gallien‐Lartigue O. , Wendling F. , Huaulme D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The changes induced by infection with the anaemia‐inducing (FVA) or the polycythaemia‐inducing (FVP) strain of Friend virus on PCV, RBC, reticulocyte counts, red‐cell and plasma volume and reticulocyte maturation time were studied in Swiss mice for 7 weeks after viral infection. The data indicated that the increase in total blood volume is mainly due to the augmentation of the spleen and liver blood volume in FVA‐disease, whereas it results from the large numbers of red cells produced by the spleen in FVP‐disease.The daily output of reticulocytes was increased four‐fold in FVA infected mice, and thirty‐fold in FVP infected mice by the 50th day post‐infection. The total redcell production for the duration of the experiment was 3 times normal for the FVA group and 13 times normal for the FVP group. A theoretical estimate of the mean red‐cell lifespan in infected mice gave 8 1/2 days for the FVP‐disease and 22 days for the FVA‐disease as opposed to 40 days for the normal mouse.
The dU Suppression Test using 125I‐UdR to Define Biochemical Megaloblastosis
Authors: Herbert Victor , Tisman Glenn , Go Le Teng , Brenner Lois 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test measures the de novo pathway to synthesis of DNA‐thymine. It demonstrates that in normoblastic human bone marrow the incorporation of triated thymidine (3H‐TdR) into DNA‐thymine is suppressed to less than 10% of control value by preincubation of bone marrow cells for 1 hr with deoxyuridine (dU), but in megaloblastic marrow cells there is less suppression.In the current study it was demonstrated that 125I‐deoxyuridine (125I‐UdR) incorporation into DNA‐125I‐UdR may substitute for 3H‐TdR incorporation into DNA‐thymine in this test, thus simplifying the procedure by replacing a betaemitter with a gamma‐emitter.Biochemical megaloblastosis was demonstrated or ruled out after incubation of human bone marrow for 3 hr with either tracer. The biochemical lesion present in folate or B12 deficiency can thus be recognized even in the absence of morphological change. The technique resolved questions raised by unclear bone marrow morphology and misleading serum vitamin B12 or folate levels, and is now routinely used in our laboratory on all bone marrow aspirates.
Methylmalonic Acid Excretion Studies
Authors: Chanarin I. , England J. M. , Mollin Caroline , Perry Janet 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Oral valine and isoleucine were equally effective in producing an increased urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) in vitamin B12 deficiency but oral MMA itself, methionine and leucine were unsatisfactory.MMA excretion was increased in 16 out of 23 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency after valine and/or isoleucine loading but remained normal in seven patients. These latter patients tended to have the highest serum vitamin B12 levels and were the least anaemic. Thus, normal MMA excretion cannot be used as evidence to exclude vitamin B12 deficiency. The excretion was within normal limits in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in patients with folate deficiency.
A Comparison of the Properties of Chicken Serum with Other Vitamin B12 Binding Proteins Used in Radioisotope Dilution Methods for Measuring Serum Vitamin B12 Concentrations
Authors: Newmark P. A. , Green R. , Musso A. M. , Mollin D. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and vitamin B12 concentration on the vitamin B12 ‐binding capacities of chicken serum, normal human serum, chronic myelogenous leukaemia serum, and hog intrinsic factor concentrates are compared. The influence of pH on B12‐binding capacity was shown to be greatest at low pH and that of ionic strength was most evident below 0.1 ionic strength, particularly at acidic pH. The effect of B12 concentration on B12‐binding capacity was shown to vary with different binders, the pH of binding, and the time of incubation.It was possible to select conditions for carrying out the binding of B12 to chicken serum so that the amount of B12 bound was virtually unaffected by the kind of variations in pH, ionic strength, or concentration of B12 that could occur in a radioisotope dilution assay of serum vitamin B12. Under these conditions it was further demonstrated that the binding was unaffected by the presence of denatured human serum. In addition chicken serum had a very great binding capacity and affinity for B12, was very stable on storage and was compatible with the use of protein‐coated charcoal.Some conclusions on the optimal use of B12‐binding protein in the radioisotope dilution assay of serum vitamin B12 are made and the high potentiality of chicken serum in such a system is suggested.
Plasma Lysozyme in Drug‐induced and Spontaneous Cyclic Neutropenia
Authors: Hansen Niels Ebbe , Andersen Vagn , Karle Hans 
Published: March 2008

Summary. In order to evaluate how well the plasma lysozyme concentration reflects changes in the neutrophil status in a non‐steady state system, six patients, treated with bone‐marrow depressing agents, were followed with neutrophil counts and plasma lysozyme determinations. In all patients, plasma lysozyme rather accurately mirrored changes in the neutrophil counts. The minimum change in neutrophil counts detectable by sequential studies of plasma lysozyme concentration was about 1000 neutrophils per μl blood, corresponding to a change in the granulocyte turnover rate of 30 × 107 neutrophils per kg per day. No time lag was found between changes in the neutrophil counts and plasma lysozyme concentrations, which suggests that the life span of the neutrophilic granulocytes in the tissues is less than 24 hr. In the neutrophil nadir phases the plasma lysozyme concentration was consistently higher than expected from the neutrophil counts. This was probably to a large extent due to ‘background’ lysozyme from non‐neutrophilic sources, but might in addition suggest a reduced life span in the neutropenic phases.Similar investigations were carried out in two patients with spontaneous cyclic neutropenia. Whereas in these patients little variation of plasma lysozyme with the neutrophil phases could be demonstrated, plasma lysozyme was constantly higher than the concentrations found in the patients with drug‐induced neutropenia at similar neutrophil levels. This suggests a reduced neutrophil life span in the patients with cyclic neutropenia, especially in the nadir phases. Kinetic studies of blood neutrophils with DF32P labelling in one of the patients with cyclic neutropenia showed a slightly reduced blood half‐disappearance time in the zenith phase and a greatly reduced half‐disappearance time in the nadir phase.
Effects of Inflammation on Iron and Transferrin Metabolism
Authors: O'Shea M. J. , Kershenobich D. , Tavill A. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Experimentally induced acute inflammation in rats is associated with a fall in plasma iron and iron‐binding capacity. Transferrin synthesis by the liver of these animals is normal and not increased in the presence of a low serum iron, as it is in iron deficiency.Human splenic macrophages and rabbit pulmonary macrophages which were maintained in culture for up to 1 week showed an ability to take up protein‐bound iron and labelled plasma proteins into the cytoplasm.It is suggested that the macrophage may be the site both of iron sequestration and of transferrin degradation. This would provide a unified hypothesis to account for the finding of a low serum iron and TIBC in inflammatory disorders.
Assessment of the Value of Lysozyme Assay in Neutropenia
Authors: Levi J. A. , Macqueen Ann , Vincent P. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Estimations of the level of serum lysozyme were performed in 55 patients with neutropenia of various causes and bone‐marrow plasma lysozyme was measured in 39 of these patients. Neutrophil kinetic parameters (employing DF32P by an in‐vitro method) and serum lysozyme levels were measured at the same time in 30 of the neutropenic patients and 35 other subjects (14 healthy volunteers and 21 patients with non‐neutropenic disorders).Levels of serum lysozyme were generally low when the bone marrow was hypo‐cellular and splenomegaly absent, and normal or high in the presence of a hyper‐cellular bone marrow and/or splenomegaly. However, no correlations were found between serum lysozyme and any of the neutrophil kinetic parameters measured, for the individual groups of the total group of subjects combined.It appears that levels of serum and bone‐marrow plasma lysozyme depend on a number of different factors. Lysozyme levels may be of some help in the investigation of patients with neutropenia but cannot generally be used to derive any quantitative conclusions regarding the kinetic mechanisms involved in the production of neutropenia.
The Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Autohaemolysis Test and its Relevance to the Mechanism of the Red Cell Lysis
Authors: Eys Janvan , Patterson Janis H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The effect of various inhibitors on autohaemolysis was investigated. Inhibitors of the sodium pump, pentose phosphate pathway, anaerobic glycolysis, or ATP synthesis and loose haemoglobin ligands had little effect. Azide was a powerful haemolytic agent, completely counteracted by glucose. Heinz bodies were seen in the cell after azide haemolysis. Fluoride had a special effect causing greater haemolysis when it was measured after 24 hr than when the cells were left undisturbed for 48 hr. From these data a working hypothesis was deduced that haemolysis seen with the autohaemolysis test requires participation of altered haemoglobin. Cells from patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency have a haemolysis pattern that fits that hypothesis making the older theories of ATP depletion as the mechanism of cell instability less tenable.
Bioassay of Erythropoietin Using Foetal Mouse Liver Cells
Authors: Wardle D. F. H. , Baker I. , Malpas J. S. , Wrigley P. F. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In answer to the need for a less time‐consuming assay of erythropoietin, the establishment of an in‐vitro method using foetal mouse liver cells is described. This could be completed in 26 hr and was capable of detecting erythropoietin in concentrations as low as 0.005 or less International Units/ml. It was found to be useful both for clinical measurements and as a system for the study of erythropoietin production.
Uptake of Vitamin B12 by Phytohaemagglutinin‐Transformed Lymphocytes
Authors: Hoffbrand A. V. , Tripp Edith , Das K. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐transformed lymphocytes have been used as a model cell system to study the uptake of radioactive vitamin B12 by haemopoietic cells. Both mature granulocytes and PHA‐transformed lymphocytes took up more vitamin B12 than mature, non‐transformed lymphocytes. Uptake of vitamin B12 by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was greatest at 48–72 hr of culture, i.e. at about the time or just before the time of peak DNA synthesis.Vitamin B12 deficient lymphocytes took up significantly less vitamin B12 than normal lymphocytes. Folate deficient lymphocytes took up an average of about 50% more vitamin B12 than normal but the difference was not statistically significant for the numbers tested. Vitamin B12 uptake by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was related to their rate of RNA synthesis (measured by 3H‐uridine uptake) and was closely related to active cytoplasmic protein synthesis since it was rapidly inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide.
The Haemolytic Action of Dapsone: The Effect on Red‐Cell Glycolysis
Authors: Rasbridge Marian R. , Scott G. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Some aspects of red‐cell metabolism were studied in blood samples taken from patients on long‐term dapsone therapy. Glucose consumption by the Enibden‐Meyerhof pathway (EMP) was not abnormal and adenosine‐triphosphate (ATP) levels lay within the normal range and were well maintained during incubation. Hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) activity was increased above that which would be expected from the age of the red‐cell population. Red‐cell reduced glutathione (GSH) levels tended to be lower than normal, proportional to the dose of dapsone and GSH levels were unstable on incubation. Red‐cell fractionation studies showed that the older cell fraction had lower GSH levels and more Heinz bodies but proportionally greater HMP activity than the younger cell fraction. It is suggested that the low GSH levels are probably due to the binding of GSH to sulphydryl groups in haemoglobin and possibly the red‐cell membrane. The increased HMP activity in the older cells may, in part, be a compensatory mechanism.
Further Observations on the Serological Specificity C of the A‐B‐O Blood Group System
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Gordon Eve B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: *A simple method has been described for producing antisera containing anti‐C antibodies of high titre and avidity, by immunizing group O individuals having low titres of isoagglutinins with porcine blood group substance A. Such injections can stimulate a rise not only of the anti‐A titre but also of anti‐C with no noticeable effect on the anti‐B titre. The only disadvantage is that although the suitably diluted reagents are potent, they contain anti‐A in addition to anti‐C, and therefore can be used for testing for the presence of C only those red cells or other materials which lack group A specificity. However, reagents suitable for testing for C in the presence of A could be prepared by immunizing group O subjects with group B red cells or B group substance.Evidence is presented that the specificity C is shared by all red cells and other materials having A‐like and or B‐like specificities, though rare individuals exist having red cells agglutinable by anti‐C though lacking both A and B. It is suggested that the specificity C is not due to a determinant group shared by A and B group‐specific substances, but, instead, that overall similarities in the surface structure of their molecules are responsible. Analogies are pointed out which are comparable to the relationship of factor C to the A‐B‐O system; namely, of U to the M‐N‐S and rhG to the Rh‐Hr system, and also of Cc to the simian C‐E‐F blood system of chimpanzees.* To avoid ambiguity, symbols for blood factors (serological specificities) of red cells and their corresponding antibodies are printed in boldface type, symbols for genes and genotypes are printed in italics, and symbols for agglutinogens, phenotypes and blood group systems are printed in regular type.
The Effects of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on the Absorption of Iron in Maize, Wheat and Soya
Authors: Sayers M. H. , Lynch S. R. , Jacobs P. , Charlton R. W. , Bothwell T. H. , Walker R. B. , Mayet F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The absorption of iron from three staple vegetables was measured by the red cell utilization method in iron deficient subjects. The food iron had been labelled with 55Fe by the hydroponic cultivation method. In addition, 59Fe was added with or without carrier iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, prior to cooking. The constant relationship reported by others between the absorption of the two isotopes was confirmed, suggesting that the extrinsic iron and the food iron were absorbed from a common pool. The addition of ascorbic acid to maize porridge before cooking significantly enhanced the absorption of both the intrinsic and the added iron. However, no effect was noted with soya biscuits or with whole wheat bread (100% extraction). Evidence was obtained that these differences were due to the oxidative destruction of the ascorbic acid by the high temperatures required for baking. If, therefore, a feasible method were found for supplementing vegetable foodstuffs with ascorbic acid and inorganic iron, nutritional benefit would only be anticipated with uncooked or boiled foods.
Microangiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia Associated with Hypercakaemia in an Experimental Rat Tumour
Authors: Hilgard Peter , Hohage Roderich , Schmitt Werner , Köhle Walter 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A severe microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia develops during the course of tumour growth in rats bearing the solid Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Early changes of blood coagulation are the prolongation of the clotting and clot‐forming time in the thrombelastogram, a reduction of factor‐VIII activity and impaired platelet aggregation. Subsequent decrease of plasma fibrinogen and blood platelets indicate intravascular coagulation as the cause of the haematological changes. Fibrinogen turnover studies with homologous 131I‐fibrinogen showed a significantly shortened half time. Concomitant with the alterations of the clotting mechanism a decrease of plasminogen level as well as an increasingly prolonged euglobulin lysis time were found; these may be interpreted as the result of the fibrinolytic response to intravascular fibrin deposition. Histological examination of the animals’ organs demonstrated fibrin strands and large fibrin thrombi exclusively in the capillaries of the tumour. Simultaneously with the intravascular coagulation syndrome the animals develop a hypercalcaemia caused by a parathyroid hormone‐like substance elaborated by the tumour tissue. Since clinical reports point to an interrelation between thrombotic disorders and hyperpara‐thyroidism, the possible role of hypercalcaemia in triggering intravascular coagulation is briefly reviewed.
A New Haemorrhagic Disorder with Defective Fibrin Stabilization and Cryofibrinogenaemia
Authors: Rosenberg R. D. , Colman R. W. , Lorand L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. An acquired haemorrhagic syndrome is described in which the failure of haemostasis is due to impaired crosslinking of fibrin. This defect, demonstrated by both monochloroacetic acid clot‐solubility test and disc‐gel electrophoretic analysis of individual fibrin chains, existed despite normal fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) levels in the patient's plasma. Activation of the factor by thrombin, measured by amine incorporation into casein, was normal.The unique molecular defect in this patient could be fully accounted for by the presence of an inhibitory IgG antibody against the crosslinking sites in fibrinogen‐fibrin. No alteration could be seen in either the rate or in the extent of the reversible aggregation of fibrin. However, large amounts of cryoprecipitate were found in the patient's plasma. This phenomenon could be reproduced in vitro by incubating the chromatographically purified IgG of the patient with normal fibrinogen at 4°C.It is conceivable that the antibody in the patient could have arisen in response to the modification of normal fibrinogen by isonicotinic acid hydrazide which the patient had ingested for 8 yr.
Separation and Partial Characterization of a Coagulant Enzyme from Bitis gabonica Venom
Authors: Marsh N. A. , Whaler B. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The venom of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) has been shown to possess both coagulant and anticoagulant activities in vitro. These findings confirm in part previous results, the latter effect probably being achieved by proteolytic breakdown of fibrinogen.A partially purified coagulant has been recovered by ion‐exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Initial results indicate that this material may be similar in some respects to ancrod and reptilase. Anaesthetized rabbits were totally defibrinated without any apparent short‐term deleterious effects.
Red‐Cell Organic Phosphates in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure on Maintenance Haemodialysis
Authors: Chillar R. K. , Desforges Jane F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The red cells of 17 patients with chronic renal failure and anaemia were studied after a mean duration of 4 hr haemodialysis; red‐cell 2, 3‐diphosphoglycerate (DPG) showed a significant fall whereas red‐cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP) remained unchanged. During the same period arterial blood pH showed a significant rise and in 10 out of 17 instances, reached frankly alkalotic values (> 7.45). Serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) fell by 40% during this time and may have been a factor in the fall of 2, 3‐DPG. This fall in 2, 3‐DPG in red cells was more pronounced in four patients who were given transfusions of banked blood during the haemodialysis period.There was no correlation between 2, 3‐DPG and arterial blood pH or between ATP and pH. There was no correlation between the degree of change of 2, 3‐DPG and the predialysis serum Pi or the degree of change, although the mean value of both declined after dialysis. Similarly, no correlation was observed between ATP and predialysis Pi. Constantly occurring complex biochemical alterations may be limiting factors responsible for this lack of expected relationship between these measurements.These changes might result in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues in uraemic patients since the haemoglobin oxygen affinity may be increased after haemodialysis by the dual effect of a fall in red‐cell 2, 3‐DPG and an increase in blood pH.
Studies of Red‐Cell Membrane Function in Heterozygous β Thalassaemia and Other Hypochromic Anaemias
Authors: Knox‐Macaulay H. H. M. , Weatherall D.J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Red‐cell membrane function in normal individuals has been compared with that of a group of patients with either heterozygous β thalassaemia, irondeficiency anaemia or sideroblastic anaemia. The metabolic abnormalities in β‐thalassaemic red cells were very similar to those observed in other forms of hypochromic anaemia. The hypochromic cells showed a marked increase in osmotic resistance after incubation for 24 hr which was corrected by buffered glucose but not by D‐xylose. Maximal inhibition of the Na + K‐+ membrane pumps by 10‐4 ouabain and 10‐3 M ethacrynic acid caused a significant increase in osmotic resistance of both normal and thalassaemic cells. The Na+ and K+ concentrations of ‘young’ and ‘old’ thalassaemic cell populations separated by centrifugation did not differ from normal. There was an increased rate of K+ flux across the membrane of both thalassaemic and iron‐deficient red cells, with a net increase in the rate of K+ loss from the cells. The rate of movement of Na+ in and out of the cells was normal in all the hypochromic anaemias studied. The rates of glucose utilization and lactate production were increased in normal and thalassaemic ‘young’ cells but there was no increase in the ‘old’ populations of thalassaemic cells with increased K+ fluxes. ATP levels were normal in all the abnormal cells studied. It is concluded that all the forms of hypochromic anaemia examined are characterized by increased K+ fluxes and excessive loss of K+ from the cells. The possible relationship between red‐cell haemoglobin content and membrane function is discussed.
Sporadic G6PD Deficiency with Haemolytic Anaemia in Two Children of West European Ancestry
Authors: Sonnet J. , Lievens M. , Verpoorten C. , Kriekemans J. , Eeckels R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Two unrelated children of Western European ancestry, originating from the North Flemish part of Belgium were found to have a deficiency of red‐cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (D‐glucose‐6‐phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD) activity, with chronic non‐spherocytic haemolytic disease. The first hemizygous propositus exhibited subsequent episodes of haemolytic jaundice precipitated by upper respiratory infections. The second hemizygous propositus had neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and later chronic haemolytic disease enhanced by febrile upper respiratory tract infections.Characterization of the enzyme of the first case revealed that it was a variant which had not been previously reported and it was tentatively named G6PD Kessel‐Lo.