bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technique for measuring the relative movement of herbicides in soil under leaching conditions
Authors: Chapman T. , Gabbott P. A. , Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique for determining the relative leaching of herbicdes in soil is described. This consists of coating a glass plate with a uniformly thin layer of soil, applying the herbicde as a streak to the bottom of the plate and then cluting it with water. This is analogous to thin‐layer chromatography.After clution, the position of the herbicide is determined by a bioassay with browntop grass (Agrostis tenuis). This provides a speedy and economical method which is particularly useful as a screen for experimental herbicides.
Hazards to wildlife from the use of DDT in orchards
Authors: Bailey S. , Bunyan P. J. , Jennings D. M. , Taylor A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation into the poisoning of birds with 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2, 2‐di (4‐chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) on a fruit farm in South‐East England is described. Pesticide levels in wild birds were sufficient to be held responsible for deaths. It is suggested that levels in samples of soil, earthworms, sludge, eggs, etc. did not indicate the source of the poisoning. Examination of caged birds following exposure to normal spraying indicated little hazard from this type of operation. Some discussion of the assessment of levels of intoxication is included.
Evaluation of bromophos‐ethyl for the control of Anopheles Sp. In Southern iran
Authors: Golestani J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField experiments were carried out in Iran during 1966 to evaluate bromophos‐ethyl against larvae of three Anopheles species. Preliminary studies with Culex pipiens fatigans in polluted water near Teheran had shown a residual effect of from 5 to 8 days. In a large‐scale trial in southern Iran a mean residual effect of 5 days was obtained against larvae of Anopheles Stephensi mysorensis. Persistence of bromophosethyl could be related to the rate of water exchange.
Interaction between the factor delaying penetration of insecticides and the desethylation mechanism of resistance in organophosphorus‐resistant houseflies
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe desethylation (gene a) and penetration delaying (pen) factors of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides isolated by genetical methods from the diazinon‐selected SKA strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) were inbred into a strain whose resistance was compared with that of flies with single factors of resistance and the SKA strain. Pen alone decreases kill marginally, and gene a alone raises LD50 to 1·4–48 times that of susceptible flies, depending on the insecticide. The two factors together increase resistance greatly to many organophosphorus insecticides (up to 5–10 times or more to diazinon, malathion‐ethyl and chlorthion‐ethyl than of flies with gene a only) indicating that the two factors interact. Interaction is greater against the thionates than the corresponding phosphates, probably because pen delays entry of thionates more than of the corresponding phosphates. The role in resistance of each factor when hetero‐and homo‐zygous, and the reasons for interaction, are discussed.
Collaborative study of the determination of paraquat and diquat in formulated products
Authors: Ashley M. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults of a collaborative study undertaken by a Sub‐Committee of the Pesticides Analysis Advisory Committee (P.A.C.) of Great Britain to examine analytical methods for paraquat and diquat formulations are quoted. The methods recommended for adoption by the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Committee (C.I.P.A.C.), together with procedures for preparation of pure analytical standards of paraquat dichloride and diquat dibromide monohydrate, are given in Appendices I and II respectively.
Effect of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid on the morphology and apical dominance of Agropyron repens
Authors: Caseley J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐Chloroethylphosphonic acid applied to foliage or soil released dormant buds from apical dominance in aerial shoots and rhizomes of Agropyron repens. The aerial shoots had scale‐like leaves and shortened internodes with adventitious roots at the nodes. The treated plants had a dwarf appearance and had increased peroxidase activity.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution: XVII.—Activity of various 4‐(1‐substituted n‐alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols and esters against apple powdery mildew
Authors: Fieldgate Diana M. , James Carolyn S. , Byrde R. J. W. , Woodcock D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMembers of series of 4‐(cyclobutylalkyl, cyclohexylalkyl and benzylalkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols were tested in a glasshouse against apple powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera leucotricha. Three series involving a cyclohexyl substituent separated from the phenolic nucleus by one, two or three methylene groups were of the same order of activity, but replacement of this substituent by a phenyl group in one case, resulted in a marked decrease in activity. Of a number of esters tested, none was significantly more active than the corresponding phenol.
Chemical composition of soyabeans from plants treated with growth retardants
Authors: El‐Fouly M. M. , Moustafa H. A. , Attia K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTreating soyabean plants with chlormequat chloride or N‐dimethyl‐N‐(β‐chloroethyl) hydrazonium chloride in concentrations of 50–400 ppm at two different growth stages did not affect the content of the different N‐fractions or of oils in the seeds obtained. Some treatments led to small increases in total carbohydrate content.
Effect of the herbicides propham and chlorpropham on the rate of mitosis of human lymphocytes in culture
Authors: Timson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicides propham and chlorpropham at concentrations between 10 and 1000 mg/1 have been shown to reduce the rate of mitosis of human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Chlorpropham is more anti‐mitotic than propham and the effect of both increased with time of exposure. It is suggested that these compounds be used with great care since the data given here suggest that they are active in human cells.
Growth‐regulating activity of some thiazole‐and thiazoline‐acetic acids
Authors: Garraway J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe growth‐regulating activity of a number of 2‐susbstituted thiazole‐and thiazoline‐acetic acids is reported. 2‐ChIorothiazole‐4‐acetic acid showed appreciable activity in the wheat and pea tests, whilst activity was also observed with the 2‐amino‐, 2‐methylamino‐and 2‐methyl‐analogues. 2‐Substituted thiazoline‐acetic acids were inactive. The activity of these compounds, N‐(carboxymethyl)‐rhodanine and other acids is discussed in relation to the usual structural requirements of growth regulators.
Residues of tetrachlorvinphos and its breakdown products on treated crops. I.—Method development
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcedures are described for the analysis of crops for residues of tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona, trans‐isomer of dimethyl 1‐(2′,4′,5′‐trichlorophenyl)‐2‐chloroyinyl phosphate) insecticide together with methods for the analysis for residues of its isomer and its conjugated and non‐conjugated breakdown products. Suitable procedures for the extraction are described together with procedures for the cleanup of the extracts by partition or column chromatography and final analysis down to 0·01 ppm or less by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron capture detection.
Ethylene oxide and its persistent reaction products in wheat flour and other commodities: Residues from fumigation or sterilisation, and effects of processing
Authors: Scudamore K. A. , Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of dosage, temperature, moisture content and conditions of storage on the retention of ethylene oxide by a range of commodities after exposure to the vapour were studied in laboratory tests at treatment levels normal for sterilisation and for insect control.The extent of reaction of ethylene oxide with inorganic halides and water to form halohydrins and glycols was investigated with reference to amounts of inorganic chloride and bromide present, moisture content and acidity of the commodity, and storage temperature. Residual compounds were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography of acetone‐water extracts during a period of up to a year after treatment.When commodities were kept at 25°c, either under air‐tight storage conditions or freely aired, residual ethylene oxide usually fell to below 1 ppm within 14 days, but in flour kept under air‐tight conditions after treatment at sterilisation level, 50–100 ppm remained at this time and traces were found after 90 days. At lower temperatures ethylene oxide disappeared more slowly.Levels of ethylene chlorohydrin produced during and after exposure to ethylene oxide ranged from zero in groundnuts and cocoa beans at fumigation dosage to thousands of parts per million in sterilised curry powder and turmeric.Ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene bromohydrin, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol persisted in some commodities after treatment but the halohydrins disappeared from finely divided products under the influence of air movement and ethylene bromohydrin slowly decomposed under sealed conditions.In the preparation of baked and steamed products from flour containing ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene bromohydrin, from 20 to 100% of the original residue was lost, depending on the alkalinity of the conditions used.It is concluded that residual amounts of ethylene oxide and glycols produced in foodstuffs by such treatments are unlikely to constitute a toxic hazard, and that in ethylene chlorohydrin formed otherwise significant amounts may partly disappear during storage and cooking. The presence of glycols or halohydrins in treated commodities could be interpreted as an indication that other changes in chemical composition may have taken place, the overall effects of which might best be determined by long‐term animal feeding trials.
Persistence to rainwashing of DDT wettable powders
Authors: Phillips F. T. , Gillham E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amounts of DDT removed by ‘rainwashing’ deposits of wettable powders on glass or cotton leaf surfaces were greatly diminished if the powders were formulated with amine stearates. The age and the density of the deposit affected retention to a lesser degree. Rates of loss by ‘rainwashing’ the deposits from both types of surface could be described in general terms by double exponential equations.The initial rate at which DDT penetrated into cotton leaves, but not the amount that penetrated after several weeks in the laboratory at 20°c, was influenced by the presence of amine stearates in the formulation (which formed stearic acid in the deposits). The proportional amounts, and the total amounts, of DDT that penetrated from these unweathered deposits depended on the deposit density.
Laboratory purification of fenitrothion
Authors: Kovačičová J. , Masud Zafar , Bátora V. , Kováč J. , Truchlik Š. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple method for laboratory purification of fenitrothion technical concentrates for analytical purposes is described. The method is based on the differential rate of alkaline hydrolysis of fenitrothion, its S‐methyl isomer and corresponding oxygen analogue. The volatile impurities are removed by counter‐current steam distillation.
Behaviour of phosphamidon within the young almond fruit, and action of translocated phosphamidon and monocrotophos on the egg and the young larva of the almond wasp, Eurytoma amygdali
Authors: Plaut H. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of systemic insecticides to control the egg or the young larva of the almond wasp, Eurytoma amygdali, within the nucellus of the young almond fruit was examined. Phosphamidon was found to leave low, but very persistent residues in the seed, and rather high and persistent residues in the pericarp of the fruit.Phosphamidon and monocrotophos were applied as sprays at three different phenological dates. They did not prevent hatching. 0.03% Phosphamidon was effective in killing the larvae when applied after about 66% had hatched, but had little or no effect when applied earlier, when only 12% of the eggs had hatched, or later, 2 weeks after termination of hatch. 0.06% Phosphamidon was effective when applied at 12% hatch, but not when applied 2 weeks after the termination of hatch. 0.08% Monocrotophos was particularly effective at both application times.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds IV.—Essential features for insecticidal activity in chrysanthemates and related cyclopropane esters
Authors: Barlow F. , Elliott M. , Farnham A. W. , Hadaway A. B. , Janes N. F. , Needham P. H. , Wickham J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA range of 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl cyclopropane carboxylates and other esters are evaluated against house‐flies, mustard beetles and two mosquito species. The results show the importance for activity of a gem‐dimethyl group on the cyclopropane ring and that substitutions at C3 give wide variations in insecticidal activity and marked species specificity. Some of the compounds had considerable knockdown activity against houseflies, but the structural requirements for this type of action differ markedly from those for kill.
A possible biochemical mode of action of the fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide
Authors: Corbett J. R. , Goose J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe commercial fasciolicides nitroxynil, hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide have the following minimum uncoupling concentrations when tested with rat liver mitochondria by an oxygen electrode assay: 27‐33 μ, 0.6‐0.8 μ and 0.3‐0.4 μM, respectively. The compounds stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake of intact flukes in Warburg flasks 20‐40% over the untreated rate at 10‐100 μ, 1‐10 μM and 0.1‐1 μM, respectively. Apparent death (i.e. lack of movement after 24 h exposure) was caused by 170‐350 μM, 3.5‐7 μm and 3.5‐7 μM, respectively. The approximate correlation between the concentrations necessary to cause uncoupling in isolated mitochondria, stimulation of oxygen uptake by whole flukes, and apparent death, suggest that the fasciolicidal effect of all three compounds may be due to uncoupling.
Biocidal activities of some heterocyclic organotin sulphides
Authors: Ison R. R. , Newbold G. T. , Saggers D. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of trialkyl‐ and triaryltin heterocyclic sulphides were prepared and tested for pesticidal activity In general the tripropyl‐ and tributyltin derivatives possessed the highest potencies but the heterocyclic moiety had little effect on activities.
Application of carbon disulphide evolution method for the differentiation of bisdithiocarbamates from methyldithiocarbamates
Authors: Ghezzo Floriano , Magos L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe carbon disulphide evolution method is suitable for establishing the group specificity of an unknown dithiocarbamate fungicide. At 55°C methyldithiocarbamates release all their as CS2 whether hydrolysed in sulphuric acid or acetic acid solution, whereas the liberation of CS2 from bisdithiocarbamates in sulphuric acid is at least 2–5 times as high as in acetic acid.
Mercury content of some foodstuffs of vegetable origin
Authors: Lee D. F. , Thomas B. , Roughan J. A. , Watters E. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn analytical method and results are given for the determination of total mercury residues in: Brussels sprouts; cabbages, heading broccoli and kale; potatoes; apples; carrots; imported tomatoes; tinned tomatoes, tomato juices and purees; rice; sugar. Residues in the 146 samples were in the range <0.001 to 0.010 parts/million, the mean being 0.0027 parts/million.
Availability of atrazine to plants in different soils
Authors: Walker A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe concentrations of atrazine in the shoots of wheat plants growing in 12 different soils were directly proportional to the soil solution concentrations of herbicide estimated from slurry adsorption measurements. There was a marked discrepancy between the total uptake of herbicide and the amount theoretically supplied by mass‐flow in response to transpiration. This discrepancy was less when plants were grown in nutrient solutions. In an experiment with one soil only, the half‐life of atrazine was 22 days and when the solution concentration in this soil was corrected for this change, a much closer prediction of atrazine uptake could be obtained. The ways in which interactions between adsorption, breakdown and transpiration rates may affect herbicide toxicity under field conditions are discussed.
Imidazoles III. Pesticidal screening of some substituted 1‐hydroxyimidazoles
Authors: Allan G. G. , Chopra C. S. , Mattila T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe screening of 30 substituted 1‐hydroxyimidazoles as herbicides, anthelmintics, insecticides, bacteriostats, fungicides, coccidiostats and nematocides disclosed a broad spectrum of biological activity in all but two compounds. The most pesticidally active imidazoles carried an interdiazal benzenoid or heterocyclic aromatic ring substituent with a phenolic or potentially phenolic group attached thereto.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. Pesticide residues in raspberries and strawberries
Authors: Findlay Elizabeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOver the period 1968/70 147 samples of raspberries and 124 samples of strawberries were analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues. DDT was found in 30% of the samples but only one sample contained as much as 1.4 parts/million. No residues were detected in the raspberries during the last year of the survey which coincided with the discontinued use of DDT on this crop. 184 of the above samples were also analysed for residues of organophosphorus insecticides and the fungicide dichlofluanid. Malathion was found in one sample of raspberries. Approximately 40% of the strawberries contained detectable amounts of dichlofluanid and its metabolite with combined residues ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 parts/million. Only two samples of raspberries contained residues of either dichlofluanid or its metabolite. It is considered that the residues of these various pesticides should not present a hazard to consumers.
The breakdown of [14C]monocrotophos insecticide on maize, cabbage and apple
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of 14C‐labelled monocrotophos (dimethyl 3‐hydroxy‐N‐methyl‐cis‐crotonamide phosphate) on the foliage of maize, cabbage and apple and on apple fruit has been studied. The breakdown products were mainly hydrophilic compounds such as (II) and probably dimethyl phosphate. Other breakdown products were (III), (IV) (free and conjugated), (VI) and (IX).In maize and apple (IV) was conjugated with sugars other than ß‐D‐glucose and a polar component, possibly a conjugate, was present in cabbage but this may not have been derived from (IV)magnified image.
Observations on the physiological basis for the selectivity of morfamquat to graminaceous plants
Authors: Brian R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bipyridylium herbicide morfamquat damages dicotyledon plants in a similar way to paraquat but unlike paraquat, has little activity on Gramineae such as cocksfoot, wheat and maize.Results are presented which show that this selective action is not due to differences in the amounts of chemical taken up by treated leaves of susceptible and resistant plants or to differences in the degree of movement in plants.Freeze‐thaw experiments show that the plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes of sensitive and resistant weeds are less permeable to morfamquat than to paraquat. Whilst this could account for differences in activity of the two herbicides on cocksfoot, further evidence is given which shows that selectivity is not due to differences in morfamquat movement from free space to cytoplasm. Differential movement from cytoplasm into the chloroplasts of resistant and susceptible species may be the basis of the selective action, but several other mechanisms of selectivity are also mentioned.
Residues of organochlorine pesticides in broilers from feed fortified with known levels of these compounds
Authors: De Vos R. H. , Bouwman J. , Engel A. B. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractp, p'‐DDT, HEOD, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene and lindane were fed in combination to day‐old broiler chickens at levels of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.30 part/million in the feed, for a period of about 7 weeks. Birds were killed at regular intervals and samples of abdominal fat and other tissues examined for residues of the chlorinated pesticides by gas‐liquid chromatography. The lipid content of each sample was determined and the residue levels calculated for the whole tissue and also for the fat contained in the sample.At the end of the 7 weeks (when in practice broilers are slaughtered) residues were highest for heptachlor epoxide, followed by hexachlorobenzene, HEOD, DDT (total), endrin, and lindane. Heptachlor epoxide residue levels in fat were 13 times the levels in the feed, for lindane the ratio was 3.3. Fat residues of each pesticide reached a plateau level relatively quickly, and these levels were proportional to the fortification rates in the feed. HEOD and p, p'‐DDT alone were fed to separate groups of birds. No differences in residue build‐up of these compounds were found between these groups and the groups that had received these compounds in combination with the other pesticides.The total amounts of each pesticide in the tissues were reduced when the meat was fried, probably by loss of fat during preparation and frying. For p, p'‐DDT and heptachlor epoxide also smaller residue were observed in the remaining fat after frying.
Factors affecting the activities of nitrophenol fungicides IV. The influence of hydrogen bonding
Authors: Clifford D. R. , Fieldgate Diana M. , Watkins D. A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe control of powdery mildew on marrows (caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea) achieved with 4‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols, 2‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols, 4‐(1‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenyl crotonates, cycloalkyldinitrophenols, 2‐cyclohexyl‐halogeno‐nitrophenols and 4‐cyclohexyl‐2‐substituted‐6‐nitrophenols is discussed. Certain combinations of partition and intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding capacities lead to vapour phase and/or zonal activity or to penetration of the leaf surface followed by possible translocation, phytotoxicity or translaminar activity. The capacity of the phenol to hydrogen bond to the leaf cuticular waxes has a considerable influence upon the fate of these materials when used as foliar fungicides.
The fate of the molluscicide N‐tritylmorpholine following its use on pastures for the control of liver fluke
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N. , Bosio P. , McGill A. E. J. , Robinson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe molluscicide N‐tritylmorpholine (FRESCON,FRESCON is a Shell trade mark.
trifenmorph) is used for the control of the intermediate snail hosts of fascioliasis in livestock. Laboratory and field studies have been undertaken to establish the fate of the compound following its use on pasture.Radiochemical techniques have been used under laboratory conditions to identify the potential degradation products. The major one has been shown to be triphenylcarbinol.Triphenylcarbinol was detected on pastures treated at 0.4 to 0.5 kg/ha under practical conditions but the residues of it and of the parent molluscicide were generally below 0.3 mg/kg within 8 weeks of the application. On the pasture grass half of the initial deposit of N‐tritylmorpholine was lost within 1 to 3 weeks and on soils it was lost within 1 to 4 weeks.Residues could not be detected in the tissues of sheep feeding on the treated pasture. Whilst small residues (0.023 mg/kg or less) were detected in the milk of some cows feeding on the pasture soon after application they were absent (below 0.002 mg/kg) in the milk at 10 days or more from treatment.