bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate control on ancestral population dynamics: insight from Patagonian fish phylogeography
Authors: RUZZANTE DANIEL E. , WALDE SANDRA J. , GOSSE JOHN C. , CUSSAC VICTOR E. , HABIT EVELYN , ZEMLAK TYLER S. , ADAMS EMILY D. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChanges in lake and stream habitats during the growth and retreat of Pleistocene glaciers repeatedly altered the spatial distributions and population sizes of the aquatic fauna of the southern Andes. Here, we use variation in mtDNA control region sequences to infer the temporal dynamics of two species of southern Andean fish during the past few million years. At least five important climate events were associated with major demographic changes: (i) the widespread glaciations of the mid‐Pliocene (c. 3.5 Ma); (ii) the largest Patagonian glaciation (1.1 Ma); (iii) the coldest Pleistocene glaciation as indicated by stacked marine δ18O (c. 0.7 Ma); (iv) the last southern Patagonian glaciation to reach the Atlantic coast (180 ka); and (v) the last glacial maximum (LGM, 23–25 000 years ago). The colder‐water inhabitant, Galaxias platei, underwent a strong bottleneck during the LGM and its haplotype diversity coalesces c. 0.7 Ma. In contrast, the more warm‐adapted and widely distributed Percichthys trucha showed continuous growth through the last two glacial cycles but went through an important bottleneck c. 180 000 years ago, at which time populations east of the Andes may have been eliminated. Haplotype diversity of the most divergent P. trucha populations, found west of the Andes, coalesces c. 3.2 Ma. The demographic timelines obtained for the two species thus illustrate the continent‐wide response of aquatic life in Patagonia to climate change during the Pleistocene, but also show how differing ecological traits and distributions led to distinctive responses.
Soluble ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 as Markers of Endothelial Activation
Authors: Videm V. , Albrigtsen M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractActivated endothelium releases the soluble adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1). Measurement of fluid‐phase adhesion molecules is therefore used to quantify endothelial activation, but it is unclear which is the better marker. The aims of the study were to compare the relationships between mRNA, surface and total expression and released VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 in endothelial cell cultures during activation, and to compare human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with the microvascular cell line HMEC‐1. sVCAM‐1 better represented mRNA and surface expression changes in HUVEC undergoing endotoxin stimulation than did sICAM‐1. Very little VCAM‐1 was released from endotoxin‐stimulated HMEC‐1, and sICAM‐1 seemed a better activation marker for these cells. During incubation of HUVEC in media with glucose concentrations of 5.6, 10.6 or 20.6 mm, VCAM‐1 was released to the media in a dose‐dependent way without changes in surface expression. ICAM‐1 was not influenced by the glucose concentration. There are situations when VCAM‐1 concentrations in the media do not mirror the surface expression on HUVEC in culture, indicating that measurements of soluble adhesion molecules may not necessarily be representative of the conditions on the cell surface. Endothelium from different locations showed varying responses with respect to VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 liberation upon endotoxin stimulation. Thus, both sVCAM‐1 and sICAM‐1 should be quantified in clinical studies of endothelial activation until their characteristics are better clarified.
Source model for the Mw 6.1, 31 March 2006, Chalan‐Chulan Earthquake (Iran) from InSAR
Authors: Peyret M. , Rolandone F. , Dominguez S. , Djamour Y. , Meyer B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe use InSAR to measure deformation and kinematics of the Mw = 4.9 Borujerd (2005/05/03) and Mw = 6.1 Chalan‐Chulan (2006/03/31) earthquakes that occurred in the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt. The focal mechanism of the 2006 event is consistent with right lateral strike‐slip motion and the event ruptured the Dorud‐Borujerd segment of the Main Recent Fault. An Envisat interferogram spanning the 2006 event shows peak ground deformation of 9 cm in the satellite line‐of‐sight along a 10 km long fault portion. The interferogram spanning the 2005 earthquake is rather related to atmospheric artefact than to ground deformation. Dislocation models of the 2006 Chalan‐Chulan event indicate dextral slip amounting to a maximum of 90 cm at a depth of 4 km. The predicted vertical displacements are in good agreement with differential levelling data. The 2006 event filled only a small part of the seismic gap located between large M = 7 events that occurred in 1909 and 1957.
High rate GPS data on active volcanoes: an application to the 2005–2006 Mt. Augustine (Alaska, USA) eruption
Authors: Mattia Mario , Palano Mimmo , Aloisi Marco , Bruno Valentina , Bock Yehuda 
Published: March 2008

AbstractVolcanic eruptions are usually preceded by measurable signals of growing unrest, the most evident of which are the increase in seismicity and ground deformation. It is also important to identify precursors of a possible renewal of the volcanic activity and to distinguish between an eruptive activity characterized by an intrusion (with the related destructive power) and a migration of magma stored in the main conduits. The 2005–2006 eruption at Mt. Augustine (Alaska, USA) is a good example of a massive migration of magmatic fluids from depth (about 1 km b.s.l.) under the effect of gas overpressure. The movements, recorded by High Rate GPS (HRGPS) data (15 s of sampling and processing rate) from the stations deployed on the volcano, define the dimensions and the characteristics of the shallow plumbing system. In this study, we propose a model of the different stages preceding the effusive phase (the ‘precursory phase’), where gas overpressure in the body of the volcano opens the terminal conduit.
Variations of b‐values at the western edge of the Ryukyu Subduction Zone, north‐east Taiwan
Authors: Lin Jing‐Yi , Sibuet Jean‐Claude , Hsu Shu‐Kun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUsing earthquakes relocated in north‐east Taiwan, we estimated b‐value distribution along a cross‐section located near the Ryukyu slab edge, and four b‐value anomalous areas are evidenced: (1) a high b‐value body lying on top of a low Vp, low Vs and high Vp/Vs sausage‐like body was considered as a region of enhanced partial melt or water supply above which seismicity occurs; (2) beneath the Ilan Plain, an anomalous area characterized by b‐values slightly higher than 1.1 might give evidence to the magma conduits to the Kueishantao Island; (3) above the Ryukyu Wadati‐Benioff zone, at depths ranging from 90 to 110 km, a high b‐value anomaly might correspond to the depth where dehydration occurs in the subducting oceanic plate; and (4) a low b‐value area located within the Ryukyu slab, at depths ranging from 70 to 90 km, might be linked to the compressive mechanisms shown by focal mechanisms and the bending of the subducting plate.
Was Cathaysia part of Proterozoic Laurentia? – new data from Hainan Island, south China
Authors: Li Zheng‐Xiang , Li Xian‐Hua , Li Wu‐Xian , Ding Shijiang 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe report here new field and analytical data from Precambrian rocks on Hainan Island of the Cathaysia Block, south China, and examine its probable connection to Laurentia. Granitoids and newly discovered felsic volcanic rocks dated at 1433 ± 6 Ma and 1439 ± 9 Ma (SHRIMP U‐Pb zircon) on Hainan Island are coeval with, and isotopically similar to the 1500–1350 Ma trans‐continental granite‐rhyolite province in southern Laurentia. Quartzites unconformably overlying the ca. 1430 Ma volcaniclastic rocks on Hainan Island are interpreted as locally‐sourced Grenvillian foreland basin deposits that can be correlated with the Deer Trail Group of south‐western Laurentia. The detrital provenance of the quartzites contains age populations comparable to the 1610–1490 Ma, westerly‐sourced non‐Laurentian detrital grains reported in the Belt Basin of south‐western Laurentia. Our new data thus make Cathaysia the most likely continental block next to western Laurentia before and during the late Mesoproterozoic assembly of Rodinia.
Cuticular hydrocarbons are heritable in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus
Authors: THOMAS M. L. , SIMMONS L. W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe ability of individuals to respond differentially to conspecifics depending on their genetic relatedness is a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom. Despite this, little is known about the selection processes that act on the phenotypic variation of traits used during recognition. Here we use a quantitative genetic approach to examine the patterns of genetic variation in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, a pheromonal system used extensively in insect communication. Using gas chromatography, we found family specificity in the CHC profiles of male crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Across CHC peaks, our mean coefficient of additive genetic variation was 10.8%. Multivariate principal component analysis showed that most axes of variation were weighted by CHC peaks with significant additive genetic variation. Our results provide evidence that variation in CHC profiles can reflect genetic relatedness, supporting the widely held belief that this phenotypic trait is used as a mechanism for chemosensory kin recognition.
Costs, benefits and the evolution of inducible defences: a case study with Daphnia pulex
Authors: HAMMILL E. , ROGERS A. , BECKERMAN A. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is one major source of variation in natural populations. Inducible defences, which can be considered threshold traits, are a form of plasticity that generates ecological and evolutionary consequences. A simple cost–benefit model underpins the maintenance and evolution of these threshold, inducible traits. In this model, a rank‐order switch in expected fitness, defined by costs and benefits of induction between defended and undefended morphs, predicts the risk level at which individuals should induce defences. Here, taking predator‐induced morphological defences in Daphnia pulex as a threshold trait, we provide the first comprehensive investigation into the costs and benefits of a threshold trait, and how they combine to reflect fitness and predict the switchpoint at which induction should occur. We develop reaction norms that show genetic variation in switchpoints. Further experiments show that induction can confer a survival benefit and a cost in terms of lifetime reproductive success. Together, these two traits combine to estimate expected fitness and can predict the switchpoint between an undefended and a defended strategy. The predictions match the reaction norm data for clones that experience these costs and benefits, and correspond well to independent field data on induction. However, predictions do not, and cannot, match for clones that do not gain a benefit from induction. This study confirms that a simple theory, based on life history costs and benefits, is a sufficient framework for understanding the ecology and evolution of inducible, threshold traits.
The More the Scarier: Adult Richardson’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) Assess Response Urgency Via the Number of Alarm Signallers
Authors: Sloan Jennifer L. , Hare James F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRichardson’s ground squirrels (RGS) produce alarm calls that warn conspecifics of potential predators. We presented free‐living adult and juvenile RGS with playbacks of repetitive alarm calls from one vs. two juvenile callers broadcast sequentially through two spatially separated loudspeakers. Adult RGS spent a greater proportion of time vigilant in response to two vs. one calling squirrel, whereas juvenile RGS did not respond differentially to two vs. one caller. Apparently then, the relative inexperience of juvenile RGS with alarm calls and the context in which such calls are emitted precludes their enumeration of alarm callers. Taken together with our earlier finding that adult but not juvenile RGS ignore information regarding response urgency encoded in the rate of juvenile produced repetitive calls, our present results suggest a developmental shift in response‐urgency perception. Adult RGS selectively extract information regarding response urgency via discrimination of the number of callers, ignoring less reliable information encoded in the rate of repetitive calls issued by inexperienced juvenile signallers.
Juvenile Female Aggression in Cooperatively Breeding Pied Babblers: Causes and Contexts
Authors: Raihani Nichola J. , Ridley Amanda R. , Browning Lucy E. , Nelson‐Flower Martha J. , Knowles Sarah 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSex biases in adult aggression have been well studied and commonly arise when resources which affect survival or lifetime reproductive success are less abundant or more valuable for individuals of one sex. Despite the prevalence of sex biases in adult aggression, evidence for sex biases in juvenile aggression is scant. Here, we present evidence for female‐biased juvenile aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor). Unlike most cases of non‐lethal sibling aggression, juvenile aggression in pied babblers does not seem to be determined by food availability. Instead, we found that juvenile aggression was related to adult dispersal patterns. This study shows that females that were more aggressive as juveniles attempted dispersal earlier than less aggressive females. Potential explanations for the association between juvenile aggression and adult dispersal patterns are discussed.
Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Recognize Individual Identity of Conspecifics Using Sonar Calls
Authors: Kazial Karry A. , Kenny Tammy L. , Burnett Stephen C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBats use sonar calls to locate prey and orient in their environment but they may also be used by conspecifics to obtain information about a caller. Statistical analysis of sonar calls provides evidence that variation carries social information about a caller, including individual identity. We hypothesized that little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) would be able to recognize individuals given the potential fitness benefits of doing so. We performed playback trials using a habituation‐discrimination design to determine whether little brown bats are able to recognize the individual identity of a caller based on variation in their sonar calls. Each subject bat was played the calls of bat A until they habituated (defined as a 50% decrease from the beginning call rate), then the calls of bat B or a new call sequence of bat A (a control, referred to as bat A’) were played. Each subject received a unique pair of playback recordings (bat A and B) from adult female bats from the same colony (but a different colony from the subject) and the order of trials was randomized. The response measures were habituation time (s) and call rate (calls/s). Within a trial, subjects habituated to calls of bat A and transferred this habituation to the bat A’ sequence. In addition, they increased their call rates when played calls of bat B. Comparing between trials, subjects increased their call rate to the calls of bat B to a greater relative extent than to the calls of bat A’. These results provide the first evidence that bats recognize individual identity of conspecifics (as opposed to discrimination of groups), which has implications for the social interactions of bats.
Himalayan wild cherry (Prunus cerasoides D. Don): a new host of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
Authors: Rana T. , Chandel V. , Hallan V. , Zaidi A. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryHimalayan wild cherry (Prunus cerasoides), widely distributed in the Himalayas, was found to exhibit mild virus‐like symptoms. Leaf samples from affected plants were subjected to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay indexing for known pome and stone fruit viruses, viz., Apple mosaic virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Prunus necrotic ring spot virus and Apple stem grooving virus. Results showed the presence of ACLSV. For further characterization, the coat protein gene was amplified by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Sequencing of the amplicon confirmed the presence of ACLSV. The isolate shared 98% amino acid sequence identity with P1R9D9 (Bulgarian) and C‐2 (Hungarian) isolates of ACLSV. This study reports the presence of ACLSV in Himalayan wild cherry.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi associated with horse chestnut bleeding canker in Germany
Authors: Schmidt O. , Dujesiefken D. , Stobbe H. , Moreth U. , Kehr R. , Schröder Th. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBacteria were isolated from necrotic lesions on a horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) with bleeding canker in Hamburg, Germany. Sequencing of the rDNA‐ITS region revealed great similarity to pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi was identified by sequence homology of the gyrase B gene. This is the first report of P. syringae pv. aesculi in Germany. Phytophthora was not detected.
Effects of Exogenous Insulin on Luteolysis and Reproductive Cyclicity in the Mare
Authors: Rambags BPB , Van Rossem AW , Blok EE , De Graaf‐Roelfsema E , Kindahl H , Van Der Kolk JH , Stout TAE 
Published: March 2008

ContentsInsulin is a pancreatic hormone that classically regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism, but also appears to play a role in various reproductive processes. A preliminary study suggested insulin production by day 10 to 18 equine conceptuses. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that insulin is the conceptus signal responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare, or otherwise influences reproductive cyclicity during the MRP period. Six Warmblood mares were treated daily during days 7 to 17 after ovulation of two successive oestrous cycles with either (short and intermediate acting) insulin or control saline. Mares were assigned randomly to treatment, and crossed over during the subsequent cycle. Time of ovulation and corpus luteum surface area were determined by serial transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the mares’ ovaries, and daily jugular vein blood samples were analysed for progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. On day 14 of dioestrus, the luteolytic drive was examined by measuring systemic 15‐ketodihydroprostaglandin F2α(PG‐metabolite) release in response to oxytocin challenge. In addition, yolk sac fluid recovered from 32 day 10 to 14 equine conceptuses was analysed for insulin concentrations. Insulin administration did not affect luteal size, dioestrus length, the interovulatory interval, or circulating LH concentrations. Insulin administration also failed to suppress oxytocin‐induced PGF2αrelease, and tended to depress systemic progesterone concentrations. Finally, insulin could not be detected in the yolk sac fluid of day 10 to 14 equine conceptuses by radio‐immunoassay. It is concluded that insulin administered daily during days 7 to 17 of dioestrus has little or no effect on reproductive cyclicity in the mare, and is unlikely to be the MRP signal.
Review Article: Cytochrome P450 enzyme, and transport protein mediated herb–drug interactions in renal transplant patients: Grapefruit juice, St John's Wort – and beyond! (Review Article)
Authors: NOWACK RAINER 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Aim:  To survey the evidence for plant‐products to modify cytochrome P450 enzyme, and transport protein mediated drug metabolism in renal transplant patients.Methods:  A literature search was performed to identify “in vitro” and “in vivo” research on plant‐products that might cause overdosage or loss of efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs in transplant patients by the interaction mechanisms already characterized for grapefruit juice and St. John's Wort.Results:  The interaction mechanisms of St. John's Wort by pregnane X‐receptor mediated upregulation of cytochrome‐P450 enzyme 3A4 and p‐glycoprotein expression and of grapefruit juice by mechanism‐based inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 suggest that many other plant products will likewise cause interactions with drugs because they occupy the same metabolic pathways. The respective research on foods, spices and medicinal herbs is listed in a comprehensive table and weighted according to its strength of evidence to cause clinically relevant interactions.Conclusion:  Physicians supervising drug‐regimes in renal transplant patients should be aware of plant products beyond SJW and GFJ to possibly cause overdosage or failure of drug‐treatments by herb‐drug interactions.
Woodlands on farms in southern New South Wales: A longer‐term assessment of vegetation changes after fencing
Authors: Spooner Peter G. , Briggs Sue V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary  Fencing incentive programmes have been widely used throughout Australia to assist landholders to fence remnant woodland vegetation, to control grazing and improve native vegetation condition. This study investigated vegetation and soil condition in remnant woodlands fenced for 7–9 years in the Murray catchment area in southern New South Wales. Surveys were undertaken at 42 sites, where vegetation condition was assessed in paired fenced and unfenced sites. Semi‐structured interviews were also conducted with landholders to gather management information. Woodlands surveyed were Yellow Box/Blakely's Red Gum (Eucalyptus melliodora/E. blakelyi, 15 sites), Grey Box (E. microcarpa, 13 sites) and White Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla, 14 sites).Fencing resulted in a range of responses which were highly variable between sites and vegetation types. In general, fenced sites had greater tree regeneration, cover of native perennial grasses, less cover of exotic annual grasses and weeds, and less soil compaction than unfenced sites. However, there was greater tree recruitment in remnants to the west of the study area, and tree recruitment was positively correlated with time since fencing. Within sites, tree recruitment tended to occur in more open areas with a good cover of native perennial grasses, as compared to sites with a dense tree canopy, or dominated by exotic annuals grasses or weeds. Forty‐eight per cent of fenced sites had no tree regeneration. There was a significant decline in native perennial grasses, and increase of several unpalatable weeds in many fenced areas, suggesting certain ecological barriers may be preventing further recovery. However, drought conditions and associated grazing are the most likely cause of this trend. A range of grazing strategies was implemented in fenced sites which require further research as a conservation management tool. Continued long‐term monitoring is essential to detect key threats to endangered woodland remnants.