bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Marushko Yevhen Yu. , Stychynskyi Oleksandr S. 
Published: April 2024

The aim. To analyze the prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
Materials and methods. The study was conducted in compliance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee during 2018-2021. Due to recurrent complaints of discomfort/pain behind the sternum or shortness of breath during physical exertion in patients after CABG (average time of occurrence 18 ± 6 months after surgery), as well as positive or doubtful result of the stress testing, 31 patients were re-hospitalized for further examination. To diagnose CMD, echocardiography was performed with intravenous dipyridamole in order to determine the coronary flow reserve. The patency of the grafts was confirmed and newly formed hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions were excluded during invasive coronary angiography.
Results. The mean age was 61.2 ± 2.3 years, the majority of the patients were male (20 [64.5%]). The most common comorbid pathologies in the patients were: hypertension in 29 patients (93.5%), impaired glucose metabolism (diabetes/prediabetes) in 17 (54.8%) subjects, 13 (41.9%) patients had a history of myocardial infarction. Left ventricular ejection fraction according to echocardiography was reduced (less than 55%) in 5 (16.1%) of 31 patients, in others it was preserved. After CABG, there was a trend towards the coronary flow reserve increase, but no significant difference was found (1.89 ± 0.08 vs. 2.11 ± 0.13; p > 0.05). The presence of CMD before and after CABG did not change significantly (13 [41.9%] vs. 12 [38.7%]; p > 0.05).
Conclusion. According to the results of the study, CMD is a common pathology in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease and is found in about 40% of patients with repeated myocardial ischemia after CABG. CABG did not affect the frequency of detection of CMD in patients with coronary artery disease before and after the operation.
Treatment of Late Infective Prosthetic Endocarditis Complicated by Cerebral Infarction with Vegetations: Pharmacotherapeutic Approach (Case Report)
Authors: Popov Volodymyr V. , Khoroshkovata Olena V. , Bolshak Oleksandr O. , Boukarim Valery Zh. , Yuvchyk Olena V. , Pukas Kateryna V. , Fedkiv Svitlana V. 
Published: April 2024

Prosthetic endocarditis is a serious complication in a long term. Vegetation as a thromboembolic complication leads to neurologic deficit varying in severity.
Case description. A 35-year-old female patient F. underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Surgical Treatment of Acquired Heart Diseases of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery on September 07, 2016: aortic valve replacement with wrapping tape operation II. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 9th day after surgery in a satisfactory condition. On November 20, 2019, the patient was admitted to the Institute with the diagnosis of late infective prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis, status post aortic valve replacement and wrapping tape operation in 2016, first-degree atrioventricular block, cerebral infarctions in multiple locations with hemorrhagic transformation, with aphasia elements, ataxia, right-sided pyramidal insufficiency and suspected meningitis. After 21 days of drug therapy, the patient responded to treatment successfully and was discharged from the hospital in a satisfactory condition without surgical treatment.
Conclusions. Taking into consideration the serious condition of the patient, timely and carefully selected drug therapy can be the correct solution for the treatment of patients with late infective endocarditis. Thus, surgery is not always the treatment of choice.
Individual Approach to Prescribing Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tseluyko Vira Y. , Butko Olena O. , Kinoshenko Kostiantyn Yu. , Biletska Viktoriia V. 
Published: April 2024

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common hereditary disease of the myocardium. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors are recognized as first-line drugs for the treatment of heart failure, but at the moment there is little known about their use in HCM.
The aim. To assess the possibility of using an acute test with empagliflozin in patients with HCM with echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction.
Materials and methods. Twenty-six non-obstructive HCM patients were examined. All the patients underwent an acute test with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor using 10 mg of empagliflozin and echocardiographic examination before and 3 hours after administration. Twenty-four patients were included in the further analysis (2 patients were excluded due to arrhythmia). The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included subjects with an increase in LVOT pressure after empagliflozin (12 patients), group 2 included those without an increase in the gradient (12 patients).
Results. During the acute test, an increase in LVOT gradient occurred in 12 patients, and in 6 patients the gradient increased significantly and reached more than 30 mm Hg. The indicator at rest in patients before the test was 11.2 (10.1-19), after the test it was 12.45 (8.9-17) mm Hg (p = 0.042). The indicator at the height of the Valsalva test also increased from 15 (11-29) to 15.45 (10.4-33) mm Hg (p=0.29). Comparative analysis of clinical and echocardiographic data did not show significant difference between the groups.
Conclusions. In some patients with HCM without signs of overt or latent obstruction at the baseline, a significant increase in LVOT pressure was noted after acute test with empagliflozin. Conducting an acute test in patients with HCM is appropriate to determine the possibility of the development of LVOT obstruction while taking the drug.
The Effect of the Use of Activation 3D Mapping on the Patient X-Ray Load During Radiofrequency Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: Yakushev Andriy V. , Kravchuk Borys B. 
Published: April 2024

Supraventricular macro re-entry tachyarrhythmias occupy the leading places among all types of tachyarrhythmias. The most common in this category is typical atrial flutter (AFL). This heart rhythm disorder has a negative impact on the patients’ quality of life. Its complications can lead to disability and death due to possible thromboembolism. Therapeutic treatment is limited in effectiveness. The main method of intervention is catheter radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The standard approach of RFA of AFL is performed without the use of navigation systems under fluoroscopy guidance. However, this results in an increased radiation exposure to the patient and the medical personnel. Modern technologies in the field of invasive electrophysiology make it possible to create anatomical models of heart and reproduce the spread of electrical excitation. However, the routine use of additional navigation methods remains controversial.
The aim. To compare the duration of RFA of typical AFL and radiation exposure with the use of anatomical and propagation mapping.
Materials and methods. This study is based on the analysis of the treatment results obtained for 53 patients at the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery in the period from 2014 to 2023. Depending on imaging methods, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group included 27 patients with an anatomical mapping of the right atrium. The second group included 26 patients with propagation mapping.
Results. In all the patients we have achieved a bidirectional conduction block through cavotricuspid isthmus. In the first group, the total duration of confirming the diagnosis and creating the anatomical model was 312 ± 26 seconds. The mean time to the moment of AFL termination and restoration of sinus rhythm was 230 ± 19 seconds. The average duration of the procedure was 41.5 ± 3.5 minutes, the average fluoroscopy time was 120 ± 10 seconds, the average dose area product (DAP) was 15 ± 1.3 Gy·cm2. In the second group, the average time for creating a 3D propagation model of right atrium and verifying the diagnosis was 748 ± 65 seconds. The average time from the first application to the termination of tachycardia was 227 ± 20 seconds. The average duration of the procedure was 55 ± 4.7 minutes, X-ray time was 93 ± 8 seconds, average DAP was 13 ± 1.1 Gy·cm2. The duration of the procedure in the second group was significantly longer (p = 0.03), however, the radiation exposure and DAP were not statistically different (p = 0.31) between the observation groups.
Conclusions. The use of propagation mapping increases the time of the procedure by 24.5% and does not give a significant advantage in reducing the radiation exposure. The use of a navigation system during cavotricuspid isthmus RFA is recommended for concomitant radical treatment of complex supraventricular arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation.
DAMPAK PERILAKU NORMA SOSIAL TIDAK BIASA TERHADAP KUALITAS LAYANAN SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Purwanto  , Fitriany Rifdah 
Published: April 2024

Unusual social norm behavior or what is referred to as new habits has an impact on the process of service interaction during the Covid-19 pandemic. Service providers face a dilemma between implementing health protocols with the consequence of reducing service quality dimensions or the behavior of continuing to ignore health protocols with the consequence of a massive virus transmission process. The pandemic period destroys all unusual service interactions, leading to changes in service models and having an impact on customer satisfaction.
The purpose of the preset study was to examine the effects of social norms on intimacy, competence, disgust and humanness as well as customer satisfaction on retail service interactions during the Covid-19 pandemic. A sample of 257 respondents was analyzed using AMOS 22.0.
Results of the analysis show that, first, unusual social norm had an effect on the intimacy of waiters with customers. Second, unusual social norms had an effect on waiters’ competence. Third, unusual social norms had an effect on disgust in service interactions. Fourth, unusual social norms had an effect on humanness in service interactions. Finally, intimacy, competence, disgust and humanness had an effect on customer satisfaction.
EFEKTIVITAS METODE PICTURE & PICTURE DALAM KETERAMPILAN MENULIS PUISI PADA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI KELAS IV MIS MUHAJIRIN MEDAN POLONIA
Authors: Suhaili Asri 
Published: April 2024

<p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture</em> dalam keterampilan menulis puisi pada pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di kelas IV MIS Muhajirin Medan Polonia. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Menggunakan tekhnik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Tekhnik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pemeriksaan keabsahan data dengan menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi tekhnik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Pelaksanaan metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture</em> dalam keterampilan menulis puisi pada pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di kelas IV MIS Muhajirin Medan Polonia sudah sesuai dengan pedoman metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture </em>dan sesuai rpp yang diterapkan guru. 2) Efektivitas metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture</em> dalam keterampilan menulis puisi diantaranya: siswa terbuka pikiran dalam mengerjakan tugas keterampilan menulis puisi, dapat mengeluarkan ide gagasan serta kreativitas dalam membuat puisi, dan lebih cepat menyelesaikan pengerjaan puisi. 3) Faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture</em> dalam keterampilan menulis puisi diantaranya: mudah dipahami siswa dalam pembelajaran menulis puisi, sejalan dengan prinsip materi guru dalam pembelajaran menulis puisi</p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : Efektivitas, Metode <em>Picture &amp; Picture</em>, Puisi
EFEKTIFITAS PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI ISLAM DALAM MATA PELAJARAN UMUM DI SDIT CAHAYA INSANI TEMANGGUNG
Authors: Wahyuni Wahyuni , Mawardi Imam 
Published: April 2024

<p><strong>ABSTRAK: </strong>Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkombinasi antara ilmu pengetahuan dengan nilai-nilai pokok dasar ajaran Islam sehingga akan memperkuat pemahaman peserta didik tentang Islami di SDIT Cahaya Insani Temanggung.<strong> </strong>Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah Kepala sekolah, Wakil Kepala Sekolah dan Guru. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu metode observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi, sedangkan penyajian keabsahan data dilakukan dengan memfokuskan pada hal-hal yang menjadi pokok bahasan, analisis dan penarikan kesimpulan.<strong> </strong>Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Keterampilan guru dalam menerapkan penanaman nilai-nilai Islam pembelajaran sudah 2) Pendukung diterapkannya penanaman nilai-nilai Islam mata pelajaran umum adalah kerjasama yang baik antara kepala sekolah dengan guru, guru dengan guru yang berusaha mengembangkan kualitas mengajar yang baik dan saling berbagi informasi terbaru terkait hal tersebut, dan guru dimudahkan dalam mengelola kelas, 3) Kendala yang dihadapi guru saat diterapkannya penanaman nilai-nilai Islam dalam mata pelajaran umum adalah dalam perencanaan, masih kurangnya pengetahuan guru tentang variasi nilai-nilai Islami sesuai materi. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : penanaman nilai-nilai Islam, mata pelajaran umum, materi pelajaran</p>
Deterioro óseo en la cirrosis: fisiopatología de la osteodistrofia hepática
Authors: Jeanneret Valerie , Abril Daniela Sofía , González Deyanira 
Published: April 2024

La cirrosis es un estado avanzado de fibrosis, consecuencia de la progresión de la enfermedad hepática crónica, que se caracteriza por destrucción de la arquitectura hepática y predispone al desarrollo de carcinoma hepatocelular. La cirrosis produce cambios metabólicos complejos que conducen al desarrollo de alteraciones en el metabolismo óseo, conocidas como osteodistrofia hepática.
En general, el deterioro de la masa y de la calidad ósea obedecen a factores múltiples, como son: las deficiencias nutricionales, el hipogonadismo, el uso de medicamentos, la deficiencia de vitamina D, la inflamación crónica y la gravedad de la enfermedad. La incidencia de osteoporosis es dos veces más alta en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica, comparada con la de la población general. La tasa de fracturas vertebrales y no vertebrales se encuentra incrementada en la enfermedad hepática crónica, especialmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas. La disponibilidad de la densitometría ósea por absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual ha llevado a un aumento en el diagnóstico de osteoporosis y baja masa ósea en pacientes con enfermedad hepática. Por otra parte, la morfometría vertebral tiene un gran rendimiento para el diagnóstico de fracturas vertebrales asintomáticas.

Se hace una actualización de la literatura científica de la enfermedad ósea en casos de hepatopatía crónica y de las recomendaciones para el manejo de pacientes con cirrosis, enfocado en la salud ósea.
Lesión de la arteria vertebral secundaria a trauma penetrante de cuello por arma corto-punzante
Authors: Gaitán Jimmy Alejandro , Puentes Manosalva Fabian Eduardo 
Published: April 2024

Colombia es un país golpeado por la violencia, siendo afectados de manera variable todos sus departamentos. Dentro del trauma cervical vascular, la lesión de la arteria vertebral es infrecuente con respecto a otras lesiones; sin embargo, es un problema al que se le debe tener gran consideración por su difícil diagnóstico y abordaje quirúrgico cuando es necesario.
El propósito de este artículo fue hacer una revisión de la literatura científica con respecto al tema y presentar un caso atendido en el Hospital de Caldas.
Visualizing Kinematics: Investigating the Impact of Altered Joint Angles on End-Effector Position and Orientation using Rviz and WidowX250-6DOF
Authors: Ali Hassan , Dr. Manaf H.Kadhum  , Dr. Ali Fawzi AbdulKareem  
Published: April 2024

In recent years, the fields of robotics have witnessed major developments, and simulation tools have played an important role in facilitating research and development.
The WidowX250-6DOF robotic arm and the Rviz visualization tool are used in this study to look at how altering joint angles affects the position and orientation of the end-effector. The main goal of this study is to incorporate ROS on a Linux platform in order to give the widowX-250 a simulation environment. Important tasks like the application of forward, position/trajectory control and inverse kinematics should be enabled by this platform. ROS, together with Gazebo, RViz, and MoveIt, are crucial technologies for this project. The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of how variations in joint angles impact the positioning and orientation of the robot's end-effector. The research helps to improve robotic arm control tactics and applications in many different industries, including manufacturing, automation, and robotics.
Beam-space MIMO-NOMA Technique for mm-Wave Communication Systems
Authors: Salih Al Ammar Haider , Hburi Ismail 
Published: April 2024

The multi-input-multi-output-antenna Scheme is regarded as the most promising method for next-generation wireless communication networks that employ millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies and enable them to have a large information throughput. As a result of the large number of radio frequency chains, MIMO mm-wave technology has difficulty with energy consumption. The beam space MIMO (or BS-MIMO for short) reduces the total number of radio frequency components or chains (RF-Chains) without degrading performance significantly. Yeti, VS-MIMO restricts the number of clients that can be supported at the same time-frequency domain (cannot exceed the overall RF-chains number ). In order to cope with such problems, it has been intended to include the NOMA technique (which stands for Non-Orthogonal-Multiple-Access) with the concept of beam space to create the extra model of Non-Orthogonal beam space-MIMO (NOMA-BS-MIMO). With such a scheme the base station can support the service for more than one client (supposed to have correlated channels) through the same beam employing the same radio frequency chain, causing the total clients number greater than the number of employed radio chains in the system.
In this research, the Spectral Efficiency of a proposed Non-Orthogonal beam space-MIMO has been considered. More specifically, the research proposes and develops a simple iterative algorithm with near-perfect performance in terms of system Spectral Efficiency. To achieve rate balancing across users, the proposed method, SLNR-IV, employs the signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio (SLNR) and the intermediate value method. Considering algorithm validity and a particular parameter setting scenario, the proposed strategy improves bandwidth efficiency by around 15% in comparison to the conventional approach based on OFDM and Zero-forcing digital precoder.
الفوضى الخلاقة وأثرها على السياسة الاجتماعية بحث مشترك مستل
Authors: وردة عادل الباحثة , زينب محمد صالح أ.م.د. , منى حيدر أ.م.د. 
Published: April 2024

الفوضى الخلاقة هي استراتيجية صنعتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية لتكون امتداداً لجذور الفوضى السابقة في الحضارات والاساطير القديمة ولكن هذه المرة اتبعتها في نهج دولي جديد ، واستطاعت ان تروج لهذا المفهوم من خلال صيغ أخرى للفوضى الى بناءة وفق بناء سياسي يحمل شقين التفتيتي والتركيبي ،والاتجاه نحو عدم الاستقرار الدولي وحالة من الحروب غير المتكافئة التي تفرزها الفوضى في العلاقات الدولية للبلدان التي تطبق فيها بضمنها العراق, تركت استراتيجية الفوضى الخلاقة بصمتها على العراق الذي دخل في دوامة الصراعات بين مكوناته المختلفة ، بدأت USA تطبيق هذه الاستراتيجية في العراق عام 2003م عن طريق الاحتلال العسكري للعراق بحجة تغيير الأنظمة الحاكمة ، تبعها سلسلة من التغيرات التي طرأت على الانظمة السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية في البلد أسهمت جميعها في احداث ثغرة وضعف في تنفيذ السياسة الاجتماعية في مؤسسات الدولة لاسيما الخدمية منها, ولا يخفى على راسمي السياسات وصانعي القرارات ان السياسات الاجتماعية الناجحة تعتمد على هذه المؤسسات في تحقيق الاهداف المرجوة.
نظرة في تطور المصطلحات العلمية الحديثة في اللغة العربية: المصطلحات اللغوية في اللغة العربية الفصحى أنموذجا
Authors: عيسى الفيفي د. 
Published: April 2024

نتيجة للعولمة والتواصل الحضاري واللغوي، نلحظ تأثير اللغات الأجنبية – وخاصة اللغة الإنجليزية – على اللغة العربية. هذا التأثير تتجلى معالمه بوضوح في الكلمات والمصطلحات العلمية والسمات الأسلوبية الدخيلة على اللغة العربية من اللغات الأخرى. يناقش البحث استعمال المصطلحات العلمية الحديثة في اللغة العربية، ويستعرض الخلاف الكبير في مجامع اللغة العربية الخاصة بأساليب تجديد اللغة العربية ومواكبتها لحاجات العصر في ظل تأثير اللغات الأجنبية.
ويستعرض هذا البحث بيانات متنوعة تخص أساليب إثراء اللغة العربية بالمفردات الجديدة، بوساطة : (أ) استعمال الكلمات الدخيلة أو ما يسمى بـ "الاقتراض"، (ب) صياغة كلمات عربية جديدة بطرق متنوعة كـالاشتقاق الصرفي، والزوائد الصرفية، والقياس، والتركيب، والمزج. ويقدم البحث تقييمًا عمليًّا لهذه الأساليب وذلك بدراسة حالة المصطلحات العلمية في حقل "اللسانيات". كما أن البحث يناقش ضرورة التفريق بين "الكلمة العادية" و"المصطلح العلمي" ؛ إذ إن التمييز بينهما يحل إشكاليات كثيرة ناتجة عن دخول المصطلحات الأجنبية على اللغة العربية.
وقد خلص البحث إلى أن الاقتراض هو الخيار الأمثل لمواكبة التوسع السريع في المصطلحات العلمية في حقل اللسانيات أو غيرها من المجالات العلمية الأخرى. وتضمنت الخاتمة بعض التوصيات والمقترحات للناشرين والعاملين في مجال التخطيط اللغوي فيما يتعلق بطرق التعامل مع الكلمات الأجنبية في اللغة العربية.
قصة "موت موظف" لانطون تشيخوف تتحول الى "نهار ساخن" في بغداد
Authors: عبد العزيز ياسين عباس ا.م.د. 
Published: April 2024

يتناول البحث إمكانية الأدب العالمي وخصوصًا فن القصة القصيرة في تجاوز الحدود الثقافية للبلدان وإلقاء الضوء على التجربة الإنسانية المشتركة في موضوعات غير متوقعة على الاطلاق وذلك باستكشاف تلك الظواهر وتحليلها . وهدف البحث هو الوصول الى مقارنة وتحليل موضوعي وثقافي بين القصة القصيرة الروسية "موت موظف" لتشيخوف و المسرحية العراقية "نهار ساخن" لعواطف نعيم والمستوحاة من تلك القصة. وعلى الرغم من الخلفيات الثقافية والزمانية المختلفة لقصة تشيخوف ومسرحية عواطف نعيم،نجد انهما تتقاربان في تأويل فعل العطس الذي يباغت البطل فجأة ويبدو أمرا اعتياديًّا للوهلة الاولى، ولكنه يكشف فيما بعد عن عمق التأثير على النسيج الاجتماعي والثقافي للمجتمع
السوسيولوجية في رواية شارع باتا لزيد الشهيد على ضوء نظرية لوسيان غولدمن التكوينية
Authors: سکینه خسرجی الباحثة , نعيم عموري د. , جواد سعدون زاده د. 
Published: April 2024

الملخص
يعتبر لوسيان غولدمن مؤسس البنيوية التكوينية وهو يرى أن الأعمال الأدبية تقوم على أبنية عقلية للجماعات أو الطبقات وليس الفرد فقط ويجمع بين الفكر الماركسي والفكر البنيوي لتحديد منهجه فالماركسية تهتم بالعوامل الإجتماعية والإقتصادية كمؤثرات في الإنتاج الأدبي وتهتم البنيوية ببناء النص فقط. فيجمع بين الشكل والمضمون اي بين بنية النص والعوامل الخارجة عنه والمؤثرة فيه من منطلق أن الكاتب يتأثر بالواقع الذي يعيش فيه. المنهج التكويني يتضمن بداهة، ايديولوجيا وتصور للعالم تصور المادية الجدلية والتاريخية. يعتبر زيد الشهيد من ابرز الأدباء العراقيين الذين عالجوا الويلات والصراعات الدموية وتقلبات الشعب العراقي وقضايا امتهم ومجتمعهم ونراه خاصة في روايته شارع باتا اكثر تفاعلا مع مرتكزات البنيوية التكوينية ولذلك يهدف هذا البحث وفق المنهج الوصفي-التحليلي الى دراسة القضايا لإجتماعية والرؤيةالجماعية وكذلك مدى تفاعل الكاتب مع مرتكزات البنيوية التكوينية كالوعي القائم والوعي الممكن والوعى الخاطيء ورؤيةالعالم والفكرة التشيئية ومن أهم النتائج التي وصل اليها هذا البحث هى أن رؤية العالم المتصفة بالفئات الإجتماعية في الرواية متأثرة بالظروف الإقتصادية.