bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating High‐Technology Growth: High‐Tech Employment Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1998*
Authors: Jenkins J. Craig , Leicht Kevin T. , Jaynes Arthur 
Published: May 2008

Objective. Growth in the share of high‐technology employment is critical to discussions of the postindustrial transition. Do new state and local technology policies create growth in the share of high‐technology employment? This article examines this question along with the effects of location and agglomeration advantages, identifying sources of qualitative growth in the U.S. economy.Methods. We examine change in the share of high‐technology employment in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1988 and 1998. High‐technology employment is measured from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey. The scale of state and local technology policies are measured from a comprehensive survey of state and local technology programs. A generalized linear model (GLM) estimates the effects of technology policies along with regional proximity, location, and agglomeration factors.Results. Technology grant and loan programs and research parks have direct effects on the share of high‐technology employment, along with private venture capital firms and military R&D. Research parks also magnify the effects of private venture capital firms, while public venture programs and technology development policies compensate for agglomeration deficits. Rapid population growth provides a more conducive context for these policies but does not directly influence growth in the share of high‐technology jobs.Conclusion. State and local technology policies compensate for and magnify the effects of agglomeration advantages, indicating that state and local government can play a strategic role in high‐technology development.
Prospective Clinical Trial, DEFI 2005: Does an AED Algorithm with More CPR Impact Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Prognosis?
Authors: Degrange Herve , Hersan Olivier , Briche Frederique , Fontaine David , Lallement David , Calamai Franck , Verret Catherine , Banville Isabelle , Chapman Fred , Koster Rudolph , Fuilla Claude , Jost Daniel , Descatha Alexis , Dubourdieu Stephane , Luc Petit Jean , Lank Paula 
Published: May 2008

Background:  Level 1 evidence is lacking for the Guidelines 2005 recommended changes in CPR and automated external defibrillator (AED) protocols.Objectives:  We conducted a block‐randomized controlled trial to evaluate if changes to CPR during AED use could improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and hospital admission rates.Methods:  From September 2005 to March 2007, 200 biphasic LIFEPAKs, 500 AEDs, used by firefighters, were randomized every 2 months by fire station (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00139542). The 100 CONTROL AEDs conformed to Guidelines 2000. The 100 STUDY AEDs added pre‐shock CPR and removed stacked shocks and post‐shock pulse checks. In both groups, firefighters received weekly CPR training. ECG and impedance signals recorded by AEDs were reviewed to quantify CPR delivery. Median [interquartile range], *p < 0.05.Results:  Informed consent was obtained for 840 defibrillated patients (420 CONTROL vs. 420 STUDY). There were no differences in patient characteristics (age, sex, location, etiology, witnessed, bystander CPR, chest compression (CC) rate) and time from call to AED power on. The STUDY AEDs prompted for more CPR during AED use (81% [80, 83] vs. 62% [55, 67]*), resulting in more hands‐on time (62% [54, 69] vs 49% [39, 57]*), more patients receiving only one shock (40 vs 33%*), and shorter pauses in CC before (9s [7, 13] vs 19s [16, 21]*) and after (11s [8, 14] vs 32s [26, 38]*) the shock. There was no difference in the rates of ROSC (48% [44, 53] vs 50% [45, 55], p = 0.63) and hospital admission (44% [40, 49] vs 45% [40, 49], p = 0.94) for the STUDY vs CONTROL groups.Conclusions:  Increasing CPR, shortening CC pauses and delivering fewer shocks resulted in no observed difference in ROSC or survival to hospital admission. The overall rate of hospitalization was higher than the historical expectation (34% hospital admission before study), possibly due to the increased emphasis on training and importance of CPR in both groups.
Immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy and immuno‐electron microscopic identification of keratins in human materno‐foetal interaction zone
Authors: Ahenkorah J. , Hottor B. , Byrne S. , Bosio P. , Ockleford C. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe show here that at least 5 keratin proteins are present in villous trophoblast and the same 5 in extravillous trophoblast. A further 14 tested were undetectable in these tissues. In contrast, 10 of the 19 keratins tested were present in amniotic epithelium. The marking of amniotic epithelium on the one hand, as distinct from villous and extravillous trophoblast on the other, can be achieved using 5 keratins (K4, 6, 13, 14 and 17) with a mixture of positive and negative discrimination that is expected, in combination, to be highly sensitive. All the specific keratins identified in trophoblast were apparently up‐regulated on the pathway to extravillous trophoblast. Co‐ordinated differentiation at the molecular expression level is indicated by this finding. The relevant keratins are K5, 7, 8, 18 and 19. Specific keratins have been identified that are down‐regulated in villous trophoblast in pre‐eclamptic pregnancy. This difference between healthy and pre‐eclamptic chorionic villous trophoblast keratin expression was statistically significant in 4 out of the 5 keratins. This was not the case for the extravillous trophoblast at the immunofluorescence confocal level but significant differences were obtained using immunogold electron microscopy. We suggest that the villous trophoblast in pre‐eclamptic placentae is cytoskeletally weaker with respect to the filaments made from these specific proteins and that this is one reason why, in pre‐eclampsia, trophoblast is deported in greater quantity than in healthy placentae.
Injectable calcium phosphate cement as a graft material for maxillary sinus augmentation: an experimental pilot study
Authors: Aral Ali , Yalçιn Serdar , Karabuda Zihni Cuneyt , Anιl Ata , Jansen John A. , Mutlu Zihni 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of injectable CaP cement as a graft material around dental implants in the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure.Material and methods: Bilateral sinus augmentation process was carried out in three sheep and two implants were inserted during the same session. Out of a total of 12 installed implants, eight belonged to the so‐called experimental group. In the experimental group, injectable CaP cement was used as augmentation material while autologous bone served as control.Results: Histological examination revealed that newly formed bone surrounded the cement completely without an intervening fibrous tissue layer. Following a healing period of 12 weeks, mean bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) values in the experimental and control groups were 36±5 and 37±3, respectively. The percentage of BIC was comparable with other experimental sinus augmentation studies. Further, it appeared that the thickness of the cortical bone that covered the outer surface of the maxillary sinus was <2–3 mm, which affected the primary stability of the implants negatively.Conclusion: CaP cement is indeed effective to stimulate bone formation in the sinus elevation procedure. Nevertheless, additional improvements in the cement composition are required to allow final clinical utilization of the material.
Evaluation of soft‐tissue alteration around implant‐supported single‐tooth restoration in the anterior maxilla: the pink esthetic score
Authors: Lai Hong‐Chang , Zhang Zhi‐Yong , Wang Feng , Zhuang Long‐Fei , Liu Xin , Pu Yi‐Ping 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the alterations of soft tissue around a single‐tooth implant in the anterior maxilla with a new defined pink esthetic score (PES) at the time of crown placement and 6 months post‐loading.Material and methods: According to the case inclusion criteria, 29 patients subjected to single‐tooth replacement with ITI implant‐supported restoration in the anterior maxilla were included. Assessments of soft tissue after crown placement (baseline) and at 6 months (follow‐up) were performed by two orthodontists with PES.Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the two observers. PES for the single‐tooth implant varied from 6.90 to 9.55 at 6‐month follow‐up. The scores of the mesial and distal papilla, level of soft‐tissue margin, soft‐tissue contour, soft‐tissue color and soft‐tissue texture increased significantly at follow‐up. The highest percentage of improvement in PES was found in the cases scoring 0–4 at the baseline.Conclusions: The esthetic outcome of soft tissue around the single‐tooth implant had improved significantly at follow‐up compared with baseline according to PES assessment. The results suggested that the potential for significant changes in soft‐tissue levels after restorative therapy needs to be considered for single‐implant therapy in the anterior maxilla.
An algorithm for the automatic detection of seizures in neonatal amplitude‐integrated EEG
Authors: Lommen CML , Pasman JW , Van Kranen VHJM , Andriessen P , Cluitmans PJM , Van Rooij LGM , Bambang Oetomo S 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To develop and evaluate an algorithm for the automatic screening of electrographic neonatal seizures (ENS) in amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) signals.Methods: CFM recordings were recorded in asphyxiated (near)term newborns. ENS of at least 60 sec were detected based on their characteristic pattern in the aEEG signal, an increase of its lower boundary. The algorithm was trained using five CFM recordings (training set) annotated by a neurophysiologist, observer1. The evaluation of the algorithm was based on eight different CFM recordings annotated by observer1 (test set observer 1) and an independent neurophysiologist, observer2 (test set observer 2).Results: The interobserver agreement between observer1 and 2 in interpreting ENS from the CFM recordings was high (G coefficient: 0.82). After dividing the eight CFM recordings into 1‐min segments and classification in ENS or non‐ENS, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed high correlations of the algorithm with both test sets (respectively, 0.95 and 0.85 with observer1 and 2). The algorithm showed in five recordings a sensitivity ≥ 90% and approximately 1 false positive ENS per hour. However, the algorithm showed in three recordings much lower sensitivities: one recording showed ENSs of extremely high amplitude that were incorrectly classified by the algorithm as artefacts and two recordings suffered from low interobserver agreement.Conclusion: This study shows the feasibility of automatic ENS screening based on aEEG signals and may facilitate in the bed‐side interpretation of aEEG signals in clinical practice.
PGE2/TXB2 imbalance in neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure
Authors: Sood BG , Delaney‐Black V , Glibetic M , Aranda JV , Chen X , Shankaran S 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground: An imbalance of vaso‐constrictor and ‐dilator mediators has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary hypertension accompanying neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure (NHRF).Aim: To characterize plasma PGE2, TXB2 and their ratio in normal newborns and in those with NHRF.Methods: Twenty newborns with NHRF received inhaled PGE1 (IPGE1) by jet nebulizer in doses of 25, 50, 150 and 300 ng/kg/min followed by weaning. Blood for PGE2 and TXB2 assay using EIA was available in 8 neonates with NHRF prior to IPGE1. Umbilical cord arterial samples were also obtained at delivery from 10 normal newborns to serve as controls.Results: Compared to normal newborns, those with NHRF had significantly lower PGE2/TXB2 ratios after controlling for preterm gestation (<37 weeks) and postnatal age (p < 0.05). Notably, all subjects except one in the NHRF group had a value of <1.0 (range 0.1–1.2) compared to a value of > 1.0 in all subjects in the Control group (range 1.1–5.2).Conclusions: Lower PGE2/TXB2 ratio in subjects with NHRF compared with controls reflects a predominance of vaso‐constrictor activity in these patients as the basis of pulmonary hypertension. Plasma PGE2/TXB2 ratio may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of NHRF.
Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long‐term consequences
Authors: Virtanen Helena E , Bjerknes Robert , Cortes Dina , Jørgensen Niels , Rajpert‐De Meyts Ewa , Thorsson Arni V , Thorup Jørgen , Main Katharina M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUndescended testis is a common finding in boys, and the majority of cases have no discernible aetiology. There are unexplained geographical differences and temporal trends in its prevalence. Cryptorchidism, especially bilateral, is associated with impaired spermatogenesis and endocrine function and increases the risk of testicular cancer. There is an urgent need to identify factors that adversely affect testicular development and optimize treatment.Conclusion: Cryptorchidism may reflect a primary testicular maldevelopment with long‐term consequences.
Blood glucose level in preterm infants after antenatal exposure to glucocorticoid
Authors: Koivisto M , Peltoniemi OM , Saarela T , Tammela O , Jouppila P , Hallman M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To determine the impact of antenatal glucocorticoid on neonatal glucose homeostasis.Methods: This is a retrospective gestationally paired survey followed by a randomized study. On the basis of the interval between last antenatal dexamethasone and birth, 228 preterm infants born before 34 weeks were divided into Short (<24 h), Intermediate (1–6 days), and Long (≥7days) exposure groups and compared their gestationally paired controls. After a single course of betamethasone, the parturients remaining undelivered for one week were randomized to receive either one dose of betamethasone (n = 52) or placebo (n = 53). Glucose values were recorded at 11 time points in the first 3 days of life. Hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic values were counted.Results: There were no overall differences in mean glucose levels between the antenatal glucocorticoid and the control groups. However, the long exposure time to antenatal glucocorticoid was associated with increased risk of hyperglycaemia (OR 4.1; 2.2–7.6).Conclusion: Antenatal glucocorticoid administration was associated with subtle disturbances of glucose homeostasis in preterm infants. These differences were dependent on the length of drug‐delivery interval so that long exposition time seemed to increase the incidence of hyperglycaemia during the first days of life.
Development and descent of the testis in relation to cryptorchidism
Authors: Virtanen Helena E , Cortes Dina , Rajpert‐De Meyts Ewa , Ritzén E Martin , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Skakkebaek Niels E , Toppari Jorma 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe testis descends in two phases. Animal studies suggest, that the transabdominal descent of the testis depends on the insulin‐like hormone 3 (INSL3). Androgens are important in the inguinoscrotal testicular descent in animals and humans. In general, the cause of cryptorchidism is unknown and the aetiology is possibly multifactorial. Histological changes in cryptorchid testes demonstrate disturbed development.Conclusion: Since testicular descent is regulated by testis‐derived hormones, cryptorchidism may reflect a functional defect of the testis.
Therapeutic effect of turquoise versus blue light with equal irradiance in preterm infants with jaundice
Authors: Ebbesen Finn , Madsen Poul , Støvring Søren , Hundborg Heidi , Agati Giovanni 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To compare the efficiency of turquoise light with that of TL52 blue in treatment of preterm infants with jaundice at the same level of body irradiance.Methods: Infants with gestational age 28–37 weeks and non‐haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia were treated for 24 h with either turquoise light (OSRAM L18W/860 fluorescent lamps) or blue light (Philips TL20W/52 fluorescent lamps). The concentrations of serum total bilirubin and bilirubin isomers were measured by the Vitros routine method and by HPLC, respectively.Results: The decrease in serum concentrations of total bilirubin, total bilirubin isomers and the toxic Z,Z‐bilirubin was greatest for infants treated with turquoise light. Further, the increase in Z,E‐bilirubin was smaller and there was a trend towards a higher rise in E,Z‐bilirubin.Conclusions: Turquoise light has a greater bilirubin reducing effect than TL52 blue light with equal irradiance, expressed both by serum total bilirubin, total bilirubin isomers and Z,Z‐bilirubin, i.e. the turquoise spectral range is more efficient than the blue. This is in accordance with deeper penetration into the skin, lower production of the Z,E‐bilirubin and greater production of E,Z‐bilirubin and lumirubin, in infants under turquoise light. This suggests, given equal irradiances, that light in the turquoise spectral range is preferable to the TL52 blue in treatment of newborn jaundiced infants.
Seeing through the blind! Ability of hospital staff to differentiate morphine from placebo, in neonates at a placebo controlled trial
Authors: Bergqvist LL , Eriksson M , Kronsberg SS , Schollin J , Barton B , Anand KJS 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To investigate whether professional training and/or clinical experience affect the ability of caregiver to assess clinical signs of pre‐emptive morphine analgesia.Methods: In the Neurological Outcomes & Pre‐emptive Analgesia In Neonates trial preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation were randomized to receive continuous infusion, either of morphine or placebo blinded. Staff from centres in Sweden (Stockholm and Örebro) completed an assessment form.Results: A total of 360 assessment forms were collected from 52 neonates. In 59% of the cases, caregivers correctly identified patients group. Comparable proportion of answers were correct between physicians, nurses and assistant nurses (63, 60 and 54%, respectively, p = 0.60). Staff with Neonatal intensive care unit experience <1 year identified 63%, as compared to 65% for working 1–5 year, and 55% that has been working >5 years (p = 0.28). Staff's ability to correctly identify group assignment was reduced by amount of additional morphine (p < 0.01) and severity of illness (p = 0.01).Conclusions: Clinical medical staffs, including neonatologists, have great difficulties in assessing the presence and severity of pain. Further studies should focus on the methods for assessment of prolonged pain in preterm neonates, define the effects of adequate analgesia, and investigate the clinical factors that may alter neonatal responses to acute and prolonged pain.
Kostmann syndrome or infantile genetic agranulocytosis, part two: understanding the underlying genetic defects in severe congenital neutropenia
Authors: Carlsson Göran , Melin Malin , Dahl Niklas , Ramme Kim Göransdotter , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Palmblad Jan , Henter Jan‐Inge , Fadeel Bengt 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCongenital neutropenia in man was first reported 50 years ago by the Swedish paediatrician Rolf Kostmann. He coined the term ‘infantile genetic agranulocytosis’ for this condition, which is now known as Kostmann syndrome. Recent studies have revealed mutations in ELA‐2, encoding the neutrophil granule protease, neutrophil elastase, in autosomal dominant neutropenia, and mutations in HAX‐1, encoding an anti‐apoptotic protein, in autosomal recessive neutropenia.Conclusion: Future studies should aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying the evolution of secondary malignancies in these patients.
Immediate maternal thermal response to skin‐to‐skin care of newborn
Authors: Bergström A , Okong P , Ransjö‐Arvidson A‐B 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To elucidate the immediate maternal thermal skin response when placing the neonate on the mothers' chest, skin‐to‐skin (STS).Methods: Ugandan mothers with non‐asphyxiated newborns after vaginal delivery (n = 39) were studied. Maternal skin and axillary temperatures were measured immediately before STS contact, then every 2 min for 20 min and finally 10 min after removing the neonate. Neonatal axillary/forehead temperatures were measured immediately before STS contact, and twice after initiating STS, followed by a measurement 10 min after the newborn had been removed.Results: A rapid thermal response was demonstrated in maternal breast skin immediately after STS contact. It rose by 0.5°C (p < 0.0001) on average the first 2 min after STS contact and fell by 0.5°C 10 min after we had removed the neonate (p < 0.0001). Maternal axillary temperature also rose 2 min after initiation of STS (p < 0.0001) but stayed constant 10 min after removal of the newborn from the STS position.Conclusion: The findings indicate that there is a rapid maternal, thermal response to the positioning of the newborn STS. The tactile contact may elicit a maternal adaptation enhancing the warming of the newborn. Possible mechanisms include maternal autonomic nerve‐mediated skin vasodilatation.
Oxygen as a neonatal health hazard: call for détente in clinical practice
Authors: Sola Augusto , Rogido Marta R , Deulofeut Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEducation in oxygenation and in how oxygen is given to newborns needs to increase. Treatment with oxygen should no longer be considered proverbial and customary, regardless of our ‘past experience’ or consensus recommendations in clinical guidelines, since oxygen may lead to acute or chronic health effects.Conclusion: Inappropriate oxygen use is a neonatal health hazard associated with aging, DNA damage and cancer, retinopathy of prematurity, injury to the developing brain, infection and others. Neonatal exposure to pure O2, even if brief, or to pulse oximetry >95% when breathing supplemental O2 must be avoided as much as possible.
Shed some light on darkness: will Tanzania reach the millennium development goals?
Authors: Janson Annika 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe overall picture of health in sub‐Saharan Africa can easily be painted in dark colours. The aim of this viewpoint is to discuss epidemiological data from Tanzania on overall health indicators and the burden of malaria and HIV. Is the situation in Tanzania improving or deteriorating? Are the health‐related millennium development goals (MDG) on reducing under‐five mortality, reducing maternal mortality and halting HIV and malaria within reach?Conclusion: Child mortality and infant mortality rates are decreasing quite dramatically. Malaria prevention strategies and new effective treatment are being launched. The MDG 4 on child mortality is clearly within reach, and the same optimism may apply to MDG 6 on combating malaria.