bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth kinetics and integrin expression of fibroblasts infiltrating devitalised patellar tendons are different from those of intrinsic fibroblasts
Authors: Ikema Y. , Tohyama H. , Nakamura H. , Kanaya F. , Yasuda K. 
Published: December 2005

We compared the biological characteristics of extrinsic fibroblasts infiltrating the patellar tendon with those of normal, intrinsic fibroblasts in the normal tendon in vitro. Infiltrative fibroblasts were isolated from the patellar tendons of rabbits six weeks after an in situ freeze-thaw treatment which killed the intrinsic fibroblasts. These intrinsic cells were also isolated from the patellar tendons of rabbits which had not been so treated. Proliferation and invasive migration into the patellar tendon was significantly slower for infiltrative fibroblasts than for normal tendon fibroblasts. Flow-cytometric analysis indicated that expression of α5β1 integrin at the cell surface was significantly lower in infiltrative fibroblasts than in normal tendon fibroblasts. The findings suggest that cellular proliferation and invasive migration of fibroblasts into the patellar tendon after necrosis are inferior to those of the normal fibroblasts. The inferior intrinsic properties of infiltrative fibroblasts may contribute to a slow remodelling process in the grafted tendon after ligament reconstruction.
De Novo GMP Synthesis Is Required for Axon Guidance in Drosophila
Authors: Long Hong , Cameron Scott , Yu Li , Rao Yong 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Guanine nucleotides are key players in mediating growth-cone signaling during neural development. The supply of cellular guanine nucleotides in animals can be achieved via the de novo synthesis and salvage pathways. The de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides is required for lymphocyte proliferation in animals. Whether the de novo synthesis pathway is essential for any other cellular processes, however, remains unknown. In a search for genes required for the establishment of neuronal connectivity in the fly visual system, we identify the burgundy (bur) gene as an essential player in photoreceptor axon guidance. The bur gene encodes the only GMP synthetase in Drosophila that catalyzes the final reaction of de novo GMP synthesis. Loss of bur causes severe defects in axonal fasciculation, retinotopy, and growth-cone morphology, but does not affect photoreceptor differentiation or retinal patterning. Similar defects were observed when the raspberry (ras) gene, encoding for inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase catalyzing the IMP-to-XMP conversion in GMP de novo synthesis, was mutated. Our study thus provides the first in vivo evidence to support an essential and specific role for de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides in axon guidance.
Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveals Three Genetic Subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (Serotype A), Including a Unique Population in Botswana
Authors: Litvintseva Anastasia P , Thakur Rameshwari , Vilgalys Rytas , Mitchell Thomas G 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
We applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate the population structure and mode of reproduction of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A). This MLST system utilizes 12 unlinked polymorphic loci, which are dispersed on nine different chromosomes, and allows the unambiguous identification of closely related strains of serotype A. We compared MLST analyses with the conventional genotyping method of detecting amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and there was excellent correlation between the MLST and AFLP results. However, MLST differentiated a larger number of strains. We analyzed a global collection of isolates of serotype A using both methods, and the results identified at least three genetically distinct subpopulations, designated groups VNI, VNII, and VNB. Groups VNI and VNII are widespread, dominated by isolates with the MATα mating type, and predominantly clonal. Conversely, isolates of group VNB are unique to Botswana, include a significant proportion of fertile strains with the MATa mating type, and manifest compelling evidence of recombination. We have AFLP genotyped &gt;1000 strains of serotype A from different parts of the world, including isolates from several African countries, and, to date, haploid serotype A isolates of group VNB have been found only in Botswana.
Mutational Analysis of Stubble-stubbloid Gene Structure and Function in Drosophila Leg and Bristle Morphogenesis
Authors: Hammonds Ann S , Fristrom James W 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) gene is required for ecdysone-regulated epithelial morphogenesis of imaginal tissues during Drosophila metamorphosis. Mutations in Sb-sbd are associated with defects in apical cell shape changes critical for the evagination of the leg imaginal disc and with defects in assembly and extension of parallel actin bundles in growing mechanosensory bristles. The Sb-sbd gene encodes a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP). Here we use a Sb-sbd transgenic construct to rescue both bristle and leg morphogenesis defects in Sb-sbd mutations. Molecular characterization of Sb-sbd mutations and rescue experiments with wild-type and modified Sb-sbd transgenic constructs show that the protease domain is required for both leg and bristle functions. Truncated proteins that express the noncatalytic domains without the protease have dominant effects in bristles but not in legs. Leg morphogenesis, but not bristle growth, is sensitive to Sb-sbd overexpression. Antibody localization of the Sb-sbd protein shows apical expression in elongating legs. Sb-sbd protein is found in the base and shaft in budding bristles and then concentrates at the growing tip when bristles are elongating rapidly. We propose a model whereby Sb-sbd helps coordinate proteolytic modification of extracellular matrix attachments with cytoskeletal changes in both legs and bristles.
Recombination in Thermotoga: Implications for Species Concepts and Biogeography
Authors: Nesbø Camilla L , Dlutek Marlena , Doolittle W Ford 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Here we characterize regions of the genomes of eight members of the hyperthermophilic genus Thermotoga. These bacteria differ from each other physiologically and by 3–20% in gene content and occupy physically distinct environments in widely disparate regions of the globe. Among the four different lineages (represented by nine different strains) that we compare, no two are closer than 96% in the average sequences of their genes. By most accepted recent definitions these are different “ecotypes” and different “species.” And yet we find compelling evidence for recombination between them. We suggest that no single prokaryotic species concept can accommodate such uncoupling of ecotypic and genetic aspects of cohesion and diversity, and that without a single concept, the question of whether or not prokaryotic species might in general be cosmopolitan cannot be sensibly addressed. We can, however, recast biogeographical questions in terms of the distribution of genes and their alleles.
A Scan of Molecular Variation Leads to the Narrow Localization of a Selective Sweep Affecting Both Afrotropical and Cosmopolitan Populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Pool John E , DuMont Vanessa Bauer , Mueller Jacob L , Aquadro Charles F 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster originated in tropical Africa but has achieved a cosmopolitan distribution in association with human habitation. Cosmopolitan populations of D. melanogaster are known to have reduced genetic variation, particularly on the X chromosome. However, the relative importance of population bottlenecks and selective sweeps in explaining this reduction is uncertain. We surveyed variation at 31 microsatellites across a 330-kb section of the X chromosome located between the white and kirre genes. Two linked clusters of loci were observed with reduced variation and a skew toward rare alleles in both an Ecuador and a Zimbabwe population sample. Examining Zimbabwe DNA sequence polymorphism within one of these regions allowed us to localize a selective sweep to a 361-bp window within the 5′ regulatory region of the roughest gene, with one nucleotide substitution representing the best candidate for the target of selection. Estimates of sweep age suggested that this fixation event occurred prior to the expansion of D. melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. For both putative sweep regions in our data set, cosmopolitan populations showed wider footprints of selection compared to those in Zimbabwe. This pattern appears consistent with the demographic amplification of preexisting sweep signals due to one or more population bottlenecks.
Chromosomal Fragmentation Is the Major Consequence of the rdgB Defect in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lukas Lisa , Kuzminov Andrei 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The rdgB mutants depend on recombinational repair of double-strand breaks. To assess other consequences of rdgB inactivation in Escherichia coli, we isolated RdgB-dependent mutants. All transposon inserts making cells dependent on RdgB inactivate genes of double-strand break repair, indicating that chromosomal fragmentation is the major consequence of RdgB inactivation.
Structural Diversity and Differential Transcription of the Patatin Multicopy Gene Family During Potato Tuber Development
Authors: Stupar Robert M , Beaubien Karen A , Jin Weiwei , Song Junqi , Lee Mi-Kyung , Wu Chengcang , Zhang Hong-Bin , Han Bin , Jiang Jiming 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The patatin multicopy gene family encodes the major storage protein in potato tubers and is organized as a single cluster in the potato genome. We sequenced a 154-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing a portion of the patatin gene cluster. Two putatively functional patatin genes were found in this BAC. These two genes are embedded within arrays of patatin pseudogenes. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation method we demonstrate that the dramatic increase of patatin gene expression during the transition from stolons to tubers coincides with an increase of histone H4 lysine acetylation. We used 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends to profile expression of different patatin genes during tuber development. The profiling results revealed differential expression patterns of specific patatin gene groups throughout six different stages of tuber development. One group of patatin gene transcripts, designated patatin gene group A, was found to be the most abundant group during all stages of tuber development. Other patatin gene groups, with a 48-bp insertion in the 3′-untranslated region, are not expressed in stolons but display a gradual increase in expression level following the onset of tuberization. These results demonstrate that the patatin genes exhibit alterations in chromatin state and differential transcriptional regulation during the developmental transition from stolons into tubers, in which there is an increased demand for protein storage.
The shavenoid Gene of Drosophila Encodes a Novel Actin Cytoskeleton Interacting Protein That Promotes Wing Hair Morphogenesis
Authors: Ren Nan , He Biao , Stone David , Kirakodu Sreenatha , Adler Paul N 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The simple cellular composition and array of distally pointing hairs has made the Drosophila wing a favored system for studying planar polarity and the coordination of cellular- and tissue-level morphogenesis. The developing hairs are filled with F-actin and microtubules and the activity of these cytoskeletons is important for hair morphogenesis. On the basis of mutant phenotypes several genes have been identified as playing a key role in stimulating hair formation. Mutations in shavenoid (sha) (also known as kojak) result in a delay in hair morphogenesis and in some cells forming no hair and others several small hairs. We report here the molecular identification and characterization of the sha gene and protein. sha encodes a large novel protein that has homologs in other insects, but not in more distantly related organisms. The Sha protein accumulated in growing hairs and bristles in a pattern that suggested that it could directly interact with the actin cytoskeleton. Consistent with this mechanism of action we found that Sha and actin co-immunopreciptated from wing disc cells. The morphogenesis of the hair involves temporal control by sha and spatial control by the genes of the frizzled planar polarity pathway. We found a strong genetic interaction between mutations in these genes consistent with their having a close but parallel functional relationship.
Brazil's Craniofacial Project: Genetic Evaluation and Counseling in the Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment
Authors: Monlleó Isabella Lopes , Gil-da-Silva-Lopes Vera Lúcia 
Published: December 2005

Objective: This study is part of Brazil's Craniofacial Project, which is the first initiative for a national characterization of craniofacial healthcare in Brazil. Our main aim was to describe the status of clinical genetics in the Brazilian Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment. Design: All services (n = 29) listed in the Brazilian Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment until October 2003 were contacted and invited to complete a questionnaire. Information regarding the general characteristics of the services, availability of genetic services, and genetic service providers was collected. Results: The response rate was 86.2% (n = 25). Thirteen responding teams had clinical geneticists. Teams were predominantly located in the southeast region and affiliated with universities. Family interest in genetic counseling was reported by 95.7% (22/23) of the services. Although 80% of the responding services reported offering genetic counseling, only 45% (9/20) provided genetic counseling guided by clinical geneticists. Conclusion: Availability and access to genetic evaluation and counseling are still rudimentary in Brazil. Many services report family interest in genetic counseling, but there are few teams with clinical geneticists. Inclusion of this specialist on craniofacial teams is crucial to patient care. Development of standard guidelines for genetic evaluation of selected craniofacial anomalies and for local genetic counseling (e.g., for nonsyndromic cleft lip or palate) could be an alternative for improving current deficiencies in the system. Strengthening the degree of coordination and communication among craniofacial teams represents another important goal.
Functional Properties of Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes: Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and the Role of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in the Contraction
Authors: Dolnikov Katya , Shilkrut Mark , Zeevi-Levin Naama , Gerecht-Nir Sharon , Amit Michal , Danon Asaf , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Binah Ofer 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Since cardiac transplantation is limited by the small availability of donor organs, regeneration of the diseased myocardium by cell transplantation is an attractive therapeutic modality. To determine the compatibility of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) (7 to 55 days old) with the myocardium, we investigated their functional properties regarding intracellular Ca2+ handling and the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contraction. The functional properties of hESC-CMs were investigated by recording simultaneously [Ca2+]i transients and contractions. Additionally, we performed Western blot analysis of the Ca2+-handling proteins SERCA2, calsequestrin, phospholamban, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Our major findings are, first, that hESC-CMs displayed temporally related [Ca2+]i transients and contractions, negative force-frequency relations, and lack of post-rest potentiation. Second, ryanodine, thapsigargin, and caffeine did not affect the [Ca2+]i transient and contraction, indicating that at this developmental stage, contraction depends on transsarcolemmal Ca2+ influx rather than on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. Third, in agreement with the notion that a voltage-dependent Ca2+ current is present in hESC-CMs and contributes to the mechanical function, verapamil completely blocked contraction. Fourth, whereas hESC-CMs expressed SERCA2 and NCX at levels comparable to those of the adult porcine myocardium, calsequestrin and phospholamban were not expressed. Our study shows for the first time that functional properties related to intracellular Ca2+ handling of hESC-CMs differ markedly from the adult myocardium, probably due to immature sarcoplasmic reticulum capacity.
The World Health Organization and the Transition From “International” to “Global” Public Health
Authors: Brown Theodore M. , Cueto Marcos , Fee Elizabeth 
Published: December 2005

The term “global health” is rapidly replacing the older terminology of “international health.” We describe the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both international and global health and in the transition from one to the other. We suggest that the term “global health” emerged as part of larger political and historical processes, in which WHO found its dominant role challenged and began to reposition itself within a shifting set of power alliances. Between 1948 and 1998, WHO moved from being the unquestioned leader of international health to being an organization in crisis, facing budget shortfalls and diminished status, especially given the growing influence of new and powerful players. We argue that WHO began to refashion itself as the coordinator, strategic planner, and leader of global health initiatives as a strategy of survival in response to this transformed international political context.
Health Measurement in the Third Era of Health
Authors: Breslow Lester 
Published: December 2005

When writing about “the second epidemiologic revolution,” Terris discussed 2 eras in health. The first era—the communicable disease era—began during ancient times and continues today; the second era—the chronic disease era—began during the 20th century, particularly among the industrialized nations. Although neither revolution against these types of diseases is complete, we have made such considerable progress that substantial and growing segments of the population no longer regard disease as the only, or even the primary, health problem. Increasingly, the goal is a long and fruitful life, not simply the absence of disease. That potential and the effort to achieve it compose the third era of health, and a proposed new measure of health is outlined in this article.
Plant Layout
Authors: Meissner Roland E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article discusses the process by which a plant plot plan is developed and the spacing and orientation between equipment. It describes the step‐by‐step procedures that a designer goes through in selecting the arrangement of equipment and providing the necessary space between the equipment items. Examples are included that illustrate the concepts presented. This article also presents an evaluation and discussion of the three principle types of layout presentations: orthographic drawings, plastic models, and computer‐aided design models. Practical uses and limitations of each of these presentation mediums are covered. Many practical design tips are included. Sufficient background information is provided for the reader to appreciate the subtleties of plant layout. The piperack design and its use as the arterial system for the plant are also covered.
Potassium Compounds
Authors: Freilich Mark B. , Petersen Richard L. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Water‐soluble salts of potassium, collectively called potash, are important for the manufacture of numerous articles of commerce and for direct application as fertilizers. Other uses of potassium compounds range from use in specialty glass to that of food additives. Potassium chloride, the most commonly used potash and the raw material for the manufacture of most of the other potassium compounds, is principally obtained from the mining of sylvinite. The ore refinement process, which includes crushing, scrubbing, hydraulic desliming, froth flotation, centrifugation, and drying is described. Potassium hydroxide is produced industrially by electrolysis of the chloride. The hydroxide is used for the production of the commercially important potassium carbonate and potassium phosphates. Several processes are used to convert potassium chloride to other potassium compounds such as the sulfate. Potassium magnesium sulfate is also an important fertilizer. Other compounds of commercial importance include the potassium salts of acetate, bromide, bicarbonate, formate, iodide, permanganate, and acid tartrate. Potassium has an essential role for the biochemistry of both plants and animals. Potassium compounds commonly used in fertilizers are not considered to be hazardous; however, potassium may be paired with a poisonous, corrosive, or oxidizing anion and requires special handling.
Polysaccharides
Authors: Rinaudo Marguerite 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article is a short review on polysaccharides based on their recognized applications. The main techniques for polysaccharides characterization are discussed. Cellulose and starch are examined as well as their main derivatives. It is shown how the three‐dimensional (3D) structure influences the distribution of the substituents and the physical properties. Hemicelluloses, pectins, galactomannans, and glucomannans are briefly described. The main source of each of these polymers is presented.Chitin and chitosan are described before introducing the microbial polysaccharides. Bacterial polysaccharides are now developed widely due to the great number of new structures available. The main characteristics of these stereoregular polysaccharides are given.
Mass Synthesis of Large, Single‐Crystal Au Nanosheets Based on a Polyol Process
Authors: Li C. C. , Cai W. P. , Cao B. Q. , Sun F. Q. , Li Y. , Kan C. X. , Zhang L. D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSingle‐crystal gold nanosheets, with triangular, hexagonal, or truncated triangular shapes, from several to tens of micrometers across and tens of nanometers thick, have been successfully synthesized in high yield via a simple and low‐cost chemical route in an ethylene glycol solution, on the basis of a polyol process. The planar surfaces of the Au nanosheets are atomically flat and correspond to {111} planes; the lateral surfaces are {110} planes. The nanosheets show strong optical absorption in the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both the ethylene glycol and the surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), in the solution play important roles in the formation of the Au nanosheets. The concentrations of the precursors (PVP, HAuCl4) and the reaction temperature are also crucial to the morphology and size of the final product. The formation of such large, single‐crystal nanosheets is explained by the preferential adsorption of some species of molecules from the solution onto the {111} planes of Au nuclei, and the connection of small, triangular nanosheets. These nanosheets could be used easily, for example, in gas sensors, in the fabrication of nanodevices and substrate materials, in property studies, and also for inducing hypothermia in tumors.