bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in the New South Africa
Authors: Ashforth Adam 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Sorcellerie, violence et démocratie dans la Nouvelle Afrique du Sud. — À partir d'enquêtes de terrain réalisées à Soweto, en Afrique du Sud, depuis 1990, cet article entend souligner le fait que la pratique de la sorcellerie se développe au fur et à mesure que se met en place le processus de transition démocratique. L'auteur confronte les problèmes de sorcellerie, de violence et de démocratie qui se posent à Soweto ; puis il présente trois dialogues faisant état des relations entre la sorcellerie et l'État : un dialogue avec un homme ensorcelé, un avec un guérisseur traditionnel, et un autre avec le maire de Soweto. Le but de cet article est d'examiner la structure argumentative à l'intérieur de laquelle les questions concernant la nature du pouvoir dans un État démocratique sont énoncées et débattues, ceci dans un contexte où les sorciers représentent un aspect à la fois vital et terrifiant de la vie quotidienne.
Burundi. Entre histoire, mémoire et idéologie. À propos de quelques ouvrages récents
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Burundi between History, Memory and Ideology : On a Few Recent Publications. — Upon reading four recent publications about Burundi, the problem of the relations between history and ideology arises in connection with the question of ethnie identities in the Great Lake region of central Africa. Accounts of Burundi's evolution before, during and after colonization must stand back from the mere opposition between Hutu and Tutsi conceptions, as they have been formed through contemporary crises.
Une ethnographie dans son contexte : administration coloniale et formation identitaire (Zanzibar)
Authors: Bacuez Pascal 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Ethnography in its Context: The Colonial Administration and the Making of Identifies (Zanzibar). — In Zanzibar, the colonial state's interventions tended to break up social networks based on ritual gift-giving and take the place of traditional arrangements for regulating exchanges. It stimulated the emergence of individualiste behaviors. A few lawsuits about the devolution of family real estate in rural Swahili society are reviewed. Thanks to a sociology of colonial action, we can see how the establishment of relations based on the law ultimately, in the context of Swahili society, conspired to curb relations based on gifts.
La dynamique des interrelations politiques : le cas du sultanat de Zinder (Niger)
Authors: Mounier Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
La question de l'origine et du développement de l'État a été profondément renouvelée par les thèses de N. Elias sur la socio-génèse de l'État occidental. Loin cependant de devoir être cantonnées au seul Occident, il semble que ses analyses peuvent être fécondes pour la compréhension d'autres types de formations étatiques. L'exemple en est donné avec le sultanat de Zinder (Niger), dont l'expansion massive et continue jusqu'au coup d'arrêt imposé par le colonisateur peut être expliquée par l'analyse des interrelations personnelles au sein de la cour et du jeu de pouvoir qui y prend place. Dans ce cadre, si la comparaison entre les deux dynamiques permet de dégager un invariant dont la généralité reste à tester, elle offre surtout des possibilités de compréhension et d'explication d'un certain nombre de différences morphologiques entre les systèmes politiques.
L'objet de la traduction : notes sur « l'art » et l'autonomie dans un contexte post-colonial
Authors: Coombes Annie E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Object of Translation: Notes on "Art" and Autonomy in a Postcolonial Context. — This article is an analysis of two exhibitions held in Britain in 1995 : "Africa: Art of a Continent" at the Royal Academy of Arts, and "Siyawela: Love, Loss and Liberation in Art from South Africa" at the Birmingham City Art Gallery. It explores the way in which both exhibitions are invested with reinstating the redemptive power of art and the fact that both are fundamentally staged as commemorative events. The one to the power and creativity of ancient civilisations once denied by colonial presumption and the other to the power and triumph of humanity over the barbarism of apartheid. In another sense they are both atonements for the colonial past. The paper argues however, that if both exhibitions are understood as representations of history, and as appeals to a postcolonial future, one performs this through displacement, dismemberment and amnesia via recource to the autonomy of art and culture and the other performs this through embodiment and commemoration.
La constitution de la collection africaine au musée d'Ethnographie de Hongrie
Authors: Földessy Edina 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Making of the African Collection at the Hungarian Museum of Ethnology. — In the Hungarian Museum of Ethnology, objects were collected in a nonsystematic, accidental way, depending on the Museum's finances and on the political context during various periods of Hungarian history. Factors such as the opening or closing of borders, the areas travelers preferred visiting, the degree of education and training of travelers, etc., have shaped the Museum's African collection. The Museum never had the chance to send a scientific expedition to Africa. Sailors, missionaries, hunters, traders, employees working for colonial powers, art collectors, doctors and joumalists acquired the objects in the Museum's collection. Eastern and southern Africa are best represented in the collection. Ritual objets, such as masks and sculptures, are less well-represented than ustensils, weapons and ornaments. African studies in Hungary continue to focus on eastern Africa and the former German, Belgian and Portuguese colonies.
Manageable Past: Time and Native Culture at the Dundo Museum in Colonial Angola
Authors: Porto Nuno 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
What are the relationships between cultural representation and colonial exploitation? What kind of reports between scientific and commonsensical knowledge were set forward by colonial museums? How may museum analysis contribute to the study of the colonial communities?
The text intends to deal with these questions by means of an ethnographical approach to the development of the Dundo Museum, in colonial Angola. Property of the Diamang (the Diamonds Company of Angola), the Dundo Museum became an important scientific centre of Portuguese colonial studies. Dealing with the settling period of the Dundo Museum, this text explores how notions of time become a common ground both to the museum representation of Lunda Peoples and to their exploitation as labour force.
La muséification sur place
Authors: Grätz Tilo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
"Museumfying" on the Spot. — The symbolic and especially political aspects corne under discussion that are often neglected in descriptions of the creation of cultural institutions in Africa. The initiative to build a multi-storey museum came out of plans drawn up by two local politicians. It involved funds from the state, the subprefecture's budget and a national program for creating jobs. Local personalities used the museum to boost their own prestige. Setting up this local museum was part of an initiative supported by the state's representatives. It should be seen as evidence of local intellectuals' willingness to promote the cultural heritage. This enhancement of "tradition" involved a new "sharing" of local identities, as worked out mainly by politicians and party heads, who, needing local support, sought to reinforce ties with voters.
La " Maison du pays ". L'exposition du patrimoine dans les musées privés d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Cameroun
Authors: Sabran Marguerite de 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
"Maison du pays": Exhibitions in Private Museums in Western Africa and Cameroon. — From the start of the colonial era, traditional powerholders undertook to set up, or supported setting up, museums most of which were private establishments. Nowadays, local and religious authorities, ethnie associations, and artists are, in turn, creating museums—usually and mainly with the intention of promoting the authority or identity of the founders, whether persons or groups. But do these museums have a feeling, such as exists in African societies, for a cultural heritage? Given both the meaning, as seen through exhibitions, assigned to the objects they store and the image they present of the group or community whose culture they display, very few of them depart from the Western museum model as conveyed by national museums.
Soviet policy in the Middle East : The case of Palestine during World War II
Authors: Ro'i Yaacov 
Published: October 2008

Yaacov Ro'i, La politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient : le cas de la Palestine pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
Entre l'invasion allemande de l'URSS en juin 1941 et la conférence de Yalta en février 1945, le Gouvernement soviétique a totalement modifié sa politique à l'égard de la communauté juive en Palestine. Après avoir adopté une attitude totalement négative au début de la guerre, l'URSS fit savoir, un peu plus de trois ans plus tard, qu'elle approuvait la consolidation d'un foyer national juif en Palestine. Nous nous proposons dans cet essai d'analyser les motifs de cette transformation et d'en décrire les circonstances — en particulier les contacts entretenus entre des fonctionnaires soviétiques et des représentants des Juifs palestiniens et des chefs sionistes.
Ğadidism at the turn of the twentieth century : A view from within
Authors: Lazzerini Edward J. 
Published: October 2008

Edward J. Lazzerini, Ğadidism at the turn of the twentieth century: a view from within.
Ismail Bey Gasprinskii, one of the leaders of the movement for the reform and renovation of the Islamic way of life among Russian Muslims (ğadidism) , wrote an informative essay in 1901 that sought to survey the broad cultural advancement that had taken place in Russian Islam between 1880 and the turn of the twentieth century. The essay, translated here, provides an insider's view of the progress made and offers the historian a convenient and concise source for an understanding of what Gasprinskii, and by extension, other ğadidists understood to be the weaknesses in the Muslim way of life that required remedy. The bibliography that Gasprinskii appended to his essay is of paramount importance in its own right as a listing of those works which, from the ğadidist viewpoint, constituted a body of knowledge which should be imparted to the Muslim people as an aid to achieving further progress. Extensive notes and commentaries serve to increase the value of both the essay and the bibliography.
Le « léninisme » dans la critique littéraire soviétique
Authors: Aucouturier Michel 
Published: October 2008

Michel Aucouturier, Le « léninisme » dans la critique littéraire soviétique.
Bien que, parmi les publicistes marxistes russes, Lénine soit l'un de ceux qui n'ont jamais directement abordé les problèmes spécifiques de l'art et de la création littéraire, la critique littéraire marxiste en URSS le tient aujourd'hui pour son fondateur. Jusqu'en 1930, ce titre revenait à Plehanov et à ses disciples, notamment à Pereverzev, dénoncés ensuite pour « sociologisme vulgaire ». En fait, les textes de Lénine sur Tolstoj et sur la presse du parti ont fourni à celui-ci, avec les notions de « reflet » et de « prise de parti », mises en avant à partir de 1930, la justification théorique d'une subordination de la littérature au parti et à l'État. Le « léninisme » dans la critique littéraire n'est donc en fait que la théorie du stalinisme.
L'immigration des Arméniens de la diaspora vers la RSS d'Arménie, 1946-1962
Authors: Mouradian Claire 
Published: October 2008

Claire Mouradian, Immigration of the Armenians of the diaspora towards the RSS of Armenia. 1946-1962.
The history of Armenia is marked by permanent migratory movements of its population pressed abroad by wars, invasions, oppression and massacres. This article studies the recent phenomenon of the mass-return of the Armenian diaspora to its fatherland, organized by the USSR after the Second World War. After having defined the essential diplomatic and strategical reasons of the movement, the article analyzes the propaganda themes making use of the national question and their impact. It goes on to examine the integration of the immigrants in their host-country, Soviet Armenia, its specific problems and a certain failure.
The question then arises whether the diaspora constitutes the only aspect of the national Armenian problem the sole solution of which would be immigration.
De la réalité au texte : L'absurde chez Daniil Harms
Authors: Jaccard Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2008

Jean-Philippe Jaccard, De la réalité au texte. L'absurde chez Daniil Harms.
Le but de cet article est de montrer, sur la base d'écrits pour la plupart inédits, la cohérence qu'il y a chez Daniil Harms entre sa vision philosophique du monde et sa poétique. Le mot - étiquette absurde désigne, en premier lieu, la dualité fondamentale régissant les rapports entre l'homme et un monde qui ne lui apparaît que comme une somme de parties non reliées les unes aux autres. Il sera étudié dans ce cadre un certain nombre de notions que l'on trouve dans des textes théoriques de Harms : loi d'équilibre, principe d'asymétrie, petite erreur ("nebol'šaja pogrešnosť"), etc. On verra ensuite que cette dualité s'exprime dans les textes en prose de l'écrivain. A un niveau thématique, d'abord, par la création d'un type de personnage particulier, le paumé naïf précipité dans un monde hostile. A un niveau formel ensuite, par la tendance générale des textes à l'auto-destruction (par repliement sur soi ou par éclatement). On constatera enfin que le nonsense qui en résulte, avec le comique que cela suppose, élève cette prose au rang de parodie globale des procédés narratifs traditionnels, en même temps que Harms propose une tentative de réponse extra-idéologique aux grandes questions métaphysiques.
Une ruse de la raison dialogique : Bahtin et le « formalisme occidental »
Authors: Galharague Roland 
Published: October 2008

Roland Galharague, Une ruse de la raison dia logique : Bahtin et le "formalisme occidental".
L'oeuvre de Bahtin entretient des relations privilégiées avec certaines théories esthétiques d'expression allemande apparues au tournant du siècle - le "formalisme occidental" -, essentiellement celles d'A. Riegl, W. Worringer et H. Wolfflin. Cet article se propose d'en étudier la nature. Des convergences apparaissent, d'abord dans une commune critique de l'esthétique de l'empathie, ensuite dans une même volonté d'associer à l'approche historique de l'art son appréhension formelle. On envisage ensuite la manière dont Bahtin intègre ces textes à la trame de son oeuvre, illustrant ainsi ses propres théories sur le "discours d'autrui". Enfin, on s'interroge sur le sens dans l'économie générale de l'oeuvre de Bahtin de ce recours à des théories esthétiques.
« Lettres de Kharkov » : La famine en Ukraine et dans le Caucase du Nord [à travers les rapports des diplomates italiens, 1932-1934**]
Authors: Graziosi Andrea 
Published: October 2008

Andrea Graziosi, « Lettres de Kharkov ». La famine en Ukraine et dans le Caucase du Nord à travers les rapports des diplomates italiens. 1932-1934.
Le lecteur trouvera ici une sélection des rapports que l'ambassadeur d'Italie à Moscou et les consuls et vice-consuls à Kharkov, Batum et Novorossijsk ont adressés à Rome entre 1932 et 1934. À l'exception de quatre d'entre eux, ces documents n'ont encore jamais été publiés. Les originaux en italien se trouvent aux archives du ministère italien des Affaires étrangères. Ils décrivent la collectivisation et la famine en Ukraine et dans le Kouban de 1932 à 1934. En raison de leur caractère unique et de leur qualité exceptionnelle, on peut dire que ces rapports constituent actuellement une des sources les plus importantes dont on dispose sur ces événements tragiques. Les problèmes qu'ils posent au spécialiste de l'histoire soviétique sont brièvement discutés dans l'introduction. On y trouve aussi des informations sur les diplomates qui les ont écrits et sur le contexte dans lequel ils ont été écrits.
La Russie à l'exposition universelle de 1889
Authors: Aubain Laurence 
Published: October 2008

Laurence Aubain, La Russie à l 'Exposition universelle de 1889.
La participation russe à l'Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889 figure les prémices du rapprochement entre la France et la Russie avant l'alliance de 1891, malgré des préparatifs difficiles, témoins de ces relations. La représentation russe, n'ayant pu bénéficier du patronage officiel impérial et donc de concours financiers, organisée bien tardivement, ne donnera pas tout l'éclat souhaité. L'image de la Russie qui se fera jour sera celle d'une « Russie éternelle » faite d'étrangeté et de mystère, en dépit d'une potentialité industrielle affirmée, tout en relevant de la philosophie de l'Exposition universelle, mélange d'optimisme, d'industrialisme, de paternalisme, с 'est-a-dire de saint-simonisme. Finalement, la Russie, dans son reflet, n' apparaîtra pas souffrir de décalage entre ce qu'elle est et ce qu'elle montre, à l'inverse de ce qui se passera à l'Exposition universelle de 1900.
L'Autriche est-elle un "pays du Nord" ?
Authors: Weinberger Gerhard 
Published: October 2008

(en millions d’habitants)

Allemands 12,2 Hongrois 10,1 Tchèques 6,5 Polonais 5,1 Ruthènes (= Ukrainiens) 4,1 Roumains 3,3 Croates 2,9 Slovaques 2,0 Serbes 2,0 Slovènes 1,4 Italiens 0,9 Bosniaques musulmans 0,6 Divers 0,4
Total 51,4
Images monétaires et pratiques sémiologiques / Coin images and semiological practice
Authors: Perez Christine 
Published: October 2008

COIN IMAGES AND SEMIOLOGICAL PRACTICE.
This article attempts to provide a new approach to images put into circulation via coins by using semiological analysis which enable us to «read» these images, and by borrowing conceptual kools from sociology, psychology and discourse techniques particularly rhetoric. This study has tried to emphasize the importance of visual messages in antique societies and to show how these images constitute for their producers, a suggestive act which aims at producing certain reactions, certain forms of behaviour which respond to this communication, among the mass of receivers, by appealing to their needs and aspirations. It is seen how the relationship between the coin- image and the civic community appears above all, as a communication between a social institution and social subjects in relation to models thought of as important within the collective conscience, how the engraved propagande image on a coin is both mirror and motor for a society which has produced them, and how the messages diffused by coins has a cultural regulator function in the end.
The historical interpretation of Al Mina
Authors: Graham John A. 
Published: October 2008

The settlement excavated by Sir Leonard Woolley at Al Mina was identified with the ancient city of Posideum and interpreted as an exceptionally early Greek colony in the East, which played the leading role in the relationship between Greece and the Orient at the end of the 'Dark Ages.' The bases for such an interpretation were always either very fragile or non-existent. It is now generally recognized that Posideum should be placed further South, probably at Ras-el-Basit. The material finds and architecture of Al Mina clearly attest, not a Greek city, but a Levantine settlement, probably founded by Phoenicians.
The concept of a Greek Al Mina arose from misinterpretation of the presence of abundant Greek painted pottery, which is evidence for trade not inhabitants. Analogy, probability and a very small number of graffiti suggest that there were some Greek residents, but the historian should realise that Al Mina was just one of many places in the eastern Mediterranean, where Greeks made contact with the Orient.
Roman Cadastres in Britain 1. South Norfolk A
Authors: Peterson John W. M. 
Published: October 2008

It is suggested that a Roman centuriated cadastre(1) covered an area of South Norfolk extending at least 25 Km south of Norwich, and at least 15 Km from West to East.
It is possible to obtain a good visual fit of a 20 "actus" grid with two existing linear features and two areas of existing rectilinear road systems. This fit is improved when the coordinates of the grid intersection points are calculated. The coincidence of existing junctions on the present A 140 with predicted "limites" intersections was tested statistically, with a significant result. Other features, typical of centuriated areas, are visible in the landscape.
Despite its fragmentary nature, the evidence seems to indicate that a cadastre was implemented in this area. The relationship between the grid and the main Roman road implies that they were both designed and constructed in the same period, early in the process of Roman intervention in the territory of the Iceni.
Un groupe dionysiaque de Géorgie. Terres cuites hellénistiques de Sarkiné
Authors: Mizandari Marine 
Published: October 2008

The group of terra-cotta sculptures discovered in Sarkine, the Eastern part of Georgia, is of significant value in correlation with a great number of art monuments of Georgia of Hellenistic and Roman period.
The plastic group includes the bust represantations of Dionysus (iconographie type of Dionysus-taureau) and Ariadne and the four masks of the maenades and one other personage of the thiasos.
The representations of Ariadne and Dionysus have some affinities with classicized sculptures of the Hellenistic age. The closest iconographie and stylistic analogies of the Georgian sculptures are found among the masterpieces of plastic art of the III-II centuries from Thasos, Delos, Alexandria etc., as well as in Western Georgia, in Vani terra-cotta fragments, dated by the II-I centuries B.C. The comparative study of the terra-cotta representations of Sarkine insures us to date them by the II century B.C. Their spectrographic and structural analysis indicates that it's a local made production, created in accordance with Greek samples.
Along with the numerous archaeological monuments of Georgia the skilful representations of Dionysus and his followers aimed to decorate the interior of the building can be considered as one more interesting proof of close contacts of Georgia with Hellenistic world.
La sidérurgie ancienne et l'exploitation minière dans les Montagnes Sainte-Croix (Petite Pologne). I. Bilan des recherches 1955-1990
Authors: Bielenin Kazimierz , Mangin Michel , Orzechowski Szymon 
Published: October 2008

Fourty years of excavations by К. Bielenin in the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland have revealed one of the most important zones of iron production of the period which have been studied so far in barbarian Europe. In this area of about 800 square km there are 6000 sites with an average of 100 furnaces each. Some 10,000 tonnes of iron were produced during the first four centuries AD.
This first part of a series of three articles is a synthesis of the results up until 1990 both in the technological field (the supply of ore and fuel, the typology and method of operation of the batteries of furnaces) and in the study of the socio- economic aspects of the iron production. It examines clearly the fundamental question of the outlets for this iron which were probably mainly oriented towards the Roman Empire.