bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis Characterization of a primary T lymphocyte response against testicular self antigens
Authors: Wekerle H. , Begemann M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphocytes from normal, young adult rats were autosensitized in vitro against trypsin‐dissociated autologous testis cells. The autoimmune response had been assayed both by determination of the lymphocyte proliferation, using a [3H]thymidine incorporation test, as well as by determination of their specific cytostatic activity against monolayer‐forming testis cells which was measured in a terminal 51Cr uptake assay. The actively responding cells in this system are T lymphocytes. Non‐T cells can exert additional, nonspecific cytostasis. The immune specificity of the in vitro experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has been demonstrated on two levels. First, the responding T lymphocytes were found to specifically adhere around cells from one particular test is subpopulation which morphologically resemble Sertoli cells. The rosetting lymphocytes respond only to testicular self antigen, but not to allogeneic lymphocytes. Second, specificity to the effector T lymphocytes was revealed in transfer experiments. Autosensitized EAO effector T cells cytostatically affected only major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC)‐compatible testis cells. Their reactivity against MHC‐different testis cells or MHC‐compatible nontesticular fibroblasts was significantly decreased which suggests both tissue as well as MHC specificity of the EAO response.
Mechanism of T cell‐mediated cytolysis: the differential impact of cytochalasins at the recognition and lethal hit stages
Authors: Golstein P. , Foa C. , Maclennan I. C. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the impact of a range of cytochalasins of various classes, not only on T cell‐mediated cytolysis as a whole, but also at each stage of this process using the analytical Ca++ pulse method. We compared the results thus obtained with the effect of some of these drugs on microfilaments (assessed by electron microscopy) and on glucose metabolism. All cytochalasins blocked the recognition stage of T cell‐mediated cytolysis, none blocked the target cell disintegration stage, and all cytochalasins but cytochalasin A blocked Ca++‐dependent events of the lethal hit stage. Cytochalasin A, which did not block lethal hit, clearly affected microfilaments. Cytochalasin B blocked both the lethal hit and glucose catabolism while cytochalasin A inhibited neither. The following pattern is therefore suggested. The recognition stage can be blocked by both cytochalasin A and cytochalasin B, presumably through a common effect of these drugs on microfilamental structures. The lethal hit stage can be blocked by cytochalasin B but not by cytochalasin A, presumably through the impact of the former on cell membrane permeability to glucose. These results are discussed both in terms of their practical interest relative to the use of Ca++ and cytochalasin A to probe lytic events, and in terms of the information they provide about metabolic steps and cell structures which could be involved in the lethal hit.
The anti‐delta suppressed mouse
Authors: Layton Judith E. , Johnson G. R. , Scott D. W. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ontogeny of IgD was examined in neonatal to adult mice by immunofluorescence. The first δ‐positive cells appeared in the spleen at about 3 days of age, while lymph nodes from 4 to 5‐day‐old mice already contained 10–20% δ‐positive B cells.In order to study the function of IgD, we developed a system in which the appearance of δ‐positive cells was suppressed by treatment of mice from birth with an anti‐δ allotype serum. Immunofluorescence studies showed that very few δ‐positive cells could be found in the spleen and lymph nodes of such suppressed mice, and also that the percentage of μ‐positive cells was reduced by about 50%. The recovery from suppression was rapid, indicating that potential δ‐positive cells were modulated rather than killed. Studies of the immune response of suppressed mice in vitro and in vivo showed that suppression had little effect on the IgM response but caused a definite reduction in the IgG response.
Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355. III. Idiotypic and spectrotypic correlations
Authors: Hansburg D. , Perlmutter R. M. , Briles D. E. , Davie J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExamination of 19 S and 7 S anti‐α(1→3) dextran (Dex) antibodies by serological assays and isoelectric focusing (IEF) has revealed substantial variation of idiotypic and spectrotypic expression between individuals of the same genotype. 7 S antibodies appeared to be more heterogeneous than 19 S by both methods. A strong, but complex, association was found between the IEF patterns of 19 S and 7 S anti‐Dex antibodies and their expression of the idiotypic determinant(s) common to both the M104 and J558 dextran‐binding myeloma proteins. However, no such relationship was found between the IEF pattern and the expression of idiotypic determinant(s) unique to the M104 myeloma protein. Rather, indistinguishable spectrotypes from different individuals have widely differing levels of expression of the determinant. In addition, this determinant(s) may be present on different spectrotypes of the same isotype. Both the M104 and J558‐specific idiotypes were found on antibodies of the IgG3 subclass as well as in pools containing predominantly the IgG2a subclass. These data confirm and extend the picture of substantial structural variation among the antibodies comprising a response of restricted heterogeneity.
Monoclonal IgM cryoglobulinemia associated with gamma‐3 heavy chain disease: immunochemical and biochemical studies
Authors: Wang A.‐C. , Arnaud P. , Fudenberg H. H. , Creyssel R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA patient (Mia) with a monoclonal IgM(k) cryoglobulin (cryo IgM) developed additional heavy chain disease proteins of the γ3 subclass 8 years later. Biochemical studies of the cryo IgM indicated that the heavy chain was VHI, but the NH2‐terminal amino acid sequence of the light chain did not permit a definite assignment of its VK subgroup. Two major fragments of the γ3 chain were distinguishable by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl‐amide gel. The smaller component (designated Mia F) had a molecular weight of approximately 30 000 and the larger component (designated Mia S) 35 000. Both fragments had G3m(21) and G3m(27) allotypic determinants. These data and the NH2‐terminal amino acid sequence of the γ chain fragments suggested that Mia S consists of the major part of the γ3 hinge region plus the CH2 and CH3 domains of the γ3 chain, whereas Mia F may be derived from the former as a result of postsynthetic cleavage. The partial amino acid sequence of the Mia S fragment is homologous to the hinge region amino acid sequence of human γ3 chains reported in the literature, with only one amino acid difference out of the 11 residues compared. This difference may represent an allotypic difference within the γ3 subclass. Alternatively, the production of Mia S may have resulted from the accidental derepression of a “silent” constant region gene not expressed in normal individuals.
H‐2 control of the magnitude and heterogeneity of the immune response
Authors: Kipps T. J. , Benacerraf B. , Dorf M. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe antibody responses to the random linear terpolymer poly(LLyu54, LLys36, LAla10), and its 2,4 dinitrophenyl conjugate, DNP‐GLA, were analyzed. Dominant immune response genes (Ir genes) mapping to the I region of the murine major histocompatibility complex control the magnitude of the anti‐GLA and DNP‐GLA antibody responses. Mice of the H‐2f haplotype were found to be high responders. These animals produce significantly higher titers of anti‐GLA antibody to GLA than intermediate H‐2‐congenic responder mice of the H‐2b,a,d,k,s,u,v or z haplotypes. In contrast, animals with H‐2 haplotypes j,n,p,q or r were found to be nonresponders to GLA. The relative magnitude of each strain's response to GLA was also reflected in the relative magnitude of its anti‐DNP antibody response to DNP‐GLA. High, intermediate and nonresponder mice could be further distinguished by the number of antigen‐specific plaque‐forming cells generated in the response to GLA, and in the relative amounts of IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 anti‐GLA antibodies produced in both primary and secondary anti‐GLA responses. Both intermediate and nonresponder strains of mice, however, could respond to GLA that was chemically coupled with an immunogenic carrier, chicken gamma globulin, to generate antigen‐specific plaque‐forming responses that were similar in magnitude to that produced by high responder strains to GLA.Isoelectric focusing studies revealed that GLA intermediate responder mice generated anti‐DNP antibody responses to DNP‐GLA of very restricted heterogeneity. H‐2‐congenic high responder animals, however, produced anti‐DNP antibody responses upon DNP‐GLA immunization that were significantly more heterogeneous than these restricted anti‐DNP‐GLA responses of intermediate responder animals. Thus, genes located within the major histocompatibility complex can influence the degree of heterogeneity of the anti‐DNP antibody response to DNP‐GLA. The potential mechanisms responsible for the Ir gene‐controlled differences in the magnitude or heterogeneity of the immune response to GLA or to its DNP conjugate, DNP‐GLA, are discussed.
The relationship of membrane antigens on 141 (NZB) and EL4 (C57BL) lymphoma cells as demonstrated by antibodyinduced resistance to complement‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Ran Maya , Yaakubowicz Margalith , Talal N. , Witz I. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have studied the ability of various antisera to induce resistance to complement‐dependent lysis (CdL) (lysostripping) of surface antigens of B and T lymphoma cells. Alloantisera, xenoantisera, as well as anti‐Rauscher‐leukemia virus (RLV) antisera, were used. Whereas all antisera could induce resistance to CdL mediated by the same serum that served for lysostripping (autolysostrip), only some of the tested antisera could induce resistance to CdL by other antisera (co‐lysostrip). In some combinations co‐lysostrip was unidirectional, i.e. in a pair of antisera, one induced autolysostrip as well as co‐lysostrip, whereas the other antiserum induced autolysostrip only. In other combinations co‐lysostrip was reciprocal.These investigations do not support the possibility that viral components and alloantigenic determinants are associated on mouse lymphoma cells.
Antibody diversity in amphibians: inheritance of isoelectric focusing antibody patterns in isogenic frogs
Authors: Du Pasquier L. , Wabl M. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnti‐sheep red cell, anti‐dinitrophenyl, anti‐phosphorylcholine antibody responses have been followed in isogenic frogs of the genus Xenopus. Isoelectric focusing antibody patterns show a high degree of overlap for all antigens studied, and a heterogeneity that is lower than in mammals for the same antigens. Inheritance of antibody isoelectric focusing spectrotypes was demonstrated for sheep red cells and dinitrophenyl in two clones of isogenic animals.Outbred frogs show a higher frequency of spectrotype sharing than outbred mammals. It is therefore suggested that antibody diversity is lower in frogs than in mammals.
Generation and release of eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by arachidonic acid
Authors: König W. , Tesch H. , Frickhofen N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study describes the generation and release of an eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, rat basophilic leukemia cells, and from a lymphocyte monocyte basophil suspension by arachidonic acid (AA). The eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) is highly specific for eosinophils and resembles the ECF activity obtained from human polymorpho‐nuclear neutrophils after stimulation with the Ca ionophore or during phagocytosis. In this regard, AA‐induced ECF represents a biological activity distinct from oxidized AA and its conversion products. AA may therefore have a dual function: it represents an important mechanism of cell activation; as AA is converted into prostaglandins, it appears likely that they exert a modulatory and a suppressive role on biological functions, such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
Selection of antigen‐specific cells by adherence to allogeneic cell monolayers: cytolytic activity, graft‐vs.‐host activity and numbers of adherent and nonadherent cells
Authors: Chisholm Patricia M. , Ford W. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRat lymph node cells taken at the peak of cytolytic activity following a skin allograft were separated into adherent and nonadherent fractions by incubation on monolayers of thoracic duct lymphocytes either of the same strain as the graft donor or of an Ag‐B different strain. In the face of a 3‐fold enrichment of cytolytic activity in the adherent cells and a 3‐fold depletion in the nonadherent cells there was no detectible partition of graft‐vs.‐host (GVH) activity. Supplementary experiments supported the simplest interpretation of this finding, namely that the antigen receptors on GVH‐reactive cells did not influence their adherence in this system. Similarly, there was no partition of the GVH activity of nonimmune lymph node cells by adherence. Labeling lymph node cells with either radioactive uridine or thymidine in vitro, suggested that about 20% of DNA‐synthesizing cells in the immune population adhered because of antigen recognition.
T‐independent responses in B cell‐defective CBA/N mice to Brucella abortus and to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of Brucella abortus
Authors: Mond J. J. , Scher I. , Mosier D. E. , Baese M. , Paul W. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCBA/N mice have an X‐linked immune defect in B lymphocyte function which leads to their inability to respond to several thymus‐independent antigens. We report here that these mice and immunologically defective F1 male (CBA/N × DBA/2N) mice can respond to Brucella abortus and to 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl derivatives of Brucella abortus (TNP‐BA). These responses can be obtained in vivo and in vitro and are thymus‐independent by the criteria that (a) they can be transferred to irradiated recipients by bone marrow cells and anti‐Thy‐1.2 and complement‐treated spleen cells; (b) that nu/nu BALB/c spleen cells respond to TNP‐BA in vitro; and (c) that anti‐Thy‐1.2 and complement‐treated (CBA/N × DBA/2N)F1 male spleen cells respond to TNP‐BA in vitro. B. abortus and TNP‐BA are poor polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) and poor B cell mitogens, unlike lipopolysaccharide which is both a powerful PBA and B cell mitogen. These results therefore indicate that mice with the CBA/N B cell defect can respond to some thymus‐independent antigens, namely TNP‐BA, and as shown previously, TNP‐LPS, although not to other thymus‐independent antigens. This, in turn, suggests that thymus‐independent antigens may be subdivided on the basis of their ability or inability to stimulate responses by CBA/N B lymphocytes.
Possible occurrence and meaning of lymphocytes bearing autoanti‐idiotypic receptors during the immune response
Authors: Tasiaux N. , Leuwenkroon R. , Bruyns C. , Urbain J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring an immune response, the increase in binding affinity of antibodies is followed by a fall. Lymphocytes bearing autoanti‐idiotypic receptors were detected during a normal immune response. The kinetics of appearance and disappearance of such lymphocytes led us to propose a network model to explain the changes occurring in antibody properties during an immune response.
Drug‐promoted B cell tolerance induction: a selective activity of cyclophosphamide dependent on the tolerogenicity of thymus‐independent antigens
Authors: Howard J. G. , Hale Christine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNative levan and dextran B1355 induce equivalent IgM responses, specific for β(2→6) fructosyl or α(1→3) and α(1→6) glucosyl epitopes, respectively, in congenitally athymic and euthymic BALB/c mice. These can be suppressed to a varying extent by both alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide (CY), melphalan, chlorambucil) and other immunosuppressive drugs (6‐mercaptopurine, azathioprine, A‐methopterin). In contrast, the promotion of B cell tolerance to these thymus‐independent antigens, as measured by a reduction in the minimum tolerogenic dose, was found only during suppression with CY (or related compound Asta 5122) and with none of the other drugs.CY likewise reduced the tolerizing dose thresholds of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐specific Bμ cells for feebly immunogenic dinitrophenylated pneumococcal polysaccharide type 3 and nonimmunogenic DNP‐D‐GL (D‐Glu, D‐Lys copolymer) by approximately 10‐ and 100‐fold, respectively, in CBA mice. This definitively verifies an implication from earlier variable epitope density studies (Desaymard and Howard, Eur. J. Immunol. 1975. 5: 541) that CY‐promoted tolerance with thymus‐independent antigens depends not on their immunogenicity, but on their inherent tolerogenicity. Evidence is discussed which suggests that this involves an increased susceptibility of B cells to normal tolerization by multivalent antigens.Spleen cells from mice 14 days after CY‐promoted tolerance induction were totally unresponsive to levan and devoid of demonstrable suppressor cell activity in mixed cell transfer experiments. As B cells are usually unaffected and suppressor T cells generated during analogous tolerance with thymus‐dependent antigens (Ramshaw, Bretscher and Parish, Eur. J. Immunol. 1977. 7: 180), we conclude that the mechanisms of tolerance promotion by CY are fundamentally dissimilar for these two classes of antigen.
Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins and antigen binding in the genus Carassius (Teleostii)
Authors: Deluca D. , Warr G. W. , Marchalonis J. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVirtually all lymphocytes (from thymus, spleen and head nephros) of two closely related cyprinoid fish, C. auratus and C. carassius, were shown to bear surface immunoglobulin (Ig) detectable by immunofluorescence. Nonlymphoid cells (for example, those of the granulocytic and erythrocytic series) showed insignificant staining compared with lymphocytes. Rabbit antisera used in these studies were raised to purified serum IgM of C. auratus. The serum IgM of C. auratus and C. carassius expressed identical determinants as recognized by this antibody in radioimmunoassay, but with a lower level of expression on the IgM of C. carassius. Similarly, with the use of these reagents in quantitative cytofluorometry, the lymphoid cells of C. carassius stained less brightly than those of C. auratus. However, in both species, a hierarchy of fluorescence intensity could be observed, such that spleen ⩾ head nephros > thymus.A small percentage of lymphocytes in all organs of both species bound either myoglobin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, or horse spleen ferritin antigens. All antigen‐binding lymphocytes were also positive for membrane Ig. Analysis of the distribution of antigen and Ig patches on these cells showed that antigen patches were always coincident with Ig patches.These results provide further evidence of lymphoid heterogeneity in the genus Carassius, and are compatible with the suggestion that lymphocyte surface Ig functions as a primary recognition molecule for all lymphocytes in Carassius species.
Requirement for antigen in lipopolysaccharidedependent induction of B cells
Authors: Bretscher P. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe magnitude of the IgM response to a variety of antigens, induced on the in vivo administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice, is approximately proportional to the magnitude of the background response observed in untreated animals. This striking correlation suggests that the administration of LPS alone cannot in general induce a specific response in the absence of a background response. Such is the case for the antigen rat erythrocytes against which no LPS‐dependent or background response is found. The response to a marginally immunogenic dose of rat erythrocytes, however, can be considerably enhanced by the administration of LPS. These observations are expected on the hypothesis that both background and LPS‐induced responses are due to ongoing antigen‐dependent stimulation in normal mice. This hypothesis is further supported by evidence suggesting that the LPS‐dependent anti‐sheep erythrocyte response is due, at least in part, to a particular antigen present on degraded mouse erythrocytes.
Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors II. Suppressive effects of the in vivo carried tumor YAC
Authors: Devens B. , Galili Naomi , Deutsch Ofra , Naor D. , Klein Eva 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnprimed spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice could not produce cytotoxic responses to their syngeneic tumors: a Moloney virus‐induced in vitro subline YAC‐1 and a Rauscher virus‐induced in vitro subline RBL5, respectively. Spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice immunized with YAC‐1 or RBL5 (which cross‐react serologically) generated significant syngeneic cytotoxicities after cultivation in vitro.The in vivo carried tumor of A mice, unlike the in vitro sublines, could not stimulate a priming effect. In contrast, YAC stimulated the formation of suppressor cells in both A and C57BL/6 mice. The suppressor cells abrogated the priming effect of the syngeneic tumors, but not the priming effect of the allogeneic tumors. Furthermore, YAC did not suppress normal allogeneic anti‐tumor responses. The theoretical and the practical implications of these studies are discussed.
Immune interferon II. Different cellular site for the production of murine macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interferon
Authors: Neumann Christine , Sorg C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and immune interferon (IF) by concanavalin A (Con A)‐stimulated cultures of thymus, lymph node and spleen cells was investigated. It was found that all cultures produced MIF activity, whereas only spleen cells produced marked IF activity. The capacity to produce IF was found to be correlated with the macrophage content of a cell preparation as evidenced by staining for esterase‐positive cells. Furthermore, column‐purified spleen T cells produced MIF but no IF. Migration inhibition caused by residual mitogen could be ruled out. On the other hand, when macrophages grown from bone marrow cells were pre‐exposed to supernatants of mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes, IF activity was released into freshly added medium while no significant MIF activity was found. IF was also found in supernatants of macrophage cultures after exposure to conventional inducers in vitro (polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid, Corynebacterium parvum) or in vivo (C. parvum), whereas no MIF was detected. An anti‐Type I IF serum neutralized IF in supernatants from Con A‐stimulated spleen cells but did not affect MIF in the same supernatants. This indicates that IF and MIF activity are associated with different molecules. It is, therefore, concluded that under the described conditions, IF and MIF are produced by different cells. T cells are the prime producers of MIF while IF is released by macrophages following induction by lymphokines.
Colony formation of cytolytic T cells in semisolid medium
Authors: Collavo D. , Engers H. , Nabholz M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAddition of supernatant from concanavalin A‐stimulated spleen cells to in vitro primed cytolytic T lymphocytes in semisolid medium stimulated the growth of colonies of cytolytic lymphocytes. Optimal results were obtained using a peritoneal adherent cell underlayer where a 10% plating efficiency (⩾ 4 cells per colony) was achieved when between 5000 and 100000 cells were plated per dish.Individual colonies were harvested and tested in a short‐term (5 h) 51Cr release microassay, employing 200 target cells. The frequency of lytic colonies varied from 46–67%. The observed lytic activities were specific for the relevant allogeneic target cells.