bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grain and phase stress criteria for behaviour and cleavage in duplex and bainitic steels
Authors: INAL K. , PESCI R. , LEBRUN J. L. , DIARD O. , MASSON R. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTStress analyses by X‐ray diffraction are performed on a cast duplex (32% ferrite) stainless steel elbow and a bainitic (95% ferrite) pressure vessel steel. During an in situ tensile test, micrographic observations are made (visible glides and microcracks) and related to the stress state determined in the individual ferritic grains (aged duplex) and the ferritic phase (bainite loaded at low temperatures). Several material parameters have been identified at different scales, as for example, the critical resolved shear stress of 245 MPa for the aged ferritic grain (duplex) or 275 MPa for bainite (–60 °C), a crystallographic cleavage propagation criterion of 465 MPa (stress normal to {100} planes), and a fracture stress of approximately 700 MPa in the ferritic phase. Even though the two steels are different in many respects, the macroscopic fracture strains and stresses are well predicted by the polycrystalline model developed for bainite, whatever the temperatures tested (considering 7% of the grains reaching the local criterion).
An assessment of re‐randomization methods in bark beetle (Scolytidae) trapping bioassays
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Dabney Christopher P. , McKelvey Stephen R. , Borys Robert R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract1 Numerous studies have explored the role of semiochemicals in the behaviour of bark beetles (Scolytidae).2 Multiple‐funnel traps are often used to elucidate these behavioural responses. Sufficient sample sizes are obtained by using large numbers of traps to which treatments are randomly assigned once, or by frequent collection of trap catches and subsequent re‐randomization of treatments.3 Recently, there has been some debate about the potential for trap contamination to occur when semiochemical treatments (baits), and not trap‐treatment units (traps and baits), are re‐randomized among existing traps. Due to the volatility of many semiochemicals, small levels of contamination could potentially confound results.4 A literature survey was conducted to determine the frequency of re‐randomizing semiochemical treatments (baits) vs. trap‐treatment units (traps and baits) in scolytid trapping bioassays. An experiment was then conducted to determine whether differences in the response ofDendroctonus brevicomisLeConte to attractant‐baited traps exist between the two methods.5 The majority of papers examined reported use of a large number of fixed replicates (traps) rather than re‐randomization of treatments at frequent intervals. Seventy‐five percent of papers for which re‐randomization methods could be determined reported relocation of semiochemical treatments (baits) only.6 No significant differences in trap catch were observed among multiple‐funnel traps aged withD. brevcomisbaits (Phero Tech Inc., Canada) for 0, 30 and 90 days, suggesting that contamination did not influence the results.7 It is concluded that re‐randomizing baits is a viable cost‐effective option to re‐randomizing trap and bait units.
Feeding on roots in the humus layer by adult pine weevil, Hylobius abietis
Authors: Wallertz Kristina , Nordlander Göran , Örlander Göran 
Published: August 2006

Abstract1 The consumption by adult pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, of the bark of roots present in the humus layer was assessed in a field study conducted in southern Sweden during two years (1998 and 2002). The study sites were divided into two areas: (i) a shelterwood where 80–100 mature Scots pine trees per hectare remained after cutting and (ii) a clearcut where no trees were left.2 On average, 3741 m2 per hectare of root bark was present in the humus layer, of which 135 m2 was not coniferous but comprised species such as bilberry and broadleaved trees.3 The mean area debarked by pine weevils was 2.9 m2 per hectare; 2.6 m2 of conifer roots and 0.3 m2 of bilberry roots. Roots of broadleaved trees were almost never consumed. No clear preferences for roots of a specific level of vitality were observed.4 No consistent difference between the shelterwood and clearcut was found, either in the amount of root bark area available or in the extent of root feeding by pine weevil.5 A weak negative correlation between debarked areas on roots and seedlings was found, indicating that root feeding may have reduced damage to seedlings.6 It is concluded that conifer roots in the humus layer constitute a major food source for the pine weevil and can be utilized for a considerable period in both clearcuts and shelterwoods.
Pre‐copulatory isolation in sympatric Melolontha species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Reinecke Andreas , Ruther Joachim , Hilker Monika 
Published: August 2006

Abstract1 The two most abundant cockchafer species in Europe, the forest cockchafer Melolontha hippocastani Fabr. and the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha L., tend to form calamitous mass breedings with casual reports on sympatric and simultaneous occurrence.2 Both species are known to use feeding‐induced green leaf volatiles (GLV) as primary attractants (sexual kairomones) for mate finding. The attractiveness of GLV is enhanced by the sex pheromones 1,4‐benzoquinone in M. hippocastani and toluquinone in M. melolontha. Phenol attracts males from both species. All three compounds are present in females of both species.3 In the present study, it is confirmed that only male M. melolontha perform the typical swarming flight at dusk, as has already been shown for M. hippocastani. Furthermore, whether swarming Melolontha males were cross‐attracted to heterospecific females, and whether males could discriminate olfactorily between conspecific and heterospecific females, was tested in the field.4 Males of both species preferred females when given the choice between females and males of the other species. However, they preferred conspecific females when females from both species were offered simultaneously.5 The results suggest that species‐specific pheromone blends contribute to precopulatory reproductive isolation in sympatric populations of M. melolontha and M. hippocastani, but are not mutually exclusive or indispensable prerequisites for mate finding as in other insects.
Analysis of mercuric reductase (merA) gene diversity in an anaerobic mercury‐contaminated sediment enrichment
Authors: Ní Chadhain Sinéad M. , Schaefer Jeffra K. , Crane Sharron , Zylstra Gerben J. , Barkay Tamar 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe reduction of ionic mercury to elemental mercury by the mercuric reductase (MerA) enzyme plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury in contaminated environments by partitioning mercury to the atmosphere. This activity, common in aerobic environments, has rarely been examined in anoxic sediments where production of highly toxic methylmercury occurs. Novel degenerate PCR primers were developed which span the known diversity of merA genes in Gram‐negative bacteria and amplify a 285 bp fragment at the 3′ end of merA. These primers were used to create a clone library and to analyse merA diversity in an anaerobic sediment enrichment collected from a mercury‐contaminated site in the Meadowlands, New Jersey. A total of 174 sequences were analysed, representing 71 merA phylotypes and four novel MerA clades. This first examination of merA diversity in anoxic environments suggests an untapped resource for novel merA sequences.
Prevalence of obesity in Morocco
Authors: Rguibi M. , Belahsen R. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryData on measured heights and weights indicate that the prevalence of obesity has increased among Moroccan population over the past 15 years. In 1984/1985, 4.1% of the adult population was obese, and the prevalence increased to 10.3% in 1998/1999. In the most recent survey in the year 2000, 13.3% of individuals aged 20 years and more were obese (22% among women and 8% among men). Excessive weight is more prevalent in urban than in rural areas, varies by geographical residence, positively associated with age and negatively with education level. The increasing prevalence of obesity poses challenges for researchers and policy makers.
Obesity and prognosis of breast cancer
Authors: Carmichael A. R. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryObesity has a complicated relationship to both breast cancer risk and the clinical behaviour of the established disease. It is suggested that obesity is associated with both an increased risk of developing breast cancer risk and worse prognosis after disease onset. In post‐menopausal women, various measures of obesity such as body mass index, weight, weight gain and waist : hip ratio have all been positively associated with risk of developing breast cancer. In most but not all case–control and prospective cohort studies, an inverse relationship has been found between weight and breast cancer among pre‐menopausal women. Some data suggest that adult weight gain and central obesity increase the risk of pre‐menopausal breast cancer. Obesity at the time of diagnosis is thought to be significant as a poor prognostic factor. Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in both pre‐ and post‐menopausal women with breast cancer. Many cancer survivors seek ways to minimize the risk of recurrence and death because of breast cancer. Despite complex and at times controversial data, enough evidence is available at present to suggest that weight management should be a part of the strategy to prevent the occurrence, recurrence and death because of breast cancer. In this review the effect of obesity on the prognosis of breast cancer is examined in detail.
Milk and the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pfeuffer M. , Schrezenmeir J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders, namely dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. Insulin resistance is the core phenomenon. Co‐occurrence is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Observational studies found no increased CVD risk with increasing consumption of milk and other dairy products. In several studies dairy consumption was inversely associated with the occurrence of one or several facets of the metabolic syndrome. Many dairy components may contribute to the beneficial effects. Milk and particularly whey appeared insulinotropic when given in a single meal, but not in longer‐term intervention. Medium chain fatty acids improve insulin sensitivity. Whey proteins, amino acids, medium chain fatty acids and in particular calcium and other minerals may contribute to the beneficial effect of dairy products on body weight and body fat. Peptides, calcium and other minerals reduce blood pressure. Fermented products and probiotic bacteria decrease absorption of cholesterol, sphingomyelin of cholesterol and fat, calcium of cholesterol, bile acids and fat. Proteins, peptides and bacteria may also reduce plasma cholesterol. Lactose, citrate, proteins and peptides improve weight control, blood pressure and plasma lipids indirectly, by improving calcium bioavailability. Furthermore, dairy consumption improves the bioavailability of folate and other secondary plant components.
Horizontale Fusionen auf zweiseitigen Märkten am Beispiel von Printmedien
Authors: Dewenter Ralf , Kaiser Ulrich 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe recent discussion about the revision of German merger control underlines the relevance of media economic questions. This discussion frequently neglects the particularities of media markets, for example the mutual interconnection of advertising and media markets, i.e. of “two-sided markets”. In this paper the impact of “two-sided markets” on mergers is analyzed. The results indicate that an intensive analysis of each case because of the heterogeneity of each market and a stronger economization of merger control would be useful. The basis for an economization could be quantitative analyses that are conducted using existing market data. The print media market is an example of the peculiarities of “two-sided markets” at which network externalities lead to pricing behavior that deviates from that on normal markets.
Selektivität und direkte Wirkungen von Vermittlungsgutscheinen: Empirische Befunde aus der Einführungsphase
Authors: Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Winterhager Henrik 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn April 2002 German government introduced job placement vouchers as a new instrument of active labour market policy to foster the transition of unemployed to jobs. This paper investigates the demand, the treatment effect of the treated and the economic efficiency of job placement vouchers issued from May 2003 to June 2004. The analysis employs a large sample of unemployed individuals from administrative data collected by the German Federal Employment Agency. 20 percent of the West German and 37 percent of the East German unemployed demanded a voucher. According to the microeconometric results the treatment impact of the treated is positive. 5 out of 100 voucher recipients found a job as a result of the instrument. An additional analysis of the cost and returns of the voucher scheme reveals that the return remains positive if no more than 70 per cent of the direct effects are compensated by indirect (substitution) effects.
Bildungspolitische Lehren aus den internationalen Schülertests: Wettbewerb, Autonomie und externe Leistungsüberprüfung Bildungspolitische Lehren aus den internationalen Schülertests: Wettbewerb, Autonomie und externe Leistungsüberprüfung
Authors: Wößmann Ludger 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEvidence using micro data from four international student achievement tests shows that institutional features that ensure competition, autonomy and accountability in school systems are key to high student performance. The lessons that education policy can learn from the cross-country evidence include that students perform better (a) in countries with more competition from privately managed but publicly funded schools, (b) in schools with autonomy in process and personnel decisions, (c) if teachers have both incentives and powers to select appropriate teaching methods, (d) if parents take interest in teaching matters and (e) if students and schools are held accountable by external examinations
Changing the face of challenging behaviour services: the Special Projects Team
Authors: Allen David , Lowe Kathy , Jones Edwin , James Wendy , Doyle Tony , Andrew Jock , Davies Dee , Moore Kate , Brophy Sam 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe background to an exciting and probably unique initiative for people with challenging behaviour is described. The Special Projects Team (SPT) was established in the context of increasing knowledge of effective treatment responses, but lack of widespread expertise as well as growing crisis within challenging behaviour services. Unlike previous innovative approaches, the SPT is designed to focus on the development of new services and demonstration projects as well enhancing local knowledge through training and research, and encouraging collaborative developments by working with partners across agencies and across all sectors. The vision of the ideal multi‐component, comprehensive, tiered system of support services is outlined, as are the project brief and principal objectives. Key activities in the initial years have encompassed resettlement, a major epidemiological and service mapping study, the development of the first of a series of accredited training courses, research reviews, and the establishment of formal links with other organizations, including the formation of the Unit for Development in Intellectual Disabilities. Aims for the next phases of the Team are highlighted.
What do older adults with Down's syndrome want from their doctor? A preliminary report
Authors: Fender Aileen , Marsden Lou , Starr John M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper describes how a group of five older adults with Down's syndrome decided what they wanted from their doctor. The group worked out what they meant by health. The group also looked at what it was OK for a doctor to ask or do. They made lists of these. The group decided that being healthy means being able to do things. Feelings, of being scared for example, are an important part of being ill. Older adults with Down's syndrome are able to say what they want from their doctor. They can be helped to do this by working together in a small group.
Meeting the cancer information needs of people with learning disabilities: experiences of paid carers
Authors: Jones Amelia , Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Bernal Jane , Butler Gary , Hollins Sheila 
Published: August 2006

Accessible summaryWhat we did:We made a picture book about cancer for people with learning disabilities.The book explains about cancer.It also explains about the treatments for cancer.We wanted to find out if the book is useful for people with learning disabilities.We met five people with learning disabilities who wanted to find out about cancer.Most of these people had a mum or dad who died of cancer.We watched them when they read the cancer book.We talked to them after they read the cancer book.We also met their supporter. They were professionals.What we found out:• The doctors didn't tell people with learning disabilities about cancer. The supporters had to do it. Sometimes the supporters decided not to tell the person with learning disabilities about cancer.• The supporters found it difficult to talk about cancer and dying. They didn't know enough about cancer themselves.What we want to say to everyone now:It is important that people with learning disabilities are told about cancer.But the supporters need to be helped too.Learning disability staff and cancer staff need to work together.Learning disability staff need training to be health facilitators.Together they can help people with learning disabilities to find out about cancer.SummaryThis paper reports on one of the findings of a small study that aimed to explore how people with learning disabilities accessed and were supported to use a pictorial cancer information book. Five people with learning disabilities who were affected by cancer and their paid carers participated in the study. Support staff in the study were the people who provided cancer information for people with learning disabilities. They struggled with this task, particularly when the person needed information about cancer that exceeded the staff's own knowledge and experience. Most were also inexperienced in dealing with the emotions around cancer. There was little evidence that the support staff received any support themselves, either from cancer professionals or from within their own organizations. The authors conclude that although the findings of this study are based on a small number of people, collaboration is required between health and learning disability services. Further more, in aid of collaboration, staff in learning disability services require education programmes to enhance their skills in facilitating the health needs of people with learning disabilities.
Evolutionary ecology meets wildlife management: artificial group augmentation in the re‐introduction of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: Graf J. A. , Gusset M. , Reid C. , Van Rensburg S. Janse , Slotow R. , Somers M. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAs an alternative to kin selection, group augmentation theory provides a framework for evolutionary mechanisms maintaining cooperative breeding when individual fitness is positively related to group size. It is expected that a cooperator group would accept or adopt unrelated foreigners when it is below a critical threshold size and group members could thus benefit from recruiting additional helpers. In re‐introduction attempts, this would allow for a group to be augmented artificially before release, which would enhance its chance to establish itself successfully in the release area. This possibility was tested using endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus studied in Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Here, we report on the first successful artificial integration of an unrelated adult female with her three male pups into an existing pack. In addition, post‐release monitoring data are presented, including how a yearling male displaced the dominant male that adopted him as a pup, adding to the controversy over the evolutionary stability of group augmentation as a route to cooperative breeding. This study thus demonstrates how theory from evolutionary ecology can be applied to practical wildlife management, and vice versa.
Incomplete reporting of whale, dolphin and porpoise ‘bycatch’ revealed by molecular monitoring of Korean markets
Authors: Baker C. S. , Lukoschek V. , Lavery S. , Dalebout M. L. , Yong‐un M. , Endo T. , Funahashi N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe report the results of molecular monitoring of ‘whalemeat’ markets in the Republic of (South) Korea based on nine systematic surveys from February 2003 to February 2005. As Korea has no programme of commercial or scientific whaling and there is a closure on the hunting of dolphins and porpoises, the only legal source of these products was assumed to be incidental fisheries mortalities (‘bycatch’) as reported by the government to the International Whaling Commission. Species identification of 357 products using mitochondrial DNA control region or cytochrome b sequences and the web‐based programme DNA‐surveillance revealed three species of baleen whales (North Pacific minke, common form Bryde's and humpback), three species of beaked whales (Cuvier's, Stejneger's and Blainville's), seven species of dolphins (short‐finned pilot, false killer and killer whales; Risso's, bottlenose, common and Pacific white‐sided dolphins) and two species of porpoises (harbour and finless). Comparison of market products with official records revealed a number of discrepancies. Of the eight species identified on the markets in 2003, three were not reported in official records for that year. Of the 11 species identified in 2004, five were not reported as bycatch, although one species, a humpback whale, was reported as ‘stranded’. We also found significant inconsistencies in the expected frequencies of products from most species, including a large over‐representation of finless porpoises and false killer whales. We suggest ways in which market surveys could be improved to provide better information on the magnitude of fisheries bycatch and other illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) exploitation of wildlife.
Activity patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the Central Mountains of Taiwan
Authors: Hwang M.‐H. , Garshelis D. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractShifts in activity patterns and time budgets in response to environmental variables may yield insights into key factors affecting animal life histories. Activity data on wild Asiatic black bearsUrsus thibetanusare limited, and non‐existent in tropical portions of their geographic range. During November 1998–November 2000, we monitored the activity (active vs. inactive) of bears within a national park in the tropics of central Taiwan. On the basis of 4630 readings from motion‐sensitive transmitters obtained in 24‐h monitoring sessions, bears were active 54–57% of the time over the course of the year. However, bears were more active during summer (60±15%sd) and fall (60±15%) than in spring (47±13%). They were active mainly during daylight hours in spring and summer, and also during fall when acorns, a principal fall food, were scarce. However, extensive nocturnal activity occurred in fall when acorns were abundant. Increased nocturnal activity in fall is consistent with studies of the related American black bearUrsus americanus, and suggests that this behavior is not necessarily driven by preparation for winter denning or because of disturbance by hunters (as posited in previous studies), as bears in our study did not den (except parturient females) and were not hunted or otherwise disturbed by people.