bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of Oxygen Free Radical Formation and Tissue Injury During Experimental Inflammation by P‐selectin Blockade
Authors: Delano Frank A. , Forrest Michael J. , Schmid‐Schönbein Geert W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: Neutrophilic leukocyte rolling on postcapillary endothelium requires membrane interaction between SLex‐containing ligands on neutrophils and P‐selectin on endothelial cells. The current sequence of studies was performed to explore the hypothesis that the leukocyte‐endothelial rolling interaction not only precedes leukocyte migration but also is accompanied by oxygen free radical production and interstitial cell death in the rat mesentery.Methods: The ratio of leukocyte rolling velocity on the endothelium of postcapillary venules and centerline red cell velocity was determined after topical application of platelet activating factor (PAF; 10−8 mol/L). Superoxide formation was determined by an in situ nitroblue tetrazolium reduction to dark blue formazan crystals in the in situ mesentery preparation, and cell death was detected by nuclear staining with propidium iodide.Results: Leukocyte rolling and subsequent adhesion was inhibited with a monoclonal antibody against P‐selectin, PB1.3. Superoxide formation, as well as parenchymal cell death, was significantly enhanced in the mesentery after stimulation with platelet activating factor, and both could be significantly attenuated by reduction of the rolling leukocyte‐endothelial interaction with PB1.3.Conclusions: These results provide direct evidence that the interaction of leukocytes and endothelium followed by migration of leukocytes into the interstitium is accompanied by enhanced oxidative stress and parenchymal cell death. Early interruption of the interaction provides significant protection even in the presence of a proinflammatory stimulus.
Delivery of Molecular and Cellular Medicine to Solid Tumors
Authors: Jain Rakesh K. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTo reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood‐borne therapeutic molecule or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium and finally migrate through the interstitium. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder each of these steps. Our research goals are to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically and then integrate the resulting information in a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has allowed us to obtain a better understanding of physiologic barriers in solid tumors and to develop novel strategies to exploit and/or to overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
Simultaneous Measurement of Liposome Extravasation and Content Release in Tumors
Authors: Wu Ning Z. , Braun Rod D. , Gaber Mohamed H. , Lin Gerald M. , Ong Edgardo T. , Shan Siqing , Papahadjopoulos Demetrios , Dewhirst Mark W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: The success of liposome‐based drug delivery systems for tumor targeting relies on maximum extravasation of liposomes into tumor intersritium, as well as optimal release of contents from the liposomes once within the tumor. Liposome extravasation and content release are two separate processes that can be individually or jointly manipulated, so a method is needed to monitor these two processes independendy and simultaneously. In this report, we describe a method to measure liposome extravasation and content release in tumor tissues growing in a rat skinfold window chamber preparation.Methods: Mixtures of liposomes containing either doxorubicin or calcein, both of which are fluorescent, and liposomes surface‐labeled with rhodamine were injected intravenously. Fluorescent light intensities in a tumor region in two fluorescent channels were measured using an image‐processing system. Light intensities of plasma from blood samples were also measured using this system. These measurements were used to calculate the amounts of liposomes and released contents in both plasma and tumor intersritium. The calculations were based on the fact that the liposome surface labels and contents emit fluorescent light at different wavelengths and, when encapsulated, the contents' fluorescence is self‐quenched. The model included equations to account for fluorescent light “cross‐contamination” by the two fluorochromes as well as equations relating the measured fluorescent light intensities to the amounts of liposomes and released contents. This method was applied to three situations in which liposome extravasation and content release were manipulated in different, predictable ways.Results and Conclusion: Our results indicate that this method can perform simultaneous, independent, and quantitative measurements of liposome extravasation and content release. This method can potentially be used to study drug delivery of other carrier systems in vivo.
A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations
Authors: Lechtreck Hans-JüRgen 
Published: April 2008

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.
A cross-disciplinary comparison of boosting in research articles
Authors: Peacock Matthew 
Published: April 2008

Boosting, using terms such as obviously and of course, is a communicative strategy for expressing firm commitment to statements. This article describes an interdisciplinary comparison of the extent, form, and function of boosters in research articles (RAs) across six academic disciplines: Business, Language and Linguistics, Public and Social Administration, Law, Physics, and Environmental Science. The investigation involved quantitative and qualitative analysis of a 1,250,000 words corpus gathered from 216 articles published in leading journals (six journals from each discipline and six articles from each journal).It was found that the boosters in the corpus played a significant role in the efforts of authors to persuade readers of the validity of their claims. The highest proportion of boosters was found in Language and Linguistics and the lowest in Environmental Science. Considerable interdisciplinary variation was also found in the form of boosters: for example, a different type and narrower range of boosters was found in the two sciences than in the other four disciplines.The results have implications for our understanding of the RA and of scientific expression, and also for teaching ESP to students who are writing dissertations and research papers. We suggest that competence in research writing includes a developed knowledge of boosting.
Where Have all the Neolithic Houses Gone? Turf – an Invisible Component
Authors: LOVEDAY ROY 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe use of a currently invisible form of walling is suggested by the Neolithic structures at Claish, Balbridie and Balfarg. It is possible that this was turf. Historical, as well as archaeological, evidence is examined to clarify structural patterns associated with such material and its perceived advantages over wood. Its ready availability through the practice of shifting agriculture is postulated.
Notes on a Controversy: The Question Of lay Analysis
Authors: Bos Jaap 
Published: April 2008

The question of lay analysis was one of the most important problems of pre-war psychoanalysis. The controversy began in the late 1910s and ended some 20 years later, in the late 1930s, without being resolved. The 1927 discussion on lay analysis marked the height of the controversy. This discussion also proved to be an important turning point, particularly when two rival attempts were made to settle the dispute. Making a contribution to the history of psychoanalysis, this paper provides a detailed analysis of this controversy in terms of Bourdieu's work on symbolic capital. The author examines why the problem of lay analysis was never resolved, and links an explanation of this question to the inherent discursive dynamics of the debate. Psychoanalytic institutionalization, it is argued, goes hand in hand with an accumulation of symbolic capital, setting in motion processes of formalization of psychoanalytic discourse and of social distancing between speaker and listener.
Being Analysed by Freud in 1921: The Diary of a Patient
Authors: Koellreuter Anna 
Published: April 2008

Dieser Artikel stellt ein einzigartiges Dokument vor, ein bisher unveröffentlichtes Tagebuch über eine Patientenanalyse mit Freud im Jahre 1921. Es werden Schlüsse auf Freuds Arbeitsweise, besonders in bezug auf seinen Umgang mit Übertragung, gezogen. This article presents a unique document, a hitherto unpublished diary of a patient analysis with Freud in 1921. Conclusions on how Freud worked with patients at that period, particularly insofar as transference is concerned, are drawn.
Freud's Patient Calendars: 17 Analysts in Analysis With Freud (1910–1920)
Authors: May Ulrike 
Published: April 2008

Auf der Basis einer neuen Quelle, Freuds Patientenkalender aus den Jahren zwischen 1910 und 1920, wird der Verlauf von siebzehn Analysen untersucht. Alle Analysanden (5 Frauen, 12 Männer) waren oder wurden Mitglieder einer psychoanalytischen Vereinigung. Ihre Analysen sind gekennzeichnet durch eine relativ kurze Dauer (alle unter einem Jahr) und einer sehr hohe Frequenz (im allgemeinen sechs Stunden pro Woche). Die Gesamtstundenzahl pro Analyse liegt zwischen 9 ca. 250 Stunden. Im Blick auf die Parameter von Dauer und Frequenz wird ein historischer Wandel großen Ausmaßes konstatiert. Andere Besonderheiten wie der damals übliche reale Kontakt zwischen Freud und seinen Analysanden werden diskutiert. Der Anhang enthält Behandlungsprofile der siebzehn Analysen mit Angabe der Dauer, der Gesamtstundenzahl, der vorwiegenden Frequenz sowie der Stundenzahl und Frequenz für jeden einzelnen Behandlungsmonat.The author examines the course of 17 analyses, as conducted by Freud, on the basis of a new source, Freud's patient notebooks. All analysands (five women, 12 men) were or were to become members of a psychoanalytic society. Their treatments were marked by a relatively short duration (all of them less than a year) and a very high number of hours per week (generally 6). The total number of hours ranged between 9 and about 250. Compared to the present conditions, both the duration and the number of hours per week show a great historical change that has taken place. The author discusses this change as well as some other characteristics, e.g. the customary extra-analytical contact between Freud and his analysands. In an appendix, treatment profiles of all 17 analyses are given, summarizing their duration, the total number of hours, number of hours per week and number of hours in each month of treatment.
d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women
Authors: Hayward Gail , Mort Sam , Hay Alastair D. , Moore Michael , Thomas Nicholas P. B. , Cook Johanna , Robinson Jared , Williams Nicola , Maeder Nicola , Edeson Rebecca , Franssen Marloes , Grabey Jenna , Glogowska Margaret , Yang Yaling , Allen Julie , Butler Christopher C. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceRecurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in secondary care, but effectiveness in placebo-controlled studies and community settings has not been established.ObjectiveTo determine whether d-mannose taken for 6 months reduces the proportion of women with recurrent UTI experiencing a medically attended UTI.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis 2-group, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial took place across 99 primary care centers in the UK. Participants were recruited between March 28, 2019, and January 31, 2020, with 6 months of follow-up. Participants were female, 18 years or older, living in the community, and had evidence in their primary care record of consultations for at least 2 UTIs in the preceding 6 months or 3 UTIs in 12 months. Invitation to participate was made by their primary care center. A total of 7591 participants were approached, 830 responded, and 232 were ineligible or did not proceed to randomization. Statistical analysis was reported in December 2022.InterventionTwo grams daily of d-mannose powder or matched volume of placebo powder.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was the proportion of women experiencing at least 1 further episode of clinically suspected UTI for which they contacted ambulatory care within 6 months of study entry. Secondary outcomes included symptom duration, antibiotic use, time to next medically attended UTI, number of suspected UTIs, and UTI-related hospital admissions.ResultsOf 598 women eligible (mean [range] age, 58 [18-93] years), 303 were randomized to d-mannose (50.7%) and 295 to placebo (49.3%). Primary outcome data were available for 583 participants (97.5%). The proportion contacting ambulatory care with a clinically suspected UTI was 150 of 294 (51.0%) in the d-mannose group and 161 of 289 (55.7%) in the placebo group (risk difference, −5%; 95% CI, −13% to 3%; P = .26). Estimates were similar in per protocol analyses, imputation analyses, and preplanned subgroups. There were no statistically significant differences in any secondary outcome measures.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial, daily d-mannose did not reduce the proportion of women with recurrent UTI in primary care who experienced a subsequent clinically suspected UTI. d-Mannose should not be recommended for prophylaxis in this patient group.Trial Registrationisrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN13283516
Intravesical Interferon Therapy vs Hyaluronic Acid for Pain Among Female Individuals With Interstitial Cystitis
Authors: Shen Si-hong , Peng Liao , Zeng Xiao , Zhang Jie , Shen Hong , Luo De-yi 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceInterstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating condition. Although viral infection is a potential etiological cause, few studies have detected the effect of antiviral treatment.ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy and safety of intravesical interferon instillation compared with hyaluronic acid in female patients with IC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis double-masked, randomized phase 2/3 clinical trial with parallel group design was implemented from October 2022 to April 2023 and had a 6-month follow-up period. The study was conducted at a single center. Eligible participants were female patients aged 18 to 70 years with a diagnosis of IC for more than 6 months. The last visit took place in October 2023. Data were analyzed between October and November 2023.InterventionPatients were randomized 1:1 to receive either intravesical instillation of interferon or hyaluronic acid.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was change in visual analog scale pain score. Secondary end points included changes in voiding frequency, functional bladder capacity, symptom index, and global response assessment. Adverse events were closely monitored.ResultsAmong the 52 patients, the mean (SD) age was 50.0 (14.1) years and they were randomized to either the interferon group (26 [50%]) or hyaluronic acid (26 [50%]). The visual analog pain score showed the interferon group decreased more significantly than hyaluronic acid (−1.3; 95% CI, −2.3 to −0.3; P = .02) at month 6, with 20 patients (77%) exhibiting a 30% or higher reduction in pain compared with baseline. Secondary end points of voiding frequency, functional bladder capacity, and nocturia episodes showed no significant difference between 2 therapies. However, interferon showed a significantly higher reduction in the Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (−3.0; 95% CI, −5.3 to −0.7; P = .01) and the Problem Index (−2.5; 95% CI, −4.5 to −0.4; P = .02) at month 6, with 22 patients (85%) presenting as moderately or markedly improved. The frequencies of adverse events were similar between 2 groups. Only 1 patient discontinued hyaluronic acid because of poor effectiveness.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial, female patients with IC could benefit from intravesical interferon therapy, without serious adverse events. These results offered hope for antiviral approaches in IC, but larger-scale, multicenter trials and long-term follow-up should be considered.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05912946
Long-Term Symptoms Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Blood Donors
Authors: Shah Melisa M. , Spencer Bryan R. , James-Gist Jade , Haynes James M. , Feldstein Leora R. , Stramer Susan L. , Jones Jefferson M. , Saydah Sharon H. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceLong-term symptoms, lasting more than 4 consecutive weeks after acute COVID-19 disease, are an important consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Many prior studies have lacked a non–SARS-CoV-2–infected control population to distinguish background prevalence of symptoms from the direct impact of COVID-19 disease.ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of long-term physical and mental health symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large population of blood donors based on self-report and serologic test results.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included American Red Cross blood donors (aged ≥18 years) who were surveyed between February 22 and April 21, 2022, about new long-term symptoms arising after March 2020 and their SARS-CoV-2 infection status. All participants underwent at least 1 serologic test for antinucleocapsid antibodies between June 15, 2020, and December 31, 2021.ExposuresSARS-CoV-2 infection as defined by a self-reported, confirmed acute infection or antinucleocapsid antibody positivity.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNew long-term symptoms since March 2020, including 5 symptom categories (neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiac, mental health, and other).ResultsAmong 818 361 individuals who received the survey, 272 965 (33.4%) responded, with 238 828 meeting the inclusion criteria (138 576 [58.0%] female; median [IQR] age, 59.0 [47.0-67.0] years). Of the 83 015 individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 43.3% reported new long-term symptoms compared with 22.1% of those without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. After controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and number of underlying conditions, those with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection had an increased odds of new long-term symptoms compared with those without (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.55; 95% CI, 2.51-2.61). Female sex and a history of chronic conditions were associated with new long-term symptoms. Long-term symptoms in the other category (AOR, 4.14; 95% CI, 4.03-4.25), which included changes in taste or smell, and the respiratory and cardiac symptom categories (AOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 3.12-3.31) were most associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mental health long-term symptoms were also associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (AOR, 1.05; 95%, CI, 1.02-1.08).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study’s findings suggest that long-term symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks are common in the adult population, but there is a significantly higher prevalence among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Continued efforts to define and track long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 using a control group without infection and serologic information to include those who had asymptomatic or unidentified infections are needed.
Optimal Molecular Configuration of Electrolyte Additives Enabling Stabilization of Zinc Anodes
Authors: Yang Yong , Li Yanze , Zhu Qizhen , Xu Bin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFor the development of electrolyte additives as an effective strategy to improve the performance of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs), most researchers focus on the functional groups but overlook the crucial molecular configuration. Herein, six stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydroxyvaleraldehyde with identical groups but various spatial arrangements are studied as the electrolyte additive in ZIBs. Based on the experimental analysis and theoretical calculations, the adsorption with Zn (002) plane is found to be an important dominant for the stereoisomer to enhance the Zn anode performance. Among these stereoisomers, D‐Arabinose with preferential and strongest chemisorption effect modifies the anode/electrolyte interface most effectively, leading to the highest stability and reversibility of the Zn anode. The adsorbed D‐Arabinose shows multifunctional effects at the interface, which not only regulates the Zn2+ solvation structure and reconfigures the hydrogen bond framework, but also facilitates uniform Zn2+ deposition by promoting 3D Zn2+ diffusion and homogenizing the electric field. Therefore, with the D‐Arabinose additive in ZnSO4 electrolyte, the undesired Zn dendrite growth and side reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction, corrosion, and passivation are significantly limited during the Zn plating/stripping processes. This work proposes a new insight toward the optimal molecular configuration of additive designing for electrolyte engineering in stable ZIBs.
High‐Performance Bi2Te3‐Based Thermoelectrics Enabled by ≈1 nm Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with Size‐Dependent Electron and Phonon Structures
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Jin Kangpeng , Yu Yuan , Huang Ming , Yan Zhenhua , Li Xiang , Gao Xiao , Fu Liangwei , Xu Biao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe untapped potential of sub‐nanometric materials (SNMs) in constructing high‐performance thermoelectrics (TE) presents a promising yet unexplored avenue. This study investigates the utilization of supertetrahedral CdS clusters, representing SNMs, in conjunction with state‐of‐the‐art Bi2Te3‐based systems. The CdS cluster with size‐dependent electronic structure enables selective interface scattering of carriers, while its 1 nm size and size‐dependent phonon density of states (DOS) contribute to significant interfacial thermal resistance. Furthermore, interfacial dislocations and significant grain refinement induced by the incorporation of the CdS cluster boost the mechanical properties. Consequently, a remarkable peak figure of merit (ZT) value of 1.47 at 350 K and a record‐high Vickers hardness of 1.08 GPa is achieved in the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/0.1 wt% CdS cluster composite. The robust TE module achieves an excellent conversion efficiency of about 6.1% under a ΔT of 241 K. This work opens up exciting possibilities for utilizing 1 nm clusters in thermoelectrics and even inspires other fields involving size‐dependent electrical and thermal transport behaviors.