bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Study ofTrans-Fatty Acid Levels in Blood and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chavarro Jorge E. , Stampfer Meir J. , Campos Hannia , Kurth Tobias , Willett Walter C. , Ma Jing 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground: Previous studies suggest a positive association between markers of trans-fatty acid intake and prostate cancer. We therefore prospectively evaluated the association between blood trans-fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer.Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study among 14,916 apparently healthy men who provided blood samples in 1982. Blood fatty acid levels were determined for 476 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during a 13-year follow-up and their matched controls. Controls were individually matched to cases according to age and smoking status at baseline. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk and 95% confidence interval of total, nonaggressive (stage A/B and low grade), and aggressive (stage C/D, high grade, subsequent distant metastasis or death) prostate cancer associated with blood levels of specific trans-fatty acids.Results: Blood levels of all the trans-fatty acids examined were unrelated to total prostate cancer risk. When results were divided according to tumor aggressiveness, blood levels of 18:1n-9t, all the 18:2t examined, and total trans-fatty acids were positively associated to nonaggressive tumors. The relative risks (95% confidence intervals; P trend) comparing top with bottom quintile trans-fatty acid levels were 2.16 (1.12-4.17; 0.11) for 18:1n-9t, 1.97 (1.03-3.75; 0.01) for total 18:2t, and 2.21 (1.14-4.29; 0.06) for total trans-fatty acids. None of the trans fats examined was associated with aggressive prostate tumors.Conclusion: Blood levels of trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids are associated with an increased risk of nonaggressive prostate tumors. As this type of tumors represents a large proportion of prostate cancer detected using prostate-specific antigen screening, these findings may have implications for the prevention of prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):95–101)
Overweight and Obesity at Different Times in Life as Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Erber Eva , Gill Jasmeet , Cozen Wendy , Kolonel Laurence N. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Obesity may increase the risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) through an inflammatory pathway. We explored the relation of NHL with body size at different times in life within the Multiethnic Cohort that includes African Americans, Caucasians, Japanese, Latinos, and Native Hawaiians. Participants were 45 to 75 years old at recruitment in 1993 to 1996. This analysis included 87,079 men and 105,972 women with 461 male and 378 female NHL cases. We used Cox regression to model NHL risk with age as the time metric while adjusting for age at baseline, ethnicity, education, alcohol intake, and age at first live birth. Body weight and body mass index at age 21 were stronger predictors of NHL risk than anthropometric characteristics at baseline. For men, being in the highest quartile of body mass index and body weight at age 21 conferred a nonsignificant 86% and 41% higher NHL risk, respectively, whereas there was no association at baseline. For women, the risk associated with the highest quartile of weight at age 21 was 1.6 (Ptrend = 0.04), whereas women in the highest quartile at baseline had a nonsignificant risk of 27%. Height was positively related to NHL in men and women. Despite the small numbers, there was some consistency for risk estimates across ethnic groups and weak evidence for an association with NHL subtypes. These findings indicate that weight at age 21 may represent lifetime adiposity better than body weight at cohort entry. Alternatively, weight at age 21 may be more relevant for the etiology of NHL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):196–203)
Wind Direction Dependence of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence Parameters in the Urban Roughness Sublayer
Authors: Klipp Cheryl 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A variety of atmospheric boundary layer parameters are examined as a function of wind direction in both urban and suburban settings in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, derived from measurements during the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign. Heterogeneous surface characteristics result in significant differences in upwind fetch and, therefore, statistically significant differences in measured values, even for small changes in wind direction. Taller upwind obstructions yield larger measured values of drag coefficient and turbulence intensity than do shorter upwind obstructions regardless of whether the obstruction is a building or a tree. The fraction of turbulent kinetic energy going into streamwise, cross-stream, and vertical variances differs depending on the upwind fetch, and reduced cross-stream values may indicate locations of persistent wind stream convergence. In addition, a quadrant analysis of burst/sweep behavior near the surface is examined as a function of wind direction in urban and suburban environments.
Observations of the Effects of Atmospheric Stability on Turbulence Statistics Deep within an Urban Street Canyon
Authors: Ramamurthy P. , Pardyjak E. R. , Klewicki J. C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Data obtained in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during the Joint Urban 2003 atmospheric dispersion study have been analyzed to investigate the effects of upstream atmospheric stability on turbulence statistics in an urban core. The data presented include turbulent heat and momentum fluxes at various vertical and horizontal locations in the lower 30% of the street canyon. These data have been segregated into three broad stability classification regimes: stable (z/L &gt; 0.2), neutral (−0.2 &lt; z/L &lt; 0.2), and unstable (z/L &lt; −0.2) based on upstream measurements of the Monin–Obukhov length scale L. Most of the momentum-related turbulence statistics were insensitive to upstream atmospheric stability, while the energy-related statistics (potential temperatures and kinematic heat fluxes) were more sensitive. In particular, the local turbulence intensity inside the street canyon varied little with atmospheric stability but always had large magnitudes. Measurements of turbulent momentum fluxes indicate the existence of regions of upward transport of high horizontal momentum fluid near the ground that is associated with low-level jet structures for all stabilities. The turbulent kinetic energy normalized by a local shear stress velocity collapses the data well and shows a clear repeatable pattern that appears to be stability invariant. The magnitude of the normalized turbulent kinetic energy increases rapidly as the ground is approached. This behavior is a result of a much more rapid drop in the correlation between the horizontal and vertical velocities than in the velocity variances. This lack of correlation in the turbulent momentum fluxes is consistent with previous work in the literature. It was also observed that the mean potential temperatures almost always decrease with increasing height in the street canyon and that the vertical heat fluxes are always positive regardless of upstream atmospheric stability. In addition, mean potential temperature profiles are slightly more unstable during the unstable periods than during the neutral or stable periods. The magnitudes of all three components of the heat flux and the variability of the heat fluxes decrease with increasing atmospheric stability. In addition, the cross-canyon and along-canyon heat fluxes are as large as the vertical component of the heat fluxes in the lower portion of the canyon.
Sustained NKG2D engagement induces cross-tolerance of multiple distinct NK cell activation pathways
Authors: Coudert Jérôme D. , Scarpellino Léonardo , Gros Frédéric , Vivier Eric , Held Werner 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNKG2D is a multisubunit activation receptor that allows natural killer (NK) cells to detect and eliminate stressed, infected, and transformed host cells. However, the chronic exposure of NK cells to cell-bound NKG2D ligands has been shown to impair NKG2D function both in vitro and in vivo. Here we have tested whether continuous NKG2D engagement selectively impacted NKG2D function or whether heterologous NK cell activation pathways were also affected. We found that sustained NKG2D engagement induced cross-tolerization of several unrelated NK cell activation receptors. We show that receptors that activate NK cells via the DAP12/KARAP and DAP10 signaling adaptors, such as murine NKG2D and Ly49D, cross-tolerize preferentially NK cell activation pathways that function independent of DAP10/12, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and missing-self recognition. Conversely, DAP10/12-independent pathways are unable to cross-tolerize unrelated NK cell activation receptors such as NKG2D or Ly49D. These data define a class of NK cell activation receptors that can tolerize mature NK cells. The reversible suppression of the NK cells' cytolytic function probably reduces the NK cells' efficacy to control endogenous and exogenous stress yet may be needed to limit tissue damage.
Recent advances in asthma genetics
Authors: Zhang Jian , Paré Peter D , Sandford Andrew J 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThere are over 100 genes that have been reported to be associated with asthma or related phenotypes. In 2006–2007 alone there were 53 novel candidate gene associations reported in the literature. Replication of genetic associations and demonstration of a functional mechanism for the associated variants are needed to confirm an asthma susceptibility gene. For most of the candidate genes there is little functional information. In a previous review by Hoffjanet al. published in 2003, functional information was reported for 40 polymorphisms and here we list another 22 genes which have such data. Some important genes such as filaggrin, interleukin-13, interleukin-17 and the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 which not only were replicated by independent association studies but also have functional data are reviewed in this article.
Preservation of protein clefts in comparative models
Authors: Piedra David , Lois Sergi , de la Cruz Xavier 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Comparative, or homology, modelling of protein structures is the most widely used prediction method when the target protein has homologues of known structure. Given that the quality of a model may vary greatly, several studies have been devoted to identifying the factors that influence modelling results. These studies usually consider the protein as a whole, and only a few provide a separate discussion of the behaviour of biologically relevant features of the protein. Given the value of the latter for many applications, here we extended previous work by analysing the preservation of native protein clefts in homology models. We chose to examine clefts because of their role in protein function/structure, as they are usually the locus of protein-protein interactions, host the enzymes' active site, or, in the case of protein domains, can also be the locus of domain-domain interactions that lead to the structure of the whole protein.

Results
We studied how the largest cleft of a protein varies in comparative models. To this end, we analysed a set of 53507 homology models that cover the whole sequence identity range, with a special emphasis on medium and low similarities. More precisely we examined how cleft quality – measured using six complementary parameters related to both global shape and local atomic environment, depends on the sequence identity between target and template proteins. In addition to this general analysis, we also explored the impact of a number of factors on cleft quality, and found that the relationship between quality and sequence identity varies depending on cleft rank amongst the set of protein clefts (when ordered according to size), and number of aligned residues.

Conclusion
We have examined cleft quality in homology models at a range of seq.id. levels. Our results provide a detailed view of how quality is affected by distinct parameters and thus may help the user of comparative modelling to determine the final quality and applicability of his/her cleft models. In addition, the large variability in model quality that we observed within each sequence bin, with good models present even at low sequence identities (between 20% and 30%), indicates that properly developed identification methods could be used to recover good cleft models in this sequence range.
Composing Time: Zeno's Arrow, Hindemith's Erinnerung, and Satie's Instantanéisme
Authors: TRIPPETT DAVID 
Published: January 2008

The concept of linear time as an irreversible succession of events dates back to the late 18th century. Though fundamental to the experience of music written thereafter, time's pure linearity was dented by technologies of mechanical reproduction during the early 20th century. Imagining possible temporal zigzags provided modernists such as Paul Hindemith and René Clair with mechanical paradigms through which to explore the manipulation of time and motion—as infinitely divisible properties—in the decade that witnessed Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, the first radio broadcasts, and an increasing addiction to Edison's Duplex Telegraph wire. Apart from the modernism that exists on the historical timeline, this essay looks for a structural homology between historical and musical events in attempting to establish a distinct “modernism of time” for the 1920s; it argues that differing concepts of time were reflected in certain pieces from the early 20th century.
Hindemith's one-act operatic epigram Hin und Zurück (1927) plays with conceptions of time as a narrative of reversal from domestic disaster to “happy beginning.” The music, running forward and backward, evokes different processes of memory to illustrate this “Time Axis Manipulation” as it is intuitively lived by the stage characters. Clair's contrasting Dadaeque film Entr'acte (1924), set to Satie's music, is an illogical picture sequence that also embodies a construction of time, Instantanéisme, but denies that it can be understood. Both works were conceived as proportional, imperfect mirror forms, indicating an implicit temporal reversal, though from antithetical perspectives. Drawing on the master paradigm of Zeno's arrow, this enquiry explores qualities of musical and visual time as both construction and manipulation of the modernist imagination.
Targeting of Pancreatic Glia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tsui Hubert , Chan Yin , Tang Lan , Winer Shawn , Cheung Roy K. , Paltser Geoffrey , Selvanantham Thirumahal , Elford Alisha R. , Ellis James R. , Becker Dorothy J. , Ohashi Pamela S. , Dosch Hans-Michael 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE— Type 1 diabetes reflects autoimmune destruction of β-cells and peri-islet Schwann cells (pSCs), but the mechanisms of pSC death and the T-cell epitopes involved remain unclear.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Primary pSC cultures were generated and used as targets in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) assays in NOD mice. Cognate interaction between pSC and CD8+ T-cells was assessed by transgenic restoration of β2-microglobulin (β2m) to pSC in NOD.β2m−/− congenics. I-Ag7 and Kd epitopes in the pSC antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were identified by peptide mapping or algorithms, respectively, and the latter tested by immunotherapy.RESULTS— pSC cultures did not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and were lysed by ex vivo CTLs from diabetic NOD mice. In vivo, restoration of MHC class I in GFAP-β2m transgenics significantly accelerated adoptively transferred diabetes. Target epitopes in the pSC autoantigen GFAP were mapped to residues 79–87 and 253–261 for Kd and 96–110, 116–130, and 216–230 for I-Ag7. These peptides were recognized spontaneously in NOD spleens as early as 2.5 weeks of age, with proliferative responses peaking around weaning and detectable lifelong. Several were also recognized by T-cells from new-onset type 1 diabetic patients. NOD mouse immunotherapy at 8 weeks with the CD8+ T-cell epitope, GFAP 79–87 but not 253–261, significantly inhibited type 1 diabetes and was associated with reduced γ-interferon production to whole protein GFAP.CONCLUSIONS— Collectively, these findings elucidate a role for pSC-specific CD8+ T-cells in islet inflammation and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, further supporting neuronal involvement in β-cell demise.
Your Path to Success: Advice to People Considering a Career in Health Sciences
Authors: Haynes Emily N. 
Published: January 2008

EDITORIAL NOTE This talk was presented by Dr. Haynes at the Association of American Medical Colleges meeting in Washington, DC, in November 2005, as part of a recruitment session for minority students. It relates her personal experience and philosophy on how to achieve success in starting a career in the health sciences. It was one of the most powerful and enthusiastically received messages that I have heard. Dr. Haynes kindly agreed to write it up for JVME. —Donal Walsh, Editor
Living with genetic risk: Effect on adolescent self‐concept
Authors: McConkie‐Rosell Allyn , Spiridigliozzi Gail A. , Melvin Elizabeth , Dawson Deborah V. , Lachiewicz Ave M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to describe the interplay of adolescent girls' and young womens' self‐concept, coping behaviors, and adjustment associated with knowledge of genetic risk for fragile X syndrome. We will report here findings on self‐concept. Using a multi‐group cross‐sectional design this study focused on girls ages 14–25 years from families previously diagnosed with fragile X syndrome, who knew they were (1) carriers (n = 20; mean age 18.35 years s.d. 2.5), or (2) noncarriers (n = 18; mean age 17.78 years s.d. 2.69), or (3) at‐risk to be carriers (n = 15; mean age 17.87 s.d. 3.18). The girls completed the Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale (TSCS:2), a visual analog scale, and a guided interview. Total and all subscale scores on the TSCS:2 were in the normal range for all three groups. However, threats to self‐concept were found in personal self (physical self, genetic identity, and parental role), social self, and family self (family genetic identity) as they specifically related to the meaning of genetic information and varied based on risk status. Our findings suggest that risk information itself is threatening and for some girls, may be as threatening as learning one is a carrier. Certainty related to genetic risk status appears to make a positive difference for some girls by allowing them the opportunity to face the challenge of their genetic risk status and to begin to consider the meaning of this information. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A and the dynamics of epithelial cell surface domains: Moving membranes to keep in shape
Authors: Wojtal Kacper A. , Hoekstra Dick , van IJzendoorn Sven C.D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) are evolutionary conserved molecules with a well‐established position in the complex network of signal transduction pathways. cAMP/PKA‐mediated signaling pathways are implicated in many biological processes that cooperate in organ development including the motility, survival, proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Cell surface polarity, here defined as the anisotropic organisation of cellular membranes, is a critical parameter for most of these processes. Changes in the activity of cAMP/PKA elicit a variety of effects on intracellular membrane dynamics, including membrane sorting and trafficking. One of the most intriguing aspects of cAMP/PKA signaling is its evolutionary conserved abundance on the one hand and its precise spatial–temporal actions on the other. Here, we review recent developments with regard to the role of cAMP/PKA in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking in relation to the dynamics of epithelial surface domains. BioEssays 30:146–155, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vitamin D discovery outpaces FDA decision making
Authors: Marshall Trevor G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe US FDA currently encourages the addition of vitamin D to milk and cereals, with the aim of reducing rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. However, vitamin D not only regulates the expression of genes associated with calcium homeostasis, but also genes associated with cancers, autoimmune disease, and infection. It does this by controlling the activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a type 1 nuclear receptor and DNA transcription factor. Molecular biology is rapidly coming to an understanding of the multiplicity of roles played by the VDR, but clinical medicine is having difficulty keeping up with the pace of change. For example, the FDA recently proposed a rule change that will encourage high levels of vitamin D to be added to even more foods, so that the manufacturers can claim those foods “reduce the risk of osteoporosis”. The FDA docket does not review one single paper detailing the transcriptional activity of vitamin D, even though, on average, one new paper a day is being published on that topic. Nor do they review whether widespread supplementation with vitamin D, an immunomodulatory secosteroid, might predispose the population to immune dysfunction. This BioEssay explores how lifelong supplementation of the food chain with vitamin D might well be contributing to the current epidemics of obesity and chronic disease. BioEssays 30:173–182, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Meldrum's Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes in Water under Ultrasonic Condition
Authors: WANG Shun‐Yi , JI Shun‐Jun , SU Xiao‐Ming 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA highly effective Meldrum's acid catalyzed synthesis of bis(indol‐3‐yl)methanes has been developed. This reaction provides the corresponding bis(indol‐3‐yl)methanes in high yields after short reaction time in the presence of 2 mol % catalyst in water under ultrasonic condition.
Electrocarboxylation of Acetophenone to 2‐Hydroxy‐2‐phenylpropionic Acid in the Presence of CO2
Authors: ZHANG Li , XIAO Li‐Ping , NIU Dong‐Fang , LUO Yi‐Wen , LU Jia‐Xing 
Published: January 2008

AbstractElectrocarboxylation of acetophenone with CO2 to obtain 2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylpropionic acid was carried out in acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 mol·L−1 tetraethylammonium bromide. Influences of the nature of the electrodes, the working potential, the passed charge and the concentration of acetophenone on the electrocarboxylation were studied. After optimizing the synthetic parameters, the maximal isolated yield reached 73.0% on Mg‐stainless steel couple electrodes under potentiostatic electrolysis until 2.2 F·mol−1 of charge was passed at 25 °C. The reduction of acetophenone was studied by cyclic voltammetry and the mechanism has been proposed on the basis of the results.
Adsorption of 4‐tert‐Butylpyridine on TiO2 Surface in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: XIONG Bi‐Tao , ZHOU Bao‐Xue , ZHU Zhi‐Yan , GAO Tao , LI Long‐Hai , CAI Jun , CAI Wei‐Min 
Published: January 2008

Abstract4‐tert‐Butylpyridine (4‐TBP) has been widely used as additive in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSC), owing to its improvement of the fill factor and the open circuit voltage of DSC. In this paper, the adsorption of 4‐TBP on the rutile TiO2(110) surface in DSC was studied by using the density functional theory at DFT/B3LYP level. By comparing the results with those attained from experiments, it was concluded that the 4‐TBP could chemiadsorb on the incompletely covered surface Ti atoms in the electrode. The probable mechanism of compressed recombination by coordinated 4‐TBP in DSC was proposed.