bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The trace form for tame, abelian extensions of number fields
Authors: Taylor M. J. 
Published: November 2008

Let N/K be a tame, abelian extension of number fields, whose Galois group is denoted by Γ. The basic object of study in this paper is the ring of integers of N, endowed with the trace form TN/K; the pair is then a Hermitian module (where we abbreviate ), and it restricts to a -Hermitian module (The reader is referred to Section 2 for the basics on Hermitian modules.) Ideally one would like to determine completely the class of this Hermitian module in K0H(ℤΓ), the Grothendieck group of ℤΓ-Hermitian modules modulo orthogonal sums; however, in general when Γ is even, one knows that even the ℚΓ-Hermitian module given by restricting (N, TN/K) is difficult to classify. (See for instance [S] and [F2].) To circumvent this difficulty we proceed in the following fashion, as suggested by the recent work of P. Lawrence (see [L]): let D = D(Γ) denote the anti-diagonal of Γ in Γ × Γ, that is to sayand let N(2) = (N⊗KN)D so that N(2) is a Galois algebra over K with Galois group Γ × Γ/D(Γ) ≅ Γ. Write for the trace form of N(2)/K, and define the -order it is then easy to see that is isomorphic as an -module to (see (3·1·6)). To be precise we ought really to write etc.; however, the base field will always be clear from the context.
The lemma of the logarithmic derivative for subharmonic functions
Authors: Rudin Walter 
Published: November 2008

The classical statement of the lemma in question [7], [3] is about meromorphic functions f on ℂ and says thatfor all r > 0, with the possible exception of a set of finite Lebesgue measure. Here T(r, f) is the Nevanlinna characteristic of f. The lemma plays an important role in value distribution theory.
-annihilated elements in H*(CP∞ × CP∞)
Authors: Crossley M. D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe compute the subring of H*(CP∞ × CP∞; ) annihilated by the Steenrod algebra, , p being an odd prime. By calculating the subring's structure as a GL(2, )-space we may obtain information about the modular representations of that group.
Quasifree representations of Clifford algebras
Authors: Robinson P. L. 
Published: November 2008

Let V be an infinite-dimensional real Hilbert space with associated C* Clifford algebra C[V]. To any state σ of the C* algebra C[V] there corresponds a skew-adjoint operator C of norm at most unity on V such thatwe refer to C as the covariance of the state σ.
The word problem for the bifree combinatorial strict regular semigroup
Authors: Auinger Karl 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA class of regular semigroups closed under taking direct products, regular subsemigroups and homomorphic images is ane(xistence)-variety of regular semigroups. The classof all combinatorial strict regular semigroups is thee-variety generated by the five element non-orthodox completely 0-simple semigroup and consists of all regular subdirect products of combinatorial completely 0-simple semigroups and/or rectangular bands. The bifree objecton the setXinis the natural concept of a ‘free object’ in the class.is generated by the setXand the set of formal inversesX′ under the two binary operations of multiplication · and forming the sandwich element ∧A. Henceis a homomorphic image of the absolutely free algebraof type 〈2, 2〉 generated by X ∪X′. In this paper we shall describe the associated congruence onF〈2, 2〉(X∪X′) and construct a model ofin terms of sets and binary relations. As an application, a model of the free strict pseudosemilattice on a setXis obtained.
On an equation connected with the theory of triode oscillations
Authors: Smith R. A. 
Published: November 2008

This discussion is concerned with the periodic solutions of the differential equationwhere the parameter k is small. The equation arises from an investigation of the forced oscillations of a simple electrical circuit (6) containing a triode. The function f(x) is derived from the current-voltage characteristic of the triode and it has a roughly ⊂-shaped graph, with a flat bottom and some slight asymmetry. For a regenerative circuit, we have f(0) < 0. Van der Pol (5) considered the equation with f (x) = x2 − 1, and he and later writers (1, 2, 4) have built up an extensive theory of triode oscillations for this ideal case. In practice, the graph of f(x) has a much flatter bottom than that of the function x2 − 1, and it was asked by Cartwright ((3), p. 214) whether this flattening would alter the qualitative behaviour of the circuit near resonance. The main part of this paper is an attempt to answer this question.
A dichotomy for infinite convolutions of discrete measures
Authors: Brown G. , Moran W. 
Published: November 2008

Measures, μ which can be realized as an infinite convolutionwhere each measure μn is a discrete measure, arise naturally in many parts of analysis and number theory (see (15)). The basic property of these measures is ‘purity’; i.e. such a measure μ 1must be absolutely continuous, continuous and singular, or discrete.
On the converse of Mertens' theorem
Authors: Jukes K. A. 
Published: November 2008

Let (λm), (µn) (m, n = 0, 1, 2,…) satisfyrespectively. Let vp (p = 0, 1, 2, …) be the sequence (λm+µn) arranged in ascending order, equal sums λm+µn being considered as giving just one vp Then for given formal series Σam, Σbn the formal series C = Σ cp whereis called the general Dirichlet product of Σamand Σbn (see Hardy (2), p. 239). When λn = µn = n we have the Cauchy product. In the case λn = logm, µn = logn (m, n = 1, 2,…) we have vp =log p(p = 1, 2, …)and it is natural to call C the ordinary Dirichlet product.
On the invariants of a linear group of order 336
Authors: Mallows C. L. , Sloane N. J. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe polynomial invariants of a certain classical linear group of order 336 arise naturally in studying error-correcting codes over GF(7). An incomplete description of these invariants was given by Maschke in 1893. With the aid of the Poincaré series for this group, found by Edge in 1947, we complete Maschke's work by giving a unique representation for the invariants in terms of 12 basic invariants. A conjecture is made concerning the relationship between the Poincaré series and the degrees of the basic invariants for any linear group. A partial answer to this conjecture, due to E. C. Dade, is given.
On the Arf invariant of links
Authors: Wu Ying-Qing 
Published: November 2008

In ([2], p. 310) the problem of relating the Arf invariant of a link to other link invariants, and finding practical ways of computing it, was raised. Murasugi gave a partial solution to this in [9]: if L has two components, then Arf(L), when defined, is given bywhere l1, l2 are the components of L, and ΔL(t1, t2) denotes the Alexander polynomial of L.
The Temperature Dependence of the Photo-Electric Effect
Authors: Mitchell K. 
Published: November 2008

The temperature dependence of the photo-electric effect with the image field is discussed, the result obtained agreeing with Fowler's T2 law near the threshold. Fowler's law is discussed, and shown to rest upon a mistake in the normalization of the free wave functions.The two methods of analysing experimental results due to Fowler and Du Bridge are also discussed, and it is shown that in general the latter should give the more reliable results.The author wishes to repeat his thanks to Prof. R. H. Fowler and to Mr A. H. Wilson for their constant interest in the work.
New dimensions in heap profiling
Authors: Runciman Colin , Röjemo Niklas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFirst-generation heap profilers for lazy functional languages have proved to be effective tools for locating some kinds of space faults, but in other cases they cannot provide sufficient information to solve the problem. This paper describes the design, implementation and use of a new profiler that goes beyond the two-dimensional ‘who produces what’ view of heap cells to provide information about their more dynamic and structural attributes. Specifically, the new profiler can distinguish between cells according to their eventual lifetime, or on the basis of the closure retainers by virtue of which they remain part of the live heap. A bootstrapping Haskell compiler (nhc) hosts the implementation: among examples of the profiler's use we include self-application to nhc. Another example is the original heap-profiling case study clausify, which now consumes even less memory and is much faster.
Aspects of the numerical analysis of neural networks
Authors: Ellacott S.W. 
Published: November 2008

This article starts with a brief introduction to neural networks for those unfamiliar with the basic concepts, together with a very brief overview of mathematical approaches to the subject. This is followed by a more detailed look at three areas of research which are of particular interest to numerical analysts.The first area is approximation theory. IfKis a compact set in ℝn, for somen, then it is proved that a semilinear feedforward network with one hidden layer can uniformly approximate any continuous function inC(K) to any required accuracy. A discussion of known results and open questions on the degree of approximation is included. We also consider the relevance of radial basis functions to neural networks.The second area considered is that of learning algorithms. A detailed analysis of one popular algorithm (the delta rule) will be given, indicating why one implementation leads to a stable numerical process, whereas an initially attractive variant (essentially a form of steepest descent) does not. Similar considerations apply to the backpropagation algorithm. The effect of filtering and other preprocessing of the input data will also be discussed systematically.Finally some applications of neural networks to numerical computation are considered.
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER
Authors: Krysan Maria , Farley Reynolds , Couper Mick P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThere is a lively debate about the causes of racial residential segregation. Counter to the racial-proxy hypothesis (Harris 1999, 2001), we argue that race,per se, continues to be influential when Whites make housing decisions. Using a survey-based experiment, we ask: Does information about neighborhood racial composition influence how Whites judge the quality of that neighborhood, quite apart from the actual characteristics of the homes located in it? A random sample of adults aged twenty-one and older in the Chicago and Detroit metropolitan areas watched videos embedded in a face-to-face interview. These videos portrayed neighborhoods ranging from lower working class to upper class. All respondents saw the same neighborhoods but were randomly assigned to see either (1) White residents, (2) Black residents, or (3) a mix of both White and Black residents. Respondents then evaluated the neighborhoods in terms of housing cost, property upkeep, safety, trajectory of housing values, and quality of the schools. Results show that Whites who saw White residents rated the neighborhood more positively on four of five dimensions than did Whites who saw the identical neighborhood with Black residents; racially mixed neighborhoods fell in between. In addition, Whites who endorsed negative stereotypes about Blacks were more likely to give low evaluations to neighborhoods with Black residents than were Whites who did not endorse stereotypes.
Metals in the sediments of Jauá Lake (Camaçari, Bahia, Brazil) following an episode of industrial contamination
Authors: da Silva E.M. , Navarro M.F.T. , Barros A.F. , Mota M.F.V. , Chastinet C.B.A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The contamination of sediments caused by the deposition of industrial residues from titanium dioxide production, in sand dunes near a wetland was assessed through atomic absorption spectrometry. The contamination occurred near a shallow freshwater wetland called Jauá Lake, along the coast of Camaçari, Bahia, Brazil. Five core samples were collected, including a reference site, from Jauá Lake and one from a small lake, near the deposition site. Cores were cut in 20-cm sections. Fractions &lt;63 μm were analysed for copper, cadmium, zinc, iron, lead, aluminium, mercury and titanium. Metal concentrations on the upper layer of sediments were, as a whole, higher than in lower ones. Concentrations from the reference site were similar to those from the other sites in Jauá Lake. Absolute values of most metals in the sediments of the Dunas Lake located near the contamination site were higher than in all other stations. The hypothesis, that:: (1) contamination coming from groundwater would contaminate the sediment; and (2) there would be a gradient of decreasing contamination from sites near the residue deposit to sites located further away, were rejected. The continuous removal of groundwater may have contributed to the reduction of further contamination. It is recommended that future studies examine the concentration of metals in plants and the role of plants in metal bioavailability.
Distribution of particulate trace metal in the southern part of the Patos Lagoon estuary
Authors: Niencheski L.F. , Baumgarten M.G.Z. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The analysis of suspended particles probably provides the best basis for assessing metal contamination of aquatic environments. However, such assessments cannot be made unless sufficient knowledge of natural contributions to observed concentrations is available. As different coastal areas are influenced by different natural inputs from their watersheds, assessments of natural versus anthropogenic contributions to metal concentrations must be made on a regional or site-specific basis.
The purpose of this research was to assess whether anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals into the surrounding waters of Rio Grande City were large enough to significantly affect concentrations in the southern part of the Patos Lagoon Estuary. Particulate samples were collected during 15 monthly cruises at seven fixed stations from May 1990 to June 1991 and analyzed under different seasonal and hydrological conditions.
Results show that the local inputs from urban, industrial and harbor activities in the city of Rio Grande have produced enrichments of copper, lead and zinc (but not iron) in suspended sediments in the three areas studied. The different behavior presented by these three areas are mainly due to hydrodynamic conditions and to distance from the harbor activities. Meteorological conditions which favor resuspension of bottom sediment, resulting in high total suspended matter concentrations, mask anthropogenic inputs.
Some implications of inter-basin water transfers for river ecosystem functioning and water resources management in southern Africa
Authors: Snaddon C.D. , Wishart M.J. , Davies B.R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Inter-basin water transfers (IBTs) are a major form of river basin manipulation. In southern Africa they are increasingly being used to reconcile the problems of water distribution within the region. Despite their high cost and ‘high profile’ in terms of the complex engineering and technical inputs that they require, the ecological and social implications of such schemes have been, and continue to be, inadequately addressed.
Many rivers in southern Africa are shared resources, flowing through or between more than one province or country. The combined effect of climatic stochasticity, rapid population growth and inefficient water infrastructure is increasing the pressure on the river ecosystems of the region. As stresses on rivers continue to increase, re-distribution networks are rapidly assuming the status of a ‘growth industry’, but they have a disturbing and unaddressed potential for intra- and international conflict and for severe ecosystem perturbation.
This paper examines inter-basin water transfer schemes at three levels in terms of spatial and temporal scales in southern Africa. Each scheme augments water supply to the industrial centre of South Africa, the Province of Gauteng. We have selected a temporary intra-basin scheme built for emergency supply within the Vaal River (the major tributary of the Orange River), an inter-provincial scheme involving transfer of water from the Tugela River in KwaZulu/Natal to the Vaal River, and an international transfer scheme centred in Lesotho (the Lesotho Highlands Water Project), which shortly will move water from the headwaters of the Orange River, again to the Vaal River. These schemes illustrate some of the extremely complex ecological, geomorphological, chemical, social and political ramifications that occur when river basins are manipulated for water supply. Although pleas for detailed ecological studies of the effects of IBTs have been made over the past decade, they have fallen on deaf ears in administrative, engineering and political circles. We again caution that IBTs can be highly problematic, and expand the plea for intelligent and integrated planning and management, and for strict adherence to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) procedures for both future and extant schemes in the region.
Nutrient-phytoplankton production relationships in a groundwater-influenced tropical coastal lagoon
Authors: Herrera-Silveira Jorge A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInteractions between nutrient and biotic components of phytoplankton in Celestún lagoon, a groundwater-influenced tropical coastal lagoon were studied. Gradients of nutrients, chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, production and respiration rates were estimated from March 1990 to March 1991. The inner zone of the lagoon was strongly affected by groundwater discharges with high concentrations of nitrate (35 μmol) and soluble reactive silica (400 μmol). The seaward zone was characterized by high salinity (&lt;30‰) and low concentration of nutrients. The middle zone of the lagoon was characterized by intermediate values of salinity and high concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (&gt;9 μmol) and ammonia (15 μmol). Seasonal chlorophyll a variations showed a gradient of high concentrations in the middle region (20–28 mg m-3) to low concentrations at both ends of the lagoon during the rainy season (5–8 mg m-3). Net primary production ranged from 0.1 to 2.2 g C m-3day-1, and showed a similar seasonal pattern in all stations, with a peak in the early rainy season and smaller secondary peak during the ‘nortes’ season. Multivariate analysis was carried out in order to describe different stages of nutrient-phytoplankton coupling. These were related to groundwater discharges and climatic patterns. The relationships between nutrient and phytoplankton showed a coupling between mineralization-import of nutrient patterns and respiration-production of phytoplankton. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus ratio in Celestún lagoon varied seasonally from 70:1 during the dry and rainy seasons, to &lt;5:1 during the ‘nortes’ season. This suggested a potential shift in nutrient limitation for phytoplankton growth.
Challenges to the implementation of the ecosystem approach in the Great Lakes basin
Authors: Jones M.L. , Taylor W.W. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The end of a century is a good time to look back and see how past events have shaped both our present situation and our perspective on the future. In this essay, we do this in the context of the emergence of an ecosystem approach to management of the North American Great Lakes. Our goal is to (i) review how the ecosystem approach emerged and became institutionalized in the Great Lakes region and then (ii) discuss why implementation of the approach continues to pose profound challenges for Great Lakes citizens and institutions. We suggest how some of the greatest hurdles might be overcome and share our optimism that Great Lakes institutions are moving, albeit slowly, in the right direction. We have prepared this essay in memory of a former colleague and pioneer of the ecosystem perspective for Great Lakes management, W.J. (Jack) Christie. As we develop our thesis, we will highlight some of the many contributions Jack made, both to the science behind ecosystem management and to helping make the Great Lakes great again.
Composition and dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton and spectral light distribution in saline lignite mining lakes of Germany
Authors: Zippel B. , Schimmele M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn two saline turbid mining lakes, the seasonal dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton (APP) were investigated. APP biomass accounted for 10–96% (annual average 48%) of the total autotrophic biomass. Eucaryotic picoplankton was dominant during spring and autumn (0.4–9 107 cells l-1). Picocyanobacteria appeared from June to September, reaching abundances of up to 1.3 × 108 cells l-1. The total phosphorus content varied in the range 7–46 µg P l-1 and chlorophyll a (chla) in the range 0.5–5.2 µg chla l-1. The euphotic zone (1%-light level) extended only over the upper part of the epilimnion during the 1997 growing season. Red light (620–720 nm) was available within the water body. Blue or green light (430–580 nm) was mostly absent because of the high contents of suspended particles in lakes. This may be a reason for the occurrence of only phycocyanin-rich picocyanobacteria in the lakes investigated. This study shows that the APP constitutes a significant part of the phytoplankton in these slightly saline (6.5–8%) turbid mining lakes. Because of their small cell size, higher uptake rates of inorganic nutrients and possibility of efficient utilization of low light intensities, they might have had an advantage for the development in the lakes investigated.
DNAPlotter: circular and linear interactive genome visualization
Authors: Carver Tim , Thomson Nick , Bleasby Alan , Berriman Matthew , Parkhill Julian 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Summary: DNAPlotter is an interactive Java application for generating circular and linear representations of genomes. Making use of the Artemis libraries to provide a user-friendly method of loading in sequence files (EMBL, GenBank, GFF) as well as data from relational databases, it filters features of interest to display on separate user-definable tracks. It can be used to produce publication quality images for papers or web pages.
Availability: DNAPlotter is freely available (under a GPL licence) for download (for MacOSX, UNIX and Windows) at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute web sites: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Artemis/circular/
Contact: artemis@sanger.ac.uk
Increased levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients after 5 years of highly active anti-retroviral therapy may be due to increased thymic production of naive Tregs
Authors: Kolte L , Gaardbo J C , Skogstrand K , Ryder L P , Ersbøll A K , Nielsen S D 
Published: November 2008

Summary
This study determines levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), naive Tregs, immune activation and cytokine patterns in 15 adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving prolonged highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) who have known thymic output, and explores if naive Tregs may represent recent thymic emigrant Tregs. HIV-infected patients treated with HAART with a median of 1 and 5 years were compared with healthy controls. Percentages of Tregs (CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low), naive Tregs (CD3+CD4+CD25+CD45RA+) and activation markers (CD38+human leucocyte antigen D-related) were determined by flow cytometry. Forkhead box P3 mRNA expression and T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) content in CD4+ cells were determined by polymerase chain reaction and cytokines analysed with Luminex technology. Levels of Tregs were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients compared with controls, both after 1 and 5 years of HAART (P &lt; 0·001), despite fully suppressed HIV-RNA and normalization of both CD4 counts, immune activation and cytokine patterns. Furthermore, levels of naive Tregs were elevated significantly in HIV-infected patients (P &lt; 0·001) and were associated with thymic output measured as the TREC frequency in CD4+ cells (P = 0·038). In summary, Treg levels in HIV-infected patients are elevated even after 5 years of HAART. Increased thymic production of naive Tregs may contribute to higher Treg levels in HIV-infection.