bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'Allemagne unifiée et l'Europe. Continuité ou nouvelle tentation du pouvoir ?
Authors: Mertes Michael , Prill Norbert J. 
Published: November 2007

Reunified Germany and Europe, by Michael Mertès and Norbert J. Prill
After the German reunification, West Germany's foreign policy will remain unchanged. The country's integration into European and Western structures has proved to be an essential prerequisite to reunification. Such an experience strengthens the belief that to pursue the Western European integration process is a priority. It is necessary that close Franco-German cooperation remain the driving force behind it. A new challenge is added to such cooperation : to develop a common concept for a durable peace system comprising the whole of Europe as well as the North American democracies. Such a concept is not incompatible with the creation of a European union not only economic and monetary but also political. Furthermore, the Soviet Union must be a partner in the construction of the European future to which Germany wants to contribute through its growing cooperation with the Soviets while remaining firmly anchored in the West.
La décomposition de la Yougoslavie : la Serbie et le « front Sud »
Authors: Roux Michel 
Published: November 2007

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia — Serbia and the « Southern Front », by Michel Roux
Although the Southern part of ex-Yugoslavia has so far been spared from civil war, it also risks joining in the general disintegration of a country which Serbia would have wished to preserve. Macedonia has seceded peacefully and though it satisfies the conditions of the Badinter Commission for international recognition, this is blocked by Greece. A poor, enclave region, it also has to face the problem of autonomist demands from its Albanian minority. Montenegro on the other hand is preparing to join with Serbia in forming a « third Yugoslavia » for which it would provide the maritime outlet. However this new State would be faced with separatist demands from the Muslims in Sandjak and more especially from the Albanians of Kosovo. In this latter région, political and interethnic conflict, which has been going on since 1981, contributed to the destabilisation of Yugoslavia and may finally resuit in attempted secession. The Albanian question is one of potential danger for the stability of the Balkans and of Europe.
Asie de l'Est : le nouveau paysage stratégique
Authors: Segal Gerald 
Published: November 2007

East Asia : the New Strategie Landscape, by Gerald Segal
Now that the overlay of the cold war is being lifted from East Asia, the states of the region face tough choices about their future security arrangements. Although the perceived threat was usually fuzzier and less worrying in East Asia thon in Europe, the démise of the Soviet Union and its ideology has melted the glue that held non-communist East Asians together. The risks grow that the United States will retreat militarily from the région and leave the locals to sort out their own disputes. With their increasing and long-standing disputes, there is the making of major arms races or even hot conflict in the region. The absence of multilateralism in security in East Asia is a major problem, which, if rectified, might help reduce the risks of conflict.
Indochine : les nouvelles frontières
Authors: Lechervy Christian 
Published: November 2007

Indochina : the New Frontiers, by Christian Lechervy
The end of the third war in Indochina, and the collapse of communism in Europe, has killed the political concept of Indochina. Even though Vietnam remains fossilized in its mandarin Stalinism, it progressively reintegrates itself in the region. The « Asiatization » of its economy is becoming reality, pending the end of the American embargo. The multipolarization of the régional strategie game, however, has resulted in exacerbating économie rivalries and showing the ambitions of communist China. Thus little by little, the maritime daims in the China South Sea instrumentalize the inter-regional relationships in their dimensions of economie and military power.
Du système mercantile au système de finances : l'Etat, la puissance et l'argent
Authors: Thiveaud Jean-Marie 
Published: November 2007

Mercantilism and the Financial System : State, Power and Money, by Jean-Marie Thiveaud
There is no précise définition of « mercantilism ». It is an abstract notion built from disparate items and a posteriori, as an attempt to unify many facts and ideas which developed for many centuries in many countries. The main characteristics, placed in a historical perspective, cannot be isolated from a context (political practices, facts and action) in which the State plays the first role. The succession of financial and monetary measures implemented for centuries, constitutes the starting point of thought and discourse, ex post, on the « mercantilism system ». These measures have traditionally been presented by historians as simple « expedients », but have actually resulted in the extension of the power of the State, through the use of strength and money. The quest for money was a means to an end and not an end in itself. The State, by nature, is financial, so there is, in all economics fields, a close connection between State sovereignty and the sovereignty of money.
Le siège permanent au Conseil de Sécurité. Qui besoin de qui : les Allemands du siège ou le Conseil de Sécurité des Allemands ?
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: November 2007

A Permanent Seat at the Security Council. Who Needs Who ?
Do the Germans need a Permanent Membership or Does the Security
Council Need the Germans ?, by Wolfgang Wagner
Both the German Federal Government and the German public take it almost for granted that Germany will become a permanent member of the Security Council once the United Nations are reformed. They underestimate the problems which stand in the way of this explicit goal of German foreign policy. An enlargement of the present circle of permanent members by Japan and Germany will not be accepted by the Third World unless three or four developing countries are granted the same status. But with ten or more permanent members with veto power, the Security Council is threatened by an incapacity to act. In addition, other nations in other continents find it difficult to accept why Europe should have three (including Russia even four) permanent members, even though the member states of the European Union have committed themselves to a Common Foreign and Security Policy.
Le mondialisme comme politique étrangère : la Corée en a-t-elle les moyens ?
Authors: Han Sung-Joo 
Published: November 2007

Le mondialisme comme politique étrangère : la Corée en a-t-elle les moyens ?, par Han Sung-Joo
La tendance la plus marquante de la période de l'après-guerre froide est l'interdépendance grandissante des Etats avec, pour conséquence, la mondialisation des enjeux. Etant donné les transformations politiques et économiques de la Corée, la diplomatie de Séoul doit prêter une attention plus grande aux valeurs universelles et assumer plus de responsabilités au niveau international. La Corée devrait insister davantage sur la nécessité d'une diversification des acteurs et des problèmes traités ainsi que sur la coopération régionale, complément du mondialisme. Le mondialisme est indispensable au règlement efficace de la situation entre les deux Corées ; Pyongyang devrait ainsi mettre un terme à son isolement et participer à l'ordre mondial. A cette fin, il faut absolument que le problème de la nucléarisation de la Corée du Nord soit réglé. C'est ainsi qu'à vu le jour la nouvelle diplomatie de la Corée, fondée sur le mondialisme. Sur le plan intérieur, la nouvelle politique vise également à internationaliser la société coréenne.
La Russie d'aujourd'hui : une perspective sur les investissements étrangers
Authors: Hertzfeld Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2007

Today's Russia : A Perspective on Foreign Investment, by Jeffrey M. Hertzfeld
The future of foreign investment in Russia is tied to the continuation of the process of economie reform. This process is inevitably slow and painful, marked by ongoing political, economie, social and legal instability. But, there is no other way. Russia has crossed the Rubicon. Investing in Russia only makes sense as a long-term strategy aimed at acquiring market shares as the Russian market emerges. But, until Russia acts to encourage investment by offering incentives such as tax stabilization, protection from frequent adverse changes in the law, and non-discriminatory treatment for foreign investors, substantial investment will be slow in coming. Nevertheless, many western companies are staking out positions in this new market and managing to survive and grow. This trend will accelerate as and when western financial institutions make funds available to share the risk.
L'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) : continuité, changement et incertitudes
Authors: Guibert Géraud 
Published: November 2007

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) : Continuity, Change and Uncertainties, by Géraud Guibert
An examination of the statutes of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) shows that it dœs not represent real structural changes in relation to the GATT System but rather sanctions the intention to give priority to multilateral trade procedures whilst improving their efficiency. However the measures taken to succeed in this aim ― the integration of « new subjects », the fixing of more stringent regulations concerning conditional protectionism and the reform of the disputes settlement mechanism ― are too ambiguous for the result to be guaranteed. Its success will above all depend upon the attitude of the United States towards the new organisation. The WTO does not seem to be the best adapted framework to deal efficiently and on its own with the new issues of the organisation of world trade, social questions currencies and the environment.
L'usage de la force
Authors: Freedman Lawrence D. 
Published: November 2007

The Use of Force, by Lawrence Freedman
This article considers how military force might he used by western countries in the sort of conflicts they are likely to confront in the coming years. Direct threats to their territory are not judged likely. The article therefore considers situations in which there is an expectation of combat against the armed forces of an opponent, but in which the most vital interests of the interventionist countries are not directly at stake. Western governments are becoming increasingly wary of this sort of conflict. At least there is a search for strategies of intervention which minimize the costs, both human and material. This is a continuation of what was once known as the «indirect approach». It often involves air power, but in the end struggles over territory have to be fought on the ground. The article argues that the costs of conflict over the long-term can be minimized the more that they are accepted in the short-term.
Conflits et champs politiques en Algérie
Authors: Stora Benjamin 
Published: November 2007

Conflicts and Spheres of Political Activity in Algeria, by Benjamin Stora
This article aims to illustrate that a sphere of political activity does exist in Algeria, one that is made up of traditional forces, the present regime, the army and a Democratie movement. This description breaks with the analysis that shows Algeria slipping into mindless violence. The author attempts to foresee several solutions to the dreadful war from which the country suffers.
L'islamisme algérien : nébuleuse ou mouvement social ?
Authors: Younessi Brahim 
Published: November 2007

Is Algerian Islamism a Nebulous Concept or a Social Movement ?, by Brahim Younessi
International public opinion learnt about the existence of the Algerian Islamist movement from the television when political activity was liberalized in 1989 and discovered the country's violent situation in January 1991 when the democratie electoral process was interrupted. Algeria is divided into two implacably antagonistic camps which challenge and exclude one another on the basis of « otherness ». The notion that each has of order, public space and social normes is completely different. Algeria is going through a serious identity crisis with multiple identities surfacing and rejecting one another. Inflexible thinking and the rent System have left their mark on the hehaviour of political entities and social groups.
Multipolarité et prolifération en Extrême-Orient : implications pour la sécurité régionale et coréenne
Authors: Lee Chung Min 
Published: November 2007

Multipolar East Asia and Implications for Regional and Korean Security by Chung Min Lee
Despite recent encouraging developments such as economic growth, démocratisation and reconciliations in Asia, difficulties loom ahead. Weapons procurement, notably of ballistic missiles, and the modernisation of defence capabilities are particularly apparent in the region. They are linked both to prosperity, as well as to concerns about China and about nuclear proliferation (for instance in India, Pakistan and North Korea). In spite of an assertive atitude, American non-proliferation means seem limited. Washington thus veered towards a more conciliatory approach to North Korea, which has been of some concern to Seoul. Some doubt has been cast over the credibility of the US commitment to South Korea's security including by means of nuclear weapons in case of North Korean attack. The end of the cold war has not fundamentally changed the Korean peninsula's dilemma. Reunification seems inevitable in the future, depending on political changes in the North.
Le Japon et la Chine : amour, haine et géostratégie
Authors: Bouissou Jean-Marie 
Published: November 2007

Japan and China : Love, Hatred, and Geo-Strategy, by Jean-Marie Bouissou
Sino-Japanese relations bear the imprint of eighteen centuries of ambiguity, and the trauma of a devastating war. This impassioned context puis Tokyo on the defensive. In any hypothesis, China's development constitutes a threat to Japan, which stands by helpless. Likewise, Japan's options are few compared with China's military might. A patient three-pronged strategy (some form of contain-ment, tying China into multilateral networks, and confidence-building) seems the most appropriate over time. But the time factor may turn out to be crucial, given the volatility of the situation in China.
Finanzplatz Deutschland : une réponse nationale ou européenne à l'internationalisation ?
Authors: Story Jonathan 
Published: November 2007

Finanzplatz Deutschland : a National or European Response to Internationalization ?, by Jonathan Story
While German financial markets, and regulatory institutions have evolved at a sedate pace, since the early 1980s global financial markets hâve grown rapidly. The government's preference was to preside over incremental changes, while negotiating complex compromises within EU's internai market programme. There was no enthusiasm at ail for any « Big Bang » experiment that would compromise the delicate balance of domestic interests. Yet the internal market may only be achieved in financial markets by the introduction of a European as oppo-sed to a national corporate culture, allowing for equal rights for ail shareholders in the EU. Monetary union is likely to be followed, in Germany as in other member states, and sooner rather than later, by an unravelling of national cross-share-holding which stands as a business counterpart to a Europe of states, such as exists today.
L'agenda européen à l'horizon 2000
Authors: Kinkel Klaus 
Published: November 2007

The European Agenda on the Horizon of the Year 2000, by Klaus Kinkel
The European political agenda for the year 2000, adopted by the EU in December 1995, set ont the objectives to prepare for the twenty-first century : single currency, institutional reform, especially the CFSP and the third pillar, enlargement towards the East and the South and the question of resources. Franco-German cooperation must therefore continue to play its role as the 'engine of Europe'. To sum up, Europe cannot remain globally competitive and a model of unification for the other continents unless it rises to these different challenges, is strong, and presents a united front.
Les changements de la politique de défense française et la coopération franco-allemande
Authors: Sauder Axel 
Published: November 2007

The Changes in French Defense Policy and Franco-German Coopération, by Axel Sauder
The reforms in French defense policy, in particular the professionalization of the army and the rapprochement with NATO, have led to questions concerning the future of Franco-German cooperation in defense and security matters. The practical difficulties due to differences in missions and at an organizational level of the two armies can he overcome. Nevertheless, the constitution of a defense tool adapted to the demands of the new NATO will directly menace the influential position that Germany h as succeeded in occupying over the years. Bonn will no longer he able to ignore the dehate over the future of national service, the form and missions of the Bundeswehr. France and Germany must, in unison, once again, prove the practicality of their bilateral cooperation.
Elargissement de l'OTAN : une responsabilité européenne
Authors: Gnesotto Nicole 
Published: November 2007

Expansion of NATO : a European Responsibility, by Nicole Gnesotto
If the object of expanding NATO is genuine pan-European re conciliation with yesterday's old enemies, the process is obviously desirable, necessary and even indispensable, despite all the risks inherent in such an opening-up. If on the other hand, the aim is to perpetuate existing advantages, in other words, simply to codify the American domination that is unchallenged at the end of the Cold War, then reservations become more legitimate. Europeans have a key responsibility in deciding the final direction taken by this process. The debates on the expansion of NATO are in fact merely the expression of a fundamental choice : will Europe's political order be best guaranteed, on the eve of the third millennium, by being based solely on the political framework of the Atlantic Alliance, or by taking the form of a new geopolitical triangle based on relatively egalitarian cooperation between three autonomous and cooperative decision-making poles : the Alliance, Russia and the European Union ?
Israël à 50 ans : deux idées de la Nation
Authors: Kriegel Maurice 
Published: November 2007

Israel at Fifty: Two Nationalisms, by Maurice Kriegel
After 1973, messianic religious Zionists felt themselves to be the vanguard of Zionism, and their influence grew, as Labor leaders in Israël were impressed by the commitment of the messianic activists to "pioneer" values. Messianic enthusiasm receded in the 1980s, and as secular values increasingly permeated Israeli society, Zionist and non-Zionist Orthodox became reconciled and joined forces to resist the secularizing trend, under the banner of neo-traditionalism. On the opposite side, a coalition of the forces that favor the current secularization of Israeli society focuses on citizenship as the core of nationality and invokes a voluntaristic définition of identity. The decisions in "foreign" policy will corne as a consequence of a fundamental choice between the two competing types of nationalism.
L'Indonésie, un pays en mutation
Authors: Dichant Alain 
Published: November 2007

Development of and Outlook for the Crisis in Indonesia, by Alain Dichant
Indonesia is in transition. Due to the repercussions of financial crisis in Southeast Asia, the Indonesian economie and social System is revealing its weakness, and should no longer survive. After 52 years of independence, and more than 30 years of political dictate, Indonesia is going to change its economie and social structures. The regional economie crisis has underlined the limits of Mr Suharto's New Order based on nepotism, corruption and the development of conglomerates. A new period is predictable with the decline of state interventionism in the financial and industrial sectors. The first priority will be to implement constitutional reforms for new presidential elections. Only after that, confidence might corne back and the economie reforms progress. The success of Indonesia's transformation is one of the most important challenges for the South Asia-Pacific area in the coming years.
La paralysie japonaise : causes et conséquences pour l'économie mondiale - un rôle pour l'Europe
Authors: Lehmann Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Japan's Paralysis: Causes and Consequences for the World Economy - a Role for Europe, by Jean-Pierre Lehmann
Japan's current disastrous economie, political, social and moral situation appears to be beyond control by the political class and the country as a whole. Japan is suffering from having lived amid myths and untruths about its past. It is also suffering from obsolete structures centered on the "iron triangle" (DLP, senior administration and industry) which controls the country's entire life. Now although this triangle is splitting up, it is not being replaced by another type of power. This is particularly harmful for Japan because it is missing out on the communication and globalization revolutions. It therefore seems possible for reforms and an opening-up to be driven only from outside - notably from Europe - in order to counterbalance the predominant influence of the United States.
Paris et Bonn/Berlin après l'alternance : continuité ou renouvellement ?
Authors: Ehrhart Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2007

Paris and Bonn/Berlin After the Change of Power: Continuity or Renewal?, by Hans-Georg Ehrhart
The German voters decided with unexpected clarity last September that the so-called "Berliner Republik" should become red-green at first. Given the election victory of Lionel Jospin in 1997 and the ideological similarities bet-ween the two coalition governments, is there now a chance of a really common Franco-German approach in European and international affairs? An analysis of the coalition treaty of the German Social Democrats (SPD) and the Bündnis 90/Die Grünen shows that notwithstanding some differences both governments have a great deal in common. The new German government is prepared to significantly strengthen the European intégration process. This opens a new perspective for Europe which could become more social, more federal and more empowered. The assumption of the EU presi-dency in January 1999 provides Germany with the opportunity to prove its words by deeds.
1979-1999 : de Kaboul au Kosovo
Authors: Fontaine André 
Published: November 2007

1979-1989: From Kabul to Kosovo, by André Fontaine
Reacting to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Americans pick Reagan, who deliberately accelerates the Arms race, in order to put the USSR into the ropes. Appointed n°l in 1985, Gorbachov has no other alternative than to look for « detente » with the West. His refusal to corne to the rescue of the East German regime leads to the successive fall of the Berlin Wall and of the « socialist » regimes of Eastern and Central Europe, to the end of the Cold War and to the reunification of Germany which stays in a NATO now open to the East. When Europe has trouble in trying to go beyond « euro », the US « sole superpower » is more and more led to meddle in a growing number of conflicts, and even as in Iraq and Kosovo, to use force with its allies.
La construction de l'Europe (1979-1999)
Authors: Toulemon Robert 
Published: November 2007

From the Euromissiles "Battle" to the Kosovo "War": the Atlantic Alliance and its Challenges (1979-1999), by Frédéric Bozo
Despite the many challenges which it has had to face in the past 20 years, the Atlantic Alliance is today Consolidated. Be it the revival of the Cold War against the backdrop of the euromissiles battle and the invasion of Afghanistan; be it the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the East-West confrontation, which raised the question of NATO's continued existence; be it the conflict in ex-Yugoslavia and its aftermath, until the recent Kosovo crisis, the Alliance has successfully overcome all these trials. However, this positive record must be qualified: was it not first and foremost to ensure its own survival that NATO took up these challenges?