bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of palm carotene from crude palm oil by adsorption chromatography with a synthetic polymer adsorbent
Authors: Baharin B. S. , Abdul Rahman K. , Abdul Karim M. I. , Oyaizu T. , Tanaka K. , Tanaka Y. , Takagi S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPalm carotene was successfully concentrated from crude palm oil by a single‐stage chromatographic process on a synthetic porous polymer. Carotene was concentrated to about 105 ppm solution, which is about 160 times the original concentration in crude palm oil. Carotene recovery varied from 40 to 65% depending upon chromatographic conditions. The fatty acid composition of the palm oil did not change during the carotene recovery process, and the carotene composition was also almost the same as that in palm oil. Adsorption isotherms of the adsorbent differed from other adsorbents. This new recovery method for palm carotene may be suitable as an edible palm oil pretreatment process due to its efficient mass recovery of a valuable bioresource.
Structured lipids: Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of tricaproin and trilinolein
Authors: Fomuso Lydia B. , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStructured lipids were synthesized by interesterification of trilinolein and tricaproin with sn‐1,3‐specific (IM 60) and nonspecific (SP 435) lipases. The interesterification reaction was performed by incubating a 1:2 mole ratio of trilinolein and tricaproin in 3 mL hexane at 45°C for the IM 60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, and at 55°C for the SP 435 lipase from Candida antarctica. Reaction products were analyzed by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector. The fatty acids at the sn‐2 position were identified after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and analysis with a gas chromatograph. IM 60 lipase produced 53,5 mol% dicaproyllinolein (total carbon number = C33) and 22.2% monocaproyldilinolein (C45). SP 435 lipase produced 41% C33 and 18% C45. When caproic acid was used in place of tricaproin as the acyl donor, the IM 60 lipase produced 62.9% C33. The effects of variation in mole ratio, temperature, added water, solvent polarity, and time course on the interesterification reaction were also investigated. In the absence of organic solvent, IM 60 lipase produced 52.3% C33.
Purification of pregastric lipases of caprine origin
Authors: Lai Douglas T. , Stanley Roger D. , O’Connor Charmian J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPregastric lipases from kid (KPGL) and goat (GPGL) were purified from the commercial extracts by different chromatographic procedures. The total recovery of activity for both purification methods was ca. 10%, and the specific activities of KPGL and GPGL were 533 and 546 U/mg, respectively, at pH 6.5, 35°C for tributyrylglycerol (TBG) as substrate in a casein/lecithin emulsion. The purification factors were 130‐ and 76‐fold for the goat and kid lipases, respectively. The purified lipases from kid and goat showed the same 50 kDa protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an identical sequence for the first 11 amino acids. The optimal pH for the lipases was within the pH range 6–7, with maximal activity at pH 6.5. The stability of the purified lipases was decreased dramatically at pH>6.5, but was enhanced by the addition of albumin.
Castor bean lipase as a biocatalyst in the esterification of fatty acids to glycerol
Authors: Tüter Melek 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCastor bean lipase was investigated as biocatalyst in the esterification of fatty acids to glycerol. For this purpose, pressed seeds were pretreated with phosphate‐citrate buffer solution at optimal preincubation time and pH and used as a lipase source in esterification of fatty acids with glycerol. The effect of process parameters in the esterification, i.e., molar ratios of reactants, temperature, water content of glycerol and concentration of lipase, were determined by using pretreated castor bean.
Determination of seed oil content and fatty acid composition in sunflower through the analysis of intact seeds, husked seeds, meal and oil by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Pérez‐Vich B. , Velasco L. , Fernández‐Martínez J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA methodological study was conducted to test the potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the oil content and fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds. A set of 387 intact‐seed samples, each from a single plant, were scanned by NIRS, and 120 of them were selected and further scanned as husked seed, meal, and oil. All samples were analyzed for oil content (nuclear magnetic resonance) and fatty acid composition (gas chromatography), and calibration equations for oil content and individual fatty acids (C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2) were developed for intact seed, husked seed, meal, and oil. For intact seed, the performance of the calibration equations was evaluated through both cross‐ and external validation, while cross‐validation was used in the rest. The results showed that NIRS is a reliable and accurate technique to estimate these traits in sunflower oil (validation r2 ranged from 0.97 to 0.99), meal (r2 from 0.92 to 0.98), and husked seeds (r2 from 0.90 to 0.97). According to these results, there is no need to grind the seeds to scan the meal; similarly accurate results are obtained by analyzing husked seeds. The analysis of intact seeds was less accurate (r2 from 0.76 to 0.85), although it is reliable enough to use for pre‐screening purposes to identify variants with significantly different fatty acid compositions from standard phenotypes. Screening of intact sunflower seeds by NIRS represents a rapid, simple, and cost‐effective alternative that may be of great utility for users who need to analyze a large number of samples.
Determination of free fatty acids in palm oil by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Man Y. B. Che , Moh M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy calibration was developed for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil and its fractions based on the NIR reflectance approach. A range of FFA concentrations was prepared by hydrolyzing oil with 0.15% (w/w) lipase in an incubator at 60°C (200 rpm). Sample preparation was performed in Dutch cup, and the spectra were measured in duplicate for each sample. The optimized calibration models were constructed with multiple linear regression analysis based on C=O overtone regions from 1850–2050 nm. The best wavelength combinations were 1882, 2010, and 2040 nm. Multiple correlation coefficients squared (R2) were: 0.994 for crude palm oil, 0.961 for refined‐bleached‐deodorized (RBD) palm olein, and 0.971 for RBD palm oil. Calibrations were validated with an independent set of 8–10 samples. R2 of validation were 0.997, 0.943, and 0.945, respectively. The developed method was rapid, with a total analysis time of 5 min, and environmentally friendly, and its accuracy was generally good for raw‐material quality control.
A modified method for determining free fatty acids from small soybean oil sample sizes
Authors: Rukunudin I. H. , White P. J. , Bern C. J. , Bailey T. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA modification of the AOCS Official Method Ca 5a‐40 for determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in 0.3 to 6.0‐g samples of refined and crude soybean oil is described. The modified method uses only about 10% of the weight of oil sample, alcohol volume, and alkali strength recommended in the Official Method. Standard solutions of refined and crude soybean oil with FFA concentrations between 0.01 and 75% were prepared by adding known weights of oleic acid. The FFA concentrations, determined from small sample sizes with the modified method, were compared with FFA percentages determined from larger sample sizes with the Official Method. Relationships among determinations obtained by the modified and official methods, for both refined and crude oils, were described by linear functions. The relationship for refined soybean oil had an R2 value of 0.997 and a slope of 0.99±0.031. The values for crude soybean oil are defined by a line with R2=0.9996 and a slope of 1.01±0.013.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance phospholipid analysis of anionic‐enriched lecithins
Authors: Glonek Thomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance provides well‐dispersed, quantifiable phospholipid profiles of commercial and laboratory anionic lecithin preparations. Seventeen phospholipids were determined in commercial soybean lecithins. Lecithin refinement to produce anionic‐enriched lecithins may be monitored precisely.
Assessment of quality changes in frozen sardine (Sardina pilchardus) by fluorescence detection
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Sotelo Carmen G. , Pérez‐Martín Ricardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe formation of fluorescent compounds was tested as a quality assessment during the frozen storage of sardine at −18°C (up to 24 mon) and at −10°C (up to 120 d). The fluorescence ratio between two excitation/emission maxima (393/463 and 327/415 nm) was studied in the aqueous (δFaq) and organic (δFor) extracts after Bligh and Dyer extraction of the white muscle. Fluorescence results were compared to common quality indices [total volatile base‐nitrogen (TVB‐N); conjugated dienes; thiobarbituric acid index (TBA‐i); and free fatty acids (FFA)]. δFaq showed good correlations with storage time (r=0.80 and r=0.72 at −18 and −10°C, respectively) and TBA‐i (r=0.92 and r=0.81). Principal‐component analysis grouped δFaq with quality indices that are sensitive for the assessment of fish damage during frozen storage at both temperatures (TBA‐i and FFA at −18°C; BVT‐N, TBA‐i, and FFA at −10°C). According to these results, fluorescence detection of interaction compounds in the aqueous phase can provide an accurate method to assess quality differences during frozen storage of fish.
Lipid oxidation in herring (Clupea harengus) light muscle, dark muscle, and skin, stored separately or as intact fillets
Authors: Undeland Irgrid , Ekstrand Bo , Lingnert Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLight muscle, dark muscle, and skin from herring (Clupea harengus) were stored separately or as intact fillets at −18°C. After 0, 2, 8, 12, and 18 wk, all tissues were analyzed for conjugated dienes (A234) and lipid hydroperoxides. In tissues stored separately, total absorbance at 268 nm (A268) and lipid‐soluble fluorescent oxidation products (FP) were also monitored. Further, prior to storage these tissues were subjected to measurement of total lipids, lipid classes, fatty acid pattern, α‐tocopherol, iron, copper, selenium, and total aqueous pro‐oxidative activity. When light muscle, dark muscle, and skin were stored as intact fillets, the following ranking order was seen for A234 and levels of lipid hydroperoxides at the end of the storage period: skin > dark muscle > light muscle. The corresponding ranking order for tissues stored separately was: dark muscle > skin > light muscle, whereas for A268 and FP the orders were: dark muscle > light muscle > skin and light muscle > dark muscle > skin, respectively. The compositional data obtained indicate the highest level of pro‐oxidants in dark muscle and the highest level of polar lipids in light muscle. These observations reveal that pro‐oxidants, to a greater extent than lipid composition, influence the increase in A234, hydroperoxides, and A268, whereas the reverse seems to be true for the increase in FP. The results also point to the strong influence from oxygen contact and tissue interactions on the progress of lipid oxidation in herring during storage.
Temperature effects on tocopherol composition in soybeans with genetically improved oil quality
Authors: Almonor G. O. , Fenner G. P. , Wilson R. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTocopherol, a natural antioxidant, typically accounts for a small percentage of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) oil. Alleles that govern the expression of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean germplasm are influenced by temperature. However, little is known about the environmental influences on tocopherol expression. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on tocopherol composition in soybean germplasm that exhibit homozygous recessive and dominant alleles that govern the predominant ω‐6 and ω‐3 desaturases. The control cv. Dare and three low‐18:3 genotypes (N78‐2245, PI‐123440, N85‐2176) were grown under controlled‐temperature environments during reproductive growth. Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature. The relative strength of this correlation was greater in the germplasm that exhibited homozygous alleles governing the ω‐6 desaturase than those governing the ω‐3 desaturase. The decline in total tocopherol with reduced temperature was attributed predominantly to loss of γ‐tocopherol. However, γ‐tocopherol concentration also was directly related to 18:3 concentration in all genotypes. Thus, low‐18:3 oils contained both a lower content and a lower concentration of γ‐tocopherol. Although the biochemical basis for this observation is unknown, the antioxidant capacity of γ‐tocopherol appeared to be directly associated with changes in oil quality that were mediated more by genetic than by environmental influences on 18:3 concentration. Another aspect of this work showed that low‐18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α‐tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments. This condition should be regarded as another beneficial aspect of plant breeding approaches to the improvement of soybean oil quality.
Specific determination of malonaldehyde by N‐methyl‐2‐phenylindole or thiobarbituric acid
Authors: Inoue Tadamichi , Ando Ken , Kikugawa Kiyomi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReactivity of a commercially available test kit (LPO‐586), based on N‐methyl‐2‐phenylindole, toward aldehydes was characterized and compared with that of thiobarbituric acid (TBA). In hydrochloric acid, LPO‐586 produced a violet pigment with malonaldehyde (MA) but not with other tested aldehydes. In methane sulfonic acid, LPO‐586 produced the violet pigment with MA and 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), but not with other tested aldehydes. Pigment formation with MA was not inhibited by other aldehydes, but that with HNE was inhibited by alka‐2,4‐dienals. TBA produced a red pigment with MA but not with other tested aldehydes in hydrochloric acid or in acetate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Both the LPO‐586 test in hydrochloric acid and the TBA test in hydrochloric acid or in acetate with EDTA can be used for specific measurement of MA in oxidized lipid samples.
Selective oxidations of methyl ricinoleate: Diastereoselective epoxidation with titaniumIV catalysts
Authors: Foglia Thomas A. , Sonnet Philip E. , Nunez Alberto , Dudley Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConditions were developed for the selective epoxidation of the double bond of methyl ricinoleate (1) with ethylmethyldioxirane (EMDO) to give the homoallylic epoxyalcohol, methyl (Z)‐9,10‐oxido‐12‐hydroxyoctadecanoate (2) in high yields but in poor enantiomeric excess. The diastereomeric ratio for epoxyalcohol 2 was improved modestly when t‐butyl‐hydroperoxide, coupled with a titanium catalyst and a d‐tartrate ligand, was used as oxidizing agent. Reaction of 1 with excess EMDO resulted in the concomitant epoxidation of the double bond and oxidation of the hydroxy group of 1 to give methyl (Z/it)‐9,10‐oxido‐12‐oxo‐octadecanoate (4), along with methyl 8‐(5‐hexylfuran‐2‐yl)octanoate (5). Alternatively, ketoepoxide 4 was prepared by dioxirane oxidation of methyl 12‐oxo‐(Z)‐9‐octadecene (3) or by treating epoxyalcohol 2 with sodium hypochlorite. The ketoepoxide 4 is acid‐labile and rearranges with loss of water to give furan 5 in high yield.
Structure and performance of soy hull carbon adsorbents as affected by pyrolysis temperature
Authors: Gnanasambandam Ravin , Mathias M. , Proctor A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoy hulls were evaluated as a source of adsorbent carbon for vegetable oil processing. Soy hull carbon was prepared by burning ground soy hulls (<100 mesh) at 300, 400, 500, or 700°C in a muffle furnace. The structure of the soy hull carbon was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Crude soy oil was processed with the soy hull carbon products at 2% (w/w) in the laboratory under commercial bleaching conditions. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value, phospholipid phosphorus (PLP), and lutein content of the treated samples were determined. SEM of the samples revealed particle size ranging from 1 to 2 mm. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature resulted in expansion and disruption of cellular structure. FTIR spectra of the carbon samples showed major differences in peak intensities at 3600 to 3200, 1600, and 1450 cm−1 due to pyrolysis temperature. XRD revealed a predominantly amorphous structure with increasing pyrolysis temperature, which also resulted in an increased alkaline surface. Soy hull carbon decreased the FFA content of oil samples compared to that of crude oil, with the exception of carbon that was prepared at 300°C (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed in the adsorption of peroxides; however, no trends were observed in the adsorption of PLP or lutein. Higher pyrolysis temperature decreased randomness of the carbon and imparted a certain degree of structural order. This may be beneficial in providing physical access of the adsorbate molecule to the adsorbent surface.
Kinetics of catalytic transfer hydrogenation of some vegetable oils
Authors: Naglič Mateja , Šmidovnik Andrej , Koloini Tine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCatalytic transfer hydrogenation of corn, peanut, olive, soybean, and sunflower oils has been studied with aqueous sodium formate solution as hydrogen donor and palladium on carbon as catalyst. Kinetic constants and selectivity have been determined under intensive stirring in the presence of stabilizing agents. Hydrogenation reactions followed first‐order kinetics with respect to fatty acids. Besides good selectivity and short reaction time, this method offers safe and easy handling. The presence of linolenic acid retards the migration of double bonds, which explains why soybean oil is the most appropriate for this hydrogenation process.
Inhibition of tubulin guanosine‐5′‐triphosphatase by lipid peroxides: Protective effects of vitamin A derivatives
Authors: Kawakami Misako , Ward Larry , Doi Hiroshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipid peroxidation of cellular proteins has been postulated to be involved in cellular aging. Given the importance of the cytoskeleton in cellular function, it is a prime candidate as a potential target for the deleterious effects of lipid peroxides. In this study, the effects of lipid peroxides on microtubule assembly have been studied in an in vitro assay system, as have the protective effects of the vitamin A group (β‐carotene, retinal, and retinol). The assay was based on tubulin guanosine‐5′‐triphosphatase (GTPase) activity, which is associated with all steps of microtubule assembly. Soybean lecithin was utilized as the starting point to generate lipid peroxides. Its selection was based on the high proportion of phospholipids in the cellular membrane. Lipid peroxides were generated by photooxidation of lecithin, dissolved in methanol, in the presence of 0.004% methylene blue at 4°C for 8 h. Lipid peroxides (1.0 mg/mL) inhibited tubulin GTPase by 49%, relative to the control. Vitamin A derivatives (retinol, retinal, and β‐carotene) all had the ability to protect against the inhibitory effects of lipid peroxides, presumably owing to their antioxidant activities. This protective effect was more pronounced when utilizing a 30‐min, as opposed to a 15‐min, reaction time. This suggests a relatively slow rate of reaction between the peroxide and vitamin A group. These studies present a mechanism for the ability of vitamin A to inhibit aging of the cell.
Enzymatic glyceride synthesis in a foam reactor
Authors: Yeh Yu‐Chih , Gulari Erdogan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report the results of our study on Rhizomucor miehei lipase‐catalyzed lauric acid‐glycerol esterification in a foam reactor. A satisfactory yield of glyceride synthesis can be achieved with an unusually high initial water content (50% w/w). We found that product formation could be regulated by controlling foaming. Foaming was a function of the air flow rate, reaction temperature, pH value, ionic strength, and substrate molar ratio. Monolaurin and dilaurin, which constituted nearly 80% of the total yield, were the two dominant products in this reaction; trilaurin was also formed at the initial stages of the reaction. A study of pH and ionic strength effects on an independent basis revealed that they affect the interfacial mechanism in different manners. On varying the ratio of lauric acid and glycerol, only a slight change in the degree of conversion was detected and the consumption rate of fatty acid was approximately the same.
Synthesis of monoterpene esters by alcoholysis reaction with Mucor miehei lipase in a solvent‐free system
Authors: Chatterjee T. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe syntheses of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate by alcoholysis reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei was studied for the first time in a solvent‐free system. Reactions were carried out at a terpene alcohol/acyl donor molar ratio of 1:5 with Lipozyme at 10% of the total weight of the reactants in a solvent‐free system. Incubations were carried out at 55 to 60°C for ethyl and butyl acetates as acyl donors, whereas for methyl acetate the incubation temperature was 40 to 45°C. Excess concentration of acyl donor increases the percentage of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, while excess of terpene alcohol concentration decreases the same. Yields from 75 to 77% molar conversion (90 to 98% conversion, w/w) were obtained after 8 to 28 h of reaction time.
Reactions of olive oil and glycerol over immobilized lipases
Authors: Coteron A. , Martinez M. , Aracil J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of olive oil and glycerol over immobilized lipases was studied. For oil samples with free fatty acid (FFA) contents larger than 2%, FFA esterification and glycerolysis took place simultaneously, but the esterification reaction was faster than glycerolysis. Similar product distributions were obtained for glycerol/oil mole ratios of 3:1 and 6:1. Therefore, an excess of glycerol does not result in a significant increase in monoglyceride yield within the experimental range tested. The main reaction product at 80°C was diglyceride. No increase in monoglyceride yield was observed by lowering the reaction temperature to 10°C.
Microbial synthesis of chiral intermediates for β‐3‐receptor agonists
Authors: Patel Ramesh N. , Banerjee Amit , Chu Linda , Brozozowski David , Nanduri Venkata , Szarka Laszlo J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChiral intermediates were prepared by biocatalytic processes for the chemical synthesis of β‐3‐receptor agonists. These include: (i) the microbial reduction of 4‐benzyloxy‐3‐methanesulfonylamino‐2′‐bromoacetophenone 1 to the corresponding (R)‐alcohol 2 by Spingomonas paucimobilis SC 16113. In the biotransformation process, a reaction yield of >85% and an optical purity of 99.5% were obtained for the desired (R)‐alcohol 2; (ii) the enzymatic resolution of racemic α‐methyl phenylalanine amide, 3, and α‐methyl‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylalanine amide, 5, by amidase from Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 to prepare the corresponding (S)‐amino acids 4 and 6. Reaction yields of 49.9 and 49 M% (theoretical maximum yield 50 M%) and optical purities of 99 and 94% were obtained for the desired (S)‐amino acids 4 and 6, respectively; (iii) the asymmetric hydrolysis of methyl‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐propanedioic acid, ethyl diester, 7, to the corresponding (S)‐monoester 8 by pig liver esterase. A reaction yield of 96 M% and an optical purity of 96% were obtained for (S)‐monoester 8 when reactions were carried out in a biphasic system containing 10% ethanol at 10°C.