bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive style and literary regression A study of student writers1
Authors: Joffe Judith A. , Peterson Christopher 
Published: April 2006

AbstractForty undergraduates, from either beginning or advanced writing classes, and classified as either abstract or concrete thinkers from responses to the “This I Believe” test, provided two works of prose fiction, which were coded for the use of regression techniques. As predicted, abstract thinkers with advanced training were most likely to employ regression. The relations among abstract cognitive style, creative writing training, and literary regression are discussed.
The “consistency” controversy and the accuracy of personality judgments
Authors: Funder David C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAreas of clear and acknowledged disagreement in the personality literature's “consistency controversy” are surprisingly difficult to pin down. The present essay suggests that one basic and real disagreement nowadays is the admissability of subjective judgments of personality as data: Personologists are willing to use them, and situationists are not. Situationists generally regard judgments as so influenced by error as to be essentially unusable, and instead prefer direct measurements of specific behaviors. The relative uses and limitations of global judgments and specific measures are considered. It is concluded that any position that judgments reflect “nothing but” error is untenable. It is further concluded that each sort of data has distinct uses and limitations, provides a check on the other, and is indispensable.
Self‐knowledge: An expanded view
Authors: Markus Hazel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper argues for a more extensive study of self‐knowledge. From the cognitive perspective, self‐knowedge is a critical component of personality. Until quite recently, however, the study of self‐knowledge has been narrowly conceived, focusing primarily on how individuals describe their roles and characteristic behaviors. Yet individuals also have knowledge about their preferences and values, their goals and motives, and their rules and strategies for regulating behavior. These dynamic aspects of self‐knowledge are significant because they can be importantly revealing of future behavior. The content and organization of self‐knowledge is important first because it indicates which domains of behavior are regarded as the most self‐relevant. It is in these domains that the strongest links between personality and behavior will be observed. Second, self‐knowledge cognitively represents desired and undesired states for the self, as well as specific ideas about how to realize or avoid these states. It thus indicates the likely course of behavior in self‐relevant domains. A number of recent research efforts can be intepreted as explorations of self‐knowledge. These are briefly reviewed and integrated to provide a general outline for an expanded view of self‐knowledge.
In search of personality traits: A multimethod analysis of naturally occurring prosocial and dominance behavior
Authors: Small Stephen A. , Zeldin R. Shepherd , Savin‐Williams Ritch C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNaturally occurring prosocial and dominance behaviors were observed via multiple methods in four groups of adolescents. Individuals varied considerably in their frequency of prosocial and dominance behaviors, regardless of the method employed. These interindividual differences were maintained across situations and over time. The data are consistent with a trait conceptualization of dominance and prosocial behavior. The strength of the present findings suggest that personality researchers need to employ research strategies which extensively observe individuals in the contexts in which they live.
Self‐disclosure and liking: An integration theory approach
Authors: McAllister Hunter A. , Bregman Norman J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntegration theory models predict that sequences increasing or decreasing in intimacy should have less impact on attraction than constant intimate or nonintimate disclosures. Male and female subjects (N= 159) conversed with a videotaped confederate. Each confederate relayed six disclosures in one of five intimacy sequences: increasing, constant high, decreasing, constant low, and random. The confederate either had a choice of topics and sequence or they were imposed. Substantial support was found for integration theory models. The constant high disclosers by choice were liked more than their no‐choice controls and the constant low disclosers by choice were disliked more than their no‐choice controls. The mixed sequences (increasing, decreasing, and random) produced no significant differences.
A procedural note on the measurement of broad dispositions
Authors: Epstein Seymour 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the selection of items in a self‐report test that measures a broad trait. There is an inherent conflict between selecting items that maximize internal consistency and ones that contribute to breadth. Alternative procedures, including criterion keying, combining homogeneous subscales, and construction of scales with divergent items with modest relations to the whole scale scores, were discussed. Although not included among recommended procedures by modern test theory, the latter approach has much to recommend it under appropriate circumstances. The discussion of psychometric principles was generalized to the person‐situation debate.
High and low self‐monitoring individuals: Their decoding skills and empathic expression
Authors: Mill Janice 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn investigation was conducted into the relation between self‐monitoring and the ability to interpret vocal expression and to communicate empathy in a dyadic interaction. In the first part of the study, participants who had completed Snyder's Self‐Monitoring (SM) Scale were tested for their ability to interpret the intended meaning in 20 recorded sentences in which the speaker, by changing voice Intonation, inflection, and affective presentation, conveyed a particular meaning to each sentence (Inferred Meanings Test). In the second part of the study, each participant was asked to submit a 3‐minute segment of an audio tape that best demonstrated his or her empathic expression in a dyadic interaction. The tapes were transcribed and raters judged each transcript for the participant's verbal expression of empathy and genuineness. The results showed a significant positive relation between self‐monitoring and the ability to decode vocal cues correctly. This finding appears to support the claim that high self‐monitoring individuals are better able than are low self‐monitoring individuals to interpret the vocal expression of others. When self‐monitoring scores were correlated with the ratings of the participants’ tapes for empathy/genuineness, a significant inverse relation was found. Thus, high self‐monitoring individuals appeared less able to impress raters as being genuinely empathic. The results of the study are discussed in the context of self‐monitoring and its relation to the ability to interpret others’ emotional expression as well as the relation of self‐monitoring to empathic processes.
Some general laws of human emotion: Interrelationships between intensities of desire, expectation, and emotional feeling
Authors: Price Donald D. , Barrell James J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were performed to determine how desires and expectations interact to influence the intensities of emotional feelings. The first experiment required participants to respond to their imagined intensities of desire and expectation in two hypothetical situations, (1) anticipating different probabilities of receiving money (2) anticipating the possibility of different durations of continuous rain combined with different probabilities of rain occurring. Participants responded by producing line lengths to desire and feeling, a form of cross‐modality matching. Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating power function of expectation for the positive approach goal of receiving money (F =KE0.5) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating power functions of the hypothetical amount of money presented (F=K$4; D=K$4). Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a positively accelerating function of expectation for the negative avoidance goal of anticipating different amounts of rain (F=KE1.9) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating functions of amount of rain (F=KR0.9; D=KR0.9).The second experiment required participants to make visual analogue scale responses to desire, expectation, and emotional feeling intensities in ordinary life situations. Similar to Experiment 1, feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating function of expectation for positive approach goals (F=KE0.6) and as a positively accelerating function of expectation for negative avoidance goals (F=KE2.0). Functional interrelationships found in both experiments were fit to the general equations F=K1D+K2DE0.5 for positive approach goals and F=K1D+K2DE2.0 for negative avoidance goals. Both equations have the same general form and indicate that desire and expectation have a multiplicative interaction with respect to their influence on emotional feeling intensity. Both functions
Developmental trends in the appraisal of anxiety‐provoking situations
Authors: Stattin Håkan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEmpirical results on the appraisal of anxiety‐provoking situations are integrated with general findings on perceptual and cognitive growth. It was hypothesized that younger teenagers would appraise relations between anxiety‐provoking situations on the basis of manifest and perceptually salient characteristics of the situations more so than would older teenagers, whereas the latter group would view relations predominantly on the basis of latent, anticipatory qualities. The hypothesis was tested with a similarity rating method designed to enable subjects to rate similarity between situations both from manifest and latent situation characteristics. The results supported the hypothesis. Implications of results for stability of cross‐situational behavior was discussed.
Desire for control, locus of control, and proneness to depression
Authors: Burger Jerry M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo personality constructs, desire for control and locus of control, were related to depression among college students. Measures of levels of depression, desire for control, and locus of control were taken from subjects. Approximately six months later 71% of these subjects returned a questionnaire concerning their experiences with depression during that six‐month period. It was found that locus of control scores, particularly the extent to which subjects perceived that their lives were controlled by chance, were significantly related to the depression levels. It was also found that high desire for control subjects who held external perceptions of control were most likely to seek nonprofessional help for depression. In addition, high desire for control subjects who perceived their lives as generally controlled by chance were most likely to have suicidal thoughts. The results are interpreted in terms of a general style that may promote a proneness to depression for certain individuals.
Trait and situational attributions in a naturalistic setting: Familiarity, liking, and attribution validity
Authors: Kerber Kenneth W. , Singleton Royce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudent dormitory advisors (n = 16) made trait/situation attributions to themselves and also identified three friends and three acquaintances. Friends (n = 41) and acquaintances (n = 43) then made attributions to themselves along with attributions and familiarity ratings of the advisors who identified them. The actor‐observer effect was obtained for situational but not for trait attributions, both when advisors' self‐attributions were compared to attributions made about them by friends and acquaintances (common target) and when the latter's self attributions were compared to their target attributions (common rater). Among friends and acquaintances, target familiarity was positively related to trait attributions and was negatively related to uncertainty attributions. Also, familiarity was positively related to the validity of situational but not of trait attributions. It was concluded that familiarity appears to influence the process of attribution, but differentially for dispositional vs. situational attributions and for actor‐observer differences vs. observer variations in attributions. Moreover, increased information about the actor as a result of greater familiarity may lead to both more accurate and more favorable attributions.
Correspondence between personality trait ratings and behavioral events
Authors: Gormly John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo investigate the validity of the trait, Energetic, two studies were conducted in which trait ratings of Energetic and objective measures of performance were recorded. The first study used naive raters (N= 55) who observed pairs of subjects perform in a laboratory setting. There was 84% agreement (p < .001) among the raters as to which person was more Energetic, and people rated as more Energetic performed more energetically on the objectively measured tasks (p < .001). The second study used peer ratings of Energetic and objective measures of energetic behavior in a laboratory setting. There was high agreement among the peers in ratings of Energetic, r = .95 (N = 30) and r = .93 (N = 31) for two groups. Nine men from the upper‐quartile and nine men from the lower‐quartile of the Energetic scores were tested in the laboratory and were given a structured interview regarding their physical activities. The correlation between peer ratings and laboratory performance was .56 and between peer ratings and the interview data, .64. The results support the position that trait ratings can be valid indicators of regularities in behavior. The procedures used in these studies could be a generally useful model for investigations of the validity of trait ratings.
Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity
Authors: Koestner Richard , Ryan Richard M. , Bernieri Frank , Holt Kathleen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe imposition of external constraints on an activity has frequently been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation. Given that limits must often be set upon peoples' activities, especially in parenting and education, the present study addressed the question of whether limits can be set without undermining intrinsic motivation for the activity being limited. Using cognitive evaluation theory, contrasting limit setting styles of either a controlling or informational nature, or no limits, were placed upon forty‐four first‐ and second‐grade children engaged in a painting activity. The intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, creativity, and quality of artistic production were expected to be decreased by controlling limits relative to informational and no‐limits, which were not expected to differ from each other. The results provided substantial support for these predictions, suggesting that limits can be set without undermining intrinsic motivation if they are informational in nature. Support was also found for the consensual assessment of creativity method recently developed by Amabile (1982a). Results of the study are discussed along with the general relation between creativity and intrinsic motivation.
Relative preference and adaptiveness of behavioral blame for observers of rape victims
Authors: Karuza Jurgis , Carey Thomas O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObservers viewed one of nine dramatized videotaped interviews of a rape victim describing her rape. Information in the interview varied the prudence of the victim's behavior (careful, careless, no information provided) and the respectability of her character (good, bad, no information provided). Behavioral blame was significantly greater than characterological blame when the victim was careless or when no information was provided about behavior, regardless of the victim's character. When the behavior was careful, behavioral blame was equal in magnitude to characterological blame. In no case was characterological blame preferred. The adaptive value of behavioral blame for preserving a belief in a controllable and meaningful world was examined using a hierarchical multiple regression. After removing the effects of the prebeliefs of the subjects and the independent variable manipulations, only behavioral blame was significantly related to the maintenance of adaptive beliefs. Implications of the adaptive value of behavioral blame are discussed along with the importance of distinguishing observers' behavioral and characterological blaming strategies in the victimization literature.
Categorical goal hierarchies and classification of human motives
Authors: Wicker Frank W. , Lambert Frank B. , Richardson Frank C. , Kahler Joseph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo explore a structural approach to motivation based on hierarchies of goal inclusion, 231 subjects in two studies rated the valence of 46 or 56 general goals, and ratings were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis. Factors over all subjects were labeled Interpersonal Concern, Competitive Ambition, Exploration‐play, Balanced Success, Economic Status, and Intellectual Orientation. Cluster analyses produced corresponding clusters, as well as Security, Personal Growth, Transpersonal Orientation, and Tranquility Seeking, arranged in hierarchies of class inclusion, culminating in a broad goal dichotomy described as Individual Striving vs. Harmony Seeking. The paper explicates a type of hierarchical interdependency among motives which supplements interdependencies implied by motivation theories, and suggests an alternative to the assumption of some fixed number of “basic” motives. It gives descriptive data on very broad motivation categories which influence self‐reports of goal importance and which relate to prior classifications of motivation, personality, and social behavior.
The measurement of masculinity and femininity: Engendering categorical realities
Authors: Morawski J G 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe study of gender attributes, masculinity and femininity, has comprised a major research program in twentieth‐century psychology Historical examination reveals that this research program has produced not cumulative discovery but a pattern of repetition and reification Researchers have repeatedly attempted to ensure the reality of masculinity and femininity, and have even introduced methodological techniques that privilege their observational statements on that reality Similar patterns have occurred in the case of androgyny research, despite expectations that the androgyny construct would remedy the shortcomings of masculinity and femininity concepts When analyzed in historical context, these gender concepts are found to share ethnopsychological origins—roots in social practices and prescriptions Contextual analysis also provides telling details about researchers normative interests If we choose to terminate such fruitless ventures and to generate novel understandings of the social world, then we must undertake critical self‐appraisal and adopt a new metatheoretical grounding
Self‐focused attention, self‐esteem, and the experience of state depression
Authors: Brockner Joel , Hjelle Larry , Plant Robert W 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present experiment explored the effect of self‐focused attention and self‐esteem on self‐reported state depression Subjects completed a self‐esteem scale before taking part in an exercise designed to induce either strong feelings of temporary depression (strong condition) or very mild feelings of temporary depression (weak condition) Before rating their mood, subjects waited for a short period either in the presence or absence of a mirror A significant Depression Manipulation × Mirror‐No Mirror interaction effect emerged Subjects who waited in the presence of the mirror reported feeling more depressed in the strong condition and less depressed in the weak condition, relative to those who waited in the absence of the mirror Moreover, this interaction effect was mainly attributable to the low self‐esteem participants, rather than to the medium or high self‐esteem individuals Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed
Intrinsic motivation and the effects of self‐consciousness, self‐awareness, and ego‐involvement: An investigation of internally controlling styles
Authors: Plant Robert W , Ryan Richard M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study explored the relationships among dispositional self‐consciousness, situationally induced‐states of self‐awareness, ego‐involvement, and intrinsic motivation Cognitive evaluation theory, as applied to both the interpersonal and intrapersonal spheres, was used as the basis for making predictions about the effects of various types of self‐focus Public self‐consciousness, social anxiety, video surveillance and mirror manipulations of self‐awareness, and induced ego‐involvement were predicted and found to have negative effects on intrinsic motivation since all were hypothesized to involve controlling forms of regulation In contrast, dispositional private self‐consciousness and a no‐self‐focus condition were both found to be unrelated to intrinsic motivation The relationship among these constructs and manipulations was discussed in the context of both Carver and Scheier's (1981) control theory and Deci and Ryan's (1985) motivation theory
Predicting reactions to everyday events from measures of self‐esteem
Authors: Stake Jayne E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe responses of 47 women and 43 men to everyday social and achievement events were gathered for a three‐week time period Subjects' self‐ratings of competence and performance following achievement events were positively related to their scores on the Performance‐Self‐Esteem Scale (PSES) More positive and consistent relationships between subjects' responses and PSES scores were found among subjects scoring low on a social self‐esteem measure (SSES) than among subjects scoring high on the SSES Similarly, SSES level was positively related to subjects' responses to social events only among subjects scoring low on the PSES The importance of using sets of specific self‐esteem measures for exploring subjects' reactions to everyday events is discussed
Mechanisms used by young children in the making of empathic judgments
Authors: Gibbs Judith G , Woll Stanley B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractForty‐four preschool children ranging from three to five years of age received a series of stones in which the protagonists experience happiness, sadness, or fear These protagonists were portrayed as either similar or dissimilar to the child, and the situations depicted were either familiar or unfamiliar to him/her as well The children's task was to infer the emotions experienced by the protagonists Results indicate that children were more accurate in judging the emotions of similar target persons than they were for dissimilar ones Familiarity with the situation, on the other hand, had no effect on accuracy Children were more accurate in identifying happiness and sadness than they were in judging fear, and age was positively related to judgmental accuracy for the former two but not for the latter These results help to resolve the controversy arising from earlier studies of empathy development which failed to disentangle the similarity and familiarity dimensions