bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in metabolic costs of terrestrial mobility in two closely related species of albatross
Authors: Kabat Alexander P. , Phillips Richard A. , Croxall John P. , Butler Patrick J. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYBlack-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophrys typically colonise steeper habitats than grey-headed albatrosses T. chrysostoma. The present study investigated the effect of colony philopatry on terrestrial locomotory ability in these two species, to determine: (1) if there is a difference in terrestrial locomotory ability between these two closely related species, and (2) what physiological or behavioural adaptations may account for any differences identified. We examined the metabolic cost, mechanical efficiency on an incline, and gait characteristics of terrestrial locomotion of these two species on both level and inclined planes. T. chrysostoma were able to perform at a significantly greater speed than T. melanophrys without reaching a significantly different maximal rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2). Conversely, T. melanophrys were able to move up a significantly steeper incline than T. chrysostoma while maintaining a similar maximal V̇O2. Each species demonstrates stride length, force production (behavioural) and leg length (morphological) adaptations that minimise the cost of traversing their chosen colonies, indicating a clear relationship between terrestrial performance and local topography. However, it is not possible to determine if the difference in locomotory ability results from differences in colony topography, or if choice of colony site is dictated by the ability of the species to traverse different terrain.
Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia
Authors: Wright P. A. , Steele S. L. , Huitema A. , Bernier N. J. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY
The key strategy for coping with elevated brain ammonia levels in vertebrates is the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate,catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GSase). We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and that cerebral GSase is induced during ammonia stress. We measured GSase activity and the mRNA expression of Onmy-GS01-GS04 in fore-, mid- and hindbrain and liver, as well as ammonia concentrations in plasma, liver and brain of fish exposed to 9 or 48 h of 0 (control) or 670 μmol l-1 NH4Cl (75% of the 96 h-LC50 value). The mRNA of all four GSase isoforms were detected in brain (not liver). After 9 h of NH4Cl exposure, brain, liver and plasma ammonia content were elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. Midbrain, hindbrain and liver GSase activities were 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher in ammonia-exposed fish relative to control fish. Onmy-GS01-GS04 mRNA levels in brain (not liver) of ammonia-exposed fish (9 h) were significantly elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. After 48 h of the NH4Cl treatment,ammonia content and GSase activity, but not mRNA levels, in all tissues examined remained elevated compared to control fish. Taken together, these findings indicate that all four GSase isoforms are constitutively expressed in trout brain and are inducible under high external ammonia conditions. Moreover, elevation of GSase activities in fore-, mid- and hindbrain in response to environmental ammonia underlines the importance of brain GSase in the ammonia-stress response.
Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water
Authors: Fish Frank E. , Bostic Sandra A. , Nicastro Anthony J. , Beneski John T. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY
Crocodilians, including the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), perform a spinning maneuver to subdue and dismember prey. The spinning maneuver, which is referred to as the `death roll',involves rapid rotation about the longitudinal axis of the body. High-speed videos were taken of juvenile alligators (mean length=0.29 m) performing death rolls in water after biting onto a pliable target. Spinning was initiated after the fore- and hindlimbs were appressed against the body and the head and tail were canted with respect to the longitudinal body axis. With respect to the body axis, the head and tail bending averaged 49.2° and 103.3°,respectively. The head, body and tail rotated smoothly and freely around their individual axes of symmetry at 1.6 Hz. To understand the dynamics of the death roll, we mathematically modeled the system. The maneuver results purely from conservation of angular momentum and is explained as a zero angular momentum turn. The model permits the calculation of relevant dynamical parameters. From the model, the shear force, which was generated at the snout by the juvenile alligators, was 0.015 N. Shear force was calculated to scale with body length to the 4.24 power and with mass to the 1.31 power. When scaled up to a 3 m alligator, shear force was calculated at 138 N. The death roll appears to help circumvent the feeding morphology of the alligator. Shear forces generated by the spinning maneuver are predicted to increase disproportionately with alligator size, allowing dismemberment of large prey.
A Suction-Control Apparatus for the Measurement of P and S-wave Velocity in Soils
Authors: Alramahi Bashar , Alshibli Khalid A. , Fratta Dante , Trautwein Stephen 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a new apparatus for the measurement of P and S-wave velocities in unsaturated soil specimens under controlled net stress and matric suction conditions. The system consists of a triaxial cell modified to enable an independent control of the pore air and water pressures as well as the confining pressure, and to accommodate P and S-wave sources and receivers. The system also includes three servo-controlled pressure pumps, and a computer control system that drives the pressures and acquires volume changes. Three sets of experiments were conducted to verify the system performance. Specific matric suction values were applied while monitoring the stabilization process of capillary pressures using the P and S-wave velocity measurements. Both P and S-wave velocities increase due to the rise in interparticle forces resulting from the increase in matric suction.
Trafficking
Authors: Schober Elisabeth 
Published: August 2007

Kamala Kempadoo, Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, sex work, and human rights. London and Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2005, 247 pp., ISBN 1-59451-096-2 (paperback).Kathryn Farr, Sex trafficking: The global market in women and children. New York: Worth Publishers, 2005, 262 pp., ISBN 0-71675-548-3 (paperback).
Book Reviews
Authors: Tosic Jelena , Arce Alberto , MacClancy Jeremy 
Published: August 2007

Bruce Kapferer (ed.), Oligarchs and oligopolies: New formations of global power by Jelena TosicJohn Clammer, Sylvie Poirier, and Eric Schwimmer. Figured worlds: Ontological obstacles in intercultural relations by Alberto ArceEric Venbrux, Pamela Sheffield Rosi, Robert L. Welsch (eds.), Exploring world art by Jeremy MacClancy
Personnel exposure to violence in hospital emergency wards: a routine activity approach
Authors: Landau Simha F. , Bendalak Yehudit 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study analyzes violence against personnel in the emergency wards of all 25 general hospitals in Israel using a self‐report questionnaire (N=2,356). Informed by the routine activity theory, the hypotheses related to the major concepts of this approach: exposure, target suitability, guarding and proximity to offenders. A General Exposure to Violence Index (GEVI) was constructed, based on the participants' reports about type and frequency of their victimization to violence during the preceding year. The multiple regression analysis for explaining the GEVI was composed of 15 independent variables relating to participants' professional and personal characteristics as well as to structural features of hospitals. As predicted, higher exposure to violence was related to security or nursing staff and positions of authority; high weekly workload; working in a profession other than that of training; inability of coping with verbal violence; having no access to an emergency button, and working in settings restricting the number of accompanying persons to one only. Unexpectedly, previous training in coping with violence was related to higher victimization. Younger age, male gender and being of European/American origin (mainly from the former Soviet Union) was also related to higher risk of victimization. The results support the utility of the routine activities approach in explaining differences in emergency ward personnel victimization. The findings also indicate, however, the need to add domain‐specific contextual analyses to this approach to reach a fuller understanding of the behaviors under discussion. Implications of the finding to coping with violence against emergency ward personnel are discussed, and suggestions are put forward for further study in this field. Aggr. Behav. 34:88–103, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eyewitness memory following discussion: using the MORI technique with a Western sample
Authors: Garry Maryanne , French Lauren , Kinzett Toni , Mori Kazuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractResearchers studying memory conformity have made significant advances in our understanding of the phenomenon, but have used methods with significant shortcomings. Mori's three‐stage method addresses many of these concerns. To date the technique has not been replicated on a Western sample. We present such a study, and discuss two significant improvements to Mori's method. We found that subjects were more likely to report the correct answer for non‐discussed critical details than discussed critical details. Our data also suggested that when subjects agreed with their partner's information during the discussion, they did so because they thought that information was accurate; only a minority of the time did they go along with their partner during discussion and revert to their own answer at the test. We draw parallels between the unknown mechanisms driving memory conformity effects and the search for mechanisms driving the misinformation effect two decades ago. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A repetitive process approach to modeling and control for ‘bootstrap’ self‐servowriting in hard disk drives
Authors: Melkote Hemant , McNab Robert J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper considers modeling and correction signal design for self‐servowriting in hard disk drives. Self‐servowriting is a process whereby the position and timing burst information are written on the disk surface by using the servo information from a previously written track (i.e. ‘bootstrap’) as a reference (seed) for writing the burst information on a subsequent track, and repeating the process. An obstacle to this process is radial error propagation, whereby the distortion in the successive written tracks builds up. In this paper, a reference correction signal is designed which when added to the position error signal prevents the radial error propagation. The design of the correction signal is carried out through a repetitive systems analysis and does not require several revolutions of track following in order to compute it. The analysis is verified by means of simulations, which show the containment of radial error propagation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of ϵ‐InxFe2–xO3 Nanorod‐Shaped Magnets
Authors: Sakurai S. , Kuroki S. , Tokoro H. , Hashimoto K. , Ohkoshi S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of ϵ‐InxFe2–xO3 nanorods are prepared by combining the reverse‐micelle and the sol–gel methods. Metal replacement was achieved in the region of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.24. The crystal structures are orthorhombic structures (space group: Pna21), which are pyroelectric with an electric polarization along the c axis. The transmission electron microscopy images show that the particle sizes are (80 ± 40) × (23 ± 5) nm (x = 0), (65 ± 30) × (30 ± 10) nm (x = 0.12), and (80 ± 40) × (35 ± 15) nm (x = 0.24). The magnetization versus temperature curves of the samples with x = 0, x = 0.12, and x = 0.24 show spontaneous magnetization with Curie temperatures of 495 K, 456 K, and 414 K, respectively. Their coercive fields at 300 K are 20 kOe (x = 0), 14 kOe (x = 0.12), and 9 kOe (x = 0.24). These samples show a spin reorientation with reorientation temperatures (Tp) of 102 K (x = 0), 149 K (x = 0.12), and 180 K (x = 0.24). In particular, the samples with x = 0.12 and x = 0.24 show antiferromagnetic behavior below Tp. This series of ϵ‐InxFe2–xO3 is the first example of a pyroelectric material that exhibits a phase transition between ferrimagnetism and antiferromagnetism.
Impact of seasonal scarcity on energy balance and body composition in peasant adolescents from Calakmul, Campeche Mexico
Authors: Gamboa José A. Alayón , García Francisco D. Gurri 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA time allocation and anthropometric study were performed on 46 male and 38 female adolescents from 16 peasant households from two different adaptive strategies in the municipio of Calakmul, Campeche Mexico to see if they could maintain energy balance during the annual scarcity season. These strategies were called: “household subsistence agricultural strategy” (HSA) and “household commercial agricultural strategy” (HCA). Each month, from June 2001 to May 2002, adolescents were measured and followed for 24 h. Their activities were recorded at 15 min intervals. Weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), body mass index (BMI), arm muscle area, arm fat area, total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were estimated and the data compared between seasons using a repeated measurements analysis of variance. The results suggest that HCA offers their adolescents better buffering against seasonal scarcity, and that HSA males are better protected than females. HCA adolescents didn't show significant losses of weight, and HCA females lost body fat during the scarcity season. HSA vulnerability was observed in W/A and BMI z score reductions during the scarcity season. It also reflected itself in stunted adolescent males and adolescent females with fewer fat reserves. HSA adolescents reduced their BMR to down regulate their energy expenditure during the scarcity season without reducing TEE and physical activity levels. HSA females lost muscle mass during the scarcity season while HSA males didn't. This difference was associated with a more demanding work schedule throughout the year for females. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and economic consequences of workplace injury: A population‐based study of workers in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Brown Judy A. , Shannon Harry S. , Mustard Cameron A. , McDonough Peggy 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundExisting research suggests that workplace injuries can have significant economic and social consequences for workers; but there are no quantitative studies on complete populations.MethodsThe British Columbia Linked Health Database (BCLHD) was used to examine 1994 injured workers who lost work time due to the injury (LT) and a group of injured individuals who did not lose time after their injuries (NLT). Three outcomes were explored: (1) residential change, (2) marital instability, and (3) social assistance use. Logistic regression adjusted for several individual and injury characteristics.ResultsLTs were more likely to move and collect income assistance benefits, and less likely to experience a relationship break‐up than the NLTs. LTs off work for 12 or more weeks were more likely to receive income assistance than LTs off for less time.ConclusionsThe increased risk suggests that the long‐term economic consequences of disabling work injury may not be fully mitigated by workers compensation benefits. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:633–645, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic association studies of the chromosome 15 GABA‐A receptor cluster in migraine with aura
Authors: Netzer Christian , Freudenberg Jan , Toliat Mohammad R. , Heinze Axel , Heinze‐Kuhn Katja , Thiele Holger , Goebel Ingrid , Nürnberg Peter , Ptáček Louis J. , Göbel Hartmut , Todt Unda , Kubisch Christian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecently, a novel susceptibility locus for migraine with aura (MA) on chromosome 15q containing three GABA‐A receptor subunits has been identified by linkage analysis in several large pedigrees. To further study the role of this locus in MA etiology we genotyped 56 SNPs capturing the known common haplotype variations of these three candidate genes in a sample comprising 270 MA patients and 273 matched controls. In a single marker analysis, four SNPs displayed nominally significant (P < 0.05) association with MA. However, after permutation‐based correction for the number of tests performed, the P‐values of these SNPs were non‐significant. Furthermore, a replication study of two of these SNPs in a second independent sample of 379 MA patients and 379 controls did not result in a significant finding. We also compared haplotype estimates based on case–control genotypes. Again we could not demonstrate a significant association with the phenotype after correction for multiple testing. In summary, we found no convincing evidence for an involvement of common SNPs at the GABA‐A receptor cluster on 15q11‐q12 in the pathophysiology of MA. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pseudoresistance entropy as an approach to diagnostics and control in aluminium production
Authors: Hughes Alex J. , Titchener Mark R. , Chen John J. J. , Taylor Mark P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe advent of deterministic information theory (det‐IT), which allows quantification of the T‐entropy (similar in a sense to thermodynamic entropy) of time‐series data, presents novel insights into the state behaviour of the aluminium reduction cell. The pseudoresistance signal has the potential to expose a number of abnormal/undesired process attributes (excessive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) oscillation and short‐circuiting most importantly), and the identification of these attributes in order to improve cell diagnostics has remained an area of interest for a number of years. Some of the possible applications of process entropy techniques are explored here using specialised visualisation software. Two diagnostic metrics proposed in the literature are compared to analogous, but ultimately preferable entropic properties. Segments of a pseudoresistance trace at a frequency of 1 Hz are analysed in this paper, with recurrent process patterns identified through an elegant state‐segregation technique. It is noted that this procedure could be carried out on a continuous basis, allowing early warning of a change in process behaviour. The power and versatility of the graphical interface employed is demonstrated through spectral analysis of the same data streams, leading to further insight into the nature of MHD oscillation in particular. Present limitations on the techniques are described and future opportunities are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of substrate on the morphology, crystal structure and property of ZnO thin films
Authors: Chen Ruiqun , Li Zhengwei , Gao Wei 
Published: August 2007

AbstractZnO thin films were deposited on glass, Si, SiO2 and NiO substrates with radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering using a ZnO target. ZnO films on glass and SiO2 substrates were relatively smooth and dense with similar surface morphology, while Si gave porous films, and the porosity increased with increasing film thickness. XRD analysis suggested that the ZnO films on Si, SiO2 and glass were highly oriented along the c‐axis. Films on glass and SiO2 had lower compressive internal stress than those on Si. The results of Hall effect measurements indicated that the conductivity of ZnO films on Si, SiO2 and glass increased with increasing film thickness. However, the changes of carrier concentration and mobility with film thickness are different for the different substrates. XPS showed that the Zn to O ratio on Si is higher than those on SiO2 and glass. The mechanism of the substrate effect is then briefly discussed on the basis of the experimental results. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, phase behaviors, and mechanical properties of biphenyl‐type epoxy resins and composites
Authors: Ren Shaoping , Liang Liyan , Lan Yanxun , Lu Mangeng 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDiglycidyl ether of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐4,4′‐biphenyl (TMBPDGE) which has been found great applications in semiconductor packaging was synthesized. The liquid crystalline phases of diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenol (BPDGE) cured with phenol novolac (PN) were studied by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). BPDGE was in situ copolymerized with TMBPDGE to improve its thermal and mechanical properties by means of the LC domains retained in the crosslinked networks. The results indicated that a nematic phase was formed and fixed with proper curing schedule when BPDGE was cured with PN that had no neighboring active hydrogens and the LC domains could also be efficiently embedded into the composite systems. Dynamic mechanical properties showed that epoxy networks containing LC domains displayed higher α‐relaxation temperature and linear elastic modulus traces. The impact toughness and Tg were improved with the addition of BPDGE. Scanning electron microscope observation of the fracture surfaces showed that there was a change in failure mechanism in the composite systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Hydroxyl terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendant methyl group‐toughened epoxy clay ternary nanocomposites: Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties
Authors: Asif A. , Leena K. , Lakshmana Rao V. , Ninan K. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHydroxyl terminated poly(ether ether ketone) oligomer with pendant methyl group (PEEKMOH) was prepared. Ternary nanocomposites were processed by blending PEEKMOH oligomer with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) epoxy resin along with organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 25A) followed by curing with 4,4'‐diamino diphenyl sulfone. Tensile moduli and flexural moduli were increased, while the tensile strength and Izod impact strength were decreased with increase in clay content. Similarly, storage moduli and loss moduli were increased and glass transition temperature was decreased as the percentage of clay increased. X‐ray diffractograms showed exfoliated morphology even with higher concentration of clay content (8 phr). Scanning electron microscopy of fractured surfaces and tensile failed specimens revealed slow crack propagation and increase in river markings with nanoclay incorporation confirming the improvement in toughness. The domain size of PEEKMOH was decreased with the incorporation of nanoclay into the epoxy matrix, indicating the restriction of growth mechanism by nucleation during phase separation. With increase in clay content, phase separation disappeared indicating gelation occurs before phase separation. Fracture toughness was increased with the addition of PEEKMOH and clay in epoxy resin. Coefficient of thermal expansion of nanocomposites decreases up to 3 phr clay concentrations thereafter it increases. A marginal increase in thermal stability was observed with increase in clay content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007