bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COURT STUDIES AND THE COURTS OF EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: SMITH HANNAH 
Published: November 2006

A court in exile: the Stuarts in France, 1689–1718. By Edward Corp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xvi+386. ISBN 0-521-58462-0. £55.00.Vienna and Versailles: the courts of Europe's dynastic rivals, 1550–1780. By Jeroen Duindam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xi+349. ISBN 0-521-82262-9. £60.00.Intrigue and treason: the Tudor court, 1547–1558. By David Loades. Harlow: Pearson, 2004. Pp. x+326. ISBN 0-582-77226-5. £19.99.Queenship in Europe, 1660–1815: the role of the consort. Edited by Clarissa Campbell Orr. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xvii+419. ISBN 0-521-81422-7. £60.00.Court culture in Dresden: from Renaissance to Baroque. By Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xv+310. ISBN 0-333-98448-X. £47.50.Over the last three decades, the royal or princely court has become an established feature of the historiographical landscape of early modern Europe. The subject of a forest of monographs and theses, the theme of a plethora of university undergraduate courses, it has even gained an Anglo-American academic society (and accompanying journal) dedicated to ‘court studies’. While the first wave of Anglophone court historians, writing in the 1970s and 1980s, considered it necessary to state explicitly, as David Starkey did in his introduction to the seminal The English court, that the study of the early modern court was a legitimate historical activity, such a stance is no longer necessary. Indeed, few political historians would now omit the court from their narratives, even if their principal focus was directed elsewhere. In The English court, Starkey presented his enterprise, and that of his co-contributors, as part of a broader process of historical revisionism. But, by the late 1990s, court studies had itself become subject to its own internal forces of revisionism. The books reviewed here not only illustrate the diversity of projects undertaken by scholars of the court; they also critique the interpretations and approaches of an earlier generation of court historians.
‘Complementary ENT’: a systematic review of commonly used supplements
Authors: Karkos P D , Leong S C , Arya A K , Papouliakos S M , Apostolidou M T , Issing W J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective:To assess the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology. We specifically focussed on four commonly used supplements: spirulina, Ginkgo biloba, Vertigoheel® and nutritional supplements (cod liver oil, multivitamins and pineapple enzyme).Materials and methods:A systematic review of the English and foreign language literature. Inclusion criteria: in vivo human studies. Exclusion criteria: animal trials, in vitro studies and case reports. We also excluded other forms of ‘alternative medicine’ such as reflexology, acupuncture and other homeopathic remedies.Results:Lack of common outcome measures prevented a formal meta-analysis. Three studies on the effects of spirulina in allergy, rhinitis and immunomodulation were found. One was a double-blind, placebo, randomised, controlled trial (RCT) of patients with allergic rhinitis, demonstrating positive effects in patients fed spirulina for 12 weeks. The other two studies, although non-randomised, also reported a positive role for spirulina in mucosal immunity. Regarding the use of Ginkgo biloba in tinnitus, a Cochrane review published in 2004 showed no evidence for this. The one double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that followed confirmed this finding. Regarding the use of Vertigoheel in vertigo, two double-blind RCTs and a meta-analysis were identified. The first RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was equally effective in reducing the severity, duration and frequency of vertigo compared with betahistine. The second RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was a suitable alternative to G biloba in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vertigo. A meta-analysis of only four clinical trials confirms that Vertigoheel was equally effective compared with betahistine, G biloba and dimenhydrinate. Regarding multivitamins and sinusitis, two small paediatric pilot studies reported a positive response for chronic sinusitis and otitis media following a course of multivitamins and cod liver oil. Regarding bromelain (pineapple enzyme) and sinusitis, one randomised, multicentre trial including 116 children compared bromelain monotherapy to bromelain with standard therapy and standard therapy alone, for the treatment of acute sinusitis. The bromelain monotherapy group showed a faster recovery compared with the other groups.Conclusion:The positive effects of spirulina in allergic rhinitis and of Vertigoheel in vertigo are based on good levels of evidence, but larger trials are required. There is overwhelming evidence that G biloba may play no role in tinnitus. There is limited evidence for the use of multivitamins in sinus symptoms, and larger randomised trials are required.
Darwall on Rational Care
Authors: RAZ JOSEPH 
Published: November 2006

Stephen Darwall's understanding of what kind of life is a good life, good for the person whose life it is, belongs in the same family as, among others, Scanlon's and mine. It is a family of views about well-being which descends from Aristotle, and Darwall has much of interest to say about the good life, and particularly about Aristotle's views on the subject. Many of the observations central to his position seem to me cogent, and are shared by other writers. These include three important propositions:
that a good life, one which is good for those whose life it is, is not necessarily the same as a life which they think is good for them, nor does it necessarily consist in their desires being satisfied, nor in the satisfaction of any subset of their desires (e.g. their considered desires, or those not based on any false assumptions).that people aim or intend to do what is worth doing, to have relationships worth having, and engage in goals worth pursuing, and so on, and that all of these, and their combination, are distinct from having a good life (and this explains how people can knowingly sacrifice their own good), andthat what makes the well-being of people worth pursuing, to the extent that it is, what provides reasons for those same people and for others to protect or promote it, is that people are valuable in themselves.
Early dating predicts smoking during adolescence: a prospective study
Authors: Fidler Jennifer A. , West Robert , Jarvis Martin J. , Wardle Jane 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the relationship between dating and smoking behaviour.Design  A 5‐year prospective study.Setting  Thirty‐six schools in South London, England.Participants  A socio‐economically and ethnically diverse sample of students (n = 4319 at baseline) took part in the study, providing annual assessments from age 11–16 years.Measurements  Questionnaire items assessed dating status, smoking status, friends and family smoking, psychological wellbeing, popularity and conduct, pubertal status, gender, ethnicity and deprivation. Cotinine assays provided biochemical verification of smoking status.Findings  At age 11–12, 29% of girls and 18% of boys reported having a boyfriend or girlfriend. Logistic regressions showed being an early ‘dater’ to be a strong predictor of later smoking uptake at each study year, with odds ratios ranging from 3.03 to 8.96 among girls and 1.87 to 5.85 among boys. These associations remained significant after controlling for potential confounding factors, including past smoking and pubertal stage. There was minimal evidence that having smoked by age 11–12 predicted later dating.Conclusions  The association between early dating and later smoking is strong, and not explained by obvious confounders or dependent on the influence of past smoking experience. The use of smoking to maintain a popular image, and the link between both behaviours and aspirations towards maturity, are potential explanations for the effect. Identification of adolescents dating early could help to target prevention of later smoking uptake.
A time‐series analysis of the impact of heavy drinking on homicide and suicide mortality in Russia, 1956–2002*
Authors: Pridemore William Alex , Chamlin Mitchell B. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAim  Assess the impact of heavy drinking on homicide and suicide mortality in Russia between 1956 and 2002.Measures and design  Alcohol‐related mortality was used as a proxy for heavy drinking. We used autoregressive integrated moving average techniques to model total and sex‐specific alcohol–homicide and alcohol–suicide relationships at the population level.Findings  We found a positive and significant contemporaneous association between alcohol and homicide and between alcohol and suicide. We found no evidence of lagged relationships. These results held for overall and sex‐specific associations.Conclusion  Our results lend convergent validity to the alcohol–suicide link in Russia found by Nemtsov and to the alcohol–homicide associations found in cross‐sectional analyses of Russia. Levels of alcohol consumption, homicide and suicide in Russia are among the highest in the world, and the mounting evidence of the damaging effects of consumption on the social fabric of the country reveals the need for intervention at multiple levels.
Various distinctive cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 60 years and older express adverse prognostic value: results from a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Van Der Holt Bronno , Breems Dimitri A. , Berna Beverloo H. , Van Den Berg Eva , Burnett Alan K. , Sonneveld Pieter , Löwenberg Bob 
Published: November 2006

SummaryDiagnostic cytogenetic abnormalities are considered important prognostic factors in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, the prognostic assessments have mainly been derived from patients with AML aged <60 years. Two recent studies of AML patients of 60 years and older proposed prognostic classifications with distinct discrepancies. To further study the prognostic value of cytogenetic abnormalities in this patient population, we have evaluated cytogenetic abnormalities in a series of 293 untreated patients with AML aged 60 years and older, included in a randomised phase 3 trial, also in relation to patient characteristics and clinical outcome. The most frequently observed cytogenetic abnormality was trisomy 8 (+8), in 31 (11%) patients. Abnormalities, such as −5, 5q‐, abn(17p) and abn(17q), were almost exclusively present in complex karyotypes. A relatively favourable outcome was only observed in five patients with core‐binding factor abnormalities t(8;21) and inv(16)/del(16)/t(16;16). However, most of the other evaluated cytogenetic abnormalities, such as 5q‐, −7, +8, abn(17p), abn(17q), and complex aberrations expressed a more adverse prognosis when compared with patients with AML aged 60 years and older with a normal karyotype. Large studies to confirm the prognosis of individual cytogenetic aberrations are warranted.
Kudoa trifolia sp. n. – molecular phylogeny suggests a new spore morphology and unusual tissue location for a well‐known genus
Authors: Holzer A S , Blasco‐Costa I , Sarabeev V L , Ovcharenko M O , Balbuena J A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new species of myxozoan, Kudoa trifolia sp. n., was found in various organs of the golden grey mullet, Liza aurata (Risso), and the thinlip mullet, L. ramada (Risso), from the western Mediterranean. Spores developed in subspherical plasmodia of 0.28–1 mm diameter within connective tissue, predominantly in the spleen, the outer wall of the gall bladder and the gut, the mesenteries and occasionally also in the gills. The spores of K. trifolia differ from the commonly known shape of Kudoa by considerable enlargement of one of the four valve cells, thus forming a ‘spore body’, which contains the major part of the binucleate sporoplasm. Scanning electron microscopy of the spores revealed the presence of grape‐like appendages, which occur in bundles terminally on the valve cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rDNA sequence of K. trifolia showed that this species is deeply embedded in the genus Kudoa despite its aberrant morphology and host tissue location. This suggests important amendments to the morphological diagnosis of the genus Kudoa.
Rift Valley fever in West Africa: the role of space in endemicity
Authors: Favier Charly , Chalvet‐Monfray Karine , Sabatier Philippe , Lancelot Renaud , Fontenille Didier , Dubois Marc A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryRift Valley fever is an endemic vector‐borne disease in West Africa, which mainly affects domestic ruminants and occasionally humans. The aetiological mechanisms of its endemicity remain under debate. We used a simple spatially explicit model to assess the possibility of endemicity without wild animals providing a permanent virus reservoir. Our model takes into account the vertical transmission in some mosquito species, the rainfall‐driven emergence of their eggs and local and distant contacts because of herd migration. Endemicity without such a permanent virus reservoir would be impossible in a single site except when there is a strictly periodic rainfall pattern; but it would be possible when there are herd movements and sufficient inter‐site variability in rainfall, which drives mosquito emergence.
Calcium–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation modulates PSD‐95 binding to NMDA receptors
Authors: Gardoni Fabrizio , Polli Federica , Cattabeni Flaminio , Di Luca Monica 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAt the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses, NMDA‐type receptors are bound to scaffolding and signalling proteins that regulate the strength of synaptic transmission. The cytosolic tails of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptor bind to calcium–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and to members of the MAGUK family such as PSD‐95. In particular, although NR2A and NR2B subunits are highly homologous, the sites of their interaction with CaMKII as well as the regulation of this binding differ. We identified PSD‐95 phosphorylation as a molecular mechanism responsible for the dynamic regulation of the interaction of both PSD‐95 and CaMKII with the NR2A subunit. CaMKII‐dependent phosphorylation of PSD‐95 occurs both in vitro, in GST‐PSD‐95 fusion proteins phosphorylated by purified active CaMKII, and in vivo, in transfected COS‐7 as well as in cultured hippocampal neurons. We identified Ser73 as major phosphorylation site within the PDZ1 domain of PSD‐95, as confirmed by point mutagenesis experiments and by using a phospho‐specific antibody. PSD‐95 Ser73 phosphorylation causes NR2A dissociation from PSD‐95, while it does not interfere with NR2B binding to PSD‐95. These results identify CaMKII‐dependent phosphorylation of the PDZ1 domain of PSD‐95 as a mechanism regulating the signalling transduction pathway downstream NMDA receptor.
Glutamatergic activity modulates the phase‐shifting effects of gastrin‐releasing peptide and light
Authors: Kallingal George J. , Mintz Eric M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have established that microinjection of gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) region or third ventricle causes circadian phase shifts similar to those produced by light pulses. Activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the SCN region also produces light‐like phase shifts. This study was designed to test the effects of (±)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), an NMDA antagonist, and l‐trans‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid (PDC), a glutamate reuptake inhibitor, on GRP‐induced phase shifts. Adult male Syrian hamsters equipped with a surgically implanted guide cannula aimed at the third ventricle were housed in constant darkness until stable free‐running rhythms of wheel‐running activity were apparent. Microinjection of GRP into the third ventricle at circadian time (CT)13 induced large phase delays. These GRP‐induced phase delays were completely blocked by co‐administration of AP5, suggesting that GRP‐induced phase delays require concurrent activation of NMDA receptors. Microinjection of AP5 alone did not induce significant phase shifts. A second set of experiments was designed to test whether GRP‐induced phase shifts would be enhanced by PDC. Co‐administration of PDC and GRP elicited significantly larger phase delays at CT13 than GRP alone. However, administration of PDC alone did not induce a significant phase shift. Finally, when administered just prior to a light pulse, PDC elicited significantly larger phase delays than light pulse plus vehicle controls. These data suggest that the effects of GRP on the circadian clock phase are highly dependent on the level of excitation provided by activated NMDA receptors.
Absence of S‐cone input in human blindsight following hemispherectomy
Authors: Leh Sandra E. , Mullen Kathy T. , Ptito Alain 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDestruction of the occipital cortex presumably leads to permanent blindness in the contralateral visual field. Residual abilities to respond to visual stimuli in the blind field without consciously experiencing them have, however, been described in cortically blind patients and are termed ‘blindsight’. Although the neuronal basis of blindsight remains unknown, possible neuronal correlates have been proposed based on the nature of the residual vision observed. The most prominent but still controversial hypothesis postulates the involvement of the superior colliculi in blindsight. Here we demonstrate, using a computer‐based reaction time test in a group of hemispherectomized subjects, that human ‘attention‐blindsight’ can be measured for achromatic stimuli but disappears for stimuli that solely activate S‐cones. Given that primate data have shown that the superior colliculi lacks input from S‐cones, our results lend strong support to the hypothesis that ‘attention‐blindsight’ is mediated through a collicular pathway. The contribution of a direct geniculo‐extrastriate‐koniocellular projection was ruled out by testing hemispherectomized subjects in whom a whole hemisphere has been removed or disconnected for the treatment of epilepsy. A direct retino‐pulvinar‐cortical connection is also unlikely as the pulvinar nucleus is known to receive input from S‐cones as well as from L/M‐cone‐driven colour‐opponent ganglion cells.
Are prostatic biopsies necessary in men aged ≥80 years?
Authors: Bott Simon R.J. , Foley Charlotte L. , Bull Matthew D. , Reddy C.C. Jeevan , Freeman Alex , Montgomery Bruce S.I. , Langley Stephen E.M. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVETo examine whether prostatic biopsies are necessary in all men aged ≥80 years, as men found to have prostate cancer are frequently treated with a ‘watch and wait’ policy or with hormonal withdrawal alone, and biopsies are associated with a small but significant complication rate.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe findings on a digital rectal examination (DRE), the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, the biopsy and staging bone scan results for all men aged ≥ 80 years who had prostatic biopsies over a 3‐year period were reviewed, together with those in a group of men aged <80 years for comparison. All biopsy samples had been examined in one of three histopathology units, and 33 consultant urological surgeons contributed.RESULTSIn all, 210 biopsies from 205 men aged ≥ 80 years were identified, of whom 163 (79%) had biopsy‐confirmed prostate cancer. All 29 men with a PSA level of ≥ 100 ng/mL, 98% of 47 with ≥ 50 ng/mL, 97% of 76 with ≥ 30 ng/mL and 92% of 101 with ≥ 20 ng/mL had biopsy cores containing cancer; 63% of men with a PSA level of <20 ng/mL had cancer on biopsy. In men with cancer and a PSA level of ≥ 30 ng/mL, 92% had Gleason grade ≥ 7 and 93% were treated with hormonal withdrawal alone. In all men with cancer the DRE was abnormal in 91%, the mean number of positive cores was 59% and the bone scan was positive in 18%. The DRE was abnormal in 77% of men with benign biopsies.CONCLUSIONSIn men aged ≥ 80 years with a PSA level of ≥ 30 ng/mL, at least 97% had prostate cancer, >90% of whom had high‐grade disease, and nearly all with cancer received active pharmacological treatment. In the vast majority of these men prostate biopsies did not alter their cancer management. The value of prostatic biopsy in this age group, with a PSA level of ≥ 30 ng/mL, is questionable.
The follow‐up management of non‐metastatic renal cell carcinoma: definition of a surveillance protocol
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Cozzoli Alberto , Zani Danilo , Zanotelli Tiziano , Nicolai Maria , Cunico Sergio Cosciani , Simeone Claudio 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVETo define a follow‐up protocol based on the University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS) for patients undergoing surgery for N0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC).PATIENTS AND METHODSThe clinical records of patients treated with radical surgery for N0/NXM0 RCC and monitored through periodic follow‐up studies (≥24 months in disease‐free patients) were reviewed retrospectively from 1399 patients surgically treated for renal neoplasms between 1983 and 2005. Each case was assigned a UISS risk category; recurrence features, time and site were recorded. In particular, recurrence sites were categorized into local, renal (ipsilateral or contralateral) and distant (single‐site or disseminated).RESULTSThe records were reviewed of 814 patients with a mean follow‐up of 75.6 months. UISS risk categories were distributed as follows: high‐risk (HR) 17.2%, intermediate‐risk (IR) 51.6% and low‐risk (LR) 31.2%. Disease‐free survival rates at 5 years were 63.9%, 88.3% and 96.5% (log‐rank test P < 0.001), respectively. The disease recurred in 193 patients (23.7%), at distant sites (73.0% of recurrences), locally (11.9%), in the contralateral kidney (10.9%) and in the ipsilateral kidney (4.1%). There was a significant correlation between UISS category and risk of distant or local (both P < 0.001) recurrences, whereas there was no correlation of recurrences in the operated kidney (P = 0.372) or contralateral kidney (P = 0.898).CONCLUSIONSThe prognostic accuracy and applicability of the UISS for distant and local recurrences is confirmed, whereas renal relapses have an independent course. A follow‐up scheme tailored to the recurrence patterns observed in each UISS risk group is recommended.
PCR primers for trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellites in greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili
Authors: RENSHAW MARK A. , PATTON JOHN C. , REXROAD CAIRD E. , GOLD JOHN R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEighteen nuclear‐encoded microsatellites from a genomic DNA library of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, were isolated and characterized. The microsatellites include 13 perfect (five tetranucleotide and eight trinucleotide) and five imperfect (three tetranucleotide, one trinucleotide and one combination dinucleotide/trinucleotide) repeat motifs. The number of alleles at the 18 microsatellites among a sample of 29 fish ranged from two to 20; gene diversity (expected heterozygosity) ranged from 0.068 to 0.950, whereas observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.069 to 0.966. Following Bonferroni correction, genotypes at all 18 microsatellites fit expectations of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and all pairwise comparisons of microsatellites did not deviate significantly from genotypic equilibrium. Greater amberjack support commercial and recreational fisheries along both the Atlantic and the Gulf coasts of the USA and represent a species with potential for worldwide aquaculture. The microsatellites developed will be useful for population genetic studies of ‘wild’ populations and breeding studies of domesticated populations.