bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einige Gesichtspunkte für die Einrichtung erdmagnetischer simultanbeobachtungen zur Erforschung der Ursachen der erdmagnetischen Störungen
Authors: Schmidt Von Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Die bekannten characteristischen Eigentümlichkeiten der erdmagnetischen Störungen oder Ungewitter weisen darauf hin, dass man in diesen vorwiegend lokale Vorgänge als nächste Ursache anzunehmen hat, die—in ihrem Verlaufe schnell wechselnd—zwar stets gleichzeitig auf der ganzen Erde magnetische Wirkungen hervorrufen, aber meistens nur auf einem beschränkten Gebiete einen starken Einfluss ausüben. Unter der zur Zeit wahrscheinlichsten Voraussetzung, dass diese ursächlichen Vorgänge ihrer physikalischen Natur nach electrische Strömungen in den oberen Schichten des festen Erdkörpers oder der Atmosphäre seien, führt jene zuvor erwähnte Schlussfolgerung dazu, diese Strömungen näher als wandernde Stromwirbel zu characterisieren, und die synoptische Darstellung der während einer Störung an verschiedenen Orten beobachteten ablenkenden Kräfte beweist, dass es sich in der That so verhält. Genauere Betrachtungen, welche neben den horizontalen auch die verticalen Störungskräfte in Betracht ziehen, führen weiter zu dem Schlüsse, dass jene electrischen Wirbelströme ihren Sitz vorzugsweise in der Atmosphäre haben, und dass die gleichzeitig im Erdkörper auftretenden Strömungen wahrscheinlich vollkommen durch Inductionserscheinungen zu erklären sind.Eine nähere Begründung und weitere Ausführung der im Vorstehenden kurz geschilderten Folgerungen ist von mir vor einigen Monaten in der Meteorologischen Zeitschrift (September 1899) veröffentlicht worden. Meine Absicht bei dieser Veröffentlichung, die bei dem verhältnissmässig geringen Umfange des darin verwerteten Beobachtungsmaterials natürlich keinerlei abschliessende Resultate bieten konnte, war es hauptsächlich, darauf hinzuweisen, dass sich aus den mitgeteilten Ergebnissen bestimmte Gesichtspunkte für die weitere Erforschung der Ursache der magnetischen Störungen eröffnen. Vor allem tritt, wie mir scheint, danach die Notwendigkeit eines fortgesetzten, planmässigen Zusammenwirkens möglichst zahlreicher Observatorien so deutlich hervor, dass man wohl hoffen darf, dieses schon wiederholt angeregte und vorübergehend auch erzielte Zusammenwirken werde in nicht zu ferner Zeit zu einer dauernden Einrichtung werden.
Summary of the results of recent investigations in atmospheric electricity
Authors: Exner Franz 
Published: February 2008

Complaints can be made with justice at present that, although in every year new theories of atmospheric electricity are brought forth, the amount of useful observational data, however, increases very slowly. This is largely due to the difficulty experienced in measurements in atmospheric electricity, a difficulty greatly increased by the numerous disturbing influences encountered because of the impurities of the air in cities and in their vicinity.A further difficulty is due to the large variations in atmospheric electricity concomitant with the prevailing meteorological conditions of the atmosphere, in consequence of which it has been found necessary to separate the phenomena observed in clear, normal weather entirely from, those obtained during disturbed weather conditions, such as cloudiness, rain, snow, etc. The latter phenomena are to be regarded as disturbances of the usual normal electric field which prevails during fine weather.
Verteilung der electrischen ionen in den höheren schichten der atmosphäre
Authors: Ebert Von H. 
Published: February 2008

Durch die wichtigen Untersuchungen der Herren J. Elster und H. Geitel1 scheint es ausser Zweifel gestellt zu sein, dass die schon früher bemerkte und namentlich von Herrn Linss2 eingehender studierte electrische Leitfähigkeit der natürlichen atmosphärischen Luft auf dem Vorhandensein von frei beweglichen, electrisch geladenen Teilchen ,,Ionen“ beiderlei Vorzeichens beruhe. Die genannten Forscher benutzen zur Reduction der Angaben des von ihnen zur genaueren Prüfung dieser Erscheinung construierten Zerstreuungsapparates das von Coulomb aufgestellte Zerstreuungsgesetz, wonach der Electricitätsverlust eines geladenen, in der Luft aufgestellten, gut isolierten electrischen Conductors proportional der Oberflächen dichte ist.Der Gedankengang, auf welchem Coulomb zu seinem Gesetze gelangte, weicht aber weit von der Vorstellung ab, welche wir uns heute auf Grund der Ionentheorie der Gasleitung von dem Vorgangezu machen haben ; denn diese ist ein Ergebnis der allerneuesten Forschungen, namentlich des Herrn J. J. Thomson in Cambridge und seiner Schüler. Es entsteht also die Frage, ob die Annahme jenes Zerstreuungsgesetzes auch von diesem Standpuncte aus berechtigt ist. Wir wollen zunächst zeigen, dass dieses in der That der Fall ist.
Report on the magnetic observations made at Dehra Dún, India, during the total solar eclipse of May 17–18, 1901
Authors: Fraser H. A. Denholm 
Published: February 2008

The observations were carried out in accordance with the instructions given in “Terrestrial Magnetism” of December, 1900.Changes in the declination and horizontal intensity were recorded photographically on the magnetographs installed in the new underground room, whilst eye readings of the declination were taken every minute with unifilar magnetometer No. 2, by Cooke & Sons, described in the July issue (Vol. VI, p. 65).
Notice of magnetic disturbance during eruption of Mont Pelée, Martinique
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

On May 8, 1902, at 11.59 A.M., Greenwich mean time, a magnetic disturbance occurred which began simultaneously at the two Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic observatories in the United States, viz: at Cheltenham, Maryland, and Baldwin, Kansas. Taking the longitude of Mont Pelée, Martinique, as 4.04.6 W. of Greenwich or of St. Pierre 4.04.7, this magnetic disturbance began at 7.54 A.M., St. Pierre (or Mont Pelée) local mean time. The newspaper reports, in general, agree that the first eruption of Mont Pelée occurred at about 8 A.M. May 8th and it has been reported that the town clock of St. Pierre was found stopped at 7.50.The reports received thus far from other observatories, viz: Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands), Toronto (Canada), Stoneyhurst (England), Val Joyeux (France), Potsdam (Germany), and Pola (Austria) show that this disturbance was quite general, and that it began practically simultaneously at all of them. The horizontal intensity was the element principally disturbed.
Die beabsichtigte Norwegische Expedition nach dem magnetischen Nordpol
Authors: Amundsen Roald 
Published: February 2008

Wenn ich dem für mich so ehrenvollen Ersuchen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, über meine beabsichtigte Reise einige Angaben zu machen, gern und mit bestem Danke Folge leiste, so geschieht dies in dem Bewusstsein, dass es für mich nur von dem grössten Nutzen sein kann, vor so hervorragenden Fachleuten meine Pläne zu entwickeln. Ich möchte deshalb die Herren bitten, mir jedes Bedenken gegen das Eine oder das Andere in meinem Vorhaben rückhaltslos zu äussern.In schwierigen Verhältnissen kann oft ein guter Rath von weittragender Bedeutung sein. Meine Theilnahme an der antarktischen Expedition der Belgica gab mir die erste Veranlassung zu dem Projekt.
Results of harmonic analysis of the diurnal variation at the Cape of Good Hope and at Hobart
Authors: Heimbrod G. 
Published: February 2008

The reduction by harmonic analysis of the observations made at Cape Town and at Hobart under the direction of Sabine, has been undertaken by me in conjunction with the plan formulated by Dr. A. Nippoldt, of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory. The steps by which the analysis is carried out, have been explained by him in a paper published in the “Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie” No. 2, 1899.1The data for the present investigation have been taken from the published results of the observations. The first volume of each observatory contains a table which gives the mean hourly position for each month relatively to the general mean position for the month. A minus sign denotes that the mean declination at that hour is west of the mean for the month, a plus sign east of the monthly mean. These tables contain the quantities on which the harmonic analysis is based.
Variation diurne de la déclinaison en Chine
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

Nous ne pensons pas qu'aucune observation aît encore été faite en Chine, sauf à Zi‐ka‐wei, qui puisse donner une idée de la variation diurne de la déclinaison: cet élément, essentiel cependant à la réduction des mesures, est complètement inconnu.L'été dernier, M. M. Shinjō, Ōtani et Yamakawa, de l'Université de Tōkyō, au cours d'une expédition géodésique,1 ont fait aussi des observations magnétiques notamment à Hong‐kong, à Han‐k'eou et à Cha‐che, un peu plus en amont sur le Fleuve Bleu. La méthode de ces Messieurs est de multiplier en chaque station les mesures de manière à obtenir au moins une courbe diurne complète : c'est ainsi qu'à Cha‐che, ils ont fait 21 observations de la déclinaison en 33 heures, ce qui leur a donné deux maximums et un minimum. Ce procédé est laborieux, mais les séries ainsi exécutées, et dont ces savants nous ont‐obligeamment donné communication, sont fort instructives. Elles nous montrent ce que peut être la variation diurne en ces trois stations et nous permettent aussi de nous rendre un peu compte de l'approximation que l'on pourrait espérer, en réduisant une observation isolée de la déclinaison, au moyen des enregistreurs de Zi‐ka‐wei.
Appeal for co‐operation in magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of August 29–30, 1905
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

Those who are in position to take part in above co‐operative work are earnestly requested to make the necessary preparations and to put themselves in communication with the undersigned.As this will be the best opportunity for some time to come to further test and observe the magnetic and electric phenomena which have been found to occur in connection with total solar eclipses, and as these phenomena are destined to play an important rôle in the theory of the variations of the Earth's magnetism and electricity, ascribed to outside forces, it is very much hoped that all countries through which or near which the belt of totality passes will organize and send in the field observing parties.
Ueber den Einfluss der Torsion bei den Ablenkungen eines hängenden magneten
Authors: Bidlingmaier Friedrich 
Published: February 2008

In der einschlägigen Literatur herrscht eine irrige Auffassung über den Einfluss der Torsion bei dem Ablenkungsversuch nach der Sinusmethode, welcher zur Ermittlung der Horizontal‐Intensität angestellt wird. Lamont sagt in §90 seines “Handbuches des Erdmagnetismus” (Berlin, 1849), “dass im Resultate der Einfluss der Torsion gänzlich ausfällt;” Maxwell in seinem “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” (Oxford, 1892), §455: “In this method there is no correction of the torsion of the suspended fibre, since the relative position of the fibre, telescope and magnet is the same at every observation,” und Mascart in §76 seines “Traité de Magnétisme Terrestre” (Paris, 1900): “Dans ce cas, la torsion du fil n'intervient plus, puisqu'il reste toujours dans le même état.”Zweck dieser Zeilen ist es, darauf hinzuweisen, dass dieser Einfluss auf das Resultat thatsächlich besteht und in welcher Weise derselbe ermittelt und eliminiert werden kann.
Proposed magnetic survey of the North Pacific Ocean by the Carnegie Institution
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

While the state of our knowledge of the distribution of the Earth's magnetic forces over oceanic areas, owing to the paucity of precise data, is in general exceedingly unsatisfactory, this is especially true for that great body of water—the Pacific Ocean—rapidly developing in great commercial importance.Except for data from occasional expeditions and such as were acquired in wooden vessels a long time ago, the present magnetic charts used by the navigator over this region depend largely upon the observations on islands and along the coasts. Such land observations, however, are rarely representative of the true values because of prevalent local disturbances. It is, therefore, impossible to make any statement as to the correctness of the present charts.
On the electric charge of the sun
Authors: Arrhenius Svante A. 
Published: February 2008

The chief forces which determine the motions of celestial bodies are due to the gravitation of their masses, according to the law of Newton. But besides these forces, which tend to concentrate matter, there exist others of a repulsive nature, as Kepler already observed regarding the comets' tails. As no other repelling forces were known than those between similarly electrified bodies, it was supposed that these forces were of electric origin, and especially Zöllner worked out this theory for explaining the form of the tails of the comets.These electric forces were nevertheless of a highly hypothetical nature, because no reason could be found why the Sun and the particles of the comets' tails should be charged electrically. Therefore the astrophysicists were gratified when a new repelling force, namely, that of the pressure of radiation, which is a consequence of the theories of Maxwell and Bartoli, was introduced for the explanation of the observed repulsions between celestial bodies. According to these theories, the radiation from the Sun would be sufficient to exert a pressure against a totally reflecting spherical drop of 1.5 μ diameter, which would balance its gravity if the drop had a specific weight like that of water. Drops of this magnitude ought, therefore, to swim in the atmosphere of the Sun, just as if they had no weight at all. Bigger drops ought to fall down to the Sun, whereas smaller ones ought to be repelled from it.
Tortosa Observatorio del Ebro
Authors: Cirera R. 
Published: February 2008

Preliminary inforlnation regarding this Observatory has already been given in Note 20, Vol. VIII, p. 189. The following additional information has been courteously supplied by Father Cirera, under the date of October 19, 1904. Father Cirera has promised his cordial co‐operation in the proposed magnetic and electric observations during the total solar eclipse of August 29, 30, 1905. He says:“We are completing the installation of our magnetic pavilions which will soon be ready for work. They are two in number. The first contains in a subterranean structure of two rooms two complete sets of Mascart's instruments for the measurement of the variations of the Earth's magnetism. One of these sets will be provided with a photographic registration apparatus, and the other with telescopes for direct observations. For self‐registration the acetylene light will be used, and the trace is made on a cylinder unwinding in an hour two centimetres of sensitized paper. The second pavilion is to be used for absolute measurements. For the observations of magnetic declination and of the horizontal intensity a unifilar magnetometer of the Kew pattern will be used, and for the measurement of the inclination, an earth‐inductor of the Potsdam pattern will be employed. The photographic view represents the general view of our Observatory; the two buildings in the upper right‐hand corner marked 6 and 7, represent, respectively, the variation and the absolute magnetic pavilions.”
Work of the department of terrestrial magnetism of the Carnegie Institution for 1905
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

I. Continuation of the study of the secular variation and compilation of data and preparation for publication on a comprehensive, uniform plan. [The investigations have already progressed far enough to have warranted beginning at once the observational work referred to below.]II. Discussion and publication of the data on the magnetic perturbation observed during the eruption of Mont Pelée, Martinique, 1902. [It is hoped to have this work in published form by end of year.]
Magnetic observations made in Egypt during the total eclipse of August 29/30, 1905
Authors: Wade E. B. H. 
Published: February 2008

The attention of the Director General of the Egyptian Survey Department (Capt. H. G. Lyons) having been drawn by Dr. Bauer to an international scheme of synchronous magnetic observations to be made on the occasion of the total eclipse of the Sun of August, 1905, it was arranged by him that three parties should be equipped with absolute instruments of the Kew pattern for the purpose of co‐operation. As there were only two such instruments belonging to the Department, a third was ordered specially from Messrs. Elliott's.The final choice of observers and stations was as follows: Near the southern limit of totality, Mr. MacPherson, at Gertasse, latitude 23° 41′ N, longitude 32° 54′ E of Greenwich; near the central line, the writer, assisted by Mr. Forte, at Aswan, latitude 24° 05′, longitude 32° 56′ E; and near the northern limit, Mr. Freeman at the temple of Edfu, latitude 24° 59′ N, longitude 32° 53′ E.
Measurements of the electric potential during the total solar eclipse of August 30, 1905, at Tripoli, Barbary
Authors: Oddone Emilio 
Published: February 2008

The writer participated in the expedition which the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington had entrusted in 1905 to Professor Palazzo, with the object of studying within or near the region of totality the variations of the elements of atmospheric electricity and of terrestrial magnetism. Professor Palazzo delegated to him the part relating to the electric and actinometric measurements; this report is confined to an account of the electric observations.The plan prepared for the making of the electric measurements was very simple, and consisted in obtaining the continuous course of the potential on the day of the eclipse and during several days before and after the eclipse. The station chosen was Tripoli, Barbary, the apparatus having been set up on the upper floor of the Italian Royal Technical Commercial School. As was natural the electric conductors were placed on the terrace above, whereas the rooms immediately below the same were chosen for the placing of the electrometers.
What is the Earth's magnetic axis and its secular motion?
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

According to van Bemmelen's investigation, contained in this number of the Journal, it would appear that since about 1840 the northern end of his “mean magnetic axis” of the Earth, deduced from magnetic declinations alone, has been moving in a northwest direction, i.e., increasing its north latitude and west longitude. Prior to 1840, as will appear from his figure, the secular motion, since the year 1600, had been southward, north latitude being decreased throughout; during part of this period (1600–1700 about) west longitude was decreased and during the remainder of the period it was increased.In the second paragraph of his article, van Bemmelen cites the determinations of the magnetic axis by Erman and Peterson for the epoch 1829, and of Schmidt for 1885, their values being derived from a harmonic analysis of all the magnetic elements, not from declinations alone, as in van Bemmelen's case. The comparison there given would likewise, apparently, indicate that the motion was northwestward for this period, although the increase in latitude was not as pronounced as van Bemmelen had found.
The magnetic character of the year 1907
Authors: van Everdingen E. 
Published: February 2008

The second annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour” (see Terrestrial Magnetism, vol. X, p. 197; vol. XII, p. 183; vol. XIII, p, 36) states that 37 observatories contributed to the quarterly reviews, and that 32 sent complete data for 1907. Two among the observatories partaking for the first time described their method of classification.The annual review has been drawn up in the same manner as for the first year (1906): the second Table and the list of “calm days” are reprinted here.
A graphical aid to latitude and azimuth computation from polaris observations
Authors: Fisk H. W. 
Published: February 2008

The following device has been designed to facilitate the computation of latitude and azimuth from observations on Polaris. It is assumed that the computer has access to the tables of the declination and right ascension of the star, also of the right ascension of the mean Sun, from which he can find the star's hour angle in the usual way.There are conditions where it seems best to compute the values of latitudes and azimuth directly from observations, rather than to make use of tables computed for various latitudes, months, years and hour angles. It is for such conditions, and where the accuracy demanded is of the order of 0.′1, that this method has been designed.
The present state of our knowledge of magnetic materials
Authors: Knowlton A. A. 
Published: February 2008

The amount of experimental work upon the subject of magnetic materials, within the past few years, is indicated by the fact that the indices of Science Abstracts since 1900 contain references to more than five hundred papers on this subject. This number does not include those papers dealing with the electro‐magnetic field, nor papers of a strictly technical nature. The writer originally undertook to collect from this material the most important results with a view to clarifying his own knowledge of the subject, and his only excuse for the presentation of this paper lies in the hope that such a summary of recent work as is here undertaken may do a like service for others.One of the most important results of the recent studies has been the increasing recognition of the distinction between para‐magnetism and the magnetism of those substances which resemble iron and which have come to be called ferro‐magnetic. This distinction is well illustrated by the differences between the magnetic behavior of iron and of iron salts in solution. The latter are distinctly paramagnetic, i.e., a tube containing such a solution sets itself along the lines of force of a magnetic field, and is acted upon by a force drawing it into the strongest part of the field. But according to the result of Heydweiller (Ann. der Physik, 1903) the susceptibility of such solutions is a constant for field strengths between 0.1 and 40000 C. G. S. units. In other words, the phenomenon of saturation, so characteristic of iron and all other substances commonly spoken of as magnetic, is here lacking. This points to a very fundamental difference between the nature of para‐magnetic and ferro‐magnetic substances—a difference which is probably not greater than that existing between para‐magnetism and dia‐magnetism.
Beginning and propagation of the magnetic disturbance of May 8, 1902, and of some other magnetic storms
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

On May 8, 1902, as may be recalled, there occurred shortly before eight in the morning one of the most interesting eruptions on record—that of Mont Pelé. According to the late Professor Angelo Heilprin, the clock on the military hospital of St. Pierre was found stopped at 7h 52m A.M., St. Pierre local mean time. Some reports give the time of beginning of the outbreak as 7h 50m A.M.This eruption was not accompanied by any great outpour of ashes or flow of lava, there were no earthquake effects nor such barometric fluctuations as were observed in connection with the great eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Instead there was violently ejected a cloud consisting of fine dust and a gaseous vapor whose death‐dealing, scorching blast overwhelmed the stricken inhabitants of St. Pierre and caused complete extinction of life in but a few minutes. All reports dwell particularly on the pronounced electrical phenomena beheld above Mont Pelé.