bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Music Instruction on Phonemic Awareness in Beginning Readers
Authors: Gromko Joyce Eastlund 
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether music instruction was related to significant gains in the development of young children's phonemic awareness, particularly in their phoneme-segmentation fluency. Beginning in January 2004 and continuing through the end of April 2004, each of four intact classrooms of kindergarten children ( n= 43) from one elementary school were taught music by one of four advanced music-methods students from a nearby university. Kindergarten children ( n= 60) at a second elementary school served as the control group. An analysis of the data revealed that kindergarten children who received 4 months of music instruction showed significantly greater gains in development of their phoneme segmentation fluency when compared to children who did not receive music instruction, t=−3.52, df= 101, p= .001. The results support a near-transfer hypothesis that active music-making and the association of sound with developmentally appropriate symbols may develop cognitive processes similar to those needed for segmentation of a spoken word into its phonemes. December 14, 2004 August 1, 2005
Effect of Music Training and Musical Complexity on Focus of Attention to Melody or Harmony
Authors: Williams Lindsey R. 
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between music training and musical complexity and focus of attention to melody or harmony. Participants ( N= 192) were divided into four groups: university jazz majors ( n= 64), other university music majors ( n= 64), high school instrumentalists ( n= 32), and junior high instrumentalists ( n= 32). The musical complexity variable consisted of four levels of melodic complexity and four levels of harmonic complexity each paired for a total of 16 possible combinations all heard by each participant. Each trial consisted of a melodic complexity/harmonic complexity pairing performed by the same performer on jazz piano. Subjects indicated their overall perceived focus of attention for melody or harmony either during or immediately after they listened. A four-factor ANOVA was conducted with two between-subjects factors (order and music-training groups) and two within-subjects factors (melodic complexity and harmonic complexity). Significant differences were found for focus of attention for both melodic complexity and harmonic complexity. Significant interactions occurred between music training and focus of attention. Overall, data showed that as music training increases, so does harmonic focus of attention. March 11, 2005 October 4, 2005
The Effect of Cooperative Listening Exercises on the Critical Listening Skills of College Music-Appreciation Students
Authors: Smialek Thomas , Boburka Renee Reiter 
Published: February 2009

The authors investigated the effectiveness of cooperative listening exercises in developing critical music-listening skills in nonmusic majors. Subjects were college freshmen and sophomores enrolled in Introduction to Western Music. Control-group subjects attended classes taught exclusively in lecture format. Two experimental groups participated in four 50-minute group-listening exercises. Experimental Group 2 engaged in five additional group-analysis exercises, comparing known and unfamiliar musical styles. The consistent use of cooperative-listening exercises proved to be more effective in developing subjects' critical listening skills than either lecture-demonstration or occasional group work. On final exams, Experimental Group 2 scored significantly better than the other groups on identifications of texture, compositional genre, and musical style. To be most effective, group work needs to be implemented on a regular basis — for both the introduction of new material and for its review or application. March 31, 2006 April 22, 2006
The Effect of Instrumental Music Participation and Socioeconomic Status on Ohio Fourth-, Sixth-, and Ninth-Grade Proficiency Test Performance
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kate R. 
Published: February 2009

This study is a comparison of the Ohio Proficiency Test (OPT) results of instrumental music students and their noninstrumental classmates according to socioeconomic status (SES) over time. Subjects ( N= 15,431) were students in the Columbus Public Schools in Ohio, whose fourth-, sixth-, and ninth-grade OPT results were compared with others of like SES on the subjects of citizenship, math, science, and reading. Results show that instrumental students outperformed noninstrumental students in every subject and at every grade level. Instrumental students at both levels of SES held higher scores than their noninstrumental classmates from the fourth grade, suggesting that instrumental music programs attract higher scorers from the outset of instruction. Results also show a pattern of increased achievement by lower SES instrumental students, who surpassed their higher SES noninstrumental classmates by the ninth grade in all subjects. September 15, 2005 March 20, 2006
Mental Retardation and Delinquency
Authors: Blackhurst A. Edward 
Published: February 2009

This paper has examined the literature dealing with the relationship between mental retardation and delinquency. Various aspects of the problem were examined and a number of suggestions proposed; however, many questions remain unanswered and many problems unsolved. It is evident that a sustained attack on the problem is needed. Chandler, et al. (1959) have made several proposals that would be helpful in ameliorating some of these problems. Among them, they proposed that the AAMD establish a committee to explore, with correctional authorities, problems related to the rehabilitation of the defective delinquent. This committee would develop a model code that could be used to identify and define the defective delinquent, and which would also serve as a framework in which trained personnel could work with the problem. They also called for case studies in several states, within this model code, to determine the needs of defective delinquents in order to determine the types of facilities and training that would be most appropriate for them. Hopefully, solutions to these and other problems will be forthcoming from the interdisciplinary empirical research study, “The Mentally Retarded and the Law,” which is being supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, in cooperation with the National Law Center (Allen, 1966).
A Psychometric Investigation of Identification of Children with Academic Difficulties
Authors: Neel Richard S. 
Published: February 2009

Restrictions must be placed on generalizing from the findings of this study. The reader should be cautious in interpreting the results of the factor analysis owing to the limited number of subjects and the lack of independence of the ITPA Language Age score. Still, based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions are suggested. Each measurement instrument seems to be measuring a different ability of LD children. The major portion of the variance within this group of subjects was accounted for by the intelligence measure. The other abilities seem to be grouped into visual and auditory areas, but their interrelation with intelligence is unclear. Multivariate assessment may best describe an individual child, but at the time of this study it had limited value in classifying individuals into groups.
Untreated Asymptomatic Deep Cartilage Lesions Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Widuchowski Wojciech , Widuchowski Jerzy , Koczy Bogdan , Szyluk Karol 
Published: February 2009

Background Chondral lesions are often documented at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They are usually asymptomatic. It is not known if these lesions change the outcome of current ACL treatments. Hypothesis Untreated deep cartilage lesions incidentally found during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction do not affect clinical and radiological results. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods From 1991 to 1995, 586 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed; 51 of these were in patients with a concomitant single focal chondral lesion of Outerbridge grade 3 or 4. The mean defect size was 2.1 cm2 (range, 0.5-4.0 cm2). The control group (anterior cruciate ligament injury only) was matched for sex, age, and operation time. Outcomes were reported at 10- and 15-year follow-up using International Knee Documentation Committee criteria, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scale. Results Forty-two patients were evaluated at 10-year follow-up and 36 at 15-year follow-up. At 10-year follow-up according to Lysholm, Tegner, and International Knee Documentation Committee objective scores, no statistical differences were noted between the groups. The mean total International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score was significantly lower in the defect group than in the control group (mean, 79.6 points vs 83.7; P = .031). At 15 years, there were no statistical differences according to Lysholm, Tegner, and either objective or subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Conclusion Deep cartilage lesions found during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, left with no treatment, do not appear to affect clinical outcome at 10- and 15-year follow-up.
Experiences with the QNST
Authors: Sterling Harold M. , Sterling Patricia J. 
Published: February 2009

The Denver Developmental Screening Test was ”positive“ in only 17 percent of children who were identified by physical examination to have organic neurological disorders, while 56 percent of those with neurologic disorders passed all four subtests of the DDST. Contrary to previous reports, young children in this study were able to perform successfully on the double simultaneous stimulation test with eyes closed. Only about one third of the group of children under five years of age failed the test. Overall, 36 percent of all children under six years of age failed the test. Of the 64 percent that were able to succeed with the test, 41 percent performed all items with no difficulty, and an additional 23 percent succeeded but showed some type of problem in doing so.
Green tea polyphenols block the anticancer effects of bortezomib and other boronic acid–based proteasome inhibitors
Authors: Golden Encouse B. , Lam Philip Y. , Kardosh Adel , Gaffney Kevin J. , Cadenas Enrique , Louie Stan G. , Petasis Nicos A. , Chen Thomas C. , Schönthal Axel H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The anticancer potency of green tea and its individual components is being intensely investigated, and some cancer patients already self-medicate with this “miracle herb” in hopes of augmenting the anticancer outcome of their chemotherapy. Bortezomib (BZM) is a proteasome inhibitor in clinical use for multiple myeloma. Here, we investigated whether the combination of these compounds would yield increased antitumor efficacy in multiple myeloma and glioblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Unexpectedly, we discovered that various green tea constituents, in particular (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other polyphenols with 1,2-benzenediol moieties, effectively prevented tumor cell death induced by BZM in vitro and in vivo. This pronounced antagonistic function of EGCG was evident only with boronic acid–based proteasome inhibitors (BZM, MG-262, PS-IX), but not with several non–boronic acid proteasome inhibitors (MG-132, PS-I, nelfinavir). EGCG directly reacted with BZM and blocked its proteasome inhibitory function; as a consequence, BZM could not trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress or caspase-7 activation, and did not induce tumor cell death. Taken together, our results indicate that green tea polyphenols may have the potential to negate the therapeutic efficacy of BZM and suggest that consumption of green tea products may be contraindicated during cancer therapy with BZM.
Bortezomib induces osteoblast differentiation via Wnt-independent activation of β-catenin/TCF signaling
Authors: Qiang Ya-Wei , Hu Bo , Chen Yu , Zhong Ying , Shi Bingyin , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John D. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling induces proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and/or suppresses their differentiation into osteoblasts (OBs). Osteolysis in multiple myeloma (MM) is related to the suppression of canonical Wnt signaling caused by DKK1, a soluble inhibitor of this pathway secreted by MM cells. Bortezomib (Bzb) can induce OB differentiation in vitro and in vivo and its anti-MM efficacy linked to bone anabolic effects. However, the molecular basis of the action of Bzb on bone is not completely understood. In the present study, we show that Bzb promotes matrix mineralization and calcium deposition by osteoprogenitor cells and primary mesenchymal stem cells via Wnt-independent activation of β-catenin/TCF signaling. Using affinity pull-down assays with immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, we found that Bzb induced stabilization of β-catenin. Nuclear translocation of stabilized β-catenin was associated with β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity that was independent of the effects of Wnt ligand-receptor-induced signaling or GSK3β activation. Blocking the activation of β-catenin/TCF signaling by dominant negative TCF attenuated Bzb-induced matrix mineralization. These results provide evidence that Bzb induces OB differentiation via Wnt-independent activation of β-catenin/TCF pathway and suggest that proteasome inhibition therapy in MM may function in part by subverting tumor-induced suppression of canonical Wnt signaling in the bone microenvironment.
Rev and Rex proteins of human complex retroviruses function with the MMTV Rem-responsive element
Authors: Mertz Jennifer A , Lozano Mary M , Dudley Jaquelin P 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundMouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes the Rem protein, an HIV Rev-like protein that enhances nuclear export of unspliced viral RNA in rodent cells. We have shown that Rem is expressed from a doubly spliced RNA, typical of complex retroviruses. Several recent reports indicate that MMTV can infect human cells, suggesting that MMTV might interact with human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K). In this report, we test whether the export/regulatory proteins of human complex retroviruses will increase expression from vectors containing the Rem-responsive element (RmRE).ResultsMMTV Rem, HIV Rev, and HTLV Rex proteins, but not HERV-K Rec, enhanced expression from an MMTV-based reporter plasmid in human T cells, and this activity was dependent on the RmRE. No RmRE-dependent reporter gene expression was detectable using Rev, Rex, or Rec in HC11 mouse mammary cells. Cell fractionation and RNA quantitation experiments suggested that the regulatory proteins did not affect RNA stability or nuclear export in the MMTV reporter system. Rem had no demonstrable activity on export elements from HIV, HTLV, or HERV-K. Similar to the Rem-specific activity in rodent cells, the RmRE-dependent functions of Rem, Rev, or Rex in human cells were inhibited by a dominant-negative truncated nucleoporin that acts in the Crm1 pathway of RNA and protein export.ConclusionThese data argue that many retroviral regulatory proteins recognize similar complex RNA structures, which may depend on the presence of cell-type specific proteins. Retroviral protein activity on the RmRE appears to affect a post-export function of the reporter RNA. Our results provide additional evidence that MMTV is a complex retrovirus with the potential for viral interactions in human cells.
HIV-1 exploits importin 7 to maximize nuclear import of its DNA genome
Authors: Zaitseva Lyubov , Cherepanov Peter , Leyens Lada , Wilson Sam J , Rasaiyaah Jane , Fassati Ariberto 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Nuclear import of the HIV-1 reverse transcription complex (RTC) is critical for infection of non dividing cells, and importin 7 (imp7) has been implicated in this process. To further characterize the function of imp7 in HIV-1 replication we generated cell lines stably depleted for imp7 and used them in conjunction with infection, cellular fractionation and pull-down assays.

Results
Imp7 depletion impaired HIV-1 infection but did not significantly affect HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac), or equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The lentiviral dependence on imp7 closely correlated with binding of the respective integrase proteins to imp7. HIV-1 RTC associated with nuclei of infected cells with remarkable speed and knock down of imp7 reduced HIV-1 DNA nuclear accumulation, delaying infection. Using an HIV-1 mutant deficient for reverse transcription, we found that viral RNA accumulated within nuclei of infected cells, indicating that reverse transcription is not absolutely required for nuclear import. Depletion of imp7 impacted on HIV-1 DNA but not RNA nuclear import and also inhibited DNA transfection efficiency.

Conclusion
Although imp7 may not be essential for HIV-1 infection, our results suggest that imp7 facilitates nuclear trafficking of DNA and that HIV-1 exploits imp7 to maximize nuclear import of its DNA genome. Lentiviruses other than HIV-1 may have evolved to use alternative nuclear import receptors to the same end.
HIV-1 transgene expression in rats causes oxidant stress and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction
Authors: Lassiter Coy , Fan Xian , Joshi Pratibha C , Jacob Barbara A , Sutliff Roy L , Jones Dean P , Koval Michael , Guidot David M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk for acute and chronic airway disease even though there is no evidence that the virus can infect the lung epithelium. Although HIV-related proteins including gp120 and Tat can directly cause oxidant stress and cellular dysfunction, their effects in the lung are unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of HIV-1 transgene expression in rats on alveolar epithelial barrier function. Alveolar epithelial barrier function was assessed by determining lung liquid clearance in vivo and alveolar epithelial monolayer permeability in vitro. Oxidant stress in the alveolar space was determined by measuring the glutathione redox couple by high performance liquid chromatography, and the expression and membrane localization of key tight junction proteins were assessed. Finally, the direct effects of the HIV-related proteins gp120 and Tat on alveolar epithelial barrier formation and tight junction protein expression were determined.

Results
HIV-1 transgene expression caused oxidant stress within the alveolar space and impaired epithelial barrier function even though there was no evidence of overt inflammation within the airways. The expression and membrane localization of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin were decreased in alveolar epithelial cells from HIV-1 transgenic rats. Further, treating alveolar epithelial monolayers from wild type rats in vitro with recombinant gp120 or Tat for 24 hours reproduced many of the effects on zonula occludens-1 and occludin expression and membrane localization.

Conclusion
Taken together, these data indicate that HIV-related proteins cause oxidant stress and alter the expression of critical tight junction proteins in the alveolar epithelium, resulting in barrier dysfunction.
Euthyroid Hyperthyrotropinemia in Children Born after in Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Sakka Sophia D. , Malamitsi-Puchner Ariadne , Loutradis Dimitrios , Chrousos George P. , Kanaka-Gantenbein Christina 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Context: Assisted reproduction techniques are now commonly used. Although classic in vitro fertilization (IVF) started almost 30 yr ago, few long-term systematic prospective studies of children conceived with assisted reproduction have been performed.
Objective: Our objective was to investigate thyroid function in children conceived after IVF vs. naturally conceived controls.
Populations and Methods: A total of 106 children conceived after classic IVF and 68 naturally conceived controls, aged 4–14 yr, were studied. All children were thoroughly examined, and serum T3, T4, TSH, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were measured. A second TSH determination and a thyroid ultrasound were performed for TSH higher than 5 μIU/ml, and children were considered to have persistent hyperthyrotropinemia, if the TSH elevation was confirmed.
Results: Seven IVF children but none of the controls had persistent elevations of circulating TSH, suggesting euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia or subclinical primary hypothyroidism (P = 0.044). TSH was significantly higher in the IVF group than in controls (P = 0.046), whereas no significant differences in the concentrations of T3 or T4 were observed. None of the children had detectable circulating antithyroid antibodies in either group.
Conclusions: A significant elevation of serum TSH compatible with a mild TSH resistance of the thyroid were found in IVF children compared with controls. This was not due to the presence of antithyroid autoantibodies. We suggest that this might represent a slight epigenetic developmental abnormality related to the preimplantation manipulation of the embryo. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better determine their etiopathogenesis and clinical significance.
Harmonic Cross-Reference and the Dialectic of Articulation and Continuity in Sonata Expositions of Schubert and Brahms
Authors: Smith Peter H. 
Published: February 2009

Associative harmony functions as a powerful resource through which Schubert and Brahms fashion continuities within the dialectic of articulation and continuity that stands at the heart of the Viennese sonata style. More specifically, the technique of harmonic cross-reference provides these composers with one among a number of integrative strategies to counterbalance the threat of self-contained lyricism in the middle sections of their tripartite expositions. In one type of expositional context, this integration involves harmonic linkage designed specifically to efface a formal boundary. In a second type, it involves a more general sense of continuity between formal sections.The study of harmonic cross-reference in the three-key expositions of Schubert's Quartettsatz and String Quintet and Brahms's Second Symphony and Clarinet Trio reveals a tension between functional distinctions for the sonorities involved (as defined by Schenkerian analysis), and the interconnection of these sonorities in processes of motivic development. Through this motivic interconnection, the sonorities achieve an ontological status partially independent of their individual linear-contrapuntal environments. Each motivic harmony gains meaning through its particular tonal function, but each also exists within a network of associative connection based more generally on chord identity.