bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN(PG) E2, D2 I2, 6‐KETO‐PGF1α AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ON EXCITATORY TRANSMISSION OF CANINE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: NAKAHATA N. , NAKANISHI H. , SUZUKI T. 
Published: January 2008

Effects of prostaglandin(PG) E2, D2, I2, 6‐keto‐PGF1α and arachidonic acid on the excitatory transmission were examined in the separated longitudinal and circular muscles of canine small intestine in vitro.
Both muscles contracted in response to electrical field stimulation (1 msec, 20 Hz, 100 pulses, supramaximal voltage: indirect stimulation). The contractions were abolished by treatment with tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM). In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the muscle contracted in response to stimulation using a pulse duration of 20msec (direct stimulation). Sites of action of drugs were determined by the difference in their effects on the responses to indirect and direct stimulation.
PGE2 strongly inhibited the contractile response of circular muscle to indirect stimulation whilst slightly inhibiting that to direct stimulation. The data suggest that PGE2 may act on the transmission prejunctionally and reduce the transmitter release in circular muscle.
PGD2 and PGI2 in high concentrations slightly inhibited the contractile responses of circular muscle to both indirect and direct stimulations, indicating that PGD2 and PGI2 slightly inhibited the transmission postjunctionally. 6‐keto‐PGF1α did not inhibit the transmission of circular muscle.
Arachidonic acid inhibited the contractile response of circular muscle to indirect stimulation, and indomethacin attenuated the arachidonic acid‐induced inhibition. PGE2, biosynthetized from arachidonic acid, may act on the transmission of circular muscle.
In the longitudinal muscle, none of PGE2, PGD2, PGI2 or 6‐keto‐PGF1α inhibited the contractile response to indirect stimulation.7 Arachidonic acid slightly inhibited the contractile response of longitudinal muscle to indirect stimulation. However, indomethacin did not antagonize this effect.8 The results suggest that the transmission of circular muscle in canine small intestine is prejunctionally regulated by PGE2, and that of longitudinal muscle is slightly affected by arachidonic acid or by metabolites through lipoxygenase.
Sympatho‐adrenal secretion in humans: factors governing catecholamine and storage vesicle peptide co‐release *
Authors: Takiyyuddin Marwan A. , Brown Marvin R. , Dinh Thai Q. , Cervenka Justine H. , Braun Sandra D. , Parmer Robert J. , Kennedy Brian , O'Connor Daniel T. 
Published: January 2008

1 In postganglionic sympathetic neurones and adrenal chromaffin cells, catecholamines are co‐stored in vesicles with soluble peptides, including chromogranin A (CgA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which are subject to exocytotic co‐release with catecholamines.2 Plasma catecholamine, CgA and NPY responses to stimulators and inhibitors of sympatho‐adrenal catecholamine storage and release were measured in humans. Short‐term, high‐intensity dynamic exercise, prolonged low‐intensity dynamic exercise, and assumption of the upright posture, in decreasing order of potency, predominantly stimulated noradrenaline (NA) release from sympathetic nerve endings. Only high‐intensity exercise elevated CgA and NPY, which did not peak until 2 min after exercise cessation. Stimulated NA correlated with plasma CgA 2 min after exercise, and with NPY 5 min after exercise.3 Insulin‐evoked hypoglycaemia and caffeine ingestion, in decreasing order of potency, predominantly stimulated adrenaline (AD) release from the adrenal medulla. During insulin hypoglycaemia AD and CgA rose, but NPY was unchanged. Neither NPY nor CgA were altered by caffeine. The rise in CgA after intense adrenal medullary stimulation was greater than its rise after intense sympathetic neuronal stimulation (1.4‐versus 1.2‐fold, respectively).4 Infusion of tyramine, which disrupts sympathetic neuronal vesicular NA storage, elevated systolic blood pressure and NA, while NPY and CgA were unchanged. After reserpine, another disruptor of neuronal NA storage, NA transiently rose and then fell; NPY and CgA were unaltered. After the non‐exocytotic adrenal medullary secretory stimulus glucagon, AD rose while NA, CgA and NPY did not change. After amantadine, an inhibitor of protein endocytosis, both CgA and fibrinogen rose, while NA and NPY remained unaltered. Neither CgA, NPY, nor catecholamines were altered by the catecholamine uptake and catabolism inhibitors desipramine, cortisol, and pargyline.5 Human sympathetic nerve contained a far higher ratio of NPY to catecholamines than human adrenal medulla, while adrenal medulla contained far more CgA than sympathetic nerve.6 It is concluded that peptides are differentially co‐stored with catecholamines, with greater abundance of CgA in the adrenal medulla and NPY in sympathetic nerve. Activation of catecholamine release from either the adrenal medulla or sympathetic nerves, therefore, results in quite different changes in plasma concentrations of the catecholamine storage vesicle peptides CgA and NPY. Only profound, intense stimulation of chromaffin cells or sympathetic axons measurably perturbs plasma CgA or NPY concentration; lesser degrees of stimulation perturb plasma catecholamines only. Neither CgA nor NPY are released during non‐exocytotic catecholamine secretion.
Attenuation of adenylate cyclase‐induced increases in renal sodium excretion by the dopamine D‐2 receptor agonist SK&F 89124
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Chen Changjian , Lokhandwala Mustafa F. 
Published: January 2008

1 Although the existence of D‐2 receptor binding sites in kidney has been identified, their functional significance in terms of influencing renal sodium excretion is not clear. In the present study we have examined the renal effects of a selective D‐2 receptor agonist, SK&F 89124, in anaesthetized rats.2 Intravenous infusion of SK&F 89124 (0.3, 1 and 3 μg kg−1 min−1 respectively) produced dose‐dependent decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and renal blood flow without causing any significant changes in urine output, urinary sodium excretion, renal vascular resistance or glomerular filtration rate. The changes in blood pressure, heart rate and renal blood flow caused by SK&F 89124 were abolished by a selective D‐2 receptor antagonist, domperidone (50 μg kg−1 i.v. bolus; 10 μg kg−1 min−1).3 Treatment with 3‐isobutyl‐l‐methylxanthine (IBMX, 1 mg kg−1 bolus i.v.) or forskolin (200 μg kg−1 bolus i.v.) produced increases in heart rate, urine output and urinary sodium excretion, but there was no change in mean blood pressure. The natriuretic and diuretic response, but not tachycardiac response to IBMX or forskolin, was attenuated by SK&F 89124 (0.3 μg kg−1 min−1).4 These results suggest that the selective D‐2 receptor agonist, SK&F 89124, produced a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate via prejunctional D‐2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. Although activation of renal tubular D‐2 receptors had no significant effect on renal excretory function under basal conditions, it is likely that these receptors may exert an opposing effect on cAMP‐mediated increases in renal sodium and water excretion.
Investigations on the Normal Values for the Haemoglobin and Cell Volume in the Small Child.
Authors: DRUCKER PAUL 
Published: January 2008

Résumé1. On perusing the literature a considerable lack of agreement in the value given for the Hb. in small healthy children is found.2. The divergencies are partly due to technical errors, and party to physiological errors. National characteristics also seem to play a role.3. In the author's own investigations a physiological lability of the small child's capillary system is demonstrated. Incision with a sharp instrument, where the mechanical irritation of the capillaries is at a minumum, gives relatively low Hb. values, while incision with a blunter instrument causing greater irritation gives relatively high values. The explanation of this is that a contraction of the vessels takes place, the degree of which is regulated by the strength of the irritamentum, which affects the number of red corpuscles, and this finds an excellent analogy in Krogh's experiments on frogs.4. From this it follows that, when dealing with small children, a sharp instrument (cataract knife) must be used in all cases where the blood is taken from the ear and that the incision or puncture should preferably to deep, otherwise quite inconsistent results will be obtained.5. It does not seem to be of any importance which drop of blood is used for the Hb. determination after the incision is made.6. The examination of 85 healthy children, from a fortnight to 2 years old, showed a rapid fall in the Hb. curve from birth, reaching a minimum about the 2nd. or 3rd. month, irrespective of sex. The curve then remained level for the first year at about 80 % (100 % Hb. = 18,5 volumes % oxygen) and only rose again during the 2nd. year.7. The cell volume of the blood in healthy small children, except in the first few months of life, is about the same as that of healthy adult women.8. The relation between the Hb. percentage and the cell volume is denoted by the term Hv. This value signifies the relation between the Hb. of the blood corpuscles and their volume, just as the ordinary index (F. I.) signifies the relation between the Hb. and their number. The small child's physiological chlorosis is demonstrated by means of the Hv. value.9. An increase in Hv. above the physiological limit can be explained by a drying up of the blood.
Uber Dysenterieagglutinationen bei Kindern.
Authors: WIDOWITZ PAUL 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse.1. Die Spezifität der Agglutinine für die Flexner, Y Stämme des Dysenteriebazillus erhellt aus dem Verhalten der Agglu‐tinationskurven und aus dem Fehlen von Normalagglutininen bei ruhrfreien Individuen. Die Anwesenheit der « Normal‐Agglutinine » ist immer der Ausdruck einer stattgehabten In‐fektion mit dem homologen Bakterium, weshalb die Normal‐agglutinine besser als Restimmunagglutinine bezeichnet werden mogen.2. Den Kindern des ersten Lebensjahres kommt bei stattgehabter Infektion auch die Fähigkeit der Agglutininbil‐dung zu. Die Titerhöhe selbst aber erreicht in der Regel nur geringe Hohen.3. Die Agglutination ist in den ersten Tagen sehr oft unvollständig und zeigt sich in Form einer Sternfigur an Boden des Röhrchens voraus, die bei nich infizierten Individuen fehlt. Diese Andeutung ist bei Erstinfektionen (praktisch genommen im fruhesten Kindesalter) schon in den ersten 3 Krankheitstagen nachzuweisen, spricht für die Spezifität der vorliegenden Erkrankung und ist aus prophylaktischen Gründen ein wert‐volles Frühsymptom.4. Die Zahl der mit Elexner‐ und Y‐Dysenterie infizierten Individuen ist schon im frühesten Kindesalter verhältnismässig hoch, von den Erwachsenen haben alle eine Infektion hinter sich.5. Die Co‐ bzw. Para‐Agglutinine sind ebenso wie die Normalagglutinine der Ausdruck einer stattgehabten Infektion mit dem homologen Antigen. Kommt es zur Erkrankung eines Organes, so werden aus immunbiologischen Gründen nur die von jenen Antigenen stammenden Co‐Agglutinine in ihrem Titer erhöht werden, die dieselbe Organaffinität besitzen, mie das krankmachende Antigen.
XXXV.:Some Aspects of the Problem of Spasmophilia.
Authors: WEJDLING KNUT 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYIn the pathogenesis of spasmophilia (infantilis), the most important factor is the electrostatic condition of the tissues.The relation K: Ca: P: activated lipins is influenced by electrochemical laws.For practical purposes the most reliable information, especially in tetany of the heart, is probably obtained by determining the potassium content of the blood, rather than its calcium content.The correlation between thyroid and parathyroid glands, as well as the importance of the bone marrow in phosphorus metabolism, should be kept in mind.The colour of the blood serum may be regarded as an indicator of the amount of active energy which it contains. This energy may either become useful in the formation of phospholipid, or be wasted in excessive oxidation.
Über die Atmung im Kindesalter.
Authors: BRUIN M. DE 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Bei 51 Kindern im Alter von 1½ bis 10 Jahren wurde die Atmung rnit der KRoaHschen Spirometer gemessen. Weder die Atmungsfrequenz noch die Atmungstiefe zeigten bei einem Kinde an zwei aufeinander folgenden Tagen bedeutende Schwankungen. Ein unzweideutiges Abnehmen der Frequenz mit dern Ansteigen des Alters konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Einige Kinder wiesen stark vom normalen abweichende Werte auf. Dann und wann sieht man bei Kindern grosse Sc hwankungen an verschiedenen Tagen. Merkwürdigerweise gehen dabei öfters erhöhte Frequenz mit vergrösserter Tiefe zusammen. Dies tritt deutlich hervor in den erheblichen Unterschieden in der absoluten Atmungsgrösse.Ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen gesteigertem Grundumsatz und erhöhter absoluter Atrnungsgrösse wurde nicht beobachtet.
Über die periodische Atmung der Frühgeborenen.
Authors: RÄIHÄ Von C.‐E. , SALMI T. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.1. Der hohe Hänoglobingehalt des Blutes kann als mitmirkender Faktor an der bei Frühgeborenen konstatierten Periodizität der Atmung und Hyperpnoë beteiligt sein.2. Die bei Frühgeborenen leicht eintretende Azidose, der bei ihnen anzutreffende niedrige Grundumsatz und die periodische Atmung deuten daraufhin, dass die Oxydationsprozesse in den Zellen der Frühgeborenen unvollständing sind. Dies kann vielleicht auf einem durch die Unentwiekeltheit des Kapillarsystems vernrsachten Sauerstoffmangel beruhen.
Klinische Bakteriologie des Retronasalraumes.
Authors: JUNDELL. Von I. 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungBesenreibung zwei verschiedener Modelle eines Instruments, welches es ermöglicht, Sekretproben für mikroskopische und bkteriologische Untersuchung aus dem Retronasalraum zu entnehmen ohne Verunreinigung der proben durch Nasen, Schlund‐ oder Mundsekret.
Anti‐Catarrhal Vaccination in Homes for Children under School‐Age1
Authors: GYLLENSWÄRD CURT 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFor a period of two years every second newly admitted child to a home for small children in Stockholm – receiving simultaneously about 40–50 children of 1–7 years of age – was inoculated with anti‐catarrh, vaccine from the State Medical Institution in Stockholm, prepared from strains isolated from children's hospitals and other institutions in Stockholm. Three injections were given at one week's interval. The dose was 100–50, 100–50 and 150–75 million microbes respectively. Larger doses often gave non‐desirable reactions. The total number of observation‐days was 21,481. More than half the number of children were under observation in the home for more than 3 months, two‐thirds more than 2 months.No difference has been found concerning the number of children taken ill, number of recurrences amongst these, intervals between onsets of illness, duration of treatment or frequency of complications whether in the case of temperatures of at least 37°.5 or of at least 38°.
Studies on Erythema Annulare Rheumaticum
Authors: WALLGREN ARVID 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The erythema annulare rheumaticum described by Lehndorff and Leiner has been observed in 12 per cent, of the children with acute polyarthritis, rheumatic endocarditis and chorea nursed at the Gothenburg Children's Hospital during the last 4 years. The disease occurs more commonly in children with severe rheumatic infections than in those with slight infection. The disease has not yet been observed in children where there is no ground for assuming the presence of rheumatic infection; but on the other hand it does not necessarily presuppose the presence of clinically demonstrable cardiac changes or of any clinical indications of the activity of the rheumatic infection. As a rule, however, the erythema appears in children manifesting clinical signs of cardiac affection during the active phase of the rheumatic disease. Very frequently the exythema appears very early after the onset of the rheumatic infection; in certain exceptional cases it may constitute the first clinical symptom of that infection. The erythema, which generally appears several times in the same child, is to be regarded as an anginoneurosis arising on a rheumatic‐allergic base in certain highly susceptible individuals. The liberating factors are, apart from exacerbations of the rheumatic infection, not infrequently acute infections, certain thermic effects on the skin, while mental strains also play an important role in its occurrence.
Elf Fälle von Struma congenita.
Authors: RÄIHÄ. C. E. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es werden 11 im Laufe eines Jahres in Universitätskinderklinik Helsinki observierte Fälle von Struma congenita vorgelegt, die sämtlich aus Gegenden stammen, wo der Kropf gehäuft auftritt. In allen Fällen besteht anch bei der Mutter des Patienten eine Struma. In der Familienanamnese der Patienten kommt ein Kropf ausserdem bei mehreren anderen Familienmitgliedern vor. In 8 Fällen bestanden Atmungs‐schwierigkeiten bei den Patienten. Grosse Joddosen wirkten bei Behandlung der Struma nicht nachdrücklicher and nicht nachweisbar raseher als der blosse Aufenthalt im Krankenhaus. Die günstige Einwirkung des Klinikaufenthaltes auf die Struma‐congenita‐Patienten dürfte zum Teil auf die in der Klinik aufgestellten Jodtinkturflaschen zurückzuführen sein. Anschliessend wird die Bedeutung hereditärer Faktoren bei der, Entstehung von Struma congenita behandelt. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers muss bei Beurteilung der Stärke der Strumabe‐dingenden Faktoren die in der Familie vorkommende Reaktionsbereitschaft in Betracht gezogen werden.
épidémic nosocomiale de méiningites lymphocytaires aiguës, forme subclinique. Dans un service réservé aux enfants a ttaints de coqueiuche.1
Authors: HENNINGMAQNUSSON J. 
Published: January 2008

RésuméLe présent travail décrit une épidémie nosocomiale de mé‐ningites dans un service réservé aux enfants atteints de co‐queluche.Cette éSpidémie se produisit entre le 9.12.36 et le 21.1.37; elle atteignit 7 enfants dont l'âge variait de onze mois à sept ans.La maladie offrait un caractère subclinique. Le début en était aigu, mais l'evolution, de courte durée (deux à trois jours). Le tableau clinique présentait la plus grande ressemblance d'un cas à l'autre. Les symptômes consistaient en de la fiévre et des maux de tête.La fiévre atteignait un maximum d'environ 39° et durait à peu prés deux jours. Les maux de tête (chez les enfants qui étaient suffisamment âgés pour être capables de les signaler) précédaient la fièvre, offraient un caractère relativement léger, n'avaient pas une localisation spéciale et duraient environ une dizaine d'heures, soit une bonne journée.En aucun cas l'examen clinique ne permit de constater la présence d'un symptôme quelconque du côté du systéme ner‐veux. On n'observa même en aucun cas le plus léger signe de méningite.Les altérations du liquide cérébrospinal, – augmentation du nombre des cellules et réactions positives de l'albumine, – apparurent de bonne heure et constamment chez tous les patients; d'autre part, elles persisterent longtemps aprés que tout autre symptôme de la maladie avait disparu. Chez un patient (obs. 3) on eut l'occasion de constater que les altérations du liquide cérébrospinal avaient été, selon toute ap‐parence, le symptôme le plus précoce de la maladie.
Experimental studies on conditioned salivary reflexes in children.
Authors: BERNHARD. CARL GUSTAF 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Experiments with conditioned reflexes were performed on a healthy boy, 9 years old, with the method of Krasnogorski. All conditioned reflexes were based on alimentary unconditioned reflexes, and the saliva from the right parotid gland was measured by a drop recorder. Each conditioned stimulus acted alone during 30 seconds, during which time the conditioned secretion was recorded. A system of conditioned reflexes was set up, consisting of 5 positive and 2 negative conditioned reactions. Positive conditioned reflexes were formed to red light (3 times) metronome signal (100 beats per minute, once) and the sharp sound of a buzzer (once). An other metronome‐signal (150 beats per minute) served as negative stimulus. In addition a conditioned inhibitory effect was formed on the light reaction by skin stimulation on the boy's right ankle. In experiments carried out under identical conditions 4–5 times a week this condition reflex system was used. In all 17 experiments were performed.The conditioned secretion caused by red light was an average of 13,2 ± 0,4 drops (50 observations), and the figure shows the striking regularity of the conditioned reflex action. The conditioned secretion to the positive metronome signal was 13,4±.0,4 drops (15 observations), and the much stronger sound of the buzzer caused an average of 15 ± 0,5 drops. The probable statistical difference is a proof for the validity of the law of force. The inhibitory reactions showed a similar marked regularity, the average of the secretion being 2 ± 0,2 drops (34 observations).Furthermore experiments were performed on the same boy in which conditioned reflexes were established on a taste stimulus. 2 cc 0,4 per cent NaCl, which gave no marked unconditioned secretion but positive sensation of salt, was used as conditioned stimulus. After being‐ reinforced 4 times a conditioned reflex to the taste stimulus was established. From the 35 observations in the ensuing experiments the average of the conditioned secretion was calculated to be 13,7 ± 0,3 drops. A negative conditioned reflex was formed on skin stimulation tog‐ether with salt, and later on 2 cc water was used as conditioned inhibitor on the positive salt reaction. The water preceeded the salt solution by 2 seconds, and the inhibitory effect was evident after six applications.
Kongenitale Anomalie in der Valvula Bauhini und im Appendix als Ursache der Peritonitis beim Neugeborenen
Authors: TUOVINEN P. I. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Der Verfasser referiert einen Fall, in dem bei einem Neugeborenen eine Stenose der Valvula Bauhini und ein dadurch bedingter entzündlicher Prozess in der Appendixgegend sowie eine Peritonitis angetroffen wurden. Es handelte sich um ein Kind gesunder Eltern, bei dem gleich nach der Geburt ein etwas aufgetriebener Leib konstatiert wurde. Am zweiten Tage fängt das Kind an zu erbrechen, trinkt nicht und hat keinen Stuhl entleert. Im Alter von 2 Tagen wird es ins Krankenhaus gebracht, erhält einen kleinen Einlauf, worauf ein 15 cm langes Mekoniumstück abgeht. Der Zustand wird erst erleichtert, aber am folgenden Tage verschlimmern sich die Ileussymptome wieder. 4 Tage nach der Geburt wird die lEnterostomie ausgeführt und gleichzeitig festgestellt, dass der Dünndarm gebläht ist. Ans dem Fistelschlauch fliesst eine dünne, grünliche Flüssigkeit, zeitweise geht auch auf natürlichem Wege Mekonium ab, aber Pat. erbricht grünliche, schleimige Flüssigkeit. Die Operationswunde blutet zeitweise an den auf die Operation folgenden Tagen. Am 8. Tage nach der Geburt endigt die Krankheit mit dem Tode. Bei der Obduktion findet man eine braun‐grünliche Leber und einen geschlossenen Ductus choledochus. Die Valvula Bauhini ist so eng, dass man eine dünne Knopfsonde nur mit Mühe hindurchschieben kann. Ferner wird konstatiert, dass der Appendix durch eine Mesenteriolumsehne abgeschnurt ist (Abb. 1). Bei der mikroskopischen Untersuchung wurden in der Valvula Bauhini (Abb. 2) vermehrtes Bindegewebe sowie mas‐senhaft Entzündungszellen gefunden. Ähnliche Veranderungen erblickt man in einer an der Basis des Appendix gelegenen, 4 mm tiefen, taschenförmigen Vertiefung (Abb. 3 und 4). Die Ursache für den Symptomenkomplex bildet nach Ansicht des Verfassers die kongenital verengte Ileocoecalklappe, an der eine Retention entstand, die weiterhin zu Okklusion sowie entzündlichen Veränderungen in der Appendixgegend Veranlassnng gab. Die Entzündung führte dann zu Peritonitis, die somit eine kongenitale Grundlage hatte, obwohl keine Perforation nachzuweisen war.