bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Properties and Degree of Intramolecular Charge Transfer of an N-Alkyl Indoline–Tricyanoquinodimethane System
Authors: Murata Tsuyoshi , Nishimura Kazukuni , Enomoto Yuichiro , Honda Genki , Shimizu Yasuhito , Otsuka Akihiro , Saito Gunzi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A series of intramolecular charge-transfer compounds comprised of 1-alkyl-3,3-dimethyl-2-methyleneindoline (In, donor, n = alkyl chain length; 1–8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22) and 7,8,8-tricyanoquinodimethane (=2-(4′-cyanomethylene-2′,5′-cyclohexadienylidene)malononitrile (3CNQ), acceptor) moieties linked through a π-bond, In–3CNQ were prepared, and their structures are discussed. The melting points of the In–3CNQ solids decreased with increasing alkyl chain length until reaching a minimum point (95 °C) at n=18, and then began to gradually increase, indicating self-aggregation of the alkyl chains. The In–3CNQ derivatives with long alkyl chains (n≥6) produced supercooled liquids displaying conspicuous color changes after melting. Diverse molecular packing patterns were observed in the crystal structures. Most In–3CNQ derivatives formed face-to-face and/or side-by-side dimeric motifs to cancel net dipole moments. I20–3CNQ formed a two-dimensional bilayer structure by π-stacking and self-assembly of the alkyl chains. Two types of molecular conformation, which significantly affect the electronic structures, were observed to be dependent on the alkyl chain length. A parameter to evaluate the degree of intramolecular charge transfer, namely bond length ratio, was proposed; it exhibited good agreement with solvatochromic shifts and molecular orbital calculations.
Nickel-Catalyzed [4+2+2]-Type Annulation Reaction of Cyclobutanones with Diynes and Enynes
Authors: Ashida Shinji , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In the presence of a nickel(0) catalyst, cyclobutanones reacted with diynes to produce bicyclic eight-membered ring ketones. Cyclobutanones acted as a C4 unit in the formal [4+2+2]-type annulation reaction, which proceeded through a ring-expansion of a spirocyclic seven-membered oxanickelacycle to a nine-membered nickelacycle via β-carbon elimination. A similar annulation reaction was also examined with enynes.
Permeability Study of Lipid-Coated Capsules with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
Authors: Zhang Tianzhu , Ge Liqin , Chi Huimei 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Based on our past work on the successfully fabricating giant liposomes, it is necessary to systematically study the capsules’ permeability. In this paper, fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching (FRAP) experiment was carried out by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) in order to quantify the 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) molecules passing through capsules’ wall. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient of the pure multilayered polyelectrolyte (PE) capsules was similar to the one of partly the lipid-coated PE capsules. The diffusion coefficient for completely coated PE capsules catalyzed selectively by phospholipase A2 is similar to that of partly coated PE capsules.
Interfering Effect for the Cesium Ion-Exchange Property of Sodium Difluorotetrasilicate and Sodium Taeniolite by Alkaline-Earth Metal Ions
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Komuro Tomokazu , Kanzaki Yasushi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The cesium ion-exchange behavior of sodium difluorotetrasilicate (Na-TSM) and sodium taeniolite (Na-TAE) was investigated in the presence of alkaline-earth metal ions. When Na-TSM was exchanged beforehand with alkaline-earth metal ions, the amount of ion-exchanged Cs+ decreased slightly compared to untreated Na-TSM. In contrast, when Cs+-TSM was used very little ion exchange occurred with alkaline-earth metal ions. The interlayer spacing of Na-TSM contracted during the ion-exchange reaction with Cs+ because interlayer water molecules were displaced. For the alkaline-earth metal ion exchange, interlayer water molecules were retained. Thus, the Cs+ exchange occurred on Na-TSM that was exchanged beforehand with alkaline-earth metal ions. The Cs+ exchange was superior to that observed for alkaline-earth metal ions in the mixed solutions. In contrast, the ion-exchange reaction occurred under all conditions examined with Na-TAE. In particular, even Cs+ exchange was observed on Na-TAE that was exchanged beforehand with alkaline-earth metal ions. Furthermore, alkaline-earth metal ions exchange was observed on Cs+-TAE.
Antifouling activity of natural products from Brazilian seaweeds
Authors: da Gama Bernardo A.P. , Carvalho Ana G.V. , Weidner Kerstin , Soares Angelica R. , Coutinho Ricardo , Fleury Beatriz G. , Teixeira Valeria L. , Pereira Renato C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Antifouling chemical defense is likely an evolutionary response to the ecological disadvantages of epibiosis, particularly for photosynthetic organisms. Seaweed natural products with antifouling activity can provide effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to currently used antifouling paint booster biocides. The aim of this work was to assess the antifouling potential of natural products from Brazilian littoral seaweeds. Crude organic extracts from 51 populations comprising 42 species of macroalgae from eight locations along the Brazilian coast were tested against a relevant fouling organism in laboratory bioassays, the brown mussel Perna perna. In five cases, antifouling activities of purified compounds were also tested. A total of nine macroalgae were also cultured and tested for the presence of inducible defenses against fouling. Ecologically relevant field tests were performed in 11 cases to confirm laboratory results. Despite the unbalanced number of macroalgae tested among different localities, there seems to be no latitudinal trend of increased antifouling activity towards lower latitudes, where fouling pressure is presumed to be higher. However, there was a clear phylogenetic pattern in antifouling activity, with red macroalgae having the highest proportion (55%) of active species (moderate or strong fouling inhibition), followed by brown macroalgae (14%). Green seaweeds never exhibited strong antifouling activity (≥80% inhibition of byssal attachment relative to controls). Some degree of induced antifouling defense was observed in seven species (78%). These results appear to support known trends of secondary metabolite production among seaweeds and suggest that research efforts should be focused on tropical red macroalgae in the quest for new antifoulants. On the other hand, it seems clear that macroalgal groups, such as green algae, must have mechanisms of defenses against fouling that are not chemical.
Screening strategies for obtaining novel, biologically active, fungal secondary metabolites from marine habitats
Authors: Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , dela Cruz Thomas Edison , Rheinheimer Joachim , Siems Karsten , Loesgen Sandra , Bitzer Jens , Schloerke Oliver , Zeeck Axel , Kock Ines , Hussain Hidayat , Dai Jingqui , Krohn Karsten 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
To determine the best sources of novel, biologically active metabolites, both endophytic fungi (plant isolates) and fungi associated with algae were isolated from plants and algae from marine habitats of the North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. Following preselection of the isolates according to taxon and metabolic profiles, almost all were active in at least one of the tests for antibacterial, antifungal, and/or herbicidal activities. Metabolites isolated from the culture extracts belonged to diverse structural groups; 42% were previously unknown structures. Compared to fungi associated with algae, endophytic fungi were a better source of novel metabolites and antifungal culture extracts; they produced a higher number of metabolites per fungus. Microsphaeropsis spp. and Coniothyrium spp. synthesized the highest numbers of novel metabolites per isolate, and Geniculosporium, Nodulisporium and Phomopsis the greatest numbers of metabolites per isolate. Based on the proportion of novel to known metabolites, endophytic fungi from marine environments equalled endophytes from terrestrial habitats. Metabolic profiles (HPLC-DAD) of the saprophytic, marine fungi belonging to Dendryphiella spp. from diverse temperate and subtropical locations revealed that geographical source of the isolates had little qualitative effect on secondary metabolite production in this genus.
Application of kernel-based stochastic gradient algorithms to option pricing
Authors: Barty Kengy , Girardeau Pierre , Strugarek Cyrille , Roy Jean-Sébastien 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We present an algorithm for American option pricing based on stochastic approximation techniques. Besides working on a finite subset of the exercise dates (e.g. considering the associated Bermudean option), option pricing algorithms generally involve another step of discretization, either on the state space or on the underlying functional space. Our work, which is an application of a more general perturbed gradient algorithm introduced recently by the authors, consists in approximating the value functions of the classical dynamic programming equation at each time step by a linear combination of kernels. The so-called kernel-based stochastic gradient algorithm avoids any a priori discretization, besides the discretization of time. Thus, it converges toward the optimum of the non-discretized Bermudan option pricing problem.
We present a comprehensive methodology to implement efficiently this algorithm, including discussions on the numerical tools used, like the Fast Gauss Transform, or Brownian bridge.
We also compare our results to some existing methods, and provide empirical statistical results.
Genetic Identity of Brook Trout in Lake Superior South Shore Streams: Potential for Genetic Monitoring of Stocking and Rehabilitation Efforts
Authors: Sloss Brian L. , Jennings Martin J. , Franckowiak Ryan , Pratt Dennis M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRehabilitation of migratory (“coaster”) brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis along Lake Superior's south shore is a topic of high interest among resource stakeholders and management agencies. Proposed strategies for rehabilitation of this brook trout life history variant in Wisconsin include supplemental stocking, watershed management, habitat rehabilitation, harvest regulations, or a combination thereof. In an effort to evaluate the success of coaster brook trout rehabilitation efforts, we collected genetic data from four populations of interest (Whittlesey Creek, Bois Brule River, Bark River, and Graveyard Creek) and the hatchery sources used in the Whittlesey Creek supplementation experiment. We characterized the genetic diversity of 30 individuals from each of four populations using 13 microsatellite DNA loci. Levels of genetic variation were consistent with those in similar studies conducted throughout the basin. Significant genetic variation among the populations was observed, enabling adequate population delineation through assignment tests. Overall, 208 of the 211 sampled fish (98.6%) were correctly assigned to their population of origin. Simulated F1 hybrids between two hatchery strains and the Whittlesey Creek population were identifiable in the majority of attempts (90.5‐100% accuracy with 0‐2.5% error). The genetic markers and analytical techniques described provide the ability to monitor the concurrent coaster brook trout rehabilitation efforts along Wisconsin's Lake Superior south shore, including the detection of hybridization between hatchery and native populations.
Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of Lake‐Migratory Brook Trout: A Perspective from Pristine Populations
Authors: Fraser Dylan J. , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReintroduction or rehabilitation plans for fish populations in many systems (e.g., lakes) are complicated by limited data on ecological and genetic characteristics before human disturbances occurred. While no two lakes have identical physical and biological characteristics, a growing body of empirical evidence nevertheless indicates that parallel patterns of population structuring may evolve within northern temperate fish species. Examining the population structuring in undisturbed lakes of similar physical and biological characteristics may thus provide insight into the probable historical extent and causes of both population structuring and connectivity in human‐impacted lakes. Here, we review research on the population structuring and evolution of migratory brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a relatively undisturbed, postglacial lake (Mistassini Lake, Quebec). We provide information on lake habitat use, the morphology and life history characteristics of populations, diets, lakewide genetic population structure, seasonal migration characteristics between spawning and feeding areas, population evolutionary histories, and the prevalence of lake spawning. The biology of Mistassini Lake brook trout has a compelling number of similarities with what is known about that of the “coaster” form in Lake Superior and lake‐migratory brook trout elsewhere. Our review also has several implications for the rehabilitation of coaster populations with respect to (1) clarifying the degree of natural connectivity between populations; (2) predicting the likelihood of recolonization of vacant habitats; (3) choosing candidate source populations for translocations; and more broadly, (4) understanding the spatial scale of probable local adaptation. Mistassini Lake therefore provides a useful case study that applies to lake‐migratory trout elsewhere. We hope that our research will stimulate managers and biologists working on similar systems with pronounced human disturbances to consider the interplay between ecology and evolution in future conservation efforts.
Habitat Use and Movement Patterns of Brook Trout in Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior
Authors: Mucha Jamie M. , Mackereth Robert W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBrook trout Salvelinus fontinalis are one of two salmonine species native to Lake Superior. Abundant and widely distributed a century ago, Lake Superior's brook trout (coasters) have been reduced to a few remnant stocks, probably as a result of exploitation and habitat loss. Twenty brook trout captured in Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior, were surgically implanted with radio transmitters and were located from June 1999 to October 2000. Brook trout locations were used to determine the characteristics of utilized lake habitat and to identify streams used for spawning and the spawning areas within them. These locations were also used to establish daily and seasonal movement patterns. A total of 638 locations were obtained during the tracking period, 483 occurring within Nipigon Bay and the remaining 155 within tributaries. Brook trout were located almost exclusively within the shallow nearshore areas of Nipigon Bay; 92% of the locations were less than 7 m deep and 94% were less than 400 m from shore. Brook trout occupied deeper areas with steeper shoreline slopes during July and August, when the water temperatures of shallow nearshore areas were at their highest. Following selected individuals for 24‐h periods revealed that brook trout often used deeper areas during daylight hours and moved to extremely shallow nearshore areas during the night. Radio‐tagged brook trout began ascending tributaries during late summer in both years of this study. The mean residency time for brook trout in tributaries was 46 d. Spawning occurred in early October, and most radio‐tagged brook trout returned to Lake Superior by mid‐October. Four different streams were used during the spawning period. Brook trout entering streams exhibited strong spawning site fidelity between years.
Migrations and Biological Characteristics of Adfluvial Coaster Brook Trout in a South Shore Lake Superior Tributary
Authors: Huckins Casey J. , Baker Edward A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe used fish traps and electrofishing surveys to characterize the biology, life history traits, and potential biotic interactors important to the rehabilitation of native, adfluvial coaster brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Lake Superior. This study focused on the Salmon Trout River, Michigan, which is the site of the last known remnant population of adfluvial brook trout on the south shore of Lake Superior. The brook trout captured in passive traps (weirs) in the river ranged from 56 to 554 mm in total length (TL) and from 0 (young of the year) to 6 years of age. This population displayed a protracted 5‐month migration into the river but one that included relatively few fish. Coaster brook trout in this population appear to initiate adfluvial migrations near age 3 and 300 mm TL. Relative weight values increased with fish length and therefore reproductive life stage, possibly indicating the shift from river to lake habitats. This population of coaster brook trout is small and subject to potential biotic interactions with exotic species and population limitation because of an active fishery in the lake and river. Migratory runs of brook trout coincided with large runs of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and the instream juvenile salmonid composition included proportionately high densities of coho salmon and rainbow trout O. mykiss. In addition, Floy tag return data indicated that exploitation of reproductive‐age Salmon Trout River coaster brook trout was at least 12% and may have been as high as 50% in the open waters of Lake Superior. A recent increase in the legal minimum length limit and reduction of the daily bag limit for recreational harvest may slow or reverse this trend.
Nearshore Habitat and Fish Community Associations of Coaster Brook Trout in Isle Royale, Lake Superior
Authors: Gorman Owen T. , Moore Seth A. , Carlson Andrew J. , Quinlan Henry R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe characterized the nearshore habitat and fish community composition of approximately 300 km of shoreline within and adjacent to the major embayments of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Sampling yielded 17 species, of which 12 were widespread and represented a common element of the Lake Superior fish community, including cisco Coregonus artedi, lake whitefish C. clupeaformis, round whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, lake chub Couesius plumbeus, longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus, white sucker C. commersonii, trout‐perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius, burbot Lota lota, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus. The presence of brook trout S. fontinalis in an embayment was associated with the common species of the Isle Royale nearshore fish community, particularly cisco, longnose sucker, and round whitefish. However, brook trout were present in only five embayments and were common only in Tobin Harbor. Most Isle Royale embayments had broadly overlapping ranges of nearshore habitats. Within embayments, fish were distributed along a habitat gradient from less‐protected rocky habitat near the mouth to highly protected habitat with mixed and finer substrates at the head. Embayments with brook trout had greater mean protection from the open lake, greater variation in depth, greater mean cover, and higher mean frequencies of large substrates (cobble, boulder, and bedrock). Within those embayments, brook trout were associated with habitat patches with higher mean frequencies of small substrates (particularly sand and coarse gravel). Within Tobin Harbor, brook trout were associated with midembayment habitat and species assemblages, especially those locations with a mixture of sand, gravel, and cobble substrates, an absence of bedrock, and the presence of round whitefish, white sucker, and trout‐perch. Comparison of embayments with the model, Tobin Harbor, showed that six embayments without brook trout had very similar arrays of habitat. However, four embayments with brook trout had relatively different arrays of habitat from Tobin Harbor. These results suggest that there is potential for further recovery of brook trout populations across Isle Royale nearshore habitats.
The CYP19 TTTA Repeat Polymorphism Is Related to the Prognosis of Premenopausal Stage I–II and Operable Stage III Breast Cancers
Authors: Huang Chiun-Sheng , Kuo Sung-Hsin , Lien Huang-Chun , Yang Shi-Yi , You San-Lin , Shen Chen-Yang , Lin Ching-Hung , Lu Yen-Sen , Chang King-Jeng 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Describe why premenopausal women with the long allele of the CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism have a greater survival rate and may not gain benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.Assess whether we need to revisit the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk premenopausal patients with the long allele of the CYP19 polymorphism.Explain why further validation in a randomized study with a large sample size is needed to determine whether the CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism can serve as a predictor in hormone receptor–positive premenopausal patients.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Purpose.
Given the critical role of the CYP19 gene, encoding aromatase, in estrogen synthesis and the association of the estrogen level with its TTTA repeat polymorphism, the potential influence of this polymorphism on breast cancer survival, and hence management, deserves further study.

Methods.
Genotyping for the CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism was performed on 482 stage I–II and operable stage III Taiwanese breast cancer patients. Patients with more than seven TTTA repeats in either allele of CYP19 were defined as having the long allele. We correlated clinical variables and CYP19 genotypic polymorphism with outcome.

Results.
In hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancers, premenopausal patients with the long allele of the CYP19 polymorphism had a significantly higher overall survival (OS) rate (8-year, 89% versus 68%; p = .003) than those without it. This difference was further demonstrated by a multivariate analysis (OS hazard ratio, 1.53; p = .041). In postmenopausal women or patients with HR-negative breast cancer, there was no significant difference in OS between patients with or without the long allele. In premenopausal women with HR-positive cancers, adequate intensity adjuvant chemotherapy did not achieve a greater OS rate than suboptimal chemotherapy in patients with the long allele, but it resulted in a significantly higher OS rate (p = .011) than suboptimal chemotherapy in women without the long allele.

Conclusions.
The CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism is associated with survival in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women, with HR-positive breast cancers. Premenopausal women with the long allele have a greater survival rate and may not gain benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Gemcitabine Pulmonary Toxicity in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ko Emily , Lee Susanna , Goodman Annekathryn 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Describe the role of gemcitabine in the management of recurrent ovarian cancer.Evaluate the signs and symptoms of gemcitabine pulmonary toxicity.Engage in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and intervention of gemcitabine pulmonary toxicity.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit atCME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
A case of gemcitabine-induced lung toxicity is reported in a woman with stage IIIc ovarian papillary serous carcinoma.

Case.
An 83-year-old woman with stage IIIc ovarian serous papillary carcinoma diagnosed in 2001 underwent suboptimal cytoreductive surgery followed by carboplatin–paclitaxel chemotherapy. Initially in remission following chemotherapy, the disease subsequently progressed over the next 5 years. The patient received gemcitabine palliative chemotherapy. She developed significant pulmonary toxicity consistent with drug-induced interstitial pneumonitis, which improved with steroid therapy.

Conclusion.
Gemcitabine, a second-line chemotherapy agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer, may rarely cause a serious or even fatal condition of pulmonary lung toxicity.