bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibrated automated thrombin generation in normal uncomplicated pregnancy
Authors: Rosenkranz Andrea , Hiden Michael , Leschnik Bettina , Eva-Christine Weiss , Schlembach Dietmar , Lang Uwe , Gallistl Siegfried , Muntean Wolfgang 
Published: January 2008

SummaryPregnancy is associated with substantial changes in the haemostatic system and a six-fold higher incidence of venous thromboembolism. Conventional global tests, such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, do not definitely detect this hypercoagulable condition. We investigated whether the changes in haemostatic system during pregnancy are reflected in the calibrated automated thrombography (CAT). Thrombin generation was measured in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) of 150 healthy pregnant women without any pregnancy associated diseases by means of CAT. In addition, prothrombin (FII), antithrombin (AT), protein S, protein C, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2) were measured. Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak of thrombin generation increased significantly with gestational weeks, while lag time and time to peak remained unchanged. A significant increase of PAI-1,TFPI,F1+2 and TAT as well as a significant decrease of free protein S, protein S antigen, and protein S activity was observed. Levels of AT and protein C remained stable during pregnancy. Division of population in trimester of pregnancy and analysis of differences between the trimesters showed rather similar results. Our study shows that endogenous thrombin potential does increase with duration of normal uncomplicated pregnancy. Whether parameters of continuous thrombin generation will correlate with thrombembolic disease remains to be shown.
Effect of raloxifene therapy on venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis
Authors: Adomaityte Jurga , Farooq Maria , Qayyum Rehan 
Published: January 2008

SummaryRaloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is indicated for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, its effect on the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is unclear. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on these outcomes. To identify randomized controlled trials of raloxifene, a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Collaboration databases was performed from the date of inception of these databases to October 2007. Search was limited to trials that were published in peer-reviewed English-language medical journals. Articles were included in the meta-analysis if they had reported on DVT, PE, or thromboembolic events. Nine trials, including 24,523 postmenopausal women, (median age 59.4 years, range 55 to 67 years; median follow-up 24 months, range 3 to 67 months) met inclusion criteria. Therapy with raloxifene was associated with a 62% increase in odds of either DVT or PE (odds ratio = 1.62; 95% confidence interval = 1.25 to 2.09; p-value < 0.001). Similarly, raloxifene therapy was associated with 54% increase in odds of DVT (odds ratio = 1.54; 95% confidence interval = 1.13 to 2.11; p-value = 0.006) and 91% increase in odds of PE alone (odds ratio = 1.91;95% confidence interval = 1.05 to 3.47; p-value = 0.03). Raloxifene increases the risk of DVT and PE in postmenopausal women.
Deconstructing Reappraisal: Descriptions Preceding Arousing Pictures Modulate the Subsequent Neural Response
Authors: Foti Dan , Hajcak Greg 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The late positive potential (LPP) is a sustained positive deflection in the event-related potential that is larger following the presentation of emotional compared to neutral visual stimuli. Recent studies have indicated that the magnitude of the LPP is sensitive to emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal, which involves generating an alternate interpretation of emotional stimuli so that they are less negative. It is unclear, however, whether reappraisal-related reductions in the LPP reflect reduced emotional processing or increased cognitive demands following reappraisal instructions. In the present study, we sought to examine whether a more or less negative description preceding the presentation of unpleasant images would similarly modulate the LPP. The LPP was recorded from 26 subjects as they viewed unpleasant and neutral International Affective Picture System images. All participants heard a brief description of the upcoming picture; prior to unpleasant images, this description was either more neutral or more negative. Following the more neutral description, the magnitude of the LPP, unpleasant ratings, and arousal ratings were all reliably reduced. These results indicate that changes in narrative are sufficient to modulate the electrocortical response to the initial viewing of emotional pictures, and are discussed in terms of recent studies on reappraisal and emotion regulation.
Response Inhibition and Response Selection: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Authors: Mostofsky Stewart H. , Simmonds Daniel J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Response inhibition refers to the suppression of actions that are inappropriate in a given context and that interfere with goal-driven behavior. Studies using a range of methodological approaches have implicated executive control processes mediated by frontal-subcortical circuits as being critical to response inhibition; however, localization within the frontal lobe has been inconsistent. In this review, we present evidence from behavioral, lesion, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and neurological population studies. The findings lay the foundation for a construct in which response inhibition is akin to response selection, such that pre-SMA circuits are critical to selection of appropriate behavior, including both selecting to engage appropriate motor responses and selecting to withhold (inhibit) inappropriate motor responses. Recruitment of additional prefrontal and posterior cortical circuits, necessary to guide response selection, varies depending on the cognitive and behavioral demands of the task.
The Search for the Phonological Store: From Loop to Convolution
Authors: Buchsbaum Bradley R. , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The phonological loop system of Baddeley and colleagues' Working Memory model is a major accomplishment of the modern era of cognitive psychology. It was one of the first information processing models to make an explicit attempt to accommodate both traditional behavioral data and the results of neuropsychological case studies in an integrated theoretical framework. In the early and middle 1990s, the purview of the phonological loop was expanded to include the emerging field of functional brain imaging. The modular and componential structure of the phonological loop seemed to disclose a structure that might well be transcribed, intact, onto the convolutions of the brain. It was the phonological store component, however, with its simple and modular quality, that most appealed to the neuroimaging field as the psychological “box” that might most plausibly be located in the brain. Functional neuroimaging studies initially designated regions in the parietal cortex as constituting the “neural correlate” of the phonological store, whereas later studies pointed to regions in the posterior temporal cortex. In this review, however, we argue the phonological store as a theoretical construct does not precisely correspond to a single, functionally discrete, brain region. Rather, converging evidence from neurology, cognitive psychology, and functional neuroimaging argue for a reconceptualization of phonological short-term memory as emerging from the integrated action of the neural processes that underlie the perception and production of speech.
The Temporal Features of Self-referential Processing Evoked by Chinese Handwriting
Authors: Chen Antao , Weng Xuchu , Yuan Jiajin , Lei Xu , Qiu Jiang , Yao Dezhong , Li Hong 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
To explore the temporal features and underlying brain structures of self-referential processing, participants were shown examples of Chinese handwriting, half of which were their own and the other half belonged to others, and asked to judge whether the handwriting was their own. In Experiment 1, the task was to categorize the handwriting by pressing the correct key as quickly as possible. In Experiment 2, after the participants recognized the stimuli, they were required to gaze at the handwriting for 3000 msec before making a response rather than responding immediately after stimulus onset. The results showed prominent differences in event-related potentials elicited by own and other handwriting conditions in the 200–500 msec and 1000–2000 msec time windows. Dipole analyses of the difference waves, own minus other, were conducted in both of these time windows. There were two dipoles in the 200–500 msec time window localized to the medial-temporal lobe and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and MTL activation preceded ACC activation. Only one dipole at the posterior cingulate cortex was fitted to the 1000–2000 msec time window. These structures were activated sequentially in a temporal course, which provides evidence that the cortex middle structures potentially form a specific self-related processing unit, which is involved in processing various aspects of the self.
Intracranially Recorded Memory-related Potentials Reveal Higher Posterior than Anterior Hippocampal Involvement in Verbal Encoding and Retrieval
Authors: Ludowig Eva , Trautner Peter , Kurthen Martin , Schaller Carlo , Bien Christian G. , Elger Christian E. , Rosburg Timm 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The human hippocampus is essential for both encoding and recollection, but it remains controversial whether there is a functionally different involvement of anterior versus posterior parts of the hippocampus in these memory processes. In the present study, we examined encoding and retrieval processes via intrahippocampal recordings in 27 patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Multicontact depth electrodes were implanted along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus as part of the presurgical evaluation. In a continuous word recognition test, subjects had to indicate whether words were new or already presented. Recognized old words, as compared to new words, resulted in a larger P600 component, as well as in a larger late negative component (LNC, 600–900 msec). In addition, subsequently remembered words elicited a larger positivity (400 to 900 msec) than later forgotten words. We found differences concerning the distribution along the hippocampus for the LNC old-new effect, reflecting successful retrieval, as well as for the subsequent memory effect, reflecting successful encoding. Both effects were larger the further posterior an electrode was located in the hippocampus. Findings are suggestive for a predominant posterior hippocampal involvement in both verbal encoding and retrieval.
The Representation of Parts and Wholes in Face-selective Cortex
Authors: Harris Alison , Aguirre Geoffrey Karl 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Although face perception is often characterized as depending on holistic, rather than part-based, processing, there is behavioral evidence for independent representations of face parts. Recent work has linked “face-selective” regions defined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to holistic processing, but the response of these areas to face parts remains unclear. Here we examine part-based versus holistic processing in “face-selective” visual areas using face stimuli manipulated in binocular disparity to appear either behind or in front of a set of stripes [Nakayama, K., Shimojo, S., & Silverman, G. H. Stereoscopic depth: Its relation to image segmentation, grouping, and the recognition of occluded objects. Perception, 18, 55–68, 1989]. While the first case will be “filled in” by the visual system and perceived holistically, we demonstrate behaviorally that the latter cannot be completed amodally, and thus is perceived as parts. Using these stimuli in fMRI, we found significant responses to both depth manipulations in inferior occipital gyrus and middle fusiform gyrus (MFG) “face-selective” regions, suggesting that neural populations in these areas encode both parts and wholes. In comparison, applying these depth manipulations to control stimuli (alphanumeric characters) elicited much smaller signal changes within face-selective regions, indicating that the part-based representation for faces is separate from that for objects. The combined adaptation data also showed an interaction of depth and familiarity within the right MFG, with greater adaptation in the back (holistic) condition relative to parts for familiar but not unfamiliar faces. Together, these data indicate that face-selective regions of occipito-temporal cortex engage in both part-based and holistic processing. The relative recruitment of such representations may be additionally influenced by external factors such as familiarity.
Event-related Potential Evidence on the Influence of Accentuation in Spoken Discourse Comprehension in Chinese
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Hagoort Peter , Yang Yufang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn an event-related potential experiment with Chinese discourses as material, we investigated how and when accentuation influences spoken discourse comprehension in relation to the different information states of the critical words. These words could either provide new or old information. It was shown that variation of accentuation influenced the amplitude of the N400, with a larger amplitude for accented than for deaccented words. In addition, there was an interaction between accentuation and information state. The N400 amplitude difference between accented and deaccented new information was smaller than that between accented and deaccented old information. The results demonstrate that, during spoken discourse comprehension, listeners rapidly extract the semantic consequences of accentuation in relation to the previous discourse context. Moreover, our results show that the N400 amplitude can be larger for correct (new, accented words) than incorrect (new, deaccented words) information. This, we argue, proves that the N400 does not react to semantic anomaly per se, but rather to semantic integration load, which is higher for new information.
Effects of Right Parietal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Object Identification and Orientation Judgments
Authors: Harris Irina M. , Benito Claire T. , Ruzzoli Manuela , Miniussi Carlo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We investigated the role played by the right parietal lobe in object identification and the ability to interpret object orientation, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to momentarily interfere with ongoing cortical activity. Short trains of TMS pulses (12 Hz) were applied to a site overlying the right intraparietal sulcus/inferior parietal lobe while subjects performed either object identification tasks (i.e., picture-word verification and categorizing objects as natural or manufactured) or object orientation judgment tasks (i.e., picture-arrow verification and deciding whether an object was rotated clockwise or counterclockwise). Across different tasks, right parietal TMS impaired orientation judgments, but facilitated object identification, compared to TMS applied to a brain vertex control site. These complementary findings demonstrate that the right parietal lobe—a region belonging to the dorsal visual stream—is critical for processing the spatial attributes of objects, but not their identity. The observed improvement in object recognition, however, suggests an indirect role for the right parietal lobe in object recognition. We propose that this involves the creation of a spatial reference frame for the object, which allows interaction with the object and the individuation of specific viewing instances.
Deregulation and the New Leader Agenda: Outcomes and Lessons from Michigan
Authors: Smith BetsAnn 
Published: January 2008

Purpose: This research examined whether the removal of certification and other requirements led to larger or more diverse applicant pools for superintendent positions in Michigan. Michigan has not had any degree or certification requirements for educational administrators for many years and provided an empirical test of whether deregulation draws new talent into the field. Research Design, Methods: The research was designed as a state-level case study employing quantitative and qualitative methods to develop descriptive findings and analytic interpretations. Data Collection and Analysis: Data on superintendent search processes and applicant pools between 1996 and 2005 were collected. Sources of data included superintendent search files and semistructured interviews with search consultants, private sector recruiters, out-of-field superintendent candidates, professional association leaders, and other actors. Findings: Removing certification and other requirements did not attract new talent into the field, did not stimulate new search systems, and did not generate interest among schools boards, their constituents, or other external agents. Over the 9-year period studied, superintendent applicant pools in Michigan underwent the same troubling trends in applicant pools and turnover as the nation overall. Implications: No cavalry of talented executives lurks behind a wall of certification waiting to spread its talents to the nation's districts. Absent significant changes to a web of social, economic, and institutional factors, the likelihood that deregulation policies will affect educational leadership and school organizations is very low.
Comparative analysis of oxygen uptake in elderly subjects performing two walk tests: the six-minute walk test and the 200-m fast walk test
Authors: Gremeaux Vincent , Iskandar Marwan , Kervio Gaëlle , Deley Gaëlle , Pérénnou Dominic , Casillas Jean-Marie 
Published: January 2008

Objective: A novel walk test is proposed to assess the ability of elderly subjects to sustain a submaximal effort in ecological surroundings. Vo2 uptake during this test was compared with that of a six-minute walk test and maximal exercise test. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Rehabilitation department, Dijon University Hospital. Subjects: Thirty-one subjects, aged from 70 to 85 years, free from any chronic disease. Intervention: Three tests to assess physical capacities: the 200-m fast walk test (200 mFWT), the six-minute walk test (6 MWT) at self-paced speed, and one maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test on an ergocycle. Main measures: Distance walked on the 6 MWT, time to perform the 200 mFWT. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (Vo2) were measured for each test. Results: All subjects successfully completed the two walk tests without any complaints. They walked more quickly during the 200 mFWT than during the 6 MWT (mean (SD) speed respectively 1.60 (0.17) versus 1.23 (0.16) m/s, P<0.001). Compared with the maximal exercise test, the relative intensity was much higher during the 200 mFWT than during the 6 MWT (mean (SD) Vo2 uptake 86.8 (8.9)% versus 67.4 (10.7)% of peak Vo2, mean (SD) HR 89.9 (9.4) versus 76.2 (0.8)% of peak HR; P<0.001). Conclusion: In healthy elderly subjects, the 200 mFWT requires a more sustained effort than the 6 MWT. This test is simple, ecological and well tolerated. In addition to the 6 MWT, the 200 mFWT could be a useful tool to build up and evaluate training or rehabilitation programmes, especially when interval training is planned
Appetitive overshadowing is disrupted by systemic amphetamine but not by electrolytic lesions to the nucleus accumbens shell
Authors: Horsley RR , Moran PM , Cassaday HJ 
Published: January 2008

There is evidence that the indirect dopamine (DA) agonist amphetamine (AMP) can disrupt selective learning in an aversive overshadowing task, consistent with a role for the DA system in this form of salience manipulation. In the following experiments we assessed in the male Wistar rat: (1) whether amphetamine disruption of overshadowing extends to an appetitively motivated overshadowing task; and (2) whether selective electrolytic lesions to the n.acc (shell versus core subfields) disrupt appetitively motivated overshadowing. The experiments used sucrose reward pellets as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). In each case, a conditioned stimulus (CS, light) was either conditioned alone or in compound together with a more intense CS (noise or tone). The presence of overshadowing was demonstrated as reduced conditioning to the light when it had been previously conditioned in compound compared to when it had been conditioned alone. It was predicted that AMP and lesions to the n.acc shell would disrupt overshadowing. AMP was found to abolish overshadowing at 0.5 mg/kg, but not at 1 mg/kg. Contrary to prediction, the shell lesioned animals did not differ from shams. The results of Experiment 1 add to the evidence that the DA system can moderate salience processing of weaker predictors, also in cases where CS salience is manipulated directly via the physical intensities of the stimuli, as here. However, in terms of the brain structures involved, Experiment 2 suggests that, overshadowing is moderated by projections of the DA system without n.acc.
Natural history of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tremlett Helen , Yinshan Zhao  , Devonshire Virginia 
Published: January 2008

Objective To examine prognosis and risk factors for progression to and from secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS).Methods Patients with definite relapsing—remitting MS (RRMS), onset before July 1988, attending a British—Columbian MS clinic before July 1998, and at least one Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were selected from the population-based database. Time to SPMS (from onset and birth) and the subsequent time to EDSS 8 were examined, as were potential risk factors.Results In all, 2484/2837 (87.6%) were relapsing—remitting (RR) at onset, with 1445/2484 (58.2%) reaching SPMS, taking a median 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.2—19.7). Those younger at onset took longer to reach SPMS ( P < 0.0005), but did so at a younger age ( P < 0.0005). Males reached SPMS more rapidly from onset and at a younger age ( P < 0.0005), but were around the same age as females at EDSS 8 ( P = 0.975). Characteristics at SPMS onset associated with a longer time from SPMS to EDSS 8 and an older age at EDSS 8 were: longer disease duration ( P < 0.02), older age ( P < 0.01) and lower EDSS ( P < 0.0005). Onset symptoms had little influence on time to SPMS or subsequent progression.Conclusions The RR phase lasted on average almost two decades, being shorter for males and those older at onset of MS. However, neither were necessarily unfavorable predictors as those older at onset were typically older at SPMS and eventually males and females reached EDSS 8 at around the same age. A longer RR phase was a favorable predictor of disease progression in SPMS. Furthermore, reaching SPMS at an older age or lower EDSS did not necessarily confer a worse outcome. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 314—324. http://msj.sagepub.com