bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple alleles encoding a virus‐like particle protein in the ichneumonid endoparasitoid Venturia canescens
Authors: Hellers M. , Beck M. , Theopoid U. , Kamei M. , Schmidt O. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHymenopteran endoparasitoids produce nuclear secretions from ovarian glands, which are deposited into the host insect together with the egg, protecting the developing parasitoid against the host's defence reactions. In the ichneumonid Venturia canescens, virus‐like particies (VLPs), are attached to the egg surface and provide passive protection against encapsulation by the host. One of the four major particle proteins (p40) is expressed not only in the calyx gland but also in tissues that are not involved in particle production. The p40 coding DNA from V. canescens was cloned and sequenced. Within the coding DNA a tandem repeat sequence, coding for a putative proteolytic cleavage site of the PEST type, is rearranged in a significant portion of the wasp population. A corresponding polymorphism was also detected in the protein. The amino‐terminal region of the deduced protein contains a putative type II transmembrane domain. The carboxy‐terminal region shows similarity to the phosphoiipid hydroxyperoxide giutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) of vertebrates. A peroxidase function of the p40, although not ruled out, Is unlikely due to the absence of a reactive centre which is typical for many vertebrate peroxidases. The overall conservation of the hydropathic region is discussed in the context of the formation of the viral envelope and its possible function In the Immune protection.
Structure of the Bombyx sorbitol dehydrogenase gene: a possible alternative use of the promoter
Authors: Niimi T. , Yamaahlta O. , Yaginuma T. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn an Initial effort to understand the molecular mechanism of how low temperature induces sorbitol dehydrogenase gene expression in diapause eggs of the silkworm, the sorbitol dehydrogenase gene was isolafed from a Bombyx genomic library using a cDNA encoding the Bombyx homologue of mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase as a probe. The gene extended for about 10 kb, consisting of eight exons and seven introns. Four TATA motifs were found In the 5′ upstream region of the gene, without CCAAT. AATTAA, instead of AATAAA, was localized in the upstream region of the polyadenylation site. Although a single copy of this gene was present per haploid genome, 1.2 kb and 1.1 kb transcripts were found from yolk cells in diapause eggs and from larval fat‐body cells, respectively. The two major transcription initiation sites corresponding to both transcripts were localized at 355 and 226 base pairs upstream from the translation start she, indicating an alternative use of promoter. The 5′‐upstream region of the gene contained a consensus sequence, TGA(A/T)AA(A/GIT), that has been found in insect genes expressed mainly in larval and pupal fat bodies. It also contained three kinds of sequences similar to cis‐elements recognized by members of the steroid receptor superfamily, such as chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP‐TF)/Drosophila Seven up (SVP), Drosophila hormone receptor 39 (DHR39) and Bombyx fushi tarazu transcriptional factor 1 (BmFTZ‐F1).
Mitochondrial COI sequences in mites: evidence for variations in base composition
Authors: Navajas M. , Fournier D. , Lagnel J. , Gutlerrez J. , Boursot P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractStudies of mitochondrial DNA sequences in a variety of animals have shown important differences between phyla, including differences in the genetic codes used, and varying constraints on base composition. In that respect, little is known of mites, an important and diversified group. We sequenced a portion (340 nt) of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) encoding gene in twenty species of phytophagous mites belonging to nine genera of the two families Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae. The mitochondrial genetic code used in mites appeared to be the same as in insects. As is generally also the case in insects, the mite sequences were very rich in A + T (75% on average), especially at the third codon position (94%). However, important variations of base composition were observed among mite species, one of them showing as little as 69% A + T. Variations of base composition occur mostly through synonymous transitions, and do not have detectable effects on polypeptide evolution in this group.
An action research investigation into the feasibility of experienced registered sick children's nurses (RSCNs) becoming children's emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs)
Authors: JONES SUE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs) formally developed in accident and emergency (A & E) departments as a direct response to waiting times for the walking wounded, the need to reduce junior doctors hours and changes in nursing practice.
ENPs existed informally for many years in minor injuries units and specialist ophthalmic departments.
This study aimed to examine whether or not the role of ENP could be applied to the specialist service of a paediatric casualty department.
The results showed that 3% of patients could be seen and treated to conclusion by a children's ENP, and some patients could have their care accelerated by a children's ENP.
The introduction of children's ENPs would have an impact on waiting times, junior doctors work‐load and the quality of patient care.
Eating despite severe difficulties: assessment of poststroke eating
Authors: JACOBSSON CATRINE , AXELSSON KARIN , WENNGREN BRITT‐INGER , NORBERG ASTRID 
Published: December 2007

Summary

A programme for the assessment and nursing diagnoses of eating difficulties among stroke patients was tested. The patients' experiences regarding eating were expressed in interviews and dialogues. Eating was observed during both a test meal and regular meals.
The assessments included the prerequisites for eating as well as oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal functions.
General and specific nursing diagnoses as well as life consequences (handicap) were established, based on assessment of disabilities and impairments, and interviewing the patients and their families, respectively. The general nursing diagnoses were formulated on admission after the test meal and these were reformulated to form specific nursing diagnoses after assessments of the functions.
The programme presented proved to be useful in clinical practice. It is emphasized that many assessments must be co‐ordinated for each individual.
Clinical practice development and research activities in four district health authorities
Authors: KITSON ALISON , CURRIE LYNNE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This review is based on findings from a postal survey undertaken between March and September 1993 to elicit information from nurses in four district health authorities regarding development and research activity in which they were involved.
The objectives of the review were to obtain baseline information on the extent, variety and scope of work being carried out, to provide staff with a mechanism for networking good practice and to identify any areas of replication.
A snowball sampling technique was used to obtain information from nursing personnel. A total of 141 responses were received out of which 4% (n= 5) reported no activity. Response rates varied between organizations and specialist groups but were similar in terms of the number of small‐scale clinical practice developments undertaken without identified support or supervision.
Fifty‐five per cent (n= 75) of the reported developments related to the organization and management of services while 11% (n= 15) focused on consumer‐related issues. Few studies identified dissemination strategies and there was generally a lack of clarity over expected benefits of the study in terms of measurable outcomes to the organization, nursing staff or patients. Funding for clinical practice development and research in nursing was found to be very sparse; the reasons for this were not identified.
Overall the review confirmed statements from other sources (DoH, 1993a,b) that nursing development and research tends to be small scale and unsupported with nursing staff trying hard to implement research findings or be innovative in their practice without the necessary expertise and support. Such findings have implications for the current drive to implement research into practice.
The supervision of Project 2000 students in the clinical setting: issues and implications for practitioners
Authors: TWINN SHEILA , DAVIES SUSAN 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The aim of this 2‐year study funded by the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting was to examine the relationship between teaching, support, supervision and role modelling in student clinical learning within the context of Project 2000 courses.
The research, using a two‐stage case‐study design, employing predominantly qualitative methods of data collection, investigated the perceptions of students, tutors and practitioners of their experiences of these processes in the clinical setting.
This paper focuses on the findings obtained from the practitioner data, highlighting not only the significant role played by practitioners in facilitating student learning, but also the implications for practitioners in undertaking this role.
The preparation required for supervising clinical learning, the integration of theory and practice and the organization of patient care have been identified as particularly important to the development of effective clinical learning environments.
Introducing primary nursing: nurses' opinions
Authors: WEBB CHRISTINE , PONTIN DAVID 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This article reports on one aspect of a research project carried out to monitor and evaluate the introduction of primary nursing on four demonstration wards in one health authority.
Nursing staff working on the wards were interviewed to identify how the changes were affecting them and their work.
Stress questionnaires were also completed by a sample of nurses on the wards.
Responsibility and communication — key concepts emerging from the data — are discussed and related to the literature on primary nursing.
A study of the efficacy of dressings in preventing infections of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter exit sites
Authors: NAYLOR MARGARET , ROE BRENDA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This paper describes a preliminary investigation into the efficacy of dressings in preventing catheter exit site infections in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). It has been carried out in the form of a pilot study.
The background to the study is described and the literature is reviewed. This revealed that it is an important field of research.
Exit site infections are the main cause of morbidity and treatment failure in CAPD patients.
The rationale for carrying the study out, the findings and the implications for further study are reported and discussed.
There is little guidance in current literature for clinicians on the prevention of catheter exit site infection. Patients are difficult to recruit to research studies. Practising nurses need training and careful management as data collectors.
A review of educational issues in resuscitation training
Authors: COOPER SIMON , LIBBY JUDY 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This paper considers a number of concerns about resuscitation training.
Poor retention of skills and the factors which affect understanding and memory, as well as the need for a positive attitude towards resuscitation, are discussed.
Some specific points are made on how these, as well as the trainer's ability to teach resuscitation, can be improved.
The use of a ward‐based educational teaching package to enhance nurses' compliance with infection control procedures
Authors: GOULD DINAH , CHAMBERLAIN ANGELA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Obtaining study leave is becoming difficult for clinical nurses in the current economic climate, but the need to develop new clinical skills and to maintain existing good practice remains of prime importance to patient care and will become mandatory with the advent of post‐registration education and practice (PREP) in the UK.
The ward is widely acknowledged as the best venue for learning clinical skills by nurse educationalists and for many nurses is the preferred learning environment.
The feasibility of using a ward‐based teaching package to enhance nurses' compliance with key infection control precautions (hand decontamination, the use of gloves and the safe handling and disposal of sharp instruments) was tested in a quasi‐experimental research study conducted on matched surgical wards in a teaching hospital, controlling for variables likely to influence performance (knowledge, availability of resources to perform infection control, previous opportunity to develop infection control expertise and nursing workload). Nurses on two wards received the intervention (experimental group). The remaining wards, which received no intervention, operated as controls.
The ward‐based sessions consisted of a carefully planned sequence of theory and practical demonstration delivered to qualified nurses in the clinical environment at convenient times selected by the ward managers. Performance of infection control precautions was audited before the intervention and 3 months afterwards.
The sessions were well evaluated and the clinical environment was considered suitable for teaching by the nurses, but heavy and unpredictable workload prevented the teaching programme from being implemented as planned. The analysis of covariance failed to detect any changes in performance between nurses in the control and experimental groups.
The implications of the study findings are discussed to help develop creative new ways of strengthening ward‐based educational programmes.
The quality and management of written information presented to women undergoing hysterectomy
Authors: SCRIVEN ANGELA , TUCKER CHRISTINE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

A study of a random sample of hospitals in England that provide information leaflets for women undergoing hysterectomy indicates a large variation in quality.
In general, the findings reveal that written information for patients is given a relatively low priority.
Production and dissemination of information for hysterectomy patients is somewhat ad hoc.
It is not clear that any evaluation of the leaflets has been conducted to prove the efficacy of the available literature.
While the majority of leaflets include information deemed essential by past hysterectomy patients, the presentation of the recovery process often implies no control for the patient, and conceives normality with a narrow perspective about what healthy behaviour means for women. The provision of a specific timetable for resumption of housework duties in 65% of the leaflets is a case in point.
On the basis of the results of the survey, recommendations are made concerning the improvement of the standard of patient information leaflets.
Patient anxiety in the accident and emergency department
Authors: BYRNE GERALDINE , HEYMAN ROBERT 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Structured interviews were carried out with a sample of 96 patients to identify the sources of anxiety for patients in the accident and emergency (A & E) department.
Only two patients reported that they were not at all anxious about any aspect of being in A & E. The average number of anxieties reported was 69.
The most frequently reported anxieties were ‘not being able to carry on your usual activities’, ‘not knowing what will happen to you in the department’, ‘having to undergo an uncomfortable procedure’, ‘feeling pain’ and ‘not knowing what is wrong’.
The findings indicate that patients were as concerned with psychological and social aspects associated with admission as they were about psysical factors.
The authors suggest that it is essential for nurses in A & E to assess patients holistically and consider their psychological state and social circumstances as well as their physical condition. There is also a need for closer links to be developed between accident and emergency departments and other community health agencies and for more emphasis to be placed on referral to other bodies.
Implementation of clinical supervision in a medical department: nurses' views of the effects
Authors: BÉGAT INGRID B. E. , SEVERINSSON ELISABETH I. , BERGGREN INGELA B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate nurses' views of the effects of clinical supervision in terms of its influence over their working situation, as well as their satisfaction with their working milieu.
The nurses who took part in an education programme and a clinical supervision programme worked on two wards in a medical clinic.
Nurses answered a questionnaire measuring the psychosocial environment.
Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics.
Results showed that the nurses felt more confirmed in their work and more satisfied with the information given after 9 months of clinical supervision.
Results point to the need for further investigations concerning clinical supervision as a method of achieving job satisfaction among nurses.
Spousal caregiving in the institutional setting: visiting
Authors: ROSS MARGARET M. , ROSENTHAL CAROLYN J. , DAWSON PAMELA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The purpose of this study was to investigate the visiting experience of wives whose husbands had been admitted to a long‐term care institution.
The study employed a longitudinal and prospective design and combined qualitative and quantitative approaches.
The data were drawn from a larger study designed to explore the transition to quasi‐widowhood.
This article reports on one aspect of spousal caregiving following the admission of a husband to a long‐term care setting, i.e. visiting.
In this study, wives visited frequently. Their reasons for visiting included love and devotion, duty and obligation, the monitoring of husbands' well‐being and the provision of assistance to both husbands and staff. They engaged in task performance and social interaction during visiting. Their feelings of satisfaction and enjoyment with visiting were associated with their husbands' well‐being and feeling useful.
Over the 9‐month period of the study, two patterns of visiting and involvement emerged that were associated with different outcomes related to depression, morale and satisfaction with institutional dimensions of care.
The role of research in setting priorities for health care*
Authors: Lohr Kathleen N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResearch of all types plays a fundamental role in setting health care priorities, in part by informing the development of robust clinical practice guidelines. Today's investments in research may make tomorrow's choices about who gets what kinds of care easier, not more difficult. The converse also holds: today's investments in providing care, if made at the significant expense of research, will not make tomorrow's choices about care any easier. In making choices and balancing priorities, the centrality of health services research must be understood. The information necessary to make the hard choices about priorities in health care today may be generated as much, if not more, from investments in this field of inquiry as from equivalent investments in other arenas of scientific endeavour, because of the growing need for information about the effectiveness of health care services for use both in improving the quality of health care and in making better use of health resources.
The language of quality
Authors: Loughlin Michael 
Published: December 2007

AbstractManagement theorists have developed a language which, they claim, can be used to evaluate many diverse practices, including practices in health care. This language embodies conceptualizations of practice and an approach to evaluation which treat the concept of quality as foundational and which have links with free market ideology. Despite an extensive literature which attempts to apply this language to various areas of life, its fundamental conceptual assumptions remain largely unexamined. Without adequate philosophical arguments in support of these assumptions, the value of this language and the validity of the approach to practice that it embodies are unproven. Its imposition in the absence of such arguments therefore represents a form of intellectual imperialism. To understand and develop adequate responses to this situation, it is necessary to look at the broad political picture which affects the nature of debates in specific areas of practice, such as the health service, and to question the dominant paradigm governing practical debate in contemporary society.
Qualitative research in health care: I. The scope and validity of methods
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ray , Boulton Mary 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIt is increasingly argued that qualitative approaches have an important role in health care research. A wide range of methods are used to collect qualitative data, including in‐depth interviews, focus groups and observational methods such as participant observation. The reliability and validity of qualitative studies can be addressed by a variety of techniques. Although there is less consensus about appropriate methods of analysing qualitative data, such analyses tend to be grounded in the data, and involve iterative procedures and the development and refinement of typologies, analogies and other forms of concept to make sense of data.
The future of clinical research: from megatrials towards methodological rigour and representative sampling
Authors: Charlton Bruce G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA powerful impetus behind the rise of the ‘megatrial’ (a large, simple, usually multi‐centred randomized controlled trial analysed by ‘intention to treat’) has been the desire for ever‐increasing precision in the measurement of therapeutic effectiveness. However, the demand for precision has been allowed to override other and more important methodological considerations. Megatrials have progressively abandoned the pursuit of scientifically rigorous experimentation, valid measurement and optimal epidemiological sampling in favour of recruiting and processing large numbers of subjects. This is a mistaken strategy which leads inevitably to error, because investigators are seeking a primarily statistical, rather than clinically or scientifically relevant, notion of exactness. We are now in a position to describe a clinical research strategy which offers many advantages over a megatrial‐led approach. Research should be planned with an awareness that the validity and applicability of estimates is more important than their numerical precision, and that this requires both an unselected denominator population database of all incident cases, and maximally controlled randomized trials and other studies. The Population‐Adjusted Clinical Epidemiology (PACE) strategy is suggested as exemplifying the twin principles of clinically useful research: rigorous science and representative epidemiology.