bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Ingress during Corrosion
Authors: Pound Bruce 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Hydrogen Evolution

General Mechanisms

Reaction Kinetics

Hydrogen Absorption

Mechanisms

Promoters of Hydrogen Entry

Inhibitors of Hydrogen Entry

Solubility of Hydrogen

Hydrogen Diffusion

Diffusion Kinetics

Hydrogen Trapping

Hydrogen Antitrapping

Methods to Study Trapping

Electrochemical Techniques

Permeation Techniques

Potentiostatic Charging

Galvanostatic Charging

Time‐dependent Entry Kinetics

Effect of Trapping

Pulse Techniques

Potentiostatic Pulse

Galvanostatic Pulse

Triangular Pulse

Potentiometric Techniques

Alternating Current Technique

Surface Effects of the Metal and Films

Diffusion Control

Experimental Issues

Selected Metals

Palladium

Iron and Steel

Nickel

Hydrogen Degradation

Classification

Hydrogen Trapping

Theories

Internal Pressure

Surface Energy

Decohesion

Slip Softening

Hydrogen‐related Phase Changes

Alloys

Steels

Stainless Steels

Nickel Alloys

Titanium Alloys
Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Leygraf Christofer 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Different Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion

Initial Stages

Surface Hydroxylation

Adsorption and Absorption of Water

Electrochemical Reactions

Intermediate Stages

Gas Deposition

Change in Liquid Layer Chemistry

Proton‐ and Ligand‐induced Metal Dissolution

Ion Pairing

Photosensitivity

Nucleation of Corrosion Products

Final Stages

Coalescence of Corrosion Products

Dry‐wet‐dry Cycling

Aging and Thickening of Corrosion Products

Atmospheric Corrodents

Introduction

Gases

Ozone

Nitrogen Dioxide

Ammonia

Hydrogen Sulfide

Sulfur Dioxide

Hydrogen Chloride

Organic Acids

Summary

Particles

Corrodent‐metal Susceptibilities

Laboratory Tests

Introduction

Design Considerations

Exposure Chamber

Sample Preparation

Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Exposure Time

Corrodents and Their Delivery

Simulation Considerations

Standardized Accelerated Tests

Important Laboratory Test

Field Tests

Introduction

Outdoor Exposures

Time‐of‐wetness

The
ISO
Classification System

Corrosion Rates

Effect of Rain Sheltering

Acid Deposition

Indoor Exposures

Standardized Field Tests

Important Applications
Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings
Authors: Grundmeier Guido , Simões Alda 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Composition of Corrosion Protecting Organic Coatings

Binder

Pigments

Anticorrosive Pigments

Fillers and Additives

Solvents

Transport Phenomena in Organic Coatings

Transport of Oxygen

Transport of Water and Ions

Adhesion of Organic Coatings

Introduction to the Mechanisms of Protection and Degradation

Mechanisms of Protection

Blistering

Corrosion Initiation

Cathodic Delamination

Anodic Undermining

Application of Electrochemical Methods for the Characterization of the Protective Properties of Organic Coatings on Metals

Monitoring of the Open Circuit Potential

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Basic Analysis

Equivalent Circuits

Relevant Parameters

Electrochemical Noise

Scanning Reference Electrode Techniques

The Application of the Scanning Kelvin Probe

System Metal–Polymer–Humid Air

System Metal–Oxide–Polymer–Humid Air

System Metal–Metal Oxide–Electrolyte–Polymer–Humid Air

Sample Preparation for
SKP
Measurements

Corrosion Mechanisms of Polymer‐coated Metals

Corrosion of Polymer‐coated Iron

Introduction

Cathodic Delamination on Polymer‐coated Iron

Degradation of the Interface by the Oxygen Reduction Process

Corrosion of Polymer‐coated Zinc and Galvanized Steel

Cathodic Delamination on Polymer‐coated Zinc

Cathodic Protection in the Case of Polymer‐coated Galvanized Steel

FFC
on Polymer‐coated Iron, Aluminum, and Magnesium

Introduction to
FFC

Initiation of
FFC

Propagation of Filaments

Transport of Oxygen

Electrochemical and Auxiliary Measurements of
FFC

Influence of Surface Treatments and Compositions of Organic Coatings on the Corrosion Kinetics

Conversion Coatings

Adhesion Promoters and Interfacial Thin Films

Influence of Pigments in Paints

Intrinsically Conducting Polymers

Overall Conclusions
Molten Salt‐induced Corrosion of Metals (Hot Corrosion)
Authors: Spiegel Michael 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemistry of Deep Salt Melts

Sulfates

Solubility of Gases

Anodic and Cathodic Reactions

Molten Carbonates

Solubility of Gases

Anodic and Cathodic Reactions

Solubility of Oxides

Solubility of Oxides in Sulfate Melts

Solubility Plots

Basic Dissolution

Acidic Dissolution

Synergistic Solubility

Solubility of Oxides in Carbonate Melts

Corrosion Mechanisms in Sulfate Melts

Oxide Fluxing/Precipitation: The Rapp–Goto Model

Acidic Fluxing

Corrosion Mechanisms in Carbonate Melts

Methods of Investigation

Polarization Studies

Impedance Spectroscopy

Other Methods

Exposure Tests

Thermogravimetric Experiments

Applications

Gas Turbines

Waste Incineration

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
The Electrolytic Production of Aluminum
Authors: Evans James William , Ziegler Donald Paul 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Economic Significance of Aluminum

The Production of Aluminum

The Hall–Héroult Cell

The Electrochemistry of the Hall–Héroult Cell

The Electrolyte

The Thermodynamics and Electrode Kinetics of Hall–Héroult Cells

Anode Effects and Gas Emissions

Gas Bubbles in Hall–Héroult Cells

Mathematical and Physical Modeling of Hall–Héroult Cells

Steady‐state Models for Fields, Flows, and the Interface

Models for Cell Instability

Other Computational Models

Physical Models

Novel Electrodes for Hall–Héroult Cells

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry
Authors: Krishnan Rajeshwar  
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Electron Energy Levels in Semiconductors and Energy Band Model

The Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium

The Equilibration Process

The Depletion Layer

Mapping of the Semiconductor Band‐edge Positions Relative to Solution Redox Levels

Surface States and Other Complications

Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark

Current‐potential Behavior

Dark Processes Mediated by Surface States or by Space Charge Layer Recombination

Rate‐limiting Steps in Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark

Light Absorption by the Semiconductor Electrode and Carrier Collection

Light Absorption and Carrier Generation

Carrier Collection

Photocurrent‐potential Behavior

Dynamics of Photoinduced Charge Transfer

Hot Carrier Transfer

Multielectron Photoprocesses

Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films and Size Quantization

Introductory Remarks

The Nanocrystalline Film–Electrolyte Interface and Charge Storage Behavior in the Dark

Photoexcitation and Carrier Collection: Steady State Behavior

Photoexcitation and Carrier Collection: Dynamic Behavior

Size Quantization

Chemically Modified Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interfaces

Single Crystals

Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films and Composites

Types of Photoelectrochemical Devices

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Grafting Molecular Properties onto Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Cohen Rami , Ashkenasy Gonen , Shanzer Abraham , Cahen David 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areSurface Electronic PropertiesRequirements of Molecular Surface TreatmentsStrategies to Control Surface Electronic PropertiesControlling the Band‐bending (Vs) and Surface Recombination Velocity (SRV)Controlling the Electron Affinity, χControlling the Work Function, ΦStrategy for Molecule SelectionOrganic and Inorganic Molecular Surface TreatmentsInorganic Surface TreatmentsOrganic Surface TreatmentsCorrelation of Molecular Parameter with Changes in the Surface Electron AffinityCorrelation of Molecular Parameters with Changes in the Band‐BendingExamples of Molecular Control over Optoelectronic DevicesSummaryAcknowledgments
Dye‐Sensitized Regenerative Solar Cells
Authors: McEvoy Augustin J. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Overview

Device Concepts

Photography and Photoelectrochemistry

Sensitization of Powders and Rough Surfaces

Substrate Development and Fabrication

Dye Sensitization in Heterojunctions

Commercial Prospects

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Standard Potentials
Authors: Inzelt György 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThermodynamic Basis of the Standard, Formal, and Equilibrium PotentialsThe Problem of the Initial and Final StatesStandard States and ActivitiesElectrolytes, Mean ActivityElectrochemical Potential, Galvani Potential DifferenceCalculation offrom Calorimetric Data andfrom Electrochemical MeasurementsThe Dependence of the Potential of Cell Reaction on the CompositionDetermination of the Standard Electrode Potential () from Electrochemical MeasurementsDetermination offrom Thermodynamic DataThe Formal Potential ()The Determination ofby Cyclic Voltammetry
Electrochemistry of Polycyanometalates
Authors: Scholz Fritz , Kahlert Heike 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Structure of PolycyanometalatesThe Electrochemistry of PolycyanometalatesGeneral FeaturesCorrelations between the Structures ofPCMsand the Thermodynamics of their Electrochemical ReactionsSpecial FeaturesMetal HexacyanoferratesHexacyanocobaltates, Hexacyanomanganates, Hexacyanochromates, HexacyanoruthenatesOctacyanomolybdates, OctacyanotungstatesPentacyanonitrosyl MetalatesPreparation of Electrodes Modified by Polycyanometalates and their ApplicationsPreparation of Polycyanometalate Modified ElectrodesApplications ofPCMModified Electrodes
Electrochemical Reactions of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: DuBois Daniel L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

CO
2
Binding

Modes of
CO
2
Binding

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of
CO
2
Binding to Substrates

Electrochemical
CO
2
Reduction

One‐electron Reduction to Oxalate

Two‐electron Reduction to Carbon Monoxide

Two‐electron Reduction of
CO
2
to Formate/formic Acid

Two‐electron Reductions of
CO
2
Involving Formation of a CC Bond

Four‐electron Reductions of
CO
2

Six‐electron Reduction to Methanol

Eight‐ and Twelve‐electron Reductions of
CO
2
to Methane and Ethylene

Sequential Two‐electron Reductions of
CO
2
Catalyzed by Enzymes

Summary

Acknowledgment
Electrochemistry of Copper
Authors: Rorabacher David B. , Schroeder Ronald R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxidation States of Copper

Reference Standards for Potential Values in Nonaqueous Solvent Studies

Methods Used for Potential Measurements

Potentials Involving Solvated Copper Species

Electrochemical Considerations for Copper(
II
/
I
) Complexes Involving Multidentate Ligands

Trends in Potentials of Copper(
II
/
I
) Complexes with Multidentate Ligands

Dependence of Copper(
II
/
I
) Potentials on Ligand Properties

Correlation of Potentials to Copper(
II
) Complex Stability Constants

Mechanistic Aspects of Copper(
II
/
I
) Electron Transfer

Ligand Conformational Change

Complex Dissociation/Formation

Interconversion of Ternary and Binary Complexes

Interconversion of 1:2 and 1:1 Complexes

Dimeric/Monomeric Species

Other Phenomena Affecting Electrochemical Behavior

Ligand Oxidation or Reduction

Electroplating of Copper

Biological Copper Systems

Other Copper(
II
/
I
) Systems

Unidentate Ligand Complexes

Hydroxide Complexes

Halide Complexes

Cyanide and Thiocyanate Complexes

Ammonia Complexes

Complexes with Acetate and Other Common Brønsted Bases

Noncomplexing Buffer Systems

Binuclear Complexes

Copper(
III
/
II
) Systems
Voltammetry of Proteins
Authors: Armstrong Fraser A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrodes for Proteins

Voltammetric Methods

Protein Sample Contained in Solution

Protein Sample Confined to Electrode

General

Case Studies

Observing Active Sites

Iron‐sulfur Clusters

Flavins

Highly Oxidizing Intermediates:
Fe
(
IV
)O

Resolving Complex Reactions

Coupled and Gated Electron Transfer

Catalysis

Conclusion
Single Cell Electrochemistry
Authors: Cooper Jonathan M. , Jung Sung‐Kwon 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Advantages of Microelectrodes in Single Cell Studies

Fabrication of Planar Microelectrodes Using Photolithography

Functional Three‐dimensional Micromachined Electrochemical Devices

Advantages of Using Three‐dimensional Microstructures

Biosensors, Microfluidics, Microarrays, and Lab‐on‐a‐Chip

Self‐referencing Microelectrodes

Ion‐selective Microelectrodes

Self‐referencing Amperometric Microelectrodes

Scanning Probe Microscopy and Single Cell Measurement

Semiconductor Devices for Biological Sensing

Corroborative Measurements for Single Cell Electrochemistry

Future Prospects
Electrochemistry ofNAD(P)+/NAD(P)H
Authors: Gorton Lo , Domínguez Elena 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNAD(P)+/NAD(P) in Living SystemsFormal Potential of theNAD+/NADHRedox CoupleFocus and Scope of the ChapterDirect Electrochemical Oxidation ofNAD(P)HGeneral ObservationsEffect of AdsorptionMechanism and KineticsHomogeneous Oxidation ofNAD(P)Hby Oxidizing Redox CompoundsOne‐electron No‐proton AcceptorsTwo‐electron‐proton Acceptorso‐quinones andp‐quinonesAromatic DiiminesElectrocatalytic Oxidation ofNAD(P)Hat Mediator‐modified ElectrodesGeneral Remarks ofCMEso‐Quinones and Phenylenediimine DerivativesOther Mediating Functionalities and Metal‐coated ElectrodesCatalyticNADHOxidation atCMEsBased on PolymersMechanistic and Kinetic AspectsCMEsBased onNADH‐oxidizing EnzymesAmperometric Biosensors Based onNAD(P)‐dependent Dehydrogenase EnzymesDirect Electrochemical Reduction ofNAD(P)+General ObservationsAdsorption PhenomenaMechanism and KineticsElectrocatalytic Reduction ofNAD(P)+Nonenzymatic Electroreduction ofNAD(P)+Enzymatic Electroreduction ofNAD(P)+Acknowledgment
Electrochemical Measurements of Nitric Oxide in Biological Systems
Authors: Malinski Tadeusz 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Role of Nitric Oxide in Biological SystemsNORelease in Biological SystemsNOas a Regulator of the Cardiovascular SystemNOin the Nervous SystemNOas a Part of the Immune SystemPathology ofNOReleaseElectrochemical Methods forNODetectionElectrochemical Oxidation ofNOPreparation of Porphyrinic SensorOperation ModesClark Probe forNODetectionMeasurement ofNOin Biological SystemsMeasurement ofNOin a Single CellIn vitro Measurement ofNOin TissueIn vivo Measurements ofNOin the KidneyIn vivo Measurements ofNOin the Beating HeartMeasurement ofNOin the BrainIn vitro Measurement with Clark ProbeIn vivo Measurement with Porphyrinic SensorMeasurements ofNOin Human Beings
Surface Modification of Chalcogenide Electrodes
Authors: Ganzorig Chimed , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surface Treatment of Substrate Chalcogenide Electrodes

Adsorption of Acids to Chalcogenides

Adsorption of Organic Sulfur Compounds

Surface Modification

Dialkyl Chalcogenide Compounds

Thiols

Dithiols, Disulfides, and Other Sulfur Compounds

Characterization and Applications

Summary

Acknowledgments
Preparation of Self‐assembled Monolayers (SAMs) onAuandAg
Authors: Akiba Uichi , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMolecular Self‐assembly at SurfacesHistorical Background onSAMsPreparation Techniques of Substrates Used for FormingSAMsGold as a Substrate MaterialPreparation Method of a Flat Gold Surface on MicaGold Substrate on Silicon WaferTemplate‐stripping Technique as Another Route for Preparation of Flat Gold SubstratesSingle Crystal Bead of GoldSingle Crystal Cut of GoldOther Substrates of InterestPreparation Techniques of Alkanethiol‐basedSAMson GoldPreparation from Solution PhaseElectrode Potential Control ofSAMDepositionSAMDeposition from Aqueous Micellar SolutionPreparation from Liquid and Supercritical Carbon DioxidePreparation from the Gas PhaseStructural Characterization and Chemical Properties ofSAMsStructure of Alkanethiol‐basedSAMson GoldClose‐packed Structure ofSAMson Gold (111) SurfaceSuperlattice Structure ofSAMson Gold (111)SAMSurface StructureCharacterization of Defects bySTMStructural Variation in the Backbone Unit ofSAMsChemistry and Energetics of the Formation of Alkanethiol‐basedSAMson GoldOverall Reaction and Energetics of Chemical Adsorption at the Gold/Thiol InterfaceChemisorption Energetics for Gold/Organosulfurs InterfacesStabilization ofSAMStructure due to Alkane Chain–Chain Interaction within the Densely Packed MonolayersStructural Effects onSAMFormation and StabilityGrowth Mechanisms ofSAMsGeneral Profiles forSAMFormation ProcessGrowth Studies from the Gas PhaseGrowth Studies from Solution PhaseFurther Techniques for Investigating the Growth ofSAMson GoldPatternedSAMsTwo Approaches for Fabricating PatternedSAMs: the Top‐down Method and the Bottom‐up MethodSpontaneous Phase SeparationScanning Probe Lithography UsingSAMsDip‐pen NanolithographyMicrocontact Printing by Use of Organosulfur InksPhotolithography for Fabricating PatternedSAMsNanotransfer Printing of Patterned Gold Thin FilmsOther MethodsAdvanced Modification Technique ofSAMsProtecting Groups for Unstable Organic ThiolsModification Technique ofSAMsof DithiolsRigidSAMsBCOand AdamantaneSAMsCholesterolSAMAromaticSAMsπ‐ConjugatedSAMsChemistry onSAMsClick Reaction onSAMsElectrochemistry on Thiol‐basedSAMsModified at ElectrodesBio‐SAMsConcluding Remarks
Photoelectrochemical Properties of Electrodes Modified with Self‐assembled Monolayers (
SAMs
) of Various Alkylthiol Derivatives
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Photo‐induced Electron Transfer at
SAM
‐modified Electrodes

Photo‐induced Electron Transfer at Electrodes Modified with
SAM
‐covered Nanocluster Layers

Electron Transfer Controlled by Photoisomerization at
SAM
‐modified Electrodes

Application of Luminescence from
SAM
‐modified Electrodes

Concluding Remarks
Modification of Silicon Wafer Surfaces with Small Organic Moieties
Authors: Yamada Taro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHandling ofSiSpecimens for Adsorbate Preparation and Surface AnalysisSummary of the Latest ResearchesAdsorption of Terminal Olefins onH:Si(111)Grignard Reaction on HalogenatedSi(111)Grignard Reagents andH:Si(111)
L
angmuir–
B
lodgett (
LB
) Films on Electrodes
Authors: Sakomura Masaru , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Photoelectrochemistry

History of the Langmuir–Blodgett (
LB
) Film

Basic Principles of Surface and Film

Surface Tension

Surface Activity

Gibbs and Insoluble Monolayers

Surface Pressure

Surface Pressure—area (π −

A

) Isotherm

Preparation Methods for
LB
Films

Molecules and Subphase

LB
Deposition

Equipment for
LB
Deposition

LB
Assemblies Designed for Photoelectric Devices

Energy Transfer in Monolayer Organization

Layer‐by‐layer Assemblies of Electron Acceptor and Dye Molecules

Acceptor/Sensitizer/Donor Multilayer Systems

LB
Assemblies of Synthetic Molecular Photodiodes

A
–
S
–
D
Triad Monolayer Systems

Alternate Multilayered Systems for Scanning Maxwell Stress Microscopy

A
–
S
–
D
Triad Monolayer and Second Donor Bilayer Alternate Systems

LB
Assemblies for Simulations of Key Aspects in Natural Photosynthesis
Langmuir–Blodgett (
LB
) Films on Electrodes (
B
) Electrochemistry
Authors: Nakanishi Takashi , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemistry of
LB
Films of “Molecular Wires” and Phthalocyanines

Langmuir Monolayer of Fullerenes at the Air–Water Interface

Electrochemistry of
LB
Films of Fullerenes on Electrodes

Carbon Nanotube
LB
Films

Conclusions
Synthesis of Layered Polyelectrolyte Films
Authors: Bruening Merlin , Rusling James 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Film Structure

Electrodes Modified with Layered Polyelectrolytes

Electroactive Layered Polyelectrolyte Films

Direct Voltammetry Using Layered Protein‐polyion Films

Electrode‐driven Enzyme‐like Catalysis

Acknowledgments
Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Itaya Kingo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Experimental Aspects

Principle of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Principle of Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Preparation of Well‐defined Electrode Surfaces

Flame‐annealing and Quenching Method

UHV
‐electrochemical (
EC
) Methods

Iodine‐
CO
Replacement Technique

Electrochemical Etching Method

Structure of Specifically Adsorbed Anions

Iodine Adlayers

Sulfate/bisulfate on
Au
(111),
Pt
(111),
Rh
(111),
Ir
(111),
Pd
(111), and
Cu
(111)

Adsorption of Simple Aromatic Molecules

Benzene on
Rh
(111) in
HF

Other Molecules

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Development and pilot test of hearing conservation training for construction workers
Authors: Neitzel Richard , Meischke Hendrika , Daniell William E. , Trabeau Maggie , Somers Sebrina , Seixas Noah S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundHearing conservation efforts in construction frequently rely on use of hearing protection devices (HPDs): however, training on HPDs is often not provided, and usage rates remain low. In this study, a hearing conservation training program was developed and pilot tested.MethodsA theoretical model was selected as the basis for the program, and program contents and delivery methods were selected to optimize the effectiveness and flexibility of the training. Two evaluation measures were selected to assess training‐related changes in self‐reported HPD use. The first was a validated method using concurrent work‐shift noise dosimetry, and the second was a survey concerning workers beliefs and attitudes towards HPDs and HPD use.ResultsThe training program was pilot tested on a single construction site. Complete assessment data were available for 23 workers. The percent of time when hearing protection was used during noise levels above 85 dBA nearly doubled post‐training, and the change was statistically significant.ConclusionsPre‐ and post‐training data from participating workers demonstrated that HPD use can be increased significantly with basic model‐based training, even in industries with complex noise exposures such as construction. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:120–129, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.