bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opsonins of Streptococcus in uterine flushings of mares susceptible and resistant to endometritis: Control of secretion and partial characterization
Authors: Hansen Peter J. , Asbury Atwood C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The release of opsonins into the uterine lumen of mares susceptible or resistant to endometritis was examined after intrauterine inoculation of a filtrate of Streptococcus culture fluid or vehicle. Uterine flushings were collected at 0.5 hour before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after inoculation on day 2 or 3 of estrus and on day 7 or 8 after ovulation. Amounts of opsonins in flushings were quantified as the H2O2 produced by leukocytes incubated with flushings-opsonized bacteria, compared with H2O2 produced by leukocytes incubated with nonopsonized bacteria. Opsonin values in flushings increased (P < 0.025) in all mares after inoculation of filtrate or vehicle. For mares resistant to endometritis, opsonin values were greater at diestrus than at estrus. The opposite was true for mares susceptible to endometritis, resulting in a status (susceptible vs resistant) × stage of cycle interaction (P < 0.025). Overall, opsonins were higher (P < 0.05) in flushings of mares susceptible to endometritis than in flushings of mares resistant to endometritis, but this difference was only apparent at estrus. Preliminary characterization of opsonins in uterine secretions by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration indicated that opsonins were mainly associated with an ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of high molecular weight (> 4 × 106) and an ammonium sulfate-precipitable fraction that was associated with immunoglobulin G.
Plasma amino acid analysis in dogs with experimentally induced hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice
Authors: Rutgers Carolien , Stradley Roger P. , Rogers William A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined weekly for 4 weeks in 6 sham-operated control dogs, in 6 sham-operated dogs after induction of liver disease with dimethylnitrosamine (dmna), and in 6 dogs after surgical ligation of the common bile duct. Results were compared with standard biochemical indices of liver function and with histologic changes in serial liver biopsy specimens. Concentrations of most amino acids increased after 2 weeks in dmna-treated dogs, whereas they were normal or decreased in bile duct-ligated dogs. With increasing severity of the liver disease, the molar ratio (normal mean ± sem = 3.48 ± 0.14) in dmna-treated dogs decreased to 2.42 ± 0.19 by 2 weeks and to 1.17 ± 0.09 by 4 weeks. The ratio remained normal in bile duct-ligated dogs. Molar ratio and aromatic amino acid concentrations correlated better with hepatic necrosis and inflammation than did standard biochemical indices (eg, bilirubin, liver enzymes). Therefore, plasma amino acid analysis and determination of the molar ratio may be useful in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice in dogs. A decrease in the molar ratio may reflect portal hypertension and hepatocellular disease.
Efficacies of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and gentamicin sulfate in the treatment of fibrinous peritonitis in rats
Authors: Emms Stephen G. , Benson Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and gentamicin sulfate decreased early mortality in an established model of fibrinous peritonitis in the rat. Both drugs failed to prevent abscess formation, indicating that there was poor penetration of fibrin; however, they significantly decreased (P < 0.01) bacterial numbers in residual abcesses. The colony count per abscess in the gentamicin sulfate-treated group was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that in the trimethoprim-sulfadiazine-treated group.
Comparison of four serotests for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs
Authors: Thilsted John P. , Whorton Jerry , Hibbs Clair M. , Jillson Gregory P. , Steece Rick , Stromei Mary 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three hundred two dogs were tested with 4 serotests for heartworm antigen (ag) or antibody (ab) and with the Knott test. The 4 serotests evaluated were an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for adult heart-worm-specific ab (ab-elisa), a quantitative, indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa) for adult heartworm-specific ab (ab-ifa), an ifa test for microfilaria (mf)-specific ab (mf-ifa), and an elisa for adult heartworm ag (ag-elisa).
The presence of heartworms was ascertained in all dogs by necropsy examination. Of 302 dogs, 20 (6.6%) had heartworms in the heart at necropsy. Of infected dogs, 9 (45%) had occult infections.
Test sensitivities were 75%, 95%, 70%, and 75% for the ab-elisa, ab-ifa, mf-ifa, and ag-elisa, respectively. Test specificities were 85% (ab-elisa), 77% (ab-ifa), 87% (mf-ifa), and 99% (ag-elisa). The best agreement between serotest results and necropsy findings was obtained with the ag-elisa (97%). The 4 serotests detected 86% (ab-elisa), 100% (ab-ifa), 67% (mf-ifa), and 78% (ag-elisa) of the dogs with occult heartworm infection. A significant (P < 0.05) association between intestinal parasitism and positive heartworm test results was found with only ab-ifa.
Seemingly, the Knott test, or some other concentration method for detecting circulating mf should be the first heartworm test performed. If the examination for mf is negative, the dog has clinical signs, and radiographic findings are suggestive of occult heartworm infection, then a serotest for adult heartworm ag is recommended.
Scanning electron microscope study of platelet release by canine megakaryocytes in vitro
Authors: Handagama P. J. , Jain N. C. , Feldman B. F. , Kono C. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Megakaryocytes were isolated from bone marrow from healthy dogs, using a combination of density-gradient centrifiigation and polysucrose-velocity sedimentation techniques. The 2-step separation technique resulted in a preparation comprising 30% to 35% megakaryocytes of total nucleated cells. Accessibility to large numbers of viable canine megakaryocytes allowed investigation of platelet release by these cells in short-term cultures. Megakaryocytes were observed to form long cytoplasmic processes that gradually developed segmental constrictions and subsequently fragmented into platelet-sized pieces. Some platelet-sized cytoplasmic pieces of megakaryocytes presumably underwent discoid transformation.
Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Verstraete Mary C. , Soutas-Little Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ground reaction forces, impulses, and their relationships to morphometric measurements were evaluated for walking gait in 17 healthy dogs. A force plate was used to record forces at 1-ms intervals. Vertical, craniocaudal, and mediolateral forces were measured and normalized by body weight. Impulses, defined as the total force applied over time, were calculated in vertical and craniocaudal directions. Craniocaudal impulses were further divided into braking and propulsion phases. Braking impulses were significantly greater in the forelimbs (P ≤ 0.001), whereas propulsion impulses were generally greater in the hind limbs. Impulses and peak forces were then compared with morphometric measurements (body weight, humeral and femoral lengths, and paw length). All relationships were linear, with correlation coefficients significant (P ≤ 0.001). As the size of the dog increased, braking, propulsion and vertical impulses increased. Conversely, as morphometric measurements increased, peak vertical forces decreased. Thus, larger dogs had a lower peak force on each limb, but had a higher total impulse applied during stance phase. As stance phase time increased, peak vertical forces decreased. The results indicated that healthy dogs had significant correlations between ground reaction forces, impulses, and morphometric measurements.
Surgical procedure for chronic biliary sample collection in pigs
Authors: Thurmon J. C. , Nelson D. R. , Bevill R. F. , Harrington G. W. , Magee D. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To collect biliary samples from pigs, catheters were placed in the distal end of the gallbladders in twelve 20-to 30-kg pigs. An occluder cuff was placed around the bile duct proximal to the duodenum. Inflation of the occluder cuff prevented bile flow into the duodenum and allowed total collection of bile from the catheter in the gallbladder. Deflation of the occluder cuff allowed return of bile flow into the duodenum. Two pigs developed gastric ulcers and two pigs had bile duct dilatation. These responses were attributed to occluder cuffs of inadequate size which could have caused partial or complete obstruction of the bile duct.
Atrial cannulation for long-term sequential blood collection in gilts
Authors: Kemp Charles , Kruger Jan S. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polyvinyl chloride tubing (id, 1.27 mm; od, 2.29 mm) was placed via the jugular vein into the right atrium of thirty-five 120- to 200-day-old gilts. Catheters remained patent for 14 to 88 days (mean, 41 days). The major cause of loss of function was damage inflicted by the gilt (20 catheters), whereas only 3 catheters lost patency because of blockage. Using a pulley and counterweight system the exteriorized end of the catheter was suspended above the gilt, facilitating blood collection and minimizing disturbance of the gilts.
T-2 toxin-enhanced resistance against listeriosis in mice: Importance of gastrointestinal lesions
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Corner Donald E. , Ziegler H. Kirk 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The role of T-2 toxin-induced gastrointestinal lesions in T-2 toxin-enhanced resistance to listeriosis in mice was evaluated. The T-2 toxin-induced lesions did not cause a starvation effect sufficient to enhance resistance to listeriosis. Administration of polymyxin E markedly reduced the gram-negative intestinal microflora and did not eliminate the toxin-induced resistance to listeriosis. The T-2 toxin did not cause an increased expression of Ia surface antigens on peritoneal macrophages. Thus, toxin-induced anorexia and starvation or absorption of grain-negative intestinal bacteria and endotoxins through toxin-induced gastrointestinal lesions did not account for the enhancing effect of T-2 toxin on resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice.
Equine endotoxemia: Cardiovascular, eicosanoid, hematologic, blood chemical, and plasma enzyme alterations
Authors: Ward D. S. , Fessier J. F. , Bottoms G. D. , Turek J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ponies with electromagnetic blood flow transducers implanted around the main pulmonary and left main coronary arteries, were used to evaluate effects of chronic sublethal endotoxin on cardiac output (co), stroke volume, and left coronary blood flow (lcbf). Plasma thromboxane (tx), as indicated by txb2, prostacyclin as indicated by 6-keto-prostaglandin (pg) F1α, and hematologic and blood chemical values also were evaluated. Over 24 hours, 2 groups of ponies were given progressively increasing iv and intraperitoneal doses of Escherichia coli lipopolysac-charide (lps) at 0, 6, 12, and 18 hours. Group 1 was not treated and group 2 was treated with flunixin meglumine, before each lps insult. Initial lps inoculation in group 1 led to 10-fold increases in txb2 and 6-keto-pgf1α values by 30 and 90 minutes, respectively. These eicosanoid values returned to base line by 6 hours after each insult.
Although repeated lps injections stimulated recurring high plasma concentrations of 6-keto-pgf1α, txb2 production became less with each successive lps insult. Cardiac output decreased to 55% to 60% of base-line values in association with increased 6-keto-pgf1α values. Left coronary blood flow could not be evaluated accurately. Severe lactic acidosis developed in group 1. Group-2 ponies remained clinically normal, indicating protection of cardiovascular function and peripheral perfusion with flunixin meglumine. Seemingly, flunixin meglumine helped to maintain acceptable cardiovascular function and tissue perfusion during endotoxemia. Flunixin meglumine given to healthy ponies had no effect on cardiovascular function. The fact that txb2 generation became minimal over time in the face of progressive deterioration of co, stroke volume, and lactic acidosis indicated that tx may not be involved in the pathogenesis of altered cardiovascular function and lactic acidosis occurring late in endotoxin-induced shock. Both groups had recurring leukopenia by 90 minutes after each lps insult. Although total wbc counts returned to base-line values by 6 hours after each insult in group 1, the count remained significantly (P < 0.05) below base line until 24 hours in group 2. The primary reason for the leukopenia in both groups was a neutropenia. Neutrophils appeared to remain sequestered in ponies given flunixin meglumine.
Thermodilution cardiac output determination in the guinea pig
Authors: Hart Mark V. , Mendelson David , Hosenpud Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thermodilution cardiac output was compared with simultaneously determined aortic flow in 5 guinea pigs during thoracotomy. Total cardiac output was affected by volume expansion, adrenergic stimulation, and the volume of hemorrhage. For the equation y = mx, where y is aortic flow, x is thermodilution cardiac output, and m is the slope of the regression line, m = 0.88 ± 0.02 (95% confidence interval). The se of the regression was 27.8 ml/min. Thermodilution may have been overestimated because the aortic flow measurement did not take into account the coronary arterial blood flow, which is approximately 4% of total cardiac output in the guinea pig. Indicator loss (ie, temperature) also may be an important factor in the calculation of cardiac output, as determinations of thermodilution cardiac output were affected by sampling site in the guinea pig. Thermodilution appears to be a useful and reliable means of determining cardiac output in the guinea pig.
Protection of lambs with a purified metabolite of exsheathed third-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae
Authors: Boisvenue R. J. , Galloway R. B. , Hendrix J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Helminth-free lambs (approx 4 months old) were inoculated sc with a purified metabolite of exsheathed third-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae. The metabolite was obtained from in vitro cultivation and was identified as XL3FA1. After 3 periodic XL3FA1 inoculations, lambs were challenge exposed with H contortus. Multiple vaccinations with XL3FA1 did not inhibit the development of worm populations in the lambs; however, worm egg production seemed to be inhibited.
Electromyographic evaluation of adult Labrador Retrievers with type-II muscle fiber deficiency
Authors: Moore M. P. , Reed S. M. , Hegreberg G. A. , Kramer J. W. , Alexander J. E. , Meyer K. M. , Bryan G. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Labrador Retrievers with type-II muscle fiber deficiency were examined electrodiagnostically. Electromyographic changes consisted of positive sharp waves, fibrillation potentials, bizarre high-frequency discharges, and, rarely, myotonic-like discharges. Fasciculation potentials were recorded infrequently. Fibrillation potentials and bizarre high-frequency discharges were the most commonly observed electromyographic changes. Bizarre high-frequency discharges were prominent in muscles of the head and neck, proximal muscles of the thoracic limbs, and the thoracolumbar paraspinal musculature. Marked abnormalities were not observed in the motor nerve conduction velocity. Decrementai responses of the evoked compound muscle action potential to repetitive nerve stimulation were not observed.
Morphologic study of inclusions in tissues from pigs inoculated with cytomegalovirus
Authors: Narita Minoru , Kawamura Hitoshi , Shirai Junsuke , Haritani Makoto 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six 5-day-old gnotobiotic pigs inoculated intranasally with the J-1 strain of porcine cytomegalovirus (pcmv) were euthanatized within 9 to 18 days after inoculation. All pigs developed a subclinical form of pcmv infection and had characteristic intranuclear inclusions in all tissues.
Morphologically, 2 types of inclusions were observed. One was a small herpetic intranuclear inclusion in reticuloendothelial cells, which contained a few nucleocapsids in the nucleus. The other was a typical cytomegalic intranuclear inclusion in macrophages in the lungs and in tubuloalveolar gland cells in the nasal mucosa. Inclusions contained many nucleocapsids in the nucleus and a large number of enveloped viral particles in the cytoplasm. The distribution of the specific immunofluorescent antigen of pcmv was coincident with the presence of herpetic and cytomegalic inclusions.
Frequency of association of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus with mononuclear leukocytes from persistently infected cattle
Authors: Bolin Steven R. , Sacks Jerome M. , Crowder Stephen V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
All mononuclear leukocytes and T lymphocyte-enriched and B lymphocyte-enriched subpopulations of mononuclear leukocytes collected from 8 cows persistently infected with 1 of 3 isolates of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus were tested for association with virus. For all persistently infected cows, approximately 4.4% of all mononuclear leukocytes, 5.4% of T lymphocyte-enriched, and 2.1% of B lymphocyte-enriched subpopulations of mononuclear leukocytes were associated with virus. Differences between leukocyte populations in percentages of leukocytes associated with virus were real (P < 0.05). Among virus isolates, significant differences in percentages of leukocytes associated with virus were not detected.
Molecular specificity of the antibody responses of cattle naturally and experimentally infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes
Authors: Donis Rubén O. , Dubovi Edward J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The specificity of the humoral IgG response of cattle naturally or experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was studied by radioimmunopre-cipitation. Serum samples were tested against radiolabeled lysates of cells infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bvdv. A biotype-specific serologic marker was not detected. The specificity of the IgG induced in cows naturally or experimentally infected with either bvdv biotype was essentially the same. A strong IgG response to the 2 glycoproteins (56 to 58 kilodaltons, [kD] and 48 kD) of both biotypes and to the major polypeptides was induced in infected cells: 118 kD and 80 kD by cytopathic bvdv and only 118 kD by noncytopathic bvdv. The most consistent difference among cattle was the presence of IgG specific for the 37-kD polypeptide. Sequential serum sample collection after spontaneous and induced infections with either bvdv biotype did not indicate specific IgG markers for determining infection history. Sera from cattle with a confirmed diagnosis of mucosal disease and lacking neutralizing antibodies to bvdv usually lacked ( > 80%) nonneutralizing bvdv-specific IgG. One animal had substantial amounts of IgG to the 80-kD polypeptide. Other cattle had less readily detectable amounts of IgG specific for 80-kD or 37-kD viral polypeptides.
Tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in male veal calves given repeated doses
Authors: Adams P. E. , Varma K. J. , Powers T. E. , Lamendola J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetic disposition of florfenicol was studied in male veal calves given 11 mg of florfenicol/kg of body weight, iv and 11 mg of florfenicol/kg po every 12 hours for 7 doses. After florfenicol administration iv, the median elimination half-life was 222.8 minutes, whereas the median half-life of the distribution phase was 7.94 minutes. Median body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were 2.87 ml/kg/min and 0.907 L/kg, respectively.
After florfenicol administration, po, there was a wide variation in the calculated half-life, which was attributed to variation in the rate of florfenicol absorption. The half-life was 167.4 to 534.9 minutes after the first oral dose and 190 to 808.8 minutes after the seventh dose. The median bioavailability after the first oral dose was 0.8888. Peak and trough concentrations of florfenicol were increased after subsequent doses were administered, compared with those after the first oral dose. The percentage of protein binding in serum from one adult cow was 22% to 26%.
Florfenicol concentrations in tissues and body fluids of male veal calves were studied after the seventh dose of 11 mg of florfenicol/kg. High concentrations of florfenicol were measured in the urine, kidney, and bile. Low concentrations were measured in the brain, CSF, and aqueous humor. Concentrations in all other tissues and fluids studied were similar to the concurrent serum concentration.
Clinical, hematologic, and humoral immune response in female dogs inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia montana
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Walker David H. , Levy Michael G. , Burgdorfer Willy , Corbett Wayne T. , Hurlbert Sue Ann , Stebbins Martha E. , Curtis Barbara C. , Allen Daniel A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Female Beagles were inoculated intradermally with a sublethal dose of Rickettsia rickettsii and R montana. Three dogs (group 1) were inoculated with 2 × 102 plaque-forming units (pfu) of R rickettsia and were treated with tetracycline beginning on postinoculation day (pid) 12; 3 dogs (group 2) were inoculated with 2 × 102 pfu of R rickettsii but were not treated; 3 dogs (group 3) were inoculated with 2 × 102 pfu of R montana. Group-3 dogs failed to seroconvert and were inoculated a second time on pid 68.
Groups 1 and 2 dogs inoculated with R rickettsii became depressed and developed occasional inappetence, fever, hematochezia, and ocular lesions. These dogs had a decrease in pcv and rbc count, an initial decrease in wbc count followed by leukocytosis, and a decrease in platelet count. Group-3 dogs inoculated with R montana remained healthy.
After R rickettsii inoculation, the serologic response to spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsial antigens (R rickettsii, R rhipicephali, R montana, and R bellii) was similar. The antibody response to R rickettsii was first detected on pid 9, with peak titers reached by pid 20. Serum titers to R rickettsii remained stable or decreased one dilution through pid 120. Of 4 sfg rickettsial antigens, the highest serologic response was to R rickettsii. A cross-reacting antibody response with R rhipicephali and R montana was nearly identical and was only slightly less than the response to R rickettsii. Cross-reacting antibodies to R belli were of lower mean titer and of shorter duration than were cross-reacting antibodies to other sfg rickettsiae. A second inoculation with R montana resulted in antibody titers to all 4 sfg antigens, with the highest mean antibody titer to R montana.
All 9 dogs were challenge exposed with 2 × 102 pfu of R rickettsii on pid 216. Groups 1 and 2 dogs had mild depression, fever, and ocular lesions. Challenge exposure of group-3 dogs previously inoculated with R montana resulted in a similar pattern of clinical abnormalities and hematologic alterations, as was observed in groups 1 and 2 dogs inoculated initially with R rickettsii. The mean titers to all 4 sfg antigens were greater in dogs inoculated with R montana, than were responses to these antigens after inoculation with R rickettsii only. Despite antigenic similarity in canine immune recognition to R rickettsii and R montana, the use of nonpathogenic R montana to infer protection against R rickettsii was not successful.