bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depolarization recruits DCC to the plasma membrane of embryonic cortical neurons and enhances axon extension in response to netrin‐1
Authors: Bouchard Jean‐François , Horn Katherine E. , Stroh Thomas , Kennedy Timothy E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe netrin‐1 receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is required for the formation of major axonal projections by embryonic cortical neurons, including the corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, and cortico‐thalamic tracts. The presentation of DCC by axonal growth cones is tightly regulated, but the mechanisms regulating DCC trafficking within neurons are not well understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms regulating DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane of embryonic cortical neurons. In embryonic spinal commissural neurons, protein kinase A (PKA) activation recruits DCC to the plasma membrane and enhances axon chemoattraction to netrin‐1. We demonstrate that PKA activation similarly recruits DCC and increases embryonic cortical neuron axon extension, which, like spinal commissural neurons, respond to netrin‐1 as a chemoattractant. We then determined if depolarization might recruit DCC to the plasma membrane. Neither netrin‐1 induced axon extension, nor levels of plasma membrane DCC, were altered by depolarizing embryonic spinal commissural neurons with elevated levels of KCl. In contrast, depolarizing embryonic cortical neurons increased the amount of plasma membrane DCC, including at the growth cone, and increased axon outgrowth evoked by netrin‐1. Inhibition of PKA, phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase, protein kinase C, or exocytosis blocked the depolarization‐induced recruitment of DCC and suppressed axon outgrowth. Inhibiting protein synthesis did not affect DCC recruitment, nor were the distributions of trkB or neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) influenced by depolarization, consistent with selective mobilization of DCC. These findings identify a role for membrane depolarization modulating the response of axons to netrin‐1 by regulating DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane.
Pre‐conditioning induced by carbon monoxide provides neuronal protection against apoptosis
Authors: Vieira Helena L. A. , Queiroga Cláudia S. F. , Alves Paula M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCarbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous product of mammalian cells generated by heme‐oxygenase, presenting anti‐apoptotic properties in several tissues. The present work demonstrates the ability of small amounts of exogenous CO to prevent neuronal apoptosis induced by excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice primary culture of cerebellar granule cells. Additionally, our data show that endogenous CO is a heme‐oxygenase product critical for its anti‐apoptotic activity. Despite being neuroprotective, CO also induces reactive oxygen species generation in neurons. These two phenomena suggest that CO induces pre‐conditioning (PC) to prevent cell death. The role of several PC mediators, namely soluble guanylyl cyclase, nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and ATP‐dependent mitochondrial K channel (mitoKATP) was addressed. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase or NO synthase activity, or closing of mitoKATPabolishes the protective effect conferred by CO. In addition, CO treatment triggers cGMP and NO production in neurons. Opening of mitoKATP, which appears to be critical for CO prevention of apoptosis, might be a later event. We also demonstrated that reactive oxygen species generation andde novoprotein synthesis are necessary for CO PC effect and neuroprotection. In conclusion, CO induces PC and prevents neuronal apoptosis, therefore constituting a novel and promising candidate for neuroprotective therapies.
Responsive behaviors in good times and in bad
Authors: MAISEL NATALYA C. , GABLE SHELLY L. , STRACHMAN AMY 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAlthough self‐disclosure is a critical aspect of interactions between intimate partners, having a partner who is responsive to one’s needs after the disclosure is equally important. But what does responsiveness look like? Two observational coding systems for responsive behaviors (Study 1) were created to test the links between one partner’s behaviors and the other partner’s outcomes, on videotaped interactions of 79 U.S. dating couples disclosing positive and negative events with each other (Study 2). These systems were useful across both types of disclosure interactions, providing evidence for the importance of responsive behaviors in different contexts. Responsive behaviors were associated with postinteraction perceptions of responsiveness, which is important for understanding how the behavioral response impacts both the discloser and the relationship.
A general model of relationship commitment: Evidence from same‐sex partners
Authors: KURDEK LAWRENCE A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA model of relationship commitment previously validated with data from both partners from dating heterosexual couples was tested with survey data obtained from both partners from 304 same‐sex couples cohabiting in the United States. The model posits that commitment is influenced by factors that are ordered along a proximal–distal continuum. From most distal to most proximal, these factors are personality traits, support for the relationship from family members and friends, effective arguing, and dependence on the relationship. Of the 25 predicted effects, 23 were significant (p < .05). Findings support the use of the model for understanding commitment processes for diverse types of dyadic relationships.
Impact of Manufacturer Advisories and FDA Recalls of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Generators in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Patients
Authors: MAHAJAN TARUN , DUBIN ANNE M. , ATKINS DIANNE L. , BRADLEY DAVID J. , SHANNON KEVIN M. , ERICKSON CHRISTOPHER C. , FRANKLIN WAYNE H. , CECCHIN FRANK , BERUL CHARLES I. ,   members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society
Published: August 2008

Introduction:
Recalls of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) generators have affected many patients. No information is available regarding the impact specifically on pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. This study was undertaken to determine implications of ICD manufacturers’ advisories and recalls on children and CHD patients.
Methods:
The first part of this study involved single‐center review of patients who underwent ICD placement between 2000 and 2005. Patients with ICDs affected by the 2005 advisories/recalls were reviewed for incidence of explantation, malfunction and complications. Secondly, members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) were queried for patients with affected devices, incidences of explantation, malfunction, and explant‐related complications. Data were pooled for aggregate summary.
Results:
Among 233 patients who underwent ICD implantation at our institution during the study period, 58 (25%) patients had advisory/recalled devices and 13 of 58 (22%) underwent explantation following 3.1 ± 1.3 years implant duration. No defects were identified by the manufacturer. No patients experienced complications requiring reintervention or rehospitalization. Questionnaire responses were received from 22 PACES institutions, included 177 patients with affected devices, of which 76 (43%) were removed. One patient died from complications following revision, and 1 patient had complications requiring reoperation. Two explanted devices had loose headers; no other defects were discovered. Taken together, 2 of 89 explanted devices were defective, and 2 complications occurred from explantation.
Conclusions:
Advisories and recalls affect substantial numbers of pediatric and CHD patients. A significant proportion underwent explantation. Although complications are infrequent, there are important medical, psychosocial, and financial impacts associated with ICD replacement.
In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy for non‐invasive diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Angelova‐Fischer I. , Pfeuti T. , Zillikens D. , Rose C. 
Published: August 2008

Background/purpose: In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a modern non‐invasive method for investigation of the skin that allows real‐time visualization of individual cells and sub‐cellular structures at resolution similar to the one provided by routine histopathology. Our aim was to investigate the potential of CLSM for non‐invasive diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus (PF).Methods: Pre‐existing and mechanically induced lesions in two cases of PF were examined by means of CLSM, parallel to routine histology, direct immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay performed in the same patients.Results: The morphological features characteristic for PF, namely an intraepidermal blister with acantholytic cells in the blister cavity, were readily detectable by means of CLSM. The findings were consistent in both patients and across the investigated lesions. The confocal images were consistent with the routine histology of the pre‐existing lesions. No differences in the confocal images of pre‐existing lesions compared with mechanically induced ones were observed.Conclusions: Our findings suggest the potential of CLSM as a non‐invasive tool for the diagnosis of pemphigus and differentiation of its subtype. Although at present the method cannot replace the current diagnostic standards for pemphigus, it may be successfully used as in vivo non‐invasive screening tool to facilitate the diagnosis and point to the need for further investigation of the patient.
Influenza surveillance and immunisation in New Zealand, 1997–2006
Authors: Sue Huang Q. , Lopez Liza D. , McCallum Lisa , Adlam Bruce 
Published: August 2008

Background  The national influenza surveillance in New Zealand is an essential public health component for assessing and implementing strategies to control influenza.Objective  The aim of this study is to report the national influenza surveillance data collected during 1997–2006 in terms of the community disease burden, circulating viral strains, hospitalisations, mortality, and immunisation coverage.Methods  The national influenza surveillance system includes sentinel general practice surveillance, laboratory‐based surveillance, and hospital admission and mortality surveillance and immunisation coverage. The results obtained during 1997–2006 were analysed.Results  When the last 10 years were compared to the previous years, sentinel general practice surveillance recorded a decreasing trend of influenza‐like illness rates in the community. Sentinel surveillance also showed that children aged 0–4 years were the most affected. Influenza‐related hospitalisation surveillance reported an increasing trend of hospital admissions particularly in children aged 0–19 years. Introduction of routine influenza vaccination among the New Zealand elderly was associated with a significant decrease of influenza‐related mortality.Conclusions  This report demonstrates that an integrated virological and epidemiological surveillance system for influenza is essential for monitoring the disease burden, identifying circulating strains, guiding effective vaccination and planning for a potential pandemic.
Fluid–Sediment Interaction in a Marine Shallow‐Water Hydrothermal System in the Wakamiko Submarine Crater, South Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Nakaseama Miwako , Ishibashi Jun‐Ichiro , Ogawa Keita , Hamasaki Hiroshi , Fujino Keiko , Yamanaka Toshiro 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Wakamiko submarine crater is a small depression located in Kagoshima Bay, southwest Japan. Marine shallow‐water hydrothermal activity associated with fumarolic gas emissions at the crater sea floor (water depth 200 m) is considered to be related with magmatic activity of the Aira Caldera. During the NT05‐13 dive expedition conducted in August 2005 using remotely operated vehicle Hyper‐Dolphine (Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology), an active shimmering site was discovered (tentatively named the North site) at approximately 1 km from the previously known site (tentatively named the South site). Surface sediment (up to 30 cm) was cored from six localities including these active sites, and the alteration minerals and pore fluid chemistry were studied. The pore fluids of these sites showed a drastic change in chemical profile from that of seawater, even at 30 cm below the surface, which is attributed to mixing of the ascending hydrothermal component and seawater. The hydrothermal component of the North site is estimated to be derived from a hydrothermal aquifer at 230°C based on the hydrothermal end‐member composition. Occurrence of illite/smectite interstratified minerals in the North site sediment is attributed to in situ fluid–sediment interaction at a temperature around 150°C, which is in accordance with the pore fluid chemistry. In contrast, montmorillonite was identified as the dominant alteration mineral in the South site sediment. Together with the significant low potassium concentration of the hydrothermal end‐member, the abundant occurrence of low‐temperature alteration mineral suggests that the hydrothermal aquifer in the South site is not as high as 200°C. Moreover, the montmorillonite is likely to be unstable with the present pore fluid chemistry at the measured temperature (117°C). This disagreement implies unstable hydrothermal activity at the South site, in contrast to the equilibrium between the pore fluid and alteration minerals in the North site sediment. This difference may reflect the thermal and/or hydrological structure of the Wakamiko Crater hydrothermal system.
Goethite Morphology and Composition in Banded Iron Formation, Orissa, India
Authors: Mohapatra Birendra Kumar , Jena Subhasmita , Mahanta Khageswar , Mishra Patitapaban 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIron ore deposits are generally described in terms of size, grade and chemical composition rather than the mineralogical and microstructural characteristic of different ore types. It is essential, however, to know the morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of individual minerals for optimum mineral processing. Goethite is reported to occur as a ubiquitous phase in many iron ore types and is particularly abundant in the Precambrian banded iron ore formation of north Orissa, India. Goethite from the Bonai–Keonjhar Belt in Orissa has been examined in terms of its morphology and microstructure in relation to chemical composition. Electron microscopy indicated several goethite morphotypes including botryoidal, nodular, spheroidal, platy, stalactitic and flaky. These different morphotypes display intergranular, intragranular, wedge, reniform, comb, prismatic, cavity‐line and bead microstructures. In situ analysis using electron probe microanalyzer indicated a wide compositional variation among the different morphotypes and microstructures. Goethite replacing hematite is generally devoid of deleterious elements while re‐precipitated goethite generally contains adsorbed alumina, silica and/or phosphorus. Nodular goethite commonly has a high phosphorus level while botryoidal, spheroidal and platy goethite often contains increased combined alumina and silica. Goethite having a reniform, wedge, intergranular or intragranular microstructure is highly water bearing and cryptocrystalline in nature. During dehydration, bead, comb, cavity‐lined or prismatic goethite develop, which are more crystalline and which have a higher iron concentration. Goethite with a wedge, prismatic or bead‐type microstructure has a higher adsorption of silica (2–4%), while goethite having an intergranular, bead or prismatic microstructure invariably contains appreciable phosphorus, generally at levels deleterious to processing.
Rule based processing of the CD4000, CD3200 and CD Sapphire analyser output using the Cerner Discern Expert Module
Authors: BURGESS P. , ROBIN H. , LANGSHAW M. , KERSHAW G. , PATHIRAJA R. , YUEN S. , COAD C. , XIROS N. , MANSY G. , COLEMAN R. , BROWN R. , GIBSON J. , HOLMAN R. , HUBBARD J. , WICK V. , LAMMERS M. , JOHNSON R. , HUFFMAN K. , BELL J. , IBRAHIM A. , ESTEPA F. , LOVEGROVE J. , JOSHUA D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe latest version of our Laboratory Information System haematology laboratory expert system that handles the output of Abbott Cell‐Dyn Sapphires, CD4000s and a CD3200 full blood count analyser in three high‐volume haematology laboratories is described. The three hospital laboratories use Cerner Millennium Version 2007.02 software and the expert system uses Cerner Millennium Discern Expert rules and some small Cerner Command Language in‐house programs. The entire expert system is totally integrated with the area‐wide database and has been built and maintained by haematology staff members, as has the haematology database. Using patient demographic data, analyser numeric results, analyser error and morphology flags and previous results for the patient, this expert system decides whether to validate the main full blood count indices and white cell differential, or if the analyser results warrant further operator intervention/investigation before verifying, whether a blood film is required for microscopic review and if abnormal results require phoning to the staff treating the patient. The principles of this expert system can be generalized to different haematology analysers and haematology laboratories that have different workflows and different software.
Effect of HbS in the determination of HbA2 with the Menarini HA‐8160 analyzer and comparison with other instruments
Authors: ANAGNOSTOPOULOS K. , TENTES I. , KALLEAS C. , MARGARITIS D. , TOLI A. , PENDILAS D. , BOURIKAS G. , TSATALAS C. , KORTSARIS A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt is known that the presence of hemoglobin S (HbS) affects the determination of hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) levels in clinical samples. We quantitated this effect using the Menarini HA‐8160 analyzer and compared with other instruments (HELENA beta‐thal quik column, TOSOH HLC‐723G7 and BIORAD Variant II) using the HELENA SAS‐MX alkaline gel electrophoresis kit as the reference method. The %HbA2 values from the HA‐8160 analyzer and the alkaline gel electrophoresis show a good linear correlation in the absence of HbS. A strong positive bias in the %HbA2 values from the HA‐8160 is apparent in the presence of HbS in the samples, when compared with the alkaline electrophoresis. The analytical imprecision and bias of the three HPLC instruments are comparable both in the presence and absence of HbS. The manual column method shows a lower bias in the absence of HbS but is more affected when HbS is present in the samples.
Representations of Labour: Visual Sociology and Work
Authors: Strangleman Tim 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the potential that visual methods, approaches, and resources offer to the sociologist of work. It looks at the way work is represented in a range of publications and asks questions about what the visual can add to our understanding of the workplace, workers, and work processes. It argues that we need to develop and expand a sociological language of the visual in order to better understand cultural and other aspects of work and employment.
Mobilising public opinion for the tobacco industry: the consumer tax alliance and excise taxes
Authors: Campbell R , Balbach E D 
Published: August 2008

Background:Tobacco industry funding was instrumental in creating and financing the Consumer Tax Alliance in 1989 as an organisation that relied upon extensive media outreach to build opposition to excise taxes as a regressive form of taxation. By obscuring its own role in this effort, the tobacco industry undermined the public’s reasonable expectations for transparency in the policy-making process.Aim:To examine the formation and activities of the Consumer Tax Alliance as a “hybrid” form of interest group in order to provide tobacco control and public health advocates with a better understanding of unanticipated tobacco industry coalitions and facilitate appropriate countermeasures.Methods:Document searches through the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and through Tobacco Documents Online and review of background literature.Results:The Tobacco Institute actively sought liberal allies beginning in the mid-1980s in seeking to build public opposition to cigarette excise tax increases by promoting them as a regressive form of taxation. The creation of the Consumer Tax Alliance in 1989 was expressly intended to turn labour and middle-class opinion against prospective excise tax increases in federal budget deficit negotiations, without divulging the tobacco industry’s role in its formation.Conclusion:It is important to understand the dynamic by which trusted organisations can be induced to alter their agendas in response to funding sources. Advocates need to understand this form of interest group behaviour so that they are better able to negotiate the policy arena by diagnosing and exposing this influence where it occurs and, by doing so, be better prepared to take appropriate countermeasures.
S6K1 Plays a Key Role in Glial Transformation
Authors: Nakamura Jean L. , Garcia Edna , Pieper Russell O. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a nutrient and ATP sensor suggested to play an important role in tumorigenesis, particularly in the setting of PTEN loss or activated Akt/PKB. Of mTOR's two known effectors, eIF4E has been implicated in tumorigenesis, whereas the role of S6 kinase (S6K1) in transformation is less understood. To assess the contribution of S6K1 to the transformed phenotype, we pharmacologically and genetically manipulated the mTOR-S6K pathway in glioma cells and monitored its effects on growth in soft agar, a hallmark of cellular transformation, and also assessed in vivo intracranial growth. Anchorage-independent growth by HRasV12-transformed human astrocytes as well as by U251 and U373 human glioma cells was inhibited by pharmacologic mTOR inhibition. Similarly, short hairpin RNA–mediated suppression of mTOR also reduced anchorage-independent growth of glioma cell lines. Expression of wild-type eIF4E in rapamycin-treated E6/E7/hTert/HRasV12 and U373 cells failed to rescue colony formation, although expression of wild-type S6K1 or rapamycin-resistant S6K1 in rapamycin-treated U373 and U251 provided partial rescue. Consistent with the latter observation, small interfering RNA–mediated suppression of S6K1 in HRasV12-transformed human astrocytes, U251, and U373 cells resulted in a significant loss of anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, we found that in vivo short hairpin RNA–mediated suppression of S6K1 in HRasV12-transformed human astrocytes reduced intracranial tumor size, in association with reduced tumor levels of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6. These findings implicate the mTOR-S6K pathway as a critical mediator of glial cell transformation. [Cancer Res 2008;68(16):6516–23]