bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE STABILITY OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA) BURFI
Authors: KHAN M.A. , SEMWAL A.D. , SHARMA G.K. , YADAV D.N. , SRIHARI K.A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT Groundnut burfi with or without sorbic acid (0.3%) based on roasted groundnut, sugar, milk powder, condensed milk and flavoring materials was developed. The changes in quality of groundnut burfi packed in polypropylene (PP, 75 µ) and metallized polyester (12 µ) low density/linear low density (MP, 75 µ) were monitored during storage in order to assess the shelf life. The sample without sorbic acid spoiled within 30 days of storage due to mold growth and fermented odor. Groundnut burfi containing sorbic acid did not support any microbial growth during storage of up to 8 months. Groundnut burfi remained stable and acceptable up to 6 months and 8 months under ambient temperatures (15–34C) in PP and MP pouches, respectively. Peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values were higher for the product packed in PP than for the one packed in MP pouches. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid present in fat extracted from groundnut burfi followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. Sorbic acid degraded during storage of groundnut burfi and the rate of degradation was higher for samples packed in PP than those packed in MP pouches.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGroundnut is a rich and economic source of protein and other micronutrients. Products based on groundnut, such as burfi, may be highly useful in alleviating protein malnutrition in underdeveloped countries. As sweet items are highly relished by children, products like groundnut burfi will go a long way to provide nutritious, calorie dense and highly palatable products to the consumers.
MICROBIOLOGICAL SHELF‐LIFE STUDIES ON COMMERCIALLY MANUFACTURED YEAST
Authors: O'BRIEN S.S. , LINDSAY D. , VON HOLY A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT During three replicate studies, cream, compressed and dry yeast samples were stored for 21 days at 4, 10, 25 and 37C. At 3‐day intervals, bacteria were quantified using standard plate counting procedures, and 1,044 predominant colonies isolated and characterized. The highest counts of aerobic bacteria and Enterococcus spp., up to 7 and 8 log colony‐forming units (cfu) per mL or g, were found when cream and compressed yeast samples were exposed to elevated temperatures (25 and 37C), while lower counts (4 and 6 log cfu/mL or g) were obtained from refrigerated samples (4C). At 10C, counts of aerobic bacteria and Enterococcus spp. increased from 4 to 7 log cfu/mL or g, highlighting the importance of temperature control during the storage and distribution of perishable cream and compressed yeast. Vacuum‐packaging of dry yeast reduced the growth of aerobic populations. Throughout storage, Lactobacilli dominated the bacterial populations in both cream and compressed yeast (45 to 78%), while Enterococcaceae predominated in vacuum‐packaged dry yeast (54 to 68%), suggesting they were primarily responsible for the spoilage of commercial yeast products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn addition to producing high quality yeast for baking and brewing, it is an important objective for yeast manufacturers to increase product shelf life. Temperatures chosen for this shelf‐life study simulated various elevated temperatures of practical use for yeast processors and downstream consumers. For example, 4C (recommended refrigeration temperature), 10C (potential abuse temperature during transportation), 25C (wine‐making temperature) and 37C (temperatures often encountered in bakeries). Results from our study showed that storage temperature and time considerably influenced bacterial growth patterns associated with commercially manufactured fresh yeast. Bacterial spoilage and sensory deterioration were observed during lengthened storage periods, and especially at higher storage temperatures. Even when stored at 10C, cream and compressed yeast samples became bacteriologically and visually spoiled. It was therefore apparent that any break in the cold chain during processing, storage or distribution could affect the development of spoilage bacteria resulting in shortened product shelf life of commercially manufactured fresh yeast. Conversely, this study found vacuum‐packaged dry yeast to be the most bacteriologically stable manufactured product.
SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF A RED WINE AGED WITH OAK CHIPS IN STAINLESS STEEL TANKS OR USED BARRELS: EFFECT OF THE CONTACT TIME AND SIZE OF THE OAK CHIPS
Authors: CANO‐LÓPEZ MARTA , BAUTISTA‐ORTÍN ANA B. , PARDO‐MÍNGUEZ FRANCISCO , LÓPEZ‐ROCA JOSE M. , GÓMEZ‐PLAZA ENCARNA 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT The influence of adding oak chips to a wine stored either in a stainless steel tank or in used barrels was assessed by sensory analysis, using descriptive analysis as well as triangular tests to determine whether differences between the samples could be clearly perceived. Both the size of the oak chips and the length of contact time were studied. The results were also compared with the scores reached by wines aged in new oak barrels. The sensory analyses showed that when the wines were aged in tanks, the effect of adding oak chips was readily appreciated by the panelists and the differences were clearer than when the panelist had to differentiate wines aged in used barrels, with or without chips. Also, the panelists were able to clearly differentiate between wines aged in new barrels and those aged in tanks and in contact with wood chips. When the wood pieces were added to used barrels, the differences between the resulting wine and that aged in new barrels, although smaller, were still perceived, the latter reaching higher scores in the sensory analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAging wines in barrels improves their quality and contributes to their organoleptic characteristics. After a period of oak barrel maturation, the wines are enriched in aromatic substances, the color is more stable and mouthfeel complexity is improved. However, barrels are expensive, take up a lot of space in the winery and their lifetime is not very long. Therefore, alternatives have been developed in order to simplify the aging process while ensuring that the wood‐originated volatiles are released into the wine. One of these techniques consists of the addition of small pieces of wood, commonly known as oak chips, to the wine kept in stainless steel tanks or used barrels. These alternatives to oak aging were not a legal practice in European Union (EU) countries until last October when the EU approved the use of pieces of oak wood in winemaking and the designation and presentation of wine so treated. The rapid spread of these techniques makes it necessary to carry out studies to assess the influence of oak chips on the chemical and sensory characteristics of wines and to evaluate the differences with the traditional oak aging systems.
Political Economy of Economic System Change in the Age of Neoliberalism: A Comparative Study of Germany and Korea
Authors: Jung Young‐Tae 
Published: October 2008

This paper explores the plausibility of the neoliberal convergence theory, by exploring recent developments in the German and Korean economies. These two countries are the focus of this paper largely because their original economic systems had many features which contrasted with and were distinctive from the Anglo‐American economic system; however, it appears that they have now moved toward the Anglo‐American system.It will be argued that the neoliberal convergence theory is too simplistic and, therefore, misleading for both theoretical and empirical reasons. Rather, the reality is that different countries and institutions undergo different degrees of change toward the neoliberal model of political economic organization largely due to distinctive characteristics of prior established institutions‐more precisely, due to different configurations of socio‐political forces. It will be suggested that there may be two alternative development strategies open to the two countries in question for the future. One is that they may have to transform their underlying cultural factors and their ‘superstructures’‐ i.e., political institutions and practices‐if an Anglo‐American economic system is really recognized as the best for them. The other is that they may have to modify the Anglo‐American system to make it more suitable for their societies if the latter is not really the best, but just one of many best̂ economic systems.
Assessment of Specific Antibodies to F Protein in Serum Samples from Chinese Hepatitis C Patients Treated with Interferon plus Ribavarin
Authors: Gao De-Yong , Zhang Xin-Xin , Hou Gang , Jin Gen-Di , Deng Qiang , Kong Xiao-Fei , Zhang Dong-Hua , Ling Yun , Yu De-Min , Gong Qi-Ming , Zhan Qin , Yao Bi-Lian , Lu Zhi-Meng 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) alternate reading frame protein or F protein of the HCV 1b genotype is a double-frameshift product of the HCV core protein. In order to assess the presence of antibodies specific for F protein and their clinical relevance in sera from HCV patients, we produced recombinant F protein and core protein of the HCV 1b genotype inEscherichia coli. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed using purified recombinant HCV core, F protein, and a 99-residue synthetic F peptide (F99). The seroprevalences of anticore, anti-F protein, and anti-F99 synthetic peptide were 95%, 68%, and 36%, respectively, in 168 HCV patients. The prevalence of anti-F antibodies did not correlate with viral load, genotype, or alanine aminotransferase level. Interferon combination therapy induced a decline in the level of anti-F antibodies in 55 responders (P< 0.01). Thirteen responders (24%) lost their anti-F recombinant protein antibodies, and 17 (31%) lost their anti-F synthetic peptide antibodies, whereas no decrease was observed for the 17 nonresponders. These changes were significant between responders and nonresponders (P< 0.05). Meanwhile, no change was found in the anticore antibody titer of the 72 treated patients. The percentage of anti-F-protein-negative patients (15/15 [100%]) who achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) was higher than that of the anti-F-positive patients (70%) (P< 0.05). Based on these findings, HCV F protein elicits a specific antibody response other than the anticore protein response. Our data also suggest that the presence and level of anti-F antibody responses might be influenced by the treatment (interferon plus ribavirin) and associated with an SVR in Chinese hepatitis C patients.
Identification of
Staphylococcus
spp. by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of
dnaJ
Gene
Authors: Hauschild Tomasz , Stepanović Srdjan 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis method that analyzes a part of the
dnaJ
gene was designed for the rapid and accurate identification of
Staphylococcus
spp. XapI or Bsp143I digestion of the PCR-generated products rendered distinctive RFLP patterns that allowed 41 reference species and subspecies to be identified with a high degree of specificity. The novel method was validated by the identification of 23 clinical staphylococcal strains, and the results were compared with those obtained by other genotypic identification methods. A 100% concordance of the results was shown. Therefore, PCR-RFLP analysis of the
dnaJ
gene is proposed as a reliable and reproducible method for the identification of
Staphylococcus
spp.
Comparative Study of Selective Chromogenic (chromID VRE) and Bile Esculin Agars for Isolation and Identification of
vanB
-Containing Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Feces and Rectal Swabs
Authors: Grabsch E. A. , Ghaly-Derias S. , Gao W. , Howden B. P. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

The new chromogenic agar chromID VRE (cIDVRE; bioMérieux) was compared with bile esculin agar (BD) containing 6 mg/liter vancomycin for the detection of colonization with
vanB
-containing vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). At 48 h of incubation, the results obtained with both media were comparable. However, cIDVRE detected significantly more VRE at 24 h (39.3% versus 21.3%,
P
= 0.003), and its use may facilitate the timely implementation of infection control procedures.
Isolation of a Protozoan Parasite Genetically Related to the Insect Trypanosomatid
Herpetomonas samuelpessoai
from a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patient
Authors: Morio Florent , Reynes Jacques , Dollet Michel , Pratlong Francine , Dedet Jean-Pierre , Ravel Christophe 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Severely immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients can develop various opportunistic infections due to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. Here we report the first isolation of a flagellated protozoan genetically closely related to
Herpetomonas samuelpessoai
, which is usually a parasite of insects, from the blood of an HIV-infected patient.
Thymidine-Dependent
Staphylococcus aureus
Small-Colony Variants: Human Pathogens That Are Relevant Not Only in Cases of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
Authors: Besier Silke , Zander Johannes , Siegel Ekkehard , Saum Stephan H. , Hunfeld Klaus-Peter , Ehrhart Annabelle , Brade Volker , Wichelhaus Thomas A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

We report the isolation of thymidine-dependent small-colony variants (TD-SCVs) of
Staphylococcus aureus
from unusual infection sites of patients with chronic soft tissue infection, tympanitis, bronchitis, peritonitis, and septicemia. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the essential growth factor for TD-SCVs, i.e., thymidine, and its metabolite dTMP are present in various human specimens.
Serotype Distribution and Penicillin Resistance of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates from Middle Ear Fluids of Pediatric Patients with Acute Otitis Media in Japan
Authors: Hotomi Muneki , Billal Dewan S. , Kamide Yosuke , Kanesada Keiko , Uno Yoshifumi , Kudo Fumiyo , Ito Masato , Kakehata Seiji , Sugita Rinya , Ogami Masashi , Yamanaka Noboru 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Out of 175 pneumococcal isolates from middle ear fluids, 26.3% were penicillin-resistant
S. pneumoniae
(PRSP). Serotypes 19F and 23F occurred most frequently among PRSP strains. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) showed better coverage of PRSP strains (87.0%). The 7-valent PCV may reduce the prevalence of PRSP in Japan.
Extreme Genetic Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Strains Disseminated among Healthy Japanese Children
Authors: Jamaluddin Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku , Kuwahara-Arai Kyoko , Hisata Ken , Terasawa Masahiko , Cui Longzhu , Baba Tadashi , Sotozono Chie , Kinoshita Shigeru , Ito Teruyo , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

For the past few years, we have been observing the dissemination of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in the community. From 2001 to 2003, an evaluation of nasal samples from 1,285 children in five day-care centers and two kindergartens in three districts in Japan revealed that methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRC-NS) have been widely disseminated in the Japanese community. Their prevalence is much greater than community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA). Forty-nine children (3.81%) were colonized with MRSA, whereas 390 children (30.35%) were colonized with MRC-NS. These MRC-NS strains predominantly harbored a pair of cassette chromosome recombinase types A2 and B2 (
ccrAB2
). Of these, 40.8% harbored type IVa staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) elements, a distinct/characteristic type of SCC
mec
in pandemic clones of CA-MRSA. Interestingly, there was also a high frequency of nontypeable strains which possessed atypical structures compared to previous SCC
mec
types. Among the MRC-NS, the majority of strains (63.59%) were methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(MRSE). Their genotypes, as judged from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were highly diverse. They were so diverse that there was no sign of an immediate transmission of any MRSE clone among children in the same institutions. In a previous report, we expounded that a few CA-MRSA clones with distinct SCC
mec
types were disseminated among children in the same institutions. Au contraire, with the case of CA-MRSE, there was no single genotype of CA-MRSE disseminated among children even in the same institution or class.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Yields Overlapping CD4
+
and CD8
+
T-Cell Responses
Authors: Dow Courtney , Oseroff Carla , Peters Bjoern , Nance-Sotelo Courtney , Sidney John , Buchmeier Michael , Sette Alessandro , Mothé Bianca R. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Activation of CD4
+
T cells helps establish and sustain other immune responses. We have previously shown that responses against a broad set of nine CD4
+
T-cell epitopes were present in the setting of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong infection in the context of H-2
d
. This is quite disparate to the H-2
b
setting, where only two epitopes have been identified. We were interested in determining whether a broad set of responses was unique to H-2
d
or whether additional CD4
+
T-cell epitopes could be identified in the setting of the H-2
b
background. To pursue this question, we infected C57BL/6 mice with LCMV Armstrong and determined the repertoire of CD4
+
T-cell responses using overlapping 15-mer peptides corresponding to the LCMV Armstrong sequence. We confirmed positive responses by intracellular cytokine staining and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide binding assays. A broad repertoire of responses was identified, consisting of six epitopes. These epitopes originate from the nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP). Out of the six newly identified CD4
+
epitopes, four of them also stimulate CD8
+
T cells in a statistically significant manner. Furthermore, we assessed these CD4
+
T-cell responses during the memory phase of LCMV Armstrong infection and after infection with a chronic strain of LCMV and determined that a subset of the responses could be detected under these different conditions. This is the first example of a broad repertoire of shared epitopes between CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells in the context of viral infection. These findings demonstrate that immunodominance is a complex phenomenon in the context of helper responses.
Structural Determinant of Human La Protein Critical for Internal Initiation of Translation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA
Authors: Mondal Tanmoy , Ray Upasana , Manna Asit Kumar , Gupta Romi , Roy Siddhartha , Das Saumitra 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Human La protein has been implicated in facilitating internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Earlier, we demonstrated that the RNA recognition motif (RRM) encompassing residues 112 to 184 of La protein [La (112-184)] interacts with the HCV IRES near the initiator AUG codon. A synthetic peptide, LaR2C (24-mer), derived from La RRM (112-184), retains RNA binding ability, competes with La protein binding to the HCV IRES, and inhibits translation. The peptide interferes with the assembly of 48S complexes, resulting in the accumulation of preinitiation complexes that are incompetent for the 60S ribosomal subunit joining. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the HCV IRES-bound peptide complex revealed putative contact points, mutations that showed reduced RNA binding and translation inhibitory activity. The residues responsible for RNA recognition were found to form a turn in the RRM (112-184) structure. A 7-mer peptide comprising this turn showed significant translation inhibitory activity. The bound structure of the peptide inferred from transferred nuclear Overhauser effect experiments suggests that it is a β turn. This conformation is significantly different from that observed in the free RRM (112-184) NMR structure, suggesting paths toward a better-stabilized mimetic peptide. Interestingly, addition of hexa-arginine tag enabled the peptide to enter Huh7 cells and showed inhibition of HCV IRES function. More importantly, the peptide significantly inhibited replication of the HCV monocistronic replicon. Elucidation of the structural determinant of the peptide provides a basis for developing small peptidomimetic structures as potent anti-HCV therapeutics.
Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV
SM
/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vpx Function in Human Myeloid Cells
Authors: Goujon Caroline , Arfi Vanessa , Pertel Thomas , Luban Jeremy , Lienard Julia , Rigal Dominique , Darlix Jean-Luc , Cimarelli Andrea 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)/simian immunodeficiency virus SIV
SM
Vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of infection, when it has been reported to influence the nuclear import of viral DNA. We recently reported that Vpx promoted the accumulation of full-length viral DNA following the infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). This positive effect was exerted following the infection of DCs with cognate viruses and with retroviruses as divergent as HIV-1, feline immunodeficiency virus, and even murine leukemia virus, leading us to suggest that Vpx counteracted an antiviral restriction present in DCs. Here, we show that Vpx is required, albeit to a different extent, for the infection of all myeloid but not of lymphoid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and monocytoid THP-1 cells that had been induced to differentiate with phorbol esters. The intracellular localization of Vpx was highly heterogeneous and cell type dependent, since Vpx localized differently in HeLa cells and DCs. Despite these differences, no clear correlation between the functionality of Vpx and its intracellular localization could be drawn. As a first insight into its function, we determined that SIV
SM
/HIV-2 and SIV
RCM
Vpx proteins interact with the DCAF1 adaptor of the Cul4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex recently described to associate with HIV-1 Vpr and HIV-2 Vpx. However, the functionality of Vpx proteins in the infection of DCs did not strictly correlate with DCAF1 binding, and knockdown experiments failed to reveal a functional role for this association in differentiated THP-1 cells. Lastly, when transferred in the context of a replication-competent viral clone, Vpx was required for replication in DCs.
Characterization of White Spot Syndrome Virus Envelope Protein VP51A and Its Interaction with Viral Tegument Protein VP26
Authors: Chang Yun-Shiang , Liu Wang-Jing , Chou Tsung-Lu , Lee Yuan-Ting , Lee Tai-Lin , Huang Wei-Tung , Kou Guang-Hsiung , Lo Chu-Fang 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn this study, we characterize a novel white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) structural protein, VP51A (WSSV-TW open reading frame 294), identified from a previous mass spectrometry study. Temporal-transcription analysis showed thatvp51Ais expressed in the late stage of WSSV infection. Gene structure analysis showed that the transcription initiation site ofvp51Awas 135 bp upstream of the translation start codon. The poly(A) addition signal overlapped with the translation stop codon, TAA, and the poly(A) tail was 23 bp downstream of the TAA. Western blot analysis of viral protein fractions and immunoelectron microscopy both suggested that VP51A is a viral envelope protein. Western blotting of the total proteins extracted from WSSV virions detected a band that was close to the predicted 51-kDa mass, but the strongest signal was around 72 kDa. We concluded that this 72-kDa band was in fact the full-length VP51A protein. Membrane topology assays demonstrated that the VP51A 72-kDa protein is a type II transmembrane protein with a highly hydrophobic transmembrane domain on its N terminus and a C terminus that is exposed on the surface of the virion. Coimmunoprecipitation, colocalization, and yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that VP51A associated directly with VP26 and indirectly with VP28, with VP26 acting as a linker protein in the formation of a VP51A-VP26-VP28 complex.