bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1
Authors: Baier Dwight C. , Wesner G. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Orange County Water District has conducted studies in waste water reclamation and groundwater recharge since 1965. The work has been done in three phases: (1) Study in both laboratory and pilot‐scale units on the feasibility of reclaiming trickling filter effluent for injection through wells into confined aquifers; (2) long‐term injection study to determine the fate of injected reclaimed water and to observe the performance of a multi‐casing injection well; (3) testing alternative treatment methods in a 25,000 gpd pilot plant to solve the water quality problems which developed during the injection study.The reclaimed trickling filter effluent was found to be injectable and did not cause excessive well clogging. The multi‐casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500 feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were consistently absent. However, the odor and taste which persisted in the injected reclaimed water and the high concentration of dissolved inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are being tested at the present time. A cooperative project with the Office of Saline Water is under way to develop a source of desalted seawater to blend with reclaimed waste water.
INTERBASIN TRANSFER‐THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION1
Authors: Laycock Arleigh H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A number of interbasin transfers are technically possible on an international scale but extremely few have been developed or are in prospect of early development. The institutional constraints are strong and nationalistic reactions to proposals which strongly favor either one of the nations involved have contributed to delays in development.Many of the more striking illustrations of the problems and opportunities relating to international transfers are present in the proposals for Canadian water export to the United States. Some have antagonized Canadians and made further negotiation difficult but phased and sequential transfers are possible and some could complement Canadian development. An important early phase might be the provision of guarantees for replacement supplies in option agreements that would free current surpluses within the United States for more intensive use. It should no longer be assumed that engineering development will provide adequate benefits for the source region. Allowances for opportunity costs, environmental improvements and some profit on sales appear to be needed for upstream areas if transfers are to be made. Many hazards are present but these can be more than offset by the opportunities if both countries strive for mutual benefit through rational study and continuing negotiation.
NEW APPROACHES TO COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING IN CANADA1
Authors: Forbes F. J. , Hodges R. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.In 1970, the Canadian Federal Government passed the Canada Water Act which provides for a co‐operative federal‐provincial approach to water resource management. The purpose of this paper is to outline our definition of comprehensive planning and the approach being taken under the new legislation.Two basic premises underly the definition. They are that resource management consists of an array of problems and that the prime function of planning is to provide information for decision making. The definition of comprehensive planning is embodied in a general statement and a set of principles. The principles define the approach that should be taken to provide adequate information for decision making in today's complex environment.A brief resume of the jurisdictions for water management in Canada leads to a discussion of a joint federal‐provincial comprehensive study of the Qu'Appelle River Basin in Southern Saskatchewan. The basin and the study are described briefly. This is followed by an outline of the economic and social considerations which are being incorporated into the comprehensive planning study for the basin.
VALIDATION OF POLITICAL SIMULATION MODELS ‐WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS1
Authors: Bulkley Jonathan W. , Antill Julie 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The critical role of political processes in water resource projects has recently been placed in a new perspective [Hall, 1970]. The “political hassle” period of institutional interaction which serves to resolve political conflicts over such aspects as organizational growth and survival, responsibility for economic liabilities, and responsibility for economic benefits, requires systematic analysis in order to improve our capability to implement water projects. Failure to properly assess the political aspects of a proposed water project may result in extensive delays with significant economic losses. The complexities associated with water use and re‐use have created the need for new institutional arrangements which can more effectively function to implement policies and programs.One tool which has recently become available for the research investigator concerned with institutional interactions and political processes associated with water resource projects is the technique of computer simulation of such institutional interaction. In theory, this new approach will enable the investigator to assess the political feasibility or political acceptability of a proposed water project given existing institutional structures. Furthermore, the investigator has the opportunity to experiment with new and innovative institutional arrangements which may in turn enhance the political acceptability of a proposed project.The specific material presented within this paper reports upon the validation of an existing computer simulation model designed to replicate political interactions in resource allocation problems‐including water resource problems. This validation effort is done by taking an actual water problem and comparing what the political simulation models predicts in terms of political outcomes with what actually takes place. The case study in question is the formulation and legislative development of the Michigan Bond Issue for Water Pollution Control.
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND FILMS
Authors: Pecora Dr. William T. 
Published: June 2007

Ten years ago in the United States, per capita water use for all purposes was about 1500 gallons a day. By the year 2000, our population will have grown from 200 to 350 million, and each person, in effect, will be using 2500 gallons per day, This could result in our using as much as 75 percent of the total average runoff from US. RiversPerhaps as much as 40,000 cubic miles of saline water are stored in rocks at various depths underlying extensive areas of the United States, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. This water, once considered of no value and even a nuisance, now represents a vast potential source of water, either as replacement of fresh water for certain uses or as the raw material for desalting techniques which have been studied intensively in recent years. Desalination creates new water in the sense that saline water, never before used, becomes part of our water economy.
LIMITS ON THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAME OF REFERENCE IN WATER RESOURCE DECISION‐MAKING1
Authors: Kaynor Edward R. , Howards Irving 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStudy of water resource decision‐making in Massachusetts demonstrates the existence of many institutional constraints such as the established fee system for consulting engineers, the funding of certain agencies, the institutionalization of equity concerns, overrepresentation of interests, and incompatibility of agency goals. These institutional constraints are attributable in part to certain broadly‐based value‐orientations such as the American pragmatic tradition. However, various lines of evidence indicate that these constraints are less important than other factors in the etiology of decisional outcomes. The outcomes of the decision processes were found to be at variance with the decisions studied, a fact leading to the conclusion that choice of decisions for study should be given more attention. The authors conclude that institutional constraints are important if one is interested in studying how decisions are made, but that what actually happens in the long run cannot be easily ascertained by studying either institutions or the decision‐making process. They suggest the need for more research utilizing the incremental theories of Carl Lindblom and the side‐effect theories of Albert O. Hirschman.
DISPERSION MODEL FOR A STREAM WITH SEVERAL WASTE INPUTS AND WATER INTAKES1
Authors: Fan L. T. , Nadkami Rekha S. , Erickson Larry E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn analytical solution is developed to predict the BOD and DO profiles in a stream having several outfalls of waste and intakes of water. The model also incorporates continuous addition and removal of BOD and DO along the stream. A steady state one dimensional dispersion model is used to describe the transport of BOD and DO in a stream. Changes in stream properties along the length are considered by dividing the stream into several segments and changing the parameters of the BOD and DO equations as needed in each segment. By applying continuity equations at the boundaries of these segments and equilibrium conditions at either ends of the infinitely long stream, the arbitrary constants in the solutions to the differential equations for BOD and DO can be determined. Some applications of the results in studying water pollution problems are illustrated.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER1
Authors: Baker J. Marshall , Teggins John E. , Hoffman John W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTrace quantities of copper (II) ion can be found in natural water as waste products from industrial, mining, and agricultural operations. Because low concentrations of copper can be toxic to plant life, many workers have devised methods of analysis for this metal in water. These methods require expensive equipment and skilled technicians. The described study illustrates a simple method in which copper (II) ion is concentrated by a batch ion exchange technique and estimated colorimetrically after formation of the blue triethylenetetramine complex. Using the visible absorption peak of the complex at 600 nm it was possible to obtain accurate estimations of original copper concentrations in the range 0.5‐3 ppm. Using the complex absorption peak at 260 nm in the ultra‐violet region of the spectrum increased the sensitivity by a factor of twenty. Because of the dependence of the complex formation reaction on solution acidity it is possible to optimize conditions for the detection of copper (II) in the presence of other metal ions. This type of method, which could be extended to the analysis of other metal ions, could be performed by a relatively unskilled technician under field conditions.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY‐CONSCIOUS ERA1
Authors: Carlin Alan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Sierra Club, which has long fought selected water resource projects that it believes would be environmentally damaging, has come to the conclusion in recent years that much more basic reforms are required in water resources development activities if the demands for environmental quality now evidenced by the American people are to be satisfied. These reforms should not be limited to those that would have a direct effect on the environmental aspects of proposed projects, but also many others long advocated by the economics profession that would have favorable indirect effects.Among the urgent reforms with indirect effects are those involving revision of the procedures used in evaluating proposed projects. These procedures should be revised so that future evaluations will much more accurately reflect the economic and environmental merits of proposed projects. Basic reforms of tax policies are also needed that will eliminate most of the private profit available to those who can persuade the government to increase the value of their land through the construction of water projects. Finally, some additional actions can be taken that will have a direct impact on lessening the adverse environmental impact of water projects beyond the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.
FISH AND WILDLIFE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Jurgens Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Fish and wildlife enhancement through water resources development implies fish and wildlife will be enhanced or benefit directly from such development. As a matter of practicality, the opposite may be the case in that wildlife lands of prime value and stream fisheries are often lost or severely altered as a result of reservoir construction or stream channelization. Additionally, estuarine fish and wildlife can also suffer from water resources development due to reductions in volume of fresh waters reaching the estuaries and adjacent marshes. In some instances waterfowl habitat can be created by reservoir construction and with good planning waterfowl habitat and use may be enhanced. To offset losses of thousands of acres of wildlife habitat when a river system is to be totally harnessed, planners could set aside sufficiently large natural areas dedicated for use by wildlife. This, however, would be replacement rather than enhancement. Reservoir fisheries can be enhanced with good planning to include timber clearing, shoreline clearing, boat road clearing, variable level drawoff devices and tailrace escapement channels. To sum up, it is possible for some species offish and wildlife to be enhanced through water resources development but only at the expense of others, and then only through careful and integrated planning.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF INTERBASIN TUNNEL SYSTEMS1
Authors: Christensen B. A. , Bush Peter W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTInterbasin water transfer is often accomplished by tunnel systems discharging the water from subreservoirs into a main reservoir. Such a system involving an arbitrary number of reservoirs is considered and an iterative method is developed for the determination of all tunnel sizes giving minimum total cost of the system when the individual discharges from the subreservoirs and elevations of the water surfaces of all reservoirs are known. It is assumed that all tunnels are flowing full. Influence of average construction cost per unit volume as well as tunnel roughness and cross‐sectional shape is taken into consideration. The corresponding computer program for the general case is presented. The method may also be adapted to pipe systems, open channel systems, or combined systems by introduction of the proper cost functions for these conduits.
SPACE‐TIME VALIDATION OF A THUNDERSTORM RAINFALL MODEL1
Authors: Fogel M. M. , Duckstein L. , Kisiel C. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA probability model for predicting the occurrence and magnitude of thunderstorm rainfall developed in the southwestern United States was tested in the metropolitan Chicago area with reasonable success, especially for the moderate to the extreme runoff‐producing events. The model requires the estimation of two parameters, the mean number of events per year and the conditional probability of rain given that an event has occurred. To tie in the data from more than one gage in an area, an event can be defined in several ways, such as the areal mean rainfall exceeding 0.50 inch and at least one gage receiving more than 1.0 inch. This type of definition allows both of the model parameters to be obtained from daily warm‐season rainfall records. Regardless of the definition used a Poisson distribution adequately described the number of events per season. A negative binomial distribution was derived as representing the frequency density function for rainfall where several gages are employed in defining a storm. Chicago data fit both distributions very well at events with relatively high return periods. The results indicate the possibility of using the model on a regional basis where limited amount of data may be used to estimate parameters for extensive areas.
A STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING THE POLLUTANTS IN A RIVER1
Authors: Nour A‐Razek A. Abouel 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Urban and industrial areas continue to expand and consequently, to create serious water pollution problems to natural streams. The need for the development of accurate, reliable, and sensitive water quality prediction models is most desirable. The first objective of this research is to set guidelines for dividing a natural stream into more or less independent reaches based on some criteria. The second objective is to obtain the predicting equations of the water pollutants in a selected stream.The preliminary phase of this research evaluated water quality data sampled from the Pearl River which flows southwest and then turns south through the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. This evaluation served as guidelines to divide the total river basin into reaches (subsystems) appropriate to the objective of this research. Subsequent to this subsystem assignment, a stepwise multiple regression FORTRAN program was used to regress the pollutants (dependent variables) for both time and space on their water characteristics (independent variables).Based on the results obtained, the proposed statistical approach provides a practical tool for developing regression equations for the purpose of water pollutants' prediction.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN LAKES1
Authors: Lackey Robert T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe design, installation, and operation of a compressed air system to eliminate thermal stratification in lakes is described. During a year‐long field test on a 19 ha lake, this system effectively eliminated thermal stratification, increased dissolved oxygen, and kept part of the lake ice‐free during winter. This system has the capability for use in larger reservoirs and, used for control or elimination of stratification in lakes, is a promising tool for alleviating problems caused by thermal stratification.
LAND USE CHANGE PATTERNS BY LOCATION WITH RESPECT TO A RESERVOIR1
Authors: Prebble B. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMuch research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area.The general hypothesis of this study is that the spatial patterns of land use change are influenced by economic characteristics of the reservoir and reservoir area. Several hypotheses concerning the effects of relative location on a peninsula are tested using analysis of variance. The data used for the analysis is based on Lake Cumberland, a reservoir in southern Kentucky.The analysis indicates that there exists significant patterns of land use change around the lake and on peninsulas.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1
Authors: Brown Richmond F. , Signor Donald C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe increasing need for water has increased interest in artificial recharge by water‐management agencies. An evaluation of current knowledge of processes and problems of artificial recharge indicates that a great deal of additional research is necessary before recharge feasibility can be evaluated in most situations. Experience in using recharge wells on the Southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas indicates success when using good quality water, and failure when recharge water contains high concentrations of particulate matter. Surface spreading is a more suitable method when water has a high sediment content, but may not be feasible in some hydrogeologic situations. Theoretically, well construction is important to the success of injection recharge operations, but little experimental work exists to support this view. Results of recharge experiments on the Southern High Plains support these conclusions.
APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS TO THE INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Guyod Hubert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBorehole geophysics comprises the execution of physical measurements in boreholes and the interpretation of the results in terms of rock properties and other data useful in subsurface investigations. This article briefly reviews the borehole geophysical methods that have found acceptance in hydrology and their main applications.
ROLE OF MODELS IN GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Weber Ernest M. , Hassan Ahmad A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTo answer the difficult question of how to integrate operation of ground and surface water supplies into their management plans, the decision‐makers must be able to predict the effects of various alternative modes of operation and meteorological conditions on the groundwater basin.Many types of models have been used for simulating the behavior of groundwater basins under these changes. Analog simulators, analog computers, and digital computers have been employed for model development.To achieve plausible models, detailed hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics are required, such as data on transmissivity, storage, and net deep percolation. These data are used in the equations that form the model.Water quality, which cannot be separated from quantity, deserves equal consideration. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to develop water quality prediction tools through the use of modeling techniques.
LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Allen Donald R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDeep within the earth there exist immense reservoirs of energy in the form of heat‐commonly referred to as geothermal resources. Unfortunately, most of these resources are at such depths that it is unlikely they will be recoverable in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the lure of seemingly inexhaustible amounts of relatively clean energy continues to hold a fascination for man. In certain limited situations man has already been able to tap these reservoirs and harness the energy to his own uses. More of this activity can be expected in the future. While geothermal energy will chiefly be used to produce electric power, persons responsible for water resources management must concern themselves with geothermal resources for water, and water law concepts will continue to play an important role in the development of this resource.
NONSTEADY FLOW TO A WELL WITH TIME DEPENDENT DRAWDOWN1
Authors: Williams Roy A. , Lai Robert Y. , Karadi Gabor M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTConfined flow toward a single well of finite radius in an extensive aquifer of uniform transmissibility is studied under the assumption of time‐dependent drawdown.Three particular cases are considered: (a) linear drawdown (including constant drawdown); (b) exponential drawdown; (c) periodic (sinusoidal) drawdown.The differential equation governing unsteady axial symmetric flow toward a single well in a confined aquifer is solved for the three different situations by the use of the Laplace transform method. The resulting expressions are integrated by adapting a modified Gemant scheme.General computer programs have been developed and operated for several combinations of characteristics. The results are plotted to show the effect of time dependent drawdown on the variation of the well discharge and the piezometric head distribution.