bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete 1H and 13C assignments of (21R) and (21S) diastereomers of argatroban
Authors: Colombo Diego , Ferraboschi Patrizia , Grisenti Paride , Legnani Laura 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments are reported for the antithrombotic (21R)‐ and (21S)‐argatroban by 1D and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and 1H1H COSY). Some well‐resolved signals could be used for an accurate measurement of the diastereomeric composition of argatroban. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and solvent effects on the 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts of indoloquinoline alkaloids: experimental and DFT study
Authors: Toušek Jaromír , Van Miert Sabine , Pieters Luc , Van Baelen Gitte , Hostyn Steven , Maes Bert U. W. , Lemière Guy , Dommisse Roger , Marek Radek 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIndoloquinoline alkaloids represent an important class of antimalarial, antibacterial and antiviral compounds. They have been shown to bind to DNA via intercalation preferentially at GC‐rich sequences containing nonalternating CC sites. The stability of complexes formed with biological macromolecules depends on noncovalent binding. In the present study, the ability of indoloquinolines to form intermolecular interactions with solvents was investigated by using NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6‐31G**) calculations. NMR data measured for indoloquinoline bases and the corresponding hydrochlorides are discussed in relation to the structure. DFT calculations of shielding constants in vacuo and in solution allowed the investigation of the influence of the environment on the NMR parameters. Calculations incorporating solvent effects indicated significant changes in the anisotropy of the electron distribution, reflected in the span of the chemical shielding tensor (Ω = σ11 − σ33). Solvent effects on the span of the 13C and 15N shielding tensor depended on the type of atom and the data indicated a significant influence of solute‐solvent interactions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniaturized fiber‐optic transmission system for MRI signals
Authors: Memis Omer Gokalp , Eryaman Yigitcan , Aytur Orhan , Atalar Ergin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractConventional MRI instruments transmit received MRI signals through electrical cables. Although this design has proved to be effective over the years, we report a fiber‐optic system that addresses the needs of recent developments in MRI technology. One of these technologies is phased array coils with a high number of elements, where total size of interconnections is a primary problem, and other problem is internal MRI coils, where there is a need for improvements in safety. The Miniature Fiber‐Optic Transmission (FOT) System was developed to address these issues. The system consists of a receiver coil with active detuning, a low‐noise preamplifier, and a laser diode connected to a photodetector with fiber‐optic cabling. The overall noise figure of the system is lower than 1 dB. Total power consumption is 50 mW, and the device is switchable with another fiber‐optic line, which can also control active detuning. A prototype device was tested in a GE 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, and several images were acquired with a signal to noise ratio similar to coaxial cabling. We believe that this design will reduce the cabling problems of arrays and enable placement of internal coils into body cavities with no safety hazard to the patient, such as electrical shock or burns. Magn Reson Med 59:165–173, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel polymer composite with double positive‐temperature‐coefficient transitions: effect of filler–matrix interface on the resistivity–temperature behavior
Authors: Zhang Xiangwu , Pan Yi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Sn–Pb alloy‐filled high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites exhibit double positive‐temperature‐coefficient (PTC) behavior, with the first transition at the melting point of HDPE and the second at that of Sn–Pb alloy. The objective of this study is to improve the reversibility and reproducibility of double‐PTC transitions of these composite materials by enhancing the filler–matrix interface.RESULTS: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface wettability and dynamic mechanical and rheological measurements confirm that surface‐treating Sn–Pb with titanate concentration ≤1 wt% enhances the interface adhesion between Sn–Pb alloy and HDPE matrix. Surface‐treating Sn–Pb with titanate concentration ≤1 wt% increases the PTC transition temperature, reduces the PTC intensity and improves the reversibility and reproducibility of the double‐PTC behavior of Sn–Pb/HDPE composites.CONCLUSION: It is demonstrated that adjusting the filler–matrix interface is an effective means to modify the double‐PTC behavior of Sn–Pb alloy‐filled HDPE composites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of linear poly(ether sulfone)s with dendritic terminal groups
Authors: Osano Keiichi , Turner S. Richard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHybrid linear‐dendritic ABA polymers, where A and B are dendritic and linear polymers, respectively, were synthesized in a single step via step‐growth polymerization of 4,4′‐difluorodiphenylsulfone and bisphenol A using arylether ketone dendrons of first and second generations (G1‐OH and G2‐OH) as monofunctional end‐cappers. These G1 and G2‐terminated poly(ether sulfone)s (G1‐PESs and G2‐PESs) were characterized by 1H NMR, SEC, DSC, TGA, melt rheology, and tensile tests. The comparison of the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these polymers with those of t‐butylphenoxy‐terminated polysulfones reveal that the G1‐ and G2‐PESs have lower Tgs at all molecular weights investigated. However, a plot of Tg versus 1/Mn shows that the difference between the three series becomes negligible at infinite molecular weight and agrees to the chain end free volume theory. The melt viscosities of G1‐PES and G2‐PES with high molecular weights do not show a Newtonian region and, in the high frequency region, their viscosities are lower than that of the control while the stress–strain properties are comparable to those of the control, suggesting that it is possible to reduce the high shear melt viscosity of a PES without affecting the stress–strain properties by introducing bulky dendritic terminal groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 958–969, 2008
Assessing the risk of resistance in Pseudoperonospora cubensis to the fungicide flumorph in vitro
Authors: Zhu Shusheng , Liu Pengfei , Liu Xili , Li Jianqiang , Yuan Shankui , Si Naiguo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: The oomycete fungicide flumorph is a recently introduced carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide. In order to evaluate the risk of developing field resistance to flumorph, the authors compared it with dimethomorph and azoxystrobin with respect to the ease of obtaining resistant isolates to these fungicides, the level of resistance and their fitness in the laboratory.RESULTS: Mutants with a high level of resistance to azoxystrobin were isolated readily by adaptation and UV irradiation, and their fitness was as good as that of the parent isolates. Attempts to generate mutants of Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Burk. & MA Curtis) Rostovsev resistant to flumorph and dimethomorph by sporangia adaptation on fungicide‐treated leaves were unsuccessful. However, moderately resistant mutants were isolated using UV mutagenesis, but their resistance level [maximum resistance factor (MRF) < 100] was much lower than that of the azoxystrobin‐resistant mutant (MRF = 733). With the exception of stability of resistance, all mutants showed low pathogenicity and sporulation compared with wild‐type isolates and azoxystrobin‐resistant mutants. There is cross‐resistance between flumorph and dimethomorph, suggesting that they have the same resistance mechanism.CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that the resistance risk of flumorph may be similar to that of dimethomorph but lower than that of azoxystrobin and can be classified as moderate. Thus, it can be managed by appropriate product use strategies. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Chloroethene dechlorination in acidic groundwater: Implications for combining fenton's treatment with natural attenuation
Authors: Bradley Paul M. , Singletary Michael A. , Chapelle Francis H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA sulfuric acid leak in 1988 at a chloroethene‐contaminated groundwater site at the Naval Air Station Pensacola has resulted in a long‐term record of the behavior of chloroethene contaminants at low pH and a unique opportunity to assess the potential impact of source area treatment technologies, which involve acidification of the groundwater environment (e.g., Fenton's‐based in situ chemical oxidation), on downgradient natural attenuation processes. The greater than 75 percent decrease in trichloroethene (TCE) concentrations and the shift in contaminant composition toward predominantly reduced daughter products (dichloroethene [DCE] and vinyl chloride [VC]) that were observed along a 30‐m groundwater flow path characterized by highly acidic conditions (pH = 3.5 ± 0.4) demonstrated that chloroethene reductive dechlorination can continue to be efficient under persistent acidic conditions. The detection of Dehalococcoides‐type bacteria within the sulfuric acid/chloroethene co‐contaminant plume was consistent with biotic chloroethene reductive dechlorination. Microcosm studies conducted with 14C‐TCE and 14C‐VC confirmed biotic reductive dechlorination in sediment collected from within the sulfuric acid/chloroethene co‐contaminant plume. Microcosms prepared with sediment from two other locations within the acid plume, however, demonstrated only a limited mineralization to 14CO2 and 14CO, which was attributed to abiotic degradation because no significant differences were observed between experimental and autoclaved control treatments. These results indicated that biotic and abiotic mechanisms contributed to chloroethene attenuation in the acid plume at NAS Pensacola and that remediation techniques involving acidification of the groundwater environment (e.g., Fenton's‐based source area treatment) do not necessarily preclude efficient chloroethene degradation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembled‐Monolayer Formation of Long Alkanedithiols in Molecular Junctions
Authors: Akkerman Hylke B. , Kronemeijer Auke J. , van Hal Paul A. , de Leeuw Dago M. , Blom Paul W. M. , de Boer Bert 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe orientation of alkanedithiol molecules in self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is of vital importance for their transport properties in molecular junctions. It is demonstrated that a too‐low concentration of long alkanedithiols in ethanol leads to the formation of looped molecules, resulting in a 50‐fold increase of the current through the SAM. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that high‐concentration dithiol solutions result in a preferential standing‐up phase. To obtain an almost full standing‐up phase of 1,14‐tetradecanedithiol (C14) a 30 mM concentration in ethanol is required, whereas a 0.3 mM concentration leads to a highly looped monolayer. The conduction through the full standing‐up phase of C14 and C16 is in accordance with the exponential dependence on molecule length as obtained from shorter alkanedithiols.
Characterization of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis PbDfg5p, a cell‐wall protein implicated in filamentous growth
Authors: da Silva Castro Nadya , Barbosa Mônica Santiago , Maia Zilma Alves , Báo Sonia Nair , Felipe Maria Sueli Soares , Santana Jaime Martins , Soares Mendes‐Giannini Maria José , Pereira Maristela , de Almeida Soares Célia Maria 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of the most frequent systemic mycosis in Latin America. In humans, infection starts by inhalation of fungal propagules, which reach the pulmonary epithelium and differentiate into the yeast parasitic phase. Here we describe the characterization of a Dfg5p (defective for filamentous growth) homologue of P. brasiliensis, a predictable cell wall protein, first identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein, the cDNA and genomic sequences were analysed. The cloned cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified rPbDfg5p was used to obtain polyclonal antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical studies demonstrated the presence of PbDfg5p in the fungal cell wall. Enzymatic treatments identified PbDfg5p as a β‐glucan linked protein that undergoes N‐glycosylation. The rPbDfg5p bound to extracellular matrix components, indicating that those interactions could be important for initial steps leading to P. brasiliensis attachment and colonization of host tissues. The P. brasiliensis dfg5 nucleotide and deduced protein, PbDfg5p, sequences reported in this paper had been submitted to the GenBank database under Accession Nos AY307855 (cDNA) and DQ534495 (genomic). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental solutions of equilibrium equations for gradient model describing the deformation of two‐component elastic composites
Authors: Kabysh Yu. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe paper presents the fundamental solutions established for the equilibrium equations written in terms of displacements in the gradient model describing the deformation of two‐component elastic composites with stochastic structure. In the paper 2D and 3D problems are constructed on the basis of the theory of generalized functions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT IN OBJECTIVE MORALITY: DISTINGUISHING OBJECTIVE FROM INTRINSIC VALUE
Authors: Smith Tara 
Published: December 2007

This essay contends that the debate between subjectivism and objectivism in ethics is better understood as a dispute among three alternatives: subjectivism, objectivism, and intrinsicism. Ayn Rand has identified intrinsicism – the belief that certain things are good “in, by, and of” themselves – as the doctrine that is actually operative in many defenses of moral objectivity. What intrinsicism fails to appreciate, however, is the significant role of the subject, the person to whom and for whom anything can be valuable.Objective value, in Rand's view, is relational. Its existence depends on contributions of both external reality and human consciousness. Values are not reducible to psychological states, as in subjectivism, but nor are they independent of them, as in intrinsicism. Objectivity in ethics is attained neither through revelation of the intrinsic property of goodness nor through the subject's creation of goodness, but through a rational procedure of evaluation that is governed by the method of objectivity.This essay is in three parts, explaining Rand's view of exactly what intrinsicism is; elaborating on her view of the nature of moral objectivity; and highlighting certain features that make plain the differences between an intrinsicist and an objectivist account of value.
Detection of cardio-metabolic risk by BMI and waist circumference among a population of Guatemalan adults
Authors: Gregory Cria O , Corvalán Camila , Ramirez-Zea Manuel , Martorell Reynaldo , Stein Aryeh D 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundBMI and waist circumference (WC) are used to screen for cardio-metabolic risk; however it is unclear how well these indices perform in populations subject to childhood stunting.ObjectivesTo evaluate BMI and WC as indicators of cardio-metabolic risk and to determine optimal cut-off points among 1325 Guatemalan adults (44 % stunted: ≤150 cm women; ≤162 cm men).MethodsCardio-metabolic risk factors were systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥130/≥85 mmHg, glucose ≥5·5 mmol/l, TAG ≥1·7 mmol/l, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ≥5·0, and the presence of two or more and three or more of the preceding risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used.ResultsAreas under the ROC curve were in the range of 0·59–0·77 for BMI and 0·59–0·78 for WC among men and 0·66–0·72 and 0·64–0·72 among women, respectively. Optimal cut-off points for BMI were 24·7–26·1 kg/m2among men (24·5–26·1 kg/m2stunted; 24·8–26·3 kg/m2non-stunted) and 26·5–27·6 kg/m2among women (26·3–27·8 kg/m2stunted; 26·6–27·9 kg/m2non-stunted). Optimal cut-off points for WC were 87·3–91·1 cm among men (85·3–89·4 cm stunted; 88·5–93·3 cm non-stunted) and 91·3–95·3 cm among women (90·9–94·4 cm stunted; 91·8–95·6 cm non-stunted).ConclusionOptimal cut-off points for BMI were slightly higher among women than men with no meaningful differences by stature. Optimal cut-off points for WC were several centimetres lower for stunted compared with non-stunted men, and both were substantially lower than the current recommendations among Western populations. Cut-off points derived from Western populations may not be appropriate for developing countries with a high prevalence of stunting.
Primary and Secondary Infections ofMacaca fascicularisMonkeys with Asian and American Genotypes of Dengue Virus 2
Authors: Bernardo Lidice , Izquierdo Alienys , Prado Irina , Rosario Delfina , Alvarez Mayling , Santana Emidalys , Castro Jorge , Martínez Rafael , Rodríguez Rosmari , Morier Luis , Guillén Gerardo , Guzmán María G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to compare the immune response and the protection capacity induced by the dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) American and Asian genotypes inMacaca fascicularismonkeys. Animals were infected with American or Asian DENV-2 strains and challenged 1 year later with a DENV-2 Asian genotype strain. The viremia and monkey antibody levels were similar for the different strains after primary and secondary infection; however, the functionality of the antibody response was different. A limited viral replication was demonstrated after the secondary infection in all the monkeys. No virus was isolated in tissue culture, while reverse transcription-PCR showed a late positive reaction in four of five challenged monkeys. The immunoglobulin M response pattern and the detection of antibodies to specific proteins by Western blotting supported the protection data. Despite the demonstration of the protective effect after homologous challenge, a strong anamnestic antibody response was observed.
Influence of Maternal Antibodies on Efficacy of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccination To Protect Pigs from Experimental Infection with PCV2
Authors: Opriessnig T. , Patterson A. R. , Elsener J. , Meng X. J. , Halbur P. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTDue to the ubiquitous nature of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the pig population and the increasing use of PCV2 vaccines in breeding herds, the majority of dams have been exposed to field PCV2 or PCV2 vaccines, resulting in piglets with varied levels of passively acquired PCV2 maternal antibodies. The objective of the current research was to investigate the influence of passively acquired anti-PCV2 antibodies on PCV2 vaccine efficacy. Sixty 26-day-old pigs were divided into four groups: vaccinated pigs with no maternal PCV2 antibodies at the time of vaccination (VAC-NEG;n= 9), vaccinated pigs with maternal PCV2 antibodies at the time of vaccination (VAC-POS;n= 21), nonvaccinated pigs with no maternal antibodies at the time of challenge (NVAC-CNEG;n= 15), and nonvaccinated pigs with maternal antibodies at the time of challenge (NVAC-CPOS;n= 15). Vaccinations and challenges were performed on trial days 0 and 28, respectively, according to group designation. The pigs were monitored for clinical signs of disease daily and weighed weekly, and blood was collected weekly. All pigs were necropsied on trial day 49, and tissues were evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Serum was evaluated using PCV2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and PCV2 IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative PCV2 PCR, and a serum PCV2 neutralizing antibody test. In comparison to NVAC-CPOS pigs, VAC-POS animals had significantly (P< 0.01) less severe microscopic PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions and significantly (P< 0.04) reduced PCV2 genomic copies in serum following PCV2 challenge. These results indicate that vaccination with Suvaxyn PCV2 One Dose reduces viremia and prevents microscopic lesions associated with PCV2 in the presence of maternal antibodies.
Evaluation of Commercial Antisera for
Salmonella
Serotyping
Authors: Schrader Kimmi N. , Fernandez-Castro Ali , Cheung Wendy K. W. , Crandall Claudia M. , Abbott Sharon L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

We compared a set of commercial
Salmonella
somatic and flagellar serotyping antisera to in-house-prepared antisera from the Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, using 327
Salmonella enterica
strains belonging to subgroups I, II, IIIa, IIIb, and IV. The sensitivities of Denka Seiken (Tokyo, Japan) somatic and flagellar antisera (using a tube agglutination assay) were 94.0% and 99.2%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both sets of sera. Polyvalent O and O1 antiserum sensitivity and specificity were >90%, with the exception of polyvalent O1 antiserum, for which sensitivity was 88.9%. When Denka Seiken flagellar antisera were used in a slide agglutination assay, the sensitivity and accuracy dropped to 88.9% and the specificity fell to 91%. Overall, Denka Seiken commercial antisera performed very well and, together with the comprehensive range of factors available, offer laboratories quality reagents suitable for serotyping strains of salmonellae.
Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases among
Escherichia coli
Isolates Collected in a Swedish Hospital and Its Associated Health Care Facilities from 2001 to 2006
Authors: Fang Hong , Ataker Ferda , Hedin Göran , Dornbusch Kathrine 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

The genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among
Escherichia coli
isolates were investigated at a general hospital and its associated health care facilities in Stockholm, Sweden, during the period from 2001 to 2006. Of 87 consecutive nonduplicate ESBL-positive isolates, 80 isolates encoded CTX-M-type ESBLs, 64 of which were group 1 enzymes. TEM-type and OXA-type β-lactamases were encoded in 63 and 59% of the ESBL isolates, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed 40 different pulsotypes, consisting of 11 clones accounting for 66% of all isolates, and 29 unique patterns. Moreover, of the 11 clones, clones 1 and 4 comprised half of the clonally related isolates (28 of 57). Clone 1 was a persistent endemic clone in the area throughout the years, and clone 4 emerged in 2003. However, in recent years, clone 1 isolates were no longer predominant and were gradually replaced by new emerging strains. Concerning β-lactamase gene profiles in relation to PFGE pulsotypes, clone-related
bla
profiles were observed in certain clones, while in most cases different
bla
profiles could be observed in the same clone, and the same
bla
profile could be present in different clones. The molecular epidemiology of ESBL-positive
E. coli
in the area shows shifts in predominant strains and increased clonal diversity over time. The study also indicated that both clonal spread of epidemic strains and transfer of transposable genetic elements might contribute to the proliferation of ESBLs.