bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propofol Decreases Early Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Thyroid and Parathyroid Operations
Authors: Gauger Paul G. , Shanks Amy , Morris Michelle , Greenfield Mary Lou V. H. , Burney Richard E. , O’Reilly Michael 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundAs the practice of parathyroid and thyroid surgery shifts toward short stay and outpatient treatment, the occurrence and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) increases in importance due to its potential to delay discharge. PONV also may contribute negatively to the patient’s experience and thus their level of satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anesthetic technique based on propofol decreases the incidence of PONV and, consequently, improves patient satisfaction with their care.MethodsA prospective, randomized trial included patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy under general anesthetic with (75 patients) or without (73 patients) propofol. Occurrences of nausea, vomiting, and the resultant treatment were tracked during the perioperative period. Repeated questionnaires at multiple time points determined patient expectations and experiences related to PONV after their operation. Statistical analyses compared differences between the propofol and non‐propofol groups.ResultsPONV was significantly less likely in the propofol group at the early time points (in the operating room and postanesthesia care unit) but not at later time points (postoperative day 1 or 2). Patients were largely satisfied with different aspects of their management despite the specifics of their anesthetic regimen.ConclusionsA propofol‐based anesthetic decreases PONV immediately after the operation but this influence does not persist throughout the episode of care or significantly contribute to patient perceptions of satisfaction.
The inability to ignore: distractibility in women with restricting anorexia nervosa
Authors: Dickson H. , Brooks S. , Uher R. , Tchanturia K. , Treasure J. , Campbell I. C. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundAttentional difficulties reported in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) may be due to preferential processing of disease-salient stimuli at a pre-attentive or at a conscious level or to a general problem in attention. Attentional difficulties may be associated with duration of illness.MethodFemale participants with AN (restricting subtype;n=24) and healthy comparison women (n=24) were randomly allocated to subliminal or supraliminal exposure to visual stimuli (food, neutral and aversive images) while performing the 1-back and 2-back working-memory tasks.ResultsParticipants with AN made fewer errors than the healthy comparison group in the subliminal condition but significantly more errors in the supraliminal condition [condition×group interaction,F(1, 44)=6.82,p<0.01]: this was irrespective of stimulus type (food, neutral and aversive) and task (1-back or 2-back). The total number of errors made correlated positively with the duration of the AN for both the 1-back task (rs=0.46,p<0.05) and for the 2-back task (rs=0.53,p<0.01).ConclusionsDecreased ability to concentrate in the presence of explicit distracters is a feature of AN and is associated with longer duration of illness. This phenomenon could be addressed in psychological interventions.
Choice and Values: Individualised Rational Action and Social Goals
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFor excellent reasons, in response to pressures from social, economic and political changes, welfare states are undergoing reform. A central theme in the new policies, particularly influential in the UK, is the use of incentives through activation programmes and reforms to public sector management to promote rational responsible choices by both service users and providers. The theoretical underpinning of this approach relies on a model of people as plural in their values, but holding values that are independent from social context and institutional framework. Policy seeks to harness those values to produce desired behaviour. This article focuses on two relevant literatures. Analyses of rational action at an individual level by economic psychologists, evolutionary biologists and game theorists indicate that the context in which choices are framed influences responses. Further work by economic sociologists and social psychologists suggests that the values that guide behaviour have an important social element as normative systems embodied in institutional frameworks. The norms appropriate to market interactions typically differ from welfare norms, so that different value frameworks and responses apply. The implication is that the transition to quasi-market and individualised incentive systems risks damaging the norms that sanction support for distant but vulnerable groups. The article falls into three sections: reviewing the background to reform and the emergence of an emphasis on individualised rational choice, considering each of the literatures mentioned above and discussing policy consequences.
APSA Investment Practices
Authors: Ross Loren D. 
Published: February 2008

In order to keep members informed about APSA financial pratices, the
APSA Trust and Development Board, which is charged by the APSA
Constitution to oversee Association assets, reports from time to time on
Association investment practices.APSA's investments are managed professionally by Mr. Loren Ross
of Cedarpoint Capital Management, Inc., New York, with oversight by the
APSA Trust and Development Board. The following is a statement of
investment philosophy circulated by Cedarpoint Capital Management on
APSA's behalf. The holdings in APSA's Trust and Congressional
Fellowship Portfolios, as of June 2006, are also listed.March 15, 2006
Carl Michael von Hausswolff
Authors: Cascella Daniela 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFor over twenty years, Swedish artist Carl Michael von Hausswolff (born 1956 in Linköping) has been giving shape to a range of works which push the boundaries of sound experimentation and reach out into installation art, photography, video, performance and curating projects. Stemming from his experiments with tape and investigations into EVP (Electronic Voice Phenomena) throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and setting up a number of ongoing collaborations with artist Leif Elggren and with a wide range of experimental musicians in the collective, site-specific sound installation freq_out, von Hausswolff's work spans the undefined territory between sound and the visual arts – he has done so, also by organising exhibitions such as the 2nd Göteborg Biennial in 2003. His audio production, using devices such as oscillators, tone generators, microphones attached to electricity circuits, is inextricably linked to his visual and conceptual research, always addressing issues of borders, interior/exterior, liminal states and hidden fluxes of energies. At the forefront of international experimentation, his work has been featured in some of the most important exhibitions and museums in the world, and his audio pieces have been published by the most remarkable avant-garde labels.
Sounds of the system: the emancipation of noise in the music of Carsten Nicolai
Authors: Collis Adam 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn contrast to general perceptions of noise as undesirable audio phenomena, consideration of the objective acoustic properties of ‘noise’ and the functional aspects of noise in Information Theory are used to show how, rather than an impediment to communication, noise can aid in increasing communication. A review of noise in music of the twentieth century and beyond shows how this has become increasingly understood by composers, and that the greater use of noise as a sound source has arisen out of developments in audio technology. This article argues that the music of Carsten Nicolai (alva noto) represents a consolidation of this process. The Autorec CD and the track Impulse are cited as examples of how noise is used as part of a new practice in electronic music. By looking at the structural features of the cited musical examples, it is seen how this new practice follows neither the electroacoustic nor the commercial dance music mainstreams but manages to synthesise references to both traditions.
Phytosterol-enriched products on the Irish market: examination of intake and consumption patterns
Authors: Hearty Áine , Duffy Edel , Joyce Jennifer , O’Connor Caitriona , Gibney Michael J 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study patterns of phytosterol intakes in the Irish population from enriched sources.DesignAn interview-assisted questionnaire, which recorded information on sociodemographics, product types, intake amounts and patterns of intake. Independent samplesttests, one-way ANOVA and cross-tabulations were used to establish significant relationships between groups of variables. The top tertile of phytosterol intakes was also calculated.SettingPoint-of-purchase of phytosterol-enriched products in Irish supermarkets.SubjectsFour hundred and sixty-eight consumers (186 men and 282 women) of phytosterol-enriched foods.ResultsThe mean phytosterol intake from enriched sources for the sample population was 2·45 g/d. Men had greater intakes than women (2·71 g/dv. 2·29 g/d, respectively). A total of 62 % of consumers were unaware of the importance of consuming fruit and vegetables while taking these products. The majority of respondents reported that they had high cholesterol (61 %) and 22 % of consumers also took cholesterol-lowering medication (statins). In total, 23 % had phytosterol intakes >3·0 g/d and the majority of consumers (58 %) had been consuming these products for >1 year. The mean intake for respondents with phytosterol intakes >3·0 g/d was 4·1 g/d and 74 % of this subgroup had been consuming these products for >1 year.ConclusionIn general, phytosterol intakes are within efficacious levels in the Irish population. However, there appears to be a subgroup that has been consuming these products at intakes greater than current recommendations for >1 year.
Adequacy of vitamin A and fat in the breast milk of lactating women in south Sri Lanka
Authors: Liyanage Chandrani , Hettiarachchi Manjula , Mangalajeewa Prabhath , Malawipathirana Sarath 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine vitamin A (retinol) and fat concentrations in breast milk during early lactation.MethodsHealthy lactating women (n88) aged between 18 and 35 years were randomly selected for the study from urban, semi-urban, rural and estate (plantation) sectors of Galle District. Their anthropometry was recorded; breast milk samples were collected from the right breast one hour after the last feed. Breast milk retinol was determined by HPLC and fat content by the crematocrit method.ResultsSubjects were in the 2nd to 9th month of lactation. Retinol concentrations of the breast milk samples ranged from 0·10 to 2·46 μmol/l, with a mean of 0·50 μmol/l, and correlated positively with parity (Pearson correlation coefficient,r= 0·307;P= 0·01) and negatively with period of lactation (r= −0·209;P= 0·05). The fat content of breast milk ranged between 5·09 and 56·46 g/l with a mean of 26·95 g/l. A significant difference in either breast milk fat or retinol content and mean birth weight of the babies was not seen between the groups. The ratio of retinol to fat in breast milk was positively correlated with weight (r= 0·274;P= 0·01) and height (r= 0·328;P< 0·001) of the mothers.ConclusionsIn this primary investigation on breast milk quality the fat content was found to be marginal; the majority of lactating mothers (92·0 %) were not providing the minimum daily requirement (1·05 μmol/l) of retinol to their babies.
Committee Service
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: February 2008

Committees are the backbone of AGU, and committee members serve in a variety of indispensable roles. They are advisors to the president and to the Council; and they provide continuing guidance for all AGU programs, review ongoing and proposed programs, and suggest new ones. As an organization, the Union could not operate effectively without this strong core of volunteers who give so generously of their time, talent, and energy to participate in committee activities.There are several types of committees: committees of Council, policy and operating committees, and medal and award selection committees. The Council designates the committees of the Council. The Union president appoints the chairs and members of the other Union committees and most ad hoc working groups.
Predictions for an invaded world: a strategy to predict the distribution of native and non-indigenous species at multiple scales
Authors: Reusser Deborah A. , Lee Henry 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Reusser, D. A., and Lee II, H. 2008. Predictions for an invaded world: a strategy to predict the distribution of native and non-indigenous species at multiple scales. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 742–745. Habitat models can be used to predict the distributions of marine and estuarine non-indigenous species (NIS) over several spatial scales. At an estuary scale, our goal is to predict the estuaries most likely to be invaded, but at a habitat scale, the goal is to predict the specific locations within an estuary that are most vulnerable to invasion. As an initial step in evaluating several habitat models, model performance for a suite of benthic species with reasonably well-known distributions on the Pacific coast of the US needs to be compared. We discuss the utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and NIS. NPMR incorporates interactions among variables, allows qualitative and categorical variables, and utilizes data on absence as well as presence. Preliminary results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of NIS are predicted as well as those of native species. For most species, latitude was the single best predictor, although similar model performance could be obtained at both spatial scales with combinations of other habitat variables. Errors of commission were more frequent at a habitat scale, with omission and commission errors approximately equal at an estuary scale.
Reduction of human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 infection in mice lacking nuclear factor‐κB‐inducing kinase
Authors: Nitta Takayuki , Tanaka Masakazu , Sun Binlian , Sugihara Eiji , Kimura Mako , Kamada Yuhei , Takahashi Hideto , Hanai Shuji , Jiang Shi‐Wen , Fujisawa Jun–ichi , Miwa Masanao 
Published: February 2008

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) causes adult T‐cell leukemia and inflammatory disorders. Aberrant activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) has been linked to HTLV‐1 pathogenesis and to various kinds of cancers, including adult T‐cell leukemia. NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK) is critical for non‐canonical activation of NF‐κB and for the development of lymphoid organs. HTLV‐1 activates NF‐κB by the non‐canonical pathway, but examination of the role of NIK in proliferation of HTLV‐1‐infected cells in vivo has been hindered by lack of a suitable animal model. Alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice bear a mutation of NIK, resulting in defects in the development of lymphoid organs and severe deficiencies in both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity. In the present study we therefore used a mouse model of HTLV‐1 infection with aly/aly mice. The number of HTLV‐1‐infected cells in the reservoir organs in aly/aly mice was significantly smaller than in the control group 1 month after infection. In addition, aly/aly mice did not maintain provirus for 1 year and antibodies against HTLV‐1 were undetectable. These results demonstrate that the absence of functional NIK impairs primary HTLV‐1 proliferation and abolishes the maintenance of provirus. Interestingly, clonal proliferation of HTLV‐1‐infected mouse cells was not detected in aly/aly mice, which is consistent with the lack of HTLV‐1 persistence. These observations imply that the clonal proliferation of HTLV‐1‐infected cells in secondary lymphoid organs might be important for HTLV‐1 persistence. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 872–878)
Pathological, clinical and prognostic characteristics of breast cancer in Central Sudan versus Northern Italy: implications for breast cancer in Africa
Authors: Awadelkarim K D , Arizzi C , Elamin E O M , Hamad H M A , De Blasio P , Mekki S O , Osman I , Biunno I , Elwali N E , Mariani‐Costantini R , Barberis M C 
Published: February 2008

Aims:  In patients of Black African ethnicity, breast cancer is reportedly characterized by aggressive, poorly differentiated phenotype(s). To highlight possible differences between breast cancer in indigenous sub‐Saharan African and European patients, two breast cancer case series, from Central Sudan (Khartoum) and Northern Italy (Milan), were compared for clinicopathological characteristics, expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her‐2/neu, basal cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and CK17, and breast cancer subtypes.Methods and results:  After careful antigen retrieval, 114 and 138 consecutive formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) breast cancer cases from the Radiation and Isotope Centre (Khartoum) and from MultiMedica (Milan), respectively, were screened by immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, Her‐2/neu, CK5/6 and CK17. Compared with the Italian patients, the Sudanese patients were younger (P < 0.0001) and their tumours were larger (P < 0.0001), more advanced in stage (P < 0.00001), higher grade (P < 0.00001) and more frequently positive for nodal metastases (P < 0.00001). ER expression varied between the two series (P < 0.0008), but no significant differences were found for PR (P < 0.32), combined hormone receptors (P < 0.12), Her‐2/neu (P < 0.09), CK5/6 (P < 0.1), CK17 (P = 0.4), combined basal CK status (P = 1) or breast cancer subtypes (P = 0.12).Conclusion:  The differences between the Sudanese and Italian breast cancer series reflect stage at diagnosis rather than intrinsic biological characteristics. This may have relevant implications for breast cancer prevention and treatment in Africa.
Chromosome 9 instability and alterations of p16 gene in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and in adjacent normal bronchi: FISH and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Dessy E , Rossi E , Berenzi A , Tironi A , Benetti A , Grigolato P 
Published: February 2008

Aims: p16, a tumour suppressor gene located at 9p21 chromosome and involved in cell cycle regulation, is often inactivated in lung carcinoma. Inactivation is also supported by the loss of p16 protein, a strong inhibitor of cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6. The aim of this study was to examine alterations of p16 both in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and in morphological normal bronchi contiguous with neoplasia.Methods and results: p16 gene and chromosome 9 alterations were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the expression of p16 protein by immunohistochemistry in pulmonary surgical specimens from 31 patients with SCC. As controls, surgical specimens from 13 patients with non‐neoplastic pathology were examined. Tumours showed molecular alterations for p16 gene and chromosome 9 abnormalities in, respectively, 29/31 and 19/31 cases respectively. p16 protein was unexpressed in 29/31 cases. In morphologically normal bronchi p16 gene and chromosome 9 alterations occurred in, respectively, 13/31 and 4/31 cases respectively; loss of protein immunoreactivity occurred in 14/31 cases. No alterations were seen in any of the control cases.Conclusions: Inactivation of p16 gene in histologically normal bronchi could aid the identification of individuals at risk of developing SCC of the lung.
Increased expression and altered intracellular distribution of adhesion/growth‐regulatory lectins galectins‐1 and ‐7 during tumour progression in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Saussez S , Decaestecker C , Lorfevre F , Chevalier D , Mortuaire G , Kaltner H , André S , Toubeau G , Gabius H‐J , Leroy X 
Published: February 2008

Aims: To examine the level of expression of the pleiotropic regulators galectins‐1 and ‐7 in relation to neoplastic progression of hypopharyngeal (HSCCs) and laryngeal (LSCCs) squamous cell carcinomas.Methods and results: The presence of galectins‐1 and ‐7 was investigated using quantitative immunohistochemistry in (i) a series of 78 HSCCs by comparison with 17 normal epithelia (N_E), 26 low‐grade dysplasia (low_D) and 27 high‐grade dysplasia (high_D) and (ii) a series of 56 LSCCs by comparison with 50 N_E, 23 low_D and 29 high_D. Galectin‐1 positivity expressed as a percentage of cells was significantly higher in carcinomas (HSCCs and LSCCs) than in N_E, low_D or high_D (P < 10−6). Galectin‐7 expression was elevated in low_D (P = 0.0004) compared with N_E and in carcinomas (HSCC) compared with high_D (P = 0.0002). Tumour progression from high_D to carcinomas was associated with a shift of galectin‐1 localization from the nucleus towards the cytoplasm. Increased expression of galectin‐7 in dysplasias was accompanied by a shift from the cytoplasmic compartment (N_E) to the nucleus (low_D and high_D).Conclusions: Our data reveal an association between the level of presence of galectins‐1 and ‐7 and neoplastic progression of HSCCs and LSCCs. Moreover, inverse shifts between nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity intimating functional divergence were detected.
Interobserver agreement in grading of colorectal cancers—findings from a nationwide web‐based survey of histopathologists
Authors: Chandler I , Houlston R S 
Published: February 2008

Aims:  Tumour grade represents a gestalt of all molecular changes in malignancy, reflecting aggressiveness and has been shown to add prognostic information independent of stage for many malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Despite the grade of colorectal cancer being reported routinely in the UK, there is paucity of data on the level of agreement between histopathologists and hence the value of this metric in clinical practice. The aim was to estimate the degree of inter‐observer variation in grading by conducting a nationwide web‐based survey of histopathologists.Methods and results:  Individuals were asked to grade a series of 20 tumours. Data from 104 pathologists surveyed indicates that agreement using both two and three grade systems is at best fair.Conclusion:  Given that for the foreseeable future the histopathological criteria of stage and grade will still provide the mainstay of prognostication and therefore clinical decision‐making, efforts should be made to improve grading criteria and standardize use of the low‐ and high‐grade categories.
Toll‐like receptors and CD14 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to asthma in Tunisian children
Authors: Lachheb J. , Dhifallah I. B. , Chelbi H. , Hamzaoui K. , Hamzaoui A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMany studies have shown the implication of CD14 and toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9 in the pathogenesis of asthma or atopy. To evaluate the association of CD14 and TLRs gene polymorphisms with asthma or atopy, 210 asthmatic children, 224 controls and 80 families were enrolled in this study. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms TLR2 (+2408 G→A), TLR4 (+1196 C→T), TLR4 (+896 A→G), TLR9 (−1237 T→C), TLR9 (−1486 T→C) and CD14 (−159 C→T) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the case–control and family study. The −1237C allele in TLR9 gene polymorphisms was associated with increased risk of asthma [odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval (1.03–2.27)], although no statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of four other TLRs polymorphisms were evident between the asthmatic and control groups. The CD14 −159 C allele was found to be significantly higher in the asthmatic group when compared with controls (P = 0.0006 < 0.05). Transmission disequilibrium test of 80 asthmatic families showed significant transmission of the −159 C allele in the CD14 gene to asthma‐affected offspring. It was concluded that TLR9 and CD14 gene polymorphisms may contribute to an inherited predisposition to asthma in Tunisian children.