bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines and the adoption of ‘lipid rescue’ therapy for local anaesthetic toxicity
Authors: Picard J. , Ward S. C. , Zumpe R. , Meek T. , Barlow J. , Harrop‐Griffiths W. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryGathering evidence from animal experiments, an editorial in this journal and published human case reports culminated in the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland recommending in August 2007 that lipid emulsion be immediately available to all patients given potentially cardiotoxic doses of local anaesthetic drugs. This development offered an opportunity to track the adoption of an innovation by anaesthetists in the UK and to gauge the effects of guidelines. Two surveys, each of 66 NHS hospitals delivering acute care within London and its penumbra, examined the adoption of lipid emulsion therapy. After the publication of the editorial in autumn 2006, the spread of ‘lipid rescue’ was rapid. The timing of the adoption and the impetus for innovation varied substantially between the sampled hospitals. When the formal guidelines were published, approximately half of the hospitals surveyed did not have lipid rescue. Of those that subsequently adopted it, half attributed their decision to the guidelines. At the end of 2007, there remained a small number of hospitals that had yet to adopt lipid rescue. Lipid rescue’s adoption by anaesthetists in the UK offers a rare example of swift uptake of an innovation. National guidelines accelerated the adoption of innovation by some hospitals.
Serial chimerism analyses indicate that mixed haemopoietic chimerism influences the probability of graft rejection and disease recurrence following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): indication for routine assessment of chimerism post SCT for SAA
Authors: Lawler Mark , McCann Shaun R. , Marsh Judith C. W. , Ljungman Per , Hows Jill , Vandenberghe Elisabeth , O’Riordan Joan , Locasciulli Anna , Socié Gérard , Kelly Alan , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Marin Pedro , Tichelli André , Passweg Jakob R. , Dickenson Anne , Ryan Jacqueline , Bacigalupo Andrea ,   from the Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party of the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group
Published: January 2009

SummaryNinety‐one patients were studied serially for chimeric status following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) or Fanconi Anaemia (FA). Short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction (STR‐PCR) was used to stratify patients into five groups: (A) complete donor chimeras (n = 39), (B) transient mixed chimeras (n = 15) (C) stable mixed chimeras (n = 18), (D) progressive mixed chimeras (n = 14) (E) recipient chimeras with early graft rejection (n = 5). As serial sampling was not possible in Group E, serial chimerism results for 86 patients were available for analysis. The following factors were analysed for association with chimeric status: age, sex match, donor type, aetiology of aplasia, source of stem cells, number of cells engrafted, conditioning regimen, graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis, occurrence of acute and chronic GvHD and survival. Progressive mixed chimeras (PMCs) were at high risk of late graft rejection (n = 10, P < 0·0001). Seven of these patients lost their graft during withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy. STR‐PCR indicated an inverse correlation between detection of recipient cells post‐SCT and occurrence of acute GvHD (P = 0·008). PMC was a bad prognostic indicator of survival (P = 0·003). Monitoring of chimeric status during cyclosporin withdrawal may facilitate therapeutic intervention to prevent late graft rejection in patients transplanted for SAA.
Rediscovering alemtuzumab: current and emerging therapeutic roles
Authors: Gribben John G. , Hallek Michael 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe humanized anti‐CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab belongs to the family of Campath‐1 antibodies, which were initially developed for their ability to prevent graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection in stem cell transplantation. Alemtuzumab is indicated for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and has demonstrated considerable activity in relapsed/refractory disease and in previously untreated disease. It has been shown to induce minimal residual disease‐negative responses as a single agent or as part of consolidation therapy in a meaningful proportion of patients with CLL and has shown promising activity in patients with high‐risk cytogenetic markers. Alemtuzumab may also have significant activity in T‐cell malignancies, such as mycosis fungoides and T‐cell prolymphocytic leukaemia. Recent studies also have evaluated alemtuzumab as part of a conditioning regimen to prevent GVHD in stem cell transplantation. This article reviews our current understanding of alemtuzumab and discusses its emerging role in the treatment of CLL and other haematological malignancies.
Gene expression of anti‐ and pro‐apoptotic proteins in malignant and normal plasma cells
Authors: Jourdan Michel , Reme Thierry , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Fiol Geneviève , Pantesco Véronique , De Vos John , Rossi Jean‐François , Hose Dirk , Klein Bernard 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe survival of malignant plasma cells is a key event in disease occurrence, progression and chemoresistance. Using DNA‐microarrays, we analysed the expression of genes coding for 58 proteins linked with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, caspases and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. We considered six memory B cells (MBC), seven plasmablasts (PPC), seven bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) and purified myeloma cells (MMC) from 92 newly‐diagnosed patients. Forty out of the 58 probe sets enabled the separation of MBC, PPC and BMPC in three homogeneous clusters, characterized by an elevated expression of TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10B, BCL2A1, CASP8, CASP9 and PMAIP1 genes for MBC, of FAS, FADD, AIFM1, BIRC5, CASP CASP2, CASP3 and CASP6 for PPC and of BCL2, MCL1, BID, BIRC3 and XIAP for BMPC. Thus, B cell differentiation was associated with change of expression of pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic genes. Regarding MMC, the major finding was TRAIL upregulation that might be counteracted by a high osteoprotegerin production by BM stromal cells and a decreased expression of FAS, APAF1 and BNIP3 compared to normal BMPC. Out of the 40 genes, CASP2 and BIRC5 expression in MMC had adverse prognosis in two independent series of previously‐untreated patients.
Plankton metabolic balance at the margins of very large lakes: temporal variability and evidence for dominance of autochthonous processes
Authors: BOCANIOV SERGHEI A. , SMITH RALPH E. H. 
Published: January 2009

Summary1. Planktonic metabolic balance (PMBm) of the surface mixed layer (SML) was measured as the ratio of areal rates of gross photosynthesis (AGP) to community respiration (AR) to test the idea that previously neglected allochthonous inputs of organic matter may support chronic excess respiration relative to photosynthesis even in very large lakes during the summer (May–October) season. Four Laurentian Great Lakes coastal sites of varying trophic status, physical structure and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were studied with oxygen light‐and dark bottle and 14C methods, with excess respiration anticipated in the higher DOC sites.2. Planktonic metabolic balance was net autotrophic in 73% of the observations. The calculated mixing depth at which respiration would predominate over photosynthesis was greater than typically observed mixing depths, varying from 11 to 25 m in the more transparent, low DOC (<3 g m−3) sites to 8–15 m in the higher DOC (4–6 g m−3) sites. Biweekly measurements at one higher and one lower DOC site over two successive summer seasons showed that seasonal gross photosynthesis (ΣAGP) exceeded seasonal community respiration (ΣAR). Despite the location of the sites at the periphery of the lakes, where allochthonous influences should be strongest, the measurements indicated prevailing conditions of net autotrophy in the SML.3. Individual measurements of AR from this study and the literature were correlated with AGP but season average values were more tightly correlated, suggesting a tighter coupling of metabolic rates on a larger scale and a looser coupling on a shorter scale. The observed temporal variability was variable in pattern among years, and likely to confound inferences based on limited sampling.4. It is shown that accepted formulations for AGP and AR lead to the conclusion that PMBm should be largely predictable from knowledge of a biological properties ratio (light‐saturated gross photosynthesis to plankton community respiration, Pmax/R) and a physical properties ratio (euphotic to mixing depths, Zeu/Zm) and this prediction was confirmed using data from this study and from the literature. The evident success of this model points to the pre‐eminent importance of plankton biomass and physical conditions in determining metabolic balance. Variation in these fundamental factors appears capable of explaining the diversity of PMBm reported for different Great Lakes.
Long‐term fire frequency variability in the eastern Canadian boreal forest: the influences of climate vs. local factors
Authors: ALI ADAM A. , CARCAILLET CHRISTOPHER , BERGERON YVES 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe influence of climatic and local nonclimatic factors on the fire regime of the eastern Canadian boreal forest over the last 8000 years is investigated by examining charred particles preserved in four lacustrine deposits. Herein, we compare the distribution of fire‐free intervals (FFIs) and the synchronicity of fire events among sites, using Ripley'sK‐function to determine the extent of the role of local‐scale vs. large‐scale processes with respect to fire control. Between 8000 and 5800 cal.bp(calibrated years before present) the climatic and ecological conditions were less conducive to fire events than after this date. After 5800 cal.bp, the number of fires per 1000 years (fire frequency) progressively increased, reaching a maximum ca. 3400 cal.bp. There was a sharp decrease in fire frequency during the last 800 years. Between 8000 and 4000 cal.bp, comparable FFIs and synchronous fire episodes were determined for the study sites. During this period, the fire frequency was predominantly controlled by climate. After 4000 cal.bp, two sites displayed independent fire histories (different FFI distributions or asynchronous fire events), underlining the important influence of local factors, including short‐term fuel wetness, characteristics of the watershed and landscape connectivity, in determining fire occurrence. We conclude that climatic changes occurred during the last 4000 years that induced a rise in the water table; this may explain the high spatial heterogeneity in fire history. Current and projected global climatic changes may cause similar spatial variability in fire frequency.
Stimulation of microbial extracellular enzyme activities by elevated CO2 depends on soil aggregate size
Authors: DORODNIKOV MAXIM , BLAGODATSKAYA EVGENIA , BLAGODATSKY SERGEY , MARHAN SVEN , FANGMEIER ANDREAS , KUZYAKOV YAKOV 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIncreased belowground carbon (C) transfer by plant roots at elevated CO2 may change properties of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. Previous investigations that focused on total soil organic C or total microbial C showed contrasting results: small increase, small decrease or no changes. We evaluated the effect of 5 years of elevated CO2 (550 ppm) on four extracellular enzymes: β‐glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase, and sulfatase. We expected microorganisms to be differently localized in aggregates of various sizes and, therefore analyzed microbial biomass (Cmic by SIR) and enzyme activities in three aggregate‐size classes: large macro‐ (> 2 mm), small macro‐ (0.25–2 mm), and microaggregates (< 0.25 mm). To estimate the potential enzyme production, we activated microorganisms by substrate (glucose and nutrients) amendment. Although Ctotal and Cmic as well as the activities of β‐glucosidase, phosphatase, and sulfatase were unaffected in bulk soil and in aggregate‐size classes by elevated CO2, significant changes were observed in potential enzyme production after substrate amendment. After adding glucose, enzyme activities under elevated CO2 were 1.2–1.9‐fold higher than under ambient CO2. This indicates the increased activity of microorganisms, which leads to accelerated C turnover in soil under elevated CO2. Significantly higher chitinase activity in bulk soil and in large macroaggregates under elevated CO2 revealed an increased contribution of fungi to turnover processes. At the same time, less chitinase activity in microaggregates underlined microaggregate stability and the difficulties for fungal hyphae penetrating them. We conclude that quantitative and qualitative changes of C input by plants into the soil at elevated CO2 affect microbial community functioning, but not its total content. Future studies should therefore focus more on the changes of functions and activities, but less on the pools.
Effect of ecosystem warming on boreal black spruce bud burst and shoot growth
Authors: BRONSON DUSTIN R. , GOWER STITH T. , TANNER MYRON , VAN HERK INGRID 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe boreal forest is predicted to experience the greatest warming of any forest biome during the next 50–100 years, but the effects of warming on vegetation phenology are not well known. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effects of whole ecosystem warming on bud burst and annual shoot growth of black spruce trees in northern Manitoba, Canada and (2) correlate bud burst to cumulative degree‐days (CDD). The experimental design was a complete randomized block design that consisted of four replicated blocks. Each replicate block contained four treatments: soil warming only (heated outside, HO), soil and air warming (heated inside, HI), control outside (no chamber, no heating, CO), and inside a chamber maintained at ambient conditions (no soil or air warming, control inside, CI). Bud burst was measured during the first and second years of the experiment, starting in 2004, and annual shoot growth was measured for the first 3 years (2004–2006) of the study. On average, shoot bud burst occurred 11 and 9 days earlier in 2004 and 2005, respectively, for HI than for other treatments. However, mean CDD required for bud burst for HI was within the standard deviation of CO for both years. In year 1 of the treatments, shoot bud burst occurred earlier for HI than other treatments (CI, CO, HO), but final shoot length of HI trees was less than in CO trees. In the second year of warming, final shoot length was not different for HI than CO. By the third year of warming final shoot length was significantly greater for HI than all other treatments. Empirical results from this study suggest that soil and air warming causes an earlier bud burst for all years of observation and greater shoot lengths by the third season of warming. A longer growing season and greater annual shoot growth should increase carbon uptake by boreal black spruce trees in a warmer climate.
Climate‐induced changes in the small mammal communities of the Northern Great Lakes Region
Authors: MYERS PHILIP , LUNDRIGAN BARBARA L. , HOFFMAN SUSAN M. G. , HARAMINAC ALLISON POOR , SETO STEPHANIE H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe use museum and other collection records to document large and extraordinarily rapid changes in the ranges and relative abundance of nine species of mammals in the northern Great Lakes region (white‐footed mice, woodland deer mice, southern red‐backed voles, woodland jumping mice, eastern chipmunks, least chipmunks, southern flying squirrels, northern flying squirrels, common opossums). These species reach either the southern or the northern limit of their distributions in this region. Changes consistently reflect increases in species of primarily southern distribution (white‐footed mice, eastern chipmunks, southern flying squirrels, common opossums) and declines by northern species (woodland deer mice, southern red‐backed voles, woodland jumping mice, least chipmunks, northern flying squirrels). White‐footed mice and southern flying squirrels have extended their ranges over 225 km since 1980, and at particularly well‐studied sites in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, small mammal assemblages have shifted from numerical domination by northern species to domination by southern species. Repeated resampling at some sites suggests that southern species are replacing northern ones rather than simply being added to the fauna. Observed changes are consistent with predictions from climatic warming but not with predictions based on recovery from logging or changes in human populations. Because of the abundance of these focal species (the eight rodent species make up 96.5% of capture records of all forest‐dwelling rodents in the region and 70% of capture records of all forest‐dwelling small mammals) and the dominating ecological roles they play, these changes substantially affect the composition and structure of forest communities. They also provide an unusually clear example of change that is likely to be the result of climatic warming in communities that are experienced by large numbers of people.
Climate‐induced changes in high elevation stream nitrate dynamics
Authors: BARON JILL S. , SCHMIDT TRAVIS M. , HARTMAN MELANNIE D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMountain terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are responsive to external drivers of change, especially climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N). We explored the consequences of a temperature‐warming trend on stream nitrate in an alpine and subalpine watershed in the Colorado Front Range that has long been the recipient of elevated atmospheric N deposition. Mean annual stream nitrate concentrations since 2000 are higher by 50% than an earlier monitoring period of 1991–1999. Mean annual N export increased by 28% from 2.03 kg N ha−1 yr−1 before 2000 to 2.84 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in Loch Vale watershed since 2000. The substantial increase in N export comes as a surprise, since mean wet atmospheric N deposition from 1991 to 2006 (3.06 kg N ha−1 yr−1) did not increase. There has been a period of below average precipitation from 2000 to 2006 and a steady increase in summer and fall temperatures of 0.12 °C yr−1 in both seasons since 1991. Nitrate concentrations, as well as the weathering products calcium and sulfate, were higher for the period 2000–2006 in rock glacier meltwater at the top of the watershed above the influence of alpine and subalpine vegetation and soils. We conclude the observed recent N increases in Loch Vale are the result of warmer summer and fall mean temperatures that are melting ice in glaciers and rock glaciers. This, in turn, has exposed sediments from which N produced by nitrification can be flushed. We suggest a water quality threshold may have been crossed around 2000. The phenomenon observed in Loch Vale may be indicative of N release from ice features such as rock glaciers worldwide as mountain glaciers retreat.
Rapid biogeographical plankton shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: GREGORY BEAUGRAND , CHRISTOPHE LUCZAK , MARTIN EDWARDS 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLarge‐scale biogeographical changes in the biodiversity of a key zooplankton group (calanoid copepods) were detected in the north‐eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas over the period 1960–1999. These findings provided key empirical evidence for climate change impacts on marine ecosystems at the regional to oceanic scale. Since 1999, global temperatures have continued to rise in the region. Here, we extend the analysis to the period 1958–2005 using all calanoid copepod species assemblages (nine species assemblages based on an analysis including a total of 108 calanoid species or taxa) and show that this phenomenon has been reinforced in all regions. Our study reveals that the biodiversity of calanoid copepods are responding quickly to sea surface temperature (SST) rise by moving geographically northward at a rapid rate up to about 23.16 km yr−1. Our analysis suggests that nearly half of the increase in sea temperature in the northeast Atlantic and adjacent seas is related to global temperature rises (46.35% of the total variance of temperature) while changes in both natural modes of atmospheric and oceanic circulation explain 26.45% of the total variance of temperature. Although some SST isotherms have moved northwards by an average rate of up to 21.75 km yr−1 (e.g. the North Sea), their movement cannot fully quantify all species assemblage shifts. Furthermore, the observed rates of biogeographical movements are far greater than those observed in the terrestrial realm. Here, we discuss the processes that may explain such a discrepancy and suggest that the differences are mainly explained by the fluid nature of the pelagic domain, the life cycle of the zooplankton and the lesser anthropogenic influence (e.g. exploitation, habitat fragmentation) on these organisms. We also hypothesize that despite changes in the path and intensity of the oceanic currents that may modify quickly and greatly pelagic zooplankton species, these organisms may reflect better the current impact of climate warming on ecosystems as terrestrial organisms are likely to significantly lag the current impact of climate change.
Sources of plant‐derived carbon and stability of organic matter in soil: implications for global change
Authors: CROW SUSAN E. , LAJTHA KATE , FILLEY TIMOTHY R. , SWANSTON CHRISTOPHER W. , BOWDEN RICHARD D. , CALDWELL BRUCE A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlterations in forest productivity and changes in the relative proportion of above‐ and belowground biomass may have nonlinear effects on soil organic matter (SOM) storage. To study the influence of plant litter inputs on SOM accumulation, the Detritus Input Removal and Transfer (DIRT) Experiment continuously alters above‐ and belowground plant inputs to soil by a combination of trenching, screening, and litter addition. Here, we used biogeochemical indicators [i.e., cupric oxide extractable lignin‐derived phenols and suberin/cutin‐derived substituted fatty acids (SFA)] to identify the dominant sources of plant biopolymers in SOM and various measures [i.e., soil density fractionation, laboratory incubation, and radiocarbon‐based mean residence time (MRT)] to assess the stability of SOM in two contrasting forests within the DIRT Experiment: an aggrading deciduous forest and an old‐growth coniferous forest. In the deciduous forest, removal of both above‐ and belowground inputs increased the total amount of SFA over threefold compared with the control, and shifted the SFA signature towards a root‐dominated source. Concurrently, light fraction MRT increased by 101 years and C mineralization during incubation decreased compared with the control. Together, these data suggest that root‐derived aliphatic compounds are a source of SOM with greater relative stability than leaf inputs at this site. In the coniferous forest, roots were an important source of soil lignin‐derived phenols but needle‐derived, rather than root‐derived, aliphatic compounds were preferentially preserved in soil. Fresh wood additions elevated the amount of soil C recovered as light fraction material but also elevated mineralization during incubation compared with other DIRT treatments, suggesting that not all of the added soil C is directly stabilized. Aboveground needle litter additions, which are more N‐rich than wood debris, resulted in accelerated mineralization of previously stored soil carbon. In summary, our work demonstrates that the dominant plant sources of SOM differed substantially between forest types. Furthermore, inputs to and losses from soil C pools likely will not be altered uniformly by changes in litter input rates.