bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased blood pressure later in life may be associated with perinatal n−3 fatty acid deficiency
Authors: Armitage James A. , Pearce Adrian D. , Sinclair Andrew J. , Vingrys Algis J. , Weisinger Richard S. , Weisinger Harrison S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Previous work in both animals and humans with high blood pressure has demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), although it is not known whether these nutrients are effective in preventing hypertension. The predominant n−3 PUFA in the mammalian nervous system, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is deposited into synaptic membranes at a high rate during the perinatal period, and recent observations indicate that the perinatal environment is important for the normal development of blood pressure control. This study investigated the importance of perinatal n−3 PUFA supply in the control of blood pressure in adult Sprague‐Dawley rats. Pregnant rat dams were fed semisynthetic diets that were either deficient in (DEF) or supplemented with (CON) n−3 PUFA. Offspring were fed the same diets as their mothers until 9 wk; then, half of the rats from each group were crossed over to the opposite diet, creating four groups, i.e., CON‐CON; CON‐DEF; DEF‐DEF, DEF‐CON. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) were measured directly, at 33 wk of age, by cannulation of the femoral artery. The phospholipid fatty acid profile of the hypothalamic region was determined by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography. The tissue phospholipid fatty acid profile reflected the diet that the rats were consuming at the time of testing. Both groups receiving DEF after 9 wk of age (i.e., DEF‐DEF and CON‐DEF) had similar profiles with a reduction in DHA levels of 30%, compared with rats receiving CON (i.e., CON‐CON and DEF‐CON). DEF‐DEF rats had significantly raised MAP compared with all other groups, with differences as great as 17 mm Hg. DEF‐CON rats had raised MAP compared with CON‐CON rats, and DEF‐DEF rats had higher MAP than CON‐DEF rats, despite the fact that their respective fatty acid profiles were not different. These findings indicate that inadequate levels of DHA in the perinatal period are associated with altered blood pressure control in later life. The way in which these long‐term effects are produced remains to be elucidated.
Effect of the Δ6‐desaturase inhibitor SC‐26196 on PUFA metabolism in human cellsinhibitor SC‐26196 on PUFA metabolism in human cells
Authors: Harmon Shawn D. , Kaduce Terry L. , Manuel Tony D. , Spector Arthur A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of 2,2‐diphenyl‐5‐(4‐{[(1E)‐pyridin‐3‐yl‐methylidene]‐amino}piperazin‐1‐yl)pentanenitrile (SC‐26196), a Δ6‐desaturase inhibitor, on PUFA metabolism in human cells. SC‐26196 inhibited the desaturation of 2 μM [1‐14C] 18∶2n−6 by 87–95% in cultured human skin fibroblasts, coronary artery smooth muscle cells, and astrocytes. By contrast, SC‐26196 did not affect the conversion of [1‐14C]20∶3n−6 to 20∶4 in the fibroblasts, demonstrating that it is selective for Δ6‐desaturase. The IC50values for inhibition of the desaturation of 2 μM [1‐14C] 18∶3n−3 and [3‐14C]24∶5n−3 in the fibroblasts, 0.2–0.4 μM, were similar to those for the inhibition of [1‐14C] 18∶2n−6 desaturation, and the rates of recovery of [1‐14C] 18∶2n−6 and [3‐14C] 24∶5n−3 desaturation after removal of SC‐26196 from the culture medium also were similar. SC‐26196 reduced the conversion of [3‐14C] 22∶5n−3 and [3‐14C] 24∶5n−3 to DHA by 75 and 84%, respectively, but it had no effect on the retroconversion of [3‐14C] 24∶6n−3 to DHA. These results demonstrate that SC‐26196 effectively inhibits the desaturation of 18‐ and 24‐carbon PUFA and, therefore, decreases the synthesis of arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA in human cells. Furthermore, they provide additional evidence that the conversion of 22∶5n−3 to DHA involves Δ6‐desaturation.
Chylomicron and VLDL TAG structures and postprandial lipid response induced by lard and modified lard
Authors: Yli‐Jokipii Kaisa M. , Schwab Ursula S. , Tahvonen Raija L. , Kurvinen Juha‐Pekka , Mykkänen Hannu M. , Kallio Heikki P. T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlterations in chylomicron and VLDL TAG and the magnitude of postprandial lipemia were studied in healthy volunteers after two meals of equal FA composition but different TAG‐FA positional distribution. Molecular level information of individual lipoprotein TAG regioisomers was obtained with a tandem MS method. The incremental area under the response curve of VLDL TAG was large (P=0.021) after modified lard than after lard. In plasma TAG, the difference did not quite reach statistical significance (P=0.086). In general, there were less TAG with palmitic acid in the sn‐2 position and more TAG with oleic acid in the sn‐2 position in chylomicrons than in fat ingested. From 1.5 to 8 h postprandially, the proportion of individual chylomicron TAG was constant or influenced by TAG M.W. VLDL TAG regioisomerism was similar regardless of the positional distribution of fat ingested. Significant alterations were seen in VLDL TAG FA, in M.W. fractions, and in individual regioisomers with respect to time. The TAG sn‐14∶0‐18∶1‐18∶1+sn‐18∶1‐18∶1‐14∶0, sn‐16∶0‐16∶1‐18∶1+sn‐18∶1‐16∶1‐16∶0, and sn‐16∶1‐18∶1‐18∶1+sn‐18∶1‐18∶1‐16∶1 decreased (P<0.05); and sn‐16∶0‐16∶0‐18∶2+sn‐18∶2‐16∶0‐16∶0, sn‐16∶0‐16∶0‐18∶1+sn‐18∶1‐16∶0‐16∶0, sn‐16∶0‐18∶1‐16∶0, and sn‐16∶0‐18∶1‐18∶2+sn‐18∶2‐18∶1‐16∶0 increased (P<0.05) after both meals. In conclusion, positional distribution of TAG FA was found to affect postprandial lipid metabolism in healthy normolipidemic subjects.
Phospholipids affect the intestinal absorption of carotenoids in mice
Authors: Baskaran Villikannan , Sugawara Tatsuya , Nagao Akihiko 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPreviously, we have shown that uptake of carotenoids solubilized with mixed micelles by human intestinal Caco‐2 cells is enhanced by lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and suppressed by PC. This study determined the effect of PC and lysoPC in mixed micelles on the accumulation of β‐carotene and lutein in mice in order to elucidate the roles of micellar phospholipid in the intestinal uptake of carotenoids in vivo. Mixed micelles were composed of 2.5 mM monooleoylglycerol, 7.5 mM oleic acid, 12 mM sodium taurocholate, 200 μM carotenoid, and 3 mM phospholipid in PBS. The mice were fed single doses of β‐carotene or lutein solubilized in PC (PC group), lysoPC (LPC group), and no phospholipid (NoPL group) micelles. The β‐carotene responses in the plasma and liver of the PC group were markedly lower than those of the other two groups, whereas no differences were noticed between the LPC and NoPL groups. The average level of lutein in the plasma of the PC group after administration was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the other groups. Moreover, the average level of lutein in the liver was significantly (P<0.05) different among the groups in the order of LPC>NoPL>PC. Thus, the results clearly indicate that PC suppressed the accumulation of β‐carotene and lutein in plasma and liver and that lysoPC enhanced the accumulation of lutein in liver. These results suggest that the hydrolysis of PC to lysoPC plays an important role in the intestinal uptake of carotenoids solubilized in mixed micelles.
Effects of dietary vegetable oil on atlantic salmon hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and liver fatty acid compositions
Authors: Tocher Douglas R. , Bell J. Gordon , Dick James R. , Crampton Viv O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFatty acyl desaturase activities, involved in the conversion of the C18EFA 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 to the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) 20∶4n−6, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3, are known to be under nutritional regulation. Specifically, the activity of the desaturation/elongation pathway is depressed when animals, including fish, are fed fish oils rich in n−3 HUFA compared to animals fed, vegetable oils rich in C18FFA. The primary aims of the present study were (i) to establish the relative importance of product inhibition (n−3 HUFA) vs. increased substrate concentration (C18EFA) and (ii) to determine whether 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 differ in their effects on the hepatic fatty acyl desaturation/elongation pathway in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Smolts were fed 10 experimental diets containing blends of two vegetable oils, linseed (IO), and rapeseed oil (RO), and fish oil (FO) in a triangular mixture design for 50 wk. Fish were sampled after 32 and 50 wk, lipid and FA composition of liver determined, fatty acyl desaturation/elongation activity estimated in hepatocytes using [1‐14C]18∶3n−3 as substrate, and the data subjected to regression analyses. Dietary 18∶2n−6 was positively correlated, and n−3 HUFA negatively correlated, with lipid content of liver. Dietary 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 were positively correlated with liver FA with a slope greater than unity suggesting relative retention and deposition of these HUFA. In contrast, dietary 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 were positively correlated with liver FA with a slope of less than unity suggesting metabolismviaβ‐oxidation and/or desaturation/elongation. Consistent with this, fatty acyl desaturation/elongation in hepatocytes was significantly increased by feeding diets containing vegetable oils. Dietary 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 levels were negatively correlated with hepatocyte fatty acyl desaturation. At 32 wk, 18∶2n−6 but not 18∶3n−3 was positively correlated with hepatocyte fatty acyl desaturation, wheres the reverse was true at 50 wk. The data indicate that both feedback inhibition through increased n−3 HUFA and decreased C18fatty acyl substrate concentration are probably important in determining the level of hepatocyte fatty acyl desaturation and that 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 may differ in their effects on this pathway.
Desaturase activities in rat model of insulin resistance induced by a sucrose‐rich diet
Authors: Brenner Rodolfo R. , Rimoldi Omar J. , Lombardo Yolanda B. , González María S. , Bernasconi Ana M. , Chicco Adriana , Basabe Juan C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA sucrose‐rich diet, as compared with a similar starch diet, induces a time‐dependent typical noninsulin‐dependent diabetes syndrome characterized by insulin resistance in rats. Within the first 3 wk, there was glucose intolerance associated with hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high plasma FFA. In this study, we examined the effect of the sucrose‐rich diet vs. the starch diet during short‐(3 wk) and long‐term treatment (6 mon) on hepatic Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturases. These enzymes modulate monounsaturated FA and PUFA biosynthesis, respectively. Sucrose feeding (3 wk) caused an initial hyperinsulinemia that was normalized within 6 mon. In the early period (3 wk), stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 (SCD‐1) mRNA and activity were decreased, whereas Δ6 desaturase mRNA abundance and Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activities remained unchanged. After 6 mon of sucrose feeding, activities of the Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturases were each increased. The SCD‐1 and Δ6 desaturase mRNA were also correspondingly higher. These increases were consistent with an increase in oleic acid, the 20∶4/18∶2 ratio, and 22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6 acids in liver and muscle lipids. On the other hand, the percentage of 22∶6n−3 acid was decreased. In conclusion, a sucrose‐rich diet after 6 mon induces an increase in rat liver SCD‐1 and Δ6 desaturase mRNA and enzymatic activities that are opposite to the changes reported in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. It appears that neither blood insulin levels nor insulin resistance is a factor affecting the Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturase changes in mRNA and activity found with the sucrose‐rich diet.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains bind bovine milk gangliosides in a ceramide‐dependent process
Authors: Martín María‐Jesús , Martín‐Sosa Samuel , Alonso Josefa M. , Hueso Pablo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main infectious disease of newborn calves. The first step of infection involves bacterial attachment to the intestinal mucosa. This adhesion is mediated by fimbriae that recognize some glycoconjugates on the host cell surface, in particular, several gangliosides. Because milk also contains gangliosides, these have been suggested to serve as ligands for bacterial fimbriae and thus prevent the bacterial attachment to mucosa. The most relevant ETEC strains in calves, including those with K99 and F41 fimbriae, were assayed to determine whether they are able to bind gangliosides isolated from several stages of bovine lactation. Both GM3 and GD3, the main gangliosides of milk, were recognized by ETEC strains, although the different fimbriae showed diverse levels of affinity. Unexpectedly, the adhesion to colostral gangliosides was considerably weaker than that to gangliosides from the other stages of lactation. Because the carbohydrate moiety did not change and because differences in the percentages of unsaturated FA and sphingosine between colostrum and other stages were observed, we conclude that the differences in adhesion could be due to a different composition of the ganglioside caramide.
FA determination in cold water marine samples
Authors: Budge Suzanne M. , Parrish Christopher C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe determination of FA in cold water marine samples is challenging because of the presence of large proportions of a variety of labile PUFA. This study was undertaken to establish optimal methods for FA analysis in various sample types present in the marine environment. Several techniques used in FA analysis, including lipid fractionation, FAME formation, and picolinyl ester synthesis, were examined. Neutral lipids, acetone‐mobile polar lipids, and phospholipids (PL) were readily separated from each other on columns of activated silica gel, but recoveries of PL were reduced. Deactivation of the silica gel with 20% w/w water produced variable recoveries of PL (66±22%). FAME formation with BF3gave optimal recoveries, and a method to remove hydrocarbon contamination from these samples before GC analysis using column chromatography was optimized. Picolinyl derivatives of FA are useful in structural determinations with MS, and a new base‐catalyzed transesterification method of their synthesis from FAME was developed. Finally, a series of calculations, combining FA proportions with acyl lipid class concentrations, was designed to estimate FA concentrations. In algae and animal samples, these estimates were in good agreement with actual FA concentrations determined by internal standards.
Determination of c9,t11‐CLA in major human plasma lipid classes using a combination of methylating methodologies
Authors: Shahin Alam M. , McGuire Michelle K. , McGuire Mark A. , Ritzenthaler Kristin L. , Shultz Terry D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIsomeric CLA exhibit several significant biological activities in animals and humans and are easily isomerized to their corresponding t,t‐CLA isomers during methylation with various acid‐catalyzed reagents. To minimize such isomerization and provide a valid quantification of human plasma CLA content, several methylation methods were tested. Plasma neutral lipid, nonesterified FA (NEFA), and polar lipid classes were separated into the following fractions: (i) cholesteryl ester (CE, 1.2 mg/12 mL, 37.5% lipids), (ii) TAG (0.8 mg/12 mL, 25% lipids), (iii) NFFA (0.2 mg/12 mL, 6.2% lipids), (iv) MAG/DAG/cholesterol (0.3 mg/12 mL, 9.4% lipids), and (v) phospholipid (PL, 0.5 mg/20 mL, 15.6% lipids). Data showed that c9,t11‐CLA found in TAG, MAG/DAG/cholesterol, and PL fractions were converted to methyl esters with sodium methoxide within 2 h at 55°C. However, the c9,t11‐CLA in the CE fraction could not be completely converted to methyl esters by sodium methoxide/acetylchloride in methanol or methanolic KOH; instead, CE was treated with sodium methoxide and methyl acetate in diethyl ether for 1 h. NEFA were converted to methyl esters with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSDAM). All reaction mixtures were monitored by TLC prior to GLC analysis. The highest enrichment of c9,t11‐18∶2 (% FA) was in TAG (0.31%), followed by CE (0.14%) and PL (0.13%). The above methylation methods were then applied to a small subset (n=10) of nonfasting plasma lipid fractions to confirm the applicability of these data. Results from this subset of samples also indicated that the greatest enrichment of c9,t11‐CLA was present in the TAG fraction (0.39%), followed by CE (0.27%) and PL (0.22%). These data indicate that different plasma fractions have different c9,t11‐CLA contents.
Purification and some properties of galectin‐1 derived from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) brain
Authors: Ola M. Shamsul , Tabish M. , Khan F.H. , Banu Naheed 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn increasing number of galectins have been found in various animal species, the most abundant of which is galectin‐1. The purpose of the present study was to purify and characterize galectin‐1 from buffalo brain. We purified the galectin using a combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation and affinity chromatography and the homogeneity was determined by both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and denaturing SDS‐PAGE. The molecular weight of the galectin as determined by SDS‐PAGE under reducing conditions and by gel filtration column under native conditions was 13.8 and 24.5 kDa, respectively, suggesting a dimeric form of galectin. The most potent inhibitor of the galectin activity was lactose, giving complete inhibition of hemagglutination at 0.8 mM. Galectin showed higher specificity towards human blood group A. Free thiol groups were estimated at a molar ratio of 2.9. The effects of alkylating reagents (iodoacetate and iodoacetamide) on saccharide binding of the galectin were studied. Both alkylating reagents significantly inactivated the activity of the galectin within 20 min. The temperature and pH stability of the galectin were determined. Our findings based on physico‐chemical properties, carbohydrate and blood group specificities of the galectin may have future implications in biological and clinical applications.
Men with chronic occupational stress benefit from behavioural/psycho-educational group training: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial
Authors: NICKEL C. , TANCA S. , KOLOWOS S. , PEDROSA-GIL F. , BACHLER E. , LOEW T. H. , GROSS M. , ROTHER W. K. , NICKEL M. K. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTBackgroundOverworking is one of the most frequent stressors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of behavioural/psycho-educational group training in men who are chronically stressed from overworking.MethodOf 72 male subjects, 36 were randomly assigned to training for 8 weeks and another 36 formed the control group, which received a placebo intervention. Primary outcome measures were systolic blood pressure, salivary cortisol concentration upon awakening, and self-reported changes on the scales of the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36).ResultsA significant reduction in mean values was observed in daily systolic blood pressure and salivary cortisol concentration on all the TICS and most of the STAXI and SF-36 scales.ConclusionsBehavioural/psycho-educational group training appears to be effective in the treatment of men suffering from chronic stress due to overworking.
Risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in FoodNet sites, 1999–2000
Authors: VOETSCH A. C. , KENNEDY M. H. , KEENE W. E. , SMITH K. E. , RABATSKY-EHR T. , ZANSKY S. , THOMAS S. M. , MOHLE-BOETANI J. , SPARLING P. H. , McGAVERN M. B. , MEAD P. S. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTo monitor risk factors for illness, we conducted a case-control study of sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) infections in 1999–2000. Laboratory-confirmed cases of STEC O157 infection were identified through active laboratory surveillance in all or part of seven states. Patients and age-matched controls were interviewed by telephone using a standard questionnaire. Information was collected on demographics, clinical illness, and exposures to food, water, and animals in the 7 days before the patient's illness onset. During the 12-month study, 283 patients and 534 controls were enrolled. STEC O157 infection was associated with eating pink hamburgers, drinking untreated surface water, and contact with cattle. Eating produce was inversely associated with infection. Direct or indirect contact with cattle waste continues to be a leading identified source of sporadic STEC O157 infections.
Activation of maturation promoting factor inBufo arenarumoocytes: injection of mature cytoplasm and germinal vesicle contents
Authors: Toranzo G. Sánchez , Bonilla F. , Zelarayán L. , Oterino J. , Bühler M.I. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAlthough progesterone is the established maturation inducer in amphibians,Bufo arenarumoocytes obtained during the reproductive period (spring–summer) resume meiosis with no need of an exogenous hormonal stimulus if deprived of their enveloping follicle cells, a phenomenon called spontaneous maturation. In this species it is possible to obtain oocytes competent and incompetent to undergo spontaneous maturation according to the seasonal period in which animals are captured. Reinitiation of meiosis is regulated by maturation promoting factor (MPF), a complex of the cyclin-dependent kinase p34cdc2and cyclin B. Although the function and molecule of MPF are common among species, the formation and activation mechanisms of MPF differ according to species. This study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of pre-MPF inBufo arenarumoocytes incompetent to mature spontaneously and the effect of the injection of mature cytoplasm or germinal vesicle contents on the resumption of meiosis. The results of our treatment ofBufo arenarumimmature oocytes incompetent to mature spontaneously with sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) and dexamethasone (DEX) indicates that these oocytes have a pre-MPF, which activates and induces germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) by dephosphorylation on Thr-14/Tyr-15 by cdc25 phosphatase and without cyclin B synthesis. The injection of cytoplasm containing active MPF is sufficient to activate an amplification loop that requires the activation of cdc25 and protein kinase C, the decrease in cAMP levels, and is independent of protein synthesis. However, the injection of germinal vesicle content also induces GVBD in the immature receptor oocyte, a process dependent on protein synthesis but not on cdc25 phosphatase or PKC activity.
LdCompare: rapid computation of single- and multiple-markerr2 and genetic coverage
Authors: Hao K. , Di X. , Cawley S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSummary: The scale of genetic-variation datasets has increased enormously and the linkage equilibrium (LD) structure of these polymorphisms, particularly in whole-genome association studies, is of great interest. The significant computational complexity of calculating single- and multiple-marker correlations at a genome-wide scale remains challenging. We have developed a program that efficiently characterizes whole-genome LD structure on large number of SNPs in terms of single- and multiple-marker correlations.Availability: LdCompare is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Source code, documentation, testing datasets and precompiled executables are available for download at:Contact: ke_hao@affymetrix.com