bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroless deposition and structure of Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings
Authors: Shoeib M. , Maamoun M. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNickel‐molybdenum silicide (Ni‐MoSi2) composite coatings were produced by a technique using an electroless nickel bath containing MoSi2 in suspension. The operating conditions of the electroless deposition of Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings and their structure were studied by X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the composite coatings were determined. Some properties of the Ni‐MoSi2 composite coatings, such as oxidation resistance at high temperature, were investigated. These materials have potential for use in high‐temperature applications involving oxidation resistance.
The role of bearing and scan mechanism life testing in the flight qualification of the MODIS instrument
Authors: Vandyk Steven G. , Dietz Brian J. , Street Kenneth W. , Jones William R. , Jansen Mark J. , Dube Michael J. , Sharma Rajeev K. , Predmore Roamer E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the results of accelerated and operational life tests on bearings for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). It also describes the post‐test analysis of the disassembled bearings. Analysis was performed using micro‐Raman, micro‐FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In general, the three sets of bearings in each of three test stations were in very good condition after accumulating 68, 144, and 209 million cycles, respectively. Some of the bearings exhibited lubricant degradation, indicated by viscous lubricant deposits on the cage and raceways.
Detailed characterisation of sulphur and nitrogen components in a multifunctional, ashless lubricant additive by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques
Authors: Bansal V. , Chopra A. , Sastry M. I. S. , Kagdiyal V. , Sarpal A. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe work reported here used infrared (IR), multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and chromatographic techniques to identify and characterise a commercial sulphur‐ and nitrogen‐containing ashless multifunctional additive. The proper assignment of signals in the 1H/13C NMR and IR spectra of the sample has facilitated the identification of different types of sulphur‐ and nitrogen‐containing components. The methodology involves investigation by NMR and IR spectroscopies, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and high‐performance liquid chromatogaphy (HPLC) techniques to elucidate the types of components present. This requires the generation of NMR and IR spectral data for standard compounds of alkyl sulphides with different sulphur content and alkyl chain, and nitrogen and sulphur components such as thiadiazole, imidazoline, triazole, etc., and spectral comparison with the spectra of the unknown sample. Further, these components have been separated by silica/alumina column chromatographic and preparative TLC techniques and subsequently analysed for their exact chemical structure by spectroscopic techniques. The combined spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses have yielded the presence of four types of components: di‐t‐octyl polysulphide, di‐t‐octyl thiadiazole, a component containing amine ether functionality, and alkyl amine salts of mono/dialkyl phosphoric acid.
The tribological behaviour of paper friction plates for wet clutch applications investigated on SAE II and pin‐on‐disc test rigs
Authors: Ost W. , De Baets P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe friction behaviour of wet clutches for automatic transmission applications strongly influences the dynamic behaviour of the entire machine or vehicle, including the transmission. The wear, and also the friction curve, determines the life of the clutch.In this research, both SAE II and pin‐on‐disc tests have been used to investigate the wear and friction characteristics of paper friction material. A comparison is made of the friction coefficients and the wear rates obtained on both test rigs. Although the pin‐on‐disc tests failed to reproduce correctly the wear rates of the SAE II tests, they can be used for a qualitative analysis of the influence of material parameters and operating conditions on both friction coefficients and wear rates.
Measurement of friction force in pneumatic cylinders
Authors: Belforte G. , Mattiazzo G. , Mauro S. , Tokashiki L. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlthough the performance and reliability of pneumatic cylinders depend to a great extent on the friction generated at the seals, the friction characteristics have not been widely studied. Both the literature and manufacturers' catalogues rarely discuss the friction characteristics of pneumatic cylinders, and the lack of friction models limits the design, optimisation, and analysis of pneumatic cylinder systems. In seeking to improve the characteristics of pneumatic cylinders and to clarify the friction phenomenon, this paper describes friction force measurement tests carried out in pneumatic cylinders of six different diameters, from 32 to 100 mm. An experimental apparatus was designed to assess the effect of a broad range of operating conditions, where the velocity and pressure of the cylinder chambers are controlled independently. Measurements of friction force are shown for velocities of up to 0.5 m/s and pressures of up to 0.8 MPa. The data obtained will be useful for developing a suitable friction model, and the experimental apparatus will allow study of the effects on the friction force of different types of seal, lubricant, and cylinder barrel.
Characterisation of Diesel Engine Cylinder Liner Deposits by Surface Measurements
Authors: Buhaug Øyvind , Almås Terje 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper briefly reviews cylinder liner deposits and describes their effect on lubricating oil consumption and surface topography. Cylinder liner deposits may be invisible to the naked eye, but can be identified by surface topography measurement. A simulation of a cylinder liner with deposits is used to identify which of the available surface characteristics is best suited as a measure of deposit severity. Surface measurements are used to detect deposits in a case study. The deposits are found to be concentrated in a belt around the mid‐stroke region of the cylinder liner. The comparatively low position of the deposit may explain the slow response of a fuel additive treatment in restoring oil consumption control, as the additive treatment in this case is seen to be most effective in the uppermost part of the cylinder liner.
Abrasive Wear of DLC/PVD Multilayer Coatings: AFM Studies
Authors: Martini C. , Prandstraller D. , Lanzoni E. , Poli G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe tribological behaviour of multilayered coatings deposited on plain carbon steel was investigated by microscale abrasion tests (MSATs). The multilayered coatings consisted of an outer diamond‐like carbon (DLC) layer, a physical vapour deposition (PVD) nitride‐based interlayer, and an inner electroless Ni‐P layer. PVD TiN‐ and Ti(C,N)‐coated samples with and without the DLC outer layer were studied in order to evaluate the influence of each layer on the tribological behaviour of the multilayer‐coated system.The MSATs were carried out using a device based on ball‐cratering geometry: a hard steel sphere was rotated against the coated specimen in the presence of an aqueous suspension of SiC particles. The wear coefficients of the multilayers were calculated from the diameter of the wear craters. The morphology of the wear scars produced by the MSATs was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wear damage was described by measuring the r.m.s. roughness (Sq) on the sides of the wear craters. Roughness values were related to the wear coefficients (kc) for the different multilayers on the basis of mathematical elaboration typical of the ‘design of experiment’ (DOE) statistical technique. The presence of the DLC outer layer reduced the roughness of the crater sides and significantly increased the wear resistance of the multilayer only in the case of the PVD TiN sublayer.
Wear data from friction pairs for microscale piezoelectric actuators
Authors: Mudhivarthi S. , Hess D. P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents friction and wear data from a series of physical tests on numerous friction pairs. The tests were designed to simulate the loads, motions, and conditions typical in microscale piezoelectric actuator applications. The friction pairs tested included various combinations of steels, ceramics, and surface‐treated steels. Both high‐cycle tests and low‐endurance tests were performed and the optimum friction pairs for these applications were identified based on high friction, low wear, and low roughness.
Surface anisotropy for monitoring the wear of IC engine cylinders
Authors: Pandazaras C. , Petropoulos G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present work proposes a methodology for monitoring the wear of internal combustion engine cylinders. This could be useful in calculating the time at which maintenance should be done on such a tribosystem or in determining its lifetime. On the basis of experimental data obtained using a friction—wear simulator, and through the determination of certain standardised and non‐standardised micro‐geometric parameters of the cylinder surface that change with respect to operating time, it is shown that the characteristic that exhibits the most variation is the cylinder surface anisotropy. This factor participates to a large degree in the partial hydrodynamic lubrication mechanism of the reciprocating piston ring system and, as it is associated with the stage of wear, better expresses the characteristics of the cylinder's worn surface. As a consequence, by prescribing a limit for the maximum acceptable anisotropy as a basic criterion, the ultimate tolerable stage of wear is controlled simultaneously and vice versa.
Mechanical properties of tribologically modified nano‐layers
Authors: Shakhvorostov D. , Pinto H. , Pyzalla A. , Enders S. , Pöhlmann K. , Scherge M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWear in modern mechanical systems is characterised by ultra‐low wear rates in the range of a few nanometres per hour. Both the surfaces of the materials involved and their volumes undergo modification as regards morphology, crystalline arrangement, and chemical composition. The depth of tribological interactions for given conditions is in the order of a micrometre or less. Synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction and nano‐indentation were used to probe these thin modified zones. The specimens were taken from tribometric experiments employing the radionuclide technique as the ultimate tool to measure ultra‐low wear rates. To obtain different degrees of tribological interaction various loads and sliding velocities were applied. The specimens were classified according to the total power dissipated during the tribometric experiment.
Investigation into the traction coefficient in elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Wang Y. S. , Yang B. Y. , Wang L. Q. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe elastohydrodynamic traction coefficients of two Chinese aviation lubricating oils were investigated for various loads, rolling velocities, and lubricant inlet temperatures using a self‐made test rig. Traction coefficient versus slide‐to‐roll ratio curves were generated. The concept of critical load varying with the lubricant temperature is proposed. This paper presents a new empirical formula for the dynamic performance design of high‐speed rolling bearings, that relates traction coefficient with normal load, rolling velocity, and lubricant inlet temperature. The coefficients of the formula may be computed by regression analysis of the experimental data. Two example calculations are presented. The predicted results from the formula agree well with experimental observations.
Method of determining temperature fields in rubbing solid contacts
Authors: Tkachuk D. V. , Bogdanovich P. N. , Belov V. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study has been to develop a new method of recording temperature fields over friction surfaces and within thin surface layers of friction pair elements. In this, the materials tested include steel, titanium, aluminium, silica glass, and sapphire. When studying the temperature distribution in the surface layers of mated bodies a pin‐on‐disc geometry is used. The friction regimes are as follows: the sliding velocity is varied within the range 10–80 m/s and the nominal pressure is 0.06–0.5 MPa. Experiments have been performed using a set‐up involving an optoelectronic scanning technique and comprising a high‐speed friction machine and a temperature field recording system. The latter consists of an optoelectronic transducer, a monitor, a video tape recorder, an amplifier, a device to form oscillograms of image brightness, and a digital storage oscillograph.
A new tool for industrial tribology filling the gap between macro‐ and nano‐ tribology
Authors: Achanta S. , Drees D. , Celis J.‐P. , Mollenhauer O. , Spiller F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to illustrate the similarities and variations between friction and wear data acquired with two different types of laboratory tribological test equipment that not only operate in the gap between macro‐ and nano‐testing, but also provide test parameters that allow an overlap across the whole scale from macro‐ to nanoscale friction and wear tests. Comparative wear tests were conducted under identical test conditions in the overlap region between macro‐ and micro‐regions using an existing piece of laboratory fretting test equipment and a novel one. The experimental test data obtained with these two experimental set‐ups are discussed.
Air interface switching and performance analysis for fast vertical handoff in cellular network and WLAN interworking
Authors: Shi Minghui , Xu Liang , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) , Mark Jon W. , Saleh Aladdin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe integration of wireless local area network (WLAN) hotspot and the 3G cellular networks is imminently the future mode of public access networks. One of the key elements for the successful integration is vertical handoff between the two heterogeneous networks. Service disruption may occur during the vertical handoff because of the IP layer handoff activities, such as registration, binding update, routing table update, etc. In this paper, the network interface switching and registration process are proposed for the integrated WLAN/cellular network. Two types of fast vertical handoff protocols based on bicasting and non‐bicasting supporting real‐time traffic, such as voice over IP, are modeled. The performance of a bicasting based handoff scheme is analyzed and compared with that of fast handoff without bicasting. Numerical results and the simulation are given to show that packet loss rate can be reduced by the bicasting during handoff scheme without increasing bandwidth on both wireless interfaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the Number and Extent of Positive Lymph Nodes in 200 Patients with Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Three‐field Lymph Node Dissection
Authors: Shimada Hideaki , Okazumi Shin‐ichi , Matsubara Hisahiro , Nabeya Yoshihiro , Shiratori Tooru , Shimizu Takanori , Shuto Kiyohiko , Hayashi Hideki , Ochiai Takenori 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundSubtotal esophagectomy with three‐field lymph node dissection (3FLD) has been reported to improve survival in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the extent and number of positive lymph nodes for long‐term survival of patients who underwent 3FLD.MethodsFrom January 1983 to December 2002, a total of 200 patients with thoracic esophageal SCC underwent 3FLD without any neoadjuvant therapy. The prognostic impact of the extent and number of positive lymph nodes was evaluated by both univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsThe extent of positive nodes associated with a 5‐year survival were as follows: none, 69%; one‐field, 50%; two‐field, 29%; and three‐field, 11%. The number of positive nodes associated with 5‐year survival were as follows: single node, 65%; two‐nodes, 51%; and more than three‐nodes, 20%. Among patients with cervical lymphatic spreading, patients with upper tumors showed significantly better survival than patients with lower tumors (P = 0.036). Multivariate analysis indicated that number of positive nodes and the abdominal node status were independent prognostic factors among lymph node status.ConclusionsTogether, number and extent of positive lymph nodes can be considered an independent predictor of a high risk of recurrence. Although cervical lymphatic spreading was risk factor for worse survival, patients with upper tumors may have survival benefit after cervical lymph node dissection.
Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing
Authors: Namgail Tsewang , Fox Joseph L. , Bhatnagar Yash Veer 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLivestock production is the primary source of livelihood and income in most of the high steppe and alpine regions of the Indian Trans‐Himalaya. In some areas, especially those established or proposed for biodiversity conservation, recent increases in populations of domestic livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have raised concern about domestic animals competitively excluding wild herbivores from the rangelands. We evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use and time budget of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the proposed Gya‐Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India. We asked if the domestic sheep and goat grazing and collateral human activities relegate the argali to sub‐optimal habitats, and alter their foraging time budgets. Data were collected on habitat use and time budget of a population of c. 50 argalis before and after c. 2,000 sheep and goats moved onto their winter pasture in the Tsabra catchment of the aforementioned reserve. Following the introduction of domestic sheep and goats, argalis continued to use the same catchment but shifted to steeper habitats, closer to cliffs, with lower vegetation cover, thus abandoning previously used plant communities with denser cover. Argalis’ active time spent foraging also decreased by 10% in response to the presence of livestock. These results suggest a clear disturbance effect of livestock on argalis, and indicate a potential for competition, conceivably a significant disadvantage for argalis in winter when forage availability is minimal.
Genomic variations and transcriptional regulation of the human μ‐opioid receptor gene
Authors: Bayerer Bettina , Stamer Ulrike , Hoeft Andreas , Stüber Frank 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe μ‐opioid receptor (MOR1) is a target of endogenous and exogenous opioids and plays a pivotal role for anesthesia and analgesia. Variations in the 5′ flanking sequence of the μ‐opioid receptor gene may influence transcriptional regulation and ultimately alter protein expression of MOR1. In the present study we investigated the influence of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the μ‐opioid receptor promoter on promoter activity and evaluated the frequencies of the relevant SNPs in 700 patients under opioid medication.Reporter‐gene‐constructs were created by means of PCR and site directed mutagenesis, testing eight SNPs previously described. The neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y was used for transfection and promoter activity was estimated by luciferase activity.Of the eight reporter gene constructs employed to test genomic variations, two produced a significant change in luciferase activity when compared to wild‐type constructs. The G‐554A variation located within a known NFkB binding element resulted in a decreased activity whereas the A/G base exchange at position −1320 showed an increased luciferase activity. This particular variant generated a myeloid zinc finger (MZF1) cis‐acting element known to impact transcription.The allele frequency of the −1320G variant was 0.21% in 700 Caucasian patients under opioid medication in contrast to 9.1% reported previously in drug addicted African Americans. Because of this unexpected low frequency an association analysis to opioid requirements and effects of μ‐opioid receptor agonists was not feasible.In conclusion, transcriptional regulation of MOR1 is modified by two genetic variations at positions −554 and −1320 of the μ‐opioid receptor promoter. Individuals presenting these variations may have an altered level of MOR expression. A possible association of these genomic variants on efficacy and side effects of opioid treatment in different ethnic groups has to be elucidated.
For the mind's eye only: puritans, images and ‘the golden mines of Scripture’
Authors: Moore Susan Hardman 
Published: July 2006

Seventeenth-century puritans had the habit of speaking visually, talking pictures. Sermons and tracts from the English-speaking Reformed tradition made lavish use of vivid verbal images drawn from the Bible. Yet zealous Protestants wanted to strip images out of churches and books – and, some would say, even from the mind – in an ‘inner iconoclasm’ to match the outer. So why fill the mind's eye with pictures?It is often thought that Protestantism, particularly of the Reformed variety, saw a decisive shift from the visual to the verbal. However, the move was by no means a clean break. Visual elements survived aplenty, though often transposed into new forms. The complexity of these changes has been well recognised by recent scholars, but the focus has been more on outward and material aspects of Protestant culture than on words (or, more accurately, the Word) as image-makers for the mind.To understand the drive for verbal imaging in puritanism with more precision, this paper considers the experience of readers in a culture where print was new; aspects of Reformed theology that paved the way, in particular the stress on the unity of scripture that promoted interest in typology; the boost that new printed aids to Bible study – specifically, concordances – gave to drawing ‘mental pictures’ from scripture; and the relation of all this to making the Bible both easy to handle and memorable, which was a key element in the strategy to drive the Protestant message into the hearts and minds of the people.