bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ORAL PHOSPHATE IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT RENAL CALCULUS
Authors: Edwards N. A. , Russell R. G. G. , Hodgkinson A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe administration of disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (12 g. daily) to male patients with recurrent calcium‐containing renal stones resulted in an increased urinary excretion of orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and citrate and a decreased excretion of calcium and magnesium.The decrease in urine calcium and magnesium was accompanied by an increase in fascal calcium and magnesium but the change in the fasces was less marked than in the urine and the net effect was a more positive calcium and magnesium balance.Favourable results were observed in eighteen patients with frequently recurring calculi who received orthophosphate for periods varying up to two years. In two other cases, however, there was radiological evidence of new stone formation.The changes in urine composition resulting from phosphate supplementation and deprivation are discussed in relation to their effect on the “crystallising propensity” of urine.
THE RÔLE OF THE VESICAL MUCOSA IN REFLEX MICTURITION
Authors: Sabetian M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Evidence has been cited that the mucosal‐submucosal lining of the bladder incorporates a rich plexus of nerve endings and end organs.
It is shown that a pharmacological exclusion of this complex by the application of large doses of local anaesthetic agents does not suppress or impede the development of involuntary micturition in the lightly anaesthetised animal. It is concluded that normally the mucosal‐submucosal complex has no appreciable role in the genesis of the micturition reflex.
The application of a surface irritant to the mucous lining of the bladder is shown to have a powerful disturbing effect, causing premature reflex emptying. It is suggested that this is akin to nociceptive reflexes in some spinal states and may explain the symptoms of frequency and urgency in inflammatory disease of bladder in the human patient.
VENO‐VENOUS CANNULA FOR HÆMODIALYSIS
Authors: Bisson P. G. , Parker A. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAn indwelling veno‐venous cannula is described by which numerous hemodialyses can be performed with one cannulation. The risk of infection and of thrombo‐embolic phenomena has been minimal possibly because of the continuous infusion of a small amount of heparin. The cannula makes easy the taking of blood for biochemical investigation. The use of a heparin perfuser could be beneficial, as this would enable the patient to become ambulant more quickly.
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF THE USE OF RUBIDIUM‐86 TO MEASURE RENAL BLOOD FLOW BY EXTERNAL SCINTILLATION COUNTING
Authors: Sear R. , Blandy J. P. , Ritchie H. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

It has been shown by measurements on a phantom with a scintillation counter, using a If by 2 in. crystal, that the count rate expected externally to the body over a normal human kidney after an intravenous injection of Rb‐86 would be about two and a half times that obtained when the counter is moved off the kidney.
To achieve this result, the collimation must be such that when the counter is correctly positioned over the centre of the kidney the latter almost entirely fills the field of view, and the shielding must nowhere be less than the equivalent of 1 ½cm. of lead plus 2 ½ cm. of steel.
NEW SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BLADDER TUMOURS: MUCOSAL DENUDATION OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Harada Naohiko , Yano Hisao , Ohkawa Tadashi , Misse Toru , Kurita Takashi , Nagahara Atsushi 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYMucosal denudation of the bladder is a simple and reasonable form of treatment for multiple papillary tumours of the bladder. The method is more radical than simple resection of the tumour. A combination of this method with segmental resection of the bladder might be a valuable operative technique in the treatment of certain bladder tumours.
BACTEREMIA, SEPTICæMIA AND INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS DURING TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE GLAND
Authors: Kidd Elizabeth E. , Burnside Kennedy 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYBlood, urine and prostate cultures and estimations of intravascular hæmolysis were performed on forty‐seven patients during transurethral resection of the prostate gland.No relationship was established between the presence of a positive blood culture and intravascular hæmolysis.The source of the five observed blood‐stream infections appeared to be the urine or prostate.The occurrence and extent of hæmolysis was shown to be related to the length of operation.The importance of bacteræmia and intravascular hæmolysis is discussed in relation to renal failure and post‐operative complications.
RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY AND SIMULTANEOUS INTRAPELVIC HERNIAL REPAIR1
Authors: Riba Leander W. , Apfelbach G. Leonard , Uehling David , Logan Donald 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYOne hundred and sixty‐five cases of retropubic prostatectomy are presented. A simple technique is outlined and its short and long term results evaluated. Spinal anæsthesia augments wound relaxation during surgery and frequently avoids chest complications in the older age group. Simultaneous elective hernioplasty at the time of prostatectomy is strongly advocated. Routine vasectomies prevent epididymitis. Sexual function is preserved at the pre‐operative level. The high incidence of late vesical neck obstruction following retropubic prostatectomy is noted. The development of muscular hypertrophy is most interesting and its development is unexplained.
SURGICAL THERAPY FOR ABNORMALITIES OF THE URINARY SPHINCTER IN THE FEMALE1
Authors: Lapides Jack 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn the female the urinary sphincter is synonymous with the proximal three‐fourths of urethra and is a tubular structure with a wall composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. The efficiency of the tube as a sphincter varies directly with the length of intact urethra.Most cases of non‐neurogenic urinary incontinence are due to a decrease in length of intact urinary sphincter. The shortened sphincter may be caused by a drooping of the urethra in the erect position, a defect in the wall of the urethra or by a defective urethra which droops.Treatment incorporates restoration of normal length to the involved urethra by anterior urethropexy, excision of the urethral defect or by a combination of the two procedures. Posterior buttressing of the urethra and urethrocystopexies which do not lengthen the urethra are inadequate, unphysiological procedures for restoring urinary continence.
URINARY INCONTINENCE IN DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM1
Authors: Gibbon N. O. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The physiology of the bladder is reviewed briefly with special reference to continence.
The effects of disorders of the nervous system upon bladder function are considered.
The mechanism and significance of incontinence in nervous system disorders are discussed. The point is made that the loss of bladder control is often associated with retention of urine and complications in the upper urinary tracts. Treatment of the incontinence takes its place, therefore, as part of the general urological management.
The management of incontinence of neurological origin is outlined.
Enuresis.–The special problem of the adult enuretic with diurnal frequency and urgency‐incontinence is raised. The effect of entero‐cystoplasty in five such cases is reported. Reference is made to the possibility of treating such cases by partial division of the sacral parasympathetic outflow.
The Future.–Brief reference is made to the new prospect opened up for the paraplegic by the development of electrical stimulators which can be applied to the bladder and the external sphincter.
THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE TREATMENT OF STRESS INCONTINENCE OF URINE IN THE FEMALE1
Authors: Jeffcoate T. N. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The female urethra is normally empty at all times except during voiding, and this means that continence is maintained by the internal sphincter at the urethro‐vesical junction.
The urethral resistance made up by muscle tone and elasticity of the urethra itself, and the external urethral sphincter, each offer secondary defence mechanisms which can sometimes prevent the escape of urine which leaks past an incompetent urethro‐vesical junction.
Continence does not ordinarily depend on the length of the urethra nor on its position in the pelvis. The incidence of stress incontinence is the same in women without as in those with prolapse.
Radiological studies of the urethra and the bladder base must include lateral views and care is needed over the technique to avoid the many possible artefacts and misinterpretations. The radiological sign of loss of the posterior urethro‐vesical angle, which indicates an incompetent internal sphincter, is seen in 90 per cent. of cases of stress incontinence. I n the remainder the radiographs usually show another cause and give a clear lead to treatment.
Stress incontinence is only rarely the result of trauma to the sphincter mechanism. Its leading cause is pregnancy and not labour, the conditions of pregnancy serving to reveal an intrinsic weakness in the tissues.
It is probably the high level of steroid hormones during pregnancy which lowers the tone of the internal sphincter. This explains why stress incontinence in the non‐pregnant woman is most troublesome during the premenstrual phase, and why this complaint can be induced by administering continuously large doses of estrogen and progestogens to previously continent women.
Operations such as bladder‐neck plication posteriorly or anteriorly, urethropexy, urethrocystopexy and urethral sling operations all cure by the same mechanism. They tighten the internal sphincter and restore the radiological anatomy of the urethro‐vesical junction to normal.
THE VALUE OF SIGMOID‐MYOTOMY IN REDUCING BOWEL PRESSURE AND THUS AVERTING RENAL DAMAGE FOLLOWING URETEROCOLIC ANASTOMOSIS1
Authors: Daniel Owen , Ram R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYReference is made to a simple method of measuring intracolonic pressure. This pressure shows marked individual variation, in one‐third of subjects exceeding 30 cm. of water and predisposing to renal failure following ureterocolic anastomosis. Sigmoid‐myotomy is a safe and effective method of reducing pressure to levels compatible with successful transplantation of the ureters. Potentially high bowel pressure may escape detection, even after repeated study, unless drugs are used to stimulate maximal contraction.
MANAGEMENT OF URETERIC STONE: A REVIEW OF 292 CASES1
Authors: Fox Miles , Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe management of 292 patients with stone in the ureter treated in the Department of Urology in Leeds between 1957 and 1962 is described. Indications for conservative and operative procedures are discussed in the light of follow‐up results.
RESULTS OF THE TREATMENT OF STRESS INCONTINENCE IN WOMEN1
Authors: Wesolowski Stefan 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYSixty patients were operated on for stress incontinence: forty‐four with the Ingelman‐Sundberg operation (fourteen failures); twelve with the Marion operation (five failures); four cases with the Marshall‐Marchetti operation (no failures). Out of the sixty patients forty‐one were cured.
PHÆOCHROMOCYTOMA: Advances in Accuracy of Diagnosis and Safety of Treatment in the Past Decade: a Report of Three Cases
Authors: Siegel Jerald , Stackpole Robert H. , Lattimer John K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThree patients with phæochromocytoma operated upon at the Kingsbridge Veterans Administration Hospital are reported, as a comparison of methods available in 1949, 1951, and 1962. The first patient was operated upon in 1949 for a single adrenal phæochromocytoma. The second patient had bilateral lumbocostal incisions, in the prone position, for a right adrenal phæochromo‐cytoma in 1951. The third patient had a bilateral adrenal phæochromocytoma excised in 1962. During the thirteen‐year period, advances and refinements in technique have taken place. These changes have been described and include:–

More accurate diagnostic tests, namely:

Twenty‐four‐hour urinary catecholamine determination.
Urinary and serum VMA.

Better and safer techniques for the localisation of tumours by using carbon dioxide via the presacral route for retroperitoneal pneumography and nephrotomography.
Safer anaesthetic management.
Successful blood‐pressure regulation during and after operation with the use of:

Regitine for controlling hypertension.
Norepinephrine for controlling hypotension.

As a result of our study, supported by the experience at the Presbyterian Hospital, it is our opinion that a transverse, transperitoneal incision be utilised. The prone position should be avoided because of poor exposure of the great vessels and Regitine should not be given in the immediate pre‐operative period. We feel that careful regulation of blood‐pressure is essential for a favourable prognosis. Anaesthetic agents which cause cardiac complications such as cyclopropane and chloroform are to be avoided.
COMPARISON OF NITROFURANTOIN AND NITROFURAN 246 IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT
Authors: KAFETSIOULIS A. , SELKON J. B. , SWINNEY J. , YEATES W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYForty–six patients were admitted to the study, 26 treated with a new nitrofuran (NF246) and 20 with nitrofurantoin. The response to treatment was evaluated bacteriologically. The results obtained show that there is no significant difference between NF246 and nitrofurantoin in treating urinary tract infections.No clinical side–effects were observed in the group of patients treated with NF246, whereas two of the patients treated with nitrofurantoin reacted adversely. Three patients allergic to nitrofurantoin tolerated the NF246 uneventfully.We would like to thank the Smith Kline and French Laboratories Limited for the supply of NF246 anp nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) tablets.
TESTOSTERONE–INDUCED ACTIVATION OF FIBRINOLYSIS IN CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: ROSSWICK R. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case is recorded in whom the administration of testosterone, as a preliminary to P32 treatment for the pain of bony metastases, induced a fibrinolytic state which was corrected by giving EACA. No further fibrinolysis occurred even though the testosterone treatment continued. The same events occurred after a second course of treatment. This is the first report of a possible dangerous complication of this valuable treatment of so distressing a condition.My thanks are due to Mr H. F. Anderson, under whose care the patient was admitted, and to Dr J. W. Hamer for the hematological investigations and advice on therapy.
PERFORATION AS A COMPLICATION OF CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
Authors: GLASHAN ROBIN W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYSpontaneous rupture of the bladder is defined. Carcinoma as a cause is rare. Reports of two cases are recorded where carcinoma was the underlying pathology. The condition would appear to be very rare in the female.My thanks are due to Mr W. Barr Stirling and Mr W. Reid for allowing me to publish details of cases under their care.
PROLIFERATIVE CHANGES IN BLADDER MUCOSA AND CARCINOMAIN SITU
Authors: BLAKE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of proliferative mucosal changes in the bladder, associated with generalised carcinoma in situ is presented, and the pre–malignant nature of the proliferative lesions is discussed.I am grateful to Mr R. Cox, under whose care the patient was admitted, for permission to publish this account. My thanks are also due to Dr I. M. Dawson, who reported the histology, and together with Dr R. C. B. Pugh gave much helpful advice and criticism, and to the Photographic Department of Westminster Hospital.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE URETER SECONDARY TO URETERITIS CYSTICA
Authors: RICHMOND H. G. , Path M.C. , ROBB W. A. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical and pathological features of an unusual case of primary adenocarcinoma of the ureter are described. Metastatic growth was confined to the regional lymph nodes. Evidence is presented to show that this tumour developed secondary to ureteritis cystica.
LIPOGRANULOMATA OF MALE GENITALIA
Authors: O'ROURKE M. G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Two cases of lipogranulomata of the male genitalia are presented.
They may present as an acute disease or as a more chronic lesion with symptoms and signs coming on months or years after injection.
Often there is no history of injection and the patient is apt to be psychiatrically abnormal.
There is a febrile reaction but no leucocyte response. In one case there was splenomegaly.
The treatment is surgical removal of the affected skin and indurated subcutaneous tissue. The macroscopic and microscopic features are described.

I wish to thank Mr E. J. Radley–Smith and Mr A. Emlyn Williams for permission to publish these cases which were admitted under their care. I would also like to express my thanks to Mr John Hopewell and Mr H. Daintree Johnson for their most helpful criticism and suggestions.
LEUKOPLAKIA OF THE BLADDER:A Report on 20 Cases, including 2 Cases Progressing to Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: O'FLYNN J. DERMOT , MULLANEY JOAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA series of 20 cases of leukoplakia of the bladder is reported.Details of clinical and pathological findings and of treatment are given.Two further cases of leukoplakia progressing to squamous cell carcinoma are reported.The problem of the treatment of this condition is discussed.We wish to thank our colleague, Mr Victor Lane, for his co–operation in the study of these cases.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF HUMAN BLADDER CANCER: HETEROTRANSPLANTATION TO THE HAMSTER CHEEK POUCH
Authors: KAUFMAN JOSEPH J. , LICHTENAUER PETER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAn experimental testing method was devised to study in vivo the chemo–responsiveness of human bladder tumours growing as xenografts in the hamster cheek pouch. These tumours maintained their human specificity. Some parallels were observed between the response of these tumours to 5–Fluorouracil and Mitomycin–C and clinical observations of the effectiveness of these drugs in treating patients with bladder cancer.
RENAL NEOPLASM IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: FRASER G. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of renal neoplasm in a newborn infant is presented. The literature is reviewed with regard to the pathology of such tumours and their management.I wish to thank Mr Innes Williams for permission to report this case and also Drs Claireaux and Berry of the Morbid Anatomy Department for reporting the histology and providing the photomicrographs.
CHANGES IN WHOLE BODY POTASSIUM ASSOCIATED WITH URETERO–INTESTINAL ANASTOMOSES1
Authors: WILLIAMS R. E. , DAVENPORT T. J. , BURKINSHAW L. , HUGHES D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYOur experience has been that the measurement of whole–body potassium has revealed a deficiency in the majority of patients with uretero–colic anastomoses. This deficiency is not reflected by the plasma concentration of potassium. No similar effect was observed among a group of patients with ileal conduits.
SURVEY OF LONG–TERM RESULTS OF TOTAL URINARY DIVERSION 1
Authors: MURPHY JOHN J. , SCHOENBERG HARRY W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFifty–four patients subjected to total urinary diversion by the use of isolated bowel conduits were completely re–evaluated 4 to 14 years after surgery. Review of the problems encountered and their management emphasises the need for frequent careful post–operative re–evaluation of these patients.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF LOWER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: BULCKE C. VAN DEN , HENNEBERT P. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYObservations are made on the effect of lower urinary tract obstruction in Africans. These observations are remarkably different from those made up till now. This difference may lie in an anatomical difference of the uretero–vesical junction in the African and in a different reaction of the lower urinary tract on lower urinary obstruction.
BLOOD CELL EXCRETION RATES
Authors: ELLIOTT Surgeon Lieut.–Commander D. H. , PEAD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. Two methods for the quantitative estimation of formed elements in the urine have been compared. Using a stable suspension of red cells prepared by serial dilution it has been found that the counting chamber gives results within 10 per cent. of the predicted value whereas less than 50 per cent. of the cells are found by filtration of the urine.2. Using the counting chamber technique, the range of values in 104 apparently healthy young men was determined. The upper limit of normal rates for red cell excretion may be given by the 95 percentile as 56,000 cells per hour, 1,120 cells per ml., and for white cell excretion as 216,000 cells per hour, 3,900 cells per ml.3. A timed collection of urine is not essential as there is a high correlation between cells excreted per hour and cells excreted per millilitre of urine.
THE RECTILINEAR SCANNER
Authors: WALKER R. H. SECKER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYKidney scanning is a simple and safe way of estimating relative functioning renal mass and assessing areas of regional dysfunction. It is usefully combined with measurements of the rate of uptake of 197 Hg chlormerodrin. Processing the data by digital computer is likely to add considerably to the information obtained from scans.By combining conventional kidney scanning with vascular scanning it is possible to distinguish cysts from tumours.
Experimental Ureteric Obstruction
Authors: OSBORN DAVID , LEE JULIUS , WILLIAMS GRANT 
Published: December 2008

SummaryRenal function during and after release of a short period (less than 2 hours) and following release of a long period (6 hours) of total ureteric obstruction in the rat was studied in 2 series of experiments.Ureteric end pressures were found to be significantly higher in diuretic compared to dehydrated rats in the short period series of experiments. In both series of experiments nephron recovery following release of ureteric obstruction was greater in dehydrated compared to hydrated rats.The reasons for the difference of results in hydrated compared to dehydrated rats and sites of nephron damage are discussed.Possible relevance to clinical work is also propounded.
Anatomical Factors in Prostatitis
Authors: BLACKLOCK NORMAN J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe intrinsic anatomy of the prostate and the sphincter mechanism of the urethra allows more objective consideration of the aetiology of prostatitis and its pathology.The pathological anatomy provides a further reason for the anomalies in the characteristics of the EPS and the difficulty of cure in some cases.It furthermore provides support for a transurethral approach to surgical cure in the cases which advance to this stage.
The Post‐natal Development of the Muscle and Connective Tissue of the Normal Ureter‐A Quantitative Study
Authors: GILL GORDON W. , EMERY JOHN L. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA quantitative study of the muscle and connective tissue using a Point‐Counting technique and measurements of the extravesical and intravesical ureters was carried out on normal ureters from infants and children (age range 0 to 6 years).Ureter growth‐both intra– and extravesical‐was found to be directly proportional to the height of the child. There is progressive development of muscle and connective tissue. During the period from 0 to 6 years the growth of muscle appears to be due to a progressive increase in the number of muscle cells. Normal values are presented for intravesical and extravesical ureter length and musculature.
Autonomic Innervation of the Renal Calyx
Authors: LONGRIGG NEIL 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIsolated strips of pig renal calyx undergo spontaneous rhythmical changes in tension.Noradrenaline, adrenaline and phenylephrine mediate their stimulatory effects by interaction with α‐adrenoceptors, and isoprenaline its inhibitory effect via β‐adrenoceptors.Acetylcholine exerts a similar excitatory action via muscarinic receptors.Evidence is presented for innervation of the a‐adrenoceptors, although this innervation appears to be relatively sparse.