bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersal distances attained by insect populations of different densities
Authors: Wolfenbarger D. O. , Cornell J. A. , Wolfenbarger D. A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryDifferent population categories of apterous green peach aphid, adult sweet potato weevils, mature Caribbean fruit fly larvae and tobacco budworm larvae were permitted to move on dispersion ranges in the laboratory. Determination of distances dispersed by the larvae were made to show the effects of population sizes. In general, longer distances were dispersed by more individuals when larger numbers were released as compared with smaller ones.
Effect of extraction solvents on oxidative stability of crude soybean oil
Authors: Kim In Hwan , Yoon Suk Hoo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOxidative stabilities of crude soybean oils obtained by different extraction solvents such as hexane, water and Folch's solvent (mixture of two volumes of chloroform and one volume of methanol) were determined by gas chromatographic analyses of headspace and peroxide value of oil samples. For the determination of oxidative stability of oil samples, total volatile compounds formation, molecular oxygen disappearance in the headspace and peroxide value of oil samples were measured. Iodine value (133–136), saponification value (195–198), unsaponifiable matters (0.3–0.4%), iron (0.6 ppm), sterols content (2,400–2,590 ppm), tocopherols content (1,250–1,520 ppm) and fatty acid composition of crude oils obtained by different solvent extraction were not significantly different. Acid value of Folch‐extracted oil was the highest as 1.3, whereas those of hexane‐and aqueous‐extracted oils were 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Crude soybean oil extracted by Folch's method was found to contain the most phosphorus, while hexane‐ and aqueous‐extracted oils contained similar amounts of phosphorous. Crude soybean oil obtained by Folch extraction was most stable in oil oxidation, and oxidative stabilities of oils obtained by hexane and aqueous extraction, which were significantly much less stable than Folch‐extracted oil, were not significantly different during ten weeks storage.
Determination of free and total gossypol by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Abraham G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExisting HPLC methods determine only pure gossypol whereas the official AOCS method determines both gossypol and other physiologically active gossypol‐like compounds that react with 3‐amino‐1‐propanol and aniline. The feed industry uses the official AOCS method, which is complex and produces results that do not correlate well among laboratories. HPLC methods were developed, using 3‐amino‐1‐propanol as a complexing agent, for the quantitative determination of free and total gossypol in cottonseed meal, oil, and ethanolic miscella. These methods are simple, sensitive, and provide reproducible results. In addition the use of toxic aniline is eliminated.
A survey of some plant waxes of southern arizona
Authors: Kurtz Edwin B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe yield and characteristics of the waxes from 42 species of plants native to southern Arizona were determined. Although a few have high yields of wax when expressed on the basis of amount of wax per unit area of plant surface, the majority of species contains only a small amount of wax. It was concluded that the often quoted statement, “plants indigenous to arid and hot regions have waxy cuticles,” is untenable and should be modified to read “… waxlike cuticles.” Some taxonomic relationships and some effects of sex on plant waxes were discussed.
Laboratory deodorizer with a vaporization efficiency of unity
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFatty acid/triglyceride systems deviate from ideality, consequently the use of activities is needed when determining the vaporization efficiency in deodorizers.In normal laboratory deodorizers the vaporization efficiency is low and is dependent on the steam flow rate, also on the absolute pressure.To obtain a vaporization efficiency of unity, independent of the steam flow rate and of the absolute pressure, heating of the head of the deodorizer is necessary in order to eliminate cooling and condensation effects.An isothermic deodorizer has been constructed, the steaming flask of which is immersed entirely in the heating bath. No separate vapor generator and superheater are needed; these are incorporated in the deodorizer and ensure a regular steam flow.At very high flow rates the vaporization efficiency decreases slightly.
Positional isomerism of unsaturated fatty acids in the rat quantification of isomeric mixtures
Authors: Sand D. , Sen N. , Schlenk H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMono‐ and dienoic acids of lipids from rat milk, rat sucklings, and rats on a fat‐deficient diet were investigated. The percentage of uncommon isomers of palmitoleic acid was highest in milk, the newborn and the suckling rats, but receded after weaning. Isomers of linoleic acid were found only in traces in sucklings but became pronounced in rats on diets lacking essential fatty acids. The proportion of 8,11‐diene among octadecadienoic acids increased markedly under such conditions within one week and two additional isomers became prominent after longer periods of fat‐deficient diet.A supplement of hydrogenated coconut fat did not influence the occurrence of these isomers.Dietary petroselinic acid is incorporated by the rat into tissue lipids. 4‐Hexadecenoic and a small amt of 8‐eicosenoic acid arise from it.Quantification of isomeric mixtures by ozonization‐hydrogenation and subsequent gas‐liquid chromatography is discussed in detail.
Dietary fat and the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids
Authors: Carroll K. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSome characteristics of the fatty acid composition of animal tissue lipids are described and the origins of tissue fatty acids are discussed briefly. The effect of dietary fat on composition of tissue lipids is discussed. Types of dietary fatty acids for which experimental work is described include polyunsaturated fatty acids, short‐chain fatty acids, fatty acids with chain length greater than C18,trans unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, acetylenic fatty acids, branched‐chain fatty acids and oxygenated fatty acids. The individuality of fatty acids is discussed in relation to their roles as components of tissue lipids.
Continuous soapstock acidulation
Authors: Todd D. B. , Morren J. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA newly developed process is described for the continuous acidulation of soapstocks derived from alkali refining of vegetable oils. Results are presented for cottonseed, soybean, coconut and corn oil based soapstocks. The acidulation is accomplished by continuously reacting hot soapstock with H2SO4 and separating and countercurrently water washing in a Podbielniak centrifugal contactor. This process offers savings in labor, H2SO4 and steam over conventional batch acidulations, with improved recovery of fat. Typical performance data indicate around 98% recovery of the available TFA, acidulated greases containing less than 0.01% mineral acid, and acid water containing ca. 1% mineral acid.
Effect of saline electrolyte on particle sizes in fat emulsions by electronic counting
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Brown M. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe number of particles of specific diams in in the fat emulsions SR‐151, Intralipid, and Lipofundin, by electronic counting, was critically dependent upon the elapsed time of contact of the emulsions with the diluting saline electrolyte. The most pronounced change in the number of particles as a function of time occurred with the particles of smallest diams, those less than 2Ɓ. Increases in the number of particles by approx 100% occurred within 20 min of mixing the emulsions and electrolyte. Apparently coalescence or aggregation of smaller particles caused the increases in numbers. By extrapolation to zero time, accurate counts were obtained.
Analysis of cyclopropenoid and cyclopropanoid acids in fats and oils
Authors: Magne F. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe analysis of cyclopropenoid acids may be considered, from a historical standpoint, to have started with the discovery of the Halphen test. Although this test as orginally conceived was utilized as a means of detecting adulteration of premium edible oils with cottonseed oil, it has since been shown to be a characteristic test for cyclopropenoid fatty acids and has been adapted with various modifications as a quantitative colorimetric test for these substances. More recently, spectrophotometric methods particularly in the IR region have been applied to the analysis of these substances. The 9.8 Ɓ band, characteristic of the cyclopropane, and the 9.91 Ɓ band, characteristic of the cyclopropene group, as well as the 11.0 Ɓ band, characteristic of some of the noncyclic degradation derivatives, have been utilized. Gasliquid chromatography (GLC) has been applied to the methyl esters of cyclopropanoid and hydrogenated cyclopropenoid acids. The reactivity of the cyclopropene ring toward hydrohalogens has been the basis of several analytical methods developed for use with cyclopropene acid‐containing oils. Both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions of hydrohalogens have been employed. The hydrohalogenation methods are the most precise methods currently available for these analyses but only GLC has the inherent potential of identifying the specific cyclopropenoid or cyclopropenoids involved.
Addition of hydrogenated fats to chocolate to improve heat resistance
Authors: Guice Wilma A. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. , Cosler H. B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryAn investigation was made of the possibility of fortifying chocolate better to withstand summer temperatures by adding relatively small proportions of completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil and similar products.Proportions of hydrogenated oils up to 10%, based on the weight of cocoa fat, do not affect mouthing quality significantly, yet they impart marked rigidity to the chocolate mass at temperatures at which cocoa fat softens and melts. Because the hard fat is practically insoluble in cocoa fat at the melting point of the latter, the hard fat, under the conditions adopted, does not alter the melting characteristics of the cocoa fat, and the short softening range of the cocoa fat is retained.The addition of the completely hydrogenated oil greatly retards the rate of fat leakage from chocolate at temperatures of about 36°C. (97°F.).The addition of small amounts of very hard fats to chocolate should be useful in improving the performance of molded bars. However if the modified chocolate is to be used for coating confections, the increase in viscosity which results on the addition of the hard fat presents a serious disadvantage.
Rate studies of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds
Authors: Maier Vicent P. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryHemoglobin and hematin were found to catalyze the oxidation of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous linoleate systems. The interrelationship of several factors affecting the rates of this reaction were studied.A spectrophotometric method was developed for studying the rate of decomposition of linoleate hydroperoxide by hematin compounds. By using this method, the effects of linoleate hydroperoxide, hemoglobin concentrations, and temperature on the rate of hydroperoxide decomposition was studied. In addition, the catalytic activities of several hemoproteins, metallo‐protoporphyrins, and metal chelate compounds were determined.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. III. Isolation of methyl eicosapentaenoate, ethyl docosapentaenoate, and ethyl docosahexaenoate from cod liver oil esters by chromatography
Authors: Abu‐Nasr Ahmed M. , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: January 2007

Summarya) Displacement chromatography using a charcoal‐isopropanol‐methyl behenate system has been successfully applied to the isolation of docosahexaenoic acid and ethyl docosahexaenoate from cod liver oil concentrates.b) Methyl eicosapentaenoate was isolated from cod liver oil methyl esters by combined elution chromatography on silicic acid and displacement chromatography.c) Using silicic acid as adsorbent and petroleum ether‐chloroform as solvent, ethyl docosapentaenoate was isolated from cod liver oil ethyl esters.d) With a spinning band fractionation column it was found that fractional distillation of methyl esters of cod liver oil at 0.5 mm. Hg. resulted in increasing conjugation in the distillate as the fractionation proceeded. Fractional distillation is to be avoided as a final step in purification of polyunsaturated esters.e) The end absorption of conjugated pentaenoic acids is so large at the characteristic maximum for hexaene (3,750 Å) that simultaneous equations are required for the calculation of hexaenoic and pentaenoic acids.f) Fifteen minutes of treatment with 21% KOH‐ethylene glycol at 180° is not optimum for isomerization of ethyl docosapentaenoate from cod liver oil. The optimum isomerization times for hexaenoic acids of various sources are 4 to 6 minutes, considerably different from the 15 minutes established for arachidonate.
Property modifications of finished textiles by a cationic surfactant
Authors: Beal Chantelle M. , Olson Lynne A. , Wentz Manfred 
Published: January 2007

Fabrics made of 100% cotton, 100% polyester and a 50/50 cotton/polyester blend with and without functional finishes were treated in aqueous solutions of the cationic surfactant distearyldimethylammonium bromide (DSDMAB). Finishes chosen were dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a durable press finish, and poly(acrylic acid), a soil release finish. Selective sorption of the cationic surfactant by finished and unfinished fabrics was quantified. Cotton takes up much larger amounts of DSDMAB than does polyester. In general, acrylic finished fabrics take up more DSDMAB, while DMDHEU finished fabrics take up smaller amounts of DSDMAB as compared to their unfinished controls. These findings indicate that ionic interaction forces play an important role in the sorption process. In order to investigate this, acid numbers were used as a relative measure of negative sorption sites on fabrics. A direct relationship between DSDMAB sorption and the acid numbers of the fabrics was established.Perceived fabric softness is generally improved by treatments with DSDMAB for all test fabrics. Although cotton fabrics finished with DMDHEU were perceived to be less soft than unfinished cotton, treatment with DSDMAB restored the softness level to that of unfinished cotton. The softness of both cotton and polyester fabrics was greatly lowered by the acrylic finish. The presence of even large amounts of DSDMAB did not restore softness ratings to levels comparable to unfinished controls.Electrical resistivity and electrostatic clinging measurements were used to assess the effectiveness of DSDMAB as an antistatic agent. DSDMAB reduced the electrical resistivities of all test fabrics. However, relative humidity played a much larger role in reducting the electrical resistivity of fabrics. Clinging times were also reduced by DSDMAB treatments. DSDMAB was particularly efficient in reducing the clinging time of polyester.Additional moisture related properties were investigated. The presence of DSDMAB on the test fabrics did not significantly alter moisture regain. The application of DSDMAB from aqueous solutions resulted in lower water retention values of the test fabrics after centrifuging at ag‐factor comparable to home washing machines. This leads to energy savings during drying from 10–24%, depending on the fabric and finish type. However, energy savings due to fiber type were more significant than those due to the cationic surfactant treatment.
Effects of processing and storage on chlorophyll derivatives in commercially extracted canola oil
Authors: Ward Kerry , Scarth Rachael , Daun J. K. , Thorsteinson C. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study characterizes the chlorophyll pigments present in canola oil immediately after commercial extraction and following oil storage to determine the best storage conditions for analytical samples and to examine the changes that chlorophyll derivatives undergo during oil processing and storage. Samples of pressed, solvent‐extracted, crude and degummed canola oils, obtained from a commercial crushing plant, were stored for one month under four different conditions—in the freezer, in a refrigerator and at room temperature both in the light and in the dark. Chlorophyll derivatives (chlorophylls, pheophytins, pyropheophytins) were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography immediately after sampling and then on a weekly basis. The main pigments present in commercially extracted canola oil were pheophytin a, pyropheophytin a, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The “a” derivatives comprised 81 to 100% of total chlorophyll pigments in the fresh oil samples. During degumming, the remaining chlorophylls were converted to pheophytins and pyropheophytins. During oil storage, exposure to light at room temperature affected the composition of chlorophyll derivatives as chlorophyll b was converted to pheophytin b and chlorophyll a was converted first to pheophytin a, then to pyropheophytin a.
Canola extract as an alternative natural antioxidant for canola oil
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe antioxidative activity of ethanolic extracts of canola meal at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm on refined‐bleached (RB) canola oil was examined and compared with commonly used synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), BHA/BHT/monoglyceride citrate (MGC) andtert‐butyl‐hydroquinone (TBHQ). Stability of RB oil was monitored under Schaal oven test conditions at 65°C over a 17‐d period. Progression of oxidation was monitored by weight gain, peroxide, conjugated diene, 2‐thiobarbituric acid and total oxidation values. Canola extracts at 500 and 1000 ppm were more active than BHA, BHT and BHA/BHT/MGC and less effective than TBHQ at a level of 200 ppm.
The effect of builders on the activity of protease enzymes
Authors: Sato Masako , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Minagawa Motoi 
Published: January 2007

The effect of builders on the stability of protease enzyme activity was studied in an effort to identify superior builders which are soluble in water and compatible with enzymes formulated into heavy duty laundry powders. Various poly(styrenesulfonate‐methacrylate) copolymers, polyacrylate and tripolyphosphate anionic builders, as well as various poly(vinylalcohol‐vinylacetate) nonionic copolymers, namely PVAs, were used. Zeolite 4A was also used as a typical nonphosphate particulate builder in the detergents. The protease used is frombacillus stearothermophilus. The calcium content was determined to be 16.7 mole/mole of protease by atomic spectrophotometry.In binary systems composed of a fixed concentration of 10 U/mL protease and varied concentrations of compound, builder or surfacant, it was found that compounds having the larger calcium ion binding capacity (C.B.C.) lowered the relative activity of protease enzyme. The activity of protease enzyme alone was lowered about 20% by addition of 0.02% sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS).The anionic builders added to the binary system of fixed 10 U/mL protease and 0.02% DBS reduce the protease enzyme activity in proportion to the magnitude of their C.B.C. Addition of anionic builders further lowered the protease enzyme activity. The nonionic builders and the nonionic surfactant can enhance the protease enzyme activity by protection of protease against the inhibitor, DBS.It is certain that calcium atoms contained in the protease must play an important role for the protease enzyme activity and its stability. Calcium atoms must have a great influence on the formation of protease‐substrate complex, protease‐compound complex and substrate‐compound complex, because the protease, protein substrate and anionic compound would all be negatively charged in alkaline solutions. Builders for enzyme‐containing detergents should be constructed to be insensitive to calcium ion.
Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of fish oils
Authors: Staby Arne , Borch‐Jensen Christina , Balchen Steen , Mollerup Jørgen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious natural and processed fish oil triglyceride mixtures have been analyzed by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The analyses were performed on nonpolar columns to separate the components by lipid class and by the number of carbon atoms. The compounds separated included free fatty acids, squalene, α‐tocopherol, cholesterol, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, di‐ and triglycerides. This kind of analysis is not possible by gas chromatography or high‐performance liquid chromatography methods without prior treatment of the fish oil, making SFC superior for this application. Applications of SFC to fish oils are given, including a control analysis of the various process steps in the refining of a fish oil, analysis of a lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of a fish oil and the detection of polymeric artifacts.
Chemical structure of long‐chain esters from “sansa” olive oil
Authors: Bianchi Giorgio , Tava Aldo , Vlahov Giovanna , Pozzi Nicoletta 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major objective of this study was to determine the chemical structure of long‐chain esters present in lower‐grade olive oil. The classes of esters composing the hexanediethyl ether (99∶1) extract of the wax fraction from a pomace olive oil were: (i) esters of oleic acid with C1−C6 alcohols, (ii) esters of oleic acid with long‐chain aliphatic alcohols in the range C22−C28 and (iii) benzyl alcohol esters of the very long‐chain saturated fatty acids C26 and C28. The analysis and the structure assignments were carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and by comparison with synthetic authentic model compounds. This work provided precise data on the chemical nature of the wax esters present in olive oil and should represent a means to detect adulteration of higher‐grade olive oil with less expensive pomace olive oil and seed oils.
Preparation of glycol derivatives of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and their potential as lubricants
Authors: Basu Hemendra N. , Robley Ellen M. , Norris Max E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGlycol diesters and mixtures of mono‐ and diesters have been prepared from methyl esters of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and diethylene, dipropylene, neopentyl and triethylene glycols. The catalyst used in these reactions was a mixture of calcium acetate/barium acetate (3∶1, w/w). The reactions were carried out under nitrogen with 0.5% catalyst at temperatures in the range of 190–275°C. Borated esters of mixed mono‐ and diesters were prepared with 0.33 equivalent of boric acid per 1.0 equivalent hydroxyl group on the ester. Refractive indices, viscosities, and flash and fire points were determined for diesters, mixed mono‐ and diesters, and mixed diesters and borated esters. The viscosities, flash points and fire points indicate that these esters can be used as a component of lubricating oils. Wear‐prevention characteristics of mixed diesters and borated esters indicated that they can be used as antifriction additives in lubricating oils.