bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON βTRACE PROTEIN
Authors: Penny R , Osserman EF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA urinary protein, ultimately identified as βtrace protein, was observed in apparently increased quantities in the urine of a patient with a plasma cell dyscrasia. Tissue extract examinations revealed βprotein in normal kidney, brain, fimbriae of fallopian tubes, testis, leucoeytes (both normal and leukaemic), pancreas and ovary. This protein was also demonstrated in concentrated normal serum in Cohn Fractions IV‐4 and IV‐5, 6.Gel filtration experiments indieate a molecular size for βtace protein of the same order of magnitude as immunoglobulin light chains; bowever, these two proteins, though similar in electrophoretic behaviour, are unrelated antigenically. Electrophoretic mobility of βtrace protein is altered on removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase treatment; difference in mobility with origin of sample may be attributable to different amounts of carbohydrate in the molecule. Attempts to identify βtrace protein as a common enzyme were unsuccessful.
THE MECHANISM OF SECRETION OF INERT GASES INTO THE FISH SWIMBLADDER
Authors: Abernethy JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGases which are customarily viewed as biologically inert may nevertheless be secreted into the swimbladder at high pressure just like their biologically active counterparts, O2 and CO2. The late Werner Kuhn proposed that the mechanism for all gases was countercurrent multiplication of small changes in partial pressure initiated by secretions of the gas gland situated near the bend of the multiplier loop. Hitherto this hypothesis has been confirmed only for O2 and CO2: an analysis of swimbladder data on argon/nitrogen ratios presented here gives the required confirmation in the inert gas case. A second part of this paper deals with the nature of the secretory agent relevant to inert gas. Kuhn postulated the secretion of an electrolyte to salt out dissolved gas in addition to lactic acid secretion known to be operative in the release of O2 and CO2. This postulate may be redundant: lactic acid is shown to release N2 from fish red cells perhaps by a pH‐related change in haemoglobin polar groups. Countercurrent multiplication of all gases would thus be under the control of a single agent. Interspecies variations in swimbladder gas content would not be inconsistent with this unitary theory since these may merely reflect interspecies variations in the development of the multiplier apparatus and probable variations in the pH‐effect also.
CONTRACTION OF THE SHEEP'S SPLEEN
Authors: Dooley PC , Hecker JF , Webster MED 
Published: November 2007

SummaryChanges in the thickness of the spleen and associated alterations in the haemoglobin concentration in jugular venous blood were studied in undisturbed and excited conscious sheep.Decreases in spleen thickness were induced by single injections of adrenaline (1·4 to 35·5 μg/kg), and by disturbance. The increase in jugular vein haemoglobin concentration following splenic contraction returned to control levels after spleen thickness resumed its control value. However, the responses of these two variables differed markedly among sheep both to a given dose of adrenaline and to progressively higher adrenaline dosage.Respiratory events, feeding, changes in rumen pressure and in posture each induced characteristic variations in spleen thickness.No changes in spleen thickness were observed in conscious undisturbed sheep. Neither disturbance nor adrenaline injections altered the jugular haemoglobin concentration in splenectomized sheep.
ACIDOSIS INDUCED BY CATECHOLAMINES AND REDUCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO CATECHOLAMINES IN ACIDOSIS
Authors: Atkinson Judith M , Dusting GJ , Rand MJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryInfusions of the catecholamines noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline in anaesthetized rats under artificial ventilation caused a fall in arterial blood pH and a slight rise in PCO2. The order of potency of the catecholamines in producing metabolic acidosis was isoprenaline > adrenaline > noradrenaline. This effect of isoprenaline was abolished by propranolol but was not changed by phenoxybenzamine. The effect of noradrenaline was abolished by phenoxybenzamine and was potentiated by propranolol. The decrease in cardiovascular responses to catecholamines that follows an infusion may be partly due to the resultant acidosis, since acidosis produced by infusions of hydrochloric acid resulted in decreases of the responses of the heart and blood pressure to noradrenaline and isoprenaline. The decreased cardiovascular responses caused by catecholamine infusions were partly restored when the blood pH was returned to normal levels by administration of Tris buffer.
THE EFFECTS OF A NEW CORONARY VASODILATOR (BAY‐A‐1040, NIFEDIPINE) ON THE CORONARY AND SYSTEMIC HAEMODYNAMICS IN THE ANAESTHETIZED DOG
Authors: Maxwell GM , Rencis V 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNifedipine, a dihydropyridine derivative, was administered to Intact anaesthetized dogs. In a dose of 40 μg/kg intravenously the drug increased heart‐rate, cardiac‐ output and coronary flow. Peripheral, pulmonary and coronary vascular resistances decreased. Cardiac oxygen consumption was unchanged; cardiac efficiency was increased. The drug had no effect upon blood glucose levels, but decreased non‐esterified fatty acid values.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROID ON ABSORPTION AND ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN CALVES
Authors: Husband AJ , Brandon MR , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn attempt was made to determine the effect of corticosteroid on intestinal absorption and subsequent endogenous synthesis of immunoglobulins by the newborn calf. This was carried out by measuring changes in the serum concentration of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA at intervals after birth in a total of 14 calves 11 of which were born of corticosteroid‐treated cows and the remainder from untreated cows. Calves were each fed 2 1 of a large volume of mixed colostrum in the first 6 hours after birth.The results indicate that corticosteroid treatment of cows induced early parturition and inhibited intestinal absorption of immunoglobulin. For the treated calves the efficiency of absorption for each immunoglobulin was half that for the untreated calves (P < 0.01). The time of onset of endogenous production of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM was similar in treated and untreated calves, but the increase in serum IgA concentrations was delayed in treated calves.The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
STUDIES ON GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE, GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE AND REGENERATION OF REDUCED GLUTATHIONE IN THE RED BLOOD CELLS OF VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES
Authors: Agar NS , Gruca Margaret , Harley JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activity and the rates of regeneration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in red blood cells from various mammalian species, including man and the kangaroo. The most significant finding was the demonstration of a direct relationship between the enzyme activity and the GSH regeneration rate in the red blood cells of ruminants as against an inverse relationship observed in human red blood cells. The experimental results suggest that the GSH regeneration test should be used with caution in studies aimed to evaluate the overall activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway of the red blood cells of man and animals.
TRYPSIN EXTRACTABLE PRECIPITATING ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS (SEROTYPE BIFLEXA)
Authors: Graves S , Faine S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryExtraction of Leptospira interrogans (serotype, bifexa) with 0·2% trypsin yielded three precipitating antigens (‘axial filament’; antigen ‘d’; antigen ‘e’) as detected by immunodiffusion against rabbit antileptospiral serum.In contrast to ‘axial filament’ antigen, antigens ‘d’ and ‘e’ could be detected only in stationary phase leptospires. Protein antigen ‘d’ was purified and gave rise to monoprecipitin sera in rabbits. Monoprecipitin sera against both antigen ‘d’ and ‘e’ were also produced by immunizing rabbits with specific immune, precipitates in agar.Rabbit anti‐‘d’ and anti‐’ e’ immunoglobulins were initially of the 19S type but subsequently became solely 7S.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RECIRCULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF LYMPH IN SHEEP
Authors: Quin JW , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe concentration and output of lymphocytes in lymph from the popliteal node in sheep were varied by antigenic stimulation of the lymph node and by intravenous administration of bovine anti‐lynipbocyte serum (ALS). The 4–5‐fold increase in output and concentration of lymphocytes in lymph following antigenic stimulation of the node was accompanied by a 25–35% increase in the concentration of total protein and albumin. The above changes were not observed in afferent lymph draining the site of antigen injection. There was a 75–80% decrease in concentration of lymphocytes in lymph from the unstimulated popliteal lymph node following the administration of ALS and this was accompanied by decreases of 10–35% in the concentration of albumin and immunoglobulin. Essentially the same changes were observed when ALS was administered 6 days after antigenic stimulation of the node.Administration of ALS to sheep with cannulated intestinal lymphatic ducts was followed by a 75–80% reduction in lymphocyte concentration and in decreases ranging from 12–50% in the concentration of albumin, IgM and IgG2.It is suggested that a significant loss of plasma protein is associated with the migration of lymphocytes between the endothelial cells of the post‐capillary venules in lymph nodes.
THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND THE CELL CYCLE OF MASTOCYTOMA TARGET CELLS: NO APPARENT EFFECT ON CELL‐MEDIATED KILLING
Authors: Ching LM , Gavin JB , Marbrook J , Skinner M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMastocytoma cells (P‐185) have been separated by velocity sedimentation into fractions which were highly enriched for cells at discrete stages of the cell cycle. By scanning electron microscopy it was shown that the surface morphology of the majority of cells in each fraction was characteristic of that fraction. No difference could be detected between isolated fractions and unfractionated cells in their ability to be lysed by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN MOSQUITOES AND DOMESTIC FOWLS IN QUEENSLAND, 1974
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Kay BH , Filippich C , Marks EN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryField studies during an epidemic of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) led to the isolation of MVE virus from a pool of mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris) and a sentinel chicken from Charleville, south‐west Queensland. A high proportion of domestic fowls at Charleville had antibody to MVE virus at the beginning of February 1974, in advance of the first case recognized in Queensland and allowing early warning from health authorities. A survey of antibody in domestic fowls in mid‐1974 suggested widespread activity of MVE virus in western and east‐central. Queensland. Virus isolation and serological studies showed activity in south‐west Queensland of three other viruses known to infect man, Ross River, Sindbis and Kunjin viruses.
THE EFFECTS OF 2‐PHENYLALANINE 8‐LYSINE VASOPRESSIN (OCTAPRESSIN) ON BLOOD VESSELS IN THE RAT TAIL
Authors: Frost BR , Gerke DC , Frewin DB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIsolated perfused segments of the ventral rat tail artery have been used in this study to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle and its interaction with other vasoconstrictor agents. It was found that repeated octapressin administration was associated with tachyphylaxis and that the onset and rate of development of this phenomenon could he modified by cocaine. The constrictor action of catecholamines, electrical stimulation and serotonin on the rat tail artery as potentiated by octapressin. Mechanisms which may be involved in octapressin tachyphylaxis are discussed.
ORD RIVER ARBOVIRUSES — THE STUDY SITE AND MOSQUITOES
Authors: Liehne PFS , Stanley NF , Alpers MP , Liehne CG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe Ord Valley of tropical Western Australia has been studied for arbovirus activity following the development of a man‐made lake of considerable size, a diversion dam and an irrigation scheme. Kununurra, the largest town in the valley, is the focus for very large populations of birds and mosquitoes. The irrigation areas have not been important as mosquito breeding areas because of the excessive use of insecticides. Lake Argyle does not support high mosquito or bird populations at present. However, this may change as the ecosystem stabilizes. The mosquito fauna of the Ord Valley is dominated by Culex annulirostris.
DEATH OF CELLS BY APOPTOSIS FOLLOWING ATTACHMENT OF SPECIFICALLY ALLERGIZED LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Don MM , Ablett G , Bishop CJ , Bundesen PG , Donald KJ , Searle J , Kerr JFR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA low rate of spontaneous cell death by apoptosis was found in a DBA/2 mouse mastocytoma growing in culture. It was not significantly altered by addition of splenic lymphocytes from normal C57BL mice, but was massively enhanced by lymphocytes from mice previously immunized against the tumour, Cells showing ultrastruclural changes of early apoptosis in the latter experiments had lymphocytes firmly attached to their surfaces, suggesting that cellular immune attack induces apoptosis directly, the cell budding to produce membrane‐bounded fragments with well preserved organelles characteristic of the later stages of the process was associated with Iymphocytic detachment These cell fragments or apoptotic bodies were not phagocytosed by viable cells as they are when apoptosis takes place in tissues, and underwent secondary degeneration with ballooning of organelles and rapture of membranes while still suspended in the medium.The major wave of lymphocyte‐induced apoptosis occurred within the first 3 h of incubation. The number of well preserved apoptotic bodies reached a peak at 11/2h and thereafter declined, whereas ceil debris increased progressively. The maximum rate of release of absorbed 51Cr from tumour cells coincided In time with the wave of apoptosis, but difficulty in assessing the relativerates of formation and secondary degeneration of apoptotic bodies made impossible to determine whether the release was particularly associated with one or other of these processes.That cellular immune attack should induce a type of cell death known to occur in normal tissues has implications for the hypothesis that the, immune system continuously monitors cells and eliminates those that undergo significant antigenic change.
ISOLATION OF SINDBIS (ALPHAVIRUS) AND LEANYER VIRUSES FROM MOSQUITOES COLLECTED IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA, 1974
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Filippich Cheryl , Kay BH , Gorman BM , Rajapaksa N 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMosquitoes collected near Darwin, Northern Territory, in 1974 yielded two virus strains. One was identified as Sindbis virus, not previously isolated from the Northern Territory. The other is antigenically distinct from viruses previously isolated from arthropods in Australia, and the name “Leanyer” is proposed for it. Its properties suggest that it may be a togavirus serologically unrelated to available alphaviruses and flaviviruses.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN INSUFFICIENCY ON THE MURINE THYMUS. EVIDENCE FOR AN INTRATHYMIC POOL OF PROGENITOR CELLS CAPABLE OF THYMUS REGENERATION AFTER SEVERE ATROPHY
Authors: Bell RG , Hazell Lee A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLow protein diets initiated at weaning in Balb/c mice cause a rapid and profound reduction in thymus weight and cellularity. Thymus weight falls to less than that of the involuted thymus of adult mice and remains depressed for as long as diets are fed. Although most peripheral T cell functions do not appear to be depressed, suppressor cell activity was not as vigorous in deprived animals despite the presence of functional suppressor populations. Thymus growth was reinitiated promptly when high protein diets were fed to deprived animals.Thymus regeneration appeared to he due to both a resident population of stem cells which persisted in the thymus through the period of deprivation and a second, probably bone‐marrow derived, population of stem cells. It is suggested that in normal mice the synchronized growth of the first population produces the characteristic innate growth pattern of the thymus. This is superimposed on the growth of the second population which continuously seeds the thymus and is constantly replaced. Protein deprivation severely restricts the growth of the first and second population, but both maintain their capacity for growth during long periods of protein restriction.
SUBSTANCE P: ITS PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
Authors: Bury RW , Mashford ML 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe recent identification and synthesis of the endecapeptide substance P has renewed interest in this naturally occurring compound. The original substance P of Euler and Gaddum was a mixture of biologically active substances, some of which were peptides. The peptide component was responsible for gut‐contracting, hypotensive and sialogogic properties attributed to substance P. For almost 40 years following its discovery, substance P resisted isolation and purification. Even the most highly active preparations were heterogeneous and there was a divergence of results from experiments using preparations which were partially purified by different techniques. Nevertheless, much of the early work on the distribution and pharmacology of crude substance P has been confirmed using the synthetic endecapeptide and has stimulated research towards the elucidation of a possible functional role for substance P. Most proposed functions have been highly speculative but, at present, evidence is accumulating in support of a physiological role for substance P as a neurotransmitter in sensory pathways.
ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUSES IN AUSTRALIA, 1973‐1976
Authors: Doherty RL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe period 1973‐76 saw additions to knowledge of Australian arboviruses in several directions. A large epidemic of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) allowed evaluation of serological diagnostic techniques not available in previous major outbreaks, and also added to knowledge of clinical features and epidemiology. Its wide geographical distribution, with cases recognized for the first time in central Australia, suburhan Adelaide and east central Queensland, possibly associated with what has been described as “the most extraordinary set of weather conditions to affect Australia in this century”, triggered new consideration of epidemic prediction and vector control. The recognition of regular summer‐autumn occurrence of epidemic polyarthritis in southern Australia suggested the possibility of year‐round survival of Ross River virus, and perhaps of other togaviruses, in that area. Further evidence was obtained for previous suggestions that Kunjin virus might cause febrile disease of man. Bovine ephemeral fever was repeatedly epizootic and its epidemiology became a major focus of investigation, with accent on possibilities of control by vaccination. Important progress was made in Japan and then in Australia in linking Akabane virus with a disease of domestic animals.The continuation of field programmes in Queensland and Western Australia, and the commencement of new ones in Northern Territory, the Murray Valley of Victoria and elsewhere, led to the discovery of “new” viruses and extended the known host and geographic range of other viruses, adding complexity to the Australian arbovirus pattern. An ambitious programme of serological surveillance of virus infection in sentinel cattle herds covered a wide area of Australia and New Guinea and produced important results which could well be supplemented in other hosts.Progress in this period does not contradict the previous suggestion that complete elucidation of the epidemiology of arboviruses in Australia is a distant goal within the limits of current techniques, but it does suggest that collaboration between units and between disciplines can provide steady and useful progress.
PROTECTION OF MICE AGAINST PLASMODIUM AND BABESIA INFECTIONS: ATTEMPTS TO RAISE HOST‐PROTECTIVE SERA
Authors: Mitchell GF , Handman E , Howard RJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn an attempt to generate large numbers of mice resistant to Plasmodium berghei and Babesia rodhaini to be used as donors of antibody‐secreting cells for hybridoma production, various methods of inducing resistance to repeated challenge with infected blood cells have been explored. Although, results of independent experiments varied markedly, prior injection of CBA/H mice with BCG. and prior infection of BALB/c mice with Plasmodium yoelii, were found to be manipulations capable of inducing resistance to P. berghei. A single dose of serum, harvested from resistant mice challenged several times with P. berghei, could transfer resistance against P. berghei to a proportion of naive CBA/H recipients. Although resistance to multiple B. rodhaini challenge could be induced in mice, in no situation was a host protective effect of a single high dose of serum demonstrated in naive recipients.
CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES OF HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Parsons PG , Brown SG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn seven human melanoma cell lines and one human fibroblast strain some correlation of resistance to cell killing was found with two bifunctional alkylating agents (melphalan, chlorambucil) and three monofuctional agents (4(5)‐(3.3‐dimelhyl‐1‐triazeno) imidazole‐5(4)‐carboxamide (DTIC), methylmethane sulphonate (MMS) and N‐methyl‐N1nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), but little cross‐resistance was found between these two groups of agents or with cytosine arabinoside (ara‐C). In contrast to previous studies with rodent tumours, potentially synergistic (chloroquine, arginine) or antagonistic (ascorbic acid, leucine) compounds did not affect the toxicity of melphalan in a human melanoma cell line. In two melanoma lines DTIC induced patterns of DNA damage (inhibition of semi‐conservative synthesis) and repair (strand breaks and repair synthesis) similar to, but not identical with, those induced by the methylating agent MNNG. These results suggest that a methylating species is derived from DTIC but has a different reactivity toward DNA compared with MNNG.
ANTIBODIES TO LEISHMANIA TROPICA PROMASTIGOTES DURING INFECTION IN MICE OF VARIOUS GENOTYPES
Authors: Olobo Joseph O , Handma'N Emanuela , Curtis Joan M , Mitchell Graham F 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAfter intradermal injection of 107 promastigotes of a particular isolate of the intramacrophage protozoan parasite, Leishmania tropica, the development of disease (cutaneous lesions) is much more severe in BALB/c than in three other mouse strains, C57BL/6, C3H/He and CBA/H. Using fixed promastigotes and 125I‐labelled protein A in a solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA), titres of antibody were shown to increase up to about day 50 of infection. However, titres were not markedly different in BALB/c mice compared with the other three resistant strains, although antibody levels were highest in sera from the diseased BALB/c mice at late time points. Using isotype‐specific antisera in the RIA, and sera from the day 50 time point, the isotype distribution of anti‐promastigote antibodies was not noticeably different in sera from mice of the four genotypes with IgG1 and IgG2a (IgG2b) antibodies predominating. It is concluded that differences in susceptibility to disease in this murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis do not correlate with any decrease or increase in any particular antibody response to the promastigote.