bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Immunosympathectomy on the Retention and Metabolism of Noradrenaline
Authors: Sjöqvist Folke , Taylor Palmer W. , Titus Elwood 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe retention of radioactive noradrenaline (NA) was measured in different organs of immunosympathectomized (I.S.) mice 30 min after i.v. injection of dl‐NA‐7–3H (17.9 or 1.79μg/kg, S.A. 4.7 C/mmole). A striking decrease in the capacity to retain NA‐3H was observed in the heart (1.6 per cent of controls) and the submaxillary gland (4.1 per cent of controls). Immunosympathectomy was only partially effective in the intestine and colon (33 and 47 per cent of normal retention, respectively). By contrast, the retention of NA in the I.S. vas deferens was almost doubled. These data support previous investigations indicating that immunosympathectomy has a differential effect on adrenergic neurons located in different organs. A chromatographic analysis of the distribution of3H among the various NA‐metabolites was undertaken in the submaxillary gland, heart and vas deferens. Metabolites, for the most part methylated, accounted for a larger precentage of the total3H in the extracts from tissues of I.S. animals compared to controls. In the I.S. submaxillary glands of both the mouse and the rat the radioactivity retained after injection occurred mostly in the form of metabolites. Normetanephrine (NM) was predominant in the mouse, while both NM and acid metabolites were significant components in the rat gland. Oxidation to acid metabolites was more extensive in the I.S. heart of the rat compared to the mouse. The chromatography of the retained metabolites in the I.S. vas deferens was not qualitatively different from that of the normal organ.
Incorporation in Vivo of Acetate‐1–14C into Liver and Serum Lipids in Hemorrhagic Lipemia in the Rat
Authors: Hirvisalo E.‐L. , Louhija Antti 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTHemorrhagic anemia and lipemia was produced in 18 rats by daily bleedings of about 2 ml per 100 g of body weight during 6 days. Seventeen sham‐bled rats served as controls. In the bled rats the serum triglycerides increased to about twice their initial values during the experiment and a slight tendency of fat accumulation in the livers was observed. Radioacetate was injected i.p. on the 7th day of the experiment, and the recovery of the label in liver and serum total fatty acids and in triglyceride and phospholipid fractions, separated by thin layer chromatography, was estimated 45 min and 3 hrs after the injection. Significantly less radioacetate was incorporated into liver and serum total fatty acids in the bled rats than in the sham‐bled controls, but there were no remarkable differences between the bled and the sham‐bled groups in the relative distribution of the label in the triglyceride and phospholipid fractions of the liver and serum. This study, which is an extension of previous studies of the lipid metabolism in hemorrhagic lipemia, shows that an increased de novo synthesis of fats can probably be ruled out as a cause of hemorrhagic lipemia.
The Effect of High Pressure Air or Oxygen with and without Carbon Dioxide Added on the Catecholamine Levels of Rat Brain
Authors: Haggendal Jan 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe noradrenaline and dopamine levels in brain have been studied biochemically after exposure of rats to pure oxygen, oxygen and carbon dioxide, air, air and carbon dioxide at increased pressure up to 6 to 7 ata. After exposure to air with or without carbon dioxide added the catecholamine levels were unchanged, except for a tendency to decreased levels after about 5 hrs exposure to air without carbon dioxide at 7 ata. The behaviour of the rats during the exposure was unchanged. After exposure to oxygen decreased noradrenaline levels were found. Also the dopamine levels seemed to be decreased, but with carbon dioxide added to the oxygen the dopamine levels appeared to increase. During the oxygen exposure most rats developed convulsions. The onset of the convulsive state appeared earlier in rats exposed to oxygen with carbon dioxide added.The effects on the catecholamine levels are discussed with respect to e.g. the convulsions. Some symptoms at exposure to these gases at high pressure are suggested being due to effects on catecholamine or monoamine containing neurons in the brain.
The Transport of Noradrenaline Between two Simultaneously Performed Ligations of the Sciatic Nerves of Rat and Cat
Authors: Dahlström Anica 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe behaviour of noradrenaline (NA) in double ligated rat and cat sciatic nerves was studied histo‐chemically, using the fluorescence method of Hillarp and coworkers, and biochemically using the trihydroxyindole method. It was found that a large amount of the NA in thc nerve betwcen the two ligations was transported down to the part just above the low ligation. By both method:; it was shown that during the first hours after the ligation the course of accumulation of NA in the nerve just proximal to the low ligation was about the same as the accumulation curve for the nerve (connected to the cell bodies) above the high ligature. Thereafter no further changes were found to occur in the nerve between the constrictions, whereas in the part above the high ligature the accumulation of NA continued as described earlier. The total NA content in the nerve between the two ligatures did not exceed the amount of a normal nerve of the same length. It was concluded that the transport mechanism in the adrenergic fibres is mainly independent of the cell hody (and the nerve terminals) and that no increase in the NA content in the axons occurs after a ligation of the nerve. Furthermore, the present study gives support to the earlier obtained data for the transport of amine granules in the sciatic nerve of rat and cat.
Carbon Dioxide Excretion and pH‐Variations in Diving Ducks after Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition
Authors: Andersen Harald T. , Hustvedt Bo‐Egil 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAcetazolamide (Diamox®), was administered intravenously to domestic ducks in doses of 10–100 mg/kg b.w. The smallest dose of acetazolamide required for maximal inhibition of blood carbonic anhydrase in the duck is approximately 50 mg/kg b.w. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase produced no decrease in total‐CO2 of arterial plasma in the pre‐diving period despite acidosis and hyper‐ventilation (pH 7.25). Asphyxia with severe acidosis was induced in diving experiments of 6 min duration. Total‐CO2 in arterial plasma and pH in arterial blood were determined before, during and after the dive. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase caused a reduced buffering capacity in the blood. This was particularly noticeable in the post‐diving period during which the arterial pH decreased to about 6.95 (normal value 7.10–7.15). The excretion of CO2 due to post‐diving hyperventilation reduced the arterial total‐CO2 from approximately 25 meq/l to approximately 15–20 meq/l whereas it normally falls to about 9–10 meqll upon emersion.
Effect of Circulatory Disturbance of the Testis on the Rectum‐Testis Temperature Difference in the Rat
Authors: Kormano Martti 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTCirculatory disturbance in the rat testis was produced by injecting 0.03 mmoles/kg cadmium chloride subcutaneously or by ligating the vessels of one testis. Temperatures were recorded with thermocouple needles without anaesthesia. Neither acute nor chronic cadmium damage to the testes, nor even vascular ligation, significantly changed the normal temperature difference between rectum and testis. The reactions to heating and cooling of ligated and normal testes were very similar. It is suggested that the vascular mechanisms in the adult rat testis prevent excessive heat from being carried into the testis by the internal spermatic artery, but that the scrotum as such is capable of maintaning the testicular temperature low enough in the absence of arterial blood flow.
The Effect of Adrenaline on the Carbohydrate Metabolism in Striated Muscle
Authors: Beviz Andras , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella , Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAdrenaline increased the concentration of, and changed the relationship between different hexose phosphates in isolated rat diaphragm. This indicated that adrenaline did not only influence the carbohydrate metabolism in striated muscle by activating the enzyme phosphorylase and stimulating the glycogenolysis. An increased glycogenolysis was probably the most significant effect of adrenaline but an activation of the reactions: glucose‐1‐phosphate → glucose‐6‐phosphate; fructose‐6‐phosphate + ATP → fructose‐1–6‐phosphate → ADP also seemed to be of importance.
Renal Blood Flow, Circulation Times and Vascular Volume in Normal Man Measured by the Intraarterial Injection —External Counting Technique
Authors: Ladefoged Jørgen , Pedersen Fritz 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn six normal young men renal blood flow and renal mean circulation times for red cells and plasma were measured by external counting after injection into the renal artery of Xe‐133, Cr‐51 labelled red cells and 1–131 labelled albumin. Simultaneously the clearances of inulin and PAH and the blood pressure in aorta were measured. Inulin clearance was in average 122 ml/min. 1.73 m', PAH clearance 663 ml/min. 1.73 m2, renal cortical blood flow 5.4 ml/g. min., mean renal blood flow 4.6 ml/g. min., mean circulation time for erythrocytes 4.7 sec., mean circulation time for plasma 5.5 sec. and mean blood pressure in aorta 89 mm Hg. The renal cortical vascular volume was 46 mli 100g. The data on renal blood flow obtained by the external counting technique correlated well with those obtained from the clearance measurements. The mean circulation times were shorter than those measured by other investigators using indicator dilution techniques. The cortical vascular volume, which includes the blood in the renal veins and arteries, was greater than previously found in animal kidneys.
The Effect of Calcium on the Mechanical Response of Single Twitch Muscle Fibres of Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Bernhard , Lännergren Jan 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe effect of altered external calcium concentration on potassium‐induced contractures in single twitch muscle fibresof Xenopus laeziswas studied. It was found that an increase in [Ca] shifted the curve relating peak tension to membrane potential to lower potential values and that the rate of relaxation was decreased. Decreased [Ca]°shifted the peak tension‐membrane potential curve in the opposite direction and made relaxation quicker. The relation between inactivation of the contractile system and membrane potential was also affected by changes in [Ca]°; increased [Cal]°shifted the curve towards more positive potential values and decreased [Ca]°caused a large shift in the opposite direction. Small effects of altered [Ca]°were seen on the recovery of twitches after a preceding contracture in 190 m M‐K The refractory period was shortened by an increase in [Ca]°and lengthened by a decrease in [Ca]°The rate of action of altered [Ca]°was found to be high, both on twitch amplitude and contracture height, the effects of a change in [Ca]°being seen in less than one second. The results can be satisfactorily explained by assuming that the site of action for these calcium effects is the cell membrane.
Effect of Asphyxia on the Cortical Steady Potential in Adult and Fetal Sheep
Authors: Eidelberg E. , Kolmodin G. M. , Meyerson B. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of asphyxia on the steady potential measured between the cortical surface and bone has been studied in adult and fetal sheep. During asphyxia the steady potential changed from positivity to increasing negativity and the rate of change was on average five times slower in the fetus than in the adult. This effect has tentatively been attributed to the ability of the fetus to utilize anaerobic sources of energy. although differences in rate of maturation of nerve and glial cells, serving as generators of the SP, may play an important role.
Ionic Binding of Histamine in Mast Cell Granules
Authors: ÅBorg Carl‐Hugo , Novotny Josef , Uvnäs Börje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHistamine‐containing granu!es were isolated from rat mast cells by differential centrifugation. The histamine was released on suspension of the granules in a medium containing sodium. By using radioactive sodium (22Ta) the release of histamine was shown to be due to an exchange with sodium at ionic sites in the granules. The affinity of histamine was calculated to he about 10 times that o sodium. The pH dependence of the release of histamine and the uptake of sodium agrees with an ionic binding to weak acid groups [carboxylic groups] and not to strong acid groups (sulphate groups) as previously stated. Whether these hindins groups belong to the heparin or the protein in the granules remains to be decided.
Coagulation Factors and Defibrination Syndrome in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Blombäck Margareta , Johansson Stig‐Arne , Sjöberg Hans‐Erik 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCoagulation factors were studied in rabbits with induced anaphylaxis and in control rabbits. In the anaphylactic group a decrease in platelets, coagulation factors V, IX, II+VII and fibrinogen was noted as well as an increase in antithrombic activity. In the control group an increase in factor IX was noted. The other factors were unchanged. We believe that increased intravascular coagulation is the cause of the changes in the coagulation factors and that it might at least in part contribute to the pathophysiology of the anaphylactic syndrome. Heparin treatment of conditions with consumption of coagulation factors is discussed.
The Series Elasticity of Active Taenia Coli in Vitro
Authors: ÅBerg A. K. Gunnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe series elastic components (SEC) of the smooth muscle taenia coli of the guinea‐pig have been investigated.The rate of isotonic shortening after release of an isometrically contracting taenia coli showed that the muscle behaved like a model with contractile elements in series with elastic components. Thus taenia coli has SEC in the same sense as it has been described for striated muscles and heart muscles. At 37°C and full isometric tension the SEC in taenia coli in vitro were measured to be extended on the average 13.1 ± 2.7 per cent of Lo. Maximum “isometric” work developed during an isometric contraction was approximately 30 per cent of the maximum work that the muscle could perform during an isotonic shortening.
Contractures of Single Slow Muscle Fibres of Xenopus Laevis Elicited by Potassium, Acetylcholine or Choline
Authors: Lännergren Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractContractures were induced in single slow muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis by step increases in external potassium concentration or by application of solutions containing acetylcholine or choline. [K]o needed to evoke a contracture was lower in slow fibres (about 15 mM‐K) than in twitch fibres (about 25 mM‐K). In [K]o near the mechanical threshold tension developed rapidly after a long initial delay. The relation between [K]o and peak tension was extremely steep. Evidence was obtained that the steepness is not due to a regenerative process. In contrast to contractures caused by an increase in [K]o ACh‐ and choline‐induced contractures started without a delay and they were smoothly graded with concentration of the stimulating agent. The differences in the response can be explained if it is assumed that ACh and choline cause a longitudinal potential gradient whereas potassium depolarizes the cell membrane uniformely.
Fibre Components and Cortical Projections of the Elbow Joint Nerve in the Cat
Authors: Andersen H. T. , Körner L. , Landgren S. , Silfvenius H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method is described for dissection and identification of the afferent elbow joint branch of the musculocutaneus nerve. Conduction velocities of three components in the compound action potential of the joint nerve were determined. Their average conduction velocities were 58–83, 43–57 and 22–42 m/sec. The diameters of the myelinated axons of the elbow joint nerve were measured. The average content of fibres in the nerve was 94. Out of these 6 per cent had diameters between 10 and 13.5 μ, 32 per cent between 7 and 9.9 μ, 29 per cent between 5 and 6.9 μ, 20 per cent between 3 and 4.9 μ and 13 per cent were thinner than 3 μ. On analogy with the observations on the knee joint afferenh it was concluded that the 6 per cent group consisted of fibres from Golgi endings in the joint ligaments and the 32 per cent group of fibres from Ruffini endings in the joint capsule. Cortical potentials were generally evoked in response to electrical stimulation of the Ruffini afferents. Stimulation of the Golgi afferents evoked cortical activity only in some of the preparations. The extent of the cortical projection areas of the elbow joint nerve was mapped. The rôle of the two receptor groups in the neural mechanism of kinesthesis is discussed.
Pressure Relationships in the Bone Marrow Vascular Bed
Authors: Michelsen Kåe 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe bone marrow tissue pressure was measured indirectly in anesthetized rabbits by measurement of the intramedullary venous pressure through a vein from the bone marrow of the tibia. It varied between 10 and 80 cm of saline and pulsated in synchrony with the arterial blood pressure. The socalled bone marrow pressure was measured through a needle inserted blindly into the bone marrow. It was equal to the venous pressure, but the procedures performed for measurement of the bone marrow pressure, often led to an increase in the venous pressure. Alterations in the arterial pressure and the venous pressure outside the bone caused changes in the same direction in the bone marrow tissue Pressure. Noradrenaline caused a drop, acetycloline a rise in this pressure. The bone marrow tissue was found able to maintain a considerable pressure difference in the long axis of the bone. It seems that the bone marrow cavity, as for the pressure relationships, can be considered as a part of the circulatory system, coupled in between the arterioles within the bone marrow and the veins draining the bone.
The Negative Inotropic Effect of Vagal Stimulation on the Heart Ventricles of the Duck
Authors: Folkow B. , Yonce L. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperiments on anesthetized ducks show that the contractility of the heart ventricles of this diving species can be powerfully depressed by the vagal nerves. This vagal negative inotropic effect shows the same characteristic frequency‐response relationship as the vagal negative chronotropic effect and may, at high “physiological‘”discharge rates, reduce contractile force to less than half the control. This vagal negative inotropic influence, as combined with the reflex inhibition of the sympathetic positive inotropic influence, that also occurs when awake ducks dive, can reduce stroke volume below control despite the often profound rise in central venous pressure seen during submersion (Folkow, Nilsson and Yonce 1967).
Protection of the Gastric Mucosa against the Lesions Caused by Reserpine through Degranulaton of Mucosal Mast Cells
Authors: Räsänen Toimi , Taskinen Eero 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe ulcerating effects of reserpinisation in the gastric mucosa of rats were studied by special observation of the function of the gastric mucosal mast cells and the changes in mitotic activity of the epithelial cells. The significance of degranulation of the mucosal mast cells for the ulcerating effect of reserpine was also studied after the pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone. Immediately after the dexamethasone treatment there was a pronounced decrease in mitotic count of the gastric mucosal epithelium which 2—3 days later when the mast cells of the gastric mocusa were almost completely degranulated was followed by a 2—3 fold increase in mitotic activity as compared with controls. 10 and 20 days later the mitotic count in the gastric mucosal epithelium decreased below the controls values, the mucosal mast cells being re‐granulated over the control values. The changes in mitotic count in the epithelium of duodenum. ileum and colon under the same conditions were scanty. The degranulation of the mast cells was markedly slighter in the intestinal than in the gastric mucosa. In the reserpinized rats the number of mitoses in the gastric epithelium decreased simultaneously with the degranulation of the mast cells. The degranulation of the mast cells in the duodenal mucosa was slighter and no changes in mitotic activity occurred in the duodenal epithelium. Lesions appeared during reserpinisation in the ventricular mucosa. Reserpinisation after the dexamethasone treatment did not cause ulcer formation in the gastric mucosa, nor did it in this phase cause inhibition in the mitotic activity, typical of which was an overshooting 2—3 days after dexamethasone treatment. The mechanism of gastric mucosal ulceration is discussed.
Effect of Ouabain on Glucose Metabolism and on Fluxes of Sodium and Potassium of Human Blood Cells
Authors: Funder Jørgen , Wieth JensOtto 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA technique for the study of red blood cell (RBC) metabolism, ensuring control of pH, is presented. Ouabain caused a significant reduction of glucose utilization (‐15 per cent) and of lactate production (‐17 per cent) of human RBC incubated at 38d̀ C and a pH of 7.40. 80–85 per cent of potassium influx and 60–70 per cent of sodium efflux were abolished in the presence of ouabain. The amounts of Na and K, normally transported by an ouabain sensitive transport mechanism were compared with the reduction of metabolism, which was found in the presence of ouabain. The reduction of adenosine triphosphate turnover (as estimated from the decrease of lactate production) was found to be equivalent to a movement of 3 moles Na and of 2.5 moles K per mole ATP.
133Xenon‐Radiospirometry in Rabbits with Some Observations on Unilateral Hypoxia
Authors: Dale Knut 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe application in the rabbit of a radiospirometric technique using133Xenon and external detectors is described. The ventilation and the perfusion could be measured separately for each lung. In unilateral hypoxia the method revealed a reduced perfusion of the hypoxic lung.
Effects of Some Monovalent Anions on Fluxes of Na and K, and on Glucose Metabolism of Ouabain Treated Human Red Cells
Authors: Funder Jørgen , Wieth Jens Otto 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present work deals with the effects of the anions Cl, Br, NO3, I, SCN, and HCO3on Na and K fluxes, and on glucose metabolism of human red cells suspended in isotonic electrolyte media at 38d̀ C and pH 7.40 in the presence of ouabain. When 120 m M Cl of the isotonic medium was substituted by the anion concerned, Na influx and K efflux were unaffected by Br, increased about 30 per cent by NO3and I, but increased 200 to 250 per cent in the presence of SCN. Substitution of 120 mM Cl by HCO3increased Na influx into red cells by 250 per cent. In contradistinction K efflux was reduced by 25 per cent. The increase of Na influx was linearly related to HCO3concentration at pH 7.40.At intracellular Na concentrations between 10 and 35 meq/kg cell water the rate constant of Na efflux was close to 0.15 h‐1in the presence of all 6 anions studied. At external K concentrations from 5 to 7.6 meq/l potassium influx into ouabain treated cells suspended in a chloride medium was thrice as big as the influx calculated from the flux ratio equation M1/M0=K0/K1. exp (‐zEF/RT). A similar condition was found in the presence of Br. In all other media studied (NO3.l, SCN, and HCO3) the ratio between the measured fluxes of potassium agreed with the calculated values of flux ratio for passive, independent fluxes.A net flux of water into the cells was observed in cells suspended in SCN and HCO3media. In the same media the gain of Na in cells exceeded K loss. The relation of water net flux to the net gain of cations was 6.5–7.3 g water per meq. The rate of glycolysis was unaffected by the substitution of Cl by HCO3, was reduced by 15 per cent in the presence of Br, NO3, and I, and decreased by 30 per cent in the presence of SCN.