bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Heat Treatment Effects on Environmentally Induced Degradation of a Martensitic Stainless Steel and a Nickel-Base Alloy by the Slow Strain-Rate Method
Authors: Suery P 
Published: March 2009

The response of slow strain-rate measurements to heat treatment of a cast, low carbon, martensitic stainless steel in 3 percent sodium chloride solution under cathodic and anodic polarization and Alloy 600 in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution (poisoned with arsenic) under cathodic polarization has been investigated. The relative reduction of area evaluation was very sensitive to heat treatment and electrochemical polarization effects in both corrosion systems.
The reduction of area measurements on the stainless steel revealed a minimum and a maximum crack sensitivity after tempering at 873 K if the straining electrode were cathodically and anodically polarized, respectively. The test results are explained by hydrogen assisted cracking and active path cracking under cathodic and anodic polarization, respectively.
Alloy 600 samples in poisoned sulfuric acid showed a pronounced decrease in the relative reduction of area after a 50 percent cold deformation plus low temperature aging treatment at 673 K during 500 h. The same metallurgical state had been shown to be especially prone to caustic embrittlement at high temperature. It seems that the slow strain-rate test, as performed in this investigation, can be used as a sensitive method to detect variations in the susceptibility to environmentally induced degradation of Alloy 600 in high temperature caustic solutions.
Eleven-Year Pavement Condition History of Asphalt-Rubber Seals in Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Schnormeier RH 
Published: March 2009

After the development of asphalt rubber in Phoenix, Ariz, under the direction of Charles H. McDonald, from 1963 through 1970, the City of Phoenix began the placement of 91.7 km of asphalt-rubber seals from 1971 through 1979. These pavements have been evaluated periodically since 1971 and continue being evaluated. This inspection covers the 91.7 km of streets and includes special studies and airport projects that received applications of asphalt rubber from 1968 through the date of the last inspection, August 1979. A digest of observations and conclusions reached as a result of this study follows: 1. The asphalt rubber performed its principal function of preventing reflection of fatigue-type cracking in sublayers and shrinkage cracking of soil cement. 2. The most common defect noted in this survey was a loss of cover aggregate in non traffic areas. 3. There is a need to maintain close liaison concerning construction procedures with distributors, chip spreaders, and rollers.
In summary, the asphalt-rubber system, when properly installed, does its job well in preventing reflection of “alligator”-pattern cracking.
Data Treatment in Electron and Ion Spectroscopy
Authors: Baun WL 
Published: March 2009

In order to utilize fully the newly developed electron and ion surface spectroscopies, the data from these methods must be treated carefully to assure quality and clarity both during and after the experiment. Signal conditioning during the experiment puts the data into proper form for recording and may include steps for amplifying, digitizing, discriminating, modulating, gating, transforming, and filtering.
After the acquisition and storage of data in digital form, several processing steps may be used to enhance, simplify, or otherwise make the data more useful to the operator. These data presentation improvements include smoothing, normalizing, differentiating, integrating, and performing other mathematical functions. An example of such a manipulation in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is the integration of the electron energy distribution curve, dN(E)/dE, which recovers the energy distribution, N(E). A second integration gives the original Auger electron current which may in certain cases be more effectively used for quantitative purposes than the usual peak-to-peak dN(E)/dE values. Subtraction methods may be used to emphasize the difference between a sample and the standard or between a bulk and a surface composition. The addition and subtraction of spectral features in an interactive graphics system allows synthesis of any composition for comparison with an unknown.
These techniques, combined with plotting subroutines, produce spectra of high quality and, in addition, simplify great amounts of information and present it in the form of depth profiles, histograms, or three-dimensional plots, which make the data more understandable.
Energy Calibration of Electron Spectrometers
Authors: Wagner CD 
Published: March 2009

One of the principal useful features of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is the identification of chemical states by the use of chemical shifts in the energies of photoelectron and Auger lines. For this purpose, the proper operation of electron spectrometers requires an accurate voltage scale. This can be checked with high accuracy, along with other important instrumental parameters, by recording the 2p3/2 Auger, and 3p lines for clean copper.
The correction of energy data on insulators for steady-state static charges is best accomplished by noting the position of the adventitious carbon C-1s line, or by properly applying the gold decoration method. Data indicate that these methods are usually reproducible to approximately ±0.2 eV for homogenous compounds among different laboratories; reproducibility is better within any one laboratory. Energy corrections for insulating multiple phases pose special problems.
Aquatic Toxicology: Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology
Authors: Marking LL , Kimerle RA 
Published: March 2009

Description
The second symposium on Aquatic Toxicology was held in Cleveland, Ohio, on 31 Oct.-1 Nov. 1977. This symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee E35 on Pesticides. L. L. Marking, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and R. A. Kimerle, Monsanto Co., presided as chairmen of the symposium and served as editors of this publication.
Behavior of Deep Foundations
Authors: Lundgren R 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Behavior of Deep Foundations was held during the June Committee Week of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 25-30 June 1978, in Boston, Mass. ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes sponsored the symposium. The symposium Committee members were: Raymond Lundgren, Roy Bell, R. D. Darragh, M. I. Esrig, L. C. Reese, M. T. Davisson, and F. M. Fuller. Lundgren also served as editor of this publication.
Factors in Using Kerosine Jet Fuel of Reduced Flash Point
Authors: Dukek WG , Strauss KH 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Jet Fuel Flash Point Reduction was presented at a meeting of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Dallas, Tex., 3—8 Dec. 1977. The symposium was sponsored by the subcommittee (Technical Division J) on Aviation Fuels. K. H. Strauss, Texaco, Inc., presided as symposium chariman and W. G. Dukek, Exxon Research and Engineering Co., served as symposium secretary. They have acted as coeditors of this special technical publication which includes the presentations at the symposium.
Native Aquatic Bacteria: Enumeration, Activity, and Ecology
Authors: Costerton JW , Colwell RR 
Published: March 2009

Description
A broad yet specific discussion of the theoretical basis and practical problems of current methods in aquatic microbiology. The first two sections address the problem of how to arrive at an accurate enumeration of the bacteria present in aquatic environments. The third section describes and evaluates methods for measuring specific metabolic activities of bacterial populations in aquatic environments.
Applied Surface Analysis
Authors: Barr TL , Davis LE 
Published: March 2009

Description
Presents a forum devoted solely to the technology and problem inherent in applications of surface analysis. Addresses the surface science itself, while concentrating on the present level and direction of the science in its more applied areas. Main application areas are covered broadly divided into materials analysis and chemical surface analysis through the publication of several papers which deal with the quantitative determinations of surface composition in both areas.
Disposal of Oil and Debris Resulting from a Spill Cleanup Operation
Authors: Farlow JS , Swanson C 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication, Disposal of Oil and Debris Resulting from a Spill Cleanup Operation, contained papers presented at the Symposium on Disposal of Oil and Related Materials and Debris Resulting from a Spill Cleanup Operation which was held in Denver, Colorado, 6—7 November 1978. The symposium was sponsored by Committee F20 on Spill Control Systems of the American Society for Testing and Materials. J. S. Farlow, Environmental Protection Agency, and Clare Swanson, Conwed Corp., served as symposium chairmen and editors of this publication.
Toxic Materials in the Atmosphere: Sampling and Analysis
Authors: Himmelsbach BF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The contents are divided into four sections: Industrial Hygiene Sampling and Analysis; Continuous Air Monitors and Portable Instruments; Passive Monitoring Devices; Chemical Characterization and Analytical Methods. The intent of the 1981 Boulder Conference upon which this publication is based was to review all aspects of air sampling and analysis in the areas of ambient air and workplace atmospheres.
The Effects of Latitudinal Origin and Paternal Contribution on Larval Growth of Winter Flounder in a Northern Environment
Authors: Fraboulet E. , Lambert Y. , Litvak M. , Audet C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree stocks of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus are currently defined in the northwest Atlantic region: One south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, one north of it, and a third on Georges Bank. Our objectives were to determine whether the different populations along this latitudinal gradient have similar larval development characteristics in a coldwater environment and to test the paternal contribution to larval development. We crossed breeders that had been captured on their natural spawning sites in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, and Baie des Chaleurs and the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, to produce pure‐strain families (year 1) and hybrids (year 2). Larvae were reared under the salinity and temperature conditions of the St. Lawrence estuary, the northernmost site in our study. Total length and maximum width were measured from hatching to settlement. In the wild population from the St. Lawrence estuary, males were shorter and in better condition and females produced smaller eggs than those from the two more southern wild populations. The time lapse between fertilization and hatch was shorter for embryos from the Baie des Chaleurs. In both the pure and hybrid cross experiments, the different cross‐types showed similar fertilization and hatching success, size at hatch and settlement, and time until settlement but differed in larval growth rate. Larval growth was slower in families sired by St. Lawrence estuary males. When females from the Baie des Chaleurs were crossed with males from the different origins, the results were similar to those obtained in families sired by St. Lawrence estuary males. These results strongly suggest a paternal component to larval growth. Settlement, however, which appeared to be size dependent, was governed more by environmental factors than by parental ones.
Asperger's Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism
Authors: Carpenter Laura Arnstein , Soorya Latha , Halpern Danielle 
Published: March 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Describe the distinguishing and overlapping features of Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism.

2.
Review diagnostic strategies for suspected Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism.

3.
Identify the major treatment approaches for Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence and Vaccines
Authors: Peacock Georgina , Yeargin-Allsopp Marshalyn 
Published: March 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Define the concept of disease prevalence and its relationship to the increase noted in autism spectrum disorders over the past decade.

2.
Discuss the history surrounding controversies about autism, the measles-mumpsrubella (MMR) vaccine, and thimerosal.

3.
Review the most current scientifically rigorous population-based evidence regarding the purported link between autism spectrum disorders and childhood vaccines.
Bilateral Heel Panniculitis Presenting as Calcaneal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Marmor Meir , Haim Amir , Drexler Michael , Pritsch Tamir 
Published: March 2009

Panniculitis is an inflammatory process of the subcutaneous adipose layer (panniculos adiposus). It is frequently a sign of systemic disease with a wide range of clinical presentations. The histopathological findings are diverse, making diagnoses difficult.
We present a case of heel panniculitis, initially misdiagnosed as calcaneal osteomyelitis. Our intention is to make physicians, treating these type of patients, aware of the possibility of this rare disease, especially in situations when conventional therapy is not successful.
A 66-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with the initial diagnosis of suspected calcaneal osteomyelitis of her right heel, presumably due to a foreign body penetration a few months prior. Initial treatment with intravenous antibiotics was unsuccessful. When significant fluctuation developed, she underwent incision and drainage of her right heel. Postoperatively, her right heel condition did not improve and similar phenomena appeared on her left side. She continued to deteriorate up to the point when panniculitis was diagnosed and corticosteroid treatment was initiated. Her condition rapidly improved after this treatment.
A subtype of panniculitis, erythema induratum, was the probable cause of our patient's symptoms. This type usually appears on the posterior calves or feet of young to middle-aged women and is characterized by erythematous nodules that spontaneously ulcerate and drain. The history of a foreign body penetration was determined to be a “red-herring,” leading us to the initial diagnosis of soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis.
Intravitreal Toxicity of Ketorolac Tris Salt and Flurbiprofen
Authors: Morales Ana Munoz , Kivilcim Muhamet , Peyman Gholam A. , Main Muhammad , de Almada Manzano Roberta Pereira 
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To determine the retinal toxicity of intravitreal ketorolac tris salt and flurbiprofen.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-two New Zealand rabbits were injected intravitreally with 125, 250, or 500 µg or 1 mg of ketorolac tris salt or flurbiprofen in one eye and 8 fellow eyes were injected with 5% dextrose as a control. All animals underwent indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy before injection and on days 1, 7, and 14 after the intravitreal injection. Electroretinography was performed on all animals before injection and on day 14 after the injection before the animals were killed. The enucleated eyes were prepared for histology.

Results:
Clinical examination, electroretinography results, and histological evaluation demonstrated no signs of retinal toxicity for either drug at any dose.

Conclusions:
Intravitreal doses up to 1 mg of ketorolac tris salt and 1 mg of flurbiprofen did not cause retinal toxicity in the rabbit eye.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:38–42.]
Outcomes of Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Valsalva Retinopathy Due to Intense Military Exercise
Authors: Mumcuoglu Tarkan , Durukan Ali Hakan , Erdurman Cuneyt , Hurmeric Volkan , Karagul Suat 
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
Valsalva retinopathy may occur due to intense physical exercise. Soldiers must undergo vigorous physical training to sustain a high level of readiness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery period and the outcomes of Valsalva retinopathy due to physical exercise in the Turkish Army.

Patients and Methods:
Twelve soldiers had Valsalva retinopathy related to military exercise. All patients received Nd:YAG laser membranotomy and were observed for an average of 12.6 months.

Results:
All eyes had visual acuities of 20/20 at the end of the first month of follow-up. Therefore, the soldiers could continue their training. No complications were observed and additional surgeries were not needed during the 1-year follow-up.

Conclusions:
Early visual recovery is important to continue training and reduce health costs in the Turkish Army, where military service is mandatory for a required period of time. For that reason, Nd:YAG laser treatment for Valsalva retinopathy related to military exercise is an effective and safe procedure.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:19–24.]
Microtopography Model of Rough Surface
Authors: Kumermanis Maris , Rudzitis Janis 
Published: March 2009

For perfect surface roughness description is not enough to know characteristics of surface profile. It is necessary to use topography methods, so called microtopography.
Thereby, surface roughness in microtopographycal understanding must be described with three coordinates, whose in Cartesian coordinates system compose point under consideration height h, abscissa and ordinate, determines point position in the plane. Most efficient methods in irregular surface roughness research are random function theory methods. Therefore, microtopography, analogically to profile, may consider as random function, but two dimensional function, i.e. two variable x and y random field h(x,y).
From analogy with random process, random field can be normal – ordinates are distributed by normal (Gaussian) distribution. Moreover, random field can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Random field is deemed homogeneous if its mean value is discretionary and correlation function depends only from distance between surface points.
Important characteristic of random field is correlation function, whose depends of two variables t1 and t2 – orthogonal Cartesian coordinates of vector t.
Random field is homogeneous and isotropic when its characteristics are equivalent in any direction. There are three types of surface anisotropy:
•	General event of surface anisotropy. Characteristics of this event roughness parameters are depend of surface split direction.
•	Surface roughness with direct anisotropy. Those surfaces are with typical traces of tool and they proper two mutually perpendicular surface roughness directions.
•	Extended anisotropy area – special event of anisotropy roughness. Of analytical opinion, gainfully anisotropy roughness see as extended occasional isotropy area. This let easy cross from anisotropy surface to isotropy and contrariwise, thereby embrace amount class of surface roughness.
Let’s formulate microtopography model of rough surface [1]. Surface roughness is described with homogeneous normal random field h(x,y) that has uninterrupted correlation function and uninterrupted deriviates. We may consider that E{h(x,y)}=0. The mean random field value is plane called mean plane.
For describing random field we must know mathematical expectation and field correlation function, what in fact reduces on determining dispersion and rationed correlation function r(t1, t2).
Homogeneous random field dispersion D{h} doesn’t depends of direction and can be founded in any surface split.
Given model of rough surface let inspect surfaces produced by abrasive instruments and friction surfaces after wear-in period.
Biomineralization: Peptide‐Mediated Synthesis of Materials
Authors: Rutledge Ryan D. , Wright David W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBiomineralization provides many examples of the ambient synthesis of materials. Often associated with these systems are peptide templates. Synthetically, these templates offer tunable entities that can be altered in ways that affect the resulting composition, size, and morphology of the desired material. The development of peptide‐display methods has aided in the expansion of this approach to include many types of abiological substances. Accordingly, this review focuses on the identification and use of peptides involved in the syntheses of a number of different types of materials (metal oxides, calcium carbonate, metallic nanostructures). Covering only the most recent of advances (2004–2007), we examine the control exhibited by peptides free in solution and the ability of researchers to address and alter that control. The effects demonstrated as a result of immobilizing the peptide on a nanostructured or biological surface are discussed. Finally, the future of biomimetic synthesis of nanomaterials is considered in an attempt to gauge where biomineralization is headed and what possibilities it might offer down the road.
Biomineralization: Self‐Assembly Processes
Authors: Yu Shu‐Hong , Chen Shaofeng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on biomineralization processing involving nanoparticle self‐assembly. Biomineralization is a process of depositing inorganic or inorganic–organic hybrid materials as complex shapes or as hierarchical structures on various size scales having unique properties. Emerging nonclassical crystallization methods of self‐assembly are summarized, including oriented attachment, mesocrystal growth from amorphous precursors, and polymer particle assembly from polymer‐induced liquid precursors. Recent progress in understanding biomineralization in nature and biomimetic mineralization via nanoparticle self‐assembly directed by organic molecules is summarized. Crystallization in organisms commonly involves biopolymer‐induced nucleation and growth, self‐assembly of nanobuilding blocks, and organization of amorphous precursors. A better understanding of biomineralization in organisms and self‐assembly process, in general, will lead to the rational design and synthesis of functional materials having well‐defined hierarchical structures, controlled length scales, and desired properties under environment‐friendly conditions.
Inorganic Semiconductor Nanomaterials for High‐Performance Flexible Electronics
Authors: Ahn Jong‐Hyun , Baca Alfred J. , Rogers John A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article reviews several classes of high‐quality inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials for high‐performance flexible and stretchable electronics in two‐ or three‐dimensional layouts. Approaches for fabricating inorganic semiconductors in the forms of wires, ribbons, and membranes, and methods for integrating these materials on flexible substrates are presented. Finally, perspectives on the trends for future work related to flexible electronics are described.