bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TWENTY STEPS TO A BETTER FLEET: INSURV REVIEW OF SURFACE SHIP DESIGN ENGINEERING
Authors: BAKER ROBERT C. , REED MICHAEL R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reports upon Navy's Board of Inspection and Survey's (INSURV's) findings regarding fleet characteristics that are the result of past Navy design engineering efforts. Recommendations are made regarding requirements for the engineering of characteristics that support the fleet's ability to conduct the Navy's mission “… Prompt, sustained … combat operations at sea.” The objective is to make tomorrow's fleet better through better engineering today. To this end, twenty engineering principles in six different areas of concern have been identified.This paper will emphasize primal warship design imperatives:* That General Specifications for Ships of the U.S. Navy (GEN SPECS) must be the standard for construction of warships.* That operational reliability must be a primary consideration in warship design.* That ship survivability must be given greater emphasis in ship design.The first portion of this paper will identify engineering principles in these three areas. The remainder of the paper will identify engineering principles in three specific emerging areas of concern to INSURV.
MASTER ORDNANCE REPAIR
Authors: CHENARD JOHN H. , STIMSON WILLIAM S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe overhaul of high technology combat systems presents problems in logistics, management, and testing that increasingly challenge the way that these issues have been resolved in the past. Recognizing that a number of surface ships with complex combat systems will be overhauled by private shipyards, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) initiated the master ordnance repair (MOR) program. The objectives are to improve the quality of combat system overhauls in the private sector and to assure that this maturity keeps pace with developing technology.The MOR program is designed to identify, and qualify, those companies and private shipyards technically capable of managing combat system work and of conducting combat system testing. A team of combat system and overhaul experts from government agencies conducts on‐site visits of MOR applicant facilities. The team examines aspects of the companies' capabilities, then recommends qualification, or not, to NAVSEA.This paper explains the MOR program and its implementation, discusses qualification of an applicant, identifies support problems unique to the private sector, and proposes a monitor system which will ensure program integrity.
NAVAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS WATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL
Authors: EICHINGER BERNADETTE J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe causes and effects of corrosion and contamination in conventional steam generator systems are described briefly. Treatment and control methodologies currently used by the Navy for feedwater, steam, condensate, and boiler water are detailed. Examples are cited of the manner in which Navy personnel are trained in interpretation of analytical data and in trend analysis in order that the ship can exercise preventive and corrective control of problems. Ancillary subjects discussed include chemical cleaning, mechanical cleaning, and out‐of‐service preservation. An overview of planned improvements is provided.
A QUICK CHANGE — COMMERCIAL SURFACE EFFECT SHIP TO COAST GUARD PATROL BOAT
Authors: MARAFIOTI RONALD J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn 1982, the Coast Guard procured three off‐the‐shelf high performance craft to satisfy an urgent operational need for additional law enforcement resources in the southeast United States. Although originally designed for crew/supply boat applications, the three aluminum 110‐foot surface effect ships (SES) delivered by Bell Halter, Inc. were modified to satisfy these immediate Coast Guard needs. The first two SESs were placed in service in late 1982 and the remaining one in mid‐1983. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses reported during the operations of these uniquely designed patrol boats, describes the first stage and subsequent retrofit modifications required to improve their application to Coast Guard service, and introduces modifications to be considered to extend the overall benefit of the unique features of the SES for Coast Guard patrol boat applications.Based upon two years of patrol boat service, the addition of the 110‐foot SESs to the Coast Guard's inventory has been beneficial to law enforcement and search and rescue capabilities. Upon completion of the first stage and retrofit modifications, the Coast Guard's position to further evaluate this high performance hullform will be greatly improved.
THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO FUTURE TACTICAL C2 DESIGN
Authors: MURRAY ARTHUR J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to develop a top‐level design for an artificial intelligence based C2 decision support system. The design objective is to provide a command level decision maker with timely and accurate information to support optimal utilization of assets to be employed in theater tactical combat situations.This paper will be divided into two portions. The first will discuss artificial intelligence (AI) in the general sense, i.e., what AI is and what it is not, and why such an approach could have broad‐sweeping applications in naval battle command and control. A generic AI‐based decision support system will be illustrated. This system will have three major attributes: 1) intelligent interfaces to the operator, 2) a goal‐seeking problem processing module, and 3) a knowledge base which utilizes interacting intelligent data base and model base elements. It will be shown how all three of these attributes can be effectively combined to provide the force commander with a rapid assessment of a given threat situation and aid in the selection of recommended courses of action.The second part of this paper will be directed toward examining specific applications of decision support system technology, using battle management and force management as exemplary domains. Key input drivers, decision algorithms and system safeguards will be addressed. Comparisons of predicted DSS performance vs. current architectures will be made, and discussions of interfacing to existing networks will also be included.
APPLICATION OF VARIABLE SPEED CONSTANT FREQUENCY GENERATORS TO PROPULSION‐DERIVED SHIP SERVICE
Authors: ROBEY H.N. , STEVENS H.O. , PAGE K.T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe higher specific fuel consumption of present Navy gas turbine generators, when compared to main propulsion gas turbines, has led to the investigation of propulsion‐derived ship service electrical power. Variations in propulsion engine speed require that a generator provide constant frequency with a variable input shaft speed. A fuel use analysis has been conducted of the application of a variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) generator to a four gas turbine twin shaft destroyer. Other considerations are the quality of ship service power with the introduction of power electronics to the generating system and the impact of the new components on system weight, volume, and survivability. Propulsion‐derived ship service utilizing VSCF generators offers to provide substantial benefit to Navy combatant ships through the application of proven technology.
A Condition and Performance Monitoring System with Application to U.S. Navy Ship Operations
Authors: REID ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a microprocessor based onboard automatic ship condition/performance monitoring system. The capabilities of the system for achievement of improved maintenance management and increased operational standard are presented. By the design principles employed, and the system implementation as a distributed digital processing system, it is shown that the technology described is compatible with current U.S. Navy goals both for onboard control and surveillance systems and for reduction in the maintenance costs necessary to achieve high availability and performance of its ship.
LOW PRESSURE AIR—THE ACHILLES‘ HEEL OF SHIPBOARD COMBAT SYSTEMS
Authors: HURA MYRON , KUHNERT GEORGE J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe shipboard low pressure central dry air system, and, more specifically, the electronics branch of the dry air system, are essential supporting elements of important combat systems onboard U.S. Navy surface units. The central dry air system, in its present configuration, is difficult to maintain and subject to frequent component malfunctions. Problems associated with the electronics branch of the dry air system can result in expensive and time consuming repairs to vital components of major combat systems.This article focuses on the operational interrelationships of components within the central dry air system and the cascading effect that malfunctions of these components have on the electronic branch of the low pressure dry air system. Management and maintenance problems as well as training deficiencies are addressed.The discussion highlights the need for design, installation and management changes that may improve overall performance and reliability of shipboard central dry air systems.
A METHOD TO PREDICT STACK PERFORMANCE
Authors: FITZGERALD MICHAEL P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a method to predict stack gas dispersion performance that was developed during the design of a recent surface combatant. This method is presented in the form of a step‐by‐step procedure. This method includes a two‐sided procedure for the analysis of model test results. This two‐sided approach combines a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach to evaluate model test results. An introduction to stack design considerations and the problems associated with low‐profile stack design are presented. The major points of stack design technology are highlighted. Future directions in stack design technology are discussed.
COMBAT SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL TESTING: MEASUREMENT OF SUCCESS
Authors: TRESSLER DENNIS L. , HART JAMES B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis is an overview of the combat system test and certification (CST&C) program as a subset of the total ship test program (TSTP) for active fleet surface ships. The paper will discuss how the T&C program measures not only the suitability of repairs and modifications done during a ship's combat system industrial availability in a public or private yard period, but also the impact that successful program conduct has on the materiel effectiveness throughout a ship's operational cycle. The CST&C management organization and responsibilities, including NAVSEA's master ordnance repair program as well as combat system code 190's relationship to the CST&C program and the impact of pre‐ and post‐industrial testing requirements on the actual conduct of industrial testing will be addressed.
A SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR NAVY C2 APPLICATIONS
Authors: DONOVAN DANIEL E. , LACIJAN CHARLES A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper emphasizes the importance of structured system engineering in complex communication (C) architectures. The focus is on acquisition of Navy command and control (C2) programs.The paper begins with a discussion of the requirement for and the benefits of system engineering. A classic approach is described. The Navy's action to implement structured C2 system engineering is addressed. Technical sophistication in platforms, sensors, weapons, and electronics is identified as the primary reason for renewed emphasis on system engineering. Large increases in the volume of data that must be collected, exchanged, analyzed, and acted upon by the military commander are a product of this technology. In some instances the commander must act within seconds to survive attack. He can do so only with efficient, prioritized, and transparently connected systems. System engineering has gone from the category of “nice to have” to “essential.”The application of system engineering disciplines in a major command and control system upgrade being undertaken by the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is outlined in detail and cited as an example of a successful system engineering response to a complex communications architecture problem.The final part of this paper examines the feasibility of applying the FAA approach to the Navy C2 modernization plan. It reviews the organizational history of important Navy C2 system engineering initiatives and identifies the current documentation used in the Navy C2 architectural process.Conclusions reemphasize the importance of a disciplined system engineering approach to managing complex communication system architectures; cite the FAA program as a model to be followed; and identify the current Navy C2 need as a program that could readily implement and benefit from the use of this model.Finally, the paper emphasizes that commitment is essential if any system engineering approach is to be effective. Top‐level decision makers must be willing to provide authority and resources to achieve the desired goal.
SHIPBOARD STOWAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Authors: DROPIK MICHAEL V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe uncontrolled proliferation of flammables and combustibles aboard ship, in addition to posing an obvious fire and explosive hazard, has seriously degraded the survivability and increased the vulnerability characteristics of U.S. Navy surface ships. This problem for the most part has been superficially attributed to a widespread shortage of flammable and combustible stowage capacity. As a result, current solutions have been limited to increasing stowage capacity through additional storerooms and development of more efficient stowage aids. Unfortunately, these solutions simply address the symptoms, are of a corrective nature, and do not eliminate the fundamental causes of the problem. The paper conducts a more systematic and comprehensive investigation into identifying and resolving the flammable liquids problem by considering it from a ship life cycle perspective. In this way, the problem is shown to be the resultant accumulation of a number of causes which occur during a ship's design, construction, and operational phases, and which collectively manifest themselves as a major shortage of flammable and combustible liquid stowage space aboard current fleet ships. Actions are then formulated to eliminate or counteract these fundamental causes, and validated by application to a hypothetical case study.
COMPOSITE SHAFTING FOR NAVAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Authors: WILHELMI GEORGE F. , APPLEMAN WILLIAM M. , LOO FRANCIS T.C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAdvanced composite materials offer the potential to improve naval propulsion shafting by reducing corrosion and galvanic effects, weight, life‐cycle costs, bearing loads, magnetic signature, alignment problems, and use of strategic materials; and by increasing allowable fatigue stress, flexibility, and vibration damping characteristics. The Navy is investigating the potential impact and feasibility of a standardized family of composite shaft sizes manufactured by a highly‐automated filament‐winding process incorporating continuous graphite and glass filaments in a thermosetting epoxy resin matrix. A small‐diameter (2.5 inch) filament‐wound composite propulsion shaft is being evaluated in a 2‐year trial aboard a Naval Academy yard patrol vessel (YP‐654 class). Encouraging results to date from the YP trial, laboratory torsion and fatigue testing, and analytical studies employing finite‐element stress‐analysis techniques, have led to current R&D efforts to develop a Navy‐standard composite shafting “base laminate,” design and procurement specifications, and metal/composite coupling technique suitable for the largest diameter shafting systems. Laboratory evaluations with small diameter composite shafts have demonstrated their torsional loading and fatigue capabilities, and have shown the joint to a metal flange or propeller as the consistent weak point in the system. This paper presents a summary of assessments of composite shafting in terms of size, weight, and costs comparisons with conventional materials; Navy experience with the YP composite shaft installation; discussion of finite element investigations of composite shafting and coupling system models; and technological areas requiring additional investigation.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN OFFSHORE PATROL BOAT
Authors: COHEN STEVEN H. , GHOSH DEBABRATA , DODGE WILLIAM B. , McEACHEN WILLIAM 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Coast Guard's multimission patrol boats are rapidly approaching the end of their useful service life. Conventional and advanced designs are being assessed as potential replacements. The paper presents the conventional design which is based on modern, well‐proven patrol boat design practices and technologies. The principal features and performance characteristics of the design are highlighted. Also described are the specific mission requirements, the general design philosophy, and important design objectives including seakeeping performance, survivability, habitability and safety. Other objectives discussed in the paper include improved producibili‐ty and reduced maintenance requirements to minimize life cycle cost.
EVOLUTION OF A MODERN NAVAL STEERING SYSTEM
Authors: WAGNER PAUL , VAIL JEANNINE A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShips' steering systems have progressed over the ages, driven by the need for more powerful and reliable systems. From simple mechanical devices thousands of years old to the latest electro‐hydraulic systems, progress has been relatively slow but constant. Present systems tend to be the result of a series of modifications of older designs in response to a need for increased performance and reliability. This paper decribes the historical development leading to present designs and discusses a new approach which not only eliminates most problems inherent in present designs but also provides a more economical, more compact, and more cost effective solution as verified by detailed reliability and maintainability analysis.
DESIGN GUIDE FOR SMALL CRAFT DETECTABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: HULICK TIMOTHY P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTFor a small combatant craft to perform its mission, it must remain undetected throughout its search, acquisition, assault, and retreat. Four signatures of the craft which could reveal its presence are: radar cross section, infrared radiation, airborne noise, and underwater noise. This paper deals with understanding the sources of these four “giveaways” and how to minimize them.The paper also presents a light amount of mathematical treatment on how some of the signature minimizing techniques work from a theoretical point of view.
ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN THE AEGIS CRUISER SHIPBUILDING PROGRAM
Authors: BOWLER R. T. E. , RIDDICK R. P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Aegis cruiser program's objective has been to deliver ships to the fleet that are not only “war ready” but also reflect state‐of‐the‐art combat systems technology. Therefore, change has been mandatory. The types of changes have covered the spectrum from major combat system and mission capability improvements to minor INSURV items.Since the sources of changes have been so varied and the quantities so substantial, attention must be placed on change management. A “source‐based” change categorization scheme has been developed and implemented to enable the Aegis cruiser program manager to maintain an overview of change status on the ships. Developed as an outgrowth of the existing automated configuration management database, the change categorization scheme provides data to maintain an awareness of changes from many standpoints, including cost on a per ship basis as well as the categories which have been the largest cost drivers. More importantly it enables the SHAPM to determine the originating source, thus providing the knowledge needed to manage the change. Change can significantly improve products, but it must be prudently controlled, budgeted and scheduled.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS
Authors: JUDSON HARLOW M. , ASCHOFF GERALD R. , NEWCOMB JOHN W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEngineering processes, for the integration of topside electromagnetic environment and EM subsystems performance engineering into the mainstream of surface ship engineering, are presented and discussed in this paper. The engineering procedures and tasks pertaining to ship EM systems engineering must be tailored to the several stages of the life cycle, but all contain a core of activities covering performance‐based EM suite selection and topside arrangement design, which is based on EM environment and performance vs. requirements analysis. These core activities are presented and discussed as they apply to all life cycle design stages. Several recent fleet EMI problems are briefly discussed for the insight they provide relative to the EM portions of the current design process, and conclusions regarding how the proposed procedures address current deficiencies are included.
PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM TESTING
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCombat System overhauls add to the complexity of surface ship availabilities because of the high level of system testing that is required. In keeping with this complexity, shipyard test programs must be solidly based in systems test theory in order to achieve test integrity and ensure combat system readiness at the end of the availability.All too often, the ship systems are not ready for post availability trials. Evidence indicates that in many cases system test principles are either not used or not well understood. This is not surprising when we consider that, in the ship repair industry, a system is defined as a collection of equipments rather than as a process, as it is in the aerospace industry. The sense of continuity encouraged by the idea of a process is missing from the idea of a collection.This paper defines a system in an abstract way. Relationships are defined in terms of system state, its inputs, and its outputs. Controllability and observability are defined in a way that is useful to the test engineer. Both axiomatic and heuristic definitions are presented in order to provide a basis for test philosophy. These concepts are then examined for principles that can be applied to system testing.Having established an abstract system as a process, both definitions and principles are applied to surface ship combat systems with the intention of reshaping the idea of what a system is and how it must be tested.Finally, the paper offers a list of definitions appropriate to the ship repair industry that will tie its test programs to the language and ideas of system testing that are held in the aerospace industry and in the systems manufacturing world.
IMPROVED LOGISTICS SUPPORT THROUGH STANDARDIZATION
Authors: KINNEY EDWARD T. , CONSTANT ALEXANDER E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents improvements in logistics support of hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) components through standardization to the piece part level. The process of component standardization is outlined and compared with traditional HM&E acquisition approaches. The impact of standardization on logistics support is presented with case examples cited to graphically demonstrate how logistics improvements are derived. The paper also presents standardization costs and benefit analyses. A compelling case for increased HM&E standardization efforts is made from a logistics improvement perspective.