bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nephrotoxicity of sodium arsenate in dogs
Authors: Tsukamoto Hidekazu , Parker Harold R. , Gribble D. H. , Mariassy A. , Peoples S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nephrotoxicity of sodium arsenate was evaluated in dogs to determine the pathophysiologic basis for renal lesions caused by this heavy metal. Examination of biopsy specimens indicated that the low dose of the As salt (0.73 mg/kg of body weight) produced histologic changes consisting of mild degeneration and vacuolation of renal tubular epithelium. Vacuolation involved mainly the ascending thick portion of the nephron. Clinical pathologic changes were not demonstrable at this dosage level according to glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance), fractional reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride; plasma osmolar and free water clearance; and urinalysis.
The medium dose (7.33 mg/kg) resulted in alterations determined by urinalysis, but did not markedly affect other clinical pathologic measurements. Histopathologic changes were equal to or greater than those seen with the low dose. Tubular necrosis was observed in the cortical portion of the nephron and the ascending thick limb.
The high dose (14.66 mg/kg) consistently produced marked changes in all parameters evaluated. Clinical pathologic alterations were compatible with acute tubular necrosis involving all segments of the nephron. Histologically, moderate glomerular sclerosis and severe tubular necrosis were observed. During recovery from the high dose of As, a gradual compensatory healing process was observed that was evident in all clinical pathologic parameters and was confirmed from sequential renal biopsy specimens.
Arrhythmogenicity of dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine in thiamylal-halothane anesthetized dogs
Authors: Bednarski Richard M. , Muir William W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine, administered by constant-rate infusion, was determined in vagotomized and nonvagotomized thiamylal-halothane anesthetized dogs. Electrocardiograms and atrioventricular bundle electrograms revealed the development of atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias. The 3 drugs produced atrial arrhythmias at dosages smaller than those required to produce ventricular arrhythmias. The mean dosages (µg/kg−1/min−1) required to produce ventricular arrhythmias on duplicate trials in vagotomized dogs were for epinephrine, 0.6 ± 0.2; dopamine, 22.8 ± 14.8; and dobutamine, 11.6 ± 5.2. The corresponding doses for nonvagotomized dogs were for epinephrine, 0.8 ± 0.3; dopamine, 35.3 ± 13.5; and dobutamine, 21.9 ± 13.9. Most ventricular arrhythmias originated from a single focus in the left ventricle. Heart rate and blood pressure were significantly increased immediately before ventricular arrhythmia appeared. We conclude that epinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine are capable of producing cardiac arrhythmias in vagotomized and nonvagotomized thiamylal-halothane anesthetized dogs and that bilateral vagotomy decreases the dosage of epinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine required to produce cardiac arrhythmias.
Suppression of neutrophil and lymphocyte function induced by a vaccinal strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus with and without the administration of ACTH
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Merlin L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of a modified live vaccine (mlv) strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvd) on lymphocyte and neutrophil function were determined in cattle with and without increased plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) concentrations. Cattle were given mlv-bvd vaccine im and intranasally. Cattle given ACTH received 200 IU every 12 hours for 10 doses.
The mlv-bvd virus when administered alone caused no apparent clinical signs or body temperature response. Of 4 mlv-bvd-treated calves that were also given ACTH, 2 developed increased body temperature and respiratory distress. The mlv-bvd virus caused a decrease in circulating lymphocytes and neutrophils, whereas administration of ACTH and mlv-bvd induced a neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The mlv-bvd virus and ACTH when administered separately or in combination caused a depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to selected mitogens.
Neutrophils were separated from the peripheral blood and their function was evaluated, using the following procedures: (i) random migration under agarose, (ii) ingestion of 125I-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, (iv) iodination, and (v) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc). The mlv-bvd virus produced a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of neutrophil iodination and adcc. Neutrophils from cattle given mlv-bvd virus and ACTH had enhanced random migration, enhanced S aureus ingestion, suppressed iodination, and suppressed adcc activity.
Scanning electron microscopy of porcine jejunal loops infused with Escherichia coli endotoxin
Authors: Vogelweid C. M. , Elmore R. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phenol-extracted Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused into ligated jejunal loops in 3 pigs. Tissue samples were collected from the center of each loop 6 hours later and examined with scanning electron microscopy. Control loops infused with pyrogen-free water were examined, as well as nonligated biopsy and blind-loop samples. Loops infused with endotoxin had predominantly ridge-shaped villi, many actively secreting goblet cells, and numerous large epithelial ulcerations involving the tips and sides of villi. Tight junction disruption between epithelial cells was observed in 1 pig. In contrast, small ulcers were rarely seen in ligated control loops. Villi were predominantly tongue-shaped, and goblet cell activity was moderate. Pathologic changes were greater in endotoxin-infused loops than in water-infused loops at 6 hours after infusion.
Activity of flubendazole against developing stages of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs
Authors: Guerrero J. , Seibert B. P. Campbell , Newcomb K. M. , Michael B. F. , McCall J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A formulation of flubendazole was studied to determine the activity against developing stages of Dirofilaria immitis in artificially infected pups. Flubendazole suspension was administered subcutaneously at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 1, 3, or 5 consecutive days at various times during the experimental period. The pups were necropsied 6 months after the experimental infection, and the heart and pulmonary arteries were examined for adult worms.
Optimal activity was obtained when flubendazole suspension was administered subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days, either 1 or 2 months after infection. The formation of encapsulated deposits, containing white viscous fluid, was observed at the injection sites of all treated pups.
Effects of herbicides on the concentration of poisonous compounds in plants: A review
Authors: Williams M. C. , James L. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Herbicides may raise, lower, or not affect the concentration of poisonous compounds in plants. Herbicides, 2,4,5-T and silvex controlled Wasatch milkvetch (Astragalus miser var oblongifolius) and markedly reduced the concentration of miserotoxin, a poisonous aliphatic nitro compound. The concentration of phototoxic furocoumarins in the leaves of spring parsley (Cymopterus watsonii) decreased to nontoxic concentrations 4 to 5 weeks after treatment with 2,4-D. The hydrocyanic acid content of wild cherry (Prunus spp) decreased after treatment with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, but increased in Sudangrass (Sorghum halapense) after treatment with 2,4-D. The alkaloid concentration in Barbey larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) increased after treatment with 2,4,5-T or silvex, decreased in horsetail (Equisetum palustre) after treatment with MCPA, and was unaffected in Datura after treatment with several herbicides. The effect of herbicides on nitrate concentration in plants was dependent upon the species of plant and the herbicide used.
Cardiovascular adjustments to various degrees of acute isocapnic hypoxia in dogs
Authors: Tucker Alan , Grover Robert F. , Reeves John T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cardiovascular responses to various degrees of acute isocapnic hypoxia were determined in spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs. Cardiac output (co), heart rate, stroke volume, systemic blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance were measured at frequent intervals during 20-minute exposures to hypoxia (7% to 17% O2). Cardiac output increased during hypoxia, with the most severe degree of hypoxia producing the greatest increase in co. Stroke volume increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas tachycardia was inconsistent. Systemic vascular resistance declined with hypoxia, with the greatest vasodilation observed with the most severe hypoxia. During the first 3 minutes of hypoxia, co increased at all 3 degrees of hypoxia, whereas systemic vascular resistance remained relatively unchanged during this initial portion of the hypoxic exposures.
Prevention of the hypoxia-induced increase in co by partial caudal vena caval obstruction (reducing venous return) resulted in a maintenance of systemic vascular resistance at or above the base-line value before hypoxia. Seemingly, hypoxia can increase co before systemic vasodilation is evident and systemic vasodilation depends, partly, on the increase in co.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Histopathologic study of nictitating membrane and lacrimal glands from 28 dogs
Authors: Kaswan Renee L. , Martin Charles L. , Chapman Willie L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty nictitating membrane glands and 9 main lacrimal glands were obtained for histologic evaluation from 28 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca as the result of azosulfapyridine toxicity, canine distemper, multisystemic autoimmune disease (Sjogren's syndrorher-like syndrome), congenital origin, and unilateral and bilateral idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Similar glands from 6 control dogs were studied. The most prevalent (87%) histopathologic finding was variable degrees of multifocal chronic adenitis, characterized by acinar atrophy and replacement with increased numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes within increased amounts of interacinar fibrous connective tissue stroma. Occasional tubular structures were dilated and filled with neutrophils and cellular debris.
Acquisition and aggregation of canine blood platelets; Basic mechanisms of function and differences because of breed origin
Authors: Clemmons R. M. , Meyers Κ. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method for obtaining reliable blood platelet yields in canine platelet-rich plasma, using increased sodium citrate concentration, is presented. Maintaining a quiet environment or anesthetizing the animals with thiamylal sodium aids in collection of platelets. Aggregation of platelets from 60 dogs of various breeds in response to arachidonic acid, collagen, adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and serotonin was monitored. Canine platelets reversibly or irreversibly aggregated to arachidonic acid. The percentage of arachidonate-irreversible platelets varied from 0% to 100% depending upon the breed of dogs examined. Arachidonate-irreversible platelets also aggregated irreversibly at lower concentrations of collagen and exhibited biphasic irreversible aggregation to adenosine diphosphate and serotonin. Serotonin-induced irreversible aggregation was dependent upon receptor activation and upon arachidonic acid metabolism. Irreversible aggregation to serotonin was associated with release of 3H-serotonin and thromboxane B2 formation, indicating that a couple between the serotonergic receptor and arachidonic acid metabolism may exist.
Histomorphologic structure of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex and its functional importance in sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Khamas Wael A. , Ghoshal Nani G. , Bal Harpal S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Paraffin sections of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex of sheep were studied, using different stains. The carotid rete of sheep was composed of medium-sized arteries with smooth muscle layers that were oriented in different directions. The carotid body cells may have migrated proximally in the adventitia of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery as its extracranial portion degenerates early in life. The cavernous sinus shared a common tunica adventitia with surrounding rete branches. At places, the wall of the cavernous sinus had a distinct tunica media interposed between the endothelial cells and the tunica adventitia. Therefore, the name cavernous venous plexus has been proposed for the cavernous sinus in sheep.
Anthelmintic efficacy, safety, and residue evaluation of levamisole gel formulation in cattle
Authors: Berger H. , Garces T. R. , Wang G. T. , Gale G. O. , Steller W. A. , Simkins Κ. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacy, safety, and residue studies were conducted in beef calves using a levamisole gel formulation. The effectiveness of levamisole gel and tablet formulations was studied in 30 calves with experimental infection of Ostertagia ostertagi. Removal of 33- to 34-day-old Ο ostertagi was 99.6% and 97.7%, for the gel and tablet formulation, respectively, when administered orally to supply 8 mg of levamisole HCl equivalent/kg of body weight. A comparative blood concentration study was also used to demonstrate bioequivalence of the levamisole gel to the tablet formulation. In a cross-over-designed test, 5 cattle/treatment group were dosed orally with levamisole 11.5% gel or levamisole tablets at the dosage rate of 8 mg of levamisole HCl/kg. Blood levamisole values were similar with the levamisole gel and tablet formulations.
In a safety study, 3 groups of 6 calves each were given levamisole gel orally to provide 8, 24, or 40 mg of levamisole HCl/kg. A 4th group served as controls. Adverse clinical signs were not observed in cattle treated with the recommended dosage level of 8 mg/kg. Transient salivation was noticed in 1 placebo control calf, 2 calves given 24 mg/kg, and 4 calves given 40 mg/kg.
Edible tissues from cattle given a single oral dose of levamisole gel (8 mg/kg) were analyzed for drug residues 2 hours and 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. Muscle, fat, and kidney samples were < 0.1 mg/kg of tissue in cattle killed 2 days after treatment, whereas residue in liver samples were < 0.1 mg/kg of tissue in cattle killed 5 days after treatment.
Use of an immunoperoxidase stain for the demonstration of bovine viral diarrhea virus by light and electron microscopies
Authors: Ward A. C. S. , Kaeberle M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus-specific antiserum eluted from an immunoabsorbent column was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The immunoperoxidase (ip) conjugate was used to stain bvd virus-inoculated and control tissue cultures processed for light and electron microscopies.
Infected cells (in the inoculated cultures) viewed by light microscopy had diffuse staining of the cytoplasm of nonvacuolated cells and a more predominant staining associated with vacuoles as vacuolation occurred. The peroxidase label as demonstrated by electron microscopy was associated primarily with nonenveloped and membrane-associated viral particles. Viral particles 20 to > 100 nm (diam) were observed. Some of the particles which were > 30 mm in diameter contained multiple nuclear cores. The most intensely stained viral particles were outside of the cells.
Oxalate urinary calculi in beef steers
Authors: Huntington Gerald B. , Emerick Royce J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hereford × Angus steers (10/treatment) were fed 90% concentrate diets containing 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, or 1.2% of calcium for 92 days (trial 1) or 114 days (trial 2). Ground limestone was the supplemental calcium source. At slaughter, 12 of 20 steers fed 0.3% calcium had calculi in the urinary bladder or kidneys, compared with 5 of 20 fed 0.6% calcium, 5 of 20 fed 0.9% calcium, and 4 of 20 fed 1.2% calcium. Analyses of calculi indicated they were oxalate calculi.
During the first 49 days of trial 2, plasma hydroxyproline concentrations were higher (P < 0.10) for steers fed 0.3% calcium than for steers fed higher calcium concentrations. Increased bone resorption in steers fed concentrations of 0.3% calcium, resulting in increased plasma hydroxyproline, an oxalate precursor, was indicated as a source of oxalate in calculi and as an explanation of lower occurrence of calculi in steers fed higher concentrations of calcium.
Efficacy of ivermectin in injectable and oral paste formulations against eight-week-old Strongylus vulgaris larvae in ponies
Authors: Klei Thomas. R. , Torbert Betty J. , Chapman Melanie R. , Turk Margaret A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A controlled test method was used to evaluate the efficacy of injectable micelle and oral paste formulations of ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) against 8-week-old Strongylus vulgaris larvae in experimentally infected pony foals. The dosage level of the drug in both formulations tested was 0.2 mg/kg. Ponies were euthanatized and necropsied 5 weeks after treatment.
Based on the recovery of live vs dead S vulgaris from mesenteric arteries, both formulations were > 99% effective. Increased weight gains and marked reductions in the severity of arterial lesions were observed in treated ponies.
Times of appearance and disappearance of colostral IgG in the mare
Authors: Pearson Renée C. , Hallowell A. L. , Bayly Warwick M. , Torbeck Richard L. , Perryman Lance E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pre- and postpartum colostral samples collected from 14 Arabian and 22 Thoroughbred mares were examined for color, consistency, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentration. Initial samples, obtained 3 to 28 days before mares had foaled, contained > 1,000 mg of IgG/dl. Mean concentration of IgG in colostrum of the Arabian mares at the time of parturition (T0) was 9,691 mg/dl and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the average, 4,608 mg/dl, for the Thoroughbreds. Average times lapsed from T0 until the colostral IgG decreased to 1,000 mg/dl (T1,000) was 19.1 hours for the Arabian mares and 8.9 hours for the Thoroughbred mares—the former being significantly (P < 0.01) longer. Induction of parturition by injection of oxytocin had no significant effect either upon the colostral IgG concentration at T0 or upon the T1,000.
Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte cultures derived from horses in various stages of equine infectious anemia viral infection
Authors: Evans Karin Schiffer , Carpenter Susan L. , Sevoian Martin 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) antigen-positive and agar-gel immunodiffusion test (agid)-negative horses do not have infective equine infectious anemia (eia) virus. The elisa testing of horse leukocyte culture (hlc) supernatants did detect eia virus in a hlc that was infected with the Wyoming strain of eia virus and in hlc derived from horses in febrile, acute, or subacute stages of eia infection. In supernatants of hlc derived from chronic and inapparent carrier horses, eia virus was not detected with elisa.
Direct fluorescent antibody tests detected eia virus in hlc infected with 106tcid50 of the Wyoming strain of eia virus and in 50% of the hlc from febrile acute or subacute horses. The direct fluorescent antibody testing of hlc derived from chronic and inapparent carrier horses did not detect cell-associated eia virus. The pony inoculation test proved to be the most reliable and accurate method for detecting infective eia virus in horses in various stages of eia infection and accurately correlated with the agid test.
Toxicity of threadleaf groundsel (Senecio douglasii var longilobus) to cattle
Authors: Johnson A. Earl , Molyneux Russell J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Threadleaf groundsel (Senecio douglasii var longilobus), a common plant on much of the rangeland of southwestern United States, was experimentally fed to 55 cattle by gastric gavage, mixed in alfalfa hay, or pelleted in feed. Since the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (pa) content of threadleaf groundsel fluctuates greatly, dosage was determined by the plant pa content.
Animals that died survived up to 506 days. Whether they were acutely or chronically affected they had typical signs of seneciosis. Major gross and histopathologic changes are reported.
The estimated minimum lethal plant dose by gavage was sufficient plant to provide 13 mg of pa/kg of calf body weight/day for 15 days or a total of approximately 200 mg of pa/kg in a 15-day period. Cattle that consumed up to 600 mg of pa/kg total in 20- to 100-day periods in hay or pellets were unaffected or minimally affected. These findings emphasize the importance of the time-dose relationship in pa toxicosis in cattle and indicate that there is a threshold level of pa that must be exceeded for the toxicosis to develop.
Response of dogs to subcutaneous injections of various concentrations of propylene glycol with water
Authors: Brown J. M. , Kasson C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Each of 85 dogs was injected, subcutaneously, with 5 different mixtures of propylene glycol (pg) and aqueous vehicles. Each dog was observed for immediate (within 15 minutes) and delayed (at 24, 48, and 72 hours) reactions. The reactions were classified as none, mild, moderate, and severe for the different observation periods.
The study indicated that a mixture containing between 20% and 50% pg caused the fewest immediate reactions and that the number of delayed reactions increased as the proportion of pg in the solutions increased. Viscosity of the mixture also should be considered when selecting a vehicle.
Histopathologic features of canine heartworm microfilarial infection after treatment with ivermectin
Authors: McManus Edward C. , Pulliam James D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tissues of dogs treated with ivermectin were examined microscopically to learn the fate of microfilariae of canine heartworm that disappear from the peripheral circulation within a few days of treatment. Medicated dogs were killed 18 hours, 3 days, and 6 days after treatment with 0.5 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight subcutaneously. Ivermectin was dissolved in 60% propylene glycol and 40% glycerol formal.
In dogs killed at posttreatment hour 18, the peripheral microfilaremia had decreased by an average of 89%. At this time, a dense mass of rbc, wbc, and macrophages plus many microfilariae was found in pulmonary alveolar septae. Similar reactions were seen in liver, kidney, and spleen. Phagocytosis of microfilarial fragments was evident.
In dogs killed at posttreatment day 3, many microfilariae were fragmented and phagocytosis of the fragments was common. In dogs killed at posttreatment day 6, microgranulomas were common, particularly in such vascular organs as lungs, kidney, and liver. Microgranulomas containing microfilariae were also seen in spleen, skeletal and cardiac muscles, diaphragm, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. Small glial nodules were seen in the cns. Denudation of the atrial epicardium was associated with fragments of microfilariae and granulomatous inflammatory cells.
Renal epithelial crescents were observed in treated and nontreated dogs. Plasma cells were conspicuous in treated and nontreated dogs, especially in some livers and kidneys.
Before treatment, all dogs were severely microfilaremic. At the end of the experiment, the peripheral microfilaremia was reduced by 98%. Of the 9 treated dogs, 1 was listless and had an increased body temperature for 2 days after treatment; other clinical signs of disease were not observed.