bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for NMR measurements for determination of high and low pKa values (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Popov Konstantin , Rönkkömäki Hannu , Lajunen Lauri H. J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Factors affecting the NMR titration procedures for the determination of pK
a values in strongly basic and strongly acidic aqueous solutions (2 > pH > 0 and 14 > pH > 12) are analyzed. Guidelines for experimental procedure and publication protocols are formulated. These include: calculation of the equilibrium H+ concentration in a sample; avoidance of measurement with glass electrode in highly acidic (basic) solutions; exclusion of D2O as a solvent; use of an individual sample isolated from air for each pH value; use of external reference and lock compounds; use of a medium of constant ionic strength with clear indication of the supporting electrolyte and of the way the contribution of any ligand to the ionic strength of the medium is accounted for; use of the NMR technique in a way that eliminates sample heating to facilitate better sample temperature control (e.g., 1H-coupled NMR for nuclei other than protons, GD-mode, CPD-mode, etc.); use of Me4NCl/Me4NOH or KCl/KOH as a supporting electrolyte in basic solution rather than sodium salts in order to eliminate errors arising from NaOH association; verification of the independence of the NMR chemical shift from background electrolyte composition and concentration; use of extrapolation procedures.
Guidelines for terminology for microtechnology in clinical laboratories (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Wilding Peter , Joos Thomas , Kricka Larry J. , Shi Leming 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
There is no formal terminology used to describe the scope and use of microtechnology in the clinical laboratory. For many laboratory scientists, the word "microchip" is synonymous with high-density microarrays used primarily for investigating gene expression. The document proposes a system of "categories" and "descriptors" that facilitates the classification of a device in a way that communicates details of its function and analytical role, and describes the analytical principle involved and the methods and materials used for its manufacture. Adoption of this system would enable scientists to employ four descriptors that clearly delineate the function, analytical role, and chemical or physical principle involved in the device. Examples of existing commercial devices are given to illustrate the utility of the system.
Estimated prevalence of nematode parasitism among pet cats in the United States
Authors: De Santis Andrea C. , Raghavan Malathi , Caldanaro Richard J. , Glickman Nita W. , Moore George E. , Lewis Hugh B. , Schantz Peter M. , Glickman Lawrence T. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objective—To estimate prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections in pet cats in the United States and identify risk factors for parasitism.
Design—Retrospective period prevalence survey.
Study Population—356,086 cats examined at 359 private veterinary hospitals during 2003.
Procedure—Electronic medical records were searched to identify cats for which fecal flotation tests had been performed and to determine proportions of test results positive for roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Potential risk factors for roundworm and hookworm infection were identified by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results—A total of 80,278 tests were performed on fecal samples from 66,819 cats. Calculated prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infection were 2.92%, 0.63%, and 0.031%, respectively. Age, reproductive status, breed, and season were significant risk factors for roundworm infection, with cats < 4 years old; sexually intact cats; mixed-breed cats; and cats examined during the summer, fall, or winter more likely to be infected. Age, reproductive status, and season were significant risk factors for hookworm infection, with cats < 1 year old, sexually intact cats, and cats examined during the summer more likely to be infected. Regional differences in prevalences of roundworm and hookworm infection were found.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that prevalences of nematode infections among pet cats in the United States may be lower than previously suspected on the basis of prevalences reported among cats in humane shelters and those reported in more geographically focused studies.
Evaluation of strontium 90 irradiation in treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 35 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Farrelly John , Page Rodney L. , McEntee Margaret C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the efficacy of strontium 90 β irradiation in the management of cutaneous mast cell tumors (CMCTs) in cats.
Study Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—35 client-owned cats with CMCTs.
Procedure—Medical records of cats with CMCTs in which tumors were radiated by use of a strontium 90 ophthalmic applicator from 1992 to 2002 were reviewed. Cats were included if CMCT was diagnosed, there were no other sites of MCT involvement at the time of treatment, and records contained adequate follow-up information to permit retrospective assessment of local tumor control.
Results—54 tumors in 35 cats were treated with a median dose of 135 Gy of strontium 90 β irradiation, resulting in local tumor control in 53 of 54 (98%) tumors with a median follow-up time of 783 days after treatment. Median survival time was 1,075 days. Adverse effects of treatment appeared to be infrequent and of mild severity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that strontium 90 β irradiation resulted in long-term tumor control and should be considered an effective alternative to surgical resection in management of CMCTs in cats.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease: 69 cases (1997–2005)
Authors: Besalti Omer , Pekcan Zeynep , Sirin Y. Sinan , Erbas Gonca 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in dogs with intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) and develop a classification scheme for IVDD in dogs based on MRI findings.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—69 dogs.
Procedure—Medical records of dogs admitted because of thoracolumbar IVDD in which MRI of T9 through L7 had been performed were reviewed.
Results—A total of 759 intervertebral disk spaces were examined. Of these, 342 (45.1%) were classified as having a normal MRI appearance; the remaining 417 (54.9%) had various types of IVDD. Disk degeneration was identified in 276 disk spaces in 56 dogs, bulging of the intervertebral disk was identified in 37 disk spaces in 24 dogs, disk protrusion was identified in 54 disk spaces in 32 dogs, and disk extrusion was identified in 50 disk spaces in 48 dogs. Cartilage endplate changes were identified in 35 vertebrae in 17 dogs, and increased signal intensity of the spinal cord was identified in 21 dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Four types of IVDD (disk degeneration, bulging of the intervertebral disk, disk protrusion, and disk extrusion) were identified on the basis of MRI findings in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD. We recommend that a standardized nomenclature be adopted for the various types of thoracolumbar IVDD in dogs.
Changes in Health Care Workers’ Economic Outcomes Following Medicaid Expansion
Authors: Matta Sasmira , Chatterjee Paula , Venkataramani Atheendar S. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceThe extent to which changes in health sector finances impact economic outcomes among health care workers, especially lower-income workers, is not well known.ObjectiveTo assess the association between state adoption of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion—which led to substantial improvements in health care organization finances—and health care workers’ annual incomes and benefits, and whether these associations varied across low- and high-wage occupations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsDifference-in-differences analysis to assess differential changes in health care workers’ economic outcomes before and after Medicaid expansion among workers in 30 states that expanded Medicaid relative to workers in 16 states that did not, by examining US individuals aged 18 through 65 years employed in the health care industry surveyed in the 2010-2019 American Community Surveys.ExposureTime-varying state-level adoption of Medicaid expansion.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcome was annual earned income; secondary outcomes included receipt of employer–sponsored health insurance, Medicaid, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits.ResultsThe sample included 1 322 263 health care workers from 2010-2019. Health care workers in expansion states were similar to those in nonexpansion states in age, sex, and educational attainment, but those in expansion states were less likely to identify as non-Hispanic Black. Medicaid expansion was associated with a 2.16% increase in annual incomes (95% CI, 0.66%-3.65%; P = .005). This effect was driven by significant increases in annual incomes among the top 2 highest-earning quintiles (β coefficient, 2.91%-3.72%), which includes registered nurses, physicians, and executives. Health care workers in lower-earning quintiles did not experience any significant changes. Medicaid expansion was associated with a 3.15 percentage point increase in the likelihood that a health care worker received Medicaid benefits (95% CI, 2.46 to 3.84; P &amp;lt; .001), with the largest increases among the 2 lowest-earning quintiles, which includes health aides, orderlies, and sanitation workers. There were significant decreases in employer–sponsored health insurance and increases in SNAP following Medicaid expansion.Conclusion and RelevanceMedicaid expansion was associated with increases in compensation for health care workers, but only among the highest earners. These findings suggest that improvements in health care sector finances may increase economic inequality among health care workers, with implications for worker health and well-being.
Nondestructive Electrical Activation Enables Multiple Life Cycles for Degraded Batteries
Authors: Jiao Yiding , Li Fangyan , Mao Wei , Chen Hongli , Li Wei , He Er , Li Dan , Wang Lie , Li Luhe , Yang Shuo , Bai Chenyu , Zhang Zhenjie , Gao Rui , Song Jie , Ye Tingting , Lu Jiang , Chen Hao , Li Qianming , Li Yiran , Wang Jiacheng , Wang Yuanzhen , Ren Junye , He Ping , Deng Yu , Wang Peng , Zhang Ye 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAppropriate treatment of mass‐produced degraded batteries is desired to alleviate resource waste and environmental pollution caused by direct disposal. However, current technologies, which aim to recycle high‐value components from degraded batteries to refabricate new batteries, suffer from complex destruction‐refabrication processes and massive energy/resource inputs. Here it is found that without disassembling the degraded battery, the lost capacity is rejuvenated to its pristine state by simply applying electrical activation at a controlled voltage. It is shown that repeated application of electrical activation regenerates 22 life cycles for zinc‐ion batteries, increasing the total discharge energy by 78 times. The capacity rejuvenation by electrical activation originates from the transformation of redox‐inert Zn‐Mn‐O by‐products on the degraded cathode to redox‐active Mn‐O nanoribbons, which recovers diffusion kinetics of Zn2+/H+ charge carriers. Simultaneously, the dendrites on the degraded anode are flattened to prevent short circuits while maintaining the electrolyte integrity. The electrical activation strategy is extendable to other batteries, such as lithium batteries, promising tremendous economic and environmental benefits. Besides, electrical activation rejuvenates implanted batteries to avoid the pain and hazards of replacing degraded batteries with conventional surgeries. This work presents a general and commercially viable route to treat degraded batteries.
Resolving the Anisotropic Dynamical Evolution of Wide Bandgap GeSe2 Under Polarized Photoexcitation
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Chenxu , Zhang Jianing , Zhang Xiaodan , Qin Yulu , Gao Yunan , Peng Liang‐you , Si Jinhai , Yan Lihe , Liu Yunquan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGermanium diselenide (GeSe2) has recently emerged as a promising material for high‐performance optoelectronic devices due to its high absorption coefficient, wide direct bandgap, and anisotropic electronic properties. For the future applications, it is necessary to understand the dynamic evolution of carriers with ultrafast response. In this work, the transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are performed to study the anisotropic dynamic evolution of GeSe2 under the polarized photoexcitation. It is find that the dynamics exhibit linear dichroism and show a significant Auger recombination process when the photoexcitation is perpendicular to the b‐axis of GeSe2. Using first‐principle and transition dipole moment calculations, it is confirmed that the more carrier localization at Γ point along the Γ‐X (perpendicular to the b‐axis) and increase the Auger recombination. In addition, the Auger recombination coefficient ≈ 1.1×10−31 cm6 s−1 is determined and demonstrated that the defect‐assisted indirect Auger recombination plays a key role in the carrier relaxation process. Through time‐resolved transient absorption spectra, it is further revealed that the ultrafast dynamical evolution of excited state absorption peaks under polarized photoexcitation. These results have implications for improving the quantum efficiency of high‐field polarization‐sensitive optoelectronics.
Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Dissolution of Semiconducting Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Bai Shaoling , Haase Katherina , Perez Andrade Jonathan , Hambsch Mike , Talnack Felix , Millek Vojtech , Prasoon Anupam , Liu Jinxin , Arnhold Kerstin , Boye Susanne , Feng Xinliang , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHere, the effect of thermal annealing (TA) on the stability of solution‐sheared thin films of the semiconducting polymer poly[2,5‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4(2H,5H)‐dione‐3,6‐diyl)‐alt‐(2,2′;5′,2′’;5′’,2′’’‐quaterthiophen‐5,5′’’‐diyl)] (PDPP4T) against the original coating solvent is studied, and it is shown that TA significantly improves the solvent resistance of semiconducting polymer films. Specifically, after the thin films are annealed at or above a critical temperature, the thin film thickness is largely retained when exposed to the original solvent, while for lower annealing temperatures material loss occurs, i.e., the thin film thickness is reduced due to rapid dissolution. The results of various techniques including grazing‐incidence wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet‐visible‐near infrared (UV–vis‐NIR) absorption spectroscopy suggest physical changes as the cause for the increased solvent resistance. Such annealed films also show stable electrical characteristics in bottom‐gate, top‐contact (BGTC) organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) even after solvent exposure. In initial tests, a multitude of technologically relevant polymers show such behavior, underlining the potential impact of such temperature treatments for the fabrication of multi‐layer polymer devices.
Leveraging Dual‐Atom Catalysts for Electrocatalysis Revitalization: Exploring the Structure‐Performance Correlation
Authors: Wong Man‐Kei , Foo Joel Jie , Loh Jian Yiing , Ong Wee‐Jun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn light of the profound shift toward renewable fuels, dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) are impressively prospected as auspicious catalysts for electrocatalysis revitalization, toward accomplishing environmental remediation and sustainable global energy security. Leveraging appealing attributes such as inspiring synergistic effect, additional adjacent adsorption sites, and ultrahigh atom utilization, DACs are endowed with unprecedented stability, activity, and selectivity in multifarious energy‐related applications. By virtue of addressing time and technological prominence to review this ground‐breaking atomic electrocatalyst, this review first encompasses a correlation elucidation between the substrate, dual‐atoms, and facile synthetic approaches with intriguing modification strategies. Furthermore, the state‐of‐the‐art characterization techniques specially employed for DACs are spotlighted, alongside rigorously unveiling the novel mechanistic insights’ milestone gained from both theoretical modeling and experimental research in multitudes of environmentally benign electrocatalytic applications, including O2 reduction, CO2 reduction, H2 evolution, O2 evolution, N2 reduction, and other fundamental reactions. As a final note, this review presents a brief conclusion highlighting current challenges and outlining prospects for this frontier. Importantly, this review deciphers the structure‐performance correlation while excavating the advancement gained in DACs, thus is anticipated to shed light for the catalysis community on bolstering an intense evolution of DACs while triggering sapient inspiration for more robust next‐generation catalysts.
A Sintering‐Free Cathode for Garnet‐Based All‐Solid‐State Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Song Zhenyou , Wang Tengrui , Dai Yiming , Wen Jiayun , Luo Wei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGarnet‐based solid electrolytes (SEs), which have both high ionic conductivity and great stability with Li metal anodes, are at the center of an ever‐increasing research effort in all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) toward high safety and high energy density. However, the performance of garnet‐based ASSLMBs is limited by the poor ionic conduction on the cathode side, mainly attributed to the inherent rigidity of oxide ceramic nature. Here, a sintering‐free strategy to boost the ionic conduction of the composite cathode via the use of a soft halide SE is presented. The inclusion of the cathode‐compatible halide SE facilitates efficient and stable Li+ conduction within the composite cathode and at the cathode/garnet pellet interface. Compared to the conventional co‐sintered method, the issues associated with element diffusion between solid particles during high‐temperature processes are circumvented, a factor responsible for the degradation and irreversible capacity reduction of the cathode active material. When combined with a lithium metal anode, the new cathode configuration exhibits decent discharge capacity, superior Coulombic efficiency, and enhanced cycle stability. The findings demonstrate the promise of this composite cathode design as a viable pathway for achieving high‐performance garnet‐based ASSLMBs.
Adjacent Metal Atomic Pairs Within Atomically Dispersed Catalysts for Reaching a Synergistic Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: A Review
Authors: Wang Changli , Lv Zunhang , Feng Xiao , Yang Wenxiu , Wang Bo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn response to the global climate change and energy crisis, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECR) is regarded as one of the potential ways to simultaneously reach the CO2 conversion and obtain various value‐added products. Currently, several challenges remain for the in‐depth understanding of ECR from fundamentals, including ambiguous structure‐activity relationships, uncontrollable catalytic selectivity, and complex reaction mechanisms. Compared to traditional metal nanoparticle‐based materials, atomically dispersed catalysts (ADCs) have aroused significant interest owing to their maximal atomic utilization and simplified site configuration, offering a superior platform for discussing the structure‐activity relationships during ECR. Especially, adjacent metal atomic pairs (AAPs) within ADCs are gradually emphasized as a novel concept to follow various synergistic reaction mechanisms during ECR. Herein, for the first time a broad concept of AAPs and analyzed how AAPs within ADCs reached the synergistic effect during ECR is summarized. In view of the synergistic reaction mechanisms varying on different supports, three types of supports are illustrated (containing graphene model, functional porous frameworks, and metals and oxides), aiming to help scholars with more insights in broadening the feasible synergistic reaction mechanisms on AAPs within ADCs.
Spontaneous Growth of Perovskite‐Derived Oxide over Double Perovskite Surface for Enhancing Cathodic Performance in Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Xinran , Jin Zongzi , Wang Chengwei , Peng Ranran , Zha Yinhui , Cao Jiafeng , Ji Yuexia , Shao Zongping 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRobust catalytic materials with high activity and stability play important roles in energy conversion and storage devices such as protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs), in which a favourable cathode should possess high oxygen ion, proton and electron triple conductivities, and superior surface oxygen exchange kinetics. Herein, a thermal‐driven self‐construction phenomenon in cation‐nonstoichiometric Ba1+xGd1‐xCo2O6‐δ is reported, accordingly developing a new type of nanocomposite, that is, double perovskite BaGdCo2O6‐δ (DP‐BGCO) anchored by perovskite‐derived BaCoO3‐δ (P‐D‐BCO) nanoparticles, which, used as the cathode of PCFCs, demonstrates low area‐specific resistances of 0.053 and 0.026 ohm cm−2 respectively at 650 and 700 °C over BaZr0.3Ce0.5Y0.1Yb0.1O3‐δ protonic electrolyte and attractive peak power densities of 0.87 (650 °C) and 1.15 W cm−2 (700 °C) with outstanding stability, much superior to the similar cell with single‐phase BCO or BGCO cathodes. The synergy between the two components brings the outstanding performance with the mixed oxygen ion and electronic conducting perovskite‐derived oxide showing superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction while the double perovskite provides good bulk protonic conductivity to enlarge reaction sites. Such selective self‐construction, well manipulated through the A‐site cation stoichiometry engineering, provides a facile way for developing new high‐performance electrocatalysts with broad application potential.
Emerging Data Processing Methods for Single‐Entity Electrochemistry
Authors: Li Xinyi , Fu Ying‐Huan , Wei Nannan , Yu Ru‐Jia , Bhatti Huma , Zhang Limin , Yan Feng , Xia Fan , Ewing Andrew G. , Long Yi‐Tao , Ying Yi‐Lun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSingle‐entity electrochemistry is a powerful tool that enables the study of electrochemical processes at interfaces and provides insights into the intrinsic chemical and structural heterogeneities of individual entities. Signal processing is a critical aspect of single‐entity electrochemical measurements and can be used for data recognition, classification, and interpretation. In this review, we summarize the recent five‐year advances in signal processing techniques for single‐entity electrochemistry and highlight their importance in obtaining high‐quality data and extracting effective features from electrochemical signals, which are generally applicable in single‐entity electrochemistry. Moreover, we shed light on electrochemical noise analysis to obtain single‐molecule frequency fingerprint spectra that can provide rich information about the ion networks at the interface. By incorporating advanced data analysis tools and artificial intelligence algorithms, single‐entity electrochemical measurements would revolutionize the field of single‐entity analysis, leading to new fundamental discoveries.