bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine secretion from human skin slices induced by anti‐IgE and artificial secretagogues and the effects of sodium cromoglycate and salbutamol
Authors: CLEGG L. S. , CHURCH M. K. , HOLGATE S. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHuman cutaneous mast cells show functional differences from their counterparts in other tissues. Following passive sensitization with 1% atopic serum for 30 min at 37° C human skin slices released histamine after challenge with anti‐human IgE in a concentration dependent manner. Maximum release of 14 ± 2%, was achieved with a 1/10 dilution of anti‐IgE. Passive sensitization with 10% atopic serum increased the secretory response to anti‐IgE but histamine release was only concentration related over the entire 1/1000 to 1/10 dilution range in half of the specimens studied, the remainder showing high dose tolerance to anti‐IgE, Negligible histamine release occurred with anti‐IgE challenge of slices which had not been passively sensitized.The histamine releasing ability of A23187 in human skin slices was similar to that observed in lung and adenoidal mast cells being concentration dependent over the range 0‐1 3 μM with a maximum release of 25 ±3%. In contrast to human lung and adenoidal mast cells, poly‐L‐lysine and compound 48/80 induced histamine release from skin slices. Poly‐L‐lysine induced a concentration‐dependent release of histamine over the range 0‐01‐10 mUM with a maximum of 27 ± 3%. The response to compound 48/80 was variable, releasing in some but not all specimens. Histamine release caused by anti‐IgE. A23187 and poly‐L‐lysine was shown to be dependent upon extracellular calcium while release stimulated by compound 48/80 was calcium independent. The chemotactic peptide, formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine, over the range 0.01 10 μM failed to release histamine from skin slices. Sodium cromoglycate (100 1000 μM) failed to inhibit histamine release and the β‐adrenoceptor stimulant salbutamol (1‐10 μM) showed only weak activity at the lowest of three different concentrations of anti‐IgE used for challenge.
Insect sting anaphylaxis in patients without detectable serum venom‐specific IgE
Authors: CLAYTON W. F. , GEORGITIS J. W. , REISMAN R. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFollowing insect sting anaphylaxis, twenty‐five patients of over 500 evaluated, did not have detectable serum venom‐specific IgE. Twenty‐two were evaluated within 1 year of the reaction, fifteen within 6 months. Anaphylaxis occurred in six patients after their first sting exposure. The clinical features of the sting reaction were typical of the reaction occurring in insect‐allergic patients with serum venom‐specific IgE. Eleven of the twenty‐five patients had negative venom skin tests. These observations suggest that a non‐IgE mechanism may be responsible for a minority of insect sting reactions.
Twice or four times daily beclomethasone dipropionate in mild stable asthma?
Authors: BOYD G. , ABDALLAH S. , CLARK R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA double‐blind cross‐over study lasting 16 weeks was conducted to establish if a twice daily regimen of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) was as effective in controlling asthma as a four times daily regimen. The patient's need for inhaled steroids (100 meg BDP qds) was confirmed prior to entering the study by deterioration of peak expiratory flow rates and/or increased bronchodilator usage during a single‐blind placebo period of 6 weeks. Thirty six asthmatics were eligible to enter the study and completed both treatment periods. Daily record cards of symptom scores, four times daily peak expiratory flow rate measurements and inhaled bronchodilator usage were recorded throughout the study.There was no significant difference between the mean PEFR measurements taken four times each day and the variability in PEFR, between the two treatment groups. Symptom scores for cough, wheeze, breathlessness and overall disability also showed no significant difference. Symptomatic inhaler usage for the two groups was similar. Lung function measurements of FEV1, FVC and VC were almost identical; FEV1 being 2.1 1 on twice daily regimen and 2.2 1 on four times daily regimen. A slight variation was observed in PEFR taken at the end of each treatment period at the clinic visits, being 3611/min on twice daily and 3801/min on four times daily drug dosage. In stable asthmatics, the control of asthma measured both symptomatically and by daily lung function was independent of dosing schedule, but twice daily treatment may well lead to better compliance.
Clinical and immunological characteristics of pre‐school asthma
Authors: LOFTUS B. G. , PRICE J. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNinety‐two children, sixty‐two boys and thirty girls, aged 18 months to 6 years with frequent asthma were studied. Nine were born prematurely and two were ventilated in the neonatal period; two had been admitted to hospital with acute bronchiolitis. Most had an early onset of symptoms, forty‐two developing asthma in infancy. Although overall growth was normal, 63% had some chest deformity. Half had past or present eczema and just over half had chronic rhinitis. Upper respiratory infection appeared to be an important precipitant of attacks in all, and 88% had exercise‐induced asthma. The majority were atopic, 74% had elevated serum IgE levels, skin‐prick tests were positive in 61 of 77 tested and half had eosinophilia. However, allergic factors were clearly identified as causing asthma attacks in only 24%. Immunoglobulin deficiencies were found in thirteen and defective yeast opsonization in eighteen; these children showed no other obvious differences from the remainder. Eighty‐two children were followed up and after 1 year fifty‐one were receiving inhaled steroids. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin, eosinophil count and skin‐prick testing had little influence on management.
Inhalant allergy following occupational exposure to blowflies
Authors: KAUFMAN G. L. , BALDO B. A. , TOVEY E. R. , BELLAS T. E. , GANDEVIA B. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn allergic reaction, provoked by exposure to the blowfly Lucilia cuprina and shown to be IgE‐mediated, occurred in a subject employed in an entomological research laboratory. The subject's serum, and sera from three other asthmatic patients with IgE antibodies to blowfly extracts, also reacted with extracts from the screw‐worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana). Results suggested that antigens from the two species share immunological cross‐reactivity. Cross‐reactions also exist between the different developmental stages of both species. Allergic reactions to inhaled insect allergens may not be uncommon in the Australian community.
Serum antibodies against native, processed and digested cow's milk proteins in children with cow's milk protein intolerance
Authors: FÄLLSTRÖM S. P. , AHLSTEDT S. , CARLSSON B. , LÖNNERDAL B. , HANSON L. Å. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChildren with or without cow's milk protein intolerance were investigated for serum antibodies to native cow's milk proteins, processed cow's milk proteins and native‐ and pepsin‐digested β‐lactoglobulin. Antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes were determined with ELISA and those of IgE isotype with RAST.Children who exhibited slowly appearing untoward reactions to cow's milk feeding had significantly higher titres of IgG antibodies against both native and digested β‐lactoglobulin than children with an immediate type of reaction or no intolerance. The IgG antibodies to pepsin‐digested β‐lactoglobulin were efficiently inhibited by native β‐lactoglobulin even at low concentrations, which suggests that there were no antibodies specific for the degraded proteins. The children with slow reactions to cow's milk also tended to have higher antibody levels of the IgG and IgA isotypes to both native and processed cow's milk. Antibodies to this mix of antigens discriminated less well, however, than the antibodies to isolated β‐lactoglobulin between the groups of children with slowly appearing reactions, with immediate reactions and the controls. Seven out of nine children with an immediate type of reaction to cow's milk protein had IgE antibodies against cow's milk protein determined with the RAST, while this type of antibodies could not be demonstrated in any child in the two other groups. Using processed or digested protein as antigen did not increase the sensitivity of the antibody determinations.
Study of IgG sub‐class antibodies in patients with milk intolerance
Authors: SHAKIB F. , BROWN H. MORROW , PHELPS A. , REDHEAD R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn ELISA was applied to measure IgG sub‐class antibodies to cow's milk betalactoglobulin (BLG), alpha‐lactalbumin (ALA) and alpha‐casein (AC) and to hen's egg ovalbumin (OA) in the sera of nineteen adult patients with milk intolerance causing either asthma, eczema or both. Results were compared with those of forty blood donors and twenty adult patients with either asthma or eczema due to inhalant allergy. Apart from one blood donor, high titres of IgG sub‐class antibodies to all three milk proteins were found only in the milk intolerance group. The most frequently detected antibody was AC‐specific IgG4; being high (i.e. > 9·98 μg/ml) in eight milk intolerance cases: six with eczema, one with asthma and one with both. A variable proportion of these eight patients also had high levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies to AC and IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies to BLG and ALA. In contrast, IgG antibody to the egg protein, OA, was remarkably restricted to IgG4 and was present in high titres in 68·4% of milk intolerant patients, 60% of inhalant allergy patients and 30% of blood donors. However, the greater incidence of high titres of IgG4 antibody to OA, compared to AC, was due to the superior coating efficiency of OA resulting in a more sensitive assay. We conclude that some adult cases of milk intolerance, particularly those with eczema, can be diagnosed by detecting raised serum levels of IgG sub‐class antibodies to milk proteins.
Significance of IgG antibodies against environmental microbial antigens in a farming population
Authors: KATILA MARJA‐L. , OJANEN TARJA H. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA group of dairy farmers studied 6 years earlier in a field survey was re‐surveyed for respiratory symptoms, occupational capability and the presence of antibodies against environmental micro‐organisms. Specific IgG antibodies to Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus umbrosus and Aspergillus fumigatus were measured by ELISA from the serum samples obtained in the two surveys. Antibody titres remained constant in 70% of both farmers and controls, but where changes took place, the titres against the actinomycete antigens tended to rise, whereas both increases and decreases were detected equally against the Aspergillus antigens. The titre of specific antibody to any of the four micro‐organisms, when measured from a single serum specimen, seemed to be of little diagnostic value. Observed changes however, were more diagnostic, in that a fall in titre, especially against the Aspergillus antigens, was closely associated with a definite decrease in exposure, such as after retirement. Increased titres occurred in farmers with continued exposure, and those against the actinomycetes were associated with the appearance of symptoms in previously symptom‐free individuals. In a case of farmer's lung which developed in this population during the follow‐up period, significant increases were detectable against T. vulgaris and M. faeni.
Low dose sublingual therapy in patients with allergic rhinitis due to house dust mite
Authors: SCADDING GLENIS K. , BROSTOFF J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn a double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over trial, low dose sublingual therapy with house dust mite was effective in relieving symptoms in 72% of the group of patients with perennial rhinitis due to house dust mite (P < 0·03). Following active treatment, there was a significant increase in morning peak nasal inspiratory flow rate (P < 0·01) in those who improved (thirteen out of eighteen) and resistance to nasal provocation with house dust mite also increased, in some cases up to 1000‐fold (P < 0·05). Oral therapy is safe and avoids the side effects of desensitizing injections which can be serious. The potential for oral desensitization is great and further studies on this form of treatment are needed.
Reproducibility of responsiveness to a standardized bronchial allergen provocation—Rt compared to FEV1 as measurement of response to provocation
Authors: FRØLUND L. , MADSEN F. , SVENDSEN U. G. , NIELSEN N. H. , WEEKE B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStandardized bronchial allergen provocation was performed twice in nineteen extrinsic, well defined, stable asthmatic patients, with an interval of median 15 days (range 14–19) to study the reproducibility of the bronchial response. Smoking and medications were withheld prior to the provocation after a rigid scheme. Ten‐fold increasing concentrations of allergen solution 0.9 ml were inhaled by tidal volume breathing for 5 min with intervals of 10 min. The bronchial response to inhaled allergen was determined by forced expiratory volume in the first sec (FEV1) and by total resistance to breathing (Rt) determined by an opening interrupter method. The provocation was continued until an allergen concentration causing at least 20% decrease of the postsaline FEV1 or a 40% increase in Rt was reached. A PC20‐FEV1 and a PC40‐Rt was calculated by interpolation on the log‐dose‐response curve. The reproducibility of PC20‐FEV1 allergen was high with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for a single determination being the observed value ±0.83, ten‐fold concentration difference, the intraclass correlation (IC) was 0.99 and the coefficient of variation 8.46%. Concerning PC40‐Rt a 95% CI for a single determination was calculated being the observed value ±0.58, ten‐fold concentration difference, IC was 0.99 and the coefficient of variation was 5.79%. No significant correlation was found between differences in pre‐challenge FEV1 and Rt values and the corresponding PC20‐FEV1 and PC40‐Rt values. Least square regression between PC20‐FEV1 and PC40‐R1 was performed for the first and the second provocation (P < 0.05). We conclude that bronchial allergen challenge performed in stable asthmatics is highly reproducible and as such a valuable test in the diagnosis of allergic asthma when connected with anamnesis, skin‐prick test and the level of specific immunoglobulin E in peripheral blood.
Diagnostic value of the skin‐prick test and RAST assay in insect sting allergy
Authors: GREEN‐GRAIF Y. , EWAN PAMELA W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe results of skin‐prick tests to four concentrations of venom (0.1, 1, 10 and 1000 μg/ml) carried out on two occasions were analysed in relation to the history of adverse reactions to stings and to the level of venom‐specific IgE antibody in serum, in forty‐two subjects allergic to insect stings (sixteen to bee and twenty‐six to wasp). Fifty control subjects (some of whom had never been stung by bee or wasp) with no history of adverse reaction to stings were also studied. No subject gave a positive skin‐test reaction to 0.1 μg/ml, and small numbers reacted to either 1 or 10 μg/ml. The lowest concentration of venom to which most subjects had a positive skin test was 100 μg/ml. Our data suggest that in wasp‐allergic patients a positive skin test to 100 μg/ml is normally significant (reflecting the presence of specific IgE), whereas in bee‐allergic patients a skin test reaction to 100 μg/ml is usually non‐specific for the following reasons.(i) In the allergic patients when skin tests were repeated, a reaction to 100 μg/ml bee venom often became negative (in six of eight), whereas for wasp venom the reaction became more positive (at 10 or 1 μg/ml) in seven of eight patients. Whilst this might reflect lack of reproducibility, the consistent direction of change for either bee or wasp venom suggests responses to this concentration of these venoms may have different interpretations.(ii) In bee‐allergic patients, where positive skin tests to 100 μg/ml wasp venom were found they were repeatable in all patients, and occurred only in patients who had been stung by a wasp. In wasp‐allergic patients, skin test reactions to 100 μg/ml bee venom were not reproducible between studies in any patient and often occurred in subjects never stung by a bee.(iii) A better correlation between skin test and RAST occurred for wasp venom when a skin‐test reaction to 100 μg/ml was included as a positive (rather than reactions to 1 or 10 μg/ml only). For bee venom the correlation did not improve when skin‐test reactions to 100 μg/ml were included.(iv) In the control group, skin‐test reactions to 100 μg/ml bee venom were often false positives (seven of eight had never been stung by a bee). Four out of fifty controls reacted to wasp venom 100 μg/ml, but three of these had received a wasp sting.These findings suggest that in routine clinical practice skin tests should be carried out over the range 1–10 μg/ml in bee‐allergic subjects but in wasp‐allergic patients 100 μg/ml should also be included. Extracts of 0.1 μg/ml need not be used.
Nasal challenge with pollen grains, skin‐prick tests and specific IgE in patients with grass pollen allergy
Authors: BOUSQUET J. , LEBEL B. , DHIVERT HENRIETTE , BATAILLE Y. , MARTINOT B. , MICHEL F. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNasal challenges with pollen grains are as close as possible to natural pollen exposure, but they are not well documented in grass pollen allergy. Forty‐four grass pollen allergic patients and ten non‐allergic volunteers were tested by means of nasal challenge, quantitative skin‐prick tests with a standardized orchard grass pollen extract and serum‐specific IgE. Nasal challenges were performed with lactose and increasing concentrations of orchard grass pollen grains (15–3645 grains, three‐fold increase). The test was considered to be positive when a symptom score over 5 was obtained, since this score had been previously correlated with the release of PGD2 in nasal secretions. All control subjects and 3/44 patients had a negative challenge. The number of orchard pollen grains required to elicit a positive challenge was 332 ± 440 (range: 15–1215 grains) and the distribution was Gaussian. This number is higher than expected according to pollen calendars performed during the season, but owing to the priming effect of the nasal mucosa by allergens it is compatible to natural exposure. The correlation between nasal provocation tests and skin‐prick test end‐points was significant (P < 0.005, Spearman rank test). Conversely there was no correlation between nasal challenge or skin‐prick test end‐point and serum‐specific IgE.
Lack of allergenic cross‐reactivity between storage mites and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Authors: VAN HAGE‐HAMSTEN MARIANNE , JOHANSSON S. G. O. , JOHANSSON EVA , WIREN A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe allergenic cross‐reactivity between storage mites (Lepidoglyphus destructor, Glycyphagus domesticus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro) and the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was studied with the radio‐allergo‐sorbent test (RAST) and the RAST inhibition technique. RAST‐positive sera were obtained from fifty‐three farmers who were positive to at least one of the four storage mites. Sera from twelve of these farmers, eight of whom were also positive to D. pteronyssinus, were investigated with the RAST inhibition technique. No significant correlations were found between IgE‐antibody levels to any single storage mite and D. pteronyssinus. There was no correlation between the RAST results to A. siro and G. domesticus, whereas a significant correlation was found between L. destructor, G. domesticus and T. putrescentiae. The RAST inhibition studies confirmed the greater allergenic similarity between L. destructor, G, domesticus and T. putrescentiae than between A. siro and the other three storage mites. The results of our studies support the hypothesis that each of the storage mites and D. pteronyssinus possess their own unique allergen or allergens. Furthermore, L. destructor, G. domesticus and T. putrescentiae seem to be allergenically more closely related to each other than to A. siro.
Prevention of fog‐induced bronchospasm by nedocromil sodium
Authors: ROBUSCHI M. , VAGHI A. , SIMONE P. , BIANCO S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA single dose double‐blind crossover study was performed to compare the efficacy of nedocromil sodium (4 mg) and placebo administered from pressurized aerosols against bronchoconstriction induced by the inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (fog) in twelve asthmatic subjects. Neither active nor placebo pre‐treatment produced any significant change in baseline FEV1 and SRaw. Nedocromil sodium significantly attenuated fog‐induced falls in FEV1 (P < 0.001) and increased specific airways resistance (SRaw, P < 0.01). The results provide further evidence of the potential therapeutic usefulness of nedocromil sodium in the management of chronic obstructive airways disease.
Allergy to venom from bee or wasp: the relation between clinical and immunological reactions to insect stings
Authors: HEINIG J. H. , ENGEL T. , WEEKE E. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySixty‐three patients, applying to the casualty ward after a bee or wasp sting, were tested. On the day of admission, and 4 weeks later, blood was sampled to measure specific IgE and IgG against bee and wasp venom and total IgE. Four weeks after the insect sting, all patients were examined with skin‐prick test (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml), and intracutaneous test (0.05 ml of extract 1.0 μg/ml). The amount of venom‐specific IgE and IgG increased significantly during the 4‐week period, venom‐specific IgE was most pronounced in patients experiencing the most severe clinical reactions. However, no significant correlations were found between the results of the immunological tests carried out 4 weeks after the insect sting and the clinical reaction upon the insect sting.
ELISA method for measurement of airborne levels of major laboratory animal allergens
Authors: PRICE JILL A. , LONGBOTTOM JOAN L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThree types of air‐sampling apparatus (the Air‐Sentinel, Burkard Personal Sampler and Casella Personal Sampler) were compared for their use in sampling the air in situations where individuals are exposed to laboratory animals, and a cascade impactor was used to determine the sizes of particles carrying the allergens under investigation. An ELISA, using monospecific antisera raised to selected major allergens of the mouse, rat and rabbit, i.e. mouse Ag 1 (mouse urinary prealbumin), rat Ag 4 (rat urinary prealbumin) and rabbit Ag R1, was developed to assay the extracts obtained from the samplers. This ELISA system was able to detect < 5 ng/m3 of allergen in sampled air. The rat and mouse allergens were shown to be carried mainly on particles of 6–18 μm, whereas the rabbit allergen was also found on particles of 2 μm and smaller. Allergen levels correlated well with the number of animals present in the room and the degree of activity during sampling. A protective filtered‐air hood, when worn during surgical operation procedures, was shown to reduce effectively the level of rat allergen breathed by an individual.