bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution of genetic and uterine environmental effects in a family study of new dermatoglyphic measure: Sole pattern ridge counts
Authors: Malhotra K. C. , Vijayakumar M. , Borecki I. B. , Mathew S. , Poosha D. V. R. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe heritability of sole pattern ridge counts was examined in two family studies of endogamous castes from peninsular India. The phenotypes included ridge counts for each of the eight configurational areas separately, all areas combined, and only distal areas combined. Differences in heritability estimates were found between populations as well as among the individual configurational areas. Although some ridge counts do not show familial resemblance, others appear to be moderately heritable. Estimates of h2 range from 0.36 to 0.63 in one family series and from 0.22 to 0.51 in the other. In addition, significant uterine environmental effects were detected in one family series but not in the other.
Transverse relationships of the infraorbital foramina in cleft and noncleft individuals
Authors: McKinstry Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn evaluation of the location of the infraorbital foramina in a transverse plane was undertaken by direct skull and radiographic measurements in unrepaired cleft palate and age‐ and sex‐matched noncleft individuals. Physioprints were obtained on six dry skulls with left‐sided clefts of the primary and secondary palates and on six age‐ and sex‐matched noncleft palate skulls. The left infraorbital foramen was found to be significantly superior in a transverse plane to the right infraorbital foramen in the cleft palate skulls. No significant differences in transverse location of the infraorbital foramina were found in the cleft skull group based on differences in sex or age. Posterioranterior cephalographs were obtained on 15 left unilateral cleft palate individuals and on age‐ and sex‐matched noncleft palate individuals. The location of the infraorbital foramina in a transverse plane in the posterior‐anterior cephalographs was found to be too variable to permit the use of parametric statistical tests. When the data on location of the infraorbital foramina were analyzed by a nonparametric statistical test it was found that the left infraorbital foramen was significantly superior to the right infraorbital foramen in the cleft palate individuals. The more superiorly placed infraorbital foramen on the cleft side was suggestive of a vertical deficiency of the maxilla on the cleft side.
Talocrural joint in African hominoids: Implications for Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Latimer Bruce , Ohman James C. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTalocrural joints of the African apes, modern humans, and A.L.288‐1 are compared in order to investigate ankle function in the Hadar hominids. Comparisons between the hominids and African pongids clearly illustrate the anatomical and mechanical changes that occurred in this joint as a consequence of the evolutionary transition to habitual bipedality. Features which are considered include the obliquity of the distal tibial articular surface, the shape of the talar trochlea, and the location and functional implications of the talocrural axis. In every functionally significant feature examined the A.L.288‐1 talocrural joint is fully bipedal. Moreover, the Hadar ankle complex also shows the functional constraints which are necessarily imposed by the adaptation to habitual bipedalism.
Basicranial morphology and ontogeny of the extinct giant lemur Megaladapis
Authors: MacPhee R. D. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe extinct Holocene giant lemurs of Madagascar—Magaladapis, Palaeopropithecus, and Archaeoindris—possess a suite of basicranial features not found in any other lemuriforms: (1) ectotympanic not “free,” (2) external acoustic canal elongated, (3) tympanic floors not swollen, and (4) reduced internal carotid and stapedial arteries. According to some authors, the first three traits are strongly convergent on morphological conditions in catarrhine primates. Study of juvenile and adult stages of Megaladapis indicates that the actual degree of convergence, from an ontogentic perspective, is rather slight. Giant lemurs, as a consequence of their massive body size, exhibit more exaggerated versions of traits characteristic of all members of infraorder Lemuriformes. (1) Although the ectotympanic is expanded and fused to the bulla, fusion results from complete obliteration of the recessus dehiscence; anthropoids have a different ectotympanic‐petrosal relationship and never exhibit a recessus dehiscence. (2) Although the external acoustic canal is elongated, its exterior portion is formed by the petrosal, and not by the ectotympanic as in anthropoids. (3) The volume of the middle ear is negatively allometric with respect to body size; in the absence of specific sorts of auditory specialization, mammals having the projected body sizes of the giant lemurs would be expected to have relatively small tympanic cavities, and therefore to lack prominent bullae. (4) The internal carotid systems of palaeopropithecines and Megaladapis are absolutely and relatively reduced; to compensate for this, these lemurs apparently relied on the vertebrobasilar system for most of their cerebro‐orbital supply, and on divisions of the external carotid for meningeal supply. It is important to note that the basicrania of giant lemurs display the same essential combination of traits that serve to distinguish lemurs from other euprimates (e.g., aphaneric ectotympanic, importance of the vertebrobasilar system, entry point of internal carotid stem into middle ear). This implies that the ontogenetic basis for these features is not easily modified and provides a justification for the heavy weight traditionally placed upon this region by paleoprimatologists.
Biological affinities between the migrant groups of fishermen of Puri Coast, Orissa, India
Authors: Reddy B. Mohan , Chopra Virendra P. , Mukherjee Deba P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological affinities between the three endogamous groups of marine fishermen of Puri are examined with the help of nine anthropometric measurements and 22 dermatoglyphic traits of fingers and palms. The results are interpreted in the light of their ethnic, geographical, and migrational backgrounds. Multiple discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis's generalized distances suggest higher discrimination of populations with reference to anthropometric traits as compared to that in dermatoglyphic variables. While the nature of interpopulation distances conforms to the geographic pattern in anthropometrics, no clear picture emerges in the dermatoglyphic distances supporting either ethnic or geographic evidence.
Anthropometric analysis of the face in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A family study
Authors: Ward Richard E. , Bixler David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSixteen individuals with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) were compared to normal standards as well as to 16 unaffected family members by using a series of 20 anthropometric measurements of the head and face. Individuals with HED were generally smaller than normal controls or their unaffected relatives. However, this size reduction was not uniform. Instead, it was most evident in the anterior‐posterior dimensions of the lower two‐thirds of the face, in facial height, and in the size of the ears, nose, and mouth. A stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that a function constructed from four variables (depth of the lower face, width of the nose, mandibular arc, and total facial height) could accurately classify 96.7% of the 32 individuals in the combined sample of affected and unaffected individuals. These findings demonstrated that the face of individuals with HED is unique and can be useful in its diagnosis. Additional studies are needed to determine if similar‐though‐less‐pronounced facial abnormalities can be used to detect minimally affected gene carriers of this presumably X‐linked condition.
Describing a craniofacial anomaly: Finite elements and the biometrics of landmark locations
Authors: Bookstein Fred L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn intergroup comparison of cephalometric landmark configurations by the finite‐element method elegantly depicts the algebra of some of the size and shape change measures that one may define by reference to those landmarks. In studies of mean differences between groups, the statistical analysis of these finite elements is equivalent to competent statistical analysis of the same data using any other geometric metaphor, such as properly standardized vector descriptions of landmark “movement” or scalar measures, size and shape variables, taken in sufficient variety. In applications to landmark data, the reality of finite‐element depictions is purely statistical rather than phenomenological. In the absence of additional evidence, they should not be held either more or less biologically meaningful than other descriptions of the same landmark changes to which they lead. These propositions are exemplified using landmark data from 13 cases of Apert syndrome.
Endemic disease patterns in Paleopathology: Porotic hyperostosis
Authors: Palkovich Ann M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent research has shown that constitutional factors can elicit a porotic skeletal lesion pattern related to iron‐deficiency anemia, even when adequate dietary iron is available. This study considers the pattern of skeletal involvement under conditions of chronic or endemic dietary stress. Analysis focused on 54 subadults aged 0–10 years at death from the Arroyo Hondo site. Early age of onset is documented in the pattern of coincident active periosteal reactions and porotic lesions under 6 months. Endemically inadequate diets affecting pregnant females and their fetuses, acting synergistically with immediately acquired infections, not weaning diets, are the probable major underlying causes for the early onset of iron‐deficiency anemia at Arroyo Hondo.
New Australopithecus boisei specimens from east and west Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew specimens of Plio‐Pleistocene Australopithecus boisei are described from east and west Lake Turkana in Northern Kenya. These include a cranium and partial mandible from deposits close to 2.5 Myr and two partial crania and two mandibles from later horizons. The earlier fossils enable us to decipher, for the first time, some of the in situ evolution of this species within the Turkana Basin. The following are among the important changes in the cranium through time: 1) increase in size and change in shape of the braincase, 2) changes in the meningeal vessel pattern and possibly in the venous drainage pattern, 3) increased flexion of the cranial base and decreased prognathism, and 4) changes in the temporal bone to bring about a more vertical posterior face of the petrous pyramid and the development of a strong articular eminence.
Comparative craniofacial variation in Navajo Indians and North American Caucasians
Authors: Phipps Gerald S. , German Rebecca Z. , Smith Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLandmarks digitized from lateral cephalometric radiographs of 107 Navajo Indians between 10 and 12 years of age were analyzed to determine coefficients of variation or standard deviations for 38 cephalometric measurements. These values were compared with the same measures of variation for identical measurements on North American whites derived from the Michigan and Philadelphia Growth Studies. For the majority of variables, there were no differences between groups. Variation for the genetically and environmentally isolated Navajo Indians was the same as that of the highly diverse Caucasian samples. However, measurements of upper, lower, and total anterior facial height (N‐ANS, ANS‐Me, and N‐Me, respectively) indicate that these features are substantially less variable in Navajo Indians relative to the Michigan and Philadelphia populations.
Human temporal bone from the Lower Paleolithic site of Castel di Guido, near Rome, Italy
Authors: Mallegni F. , Radmilli A. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Castel di Guido site, with an estimated age of approximately 300,000 years, has yielded abundant animal remains, Acheulian stone and bone bifaces, and small tools. On the surface of the original deposit, turned over by agricultural activities, fragments of human remains were discovered between 1980 and 1986, including a temporal bone described here.
Age and sex biases in the preservation of human skeletal remains
Authors: Walker Phillip L. , Johnson John R. , Lambert Patricia M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInaccuracies introduced through biases in preservation are a major source of error in paleodemographic reconstructions. Although it is generally assumed that such biases exist, little is known about their magnitude. To investigate this problem, we studied age and sex differences in the preservation of skeletal remains from Mission La Purisima and a prehistoric cemetery (Ca‐Ven‐110). Comparison of mortality profiles obtained through analysis of skeletal remains and burial records from the mission indicates that biases in preservation can be very significant in poorly preserved skeletal collections. The Purisima burial records show that most of the people interred in the cemetery were either infants or elderly adults. The skeletal remains, in contrast, are predominantly those of young adults. The burial records and skeletal collection produced comparable sex ratios. These results show that age biases in preservation are much more important than sex biases. This conclusion is supported by data on the completeness of the skeletons from La Purisima and Ca‐Ven‐110. At both sites, the remains of young adults were better preserved than those of children or elderly adults, and the completeness of male and female skeletons was comparable.
On generating birth rates from skeletal populations
Authors: Horowitz Sheryl , Armelagos George , Wachter Ken 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSattenspiel and Harpending (1983, American Antiquity 48(3): 489–498) have stated that the life expectancy at birth (e) which paleodemographers calculate from skeletal population data is actually the mean age at death (ād) of the population. Yet, only when a population is neither growing or declining (i.e., is stationary) are these two statistics equivalent. They further assert, that the mean age at the death (ād) is more accurately interpreted as a measure of the fertility of the population.While we support their statement that since paleodemographic calculations use skeletal evidence of death, these do not a priori produce life expectancy values, we disagree that the inverse of the birth rate is a substitute for the average age at death (ād). The following pages demonstrate that: 1) An exact expression for the relationship between ād and 1/b can be derived using standard stable population theory, wherein ād = 1/b is shown to be a special case. 2) There are only two cases when ād = 1/b is an identity. 3) Whereas empirically ād and 1/b appear to correspond closely, this is an artifact of heavy mortality at early ages, which is a characteristic of the populations being considered. 4) Without insights into the behavioral dynamics of the situation any assessment of the demographics of the population is questionable.
Absence of strongly kin‐preferential behavior by adult female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Ehardt Carolyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that kin‐preferential behavior would be present in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), a species taxonomically close to baboons and macaques. The affiliative behavior of the adult female members of a large captive group of these mangabeys was analyzed to test this prediction. These females groomed, were approached by, were in proximity to, and were in contact with their kin significantly more than expected, but only when all kin were included in the analysis. Removal of only the mother‐infant (< 1 year) dyadic interactions removed all significant kin effects. Kin‐preferential behavior was also absent in affiliative interactions among the adult females as a class. Affiliation between mothers and offspring significantly exceeded that for all other kinship categories (such as siblings, etc.), and affiliation with kin other than offspring did not differ from that with nonkin adults. In their interactions with nonkin, the adult females showed some preference (duration of grooming) for those adult females of similar age, an effect predicted by the intensity of interaction among members of the same age cohort during development. These similar‐aged females may also be paternally related. In comparing these results with the existing literature on kin‐preferential behavior, two conclusions may be reached: (1) age and degree of kinship are primary factors that must be considered in order to avoid the existing overgeneralization of the importance of kinship in primate social organization, and (2) the role and importance of affiliative behavior in kin‐selection theory should perhaps be re‐examined in light of questions raised by this study.
Bone resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in humans and nonhuman mammals
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome innominates of adult human females show areas of bone resorption on the dorsal aspect of the pubic corpus and preauricular area of the ilium. For both sites, many studies have shown a positive association between degree of resorption and parity. The present study tested hypotheses concerning resorption of the pubis and preauricular area. Samples of innominates from three prehistoric Amerindian populations were used. Within each population, only a minority of females, in general, showed resorption more severe than that which characterized males. The severity of resorption of the pubis was not significantly associated with that of the preauricular area. Pitting of the pubis, but not of the preauricular area, was significantly correlated with age‐at‐death in each sample of Amerindian females. Also, sacral angulation was not significantly associated with resorption of the preauricular area. Observations on resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in samples of Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla are reported.In previous studies on resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in the human innominate, the proposed etiologies involve ligamentous hyperplasia and joint trauma. However, a number of studies on resorption of the pubis in the nonhuman mammalian innominate have been overlooked by anthropologists. These latter studies demonstrate that estrogen alone can induce resorption of the mammalian pubis by stimulating the synthesis of osteoclastic enzymes. Partial resorption of the pubis may be obstetrically advantageous in some mammals, as resorption would delay or inhibit synostosis of the interpubic joint. The relationship between estrogen and the preauricular area is an issue that requires further research.
Genetic studies among the sedentes and migrant oraons of eastern India
Authors: Saha N. , Tay Jsh. , Piplai C. , Gupta R. , Roy SK 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 334 Oraons of both sexes from two localities in eastern India were tested for 11 polymorphic and six monomorphic blood genetic markers. The sample comprised 130 sedentes from the Gumla district in Bihar and 204 migrants to the Jalpaiguri district of North Bengal. At the hemoglobin locus one example of HbAS was observed in the Gumla sample, while two cases of HbAS were found in the Jalpaiguri group. The Oraons are a distinct tribe and are characterized by a very low frequency of Hp1, TFC2, and a high frequency of TfD1 and Gc1F at the serum protein loci. In the red cell enzyme systems the Oraons have a higher frequency of pa at the acid phosphatase locus and GLO1 at the Glyoxalase I locus. Absence of red cell lactate dehydrogenase and very low Hbs and GdB‐ is also characteristic of the Oraons. A probable new nondeficient slow variant of Gd has been observed in polymorphic frequency in the Oraons of Gumla. There was an excess of homozygotes at the Gc locus. No significant difference in the gene frequency between the two groups of Oraons was observed at any of the loci. Genetic distance estimates using the gene frequency data indicate that the Oraons of the two localities are genetically homogeneous and form one cluster with the Bhils. They are nearer to the Irula and Kurumba tribes of the Nilgiris rather than the other Dravidian tribes, Tamils, or Nayars.
Mathematical hazard models of mortality: An alternative to model life tables
Authors: Gage Timothy B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA five‐parameter competing hazard model of the age pattern of mortality is described, and methods of fitting it to survivorship, death rate, and age structure data are developed and presented. The methods are then applied to published life table and census data to construct life tables for a Late Woodland population, a Christian period Nubian population, and the Yanomama. The advantage of this approach over the use of model life tables is that the hazard model facilitates life‐table construction without imposing a particular age pattern of mortality on the data. This development makes it possible to use anthropological data to extend the study of human variation in mortality patterns to small populations.
Subscapularis function in gibbons and chimpanzees: Implications for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids
Authors: Larson Susan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChimpanzees and gibbons, along with other hominoids, share a number of features in the morphology of their shoulders that have generally been associated with use of the upper limb in overhead postural and locomotor activities. These include the position and shape of the scapula, as well as the morphology of the proximal end of the humerus. Results of an electromyographic (EMG) analysis of shoulder muscle activity patterns indicate that these two species of hominoids also share broad similarities in shoulder muscle function during locomotion and voluntary movements. Differences do exist, however, in the activity patterns of subscapularis, a medial rotator of the arm. These differences mainly involve a greater participation by the gibbon subscapularis in free arm movements. This greater participation is characterized by earlier onset of muscle activity, higher amplitude of recruitment, and involvement of more of the total mass of the muscle. These differences in muscle recruitment suggest that the shoulder of gibbons differs from that of chimpanzees in some manner that necessitates the greater contribution of a medial rotator to the production of motion in the upper limb. I suggest that the low degree of humeral head torsion in gibbons, compared to that of other hominoids, gives their elbow a “lateral set” that must be overcome by the action of subscapularis during free arm movements. I propose that this modest degree of humeral head torsion in gibbons reflects a compromise between necessary changes caused by the repositioning of the scapula onto the dorsum of the thorax and the demands for extreme positioning of the elbow during brachiation. In addition, I suggest that the greater amount of torsion in the chimpanzee humerus is an accommodation to quadrupedal habits, and finally, that the high degree of torsion in human humeri is an independently acquired trait related to use of the upper limb as a manipulatory organ.