bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of, and attitudes to, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in rural communities in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Bassey E. B. , Elemuwa C. O. , Anukam K. C. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  To survey knowledge of, and attitudes to, HIV/AIDS held by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in rural communities in Cross River State, Nigeria.Background:  As the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread, undermining development, reversing health gains and exacerbating poverty, TBAs in rural communities in Cross River State, Nigeria are still less informed about this dreadful disease.Methods:  A survey consisting of structured questionnaires was used with 140 randomly selected TBAs to assess their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, source of information on HIV and protective practices.Findings:  Results revealed that 62 (44.3%) of the TBAs had no formal education. Forty‐four (31.4%) had primary education, while 19 (13.6%) had secondary education. On knowledge of HIV and sources of information, 49 (35.0%) of respondents reported knowing what HIV means. While 26.4% indicated that they received information about HIV from the government health centres, 23.6% had no information about the disease. There was a great disparity between male (73.7%) and female (28.9%) respondents on knowledge about HIV. On the use of protective safety procedures during delivery, 61 (43.6%) used sterilized blades, while 10.7% admitted wearing protective clothes and gloves. Only three (2.1%) of the respondents said that they were aware of the HIV status of their clients prior to delivery.Conclusions:  This survey has demonstrated that few TBAs in the communities studied in Cross River State are informed about HIV/AIDS, and this has revealed the urgency of starting a programme specifically designed for TBAs in rural communities towards a massive educational campaign on HIV/AIDS.
Mitigating the plight of HIV‐infected and ‐affected nurses in Zambia
Authors: Vitols M.P. , Du Plessis E. , Ng’andu O. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  This article responds to the challenge to nurses to ensue and write about successful HIV‐related research projects. The article describes the highly valuable ‘Caring for the Caregivers’ project in Zambia, highlighting the development of the project, valuable lessons learnt and further developments. The article serves as a valuable guideline for nurses and health professionals from other disciplines in developing similar projects.Background:  In a sub‐Saharan country hard hit by HIV/AIDS, nurses and midwives desperately need support. The Zambian Nurses’ Association and the Norwegian Nurses’ Organisation partnered to mitigate the plight of infected and affected nurses in Zambia in a sustainable manner.Focus of this article:  This article highlights the successes of this partnership, as well as valuable lessons learnt. It reflects on a needs assessment survey carried out to identify the needs of nurses in caring for AIDS patients, and describes the ensuing recommendations and implementation of the ‘Caring for the Caregivers’ project, focusing on training, local support groups and monitoring. Further developments are mentioned briefly and the relevance of such a partnership and ensuing project for the discipline of nursing is also commented on.
Marginalization of girl mothers during reintegration from armed groups in Sierra Leone
Authors: Burman M.E. , McKay S. 
Published: October 2007

Background: Although the widespread presence of girls who participate in fighting forces is increasingly recognized, they remain a highly marginalized group globally, receiving little attention either during or after armed conflict. This is especially true for “girl mothers,” girls who return to communities with children born while members of fighting forces.Aim: The concept of marginalization (Hall et al. 1994) is used to examine what happens to girl soldiers, especially girl mothers, in the aftermath of armed conflict when they seek to reintegrate back into their communities.Methods: This analysis, as part of a larger study of reintegration of girl mothers, is based on field work with girls who were in fighting forces in northwest Sierra Leone, especially those who returned with children.Findings: The type and level of marginalization these girls experience is consistent with the conceptualization of marginalization; however, they lack voice and experience shame and vulnerability. Moreover, economics were fundamentally related to their marginalization. The girls’ access to resources was significantly constrained because the area was heavily impacted by the war and because of widespread poverty throughout Sierra Leone.Discussion: The findings raise important questions about marginalization of girls affected by war. Girls and girl mothers experience an extremely high level of marginalization; however, some aspects are not consistent with the original conceptualization of marginalization. Theory development in nursing needs to incorporate multiple voices, especially those of the very marginalized and be done in such a manner that benefits and empowers.
Verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey
Authors: Çelik S.Ş. , Çelik Y. , Ağırbaş İ. , Uğurluoğlu Ö. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  This study of verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey aimed to describe prevalence, sources, important effects on work, family and social life of the nurses, coping methods and factors.Methods:  A sample of 622 nurses working in eight hospitals located in the capital city of Turkey was surveyed using verbal and physical abuse questionnaires.Results:  The prevalence of verbal and physical abuse against nurses in the sample of this study were found to be as 91.1% and 33.0% respectively. Colleagues were found to be the most important source of verbally abusive behaviours while patients and patients’ relatives were the important sources of physically abusive behaviours. Disturbed mental health, decreased job performance and headache were the more frequently reported negative effects of verbal and physical abuses on nurses. The most common reactions against abusive behaviours were anger, helplessness, humiliation and depression. It is interesting to find that ‘did nothing’ was the most reported coping method with verbal abuse. The findings also suggested that working in inpatient units and increasing work experience in the nursing profession were statistically significant variables increasing the likelihood of being abused physically.Discussion:  All the results on sources, negative effects, feelings and coping methods on verbally and physically abusive behaviours lead us to discuss that lower working status and power of the nurses at the work, poor working conditions in healthcare settings and insufficient administrative mechanisms as well as law and regulations against the abusers are the important factors forcing the nurses to work in an inappropriate work environment in Turkey.
An educational process to strengthen primary care nursing practices in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Chiesa A.M. , Fracolli L.A. 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To describe the experience of a registered nurse (RN) training process related to the Family Health Program (FHP) developed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.Background:  The FHP is a national, government strategy to restructure primary care services. It focuses on the family in order to understand its physical and social structure in regards to the health–illness process. In the FHP, the RN is a member of a team with the same number as medical doctors – an unprecedented situation. The FHP requires a discussion of the RNs’ practice, by qualifying and empowering them with tools and knowledge.Methods:  The training process was based on Freire’s approach founded on critical pedagogy in order to address the fundamental problem of inequalities in health. The first phase included workshops and the second one included a course. The workshops identified the following problems related to the RN’s work: lack of tools to identify the population’s needs; overload of work due to the accumulation of management and assistance activities; difficulties regarding teamwork; lack of tools to evaluate the impact of nursing interventions; lack of tools to improve the participation of the community. The course was organized to tackle these problems under five thematic headings.Results:  The RN’s training process allowed the group to reflect deeply on its work. This experience led to the need for the construction of tools to intervene in the reality, mainly against social exclusion, rescuing and adapting of the knowledge accumulated in the healthcare practice, identifying settings which demand institutional solutions and engaging the RN in research groups in order to develop projects according to the complexity of the primary care services.Conclusion:  The application of the concept of equity in the health sector represented a reaction against the processes of social exclusion, starting from performance at a local level to become a reality in the accomplishments achieved by the Brazilian National Health System. This training process allowed us to evaluate that partnership, which has produced many concrete results in addressing both parts of the Inequalities in Health dilemma and which is a productive way of building up a new model of health.
Acceptance and disclosure of HIV status through an integrated community/home‐based care program in South Africa
Authors: Ncama B. P . 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  To report the outcome of a comparative study among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) served by an integrated community/home‐based care (ICHC) programme and those who are not in any home‐based care programme in terms of acceptance and disclosure of the HIV status.Background:  One of the major challenges in HIV/AIDS care in developing countries is acceptance and disclosure of a positive HIV status by PLWHAs. Denial and non‐disclosure of HIV status hinders prevention efforts as well as access to treatment, care and support for PLWHAs.Methods:  Quantitative data were collected in 2004 from a group of PLWHAs served by the ICHC programme and a group that was not receiving any community/home‐based care. Data were compared between the two groups in terms of acceptance and disclosure of HIV status.Findings:  The ICHC was effective in improving acceptance and disclosure of the HIV‐positive status by PLWHAs in the programme. PLWHAs in the ICHC programme did not find disclosure of their status difficult, and had disclosed their positive HIV status to more people than those who are not in any programme. PLWHAs in the ICHC programme not only disclosed their positive HIV status within their family network and households, but also disclosed to the community in general, sports group, religious groups and other social networks.Conclusions:  Community/home‐based care programmes can serve as catalysts for acceptance and disclosure of a positive HIV status by PLWHAs.
Hurricane Katrina: prior trauma, poverty and health among Vietnamese‐American survivors
Authors: Chen A.C.‐C. , Keith V.M. , Leong K.J. , Airriess C. , Li W. , Chung K.‐Y. , Lee C.‐C. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  The flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina revealed the disproportionate vulnerability of ethnic minority communities for emergency preparedness, disaster relief and health. Nurses need to analyse Katrina's health consequences for the most vulnerable segments of our society.Aim:  To examine factors contributing to differential health outcomes among the New Orleans Vietnamese community in response to Katrina.Methods:  A sample of 113 adult Vietnamese Katrina survivors from New Orleans was recruited. A mixed‐method approach, including survey and focus groups, was used to collect data. Survey questions were modified from standardized instruments to evaluate survivors' health status and factors contributing to health outcomes. Multivariate and content analysis were used to investigate effects of prior trauma, financial strain, social support and acculturation level in predicting survivors' health outcomes.Results:  Findings suggested financial strain was the strongest risk factor for Vietnamese survivors' post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and physical and mental health post‐disaster; while social support was a strong protective factor for health. Survivors who perceived higher impact from previous traumatic experiences had poorer physical health, but not PTSD symptoms or poor mental health after controlling for financial strain and social support, suggesting complex relationships among these measures in predicting PTSD symptoms and health. Less‐acculturated individuals also reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms and poorer physical health.Conclusions:  Catastrophic events like Katrina can result in disproportionate risk of negative health outcomes among vulnerable populations. Nurses should take into account prior trauma, financial strain, social support network and acculturation level, to adequately address survivors' needs.
THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY, NOVEMBER 1958
Authors: Mathews Russell 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThis survey suggests that the authorities have been reasonably successful in their efforts to shelter the Australian economy from the adverse external situation. Unless there is a sudden and substantial reversal of recent trends, however, the battleground of economic policy will soon change from the domestic field to the balance of payments; and drastic action, perhaps devaluation of the Australian pound, will be needed in order to restore external equilibrium. In any event it will be necessary to find a method of financing our economic development that does not involve the continued use of our international reserves. The task of making adequate provision for housing and ancillary services, health and education, transport, and industrial development will for demographic and other reasons continue to be a pressing one throughout the next decade. If the impetus to economic expansion is not to be checked it will almost certainly be necessary to increase domestic savings. At the end of 1958 the basic problem of Australian economic policy is to reconcile the requirements of a rapid rate of development with the loss of resources resulting from the substantial deterioration that has occurred in our external position.
CRYING OVER SPILT MILK
Authors: Gruen F. H. 
Published: October 2007

“Generally a dairy farmer gets plenty of advice… All of this advice is well meant:some of it is good, particularly that falling within the field of the advisors' operations; but there is sometimes trespass into other fields, and wrong advice, given in good faith, involves the farmer in expense and wasted effort.”1960 Report of the Dairy Industry Committee of Enquiry.
HIRE PURCHASE AND THE STABILITY OF CONSUMPTION
Authors: Cameron Burgess 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe argument of this paper may be summarised:Consumption expenditure depends upon the sum of households' income after tax plus the rise in outstanding hire purchase liabilities. Hence when hire purchase outstandings rise, say from zero, consumption rises. This higher level of consumption expenditure will only be maintained so long as hire purchase outstandings continue to rise by the same annual amount. But outstandings will not continue to rise if personal disposable income is fixed, because a rise in outstandings necessitates a rise in hire purchase repayments and there is a limit to the ratio of repayments to income which people are prepared to undertake. Hence at some point consumption falls.In essence this argument is that the average propensity to consume rises when hire purchase is introduced and falls subsequently. This proposition remains substantially true if personal disposable income is not fixed but is rising. Thus if national income is rising at a constant rate because of a rise in the work force, hire purchase outstandings will initially grow at a more rapid rate than national income in order to reach the acceptable repayments/income ratio for the existing population. Subsequently hire purchase outstandings must grow less rapidly at a rate equal to national income. This fall m the rate of growth of outstandings involves a lower average propensity to consume.Finally, if national income falls in a recession it seems likely that hire purchase outstandings not merely do not rise but may fall sharply as the disemployed and people on short time seek to pay off their hire purchase contracts without entering into new contracts. This will cause the average propensity to consume to fall further. In the subsequent boom this process may be reversed.The first two paragraphs of this summary suggest a once‐for‐all fluctuation in the average propensity to consume. The third paragraph suggests that the fluctuation may be perpetuated in a steady (or unsteady) cycle.
AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC STRATEGY*
Authors: Smithies Arthur 
Published: October 2007

SummaryTo summarize, the Australian economic strategy since the war should be enlarged in several directions:(a) The current balance‐of‐payments deficit should be eliminated over the next decade.(b) Government expenditures, particularly on defence and foreign aid, should be increased, with total expenditures or goods and services rising to about 25 per cent of G.N.P.(c) The efficiency of investment in public works and housing should be improved.(d) Taxes and domestic savings should be increased.(e) New wage‐price policies should be evolved to avoid chronic tendencies towards inflation
Cost of Protection of the U. S. Wool Sector
Authors: CRAMMATTE EDITH , DARDIS RACHEL 
Published: October 2007

The present system of protection of the U. S. wool sector affords an opportunity for examining the interdependence of intermediate and final goods sectors when both are protected. It also illustrates the cumulative nature of protective devices.In this study an intermediate good model is employed to investigate the cost to the United States of maintaining the present method of protection for raw wool and wool products1. The concept of a net tariff is utilized to represent the actual protection afforded to a final good when its inputs are also protected. This net tariff is related to the effective protective rate which has been frequently mentioned in the literature. It is, however, more useful when the question of cost allocation between sectors is under consideration. The intermediate good model also permits an estimation of the gain from the removal of protection in either the raw wool or wool products sector as well as an estimation of the gain from adopting alternative methods of protection such as deficiency payments.
Australian Company Mergers 1960‐1970*
Authors: Stewart I. C. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThis study recorded 340 international mergers and 1992 domestic mergers in Australia in the period mid 1959‐December 1970. In the 1,460 mergers for which price information was available, the total merger value amounted to $2,283.3 million. The merger movement was most intensive in the later years of the period, with $1,034.8 million being paid for 429 firms during 1968‐1970. This compares with some 1,157 mergers transacted at a total cost of $558.4 million recorded by Mr Bushnell [2] in the period 1947‐to mid 1959.23While mergers took place in almost all industries, they were not uniformly distributed. More than two‐thirds of foreign take‐overs occurred in manufacturing, compared with less than one‐half of domestic mergers in manufacturing. Foreign companies have purchased the largest or leading Australian firms in their respective industries. Moreover, United States take‐overs were important in basic chemicals and flour mill and cereal products; on the other hand, United Kingdom take‐overs were prominent in beverages and malt, other industrial machinery and fabricated metal products. Among the foreign acquiring companies, merger activity was more concentrated in United Kingdom‐based companies than among United States‐based companies. For the period as a whole, domestic take‐overs outnumbered foreign take‐overs by more than 5·5 to 1. In examining the limited evidence for foreign take‐over activity in the period 1946‐59,24 it is apparent that foreign firms have accounted for a much higher share of merger activity during the nineteen‐sixties. In addition, mergers overseas have brought together the Australian subsidiaries of the merging companies.Mr Bushnell [2] rated the tax structure including all its ramifications as probably the single most important cause for mergers.25 While tax factors have continued to play an important role in merger activity, it appears that, during the sixties, a far more important reason for mergers in many industries has been the so‐called proliferation effect of mergers. As some firms, especially the multinationals, took over leading local companies making for cost and competitive advantages, invariably the smaller remaining independent firms were compelled to resort to mergers for defensive reasons. The owners of many of these firms, fearing a war of attrition, took advantage of avoiding risks by capitalizing future profits in the form of tax‐free capital gains, by selling out before a situation emerged where their bargaining power would have been seriously eroded. Most of these firms disappearing into mergers, did so with partners closely related to their existing operations. Approximately three‐fourths of domestic and foreign take‐overs were of the broad horizontal class.
Trade Policy in the Presence of Economies of Scale and Product Variety*
Authors: Snape Richard H. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIt is well known that laissez faire may not be the ‘first‐best’ policy in a closed economy where economies of scale are present. Corden has shown that this conclusion can carry over into an open economy, though under his assumption that imported goods are perfect substitutes for home‐produced goods, interference with international trade could not raise real income. We have shown that where there are economies of scale, and imported goods are not identical to the home produced goods, interference with trade could raise real national income, though such a form of intervention would not normally be optimal. Further, it could even be desirable to support home production of more than one ‘variety’. Measurements of ‘costs of protection’ that aggregate several varieties into one may mislead not only regarding the size of the cost but even regarding its sign.
Aspects of Monetary Theory and Policy*
Authors: PORTER MICHAEL G. 
Published: October 2007

Contributions to monetary theory are reviewed, with emphasis on issues facing small open economies such as Australia. We consider the increased emphasis on information in commode it yes change, and the information content of different stabilization policies. ‘Ration’ expectations. Wealth effects, discretionary monetary policy and the alleged ‘death of Keynes’ are discussed in this context.The section on open economies discusses alternative models of exchange rate determination and monetary aspects of international transmission processes. The ‘problem’ of overshooting exchange rates is analyzed.The paper also reviews the debate on financial regulation and issues facing the Inquiry into the Australian Financial System.