bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide metabolite production in the cranial cruciate ligament, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Spreng David , Sigrist Nadja , Jungi Thomas , Busato André , Lang Johann , Pfister Hedi , Schawalder Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite-nitrate [NOt]) in cartilage, synovial membrane, and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs and evaluate associations with osteoarthritis in dogs with CCL rupture.Animals—46 dogs with CCL rupture and 54 control dogs without joint disease.Procedure—Tissue specimens for histologic examination and explant culture were harvested during surgery in the CCL group or immediately after euthanasia in the control group; NOt concentrations were measured in supernatant of explant cultures and compared among dogs with various degrees of osteoarthritis and between dogs with and without CCL rupture.Results—Osteoarthritic cartilage had significantly higher NOt concentration (1,171.6 nmol/g) than did healthy cartilage (491.0 nmol/g); NOt concentration was associated with severity of macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Synovial membrane NOt concentration did not differ between dogs with and without CCL rupture. Ruptured CCL produced less NOt than did intact ligaments. In control dogs, NOt concentrations were similar for intact ligaments (568.1 nmol/g) and articular cartilage (491.0 nmol/g). Synthesis of NOt was inhibited substantially by coincubation with inhibitors.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that NOt in canine joint tissues originates from the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Nitric oxide metabolite production in cartilage was greater in dogs with osteoarthritis than in healthy dogs and was associated with lesion severity, suggesting that nitric oxide inhibitors may be considered as a treatment for osteoarthritis. The CCL produces substantial concentrations of NOt; the importance of this finding is unknown. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:530–536)
Effects of phenylbutazone on bone activity and formation in horses
Authors: Rohde Carsten , Anderson David E. , Bertone Alicia L. , Weisbrode Stephen E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) on bone activity and bone formation in horses.Animals—12 healthy 1- to 2-year-old horses.Procedures—Biopsy was performed to obtain unicortical bone specimens from 1 tibia on day 0 and from the contralateral tibia on day 14. Fluorochromic markers were administered IV 2 days prior to and on days 0, 10, 15, and 25 after biopsy was performed. Six horses received PBZ (4.4 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) and 6 horses were used as controls. All horses were euthanatized on day 30 and tissues from biopsy sites, with adjacent cortical bone, were collected. Osteonal density and activity, mineral apposition rate (MAR), and percentage of mineralized tissue filling the biopsy-induced defects in cortical bone were assessed. Serum samples from all horses were analyzed for bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and concentration of PBZ.Results—MAR was significantly decreased in horses treated with PBZ. Regional acceleratory phenomenon was observed in cortical bone in both groups but was significantly decreased in horses treated with PBZ. Osteonal activity was similar at all time points in all horses. In control horses, percentage of mineralized tissue filling the cortical defects was significantly greater in defects present for 30 days, compared with defects present for 14 days. Differences in percentage of mineralized tissue were not detected in horses treated with PBZ.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PBZ decreased MAR in cortical bone and appeared to decrease healing rate of cortical defects in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:537–543)
Microcrack density and length in the proximal and distal metaphyses of the humerus and radius in dogs
Authors: Muir Peter , Ruaux-Mason Caroline P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare microcrack density and length in the proximal and distal metaphyses of the humerus and radius in dogs.Sample Population—Left humerus and radius from each of 10 dogs of medium to large size.Procedure—Metaphyseal specimens were bulk stained in 1% basic fuchsin in graded alcohols and embedded in methylmethacrylate. For quantification of fatigue-induced microscopic damage, transverse sections were prepared from proximal and distal metaphyseal regions, and length and density of microcracks were determined, using light microscopy.Results—Bone region, age, and body weight were not significantly associated with microcrack density or length.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The hypothesis that fatigue-induced injury (increased microcrack density and length) caused by cyclic loading associated with daily activity is greater in bone regions prone to development of osteosarcoma was not supported by data from this study. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:6–8)
Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity
Authors: vet Jörg M. Steiner, vetmed,Dr med , Williams David A. , Moeller Erik M. , Melgarejo Tonatiuh 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop and validate an ELISA for quantitative analysis of feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI).Sample Population—Purified feline cationic trypsin (fCT) and rabbit anti-fCT antiserum; blood samples from 63 healthy cats.Procedures—A sandwich capture ELISA was developed, using anti-fCT antiserum purified by affinity chromatography that underwent biotinylation. Purified fCT was used for standards. The assay was validated by determination of sensitivity, working range, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. A reference range was established by assaying serum samples from the 63 healthy cats.Results—Sensitivity was 1.23 µg/L; working range was 2 to 567 µg/L. Ratios of observed versus expected results for 4 samples tested at various dilutions ranged from 90.0 to 120.7%. Ratios of observed versus expected results for 5 samples spiked with various concentrations of fCT ranged from 82.0 to 101.8%. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variability ranged from 9.9 to 11.1% and from 10.2 to 21.7%, respectively. The reference range for serum fTLI measured with this ELISA was 12 to 82 µg/L.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that an ELISA can be used to measure serum fTLI in cats. The ELISA was sufficiently sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for clinical use. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:620–623)
Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in dogs after oral and intravenous administration
Authors: Marsella Rosanna , Nicklin Constance F. , Munson John W. , Roberts Stephen M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline
(PTX) and its 5-hydroxyhexyl-metabolite,
metabolite 1 (M1), in dogs after IV administration of a
single dose and oral administration of multiple doses.

Animals—7 sexually intact, female, mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—A crossover study design was used so
that each of the dogs received all treatments in random
order. A drug-free period of 5 days was allowed
between treatments. Treatments included IV administration
of a single dose of PTX (15 mg/kg of body
weight), oral administration of PTX with food at a
dosage of 15 mg/kg (q 8 h) for 5 days, and oral administration
of PTX without food at a dosage of 15 mg/kg
(q 8 h) for 5 days. Blood samples were taken at 0.25,
0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours after the first and last
dose of PTX was administered PO, and at 5, 10, 20, 40,
80, and 160 minutes after PTX was administered IV.

Results—PTX was rapidly absorbed and eliminated
after oral administration. Mean bioavailability after
oral administration ranged from 15 to 32% among
treatment groups and was not affected by the presence
of food. Higher plasma PTX concentrations and
apparent bioavailability were observed after oral
administration of the first dose, compared with the
last dose during the 5-day treatment regimens.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, oral
administration of 15 mg of PTX/kg results in plasma
concentrations similar to those produced by therapeutic
doses in humans, and a three-times-a-day dosing
regimen is the most appropriate. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:631–637)
Esophageal transit of capsules in clinically normal cats
Authors: Graham John P. , Lipman Alan H. , Newell Susan M. , Roberts Gregory D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the esophageal passage of capsules in clinically normal cats and determine the incidence of prolonged transit or entrapment.Animals—12 clinically normal adult cats.Procedure—Esophageal transit of barium sulfatefilled capsules was evaluated fluoroscopically. Each cat was examined 3 times (36 examinations). Esophageal transit times were classified as normal (≤ 30 seconds) or prolonged (> 30 but ≤ 240 seconds). Capsules were considered entrapped when transit times were > 240 seconds.Results—Transit times were normal in 10 of the 36 (27.8%) examinations, whereas times were prolonged in 7 (19.4%) examinations. Capsules became entrapped in the midcervical region of the esophagus during 19 (52.8%) examinations. Following termination of each examination, cats with entrapped capsules were fed a small amount (0.5 to 1 ounce) of food; this resulted in passage of the capsule to the stomach.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The possibility of medication-induced esophagitis should be considered when orally administering ulcerogenic drugs to cats. It is recommended that a small volume of food be given following medications to ensure complete esophageal clearance. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 655–657)
Effect of sodium butyric acid, sodium valerianic acid, and osmolarity on contractility of specimens of intestinal wall obtained from the cecum and spiral colon of healthy cows
Authors: Allemann Monika , Eicher Richard , Mevissen Meike , Haltiner René , Meylan Mireille , Steiner Adrian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the effect of various concentrations of sodium butyric acid and sodium valerianic acid, as well as various osmolarities, on contractility of ex-vivo intestinal wall specimens obtained from the cecum and spiral colon of each of several healthy cows.Sample Population—Full-thickness preparations of intestinal wall, dissected parallel to the longitudinal smooth muscle layers, harvested from freshly slaughtered healthy cows.Procedure—Specimens of intestinal wall were incubated for 5 minutes with various concentrations of sodium butyric acid and sodium valerianic acid as well as various osmolar concentrations of NaCl, using a crossover design. Isometric contractions were induced 7 times with carbachol (CH; 5 X 10–6mol/L). Contractility was defined as the maximum amplitude of contraction and the amplitude of contraction 2 minutes after addition of CH.Results—Repeated addition of CH did not result in a significant effect on contractility of specimens from the cecum and spiral colon. Contractility after addition of CH was not significantly affected by prior incubation with various concentrations of sodium butyric acid or sodium valerianic acid or after an increase of osmolarity. Maximum amplitude of contraction was significantly higher in specimens from the spiral colon, compared with specimens from the cecum.Conclusions—Increases in concentrations of sodium butyric acid or sodium valerianic acid and increases in osmolarity did not inhibit contractility of intestinal wall specimens from the cecum and spiral colon of a group of healthy cows. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 678–683)
Effects of human recombinant interleukin-1β on canine articular chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture
Authors: Cook James L. , Anderson C. Collins , Kreeger John M. , Tomlinson James L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of interleukin (IL)-1β on matrix synthesis and degradation by chondrocytes cultured in a 3-dimensional (3-D) gel medium.Sample Population—Chondrocytes from 7 dogs.Procedure—Articular chondrocytes were harvested and cultured in 3-D gel medium alone or with 10 or 20 ng IL-1βml that was added beginning on day 0, 3, 6, or 9. On days 3, 6, 12, and 20 of 3-D culture, samples of the liquid medium were evaluated for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3 content. The 3-D plug in each well was evaluated for histologic characteristics of viability, cell morphology, and proteoglycan staining, immunohistochemically stained for collagen type II, and spectrophotometrically analyzed for GAG content.Results—Significant differences for all variables were detected between controls and each IL-1β group, among groups with different IL-1β concentrations, and among groups with IL-1β added at various time points. Chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β had loss of GAG, increased PGE2and MMP-3 concentrations, and lack of collagen type-II synthesis. These IL-1β effects appeared to be time and concentration dependent.Conclusions—Addition of IL-1β to chondrocytes in 3- D gel medium results in time- and concentrationdependent effects on matrix synthesis and degradation and provides an appropriate in vitro model for many of the pathophysiologic events associated with osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:766–770)
Hematologic, plasma protein, and biochemical profiles of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis)
Authors: Zaias Julia , Fox Wendy P. , Cray Carolyn , Altman Norman H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To establish hematologic and biochemical
reference values for the brown pelican (Pelecanus
occidentalis).

Animals—31 captive, healthy, but permanently disabled
pelicans and 35 wild-caught, healthy pelicans
from a rehabilitation facility on the east coast of
Florida.

Procedures—Samples of venous blood were collected
from each pelican, and hematologic, plasma biochemical,
and electrophoretic protein analyses were
performed. Student t-tests were used to compare
blood values between captive versus wild-caught,
adult male versus adult female, and adult versus juvenile
pelicans.

Results—Hematologic and electrophoretic values
were similar between male and female, adult and
juvenile, and captive and wild-caught pelicans.
Significant sex differences existed for plasma calcium
and triglyceride concentrations. Plasma concentrations
of calcium, cholesterol, and CO2 content differed
between captive and wild-caught adults. No significant
differences were found between wild-caught
adult and juvenile pelicans.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our plasma
biochemical results are similar to those of other brown
pelicans and confamilial species. Additional studies on
seabirds are encouraged, as age, sex, reproductive
status, feeding habits, and captivity are important variables
for health assessment in this and other aquatic
species. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:771–774)
Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone in cats
Authors: Michels Gina M. , Boudinot F. Douglas , Ferguson Duncan C. , Hoenig Margarethe 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine pharmacokinetics of troglitazone in healthy cats after IV and oral administration of a single dose of the drug.Animals—5 healthy ovariohysterectomized adult cats.Procedure—Using a randomized crossover design, cats were given 5 mg of troglitazone/kg of body weight IV and 40 mg of troglitazone/kg orally. Blood and urine samples were collected after drug administration, and concentrations of troglitazone in plasma and urine were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.Results—Area-moment analysis was used to calculate pharmacokinetic variables. Terminal phase half-life was 1.1 ± 0.1 hours. Steady-state volume of distribution was 0.23 ± 0.15 L/kg. After IV administration, clearance was 0.33 ± 0.04 L/h/kg. Drug was not detected in urine samples. Mean bioavailability of orally administered troglitazone was 6.9%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The overall disposition of troglitazone in cats was similar to that reported in other species, including humans. Troglitazone has low and variable oral bioavailability. Clearance of the compound is moderate. Little if any unchanged troglitazone is excreted in urine; thus, metabolism and biliary excretion play predominant roles in elimination of the drug. On the basis of troglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy cats, as well as on the basis of pharmacodynamics of the drug in humans and other animals, a regimen that uses a dosage of 20 to 40 mg/kg administered orally once or twice per day to cats will produce plasma concentrations of the insulin-sensitizing agent that have been documented to be effective in humans. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:775–778)
Relationship between serum leptin immunoreactivity and body fat mass as estimated by use of a novel gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy deuterium dilution method in cats
Authors: Backus Robert C. , Havel Peter J. , Gingerich Ronald L. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To validate a recently developed commercially available leptin radioimmunoassay (RIA) for use with feline serum and evaluate the relationship between serum leptin concentrations and body fat mass in domestic cats.Animals—19 sexually intact male specific–pathogenfree domestic cats that weighed 3.8 to 7.1 kg and were 1.1 to 3.5 years old.Procedure—Specificity for feline leptin was evaluated by use of gel filtration chromatography and reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of serum. Body fat mass was determined by use of the deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution method. Serum water D2O enrichment was measured by use of gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results—Body fat mass and percentage body fat ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 kg and 7.5 to 34.9%, respectively. Serum leptin concentrations were lower in the unfed versus the fed state and ranged between 1.6 and 4.9 ng/ml human equivalent (HE); mean ± SD value was 2.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml HE. Leptin concentrations increased with increasing body fat mass and percentage of body fat.Conclusions—Leptin is in the serum of domestic cats in free (> 78%) and apparently bound forms. The relationship between body fat and serum leptin concentration was similar to that observed in humans and rodents and indicative of a lipostatic role for leptin in cats. Cats that have an overabundance of body fat appear to be less sensitive to the weight-normalizing action of leptin than cats of ideal body condition. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:796–801)
Pharmacokinetics of clomipramine in dogs following single-dose and repeated-dose oral administration
Authors: King Jonathan N. , Maurer Max P. , Altmann Bernd O. , Strehlau Günther A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine pharmacokinetics of clomipramine and its principle metabolite (desmethylclomipramine) in the plasma of dogs following singledose and repeated-dose oral administration at various dosages.Animals—9 male and 9 female Beagles.Procedures—Clomipramine was administered orally at a dose of 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg to 3 male and 3 female dogs, first as a single dose and then, after an interval of 14 days, twice daily for 10 days. Plasma clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine concentrations were measured by use of a gas chromatography with mass-selection method.Results—Dose-related accumulation was detected following repeated-dose administration. Accumulation ratios after administration of clomipramine at dosages of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg twice daily were 1.4, 1.6, and 3.8, respectively, for clomipramine and 2.1, 3.7, and 7.6, respectively, for desmethylclomipramine. Terminal half-life increased slightly (1.6-fold for clomipramine and 1.2-fold for desmethylclomipramine) with repeated- dose administration but remained short in all groups (≤ 4 hours). Steady state was reached within 4 days in all animals. Ratios of the areas under the concentration versus time curves from time 0 to 12 hours for clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine were 3.9, 3.1, and 1.5 after repeated administration at dosages of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg every 12 hours, respectively. Areas under the concentration versus time curve, mean residence times, and terminal half-lives were not significantly different between male and female dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Repeated administration of clomipramine results in higher concentrations of clomipramine than desmethylclomipramine in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:80–85)
Development and use of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic test for the causal mutation of progressive retinal atrophy in Cardigan Welsh Corgis
Authors: Petersen-Jones Simon M. , Zhu Feng X. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To develop an allele-specific polymerase
chain reaction (ASPCR)-based diagnostic test for the
mutation in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate
phosphodiesterase alpha subunit gene (PDE6A) that
causes the rcd3 form of progressive retinal atrophy
(PRA) in Cardigan Welsh Corgis.

Animals—1 affected homozygote, 1 unaffected carrier,
1 genotypically normal dog, and 500 unknown-
PRA status Cardigan Welsh Corgis.

Procedure—Control blood samples were collected
from Cardigan Welsh Corgis of known PRA status
(ie, affected homozygote, unaffected carrier, and a
genotypically normal dog) for test development. Test
blood samples were collected from 500 Cardigan
Welsh Corgis of unknown PRA status. Genomic
DNA was used as a template in ASPCR. One pair of
primers was designed to specifically amplify only
the mutant allele, and another set to amplify only
the wildtype allele. The PCR conditions were adjusted
to ensure each reaction was 100% specific.

Results—The PCR conditions were identified so that
each ASPCR only amplified the allele it was designed
to amplify. Of the 500 Cardigan Welsh Corgis tested
using the newly developed ASPCR, 457 were
homozygous for the normal allele (genotypically normal),
43 were heterozygous (phenotypically normal
carriers), and none were homozygous for the mutant
allele.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A rapid, ASPCR
diagnostic test able to detect the PDE6A gene mutation
responsible for the rcd3 form of PRA in Cardigan
Welsh Corgis was developed. The test provides a useful
service for Cardigan Welsh Corgi breeders and will
enable them to prevent the birth of homozygote
mutant dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:844–846.
Altered expression of G proteins in thyroid gland adenomas obtained from hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Hammer Kimberly B. , Holt David E. , Ward Cynthia R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether expression of G
proteins (Gi and Gs) is altered in thyroid gland adenomas
obtained from hyperthyroid cats.

Sample Population—Adenomatous thyroid glands
obtained from 8 hyperthyroid cats and thyroid glands
obtained from 4 age-matched euthyroid cats.

Procedure—Expression of Gi and Gs was quantified
in enriched membrane preparations of thyroid gland
tissue, using immunoblotting with Gi and Gs antibodies
and toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation.

Results—Expression of Gi was significantly reduced
in thyroid gland adenomas from hyperthyroid cats,
compared with normal thyroid gland tissue from
euthyroid cats. Expression of Gs was similar between
the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in
expression of Gi in adenomatous thyroid glands of
cats may reduce the negative inhibition of the cAMP
cascade in thyroid cells, leading to autonomous
growth and hypersecretion of thyroxine.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms for hyperthyroidism
in cats may lead to better treatment or,
ultimately, prevention of the disease. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:874–879)