bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eight Months of Regular In-School Jumping Improves Indices of Bone Strength in Adolescent Boys and Girls: The POWER PE Study
Authors: Weeks Benjamin K , Young Cath M , Beck Belinda R 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The POWER PE study was an 8-mo, randomized, controlled, school-based exercise intervention designed to apply known principles of effective bone loading to practical opportunities to improve life-long musculoskeletal outcomes. A total of 99 adolescents (46 boys and 53 girls) with a mean age of 13.8 ± 0.4 yr (peri- to postpubertal) volunteered to participate. Intervention subjects performed 10 min of jumping activity in place of regular physical education (PE) warm up. Control subjects performed usual PE warm-up activities. Bone mass (DXA and QUS) was assessed at baseline and follow-up along with anthropometry, maturity, muscle power, and estimates of physical activity and dietary calcium. Geometric properties (such as femoral neck [FN] moment of inertia) were calculated from DXA measures. Boys in the intervention group experienced improvements in calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) (+5.0%) and fat mass (−10.5%), whereas controls did not (+1.4% and –0.8%, respectively). Girls in the intervention group improved FN BMC (+13.9%) and lumbar spine (LS) BMAD (+5.2%) more than controls (+4.9% and +1.5%, respectively). Between-group comparisons of change showed intervention effects only for whole body (WB) BMC (+10.6% versus +6.3%) for boys. Boys in the intervention group gained more lean tissue mass, trochanter (TR) BMC, LS BMC, and WB BMC and lost more fat mass than girls in the intervention group (p &lt; 0.05). Ten minutes of jumping activity twice a week for 8 mo during adolescence seems to improve bone accrual in a sex-specific manner. Boys increased WB bone mass and BUA, and reduced fat mass, whereas girls improved bone mass at the hip and spine.
Longitudinal Trends in Use of Bone Mass Measurement Among Older Americans, 1999–2005
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R , Carbone Laura , Cheng Hong , Hayes Burton , Laster Andrew , Matthews Robert , Saag Kenneth G , Sepanski Robert , Tanner Simpson B , Delzell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Bone mass measurement (BMM) is useful to identify persons with low bone mass who are at increased risk for fracture. Given the increased emphasis that is being placed on preventive services such as screening for osteoporosis, we evaluated trends in BMM among Medicare beneficiaries. We studied a 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 yr of age in 1999–2005. We identified claims for BMM tests performed in both facility and nonfacility settings, evaluated temporal trends in use of these tests, and described the proportion of tests attributable to each specialty of physicians submitting claims. We also assessed patterns of serial testing among individuals who were tested more than once. Claims data from all years were pooled to describe the proportion of persons in the population ever tested. From 1999 to 2005, use of central DXA increased by ∼50%, and use of peripheral DXA declined. The greatest increases in central DXA occurred among internists, family practitioners, and gynecologists. In 1999, the proportion of 65-yr-old women tested was 8.4%; this increased to 12.9% in 2005. Corresponding proportions for men were 0.6% and 1.7%, respectively. Between 40% and 73% of persons receiving central DXA were retested, most at ∼2-yr intervals. Aggregating data across all years for whites and blacks, 30.0% of women and 4.4% of men underwent central DXA at least once. We conclude that, although use of DXA steadily increased from 1999 to 2005, only ∼30% of women and 4% of men at least 65 yr old had a central DXA study. Given the importance of central DXA to assess the risk of osteoporotic fractures, strategies to increase central DXA use to test at-risk persons are warranted.
The Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to linguistic meaning
Authors: Durst Uwe 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
After thirty years of language-internal, as well as cross-linguistic research, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) model developed by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues has turned out to be a most useful theoretical and methodological framework for semantic analysis in various linguistic, and even non-linguistic, domains. This paper argues that the NSM approach to semantics constitutes a new paradigm in linguistic research which is free from various shortcomings of other semantic frameworks. The first section of this article provides a brief survey of the historical development of NSM theory from the early seventies up to the present stage. Its theoretical and methodological principles are outlined in sections two and three, before its applications in various domains are illustrated in section four by means of examples from a number of languages.
Paraphrase is not enough
Authors: Barker Chris 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In 1972, the publication of Wierzbicka's Semantic Primitives initiated the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to linguistic semantics. NSM sets out to analyze the meaning of natural language utterances using only paraphrases built from a set of concepts called semantic primes. The main hypothesis is that a definite small set of unanalyzable primes that occur in every natural language suffices to characterize all natural meaning.
Is the meta-language really natural?
Authors: Matthewson Lisa 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

1. On the status of the primitives

It is interesting and surely non-coincidental that the semantic primitives proposed by NSM researchers include some of the most hotly-debated topics in the formal semantics literature. There is a large body of formal semantic research (too large to be cited here) on each of the following NSM primitives: indexical pronouns such as I and you, demonstratives like this, quantifiers such as something, all, many, and one, modals like can, propositional attitude verbs like know and think, adjectives such as good and bad, the predicates have and (there) is, the connectives because, when, and if. Other proposed primitives such as before, after, the same, like, and kind (of) have also been the subject of discussion and debate. Indeed, there may not be a single proposed semantic primitive which fails to strike formal semanticists as extremely complex. Thus, it is difficult for us to accept the NSM claim that primitives such as i, you, someone, this, think, and want are ‘simple words’ and that they are ‘intuitively comprehensible and self-explanatory’ (Durst, p. 2).
Diffuse Versus Directional Brightness Measurement Comparison for Paper
Authors: Singh J. , Rowland C. , Olsen E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Despite claims of a paperless society, worldwide paper consumption is expected to grow 50 % by 2010 (World Resources Report 1998–99, “Environmental Change and Human Health,” published by Oxford University Press, New York, for the Wold Resources Institute, ISSN 0-19-521-408-0). As markets become more closely connected, through globalization of industrial supply, the need for standardization is greater than before. The paper industry has established standards for identifying the quality of paper. However, in terms of paper brightness, which is one of the main characteristics used to determine a paper’s price and quality, there is often uncertainty about which standard to follow. This is due to the fact that currently there are two geometrically different methods for testing the brightness of paper: ISO and TAPPI. The differing brightness values can misinform consumers. This report tests both methods and finds a linear relationship that can be used to convert between the two standards.
A Preliminary Analysis of Technology Transfer and Occupational Safety and Health in Vietnam
Authors: Matsuda Shinya , An Luong Nguyen , Jonai Hiroshi , Van Hoai Nguyen , Thung Dinh Hanh , Van Trinh Le , The Cong Nguyen , Hien Hoang Minh , Dat Phung Huy , Tri Dang Dinh 
Published: February 2008

A Preliminary Analysis of Technology Transfer and Occupational Safety and Health in Vietnam: Shinya Matsuda, et at. Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health University of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanObjectivesVietnamese factories are now in the process of technology transfer. Their actual condition of occupational safety and health was studied cross‐sectionally.MethodsTwo hundred and forty‐six workers in seven factories were investigated by a questionnaire as to their age, educational level, level of vocational skill, working conditions, and occupational hazards. The distribution of these conditions was compared in workers using old technologies and those who are employed in factories using new ones.ResultsYounger workers, female workers, and workers with a lower level of education and of lower vocational skills were generally engaged in workplaces with new technology. Working conditions were more labor intensive and more monotonous in workplaces using old technologies than those using new technologies. Traditional occupational hazards, such as noise, heat, and dust, have been significantly reduced in workplaces with new technologies, but chemical hazards have been increased in the workplaces with new technologies.ConclusionAlthough general working conditions in Vietnam have been improved along with the introduction of new technologies from foreign countries, there are many problems to be solved. Further field studies are necessary to fully describe the actual situation.
Working in Moderate Cold: A Possible Risk to Health
Authors: Griefahn Barbara , Mehnert Peter , Bröde Peter , Forsthoff Alfons 
Published: February 2008

Working in Moderate Cold: A Possible Risk to Health: Barbara Griefahn, et af. Institute for Occupational Physiology, University of Dortmund—Many worktasks in the food industry are carried out in moderately cold climates (— 5 to 15°C), a situation which is assumed to contribute to the genesis and manifestation of several chronic diseases. The present report concerns a cross‐sectional study, in which 1,213 workers in cold environments, mainly from distributors, meat productions, and from breweries completed an extended questionnaire where personal variables and a large spectrum of working conditions, of acute and chronic symptoms, complaints and diseases were ascertained. High prevalences were found for non‐specific symptoms, gastrointestinal complaints, pains in the back and in the joints, rheumatic and bronchitic complaints, colds, hearing problems, and the symptoms of the white finger disease. Some of them were significantly associated with the climate at the workplace, particularly with cold, changes in temperature, and drafts. The results support the hypothesis that moderate cold at the workplace constitutes a health risk and form the basis for further, more directed analytical studies.Key words: Food industry, Thermal sensation, Health disorders, Working conditions, Cross‐sectional study
Screening of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in the Health Examination Detected by Urea Breath Test and Barium Meal Study
Authors: Yamasawa Fumihiro , Ichinose Yuichi , Kanai Emiko , Yonemaru Makoto , Ishii Hitoshi , Toyama Keisuke 
Published: February 2008

Screening of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in the Health Examination Detected by Urea Breath Test and Barium Meal Study: Fumihiro Yamasawa, et al. Marubeni ClinicBackgroundHelicobacter pylori, H. pylori, is now assumed to be a definite cause of gastric cancer. Health examinations for the early detection of atherosclerotic diseases and malignant diseases have been widely undertaken in Japan, where the incidence of gastric cancer is still one of the highest in the world. To investigate H. pylori infection non‐invasively in the regular health examinations, we introduced the urea breath test (UBT) with a barium meal study in the ordinary system.MethodsSixty male subjects were studied (mean age: 47.8 y/o) in this study. After blood examination for anti H. pylori IgG antibody, the reference expired gas was collected from each subject. Then the subject took 100 mg of 13C‐urea dissolved in water with tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate, which was used to distend the stomach, and an ordinary barium meal study was undertaken. Several rotations of the body were added to subjects for fluoroscopy. Thirty minutes after 13C‐urea intake, the expired gas was collected again as the second gas sample. The ratio of 13C to 12C in the reference and second expired gas sample was measured with a mass spectrometer and the changed fraction of the isotope concentration, d, was calculated in each subject. The X‐ray films of the barium meal study were read independently by one roentgenologist who was not informed at all about this study. Cases were divided into 2 groups: one group without mucosal inflammatory diseases and another group with mucosal inflammatory diseases.ResultsThe d value for subjects with positive H. pylori antibody and with mucosal inflammatory diseases, who were strongly suggestive of positive H. pylori infection, had a significantly higher value (d: 2.492± 1.372, p< 0.001) than that for subjects with negative H. pylori antibody and without mucosal inflammatory diseases, who were thought not to have H. pylori infection (d: 0.141 ±0.1 07). Subjects who were strongly suggestive of H. pylori infection showed distinctly higher value.ConclusionsBarium did not interfere with the reaction of H. pylori13 C‐urea in the gastric mucosa. UBT can be performed non‐invasively together with a barium meal study and it provides useful information on H. pylori infection in the health examination.
Role of Complement and CD14 in Meconium-Induced Cytokine Formation
Authors: Salvesen Bodil , Fung Michael , Saugstad Ola D. , Mollnes Tom E. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Meconium aspiration syndrome has a complex, poorly defined pathophysiology. Meconium is a potent activator of complement in vitro and in vivo; the latter is associated with a systemic inflammatory response. The complement system and Toll-like receptors are 2 important upstream components of the innate immune system that act partly independently in the inflammatory network. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative role of complement and CD14 in meconium-induced cytokine production.
METHODS. Human adult (n = 6) and cord whole blood (n = 6) anticoagulated with lepirudin was collected and distributed into tubes that contained inhibitory antibodies (anti-CD14, anti-C2, anti–factor D, or combinations thereof). The tubes were preincubated for 5 minutes before addition of meconium or buffer and then incubated for 4 hours at 37°C. Complement activation was measured by quantification of the terminal sC5b-9 complement complex by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A panel of 27 inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors) was measured by using multiplex technology.
RESULTS. Fourteen of the 27 mediators measured were induced by meconium both in cord and adult blood. In cord blood, 2 additional chemokines were induced and the inflammatory response was, in general, more potent. Blocking of complement or CD14 differentially reduced the formation of most mediators, anti-CD14 being more effective. Notably, the combined inhibition of complement and CD14 almost completely abolished meconium-induced formation of the cytokines and the chemokines and markedly reduced the formation of growth factors. The endogenous lipopolysaccharide content of meconium could not explain the CD14-mediated response.
CONCLUSIONS. Meconium-induced triggering of the cytokine network is differentially mediated by complement and CD14. A combined inhibition of these effector mechanisms may be an alternative approach to reduce the inflammatory reaction in meconium aspiration syndrome.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Twice-a-Day Insulin Glargine Mixed With Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs Versus Standard Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hassan Krishnavathana , Rodriguez Luisa M. , Johnson Susan E. , Tadlock Susanne , Heptulla Rubina A. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Insulin glargine is difficult to use for children due to the number of injections required because it is claimed to be immiscible with rapid-acting insulin analogs. For this study, we hypothesized that treating new-onset type 1 diabetes with twice-daily insulin glargine plus a rapid-acting insulin analog mixed in the same syringe would result in better glycosylated hemoglobin than twice-daily neutral protamine Hagedorn with a rapid-acting insulin analog (standard treatment).METHODS. Forty-two patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes were started on standard treatment. Three months after diagnosis, if patients were found compliant and had a glycosylated hemoglobin level of ≤9%, then they were randomly assigned either to receive insulin glargine twice daily mixed with a rapid-acting insulin analog or to continue on standard treatment for 3 more months. Additional lunchtime rapid-acting insulin analog injections were given for the insulin glargine group as necessary.RESULTS. Nineteen patients in the insulin glargine group and 17 in the neutral protamine Hagedorn group completed the study. The glycosylated hemoglobin level at baseline was 6.8% ± 1% vs 6.9% ± 1% and at poststudy was 6.7% ± 1.3% vs 7.6% ± 1% in the insulin glargine versus neutral protamine Hagedorn group, respectively. Two patients in the insulin glargine group required lunch rapid-acting insulin analog in the last month of the study. Although both groups were encouraged to contact the principal investigator with all queries, more in the insulin glargine arm opted to do so.CONCLUSIONS. Glycemic control with insulin glargine mixed with a rapid-acting insulin analog given twice daily seems significantly more effective than the standard therapy in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, it decreases pain and burden of injections for children with diabetes by allowing patients to mix glargine with rapid-acting insulin analog.
Volutoderminae (Gastropoda: Volutidae) of Coniacian through Maastrichtian age from the North American Pacific Slope
Authors: Saul Louella R. , Squires Richard L. 
Published: February 2008

Specimens of the large, shallow-marine, volutid gastropodVolutodermaGabb, 1877, herein recognized only from strata of Late Cretaceous (Coniacian through early Maastrichtian) age in British Columbia, Washington, California, and Baja California have commonly been identified asVolutoderma averillii(Gabb, 1864). This review of available specimens assigns them to two genera:VolutodermaandLongoconchaStephenson, 1941.Twelve species, nine of them new, comprise three morphologic lineages ofVolutoderma, i.e., 1) “Typical” includesV. quernan. sp.,V. averillii(Gabb),V. blakein. sp.,V. jalaman. sp.,V. perissan. sp., and possiblyVolutoderma?n. sp.; 2)“Angelica”includesV. angelican. sp.,V. elderin. sp., andV. ynezaen. sp.; and 3)“Magna”includesV. santanaPackard,V. magnaPackard, and perhapsV.? antherenan. sp. A new species ofLongoconcha, L. eumeka, is the first Pacific Slope record of this genus, which has a Gulf Coast and Tethyan Old World distribution. A smaller volutid,RetipirulaDall, 1907 is endemic to the study area and was formerly known only from its type speciesR. crassitesta(Gabb, 1869) of Paleocene age. Two newRetipirulaare reported:R. calidulaof latest Maastrichtian age andR. pinguisof Paleocene age.Only theVolutodermalineage containingV. averilliihas been found north of San Francisco. Recovery of rudist bivalves from formations yieldingVolutodermasuggests that these volutes were warm-temperate to subtropical gastropods. Co-occurrences of these gastropods and rudistids may aid in placing the warm-temperate/subtropical boundary during the Late Cretaceous.
The first Upper Triassic silicified hypercalcified sponges from the Alexander Terrane, Gravina island and Keku Strait, Southeast Alaska
Authors: Senowbari-Daryan Baba , Caruthers Andrew H. , Stanley George D. 
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the first silicified Upper Triassic (Early Norian) hypercalcified sponges known from the Alexander terrane, southeast Alaska. Sponges consist of five taxa from the Cornwallis Limestone of Keku Strait, southeast Alaska:AmblysiphonellaSteinmann,ParauvanellaSenowbari-Daryan and Di Stefano,Nevadathalamia cylindrica(Seilacher),N. miniman. sp., andStellispongia(S.cf.subsphaericaDieci, Antonacci, and Zardini). The hypercalcified sponges of the Alexander terrane as described in this paper provide paleogeographic linkage with other far-flung terranes of western North America, namely the Western Great Basin of Nevada, Stikinia of the Yukon, as well as the Antimonio terrane of northwestern Mexico. In addition,Parauvanellacf.ferdowensisis known from the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation, Iran. FinallyStellispongiacf.subsphaericais known from the Upper Carnian Cassian Formation of the Dolomite Alps.Sponges (particularly hypercalcified inozoans, sphinctozoans, chaetetids, and sponge-like organisms) are known worldwide from many Upper Triassic reef and nonreef sites. Although Upper Triassic deposits within the Cordilleran terranes and cratonal North America do not typically contain reeflike buildups, hypercalcifying sponge-like organisms were noted as occurring as part of the intricate paleoecological structure within a biostrome along the western shoreline of Gravina Island, southeast Alaska (southern Alexander terrane). This is in contrast to Keku Strait, southeast Alaska (central Alexander terrane), where hypercalcified sponges were identified from limestone beds within nonreef deposits.
Corallite increase and mural pores inLichenaria(Tabulata, Ordovician)
Authors: Elias Robert J. , Lee Dong-Jin , Woo Sung-Kyu 
Published: February 2008

Lichenariamay be a representative of the most primitive stock of tabulate corals. The degree of paleobiologic complexity discovered inL. globularisandL. grandisis therefore surprising. Six types of corallite increase are recognized. All are lateral, which is the predominant mode in tabulates. Most types, however, are unique or are comparable to those in few other Ordovician taxa. Only Type 1 (L. globularis), yielding a single offset with a simple basal mural pore, is typical of tabulates. In Type 2 (L. globularis), one parent produces two offsets simultaneously, whereas in Type 3 (L. globularis), two offsets arise from separate parents at nearly the same time and join via a connective mural pore. Types 4 (L. globularis, L. grandis), 5 (L. grandis), and 6 (L. globularis, L. grandis), respectively, involve one, two, and two to four corallites in addition to the parent, which join via a connective mural pore at the site of offsetting.Several features ofL. globularisandL. grandispoint to unexpectedly high levels of colony integration. Continuously fused common walls lacking back-to-back epithecae suggest soft tissue continuity among polyps above the corallum. Connective mural pores indicate temporary fusion of polyps. Coordinated behavior of polyps is suggested by the development of conjoined offsets from two parents during Type 3 increase, and by fusion during Types 4 to 6 increase. Attempts at certain types of increase sometimes failed to yield offsets, suggesting expendability of incipient buds, perhaps reflecting subjugation of individuals for the good of the colony.In light of this study, genera that have previously been included in Lichenariidae and Lichenariida require reassessment and their phylogenetic relationships should be reconsidered. Unfortunately, this is hindered because fundamental characters such as corallite increase and wall structure remain inadequately known in most early tabulates.