bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disclosing the Diagnosis of Pediatric HIV Infection: Mothers' Views
Authors: Nehring Wendy M. , Lashley Felissa R. , Malm Kay 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. The stigma of HIV infection creates barriers to disclosure. The purpose of this study was to identify to whom biological and foster mothers disclose the diagnosis of HIV infection, discuss their rationale, and describe the recipient's reactions.DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive, qualitative study included biological (n = 9) and foster (n = 11) mothers of children with HIV infection.RESULTS. Three themes emerged from the data: Telling for support, determining who should know, and telling children. These themes were present for both biological and foster mothers.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. It is important for nurses to realize that parental disclosure of the diagnosis of HIV infection is a long‐term, age‐appropriate process that will take place over many discussions and time, and should have the support of the interdisciplinary team. Additional psychological support also should be available.
Topics of Conflict Between Parents and Young Adolescents
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Bush Loretta , Nelson Catherine J. , Ohm Bonnie J. , Portz Patricia A. , Abell Barbara , Wightman Malissa R. , Jenkins Patricia 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Parents often examine and question interactions with their young teen and may ask the advice of healthcare professionals. Topics, frequency, and intensity of conflicts between young adolescents and parents were therefore examined.DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive survey using the 44‐item Issues Checklist (Robin, 1975) with 163 parent and young adolescent (ages 11–14) dyads.RESULTS. Parents and teens were congruent about their reports of the topics, frequency, and intensity of conflict. Discussion of the topics generally was not angry. Mothers reported the greatest quantity of issues. Potentially sensitive topics such as substance use, dating, and sex were rarely approached by either parent or young adolescent. Sociodemographic characteristics did not distinguish or were not associated with IC scores.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Conflict is a common component of the parent‐young adolescent relationship. Families with children entering adolescence can expect conflict about issues that recur but usually are not that “hot.“ Anticipating topics may put conflict in perspective. Nurses help families resolve conflicts associated with day‐to‐day conflicts as a first step toward opening up larger, potentially sensitive topics.
Using Distraction to Reduce Reported Pain, Fear, and Behavioral Distress in Children and Adolescents: A Multisite Study
Authors: Carlson Karen L. , Broome Marion , Vessey Judith A. 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Distraction during painful procedures has been shown to be effective in previous studies, yet this simple intervention is not used routinely. This study examined the effectiveness and feasibility of distraction in reducing behavioral distress, pain, and fear during venipuncture or intravenous insertion.DESIGN AND METHODS. A two‐group randomized design with 384 children in 13 children's hospitals.RESULTS. Age was a significant factor in observed behavioral distress, reports of fear, and self‐reported pain. The use of a kaleidoscope, however, did not significantly reduce pain or distress during venipuncture or IV insertion.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Failure of the distraction intervention to reach statistical significance in this study is puzzling, given anecdotal reports of clinical efficacy. Methodological issues may have obscured actual differences between experimental and control groups.
Playground Injuries in Children: A Review and Pennsylvania Trauma Center Experience
Authors: Bernardo Lisa Marie , Gardner Mary Jane , Seibel Karin 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To describe patient demographics, injury characteristics, and circumstances of playground injuries in children admitted to Pennsylvania trauma centers and to identify injury prevention strategies.DESIGN AND METHODS. Retrospective, descriptive study of 234 children ages 1 to 18 years sustaining playground‐related injuries and whose hospital data were entered into the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study.RESULTS. Most of the injuries occurred between April and September (77%), and noon to 6 P.M. (69%). Falls from playground equipment constituted the highest proportion of incidents (73%). Of 421 injuries (M = 1.8/patient), most were upper extremity (n = 117) and head (n = 110) injuries.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses can advocate for playground safety by teaching children to play safely and recommending age‐appropriate equipment and protective surfacing.
British Paediatric and American Pediatric Nurses: How Well Do We Know Each Other?
Authors: Feeg Veronica D. , Hunter Judith 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To identify the similarities and differences between pediatric nurses in the United States and Britain, and to compare knowledge of each other's healthcare systems.DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive comparative study of 55 U.S. pediatric nurses and 37 U.K. paediatric nurses. Knowledge tests were constructed as parallel forms of items about each healthcare system. “Self‐knowledge“ and “other‐knowledge“ scores were compared.RESULTS. British nurses' scores were higher for self and other than were U.S. nurses' scores. Individual items suggested that U.K. nurses were more aware of U.S. systems than U.S. nurses were of U.K. systems.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The U.S. and U.K. health systems are equally progressive, yet fundamentally different. To collaborate effectively, we must understand the similarities and differences.
Mothers'Experiences Raising Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sullivan‐Bolyai Susan , Deatrick Janet , Gruppuso Philip , Tamborlane William , Grey Margaret 
Published: February 2007

issues and purpose.
To examine the day‐to‐day experiences of mothers raising children 4 years of age and younger with type 1 diabetes. design and methods.
The descriptive design compared mothers of children with (n = 25) and without diabetes (n = 25). Mother‐child observations were completed for children with diabetes. results.
Mothers of children with diabetes are very skilled in reading their children's behavioral cues. Mothers'concerns included the fear of hypoglycemia and seizure activity, access to daycare centers, and babysitting services capable of caring for their children's condition. These responses significantly differed from the control group mothers. practice implications.
Nurses can affirm that hypoglycemia‐related fears are normal and help mothers identify community resources that might ease the burden of care required, especially during the early postdiagnosis period.
Promoting Normalization in Families With Preschool Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: McDougal Janice 
Published: February 2007

issues and purpose.
The family environment is the most important influence on child adaptation to type 1 diabetes. A plan of care assists parental adaptation in families with a preschool child with type 1 diabetes. conclusions.
The family environment is affected by the family's progress toward normalcy. Normalization can be facilitated by nursing interventions that promote parental mutuality in management and the development of a parental support system. practice implications.
Nurses can provide education about Type 1 diabetes and its management in preschool children to fathers, other family members, and family friends to encourage their involvement in caregiving. Parental mutuality in management and an adequate parental instrumental support system facilitates normalization and affects the family environment, thus promoting child adaptation.
Laboratory Simulation of Fly Ash as an Amendment to Pyrite‐Rich Tailings
Authors: Sonderegger John L. , Donovan Joseph J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractColumn leaching experiments show that fly ash Interlayered with sulfide‐rich tailings can reduce the vertical permeability of tailings by at least three orders of magnitude. Chemical reactions between the fluid, alkaline fly ash from Western coal and pyritic tailings result in a one to three order of magnitude reduction in the dissolved metals content of the effluent solution. Metal precipitation, which produces the dissolved metals reduction, is a significant element in the permeability reduction. The combined factors reduce the metals flux from the tailings by four to six orders of magnitude. We believe that tailings ponds with fly ash layers as amendments can greatiy reduce ground water contamination from pyritic tailings. In addition, concentrated application of fly ash layers near the end of mining should act to restrict infiltration and access of oxygen, thereby enhancing reclamation. Similar results maybe obtainable using other amendments with lower base capacity (lime, crushed limestone, trona).
Monitoring Hydrogeologlcal Conditions in Fractured Rock at the Site of Canada's Underground Research Laboratory
Authors: Davison C.C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAtomic Energy of Canada Limited is constructing an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) at a depth of 250m in a plutonic rock body near Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba. The facility is being constructed to carry out a variety of in situ geotechnical experiments as part of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program.A unique feature of the URL, in comparison to other similar facilities such as the Stripa Mine in Sweden, is that it is to be constructed below the ground water table in a previously undisturbed plutonic rock body. One of the main research objectives of the project is to develop and validate comprehensive three‐dimensional models of the hydrogeology of the rock mass encompassing the URL site. These models will be used, before excavation of the URL shaft begins, to predict the hydrogeological perturbation that will be created by the excavation of the shaft and the horizontal working levels below the ground water table. As a model‐validation exercise, these drawdown predictions will be compared with actual hydrogeological perturbations that will be monitored at the study area over the next several years by an extensive network of instrumented boreholes.Measurements made in an array of boreholes extending to depths of 1,000m on the 4.8 km2 study area have established that the permeability distribution in three major extensive subhorizontal fracture zones controls the movement of ground water within the rock mass. Several types of multiple‐interval completion systems have been installed in the boreholes to monitor the three‐dimensional, physico‐chemical hydrogeological conditions within the fractured rock mass. These include conventional piezometer nests and water‐table wells that have been installed in shallow holes (less than 30m deep), and multiple‐packer/ multiple‐standpipe piezometers and multiple‐interval casing systems installed in deeper holes (30 to 1,000m deep). An automated, electronic, piezometric pressure‐monitoring system has been designed to collect continuous measurements from 75 isolated hydrogeological monitoring positions within the rock mass. Another 200 positions are being monitored frequently using a variety of techniques. Piezometric data have been collected from this monitoring network to establish baseline conditions prior to any excavation into the rock mass. These data have also been used to determine the steady‐state, three‐dimensional ground water flow regimes that exist at the URL site under natural conditions.
A New System for Ground Water Monitoring
Authors: Torstensson Bengt‐Arne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a new system for ground water monitoring, “the BAT System,” which includes the following functions: (a) sampling of ground water in most types of soils, (b) measurement of pore water pressure, and (c) in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity. The system can also be used for tracer tests. The system utilizes a permanently installed filter tip attached to a steel or PVC pipe. Installation is normally performed by pushing the tip down to the desired depth. The filter tip can also be buried beneath a landfill. The primary feature of the new system is that the filter tip contains a self‐sealing quick coupling unit, which makes it possible to temporarily connect the filter tip to adapters for various functions, e.g. water sampling and for measurement of pore pressure and hydraulic conductivity. The new technique makes sampling of both pressurized water and gas possible. Samples are obtained directly in hermetically sealed, pre‐sterilized sample cylinders. Sampling of ground water and measurement of pore pressure can be repeated over a long period of time with undiminished accuracy. This technique is also well‐adapted for taking water samples from different strata in a soil profile, in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Actual installations range from 0.5 to 60m depth.
Testing and Sampling of Deep Brine Aquifers in the Palo Duro Basin, West Texas
Authors: Deyling Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy is investigating the Palo Duro Basin of West Texas along with locations in Nevada, Washington, Utah, Mississippi and Louisiana as potential sites for storage of high‐level nuclear waste. Ten wells have been drilled to depths between 3,000 and 8,300 feet. Short‐term testing has included conventional oil‐field‐type drill stem tests and drill stem equipment with surface pressure readout. Long‐term testing has consisted of a series of production and recovery tests.Fluid sampling was performed in two stages. The first was at the well head under an imposed pressure of several hundred psi. The second fluid samples were collected downhole at the production zone under pressures close to ambient pressure. The geochemical data and hydrologic data can be used as independent checks on each other in many cases. Test results from the well along with examination of recovered core provided maximum data from each well.
An Overview of Computer Technology Used in Ground Water Field Studies: Part I: Basics
Authors: Ritchey Joseph D. , Collins Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are many electronic tools available for ground water field studies including a wide variety of computer equipment. Consideration should be given to the use of computers when planning field studies. A foundation for determining the appropriate use of computers in field studies is presented in two parts. Part One includes a brief description of the components that comprise a computer and is intended to clarify terminology and illustrate the general characteristics of these machines. Related and frequently‐used computer equipment is described in detail. Topics of special concern will be presented in Part Two, which will appear in the Spring 1984 issue, to alert the reader to common misconceptions and problems. This is illustrated by the description of two field studies.
Selected Waste Site Puzzles and Solutions
Authors: Popkin Barney P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA dozen case histories of actual waste site puzzles or apparent anomalies, which are initially counterintuitive, are presented. The article emphasizes practical needs for multiple hypotheses, multidisciplinary analyses and open‐minded approaches to solve the puzzles. The article recounts how solutions were found to the selected puzzles and provides the solutions.
Potential Effects on Ground Water of a Hypothetical Surface Coal Mine in Indiana
Authors: Banaszak Konrad J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe possible mine will remove a gently, less than 50 feet per mile, westerly dipping Springfield coal from an area covered by glacial till and some channel sands and gravel. The area is flat, with less than 20 feet of relief in a square mile. The channel sands and gravels, the till and the bedrock are capable of yielding ground water at 5 to 75,3 to 10, and 1 to 10 gallons per minute (gpm), respectively. The ground water in the drift and the shallow bedrock is calcium‐bicarbonate type, contrasting with the sodium‐bicarbonate type in the deep bedrock. The surface mine will feature selective handling of overburden. The probable hydrologic consequences of the mine will be 1) a short‐term, areally limited dewatering, 2) an increase in dissolved solids, 3) a change in ground water chemistry in some areas to a calcium‐bicarbonate sulfate water, 4) an increase in ground water storage, and 5) a new integrated surface water system. The proposed ground water monitoring system will include seven monitoring wells in the glacial material and one in the bedrock. The primary effort in ground water monitoring to the west of the mine will be to detect changes in the quality of the ground water, whereas to the east, changes in both quality and quantity will need to be monitored intensively.
Investigations at Sites Contaminated with Dense, Non‐Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs)
Authors: Villaume James F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIncreasingly, ground water supplies are being found to be contaminated with organic substances. Depending on the nature of these substances and the method by which they were introduced into the environment, they may form a second, dense liquid phase. Several such cases have been reported in the recent literature. In other cases, such a second phase might have actually been present but was not found because the principles governing its distribution were not understood and no effort was made to look for it. In this case, the undetected material could continue to migrate and act as a source of dissolved organics.This article reviews the general principles governing the behavior of dense, immiscible second‐phase organic liquids in both the unsaturated and saturated zones, based primarily on the petroleum industry literature for primary hydrocarbon migration and on the oil spill literature. This specialized knowledge can be used to conduct a meaningful and efficient investigation of such contamination sites and can also be used to select and implement successful remedial measures. Several actual case studies applying the principles of multi‐phase flow are also presented.
Operational Ranges for Suction Lysimeters
Authors: Everett Lome G. , McMillion Leslie G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour questions relative to suction lysimeter performance have been raised by operators of land treatment systems. These questions deal with plugging of the porous segments of the lysimeters, soil suction operational ranges, adsorption onto and screening by the materials comprising the various lysimeter parts, and loss of volatile organics under negative pressures. This article first describes the physical operation of a lysimeter, the characteristics of the lysimeters tested (high‐ and low‐flow lysimeters with porous ceramic cups and lysimeters with porous PTFE (polytetrafluo‐roethylene) cups, and procedures followed in preparing them for testing. The results of experiments dealing with the first two questions plugging and operational ranges are then discussed. It was found that the intake rate of suction lysimeters placed in the vadose zone, in most types of soils, will initially drop off rapidly, but will stabilize after about 15 liters of moisture have been drawn through the porous cups. Packing a crystalline silica flour slurry around the cups of PTFE lysimeters negates most of the plugging associated with finer particles in soils. The effective operating range of ceramic lysimeters is between 0 and 60 centibars of suction independent of the use of silica flour. The operating range of PTFE lysimeters without silica flour is extremely narrow, but with the use of silica flour is extended to about 7 centibars of suction. The testing program indicates that all lysimeters should be checked for leaks using pressure techniques before field installation and that lysimeters have “dead” spaces, or reservoirs of from 34 to 80 mL of moisture that cannot be extracted from the cups, which must be taken into account when determining moisture collection rates. Information gathered in the test program is planned for inclusion in an EPA guidance document entitled “Unsaturated Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Units.”
The Use of Industrial Hygiene Samplers for Soil‐Gas Surveying
Authors: Kerfoot Henry B. , Mayer Cynthia L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoil‐gas surveying by the use of a passive sampler which allows quantitative determination of concentrations of volatile organic compounds and remote analysis of samples is described. The results of a survey using the sampler above a chloroform ground water plume are compared to ground water analysis results and to results from a previous soil‐gas study above the same plume. Chloroform concentrations measured with passive samplers correlate well (r = 0.79, n = 6; r = 0.93, n = 7) with the other two techniques. The short‐range variability of the technique is characterized by a coefficiet of variation of 12 percent over a 27‐foot distance for nine samplers, and compares favorably with grab‐sample results at the same location.
A Method for Simultaneous In Situ Measurement in the Vadose Zone of Field‐Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Sorptivity and the Conductivity‐Pressure Head Relationship
Authors: Reynolds W. Daniel , Elrick David E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Guelph Permeameter (GP) method for simultaneous, in situ measurement in the vadose zone of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (KfS), sorptivity (S) and the conductivity‐pressure head relationship [K(Ψ)] is described and discussed.The method involves measuring the steady‐state liquid recharge, Q, necessary to maintain a constant depth of water, H, in an uncased, cylindrical well of radius, a, finished above the water table. An “in‐hole” Mariotte bottle device is used to maintain H and to measure Q.Step‐by‐step procedures with example calculations are given for obtaining KfS, S and K(Ψ). Techniques for assessing the results are also given.Although detailed field verification of the GP method is still incomplete, the studies conducted so far are quite encouraging.Theoretical and practical advantages afforded by the GP method make it a desirable and cost‐effective means for in situ measurement of Kfs, S and K(Ψ), which are three of the most important parameters governing the flow of water and other wetting liquids in the vadose zone.
A New Valved and Air‐Vented Surge Plunger for Developing Small‐Diameter Monitor Wells
Authors: Schalla Ronald , Landick Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo properly develop 2‐inch diameter monitor wells, large volumes of water, drilling fluids and fine‐grained materials must be removed from the sandpack and surrounding formation over short periods of time. A valved and air‐vented surge plunger has been designed which can be used to effectively develop 2‐inch diameter wells. The valving and air‐venting concepts for surge plungers are not new, but the design concepts had to be refined to facilitate their efficient use in 2‐inch diameter wells.Prototypes of the surge plunger have been field tested. The tests indicate that the design is both effective and durable as a result of its dimensions, configurations and materials. Important features of the surge plunger include: the dimensions and weight of the surge block; the thickness, layering, diameter and material of the valves and parts; and the method of attachment and design of the air‐venting ports. This device is an important addition to the growing arsenal of equipment and tools for 2‐inch diameter, standpipe monitoring wells.