bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Debates On Biblical Hermeneutics in South Africa and the Postcolonial Matrix1
Authors: Punt Jeremy 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPostcolonial studies would seem to offer many advantages for academic and other discourses within and about post-apartheid South African society, including new, broad hermeneutical perspectives for biblical studies. Indeed, a number of current scholarly debates in South African biblical studies are related to the postcolonial paradigm: the tension between African versus Western readings, 'ordinary' versus 'trained' readings, and nationalist versus hybridical readings. juxtaposing some postcolonial biblical-critical voices and these debates is valuable in accounting for many of the important concerns that postcolonial readings raise, showing the significance and value of postcolonial studies, but is also important in the renewed attention to an appropriate ethics of interpretation in the biblical studies guild.
Power and Disagreement
Authors: Walkinshaw Ian 
Published: November 2007

■ This paper reports on a study of disagreement strategies used by Japanese learners of English (JLEs) studying at language schools in New Zealand. The study stemmed from an observation that JLEs were unwilling to express disagreements in exchanges with high-power (+P) interlocutors, possibly due to the threat of face-loss and the consequences of offending a +P interlocutor. Two questions were considered: (1) How did the JLEs perceive power distance between themselves and native speakers (NSs), and how did this affect their selection of disagreement strategies with NS interlocutors? (2) How might their perception of power distance affect how they learned disagreement strategies? Data was collected from 12 JLEs using a discourse completion task, a series of role-plays and a weekly task sheet. The data revealed that, though the participants were capable of disagreeing with power-equals, they were reluctant to disagree with +P interlocutors. In symmetrical exchanges they employed extended, relatively complex disagreeing strategies, but in power-unequal exchanges they often used short, previously-internalized strategies. The JLEs regarded teachers as power-unequal interlocutors, and consequently they often avoided classroom disagreements, potentially reducing their opportunities to learn and rehearse approaches to disagreement.
Developing a Science of Social Work
Authors: Jürgen Göppner Hans , Hämäläinen Juha 
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article is based on an analysis of the German debate on the need and possibilities of developing a science of social work (see Göppner and Hämäläinen, 2003, 2004). Basic elements of a programme for developing a science of social work are discussed. • Findings: The results have been enormously influential in demonstrating that the confusion regarding the theoretical foundation of social work may inconvenience social work practice as well as the development of the field as a functional system. • Applications : It is argued that the need for avoiding theoretical atomism and incoherence can be met more adequately through developing a science of social work than by confusing a number of theories.
Beyond the Classroom
Authors: Braye Suzy , Preston-Shoot Michael , Thorpe Amanda 
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article draws on the findings of two research studies: the first a systematic research review and survey of current education practice in teaching law to social workers; the second a `user review' involving focus groups with a range of stakeholders in practice learning for social work students.• Findings: Although law is recognized as an important component of social work practice, much of the focus on how social workers learn about law has, to date, been upon classroom-based learning. Law often has a low profile in practice, despite the rich opportunities it offers.• Applications : Building from evidence of poor alignment between classroom learning and practice, the authors present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities that exist for enhancing the profile of law in the practice arena and conclude with indicators for the development of good pedagogic practice and improved practitioner confidence.
Ventilator-associated lung injury: a search for better therapeutic targets
Authors: Oeckler R. A. , Hubmayr R. D. 
Published: November 2007

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a continuum of injury that may arise from a number of primary insults.Localised injury may progress due to trauma from mechanical ventilation, a finding that has led to intense debate in the clinical and experimental literature over optimal ventilator management. The implementation of low tidal volume strategies has led to an improvement in outcomes; however, mortality remains unacceptably high.In the current review, ventilator-associated lung injury is examined, as it relates to the pathophysiological changes beyond direct airway trauma in ALI and ARDS, and an attempt is made to provide a historical perspective to outline potential current and future pitfalls in the use of surrogate end-points and the discovery of potential biomarkers. The systemic responses that lead to multi-organ dysfunction, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in ALI and ARDS, are caused by pro-inflammatory signalling cascades and the activation of such diverse mediators as reactive oxygen species, immune response elements, apoptotic constituents and coagulation proteins.These areas are examined, including key mediators, and possible future areas of interest are discussed, including the potential of an “acute lung injury chip” to integrate measured surrogate biomarkers with real-time clinical information to improve patient outcomes.
Influenza activity in Europe during eight seasons (1999–2007): an evaluation of the indicators used to measure activity and an assessment of the timing, length and course of peak activity (spread) across Europe
Authors: Paget John , Marquet Richard , Meijer Adam , van der Velden Koos 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) has collected clinical and virological data on influenza since 1996 in an increasing number of countries. The EISS dataset was used to characterise important epidemiological features of influenza activity in Europe during eight winters (1999–2007). The following questions were addressed: 1) are the sentinel clinical reports a good measure of influenza activity? 2) how long is a typical influenza season in Europe? 3) is there a west-east and/or south-north course of peak activity ('spread') of influenza in Europe?

Methods
Influenza activity was measured by collecting data from sentinel general practitioners (GPs) and reports by national reference laboratories. The sentinel reports were first evaluated by comparing them to the laboratory reports and were then used to assess the timing and spread of influenza activity across Europe during eight seasons.

Results
We found a good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza collected by sentinel physicians (overall match of 72% for +/- 1 week difference). We also found a moderate to good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza from non-sentinel sources (overall match of 60% for +/- 1 week). There were no statistically significant differences between countries using ILI (influenza-like illness) or ARI (acute respiratory disease) as case definition. When looking at the peak-weeks of clinical activity, the average length of an influenza season in Europe was 15.6 weeks (median 15 weeks; range 12–19 weeks). Plotting the peak weeks of clinical influenza activity reported by sentinel GPs against the longitude or latitude of each country indicated that there was a west-east spread of peak activity (spread) of influenza across Europe in four winters (2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005) and a south-north spread in three winters (2001–2002, 2004–2005 and 2006–2007).

Conclusion
We found that: 1) the clinical data reported by sentinel physicians is a valid indicator of influenza activity; 2) the length of influenza activity across the whole of Europe was surprisingly long, ranging from 12–19 weeks; 3) in 4 out of the 8 seasons, there was a west-east spread of influenza, in 3 seasons a south-north spread; not associated with type of dominant virus in those seasons.
Identification of candidate predictive and surrogate molecular markers for dasatinib in prostate cancer: rationale for patient selection and efficacy monitoring
Authors: Wang Xi-De , Reeves Karen , Luo Feng R , Xu Li-An , Lee Francis , Clark Edwin , Huang Fei 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background
Dasatinib is a potent, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib. To aid the clinical development of dasatinib in prostate cancer, we utilized preclinical models to identify potential molecular markers for patient stratification and efficacy monitoring.

Results
Using gene expression profiling, we first identified 174 genes whose expression was highly correlated with in vitro sensitivity of 16 cell lines and, thus, considered as candidate efficacy predictive markers. Among these are important prostatic cell lineage markers, cytokeratin 5, androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen. Our results indicate that 'basal type' cell lines with high expression of cytokeratin 5 and low expression of androgen receptor or prostate specific antigen are sensitive to dasatinib. To identify markers as surrogates for biological activity, we treated cell lines with dasatinib and identified genes whose expression was significantly modulated by the drug. Ten genes, including that encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), were found to not only be potential efficacy markers but also to have reduced expression upon dasatinib treatment. The down-regulation of uPA by dasatinib was drug-specific and correlated with the sensitivity of cell lines to dasatinib. Furthermore, EphA2, a target of dasatinib, was found to be a sensitivity biomarker.

Conclusion
Using the gene expression profiling approach and preclinical models, we have identified prostatic biomarkers that are associated with sensitivity to dasatinib. This study has provided a basis for clinical evaluation of a potential dasatinib efficacy signature in prostate cancer.
Incidence of first-contact psychosis in São Paulo,
Brazil
Authors: Menezes Paulo R. , Scazufca Marcia , Busatto Geraldo F. , Coutinho Letícia M. S. , Mcguire Philip K. , Murray Robin M. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundLittle is known about the incidence of first-episode psychosis in urban
centres of low- or middle-income countriesAimsTo estimate the incidence of psychosis in São Paulo, a large metropolis
of BrazilMethodProspective survey of first-episode psychosis among residents aged 18–64
years resident in a defined area of São Paulo, over a 30-month period
(July 2002- December 2004). Assessments were carried out with the SCID–I,
and diagnoses given according to DSM – IV criteria. Population at risk
was drawn from the 2000 Census dataResultsThere were 367 first-episode cases identified (51% women), and almost 40%
fulfilled criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. The
incidence rate for any psychosis was 15.8/100 000 person-years at risk
(95% CI 14.3–17.6). Incidence of non-affective psychoses was higher among
younger malesConclusionsIncidence of psychosis in São Paulo was lower than expected for a large
metropolis
Grey matter abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis
Authors: Morgan Kevin D. , Dazzan Paola , Orr Kenneth G. , Hutchinson Gerard , Chitnis Xavier , Suckling John , Lythgoe David , Pollock Sarah-Jayne , Rossell Susan , Shapleske Jane , Fearon Paul , Morgan Craig , David Anthony , Mcguire Philip K. , Jones Peter B. , Leff Julian , Murray Robin M. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundGrey matter and other structural brain abnormalities are consistently reported in first-onset schizophrenia, but less is known about the extent of neuroanatomical changes in first-onset affective psychosisAimsTo determine which brain abnormalities are specific to (a) schizophrenia and (b) affective psychosisMethodWe obtained dual-echo (proton density/T2-weighted) magnetic resonance images and carried out voxel-based analysis on the images of 73 patients with first-episode psychosis (schizophrenian=44, affective psychosisn=29) and 58 healthy controlsResultsBoth patients with schizophrenia and patients with affective psychosis had enlarged lateral and third ventricle volumes. Regional cortical grey matter reductions (including bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, left insula and left fusiform gyrus) were evident in affective psychosis but not in schizophrenia, although patients with schizophrenia displayed decreased hippocampal grey matter and increased striatal grey matter at a more liberal statistical thresholdConclusionsBoth schizophrenia and affective psychosis are associated with volumetric abnormalities at the onset of frank psychosis, with some of these evident in common brain areas
Suicidal behaviour and mortality in first-episode psychosis: the
OPUS trial
Authors: Bertelsen Mette , Jeppesen Pia , Petersen Lone , Thorup Anne , ⊘hlenschlæger Johan , Quach Phuong Le , Christensen Torben Østergaard , Krarup Gertrud , J⊘rgensen Per , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundThose with first-episode psychosis are at high-risk of suicideAimsTo identify predictive factors for suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts,
and to investigate the rate of suicides and other deaths during the 5
years after first diagnosis and initiation of treatmentMethodA longitudinal, prospective, 5-year follow-up study of 547 individuals
with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Individuals
presenting for their first treatment in mental health services in two
circumscribed urban areas in Denmark were included in a randomised
controlled trial of integrated v. standard treatment.
All participants were followed in the Danish Cause of Death Register for
5 years. Suicidal behaviour and clinical and social status were assessed
using validated interviews and rating scales at entry, and at 1- and
2-year follow-upsResultsSixteen participants died during the follow-up. We found a strong
association between suicidal thoughts, plans and previous attempts,
depressive and psychotic symptoms and young age, and with suicidal plans
and attempts at 1- and 2-year follow-upConclusionsIn this first-episode cohort depressive and psychotic symptoms,
especially hallucinations, predicted suicidal plans and attempts, and
persistent suicidal behaviour and ideation were associated with high risk
of attempted suicide
Economic evaluation of early intervention
services
Authors: McCrone Paul , Knapp Martin 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEarly intervention services have been introduced in a number of countries,
but the evidence base to support them is limited. In particular there are
very few economic evaluations, which are crucial if decision-makers are to
have a better understanding of how scarce resources can be used
appropriately. This paper discusses the different approaches used in
economic evaluations and shows how these differ in the way in which outcomes
are measured. The most useful forms of evaluation are cost-effectiveness and
cost-utility analysis. We describe how the results of evaluations can be
interpreted using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and acceptability
curves. Finally, the paper summarises some key evidence to date on early
intervention services and economic evaluations currently being
undertaken
Relationship between subjective and objective cognitive function
in the early and late prodrome
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Ruhrmann Stephan , Picker Heinz , Von Reventlow Heinrich Graf , Daumann Bianca , Brockhaus-Dumke Anke , Klosterkötter Joachim , Pukrop Ralf 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundCognitive disturbances have been demonstrated in individuals with
potentially prodromal symptoms in objective–neuropsychological as well as
subjective-symptomatic studies. Yet, the relation between subjective and
objective deficits and to different prodromal states is unclearAimsTo explore interactions between subjective and objective cognitive
measures in different prodromal statesMethodIn participants with an early (n=33) or late
(n=69) initial prodromal state, cognitive subjective
and objective deficits were assessed with the Schizophrenia Proneness
Instrument and a comprehensive neuropsychological test batteryResultsParticipants with an early initial prodromal state were less impaired
than those with a late initial state. Subjective and objective cognitive
deficits were unrelated, excepttime-limited neurocognitive speed measures
and subjectively reduced stress tolerance, especially in participants
with an early initial prodromal stateConclusionsSubjective and objective cognitive deficits are generally unrelated in
the psychosis prodrome and as such they can add complementary information
valuable for prediction. However, possible associations between the two
levels might be better detectable in the less impaired early initial
prodromal state
Acute effects of treatment for prodromal symptoms for people
putatively in a late initial prodromal state of psychosis
Authors: Ruhrmann Stephan , Bechdolf Andreas , Kühn Kai-Uwe , Wagner Michael , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Janssen Birgit , Maurer Kurt , Häfner Heinz , Gaebel Wolfgang , Möller Hans-Jürgen , Maier Wolfgang , Klosterkötter Joachim 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundPeople in a putatively late prodromal state not only have an enhanced
risk for psychosis but already suffer from mental and functional
disturbancesAimsTo evaluate the acute effects of a combined supportive and antipsychotic
treatment on prodromal symptomsMethodPutatively prodromal individuals were randomly assigned to a
needs-focused intervention without (n=59) or with
amisulpride (n=65). Outcome measures at 12-weeks effects
were prodromal symptoms, global functioning and extrapyramidal
side-effectsResultsAmisulpride plus the needs-focused intervention produced superior effects
on attenuated and full-blown psychotic symptoms, basic, depressive and
negative symptoms, and global functioning. Main side-effects were
prolactin associatedConclusionsCoadministration of amisulpride yielded a marked symptomatic benefit.
Effects require confirmation by a placebo-controlled study
Routine turning maneuvers of koi carpCyprinus carpio koi:effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics
Authors: Wu Guanhao , Yang Yan , Zeng Lijiang 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYSpontaneous swimming behaviors of koi carp Cyprinus carpio koiwere recorded using a video tracking system. Routine single-beat turns were selected from the recorded image sequences for kinematic and hydrodynamic analysis. As with C-starts, the turns can be divided into two stages (stage 1 and stage 2), based on kinematics. Stage 1 involves a bend to one side forming a C-shaped curve in the body, while stage 2 corresponds to the return flip of the body and tail. The turning angle in stage 1 accounts for the greatest portion of the total turning angle and the mean turning rate in stage 1 reflects the intensity of turn. The effects of the turning rate in stage 1 on both kinematics and hydrodynamics were examined. The duration of stage 1 remained relatively stable over a nearly tenfold change in turning rate. Consequently, the turning angle is dominated by the turning rate in stage 1. The turning radius is not related to the swimming speed. Moreover, except in very fast turns, the turning radius is also not affected by the turning rate. The angle between the side jet and the carp's initial orientation of a turn does not change substantially with the turning rate, and it is always close to 90° (94.2±3.1°, N=41), so the orientation of the side jet in the forthcoming turn can be predicted. The angle between the jet and the line joining the center of mass of the carp and the trailing edge of the tail (mean value in stage 1) is also always close to 90°(95.3±1.3°, N=41). It is helpful for the carp to maximize the torque so as to improve the turning efficiency. In stage 1, the impulsive moment obtained from the beat of the body and tail and the mean angular momentum of the carp show an agreement in magnitude. Two types of flow patterns in the wake of routine single-beat turns are revealed. The difference between the two types of wakes is in whether or not a vortex ring and a thrust jet are generated in stage 2. The recoil speed of the tail, the bending amplitude of the turn, and the angle of attack of the tail are three probable factors influencing the flow patterns in stage 2.
Endothelin and endothelin converting enzyme-1 in the fish gill:evolutionary and physiological perspectives
Authors: Hyndman Kelly A. , Evans David H. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYIn euryhaline fishes like the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)that experience daily fluctuations in environmental salinity, endothelin 1(EDN1) may be an important regulator molecule necessary to maintain ion homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine if EDN1 and the endothelin converting enzyme (ECE1; the enzyme necessary for cleaving the precursor proendothelin-1 to EDN1) are present in the killifish, to determine if environmental salinity regulates their expression, and to examine the phylogenetic relationships among the EDNs and among the ECEs. We sequenced killifish gill cDNA for two EDN1 orthologues, EDN1A and EDN1B, and also sequenced a portion of ECE1 cDNA. EDN1A and ECE1 mRNA are expressed ubiquitously in the killifish while EDN1B mRNA has little expression in the killifish opercular epithelium or gill. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, EDN1 was localized to large round cells adjacent to the mitochondrion-rich cells of the killifish gill, and to lamellar pillar cells. In the gill, EDN1A and EDN1B mRNA levels did not differ with acute (&lt;24 h) or chronic (30 days) acclimation to seawater (SW); however, EDN1B levels increased threefold post SW to freshwater (FW) transfer,and ECE1 mRNA levels significantly increased twofold over this period. ECE1 mRNA levels also increased sixfold over 24 h post FW to SW transfer. Chronic exposure to SW or FW had little effect on ECE1mRNA levels. Based upon our cellular localization studies, we modeled EDN1 expression in the fish gill and conclude that it is positioned to act as a paracrine regulator of gill functions in euryhaline fishes. It also may function as an autocrine on pillar cells, where it is hypothesized to regulate local blood flow in the lamellae. From our phylogenetic analyses, ECE is predicted to have an ancient origin and may be a generalist endoprotease in non-vertebrate organisms, while EDNs are vertebrate-specific peptides and may be key characters in vertebrate evolution.