bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosexological correlates of 372 women with vulvodynia, overactive pelvic floor, postcoital cystitis, and interstitial cystitis
Authors: Ricucci Noemi , Colonnello Elena , Limoncin Erika , Mollaioli Daniele , Sansone Andrea , Jannini Emmanuele A , Ciocca Giacomo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Among the plethora of urogynecological conditions possibly affecting women, some of them, less explored, have significant impacts on sexological and psychological health, with a mutual influence.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the sexological and psychological correlates of four urogynecological pathologies in a sample of women of childbearing age: overactive pelvic floor, vulvodynia, postcoital cystitis, and interstitial cystitis. Women cured of these conditions were also included, to assess the same aspects after the remission of physical symptoms.

Methods
We recruited 372 women with an average age of 33.5 years through an online platform shared by a popular forum for women with urogynecological pathologies between March and May 2021. The participants filled out a socio-anamnestic questionnaire and a set of psychometric tests.

Outcomes
Participant data were collected by use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Female Sexual Function Index, and Orgasmometer-F, and the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) v.26 was used for data analysis.

Results
Overactive pelvic floor was reported by 66.4% of the women, vulvodynia by 55%, postcoital cystitis by 58.8%, and interstitial cystitis by 8.3%, and these conditions were often comorbid with each other, with 9.4% and 7% of women reporting having suffered psychological and sexual abuse, respectively. The presence of past abuse was correlated with overactive pelvic floor (P &lt; .05), vulvodynia (P &lt; .01), and major depression (P &lt; .01). Significantly more depression occurred in women with vulvodynia than in the other subgroups (P &lt; .05), except for women with only an overactive pelvic floor. There was no difference between the subgroups in the occurrence of alexithymia, sexual function, and orgasm (P &lt; .05). Interestingly, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction increased in cured women.

Clinical implications
The lack of significant differences, except for depression, between the pathological subgroups suggests a similar clinical and psychological relevance of the four pathologies studied. The persistence of sexual dysfunctions in cured women may be related to a residual dysfunctional relational modality with the partner.

Strengths and Limitations
The evaluation of both psychological and sexological variables in a group of less-explored urogynecological conditions represents a strength of this study, while a lack of a face-to-face assessment could represent a limitation.

Conclusion
The results of the present study should promote psychosexological interventions in women with these diseases, both during the pathological state and after remission.
Higher order polyploids exhibit enhanced desiccation tolerance in the grass Microchloa caffra
Authors: Marks Rose A , Delgado Paula , Makonya Givemore Munashe , Cooper Keren , VanBuren Robert , Farrant Jill M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Desiccation tolerance evolved recurrently across diverse plant lineages to enable survival in water-limited conditions. Many resurrection plants are polyploid, and several groups have hypothesized that polyploidy contributed to the evolution of desiccation tolerance. However, due to the vast phylogenetic distance between resurrection plant lineages, the rarity of desiccation tolerance, and the prevalence of polyploidy in plants, this hypothesis has been difficult to test. Here, we surveyed natural variation in morphological, reproductive, and desiccation tolerance traits across several cytotypes of a single species to test for links between polyploidy and increased resilience. We sampled multiple natural populations of the resurrection grass Microchloa caffra across an environmental gradient ranging from mesic to xeric in South Africa. We describe two distinct ecotypes of M. caffra that occupy different extremes of the environmental gradient and exhibit consistent differences in ploidy, morphological, reproductive, and desiccation tolerance traits in both field and common growth conditions. Interestingly, plants with more polyploid genomes exhibited consistently higher recovery from desiccation, were less reproductive, and were larger than plants with smaller genomes and lower ploidy. These data indicate that selective pressures in increasingly xeric sites may play a role in maintaining and increasing desiccation tolerance and are mediated by changes in ploidy.
Developmental and Clinical Concerns and History
Authors: Kerns Connor M. , Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the section on Developmental and Clinical Concerns and History in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version, with Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS/ASA): Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). It is important to get some background information about the child’s development, behavior, and treatment history. The interviewer should ask the parent/guardian if the child has ever received a diagnosis from a medical doctor, psychologist, or educational specialist, or if the child has had a serious medical or behavior difficulty that required professional treatment. If yes, then the interviewer should record information on specific diagnoses. The types of treatments, therapies, or medications that the child received should also be recorded.
School History
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the section on School History in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). This section contains some general questions about the child's school attendance and performance. If the child is homeschooled, the interviewer should ask the parent to explain the reason for homeschooled education. This inquiry is not meant to judge the merits or ideology of different approaches to education, but rather, to examine whether the homeschooling is due to the child's anxiety or other mental health problem. The interviewer should also inquire for basic subjects such as math, reading, science, and history for the current and previous years, noting any changes reported in academic performance.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the section on Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). The interviewer may ask the parents how the child feels in certain social situations such as school, restaurants, parties, or when meeting new people. The next step is to provide a list of some situations and measure the child's fear in relation to the situations through the Feelings Thermometer. For each situation with a fear rating of 4 or greater, the interviewer should inquire about avoidance. It is important to separate Social Anxiety Disorder symptoms from symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The interviewer should specify as “performance only” if the anxiety is restricted to evaluation and performance situations.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder section of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). This section contains some questions that have to do with worrying. It is important to separate Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms from Social Anxiety Disorder symptoms. For each worry area to which the parent responded “Yes,” the interviewer should inquire about excessiveness and tension (severity rating). For each worry area endorsed with a severity rating of 4 (Some) or greater, the interviewer may ask the parent to rate the degree of difficulty in controlling the worry (perceived control of symptom). To meet the diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, the parent must endorse excessive worry more days than not for at least 6 months, report that the child has difficulty controlling the worry, endorse one physical symptom, and report distress or impairment in functioning (interference).
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the section on Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). The interviewer should inquire whether the child experiences repeated, severe anger or temper outbursts that are either verbal (verbal rages) or involve physical aggression towards other people or things and for no good reason. The interviewer should also ask the parent whether these outbursts are unexpected or unusual, given their child's age. To meet the diagnostic criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, the temper outbursts and disruptive mood must occur on average three or more times per week, and must be constant for 12 months or more, without a period of 3 months of normal mood. Moreover, the temper outbursts and disruptive mood must have started before age 10, but not before age 6.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the section on Substance Use Disorders in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). This section is applicable if the child is 12 years old or older, or if the interviewer suspects the possibility of alcohol or other drug use in a younger child. The interviewer should inquire whether the child has ever abused medications that were prescribed for them or someone else, such as opioids or amphetamines prescribed for hyperactivity. The interviewer should also ask whether the child has ever drunk alcohol. If there is no evidence of caffeine, alcohol, or other substance use, the interviewer may skip to the section on Tic Disorders. The next step is to inquire about past use, indicating the time period over which the substance use occurred. If there is evidence of current use, the interviewer should inquire for the presence of prior, discrete episodes of disturbance. It is important to measure interference through the Feelings Thermometer.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Separation Anxiety Disorder module in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). For the child to meet the diagnostic criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder, the child must respond “yes” to at least three symptoms from Questions 1 through 8. It is important to report duration greater than 4 weeks in Question 9, and report significant distress or interference in functioning. The interviewer should explain the concept of interference with the child and obtain an overall rating of interference from the child through the Feelings Thermometer. If the child meets the criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder, the interviewer should inquire about age of onset.
Agoraphobia
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the section on Agoraphobia in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). If the child’s response to Question 2a suggests that they did not understand Question 1; or if the child’s “yes” response to Question 1 appears to be the result of another anxiety disorder; or if the child cites an obvious non-agoraphobic situation, then it is important to review Question 1, emphasizing, rewording, and clarifying the specifics with which the child had difficulty. The interviewer may continue only if the child reports experiencing a “clinically relevant” agoraphobic experience to Question 2a after further probing. Otherwise, the interviewer may skip to the section on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The next step is to measure how scared the child feels in certain situations by using the Feelings Thermometer. For situations that the child endorses with a rating of 4 (Some) or greater, the interviewer should inquire about avoidance. The diagnosis of Agoraphobia requires 6 months or longer of persistent fear, anxiety, or avoidance.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)/Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)/Acute Stress Disorder module of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). For any “yes” response, the interviewer should ensure that the event was extremely distressful or upsetting to the child and that the child’s or another person’s physical integrity was threatened. It is important that the child perceived the event as traumatic to qualify for the diagnosis. By DSM-5 definition, the person must have experienced, witnessed, or been confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death, injury, or threat to the physical integrity of self or others; the person’s response must involve intense fear, helplessness, horror, or, in children, disorganized or agitated behavior. For each event, it is important to record whether the child experienced the event personally, or witnessed the event in person as it happened to someone else, or both. The interviewer should also record whether the event was associated with actual or threatened death, serious injury, and/or sexual violation. In addition, the interviewer should record the severity of the event.
Screening Questions for Additional Disorders
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the Screening Questions for Additional Disorders module in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). This module contains screening questions for additional disorders that the interviewer may wish to pursue. These include Eating Disorders, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Somatic Symptom Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Optional Interference Inquiry, and Child-Initiated Topics that were not previously discussed. The questions here are provided for the purpose of gathering basic information, not for establishing full diagnostic criteria. Further clinical inquiry will be necessary to confirm the presence of any of these disorders. If responses to questions in these categories indicate the need for further inquiry, the interviewer should circle the question mark at the end of each set of questions in each diagnostic category.
Airway Defences
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
The lung has evolved an impressive array of strategies to sense and respond to foreign or dangerous material. In this chapter, lung host defence mechanisms are described from the top to the bottom of the respiratory tree—from nose to alveoli. Each mechanism is described individually in the first instance but then combined into a tissue-based description to better understand the biology as a whole. The review focuses on individual host defence mechanisms of the upper airways, including the nose, sneeze, cough, the mucociliary apparatus, epithelial cells, and dendritic cell network. We move further down the respiratory tree and discuss the individual mechanisms of the lower airways, including the contribution of macrophages, mast cells, and opsonins to host defence. Finally, focus is drawn to cellular interplay between the mechanisms and includes the importance of localized mucosal immunity in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue and bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue. To close, novel interactions based on new understanding of the lung microbiome and the gut/lung axis are incorporated to provide an up-to-date review.
Pulmonary Effects of Positive-pressure Ventilation
Authors: Silva Pedro Leme , Nieman Gary , Pelosi Paolo , Rocco Patricia RM 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Mechanical ventilation represents a life-support system to ensure blood gas exchange and to assist respiratory muscles to ventilate the non-compliant lung during the acute phase of lung disease or following surgery. Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation considerably differs from normal physiologic negative-pressure breathing. If applied incorrectly, mechanical ventilation can cause a secondary lung injury known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Multiple parameters that comprise the mechanical breath, including tidal volume (VT), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), plateau (Pplat) and driving (ΔP) pressures, respiratory rate (RR), and airflow (Vʹ), must all be adjusted appropriately in order to minimize VILI. Numerous mechanisms have been hypothesized for VILI including (1) inspiratory stress (i.e. the respiratory system Pplat), (2) dynamic strain (i.e. the ratio between VT and the end-expiratory lung volume), (3) static strain (i.e. the end-expiratory lung volume determined by PEEP), (4) driving pressure (i.e. the difference between Pplat and PEEP), (5) energy (i.e. the changes in airway pressure as a function of VT), and (6) and power (the amount of energy as a function of RR). Two of these mechanisms are predominantly associated with VILI: (1) volutrauma, inappropriate tidal volumes leading to alveolar overdistension, and (2) atelectrauma, cyclic closing and opening of small airways and alveoli due to low PEEP levels. Understanding VILI mechanisms and identifying the optimal combination of mechanical ventilator parameters to block these mechanisms can be personalized to the pathology of each patient’s lung.
Extrapulmonary Effects of Positive-pressure Ventilation
Authors: Silva Pedro Leme , Nieman Gary , Pelosi Paolo , Rocco Patricia RM 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
One of the consequences of positive-pressure ventilation is an increase in intrathoracic pressure. This leads to several negative consequences, both in organs situated within the mediastinum and remotely. First, haemodynamic changes can affect cardiovascular performance, cerebral perfusion pressure, and drainage of renal veins. Second, the negative effect of mechanical ventilation on the alveolar–capillary membrane may cause inflammation in susceptible distal organs, such as the central nervous system, kidney, and liver. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) impairs lung and peripheral organ function. The ideal combinations of mechanical ventilation settings necessary to optimize both respiratory function and haemodynamics in the presence of IAH have yet to be elucidated. Finally, ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction is discussed. Understanding the effects of positive-pressure ventilation on extrapulmonary organs is important to prevent multiple organ dysfunction and improve long-term outcomes after discharge from the intensive care unit.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Umbrello Michele , Formenti Paolo , Chiumello Davide 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema with bilateral chest X-ray opacities and reduction in respiratory system compliance. The hallmark of the syndrome is hypoxaemia refractory to oxygen therapy. Although the standard supportive treatment remains mechanical ventilation (both non-invasive and invasive), adjuvant therapies can be considered. Therapeutic approaches to ARDS, including lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning, inhaled vasodilators, neuromuscular blockade, steroids, and recruitment manoeuvres, will be reviewed. In patients with ARDS, a holistic framework of respiratory and haemodynamic support should be provided, aiming to ensure adequate gas exchange while minimizing the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury, by promoting lung recruitment and protective mechanical ventilation. To do so, lung recruitability should be considered, while avoiding lung overstress and consequent strain, by monitoring airway driving pressure or transpulmonary pressure. In the most severe cases, neuromuscular blockade, prone positioning, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (alone or in combination) should be considered.
Chest Wall Disease and Post-thoracic Surgery
Authors: Kiss Thomas , Abreu Marcelo Gama de 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Chest wall diseases can arise from a number of causes and can result in altered respiratory mechanics. Kyphoscoliosis, a mostly idiopathic deformity of the spine commonly alters chest wall compliance. In adolescence treatment may include observation, bracing or surgery, whilst surgical correction in adults is of uncertain benefit and has significant associate morbidity.
Pleural diseases including infections (empyema) and other processes such as asbestosis may lead to fibrothorax, which although pleural in origin can produce similar restrictive defects to chest wall disease. Surgical decortication, by open or video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches are often required if less invasive approaches fail. Ankylosing spondylitis is the most common form of spondyloarthropathies and usually affects young male adults. In most patients, pain, stiffness, and fatigue associated with the disease is the most limiting factor. Treatment is primarily preventive and supportive, and focuses on pain and inflammation control and maintenance of maximum skeletal mobility to prevent deformities. The two most familiar and common chest wall abnormalities are pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. The minimally invasive surgical repair (Nuss) of pectus excavatum has become widely accepted as an alternative to surgery. External bracing techniques can significantly improve pectus carinatum deformities. Management of chest wall disease in ICU requires close liaison between intensivists, thoracic surgeons and other specialist teams such as respiratory medicine and rheumatology depending on the underlying causes.
Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Unique among medical texts, the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine is a complete and concise guide to the core areas of medicine that also encourages thinking about the world from the patient's perspective, offering a holistic, patient-centred approach. Loved and trusted by millions for over three decades, the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine continues to be a truly indispensable companion for the practice of modern medicine. Now in its eleventh edition, the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine includes three new authors on the writing team, bringing a fresh perspective to the content. Each page has been updated to reflect the latest changes in practice and best management, and the chapters on haematology, oncology, surgery, and radiology have been extensively reworked. Figures and illustrations have been carefully revised and updated in response to reader feedback, key references have been honed to the most up-to-date and relevant, and the text has undergone a thorough review process to ensure the level and coverage are pitched correctly.