bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Pond Production of Phase-III Sunshine Bass Fed 32-, 36-, and 40%-Crude-Protein Diets with Fixed Energy: Protein Ratios
Authors: Wetzel James E , Kasper Craig S , Kohler Christopher C 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
We stocked phase-III sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops ♀ × striped bass M. saxatilis ♂) at a rate of 6,188 fingerlings/ha into twelve 0.04-ha earthen ponds supplied with continuous aeration. Three dietary treatments were randomly assigned to quadruplicate ponds. Sunshine bass were fed to apparent satiation once daily after average initial weight (mean ± SE = 214 ± 5 g) and total length (245 ± 1.6 mm) were determined. Diets were formulated to conserve the estimated digestible energy : crude protein (CP) ratio (9.3 kcal/g protein) and represented the following CP and energy values fed to fish: 32% CP (3,000 kcal/kg), 36% CP (3,360 kcal/kg), and 40% CP (3,760 kcal/kg). Harvest data suggest that nutrient density is a variable that can be manipulated to optimize production and reduce production costs. Production rates (mean ± SE) were 2,851 ± 600 kg/ha for the 32%-CP diet, 2,895 ± 341 kg/ha for the 36%-CP diet, and 2,953 ± 142 kg/ha for the 40%-CP diet; production rates were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Survival was excellent and did not appear to be related to dietary treatment. Dressed (gilled and gutted) fish averaged 80% of whole-fish weight, and the dressed percentage did not vary as a function of nutrient density. Feed conversion ratios of 3.0 ± 0.4, 2.8 ± 0.2, and 2.6 ± 0.1 were obtained for the fish fed 32-, 36-, and 40%-CP diets, respectively. Protein conversion ratios (mean = 1.0) were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. Feed cost increased with increasing dietary CP level; costs were US.447 per kilogram for the 32%-CP diet, .493 per kilogram for the 36%-CP diet, and .541 per kilogram for the 40%-CP diet. The resulting production costs attributable to feed were $1.34, $1.38, and $1.41 per kilogram of gain for the 32-, 36-, and 40%-CP diets, respectively. A savings of .16 per kilogram produced, or approximately $450 per hectare, was realized as a result of feeding either of the two lower-CP, lower-energy diets. Accordingly, we suggest that phase-III sunshine bass can be more economically produced by feeding diets as low as 32% CP with a minimum energy : protein ratio of 9.3 kcal/g CP.
Generalized Scaling Approach for Spontaneous Imbibition: An Analytical Model
Authors: Li Kewen , Horne Roland N. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Scaling the experimental data of spontaneous imbibition without serious limitations has been difficult. To this end, a general approach was developed to scale the experimental data of spontaneous imbibition for most systems (gas/liquid/rock and oil/water/ rock systems) in both cocurrent and countercurrent cases. We defined a dimensionless time with almost all the parameters considered. These include porosity, permeability, size, shape, boundary conditions, wetting- and nonwetting-phase relative permeabilities, interfacial tension (IFT), wettability, and gravity. The definition of the dimensionless time was not empirical; instead, it was based on theoretical analysis of the fluid-flow mechanisms that govern spontaneous imbibition. The general scaling method was confirmed against the experimental data from spontaneous water imbibition conducted at different IFTs in oil-saturated rocks with different sizes and permeabilities. A general analytical solution to the relationship between recovery and imbibition time for linear spontaneous imbibition was derived. The analytical solution predicts a linear correlation between the imbibition rate and the reciprocal of the recovery by spontaneous imbibition in most fluid/ fluid/rock systems.
Toe-To-Heel Waterflooding. Part ll: 3D Laboratory-Test Results
Authors: Turta Alex T. , Singhal Ashok K. , Goldman Jon , Zhao Litong 
Published: June 2006

Summary
A new waterflooding process, toe-to-heel waterflooding (TTHW), was developed, based partly on a recently developed thermal TTH displacement process, TTH air injection (THAI). TTHW is a novel oil-recovery process that uses a horizontal producer (HP) and a vertical injector (VI). The HP has its horizontal leg located at the top of formation, while its toe is close to the VI, which is perforated at the lower part of the formation.
TTHW realizes a gravity-stable displacement, in which the water/oil mobility ratio becomes less important and its detrimental effect on sweep efficiency is diminished; the injected water always breaks through at the toe, after which water cut gradually increases.
A systematic investigation of the TTHW process in a Hele-Shaw laboratory model mimicking a simulated porous medium showed that the process substantially improved the vertical sweep efficiency as compared to conventional waterflooding. Following these semiquantitative tests, a more comprehensive 3D-model testing was undertaken to investigate the overall sweep efficiency of the process. The 3D model consists of a metal box filled with glass beads and saturated with oil at connate-water saturation. Oil was displaced with high-salinity brine, either in a TTH configuration or in a conventional array, using only vertical wells.
A staggered line drive was used by injecting water in two vertical wells located at one side of the box and producing oil by using either an HP with its toe close to the injection line or a vertical producer located at the HP's heel position.
Several TTHW tests were carried out at different injection rates. For a given injection rate, the TTHW results were compared to those of conventional-waterflooding tests. For the same amount of water injected, the ultimate oil recovery increased by a factor of up to 2, as compared to that for conventional waterflooding.
All in all, the results of these investigations show that the novel TTHW process is sound and can be optimized further.
Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in green iguanas and the effect of butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration
Authors: Mosley Craig A. E. , Dyson Doris , Smith Dale A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in green iguanas and effects of butorphanol on MAC.Design—Prospective randomized trial.Animals—10 healthy mature iguanas.Procedure—In each iguana, MAC was measured 3 times: twice after induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and once after induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and IM administration of butorphanol (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]). A blood sample was collected from the tail vein for blood-gas analysis at the beginning and end of the anesthetic period. The MAC was determined with a standard bracketing technique; an electrical current was used as the supramaximal stimulus. Animals were artificially ventilated with a ventilator set to deliver a tidal volume of 30 mL/kg (14 mL/lb) at a rate of 4 breaths/min.Results—Mean ± SD MAC values during the 3 trials (2 without and 1 with butorphanol) were 2.0 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 0.6, and 1.7 ± 0.7%, respectively, which were not significantly different from each other. Heart rate and end-tidal partial pressure of CO2were also not significantly different among the 3 trials. Mean ± SD heart rate was 48 ± 10 beats/min; mean end-tidal partial pressure of CO2was 22 ± 10 mm Hg. There were no significant differences in blood-gas values for samples obtained at the beginning versus the end of the anesthetic period.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the MAC of isoflurane in green iguanas is 2.1% and that butorphanol does not have any significant isoflurane-sparing effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:1559–1564)
Nail gun injuries in apprentice carpenters: Risk factors and control measures
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Dement John M. , Nolan James , Patterson Dennis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundNail guns increase residential construction productivity but their use is associated with risk of injury.MethodsActive surveillance data from 772 apprentice carpenters were used to document the injury risk associated with the use of nail guns and the potential impact of modifiable risk factors. Using reported work hours and nail gun injuries injury rates per 200,000 hr worked in the past year were calculated. Using estimates of hours of tool use, Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted rate ratios for injury associated with time in the trade, trigger mechanism on the tools and training prior to injury.ResultsForty‐five percent of these apprentices had sustained a nail gun injury; injury rates in the past year based on hours of work were considerably higher than previously recognized. Those with less than 1 year in the trade compared to those with more than 5 years experience (RR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.2, 5.9) and those with no training in tool use (RR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.9, 4.4) were at greatest risk. After adjusting for experience and training, the rate of injury was twice as high with tools with a contact trip trigger compared to those with a sequential trigger (RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.2, 3.3).ConclusionsPreventive measures should include change to the safer sequential trigger that prevents unintentional firing and early training in safe tool use. Because of the high prevalence of use of tools with contact trip triggers the greatest number of injuries among these apprentices could be prevented with an engineering solution. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:505–513, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of psychosocial job stress on non‐fatal occupational injuries in small and medium‐sized manufacturing enterprises
Authors: Nakata Akinori , Ikeda Tomoko , Takahashi Masaya , Haratani Takashi , Hojou Minoru , Fujioka Yosei , Swanson Naomi G. , Araki Shunichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundWorkers involved in manufacturing are known to comprise a high‐risk population for occupational injury, and this risk is greater in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between psychosocial job stress and occupational injuries among workers in SMEs.MethodsOne thousand forty‐nine men and 721 women from 244 SMEs participated in this study. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Japanese version of the generic job stress questionnaire, which covered 14 job stress variables. Occupational injury was assessed by self‐report during the last 1‐year period.ResultsWorkers with high quantitative workload (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55 for men, 1.62 for women), high cognitive demands (OR = 1.70 for men, 1.53 for women), and low job satisfaction (OR = 1.33 for men, 1.93 for women) had a significantly increased risk of occupational injury in the multivariate model. High variance in workload (OR = 1.70) and high job future ambiguity (OR = 1.35) in men, and low job control (OR = 2.04) and high intragroup conflict (OR = 1.66) in women were significantly associated with occupational injury. In manufacturing/production workers, high quantitative workload (OR = 1.91), high variance in workload (OR = 2.02), and high depressive symptoms (OR = 1.55) were significantly associated with injury in men, while low social support from colleagues (OR = 2.36) or family (OR = 2.51) was related to injury in women.ConclusionsThese data point to an independent relationship between psychosocial job stress and self‐reported occupational injury in SMEs.
Language evolution and the spread of ideas on the Web: A procedure for identifying emergent hybrid word family members
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Price Liz 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWord usage is of interest to linguists for its own sake as well as to social scientists and others who seek to track the spread of ideas, for example, in public debates over political decisions. The historical evolution of language can be analyzed with the tools of corpus linguistics through evolving corpora and the Web. But word usage statistics can only be gathered for known words. In this article, techniques are described and tested for identifying new words from the Web, focusing on the case when the words are related to a topic and have a hybrid form with a common sequence of letters. The results highlight the need to employ a combination of search techniques and show the wide potential of hybrid word family investigations in linguistics and social science.
One digital library, two undergraduate classes, and four learning modules: Uses of a digital library in classrooms
Authors: Pan Bing , Gay Geri , Saylor John , Hembrooke Helene 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe KMODDL (kinematic models for design digital library) is a digital library based on a historical collection of kinematic models made of steel and bronze. The digital library contains four types of learning modules including textual materials, QuickTime virtual reality movies, Java simulations, and stereolithographic files of the physical models. The authors report an evaluation study on the uses of the KMODDL in two undergraduate classes. This research reveals that the users in different classes encountered different usability problems, and reported quantitatively different subjective experiences. Further, the results indicate that depending on the subject area, the two user groups preferred different types of learning modules, resulting in different uses of the available materials and different learning outcomes. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future digital library design.
The Fumitremorgin Gene Cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus: Identification of a Gene Encoding Brevianamide F Synthetase
Authors: Maiya Shubha , Grundmann Alexander , Li Shu‐Ming , Turner Geoffrey 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA gene encoding a putative dimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) was identified within a gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus, a species reported to produce fumitremorgins and other prenylated alkaloids. The gene was deleted and overexpressed in the genome reference strain Af293, and was also expressed in the naïve host Aspergillus nidulans, which lacks the equivalent gene cluster. While neither fumitremorgins nor the dipeptide brevianamide F (cyclo‐L‐Trp‐L‐Pro), an early intermediate, were detected in wild‐type and deletion strains of A. fumigatus, brevianamide F accumulated in fungal cultures following increased expression of the NRPS gene in both A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. We conclude that the gene Afu8g00170, named ftmA, encodes the NRPS brevianamide synthetase. Brevianamide F is the precursor of a variety of fungal prenylated alkaloids with biological activity, including fumitremorgins A, B and C and tryprostatin B.
Comparative Analyses of a Family of Potential Self‐Replicators: The Subtle Interplay between Molecular Structure and the Efficacy of Self‐Replication
Authors: Pearson Russell J. , Kassianidis Eleftherios , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Philp Douglas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is envisioned that protocols based on self‐replication will emerge as a formidable synthetic apparatus for the production of nanoscale assemblies through molecular structures that are capable of automultiplication with high reaction rates and selectivities. To achieve this goal, a complete understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and replication efficiency is necessary. Rigorous experimental and theoretical analyses of a series of self‐complementary scaffolds that are intimately related in a constitutional sense, manufactured through the Diels–Alder reaction of complementary subunits, were undertaken. Experimental and computational methods were employed to map the key determinants that dictate the emergence of self‐replicative function, as well as the efficiency, rate and selectivity of the self‐replicative processes.
Lanthanide Complexes of a Picolinate Ligand Derived from 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane with Potential Application in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Time‐Resolved Luminescence Imaging
Authors: Nonat Aline , Gateau Christelle , Fries Pascal H. , Mazzanti Marinella 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe new potentially octadentate ligand, 1‐(carboxymethyl)‐4,7‐bis[(6‐carboxypyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane (H3bpatcn), in which two picolinate arms and one acetate arm are connected to the 1,4,7‐triazacyclonane core, has been prepared. Potentiometric studies show an increased stability of the GdIII complex of H3bpatcn (logKGdL=15.8(2)) with respect to the GdIII complex of the analogous ligand 1,4,7‐triazacyclononane‐N,N′,N′′‐triacetic acid (H3nota) (logKGdL=13.7), associated with an increased selectivity of H3bpatcn for gadolinium over calcium. The H3bpatcn ligand sensitises the terbium ion very efficiently, leading to a long‐lived and highly luminescent terbium complex (quantum yield=43 %), in spite of the presence of a coordinated water molecule. 1H proton NMR studies indicate that the metal ion is rigidly encapsulated by the three arms of the octadentate ligand H3bpatcn and that the macrocycle framework remains bound (through the five nitrogen and the three oxygen atoms) even at high temperature. A new theoretical method for interpreting the water proton relaxivity is presented. It is based on recent progresses in the description of the electronic spin relaxation and on an auxiliary probe solute. It replaces the Solomon, Bloembergen and Morgan (SBM) framework, which is questionable at low field, while avoiding resorting to simulations and/or sophisticated theories with additional unknown zero‐field splitting (ZFS) parameters. The inclusion of two picolinate groups on a triazacyclononane framework affords the mono‐aquo gadolinium complex [Gd(bpatcn)(H2O)] with favourable electron‐relaxation properties (${\tau {{{\rm eff}\hfill \atop {\rm S0}\hfill}}}$=125 ps). The optimisation of the electronic relaxation by ligand design is especially important to achieve high relaxivity in the new generation macromolecular complexes with long rotational correlation times.
Ab Initio and Experimental Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Proton‐Assisted Bond Activation in Gaseous Hydrocarbons: Deconvolution of Reaction Efficiencies in the Case of Adamantane
Authors: Dávalos Juan Z. , Herrero Rebeca , Quintanilla Esther , Jiménez Pilar , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles , Abboud José‐Luis M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1) Protonation at all possible sites of adamantane (C10H16) was studied at the MP2/6‐311++G(3df,2p)//MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) level. This provided values of the changes in the thermodynamic state functions for these processes. Whenever direct comparison was possible, the agreement with experimental data was very good. 2) By the same means, the reaction paths linking the various species obtained in these reactions were analyzed. 3) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) spectroscopy was used to determine the rate constants for proton transfer from 16 protonated reference bases to adamantane in the gas phase. Also, the rate constants for the formation of ionic products in these reactions were determined. 4) The experimental reaction rates were successfully predicted and refined on the basis of a simple mechanistic model based on the reaction profiles indicated above. 5) Our results hint at the potential usefulness of this approach for mechanistic studies.
The Mechanistic Puzzle of Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Skeletal Rearrangements of Enynes
Authors: Nieto‐Oberhuber Cristina , López Salomé , Jiménez‐Núñez Eloísa , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThree pathways actually compete in metal‐catalyzed cyclizations of enynes in which the metal selectively activates the alkyne: an endocyclic process and two exo‐cyclizations, one proceeding by anti attack of the alkene and a second one resulting in a syn addition. Although cyclobutenes may be formed in transition‐metal‐catalyzed cyclization of some enynes, particularly, 1,7‐enynes, these compounds are not necessarily the intermediates in the skeletal rearrangement. Cyclobutenes are formed by ring expansion of syn‐cyclopropyl metal–carbenes formed in the syn pathway.
The Adaptable Lyonsite Structure
Authors: Smit Jared P. , Stair Peter C. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCrystal frameworks that can accommodate a wide range of elements, oxidation states, and stoichiometries are an important component of solid‐state chemistry. These frameworks allow for unique comparisons of different metal‐cation compositions with identical atomic arrangements. The mineral Lyonsite, α‐Cu3Fe4(VO4)6, is emerging as the archetypal framework structure for a large class of materials, similar to known frameworks such as perovskite, garnet, apatite, and spinel. The new lyonsite‐type oxides Li2.82Hf0.795Mo3O12 and Li3.35Ta0.53Mo3O12, in which hafnium and tantalum retain their highest oxidation states, are presented to advance the concept of the lyonsite structure as an adaptable framework.
Predicting the Shape and Structure of Face‐Centered Cubic Gold Nanocrystals Smaller than 3 nm
Authors: Barnard Amanda S. , Curtiss Larry A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough a number of computational studies have examined the relative stability of icosahedral and decahedral gold clusters from 1 to 3 nm in size, few studies have focussed on the variety of face‐centered cubic (fcc) nanoparticles in this size regime. In most cases small fcc gold particles are assumed to adopt the truncated octahedral shape, but in light of the fact that the shape and structure of gold nanoparticles is known to vary, the relative stability of fcc polyhedra may change with size. Presented here are results of first‐principles calculations investigating the preferred shape of gold particles less than 3 nm in size. Our results indicate that the equilibrium shape of fcc gold nanoparticles less than 1 nm is the cuboctahedron, but this shape rapidly becomes energetically unstable with respect to the truncated octahedron, octahedron and truncated cube shapes as the size increases.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure Analysis of the First Terdentate [C,N,S] Thiosemicarbazone Complex with a Six‐Membered Palladacycle: Influence of Steric Effects on Ring Size
Authors: Amoedo Adriana , Adrio Luis A. , Antelo José M. , Martínez Javier , Pereira M. Teresa , Fernández Alberto , Vila José M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reaction of the thiosemicarbazone ligands 1‐(COMe)‐3‐[C(H)=NN(H)C(=S)NHR]C8H5N, (R = H a, Me b, Et c) with potassium tetrachloropalladate in an ethanol/water mixture led to the new tetranuclear palladium(II) compounds [Pd{1‐(COMe)‐3‐[C(H)=NN=C(S)NHR]C8H4N‐k3C5,N,S}]4 (R = H 1a, Me 1b, Et 1c) which contain six‐membered metallacycles. The thiosemicarbazone ligands in these complexes are terdentate through the C, N, and S atoms and are deprotonated at the NH group. The Pd–S bond formed is sufficiently strong to undergo reactions with nucleophiles without bond cleavage. Reaction of 1a and 1b with 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane (dppe) gave the dinuclear species [{Pd[1‐(COMe)‐3‐{C(H)=NN=C(S)NHR}C8H4N]}2(μ‐Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2)] (R = H 2a, Me 2b). The molecular structure of complex 1b has been determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)