bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluralistic Corporatisms and Corporate Pluralism*
Authors: Jordan Grant 
Published: October 2007

This discussion acknowledges that interest group ‐ governmental relations deserve further study, but argues that the corporatist literature of the last decade has failed to give useful guidance to the research. One major complaint concerns the hostility in many of the sources to pluralist analysis. As critiques, these attacks have been too shallow to be defended as constructive debate and in dismissing pluralist writings important insights into group‐Governmental relations have been neglected.The article broadly distinguishes two types of pluralism. There is the version which dwells on open competition between groups; there is also, however, a tradition of writing about and discussing closed group‐departmental relations and sectorized policy‐making. It is clearly this second strain that overlaps considerably with contemporary corporatist interest. It is suggested that it is worth reserving the term corporate pluralism for this model of segmented policymaking. This model is more descriptive than explanatory and is less ordered and systematised than corporatism appears to be in current theoretical use.It is further argued that in use many writers impute to corporatism little more than corporate pluralism suggests — and that advocates of corporatism now use the term in a less ambitious (an empirical) manner.
The Application of Game‐Theory in the Study of Hierarchical Decision‐Making*
Authors: Sørensen Rune J. 
Published: October 2007

The article discusses hierarchical decision‐making within a rational‐choice framework. The interaction between Superior and Subordinate is assumed to be influenced by three types of uncertainty regarding preferences, choice and ‘what happened’.A game‐theoretical analysis indicates that the Control Game may represent the decision situation of the superior and the subordinate actors, particularly when modelled as a one‐shot game with simultaneous moves. As this game has no Nash‐equilibrium, it is difficult to predict an outcome.A rather tentative empirical testing is performed. Using data from the budgetary process in the city of Oslo, it seems that the agencies do not exploit strategic opportunities to increase spending. This supports the theoretical presumption that it is rational bureaucratic self‐interest to comply with superior preferences, even under a non‐controlled decision situation.
Voluntary Organisations and Community Politics: Norwegian and British Comparisons
Authors: Hansen Tore , Newton K. 
Published: October 2007

The study reported in this article compares local political activity of voluntary organizations in a Norwegian and an English city — Tromsø and Birmingham. The two cities display rather striking structural similarities with respect to the relative number of organizations as well as to organizational membership. The relative distribution of major types of organizations is also rather similar, although there is a greater degree of organizational specialization in the English city.With respect to political activity of the organizations the two cities are, however, quite different. While two thirds of the organizations in Tromsø have been active in local political matters, this holds true for less than 30 per cent of the organizations in Birmingham.This difference is attributed to the finding that in the Norwegian case local government assists organizations with goods and services, while in the English case organizations have to depend on their own internal resources. An additional factor is that Norwegian organizations, when compared to their English counterparts, have greater access to political decision‐making bodies.
Dissolution of Governments in Scandinavia: A Critical Events Perspective*
Authors: Browne Eric C. , Frendreis John P. , Gleiber Dennis W. 
Published: October 2007

For many years, scholars have sought to discover why governments in Western European parliamentary democracies frequently dissolve before the time constitutionally mandated for the holding of elections. Recent research has suggested the potential importance of unpredictable changes in the political environment for bringing about governmental dissolutions. Although not specifically described. the importance of ‘critical events‘ is suggested by both aggregate patterns of dissolutions and anecdotal accounts of particular governments.It is our purpose in this paper to develop further this critical evenrs perspective and evaluate empirically actual governmental histories in light of these developments. Two specific goals are pursued. First, we delineate categories of critical events, thereby grounding the concept of a critical event within existing knowledge of governmental stability. Second, we apply this categorical schema of events to the dissolution of Scandinavian governments during the years 1945–1980. In so doing, we seek not only to assess the adequacy of our conceptualization of events, but also to provide a theoretically and substantively accurate account of the death of modern Scandinavian governments.
The Scandinavian Democratic Model
Authors: Einhorn Eric S. , Logue John A. 
Published: October 2007

Given the continuing importance of democracy as an analytic concept. this article seeks to compare Scandinavian practice with accepted general definitions and theories. Definitions that recognize contemporary political democracy as consensual and procedural seem most appropriate to the Scandinavian cases. Although remaining dynamic. political democracy has not been a contested principle for more than 50 years.Efforts since 1945 to extend democracy to social and economic spheres have been more controversial, however. Welfare state measures enjoy broad support, not least for functional reasons. For many, however, such policies seek a broader social democracy instead of merely a humane ‘safety net’. Economic democracy remains the most contested dimension. Seeking to transcend corporatism and rational collective bargaining, economic democracy seeks simultaneously to promote greater economic equality and participation while maintaining an efficient productive system.The dynamic and expanded democratic model has engendered much domestic debate about means and ends. This has been, on balance, a source of reinvigoration.
Sketches for a Democratic Utopia
Authors: Dahl Robert A. 
Published: October 2007

I want to sketch the general shape of several new structures that would in my view provide stronger support for democracy than is provided by any existing society. I call these sketches for a democratic Utopia not because I would expect these structures to inaugurate a perfect democracy, whatever that might be, nor because they are beyond human reach. On the contrary the institutions I want to suggest are well within human reach. I call them Utopian only because I am not able to point with confidence to the historical forces that are likely to bring them about.The structures I have in mind are designed to strengthen freedom and equality among citizens of democratic orders.
Corporatism and the Microeconomic Foundations of Swedish Social Democracy: The Swedish Model Revisited*
Authors: Milner Henry 
Published: October 2007

The aim of this paper is to advance the research into the workings of ‘corporatist’ societies by adding a microeconomic dimension and outlining how such a revised model is applicable to recent Swedish experience. Sweden is often regarded as a corporatist society., that is, one in which policy is the outcome of a ‘social partnership’ between encompassing groups coordinated by government. This corporatist approach, resting on the existence of a macro‐economic social contract between peak organizations, is complemented here by an analysis of the micro‐level incentives and mechanisms conducive to operating within the corporatist cooperative framework.These characteristics are seen as together constituting what I term the solidaristic market economy, a system of economic relations different in fundamental respects from the two with which we are familiar. While Swedish reality docs not correspond exactly to the economic model set out, the case is made that it is as reasonable to extrapolate from Swedish experience to the solidaristic market economy (and vice versa) as to learn from U.S. experience about the competitive market economy and from the Soviet Union about the command economy.Complemented by these micro‐characteristics, corporatist analysis of economic relations under social‐democratic regimes is thus seen as explaining the resilience of the ‘Swedish model’. Rather than in constant peril as critics suggest, the encompassing interest organizations and the patterns of relations among them are characterized by continued solidity in keeping with the operating principles of the solidaristic market economy.
On Democracy1
Authors: Kimber Richard 
Published: October 2007

This paper attempts to provide a modern, universal, conceptualisation of democracy. J. D. May's ‘responsive rule’ approach is analysed. It is argued that his approach, although on the right lines, is not satisfactory as it stands. Democracy should be seen as referring to the principles which underlie the political process for a given regime, and is logically independent of the detailed institutional practices. Following Easton's analysis of a regime in terms of authority structure, values, and norms, democracy is analysed in terms of three principles of upward control, political equality, and norms defining acceptable polices. procedures, and behaviour. Democracy is not a dichotomous concept: given regimes differ in the extent to which they embody the principles of democracy in the operation of their institutions. In practice it will be hard, perhaps impossible, to find any regime anywhere which does not embody some elements of democracy to some degree. This vitiates the almost universal practice of using democracy and non‐democracy as underlying concepts in a system of categorisation of regimes. Such categories become wholly arbitrary. Because of the subtle ways in which the democratic principles may work in different contexts. and because measures of these various manifestations of democracy can only be combined on a purely arbitrary basis, statistical measures of ‘democracy’ also become arbitrary. It is concluded that, although facets of the political process may be investigated using statistical techniques. ultimately the main thrust of empirical studies of democracy must be qualitative rather than quantitative.Democracy is the theory that the common people know what they want, and deserve to get it good and hard. (H. L. Mencken. Sententiae. A Book of Burlesquer, 1920)
Party Propaganda in Motion: Finland 1954–1991
Authors: Rappe Axel 
Published: October 2007

This study addresses itself to the election campaigns of political parties in Finland and the changes which have taken place over time. Political parties are no longer strictly defined by ideology‐rigid class structures have disappeared; and the primary hypothesis is that the parties have grown increasingly similar with respect to propaganda techniques and voter orientation. The empirical data in this study are based on the election platforms and campaign posters of the four largest parties in preparation for the parliamentary elections of 1954, 1966, 1975, 1987 and 1991. In order to elucidate the election propaganda of the political parties even further, a partial examination has been made of election campaign advertising by individual parties and candidates in four political affiliated newspapers as well as in an independent daily newspaper.The primary hypothesis is clearly supported by this research: political parties have structured their rhetoric to appeal to all voters as opposed to having earlier directed their message to a traditional voter class/category, such as farmers, manual workers and white collar workers. The Communist party platform of 1975, which displayed a high degree of class/category specific orientation, constitutes an exception from this rule. The use of offensive propaganda has decreased, but there are exceptions from this rule as well. This article serves as a summary of the main findings of my licentiate thesis in political science at the Abo Academy University.
Thyroid Function in Renal Failure
Authors: Hoffman Alan S. , Arem Ridha , Eknoyan Garabed 
Published: October 2007

SummaryRenal failure is often associated with abnormal thyroid function tests which may make the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction difficult (Table 1). As many as one‐half of patients with renal failure have low thyroid function indices. Although clinically the patients are usually euthroid, there is evidence from animal and human studies that there may be some degree of tissue hypothyroidism in patients with renal failure. Whether this tissue hypothyroidism reflects an adaptive reaction to the uremic state is not clear.Contributory factors to the alteration in thyroid function tests in renal failure are multiple and include poor nutritional status, medications, metabolic disturbances, hemodialysis, and associated nonthyroidal illnesses. All of these are known to affect thyroid function tests, and it is difficult to dissociate their influence from that of the uremic state. In most instances, the changes in thyroid function tests are similar to those encountered during nonthyroidal illness and include low levels of T3, with normal or low levels of T4, a variable free thyroxine index, and a normal, suppressed, or elevated level of TSH. One feature distinguishing renal failure from other non‐thyroidal illnesses is the often normal rT3 and elevated free rT3 levels seen in acute and chronic renal failure. This appears to be related to the increased binding of rT3 to intracellular binding proteins.During hemodialysis, the free T4 level is elevated transiently but may be abnormally elevated or low in the presence of a coexistent nonthyroidal illness. TSH is normal or only slightly elevated.Transplant patients, who often receive high doses of steroids, may have abnormal thyroid function tests, in particular hypothyroxinemia and suppressed levels of basal TSH.
Joint Disease in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Ramsay Allan G. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe joint diseases that are encountered in chronic dialysis have been reviewed. There are two general categories: de novo disease and arthropathy anteceding ESRD. The de novo joint diseases include categories that are probably the direct result of ESRD. Microcrystalline CaOHapatite and CaPPD arthritis is associated with hyperparathyroidism and a high Ca X P. Aluminum phosphate joint disease is the result of aluminum toxicity. Both types have severe disease of the adjacent bone: osteitis fibrosa with CaOHapatite‐CaPPD arthropathy and osteomalacia with aluminum phosphate. Calcium oxalate joint disease probably results from renal oxalate retention in ESRD and conversion of ascorbate to oxalate. The evidence for uric acid arthropathy in the absence of primary gout or lead toxicity is not convincing. Amyloid is the most frequent cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome and is related to retention of β‐2 microglobulin. Infective arthritis may be Seen, often occumng as a result of bacteremia from an infected fistula site. A degenerative arthritis different from osteoarthritis has also been described. Pathologic fractures can occur with both amyloid deposition in bone and aluminum osteomalacia. Long‐term steroid therapy can lead to avascular necrosis of femoral or humeral heads. Diabetes mellitus with neuropathy can give rise to a very destructive Charcot joint. Tendon ruptures occur, but the mechanism is obscure.It is most important that the nephrologist work closely with the rheumatologist. Carefbl and sophis ticated examination of synovial fluid and tissue is mandatory in the microcrystalling diseases. Immunohistochemical methods may be required, particularly for tissue removed during decompression of the median nerve. Together the subspecialists can establish the diagnosis and determine the appropriate therapy for the iarge number of joint disorders to which the dialysis patient is subject.
Considerations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arrhythmias in Patients with End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Epstein Andrew E. , Kay G. Neal , Plumb Vance J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryPatients with ESRD have arrhythmias similar to those in patients without renal complications. It is unclear whether ESRD itself is a risk factor for the development of arrhythmias or whether it is simply a marker for other diseases which predispose to arrhythmias. Regardless, therapy can be undertaken but special caution is required because of metabolic alterations and drug interactions which can make antiarrhythmic therapy more risky than in the general population. With meticulous attention to detail, therapy can be provided safely.
What Are the Most Common Errors in the Management of Renal Osteodystrophy?
Authors: Delmez James A. , Slatopolsky Eduardo 
Published: October 2007

SummaryEvaluation of renal osteodystrophy is always challenging and sometimes quite difficult. Clearly, a thorough understanding of the usefulness and limitations of the tests available in its assessment is of paramount importance. However, when the diagnosis is in doubt, a bone biopsy may yield critical information allowing effective therapy.
Optimal Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Conlon Peter J. , Schwab Steve J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe optimal provision of vascular access for the ESRD patient involves the following: early identification of such patients so that either a primary a/v fistula or a PTFE graft may be created; prospective monitoring of VDP and urea recirculation to detect venous stenoses; intervention with either angio‐plasty or surgical revision in cases found to have venous stenosis; and development of a quality assurance plan that monitors thrombosis and fistula replacement rates and seeks causes of fistula thrombosis in patients without an anatomic basis for the clotting.
Preventing and Managing Hypotension
Authors: Daugirdas John T. 
Published: October 2007

SummarySimple maneuvers to prevent dialysis hypotension include measures to help maintain blood volume and to limit interdialytic weight gain. After several years of development, the use of hematocrit sensors and intelligent feedback regulation of the ultrafiltration rate based on blood volume, on‐line measurement of cardiac output, or blood pressure, will soon be a reality. The use of acetate is fast becoming obsolete in the United States, because acetate has a number of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. A preliminary report that acetate dialysis is associated with better solute removal from the body needs to be confirmed. Wider use of cool temperature dialysis is limited by frequent patient discomfort (feeling cold, shivering), and cool dialysis may adversely affect urea removal during dialysis, though this needs to be studied. In patients who experience sudden episodes of hypotension during dialysis, the mechanism may be sudden withdrawal of sympathetic tone. This may be related to generation of adenosine due to tissue ischemia. A rational approach to this type of patient would be to minimize tissue ischemia by increasing the baseline hematocrit if low, and by giving nasal oxygen during the treatment, Predialysis nasal administration of iysine vasopressin may help some patients with refractory dialysis hypotension.
Control of Renal Bone Disease
Authors: Sherrard Donald J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn this review I have briefly described the patho‐physiology of renal osteodystrophy, the kinds of bone lesions which occur, and the current thoughts about management, pointing out that the major issue we need to solve is patient compliance. I have also discussed three areas of controversy: calcitriol dosing, the use of the bone biopsy, and the implications of the recently noted aplastic bone disorder.
Optimal Approach to the Prevention and Treatment of Peritonitis in Children Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory and Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Levy Maurice , Balfe J. Williamson 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn this paper we have tried to discuss the optimal approach to prevention and treatment of peritonitis. Because prevention involves the knowledge of factors predisposing to peritonitis, we have examined some potential factors. Data are, however, very limited in this area.The optimal management should be tailored to the patient. Basic guidelines are suggested, though a variety of successful approaches are used at different pediatric centers. One has to remember that overzealous treatment with antibiotics may be associated with candida infection, further complicating the treatment of peritonitis. Improvement of the dialysis technique, optimal home care, early identification of exit‐site infection and its management, increased use of CCPD or NIPD and optimal antibiotic management will prevent recurrent episodes of peritonitis and their associated complications.
What are the Important Considerations in the Care of Critically III Patients with Acute Renal Failure?
Authors: Tolkoff‐Rubin Nina E. , Paller Mark S. , Maroni Bradley J. , Harris David C. H. , Kaplan Andre A. , Eliahou H. E. , Priel I. E. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWith the recent progress in molecular and cellular biology, the 1990s present a unique opportunity for understanding the cellular or humoral factors responsible for accelerated catabolism in ARF. This author believes that a greater priority should be placed on funding basic research directed at understanding the pathogenesis of protein catabolism in ARF. For example, identifying the intracellular pro‐teolytic pathways which are activated in experiment& ARF might lead to strategies to suppress accelerated proteolysis. Insight gained from these efforts could then be used to design clinical trials to test the efficacy of nutritional interventions in this patient population. In this era of increased economic constraints, practical solutions to this formidable problem are needed.
Quantifying Hernodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: Examination of the Peak Concentration Hypothesis
Authors: Depner Thomas A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn concert, the nonlinear effects and solute disequilibrium associated with hemodialysis may explain the differences between Kt/V required for patients receiving intermittent versus continuous dialysis who have a comparable average BUN. The above arguments may remove some of the mystery behind the benefits of CAPD, a form of dialysis that was discovered empirically and proved to be more successful than many would have predicted (6). To account for the surprising success of CAPD one need not postulate that uremic toxicity is related to high peak concentrations of urea, nor must one invoke an unknown effect of this type of dialysis; rather, the inefficiency of intermittent dialysis may be a sufficient explanation. When the factors that reduce the effectiveness of solute removal during hemodialysis are taken into account, these two forms of dialysis begin to look and behave similarly.