bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromyography of the buccal musculature of octopus (Octopus bimaculoides): a test of the function of the muscle articulation in support and movement
Authors: Uyeno Theodore A. , Kier William M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
The buccal mass musculature of the octopus (Octopus bimaculoides)was studied with electromyography to test the predictions of a previous morphological study in which we suggested that the muscles of the buccal mass serve as both the effectors of movement and as the joint itself, forming a new category of flexible joint termed a `muscle articulation'. The predictions of muscle function were tested by correlating muscle electrical activity in isolated buccal masses with spontaneous beak movements. Bipolar electromyography electrodes were implanted in the various beak muscles and beak position was recorded simultaneously with an electronic movement monitor(N=14). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lateral mandibular muscles produce opening movements of the beaks and provide the first definitive explanation of the opening mechanism. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that the superior mandibular muscle functions primarily in closing. Co-contraction of the lateral mandibular muscles and the superior mandibular muscles was also observed, suggesting that these muscles may also stabilize the beaks during movement or provide a means of controlling the location of the pivot between the beaks. This study provides an important first test of the predictions of the role of the complex musculature found in muscle articulations such as the cephalopod buccal mass.
Flower tracking in hawkmoths: behavior and energetics
Authors: Sprayberry Jordanna D. H. , Daniel Thomas L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
As hovering feeders, hawkmoths cope with flower motions by tracking those motions to maintain contact with the nectary. This study examined the tracking, feeding and energetic performance of Manduca sexta feeding from flowers moving at varied frequencies and in different directions. In general we found that tracking performance decreased as frequency increased; M. sexta tracked flowers moving at 1 Hz best. While feeding rates were highest for stationary flowers, they remained relatively constant for all tested frequencies of flower motion. Calculations of net energy gain showed that energy expenditure to track flowers is minimal compared to energy intake;therefore, patterns of net energy gain mimicked patterns of feeding rate. The direction effects of flower motion were greater than the frequency effects. While M. sexta appeared equally capable of tracking flowers moving in the horizontal and vertical motion axes, they demonstrated poor ability to track flowers moving in the looming axis. Additionally, both feeding rates and net energy gain were lower for looming axis flower motions.
Dipole hearing measurements in elasmobranch fishes
Authors: Casper Brandon M. , Mann David A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
The hearing thresholds of the horn shark Heterodontus francisciand the white-spotted bamboo shark Chiloscyllium plagiosum were measured using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) in response to a dipole sound stimulus. The audiograms were similar between the two species with lower frequencies yielding lower particle acceleration thresholds. The particle acceleration audiograms showed more sensitive hearing at low frequencies than previous elasmobranch audiograms, except for the lemon shark Negaprion brevirsotris. Auditory evoked potential signals were also recorded while the dipole stimulus was moved to different locations above the head and body. The strongest AEP signals were recorded from the area around the parietal fossa, supporting previous experiments that suggested this region is important for elasmobranch hearing. This is the first time that hearing experiments have been conducted using a dipole stimulus with elasmobranchs, which more closely mimics the natural sounds of swimming prey.
Echolocation signals of wild harbour porpoises,Phocoena phocoena
Authors: Villadsgaard Anne , Wahlberg Magnus , Tougaard Jakob 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYField recordings of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were made in the inner Danish waters with a vertical array of three or four hydrophones. The back-calculated source level ranged from 178 to 205 dB re 1μPa pp @ 1 m with a mean source level of 191 dB re 1 μPa pp @ 1 m. The maximum source level was more than 30 dB above what has been measured from captive animals, while the spectral and temporal properties were comparable. Calculations based on the sonar equation indicate that harbour porpoises,using these high click intensities, should be capable of detecting fish and nets and should be detectable by porpoise detectors over significantly larger distances than had previously been assumed. Harbour porpoises in this study preferred a relatively constant inter-click interval of about 60 ms, but intervals up to 200 ms and down to 30 ms were also recorded.
No trade-off between biting and suction feeding performance in clariid catfishes
Authors: Van Wassenbergh Sam , Herrel Anthony , Adriaens Dominique , Aerts Peter 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIt is generally assumed that biting performance trades off with suction performance in fish because both feeding types may place conflicting demands on the cranial musculo-skeletal system. However, the functional consequences of morphological adaptations enhancing biting on the mechanics and performance of suction feeding in fish remain obscure. In this study, suction feeding performance was compared between three clariid catfish species differing considerably in their biting capacity, by measuring the velocity of a standardized prey being sucked into the buccal cavity using high-speed cineradiography. In addition, buccal volume changes during prey capture were quantified by ellipse modelling. As all species were able to accelerate the prey to similar peak velocities, our results demonstrate the possibility for catfishes to increase bite performance considerably without compromising suction performance. The amount of buccal expansion in the ventral direction is approximately equal for all species. Consequently, the system generating expansion through ventral rotation of the lower jaw, hyoid and pectoral girdle is apparently not constrained (mechanically or architectonically) by the hypertrophy of the jaw adductors. As the effect of a reduced magnitude of lateral expansion (suspensorium abduction) on suction performance in Clariidae appears to be negligible (for example in Gymnallabes typus), these data demonstrate the dominant role of ventral expansion for producing suction in these fish.
Dual mechanisms for nitric oxide control of large arteries in the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus
Authors: Broughton Brad R. S. , Donald John A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
In reptiles, accumulating evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) induces a potent relaxation in the systemic vasculature. However, very few studies have examined the source from which NO is derived. Therefore, the present study used both anatomical and physiological approaches to establish whether NO-mediated vasodilation is via an endothelial or neural NO pathway in the large arteries of the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus. Specific endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) staining was observed in aortic endothelial cells following nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and endothelial NOS immunohistochemistry (IHC), suggesting that an endothelial NO pathway is involved in vascular control. This finding was supported by in vitroorgan bath physiology, which demonstrated that the relaxation induced by acetylcholine (10-5 mol l-1) was abolished in the presence of the NOS inhibitor, N-omega-nitro-l-arginine(l-NNA; 10-4 mol l-1), the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ;10-5 mol l-1), or when the endothelium was removed. Interestingly, evidence for a neural NO pathway was also identified in large arteries of the crocodile. Neural NOS was located in perivascular nerves of the major blood vessels following NADPH-d histochemistry and neural NOS IHC and in isolated aortic rings, l-NNA and ODQ, but not the removal of the endothelium, abolished the relaxation effect of the neural NOS agonist,nicotine (3×10-4 mol l-1). Thus, we conclude that the large arteries of C. porosus are potentially regulated by NO-derived from both endothelial and neural NOS.
Associations between basal metabolic rate and reproductive performance in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Souter Donna M. , Erwin Susan S. , Tolkamp Bert J. , Yearsley Jonathan M. , Gordon Iain J. , Illius Andrew W. , Kyriazakis Ilias , Speakman John R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYBasal metabolic rate (BMR) is highly variable, both between and within species. One hypothesis is that this variation may be linked to the capacity for sustained rate of energy expenditure, leading to associations between high BMR and performance during energy-demanding periods of life history, such as reproduction. However, despite the attractive nature of this hypothesis,previous studies have failed to show an association between BMR and fecundity. Our approach was to mate 304 C57BL/6J mice and allow them to wean pups before measuring BMR by indirect calorimetry. We did not find an association between BMR and litter mass, size or pup mass at birth or weaning that could not be accounted for by the body mass of the dam. There was also no relationship between BMR (or BMR corrected for body mass) and birth or weaning success,losses during weaning, or sex ratio. However, a significant relationship was found between BMR and gestational weight loss indicative of foetal resorption. This suggests that during pregnancy the available energy may be limited and partitioned away from the growing foetus and towards maintenance of the mother. In this context, a high BMR may actually be disadvantageous,conflicting with the idea that high BMR may bring reproductive benefits.
Echolocation and passive listening by foraging mouse-eared batsMyotis myotisandM. blythii
Authors: Russo Danilo , Jones Gareth , Arlettaz Raphaël 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe two sibling mouse-eared bats, Myotis myotis and M. blythii, cope with similar orientation tasks, but separate their trophic niche by hunting in species-specific foraging microhabitats. Previous work has shown that both species rely largely on passive listening to detect and glean prey from substrates, and studies on other bat species have suggested that echolocation is `switched off' during passive listening. We tested the hypothesis that mouse-eared bats continuously emit echolocation calls while approaching prey. Echolocation may be needed for orientation while simultaneously listening for prey. Because these sibling species forage in different microhabitats and eat different prey, we also compared their echolocation behaviour and related it to their ecology. Both species used echolocation throughout prey approach, corroborating a functional role for echolocation during gleaning. Captive bats of both species emitted similar orientation calls, and pulse rate increased during prey approach. Between the search to approach phases, call amplitude showed a sudden, dramatic drop and bats adopted `whispering echolocation' by emitting weak calls. Whispering echolocation may reduce the risks of masking prey-generated sounds during passive listening, the mouse-eared bats' main detection tactic; it may also avoid alerting ultrasound-sensitive prey. In several cases M. myotisemitted a loud buzz made of 2-18 components when landing. We hypothesise that the buzz, absent in M. blythii at least when gleaning from the same substrate, is used to assess the distance from ground and refine the landing manoeuvre. Our findings have implications for niche separation between sibling species of echolocating bats, support a role for echolocation during passive listening and suggest a functional role for buzzes in landing control.
Calcium-regulated fusion of yolk granules is important for yolk degradation during early embryogenesis of Rhodnius prolixusStahl
Authors: Ramos I. B. , Miranda K. , de Souza W. , Oliveira D. M. P. , Lima A. P. C. A. , Sorgine M. H. F. , Machado E. A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
This study examined the process of membrane fusion of yolk granules (YGs)during early embryogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus. We show that eggs collected at days 0 and 3 after oviposition contain different populations of YGs, for example day-3 eggs are enriched in large YGs (LYGs). Day-3 eggs also contain the highest free [Ca2+] during early embryogenesis of this insect. In vitro incubations of day-0 YGs with [Ca2+]similar to those found in day-3 eggs resulted in the formation of LYGs, as observed in vivo. Fractionation of LYGs and small YGs (SYGs) and their subsequent incubation with the fluorescent membrane marker PKH67 showed a calcium-dependent transference of fluorescence from SYGs to LYGs, possibly as the result of membrane fusion. Acid phosphatase and H+-PPase activities were remarkably increased in day-3 LYGs and in calcium-treated day-0 LYGs. Both fractions were found to contain vitellins as major components, and incubation of YGs with calcium induced yolk proteolysis in vitro. Altogether, our results suggest that calcium-induced membrane fusion events take part in yolk degradation, leading to the assembly of the yolk mobilization machinery.
Emancipation Discourse in the Late 18th Century: Christian Wilhelm von Dohm on the Jews (1781)
Authors: Crouter Richard 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Weit häufiger zitiert als tatsächlich besprochen und analysiert muß Christian Wilhelm von Dohms Abhandlung aus dem Jahr 1781 – ein politisches Gegenstück zu Lessings Nathan der Weise – als Meilenstein auf dem Weg der jüdischen Emanzipation angesehen werden. Vor dem Hintergrund seiner Studien der Rechte, der Ökonomie und der Statistik in Göttingen trugen Dohms Argumente einer vergleichenden Geschichtsbetrachtung, seine Anlehnung an Naturrechtsentwürfe und seine realistische Einschätzung menschlichen Charakters nachweislich mehr zur Ausformung eines modernen Pluralismus, in dem Bürgerrechte für Juden ihren Platz finden, bei, als es zeitgenössische Diskurse christlicher Theologen vermochten – inklusive der Position, die Schleiermacher 1799 einnahm, als er gegen eine Überprüfung religiöser Identität als Basis für die Anerkennung jüdischer Bürgerrechte eintrat.
„Das Geschichtliche auszuschließen sei doch gegen das christl. Gefühl“ – Karl von Hases Jenaer Seminar 1850–1883 als Tradierungsort liberaler Bürgertheologie (Erster Teil: SS 1850)
Authors: Wischmeyer Johannes 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Hohe Überlieferungsdisziplin einer akademischen Institution und ein wenig Glück auf seiten des Historikers sind die Voraussetzung dafür, daß sich im Aktenmaterial eines Lehrstuhls bedeutende Quellen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert finden bzw. identifizieren lassen, die generationenlang den Weg ins reguläre Universitätsarchiv gescheut haben. Im Besitz des Jenaer Lehrstuhls für Kirchengeschichte haben zwei handschriftliche Protokollbücher überdauert, die einen lückenlosen Überblick über dreiunddreißig Jahre Arbeit der dogmatisch-historischen Klasse des Jenaer theologischen Seminars unter der Leitung des Kirchenhistorikers Karl von Hase geben. Sie werden hier erstmals ediert.
Interlaboratory Comparison of the Thickness of the Destroyed Surface Layer of Closed-Cell Foam Insulation Specimens
Authors: Stovall TK 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The preparation of closed-cell foam insulation test specimens can affect the results of a number of hygrothermal property measurements. In particular, the thickness of the destroyed surface layer affects the measurement of gas diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivity. Multiple specimen preparation methods are in use, as well as multiple methods to measure the thickness of the destroyed surface layer. A ruggedness test, including an interlaboratory comparison, was conducted by an ASTM technical committee to examine the variations due to both of these factors. The results are important in understanding the likely range in values for each preparation technique. The results also demonstrate a sensitivity to the measurement technique.
The Line Method for Petrographic Determination of the Quantity of Fly Ash and Ground-granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Hardened Concrete and Blended Cement
Authors: Fox JM , Miller PT 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Research was undertaken using thin sections and immersion mounts with the objective of using a modified line count procedure for the quantitative petrographic determination of fly ash and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in hardened concrete and blended cements. The line method used in this study is a variation of standard microscopic point count methods and yields an average number frequency that is a linear function of the weight percent of fly ash or GGBFS of total cementitious materials. Multiple traverses were counted on thin sections of concrete over areas of paste only and in immersion slides of blended cements containing known amounts of fly ash and GGBFS. The average number of particles in a traverse was computed, the traverse length being equal to the width of the field of view of the petrographic microscope. For hardened concrete, only pozzolan particles were counted. For blended cements, all particles were counted and the ratio of pozzolan particles to total particles was determined. A linear relationship between the average number of pozzolan particles for a traverse line and the weight percent of pozzolan makes it possible to estimate the fly ash and GGBFS content of unknowns. Results of the research indicate that the line method is a rapid and accurate method for petrographic determination of fly ash and GGBFS in hardened concrete and blended cements. This technique and variations of it have been used by other researchers and it has the potential to be a standard test procedure.
Displayed emotions and witness credibility: a comparison of judgements by individuals and mock juries
Authors: Dahl Janne , Enemo Ida , Drevland Guri C. B. , Wessel Ellen , Eilertsen Dag Erik , Magnussen Svein 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMock juries of 5–7 jurors viewed one of three video‐recorded versions of a rape victim's testimony, role‐played by a professional actress. The statement was given in a free‐recall manner with one of three kinds of emotions displayed, termed congruent, neutral and incongruent emotional expressions. The juries were requested to reach a decision on items in a short questionnaire, probing the perceived credibility of the witness and judgements of the probability of a guilty verdict. The jurors were then asked to complete the questionnaire a second time, individually and anonymously. A control group filled out the questionnaire individually without preceding jury deliberations. When participants judged credibility and guilt independently, without a preceding jury discussion, the displayed emotions strongly influenced the judgements. However, discussions in the context of the jury strongly attenuated the effect of displayed emotion, with judgements converging on the credibility of a neutral emotional expression as judged by independent participants, and the attenuating effect outlasted the jury‐situation. The results are consistent with research within social psychology showing that social stereotypes and prejudices are often neutralised by group discussions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidentiality versus duty to inform—An empirical study on attitudes towards the handling of genetic information
Authors: Wolff Katharina , Brun Wibecke , Kvale Gerd , Nordin Karin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe set out to investigate whether potential relatives want to be informed about the existence of hereditary conditions within their family and under which conditions they want healthcare providers to breach confidentiality to inform them. We hypothesized that the willingness to be informed about a hereditary condition in the family would be influenced by characteristics of the disease and by individual characteristics. Surveys were administered to a Norwegian random sample (N = 2,400) to a Swedish random sample (N = 1,200), and to a Norwegian student sample (n = 607). Eight different disease scenarios were constructed, systematically varying three disease characteristics: fatality, penetrance, and availability of treatment. Results show that a majority of participants wished to be informed about the existence of a hereditary disease within their family. The desire to be informed and the acceptability of breaches of confidentiality were predicted by the treatability of the disease, uncertainty avoidance, and age, but not by self‐efficacy or worry. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a Spanish sample
Authors: Lorenzo C. Vaquero , Baca‐Garcia E. , Hernandez M. Diaz , Martin C. Botillo , Perez‐Rodriguez M.M. , Saiz‐Gonzalez M.D. , Fernández P. , Gutierrez F.J. Quintero , Saiz‐Ruiz J. , Piqueras J. Fernandez , de Rivera J.L. Gonzalez , de Leon J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study aims to further evaluate the controversial association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism in codon 9 of the D3 dopamine receptor gene (DRD3) and schizophrenia in psychiatric inpatients acutely hospitalized in two general hospitals in Madrid, Spain. The Ser9Gly polymorphism of the DRD3 was examined in 178 schizophrenic patients, 286 patients with other psychiatric diagnoses, and 132 controls recruited. Genotype frequencies were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. No association was found between schizophrenia and the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the D3 dopamine receptor gene. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between the 120‐bp duplication of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Genetic and molecular analyses
Authors: Kereszturi Eva , Kiraly Orsolya , Csapo Zsolt , Tarnok Zsanett , Gadoros Julia , Sasvari‐Szekely Maria , Nemoda Zsofia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAbnormalities of the dopamine neurotransmission have been hypothesized to play an important role in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Promoter variants of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) have attracted particular interest due to their possible role in regulation of gene transcription. Here we describe the haplotype analysis of the 120 base pair duplication (120‐bp dup) and three SNPs (−616C/G, −615A/G, −521C/T) in the 5′ region of the DRD4 gene among children with ADHD. We observed a trend (χ2 = 14.905, df = 9, P = 0.093) in the four‐locus haplotype distribution between ADHD probands (N = 173) and controls (N = 284). The homozygote genotype of the 1‐repeat form of the 120‐bp dup (1–1) had a significantly higher frequency among ADHD children than in controls (8.1% vs. 3.2%, χ2 = 5.526, df = 1, P = 0.019, Odds Ratio = 2.71). In addition, a novel, 4‐repeat allele was identified among ADHD patients. This particular allele has been cloned to the luciferase expression vector and its transcriptional activity has been compared to the 1‐ and 2‐repeat allele. The number of repeats of the 120‐bp dup was found to have an effect on transcriptional activity in both neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner (1‐repeat > 2‐repeat > 4‐repeat). These results suggest that the 1‐repeat form of the 120‐bp dup might be a risk factor of ADHD, especially in the homozygous form and/or in the context of certain haplotypes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.