bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of closed chamber and open chamber evaporimetry
Authors: Cohen J. C. , Hartman D. G. , Garofalo M. J. , Basehoar A. , Raynor B. , Ashbrenner E. , Akin F. J. 
Published: October 2008

Background: Recently it has been asserted that a closed chamber evaporimeter, the VapoMeter, offers advantages over standard open chamber devices in measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Purported improvements include the ability to take measurements at any angle, short reading times and insensitivity to external air currents. These claims are compelling, considering that measuring TEWL at diverse skin sites can be tedious, especially with children. The primary aim of this study was to compare the performance of closed and open chamber instruments when they were held at various angles and, secondly to evaluate the ability of the devices to discriminate between test conditions.Methods: The performance of closed chamber (VapoMeter) and open chamber (DermaLab®) evaporimeters were compared by measuring water vapor emitted from IMS Vitro‐skin® that had been hydrated to a predetermined level. Measurements were taken at three angles from vertical – 0°, 45°, and 90°. Vitro‐skin® samples were weighed periodically throughout the experimental phase to verify water loss rates.Results: Both the VapoMeter and the DermaLab® yielded significantly lower water loss values when held at angles that varied from the vertical (0°) position, indicating that the closed chamber device is no more capable of accurately measuring TEWL at any angle than an open chamber instrument. The DermaLab® provided better discrimination than the VapoMeter when the instruments were held vertically, as is the only prescribed testing position for open‐chamber instruments. The VapoMeter was easier to use than the DermaLab®; however, there was evidence that the sealed chamber could become saturated under high water loss conditions.Conclusions: Previous assertions that the VapoMeter closed chamber evaporimeter is capable of measuring TEWL regardless of angle were not validated. Each device appeared capable of accurately estimating water loss rates only in the vertical position. Although the VapoMeter was easier to use than the open chamber device, its tendency to become saturated under high water loss conditions could be a disadvantage when assessing dynamic TEWL.
Transient TWEAK overexpression leads to a general salivary epithelial cell proliferation
Authors: Sugito T , Mineshiba F , Zheng C , Cotrim AP , Goldsmith CM , Baum BJ 
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  Tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifunctional cytokine that has pro‐apoptotic, pro‐angiogenic and pro‐inflammatory effects. In liver, TWEAK leads to proliferation of progenitor oval cells, but not of mature hepatocytes. This study evaluated the hypothesis that TWEAK overexpression in salivary glands would lead to the proliferation of a salivary progenitor cell.Methods:  A recombinant, serotype 5 adenoviral vector encoding human TWEAK, AdhTWEAK, was constructed, initially tested in vitro, and then administered to male Balb/c mice via cannulation of Wharton’s duct. TWEAK expression in vivo was monitored as protein secreted into saliva and serum by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Salivary cell proliferation was monitored by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining and apoptosis was monitored using TUNEL staining.Results:  AdhTWEAK administration led to a dose‐dependent, transient TWEAK protein expression, detected primarily in saliva. Salivary epithelial cell proliferation was generalized, peaking on ∼days 2 and 3. TWEAK expression had no detectable effect on apoptosis of salivary epithelial cells.Conclusion:  Transient overexpression of TWEAK in murine salivary glands leads to a general proliferation of epithelial cells vs a selective stimulation of a salivary progenitor cell.
PI3K/Akt mediates expression of TNF‐α mRNA and activation of NF‐κB in calyculin A‐treated primary osteoblasts
Authors: Qiu L , Zhang L , Zhu L , Yang D , Li Z , Qin K , Mi X 
Published: October 2008

Objective:  The effect of calyculin A (CA), a serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor, on tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in primary osteoblasts was investigated to determine whether protein phosphatases could affect primary osteoblasts and if so which signaling pathways would be involved.Materials and methods:  Primary osteoblasts were prepared from newborn rat calvaria. Cells were treated with 1 nM CA for different time periods. The expressions of TNF‐α and GAPDH mRNA were determined by RT‐PCR. Cell extracts were subjected to SDS‐PAGE and the activation of Akt and NF‐κB were analyzed by western blotting.Results:  Calyculin A‐treatment markedly increased the expression of TNF‐α mRNA and enhanced the phosphorylation level of Akt (Ser473) in these cells. Pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 suppressed the increase in TNF‐α mRNA expression and the phosphorylation of Akt in response to CA. Western blot analysis showed that CA stimulated the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in primary osteoblasts, and these responses were blocked by pretreatment with LY294002.Conclusion:  Calyculin A elicits activation of PI3K/Akt pathway which leads to expression of TNF‐α mRNA and activation of NF‐κB. This NF‐κB activation involves both phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB.
Process of developing people‐centered care
Authors: KOMATSU Hiroko 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  This study, conducted in the last year of the 5 year Center of Excellence Program, aimed to identify the core elements of the developmental process of implementing people‐centered care.Method:  The members of the team that conceptualized people‐centered care interviewed 25 participants of each research project, including community members. The interview audiotapes were transcribed verbatim and the transcriptions were analyzed using interpretive data.Results:  The developmental process identified the core elements of people‐centered care: (i) a partnership approach based on equal footing; (ii) capacity‐building by partnership; (iii) mutually generating and utilizing organizational care; and (iv) the expansion and development of organizational care. St Luke's College of Nursing, Tokyo, Japan, is using people‐centered care to send visionary and philosophical messages to society and to demonstrate the specific approaches and techniques to implement such care.Conclusions:  People‐centered care is implemented in the community as an organizational model using the core elements of the developmental process. The concept of people‐centered care and its realization via a practical approach will be widely applied in future health‐care practise, education, and research.
Dietary guidance for older patients with diabetes mellitus and their primary caregivers using a Model Nutritional Balance Chart
Authors: SATOH Atsuko , SAKURADA Toshiko , HATAKEYAMA Aiko , FUKUOKA Yumiko , HATAKEYAMA Reiko , SASAKI Hidetada 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  Dietary control of diabetes mellitus becomes hard in care‐dependent older patients staying at home due to the difficulty of understanding nutritional balance by their primary caregivers. In the present study, an easily handled Model Nutritional Balance Chart (MNBC) for care‐dependent older patients with diabetes mellitus and their primary caregivers was investigated.Methods:  Nine care‐dependent older patients with diabetes mellitus and their primary caregivers received dietary guidance using the MNBC once per month for 6 months. Nine control care‐dependent older patients with diabetes mellitus and their primary caregivers did not receive dietary guidance but cooperated in providing data once per month. The medicines for the patients were kept the same during the entire length of the study. The effectiveness of the program was judged by changes in nutritional balance and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values.Results:  Improvements in nutritional balance were observed in relation to fish, fruit, oil, and sugar. The HbA1c values significantly decreased after 6 months in the intervention group, while the HbA1c values in the control group did not change.Conclusion:  Our guidance method seems to be useful for care‐dependent older patients with diabetes mellitus who are staying at home with their primary caregivers.
Predictors of pressure ulcer and physical restraint prevalence in Japanese acute care units
Authors: IBE Toshiko , ISHIZAKI Tamiko , OKU Hiromi , OTA Kayo , TAKABATAKE Yuriko , ISEDA Akiko , ISHIKAWA Yoko , UEDA Aya 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  To investigate the predictors of pressure ulcer and physical restraint prevalence in Japanese acute care units and their relationship to the nursing hours, skill mix, and Nursing Need Scores (NNS).Methods:  In this descriptive study, quantitative methods were employed to determine if pressure ulcers and physical restraint prevalence, as outcomes of nursing care, were related to the nursing hours, skill mix, and intensity of nursing‐care needs. The sample included 87 acute care units in 42 hospitals in Tokyo and its surrounding prefectures in Japan. The NNS was used as the instrument to measure the intensity of nursing‐care needs. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression analyses.Results:  Pressure ulcer prevalence was positively correlated with the NNS‐A and NNS‐B. Physical restraint use was positively correlated with the NNS‐B and negatively correlated with the NNS‐A. However, the total nursing hours per patient day was positively related with both pressure ulcer and physical restraint prevalence.Conclusions:  The nursing hours and NNS are predictors of pressure ulcer development and physical restraint use. The results also suggest that we should revise our process of nursing care. Many functions that might be shared with other personnel are performed by nurses, which results in longer total nursing hours but shorter direct nursing hours, used in order to observe and care for patients. Japan's aging population will result in higher NNS, requiring more direct nursing hours and other personnel to participate in our process of nursing care.
Combination of KIR 2DL2 and HLA‐C1 (Asn80) confers susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Latvians
Authors: Shastry A. , Sedimbi S. K. , Rajalingam R. , Nikitina‐Zake L. , Rumba I. , Wigzell H. , Sanjeevi C. B. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryKiller immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) are known to modulate natural killer (NK) and NK T‐cell function by interacting with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands on target cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of KIR2D genes with their HLA‐C ligands in susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. A total of 98 type 1 diabetes patients and 70 healthy subjects from Latvia were typed for KIR genes and HLA‐C ligands using polymerase chain reaction‐based genotyping. The HLA C1+/C2+ combination was positively, and C1–/C2+ combination was negatively, associated with type 1 diabetes. Stratification analysis of KIR/HLA‐C ligand combinations showed 2DL2+/C1+, 2DL3+/C1+, and 2DS2+ /C1+ to be positively, and 2DL2–/C1– and 2DS2–/ C1– to be negatively, associated. The presence of 2DL2‐HLA‐C1 in the absence of 2DS1, 2DS2 confers maximum susceptibility. Absence of 2DL2 and HLA‐C1 along with absence of 2DS1 and 2DS2 confer maximum protection. A hypothetical model of KIR/ligand combinations on immune responses and type 1 diabetes susceptibility is proposed. Our results suggest that a combination KIR2DL2‐ HLA‐C1 plays a critical role in susceptibility or protection in Latvians against type 1 diabetes.
[Ne ii] emission-line profiles from photoevaporative disc winds
Authors: Alexander R. D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
I model profiles of the [Ne ii] forbidden emission line at 12.81 μm, emitted by photoevaporative winds from discs around young, solar mass stars. The predicted line luminosities (∼10−6 L⊙) are consistent with recent data, and the line profiles vary significantly with the disc inclination. Edge-on discs show broad (30–40 km s−1) double-peaked profiles, due to the rotation of the disc, while in face-on discs the structure of the wind results in a narrower line (≃10 km s−1) and a significant blueshift (5–10 km s−1). These results suggest that the observations of [Ne ii] line profiles can provide a direct test of models of protoplanetary disc photoevaporation.
Detection of the 2175 Å extinction feature and 21-cm absorption in two Mg ii systems at z ∼ 1.3
Authors: Srianand R. , Gupta N. , Petitjean P. , Noterdaeme P. , Saikia D. J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We have discovered two dusty intervening Mg ii absorption systems at z∼ 1.3 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data base. The overall spectra of both quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) are red (u−K &gt; 4.5 mag) and are well modelled by the composite QSO spectrum reddened by the extinction curve from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC2) Supershell redshifted to the rest frame of the Mg ii systems. In particular, we detect clearly the presence of the ultraviolet (UV) extinction bump at λrest∼ 2175Å. Absorption lines of weak transitions like Si iiλ1808, Cr iiλ2056, Cr ii+ Zn iiλ2062, Mn iiλ2594, Ca iiλ3934 and Ti iiλ1910 from these systems are detected even in the low signal-to-noise ratio and low-esolution SDSS spectra, suggesting high column densities of these species. The depletion pattern inferred from these absorption lines is consistent with that seen in the cold neutral medium of the LMC. Using the LMC AV versus N(H i) relationship, we derive N(H i) ∼ 6 × 1021 cm−2 in both systems. Metallicities are close to solar. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations of these two relatively weak radio QSOs (fν∼ 50 mJy) resulted in the detection of 21-cm absorption in both the cases. We show that the spin temperature of the gas is of the order of or smaller than 500 K. These systems provide a unique opportunity to search for molecules and diffuse interstellar bands at z &gt; 1.
Rationality Disputes – Psychology and Epistemology
Authors: Rysiew Patrick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the largely psychological literature surrounding apparent failures of human rationality (sometimes referred to as ‘the Rationality Wars’) and locates it with respect to concepts and issues within more traditional epistemological inquiry. The goal is to bridge the gap between these two large and typically disconnected literatures – concerning rationality and the psychology of human reasoning, on the one hand, and epistemological theories of justified or rational belief, on the other – and to do so in such as way as to expose interesting points of contact and convergence between them.
A survey of bone fractures in the cat
Authors: Hill F. W. G. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTA survey of 108 bone fractures in the cat was made over a 1 year period in a city practice in south west England. Seventy‐three per cent involved the pelvic limb. The three bones most commonly affected were femur (38%), pelvis/sacrum (22%) and mandible (16%). Forty‐five cases were the result of road accidents and 75% of cats were 2 years old or less.Treatment of femoral shaft fractures by intramedullary pinning gave good results. The majority of proximal epiphyseal separations and femoral neck fractures responded well to conservative treatment. ‘Cage rest’ was used successfully to treat severely comminuted femoral shaft fractures. All cases of pelvic fracture were treated conservatively (up to 3 weeks ‘cage rest’). Separation of the mandibular symphysis and fracture of the horizontal ramus healed readily. Repair of tibial (10%) and humeral (5%) fractures was without complications.
Saffan (CT 1341) as an anaesthetic agent for the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus
Authors: Curtis R. , Jemmett Janet E. , Hendy P. G. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTSaffan* (CT 1341) was administered to budgerigars by intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection at dose rates ranging from 16 mg/kg to 156 mg/kg total steroid.Deep injection into the pectoral muscle mass was easier and safer than intraperitoneal injection and gave more consistent results. Duration of anaesthesia was similar with both routes but recovery times tended to be longer after intramuscular injection; for example by this route a dose rate of 36 mg/kg gave induction, anaesthesia and injection‐to‐perching times averaging 4.3, 12.7 and 51.6 minutes, respectively, compared with 6.6, 13.3 and 42.7 minutes for the intraperitoneal route. Intramuscular injection was a very safe procedure, deaths occurring only at 156 mg/kg. No adverse or cumulative effects were observed in birds anaesthetized on several occasions and no significant lesions were noted in histological sections of injected muscle.The maintenance of an adequate environmental temperature during anaesthesia and recovery is considered essential to prevent hypothermia.
Silicate renal calculi in Kenyan dogs
Authors: Brodey R. S. , Thomson R. , Sayer P. , Eugster Barbara 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTRenal calculi were detected in 124 (53%) of 241 native Kenyan dogs during a necropsy survey for Spirocerca lupi infection. Affected kidneys were grossly normal but histologically pyelitis was present in 33% of the dogs. Over 50% of the stones were bilateral. Most were small and yellowish, the largest one was 2.5 cm. One native dog had a cystic calculus that obstructed its bladder.Chemical analysis of the calculi revealed only traces of magnesium and phosphate. Emission spectrum studies identified the calculi as magnesium calcium aluminum silicate.Decreased water intake or increased insensitive water loss do not seem to be important causative factors. Silica levels in water and maize should be determined.
Blood oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in normal dogs and in dogs with respiratory failure
Authors: Clark W. T. , Jones B. R. , Clark J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTArterial blood samples were obtained from thirty normal conscious dogs breathing air. The mean values and standard deviations recorded were PaO2 101.3±5.6 mmHg, PaCO2 34.0±3.9 mmHg, oxygen saturation 93.8 ±1.2%, oxygen content 19.3 ± 1.8 ml/100 ml. Ten dogs with respiratory problems were also examined and of these animals seven had lower than normal oxygen tensions while three had carbon dioxide levels higher than those found in healthy dogs. It was concluded that, in severe respiratory disease, measurement of arterial oxygen tension gives a useful assessment of respiratory failure in dogs.
Methods and models to determine perinatal status of Florida manatee carcasses
Authors: Schwarz Lisa K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDifferences in perinatal mortality can be indicators of differences in physiology, behavior, toxicology, population dynamics, and ecology of species and individuals. Extensive data collected under the Florida Manatee Carcass Recovery Program provide important information about manatee perinatal mortality. However, early age at death can be difficult to determine for often highly decomposed carcasses. Here, I provide quantitative methods to identify perinatal status for manatee carcasses. First, perinatal and nonperinatal mortality were defined based on physiological indicators. After review of necropsy reports, specific length classes became clear indicators of perinatal status: carcasses <82‐cm long were always perinatal, and carcasses >160‐cm long were always nonperinatal. Using data from carcasses 82–160 cm long of known perinatal status, Bayesian models quantify the relationship among age at death, carcass length, and carcass recovery month. The models predict the perinatal status of carcass 82–160 cm long when physiological indicators are unavailable. Overall, perinatal status could be determined for 98.2% of carcasses collected from 1978 to 2005. Initial examination of the fraction of perinatal mortalities within the entire carcass sample reveals interesting spatial and temporal patterns that warrant further analyses.
Determining the sex of bottlenose dolphins from Doubtful Sound using dorsal fin photographs
Authors: Rowe Lucy E. , Dawson Stephen M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSexing cetaceans usually requires time‐consuming observation, or genetic sexing via biopsy sampling or skin swabbing. We developed a method to determine the sex of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, using laser‐metric dorsal fin photographs. From dorsal fin photographs of 43 bottlenose dolphins of known sex (25 females, 18 males) we analyzed the shape, proportion of fin area covered in scarring and epidermal lesions, and the number of fin nicks. Males had significantly higher rates of scarring (P < 0.001) and dorsal fin nicks (P < 0.01) than females, whereas the severity of epidermal lesions was higher in females (P < 0.05). A logistic regression applied to all measured variables, and measurements of dorsal fin size, indicated that the proportion of dorsal fin scarring (P < 0.001), number of fin nicks (P < 0.01), and dorsal fin surface area (P < 0.01) were significant variables and together correctly predicted the sex of 93% (40/43) of the dolphins. The classification function may not be applicable to other populations due to geographic variation in bottlenose dolphin morphology and social structure. The method is quick and noninvasive to apply, and further increases the value of dorsal fin photo‐identification pictures.
Function of ROC4 in the Efficient Repair of Photodamaged Photosystem II in Arabidopsis†
Authors: Cai Wenhe , Ma Jinfang , Guo Jinkui , Zhang Lixin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractROC4 is the only cyclophilin in the chloroplast stroma. Here, we used the T‐DNA knockout mutant of roc4 to study the physiological role of ROC4 in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results showed that ROC4 is not required for the biogenesis and functional operation of photosystem II (PSII). However, growth in greenhouse and PSII activity, as detected by photoinhibition measurements showed increased sensitivity to high light irradiance in the mutant. In the presence of chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin, which blocks de novo protein synthesis and thus the repair of PSII, wild‐type and mutant plants showed a similar extent of inactivation of PSII activity. The recovery of PSII activity in roc4 leaves from photoinhibition is also impaired compared with that of wild‐type plants. Immunoblot analysis showed that the degradation of PSII reaction center proteins occurred at a similar rate in the presence of lincomycin in wild‐type and mutant plants. Thus, these results suggest that ROC4 functions in the repair of photodamaged PSII.
Laboratory findings in CD4(+) large granular lymphocytoses
Authors: OLTEANU H. , KARANDIKAR N. J. , ESHOA C. , KROFT S. H. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryLarge granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is an uncommon disorder of mature T or natural killer (NK) cells. Most T‐LGL proliferations are CD3(+)/CD8(+), although rare CD4(+) clonal T‐LGL expansions have been reported. We report the clinicopathologic features of eight patients with aberrant CD4(+), cytotoxic T‐cell lymphocytoses. Median follow‐up was 29 months (range 8–100), during which all were alive without requirement for therapy. Four of eight patients had an additional malignancy; none had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Morphologic expansions of granulated lymphocytes were evident in 6/8. All had immunophenotypically aberrant populations of CD4(+) T cells with uniform, moderate or bright CD56. Seven of eight expressed CD57, and four were CD8(partial dim +). Abnormal levels of expression of two or more T‐cell antigens were seen in all cases. All tested cases were Tγ PCR positive. Our results support that CD4(+) T‐LGL lymphocytosis is a clonal disorder with clinicopathologic characteristics distinct from the more common CD8(+) variant.