bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire among fourth to seventh grade inner-city school children: implications of age and day-to-day variation in dietary intake
Authors: Field Alison E , Peterson Karen E , Gortmaker Steve L , Cheung Lilian , Rockett Helaine , Fox Mary Kay , Colditz Graham A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to classify children and adolescents in terms of daily servings of fruits and vegetables and intake of calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, vitamin C, phosphorous, calcium and iron.DesignFFQs were collected in the autumn of 1993 and 1994. Four 24-hour diet recalls were collected during the same 1-year period and their mean was compared to the FFQ diet estimates.SettingLow income, inner-city state schools.SubjectsA sample of 109 inner-city fourth to seventh grade students.ResultsThe 1-year reproducibility of the FFQ, assessed with Spearman correlations, was lower among the fourth and fifth (range:r= −0.26 to 0.40) than the sixth and seventh grade students (range:r= 0.18–0.47). After adjusting for day-to-day variation in dietary intake, for most nutrients and foods the correlations between the FFQ and the 24-hour recalls remained greater among the junior high school students (fourth to fifth grade range:r= 0.0–0.42; sixth to seventh grade range: = 0.07–0.76).ConclusionsInner-city sixth and seventh grade students demonstrated the ability to provide valid estimates of intake of calories, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorous, iron and vitamin C over the past year. However, children in the fourth and fifth grades experienced some difficulty in completing the FFQ. Our results suggest that, before using this instrument with fourth and fifth grade children, investigators should assess whether study participants can think abstractly and are familiar with the concept of ‘average intake’.
Nutrition, physical activity and health status in Europe: an overview
Authors: Gibney Michael J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntroduction:The European diet is characterized by a wide variation in every aspect of eating from the timing of meals to the composition of meals. In general, there is a tendency in terms of dietary advice towards lower fat intakes in order to reduce saturated fatty acid intake and to reduce the risk of obesity. Such diets are most successful and yield the most favourable metabolic profile when there is an adequate level of physical activity.Obective:The aim of the present paper was to explore how the composition of dietary fat changes across the EU with low- and high-fat diets and to explore levels of physical activity and attitudes to physical activity across the EU.Design:The paper draws on data contained in reports and supplements of the Institute of European Food Studies in the EU.Results:There is a clear trend for southern EU states to have higher MUFA intakes and lower SFA intakes than northern EU states. However, for both geographic regions, the fatty acid composition of dietary fat was similar in groups with lower or higher dietary fat intakes. Physical activity was ranked low by consumers (n = 15,000) for its importance in relation to health and the prevention of weight-gain. Some 47% agreed that their present level of physical activity is sufficient. 78% agreed that being 13 kg heavier would not be detrimental to health and 30% agreed that the main benefit of physical activity was to relieve stress.Conclusions:(i) The present strategy of lowering dietary fat intake does not alter dietary fat composition and (ii) there is a high level of ignorance among consumers of the benefits of physical activity and the adverse effects of excess body-weight.
Micronutrients: interaction between physical activity, intakes and requirements
Authors: Fogelholm Mikael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe present literature review examines the following questions: (a) What is the evidence that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people? (b) Is there an association between physical activity and micronutrient intake? (c) Are there any significant differences between indices of micronutrient status between physically active and inactive people? The available data suggest that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people because of increased losses through sweat, urine and faeces, and an increased need for defence against free radicals. However the evidence is controversial, and it is not possible to make any quantitative estimations. Micronutrient requirements in moderately active people are not likely to be very much above the levels recommended for the general population. The intake of micronutrients increases with increasing energy intake. Therefore, physically highly active people (athletes) have higher micronutrient intakes than untrained subjects. However, moderate physical activity does not necessarily affect daily micronutrient intake. The available indices of micronutrient status do not support the belief that micronutrient status is compromised in highly trained athletes, even without use of dietary supplements. Hence, there are no reasons to believe that the situation would be different in people who are only moderately active. The results suggest that micronutrient status is adequate for health and functional performance in physically active people who follow a normal, mixed Western diet.
The effects of nutrients on mood
Authors: Benton David , Donohoe Rachael T 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA recent major theory was that a meal high in carbohydrate increased the rate that tryptophan enters the brain, leading to an increase in the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin that modulates mood. Although such a mechanism may be important under laboratory conditions it is unlikely to be of significance following the eating of any typical meal. As little as 2–4% of the calories of a meal as protein will prevent an increased availability of tryptophan. Arguably the food with the greatest impact on mood is chocolate. Those who crave chocolate tend to do so when they feel emotionally low. There have been a series of suggestions that chocolate's mood elevating properties reflect ‘drug-like’ constituents including anandamines, caffeine, phenylethylamine and magnesium. However, the levels of these substances are so low as to preclude such influences. As all palatable foods stimulate endorphin release in the brain this is the most likely mechanism to account for the elevation of mood. A deficiency of many vitamins is associated with psychological symptoms. In some elderly patients folate deficiency is associated with depression. In four double-blind studies an improvement in thiamine status was associated with improved mood. Iron deficiency anaemia is common, particularly in women, and is associated with apathy, depression and rapid fatigue when exercising.
The influence of physical activity on mental well-being
Authors: Fox Kenneth R 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:The case for exercise and health has primarily been made on its impact on diseases such coronary heart disease, obesity and diabetes. However, there is a very high cost attributed to mental disorders and illness and in the last 15 years there has been increasing research into the role of exercise a) in the treatment of mental health, and b) in improving mental well-being in the general population. There are now several hundred studies and over 30 narrative or meta-analytic reviews of research in this field. These have summarised the potential for exercise as a therapy for clinical or subclinical depression or anxiety, and the use of physical activity as a means of upgrading life quality through enhanced self-esteem, improved mood states, reduced state and trait anxiety, resilience to stress, or improved sleep. The purpose of this paper is to a) provide an updated view of this literature within the context of public health promotion and b) investigate evidence for physical activity and dietary interactions affecting mental well-being.Design:Narrative review and summary.Conclusions:Sufficient evidence now exists for the effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression. Additionally, exercise has a moderate reducing effect on state and trait anxiety and can improve physical self-perceptions and in some cases global self-esteem. Also there is now good evidence that aerobic and resistance exercise enhances mood states, and weaker evidence that exercise can improve cognitive function (primarily assessed by reaction time) in older adults. Conversely, there is little evidence to suggest that exercise addiction is identifiable in no more than a very small percentage of exercisers. Together, this body of research suggests that moderate regular exercise should be considered as a viable means of treating depression and anxiety and improving mental well-being in the general public.
Physical activity and diet in 5 to 7 years old children
Authors: Müller Manfred James , Koertzinger Inga , Mast Mareike , Langnäse Kristina , Grund Andreas 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess the possible associations between physical activity, diet, social state and overweight in children.Design:Crossectional study on 1468 children aged between 5 and 7 years old in Kiel, northwest Germany.Methods:Assessment of physical activity and social factors by a questionnaire, food frequency record, body composition analysis by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis.Results:23% of our children were overweight or obese. Low levels of physical activity (as assessed by TV viewing time) were associated with increased body mass index and a higher prevalence of overweight. TV-viewing of more than 1 h per day was associated with a high consumption fast food, sweets, chips and pizza whereas fruits and vegetables were less frequently consumed. Overweight, inactivity and unhealthy eating habits were seen more frequently in families with a low social status.Conclusions:In 5 to 7 years old children, overweight is associated with physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits and a low social status. Primary prevention efforts should be directed to low income families.
Diet and physical activity – interactions for health; public health nutrition in the European perspective
Authors: Sjöström Michael , Yngve Agneta , Poortvliet Eric , Warm Daniel , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFor the majority of European adults, who neither smoke nor drink excessively, the most significant controllable risk factors affecting their long-term health are what they eat, and how physically active they are.Scientists are supposed to clarify to policy makers and health professionals the usefulness of their health messages. However, to be able to do that, a more detailed understanding is needed of the basic mechanisms behind the effects on health of diet and physical activity and, especially, the two in combination. Further, better methods for assessment of nutrition and physical activity in the population have to be developed, and more and better baseline data have to be collected. Increased and more efficient interventions are then needed. People trained and competent in the new discipline of Public Health Nutrition are required.Through the stimulating support that the European Commission, as well as other national and international partners, are presently giving to the development of Public Health Nutrition across Europe, we can hope for an increased mobility, networking and understanding between European nutrition and physical activity professionals. This will most likely result in greater and better policy making, strategy development, implementation and evaluation. We now have a great possibility to develop the integrated field of preventive nutrition and health enhancing physical activity.
Nutrient intake trends among African-Caribbeans in Britain: a migrant population and its second generation
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Cade Janet , Riste Lisa , Cruickshank Kennedy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To explore British African-Caribbean (AfC) nutrient intake by migration status (place of birth), diet (traditional Caribbean or more European) and age and relate this ecologically to coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Inner-city Manchester, UK.Subjects:Two hundred and fifty-five adults of AfC origin aged 25–79 years, randomly sampled from population registers.Results:Caribbean-born people (mean age 56, and mean time in Britain 30 years) had significantly lower per cent energy from total and saturated fat than younger British-born AfC people (mean age 29 years) (31.3% vs. 35%, difference in total fat 3.7%, 95%CI 2–5%; in saturated fat 10.9% vs. 12.6%, difference 1.7%, 95%CI 1–2.5%). The Caribbean-born group also ate more fruit (+84 g day−1, 95%CI 36–132 g day−1) and green vegetables (+26 g day−1, 95%CI 3–49 g day−1). Men following a traditional diet (>= 5 days week−1) similarly had a lower per cent energy from fat, at 30.4%, than less traditional eaters, at 33.1% (difference 2.7%, 95%CI 0.7–4.8%). African-Caribbean women, at relatively greater CHD risk than AfC men, had higher body mass indices (BMIs) than AfC men. Compared with national data, AfC subjects consumed some 7% and 5% less energy from total fat and saturated fat, respectively, with over 9% more from carbohydrate. However, there was marked convergence towards the national average in the youngest AfC groups aged 25–34 years, whatever their place of birth.Conclusions:Caribbean birthplace has an independent effect on total fat intake and percentage of energy from fat. Together with higher fruit and vegetable intake, these results are consistent with the dietary fat/antioxidant/CHD hypothesis.
Taste and food preferences as predictors of dietary practices in young women
Authors: Drewnowski Adam , Henderson Susan Ahlstrom , Levine Alisa , Hann Clayton 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate links between taste responses, self-reported food preferences and selected dietary outcomes in young women.Methods:Subjects were 159 women, with a mean age of 27.0 years. Taste responses were measured using aqueous solutions of 6−n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and sucrose. All subjects completed a 171-item food preference checklist, using nine-point category scales. Food preference data were reduced using principal components factor analyses, with the internal consistency of factor-based subscales established using Cronbach's alpha. Dietary intakes, available for a subset of 87 women, were based on 3 days of food records. Estimated intakes of carbohydrate, fibre and β-carotene were the key dietary outcome variables.Results:Genetically-mediated sensitivity to the bitter taste of PROP was associated with reduced preferences for Brussels sprouts, cabbage, spinach and coffee beverages. Higher preferences for sucrose in water were associated with increased preferences for sweet desserts. Food preferences, in turn, were associated with measures of current diet. Reduced acceptability of vegetables and fruits was associated with lower estimated intakes of carbohydrate, fibre and β-carotene.Conclusions:Taste responses to sucrose and PROP were predictive of some food preferences. Food preferences, in turn, were associated with food consumption patterns. Given that taste responsiveness to PROP is an inherited trait, there may be further links between genetic taste markers, eating habits and the selection of healthful diets.
A method to compensate for incomplete 24-hour urine collections in nutritional epidemiology studies
Authors: Johansson Gunnar , Bingham Sheila , Vahter Marie 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To develop a method to make use of incomplete 24-hour urinary samples in nutritional epidemiology, especially when validating the dietary intake of nitrogen (protein), sodium and potassium.Design:Urinary data for men and women collected in three different studies were evaluated. The concentration of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in one 24-hour urine sample per person was compared with the concentrations of nitrogen, sodium, potassium and creatinine.Setting:Men and women living in Cambridge, UK and women living in the town of Varberg, Sweden.Subjects:In total, this study consists of data from 73 Swedish women (20–50 years of age), 165 UK women (50–65 years) and 75 UK men (55–88 years).Results:On average four out of 10 people in this study had a PABA recovery below 85%. The linear regression equations for urinary excretion of nitrogen, sodium and potassium in relation to PABA recovery were y = 2.3 + 0.088 * x (r = 0.99), y = 45 + 0.82 * x (r = 0.87) and y = 19 + 0.60 * x (r = 0.93), respectively.Conclusions:The linear regression equations can be used for adjusting urinary nitrogen, sodium and potassium in urinary collections in cases where the PABA recovery is below 85%. Since it is common to obtain 24-hour urine collections with a PABA recovery below 85%, this method should increase the usefulness of biological markers of food intake in nutritional epidemiological studies and also increase the possibilities to study people that previously have been part of the drop-out group or the group with low motivation and cooperation. It is important to stress that we have not studied the relationship between PABA recovery and various urinary variables below the PABA recovery of 50%. Thus, in a case of PABA recovery below 50%, we do not recommend the use of this method to compensate for incomplete collections.
Assumptive Worlds and Images of Agency: Academic Social Policy in the Twenty-first Century?
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter 
Published: June 2008

As many commentators have pointed out, the pressures facing modern welfare states are formidable. One response by government is to place greater emphasis on a policy-making paradigm that rests on an individual rational actor account of agency. This finds its intellectual home in the leading tradition of neo-classical economics, its ideological home in a politics of active citizenry and equality of opportunity and its institutional home in the mechanisms by which the Treasury currently directs social policy.The resulting policies have strengths in delivering productivity improvements and responsiveness to consumer demand, but weaknesses in accommodating the value positions of an increasingly diverse society, in sustaining the social cohesion necessary to the continuance of state welfare and in confronting the structural basis of some social interests. These issues have traditionally been recognised in the sociology of values, the psychology of trust and the political science of power.One strength of academic social policy is that it is a field of study in which a number of disciplines are deployed. The ascendancy of one paradigm may obscure the contribution of others. It is hard for social policy academics to gain recognition when they speak a different language from that of policy making at the highest level.
Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change
Authors: Sundby Svein , Nakken Odd 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Sundby, S., and Nakken, O. 2008. Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 953–962. Arcto-Norwegian cod tend to produce strong year classes in warm years and poor year classes in cold years. This work shows that spawning intensity at various spawning sites along 1500 km of Norwegian coast is also influenced by climate variations. However, while the recruitment response to temperature is immediate and on an interannual time-scale, the response to changes in spawning site is slower, on a multidecadal time-scale. There have been two cold and two warm periods during the 20th century, cold from 1900 to 1920, warm from 1930 to 1950, cold from 1960 to 1970, and warm since the mid-1980s. A time-series for 1900–1976 on cod roe indices along the coast shows that the southernmost spawning areas are more important during cold periods, and the northernmost ones in warm periods, and coincide with high population fecundity. After 1976, qualitative observations show that there have been poor spawning fisheries in the southernmost spawning areas during the present warm period. From 2003, spawning has been observed along the coast of East Finnmark where it did not transpire during the previous 40 years.
Mechanisms of substrate selectivity for Bacillus anthracis thymidylate kinase
Authors: Carnrot Cecilia , Wang Liya , Topalis Dimitri , Eriksson Staffan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBacillus anthracis is well known in connection with biological warfare. The search for new drug targets and antibiotics is highly motivated because of upcoming multiresistant strains. Thymidylate kinase is an ideal target since this enzyme is at the junction of the de novo and salvage synthesis of dTTP, an essential precursor for DNA synthesis. Here the expression and characterization of thymidylate kinase from B. anthracis (Ba‐TMPK) is presented. The enzyme phosphorylated deoxythymidine‐5′‐monophosphate (dTMP) efficiently with K m and V max values of 33 μM and 48 μmol mg−1 min−1, respectively. The efficiency of deoxyuridine‐5′‐monophosphate phosphorylation was ∼10% of that of dTMP. Several dTMP analogs were tested, and D‐FMAUMP (2′‐fluoroarabinosyl‐5‐methyldeoxyuridine‐5′‐monophosphate) was selectively phosphorylated with an efficiency of 172% of that of D‐dTMP, but l‐FMAUMP was a poor substrate as were 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine‐5′‐monophosphate (5FdUMP) and 2′,3′‐dideoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydrothymidine‐5′‐monophosphate (d4TMP). No activity could be detected with 3′‐azidothymidine‐5′‐monophosphate (AZTMP). The corresponding nucleosides known as efficient anticancer and antiviral compounds were also tested, and d‐FMAU was a strong inhibitor with an IC50 value of 10 μM, while other nucleosides—l‐FMAU, dThd, 5‐FdUrd, d4T, and AZT, and 2′‐arabinosylthymidine—were poor inhibitors. A structure model was built for Ba‐TMPK based on the Staphylococcus aureus TMPK structure. Docking with various substrates suggested mechanisms explaining the differences in substrate selectivity of the human and the bacterial TMPKs. These results may serve as a start point for development of new antibacterial agents.
Roles of the interactions between Env and Gag proteins in the HIV‐1 replication cycle
Authors: Murakami Tsutomu 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe Env and Gag proteins of HIV‐1 are the two major structural proteins of this retrovirus. The interactions between Env and Gag proteins and their regulation in HIV‐1 are required for several steps of the replication cycle, involving not only virus assembly, specifically Env incorporation, but also entry steps after virus maturation. A large number of host factors and certain membrane microdomains appear to engage both in transport/trafficking of Env and/or Gag proteins, and in the interactions of these two proteins. The present review briefly summarizes our current knowledge regarding the roles of the interactions between Env and Gag proteins in the virus replication cycle.