bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“AUGMENTING” AND “REDUCING” IN AVERAGED VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO SINE WAVE LIGHT
Authors: Spilker Bert , Callaway Enoch 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been reported that the change in averaged visual evoked response (VER) amplitude with change in light flash intensity is related to a measure of kinesthetic figural after effects. It has also been reported that in some subjects, the amplitude of VER to sine wave light may decrease as depth of modulation approaches 100%. This study attempted to examine the change in VER amplitude resulting from change in depth of sine wave modulation on the one hand, and a measure of kinesthetic figural after effects (referred to as the bar test) on the other. The VER amplitudes to the six depths of modulation were plotted as a ftmction of depth of modulation, and the slope of that function served as an index of VER “augmentation” and “reduction.” The bar test was also scored to yield an index of kinesthetic “augmentation” and “reduction.” There was a rank correlation of .66 (p < .01 for N = 30) between VER slopes and bar test scores. Test‐retest values for eleven subjects show that VER slopes and bar scores changed together and that order of test day apparently had no regular effect. The administration of phenylephrine to dilate pupils produced a steeper VER slope, that is, a greater “augmentation,” in all six subjects tested. These results are discussed in terms of a general stimulus intensity control mechanism which influences sensory responsivity across modalities.
STIMULUS CONTROL OVER OPERANT GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES
Authors: Defean R. H. , Badia Pieteo , Lewis Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOperant conditioning of the galvanic skin response (GSR) using a discrimination procedure was attempted in both acquisition and extinction. During acquisition male Ss were given contingent reinforcement during S+ intervals and noncontingent reinforcement during S– intervals. All reinforcement was withheld during extinction. A criterion response was defined as a .5% increase in skin resistance occurring in the absence of electromyogram (EMG) or respiration irregularities. A frequency analysis of GSRs showed that stimulus control was obtained in extinction but not in acquisition. Interpretations based upon skeletal mediation and adaptation were not supported.
SKIN POTENTIAL LEVELS IN RIGHT‐ AND LEFT‐HANDED MALES
Authors: Wyatt Richard , Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFrom twelve left‐handed and twelve right‐handed males, skin potential levels were recorded simultaneously from both sides of the body. In both groups significantly higher skin potential levels were found on the right side. Unilateral stimuli and handedness did not unilaterally affect maximum response level.
TRANSIENT CHANGES IN EEG SLEEP PATTERNS OF MARRIED GOOD SLEEPERS: THE EFFECTS OF ALTERING SLEEPING ARRANGEMENT
Authors: Monroe Lawrence J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe major purposes of this study were to test the effects of altering the typical home sleeping arrangement on subsequent laboratory sleep, to determine the nature of transient disturbances in EEG sleep patterns of habitual good sleepers, and to explore sex differences in sleep patterns of married couples.Twenty‐eight married good sleepers slept three consecutive nights in the laboratory under both sleep‐with‐spouse and sleep‐alone conditions. Continuous EEG and eye movement recordings were obtained throughout the seven hour bed period.Analyses of variance showed a significant increase in the amount of Stage 4 sleep and a significant decrease in REM sleep under the sleep‐alone condition. Transient changes in sleep patterns of good sleepers were not associated with the usual correlates of poor sleep. Sex differences showed females with significantly more Stage 4 sleep, more total sleep, and fewer awakenings.It was concluded that the typical home sleeping arrangement may be a significant subject‐selection variable in sleep and dream research. The major findings were discussed within the framework of a cortical homeostasis hypothesis.
AN APPARATUS TO STUDY CONTINUOUS DISCRIMINATION PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF LEVEL OF CEREBRAL VIGILANCE
Authors: Shor Ronald E. , Thackray Richard I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn apparatus was developed to study human discrimination performance as a function of the arousal continuum. The apparatus was designed to provide Ss with an undemanding, repetitive, and monotonous discrimination task over long periods of time. A functional description and circuit details are given.
INSTRUMENTAL MODIFICATION OF ELICITED AUTONOMIC RESPONSES
Authors: Shnidman Susan R. , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDiscrete trials methodology was used to study the instrumental modification of elicited palmar SPRs in humans. Simple auditory stimuli defined the trials for a number of different reinforcement conditions. The data indicate that autonomic responses elicited by discrete stimuli can be facilitated by operant reinforcement, but there is no evidence for an inhibitory or suppressive effect. The specific contingency of reinforcement and response appears necessary to show the effect.
AWARENESS OF EEG‐SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS DETECTED WITHIN A CLOSED FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Authors: Brown Barbara B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present report summarizes results from feedback experiments using the three EEG frequency ranges of theta, alpha, and beta to operate lights of three different colors. The subjects were requested to try to isolate and identify feeling (and/or thought) activity which they felt caused successful operation of the lights. Written descriptions of this experience from one subject group (26 Ss) were compared to evaluations of subjective activity obtained in a second group of subjects (45 Ss) determined using a color Q‐sort technique. Results from the latter technique were controlled for effects of color and for effects of the feedback experience using a control subject group (45 Ss). Results established two sets of relationships with subjective activity: color and EEG frequency. Each set could exist independently or in relationship to the other. Several characteristics were postulated to account for development of the subjective‐biological relationships in this feedback system, e.g., that generation of “stimulus”and “response”were both internal events; that both reinforcement of the process and the behavior reinforced were selected by subjective activity of the subject; and that positive reinforcement did not occur without effort by the subject to define it.
ELECTROCUTANEOUS THRESHOLD CHANGES PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Greenblatt David , O'Connell Donald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments were performed to investigate the effect of strong shock on absolute electrocutaneous thresholds. Experiment 1 confirms the existence of a reliable elevation of absolute threshold after strong shock. Experiment 2 shows the effect to be highly localized to the site of the strongly shocked electrode. It also shows that threshold elevation does not follow the same time course as do local vascular and impedance changes. Experiment 3 used skin treatment to alter the local vascular and impedance levels and demonstrated that threshold elevation occurs after strong shock even after these measures have been stabilized. These data indicate that the threshold increase due to electric shock is probably analogous to auditory fatigue but does not rule out the possible involvement of more central control factors.
TRANSDUCER BRIDGE AMPLIFIER TO DIRECTLY DRIVE LOW SENSITIVITY OSCILLOGRAPHIC RECORDERS
Authors: Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA circuit is described which uses operational amplifiers to drive any low sensitivity recorder or oscillographic display unit from pressure transducers and other varieties of resistive strain‐gauge devices. The circuitry values are specific for the Statham P23 series strain‐gauges used in the measurement of physiological pressures, such as arterial or venous blood pressure, amniotic, and other fluid pressures.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND LEARNING CORRELATES OF ANXIETY AND INDUCED MUSCLE RELAXATION
Authors: Wilson Alan , Wilson Arthur S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecently, extensive use has been made of voluntary muscle relaxation as a response which presumably inhibits anxiety in “systematic desensitization” psychotherapies. This study attempted to test the hypothesis that muscle relaxation would reciprocally inhibit anxiety during a paired‐associate learning task. Subjects (Ss) were divided into high, medium, and low anxiety levels and muscle tension, muscle relaxation, and normal tension groups. Paired‐associate learning efficiency, as well as heart rate, skin conductance, integrated electromyogram, respiration rate, and finger temperature during learning were measured. Partial substantiation for the hypothesis was obtained for high anxiety Ss, but data for other groups was inconsistent with the hypothesis. An alternative explanation was suggested. Heart rate was the physiological variable which best discriminated the groups.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ASSESSING BODY MOVEMENT AND POTENTIAL ARTIFACTS IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS OF YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Fehr F. S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA method is described for measuring body movement and potential artifacts in the physiological recordings of young children. This method simply involves the attachment of open‐ended electrodes to the cloth cover of the chair in which the child reclines. Techniques are discussed for limiting possible extraneous “noise,” and basic findings under adverse laboratory conditions are presented.
DIFFERENCES IN TRACKING SKILL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATION DYNAMICS IN CHILDREN HIGH OR LOW IN PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOLWORK
Authors: Dureman Ingmar , Pålshammar ÅKe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeven children (9–10 years) rated by their schoolteachers as high in persistence (HP) and seven rated as low in persistence (LP) were compared in a simulated car‐driving situation with a risk‐taking game component. Increased reward was paid for every consecutive two minutes that they managed to drive without making more than five “off the road” errors within each of four ten‐minute periods. More than five errors meant loss of accumulated reward, and the situation thus was meant to evoke a kind of temporal approach‐avoidance conflict. Heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory rate were recorded throughout the session.The LP children made significantly more “off the road” errors than the HP children during the four driving periods. They also had significantly lower skin conductance levels and lower respiratory rates during the work periods, as well as a suggested difference in the pattern of change in skin conductance.
DIFFERENTIATION OF CONDITIONED AND ORIENTING RESPONSE COMPONENTS IN ELECTRODERMAL CONDITIONING
Authors: ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifferent criteria for orienting and conditioned responses (ORs and CRs) are discussed, and it is proposed that neither latency nor differences between conditioning and sensitization treatments provide adequate solutions to the problem. An additional criterion is proposed based on differences in the slopes of the generalization gradients, i.e. ORs should show rising and CRs falling generalization gradients with increased stimulus change. This criterion was tested for conditioning and sensitization groups in paradigms involving generalization along pitch and temporal continua. It was found that the response to the onset of the conditional stimulus (the CS response) fulfilled the proposed criteria for an OR, while responses in the interval of the unconditioned response on trials where the unconditional stimulus (US) was omitted (post‐US responses) satisfied the criteria for an OR early in training and the criteria for a CR later in training. For the response preceding US (the pre‐US response) no definite conclusion was reached, but the evidence could be interpreted to mean that both OR and CR components participated in that response too. The relationships between these response components and stages of sensory integration and response acquisition of conditioning are discussed.
THE EEG CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING
Authors: Philips Clare 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTComputer analysis of EEG data, recorded under both resting and work conditions following smoking, was compared to the appropriate control data in 6 male subjects. Following digitizing, a Power Spectral Analysis was performed which revealed significant reductions in the peak alpha frequency component up to 20 min following smoking, during a visual task. Eyes open resting data showed a similar but not significant loss, after 8 min. No indications of increased fast activity were found. These results were related to comparable work on animals and humans. A suggestion was made as to the relevance of these changes.
UNIDIRECTIONAL AND LARGE MAGNITUDE HEART RATE CHANGES WITH AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK
Authors: Headrick Mary W. , Feather Ben W. , Wells David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the first of two studies, subjects (Ss) were required to either raise or lower heart rate (HR) relative to pre‐trial baseline by altering a tone which changed frequency with HR. Reliable increases but no decreases in HR were found. In a second study extended training of a single S with visual feedback resulted in consistent sustained HR increases of 15 to 35 beats per minute (bpm), but only slight decreases. Sustained elevated rate was accompanied by anxiety. No reliable changes in breathing occurred in either study.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF COMMISSION ERRORS IN AN AUDITORY VIGILANCE TASK
Authors: Krupski Antoinette , Raskin David C. , Bakan Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine correlates of the tendency to make errors of commission in a vigilance task, 31 Ss worked at a task of listening to recorded digits for 48 min and reported odd‐even‐odd digit sequences. Reports of “signals” where signals did not actually occur constituted commission errors. While S was engaged in the vigilance task skin conductance was continuously recorded. A measure of extra‐version and neuroticism was available for each S. The tendency to make commission errors was associated with decrement in the detection of real signals over time, low GSR amplitude at detection points, and low initial orienting response. Commission errors were positively related to extraversion and unrelated to neuroticism. It was concluded that commission errors are made by Ss who are low in arousal level, subject to vigilance decrement, and likely to score higher on extra‐version.
ONTOGENESIS OF SPONTANEOUS K‐COMPLEXES
Authors: Metcalf David R. , Mondale Jason , Butler Francine K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe “spontaneous” K‐complex, an EEG phenomenon, was studied with an explicit rating system. The spontaneous K‐complex can first be identified at age 6 months. Maturation of the K‐complex progresses rapidly for about the first 2 years after birth, then slows, albeit, with increased variability until age 5 years, progressing again until a relative plateau in K‐complex development is reached at about age 12. Four parameters are used in the rating system: individuation, vertex focus, repetition, and spread of the K‐complex. It is hypothesized that neurofunctional development underlying K‐complex ontogenesis may have referents observable in terms of a number of information‐processing parameters such as behavioral‐developmental, and cognitive‐perceptual levels of functioning during early childhood. It is speculated that the neurofunctional change implied by the early ontogenesis of K‐complexes indexes the approximate age of onset of the infant's capacity to experience dreams.
BILATERAL DIFFERENCES IN SKIN RESISTANCE AND VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Vabni John G. , Doerr Hans O. , Franklin Jill R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBilateral basal skin resistance (BSR) and bilateral photoplethysmographic vasomotor measures were obtained for 16 Ss. Ten Ss were found to have bilateral differences in BSR. The direction of these differences was not related to handedness. Bilateral differences in vasomotor resting levels, variability, and reactivity were also observed in the majority of Ss. Some relationships among bilateral patterns of vasomotor responsivity and BSR emerged. Thus, the side of the body having lower BSR was identical to the side with the lesser vasomotor constriction during experimental stress (breath holding). Also, the side of the body having the lower vasomotor amplitude had less vasomotor variability. The findings suggest that asymmetry of autonomic activity is typical rather than atypical for the normal individual, and that various autonomic variables form patterns of asymmetry.
MEASUREMENT OF THE CARDIAC RESPONSE IN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND NORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: Miller W. H. , Bernal M. E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a previous study (Bernal & Miller, 1970), striking differences were found between schizophrenic and normal children in the magnitude of their galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to simple sensory stimuli. However, the Lang and Hnatiow (1962) measure of cardiac response failed to demonstrate these GSR group differences. The present paper is a followup of the Bernal and Miller study and its purpose was to evaluate the use of various measures of heart rate (HR) in discriminating between clinical and normal groups of children.The cardiac data were converted to measures that were (1) independent of and dependent upon prestimulus HR level, and (2) based upon individually and group derived decelerative trough in HR. The main results of the analyses of variance for repeated measurements were: (1) no single HR measure was found to delineate the cardiac response reliably across stimulus conditions or between groups of Ss, and (2) individually‐determined HR deceleration, especially when corrected via covariance analysis for prestimulus level, was superior to a group‐determined decelerative HR measure in demonstrating both habituation and group effects.
OCCIPITAL ALPHA AND ACCOMMODATIVE VERGENCE, PURSUIT TRACKING, AND FAST EYE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Mulholland Thomas B. , Peper Erik 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe parietal‐occipital EEG was recorded while subjects performed various fixation, accommodation, and tracking maneuvers with stationary and moving targets. For some experiments the target was continuously in view and independent of the EEG; in others, a feedback path connected the occurrence of parietal‐occipital alpha with the visibility of the target. The results show that alpha attenuation or blocking is not due to “visual attention'” but to processes of fixation, lens accommodation, and pursuit tracking. Saccadic movements were not reliably linked to alpha or alpha “blocking.'” The utility of feedback methods for testing the hypotheses that visual control processes are linked to the parietal‐occipital alpha rhythms was demonstrated.
FREQUENCY OF THE EEG DURING ACQUISITION IN SHORT‐TERM MEMORY
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated changes in frequency of the EEG in relation to the number of digits inputed in a test of short‐term memory. Four channels of bipolar EEGs were recorded from scalp leads over parietal and occipital areas of both hemispheres, while lists of the WISC digit span backward test were inputed. Data from 25 healthy Ss, who correctly recalled the 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐digit lists in reversed order, were analyzed. Findings showed no statistically significant differences in frequency of the EEGs recorded during acquisition of lists of different length. EEG frequency was significantly faster during acquisition of the lists than during a control condition in which Ss participated in an auditory reaction time task; but the findings were not consistent from channel to channel.
A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO STIMULUS ONSET AND OFFSET DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlmost no work exploring the effects of auditory stimulus onset and offset is to be found, especially if one looks at the problem in a developmental manner. In order to investigate this problem, a total of 62 infants within the first year of life were seen: 22, 20, and 20 subjects at 12, 24, and 52 weeks respectively. Each infant received 7 trials, 30 sec in duration, with a 30‐sec intertrial interval. The first 6 trials consisted of the same auditory signal‐a C chord at 65 db‐while the 7th trial was either a C tone or a C chord with the base notes muted (dull), both at 65 db. Heart rate was continuously monitored along with other measures not reported in this paper. Amount of deceleration was used as the primary response.The data indicate several important results: (1) a consistent and rather large degree of deceleration; this for both onset and offset. (2) For 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds the terminal OR is less than the onset OR, while the 12‐month‐olds show greater terminal than onset OR. (3) Habituation of the onset OR follows a developmental pattern, with 3‐month‐olds showing the least habituation and 12‐month‐olds showing the most. (4) Habituation of terminal OR also shows a developmental trend, with the 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds showing habituation while 12‐month‐olds show little habituation. The recovery data (dishabituation) results for the 7th trial indicate that some changes are more effective than others.
The Effects of Continuous, High Intensity, White Noise on the Human Sleep Cycle
Authors: Scott Thomas D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEight male college students slept for 8 consecutive nights under conditions of 93 ± 2 dB white noise (N) and under normal quiet conditions (Q). On N nights the percentage of total sleep time spent in stage REM was decreased (p < .001), the percentages of stages 1 and 2 were increased (p < .05, p < .001, respectively) and REM latency was increased (p < .02) compared to Q nights prior to N nights. On Q nights following N nights the percentages of stage REM increased above baseline levels indicating compensatory recovery effects from REM sleep deprivation on the prior N nights. Stages 3 and 4 remained unchanged throughout the study. The reduction in stage REM on N nights was directly attributed to the effects of noise on the CNS and not a secondary result of an increased number of awakenings on N nights.
Large Magnitude Heart Rate Changes in Subjects Instructed to Change Their Heart Rates and Given Exteroceptive Feedback
Authors: Stephens Joseph H. , Harris Alan H. , Brady Joseph V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour subjects who were given exteroceptive, auditory and visual feedback, and were asked to raise and to lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce large magnitude changes in both directions. The fact that some of these changes occurred immediately suggests that feedback may not be as important as some authors have suggested. Respiratory changes and changes in muscle tension did not appear to be mediators.
The Effect of Uncertainty on Mastery of Stress: A Case Study
Authors: Fenz Walter D. , Jones G. Brian 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA highly experienced sport parachutist was tested under conditions of uncertainty as well as under normal jumping conditions; the dependent measures recorded during the sequence of events leading up to a jump were heart rate and respiration rate. Uncertainty produced a disruption of the orderly pattern of anticipatory physiological responding; this disruption was more pronounced for heart rate than for respiration rate.