bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afferents to the orexin neurons of the rat brain
Authors: Yoshida Kyoko , McCormack Sarah , España Rodrigo A. , Crocker Amanda , Scammell Thomas E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEmotions, stress, hunger, and circadian rhythms all promote wakefulness and behavioral arousal. Little is known about the pathways mediating these influences, but the orexin‐producing neurons of the hypothalamus may play an essential role. These cells heavily innervate many wake‐promoting brain regions, and mice lacking the orexin neurons have narcolepsy and fail to rouse in response to hunger (Yamanaka et al. [2003] Neuron 38:701–713). To identify the afferents to the orexin neurons, we first injected a retrograde tracer into the orexin neuron field of rats. Retrogradely labeled neurons were abundant in the allocortex, claustrum, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in many hypothalamic regions including the preoptic area, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamus. Retrograde labeling in the brainstem was generally more modest, but labeling was strong in the periaqueductal gray matter, dorsal raphe nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Injection of an anterograde tracer confirmed that most of these regions directly innervate the orexin neurons, with some of the heaviest input coming from the lateral septum, preoptic area, and posterior hypothalamus. In addition, hypothalamic regions preferentially innervate orexin neurons in the medial and perifornical parts of the field, but most projections from the brainstem target the lateral part of the field. Inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus are mainly relayed via the subparaventricular zone and dorsomedial nucleus. These observations suggest that the orexin neurons may integrate a variety of interoceptive and homeostatic signals to increase behavioral arousal in response to hunger, stress, circadian signals, and autonomic challenges. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:845–861, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification of solutions for an integral equation
Authors: Chen Wenxiong , Li Congming , Ou Biao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractLet n be a positive integer and let 0 < α < n. Consider the integral equation

We prove that every positive regular solution u(x) is radially symmetric and monotone about some point and therefore assumes the form

with some constant c = c(n, α) and for some t > 0 and x0 ϵ ℝn. This solves an open problem posed by Lieb 12. The technique we use is the method of moving planes in an integral form, which is quite different from those for differential equations. From the point of view of general methodology, this is another interesting part of the paper.Moreover, we show that the family of well‐known semilinear partial differential equations

is equivalent to our integral equation (0.1), and we thus classify all the solutions of the PDEs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controllable Growth of Straight Nanorods and Nanowires in the Langmuir Films of a Bolaamphiphilic PAR Derivative
Authors: Guo Peizhi , Liu Minghua , Nakahara Hiroo , Ushida Kiminori 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA novel bolaamphiphilic compound, 1, 10‐bis[3′‐hydroxy‐4′‐(2′′‐pyridylazo)phenoloxy] decane [(PAR)2C10], was synthesized and its spreading film and in situ coordination with metal ions in the Langmuir monolayer at the air/water interface were investigated. It was found that (PAR)2C10 could be spread on the water surface, and the Langmuir film showed a phase transition from a flat conformation to a U‐shaped conformation upon compression. Interfacial coordination between (PAR)2C10 and metal ions could occur in situ in the Langmuir monolayer. Depending on the concentration of the subphase, different coordination modes were observed. A 2:1 (ligand‐PAR‐to‐metal‐ion) complex was formed at a lower concentration of the subphase, while a 1:1 complex was obtained on the subphase with a higher concentration of the salt. Interestingly, very straight nanowires, extending to several micrometers, were observed in the AFM images of the films transferred from the subphase containing CuCl2 in higher concentrations. However, tortuous nanowires were observed under the subphase containing Cu(CH3COO)2. The formation of such kind of wirelike structures was only observed for the combination of the bolaamphiphilic PAR derivative with the Cu(II) ions. Other metal ions or the single‐chain PAR derivative did not show this behavior. A possible growth mechanism of the nanowires was proposed based on the coordination of the bolaamphiphilic (PAR)2C10 with the Cu(II) ions as well as with the counteranions.
The First Metal‐Oxo Cluster Containing Lithium and Bismuth
Authors: Mehring Michael , Mansfeld Dirk , Costisella Burkhard , Schürmann Markus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reaction of [Bi(OtBu)3] with LiOSiMe3 gave the heterobimetallic bismuth‐oxo cluster [Bi3Li5(μ5‐O)2(μ3‐OSiMe3)2(μ3‐OtBu)2(μ2‐OtBu)6] (1) after elimination of Me3SiOSiMe3. The cage compound 1 is the first example of a mixed‐metal alkoxide/siloxide composed of lithium and bismuth. Crystals of 1·2 C7H8 and 1·1.5 THF suitable for X‐ray single crystal structure analysis were obtained by crystallisation from toluene and THF, respectively. Both solvates crystallise in the orthorhombic space group Pmmn with Z = 2. The lattice constants are a = 16.267(3) Å, b = 17.126(3) Å and c = 12.155(2) Å (1·2 C7H8) and a = 16.353(2) Å, b = 17.156(1) Å and c = 12.256(1) Å (1·1.5 THF). In both compounds the solvent molecules occupy channels along the c‐axis. The basic molecular unit is best described as a face‐sharing double cubane [BiLi5(μ4‐O)2(μ3‐OSiMe3)2(μ3‐OtBu)2] which is coordinated by two [Bi(OtBu)3] molecules. The compound is kinetically labile in solution and readily decomposes in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane with elimination of 1,1,2‐trichloroethylene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Activity of Chiral Platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Jaramillo David , Buck Damian P. , Collins J. Grant , Fenton Ronald R. , Stootman Frank H. , Wheate Nial J. , Aldrich‐Wright Janice R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFour platinum(II) complexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 3,4,7,8‐tetramethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (3,4,7,8‐Me4phen), with the chiral ancillary ligands (1R,3S) and (1S,3R)‐1,3‐diamino‐1,2,2‐trimethylcyclopentane (R,S‐tmcp andS,R‐tmcp, respectively) have been synthesised and their biological activity quantified using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay against the L1210 murine leukaemia cell line. [Pt(R,S‐tmcp)(3,4,7,8‐Me4phen)]Cl2and [Pt(S,R‐tmcp)(3,4,7,8‐Me4phen)]Cl2showed an increase in biological activity over their non‐methylated complexes, [Pt(R,S‐tmcp)(phen)]Cl2and [Pt(S,R‐tmcp)(phen)]Cl2. Some chiral discrimination was observed in the in vitro cytotoxicity experiments with the complexes having (S,R) configuration showing higher biological activity in L1210 cells. Titrations of the metal complexes into ct‐DNA and observation of the changes induced in the CD spectra were used to determine the binding constants. The binding of these metal complexes to the hexamer d(GTCGAC)2was studied using two‐dimensional1H NMR spectroscopy. The addition of metal complexes to the hexamer produced upfield shifts of the metal complex of selected resonances, characteristic of intercalation for [Pt(tmcp)(phen)]Cl2, whereas the [Pt(tmcp)(3,4,7,8‐Me4phen)]Cl2complexes only partially intercalate and in a “side‐on” fashion. Through the observation of NOE cross‐peaks, two‐dimensional NMR experiments provided some insight into the site and groove preferences of these complexes when binding to DNA. Here, we report the biological activity of platinum(II) complexes containing an intercalator and a chiral diamine, which influences the degree to which the complexes can interact with DNA. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gelation Ability of Novel Oxamide‐Based Derivatives Bearing a Stilbene as a Photo‐Responsive Unit
Authors: Miljanić Snežana , Frkanec Leo , Meić Zlatko , Žinić Mladen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOxamide‐based derivatives containing one or two oxamide moieties coupled to the 4‐ or 4,4′‐positions of cis‐ and trans‐stilbene have been synthesised. In order to modulate the solvent gelation tendencies, a series of derivatives with modified terminal functions were prepared from them. The trans‐stilbene dioxamide‐based derivatives were found to be sparingly soluble or insoluble in water and in organic solvents, whereas the trans‐stilbene monooxamide‐based derivatives are soluble in most organic solvents. Incorporation of a C12 alkyl chain in the structure of the latter compounds results in a decreased solubility but in an increased gelation tendency of the substances. The ethyl ester oxamide‐based derivative trans‐3a and the amino acid oxamide‐based derivative trans‐3e act as efficient gelators of various organic solvents. In contrast, cis‐3a shows a poor gelation ability or none at all, owing to its good solubility. Considering the difference in gelation abilities of the compounds trans‐3a and cis‐3a and the photo‐responsive conformational changes of the stilbene part of the molecule, a controlled gelation by light was achieved. FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements support the view that hydrogen bonding between the oxamide fragments plays an important role in gel formation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Effects of ortho‐ and para‐Ring Activation on the Kinetics of SNAr Reactions of 1‐Chloro‐2‐nitro‐ and 1‐Phenoxy‐2‐nitrobenzenes with Aliphatic Amines in Acetonitrile
Authors: Crampton Michael R. , Emokpae Thomas A. , Isanbor Chukwuemeka , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Mondal Raju 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRate constants are reported for reaction of 4‐substituted 1‐chloro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenes 1, 6‐substituted 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzenes 2, and some of the corresponding 1‐phenoxy derivatives, 3 and 4, with n‐butylamine, pyrrolidine and piperidine in acetonitrile as solvent. Values of k1, the rate constant for nucleophilic attack at the 1‐position, increase with increasing ring‐activation but may be reduced by steric repulsion at the reaction centre which increases in the order Cl < OPh, and n‐butylamine < pyrrolidine ≈ piperidine. ortho‐Substituents may also have adverse steric effects, and those of the trifluoromethyl group are particularly serious. X‐ray crystal structures of phenyl 2,4‐dinitro‐6‐trifluoromethylphenyl ether and phenyl 2,6‐dinitro‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl ether are reported. Base catalysis in the 1‐phenoxy derivatives is attributed to rate‐limiting proton transfer from the zwitterionic intermediates 6 to base. Values of rate constants for this process decrease with increasing steric congestion at the reaction centre and in the order n‐butylamine > pyrrolidine > piperidine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The Domino Oxa‐Michael Addition–Aldol Reaction: Access to Variably Substituted Tetrahydroxanthenones
Authors: Ohnemüller (née Schmid) Ulrike K. , Nising Carl F. , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTetrahydroxanthenones represent the core of many natural products, most of which exhibit interesting biological activities. In the course of our synthetic efforts towards the total synthesis of the secalonic acids, which contain two of these tricyclic units, we have investigated the influence of substituents on the one‐step domino oxa‐Michael addition–aldol reaction leading to tetrahydroxanthenones. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A novel method to identify gene–gene effects in nuclear families: the MDR‐PDT
Authors: Martin E.R. , Ritchie M.D. , Hahn L. , Kang S. , Moore J.H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIt is now well recognized that gene–gene and gene–environment interactions are important in complex diseases, and statistical methods to detect interactions are becoming widespread. Traditional parametric approaches are limited in their ability to detect high‐order interactions and handle sparse data, and standard stepwise procedures may miss interactions that occur in the absence of detectable main effects. To address these limitations, the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method [Ritchie et al., 2001: Am J Hum Genet 69:138–147] was developed. The MDR is wellsuited for examining high‐order interactions and detecting interactions without main effects. The MDR was originally designed to analyze balanced case‐control data. The analysis can use family data, but requires a single matched pair be selected from each family. This may be a discordant sib pair, or may be constructed from triad data when parents are available. To take advantage of additional affected and unaffected siblings requires a test statistic that measures the association of genotype with disease in general nuclear families. We have developed a novel test, the MDR‐PDT, by merging the MDR method with the genotype‐Pedigree Disequilibrium Test (geno‐PDT)[Martin et al., 2003: Genet Epidemiol 25:203–213]. MDR‐PDT allows identification of single‐locus effects or joint effects of multiple loci in families of diverse structure. We present simulations to demonstrate the validity of the test and evaluate its power. To examine its applicability to real data, we applied the MDR‐PDT to data from candidate genes for Alzheimer disease (AD) in a large family dataset. These results show the utility of the MDR‐PDT for understanding the genetics of complex diseases. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin, NW England
Authors: Meadows N. S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe existing stratigraphic nomenclature applied to the Early and Middle Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in NW England has resulted from more than 150 years of geological investigation, but is characterized by a lithostratigraphic system that is insufficiently flexible to allow for variations in lithology and sedimentary facies within a continental depositional system. A revised well correlation based on the detrital mineralogical and chemical composition of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in four offshore wells, that is then extended to provide near‐basin‐wide well correlations using a regional shale marker, confirms previously suggested but unproven diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. It also reveals the presence of incised valleys filled by stacked amalgamated fluvial channel sandstones and cut into previously deposited aeolian and sandflat sequences as well as older fluvial channel sandstones. The combination of well correlations indicates that the valleys were incised by a fluvial system flowing NW from the Cheshire Basin into the East Irish Sea Basin and then west towards the Peel and Kish Bank basins. The stratal geometry of the upper part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group is suggested to conform to models of climatically mediated alternations of fluvial degradation and aggradation in response to changes in the relationship between sediment flux and stream discharge. This model is supported in the Sherwood Sandstone Group by climatically driven variations in the non‐channelized facies which record upward wetting and drying cycles that can be locally tied to fluvial incision surfaces, and suggest a hierarchy of at least three levels of climatic cyclicity recorded within the sedimentary succession. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroprotective actions of endogenous interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) are mediated by glia
Authors: Pinteaux Emmanuel , Rothwell Nancy J. , Boutin Herve 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), contributes to neuronal inflammation and cell death induced by ischemia, excitotoxicity, or trauma, while administration of IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) reduces neuronal injury. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that endogenous IL‐1ra is neuroprotective in vivo and in vitro, and to identify its mechanism of actions. Mice lacking IL‐1ra (IL‐1ra knock‐out (KO]) exhibited a dramatic increase in neuronal injury (3.6‐fold increase in infarct size) induced by transient cerebral ischemia compared to wild‐type (WT) animals. Basal cell death of cultured cortical neurons from WT and IL‐1ra KO was identical, and treatment with NMDA or AMPA (20 μM) increased cell death to the same extent in WT and IL‐1ra KO neurons. However, basal and NMDA‐ or AMPA‐induced cells death was significantly higher in glial–neuronal co‐cultures from IL‐1ra KO than from WT mice. We further showed that pure microglial cultures, but not pure astrocytes cultures, released IL‐1ra in response to treatment with conditioned medium from NMDA‐ or AMPA‐treated primary neurons. These results demonstrate that endogenous IL‐1ra produced by microglia is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia or excitotoxicity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caspase inhibition in apoptotic T cells triggers necrotic cell death depending on the cell type and the proapoptotic stimulus
Authors: Scheller Carsten , Knöferle Johanna , Ullrich Anett , Prottengeier Johannes , Racek Tomas , Sopper Sieghart , Jassoy Christian , Rethwilm Axel , Koutsilieri Eleni 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCD95 (Fas/Apo‐1) triggers apoptotic cell death via a caspase‐dependent pathway. Inhibition of caspase activation blocks proapoptotic signaling and thus, prevents execution of apoptosis. Besides induction of apoptotic cell death, CD95 has been reported to trigger necrotic cell death in susceptible cells. In this study, we investigated the interplay between apoptotic and necrotic cell death signaling in T cells. Using the agonistic CD95 antibody, 7C11, we found that caspase inhibition mediated by the pancaspase inhibitor, zVAD‐fmk, prevented CD95‐triggered cell death in Jurkat T cells but not in A3.01 T cells, although typical hallmarks of apoptosis, such as DNA fragmentation or caspase activation were blocked. Moreover, the caspase‐independent cell death in A3.01 cells exhibited typical signs of necrosis as detected by a rapid loss of cell membrane integrity and could be prevented by treatment with the radical scavenger butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Similar to CD95‐induced cell death, apoptosis triggered by the DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, camptothecin or etoposide was shifted to necrosis when capsase activation was inhibited. In contrast to this, ZVAD was fully protective when apoptosis was triggered by the serpase inhibitor, Nα‐tosyl‐phenyl‐chloromethyl ketone (TPCK). TPCK was not protective when administered to anti‐CD95/ZVAD‐treated A3.01 cells, indicating that TPCK does not possess anti‐necrotic activity but fails to activate the necrotic death pathway. Our findings show (a) that caspase inhibition does not always protect apoptotic T cells from dying but merely activates a caspase‐independent mode of cell death that results in necrosis and (b) that the caspase‐inhibitor‐induced shift from apoptotic to necrotic cell death is dependent on the cell type and the proapoptotic stimulus. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 1350–1361, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure, magnetizability, and nuclear magnetic shielding tensors of bis‐heteropentalenes. IV. Dihydrophospholophosphole isomers
Authors: Cuesta Inmaculada García , Sánchez De Merás Alfredo M. J. , Lazzeretti Paolo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe geometry of the heteropentalenes formed by two phosphole units has been determined at the DFT level. The magnetic susceptibility and the nuclear magnetic shielding at the nuclei of these systems have also been calculated using gauge‐including atomic orbitals and a large Gaussian basis set to achieve near Hartree–Fock estimates. A comparative study of the various isomers, of their flattened analogs, and of the parent phosphole molecule, shows that the [3,4‐c] isomer is the most aromatic system in the set considered, assuming diatropicity and degree of planarity as indicators, even if it is the less stable in terms of total molecular energy. Plots of magnetic field‐induced current densities confirm diatropicity of P‐containing bis‐heteropentalenenes, showing, however, significant differences from the analogous systems with distinct heteroatoms. The maps give evidence of spiral flow nearby CC bonds, compatible with prevalent distortive behavior of π electrons exalted by pyramidalization at P, and competing against the σ electron compression, which would favor planar structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 344–351, 2006
Parallel coupled perturbed CASSCF equations and analytic CASSCF second derivatives
Authors: Dudley Timothy J. , Olson Ryan M. , Schmidt Michael W. , Gordon Mark S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA parallel algorithm for solving the coupled‐perturbed MCSCF (CPMCSCF) equations and analytic nuclear second derivatives of CASSCF wave functions is presented. A parallel scheme for evaluating derivative integrals and their subsequent use in constructing other derivative quantities is described. The task of solving the CPMCSCF equations is approached using a parallelization scheme that partitions the electronic hessian matrix over all processors as opposed to simple partitioning of the 3 N solution vectors among the processors. The scalability of the current algorithm, up to 128 processors, is demonstrated. Using three test cases, results indicate that the parallelization of derivative integral evaluation through a simple scheme is highly effective regardless of the size of the basis set employed in the CASSCF energy calculation. Parallelization of the construction of the MCSCF electronic hessian during solution of the CPMCSCF equations varies quantitatively depending on the nature of the hessian itself, but is highly scalable in all cases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 352–362, 2006
Glycation of caseinate by fructose and fructo‐oligosaccharides during controlled heat treatment in the ‘dry’ state
Authors: Oliver Christine M , Melton Laurence D , Stanley Roger A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates the controlled heating of caseinate with reducing sugars to produce glycoproteins with improved functionality for use in food. Caseinate was combined with inulin, fructose and a mixture of both inulin and fructose and the lyophilisates heated at a controlled water activity for up to 48 h. Caseinate–glucose and caseinate–lactose glycoconjugates were prepared for comparison. Conjugation between caseinate and fructose occurred readily at 60 °C and 67% relative humidity, modifying up to 75% of the lysine groups of caseinate within 48 h. Moreover, when reconstituted, the caseinate–fructose glycoconjugates showed a dramatic increase in viscosity relative to caseinate ‘dry’‐heated alone. At 80% relative humidity the reaction proceeded so rapidly that gels containing darkly coloured particulate matter were formed. Incorporation of inulin prevented formation of caseinate–fructose gels, and minimised browning development while still producing moderately viscous solutions. Based on 13C‐NMR, SDS‐PAGE and electron microscopy techniques, mechanisms by which inulin modified the reaction have been proposed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry