bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dentition of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Preston Charles B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe crown morphology of 202 dental casts from living Lengua Indians is described and compared with other Amerind, Melanesian, and Caucasoid samples. The Lengua dentition shows a high Mongoloid component with little effects of possible European admixture, thus supporting the theory that despite early Franciscan and Jesuit attempts at missionization, much of the Paraguayan Chaco has remained genetically and culturally relatively intact well into the present century.A finding of note was the apparent sexual dimorphism of the Carabelli cusp, which questions earlier assumptions that no correction for sex need be made in population studies when dealing with this trait.Since mandibular canines show proportionately less wear in the canine distal accessory ridge area than maxillary canines, the value of the incidence of this trait in population and microevolutionary studies is questioned.
Serum androgens and sex hormone binding globulin in obese Pima Indian females
Authors: Purifoy Frances E. , Koopmans Lambert H. , Tatum Ronald W. , Mayes Darrel M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLevels of serum androgens and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 20 obese Pima Indian females aged 19–44 and compared with those of normal‐weight Caucasians aged 20–46. The Pima exhibited significantly decreased SHBG compared to Caucasians, but a strong effect of age on androgen levels rendered mean comparisons useless. Androstenedione (A) and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEA‐S) decreased significantly, and testosterone (T) declined slightly with age in the Pima, whereas these androgens showed no significant decreases in Caucasians for this age range. A possible relationship of androgens to the Pima female's propensity for android obesity as well as possible effects of obesity on SHBG, androgens, and aging is discussed.
The Indonesian Homo erectus brain endocasts revisited
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew brain endocast reconstructions of Homo erectus discoveries from Indonesia since 1963 (H. erectus VI, 1963; VII, 1965; VIII, 1969) have been made and their volumes determined. In addition, older discoveries (H. erectus I, 1891; II, 1937; IV, 1937–38) have been reendocast and reconstructed, and have yielded volumes considerably different from those previously published. This is particularly so in the case of Dubois's original discovery, which yields a volume of 940 ml rather than the widely quoted volume of 750 ml. In addition, a number of morphological observations regarding hemispheric asymmetries (petalias) are provided, which suggest a condition similar to modern Homo sapiens.
The analysis of fractures in skeletal populations with an example from the Libben site, Ottowa County, Ohio
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA quantitative approach to the analysis of long‐bone fractures in skeletal populations is presented. These kinds of data are shown to be valuable in interpreting various behavioral aspects of the population. An example of application is provided for the Libben population. Data from this group show that the overall fracture rate was high (there is a 45% chance of a long‐bone fracture in any single individual) but lower than the rates observed in nonhuman primates by almost an order of magnitude when data are adjusted for years of risk. The data for Libben also suggest that traumatic child abuse was not practiced, that most fractures occur as a consequence of accident, that fracture risk was highest in the 10–25 and 45 + age categories, that care of patients was enlightened and skillful in this group, and that chance of fracture is largely determined by accumulated years of risk in the population (r = 0.97).
Body composition and nutritional status of urban Guatemalan children of high and low socioeconomic class
Authors: Bogin Barry , Macvean Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of socioeconomic differences on the nutritional status of two groups of urban living children are considered via an anthropometric assessment of body composition. The sample consists of 981 Guatemala City children, 7.00 to 13.99 years old, of high and low socioeconomic status (SES). High SES children have larger median values for triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, arm circumference, and estimated mid‐arm muscle and fat areas than low SES children. Compared with children of a US reference sample, the high SES children generally have larger values for all variables and the low SES children have smaller values. However, the differences between the low SES children and the children of the other two samples are greater for arm fat area than for arm muscle area. The analysis suggests that low SES Guatemalan children suffer to a greater extent from chronic energy, rather than protein, undernutrition. A similar pattern of energy malnutrition has been observed for rural Guatemalan children. These combined data suggest that estimates of fat reserves of the arm provide a useful indication of nutritional status for Third‐World children. Results from rural Costa Rican and Honduran studies have been taken to mean that muscle reserves are better than fat reserves as indicators of nutritional status in developing countries. But, those studies did not estimate cross‐sectional muscle and fat areas and only considered the extremes of the population distribution for muscle and fat.
Anatomy of the temporal bone in early anthropoids, with remarks on the problem of anthropoid origins
Authors: Cartmill M. , MacPhee R. D. E. , Simons E. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew and previously undescribed specimens of the petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts of the temporal bones of anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Egypt display a general morphological resemblance to the equivalent parts of Recent ceboid skulls. Like that of ceboids, the ectotympanic bone of Fayum anthropoids is a simple anulus, fused to the squamosal at both its extremities. The petrosal's bullar contribution appears to bear transverse septa running laterally from promontory to ectotympanic; similar septa are seen in callitrichids and some prosimians. The definitive stylomastoid foramen is in a position characteristic for ceboids but not found among adult catarrhines. As far as can currently be determined, pneumatization of the petrous and squamous temporal is specifically anthropoid‐like in pattern and extent, but exhibits no special resemblances to that found in any particular anthropoid taxon. On the other hand, Fayum anthropoids appear to resemble other catarrhines and to differ from most extant ceboids in lacking a vascular canal leading from the subarcuate fossa to the sigmoid venous sinus. Vascular impressions on a squamosal fragment tentatively assigned to Aegyptopithecus zeuxis show that the petrosquamous and cranio‐orbital venous sinuses were persistently large, as in prosimians. A squamosal fragment previously attributed to Apidium phiomense, and adduced as evidence for a lemuriform ancestry of Anthropoidea, is probably that of a hyaenodontid creodont. It is certainly not that of a primate. The ceboid like morphology of the early catarrhine ear region is probably primitive for anthropoids, and in any case it does not argue for an Old World origin of ceboids–but it emphatically suggests that Anthropoidea is a strictly monophyletic taxon.
Polyarticular inflammatory arthritis in a pre‐Columbian skeleton from Kodiak Island, Alaska, U.S.A.
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Utermohle Charles J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA human skeleton of a 30–35‐year‐old female from Kodiak Island, Alaska, U.S.A. exhibits skeletal lesions which strongly suggest polyarticular inflammatory arthritis. Skeletal lesions associated with the joints include porosity and destruction of joint surfaces, periarticular cystic erosion, and hypertrophic bone formation. Severe manifestations occur in the knee, ankle, and elbow. Hand and foot bones are also involved. However there is minimal involvement of the spine. The age and sex of the skeleton and the pattern of arthritic change are compatible with a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Since the specimen is probably dated to before A.D. 1200 it represents an important case in trying to clarify the history of polyarticular inflammatory arthritis.
Growth of the functional components of the rat skull and its alteration by nutritional effects. A multivariate analysis
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWeanling male Holtzman rats were subjected to each of the following nutritional treatments: malnutrition; malnutrition–recuperation; undernutrition; and undernutrition–recuperation. The rats were sacrificed when they were 49 days old, and dimensions of each one of the neurocranial, respiratory, and masticatory components were measured. Each component was compared with its counterpart in control rats (21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 day‐old) by means of Mahalanobis D2 distances. The same functional components of 49 day‐old control skulls were compared with their counterparts in younger control skulls. The means of the chosen cranial dimensions were compared by Tukey tests. Two periods of craniofacial development were identified. In the first, both facial components showed a similar growth that was greater than the neurocranial growth. In teh second period, the growth of the masticatory component was greater than that of the respiratory component, which in turn, was greater than that of the neurocranial component. Nutritional deficiencies delayed the growth of the masticatory component more than that of the neurocranial component, which, in turn, was delayed more than that of the respiratory one. About 7% of the dimensions measured were insensitive to both growth and nutrition; 31% were insensitive to nutrition; and 62% were modified by nutrition. Craniofacial development in the rat seems to be a process more complex than what has been generally accepted. A nutritional stress may alter the relative growth between the facial functional components to a greater extent than that between the major functional components; viz. the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium. The cranial dimensions studied were classified according to their sensitivity to growth and/or nutrition into invariable, nutritionally stable, and nutritionally unstable traits.
Revisiting the South African Taung australopithecine endocast: The position of the lunate sulcus as determined by the stereoplotting technique
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFalk's (1980a) claims regarding the pongid‐like disposition of convolutional patterns on the South African australopithecine endocasts are critically examined. Using a stereoplotter apparatus and a small sample of chimpanzee brain casts, the angular coordinates of the lunate sulcus are recorded, and placed as such on the Taung and SK 1585 endocasts. The resulting location of such pongid‐oriented lunate sulci violates the gross morphology of the australopithecine endocasts. Relative brain: body weight ratios for Australopithecus are shown to be advanced over any of the pongids. In addition, evidence is provided from LeGros Clark's (1947) paper that controverts certain of Falk's claims regarding his methods. It is concluded that the secondary sulci and gyri on the now available australopithecine endocasts are not clear enough to warrant unambiguous demonstration; with regard to the lunate sulcus, the Taung endocast does not show a pongid pattern.
On the expression of sex dimorphism
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA procedure is developed and presented for the calculation of sex dimorphism in quantitative variates. Instead of expressing sex dimorphism by the male X̄/female X¯ ratio, it deletes the area of overlap of the two curves and provides the proportion of males and females in terms of the areas under each curve. Examination of anthropometric variates among Eskimos from northwestern Alaska and the Hadza from Tanzania indicates that extremity measurements might be of special value for assessing the magnitude of sex dimorphism.
Prediction of age at menarche from annual height increments
Authors: Ellison Peter T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe divergence in height velocity of early and late maturing girls in early adolescence is exploited to predict menarcheal age from a year's growth in height. Simple prediction equations are generated based on data from the Berkely Guidance Study, and are subsequently tested against an independent sample from the Stuart Growth Study. The success of this prediction method compares favorably with others based on x‐ray determinations of bone age; it is much more successful than a proposed method that utilizes estimations of body fat. The height increment method is recommended both by its simplicity and by the relative accessability of the information involved.
Path analysis of total palmar pattern ridge counts
Authors: Malhotra K. C. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently a new dermatoglyphic measure was defined called the Total Palmar Pattern Ridge Count (TPPRC), which is the sum of the ten single counts (Malhotra et al., 1981). Malhotra and associates presented estimates of five familial correlations, including twins, which are analyzed here using the models and methods of path analysis. It is concluded that about one‐third of the variation in the TPPRC is accounted for by additive genetic factors (h2 = .37 ± .06). However, the observed MZ twin correlation (.8) cannot be explained in terms of h2 alone, requiring either intrauterine environment specific to MZ twins or dominance deviations. This second source of family resemblance cannot be resolved in this material.
Migration and genetic infrastructure of the central american guaymi and their affinities with other tribal groups
Authors: Barrantes Ramiro , Smouse Peter E. , Neel James V. , Mohrenweiser Harvey W. , Gershowitz Henry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew genetic data on 40 red cell enzymes, antigenic blood groups, and serum proteins representing 42 separate loci, are reported for two Guaymi communities in Southeastern Costa Rica. These two settlements, Limoncito and Abrojo, are of recent origin, having been established by Panamanian migrants in the last 50 years. Detailed data on the provenance of these migrants permits an analysis of how these settlement patterns differ from those typical of less acculturated Amerindians from the lowlands of South America. The genetic compositions of these two communities are compared with those of previous Panamanian Guaymi samples, and several points are established: (1) One of the localities, Limoncito, contains families from both Guaymi dialect groups (eastern and western), and the allelic frequencies are intermediate between those of the dialect groups. (2) The other settlement, Abrojo, is quite similar to the western Guaymi, as expected from historical reconstruction of its antecedents. (3) In general, the degree of infratribal genetic diversity is less than that found in lowland South American tribes, and the difference may be due to a diffuse settlement pattern among the Guaymi. (4) The Guaymi are also compared genetically with other tribes in lower Central America and northern South America, and appear to be similar to their immediate Chibcha neighbors to the east and west. The implications of a pair of “private polymorphisms” are discussed in the context of the time of dialectic and tribal divergence in this zone.
Unusual osteolytic defects in ancient South Dakota skulls
Authors: Gregg John B. , Bass William M. , Steele James P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnusual osteolytic defects in eight skulls culled from over 4000 ancient South Dakota burials are presented, discussed briefly, and assigned to what we think is their most likely cause. Because these are collection skeletons, histological and microbiological confirmation of interpretations concerning specific lesions are not possible. Corroboration of our opinions has been sought through radiographs and by expert consultation elsewhere. Although our opinions are interpretative and subject to rebuttal, they can serve as a base for future research if and when similar specimens are discovered elsewhere. In addition, these specimens are indicators of other than usual ancient skull pathology from a limited geographic area, representing people who lived there during a known time frame.
A factor analysis of cranial base and vault dimensions in children
Authors: Ohtsuki Fumio , Mukherjee Debabrata , Lewis Arthur B. , Roche Alex F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLengths within the cranial base and vault were measured in cephalometric radiographs of 220 boys and 177 girls ranging in age from 0 to 15 years; all these children are participants in The Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. The present study is based on mixed longitudinal data derived from 1640 radiographs for boys and 1260 radiographs for girls. Factor analysis was applied separately for boys and girls for each age group; i.e., 0–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, and 13–15 years. For the 0–3 year age group, two factors were extracted in each sex, whereas four factors were extracted in the rest of the age groups. The factor structures are similar in the three older age groups of boys (7–9, 10–12, and 13–15 years). The first four factors for these groups are labelled, respectively: cranial vault size, posterior cranial base length, presphenoid length, and basisphenoid length. The order of the third and fourth factors is reversed in the 7–9 year olds. For girls, the factors extracted were also the same in both the 7–9 and 10–12 year age groups, even though the order of factors was different between age groups; i.e., anterior cranial base length, cranial vault size, basisphenoid length, and basioccipital length. Differential growth rates among cranial base dimensions probably cause changes in factor patterns. Obliteration of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis is suggested as the mechanism responsible for the change of factor pattern in the girls. Closure of this synchondrosis would have occurred too late to affect the patterns in boys.
A new measure of growth efficiency: Skull base height
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkull base height increases significantly with better nutrition and health conditions, as seen in comparing 163 nineteenth to twentieth century dissecting‐room skeletons (Terry Collection) with 237 modern American middle‐class adults (forensic and willed skeletons). The increase parallels the change in pelvic inlet depth index, known to respond sensitively to nutrition, and in stature, and is over six times greater than the general skull size change. Skull base height (porion‐basion) is easy to measure with depth gauge and sliding caliper, or by subtraction, and is in adults a sensitive indicator of childhood growth stress.
Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold measurements in assessment of subcutaneous and total fatness
Authors: Borkan Gary A. , Hults David E. , Cardarelli John , Burrows Belton A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUltrasound (A‐scan mode) and skinfold methods were evaluated in the measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness and prediction of total fat weight (by whole body potassium counting). Based on intraobserver correlations on 39 men at 15 body sites, skinfold caliper measurements were more reproducible than ones obtained by ultrasound. Measurements made with the two techniques at the same site typically produced different mean estimates of fat thickness. However, scores were often highly correlated with each other, indicating similar relative rankings of subjects by each technique. Skinfolds were more highly correlated with total fat weight than were ultrasound measurements, but body weight and anthropometric measures had even higher correlations with total fat weight. Anthropometric measurements were highly correlated with fatness because of their association with body weight, and when this relationship was statistically controlled for, they typically lost their predictive effectiveness. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the best predictors of fat weight were body weight along with skinfold and ultrasound measurements. These results suggest that skinfolds are a more effective means of assessing subcutaneous fat than ultrasound, especially when the large difference in cost of equipment is considered.
A reexamination of the effects of high rearing temperature on the nonolfactory turbinates of rats
Authors: Hill Richard W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe nasoturbinates and maxilloturbinates have previously been reported to be completely resorbed in Wistar rats reared at 32–33°C from 3 weeks to 6 months of age. The phenomenon was reinvestigated for the first time in the experiments reported here, with dramatically different results. Rats reared at 33°C and 53% relative humidity proved to have naso‐ and maxilloturbinates of almost the same size as rats reared at 21°C. After effects of skull and rostral size on turbinate size had been statistically removed, rearing temperature proved not to be important in explaining differences in turbinate widths or turbinate separation, but temperature and sex had significant interactive effects on turbinate lengths. Reasons why the turbinates were completely lost in the previous study but largely retained in the present study are unclear and probably subtle, given that procedures in the two studies were closely similar. Loss of the nonolfactory turbinates is demonstrably not a consistent response—adaptive or otherwise—to rearing under hot conditions, and probably factors in addition to temperature are critical to turbinate development.
A method of analyzing density‐dependent vital rates with an application to the Gainj of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W. , Smouse Peter E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA method of estimating age‐specific coefficients of density‐dependent variation in fertility and mortality is developed; the method is applicable to longitudinal data on population size and the number of births and deaths classified by age. Given a sufficiently large data set, it is possible to estimate both the sensitivity of each age class to density‐dependent damping and the density effect of each age class on every age class in the population. Application of the method to government census data on the Gainj, a small tribal population from highland Papua New Guinea, shows that fertility is density‐independent, but that mortality is at least partially density‐dependent. This finding suggests that the size of the population is regulated by mortality rather than fertility. Individuals aged less than five years and greater than 50 years are particularly sensitive to density‐dependent survival damping; individuals of adolescent and early reproductive age are not themselves damped, but appear to be responsible for the observed damping.
Inbreeding in three captive groups of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing electrophoretic and serological genetic markers each of 17 potentially inbred matings in three groups of rhesus monkeys could be classified as either inbred or noninbred matings. Although nine of these 17 matings involved either father‐daughter or paternal half‐sib matings, only 7.4 were expected by chance alone. At least two, and possibly as many as three, of the nine cases of inbreeding involved father‐daughter matings. Thus, no evidence of avoidance of inbreeding was observed in the closed captive groups of rhesus monkeys studied. Colony management policies must be developed to minimize the opportunity for or the deleterious effects of both father‐daughter and half‐sib matings. Furthermore, kin selection theory should consider why kin recognition, if it occurs, does not lead to avoidance of inbreeding.