bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voter Preference and Emotion: Using Emotional Response to Classify Decided and Undecided Voters1
Authors: Christ William G. 
Published: August 2006

This study tested the utility of using the emotioneliciting qualities of candidates to classify both decided and undecided voters. Based on Mehrabian and Russell's (1974b) theoretical perspectives, a hypothesis was developed that emotional response to candidates could be used to discriminate between voters.Three hundred eighty‐six registered voters in Bexar County, Texas, were randomly polled. These voters were asked a series of attitude and behavior questions. Of special interest for this study were questions about the Texas Governor's race between Bill Clements and Mark White. Voters were asked to identify their preference for either man and to respond to questions that tapped the emotioneliciting qualities of each candidate. The results indicated that the emotioneliciting qualities of the political candidates could be used to discriminate both decided and undecided voter preference. Specifically, over 90% of the decided voters and 80% of the undecided voters were accurately classified. This was seen as important for two reasons. First, it supported the claim that emotions may play an important role in voter preference. Second, it suggested a method for discriminating between voters even when voters were unable to immediately identify their own candidate preferences. Also of importance was the finding that the emotioneliciting quality scales became a “clarification” tool for some voters who were “on the fence” about the two candidates. After these voters responded to questions about thek feelings, candidate preference could be more clearly verbalized.A refinement of the “emotion‐eliciting quality” instrument was suggested for future research.
Effects of Job Conditions on Worker Perceptions: Ambient Stimuli vs. Group Influence1
Authors: Larocco James M. 
Published: August 2006

This study identifies the direct effects of objective job conditions on individual perceptions of job conditions. The assumptions that (1) group perceptions mediate the relationship between objective job conditions and individual perceptions of job conditions, and (2) group consensus enhances the relationship be‐between group perceptions and individual perceptions were tested.Respondents were white, male, blue collar workers (N= 1240) in a tire and rubber manufacturing plant. Work groups (N= 156), consisting of four or more men on the same shift, in the same department, and who had the same supervisor, were identified. Objective job conditions included work group size, pay style, shift, and job technology. Group and individual perceptions of amount of work‐load, role conflict, responsibility pressure, and intrinsic rewards were measured.The findings indicated that objective job conditions have important effects on individual perceptions of stressful and rewarding job conditions. Smaller work groups, and jobs that pay on an hourly rather than a piece‐work basis, allow for some control over the pace of work, and allow for interaction among fellow workers resulted in higher levels of intrinsic rewards and lower levels of workload, role conflict, and responsibility pressures. An intriguing pattern appeared where, in perceptions involving interpersonal relations, work group influence was relatively more important than objective job conditions. When assessing task oriented aspects of work, objective job conditions were more important than group perceptions.
Psychosocial Responses of Hospital Workers to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)1
Authors: O'Donnell Lydia , O'Donnel Carl R. , Pleck Joseph H. , Snarey John , Rose Richard M. 
Published: August 2006

To assess the psychosocial responses of hospital workers to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 237 hospital employees were interviewed. Information was obtained on frequency and nature of contact with AIDS patients; knowledge about AIDS; attitudes about AIDS and about homosexuality; and stresses related to AIDS care. Four indices were developed: AIDS‐Contact, AIDS‐Phobia, Homophobia, and AIDS‐Stress.Misperceptions and fears about AIDS, as well as negative attitudes about individuals with the disease, were common. AIDS‐Phobia was positively correlated with Homophobia and AIDS‐Stress. AIDS‐Phobia and AIDS‐Stress were negatively correlated with AIDS‐Contact. More patient contact was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, except for those with frequent but impersonal patient contact. Strategies for educational programs based on results are proposed.
Attitudes and Social Support: Determinants of Job‐Seeking Behavior and Well‐Being among the Unemployed1
Authors: Vinokur Amiram , Caplan Robert D. 
Published: August 2006

What determines job‐seeking behavior following a job loss? What are the mental health consequences of an unsuccessful job search? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal panel survey of 297 recently unemployed people, over a four‐month period of their lives. In support of the Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) attitude‐behavior model, intention to try hard to seek reemployment was the main significant predictor of job‐seeking behavior during the subsequent four months. Intention, along with affirmation support from a significant other regarding the value of job search, accounted for 24% of the variance in job‐seeking behavior. The attitude toward job seeking and the subjective norms (perceived social pressure to seek reemployment) were the main determinants of the intention, accounting for 69% of its variance. The unemployed person's attitude toward job seeking and subjective norms were, in turn, determined by (a) perceived instrumentality (expectations that job‐seeking will lead to reemployment), (b) perceived economic hardship, (c) social support from the significant other (usually the spouse) in the form of affirmation of the value of job‐seeking activities, and (d) the significant other's perception of the instrumentality of various job‐seeking behaviors and of subjective norms regarding job‐seeking.Other analyses showed that social support can counteract the negative effects of unsuccessful job search on mental health and that such effects are particularly pronounced among the more highly motivated job seekers. The implications of these findings for intervention programs are discussed.
Cognitive Tendencies in Analogical Forecasting1
Authors: Biela Adam 
Published: August 2006

This article attempts to identify some cognitive tendencies involved in analogical forecasting of the outcomes of medical treatment. Sixty‐one medical doctors were involved in two experimental tasks concerned with prediction of the outcomes of a new medical treatment when the result with a first patient was known to be either negative or positive. The same subjects were also tested by the Short Optimism/Pessimism Questionnaire (SO/PQ) to explore relationships between life attitude and the cognitive tendencies observed in the experiment.The following findings were reported: (1) The first step of forecasting was recognized as a Data Evaluation Process (DEP), where the physician decides if the given data are sufficient to forecast the result of the same treatment with a new patient. (2) Two cognitive tendencies were identified: non‐data‐suggested tendency—drawing a conclusion opposite to the data given; and data‐suggested tendency—drawing an optimistic conclusion when forecasting from “positive” data and a pessimistic conclusion when forecasting from “negative” data. The second tendency appeared to be dominant; however, the “positive” data created a stronger atmosphere to draw conclusions on a negative outcome. (3) It was stated that analogical forecasting involves two integrated processes, i.e., concluding and asserting. If the integration process is not complete, the subject is drawing analogical conclusions with a low confidence. (4) An optimistic life attitude appeared to be an important factor in determining analogical forecasting.
Is There Any Socially Significant Psychological Difference in Being an Only Child?: The Evidence from Some Adult Behavior1
Authors: Day Lincoln H. 
Published: August 2006

Current fertility patterns and expectations in many countries point to substantial future increases in the proportions of only children. While of undoubted social significance, demographically, will this development also be of social significance. psychologically? An answer was sought through analysis of voting records of members of the United States Congress relative to the number of their siblings: records pertaining to matters of genuine social significance and free of deficiencies characterizing data used in previous enquiries.The analysis clearly supported the null hypothesis that no socially significant behavioral differences exist between adult singletons and nonsingletons: or, as it happens, between those with but one sibling and those with two or more. If we are to become either concerned or pleased about an increase in the proportion of singletons in the population, it will apparently have to be on some grounds other than the existence of socially significant personality differences between such persons and the rest of the population.
Effect of the Commander's Ethnic Origin on Ethnic Attitudes of Israeli Soldiers1
Authors: Bizman Aharon , Amir Yehuda , Malka Paul 
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effect of the squad commander's ethnic origin on subordinates' interethnic attitudes. Thirty squads of recruits, serving in the Israeli army, took part in the study. Seventeen of the squad commanders were of Middle Eastern origin, and 13 of Western origin. Each squad contained both Middle Eastern and Western soldiers. Toward the end of the basic training, subjects responded to a series of questionnaires assessing their willingness to share various activities with both squad members and soldiers they did not know, as well as their evaluation of them.The results show‐ that those serving under a Western commander displayed more willingness to interact with Western than with Middle Eastern others. Subjects serving under a Western commander also evaluated more positively Western than Middle Eastern non‐familiar soldiers. Those serving under a Middle Eastern commander displayed more willingness to share activities with Middle Eastern than with Western non familiar soldiers. They also evaluated nonfamiliar soldiers from Middle Eastern origins more positively than Western soldiers. The discussion focuses on the distinction between familiar and non familiar targets, and the role of “equal‐status hypothesis” and “expectation states theory.”
Waiters, Customers, and Service: Some Tips About Tipping1
Authors: Harris Mary B. 
Published: August 2006

In order to investigate factors that influence the size of tips given in restaurants, 107 waiters (Study 1) and 137 customers (Study 2) were asked various questions about tipping. The findings confirmed a number of hypotheses. Respondents said that they themselves tip more than most people. Waiters indicated that they were more generous tippers and were more accurate in their estimate of 15% of the bill than customers.Tip size was reportedly increased by friendly service, good suggestions, excellent food, prompt delivery of the main course and check, a self‐introduction by the waiter, and receiving separate checks. The tip was decreased by waiting a long time for a beverage and being seated in a bad location. Waiters identified more variables than did customers as being significantly associated with tip size, and they felt that excellent food, being in an expensive restaurant, and being seated in a bad location had greater effects on tipping than did customers.When asked about characteristics of waiters who receive large or small tips, most waiters and customers mentioned the waiter's attitude and quality of service. There was much less consensus on the characteristics of high and low tippers. Gender was not significantly related to any responses. In general, although waiters and customers share many beliefs about tipping, waiters may be more aware than customers of the relevant characteristics of the situation and of the individuals involved.
Pigmentary System of the Adult Alpine Salamander Salamandra atra aurorae (Trevisan, 1982)
Authors: PEDERZOLI AURORA , TREVISAN PIERLUIGI 
Published: August 2006

The pigmentary system of skin from adult specimens of the amphibian urodele Salamandra atra aurorae was investigated by light microscope, electron microscope, and biochemical studies. Yellow (dorsum and head) and black (flank and belly) skin was tested.Three chromatophore types are present in yellow skin: xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores. Xanthophores are located in the epidermis whereas iridophores and melanophores are found in the dermis. Xanthophores contain types I, II, and III pterinosomes. Some pterinosomes are very electron‐dense.Black skin has a single type of chromatophore: the melanophores. Some melanophores are located in the epidermis. In contrast to the dermal melanophores, these present, in addition to typical melanosomes, organelles with different morphology and vesicles having a limiting membrane and containing little amorphous material.Both skin types present some pteridines and flavins, though they are qualitatively and quantitatively more abundant in yellow skin extracts.
Soluble CD40 Ligand Levels during Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation – A Possible Culprit of Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Orvieto Raoul , Schachter Benny , Yulzari‐Roll Vered , Marca Antonio La , Bar Jacob , Fisch Benjamin 
Published: August 2006

Aim  To investigate the behavior and association of serum sex‐steroids and serum CD40 ligand in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization (IVF).Design  Prospective, observational study.Setting  The IVF unit of an academic medical center.Patients and methods  Blood was drawn three times during the COH cycle from 17 patients undergoing the long gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐analog protocol: (i) day on which adequate suppression was obtained (Day‐S); (ii) day of or prior to administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (Day‐hCG); and (iii) day of ovum pick‐up (Day‐OPU). Levels of sex steroids and serum CD40 ligand were compared among the three time points.Results  During gonadotropin treatment, serum ovarian sex steroids (estradiol, progesterone, free testosterone and androstenedione) significantly increased while CD40 ligand levels nonsignificantly decreased. After hCG administration, there was a significant increase in the levels of serum CD40 ligand, ovarian androgens, and progesterone, with a significant decrease in estradiol levels. No correlations were observed between CD40 ligand and ovarian sex‐steroid levels or other treatment variables.Conclusion  The administration of hCG leads to activation of systemic inflammation, as reflected by CD40 ligand levels. This, in turn, may lead to the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome via several mechanisms, including an increase in several angiogenic factors.
Water‐Soluble Constituents of Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur.
Authors: Zheng Zong‐Ping , Liang Jing‐Yu , Hu Li‐Hong 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn order to find new structural and biologically active compounds, the constituents of the bark of Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur. were investigated and a new 6‐p‐hydroxybenzyltaxifolin glucoside, named tricusposide (compound 1), together with 16 known compounds, was isolated by solvent partition, macroporous adsorption resin AB‐8, silica gel, Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography. Using spectroscopic methods, the structures of the compounds were elucidated as 6‐p‐hydroxybenzyl taxifolin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (compound 1), dihydroquerctin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (compound 2), dihydrokaempferol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (compound 3), dihydroquercetin (compound 4), peonoside (compound 5), sphaerobioside (compound 6), quercimeritrin (compound 7), genistein (compound 8), aromadendrin (compound 9), kaempferol (compound 10), genistin (compound 11), 3,4‐dihydroxystyryl alcohol (compound 12), sucrose (compound 13), 1,3,5,6‐tetrahydroxyxanthone (compound 14), gericudranin E (compound 15), gericudranin C (compound 16), and orobol (compound 17). Compounds 2–6, 8, 9, 12–14, and 17 were isolated from this genus for the first time.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Costs and Risks of Segregating GM Wheat in Canada
Authors: Wilson William W. , Dahl Bruce 
Published: August 2006

An analytical model was developed to explore prospective costs and risks of alternative testing strategies for a marketing system in Canada which markets both genetically modified (GM) and Non‐GM wheats. The problem is solved using stochastic optimization, base case results are defined, and sensitivities conducted to evaluate impacts of selected variables. Added costs include: testing, rejection, and a risk premium which is required for handlers to be indifferent between the current and the proposed dual system. Protocols would require testing at the point of loading at the primary elevator, and export elevator, and supplementing this information with some form of grower variety declaration. There are several sources of inherent risks in such a system. For buyers, the cumulative impact of these is the risk of receiving GM content in a Non‐GM shipment. For sellers, it is the risk of having a Non‐GM shipment rejected. For sellers, the risk of rejection was typically less than 2%, and for buyers, the risk was typically less than 0.02%. Nous avons élaboré un modèle analytique pour explorer les coûts et les risques potentiels de la mise en place de nouvelles stratégies pour analyser le grain si le Canada décidait de commercialiser du blé génétiquement modifié (GM) et du blé non génétiquement modifié (NGM). Le problème est résolu à l'aide d'une optimisation stochastique; des scénarios de référence sont définis et des tests de sensitivité sont effectués pour évaluer l'impact de variables sélectionnées. Les coûts supplémentaires comprennent les coûts d'analyses, les coûts liés au rejet ainsi qu'une prime de risque exigée pour que les manutentionnaires demeurent indifférents entre le système actuel et le système double proposé. Les protocoles obligeraient la tenue d'analyses au point de chargement du silo primaire ainsi qu'au silo terminal, auxquelles s'ajouterait une certaine forme de déclaration du céréaliculteur sur la variété. Ce genre de système comporte plusieurs sources de risques inhérents. Pour les acheteurs, l'impact cumulatif est le risque de recevoir un chargement de blé NGM contenant du blé GM. Pour les vendeurs, c'est le risque qu'un chargement de blé NGM soit rejeté. Pour les vendeurs, le risque de rejet était généralement inférieur à 2%, et pour les acheteurs, le risque était généralement inférieur à 0.02%.
Martingale Restrictions and the Implied Market Price of Risk
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , Komar Sridar 
Published: August 2006

The market price of risk is conceptually one of the most critical artifacts of modern finance, since it provides the linkage between equilibrium and arbitrage models of derivatives pricing. In this paper, the market price of risk is derived for options on live cattle futures contracts. It provides a technique to extract the implied market price of risk (iMPR), which is conceptually similar to that used in extracting implied volatilities. It is shown that the iMPR is not linear across strike prices as theory suggests it should. Le prix de marché du risque est conceptuellement l'un des artéfacts les plus importants de la finance moderne puisqu'il établit le lien entre les modèles d'équilibre et les modèles d'évaluation par arbitrage de l'établissement des prix des dérivés. Dans le présent article, le prix de marché du risque est dérivé pour les options sur contrats à terme de bovins vivants. Il offre une technique pour extraire le prix de marché implicite du risque qui est conceptuellement similaire à celle utilisée pour extraire les volatilités implicites. Il est montré que le prix de marché implicite du risque n'est pas linéaire pour tous les prix de levée comme la théorie semble l'indiquer.
This Little Piggy Went to Market with a Passport: The Impacts of U.S. Country of Origin Labeling on the Canadian Pork Sector
Authors: Rude James , Iqbal Javed , Brewin Derek 
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the potential impacts of U.S. mandatory country of origin labeling. North American hog and pork markets are represented as vertically related in a partial equilibrium non‐spatial model. A synthetic model is calibrated to historic data and then used to trace the program's added costs as they are passed through the market to determine who wins and who loses. The transactions costs reduce the welfare of all agents in the United States. Canadian welfare depends primarily on whether mixed supply chains continue to be accepted in the United States and trade in hogs continues. A closed border significantly reduces the welfare of Canadian hog producers and increases the welfare of Canadian pork processors. Le présent article porte sur les répercussions éventuelles de l'étiquetage obligatoire du pays d'origine réclamée par les États‐Unis. Les marchés nord‐américains du porc vivant et de la viande de porc sont représentés comme étant verticalement liés dans un modèle non spatial d'équilibre partiel. Un modèle synthétique est étalonné avec des données historiques et est ensuite utilisé pour déterminer les coûts supplémentaires qu'occasionne le programme à mesure qu'ils sont répartis sur le marché pour déterminer les gagnants et les perdants. Les coûts de transaction diminuent le bien‐être de tous les agents aux États‐Unis. Le bien‐être au Canada dépend principalement de l'acceptation ou non des chaînes d'approvisionnement mixtes et de la continuité ou non du commerce du porc vivant. La fermeture des frontières diminue considérablement le bien‐être des producteurs de porcs canadiens et augmente celui des transformateurs de porcs canadiens.