bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of GPR to detect active layers in young periglacial terrain of Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Schwamborn Georg , Wagner Dirk , Hubberten Hans‐W. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe South Shetland Islands offer ice‐free margins with periglacial surfaces that are only a few decades old after the recent glacier retreat. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profiling was used to acquire information on young permafrost occurrence as deduced from active layer advance. Local GPR measurements included grids of parallel single‐offset 2D reflection profiles and multi‐offset measurements to determine wave velocity in the ground. Excavations served to determine the sedimentary composition and to backup GPR profile interpretation. GPR results show that the active layer could easily be traced at a site 140 m above sea level (asl), which is placed in volcanic soil. In contrast, GPR data were ambiguous at a site low in altitude (35 m asl), where frozen and unfrozen ground was imaged next to each other and GPR interpretation relied on ground verification.
Job‐related risk of latent tuberculosis infection in a homogeneous population of hospital workers in a low incidence area
Authors: Franchi Alberto , Diana Ornella , Franco Giuliano 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundFew comprehensive tuberculin surveys were carried out in a homogeneous population of health care workers (HCWs) in a low incidence area to assess the risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection by different occupational groups and units.MethodsCommunity and occupational factors and tuberculin skin test (TST) reactivity were determined in 1,755 HCWs.ResultsThe overall prevalence of tuberculin reactivity was 6%. Predicting factors for TST reactivity were age >47 years (OR = 2.88), history of household TB contact (OR = 2.41), years of work as HCW (OR = 2.57), physician (OR = 1.88), and working in microbiology (OR = 4.94), dialysis/nephrology (OR = 2.00), gynecology/obstetrics (OR = 2.01). In a multiple regression model working in microbiology [OR = 4.16 (1.27–13.6)], dialysis/nephrology [OR = 2.52 (1.36–4.65)], gynecology/obstetrics [OR = 2.46 (1.24–4.86)] and age >47 years [OR = 1.98 (1.14–3.46)] were significant predictors for infection.ConclusionsA higher risk of latent infection can be demonstrated in well‐defined groups of HCWs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:297–303, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aftermath of genocide – the fate of children of perpetrators
Authors: Parens Henri 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this essay the author draws attention to an insufficiently acknowledged consequence of genocide. With the intention to generalize these thoughts to all genocide – allowing for their variances – focusing on the Holocaust, the most studied of genocides, much is said about the horrors it has and continues to visit on victims, the traumatic consequences that follow from this genocide, the “chosen trauma” it has become for the then‐victimized society. Many Holocaust studies address just that. But much less is said of the consequences of this genocide on its perpetrators, especially on their children and grandchildren. The limited number of studies of the children of perpetrators show that for those studied, the genocide perpetrated by their fathers and mothers has created for them an unyielding sense of guilt and depression and especially of everyday‐pervasive shame. These studies have demonstrated that their children and grandchildren seem stamped with a “ ‘chosen trauma’ of shame” (Volkan, Fundamentalism, violence and its consequences, 2001), a yoke of shame they have great difficulty resolving. They too, like their former victims, live with an irreducible trauma of humiliation, but their humiliation is not one perpetrated by an enemy as it was for the Jews, but by their own fathers and mothers. Might not this knowledge, learned with the price of the Holocaust, deter some, or even many, who might in the future consider the path of genocide? Should we not add this to the strategies open to us for the reduction of genocide? Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivosaturation binding of GABA‐A receptor ligands to estimate receptor occupancy using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Hopkins Seth C. , Brian Nofsinger J. , Allen Michael S. , Koch Patrick , Varney Mark A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTypically, the dose‐occupancy curves for GABA‐A receptor ligands are determined usingin vivobinding of [3H]flumazenil. This study describesin vivobinding experiments without the use of tracer ligands. Bound and free fractions were measured directly using a highly sensitive LC/MS/MS detection method afterin vivoadministration of the GABA‐A ligands zolpidem, (RS)‐zopiclone, L‐838417 and flumazenil, to demonstrate affinity and saturation of the filter‐retained, membrane‐bound fraction. Thein vivobinding of flumazenil and L‐838417 both saturated around 200 nm, at a similar level to the specific binding of (S)‐zopiclone after doses of the racemic zopiclone, using (R)‐zopiclone to estimate non‐specific binding. This saturable component represented an estimate of benzodiazepine binding sites available on GABA‐A receptorsin vivo(200 nm). Dose‐occupancy curves were constructed to estimate the dose required to achieve 50% occupancy and matched estimates obtained with tracer methods. In contrast to tracer methods, this method is uniquely suitable to the demonstration of stereoselective binding of the (S)‐isomerin vivoafter doses of racemic zopiclone. These results demonstrate that the LC/MS/MS measurements of total drug concentrations typically used in early drug development can be adapted to provide information about receptor occupancyin vivo. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of CF Bonds with Multiple‐Bond Character: Bond Lengths, Stretching Force Constants, and Bond Dissociation Energies
Authors: Kraka Elfi , Cremer Dieter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA reliable descriptor of the bond strength is the stretching force constant associated with the adiabatic vibrational mode that is localized in the bond and does not couple with other vibrational modes. This is used for a comparison of CF+ and CO bonds (see picture).magnified imageIsoelectronic CF+ and CO bonds contained in fluoro‐substituted carbenium ions, aldehydes, and ketones are investigated with regard to their bond properties by utilizing the vibrational spectra of these molecules. It is demonstrated that bond dissociation energies (BDEs), bond lengths, vibrational stretching frequencies, and bond densities are not reliable descriptors of the bond strength. The latter is related to the intrinsic BDE, which corresponds to nonrelaxed dissociation products retaining the electronic structure and geometry they have in the molecule. It is shown that the harmonic stretching force constants ka of the localized internal coordinate vibrations (adiabatic vibrational modes) reflect trends in the intrinsic BDEs. The ka values of both CO and CF bonds are related to the bond lengths through a single exponential function. This observation is used to derive a common bond order n for 46 CO‐ and CF‐containing molecules that reliably describes differences in bonding. CF bonds in fluorinated carbenium ions possess bond orders between 1.3 and 1.7 as a result of significant π back‐bonding from F to C, which is sensitive to electronic effects caused by substituents at the carbenium center. Therefore, the strength of the CF+ bond can be used as a sensor for (hyper)conjugation and other electronic effects influencing the stability of the carbenium ion. The diatomic CF+ ion has a true double bond due to π donation from the F atom. The characterization of CF bonds with the help of adiabatic stretching modes is also applied to fluoronium ions (n=0.3–0.6) and transition states involving CF cleavage and HF elimination (n=0.7–0.8).
Posttraumatic neuroma of the radial nerve treated with an autogenous epineural conduit technique. A case report
Authors: Ignatiadis I. A. , Yiannakopoulos C. K. , Avram A. M. , Gerostathopoulos N. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe present the outcome of the first clinical application of a new technique using an epineural flap to bridge a short nerve defect. A 28‐year‐old male had suffered a radial nerve laceration at the lower third of the arm, proximal to the brachioradialis branch, 3 weeks before surgery. During surgery, a neuroma‐in‐continuity was excised preserving the epineural sleeve. Two longitudinal epineural flaps were created, one from the proximal and one from the distal nerve stump and used to bridge a 1‐cm‐long nerve defect. Each epineurium flap was sutured to the intact epineurium of the other side and additionally to each other. An electromagnetic nerve stimulator was used to enhance the nerve regeneration process. Nerve regeneration was followed up for 17 months with excellent functional results. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Review of school counseling outcome research
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Quinby Robert F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article is somewhat unique in this special issue as it focuses on the effectiveness of an array of school counseling interventions and not solely on individual and group counseling. In summarizing the school counseling outcome literature, the authors found that students who participated in school counseling interventions tended to score on various outcome measures about a third of a standard deviation above those who did not receive the interventions. School counseling interventions produced quite large effect sizes in the areas of discipline, problem solving, and increasing career knowledge. The effect sizes were smaller, but significant, related to school counseling interventions' impact on academic achievement. Surprisingly little school counseling research was found related to individual counseling. Concerning guidance curriculum, small groups were more effective than interventions that involved entire classrooms. Furthermore, outcome research reflects that group counseling can be effective with students who are experiencing problems and difficulties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression and homology modelling of sterol 14α‐demethylase of Magnaporthe grisea and its interaction with azoles
Authors: Yang Jiaoyan , Zhang Qingye , Liao Mingjun , Xiao Min , Xiao Wenjing , Yang Shao , Wan Jian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) ME Barr infection is one of the most serious diseases for cultivated rice in the world. Sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51) is an important drug target for microbial pathogenic infections. To exploit specific and effective fungicides for M. grisea better, the authors have analysed the characteristics of interaction between sterol 14α‐demethylase from M. grisea (MGCYP51) and azoles. MGCYP51 with truncation of N‐terminal residues was cloned and expressed in E. coli, difference binding spectra of MGCYP51 induced by addition of four commercial azoles were determined and molecular modelling of MGCYP51 based on the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lehmann & Newman and docking with the azoles were performed.RESULTS: The affinity of the azoles for MGCYP51 was positively correlated with their hydrophobicity. Amino acid residues Tyr112, Phe120, Phe220, His308 and Phe497 of MGCYP51, forming a large hydrophobic cavity, are the key residues interacting with azole fungicides. Furthermore, Phe220 and Phe497 are fungus and species specific respectively.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the more potent azole fungicides for MGCYP51 should possess more hydrophobic groups interacting with residues Phe220 and Phe497. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
QoS‐aware target coverage in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Gu Yu , Ji Yusheng , Li Jie , Zhao Baohua 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWireless sensor networks have emerged recently as an effective way of monitoring remote or inhospitable physical targets, which usually have different quality of service (QoS) constraints, i.e., different targets may need different sensing quality in terms of the number of transducers, sampling rate, etc. In this paper, we address the problem of optimizing network lifetime while capturing those diversified QoS coverage constraints in such surveillance sensor networks. We show that this problem belongs to NP‐complete class. We define a subset of sensors meeting QoS requirements as acoverage pattern, and if the full set of coverage patterns is given, we can mathematically formulate the problem. Directly solving this formulation however is difficult since number of coverage patterns may be exponential to number of sensors and targets. Hence, a column generation (CG)‐based approach is proposed to decompose the original formulation into two subproblems and solve them iteratively. Here a column corresponds to a feasible coverage pattern, and the idea is to find a column with steepest ascent in lifetime, based on which we iteratively search for the maximum lifetime solution. An initial feasible set of patterns is generated through a novel random selection algorithm (RSA), in order to launch our approach. Experimental data demonstrate that the proposed CG‐based approach is an efficient solution, even in a harsh environment. Simulation results also reveal the impact of different network parameters on network lifetime, giving certain guidance on designing and maintaining such surveillance sensor networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element method for the resolution of the Reduced Navier‐Stokes/Prandtl equations
Authors: Barrenechea G.R. , Chouly F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA finite element method to solve the Reduced Navier‐Stokes/Prandtl (RNS/P) equations is described. These equations are an asymptotic simplification of the full Navier‐Stokes equations, obtained when one dimension of the domain is of one order smaller than the others. These are therefore of particular interest to describe flows in channels or pipes of small diameter. A low order finite element discretization, based on a piecewise constant approximation of the pressure, is proposed and analyzed. Numerical experiments which consist in fluid flow simulations within a constricted pipe are provided. Comparisons with Navier‐Stokes simulations allow to evaluate the performance of prediction of the finite element method, and of the model itself.
Stress and thermoregulation: Different sympathetic responses and different effects on experimental pain
Authors: Fechir M. , Schlereth T. , Kritzmann S. , Balon S. , Pfeifer N. , Geber C. , Breimhorst M. , Eberle T. , Gamer M. , Birklein F. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTStress and thermoregulation both activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) but might differently affect pain. Studies investigating possible interactions in patients are problematic because of the high prevalence of SNS disturbances in patients. We therefore analyzed the influence of these different sympathetic challenges on experimentally‐induced pain in healthy subjects. SNS was activated in two different ways: by mental stress (Stroop task, mental arithmetic task), and by thermoregulatory stimulation using a water‐perfused thermal suit (7°C, 32°C, or 50°C). Attentional effects of the mental stress tasks were controlled by using easy control tasks.Both, stress and thermoregulatory stimuli, robustly activated SNS parameters. However, the patterns of activation were different. While stress co‐activated heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and sweating, thermal stimulation either increased blood pressure (cold) or heart rate and sweating (warm). Only stress was able to induce a significant reduction of pain. The control tasks neither activated the SNS nor altered pain perception.Our results suggest that (1) different patterns of sympathetic activation can be recorded after stress and thermoregulatory challenges and (2) that only stress is able to interfere with sensation of experimental pain. Whether SNS activation is causally responsible for analgesia needs to be further investigated.
Age related and hypothyroidism related changes on the stoichiometry of neurofilament subunits in the developing rat brain
Authors: Chinnakkaruppan A. , Das Sumantra , Sarkar Pranab Kumar 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHypothyroidism in the developing brain results in progressive intraneuronal accumulation of neurofilament (NF) proteins in the proximal hillock regions of axons, analogous to the pathological intraneuronal accumulation of NF in common neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A preferential decline in the expression of the light chain of NF occurs in all the three diseases leading to an absolute change in stoichiometry of the NF subunits. Using the developing hypothyroid rat cerebra as a model, we have tried to elucidate if age or hypothyroidism causes a change in the stoichiometry or molar ratio of the NF subunits which could be responsible for their aberrant intraneuronal accumulation.Western blotting and chemiluminescence assay of cytoskeletal preparations from normal and hypothyroid developing rats at postnatal days 5 (PND5), PND15 and PND25 shows that in the normal cerebra, the expression of NFL and NFM were abundant during the first 2 weeks, corresponding to the onset of axonal outgrowth and synaptogenesis, whereas that of NFH was predominant during the second and third weeks corresponding to the period of maturation of synapses, axonal caliber and transport processes. These results show that consistent with the requirement for neuronal differentiation during synaptogenesis, the molar ratios NFH:NFM:NFL changed significantly from 1:3:9 at PND5 to 1:2:6 at PND25. Hypothyroidism caused a 40–60% decline in the expression of all three subunits. However, at all three ages examined, differences in the molar ratios of the NF subunits between normal and hypothyroid cerebra were insignificant suggesting that factors other than alteration in the stoichiometry of NF subunits are associated with their aberrant intraneuronal aggregation.
Chronic nicotine alters cannabinoid‐mediated locomotor activity and receptor density in periadolescent but not adult male rats
Authors: Werling Linda L. , Reed Stephanie Collins , Wade Dean , Izenwasser Sari 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA significant number of youths use cigarettes, and more than half of the youths who smoke daily also use illicit drugs. The focus of these studies is on how exposure to nicotine affects subsequent responses to both nicotine and cannabinoids in adolescents compared with adults. We have shown previously that chronic treatment with nicotine produces sensitization to its locomotor‐activating effects in female and adult rats but not male adolescent rats. To better understand the effects of nicotine on adolescent and adult rats, rats were injected with nicotine or saline for 7 days and, on day 8, either challenged with delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) or the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940 and tested for locomotor activity, or the brains were removed for quantitative autoradiography studies of the cannabinoid1receptor. A separate group of rats was treated with nicotine plus the cannabinoid antagonist AM 251 and then challenged with CP 55,940. In adolescent male rats, nicotine administration led to sensitization to the locomotor‐decreasing effects of both Δ9‐THC and CP 55,940, but in adult male rats, the response to either drug was unchanged compared to controls. The effect of nicotine on CP 55,940‐mediated locomotor activity was blocked by co‐administration of AM 251 with the nicotine. Further, cannabinoid receptor density was increased in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and select regions of the hippocampus in adolescent male rats pretreated with nicotine compared to vehicle‐treated controls. There were no significant changes in cannabinoid receptor binding, however, in any of the brain regions examined in adult males pretreated with nicotine. The prelimbic prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus have been shown previously to be involved in stimulant reinforcement; thus it is possible that these changes contribute to the unique behavioral effects of chronic nicotine and subsequent drug administration in adolescents compared with adults.
Ambivalence and attitudes in consumer replacement decisions
Authors: Roster Catherine A. , Richins Marsha L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis research examines consumer replacement decisions and the ambivalence that may accompany such decisions. Durable goods replacement decisions are complex in that they involve two interconnected but distinct subdecisions: whether to replace the good, and what to do with the incumbent possession. This research proposes and tests a decision model that incorporates both of these subdecisions. It also examines sources of conflict associated with the ambivalence that may accompany replacement decisions. In so doing, it describes some potential problems associated with conflict measures that have been previously used in the ambivalence literature and describes methods to avoid these problems. Findings from a longitudinal study demonstrate that a model incorporating elements of both replacement subdecisions offers superior prediction of intentions over a traditional decision model. Findings also reveal that ambivalence may have effects at both the pre‐ and post‐purchase stages of the decision process, and that the relationship between conflict and ambivalence may be more complex than previously recognized.
Licences, A Jonah's Gourd
Authors: Hanbuky H. G. 
Published: January 2009

Nature of the problemUntil a little while ago the subject of licences was commonly treated, from the standpoint of their revocability by the licensor, as one of the principal illustrations of the relations between equity and law. Denning L.J. has repeatedly ex cathedra insisted that fusion has now been effected, not only between the courts wherein the systems of law and equity were administered but between those systems themselves. In this particular subject, while it may be doubtful whether law and equity are fused, there is, unhappily, a certainty that they have been confused.
Collateral Contracts
Authors: Weddebburn K. W. 
Published: January 2009

“It is evident both on principle and on authority,” said Lord Moulton in 1913:“that there may be a contract the consideration for which is the making of some other contract. ‘If you will make such and such a contract I will give you one hundred pounds,’ is in every sense of the word a complete legal contract. It is collateral to the main contract, but each has an independent existence, and they do not differ in respect of their possessing to the full the character and status of a contract. But such collateral contracts must from their very nature be rare.”