bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of jumping in leafhopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha,Cicadellidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe jumping movements and performance of leafhopper insects (Hemiptera,Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae) were analysed from high-speed sequences of images captured at rates up to 5000 frames s–1. The propulsion for a jump was delivered by rapid and synchronous movements of the hind legs that are twice the length of the other legs, almost as long as the body, and represent 3.8% of the body mass. The wings were not moved before take-off, but the jump frequently launched a flight. The front and middle legs set the attitude of the body in preparation for a jump but were usually raised from the ground before take-off. The movements of the hind legs occurred in three distinct phases. First, a levation phase of 15–30 ms, in which both hind legs were moved forward and medially so that they were positioned directly beneath the body with their tibio-tarsal joints pressed against each other. Second, a holding phase lasting 10–200 ms, in which the hind legs remained stationary in the fully levated position. Third, a rapid jump phase,in which both hind legs were simultaneously depressed about their coxo-trochanteral joints and extended at their femoro-tibial joints. This phase lasted 5–6 ms on average, with the fastest movements accomplished in 2.75 ms and involving rotations of the coxo-trochanteral joints of 44 000 deg. s–1. In the best jumps by Aphrodes, a peak take-off velocity of 2.9 m s–1 was achieved by an acceleration of 1055 m s–2, equivalent to 108 times gravity. This jumping performance required an energy output of 77 μJ, a power output of 28 mW and exerted a force of 19 mN, or 100 times its body mass.
Cross-modal effects on learning: a seismic stimulus improves color discrimination learning in a jumping spider
Authors: VanderSal Nicole D. , Hebets Eileen A. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe production of multimodal signals during animal displays is extremely common, and the function of such complex signaling has received much attention. Currently, the most frequently explored hypotheses regarding the evolution and function of complex signaling focus on the signal and/or signaler, or the signaling environment, while much less attention has been placed on the receivers. However, recent studies using vertebrates suggest that receiver psychology (e.g. learning and memory) may play a large role in the evolution of complex signaling. To date, the influence of multimodal cues on receiver learning and/or memory has not been studied in invertebrates. Here, we test the hypothesis that the presence of a seismic (vibratory)stimulus improves color discrimination learning in the jumping spider Habronattus dossenus. Using a heat-aversion learning experiment, we found evidence for a cross-modal effect on color learning. Over a series of training trials, individuals exposed to a seismic stimulus jumped onto the heated color less frequently and remained there for less time than did individuals not exposed to a seismic stimulus. In addition, in a final no-heat test trial, individuals from the seismic-present treatment were more likely to avoid the previously heated color than were individuals from the seismic-absent treatment. This is the first study to demonstrate a cross-modal influence on learning in an invertebrate.
Development of Electrochemical Standards for Corrosion Testing
Authors: Dean Sheldon W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Although the understanding that corrosion is an electrochemical process has been known for almost a century, the exploitation of electrochemical techniques for corrosion testing has largely occurred in the past four decades. The development of standard conventions in ASTM G 3 and calculation procedures in ASTM G 102 have stimulated the development of electrochemical test methods. The development of reference test methods G 5, G 59, G 61, G 100, and G 106 that allow the verification of both equipment and procedures has been an important contribution to the development and expansion of these test methods. The availability of reliable electrometers, potentiostatic power supplies and recording equipment has also made these methods simpler to use. This paper reviews the development of these standards and discusses three electrochemical test methods. It also outlines several areas for new standards development and provides ideas for improvements to existing standards.
SFRP2 Regulates Cardiomyogenic Differentiation by Inhibiting a Positive Transcriptional Autofeedback Loop of Wnt3a
Authors: Deb Arjun , Davis Bryce H. , Guo Jian , Ni Aiguo , Huang Jing , Zhang Zhiping , Mu Hui , Dzau Victor J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Wnts comprise a family of 20 lipid-modified glycoproteins in mammals and play critical roles during embryological development and organogenesis of several organ systems, including the heart. They are required for mesoderm formation and have been implicated in promoting cardiomyogenic differentiation of mammalian embryonic stem cells, but the underlying mechanisms regulating Wnt signaling during cardiomyogenesis remain poorly understood. In this report, we show that in a pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cell line, SFRP2 inhibits cardiomyogenic differentiation by regulating Wnt3a transcription. SFRP2 inhibited early stages of cardiomyogenesis, preventing mesoderm specification and maintaining the cells in the undifferentiated state. Using a gain- and loss-of-function approach, we demonstrate that although addition of recombinant SFRP2 decreased Wnt3a transcription and cardiomyogenic differentiation, silencing of Sfrp2 led to enhanced Wnt3a transcription, mesoderm formation, and increased cardiomyogenesis. We show that the inhibitory effects of SFRP2 on Wnt transcription are secondary to interruption of a positive feedback effect of Wnt3a on its own transcription. Wnt3a increased its own transcription via the canonical pathway and TCF4 family of transcription factors, and the inhibitory effects of SFRP2 on Wnt3a transcription were associated with disruption of downstream canonical Wnt signaling. The inhibitory effects of Sfrp2 on Wnt3a expression identify Sfrp2 as a “checkpoint gene,” which exerts its control on cardiomyogenesis through regulation of Wnt3a transcription.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Toll-Like Receptors on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Drive Their Migration and Immunomodulating Responses
Authors: Tomchuck Suzanne L. , Zwezdaryk Kevin J. , Coffelt Seth B. , Waterman Ruth S. , Danka Elizabeth S. , Scandurro Aline B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are under study as therapeutic delivery agents that assist in the repair of damaged tissues. To achieve the desired clinical outcomes for this strategy requires a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive the recruitment, migration, and engraftment of hMSCs to the targeted tissues. It is known that hMSCs are recruited to sites of stress or inflammation to fulfill their repair function. It is recognized that toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate stress responses of other bone marrow-derived cells. This study explored the role of TLRs in mediating stress responses of hMSCs. Accordingly, the presence of TLRs in hMSCs was initially established by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Flow cytometry and fluorescence immunocytochemical analyses confirmed these findings. The stimulation of hMSCs with TLR agonists led to the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including nuclear factor κB, AKT, and MAPK. Consequently, activation of these pathways triggered the induction and secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and related TLR gene products as established from cDNA array, immunoassay, and cytokine antibody array analyses. Interestingly, the unique patterns of affected genes, cytokines, and chemokines measured identify these receptors as critical players in the clinically established immunomodulation observed for hMSCs. Lastly, hMSC migration was promoted by TLR ligand exposure as demonstrated by transwell migration assays. Conversely, disruption of TLRs by neutralizing TLR antibodies compromised hMSC migration. This study defines a novel TLR-driven stress and immune modulating response for hMSCs that is critical to consider in the design of stem cell-based therapies.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Absence of Conclusive Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue Treatment in Protecting Against Chemotherapy-Induced Gonadal Injury
Authors: Oktay Kutluk , Sönmezer Murat , Öktem Özgür , Fox Kevin , Emons Günter , Bang Heejung 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEvery year, an increasing number of women with malignant and nonmalignant diseases is successfully treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Many of these patients suffer from infertility and gonadal failure as a result of these treatments. At present, these patients may resort to assisted-reproduction techniques to protect their future childbearing potential before the implementation of cytotoxic therapy. While embryo cryopreservation is an established technology, oocyte and ovarian tissue freezing techniques are still investigational. Nevertheless both of these techniques have resulted in live births. Apart from assisted-reproduction techniques, it has been extensively debated whether administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in conjunction with chemotherapy can protect ovarian reserve against cytotoxic insult. In this manuscript, we debate the rationale for the effectiveness of GnRH analogue coadministration in preservation of fertility by reviewing the literature, and provide preliminary data to support our views.
Early Epirubicin-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction Revealed by Serial Tissue Doppler Echocardiography: Correlation with Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers
Authors: Mercuro Giuseppe , Cadeddu Christian , Piras Alessandra , Dessì Mariele , Madeddu Clelia , Deidda Martino , Serpe Roberto , Massa Elena , Mantovani Giovanni 
Published: October 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Interpret modern techniques to detect early instrumental and biochemical signs of epirubicin-induced myocardial dysfunction.Evaluate the correlation between instrumental signs and biochemical/biological variables with the aim of defining more exhaustively the clinical effects of drugs.Discuss the effectiveness and safety of an important antineoplastic drug such as epirubicin.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Risk Assessment and Prevention of Falls in Older Community-Dwelling Adults
Authors: Colón-Emeric Cathleen S. , McDermott Cara L. , Lee Deborah S. , Berry Sarah D. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceFalls are reported by more than 14 million US adults aged 65 years or older annually and can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditures.ObservationsFalls result from age-related physiologic changes compounded by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Major modifiable risk factors among community-dwelling older adults include gait and balance disorders, orthostatic hypotension, sensory impairment, medications, and environmental hazards. Guidelines recommend that individuals who report a fall in the prior year, have concerns about falling, or have gait speed less than 0.8 to 1 m/s should receive fall prevention interventions. In a meta-analysis of 59 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in average-risk to high-risk populations, exercise interventions to reduce falls were associated with 655 falls per 1000 patient-years in intervention groups vs 850 falls per 1000 patient-years in nonexercise control groups (rate ratio [RR] for falls, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71-0.83; risk ratio for number of people who fall, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81-0.89; risk difference, 7.2%; 95% CI, 5.2%-9.1%), with most trials assessing balance and functional exercises. In a meta-analysis of 43 RCTs of interventions that systematically assessed and addressed multiple risk factors among individuals at high risk, multifactorial interventions were associated with 1784 falls per 1000 patient-years in intervention groups vs 2317 falls per 1000 patient-years in control groups (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.87) without a significant difference in the number of individuals who fell. Other interventions associated with decreased falls in meta-analysis of RCTs and quasi-randomized trials include surgery to remove cataracts (8 studies with 1834 patients; risk ratio [RR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.96), multicomponent podiatry interventions (3 studies with 1358 patients; RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.99), and environmental modifications for individuals at high risk (12 studies with 5293 patients; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.91). Meta-analysis of RCTs of programs to stop medications associated with falls have not found a significant reduction, although deprescribing is a component of many successful multifactorial interventions.Conclusions and RelevanceMore than 25% of older adults fall each year, and falls are the leading cause of injury-related death in persons aged 65 years or older. Functional exercises to improve leg strength and balance are recommended for fall prevention in average-risk to high-risk populations. Multifactorial risk reduction based on a systematic clinical assessment for modifiable risk factors may reduce fall rates among those at high risk.
Temperature control of beer fermentation based on variable domain fuzzy PID and neural network technology and its application analysis
Authors: Li Hongqiang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTemperature control in the beer manufacturing process is crucial for product quality. Given the gap between China's automation in beer production and the international level, improving the technology in this area has gradually become a core issue in optimizing domestic beer production. This study combines a proportional integral derivative controller with a fuzzy modeling strategy and incorporates a variable‐domain structure to propose a variable‐domain fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller control method. To cope with the challenges of production interaction, the study also introduces neural network technology. The experimental data indicated that the variable‐domain fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller outperforms the conventional proportional integral derivative controller and the fuzzy proportional integral differential controller in terms of overshooting, with a maximum overshoot of only 1.0, compared with 0.50 and 0.70, respectively. The variable‐domain fuzzy proportional integral differential controller exhibited a minimal overshoot of only 0.01 when the model parameter is increased by 20%. In comparison, the other methods reach overshoot values of 0.92 and 1.0. The proposed method maintained superior stability even under the influence of impulse disturbance, step disturbance, and modeling variations. These results demonstrated that the research method is significantly more stable than both the proportion integration differentiation (PID) controller and fuzzy PID controller in complex dynamic parameter environments. The proposed method involved 60 rounds of neural network control, which was successfully implemented. The temperature readings T1 and T2 remained stable within the range of 1.0%–1.02% throughout the experiments. The study demonstrates that the proposed methods have higher accuracy and less fluctuation in actual application, making them more available. Taken together, the above results show that the combination of variable‐domain fuzzy PID controller and neural network technology in beer production has achieved excellent control results. This study not only provides a strong technical support for the progress of beer production technology in China, but also has important industrial application value and wide promotion prospects.
Fabricating Boron‐Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework with Remarkable Potential in Handling Cationic, Anionic, and Gaseous Nuclear Wastes
Authors: Zhang Qingyun , Luo Feng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFabricating efficient adsorbent for the removal of nuclear waste is of vital importance from the viewpoint of both environmental protection and resource reclamation. Published research has yielded several adsorbents; however, these reported materials do not possess a high removal performance for different types of nuclear waste. In this work, it is shown for the first time the synthesis of a boron‐functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) and its ionic borate counterpart. These boron‐functionalized COFs are found to show large potential for handling various nuclear wastes, including alkaline nuclear wastewater, uranium‐containing nuclear wastewater, and I2 nuclear off‐gas. The developed COF has a record NaOH uptake of 2 g g−1, an ultrahigh uranium extraction ability of 1.77 g g−1, and an ultrahigh I2 capture capacity of 9.4 g g−1. Moreover, the materials have low cost and are reusable, and thus have significant potential for handling nuclear wastes.
Conductive Peptide‐Based MXene Hydrogel as a Piezoresistive Sensor
Authors: Cohen‐Gerassi Dana , Messer Or , Finkelstein‐Zuta Gal , Aviv Moran , Favelukis Bar , Shacham‐Diamand Yosi , Sokol Maxim , Adler‐Abramovich Lihi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWearable pressure sensors have become increasingly popular for personal healthcare and motion detection applications due to recent advances in materials science and functional nanomaterials. In this study, a novel composite hydrogel is presented as a sensitive piezoresistive sensor that can be utilized for various biomedical applications, such as wearable skin patches and integrated artificial skin that can measure pulse and blood pressure, as well as monitor sound as a self‐powered microphone. The hydrogel is composed of self‐assembled short peptides containing aromatic, positively‐ or negatively charged amino acids combined with 2D Ti3C2Tz MXene nanosheets. This material is low‐cost, facile, reliable, and scalable for large areas while maintaining high sensitivity, a wide detection range, durability, oxidation stability, and biocompatibility. The bioinspired nanostructure, strong mechanical stability, and ease of functionalization make the assembled peptide‐based composite MXene‐hydrogel a promising and widely applicable material for use in bio‐related wearable electronics.
Cephalopod‐Inspired Chemical‐Gated Hydrogel Actuation Systems for Information 3D‐Encoding Display
Authors: Wu Baoyi , Si Muqing , Hua Luqin , Zhang Dong , Li Wanning , Zhao Chuanzhuang , Lu Wei , Chen Tao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCephalopods evolve the acetylcholine‐gated actuation control function of their skin muscles, which enables their dynamic/static multimode display capacities for achieving perfectly spatial control over the colors/patterns on every inch of skin. Reproduction of artificial analogs that exhibit similar multimodal display is essential to reach advanced information three‐dimensional (3D) encoding with higher security than the classic 2D‐encoding strategy, but remains underdeveloped. The core difficulty is how to replicate such chemical‐gated actuation control function into artificial soft actuating systems. Herein, this work proposes to develop azobenzene‐functionalized poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogel systems, whose upper critical solution temperature (UCST) type actuation responsiveness can be intelligently programmed or even gated by the addition of hydrophilic α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) molecules for reversible association with pendant azobenzene moieties via supramolecular host–guest interactions. By employing such α‐CD‐gated hydrogel actuator as an analogue of cephalopods’ skin muscle, biomimetic mechanically modulated multicolor fluorescent display systems are designed, which demonstrate a conceptually new α‐CD‐gated “thermal stimulation‐hydrogel actuation‐fluorescence output” display mechanism. Consequently, high‐security 3D‐encoding information carriers with an unprecedented combination of single‐input multiple‐output, dynamic/static dual‐mode and spatially controlled display capacities are achieved. This bioinspired strategy brings functional‐integrated features for artificial display systems and opens previously unidentified avenues for information security.
Enhancing Microfluidic Chip Functionality via Thermal Gradient‐Driven Optofluidic Manipulation
Authors: Dai Weitao , Xia Xu , Ding Xiaochuan , Wei Xinlei , Zhu Xiaowei , xue Wei , Hou Zhishan , Cao Yu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThermal gradient‐driven fluid motion, also known as thermal convection, is a common and significant phenomenon in nature. The utilization of localized thermal gradients to induce convection has emerged as a competitive approach in microfluidic chips. This technique enables the long‐distance transportation of substances under the influence of low‐power lasers. In this paper, an innovative optofluidic micro‐platform is presented that possesses a simple structure, easy operation, and excellent expandability. A UV nanosecond laser is utilized to create a high photothermal conversion region (HPCR) within the carbon nanotube‐doped PDMS substrate. Subsequently, the HPCR is subjected to irradiation for generating localized thermal gradients in the microfluidic chip. This resulted in Rayleigh–Bernard convection formation and facilitated long‐range transport and control of fluids and particles. Under low‐power laser irradiation, particles can be transported at speeds up to 0.18 mm s−1. In addition, the optofluidic platform shows significant potential for a range of functionalities, including fluid mixing and material sorting. The methodology described here allows for the rapid integration of new functionalities into existing chips while maintaining cost effectiveness and efficiency. This technique holds great promise for expanding the use of microfluidic devices in diverse fields, including chemistry, health sciences, materials science, and biomedicine.
Mixed‐Sized Graphene Oxides Induce Highly Densified MXene‐Based Films with High Conductivity and Exceptional Stability
Authors: Xing Zijian , Si Yunfa , Jin Huihui , Zhang Bohan , Chen Zibo , Fang Jiaxing , Zhang Jingwei , Chen Cheng , He Daping 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMXene‐based films are prevalent in a variety of applications owing to their advantages such as high metallic conductivity and unique mechanical properties. However, the stability issue is the primary drawback that greatly constrains their practical applications. In this study, an MXene‐based film featuring excellent stability, high conductivity, and remarkable flexibility is designed and fabricated. It is worth noting that this film, denoted as MX‐GO(l/s), is afforded via the rational combination of mixed‐sized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with MXene layers. Comprehensive explorations reveal that compact and highly dense structures are formed in MX‐GO(l/s), which is ascribed to the synergistic effect of both electrostatic repulsion and intercalation. Furthermore, the exceptional stability of MX‐GO(l/s) is demonstrated by the high retention rates in conductivity under a 90‐day exposure in air and a 12‐h immersion in seawater, which are determined as 98% and 92%, respectively. The radio frequency identification (RFID) antenna based on MX‐GO(l/s) is fabricated and evaluated, showing great potential in practical applications. This study paves the way for the further development of MXene‐based films via controlled addition of the second phase, which is beneficial for their broad application prospects.