bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered pattern of Cul‐1 protein expression and neddylation in human lung tumours: relationships with CAND1 and cyclin E protein levels
Authors: Salon C , Brambilla E , Brambilla C , Lantuejoul S , Gazzeri S , Eymin B 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Cul‐1 protein is the scaffold element of SCF complexes that are involved in the proteasomal degradation of numerous proteins regulating cell cycle progression. Owing to this central role in cell growth control, aberrant expression of the components of SCF is thought to play a role during tumourigenesis. Nothing is known about Cul‐1 expression in human tumours. In this study, we have analysed its status in a series of 128 human lung carcinomas, comprising 50 non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs; 29 squamous cell carcinomas and 21 adenocarcinomas) and 78 neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumours (24 typical and atypical carcinoids, 19 large cell NE carcinomas and 35 small cell lung carcinomas), using immunohistochemistry. We report for the first time an altered pattern of Cul‐1 expression in human tumours; indeed, we show that Cul‐1 expression is up‐regulated in 40% (51/128) of all lung tumours as compared to normal lung tissues, including 34% (17/50), 75% (18/24) and 30% (16/54) of NSCLCs, carcinoids and high grade neuroendocrine lung carcinomas, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that high levels of Cul‐1 protein are associated with a low KI67 proliferative index (p = 0.005) and with a decrease in the cyclin E oncoprotein (p = 0.0003), one of the major targets of SCF complexes. These data suggest that up‐regulation of Cul‐1 could protect cells from hyperproliferative signals through cyclin E down‐regulation. Cul‐1 is modified by neddylation, a post‐translational modification that grafts ubiquitin‐like Nedd8/Rub1 residues and controls Cul‐1 activity. We also provide evidence that neddylated forms of Cul‐1 are specifically expressed in high‐grade NE lung tumours and are associated with down‐regulation of the Cul‐1 inhibitor CAND1 (p = 0.03) and a high level of cyclin E (p = 0.0002). These data support the notion that alterations in the Cul‐1 neddylation/deneddylation pathway could contribute to the development of these highly aggressive lung tumours. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on post‐marketing safety study design to characterise time‐dependent adverse events
Authors: Narukawa Mamoru , Yafune Akifumi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPurposeTo investigate a suitable post‐marketing safety study design, that is number of patients and duration of exposure, to well characterise adverse events (AEs) profiles under limited resources, fixed patient‐months.MethodsA simulation study is conducted to investigate a suitable study design that can appropriately characterise the shape of the hazard function of AEs using the Weibull model. The reliability of the estimates is evaluated by referring their bias and mean squared error (MSE).ResultsIn general, patients should be followed for a longer period even if the number of patients is relatively small for characterising delayed AEs. Patients' drop‐out affects the estimation and deteriorates its reliability. For AEs that are likely to occur soon after the exposure, a study with relatively shorter duration and large number of patients is preferable.ConclusionsIt is important to evaluate statistically the appropriate study design in planning a safety study so that a good estimate of the hazard function would be obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
n‐Type emitter epitaxy for crystalline silicon thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Schmich E. , Lautenschlager H. , Frieß T. , Trenkle F. , Schillinger N. , Reber S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCrystalline silicon thin‐film (cSiTF) solar cells are an attractive alternative to bulk silicon solar cells. At Fraunhofer ISE we follow the concept of the epitaxial wafer equivalent (EpiWE), where 20 µm of silicon are deposited epitaxially by high temperature atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) on a cheap silicon substrate. The EpiWE can then be processed using standard industrial cell production. Furthermore, it is possible to simplify the solar cell process when depositing the emitter by epitaxy in‐situ after the growth of the base. The epitaxial emitter could be an alternative method of n‐type emitter processing with adjustable emitter profile and short deposition time. This paper presents results of cSiTF solar cells with epitaxial emitters and photolithographic contacts, which prove the good performance of the emitter and the applicability of the EpiWE to conventional solar cell processes. Included in the discussion is a description of the CVD deposition principle developed at Fraunhofer ISE and the applied clean room solar cell process. The emitter doping profiles and concentrations, as well as the structural quality, are discussed in detail using SIMS and SEM data. The phosphorus out‐diffusion during cooling is prevented by cooling the samples in a PH3/H2 atmosphere. Moreover, a double‐layer emitter is formed having blue sensitive properties. The internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) show that the emitter can be passivated as well as a ‘standard’ emitter formed by POCl3 diffusion. Efficiencies up to 14·9 and 13·6% for large area cSiTF solar cells on highly doped Cz and mc, respectively, are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much does Gleason grade of follow‐up biopsy differ from that of initial biopsy in untreated, Gleason score 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer?
Authors: Choo R. , Danjoux C. , Morton G. , Szumacher E. , Sugar L. , Gardner S. , Kim M. , Choo C.M. , Klotz L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOBJECTIVETo compare histologic grades between an initial biopsy and a follow‐up biopsy in untreated, Gleason score (GS) 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer.METHODS AND MATERIALSIn a prospective single‐arm cohort study, clinically localized, GS 4–7, prostate cancer was managed with active surveillance alone, provided that a pre‐defined definition of disease progression was not met. One hundred five (63%) of a total of 168 eligible patients underwent a follow‐up prostate biopsy during surveillance. Median time to a follow‐up biopsy was 22 months (range: 7–81). Histologic grades between these two biopsies were compared to evaluate the extent of histologic grade change.RESULTSOn the follow‐up biopsy, GS was unchanged in 33 patients (31%), upgraded in 37 (35%), and downgraded in 34 (32%). Eleven (10%) had upgrading by 2 Gleason points or more. Eight (8%) had upgrading to GS 8 (none to GS 9 or 10); of these, six were among those with upgrading by 2 Gleason points or more. Twenty‐seven (26%) had no malignancy on the follow‐up biopsy. Negative follow‐up biopsy was more prevalent in patients with a small volume of malignancy in the initial biopsy and a low baseline PSA.CONCLUSIONSNo consistent change in histologic grade was observed on the follow‐up biopsy at a median of 22 months in untreated, GS 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer. Upgrading to GS ≥8 or by 2 Gleason points or more was relatively uncommon. Prostate 67: 1614–1620, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of global gene expression in the bone marrow microenvironment by androgen: Androgen ablation increases insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5 expression
Authors: Xu Chang , Graf Lynn F. , Fazli Ladan , Coleman Ilsa M. , Mauldin Denise E. , Li Danbin , Nelson Peter S. , Gleave Martin , Plymate Stephen R. , Cox Michael E. , Torok‐Storb Beverly J. , Knudsen Beatrice S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone. Androgen suppression treatment is initially highly effective, but eventually results in resistant cancer cells. This study evaluates the effects of androgen suppression on the bone and bone marrow (BM). In particular we questioned whether the androgen therapy could adversely facilitate prostate cancer progression through an increase growth factor secretion by the bone microenvironment.METHODSGlobal gene expression is analyzed on mPEDB DNA microarrays. Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5 (IGFBP5) is detected by immunohistochemistry in mouse tissues and its regulation measured by qPCR and Western blotting in human BM stromal cells. Effects of extracellular matrix‐associated IGFBP5 on human prostate epithelial cells are tested in an MTS cell‐growth assay.RESULTSCastration increases expression of 159 genes (including 4 secreted cytokines) and suppresses expression of 84 genes. IGFBP5 is most consistently increased and the increase in expression is reversed by testosterone administration. IGFBP5 protein is detected in vivo in osteoblasts, BM stromal cells, and endothelial cells. Primary human stromal cell cultures secrete IGFBP5. In vitro, treatment of immortalized human marrow stromal cells with charcoal‐stripped serum increases IGFBP5 mRNA expression, which is reversed by androgen supplementation. IGFBP5 is incorporated into the extracellular matrix. Further, IGFBP5 immobilized on extracellular matrices of stromal cells enhances the growth of immortalized prostate epithelial cells.CONCLUSIONSAndrogen suppressive therapy increases IGFBP5 in the BM microenvironment and thereby may facilitate the progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 67: 1621–1629, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted tyrosine iodination in a multi‐tyrosine vasopressin analog
Authors: Durr Jacques A. , Blankenship Mary , Chauhan Satendra S. , Pennington Michael W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIodination of the conserved 2‐tyrosine (Tyr2) residue in the pressin and tocin rings of arginine‐ or lysine‐vasopressin (AVP or LVP), and oxytocin, respectively, impairs binding to their respective receptors. Synthetic antagonists that have their Tyr2 either replaced by another amino acid or irreversibly blocked by an O‐methyl or O‐ethyl ether, but have, instead, an iodinatable phenol moiety outside the pressin/tocin ring, are used for radiolabeling. We explored another approach to avoid iodinating Tyr2 by capping this residue with a reversible O‐acetyl group, incorporated during peptide synthesis. The O‐acetyl‐Tyr2 LVP peptide, with a free iodinatable tyrosine attached to the ε‐amine of 8‐lysine, is iodinated at a neutral pH and purified by reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) at an acidic pH, conditions under which the O‐acetyl groups are stable. Deacetylation with hydroxylamine is selective, and leaves intact the disulfide bridge. The marked shortening of the HPLC retention time after deblocking produces a chemically homogeneous label, iodinated exclusively on the free tyrosine residue attached to the ε‐amine of LVP. Hitherto, this 125I labeled vasopressin agonist could be obtained only in low yield, via conjugation labeling with iodinated N‐t‐Boc‐tyrosine succinimidyl ester. This fully reversible tyrosine protection strategy does not require special equipment, and retains the conserved Tyr2, typical of vasopressin and oxytocin agonists. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation energy U (H) and pinning behavior of Yb‐impurity‐diffused YBa2Cu3O7–x
Authors: Öztürk K. , Çelik Ş. , Yanmaz E. , Savaşkan B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSuperconducting Y123 samples were prepared by the solid‐state reaction (SSR) method. To get a layer of Yb (thickness ∼4 μm) on the surface of one side of the sample an ultrahigh‐vacuum electron‐beam deposition system was used and Yb diffusion in Y123 was carried out thermally. The energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF) was used for the determination of the concentration of Yb atoms in the diffusion regions of Y123 samples. It was found that when the diffusing‐annealing temperature increased the transition became much sharper and the sharpest transition was observed for the sample diffused at 900 °C. The activation energy of all samples was estimated from the resistivity curves using the TAFF model. It has been revealed that the pinning properties and activation energy improve when the diffusion‐annealing temperature increases for a convenient temperature and also the activation energies of Yb‐diffused samples are larger than that of an undoped Y123 sample. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fetuses with Down syndrome have an enlarged anterior fontanelle in the second trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Paladini D. , Sglavo G. , Penner I. , Pastore G. , Nappi C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveNeonates with Down syndrome are known to have an enlarged anterior fontanelle. The aim of this study was to assess whether fetuses diagnosed with Down syndrome in the second trimester have larger anterior fontanelles in comparison with normal euploid fetuses.MethodsThe study population included 13 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 26 normal euploid fetuses analyzed between the 19th and the 23rd weeks of gestation. The anterior fontanelle was assessed by three‐dimensional ultrasound, with the midsagittal plane of the fetal head being the reference view for acquisition of the volume. Anteroposterior and laterolateral diameters, perimeter and area of the fontanelle were then measured offline; the diameters were normalized for biparietal diameter and the perimeter and area were normalized for head circumference. Non‐parametric statistical analysis was used to compare the mean values of all variables in the two groups of fetuses. Intra‐ and interobserver variability were also assessed.ResultsAll variables except the fontanelle laterolateral diameter were significantly greater in Down syndrome fetuses than in controls, with anterior fontanelle perimeter/head circumferemce and fontanelle area/head circumference ratios showing the highest sensitivity for the detection of Down syndrome. Using a cut‐off of 2.1 for the fontanelle area/head circumference ratio, the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Down syndrome were 77% and 96%, respectively.ConclusionDuring the mid‐trimester the dimensions of the anterior fontanelle are significantly increased in fetuses with Down syndrome in comparison with normal euploid fetuses. This finding may be of help in the detection of trisomy 21 at the time of the anomaly scan. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model of a synthetic wind speed time series generator
Authors: Negra Nicola Barberis , Holmstrøm Ole , Bak‐Jensen Birgitte , Sørensen Poul 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWind energy has assumed a great relevance in the operation and planning of today's power systems due to the exponential increase of installations in the last 10 years. For this reason, many performed studies have looked at suitable representations of wind generation for power system analysis. One of the main elements to consider for this purpose is the model of the wind speed that is usually required as input. Wind speed measurements may represent a solution for this problem, but, for techniques such as sequential Monte Carlo simulation, they have to be long enough in order to describe a wide range of possible wind conditions. If these information are not available, synthetic wind speed time series may be a useful tool as well, but their generator must preserve statistical and stochastic features of the phenomenon. This paper deals with this issue: a generator for synthetic wind speed time series is described and some statistical issues (seasonal characteristics, autocorrelation functions, average values and distribution functions) are used for verification. The output of the model has been designed as input for sequential Monte Carlo simulation; however, it is expected that it can be used for other similar studies on wind generation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface synthesis and protocol conversion
Authors: Bhaduri Purandar , Ramesh S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGiven deterministic interfacesPandQ, we investigate the problem of synthesising an interfaceRsuch thatPcomposed withRrefinesQ. We show that a solution exists iffPand are compatible, and the most general solution is given by , where is the interfacePwith inputs and outputs interchanged. Remarkably, the result holds both for asynchronous and synchronous interfaces. We model interfaces using the interface automata formalism of de Alfaro and Henzinger. For the synchronous case, we give a new definition of synchronous interface automata based on Mealy machines and show that the result holds for a weak form of nondeterminism, called observable nondeterminism. We also characterise solutions to the synthesis problem in terms of winning input strategies in the automaton , and the most general solution in terms of the most permissive winning strategy. We apply the solution to the synthesis of converters for mismatched protocols in both the asynchronous and synchronous domains. For the asynchronous case, this leads to automatic synthesis of converters for incompatible network protocols. In the synchronous case, we obtain automatic converters for mismatched intellectual property blocks in system-on-chip designs. The work reported here is based on earlier work on interface synthesis in Bhaduri (Third international symposium on automated technology for verification and analysis, ATVA 2005, pp 338–353, 2005) for the asynchronous case, and Bhaduri and Ramesh (Sixth international conference on application of concurrency to system design, ACSD 2006, pp 208–216) for the synchronous one.
Probiotics for preventing relapse or recurrence in Crohn's disease involving the ileum: Are there reasons for failure?
Authors: Cabré Eduard , A. Gassull Miquel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn contrast to ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, benefits of probiotic therapy in preventing recurrence/relapse in Crohn's disease (mostly involving the ileum) are far from being proven. The lack of response in this setting does not seem attributable to a lower relevance of dysbiosis in ileal Crohn's disease, since this – or at least the presence of increased mucosal amounts of potentially pathogen bacteria – has been proven to occur in the ileum of Crohn's disease patients. Available data indicate that whereas in ulcerative colitis (and to a lesser extent in colonic Crohn's disease) the innate immune response is enhanced, it is constitutively depressed in ileal Crohn's disease. Therefore, attempts to modify the composition of intestinal microflora in colonic IBD or pouchitis by means of probiotics do make sense. In contrast, supplying additional bacteria (even being probiotics) to an ileum with decreased antibacterial defence does not seem reasonable. In fact, the presence of intestinal contents has been reported to be related to postoperative recurrence in ileo-caecal Crohn's disease, and antibiotic treatment in effective to prevent its development.
Social Democracy in Twentieth Century Canada: An Interpretive Framework
Authors: Wiseman Nelson , Isitt Benjamin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract.Social democracy changed over the course of the twentieth century in relation to changes in the structure of Canada's economy, society and state. In the following article, we advance a framework to interpret and understand this process of change, identifying four major periods in the development of social democracy: Social Gospel (1900–1925), Social Planning (1925–1950), Social Security (1950–1975) and Social Movements (1975–2000). These periods are neither exclusive nor rigidly drawn, but they are instructive in explaining the development of Canada's left-wing political tradition. Situating social democracy within the framework of Canada's political economy and intra-party debates, and also in an international and historical context, we trace the transition from a moral crusade against capitalism to the seasoned, yet vulnerable, electoralism of the contemporary NDP.Résumé.La social-démocratie a évolué au cours du 20esiècle, en même temps que la structure de l'économie, de la société et de l'État canadien. Dans l'article ci-dessous, nous proposons un cadre pour interpréter et comprendre ce processus en décrivant quatre périodes majeures dans le développement de la social-démocratie : l'Évangile social (1900–1925), la planification sociale (1925–1950), la sécurité sociale (1950–1975) et les mouvements sociaux (1975–2000). Ces périodes ne sont ni exclusives ni rigides, mais elles aident à expliquer le développement de la tradition politique de gauche au Canada. En situant la social-démocratie dans le cadre de l'économie politique canadienne et des débats intrapartis, ainsi que dans un contexte international et historique, nous traçons la transition de la croisade morale contre le capitalisme à l'électoralisme chevronné mais vulnérable du NPD contemporain.
Ties Versus Institutions: Revisiting Foreign Interventions and
Secessionist Movements
Authors: Saideman Stephen M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract. This article is a response to one published by
Louis Bélanger, Érick Duchesne and Jonathan Paquin
challenging existing accounts for the patterns of external support for
secessionist movements. They assert that regime
type—democracy—provides a better explanation than either
vulnerability or ethnic ties. I take issue with their operationalization
of my arguments along with other aspects of their work. Here, I replicate
their study first using their data and importing my variable measuring not
just ethnic affinity with the secessionists but the possibilities of a
country having ties with either or both sides of an ethnic conflict. Then,
using my data, I again replicate their analyses. I find that ethnic ties,
properly measured, not only better accounts for the international
relations of secession but of ethnic conflict in general.Résumé. Ce texte est une réplique
à l'article de Louis Bélanger, Érick Duchesne et
Jonathan Paquin, qui conteste les explications usuelles des variations
dans l'appui international aux mouvements sécessionnistes.
Selon eux, plus que la vulnérabilité ou les liens ethniques,
c'est le type de régime – soit la démocratie
– qui explique mieux le phénomène. Je remets en
question leur façon d'opérationnaliser mes arguments,
ainsi que plusieurs autres aspects de leur recherche. Afin de tester leurs
résultats, je reproduis d'abord leur étude en utilisant
leurs données et en y ajoutant ma variable qui mesure non seulement
les affinités ethniques avec les sécessionnistes, mais
également l'éventualité qu'un pays
entretienne des relations avec l'un ou l'autre des protagonistes
d'un conflit ethnique. Puis, je reprends leur analyse en utilisant
mes propres données. Il en ressort que, lorsqu'elle est
mesurée correctement, la variable des liens ethniques fournit une
meilleure compréhension non seulement des relations internationales
du phénomène de sécession, mais également des
conflits ethniques en général.