bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der doppelte Orient Zur völkischen Orientromantik des Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß
Authors: Wiedemann Felix 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOne of the main topics of the völkisch racial scientist Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß was the racial cartography of the Orient. Based on older discussions in anti-Semitic literature, Clauß constructed a racially divided – double – Orient and made a sharp distinction between Arabs and Jews. His depiction largely follows patterns of ascription from Orientalist as well as anti-Semitic discourses. By doing so he draws attention to structural overlaps and differences between Orientalism and anti-Semitism: a romanticized Arabic Orient served as an antipole to a “Nordic” Europe, and as such was finally able to advance to a positive alternative. The Jewish Orient, on the other hand, embodied for Clauß a threatening ambivalence and contrariety, which from the very beginning precluded romanticization and identification.
Effect of Altitude Concentration Gradient of Soluble Gaseous Pollutants on Their Scavenging by Falling Rain Droplets
Authors: Elperin Tov , Fominykh Andrew , Krasovitov Boris 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper analyzes absorption of soluble atmospheric trace gases by falling rain droplets with internal circulation, which is caused by interfacial shear stresses. It is assumed that the concentration of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere varies in a vertical direction. In the analysis the accumulation of the absorbate in the bulk of the falling rain droplet was accounted for. The problem is solved in the approximation of a thin concentration boundary layer in the droplet and in the surrounding air. It was assumed that the bulk of a droplet, beyond the diffusion boundary layer, is completely mixed and that concentration of the absorbate is homogeneous and time dependent in the bulk. By combining the generalized similarity transformation method with Duhamel’s theorem, the system of transient conjugate equations of convective diffusion for absorbate transport in liquid and gaseous phases with time-dependent boundary conditions is reduced to a linear-convolution Volterra integral equation of the second kind, which is solved numerically. It is shown that the nonuniform vertical distribution of absorbate in a gaseous phase strongly affects mass transfer during gas absorption by a falling droplet.
Instability Analysis of Terrain-Induced Canopy Flows
Authors: Yi Chuixiang 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tall vegetation and complex terrain create difficult conditions for measuring and modeling net ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water vapor, and pollutants. The instability of canopy flow regimes over complex terrain is critical for understanding what factors are essential to control exchanges between different canopy flow regimes. In this paper, an analytical criterion of instability of the terrain-induced canopy flows is derived from the simplified thermal-hydromechanical equations by nonlinear instability analysis. The stability of the terrain-induced canopy flows and an oscillation solution are predicted based on the instability criterion. It is found that the critical values of control parameters are determined by the terrain slope, drag coefficient, and leaf area density of vegetation.
Phonological Acquisition: Recent Attainments and New Challenges
Authors: Peperkamp Sharon 
Published: February 2009

Infants' phonological acquisition during the first 18 months of life has been studied within experimental psychology for some 30 years. Current research themes include statistical learning mechanisms, early lexical development, and models of phonetic category perception. So far, linguistic theories have hardly been taken into account. These theories are based upon the assumption that there is a common core of innate phonological knowledge across speakers of all human languages, and they contain detailed proposals concerning phonological representations and the derivations by which abstract underlying forms are mapped onto concrete surface forms. It remains to be investigated experimentally if there is innate phonological knowledge and how the language-specific phonological grammar is acquired. In the present article, the contributions to this special issue are introduced, and an attempt is made to bridge the gap between phonological theory and experimental psychology. In particular, some recent experimental work is considered in the light of phonological theories and new research avenues are sketched. What might be innate, what needs to be acquired, and how this acquisition might take place are questions that are addressed with respect to several aspects of phonological knowledge, specifically segmental representations, phonotactics, phonological processes, and the architecture of the phonological grammar.
Signed and Spoken Language: A Unique Underlying System?
Authors: Peperkamp Sharon , Mehler Jacques 
Published: February 2009

Sign language has only recently become a topic of investigation in cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics. In this paper, we review research from these two fields; in particular, we compare spoken and signed language by looking at data concerning either cortical representations or early acquisition. As to cognitive neuroscience, we show that clinical neuropsychological data regarding sign language is partially inconsistent with imaging data. Indeed, whereas both clinical neuropsychology and imagery show the involvement of the left hemisphere in sign language processing, only the latter highlights the importance of the right hemisphere. We discuss several possible interpretations of these contrasting findings. As to psycholinguistics,we survey research on the earliest stages of the acquisition of spoken language, and consider these stages in the acquisition of sign language. We conjecture that under favorable circumstances, deaf children exploit sign input to gain entry into the language system with the same facility as hearing children do with spoken input. More data, however, are needed in order to gain a fuller understanding of the relation of different kinds of natural languages to both the underlying anatomical representations and their early acquisition.
Knowledge Society or Leisure Society?
Authors: Vattimo Gianni 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSuch is the scale of information production today that the verb ‘to know’ may be heretofore declined in the impersonal. A new ‘subject of knowledge’ - the machine - is seen as removing from homo sapiens the so far uncontested role of ‘learned subject’. This calls for a rethinking of our notions of knowledge and democracy. To think of a knowledge society where every single person would be capable of knowingly taking any type of decision on community life, points to an incapacity to rethink the concept of knowledge. The fragmentation of knowledge transforms democracy into a simple possibility for each and every person to choose ‘the expert’ by whom he wishes to be guided. Kant had distinguished between ‘knowledge’ and ‘thought’, associating the latter with leisure. It appears today that pleasure and games may be the ultimate bulwarks of humanity. Perhaps we ought to be speaking of a leisure society rather than a knowledge society.
Educational Challenges of the Liquid-Modern Era
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA liquid modernity, where the traditional certainties have become fluid and blurred, presents a major challenge for education. The world is changing so quickly that homo sapiens, learning animal par excellence, can no longer rely on strategies acquired through learning experiences, let alone those derived from traditional values or wisdom. The excess of useless information creates a glut. When saturation level is reached, accumulation ceases to be a sign of wealth and becomes undesirable. Knowledge is confined - discarded like refuse - in the infinite capacity of cybercomputers. What should we humans keep and what should we reject in this process? In times of liquid modernity, how and what should our children be taught in order to be able to develop survival strategies throughout their lives?
Democracy De-realized
Authors: Bhabha Homi K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn times of crisis, when democracies are under threat, our lessons of justice and equality are best learnt from those who are marginalized or oppressed. There could be hope for democracy if responses to the attacks of September 11, for example, were characterized not by blind revenge but by democratic solidarity. To think of democracy in terms of non-realized ideals does not adequately challenge the failures of its promises. ‘Not to respond’ is often a strategic necessity for democratic discourse, which recognizes failure as part of its evolutionist and utopian narrative. The internal dialectic of the unrealized finds in the negative instance of failure a strange moral coherence. Thus it is proposed to consider democracy as something de- realized rather than unrealized. The term ‘de-realized’ places the democratic experience at a distance, in a context not of its making, in order to de-familiarize it and to block its natural or normative reference. The idea is to see the potential of democracy in translation or in an extraterritorial sense. Democracy's potential lies not in its failure but in its frailty.
Religion and Knowledge
Authors: Rouanet Sergio Paulo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe attacks of September 11 oblige us to revise a prevalent view of religion as harmless and incompatible with rational forms of knowledge. Three modes of knowledge coexist today: theological knowledge involves adhesion to a system of beliefs; technological and natural science knowledge is value-free and neutral with regard to beliefs; lastly, knowledge in philosophy, social and human sciences relates to values, transcends national and cultural specificities and involves freedom and reason. Is this latter form of knowledge more apt to preserve one's critical conscience than other modes of knowledge? History does not, alas, corroborate this theory. All three knowledge modes, taken separately, lack both a wider rationality which would enable them to legitimize their actions in light of universal criteria, and the properties of democratic debate, the only way to avoid pathologies in thought, be they of a religious or scientific nature. In a post-secular society, religions resist all forms of secularizing influences. A true secular society is, however, able to preserve the contents of religion without destroying them.
Learning and Reason in the Muslim West: The Case of Algeria
Authors: Oussedik Fatma 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA genealogy of the relationship between Islam and knowledge focusing on the Muslim West and, in particular, Algeria explains the current chaos within Muslim societies. The West, on its side, has difficulties understanding a cultural tradition which differs from its own. Islam did develop an aptitude for knowledge that put into play ‘different intellectual modalities, among which were dialectic argument, intuition and controversy’. However, ‘the accession to knowledge is shown by assent’. A long tradition of debate and controversy drew to a close and was abandoned in favour of the exercise of authoritative and absolute power. Intellectual life in the region suffered notably from the successive departures of the elite, at the end of the Ottoman Empire, at the onset of the colonial period and upon independence. Colonialism founded a new system born of different traditions and entailed the breaking up of traditional scholastic institutions. After Independence, fewer and fewer interlocutors were capable of undertaking a reasoned critique of the West. ‘Mistrust with regard to the West’ translated into a ‘refusal even of controversy’. It is a vicious circle that can be broken only through a minimum of democracy.
Global Cities in Informational Societies
Authors: Freitag Barbara 
Published: February 2009

AbstractModern cities have recently evolved as centres for material and intangible exchanges and this obliges us to rethink the urban scene. The passing from the industrial era to the new age of information has rendered obsolete the models envisaged by Max Weber, Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin. Basing her argument on the typology put forward by Saskia Sassen, Barbara Freitag sketches out the different profiles of contemporary cities. Urban centres are now defined by the level, scale and intensity of the exchanges to which they give rise. On the first level is the global city, nerve centre of the globalized economy (Tokyo, New York, London …) and capable of challenging the power of the state. On the second level are the megalopoles (Mexico, São Paulo …), which are only prevented from joining the ranks of the global cities because much of their population is excluded from the global economy. Next come the metropoles, cities like Paris (‘19th-century capital’), which have retained a way of life global centres can no longer provide. However, most of the world's population is concentrated in the peripheral boroughs of the information society's global economy. It is for the sake of this population that attention must be paid to the transformations endured by 21st-century cities.
Reflections on Paradigms of Philosophizing
Authors: Moreva Liubava 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAmong the most recent unforeseen events of this modernity, those of 11 September 2001 exposed the dark side of globalization. If science reduces the whole universe to its one logic, philosophy retains a crucial role as a process of production of meanings for the human being, a being incapable of situating himself or herself in relation to the universe except through dialogue. To the extent that no fragment of truth can be absolutized, only permanent thought can constitute a universal cognition.
Flashes of a Century: A Breviary of Images
Authors: Argullol Rafael 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe 20th century bears witness to the extent to which the potential scale of destruction is proportional to the dimensions of human knowledge. Simultaneously, an ethical disarray grows prevalent within a civilization obliged to do away with the hopes and ideals of the Enlightenment. Continuous entertainment is replacing models capable of nourishing the leisure of human thought and learning. We are threatened with ‘the loss of the different perspectives of human memory’, which can but ‘facilitate the repetition of past mistakes’.
“Token Codeswitching” and language alternation in narrative discourse: A Functional-Pragmatic approach
Authors: Reershemius Gertrud 
Published: February 2009

This study is concerned with two phenomena of language alternation in biographic narrations in Yiddish and Low German, based on spoken language data recorded between 1988 and 1995. In both phenomena language alternation serves as an additional communicative tool which can be applied by bilingual speakers to enlarge their set of interactional devices in order to ensure a smoother or more pointed processing of communicative aims. The first phenomenon is a narrative strategy that I call Token Codeswitching: In a bilingual narrative culminating in a line of reported speech, a single element of L2 indicates the original language of the reconstructed dialogue—a token for a quote. The second phenomenon has to do with directing procedures, carried out by the speaker and aimed at guiding the hearer's attention, which are frequently carried out in L2, supporting the hearer's attention at crucial points in the interaction. Both phenomena are analyzed following a model of narrative discourse as proposed in the framework of Functional Pragmatics. The model allows the adoption of an integral approach to previous findings in codeswitching research.
“Global” and “Local” identities in the discourses of British-born Caribbeans
Authors: Sebba Mark , Tate Shirley 
Published: February 2009

British Caribbeans manifest both a “global” and a “local” identity through complex language behavior including codeswitching. It is the Creole which most connects “globally” — to other speakers of Creole, to the British youth culture which now accepts Creole/patois as an element, and to the world-wide Black music culture. Meanwhile “English” for black speakers is more likely to mean a local variety of English, for example, London, Birmingham, or Manchester, which identifies the speaker as a member of the local community. In this paper we start from the viewpoint that “identities” are texts of social practice based on the identifications made in interactions between individuals(in this case, conversations). Looking both at the content of discourse( what is said) and the medium used(the l anguage or language variety used in an utterance) we attempt to illustrate how global diasporic discourses of identity are reproduced at the local level. We argue that the “global” and “local” identities of British Caribbeans manifest and reproduce themselves through everyday discourse, and are constructed through identifications in which the choice of language and the choice of words interact and are both significant.
Nonparellel recovery of languages in a quadrilingual aphasic patient
Authors: Filiputti Dario , Tavano Alessandro , Vorano Lorenza , De Luca Guido , Fabbro Franco 
Published: February 2009

This case study aims to investigate whether the treatment of only one language (L2) of a multilingual fluent aphasic(L1 Slovenian, L2 Italian, L3 Friulian, L4 English) results in a parallel improvement of all languages and whether the hypothesized benefits of rehabilitation last four years after the end of treatment. After a first assessment by means of the Aachener Aphasie Test (AAT) and the Bilingual Aphasia Test(BAT), the patient has been treated for six months in Italian(L2), subsequently tested again, and finally retested four years after the ischaemic lesion. The resulting recovery pattern is non parallel, with a significant improvement of the language of treatment—Italian—L2—and of Friulian—L3 and of English—L4 and a significant decrease of Slovenian—L1 between the second and the third assessments. Results seem to provide evidence that rehabilitation effects are maintained four years after the end of treatment.
Prosodic Mixes: Strategies in Multilingual Language Acquisition
Authors: Cruz-Ferreira Madalena 
Published: February 2009

The paper reports preliminary findings of an ongoing study of prosodic mixes in the speech of three trilingual siblings. The children are primary bilinguals in Portuguese and Swedish,and acquired English as the language of schooling. Prosodic mixes are defined as the intrusion of prosodic patterns of one language into another. From the earliest stages of linguistic development, the children made use of prosodic strategies in order to communicate in their native languages, clearly indicating that they take prosody as a crucial conveyor of both linguistic meaning and linguistic identity. The current transfer of foreign intonation patterns to a native language involves pasting of English prosodic patterns onto segmental structures of Portuguese that are either equivalent or made equivalent to their English counterparts. The mixed patterns do not however replace all instances of corresponding adequate native patterns,suggesting that the process is not one of mechanical transfer but of experimentation. In the light of these observations, it is argued that prosodic mixes constitute evidence of strategies that multilingual children appear to develop in their process of language acquisition,and that consist in testing,in other languages at their disposal,the meaningful patterns observed in one language.
Early lexical, morphological and syntactic development in French: Some complex relations
Authors: Veneziano Edy 
Published: February 2009

This paper presents fine-grained longitudinal analyses of one child's language production over the period of change from single to multiword utterances. For a better understanding of the developmental processes underlying this change, detailed distinctions in transitional phenomena were made and related to changes in other aspects of language: the quantity and composition of the vocabulary and the use the child makes of it, and the beginnings of grammatical knowledge. Results suggest the existence of two possible paths leading to the change from single to multiword speech. The conversational path, based on discoursegenerated Successive Single-Word Utterances where the child, functioning as a “regular” Single-word speaker, is led to produce a sequence of related words by replying to the adult, and the more general speaker's path, based on developments in the expression of recurrent communicative intentions/events. For this child, the two paths co-occur and seem complementary, both feeding into the change to come. Although prefixed additional elements appear along with the first multiword utterances, it is only when combinatorial speech is well-established that they become syntactically- motivatedfillers, word categories begin to show formal differences, and some verbs present incipient bound verbal morphology. This development may in turn produce changes in combinatorial speech. The developmental relations between the aspects of language studied here seem consistent with a spiral model of development, typically constructivist model in which a step taken in one domain promotes the taking of a new step in another, which may in turn promote further development in the former.
Further Development of the Liverpool Infant Distress Scale
Authors: Horgan Maureen F. , Glenn Sheila , Choonara Imti 
Published: February 2009

The Liverpool Infant Distress Scale (LIDS) was initially designed to assess behaviours reflecting pain in neonates following surgery. This paper reports a further development of the validity and reliability of LIDS and its use as a measure of neonatal behaviour. In the first stage of validity testing the LIDS scores of infants prior to administration of analgesia were compared to LIDS scores postanalgesia. Significantly lower scores were recorded following analgesia. The second stage of validity testing compared LIDS scores of a control group of neonates with those undergoing surgery, each over 43 hours. A significantly lower score on LIDS was found for the control group of infants compared to the surgical group, providing support for validity. Internal consistency was high, providing support for reliability. By providing detailed description of neonatal behaviours LIDS may assist nurses in the identification and objective quantification of neonatal behaviour, the context of which will govern intervention. The efficacy of such interventions may also be measured using LIDS.
The Child’s Right to Consent to X-Ray and Imaging Investigations: Issues of Restraint and Immobilization from a Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Hardy Maryann , Armitage Gerry 
Published: February 2009

Children’s rights in healthcare are determined by law but strongly influenced by Piagetian theory and the related personal attitudes of healthcare professionals. While a greater priority has been given to children’s rights throughthe United Nations Convention and in the United Kingdom by means of particular legislation, this does not necessarily translate into child-centred practice. The restraint and immobilization of children are significant issues for health professionals who care for children. This paper argues that professional guidance and healthcare law are ambiguous in this regard, failing to offer direct, objective guidance to the personnel involved. A further degree of complexity is added, if when considering the child’s wishes, they differ from those of their parents. It is recommended that an effective resolution of these issues and their consequences demands that healthcare professionals familiarize themselves with the legal and ethical implications of restraining or immobilizing children, and develop a systematic approach to this aspect of practice.