bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological‐mindedness as “reading between the lines”: Vigilance, locus of control, and sagacious judgment
Authors: Dollinger Stephen J , Greening Leilani , Tylenda Barbara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBased on Scheibe's (1979) concept of sagacity, the first purpose of this research was to assess the role of vigilance in a judgment task wherein subjects “read between the lines” of target persons' word associations Second, on the basis of the locus of control and cue expectation literature, we tested the prediction that internals would be more successful judges than would externals only when a vigilant strategy was not emphasized in the task instructions In keeping with the first prediction, judges who used the vigilant strategy of circling what they thought to be clues did significantly better on the judgment task and on a post‐judgment clue awareness task However, the results provided no support for the predicted interaction of instructions and locus of control These null findings emerged in a conceptual replication using a different version of the judgment task and a different form of cue explication In both studies, externals did significantly better than did internals on the clue awareness task Finally, a supplementary study tested whether good‐ and poor‐vigilant judges processed different clues in the judgment task Analyses of the clues circled while making judgments revealed that, relative to poor judges, good judges more often selected the most important clue in the task, and the discrepancy between good and poor judges increased over trials of the task Together with previous studies, the results provide strong support for conceptualizing the judgment task in terms of Scheibe's concept of sagacity.
Shyness‐environment interaction: A view from the shy side through auto‐photography
Authors: Ziller Robert C , Rorer Brett A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is proposed that shyness both induces and is induced by the perception of the environment This study of person‐situation transaction used photographic images taken by shy and less shy subjects in response to the question, “Who are you?” A content analysis of the photographs showed that shy persons were less person‐oriented, more aesthetically oriented, and showed a reduced range of orientations when compared to less shy persons The hierarchy of orientations for shy persons was aesthetic, people, self, and school, whereas for less shy persons it was people, self, aesthetic, and other persons Thus, the difference between shy and less shy persons is in the pattern of orientations rather than in orientations in and of themselves Moreover, one single difference between the groups, such as the lesser orientation toward people, does not justify the interpretation of shyness as a “people phobia”
Some reflections on the two psychologies of love
Authors: McClelland David C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mainstream view of love is that it is a state that arises from people mutually reinforcing each other or providing benefits to each other Yet careful quantitative analyses of imaginative thought patterns of people in love or in a state of affiliative arousal reveal themes of dialogue, commitment, and harmony rather than of mutual benefits It is suggested that asking people about love leads them to give causal explanations for the state which psychologists have elaborated into the theory that love is a response to having one's needs met Imaginative experiences characteristic of the state of being in love on the other hand may be different because they are primarily right brain mediated and do not share in the causal, instrumental type of reasoning characteristic of left brain conscious thinking Such conceivably right brain mediated experiences in TATs are more closely associated than presumably left brain mediated self‐reports are with such physiological measures as evoked scalp potentials, neurohormone concentrations, and immune functions A vew of love that takes both self‐report (left brain) and fantasy (right brain) measures into account does a better job of predicting affiliative behavior than does a view that relies solely on one or the other of the two types of measures
Idiothetic inquiry and the toil of Sisyphus
Authors: Paunonen Sampo V , Jackson Douglas N 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn response to the article by Lamiell and Trierweiler (this issue), we examine the stated epistemological origins of idiothetic proposals for theory and research in personality We argue that the justification for those proposals as advanced by Lamiell and his colleagues is wholely insufficient in view of prior research on the consistency of behavior This assertion together with our identification of problems in scaling personality and personality consistencies lead us to conclude that the pursuit of the idiothetic method is both unwarranted and ineffectual
A social relations analysis of nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M , Buck Ross , Kenny David A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a reanalysis of a study (Sabatelli, Buck, & Drever, 1982) that related nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples to marital complaints, using the social relations model developed by Kenny and his colleagues The social relations model allows for the analysis of the communication process in a new and more complete way where, for the first time, the relative contributions of sender, receiver, and unique relationship effects to overall nonverbal communication accuracy can be assessed In addition, each of these factors can be related to marital complaints and the patterns of communication within dyads can be examined for the presence of complementarity/similarity and reciprocity/compensation The overwhelming percentage of variance in communication accuracy was accounted for by sender and unique relationship effects while little variance in communication accuracy was accounted for bv receiver effects In addition, no evidence of complementarity/similarity and only weak support for reciprocity/compensation in the communication abilities of wife and husband was found With regard to marital complaints, the most striking result was the negative correlation between wives' sending ability and husbands' complaints, a finding consistent with the previous report In addition, and consistent with the former analysis, the wives' unique abilities to decode their husbands' expressions were found to correlate negatively with the wives' marital complaints
The structuring of identity among midlife women as a function of their degree of involvement in employment
Authors: Hornstein Gail A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe place of employment and the diversity of its relations to other roles within the life structure of midlife women were investigated Three groups were compared Group I (n= 44) had a continuous low level of involvement in employment from their early 20s to their early 40s, Group II (n= 20) changed from low to high involvement, and Group III (n= 32) maintained a continuous high level of involvement Retrospective reports regarding subjects' commitment to a number of different roles and feelings during their early 30s and early 40s constituted the data Findings indicated that (1) women in Group I had a positive, confident view of their involvement in the traditional roles of mother, wife, and volunteer, (2) women in Group II, initially quite similar to those in Group I, restructured their role commitments by substituting involvement in employment for more traditional pursuits, and (3) women in Group III successfully integrated involvement in the multiple roles of worker, mother, wife, and volunteer Implications for a more dynamic view of identity, which takes into account significant reorganization of the life structure after adolescence and variability among diverse groups of women, are discussed
Henry Kissinger's implicit theory of personality: A quantitative case study
Authors: Swede Southworth Wells , Tetlock Philip E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRosenberg and Jones' (1972) methodology for extracting personality descriptions from archival materials was adapted to study Henry Kissinger's perceptions of political leaders Content analysis of Kissinger's White House Years yielded 3,759 trait descriptions of 38 salient leaders To discover how Kissinger organized his trait descriptions, the co‐occurrences among the 106 most frequently used trait categories were analyzed by (1) principal components analysis of tetrachoric correlations, (2) cluster analysis of Euclidean distances, and (3) nonmetric multidimensional scaling of profile distances Across all three measures of association and grouping algorithms, five consistent personality themes emerged—“professional anguish,”“ambitious patriotism,”“revolutionary greatness,”“intellectual sophistication,” and “realistic friendship” Scales constructed for the five sets of traits had adequate alpha reliabilities The profiles of the five scales for each leader revealed systematic individual differences in leaders' perceived personalities Cluster analysis of these individual differences identified nine leader types Kissinger, Chou En‐lai and Georges Pompidou were sufficiently distinctive to define separate leader types Other types included the Revolutionary, the Patriot, the Personal Friend, the Professional Friend, the Able Adversary and the Professional Competitor Implications for theory and future research were discussed
Attributional mediators of social inhibition and avoidance
Authors: Leary Mark R , Atherton Susan Crites , Hill Sara , Hur Christine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPeople differ in the degree to which they become inhibited and avoidant when they feel socially anxious This study explored the hypothesis that characterological attributions for one's feelings of nervousness in social settings are related to social inhibition and avoidance In a preliminary study, the dimensions people use to explain their feelings of nervousness and relaxation were determined One hundred and twenty‐five subjects then completed measures of social anxiousness, inhibition, and avoidance, and made attributions for feeling nervous and relaxed in 10 interpersonal scenarios As predicted, attributions of nervousness to characterological factors, such as ability and personality traits, correlated positively with social inhibition and avoidance Unexpectedly, behavioral attributions for nervousness also predicted inhibition and avoidance
Children's perceptions of others' understanding of moral transgressions: who should know better and why
Authors: Buzzelli Cary A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study examined children's perceptions of other children's ability to make moral judgements. Preschool, kindergarten, first‐ and second‐grade children rated the permissibility of moral transgressions for a same‐age peer, a younger child and an older child. Children also were asked why the transgressions were wrong. Preschool and kindergarten children rated transgressions equally wrong for a same‐age peer, a younger and an older child, whereas first and second graders rated transgressions for a same‐age peer and an older child as more wrong than for a younger child. Preschoolers stated they did not know why the transgressions were wrong for a younger child, while kindergarten children reasoned that a younger child did not know the rules. First and second graders reasoned that a same‐age peer and an older child should know ‘better’, but a younger child would not know ‘better’. Results suggest that children's perceptions of others' moral knowledge is related to children's ability to coordinate domains of social knowledge when making judgements of others' moral transgressions.
Can young children benefit from collaborative problem solving? Tracing the effects of partner competence and feedback
Authors: Tudge Jonathan , Winterhoff Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research was designed to ascertain the extent to which and the conditions under which 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds benefit from collaborative problem‐solving. We were interested in the impact of (a) repeated collaborative sessions, with the problem difficulty tied to the current independent ability of the target children; (b) working with a more competent partner, an equally competent partner, or with no partner; and (c) immediate feedback from the materials. The data (obtained from a sample of 81 children) revealed that collaboration with a more competent partner was more beneficial than working alone or working with an equally competent partner, but only when feedback was not provided. With feedback, singletons improved more than those who worked with a partner, irrespective of the partner's relative competence. No benefits were found for repeated collaborative sessions; improvement occurred early and then levelled off. The results are set in the context of Piagetian and Vygotskian theory, and serve to illustrate that with regard to peer collaboration these theoretical positions are complementary rather than in opposition.
Influences on the effectiveness of peer interaction: children's level of cognitive development and the relative ability of partners
Authors: Messer David J. , Joiner Richard , Loveridge Nerys , Light Paul , Littleton Karen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudies of peer interaction among children have generally shown that this experience aids performance, or at the very least does not result in poorer performance in relation to control conditions. Furthermore, working with a more able partner has been found to be a particularly effective form of peer interaction. In contrast, a model proposed by Karmiloff‐Smith suggests that at certain phases of cognitive development children may ignore feedback and information from task activities. These two ideas were tested in a study where pairs of 6–7 year old children had to balance a beam on a fulcrum during a computer task. The performance on a post‐test did not support either viewpoint. Children who were working with a more able partner were found to perform significantly worse than other children. The findings of a second study suggested that this effect may have been due to the more able children having an incomplete understanding of the computer task and they may have dominated social interaction thereby restricting the progress of the less able pupil. The findings from these two studies indicate that peer interaction can result in poorer learning outcomes, and that Karmiloff‐Smith's model should include the possibility of peer interaction effects.
Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: Environmental and child constitutional influences
Authors: Robinson JoAnn L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe second year of life is a period of developmental change and instability in empathic expressions. In this study, we identify specific developmental patterns of global empathy during the second year and investigate maternal style, family environment, and temperamental factors as moderator influences on these patterns of development. The sample consists of 158 children selected from twin pairs whose empathic development had been previously studied at 14 and 20 months of age. Planned comparisons within specific groups (initially high, mid‐range, or low empathy) tested the difference between children who changed versus those who remained stable. Maternal style, family climate, and child temperament variables significantly differentiated children among different patterns of development. Child gender was an additional moderator of family influences on development among those children whose empathic responses were initially low. These findings suggest the importance of distinguishing patterns of development based on where in the range of behaviors development is tracked.
Adolescents' disclosure to best and good friends: The effects of gender and topic intimacy
Authors: Dolgin Kim G. , Kim Stephanie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe disclosure of 227 7th‐ through 12th‐grade adolescents to four other persons – their closest same‐ and cross‐sex best friends, and lesser‐but‐good same‐ and cross‐sex friends – about 40 topics varying widely in intimacy was examined; in addition, each subject rated every topic's intimacy. A (2) gender × (2) friend's gender × (2) closeness × (3) age × (3) intimacy level ANOVA yielded two large main effects (partial ω2 > .15), closeness and topic intimacy. Three large interaction effects – gender by friend's gender, friend's gender by intimacy, and gender by closeness by intimacy – were also found, as was a moderate‐sized closeness by gender by friend's gender interaction (partial co2= .08). A number of other effects were statistically significant but of only small magnitude. The perceived intimacy of 6 of the studied topics varied across age groups, and one topic, “your weight” was rated differently by males and females. The data are discussed in relation to previous research on adolescent gender differences in friendship and disclosure.
Children and their child care caregivers: profiles of relationships
Authors: Howes Carollee , Smith Ellen W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne thousand three hundred and seventy‐nine (682 girls) caregiver‐child relationships were used to derive attachment behavior profiles. All of the children were enrolled in child care (72% in child care centers). Profile analysis was completed using five subscales of Attachment Q‐Set items. Three profiles were replicated on randomly drawn subsamples, on center based and in‐home based subsamples and on separate subsamples of toddler and preschool children. These profiles were labeled: difficult, avoiding and secure. Children in the secure profile had higher security scores than children in the difficult or avoiding profiles. Children in the avoiding profile appeared the most heterogeneous in attachment security. Children in the avoiding profile with high as opposed to low security scores were older and more likely to use the caregiver as a secure base, seek her for comfort and engage in positive negotiations. Observations conducted on the children with their caregivers provided external validity for the profiles. Children in the secure profile had the most adult involvement.
Social Networks Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders*
Authors: Clarke‐McLean Janet G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study examines the social networks and deviant behavior of 92 male and female adolescent offenders in a secure training school. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted individually with the youth and repeated following a four‐week interval. Record data were reviewed to assess behavioral adjustment. The Social Cognitive Map analytic technique was utilized to identify social clusters. Findings indicate that these extremely delinquent youth formed reasonably stable social networks within the institution. Social clusters were distinguished most strongly on the basis of gender, race and proximity. Individuals within clusters had similar levels of behavioral adjustment and perceptions of intimacy with peers. The processes of peer group formation are similar to those found among public school counterparts. Treatment implications are discussed.
The Role of the Group in Peer Group Entry
Authors: Zarbatany Lynne , Pepper Susan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study explored psychological conditions affecting children's receptiveness to a newcomer (the guest) in a peer group entry task. Subjects were 93 host dyads (48 male) of 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children. Hosts played a word‐naming game for 5 min before being joined by a male or female guest. The hosts' pre‐entry interaction was coded to reflect an orientation toward the game (agentic) or toward each other and toward experimental setting demands (communal). Hosts' psychological orientation predicted entry outcomes. Specifically, hosts of excluded children verbally competed with each other (an aspect of agency) more than hosts of children who entered. Male hosts competed more than female hosts and female hosts helped and encouraged each other (aspects of the communal orientation) more than male hosts. These findings suggest that the strategies and effort required by children to achieve group entry may depend on prior psychological conditions attending the interaction of the peer group.
Sex differences in body composition, performance and behaviour in the Colombian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria maurus, Boidae)
Authors: Lourdais O. , Shine R. , Bonnet X. , Brischoux F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlthough most analyses of sexual dimorphism focus on overall body size (sexual size dimorphism), males and females of the same species may differ profoundly in their morphology, performance and behaviour even if the two sexes attain similar adult sizes. Thus, similarity in size may mask major sex‐based divergences in traits such as musculature and fat stores. Although female Colombian rainbow boas Epicrates cenchria maurus are slightly longer than males, we show that males are more muscular than females and, accordingly, males outperform same‐sized females in tests of strength. Musculature may enhance success in male–male combat. The two sexes also differ in body shape: the wider abdomens of females may allow more space to store fat and/or embryos. Lastly, male boas reacted more overtly to handling (via defecation and striking) than did females. These sex differences in morphology, performance and behaviour plausibly reflect ecological differences between the sexes in the wild, with males under sexual selection for increased physical strength and females under fecundity selection for enhanced reproductive output.
COATED VESICLES IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE HOST CELLS IN OPHRYS LUTEA CAV. MYCORRHIZAS (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: BARROSO J. , PAIS M. SALOMÉ S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe host cells from endomycorrhizas of Ophrys lutea Cav. contain many coated vesicles associated with dictyosomes, with a membrane system (probably partially coated reticulum) and with the host's sequestration plasmalemma. The contents of coated vesicles stain with neither the PATAg test for polysaccharides nor with ruthenium red.The involvement of coated vesicles in the host/endophyte interactions during the establishment of O. lutea endomycorrhizas is discussed.