bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing network lifetime by balancing node energy consumption in heterogeneous sensor networks
Authors: Du Xiaojiang , Xiao Yang , Dai Fei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSensor nodes are powered by battery and have severe energy constraints. The typical many‐to‐one traffic pattern causes uneven energy consumption among sensor nodes, that is, sensor nodes near the base station or a cluster head have much heavier traffic burden and run out of power much faster than other nodes. The uneven node energy dissipation dramatically reduces sensor network lifetime. In a previous work, we presented the chessboard clustering scheme to increase network lifetime by balancing node energy consumption. To achieve good performance and scalability, we propose to form a heterogeneous sensor network by deploying a few powerful high‐end sensors in addition to a large number of low‐end sensors. In this paper, we design an efficient routing protocol based on the chessboard clustering scheme, and we compute the minimum node density for satisfying a given lifetime constraint. Simulation experiments show that the chessboard clustering‐based routing protocol balances node energy consumption very well and dramatically increases network lifetime, and it performs much better than two other clustering‐based schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web browsing optimization over 2.5G and 3G: end‐to‐end mechanisms vs. usage of performance enhancing proxies
Authors: Gomez C. , Catalan M. , Viamonte D. , Paradells J. , Calveras A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract2.5 Generation (2.5G) and Third Generation (3G) cellular wireless networks allow mobile Internet access with bearers specifically designed for data communications. However, Internet protocols under‐utilize wireless wide area network (WWAN) link resources, mainly due to large round trip times (RTTs) and request‐‐reply protocol patterns. Web browsing is a popular service that suffers significant performance degradation over 2.5G and 3G. In this paper, we review and compare the two main approaches for improving web browsing performance over wireless links: (i) using adequate end‐to‐end parameters and mechanisms and (ii) interposing a performance enhancing proxy (PEP) between the wireless and wired parts. We conclude that PEPs are currently the only feasible way for significantly optimizing web browsing behavior over 2.5G and 3G. In addition, we evaluate the two main current commercial PEPs over live general packet radio service (GPRS) and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks. The results show that PEPs can lead to near‐ideal web browsing performance in certain scenarios. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proxy‐RED: an AQM scheme for wireless local area networks
Authors: Yi Sungwon , Kappes Martin , Garg Sachin , Deng Xidong , Kesidis George , Das Chita R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWireless access points (APs) act as bridges between wired and wireless networks. Since the actually available bandwidth in wireless networks is much smaller than the bandwidth in wired networks, there is a disparity in channel capacity which makes the access point a significant network congestion point in the downstream direction. A current architectural trend in wireless local area networks (WLAN) is to move functionality from APs to a centralized gateway in order to reduce cost and improve features. In this paper, we study the use of RED, a well known active queue management (AQM) scheme, and explicit congestion notification (ECN) to handle bandwidth disparity between the wired and the wireless interface of an access point. Then, we propose the Proxy‐RED scheme, as a solution for reducing the AQM overhead from the access point. Simulations‐based performance analysis indicates that the proposed Proxy‐RED scheme improves the overall performance of a network. In particular, the Proxy‐RED scheme significantly reduces packet loss rate and improves goodput for a small buffer, and minimizes delay for a large buffer size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of elevated CO2levels on leaf starch, nitrogen and photosynthesis of plants growing at three natural CO2springs in Japan
Authors: Onoda Yusuke , Hirose Tadaki , Hikosaka Kouki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPlant communities around natural CO2springs have been exposed to elevated CO2levels over many generations and give us a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of long‐term elevated CO2levels on wild plants. We searched for natural CO2springs in cool temperate climate regions in Japan and found three springs that were suitable for studying long‐term responses of plants to elevated levels of CO2: Ryuzin‐numa, Yuno‐kawa and Nyuu. At these CO2springs, the surrounding air was at high CO2concentration with no toxic gas emissions throughout the growth season, and there was natural vegetation around the springs. At each site, high‐CO2(HC) and low‐CO2(LC) plots were established, and three dominant species at the shrub layers were used for physiological analyses. Although the microenvironments were different among the springs, dicotyledonous species growing at the HC plots tended to have more starch and less nitrogen per unit dry mass in the leaves than those growing at the LC plots. In contrast, monocotyledonous species growing in the HC and LC plots had similar starch and nitrogen concentrations. Photosynthetic rates at the mean growth CO2concentration were higher in HC plants than LC plants, but photosynthetic rates at a common CO2concentration were lower in HC plants. Efficiency of water and nitrogen use of leaves at growth CO2concentration was greatly increased in HC plants. These results suggest that natural plants growing in elevated CO2levels under cool temperate climate conditions have down‐regulated their photosynthetic capacity but that they increased photosynthetic rates and resource use efficiencies due to the direct effect of elevated CO2concentration.
African American Theatre
Authors: Krasner David , Anderson Lisa M. , George-Graves Nadine , Harris John Rogers , Lewis Barbara , Miller Henry , Young Harvey 
Published: September 2006

David Krasner: In surveying contemporary London theatre, New York Times critic Ben Brantley reported that the Tricycle Theatre hadinaugurated a season of African-American plays with the commandingly titled but obscure Walk Hard, Talk Loud, a play by Abram Hill from the early1940's. Abram who? The name meant nothing to me, but Abram Hill (1910–1986) was a founder and director of the American Negro Theater in New York (1940–1951) and a playwright, it seems, of considerable verve.3That Abram Hill and the American Negro Theatre—the most important black theatre company during the mid-twentieth century—has flown below the radar is indicative of how much work still needs to be accomplished.
Theatre Audiences, Redux
Authors: Bennett Susan 
Published: September 2006

In retrospect, that Roland Barthes's insistence on “the death of the author” should have provoked an emergent interest in theatre audiences is hardly surprising. As, in literary studies, this brought about a new privilege for and investment in the reader, so too, in theatre and performance studies, there was an explicit recognition that what went on in the theatre was qualitatively and quantitatively more complicated and more exciting than the study of the playtext in the classroom. At the same time, the move to challenge a universalized (and thus male) viewing subject created new readings of the audience and new understandings of both individual and collective spectatorship across a range of subjectivities. So, Jill Dolan could argue that the “feminist spectator viewing such a representation is necessarily in the outsider's critical position.” Dolan continued:She cannot find a comfortable way into the representation, since she finds herself, as a woman (and even more so, as a member of the working class, a lesbian, or a woman of color), excluded from its address. She sees in the performance frame representatives of her gender class with whom she might identify—if women are represented at all—acting passively before the specter of male authority.1
Building the Base
Authors: Herrington Joan 
Published: September 2006

In the February 2005 issue of American Theatre, Ben Cameron considered impending season selection at theatres across the country and noted, “There are no magic bullets. God knows, I wish there were—especially in these times. … Even in the face of critical raves, standing ovations and a true sense of artistic pride, many have still fallen short of attendance goals.”2 Cameron explored a range of possible solutions to dwindling audiences: a season with no classics, or perhaps only classics; maybe opera, or A Christmas Carol, or the ever-popular Waiting for Godot. Indeed, the need to build audiences haunts most contemporary practitioners as we struggle to reestablish the place of theatre in the midst of its media sisters. It is a global issue, as noted in a column by Bhaskar Ghose in Frontline, a national Indian magazine: “Theatre needs to recapture its participative quality and density of human experience in order to woo the audience back from television and films. …”3 How then, do we build the base?
Spectroscopic Characterization and Electrochemistry of Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Modified Myoglobin in Organic Solvents
Authors: Wiwatchaiwong Supranee , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMyoglobin (Mb) was chemically modified with activated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (average molecular weight of 2000) to solubilize it in various organic solvents. UV‐vis, circular dichroism, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure correlated with the electron‐transfer reactions of PEO‐modified Mb (PEO‐Mb). Spectroscopic data indicated changes in heme coordination geometry for PEO‐Mb in various organic solvents that are different from that in water. The Raman spectrum showed the characteristics of PEO‐Mb in PEO oligomer (average MW of 200) in the five‐coordinate high‐spin state, which facilitates fast electron‐transfer reactions between protein and the glassy carbon electrode. These results suggest heme environment effects on the properties of proteins in organic solvents.
Aberration control in quantitative imaging of botanical specimens by multidimensional fluorescence microscopy
Authors: WHITE N. S. , ERRINGTON R. J. , FRICKER M. D. , WOOD J. L. 
Published: September 2006

Three dimensional (3‐D) fluorescence microscopes, including conventional instruments with digital deblurring, confocal systems and two‐photon excitation, all exhibit monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. A simple Gaussian model of the aberrated point spread function and optical field for each instrument illustrates spatial distortions and blurring and some unique attenuation effects in confocal and two‐photon microscopy. These properties depend on the manner in which illumination and detection combine to give the overall microscope performance and highlight the importance of both optics and sample aberrations; the specimen must be considered as an optical component of the integrated imaging system.Axial focus distortion, from refractive index boundaries at the sample, can be accurately modelled by a geometric ray tracing programme, considering weighted components across the entire objective lens working NA. The modal z‐focus error, rather than the average of all weighted rays, agrees closely with empirical measurements of axial focus position from test samples. This agreement is particularly close for confocal measurements when NA4 weighting is used in the model calculations, but the situation is more complex for samples with non‐planar refractive boundaries.Calibration of axial attenuation in a botanical sample, arising from the combination of optical sectioning with specimen‐induced spatial distortions and blurring, is possible using an in situ fluorescence sea within a permeabilized preparation. Parametric descriptions of attenuation can be obtained through the guard cell complex of Commelina communis leaf epidermis. Improved images of the 3‐D morphology of stomatal guard cells are then obtained by digital correction of attenuation and spatial distortion. Calibrations can be routinely used to correct experimental data by integration with a structured image file format.
Immunization and facilitation produced by predictable and controllable aversive events alternating with different duration unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events
Authors: Vicente Francisco , Ferrándiz Pilar , Díaz‐Berciano Cristina 
Published: September 2006

This investigation examined whether immunization to learned helplessness is more effective through predictable and controllable events alternating with inescapable and unpredictable events of different duration, than through experiences with only controllable and predictable events. Prior experience with intermittent success resulted in greater immunization than experience with consistent success. Forty‐two male Wistar rats were distributed at random to one of the six groups (n = 7 each). In groups M‐20, M‐40, and M‐80, uncontrollable and unpredictable episodes of shocks with three levels of duration were intermixed with controllable and predictable events: short mixed immunization, 20 trials; moderate mixed immunization, 40 trials; and long mixed immunization, 80 trials. Group C‐U received immunization treatment with only controllable and predictable events; C‐NT was the control group and received controllability training but with no uncontrollable and unpredictable footshock; and group NT‐U received basic learned helplessness treatment. In the test phase, all the subjects were exposed to escape/avoidance training. The results demonstrated the greater efficacy of immunization in groups M‐20 and M‐40 (short and moderate mixed immunization), in terms of significant differences in latency of response relative to groups M‐80 (long mixed immunization) and C‐U (standard immunization), while the behaviour of groups M‐80 and C‐U was similar. All immunization (mixed and standard) groups presented a shorter latency than group NT‐U (no immunization). These data were discussed according to the “dual‐expectancy hypothesis,” the “interference hypothesis,” the “anxiety hypothesis,” and the “reactance theory.”
Lake Winnipeg, remnant of glacial Lake Agassiz, an efficient dispersal route of planktonic crustaceans through central and northern Canada
Authors: Patalas K. 
Published: September 2006

Zooplankton in five lake regions once inundated by Lake Agassiz were compared with zooplankton of 10 other lake regions and in 5 Great Lakes in south—central Canada. The highest resemblance to a hypothetical composite of Lake Agassiz plankton, from 94 to 100 percent, was found in lakes of the Northern Manitoba, Northern Saskatchewan and Upper Mackenzie regions. Eighty nine to 94 percent of zooplankton from the Laurentian Great Lakes came from the Agassiz Lake fauna. The only other species found in the Great Lakes in 1969 were Eurytemora affinis, and Eubosmina coregoni, newcomers to the North American fauna from Europe.
The number of species shared with the hypothetical fauna of Lake Agassiz declines with the distance from this glacial lake. From 91 to 93 percent of Lake Agassiz species were found in Manitoba Western, Southern Manitoba and Alberta, 85 to 86 percent in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, 80 to 84 percent in Nova Scotia and Southern British Columbia and about 74 percent in the lakes of the Mackenzie Delta region.
Lake Agassiz appeared to be a very efficient south-north dispersion route. Of the 35 species originating from the Mississippi refugium, 24 species penetrated as far as the Upper Mackenzie region and 16 species reached the Mackenzie Delta. The north to south dispersion route was not as effective. Of the 15 species originating from the Beringia refugium, seven species reached the Upper Mackenzie area and 5 species penetrated only to Northern Manitoba and Northern Saskatchewan. The fact that they did reach so far south could be explained by two different hypotheses. In the first, Lake Agassiz did not extend as far north as suggested by Teller or Fisher and Smith but rather the northern boundary corresponded to that indicated by Elson, and Northern Manitoba and Northern Saskatchewan were part of Lake McConnell. The second hypothesis states that the most northern portion of Lake Agassiz according to the boundary suggested by Teller or by Fisher and Smith served in the very late stage as a wide connecting channel with Lake McConnell and allowed some Beringia species to penetrate south, but no further than to Reindeer Lake, or perhaps to Southern Indian Lake.
Integrated management of water resources in river basins in China
Authors: Zeng Wei-hua , Yang Zhi-feng , Jia Gen-suo 
Published: September 2006

Along with population explosion and social economic development, human beings continuously intensify the exploitation and use of water resources. The trend of water shortage becomes more austere day by day, and the conflicts among sectors of water resources consumers are also becoming increasingly acute. There are major conflicts dealing with water resources conservation, farmland irrigation, and domestic water utilization, as well as those among upper and lower river reaches and sustainable consumption. These conflicts in different sectors, districts and time periods can not be reconciled through traditional scattered methods of management; the only solution is through integrated management of water resources in river basins.
This paper starts by analyzing the progressing course and problems of water resources management in river basins in China and abroad, stands on the practical problems of water resources management and systematically generates the model, organization structure and technical framework of integrated management of river basins that would meet the conditions in China. The study was based on the analysis of a complicated system of water resources in river basins, and on theories of conflict analysis.
Augur—a computational pipeline for whole genome microbial surface protein prediction and classification
Authors: Billion A. , Ghai R. , Chakraborty T. , Hain T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Summary: The analysis of protein function is a challenge and a major bottleneck towards well-annotated and analysed microbial genomes. In particular, bacterial surface proteins present an opportunity for pharmacological intervention and vaccine development. We present Augur, an automatic prediction pipeline that integrates major surface prediction algorithms and enables comparative analysis, classification and visualization for gram-positive bacteria on a genomic scale.
Availability:
Contact: Andre.Billion@mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SPEED: a molecular-evolution-based database of mammalian orthologous groups
Authors: Vallender Eric J. , Paschall Justin E. , Malcom Christine M. , Lahn Bruce T. , Wyckoff Gerald J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Motivation: The abundance of nucleotide sequence information available has expanded horizons of inquiry for molecular evolution; however, the full potential of whole-genome analysis has not been realized because of inadequate tools. Here, we present one of the first toolkits to aid multidisciplinary high-throughput analysis.
Summary: SPEED was created to integrate molecular evolutionary data with existing genetic resources and provide a straightforward user interface to 17 352 orthologous gene groups, containing representatives from eight mammalian species and an avian outgroup.
Availability: See for access
Contact: wyckoffg@umkc.edu
Supplementary information: A larger version of the data model and a site map are available online.
Probabilistic inference of transcription factor concentrations and gene-specific regulatory activities
Authors: Sanguinetti Guido , Lawrence Neil D. , Rattray Magnus 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Quantitative estimation of the regulatory relationship between transcription factors and genes is a fundamental stepping stone when trying to develop models of cellular processes. Recent experimental high-throughput techniques, such as Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provide important information about the architecture of the regulatory networks in the cell. However, it is very difficult to measure the concentration levels of transcription factor proteins and determine their regulatory effect on gene transcription. It is therefore an important computational challenge to infer these quantities using gene expression data and network architecture data.
Results: We develop a probabilistic state space model that allows genome-wide inference of both transcription factor protein concentrations and their effect on the transcription rates of each target gene from microarray data. We use variational inference techniques to learn the model parameters and perform posterior inference of protein concentrations and regulatory strengths. The probabilistic nature of the model also means that we can associate credibility intervals to our estimates, as well as providing a tool to detect which binding events lead to significant regulation. We demonstrate our model on artificial data and on two yeast datasets in which the network structure has previously been obtained using ChIP data. Predictions from our model are consistent with the underlying biology and offer novel quantitative insights into the regulatory structure of the yeast cell.
Availability: MATLAB code is available from
Contact: guido@dcs.shef.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online
Pharmacogenetic impact of polymorphisms in the coding region of the UGT1A1 gene on SN‐38 glucuronidation in Japanese patients with cancer
Authors: Araki Kazuhiro , Fujita Ken‐ichi , Ando Yuichi , Nagashima Fumio , Yamamoto Wataru , Endo Hisashi , Miya Toshimichi , Kodama Keiji , Narabayashi Masaru , Sasaki Yasutsuna 
Published: September 2006

Pharmacogenetic testing for UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1*28, a promoter variant of the UGT1A1 gene, is now carried out clinically to estimate the risk of irinotecan‐associated toxicity. We studied the clinical significance of UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*27, two variants in exon 1 of the UGT1A1 gene that are found mainly in Asians. The study group comprised 46 Japanese patients who received various regimens of chemotherapy including irinotecan at doses from 50 to 180 mg/m2. Pharmacogenetic relationships were explored between the UGT1A1 genotype and the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of the active metabolite of irinotecan (SN‐38) to that of SN‐38 glucuronide (SN‐38G), used as a surrogate for UGT1A1 activity (AUCSN‐38/AUCSN‐38G). No patient was homozygous for UGT1A1*28, and none had UGT1A1*27. Two were heterozygous for UGT1A1*28. Two were homozygous and 15 heterozygous for UGT1A1*6, all of whom were wild type with respect to UGT1A1*28. Two patients were simultaneously heterozygous for UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6, present on different chromosomes. The other 25 patients had none of the variants studied. The two patients simultaneously heterozygous for UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 and the two patients homozygous for UGT1A1*6 had significantly higher AUCSN‐38/AUCSN‐38G ratios than the others (P = 0.0039). Concurrence of UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6, even when heterozygous, altered the disposition of irinotecan remarkably, potentially increasing susceptibility to toxicity. Patients homozygous for UGT1A1*6 should also be carefully monitored. UGT1A1 polymorphisms in the coding region of the UGT1A1 gene should be genotyped in addition to testing for UGT1A1*28 to more accurately predict irinotecan‐related toxicity, at least in Asian patients. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1255–1259)