bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choma in Lycia
Authors: Bean G. E. , Harrison R. M. 
Published: May 2006

The site of Choma has been a long-standing puzzle. Its approximate location in the north of Lycia, in the general neighbourhood of Elmalı, has long been known; the ancient notices leave no doubt on this score. But for the exact position no real clue had hitherto been found. The following inscriptions were discovered, copied and photographed by Harrison in 1963, and were collated, and squeezes taken, by Bean in 1965. They resolve the problem definitively and satisfactorily, including as they do not only tombstones and other monuments erected by persons expressly designated as Chomatitae, but also an honorific decree of the Council and People of Choma.The inscriptions are in and around the villages of Hacımusalar and Sarılar, which lie close together about 13 km. south-west of Elmalı, on the way to Gömbe, the ancient Comba (Fig. 3). About 1 km. south-east of Hacımusalar and east of Sarılar is a large prehistoric mound (hüyük), conspicuous in the dead-flat plain (Pl. I, 1).
Local Cultures in the Roman Empire: Libyan, Punic and Latin in Roman Africa
Authors: Millar Fergus 
Published: May 2006

No subject in the history of the Roman Empire has more significance or more pitfalls than that of the local cultures of the provinces. The evidence is in each case, with the exception of Judaea and Egypt, relatively slight, disparate and ambiguous. But, on the one hand, the subject has very real attractions, which may lead to the building of vast but fragile historical theories, attempting to bring the distinctive culture of an area into a schematic relationship with events such as political movements or the spread of Christianity. On the other, we can never escape the possibility that the denial of the survival of a significant local culture may be falsified by new evidence; even worse, a local culture may have existed in a form which left no written records or datable artefacts.Yet the problem must be faced, not only for the intrinsic interest which such cultures present, but for the light the enquiry sheds on Graeco-Roman civilization itself. We might conclude for one area that Graeco-Roman culture remained the merest façade, for another that it completely obliterated a native culture. More commonly, we will find a mixture or co-existence of cultures. In such a situation, again, the local element might have been culturally and socially insignificant, or, as it was in Egypt and in Judaea, embodied in a coherent traditional civilization with its own language, literature, customs, religion and (in Egypt) art-forms.
The Illyrian Atintani, the Epirotic Atintanes and the Roman Protectorate
Authors: Hammond N. G. L. 
Published: May 2006

The distinction which is drawn in this article between Appian's Ίλλυριῶν τοὺς Άτιντανούς (Illyr. 7) and Strabo's Ήπειρῶται δ’ εἰσι… ‘Ατιντᾶνες (326) is of both regional and general importance.If the Atintani were an Illyrian tribe, they lived north of the Via Egnatia; for they were not one of the Illyrian tribes south of that line which were listed by Strabo (326). If the Atintanes were an Epirotic tribe, they lived inland of the Epirote coast which was defined as extending from the Ceraunian Mountains to the mouth of the Ambraciote Gulf by Strabo (324). The two tribes, then, were very far apart. However, if the two tribes were one and the same, as many scholars have supposed, and if the Illyrian label and the habitat in Epirus are applied to the single (fused) tribe, then one at least of the Epirote tribes was Illyrian. This second alternative appeals particularly strongly to writers in Albania, who regard themselves as descendants of the Illyrians and like to argue that the present border of southern Albania, which runs through the centre of ancient Epirus, was in part at least the border of the ancient Illyrians. Thus the regional issue involves the pattern of Illyrian settlement, the extent to which there was an Illyrian element in the Epirotic tribes, and the Albanian claim that their ancestors lived in North Epirus.
Assessing the risk of invasive success in Pinus and Banksia in South African mountain fynbos
Authors: Richardson D.M. , Cowling R. M. , Le Maitre D. C. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. South African mountain fynbos has been severely invaded by trees and shrubs introduced from other mediterranean‐climate regions. Management of these invasions should involve controlling current invaders and screening future introductions. Invasion windows are described and functional groups are defined for pines based on life history attributes important for invasion in the fire‐prone mountain fynbos. The most successful invasive pines here (Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster and P. radiata) are fire‐resilient and have small seeds, low seed‐wing loadings, short juvenile periods, moderate to high degrees of serotiny and relatively poor fire‐tolerance as adults. Other species with these attributes, especially from mediterranean‐climate regions, wouldbe high‐risk introductions. Taxa in other functional groups have not become major weeds even with widespread man‐aided dissemination.Experience with pine invaders was used to define functional groups in western Australian Banksia species (Proteaceae), shrubs and trees which include taxa with similar attributes to fynbos invaders (e.g. Hakea and Pinus spp.). Banksias have only recently been introduced to the Cape, and are likely to be increasingly cultivated for the cut flower market. Tall serotinous shrubs with many small seeds per plant, short juvenile periods and low fire tolerance were identified as high risk introductions. This group includes thicket‐forming species which maintain very large viable seed banks, e.g. Banksia burdettii, B. hookeriana and B. leptophylla. Low sprouting shrubs with few large seeds per plant and long juvenile periods are unlikely to become invasive in mountain fynbos.The approach of defining functional groups based on life history attributes and invasion windows is valuable for predicting the probability of invasive success. Chance interactions suchas an opportunistic dispersal mutualism between Pinus pinea and an introduced squirrel sometimes confound these predictions and underscore the idiosyncracies inherent in biological invasions.
Microsite and elevational influences on early forest regeneration after catastrophic windthrow
Authors: Peterson Chris J. , Pickett S. T. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We compared vegetation establishment in 25 treefall pits and mounds along a hillside elevational gradient in a fourth‐year catastrophic windthrow in eastern North America. Plant communities differed greatly between pits and mounds, with pit microsites having significantly greater species richness, total biomass, and total tree stem density.Species richness in pits and on mounds decreased with increasing elevation from the bottom of the hillside, although the effect of elevation on mound species richness was less than that of elevation on pit species richness. Biomass of Erechtites hieraciifolia decreased significantly, while that of Betula alleghaniensis increased significantly with elevation. However, total biomass of both pit and mound microsites was unrelated to elevation. Total stem density decreased with elevation in pits, but was unaffected by elevation on mounds.This study shows that both small‐scale (microsite) effects and intermediate‐scale effects influence the re‐establishment of plant communities within this catastrophic windthrow. Consideration of both microsite and position along intermediate‐scale gradients may allow more precise prediction of plant community composition and dynamics in recovery of disturbed areas.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Linhart Yan B. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Jonathan D. Sauer, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Knutson, L. & Stoner, A. K. (eds.) 1989. Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 0–7923–0178–1. Price: USD 129.‐.
Population structure and dynamics oi Juniperus excelsa in Balouchistan, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Moinuddin , Shaukat Syed Shahid , Buzdar Abdul Hafeez 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. 60 monospecific stands of Juniperus excelsa were sampled at four locations in Balouchistan. Density, basal area and height of individuals were recorded. Soils were analysed for selected physical and chemical characteristics and the degree of disturbance due to logging and burning was noted.The density of juniper trees (> 6 cm dbh) ranged from 56 to 332 stems / ha (average 174 stems / ha). Higher densities were recorded for relatively undisturbed stands and on west facing slopes. Density of seedlings and saplings (< 6 cm dbh) was strongly correlated with tree density and tree basal area. Among the edaphic variables CaC03 was correlated with juniper density and basal area. Diameter distributions within stands were mostly skewed and unimodal with gaps appearing in large size classes. The male to female ratio was close to 1.Cross‐sections of 16 trees were used to determine age and growth rate. Number of rings in trees with 20 to 30 cm dbh ranged from 95 to 221 (x = 160 ± 38). Diameter and age were not related. Mean annual diameter increment ranged from 6 to 16 yr / cm x = 10 ± 3 yr / cm). It is concluded that size class gaps and low seedling / sapling densities are the consequence of anthropogenic disturbance.
The use of the Cole/Hurlbert C8 association coefficient in inverse ecological classification
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow , Partridge Trevor R. , Sykes Martin T. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Inverse classification is routinely used in vegetation surveys to produce groups of sociologically similar species. However, no classification methods have been proposed specifically for this purpose, nor has any evaluation been made of the suitability of existing methodsforthe purpose. Anewvariant of Cluster Analysis is introduced, i. e. using the Cole/Hurlbert association measure C8 as coefficient, and named for convenience Cole Cluster Analysis. This method, and four standard ones, were used on saltmarsh vegetational data from New Zealand. Ecophysiological data were obtained from salt‐tolerance experiments.These data, and distributional information, were used as independent criteria against which to compare the inverse vegetation classifications. Information Analysis did not prove suitable for inverse analysis in this test. Nor did Cluster Analysis with the Simple Matching Coefficient or with Jaccard's coefficient. Indicator Species Analysis was more suitable, but the new Cole Cluster Analysis seemed the most effective on these data.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Peterson K. M. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Stonehouse, B. 1989. Polar Ecology, viii + 222 pp. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. ISBN 0–412–01701–6 (cloth). Price: USD 89.50. ISBN 0412–01711–3 (paper). Price: USD 35.00.
Gradients in field‐layer vegetation on an arid misty mountain plateau in the Sudan
Authors: Vetaas Ole R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Earlier studies have described how moist, on‐shore winds cause meso‐scale vegetation patterns on arid mountains near the sea. However, all protruding objects such as trees, micro‐relief, and hill slopes influence the distribution of sea‐mist. The influence of the tree‐canopy, aspect, and distance to the sea on the field‐layer vegetation in montane savanna was investigated on 16 hills in the Red Sea Hills, at 34 ‐ 38 km from the sea. At 32 sites, total field‐layer cover, species cover, and species number were estimated in a sub‐canopy plot and in a nearby open plot on seaward and leeward slopes.Cover and species number in the understorey are significantly higher than in the open. The difference is highest on seaward slopes. Detrended correspondence analysis reveals short species‐axes of ca. 2 SD‐units. Differences between plots are mainly in species cover. This fits a principal components ordination model. PCA and its constrained version RDA give concordant results. The explanatory variables, Tree‐cover and Relative Radiation Index (aspect), have similar indirect influences on plants, and are significantly correlated with axis 1, which is interpreted as a moisture and temperature gradient. The moist seaward plots show an independent trend in species composition along axis 2, which correlates with distance to the sea. On a presence basis the variables, all representing different spatial separation, correlate on the first axis. Presumably, the species composition, at all spatial scales, is directly or indirectly related to the variation in temperature and moisture.
Variation in Greek phrygana vegetation in relation to soil and climate
Authors: Diamantopoulos J. , Pirintsos S.A. , Margaris N.S. , Stamou G.P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Variation in species composition and community structure in nine Greek phrygana (dwarf‐shrub) sites was related to soil and climate variables by using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The distribution of the Greek phrygana communities appeared to be related to soil rather than to climate.It is postulated that human action has eliminated the original variability related to climate factors in western Greek ecosystems; as a result, phrygana communities in this part of Greece are the result of human impact.
Quadrat covariance analysis and the scales of interspecific association during primary succession
Authors: Dale M. R. T. , Blundon D. J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Three term covariance analysis is used to investigate interspecific association at a range of spatial scales, using both density and presence/absence data to evaluate the strength of species interactions. This procedure also investigates the relationship between the spatial patterns of species.These methods are applied to the vegetation on a series of glacial moraines near Mt. Robson, British Columbia, Canada, in order to test whether the plants of different species and their patterns become more independent and more random during succession. Another hypothesis tested is that if a species exerts a positive influence on others by increasing soil nutrients, this effect decreases with surface age. The vegetation analysed supports both these hypotheses to the extent that most species pairs have maximum covariance intensity on medium aged surfaces.The covariance‐blocksize graphs derived from density data and from presence/absence data were qualitatively similar in their trends; however, the results are sufficiently different to suggest that the relationships among species can be subtle, affecting density rather than presence. The results also show that the affect of scale on species associations is more complex than simple models predict.
Abundance and cover of ground herbs in an Amazonian rain forest
Authors: Poulsen Axel Dalberg , Balslev Henrik 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn a 1‐ha plot in an unflooded moist tropical forest in Reserva de Producción Faunística Cuy abeno in Amazonian Ecuador, 96 species of vascular herbaceous plants were found rooted in the ground; they were all perennials; 25 species were pteridophytes, representing 11 families, 71 species (14 families) were angiosperms. Araceae, Marantaceae, and Poaceae were the most important angiosperm families. The total abundance of the ground herbs was 10 960 individuals, the total cover was 250 m2, or 2.5% of the 1‐ha plot.Species of ground herbs exhibit two major life‐form strategies: the obligate terrestrial species (59%) are restricted to the ground; the facultative terrestrial species (41 %) have climbing and epiphytic individuals as well. Difference in life‐form strategy as well as difference in edaphic specialization along a topographic gradient are two factors that may enhance the number of coexisting species within the 1‐ha sample plot.
Disturbance regimes as determinants of seed banks in coastal dune vegetation of the southeastern Cape
Authors: Pierce Shirley M. , Cowling R. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSoil‐stored seed banks of grassland, fynbos and thicket, all growing on calcareous dunes and each subject to different disturbance regimes, were examined. Seed banks were determined from counts of germinants from 50 soil cores from each type. Aboveground estimates of plant species cover in 10 1‐m2 plots were used in determining vegetation/seed bank similarities. There was no evidence for seed bank densities to be markedly higher in the most frequently disturbed community (grassland ‐4273 seeds/m2) than the least disturbed community (thicket ‐ 3417 seeds/m2). Highest similarity between seed bank and above‐ground vegetation composition in terms of species and growth form/life‐span classes was recorded for grassland (CC = 50%). Lowest similarity (CC = 13%) was found in the less frequently disturbed thicket where no seeds of climax trees were recorded in the seed bank. A fynbos community on a north‐facing (warm, dry) slope had intermediate‐sized seed banks (1683 seeds/m2) with intermediate vegetation/seed bank similarity (CC = 46%). However, on the south‐facing slope, which has a large post‐fire ephemeral herb component, seed banks were larger (4518 seeds/m2) but less similar to above‐ground vegetation (CC = 39%o). Ordination (DCA) of vegetation data from the four communities was different from an ordination of their seed bank data. Fynbos shrub species were absent from seed banks of both grassland and thicket, even though secondary succession proceeds from grassland, through fynbos to thicket. Their seed banks appear less persistent than those of European heath or Californian chaparral shrubs.
Seasonal variation in the seed bank of a Patagonian grassland in relation to grazing and topography
Authors: Bertiller Mónica B. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The germinable seed bank of Festuca spp., Carex patagonica, and other annuals and perennials in a semiarid Patagonian grassland was analyzed every three months. The effects of grazing, topography and microsites with respect to established grass tussocks on the germinable‐seed bank were also analyzed. The total germinable‐seed bank was larger in summer after seed rain. At this time of the year most of the seeds were from annuals and perennial dicots. Seeds of the dominant Festuca spp. were the main components of the graminoid seed bank, which was homogeneously distributed in patches of bare soil. In spring, i.e. some months after the seed rain, the germinable‐seed bank of most of the species was greatly reduced, while the seed bank of Carex patagonica did not change significantly. At this time of the year, the graminoid seed bank was heterogeneously distributed in space, with the seeds accumulating in wind‐protected microsites. In the grazing treatments, the seed bank of the perennial grasses was reduced proportionally to the decrease of the plant cover. On the other hand, the germinable‐seed bank of C. patagonica increased with the grazing treatments, in relation to the increase of vegetation cover.Topographical position had two types of effect on the seed bank of perennial grasses. One was the increase of the germinable‐seed bank, after the seed rain, on the relatively warmer northeast facing slopes, which was related to a higher seed rain in these places. The other was an increased seed loss on slopes.The different seed‐bank strategies observed in this grassland are compared and discussed in relation to strategies described for other grasslands.
Influences of neighbouring plants on seedling establishment in limestone grassland
Authors: Ryser Peter 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Influences of neighbouring plants on seedling establishment of six dicotyledonous species was investigated in a nutrient‐poor limestone grassland (Mesobrometum) in northern Switzerland. Microsites with different vegetational structure were created and seeds sown in them. The fate of emerging seedlings was followed for one or two years. A plant surviving its first growing season was regarded as established.Shelter by neighbouring plants appeared to be necessary for the establishment of Arabis hirsuta and Primula veris. Because of drought and frost heave, hardly any seedlings of these species established in gaps (4 ‐ 21 %). In microsites with vegetation, their survival was significantly higher (40–57 %). Neighbouring plants slightly reduced the survival of Plantago lanceolata and Sanguisorba minor, but these species established well both in gaps (74 ‐ 81 %) and in vegetated microsites (54 ‐ 67 %). Medicago lupulina established well in all microsites in one year (71 ‐ 79 %), but poorly in the next year (18–32 %). Linum catharticum emerged poorly in one year and was completely extinguished by a fungal pathogen the following year.The overall conclusion is, that gaps are of minor importance for recruitment of these species in this grassland. Physical hazards and pathogens control seedling establishment to a greater extent than competition by neighbouring plants. Some species are hardly able to establish without shelter of vegetation. Seed size is an important factor for success of establishment, especially in gaps. It is suggested, that the relatively low productivity and the absence of litter accumulation (due to mowing and biomass removal) are important conditions for the observed behaviour of the seedlings and juvenile plants in this community.
Comparative analysis of the floristic richness of alpine communities in the Caucasus and the Central Alps
Authors: Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Semenova Galina V. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Species richness of selected alpine plant communities in the Teberda Biosphere Reserve (Northwestern Caucasus) and the Davos area (Central Alps) was compared in series of plots from 0.0025 to 100 m2. Communities developing under similar ecological conditions and with similar syntaxonomic positions were compared in order to estimate the role of recent environment versus regional historical factors in determining plant community structure and diversity. The floristic richness of the Caucasian and Alpic fens was very similar. The Grasslands and Meadows were quite similar as to floristic richness for plots > 25 cm × 25 cm, but the Caucasian communities had fewer species in smaller plots. The Lichen heath at Teberda was richer than the Caricetum curvulae cetrarietosum for all plot sizes, except the two smallest ones. On the other hand, the plots of the Salix Snowbed community were richer in species than the Caucasian snowbeds for all plot sizes. The Rhododendron Shrubland plots were very similar as to floristic richness in larger plots (4 — 100 m2). Generally, most Alpic communities near Davos were richer in species at small plot sizes than the corresponding communities from Teberda. Caucasian communities were floristically less similar to each other — and thus more discrete — than the Alpic ones.The possible role of different factors controlling floristic richness of the communities is discussed. Our results suggest that recent ecological conditions have a big influence on local floristic diversity and may lead to high similarities between ecologically similar communities from different regions. In addition, the general floristic richness of a regions as well as island effects should be taken into account.