bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role players: A brief, intensive training program to portray acute psychological distress
Authors: McCaughey Brian G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRole players can be used to help train medical personnel to deal with the victims of psychological trauma. An important aspect of this training process is to make the role player presentations as realistic as possible. A program was developed at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences to teach role players how to portray one kind of psychological distress: battle fatigue. The following is a brief description of the methods that were used to train these role players. Key elements of the program were: (1) identify the psychological syndrome, (2) select role players, (3) educate the role players about the syndrome, (4) role players practice the role, (5) present the role to the medical students.
Work with traumatized children — psychological effects and coping strategies
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Mitchell Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWork with traumatized children has a profound effect on emergency personnel and other health care providers. It is hypothesized that work with seriously ill or injured children potentiates motivating factors in the helper's personality, brakes down natural defenses and leads to strong identification with the victims. In this paper various psychological effects on the rescuer are outlined Coping strategies used by health care personnel in the acute phase of an emergency are identified. Mental preparation, suppression of emotions, distancing from certain aspects of the event, and dehumanizing were frequently utilized coping strategies. Other coping mechanisms were regulating the amount of exposure, activities to restrict reflection, developing a sense of purpose, and self‐reassuring comments. Postexposure response to child trauma include helplessness, fear and anxiety, existential insecurity, rage, sorrow and grief, intrusive images, self‐reproach, shame and guilt, and changes in values. Emotional distancing and other self‐protective strategies seem important at the scene; self‐disclosure by talking about impressions and reactions is most helpful afterwards. However, carefully timed and executed interventions are necessary to break through the defensive barriers which are established by health care and other emergency personnel.
Illusions (and shattered illusions) of invulnerability: Adolescents in natural disaster
Authors: Greening Leilani , Dollinger Stephen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is suggested that, even in the absence of emotional sequelae, victims of trauma continue to feel vulnerable to similar future victimization. We hypothesized this to be true even for adolescents who, theoretically, tend to view themselves as invulnerable to death itself. Subjects were 455 adolescents sampled from 12 high schools, most located in communities where known weather disasters occurred (i.e., flood, tornado, and/or lightning‐strike). Subjects estimated the likelihood of dying from 24 lethal events including weather events, accidents, diseases, and acts of human agency. Results showed that personal experience with weather disasters was predictive of elevated subjective risks for death from future respective events. Group differences were not found to be attributable to differences in general perceived riskiness, gender, tendencies toward thrill seeking or attention to the news media. Analyses of a subgroup of lightning subjects suggest that such effects can last as long as 7 years.
The prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam generation: A multimethod, multisource assessment of psychiatric disorder
Authors: Schlenger William E. , Kulka Richard A. , Fairbank John A. , Hough Richard L. , Kathleen Jordan B. , Marmar Charles R. , Weiss Daniel S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFindings from the Congressionally mandated National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study indicate that nearly one‐half million Vietnam veterans —15.2% of the men and 8.5% of the women who served in Vietnam—suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) fifteen or more years after their military service. Current PTSD prevalence rates for Vietnam veterans are significantly and substantially higher than the rates for their comparable Vietnam generation peers, which range from 0.3% to 2.5%. Additionally, the current prevalence rate among male Vietnam veterans was found to differ significantly among race/ethnicity subgroups: 27.9% among Hispanic men, 20.6% among black men, 13.7% among white/other men. Multivariate analyses indicated that although background factors are significantly related to the current prevalence of PTSD, the current prevalence is much higher among Vietnam veterans than among era veteran and civilian counterpart comparison groups even after background differences are taken into account. These analyses also demonstrated the important role of exposure to combat and other types of war zone stress in the current prevalence of the disorder.
Trauma reactivation assessment and treatment: Integrative case examples
Authors: Hiley‐Young Bruce 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA framework for differentiating between subtypes of trauma reactivation is presented as a guide to client‐treatment matching. Case examples are given to illustrate uncomplicated reactivation, complicated reactivation, and respective treatment implications. The rationale for utilizing a psychoeducational approach for treatment of uncomplicated reactivation and a psychodynamic approach for treatment of complicated reactivation is presented. Treatment implication for short‐term disaster counseling services are discussed.
Shame and its contribution to PTSD
Authors: Wong Martin R. , Cook David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder is a legacy of the Vietnam War. Perhaps as many as a half‐million U.S. veterans suffer from the problem to some degree. Hospitalized U.S. veterans, diagnosed as suffering from PTSD were given the Internalized Shame Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Hospitalized veterans suffering from (1) depression and (2) substance abuse were also given these instruments and the resulting data were compared. Veterans suffering from PTSD scored higher on Internalized Shame and on Depression than did the Substance Abuse group and scored higher numerically on Depression than did the Depression group itself. All groups were compared on factors related to Shame, Inferiority and Alienation. Data indicated that the PTSD group scored numerically highest on both factors. Results are discussed in accordance with current Shame induction theory.
Alexithymia as a predictor of treatment response in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Kosten Thomas R. , Krystal John H. , Giller Earl L. , Frank Julia , Dan Elisheva 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFifty‐seven veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Alexithymia Provoked Response Questionnaire (APRQ) upon entering an 8‐week randomized trial comparing phenelzine, imipramine, and placebo. Low alexithymia on the APRQ significantly predicted improvement on the avoidance items of the Impact of Events Scale (IES) particularly among patients treated with placebo, but was not associated with changes in the intrusion items of the scale.
Adolescent survivors of massive childhood trauma in cambodia: Life events and current symptoms
Authors: Realmuto George M. , Masten Ann , Carole Linda Flies , Hubbard Jon , Groteluschen Andrea , Chhun Bunkhean 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCambodian adolescents who survived massive trauma as children were studied to examine the relation of current trauma symptoms to sex, age, trauma exposure, and other current symptoms. Exposure to traumatic life events was expected to be very high, to relate to age and to other symptoms of current psychological functioning. Questionnaires assessed traumatic life events, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms, and current functioning. Results document high levels of stress exposure and current trauma symptoms. Based on self‐reports of PTSD symptoms, 37% of the subjects were estimated to fulfill DSM‐III‐R criteria for PTSD. Trauma symptoms were correlated with exposure (r =.31), although not with symptoms of depressed mood, anxiety, or dissociation. Age was related to high levels of recollected trauma exposure (r =.56). Further studies are needed to identify factors associated with better outcomes and to plot the differential course of PTSD symptom clusters over time.
Recall of traumatic memories following cerebral vascular accident
Authors: Cassiday Karen L. , Lyons Judith A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe present a case of delayed post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a WWII combat veteran who developed symptoms following medical retirement. Following a subsequent cerebral accident (CVA) Mr. J experienced intrusive thoughts, recalled forgotten war memories, began avoiding reminders of war (e.g., stopped teaching marksmanship), and experienced dissociative episodes in which he felt as though he was in hand‐to‐hand combat. Mr. J's example suggests that the disinhibiting sequelae of CVA's, and other neuropsychological deteriorations that are likely to occur with poor health and advancing age, may influence expression of PTSD symptoms.
Assessment of intrusive cognition in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm
Authors: McNally Richard J. , English George E. , Lipke Howard J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article, we review research supporting the modified Stroop color‐naming paradigm as a means for assessing intrusive cognition in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because Stroop interference reflects involuntary semantic activation, delayed color‐naming of trauma‐related words can provide an objective index of intrusive cognition that is not based on self‐report. In a replication and extension of previous research, we found that Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD exhibited Stroop interference for trauma‐related words but not for other threat words, positive words, or neutral words. Also, we provide reliability and validity data on the paradigm.
The evolution of mental health responses and research in Australian disasters
Authors: Raphael Beverley , Meldrum Lenore 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper overviews the development of Australian mental health services during disasters as well as recording research conducted and outcomes published. A comprehensive review of disaster research conducted on the Australian continent over the past 15 years has been undertaken. This includes “natural disasters” of flood, bushfire, cyclone, and earthquake; as well as “man‐made” disasters of rail accident, bus crash, shipwreck, and mass shootings. The Australian mental health response to disasters has evolved progressively through a changing focus from broad evaluations in early studies to systematic exploration of the mental health impact. Ongoing research should consider prevention at every level, further exploration of etiology, and the issues of service provision across the diverse nature of Australian society.
Patterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans
Authors: Wolfe Jessica , Keane Terence M. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Mora Catherine A. , Wine Pamela 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examines readjustment patterns in 152 Vietnam combat veterans. Subjects were nontreatment‐seeking volunteers who felt that they had made an adequate life adjustment since Vietnam. Using a set of self‐report instruments, data were obtained on background characteristics, military experiences (including combat), exposure to war trauma, current day PTSD symptomatology, and types of coping strategies. A subset of well‐functioning veterans with substantial combat exposure was identified. Results indicated that these veterans suffered considerable distress during wartime but that they dealt with current recollections of this experience in a fashion that was significantly different from more symptomatic cohorts. Nonavoidant coping styles characterized the functioning of well‐adjusted veterans; furthermore, type of coping strategy predicted current adjustment better than combat exposure. Implications of different approaches to coping are discussed, particularly as they relate to the long‐term integration of traumatic war experiences.
Effect of family role on response to disaster
Authors: Solomon Susan D. , Bravo Milagros , Rubio‐Stipec Maritza , Canino Glorisa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study hypothesized that family role (marital and parental status) would moderate the effect of disaster exposure on the mental health of victims. The study included St. Louis residents exposed to floods and dioxin, as well as Puerto Rican respondents exposed to floods and mudslides. In St. Louis, worst outcomes were found for single and married parents exposed to disaster, substantially exceeding the symptomatology of all unexposed respondents except non‐victim single parents. In Puerto Rico, victims without families had higher levels of alcohol abuse symptoms than did any other subgroup. Perceived emotional support was found to be an important moderator of disaster's effect on psychiatric distress in this site, generally overriding the effect of family role. Single parents in both sites who were exposed to disaster had substantially reduced levels of emotional support available to them, as compared to unexposed single parents, suggesting that single parents are at particularly high risk for losing access to emotional support following a disaster. This study suggests that both single and married parents constitute important high‐risk victim groups. The findings also suggest that those perceiving they lack adequate emotional support, regardless of family role, may be in special need of services.
Evaluation of psychological debriefings
Authors: Robinson Robyn C. , Mitchell Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the impact of critical incidents and psychological debriefings on 172 emergency service, welfare and hospital personnel in Australia. Experience of trauma at work was found to reactivate prior trauma in one in two personnel. Psychological debriefing was reported to reduce stress symptoms in almost all personnel who reported stress response. The effectiveness of the debriefing was found to derive, in large part, from talking and in particular from talking with others who had experienced the same situation.
Do child sexual abuse experts hold pro‐child beliefs?: A survey of the international society for traumatic stress studies
Authors: Kovera Margaret Bull , Borgida Eugene , Gresham April W. , Swim Janet , Gray Ellen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs psychologists become increasingly involved in child sexual abuse cases, professional concerns have been expressed about their partisan orientation as child advocates. A survey was administered to examine the beliefs about child sexual abuse and children's capabilities as witnesses held by a sample (N = 340) from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). Multivariate analyses of variance suggest that female ISTSS members generally have stronger beliefs in the credibility of child witnesses than male members. Additionally, ISTSS members who work with victims of sexual assault generally have stronger beliefs in the credibility of children than members who work with veterans or other sufferers of traumatic stress reactions. Moreover, ISTSS members from southern geographical regions are less likely than respondents from other regions to endorse items in a manner that has favorable implications for a child witness. Beliefs of ISTSS respondents do not differ as a function of their educational background. Implications for the role of child sexual abuse experts in the legal system are discussed.
Avoidant symptoms cloaking the diagnosis of PTSD in patients with severe accidental injury
Authors: Epstein Richard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a pilot study of seriously injured accident victims, 15 patients selected in initial intake interviews were followed at 9‐ to 10‐week intervals for 9 months after admission to a community shock‐trauma center. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on a structured psychiatric interview. A total of six patients met criteria for PTSD. In two cases, PTSD was not diagnosed until 3 to 6 months after injury, primarily because of severe avoidant symptomatology. In another case, intrusive and arousal symptoms were not immediately explainable as a manifestation of PTSD, because it was mistakenly believed that the patient had been unconscious during the accident. Diagnosis in two of these would probably have been missed without frequent follow‐up interviews. Findings suggest that avoidant symptoms of PTSD can interfere with diagnosis. This has important consequences for outcome studies. It is suggested that frequent follow‐up after a traumatic event may reduce the level of false negatives in population studies.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder among the injured of the intifada
Authors: Khamis Vivian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe current study aimed to assess the prevalence of PTSD among Palestinians who sustained serious bodily injuries during the intifada, as well as to delineate factors having an effect on the development and attenuation of PTSD symptomatology. Results indicated evidence of high prevalence of PTSD among the injured. No significant differences in PTSD prevalence for demographic, situational, and trauma‐related variables were found except for the age factor. Prevalence of PTSD among adolescents was significantly higher than among adults. It seemed that the injury itself was so intensely overwhelming that the other variables were overshadowed. Implications for further research and stress management techniques were discussed.
A cognitive model of guilt typology in combat‐related PTSD
Authors: Kubany Edward S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDysfunctional guilt is a prominent feature of combat‐related, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present article describes a model of combat‐related guilt that distinguishes guilt types on the basis of specific false assumptions and errors of logic that are frequently associated with different kinds of traumatic circumstances. Two common types of combat‐related guilt based on this conceptualization are described and cognitive relabeling treatment strategies which have a “type” specific focus are outlined. The needs for research on guilt assessment among trauma survivors and for interventions that focus explicitly on guilt management are discussed.
Childhood abuse experiences and combat‐related PTSD
Authors: Zaidi Lisa Y. , Foy David W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurrent literature on the etiology of combat‐related PTSD strongly implicates combat trauma exposure as a primary etiological factor. However, studies of premilitary variables have produced conflicting results, perhaps in part due to methodological inconsistencies and failure to employ standardized measures. The present study examines one premilitary variable, childhood physical abuse history. Using a standardized measure developed by child abuse researchers, forty‐five percent of veterans with PTSD were identified as recipients of abusive physical punishment during childhood. A positive correlation between physical abuse history and severity of combat‐related PTSD was found. These preliminary findings set the stage for further investigation of the child abuse variable and underscore the need for treatment of veterans with combat‐related PTSD which addresses developmental traumagenic events.
A nation's response to attack: Israelis' depressive reactions to the gulf war
Authors: Lomranz Jacob , Eyal Nitza , Hobfoll Stevan E. , Johnson Robert , Zemach Mina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe examined Israelis' reactions to the Gulf War and SCUD missile attacks. Four national samples of Israelis (n = 3,204) were interviewed as to depressive mood on four occasions—prior to the Gulf Crisis, as the war approached, during the SCUD missile attacks, and after cessation of hostilities. There was an expected increase in depressive mood during the period of SCUD missile attacks and a quick return to base‐line levels following the hostilities. Less educated and older individuals reported higher base‐line levels of depressive mood and were at higher risk for clinical depression. Women and men did not differ in depressive mood before or after the SCUD missile attacks. However, women experienced a marked increase in depressive mood when the SCUD missile attacks occurred.
The relationship between traumatic exposure, family dysfunction, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms in male juvenile offenders
Authors: Burton Douglas , Foy David , Bwanausi Chenga , Johnson Jim , Moore Larry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined some chronic, stressful conditions and some acute traumatic events which may place youths at risk for specific types of psychopathology. Ninety one delinquent adolescents with histories of serious and repeated crimes were assessed for their exposure to 11 different types of trauma. The subjects were also tested using measures which assess family functioning, and frequency and intensity of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results indicated that 24% of the subjects tested met full DSM III‐R criteria for PTSD. Both exposure to violence and family dysfunction were significantly associated with PTSD symptomatology. These findings suggest that juvenile offenders may constitute a high risk group for exposure to multiple types of trauma and the development of post‐traumatic stress symptoms related to such exposure. This study provides a rationale for future cross‐trauma research both within the juvenile offender population and between it and other identified trauma groups.
Violence and the homeless: An epidemiologic study of victimization and aggression
Authors: North Carol S. , Smith Elizabeth M. , Spitznagel Edward L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study is a random, systematic study of 900 homeless subjects in St. Louis that describes violence in their lives, both in terms of victimization, by specific violent traumatic events, and victimizing with recognized aggressive behaviors. Many subjects had experienced a traumatic event, and post‐traumatic stress disorder was very common. Substance abuse and other Axis I disorders were associated with a history of a traumatic event. The majority of men and a substantial proportion of women also had a history of physically aggressive behaviors, often beginning in childhood. Aggressive adult behavior was associated with substance abuse and major depression. The aggressive behaviors usually predated homelessness, and about half continued after the individual had become homeless. Therefore, it is seen that violence is very much a part of the lives of the homeless, and it seems to be part of a broader picture of problems associated with risk for and experience of homelessness.
The psychological impact of sexual abuse: Content analysis of interviews with male survivors
Authors: Lisak David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAutobiographical interviews with 26 adult male survivors of childhood sexual abuse were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and content analyzed to identify common psychological themes. Approximately equal numbers of men were abused by male and female perpetrators, almost half came from disrupted or violent homes and a majority had a history of substance abuse. Fifteen psychological themes were identified: Anger, Betrayal, Fear, Homosexuality Issues, Helplessness, Isolation and Alienation, Legitimacy, Loss, Masculinity Issues, Negative Childhood Peer Relations, Negative Schemas about People, Negative Schemas about the Self, Problems with Sexuality, Self Blame/Guilt and Shame/Humiliation. The themes are discussed and illustrated with examples drawn from the transcripts.