bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Pressure Control in Patients Initiating Antihypertensive Therapy
Authors: Weycker Derek , Edelsberg John , Vincze Gabor , Levy Drew Griffin , Kartashov Alex , Oster Gerry 
Published: January 2008

Background: Although information concerning the attainment of goal blood pressure for patients commencing antihypertensive therapy is available from controlled trials, no studies have examined this issue in the context of typical clinical practice. Objective: To examine attainment of blood pressure control over time in patients initiating antihypertensive therapy in clinical practice. Methods Using an electronic medical records database, we identified all adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP}/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ol 140/90 mm Hg or higher who initiated antihypertensive drug therapy. Subjects were stratified into subgroups based on the presence of high-risk conditions or characteristics described by the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in their seventh report as “compelling indications” (eg, diabetes) or “special situations” (eg. obesity). Blood pressure control was examined in terms of goal attainment and reductions in blood pressure using last available readings at days 90. 180, and 360, following therapy initiation. Results: Among the 10,345 study subjects, 47% had compelling indications and 39% had special situations. In the former group, 62% (95% CI 61 to 64) of patients with Stage 1 hypertension (140–159/90–99 mmHg) attained blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg by day 360; among those with Stage 2 hypertension (≥160/100 mm Hg), the corresponding figure was 48% (95% CI 46 to 50). In the latter group, 64% (95% CI 61 to 66) and 55% (95% CI 53 to 57) of patients with Stage 1 and Stage 2 hypertension, respectively, attained blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg by day 360. Among those without high-risk conditions, these percentages were 63% (95% CI 59 to 67) and 55% (95% CI 52 to 59), Among patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. 25% (95% CI 24 to 26) attained blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg by day 360. Conclusions: Many patients starting antihypertensive therapy in clinical practice fail to achieve blood pressure control within the first year. Control is no better, and perhaps worse, among patients at highest risk of adverse outcomes.
Prolonged QT Interval, Syncope, and Delirium with Galantamine
Authors: Fisher Alexander A , Davis Michael W 
Published: January 2008

Objective: TO describe a case of QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium associated with galantamine use and to analyze similar cases related to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChls) reported to the Australian Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee (ADRAC). Case Summary: An 85–year-old man with dementia was treated with prolonged release galantamine 8 mg daily for 1.5 years. Three months prior to the current admission, he had a syncopal episode with low blood pressure and bradycardia. Two months later, galantamine was withdrawn, but within 2 weeks, the man developed marked cognitive, behavioral, and functional deterioration and galantamine was restarted. Three weeks later, he developed syncope, delirium, hypotension, and prolonged QT interval with serious cardiac arrhythmias, in addition to vomiting and diarrhea. A complete blood cell count and biochemistry panel performed on admission were normal. No infection was detected. Galantamine and irbesartan were ceased. The delirium fully resolved in 6 days, and the QT interval shortened from 503 to 443 msec (corrected by Bazett's formula) 4 days after discontinuation of galantamine and remained normal. Discussion: In the ADRAC reports, galantamine was associated with 18 cases of delirium/confusion. 8 of syncope, 13 of bradycardia, 6 of other arrhythmias or conducton abnormalities, and 6 of hypotension. Donepezil was associated with 56, 15, 26, 15, and 5, and rivastigmine with 21, 8, 6, 2, and 2, respectively, of these reactions. Five fatal outcomes were reported in association with galantamine, 11 with donepezil, and 3 with rivastigmine, including 3, 6, and 0 sudden deaths, respectively. This case, along with previously published reports and cases identified from the ADRAC database, illustrates that AChls may lead to delirium, syncope, hypotension, and life-threatening arrhythmias. The Naranjo probability scale indicated that galantamine was the probable cause of QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium in this patient. Conclusions: Administration of galantamine and other AChls requires vigilance and assessment of risk (actors that may precipitate QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium.
Heritability of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Color-Word Test Performance in Normal Individuals: Implications for the Search for Endophenotypes
Authors: Taylor Jeanette 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAsurge in the search for endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders has occurred in the past several years. An important criterion of an endophenotype is that it is heritable. Two of the most widely used executive cognitive functioning measures are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Each has been considered as a possible endophenotype. However, research on the heritability of each of these measures is sparse, and in the case of the WCST, mixed. As part of a pilot twin study examining cognitive functioning and personality in adults, the WCST and the Stroop were administered to 80 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs screened for absence of neurological disease and head injury. Results replicated and extended previous findings for moderate heritability of Stroop performance. However, the WCST showed little evidence of genetic influence, suggesting that it might not meet one of the criteria for an endophenotype.
Twins and Transsexualism: An Update and a Preview; Research Reviews: Conjoined Twins, Angiographic Lesions, Single Versus Double Embryo Transfer; Headlines: School Placement Legislation, Junior Taekwondo Olympics, Prosthetic Ears, Murder Victim
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing appreciation for the complexity of gender identity. Focusing on monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for transsexualism can offer clues to events that may trigger this behavioral difference, offering new information about critical underlying factors. An update of twin research in this area is provided, together with a preview of a compelling new film, ‘Red Without Blue.’ Next, twin study findings on the topics of conjoined twinning, angiographic lesions and embryo transfer are provided. This is followed by a survey of newsworthy twins and twin-related events.
Determination and Interpretation of Texture Evolution during Deformation of a Zirconium Alloy
Authors: Allen V. M. , Quinta da Fonseca J. , Preuss M. , Robson J. D. , Daymond M. , Comstock R. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Worldwide, crystal plasticity models are currently developed to predict texture development during processing of material. Such models require a precise knowledge of the active deformation mechanisms. The activation energy for certain deformation modes will change with temperature and also depend on the chemistry of the alloy as well as the microstructure. Deformation mechanisms were studied in ZIRLO™ during room and high-temperature uniaxial compression testing. Materials with a strong crystallographic basal texture and a more random texture due to β-quenching were investigated with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature, microstructure, and texture on the active deformation modes during the initial stages of deformation. First, specimens were strained at room temperature, 180°C and 300°C to 2 % and 5 % or 10 % total strain and subsequently analyzed by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) to determine the texture evolution. It was found that a dramatic texture change was observed for all testing temperatures in the strongly textured specimen after only 5 % total strain, which can only be understood in terms of tensile twinning of {10 1¯2} ⟨1¯011⟩ being active mainly at room temperature and compressive twinning of {11 2¯2} ⟨1¯1¯23⟩ being operational at room and elevated temperature. The β-quenched specimens did not show any evidence of texture change when strained to 10 %. In-situ intergranular strains were measured by time-of-flight neutron diffraction during continuous compressive loading. This information enabled the development of a crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM), which was subsequently used to predict the stress state in individual grains. It was found that in the strongly textured material the spread of intergranular strain in the {0002} grain family (normal pointing towards the ND direction) results in some grains being in compression even though the mean stresses are tensile, which could explain the activation of the observed compressive twinning. The crystal plasticity model also demonstrated that the observed texture changes in the strongly textured material, including those at high temperature, cannot be explained by slip alone even when ⟨c+a⟩ slip is considered. In addition, the model showed that the dramatic difference in yield strength of the two conditions studied here cannot be solely attributed to the difference in texture but that grain size plays an important role.
The Person Behind The Word: Mead's Theory Of Universals And A Shift Of Focus In Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Franks David D. , Seeburger Francis F. 
Published: January 2008

Careful consideration of Mead's theory of universals proves to be a corrective to a number of tendencies evident in the work of at least some influential contemporary symbolic interactionists. Mead avoids any realistic hypostatization of separate universals (“meanings,” “forms,” or “essences” while at the same time eschewing nominalistic and conventionalistic views of language. His principle of the objective reality of perspectives (1932:161‐175) allows him to grant objective reality to universal characteristics of concrete objects, but entails neither hypostatization nor idealization of the universal.In addition to contravening nominalism and conventionalism, Mead's theory of universals provides a perspective from which the reality of the self, and the importance of intentional action for the development of a firmly felt sense of self and autonomy, can both be affirmed. Far from being an illusion or mer.e symbolic construct, the self is seen to be an objectively real universal within the perspective of social action.
Dramas, Metaphors, and Structures*
Authors: Perinbanayagam R.S. 
Published: January 2008

It is argued that dramaturgical sociology/social psychology must be examined as a continuation of the methods and practices of dramatism. Such an examination will reveal answers to the persistent questions regarding the work of Erving Goffman: Is he using a metaphor, simile, analogy, etc.! Is he a symbolic interactionist! Is his work a form of structuralism! What is the relationship between the sociologist and the drama of human relations! What is the relationship between interactionism and structuralism! The answers to these questions, it appears, are that drama is not used as a simple analogy in the study of human relations and that the separation of structuralism and interactionism is yet another essay in the confrontation between Heraclitus' flux and Zeno's paradox.You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you.HeraclitusIn which case, you cannot step even once into the river: there will in fact be no river.after Parmenides, Zeno etc.
ON SEMIOTICS AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Authors: Denzin Norman K. 
Published: January 2008

The place of semiotics within symbolic interactionist thought is discussed. The works of Barthes and Baudrillard are examined in terms of their implications for (1) an interactionist theory of the cultural object and (2) an interpretation of consumer relations in the postmodern period. The narrative texts of advertisements for Jack Daniel's Whiskey** and Dewar's White Label Scotch*** are analyzed in terms of the political economy of the sign suggested by Baudrillard and Barthes. The implications of this analysis for the symbolic interactionist theory of the object and language are discussed.The subject matter that now confronts us supersedes symbolic interaction; rather it is the process surrounding the autonomization of signs; signs that stand for—and refer to—nothing but themselves.
The Sea Monster: An Ethnographic Drama
Authors: Richardson Laurel , Lockridge Ernest 
Published: January 2008

The characters are Laurel, a sociologist, and Ernest, a novelist. They live together, and they have been writing, and talking about writing for years. There is also a discussant who lives in Laurel's study.The drama begins in a neo‐colonial home in the heartland of America, where Laurel—who has been invited to be a “Discussant” of “Ethnographic Novels” at the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interactionism‐Stone Symposium at St. Petersburg Beach—is waking up.
Redefining Sex and Intimacy: The Sexual Self‐Images, Outlooks, and Relationships of Gay Men Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Sandstrom Kent L. 
Published: January 2008

This paper examines how gay men living with HIV disease come to terms with the profound sexual implications of their illness. Based on interviews with 25 gay men diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, this paper highlights (a) the disruptions that these men experience in their sexual feelings and self‐images as a result of their illness; (b) the challenges they encounter in negotiating and sustaining sexual relationships; (c) the declines they experience in their sexual attractiveness, desire, and capacities as their illness advances; and (d) the changed meanings they give to sex and self as they come to terms with the erotic implications of their illness and try to preserve valued, intimate identities. In focusing on these themes, this paper offers an “insider's view” into key dimensions of the moral experience of gay men with HIV/AIDS. It also illustrates how the moral experience of these men shifts over the course of their illness, especially in response to the changes and challenges that arise in their intimate relationships and subcultural networks.On a broader, analytic level, this paper addresses a research question that has been neglected in previous studies of the experience of illness—that is, how does serious illness affect the sexuality of diagnosed individuals, particularly their construction of sexual and intimate identities? Through examining this question, this paper contributes to and extends the growing interactionist literature on the consequences of illness for self.
Steelhead Growth in a Small Central California Watershed: Upstream and Estuarine Rearing Patterns
Authors: Hayes Sean A. , Bond Morgan H. , Hanson Chad V. , Freund Ellen V. , Smith Jerry J. , Anderson Eric C. , Ammann Arnold J. , MacFarlane R. Bruce 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe monitored growth and life history pathways of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and compared growth rates between the upper watershed and estuary in Scott Creek, a typical California coastal stream. Growth in the upper watershed was approximately linear from May to December for age‐0 fish. For passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged, age‐1+ fish, growth transitioned to a cyclic pattern, peaking at 0.2% per day during February‐April, when maximum flows and temperatures of 7‐12°C occurred. Growth of PIT‐tagged fish then slowed during August‐September (0.01% per day), when temperatures were 14‐18°C and flows were low. During each spring, smolts (mean fork length [FL] ± SE = 98.0 ± 1.2 mm) and fry migrated to the estuary; some fish remained there during summer‐fall as low flows and waves resulted in seasonal sandbar formation, which created a warm lagoon and restricted access to the ocean. Growth in the estuary‐lagoon was much higher (0.2‐0.8% per day at 15‐24°C). Our data suggest the existence of three juvenile life history pathways: Upper‐watershed rearing, estuary‐lagoon rearing, and combined upper‐watershed and estuary‐lagoon rearing. We present a model based upon the above data that reports size at age for each juvenile life history type. The majority of fish reaching typical steelhead ocean entry sizes (∼150‐250 mm FL; age 0.8‐3.0) were estuary‐lagoon reared, which indicates a disproportionate contribution of this habitat type to survival of Scott Creek steelhead. In contrast, steelhead from higher latitudes rear in tributaries during summer, taking several years to attain ocean entry size.
Capillary Wicking in Gas Wells
Authors: Mahadevan Jagannathan , Sharma Mukul M. , Yortsos Yannis C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary
Gas expansion near the wellbore during production causes the evaporation of connate water. When the reservoir permeability is low, capillarity is controlling, causing liquid movement to the near-wellbore region, where drying rates are higher. In tight-gas sands or in shale gas formations, where capillarity is high, the gas production itself can cause depletion of the water saturation below residual values because of such evaporation.
In this work, we present a study of the fundamental processes involved during the flow of a gas in a liquid-saturated porous medium. We have modeled evaporation by accounting for the capillary driven film flow, or "wicking," of saline liquid to the wellbore or the near-fracture region and the effect of gas expansion. It is shown that, for gas reservoirs with connate water saturation, large pressure drawdowns lead to a drying front that develops at the formation face and propagates into the reservoir. When pressure drops are lower, water rapidly redistributes because of capillarity-induced movement of liquid from high- to low-saturation regions. This phase redistribution causes higher drying rates near the wellbore.
The results show, for the first time, the effect of both capillarity-induced film flow and gas compressibility on the rate of drying in gas wells. The model can be used to help maximize gas production under conditions such as water blocking by optimizing the operating conditions. Additionally, it can be used to obtain a better understanding of the impact of capillarity on evaporation and consequent processes, such as salt precipitation.
Brine Viscosity Correlation with Temperature Using the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) Equation
Authors: Civan Faruk 
Published: January 2008

Summary
Theoretically meaningful correlation of the viscosity of typical brines with temperature and dissolved salt concentration is presented. The temperature dependence of the brine viscosity is described using the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation type asymptotic exponential function. The parameters of this equation are correlated with the brine concentration. This approach for developing accurate empirical correlations is verified by means of experimental data. The present approach is proven to lead to accurate correlations of the brine viscosity using a mathematically simple, but theoretically-meaningful equation, when reliable experimental data is available.
A New Approach for Early Gas Kick Detection
Authors: Li Xiangfang , Guan Congxiao , Sui Xiuxiang , Gangtao _ 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The propagation theory of acoustic wave and flow-rate wave in drilling fluid circulation system is investigated. Both theory analysis and our experimentsshow that early gas kick can be detected by flow-rate wave in the system. The propagation principle of flow-rate wave is the same as that of sound wave. We have found that the signal anti-interference capacity of flow- rate wave is much better than that of sound wave. Our new approach was verified through offshore rig tests.
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Effect of Flow Improver on Indian Western Offshore Crude -Carrying Pipe Line: A Case Study
Authors: Koshel K. C. , Kapoor S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
India's most promising two decade oil find in Western Offshore is contributing about 2/3rd towards national oil kitty. The oil of this province has intrinsic characteristics of high wax content to the tune of 14-16%. The wax deposition in main oil line (MOL) is observed during various condition monitoring programs. The paraffin deposition in the industry has been one of the long standing problems and continuous deposition results in reduction of internal diameter and increase in pumping pressure etc. The crude oil is transported through 203 km (30") pipe line from offshore to onland terminal. The British Gas Corporation has estimated about 20,000 m3 of wax deposited in the line.
An attempt has been made in the paper to evaluate the effect of higher dose of PPD (upto 700 ppm) as compared to normal dose of 300-350 ppm to ascertain the efficacy of PPD to pick up the already deposited wax. Studies were also made to identify chemicals which can disperse the deposited wax. The field studies conclude that the higher dose of flow improver improves the rheological parameters as well as lower the pour point without any appreciable picking up characteristics from the already deposited wax in the MOL. Further studies on the bench scale model suggest that a combination of PPD and wax dispersant can resolve the problem to some extent and may reduce the frequency of pigging.
Development of an Effects-Based Approach to Reporting Environmental Performance for the E&P Sector
Authors: King A. , Kerr S. A. , Holgate M. J. M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Environmental reporting is widespread across industrial sectors and is virtually universal in the E&P sector. The quality of reporting is, however, mixed and is dominated by the reporting of waste steams. Communication of environmental performance is therefore poor. This paper proposes the adoption of an effects-based environmental reporting system, aggregating emissions data by their contribution to environmental themes. It is concluded that such a system would improve the clarity and resonance of environmental reporting within organisations and with external stakeholders. It is felt that this would improve strategic environmental management and would be of commercial benefit to companies as approaches to environmental regulation develop towards self-regulation.