bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The Rise of the Historical Consciousness’
Authors: Wolfart Johannes C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract‘The rise of the historical consciousness’ represents a grand narrative that is closely linked to other meta‐histories, especially modernization and secularization. The idea that critical thought about history arose uniquely in a certain place (Europe, particularly Germany) and at a certain time (the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century) is widespread and powerful. As an ideology this notion, which is also known as historicism, actually operates in two principal directions. First, it poses a direct challenge to other powerful epistemological systems of the West, especially those supporting the establishments of science and religion. Second, historicism is a key element in the imperialism, cultural and otherwise, by means of which European and American societies have dominated the rest of the world in the capitalist age. Finally, this dual operation of historicism means not only that it has come in for much criticism, especially in recent decades, but that such criticism has come from both ends of the very wide spectrum in contemporary cultural politics. Rather confusingly, historicism remainsboththe darling and the bête noire ofboth‘conservative’ theological apologists and ‘radical’ postcolonial critics.
Primary Reaction Dynamics of Proteorhodopsin Mutant D97N Observed by Femtosecond Infrared and Visible Spectroscopy†
Authors: Verhoefen Mirka‐Kristin , Neumann Karsten , Weber Ingrid , Glaubitz Clemens , Wachtveitl Josef 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFemtosecond time‐resolved spectroscopy in the visible and IR range was utilized to study the primary reaction dynamics of the proteorhodopsin (PR) D97N mutant in comparison with wild type PR at different pH values. The analysis of the data obtained in the mid‐IR closely resembles the results for wild type PR. The observation of the first ground state intermediate K is initially obscured by a complex reaction scheme of vibrational relaxation and heating effects, but its spectral signature clearly emerges at long delay times. In the visible range, a biexponential decay of the excited state within 30 ps and the formation of the K photoproduct is observed. The decay time constants derived for the D97N mutant in D2O are slightly larger than in H2O due to H/D exchange. This kinetic isotope effect is even less pronounced than for wild type PR at pH 6. These results support the current notion of a pH dependent hydrogen bonding network in the retinal binding pocket of PR and a weaker interaction between the retinal Schiff base and the counter ion complex compared to bacteriorhodopsin.
Inactivation of Virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei by Sunlight
Authors: Sagripanti Jose‐Luis , Levy Avram , Robertson Jeannie , Merritt Adam , Inglis Timothy J. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine the sensitivity of virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei to natural sunlight. We describe solar dosimetry calibrated to integrate radiation between 295 and 305 nm and an exposure system that minimizes thermal effects on bacterial cells. Burkholderia pseudomallei cells were either exposed to sunlight in UV transparent dishes or maintained in the dark covered by opaque foil. The cells maintained in the dark remained at constant levels for the duration of all experiments. The exposed cells nearby were killed with a kinetic studied through 5 Log10 inactivation. We found that cells in stationary phase of growth were nearly two‐fold more resistant to sunlight than cells in lag or exponential growth. A virulent strain of B. pseudomallei that produced mucoid colonies showed sensitivity to sunlight similar to both a virulent strain that produced nonmucoid colonies and a strain of B. thailandensis. The inactivation of B. pseudomallei by sunlight in different types of water of environmental relevance or inside amoebae was investigated. The sensitivity of virulent B. pseudomallei was calculated and its comparison with previous studies employing monochromatic germicidal light (254 nm) is discussed. This may be the first report in the open literature of the inactivation of a virulent biological threat agent by natural sunlight. These data should assist in estimating the risk for contracting melioidosis and in predicting the time period during which B. pseudomallei remains infectious after an accidental or intentional release in the environment.
Historiometry in Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHistoriometry is one of the oldest methods in personality and social psychology. In fact, the first professional publication in experimental social psychology also incorporated a historiometric study. The present review article begins by describing the nature of the technique with respect to unit definition and sampling, the several approaches to measuring variables, and the correlational nature of the statistical analyses. This description also pinpoints some of the unique characteristics of the approach. These attributes and other attributes are then illustrated using the historiometric research on assessed leadership of US presidents. This research has converged on a single predictive equation that has been successfully replicated and extended over a quarter century of research. The article closes with a brief evaluation of historiometry's future prospects in the field.
Distributed Connectionist Models in Social Psychology
Authors: Smith Eliot R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDistributed connectionist models of mental representation (also termed PDP or parallel distributed processing, or ANN or artificial neural networks) constitute a fundamental alternative to the associative or schematic models that have been much more prevalent in social psychology. A connectionist model is made up of a large number of very simple processing units, richly interconnected and able to send signals to each other depending on their momentary activation levels. No individual processing unit represents a meaningful concept; instead, overall patterns of activation hold representational meaning. This article emphasizes the novel properties of connectionist representation that might appeal to theorists and researchers in social psychology, including their context sensitivity and flexibility, ability to represent prototypes and exemplars within a single network, and ability to determine whether a stimulus is familiar even before the stimulus can be identified or categorized.
Involvement of PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma: Association with MMP‐9
Authors: Chen Jing‐song , Wang Qian , Fu Xin‐hui , Huang Xiao‐Hui , Chen Xi‐lin , Cao Liang‐qi , Chen Lian‐zhou , Tan Hao‐xiang , Li Wen , Bi Jiong , Zhang Long‐juan 
Published: January 2009

Aim:  To investigate the status of Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/PTEN/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and its correlation with clinicopathological features and matrix metalloproteinase‐2, ‐9 (MMP‐2, 9) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:  PTEN, Phosphorylated AKT (p‐AKT), Phosphorylated mTOR (p‐mTOR), MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and Ki‐67 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 200 HCCs with paired adjacent non‐cancerous liver tissues. PTEN, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 mRNA levels were determined by real‐time RT‐PCR in 36 HCCs. The relationships between PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway and clinicopathological factors and MMP‐2, 9 were analyzed in HCC.Results:  In HCC, PTEN loss and overexpression of p‐AKT and p‐mTOR were associated with tumor grade, intrahepatic metastasis, vascular invasion, TNM stage and high Ki‐67 labeling index (P < 0.05). PTEN loss was correlated with p‐AKT, p‐mTOR and MMP‐9 overexpression. Furthermore, PTEN and MMP‐2, 9 mRNA levels were down‐regulated and up‐regulated in HCC compared with paired non‐cancerous liver tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). PTEN, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 mRNA levels were correlated with tumor stage and metastasis. There was an inverse correlation between PTEN and MMP‐9 mRNA expression. However, PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway was not correlated with MMP‐2.Conclusions:  PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway, which is activated in HCC, is involved in invasion and metastasis through up‐regulating MMP‐9 in HCC.
Serum concentration of 27‐hydroxycholesterol predicts the effects of high‐cholesterol diet on plasma LDL cholesterol level
Authors: Hirayama Takeshi , Mizokami Yuji , Honda Akira , Homma Yasuhiko , Ikegami Tadashi , Saito Yoshifumi , Miyazaki Teruo , Matsuzaki Yasushi 
Published: January 2009

Aim:  The effect of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentrations varies widely among individuals. Recent studies suggest that the synthesis of oxysterols is up‐regulated when tissue cholesterol is saturated. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a serum high concentration of 27‐hydroxycholesterol, one of the oxysterols, reflects positive cholesterol balance in the body and predicts intolerance to a high‐cholesterol diet.Methods:  In 30 subjects, 750 mg/day of cholesterol was added for 4 weeks to the ordinary diet. Blood samples were collected at the start and finish of the supplementation. Serum sterol and oxysterol concentrations were measured by high‐resolution GC‐MS.Results:  A receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn and the cutoff point (80 ng/mg cholesterol) was chosen to maximize sensitivity (81.3%) and specificity (64.3%) for predicting a positive change of LDL cholesterol concentration after cholesterol loading. Subjects with higher serum 27‐hydroxycholesterol concentrations (≥ 80 ng/mg cholesterol) showed significantly (P < 0.05) high values for the change of LDL cholesterol concentration (+7.4 ± 3.4%, mean ± SEM, n = 17) compared with those with lower 27‐hydroxycholesterol levels (−5.3 ± 2.7%, n = 13).Conclusions:  In subjects with high serum 27‐hydroxycholesterol concentrations were unable to adapt to a high‐cholesterol diet. The concentration of serum 27‐hydroxycholesterol appears to reflect cholesterol saturation in the body and predicts to some extent a responsiveness to dietary cholesterol.
Synthesis of Multistable Equilibrium Compliant Mechanisms Using Combinations of Bistable Mechanisms
Authors: Oh Young Seok , Kota Sridhar 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we present a mathematical approach to synthesize multistable compliant mechanisms by combining multiple bistable equilibrium mechanisms. More specifically, we identify and categorize various types of bistabilities by characterizing the essential elements of their complicated deformation pattern. The behavior of a bistable compliant mechanism, in general, is highly nonlinear. Using combinations of such nonlinearities to capture the behavior of multistable (more than two stable positions) mechanisms can be quite challenging. To determine multistable behavior, our simplified mathematical scheme captures the essential parameters of bistability, such as the load-thresholds that cause the jump to the next stable position. This mathematical simplification enables us to characterize bistable mechanisms by using piecewise lower-order polynomials and, in turn, synthesize multistable mechanisms. Three case studies involving combinations of two, three, and four bistable behaviors are presented for the purpose of generating multistable mechanisms with up to 16 stable positions. The methodology enables us to design a compliant mechanism with a desired number of stable positions. A design example of a quadristable equilibrium rotational compliant mechanism consisting of two bistable submechanisms is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Immunohistochemical evidence of local production of catecholamines in cells of the muscle origins at the lateral and medial humeral epicondyles: of importance for the development of tennis and golfer’s elbow?
Authors: Zeisig E , Ljung B-O , Alfredson H , Danielson P 
Published: January 2009

Background:Tennis elbow (TE) is a painful condition affecting the common extensor origin at the lateral humeral epicondyle. Colour Doppler examination has shown increased blood flow at this site and the sensory, and sympathetic innervation patterns have been delineated. However, it is not known whether there is local production of catecholamines and/or acetylcholine in this tissue, which is the case in patellar and Achilles tendinopathies.Objective:To investigate the possible presence of local production of catecholamines and acetylcholine in non-neuronal cells (fibroblasts) in connective tissue at the muscle origin at the lateral humeral epicondyle in patients with TE.Design:Immunohistochemical studies were performed on biopsies taken from the extensor origin in patients with TE and in pain-free controls. For reference purpose, biopsies from the flexor origin in patients with golfer’s elbow (GE) were also studied.Patients:Seven patients with TE and four patients with GE. Six healthy asymptomatic individuals served as controls.Method:Immunohistochemistry, using antibodies detecting synthesising enzymes for catecholamines (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH) and acetylcholine (choline acetyltransferase; ChAT).Results:TH-like immunohistochemical reactions were seen in fibroblasts in four of the seven patients with TE and two of the four patients with GE. No such reactions were detected in controls (0/6). No ChAT reactions were seen in any of the investigated specimens.Conclusions:There is evidence of local, non-neuronal production of catecholamines, but not acetylcholine, in fibroblasts in the tissue at the muscle origin at the lateral and medial epicondyles in patients with TE and GE, respectively, which might have an influence on blood vessel regulation and pain mechanisms in these conditions.
Direct measurement of matric suction in triaxial tests on early-age cemented paste backfill
Authors: Simms Paul , Grabinsky Murray 
Published: January 2009

Hydration occurring in cemented paste backfill (CPB) is shown to generate matric suction through self-desiccation. This complicates determination of the water-retention curve and mechanical properties during curing, which are important in stope design, and renders problematic the use of axis-translation testing procedure to control suctions in strength testing. An alternative is to monitor suction directly during testing. To this end, a miniature tensiometer is inserted into the base of a triaxial cell. A series of unconfined and confined tests are performed on early-age (less than two weeks old) CPB. The observed behaviour is similar to that observed in weakly cemented soils, showing a distinct tendency to dilate during shearing.
A geophysical and geotechnical study to determine the hydrological regime of the Central Manitoba gold mine tailings deposit
Authors: Sherriff Barbara L. , Ferguson Ian J. , Gupton Michael W. , VanGulck Jamie F. , Sidenko Nikolay , Priscu Caius , Pérez-Flores Marco , Gómez-Treviño Enrique 
Published: January 2009

Extraction of gold from quartz–carbonate shear zones has left a barren deposit of tailings at Central Manitoba mine, which remains unchanged after 70 years. In this study, the shape of the basin, the groundwater and surface water flow regime, and the electrical conductivity of the tailings have been delineated using a combination of geotechnical, geophysical, and geochemical techniques. Groundwater and surface water flow from the north–south-fractured bedrock outwards to the east and west. A component of upward groundwater movement in the deposit is due to evaporation in hot, dry summers, limited recharge from precipitation, and the tailings basin being a local groundwater discharge zone. Electromagnetic surveys indicate that the thickness of the tailings and underlying peat bog material increases from ∼1 m at the south of the tailings to ∼5 m at the north. The surveys provided an effective way of mapping the spatial distribution of acidic pore fluids and associated increased salinity. Zones of acidification, occurring mainly on the south side of the tailings, support the hypothesis that acidification is due to differential settling during the initial discharge of carbonate and sulfide minerals.
Impact of three silvicultural treatments on weevil incidence, growth, phenology, and branch-level dynamics of Pinus strobus from large and small populations
Authors: Major John E. , Mosseler Alex , Barsi Debby C. , Clouthier Amanda , Campbell Moira 
Published: January 2009

Our goal was to quantify tree- and branch-level components of growth response to three silvicultural treatments (STs), and weevil incidence in white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) from large, central populations in Ontario (ON) versus small, isolated populations in Newfoundland (NL). Light levels were 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs. After 8 years, the overall incidence of weevil infestation was 42.1%, 23.4%, and 13.7% for the full-sun, intermediate-shade, and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Weevil impact on total height and volume averaged –13.2% and –11.8%. Analysis of dominant lateral shoots showed that ON populations had 32% longer shoots than the NL populations. Bud set difference was a primary determinant of shoot-length growth differences between regions: Julian days 171 and 184 for the NL and ON populations, respectively. The primary determining factors related to shoot length were the number of needle bundles and region, driven by light levels and day length, respectively, and the internode length, probably through inbreeding effects. Total height and diameter showed a positive curvilinear relationship to light level. To maximize fitness, NL conservation strategies should also now consider introducing adaptive trait variation in the context of anticipated climate change.
Epiphytic bryophytes in Canarian subtropical montane cloud forests: the importance of the time since disturbance and host identity
Authors: Patiño Jairo , González-Mancebo Juana M. , Fernández-Palacios José M. 
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the short- and medium-term effects of forestry practices on epiphytic bryophyte communities growing on whole trees of three host species ( Erica arborea L., Laurus novocanariensis Rivas-Mart., Lousa, Fern. Prieto, E. Días, J.C. Costa & C. Aguilar, Myrica faya Aiton) in subtropical montane cloud forests on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Specifically, we investigated differences in temporal and spatial shifts of species composition and richness of phylogenetic groupings among host species. The most common harvest method in the study area is clear-cutting. Four different postharvest successional stages (8, 15, 25, and 60 years after harvest) were studied. Temporal bryophyte species turnover varied according to host species. Most of the later-successional bryophytes with narrower ecological requirements had low abundances on L. novocanariensis; this host experienced a gradual increase of epiphytic richness along the chronosequence. Temporal changes for E. arborea and M. faya were different; they showed increasing richness during the second period (15–25 years) followed by a drop in richness during the last period (25–60 years), and early-successional species dominated throughout the chronosequence. We conclude that the protection of “old-growth stands” containing trees of selected species can contribute to the survival of epiphytic bryophytes in managed cloud-forest landscapes.
Differences in wood decay by Heterobasidion parviporum in cloned Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Authors: Puentes Rodriguez Y. , Zubizarreta Gerendiain A. , Pappinen A. , Peltola H. , Pulkkinen P. 
Published: January 2009

In forest breeding, growth has been used as the main selection trait in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), whereas wood properties or resistance to pathogens have been taken as secondary traits. We aimed to investigate, in laboratory conditions, the rate of wood decay caused by Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen (strains 5 and 7) in 20 Norway spruce clones. We also studied if, on average, growth, wood density, and fibre properties differed in the most and least decayed clones as well as from pith to bark. After 6 months of incubation, strain 7 effected significantly higher wood decay than strain 5 (mean 16.9% and 1.7%, respectively). The difference between the five most decayed and five least decayed clones by strain 7 was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, regardless of clone or strain, the wood decay was highest near the pith and lowest near the bark, which is the opposite for wood density and fibre length and width. However, neither wood density nor fibre properties explained, statistically, the differences in average wood decay and decay from pith to bark. On the other hand, we could identify clones that simultaneously provided high wood quantity and relatively high wood density and low decay rate.
Intensity of precommercial crop tree release increases diameter growth and survival of upland oaks
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2009

In 1988, seven study areas were established in Connecticut to examine the effects of precommercial crop tree release on development of sapling red oaks ( Quercus rubra L.) (n = 1250). Crown class at canopy closure, competition from adjacent trees for growing space and limited resources, and interaction of these factors were major determinants of survival, upper canopy persistence, and diameter growth over the 18 year period studied. Complete release from competition of neighboring trees, but not partial release, increased survival of intermediate and codominant stems. Complete release did not increase survival of oaks in the dominant crown class. Few intermediate and no suppressed oaks ascended into the upper canopy without crop tree release. Complete release doubled the proportion of codominant trees that remained in the upper canopy and increased the proportion of intermediates that ascended into the upper canopy. Complete release increased 18 year diameter growth only for dominant and codominant oaks. Because precommercial crop tree release simultaneously increases the probability that high-quality stems of desired species will be present in the mature stands and increases the diameter growth of those stems, this technique should be considered in stands with low oak densities.