bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manic Disorder in Nigerians
Authors: Makanjuola Roger O. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA prospective study of 45 cases, 25 of whom had had previous episodes of affective disorder, predominantly manic, showed further episodes in 14 cases. A positive history of psychotic disorder in 1st-degree relatives, not always affective, was obtained in only eight cases. There was a history of drug abuse in seven patients. The clinical presentation in the Nigerian patients was similar to that described in the classical literature, but, flight of ideas was uncommon.
Recall of a 10-Word List in the Assessment of Dementia in the Elderly
Authors: Harris S. J. , Dowson J. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryResidents of homes for the elderly with a history of impaired memory compatible with senile Alzheimer dementia were assessed by a paired-associate learning test (PALT) and a word list recall test. The latter discriminated between groups of individuals categorized according to severity of cognitive impairment by the PALT. It may be suitable for the assessment of memory for new information in clinical practice and for the evaluation of change in clinical trials of treatments for dementia.
The Outcome for Discharged Nottingham Long-Stay In-Patients
Authors: Howat J. G. M. , Kontny E. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFollow-up of a large number of long-stay in-patients who were discharged because of local policy showed a high rate of readmission but also much subsequent re-discharge and low overall dependence on inpatient services. There was a high uptake of other forms of support, especially day care; and little evidence of further movement by the patients towards independence. The rate of mortality for the discharged patients was similar to that for the general population.
Pneumo-Encephalographic and Computerized Axial Tomography Scan Changes in Affective Disorder
Authors: Standish-Barry H. M. A. S. , Bouras N. , Bridges P. K. , Bartlett J. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe pneumo-encephalographs and computerized axial tomography scans of fifty patients with severe affective disorder were studied. Measures of ventricular size were compared with those reported by other workers. Findings suggested that some patients suffering from severe affective illness showed abnormalities of brain structure as demonstrated by ventricular enlargement.
Phoneme Discrimination in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kugler Barbara T. , Caudrey David J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEar differences on a task involving a simple phonetic judgement were investigated in schizophrenic subjects using both healthy normal and depressed patient control groups. A deficit in phonemic differentiation was demonstrated and appeared to be specific to the schizophrenic group. The result is interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of a central dysfunction lateralized to the left hemisphere in schizophrenia.
Accuracy of Behavioural Assessment by Computer
Authors: Carr Anthony C. , Ghosh Anindya 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn automated assessment interview was given by a microcomputer to 26 randomly selected patients, referred for treatment of phobias. The results were compared with those of conventional clinical assessment by experienced behaviour therapists. Ratings of overall severity and intensity of specific types of agoraphobia and social phobia were derived from the computer interview, and correlated very closely with global ratings by the clinician and also with an independent structured clinical assessment. The computer also elicited behavioural targets to serve as a basis for exposure treatment. Blind assessors rated these targets as highly as those arrived at by clinicians in respect of their practicability, precision and appropriateness for treatment. The automated technique is inexpensive, saves clinicians' time and can be made widely available for screening, assessment and progress monitoring. It may also provide a basis for automated exposure treatment.
Long-Term Effects of Treatment in a Pre-School Day Centre: A Controlled Study
Authors: Richman Naomi , Graham Philip , Stevenson Jim 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA five-year follow-up of 25 children who attended a psychiatric day centre for pre-school children is described. This group was compared at eight years of age with two matched control groups who had not received intensive treatment. There were few differences between the treated and untreated groups. Possible reasons for the findings are discussed and some methodological issues involved in carrying out evaluation studies are raised.
The Relationship of Handedness to the Cognitive, Language, and Visuo-Spatial Skills of Autistic Patients
Authors: Tsai Luke Y. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship between hand preference, age, and developmental functioning was examined in 70 autistic patients. Unilateral or mixed handedness appeared to be stabilized by the age of five years. Patients with established hand lateralization tended to function better in all developmental areas including intelligence, language, and visuospatial abilities. It is a tenable hypothesis that the presence or absence of hand lateralization by age five may be an important predictor of outcome in autism.
Drugs and Delinquency
Authors: Gordon Alistair M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe addiction and conviction status of 60 male patients who presented to a London drug clinic in 1970 was re-examined 10 years later. Eleven of the patients had died. Three-quarters of the survivors had been abstinent for five years and one quarter were still addicted in this time. Ninety-seven per cent had received a court conviction by 1981 and 83 per cent were convicted during follow-up. Neither hospital treatment receipt of a clinic prescription nor imprisonment was associated with eventual abstinence. Poor outcome, in combined terms of continued addiction and re-conviction, related to early parental loss, poor academic achievement, conviction before drug use, longer imprisonment and a high conviction rate. Criminality emerges as the predominant and continuing expression of deviancy in these drug clinic patients.
The Treatment of Writer's Cramp with Multimodal Behaviour Therapy and Biofeedback: A Study of 15 Cases
Authors: Cottraux Jean A. , Juenet Christian , Collet Lionel 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOf 15 patients with writer's cramp (4 females, 11 males, mean age 36, range 23–50, mean duration 3.6 years), 13 entered a behavioural treatment. Nine received a multimodal treatment, and four EMG feedback alone. Four patients dropped out during the treatment phase. Nine patients were considered as improved at a follow-up between 1 and 9 months. A stress-coping model is put forward to account for the therapeutic effectiveness, and to explain the drop-outs. Writer's cramp seems to be related to stressful situations at work. The existence of personality and biological factors remains to be demonstrated.
Factor Analysis and Validation of the General Health Questionnaire in Women: A General Practice Survey
Authors: Hobbs P. , Ballinger C. B. , Smith A. H. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs part of a survey of 1517 women aged 20–60 years, a factor analysis and validation study of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was carried out. Although three clinically relevant factors could be isolated, their sensitivity was less than that of the total GHQ score, which was found to be a good measure of current psychiatric disturbance in this community sample.
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Sensitivity and the Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Therapy
Authors: Charney Dennis S. , Heninger George R. , Sternberg David E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt has been hypothesized that the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments is related to their ability to decrease the sensitivity of the alpha-2 adrenergic autoreceptor. In order to assess alpha-adrenergic autoreceptor sensitivity, the effects of clonidine, the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, on plasma levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG), blood pressure (BP) and patient-rated sedation were measured in nine depressed patients before and during amitripytline treatment. Postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sensitivity was assessed by determining the growth hormone (GH) response to clonidine before and during treatment. Amitriptyline significantly attenuated the effects of clonidine on plasma MHPG, standing systolic BP, and sedation, indicating that alpha-2 adrenergic autoreceptors had become subsensitive. In addition, baseline plasma MHPG levels were significantly reduced. Amitriptyline had no effect on the GH response to clonidine.
Who's for Psychiatry?
Authors: Brook Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe medical schools of origin were identified in 1229 psychiatrists who qualified in the United Kingdom in the years 1961–75. The group was defined operationally as those who had entered for the preliminary test of the membership examination of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. From 1966–75 only 4 per cent of doctors opted for a career in the specialty. There are wide discrepancies between medical schools in the proportion of their graduates who enter psychiatry. The most likely reasons for this have to do with differences in student selection, the models of psychiatry put forward, the enthusiasm of teachers and the career pull from other specialties, notably general practice. A number of suggestions which might help to improve recruitment to psychiatry are put forward.
The Development of Sex Differences in Infantile Autism
Authors: Tsai Luke Y. , Beisler Jean M. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-five autistic children, 52 males and 23 females, were admitted to the Iowa Autism Programme over a 3-year period. An overall male-female ratio of 2.26:1 was found, but in the patients with IQs less than 50, the ratio was 1.31:1. When IQ and receptive language functioning were considered together, significantly more females than males showed a more deviant form of autism. Autistic females were more seriously affected than autistic males; and more autistic females than males had IQs of less than 50 and evidence of cerebral dysfunction. However, when autistic males and females were closely matched in chronological age and receptive language functioning, the males and females were equally impaired in cognitive and perceptual-motor abilities. The findings suggest that the overall greater degree of morbidity in autistic females was accounted for by a significantly greater proportion of autistic males affected with a mild form of autism, whereas a significantly greater proportion of autistic females were affected with a more deviant form of autism. The findings were linked to the hypothesis of differential genetic loading in males and females.
Hypercalcaemia in a Psychogeriatric Population
Authors: Harrison Glynn 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerum calcium concentration was estimated, via a multichannel analyser, in all patients admitted to a 25 bed psychogeriatric inpatient unit and associated day hospital. Case notes of 629 consecutive admissions over a 42 month period were studied, and the prevalence of hypercalcaemia found to be 0.7 per cent, close to that estimated for the general population. Cases of hypercalcaemia with psychiatric symptoms, undetected medically because of vague and non-specific physical symptoms, do not appear in excess in a psychogeriatric population.
Depression in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Roy Alec , Thompson Ruth , Kennedy Sidney 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighteen depressed chronic schizophrenic out-patients were matched with non-depressed schizophrenic out-patients. The depressed schizophrenics had had significantly more psychiatric admissions, past depression, past treatment for depression, significantly more had attempted suicide, lived alone, had low self-esteem, had early parental loss and had had more life events in the six months before the onset of depression. Depressive disorder in schizophrenic out-patients well controlled by neuroleptics may occur in those who are at risk for depression and experience an excess of life events.
L-Deprenil, A Selective Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor, in the Treatment of Depression: A Double Blind Evaluation
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , Youdim M. B. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double blind controlled study, 14 affectively ill patients (2 bipolars, 12 unipolars) were randomly allocated to L-Deprenil treatment (an irreversible selective MAO-B inhibitor without “cheese effect”) and 13 patients (3 bipolars, 10 unipolars) to placebo only. Patients on L-Deprenil showed a significantly greater clinical improvement than placebo patients. A positive relationship was found between clinical improvement and degree of platelet MAO inhibition in patients treated with L-Deprenil.
The Concept of Schizophrenia Kraepelin–Bleuler–Schneider
Authors: Hoenig J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe concept of schizophrenia has changed since it was first introduced by Kraepelin. To overlook or misunderstand this evolution will lead to confusion with adverse effects on the clinic and on research. Kraepelin's exclusively somatic approach to the study of the illness gave rise to a variety of attempts to provide a wider theoretical framework which will accommodate a subjective psychological approach. The first of these attempts was that by Bleuler and Jung, but it brought with it new difficulties. Jaspers' methodology was applied to the study of schizophrenia by Schneider, and it creates the theoretical space which will accommodate both the objective and subjective study of the illness and its victim as a person. An attempt is made here to outline a brief history of these ideas.
Genetics of Platelet MAO Activity in Discordant Schizophrenic and Normal Twins
Authors: Reveley Michael A. , Reveley Adrianne M. , Clifford Christine A. , Murray Robin M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlatelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was compared in four age and sex-matched groups: monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for schizophrenia, normal MZ twins, normal dizygotic (DZ) twins and unrelated individuals. Among the twin groups, schizophrenic and normal, there was a remarkably consistent degree of genetic control amounting to 70–80 per cent of the variation in activity. The mean platelet MAO activity of the schizophrenic twins was significantly lower than that of controls, but not than that of their psychiatrically well, neuroleptic-free cotwins; indeed the correlation for the MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia was almost exactly the same as that for the normal MZs. Thus, lower platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia, where it is found, is genetically modulated and not the result of the illness or its treatment.
Day Patient versus In-patient: Factors Determining Selection of Acutely Ill Patients for Hospital Treatment
Authors: Bowman E. Philbin , Shelley R. K. , Sheehy-Skeffington A. , Sinanan K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a prospective study the criteria and characteristics associated with the admission of acutely ill psychiatric patients to in-patient or day hospital care were examined. Over a four-month period, 54 patients were admitted to hospital and 43 to a day hospital. There were significantly more schizophrenics in the hospital. Day hospital patients were significantly younger, had shorter psychiatric histories, were considered less severely ill and had more insight into their illness. Hospital patients had poorer employment histories, and perceived their families as less supportive; admission had more often been requested by them or their families.
Further Observations of Evoked Potentials in Obsessional Patients
Authors: Beech H. R. , Ciesielski K. T. , Gordon P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study was designed to replicate and extend earlier findings. Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded, using a task of varying complexity involving shape discrimination, with matched groups of obsessional and normal subjects. Results confirmed previous findings that obsessional patients are characterised by reduced amplitudes and decreased latencies of late EP components; divergencies between the groups were more marked for tasks of increased complexity.
Brief Psychotherapy in Family Practice
Authors: Brodaty Henry , Andrews Gavin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a prospective (controlled) trial, the result in 18 patients receiving eight, weekly half-hour sessions of brief problem-oriented dynamic psychotherapy was compared with the result in an equal number receiving eight weekly half-hour sessions of family practitioner therapy and in another 20 receiving no additional therapy. The subjects were drawn from patients at ten suburban family practices in Sydney. They had had psychological complaints for at least six months. No differences between the three treatment groups were found in the final outcome, either in a symptom severity and social dysfunction factor or in a physical disability and medication factor.
Samuel Pepys and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Daly R. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySamuel Pepys's diary allows us an opportunity to see how a man of acknowledged ability and stability coped with the severe psychological trauma of being involved in the Great Fire of London in 1666. His self-monitoring provides an excellent record of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and an account of his coping behaviour. Despite being one of the newest categories of mental disorder in the official nomenclature, posttraumatic stress disorder has obviously had a long existence.
Feigned Psychosis—A Review of the Simulation of Mental Illness
Authors: Hay G. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe literature on the simulation of psychosis is reviewed and six patients who were thought to be feigning a schizophrenic psychosis were studied. On follow-up, all but one of the patients became overtly schizophrenic. It is argued that the simulation of schizophrenia is a prodromal phase of the psychosis occuring in extremely deviant premorbid personalities.
Clinical Characteristics of Akathisia
Authors: Braude Walter M. , Barnes Thomas R. E. , Gore Sheila M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAssessment of drug-induced movement disorders was carried out regularly on 104 psychiatric patients requiring antipsychotic medication on admission to hospital. The data relevant to motor restlessness were subjected to a principal components' analysis. According to their component scores, patients were then classified into two main groups: an akathisia group and an illness-related-movement group, the former group showing the clinical and pharmacological characteristics expected of akathisia. Clinical features which distinguished between the two groups, and between grades of akathisia severity, were identified, so an objective, phenomenological description of the akathisia syndrome was possible. Our observations suggested two distinct types of acute akathisia; one related to severe parkinsonism and one not. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Propranolol in Schizophrenia: A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Propranolol as an Adjunct to Neuroleptic Medication
Authors: Pugh C. R. , Steinert J. , Priest R. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out to examine the contribution of propranolol as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients whose florid symptoms had not remitted with neuroleptic medication alone. Propranolol was shown to have a more beneficial effect than placebo, but the results were much less dramatic than those which have been described in previous studies. Recent work has shown that there may be a pharmacokinetic interaction between propranolol and neuroleptics, and this should be considered as one possible explanation of our findings.
Adult Psychiatric Disorder and Childhood Experiences
Authors: Wolkind Stephen , Coleman Eva Zajicek 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a sample of young mothers an association was found between a depressed mood and the recall of poor parental relationships during childhood. Women who had been depressed but had recovered by the time of questioning did not recall a poor relationship. A second retrospective measure of a childhood experience, based on more factual details, was unrelated to current mental state.
A Four-Year Follow-up of Hyperactive Boys with and without Conduct Disorder
Authors: August Gerald J. , Stewart Mark A. , Holmes Clarissa S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA four-year follow-up of clinically selected hyperactive boys with and without associated conduct disorder investigated their outcome during early adolescence and was taken from a structured behavioural interview and standard psychological testing.Boys originally diagnosed as “purely” hyperactive continued to be inattentive and impulsive at follow-up, but showed very few aggressive and antisocial behaviours. Hyperactive boys who had earlier been undersocialized and aggressive continued to have problems with attention and impulsivity, were reported to be aggressive, noncompliant, egocentric, exhibiting antisocial behaviours and using alcohol. These findings suggest that antisocial and delinquent behaviour often reported in follow-up studies of hyperactive boys may be linked to childhood aggression and unsocialized behaviour, rather than the syndrome of hyperactivity.
Biology of Sexuality Inborn Determinants of Human Sexual Response
Authors: Goodman Raymond E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOpinions vary on the relative importance of biological and learning processes in the aetiology of sexual expression and deviance. The structure of personality, consistency of fantasy patterns, and the familial nature of homosexuality hint at a biological an/age. Research with the HY-antigen complex and X chromosome, and the elucidation of the interactions of intrauterine testosterone and its products with the foetal brain and neurotransmitters, have given us new models to understand the programming of sexuality. However, gonadotrophin feedback is not relevant as an indicator of brain feminization in primates and man. Finally, the interaction of masculinization and defeminization provides us with a model for understanding homosexual behaviour.
Identical Triplets with Infantile Autism and the Fragile-X Syndrome
Authors: Gillberg Christopher 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a continuing twin study of autism in Scandinavia and Finland, moderately mentally retarded triplets fulfilling Rutter's criteria for infantile autism were reported. Judging by physical appearance the triplets were identical. Behaviourally they were extremely similar though one was intellectually slightly better than the other two. All three showed the physical stigmata characteristic of the fragile–X syndrome, in spite of their overall appearance being non-conspicuous. The triplets had between 8 and 12 per cent of fragile–X positive cells and showed a distinct pattern of urinary excretion of substances yielding absorbency at 280 nM. Their mother and sister also had a high count of fragile–X positive cells.
Severe Depression: A Patient's Thoughts
Authors: Gray E. George 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA research neuroscientist in his fifties, who has recovered from endogenous depression after several years, describes the experience and makes some comments on treatment and management. He found electroconvulsive therapy, mianserin, lithium carbonate and diazepam acceptable. He considers that occupational therapy and conventional psychotherapy were counter-therapeutic. He stresses how physically ill he felt when depressed, and compares this with prolonged influenza. He hypothesises that the underlying psychological disorder in endogenous depression is the learned extinction of optimistic thoughts, and suggests that any psychotherapy used should be aimed at restoring these.