bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implant‐Supported Fixed Prostheses for the Rehabilitation of Periodontally Compromised Dentitions: A 3‐Year Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Yi Seung‐Won , Ericsson Ingvar , Kim Chon‐Kwan , Carlsson Gunnar E. , Nilner Krister 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background: The application of a strict hygiene maintenance care protocol following rehabilitation of periodontally compromised dentitions by means of tooth‐supported fixed partial dentures has demonstrated excellent long‐term treatment outcome. Purpose: A clinical and radiographic study was performed to document and evaluate the short‐ and medium‐term result of occlusal rehabilitation by means of implant‐supported fixed prostheses (ISFPs) in patients treated for advanced peri‐odontal disease. Materials and Methods: Forty‐three consecutive patients were included. All patients were referred because of advanced periodontal disease. Before the implant therapy was initiated, periodontal treatment was performed and the outcome evaluated during at least a 6‐month period. An individual maintenance care program was designed for each patient. All 125 implants were placed using a two‐stage surgical approach. Following installation of the ISFPs, all patients underwent a baseline examination including evaluation of oral hygiene, periodontal or peri‐implant conditions, and radiographs. These examinations were repeated annually during the 3‐year observation period. Results: No single implant was lost during the 3‐year follow‐up period. The percentages of plaque‐harboring surfaces and bleeding units on probing were found to be low (< 10%), and no soft‐tissue complications were recorded. The mean marginal bone resorption during the observation period amounted to 0.21 mm. In a few patients, apposition of marginal bone was observed. Bone loss amounting to 0.5 mm or less was found around 81% of the implants (101/125 implants). The amount of bone loss around the remaining 24 implants (19%) varied between 0.5 and 2.0 mm. Conclusions: The present clinical trial demonstrates that, at least during a 3‐year period, the ISFP is an acceptable and predictable treatment option for rehabilitation in patients who have lost their teeth because of periodontal disease. This observation seems to be valid in edentulous and partially dentate jaws. A prerequisite to reach such a favorable treatment outcome is possibly the combination of the strict maintenance care program and the careful design of the ISFPs.
The Hong Kong Bridge Protocol. Immediate Loading of Mandibular Brånemark Fixtures Using a Fixed Provisional Prosthesis: Preliminary Results
Authors: Chow James , Hui Edward , Liu Jerry , Li Douglas , Wat Peter , Li William , Kwong Yau Yi , Law Henry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background: The Brånemark System Classic is well documented for its successful and predictable results in dental implant rehabilitation. However, the classic two‐stage protocol is associated with problems, such as long treatment time and high treatment cost. To overcome these problems, new developments, including early functional loading protocol and Brånemark System Novum, have been introduced by various groups of researchers. In Hong Kong, a protocol has been developed to immediately load the Brånemark System fixtures with a fixed provisional prosthesis. Purpose: The goal of this prospective study was to present the Hong Kong Bridge protocol and report the short‐term evaluation of this protocol in a group of patients who had undergone dental implant treatment for their edentulous mandibles. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐seven consecutive patients being treated at the Hong Kong Osseointegration Implant Centre between June 1998 and December 2000 were included in this study. A total of 123 Brånemark System fixtures were installed and regularly followed up for 3 to 30 months. The prosthesis stability and the marginal bone level were regularly evaluated clinically and radiographically, respectively, after the implant surgery. Results: Fifteen of the 27 patients had been followed up for 1 year or longer. Two patients with eight fixtures were withdrawn from the study. Two of the 115 remaining fixtures failed, resulting in an overall implant survival rate of 98.3%. The mean marginal bone change was reported on 49 fixtures that had passed the 1‐year review. The mean marginal bone loss was 0.60 mm (p <.05) after 1 year of functional loading. Conclusions: To load the mandibular Brånemark System fixtures immediately according to the Hong Kong Bridge protocol was a predictable and simple method with good results during this preliminary study period.CONCLUSION During the preliminary period of this study, 115 immediately loaded Brånemark System fixtures were regularly recalled over 3 to 30 months. The overall implant survival rate of 98.3% demonstrates that immediate loading of mandibular Brånemark System fixtures using a fixed provisional prosthesis can be performed successfully with a predictable outcome.
Immediate Occlusal Loading of Brånemark Implants Applied in Various Jawbone Regions: A Prospective, 1‐Year Clinical Study
Authors: Glauser Roland , Ree Andreas , Lundgren AnnaKarin , Gottlow Jan , Hammerle Christoph H.R. , Scharer Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background: The original protocol for dental implant treatment ad modum Brånemark was based on submerged healing prior to loading. For patients, immediate implant function could reduce cost and increase attractiveness of implant treatment. Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the short‐term success rate of immediately loaded implants placed in various regions of the jaws. Materials and Methods: Forty‐one patients received a total of 127 immediately loaded implants (76 maxillary and 51 mandibular). Seventy‐one percent of the patients received their prosthetic restoration the same day and the others within 11 days. All prosthetic constructions were in full contact in centric occlusion. Clinical follow‐up examinations were performed at 1 week, 2 weeks, and at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implant loading. The study was completed 1 year after loading. Results: Twenty‐two implants were lost in 13 patients (including 7 maxillary implants lost in 1 patient). The cumulative success rate of the implants was 82.7% after 1 year of prosthetic loading. All sites with implant losses were re‐implanted, using a two‐stage technique, with no further complications reported. Ninety‐one percent of implants placed in regions other than the posterior maxilla were successful compared with 66% of implants placed in the posterior maxilla. Implants in patients with a parafunctional habit (bruxers) were lost more frequently than those placed in patients with no para‐function (41% vs. 12%). Implants subjected to guided bone regeneration were more successful compared with those not subjected to regeneration procedures (90% vs. 67%). Conclusions: The immediate loading concept is a realistic treatment alternative in various jawbone regions except for the posterior part of the maxilla. High occlusal loads should be considered a risk factor. On the other hand, implants in combination with bone defects frequently are penetrating cortical layers to a higher extent, thereby contributing to implant stability during the healing phase and consequently do not inevitably jeopardize the treatment result. However, further controlled clinical studies with larger sample sizes need to be performed to evaluate the influence of different parameters on treatment outcome.
Modelling Soil Erosion by Grazing: Recent Developments and New Approaches
Authors: THORNES JOHN B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGrazing is still widely held responsible for land degradation. The interaction between grazing and erosion is still rather poorly understood. As a consequence, counter‐measures and associated management techniques have been slow to develop in southern Europe compared with Australia. Developments in ecological and economic‐ecological modelling have improved our understanding of the processes and enhanced management capacity. Some of these developments are reviewed and two applications are described. One is a model for semi‐extensive grazing in dry Mediterranean mountain conditions in which the shepherds, on random paths, seek to optimise resources use for economic benefit. The other is a spatial optimisation of vegetation canopy to minimise erosion rates.
Abortive Infection Mechanisms and Prophage Sequences Significantly Influence the Genetic Makeup of Emerging Lytic Lactococcal Phages
Authors: Labrie Simon J. , Moineau Sylvain 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

In this study, we demonstrated the remarkable genome plasticity of lytic lactococcal phages that allows them to rapidly adapt to the dynamic dairy environment. The lytic double-stranded DNA phage ul36 was used to sequentially infect a wild-type strain of
Lactococcus lactis
and two isogenic derivatives with genes encoding two phage resistance mechanisms, AbiK and AbiT. Four phage mutants resistant to one or both Abi mechanisms were isolated. Comparative analysis of their complete genomes, as well as morphological observations, revealed that phage ul36 extensively evolved by large-scale homologous and nonhomologous recombination events with the inducible prophage present in the host strain. One phage mutant exchanged as much as 79% of its genome compared to the core genome of ul36. Thus, natural phage defense mechanisms and prophage elements found in bacterial chromosomes contribute significantly to the evolution of the lytic phage population.
Controlled Clinical Comparison of BacT/ALERT Standard Aerobic and Standard Anaerobic Blood Culture Bottles Inoculated Directly or after Transport in Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Tubes
Authors: Pien Brian C. , Mirrett Stanley , Crews Betty R. , Reller L. Barth , Woods Christopher W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
To assess relative performances in the BacT/ALERT blood culture system, we compared results from the direct inoculation of standard media and inoculation after the transport of blood samples in Vacutainer tubes with sodium polyanethol sulfonate. No significant differences in yields or times to detection were found for 387 clinically important isolates from 4,306 blood culture sets.
Type IV Neonatal Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in a United States Hospital
Authors: Puopolo Karen M. , Madoff Lawrence C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Group B streptococcus (GBS) serotypes causing neonatal disease vary by geographic region. Surveillance at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, revealed a case of neonatal early-onset sepsis caused by type IV GBS. Neonatal type IV disease occurs in the Middle East but has not recently been described in U.S. infants.
Capsid Protein of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Inhibits Host Cell Gene Expression
Authors: Aguilar Patricia V. , Weaver Scott C. , Basler Christopher F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) causes sporadic but often severe cases of human and equine neurological disease in North America. To determine how EEEV may evade innate immune responses, we screened individual EEEV proteins for the ability to rescue the growth of a Newcastle disease virus expressing green fluorescent protein (NDV-GFP) from the antiviral effects of interferon (IFN). Only expression of the EEEV capsid facilitated NDV-GFP replication. Inhibition of the antiviral effects of IFN by the capsid appears to occur through a general inhibition of cellular gene expression. For example, the capsid inhibited the expression of several reporter genes under the control of RNA polymerase II promoters. In contrast, capsid did not inhibit expression from a T7 RNA polymerase promoter construct, suggesting that the inhibition of gene expression is specific and is not a simple manifestation of toxicity. The inhibition correlated both with capsid-induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha and with capsid-mediated inhibition of cellular mRNA accumulation. Mapping analysis identified the N terminus as the region important for the inhibition of host gene expression, suggesting that this inhibition is independent of capsid protease activity. Finally, when cell lines containing EEEV replicons encoding capsid were selected, replicons consistently acquired mutations that deleted all or part of the capsid, for example, amino acids 18 to 135. Given that the amino terminus of the capsid is required to inhibit host cell gene expression, these data suggest that capsid expression from the replicons is ultimately toxic to host cells, presumably because of its ability to inhibit gene expression.
Degrons at the C Terminus of the Pathogenic but Not the Nonpathogenic Hantavirus G1 Tail Direct Proteasomal Degradation
Authors: Sen Nandini , Sen Adrish , Mackow Erich R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic hantaviruses cause two human diseases: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The hantavirus G1 protein contains a long, 142-amino-acid cytoplasmic tail, which in NY-1 virus (NY-1V) is ubiquitinated and proteasomally degraded (E. Geimonen, I. Fernandez, I. N. Gavrilovskaya, and E. R. Mackow, J. Virol.
77:
10760-10768, 2003). Here we report that the G1 cytoplasmic tails of pathogenic Andes (HPS) and Hantaan (HFRS) viruses are also degraded by the proteasome and that, in contrast, the G1 tail of nonpathogenic Prospect Hill virus (PHV) is stable and not proteasomally degraded. We determined that the signals which direct NY-1V G1 tail degradation are present in a hydrophobic region within the C-terminal 30 residues of the protein. In contrast to that of PHV, the NY-1V hydrophobic domain directs the proteasomal degradation of green fluorescent protein and constitutes an autonomous degradation signal, or “degron,” within the NY-1V G1 tail. Replacing 4 noncontiguous residues of the NY-1V G1 tail with residues present in the stable PHV G1 tail resulted in a NY-1V G1 tail that was not degraded by the proteasome. In contrast, changing a different but overlapping set of 4 PHV residues to corresponding NY-1V residues directed proteasomal degradation of the PHV G1 tail. The G1 tails of pathogenic, but not nonpathogenic, hantaviruses contain intervening hydrophilic residues within the C-terminal hydrophobic domain, and amino acid substitutions that alter the stability or degradation of NY-1V or PHV G1 tails result from removing or adding intervening hydrophilic residues. Our results identify residues that selectively direct the proteasomal degradation of pathogenic hantavirus G1 tails. Although a role for the proteasomal degradation of the G1 tail in HPS or HFRS is unclear, these findings link G1 tail degradation to viral pathogenesis and suggest that degrons within hantavirus G1 tails are potential virulence determinants.
Molecular Bases of Viral RNA Targeting by Viral Small Interfering RNA-Programmed RISC
Authors: Pantaleo Vitantonio , Szittya György , Burgyán József 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
RNA silencing is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes and operates in the development and maintenance of genome integrity in many organisms. Plants have adapted this system for antiviral defense, and plant viruses have in turn developed mechanisms to suppress RNA silencing. RNA silencing-related RNA inactivation is likely based on target RNA cleavage or translational arrest. Although it is widely assumed that virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) promotes the endonucleolytic cleavage of the viral RNA genome, this popular assumption has never been tested experimentally. Here we analyzed the viral RNA targeting by VIGS in tombusvirus-infected plants, and we show evidence that antiviral response of VIGS is based on viral RNA cleavage by RNA-induced silencing effector complex (RISC) programmed by virus-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition, we found that the RISC-mediated cleavages do not occur randomly on the viral genome. Indeed, sequence analysis of cloned cleavage products identified hot spots for target RNA cleavage, and the regions of specific RISC-mediated cleavages are asymmetrically distributed along the positive- and negative-sense viral RNA strands. In addition, we identified viral siRNAs containing high-molecular-mass protein complexes purified from the recovery leaves of the silencing suppressor mutant virus-infected plants. Strikingly, these large nucleoproteins cofractionated with microRNA-containing complexes, suggesting that these nucleoproteins are silencing related effector complexes.
Evolutionary Insights into the Ecology of Coronaviruses
Authors: Vijaykrishna D. , Smith G. J. D. , Zhang J. X. , Peiris J. S. M. , Chen H. , Guan Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Although many novel members of the
Coronaviridae
have recently been recognized in different species, the ecology of coronaviruses has not been established. Our study indicates that bats harbor a much wider diversity of coronaviruses than any other animal species. Dating of different coronavirus lineages suggests that bat coronaviruses are older than those recognized in other animals and that the human severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus was directly derived from viruses from wild animals in wet markets of southern China. Furthermore, the most closely related bat and SARS coronaviruses diverged in 1986, an estimated divergence time of 17 years prior to the outbreak, suggesting that there may have been transmission via an unknown intermediate host. Analysis of lineage-specific selection pressure also indicated that only SARS coronaviruses in civets and humans were under significant positive selection, also demonstrating a recent interspecies transmission. Analysis of population dynamics revealed that coronavirus populations in bats have constant population growth, while viruses from all other hosts show epidemic-like increases in population. These results indicate that diverse coronaviruses are endemic in different bat species, with repeated introductions to other animals and occasional establishment in other species. Our findings suggest that bats are likely the natural hosts for all presently known coronavirus lineages and that all coronaviruses recognized in other species were derived from viruses residing in bats. Further surveillance of bat and other animal populations is needed to fully describe the ecology and evolution of this virus family.
Changes in Gene Expression during Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Distinguish Responders from Nonresponders to Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Taylor Milton W. , Tsukahara Takuma , Brodsky Leonid , Schaley Joel , Sanda Corneliu , Stephens Matthew J. , McClintick Jeanette N. , Edenberg Howard J. , Li Lang , Tavis John E. , Howell Charles , Belle Steven H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTreating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin leads to sustained clearance of virus and clinical improvement in approximately 50% of patients. Response rates are lower among patients with genotype 1 than with genotypes 2 and 3 and among African-American (AA) patients compared to Caucasian (CA) patients. Using DNA microarrays, gene expression was assessed for a group of 33 African-American and 36 Caucasian American patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection during the first 28 days of treatment. Results were examined with respect to treatment responses and to race. Patients showed a response to treatment at the gene expression level in RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells irrespective of degree of decrease in HCV RNA levels. However, gene expression responses were relatively blunted in patients with poor viral response (<1.5 log10-IU/ml decrease at 28 days) compared to those in patients with a marked (>3.5 log10-IU/ml decrease) or intermediate (1.5 to 3.5 log10-IU/ml decrease) response. The number of genes that were up- or down-regulated by pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment was fewer in patients with a poor response than in those with an intermediate or marked viral response. However AA patients had a stronger interferon response than CA patients in general. The induced levels of known interferon-stimulated genes such as the 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, MX1, IRF-7, and toll-like receptor TLR-7 genes was lower in poor-response patients than in marked- or intermediate-response patients. Thus, the relative lack of viral response to interferon therapy of hepatitis C virus infection is associated with blunted interferon cell signaling. No specific regulatory gene could be identified as responsible for this global blunting or the racial differences.
Minor Capsid Proteins of Simian Virus 40 Are Dispensable for Nucleocapsid Assembly and Cell Entry but Are Required for Nuclear Entry of the Viral Genome
Authors: Nakanishi Akira , Itoh Noriko , Li Peggy P. , Handa Hiroshi , Liddington Robert C. , Kasamatsu Harumi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
We investigated the roles of simian virus 40 capsid proteins in the viral life cycle by analyzing point mutants in Vp1 and Vp2/3, as well as a deletion mutant lacking the Vp2/3 coding sequence. The Vp1 mutants (V243E and L245E) and the Vp2/3 mutants (F157E-I158E and P164R-G165E-G166R) were previously shown to be defective in Vp1-Vp2/3 interaction and to be noninfectious or poorly infectious, respectively. Here, we show that all these point mutants form stable particles following DNA transfection into cells. The Vp2/3-mutant particles contained very low levels of Vp2/3, whereas the Vp1 mutant particles contained no detectable Vp2/3. As expected, the deletion mutant also formed particles that were noninfectious. We further characterized the two Vp1 point mutants and the deletion mutant. All three mutant particles comprised Vp1 and histone-associated viral DNA, and all were able to enter cells. However, the mutant complexes failed to associate with host importins (owing to the loss of the Vp2/3 nuclear localization signal), and the mutant viral DNAs prematurely dissociated from the Vp1s, suggesting that the nucleocapsids did not enter the nucleus. Consistently, all three mutant particles failed to express large T antigen. Together, our results demonstrate unequivocally that Vp2/3 is dispensable for the formation of nucleocapsids. Further, the nucleocapsids' ability to enter cells implies that Vp1 contains the major determinants for cell attachment and entry. We propose that the major role of Vp2/3 in infectivity is to mediate the nuclear entry of viral DNA.